cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SIGNAL JOINT FORMATION IS INHIBITED IN MURINE SCID PREB CELLS AND FIBROBLASTS IN SUBSTRATES WITH HOMOPOLYMERIC CODING ENDS

Abstract During B and T lymphocyte development, immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes are assembled from the germline V, (D) and J gene segments (Lewis, S.M., 1994. The mechanism of V(D)J joining: lessons from molecular, immunological and comparative analyses. Adv. Immunol. 56, 27–150). These DNA rearrangements, responsible for immune system diversity, are mediated by a site specific recombination machinery via recognition signal sequences (RSSs) composed of conserved heptamers and nonamers separated by spacers of 12 or 23 nucleotides (Lewis, S.M., 1994. The mechanism of V(D)J joining: lessons from molecular, immunological and comparative analyses. Adv. Immunol. 56, 27–150). Recombination occurs only between a RSS with a 12mer spacer and a RSS with a 23mer spacer (Lewis, S.M., 1994. The mechanism of V(D)J joining: lessons from molecular, immunological and comparative analyses. Adv. Immunol. 56, 27–150). RAG1 and RAG2 proteins cleave precisely at the RSS-coding sequence border leading to flush signal ends and coding ends with a hairpin structure (Eastman, M., Leu, T., Schatz, D., 1996. Initiation of V(D)J recombination in vitro obeying the 12/23 rule. Nature 380, 85–88; Roth, D.B., Menetski, J.P., Nakajima, P.B., Bosma, M.J., Gellert, M., 1992. V(D)J recombination: broken DNA molecules with covalently sealed (hairpin) coding ends in scid mouse thymocytes. Cell 983–991; Roth, D.B., Zhu, C., Gellert, M., 1993. Characterization of broken DNA molecules associated with V(D)J recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10,788–10,792; van Gent, D., McBlane, J., Sadofsky, M., Hesse, J., Gellert, M., 1995. Initiation of V(D)J recombination in a cell-free system. Cell 81, 925–934). Signal ends join, forming a signal joint. The hairpin coding ends are opened by a yet unknown endonuclease, and are further processed to form the coding joint (Lewis, S.M., 1994. The mechanism of V(D)J joining: lessons from molecular, immunological and comparative analyses. Ad. Immunol. 56, 27–150.) The murine scid mutation has been shown to affect coding joints, but much less signal joint formation. In this study we demonstrate that the murine scid mutation inhibits correct signal joint formation when both coding ends contain homopolymeric sequences. We suggest that this finding may be due to the function of the SCID protein as an assembly component in V(D)J recombination.
Economic theory as political philosophy

Abstract I defend the integrity of the question of what the cognitive status of economic theory could amount to, and I argue that the theory is best understood as a compartment of formal political philosophy, in particular a species of contractarianism. This seems particularly apt as an account of general equilibrium theory. Given the intentional character of the explanatory variables of economic theory and the role of information in effecting choice, it is argued that economic theory is unlikely to secure the predictive power that would enable it to function as a factual instead of a normative theory.
A retrospective of personal craniofaciodental research and clinical practice.

Recent reports have emphasized the need for further knowledge about the growth of bone(s). This is particularly true because an understanding of the normal and abnormal growth of bone(s) forms the basis of early recognition and appropriate treatment of many deformities. It is less well appreciated, however, that the findings in the abnormal may be employed to test and extend our knowledge of the normal. Genetic makeup, as well as various types of diseases and injuries such as trauma, inflammation, radiation, and chemicals, may affect skeletal growth sites and centers, thereby causing faulty growth of bone(s). The degree of the subsequent deformity will depend not only on the type, intensity, extent, and chronology of the noxious agent but also on the site and its particular susceptibility and growth activity. The problem of treatment of craniofaciodental deformities is a difficult one. Over the years, I conceived, designed, initiated, and carried out a series of experiments in regard to bone(s), teeth, and cartilage in both young and adult animals (turtles, rats, gophers, lagomorphs, pigs, dogs, and monkeys). Eventually, I directed my efforts principally toward local surgical experimentation as it related to both normal and abnormal gross postnatal craniofaciodental growth. Because of the wide variety of different structures, their interrelated individualities, and the challenges presented in both its richness of sites of growth and complexity, the skull proved to be a most unusual source of study. The purpose of this selective, organized, and limited review, analysis, and summary of personally conducted experiments is to relate certain aspects of differential growth and change and nonchange to age, sites, rates, factors, and mechanisms. In many instances, correlations are made between research findings and clinical practice. No such similar report as this was found in the literature. This retrospective study brings it all together. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 100: 132, 1997.) … find out the cause of this effect, Or rather say, the cause of this defect, For this effect defective comes by cause. Hamlet, Act II, Scene II
Description and classification of degenerative bone changes in the distal joint surfaces of the humerus

