cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Content on Circulating Metabolic Fuel Availability in the Postprandial State.

Context According to the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity, an elevated insulin-to-glucagon ratio in response to a high-carbohydrate diet directs metabolic fuels toward storage, resulting in lower circulating energy. Objective To determine differences in total circulating energy post-meal related to dietary carbohydrate. Design Ancillary study within the Framingham State Food Study. Setting University community. Participants 29 adults (aged 20 to 65 years) with overweight or obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2). Intervention After achieving 10% to 14% weight loss on a run-in diet, participants were randomized to weight-loss-maintenance test diets varying in carbohydrate content (high-carbohydrate, 60% of total energy, n = 11; moderate-carbohydrate, 40%, n = 8; low-carbohydrate, 20%, n = 10) and controlled for protein (20%). During 24-hour metabolic ward admissions between 10 and 15 weeks on the test diets, metabolic fuels and hormones were measured. Main Outcome Measure Energy availability (EA) based on energy content of blood glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acids, in the late postprandial period (180 to 300 minutes). Insulin at 30 minutes into the test meal (Meal Insulin-30) was measured as an effect modifier. Results Insulin-to-glucagon ratio was 7-fold higher in participants on the high- vs low-carbohydrate diet (2.5 and 0.36, respectively). Late postprandial EA was 0.58 kcal/L lower on the high- vs low-carbohydrate diet (P < 0.0001), primarily related to suppression of free fatty acids. Early postprandial EA (30 to 180 minutes) declined fastest in the high-carbohydrate group, and Meal Insulin-30 modified this diet effect. Conclusions During weight-loss maintenance on a high-carbohydrate diet, late postprandial EA is reduced, consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model.
One-year outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: Factors associated with recurrence and complications.

Abstract Purpose Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a congenital anomaly associated with lifelong multisystem morbidity. This study sought to identify factors contributing to hospital readmission after CDH repair. Methods The Nationwide Readmissions Database from 2010 to 2014 was used to identify patients with CDH who underwent surgical repair. Primary outcomes included all cause readmission at 30-days and 1 year and readmission for hernia recurrence. Patient and hospital factors were compared using chi-squared analysis. Results Five hundred eleven patients were identified with neonatal CDH. All repairs were performed at teaching hospitals via laparotomy in 59% (n = 303), thoracotomy in 36% (n = 183), and minimally invasive (MIS) repair in 5% (n = 25). The readmission rate within 30-days was 32% (n = 163), and 97% (n = 495) within 1 year. The most common conditions surrounding readmission were for gastroesophageal reflux (20%), CDH recurrence (17%), and surgery for gastrostomy tube and/or fundoplication (16%). Recurrence was significantly higher after MIS repair (48%) compared to those with open repair via either approach (16%), p Conclusions This is the first study to evaluate nationwide readmissions in newborns with CDH. Readmission is commonly due to CDH recurrence and reflux-associated complications. The recurrence rate is higher than previously reported and is more common after MIS and repair via thoracotomy. Level of evidence Level III treatment study.
Looking Back at the Allen Ginsberg Obscenity Trial 62 Years Later

Sixty-two years ago this month, a decade before 1967's Summer of Love, San Francisco hosted the obscenity trial of Allen Ginsberg's epic poem, Howl, during the summer of 1957. The 1950s, and well into the 1960s, witnessed no shortage of censorship battles over the arts-even comic books. This particular battle focused on a small chapbook of obscure poetry, Howl and Other Poems, has reached quasi-mythological status in the history of the Beat Generation. The nationwide publicity generated by the trial single-handedly dragged Ginsberg and Howl into the public consciousness. Today's global recognition and critical acclaim for Howl aside, that the trial itself still resonates in the legal community is no small accomplishment because the decision was never officially published. Moreover, it is unusual in and of itself for a municipal court trial judge to author a written opinion, which would be binding only upon those individuals within that municipality. As a consequence, People v. Ferlinghetti was never cited as precedent, or otherwise, in any subsequent legal proceeding.
Predicting Travel Times of Bus Transit in Washington, D.C. Using Artificial Neural Networks

This study aimed to develop travel time prediction models for transit buses to assist decision-makers improve service quality and patronage. Six-months’ worth of Automatic Vehicle Location and Automatic Passenger Counting data for six Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority bus routes operating in Washington, DC was used for this study. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were developed for predicting travel times of buses for different peak periods. The analysis included variables such as length of route between stops, average dwell time and number of intersections between bus stops amongst others. Quasi-Newton algorithm was used to train the data to obtain the ideal number of perceptron layers that generated the least amount of error for all peak models. Comparison of the Normalized Squared Errors generated during the training process was done to evaluate the models. Travel time equations for buses were obtained for different peaks using ANN. The results indicate that the prediction models can effectively predict bus travel times on selected routes during different peaks of the day with minimal percentage errors. These prediction models can be adapted by transit agencies to provide patrons with more accurate travel time information at bus stops or online. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091615 Full Text: PDF
A long-term decline in the abundance of endangered leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, at a foraging ground in the California Current Ecosystem

