cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of multitube mixer nozzle geometry on CTOL‐OTW jet noise shielding

Acoustic shielding benefits for CTOL over‐the‐wing (OTW) applications were obtained experimentally with various multitube nozzles using a simple board to represent a wing. Six nozzles consisting of two to thirteen 0.93‐in.‐diam tubes were tested. Shielding surface lengths of 5.9 to 21.4 in. were used with each nozzle. In addition, the effect of spacing between tubes on jet noise shielding was studied using a six‐tube nozzle. Farfield noise data were obtained at 90° from the jet axis and with a jet exhaust velocity of 660 ft/sec. The jet noise shielding benefits obtained with the various nozzle‐surface configurations are discussed in terms of sound‐pressure‐level spectra. These data are then correlated in terms of a parameter that includes consideration of the number of tubes and the local peak velocity in the flow field near the trailing edge of the shielding surface. In addition, the sound‐pressure‐level amplification trends caused by jet‐surface interaction noise at low frequencies are discussed for the various configurations.
Adaptive Strategies of Tobacco Firms Subsequent to the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement: An Examination of Emergent Tobacco Promotional Mix Efforts

This article uses the promotional mix framework to examine tobacco promotional efforts in five distinct categories: advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing, personal selling, and public rela...
CATALYTIC OSMYLATION OF CONJUGATED DIENES : A ONE-POT STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF POLYOLS

Abstract Conjugated dienes have been hydroxylated with catalytic amounts of osmium tetroxide. The reaction can be highly stereoselective depending on the nature of the terminal substituents, leading to polyols of predictable configurations.
Ubiquity and Persistence of Escherichia coli in a Midwestern Coastal Stream

Dunes Creek, a small Lake Michigan coastal stream that drains sandy aquifers and wetlands of Indiana Dunes, has chronically elevated Escherichia coli levels along the bathing beach near its outfall. This study sought to understand the sources of E. coli in Dunes Creek's central branch. A systematic survey of random and fixed sampling points of water and sediment was conducted over 3 years. E. coli concentrations in Dunes Creek and beach water were significantly correlated. Weekly monitoring at 14 stations during 1999 and 2000 indicated chronic loading of E. coli throughout the stream. Significant correlations between E. coli numbers in stream water and stream sediment, submerged sediment and margin, and margin and 1 m from shore were found. Median E. coli counts were highest in stream sediments, followed by bank sediments, sediments along spring margins, stream water, and isolated pools; in forest soils, E. coli counts were more variable and relatively lower. Sediment moisture was significantly correlated with E. coli counts. Direct fecal input inadequately explains the widespread and consistent occurrence of E. coli in the Dunes Creek watershed; long-term survival or multiplication or both seem likely. The authors conclude that (i) E. coli is ubiquitous and persistent throughout the Dunes Creek basin, (ii) E. coli occurrence and distribution in riparian sediments help account for the continuous loading of the bacteria in Dunes Creek, and (iii) ditching of the stream, increased drainage, and subsequent loss of wetlands may account for the chronically high E. coli levels observed.
Wind-Driven Thermocline Variability in the Pacific: A Model–Data Comparison

Abstract The spatial and temporal patterns of interannual temperature variability within the main thermocline (200–400-m depth) of the Pacific (30°S–60°N) during 1968–97 are documented in two observational datasets and an ocean general circulation model forced with observed winds and air temperatures. Analysis of the processes responsible for the subsurface temperature variance is used to verify the performance of the model and as a basis for assessing the realism of the two observational archives. The subsurface temperature variance is largest in the western portion of the basin, with maxima along the Kuroshio Current Extension and along the equatorward flanks of the subtropical gyres in both hemispheres. In the latter regions, approximately half of the temperature variability may be attributed to local wind-induced Ekman pumping fluctuations one season earlier. A contribution from westward-propagating Rossby waves is also evident in the band 10°–20°N. In contrast, subsurface temperature fluctuations alo...
Early unpredictability predicts increased adolescent externalizing behaviors and substance use: A life history perspective

According to evolutionary life history models, environmental harshness and unpredictability can both promote a fast life history strategy characterized by increased risk taking and enacting short-term, opportunistic behaviors. The current longitudinal study tests whether environmental unpredictability during childhood has stronger effects on risky behavior during adolescence than harshness, and whether there may be an early "sensitive period" during which unpredictability has particularly strong and unique effects on these outcomes. Using data from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation, prospective assessments of environmental unpredictability (changes in residence, cohabitation, and parental occupation) and harshness (mean socioeconomic status) from birth into adolescence were used to predict self-reported externalizing behaviors and substance use at age 16 (N = 220). Exposure to greater early unpredictability (between ages 0 and 5) predicted more externalizing behaviors as well as more alcohol and marijuana use at age 16, controlling for harshness and later unpredictability (between ages 6 and 16). Harshness predicted adolescent substance use, and later unpredictability predicted adolescent externalizing behaviors at the trend level. Early unpredictability and harshness also interacted, such that the highest levels of risk taking occurred in individuals who experienced more early unpredictability and lived in harsher environments. Age 16 externalizing behaviors, but not substance use, mediated the association between early unpredictability and externalizing/criminal behaviors at age 23. We discuss how exposure to early environmental unpredictability may alter biological and social-cognitive functioning from a life history perspective.
Interaction with Box Girders

