cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Mimics of Bone Remodeling and the Vicious Cycle of Cancer in Bone

Bone remodeling is a natural process that enables growth and maintenance of the skeleton. It involves the deposition of mineralized matrix by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Several cancers that metastasize to bone negatively perturb the remodeling process through a series of interactions with osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. These interactions have been described as the “vicious cycle” of cancer metastasis in bone. Due to the inaccessibility of the skeletal tissue, it is difficult to study this system in vivo. In contrast, standard tissue culture lacks sufficient complexity. We have developed a specialized three-dimensional culture system that permits growth of a non-vascularized, multiple-cell-layer of mineralized osteoblastic tissue from pre-osteoblasts. In this study, the essential properties of bone remodeling were created in vitro by co-culturing the mineralized collagenous osteoblastic tissue with actively resorbing osteoclasts followed by reinfusion with proliferating pre-osteoblasts. Cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions were determined by confocal microscopy as well as by assays for cell specific cytokines and growth factors. Osteoclasts, differentiated in the presence of osteoblasts, led to degradation of the collagen-rich extracellular matrix. Further addition of metastatic breast cancer cells to the co-culture mimicked the vicious cycle; there was a further reduction in osteoblastic tissue thickness, an increase in osteoclastogenesis, chemotaxis of cancer cells to osteoclasts and formation of cancer cells into large colonies. The resulting model system permits detailed study of fundamental osteobiological and osteopathological processes in a manner that will enhance development of therapeutic interventions to skeletal diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 453–462, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Underground Fuel Spills, Source Identification

Water samples from underground wells or aquifers contaminated by middle distillate fuels exist in one of two forms. Either the water sample collected from the well shows a layer of floating fuel, or the sample contains the dissolved hydrocarbons from the leaking fuel. In the worst case scenario, that of a floating fuel, the fuel layer is collected and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The GC profile of the fuel layer is then compared with the GC profile of the different candidate fuels to determine the fuel type of the leaking material. Usually, the gas chromatograms are compared visually, in order to obtain the best match. However, this approach to data analysis is subjective and is not always persuasive in a court of law. Visual analysis of gas chromatograms also has the drawback that it cannot take into account the influence of weathering on the overall GC profile of the fuel. Pattern recognition (PR) methods offer a better approach to the problem of matching the gas chromatograms of jet fuels because these methods involve less subjectivity in the interpretation of the data. PR methods can identify fingerprint patterns in GC data characteristic of fuel type, even if the fuel samples have been subjected to a variety of conditions. Hence, discriminants can be developed that are relatively insensitive to the changes in the overall GC profile data of the original fuel due to contamination, analytical error, or weathering.
Sugar Transport IV. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LACTOSE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE SYSTEM IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Abstract A phosphotransferase system was isolated from Staphylococcus aureus. The system catalyzed the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to β-galactosides to yield the corresponding galactoside 6-phosphate esters. This transfer required the participation of four protein components: Enzyme I; two phosphocarrier proteins, HPr and Factor IIIlac; and Enzyme IIlac. These components have been separated from one another and subjected to purification procedures. The partial purification and characterization of Enzyme I and membrane-bound Enzyme II are described. The purification of HPr to homogeneity, its characterization, and a comparison of its properties to those of the analogous HPr of Escherichia coli are presented.
Abstract 168: Intra-arterial Stem Cell Treatment Reduces Ischemic Brain Injury In Reproductively Senescent Female Rats

Background: Cell therapy is emerging as a promising treatment for stroke. We recently we demonstrated the efficacy of intra-arterial delivery of MSCs (IA MSCs) at 24h after a reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Our study also identified a maximum tolerated dose of MSCs that could be delivered IA without compromising middle cerebral artery flow. The IA approach avoids first-pass trapping of MSCs in the lungs and liver as seen with intravenous delivery. Intra-arterial treatment is also minimally invasive and widely available in clinical practice and thus appealing for clinical translation. Since majority of ischemic strokes in women occur after onset of menopause it is crucial that we test the efficacy of IA MSCs in reproductively senescent females consistent with STAIR recommendations. We aimed to validate the efficacy of IA MSCs in reproductively senescent female rats. Methods: Retired breeder female (9-11 months; 280-350 g) Sprague-Dawley rats showing estrous acyclicity were exposed to MC...
Estimation of discrete games with correlated types

Summary In this paper, I focus on the identification and estimation of static games of incomplete information with correlated types. Instead of making the independence assumption on players' types in order to simplify the equilibrium set, I propose an approach that allows me to identify subsets of the space of covariates (i.e. publicly observed state variables in payoff functions), for which there exists a unique pure strategy Bayesian Nash equilibrium (BNE) and the equilibrium strategies are monotonic functions. Moreover, I characterize the monotonic pure strategy BNE in a simple manner and propose an estimation procedure that uses observations only from the subset of the covariate space where the game admits a unique monotonic pure strategy BNE. Furthermore, I show that the proposed estimator is -consistent and has a limiting normal distribution.
Mental health policy developments in Latin America

