cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pattern Frequency Sequences and Internal Zeros

Let q be a pattern and let S"n","q(c) be the number of n-permutations having exactly c copies of q. We investigate when the sequence (S"n","q(c))"c">="0 has internal zeros. If q is a monotone pattern it turns out that, except for q=12 or 21, the nontrivial sequences (those where n is at least the length of q) always have internal zeros. For the pattern q=1(l+1)l...2 there are infinitely many sequences which contain internal zeros and when l=2 there are also infinitely many which do not. In the latter case, the only possible places for internal zeros are the next-to-last or the second-to-last positions. Note that by symmetry this completely determines the existence of internal zeros for all patterns of length at most 3.
Achieving Sub-Rayleigh resolution via thresholding

Sub-Rayleigh resolution by a factor proportional to [ln(N max /N)]1/2 is demonstrated through unstructured scanning of a focused classical beam across an object and dynamic application of a threshold N less than the maximum count level N max .
Politics, Economics, and the Regulation of Direct Interstate Shipping in the Wine Industry

In 1986, California passed legislation restricting the direct importation of wine from another state by California residents unless the originating state allowed direct shipment from California wineries to residents in that state. The result has been a patchwork of direct shipment regulations across states. We examine how various economic and public interest factors affect the likelihood that a state adopts a change in its direct shipment regulation and the nature of that change. Our results suggest that private and public sector economic considerations lie at the root of direct shipment regulations in the wine industry.
Labored love: Examining the link between maternal depression and parenting behaviors

Abstract Theoretical perspectives suggest a strong link between maternal mental health and parenting, which may facilitate the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage from depressed mothers to their children. In this paper, I extend prior research by using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3659). Pooled OLS and random-effects regression models document a strong link between maternal depression and the following parenting behaviors: neglect, psychological aggression, physical assault, and engagement. Fixed-effects models, however, show little evidence that changes in maternal depression are linked to changes in parenting behaviors, suggesting some negative consequences of depression are driven by variation across individuals or unobserved time-invariant characteristics. Further, the consequences of depression for parenting behaviors do not vary by mother’s marital status, suggesting that marriage may not be protective with respect to the parenting behaviors of depressed mothers.
A compiler for variational forms

As a key step towards a complete automation of the finite element method, we present a new algorithm for automatic and efficient evaluation of multilinear variational forms. The algorithm has been implemented in the form of a compiler, the FEniCS Form Compiler (FFC). We present benchmark results for a series of standard variational forms, including the incompressible Navier--Stokes equations and linear elasticity. The speedup compared to the standard quadrature-based approach is impressive; in some cases the speedup is as large as a factor of 1000.
High dynamic range image hallucination

An apparatus and method provide for providing an output image from an input image. The input image may contain at least one portion that does not display certain desired information of the image, such as texture information. The desired information may be obtained from a second portion of the input image and applied to the at least one portion that does not contain the texture information or contains a diminished amount of the texture information. Also, at least one characteristic of the second portion of the input image may not be applied to the at least one portion such as illumination information. In another example, the input image may be decomposed into multiple parts such as a high frequency and a low frequency component. Each component may be hallucinated individually or independently and combined to form the output image.
Formation of Ultracompact X-Ray Binaries in Dense Star Clusters

Bright, ultracompact X-ray binaries observed in dense star clusters, such as Galactic globular clusters, must have formed relatively recently, since their lifetimes as persistent bright sources are short (e.g., 10 8 yr above 10 36 ergs -1 for a 1 4 M neutron star accreting from a degenerate helium companion with an initial mass of 0 2 M ). Therefore, we can use the present conditions in a cluster core to study possible dynamical formation processes for these sources. Here we show that direct physical collisions between neutron stars and red giants can provide a sufcient formation rate to explain the observed numbers of bright sources. These collisions produce tight, eccentric neutron star n white dwarf binaries that decay to contact by gravitational radiation on timescales 10 6 - 10 10 yr, usually shorter and often much shorter than the cluster age. Subject headings: binaries: close o galaxies: star clusters o globular clusters: general o hydrodynamics o stellar dynamics o X-rays: binaries
Race, With or Without Color? Reconciling Brazilian Historiography

This essay analyzes the Brazilian historiographies of race in order to highlight the incongruity in the idea of race as it developed with respect to Brazilians of African descent as compared to other, immigrant, peoples who came to be identified as ‘non-white.’ The roots of this constraint include the means by which flexible understandings of race simultaneously reinforced the interests of disparate groups and the implicit comparison of the Brazilian expericence wtih that of the United States. I contend that separate treatment for racially-defined groups has constrained our understanding of race in Brazil. Brief overviews of the historiographies highlight the intersections in these bodies of research. Considering race historiography in the aggregate, crystallizes the process by which Brazilians have defined white. At the same time, that it also reveals important lacunae in our understanding of the concept of non-white in Brazil. Beyond the implications for our understanding of Brazil, such a re-oriented perspective can help to understand the mechanisms by which racial identity and definition change over time.
Driven Soft Matter: Entropy Production and the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem

Entropy and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem are at the heart of statistical mechanics near equilibrium. Driving a system beyond the linear response regime leads to (i) the breakdown of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and (ii) a nonzero entropy production rate. We show how both phenomena are related using the general framework of stochastic thermodynamics suitable for soft matter systems governed by stochastic dynamics and driven through nonconservative forces or external flows. In particular, the excess of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in a nonequilibrium steady state compared to equilibrium is related to total entropy production. Alternative recent derivations of generalized fluctuationdissipation theorems are sketched and related to each other. The theory is illustrated for two systems: a driven single colloidal particle and systems driven through simple shear flow.
Se‐Phenyl Prop‐2‐eneselenoate: An Ethylene Equivalent for Diels–Alder Reactions

others. [7] In an approach to the total synthesis of brasilicardin A, 1, [8] we needed an ethylene equivalent for the preparation of the C ring. Since many of the known ethylene equivalents did not work well for various reasons, we decided to develop a new ethylene equivalent for Diels–Alder cycloadditions, Se-phenyl prop-2-eneselenoate (phenyl selenoacrylate). Herein we report the successful accomplishment of that goal.
Sets with type-2 operations

The algebra of truth values of type-2 fuzzy sets consists of all mappings of the unit interval to itself, with type-2 operations that are convolutions of ordinary max and min operations. This paper is concerned with a special subalgebra of this truth value algebra, namely the set of nonzero functions with values in the two-element set {0,1}. This algebra can be identified with the set of all non-empty subsets of the unit interval, but the operations are not the usual union and intersection. We give simplified descriptions of the operations and derive the basic algebraic properties of this algebra, including the identification of its automorphism group. We also discuss some subalgebras and homomorphisms between them and look briefly at t-norms on this algebra of sets.
Integrating text mining into the MGI biocuration workflow.

A major challenge for functional and comparative genomics resource development is the extraction of data from the biomedical literature. Although text mining for biological data is an active research field, few applications have been integrated into production literature curation systems such as those of the model organism databases (MODs). Not only are most available biological natural language (bioNLP) and information retrieval and extraction solutions difficult to adapt to existing MOD curation workflows, but many also have high error rates or are unable to process documents available in those formats preferred by scientific journals. In September 2008, Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) at The Jackson Laboratory initiated a search for dictionary-based text mining tools that we could integrate into our biocuration workflow. MGI has rigorous document triage and annotation procedures designed to identify appropriate articles about mouse genetics and genome biology. We currently screen � 1000 journal articles a month for Gene Ontology terms, gene mapping, gene expression, phenotype data and other key biological information. Although we do not foresee that curation tasks will ever be fully automated, we are eager to implement named entity recognition (NER) tools for gene tagging that can help streamline our curation workflow and simplify gene indexing tasks within the MGI system. Gene indexing is an MGI-specific curation function that involves identifying which mouse genes are being studied in an article, then associating the appropriate gene symbols with the article reference number in the MGI database. Here, we discuss our search process, performance metrics and success criteria, and how we identified a short list of potential text mining tools for further evaluation. We provide an overview of our pilot projects with NCBO’s Open Biomedical Annotator and Fraunhofer SCAI’s ProMiner. In doing so, we prove the potential for the further incorporation of semi-automated processes into the curation of the biomedical literature.
Changing computer use in agriculture: evidence from Ohio

Farmers are continuing to expand their use of computers. This article reports analyses for a 2003 random sample of Ohio, USA farmers. Computer adoption by Ohio farmers currently stands at 44%, up from 32% in 1991. Financial accounting remains the most often used task of farm computers, with 89% of farmers reporting such usage. However, the use of the Internet for communication, for transactions processing, or for information retrieval more broadly, is an application that was largely unavailable in 1991, and which is now used by about 80% of the farmers sampled. A binomial Probit model was formulated to determine those farm and farmer characteristics that influence farmers' decisions to adopt an office computer. Likelihood of computer adoption was found to increase with increased farm size (annual sales) and higher operator education. Younger farmers were significantly more like to adopt the computer. Adoption percent was higher on farms that were more reliant on leased land, and was lower for livestock farmers. Farmers who worked year-around away from the farm were more likely to adopt a computer for the farm business. A second binomial Probit model was formulated to identify those farmer characteristics associated with higher manager evaluations of the computer as a management tool. Likelihood of above average computer usefulness evaluations rose with increased farm annual gross sales, diminished with increased age of the operator, and were higher for farmers who used the computer for financial or production recordkeeping or who gathered information from the Internet.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF COHOMOLOGY RINGS OF p -NILPOTENT LIE ALGEBRAS