It is common practice to construct a pier-cap beam integrally with a box girder bridge. Any loading which causes flexure in the cap beam also causes twisting of the box girder. The torsion in the box girder tends to reduce the bending moments in the pier-cap and the piers. The objective herein is to present an analytic procedure which accounts rationally for this interaction and is easily applied in design.
Automatic evaluation of computer programs using Moodle's virtual programming lab (VPL) plug-in

With the increased enrollment in CS courses and the growing interest in providing MOOCs, automated grading of student programs is becoming more of a need than an option. This paper describes the first experience of using Moodle's Virtual Programming Lab (VPL) for the automatic evaluation of students' program in two of our programming courses. Early experimentation in several courses shows the plug-in to be flexible and robust, allowing for sophisticated ways to test student programs. The automatic grading requires a significant shift of faculty time, putting the bulk of the effort up-front, preparing the assignment, the testing environment, and its validation. However, once this phase is over, very little effort is required once the assignment deadline is passed.
Employee Retaliation Claims Under the Supreme Court's Burlington, Crawford and Thompson Decisions: Important Implications for Employers

Title VII forbids employment discrimination against individual based on the individual's "race, color, religion, sex or national origin," or discrimination against employees or applicants who retaliate in the form of a filing discrimination charges, testifying, assisting or participating in Title VII proceedings or investigation. This article focuses on Title VII's anti-retaliation provisions and the scope of protections for individuals facing adverse employment actions. The Supreme Court has determined the reach of the anti-retaliation provisions, an especially important guide as the EEOC and courts face a surge of employee claims of retaliation. Finally the article concludes with an evaluation of the impact of these decisions along with recommendations for employers on how to strategically manage this liability risk.
The ups and downs of visual orientation: The effects of diagonal orientation on product judgment

Abstract Orienting a logo upward or downward may seem like an arbitrary graphic design decision, but we propose that it can have important implications for consumer judgments. In particular, we find across four experimental studies and a content analysis that diagonal direction can convey different levels of activity with upward—or ascending—diagonals conveying greater activity and effort than downward—or descending—diagonals. Consequently, when the context highlights the benefits of activity (vs. passivity), upward (vs. downward) diagonals lead to more favorable product judgments, greater product efficacy beliefs, and greater post-consumption satisfaction. Furthermore, we provide process evidence that perceived product efficacy beliefs mediate these effects, and that the effect is strongest when the object being visually oriented is text rather than images. These findings are particularly important in light of our content analysis findings that diagonal orientation is a relatively underutilized design feature. Collectively, our findings suggest that firms should use upward diagonals when the product context highlights a favorable view of activity. Otherwise, the firm should use downward diagonals, especially when the product context encourages consumers to view passivity favorably.
Investigation of Arrays of Photosynthetically Active Heterostructures Using Conductive Probe Atomic Force Microscopy

Control and optimization of optically excited charge and energy transport across solid–liquid interfaces are essential for many applications including artificial photosynthesis, photocatalysis, and photopolymerization. Nanostructures are especially suited for this purpose, because the exciton diffusion length is typically much larger than the dimension of the particle, enabling efficient charge transport from the bulk to the nanoparticle surface for use in chemical transformations. However, characterization of charge transfer processes at nanoscale interfaces involving either isolated or assembled optoelectronic components remains a major challenge. Here, we use conductive probe–atomic force microscopy (cp-AFM) to spatially characterize the photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical properties of individual nanostructured photosynthetically active heterostructure (PAH) units in large area scans and compare them to thin-film photoelectrode devices. For CuInSe2/Au Schottky barrier PAH devices electrochemically s...
Changes in estrous cycle of rat during prolonged exposure to cold.

SummaryStudies on the reproductive activity of the adult female rat indicate a marked increase in length of the estrous cycle following exposure to a low ambient temperature. Duration of both the proestrous and estrous stages was increased whereas length of the metestrous and diestrous stages was decreased. Treatment with 50 μg of thyroxine prevented the abnormal changes in the estrous cycle during exposure to cold.
Trajectory-Oriented Operations with Limited Delegation: An Evolutionary Path to NAS Modernization

*† ‡ § ** †† This paper presents a concept named Trajectory Oriented Operations with Limited Delegation. The concept provides a framework for transforming NAS operations in line with global modernization trends. It enables the evolutionary introduction of trajectory oriented air traffic tools and airborne separation assistance systems. Specific implementation examples for several evolutionary phases are presented. The tools and procedures prototyping this concept will be further developed and tested in simulations at NASA Ames Research Center as part of the NextNAS project.
Chirothripoides Dendropogonus, a New Species of Thrips of a Family New to North America (Chirothripoididae: Thysanoptera)

This extremely interesting species is unique in that it is probably the second species of the family to be described, and in that it is the first of the family to be found on the North American continent. The first species of the family was described from Trinidad, South America, in 1916.
Oxygen Consumption of the Cardiac Ganglion of Limulus Polyphemus.