Abstract Pacific leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) are critically endangered, and declines have been documented at multiple nesting sites throughout the Pacific. The western Pacific leatherback forages in temperate and tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region, and about 38–57% of summer-nesting females from the largest remaining nesting population in Papua Barat (Indonesia) migrate to distant foraging grounds off the U.S. West Coast, including neritic waters off central California. In this study, we examined the trend in leatherback abundance off central California from 28 years of aerial survey data from coast-wide and adaptive fine-scale surveys. We used a Bayesian hierarchical analysis framework, including a process model of leatherback population density and an observation model relating leatherback observations to distance sampling methods. We also used time-depth data from biologgers deployed on 21 foraging leatherback turtles in the study area to account for detection biases associated with diving animals. Our results indicate that leatherback abundance has declined at an annual rate of −5.6% (95% credible interval −9.8% to −1.5%), without any marked changes in ocean conditions or prey availability. These results are similar to the nesting population trends of −5.9% and −6.1% per year estimated at Indonesian index beaches, which comprise 75% of western Pacific nesting activity. Combined, the declining trends underscore the need for coordinated international conservation efforts and long-term population monitoring to avoid extirpation of western Pacific leatherback turtles.
Facilitators and Challenges to Military Undergraduate Nursing Student Success

Abstract Background Understanding the broader community of educators and programs involved in the education of military nursing students (MNSs) is needed to develop best practices that support their academic success. Purpose The purpose of this study was to 1) identify factors nursing faculty perceived would facilitate and/or challenge the success of MNSs when transitioning to and progressing through baccalaureate nursing programs, and 2) ascertain successful strategies used in teaching and working with these students. Methods A descriptive survey research design was used to collect data from faculty at 26 schools of nursing that received federal funding to support the transition of veterans to a career in nursing. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analyzed, and integrated via descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results The survey was completed by 88 faculty from 19 of the 26 schools. The top four categories for both the facilitators and challenges, based on Jeffreys' (2015) NURS Model, were student affective characteristics, student profile characteristics, professional integration factors, and environmental factors. Programmatic factors were the most commonly cited success strategies, including having culturally competent, knowledgeable, and designated faculty and staff for MNSs. Conclusion Developing evidence-based strategies to use in teaching and advising MNSs ideally will ensure their academic success.
Tides of History: Ocean Science and Her Majesty's Navy – By Michael S. Reidy

In this new book, the author describes clearly and succinctly the successful British campaign, waged between 1830 and 1855, to develop a scientific understanding of the actions of the oceans' tides...
Adaptation of iron bioavailability with high phytate diet consumption (122.6)

Phytate is one of the inhibitors of nonheme iron absorption which is of particular concern in developing countries. In this study, we investigated whether individuals adapt to the inhibitory effect of phytate on iron bioavailability. Female subjects with Ferritin < 30µg/L (n=28) were randomized into two groups of 14 after matching for ferritin. Each group consumed either high or low phytate foods that were provided for 8 weeks. Iron bioavailability from a high phytate test meal was measured using area under the curve (AUC) for serum iron at baseline and after the intervention. During the 8 week period, phytate intake increased significantly (p<0.01) in the high phytate (HP) group and decreased significantly (p<0.001) in the low phytate (LP) group. No significant changes were observed in ferritin and transferrin receptor concentrations in both groups. AUC increased significantly (p<0.05) in the HP group (640 to 905 µmol/L) but the decrease (337 to 267 µmol/L) in the LP group was not significant. We found a...
The Mixing of a Trace Gas in Flowing Helium

For in-pile sweep-gas experiments it is sometimes necessary to deduce the time-dependent release rate of a radioactive gas from a specimen by measurements made at some point downstream. An experime...
Incremental Focus of Attention for Robust Vision-Based Tracking

