cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Remote Causes of Affirmative Action, or School Desegregation in Kansas City, Missouri

In jure non remota causa sed proxima spectatur. In law, not the remote but the proximate cause is to be observed. This quotation from Bacon's Maxims is without doubt the origin of the modern tort doctrine of proximate causation, by which we attribute certain harmful consequences to some prior wrongful act. The doctrine is often criticized because the "nearest" cause need not be the exclusive cause or even the dominant one. In spite of these substantive criticisms, Bacon's terminology continues to hold fast to the legal imagination against such blander formulations as "legal cause" or "substantial factor." Although the language of proximate cause might not capture all the truths about problems of causation, it does capture at least one. There comes a point at which it no longer makes sense to scour the world for remote antecedents of particular harms. The further back one goes, the less the map of causation will look like a river surging toward the sea, and the more it will resemble a delicate network of capillaries meandering toward a common destination, with no dominant beginning or end. Concentrating on the "proximate" identifies the events likely to have had the greatest impact. It is by focusing on these sources that law and administration can exert the greatest control. One might look to see if A made B hit C, but one will not conduct, at least within the framework of litigation, a sociological inquiry into all the past influences that could have led the young A to perform an asocial act years later. Thus, while we might peek past the proximate cause, we never travel very far in tort down the road toward remote antecedents, and we are all the better for the truncation of this causal journey. A quick glance at the Supreme Court's decision last year in Missouri v. Jenkins' (Jenkins III) reveals that no such principle of
Using claims data to predict dependency in activities of daily living as a proxy for frailty.

Purpose Estimating drug effectiveness and safety among older adults in population-based studies using administrative health care claims can be hampered by unmeasured confounding as a result of frailty. A claims-based algorithm that identifies patients likely to be dependent, a proxy for frailty, may improve confounding control. Our objective was to develop an algorithm to predict dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) in a sample of Medicare beneficiaries. Methods Community-dwelling respondents to the 2006 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, >65 years old, with Medicare Part A, B, home health, and hospice claims were included. ADL dependency was defined as needing help with bathing, eating, walking, dressing, toileting, or transferring. Potential predictors were demographics, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision Clinical Modification diagnosis/procedure and durable medical equipment codes for frailty-associated conditions. Multivariable logistic regression was used to predict ADL dependency. Cox models estimated hazard ratios for death as a function of observed and predicted ADL dependency. Results Of 6391 respondents, 57% were female, 88% white, and 38% were ≥80. The prevalence of ADL dependency was 9.5%. Strong predictors of ADL dependency were charges for a home hospital bed (OR = 5.44, 95%CI = 3.28–9.03) and wheelchair (OR = 3.91, 95%CI = 2.78–5.51). The c-statistic of the final model was 0.845. Model-predicted ADL dependency of 20% or greater was associated with a hazard ratio for death of 3.19 (95%CI: 2.78, 3.68). Conclusions An algorithm for predicting ADL dependency using health care claims was developed to measure some aspects of frailty. Accounting for variation in frailty among older adults could lead to more valid conclusions about treatment use, safety, and effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responses to Intensity-Shifted Auditory Feedback during Running Speech.

Purpose Responses to intensity perturbation during running speech were measured to understand whether prosodic features are controlled in an independent or integrated manner. Method Nineteen Englis...
A Uniqueness Theorem for an Inverse Problem

Abstract Let ∇2u+K2u+K2a1(x)u+∇·(a2(x)∇u)= −δ(x−1) in R3, where a1(x) ∈ L2(D), a2(x) ∈ H2(D), D ∈ R−3 = {x:x3 D, j = 1, 2, 1 + a 2 > 0, a 1 = a 1 . Assume that the data u(x,y,k), ∀x,y ∈ P={x:x3=0} and all k ∈ (0, k0), k0 > 0 is an arbitrary small number, are given.
Low-temperature magnetic structure of MnO: A high-resolution neutron-diffraction study.

The antiferromagnetic structure of MnO was studied using high-resolution neutron diffraction from a polycrystalline sample at 8 K. The ''allowed-reflection rule'' which is obeyed by the observed reflections was deduced. By use of this rule, and without recourse to calculation of intensities, it is shown unambiguously that the magnetic structure is collinear, and the magnetic configuration is deduced. By using the (115)-to-(333) magnetic intensity ratio (whose splitting is observable only with high resolution), we found that within our experimental resolution, the spin axis is perpendicular to the unique (111) direction.
Atomic-scale metal adhesion investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy

The interaction of a sharply pointed metal tip with a metal surface is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. By resorting to an effective potential approach, the characteristics of tip-sample forces are analyzed systematically in terms of known theory of bulk metal adhesion. Experiments probing the short-range adhesion interaction by means of a combination of force gradient sensing with tunneling microscopy are described. It is found that the concepts based on adhesion at a macroscopic level are not generally applicable in describing the observed tip-sample force gradient characteristics. These characteristics can, however, be explained in a semiquantitative way using effective interactions determined from a cluster calculation. It is also shown that the chemical information obtained by probing short-range interactions can be used to identify adsorbates on metal surfaces.
Two Different Pathways of Stereoinformation Transfer: Asymmetric Substitutions in the (−)-Sparteine Mediated Reactions of Laterally Lithiated N,N-Diisopropyl-o-ethylbenzamide and N-Pivaloyl-o-ethylaniline

Highly enantioenriched substitution products can be obtained by the (−)-sparteine mediated lithiation−substitution reactions of the laterally lithiated intermediates 3·1 and 14·1 derived from the amides 2 and 13. Either enantiomer of the products can be obtained with high enantioenrichment using (−)-sparteine as the ligand by appropriate choice of the protocol. The enantiodetermining step in both sequences occurs after deprotonation. Enantioenrichment in the sequence with 3·1 arises from a dynamic kinetic resolution, whereas enantioenrichment in the sequence with 14·1 arises from a dynamic thermodynamic resolution.
Phylogenetics of barbets (Aves: Piciformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data.

Abstract A combination of nuclear (β-fibrinogen intron 7; 938 bp) and mitochondrial (cytochrome b; 1045 bp) DNA sequence data analyzed with model-based phylogenetic methods yields a hypothesis of barbet and toucan relationships supported by high Bayesian posterior probabilities and several synapomorphic indels in the nuclear intron data. The basal topology differs from previous morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequence based hypotheses, but is consistent with DNA–DNA hybridization results. The mitochondrial DNA sequence data provide resolution at the tips of the tree, but when analyzed alone, yield a different basal topology than the combined data. However, the basal nodes in the mitochondrial-based tree have little statistical support. Combined data analysis produced strong statistical support at basal nodes and a relatively simple geographic structure. Barbets from each of the three tropical regions are monophyletic, but the Old World barbets are paraphyletic. The African and New World clades are sister taxa, and the Asian clade is basal. This geographic structure indicates that similarities in plumage, voice, and behavior between Gymnobucco and Calorhamphus are convergent. The data are not conclusive, but suggest paraphyly of the New World barbets. Only 4% of the Bayesian posterior distribution unites Semnornis with the other New World barbets.
Supersensitivity of decentralized and denervated nictitating membranes to barium.

SummaryDenervation and decentralization of the nictitating membrane produced a 7-fold increase in sensitivity to barium. The action of barium was not mediated via the release of endogenous norepinephrine. This supersensitivity to barium is consistent with the hypothesis that the postsynaptic form of supersensitivity in smooth muscle is the result of a functional change beyond the level of drug receptors, perhaps in membrane properties.
An Introduction to Spanish for Health Care Workers: Communication and Culture. by CHASE, ROBERT O., & CLARISA MEDINA DE CHASE

The article reviews the book "An Introduction to Spanish for Health Care Workers: Communication and Culture," 3rd edition with a companion DVD and website, by Robert O. Chase and Clarisa Medina de Chase.
Antigenic Features and Structural Correlates of Basement Membranes: Relationship to Epidermolysis Bullosa

• Numerous antigenic epitopes are present within the dermoepidermal junction of human skin. Using monoclonal antibodies, the distribution of these epitopes in ontogeny, wound healing, and epidermolysis bullosa are being defined. These studies provide insight into the pathogenic mechanisms involved and offer opportunities for prenatal and postnatal diagnosis. ( Arch Dermatol 1988;124:713-717)
ABA-Mediated ROS in Mitochondria Regulate Root Meristem Activity by Controlling PLETHORA Expression in Arabidopsis

Although research has determined that reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules in plant development, the molecular mechanism by which ROS regulate plant growth is not well known. An aba overly sensitive mutant, abo8-1, which is defective in a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein responsible for the splicing of NAD4 intron 3 in mitochondrial complex I, accumulates more ROS in root tips than the wild type, and the ROS accumulation is further enhanced by ABA treatment. The ABO8 mutation reduces root meristem activity, which can be enhanced by ABA treatment and reversibly recovered by addition of certain concentrations of the reducing agent GSH. As indicated by low ProDR5:GUS expression, auxin accumulation/signaling was reduced in abo8-1. We also found that ABA inhibits the expression of PLETHORA1 (PLT1) and PLT2, and that root growth is more sensitive to ABA in the plt1 and plt2 mutants than in the wild type. The expression of PLT1 and PLT2 is significantly reduced in the abo8-1 mutant. Overexpression of PLT2 in an inducible system can largely rescue root apical meristem (RAM)-defective phenotype of abo8-1 with and without ABA treatment. These results suggest that ABA-promoted ROS in the mitochondria of root tips are important retrograde signals that regulate root meristem activity by controlling auxin accumulation/signaling and PLT expression in Arabidopsis.
The Availability and Variability of the European Wind Resource

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show the differences in the availability and variability between the wind at individual sites and the wind taken over a European scale. One of the questions this paper will try to answer: ‘is there a benefit from having wind farms covering a large area’, has been asked a number of times in the discussion about the usefulness of large-scale integration of wind energy. A European wind is made up of normalized stations scattered all over Europe scaled with a factor determined from the European Wind Atlas[4].
A Confirmatory Factor Analytic Study of Time-Sharing Performance and Cognitive Abilities.