This paper attempts to provide the descriptive and classificatory basis for a clearer understanding of degenerative changes on the humeral elbow. Two general problems are outlined. One in the study of the elbow as an indicator of stress in making comparisons between populations. Preliminary data on two series, Alaskan Eskimos and Peruvian Indians, indicate a much higher incidence among the Eskimos (18% as compared with 5% in the Peruvians). The second problem results from the unique morphology and function of the elbow. Mechanical stress on the humeral elbow is fairly evenly distributed over the entire surface of the trochlea in contrast with the capitulum where stresses are localized away from the edge in approximately the geometric center of the capitulum. Hypertrophic bone formation is much greater on the periphery of the trochlea where mechanical stress is frequent than on the edge of the capitulum where mechanical stress is infrequent. This observation supports the generalization that local stress is an important factor stimulating the formation of hypertrophic bone.
APPEARANCE OF SLOW ALPHA-2-GLOBULIN AFTER INTERFERENCE WITH THE LIVER.

DARCY1,2 first identified a protein in the sera of rats bearing large neoplasms or tight abdominal bandages which was absent in the sera of healthy, non-pregnant adults.
Fast Line-Based Imaging of Small Sample Features

This project aims to reduce the time required to attain more detailed scans of small interesting regions present in a quick first-pass sample image. In particular, we concentrate on high fidelity imaging of small sample features via hyperspectral Raman imaging (e.g., small scale compositional variations in bone tissue). The current standard procedure for high quality hyperspectral Raman imaging of small sample features consists of four steps: first-pass imaging, detail identification, planning, and finally detail imaging. traditionally, detail imaging and planning have been carried out manually by human personnel - after acquiring some quick low-quality data in first-pass imaging, a researcher looks for interesting features (detail identification) and decides how to acquire higher-quality data for the interesting features (planning), which is done in the final detail imaging phase. In this paper we discuss automating the detail identification and planning steps, resulting in a decrease of the procedure's total integration time. We fix an arbitrary way to automate detail identification and compare several different planning methods. Our primary result is a method guaranteed to return a least cost (e.g., minimum integration time/number of scans) detail image under a general cost model. Because of their generality, the methodologies developed here may prove widely useful to basic biomedical scientists as well as to researchers in the pharmaceutical industry.
Distributions of Bayes-type change-point statistics under polynomial regression

Abstract Under the assumption of a polynomial regression model, simple elegant expressions for the covariance kernels of residual partial sum limit processes are derived. A numerical method of solving Fredholm integral equations is derived, which is shown to provide solutions that are uniformly close to the analytical solutions. This numerical procedure is applied to compute quantiles for the asymptotic distributions of Bayes-type statistics derived to test for change in an arbitrary parameter of a general polynomial regression model. Finally, the methodology is applied to data on boys' weight/height ratio.
Comparisons of Order Analysis and Factor Analysis in Assessing the Dimensionality of Binary Data

Previous research has not shown a clear relationship between order analytic and factor analytic approaches to assessing the dimensionality of binary data. This study compared factor analysis with three order analy sis procedures. Comparisons were based on eight data sets with known dimensionality and two multidimen sional sets of mathematics data. Two of the order analysis procedures fared poorly in reproducing the factor structure of the datasets. The third procedure re produced the factors for datasets with orthogonal fac tors but failed to reproduce the factors for datasets containing oblique factors. Reasons for the differences between these procedures are discussed.
The role of macronutrients (C, N, P) in controlling cyanobacterial dominance in temperate lakes

Abstract Cyanobacteria are the only group of phytoplankton to show a clear increase both in bio‐mass and relative contribution to total phytoplankton biomass as temperate lakes become eutrophic. Correlative studies indicate that this increase begins at total phytoplankton biomass levels of 3–5 mg fresh weight l‐1 or spring total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of 25–30 μg l‐1. Above TN : TP ratios of 30, cyanobacteria tend to become rare, but below this value they may or may not dominate. Better predictions may be possible by attempting to remove the influence of the refractory dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus fractions by using the TN‐DON : TP‐DOP ratio. While experimental manipulation of N : P ratios in enclosures or entire lakes may often stimulate or suppress relative cyanobacterial biomass, laboratory studies do not clearly link low N : P ratios with cyanobacteria. Evidence from correlative studies, long‐term records of individual lakes, and experimental manipulations of nutrient loads sugges...
Left outflow tract anomalies in children.

Purpose of review To provide a discussion of the current knowledge of the genetics of left outflow tract of the heart, including the aortic stenosis, in children. It addresses the available means of diagnosis for syndromic and nonsyndromic left outflow tract abnormalities and implications for at-risk family members. Options for prenatal testing and recommendations for cardiac follow-up are presented. Recent findings Left outflow tract cardiac anomalies in children present as a varied spectrum among and within families. Even nonsyndromic forms can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. These can lead to significant complications in asymptomatic individuals, making diagnosis a challenge and underscoring the importance of evaluation of at-risk family members. Summary Improved understanding of the genetics of both syndromic and nonsyndromic left outflow tract disorders is hoped to lead to improved identification of affected children and greater ongoing cardiac follow-up for those potentially at risk.
Three Years of Rainfall over the Indian Ocean

