cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crop Replacement in Relation to Grasshopper Abundance

Until 1936 the grasshopper problem had never been considered of major importance over the cotton producing area of Arkansas. It had been recognized as of occasional importance in the northwestern counties where cotton is not grown, but only rarely of even local importance in the other parts of the state. In 1936, however, grasshoppers attracted general attention over the northern part of the state, and in 1937 they were the most destructive insect pests in the delta counties of northeastern Arkansas. During the past season, 1938, the injury was less acute than in 1937 but grasshoppers were recognized as destructive enough to justify control campaigns in 25 counties. The greater part of the injury was caused by a single species, the differential grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Thos.).
Special Floor Reduces Egg Breakage in Turkey Laying Cages

Abstract SITUATIONS arise when it becomes desirable to maintain turkey females in laying cages rather than in pens. Such a situation arose with the discovery of parthenogenesis in 1952, after which it became increasingly important that accurate records be kept and that hens be completely isolated from males. Maintaining turkeys in batteries, however, presented problems. Our chief concern has been egg breakage in laying cages, losses which have amounted to nearly 10 percent. An improved type of floor is described here, together with results of a comparison of egg losses on this floor and on two conventional floors. MATERIALS AND METHODS * Special Floor. The improved cage floor (Fig. 1) was designed for hens of the Beltsville Small White variety, birds weighing from about ten to twelve pounds. The construction described below may thus be too light for hens of the heavier varieties or breeds, but the general features of design may …
Low Dielectric Constant, High Temperature Stable Copolymer Thin Films by Room Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition

Polyxylylene thin films grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process have long been utilized to achieve uniform, pinhole-free conformal coatings. They have recently been cited as possible low dielectric constant films for intermetal layers in high-speed ICs. Homopolymer films are highly crystalline and have a glass transition temperature around room temperature. We have demonstrated that room temperature copolymerization with previously untested comonomers can be achieved during the CVD process. Copolymerizing chloro-p-xylylene with perfluorooctyl methacrylate results in the dielectric constant at optical frequencies being lowered from 2.68 to 2.19. Copolymerizing p-xylylene with vinylbiphenyl resulted in films which increase the temperature at which oxidative scission occurs from 320 to 450C. Copolymerizing p-xylylene with 9-vinylanthracene resulted in a brittle, yellow film.
The Framing of Frequent Sexual Behavior and/or Pornography Viewing as Addiction: Some Concerns for Social Work:

SummaryThe application of an addiction framework to frequent sexual behavior and/or pornography viewing has increased significantly in recent years, particularly across North America. Herein, I ref...
Capsaicin induces browning of white adipose tissue and counters obesity by activating TRPV1 channel-dependent mechanisms.

Background and purpose The growing epidemic of obesity and metabolic diseases necessitates the development of novel strategies to prevent and treat such diseases. Current research suggests that browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) promotes energy expenditure to counter obesity. Recent research suggests that activation of the TRPV1 channels counters obesity. However, the mechanism by which activation of TRPV1 channels counters obesity still remains unclear. Experimental approach We evaluated the effect of dietary capsaicin to induce a browning program in WAT by activating TRPV1 channels to prevent diet-induced obesity using wild-type and TRPV1(-/-) mouse models. We performed experiments using preadipocytes and fat pads from these mice. Key results Capsaicin stimulated the expression of brown fat-specific thermogenic uncoupling protein-1 and bone morphogenetic protein-8b in WAT. Capsaicin triggered browning of WAT by promoting sirtuin-1 expression and activity via TRPV1 channel-dependent elevation of intracellular Ca(2) (+) and phosphorylation of Ca(2) (+) /calmodulin-activated protein kinase II and AMP-activated kinase. Capsaicin increased the expression of PPARγ 1 coactivator α and enhanced metabolic and ambulatory activity. Further, capsaicin stimulated sirtuin-1-dependent deacetylation of PPARγ and the transcription factor PRDM-16 and facilitated PPARγ-PRDM-16 interaction to induce browning of WAT. Dietary capsaicin did not protect TRPV1(-/-) mice from obesity. Conclusions and interpretations Our results show for the first time that activation of TRPV1 channels by dietary capsaicin triggers browning of WAT to counteract obesity. Our results suggest that activation of TRPV1 channels is a promising strategy to counter obesity.
Reply: To PMID 24142455.

