cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical child psychology practice and training: A survey

A survey of members of Section 1 of Division 12, APA, was conducted to collect information about their practice and training. Results from 358 respondents show that most work in applied settings and spend most of their professional time with children between ages 5 and 10. Approaches to clinical practice tend to be eclectic with an equal degree of influence of psychodynamic and behavioral traditions. The kinds of assessment and therapeutic techniques utilized in practice reflect mainly traditional influences. Very few of the respondents received formal specialty training in clinical child psychology or completed programs with optional concentrations of courses within general clinical psychology. In evaluating their training, respondents rank postdoctoral fellowship training as the most valuable level and consider individual supervision, child‐oriented coursework and experience with children the most valuable features of their training. The ideal training program compiled from the respondents would include...
Metal concentration in the Gill, gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to lake acidity

Adult white suckers were collected from four lakes in Maine that ranged in pH from 7.0 to 5.4. The gastrointestinal tract and remainder of the carcass of fishes of similar age and size from each lake, and gills from additional fishes of similar size, were analyzed for Al, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Carcasses were also analyzed for Hg. Concentrations of Al, Cd, and Pb were highest in the gastrointestinal tract and lowest in the carcass; Zn concentration was highest in the gill. For carcass, all metals except Al differed significantly among lakes, for gill tissue Cd and Pb differed, and for gastrointestinal tract, only Cd differed among lakes. Where differences were significant, patterns among lakes were similar in each tissue analyzed. Concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb were negatively correlated with lake water pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), Ca, and lake:watershed area, and positively correlated with lake water SO4, indicating that concentrations were higher in fish from more acidic lakes. Zinc concentrations in gills were unrelated to lake acidity, and carcass concentrations were higher in the less acidic lakes, which is the opposite of the pattern for the other metals studied. Zinc in gastrointestinal tract did not differ among lakes. Although the lakes we studied were located in undisturbed watersheds and did not receive any point source discharges, fish metal concentrations were comparable to or higher than those reported from waters receiving industrial discharges.
Alteration in volumetric bone mineralization density gradation patterns in mandibular distraction osteogenesis following radiation therapy.

Background:The use of mandibular distraction osteogenesis for tissue replacement after oncologic resection or for deformations secondary to radiotherapy could have immense therapeutic ramifications. Radiotherapy, however, drastically impairs bone healing, potentially precluding the use of mandibular
Mirth, laughter and gelastic seizures

Little is known about what pathways subserve mirth and its expression laughter. We present three patients with gelastic seizures and laughter elicited by electrical stimulation of the cortex who provide some insight into the mechanisms of laughter and its emotional concomitants. The first patient had seizures manifested by laughter without a subjective feeling of mirth. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a cavernous haemangioma in the left superior mesial frontal region. Ictal subdural electrode recording showed the seizure onset to be in the left anterior cingulate gyrus. Removal of the lesion and of the seizure focus rendered the patient virtually seizure free over 16 months of follow-up. The other two patients had complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. Electrical stimulation of the fusiform gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus produced bursts of laughter accompanied by a feeling of mirth. These cases reveal a high likelihood of cingulate and basal temporal cortex contribution to laughter and mirth in humans, and suggest the possibility that the anterior cingulate region is involved in the motor act of laughter, while the basal temporal cortex is involved in processing of laughter's emotional content in man.
Ideas Into Action: Using Learning Objectives to Revitalize a Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Sequence

This paper describes specific steps to develop and implement improvements to a mechanical engineering lab sequence by paying close attention to the learning objectives appropriate to engineering laboratories. The result is a proposed sequence of three new courses in the junior and senior years: Measurement Systems, Experiment Design, and Laboratory Clinic. In this paper, we provide the reader with a specific approach to implementing laboratory improvements based on learning objectives and an example of how those objectives are met in the proposed sequence.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation Using a Copper(I)/TEMPO Catalyst System: A Green, Catalytic Oxidation Reaction for the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory.

Modern undergraduate organic chemistry textbooks provide detailed discussion of stoichiometric Cr- and Mn-based reagents for the oxidation of alcohols, yet the use of such oxidants in instructional and research laboratories, as well as industrial chemistry, is increasingly avoided. This work describes a laboratory exercise that uses ambient air as the source of oxidant and a readily available CuI/TEMPO catalyst system to convert benzyl alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes in standard glassware at room temperature. The procedure is well suited for a high-enrollment undergraduate course, and the complete exercise fits easily within a 3-h lab period. The structures of the organic starting materials and products are determined by NMR spectroscopy and EI-MS. The protocol is adapted from the contemporary research literature and provides students with practical experience of a modern, “green” oxidation method. In addition to the practical aspects, the experiment encourages student discussion and exploration o...
51-year-old hospitalized man with a painful leg.

