cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Frontier Myth in U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Communication

Increased penetration of low-carbon energy technologies into the U.S. energy system has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, facilitate transmission of energy to remote regions, and increase opportunities for public participation in energy system change. It also offers a window of opportunity to observe the social dynamics of rapid system change. Studying internal, yet informal, communication among energy professionals enables communication researchers to probe processes and practices of identity composition, which may, in turn, suggest opportunities to shift the relationship between energy professionals and energy consumers away from alienation and toward consubstantiation. With this goal in mind, we analysed communication among U.S. offshore wind professionals at professional conferences. Textual analysis of conference presentations and ethnographic interviews indicates that the nascent U.S. offshore wind industry is composing an identity inspired by the frontier myth. We suggest that these evocations of frontier imagery could be strategically used to cultivate consubstantiality between technically oriented energy professionals and lay publics. Awareness of a common connection to frontier mythology may contribute to public affinity and engagement with offshore wind energy specifically, and more generally, with low-carbon energy technologies.
Clinical presentations of gastroparesis

Abstract Gastroparesis presents with upper gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal discomfort, early satiety, and postprandial fullness. While the established definition of gastroparesis rests on gastric emptying delay without mechanical obstruction, patients may not always have delayed gastric emptying as the disease is chronic but can also wax and wane. A lack of widely used standards for assessing delayed gastric emptying may account for these findings. Gastroparesis has varying symptoms, stemming from differences in its underlying etiology. These exist not only from the main three etiologies of gastroparesis—idiopathic, diabetic, and postsurgical—but also from differences amongst its less well-known and less common etiologies. Additionally, patients with disorders of brain-gut interaction such as functional dyspepsia may report symptoms similar to gastroparesis that stem from syndromes entirely separate from gastroparesis itself. This chapter explores the full spectrum of these diseases and disorders from which patients report symptoms of gastroparesis.
Planning for a Gonococcal Vaccine: A Narrative Review of Vaccine Development and Public Health Implications.

ABSTRACT Declining gonococcal susceptibility to ceftriaxone and azithromycin has raised the possibility of untreatable gonorrhea in the future and reignited interest in gonococcal vaccine development. Despite decades of research, previous gonococcal vaccine candidates have been ineffective. A growing body of data suggests that meningococcal group B outer-membrane vaccines may be cross-protective against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Clinical trials of a licensed vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B containing an outer-membrane vaccine component are underway to determine its efficacy against N. gonorrhoeae. Other experimental gonococcal vaccine candidates are in the preclinical phases. Population impact of future gonococcal vaccines with different levels of efficacy and duration of protection in various populations is being evaluated using modeling studies. Despite recent progress, gaps in gonococcal vaccine research remain. Research is needed to evaluate vaccine efficacy in preventing gonococcal infections acquired via various anatomic routes and among patients coinfected with other sexually transmitted infections. Studies that model the impact of a future vaccine on high-burden populations such as men who have sex with men and estimate both vaccine cost-effectiveness and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of vaccination to antimicrobial resistance and treatment costs are warranted. This narrative review examines the current state of gonococcal vaccine research, the possible impact of a gonococcal vaccine on gonorrhea rates based on modeling studies, gaps in the gonococcal vaccine literature, and public health implications of a future gonococcal vaccine on reducing the gonorrhea burden in the United States.
Capitalisms, Generative Projects and the New STS

Mainstream science studies has long marginalized the intersection of capitalisms and technoscience, instead placing interactionist, liberal, and Foucaultian analysis at its forefront, and has had l...
The Changing Role of the American Prosecutor

This paper is an edited version of the author's November 2019 presentation to the Louisiana District Attorneys Association, Fall Meeting of Elected District Attorneys. It argues that many of the reforms spotlighted by the Progressive Prosecution movement should be attractive to all prosecutors, including those who are unlikely to adopt the "progressive" label.
Combination Biomarkers for Risk Stratification in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure Biomarkers Prognostication in HF.

Background Current guidelines recommend measuring natriuretic peptide biomarkers to establish prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We assessed whether a combination biomarkers approach improve prognostication in patients with stable HFrEF. Methods and Results An observational cohort study recruited 202 patients with stable HFrEF at a single center, tertiary care hospital undergoing elective cardiac resynchronization therapy device placement from 2013 to 2015. Twenty-four biomarkers were analyzed individually and in combination using Cox proportion hazard regression model for major adverse cardiac events (ie, death, cardiac transplant, left ventricular assist device placement), and major adverse cardiac events plus HF hospitalizations. The single best biomarker for predicting major adverse cardiac events is peripheral mid‐regional pro‐adrenomedullin (C statistic = 0.771 ± 0.045) compared to current guideline recommended N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (C=0.668 ± 0.046). The best combined biomarkers for predicting major adverse cardiac events are blood urea nitrogen, coronary sinus C-reactive protein, peripheral mid-regional pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide and peripheral soluble IL-1 receptor-like 1 (C = 0.767 ± 0.036). Conclusions In this observational cohort, the combined biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen, C-reactive protein, mid-regional pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide and soluble IL-1 receptor-like 1) or the single biomarker (mid‐regional pro‐adrenomedullin) was superior to N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, the current guideline recommended biomarker in predicting cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HFrEF. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings and examine whether single or combined biomarkers improve HFrEF prognostication.
High resolution patterning of PbS quantum dots/graphene photodetectors with high responsivity via photolithography with a top graphene layer to protect surface ligands

