cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub-millimeter ECoG pitch in human enables higher fidelity cognitive neural state estimation.

Abstract Electrocorticography (ECoG), electrophysiological recording from the pial surface of the brain, is a critical measurement technique for clinical neurophysiology, basic neurophysiology studies, and demonstrates great promise for the development of neural prosthetic devices for assistive applications and the treatment of neurological disorders. Recent advances in device engineering are poised to enable orders of magnitude increase in the resolution of ECoG without comprised measurement quality. This enhancement in cortical sensing enables the observation of neural dynamics from the cortical surface at the micrometer scale. While these technical capabilities may be enabling, the extent to which finer spatial scale recording enhances functionally relevant neural state inference is unclear. We examine this question by employing a high-density and low impedance 400 μm pitch microECoG (μECoG) grid to record neural activity from the human cortical surface during cognitive tasks. By applying machine learning techniques to classify task conditions from the envelope of high-frequency band (70–170Hz) neural activity collected from two study participants, we demonstrate that higher density grids can lead to more accurate binary task condition classification. When controlling for grid area and selecting task informative sub-regions of the complete grid, we observed a consistent increase in mean classification accuracy with higher grid density; in particular, 400 μm pitch grids outperforming spatially sub-sampled lower density grids up to 23%. We also introduce a modeling framework to provide intuition for how spatial properties of measurements affect the performance gap between high and low density grids. To our knowledge, this work is the first quantitative demonstration of human sub-millimeter pitch cortical surface recording yielding higher-fidelity state estimation relative to devices at the millimeter-scale, motivating the development and testing of μECoG for basic and clinical neurophysiology as well as towards the realization of high-performance neural prostheses.
Estimation of the Percentage of US Patients With Cancer Who Benefit From Genome-Driven Oncology.

Importance To date, the benefit of genome-driven cancer therapy has not been quantified. Objective We sought to estimate the annual percentage of patients in the United States with advanced or metastatic cancer who could be eligible for and benefit from US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved genome-driven therapy from 2006 to 2018. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cross-sectional study using publically available data of (1) demographic characteristics of patients with advanced or metastatic cancer; (2) FDA data on cancer drugs approved from January 2006 through January 2018; (3) measures of response and duration of response from drug labels; and (4) published reports estimating the frequency of various genomic aberrations used to estimate what percentage of patients would have been eligible for and would have benefited from genome-driven therapy during the studied period. Main Outcomes and Measures Estimated percentage of US patients with cancer eligible for and benefiting from genome-targeted and genome-informed therapy by year, response rate of genome-informed indications, and duration of response. Results A total of 31 drugs with 38 FDA-approved indications met our inclusion criteria for genome-targeted or genome-informed therapy from January 1, 2006, through January 31, 2018. The estimated number of patients eligible for genome-targeted therapy in 2006 was 28 729 of a total 564 830 patients with metastatic cancer, or 5.09% (95% CI, 5.03%-5.14%). By 2018, this number had increased to 50 811 of 609 640, or 8.33% (95% CI, 8.26%-8.40%). For genome-informed therapy in 2006, the eligible number of patients was 59 301 of 564 830, or 10.50% (95% CI, 10.42%-10.58%). In 2018, genome-informed treatment could be offered to 94 157 of 609 640, or 15.44% (95% CI, 15.35%-15.53%) of patients with metastatic cancer. The percentage of patients with cancer estimated to benefit from genome-targeted therapy in 2006 was 0.70% (95% CI, 0.68%-0.72%), and in 2018, it had increased to 4.90% (95% CI, 4.85%-4.95%). For genome-informed treatment in 2006, the percentage estimated to benefit was 1.31% (95% CI, 1.28%-1.34%), and in 2018, it had increased to 6.62% (95% CI, 6.56%-6.68%). The median overall response rate for all genome-informed drugs through January 2018 was 54%, and the median duration of response was 29.5 months. Conclusions and Relevance Although the number of patients eligible for genome-driven treatment has increased over time, these drugs have helped a minority of patients with advanced cancer. To accelerate progress in precision oncology, novel trial designs of genomic therapies should be developed, and broad portfolios of drug development, including immunotherapeutic and cytotoxic approaches, should be pursued.
Causal ordering in a mixed structure

This paper describes a computational approach, based on the theory of causal ordering, for inferring causality from an acausal, formal description of a phenomena. Causal ordering is an asymmetric relation among the variables in a self-contained equilibrium and dynamic structure, which seems to reflect people's intuitive notion of causal dependency relations among variables in a system. This paper extends the theory to cover models consisting of mixture of dynamic and equilibrium equations. When people's intuitive causal understanding of a situation is based on a mixed description, the causal ordering produced by the extension reflects this intuititve understanding better than that of an equilibrium description. The paper also discusses the view of a mixed model as an approximation to a completely dynamic model.
Neurosurgical Management of Birth Injuries of the Brachial Plexus

