cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Civil Rights in the Postmodern Era: An Introduction

dants of former slaves by overthrowing legalized Jim Crow and a significant amount of the inequity associated with it." Moreover, "The most distinctive aspect of the modern civil rights movement was its demonstration that, through the widespread use of social protest, power could be generated by an oppressed group at the bot- tom of a modern industrialized society."1 Harvard Sifkoff has labeled the modern civil rights movement "one of the most significant developments in American his- tory" and defined its parameters as "the struggle for racial equality and justice waged between 1954 and 1992."2 If we use Sifkoff's time period as our measure, we have now entered fully into the "post-civil rights era." The meaning of such a desig- nation is itself open to interpretation, if not debate. Times have changed. In issuing the call for this special issue on "civil rights in the postmodern era," I was simultaneously excited and just a tad wary. After all, what- ever the prospects that might lie ahead, I was certain that I was about to enter uncharted territory. Much of my enthusiasm regarding a special issue on civil rights centered on the opportunity to take the contemporary pulse of the transformations in the civil rights movement. Furthermore, President Clinton had announced his initiative on race and I had some hope that a fruitful dialogue on race relations would receive new impetus in the United States. The scandals associated with the administration soon demarcated a misplaced enthusiasm on my part.
Self-organization of a new fluorous porphyrin and C60 films on indium-tin-oxide electrode

The highly fluorinated alkyl moieties of a new porphyrin drive the self-organization of thin films with C60 on ITO electrodes.
Fracture-Controlled Paleo-Fluid Flow in Candor Chasma, Mars

Color observations from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reveal zones of localized fluid alteration (cementation and bleaching) along joints within layered deposits in western Candor Chasma, Mars. This fluid alteration occurred within the subsurface in the geologic past and has been exposed at the surface through subsequent erosion. These findings demonstrate that fluid flow along fractures was a mechanism by which subsurface fluids migrated through these layered deposits. Fractured layered deposits are thus promising sites for investigating the geologic history of water on Mars.
Immunohistochemical localization of the early embryonic antigen (SSEA-1) in postimplantation mouse embryos and fetal and adult tissues.

Abstract Distribution of the stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA-1) was studied in postimplantation murine embryos, fetuses, and adult mice by immunohistochemical techniques. SSEA-1 was also localized on the stem cells of differentiating solid teratocarcinomas and on the surface of core cells of solid embryoid bodies. At the egg cylinder stage the antigen is restricted to embryonic ectoderm and visceral endoderm. During subsequent development SSEA-1 becomes localized to portions of the brain and primordial germ cells. In addition some sites of the urogenital anlage are SSEA-1 positive. In adult mice, the epithelium of the oviduct, the endometrium, and the epididymis are the cells most reactive with the monoclonal antibody to SSEA-1; although some areas of the brain and kidney tubules are weakly positive. Study of this antigenic determinant might disclose some previously unexpected cell lineage relationships and/or might elucidate events necessary for reproduction.
A skellam model to identify differential patterns of gene expression induced by environmental signals

RNA-seq, based on deep-sequencing techniques, has been widely employed to precisely measure levels of transcripts and their isoforms expressed under different conditions. However, robust statistical tools used to analyze these complex datasets are lacking. By grouping genes with similar expression profiles across treatments, cluster analysis provides insight into gene functions and networks that have become increasingly important. We proposed and verified a cluster algorithm based on a skellam model for grouping genes into distinct groups based on the pattern of gene expression in response to changing conditions or in different tissues. This algorithm capitalizes on the skellam distribution to capture the count property of RNA-seq data and clusters genes in different environments. A two-stage hierarchical expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm was implemented to estimate the optimal number of groups and mean expression levels of each group across two environments. A procedure was formulated to test whether and how a given group shows a plastic response to environmental changes. The model was used to analyze an RNA-seq dataset measured from reciprocal crosses of early Arabidopsis thaliana embryos that respond differently based on the extent of maternal and paternal genome contributions, from which genes associated with maternal and paternal contributions were identified. Simulation studies were also performed to validate the statistical behavior of the model. This model is a useful tool for clustering gene expression data by RNA-seq, thus facilitating our understanding of gene functions and networks.
Computational Methods for Propagating Phase Boundaries

This paper considers numerical methods for computing propagating phase boundaries in solids described by the physical model introduced by Abeyaratne and Knowles. The model under consideration consists of a set of conservation laws supplemented with a kinetic relation and a nucleation criterion. Discontinuities between two different phases are undercompressive crossing waves in the general terminology of nonstrictly hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. This paper studies numerical methods designed for the computation of such crossing waves. We propose a Godunov-type method combining front tracking with a capturing method; we also consider Glimm's random choice scheme. Both methods share the property that the phase boundaries are sharply computed in the sense that there are no numerical interior points for the description of a phase boundary. This property is well known for the Glimm's scheme; on the other hand, our front tracking algorithm is designed so that it tracks phase boundaries but captures shock waves. Phase boundaries are sensitive to numerical dissipation effects, so the above property is essential to ensure convergence toward the correct entropy weak solution. Convergence of the Godnuov-type method is demonstrated numerically. Extensive numerical experiments show the practical interest of both approaches for computations of undercompressive crossing waves.
Momentum Flux Measurements over Mountains: Problems Associated with the Symmetrical Two-Beam Radar Technique