In this paper the authors investigate the structure of the restricted Lie algebra cohomology of p-nilpotent Lie algebras with trivial p-power operation. Our study is facilitated by a spectral sequence whose E 2-term is the tensor product of the symmetric algebra on the dual of the Lie algebra with the ordinary Lie algebra cohomology and converges to the restricted cohomology ring. In many cases this spectral sequence collapses, and thus, the restricted Lie algebra cohomology is Cohen–Macaulay. A stronger result involves the collapsing of the spectral sequence and the cohomology ring identifying as a ring with the E 2-term. We present criteria for the collapsing of this spectral sequence and provide some examples where the ring isomorphism fails. Furthermore, we show that there are instances when the spectral sequence does not collapse and yields cohomology rings which are not Cohen-Macaulay.
A vector-valued almost sure invariance principle for hyperbolic dynamical systems

We prove an almost sure invariance principle (approximation by d-dimensional Brownian motion) for vector-valued Holder observables of large classes of nonuniformly hyperbolic dynamical systems. These systems include Axiom A dieomorphisms and flows as well as systems modelled by Young towers with moderate tail decay rates. In particular, the position variable of the planar periodic Lorentz gas with finite horizon approximates a 2-dimensional Brownian motion.
Grover's search algorithm : an optical approach

The essential operations of a quantum computer can be accomplished using solely optical elements, with different polarization or spatial modes representing the individual qubits. We present a simple all-optical implementation of Grover's algorithm for efficient searching, in which a database of four elements is searched with a single query. By `compiling' the actual setup, we have reduced the required number of optical elements from 24 to only 12. We discuss the extension to larger databases, and the limitations of these techniques.
High energy density capacitors for space power conditioning

Several advanced capacitor designs are described for average power space applications. Each type is fundamentally limited by breakdown phenomena. All are intrinsically limited to maximum fields on the order of 1000 MV/m. None of the units have been space rated for energy storage applications. Several problems which must be solved before their use in space are presented as well as the current state of the art and estimates of developmental potential. >
Polyhedral conditions for the nonexistence of the MLE for hierarchical log-linear models

We provide a polyhedral description of the conditions for the existence of the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for a hierarchical log-linear model. The MLE exists if and only if the observed margins lie in the relative interior of the marginal cone. Using this description, we give an algorithm for determining if the MLE exists. If the tree width is bounded, the algorithm runs in polynomial time. We also perform a computational study of the case of three random variables under the no three-factor effect model.
PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFT ERROR ESTIMATORS

Photometric redshift (photo-z) estimates are playing an increasingly important role in extragalactic astronomy and cosmology. Crucial to many photo-z applications is the accurate quantification of photometric redshift errors and their distributions, including identification of likely catastrophic failures in photo-z estimates. We consider several methods of estimating photo-z errors, and propose new training-set based error estimators based on spectroscopic training set data. Using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and simulations of the Dark Energy Survey as examples, we show that this method provides a robust, relatively unbiased estimate of photo-z errors. We show that culling objects with large, accurately estimated photo-z errors from a sample can reduce the incidence of catastrophic photo-z failures.
Plasma Observations in the Auroral and Polar Cap Region

The last decade has seen a period of rapid growth in our understanding of the processes which occur in the auroral regions. Much of our understanding is based on the copious new observations which have been made available in the auroral community. The present work is a short overview of the plasma conditions which obtain throughout much of the auroral region. It covers the diffuse and discrete auroral electron precipitation in the morning and evening oval, cusp, and polar cap. The ionospheric ion outflow throughout the high latitude regime is also described and related to the electron observations.
A combination of expected utility and maxmin decision criteria

Abstract A new explanation of the Allais paradox is suggested. A decision rule representable by an increasing function of the expected utility and the minimum utility is axiomatized. The lexicographic separability of this function is also discussed and axiomatized.
Calculating the carbon footprint from different classes of air travel

This paper develops a new methodology for calculating the “carbon footprint” of air travel whereby emissions from travel in premium (business and first) classes depend heavily on the average class-specific occupied floor space. Unlike methods currently used for the purpose, the approach properly accounts for the fact that the relative number of passenger seats in economy and premium classes is endogenous in the longer term, so adding one additional premium trip crowds out more than one economy trip on any particular flight. It also shows how these differences in carbon attributable to different classes of travel in a carbon footprint calculation correspond to how carbon surcharges on different classes of travel would differ if carbon emissions from international aviation were taxed given a competitive aviation sector globally. The paper shows how this approach affects carbon footprint calculations by applying it to World Bank staff travel for calendar year 2009.
Pumping-induced leakage in a bounded aquifer: An example of a scale-invariant phenomenon

