cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Indians & National Parks

Many national parks and monuments tell unique stories of the struggle between the rights of native peoples and the wants of the dominant society. These stories involve our greatest parks Yosemite, Yellowstone, Mesa Verde, Glacier, the Grand Canyon, Olympic, Everglades as well as less celebrated parks elsewhere. In American Indians and National Parks, authors Robert Keller and Michael Turek relate these untold tales of conflict and collaboration. American Indians and National Parks details specific relationships between native peoples and national parks, including land claims, hunting rights, craft sales, cultural interpretation, sacred sites, disposition of cultural artifacts, entrance fees, dams, tourism promotion, water rights, and assistance to tribal parks. Beginning with a historical account of Yosemite and Yellowstone, American Indians and National Parks reveals how the creation of the two oldest parks affected native peoples and set a pattern for the century to follow. Keller and Turek examine the evolution of federal policies toward land preservation and explore provocative issues surrounding park/Indian relations. When has the National Park Service changed its policies and attitudes toward Indian tribes, and why? How have environmental organizations reacted when native demands, such as those of the Havasupai over land claims in the Grand Canyon, seem to threaten a national park? How has the Park Service dealt with native claims to hunting and fishing rights in Glacier, Olympic, and the Everglades? While investigating such questions, the authors traveled extensively in national parks and conducted over 200 interviews with Native Americans, environmentalists, park rangers, and politicians. They meticulously researched materials in archives and libraries, assembling a rich collection of case studies ranging from the 19th century to the present. In American Indians and National Parks, Keller and Turek tackle a significant and complicated subject for the first time, presenting a balanced and detailed account of the Native-American/national-park drama. This book will prove to be an invaluable resource for policymakers, conservationists, historians, park visitors, and others who are concerned about preserving both cultural and natural resources.
Inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase, radicicol, suprresses the expression of cyclooxygenase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated rat alveolar macrophage in part by accelerating degradation of mRNA

Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) have been cloned from various animal cells: constitutively expressed COX-11–5 and the mitogen-inducible COX-26–11. COX-2 is expressed following the activation of cells by various proinflammatory agents. In macrophage, COX-2 but not COX-1 is selectively expressed in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)12. The signaling pathways that lead to the expression of COX-2 in LPS-stimulated macrophage are not well understood. In our previous study, it was demonstrated that radicicol, a novel protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, post-transcriptionally inhibits COX-2 expression13. Since COX-2 belongs to the immediate early gene family7, it is of great interest to determine whether the PTK inhibitors suppress the expression of other immediate early genes. In this study, we investigated whether the PTK inhibitors also suppress the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, TNFα, IL-1α and IL-1b, and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase, 3CH134). LPS is known to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins including src family kinases and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases14–16. The src family kinase p53/56 lyn is physically associated with the LPS receptor (CD14) in human monocytes15. Therefore, we also determined whether the PTK inhibitors suppress tyrosine phosphorylation of src family kinases and MAP kinases. Information gained from this study can point the general direction of the signaling pathway leading to the expression of COX-2 induced by LPS in macrophage.
Computational continua revisited

Summary In the recent paper, Fish and Kuznetsov introduced the so-called computational continua (C2) approach, which is a variant of the higher order computational homogenization that does not require higher order continuity, introduces no new degrees of freedom, and is free of higher order boundary conditions. In a follow-up paper on reduced order computational continua, the C2 formulation has been enhanced with a model reduction scheme based on construction of residual-free fields to yield a computationally efficient framework coined as RC2. The original C2 formulations were limited to rectangular and box elements. The primary objectives of the present manuscript is to revisit the original formulation in three respects: (i) consistent formulation of boundary conditions for unit cells subjected to higher order coarse scale fields, (ii) effective solution of the unit cell problem for lower order approximation of eigenstrains, and (iii) development of nonlocal quadrature schemes for general two-dimensional (quad and triangle) and three-dimensional (hexahedral and tetrahedral) elements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rooting out mixed use: Revisiting the original rationales

Mixed use has become one of the most popular principles of contemporary urban planning. In the United States, its benefits are so commonly extolled that it is easy to forget that some hundred years ago, US experts advocated the opposite—the rooting out of mixed use from cities—with the same passion that we argue for it today. This paper reviews early 20th-century discourses on the perceived harms of mixed use. These discourses paved the way for land-use separation to become a key tenet of 20th-century US municipal regulation. Understanding the case against mixed use made by our predecessors calls into question the basic assumptions we inherited from them.
A two-timescale approach to nonlinear model predictive control

