cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constitutive modeling of materials and contacts using the disturbed state concept

Computer methods have opened a new era for accurate and economic analysis and design of engineering problems. They account for many significant factors such as arbitrary geometries, nonhomogeneities in material composition, complex boundary conditions, nonlinear material behavior (constitutive modeling) and complex loading conditions, which were difficult to include in conventional and closed form solution procedures. Constitutive modeling characterizes the mechanical behavior of solids and contacts (e.g. interfaces and joints), and plays perhaps the most important role for realistic solutions from procedures in computational mechanics. A great number of constitutive models, from the simple to the advanced, have been proposed. Most of them account for specific characteristics of the material. However, a deforming material may experience simultaneously, many characteristics such as elastic, plastic and creep strains, different loading (stress) paths, volume change under shear stress, microcracking leading to fracture and failure, strain softening or degradation, and healing or strengthening. Hence, there is a need for developing unified models that accounts for these characteristics.The main objective of these papers is to present a review of the available constitutive models, and identify their capabilities and limitations; then a novel and unified approach, called the disturbed state concept (DSC) with the hierarchical single surface (HISS) plasticity, is presented including its theoretical background, constitutive parameters and their determination, and validation at the test specimen and boundary value problem levels. The general capabilities of the DSC/HISS approach are emphasized by its application for a wide range of materials and contacts (interfaces and joints). Because of its generality, the DSC contains many previous models as special cases. The presentation is divided in two papers. The review of various models and then description of the DSC/HISS model and its analysis for issues such as mesh dependence and localization have been presented in Part 1, which also contains the capability of the DSC/HISS model to define both solids and contacts. Validations of the DSC/HISS model at the specimen and boundary value problem levels for a wide range of materials and contacts are included in this Part 2.The DSC is considered to be relatively simple, and it can be easily implemented in computer procedures. It is believed that the DSC can provide a realistic and unified approach for constitutive modeling for a wide range of materials and contacts.
Gas-segmented continuous flow analysis of iron in water with a long liquid waveguide capillary flow cell

Abstract A long liquid waveguide capillary flow cell has been successfully adapted to a gas-segmented continuous flow auto-analyzer for trace analysis of iron in water. The flow cell was made of new material, Teflon AF-2400, which has a refractive index (1.29) lower than water (1.33). Total reflection of light can be achieved, provided that the incident angle at each reflection on the water/Teflon interface is greater than the critical angle. Teflon AF-2400 is superior to currently used materials in both refractivity and mechanical stability. This allows for construction of a long liquid waveguide capillary flow cell in a helical rather than linear shape, with compact dimensions. Since the internal volume of a 2 m long, 550 μm i.d. liquid waveguide capillary flow cell is only approximately 0.5 cm3, a small sample volume is required. Utilization of this long flow cell significantly enhances the sensitivity of automated colorimetric analysis of iron by the ferrozine method, allowing for accurate determination of nanomolar concentrations of iron in natural waters. The advantages of this technique are low detection limit (0.1 nM), small sample volume (2 ml), high precision (1%), and automation for rapid analysis of a large number of samples. This technique is applicable to any gas-segmented continuous flow analysis or flow injection analysis with spectrophotometric detection.
Identifying structural determinants of potency for analogs of apelin-13: Integration of C-terminal truncation with structure–activity

Apelin peptides function as endogenous ligands of the APJ receptor and have been implicated in a number of important biological processes. While several apelinergic peptides have been reported, apelin-13 (Glu-Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Phe) remains the most commonly studied and reported ligand of APJ. This study examines the effect of C-terminal peptide truncations and comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) for a series of analogs based on apelin-13 in an attempt to develop more potent and stable analogs. C-terminal truncation studies identified apelin-13 (N-acetyl 2-11) amide (9) as a potent agonist (EC50=4.4 nM). Comprehensive SAR studies also determined that Arg-2, Leu-5, Lys-8, Met-11, were key positions for determining agonist potency, whereas the hydrophobic volume of Lys-8 was a specific determinate of activity. Plasma stability studies on the truncated 10-mer peptide 28 (EC50=33 nM) indicated the primary sites of cleavage occurred between Nle-3 and Leu-4 and also between Ala-5 and Ala-6. These new ligands represent the shortest known apelin peptides with good functional potency.
Object-based urban vegetation mapping with high-resolution aerial photography as a single data source

In this article, we demonstrate an object-oriented method for detailed urban vegetation delineation by using 1 m resolution, four-band digital aerial photography as the only input data. A hierarchical classification scheme was developed to discriminate vegetation types at both coarse and fine scales. The processes of vegetation extraction include the examination of spectral and spatial relationships, object geometry, and the hierarchical relationship of image objects. The advantages of four different segmentation methods were combined to identify feature similarities, both among image objects and with their neighbours. Image growth took place if those neighbours satisfied a series of criteria given a set of features of class-defined objects. Object-based classification results demonstrated higher accuracy than those using pixel-based classification methods. The object-oriented method achieved overall classification accuracies of 87.5%, 90.5%, and 90.5% at three different levels of class hierarchy, and very high producer's accuracies were demonstrated in the classes of tree, crop, and different types of grass. The object-oriented classification method described here proved effective for separating vegetation types defined by life form, area, or shape without using additional remote-sensing data sources with different resolutions or any ancillary data such as digital elevation models.
Pain Analysis in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Irreversible Electroporation versus Radiofrequency Ablation—Initial Observations