A 51-year-old Somali man was admitted to an inpatient cardiology service at Saint Marys Hospital, a Mayo Clinic–affiliated hospital in Rochester, MN, with symptoms of fever and progressively worsening shortness of breath. Chest radiography demonstrated substantial pulmonary edema secondary to volume overload in the setting of acute worsening of chronic renal failure. Initial laboratory investigation yielded the following notable results (reference ranges provided parenthetically): leukocyte count, 30.3 × 109/L (3.5-10.5 × 109/L); blood urea nitrogen, 142 mg/dL (8-24 mg/dL); and creatinine, 12.6 mg/dL (0.9-1.4 mg/dL). Blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae in 4 of 6 specimens at 12.4 hours, and a nasal swab polymerase chain reaction was positive for H1N1 influenza. He underwent urgent dialysis, an intravenous antibiotic regimen of vancomycin and levofloxacin was initiated, and his clinical status was stabilized. His current presentation was complicated by a more than 10-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus with poor control (glycated hemoglobin, 9.1% [4.0%-6.0%] at admission and 12.7% 1 year previously despite insulin therapy) and end-organ damage, including proliferative retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. His medical regimen consisted of the aforementioned antibiotics, scheduled dialysis, insulin therapy, and prophylactic heparin. The next 7 days of his hospitalization were unremarkable, with anticipated discharge on hospital day 8.
Holdup and pressure drop with gas-liquid flow in a vertical pipe

Vertical upward concurrent air-liquid flow was investigated under isothermal conditions in a test section of 1-in. schedule 40 pipe. Pressure drop was measured with a mercury manometer connected to two pressure taps 20 ft. apart in the section. Liquid was trapped between two quick shutoff valves activated by two solenoid valves. The liquid was druined from the section to provide the holdup data. Six liquids were used to determine the effect of density, viscosity, and surface tension. The experimental holdup, and two-phase pressure drop data were not in agreement with Lockhart-Martinelli type of correlation for horizontal flow. A statistical correlation for holdup was developed to include fluid physical properties, total mass velocity, and the air-liquid ratio entering the pipe. Similarly a pressure drop correlation was developed which expressed the two-phase pressure drop as a function of the slip velocity, liquid physical properties, and total mass velocity. This correlation showed an average percentage error of less than 15% between the observed and the calculated total pressure drop.
Ohmic contacts on diamond by B ion implantation and Ti-Au metallization

Low-resistance ohmic contacts have been fabricated on a natural IIb semiconducting diamond crystal and on undoped polycrystalline diamond films by B ion implantation and subsequent metallization with a Ti-Au bilayer metallization. A high B concentration of approximately 7*10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/ at the surface was obtained by ion implantation, a post-implant anneal, and a subsequent chemical removal of the graphite layer that resulted from the radiation damage. A bilayer metallization of Ti followed by Au annealed at 850 degrees C yielded a specific contact resistance value on the order of 10/sup -6/ Omega -cm/sup 2/ for chemical-vapor-deposition-grown polycrystalline films and on the order of 10/sup -5/ Omega -cm/sup 2/ for the semiconducting natural crystal. >
George Rogers Clark and the War in the West

"Much has been written about the famous conflicts and battlegrounds of the East during the American Revolution. Perhaps less familiar, but equally important and exciting, was the war on the western frontier, where Ohio Valley settlers fought for the land they had claimed - and for their very lives. George Rogers Clark stepped forward to organize the local militias into a united front that would defend the western frontier from Indian attacks. Clark was one of the few people who saw the importance of the West in the war effort as a whole, and he persuaded Virginia's government to lend support to his efforts. As a result Clark was able to cross the Ohio, saving that part of the frontier from further raids. Lowell Harrison captures the excitement of this vital part of American history while giving a complete view of George Rogers Clark's significant achievements. Lowell H. Harrison, is a professor emeritus of history at Western Kentucky University and is the author or co-author of numerous books, including Lincoln of Kentucky, A New History of Kentucky, and Kentucky's Governors."
Centers of Excellence for Bariatric Surgery.

S Public and professional concerns about the quality of are and surgical outcomes associated with the explosive rowth in bariatric surgery over the past decade led the eadership of the ASBS to recommend the formation of an ndependent Surgical Review Corporation (SRC) to develop nd implement a program of Centers of Excellence (COE) n Bariatric Surgery to address this issue [1,2]. The failure f hospitals, credentialing committees, and physicians to pply consistent standards to bariatric programs has resulted n a number of surgeons with inadequate training and montoring programs, as well as hospitals lacking the resources o manage morbidly obese patients [3]. The purpose of a OE program is to provide the means for the public and nterested parties to identify programs in bariatric surgery hat provide a comprehensive and standardized program of urgical care and long-term follow-up and management of orbidly obese patients [4,5]. The routine reporting and ompiling of outcomes from bariatric surgical patients will rovide an opportunity to assess and verify risks and benfits of therapy, which can potentially resolve many of the onflicts over the role of surgery in severe obesity. In ddition, the COE program may challenge inadequate prorams to improve their standards, education, and training to eet the guidelines.
Integrating Sphere Transmissometer For Field Measurement Of Leaf Transmittance