Abstract Previous failures to identify a general time-sharing (TS) ability from factor analyses of multiple task performance have been attributed in part to the uninformed use of exploratory procedures, which may obscure, rather than confirm, the presence of a TS factor. In the present study, 81 male subjects performed four information-processing tasks and six dual task combinations, and completed a battery of psychometric ability tests selected to identify three factors from the Cattell-Horn model ( gf , gc , and gs ). Confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analyses of the information-processing task variables were not supportive of a general TS factor. However, similar to Jennings and Chiles' (1977) results, the analyses did identify a TS factor specific to combinations that included a visual monitoring task. The TS factor was unrelated to the psychometric ability factors. Future investigations of TS performance should focus on the identification of process-specific TS abilities and possible relationships among them.
Detection of Circular and Linear Transcripts of Sry in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos: Differences in Requirement for Reverse Transcriptase

Abstract Sry is the testes determining factor gene located on the Y chromosome. Expression of Sry had previously been found to occur during a short time frame of 10.5 to 12.5 days post coitum in the developing genital ridge. A recent study of the Sry transcript from adult testes found that the most abundant transcript is circular in nature. We have performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions with RNA from mouse preimplantation embryos ranging from the 2 cell stage to the blastocyst stage and report the detection of both circular and linear forms of Sry in the preimplantation embryo. In addition, we also demonstrate that the well described reverse transcriptase activity of Taq polymerase leads to a major difference in the mode of detection of the two forms.
Massive change: how social media can enable a sustainable world

Collective action problems, such as emission reductions to reduce risks of climate change or vaccination for infectious diseases, are prevalent in our society. We need new approaches to understand, stimulate and sustain collective action in large heterogeneous populations. To engender cooperative behavior at large scales, we need to develop computational tools to facilitate the context for cooperation. This talk will sketch out the some of the computational challenges that we need to address in order to scale up cooperation on collective action problems.
0019 The occupational JP8 exposure neuroepidemiology study; evaluation of neuropsychological effects

Objectives One of the most prevalent workplace chemical exposures historically and currently confronting the global military and civilian workforce is jet propellant (JP) fuel. To date, numerous protective and preventive strategies have been put in place to minimise acutely toxic exposure levels. However, questions remain regarding the effect of repeated exposures at lower (than regulated) levels. The Occupational JP8 Exposure Neuroepidemiology Study was designed to examine the relationships between repeated-workday occupational JP8 exposure among Air Force (AF) personnel and specific aspects of central nervous system function, including neuropsychological task performances. Method Seventy-four AF personnel consented to participate in the 6-day study and were administered two distinct neuropsychological task batteries (labelled ‘Day 1’ and multi-day ‘Repeated Day’). JP8 exposure was measured by personal breathing zone total hydrocarbons, naphthalene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene and urinary biomarkers (e.g., 1- and 2-naphthol). Multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between current and historical levels of JP8 exposure and neuropsychological performances. Linear mixed effects analyses were conducted to examine relationships between workday JP8 exposure on neuropsychological functioning over a work week. Results Reduced proficiency of tasks involving verbal memory and attention was demonstrated among those with higher versus lower, current JP8 exposure. Significant associations were not observed between repeated-workday exposure to JP8 and neuropsychological performances. Conclusions Results suggest that repeated JP-8 exposure, at levels not exceeding regulatory limits, does not significantly contribute to reduced neuropsychological proficiencies. We discuss potential explanations and implications for these findings.
Plaque quantitation and virus neutralization assays for human astroviruses

Astroviruses, 28 nm-diameter, RNA-containing viruses which have been implicated in gastroenteritis can be cultivated in cell cultures containing trypsin, but do not show distinguishable cytopathic effects. However, with the 5 known astrovirus serotypes which we have been able to cultivate, 3 (types 1, 2, and 5) formed well-defined plaques in LLCMK2 cell cultures under an agar overlay containing trypsin. A virus neutralization assay based on plaque reduction was applied to these 3 serotypes. It was found that rabbit antisera prepared against individual serotypes neutralized virus type-specifically, and no cross-neutralization titers were obtained with any of the antisera to the 5 astrovirus serotypes. The type-specific neutralization observed agreed with the specificities seen by immunofluorescence (IF), whereas ELISA tests with the same antisera show cross-reactivity among all 5 serotypes. There was no virus neutralization detected with astrovirus monoclonal antibodies which were reactive with 5 serotypes by ELISA and IF. The results we have obtained permit quantitative techniques to be applied to epidemiological and biological studies of the human astroviruses.
Detection of neuroblastoma in bone marrow by immunocytology: Is a single marrow aspirate adequate?