To retrospectively compare the postprocedure pain of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with irreversible electroporation (IRE) with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant, institutional review board–approved study compared postprocedure pain in 21 patients (15 men, six women; mean age 61.5 years) who underwent IRE of 29 intrahepatic lesions (mean size 2.20 cm) in 28 IRE sessions with 22 patients (16 men, six women; mean age 60.2 years) who underwent RFA of 27 lesions (mean size 3.38 cm) in 25 RFA sessions. Pain was determined by patient-disclosed scores with an 11-point numerical rating scale and 24 h cumulative hydromorphone use from patient-controlled analgesia pump. Complications were noted. Statistical significance was evaluated by Fisher’s exact test, the Chi-square test, and Student’s t test. There was no significant difference in the cumulative hydromorphone dose (1.54 mg (IRE) vs. 1.24 mg (RFA); P = 0.52) and in the mean pain score (1.96 (IRE) vs. 2.25 (RFA); P = 0.70). In nine (32.14 %) of 28 IRE sessions and 11 (44.0 %) of 25 RFA sessions, patients reported no pain. Complications occurred in three (10.7 %) of 28 IRE treatments and included pneumothorax (n = 1), pleural effusion (n = 1), and bleeding in the form of hemothorax (n = 1); one (4 %) of 25 RFA treatments included burn. IRE is comparable to RFA in the amount of pain that patients experience and the amount of pain medication self-administered. Both modalities were well tolerated by patients. Prospective, randomized trials are necessary to further evaluate these findings.
Using Webcams to Show Change and Movement in the Physical Environment

Environmental change is ideally taught through field observations; however, leaving the classroom is often unrealistic due to financial and logistical constraints. The Internet offers several feasible alternatives using webcams that instructors can use to illustrate a variety of geographic examples and exercises for students. This article explores the use of webcams for illustrating important spatial concepts of temporal change and movement, and offers several examples of classroom use of webcams. It shows how to find webcams and provides useful webcam site addresses. The article offers a webcam-based exercise for students that reinforces basic physical geography concepts.
447: Amniochorion apoptosis and autophagy: novel insights into the mechanisms of PPROM after fetoscopic laser surgery (FLS) for twin twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)

into the mechanisms of PPROM after fetoscopic laser surgery (FLS) for twin twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) Ramesha Papanna, Lovepreet Mann, Kenneth Moise, Themis Kyriakides, Guomao Zhao, Pedro Argoti, Catalin Buhimschi, Irina Buhimschi Yale University, Ob/Gyn & Reprod. Sci., New Haven, CT, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Houston, TX, Yale University, Biomedical Engineering & Pathology, New Haven, CT OBJECTIVE: Laser photocoagulation of chorionic plate vessels has emerged as an effective treatment of TTTS. This therapy poses major post-intervention challenges such as PPROM. Traditionally, this complication is interpreted as an iatrogenic mechanic event. We tested the hypothesis that following FLS, fetal membranes become susceptible to PPROM through activation of apoptosis and autophagy pathways in the amniochorion cells. STUDY DESIGN: Extra-placental membranes from 31 pregnancies that underwent FLS for TTTS (GA procedure: 20 3w, GA birth: 30 4w, PPROM n 9) were prospectively collected at birth. Trocar insertion site (recipient sac), fetal membranes of the recipient and donor sacs, and the inter-twin membrane were evaluated for tissue morphology and connective tissue constituents using Masson’s trichrome and Movat’s staining. Collagen histochemistry was assessed with Sirius red and quantified by image analysis. Amniochorion sections were stained using various markers of proliferation (Ki67), mesenchymal and epithelial features (vimentin, cytokeratin), autophagy (beclin-1, LC3) and apoptosis (DNA fragmentation). CRL tissues came from monochorionic/diamniotic twin (idiopathic PTB, n 4) and healthy term singleton (elective CS, n 8) gestations. RESULTS: Histological hallmarks of healing (angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation) or cellular proliferation (Ki67 staining) were absent at the trocar insertion site. Compared to CRLs, there was global loss of physiologic collagen organization in both amnion and chorion of the recipient and the inter-twin membrane, but not the donor sac (P .001). The recipient amniochorion showed features of autophagy (beclin-1 & LC3 in clusters) and higher apoptotic index (highest at the trocar insertion site) compared to the donor sac (P .03). CONCLUSION: FLS for TTTS is associated with generalized alteration of structural integrity and amniochorion cellular damage of the recipient’s sac that likely contribute to PPROM.
Emergency Mental Health Services for Children After the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

