cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy storage systems for high power applications

Energy storage systems provide viable solutions for better efficiency, improved power quality and reliability issues in DC/AC power systems including power grids with considerable penetration of renewable energy. It is also essential for shipboard power systems, aircraft powertrains, electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles to meet the peak load economically and improve the system's reliability and efficiency. Depending on the application and the required power and energy of the system, the storage devices should be selected. Moreover, the system cost, weight, space as well as its maintenance are the other factors that should be considered when a storage system is designed. This paper focuses on the latest technology development of high power storage devices e.g. supercapacitor, superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) and flywheels. These storage systems are able to efficiently provide very high power for a short duration of time and are suitable for a system with frequent and rapid charge and discharge characteristics. This paper also presents the detailed application of these storage technologies in a power grid and transportation system as well as critical loads and pulse loads.
Exploring the benefits of respite services to family caregivers: methodological issues and current findings

ABSTRACTObjectives: There is growing emphasis on empirical validation of the efficacy of community-based services for older people and their families, but research on services such as respite care faces methodological challenges that have limited the growth of outcome studies. We identify problems associated with the usual research approaches for studying respite care, with the goal of stimulating use of novel and more appropriate research designs that can lead to improved studies of community-based services.Method: Using the concept of research validity, we evaluate the methodological approaches in the current literature on respite services, including adult day services, in-home respite and overnight respite.Results: Although randomized control trials (RCTs) are possible in community settings, validity is compromised by practical limitations of randomization and other problems. Quasi-experimental and interrupted time series designs offer comparable validity to RCTs and can be implemented effectively in c...
Kinds and spectrum of mutations induced by 1-nitrosopyrene adducts during plasmid replication in human cells.

1-Nitropyrene has been shown in bacterial assays to be the principal mutagenic agent in diesel emission particulates. It has also been shown to be mutagenic in human fibroblasts and carcinogenic in animals. To investigate the kinds of mutations induced by this carcinogen and compare them with those induced by a structurally related carcinogen, (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetra-hydrobenzo [a]pyrene (BPDE) (J.-L. Yang, V. M. Maher, and J. J. McCormick, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3787-3791, 1987), we treated a shuttle vector with tritiated 1-nitrosopyrene (1-NOP), a carcinogenic mutagenic intermediate metabolite of 1-nitropyrene which forms the same DNA adduct as the parent compound, and introduced the plasmids into a human embryonic kidney cell line, 293, for DNA replication to take place. The treated plasmid, pZ189, carrying a bacterial suppressor tRNA target gene, supF, was allowed 48 h to replicate in the human cells. Progeny plasmids were then rescued, purified, and introduced into bacteria carrying an amber mutation in the beta-galactosidase gene in order to detect those carrying mutations in the supF gene. The frequency of mutants increased in direct proportion to the number of DNA-1-NOP adducts formed per plasmid. At the highest level of adduct formation tested, the frequency of supF mutants was 26 times higher than the background frequency of 1.4 X 10(-4). DNA sequencing of 60 unequivocally independent mutant derived from 1-NOP-treated plasmids indicated that 80% contained a single base substitution, 5% had two base substitutions, 4% had small insertions or deletions (1 or 2 base pairs), and 11% showed a deletion or insertion of 4 or more base pairs. Sequence data from 25 supF mutants derived from untreated plasmids showed that 64% contained deletions of 4 or more base pairs. The majority (83%) of the base substitution in mutants from 1-NOP-treated plasmids were transversions, with 73% of these being G . C --> T . A. This is very similar to what we found previously in this system, using BPDE, but each carcinogen produced its own spectrum of mutations. Of the five hot spots for base substitution mutations produced in the supF gene with 1-NOP, two were the same as seen with BPDE-treated plasmids. However, the three other hot spots were cold spots for BPDE-treated plasmids. Conversely, four of the other five hot spots seen with BPDE-treated plasmids were cold spots for 1-NOP-treated plasmids. Comparison of the two carcinogens for the frequency of supF mutants induced per DNA adduct showed that 1-NOP-induced adducts were 3.8 times less than BPDE adducts. However, the 293 cell excised 1-NOP-induced adducts faster than BPDE adducts.
Agency Problems and Legal Strategies