Background Except at diagnosis and relapse, when gross disease is present, histologic evaluation is less sensitive than immunocytology (IC) of bone marrow for detecting metastatic neuroblastoma. We examined whether the chance of a positive IC from a single marrow site was comparable to an IC of pooled marrow from multiple sites. Procedure We carried out 47 marrow examinations on 29 patients with high-risk neuroblastoma on therapy. Each examination consisted of histologic evaluation of four aspirates and two biopsies (six sites), IC of a 2.5–5-mL heparinized sample from a single site (the right posterior iliac crest; IC-RPIC), as well as IC of 8–10 mL of heparinized marrow pooled from bilateral anterior and bilateral posterior iliac crests (IC-pooled). IC was performed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for ganglioside GD2. Results The number of GD2-positive tumor cells detected by IC-pooled had a strong linear correlation with that by IC-RPIC (R = 0.91), although IC-pooled detected an average of 3.3 times more GD2-positive cells. Of 47 examinations, 15 tested positive by histology (6 sites), 20 by IC- pooled, and 17 by IC-RPIC. Among 29 patients, the level of agreement between IC-RPIC and IC-pooled was generally good (kappa statistic ⩾ 0.72), giving a false negative rate of ⩽30%. Conclusions Compared to conventional histologic examinations, immunocytology of a single marrow aspirate generally agrees with that of marrow pooled from six sites. However, the false negative rate may be too high in the setting of examination prior to bone marrow or stem cell harvest. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 32:84–87, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Closed formulae for Green functions on fractal lattices

Abstract Closed form solutions are found for Schrodinger Green functions x (corner-to-same-corner) and y (corner-to-other-corner) on the 3-simplex, the 4-simplex and two other fractal lattices. It is elementary to derive the well known recursions of the form x → X(x, y), y → Y(x, y) relating generations n and n + 1 of the lattice. We have now obtained an infinite hierarchy of exact solutions to these recursion expressing x, y as closed formulae in terms of initial condition (energy) and generation number n. This amounts to constructing a hierarchy of orbits for the dynamics of the renormalization map. To our knowledge, no other such solutions have been found previously. For each of these solutions, y scales as a power of the lattice size, which is of interest in relation to conductance scaling in Anderson localization. One cannot study power-law scaling numerically using the recursions alone, since the asymptotic behavior of y at large length scale is chaotic with respect to the energy parameter. Thus, the chances of finding any power-law solution are measure zero in the initial conditions, most of which lead to superlocalized, stretched exponential behaviors of y with lattice size. In contrast, the exact solutions each connect a value of energy to an unambiguous asymptotic behavior.
An indoor routing algorithm for the blind: development and comparison to a routing algorithm for the sighted

This paper presents a prototypical implementation of a non‐network‐based indoor routing algorithm for the sighted and the blind. The spatial abilities of the visually impaired are discussed. Former approaches of outdoor navigation systems for the blind are analyzed and deemed inappropriate for the purpose of modeling indoor navigation. The proposed routing algorithm for the blind calculates routes based on physical characteristics of traveling with a long cane. The algorithm distinguishes between clues, landmarks, obstacles, and hazards along the feasible paths and selects the optimal route by trading off distance and the number of landmarks and clues along a route. Subsequently, the routes for the blind are compared to routes calculated by the routing algorithm for the sighted. The paper asserts that the proposed indoor routing algorithm leads to more suitable routes for the blind.
Evaluation of the Structure of Levee Transitions on Wave Run-Up and Overtopping by Physical Modeling

Coastal regions are continually plagued by high water levels induced by river flooding or hurricane-induced storm surge. As with any protective structure, it is essential to understand potential problematic locations that could result in structural failure and devastating loss. Common coastal protective systems are composed of floodwalls and levees, for each of which practiced methodologies have been used to estimate their performance under design conditions. Methodologies concerning spatial variability are limited, however, and transitions where earthen levees merge with floodwalls are considered areas vulnerable to erosion and possible breaching. Physical modeling of a levee tran- sition is undertaken in a three-dimensional wave basin to evaluate this hypothesis, and the detailed results of this assessment are presented in this paper. From the physical model testing, analysis of the data reveals that overtopping rates tend to be larger immediately near the transition than away from it. The run-up values and floodwall wave heights tend to show potential problematic areas and mimic the variation of overtopping along the levee transition. Under the design conditions tested, extreme overtopping conditions and associated water level values indicate that for the structure to sustain the hydraulic conditions, it must be well armored. It is shown that the variation of the still water level plays the largest role in the magnitude of the measured values, and increasing the peak wave period and wave heights also yields greater overtopping and water levels at the structure. This study highlights the need to understand specific spatial variability along coastal protective systems, and provides a better understanding of the mechanisms affecting overtopping for the specific structure tested. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000103. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Distinguishing hair cell from neural potentials recorded at the round window

