cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An industrially sponsored research programme in PIM

In this paper a review is given of research in Powder Injection Moulding carried out at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The work has been sponsored by some twenty US and overseas companies and provides a good example of what can be achieved by University-Industry collaboration. Work in three key areas is described. The first is the optimisation of powder characteristics, size, shape and distribution of particles. Properties of single and multi component binders and debinding is the second. Computer modelling of the process including mould filling is the final subject covered. The work described forms part of the activities of the Advanced Powder Processing Programme, which has now been running for some three and a half years and is carried out under the auspices of the Centre for Manufacturing Productivity.
Mössbauer effect study of FeOCl

Abstract A Mossbauer effect study has been made of FeOCl over the temperature range 1.96–298°K. At 298°K the isomer shift and quadrupole splitting (ΔEQ) are +0.623(4) and 0.914(4) mm/sec, respectively, typical of a trivalent iron ion in an asymmetric environment. Magnetic ordering is observed below 68°K; the relevant parameters at 1.96°K being: isomer shift, +0.768(4) mm/sec; ΔEQ, 1.083(4) mm/sec; 1 2 e 2 qQ , 0.339(4) mm/sec; |;η′|, 0.36; Heff. 438(4) kOe. The principle axis of the electric field gradient tensor is shown to be at 90° to the direction of Heff and the component of the electric field gradient in the direction of Heff is positive. A comparison is made with the published parameters for γ-FeOOH, which has a similar structure.
Two-dimensional radiative heat transfer in a planar layer bounded by nonisothermal walls

The emissive power and radiative flux at the boundaries are calculated for a two-dimensional, finite, planar, gray, absorbing-emitting-scattering medium bounded by nonisothermal black walls. The medium is in radiative equilibrium and the scattering phase function is composed of a spike in the forward direction superimposed on an isotropic background. Exact radiative transfer theory is used to formulate the problem. Using the principle of superposition, the results for any step variation in the wall temperatures are expressed in terms of universal functions for the semi-infinite step variation in wall temperature. Thus, many different wall temperature distributions can be handled. The results are also directly applicable to a nongray medium with spectral windows.
Cost-effectiveness of hydroxyurea in reducing the frequency of pain episodes and hospitalization in pediatric sickle cell disease.

In a cohort of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and vaso-occlusive pain visits served through South Carolina's Medicaid system over a 6-year period (N = 523), we compared the number of vaso-occlusive pain or acute chest syndrome (ACS)/pneumonia episodes, and outpatient or acute service costs in those treated or not treated with hydroxyurea (HU). HU may be an underused intervention for SCD in this practice setting, for a variety of reasons. Treatment with HU varied greatly, appears to have been administered to more severely ill children, but was associated with a reduction in vaso-occlusive pain episodes, hospitalizations, and total costs of care within the HU cohort during a 2-3 year period of active HU treatment. Those receiving care through specialized SCD clinics were less likely to have pain or acute care episodes (RR = 0.79, P < 0.0001; RR = 0.90, P = 0.01). Compared with the non-HU cohort, the HU group evinced a significantly higher risk of experiencing vaso-occlusive pain episodes (RR = 3.32, P < 0.0001) and ACS/pneumonia episodes (RR = 2.66, P < 0.0001), and higher outpatient, inpatient/emergency, and total service costs (RR = 1.85, 2.11, 2.10, and P < 0.0001, respectively) over time. HU is clinically effective in reducing pain episodes, hospitalizations, and total care costs, but those receiving it might be more severely ill.
Helicopter rotor lift distributions for minimum induced power loss

A method is described for solving the minimum-induced loss (MIL) rotor design problem. First, the generalized Betz condition for MIL rotors is developed. Because the resulting lift distributions would generally exceed the maximum blade lift coefficient on the retreating side of the rotor, the necessary conditions are extended to include constraints on the lift. A method for solving for the optimum lift distribution using finite elements is described. Numerical results are presented for a typical rotor in forward flight. The MIL rotor may have on the order of 10% less induced power loss than a typical unoptimized rotor.
An unconstrained mind: Explaining belief in the afterlife

Bering contends that belief in the afterlife is explained by the simulation constraint hypothesis: the claim that we cannot imagine what it is like to be dead. This explanation suffers from some difficulties. First, it implies the existence of a corresponding belief in the “beforelife.” Second, a simpler explanation will suffice. Rather than appeal to constraints on our thoughts about death, we suggest that belief in the afterlife can be better explained by the lack of such constraints.
Experiences with object-oriented group support software development

This paper describes practical design and implementation experiences gained when creating Group Support Systems (GSS) in a networked personal computer environment. Examples of GSS based on the shared context model and implemented using C, C++, and Actor languages are presented. Graphical user interfaces and multitasking extend traditional methods for supporting group work. An object-oriented communication system is introduced comprised of objects that provide support for all inter- and intraprocessor communications between the GSS applications. Multiple levels of data service are provided to maintain shared data, coordinate user views, and transmit cursor positions in a convenient and efficient manner. The applications presented not only demonstrate the viability of implementing GSS on personal computer-based systems, but also show the ability to develop complex applications in different programming environments that make use of common routines. The unique properties of the object-oriented paradigm greatly facilitate the creation and use of Group Support Systems.
Effect of conotruncal constriction on aortic-mitral valve continuity in the stage 18, 21 and 24 chick embryo

