cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of site characteristics on housing cost estimates

Abstract Hedonic housing regressions using micro data for owners and renters from the 1972–1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey are presented. By including tract characteristics and public goods in these regressions, evidence is presented which indicates sensitivity of the physical housing variable coefficients to the choice of included site-related characteristics. Furthermore, omission of public good variables can result in misleading, and possibly perverse, coefficients on access. Intermetropolitan housing cost estimates, however, are shown to be relatively insensitive to the choice of site-related characteristics.
Onset of Reduced GI Motility and Dry Matter Intake in Bluecomb Diseased Turkeys

Abstract PREVIOUS studies of the pathophysiology of bluecomb have indicated that functioning of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is seriously affected by the disease. Net jejunal absorption (Duke et al., 1969b), food conversion (Dziuk et al., 1969a), and intestinal motility (Duke et al., 1969a) are reduced. Intestinal motility (as determined by 51-Cr transit-times) was measured after bluecomb diseased turkeys began to appear ill. However, the time of onset of decreased motility was not determined. The purpose of the present study was to estimate this time and to relate it to the time of onset of the decline in food intake and body weight. This information, as well as other physiological information on bluecomb, is necessary for the development of appropriate therapeutic measures on a sound experimental basis. No such basis underlies the present use of nutrients and antibiotics in the drinking water of bluecomb diseased turkeys. Better treatments, however, have not yet…
Crystal and molecular structures of benz-p-nitroanilide and benz-p-methoxyanilide

The crystal structures of the two carboxylic amides C13H10N2O3 (I) and C14H13NO2 (II) have been determined by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares. The predominant structural feature is the hydrogen bonding (N-H⋯O=C) which influences the conformations of both structures.
Immigration and Pluralism in Urban Catholic Schools

This article investigates how Catholic schools are making the transformation from National schools in the inner city to multicultural schools as they meet the needs of these new immigrants. The con...
A Dielectric Microcalorimeter for Photon Counting X-ray Spectroscopy

Abstract We are developing a cryogenic dielectric microcalorimeter for X‐ray spectroscopy. This type of detector takes advantage of the temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity in ferroelectric and pyroelectric materials. It should have many advantages over traditional resistive devices, for example, minimal self heating and the reduction of Johnson noise. Several properties of dielectrics are important to their operation as a microcalorimeter. Here we present the measurements of the dielectric permittivity, ϵ = (δD/δE)T/ ϵ0 and the spontaneous polarization, Ps , for the mixed‐crystal quantum ferroelectric KTa1−xNbxO3 (KTN) with a doping of x = 0.012, as a function of temperature and electric field across the device. Prototype dielectric microcalorimeters have been developed and operated between 4.2 K and 1.3 K. We also show the signal response from infrared LED radiation and a spectrum from an α‐particle source.
Tympanic membrane perforations in the diabetic rat: A model of impaired wound healing☆☆☆★★★

Animal models of type I and type II diabetes mellitus have been studied intensively in an effort to define the pathophysiology of the diabetic condition. An often-observed clinical manifestation of diabetes is poor wound repair. Thus diabetic animals have emerged as useful models for the study of impaired wound healing. The healing of acute tympanic membrane (TM) perforations in diabetic animals has not been reported. This investigation compares time to closure of a standardized TM perforation in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, and normal control rats. The Zucker diabetic fatty rats demonstrate a significantly prolonged time to closure compared with the other two groups. This animal model may be useful for future study of TM wound repair.
Electrophoretic properties of the globins of bovine hemoglobins A and B.

Abstract The globins isolated from bovine hemoglobins A and B were investigated by moving-boundary electrophoresis at pH's 2.4, 4.25, 5.4, and 10.7. At the intermediate pH levels, both globins had two components, the relative proportions of which changed in favor of the slow component as the pH was decreased. At pH 2.4, both globins had three components in the same relative proportions. The mobilities of corresponding components were essentially the same for the two globins at the three lower pH levels. At pH 10.7, both globins had two components. The slower component had the same mobility in the two globins, but the mobility of the faster components differed significantly. No differences between crude and renatured, or between denatured and renatured globin fractions were observed. The two primary components of globins A and B were isolated by continuous flow paper electrophoresis. At pH 4.25, both components of both globins appeared to be electrophoretically homogeneous, but at pH 2.4 both fractions of both globins dissociated into subunits. The newly dissociated component had the same mobility whatever its source, but the amount depended on whether it came from the fast or slow primary component.
Complement in human reproduction: activation and control.

The behaviour of the complement system during human reproduction is now the focus of much scientific attention. The presence of antisperm antibodies in the reproductive tracts of some infertile individuals, and of complement in cervical and ovarian follicular fluid, suggests that complement-mediated damage of spermatozoa is involved in some cases of infertility. Further, deposition of maternal IgG and of complement in the extrafetal tissues indicates that complement activation occurs within the fetoplacental unit. Recently, three complement-regulatory proteins—decay-accelerating factor, membrane cofactor protein and CD59—have been detected on spermatozoa and in the extrafetal tissues. It is likely that these inhibitors are essential for normal reproductive function. This article reviews current understanding of the interaction of the complement system with cells and tissues involved in reproduction, with emphasis on the nature and function of the controlling proteins.
The preleukemic syndrome (hemopoietic dysplasia).