The CO2 production of the cardiac ganglion of Limulus has been studied by Garrey,1 who found a direct quantitative relation between the rate of the heart beat and the rate of CO2 formation in the ganglion. Both of these rates were augmented when the ganglion was stimulated chemically, mechanically, or electrically, and diminished when the inhibitory nerves were stimulated.The object of our experiments was to study the oxygen consumption of the ganglion during rest and during electrical stimulation. The method employed was the Warburg manometric technique.2 For stimulation experiments we used chambers with simple manometers and platinum electrodes sealed in, as employed by Gerard.3 The ganglia were kept in sea water instead of Ringer's solution. At least 5 ganglia, having a combined moist weight of about 0.1 gm., were used. After careful dissection they were kept cold until mounted on the electrodes, after which the experiment was conducted at a temperature of 24.6 to 24.8°C.Readings were taken every 10 or...
Aspects of help seeking among collegiate victims of dating violence

This study applied Andersen’s model of health service use to help-seeking among collegiate dating violence (DV) victims, and examined factors for help-seeking. A total of 338 students from a Midwest public university were included in the sample. The study results showed many college students experience psychological, physical, sexual and technological violence; substance use is associated with DV; the type of violence experienced is associated with the type of help sources that victims will use; and victims seek help from informal sources more than formal sources. Implications for social work research, practice and policy are discussed.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate: response to treatment with cisplatinum and cyclophosphamide.

AbstractWe observed a remarkable clinical response to cisplatinum and cyclophosphamide in a patient with widespread metastatic transitional cell cancer of the prostate after hormonal therapy proved ineffective. Combination chemotherapy has the potential for an impressive response in these patients.
C2R2. Compact Compound Recirculator/Recuperator for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Thermochemical Processing.

In this report we present the development of a packed particle bed recirculator and heat exchanger. The device is intended to create countercurrent flows of packed particle beds and exchange heat between the flows. The project focused on the design, fabrication, demonstration, and modifications of a simple prototype, in order to attain high levels of heat exchange between particle flows while maintaining an effective particle conveying rate in a scalable package. Despite heat losses in a package not optimized for heat retention, 50% heat recovery was achieved, at a particle conveying efficiency of 40%.
Reproductive Ultrasonography for Monitoring Ovarian Structure Development, Fetal Development, Embryo Survival, and Twins in Beef Cows1

The area that has arguably benefited more from the development of ultrasound technology than any other area is reproduction in large animals. Ultrasonography is now commonly used for fetal sexing and early embryonic detection. Ultrasound offers researchers the ability to visually characterize the uterus, fetus, ovary, corpus luteum (CL), and follicles and has been used to monitor the growth and atresia of individual antral follicles, which usually takes place in two or three waves during the estrous cycle. We recently determined by ultrasonography that the diameter of the ovulatory follicles prior to the second injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a COSynch estrous synchronization system was related to overall pregnancy rates (PR). Cows that had follicles > 12 mm had greater (P<0.01) PR than those with follicles = 12 mm. In addition, cows that had follicles from 16.0 to 17.9 mm had the greatest (P<0.01) PR. With ultrasonography, the incidence of embryonic loss in beef cows from d 25 to 45 of gestation was 6.5%, whereas, a 4.2% incidence of embryonic loss was detected in beef heifers where ultrasonography was performed at d 30 of gestation and subsequently palpated rectally between d 60 and 90 after insemination. Ultrasonography was successful in identifying twins in induced twinning studies in which it was determined that cows induced to develop twins (67%) had more (P<0.05) fetuses as a percentage of all treated cows than those inseminated artificially (48%) or receiving an embryo (32%). In addition, the point of greatest embryonic loss occurs from d 33 to 69 in cows pregnant with multiple fetuses. Fetal sexing is fast becoming a common management tool in beef cattle enterprises with accuracy in sex determination exceeding 97%. The applications of ultrasound used by scientists include the ability to monitor follicular characteristics, to monitor ovarian function, and the ability to aid in follicular aspirations and oocyte retrieval. In the future, as technology improves, technicians will have an opportunity to use the internet or video conferencing for ultrasound image analyses. With every new technological development, scientists, veterinarians, and producers discover new possibilities for the use of reproductive ultrasound to enhance the scientific merit of research or improve reproductive efficiency in livestock.
The metabolism of formycin B in Leishmaniadonovani