Abstract The effect of conotruncal constriction on the development of aortic-mitral valve continuity in stage 18, 21 and 24 chick embryos was studied. A 10-0 nylon suture was tied around the conotruncus, constricting the outflow tract of the heart. The loop was removed after 4 or 24 hours or left permanently in place in 3 subgroups of the 236 experimental embryos. The embryo hearts were harvested at stages after completion of cardiac morphogenesis, fixed in end-diastole and microdissected. The distance between the mitral and aortic anuli was measured from the base of the heart with a calibrated filar micrometer eyepiece. This measurement was compared with the mitral-aortic separation in 72 normal and 132 control embryos. The mitral-aortic separation was similar among normal, control and 4- and 24-hour experimental embryo hearts. However, the mitral-aortic separation increased from 0.34 ± 0.02 mm in normal hearts to 0.82 ± 0.25 mm in stage 18, 1.11 ± 0.36 mm in stage 21 and 0.75 ± 0.33 mm in stage 24 permanent loop experimental hearts (p
Effect of increasing root‐zone temperature on growth and nutrient uptake by ‘gold star’ muskmelon plants 1

Abstract Growth response of plants to root‐zone temperature (RZT) varies with species. We studied the effects of RZT on muskmelons (Cucumis melo L. ‘Gold Star') held continuously at 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, and 45°C in a nutrient solution bath for 12 days. Muskmelon seedling sizes used were the first and fourth leaf growth stages. Large seedling size growth rate was approximately double that of the small size. Plant fresh weight gain for large plants was highest at the 25°C RZT, while for small plants fresh weight gain was similar from 25 to 35°C. But dry weight gain was similar for both plant sizes from 25 to 35°C. Root‐zone temperatures >35°C resulted in a sharp linear decrease in fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf number. Shoot elemental phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) content and concentration followed the same pattern as growth. Root P and Zn concentration increased linearly with increasing RZT, but Mn concentration reached a maximum at 35°C. The RZT threshold for optimum muskmelon seedling ...
Volatile liquid hydrocarbons in waters of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea1

Concentrations of volatile liquid hydrocarbons (VLH), C/sub 6/-C/sub 14/ hydrocarbons, were determined in 1977 in coastal, shelf, and open-ocean surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. In open-ocean, nonpetroleum-polluted surface water, VLH concentrations were 60 ng.liter/sup -1/ while in heavily polluted Louisiana shelf and coastal water values reached 500 ng.liter/sup -1/. Caribbean surface samples had very low concentrations, 30 ng.liter/sup -1/. The relationship between anthropogenic gaseous hydrocarbons and VLH was approximately linear. Aromatic VLH accounted for 60 to 85% of the total VLH in surface waters. Cycloalkane concentrations were < 1.0 ng.liter/sup -1/ in open ocean water, 60 to 100 ng.liter/sup -1/ in polluted water (20% of total VLH). Alkanes were 15 ng.liter/sup -1/ in open ocean water, 40 ng.liter/sup -1/ in polluted water. The concentrations of five major VLH compounds (aromatics) in water samples - benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/sup -/, p-xylenes, and o-xylene (called BTX) - were sufficient to predict the total VLH. The empirically determined relationship is VLH (ng.liter/sup -1/) = 1.42 BTX (ng.liter/sup -1/); r = 0.96. Subsurface VLH concentrations in samples of polluted waters collected from depths of 50 m were only 35 to 40 ng.liter/sup -1/ below surface concentrations. Open ocean subsurfacemore » samples had concentrations of only 30 ng.liter/sup -1/ at 30 to 50-m depths, comparable to those of Caribbean surface water.« less
Healing of the Fractured Leg Bone of an Elk

On October 28, 1954, a bull elk, judged by dentition to be about 2½ years old, was killed on the Williams Fork River drainage, Arapaho National Forest, Colorado. While the animal was being skinned, an abnormal swelling on the lower tibia of the …
Popliteal artery agenesis: A new anatomic variant

Abstract Agenesis of the popliteal artery has not been described as a vascular anomaly in the lower extremity. This case report describes congenital absence of the popliteal artery discovered during operative exploration after a traumatic injury to the lower extremity. The pre-operative arteriogram suggested acute occlusion of the popliteal artery. Intraoperative exploration and arteriography were consistent with agenesis of the popliteal arterial segment, and postmortem examination confirmed these arteriographic and intraoperative observations. Embryologically, failure of the middle portion of the sciatic artery to persist would account for this anomaly. A review of series reporting congenital anomalies of the lower extremity vasculature failed to discover previous mention of this particular abnormality. Agenesis of the popliteal artery should be included among those vascular anomalies that may affect management of lower extremity vascular disease. (J VASC SURG 1990;12:573-6.)
A technique for chronic recording of systemic arterial blood pressure in the unrestrained rat