We thank Dr. Smirmaul for his interest in our findings, but advise caution not to over-interpret the data to address a question which would have required an entirely different study design. Specifically, the letter to the editor is strongly focused on effort perception, a variable which was, as expected, not considered as a descriptor by the participants when asked to report evoked sensations (Pollak et al., 2014). In fact, given that the perception of effort requires at least the attempt to activate muscle (or brain neurons), an altered perception would have been rather unusual given the absence of any sort of muscle contraction or task in our study (i.e. there was no required effort to be rated). In addition to having missed this critical fact, we disagree with the main postulate of the letter and need to remind the author about existing evidence documenting an independent role for both central command and muscle afferent feedback in determining the perception of effort during exercise. On the one hand, experiments utilizing curare to increase central command while leaving muscle afferent feedback unchanged during a given task have reported a facilitating effect of central command on effort perception [e.g., (Gandevia & McCloskey, 1977; Gallagher et al., 2001)]. On the other hand, studies utilizing fentanyl to block group III/IV muscle afferents while leaving central command unchanged during exercise document a significant contribution of neural feedback to the perception of effort associated with physical activity [e.g., (Amann et al., 2011; Gagnon et al., 2012)]. Taken together, the line of reasoning used in the letter is refuted by a) the fact that subjects were instructed not to – or attempt to – move their thumb excluded any physical effort to be rated/perceived (which explains the lack of this variable on the participant-driven list of descriptors); and b) the well-documented contribution of both central command and muscle afferent feedback to effort perception. While we agree with the author that our data suggests that afferent feedback is the main contributor to the sensation of muscle fatigue, we disagree with the claim that our findings suggest that afferent feedback does not contribute to effort perception.
Swizzle Switch: A self-arbitrating high-radix crossbar for NoC systems

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on Swizzle Switch networks for use in many-core systems. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special features and design of swizzle-switch networks; data routing capabilities; system architecture; processing capabilities; and network evaluation techniques.
Creating and Using Interactive, 3D-Printed Models to Improve Student Comprehension of the Bohr Model of the Atom, Bond Polarity, and Hybridization

Molecular model kits have been used in chemistry classrooms for decades but have seen very little recent innovation. Using 3D printing, three sets of physical models were created for a first semester, introductory chemistry course. Students manipulated these interactive models during class activities as a supplement to existing teaching tools for learning typically difficult concepts that currently lack physical models: the Bohr model of the atom, bond polarity, and hybridization. The results from student surveys show that these easy-to-produce models have a positive impact on students’ perceptions of learning.
The detector control system for the ATLAS semi conductor tracker assembly phase

The ATLAS semi conductor tracker (SCT) consists of approximately 16000 silicon micro-strip detectors with 6.3 million readout channels, built into 4088 modules. These are arranged into 2 endcaps of 9 disks each and 4 concentrical barrel layers. A number of tests are performed before the final detector assembly. Initially, the individual components of the SCT are tested. Prior to assembly, tests on the full system setup, which includes other detectors, will be carried out. The coherent and safe operation of the detectors in each step of the tests is the basic task of the detector control system (DCS). The main building blocks of the DCS are the cooling system, the power supplies and the environmental interlock system. The main features of the SCT test setup are described and the monitoring and control systems are presented.
Computer-generated forces in distributed interactive simulation

Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) is an architecture for building large-scale simulation models from a set of independent simulator nodes communicating via a common network protocol. DIS is most often used to create a simulated battlefield for military training. Computer Generated Forces (CGF) systems control large numbers of autonomous battlefield entities in a DIS simulation using computer equipment and software rather than humans in simulators. CGF entities serve as both enemy forces and supplemental friendly forces in a DIS exercise. Research into various aspects of CGF systems is ongoing. Several CGF systems have been implemented.
Welfare issues in turkey production

Abstract Commercial turkey production has increased dramatically in recent decades. Along with the increase in the numbers of turkeys produced, welfare issues have also increased. Major welfare issues of turkeys include injurious pecking, footpad dermatitis, leg and skeletal abnormalities, and transportation. Other welfare issues that are important for turkey breeders include leg abnormalities and feed restriction. A considerable amount of research has examined the association between many of these welfare issues and genetic selection for increased feed efficiency and body weight, but environment and management factors are also important considerations. This chapter reviews the major welfare issues of domestic turkeys and discusses some areas for future research.
A Multidisciplinary Bootcamp as an Educational Launch to a Geriatric Emergency Department.

Abstract Background Emergency department (ED) visits are increasing among patients ≥65 years of age. Geriatric EDs (GED) provide specialized emergency care for this older population. Interdisciplinary education of GED staff and providers is needed as part of the development of a GED. Objectives We sought to describe the effective use of a GED bootcamp as an educational mechanism for the introduction of a GED to a health system. Methods An all-day, in-person GED bootcamp was held on the campus of our health system's medical school campus and was led by experts in geriatric emergency care. Participants in the bootcamp were professionals from a variety of health care fields and medical specialties as well as health care administrators and health policy professionals. Bootcamp attendees were administered a survey at the completion of the bootcamp. The survey asked about knowledge and interest in concepts relating to GEDs that the participants had both before and after attending the bootcamp. Results A total of 100 participants from a range of health care fields and medical specialties were present for the GED bootcamp. Fifty percent of bootcamp participants completed both before and after bootcamp survey questions. Among these, there was a significant increase in the level of high knowledge and interest in concepts relating to GEDs when comparing pre- and postbootcamp survey results (p Conclusions An all-day, in-person GED bootcamp was an effective forum to bring together an interdisciplinary health care group and provide meaningful emergency geriatric care education.
Evaluation of environmental DNA to detect Sistrurus catenatus and Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in crayfish burrows