Model predictive control (MPC) schemes generate controls by using a model to predict the plant's response to various control strategies. A problem arises when the underlying model is obtained by fitting a general nonlinear function, such as a neural network, to data: an exorbitant amount of data may be required to obtain accurate enough predictions. The authors describe a means of avoiding this problem that involves a simplified plant model which bases its predictions on averages of past control inputs. This model operates on a timescale slower than the rate at which the plant outputs and controls are sampled and updated. Not only does this technique give improved closed-loop performance from the same amount of open-loop data, but it requires far less on-line computation as well. The authors illustrate the usefulness of this two-timescale approach by applying it to a simulated exothermic continuously stirred tank reactor with jacket dynamics.
Microscopic Kinetic Theory of Fluids

We will be concerned with kinetic equations and time-dependent correlation functions for neutral fluids and one component plasmas. There has been a great deal of work in the subject in recent years. We confine the discussion to theories that use the BBGKY hierarchy in an essential way. Many, by no means trivial, restrictions will be made. First, we limit ourselves to classical dynamics. Second, we work in the linear response or small amplitude disturbance domain. Third, the equilibrium correlation functions are used as input, with no attempt made to compute them. Indeed, it is the conjecture and hope of this type of theory that for dense gases or strongly coupled plasmas the time dependent hierarchy can be truncated at a relatively early stage. It is the use of exact equilibrium distributions that is counted on to save us.
Layered Compression for High-Precision Depth Data

With the development of depth data acquisition technologies, access to high-precision depth with more than 8-b depths has become much easier and determining how to efficiently represent and compress high-precision depth is essential for practical depth storage and transmission systems. In this paper, we propose a layered high-precision depth compression framework based on an 8-b image/video encoder to achieve efficient compression with low complexity. Within this framework, considering the characteristics of the high-precision depth, a depth map is partitioned into two layers: 1) the most significant bits (MSBs) layer and 2) the least significant bits (LSBs) layer. The MSBs layer provides rough depth value distribution, while the LSBs layer records the details of the depth value variation. For the MSBs layer, an error-controllable pixel domain encoding scheme is proposed to exploit the data correlation of the general depth information with sharp edges and to guarantee the data format of LSBs layer is 8 b after taking the quantization error from MSBs layer. For the LSBs layer, standard 8-b image/video codec is leveraged to perform the compression. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed coding scheme can achieve real-time depth compression with satisfactory reconstruction quality. Moreover, the compressed depth data generated from this scheme can achieve better performance in view synthesis and gesture recognition applications compared with the conventional coding schemes because of the error control algorithm.
Estrogen Deficiency and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in Women

The authors explored the possibility that estrogen loss associated with menopause may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease by using a case-control study nested within a prospective cohort study. The Leisure World Cohort includes 8,877 female residents of Leisure World Laguna Hills, a retirement community in southern California, who were first mailed a health survey in 1981. From the 2,529 female cohort members who died between 1981 and 1992, the authors identified 138 with Alzheimer's disease or other dementia diagnoses likely to represent Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia, dementia, or senility) mentioned on the death certificate. Four controls were individually matched by birth date (+/- 1 year) and death date (+1 year) to each case. The risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia was less in estrogen users relative to nonusers (odds ratio = 0.69, 95 percent confidence interval 0.46-1.03). The risk decreased significantly with increasing estrogen dose and with increasing duration of estrogen use. Risk was also associated with variables related to endogenous estrogen levels; it increased with increasing age at menarche and (although not statistically significant) decreased with increasing weight. This study suggests that the increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease in older women may be due to estrogen deficiency and that estrogen replacement therapy may be useful for preventing or delaying the onset of this dementia.
Lead/halogen‐free laminates and their effect on desmearing and metallisation

Purpose – This paper aims to show critical processing issues observed for the newer restriction of the use of hazardous substances compliant laminate materials.Design/methodology/approach – Several samples of the popular lead‐free and halogen‐free laminate materials were tested under laboratory conditions to ascertain their desmear characteristics in comparison to the standard FR4 and high Tg laminate materials available on the market. Literature searches and experiences in the field were used to give a supplier's point of view of the newer laminate materials.Findings – The new directives forcing the exclusion of solder and restricting the use of halogens means that newer laminate materials have significantly different chemical and physical properties to laminates previously considered standard. These differences have a drastic effect on the desmearing process in general, making it more difficult to get high weight losses and, for almost all lead‐free materials, reducing the roughness that can be generate...
Oxidative ammonolysis of uranium(IV) fluorides to uranium(VI) nitride

Abstract Actinide nitrides, in particular UN, are being considered as fuel types for advanced reactor systems. Here, we demonstrate a low-temperature synthesis route on uranium that could be developed into a commercial fabrication process for UN and mixed actinide nitride fuels. UN was successfully synthesized from UO 2 by first reacting with NH 4 HF 2 in a ball mill at 20 °C to form tetravalent ammonium uranium fluorides. Then, reaction with an ammonia atmosphere at 800 °C oxidized tetravalent uranium fluorides to hexavalent UN 2 . The final product, UN, was obtained by decomposing UN 2 at 1100 °C under argon to produce UN through an intermediate phase of U 2 N 3 .
Elasticity effects in type-II superconductors