Abstract Formycin B, a pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidine C-nucleoside, inhibited the growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in culture with an ED90 of 0.2 μg/ml. Promastigotes incubated for 24 hrs with Formycin B at 10 μg/ml were found to convert it to the ribonucleotide, formycin B 5′-monophosphate. The parasites were also capable of aminating formycin B 5′-monophosphate as evidenced by the appearance of formycin A di- and triphosphate. The RNA contained the formycin A moiety in 3′,5′-polynucleotide linkage. Succino-AMP synthetase from these parasites was able to use formycin B 5′-monophosphate as an alternate-substrate with a K'm of 26 μM and a V'm of about 1% the V'm IMP. Formycin B 5′-monophosphate was also a substrate for mammalian succino-AMP synthetase with a Vm' of 40% the Vm' of IMP.
Reverse Replay of Hippocampal Place Cells Is Uniquely Modulated by Changing Reward

Hippocampal replays are episodes of sequential place cell activity during sharp-wave ripple oscillations (SWRs). Conflicting hypotheses implicate awake replay in learning from reward and in memory retrieval for decision making. Further, awake replays can be forward, in the same order as experienced, or reverse, in the opposite order. However, while the presence or absence of reward has been reported to modulate SWR rate, the effect of reward changes on replay, and on replay direction in particular, has not been examined. Here we report divergence in the response of forward and reverse replays to changing reward. While both classes of replays were observed at reward locations, only reverse replays increased their rate at increased reward or decreased their rate at decreased reward, while forward replays were unchanged. These data demonstrate a unique relationship between reverse replay and reward processing and point to a functional distinction between different directions of replay. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
The Case of "Death for a Dollar Ninety-Five": Miscarriages of Justice and Constructions of American Identity

This is a story about a case long forgotten. It was a case that, it seems, needed to be forgotten to safeguard the meaning of American justice. The case of Death for a Dollar Ninety-Five began one July night in Marion, Alabama, in 1957, and soon captured the attention of the world. It involved an African American man, a white woman, and the robbery of a small amount of change late in the evening. The conviction was swift and the penalty was death. International criticism soon rained down on the Alabama Governor and the American Secretary of State, leading to clemency and a life sentence. For $1.95. And the case was forgotten. This story helps us to see the way narratives of American justice and injustice are managed. The United States identifies itself with the rule of law, and so miscarriages of justice are often perceived as breaches in that identity, violations of the nation's own core principles. Resolutions of miscarriages of justice, this paper argues, are often about repairing a breach in American identity, making America whole again. What happens to the person at the center of the story is, at best, secondary. For the story to turn out right, the nation is restored, and the person is forgotten.
Origin of Spin: From Rotation Group to Noncommutative Zitterbewegung

It is appropriate to talk about the development of our concept of “spin in quantum theory” at this meeting entitled “From Rotation Group to Quantum Algebras”. For it is with Pauli’s theory of spin1 that representations of the rotation group, and with it eventually the whole group theory entered into quantum theory. We shall also see that the electron spin leads to an internal structure of the electron with non-commuting relative coordinates and this noncommutative geometry is related to the so-called (q-“quantum” algebras. Inbetween we have more than sixty-five years of efforts to understand the electron, its spin and its interactions. The fundamental importance of spin2 in all domains of physics I have dicussed elsewhere3. There are widely distinct models of what spin is or could be, some of which we are going to review here. The theories of spin parallels well the scope and range of the topics of this conference.
Infectious Diseases: Superficial Fungal Infections

The focus of this chapter is superficial cutaneous infections due to fungi and the available evidence supporting specific treatments, both medical and surgical, for these conditions in children and adolescents. For some infections, adjunctive therapies are recommended in addition to first-line, second-line, and third-line treatments.
Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty Significantly Reduces Body Mass Index and Metabolic Complications in Obese Patients.