Monthly rain falling on the Indian Ocean is mapped for the period 1979 through 1981 by means of observations of the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer. Both stationary and mobile parts were found in the pattern of rain. The stationary part consisted of three zonal and two meridional bands. Only one, the band along and south of the equator, maintained a strong presence through all seasons. A north equatorial counterpart to this south equatorial band also was persistent, but weak. The mobile part of the pattern took the form of a wave. The locus of this wave was an eastward-tilted figure eight, which straddled the equator. The wave moved clockwise along the north loop of the figure eight, counterclockwise along the south loop. The crest of the wave crossed the equator from south to north in May or June and crossed the equator from north to south between August and October. Along its path the equatorial bands were alternately amplified and damped, and the transient bands were activated and suppressed. The effect of the bands and wave was to produce a strong 'monsoon' (annual cycle, summer peak) signature in rain falling over both the northeastern and southwestern reaches of the Indian Ocean.
Non-ionic surfactant flushing of pentachlorophenol from NAPL-contaminated soil.

Abstract Column studies were conducted to assess the suitability of a non-ionic surfactant Tergitol NP-10 (TNP10) for washing pentachlorophenol (PCP) from soil and non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). Flushing of 50 and 200 pore volumes of 5 g/L TNP10 was required to exhaust the surfactant sorption capacity of the soil and soil plus NAPL, respectively. The sorption of surfactant to the soil in the columns was four times greater than the quantity previously observed in batch tests. Flushing with 5 g/L TNP10 removed 71–79% of the 200 mg/kg soil-sorbed PCP after 160 pore volumes compared to 0.7–2% PCP removal without surfactant. In columns additionally containing 0.2% and 0.4% PCP-contaminated heavy oil NAPL, the PCP removal efficiency after flushing 200 pore volumes of 5 g/L TNP10 was nearly 100%. Therefore, removal of the PCP was more efficient in the NAPL-containing columns, potentially due to competition of the NAPL for PCP sorption sites. Rate-limited desorption of PCP and TNP10 likely occurred.
Effects of water content and temperature on the crystallization behavior of FGD scrubber sludge

Abstract Massive quantities of flue gas desulfurization scrubber sludges, both sulfate- and sulfite-rich, are generated by coal burning power plants. Environmentally friendly but economical disposal of this sludge is of great importance to the coal industry. To achieve the goal of effective utilization of the scrubber sludges, we have begun to explore developing value-added materials from these sludges. In this paper, we report how water-to-scrubber sludge (w/s) ratio and the fabrication temperature affected the crystal growth behavior of the sludge under pressure. This was accomplished by conducting scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermomechanical analyzer measurements on the samples formed at 24.2 MPa. Our results suggest that the hydration of hemihydrate, generated from the sludge, resulted in the formation of two phases of calcium sulfate in our materials formed at four different temperatures using two different w/s ratio settings. At T 130 °C, the samples mainly exhibited hemihydrate phase in the form of fibrous growths formed by the splitting of gypsum crystallites. The samples fabricated at 90°C exhibited a higher degree of interlocking of the crystallites, which imparted better mechanical property to our materials as depicted by the fracture strength.
Framing and Ideology: A Comparative Analysis of U.S. and Chinese Newspaper Coverage of the Fourth United Nations Conference on Women an the NGO Forum

In this study, we examined framing in the U.S. and Chinese press coverage of the Fourth United Nations Conference on Women and the Non-Governmental Organizations Forum in Beijing in 1995. This study had 2 objectives: (a) to systematically assess the coverage of this global feminist event and the extent to which its critical areas of concern were communicated to the public, and (b) to illuminate the dynamics of framing in a comparative context and contribute to its further theoretical development. Employing quantitative and qualitative methods, this study found evidence of the operation of an anticommunist and an antifeminist frame in the U.S. coverage. Under the influence of dominant ideology, the U.S. coverage of the conference focused considerably on an extended criticism of China as a communist nation. The goals of the global feminist movement and their critical areas of concern appeared to hold far less immediacy and salience for the U.S. press than the need to assert dominant U.S. values. On the othe...
A multi-point boundary value problem with two critical conditions

Abstract We apply a coincidence degree theorem due to Mawhin to show the existence of at least one solution of the nonlinear second order multi-point boundary value problem u ″ ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) , u ′ ( t ) ) , t ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , u ′ ( 0 ) = u ′ ( η ) , ∑ i = 1 n α i u ( η i ) = u ( 1 ) , where 0 η ≤ 1 , 0 η i 1 , i = 1 , … , n , ∑ i = 1 n α i = ∑ i = 1 n α i η i = 1 , n ≥ 2 , and f : [ 0 , 1 ] × R 2 → R satisfying the Caratheodory conditions. In our setting both boundary conditions are responsible for resonance.
Stimulus intensity and duration of electroshock seizure response.