New assessment guidelines for measuring the overall impact of mental health problems in Latin America have served as a catalyst for countries to review their mental health policies. Latin American countries have taken various steps to address long-standing problems such as structural difficulties, scarce financial and human resources, and social, political, and cultural obstacles in the implementation of mental health policies and legislation. These policy developments, however, have had uneven results. Policies must reflect the desire, determination, and commitment of policy-makers to take mental health seriously and look after people's mental health needs. This paper describes the development of mental health policies in Latin American countries, focusing on published data in peer-reviewed journals, and legislative change and its implementation. It presents a brief history of mental health policy developments, and analyzes the basis and practicalities of current practice.
Helicobacter pylori: a wolf in sheep's clothing: the glycotype families of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharides expressing histo-blood groups: structure, biosynthesis, and role in pathogenesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the chemical structure, biosynthesis, and potential pathogenic role of the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Helicobacter pylori . The structures of LPSs isolated from Helicobacter species found in nonhuman primates, which give rise to similar gastric symptoms in their respective hosts, are also described. LPSs are glycolipid structures carried by bacteria on their cell surfaces, which are actively involved in biochemical interactions between the bacterium and its host. The detection of LPSs in H. pylori expressing structures homologous to human histo-blood-group antigens stands as one of the most important and crucial discoveries in both H. pylori and bacterial-LPS research. The production of Lewis determinants, blood-group A, and linear blood-group B by H. pylori , occasionally by a single strain, is a perfect example of molecular mimicry, and of the capability that bacteria possess to elaborate glycan structures similar to those present in their biological niche. In this case, H. pylori carry LPSs with structures similar to cell surface glycolipids and glycoconjugates expressed by the human gastric mucosa. The chapter presents several reasons why H. pylori produce histo-blood-group antigens. One of the reasons is based on the molecular mimicry premise, in that H. pylori produces host-like gastric-glycan structures in order to mimic its immediate surrounding and thus avoid being detected by the host's immune system, leading to an uninterrupted long life.
Tumor‐specific cytokine release by donor T cells induces an effective host anti‐tumor response through recruitment of host naive antigen presenting cells

We recently reported that tumor eradication induced by immunotherapy (IT) in a congenic mouse model using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) + recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) is dependent on recruitment of naive host immune cells at the tumor sites. The recruitment of host immune cells was induced mainly through a local secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) produced by donor T cells. We now further investigated how a non-specific inflammatory response progresses to a host T-cell-mediated tumor-specific response. In cross-over experiments using MCA-105 and MCA-205 sarcoma tumors, pulmonary metastatic disease was eradicated only in mice treated with tumor-matched TIL + rIL-2. In vitro, TIL stimulated with the tumor of origin secreted relatively high levels of IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) compared to TIL stimulated with mismatched tumor cells. In lungs of tumor-bearing mice treated with matched TIL + rIL-2, significant increases in the percentages of IFN-gamma, GM-CSF and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) positive cells were detected, as well as of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells. Depletion of macrophages or NK cells did not inhibit the efficacy. In contrast, depletion of dendritic cells partially inhibited the efficacy of the treatment. Combined depletion of dendritic cells and macrophages abrogated more than 80% of the efficacy. Our data suggest that successful IT may require 3 steps: (1) release of inflammatory cytokines by donor TIL after restimulation by tumor cells; (2) infiltration of host immune cells in response to local cytokine production; and (3) activation of tumor-specific host immune cells by dendritic cells and to a lesser extent by macrophages.
Polarization during binary microlensing

We calculate the time-dependent polarization of a star being gravitationally lensed by a binary system, assuming the star has an electron scattering atmosphere. Polarizations as high as ~ 1 per cent can be achieved if the star crosses a caustic or passes near a cusp; otherwise, the maximum polarization is ~O.l per cent. During caustic crossing, polarization is larger for smaller stellar radii relative to the Einstein radius, while polarization is larger for larger radii when not crossing a caustic. Measuring polarization can be useful for testing stellar atmosphere theory; distinguishing between microlensing variability and other forms of variability; measuring the Einstein radius of the lens; and measuring the position angle of the lens and velocity direction on the sky. To achieve these ends, one needs to measure the polarization during an alert event for a hot star.
The role of the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory in the assessment of the sexual dysfunctions: A review