Background & Aims Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is an incisionless, minimally invasive bariatric procedure that reduces the length and width of the gastric cavity to facilitate weight loss. We performed a prospective study to evaluate the effects of ESG on total body weight loss and obesity-related comorbidities. Methods We collected data from 91 consecutive patients (mean age, 43.86 ± 11.26 years; 68% female) undergoing ESG from August 2013 through March 2016. All patients had a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m 2 and had failed noninvasive weight-loss measures or had a BMI greater than 40 kg/m 2 and were not considered as surgical candidates or refused surgery. All procedures were performed with a cap-based flexible endoscopic suturing system to facilitate a triangular pattern of sutures to imbricate the greater curvature of the stomach. Patients were evaluated after 6 months (n = 73), 12 months (n = 53), and 24 months (n = 12) for anthropometric features (BMI, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure) and underwent serologic (hemoglobin A1c), lipid panel, serum triglycerides, and liver function tests. The primary outcomes were total body weight loss at 6, 12, and 24 months. Secondary outcomes were the effects of ESG on metabolic factors (blood pressure, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, steatohepatitis) and safety. Results The patients' mean BMI before the procedure was 40.7 ± 7.0 kg/m 2 . Patients had lost 14.4% of their total body weight at 6 months (80% follow-up rate), 17.6% at 12 months (76% follow-up rate), and 20.9% at 24 months (66% follow-up rate) after ESG. At 12 months after ESG, patients had statistically significant reductions in levels of hemoglobin A1c ( P = .01), systolic blood pressure ( P = .02), waist circumference ( P P P = .02). However, there was no significant change in low-density lipoprotein after vs before ESG ( P = .79). There was one serious adverse event (1.1%) (perigastric leak) that occurred that was managed non-operatively. Conclusions ESG is a minimally invasive and effective endoscopic weight loss intervention. In addition to sustained total body weight loss up to 24 months, ESG reduced markers of hypertension, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia.
Leaky bucket approach implementing anticipatory control for nodal power flow management in smart energy systems

The electric power grid is the essential infrastructure for electric power delivery from generation through transmission, distribution to consumption node. The lack of large scale energy storage makes the grid unstable and fragile. In smart energy systems, power flow is regulated by pricing signals enabled through the communication component of the smart grid. This paper presents a leaky bucket approach that uses anticipatory control for power flow management in smart energy systems. The leaky bucket determines the flow rate with respect to a node of the power grid by taking into account the current state of the grid as well as current and anticipated electricity prices. The overall goal is to optimize power system performance and minimize the electricity consumption cost to the customers connected to a node. The proposed approach is tested on data obtained by the Gridlab-D simulation platform. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the leaky bucket approach using anticipatory control in managing power flow and reducing overall cost to the consumer.
The Process and Regulatory Components of Inflammation in Brain Oncogenesis

Central nervous system tumors comprising the primary cancers and brain metastases remain the most lethal neoplasms and challenging to treat. Substantial evidence points to a paramount role for inflammation in the pathology leading to gliomagenesis, malignant progression and tumor aggressiveness in the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment. This review summarizes the salient contributions of oxidative stress, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenases, and transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and the associated cross-talks to the inflammatory signaling in CNS cancers. The roles of reactive astrocytes, tumor associated microglia and macrophages, metabolic alterations, microsatellite instability, O⁶-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) DNA repair and epigenetic alterations mediated by the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations have been discussed. The inflammatory pathways with relevance to the brain cancer treatments have been highlighted.
The upregulation of genomic imprinting DLK1-Dio3 miRNAs in lupus-prone mice is associated with DNA hypomethylation (BA4P.133)

Epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs) regulation are now increasingly recognized as vital contributors to lupus pathogenesis. Our recent studies revealed a large cluster of miRNAs, which is located at the genomic imprinted DLK1-Dio3 domain was dramatically increased in splenocytes from MRL- lpr mice when compared to control MRL mice. In this study, we found that MRL- lpr mice have reduced DNA methylation levels in whole splenocytes and also in purified splenic CD4 + T and CD19 + B cells when compared to MRL control, which was associated with the upregulation of DLK1-Dio3 miRNAs in lpr lupus cells. DNA demethylation treatment with 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine significantly increased DLK1-Dio3 miRNAs in splenic cells (especially Con A-activated cells) from MRL mice, but not MRL- lpr mice. This data further confirmed the contribution of DNA hypomethylation to the augmented expression of DLK1-Dio3 miRNAs in lupus splenic cells. Although the contribution of DLK1-Dio3 miRNAs to autoimmune disease remains unknown, our preliminary data revealed that inhibition of selected DLK1-Dio3 miRNA such as miR-379 reduced LPS-induced IFNγ in MRL- lpr splenocytes, suggesting a role of miR-379 in the regulation of inflammation. Together, our data is the first to show DNA methylation regulation of genomic imprinting DLK1-Dio3 miRNAs in autoimmune lupus, which may provide novel insight into epigenetic mechanisms in lupus pathogenesis.
“O loyal father?”: Aumerle, Treason, and Feudal Law in Shakespeare's Richard II

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I show that the current reading of act 5, scenes 2 and 3 of Shakespeare's Richard II, which reduce the Duke and Duchess's opposing reactions to their son's treason to gendered stereotypes of female/family loyalty and male/political loyalty, is instead a complex response to the way the feudal issues both inherent in the play and explicitly referred to in these scenes are entangled with the competing economic, personal and legal repercussions of breaking a feudal oath. By restoring feudal law, in particular the legal response to becoming surety for another, into a play preoccupied with oaths and oath-breaking, these two scenes become a tangible illustration of the play's anxiety around the connection between a man's oath and his life. I believe that, after many years of reading these scenes in gendered terms, a restoration of the play's legal focus – as well as early modern knowledge of feudal law that has not yet been acknowledged in these scenes – is long overdue. Finally, I suggest...
John Hill and Mary Cooper: A Case Study in Eighteenth-Century Publishing