Abstract This investigation proposes a simple mathematical model for electroshock seizure responses in terms of an operational definition of excitatory state based on the relationship between stimulus intensity and seizure duration. Two parameters, the decay constant, a, and the minimal threshold for seizure activity, h K , are derived from this model as the slope and intercept, respectively, of the line drawn on the plot of log stimulus intensity against seizure duration. Preliminary experimental evaluation indicates that h K is not affected by repeated stimulation. On the other hand, changes in a are observed after a conditioning stimulus. It is tentatively concluded that these changes in a persisted for at least 300 seconds following a stimulus, and may partially explain the reduction in seizure duration which occurs after a conditioning stimulus.
Thirteenth‐order orbital resonance on a Diademe 2 Fragment

A strong thirteenth-order resonance has been observed in an analysis which is based on U.S. Navy tracking data regarding the slowly decaying orbit of a Diademe 2 fragment. The exact commensurability for the orbit occurred in late 1973. The major changes due to the resonance were over by late 1974. Approaches for a significant improvement of thirteenth-order geopotential terms are discussed.
Inverse Problems in Heat Transfer

17.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 17.2THE INVERSE HEAT-CONDUCTION PROBLEM A SPECTRAL STOCHASTIC APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 17.2.1Introduction: Representation of random variables . . . . . . . . . . . 9 17.2.2The stochastic inverse heat-conduction problem (SIHCP): Problem definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 17.2.3Adjoint problem and gradient calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 17.2.4 Numerical Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17.2.5Numerical results with the spectral approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 17.2.6Further developments on the use of spectral stochastic methods in inverse modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 17.3A BAYESIAN APPROACH TO THE INVERSE HEAT-CONDUCTION PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 17.3.1Revisiting the IHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 17.3.2Bayesian inverse formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 17.3.3MCMC sampler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 17.3.4Numerical results with a Bayesian approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 17.3.5Further work on using Bayesian inference for inverse thermal problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Biclonal B-Cell Lymphoma

The cells of most tumors are considered to be genetically homogeneous because they are assumed to represent a single clone descended from one abnormal cell. We have discovered three cases of B-cell lymphoma for which this generalization is not true. In each case, the tumor was composed of two subpopulations of cells, each expressing a different immunoglobulin molecule. Antibodies directed against these immunoglobulins were used to separate the two cell subpopulations of each tumor on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. DNA extracted from the original tumor and the two fractionated subpopulations was analyzed to determine the configuration of immunoglobulin genes. Differences were found in the arrangement of DNA in at least one immunoglobulin gene for each of the two subpopulations. Thus, biclonality of these tumors was revealed by examination of both protein markers (cell-surface immunoglobulin) and DNA markers (immunoglobulin-gene rearrangements). Our results indicate that the incidence of biclonal B-cell lymphoma may be higher than previously recognized, possibly as high as 10 per cent of all B-cell lymphomas. Furthermore, our findings may have important implications for the diagnosis and therapy of lymphoid cancers.
Individual differences in the conceptualization of food across eating contexts.

Individual differences in food-related knowledge structures were explored by applying schema theory to examine the categories 42 adults used to classify foods across four eating contexts. Food card-sort labels were organized into 12 categories, category salience for each person was evaluated, and cluster analysis was used to identify clusters of participants according to the salience of their categories. Clusters were further evaluated for complexity and consistency of category use across contexts. Seven food schema clusters were identified. Meal/time and Routine categories were the most salient overall and were used by most clusters. Well-being, Person, Source, Convenience, Meal component, and Food group categories varied in salience across clusters. The complexity and consistency of the food categories participants used across the contexts varied among the clusters. This study provided insight about cognitions that may underlie food-choice behaviors. Understanding individuals’ food schemas could help nutrition professionals tailor messages to maximize health impact.
PROTEIN STAMPING FOR MALDI MASS SPECTROMETRY USING AN ELECTROWETTING-BASED MICROFLUIDIC PLATFORM

MALDI-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry) is one of the most commonly used techniques for protein analysis. In conventional systems sample preparation is typically done in well-plates and transferred onto a MALDI target by robotic systems, which are complex, huge, expensive and slow. In this paper, we present a droplet-based microfluidic interface to transfer protein samples from a well-plate format onto a MALDI target for MS analysis. The droplets are actuated using the electrowetting phenomenon, and are immersed in silicone oil which prevents non-specific adsorption and enables the manipulation of high concentrations of proteins. Droplet transport and droplet formation were evaluated as a function of protein concentration using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a test system. Droplet transport was possible for BSA concentrations up to 10mg/mL which is three orders of magnitude higher than previously reported results on handling proteins by electrowetting. Droplet formation from on-chip reservoirs, using only electrowetting forces and no external pressure assistance, was possible up to concentrations of 0.01mg/mL. An interface between a well-plate format and the electrowetting chip, and a scheme to passively stamp droplets onto a target substrate was then designed and tested by stamping BSA solutions. In two separate experiments 3.6fmoles and 16fmoles of BSA were stamped onto a glass slide using 0.001mg/mL and 0.01mg/mL samples respectively. A protein mixture with known constituents (ABI 4700 proteomics analyzer calibration solution) was stamped onto a MALDI plate and the individual proteins were correctly identified in the mass spectrum obtained using MALDI-TOF MS. The preliminary results establish the feasibility of using an electrowetting-based microfluidic system to handle proteins especially for protein stamping applications. The proposed system has a small footprint, is easy to control, and is very fast compared to conventional robotic systems. In addition, there are no moving parts and the associated mechanical reliability issues. Future work involves scaling to a larger number of samples and integration of sample preparation steps on-chip.
First Record of Meloidogyne partityla on Pecan in Georgia.