[1] A new approach is presented for calculation of the volume of pumping-induced leakage entering an aquifer as a function of time. This approach simplifies the total leakage calculation by extending analytical-based methods developed for infinite systems to bounded aquifers of any size. The simplification is possible because of the relationship between drawdown and leakage in aquifers laterally bounded by impermeable formations. This relationship produces a scale-invariant total leakage; i.e., the volume of leakage as a function of time does not change with the size of the aquifer or with the location of the pumping well. Two examples and image well theory are used to demonstrate and prove, respectively, the generality of this interesting phenomenon.
The Zagier polynomials. Part II: Arithmetic properties of coefficients

The modified Bernoulli numbers $$\begin{aligned} B_{n}^{*} = \sum _{r=0}^{n} \left( {\begin{array}{c}n+r\\ 2r\end{array}}\right) \frac{B_{r}}{n+r}, \quad n > 0 \end{aligned}$$ introduced by Zagier in $$1998$$ were recently extended to the polynomial case by replacing $$B_{r}$$ by the Bernoulli polynomials $$B_{r}(x)$$ . Arithmetic properties of the coefficients of these polynomials are established here. In particular, the $$2$$ -adic valuation of the modified Bernoulli numbers is determined. A variety of analytic, umbral, and asymptotic methods is used to analyze these polynomials.
The EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer: A New, Permanent User Facility at the LLNL EBIT

The EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer (ECS) is currently being completed and will be installed at the EBIT facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in October 2007. The ECS will replace the smaller XRS/EBIT microcalorimeter spectrometer that has been in almost continuous operation since 2000. The XRS/EBIT was based on a spare laboratory cryostat and an engineering model detector system from the Suzaku/XRS observatory program. The new ECS spectrometer was built to be a low maintenance, high performance implanted silicon microcalorimeter spectrometer with 4 eV resolution at 6 keV, 32 detector channels, 10 μs event timing, and capable of uninterrupted acquisition sessions of over 60 hours at 50 mK. The XRS/EBIT program has been very successful, producing many results on topics such as laboratory astrophysics, atomic physics, nuclear physics, and calibration of the spectrometers for the National Ignition Facility. The ECS spectrometer will continue this work into the future with improved spectral resolution, integration times, and ease-of-use. We designed the ECS instrument with TES detectors in mind by using the same highly successful magnetic shielding as our laboratory TES cryostats. This design will lead to a future TES instrument at the LLNL EBIT. Here we discuss the legacy of the XRS/EBIT program, the performance of the new ECS spectrometer, and plans for a future TES instrument.
How effective are second generation road funds? A preliminary appraisal

Underfunded, inefficient road maintenance is a perennial problem in many developing economies. To address it, some countries have created second generation road funds that are financed by fuel levies and managed by boards and representing the interest of road users. Macro-economists often oppose such funds, arguing that this earmarking of revenue reduces fiscal flexibility. Some argue that such road funds should be seen as an interim step toward fully commercialized road maintenance or good public sector governance, and hence subject to sunset provisions. Decisions on whether to retain (or create) such funds should then be based on their effects on resource allocation, operational efficiency, and rent seeking. Using evidence on new road funds in Africa, this article finds that they have not undermined fiscal flexibility. Moreover, they have improved the administration of road funding (in terms of execution capability) and its outputs (in terms of road conditions). So, although criteria for assessing road funds remain relevant, the funds should not automatically be considered temporary mechanisms. But when establishing new funds, governments continued role in approving spending on road maintenance should be explicitly recognized.
An economical program for limited parsing of English

Automatic syntactic analysis has often been proposed as a component of mechanized indexing systems. However, up to this time, frequency counting and statistical association techniques have been more favored, since these involve operations which can be performed with great speed on present day computers. Syntactic analysis programs, especially the few which have relatively complete grammars, have suffered from the disadvantage of slow and expensive operation and consequently have seldom been applied beyond the field of mechanical translation. In this paper, we report the design and testing of a limited syntactic recognition program for English which shows promise of becoming accurate enough to aid in mechanized indexing, yet sufficiently inexpensive to make large-scale use practicable.
Implicit Social Cognition and Law

Experimental psychology has provided substantial evidence that the human mind can operate in automatic, uncontrollable fashion as well as without conscious awareness of its workings and the sources of influence on it. With methods available to measure implicit or less conscious aspects of social cognition, especially group-specific attitudes and stereotypes, several aspects of the nature of implicit social cognition are now regarded as well established. Such results primarily include the pervasive and robust implicit favoritism for one's own groups and socially dominant groups, the dissociation between implicit and explicit social cognition, the ability of both to predict behavior, the greater impact of the former on certain discriminatory behaviors, and the sensitivity of seemingly implicit thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to change in response to situational features and experience. Legal scholarship and judicial opinions are beginning to consider how the law can and should adapt to such findings, in p...
Twisted derivations of Hopf algebras