Abstract An experiment to measure the vertical transport of horizontal momentum was carried out using the Poker Flat, Alaska, MST radar operating in a symmetrical two-beam mode. We show that the difficulties inherent in this measurement are magnified by problems associated with the effects of orographic flow over the local mountainous terrain. These difficulties show up most clearly when comparing the average vertical velocities measured using antenna beam positions in two orthogonal vertical planes. The measured fluxes are dominated by large values of the long-period (>6 h) fluctuations. Although this observation is consistent with previous measurements at other locations, we show that the accuracy of the symmetric two-beam method under these geographic conditions is questionable.
Judgment of rod verticality as a function of subject classification and frame pattern

Ss objectively classified as field-independent or field-dependent were given a “signal detection” modification of the rod-and-frame test. The rod was presented within the entire frame or within a “frame” consisting of only the corners or only the sides. The results indicate that field-dependent Ss differ from field-independents in both level and pattern of response and may attend to different aspects of the stimulus frame.
Estrogen and regulation of heat shock protein expression in female cardiomyocytes: cross-talk with NF kappa B signaling.

Abstract Estrogen is associated with increased heat shock protein (HSP)72 and protection during hypoxia-reoxygenation in cardiomyocytes from adult male rats, as previously reported. We have also reported that female rats have more cardiac HSP72 than males. We hypothesized that, despite higher endogenous estrogen levels and higher baseline HSP72, 17β-estradiol treatment would still result in increased HSP72 and protection during hypoxia-reoxygenation in cardiomyocytes from females. Methods/Results. – Cardiac cells isolated from adult female rats were treated for 12 hr with 17β-estradiol (0.1, 10, or 50 μM), tamoxifen, (10 or 25 μM; estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist), geldanamycin (2, 5, or 10 μg/ml; inactivates HSP90, preventing interaction with HSF1), or vehicle. Western blot analyses revealed that treatment with 17β-estradiol (10 or 50 μM), tamoxifen (25 μM), and geldanamycin (all doses) resulted in significant increases in HSP72. Electromobility shift assays revealed activation of HSF1 by 2 to 3 hr, and NFкB activation by 15 min. HSP72 induction via HSF1 activation was confirmed using transcription factor decoys containing the heat shock element, which prevented the estrogen-related HSP72 induction. Estrogen pretreatment resulted in decreased LDH release during 24 hr hypoxia. This protective effect persisted despite decoy-mediated blockade of nuclear HSF1 binding. However, transfection with an NFкB decoy not only prevented an estrogen-associated increase in HSP72, but also abolished the estrogenrelated protection during hypoxia. Conclusions. – Despite higher endogenous estrogen, 17β-estradiol and the selective estrogen receptor modulator, tamoxifen, upregulate HSP72 in cardiomyocytes from adult females, and provide cytoprotection during hypoxia, independent of HSP induction. NFкB activation is necessary for the increase in HSP72, suggesting that estrogen treatment activates NFкB, with subsequent HSF1 activation. NFкB activation is critical for estrogen-associated HSP induction, and protection during hypoxia in female cardiocytes. Treatment with 17β-estradiol and tamoxifen may provide a novel means of protecting both male and female cardiac myocytes against hypoxia-induced damage. Further studies are needed to define the cross-talk between HSF1 and NFкB signaling pathways.
On the frequency of wage indexation

Abstract This paper analyzes the optimal frequency of wage indexation. It demonstrates that a change in the expected value of money does not affect the optimal frequency, but that an increase in the riskiness of the value of money leads to an increase in the optimal frequency. An increase in the worker's risk aversion also leads to an increase in the optimal frequency, while an increase in the cost of indexation leads to a decrease in the optimal frequency.
Functional analyses of α1-adrenoceptor subtypes in rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus neurons