While most newborns with birth injury of the brachial plexus make a full spontaneous recovery, the minority who do not can expect lifelong disability from weakness, disturbed patterns of muscle activity, contracture, and deformity. Those children who are destined to a poor recovery can be identified in early infancy. Early reconstruction of the brachial plexus carries low morbidity and has been shown by many to support useful shoulder and elbow function. Patients who are referred later in childhood may still benefit from plexus exploration, but how to best use clinical and electrophysiologic data to plan a surgical intervention that will improve on the natural history remains to be elucidated for this group.
Methods for Assessing Therapeutic Change in Psychological Test Protocols

Coordinated with the preparation of the clinical case reports after the first 6 weeks of hospitalization and again much later in the treatment process (after at least 1 year of treatment), all patients were administered an extensive battery of diagnostic psychological tests, including the Rorschach, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a Wechsler Intelligence Test, and, in some cases, the Human Figure Drawing (HFD) test. This testing was conducted by advanced, postdoctoral fellows in clinical psychology who were committed to diagnostic psychological testing and supervised by senior clinical psychologists. The test procedures were administered using a standard, well-specified format and a consistent theoretical orientation (Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1945). The test protocols were all recorded verbatim and parallel the quality of the clinical records in detail and thoroughness. These psychological test protocols provide the data for independent evaluations of a number of important psychological dimensions. In addition to regular scoring procedures, newly developed conceptual schemes were used to score various aspects of these protocols.
The Skills Needed to Think Creatively: Within-Process and Cross-Process Skills

Abstract Although many variables influence creativity, peoples’ ability to solve the kinds of problems that call for creative thought depends on their possession of certain creative problem-solving skills. In the present effort, we examine the skills people must possess to solve creative problems. We argue people must possess two kinds of skills. One set of skills involves execution of specific cognitive processes that must be used in solving creative problems. The other set of skills reflect cross-process skills, general skills, which contribute to the effective execution of multiple processes as people work on creative problems. The implications of these observations for the assessment and development of creative potential are discussed.
Definable Elements and Constants

In mathematics, or at least in the mathematics inspired by logical methods, to know a structure means to know all sets that are definable in it. In this chapter we will take a look at the smallest nonempty sets—those that have only one element. This a specialized topic, and it is technical, but it will give us an opportunity to see in detail what domains of mathematical structures are made of and in what sense they are “given to us.”
Tarzan in the Soviet Union

For an entire generation of Soviet youth, Tarzan was a provocative symbol of individualism and personal freedom. Previous scholarship has included Tarzan within the larger counterculture movement of the thaw period (1953–64), but has not specifically examined how this occurred. Joseph S. Nye has coined the term soft power to describe the ability to attract and to co-opt rather than to force another nation into accepting your ideals. Within this rubric, Tarzan’s presence in the Soviet Union was simultaneously entertaining and provocative. As literary fare in the 1920s, Tarzan represented an escape from war and revolution and was sanctioned as acceptable reading for Soviet youths. The celluloid Tarzan also represented an escape, but this time from the repressive Stalinist regime and the hardships of post-WWII Soviet society. Raised on both the books and films, a new generation of Soviet youth longed for the individual freedom that Tarzan came to represent. Tarzan’s impact in the Soviet Union is one example of western cultural infiltration that contributed to the idealization of American individualism over the Soviet collective within the Soviet Union.
Diffusion and Reactivity of Ruthenium (II) Tris(bipyridine) and Cobalt (II) Tris(bipyridine) in Organically Modified Silicates

The diffusivity and reactivity of Ru(bpy)2+ 3 and Co(bpy)2+ 3 trapped within organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) monoliths have been studied using electrogenerated chemiluminescence, voltammetry, and amperometry. For gel-encapsulated Ru(bpy)2+ 3-tripropylamine, the shape and intensity of the luminescence-voltage curve was highly dependent on the amount of organoalkoxysilane introduced into the matrix. Likewise, for gel-encapsulated Co(bpy)2+ 3, the magnitude of the diffusion coefficient and its rate of change with drying was also dependent on the organic modifier in the gel. A comparison of the results to those obtained with the gels prepared solely from tetramethoxysilane revealed enhanced diffusivity and reactivity of the reagents encapsulated in the ORMOSIL matrix.
Sovereignty, mercy, and natural law: King James VI/I and Jean Bodin

ABSTRACTThe affinities between Jean Bodin's and King James VI/I's political theories have been recognized, and the fact that James had owned Bodin's Six livres de la republique has been recorded, b...
An unusual presentation of lymphoma in a homosexual man

Reported cases of lymphoma in homo-sexual men have increased since the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic was first detected in the early 1980s. Lymphoma in the general population presents more commonly in the head and neck area than in any other anatomical region. Most patients are seen with disease arising in lymph nodes, but many exhibit disease originating in extranodal areas. Parotid lymphomas may arise either in the parotid parenchyma or in the lymph nodes within the parotid gland.1 We discuss a case of lymphoma presenting as a parotid mass in a homosexual man with AIDS.
Measurements of high-frequency acoustic scattering from sea ice over one season in the Chukchi Sea