Abstract In the paper we introduce the notion of twisted derivation of a bialgebra. Twisted derivations appear as infinitesimal symmetries of the category of representations. More precisely they are infinitesimal versions of twisted automorphisms of bialgebras [4] . Twisted derivations naturally form a Lie algebra (the tangent algebra of the group of twisted automorphisms). Moreover this Lie algebra fits into a crossed module (tangent to the crossed module of twisted automorphisms). Here we calculate this crossed module for universal enveloping algebras and for Sweedler’s Hopf algebra.
Development of siRNA-probes for studying intracellular trafficking of siRNA nanoparticles

One important barrier facing the delivery of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) via synthetic nanoparticles is the rate of nanoparticle disassembly. However, our ability to optimize the release kinetics of siRNAs from nanoparticles for maximum efficacy is limited by the lack of methods to track their intracellular disassembly. Towards this end, we describe the design of two different siRNA-based fluorescent probes whose fluorescence emission changes in response to the assembly state of the nanoparticle. The first probe design involves a redox-sensitive fluorescence-quenched probe that fluoresces only when the nanoparticle is disassembled in a reductive environment. The second probe design is based on a FRET-labeled siRNA pair that fluoresces due to the proximity of the siRNA pair when the nanoparticle is intact. In both approaches, the delivery vehicle need not be labeled. The utility of these probes was investigated with a lipidoid nanoparticle (LNP) as proof-of-concept in both extracellular and intracellular environments. Fluorescence kinetic data from both probes were fit to a two-phase release and decay curve and subsequently quantified to give intracellular disassembly rate constants. Quantitative analysis revealed that the rate constant of siRNA release measured via the fluorescence-quenched probe was almost identical to the rate constant for nanoparticle disassembly measured via the FRET-labeled probes. Furthermore, these probes were utilized to determine subcellular localization of LNPs with the use of automated high-resolution microscopy as they undergo dissociation. Interestingly, this work shows that large amounts of siRNA remain inside vesicular compartments. Altogether, we have developed new siRNA probes that can be utilized with multiple nanocarriers for quantitative and qualitative analysis of nanoparticle dissociation that may serve as a design tool for future delivery systems.
Convenient Method of Synthesizing 3-Ethoxycarbonyl Indoles

We have developed a convenient two-step procedure for the synthesis of 3-ethoxycarbonyl indoles from commercially available materials. The two-step procedure involves the synthesis of 2-aryl-3-hydroxypropenoic acid ester, followed by a catalytic reduction. This method is efficient, simple, and selective.
After September 11: rethinking public health federalism.

In the fall of 2001, the need for a vigorous and effective public health system became more apparent than it had been for many decades. With the advent of the first widescale bioterrorist attack on the United States, the government's obligation to respond and take steps to protect the public health became self-evident. Also obvious was the need for of an effective partnership between federal, state, and local officials. Local officials are almost always on the front lines of the struggle against bioterrorism. They are the first to recognize a suspicious case and to provide testing and treatment for the affected population. At the same time, state officials are needed to support and coordinate local efforts, providing an expertise that may be lacking in many communities, especially smaller ones. But few would doubt that the federal government has a key role to play. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is expected to lead the epidemiological investigation and provide expertise on how to cope with diseases that remain unfamiliar to most physicians.
Towards a PURE spoken dialogue system for information access

With the rapid explosion of the World Wide Web, it is becoming increasingly possible to easily acquire a wide variety of information such as flight schedules, yellow pages, used car prices, current stock prices, entertainment event schedules, account balances, etc. It would be very useful to have spoken dialogue interfaces for such information access tasks. We identify portability, usability, robustness, and extensibility as the four primary design objectives for such systems. In other words, the objective is to develop a PURE (Portable, Usable, Robust, Extensible) system. A two-layered dialogue architecture for spoken dialogue systems is presented where the upper layer is domain-independent and the lower layer is domainspecific. We are implementing this architecture in a mixed-initiative system that accesses flight arrival/departure information from the World Wide Web.
SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF MINERALS.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been a useful tool for examining the structure of molecules in solution since the 1950s. It has only been since the late 1970s and early 1980s, though, that developments in very high field superconducting magnets and magic-angle sample-spinning (MASS) have made NMR routinely useful for examining the structure of solids. In this paper, we briefly review the theory of MASS NMR spectroscopy and some of the recent experimental results for minerals. N MR spectroscopy examines the local structural environment of atoms, to at most the third and fourth nearest neighbors. For crystalline silicates, silicon-29 and aluminum-27 MASS NMR have already proven useful in examining the validity of the aluminum avoidance principle and the extent of Al(4)/Si order/disorder, in determining the extent of polymerization, in determining the number of crystallographically distinct silicon sites present, in estimating bond strength sums and Si-O-(Si, AI) bond angles, and in detecting the presence of Al(4) and Al(6) and estimating Al(4)/Si and Al(6)/Al(4) ratios. As the NMR behavior of more nuclides (certainly including boron-H, nitrogen-IS, oxygen-17, fluorine-19, sodium-23, magnesium-25, and phosphorus-31) becomes better understood, we feel that this method will become a powerful tool for examining the local structural environment of a wide variety of species in a broad range of
Normal Constraint Method with Guarantee of Even Representation of Complete Pareto Frontier