Abstract Activation of α 1 -adrenoceptors in rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus can excite neurons and facilitate female sexual behavior. To identify the α 1 -adrenoceptor subtype(s) involved, the α 1B -adrenoceptor-specific antagonist chloroethylclonidine (100 μM) and/or the α 1A -adrenoceptor-selective antagonist 5-methyl urapidil (1 or 2.5 μM) or WB-4101 (0.1–10 μM) were applied to a recording chamber bathing the hypothalamic slice containing the ventromedial nucleus. In all the neurons tested, both types of antagonists blocked, often completely, excitatory responses to nonselective α 1 -adrenoceptor agonists. Since the doses used were unlikely to make these antagonists nonselective, the results suggest that activation of both α 1A - and α 1B -adrenoceptor subtypes was necessary for α 1 -adrenoceptor agonists to evoke an excitation, or that with the present application method — injection into the continuously perfused chamber — chloroethylclonidine did not act specifically. In preincubation (at 37°C for 90 min) where it was reported to act by specific alkylation, chloroethylclonidine (100 μM) but not the vehicle abolished the excitation evoked by an α 1 -adrenoceptor agonist, but not that by carbachol or other excitants. Also, either in bath application or incubation, chloroethylclonidine worked equally efficiently on slices from ovariectomized rats, that reportedly contain few α 1B -adrenoceptors, and from those treated with estrogen which induces α 1B -adrenoceptors selectively, suggesting that α 1B -adrenoceptor was necessary even when in low abundance. Thus, it is likely that the activation of both α 1 A - and α 1B -adrenoceptor subtypes and also thereby, their respective couplings to second messengers are necessary to mediate the actions of α 1 -adrenoceptor agonists in exciting hypothalamic neurons.
The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have a Future?

AbstractStudents of international politics known as ‘proliferation optimists’ argue that when it comes to the spread of nuclear weapons ‘more may be better’ because nuclear weapons deter great power war and produce greater levels of international stability. This essay provides a critique of proliferation optimism, challenging optimism’s conception of nuclear deterrence theory, its logical underpinnings, and its policy recommendations. It does this by conducting an intellectual history of proliferation optimism, identifying the core weaknesses of proliferation optimism as a theoretical framework, and articulating the myriad threats posed by nuclear proliferation.
Improved pregnancy rate with monitoring of gonadotropin therapy by three modalities

Abstract The frequency of complications during gonadotropin therapy was reduced after the introduction of rapid estrogen assays. However, pregnancy rates remained low especially in normoestrogenic women. One hundred forty-three infertile normoestrogenic women were treated with human menopausal gonadotropin-human chorionic gonadotropin for 661 cycles. Almost all cycles were ovulatory. Whereas 53.7% of the patients conceived when drug administration was monitored by cervical score and serum estradiol levels only, 72.1% became pregnant when treatment was monitored by theses modal ties and real-time ultrasonography of the ovaries (p
Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in thyroid autoimmunity

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), including Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, are among the commonest autoimmune disorders, affecting approximately 5 % of the population. Epidemiological data support strong genetic influences on the development of AITD. Since the identification of HLA-DR3 as a major AITD susceptibility gene, there have been significant advances made in our understanding of the genetic mechanisms leading to AITD. We have shown that an amino acid substitution of alanine or glutamine with arginine at position 74 in the HLA-DR peptide binding pocket is a critical factor in the development of AITD, and we are continuing to dissect these mechanisms at the molecular level. In addition to the MHC class II genes, there are now several other confirmed gene loci associated with AITD, including immune-regulatory (CD40, CTLA-4, PTPN22, FOXP3, and CD25) and thyroid-specific genes (thyroglobulin and TSHR). Mechanistically, it is postulated that susceptibility genes interact with certain environmental triggers to induce AITD through epigenetic effects. In this review, we summarize some of the recent advances made in our laboratory dissecting the genetic–epigenetic interactions underlying AITD. As shown in our recent studies, epigenetic modifications offer an attractive mechanistic possibility that can provide further insight into the etiology of AITD.
Theory of the thermal boundary resistance between dissimilar lattices

Continuum acoustics allows only three different phonons to be reflected and transmitted for each phonon that is incident on an interface between two materials. We show that a lattice-dynamical theory for dissimilar lattices allows more phonons to be generated at the interface since we must introduce a larger unit cell. Numerical examples are given for the thermal boundary conductivity between two fcc crystals. The additional high-frequency phonons are found to carry an appreciable amount of the reflected and transmitted heat.
The “Religiously Mediated Change” of 11 Gay Men: A Case of Unexceptional Sublimation

This article addresses the current controversy in churches concerning homosexuality, especially the claim that the sexual orientation of homosexual males may be changed through religious interventions. Following personal accounts of the uses of “religiously mediated change” discourse in discussions of homosexuality in mainstream Protestant churches, the article focuses on the frequently cited article by Pattison and Pattison (1980) that evaluates 11 white males “who claimed to have changed sexual orientation from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality through participation in a Pentecostal church fellowship” (p. 1553). We evaluate the article in terms of its research design, findings, and conclusions; discuss its claim that the men “changed” in light of Freud’s concept of the sublimation of socially unacceptable psychic energies; and assess the Pentecostal church’s contention that homosexuality is an expression of psychological immaturity. We conclude that in light of the fact that the sublimation of sexual desires and impulses is a common experience among men, and homosexuality is not an expression of psychological immaturity, “religiously mediated change” discourse needs to go beyond claiming that change is possible and present a convincing argument that the change, if effected, will have demonstrable benefits to humanity that would not be realizable if the change did not occur.
What's Different about Exporters? Evidence from Colombian Manufacturing