Abstract Although the MMPI is well-researched in many aspects of clinical assessment, there is surprisingly little literature as to its role in the assessment of the sexual dysfunctions. Most of the literature on the MMPI in the assessment of sexual dysfunctions pertains to determining the etiology (biogenic vs. psychogenic) of male sexual dysfunctions. Results from these studies are equivocal at best, which has led many to conclude that the MMPI is of no utility on the assessment of sexual dysfunctions. However, several studies have found significant associations between MMPI profiles and types of sexual problems. Most of these studies remain to be replicated, but do suggest that further research is needed to determine the role of the MMPI in the assessment of sexual dysfunctions. This review summarizes relevant studies, as well as provides the clinician with guidelines for interpreting MMPI profiles as related to sexual functioning.
Computational Analysis of Undulatory Batoid Motion for Underwater Robotic Propulsion

Underwater fish of the class Batoidea, commonly known as rays and skates, use large cartilaginous wings to propel themselves through the water. This motion is of great interest in bioinspired robotics as an alternative propulsion mechanism. Prior research has focused primarily on the oscillating kinematics used by some species which resembles flapping; this study investigates undulatory motion induced by propagating sinusoidal waves along the fin. An analytical model of undulatory kinematics is presented and correlated with biological literature, and the model is then simulated via unsteady computational fluid dynamics and multiparticle collision dynamics. A bioinspired robot, Batoid Underwater Robotics Testbed (BURT), was developed to test the kinematics of the undulating propulsion system proposed. Finally, BURT was utilized as a platform to investigate engineering challenges in undulating Batoid robotics.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Lightning associated with the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska

Abstract Lightning occurred associated with the ash clouds of all three eruptions of Mt. Spurr Volcano in 1992. Lightning was detected on seismograms as simultaneous spikes and simultaneous gain-ranging (a feature that normally lowers the gain at a station when the signal level begins to saturate). Spikes had typical durations of 0.04–0.05 s. Using uniform criteria we found 28 lightning flashes in the June 27th eruption, 29 in the August 18th eruption, and three in the September 17th eruption. We measured peak voltages on station RSO, 94 km SSW, to determine the relative strengths of lightning, and found that the August lightning was strongest, June weakest, and September intermediate. Based on relative signal strengths at different stations, we found evidence for different lightning geometries between the June and August eruptions, during which prevailing winds blew the ash clouds to the north and east, respectively. For all three eruptions the first lightning was recorded 21–26 min after the onset of the eruption, suggesting that charge separation occurred in the convecting cloud rather than at the vent. Data recorded by a Bureau of Land Management lightning detection system for the August eruption showed negative polarities for the first 12 recorded flashes and a positive polarity for the last. This suggests a charge separation based on particle size, in which negative charge is found for larger particles which fall first, and positive charge remains on smaller particles which remain suspended longer. All three eruptions had similar durations of 3.5–4 h, and tephra volumes of 44–56 million cubic meters. The August eruption, however, produced stronger volcanic tremor, 30 cm2 reduced displacement as compared with 16 cm2 for June, and greater gas, 400±120 kt SO2 for August and 200±60 kt for June. Thus lightning strength correlates with both tremor amplitude and magmatic gas content. The August eruption occurred during the lightest winds, so the ash cloud and charge separation were vertically oriented and favored cloud-to-ground lightning. The September eruption occurred during the coldest and driest atmospheric conditions, which may explain the small amount of lightning. In general, volcanic lightning is important because it can help confirm that explosive eruptions are in progress, although the value of the information may be limited by the long delay from eruption onset to first lightning and the variability of eruptive and atmospheric conditions.
Mechanism of dislocation climb in binary and mixed III-V semiconductors

Abstract A model for dislocation climb is proposed, and its underlying basis is that dislocations can act as sources and sinks for point defects. By invoking this property, the pair of point defects required for climb can be produced simultaneously at the dislocation core even when only one type of point defect is absorbed at the core. In real materials where supersaturation of one type of point defect is present, an asymmetry exists in the climb behaviour of α and β dislocations. Also, the presence of phase separation and atomic ordering in mixed III-V materials imposes a drag on dislocation climb. The supporting arguments have been developed.
Aversive stimulation and the laughter response

An experiment was performed to demonstrate the efficacy of controlling the laugh response in humans by aversive audiostimulation and to study the immediate aftereffects of suppression of laughter on the laugh response. The findings suggest that audiostimulation occurring after material usually eliciting laughter and in the place of the laughter response, tended to decrease the frequency of occurrence of the response and removal of the aversive stimulation tended to be followed by an accelerated frequency of laughing.
SiC film deposition by DC magnetron sputtering

Abstract SiC film was prepared using sintered SiC target by means of DC magnetron sputtering. With improving vacuum and insulation between the target and the target cover, amorphous SiC film was obtained with a substrate temperature of 200°C or so. The results that deposition conditions such as gas pressure, sputtering power, substrate–target distance influence deposition rate were given. Finally, the hardness and the resistance-temperature dependence were also investigated. The maximum absolute hardness of measured samples was H v 2410 Kg/mm 2 . The resistance of SiC film prepared was sensitive to temperature within a measuring temperature range of 40–415°C.
Plantar and Palmar Hyperkeratosis in Young Castrated Women