Almost all patients who receive cochlear implants have some acoustic hearing prior to surgery. Electrocochleography (ECoG), or electrophysiological measures of cochlear response to sound, can identify remaining auditory nerve activity that is the basis for this residual hearing and can record potentials from hair cells that are no longer functionally connected to nerve fibers. The ECoG signal is therefore complex, being composed of both hair cell and neural signals. To identify signatures of different sources in the recorded potentials, we collected ECoG data across frequency and intensity from the round window of gerbils before and after treatment with kainic acid, a neurotoxin. Distortions in the recorded waveforms were produced by different sources over different ranges of frequency and intensity. In response to tones at low frequencies and low-to-moderate intensities, the major source of distortion was from neural phase-locking that was sensitive to kainic acid. At high intensities at all frequencies, the distortion was not sensitive to kainic acid and was consistent with asymmetric saturation of the hair cell transducer current. In addition to loss of phase-locking, changes in the envelope after kainic acid treatment indicate that sustained neural firing combines with receptor potentials from hair cells to produce the envelope of the response to tones. These results provide baseline data to interpret comparable recordings from human cochlear implant recipients.
The effect of perturbation onset timing and length on tripping recovery strategies

In control subjects, trips during the early and late swing phase of walking elicit elevating and lowering strategies, respectively. However, the transition between these recovery strategies during mid-swing is unclear. A better understanding of this transition would provide insight into what factors cause individuals to choose one strategy over another. Three control subjects walked on a treadmill while attached to a custom-made tripping device. Perturbations of various lengths (ranging from 50 ms to 350 ms) were applied throughout the swing phase of gait. The results suggest that as perturbation length increased, the transition from elevating to lowering strategies occurred at earlier perturbation onsets. The transition period varied linearly with perturbation length. Perturbation lengths of 150 ms to 250 ms more closely replicated strategy selection in trips induced by real obstacles. Perturbations that are longer in duration force the transition from an elevating to a lowering strategy to occur at an earlier percentage of swing. These results show that perturbation length affects recovery strategy selection in response to trips.
HEALTH AS FREEDOM: ADDRESSING SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF GLOBAL HEALTH INEQUITIES THROUGH THE HUMAN RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT

In spite of vast global improvements in living standards, health, and well-being, the persistence of absolute poverty and its attendant maladies remains an unsettling fact of life for billions around the world and constitutes the primary cause for the failure of developing states to improve the health of their peoples. While economic development in developing countries is necessary to provide for underlying determinants of health--most prominently, poverty reduction and the building of comprehensive primary health systems--inequalities in power within the international economic order and the spread of neoliberal development policy limit the ability of developing states to develop economically and realize public goods for health. With neoliberal development policies impacting entire societies, the collective right to development, as compared with an individual rights-based approach to development, offers a framework by which to restructure this system to realize social determinants of health. The right to development, working through a vector of rights, can address social determinants of health, obligating states and the international community to support public health systems while reducing inequities in health through poverty-reducing economic growth. At an international level, where the ability of states to develop economically and to realize public goods through public health systems is constrained by international financial institutions, the implementation of the right to development enables a restructuring of international institutions and foreign-aid programs, allowing states to enter development debates with a right to cooperation from other states, not simply a cry for charity.
Development of a mucosal vaccine for influenza viruses: preparation for a potential influenza pandemic

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus has caused influenza outbreaks in poultry and migratory birds in Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe, and there is concern that it could cause a new pandemic. This fear of an emerging pandemic of a new influenza strain underscores the urgency of preparing effective vaccines to meet the pandemic. One way to mitigate current concerns is to develop an influenza vaccine that is fully functional against drift influenza viruses. In our current situation, in which we cannot predict which strain will cause a pandemic, cross-protective immunity using potential and novel mucosal vaccines plays a particularly important role in preventing the spread of highly pathogenic influenza virus.
Femtosecond Dynamics of Rhodopsin Photochemistry Probed by a Double Pump Spectroscopic Approach

Femtosecond pump−probe measurements of the excitation pathway of bovine rhodopsin to bathorhodopsin show varying transient events in the photoinduced absorption spectrum. In the spectral region where bathorhodopsin absorption dominates in the rhodopsin−bathorhodopsin difference spectrum, subpicosecond (200−600 fs) and 3 ps signals are observed. In the region where rhodopsin absorption dominates, a 3−5 ps transient is observed, which follows rhodopsin repopulation. To unravel the different models of the rhodopsin−bathorhodopsin dynamics that have been proposed to explain these transient observations, we have employed a three-beam experiment. The first pump beam launches the photochemistry, a second pump pulse interrupts the spontaneous evolution of the trajectory of excited rhodopsin at a delayed time from the first pump pulse, and a weak third beam probes changes in the amount of bathorhodopsin that is formed in response to the second pump beam. We first find that bathorhodopsin can be photoexcited, presu...
Decreased striatal monoaminergic terminals in severe chronic alcoholism demonstrated with (+)[11C]dihydrotetrabenazine and positron emission tomography.