Environmental DNA represents a potentially cost-effective method for detection of rare and cryptic species, for which traditional sampling can be logistically costly. We tested species-specific probe-based assays to detect eDNA for the federally threatened eastern massasauga rattlesnake and the causative agent of snake fungal disease, Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola. We collected water samples from 100 crayfish burrows (over-wintering refugia) during spring emergence and screened them for snake and fungal DNA. We detected snake DNA in two samples and failed to detect O. ophiodiicola DNA. Given the high density of both target species at the sites, we suggest these methods may not offer a logistical and financial improvement over traditional sampling protocols.
Hydrology of Patch Cuts in Lodgepole Pine

Paired plot studies of soil water and snow water equivalents were conducted from 1968-1973 in the lodgepole pine type on the eastern slope of the Colorado Front Range at an elevation of 9,000 ft (2,700 m). Small patch cuts ranging in size from 0.29 acre (1,200 m²) to 0.61 acre (2,500 m²) were cut in the fall of 1971. Based on analysis of precut and post-cut relationships to the paired control plots, the average increase in water potentially available for streamflow from the cut areas was 4.6 in. (117mm). Changes in distribution of snow on a relatively small part of the cut areas accounted for 21% of the increase. There were no significant changes in potential water yields from the adjacent uncut forest. Although the results are site-specific and for only the first full hydrologic year after treatment, there does appear to be a very high potential for water yield increase by small patch cuts from sites similar to those studied.
Microfluidic Cell Separation by 2-dimensional Dielectrophoresis

We describe a microfluidic device for separating cells according to their dielectric properties by combining 2-dimensional dielectrophoretic forces with field-flow-fractionation. The device comprises a thin chamber in which a travelling-wave electrical field is generated by a planar, multilayer microelectrode array at the bottom. Under the balance of gravitational and dielectrophoretic levitation forces, cells introduced into the device are positioned at different equilibrium heights in a velocity profile established inside the chamber, and thereby transported at different velocities by the fluid. Simultaneously, cells are subjected to a horizontal travelling-wave dielectrophoretic force that deflects them across the flow stream. The 2-dimensional dielectrophoretic forces acting on cells and the associated velocities in the fluid-flow and travelling-field directions depend sensitively on cell dielectric properties. The responses of cultured MDA-435 human breast cancer, HL-60 human leukemia and DS19 murine erythroleukemia cells, and of peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMN) cells were studied as functions of the frequency and voltage of the applied electric signals, and of the fluid flow rate. Significant differences were observed between the responses of different cell types. Cell separation was demonstrated by the differential redistribution of MDA-435 and PBMN cells as they flowed through the device. The device can be readily integrated with other microfluidic components for microscale sample preparation and analysis.
FPGASwarm: High Throughput Model Checking on FPGAs

Explicit state model checking has been widely used to discover difficult-to-find errors in critical software and hardware systems by exploring all possible combinations of control paths to determine if any input sequence can cause the system to enter an illegal state. Unfortunately, the vast state spaces of modern systems limit the ability of current general-purpose CPUs to perform explicit state model checking effectively due to the computational complexity of the model checking process. Complex software may require days or weeks to go through the formal verification phase, making it impractical to use model checking as part of the regular software development process. In this work, we explore the possibility of leveraging FPGAs to overcome the performance challenges of model checking. We designed FPGASwarm, an FPGA model checker based on the concept of Swarm verification. FPGASwarm provides the necessary parallelism, performance, and flexibility to achieve high-throughput and reconfigurable explicit state model checking. Our experimental results show that, using a Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA, the FPGASwarm can achieve near three orders of magnitude speedup over the conventional software approach to state exploration.
High-throughput electronic band structure calculations: challenges and tools

The article is devoted to the discussion of the high-throughput approach to band structures calculations. We present scientific and computational challenges as well as solutions relying on the developed framework (Automatic Flow, AFLOW/ACONVASP). The key factors of the method are the standardization and the robustness of the procedures. Two scenarios are relevant: (1) independent users generating databases in their own computational systems (off-line approach) and (2) teamed users sharing computational information based on a common ground (on-line approach). Both cases are integrated in the framework: for off-line approaches, the standardization is automatic and fully integrated for the 14 Bravais lattices, the primitive and conventional unit cells, and the coordinates of the high symmetry k-path in the Brillouin zones. For on-line tasks, the framework offers an expandable web interface, where the user can prepare and set up calculations following the proposed standard. Few examples of band structures are included. LSDA+U parameters (U, J) are also presented for Nd, Sm, and Eu.
The spaces of diaspora’s revitalization: Transregions, infrastructure and urbanism:

This paper assesses the concept of diaspora with the aim of revitalizing its geographical and spatial complexity. It examines contributions made by geographers and scholars in critical area and rac...
Digital generation of alongwind velocity field

A procedure is described for generating simulation samples of the two-dimensional fluctuating component of the wind velocity acting on the surface of a paraboloidal antenna. A numerical example shows that a simulation sample can be generated rapidly by computer with results that appear reasonable. To complete the performance evaluation of the antenna surface for the random wind velocity, it would be necessary to combine the velocity field with pressure coefficients that can be established for the antenna surface. Loading coefficients could be derived readily from this combination and then standard procedures could be applied for the evaluation of the antenna rms measure of performance in response to the loading.
Living alone, social networks in neighbourhoods, and daily fruit and vegetable consumption among middle-aged and older adults in the USA.

