cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of phase-retrieved pupil functions in wide-field fluorescence microscopy

Multidimensional fluorescence microscopy data are often collected under imaging conditions that cause aberrations. For proper deconvolution of such data, one needs to generate a Point Spread Function (PSF) that includes the aberrations. Even if it is possible to model the imaging aberrations theoretically, there remains the problem of modifying the PSF accordingly. Measured PSFs are difficult to modify, and theoretical PSFs lack lens- and system-specific features. Phase retrieval approaches can be used to produce a compact and modifiable description of a microscope system, including its measured, system-specific performance. These pupil functions can be used in a depth-dependent deconvolution to correct for geometric distortions and improve restoration of relative intensities compared to spatially invariant deconvolution using unaberrated PSFs.
A navigation system framework for a semi-autonomous mobile robot

A description is given of a project which is aimed at developing a mobile robotic aid for the severely motor handicapped. The ultimate objective is to produce a system which can accomplish a desired task semi-autonomously, i.e. given only simple high-level commands from a user. An essential component of such a system is a facility for guiding the robot within a household environment. Toward this end, a series of navigation and path-planning routines have been developed using artificial-intelligence search techniques within a LISP programming environment. >
COMMENT: MODELING SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE: IS IT IN THE STRUCTURE OR IN OUR HEARTS?

We want to congratulate Steven Durlauf on a most interesting and provocative paper. He reminds us that modeling the social interaction among and the social interdependence of individuals is a challenging task that is at the core of social science theory. As James Coleman (1990) has argued, understanding the link between the micro and the macro is one of the keys to the development of social science theory. The social interaction model proposed by Durlauf is certainly a welcomed effort in this direction. In this comment we will focus on one specific question: Why are individuals' behaviors interdependent in Durlauf's model. We examine two possibilities: (1) the external structure of the choice problem people face induces externalities; or (2) individuals' "intrinsic" utilities are a func-
Cardiac neural crest contributes to cardiomyogenesis in zebrafish

In birds and mammals, cardiac neural crest is essential for heart development and contributes to conotruncal cushion formation and outflow tract septation. The zebrafish prototypical heart lacks outflow tract septation, raising the question of whether cardiac neural crest exists in zebrafish. Here, results from three distinct lineage-labeling approaches identify zebrafish cardiac neural crest cells and indicate that these cells have the ability to generate MF20-positive muscle cells in the myocardium of the major chambers during development. Fate-mapping demonstrates that cardiac neural crest cells originate both from neural tube regions analogous to those found in birds, as well as from a novel region rostral to the otic vesicle. In contrast to other vertebrates, cardiac neural crest invades the myocardium in all segments of the heart, including outflow tract, atrium, atrioventricular junction, and ventricle in zebrafish. Three distinct groups of premigratory neural crest along the rostrocaudal axis have different propensities to contribute to different segments in the heart and are correspondingly marked by unique combinations of gene expression patterns. Zebrafish will serve as a model for understanding interactions between cardiac neural crest and cardiovascular development.
Hydrogen Diffusion and Accumulation in Automotive Fasteners

Abstract Permeation, plating, and baking tests were carried out to determine the susceptibility of a newly developed steel (BHS-1) to absorb and diffuse hydrogen in comparison to the currently used type 1022 (UNS G10220) and type 4037 (UNS G40370) steels. The effective diffusion coefficient (Deff) of hydrogen in BHS-1 was slightly lower than in the traditional steels; however, the ability to absorb hydrogen during plating and to release hydrogen during baking was comparable. Acidic and alkaline zinc-plating processes dissolved similar amounts of hydrogen into all of the studied steels.
Rat muscle spindles deficient in elements of the static system.

Abstract Motor nerve supplies to 15 poles of rat lumbrical spindle were reconstructed from serial, 1-μm transverse sections of muscle embedded in resin. Neural and muscular elements associated with the modulation of static sensitivity of afferents were deficient in these spindles relative to cat tenuissimus and rat soleus spindles. Rat lumbrical spindles contained fewer static fusimotor axons, fewer static chain intrafusal fibers, fewer motor-innervated static bag 2 and chain fibers and fewer secondary afferents. The sparsity of static elements in spindles of the rat lumbrical muscle may correlate with the distal location or with the delicate motor tasks performed by the muscle.
Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Cardiorespiratory Effects in the Elderly

Background:Past studies of air pollution effects among sensitive subgroups have produced inconsistent results. Our objective was to determine relationships between various measures of air pollution and cardiorespiratory effects in older subjects.Methods:We conducted a study that included repeated me
Arsenic doped heteroepitaxial CdTe by MBE for applications in thin-film photovoltaics