Retrospective analysis of patients with acute myelomonoblastic (or non-lymphocytic) leukemia has helped to clarify the early stages of the evolution of this disease, and a clinical picture has emerged that is sufficiently discriminating to permit prospective observations. The clinical and laboratory features of the hematologic disorder preceding overt, blast-cell leukemia (i.e., the “preleukemic syndrome” or “hemopoietic dysplasia”) are described, and diagnostic criteria and approaches to management are considered. This hematologic syndrome appears to be a stage in a multiphasic panmyelopathy that involves all products of the marrow stem cell. Available data indicate that most of these patients develop acute leukemia within 24 months of the onset of the hematologic abnormalities, but longer courses are not uncommon. Prospective documentation in a large group of patients is needed before the natural course can be accurately defined; such studies are now being planned.
The Cloze Procedure and Dialect Considerations

consuming elements of determining each instructional level individually. Another legitimate advantage of the cloze is its adaptability from the types of materials a student is expected to use during instruction. Consequently, student assessment with the cloze may provide relatively beneficial information concerning his ability to manage various types of printed materials comfortably. The procedure usually involves the deletion of every nth word from a prose passage and having the student fill in the blanks with the exact words, based on the context. The most prevalent and researched procedure is to delete every fifth word as suggested by several researchers (McGinitie, 1961; Bormuth, 1967, and Taylor, 1953). Since the cloze test is constructed from the
Spectroelectrochemical determination of trace concentrations by diffusion layer imaging

Abstract An analytical technique based on a previously reported optical probe of the electrode/solution interface is described. A collimated laser beam passing parallel to a planar electrode in partially absorbed by an electrogenated species, and the absorbance may be related to the concentration of material in solution. By modulating the potential and synchronously demodulating the light intensity, detection limits in the 10−8M range may be achieved. The approach is shown to be significantly less sensitive to interference from non-absorbers than the previously reported diffraction approach. In addition, it is shown that either the refractive index or absorbance changes within the electrochemical diffusion layer may be monitored by changing the phase angle of the demodulation electronics.
Liapunov functional method for analysis of nonadiabatic tubular reactors with axial mixing and recycle

Abstract Sufficient conditions for stability of steady state are derived through Liapunov's direct method for a class of distributed-parameter systems and applied to nonadiabatic tubular reactors with axial mixing and recycle (NATRAMAR), for which previously only numerical results have been reported. Several sufficient conditions are presented in terms of system parameters and steady state profiles, system parameters and the exit conditions, or system parameters only. The last conditions involving system parameters only are very convenient since they do not require any solution of differential equations and are particularly useful since they show the manner in which the operating conditions of the reactor affect the stability of steady state.
Electronic structures, photophysical properties, and electrochemistry of ruthenium(II)(bpy)2 pyridylimidazole complexes

The properties of Ru^(II) complexes involving the imidazole moiety are discussed. Complexes [Ru(bpy)_2(L)]^(2+) [bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, L = 2-(2′-pyridyl)imidazole (2-pimH) and 4-(2′-pyridyl)imidazole (4-pimH)] have been synthesized and fully characterized. Reduction potentials are 0.76 V vs. Fc^+/Fc^0 for both complexes in acetonitrile solution, and the deprotonated complexes undergo irreversible electrochemical oxidation at 0.38 V vs. Fc^+/Fc^0. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that oxidation of the protonated complexes is primarily metal-based and that of the deprotonated complexes is ligand-centered. The pK_a of the 4-pimH complex was found to be 9.7 ± 0.2; the pK_a of the 2-pimH complex is 7.9 ± 0.2. Luminescence lifetimes (L = 4-pimH, 277 ns; 2-pimH, 224 ns; 4pim^−, 40 ns; 2pim^−, 34 ns in 5% methanol/water solution) combined with quantum yield data and acid–base behavior suggest that the non-coordinated imidazole nitrogen tunes deactivation pathways.
GABAergic projection from the ventral pallidum and globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus.

There exists a topographically organized projection from the globus pallidus and ventral pallidum to the subthalamic nucleus and adjacent lateral hypothalamus. The participation of GABA as a neurotransmitter in this projection was evaluated by retrograde labeling of cells in the pallidal area from an iontophoretic deposit of Fluoro-Gold in the subthalamus combined with in situ hybridization for mRNA of the GABA synthetic enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). A rostrocaudal gradient in the contribution of GABA to the projection was demonstrated with a relatively small percentage of retrogradely labeled cells in the rostra1 ventral pallidum containing GAD mRNA (7%) compared to the caudal globus pallidus which had over 70% of the Fluoro-Gold containing cells double-labeled for GAD mRNA. Overall the ventral pallidum contribution to the subthalamic nucleus was less GABAergic than the portion arising from the globus pallidus (35% vs. 61%, respectively). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
APPARATUS FOR RECORDING LIGHT FLASH INDUCED MEMBRANE VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS WITH 10 ns RESOLUTION

— Apparatus for recording voltage waveforms resulting from flash illumination of bilayer membranes with sorbed dyes or pigments are described. Time constants of light-induced molecular events which displace electric charge in membranes can be taken directly from these waveforms. The waveforms induced across bilayer membranes by a carbocyanine dye and by chlorophyllin illustrate the apparatus performance. The risetime of the chlorophyllin induced photo-voltages are ˜10ns.
The contribution of central mechanisms rostral to the pons in high altitude ventilatory acclimatization.