A phenomenological theory of strain and stress effects in Ginzburg-Landau superconductors is given. The theory provides formulas for the elastic constants and the specific volume in the mixed state, and it is shown how to obtain a complete set of appropriate phenomenological parameters. We also obtain correct expressions for the interaction energy between fluxoids and localized strain fields which are only partly in agreement with the expressions used by previous authors.
Remedies for discrimination: Race, sex and affirmative action

Discrimination, and its intended remedy in affirmative action, are often discussed as if they operate equivalently for all target groups. However, the specific nature of inter-group relations between racial groups and between gender groups leads to differences both in the experience of racism and sexism and in the requirements for affirmative action programs. This article describes some of the legal differences between race and sex as social constructs, and explores the implications for workplace policies designed to remedy racial and gender-based discrimination. Research results have shown that, among Whites, there is more support for preference toward women than toward ethnic and racial minorities. Such attitudinal differences both reflect the different nature of intergroup relations and point to the different needs for affirmative action policies toward each group. Language: en
Echocardiography: Congenital Heart Disease

Echocardiography can be used to identify malformations of the heart and to assess the degree of cardiac compensation that occurs with congenital heart disease. Integration of clinical and ultrasound data will generally allow a diagnosis to be made noninvasively. Contrast echocardiography may delineate intracardiac shunting.
Effect of trail pheromones and weather on the moving behaviour of the army ant Eciton burchellii

Most of what we know about the moving behaviour of the nomadic army ant Eciton burchellii comes from Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in Panama. Nomadic colonies raid roughly in straight line during the day and relocate their nests along this path in the evening. At BCI, nomadic colonies raid roughly in the same compass bearing of the previous day, presumably using their pheromone-marked raiding trails as cues to pick directions. Deviations from this direction occur when a nomadic colony fails to move, possibly due to environmental conditions. The generality of these results has been questioned. We studied nomadic colonies of E. burchellii at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica to evaluate the generality of the results obtained from BCI. We measured the angle between consecutive raids, manipulated the distribution of previous day’s raid pheromones around nests to evaluate the effect of raid pheromone on foraging direction, and evaluated the effect of rainfall on the probability of moving and on deviation from the previous day’s raid. Colonies did not follow the same compass bearing of the previous day and formed new raids on areas with previous day’s raid pheromones or without them. Rainfall can explain when nomadic colonies move, but did not explain deviation from the previous day’s raid direction. Our results suggest that caution should be taken when generalizing the insightful results obtained from the BCI population.
Socialism in America: a geographical interpretation of its failure

Abstract A geographical perspective illuminates one of the central problems in American politics: the failure of socialism in the United States. Previous interpretations have stressed the prosperity of American workers or the tactical division among socialists and trade unionists, yet neither interpretation has been attentive to spatial variations in the labor movement between 1865 and 1920. A geographical perspective on the failure of socialism suggests the following revisions. Socialism failed not so much because of the prosperity of American workers as because of the deep division in the wages and material interests of skilled and unskilled workers. This rift in the labor movement was especially deep in turn-of-the-century large cities where wage divergence and industrial diversification undermined support for a party of the working class. Conversely, class politics found a more fertile environment in smaller American communities, particularly those experiencing the transitional strains of industrialization. The failure of American socialism, unique among industrial capitalist nations, resulted from historically wide wage differentials and the spatial selectivity of wage convergence and industrial transition.
Charge distribution of flanking amino acids influences O-glycan acquisition in vivo.

The elements that regulate O-glycosylation are poorly understood. We have developed a novel in vivo system to analyze the role of flanking sequence on the modification of a single well characterized O-glycosylation site derived from human von Willebrand factor (PHMAQVTVGPGL). A secreted chimeric reporter protein, containing the human von Willebrand factor sequence, an antibody recognition epitope, and a heart muscle kinase site, was engineered and expressed in COS7 and MCF-7 cells. Glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms of the immunoprecipitated reporter were resolved electrophoretically and their relative amounts quantitated. Using mutational analysis we find that the glycosylation apparatus of COS7 cells can accommodate a broad range of changes in the flanking sequence without compromising glycosylation, but that the distribution of charged amino acids flanking the O-glycosylation site can have a profound influence on glycosylation with position −1 relative to the glycosylation site being particularly sensitive. A combination of acidic residues at positions −1 and +3 almost completely eliminates glycosylation of the reporter in both COS7 and MCF-7 cells. The overall density of charged amino acids is less important since substitution of acidic residues at position −2, +1, and +2 had no effect in the level of glycosylation observed.
Rotavirus in adults requiring hospitalization