We present the Incremental Focus of Attention (IFA) architecture for robust, adaptive, real-time motion tracking. IFA systems combine several visual search and vision-based tracking algorithms into a layered hierarchy. The architecture controls the transitions between layers and executes algorithms appropriate to the visual environment at hand: When conditions are good, tracking is accurate and precises as conditions deteriorate, more robust, yet less accurate algorithms take overs when tracking is lost altogether, layers cooperate to perform a rapid search for the target and continue tracking. Implemented IFA systems are extremely robust to most common types of temporary visual disturbances. They resist minor visual perturbances and recover quickly after full occlusions, illumination changes, major distractions, and target disappearances. Analysis of the algorithm‘s recovery times are supported by simulation results and experiments on real data. In particular, examples show that recovery times after lost tracking depend primarily on the number of objects visually similar to the target in the field of view.
EDUCAÇÃO SEM REDENÇÃO: DEZ REFLEXÕES SOBRE A IMPORTÂNCIA DO LEGADO FREIREANO

Este artigo discute a importância de continuar incluindo de maneira critica o trabalho de Paulo Freire nos programas de formacao de professores. Apresentamos e discutimos dez “razoes” elaboradas pelos estudantes inseridos no processo de reflexao sobre a utilidade e a adequacao de se estudar Pedagogia do oprimido e outros textos de Paulo Freire em programas de graduacao e pos-graduacao nos Estados Unidos. O artigo apresenta cada uma das razoes, utilizando as reflexoes dos alunos, a partir das quais discorre, no contexto racional explicito/implicito das sugestoes dos alunos, sobre as contribuicoes para a democratizacao da educacao. Concluimos, diferenciando a nocao freireana de “Esperanca” das “Narrativas de Redencao” de outras abordagens pedagogicas.
Code generation and separate compilation in a parallel program debugger

The Parallel Program Debugger (PPD) allows a programmer to find bugs by following dynamic dependences in a program’s execution; this technique is called flowback analysis. Flowback analysis requires the tracing of all variable references and modifications. PPD avoids the overhead of this tracing by recording only a subset of the program’s state during execution, and incrementally filling in the missing details when the programmer makes queries about execution dependences. There is a trade-off between overhead of the tracing during program execution and the speed of generating the missing details during user queries. Our compiler is divided into four phases. This separation of phases allows us to first compile separate files, and to generate code for these files. Second, we perform interprocedural analysis using the data structures generated by the first phase. Third, we modify the individual assembly files to account for optimizations to the tracing, and to generate tracing for shared variables. The last phase links together all the individual files. The compiling costs for our debugging system are several times higher than the standard system compiler. Initial results show that there is a large execution time cost savings by carefully selecting the data to be traced during program execution. The savings includes both the size of the trace file and execution time overhead. The most sensitive areas seem to involve small procedures, long-running loops, or arrays.
El Ulises criollo y el Destino Manifiesto: la dialéctica del doble continente americano en América Latina y Norteamérica.

On the eve of the 21st century, it is not possible to continue understanding the concept of “modernity” as a single monolithic development model clearly following Western patterns. Acknowledging extended cultural diversity and plurality of thought in the modern world makes us think of not only one but multiple ‘modernities’, each one of them being a response to different yet specific traditions and cultures. This article explores the intellectual and academic production in the three Americas throughout their history. By examining anthropological and other intellectual lines of thought, two radically different concepts of modernity and development are compared: one in Latin America, which still today can be called teocentric, and another in North America, that influenced by European models, is anthropocentric.
Treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with submucosal and topical bevacizumab therapy

Objective/Hypothesis: Bevacizumab delivered as a submucosal and topical intranasal therapy effectively controls hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)-associated epistaxis. Study Design: Prospective institutional review board-approved study. Methods: Between December 2009 and December 2010, 19 patients with HHT-associated epistaxis were treated with 100 mg of intranasal submucosal bevacizumab. Following treatment, patients were contacted monthly to report their epistaxis severity score (ESS) for 9 or more months after their initial treatment. If a patient had a significant increase in their ESS, they were offered treatment with 100 mg of topical bevacizumab, administered via a metered dose atomizer. All treatments were recorded. Results: All 19 patients had a postinjection ESS documented through 9 months, whereas 17 patients had completed ESS data between months 10 and 12. Six of the 19 patients received eight additional 100 mg of topical bevacizumab treatments because they had an increase in their ESS. Results demonstrated a mean preinjection ESS of 8.12, with an ESS nadir of 2.00 reached at 2 months following submucosal injection (P < 0.0001). Over the following 12 months, the mean ESS steadily increased back to a maximum of 3.6 reached at 11 months following injection (P < .0001). Conclusions: Intranasal submucosal bevacizumab effectively treats HHT-associated epistaxis for up to 12 months following treatment.
No spreading across the southern Juan de Fuca ridge axial cleft during 1994-1996