Much literature documents elevated psychiatric symptoms among adults after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11). We, however, know of no research in children that examines emergency mental health services following 9/11. We test whether children's emergency services for crisis mental health care rose above expected values in September 2001. We applied time-series methods to California Medicaid claims (1999-2003; N = 127,200 visits). Findings in California indicate an 8.7% increase of children's emergency mental health visits statistically attributable to 9/11. Non-Hispanic white more than African American children account for this acute rise in emergency services.
Designing Audit Procedures When Evidence Is Electronic: The Case of e‐Ticket Travel Revenue

The objective of the Fly Airline case is for you to learn to develop audit procedures in a context, e‐ticket revenue, in which most of the evidence is available electronically, and in which many tests of controls and substantive tests can be performed using data stored in electronic form. In sequence, you will identify controls and their objectives, match controls to financial statement assertions for revenue, develop tests of controls, develop substantive tests for each assertion, and organize audit procedures into an effective and efficient audit program.
Embedded Catheters: Minimizing Excessive Embedment Time and Futile Placement While Maintaining Procedure Benefits:

BackgroundEmbedding peritoneal catheters far in advance of anticipated need may successfully commit patients to their modality choice and reduce central venous catheter use but can be complicated b...
ASPEN: a multitransmitter, bidirectional fiber optic data bus designed for use in critical aircraft applications

Raytheon Aircraft Company has developed an architecture and protocol for implementing aircraft and vehicle control systems, based on fiber optics and fault-tolerant distributed control concepts. The processor and protocol technology base are derived from commercial open-standard, high-volume products which when coupled with proven fault- tolerance techniques provide substantial cost reductions versus competing protocols. Products based upon this architecture are presently being certified for aircraft control applications in General Aviation, and are beginning to find applications in civil transport and military applications. The system uses an open architecture fiber optic based serial data network, known as the Adaptive Standard PredictivE Network. This paper provides a technical introduction to the ASPENTM data bus technology. ASPEN has been developed by Raytheon Aircraft for its aircraft applications, and is available for use by other members of the aircraft industry as a standard. Descriptions of the systems being developed which use ASPEN as a component, as well as the techniques used to achieve critical level development assurance, are outside the scope of this paper.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The influence of thermodynamic formulation on simulations of subduction zone geometry and history

We introduce varying approximations to the thermodynamic properties of a convecting system similar to Earth's mantle. A realistic geometry, rheology and faults are included to insure that the variations we see are robust in a dynamic, self-buffering environment. We find two levels of response in the system. First, some approximations lead to very different patterns of flow in the simulations. Second, other sets of approximations lead to similar patterns of flow, but the time history of the flow varies significantly with the formulation used. Last, we note that only minor changes to an existing code would be needed to integrate a complex thermodynamic model.
The determination of single atom surface site geometry on W(111), W(211) and W(321)

Abstract The geometric configuration of the surface sites occupied by single W atoms adsorbed on the (211), (321) and (111) planes of W have been studied utilizing the high resolution capabilities of the field ion microscope. Results include the observation that the site occupied by single W atoms on the (211) surface exhibit the same symmetry as the sites occupied by the underlying substrate layer, on the (111) surface the initial adsorption sites frequently involved low coordination sites at the plane edges, and that on the (321) surface two types of adsorption site were identified. The experimental methods for the determination of single atom surface site geometry are discussed. Detailed information on the diffusional characteristics of single W atoms of W(211) is also reported along with estimates of the stability of low coordination sites observed on W(111) and W(321).
A cornucopia of Helitrons shapes the maize genome

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile segments of DNA first discovered in corn by Barbara McClintock in the 1940s. Her studies revealed that the movement of TEs could cause chromosomal breakage and affect phenotypes in dramatic or subtle ways. Her findings met with some disbelief because they challenged the tenet of the static genome by showing that the genome could be much more dynamic than previously appreciated. It is difficult to imagine what McClintock would have to say if she were to learn that the genome of her beloved corn is, in fact, mostly composed of TEs whose capacity to alter the genome seems limited only by the sensitivity of the techniques available to detect the alterations they engender. In this issue of PNAS (1, 2) two groups have deployed innovative computational approaches to scan the nearly complete genome sequence of maize (21) to establish a comprehensive catalog of Helitrons, a colorful group of TEs with a peculiar predisposition to restructure genes and genomes.
Creating the Mood: Design for a Cognitive Meeting Room

Mood affects the decisions we make and our attitudes toward work and the people with whom we work. The availability of peripheral and focal information also affects the quality and speed of decision-making processes. We are exploring ways to use ambient lighting, music, and images over the course of group meetings in order to understand how these ambient elements affect the quality of meetings, people's attitudes, and the decisions made.
Chroman-3-amides as potent Rho kinase inhibitors

Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) is an attractive strategy for the treatment of diseases such as hypertension, glaucoma, and cancer. Here we report chroman-3-amides as highly potent ROCK inhibitors with sufficient kinase selectivity, excellent cell activity, good microsomal stability, and desirable pharmacokinetic properties for study as potential therapeutic agents.
The permeability behavior of polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified porous silica membranes

Abstract The surface of 4100 A-pore-size silica membranes was modified with a covalently bonded polyvinyl-pyrrolidone brush layer by a novel graft polymerization process. Hydraulic permeability measurements performed with six different solvents and both unmodified and modified membranes suggest that the permeability of the modified membrane is determined by the configuration of the terminally anchored polymer chains. In the modified ceramic-supported polymeric (CSP) membrane, the swelling of the polymer brush layer increases as the solvent power increases, resulting in a decrease in the pore radius and subsequently, the permeability.
Effect of electrodes on the ferroelectric properties of pulsed-laser ablation-deposited PbZrXTi1-xO3 thin film capacitors

Abstract PbZrXTi1-xO3 (PZT) thin films have been deposited on a variety of electrode and substrate materials using pulsed-laser ablation-deposition (PLAD). Growth of PZT films on epitaxial (100)Pt/MgO, fiber-textured (111)Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si, epitaxial (110)RuO2/MgO2 or polycrystalline RuO2/SiO2/Si resulted in mixtures of perovskite and pyrochlore phases. Under identical growth conditions, films deposited on epitaxial (001)YBa2Cu3O7−δ/MgO and (100)La0.5CoO3/MgO, or polycrystalline La0.5Sr0.5CoO3/MgO/Si, contain only the ferroelectric, perovskite phase. The YBa2Cu3O7–δ (YBCO) and La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSC) surfaces stabilize the nucleation of the ferroelectric phase under the PLAD growth conditions. Capacitors with sputter-deposited Pt top electrodes all show significant polarization fatigue by 108 switching cycles, although the (001) PZT films on (100)LSC/MgO and (001)YBCO/MgO show the least degradation. By using PLAD to deposit both top and bottom (100) LSC electrodes, we have obtained LSC/PZT/LSC capacitors on (100...
Diversity of metallothionein content and subcellular localization in the National Cancer Institute tumor panel.

Metallothioneins (MTs) are major thiol-containing intracellular proteins that bind metals, are induced by stress, and have been implicated in resistance to drugs and heavy metals. Purpose: To examine the hypothesis that the protective functionality of MT may be dictated by its subcellular localization. Methods: We analyzed the basal MT content in 53 adherent cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) tumor panel and quantified the nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution of MT using confocal laser scanning microscopy and a recently described immunofluorescence-based algorithm. Results: Among these cell types we found a 400-fold range in the basal MT levels and a tenfold range in the ratio of the nuclear to cytoplasmic MT immunostaining that was independent of basal MT content. Total MT levels and nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution were independent of total glutathione content, suggesting autonomous regulation of these protective protein and nonprotein thiol pools. Approximately 50% (29/53) of the cell lines had a greater nuclear than cytoplasmic MT density and were defined as having a karyophilic phenotype. Tissue specificity of MT localization was seen with breast cancer cell lines, which were cytoplasmophilic, whereas prostate-derived cells were karyophilic. Among the 25 000 unrestricted compounds in the NCI database, we detected a correlation between total basal MT levels and resistance to CdCl2, four Pt- and two Cu-containing compounds. High nuclear/cytoplasmic MT values correlated with resistance to six Cu-, six Pb-, and one Zn-containing compounds. Conclusions: These results demonstrated significant diversity in MT content and subcellular localization in human tumor cells. Moreover, both basal MT levels and subcellular distribution appeared to be determinants of cellular responsiveness to metal-containing compounds.
Partial hepatectomy decreases pancreatic parenchymal enzyme activity

In previous studies of liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats, we noted a decrease in serum amylase activity. The present study was carried out to determine if the decrease in serum amylase following PH corresponds to a decrease in pancreatic parenchymal exocrine enzyme activity. Male Wistar rats (275 g) underwent either 60% PH or sham laparotomy (SL). A third group, serving as controls (CON), received no surgical procedure. All groups were pair-fed a nutritionally balanced diet. After 48 hr, pancreas, blood, and liver were removed for analysis. Results showed that PH decreased pancreatic parenchymal protein by 43%, lipase by 44%, and trypsin by 22% compared to controls. Serum amylase decreased by 28%, a finding similar to previous experiments. However, pancreatic parenchymal amylase activity was not affected. It remains to be determined whether the reduced pancreatic function affects digestion and absorption.
Micromechanics of the Effects of Mixing Moisture on Foamed Asphalt Mix Properties