Using a large panel of Colombian manufacturing plants, this paper finds that exporters are significantly larger, more capital intensive, have higher labour productivity, and pay higher wages than nonexporters three years before exporting for the first time. The differential in performance increases in the years leading to entry in the export market. After entry, sales, employment, and the proportion of skilled workers in the labour force keep growing significantly faster for exporters, but the growth of labour productivity and capital intensity is indistinguishable for exporters and nonexporters.
Sum Rules, Kramers-Kronig Relations, and Transport Coefficients in Charged Systems

A number of difficulties in previous treatments of the properties of linear homogeneous charged systems are discussed. With respect to the Kramers-Kronig relations and sum rules, it is argued that since the nonlocal electrical conductivity is the ratio of the current to the total field, a quantity which is physical but not necessarily arbitrary, the usual proof of the Kramers-Kronig relation fails. A valid proof, based on the dynamical properties of the electromagnetic field, is presented for the transverse electrical conductivity. On the other hand, it is shown by counterexample that there can be no general proof for the conventionally defined longitudinal electrical conductivity. Part of the difficulty may be ascribed to the failure of the conventional definition to account properly for the change in chemical potential which accompanies a longitudinal spatially varying field and charge distribution. A nonlocal quantity more closely related to the ratio of the longitudinal current to the longitudinal field plus the chemical potential gradient is shown to have more desirable causality properties. Rigorous expressions for the other transport coefficients (the thermopower and thermal conductivity) of simple charged systems are also obtained. These expressions differ substantially from the usually rigorous integral expressions associated with Kubo because of the long-range electromagnetic forces. A compilation of sum rules is included and a number of recurring pitfalls noted.
Surface-enhanced Second-harmonic Generation

Second harmonic generation at a silver-air interface was enhanced due to surface roughness by a factor of 10{sup 4}. The local field enhancement is believed to be responsible for the effect. An unusually broad luminescence background extending far beyond the antiStokes side of the second harmonic was also observed.
Renal excretion of urea in the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum

Renal excretion of urea was assessed in adult and larval Ambystoma tigrinum by comparing simultaneous clearances of urea and inulin. The mean adult urea clearance ratio (Cu/CIn) was 0.70 ± 0.08 indicating net urea absorption. Larvae yielded a mean CU/CIn) of 0.92 ± 0.04. Individual larvae were quite variable however as approximately 30% displayed CU/CIn>1. There was a significant negative correlation between CU/CIn and fractional water reabsorption. Comparisons of larval kidney urea concentration (KU) and plasma urea concentration (PU) revealed a mean KU/PU of 1.43 ± 0.15. Treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol decreased larval CU/CIn to 0.80 ± 0.05 and KU/PU to 0.91 ± 0.08. Phloridzin also decreased CU/CIn (0.67 ± 0.06) however para-aminohippuric acid had no effect. Hypophysectomy combined with cautery of the pituitary stalk resulted in CU/CIn of 1.71 ± 0.33 as compared to 0.84 ± 0.08 in shams. These results are consistent with the possibility of net urea secretion at some point in the A. tigrinum nephron, followed by passive reabsorption in the distal segments under the influence of antidiuretic hormone. Key words: DNP, hypophysectomy, nephrostome, PAH, phloridzin, urea secretion.
Low power u-healthcare services using MDC packet-level scheduling for in/on-body wireless multi-hop links in a medical body area network

With the rapid growth of elderly population, u-healthcare service combined with advanced wireless networking technology is gaining popularity. The in-body and on-body nodes have very stringent requirements on transmit power and battery life. Furthermore, the wireless link in an in-body environment has a very high degree of path loss (e.g., 6.2 for deep tissue). Because of such worse settings for each communication node to deliver data packets to the other node, it is preferred to have a multi-hop network topology. This will ensure that each node can deliver data packets at a reduced expense of consuming a low level of transmit power, which is attractive to the live body of patients receiving the healthcare service due to the reduced level of radiation effect. We study an efficient method to deliver delay-intolerant data packets over multiple hops. As a solution we consider multiple description coding (MDC) and develop a mathematical formulation for packet-level scheduling of delay-intolerant MDC packets over multiple hops. The proposed method can be used as a simple guideline for applications to setting up a topology for a medical body area network (BAN) of each individual patient.
Disease-free and overall survival after pathologic complete disease remission of cytologically proven inflammatory breast carcinoma axillary lymph node metastases after primary systemic chemotherapy