A simple field-rated transmissometer is described for rapidly determining the normal hemispherical transmittance T(0 deg, 2 pi) of leaves measured in situ in the four Landsat wavelength bands. The transmissometer requires direct solar illumination of the leaf sample. It collects the transmitted light with an integrating sphere and measures the collected light using a commercially available radiometer. The transmittances determined by the transmissometer are comparable with those measured by a labortory spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere attachment.
How Does Early Feedback in an Online Programming Course Change Problem Solving

How does early feedback change the programming problem solving in an online environment and help students choose correct approaches? This study was conducted in a sample of students learning progra...
Inactivation of vanadium bromoperoxidase: formation of 2-oxohistidine.

The basis of the irreversible inactivation of the vanadium bromoperoxidase (V-BrPO) isolated from the marine alga Ascophyllum nodosum under turnover conditions at low pH (i.e., 15 to 100 mM H2O2, 0.1 KBr, ca. 15 nM V-BrPO in 0.1 M citrate, pH 4) has been investigated. Inactivation under these conditions was found to produce 2-oxohistidine as identified by HPLC using electrochemical detection. Formation of 2-oxohistidine requires all the components of turnover (i.e., bromide, hydrogen peroxide, and V-BrPO) as well as low pH; inactivation does not occur nor is significant 2-oxohistidine formed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide alone. The oxidation of histidine did not occur by singlet oxygen generated by V-BrPO, because neither 2-oxohistidine nor inactivation occur under the conditions in which singlet oxygen is produced quantitatively by V-BrPO. The addition of aqueous bromine to Nα-benzoylhistidine at low pH formed Nα-benzoyl-2-oxohistidine. cis-Dioxovanadium(V) (VO2+) in strong acid and MoO(O2)2(ox)2-...
Nonhydrostatic Simulations of Coastal Mesobeta-Scale Vortices and Frontogenesis

Abstract A nonhydrostatic version of the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, with a horizontal resolution of 5 km, is used with measurements taken during intensive observation period 2 of the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment to study the offshore mesobeta-scale coastal front structure. Results from the 24-h model simulation and Doppler radar data indicate that precipitation bands, with embedded convective elements, are present along the coastal front in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream. As the frontogenesis evolves, the simulated surface frontal zone becomes fractured, and discontinuous lines of confluence and mesoscale ascent become apparent. A collapse of the cross-frontal thermal gradient is driven by intense gradients of the surface fluxes in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream. A mesoscale wave train, consisting of a series of shallow, weak vortices with horizontal scales between 50 and 100 km, forms along the front in agreement with the Doppler radar...
Monoclonal antibody against a peptide specified by [Met]- enkephalin complementary RNA recognizes the delta-class opioid receptor

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MAB) were developed which recognize a peptide, His-Glu-Ala-Pro-Ile (HEAPI), encoded by the RNA complementary to the mRNA specifying [Met]-enkephalin. One such MAB (designated 6193) exhibited a high degree of reactivity to the peptide sequence. Other characteristics of 6193 MAB include: the ability to block opioid ligand binding in a radioreceptor assay; agonist activity similar to opioid peptides in suppressing cAMP production; and the recognition of a 58 kDa protein on the surface of the neuroblastoma × glioma cell line, NG108-15. These results are consistent with a reactivity of 6193 MAB with the delta-class opioid receptor.
Life Cycle Management of Turbine Driven Auxiliary Feedwater Pumps in Nuclear Power Plants

The process to develop a life cycle management plan for turbine driven auxiliary feed water (AFW) pump is described. Life cycle management (LCM) is the integration of ageing/obsolescence management with economic planning to optimize the operation, maintenance and service life of the equipment, maintain an acceptable level of performance, safety, reliability and to enhance the return on investment. In short LCM is a guide for operational and investment decisions with focus on long term ageing and reliability of the component. It is developed on the basis of component failure modes, operating history, maintenance practices, ageing, spares and obsolescence.
AP-1 binding transcriptionally regulates human neutral ceramidase.