In July 2000, tree decline was observed in a commercial pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch) orchard in Crisp County, GA. Most affected trees exhibited dead branches in the upper canopy, stunted growth, and feeder roots with small galls and associated egg masses typical of root-knot nematode infection. All declining trees that were examined had root systems infected with a Meloidogyne sp. Efforts to culture the nematode on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Rutgers') were unsuccessful. Identification of the nematode was determined by two laboratory procedures in March 2001. Female nematodes were teased from fresh pecan root galls of declining trees in Georgia, and identified by determining the esterase phenotype from replicate samples of single females compared with standard root-knot nematode species, including a population of M. partityla (3). Galled roots also were sent to New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, where mitochondrial DNA from specimens was extracted and compared with that from standard root-knot nematode species and known populations of M. partityla (2). Specimens had esterase phenotypes and DNA patterns consistent with M. partityla. Esterase phentoypes were inconsistent with M. incognita and M. arenaria, and DNA patterns were inconsistent with M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. hapla. Specimens at both locations were identified as M. partityla Kleynhans (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. partityla from Georgia and the third report of this nematode outside of South Africa. The first and second report of M. partityla from pecan in the United States occurred in Texas and New Mexico in 1996 and 2001, respectively (3,4). Our inability to culture the M. partityla-GA isolate on tomato substantiates previous experience with this nematode in the United States (3) and is not surprising, since this species has a host range limited to the Juglandaceae. Furthermore, M. partityla may be endemic to North America and not South Africa. It is believed this nematode entered South Africa on pecan seedling roots imported from the United States between 1912 and 1940 (1). The unusually narrow host range may explain why M. partityla has gone unrecognized for so long in the United States compared with the more common Meloidogyne spp. (i.e., M. incognita and M. arenaria) with wider host ranges found in pecan orchards. Determining the distribution of M. partityla within the major pecan-growing regions of Georgia and throughout North America is warranted. References: (1) K. P. N. Kleynhans. Phytophylactica 18:103, 1986. (2) T. O. Powers and T. S. Harris. J. Nematol. 25:1, 1993. (3) J. L. Starr et al. J. Nematol. 28:565, 1996. (4) S. H. Thomas et al. Plant Dis. 85:1030, 2001.
Pineapple bacilliform CO virus: Diversity, Detection, Distribution, and Transmission

Members of the genus Badnavirus (family Caulimovirdae) have been identified in dicots and monocots worldwide. The genome of a pineapple badnavirus, designated Pineapple bacilliform CO virus-HI1 (PBCOV-HI1), and nine genomic variants (A through H) were isolated and sequenced from pineapple, Ananas comosus, in Hawaii. The 7,451-nucleotide genome of PBCOV-HI1 possesses three open reading frames (ORFs) encoding putative proteins of 20 (ORF1), 15 (ORF2), and 211 (ORF3) kDa. ORF3 encodes a polyprotein that includes a putative movement protein and viral aspartyl proteinase, reverse transcriptase, and RNase H regions. Three distinct groups of putative endogenous pineapple pararetroviral sequences and Metaviridae-like retrotransposons encoding long terminal repeat, reverse-transcriptase, RNase H, and integrase regions were also identified from the pineapple genome. Detection assays were developed to distinguish PBCOV-HI1 and genomic variants, putative endogenous pararetrovirus sequences, and Ananas Metaviridae sequences also identified in pineapple. PBCOV-HI1 incidences in two commercially grown pineapple hybrids, PRI 73-114 and PRI 73-50, was 34 to 68%. PBCOV-HI1 was transmitted by gray pineapple mealybugs, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, to pineapple.
Efficient hardware implementation of a highly-parallel 3GPP LTE/LTE-advance turbo decoder

We present an efficient VLSI architecture for 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advance Turbo decoder by utilizing the algebraic-geometric properties of the quadratic permutation polynomial (QPP) interleaver. The highthroughput 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advance Turbo codes require a highly-parallel decoder architecture. Turbo interleaver is known to be the main obstacle to the decoder parallelism due to the collisions it introduces in accesses to memory. The QPP interleaver solves the memory contention issues when several MAP decoders are used in parallel to improve Turbo decoding throughput. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity QPP interleaving address generator and a multi-bank memory architecture to enable parallel Turbo decoding. Design trade-offs in terms of area and throughput efficiency are explored to find the optimal architecture. The proposed parallel Turbo decoder has been synthesized, placed and routed in a 65-nm CMOS technology with a core area of 8.3 mm 2 and a maximum clock frequency of 400 MHz. This parallel decoder, comprising 64 MAP decoder cores, can achieve a maximum decoding throughput of 1.28 Gbps at 6 iterations
Prevalence of late potentials in patients undergoing Holter monitoring