Photodetectors based on colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) and single layer graphene (SLG) have shown high responsivity due to the synergy of strong light absorption from CQDs and high mobility from SLG. However, it is still challenging to achieve high-density and small-footprint devices on a chip to meet the demand for their integration into electronic devices. Even though there are numerous approaches to pattern the chemically fragile CQD films, usually they require non-conventional approaches such as stamping and surface modification that may be non-compatible with semiconductor processing. In this study, we show that conventional lithography and dry etching can be used to pattern QD active films by employing a graphene monolayer passivation/protective layer that protects the surface ligands of CQDs. This protective layer avoids damage induced by lithography process solvents that deteriorate the carrier mobility of CQDs and therefore the photoresponse. Herein we report patterning of CQDs using conventional UV photolithography, achieving reproducible five-micron length PbS CQDs/SLG photodetectors with a responsivity of 108 A W−1. We have also fabricated thirty-six PbS CQDs/SLG photodetectors on a single chip to establish micron size photodetectors. This process offers an approach to pattern QDs with conventional UV lithography and dry etching semiconductor technology to facilitate their integration into current semiconductor commercial technology.
Effects of Nonuniform Tire Contact Pressures on Near-Surface Pavement Response

AbstractMost current mechanistic-empirical (ME) design methodologies leverage layered elastic (LE) computer codes to compute pavement response at locations indicative of distresses. In conventional...
Gender gap in computer science education: experiences of women in uganda

The purpose of this study is two-fold: to investigate the nature of the gender gap in computer science education in Uganda and to understand the factors that influence gender differences in computer science education in Uganda. Data collection for the study was done in three stages. In the first stage all the 600 male and female undergraduate Bachelors of Sciences in computer science students at Makerere University were surveyed during a six week period from June 15th to July 30th 2004. 200 students responded to the survey yielding a 33.3 percent response rate. The second stage in data collection consisted of a series of qualitative interviews. Two participants each were selected based on purposeful sampling from Makerere University's office of Gender Mainstreaming, the Forum for African Women Educationalist, the Technology Committee of the Parliament of Uganda and Makerere University's Institute of Computer Science. The third stage in data collection consisted of focus group discussions. There were three focus groups: 5 male undergraduate students of computer science, 5 female undergraduate students of computer science and 5 female graduate students of computer science. Volunteers were asked from within the computer science student population. Data analysis involved quantitative and qualitative techniques. The findings of the study indicate that there is a gender gap in computer science education. There were 511 male students and 89 female students in the undergraduate program. The reasons for the gap were revealed in the interviews, survey and focus group discussions. The study concluded that several policy measures need to be taken to address the gender gap in computer science education in Uganda.
A Quantum of Light Shed on a Classical Problem

The quantum concept of the light photon, elaborated with possibly non-zero rest mass, is used to re-examine the classical problem of retarded electromagnetic potentials. A conflict with the classical Lienard-Wiechert formulation is displayed. An alternative formulation is recommended.
Thermodynamics of substrate binding to the metal site in homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase: Using ITC under anaerobic conditions to study enzyme-substrate interactions.

Abstract Background Extradiol dioxygenases are a family of nonheme iron (and sometimes manganese) enzymes that catalyze an O2-dependent ring-opening reaction in a biodegradation pathway of aromatic compounds. Here we characterize the thermodynamics of two substrates binding in homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase (HPCD) prior to the O2 activation step. Methods This study uses microcalorimetry under an inert atmosphere to measure thermodynamic parameters associated with catechol binding to nonheme metal centers in HPCD. Several stopped-flow rapid mixing experiments were used to support the calorimetry experiments. Results The equilibria constant for 4-nitrocatechol and homoprotocatechuate binding to the iron(II) and manganese(II) forms of HPCD range from 2 × 104 to 1 × 106, suggesting there are distinctive differences in how the enzyme–substrate complexes are stabilized. Further experiments in multiple buffers allowed us to correct the experimental ΔH for substrate ionization and to fully derive the pH and buffer independent thermodynamic parameters for substrate binding to HPCD. Fewer protons are released from the iron(II) dependent processes than their manganese(II) counterparts. Conclusions Condition independent thermodynamic parameters for 4-nitrocatechol and homoprotocatechuate binding to HPCD are highly consistent with each other, suggesting these enzyme–substrate complexes are more similar than once thought, and the ionization state of metal coordinated waters may be playing a role in tuning redox potential and in governing reactivity. General significance Substrate binding to HPCD is a complex set of equilibria that includes ionization of substrate and water release, yet it is also the key step in O2 activation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Microcalorimetry in the BioSciences — Principles and Applications, edited by Fadi Bou-Abdallah.
Immunophysiology of immune reactions; alteration in the thiocyanate space in quantitative passive transfer experiments in rabbits.