This article is the second chapter of a book authored by R. Kraakman, P. Davies, H. Hansmann, G. Hertig, K. Hopt, H. Kanda, and E. Rock, "The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach," (Oxford University Press 2004). The book as a whole provides a functional analysis of corporate (or company) law in Europe, the U.S., and Japan. Its organization reflects the structure of corporate law across all jurisdictions, while individual chapters explore the diversity of jurisdictional approaches to the common problems of corporate law. "Agency Problems and Legal Strategies" establishes the analytical framework for the book as a whole. After further elaborating the agency problems that motivate corporate law, this chapter identifies five legal strategies that the law employs to address these problems. Describing these strategies allows us to more accurately map legal similarities and differences across jurisdictions. Some legal strategies are "regulatory" insofar as they directly constrain the actions of corporate actors: for example, a standard of behavior such as a director's duty of loyalty and care. Other legal strategies are "governance-based" insofar as they channel the distribution of power and payoffs within companies to reduce opportunism. For example, the law may accord direct decision rights to a vulnerable corporate constituency, as when it requires shareholder approval of mergers. Alternatively, the law may assign appointment rights over top managers to a vulnerable constituency, as when it accords shareholders - or in some jurisdictions, employees - the power to select corporate directors. Finally, the law may attempt to shape the incentives of managers or controlling shareholders, as when it regulates compensation or prescribes an equal treatment norm such as the rule that dividends must be paid out ratably. In addition to Chapter 2, Chapter 1 "What is Corporate Law" is available in full text on the SSRN at http://ssrn.com/abstract=568623. The abstracts for Chapter 3: The Basic Governance Structure; Chapter 4: Creditor protection (http://ssrn.com/abstract=568823); Chapter 5: Related Party Transactions; Chapter 6: Significant Corporate Actions; Chapter 7: Control Transactions; Chapter 8: Issuers and Investor Protection; Chapter 9: Beyond the Anatomy are also/will be available on the SSRN.
Abstract 237: Role of Runx2 in Vascular Responses to Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension

Increases in local angiotensin II (ANGII) signaling have been implicated in a number of diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and aneurysm. Endothelial dysfunction is strongly associated with increased ANGII signaling and the pathogenesis of these diseases. While increases in Runx2 have been implicated in cardiovascular calcification and vascular stiffening in diabetes, little is known regarding the role of Runx2 in the regulation of endothelial function. In the present study, we hypothesized that Runx2 is a key mediator of impaired vascular function and increased vascular wall stiffness provoked by ANGII. Wild-type mice (WT) and littermates that were deficient in one copy of Runx2 (HET) were implanted with osmotic minipumps containing saline or a pressor dose of ANGII (1000 ng/kg/min). Blood pressure was measured non-invasively using tail-cuff methods (CODA) and mice were sacrificed following 14 days of treatment. Changes in endothelium-dependent relaxation (relaxation to acetylcholine, RACH...
Simvastatin attenuates oleic acid-induced oxidative stress through CREB-dependent induction of heme oxygenase-1 in renal proximal tubule cells

Simvastatin attenuates oleic acid-induced oxidative stress through CREB-dependent induction of heme oxygenase-1 in renal proximal tubule cells
Über den Einfluß oberflächenaktiver Stoffe auf das polarographische Verhalten von Blei und Cadmium

The effects of the surfactants l-menthol, dl-camphor and thymol on the faradaic reduction processes of Pb(II) and Cd(II) in sodium nitrate have been studied. The diffusion currents decrease in the presence of these surfactants and deceleration of the electrode process is observed which is substantiated by the data fromi-t curves and cyclic voltammograms. Reduction appears to be quasireversible and the rate constants have been evaluated byGellings' method.
Ice cream cone sign: reversible ballooning of the trachea due to tracheostomy tube cuff overinflation

A woman in her 80s with ventilator-dependent respiratory failure due to severe cardiomyopathy and critical illness myopathy was transferred to our hospital after experiencing recurrent episodes of ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. On arrival, there was a significant air leak despite tracheostomy tube (TT) cuff pressures of 50 cm H2O (normal <25 cm H2O). Chest radiography revealed what we term the ‘ice cream cone sign’ (figure 1 and video 1), consistent with proximal trachea …
36 BACILLUS ANTHRACIS SPORES STIMULATE CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES THROUGH MULTIPLE MAPK PATHWAYS.

Contact with the human alveolar macrophage plays a key role in the innate immune response to Bacillus anthracis spores. Because there is a significant delay between the initial contact of the spore with the host and clinical evidence of disease, there appears to be temporary containment of the pathogen by the innate immune system. Therefore, the early macrophage response to anthrax exposure is important in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. We examined the initial events after exposure of human alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoscopy to Bacillus anthracis (Sterne) spores. Spores were rapidly internalized as determined by confocal microscopy. Spore exposure also rapidly activated the MAPK signaling pathways ERK, JNK, and P38. This was followed by transcriptional activation of cytokine and primarily monocyte chemokine genes as determined by RNase protection assays. Transcriptional induction was reflected at the translational level as IL-1a and b, IL-6, and TNF-a cytokine protein levels were markedly elevated as determined by ELISA. Induction of IL-6 and TNF-a, and to a lesser extent IL-1a and -b, was partially inhibited by blockade of individual mitogen-activated protein kinases, while complete inhibition of cytokine induction was achieved when multiple signaling pathway inhibitors were used. Taken together, these data clearly show activation of the innate immune system in human alveolar macrophages by Bacillus anthracis spores. The data also show that multiple signaling pathways are involved in this cytokine response.
Measurement of gas holdup of industrial flotation columns and study on influential factors