Abstract In order to explore the role of suprapontine mechanisms in the ventilatory features of acclimization to high altitude (HAVA) a study was made of: (a) normal cats after 48 h of exposure to a simulated altitude of 550 m; (b) those same acclimatized cats 6 h following mid-collicular decerebration; (c) decerebrate cats after 48 h of exposure to a simulated altitude of 5500 m; (d) decerebrate cats after 48 h of exposure to room air at sea level. In a pilot study in which high altitude exposure was maintained for 30 days it was determined that normal cats show all of the manifestations of HAVA after 48 h. These were: increase of V I over acute hypoxic value and a maintained hyperventilation with normoxic inhaled gas; increase of both V T and f, the latter predominantly due to shortened T E ; increase of V T /T I . Following decerebration the ventilatory pattern of these cats reverted to the preoperative, acute hypoxic exposure characteristics. Decerebrate cats maintained under normoxic conditions for 48 h showed no changes that were statistically significant, but brief (20 min) hypoxic tests indicated an increase of ventilatory response at the end of the second day. Decerebrate cats maintained for 48 h in the hypoxic environment showed all of the main features of HAVA. We conclude that suprapontine mechanisms in the intact cat exert a facilitatory influence which supports the development of HAVA, but if the structures in which those mechanisms normally reside are chronically removed a comparable mechanism in the ponto-medullary region is capable of assuming the same function.
Changes in Intrapulmonary Shunting with Administration of 100 Percent Oxygen

The effects of increasing the fractional concentration of oxygen in the inspired gas to 1.0 on intrapulmonary shunting ( Q. sp) was evaluated in 82 intubated cardiovascularly stable patients in intensive care, regardless of airway pressure therapy or preexistent pulmonary pathologic abnormalities. Intrapulmonary shunting following administration of 100 percent oxygen increased in 132 of 140 measurements, decreased in seven, and remained unchanged in one measurement The direction of change of Q. sp with 100 percent oxygen shows no correlation with either airway pressure therapy or preexisting pulmonary disease.
Cell Adhesion Molecules as Targets of Autoantibodies in Pemphigus and Pemphigoid, Bullous Diseases Due to Defective Epidermal Cell Adhesion

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on cell adhesion molecules as targets of autoantibodies in pemphigus and pemphigoid, bullous diseases. In various autoimmune blistering diseases of skin, autoantibodies are directed against epidermal cell adhesion molecules or molecules found in cell adhesion junctions. The blisters and dysfunction of the epidermal barrier in these diseases result from loss of adhesion of cells either to the basement membrane or to other cells. This theme is developed for three diseases, bullous pemphigoid (BP), pemphigus foliaceus (PF), and pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Studies of the autoantibodies from patients with these diseases have shed light on potential pathophysiologic mechanisms and have enabled the start of the understanding of the way the epidermis maintains its intact state. BP, PF, and PV are all bullous diseases of skin. Each has a distinctive clinical appearance and the blisters in each result from loss of adhesion at a specific level of the epidermis. BP and pemphigus also have characteristic immunofluorescence findings; however, the immunofluorescence findings in PF and PV are very similar. BP is a subepidermal blistering disease in which autoantibodies localize to the site of pathology and define a normal antigen of stratified squamous and complex epithelial basement membranes.
Allocating conservation expenditures: accounting for inter-species genetic distinctiveness

Abstract During recent attempts to discuss biological diversity, economists have drawn upon the tools and techniques of mainstream resource economics to estimate the values of species. This can lead to a tendency to focus on the importance of species in isolation to one another and on the numbers of species (species richness) in natural areas. Such an approach does not incorporate the ongoing efforts of scientists to define and analyze different types of diversity among species and natural systems (e.g., genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity). Rather than address the explicit valuation of individual species or of biological diversity, we show how potential guidelines for the allocation of conservation expenditures among regions might be changed by consideration of the “genetic distinctiveness” of species, in addition to the numbers of species, inhabiting those regions. We use recent estimates of inter-species genetic distances originating from DNA-DNA hybridization as an example of the kind of weighted information that could prove useful in conservation planning, and as an illustration we examine crane ranges in Africa and Asia.
The future of high-technology crime: A parallel Delphi study

Abstract This study attempts to forecast the future nature of high-technology crime. High technology can be defined as a form of sophisticated electronic device — computer, cellular telephone, and other digital communication — that is in common use today. Criminal activity involving these devices now usually takes the form of manipulating the device to aid in the performance of some criminal activity, such as using cellular telephones in drug deals to thwart government intervention or a computer program to achieve a theft of money or data. Technology changes at an astounding rate while law enforcement techniques, which traditionally are reactionary, do not.
Dose-limited spectroscopic imaging of soft materials by low-loss EELS in the scanning transmission electron microscope.