Objective: A social network is a valuable resource in later life. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate whether social networks within homes and neighbourhoods are associated with older adults’ daily fruit and vegetable consumption. Design: Cross-sectional secondary data analysis. Setting: USA. Participants: A nationally representative sample of 6865 community-dwelling older adults over age 53 in the Health and Retirement Study – Health Care and Nutrition Survey. Results: Older adults who lived alone with no children or friends nearby had the lowest fruit and vegetable consumption. However, the daily fruit and vegetable consumption of respondents who lived alone and had children or friends nearby or those who lived with someone and had no children or friends nearby was not statistically different from those who lived with someone and had children or friends nearby. This suggests that having a social network either at home or in the neighbourhood complements the absence of living with someone or having children or friends nearby and attenuates the negative association between limited social networks and daily fruit and vegetable consumption. A greater decrease in the number of fruits and vegetables consumed was observed among men when they lived alone with no children or friends nearby. Conclusions: Special attention should be given to older adults with limited social networks, especially older adults living alone with no children or friends nearby. Provision of help with grocery shopping and meal preparation as well as social support networks and more opportunities that can improve social engagement appear to be necessary.
Detecting amnestic MCI among persons with HIV with high rates of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

Author(s): Sundermann, Erin E; Bondi, Mark W; Umlauf, Anya E; Vaida, Florin; Moore, David J
Changes in the X-Ray Diffraction Pattern of Nitrobenzene Produced by an Electric Field, Changes in Temperature and Circulation

Comparable diffraction patterns of benzene and nitrobenzene were taken with Mo $K$ radiation. Two balanced, krypton-filled ionization chambers were arranged to read the difference in the ionization current produced by the x-rays diffracted at the same angle from two similar scattering samples. By their use, the change in the intensity of the nitrobenzene diffraction pattern due to a field of 10 kv per cm was found to be less than 0.3 percent over the entire principal peak. An average of 35 readings on the peak gave a change in intensity of -0.02\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 percent. These chambers were also used to measure the change in intensity of the diffraction pattern produced by (1) an increase in temperature from 16\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 26\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, (2) an increase in temperature from 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 42\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and (3) circulating the nitrobenzene past the point of illumination with x-rays at a velocity of 0.4 cm per second. These results were found to be in general agreement with the assumption that the nitrobenzene molecules associate in pairs and are dissociated by thermal or mechanical agitation.
Load Carriage affects Kinematics during Ingress and Egress on Simulated Travelators

Technology advancements has impacted the quality of life in the modern world. Nowadays travelators found popularly as conveyers in airports have been widely used but it is not known how load carria...
Disavowing Politics: Civic Engagement in an Era of Political Skepticism

Today, Americans are simultaneously skeptical of and engaged with political life. How does widespread cynicism affect the culture of civic participation? What are the implications for democracy? This study synthesizes data from a one-year collective ethnography of seven civic groups and theoretical work on boundary making, ambiguity, and role distancing. The authors find skepticism generates “disavowal of the political,” a cultural idiom that allows people to creatively constitute what they imagine to be appropriate forms of engagement. Disavowal generates taboos, and the authors show how disdain for conflict and special interests challenges activism around inequality. Political disavowal both facilitates and constrains civic engagement in an era of political skepticism.
Digital Image Analysis for Estimating Stromal CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Background Stromal CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are an important prognostic and predictive indicator in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we aimed to develop and test the feasibility of a digital image analysis (DIA) workflow for estimating stromal CD8+ TIL density. Methods A DIA workflow developed in a software platform (QuPath) was applied to a specified region of interest (ROI) within the stromal compartment of dual PD-L1/CD8 immunostained slides from 50 lung adenocarcinoma patients. A random tree classifier was trained from 25 training cases and applied to 25 test cases. The DIA-estimated CD8+ TIL densities were compared to manual estimates of three pathologists, who independently quantitated the percentage of CD8+ TILs from predefined ROIs in QuPath. Results The average estimated total stromal cell count per case was 520 (range: 282-816) by QuPath and 551 (range: 265-744) by pathologists. The DIA-estimated CD8+ TIL density (mean = 16.9%) was comparable to pathologists' manual estimates (mean = 15.9%). A paired t-test showed no statistically significant difference between DIA and pathologist estimates of CD8+ TIL density among both training (n = 25, P = 0.55) and test (n = 25, P = 0.34) cases. There was an almost perfect agreement between QuPath and each pathologist's estimates of CD8+ TIL density (κ = 0.85-0.86). Conclusions These findings demonstrate the feasibility of applying a DIA workflow for estimating stromal CD8+ TIL density in NSCLC. DIA has the potential to provide an efficient and standardized approach for estimating stromal CD8+ TIL density.
Summary of Workshop 3b: Immunologic Injury