We used (+)[ 11 C]dihydrotetrabenazine, a new ligand for the type 2 vesicular monoamine transporter, with positron emission tomography to study striatal monoaminergic presynaptic terminals in 7 male severe chronic alcoholic subjects without Wernicke-Korsakoff disease compared with 7 male normal controls of similar ages. We found reduced specific binding in the caudate nucleus and putamen in the alcoholic group, and the difference reached significance in the putamen. Specific binding was not decreased in the thalamus, which was examined as a reference structure. We also detected deficits in blood-to-brain transfer rate, K 1 , in the same regions of the alcoholic group, with a significant difference in the putamen. K 1 was unchanged in the thalamus. The finding of reduced striatal VMAT2 in severe chronic alcoholic patients suggests that nigrostriatal monoaminergic terminals are reduced, with or without loss of neurons from the substantia nigra. The findings suggest that the damaging effects of severe chronic alcoholism on the central nervous system are more extensive than previously considered.
“Your Credibility Could Be Shot”: Preservice Teachers’ Thinking about Nonfiction Graphic Novels, Curriculum Decision Making, and Professional Acceptance

This article examined the value of using nonfiction graphic novels as historical narratives in the social studies curriculum. Preservice teachers evaluated several graphic novels and identified attributes of graphic novels that could contribute to students’ development of historical thinking and understanding of multiple perspectives. Despite the preservice teachers’ value for graphic novels as resources and their desire to use them in their future classrooms, all of the preservice teachers identified reasons why they would not be able to use graphic novels in their future school context. The findings suggested that the preservice teachers’ desire to be accepted by their school community took precedence over their intention to use resources that they deemed engaging and beneficial for student learning.
Development and mapping of AFLP markers linked to the sorghum fertility restorer gene rf4.

The restoration of male fertility in the sorghum IS1112 C (A3) male-sterile cytoplasm is through a two-gene gametophytic system involving complementary action of the restoring alleles Rf3 and Rf4. To develop markers suitable for mapping rf4, AFLP technology was applied to bulks of sterile and fertile individuals from a segregating BC3F1 population. Three AFLP markers linked to rf4 were identified and subsequently converted to STS/CAPS markers, two of which are co-dominant. Based on a population of 378 BC1F1 individuals, two STS/CAPS markers, LW7 and LW8, mapped to within 5.31 and 3.18 cM, respectively, of rf4, while an STS marker, LW9, was positioned 0.79 cM on the flanking side of rf4. Markers LW8 and LW9 were used to screen sorghum BAC libraries to identify the genomic region encoding rf4. A series of BAC clones shown to represent a genomic region of linkage group E were identified by the rf4-linked markers. A contig of BAC clones flanking the LW9 marker represent seed clones on linkage group E, from which fine mapping of the rf4 locus and chromosome walking can be initiated.
Prevalence of Childhood Abuse Among Army National Soldiers and Its Relationship to Adult Suicidal Behavior

The present study examined childhood abuse (self-reported early childhood harsh punishment and physical abuse from parents) and its relationship to adult suicidal behavior among Army National Guard soldiers. Analyses of data obtained from routinely administered the Unit Risk Inventory (N = 12,567 soldiers in 180 company-sized units) showed prevalence rates of 16.0% for harsh punishment and 7.8% for physical abuse, generally consistent with those of past studies investigating childhood abuse among civilian and military populations. Soldiers who reported childhood abuse were three to eight times more likely to report suicidal behavior (i.e., thought about suicide, made plans, or had attempted), with the highest likelihood of such behaviors for self-reported physical abuse. Level 2 or unit-level effects were also observed, though the effects were less evident.
On the Need for Imagistic Modeling in Story Understanding

Abstract There is ample evidence that human understanding of ordinary language relies in part on a rich capacity for imagistic mental modeling. We argue that genuine language understanding in machines will similarly require an imagistic modeling capacity enabling fast construction of instances of prototypical physical situations and events, whose participants are drawn from a wide variety of entity types, including animate agents. By allowing fast evaluation of predicates such as ‘can-see’, ‘under’, and ‘inside’, these model instances support coherent text interpretation. Imagistic modeling is thus a crucial – and not very broadly appreciated – aspect of the long-standing knowledge acquisition bottleneck in AI. We will illustrate how the need for imagistic modeling arises even in the simplest first-reader stories for children, and provide an initial feasibility study to indicate what the architecture of a system combining symbolic with imagistic understanding might look like.
UNIFIED GAUGE THEORIES OF HADRONS AND LEPTONS

If we insist on SU(3) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} SU(3) classification for hadrons, in the presence of the known low-lying multiplets, we are led to models of the following nature: Before spontaneous breakdown, we have two commuting gauge groups, hadronic and leptonic. This divides such models into three sectors: hadrons, leptons, and a third unconventional set of (presumably high-mass) scalar mesons which serve to connect the two "known" worlds. Spontaneous breakdown induces appropriate masses and all usual strong, weak, and electromagnetic couplings. Intimate connections are seen between these three fundamental forces.
Subtypes of anhedonia and facial electromyography response to negative affective pictures in non-psychiatric adults.