Understanding recent and rapid changes in Arctic sea ice calls for extensive and continuous observations of the ice cover. In-situ stations are spatially limited and satellite remote sensing techniques miss key variables of internal sea-ice structure. Utilizing a dataset obtained with 38, 70, and 200 kHz upward-looking transducers in the northeast Chukchi Sea, we take a first look at how acoustic scattering changes in response to environmental forcing. A complete annual cycle of narrow band scattering returns from the winter of 2017–2018 are investigated with comparisons to the overlying sea ice cover. The initial effort in this research is constrained to the stable growth phase of sea ice in winter through the early melt onset the following spring. Individual, minimally deformed ice floes are identified and tracked when located over the deployment sites. Additionally, atmospheric conditions relevant to changes in the internal properties of sea ice are cross-compared to scattering returns. Results from this preliminary analysis will guide pending Arctic fieldwork and the future development of inverse methods for acoustic remote sensing of sea ice.
Polyplexes Are Endocytosed by and Trafficked within Filopodia

The improvement of nonviral gene therapies relies to a large extent on understanding many fundamental physical and biological properties of these systems. This includes interactions of synthetic de...
Isolating transits from molecular dynamics data with application to the equation of state

In vibration-transit theory of liquid dynamics, the atomic motion consists of two contributions: First-principles vibrational motion in a $3N$-dimensional liquid potential energy valley, plus transits, which operate to move the atoms between valleys. In one time step, when an atom crosses the intersection between two valleys, moving a very small distance, the atom's equilibrium position moves the very large distance between the equilibrium positions of two neighboring valleys. A figure showing this simultaneous two-part motion is presented early in this paper. We recognize the motion of the equilibrium position as the transit motion, and we verify that this motion can be observed and measured. We present a collection of single-atom transit-motion profile graphs extracted from molecular dynamics liquid trajectories. These graphs confirm that vibrations plus transit motions constitute nearly the entire liquid atomic motion. While the transit motion is never fully resolved on the liquid trajectory, it is by definition fully resolved on the trajectory of equilibrium positions. The transit contribution to thermodynamics is calibrated via two adjustable parameters in the transit partition function. The transit contribution to the liquid thermal energy is graphed and discussed. The condensed-matter atomic motion theory of thermodynamic functions for crystals and liquids is outlined with particular attention to recent developments in the equation-of-state program.
Flow polytopes and the space of diagonal harmonics

A result of Haglund implies that the -Ehrhart function of the flow polytope of a complete graph with an arbitrary netflow vector.
Racial and Sexual Minority Scholar Positionality: Advancing Health Status and Life Opportunity Among Sexual Minority Men of Color.

Black and Latino sexual minority men (BLSMM) scholars are well positioned to draw on their unique perspectives and expertise to address the health status and life opportunities (HSLO) of BLSMM. Inc...
Probing Functional Conformation-State Fluctuation Dynamics in Recognition Binding between Calmodulin and Target Peptide

Conformational dynamics play a crucial role in protein functions. A molecular-level understandingoftheconformationaltransitiondynamicsofproteinsisfundamentalforstudyingproteinfunctions. Here,wereportastudyofreal-timeconformationaldynamicinteractionbetweencalcium-activatedcalmodulin (CaM) and C28W peptide using single-molecule FRET spectroscopy and imaging. Plasma membrane Ca-ATPase(PMCA)proteininteractswithCaMbyitspeptidesegmentthatcontains28aminoacids(C28W). The interaction between CaM and the Ca-ATPaseis essential for cell signaling. However,details about its dynamic interaction are still not clear. In our current study, we used Cyanine3 (Cy3) labeled CaM (N-domain) and Dylight649 labeled C28W peptide (N-domain) to study the conformational dynamics during their interaction. In this study, the FRET can be measured when the CaM-C28W complex is formed and only be observed when such complex is formed. By using single-molecule FRET efficiency trajectory and unique statistical approaches, we were able to observe multiple binding steps with detailed dynamic features of loosely-bound and tightly-bound state fluctuations. The C-domain of CaM tends to bind with C28W first with a higher affinity,followed by the binding of the CaM N-domain. Due to the comparatively high flexibility and low affinity of the N-domain and presenceofmultipleanchorshydrophobicresiduesonthepeptide,theN-domainbindingmayswitchbetween selective and non-selective binding states while the C-domain remains strongly bound with C28W. The resultsprovideamechanisticunderstandingoftheCaMsignalinginteractionandactivationoftheCa-ATPasethrough multiple-state binding to theC28W. The new single-molecule spectroscopic analyses demonstrated in this work can be applied for broad studies of protein functional conformation fluctuation and protein-protein interaction dynamics.
Proposal for using AHP Method to Evaluate the Quality of Services Provided by Outsourced Companies