Summary Objectives To determine the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus among adults admitted to the hospital with diarrhea that have bacterial stool cultures sent. Methods The prevalence of rotavirus was determined by Rotaclone EIA in samples submitted for bacterial stool culture from adults requiring hospitalization at Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago from December 01, 2005–November 30, 2006. Results Rotavirus was detected in 2.9% of eligible bacterial stool cultures. A bacterial pathogen (e.g., Salmonella , Shigella , Campylobacter ) was identified in 3.3%. Bacterial stool pathogens were more common from June–October while rotavirus was 2.4 times more common than all bacterial pathogens from February–May. Adults in whom rotavirus was detected were older ( p p p Conclusions In the era immediately prior to widespread rotavirus vaccination of children, rotavirus was as commonly detected from adults admitted to the hospital with diarrhea as are the bacterial gastroenteritis pathogens. Rotavirus is particularly prevalent from February–May (as in children) and in immunosuppressed or older adults.
Heat transfer to particle beds with gas flows less than or equal to that required for incipient fluidization

Abstract A model is proposed for predicting the rate of heat transfer from a wall to a bed of particles for gas flows through the bed less than or equal to that required for minimum fluidization. The basis of the model is that all heat transfer is normal to the heater and can be defined by an effective bed thermal conductivity for an orthorhombic array of spherical particles and that all of the heat is removed by the gas flow. Predictions for both cylindrical and flat heaters are in good agreement with experimental data. Es wird ein Modell vorgeschlagen fur die Vorhersage der Warmeubertragungsgeschwindigkeit von einer Wand auf ein Teilchenbett fur Gasstromungen durch das Bett, die gleich oder geringer als die fur minimale Fluidisierung erforderlichen sind. Das Modell beruht darauf, dass die ganze Warmeubertragung senkrecht zum Heizkorper stattfindet und durch eine wirksame thermische Leitfahigkeit des Bettes fur eine orthorhombische Anordnung der kugelformigen Tellchen definiert werden kann, und das die gesamte Warme durch die Gasstromung entfernt wird. Die Vorhersagen fur zylindrische sowie fur flache Heizkorper stimmen gut mit den Versuchswerten uberein.
Hypersensitivity to oxygen is a uniform and secondary defect in Fanconi anemia cells

Cells from patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) frequently show an increased sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents such as mitomycin C (MMC). FA cells also show abnormal sensitivity to oxygen tension. In order to examine the correlation between the two cellular defects in FA, several FA fibroblast lines were tested for their sensitivity to MMC and oxygen by colony-formation frequency. The sensitivity to MMC in different FA lines varied in a broad range from normal level to extreme hypersensitivity, whereas all of the FA lines showed similar hypersensitivity to oxygen. When FA fibroblasts were transformed by SV40 large T-antigen, the hypersensitivity to oxygen was normalized while the MMC sensitivity still remained. These results suggest that the cellular sensitivity to oxygen is a secondary defect rather than a primary effect of mutations in FA. However, it is a more uniform phenotype than the MMC sensitivity, and therefore, it may be closely related to the common clinical symptoms of FA. Since 1% oxygen showed the highest colony-formation frequency for FA cells, establishment of FA primary fibroblasts was attempted at the low oxygen condition. FA fibroblast cells showed greatly enhanced growth and migration at 1% oxygen resulting in fast establishment of FA primary fibroblasts.
A hereditary immunodeficiency characterized by CD8 T lymphocyte deficiency and impaired lymphocyte activation

An unusual form of severe combined immunodeficiency in children from two different families was associated with absence of CD8+ T lymphocytes and normal numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes that did not respond to stimulation by non-specific mitogens, specific antibodies against T cell receptor or specific antigens. The defect in the CD4+ cells was bypassed by activating agents which are independent of the T cell receptor. The combination of an activation defect and selective depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes suggests that the defective pathway is important in the differentiation of immature thymocytes as well as the proliferation of mature lymphocytes.
Information management during systems development: a model for improvement in productivity

Proper information management is crucial to ensure productivity during the development of Information Systems (IS). One factor that has greatly impacted productivity is IS environmental volatility; this can be defined as the rapid rate of change in environments where IS are employed. This problem is compounded by the fact that environmental change is accelerating, as global enterprises become increasingly complex and dynamic in nature. Increasing IS environmental volatility leads to increasing user uncertainty concerning IS needs; this can have a very detrimental effect on the productive development of IS. Current IS development models, such as the Waterfall, Prototyping, and Evolutionary models, are not designed to accommodate these factors. Hence, a new model is necessary to ensure productive IS development. In this article, the author will discuss an inadequacy of current models, and propose a model to effect greater productivity in the development of IS.
Patterning of coronary arteries in wildtype and connexin43 knockout mice.