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma axillary lymph node (ALN) pathologic complete response (pCR) after primary chemotherapy is associated with significantly higher recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. The purpose of the current study was to determine long-term outcome in patients achieving a pCR of cytologically proven inflammatory breast carcinoma ALN metastases after primary chemotherapy. METHODS Patients with cytologically documented ALN metastases from inflammatory breast carcinoma were treated in three prospective primary chemotherapy trials. After surgery, patients were subdivided into those patients with and those patients without residual ALN carcinoma. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. RESULTS Of 175 patients treated, 61 had cytologically confirmed ALN metastases. Fourteen patients (23%) achieved a pCR of the ALNs after primary chemotherapy. The 5-year OS and RFS rates were found to be improved in those patients achieving a pCR of the ALNs (82.5% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 62.8–100%] and 78.6% [95%CI, 59.8–100%], respectively, vs. 37.1% [95%CI, 25.4–54.2%] and 25.4% [95%CI, 15.5–41.5%], respectively) (P = 0.01 [for OS] and P = 0.001 [for RFS]). Combination anthracycline and taxane-based primary chemotherapy resulted in significantly more patients achieving an ALN pCR (45% vs. 16%; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS pCR of ALN metastases is associated with an excellent prognosis in patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma. The rates of ALN pCR are nearly 50% in patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma who are treated with anthracyclines and weekly paclitaxel before surgery. However, those patients with residual ALN disease at the time of surgery greatly require the introduction of novel therapeutic strategies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
FDG-PET in carcinoma of the uterine cervix with endometrial extension.

BACKGROUND The authors wished to determine whether pretreatment pathologic evidence of endometrial invasion correlated with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) findings and outcomes in patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. METHODS Pretreatment whole body FDG-PET was performed in 58 patients with cervical carcinoma who also underwent pathologic evaluation of the endometrium by biopsy or dilation and curettage. FDG-PET lymph node status, disease free survival, and overall survival were evaluated. RESULTS Thirty seven (64%) patients had pathologic evidence of endometrial invasion. Pelvic lymph node metastases were three times more frequent in patients with evidence of endometrial invasion compared with those without endometrial invasion (70% vs. 23%, P < 0.001). Patients with endometrial invasion also had a significantly increased risk of paraaortic and supraclavicular lymph node metastases at presentation (30% vs. 0% P = 0.006). Endometrial invasion was associated with a decreased 2-year disease-free survival (78% vs. 58%, P = 0.046) and overall survival (92% vs. 65%, P =0.047). CONCLUSIONS Endometrial extension in cervical cancer correlated strongly with risk of FDG-PET detected lymph node metastases in this study's population and was associated with a poor prognosis. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Developmental Trajectories, Transitions, and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: A Model of Crime Deceleration and Desistance

Research on crime-related developmental trajectories is reviewed with outcomes revealing the existence of several trajectories rather than a single general pattern. Each trajectory is marked by transitions that define the pattern’s path and direction over time. These anticipated transitions differ from the unanticipated transitions known to precipitate crime deceleration and desistance. Borrowing principles from nonlinear dynamical systems theory—sensitive dependence on initial conditions, chaotic attractors, and self-organization in particular—this article offers a model of crime deceleration and desistance in which belief systems congruent with crime are altered in phases—initiation, transition, maintenance—to create belief systems incongruent with crime. The practical implications of this model are discussed and suggestions for future research are outlined.
Kinetically Controlled Self-Assembly of Latex-Microgel Core-Satellite Particles.

Latex–microgel core–satellite particles were prepared by electrostatic assembly of negatively charged polystyrene latex and positively charged microgels of a poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (pNIPMAM) and poly[2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (pMETAC) copolymer. The number of satellites per core, determined by scanning electron microscopy, varied from 3 to 10 depending on the sizes of the microgel and latex microparticles. The numbers of satellites per core for different size ratios were compared with the predictions for thermodynamically controlled (maximum packing) and kinetically controlled (random sequential adsorption) assembly, and it was shown that the assembly of latex and microgel proceeds through a random sequential adsorption mechanism. The charges of the microgels and latex particles were retained within the assemblies; therefore, the core–satellite particles have well-defined regions of positive and negative charge. These regions were used to direct the adsorption of gold an...
A comparison of queuing network models and measurements of a multiprogrammed computer system

Although there has been a substantial amount of work on analytical models of computer systems, there has been little experimental validation of the models. This paper investigates the accuracy of the models by comparing the results calculated using analytical models with measurements of an actual system. Models with and without overlapped seeks are compared. Also, we show how a model can be used to help interpret measurements of a real system.
Expression genetics in cancer: shifting the focus from DNA to RNA.