The mixing moisture content (MMC) is an important mix design variable in pavement full-depth reclamation (FDR) with foamed asphalt. It has been known for many decades that MMC in the granular material subjected to foamed asphalt treatment can affect asphalt dispersion. This paper investigates the micromechanics of this phenomenon by combining direct microstructure observations and conventional laboratory testing. It was found that for a typical loose moist granular material with a considerable amount of fine particles, the agglomeration state evolves through a series of states as the MMC increases. If the MMC is high, the fine particles become saturated and form a pastelike substance that coats larger aggregate particles, creating large agglomerations with low surface area to volume ratios. Inferior asphalt dispersion is resulted for mixes in this state. Theories for wet agglomeration processes are used to explain the observations on the basis of thermodynamic equilibrium. Fracture face image analysis for tested indirect tensile strength specimens confirmed this observation. Laboratory tests also found that mixes with inferior asphalt dispersion due to suboptimal MMC yield low strength and low stiffness. These effects are particularly significant for granular materials with higher fines content. The main practical implication of the findings is that relatively dry loose granular mixes are preferred for foamed asphalt dispersion, and a balance should be sought between asphalt dispersion and mix compactability. The existing postulation that high MMC aids foamed asphalt dispersion is therefore dismissed.
Mobile backbone networks --: construction and maintenance

We study a novel hierarchical wireless networking approach in which some of the nodes are more capable than others.In such networks,the more capable nodes can serve as Mobile Backbone Nodes and provide a backbone over which end-to-end communication can take place. Our approac consists of controlling the mobility of the Backbone Nodes in order to maintain connectivity. We formulate the problem of minimizing the number of backbone nodes and refer to it as the Connected Disk Cover problem.We show that it can be decomposed into the Geometric Disk Cover (GDC)problem and the Steiner Tree Problem wit Minimum Number of Steiner Points (STP-MSP). We prove that if these sub-problems are solved separately by γ- and δ- approximation algorithms, the approximation ratio of t e joint solution is γ + δ. Then, we focus on the two subproblems and present a number of distributed approximation algorithms that maintain a solution to the GDC problem under mobility A new approach to the solution of the STP-MSP is also described. We show that this approach can be extended in order to obtain a joint approximate solution to the Connected Disk Cover problem. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the algorithms via simulation and show that the proposed GDC algorithms perform very well under mobility and that the new approac for the joint solution can significantly reduce the number of required Mobile Backbone Nodes.
Internal consistency and factor structure of the group counselor behavior rating form

Abstract The purpose of [his study was to examine the internal consistency and factor structure of the Group Counselor Behavior Rating Form (Corey & Corey, 1987).
Infrared and Raman spectra of cyclobutane and cyclobutane-d8

Abstract New i.r. and Raman measurements are reported for cyclo butane and cyclo butane- d 8 . They include i.r. spectra on the gas at room temperature and on the solid at about 100°K. Raman spectra have been measured for the gas and liquid at room temperature and for the solid at 113°K. These data allow the assignments (for D 2d ) to be put on a much firmer basis. Many of the tentative ones of L ord and N akagawa have been confirmed and made more exact. Several of the fundamentals have been observed for the first time. All of the 21 spectroscopically-active fundamentals for C 4 H 8 are well assigned except for two b 1 and one b 2 modes ( v 9 , v 10 , and v 15 ).
Some considerations on the ion transport properties of the rod disc membrane

The ion transport properties of the disc membranes in rod outer segments are discussed on the basis of available data. The properties of an air-water interface film of spectroscopically intact and chemically regenerable rhodopsin are presented, and results of studies of ion binding to these films are reported.
Effects of hormones and amino acid depletion on the kinetic parameters of amino acid uptake in monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes.

Uptake of 2-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) at concentrations of 0.1 mM to 30 mM was examined in sodium-containing and sodium-free media in hepatocytes pretreated without hormones (control), with hormones, or with amino acid depletion. Results show that 1-minute but not 4-minute rates can be taken as initial rates for the total or sodium-dependent transport of AIB. The data for the 1-minute sodium-dependent transport of AIB were analyzed by a comptuer program and also by Eadie-Hofstee and Lineweaver-Burk plots, and a single saturable system was found. In the control cultures, the saturable system had a Km of 1-2 mM AIB and a Vmax of 1.2 nmoles AIB/mg protein/minute. There was an increase in the Vmax of two to three-fold after pretreating the cultures with insulin or amino acid depletion, three to four-fold with glucagon, and six to seven fold with glucagon + dexamethasone.
Order-Constrained Bayes Inference for Dichotomous Models of Unidimensional Nonparametric IRT

This study introduces an order-constrained Bayes inference framework useful for analyzing data containing dichotomous-scored item responses, under the assumptions of either the monotone homogeneity model or the double monotonicity model of nonparametric item response theory (NIRT). The framework involves the implementation of Gibbs sampling to estimate order-constrained parameters, followed by inference with the posterior-predictive distribution to test the monotonicity, invariant item ordering, and local independence assumptions of NIRT. The Bayes framework is demonstrated through the analysis of real test data, and possible extensions of it are discussed.
Report of Committee on Runoff—1944–1945

