cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral Glutamine for the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy:

Objective:To evaluate the role of glutamine in the reduction of peripheral neuropathy associated with neurotoxic chemotherapy.Data Sources:Relevant literature was accessed through PubMed (1990-May 2008), using the search terms glutamine, chemotherapy, peripheral neuropathy, neurotoxicity, safety, paclitaxel, platinum compounds, and vinca alkaloids. References in the identified articles were also reviewed for pertinent information.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Studies evaluating the role of oral glutamine for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) were included. Studies regarding the role of glutamine in the reduction of other radiation- and chemotherapy-related toxicities, such as mucositis, cardiotoxicity, diarrhea, and cachexia, were excluded.Data Synthesis:CIPN is a significant adverse effect associated with neurotoxic chemotherapy, particularly with taxanes, platinum compounds, and vinca alkaloids, There is no standard therapy for the treatment of this dose...
A comparison of US and Korean students' mathematics skills using a cognitive diagnostic testing method: linkage to instruction

The purposes of the present study were (a) to compare US and Korean 8th graders' mastery of knowledge and skills in the mathematics test of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2003 using a cognitive diagnostic testing method and (b) to find links between teachers' instruction and students' mastery of mathematics knowledge and skills. The participants included 740 US and 439 Korean 8th graders who took the Booklet 3 mathematics test. The results showed substantial differences between the US and Korean students' performance in problem restructuring and reasoning, measurement, and geometry. The most helpful instructional strategy for both Korean and US students was encouraging students' independent problem solving. Reviewing, re-teaching, and clarifying content were especially effective for the US students. Implications for teaching and learning are discussed.
Kant, Liberalism, and War.

Many liberals of the nineteenth century, and their predecessors of the middle eighteenth, thought the natural condition of men to be one of harmony. Dissension and strife do not inhere in man and society; they arise instead from mistaken belief, inadequate knowledge, and defective governance. With the evils defined, the remedies become clear: educate men and their governors, strip away political abuses. This is one theme in the history of liberal thought. Urged by humane philosophers and supported by pacifistic economists, its appeal in Western society is immense and enduring.There is in liberal thought another theme as well, which is often obscured though it goes back to the earliest philosophers who can fairly be called liberal. Montesquieu, Adam Smith, and Kant made no easy assumptions about the rationality and goodness of man. Among men in nature and states in a world of states, they found not harmony and peace but hostility and war to be the natural condition.
Regulation of self-renewal and differentiation by the intestinal stem cell niche

The gastrointestinal epithelium is a highly organised tissue that is constantly being renewed. In order to maintain homeostasis, the balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) self-renewal and differentiation must be carefully regulated. In this review, we describe how the intestinal stem cell niche provides a unique environment to regulate self-renewal and differentiation of ISCs. It has traditionally been believed that the mesenchymal myofibroblasts play an important role in the crosstalk between ISCs and the niche. However, recent evidence in Drosophila and in vertebrates suggests that epithelial cells also contribute to the niche. We discuss the multiple signalling pathways that are utilised to regulate stemness within the niche, including members of the Wnt, BMP and Hedgehog pathways, and how aberrations in these signals lead to disruption of the normal crypt–villus axis. Finally, we also discuss how CDX1 and inhibition of the Notch pathway are important in specifying enterocyte and goblet cell differentiation respectively.
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE APEX CARDIOGRAM AND LEFT VENTRICULAR PRESSURE.

Abstract Simultaneous apex cardiograms and left ventricular pressure pulses were recorded in 20 cardiac patients in various stages of compensation in search of a clinically useful correlation between the external phenomena at the apex and the intracardiac diastolic pressure events. For an understanding of the normal variations, apex cardiograms were recorded in 50 healthy subjects. A useful relation between the amplitude of the diastolic components of the apex cardiogram ( a wave and diastolic filling wave) and the height of left ventricular diastolic pressure has been found. The genesis of apex cardiographic deflections and the possible explanations for the correlation described have been discussed.
High resolution proton magnetic resonance studies of para-disubstituted benzenes

Abstract This paper reports results of some high resolution proton nmr experiments on compounds of the type where X and Y are arbitrary substituents. The results are analyzed in terms of the additivity theory of Diehl, and the correlation of the substituent effects with the Hammett parameter and with the group electric dipole moments is examined.
Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the GOCART model : correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation

Global distribution of aeolian dust is simulated from 1981 to 1996 with the Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. The results are compared with in situ measurements and satellite data. An index is calculated from the model results and the satellite viewing angles to allow quantitative comparison with the Total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol index. The annual budget over the different continents and oceans are analyzed. The simulated annual emission varies from a minimum of 1950 Tg in 1996 to a maximum of 2400 Tg in 1988. Of these emissions, 65% is from North Africa and 25% from Asia. It is found that North America received twice as much dust from other continents than it emits per year. There is no significant trend over the 16-year simulation. The inter-annual variability of dust distribution is analyzed over the North Atlantic and Africa. It is found that in winter a large fraction of the North Atlantic and Africa dust loading is correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. It is shown that a controlling factor of such correlation can be attributed to dust emission from the Sahel. The Bodele depression is the major dust source in winter and its inter-annual variability is highly correlated with the NAO. However, the long record of dust concentration measured at Barbados indicates that there is no correlation with the NAO index and surface concentration in winter. Longer simulation should provide the information needed to understand if the effects of the NAO on dust distribution is rather limited or Barbados is at the edge of the affected region.  2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
English-only instruction at Korean universities: Help or hindrance to higher learning?

As the suicides by a few students at one of South Korea's (hereafter Korea) most prestigious universities drew a great deal of attention from the public, partial blame went to the new institutional policy imposed by the university's top administrator: exclusive use of English as the medium of instruction across the entire curriculum (McDonald, 2011). The fanatical pursuit of English education and the overall status of the English language in Korean society have been well documented in the literature (e.g., Jeon & Lee, 2006; Jeong, 2004; Lee & Shin, 2008; Park, 2009; Seth, 2002). However, little has been written about another controversial trend, English-only instruction, recently introduced at a few selective institutions of higher education in Korea.
Effective commercial web site design: an empirical study

This paper reports a survey study involving 117 e-commerce customers. The purpose of the study was to sample the opinions of commercial web users in order to determine the critical design features of an effective web site. The results indicate that an effective web site design must have short download time, must be easy to navigate, use graphics that do not take too long to load, use animations that are not distracting, and must be highly interactive. In addition, an effective commercial web site design must be careful with the use of frames, choice of grammar and color combination and shows high degree of cohesion and consistency throughout the pages. The results also indicate that design features make a significant different on volume of traffic, repeated visits and intention of a visitor to stay and explore the site.
Resistance to extinction of an escape response as a function of the number of reinforcements

Support for the assumption that response strength is related to number of reinforcements in a negatively accelerated monotonic fashion has been obtained from instrumental appetitive and classical aversive conditioning situations. The relationship is investigated in an instrumental aversive (escape) situation and the results support the assumption.
Intracranial Electroencephalography Reveals Different Temporal Profiles for Dorsal- and Ventro-lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Preparing to Stop Action

Preparing to stop an inappropriate action requires keeping in mind the task goal and using this to influence the action control system. We tested the hypothesis that different subregions of prefrontal cortex show different temporal profiles consistent with dissociable contributions to preparing-to-stop, with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) representing the task goal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) implementing action control. Five human subjects were studied using electrocorticography recorded from subdural grids over right lateral frontal cortex. On each trial, a task cue instructed the subject whether stopping might be needed or not (Maybe Stop [MS] or No Stop [NS]), followed by a go cue, and on some MS trials, a subsequent stop signal. We focused on go trials, comparing MS with NS. In the DLPFC, most subjects had an increase in high gamma activity following the task cue and the go cue. In contrast, in the VLPFC, all subjects had activity after the go cue near the time of the motor response on MS trials, related to behavioral slowing, and significantly later than the DLPFC activity. These different temporal profiles suggest that DLPFC and VLPFC could have dissociable roles, with DLPFC representing task goals and VLPFC implementing action control.
Use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry to resolve complex clinical cases of patients with recurrent bacteremias.

ABSTRACT Matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a rapid and accurate method of identifying microorganisms. Throughout Europe, it is already in routine use but has not yet been widely implemented in the United States, pending FDA approval. Here, we describe two medically complex patients at a large tertiary-care academic medical center with recurring bacteremias caused by distinct but related species. Bacterial identifications were initially obtained using the Vitek-2 system with the GPI card for Enterococcus and the API system for staphylococci. Initial results misled clinicians as to the source and proper management of these patients. Retrospective investigation with MALDI-TOF MS clarified the diagnosis by identifying a single microorganism as the pathogen in each case. To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports in the United States demonstrating the use of MALDI-TOF MS to facilitate the clinical diagnosis in patients with recurrent bacteremias of unclear source.
Nation-Building in Belarus: A Rebuttal

The author of "Unfinished Nation Building in Belarus and the 2006 Presidential Election" (Ioffe, 2007, this issue) responds to a critical assessment of that paper in a preceding comment (Marples, 2007). His rejoinder emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity in the interpretation of mass (versus elite or academic) attitudes in Belarus and of selecting appropriate benchmarks for the evaluation of change. 15 references. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O18, P20, Z00.
The Role of CD133+ Cells in a Recurrent Embryonal Tumor with Abundant Neuropil and True Rosettes (ETANTR)

Embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes (ETANTR) is a recently described embryonal neoplasm of the central nervous system, consisting of a well-circumscribed embryonal tumor of infancy with mixed features of ependymoblastoma (multilayer ependymoblastic rosettes and pseudorosettes) and neuroblastoma (neuroblastic rosettes) in the presence of neuropil-like islands. We present the case of a young child with a very aggressive tumor that rapidly recurred after gross total resection, chemotherapy and radiation. Prominent vascular sclerosis and circumscribed tumor led to the diagnosis of malignant astroblastoma; however, rapid recurrence and progression of this large tumor after gross total resection prompted review of the original pathology. ETANTR is histologically distinct with focal glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and synaptophysin expression in the presence of neuronal and ependymoblastic rosettes with focal neuropil islands. These architectural features, combined with unique chromosome 19q13.42 amplification, confirmed the diagnosis. In this report, we describe tumor stem cell (TSC) marker CD133, CD15 and nestin alterations in ETANTR before and after chemotherapy. We found that TSC marker CD133 was richly expressed after chemotherapy in recurrent ETANTR, while CD15 is depleted compared with that expressed in the original tumor, suggesting that CD133+ cells likely survived initial treatment, further contributing to formation of the recurrent tumor.
Out of the Mouths of Plants: The Molecular Basis of the Evolution and Diversity of Stomatal Development

Stomata are microscopic valves on the plant epidermis that played a critical role in the evolution of land plants. Studies in the model dicot Arabidopsis thaliana have identified key transcription factors and signaling pathways controlling stomatal patterning and differentiation. Three paralogous Arabidopsis basic helix-loop-helix proteins, SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA, mediate sequential steps of cell-state transitions together with their heterodimeric partners SCREAM (SCRM) and SCRM2. Cell-cell signaling components, including putative ligands, putative receptors, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, orient asymmetric cell divisions and prevent overproduction and clustering of stomata. The recent availability of genome sequence and reverse genetics tools for model monocots and basal land plants allows for the examination of the conservation of genes important in stomatal patterning and differentiation. Studies in grasses have revealed that divergence of SPCH-MUTE-FAMA predates the evolutionary split of monocots and dicots and that these proteins show conserved and novel roles in stomatal differentiation. By contrast, specific asymmetric cell divisions in Arabidopsis and grasses require unique molecular components. Molecular phylogenetic analysis implies potential conservation of signaling pathways and prototypical functions of the transcription factors specifying stomatal differentiation.
DIMMer: A case for turning off DIMMs in clouds

Lack of energy proportionality in server systems results in significant waste of energy when operating at low utilization, a common scenario in today's data centers. We propose DIMMer, an approach to eliminate the idle power consumption of unused system components, motivated by two key observations. First, even in their lowest-power states, the power consumption of server components remains significant. Second, unused components can be powered off entirely without sacrificing server availability. We demonstrate that unused memory capacity can be powered off, eliminating the energy waste of self-refresh for unallocated memory, while still allowing for all capacity to be available on a moment's notice. Similarly, only one CPU socket must remain powered on, allowing unused CPUs and attached memory to be powered off entirely. The DIMMer vision can improve energy proportionality and achieve energy savings. Using a Google cluster trace as well as in-house experiments, we estimate up to 50% savings on DRAM and 18.8% on CPU background energy. At $0.10/kWh, this corresponds to 0.6% of total data center cost.
Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated Transcript Knockdown in Zebrafish

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetic, single-strand RNA-DNA hybrids that induce catalytic degradation of complementary cellular RNAs via RNase H. ASOs are widely used as gene knockdown reagents in tissue culture and in Xenopus and mouse model systems. To test their effectiveness in zebrafish, we targeted 20 developmental genes and compared the morphological changes with mutant and morpholino (MO)-induced phenotypes. ASO-mediated transcript knockdown reproduced the published loss-of-function phenotypes for oep, chordin, dnd, ctnnb2, bmp7a, alk8, smad2 and smad5 in a dosage-sensitive manner. ASOs knocked down both maternal and zygotic transcripts, as well as the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1. ASOs were only effective within a narrow concentration range and were toxic at higher concentrations. Despite this drawback, quantitation of knockdown efficiency and the ability to degrade lncRNAs make ASOs a useful knockdown reagent in zebrafish.
The impact of layer thickness on the performance of additively manufactured lapping tools