: Three cases of palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis were observed in young women following bilateral oophorectomy. We found this condition, previously described as keratoderma climactericum, to be completely reversible with estrogen replacement therapy. In patients with hysterectomy in addition to oophorectomy, the major risk of estrogen administration, endometrial cancer, does not apply.
Oncogenic targeting of BRM drives malignancy through C/EBPβ-dependent induction of α5 integrin

Integrin expression and activity are altered in tumors, and aberrant integrin signaling promotes malignancy. However, how integrins become altered in tumors remains poorly understood. We discovered that oncogenic activation of MEK signaling induces cell growth and survival, and promotes the malignant phenotype of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) by increasing α5 integrin expression. We determined that MEK activates c-Myc to reduce the transcription of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzyme Brahma (BRM). Our studies revealed that reduced BRM expression and/or activity drives the malignant behavior of MECs by epigenetically promoting C/EBPβ expression to directly induce α5 integrin transcription. Consistently, we could show that restoring BRM levels normalized the malignant behavior of transformed MECs in culture and in vivo by preventing C/EBPβ-dependent α5 integrin transcription. Our findings identify a novel mechanism whereby oncogenic signaling promotes malignant transformation by regulating transcription of a key chromatin remodeling molecule that regulates integrin-dependent stromal–epithelial interactions.
Entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of Agrotis ipsilon: effect of instar, nematode species and nematode production method.

BACKGROUND: Previous laboratory studies have indicated the potential of some entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species for the control of larvae of the black cutworm (BCW). To determine the most promising EPN species and the most susceptible BCW stages, a more in-depth evaluation of seven EPN species against different BCW instars was carried out, the efficacies of in vitro- and in vivo-produced EPNs were compared and the suitability of BCW instars for EPN reproduction was examined. RESULTS:Heterorhabditis megidis was the most virulent species, irrespective of larval stage in small arenas, followed most often by H. bacteriophora. In pots with grass, Steinernema carpocapsae tended to be the most virulent species, followed by H. bacteriophora, H. megidis and S. riobrave. Fourth and/or fifth instars were the most susceptible stages to most EPN species, and pupae the least susceptible. Furthermore, H. bacteriophora, H. megidis and S. carpocapsae successfully reproduced in fifth and sixth instars and pupae. In vivo-produced H. megidis and S. carpocapsae controlled fifth instars better than the corresponding in vitro-produced products; production method did not affect H. bacteriophora and S. riobrave efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Several in vitro-produced commercial EPN strains were highly virulent to BCW and warrant further testing under field conditions, along with some in vivo-produced strains. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Dataflow-driven execution control in a coarse-grained reconfigurable array (abstract only)

Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs) are a promising class of architectures for accelerating applications using a large number of parallel execution units for high throughput. While they are typically very efficient for a single task, all functional units are required to perform in lock step; this makes some classes of applications more difficult to program and efficiently use resources. Other architectures like Massively Parallel Processor Arrays (MPPAs) are better suited for these applications and excel at executing unrelated tasks simultaneously, but the amount of resources dedicated to a single task is limited.We are developing a new architecture with the design flexibility of an MPPA and the throughput of a CGRA. A key to the flexibility of MPPAs is the ability for subtasks to execute independently instead of in lock step with all other tasks on the array. Adding this capability requires special control circuitry for architectural support in a CGRA. We decribe the modifications required and our solutions. Additionally, we also describe the CAD tool modification and application developer concerns for utilizing the resulting hybrid CGRA/MPPA architecture.
A full-length and replication-competent proviral clone of SIVAGM from tantalus monkeys.

African green monkeys (AGM) are classified into four distinct species (commonly termed vervet, grivet, sabaeus, and tantalus monkeys), all of which are known to be infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVAGM) in the wild. Sequence analysis of partial gag and env regions has indicated that each of the four species harbors a phylogenetically distinct SIVAGM subtype. This species-specific diversity suggests that African green monkeys have been infected with SIVAGM for an extended period of time, possibly even before their speciation from a common ancestor. However, our understanding of the evolutionary history of this group of viruses is still incomplete, in part because sequence information for most isolates is limited to small subgenomic regions. There are only six SIVAGM proviruses which have been sequenced in their entirety, and these represent only three of the four SIVAGM lineages (i.e., SIVAGMgri, SIVAGMver, and SIVAGMsab). In this paper, we have generated the first full-length proviral clone for SIVAGM infecting tantalus monkeys (SIVAGMtan). Lambda phage techniques were employed to clone this provirus (TAN) as a single genomic unit from productively infected Molt 4 (clone 8) cells, and sequence analysis confirmed the integrity of all major open reading frames, except vpr which contained an in-frame stop codon. The proviral clone was also biologically active since transfection yielded replication-competent virions. Amino acid sequence comparisons of all major viral proteins indicated that TAN was roughly equidistant from previously characterized sabaeus, grivet, and vervet strains, thus confirming that it represents a fourth independent SIVAGM lineage. Given the need for well-characterized reference reagents, this full-length tantalus provirus should facilitate future studies of SIVAGM molecular biology and evolution.
Water and acid soluble trace metals in atmospheric particles