Multiobjective optimization is rapidly becoming an invaluable tool in engineering design. A particular class of solutions to the multiobjective optimization problem is said to belong to the Pareto frontier. A Pareto solution, the set of which comprises the Pareto frontier, is optimal in the sense that any improvement in one design objective can only occur with the worsening of at least one other. Accordingly, the Pareto frontier plays an important role in engineering design—it characterizes the tradeoffs between conflicting design objectives. Some optimization methods can be used to automatically generate a set of Pareto solutions from which a final design is subjectively chosen by the designer. For this approach to be successful, the generated Pareto set must be truly representative of the complete optimal design space (Pareto frontier). In other words, the set must not overrepresent one region of the design space, or neglect others. Some commonly used methods comply with this requirement, whereas others do not. This paper offers a new phase in the development of the normal constraint method, which is a simple approach for generating Pareto solutions that are evenly distributed in the design space of an arbitrary number of objectives. The even distribution of the generated Pareto solutions can facilitate the process of developing an analytical expression for the Pareto frontier in n dimension. An even distribution of Pareto solutions also facilitates the task of choosing the most desirable (final) design from among the set of Pareto solutions. The normal constraint method bears some similarities to the normal boundary intersection and � -constraint methods. Importantly, the developments presented in this paper define its critical distinction, namely, the ability to generate a set of evenly distributed Pareto solutions over the complete Pareto frontier. Examples are provided that show the normal constraint method to perform favorably under the new developments when compared with the normal boundary intersection method, as well as with the original normal constraint method.
Performance of maximal ratio transmission with two receive antennas

Maximal ratio transmission is a transmit beamforming technique where multiple antennas are used both for transmission and reception. It can effectively increase the diversity order without modifying the receiver. In this letter, an expression for the probability of error of maximal ratio transmission is derived for the special case of two receive antennas and multiple transmit antennas.
A simplex algorithm whose average number of steps is bounded between two quadratic functions of the smaller dimension

It has been a challenge for mathematicians to confirm theoretically the extremely good performance of simplex-type algorithms for linear programming. In this paper the average number of steps performed by a simplex algorithm, the so-called self-dual method, is analyzed. The algorithm is not started at the traditional point (1, … , l)T, but points of the form (1, ϵ, ϵ2, …)T, with ϵ sufficiently small, are used. The result is better, in two respects, than those of the previous analyses. First, it is shown that the expected number of steps is bounded between two quadratic functions c1(min(m, n))2 and c2(min(m, n))2 of the smaller dimension of the problem. This should be compared with the previous two major results in the field. Borgwardt proves an upper bound of O(n4m1/(n-1)) under a model that implies that the zero vector satisfies all the constraints, and also the algorithm under his consideration solves only problems from that particular subclass. Smale analyzes the self-dual algorithm starting at (1, … , 1)T. He shows that for any fixed m there is a constant c(m) such the expected number of steps is less than c(m)(ln n)m(m+1); Megiddo has shown that, under Smale's model, an upper bound C(m) exists. Thus, for the first time, a polynomial upper bound with no restrictions (except for nondegeneracy) on the problem is proved, and, for the first time, a nontrivial lower bound of precisely the same order of magnitude is established. Both Borgwardt and Smale require the input vectors to be drawn from spherically symmetric distributions. In the model in this paper, invariance is required only under certain
Optimal Guidance for the Space Shuttle Transition

A guidance method for the space shuttle's transition from hypersonic entry to subsonic cruising flight is presented. The method evolves from a numerical trajectory optimization technique in which kinetic energy and total energy (per unit weight) replace velocity and time in the dynamic equations. This allows the open end-time problem to be transformed to one of fixed terminal energy. In its ultimate form, E-Guidance obtains energy balance (including dynamic-pressure-rate damping) and path length control by angle-of-attack modulation and cross-range control by roll angle modulation. The guidance functions also form the basis for a pilot display of instantaneous maneuver limits and destination. Numerical results illustrate the E-Guidance concept and the optimal trajectories on which it is based.
Even in Sweden: The Effect of Immigration on Support for Welfare State Spending