Lower cost additive manufacturing (AM) machines which have emerged in recent years are capable of producing tools, jigs, and fixtures that are useful in optical fabrication. In particular, AM tooling has been shown to be useful in lapping glass workpieces. Various AM machines are distinguished by the processes, materials, build times, and build resolution they provide. This research investigates the impact of varied build resolution (specifically layer resolution) on the lapping performance of tools built using the stereolithographic assembly (SLA) process in 50 μm and 100 μm layer thicknesses with a methacrylate photopolymer resin on a high resolution desktop printer. As with previous work, the lapping tools were shown to remove workpiece material during the lapping process, but the tools themselves also experienced significant wear on the order of 2-3 times the mass loss of the glass workpieces. The tool wear rates for the 100 μm and 50 μm layer tools were comparable, but the 50 μm layer tool was 74% more effective at removing material from the glass workpiece, which is attributed to some abrasive particles being trapped in the coarser surface of the 100 um layer tooling and not being available to interact with the glass workpiece. Considering the tool wear, these additively manufactured tools are most appropriate for prototype tooling where the low cost (<$45) and quick turnaround make them attractive when compared to a machined tool.
The Irrelevance of Infant Observations for Psychoanalysis

The current consensus among psychoanalysts holds that direct infant observations are one means for testing the developmental propositions of psychoanalytic theory; that the observations have already falsified some of the theory's basic propositions; and that they hold the key to a qualitatively different developmental theory of psychoanalysis. The consensus, although not universal, has motivated a wide range of research programs on early infancy, whose findings are commonly interpreted as disclosing psychoanalytic metapsychology and clinical theory in an entirely new light. This essay examines some of the assumptions that have motivated such investigations, as well as the research strategies by which the new versions of theory are promulgated. On the basis of these explorations it is concluded that psychoanalytically informed infant observations may be the source for new theories of social-emotional development, but that they are essentially irrelevant for psychoanalysis as a psychology of meanings, unconscious ideas, and hidden motives.
The Truth, the Whole Truth and Nothing But the Truth About 'High Crimes and Misdemeanors' and the Constitution's Impeachment Process

This essay reviews Ann Coulter’s High Crimes and Misdemeanors. While the book sets out an interesting synthesis of the events surrounding President Clinton’s legal and political problems, her analysis of the Constitution is lacking in that they are while in some sense technically true, they are terribly misleading. In this short review, I explain some of the most important of these constitutional half-truths.
Teachers' Voices for School Change: An Introduction to Educative Research

(1993). Teachers' Voices for School Change: An Introduction to Educative Research. Teaching Education: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 195-197.
Risk and protection in the perpetration of child abuse.

In sum, the adoption of a risk and protective factor approach to understanding and preventing child abuse is highly consistent with empirical study of how child abuse develops and with efforts in the prevention of heart disease. This analogy can be helpful in designing a comprehensive approach to the prevention of child abuse. It should not be taken too far, however. For example, it may be destructive to perceive abusive parents as "sick." There may be better metaphors that do not invoke sickness, such as literacy. So, 'the analogy would go like this: abusive parents are like illiterate adults, and prevention of abuse will require a universal comprehensive, life-long, public education system that includes years of focused education for all, coupled with a selective special education system for high-risk individuals. Language: en
Feedback controllability

A study of the characterization of complete systems for single-channel linear systems is made. This is done by defining the concepts of the feedback controllability and of the feedback observability. An interpretation of why D-controllability of decentralized control systems depends on the completeness of some complementary subsystems of the decentralized control system is also given.
Analysis of the Effect of Cruise Speed on Fuel Efficiency and Cost for a Truss-Braced Wing Concept

Modern day commercial aviation has a strong incentive to pursue the design of advanced aircraft concepts, motivated both by growing environmental concerns and more challenging airline economics. In this regard, the Truss-Braced Wing concept has significant potential to achieve appreciable improvements with regard to fuel efficiency, emissions, noise, and operating cost, but without entailing as much technological risk and uncertainty as more exotic designs. The performance advantage of a Truss-Braced Wing design over a conventional cantilever wing design stems from the fact that the truss allows a wing of much higher aspect ratio, and thus higher aerodynamic efficiency, to be achieved without a correspondingly high weight penalty. In a previous investigation by the authors, a Multidisciplinary Design Optimization was performed to identify the most promising TrussBraced Wing architecture from among candidates that included a Strut-Braced Wing design in addition to one-jury and two-jury Truss-Braced Wing designs. The insights gained from that investigation are built on in this paper, which analyzes the mission-level impact of the aircraft’s cruise speed. A lower cruise speed may allow a reduction in mission fuel consumption, but this is not the only concern as airline operators must also consider the aircraft utilization. In this work therefore, consideration is given to both mission block fuel and the operating cost, and both fuel-optimal and cost-optimal designs are arrived at for a range of potential cruise speeds. The fuel and cost-optimal designs for a single aisle N+3 Truss-Braced Wing concept at the same Mach numbers were contrasted, and impact of cruise speed on operating costs was quantified.
Combination suicide/cytokine gene therapy as adjuvants to a defective herpes simplex virus-based cancer vaccine