The gas holdup is one of the important parameters that affect separation efficiency of the flotation column.The pressure difference method was used to measure the gas holdup inside the flotation column,and a system of measuring the gas holdup of the industrial flotation column was designed based on direct digital control(DDC) technology and MCGS configuration software.The influences of circulating pressure,air flow and frother dosage on the gas holdup of the industrial flotation column were studied by single-factor test.The results showed that the circulating pressure,air flow and frother dosage significantly affected the gas holdup.Within a certain range,the gas holdup increased along with the increase in the circulating pressure,air flow and frother dosage,while reaching a certain extent,the increase rate gradually decreased.
Analysis of the competitiveness of the industrial structure of Northeast China based on shift-share method

How to optimize and upgrade the industrial structure of Northeast China is the core problem for the revitalization of the Northeast old industrial base.Based on the development tendency of Northeast China industrial structure.this paper has dynamic evaluated the development of industrial structure of the Northeast from 2004 to 2008 and drawn the following conclusion that three industry structure does not devolop coordinately,service industry develops slowly,and the agriculture development is big but not strong.And then,some measures are put forward to promote the coordinated development for the Northeast industrial structure.
Modeling disease risk through analysis of physical interactions between genetic variants within chromatin regulatory circuitry

SNPs associated with disease susceptibility often reside in enhancer clusters, or super-enhancers. Constituents of these enhancer clusters cooperate to regulate target genes and often extend beyond the linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks containing risk SNPs identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We identified 'outside variants', defined as SNPs in weak LD with GWAS risk SNPs that physically interact with risk SNPs as part of a target gene's regulatory circuitry. These outside variants further explain variation in target gene expression beyond that explained by GWAS-associated SNPs. Additionally, the clinical risk associated with GWAS SNPs is considerably modified by the genotype of outside variants. Collectively, these findings suggest a potential model in which outside variants and GWAS SNPs that physically interact in 3D chromatin collude to influence target transcript levels as well as clinical risk. This model offers an additional hypothesis for the source of missing heritability for complex traits.
The role of reactive oxygen species in the degradation of lignin derived dissolved organic matter

Abstract Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in transforming the chemical composition of the large pool of terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) exported from land to water annually. However, due to the challenges inherent in isolating the effects of individual ROS on DOM composition, the role of ROS in the photochemical alteration of DOM remains poorly characterized. In this work, terrestrial DOM was independently exposed to singlet oxygen (1O2), and superoxide ( O 2 - under controlled laboratory conditions). Using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry to track molecular level alterations of DOM by ROS, these findings suggest exposure to 1O2 (generated using Rose Bengal and visible light) removed formulas with an O/C > 0.3, and primarily resulted in DOM comprised of formulas with higher oxygen content, while O 2 - exposure (from KO2 in DMSO) removed formulas with O/C 1.5). Comparison of DOM altered by ROS in this study to riverine and coastal DOM showed that (20–80%) overlap in formulas, providing evidence for the role of ROS in shaping the composition of DOM exported from rivers to oceans.
Patterns of Genome-Wide Diversity and Population Structure in the Drosophila athabasca Species Complex

The Drosophila athabasca species complex contains three recently diverged, prezygotically isolated semispecies (Western-Northern, Eastern-A, and Eastern-B) that are distributed across North America and share zones of sympatry. Inferences based on a handful of loci suggest that this complex might be an ideal system for studying the genetics of incipient speciation and the evolution of prezygotic isolating mechanisms, but patterns of differentiation have not been characterized systematically. Here, we assembled a draft genome for D. athabasca and analyze whole-genome re-sequencing data for 28 individuals from across the species range to characterize genome-wide patterns of diversity and population differentiation among semispecies. Patterns of differentiation on the X-chromosome vs. autosomes vary, with the X-chromosome showing better phylogenetic resolution and increased levels of between semispecies divergence. Despite low levels of overall differentiation and a lack of phylogenetic resolution of the autosomes for the most closely related semispecies, individuals do exhibit distinct genetic clustering. Demographic analyses provide some support for a model of isolation with migration within D. athabasca, with divergence times <20 kya. The young divergence times of the semispecies of D. athabasca, together with strong levels of sexual isolation, makes them a promising system for studying the evolution of prezygotic isolation and speciation.
Missed Nursing Care: Understanding and Improving Nursing Care Quality in Pediatrics