Abstract In a further study of immunophysiology, the passive transfer method was utilized in rabbits in an effort to determine the possible relationship between in vivo antigen-antibody reactions and certain alterations in the plasma volume and thiocyanate space. In animals given intravenous injections of antibody, followed by the interscapular administration of specific antigen, an increase in the thiocyanate space was detected within 24 hours after injection of the antigen. Such a change was not observed in control animals given either specific antigen or antibody. This increase in the thiocyanate space has been interpreted as indicative of an abnormal increase in the permeability of cell membranes which was directly or indirectly due to the antigen-antibody reaction.
Treatment of Essential Tremor with Long-chain Alcohols: Still Experimental or Ready for Prime Time?

Aim: To review current literature on long‐chain alcohols and their derivatives as novel pharmacotherapy for the treatment of essential tremor (ET). Background: Currently available and recommended pharmacotherapies for ET are often limited by suboptimal treatment effects, frequent adverse effects, and drug interactions. While ethanol is reported to profoundly decrease tremor severity in the majority of patients with ET, preclinical experience suggests that long‐chain alcohols such as 1‐octanol might lead to a comparable tremor reduction without ethanol’s typical side effects of sedation and intoxication. Here, we review the literature on the first clinical trials on 1‐octanol and its metabolite octanoic acid (OA) for the treatment of ET. Methods: The literature on preclinical and clinical trials on long‐chain alcohols as well as OA was reviewed and summarized, and an outlook given on next phases of development. Discussion: 1‐octanol was demonstrated to be safe and effective in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled low‐dose trial, and open‐label data showed excellent tolerability and dose‐dependent efficacy up to 128 mg/kg. Despite 1‐octanol’s efficacy, its future viability as an effective therapy is limited by its pharmacological properties that require large volumes to be orally administered. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that OA is the active metabolite of 1‐octanol. Preclinical efficacy data for OA are positive, and human pilot data demonstrated excellent safety as well as efficacy in secondary outcome measures of tremor amplitudes. OA also has more favorable pharmacological properties for drug delivery; hence, OA may be worth developing as a pharmaceutical.
Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland and Lacrimal Sac

Tumors of the lacrimal gland are not common, and those of the nasolacrimal sac are rare. These two anatomic regions are affected by histologically different lesions and will be considered separately. Lymphoid tumors account for almost half of lacrimal gland malignancies and are reviewed in Chap. 17.
The Case Against the Employee Free Choice Act

With the Obama administration in the White House and an overwhelmingly Democratic Congress, passage of the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA) appears likely. But it can and should be stopped if at all possible, given the adverse impact that it will have on the workplace and the overall economy. In The Case against the Employee Free Choice Act, Richard Epstein examines this proposed legislation and why it is a large step backward in labor relations that will work to the detriment of employees, employers, and the public at large.
Being Muslim and American: Turkish-American children negotiating their religious identities in school settings

Religious diversity in schools is a growing interest among educational researchers. This qualitative case study examines how 15 Turkish-Muslim children in elementary and middle school negotiated their religious identities as they responded to various experiences in American schools and in their communities. Unlike some earlier studies that highlighted cultural conflict as a theme in Muslim adolescents’ relationship with schools in the United States, this study is based on a framework that illustrates the voices and agency of young children, and utilizes data from interviews, participant observations and cultural artifacts. Findings demonstrate the ways parents and children mediated challenges their religious identity posed by choosing strategies that made their religious identities invisible, or by finding innovative ways to negotiate their identity and religious practices. Children who participated in the study did not view American identities in conflict with their Muslim identities. Learning about the ...
Insulin binding to monocytes and total mononuclear leukocytes from normal and diabetic patients.