Introduction. Flat/constricted affect and anhedonia are symptoms found in several psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. However, there are very few studies on the relationships between specific anhedonia subtypes and objectively assessed flat affect, and it appears that none of the existing studies examined potential moderation by sex.Methods. Forty-seven undergraduate students (60% male) completed self-report questionnaires assessing three subtypes of anhedonia – non-social consummatory (CON) and anticipatory (ANT) anhedonia, and overall social anhedonia. Participants viewed 15 pictures (5 neutral and 10 negative) from the International Affective Picture System, whereas facial muscle reaction was recorded using electromyography (EMG).Results. Male participants reporting a greater level of overall social or non-social CON anhedonia showed a greater EMG activity increase in the corrugator supercilii muscle to negative (vs. neutral) pictures. In females, the relationship was only found...
An analysis of extended and exponentially-fed-batch cultures

Under certain conditions it is shown that an extended culture is equivalent to an exponentially-fed-batch culture, that an exponentially-fed-batch culture (and an extended culture) can be maintained at a steady state and that an exponentially-fed-batch culture may be mimicked by a continuous-flow culture with a constant dilution rate. Operational conditions required to maintain steady states are specified.
Unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of a fighter model undergoing large-amplitude pitching motions at high angles of attack

The effects of harmonic or constant-rate-ramp pitching motions (giving angles of attack from 0 to 75 deg) on the aerodynamic performance of a fighter-aircraft model with highly swept leading-edge extensions are investigated experimentally in the NASA Langley 12-ft low-speed wind tunnel. The model configuration and experimental setup are described, and the results of force and moment measurements and flow visualizations are presented graphically and discussed in detail. Large force overshoots and hysteresis are observed and attributed to lags in vortical-flow development and breakup. The motion variables have a strong influence on the persistence of dynamic effects, which are found to affect pitch-rate capability more than flight-path turning performance.
Effect of steady and periodic strain on unsteady flamelet combustion

An unsteady, finite-rate kinetics, strained, flat-flame model is used to investigate the effects of unsteady dynamics on the burning rate and non-equilibrium processes including ignition, quenching and extinction in non-premixed combustion in the flamelet limit. Unsteady computations are performed for a steady and a periodic strain. Results show that for a shortduration (spark) ignition, a steady positive strain rate enhances the burning rate while exponentially increasing the ignition delay time. Increasing the strain rate leads to sudden quenching of the reaction, with no potential for re-ignition, as kinetic rates can no longer support combustion. The quenching strain is increased and ignition delay is substantially reduced when the ignition source is a long-duration “pilot-flame.” These results indicate that the burning rate depends strongly on the strain history, when flow and chemical time scales are close. An important example of strain history, which resembles that produced by a turbulent flow, is an oscillating strain. We find that flamelet combustion exhibits strong sensitivity to strain field oscillations. For high amplitude oscillation, the flame is quenched as the total strain exceeds the steady quenching strain, even though the mean strain may be well below the quenching strain. Partial quenching and re-ignition may replace permanent quenching if the frequency of oscillations is increased. When compressive strains prevail, partial extinction is observed. The flamelet re-ignites as positive strains induce reactants' fluxes towards the hot extinct reaction zone. quenching, partial quenching, extinction and re-ignition result in large variations in the unsteady burning rate and in a mean burning rate which is smaller than the steady burning rate computed using the mean strain.
Effects of temperature and single-stranded DNA on the interaction of an RNA polymerase III transcription factor with a tRNA gene

It has previously been shown that a yeast RNA polymerase III transcription factor binds stably to tRNA genes. The principal protein-DNA contacts have now been mapped, by dimethylsulfate footprinting, to the vicinity of the A and B block promoter regions of the S. cerevisiae tRNALeu3 gene. Single-stranded DNA preferentially interferes with the binding of the transcription factor to one of the promoter regions. The effect of temperature on the formation of the transcription factor-DNA complex has been examined: the complex has the kind of "opening" property that has been previously associated with prokaryotic RNA polymerase-promoter complexes, with stability increasing as the temperature is raised.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Morphologic Features of Advanced Breast Cancer Predict Surgical and Pathologic Outcomes after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