Expression genetics is a conceptually different approach to the identification of cancer-related genes than the search for mutations at the genome level. While mutations lie at the heart of cancer, at least in its early stages, what is recognized here are phenotypic changes usually many steps removed from the initiating mutation. Classically cancer geneticists have concentrated on genomic changes and have ignored the productive potential of examining downstream events based on screening for differential gene expression between tumor cells and well matched normal counterparts. Genes involved in cancer affect the normal functions of many cellular processes: not only proliferation but cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, DNA repair, invasion and motility, angiogenesis, senescence, apoptosis, and others. Yet very few cancer-related genes affecting these processes have been identified in human cancers by classical methods to find mutated genes despite enormous efforts. I report here our success in readily isolating more than 100 candidate tumor suppressor genes from human tissue, estimated to represent roughly 20% of the total genes recoverable by this approach. Half of the genes are unknown and the other half include representatives of most known cancer processes. Because their expression is lost during cancer progression, they may be useful tumor markers for diagnosis and prognosis. Because these genes are not mutated, they provide opportunities for pharmacological intervention by inducing their reexpression.
Long-term results of femoropopliteal bypass with stabilized human umbilical vein

background : Stabilized human umbilical vein (SHUV) is one of several graft materials that may be used when autogenous saphenous vein is absent or inadequate, or when a shortened anesthesia time is deemed necessary. methods : Two hundred eleven consecutive femoropopliteal bypasses were used in 171 patients since 1977. Follow-up has been conducted at regular intervals since operation, and the results scrutinized according to operative indication, diabetic status, and the number of runoff vessels. results : Life-table cumulative rates were 70 ± 3%, 45 ± 4%, and 26 ± 5% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Patency rates for bypasses performed for claudication were superior to those performed for limb-salvage but achieved statistical significance at 1 and 3 years only. Early patency rates for nondiabetic patients were superior to those in patients with diabetes, but did not achieve statistical significance. The incidence of infection was 3%, and the incidence of aneurysm formation was 3.3%. conclusion : SHUV is an acceptable alternative for femoropopliteal bypass when autogenous saphenous vein is inadequate or unavailable.
Radial dose distribution from 192Ir seeds at distances far from the source.

Most current tissue attenuation and scattering factors for 1 9 2Ir are valid only to distances of 15 cm or less. Monte Carlo calculations using the EGS4 computer code were used to calculate tissue attenuation and scattering factors for 1 9 2Ir seed sources with both stainless steel encapsulation and with Pt encapsulation out to a distance of 32 cm from the sources. The data clearly show that polynomial tissue attenuation and scattering factors cannot be extrapolated beyond their range. Encapsulation specific factors are presented here that are valid at large distances from the source.
Simulation on Wear-Resisting of Biomimetic Brake Disc/Pad Coupling System

Based on design dimensions for particular concaves distributed non-smooth surface, the biomimetic brake disc/pad coupling system model is established, and the wear resistant performance of biomimetic non-smooth surface brake disc/pad coupling system is simulated using finite element analysis, then compared with analysis result of smooth model. Result shows the Von Mises stress of biomimetic non-smooth sample is less than that of smooth sample, and the concaves improve the contact stress distribution in the contact area of brake disk and brake pad. Analysis results show that wear resistant performance of biomimetic non-smooth sample is better than that of smooth specimen.
Two mono-octyl phosphinic acids, (R)(H)PO(OH), as extractants for metallic cations. Selected M(II), M(III) and M(VI) tracer studies

Abstract Hydrogen ion dependencies and extractant dependencies of the extraction of M(III) elements, represented by Ce3+, Pm3+, Eu3+, Tm3+, Lu3+ and Y3+, and of M(II) and M(VI) elements, represented respectively by Ca2+ and UO22+, into a benzene solution of a mono-octyl phosphinic acid from an aqueous acidic chloride phase, 1·00 F (NaCl + HCl), have been determined radiometrically. The two mono-octyl phosphinic acids studied as extractants were n-octyl phosphinic acid, (n-C8H17)(H)(PO)(OH), H[(O)(H)P], and 2-ethyl hexyl phosphinic acid, (2-C2H5·C6H12)(H)PO(OH), H[(EH)(H)P]. The observed stoichiometries are represented as MA+p+q(HY)x0⇌M(Hqx−xYqx)0+pHA+ q being a function of Z for lanthanides (III) and also differing for the two extractants. For M(III), q ranges from 3·0 down to 2·2; for Ca(II) from 2·5 to 2·7; and for U(VI), i.e. UO22+, from 2·1 to 2·3. The value of x, at 0·1 F in dry benzene, approaches 2·5 for H[(EH)(H)P] and 2·7 for H[(O)(H)P]. Values of Ks, defined by K s =K[H + ] p F q where K is the observed distribution ratio for M+p in the system with hydrogen ion concentration, [H+], and extractant concentration, F, are reported for Pm(III), Am(III) and U(VI) and compared with the corresponding Ks values in the analogous di n-octyl phosphinic acid, H[DOP] system. The pKA values in 75% ethanol are included for these three extractants. Plots of log K vs. Z for all lanthanides (III) except Gd extracted under a fixed set of conditions show that the average separation factor for adjacent elements in the region 60
Dissociation of human neutrophil membrane depolarization, respiratory burst stimulation and phospholipid metabolism by quinacrine