Abstract Isolated circulating mononuclear leukocyte preparations were obtained from 19 normal and 11 adult diabetic patients. No differences in monocyte, T cell, or B cell content were found when preparations from the two study groups were compared. The amount of insulin bound to cells from the diabetic patients was found to be decreased regardless of the cell type to which the data were normalized. This indicates that the previously reported decrease in the ability of mononuclear cells of diabetic patients to bind insulin was not a result of differences in mononuclear cell subpopulations.
Theory of acoustic propagation in a multi-phase stratified liquid flowing within an elastic-walled conduit of varying cross-sectional area

Abstract A theoretical solution is derived for the sound field in an arbitrarily layered viscous fluid moving with the non-negligible Mach number within a duct with elastic walls and varying cross-sectional area. The solution is applied to the interpretation of infrasonic and seismic signals preceding and accompanying volcanic eruptions, and can be used to study the acoustic response of various types of volcanic fluids, including magma–gas mixtures, ash–gas mixtures, and bubble-rich liquids. The acoustic field in a magma conduit can be propagated into the atmosphere through an open vent, and coupled into the ground through the displacement of the magma conduit walls. The theoretical solutions predict that fluids moving with the non-negligible Mach number will exhibit significant attenuation in the upstream direction, thereby reducing the quality factor of the conduit resonance. Thus, acoustic energy generated during an eruption may be preferentially radiated downstream, exacerbating the acoustic decoupling between the upper and lower parts of a stratified magma column. A source model for a repeated cavitation process is introduced as a possible excitation mechanism for tremor signals.
Uroporphyria in the Cyp1a2−/− mouse

Cytochrome P4501A2 (Cyp1a2) is important in the development of uroporphyria in mice, a model of porphyria cutanea tarda in humans. Heretofore, mice homozygous for the Cyp1a2-/- mutation do not develop uroporphyria with treatment regimens that result in uroporphyria in wild-type mice. Here we report uroporphyria development in Cyp1a2-/- mice additionally null for both alleles of the hemochromatosis (Hfe) gene and heterozygous for deletion of the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (Urod) gene (genotype: Cyp1a2-/-;Hfe-/-;Urod+/-), demonstrating that upon adding porphyria-predisposing genetic manipulations, Cyp1a2 is not essential. Cyp1a2-/-;Hfe-/-;Urod+/- mice were treated with various combinations of an iron-enriched diet, parenteral iron-dextran, drinking water containing δ-aminolevulinic acid and intraperitoneal Aroclor 1254 (a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture) and analyzed for uroporphyrin accumulation. Animals fed an iron-enriched diet alone did not develop uroporphyria but uroporphyria developed with all treatments that included iron supplementation and δ-aminolevulinic acid, even with a regimen without Aroclor 1254. Hepatic porphyrin levels correlated with low UROD activity and high levels of an inhibitor of UROD but marked variability in the magnitude of the porphyric response was present in all treatment groups. Gene expression profiling revealed no major differences between genetically identical triple cross mice exhibiting high and low magnitude porphyric responses from iron-enriched diet and iron-dextran supplementation, and δ-aminolevulinic acid. Even though the variation in porphyric response did not parallel the hepatic iron concentration, the results are compatible with the presence of a Cyp1a2-independent, iron-dependent pathway for the generation of uroporphomethene, the UROD inhibitor required for the expression of uroporphyria in mice and PCT in humans.
The Impact of Wine Tasting on Wine Purchases: Evidence from Napa, California

The purpose of this project was to explore and identify factors that influence a consumer to purchase wine during an afternoon of product sampling (wine tasting). A panel of consumers was recruited for an afternoon of wine tasting at vineyards in Napa, California. Several potential hedonistic, utilitarian and logistical factors (i.e. winery facilities, quality of the wine and order in which the winery was visited) were measured using a journal log that was maintained by participants following the tasting experience for a period of one‐month. The conclusions drawn from this study were that group size, confidence in one's ability to purchase wine and overall assessment of a vineyard's wine portfolio were more important than the hedonistic factors in terms of inducing a sale immediately following a taste.
Transient atrioventricular conduction block with cryoablation following normal cryomapping.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that adverse but reversible effects on AV conduction may be observed during cryoablation despite no evidence of deleterious effects evident during cryomapping. BACKGROUND Transcatheter cryoablation has recently been introduced for treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Potential advantages compared with radiofrequency ablation include decreased risk of thromboembolism and perforation, less patient discomfort, more sharply demarcated lesions, and decreased risk of inadvertent damage to adjacent structures due to the ability to observe the electrophysiologic effects of lesion generation prior to permanent tissue damage. Occasionally, however, adverse electrophysiologic effects may be observed during cryoablation when prior cryomapping suggests a safe location. METHODS We reviewed the experience with our first 32 consecutive patients who underwent cryoablation for supraventricular tachycardia. Patients who experienced transient heart block during cryoablation following uneventful cryomapping were identified. RESULTS Five patients in whom cryomapping was performed with no evidence for deleterious effects on AV conduction were identified. However, application of cryoablation at these mapped sites resulted in transient complete heart block. This experience demonstrates that the cryolesion created during cryoablation may expand relative to that suggested by cryomapping. CONCLUSIONS It is important to maintain vigilance in monitoring for AV nodal conduction abnormalities during cryoablation, even when cryomapping suggests a safe location for cryoablation.
DNAJB6 Induces Degradation of β-Catenin and Causes Partial Reversal of Mesenchymal Phenotype