Abstract This work aims to describe the development stages of a decision support system for evaluating the quality of services provided by outsourced companies that serve organisations in the Brazilian retail sector. It used applied research, implemented through a case study conducted with the outsourced service providers of one of the 158 subsidiaries of a retail company. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), it was possible to develop an evaluation model capable of measuring the performance of the quality indicators and evaluating the performance of the outsourced services provided to the company under study.
Beyond Pilot Error: The Effects of Corporate Culture and Individual Sensemaking at Acme Community Air Service

In this research study the authors examine the corporate culture of an aviation organization and how that culture and individual sensemaking influence flight crew safety decisionmaking in a less-than-optimal, high-workload environment. A quantitative methodology (content analysis) and 2 qualitative approaches (focused and individual interviews) as well as observation are employed in the study. The authors conclude flight crews clearly understand corporate cultural expectations and that such expectations frame individual sensemaking and decision processes especially when crews are faced with mission variances. The research methodology used provided the researchers a rich set of data that made clearer the link between corporate culture and individual decisionmaking processes.
Diarrhea in ciguatera fish poisoning: Preliminary evaluation of pathophysiological mechanisms

Ciguatera fish poisoning is a clinical syndrome consisting of a combination of gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms occurring after eating toxin-containing tropical reef fish; it is a major cause of morbidity in Hawaii, the South Pacific, Australia, and the Caribbean. In an effort to define pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the diarrheal component of the illness, we examined the effect of crude and fractionated toxin preparations on isolated rabbit ileal tissue in a Ussing chamber model. Both the crude toxin preparation (prepared from toxic Ctenochaetus strigosus) and 10% and 50% methanol-chloroform toxin fraction (prepared from a pool of toxic fish samples) gave a striking increase in transepithelial electrical potential difference and short-circuit current. Enterotoxic activity seemed to be mediated by calcium. When examined by light microscopy, the intestinal mucosa was not damaged by the toxin preparations used. Our data demonstrate that toxins involved in ciguatera fish poisoning directly stimulate intestinal fluid secretion without accompanying tissue damage and suggest that calcium is the "second messenger" mediating the process.
Targeting EZH2 and PRC2 dependence as novel anticancer therapy.

Distinctive patterns of chromatin modification control gene expression and define cellular identity during development and cell differentiation. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), the sole mammalian enzymatic complex capable of establishing gene-repressive high-degree methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27), plays crucial roles in regulation of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that recurrent gain-of-function mutation and overexpression of EZH2, the catalytic subunit of PRC2, drive and promote malignant transformation such as B-cell lymphomagenesis, providing a rationale for PRC2 inhibition as a novel anticancer strategy. Here, we summarize the recently developed strategies for inhibition of PRC2, which include a series of highly specific, highly potent, small-molecule inhibitors of EZH2 and EZH1, an EZH2-related methyltransferase. PRC2 establishes functional crosstalk with numerous epigenetic machineries during dynamic regulation of gene transcription. Perturbation of such functional crosstalk caused by genetic events observed in various hematologic cancers, such as inactivation of SNF5 and somatic mutation of UTX, confers PRC2 dependence, thus rendering an increased sensitivity to PRC2 inhibition. We discuss our current understanding of EZH2 somatic mutations frequently found in B-cell lymphomas and recurrent mutations in various other epigenetic regulators as novel molecular predictors and determinants of PRC2 sensitivity. As recent advances have indicated a critical developmental or tumor-suppressive role for PRC2 and EZH2 in various tissue types, we discuss concerns over potentially toxic or even adverse effects associated with EZH2/1 inhibition in certain biological contexts or on cancer genetic background. Collectively, inhibition of PRC2 catalytic activity has emerged as a promising therapeutic intervention for the precise treatment of a range of genetically defined hematologic malignancies and can be potentially applied to a broader spectrum of human cancers that bear similar genetic and epigenetic characteristics.
A Framework for Optimization and Quantification of Uncertainty and Sensitivity for Developing Carbon Capture Systems

Abstract Under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy's Carbon Capture Simulation Initiative (CCSI), a Framework for Optimization and Quantification of Uncertainty and Sensitivity (FOQUS) has been developed. This tool enables carbon capture systems to be rapidly synthesized and rigorously optimized, in an environment that accounts for and propagates uncertainties in parameters and models. FOQUS currently enables (1) the development of surrogate algebraic models utilizing the ALAMO algorithm, which can be used for superstructure optimization to identify optimal process configurations, (2) simulation-based optimization utilizing derivative free optimization (DFO) algorithms with detailed black-box process models, and (3) rigorous uncertainty quantification through PSUADE. FOQUS utilizes another CCSI technology, the Turbine Science Gateway, to manage the thousands of simulated runs necessary for optimization and UQ. This computational framework has been demonstrated for the design and analysis of a solid sorbent based carbon capture system.
Viral Hepatitis Among Drug Users in Methadone Maintenance: Associated Factors, Vaccination Outcomes, and Interventions