Abstract High-frequency, low-amplitude signals detected in the terminal portion of the surface QRS, called late potentials (LP), have been shown to correlate with inducibie sustained ventricular tachycardia and to be absent in normal subjects. We studied LP in 152 patients without a history of sustained ventricular tachycardia who underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring for varying clinical indications (chest pain 21%, syncope 17%, palpitations 32%, dizziness 20%, other 10%). Twenty-one patients (14%) had a positive test. Of the 152 patients, 84 (55%) had complex ventricular arrhythmias and 68 (45%) had simple or no ventricular arrhythmias. Complex ventricular arrhythmias were present in 71% of patients with and in 52% of those without LP. In conclusion: (1) patients without history of sustained ventricular tachycardia who demonstrate complex nonsustained ventricular arrhythmias on Holter monitoring have a low prevalence of LP; (2) the presence of LP on signal-averaged ECG indicates an electrical property of the heart, which is distinct from complex ventricular arrhythmias detected on Holter monitoring.
INNER CREATION IN KNOWER AND KNOWN, OBSERVER AND OBSERVED, THEORIST AND THEORIZED: I. INTRODUCTION

St~mma~y.-This paper is the first part of a series. The series suggests that attitude toward equilibrium theorizing varies inversely with capacity for Rorschachian inner creation (production of Rorschach movement responses), regardless of discipline or of object of theory (e.g., biological, economic, psychological, or social systems). Positively, it suggests that capacity for inner creation may be conceived as a property of both subject and object, i.e., knower and known, observer and observed, theorist and theorized, that the capacity for Rorschachian inner creation is (among other things) the capacity for cognizing the capacity for inner creation in biological, economic, psychological, social, and other systems. More specifically, the series proposes an appeal of Hegelian, Marxian, and Schumpeterian theorizing that has nothing to do with politics, economics, or sociology, and that links it to the "Leibnizian" tradition in psychology. Similarly, it proposes that a kind of movement alleged to exist in life, nature, or history-whether by psychological specialists discussing change in mental patients or by sociologists and philosophers discussing social changehas much to do with the kind in the Rorschach test. In short, the series proposes (1) dialectical thinking as one dimension of what Rorschach meant by inner creation, (2) that such thinking may be seen as not only Hegelian-Marxian-Schumpererian but also as what Allport meant by Leibnizian, and (3) that no matter how much poliiical difference may exist between Leibnizian, Hegelian, Marxian, or Schumpeterian scholars and scientists, they are of kindred ouclook when it comes to the attitudes, beliefs, or'values that are the 'correlates of high Rorschach movement production.
Infrared-Reflectance Spectra of Layered Group-IV and Group-VI Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides

Infrared-reflectivity spectra have been obtained for a large number of group-IV (Ti, Zr, Hf) and group-VI (Mo, W) transition-metal dichalcogenides. Three distinct types of spectra have been identified: In Zr${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, Hf${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, and Hf${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, very strong reststrahlen with effective charges ${e}_{T}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}4e$; in Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, Mo${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, W${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, and W${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, weaker reststrahlen with ${e}_{T}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}0.5e$; and in Ti${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, Zr${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$, and Hf${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$, plasmon-type reflection bands corresponding to free-carrier densities in excess of ${10}^{20}$/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. These observations, coupled with considerations of ion size, have led to a new description of the chemical bonding in these layered materials that is not consistent with a simple rigid-band scheme.
Developmental toxicity induced during early stages of mammalian embryogenesis

Abstract Both a conceptual and a practical borderland between teratology and mutagenesis is early embryogenesis, the period between fertilization and gastrulation. Radiation and a variety of chemicals adversely affect the early conceptus leading to in utero mortality and malformations. The post-fertilization period of susceptibility differs from exposures of gametes, the later producing excessive pre- and peri-implantational death and low rates of fetal anomalies predominated by growth retardation. In contrast mutagen exposure of the zygote induces peri-implantional death, pan-gestational death and fetal anomalies predominated by hydrops, abdominal wall defects, and eye aberrations. The mechanism for this pathology remains unclear. These same agents produce a broader range of phenotypic anomalies during the remainder of pre-gastrulation development with anomalies overlapping those induced during organogenesis. Retinoic acid and 5-azacytidine administered prior to gastrulation produce novel malformation syndromes indicative of gene expression modification. The rates and types of defects from mutagen treatment of both gametes and the early conceptus contrast with those resulting from embryonic treatment during organogenesis, and the mechanisms are likely to differ. The pre-gastrulation period has not been explored to the extent reported during gametogenesis or organogenesis. Pre-gastrulation teratology is a new area of investigation with relevance both to reproductive toxicology and to mammalian developmental biology.
Dynamic photoelastic model analysis of impact to the human skull.