Over the last 2 decades, researchers from diverse disciplines have explored the relationship between hospital nursing characteristics, such as patient-to-nurse staffing ratios and work environments, and patient outcomes, including mortality, length of stay, and readmission. The overall body of evidence supports a positive association between more favorable nursing characteristics and better outcomes in pediatric and other patient populations,1 and yet hospitals and health systems grapple with nursing resource allocation, a significant line-item operating expense. What are missing from the literature, and what research end users desire, are robust evaluations of likely causal mechanisms underlying these associations. How does a lower patient-to-nurse ratio meaningfully influence patient care? How do better work environments for nurses translate into better clinical outcomes? And, on the basis of these answers, which interventions are most likely to work, be adopted, and be sustained over time? Missed nursing care, or required patient care that is omitted or delayed,2 is considered a plausible explanation for the observed associations between hospital nursing factors and patient outcomes. Exploration of missed nursing care as a process outcome of these hospital structural factors is a logical, if early, step in answering end users’ questions. In this issue of Hospital Pediatrics , Lake and colleagues3 describe the frequency and patterns of missed nursing care reported by registered nurses working in general pediatric units, NICUs, and PICUs. They also examine associations among nurse staffing ratios, work environments, and missed care. To do so, they present retrospective analyses of registered nurse survey data collected from 2006 to 2008 as part of a larger study on nurse workload and patient outcomes. A total of 2187 general pediatric, NICU, and PICU nurses reported on a variety of characteristics of their …
Understanding Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is the unexplained loss of maternal cardiac systolic function in the period surrounding parturition. PPCM affects women worldwide and is a leading cause of maternal mortality. The cause of PPCM has remained elusive until recently. We review here the epidemiology of PPCM, recent findings that strongly indicate hormonal and genetic contributions to the development of PPCM, and implications for the management of women with PPCM.
Complications of ACLR, Including Revision ACLR

Children who undergo an ACL reconstruction have a unique spectrum of complications as compared to adults. The pediatric bone size, open growth plates, and extremely high activity level contribute to their high rate of complications. Children are subject to most of the same complications that are seen in adults, but they can also suffer the unique complication of a growth disturbance which can result in a shorter leg, a longer leg, or a crooked leg. Graft fixation may also be less secure and less anatomic than standard adult ACL reconstruction techniques. With the use of fluoroscopy and careful surgical technique, these complications can be minimized. Outcomes can be excellent, allowing even the very young athlete with a reconstructed ACL the safe return to cutting and pivoting sports such as football, basketball, and soccer.
Neurofeedback: A noninvasive treatment for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans

This paper discusses positive therapeutic gains made with veterans whose primary treatment for PTSD was artifact corrected neurofeedback. Assessments completed after both 20 and 40 half-hour sessions of treatment identified significant improvements for both auditory and visual attention using the IVA-2 CPT and the veterans reported significant improvements in their well-being based on the General Well-Being Scale (GWBS). It was discovered that neurofeedback impacted individuals’ overall auditory attention and that the IVA-2 global auditory test scores significantly improved after both 20 (p < .007, Cohen’s d = 0.5) and 40 training sessions (p < .0001, Cohen’s d = 0.8). Veterans were found to have significant enhancements specifically in auditory vigilance (p < .03), processing speed (p < .0009) and focus (p < .01). The IVA-2 global measure of visual attention was also found to show significant improvements after 20 sessions (p < .004, Cohen’s d = 0.5) and after 40 sessions (p < .06, Cohen’s d = 0.4). Specific improvements in visual processing speed (p < .04) and focus (p< .02) were identified after 40 sessions. Ratings of well-being also significantly improved after treatment (p < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.8) with 84% of the veterans improving five points or more on the GWBS. These improvements in well-being were found to be significantly correlated with increases in veterans’ overall auditory attention (r = .44, p < .03) and auditory processing speed (r = .57, p < .005).
Protease activated-receptor 2 is necessary for neutrophil chemorepulsion induced by trypsin, tryptase, or dipeptidyl peptidase IV.

Compared to neutrophil chemoattractants, relatively little is known about the mechanism neutrophils use to respond to chemorepellents. We previously found that the soluble extracellular protein dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) is a neutrophil chemorepellent. In this report, we show that an inhibitor of the protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) blocks DPPIV-induced human neutrophil chemorepulsion, and that PAR2 agonists such as trypsin, tryptase, 2f-LIGRL, SLIGKV, and AC55541 induce human neutrophil chemorepulsion. Several PAR2 agonists in turn block the ability of the chemoattractant fMLP to attract neutrophils. Compared to neutrophils from male and female C57BL/6 mice, neutrophils from male and female mice lacking PAR2 are insensitive to the chemorepulsive effects of DPPIV or PAR2 agonists. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) involves an insult-mediated influx of neutrophils into the lungs. In a mouse model of ARDS, aspiration of PAR2 agonists starting 24 h after an insult reduce neutrophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, as well as the post-BAL lung tissue. Together, these results indicate that the PAR2 receptor mediates DPPIV-induced chemorepulsion, and that PAR2 agonists might be useful to induce neutrophil chemorepulsion.
Gold Nanoparticles for Brain Tumor Imaging: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background: Demarcation of malignant brain tumor boundaries is critical to achieve complete resection and to improve patient survival. Contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for diagnosis and pre-surgical planning, despite limitations of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents to depict tumor margins. Recently, solid metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have shown potential as diagnostic probes for brain tumors. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) emerged among those, because of their unique physical and chemical properties and biocompatibility. The aim of the present study is to review the application of GNPs for in vitro and in vivo brain tumor diagnosis. Methods: We performed a PubMed search of reports exploring the application of GNPs in the diagnosis of brain tumors in biological models including cells, animals, primates, and humans. The search words were “gold” AND “nanoparticle” AND “brain tumor”. Two reviewers performed eligibility assessment independently in an unblinded standardized manner. The following data were extracted from each paper: first author, year of publication, animal/cellular model, GNP geometry, GNP size, GNP coating (i.e. PEG, gadolinium), blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing aids, imaging modalities, and therapeutic agents conjugated to the GNPs, Results: The PubMed search provided 100 items. A total of 16 studies, published between the 2011 and 2017, were included in our review. No studies on humans were found. Thirteen studies were conducted in vivo on rodent models. The most common shape was a nanosphere (twelve studies). The size of GNPs ranged between 20 nm and 120 nm. In eight studies, the GNPs were covered in polyethylene glycol (PEG). The BBB penetration was increased by surface molecules (nine studies) or by means of external energy sources (in two studies). The most commonly used imaging modalities were MRI (four studies), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) (three studies), and fluorescent microscopy (three studies). In two studies, the GNPs were conjugated with therapeutic agents. Conclusion: Experimental studies demonstrated that GNPs might be versatile, persistent and safe contrast agents for multimodality imaging, thus enhancing the tumor edges pre-, intra- and post-operatively improving microscopic precision. The diagnostic GNPs might also be used for multiple therapeutic approaches, namely as “theranostic” NPs.
Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation during Pregnancy