We have used syngeneic, established bilateral subcutaneous tumor models to examine the antitumor activity of herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors, including the induction of an immune response against non-inoculated distant tumors. In such a model with CT26 murine colon adenocarcinoma, unilateral intratumoral inoculation of replication-deficient HSV-1 tsK inhibited the growth of both the inoculated and noninoculated established tumors. To enhance this limited antitumor immune response, we generated a defective HSV vector, dvIL12-tk encoding both interleukin-12 (IL-12) and HSV thymidine kinase (TK), with tsK as the helper virus. In a 'suicide gene' strategy, ganciclovir (GCV) treatment after intratumoral inoculation of dvlacZ-tk/tsK, encoding E. coli lacZ instead of IL-12, resulted in enhanced antitumor activity. Antitumor activity was also enhanced by local expression of IL-12 from dvIL12-tk/tsK. The combination of IL-12 cytokine therapy with GCV treatment was the most efficacious approach, with significantly greater inhibition of tumor growth than IL-12 or TK + GCV alone. These results illustrate the power of combining different cancer therapy approaches; 'suicide gene' therapy, cytokine therapy, and HSV vector infection. HSV vectors are particularly well suited to this because they can accommodate the insertion of large and multiple gene sequences.
High-potency statins are associated with increased hospitalisations with acute kidney injury

Commentary on: Dormuth CR, Hemmelgarn BR, Paterson JM, et al. Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies (CNODES). Use of high potency statins and rates of admission for acute kidney injury: multicenter, retrospective observational analysis of administrative databases. BMJ 2013;346:f880.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Statins are commonly used medications for the reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol resulting in markedly improved cardiovascular disease outcomes.1 Prior studies with regard to acute kidney injury (AKI) risk in statin users versus non-statin users show mixed results. Dormuth and colleagues address the question of whether high-potency statin therapy is associated with increased hospitalisation for AKI compared to low-potency statin therapy, thereby decreasing indication bias for statin use as a confounder. The Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies (CNODES) are an observational retrospective database meta-analysis of 2 008 003 patients without chronic kidney disease … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.f880%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23511950%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=346/mar18_3/f880&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F1%2F28.atom
ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGS.

The present trend toward polypharmacy increases the likelihood of adverse drug reactions and obscures the relationship of drugs to complications. Both host factors and drug factors predispose to the development of an adverse reaction. Reactions may be related to therapeutic or nontherapeutic effects of drugs. Other categories include allergic reactions (immediate or delayed), reactions of uncertain cause, interference with natural defenses, deposition of drug or metabolite in tissue, fetal malformations, and harmful effects in newborn infants.
Satisfaction and Self Choice:Feminist 'Life Style' in the West

The first part of the paper demonstrates divides in feminist research and theoretical dilemma in feminism in front of the global wave of consumption based on an examination of choice of love and the real cases in obtaining same sex marriage.The second part of the paper focuses on the relationship between feminist life style and consumers' culture.This paper suggests that if feminism,in the west or in China,anchors in personal choices,it would lose its historical and social relevance and become a bed only comforting a middle class woman.If there is a tendency to politicize personal choice of life style,such politics would be inactive and self centered.The paper argues that feminism is not truth,and it responds to power structures over one's situated position and is often affected by the mainstream culture.Nowadays,the America is promoting its life style in the world with force and through cultural and economic means.It becomes a challenge to international feminism of how to recognize western,European and American traditional values.
SMAD proteins and mammalian anatomy.

Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family, which signal through SMAD proteins, are involved in many developmental processes. Inactivation of the genes encoding two of the SMAD proteins, Smads 2 and 4, shows that both are required to lay down some of the primary layers of the animal body. Smad2 also seems to act in anterior-posterior patterning and the development of left-right asymmetry.
Clinical preventive services: the physician and the patient.