The membership of the committee has been selected to afford good representation of geographic sections and of organizations engaged in runoff research. Some new members were added during the year in order to strengthen the representation of the committee in certain phases of runoff research. Norbert H. Leupold submitted his resignation in April because his work is no longer directly related to runoff-research. At the beginning of the year members of the committee met to discuss its setup and plans for the future. The committee has two subcommittees, one dealing with floods and the other with subsurface-flow. The question was considered whether progress might be facilitated by the addition of one or more additional committees dealing with logical classifications of the subject of runoff. The confusion in nomenclature and terminology relating to runoff was discussed,but it was thought that the present time was not fitting for comprehensive consideration of standardization. It was considered important that the writer of a paper dealing with runoff should make clear the usage of terms he follows In his paper. It was emphasized that there is still an important need for better understanding or liaison between groups dealing with the influence of land use on stream-flow and those dealing with control and development of streams.
Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a sar-like monomeric GTP-binding protein in Avena fatua L.☆

Abstract Differential display of mRNAs from embryos of Avena fatua L. caryopses was used to isolate an mRNA more abundant in nondormant than dormant caryopses during early imbibition. The DNA sequence of the corresponding 579 bp cDNA, termed Af SAR1, is 92% identical to an Arabidopsis cDNA encoding the monomeric GTP-binding protein sar1p. Predicted amino acid sequences of the four conserved GTP binding and hydrolysis domains in Af SAR1 are 100% identical to sar1p. Af SAR1 mRNA levels increased 6-fold or more than 10-fold in nondormant embryos during the first 48 h of imbibition in water or GA3, respectively. However, mRNA levels increased only slightly and transiently in dormant embryos imbibed in water. mRNA abundance was highest in meristematic and actively growing tissues of A. fatua seedlings. Af SAR1 belongs to a small (two to four members) gene family as judged by Southern hybridizations. Increased abundance of this mRNA during early germination and in actively growing tissues indicates that the respective protein is associated with rapid cell elongation, cell division and growth.
Exercise of Linguistic Control by Speakers in an Adult Day Treatment Program

L'etude a evalue l'habilete d'adultes ayant un retard mental a exercer un controle linguistique dans des environnements informels, en dyades, avec leurs pairs et le personnel. Les resultats revelent une production significativement plus grande de verbalisations lors des interactions avec le personnel qu'avec les pairs dans les contextes informels. Toutefois, ces adultes n'ont pas demontre significativement plus de directives ou de questions, ces dernieres etant les deux vehicules verbaux pour assurer un controle etudie ici. Les membres du personnel ont utilise significativement plus de directives et de questions comme vehicule de controle dans les contextes ou les pairs des personnes ayant un retard mental sont absents que les personnes ayant un retard dans des situations comparables avec leurs pairs. Les resultats sont en accord avec les observations d' « impuissance acquise » ou de dependance rapide envers autrui chez les personnes qui ont un retard mental. Les resultats semblent indiquer que les membres du personnel et les adultes ayant un retard mental ont tous deux des idees preconcues quant a la maniere de se comporter dans les interactions quotidiennes.
Adverse effects of treatment in randomised controlled trials are variably and inconsistently reported

Commentary on: I Pitrou, I Boutron, N Ahmad, et al.. Reporting of safety results in published reports of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med2009;169:1756–61.
Cultivating Empathy for the Mentally Ill Using Simulated Auditory Hallucinations

The authors address the issue of cultivating medical students’ empathy for the mentally ill by examining medical student empathy pre- and postsimulated auditory hallucination experience. At the University of Utah, 150 medical students participated in this study during their 6-week psychiatry rotation. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, Student Version, was used before and after the experience. The auditory hallucinations were provided as part of the “Hearing Voices That Are Distressing” curriculum created by the National Empowerment Center, which attempted to simulate the experience of hearing auditory hallucinations. While the students were listening to the auditory hallucinations, they underwent a psychiatric interview and simplified cognitive testing and were asked to socially interact in the community. We conducted a paired sample t-test of significance to identify pre- and postsimulated auditory hallucination changes in medical student empathy. Fifty students were randomly selected to serve as a comparison group. The paired sample t-test revealed that after listening to the simulated auditory hallucinations and participating in the simplified neurocognitive testing, the students’ empathy score increased. Students in the comparison group had no significant difference in their empathy scores. These results suggest that empathy may increase when students are given a brief glimpse into the mind of a mentally ill patient by listening to simulated auditory hallucinations. Specific interventions to increase empathy for the mentally ill can lead to a better understanding of how empathy can improve patient care, enhance the doctor-patient relationship, and direct future educational strategies.
Generalizations of the field of values useful in the study of polynomial functions of a matrix