Direct-path acoustic measurements between seafloor transponders observed no significant extension (-10 ± 14 mm/yr) from August 1994 to September 1996 at the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge (44°40' N and 130°20' W). The acoustic path for the measurement is a 691-m baseline straddling the axial cleft, which bounds the Pacific and Juan de Fuca plates. Given an expected full-spreading rate of 56 mm/yr, these data suggest that extension across this plate boundary occurs episodically within the narrow (∼ 1 km) region of the axial valley floor, and that active deformation is occurring between the axial cleft and the plate interior. A cleft-parallel 714-m baseline located 300 m to the west of the cleft on the Pacific plate monitored system performance and, as expected, observed no motion (+5 ± 7 mm/yr) between the 1994 and 1996 surveys.
The effects of the long-acting angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril on casual, exercise, and ambulatory blood pressure

We assessed blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses in a double-blind, randomized study comparing cilazapril, a long-acting, nonsulfhydryl-group converting enzyme inhibitor, with placebo in 18 patients with mild to moderate (sitting diastolic BP, 95 to 114 mm Hg) essential hypertension. The BP and HR parameters were evaluated at rest (casual, 24 hours after administration), during treadmill exercise testing (Bruce protocol), and with 24-hour noninvasive ambulatory BP monitoring. These assessments were made after a 4-week drug washout period and after 8 to 12 weeks of therapy. After 8 weeks of therapy with cilazapril (mean dose 3.6 +/- 0.9 mg/day), casual BP decreased 19/11 mm Hg (p less than 0.01), whereas placebo lowered BP by 4/5 mm Hg (difference not significant) compared with the baseline period. The casual HR was modestly (7 beats/min) but significantly (p less than 0.05) lowered by cilazapril monotherapy. Exercise BP was reduced by cilazapril (reduction at peak HR, 23/11 +/- 10/5 mm Hg; p less than 0.05), and exercise HR was unchanged. Compared with baseline, the duration of exercise was improved with cilazapril but not with placebo (1.0 minute vs -0.2 minute; p less than 0.05). Twenty-four-hour mean, awake, and sleep BPs were reduced with cilazapril with the most impressive reduction occurring during the awake period (19/12 mm Hg; p less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that cilazapril lowers casual, exercise, and ambulatory BP with a modest but significant improvement in exercise time. Thus cilazapril may be particularly effective in the physically active hypertensive patient.
Mobility centric campus area sensor network for locality specific applications

Research in sensor networks has begun to address the use of mobility to improve the reachability of the network, but a number of network principles and application patterns remain to be explored in this context. We propose here a network architecture that uses energy constrained devices for enabling new campus wide applications. Specifically, our demonstration illustrates a new network stack and application framework for a class of locality specific applications. The locality specific nature favors exploiting the limited, slow and regional mobility pattern present in large campuses, as opposed to exclusively exploiting the Internet or the cellular network.
A modified heat leak test facility employing a closed-cycle helium refrigerator

A Heat Leak Test Facility (HLTF) has been in use at Fermilab for many years. The apparatus has successfully measured the thermal performance of a variety of cryostat components under simulated operating conditions. While an effective tool in the cryostat design process, the HLTF has several limitations. Temperatures are normally fixed at cryogen boiling points and run times are limited to cryogen inventory. Moreover, close personnel attention is required to maintain system inventories and sustain system equilibrium. To provide longer measurement periods without perturbation and to minimize personnel interaction, a new heat leak measurement facility (HLTF-2) has been designed that incorporates a closed-cycle helium refrigerator. The two-stage refrigerator provides cooling to the various temperature stations of the HLTF while eliminating the need for cryogens. Eliminating cryogen inventories has resulted in a reduction of the amount of direct personnel attention required.
Translocation and Leukotriene Synthetic Capacity of Nuclear 5-Lipoxygenase in Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cells and Alveolar Macrophages (∗)

Leukotriene (LT) synthesis involves the translocation of enzymatically active 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) from a soluble site to a bound site, where it interacts with 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). In human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), 5-LO moves from the cytosol to the nuclear envelope (NE) to interact with FLAP. However, 5-LO has recently been found within the nucleus, as well as the cytosol, of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells and alveolar macrophages (AMs). To assess whether nuclear 5-LO can contribute to LT synthesis in these cells, we investigated whether this enzyme pool 1) translocates upon cell activation, 2) co-localizes with FLAP, and 3) is enzymatically active. By cell fractionation followed by immunoblotting, both cytosolic and nuclear soluble 5-LO decreased dramatically in RBL cells following activation with the calcium ionophore A23187. Concurrently, 5-LO increased in the pelletable nuclear pool, where FLAP was also detected. The loss of both cytosolic and nuclear soluble 5-LO, with concomitant increase exclusively at the NE, as well as co-localization with FLAP, were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent and confocal microscopy. In AMs, the nuclear soluble pool of 5-LO moved to the NE, where FLAP was also found; however, the cytosolic 5-LO pool did not translocate. Application of these methods to PMNs confirmed that cytosolic 5-LO moved to the nuclear envelope and co-localized with FLAP. By cell-free assay, nuclear soluble proteins from both RBL cells and AMs, but not PMNs, were able to generate 5-LO products from arachidonate, and this was inhibited by the direct 5-LO inhibitor zileuton. Cytosolic proteins from all cell types also showed cell-free 5-LO activity. These results demonstrate three distinct patterns of 5-LO translocation that are specific for each cell type: translocation of only a cytosolic pool in PMNs, of only a nuclear pool in AMs, and of both cytosolic and nuclear pools in RBL cells. By virtue of its enzymatic activity and ability to translocate, nuclear 5-LO has the potential to contribute to LT synthesis in RBL cells and AMs. Finally, these results provide a foundation for considering the individual functions of discrete pools of 5-LO in future studies.
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Relation to Hormonal Replacement Therapy