The purpose of this workshop was to consider how immunologic mechanisms might injure blood vessel walls, initiate thrombosis, or both, and ultimately contribute to the development of atheroarteriosclerosis and its complications.
Lipid peroxides and the diet-induced Shwartzman reaction

Abstract Fractions of oxidized cod liver oil previously found to produce experimental eclampsia have been shown to have high concentrations of lipid peroxides in the more potent fractions. Pregnant rats fed fractions VI and VII derived from molecular distillations of oxidized cod liver oil had increased amounts of lipid peroxides in their kidneys, livers, and placentas. The erythrocytes of these animals lysed under the stresses of hydrogen peroxide diffusion and dialuric acid in a manner similar to that of known vitamin E deficient animals. It is concluded that a state of relative vitamin E deficiency exists in these toxemic rats and that the deficiency of the antioxidant properties of vitamin E may be the basis of cellular damage leading to the eclamptic state.
Deterministic Pushdown Automata

A deterministic pushdown automaton (DPDA) is an octuple $$ M = (Q,\sum ,\Gamma ,\delta , \bot , \dashv ,s,F) $$ where everything is the same as with NPDAs, except: (i) ⊣ is a special symbol not in ∑, called the righi endmarker, and $$ \delta \subseteq (Q{\kern 1pt} \,x\,(\sum \cup \{ \dashv \} \cup \{ \varepsilon \} )\,x\,\Gamma )\,x\,(Q\,x\,\Gamma *) $$ . (ii) δ is deterministic in the sense that exactly one transition applies in any given situation. This means that for any p ∈ Q, a ∈ ∑ ⋃ {⊣}, and A ∊ Г, δ contains exactly one transition of the form ((p, a, A), (q,β)) or ((p,∊, A), (q, β)). (iii) δ is restricted so that ⊥ is always on the bottom of the stack. The machine may pop ⊥ off momentarily, but must push it directly back on. In other words, all transitions involving ⊥must be of the form ((p, a, ⊥), (q, β ⊥)).
Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate in Guinea Pig Cerebral Cortical Slices I. FORMATION OF CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3',5'-MONOPHOSPHATE FROM ENDOGENOUS ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE AND FROM RADIOACTIVE ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE FORMED DURING A PRIOR INCUBATION WITH RADIOACTIVE ADENINE

Abstract Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) accumulates in guinea pig cerebral cortical slices during incubations with histamine, histamine-norepinephrine, adenosine, adenosine-histamine, adenosine-norepinephrine, adenosine-histamine-norepinephrine, veratridine, and veratridine-histamine. The rate of increase of cyclic AMP levels in response to various agents appears to be limited to some extent by the rate of diffusion of small molecules into the extracellular space of the slices. The diffusion of [3H]sorbitol occurred with a t½ of l3 min. Increases in total levels of cyclic AMP and increases in levels of radioactive cyclic AMP derived from intracellular adenine nucleotides, labeled by a prior incubation with radioactive adenine, occurred on similar time courses and to similar extents. Radioactive cyclic AMP represents a small but relatively constant fraction (7 to 13%) of the total amount of cyclic AMP. During stimulation with histamine, however, the initial accumulation of radioactive cyclic AMP represents a significantly smaller fraction of the total amount of cyclic AMP. Except in this instance, the data provide no evidence for the presence of more than one major compartment of adenine nucleotides in brain slices that can serve as a source of nucleotide precursor for cyclic AMP. The nucleotides of this compartment or compartments appear to be uniformly labeled by incubation with radioactive adenine and to represent about 30% of the total adenine nucleotides of the slice. Conversion of radioactive adenine to cyclic AMP is proportional to the steady state levels of the cyclic nucleotide and occurs at rates of up to 10 pmoles per mg of protein per min in the continued presence of stimulatory agents.
A Kinder, Gentler Liberalism? Visions of Empathy in Feminist and Communitarian Literature

Both feminist and communitarian scholars have begun a rapprochement with liberalism in which the politicization of empathy plays a key role. Originally a child of liberal philosophy,' feminist theory has moved beyond the fight for formal liberal equality to a critique that turned "liberal legalism," liberalism's jurisprudential counterpart, from feminism's inspiration into its enemy.2 But Anne Dailey concludes in a recent es-
FATE OF WASTEWATER PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL

The fate of wastewater orthophosphate applied to the land is controlled primarily by two mechanisms. First, phosphorus is sorbed by the soil with the formation of relatively weak bonds and then the phosphorus combines with elements commonly found in the soil to form relatively insoluble compounds. The previous mechanisms are examined showing how they control the phosphorus concentration in the soil solution. In addition, kinetic theories are applied to experimental phosphorus sorption data. Using these kinetic theories, when combined with a mass balance equation, it is possible to project the time and space phosphorus concentration in a soil system.
Conservation laws with dissipation