Abnormal patterning of coronary arteries (CAs) is a clinically significant problem, and as yet, few animal models have been systematically investigated for coronary patterning defects. Here we characterized coronary artery (CA) insertion and branching patterns of the proximal coronary stems in the hearts of wildtype and heterozygous connexin43 knockout (Cx431 KO) mice. This study entailed the use of high-resolution micro CT imaging for three-dimensional coronary reconstructions. MicroCT of 17 wildtype mice showed a remarkably consistent pattern of CA deployment in the normal mouse heart. Two main CA stems are inserted from the left and right into the aorta. The right coronary artery then branches immediately into the right main and the septal-conal branch, while the left coronary artery branches further distally into the circumflex and the anterior descending CA. This patterning of CA anatomy was confirmed by histology, and by using a vascular smooth muscle or endothelial cell specific lacZ reporter gene to delineate the CAs. A parallel analysis of 25 heterozygous Cx431 KO mouse hearts showed 22 had defects in patterning of the CAs. They exhibited a wide variation in CA anatomy, including abnormal origin and course of the main CA stems, multiple accessories, and dual septal-conal branches. Overall, these studies show loss of one Cx431 allele (haploinsufficiency) leads to a high incidence of coronary patterning defects. These findings suggest CA patterning is sensitive to Cx431 gene dosage. Developmental Dynamics 235:2786 –2794, 2006. †Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Channeling-radiation measurements at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

In the last few years, the amount and quality of channeling-radiation data have increased enormously, owing largely to much improved experimental capabilities. Current results include improved interplanar potentials for diamond, the description of the effect of platelets in diamond as an average thermal vibration, an improved determination of the Debye temperature of silicon, an improved determination of the thermal-vibration amplitude of LiD, and the demonstration that LiF crystal structures can survive intense electron bombardment.
Initial Investigation Into Helical Milling of Laminated Stacks of Electrical Steel

This paper serves to report the findings of an initial study on the holing of laminated stacks of electrical steels. Three different holing methods were considered: plunge milling, helical milling (orbit milling), and drilling. Stack delamination, axial thrust force, and burr formation were measured at various feed rates for each process and utilized as comparison metrics. Results from the initial experimental investigation indicate that drilling produces significant burr and plunge milling, whilst reducing burr formation compared to drilling, led to delamination of the stack. Helical milling minimized thrust forces, avoided delamination and minimized burr formation. An interesting spring back effect was also observed during the cutting of the laminated stacks. It is concluded that helical milling is a viable and effective processing method for making holes in laminated stack of hard electrical steels.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Sustain-A-Bear™: Applying Manufacturing Sustainability Practices to Plush Stuffed Animals

The stuffed toy market is quite large, with some manufacturers earning nearly half a billion dollars in revenue per year. However, the vast majority of manufacturers do not currently employ sustainable manufacturing techniques. This paper documents the development of a cost-effective stuffed product by placing an emphasis on sustainability within the design process while maintaining the user appeal of a traditional teddy bear. Specifications were determined by analyzing each of the four stages of the product timeline (extraction, manufacture, use, and disposal) to ensure that sustainability was considered throughout the lifecycle of the product. Material choice was a main focus of the extraction stage, and limiting new material usage was an important goal. Considerations for the manufacturing stage included carbon dioxide produced, waste generated, toxicity, and packaging. Specifications regarding the consumer’s use of the product included user appeal, stain resistance, durability, price, and safety concerns. Objectives of the last stage, disposal, included plans to minimize the amount of material sent to landfills by making the product easier to store, improving ease of recycling, and reducing transportation required. These specifications, importance ratings, marginal values, and ideal values are discussed. While investigating more sustainable manufacturing practices, many solutions were found, and the practicality of these solutions was investigated. By incorporating these solutions, the product — Sustain-A-Bear™ — met specifications, embodied sustainability, and also proved cost competitive. Once specification-level analysis was complete, multiple bears were constructed, both to create a baseline for comparison with standard stuffed animal assembly and also to aid in the development of a more sustainable assembly process. Through the use of ultrasonic welding for material bonding to thermally weld materials together and through the use of specialized platens, the bear was assembled from PET fleece (recycled from plastic soda bottles) using significantly less time and energy than that required to sew a bear together. Part reduction and shape simplification also aided bear assembly throughput. Furthermore, tensile testing on an Instron machine yielded results better than those resulting from sewing, owing largely to the reduction of stress concentrations. Finally, overall cost analysis indicates that stuffed animals made in this fashion could, in fact, be affordably made in the United States.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene of AHH-1 tk+/- human lymphoblastoid cells.