Open circuit voltages in CdTe based solar photovoltaics can be improved through increasing the acceptor carrier concentration in the absorber. Arsenic doped heteroepitaxial CdTe layers deposited by MBE are investigated as a means to understand the viability of arsenic as an alternative dopant source without the complication of polycrystalline grain boundaries or high temperature deposition processes. Crystal quality, thickness, and minority carrier lifetimes are correlated with arsenic incorporation and p-type carrier concentrations for both doped and undoped films. Films with carrier concentrations greater than 1015 cm−3 have been produced using both an arsenic cracker source and a Cd3As2 effusion source though incorporation differs drastically between these two. As previous work has found, arsenic incorporation is shown to degrade crystal quality. Despite the lower crystal quality, minority carrier lifetimes greater than 1 ns have been achieved in samples with high carrier concentrations when the Cd 3 As 2 source is used suggesting the benefit of cadmium overpressure. While the feasibility of arsenic doping during high temperature CdTe deposition processes is still not known, arsenic is shown to be a viable dopant source for continued investigation of heteroepitaxial model systems.
tert-Butyl 3-Carboxyethyl-3-phosphonodiethylpropionate. A Novel Reagent for Stobbe-Like Condensations

Abstract tert-Butyl-3-carboxyethyl-3-phosphonodiethylpropionate was prepared and reacted with a range of aldehydes to give, after hydrolysis, itaconic half esters.
Time Varying Passive Vibration Absorption for Flexible Structures

A time varying extension of the passive vibration absorber is described, which increases the effectiveness of a small number of passive vibration absorbers on large or changing flexible structures. Initially, the extended absorber is targeted on a subset of the modes of the flexible structure. A stable switching scheme is described, which allows the absorber to target different subsets of modes, or to adapt to changes in the flexible structure. Computer simulation and experimental work are given which demonstrate the effectiveness of the extended absorber.
Ultrastructure of Merkel cell development in aneurogenic and control amphibian larvae (Ambystoma).

Abstract Merkel cells were found in the forelimb digits of aneurogenic Ambystoma maculatum larvae which previously had all the presumptive neural tissue, including the neural crest, removed. The only significant difference these Merkel cells showed from those of innervated larvae was a decreased content of dense-cored vesicles. Degeneration of aneural Merkel cells was not seen. In innervated, control larvae, Merkel cells could be found which had not yet become innervated. The dense-cored vesicle number increased at times corresponding to increased Merkel cell innervation. The presence of Merkel cells following neural crest removal indicates that is not their embryonic origin. Both in aneurogenic and innervated larvae, Merkel cells can develop without sensory nerve contact, although there does seem to be a neural influence on dense-cored vesicle number. Innervation does not seem to be required for Merkel cell survival in A. maculatum .
Chromatography of Ribonuclease-Treated Myosin Extracts from Early Embryonic Chick Muscle

Chromatography, on diethylaminoethyl cellulose, of leg muscle extracts from older chick embryos yields three myosin-containing fractions, whereas material from muscle extracts of 11-day embryos cannot be eluted under the same conditions. A major fraction having the adenosine triphosphotase activity characteristic of myosin can be eluted when 11-day-old embryo muscle extracts are given prior treatment with ribonuclease.
Diabetes and obesity in older adults: a call to action

The world's older population is projected to rise to some two billion people in the next 50 years. The health of older adults deteriorates with increasing age and creates greater demand for healthcare resources. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in older adults is causing concern due to its interplay between type 2 diabetes, obesity and associated morbidity and mortality. This call to action discusses comorbidities associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity in the older population and its impact on patients. We cover several topics to consider when designing prevention and treatment strategies for older adults and areas for improvement in our care of this special population are discussed. We know that dietary, exercise and weight-loss interventions are effective. However, these strategies require effort by both patient and physician. If all parties responsible in patient care take action, a change in lifestyle can lead to longer, healthier lives in older adults.
Experiments with a spoken dialogue system for taking the US census

Abstract This paper reports the results of the development, deployment and testing of a large spoken-language dialogue application for use by the general public. We built an automated spoken questionnaire for the US Bureau of the Census. In the project's first phase, the basic recognizers and dialogue system were developed using 4000 calls. In the second phase, the system was adapted to meet Census Bureau requirements and deployed in the Bureau's 1995 national test of new technologies. In the third phase, we refined the system and showed empirically that an automated spoken questionnaire could successfully collect and recognize census data, and that subjects preferred the spoken system to written questionnaires. Our large data collection effort and two subsequent field tests showed that, when questions are asked correctly, the answers contain information within the desired response categories about 99% of the time.
Measurements and modeling of flow structure in the wake of a low profile wishbone vortex generator