A technique is described for the chronic recording of systematic arterial blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate in the unrestrained rat. The surgical implantation and anchoring procedures described are compatible with the delivery of noxious electric shock and/or rewarding intracranial brain stimulation as reinforcement. Data on catheter patency are analyzed in 65 rats participating in a variety of experiments on the instrumental and classical conditioning of blood pressure responses. The results indicate that it is difficult to maintain satisfactory catheter performance beyond 2 weeks.
Peridynamic model for dynamic fracture in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract We propose a computational method for a homogenized peridynamics description of fiber-reinforced composites and we use it to simulate dynamic brittle fracture and damage in these materials. With this model we analyze the dynamic effects induced by different types of dynamic loading on the fracture and damage behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites. In contrast to the results expected from quasi-static loading, the simulations show that dynamic conditions can lead to co-existence of and transitions between fracture modes; matrix shattering can happen before a splitting crack propagates. We observe matrix–fiber splitting fracture, matrix cracking, and crack migration in the matrix, including crack branching in the matrix similar to what is observed in recent dynamic experiments. The new model works for arbitrary fiber orientation relative to a uniform discretization grid and also works with random discretizations. The peridynamic composite model captures significant differences in the crack propagation behavior when dynamic loadings of different intensities are applied. An interesting result is branching of a splitting crack into two matrix cracks in transversely loaded samples. These cracks branch as in an isotropic material but here they migrate over the “fiber bonds”, without breaking them. This behavior has been observed in recent experiments. The strong influence that elastic waves have on the matrix damage and crack propagation paths is discussed. No special criteria for splitting mode fracture (Mode II), crack curving, or crack arrest are needed, and yet we obtain all these modes of material failure as a direct result of the peridynamic simulations.
Pion production in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

Abstract Pion production with heavy ion beams below the nucleon-nucleon threshold is reviewed with particular emphasis on charged pion results and recent work with high mass beams.
The case of the missing glutamine.

A theoretical study was performed to determine the accuracy and repeatability of multiple one-dimensional pulse sequences in the quantification of glutamine concentration at 3 T. Variable repeatability (12% to > 50%) and significant absolute error (−50% to +70%) were noted for the eight pulse sequences considered. Data acquired in vivo using three of the pulse sequences used for simulation matched the predicted repeatability well; among the pulse sequences considered, point-resolved spectroscopy (TE = 80 ms) offered minimal error and acceptable repeatability (12%) for brain glutamine measurements. Following correction for the expected bias of each pulse sequence, consistent glutamine measurements, in the 1-mM range, were reported with the three sequences. An explanation for the mismatch between in vivo1H MRS and in vitro13C/1H MRS at high field was attempted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific proteins mediate enhanced osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics

Osteoblast, fibroblast, and endothelial cell adhesion on nanophase (that is, materials with grain sizes less than 100 nm) alumina, titania, and hydroxyapatite (HA) was investigated using in vitro cellular models. Osteoblast adhesion was significantly (p < 0.01) greater after 4 h on nanophase alumina, titania, and HA than it was on conventional formulations of the same ceramics. In contrast, compared to conventional alumina, titania, and HA, after 4 h fibroblast adhesion was significantly (p < 0.01) less on nanophase ceramics. Examination of the underlying mechanism(s) of cell adhesion on nanophase ceramics revealed that these ceramics adsorbed significantly (p < 0.01) greater quantities of vitronectin, which, subsequently, may have contributed to the observed select enhanced adhesion of osteoblasts. Select enhanced osteoblast adhesion was independent of surface chemistry and material phase but was dependent on the surface topography (specifically on grain and pore size) of nanophase ceramics. The capability of synthesizing and processing nanomaterials with tailored (through, for example, specific grain and pore size) structures and topographies to control select subsequent cell functions provides the possibility of designing the novel proactive biomaterials (that is, materials that elicit specific, timely, and desirable responses from surrounding cells and tissues) necessary for improved implant efficacy.
Active Guided-Mode Resonant Subwavelength Gratings

We design and fabricate guided-mode resonant subwavelength gratings using an active layer of barium titanate. Loss mechanisms in the metal and in the guiding layer are investigated. Modeling and experimental results are shown.
Thermodynamics Of Optical Pattern Recognition

Optical pattern recognition is an activity readily describable in information or entropy terms. In that respect, for example, target discrimination can be done with rather low energy if we had the wisdom to design precisely the proper measurements. We show that the traditional Fourier optical pattern recognition apparatus is capable of achieving such low energy operation automatically. Viewed in another way, we can say that the energy per calculation in this (and all other coherent optical processors) can be significantly less than the "thermal limit" of kT. While digital computer theorists have shown that they can also beat the kT limit, digital computers now in use operate at about 108 kT. A comparison of coherent optical versus digital low energy schemes will show why coherent optics works so well.
Enhancement-Mode N-Polar GaN MOS-HFET With 5-nm GaN Channel, 510-mS/mm $g_{m}$ , and 0.66- $\Omega\cdot \hbox{mm}$ $R_{\rm on}$