Physicians have positive attitudes and beliefs about providing preventive services. Numerous constraints, however, influence provision of these preventive services, such as system/organizational problems, reimbursement issues, the science of clinical preventive services, and an authoritative source of information to guide physicians. Even in the best of circumstances, physicians are not as effective as they or their patients would like in providing clinical preventive services. The illness orientation is a powerful obstacle for even the most motivated physician to overcome. Many studies suggest activities that could improve physicians' compliance with their own attitudes toward preventive medicine. Patients are important partners in physician-patient interaction, and have a vital part in the provision of preventive services. But in most cases, patients are seen as passive partners in the preventive care service interaction, and this serves the patient and the physician poorly. Patients appear motivated to receive preventive services, but in some cases (e.g., immunizations), they may be misinformed about these services. The presence of a knowledgeable, activated patient will improve the provision of preventive services, and thus enhance community health.
Analyzing Vulnerability of Power Systems with Continuous Optimization Formulations

Potential vulnerabilities in a power grid can be exposed by identifying those transmission lines on which attacks (in the form of interference with their transmission capabilities) causes maximum disruption to the grid. In this study, we model the grid by (nonlinear) AC power flow equations, and assume that attacks take the form of increased impedance along transmission lines. We quantify disruption in several different ways, including (a) overall deviation of the voltages at the buses from $1.0$ per unit (p.u.), and (b) the minimal amount of load that must be shed in order to restore the grid to stable operation. We describe optimization formulations of the problem of finding the most disruptive attack, which are either nonlinear programing problems or nonlinear bilevel optimization problems, and describe customized algorithms for solving these problems. Experimental results on the IEEE 118-Bus system and a Polish 2383-Bus system are presented.
Management of Headache: A Developmental Perspective

Developmental issues related to the assessment and treatment of childhood headache are discussed from the Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama.
Situated Motivation and Informal Learning

(1997). Situated Motivation and Informal Learning. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 22, Understanding the Visitor Experience: Theory and Practice Part 1, pp. 22-27.
Brain Biopsy in CNS primary Vasculitis

Clinical and neuropathological features of brain biopsies in 13 children diagnosed with angiography-negative, small vessel primary central nervous system angiitis (SVcPACNS) were characterized in a prospective cohort study at the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada.
Granulomatous reaction to Belotero Balance: A case study

ABSTRACTObjective: The most commonly used dermal fillers are hyaluronic acids (HAs), and in general, are well tolerated with mild to moderate risk of adverse events. The most frequently reported side effects are injection site erythema and bruising. We present the first case of a patient who developed a severe granulomatous foreign body reaction to the HA filler, Belotero Balance. In our review of the literature, a granulomatous reaction has never before been reported as a side effect of this particular HA filler (1). Case: On exam, the patient had firm erythematous, granulomatous plaques on her bilateral cheeks, with a tender, fluctuant nodule on her right cheek. Complete resolution of this delayed reaction was achieved after several injections of intralesional Kenalog (IL-K) 2.5 mg/cc, and further fine-tuning was achieved through laser resurfacing. Conclusion: Granulomatous reactions can occur with any HAs, though such incidents are not commonly reported. These delayed reactions are generally localized ...
Negotiating in the un General Assembly: The European Union and the Other Major Groups

The overwhelming majority of the United Nations’ member states remain keen to preserve the traditional intergovernmental nature of the organization in the name of universalism, equality among states and national sovereignty. However, in most negotiating processes, delegations are increasingly content to take part through the groups or sub-groups of which they are members, rather than individually on a national basis. In this regard, the European Union (EU) sets the standards for both organization and effectiveness, especially since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and the EU’s Special Observer status, granted by UNGA Resolution 65/276.
Collusive Fraud: Leader, Incident, and Organizational Characteristics

ABSTRACT: Many parties have pointed to the difficulty of preventing collusive fraud, as well as the large losses caused by collusion. However, relatively little is known about how collusive fraud d...
Optimal sensor selection in the presence of noise and interference

The sensor selection problem arises in many applications ranging from sensor networks for event detection to determining concentrations of bio-markers for disease detection. In this paper, we assume that in addition to noise, there exist interference signals (which can be correlated with the desired signals) corrupting the measurements. We consider two different criteria to measure the performance of the selected sensors; average error and minimax analysis. For each case, the cost function is defined over the reconstruction algorithm (or matrix in the linear case), which in turn, explicitly determines the selected sensors. Therefore, minimizing the cost function with some sparsity constraints on the reconstruction algorithm results in the best subset of sensors and as to how we recover the desired signals from the selected measurements. In this paper, we consider the problem for the linear measurement system in various settings and derive the optimization problems. Finally, we propose various methods to solve these problems, and show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms through simulations.
Non-Immobilizing Inhalational Anesthetic-Like Compounds