Drug users are at high risk of viral Hepatitis A, B, and C. The prevalence of Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C, associated factors, and vaccine seroconversion among drug treatment program participants in a randomized controlled trial of hepatitis care coordination were examined. Of 489 participants, 44 and 47% required Hepatitis A/Hepatitis B vaccinations, respectively; 59% were Hepatitis C positive requiring linkage to care. Factors associated with serologic statuses, and vaccine seroconversion are reported; implications for strategies in drug treatment settings are discussed. Results suggest generalizable strategies for drug treatment programs to expand viral hepatitis screening, prevention, vaccination, and linkage to care.
Loss of acid-fastness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv following infection by mycobacteriophage DS6A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv demonstrates a loss of acid-fastness following exposure to specific mycobacteriophage DS6A. No effect was seen with another mycobacteriophage GS7 which does not lyse this organism.
Human Choline Transporter Gene Variation Is Associated with Corticolimbic Reactivity and Autonomic-Cholinergic Function

Background Our previous work has shown genetic variation in the human choline transporter gene ( CHT1 ) to be associated with depressive symptoms and autonomic cardiac (cholinergic) dysregulation. Here, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine the relation between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CHT1 on regional brain reactivity relevant to autonomic (cholinergic) function. Methods Thirty-two participants of European ancestry (18 men, 14 women; age: 33–54 years) completed an fMRI protocol using corticolimbic reactivity and prefrontal inhibitory control paradigms. Resting cholinergic function, as measured by heart rate variability (HRV), was quantified from electrocardiogram Subjects were genotyped for a CHT1 G/T SNP. Results GG homozygotes had greater right (R) dorsal amygdala ( p p p p 's Conclusions CHT1 variation is related to differences in a distributed corticolimbic circuitry mediating behavioral and physiologic arousal. These relations may contribute to a biological mechanism by which genetic variation in cholinergic neurotransmission affects cognition, mood, and autonomic cardiac function.
Take the Good With the Bad: Cross-Cutting Effects of Ballot Access Requirements on Third-Party Electoral Success

Institutional barriers frustrate third-party challenges to major-party dominance in American politics. Conventional wisdom claims that the ballot access petitioning requirement hurts minor parties. This claim, however, conflates two dimensions of third-party success: (a) ability to get on the ballot and (b) ability of actual candidates to win votes. The requirement is hypothesized to have a negative effect on the first dimension but a positive effect on the second. Modeling these two dimensions separately gives evidence of cross-cutting effects. The first equation is a probit model of entry that shows third-party candidates are more likely to enter when the requirement is low. The second equation is an OLS regression, which only includes the subsample of districts where at least one third-party candidate gained ballot access, that shows third-party candidates win more votes in districts with a higher requirement.
A modular soil and root process simulator

Abstract The ability to build models for various crop management scenarios can be enhanced by using modules corresponding to soil, root atmosphere and management processes. In this paper we describe the design of a generic modular soil and root process simulator (2DSOIL) for use in crop modelling. Coded in Fortran 77, it uses a three-level hierarchy to organize soil processes and their parameters into a modularized structure. Decoupling of processes and re-arrangement of boundary condition formulations are used to facilitate independence of modules and the encapsulation of information is consistently implemented. Variable time steps are selected using restrictions imposed by non-linearity of models. The use of this modular design allows modellers to reuse well-tested codes, and results in a decrease of effort in input data preparation and in expandability to encompass various management practices. The modular design of 2DSOIL allows it to be readily modified and easily incorporated into crop models.
Structural research on an impact limiter system for Mars ''hub- and tire-'' type hard landers.

Impact limiter system design for Mars landing vehicle noting balsa wood or phenolic honeycomb construction
The effects of furfural on ethanol production by saccharomyces cereyisiae in batch culture

Browning reaction products such as furfural and 5-hydroxy-methyl-furfural (HMF) have been shown to inhibit microbial growth and metabolism in ethanol fermentations using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This paper quantifies the extent of furfural inhibition on yeast growth, glucose utilization, and ethanol production as a function of inoculum size (0.1–9 gl−1. Batch culture experiments were conducted using furfural concentrations in the range of 0 to 2.0 gl−1. and mathematical correlations were proposed and tested. The results indicate that the specific growth rate decreased with increasing furfural concentration and inoculum size, while the maintenance coefficients were unaffected. The apparent and true cell yield coefficients on glucose were depressed with the addition of furfural. Specific production rates were unaffected at the furfural levels used but ethanol inhibition was apparent. The specific production rate was less inhibited by ethanol at higher inoculum sizes. Global specific productivities were not affected by the presence of furfural. At a 0.1 gl−1. inoculum size, furfural depletion was complete within 15–20 h, depending upon the furfural concentration employed. At higher inoculum levels (2–9 gl−1. all furfural was depleted in less than 5 h.
A hybrid AI-based approach for mechanical system design problems