We report enhanced dc and small-signal RF performance of enhancement-mode (E-mode) metal-oxide-semiconductor heterojunction field-effect transistors (MOS-HFETs) in N-polar GaN technology with an ultrathin 5-nm GaN channel and graded AlGaN back-barrier structure with a record on-resistance (Ron) of 0.66 Ω·mm. The device has a maximum drain current (Id) of 1.15 A/mm, a peak transconductance (gm) of 510 mS/mm, and a peak current-gain cutoff frequency (ft) of 122 GHz, with a positive threshold voltage (Vth) of 1.6 V. The device shows improved saturation and pinchoff characteristics compared to the previously reported N-polar E-mode HFETs with a maximum Ion/Ioff ratio of 2.2 × 105.
45-nm design rule in-die overlay metrology on immersion lithography processes

Layer to layer alignment in optical lithography is controlled by feedback of scanner correctibles provided by analysis of in-line overlay metrology data from product wafers. There is mounting evidence that the "high order" field dependence, i.e. the components which contribute to residuals in a linear model of the overlay across the scanner field will likely need to be measured in production scenarios at the 45 and 32 nm half pitch nodes. This is in particular true in immersion lithography where thermal issues are likely to impact intrafield overlay and double pitch patterning scenarios where the high order reticle feature placement error contribution to the in-die overlay is doubled. Production monitoring of in-field overlay must be achieved without compromise of metrology performance in order to enable sample plans with viable cost of ownership models. In this publication we will show new results of in-die metrology, which indicate that metrology performance comparable with standard scribeline metrology required for the 45 nm node is achievable with significantly reduced target size. Results from dry versus immersion on poly to active 45 nm design rule immersion lithography process layers indicate that a significant reduction in model residuals can be achieved when HO intrafield overlay models are enabled.
Study of mitochondrial DNA depletion in muscle by single-fiber polymerase chain reaction

We studied muscle biopsies from 3 children with a mitochondrial myopathy characterized histochemically by the presence of ragged-red fibers (RRF) and various numbers of cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-negative fibers. We quantitated the absolute amounts of total mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in isolated normal COX-positive muscle fibers and in COX-negative RRF. There was severe mtDNA depletion in all fibers from the two most severe cases. In the third case mtDNA depletion could not be established with conventional diagnostic tools, but it was documented in single COX-negative fibers; COX-positive fibers showed the same amounts of mtDNA as fibers from aged-matched controls. Our observations indicate that mtDNA single-fiber PCR quantitation is a highly sensitive and specific method for diagnosing cases with focal mtDNA depletion. This method also allows one to correlate amounts of mtDNA with histochemical phenotypes in individual fibers from patients and age-matched controls, thereby providing important information about the functional role of residual mtDNA.
Further Evaluation of Insecticides for Greenbug Control on Grain Sorghum in Kansas

Field tests were continued during 1970 in western Kansas to evaluate experimental and registered insecticides for control of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) on grain sorghum. Insecticides were applied as foliar sprays and as soil treatments in the drill row at planting. High initial kills with varying degrees of residual control were provided with single foliar applications of chlorpyrifos, disulfoton, monocrotophos, dimethoate, carbofuran, phorate, methyl parathion, Shell SD-17250 ( N -[(methylcarbamoyl) oxy]thioacetimidac acid ester with 3-mercaptopropionitrile, syn isomer). Supracide® ( O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with 4-(mercaptomethyl)-2-mcthoxy∆2-1, 3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one), and Cyolane® (cyclic ethylene P,P-diethyl phosphonodithioimidocarbonate). Phytotoxicity occurred from monocrotophos, Supracide, Cyolane, and methyl parathion. Excellent initial control was obtained with liquid and granular formulations in the drill row at planting. Granular systemics persisted longer than did liquid systemics. Granular disulfoton (0.5 and 1.0 lb AI/acre) gave outstanding control for at least 10 weeks. Seedling emergence was not affected adversely with any soil treatment at rates used.
Multi-loop linear resonant voltage source inverter controller design for distorted loads using the linear quadratic regulator method

In this study, an optimal multi-loop linear resonant control structure for a voltage source inverter (VSI) coupled to an inductor-capacitor (LC) filter is proposed for supplying nonlinear loads. A resonant controller ensures that sinusoidal voltage references are properly tracked and sinusoidal current disturbances are rejected without steady-state error under stable conditions. A desired transient response, on the other hand, can only be obtained by properly setting the controller coefficients. Further challenges include the reduction of output total harmonic distortion (THD), improving the damping of the LC resonance frequency and preventing the generation of fast closed-loop modes, which surpass the bandwidth of the inverter. The proposed technique is an extension of the classic linear quadratic regulator (LQR) that addresses the optimal tracking problem and provides a simple and step-by-step problem solving without stability or robustness issues. Additionally, the study also presents an improved controller to further reduce the voltage distortions for applications requiring acute accuracy. The designed controller is simulated and experimentally tested. The results are presented, discussed and confirmed against analytical derivations.
The Dubious Choice of an Enemy: The Unprovoked Animosity of Matteo Ricci against Buddhism