The results of an experimental examination of the vortex structures shed from a low profile 'wishbone' generator are presented. The vortex generator height relative to the turbulent boundary layer was varied by testing two differently sized models. Measurements of the mean three-dimensional velocity field were conducted in cross-stream planes downstream of the vortex generators. In all cases, a counter-rotating vortex pair was observed. Individual vortices were characterized by three descriptors derived from the velocity data; circulation, peak vorticity, and cross-stream location of peak vorticity. Measurements in the cross plane at two axial locations behind the smaller wishbone characterize the downstream development of the vortex pairs. A single region of stream wise velocity deficit is shared by both vortex cores. This is in contrast to conventional generators, where each core coincides with a region of velocity deficit. The measured cross-stream velocities for each case are compared to an Oseen model with matching descriptors. The best comparison occurs with the data from the larger wishbone.
Effects of laboratory-induced panic-anxiety on subsequent provocative infusions

The effects of infusion-induced panic-anxiety on subsequent pre-infusion anxiety ratings and infusion-induced panic attacks were studied in 64 panic disorder patients, in a double-blind randomized study using sodium lactate, isoproterenol, and placebo infusions. While there was a decrease of preinfusion anxiety from one infusion to the next infusion both for panickers and nonpanickers, there was no evidence of either a significant decrease or an increase in the frequency of subsequent panic attacks. These results suggest that there is neither a desensitizing nor a sensitizing effect of pharmacologically induced panic attacks on subsequent infusions in a serial three-infusion design.
Adaptive procedure for estimating parameters for the nonsymmetric Tchebychev iteration

An iteration based upon the Tchebychev polynomials in the complex plane can be used to solve large sparse nonsymmetric linear systems whose eigenvalues lie in the right half plane. The iteration depends upon two parameters which can be chosen from knowledge of the convex hull of the spectrum of the linear operator. This paper deals with a procedure based upon the power method for dynamically estimating the convex hull of the spectrum. The stability of the procedure is discussed in terms of the field of values of the operator. Results show the adaptive procedure to be an effective method of determining parameters. The Tchebychev iteration compares favorably with several competing iterative methods.
Rule-Consequentialism and Demandingness: A Reply to Carson

Most of us share the intuitions that morality requires us to make some sacrifices for the world's needy, and that it does not require us to impoverish ourselves for this purpose (although devoting all one's time and money to helping the needy may be permissible and commendable). Finding a moral theory that does justice to these intuitions is difficult.' But consider rule-consequentialism, the theory that an act is morally right if and only if it is allowed by the set of rules and corresponding dispositions the having of which by everyone would bring about the best consequences considered impartially. Rule-consequentialism initially seems to prescribe a rule about aid that requires the comfortably off to help the needy but does not make excessively severe demands. For if every comfortably off person would devote some fairly small percentage of his or her income to helping the needy, none would have to make an enormous sacrifice. However, Thomas Carson's "A Note on Hooker's 'Rule-Consequentialism"'2 puts forward important arguments for thinking that rule-consequentialism may be far more demanding than this sketch implies. The paper of mine to which Carson replies also argued that rule-consequentialism may be far more demanding than this sketch implies. My argument was this. For brevity, let us use the term the optimific rules to refer to the system of rules whose acceptance by everyone would produce the best consequences. A common objection to rule-consequentialism is that complying with these rules can lead to disaster in situations in which there is only partial social compliance with these rules. Call this the partial-compliance objection to rule-consequentialism. Rule-consequentialists reply that their theory would not lead to disasters, because the optimific system of rules will include an overriding rule that one prevent disasters (when one can) (Brandt 1988, p. 359 and 1989, p. 96). Now the main point of my article was that this answer threatens to make rule-consequentialism excessively demanding. For, given (i) that the starvation of innocent people counts as a disaster, (ii) that there are efficient charities contributions to which can save innocent people from starvation, and (iii) that there are more
Comparing sequenced segments of the tomato and Arabidopsis genomes: Large-scale duplication followed by selective gene loss creates a network of synteny

A 105-kilobase bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone from the ovate-containing region of tomato chromosome 2 was sequenced and annotated. The tomato BAC sequence was then compared, gene by gene, with the sequenced portions of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Rather than matching a single portion of the Arabidopsis genome, the tomato clone shows conservation of gene content and order with four different segments of Arabidopsis chromosomes 2–5. The gene order and content of these individual Arabidopsis segments indicate that they derived from a common ancestral segment through two or more rounds of large-scale genome duplication events—possibly polyploidy. One of these duplication events is ancient and may predate the divergence of the Arabidopsis and tomato lineages. The other is more recent and is estimated to have occurred after the divergence of tomato and Arabidopsis ≈112 million years ago. Together, these data suggest that, on the scale of BAC-sized segments of DNA, chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., inversions and translocations) have been only a minor factor in the divergence of genome organization among plants. Rather, the dominating factors have been repeated rounds of large-scale genome duplication followed by selective gene loss. We hypothesize that these processes have led to the network of synteny revealed between tomato and Arabidopsis and predict that such networks of synteny will be common when making comparisons among higher plant taxa (e.g., families).
Contamination of oat mesophyll protoplasts by apoplastic polyamine oxidase