Abstract A hybrid, AI-based system that integrates the knowledge-learning process with the analysis/synthesis process in mechanical system design problems in developed and presented. Unlike the traditional expert systems, where the knowledge engineers are usually responsible for sorting out and setting up rules, this approach includes the experts and the end users in the learning and rule-creating process. Another major contribution is that this novel algorithm couples qualitative expert knowledge with quantitative simulation representations, which is a critical step toward real-world engineering applications.
Sensitivity of Low-Energy Pion-Nucleon Scattering to a Pion-Pion Resonance

Recently attention has been called to the possibility of explaining nucleon electromagnetic structure quantitatively by the introduction of a pion-pion resonance in the T = 1, J = 1 state.(1) Such a resonance should also affect pion-nucleon scattering.
Diffusion coefficient depends on time, not on absorption.

The recent controversy over whether the photon diffusion coefficient depends on absorption is addressed by use of the analytical solution of the photon transport equation in an infinite homogeneous scattering medium. The diffusion coefficient is found to be independent of absorption but temporally dependent. After a long period of time, the photon diffusion coefficient approaches D=1/3µs′, which supports a claim made by Furutsu Yamada [Phys. Rev. E50, 3634 (1994)]. At early times, the diffusion coefficient is smaller than D=1/3µs′, but this reduction cannot be expressed as D=1/3µs′+μa, since the time-dependent diffusion coefficient is found to be unrelated to absorption.
Markerless lung tumor tracking and trajectory reconstruction using rotational cone-beam projections: A feasibility study

Algorithms for direct tumor tracking in rotational cone-beam projections and for reconstruction of phase-binned 3D tumor trajectories were developed. The feasibility of the algorithm was demonstrated on a digital phantom, a physical phantom and two patients. Tracking results were obtained by comparing reference templates generated from 4DCT to rotational cone-beam projections. The 95th percentile absolute errors (e95) in phantom tracking results did not exceed 1.7 mm in either imager dimension, while e95 in the patients was 3.3 mm or less. Accurate phase-binned trajectories were reconstructed in each case, with 3D maximum errors of no more than 1.0 mm in the phantoms and 2.0 mm in the patients. This work shows the feasibility of a direct tumor tracking technique for rotational images, and demonstrates that an accurate 3D tumor trajectory can be reconstructed from relatively less accurate tracking results. The ability to reconstruct the tumor's average trajectory from a 3D cone-beam CT scan on the day of treatment could allow for better patient setup and quality assurance, while direct tumor tracking in rotational projections could be clinically useful for rotational therapy such as volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).
Science Literacy For All: An Achievable Goal?

“What the future holds in store for individual human beings, the nation, and the world depends largely on the wisdom with which humans use science and technology. And that, in turn, depends on the character, distribution, and effectiveness of the education that people receive.”—Science for All Americans, AAAS, 1989.
Progression through the spliceosome cycle requires Prp38p function for U4/U6 snRNA dissociation

The elaborate and energy-intensive spliceosome assembly pathway belies the seemingly simple chemistry of pre-mRNA splicing. Prp38p was previously identified as a protein required in vivo and in vitro for the first pre-mRNA cleavage reaction catalyzed by the spliceosome. Here we show that Prp38p is a unique component of the U4/U6.U5 tri-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle and is necessary for an essential step late in spliceosome maturation. Without Prp38p activity spliceosomes form, but arrest in a catalytically impaired state. Functional spliceosomes shed U4 snRNA before 5' splice-site cleavage. In contrast, Prp38p-defective spliceosomes retain U4 snRNA bound to its U6 snRNA base-pairing partner. Prp38p is the first tri-snRNP-specific protein shown to be dispensable for assembly, but required for conformational changes which lead to catalytic activation of the spliceosome.
Context and Meaning in Late Neolithic Lithic Production in China: The Longshan Period in Southeastern Shandong Province

The political, economic, ideological, and symbolic roles that stone tools and their production have played in many contexts have been clearly shown in archaeological and ethnographic research results. However, lithics in China have been absent from this discourse. This chapter looks at survey lithics recovered from a 313-square-kilometer regional area in Rizhao, Shandong Province, China, and at excavated lithics from the Liangchengzhen site, a regional elite-oriented late Neolithic Longshan period (ca. 2600–2000 B.C.) center in the midst of this survey area. These lithics are used to identify the nature of relationships between settlements, the social identity of stone workers, and the role of stone-working in the creation and maintenance of place in Neolithic China. Production in three different locations varied considerably and lithic production in the region's most important center was replete with political, economic, and ideological meaning. This study concludes that stone-working and its products would have been important in the creation of Liangchengzhen as a powerful place in the late Neolithic world of eastern China.
The treatment of exchange in path integral simulations via an approximate pseudopotential