To determine the prevalence of individual vitamin and mineral supplement use during pregnancy and their relationships with selected characteristics of mothers, data from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey were analyzed. The responses of 18,549 mothers were used in the analysis, which consisted of both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. The prevalence of use for each of six supplements varied from 1.89% for zinc to 33.45% for iron. The use of these supplements did not appear to be strongly intercorrelated. Young age was associated with iron use, black race was associated with iron and vitamin A supplementation, and prenatal care and Women with Infants and Children food were associated with iron and vitamin A intake. Smoking was associated with folic acid and iron use, alcohol consumption was associated with folic acid use, and low family income was associated with iron use. The findings of the study may be useful in the future for more specific epidemiologic and clinical studies on supplementation during pregnancy.
Section Editorial – Ponder This: Science Education in Times of Challenge | Opportunity

Life can be complicated and manifest problems, and associated opportunities, abound. Whereas challenges can be occasions for gnashing of the teeth and wringing the hands, they also are resources for forging new pathways. Differences often can be a resource for disagreement – sometimes violent in a world that competes for energy and resources needed for myriad products for purposes such as construction of buildings, machines, weapons, transportation, communication, computation, and entertainment. Because the Earth’s resources are finite there is competition to obtain what is needed to produce high-quality living. Inequities arise because of very uneven distributions of resources, including money and power. As problems arise they are fixed to the extent possible. However it is now time to take a close look at science and its relationships with the universe – identifying ways to sustain harmony and wellness. Respecting difference and collaborating with (different) others is a priority for science educators if they are to have relevance on the road ahead.
A single CT for attenuation correction of both rest and stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging: a retrospective feasibility study.

Purpose: In the effort to reduce radiation exposure to patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with SPECT/CT, we evaluate the feasibility of a single CT for attenuation correction (AC) of single-day rest (R)/stress (S) perfusion. Methods: Processing of 20 single isotope and 20 dual isotope MPI with perfusion defects were retrospectively repeated in three steps: (1) the standard method using a concurrent R-CT for AC of R-SPECT and S-CT for S-SPECT; (2) the standard method repeated; and (3) with the R-CT used for AC of S-SPECT, and the S-CT used for AC of R-SPECT. Intra-Class Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and Choen’s kappa were used to measure intra-operator variability in sum scoring. Results: The highest level of intra-operator reliability was seen with the reproduction of the sum rest score (SRS) and sum stress score (SSS) (ICC > 95%). ICCs were > 85% for SRS and SSS when alternate CTs were used for AC, but when sum difference scores were calculated, ICC values were much lower (~22% to 27%), which may imply that neither CT substitution resulted in a reproducible difference score. Similar results were seen when evaluating dichotomous outcomes (sum scores difference of ≥ 4) when comparing different processing techniques (kappas ~0.32 to 0.43). Conclusions: When a single CT is used for AC of both rest and stress SPECT, there is disproportionately high variability in sum scoring that is independent of user error. This information can be used to direct further investigation in radiation reduction for common imaging exams in nuclear medicine.
Epilogue: The influences of Wendell C. Gordon

This concluding chapter offers an epiphanic account of the transmission of ideas and values between one teacher, Wendell C. Gordon, and his students in the Department of Economics at the University of Texas during its institutionalist Eden. That those ideas and values are alive, and being deepened and exercised, by overlapping generations of apostles, each of whom perceives the faith somewhat differently, is attested by the chapters in this book, our New Testament, if you will. (In the references, IT refers to Wendell C. Gordon, International Trade: Goods, People, Ideas [1958] and EIV to Economics from an Institutional Viewpoint [1973]. The italicized text in this chapter represents quotes from Gordon’s work.)
When and Why Do Talented Employees Experience Victimization? A Multilevel Investigation

Do talented employees experience more victimization at work? At first glance, this question seems odd because talented employees are more likely to be recognized as star players and contribute to t...
Transdermal sampling of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.