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews conservation laws with dissipation. The conservation laws of isothermal, isentropic, or adiabatic thermoelasticity, in all their standard variants (Lagrangean or Euclidean formulation, solids or fluids, one or several space dimensions, etc.), lead to systems of quasilinear hyperbolic equations. A feature of such systems is that the Cauchy problem does not have global smooth solutions, even when the initial data are very smooth, because of the formation of shock waves. However, global solutions exist in the class of functions of bounded variation, in the sense of Tonelli–Cesari. When the material is viscous and/or heat may diffuse, dissipative mechanisms emerge in the system of conservation laws, which manifest themselves through the appearance of parabolic terms or memory terms. This chapter describes a research program toward understanding the role of dissipation and estimating its effectiveness.
New computationally efficient 2.5D and 3D ray tracing algorithms for modeling propagation environments

This paper presents the development of 2.5D and 3D extensions of a 2D procedure that is described in an earlier paper (see Zhang, Z. et al., Electronics Letters, vol.36, no.5, p.464-5, 2000) for modeling propagation environments. These methods are based on dividing the propagation region into cells whereby the number of cells is decided by the number of vertices of structures instead of their dimensions. Results from the 2.5D and 3D methods show significant improvement in computational efficiency. Specifically, the CPU time for the 2.5D method is less than 5% of that of the visibility ray tracing method. Accuracy, on the other hand, is related to that of a traditional ray tracing method and includes accounting for reflected, transmitted and diffracted rays.
Silicon integrated nanophotonics for on-chip optical interconnects

As multi-core microprocessor architectures continue to evolve as a promising platform for high-performance computing, an additional set of challenges emerges for the global interconnects between distant cores. In particular, the limited throughput and large power consumption of electrical copper interconnects are becoming dominant factors limiting the continued scaling of processor performance. One promising solution is to complement conventional global interconnects with a CMOS-compatible intra-chip optical network, based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic integrated circuits. We will review recent results on silicon nanophotonic circuits based on SOI photonic wires and photonic crystals. Silicon nanophotonic devices have immense capacity for low-loss, high-bandwidth data transmission, and can confine light within sub-micron dimensions, enabling the design of ultra-compact optical devices for all necessary functions within such optical networks. While the bandwidth and power consumption advantages of SOI optical interconnects are potentially immense, ensuring the performance of chip-scale networks places stringent requirements upon the control of the manufacturing process, and its influence upon the operation of individual optical components. We will present recent work on the design, fabrication, and demonstration of various passive and electrooptic devices required for high speed optical interconnect applications, including high-order WDM optical filters, modulators, and switches.
Variational variance reduction for particle transport eigenvalue calculations using Monte Carlo adjoint simulation

The Variational Variance Reduction (VVR) method is an effective technique for increasing the efficiency of Monte Carlo simulations [Ann. Nucl. Energy 28 (2001) 457; Nucl. Sci. Eng., in press]. This method uses a variational functional, which employs first-order estimates of forward and adjoint fluxes, to yield a second-order estimate of a desired system characteristic - which, in this paper, is the criticality eigenvalue k. If Monte Carlo estimates of the forward and adjoint fluxes are used, each having global "first-order" errors of O(1/√N), where N is the number of histories used in the Monte Carlo simulation, then the statistical error in the VVR estimation of k will in principle be O(1/N). In this paper, we develop this theoretical possibility and demonstrate with numerical examples that implementations of the VVR method for criticality problems can approximate O(1/N) convergence for significantly large values of N.
Use of FTA filter paper for the molecular detection of Newcastle disease virus.

The feasibility of using Flinders Technology Associates filter papers (FTA® cards) to collect allantoic fluid and chicken tissue samples for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) molecular detection was evaluated. Trizol® RNA extraction and one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used. FTA® cards allowed NDV identification from allantoic fluid with a titre of 105.8 median embryo lethal doses/ml. The inactivated virus remained stable on the cards for 15 days. NDV was detected from FTA® imprints of the trachea, lung, caecal tonsil and cloacal faeces of experimentally infected birds. RT-PCR detection from FTA® cards was confirmed by homologous frozen-tissue RT-PCR and virus isolation. Direct nucleotide sequence of the amplified F gene allowed prediction of NDV virulence. No virus isolation was possible from the FTA® inactivated samples, indicating viral inactivation upon contact. The FTA® cards are suitable for collecting and transporting NDV-positive samples, providing a reliable sour...
Allergenic reactivity of various soybean products as determined by RAST inhibition

Allergenic reactivity of soybean products (sprouts-Sp, tempeh-T, tofu-To, miso-M, mold hydrolyzed soy sauce-MHS, acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce-AHS and hydrolyzed vegetable protein-HVP) was determined using RAST inhibition. All products inhibited binding of serum IgE from a pool of soy-allergic adults to raw soybean extract bound to microcrystalline cellulose, showing competitive inhibition with increasing protein. M.T. To and MHS showed competitive inhibition only at much higher protein concentrations, suggesting fermentation may alter or desyroy allergenic epitopes. Selectle destruction of ep-itopes was seen for MHS. To. and nossiblv M and T where inhibition curve slopes were not identical to intact material. Probably protein(s) with antigens common to raw soybean survived during processing of HVP and germination of sprouts. Based on RAST inhibition, these products are potentially hazardous to soybean-allergic individuals.
Stochastic Protection of Confidential Information in Databases: A Hybrid of Data Perturbation and Query Restriction