An approximate form that includes the effects of exchange is suggested for the short time propagator used in path integral simulations. The form is inspired physically by the approximation made in Hartree–Fock treatments of atoms and molecules. The approximate propagator is used with quantitative accuracy in two systems: an ideal gas of fermions localized in a three‐dimensional harmonic well and the triplet state of the sodium dimer.
U4 small nuclear RNA can function in both the major and minor spliceosomes

U4 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and U6 snRNA form a base-paired di-snRNP complex that is essential for pre-mRNA splicing of the major class of metazoan nuclear introns. The functionally analogous but highly diverged U4atac and U6atac snRNAs form a similar complex that is involved in splicing of the minor class of introns. Previous results with mutants of U6atac in which a substructure was replaced by the analogous structure from U6 snRNA suggested that wild-type U4 snRNA might be able to interact productively with the mutant U6atac snRNA. Here we show that a mutant U4 snRNA designed to base pair with a mutant U6atac snRNA can activate U12-dependent splicing when coexpressed in an in vivo genetic suppression assay. This genetic interaction could also be demonstrated in an in vitro crosslinking assay. These results show that a U4/U6atac di-snRNP can correctly splice a U12-dependent intron and suggest that the specificity for spliceosome type resides in the U6 and U6atac small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Further experiments suggest that expression of a mutant U4 snRNA that can bind to wild-type U6atac snRNA alters the specificity of some splice sites, providing an evolutionary rationale for maintaining two U4-like snRNAs.
Bose-Einstein condensation of atoms in a trap

We point out that the local density approximation (LDA) of Oliva is an adaptation of the Thomas-Fermi method, and is a good approximation when \ensuremath{\epsilon}=\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}/kT\ensuremath{\ll}1. For the case of scattering length a\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0, the LDA leads to a quantitative result, Eq. (14\ensuremath{'}), easily checked by experiments. Critical remarks are made about the physics of the many-body problem in terms of the scattering length a. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Dendritic A-type potassium channel subunit expression in CA1 hippocampal interneurons.

Abstract Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are important and diverse determinants of neuronal excitability and exhibit specific expression patterns throughout the brain. Among Kv channels, Kv4 channels are major determinants of somatodendritic A-type current and are essential in controlling the amplitude of backpropagating action potentials (BAPs) into neuronal dendrites. BAPs have been well studied in a variety of neurons, and have been recently described in hippocampal and cortical interneurons, a heterogeneous population of GABAergic inhibitory cells that regulate activity of principal cells and neuronal networks. We used well-characterized mouse monoclonal antibodies against the Kv4.3 and potassium channel interacting protein (KChIP) 1 subunits of A-type Kv channels, and antibodies against different interneuron markers in single- and double-label immunohistochemistry experiments to analyze the expression patterns of Kv4.3 and KChIP1 in hippocampal Ammon's horn (CA1) neurons. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 40 μm rat brain sections using nickel-enhanced diaminobenzidine staining or multiple-label immunofluorescence. Our results show that Kv4.3 and KChIP1 component subunits of A-type channels are co-localized in the soma and dendrites of a large number of GABAergic hippocampal interneurons. These subunits co-localize extensively but not completely with markers defining the four major interneuron subpopulations tested (parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, and somatostatin). These results suggest that CA1 hippocampal interneurons can be divided in two groups according to the expression of Kv4.3/KChIP1 channel subunits. Antibodies against Kv4.3 and KChIP1 represent an important new tool for identifying a subpopulation of hippocampal interneurons with a unique dendritic A-type channel complement and ability to control BAPs.
The cationic cascade route to longifolene.

W. S. Johnson's total synthesis of the sesquiterpenoid longifolene is a classic example of the power of cationic polycyclizations for constructing complex molecular architectures. Herein we revisit the key polycyclization step of this synthesis using hybrid Hartree−Fock/density functional theory calculations and validate the feasibility of Johnson's proposed mechanism. We also explore perturbations to the 3-center 2-electron bonding array in a key intermediate that result from changing the polycyclic framework in which it is embedded.
Laser-induced damage in transparent dielectrics: The relationship between surface damage and surface plasmas

A number of experiments are described in which entrance and exit surface laser-induced damage on sapphire samples are studied. Damage thresholds are measured as a function of beam size and divergence at the surfaces. Temporal evolution of surface plasmas is studied using a streaking camera, and spatial differentiation of surface plasmas is accomplished by allowing the light to strike the surfaces away from normal incidence. It is found that the entrance surface has two plasma components, an air plasma that is directed along the light beam and an "explosion" plasma that is directed normal to the surface. The exit surface has only the explosion plasma. It is concluded that surface plasmas are a result rather than a cause of surface damage.
Piezo-magnetoelectric effects in p -doped semiconductors

We predict the appearance of a uniform magnetization in strained three-dimensional $p$-doped semiconductors with inversion symmetry breaking subject to an external electric field. We compute the magnetization response to the electric field as a function of the direction and magnitude of the applied strain. This effect could be used to manipulate the collective magnetic moment of hole mediated ferromagnetism of magnetically doped semiconductors.
Strategy Instruction and Maintenance of Basic Multiplication Facts through Digital Game Play