Mary Cooper was the most successful of eighteenth-century London’s pamphlet news publishers, in an industry in which modern understandings about profits and copyright protections did not exist, and in which success was measured by number of publications and the fewest brushes with state-appointed censors. Cooper, who was active on London’s Paternoster Row from 1743–1761 as an independent retailer, was the widow of Thomas Cooper, who was established in the trade from the time of their marriage in 1732. Cooper’s longevity in the book trade was a function of her position in a various print network and her business acumen and tenacity. What sort of book publisher she was and whether she had a printing press has perplexed scholars of the book trade for over 30 years, when Michael Treadwell introduced the term ‘trade publisher’ as a way to contrast those booksellers, namely Dodsley and Newbery, and printers Andrew Millar and William Strahan, whose businesses were more concerned with belletristic and canonical works than short-lived news and trending events publications. While labels are indexical, so few reliable business records exist that evidence for Cooper’s trade lies in her advertisements and in what we can reconstruct about her transactions with authors, particularly John Hill. This essay argues that Hill and Cooper reciprocally defined one another’s careers as author and publisher. Cooper’s involvement with Hill’s controversial publications was critical to his reputation as they collaborated in the middle years of the eighteenth century.
Selected Data Compression: A Refinement of Shannon’s Principle

The Shannon Noiseless coding theorem (the data-compression principle) asserts that for an information source with an alphabet \(\mathcal {X}=\{0,\ldots ,\ell -1\}\) and an asymptotic equipartition property, one can reduce the number of stored strings \((x_0,\ldots ,x_{n-1})\in \mathcal {X}^{n}\) to \(\ell ^{nh}\) with an arbitrary small error-probability. Here h is the entropy rate of the source (calculated to the base \(\ell \)). We consider further reduction based on the concept of utility of a string measured in terms of a rate of a weight function. The novelty of the work is that the distribution of memory is analyzed from a probabilistic point of view. A convenient tool for assessing the degree of reduction is a probabilistic large deviation principle. Assuming a Markov-type setting, we discuss some relevant formulas and examples.
Seminoma Metastatic to the Orbit.

PURPOSE Seminomas are solid tumors in young men, but which rarely metastasize to the orbit. The authors review the known literature on seminoma metastatic to the orbit, and describe an additional case in a 33-year-old man. METHODS A literature search was performed on the MEDLINE database using keywords "seminoma," "testicular germ-cell tumors," "testicular cancer," "testicular neoplasm," "orbital metastasis," and "germ-cell neoplasms." RESULTS Malignant neoplasms of the testis account for only 1% of cancers in men. None-the-less, testicular germ cell seminoma is the most common solid tumor found in young men between the ages of 15 and 39. Only seven previous cases have been mentioned in the literature. The pathogenesis remains unclear although genetic, environmental, and maternal factors may play a role. The number of cases is too few to determine the best treatment options, but surgical excision and adjunctive orbital radiotherapy appear to be most appropriate. CONCLUSIONS Although metastases to the orbit are rare, seminoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all young men with proptosis.
Life cycle assessment of bottled water: A case study of Green2O products

This study conducted a full life cycle analysis of bottled water on four types of bottles: ENSO, PLA (corn based), recycled PET, and regular (petroleum based) PET, to discern which bottle material is more beneficial to use in terms of environmental impacts. PET bottles are the conventional bottles used that are not biodegradable and accumulate in landfills. PLA corn based bottles are derived from an organic substance and are degradable under certain environmental conditions. Recycled PET bottles are purified PET bottles that were disposed of and are used in a closed loop system. An ENSO bottle contains a special additive which is designed to help the plastic bottle degrade after disposed of in a landfill. The results showed that of all fourteen impact categories examined, the recycled PET and ENSO bottles were generally better than the PLA and regular PET bottles; however, the ENSO had the highest impacts in the categories of global warming and respiratory organics, and the recycled PET had the highest impact in the eutrophication category. The life cycle stages that were found to have the highest environmental impacts were the bottle manufacturing stage and the bottled water distribution to storage stage. Analysis of the mixed bottle material based on recycled PET resin and regular PET resin was discussed as well, in which key impact categories were identified. The PLA bottle contained extremely low impacts in the carcinogens, respiratory organics and global warming categories, yet it still contained the highest impacts in seven of the fourteen categories. Overall, the results demonstrate that the usage of more sustainable bottles, such as biodegradable ENSO bottles and recycled PET bottles, appears to be a viable option for decreasing impacts of the bottled water industry on the environment.
Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. By Yi-Fu Tuan

(1974). Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. By Yi-Fu Tuan. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 323-325.
Injective von Neumann Algebras