AbstractIn 1595, Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), the legendary founder of the Jesuit China mission, notably switched his visual and sartorial affiliation from Buddhism to Confucianism. Before 1595, he was clad and tonsured like a Buddhist priest. After 1595, he not only refashioned his exterior self in the style of a Confucian scholar but also presented himself as an ambiguous defender of Confucian orthodoxy against the corruption of Buddhism. Deliberate and unprovoked, Ricci’s bold and consciously publicized campaign against Buddhism revealed his profound insight into the relationship of both competition and complement among native Chinese philosophical and religious traditions which he sought to utilize for his apostolic purposes. However, as this essay argues, the same public display of his ideological antagonism also exposed serious limitations of his cultural understanding, because it did not and could not lead to the result which he had desired.
Modification of the corticosterone response curve as a function of handling in infancy

Abstract Rats were handled on days 1–5 or 1–20 at ambient temperature (22.2°C); a third group was handled for the first 5 days at body temperature (35.5°C) while a control group group was not disturbed. At 35–37 days of age all animals were exposed to a novel stimulus and then their plasma was assayed for adrenocorticosterone. The corticosterone levels of all experimental groups was significantly less than that of the control group. In addition, the rate of return to a resting level was significantly more rapid in the handled groups than in the control.
Generation of low-emittance electron beams in electrostatic accelerators for FEL applications

Abstract This paper reports results of transverse emittance studies and beam propagation in electrostatic accelerators for free electron laser applications. In particular, we discuss emittance growth analysis of a low current electron beam system consisting of a miniature thermoionic electron gun and a National Electrostatics Accelerator (NEC) tube. The emittance growth phenomenon is discussed in terms of thermal effects in the electron gun cathode and aberrations produced by field gradient changes occurring inside the electron gun and throughout the accelerator tube. A method of reducing aberrations using a magnetic solenoidal field is described. Analysis of electron beam emittance was done with the EGUN code. Beam propagation along the accelerator tube was studied using a cylindrically symmetric beam envelope equation that included beam self-fields and the external accelerator fields which were derived from POISSON simulations.
Improving anticoagulation management in patients with atrial fibrillation.

A trial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia that becomes more prevalent as people age. Pharmacologic approaches for managing AF aim to eradicate and prevent the return of the rhythm or, if the AF cannot be terminated, control the ventricular response. Newer therapies, such as ablation, isolate
Social influences on cyberbullying behaviors among middle and high school students.

Cyberbullying is a problem affecting a mean- ingful proportion of youth as they embrace online com- munication and interaction. Research has identified a number of real-world negative ramifications for both the targets and those who bully. During adolescence, many behavioral choices are influenced and conditioned by the role of major socializing agents, including friends, family, and adults at school. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which peers, parents, and educators influence the cyberbullying behaviors of adolescents. To explore this question, data were analyzed from a random sample of approximately 4,400 sixth through twelfth grade students (49 % female; 63 % nonwhite) from thirty-three schools in one large school district in the southern United States. Results indicate that cyberbullying offending is associated with perceptions of peers behaving similarly, and the likelihood of sanction by adults. Specifically, youth who believed that many of their friends were involved in bullying and cyberbullying were themselves more likely to report cyberbullying behaviors. At the same time, respon- dents who believed that the adults in their life would punish them for cyberbullying were less likely to participate. Implications for schools and families are discussed with the goal of mitigating this behavior and its negative outcomes among adolescent populations.
Disruption of circadian MHPG rhythmicity in major depression.

Abstract Plasma concentrations of total (free plus conjugated) 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphynylglycol (MHPG) were determined every 3 hr for a 24-hr period in 32 unipolar depressed patients, 11 bipolar depressed patients, and 12 healthy subjects. Each subject's circadian MHPG rhythmicity was modeled by a sinusoidal function. Temporal parameters were estimated by linear least squares regression with a fixed 24-hr period. The variabilities associated with estimates of circadian amplitude and acorphase were roughly twice as large in the patients compared to healthy subjecs. Phase advances were associated most significantly with the agitated rather than the retarded subtype of depression, and with first episode depressions. Treatment with desipramine (n = 26) did not alter significantly any of the model parameters and had no effect on circadian variability in any patient group. The data overall support a dysregulation theory for depressive illness with phase advances representing one manifestation of such dysregulation.
The effects of realistic threat and group identification on social dominance orientation

Abstract Based on social identity and intergroup threat theories, we argue that social dominance orientation (SDO) can increase as a result of realistic threat, or perceived obstacles to the ingroup’s position and general welfare. However, this effect should be strongest among highly-identified group members, who are particularly concerned with protecting their ingroup against threat. Study 1 found that among non-Asian Americans, racial group identification moderated the relationship between perceptions of realistic threat from Asian Americans and SDO. Study 2 replicated Study 1 using an experimental, rather than correlational, design. Using different social groups, Study 3 showed that non-science college majors who identified strongly with their field of study exhibited higher SDO after being made to feel threatened by science majors. The results from these studies have implications for research on the meaning and antecedents of SDO.
Percentage Points of the Multivariate t Distribution

Summary The known methods for computing percentage points of multivariate t distributions are reviewed. We believe that this review will serve as an important reference and encourage further research activities in the area.
Revisiting cerebral postischemic reperfusion injury: new insights in understanding reperfusion failure, hemorrhage, and edema.