Abstract Many forms of cellular stress cause an elevation of endogenous ceramide levels leading to growth arrest or apoptosis. Ceramidases (CDase) play a critical role in regulating apoptosis by hydrolyzing ceramide into sphingosine, a precursor for promitogenic sphingosine-1-phosphate. Growth factor induction of neutral CDase (nCDase) has been shown to have a cytoprotective effect against cytokine-induced increases in ceramide levels. To further define the physiological regulation of nCDase, we identified a 200 bp promoter region and demonstrated that serum activated this proximal promoter, which correlated with a serum-induced increase in human nCDase mRNA expression. Computational analysis revealed a putative cis -element for AP-1, a transcription factor activated by serum. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that the identified transcriptional response element binds to AP-1 transcription factors. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the AP-1 subunit, c-Jun, inhibited the activity of the human nCDase proximal promoter, whereas, c-Jun overexpression increased promoter activity, which directly correlated with human nCDase mRNA transcription, decreased ceramide mass, and protection against caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that c-Jun/AP-1 signaling may, in part, regulate serum-induced human nCDase gene transcription.
A fibrin matrix modulates the proliferation, hormone secretion and morphologic differentiation of cultured human placental trophoblast.

Abstract Term placental trophoblast epithelialize fibrin deposits attached to villi in vitro and trophoblast cultured on a fibrin matrix form an epithelial bilayer typical of the trophoblast layer on term villi. We compared the morphology of cells grown on fibrin with cells grown on substrates of type IV collagen, laminin, type I collagen, 0r Matrigel. We also used autoradiography, hormone assays, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence to determine what functional activities were influenced by trophoblast fibrin interactions. Cultured cellular trophoblast from term placentae differentiated to form syncytial trophoblast and to secrete estrogen, progesterone, and hCG in the presence or absence of matrices. Trophoblast proliferation was lower in cells grown on matrices and was inversely related to cell height after 24 h in culture. Cells grown on fibrin remained the tallest and had the lowest labelling index. Cells grown for 72 h on fibrin had the most dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum but the lowest media hormone levels. Only cells grown on a fibrin matrix formed a basal lamina-like structure at the trophoblast-substrate interface, and only a fibrin matrix facilitated trophoblast to form an epithelial bilayer in culture. However, this histology was not accompanied by a change in the amount of syncytial trophoblast formed by the cells grown on fibrin. The results suggest that a fibrin matrix uniquely modulates the trophoblastphenotype, away from the secretion of placental specificproducts like hCG in favour of a repair-oriented phenotype that forms basement membrane and a trophoblast bilayer.
Boycotts and bombs: The failure of economic sanctions in the Sino-Japanese conflict, Tianjin China, 1928-1932

Abstract China's use of tariffs and boycotts as non-violent tools in its conflict with Japan in the years between 1928 and 1932 did not prove completely effective in achieving the goals of reducing Japanese imports or discouraging further Japanese aggression. Poor implementation and enforcement hampered both.When Chinese political activists turned to bomb throwing as a means of enforcement, they succeeded only in showing deep cleavages in Chinese society. In the end, the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 aborted attempts by the Chinese government to encourage economic development and put an end to any idea that non-violent economic sanctions could resolve China's conflict with Japan.Tariffs were tools of the strong while boycotts and bombs were tools of the weak.The Nationalist government was not strong enough to use tariffs effectively or prohibit Japanese investment, but also not weak enough to tolerate, or acquiesce, to the chaotic fallout from boycotts and bombing.
Chromatin configurations and meiotic competence of oocytes are related to follicular diameter in nonstimulated rhesus monkeys.

Specific aims of this study were to compare relationships between size of intact antral follicles and meiotic competence, diameters, and chromatin configurations of germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes in non-gonadotropin-stimulated rhesus monkeys. Intact antral follicles were dissected from excised ovaries of nine normally cycling monkeys in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and of two acyclic monkeys. Follicles were classified according to diameter: I (200-450 microns), II (451-700 microns), III (701-1000 microns) and IV (> 1000 microns). Cumulus-enclosed oocytes were released from follicles and either measured (diameter) and fixed immediately or cultured for 48 h in modified CMRL medium containing 0.5 micrograms/ml ovine FSH, 10 micrograms/ml ovine LH, and 10% bovine calf serum. Following Hoechst staining, three distinct patterns of chromatin organization (GV1-3) were identified in GV oocytes according to the degree of association with the nucleolar periphery (encapsulation or "rimming"). In antral follicles > 450 microns in diameter, perinucleolar encapsulation (GV3) of oocytes before culture and meiotic maturation (metaphase II) of oocytes after culture increased (p 1000 microns) follicles completed maturation, few (9.3%) oocytes from small (200-450 microns) follicles were competent to mature in vitro. At 0 h of culture, class IV follicles contained a greater (p < 0.01) proportion of GV3 oocytes and a smaller (p < 0.01) proportion of GV1 oocytes than classes I, II, and III follicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Experimental detection of Brillouin precursor through planar metallic slab in microwave frequencies

In this contribution we introduce experimental results on the detection of the Brillouin precursor formation in a signal propagated through a planar aluminum medium for the frequency band 1–5GHz. Results have been compared for two different propagated pulses, rectangular and Gaussian.
Gas and Particle Emissions From a Diesel Engine Operating in a Dual-Fuel Mode Using High Water Content Hydrous Ethanol