Mesophyll protoplasts isolated from peeled oat (Avena sativa L. cv Victory) leaves with 1% (w/v) Cellulysin in 20 mM KPO4, pH 5.5 and 0.6 M sorbitol retain about 6% of the polyamine oxidase (PAO, EC 1.4.3.4) activity of the whole peeled leaf. However, more than 99% of the oat leaf PAO activity is apoplastic and can be extracted by vacuum infiltration with 200 mM NaCl and this procedure extracts no activity for the cytoplasmic marker enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, EC 1.1.1.49). By these criteria we consider PAO in oat leaves to be totally apoplastic and PAO found in the isolated protoplast to be contamination. The degree of protoplast contamination by PAO depends on the pH and ionic strength of the isolating and washing medium. It can be eliminated by washing protoplasts in 0.6 M sorbitol with 100 mM KPO4, pH 6.5. Pellets of lysed protoplasts incubated with dialyzed apoplastic enzymes in 5 mM KPO4, pH 5.5 adsorb about 87% of the added PAO activity but only about 25% of the added peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activity. The adsorbed activity can be solubilized from the pellet by extraction with 1 M NaCl. The results demonstrate that weakly ionically bound cell wall enzymes may contaminate protoplasts isolated and purified by conventional techniques.
Phenology and Ecology of Wild Cotton (Malvales: Malvaceae) and the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Tamaulipas, Mexico

The phenology and ecology of wild cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were studied at two sites along the northeastern coast of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico, during 1986 and 1987. Wild cotton densities in the region were low and the plant occurred in areas least disturbed by agriculture and human settlements. Peak flowering periods of cotton and weevil densities occurred during fall months. Boll weevil infestations were relatively low throughout the sample period (7.1% of the total sampled buds and bolls) and never exceeded 31% of the fruiting forms on any sample date. Weevils were active and often reproductive during winter months, but were seldom found during the dry season (March to May) when cotton plants were generally vegetative or leafless. Within the cotton population, boll weevils were aggregated on large plants and often did not infest flowering and fruiting plants close to infested plants. Weevils failed to recolonize the northern study site after the dry season in 1987 although plants flowered and fruited heavily. The possible importance of these wild cotton and weevil populations to cultivated cotton in Mexico and southern Texas is discussed.
Searching for Designs: Paradigm and Practice

Abstract Most CAD systems operate within a paradigm that makes it impossible for computers to materially assist in design. Yet in the research community, the well-established search paradigm is technically ready for broader application. This paper describes design search using the devices of set theory and grammars. It constructs a model of design spaces as a framework for creating new types of systems, and argues that current professional CAD systems cannot easily adapt the search paradigm. Two approaches to systems that use design search, potentially exhaustive enumeration and spatial grammars are discussed with reference to existing research efforts.
Accelerator-Rich Architectures: Opportunities and Progresses

To drastically improve energy efficiency, we believe future processors need to go beyond parallelization and provide architecture support for customization, enabling systems to adapt to different application domains. In particular, we believe future architectures will make extensive use of accelerators to significantly reduce energy consumption. Such architectures present many new challenges and opportunities, such as accelerator synthesis, scheduling, sharing, virtualization, memory hierarchy optimization, and efficient compilation and runtime support. With respect to these areas, we review the progress of our research in the Center for Domain-Specific Computing (supported by the NSF Expeditions-in-Computing Award), and discuss ongoing work and additional challenges.
Effects of environmental stressors on lymphocyte proliferation in Florida manatees, Trichechus manatus latirostris.

The health of many Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is adversely affected each year by exposure to cold weather or harmful algal blooms (red tide; Karenia brevis). Exposures can be sublethal, resulting in stressed animals that are rescued and taken to authorized facilities for rehabilitation, or lethal if exposures are prolonged or unusually severe. To investigate whether sublethal environmental exposures can impair immune function in manatees, rendering animals vulnerable to disease or death, mitogen-induced proliferation was assessed in lymphocytes from manatees exposed to cold temperatures (N = 20) or red tide (N = 19) in the wild, and compared to lymphocyte responses from healthy free-ranging manatees (N = 32). All animals sampled for this study were adults. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with either concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and proliferation was assessed after 96 h using incorporation of the thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), into newly synthesized DNA. Proliferation of lymphocytes from manatees rescued from exposure to red tide or cold-stress was approximately one-third that of lymphocytes from healthy free-ranging manatees. To examine the direct effects of red tide toxins on lymphocyte function, mitogen-induced proliferation was assessed following co-culture of lymphocytes with K. brevis toxin extracts. Stimulation indices decreased with increasing toxin concentration, with a significant decrease in proliferation occurring in the presence of 400 ng red tide toxins/ml. When lymphocytes from cold-stressed manatees were co-cultured with red tide toxin extracts, proliferative responses were reduced even further, suggesting multiple stressors may have synergistic effects on immune function in manatees.
Prevalence and contamination patterns of Listeria monocytogenes in catfish processing environment and fresh fillets