We have finally come to the first highlight of the entire book. Both sections are devoted to the proof of the equivalence of the injectivity and the approximately finite dimensionality of a von Neumann algebra, Corollary 1.8 and Theorem 1.9. The implication: the AFD ⇒ the injectivity for a von Neumann algebra is an easy consequence of averaging over the unitary groups of generating finite dimensional subalgebras. Thus, the hard part is the reverse implication: the injectivity ⇒ the AFD. Thanks to the preparation in the last chapter, Chapter XV, the proof of this implication for a properly infinite von Neumann algebra M is relatively easy as the injectivity implies that the identity map of M is approximable by a sequence of completely positive maps of finite ranks and we know the form of each approximating CP maps of finite rank. The hard part is the case of type II1. It requires a considerable patience of the reader. As it is such an important result in the theory of operator algebras, we will present second approach for the type II1 case in §2.
Continuous positive airway pressure in patients with rapid eye movement (REM)-specific obstructive sleep apnea, a retrospective match-controlled chart review

Background : Rapid eye movement (REM) obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represents 13 to 35% of all OSA cases and is more common in women. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard for treatment of all forms of OSA but we do not know if patients with REM OSA have different pressure requirements than those with non-stage dependent OSA. Methods : This was a retrospective case control study. We first identified individuals with REM OSA and then tried to identify apnea hypopnea index (AHI), gender, and body mass index (BMI) matching controls that had non-stage specific OSA. Individuals were considered to have REM OSA if the REM AHI was greater than 5 events/hour, and the ratio of REM AHI / non-rapid eye movement (NREM) AHI was greater than 2. Demographic variables and the recommended CPAP pressure were analyzed using paired Student’s T-Tests. Results : Our study included a total of 16 individuals with REM OSA and equal number of AHI, gender, and BMI matching controls. Both groups had similar demographic and polysomnographic characteristics. Individuals with REM OSA required similar CPAP pressures as controls (7.5 cm H 2 O vs 7.4 cm H 2 O p=0.78). Conclusion : Individuals with REM might require similar CPAP pressures as their AHI, gender, and BMI matching controls.
Demonstration and Experimental Validation of Plastic-Encased Resonant Ultrasonic Piezoelectric Actuator for MRI-Guided Surgical Robots

Intra-operative medical imaging based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coupled with robotic manipulation of surgical instruments enables precise feedback-driven procedures. Electrically powered non-ferromagnetic motors based on piezoelectric elements have shown to be well suited for MRI robots. However, even avoiding ferrous materials, the high metal content on commercially available motors still cause distortions to the magnetic fields. We construct semi-custom piezoelectric actuators wherein the quantity of conductive material is minimized and demonstrate that the distortion issues can be partly addressed through substituting several of these components for plastic equivalents, while maintaining motor functionality. Distortion was measured by assessing the RMS change in position of 49 centroid points in a 12.5mm square grid of a gelatin-filled phantom. The metal motor caused a distortion of up to 4.91mm versus 0.55mm for the plastic motor. An additional SNR drop between motor off and motor spinning of approximately 20% was not statistically different for metal versus plastic (p=0.36).
Incorporating Social Justice, Community Partnerships, and Student Engagement in Community Health Nursing Courses

Abstract Following the increase in both evidence and awareness of the impact that social determinants and social injustices have on health, it is clear to educators that nursing students must be prepared to address and ameliorate such concerns for patients. This paper describes the approach of one nursing program to community health nursing education. The SON located in a highly diverse city, approaches community health education through the lens of the social determinants of health. Going forward, nursing programs must consider social determinants and health equity when planning community courses and across the curriculum. Approaches to community health education with a focus on health promotion for nursing students, such as the courses described in this article, may help nursing programs meet the learning needs of students and the changing face of healthcare.
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Finanzanalysetexte entstehen in einer komplexen Umwelt, in der viele Akteure und Faktoren zusammenspielen und sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. So sind AnalystInnen Teil verschiedener Subsysteme innerhalb der Finanzbranche, die es im Uberblick zu verstehen gilt, wenn man sich mit Finanzanalysetexten befassen will. Dieses Kapitel stellt deshalb scharf auf die Einflusse, Krafte und Spannungsfelder, denen FinanzanalystInnen als professionelle Schreibende ausgesetzt sind: die Schreibsituation der FinanzanalystInnen, die Besonderheiten der AktienanalystInnen und Research-Teams, die unterschiedlichen Bankentypen, die Financial Community und die Finanzwelt uberhaupt.
Crossing the racial line: The fluidity vs. fixedness of racial identity

Five studies investigated perceptions of individuals whose identity claims violate societal ascriptions of group membership. Studies 1–3 showed that perceivers dislike targets whose claimed race/et...
Epithelial ovarian cancer prevention

Ovarian cancer is the second leading cause of gynecologic cancer death with 238,700 new diagnoses and 151,900 deaths each year worldwide (Torre et al. 2015). In the developed world, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer death. In the USA, there are 22,440 new ovarian cancer diagnoses and 14,080 deaths from the disease each year (Siegel et al. 2017). Epithelial ovarian cancers comprise the most common type of ovarian cancers and account for the vast majority of deaths from this disease.
Peer and self-assessment practices for writing across the curriculum: learner-differentiated effects on writing achievement

Peer and self-assessment methods have strong theoretical underpinnings in the literature in supporting writing from adolescents through adults and across the curriculum, but empirical research asse...
Fees for uninsured services: a cross-sectional survey of Ontario family physicians.