Diesel engines running in a dual-fuel fumigation mode using injection of a high volatility fuel into the intake air and direct injection of diesel fuel can reduce NOX and particulate matter emissions. Fuels such as methanol, hydrogen, gasoline, and anhydrous ethanol have been studied as fumigants; however there has been less published regarding the use of high water content hydrous ethanol. Current production of ethanol yields anhydrous (200 proof) ethanol with no water content. The distillation and dehydration processes used to remove excess water from fermented starches during production require large amounts of input energy, reducing the renewability of the resulting fuel. This paper describes an experimental investigation of an aftermarket fumigation system provided by CleanFlex Power Systems, LLC. Experiments to measure gaseous and particulate emissions were conducted using 120 proof hydrous ethanol and non-oxygenated ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. A John Deere 4045HF475 Tier 2 engine was modified to incorporate the fumigation system in the intake plumbing downstream of the charge-air cooler, just prior to the intake manifold. Data was collected for dual fuel fumigation combustion and compared to diesel only combustion. This study shows that the fumigation system achieved lower levels of NOX and soot proportional to the fumigant energy fraction (FEF), but increased CO and hydrocarbon levels as compared to diesel-only combustion modes. The results suggest that increasing the FEF by using lower water content or better mixing through port-injection may increase the emissions reduction potential of hydrous ethanol fumigation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A rare intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from uterine leiomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma is a rare smooth-muscle-derived malignancy with a significant malignant potential. Systemic metastases are a common late complication of leiomyosarcoma typically to lungs, liver, brain and bones. We report a 44-year-old woman with a prior history of uterine leiomyosarcoma who presented to us with a cervicothoracic intramedullary lesion and recent onset of neurological deficits. She underwent surgery with histological confirmation of a diagnosis of metastatic leiomyosarcoma, which was followed by adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. To our knowledge there is no prior report of intramedullary spinal cord metastases (ISCM) from a leiomyosarcoma in the English literature. We report the present patient in view of the rarity of ISCM and its clinical significance. Even though ISCM are unusual, they should be suspected in any patient with primary malignancy irrespective of the histology. The overall prognosis remains grim irrespective of the treatment modality chosen and recognition of the same is important in preoperative counseling and overall treatment approach.
History of biological control of poultry diseases in the U.S.A.

Reflection on the control of poultry diseases in the United States brings to mind the extensive cooperative forces that were brought to bear to promote the growth of the poultry industry, which provides our nation with an inexpensive source of protein and aids in feeding people around the world. That cooperative spirit radiated from the Agricultural Experiment Stations at the land grant colleges, worked in close association with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and it did not exclude the help and expertise of the commercial vaccineproducing laboratories. Poultry rearing became widespread in the United States in the latter part of the 19th century. Increased demand for chicks resulted in the development of artificial incubation of eggs and along with it the dissemination of a disease referred to as bacillary white diarrhea (BWD). The cause of the disease was discovered by Rettger (17) in 1899 and became classified as Salmonella pullorum, hence the name pullorum disease. The poultry men looked to the scientific personnel of the experiment stations to resolve the problem of the high chick mortality. It was discovered that this was an egg-transmitted infection, and the secret of its control was identification of the infected layers and elimination of such layers from the flock. The search for a biological test to identify the carrier birds in a flock was initiated at several experiment stations. The first major biological control for poultry diseases took the form of a tube agglutination test, developed by Jones (14) in 1913 for the detection of carriers of S. pullorum. This test set the stage for future developments.
Influence of honey and maternal age on egg load of lab-cultured Cotesia marginiventris

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the impact of feeding status and maternal age on egg load of Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a solitary, koinobiont endoparasitoid of noctuid pests. Egg load was defined as the number of mature (i.e., fully-chorionated) eggs found in the ovaries and oviducts. Significantly more mature eggs were stored in honey-fed than starved females. For honey-fed females, egg load increased within several days of isolation from hosts. This study suggests that C. marginiventris is weakly syno- vigenic because females emerge with a considerable number of mature eggs and are capable of maturing many more eggs. Feeding on a suitable source of carbohydrate should increase the egg load (i.e., potential fecundity) of this insect within 3-4 days in an in vivo rearing system.
Winter Survival of Wild Turkey Females in Central Minnesota