Aim: Transdermal analysis is proposed for vitamin D3 and its hydroxylated metabolite to overcome problems associated with blood analysis. Methods: Vitamin D3 was extracted directly from skin with s...
Retrograde and anterograde amnesia for spatial discrimination in rats: Role of hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and parietal cortex

The present study was conducted to examine whether lesions of hippocampus (HIP), entorhinal cortex (EC), or parietal cortex (PC) in rats produce retrograde amnesia for spatial two-choice discriminations in an eight-arm radial maze. Rats were trained successively on two single-pair discriminations, and lesions were performed approximately 24 h after the rat had acquired the second discrimination. After recovery from surgery, the animals were tested for retention of the two preoperatively acquired pairs at least for 2 days, and training continued until the animals reattained criterion performance for each of the pairs. Results indicated that when the two discrimination pairs were tested concurrently (Experiment 1), the HIP- and EC-lesioned rats were impaired in retention of the two presurgically acquired discriminations, whereas the PC lesioned rats displayed retention levels similar to the sham lesioned controls (SH). However, the EC- and PC-lesioned groups of animals were normal in reacquiring postoperatively the two pairs concurrently and in acquiring a new one-pair discrimination, whereas the HIP-lesioned rats displayed retarded relearning. Furthermore, under conditions in which the two pairs were tested successively, one at a daily session (Experiment 2), the two lesioned groups (HIP and EC) were still impaired in retention as well as in relearning of the discriminations in comparison with the control group. The HIP-lesioned rats, however, exhibited a significant improvement of performance in comparison with that of the HIP-lesioned rats in Experiment 1. The EC-lesioned rats displayed higher retention scores for the first (remote) than for the second (recent) pair acquired prior to surgery (temporal gradient). Furthermore, both the HIP- and the EC-lesioned rats were slower in acquisition of a new two-pair concurrent discrimination. These results were discussed in the context of current theories of learning and memory.
Women Behaving Differently: Anti-Establishment Party Membership and Female Parliamentary Activity

When will women politicians vary in their legislative behavior? We argue that anti-establishment parties, which are increasingly electorally viable, will incentivize their female members to be more...
Controllable drug delivery by light-activated nanoimpellers for cancer therapy

5601 Controllable delivery and on-demand release of chemotherapeutic drugs by nanoparticles provide a promising approach for cancer therapy, because the conventional drug delivery brings severe toxic side-effect to surrounding normal tissues as well. In our previous study, we have successfully synthesized and used the mesoporous silica nanoparticles to overcome the problem of hydrophobicity of anticancer drugs which is one of major obstacles for chemotherapy. Here we report synthesis construction of mesoporous silica nanoparticles that are equipped with nanoimpeller system for controllable drug delivery. This was accomplished by tethering azobenzene derivatives to the interiors of mesopores. When excited by light with a specific wavelength, a constant cis-trans isomerization reaction of N=N bonds occurs, which causes continual dynamic wagging of the untethered terminus and therefore impels out the guest molecules through the pore. The release of anticancer drugs inside of the mesopores to cancer cells can be actuated by light-irradiation at a specific wavelength on a time and power-dependent manner. The anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT) was loaded in and released only under light excitation, and induced apoptosis of cancer cells was observed. This cancer-targeting controllable delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs is the first step towards a novel platform for a new generation of nanotherapeutics with both spatial and temporal external control to attack malignant tumors while sparing the normal tissues. Our nanoparticles provide a new cancer-targeting vehicle that achieves controllable approaches for cancer therapy.
Process optimization and scale-up production of fungal aryl alcohol oxidase from genetically modified Aspergillus nidulans in stirred-tank bioreactor

Abstract Microbial production of aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO) has attracted increasing attention due to the central role of AAO in enzymatic lignin depolymerization. However, large-scale production of AAO has not been reached because of the low yield and inefficient fermentation process. This study aims to optimize the process parameters and scale-up production of AAO using Aspergillus nidulans in a stirred-tank bioreactor. Effects of pH and dissolved oxygen on AAO production at bioreactor scale were particularly investigated. Results revealed that pH control significantly affected protein production and increasing dissolved oxygen level stimulated AAO production. The greatest AAO activity (1906 U/L) and protein concentration (1.19 g/L) were achieved in 48 h at 60% dissolved oxygen with pH controlled at 6.0. The yield and productivity (in 48 h) were 31.2 U/g maltose and 39.7 U/L/h, respectively. In addition, crude AAO was concentrated and partially purified by ultrafiltration and verified by protein identification.
Racial Disparities in Rheumatology Through the Lens of Critical Race Theory