Background In Canada, family physicians are permitted to charge patient fees for administrative services that are not covered by the public health insurance program, such as prescription renewals outside of an office visit, and completion of forms and sick notes. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of Ontario family physicians who offer various fee structures (i.e., a la carte, annual block fees for all uninsured services rendered or no charge) for uninsured administrative services. Methods This was a cross-sectional telephone survey conducted from April to July 2019 of a random sample of family physicians licensed to practise in Ontario. We excluded physicians with missing contact information or additional specialties, or whose primary practice was outside of Ontario, with a walk-in clinic, with an emergency department, or with an organization that cared for a specific population (e.g., nursing home) or did not provide care (e.g., insurance company). We categorized the geographic location of practices as large urban centre (population > 100 000), small to medium centre (population 1000-99 999) or rural area. We calculated survey weights to account for nonresponse and to ensure representativeness of the sample by geographic area and payment model. Results Among the 221 physicians who met the inclusion criteria, the telephone was not answered at 42 practices, and the contact information was incorrect for 13, resulting in a sample of 166 physicians (response rate 75.1%). The majority of practices reported that they charged fees for uninsured services: 97 (58.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 50.6-65.8) charged a la carte, and 33 (20.3%, 95% CI 14.8-27.3) offered patients the option to pay an annual block fee; 19 (11.4%, 95% CI 7.4-17.3) charged no fees. Fee structures varied by geographic area but not physician payment model. Interpretation The use of a la carte and annual block fees for uninsured administrative services was commonly reported by a sample of Ontario family physicians. Further research is needed to examine the prevalence of patient payment of fees for uninsured services, patient and physician perceptions of fees, and concordance with regulatory guidance.
Mid-Term Efficacy of Subxiphoid Versus Transpleural Pericardial Window for Pericardial Effusion

Abstract Background The optimal surgical technique for drainage of pericardial effusions is frequently debated. Transpleural drainage via thoracotomy or thoracoscopy is hypothesized to provide more durable freedom from recurrent pericardial effusion than a subxiphoid pericardial window. We sought to compare operative outcomes and mid-term freedom from recurrent effusion between both approaches in patients with nontraumatic pericardial effusions. Methods All patients at our institution who underwent a pericardial window from 2001 to 2018 were identified. After excluding those who underwent recent cardiothoracic surgery or trauma, patients (n = 46) were stratified by surgical approach and presence of malignancy. Primary outcome was freedom from recurrent moderate or greater pericardial effusion. Secondary outcomes included operative mortality and morbidity and mid-term survival. Follow-up was determined by medical record review, with a follow-up of 67 patient-years. Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to compare groups. Mid-term survival and freedom from effusion recurrence were determined using Kaplan–Meier method. Results Subxiphoid windows (n = 31; 67%) were more frequently performed than transpleural windows (n = 15; 33%) and baseline characteristics were similar. Effusion etiologies included malignancy (n = 22; 48%), idiopathic (n = 12; 26%), uremia (n = 8; 17%), and collagen vascular disease (n = 4; 9%). Perioperative outcomes were comparable between the two surgical approaches, except for longer drain duration (7 versus 4 d, P = 0.029) in the subxiphoid group. Operative mortality was 19.6% overall and 36.4% in patients with malignancy. Mid-term survival and freedom from moderate or greater pericardial effusion recurrence was 37% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19%-54%) and 69% (95% CI: 52%-86%) at 5 y, respectively. There was no difference in mid-term survival (P = 0.90) or freedom from pericardial effusion recurrence (P = 0.70) between surgical approaches. Although malignant etiology had worse late survival (P Conclusions Pericardial window provides effective mid-term relief of pericardial effusion. Subxiphoid and transpleural windows are equivalent in mid-term efficacy and both surgical approaches can be considered. Patients with malignancy have acceptable operative mortality with low incidence of recurrent effusion, supporting palliative indications.
Helical Carbenium Ion: A Versatile Organic Photoredox Catalyst for Red-Light-Mediated Reactions.

Red light has the advantages of low energy, less health risk and high penetration depth through various media. Herein, a helical carbenium ion (N,N’-di-n-propyl-1,13-dimethoxyquinacridinium (nPr-DM...