Continental aerosols are collected above a deciduous forest in eastern Tennessee and subjected to selective extractions to determine the water-soluble and acid-leachable concentrations of Cd, Mn, Pb, and Zn. The combined contributions of these metals to the total aerosol mass is 0.5 percent, with approximately 70 percent of this attributable to Pb alone. A substantial fraction (approximately 50 percent or more) of the acid-leachable metals is soluble in distilled water. In general, this water-soluble fraction increases with decreasing particle size and with increasing frequency of atmospheric water vapor saturation during the sampling period. The pattern of relative solubilities (Zn being greater than Mn, which is approximately equal to Cd, which is greater than Pb) is found to be similar to the general order of the thermodynamic solubilities of the most probable salts of these elements in continental aerosols with mixed fossil fuel and soil sources.
Approach for determining protein ubiquitination sites by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

Protein ubiquitination plays an important role in the degradation and other functional regulation of cellular proteins in organisms ranging from yeasts to mammals. Trypsin digestion of ubiquitin conjugated proteins produces diglycine branched peptides in which the C-terminal Gly-Gly fragment of ubiquitin is attached to the e-amino group of a modified lysine residue within the peptide. This provides a platform for mapping ubiquitination sites using mass spectrometry. Here we report the development of a novel strategy for determining posttraslational protein ubiquitination based on the N-terminal sulfonation of diglycine branched peptides. In contrast to conventional tandem MS spectra of native tryptic peptides, MALDI MS/MS analysis of a sulfonated tryptic peptide containing a diglycine branch generates a unique spectrum composed of a signature portion and a sequence portion. The signature portion of the spectrum consists of several intense ions resulting from the elimination of the tags, the N-terminal res...
Alternative approaches to the machining parameter optimization problem

Abstract Several nonlinear programming techniques may be used in solving the machining parameter problem for optimal values of speed, feed, and depth of cut. These techniques vary widely in efficiency and ease of implementation. Five techniques are described and two, SUMT and an Exterior Penalty Function method, are compared through an example problem. The latter approach is found to be more efficient and accurate, as well as easier to use.
Ion-solid interactions during ion beam deposition of 74Ge and 30Si on Si at very low ion energies (0–200 eV range)☆

Atomic collisions in solids in the 40–200 eV energy range have been studied both theoretically and experimentally to determine the feasibility of the ion beam deposition (IBD) of amorphous and/or epitaxial layers. IBD was first modeled by a rate equation including the target sputtering yield and the ion self-sputtering, range and range straggling. To obtain preliminary values of those parameters, Monte Carlo simulations with TRIMSPUT were used. The surface binding energy (SBE) appeared to be an important parameter of the simulation for sputtering yields under 200 eV. By fitting the SBE with available sputtering data for AR on Si below 1 keV, a very good agreement was obtained between simulations and sputtering data of other ion-target combinations. Experimentally, 30Si and 74Ge ions were deposited on Si 〈100〉 at 300 K and 700 K. Cross-section TEM combined with ion scattering and ion channeling showed that IBD can provide very thin (3 nm) though perfectly continuous films with sharp interfaces (<1 nm). IBD damage to the substrate saturates as a function of dose, is negligible below 40 eV, and presents an interesting annihilation/long range diffusion behavior as a function of the temperature during irradiation.
A graphical technique for calculating adsorption/desorption isotherms for different solid/liquid ratios

Abstract Adsorption of surfactants on solids from aqueous suspensions is an important interfacial phenomenon, with many industrial applications. Adsorption isotherms are often used to monitor surface properties of solids in suspensions. Many of these applications, however, involve suspensions of varying solid/liquid ratios, and sometimes mixing, causing dilution with possible desorption as well. Experiments to estimate the adsorbed amount from the final concentrations at every different solid/liquid ratio are unnecessarily tedious. An alternative graphical technique is presented here to accomplish the same from experiments conducted at only a few solid/liquid ratios. The results from the graphical method agree well with experimental values.
Studies on adrenal steroid hydroxylases: Optical absorption spectroscopy of adrenal iron-sulfur protein (adrenodoxin) and its apoprotein