Abstract A joint experimental and mathematical study of nonpenetrating impacts to the human head has been undertaken. The experimental aspects of the study are reported here along with a brief summary of the mathematical approach. Experimentally, dynamic photoelastic evaluations of two types of phenomenological models have been studied and are reported: (1) wave propagation through a porous, three-layered skull; and (2) wave propagation in a simplified concentric ring and disk model of the skull and brain. Both models are subjected to pressure impact from an exploding wire. Observations of the behavior of these models have been used to aid in the development of a two-dimensional mathematical analysis of direct head impact. The photoelastic concentric ring and disk model also demonstrates the relationship between the experimental and mathematical modelling techniques.
Metabolism and blood flow as new markers of myocardial viability in the evolution of myocardial infarction

Animal studies have shown that increased regional 18F-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake as demonstrated by positron emission tomography (PET) in ischemic and reperfused myocardium reflects reversible tissue injury. Therefore, we studied patients with acute myocardial infarction to define the extent and severity of injury. Left ventricular segments with reduced blood flow and metabolism, as demonstrated by matching defects of flow and FDG uptake, revealed irreversible injury as evidenced by lack of functional recovery. In contrast, segments with reduced flow but maintained FDG uptake showed variable functional outcome with improvement of the average wall motion score. Thus, PET may be useful in identifying myocardium at risk which may benefit from therapeutic interventions.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INTER-FLASH INTERVALS AT FUSION, UNDER CONDITIONS INTENDED TO ELIMINATE NEURAL "OFF" EFFECTS.

Sumnzary.-Short, low intensity photic pulses were used to study flicker perception. According to available evidence, such stimuli will induce no neural "off" effects. Although the pulse trains used in the experiment are, from a physical viewpoint, harmonically complex, absence of induced neural "off" effects makes their neurophysiological concomitants relatively uncomplicated and it is for the latter reason that stimuli of rhe type described were used. The data were interpreted as additional confirmation of the concept that neural impulse interval modulation is a mechanism for transmission of information in the nervous system. In the particular case of our experiment, results led us to postulate (a) that the mechanism responsible for perception of flicker, in the absence of "off' effects as cues, is the detection by the visual system of an increase in intervals between neural impulses that occur between successive photic pulses, and (b) that the time required for such detection is dependent upon and varies in direct proportion to initial periods between neural spikes induced by flashes in the stimulus train.
A343) Rebuilding Post Conflict Food Security in Liberia

Liberia's 14 year civil war destroyed domestic agricultural production, veterinary and agricultural education, extension services and domestic food security. These losses severely limited domestic food production, and basic hygiene and sanitation: potable water, abattoirs, cold chain and food storage were greatly diminished. The average Liberian life expectancy fell from 45.8 in 1990 to 41.8 years presently. The population birth and death rate are two of the highest globally with a resulting population growth rate, of 2.7% per annum; this growth rate requires an immediate and concerted focus on domestic food production to alleviate nutritional inadequacy and hunger, trade imbalances and loss of foreign exchange credits. Food supply nationally is presumed adequate because of importation, though domestic production is inadequate. Unequal distribution precludes food security for all Liberians. Value chain augmentation, enhancing food availability across all sectors of Liberian society and ensuring distribution of a safe food supply needs critical development. Infant mortality remains one of the highest in the world (approximately 160/1000 births), much of which is attributed to food insecurity, food contamination and lack of uniformly available potable water. Recreation of Liberia's public health and food security requires redevelopment of disease monitoring and laboratory diagnostic capability to re-establish safe food production and handling practices across all sectors. This will allow determination of endemic disease burden for the principal livestock species: poultry, sheep, goats, cattle and swine. Creation of a national disease surveillance/monitoring system allows for targeted disease intervention, ensuring vaccination for correct serotypes and most critically prevalent diseases. Creation of community level training and support will target intervention of local diseases, but also allow for national prioritization of diseases. Targeting which are most prevalent or most likely to cause production limiting effects will require periodic surveillance, targeted vaccination, and chemotherapeutic intervention and evaluation of therapeutic success.
Remote detection of chemicals with passive millimeter waves

Passive millimeter-wave (mmW) systems have been used in the past to remotely map solid targets and to measure low-pressure spectral lines of stratospheric and interstellar gases; however, its application to pressure-broadened spectral detection of terrestrial gases is new. A radiative transfer model was developed to determine the detection feasibility and system requirements for passive mmW spectral detection. A Dicke-switched multispectral radiometer that operates at 146-154 GHz was designed and built for remote detection of stack gases. The radiometer was tested in the laboratory using a gas cell; the spectra of acetonitrile were detected passively against a cold background, which mimicked typical remote detection scenarios in the field. With Dicke-switched integration of radiometric signals, on-line calibration, and novel signal processing to minimize atmospheric fluctuation, spectral line detection of polar molecules is possible from chemical plumes a few kilometers away.
SIZE AND COMPOSITION DISTRIBUTION OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER EMITTED FROM MOTOR VEHICLES