Abstract Spectroscopic imaging in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) using spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) provides one of the few ways to quantitatively measure the real-space nanoscale morphology of soft materials such as polymers and biological tissue. This paper describes the basic principles of this technique and outlines some of the important attributes that define the achievable spatial resolution. Many soft materials can be differentiated from each other as well as from solvents based on their EELS fingerprints. Applying a multiple least squares (MLS) fitting algorithm using such spectral fingerprints to analyze spatially resolved spectrum datasets enables the quantitative mapping of the different components in a specimen. However, in contrast to TEM studies of many inorganic materials where the spatial resolution is limited principally by the spherical aberration of the objective lens, the spatial resolution associated with the imaging of radiation-sensitive soft materials is limited by the total electron dose to which they can be exposed before suffering irrevocable chemical or structural damage. The Rose criterion provides a simple guide to enhance the so-called dose-limited spatial resolution relevant to soft-materials imaging. By using the low-loss portion of an EELS spectrum where the inelastic scattering cross-sections are highest together with improvements in data-collection efficiency and post-acquisition data processing, the dose-limited resolution in spectrum images of solvated polymers has moved into the sub 10 nm regime. This resolution is sufficient to solve important applications-oriented problems associated with hetero interfaces, nanoscale mixing, and nanophase separation.
Thyroid function in pre- and postspawning neotenic tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Abstract Testes of neotenic tiger salamanders ( Ambystoma tigrinum ) reached maximum development in early September (Gonadosomatic index, GSI = gonad weight/body weight × 100 = 1.24 ± 0.08) after which spermiation began. Ovulation in the spring caused a dramatic reduction in GSI for females (4.7 ± 0.24 to 0.9 ± 0.19). Vitellogenesis commenced in June, and maximum ovarian development was achieved by October. Circulating thyroxine measured by radioimmunoassay decreased from prespawning levels (5.5 ± 0.21 ng/ml of plasma) in March and reached a minimum level in September (2.2 ± 0.31 ng/ml), correlating with maximum (males) or near maximum (females) gonadal weights. Thyroxine levels returned to prespawning levels by November. Thyroid glands of larvae examined in September were less sensitive to ovine thyrotropin than were those of prespawning larvae. These data support previously suggested antagonistic roles for thyroid hormones in larval amphibians with respect to spermatogenesis and follicular development. However, there is a positive correlation between rising autumnal thyroxine levels and both spermiation and the later stages of follicle development.
Gender Differences in Patterns of Cocaine Use

Gender differences in characteristics of substance use disorders may have important implications. To explore this question, the authors compared 27 women and 60 men presenting for treatment of cocaine dependence with regard to demographic and cocaine use patterns. Women had earned less in the previous year (P< 0.01) and were more likely to have been unemployed (P< 0.05). Although women began using cocaine at a later age than men, they attained regular cocaine use at the same age as men and had fewer years of total cocaine use at the time of presentation for treatment (P< 0.001). Women were more likely to initiate cocaine use with crack cocaine (P< 0.01) and reported shorter duration of abstinent periods since initiating cocaine use (P< 0.05).
Mechanisms of human static spatial orientation

We have developed a tri-axial model of spatial orientation applicable to static 1g and non-1g environments. The model attempts to capture the mechanics of otolith organ transduction of static linear forces and the perceptual computations performed on these sensor signals to yield subjective orientation of the vertical direction relative to the head. Our model differs from other treatments that involve computing the gravitoinertial force (GIF) vector in three independent dimensions. The perceptual component of our model embodies the idea that the central nervous system processes utricular and saccular stimuli as if they were produced by a GIF vector equal to 1g, even when it differs in magnitude, because in the course of evolution living creatures have always experienced gravity as a constant. We determine just two independent angles of head orientation relative to the vertical that are GIF dependent, the third angle being derived from the first two and being GIF independent. Somatosensory stimulation is used to resolve our vestibular model’s ambiguity of the up–down directions. Our otolith mechanical model takes into account recently established non-linear behavior of the force–displacement relationship of the otoconia, and possible otoconial deflections that are not co-linear with the direction of the input force (cross-talk). The free parameters of our model relate entirely to the mechanical otolith model. They were determined by fitting the integrated mechanical/perceptual model to subjective indications of the vertical obtained during pitch and roll body tilts in 1g and 2g force backgrounds and during recumbent yaw tilts in 1g. The complete data set was fit with very little residual error. A novel prediction of the model is that background force magnitude either lower or higher than 1g will not affect subjective vertical judgments during recumbent yaw tilt. These predictions have been confirmed in recent parabolic flight experiments.
Accurate energy levels for the anharmonic oscillator and a summable series for the double-well potential in perturbation theory