Cerebral postischemic reperfusion injury is defined as deterioration of ischemic brain tissue that parallels and antagonizes the benefits of restoring cerebral circulation after therapeutic thrombo...
Algorithm for solving optimization problems using Interval Valued Probability Measure

We are concerned with three types of uncertainties: probabilistic, possibilitistic and interval. By using possibility and necessity measures as an Interval valued probability measure (IVPM), we present IVPM's interval expected values whose possibility density functions are in the form of polynomials. By working with the endpoints of interval expected values of independent uncertain coefficients in a linear optimization problem, we turn the uncertain problem to four deterministic ones. These problems lead us to the bounds of our solution and objective value and we use the midpoint of these bounds to represent the problem. Moreover, linear optimization problems containing all three types of uncertainties can be solved using this framework.
Current, Carrying Capacity and Transition State of Superconducting Solenoids

Solenoids wound with high-field superconducting wire (e.g., NbZr) display maximum currents I m and maximum fields H m , which are generally considerably less than the critical current I c of a short piece of the same wire exposed to a homogeneous transverse field of equal strength H m . This phenomenon is known as the degradation effect p], Montgomery [2] and Chandrasekhar and Hulm .[3] suggested models for predicting I m and H m of high-field superconducting solenoids. Both models consider a linear relation between the field H and the coil current I (load line) which is assumed to be identical with that of a nonsuperconducting solenoid with the same dimensions
Effect of intraosseous saline infusion on hematologic parameters.

Study objective: To examine the effects of intraosseous saline infusion on hematologic parameters. Design and setting: Eight New Zealand White rabbits were anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine. An initial blood sample was withdrawn from a earlobe vein on induction of anesthesia. An 18-gauge intraosseous needle was then inserted into the rabbit's proximal tibia, and 10 mL/kg of normal saline was infused over one minute. Two additional blood samples were obtained 15 and 30 minutes after the intraosseous infusion. Measurements: Complete blood counts were performed on the blood samples. Results: Significant differences were found in monocytes, basophils, and nucleated RBCs from samples drawn before and after intraosseous infusion. The microscopic examination of the peripheral blood smear revealed an increase in the number of burr cells, schistocytes, and polychromasia in the post infusion samples. Conclusion: We advocate caution in the interpretation of hematologic studies performed on blood samples obtained shortly after an intraosseous infusion.
Increased Ventricular Ectopy and Sleep Apnea following Ethanol Ingestion in COPD Patients

The effects were assessed of ingestion of 1 ml/kg of 100 proof vodka on sleep-disordered breathing, nocturnal oxygen desaturation, and ventricular ectopy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ethanol ingestion (mean blood alcohol concentration of 40 mg/dl) was associated with a significant increase in the number of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) per night and the number of PVCs per hour of sleep-period time, but was not associated with other ventricular dysrhythmias. Ethanol also increased the number of episodes of apnea, total duration of apnea, and the number of episodes of apnea per hour of total sleep time, but there was no significant change in hypopnea or oxygen desaturation. Ethanol decreased total sleep time but did not significantly alter sleep stage distribution. This study demonstrates that moderate ethanol consumption increased ventricular ectopy and sleep apnea in patients with COPD.
Imbibition by polygonal spreading on microdecorated surfaces

Micropatterned surfaces have been studied extensively as model systems to understand influences of topographic or chemical heterogeneities on wetting phenomena. Such surfaces yield specific wetting or hydrodynamic effects, for example, ultrahydrophobic surfaces, 'fakir' droplets, tunable electrowetting, slip in the presence of surface heterogeneities and so on. In addition, chemical patterns allow control of the locus, size and shape of droplets by pinning the contact lines at predetermined locations. Applications include the design of 'self-cleaning' surfaces and hydrophilic spots to automate the deposition of probes on DNA chips. Here, we discuss wetting on topographically patterned but chemically homogeneous surfaces and demonstrate mechanisms of shape selection during imbibition of the texture. We obtain different deterministic final shapes of the spreading droplets, including octagons, squares, hexagons and circles. The shape selection depends on the topographic features and the liquid through its equilibrium contact angle. Considerations of the dynamics provide a 'shape' diagram that summarizes our observations and suggest rules for a designer's tool box.
Effects of Cu Content and Preaging on Precipitation Characteristics in Aluminum Alloy 6022

Effects of Cu content and preaging treatments on precipitation sequence and artificial aging response in aluminum alloy 6022 were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and hardness tests. It was found that Cu induces the formation of Q and its precursor metastable phases and has a beneficial effect on the kinetics of artificial aging. For the alloy with 0.07 wt pct Cu, the precipitation sequence is GP zones → needlelike β″ → rodlike β′ + lathlike Q′ → β + Si. On the other hand, the precipitation sequence in the alloy with 0.91 wt pct Cu is GP zones → needlelike β′ → lathlike Q′→Q+Si. For the artificial aging condition of 20 minutes at 175 °C, which is the typical automotive paint bake condition, suitable preaging treatments were found to significantly reduce the detrimental effect of the natural aging on artificial aging response.
Numbers and interpretations: What is at stake in our ways of knowing?