The effect of hormone replacement therapy on carbohydrate metabolism in menopausal women is briefly reviewed. Estrogen treatment has a bi-phasic effect; abnormal glucose tolerance with a normal insulin level is commonly found within 3 months of treatment, followed by normalization of the glycemia when treatment is extended beyond one year. Normal tolerance usually occurs once treatment is stopped. Estrogens may therefore be regarded as being glucogenic (reversible blood glucose elevation) rather than diabetogenic (permanent hyperglycemia). With some exceptions, progestogens have little effect on glucose tolerance within the first 3–6 months of treatment; thereafter progressive hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia occur. Postulated mechanisms for the hormonal effect on carbohydrate metabolism are noted, including the possible synergistic effect of estrogens on progestogen glucogenic activity. The significance of chronic hyperglycemia and vascular disease is commented upon.
Constellations of the zodiac: a cultural Rorschach test?

Summary.-It is suggested that the identification of constellations with primitive and classical myths ~rovides clues to culrurally important psychological themes. Traces of fertility cults and theological conflicts in the surviving nomenclature are pointed out. Detailed analysis by the methods of projective psychology are recommended as a means of uncovering characteristic cultural patterns. Research in projective psychology has shown that responses to neutral or ambiguous stimuli are helpful in revealing personality traits. The application of such techniques to culnual groups in order to determine "patterns" has been attempted (e.g., Hallowell, 1945), though retrospective studies seem to be precluded except by analysis of art forms (e.g., Keiter, 1967). We wish to call attention to a naturally occurring cultural "Rorschach test implicit in the nomenclature of the constellations. The present terminology was largely formalized about 500 B.C. by Greek scholars (Anon., 1963). The named constellations possessed subsidiary functions in astrological divination, navigation, weather prediction, and as cues for agricultural activity, which served to stabilize the nomenclature. Since star dusters can be connected by imaginary lines to form a multitude of equally valid "sketches," the choice of symbols ought to reflect some of the conscious and subconscious priorities in the originating culture. A single inventive mind might label a constellation, but universal acceptance would require shared perceptions by the contemporary public. Many zodiac signs were borrowed from Babylonian sources; the Greeks found correspondences between Euphratean and Olympian concepts which consolidated this diffusion of culture. The antiquity of some of these Rorschach ,, . is very great. Several have been traced to the Lunar zodiac, which predates the Solar zodiac. The 28 lunar signs may have been the basis of the Semitic alphabet (Moran, 1953). The psychological responses evidently come from different periods, ranging from late neolithic to the highly sophisticated Hellenic civilization with its poetically modified mythic residue. Analysis can follow several theoretical frameworks, but the purpose of this note is to suggest some general guides for future research. While the constellations describe chiefly animal species, the absence of the camel and elephant suggests that the sorting criteria were subtle and not
Dynamics of Protein Kinase CK2 Association with Nucleosomes in Relation to Transcriptional Activity

Protein kinase CK2 has been implicated in control of cell growth and proliferation. Since growth stimuli evoke its preferential association with chromatin and nuclear matrix, we examined the dynamics of CK2 in nucleosomes fractionated on the basis of their transcriptional activity in the rat prostate. In this model, androgens induce expression of androgen-dependent genes but inhibit the androgen-repressed genes, whereas absence of androgens has the reverse effect. The level of CK2 was higher in the active than in inactive nucleosomes from normal prostate. Differential alterations in the levels of CK2 activity in the transcriptionally activeversus inactive nucleosomes were evoked by androgen deprivation or administration. Comparison of the distribution of CK2 in active and inactive nucleosomes under varying androgenic conditions showed that the relative CK2 activity intrinsic to the transcriptionally active nucleosomes remained fairly stable, concordant with gene activity specific to the androgenic status. However, CK2 associated with inactive nucleosomes declined to a minimal level on androgen deprivation but increased rapidly on androgen administration (reflecting expression of multiple androgen-dependent genes). We suggest a role for CK2 in promoting the conformational transition of inactive nucleosomes to the active form and in the function of transcriptionally active nucleosomes.
Assessing Risk Across the Spectrum of Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome

The metabolic syndrome represents a constellation of interrelated risk factors that identify individuals at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular events. Currently, the major cardiovascular risk factors and validated risk-assessment tools do not adequately account for the increased cardiovascular risk that accompanies the metabolic syndrome. In prospective population studies, cardiovascular risk assessment in individuals with the metabolic syndrome is improved by measures of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle number, C-reactive protein, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. Although adiponectin and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 may be more integrally involved in insulin resistance, the studies with these biomarkers are less extensive. Risk assessment models for patients with the metabolic syndrome should consider inclusion of LDL particle number, inflammatory markers, and levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
Modification of a Commonly Used Source of Electric Shock

(1960). Modification of a Commonly Used Source of Electric Shock. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 233-234.
Face-to-face interactions of depressed mothers and their infants.

Although some depressed mothers are withdrawn, others are highly engaged and intrusive. There are correspondences between the behavior of depressed mothers and their infants.
Correlates of Job Placement Practice: Public Rehabilitation Counselors and Consumers Living with AIDS

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used to study the factors that influence the intention of public rehabilitation counselors to place consumers living with AIDS into jobs. Participants compl...
TU‐FF‐A4‐01: Instrumentation Noise Equivalent Exposure (INEE) Representation for High Sensitivity X‐Ray Imaging Detectors

Purpose: For modern high‐sensitivity digital imaging detectors operating at fluoroscopic exposure rates, the additive instrumentation readout noise may prevent desirable optimal quantum‐limited performance. A formalism and experimental validation of the representation of instrumentation noise in terms of the equivalent x‐ray entrance exposure to the detector is presented as a more practical noisemeasure than the equipment‐invasive measurement of electrons per pixel. Method and Materials: The instrumentation noise in terms of exposure equivalent is added in quadrature to the quantum noise to give the total measurablenoise. Experimental validation was done using two different CCD‐based detectors: a high‐sensitivity microangiographic fluoroscope (MAF) and a less sensitive microangiographic detector (MA). Both detectors have a CsI(Tl) phosphor coupled to a fiber‐optic taper followed by a CCDcamera (the MAF additionally has a variable‐gain light amplifier between the taper and the CCD). To determine the INEE for both detectors, a least‐squares regression technique was used to fit the measured data to the theoreticalequation relating the signal‐to‐noise ratio squared SNR2 to the detector entrance exposure. Results: The SNR2 versus exposure plot deviates from linear behavior at lower exposures as expected, and closely follows the modeled equation used to derive the INEE. The measured INEE for the high‐sensitivity MAF was 0.034 μR and that for the MA was 10.8 μR. Conclusion: A formal treatment of the instrumentation noise in terms of the detector entrance exposure was developed and validated by using two different CCD based systems of different sensitivity. This study demonstrates that the INEE is a practical way to gauge the range of quantum‐limited performance for clinical x‐ray imaging detectors, with the implication that detector performance at exposures below the INEE will be instrumentation‐noise limited rather than quantum‐noise limited. (Partial support from NIH Grants R01EB002873, R01NS43924, and Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation).
Correspondence of partial-wave and impact-parameter representations

An alternative but much simpler proof is given that a recently developed high-energy expansion accomplishes the mapping between the partial-wave amplitude and the Fourier-Bessel impact-parameter amplitude. The high-energy expansion is also shown to converge to the exact result for Coulomb scattering at all energies and scattering angles. A Regge pole in the partial-wave amplitude maps to a cut in the Fourier-Bessel impact-parameter amplitude, i.e., the existence of poles in the impact-parameter amplitude is dubious.
Numerical methods for colorimetric calculations: Sampling density requirements

This article quantifies errors arising from various integration methods and from sampling density in the numerical estimation of colorimetric integrals, e.g., tristimulus values. Both data sampling density and various numerical integration method errors will be distinguished. A test is presented to quantify sampling interval requirements for accurate colorimetric calculations for various illuminants. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vaccine allergy: diagnosis and management