We showed that expression of MRJ (DNAJB6) protein is lost in invasive ductal carcinoma, and restoration of MRJ(L) restricts malignant behavior of breast cancer and melanoma cells. However, the signaling pathways influenced by MRJ(L) are largely unknown. Our observations revealed that MRJ(L) expression causes changes in cell morphology concomitant with down-regulation of several mesenchymal markers, viz. vimentin, N-cadherin, Twist, and Slug, and up-regulation of epithelial marker keratin 18. Importantly, MRJ(L) expression led to reduced levels of β-catenin, an epithelial mesenchymal transition marker, and a critical player in the Wnt pathway. We found that MRJ(L) up-regulates expression of DKK1, a well known Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor, that causes degradation of β-catenin. Re-expression of DNAJB6 alters the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer cells, leading to partial reversal of the mesenchymal phenotype. Thus, MRJ(L) may play a role in maintaining an epithelial phenotype, and inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be one of the potential mechanisms contributing to the restriction of malignant behavior by MRJ(L).
A critical benefit analysis of artificial gravity as a microgravity countermeasure

Abstract Deconditioning of astronauts during long duration spaceflight, especially with regard to the cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal, and neurological systems, is a well-recognized problem that has stimulated significant investments in countermeasure research over the past five decades. Because of its potential salutary effects on all of these systems, artificial gravity via centrifugation has been one of the most persistently discussed countermeasures; however, to date, few studies have tested its efficacy, particularly in comparison to other, system-specific countermeasures. This paper reports results of a meta-analysis we performed to compare previously published results from artificial gravity studies with those from studies utilizing traditional countermeasures, such as resistive exercise, aerobic exercise, lower body negative pressure (LBNP), or some variation of these countermeasures. Published and non-published literature involving human bed rest and immersion studies, human non-bed rest studies, and flight data were examined. Our analyses were confounded by differences in research design from study to study, including subject selection criteria, deconditioning paradigm, physiological systems assessed, and dependent measures employed. Nevertheless we were able to draw comparisons between studies that had some consistency across these variables. Results indicate that for prolonged spaceflight an artificial gravity-based countermeasure may provide benefits equivalent to traditional countermeasures for the cardiovascular system. Too few comparable studies have been performed to draw any conclusions for the musculo-skeletal system. Gaps in the current knowledge of artificial gravity are identified and provide the basis for a discussion of future topics for ground-based research using this countermeasure.
Influence of deflowering on dry matter production of soybeans

Abstract Soybeans ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) of maturity group 00 were grown in a greenhouse to investigate the effect of continuous flower removal on growth and dry matter partitioning. After growth stage R1 (initial bloom) one-half of the plants were deflowered daily for 50 days. Plants were harvested at 10-day intervals, beginning at R1, and continuing until control plants reached maturity. Total dry matter (all vegetative plant parts plus fruits, where present) was similar for both treatments at 30 days after R1; however, the total dry matter of the deflowered plants was greater than the controls at 40 and 50 days after R1. There was no difference in the photosynthetic rate of single leaves for 30 days after R1. Deflowering had only a minimal effect on the leaf area, number of branches, number of branch nodes, and plant height. Thus, the increase in the mass of the vegetative plant parts in the deflowered plants resulted primarily from an increase in specific leaf weight and thicker stems and branches. The relative proportion of the total vegetative weight represented by a given vegetative component was not greatly altered by flower removal. The results suggest that the vegetative plant parts in soybeans can serve as strong sinks for photosynthate when reproductive structures are not allowed to develop.
Statin and NSAID use and prostate cancer risk

Purpose Some studies have reported reduced risks of advanced, but not early, prostate cancer among statin users, and one study found a reduced risk only among statin users who had also used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We have previously reported no association between statin use and prostate cancer in our hospital-based Case Control Surveillance Study. The purpose of the present analyses was to update the findings by cancer stage and to evaluate the joint use of statins and NSAIDs. Methods Cases were 1367 men with prostate cancer and controls were 2007 men with diagnoses unrelated to statin or NSAID use. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for statin use compared with no use, and joint use of statin and NSAIDs compared with use of neither. Results The odds ratio among regular statin users was 1.1 (95%CI 0.9–1.5), and odds ratios were similar among early and late stage cancers. The odds ratio among joint statin and NSAID users was 1.1 (95%CI 0.7–1.6). Conclusion The present results do not support a protective effect of statin use, or statin and NSAID use, on the risk of advanced prostate cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiovascular adaptation to environmental stress: Its role in the development of hypertension, responsible mechanisms, and hypotheses ☆