We introduce a generalization of Wick-ordering which maps the anharmonic oscillator (AO) Hamiltonian for mass m and coupling lambda exactly into a ''Wick-ordered'' Hamiltonian with an effective mass M which is a simple analytic function of lambda and m. The effective coupling ..lambda..=lambda/M/sup 3/ is bounded. We transform the AO perturbation series in lambda into one in ..lambda... This series may then be summed using Borel summation methods. We also introduce a new summation method for the AO series (which is a practical necessity to obtain accurate energy levels of the excited states). We obtain a numerical accuracy for (E/sub P/T--E/sub e/xact)/ E/sub e/xact of at least 10/sup -7/ (using 20 orders of perturbation theory) and 10/sup -3/ (using only 2 orders of perturbation theory) for all couplings and all energy levels of the anharmonic oscillator. The methods are applicable also to the double-well potential (DWP, the AO with a negative mass-squared). The only change is that now the effective coupling is unbounded as lambda..-->..0. The series in ..lambda.. is, however, still summable. The relative accuracy in the energy levels for 20 orders of perturbation theory varies from 10/sup -7/ for large coupling to 1% at lambda=0.1 and to 10%more » at lambda=.05. We also present results for the sextic oscillator.« less
Profiles of Pulp Infiltrating Lymphocytes at Various Times Throughout Feather Regeneration in Smyth Line Chickens with Vitiligo

Smyth line (SL) chickens develop a spontaneous, autoimmune, posthatch loss of pigment cells (vitiligo) in regenerating feather tissue. Smyth line vitiligo (SLV) is associated with lymphocyte infiltrations prior to and throughout the development of the disorder. It was the purpose of this study to determine the type, relative amounts, and proportions of pulp-infiltrating lymphocytes at various times throughout the growth of regenerating feathers. Feathers were plucked from 8-week-old chickens with and without SLV. Feather pulp cell suspensions were prepared when the regenerating feathers were 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks of age. Cells were fluorescently labeled using a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for chicken lymphocytes. Both T and B cells infiltrated the feather pulp of chickens with SLV. T cell levels remained elevated throughout the 6 weeks of feather growth, while B cell levels steadily declined to control levels over the same time. The pulp-infiltrating cells were primarily T cells with an alphabeta T cell receptor expressing the Vbeta1 gene (TCR2+). The ratio between CD4+ and CD8+ cells was 1.42 and 0.75 in 2- and 6-week-old regenerating feathers from chickens with autoimmune SLV, respectively. In non-vitiliginous chickens this ratio was always near 1. These data suggest that TCR2+ T cells play an important role in SLV. CD4+ cells may play a recruiting/activating role, whereas CD8+ cells may have cytotoxic activity specifically directed against melanocytes. Additionally, this is the first report demonstrating the infiltration of B cells into the feather pulp of vitiliginous chickens. These B cells may directly/indirectly contribute to melanocyte destruction in SLV.
Almost positive curvature on the Gromoll-Meyer 7-sphere

D. Gromoll and W. Meyer have represented a certain exotic 7-sphere M as a biquotient of the compact Lie group Sp(2). Thus any invariant normal homogeneous metric on Sp(2) induces a metric of nonnegative sectional curvature on M. We show that the simplest such metrics (except the bi-invariant one) induce metrics which have in fact strictly positive curvature outside a subset of M with measure zero.
Cytoplasmic regulation of chloroplast translation in Euglena gracilis

A regulatory role for cytoplasmically derived proteins in chloroplast translation in organello was examined by analyzing protein synthesis in plastids isolated from cells of Euglena gracilis which had been treated with cycloheximide (CHI). Incorporation of [35S]methionine by chloroplasts from CHI-inhibited Euglena was reduced approximately 40 and 90% by exposure of the cells to the antibiotic for 2 and 4 h, respectively. The chloroplast translation products were then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The synthesis of polypeptides in the soluble compartment of the plastid was substantially diminished by as little as 15 min of CHI pretreatment. No qualitative alterations of the polypeptide pattern were detected. Qualitative changes were seen in the thylakoid fraction, however. Comparison of the stainable polypeptides and fluorographs of thylakoid membranes from CHI-treated cells with those of controls showed several instances in which the more slowly migrating member of a doublet accumulated with a concomitant depletion of a more rapidly migrating component. A pair of polypeptides at 28 and 30 kDa, which we believe are the Euglena homologs of the photogene product and its precursor, respectively, are representative of this phenomenon. Additionally, thylakoids from cells pretreated with CHI sometimes synthesized novel polypeptides larger than 65 kDa. Finally, when intact chloroplasts from CHI-inhibited Euglena were incubated with a postchloroplast supernatant from normal cells, there was a partial reversion of the anomalies seen in the fluorographs. These data are interpreted to indicate the cytoplasmic origin of one or more proteins whose function is to process chloroplast translation products.
Measuring or Monitoring of Novel Anticoagulants: Which Laboratory Test to Request?