There is interest in expanding eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) populations north of their current range. We hypothesized that winter survival and food availability are primary determinants in setting the northern extent of wild turkey distribution. To test our hypothesis, we translocated wild turkey females north of their present range into central Minnesota, USA, and compared survival in areas with supplemental food in the form of corn food plots versus areas with no supplemental food. During 2 winters with below-average snow, winter survival was higher for females with supplemental food. In one winter with above-average snow depths, survival was extremely low even with supplemental food. Supplemental food could augment survival during mild winters if wildlife managers arrange with farmers to, annually, retain standing corn near roosting habitat, but food plots may only partially offset effects of deep snow. Managers should critically evaluate northern habitats, long-term costs of sustained feeding, and potential outcomes of concentrating animals and introducing wild animals into new ecosystems. Winter survival may delimit the northern range of wild turkeys, though annual survival rates may also be important and need further research.
Models of Competitive Price Promotions: Some Empirical Evidence from the Coffee and Saltine Crackers Markets

I present tests of a competitive rationale for price promotions. In a model with a population of informed and uninformed customers, price competition yields a static equilibrium in which each seller draws a price from a specified density function. Price data on coffee and saltine crackers products are used to test whether the sample of prices on each product could have possibly come from the theoretically specified density function. The results suggest that some markets are indeed consistent with the marginal distributions of prices predicted by the model. Furthermore, in the process of testing this rationale for price promotions, estimates are obtained for the marginal cost of each product, the number of competing goods, and the percentage of informed consumers. The resulting excess variability of these estimates across competing brands can also raise questions with respect to the empirical validity of the model.
Book, Film, and Video Reviews

African Roots/American Cultures: Africa in the Creation of the Americas, edited by Sheila S. Walker. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.
Effect of Aspect Ratio and Viscosity Gradients on Flow Through Open Channels

The effect of aspect (height to half width) ratio on flow through open channels is considered by evaluation of St. Venant's solution. Near the center line, flow through moderately wide channels is unatrected by the side walls. Therefore, analytical solutions for the single-dimension case of flow above a flat plate are determined. They reveal that until viscosity differentials are extreme, the velocity distribution is relatively insensitive to viscosity gradients. With several simplifying assumptions the temperature distribution and the corresponding viscosity field in a cross section of the melting end of a glass tank can be calculated. This permits a numerical solution of open-channel flow for conditions appropriate to a glass tank. Calculated temperature and velocity distributions are presented for three values of the ratio of effective thermal conductivity of glass to thermal conductivity of refractory. Applications of this type of information to glass-tank technology are briefly discussed.
The aging Leydig cell: 1. Testosterone and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate responses to gonadotropin stimulation in rats.

Plasma testosterone levels before and after a single injection of hCG were significantly lower in 24-month old rats than 60–90 day old animals (p<0.001). Even with repeated hCG administration for three weeks, plasma testosterone levels of old rats could not be restored to levels present in unstimulated young rats. In response to in vitro LH and 8-bromo-cyclic AMP stimulation, purified young Leydig cells produced significantly higher amounts of testosterone than Leydig cells from old rats. Maximal testosterone formation of the young Leydig cells in response to LH was 42.0 ± 6.88 ng/106 cells, while cells from old rats produced only 16.8 ± 3.69 ng/106 cells (p<0.01). However, the dose of LH at which one half maximal response (ED50) occurred was 0.1 mIU/ml for young Leydig cells and 0.05 mIU/ml for old Leydig cells. Basal and 1.0 mIU LH-stimulated cyclic AMP formation were comparable in both groups, but cyclic AMP formation in response to 10 mIU of LH was significantly less in the old rats (p<0.05). Present results demonstrate impaired steroidogenic capacity of old rats both in vivo and in vitro. Decreased testosterone response in old rats most likely is the consequence of understimulation of Leydig cells by gonadotropin; however, there appear to be additional intrinsic defects in old Leydig cells.
High resolution x-ray diffraction characterization of semiconductor structures

Abstract The high-resolution X-ray diffraction techniques, such as double-crystal rocking and triple-crystal diffraction, have become essential tools in the semiconductor materials and devices laboratory. Quick and non-destructive characterization is possible for basic layer parameters including layer composition, strain, mismatch and thickness. More sophisticated characterization of interface and quantum-well structures with submonolayer resolution is possible with the help of kinematical diffraction principles and diffraction profile simulation using the dynamical diffraction theory. These X-ray diffraction techniques are making it possible to correlate the structural properties to the epitaxial growth process, to the electrical,/optical properties and to the device performance. In this review article, I discuss some basic aspects of the instrument, simple determination of layer parameters, the dynamical and kinematical diffraction theories, and some recent results in the characterization of the heterostructure interfaces and strained quatum-well devices. I also discuss the diffuse scattering analysis of bulk semiconductors in the Bragg diffraction geometry. Interface analysis of the lattice-matched structures such as GaInAs/InP and AlGaAs/GaAs is discussed in terms of kinematical diffraction principles, namely the X-ray phase shift and the crystal truncation rod. Analysis of strained quantum wells is discussed using Bragg peak profile and Pendellosung fringe profile. Diffuse scattering in bulk semiconductors is discussed in the context of the analysis theory, namely the rocking-curve profile and the radial intensity profile around a reciprocal lattice point of the diffused scattered X-rays due to such defects as dislocation loops and spherical defect clusters.
Free-standing Diamond Single Crystal Film for Electronics Applications