Catfish skins, intestines, fresh fillets, processing surfaces at different production stages, chiller water and non-food contact surfaces were sampled for Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species. Among 315 samples, prevalence of L. monocytogenes, Listeria innocua and a group of Listeria seeligeri-Listeria welshimeri-Listeria ivanovii was 21.6, 13.0 and 29.5%, respectively. No Listeria grayi was detected in this survey. While no L. monocytogenes strains were isolated from catfish skins and intestines, the strains were found with a frequency of 76.7% in chilled fresh catfish fillets and 43.3% in unchilled fillets. L. monocytogenes and Listeria spp. were also detected in fish contact surfaces such as deheading machine, trimming board, chiller water, conveyor belts at different stages, and fillet weighing table. Among L. monocytogenes, 1/2b (47.0%), 3b (16.0%) and 4c (14%) were the predominant serotypes isolated, whereas 4b, 4e, 1/2c and 1/2a were detected at much lower frequencies. Genotype analyses of L. monocytogenes isolates using serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR revealed that chiller water represented an important contamination source of L. monocytogenes in the chilled catfish fillets of two processing facilities, whereas fillet weighing table significantly contributed to the catfish fillet contamination of the third facility. This study suggests that L. monocytogenes contamination in the processed catfish fillets originates from the processing environment, rather than directly from catfish. Results from this study can aid the catfish industry to develop a plant-specific proper cleaning and sanitation procedure for equipment and the processing environment designed to specifically target L. monocytogenes contamination.
Capsulorhexis-related lacteocrumenasia

Three patients who presented with a milky fluid in the space between the posterior surface of an implanted intraocular lens (IOL) and the anterior surface of the distended posterior capsular bag are described. The patients were followed and were noted to have changes in their benign course after several years. The occurrence of this milky-fluid-filled capsular bag is extremely uncommon and is difficult to perceive if the observer is not looking for it.
Grasping at ontological straws: overcoming reductionism in the Advaita Vedānta-Neuroscience dialogue.

Contemporary neuropsychology reveals that the parietal lobe contains neurons that are specifically attuned to the act of grasping and this act may be fundamental to the establishment of the phenomenal boundaries between subject and object. Furthermore, alterations to this process, such as the hypoactivation of this region during meditation or the hyperactivation associated with schizophrenia, may eliminate or confuse, respectively, the phenomenal boundaries between subject and object. Traversing disciplines, the Advaita Vedanta school of Hinduism traces some of its key terms for subject and object to the verbal root grah, to grasp. The subject is literally the grasper. Furthermore, the practice of asparśa yoga, the yoga of no-touch, is aimed at stopping, hypoactivating, the grasping process in order to transcend all subject-object boundaries. This paper will argue that while we have not uncovered an identity of thought, we have uncovered a confluence of ideas between these two disciplines. We will see that this confluence of ideas has not pitted the believer against the critic―not forced us into the great reductionism debate that has dominated so much of the interchange between religious studies and the sciences. This case study will illuminate some of the methodological ways around this reductionism battle and also the boundaries of both disciplines for the intellectual benefit of each.
Joint Annual Meeting of the Kansas Academy of Science and the Kansas Entomological Society, April 4–5, 2014

The 146th Annual Meeting of the Kansas Academy of Science will be held jointly the Kansas Entomological Society meeting on Friday and Saturday, April 4 and 5, 2014 at Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas. During the presentation of papers on Saturday, there will also be a Symposium on the Emporia State University Natural Areas and their relation to ecohydrology and climate change, and the 15th Annual KAS Paleontology Symposium.
Percutaneous implantation of cardiac pacemaker electrodes

Abstract A simple, safe, rapid method for inserting thin, insulated wire electrodes into the right ventricular cavity for artificial pacing of the heart is described. Two fine, insulated Elgiloy wires are introduced percutaneously into the right ventricle from the xiphoid area by using a prethreaded 21 gauge thin-walled needle. Emergency pacing was accomplished six times, and prophylactic or standby pacing (3 weeks) was maintained by use of combined intraventricular and skin electrodes in 1 case.
Comparison of fatigue for three prefabricated threaded post systems