Abstract Loss-of-function mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene result in an altered response to DNA-damaging agents. Included in the mutant p53 phenotype are the loss of the G 1 checkpoint and delayed apoptotic cell death, characteristics we have consistently observed in the the AHH-1 tk + − cell line following exposure to DNA-damaging agents. In order to determine the functional status of p53 in the AHH-1 tk + − cell line, molecular analysis (single-strand conformational polymorphism [SSCP] and sequence analysis) was performed on exons 5–9 of the p53 gene. In addition, the status of the p53 gene in the closely related lymphoblast line, MCL-5, which, in our hands, has a much higher spontaneous rate of apoptosis than AHH-1 tk + − , was also determined by molecular analysis. Initial SSCP analysis of AHH-1 tk + − revealed an abnormal migration pattern of exon 8 when compared to a wild-type control. Subsequent sequence analysis indicated that a base-pair substitution ( C GG → T GG) mutation had occurred at codon 282, a reported ‘hot spot’ for 5-methylcytosine mutations in the human p53 gene. Neither SSCP nor sequence analysis of exons 5–9 of MCL-5 indicated any differences from wild-type DNA. These results suggest that the lack of a G 1 arrest and the delayed entrance into apoptosis observed in chemically-exposed AHH-1 tk + − cells are, at least partially, accounted for by a loss-of-function mutation in the p53 gene.
Mechanical degradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions in unconsolidated porous media

A recent paper introduced and tested a mechanism for mechanical degradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions and developed a procedure for predicting loss of mobility control. The correlation on which this procedure depends is based on flow through consolidated sandstones only. Since many applications involve unconsolidated reservoirs, the present study investigates the effects of porosity, permeability, length, and flow rate on mechanical degradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions in unconsolidated sand packs. A new correlation fitting both types of porous media is developed.
Effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α on astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and glial precursors in vitro

Microglia and astrocytes undergo proliferative and differentiative changes in vivo after trauma or diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Oligodendrocytes are destroyed in lesions in MS. Interleukin-1 (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) are involved in inflammation of the central nervous system and are elevated in MS. We have investigated the changes in cell morphology and cell number induced by IL1 and TNFα in purified and mixed populations of primary rat brain microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and glial precursors. Depending on the target population, proliferation, differentiation, or inhibition of cultured cells was observed. The data also suggest that interactions among cell populations occur and support the hypothesis that IL1 and TNFα effects may be indirect, possibly through induction of other factors.
HAMILTONIAN GEOMETRIC CONNECTION ASSOCIATED WITH ADIABATICALLY PERTURBED HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS AND THE EXISTENCE OF ADIABATIC INVARIANTS

We study the differential-geometric properties of Hamiltonian connections on symplectic manifolds for adiabatically perturbed Hamiltonian systems. In particular, an associated Hamiltonian connection is constructed on the principal fibration. Its description is given in terms of covariant derivatives and the curvature form of the corresponding connection.
Implication of nonlinear kinetics on risk estimation in carcinogenesis

Efforts in estimating carcinogenic risk in humans from long-term exposure to chemical carcinogens have centered on the problem of low-dose extrapolation. For chemicals with metabolites that interact with DNA, it may be more meaningful to relate tumor response to the concentration of the DNA adducts in the target organ rather than to the applied dose. Many data suggest that the relation between tumor response and concentration of DNA adducts in the target organ may be linear. This implies that the nonlinearities of the dose-response curve for tumor induction may be due to the kinetic processes involved in the formation of carcinogen metabolite--DNA adducts. Of particular importance is the possibility that the kinetic processes may show a nonlinear "hockey-stick" like behavior which results from saturation of detoxification or DNA repair processes. The mathematical models typically used for low-dose extrapolation are shown potentially to overestimate risk by several orders of magnitude when nonlinear kinetics are present.
Ultrasonography and Radiography to Identify Early Post Traumatic Myosistis Ossificans in an 18-Year-Old Male: A Case Report

Objective The purpose of this case report is to describe a patient with post traumatic myositis ossificans (PTMO) of the anterior thigh following blunt trauma and discuss the incidence, clinical presentation, management, and imaging findings.
ASP, The Art and Science of Practice: In Search of the √N + 1 Rule

In over 25 years of consulting in operations research, management science, quality management, and statistics, I have come across several rules of thumb that practitioners use frequently, but incorrectly. One is the “square root of (N) + 1” rule used in sampling and inspecting raw materials and finished goods. This paper describes several of my encounters with this rule and the circumstances of its use. I discuss how I used a nested design experiment to demonstrate to users that the rule was not appropriate for their situations. The paper also includes a “top 10” list of other rules of thumb and beliefs that people often use incorrectly. I offer tips that have helped me avoid these rules.
Microtox™ characterization of foundry sand residuals