Abstract Human neutrophils generate a respiratory burst with the elaboration of toxic oxygen metabolites upon appropriate stimulation. Subsequent to receptor—ligand interaction, the activation pathway of this burst is unknown. Here, attempts to correlate phospholipid turnover have demonstrated dissociation of lipid flux and burst activation. Quinacrine inhibited membrane depolarization, superoxide (O − 2 ) generation, and net phosphatidylserine production with ID 50 -values of 16 μM, 73 μM and >500 μM, respectively. The inhibitory profiles of these neutrophil activation parameters demonstrate a dissociation between membrane depolarization, respiratory burst stimulation, and phospholipid turnover.
Development of the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults-Sexuality Scale (PIMRA-S).

Little research or attention has been focused on identifying sexual problems or difficulties that people with mental retardation commonly experience. Scale development represents an important area for study to help identify these problems and to evaluate treatment outcome. To address this need, the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults-Sexuality Scale (PIMRA-S) was designed to assess psychosexual disorders in mild and moderate mentally retarded persons. Eighty-six mild and moderately mentally retarded adults, ages 20 to 60, were studied using the PIMRA-S. Scale development of this type was considered important because little has been done to assess sexual problems among mentally retarded persons. Fifty-eight items were developed based on evaluations of the research literature and interviews of experienced professionals. A preliminary assessment of reliability was conducted. The psychometric characteristics of these preliminary analyses were favorable. In addition, information was reported on the rate of sexually aberrant behavior exhibited by people identified with mild and moderate mental retardation. Differences in the rate of sexually aberrant behavior were addressed as a function of living and work placement, positive history of sexual abuse, need for treatment of sexual problems, and psychiatric diagnosis. Implications of these results for further scale development are discussed.
Spatial summation in the evoked cortical response to auditory stimuli

Six Ss were presented monaurally and binaurally with stimuli of 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 kHz at 40 and 70 dB sensation levels. Their computer averaged evoked potentials indicated substantially larger amplitudes (N1 -P2) with bilateral stimulation, regardless of frequency. Stimulation at 70 dB SL gave greater responses than that to 40 dB.
A generic algorithm for one-dimensional homotopic compaction

One-dimensional homotopic compaction problems model the task of VLSI layout compaction with automatic jog insertion. They have the following form: given a routable layout, find a layout of minimum width reachable by a continuous motion of layout components that displaces each rigid component horizontally and preserves routability. We define a configuration space for this problem, and prove that if routability is characterized bycut conditions, then the set of reachable configurations is a closed, convex polyhedron. We also present a polynomial-time algorithm that finds the constraints defining this polyhedron and solves them to produce an optimal configuration. A homotopic router can recover the compacted layout from this configuration. We illustrate our strategy in thesketch model of VLSI layout, where it yields a compaction algorithm with worst-case running timeO(N 4) on input of sizeN.
Linear and non-linear elastic and plastic strains in a plate with a large hole loaded axially in its plane

Abstract Strain analysis of the ligament of a plate with a large hole indicates that both geometric and material non-linearity may take place. Geometric non-linearity may occur even when the material is strained elastically. This may explain the disagreement in the results obtained recently, for the stress concentration factors, by several investigators. The experimental analyses were conducted on an aluminum plate, using electrical resistance strain gages, and on a polyurethane rubber sheet using photography. The strain concentration factor was found to vary from 1 to 2 depending on the level of deformation.
Sensitivity study on modeling radioxenon signals from radiopharmaceutical production facilities

As part of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), the International Monitoring System (IMS) was established to monitor the world for nuclear weapon explosions. As part of this network, systems are in place to monitor the atmosphere for radioxenon. The IMS routinely detects radioxenon from sources other than nuclear explosions. One of these radioxenon sources is radiopharmaceutical production facilities. This is a sensitivity study on the nuclear forensic signals possible from such facilities. A fission process model was produced to calculate the activity of 131mXe, 133mXe, 133Xe and 135Xe in the process utilized to produce 99Mo and 131I for medical applications through high enriched uranium fission. The computer model accounts for fractionation of radionuclides within a decay chain that may result from filtering or chemical procedures. Ratios of the radioxenon isotopes are calculated as a function of decay time after the release. The ratios are then compared to those expected from nuclear explosions. The main conclusion from this work is that the two main factors that affect the nuclear forensic signal from radiopharmaceutical production facilities are the sample irradiation time and the use of emission gas storage tanks.
Architectonics of the cerebellar nuclei in the rabbit.