For a given square matrix A and positive integer k, we consider sets Ω in the complex plane satisfying ∥p(A)∥⩾maxz∈Ω|p(z)| for all polynomials p of degree k or less. The largest such set, referred to as the polynomial numerical hull of degree k, was introduced by O. Nevanlinna [Convergence of Iterations for Linear Equations, Birkhauser, Basel, 1993] and a number of properties of this set were derived for both matrices and linear operators. We give several equivalent characterizations of the polynomial numerical hull of degree k and we actually compute these sets for several matrices. For k=1, this set is just the field of values of A, and for k⩾m, where m is the degree of the minimal polynomial of A, it is the spectrum of A. For 1<k<m, these sets are intermediate between the field of values and the spectrum and sometimes resemble pseudospectra.
Rochester's Reforms: The Teachers' Perspective

In 1987, the Rochester Teachers Association and the Board of Education negotiated a ground-breaking contract that included a professional career ladder for teachers, mandated shared decision making at the school level, and called for strengthening the relationship between teachers and their students' families. This article analyzes the teachers' response to these reforms and suggests a number of issues to be resolved as implementation of the reform continues. Teachers were positive about the reform ideas but raised a variety of critical concerns about various aspects of the reform initiatives.
Short Term Interactions with Long Term Consequences: Modulation of Chimeric Vessels by Neural Progenitors

Vessels are a critical and necessary component of most tissues, and there has been substantial research investigating vessel formation and stabilization. Several groups have investigated coculturing endothelial cells with a second cell type to promote formation and stabilization of vessels. Some have noted that long-term vessels derived from implanted cocultures are often chimeric consisting of both host and donor cells. The questions arise as to whether the coculture cell might impact the chimeric nature of the microvessels and can modulate the density of donor cells over time. If long-term engineered microvessels are primarily of host origin, any impairment of the host's angiogenic ability has significant implications for the long-term success of the implant. If one can modulate the host versus donor response, one may be able to overcome a host's angiogenic impairment. Furthermore, if one can modulate the donor contribution, one may be able to engineer microvascular networks to deliver molecules a patient lacks systemically for long times. To investigate the impact of the cocultured cell on the host versus donor contributions of endothelial cells in engineered microvascular networks, we varied the ratio of the neural progenitors to endothelial cells in subcutaneously implanted poly(ethylene glycol)/poly-L-lysine hydrogels. We found that the coculture of neural progenitors with endothelial cells led to the formation of chimeric host-donor vessels, and the ratio of neural progenitors has a significant impact on the long term residence of donor endothelial cells in engineered microvascular networks in vivo even though the neural progenitors are only present transiently in the system. We attribute this to the short term paracrine signaling between the two cell types. This suggests that one can modulate the host versus donor contributions using short-term paracrine signaling which has broad implications for the application of engineered microvascular networks and cellular therapy more broadly.
Clinical outcomes using modest intravascular hypothermia after acute cervical spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Although a number of neuroprotective strategies have been tested after spinal cord injury (SCI), no treatments have been established as a standard of care. OBJECTIVE: We report the clinical outcomes at 1-year median follow-up, using endovascular hypothermia after SCI and a detailed analysis of the complications. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of American Spinal Injury Association and International Medical Society of Paraplegia Impairment Scale (AIS) scores and complications in 14 patients with SCI presenting with a complete cervical SCI (AIS A). All patients were treated with 48 hours of modest (33 degrees C) intravascular hypothermia. The comparison group was composed of 14 age- and injury-matched subjects treated at the same institution. RESULTS: Six of the 14 cooled patients (42.8%) were incomplete at final follow-up (50.2 [9.7] weeks). Three patients improved to AIS B, 2 patients improved to AIS C, and 1 patient improved to AIS D. Complications were predominantly respiratory and infectious in nature. However, in the control group, a similar number of complications was observed. Adverse events such as coagulopathy, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism were not seen in the patients undergoing hypothermia. CONCLUSION: This study is the first phase 1 clinical trial on the safety and outcome with the use of endovascular hypothermia in the treatment of acute cervical SCI. In this small cohort of patients with SCI, complication rates were similar to those of normothermic patients with an associated AIS A conversion rate of 42.8%.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Rigidizable Space Structures

In attempts to provide an active solution for the rigidization of flexible space structures, internal resistive heating is applied to a novel thermosetting resin. Carbon-fiber tow coated in U-Nyte Set 201A, which cures at ∼150°C, was heated by passing electric current through the reinforcing material. Using a proportional-integral (PI) controller, precise temperature control of the heating process was established. Samples cured via controlled internal resistive heating were heated to 160°C and underwent material consolidation in less than 7 minutes. A change in material stiffness was measured to be almost two orders of magnitude greater than that of an uncured material.
Identification of thoracic gland constituents from maleXylocopa spp. latreille (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) from arizona.