According to critical race theory (CRT), racism is ubiquitous in society. In the field of medicine, systems of racism are subtly interwoven with patient care, medical education, and medical research. Public health critical race praxis (PHCRP) is a tool that allows researchers to apply CRT to research. This article discusses the application of CRT and PHCRP to 3 race-related misconceptions in rheumatology: (1) giant cell arteritis is rare in non-White populations; (2) Black patients are less likely to undergo knee replacement because of patient preference; and (3) HLA-B*5801 screening should only be performed for patients of Asian descent.
TreeMap, a tree-level model of conterminous US forests circa 2014 produced by imputation of FIA plot data

A 30 × 30m-resolution gridded dataset of forest plot identifiers was developed for the conterminous United States (CONUS) using a random forests machine-learning imputation approach. Forest plots from the US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis program (FIA) were imputed to gridded c2014 landscape data provided by the LANDFIRE project using topographic, biophysical, and disturbance variables. The output consisted of a raster map of plot identifiers. From the plot identifiers, users of the dataset can link to a number of tree- and plot-level attributes stored in the accompanying tables and in the publicly available FIA DataMart, and then produce maps of any of these attributes, including number of trees per acre, tree species, and forest type. Of 67,141 FIA plots available, 62,758 of these (93.5%) were utilized at least once in imputation to 2,841,601,981 forested pixels in CONUS. Continuous high-resolution forest structure data at a national scale will be invaluable for analyzing carbon dynamics, habitat distributions, and fire effects. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13285904
SportsCenter: A Case Study of Media Framing U.S. Sport as the COVID-19 Epicenter

When COVID-19 enveloped sport, it presented SportsCenter, ESPN's primary news vehicle, with an unexpected and ironic form of "MarchMadness," with basketball as the sporting epicenter for a pandemic. This case study applied an ethnographic content analysis to examine how the cancellation or postponement of sport as a result of COVID-19 was framed across 22 episodes of SportsCenter from March 8 to 14, 2020. More than 134 min of coveragewas devoted toCOVID-19-related stories, and 268 unique types of stories were produced. Descriptive statistics suggested that COVID-19 was framed as having a direct impact on U.S. men's professional sports leagues and the National Collegiate Athletic Association men's basketball tournament. When considering news format characteristics, SportsCenter produced its coverage through convenience and relevance to ESPN, not sport. Even during a "breaking news" pandemic, SportsCenter retained its long-standing news process of gender bias and nationalistic favoritism. The visual difficulty of how to "show" coronavirus also presented a production challenge, but the messages and cues embedded in the visuals depicted a rapid shift in discourse that focused on basic reporting without health or global context. Instead, SportsCenter overwhelmed viewers with how sport was ripped away from (U.S.) American society.
Meta-Analyses of Splicing and Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Identified Susceptibility Genes of Glioma.

Background The functions of most glioma risk alleles are unknown. Very few studies had evaluated expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), and insights of susceptibility genes were limited due to scarcity of available brain tissues. Moreover, no prior study had examined the effect of glioma risk alleles on alternative RNA splicing. Objective This study explored splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTL) as molecular QTL and improved the power of QTL mapping through meta-analyses of both cis eQTL and sQTL. Methods We first evaluated eQTLs and sQTLs of the CommonMind Consortium (CMC) and Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) using genotyping, or whole-genome sequencing and RNA-seq data. Alternative splicing events were characterized using an annotation-free method that detected intron excision events. Then, we conducted meta-analyses by pooling the eQTL and sQTL results of CMC and GTEx using the inverse variance-weighted model. Afterward, we integrated QTL meta-analysis results (Q < 0.05) with the Glioma International Case Control Study (GICC) GWAS meta-analysis (case:12,496, control:18,190), using a summary statistics-based mendelian randomization (SMR) method. Results Between CMC and GTEx, we combined the QTL data of 354 unique individuals of European ancestry. SMR analyses revealed 15 eQTLs in 11 loci and 32 sQTLs in 9 loci relevant to glioma risk. Two loci only harbored sQTLs (1q44 and 16p13.3). In seven loci, both eQTL and sQTL coexisted (2q33.3, 7p11.2, 11q23.3 15q24.2, 16p12.1, 20q13.33, and 22q13.1), but the target genes were different for five of these seven loci. Three eQTL loci (9p21.3, 20q13.33, and 22q13.1) and 4 sQTL loci (11q23.3, 16p13.3, 16q12.1, and 20q13.33) harbored multiple target genes. Eight target genes of sQTLs (C2orf80, SEC61G, TMEM25, PHLDB1, RP11-161M6.2, HEATR3, RTEL1-TNFRSF6B, and LIME1) had multiple alternatively spliced transcripts. Conclusion Our study revealed that the regulation of transcriptome by glioma risk alleles is complex, with the potential for eQTL and sQTL jointly affecting gliomagenesis in risk loci. QTLs of many loci involved multiple target genes, some of which were specific to alternative splicing. Therefore, quantitative trait loci that evaluate only total gene expression will miss many important target genes.
Quantifying Epistemic Uncertainty in Deep Learning