Abstract Extensive optical absorption spectroscopy was carried out in a wide region between 300 mμ (33,000 cm −1 ) and 33 μ (300 cm −1 ) by the use of various types of protein samples of adrenal iron-sulfur protein (adrenodoxin) and its apoprotein in order to determine a major part of the complete electromagnetic spectrum of a colored protein. For better spectral resolution of absorption bands, differential and low-temperature spectroscopies were performed. It was then revealed that adrenal iron-sulfur protein displays absorption maxima at 325, 340, 414, 455, 510, 550, 952, and 1923 mμ, and 29 μ (30,770; 29,410; 24,150; 21,980; 19,610; 18,180; 10,500; 5,200; and 344 cm −1 , respectively). In contrast, the apoprotein has no corresponding peaks in this region. In the region between 300 mμ (33,000 cm −1 ) and 560 mμ (18,000 cm −1 ), the fine absorption maxima roughly correspond to the circular dichroism extrema. The Kuhn's anisotropy factor of the principal effect is of a order of 10 −3 –10 −4 . Before more data are obtained, any assignment of the mode of vibrations and the electronic transitions cannot be made at present.
Three-dimensional isogeometric solutions to general boundary value problems of Toupin’s gradient elasticity theory at finite strains

Abstract We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first complete three-dimensional numerical solutions to a broad range of boundary value problems for a general theory of finite strain gradient elasticity. We have chosen for our work, Toupin’s theory (Toupin, 1962)–one of the more general formulations of strain gradient elasticity. Our framework has three crucial ingredients: The first is isogeometric analysis (Hughes et al., 2005), which we have adopted for its straightforward and robust representation of C 1 -continuity. The second is a weak treatment of the higher-order Dirichlet boundary conditions in the formulation, which control the development of strain gradients in the solution. The third ingredient is algorithmic (automatic) differentiation, which eliminates the need for linearization “by hand” of the rather complicated geometric and material nonlinearities in gradient elasticity at finite strains. We present a number of numerical solutions to demonstrate that the framework is applicable to arbitrary boundary value problems in three dimensions. We discuss length scale effects, the role of higher-order boundary conditions, and perhaps most importantly, the relevance of the framework to problems with elastic free energy density functions that are non-convex in strain space.
Comparison of performance of lightweight mirrors

Four lightweight solid contoured back mirror shapes (a double arch, a single arch, a modified single arch, and a double concave mirror) and a cellular sandwich lightweight meniscus mirror, have been considered for the primary mirror of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). A parametric design study using these shapes for the SIRTF 40 inch primary mirror with a focal ratio f/2 is presented. Evaluations of the optical performance and fundamental frequency analyses are performed to compare relative merits of each mirror configuration. Included in these are structural, optical, and frequency analyses for (1) different back contour shapes, (2) different number and location of the support points, and (3) two gravity orientations (ZENITH and HORIZON positions). The finite element program NASTRAN is used to obtain the structural deflections of the optical surface. For wavefront error analysis, FRINGE and PCFRINGE programs are used to evaluate the optical performance. A scaling law relating the optical and structural performance for various mirror contoured back shapes is developed.
Density functionals beyond the local approximation

A review of the current effort in improvement over the local density approximation is given. Within the density functional theory, the exchange-correlation energy and potential may be unambiguously defined. Based on the field theoretical expressions for them, approximations for classes of systems and approximate evaluations for specific solids are critically reviewed. Further lines of development are discussed. Relation to the quasi-particle energies is explored. The density functional theory (Hohenberg & Kohn 1964; Kohn & Sham 1965) in the local density approximation gives a simple way of utilizing the knowledge of the exchange-correlation effects of the electron gas in real atoms, molecules and solids. Through the effort of many workers in this field, the theory has been thoroughly tested in a wide range of systems including atoms, molecules, solids and nuclei and found particularly useful for ground-state properties (Schliiter & Sham 1982; Lundqvist & March 1983; Parr & Yang 1989). There is of course room for improvement. There are two separate aspects. One is the improvement of the energy functionals for the ground-state properties. The other is how the energies of low-lying excited states may be found within the context of the density functional theory. In ?2 the definitions of the exchange and correlation energy functionals and potentials are given in the context of the density functional theory and the motivation of the particular definitions is shown to be the transformation of a manyparticle problem to an effective one-particle one. This does not eliminate the interacting particle physics but only moves it to the construction of the effective potential. Section 3 reviews a formal expression for the exchange-correlation energy. Section 4 explains the difference between the density functional exchange and the Fock exchange in the Hartree-Fock approximation. Section 5 explores a number of approaches that go beyond the local density approximation (LDA). The low-lying excited state energies may be viewed as quasi-particle energies. The density functional equation for constructing the ground-state density naturally has a set of single-particle energies. Whether they can represent the quasi-particle energies has been investigated. In general the two sets are not related. None the less, the density functional theory is shown to be a useful framework to construct the selfenergy. The insulator or semiconductor band gap is a special case in which it is related to the ground-state energies of the system and of the system with the addition or removal of an electron. The discontinuity of the exchange-correlation
Gender, Interpersonal Power, and Social Influence