As a group, vaccines provide a safe and effective way of preventing infectious and allergic illness. Allergic reactions to vaccines and drug products have become important and common features of practice and demand heightened awareness. Serious adverse effects of vaccines are rare but have been reported to various components of different vaccines. Although there are few precise diagnostic tests available, patients usually can be diagnosed accurately after careful attention to the history and physical findings. Better understanding of these reactions can lead to proper vaccine selection and can improve immunization acceptance rates in the community. Prevention, avoidance, use of alternative agents, desensitization, and premedication remain the mainstays of therapy, even as more refined diagnostic and management tools are developed. VAERS data, in addition to the traditional uses (signal detection, large registry of rare vaccine adverse events), can serve as a source of cases for epidemiologic (eg, case-control) studies that evaluate biologic factors that may be related to vaccine-related adverse reactions. Additional studies that are aimed at identifying other causes of immediate hypersensitivity after immunization with live virus vaccines are warranted.
Legume protein precipitable phenolic and nutrient concentration responses to defoliation and ontogeny

A study was conducted to determine how total phenolic (TP), protein precipitable phenolic (PPP), C, and N concentrations, and amount of protein bound (PB) by PPP in leaves of Desmodium paniculatum (panicled tick-clover; PTC) and Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza; SL) were affected by simulated herbivory and plant ontogeny. All PTC treatments resulted in a decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in TP, PPP, C, and N concentrations and PB between vegetative and seed set stages. All SL treatments resulted in increased (P ≤ 0.05) or stable TP and PPP concentrations from vegetative stage to seed set. The amount of PB was greatest (P ≤ 0.05) in SL plants submitted to 25% defoliation, and flowering and seed set stages had greater (P ≤ 0.05) PB than the vegetative stage. Ontogenesis and defoliation did not (P > 0.05) affect SL N and C concentrations. The protein binding characteristics of PPP from PTC, but not that of SL, appear to be altered in response to stress. Results might correspond with seed dispersal strategies of the tw...
Trade credit: a real option for bootstrapping small firms

This study uses a real options framework to predict small firm bootstrapping behavior with regard to trade credit discounts. Findings from a sample of 606 small firms suggest their managers place high value on the ability to adjust their decisions over time in response to firm-specific changes in (1) the uncertainty they face; and (2) the irreversibility of their decisions. The insights provided by this study can help scholars and small firm managers better understand how trade discount strategies should be analyzed with respect to other sources of bootstrap and long-term capital.
Edward Forbes-Manxman

Abstract Forbes was born at Douglas in 1815. He early became a natural historian whose first love was marine biology. After trying art, he turned to medicine but abhorred it. So he travelled (“Amongst my Bergen treasures I especially value a quantity of shell sand which I found in a spitting box in my lodgings.”), studied, lectured, and dredged the local seas. In 1841 he became Naturalist on H.M.S. Beacon in the Mediterranean. Here he came to his theory of the Azoic Zone—that life in the ocean did not exist below 300 fathoms. Then he took the Chair of Botany at King's College London and added other responsibilities. At the age of thirty-three he had published over 100 notes or papers, several monographs, four volumes: the best known works deal with echinoderms, molluscs, and zoogeography. He became Paleontologist to the Geological Survey, taught “Natural History, as applied to Geology and the Arts”, was generous of his time. At thirty-eight he was President of the Geological Society—the youngest ever elected. In 1854 he reached his ambition, the Chair of National History in the University of Edinburgh. He died six months later. He clearly had hold of the general contexture of evolution, and was a pioneer in zonal distribution—terrestrial and marine. Previously unpublished material bears out this account; all through life “his mind hovered bee-like over the wide domain of nature”.
Molecular Zeeman effect of 3-oxetanone and 3-methylene oxetane, and the comparison of the magnetic-susceptibility anisotropies, molecular quadrupole moments, and other magnetic parameters with other four-membered rings

Abstract The molecular Zeeman effect is reported for 3-oxetanone and 3-methylene oxetane at fields near 20000 G. The results for 3-oxetanone are molecular g-values: gaa = −0.1059 ± 0.0008, gbb = −0.0581 ± 0.0004,gcc = −0.0437 ± 0.0004, magnetic susceptibility anisotropies:2xaa -xbb - xcc = (9.6±0.5) x 10−6 erg/G2mole, 2xbb - xaa - xcc = −(7.8±0.6) x 10−6 erg/G2mole, and molecular quadrupole moments: Qaa = −(12.8±0.8) x 10−26 esu cm,Qbb = (7.9±0.8) x 10−26 esu cm, and Qcc = (4.9±0.8) x 10−26 esu cm. For 3-methylene oxetane, the results are gaa = −0.0510 ± 0.0018, gbb = −0.0435 ± 0.0010, gcc = −0.0313 ± 0.0010, 2xaa - xbb - xcc = −(10.9±0.5) x 10−6 erg/G2 mole, 2xbb - xaa - xcc = (2.3±0.9) x 10−6 erg/G2 mole, Qaa = -⊂5.4±1.0) x 10−26 esu cm, Qbb = (5.1 ± 1.2) x 10−26 esu cm, and Qcc = (0.2±1.5) x 10−26 esu cm. The bulk magnetic susceptibility for 3-oxetanone was measured to be x = 1/2 (xaa+xbb+xcc) = −(30.6±1.5) x 10−6 erg/G2 mole. The out-of-plane minus average in-plane magnetic-susceptibility anisotropies in four-membered rings show larger paramagnetism than predicted on the basis of localized group susceptibility anisotropies. This effect is discussed and a possible explanation presented.
Integral formulas with distribution kernels for irreducible projections in L2 of a nilmanifold