Oral anticoagulants are now available with predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, therefore eliminating the need for routine therapeutic monitoring. There are a number of clinical scenarios in which the ability to measure the pharmacodynamic and pharmacologic activity of these agent would be desirable. Since these new oral anticoagulants do not impact traditional coagulation assays like warfarin or heparins, and impact the assays differently among agents, measuring and monitoring creates a challenge for clinicians who care for these patients in the emergency or hospitalized setting. Understanding the effect of these agents, the available assays, and the interpretation of results is an element of their safe and effective use.
Rapid timing of a single transition in interfood interval duration by rats

The present experiment examined temporal control of wait-time responses by interfood interval (IFI) duration. We exposed rats to a sequence of intervals that changed in duration at an unpredictable point within a session. In Phase 1, intervals changed from 15 to 5 sec (step-down) or from 15 to 45 sec (step-up). In Phase 2, we increased the intervals by a factor of four. We observed rapid timing effects during a transition in both phases of the experiment: A step-down and a step-up transition significantly decreased and increased wait time in thenext interval, respectively. Furthermore, adjustment of wait times during step-down was largely complete by the third transition IFI. In contrast, wait times gradually increased across several transition IFIs during step-up. The results reveal dynamic properties of temporal control that depend on the direction in which IFIs change.
On the Rate of Convergence of the Finite-Difference Approximations for Parabolic Bellman Equations with Constant Coefficients

The error bounds of order \(h+\tau^{\frac{1}{2}}\) for two types of finite-difference approximation schemes of parabolic Bellman equations with constant coefficients are obtained, where h is x-mesh size and τ is t-mesh size. The key methods employed are the maximum principles for the Bellman equation and the approximation schemes.
An Economic Assessment of the Military Burden in the Middle East 1960-1980

Since the Arab-Israel war of 1967, military expenditure/GNP ratios for the participants in the conflict-Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Irag-have escalated to levels far surpassing those in other developing areas and even those of the superpowers locked in an extensive global arms race. In the Middle East, a region of low per capita income and not especially endowed with an abundance of natural resources, the costs incurred by military expendenditures are particularly severe. The purpose of the paper is to measure these costs. A simple variant of the Harrod-Domar model is employed to determine the military burden. Estimates are made for both the 1960-1970 and the 1970-1980 periods. A set of assumptions-none peculiar to the Middle East-is posited to describe the transfer of resources from military to civilian production in a hypothesized process of deescalation. The additions to civilian production provide the basis for the estimates of the economic sacrifice the Middle East populations incur in maintain...
Antagonism of the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin by the antihypertensive, guanabenz

Abstract The antihypertensive drugs guanabenz and clonidine have been shown to produce water diuresis. Decreased release of vasopressin (ADH) and reduced tubular Na transport may contribute to the diuretic effect, but a cellular antagonism of ADH has not been excluded. We examined in toad bladders the ability of guanabenz and clonidine to antagonize the increase in osmotic water flow (Jv) which was stimulated by ADH. Guanabenz (1 × 10 −8 to 10 −6 M) decreased ADH-stimulated Jv but not basal Jv. Its primary metabolite had no effect. Clonidine inhibited ADH-stimulated Jv less than guanabenz. The effect of guanabenz was abolished by phenoxybenzamine and yohimbine but not by naproxen or prazosin. Phenylephrine, an α 1 -agonist, decreased ADH-stimulated Jv onlyt or above 1 × 10 −5 M. Guanabenz was about 10-fold less potent an inhibitor of 14 C-urea flux than of osmotic water flow and did not affect short circuit current. These studies suggest that postsynaptic α 2 -adrenoceptors may modulate the action of ADH to increase water permeability of the toad bladder.
High affinity, paralog-specific recognition of the Mena EVH1 domain by a miniature protein.

Many protein domains involved in cell signaling contain or interact with proline-rich sequences, and the design of molecules that perturb signaling pathways represents a foremost goal of chemical biology. Previously we described a protein design strategy in which the well-folded α-helix in avian pancreatic polypeptide (aPP) presents short α-helical recognition epitopes. The miniature proteins designed in this way recognize even shallow protein clefts with high affinity and specificity. Here we show that the well-folded type-II polyproline helix in aPP can present the short PPII-helical recognition epitope within the ActA protein of Listeria monocytogenes. Like miniature proteins that use an α-helix for protein recognition, the miniature protein designed in this way displays high affinity for a natural ActA target, the EVH1 domain Mena1-112, and achieves the elusive goal of paralog specificity, discriminating well between EVH1 domains Mena1-112, VASP1-115, and Evl1-112. Most importantly, the miniature prot...
Ordered and unordered retrieval strategies in person memory

Abstract We conducted two experiments to examine the effects of an ordered recall strategy (i.e., recall everything about one target before attempting to recall information about a different target) on person memory. In the first experiment, subjects received information about two individuals with the goal of either forming separate impressions of each individual, or of forming an overall impression of the dyad. As expected, an ordered recall strategy resulted in poorer memory for the person recalled second when an overall impression was formed, but not when separate impressions were formed. In the second experiment, subjects received information about a single individual with the goal of either forming impressions of the individual on as many traits as seemed relevant, or an overall impression of the individual. Consistent with the first experiment, subjects in the unitary impression condition recalled fewer behaviors for the second trait prompt than for the first trait prompt. We discuss the implications of these results for memory-based social judgments, and for the way mental representations of others are formed.
The 150 Credit-hour Requirement and CPA Examination Pass Rates—A Four Year Study