Nonimmobilizing, inhalational anesthetic-like compounds are experimental agents developed as a tool to investigate the mechanism of action of general anesthetics. Clinically used for more than 150 years, general anesthesia has until now defied all attempts to formulate a theory of its mechanisms that would link, in an uninterrupted logical chain, observations on the molecular level—via effects on the cellular and network levels—to the in vivo phenomenon. Nonimmobilizers, initially termed nonanesthetics, are substances that disobey the Meyer-Overton rule. Theoretically, in appropriately designed experiments, nonanesthetics can serve as a type of Ockham’s razor to separate important from irrelevant observations: processes that, at comparable concentrations, are affected to a similar degree by inhalational anesthetics and by nonanesthetics, do not contribute to anesthesia (the nonanesthetic algorithm). In practice, however, this appealing algorithm has been rather difficult to apply. On one hand, nonanesthetics are not inert on the behavioral level: they cause, inter alia, amnesia. This discovery required not only the introduction of the more precise term “nonimmobilizers,” but also excluded one important component of anesthesia, i.e., amnesia, from application of the algorithm. On the other hand, compared to inhalational anesthetics, nonimmobilizers interact with relatively few molecular targets, also limiting the usefulness of the nonimmobilizer algorithm. Nevertheless, nonimmobilizers have not only yielded useful results but can, by virtue of those very properties that make them less than ideal for anesthesia research, be used as experimental tools in the neurosciences far beyond anesthetic mechanisms.
On the Spatial Representativeness of Trace Element Ratios

During the month of August, 1983, investigators at six sampling points in the northeastern United States collected filter samples for subsequent analysis of trace element concentrations. The data base generated independently by these investigators has allowed us to test the consistency in regional “signatures” of trace element and SO 4 = . concentrations. The probability of transport to each site for each day over the course of the month was calculated using calculated trajectory path and estimates of the rates of dispersion over long travel times. The daily probability fields were weighted by the resulting concentrations of selected trace elements to see if higher than average concentrations consistently arrived at all sites from particular regions of eastern North America. Results showed that distinct regional differences existed in concentrations and ratios of certain trace elements. The highest concentrations of vanadium were systematically associated with transport from the eastern United States regardless of receptor location. The highest concentrations of selenium were associated with air movement from the midwestern United States. The highest concentrations of arsenic consistently arrived from the midwestern United States with the highest As/Se ratio arriving from an area encompassing Pennsylvania and north. Antimony was consistently highest when winds moved from an area between Washington, D.C. and Boston. These initial results support the hypothesis that variations in elemental ratios may reflect different mixes of sources.
Deformations due to the processes of compaction, decompaction and phase transitions in the internal structures of the Earth

Questions of dis tribution of medium depending on changes of deformation have been studied involving various elastic potentials using non-classical linearized approach within the limits of theory of small and large initial deformations and it has been shown that this dependence for various geological media is instable. Given processes contribute to e mergence of structures of formation deconsolidation zones. In p resence of different kinds of inclusions, free and contacted surfaces and cavities the p rocess of de formation occurs differently than assumed in experiments. Comparing the received theoretical results with results o f known experimental studies, it has been shown that the processes of loss of stability of elastic state of equilibrium on geometric shape change and on "internal" instability precedes the p rocesses of phase transitions of various mineral systems.
An Eye Gaze Tracking System Using Customized User Profiles to Help Persons with Motor Challenges Access Computers

The central aim of this study is to develop an adaptive real-time eye-gaze tracking (EGT) system that serves as an assistive tool for persons with motor challenges access computers with optimal practicality. The novelty of the proposed method is that it adapts to the different and changing jitter characteristics of each specific user, through the configuration and training of an artificial neural network (ANN). A profile, generated for each user by the ANN through a one-time short training session, comes to reinforce the stability of mouse-cursor movements. The user profile, which can be fine-tuned with additional training, and the methods for training are embedded in the proposed system. The results using 9 subjects show an average jitter reduction of 36% in test 1 which is to follow a moving target, and 53% for following the contour of a square, which resulted in eye-gaze displacements that are significantly smoother.
A biosynthetic ornithine decarboxylase in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) is found in E. , coli , under a variety of growth conditions, at a level of approximately 15 micromoles per gram of wet weight. In spite of this relatively high intracellular concentration, very little is known about its biosynthesis. Tabor, Rosenthal and Tabor (1958) demonstrated the incorporation of 14C-ornithine into putrescine in intact E. , coli , indicating that one of the late intermediates of the pathway of arginine biosynthesis is a precursor of putrescine. Gale (1940) demonstrated an induced ornithine decarboxylase in E. , coli which catalyzed the formation of putrescine. However, since highly specialized culture conditions are required for the formation of this enzyme, it cannot be responsible for the large amounts of putrescine which are synthesized during growth in minimal medium. This induced ornithine decarboxylase probably serves a catabolic function. In this paper we report the presence of an ornithine decarboxylase in E. , coli which appears to function in a biosynthetic rather than a catabolic capacity. This biosynthetic enzyme is distinct from the induced decarboxylase described by Gale, differing in its pH optimum, heat stability and conditions for formation.
Tax Leveraged Stimulus for the Equipment Leasing Industry