High quality single crystal diamond film is an excellent transparent semiconductor material. Combined with its good electrical, optical, thermal and chemical properties, diamond-based semiconductor devices offer the potential of operation at very high voltages (>10 kV), power levels, and temperatures (>400°C) and under extreme radiation conditions. In this paper, we exploit the optical transparent property of MPCVD single crystal diamond films to correlate the quality of the epi-layers with the performance of Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on the layer. We used optical microscopy to observe stress induced birefringence caused by defects/dislocations in the material and micro- Raman/photoluminescence to detect relative amounts of non-diamond carbon and color centers (nitrogen and silicon atom complexes with lattice vacancies) in the material. High structural quality (low stress) is correlated with the properties of Schottky barrier diodes fabricated in the material. Vertical devices made from a 20 µm homo-epi-layer have been shown high breakdown fields of 1.85 MVcm -1 (BV = 3.7 kV) and conduction of 0.6 A/cm 2 at 20V forward drop at 290 °C. Through device failure analysis, we can conclude that the 1.85 MVcm -1 field is only a lower limit for the material. Local stresses (dislocations) and point defects appear to be the main reasons for the high voltage failure of our single crystal diamond rectifiers.
Further Examples of Stationary Planetary Flow Patterns in Bounded Basins

Laboratory experiments which supplement those presented by Stommel, Arons and Faller (1958) are described. Extension of the analysis to include the effects of bottom friction shows that the characteristic spreading of zonal currents, apparent in the original experiments, is due to bottom friction combined with the radial depth variation. The experiments confirm the theoretical prediction of an intense “recirculation” from the western boundary (similar to the “wind-spun vortex” of Munk, 1950) when a localized interior source or sink is present. Application of the basic concepts of the earlier paper to the geometrically more complicated case with a partial radial barrier gave good agreement between theory and experiment, but the limiting effects of bottom friction were made evident in other examples. An eastern boundary current was found to occur in a situation geometrically similar to the intrusion of Mediterranean water into the Atlantic Ocean. Simple transformations illustrate the application of the equations developed in polar coordinates to the flow of a uniform fluid on a sphere, and examples of “recirculation” and the spread of zonal flow are worked out for a barotropic ocean of uniform depth. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01294.x
Drug-Induced Metabolic Disorders and Parenteral Nutrition in the Intensive Care Unit: A Pharmaceutical and Metabolic Perspective

Since its inception, the field of parenteral nutrition has continued to evolve requiring the expertise of several health care disciplines. This feature has made nutrition support unique among clinical subspecialties. As a member of this team, the pharmacist plays a critical role in the provision of sterile admixtures, compatible nutritional formulations, and cost-effective, therapeutically equivalent strategies. The pharmacist has become more involved in the clinical care of the patient, with particular emphasis on the development of drug-induced metabolic disorders. The multitude of drugs prescribed to hospitalized patients increases the potential for serious metabolic disturbances. This is especially true in the critical care setting where sudden changes in metabolism (e.g., acid-base homeostasis, fluid and electrolyte balance) may result in profoundly negative effects. The critical care setting also represents the most sensitive period of hospitalization where even subtle changes in metabolic homeostasis may assume major clinical significance. Early recognition of offending agents and the institution of appropriate intervention may avert serious iatrogenic diseases. The nutrition support team is in a unique position to address many such disorders through selective manipulation of the various components in the parenteral nutrient admixture. The ability of the pharmacist to recognize the development of drug-induced metabolic disorders lends further support for clinical pharmacy in nutrition support services.
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Pain

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) comprise a unique subset of pain disorders. These musculoskeletal disorders are distinctive in their etiology, presentation, and influence on industry and employees. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the most commonly diagnosed WRMDs in a manner that is useful to clinicians, researchers, and health care administrators. The chapter integrates research findings within the occupational health literature into a comprehensive compendium that will update the reader on epidemiological, assessment, and therapeutic issues salient to WRMDs. Limitations and recommendations regarding the current state of the literature are also highlighted.
Genetics of Plasma Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products and Cardiovascular Outcomes in a Community-based Population: Results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