Debate concerning the minimum educational requirements of certified public accountant (CPA) candidates in the USA has been taking place for decades. This paper compares the sectional pass rates of CPA candidates from jurisdictions requiring 150 credit hours of college study with the pass rates of candidates from jurisdictions not requiring 150 credit hours for the years 2004 to 2007. The paper finds that jurisdictions with a 150 credit-hour requirement have materially higher pass rates in areas of Auditing and Regulation, but not in the areas of Financial Accounting and Reporting or Business Environment and Concepts. The paper also finds that, on average, increasing a CPA candidate's formal education requirement results in improved candidate performance, but that some jurisdictions without the 150 credit-hour requirement consistently have sectional pass rates above the national average. Terms which may be unfamiliar to readers outside the USA are defined in the footnotes.
Probability of Exceedance Estimates for Scour Depth around Bridge Piers

Scour at a bridge pier is the formation of a hole around the pier due to the erosion of soil by flowing water; this hole in the soil reduces the carrying capacity of the foundation and the pier. Excessive scour can cause a bridge pier to fail without warning. Current predictions of the depth of the scour hole around a bridge pier are based on deterministic models. This paper considers two alternative deterministic models to predict scour depth. For each deterministic model, a corresponding probabilistic model is constructed using a Bayesian statistical approach and available field and experimental data. The developed probabilistic models account for the estimated bias in the deterministic models and for the model uncertainty. Parameters from both prediction models are compared to determine their accuracy. The developed probabilistic models are used to estimate the probability of exceedance of scour depth around bridge piers. The method is demonstrated on an example bridge pier. The paper addresses model uncertainties for given hydrologic variables. Hydrologic uncertainties have been presented in a separate paper.
Lysosomal enzymes of Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium tetraurelia.

Abstract Sixteen hydrolase activities were found to be present in Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium tetraurelia growing in the crudely defined medium of Soldo et al. [15]. The ratios of cellular protein and most enzyme activities between P. caudatum and P. tetraurelia were 3–4. Acid phosphatase (using both β-glycerophosphate and p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrates), ribonuclease, β-glucosidase and cathepsin B were shown to have acidic pH optima and to be localized in the lysosomal fraction obtained by differential centrifugation. Predictable changes in hydrolase activities were observed as these ciliates passed through the culture cycle. Protein content and enzyme activities in both species reached a maximum during early log phase and declined to lower levels on days 5 and 6, the beginning of stationary phase for P. tetraurelia and P. caudatum, respectively. During stationary phase cathepsin C, β-glucosidase and DNase in P. caudatum remained relatively unchanged, whereas β-glycerophosphatase (βGPase) and RNase declined further, but in P. tetraurelia all four hydrolase activities showed moderate decreases. A similar trend in specific activity (SA) changes of the hydrolases was observed during log phase, but the changes in SA during stationary phase varied as SA reflects the relative changes between activity/ cell and protein/cell. DNase, cathepsin C and β-glucosidase in P. caudatum, and βGPase, cathepsin C and RNase in P. tetraurelia showed increases in SA, whereas the SA of βGPase and RNase in P. caudatum and of β-glucosidase in P. tetraurelia declined. These results indicate that the previously reported proliferation of lysosomes observed during the stationary phase of P. caudatum [11] is not correlated with any increase but a decrease in lysosomal enzyme activities.
The relationship of gender discrepancy to eating disorder attitudes and behaviors

Few studies have investigated the possible influence of discrepancy between real and ideal perceptions of masculinity and femininity (i.e., gender discrepancy) on eating disorder behaviors and attitudes. Thus, this study examined the relationship of gender role discrepancy to bulimic and anorexic symptomatology, self-esteem, and concern about body shape in 178 female college students; the majority were Caucasian. Analyses revealed that women without a gender discrepancy reported fewer anorexic and bulimic symptoms, less concern with body shape, and higher self-esteem than those who were discrepant, particularly those desiring to be more masculine. Results are discussed with respect to current discrepancy theory, and directions for future research are provided.
The importance of avoiding “dark” neurons in experimental neuropathology

The significance of “dark” neurons has been discussed from two points of view: a) When present, they unequivocally signify that the tissue has suffered from post-mortem traumatization and that a number of other cellular elements are severely damaged, too. Because the effect of trauma is widespread, such material is of limited value for detailed microscopical studies. b) When absent, the tissue has usually been perfectly fixed by the perfusion of a coagulant fixative followed by the delayed autopsy. Because of the strictly standardized conditions of preparations, only such material should be used for studies of regional characteristics and the appearance of normal and pathologic cell types.
Effect of VLSI fabrication errors on kinoform efficiency