This article reflects on a set of target articles concerned with the use of quantitative procedures in interpretive research. The authors of those articles (Osatuke & Stiles; Westerman; and Yanchar...
Morphogenesis of Postmortem Hepatocyte Vacuolation and Liver Weight Increases in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Accurate interpretation of microscopic changes in tissues is critical in hazard identification and risk assessment. To address a possible confounder, the effects of postmortem interval on hepatocyte vacuolation and liver weight were studied in fasted and nonfasted Sprague-Dawley rats. Male and female rats (5/sex/interval) were euthanized with CO2, weighed, and necropsied either immediately or after remaining in the closed CO2 chamber for 5, 10, or 25 minutes after respirations ceased. The liver was removed, weighed, and fixed for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. The liver weight and liver to body weight ratio increased significantly in both male and female rats. Postmortem hepatocellular vacuolation was more prominent in males than in females. Both fasted and nonfasted males were similarly affected, however, fasted females were affected more than nonfasted females at the 25-minute interval. Ultrastructurally, intracytoplasmic vacuoles in hepatocytes and/or endothelial cells contained electron-lucent material that was morphologically similar to plasma in sinusoidal spaces. Results of our study suggest that hepatocyte vacuoles were formed in a postmortem time-dependent manner as a result of plasma influx into the cytoplasm. This change was associated with hepatic sinusoidal congestion and increases in liver weight. Males were more sensitive than females to postmortem hepatocyte vacuolation.
Habitat-dependent transmission of male advertisement calls in bladder grasshoppers (Orthoptera; Pneumoridae).

It has been hypothesized that the physical properties of the environment exert selection pressure on long-range acoustic communication signals to match the local habitat by promoting signal characteristics that minimize excess attenuation and distortion. We tested this in a unique family of bladder grasshoppers notable for producing a signal with a 2·km maximum transmission distance. In direct performance comparisons, male advertisement calls of seven species were broadcast through four vegetation biomes ‐ forest, fynbos, savanna and succulent karoo. The calls of species native to forest and fynbos biomes propagated with lower levels of distortion over distance in their respective habitats relative to those of non-native species, while fynbos species also performed best in the remaining two habitats. In addition, both forest and fynbos species had low levels of signal attenuation over distance in all environments. The fynbos biome was characterized by high inconsistency in signal degradation, while the forest biome had the highest levels of environmental noise. Innate habitat characteristics, leading to comparatively limited acoustic communication distances in the forest and fynbos relative to the savanna and succulent karoo, may therefore explain the need for a higher quality of signal transmission in grasshoppers inhabiting the former two environments.
An adaptive, formally second order accurate version of the immersed boundary method

Like many problems in biofluid mechanics, cardiac mechanics can be modeled as the dynamic interaction of a viscous incompressible fluid (the blood) and a (visco-)elastic structure (the muscular walls and the valves of the heart). The immersed boundary method is a mathematical formulation and numerical approach to such problems that was originally introduced to study blood flow through heart valves, and extensions of this work have yielded a three-dimensional model of the heart and great vessels. In the present work, we introduce a new adaptive version of the immersed boundary method. This adaptive scheme employs the same hierarchical structured grid approach (but a different numerical scheme) as the two-dimensional adaptive immersed boundary method of Roma et al. [A multilevel self adaptive version of the immersed boundary method, Ph.D. Thesis, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1996; An adaptive version of the immersed boundary method, J. Comput. Phys. 153 (2) (1999) 509–534] and is based on a formally second order accurate (i.e., second order accurate for problems with sufficiently smooth solutions) version of the immersed boundary method that we have recently described [B.E. Griffith, C.S. Peskin, On the order of accuracy of the immersed boundary method: higher order convergence rates for sufficiently smooth problems, J. Comput. Phys. 208 (1) (2005) 75–105]. Actual second order convergence rates are obtained for both the uniform and adaptive methods by considering the interaction of a viscous incompressible flow and an anisotropic incompressible viscoelastic shell. We also present initial results from the application of this methodology to the three-dimensional simulation of blood flow in the heart and great vessels. The results obtained by the adaptive method show good qualitative agreement with simulation results obtained by earlier non-adaptive versions of the method, but the flow in the vicinity of the model heart valves indicates that the new methodology provides enhanced boundary layer resolution. Differences are also observed in the flow about the mitral valve leaflets.
Why neoliberal health reforms have failed in Latin America.