A correlative study utilizing Golgi and Golgi Cox sections from 6–12 day rabbits cut serially, and EM material from rabbits two to three months old. Notwithstanding differences in myelinated axon content of neuropil which affect shape and dendrite disposition of individual neurones, there were no major disparities in cellular make-up of the cerebellar nuclei. Large and medium-sized cells have dendrites which interdigitate in several patterns depending upon the rosette arrangements to which they belong. At the nuclear-white matter margin dense overlapping between dendritic terminals and edge-ramified Purkinje axons occurs. Most medium and all large cells possess centrifugal axons showing recurrent collaterals. Small cells overlapping the medium-sized ones at 20 μ, belong largely to the short axon class, confirming early studies by Saccozzi (1887) and Lugaro (1895). Their fine axons arborize diffusely within a 250 μ perimeter. Intranuclear arbors of Purkinje axons have funnel or poplar shapes and also contribute to the edge plexus. Besides forming nids about the somata these arbors issue significant extensions along dendrites. Our EM studies bear similarities to those of Eager (′68) for cerebellar nuclei of cat, and lateral vestibular nucleus of that animal by Mugnaini, Walberg, Hauglie-Hanssen and Brodal (′67). Terminal and passage boutons arise from myelinated axons, reaching dendrites and somata either directly or through nonmyelinated intermediaries. Terminals reminiscent of mossy and climbing fibers can be identified. Axon hillocks of large and small cells show a few synapses each.
Concurrent object-discrimination learning in rats

Investigations employing primates have sometimes used tests of concurrent object-discrimination as indexes of multiproblem memory in comparative studies of neuropathological impairment. The present investigation was an attempt to employ a comparable test procedure with rats. Data from two experiments indicated that rats could indeed be trained on a concurrent object-discrimination task. Furthermore, results from the second experiment indicated that these performances and brightness discriminations shared the property of disruption by posterior decortication. Implications for the neuropsychology of learning and memory are discussed.
Baseline functional capacity and the benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with mildly symptomatic heart failure enrolled in MADIT-CRT

Background Mildly symptomatic heart failure (HF) patients were shown to derive substantial clinical benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) in Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. However, the relationship between functional capacity (FC) and CRT-D benefit in the trial was not assessed. Objective To evaluate the association between FC and response to CRT-D in Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Methods We evaluated the association between preimplantation FC and the benefit of CRT-D in reducing the risk of HF or death in Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Functional status was assessed by a 6-minute walk test (6MWT), dichotomized at the median value as poor ( Results Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator–only patients with a poor FC had an adjusted 73% increased risk for HF or death ( P P = .001) increased risk for all-cause mortality. CRT-D therapy was associated with 63% ( P P P for interaction=.10). Among left bundle branch block patients with a poor FC, CRT-D was also associated with a significant reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.52; P = .015) whereas the survival benefit of CRT-D was not observed among those who had a higher FC at enrollment (hazard ratio 1.01; P = .98; P for interaction=.10). Conclusions Poor FC is a strong independent predictor for mortality and HF events in patients with mildly symptomatic HF. Left bundle branch block patients with poor baseline FC derive a pronounced benefit from CRT-D, manifest by a significant reduction in mortality.
A Comparison of Self-Rated Emotion in Field and Observer Memory Perspectives

The observer perspective of seeing one's self in recollection is often associated with memories that involve anxiety and self-consciousness. Does the observer perspective increase feelings of distress, or does it minimize threat? College student participants recalled emotional but non-traumatic events from the observer (or third person) perspective and from the field (or first person) perspective. Participants rated the perspective of each memory separately, and in comparison to the opposite perspective. Field memories were rated as producing more nervousness, emotionality, and self-consciousness. Even though the frequency of the observer perspective may increase for emotional versus nonemotional memories, this perspective may be adopted because it produces less distress than the field perspective.
The presence of specific antigen-reactive cells during the induction, recovery, and resistance phases of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an induced disorder in which an autoimmune response specific for myelin basic protein (BP) results in neural tissue destruction and acute paralysis. Lewis rats rapidly recover from induced paralysis and do not display any clinical manifestations of EAE following a second BP injection. The object of this study was to determine if immunologic recognition of encephalitogenic fragments of the BP molecule occurs during the induction, recovery, and resistance phases of EAE. Paralysis was induced in Lewis rats by a single injection of BP in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The results indicate that macrophage migration inhibition in the presence of encephalitogenic BP fragments containing amino acid residues 43–88 and 68–88 is detectable during the paralytic stage of EAE, and also following recovery from clinical neurologic impairment. Although rats which had recovered were resistant to secondary BP-induced paralysis, macrophage migration inhibition in the presence of BP, or its encephalitogenic fragments, was detected after the second BP-CFA challenge. In order to assess humoral immunologic recognition, levels of serum antibody specific for the 43–88 BP fragment were determined. Specific antibody was not detected during the paralytic episode, but appeared upon recovery. Specific antibody was also detected following the secondary BP-CFA challenge. These data indicate that antigen-sensitive cells are present during the induction, recovery, and resistance phases of EAE in the Lewis rat. The mechanism which controls the activity of these cells in vivo has not been established.