Data perturbation and query restriction are two methods developed to protect confidential data in statistical databases. In the former, the data is systematically changed to yield answers to queries that are statistically similar to those that would have resulted from the original data. The latter provides exact answers to queries as long as the risk of exact disclosure of confidential data does not become too great. We present a new methodology to combine these techniques so that the advantages of both are captured. The model is appropriate and computationally viable for large databases whether the queries are linear or nonlinear. The query restriction phase consists of finding an optimal subset of queries to answer exactly without compromising the database. This is an N P-hard problem with a matroid intersection structure that lends itself to an efficient greedy heuristic. Then, given the queries that are answered exactly, we implement a data perturbation phase that provides stochastic protection and consistency. We present computational results on a large database with both linear and nonlinear queries. The results indicate that many queries can be answered exactly and the proposed perturbation approach provides more accurate answers than the standard perturbation method.
Liver transplantation for jejunoileal bypass–associated cirrhosis: Allograft histology in the setting of an intact bypassed limb

Jejunoileal bypass (JIB) is a well known cause of steatohepatitis, which may, on occasion, progress to cirrhosis and require liver transplantation. We report 3 patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for steatohepatitic cirrhosis secondary to JIB in which the JIB was left intact. All 3 patients have demonstrated recurrent steatosis in the graft after liver transplantation. In two of the cases, the changes are moderately severe, whereas in one case the changes are mild. All 3 patients have essentially normal liver function tests and are clinically asymptomatic; 1 of the patients has undergone removal of the JIB 2.5 years after transplantation. Control hepatic allografts in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis show negligible fatty change, and in patients who receive transplants for alcoholic steatohepatitis, they rarely (2 of 20 patients) contain greater than 10% fat. We conclude that transplantation alone is not associated with subsequent steatosis. Presence of JIB is, therefore, a continuing risk factor for steatosis in patients who have undergone OLT. Reversal of JIB after OLT may be considered if fatty changes are severe or associated with significant fibrosis.
NiIV cubanes: synthesis and characterization of the [Ni4Se4(Se3)5(Se4)]4− and [Ni4Te4(Te2)2(Te3)4]4− anions

Abstract The compounds [NEt4]4[Ni4Se4(Se3)5(Se4)]·xNEt4Cl (x=0, 1) and [NEt4]4[Ni4Te4(Te2)2(Te3)4] have been prepared from the reaction in DMF of Ni(S2COEt)2 with Li2Se and Se or Li2Te and Te, respectively. These compounds result from spontaneous assembly reactions in which NiII centers are oxidized to NiIV with concomitant reduction of Se- or Te-containing species. The anion [Ni4Se4(Se3)5(Se4)]4− possesses a Ni4Se4 cubane core and has five Se32− chains and one Se42− chain bridging the Ni atoms on the cubane faces. The anion [Ni4Te4(Te2)2(Te3)4]4− has a Ni4Te4 cubane core and has two Te22− chains bridging Ni atoms on opposite faces of the cubane core and four Te32− chains bridging the NiIV atoms on the remaining cubane faces. The presence of NiIV is necessitated by charge balance. As expected for such d6 systems the compounds are diamagnetic. The [Ni4Se4(Se3)5(Se4)]4− anion exhibits a sharp, albeit complex, 77Se NMR spectrum with fifteen resonances at δ 103, 134, 289, 361, 387, 401, 411, 470, 660, 680, 726, 749, 773, 789 and 804 ppm. The [Ni4Te4(Te2)2(Te3)4]4− anion exhibits a simpler 125Te NMR spectrum with five resonances at δ −632, −324, 65, 325 and 766 ppm. In the cubane anions each Ni atom is in a distorted octahedral environment, being coordinated by three Se or Te atoms in the cubane framework and by three Se or Te atoms in chains that bridge to the other three Ni atoms. While the bridging Se32− chains appear to produce little strain on the Ni4Se4 cubane core, the Se42− chain distorts it, as evidenced from the NiNi distances, the SecubSecub distances and the cubane bond angles. In contrast, the bridging Te32− chains distort the Ni4Te4 cubane core as evidenced from the NiNi distances, the TecubTecub distances and the cubane bond angles; the Te22− chains produce less strain. [NEt4]4[Ni4Se4(Se3)5(Se4)]·NEt4Cl crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C52h-P21/n with a=21.817(4), b=14.319(1), c=26.421(5) A, β=112.69(2)°, V=7615 A3 and Z=4 (−120 °C). [NEt4]4[Ni4Te4(Te2)2(Te3)4] crystallizes in the triclinic space group Ci1-P 1 with a=14.399(2), b=15.153(2), c=18.069(3) A, α=70.97(1), β=79.05(1), γ=74.20(1)°, V=3564 A3 and Z=2 (−167 °C).
Sibling similarities in the tempo of human tooth mineralization.