While the politics of globalization and welfare state retrenchment have garnered much attention in recent years, scholarly research on public support for welfare state expenditure is comparatively sparse. Furthermore, new pressures, specifically international immigration and resulting ethnic heterogeneity, add a new challenge to the welfare state. In this article, I analyse support for social welfare expenditure in Sweden—the country that spends the greatest percentage of its GDP on social expenditure and, until recently, remained relatively ethnically homogeneous. Results from multilevel models reveal that multiple measures of immigration at the county-level have significant negative effects on support for the welfare state. Moreover, recent immigration has a negative effect on attitudes towards universal spending. Thus, this analysis provides clear evidence that ethnic heterogeneity negatively affects support for social welfare expenditure—even in Sweden.
Forbidden Line Excitation Data for Certain Coronal Lines

Plasma diagnostics of the active corona require data on transition probabilities and collision cross sections for relevant coronal emission lines.
On Space-Time Code Design With a Conditional PIC Group Decoding

Space-time code designs based on a partial interference cancellation (PIC) group decoding have been recently proposed. The PIC group decoding complexity depends on the group size and is between the lowest linear receiver complexity and the highest ML decoding complexity. The symbol rate for a space-time code achieving full diversity with the PIC group decoding is also between those for the linear receivers and the ML decoding. In this paper, we propose a new decoding, called conditional PIC group decoding, that is between the PIC group decoding and the ML decoding. With the proposed new decoding, we obtain a new design criterion for space-time codes to achieve full diversity, which is also between the one with the PIC group decoding and the one with the ML decoding. We then present some designs that satisfy the new criterion and in the meantime have higher symbol rates than that for the PIC group decoding.
On oblivious PTAS's for nash equilibrium

If a class of games is known to have a Nash equilibrium with probability values that are either zero or Ω(1) -- and thus with support of bounded size -- then obviously this equilibrium can be found exhaustively in polynomial time. Somewhat surprisingly, we show that there is a PTAS for the class of games whose equilibria are guaranteed to have small --- O(1/n) -- values, and therefore large -- Ω(n) -- supports. We also point out that there is a PTAS for games with sparse payoff matrices, a family for which the exact problem is known to be PPAD-complete [Chen, Deng, Teng 2006]. Both algorithms are of a special kind that we call oblivious: The algorithm just samples a fixed distribution on pairs of mixed strategies, and the game is only used to determine whether the sampled strategies comprise an e-Nash equilibrium; the answer is "yes" with inverse polynomial probability (in the second case, the algorithm is actually deterministic). These results bring about the question: Is there an oblivious PTAS for finding a Nash equilibrium in general games? We answer this question in the negative; our lower bound comes close to the quasi-polynomial upper bound of [Lipton, Markakis, Mehta 2003]. Another recent PTAS for anonymous games [Daskalakis, Papadimitriou 2007 and 2008, Daskalakis 2008] is also oblivious in a weaker sense appropriate for this class of games (it samples from a fixed distribution on unordered collections of mixed strategies), but its running time is exponential in 1/e. We prove that any oblivious PTAS for anonymous games with two strategies and three player types must have 1/eα in the exponent of the running time for some α ≥ 1/3, rendering the algorithm in [Daskalakis 2008] (which works with any bounded number of player types) essentially optimal within oblivious algorithms. In contrast, we devise a poly n • (1/e)O(\log2(1/e)) non-oblivious PTAS for anonymous games with two strategies and any bounded number of player types. The key idea of our algorithm is to search not over unordered sets of mixed strategies, but over a carefully crafted set of collections of the first O(log 1/e) moments of the distribution of the number of players playing strategy 1 at equilibrium. The algorithm works because of a probabilistic result of more general interest that we prove: the total variation distance between two sums of independent indicator random variables decreases exponentially with the number of moments of the two sums that are equal, independent of the number of indicators.
Motion control of a spinning disc on rotating earth

This paper considers the motion control of a particle and a spinning disc on rotating earth. The equations of motion are derived using Lagrangian mechanics. Trajectory planning is studied as an optimization problem using the method referred to as discrete mechanics and optimal control.
Disentangling bottom-up and top-down effects on survival during early ocean residence in a population of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