Abstract The interaction of psychological stresses with organismic susceptibility to disease states has been at least implicitly assumed for many years. Recent emphais on cardiac risk factors has provoked much concern regarding the role of psychological stress in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. The literature reviewed shows that controlled psychological stress has a profound influence on cardiovascular parameters such as arterial blood pressure. Furthermore, there is considerable evidence that the nervous system and renal system are intimately involved in the production of these cardiovascular adjustments. Unfortunately, the research to date has not provided any conclusive evidence which suggests that psychological stress results in chronic cardiovascular pathologies. It is suggested that psychological stress is not both a necessary and sufficient condition for the production of cardiovascular disease. Rather the hypothesis is advanced that an organism must have a physiological predisposition for the pathology before psychological stress will precipitate the disease.
Testing the Statutory Coherence Hypothesis The Implementation of Federal Family Planning Policy in the States

This article tests the statutory coherence hypothesis, derived from the Sabatier and Mazmanian framework for policy implementation, within the context of the national family planning program. The statutory coherence hypothesis states that effective implementation is a function of the extent to which a statute coherently structures the implementation process. The equitable distribution of statutory benefits is defined as a condition of effective implementation. During the period of study (Fiscal Years 1976-1981), national family planning policy was embedded in four separate statutes. Implementation was operationalized in terms of interstate variation in per capita family planning expenditures under each of the four grant programs. Statutory coherence scores were developed for each of the four enactments. The findings of this study support the statutory coherence hypothesis. Both the theoretical significance and the policy implications of these results are discussed.
Estimating latent attentional states based on simultaneous binary and continuous behavioral measures

Cognition is a complex and dynamic process. It is an essential goal to estimate latent attentional states based on behavioral measures in many sequences of behavioral tasks. Here, we propose a probabilistic modeling and inference framework for estimating the attentional state using simultaneous binary and continuous behavioral measures. The proposed model extends the standard hidden Markov model (HMM) by explicitly modeling the state duration distribution, which yields a special example of the hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM). We validate our methods using computer simulations and experimental data. In computer simulations, we systematically investigate the impacts of model mismatch and the latency distribution. For the experimental data collected from a rodent visual detection task, we validate the results with predictive log-likelihood. Our work is useful for many behavioral neuroscience experiments, where the common goal is to infer the discrete (binary or multinomial) state sequences from multiple behavioral measures.
Cultural Norms and Classroom Discourses: Communication Problems in the Multiethnic School Setting

Credit for such a program would be given in increments of 1/4 or 1/2 units, as the student attained prescribed levels of competency. There would be suggested objectives concerning the time it might take to achieve successive levels of fluency, but there would be no penalty (other than the withholding of credit) for not meeting these suggested goals. Furthermore, instruction could be offered in small modules of six to eight weeks duration, which would be repeated four or five times a year as needed. Students would move from module to module until they have mastered the language or until they have obtained the specific objective which they set out to achieve. Among the benefits this schedule offers would be to allow more opportunity for each student to evaluate his progress and to review and reconsider his commitment to the program, and the specific language which he is studying. Such a program is not conventional; some may even call it radical, but neither is it wholly original nor completely untested. It is, moreover, only one of a number of possible programs which could be tailored to meet the specific needs and expectations of communities and school systems. The important point is that the community has the right to expect and the profession has the right and responsibility to suggest a program which offers more than a given number of years or terms of instruction in several foreign languages, with no single, well-defined goal for such instruction, with no standard criteria upon which to base a decision to continue or terminate
The reliability of electrodermal audiometry with aphasic adults.

Forty hospitalized male aphasic subjects were tested to determine if electrodermal audiometry would yield more reliable auditory thresholds than Standard pure-tone tests. Each subject received a St...
Osmoregulatory responses to ddt and varying salinities in Salmo gairdneri—I. Gill Na-K-ATPase

Abstract 1. 1. DDT inhibited activity of Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in gills of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) adapted to fresh water (FW), 1 3 sea water ( 1 3 SW) and SW. 2. 2. A negative correlation was found between gill Na-K-ATPase (decrease) and serum sodium (increase) in treated fish in SW. 3. 3. Enzyme activity was inhibited in FW fish, but no osmoregulatory impairment was found. This may indicate a minor or nonexistent role for gill Na-KATPase in FW osmoregulation. 4. 4. Enzyme activity was inhibited in trout acclimated to SW (SW > 1 3 SW > FW).
Reply: Sagging and swelling of the midbrain suggest spontaneous intracranial hypotension rather than a malformation

We would like to thank Prof Savoiardo and his colleagues for their letter, which raises an important point and offers relevant recommendations. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is a common and serious clinical condition that may lead to severe disability in affected …
Syndrome-Testing of " Syndrome-Untestable" Combinational Circuits

In [1] and [2] a method of designing syndrome-testable combinational circuits was described. It was shown that, in general, syndrome-testable combinational circuits require some pin-penalty and maybe some logic for producing the testable design.
Low publication rate of 2005 conference presentations: implications for practitioners serving individuals with autism and intellectual disabilities.