Abstract The extent of tooth mineralization is a useful estimate of a child's physiological age; it reflects the rate at which the child is developing towards maturity. As it is not known to what degree dental age is regulated by the genotype, this investigation estimated familial resemblance in the tempo of tooth mineralization. Panoramic radiographs of the children in 185 sibships were scored for stages of tooth formation, and dental age was calculated from sex-specific standards. Intraclass correlations of mineralization tempo were computed for maxillary and mandibular canines, premolars, second molars, and third molars. Correlations of mineralization tempo were significantly different than zero for all 10 teeth and ranged from 0.17 (SE = 0.06) for the mandibular second molar to 0.43 (SE = 0.05) for the mandibular second premolar. Intraclass correlations increased significantly when multiple teeth were used to more comprehensively define each child's dental age. Using an unweighted average of all 10 tooth types yielded a correlation of 0.41 (SE = 0.05). It appears, then, that a considerable proportion of the total variability in tooth-mineralization rate can be attributed to transmissible effects operating in the population under investigation.
Conflict Detection with Cockpit Display of Traffic Information: What is it, What has Been Found, and What Needs to be Done?:

A task analysis is conducted for conflict detection relying on traffic information depicted on a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI). The task can be performed in a dichotomous way (i.e., the judgment of either a conflict or not). Or optimally the conflict risk can be estimated based on continuous measures. Three such measures are identified, namely, the distance at the closest passage (DCP), the orientation at the closest passage (OCP), and the time at the closest passage (TCP). A literature review examines the factors that influence performance on conflict detection. It is shown that there are limited numbers of studies that have addressed the issue of conflict detection with the CDTI. Finally, given the CDTFs vital role in the free flight environment, it is recommended that the conflict risk be defined by the continuous measures, that effects of various factors on conflict detection performance be examined, and that ways be sought to improve human performance with the aid of automation.
Acute effects of conjugated estrogens on coronary blood flow response to acetylcholine in men

Estrogen therapy is associated with a 50% reduction in the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. Attenuation of coronary vasomotor dysfunction may contribute to estrogen's cardioprotective effects. We hypothesized that conjugated estrogens, which contain several vasoactive estrogenic compounds, may favorably influence the vasomotor response to acetylcholine in men. Twenty men, 56 ± 5 years of age, referred for clinically indicated coronary angiography, participated in this study. Acetylcholine-induced changes in coronary flow were measured by quantitative coronary angiography and intracoronary Doppler ultrasonography before and 15 minutes after intravenous administration of conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg) in 12 men and placebo in 8 men. Initial acetylcholine infusion resulted in no significant increase in coronary blood flow. However, 15 minutes after estrogen administration repeat acetylcholine infusion caused a mean 32% increase in coronary blood flow from 41 ± 5 to 54 ± 8 ml/min (p = 0.02). Acetylcholine-induced change in flow after estrogen was significantly different from that before estrogen (p = 0.03). Placebo administration did not affect acetylcholine-induced changes in coronary flow. Thus, intravenous conjugated estrogens favorably modulate acetylcholine-induced changes in coronary hemodynamics in men. This suggests that novel nonfeminizing estrogenic compounds may have anti-ischemic effects in men.
Continuous Flow Radio Frequency Heating of Water and Carboxymethylcellulose Solutions

Tap water and 1% CMC solutions were heated in a 40.68 MHz, 30 kW continuous flow radio frequency unit. Temperatures at different vertical and radial locations were monitored by fiber optic probes during batch heating of tap water and 1% CMC solution. Temperatures at different locations were similar during batch heating of tap water, while a significant temperature difference was observed for 1% CMC solutions, with the temperature close to the wall being higher than that at the center. Similar trends were observed during continuous heating of tap water and 1% CMC solutions, with Twall > TR/2 > Tcenter for the latter. The observations were a result of different dielectric properties of these 2 fluids, as well as the fluid flow characteristics during continuous heating.
Extraction of oxygen from the Mars atmosphere using glow-discharge and permeation techniques

Oxygen can be extracted from carbon dioxide via thermal dissociation at elevated temperatures. However, temperatures in excess of 1000 K are needed to effect significant levels of dissociation. The experiments reported here have examined the feasibility of using a glow-discharge in low-pressure carbon dioxide to produce increased atomic oxygen yields at lower temperatures (on the order of 800 K). The experiments have shown that when silver membranes are used simultaneously as anodes for the glow discharge and as permeable membranes for oxygen separation, oxygen yields which are comparable to the permeation rates for pure oxygen, can be produced. Since the silver membrane can be employed as the electrode interface between Mars atmosphere and a stabilized-zirconia electrochemical pump, glow-discharge enhancement can be considered as a complementary technology which can be used with the zirconia-based oxygen extraction systems described previously by others. Not only can glow-discharge be used to increase oxygen yields at lowered temperatures, but it can also be considered as a possible way to avoid filtration and compression of Mars atmosphere, since the glow-discharge can be sustained in Mars ambient pressures.