This article reviews research on gender differences in power and their effect on social influence. Evidence indicates that men generally possess higher levels of expert and legitimate power than women do and that women possess higher levels of referent power than men do. These differences are reflected, to some extent, in the influence strategies used by men and women and, more clearly, in gender differences in social influence. Women generally have greater difficulty exerting influence than men do, particularly when they use influence that conveys competence and authority. These findings indicate that gender differences in influence are mediated by gender differences in power.
Quantum-Mechanical Sum Rules

Sum rules are derived for expressions of the form $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{k}^{}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{kn}}}^{a}{|{A}_{\mathrm{kn}}|}^{2}$; $|a|=0, 1, \ensuremath{\cdots}$. Application of the sum rules are given for various forms of $A$.
Bayesian approach to multisensor data fusion

Multisensor data fusion is concerned with the integration and extraction of information from data obtained from two or more sources. Assuming the data are contaminated with noise, we present the necessary definitions and concepts to formulate multisensor data fusion as a problem of inference; specifically, we show in general and in a simple example how to assign probabilities for hypotheses expressed as propositions when data from two sources supply information relevant to the hypotheses. The example is concerned with target identification with a pulsed radar and a continuous-wave radar.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
KEYS TO THE GENERA OF ARANEID ORBWEAVERS (ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE) OF THE AMERICAS1

Abstract This paper contains keys to the 65 genera of araneid spiders known from the Americas. These genera hold approximately fifteen hundred species found in the Americas. The key to females uses mostly artificial characters; the key to males uses diagnostic characters. There are four new synonyms and two new placements.
Formation of TiC core-graphitic mantle grains from CO gas

We demonstrate a new formation route for TiC-core, graphitic-mantle spherules that does not require c-atom addition and the very long timescales associated with such growth (Bernatowicz et al. 1996). Carbonaceous materials can also be formed from C2H2 and its derivatives, as well as from CO gas. In this paper, we will demonstrate that large cage structure carbon particles can be produced from CO gas by the Boudouard reaction. Since the sublimation temperature for such fullerenes is low, the large cages can be deposited onto previously-nucleated TiC and produce TiC-core, graphitic-mantle spherules. New constraints for the formation conditions and the timescale for the formation of TiC-core, graphitic-mantle spherules are suggested by the results of this study. In particular, TiC-core, graphitic-mantle grains found in primitive meteorites that have never experienced hydration could be mantled by fullerenes or carbon nanotubes rather than by graphite. In situ observations of these grains in primitive anhydrous meteoritic matrix could confirm or refute this prediction and would demonstrate that the graphitic mantle on such grains is a metamorphic feature due to interaction of the pre-solar fullerenes with water within the meteorite matrix.
Two-dimensional alignment of differential mobility spectrometer data

Abstract Alignment of data is critical for analysis involving the comparison of multiple files. Analytical sensor data resulting from complex chemical mixtures can often be mis-aligned due to time-varying biases resulting from mechanical instrument variability. In addition to the necessity for time alignment, data from the micromachined differential mobility spectrometer (DMS) may be slightly shifted when comparing various data sets due to the effect of heat and flow variations on the compensation voltage ( V c ). Thus, the data in this dimension can also benefit from alignment. We present here a method for the alignment of both dimensions (scans and V c ) of pyrolysis-DMS data, using a single file as reference. The V c dimension is first aligned with respect to the reference file; this is a rigid shift and no interpolation is performed. This is an advantage as the V c dimension has physical meaning and should not be altered by interpolation. The time (or scans) dimension is then aligned with respect to the reference by identifying common landmarks and interpolating according to a piecewise linear function calculated based on the amount of shift between the two files. The effect of a slight change in flow in the V c dimension is examined using the nitrogen reactant ion peaks as a standard signal. This method is useful for further data processing in which multiple files are to be directly compared, and it could also be useful for two-dimensional alignment of data from other sensor modalities.
Sequence analysis of pig switch mu, C mu, and C mu m.

The complete sequence of pig switch μ (Sμ) and the various domains of Cμ, a total of ca 8 kilobases (kb) of sequence, are presented and comparatively analyzed. Sμ starts about 2.5 kb downstream of the single pig J H gene and ends 0.4 kb upstream of Cμ; the length of Sμ is 3.2 kb. Three major pentameric repeats, gagct, gggct, and gggtt, comprise more than half of the entire Sμ sequence. The two most frequent decamers are gagctgagct and gagctgggct. The longest single repeated sequence is 93 base pairs. The frequency of the various pentamers indicates that pig Sμ is more similar to human Sμ than to mouse Sμ.
Tensile properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced multiscale syntactic foams