Abstract This study determined the percentage of presentations at the annual conference of the Association for Behavior Analysis in 2005 with the autism (AUT) and developmental disabilities (DDA) codes ( N = 880) that (a) provided continuing education credits (CEs) for Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs) and Board Certified Assistant Behavior Analysts (BCaBAs) and (b) included content that was published in a peer-reviewed outlet. Results indicate that only 77 (8.8%) presentations were ultimately published. Although posters were not eligible for CEs, posters accounted for 57.1% of the published presentations. Specifically, posters presented by a university-affiliated presenter accounted for 44.2% of presentations with published content. As a whole, only 10.4% of AUT and DDA presentations offering CEs contained data sets that were published. Considered together, these results suggest that the content provided to BCBAs and BCaBAs for CEs may not be adequately measured or sufficiently rigorous to guide clinical practices.
Faint Ring around the Spiral Galaxy M82

Photography of fainter surface brightnesses than heretofore detected shows a very unusual feature in the vicinity of the spiral galaxy M81. If this faint feature is synchrotron radiation from electrons exploded by the neighboring galaxy, M82, then the existence of an overall magnetic field in M81 can be established and calculated at a few microgauss. Other properties of M81 and its companion are implied and can be derived from further observation.
Basinwide nitric acid and related species concentrations observed during the Claremont nitrogen species comparison study

In conjunction with the Claremont Nitrogen Species Comparison Study, tandem filter units designed to collect HNO_3/total aerosol (TA) NO_3− and NH_3/TA NH+_4 were operated at seven locations throughout the Los Angeles area, including Claremont. The sampling methods used were related to the comparison study via intensive short-term and long-term measurements made at Claremont by both the tandem filter method and the denuder difference method. Between methods, 4-h and 6-h duration HNO_3 samples taken by the tandem filter method were higher (~ 20%) than the HNO_3 results obtained by the denuder difference method. As sampling duration increased to 22 h, the tandem filter method HNO_3 and NH_3 concentration measurements increased, while the 22-h denuder difference method HNO_3 values remained indistinguishable from the average of simultaneous short-term 4- and 6-h average samples. Analysis of the basinwide data showed that Claremont experienced the highest measured HNO_3 concentrations in the Los Angeles area during the period of the comparison study, confirming that Claremont was a wise choice for the main site of the study. In contrast, an alternative site near Riverside experienced the lowest HNO_3 levels in the air basin, accompanied by high aerosol nitrate and very high NH_3 concentrations.
Integrated simulation of active carbon nanotube forest growth and mechanical compression

Carbon nanotube (CNT) forests are CNT populations that self-assemble into vertically oriented cellular arrays during growth. The anisotropic and inhomogeneous morphology of forests arises from complex mechanical interactions between CNTs during their collective growth and influences many forest properties. A time-resolved simulation is developed to model actively growing CNT populations having distributed properties and growth characteristics. The model considers van der Waals (vdW) attraction between neighboring CNTs and allows the growing and deforming CNTs to interact and react based on a balance of forces. Parametric variations of growth rate distribution and CNT occupation density generate variable CNT forest morphology in manners consistent with experimental observations. The forces opposing vdW bonding between contacting CNTs during forest growth are found to diminish with distance from the growth substrate and are proportional to CNT bending stiffness. Axial and transverse compression of simulated forests capture experimentally observed phenomena of coordinated axial buckling, transverse densification, and the foam-like force–displacement response that is typical of CNT forests. This new paradigm in CNT forest modeling may be used as an analytical tool to examine CNT forest growth kinetics, multi-physics CNT forest performance, and the post-synthesis processing and forming of CNT forest microstructures.
Plane isolation model for superconducting Tc prediction using an ‘parent-calibration’ obtained for Y Ba2CuCu2Oy and applied to other model systems

Abstract An empirical bond order model indicates that a high degree of plane isolation increases both optimal T c and optimal hole concentrations. Within this plane isolation model Y Ba2CuCu2Oy is analyzed with respect to structural literature data concerning distance to the apical O, d c . From d c the bond valences in the c -direction, s c , are calculated. They extrapolate to a finite intercept for the undoped parent, s c p . Subtracting s c p from s c , yields extra holes beyond the equilibrium distribution of the parent. This part is here identified to correspond to the inert part of the total holes, hc that extend into the c -direction. The remaining holes in the planes are effective in fixing the optimal T c . Accordingly a physically meaningful basis for the empirical rules is found and ‘all planar’ cuprates can be modeled purely on structure. As examples materials with high [Hg analogs] and low d c [Bi analogs] are successfully dealt with in this modified bond order model.
The fracture energy of a glass fibre composite