Background: Neoadjuvant therapy is becoming more widely used for locally advanced breast cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be the most accurate imaging modality to determine initial extent of disease, early disease response to therapy, and residual viable tumor at completion of therapy. However, the relationship between the morphologic tumor patterns on MRI and clinical outcomes have not been widely studied. Materials and Methods: A total of 237 women with locally advanced breast cancer were enrolled in CALGB150007/ACRIN6657, a multi-institutional study of serial MRI imaging during neoadjuvant therapy. All women received four cycles of anthracycline-cytoxan (AC) therapy, with the majority also receiving four subsequent cycles of paclitaxel (T) therapy, followed by surgery. Residual cancer burden (RCB) was determined by central pathology review. MRI was performed at baseline, after AC#1, after AC#4, and before surgery. MRI morphologic features at baseline were scored locally by the site radiologist on a five point scale, indicating increasing degrees of tumor dispersion. Longest diameter lesion sum (LD) and volumetric tumor measures were obtained at each time point. Percent deviation of tumor from ideal sphere (%dev) was calculated by dividing the true MRI volume to that of the idealized spherical volume: (4π/3)*(LD/2)3, and subtracting from 100%. Results: Imaging results were available for 215/237 women. Of these, surgical management information and RCB results available for 207 and 194 women, respectively. Women with either type 1 (unifocal confined mass) or type 2 (multi-lobular mass) morphology were more likely to receive lumpectomy over mastectomy (53 vs. 40, 57% breast conservation rate), than were women whose disease was less confined prior the chemotherapy (36 vs. 75, 32% breast conservation rate, p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4016.
Fibers of YBa2Cu3O7 by pendant drop melt extraction

Abstract Fibers of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 have been produced by pendant drop melt extraction, a technique in which the end of a rod of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 is melted with a hydrogen-oxygen torch and lowered onto the edge of a spinning wheel. Fibers up to 10 cm in length have been produced; usually the lateral dimensions were in the range from 20 to 125 μm. The fibers required a heat treatment to make them superconducting; the T c of heat treated fibers ranged from 88 to 90 K.
Does Active Management Provide Investor Surplus

A consumer experiences consumer surplus when she pays less than her reservation price for a product. Similarly, an investor experiences investor surplus when he would be willing to pay more than the charge to invest in a particular instrument or portfolio. Typically, a portfolio manager generates investor surplus by delivering alpha. Jacobsen formally shows in this article that a portfolio manager can also generate investor surplus by having asymmetric betas, that is, when the beta in up markets is different than the beta in down markets. Because no one forces investors to buy active management, they must perceive benefits that exceed the cost. Some of these benefits (custody, diversification, accounting, partial share ownership) are also available from passive strategies; others (expected differences in up and down market betas, alphas, optionality, cocktail party conversation) are only available from active management.
Inventory: Risk Identification and More

A major component of library risk management is being able to precisely identify what you own. This is a goal of the Colorado State University Libraries, which began a collection identification process following a natural disaster in 1997. The process continues with an inventory of materials housed in the on-campus book storage facility. This article describes the procedures and challenges of a risk management inventory project that examines holdings at the item record level and includes the physical assessment of each volume.
Understanding human ambivalence about sex: The effects of stripping sex of meaning

We offer a theoretical perspective to provide insight into why people are ambivalent about sex and why cultures regulate sex and attach symbolic meaning to it. Building on terror management theory, we propose that sex is problematic for humankind in part because it reminds us of our creaturely mortal nature. Two experiments investigated the effects of reminding people of the similarity between humans and other animals on their reactions to the physical aspects of sex. In Study 1, priming human‐animal similarities led to increased accessibility of death‐related thoughts after thinking about the physical but not romantic aspects of sex. In Study 2, when participants were reminded of similarities between humans and other animals, mortality salience resulted in decreased attraction to the physical but not romantic aspects of sex. In each study, priming thoughts about how humans are distinct from animals eliminated the association between sex and death.
Counseling Uses of Career Self-Efficacy Theory

This article discusses the use of career self-efficacy theory in counseling individuals having low career-related self-efficacy.
Descending tentorial herniation: findings on computed tomography.

Descending tentorial herniation (DTH) can be diagnosed by computed tomography. Encroachment upon the lateral aspect of the suprasellar cistern is an early sign of impending tentorial herniation. Actual herniation is evidenced by rotation and shift of the brain stem with consequent widening of the crural and ambient cisterns on the side of the space-occupying lesion. In a more advanced stage of herniation, obliteration of cisternal spaces at the tentorial level will occur. Aqueductal compression secondary to the herniation will cause increased intraventricular pressure with widening of those parts of the lateral ventricles that are not exposed parts of the lateral ventricles that are not exposed to the compression by the mass; a characteristic finding is widening of the temporal horn on the side opposite the space-occupying lesion. Infarction in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery may complicate DTH.