Computer simulations are used to investigate the effects of vlsi fabrication errors on the efficiency of kinoforms. Fabrication and error models are described. Simulation results are presented and discussed.
Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) oxidation of bishomoallylic tertiary alcohols. A structure-reactivity study

The mechanism of the Cr(VI) oxidation of an alkene C=C is not known for certain. A particularly useful and novel example of this process is the intramolecular oxidative cyclization of bishomoallylic tertiary alcohols by pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) to yield substituted tetrahydrofuran products via the tethered chromate ester. Several such tertiary alcohols were prepared in this study which varied in the number and position of alkyl groups attached to the C=C. The relative reactivity of these substrates toward PCC under standard conditions is dependent only on the number of R groups on the C=C, not on the degree of substitution on the most highly substituted alkene carbon. This observation suggests a symmetrical transition state in this intramolecular Cr(VI) alkene oxidation.
Spectral element multigrid. I. Formulation and numerical results

A variational spectral element multigrid algorithm is proposed, and results are presented for a one-dimensional Poisson equation on a finite interval. The key features of the proposed algorithm are as follows: the nested spaces and associated hierarchical bases are intra-element, resulting in simple data structures and rapid tensor-product sum-factorization evaluations; smoothing is effected by readily constructed and efficiently inverted (diagonal) Jacobi preconditioners; the technique is readily parallelized within the context of a medium-grained paradigm; and the (work-deflated) multigrid convergence rate\(\bar \rho \) is bounded from above well below unity, and is only a weak function of the number of spectral elementsK, the (large) order of the polynomial approximation,N, and the number of multigrid levels,J. Preliminary tests indicate that these convergence properties persist in higher space dimensions.
Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis

This historical narrative traces the steps to unravel, over a span of 40 years, an extraordinary event in which 5% of the dissolved salt of the oceans of the world was extracted in a fraction of a million years to form a deposit more than 1 million km 3 in volume. A buried abyssal salt layer was identified with reflection profiling and sampled during the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 13. The dolomite, gypsum, anhydrite and halite in the drill cores paint a surprising picture of a Mediterranean desert lying more than 3 km below the Atlantic Ocean with brine pools that shrank and expanded by the evaporative power of the sun. The desert drowned suddenly when the Gibraltar barrier gave way. The explanation of ‘deep-basin, shallow-water’ desiccation and the notion of a catastrophic Zanclean flood had a mixed reception. However, the hypothesis became broadly accepted following subsequent drilling expeditions. Nevertheless, as experts examined the evaporate facies and sequences of equivalent age in the terrestrial outcrops, weaknesses appeared in the concept of repeated flooding and drying to account for the magnitude of the deposits. The ‘Rosetta Stone’, used to decipher conflicting interpretations, turns out not to be the deposits but the erosion surfaces that enclose them. These surfaces and their detritus ‐ formed in response to the drop in base level during evaporative drawdown ‐ extend to the basin floor. Evaporative drawdown began halfway through the salinity crisis when influx from the Atlantic no longer kept up with evaporation. Prior to that time, a million years passed as a sea of brine concentrated towards halite precipitation. During the later part of this interval, more than 14 cyclic beds of gypsum accumulated along shallow margins, modulated by orbital forcing. The thick salt on the deep seabed precipitated in just the next few cycles when drawdown commenced and the brine volume shrank. Upon closure of the Atlantic spillway, the remnants of the briny sea transformed into salt pans and endorheic lakes fed from watersheds of Eurasia and Africa. The revised model of evaporative concentration now has shallow-margin, shallow-water and deep-basin, deep-water precursors to desiccation.
Diagnostic utility of low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (P 75) immunostaining in atypical fibroxanthoma.

Background: Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a locally destructive, dermal-based, fibrohistiocytic, mesenchymal tumor. Immunohistochemistry helps to differentiate AFX from squamous cell carcinoma and spindle cell melanoma. Immunomarkers against p75 yield positive stains in spindled cell melanomas and negative stains in AFX, suggesting that these may be useful in differentiating these two entities. However, a recent study concluded that p75 is not a specific marker of neuroectodermal tumors; furthermore, p75 staining in AFX has only been evaluated in a few cases. Methods: We stained 20 AFXs for p75 and various other markers. Results: Reactivity was noted for vimentin (20 of 20 cases), CD10 (17/20), CD68 (14/20), CD99 (13/20), D2-40 (10/20) and p75 (1/20). Conclusions: We confirmed that CD99 and CD10 are frequently expressed in AFX (65 and 85%, respectively) and that CD31 rarely stains positive (5%). The 50% positivity rate of D2-40, in contrast with published evidence for its absence in melanoma, suggests that D2-40 may be useful for distinguishing AFX from melanoma. Furthermore, because only one sample was positive for p75, we confirm that p75 is useful in differentiating AFX from spindle cell melanoma. We advocate adding p75 and D2-40 to assist in differentiating AFX from melanoma. Bull C, Mirzabeigi M, Laskin W, Dubina M, Traczyc T, Guitart J, Gerami P. Diagnostic utility of low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (P 75) immunostaining in atypical fibroxanthoma.