In 2002, I first developed a theory of normative "capital cost recovery" for a realization-based income tax. [Terry, Normative Capital Cost Recovery for a Realization-Based Income Tax, 5 Fla. Tax Rev. 467 (2002)]. In a later article published in 2006, I attempted to show how such "capital cost recovery" could be applied practically to use by individual equipment owners, in the form of a "capital equipment expensing" (CEE) deduction. [Terry, Capital Equipment Expensing: Incremental Tax Reform for a Transition Realization-Based Income Tax, 7 Fla. Tax Rev. 240 (2006)] After a review of the 2006 article by the Equipment Leasing and Finance Foundation and others, it became apparent to me that, such a radical change to the theory and treatment of capital creation and capital recovery in our income tax base, required the expansion of CEE theory beyond its problematic application to individual equipment users. Through subsequent analysis, I have discovered that CEE may offer a useful tool for the contracting American economy: an efficient way to create and deliver targeted economic stimulus directly to the important equipment leasing industry. This article, which is still an interim work in process, proposes that CEE be used exclusively in a newly designed and dedicated financing entity, the Special Equipment Leasing Financing Entity (SELFE). At this time, this article necessarily contains only a basic introduction to the theory, structure, tax-related rules, and economic consequences of the use of CEE in SELFEs. Once the concept can be fully developed, however, I believe that SELFEs might be able to play an important role in economically stimulating the stagnant equipment leasing industry, especially in the context of the serious present condition of the U.S. economy in general, and of the equipment leasing industry in particular.
Applying the Reflection Model

“This chapter outlines the models used to fit AGN spectra in order to extract spin information, as well as the complexities involved in applying these models and in AGN spectral fitting, in general. The various physical components of AGN are described, as well as their typical manifestation in X-ray spectra. We also review the merits of employing both time-averaged and time-resolved spectroscopy in order to understand the physical properties of these SMBH systems.”
Self-correcting generalization

A system is described which creates and generalizes rules from examples. The system can recover from an initiallymisleading input sequence by keeping evidence which supports (or doesn't support) a given generalization. By undoing over-generalizations, the system maintains a minimal set of rules for a given set of inputs.
Electron microscopy of experimental uveitis

The fine structural features of the early pathological changes induced in uveal tissue by single intravitreal injections of three different quantities of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in rabbits toere studied. Small quantities of antigen (BSA) did not produce clinical signs of uveitis but a mild leukocytic infiltration (mainly monocytes) was found in the base of the ciliary body. The occasional basophilic leukocytes in the reaction site and choroidal mast cells were not degramdated and no alteration in the blood-aqueous barrier was found. Larger quantities of BSA produced mild uveitis and an impressive mononuclear infiltration in the base of the ciliary body, the root of the iris, the pars plana, and the peripheral choroid. The infiltrating cells included some which appeared to be intermediate between small lymphocytes and plasma cells, as tuell as monocytes. Inter cytoplasmic connections between monocytes and lymphocytes were observed, suggesting that immunological information was transferred by this means. Emigration of all types of mononuclear cells from blood vessels, and their passage through the ciliary epithelium into the posterior chamber, was frequently noted; however, in these regions, little alteration was observed in the structures associated with the blood-aqueous barrier. Small lymphocytes passed through, and larger mononuclear cells between, the endothelial cells when leaving the vascular system. Small islands of polymorphonuclear (PMN) heterophilic leukocytes were also seen in both the iridial and ciliary processes. In these regions, pronounced alteration was found in the blood-aqueous barrier and both basophilic leukocytes and mast cells showed degranulation. Injection of a still larger amount of BSA provoked severe uveitis with massive PMN heterophilic infiltration in the base of the ciliary body and in localized areas in the iridial and ciliary processes. Significant hemorrhage, thromboses, and necrosis of blood vessels xoere observed in the ciliary body. The structures associated with the bloodaqueous barrier showed marked changes. In addition to such vascular alterations, mononuclear cell infiltration teas seen in the pars plana and. the peripheral choroid.
Science, virtue, and moral formation

Virtue and ethical excellence have been topics of growing interest in moral education and moral development research (e.g., Annas, Narvaez, & Snow, 2016; Battaly & Nichols, 2016). This work seeks t...
New Tools in the Ebola Arsenal

New Tools in the Ebola Arsenal In an ongoing outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo, some patients have received investigational agents that are approved for compassionate use. Efforts are under way to develop a clinical trial that can provide generalizable results.