The fracture energy of a glass fibre-polyester composite has been measured by work of fracture (γf) measurements on bending beams, and by linear elastic fracture mechanics analyses (γi) of the bending beams and edge-notched tensile plates. It was found that for the bend specimens γi< γf. The work of fracture, γf, displayed a strain rate dependence, but there was no such dependence of γi. It is postulated that γi is determined by a debonding mechanism while γf is the sum of a debonding mechanism plus a pull-out contribution. The edge-notched tensile plate experiments showed that γi obtained from thick plates was less than that obtained from side-grooved plates, and that in each case there was a dependence of γi on crack size.
Age-related changes in the regional distribution of hormones in the male rat anterior pituitary

Some heterogeneity in the localization of hormone-containing cells has been reported in the mammalian anterior pituitary. Since age-related changes are present in pituitary hormone concentrations, the present study was designed to explore if such changes in the male rat are regionally consistent. The results show clear geographic patterns in the presence of immunoreactive LH, FSH, prolactin and TSH. In the two year-old male, specific regional declines in hormone concentrations were present. With one regional exception, such was not the case when values were expressed in total hormonal content. A fall in gonadotropins still appeared in the medial area of the most caudal strip. The results suggest that with age, there is a displacement of hormone-containing cells in the pituitary and that for the gonadotropes this effect appears to be more prominent within the medio-caudal area.
Comparative Evaluation of Architectural and Code-Level Approaches for Finding Security Vulnerabilities

During architectural risk analysis, Security Information Workers (SIWs) reason about security-relevant architectural flaws using a high-level representation of the system's structure instead of directly reading the code as in during a code review. It is still hard to extract from the code a high-level representation that is sound, conveys design intent, and enables expressive constraints that can find security vulnerabilities. As a result, architecture-level approaches are less mature than code-level ones that extract low-level representations that are not directly intended for use by SIWs.In this paper, we compare an architecture-level approach with a code-level approach in terms of effectiveness (precision and recall) across test cases with injected vulnerabilities that range from coding bugs to architectural flaws. The evaluation shows that an architecture-level approach can uncover some security vulnerabilities with better precision and recall than a code-level approach. Moreover, it shows that the effectiveness of the approaches varies greatly based on whether the security vulnerability is a coding bug or an architectural flaw. These results may help SIWs select the right tools for the job of securing their systems.
Isolation and biology of aStreptomyces sp. causing potato scab in soils below pH 5.0

Isolates of an acid tolerantStreptomyces sp. were obtained from lesions of potatoes grown in soil with a pH below 5.0. Isolates ofS. scabies were obtained only from lesions of tubers grown in soil with the pH above 5.2. Isolates of the acid tolerantStreptomyces sp. caused tuber lesions on potatoes grown in soil at pH 4.5 or 5.9. Isolates ofS. scabies were pathogenic in soil at pH 5.9, but not 4.5. Physiological tests and morphological observations suggest that the acid tolerant organism is notS. scabies. It is believed thatStreptomyces sp. is a causal agent of potato scab in acid soils.
Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) is the mediator of progesterone's antiapoptotic action in spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells as revealed by PGRMC1 small interfering ribonucleic acid treatment and functional analysis of PGRMC1 mutations.

Progesterone (P4) receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) and its binding partner, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA binding protein (PAIRBP1) are thought to form a complex that functions as membrane receptor for P4. The present investigations confirm PGRMC1’s role in this membrane receptor complex by demonstrating that depleting PGMRC1 with PGRMC1 small interfering RNA results in a 60% decline in [3H]P4 binding and the loss of P4’s antiapoptotic action. Studies conducted on partially purified GFP-PGRMC1 fusion protein indicate that [3H]P4 specifically binds to PGRMC1 at a single site with an apparent Kd of about 35 nm. In addition, experiments using various deletion mutations reveal that the entire PGRMC1 molecule is required for maximal [3H]P4 binding and P4 responsiveness. Analysis of the binding data also suggests that the P4 binding site is within a segment of PGRMC1 that is composed of the transmembrane domain and the initial segment of the C terminus. Interestingly, PAIRBP1 appears to bind to the C terminus between amino acids 70–130, which is distal to the putative P4 binding site. Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence that PGRMC1 is the P4 binding protein that mediates P4’s antiapoptotic action. Moreover, the deletion mutation studies indicate that each domain of PGRMC1 plays an essential role in modulating PGRMC1’s capacity to both bind and respond to P4. Additional studies are required to more precisely delineate the role of each PGRMC1 domain in transducing P4’s antiapoptotic action.