Formative instruction on multiplication primarily focuses on rote memorization. This leads to factual fluency, but also develops a narrow view of multiplication and hinders the development of conceptual understanding. Theory and research recommend the concurrent development of conceptual understanding and factual fluency during the initial stages of learning about multiplication. Woodward 2006 conducted a field study to investigate this instructional approach and found a significant difference between those who received instruction on multiplicative properties and timed-drills of multiplication facts on a conceptual measure than those who only spent time on timed drills. This study investigated the efficacy of integrating the same approach within a digital game. There was a significant decrease between pre-and post-measures of participants timed retrieval of multiplication facts, but no differences were found between conditions on pre-and post-measures of conceptual understanding. These findings indicate that special attention must be paid to intrinsic integration of instructional content in order to address conceptual understanding through digital game play.
Remote sensing of multi-level wind fields with high-energy airborne scanning coherent Doppler lidar

The atmospheric lidar remote sensing groups of NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory have developed and flown a scanning, 1 Joule per pulse, CO2 coherent Doppler lidar capable of mapping a three-dimensional volume of atmospheric winds and aerosol backscatter in the planetary boundary layer, free troposphere, and lower stratosphere. Applications include the study of severe and non-severe atmospheric flows, intercomparisons with other sensors, and the simulation of prospective satellite Doppler lidar wind profilers. Examples of wind measurements are given for the marine boundary layer and near the coastline of the western United States.
EMPIRICAL POWER FOR DISTRIBUTION-FREE TESTS OF INCOMPLETE LONGITUDINAL DATA WITH APPLICATIONS TO AIDS CLINICAL TRIALS

The design of AIDS clinical trials is of growing importance. These studies tend to be longitudinal and typically involve missing data. HIV-1 RNA is a common endpoint for these studies and is inherently nonnormal, although viral load can be measured only within certain bounds, resulting in censored data. We compared several analysis methods, both univariate and multivariate, on the basis of empirical power and provide an illustrative example of data from a controlled clinical trial. Simulated viral load data demonstrate that methods adjusting for baseline data have power increasing with increasing positive intrasubject correlation expected with this type of data. Several summary measures considered have power compatible with multivariate tests.
Defects, diffusion and activation in ion implanted HgCdTe

The current understanding in junction formation by ion implantation in HgCdTe material is discussed. Two major techniques are available for junction formation: a traditional technique that consists of an ion implantation process (usually B or Be) followed by a diffusion of the irradiation-displaced mercury atoms (I2/DMD), and a classical technique of ion implantation followed by the electrical activation of the implanted species. The activation process could be of a diffused species from the implanted source, or of the as-implanted species (I2/AD or I2/D, respectively). A variety of junction different in nature and electrical profile have been demonstrated. The best quality devices obtained so far in Hg1-xCdxTe material with x = 0.2 from either technique are implanted-dif fused in nature, i.e., n-on-p of I2/DMD type (residual impurity in n-side and Hg vacancy in p-side) and p-on-n of I2/AD type (implanted As in p-side and In in the background for n-side). Examples of the best data obtained are as follows: n-on-p devices formed by the I2/DMD technique in a planar structure with a cutoff wavelength of λc/77 K = 9.37 μm had a zero bias resistance-area product of R0A/40 K = 4.9×106 Ω cm2; and p-on-n devices formed by I2/AD with As implants in a mesa structure with λc/77 K = 9.0 μm had 0A/40 K = 3.7×106 Ω cm2.
Treatment of congenital and acquired hemophilia patients by extracorporeal removal of antibodies to coagulation factors: A review of US clinical studies 1987–1990

Abstract This paper reviews the use of extra-corporeal immunoadsorption with immobilized Staphylococcal Protein A in attempts to lower the inhibitor titer in 22 patients with either congenital hemophilia or with acquired inhibitors. Eighty-five immunoadsorption procedures were performed at 13 locations in the United States between June, 1987 and February, 1990. In general, immunoadsorption was shown to efficiently remove IgG and, in eight congenital hemophilia patients, it also produced a clinically significant lowering of inhibitors allowing effective conventional factor replacement therapy. Three of thirteen congenital hemophilia patients treated received factor concentrate prior to immunoadsorption and were anamnestic at the time of treatment. Although they experienced substantial lowering of their inhibitor titers, it was not sufficient to allow effective factor replacement. The effectiveness of immunoadsorption therapy in the 9 patients with acquired inhibitors was more difficult to evaluate due to the wide variety of concomitant medications which were employed, although in several patients serious bleeding episodes were substantially improved (or halted) following immunoadsorption. Sideeffects associated with immunoadsorption were slight. These findings suggest that immunoadsorption can be of significant benefit to patients with inhibitors, particularly if it is instituted prior to factor administration.