Post designs may have a direct effect on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. This in vitro study compared the resistance of three prefabricated threaded post systems with lateral shearing forces. After endodontics were completed, prefabricated posts were inserted according to the manufacturer's instructions. A silver amalgam core was placed, and extracted human teeth were prepared to a standard size with a 1 mm gingival chamfer finished on sound dentino A cast was fabricated and cemented, and the specimens were thermocycled. The test samples were secured to an Instron testing machine and loaded until failure. Fracture patterns were recorded, fractured surface areas were measured, and compressive stresses were calculated. However, there were no statistically significant differences among threaded posts in each test group.
Hydraulic Drive Systems and Potential Use for Automobiles and Airplanes

Utilization of hydrostatic drives for power transmission, along with hydropneumatic accumulator energy storage can provide significant opportunities for improvements in vehicle design. These advantages are particularly relevant when considering advanced concept vehicles such as flying automobiles. Research and development in this technology has primarily focused on the fuel economy improvements that can be achieved in automobiles using a hydrostatic transmission and hydropneumatic accumulator energy storage. The accumulator permits the engine power to be uncoupled from the road load, thus enabling the engine to be operated at a more efficient point. By using wheel drive units that can operate as either motors (when driving) or pumps (when braking), regenerative braking can also be achieved, with the energy stored in the accumulator. In addition to improved fuel economy, several other significant design opportunities can be exploited. The drivetrain concept that has been most
Carbonate Sedimentation in the Abyssal Equatorial Pacific During the Past 50 Million Years

Early and middle Tertiary deep-sea carbonates from the equatorial Pacific differ in both texture and depth distribution from younger deposits. Pre-Pliocene carbonates are well sorted. They are dominated by the remains of nannoplankton, and have median grain diameters very close to 5 microns. In contrast, Pliocene and Quaternary deposits are poorly sorted. They are frequently rich in the tests of Foraminifera, and have median diameters ranging from about 1 to more than 60 microns (part of the variation probably resulting from sorting at, or near, the sea floor). The calcite compensation level, now close to 4700 m, has risen from a depth of more than 5200 m since the Oligocene. The rise reflects,at least in part, the effect of decreasing bottom water temperatures on the solubility of calcium carbonate.
Evolutionary Psychology: The Burdens of Proof

I discuss two types of evidential problems with the most widely touted experiments in evolutionary psychology, those performed by Leda Cosmides and interpreted by Cosmides and John Tooby. First, and despite Cosmides and Tooby's claims to the contrary, these experiments don't fulfil the standards of evidence of evolutionary biology. Second Cosmides and Tooby claim to have performed a crucial experiment, and to have eliminated rival approaches. Though they claim that their results are consistent with their theory but contradictory to the leading non-evolutionary alternative, Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas theory, I argue that this claim is unsupported. In addition, some of Cosmides and Tooby's interpretations arise from misguided and simplistic understandings of evolutionary biology. While I endorse the incorporation of evolutionary approaches into psychology, I reject the claims of Cosmides and Tooby that a modular approach is the only one supported by evolutionary biology. Lewontin's critical examinations of the applications of adaptationist thinking provide a background of evidentiary standards against which to view the currently fashionable claims of evolutionary psychology.
The carbonyl frequency of acetone, its deuterated and O18 labelled species using a four atom model, M2CO

Abstract Using normal coordinate analysis, the IR bands of the six fundamental skeletal modes of acetone have been computed using a four atom model Refinement of the force constants allows prediction of all the normal modes of acetone to less than 4 cm −1 error in each band which approaches the experimental error of the IR measurements. However, the four atom model has faults which show up in such small structural variations as CD 3 COCH 3 and CD 3 COCD 3 . Attempts to use the four atom model (the so-called Halford model) to correlate the position of IR bands are thus frustrated. Therefore, theoretical and speculative restraints are urged in the numerous attempts to relate v CO using a four atom model to such diverse problems as non-classical carbonium ions and the v CO band position of various cycloalkanones.
Demographic stochasticity and the variance reduction effect

Demographic stochasticity is almost universally modeled as sampling var- iance in a homogeneous population, although it is defined as arising from random variation among individuals. This can lead to serious misestimation of the extinction risk in small populations. Here, we derive analytical expressions showing that the misestimation for each demographic parameter is exactly (in the case of survival) or approximately (in the case of fecundity) proportional to the among-individual variance in that parameter. We also show why this misestimation depends on systematic variation among individuals, rather than random variation. These results indicate that correctly assessing the importance of demo- graphic stochasticity requires (1) an estimate of the variance in each demographic parameter; (2) information on the qualitative shape (convex or concave) of the mean-variance rela- tionship; and (3) information on the mechanisms generating among-individual variation. An important consequence is that almost all population viability analyses (PVAs) over- estimate the importance of demographic stochasticity and, therefore, the risk of extinction.
Reliability of column/board/CCGA attachment