Some male carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.) possess massive propodeal exocrine glands that produce copious quantities of multicomponent blends of lipoidal material. Some of these compounds are volatile, producing a “flowery” aroma that can be easily detected several meters downwind from a territorial male. Chemical characterization of these secretions showed them to be blends of terpenoid compounds or fatty acid derivatives. InX. varipuncta, the mixture is composed of alltrans-geranylgeraniol, alltrans-farnesal, and an isomer of 3,7, 11-trimethyl-2,7,10-dodecatrienal in an approximate 9∶6∶1 ratio. The secretion ofX. micheneri contains isopropyl oleate, (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol, oleyl alcohol, and methyl palmitate at approximately 63∶24∶11∶1. We hypothesize that these compounds act as pheromones that aid in attracting and holding conspecific females to symbolic nonresource encounter sites where mating occurs. They also appear to have utility as chemotaxonomic markers at the subgeneric level.
HUMAN TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR P75/80 (CD120B) GENE STRUCTURE AND PROMOTER CHARACTERIZATION

Tumor necrosis factor receptor p75 (TNF-R p75) is a 75-kDa type I transmembrane protein expressed predominantly on cells of hematopoietic lineage. TNF-R p75 belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily characterized by cysteine-rich extracellular regions composed of three to six disulfide-linked domains. In the present report we have characterized, for the first time, the complete gene structure for human TNF-R p75, which spans approximately 43 kbp. The gene consists of 10 exons (ranging from 34 base pairs to 2.5 kilobase pairs) and nine introns (343 base pairs to 19 kilobase pairs). Consensus elements for transcription factors involved in T cell development and activation were noted in the 5′-flanking region including T cell factor-1, Ikaros, AP-1, CK-2, interleukin-6 receptor E (IL-6RE), ISRE, GAS, NF-κB, and Sp1. The unusual (GATA)n and (GAA)(GGA) repeats found within intron 1 may prove useful for further genome analysis within the 1p36 chromosomal locus. Characterization of the human TNF-R p75 gene structure will permit further assessment of its involvement in normal hematopoietic cell development and function, autoimmune disease, and nonrandom translocations in hematopoietic malignancies.
The Mobility of Tropospheric Ions Above the Exchange Layer.

Abstract Measurements of both polar conductivities, the densities and mobility distributions of small ions, electric field intensity, and other related atmospheric variables were made from an airplane from 30 m to 5.6 km. A Blackwood type mobility chamber and a Gerdien condenser were used simultaneously to determine the mobility distribution and the conductivity. The mobility instrumentation and the technique for obtaining the ion spectrum from the measurements are discussed. The results of five flights 100 miles cast of the Virginia coast and one over Lake Ontario are presented. The mobilities of ions in the free atmosphere lie between 0.3 and 5 cm sec−1 per v cm−1 at STP with a peak near the low mobility end and a broadening toward the high end. The average mobility reduced to STP is about 1.2 cm sect −1 and the negative-to-positive ratio is nearly 1.1, both with no significant dependence upon altitude from 3.0 to 5.2 km. The mobility is smaller and the ratio closer to unity than values given for artifi...
Social disintegration on a contemporary Philippine frontier: The case of Bukidnon, Mindanao

(1983). Social disintegration on a contemporary Philippine frontier: The case of Bukidnon, Mindanao. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 151-175.
RTE studied in electron emission

Abstract Resonant transfer with excitation (RTE) is currently of great interest both because of its apparent similarity to dielectronic recombination, and because, being at least a four body problem, it serves as a proving ground for few body atomic theories. Recent advances in the study of RTEA, RTE relaxing through Auger emission, will be discussed.
The Use of Nucleoside Phosphotransferase and (32P) p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate in the Determination of the 5′-Linked Termini of Ribosomal RNA

A method for the identification of the 5'-linked termini of ribosomal RNA is described. The method involves the phosphorylation of the nucleosides released from the 5'-linked termini after hydrolysis of the ribonucleic acid chain with alkali. The radioactive 5'-nucleotide derivatives are formed by a nucleoside phosphotransferase mediated phosphoryl transfer from ((32)P) p-nitrophenyl phosphate to the nucleosides. The sensitivity of the method allows the use of small amounts of ribosomal RNA.Phosphorylation of the terminal nucleosides released from unfractionated cauliflower ribosomal RNA yielded radioactive adenylic acid and uridylic acid primarily, with the amount of adenylic acid being approximately twice that of uridylic acid.
Emissions from Ships

Air emissions from ships have not been adequately evaluated for their scientific or policy importance. Current international policy initiatives by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce emissions from ship propulsion systems (NOand SO, primarily) mark the first efforts to define a framework to address this issue. Corbett and Fischbeck estimate ship emissions on a global scale, updating current emission inventories. Global annual nitrogen and sulfur emissions from ships are estimated to be 10.12 Tg (1012 grams) and 8.48 Tg, respectively, showing that ship emissions represent more than 14 percent of nitrogen emissions from global fuel combustion sources and more than 16 percent of sulfur emissions from world petroleum use. The policy implications of ship emissions are discussed.