A dilution source sampling system is augmented to measure the size-distributed chemical composition of fine particle emissions from motor vehicles. Measurements are made using an optical particle counter (OPC), a differential mobility analyzer (DMA)/condensation nucleus counter (CNC) combination, and a pair of microorifice uniform deposit impactors (MOUDIs). The sources tested with this system include catalyst-equipped gasoline-powered light-duty vehicles, noncatalyst gasoline-powered light-duty vehicles, and medium-duty diesel trucks. Chemical composition analysis demonstrates that particles emitted from the gasoline-powered vehicles tested are largely composed of organic compounds while particles emitted from diesel engines contain roughly equal amounts of organic compounds and elemental carbon. The particle mass distributions from all mobile sources tested have a single mode that peaks at approximately 0.1−0.2 μm particle diameter. Of the two diesel vehicles tested, the vehicle with the lowest fine particle emissions rate released the largest number of ultrafine particles, a finding similar to that of Bagley et al. (Characterization of fuel and aftertreatment device effects on diesel emissions; Technical Report 76; Health Effects Institute: Cambridge, MA, 1996). Particle size distribution measurements taken throughout the FTP urban driving cycle used to test all of the vehicles described in this paper reveal that particulate mass emission rates and particulate size distributions from the vehicles tested here are similar during the cold start and hot start segments of the driving cycle.
Characterization of the adenosine triphosphatase of avian myeloblastosis virus

Abstract The ATPase of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) is not a recognizable cellular enzyme. It hydrolyzes ATP, GTP, ITP, UTP, and dCTP at equal rates, is inhibited by high concentrations of dithiothreitol, and is partially inhibited by 1 × 10 −5 m p -chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) and p -chloromercuribenzene sulfonate acid (PCMBS). The inhibition by the mercurials is reversed by increasing the concentration of PCMB or PCMBS to 1 × 10 −3 m . The enzyme requires phospholipid for activity. Incubation with phospholipase C inhibits activity and subsequent addition of lecithin-containing saturated fatty acids partially restores activity, whereas lecithin-containing unsaturated fatty acids further inhibit activity.
Research assistants' perspective of clinical trials: results of a focus group.

Abstract Objective To better understand the experiences and problems encountered by research assistants (RAs) involved in clinical trials to improve the process of RA training for future studies. Design A 1-time focus group of research assistants was conducted. Setting A chiropractic college in the United States during a national chiropractic research agenda conference. Subjects Eight research assistants from 2 teaching institutions, who are directly involved in clinical trials and have patient-centered responsibilities, such as recruiting patients, interviewing patients, and collecting data. Main outcome measures Responses to predetermined questions were qualitatively compiled. Question topics included research assistants’ experiences while administering phone screens, questionnaires, and informed consents. Results Research assistants involved in this focus group expressed they were adequately trained in telephone screening and administering informed consent but felt they required more training in administering self-report questionnaires to patients. The majority of problems they encountered were related to a lack of information. To improve training of future RAs, more detailed study information is necessary, such as how to describe study treatments and how to give questionnaire instructions. Conclusions The comparability of responses by the members of this focus group was interesting. Members had similar experiences within clinical trials and found that the problems encountered were common across studies.
Demonstration of Immune Complexes in Spontaneous and Histamine-Induced Lesions and in Normal Skin of Patients with Leukocytoclastic Angiitis

Clinical and laboratory observations have strongly suggested that leukocytoclastic angiitis is an immune complex disease. Since immune complexes can be visualized as electron-dense deposits by electron microscopy (EM), this method was used in conjunction with direct immunofluorescence (IF) to determine whether complexes could be demonstrated in spontaneous lesions, and in uninvolved skin in which the vessels were made permeable by the local injection of histamine. Histamine-induced wheals were produced in the uninvolved skin of patients with active angiitis. In the resulting wheal, EM studies revealed electron-dense deposits characteristic of immune complexes in postcapillary venules and direct IF studies demonstrated complement and immunoglobulins in the vessel walls. Neutrophils in varying stages of disintegration were present thereby reproducing the histopathologic changes of spontaneous lesions. EM and IF studies of nonmanipulated uninvolved skin also revealed electron-dense deposits and immune reactants in the vessel walls. Neutrophils in varying stages of disintegration were present thereby reproducing the histopathologic changes of spontaneous lesions. EM and IF studies of nonmanipulated uninvolved skin also revealed electron-dense deposits and immune reactants in the vessel walls. Neutrophils were not present, however. This observation indicates that immune complexes are deposited in vessels before tissue damage ensues. Study of spontaneous lesions older than 24 hr revealed only fibrin by EM and no immune reactants by direct IF. In spontaneous lesions less than 24 hr old, electron-dense deposits and fibrin were seen by EM, and complement and immunoglobulins by IF. Histamine-induced wheals should be a useful device to investigate patients with disorders that have an immune complex pathogenesis.