Commercial-off-the-shelf column grid array packaging (COTS CCGA) technologies are now being considered for use in a number of high reliability applications. This paper presents rework and re-column attachment of two high input/output (I/O) CCGA (CGA) packages (1144 and 560 I/Os): Subsequent to re-column attachment and isothermal aging, the integrity of tin-lead solder-column attachment was determined and presented. In addition, the process-control parameters for assembly of re-columned CGA packages using either vapor-phase or rework stations were established for both package types/sizes. Details of these process control parameters as well as quality assurance indicators based on visual inspection before and during thermal cycling tests are presented. Qualification guidelines generated based on these and additional optical photomicrographs, X-rays, SEMs, and destructive cross-sectioning of thermally cycled, reworked, re-columned, and re-assembled test vehicles of these CGAs are presented in detail.
Student Wildland Fire Groups: Common Challenges and Shared Solutions

Student fire groups, collegiate-level groups explicitly organized around topics related to wildland fire, are widespread across the country. Student fire groups are at times participants in wildland fire-oriented experiential education but are often limited by access to training, legal hurdles, and equipment costs. We assess these barriers and suggest practical ways to overcome them.
Nonhydrostatic Stress Effects on Boron Diffusion in SI

The thermodynamics of diffusion under hydrostatic pressure and nonhydrostatic stress is developed for single crystals free of extended defects and is applied to the case of boron diffusion in silicon. The thermodynamic relationships obtained permit the direct comparison of hydrostatic and biaxial stress experiments and of atomistic calculations under hydrostatic stress. Assuming various values for the anisotropy in the migration strain, a currently unknown parameter, comparison is made between various measurements under hydrostatic pressure and nonhydrostatic stress, and various atomistic calculations of the volumetrics of B and Si diffusion by an interstitial-based mechanism. An independent determination of the anisotropy of the migration strain would permit a parameter-free determination of the predominant diffusion mechanism and would permit the prediction of the ratio of the diffusivity normal to the free surface to the diffusivity parallel to the surface for biaxially strained films. Procedures for measuring and calculating the anisotropy in the migration strain are described.
The Philosophical Act of Seeing With One's Own Eyes: The Silent Films of Stan Brakhage

Susan Sontag warns of the dangers associated with critical interpretations of art that work off the mistaken notion that art is reducible to an accurate interpretation if ‘certain codes, certain “rules” of interpretation’ are applied and followed (Sontag 1966, 13). 2 Herein, I seek to revisit the filmic art of Stan Brakhage through the lens of philosophy in a way that avoids this tendency toward reification in critique, acknowledging at the outset that the depth and complexity of Brakhage’s work makes it impossible to approach anything resembling a correct interpretation. For the capacity for these films to make meaning lies beyond the grasp of even the most deft and careful critic. Instead, what I am offering the reader is a constellation of interpretive gestures gathered around the central theme of philosophy as they emerge from the phenomenological tradition. I attempt to intimate several possible ways that these films might express their truth. 3 Sontag states that in most interpretations of art, the intellect takes revenge on art in the attempt to do the unthinkable, namely, render great art ‘manageable,’ because as she rightly attests, great works of art hold the power to ‘make us nervous’ (Sontag 1966, 12). This, I propose, is exactly what Brakhage’s films do they shake us from our commonplace ways of seeing, understanding, and discoursing about the world, and accomplish this in a philosophical manner. His films work toward the recovery of the ‘bodily’ dimension of thought and return us to the original moments, liminal events, that mark out human becoming as we make the passage from the abyss, the void of absolute, impersonal Being, to a formal sense of conscious self-awareness. Brakhage, unlike any other filmmaker, captures and re-presents the precarious and uncertain nature of such acts defining human subjectivity, haunted as they are by the looming, foreboding presence of death, and does so, in great part, through the formal and stylistic choices he makes as a filmmaker and artist.
Effects of anions on thermally induced whey protein isolate gels

Fundamental fracture, water-holding and microstructural properties of thermally induced whey protein isolate gels containing one of two divalent, stabilizing anions (sulfate and phosphate) or one monovalent, chaotropic anion (thiocyanate) were investigated. All of the salts produced similar overall trends in stress and strain; however, transition points were salt specific. At ionic strengths 0.09 ≤ μ ≤ 0.50, Na2SO4 and NaSCN produced strain values of very similar magnitudes. At low salt concentrations, gel matrices were fine-stranded and held water well. As salt concentrations increased, gel matrices became particulate and water-holding capacities decreased. Promotion of the particulate matrix formation followed the Hofmeister series (S42−>HPO42−>>>SCN−). The calcium chelating ability of phosphate was responsible for inhibiting particulate matrix formation. Optical density trends, reflecting stabilizing or chaotropic properties of each anion, indicated that differences between sulfate- and phosphate-containing gels could not be explained by Hofmeistertype stabilizing propensity.
Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium

Bone health is not a mononutrient issue. Although predominant attention has been given to calcium in recent years (with vitamin D getting honorable mention), other nutrients are also known to affect calcium economy and bone status, even if they are less commonly factored into dietary recommendations for the prevention of osteoporosis or the support of antiosteoporosis therapy. This chapter discusses sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and overlaps with the previous two chapters in matters of the acid/alkaline ash characteristic of the diet. Taken together, these four minerals make up about 6% of the dry, fat-free mass of the human body. Table 1 (1) presents their contributions individually, together with that of chloride and calcium—the former because chloride accompanies sodium, both in extracellular fluid and in the diet, and the latter (which is the subject of other chapters in this book) for comparative purposes.
Development of eye colours in Drosophila: Pupal transplants and the influence of body fluid on vermilion

Studies of mosaics (Sturtevant 1932) and transplantation experiments (Ephrussi and Beadle 1935) have shown that the development of vermilion eye colour in Drosophila melanogaster is not always autonomous, that is, genetically vermilion ( v ) eye tissue may appear phenotypically wild type in the presence of not-vermilion tissue in other parts of the body. A specific diffusible substance, “ v + substance”, has been assumed to be responsible for this change in the pigmentation of vermilion eye tissue (Beadle and Ephrussi 1936). It is the purpose of this paper to present data bearing on two questions: 1. When in development is v + substance produced? 2. At what stages of development can the addition of v + substance produce an effect? A preliminary discussion of experiments bearing on these questions has been published elsewhere (Ephrussi, Clancy, and Beadle 1936).
Circadian Proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 in the Chromatoid Body, a RNA Processing Granule of Male Germ Cells

Spermatogenesis is a complex differentiation process that involves genetic and epigenetic regulation, sophisticated hormonal control, and extensive structural changes in male germ cells. RNA nuclear and cytoplasmic bodies appear to be critical for the progress of spermatogenesis. The chromatoid body (CB) is a cytoplasmic organelle playing an important role in RNA post-transcriptional and translation regulation during the late steps of germ cell differentiation. The CB is also important for fertility determination since mutations of genes encoding its components cause infertility by spermatogenesis arrest. Targeted ablation of the Bmal1 and Clock genes, which encode central regulators of the circadian clock also result in fertility defects caused by problems other than spermatogenesis alterations. We show that the circadian proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 are localized in the CB in a stage-specific manner of germ cells. Both BMAL1 and CLOCK proteins physically interact with the ATP-dependent DEAD-box RNA helicase MVH (mouse VASA homolog), a hallmark component of the CB. BMAL1 is differentially expressed during the spermatogenic cycle of seminiferous tubules, and Bmal1 and Clock deficient mice display significant CB morphological alterations due to BMAL1 ablation or low expression. These findings suggest that both BMAL1 and CLOCK contribute to CB assembly and physiology, raising questions on the role of the circadian clock in reproduction and on the molecular function that CLOCK and BMAL1 could potentially have in the CB assembly and physiology.
Levels of Competence in Procedural Skills

How do we master procedural skills in domains such as mathematics? Existing models of procedural acquisition fail to distinguish between levels of "skilled" performance. In particular, there is some evidence that automaticity may not be the only endpoint in the acquisition of a skill. Issues of expertise, automaticity, and competency are explored in a case study of a 8th grader in the domain of algebra equation solving. Multiple levels of competence, leading to expertise, are described. I conclude that a learner can become quite accomplished and competent at a procedural skill, and yet fail to display some qualities of expert behavior. In particular, the role of algorithms versus heuristics in the development of competence is highlighted. Introduction How do we master procedural skills in domains such as mathematics? According to Anderson's model of developing procedural skills, learners progress through a series of three stages -- a declarative stage, a knowledge compilation stage, and a tuning stage (Anderson, 1996). One criticism of Anderson's model is its inability to distinguish among levels of "skilled" performance. Anderson's theory proposes that the achievement of automaticity is the endpoint in the acquisition of a skill, where a learner's knowledge is fully compiled and s/he is able to fluently execute a skill. But automaticity may not be the only endpoint of procedural skill development. Karmiloff-Smith has found that competent, automatic performance can be followed by a period of meta-procedur al representatio nal redescription, where procedural knowledge becomes increasingly explicit, flexible, manipulatable, and available to conscious access (Karmiloff-Smith, 1992). In this study, I explore the issues of expertise, automaticity, and "skilled" performance through a close analysis of the development of one child's competence in the domain of linear equation solving. Method The subject of this study was a 14-year old, male, 8th grade student, Noah. The experimenter (JS) worked with Noah for 4 sessions over a period of three weeks. Each session lasted approximately 45 minutes. All sessions were videotaped. At the time of the tutoring sessions, Noah had not covered the sections of his symbolic algebra text which dealt with equation solving.