Abstract Although foundry residuals, consisting mostly of waste sands, represent a potentially attractive, high-volume resource for beneficial reuse applications (e.g. highway embankment construction), prospective end users are understandably concerned about unforeseen liabilities stemming from the use of these residuals. This paper, therefore, focuses on the innovative use of a microbial bioassay as a means of developing a characterization of environmental suitability extending beyond the analytical coverage already provided by mandated chemical-specific tests (i.e., TCLP, etc.). Microtox™ bioassays were conducted on leachates derived from residuals obtained at a wide range of facilities, including: 11 gray and ductile iron foundries plus one each steel and aluminum foundries. In addition, virgin sand samples were used to establish a relative ‘natural’ benchmark against which the waste foundry sands could then be compared in terms of their apparent quality. These bioassay tests were able to effectively ‘fingerprint’ those residuals whose bioassay behavior was comparable to that of virgin materials. In fact, the majority of gray and ductile iron foundry residuals tested during this reported study elicited Microtox™ response levels which fell within or below the virgin sand response range, consequently providing another quantifiable layer of support for this industry’s claim that their sands are ‘cleaner than dirt.’ However, negative Microtox™ responses beyond that of the virgin sands were observed with a number of foundry samples (i.e. four of the 11 gray or ductile iron sands plus both non-iron sands). Therefore, the latter results would suggest that these latter residuals be excluded from beneficial reuse for the immediate future, at least until the cause and nature of this negative response has been further identified.
Effects of environment on localized corrosion of copper-based, high-level waste container materials

Abstract Effects of environmental factors on localized corrosion of copper (Cu)-based materials that are candidates for use in high-level nuclear waste containers were examined. Effects of bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), and sulfate (SO42−), which are present in the ground water near the proposed Yucca Mountain site for a high-level waste repository, were studied. Localized corrosion was observed only at low temperatures in environments involving combinations of high HCO3− with high Cl− or high SO42−. Uniform corrosion was observed at low concentrations of HCO3− ( 80°C, irrespective of the Cl− and SO42− concentrations. Localized corrosion observed in the Cu-based alloys was much shallower than in stainless steels and nickel (Ni)-based alloys and tended to broaden with time under potentiostatic conditions. Oxygen-free Cu (CDA-102...
Locus of control, altruism and agentic disposition

This study presents and empirically tests a simple model of attitudinal and personality influences on individual willingness to take action in support of the environment (agentic disposition) in a sample of 367 residents of Fairfax County in Virginia. The model, comprised of items from Schwartz's theory of norm activated altruism and an abridged version of Levenson's three-dimensional conception of locus of control, fits the data well. Results of the study indicate that 1) locus of control is best viewed as multidimensional rather than previous unidimensional conceptualizations, 2) each of the Levenson locus of control dimensions plays a unique role in the model of environmental agentic disposition, and 3) agentic disposition can be conceptualized as a type of norm activated altruism. The role of agentic disposition in legitimating the positions taken by social movement organizations is discussed.
How easy is it to judge ease of learning

In two experiments, we asked college students to judge the ease of learning word pairs known to differ reliably in actual ease of learning. The independent variable in both experiments was the rate of presentation (fast and slow) of to-be-judged items. The results of both experiments revealed only small differences in decision accuracy as a function of presentation rate. This suggests that metacognitive judgments of this kind rely on rather fundamental cognitive processes, which in our view are similar to those used to discover meaning in everyday verbal messages.
Opioid and nicotinic medullary hyperalgesic influences in the decerebrated rat

Abstract The effects of ethylketazocine (EKC) administered intraperitoneally and the nicotinic ligands (−)- and (+)-nicotine, (−)-cytisine, (−)-lobeline, and (+)-2-methylpiperidine administered into the 4th ventricle on the latency of the thermally evoked withdrawal reflex of the decerebrate rat were investigated. EKC administered intraperitoneally produced both hyperalgesia and analgesia. (−)-Nicotine administered into the 4th ventricle produced a biphasic dose related effect on the latency of the withdrawal reflex; low doses produced a dose related analgesia while higher doses produced hyperalgesia. (−)-Cytisine and (−)-lobeline administered into the 4th ventricle produced biphasic effects. (+)-2-Methylpiperidine administered into the 4th ventricle produced a significant degree of hyperalgesia. Both the analgesic and hyperalgesic effects of (−)-nicotine were antagonized by mecamylamine (1 mg/kg) and naltrexone (5 mg/kg). The hyperalgesic action of (+)-2-methylpiperidine was antagonized by naltrexone but not by mecamylamine. These observations suggest that there are both medullary opioidergic and nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms for modulating both analgesic and hyperalgesic processes and that nicotinic ligands have multiple mechanisms of action in the brain.
Identification and activity of a lower eukaryotic serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) from Cyanea capillata: analysis of a jellyfish serpin, jellypin.