The mechanical behavior of hollow glass microballoon–epoxy matrix syntactic foams reinforced with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) is studied in this work. Glass microballoons of two different wall thicknesses are used in two volume fractions to obtain four types of CNF reinforced syntactic foams. Tensile test results show that the presence of CNFs leads to increased values of strength and modulus in syntactic foams containing 50 vol.% microballoons compared to unreinforced syntactic foams. The specific tensile modulus of all CNF reinforced composites is found to be higher than that of the CNF reinforced epoxy resin used as the matrix. Fracture surfaces of CNF/epoxy and CNF reinforced syntactic foams show extensive deformation marks. Instrumented nanoindentation tests are conducted on CNF/epoxy specimens to further characterize the elastic properties of the reinforced resin matrix. A homogenization technique based on the so-called differential scheme that accounts for particle size and wall thickness polydispersivity along with entrapped matrix voids is used to interpret experimental results. The model predictions are in close agreement with the experimental results.
Psychological responses to the implantable defibrillator: Preliminary observations☆

Among recent technologic advances in cardiology is the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, introduced to control otherwise malignant tachyarrhythmia. This article describes psychological aspects of its use in 18 patients. Despite pre-implant anxiety, most eventually adapted well and accepted the device, with the level of adaptation relating primarily to severity of illness and the ability to return to work. Common problems that decreased over time included emotional lability, depression, fear, and hyperarousal with night wakefulness. Helpful treatment interventions included education, individual and family counseling, and relaxation techniques.
Lipid Droplets are Polarized during G2 Phase and Increase in Number at the Septum after its Formation in Fission Yeast Cells

Lipid droplets are now being appreciated as active organelles involved in a variety of cellular processes and not just inert storage depots for neutral lipids. There is evidence that lipid droplet dynamics are linked to cell cycle progression in both budding and fission yeast. In fission yeast, S. pombe, the number of lipid droplets follows an oscillatory cycle where the number increases during G2 phase and is roughly halved when the septum forms at the end of M phase. We observe that droplets are polarized to the cell tips in a temperature sensitive mutant (cdc25), whose cell cycle is arrested in late G2 phase at 36 C well before formation of the septum. Here, we investigate the mechanisms for this distribution. We also present data showing that the number of lipid droplets locally increases on both sides of the septum in the daughter cells. The droplets are later distributed throughout the cells.
A glimpse at tumor genome evolution

Next-generation DNA sequencing has dramatically affected cancer genomics efforts in several important ways. Although whole genome sequencing remains an analytical challenge, such efforts are yielding data that elucidate the myriad ways in which a genome can be influenced by single point mutations, focused insertions or deletions, and large structural alterations. In addition to cataloguing somatic alterations, various correlation analyses are indicating the genes whose alterations most profoundly determine patient outcomes, patient responses to therapeutics and other important aspects of disease biology. We have recently begun exploring how the digital nature of next-generation sequencing reads allows important information about tumor cell genomic heterogeneity to be inferred, revealing the earliest mutations and how the composition of the tumor cell mass changes over time under the influence of stressors such as chemotherapy.
The effects of the preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist S33138 on ethanol binge drinking in C57BL/6J mice

The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway plays an integral role in the reinforcing properties of many drugs of abuse, including alcohol (ethanol/EtOH). It has been reported that selective and acute blockade of the DA D3 receptor by SB-277011A will attenuate EtOH preference, intake, and lick responses in EtOH preferring rats. However, alcohol consumption that leads to abuse is often marked by binge drinking-which is characterized as bringing ones blood EtOH levels to ≥80 mg/dL within 2 hours of the initial drink. It is unclear if brain mechanisms implicated in EtOH reward are equally implicated in EtOH binge consumption and abuse. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of the preferential D3 receptor antagonist S33138 on ethanol (6% v/v) and water consumption in male C57BL/6J mice using a restricted-access binge-drinking model. Ethanol drinking was not significantly altered by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 0.16 mg/kg of S33138. In contrast, the i.p. administration of 0.64 or 2.5 mg/kg i.p. of S33138 produced a significant decrease in ethanol consumption on days 1 and 7 and days 7-14 compared to vehicle treated animals. However, the mean water consumption was significantly decreased by (1) 0.16 and 0.64 mg/kg i.p. of S33138 on Day 1 and (2) 2.5 mg/kg i.p. of S33138 at Days 1, 7, and 7-14. Our studies indicate that a low dose of S33138 significantly decreases binge drinking, and that it does not significantly alter the consumption of water. In addition, S33138 alone is not appetitive.
A Hes1-based oscillator in cultured cells and its potential implications for the segmentation clock.

During somitogenesis an oscillatory mechanism termed the “segmentation” clock generates periodic waves of gene expression, which translate into the periodic spatial pattern manifest as somites. The dynamic expression of the clock genes shares the same periodicity as somitogenesis. Notch signaling is believed to play a role in the segmentation clock mechanism. The paper by Hirata et al.(1) identifies a biological clock in cultured cells that is dependent upon the Notch target gene Hes1, and which shows a periodicity similar to that of the segmentation clock. This finding opens the possibility that the same oscillator mechanism might also operate in other tissues or cell types. BioEssays 25:200–203, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.