This paper reviews Latin American neoliberal health reforms sponsored by the IMF and the World Bank, and analyzes the impact on the region of decentralization and privatization, the two basic components of the reforms. The second part of the paper examines in some detail the Chilean and Colombian reforms, the two countries that have implemented closely the principles of the neoliberal reform. The two case studies confirm that neoliberal reforms do not improve quality of care, equity, and efficiency. In the discussion the authors identify the beneficiaries of the reforms: transnational corporations, consultant firms, and the World Bank’s staff. The recognition of the beneficiaries helps to explain some of the reasons behind the Word Bank continuing pressures to implement neoliberal health reforms in spite the growing evidence of their failures. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Enterotoxin Production in Natural Isolates of Bacillaceae outside the Bacillus cereus Group

Thirty-nine Bacillus strains obtained from a variety of environmental and food sources were screened by PCR for the presence of five gene targets (hblC, hblD, hblA, nheA, and nheB) in two enterotoxin operons (HBL and NHE) traditionally harbored by Bacillus cereus. Seven isolates exhibited a positive signal for at least three of the five possible targets, including Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus lentimorbis, Bacillus pasteurii, and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. PCR amplicons were confirmed by restriction enzyme digest patterns compared to a positive control strain. Enterotoxin gene expression of each strain grown in a model food system (skim milk) was monitored by gene-specific reverse transcription-PCR and confirmed with the Oxoid RPLA and Tecra BDE commercial kits. Lecithinase production was noted on egg yolk-polymyxin B agar for all strains except B. lentimorbis, whereas discontinuous beta hemolysis was exhibited by all seven isolates grown on 5% sheep blood agar plates. The results of this study confirm the presence of enterotoxin genes in natural isolates of Bacillus spp. outside the B. cereus group and the ability of these strains to produce toxins in a model food system under aerated conditions at 32 degrees C.
Rapid prototyping of time-based PDIT for substrate networks [MCM]

A parallel digital interconnect test (PDIT) method was introduced in previous publications (Newman and Keezer, 1997; Newman et al, 1998). This method transmits unique digital test patterns through the substrate networks to detect catastrophic faults such as opens and shorts with 100% accuracy. The detection of resistive faults is limited, however, due to the TTL logic thresholds present in the FPGAs used to implement the test channels. A new method called time-based PDIT (T-bPDIT) was developed to overcome these limitations (Newman and Keezer, Int. J. Microcirc. and Electronic Packaging, vol 23, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2000). The mixed-signal method not only measures the analog properties of the network in parallel, but also maintains the ability to transmit and receive the digital test patterns originally used in PDIT (Economikos et al, 1994; Kurtz, 1974). An overview of PDIT, and the methods used to implement T-bPDIT will be discussed in detail.
A radioautographic study of cell proliferation in the mammary gland of the pregnant mouse

Proliferation of the mammary gland epithelium on days 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 19 pregnancy has been studied in mice, by means of radioautography. Each animal received an intraperitoneal injection of 25°c of tritiated thymidine and was killed one hour later. The inguinal mammary glands were processed for paraffin sectioning and radioautographs prepared using the dipping technique. The rate of mammary epithelial cell proliferation was quantitated for each animal by determining the percent of labeled epithelial cells in a large sample (> 2000 cells) of cells (labeling index). The data showed that the proliferative activity of the mammary epithelium during pregnancy followed a bimodal distribution. The first evidence of a proliferative response to pregnancy was noted on day 3. By day 4, the labeling index reached a maximum of 25.3%. The labeling index declined on days 6 and 8 to 7.5% and 8.0% respectively. On day 12, the labeling index increased to 12.1%, then fell to 7.9% and 1.3% on day 16 and 19, respectively. Separate labeling indexes were determined for the interlobular epithelium (ducts) on day 12, 16, and 19. The data showed that the labeling indexes of the interlobular and intralobular epithelium during these stages of pregnancy were not significantly different. The correlation of the hormones secreted during pregnancy with the data on mammary epithelial proliferation is discussed.
Time-domain behavior of wide-angle one-way wave equations

The constant‐coefficient inhomogeneous wave equation reads ∂2u(x,z,t)∂x2+∂2u(x,z,t)∂z2-1c2∂2u(x,z,t)∂t2=-δ(t)δ(r), Eq. (1) where t is the time; x, z are Cartesian coordinates; c is the sound speed; and δ(.) is the Dirac delta source function located at the origin. The solution to the wave equation could be synthesized in terms of plane waves traveling in all directions. In several applications it is desirable to replace equation (1) by a one‐way wave equation, an equation that allows wave processes in a 180‐degree range of angles only. This idea has become a standard tool in geophysics (Berkhout, 1981; Claerbout, 1985). A “wide‐angle” one‐way wave equation is designed to be accurate over nearly the whole 180‐degree range of permitted angles. Such formulas can be systematically constructed by drawing upon the connection with the mathematical field of approximation theory (Halpern and Trefethen, 1988).