We evaluated the relative importance of "bottom-up" (production-limited) and "top-down" (predator-mediated) pro- cesses during early marine residence in a population of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the upper Columbia River, USA. We examined length, mass, and condition index of age-0 juveniles collected in the ocean during June and September across 11 years in relation to conditions in the river, estuary, and coastal ocean and to future adult returns. Characteristics of juveniles in September, but not June, were related to adult returns. During years when coastal waters were relatively cool and productive, juveniles captured in September displayed relatively low condition and reduced otolith growth compared with years when coastal waters were relatively warm and unproductive; this contrast indicates that top-down effects such as selective mortality or competition are important during early marine residence. Key physical (river plume volume during emigration) and biological (condition) variables and their interaction accounted for >95% of the variation in adult returns. Future research should focus on evaluating predators and competitors and understanding how river plume structure influences survival. Resume : Nous avons evalue l'importance relative des processus ascendants (limites par la production) et descendants (modules par les predateurs) au debut du sejour en mer dans une population de saumons quinnat (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) du cours superieur du fleuve Columbia (Etats-Unis). Nous avons examine la longueur, la masse et l'indice d'embonpoint de juveniles de 0 an preleves en ocean durant les mois de juin et septembre pendant 11 ans, par rapport aux conditions dans le fleuve, l'estuaire et le littoral oceanique, ainsi qu'aux retours d'adultes subsequents. Les caracteristiques des juveniles en septembre, mais non en juin, etaient reliees aux retours d'adultes. Durant les annees ou les eaux cotieres etaient relativement froides et productives, les juveniles captures en septembre presentaient des indices d'embonpoint et des taux de croissance des otolites relativement faibles par rapport aceux des juveniles captures durant des annees d'eaux cotieres relativement chaudes et non productives. Ces differences indiquent que des effets descendants tels qu'une mortalite selective ou la concurrence sont importants au debut du sejour en mer. Des variables physiques (volume du panache fluvial durant l'emigration) et biologiques (embonpoint) cles et leur interaction expliquaient >95 % de la variabilite des retours d'adultes. Les travaux de recherche futurs devraient se pencher sur l'evaluation des predateurs et des concur- rents et la comprehension de l'influence de la structure du panache fluvial sur la survie. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Parabolized Navier-Stokes analysis of three-dimensional supersonic and subsonic jet mixing problems

Three-dimensional jet mixing problems are addressed by means of two parabolized Navier-Stokes models. The first of these analyzes supersonic, overexpanded or underexpanded nonaxisymmetric jets, and yields results that exhibit complex, three-dimensional interactions. The second model uses the same numerical framework as the first, and analyzes rectangular jets by means of a pressure-split formulation. Square and rectangular mixing jet problems that highlight this model's capabilities and exhibit the distortion of the nearfield jet contours associated with the streamwise vortices generated by two corner regions are presented.
Ring Expansion and Rearrangements of Rhodium(II) Azavinyl Carbenes

Room for expansion: an efficient, regioselective, and convergent method for the ring expansion and rearrangement of 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles under rhodium(II)-catalyzed conditions is described. These denitrogenative reactions form substituted enaminone and olefin-based products. The enaminone products can be further functionalized to give various heterocycles and ketone derivatives, thus rendering the sulfonyl triazole traceless.
LIBERALISM AND WORLD POLITICS

Building on a growing literature in international political science, I reexamine the traditional liberal claim that governments founded on a respect for individual liberty exercise “restraint” and “peaceful intentions” in their foreign policy. I look at three distinct theoretical traditions of liberalism, attributable to three theorists: Schumpeter, a democratic capitalist whose explanation of liberal pacifism we often invoke; Machiavelli, a classical republican whose glory is an imperialism we often practice; and Kant, a liberal republican whose theory of internationalism best accounts for what we are. Despite the contradictions of liberal pacifism and liberal imperialism, I find, with Kant and other democratic republicans, that liberalism does leave a coherent legacy on foreign affairs. Liberal states are different. They are indeed peaceful. They are also prone to make war. Liberal states have created a separate peace, as Kant argued they would, and have also discovered liberal reasons for aggression, as he feared they might. I conclude by arguing that the differences among liberal pacifism, liberal imperialism, and Kant's internationalism are not arbitrary. They are rooted in differing conceptions of the citizen and the state.
Catalysis by electrons and holes: formal potential scales and preparative organic electrochemistry

The present review surveys current chemical understanding of catalysis by addition and removal of an electron. As an overarching theme of this type of catalysis, we introduce the role of redox scales in oxidation and reduction reactions as a direct analogue of pKa scales in acid/base catalysis. Each scale is helpful in determining the type of reactivity to be expected. In addition, we describe several means of generating electrons and holes via chemical reactions, plasmonic resonance, radiolytic, photochemical and electrochemical methods. We specifically draw parallels between the now well-established fields of photoredox catalysis and chemical opportunities made available by electrochemical methods. We highlight accessible potential ranges for a series of electrochemical solvents and provide a discussion on experimental design, pitfalls and some remaining challenges in preparative organic electrochemistry.