Delineating the phylogenetic relationships among members of a protein family can provide a high degree of insight into the evolution of domain structure and function relationships. To identify an early metazoan member of the high molecular weight serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) superfamily, we initiated a cDNA library screen of the cnidarian, Cyanea capillata. We identified one serpin cDNA encoding for a full-length serpin, jellypin. Phylogenetic analysis using the deduced amino acid sequence showed that jellypin was most similar to the platyhelminthe Echinococcus multiocularis serpin and the clade P serpins, suggesting that this serpin evolved ∼1000 million years ago (MYA). Modeling of jellypin showed that it contained all the functional elements of an inhibitory serpin. In vitro biochemical analysis confirmed that jellypin was an inhibitor of the S1 clan SA family of serine proteinases. Analysis of the interactions between the human serine proteinases, chymotrypsin, cathepsin G, and elastase, showe...
Health-related quality of life in primary care patients with recognized and unrecognized mood and anxiety disorders.

Objective: Primary care providers have been criticized for underrecognizing and undertreating mental health disorders. This criticism assumes patients with recognized disorders and those with unrecognized disorders suffer the same burden of illness. This study describes differences in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with recognized and unrecognized mood and anxiety disorders in a primary care setting. Methods: A probability sample of 500 adult ambulatory patients from a university-based, family practice clinic, completed the PRIME-MD mood and anxiety disorder modules and the SF-36 Health Survey. Computerized patient records were reviewed retrospectively to determine recognition of mood and anxiety disorders. The Mental Health (MCS) and Physical Health (PCS) Component Summary scales of the SF-36 served as the primary outcome measures. Results: Sub-threshold mood and anxiety disorders were less likely to be recognized by physicians than disorders meeting DSM-III-R criteria. Recognized mood disorders were associated with a significant decrement in MCS scores (poorer HRQOL) compared with unrecognized disorders. In contrast, recognized mood disorders demonstrated slightly higher PCS scores. Recognized and unrecognized mood disorders differed significantly in physical functioning, vitality, social functioning, role functioning related to emotional state, and mental health. Recognition of anxiety disorders was not related to HRQOL. Conclusions: Patients with mental health disorders that have been recognized by their health providers appear to suffer from poorer HRQOL than patients whose disorders have not been recognized. This relationship, though, is only apparent for mood disorders. Poorer physical functioning may mask less severe emotional symptoms in mood disorders; profound emotional symptoms make recognition easier.
Delayed institution of hypertension during focal cerebral ischemia: effect on brain edema.

The effect of induced hypertension instituted after a 2-h delay following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) on brain edoma formation and histochemical injury was studied. Under isoflurane anesthesia, the MCA of 14 spontaneously hypertensive rats was occluded. In the control group (n=7), the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was not manipulated. In the hypertensive group (n=7), the MAP was elevated by 25–30 mm Hg beginning 2 h after MCAO. Four hours after MCAO, the rats were killed and the brains harvested. The brains were sectioned along coronal planes spanning the distribution of ischemia produced by MCAO. Specific gravity (SG) was determined in the subcortex and in two sites in the cortex (core and periphery of the ischemic territory). The extent of neuronal injury was determined by 2,3,5-triphyenyltetrazolium staining. In the ischemic core, there was no difference in SG in the subcortex and cortex in the two groups. In the periphery of the ischemic territory, SG in the cortex was greater (less edema accumulation) in the hypertensive group (1.041±0.001 vs 1.039±0.001, P < 0.05). The area of histochemical injury (as a percent of the cross-sectional area of the hemisphere) was less in the hypertensive group (33±3% vs 21±2%, P < 0.05). The data indicate that phenylephrine-induced hypertension instituted 2 h after MCAO does not aggravate edema in the ischemic core, that it improves edema in the periphery of the ischemic territory, and that it reduces the area of histochemical neuronal dysfunction.
Does enucleation in the presence of endophthalmitis increase the risk of postoperative meningitis

The risk of meningitis after enucleation for endophthalmitis has been cited by several authors as a relative contraindication to this procedure. In order to test this theory, we have conducted a review of 165 enucleation and 54 evisceration specimens with a diagnosis of endophthalmitis received from January 1950 through December 1985. This study showed no cases of post-operative central nervous system (CNS) infection. Most patients for whom endophthalmitis was initially suspected received intensive antibiotic therapy. Although cases of post-enucleation meningitis have been reported in the pre-antibiotic era, the authors conclude that the intensive chemotherapeutic treatment of endophthalmitis today has virtually eliminated the risk of post-enucleation CNS infection.
Detection of thermal neutrons using gadolinium-oxide-based nanocrystals

The concept of detection of thermal neutrons using gadolinium oxide nanocrystals is explored. Gadolinium is an element with by far the highest thermal neutron capture cross section among all stable isotopes. Colloidal synthesis of Gd 2 O 3 nanocrystals, Gd 2 O 3 nanocrystals doped with Ce, Gd 2 O 3 nanocrystals doped with Eu, and Gd 2 O 3 nanocrystals co-doped with Ce and Eu is reported. The nanocrystals were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering analysis, and steady-state UV-VIS optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Neutron detection has been modeled with MCNPX and confirmed in experiments with Gd-containing nanocrystalline samples irradiated with 252 Cf neutron source.