Uncertainty quantification is at the core of the reliability and robustness of machine learning. It is well-known that uncertainty consists of two different types, often referred to as aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties. In this paper, we provide a systematic study on the epistemic uncertainty in deep supervised learning. We rigorously distinguish different sources of epistemic uncertainty, including in particular procedural variability (from the training procedure) and data variability (from the training data). We use our framework to explain how deep ensemble enhances prediction by reducing procedural variability. We also propose two approaches to estimate epistemic uncertainty for a well-trained neural network in practice. One uses influence function derived from the theory of neural tangent kernel that bypasses the convexity assumption violated by modern neural networks. Another uses batching that bypasses the time-consuming Gram matrix inversion in the influence function calculation, while expending minimal re-training effort. We discuss how both approaches overcome some difficulties in applying classical statistical methods to the inference on deep learning.
Insult to Injury: The Standing Obstacles That Often Awaits African Americans When Trying To Prove an Injury-in-Fact

The courthouse serves as a place of fairness and justice in America. A place where all citizens across the nation have access to have their claims heard. However, for African Americans, access to the courts is not always easy and is often denied. Court access is denied when an individual brings an injury to the courts, and the courts deny this injury because of standing. African Americans develop a distrust of the judicial system when they lack access. This also violated the Reconstruction amendments that were established to afford African Americans different protections. Also, it overlaps with other issues that African Americans face like higher crime and mass incarceration because not having access to courts leads to African Americans seeking their justice. This Casenote sheds light on a crucial contributor that is aiding in the struggles that African Americans face while seeking relief from the Courts. The author examined five cases from the U.S. Supreme Court and one from the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana. The author focused primarily on the courts' granting of standing for individuals seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. The author examined the courts’ interaction between White Americans and African Americans who sought relief for the same injuries. What the author discovered is that African Americans were denied relief compared to White Americans. African Americans also were faced with additional burdens from the courts compared to White Americans. As a result, of the cases, the author has concluded that the different outcomes stem from a bias towards African Americans by the courts. This conclusion is supported by the Supreme Court’s dissents in cases like the City of Los Angeles v. Lyons and Allen v. Wright. It is the author's theory that this court bias from the Court is why African Americans are denied access to the Courts, distrust the judicial system, search for justice elsewhere, and struggle with many other issues. The author concludes that to address this issue, the courts must take a more diverse approach with whom they hire as judges and adopt a view of the world that mirrors the twenty-first century.
On interface and twin boundaries in a forged Ti-47Al/TiB2 alloy

This paper discusses XD (exothermic dispersion) processed TiAl/TiB{sub 2} alloys which are a new class of intermetallic composites with improved toughness, creep resistance and oxidation resistance at high temperatures. They generally have a two-phase {alpha}{sub 2} + {gamma} matrix (Ti{sub 3}Al (DO{sub 19}) and TiAl (L1{sub 0} structures, respectively), which contains monocrystalline TiB{sub 2} particles. Although the deformation mechanisms of these alloys are essentially the same as those of conventional TiAl alloys, dislocation substructures, particularly dislocations at {alpha}{sub 2}/{gamma} interfaces, remain to be unambiguously identified. In a recent paper on a Ti-45Al/TiB{sub 2} alloy, these interfacial dislocations were assumed to be misfit dislocations with 1/6 {l angle}112{r angle}{sub {gamma}}. Burgers vectors and their presence was attributed to boron interstitials in the {gamma} matrix, However, the {alpha}{sub 2} phase has been shown to getter interstitial impurities from the {gamma} phase, thus increasing the ductility of the two phase alloy. Moreover, 1/6 {l angle}112{r angle}{sub {gamma}} partial dislocations generally result from the dissociation of glissile {gamma} dislocations during deformation and cannot be resolved by conventional weak beam electron microscopy because of their small separation distances. Their assumed presence is also unusual, in that lattice mismatch is not normally accommodated by partial dislocations.
Prevalence of Soil Mouthing/Ingestion among Healthy Children Aged 1 to 6

Ingestion of non-food items/mouthing behavior results in exposure of children to contaminants in soil/dust. We characterize the prevalence of such behaviors in healthy children. The relative frequency of such behaviors was assessed by parent interviews for 533 children age 1 to 6. Thirty-eight percent of children put soil in their mouths at least monthly, 24% at least weekly, and 11% daily. High-risk behavior decreased quickly for children aged 2 or more, but was still reported at least monthly by 3 to 9% of parents of children up through age 6. Highest outdoor object mouthing rates occur among 1-year-old children, who are reported to play daily in sand/dirt and have generally high levels of mouthing. Such children may have higher soil/dust ingestion and higher exposure to contaminants when soil/dust contains lead or other agents. These high-risk groups may help focus educational interventions and/or risk assessments.