Plasma soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (sRAGE) is a strong marker of vascular outcomes although evidence on the direction of association is mixed. Compared to whites, blacks have lower levels of sRAGE. We hypothesized that genetic determinants of sRAGE would help clarify the causal role of sRAGE and the black-white difference in sRAGE levels. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of sRAGE in whites and blacks from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Median plasma sRAGE levels were lower in blacks than whites (728 vs. 1067 pg/ml; P<0.0001). The T (vs. C) allele of rs2070600, a missense variant in AGER, the gene encoding RAGE, was associated with approximately 50% lower sRAGE levels in both whites (N = 1,737; P = 7.26x10-16; minor allele frequency (MAF) = 0.04) and blacks (N = 581; P = 0.02; MAF = 0.01). In blacks, the T (vs. C) allele of rs2071288, intronic to AGER, was associated with 43% lower sRAGE levels (P = 2.22x10-8; MAF = 0.10) and was nearly absent in whites. These AGER SNPs explained 21.5% and 26% of the variation in sRAGE in blacks and whites, respectively, but did not explain the black-white difference in sRAGE. These SNPs were not significantly associated with incident death, coronary heart disease, diabetes, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease in whites (N = 8,130–9,017) or blacks (N = 2,293–2,871) (median follow up ~20 years). We identified strong genetic determinants of sRAGE that did not explain the large black-white difference in sRAGE levels or clearly influence risk of clinical outcomes, suggesting that sRAGE may not be a causal factor in development of these outcomes.
Platelet transfusion goals in oncology patients

Despite the advances in platelet component preparation and transfusion support over the years, platelet products remain a limited resource due to their short (5 day) shelf life, and therefore their optimal use in the non-bleeding thrombocytopenic patient continue to draw much attention. There have been a number of national and international guidelines for platelet transfusion therapy in patients with hematologic diseases, some within the last 1-2 years that have incorporated key randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which address issues, such as the optimal platelet dose, the most appropriate threshold for prophylactic platelet transfusions, and whether prophylactic platelet transfusions are superior to therapeutic-only platelet transfusion practices for the prevention life-threatening bleeding in patients with hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia. This review highlights key RCTs and recent systematic reviews focused on optimal platelet transfusion therapy in adult and pediatric patients with hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia secondary to chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), discuss how recent innovations in platelet component processing may affect transfusion efficiency, and introduce renewed concepts on adjuvant therapies to prevent bleeding in the hypoproliferative thrombocytopenic patient.
The Kell Factor: Past and Present

Definition et limites du facteur de Kell utilise pour caracteriser la resolution verticale d'un systeme imageur a balayage de lignes. Application a la television a haute definition
A prospective comparison of DNA quantitation by image and flow cytometry.

Advances in computer and video technology suggest that image analysis may be a practical method of measuring DNA that also allows visual confirmation of cell type. The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare DNA quantitation from 92 solid tumors in which DNA indices had been measured by image analysis of touch preparations (CAS 100®) and flow cytometry of cell suspensions (FACScan®). For 81 cases, there was excellent correlation between the two methods. For nine cases, however, an aneuploid population, usually near tetraploid, was identified by image but not by flow cytometry. Three cases had aneuploid peaks by flow cytometry that were not identified by image. Although these methods show good correlation, rare populations may be missed by CAS, presumably because of sampling errors in the touch preparation. Aneuploid populations may also be missed by flow cytometry, either because of cell loss during processing or because visual identification by image can increase sensitivity.
Self-reported herpes zoster, pain, and health care seeking in the Health and Retirement Study: implications for interpretation of health care–based studies

Abstract Purpose To describe self-reported herpes zoster (HZ) and explore factors that could impact interpretation of results from health care–based HZ studies. Methods We performed logistic regression using data from the 2008 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to evaluate risk factors for having a history of HZ and experiencing severe HZ pain, and predictors for seeking health care for HZ. Results Among 14,564 respondents aged ≥55 years, women were more likely than men to report a history of HZ (15.7% vs. 11.6%, P P P = .01) were less likely to report a history of HZ. Women, blacks, Hispanics, and those with less than a high school diploma were more likely to report severe HZ pain. Most (91.1%) respondents sought health care for HZ; Hispanics (64.2% vs. 92.1% in whites, P P Conclusions HRS provides a new platform for studies of HZ, one which allowed us to uncover issues that warrant particular attention when interpreting results of health care–based studies.
Comparison of the drug-evaluation systems between China and USA

For regulatory reviewers,it is an evolving process to conduct scientific and rational evaluation of the safety,effectiveness and quality control for new pharmaceutical products in order to ensure the safe use of these products by the public.Learning from the experiences accumulated by other countries during drug evaluation and applying them in our evaluation practice remain an efficient approach to improve the quality of our evaluation.This paper compared the regulatory evaluation systems in USA and China with the aim to further improve our drug evaluation system and the quality of our evaluation,and to enhance the efficiency of drug research and development.
Bowel Sparing Procedures in Crohn’s Disease of the Small Intestine

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic transmural inflammatory disease of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Surgical treatment has a place in the treatment of this condition when complications or failure of medical treatment have occurred. Complications of CD include bowel obstruction, intestinal perforation, abscesses or fistulas, hemorrhage, and malignant transformation. Despite advances in medical therapy, the majority of patients with CD require surgical intervention within 10 years of the initial diagnosis.