Abstract Let N be a simply connected nilpotent Lie group and Γ a discrete uniform subgroup. The authors consider irreducible representations σ in the spectrum of the quasi-regular representation N × L2(Γ/N) → L2(Γ→) which are induced from normal maximal subordinate subgroups M ⊆ N. The primary projection Pσ and all irreducible projections P ⩽ Pσ are given by convolutions involving right Γ-invariant distributions D on Γ→, Pf(Γn) = D ∗ f(Γn) = all f ϵ C ∞ (Γ/N) , where n · f(ζ) = f(ζ · n). Extending earlier work of Auslander and Brezin, and L. Richardson, the authors give explicit character formulas for the distributions, interpreting them as sums of characters on the torus Tκ = (Γ ∩ M) · [M, M]⧹M. By examining these structural formulas, they obtain fairly sharp estimates on the order of the distributions: if σ is associated with an orbit O ⊆ n ∗ and if V ⊆ n ∗ is the largest subspace which saturates θ in the sense that f ϵ O ⇒ f + V ⊆ O . As a corollary they obtain Richardson's criterion for a projection to map C0(Γ→) into itself. The authors also resolve a conjecture of Brezin, proving a Zero-One law which says, among other things, that if the primary projection Pσ maps Cr(Γ→) into C0(Γ→), so do all irreducible projections P ⩽ Pσ. This proof is based on a classical lemma on the extent to which integral points on a polynomial graph in Rn lie in the coset ring of Zn (the finitely additive Boolean algebra generated by cosets of subgroups in Zn). This lemma may be useful in other investigations of nilmanifolds.
Mass Spectral and Electric Deflection Study of Acetic Acid Clusters and Sulfur Trioxide/Water Clusters

A beam of the clusters of interest was produced and analyzed with respect to polar nature via passage through an electric quadrupole focusing field. Subsequently, the beam was ionized using electron impact and the resulting distribution of ions determined with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Acetic acid clusters containing up to twelve molecules were produced. The polarity and ionizing fragmentation of the clusters were investigated by the effect of stagnation conditions and electrostatic focusing on the intensity of the detected fragment ions. Both the dimer and tetramer were found to be nonpolar while the trimer was polar. Evidence that some larger clusters have polar structures was also found. For the SO3/H2O experiment, beside protonated water clusters, a less abundant series of ions of the form SO3(H2O)nH+ was observed. Focusing experiments indicated that any SO3 · H2O adduct which is formed becomes rapidly isomerized to sulfuric acid. The precursor neutral to the ions HSO3+ and H2SO4+ were strongly focused, but the neutral clusters giving rise to the larger cluster ions were defocused.
FPGA-based three-body molecular dynamics simulator

The computer simulation of three-body potentials using the Stillinger-Weber method has been extensively used in the study of three-body molecular forces between partially rigid molecules such as silicon. The Stillinger-Weber method of computing three-body interactions is generally computationally intense. This paper presents a FPGA-based framework that is designed and implemented on a Virtex 4 that can be used to compute Stillinger-Weber potential. This framework extends the PowerPC instruction set to include vector operations and a custom datapath. Design details of the framework along with initial performance results with two well-known data sets are also presented. The results show that FPGA design is competitive with current microprocessors on small problems sizes and with only half of the algorithm implemented. As the problem size increases, the results suggest the FPGA-based design will gain a significant performance advantage. Coding the second half of the algorithm will increase the on-chip parallelism as well.
Stationary wave solutions of a system of reaction-diffusion equations derived from the Fitzhugh-Nagumo equations

We consider an extension of the FitzHugh–Nagumo model, namely the system \[ u_t = D_1 u_{xx} + f(u) - w,\qquad w_t = D_2 w_{xx} + \varepsilon (u - \gamma w) \] where $\varepsilon > 0,\gamma > 0,D_1 > 0,D_2 > 0$ and $f(u)$ is cubic. We allow $\gamma $ to be large which implies that there are three constant solutions. We show that over an appropriate range of parameters the system has time independent pulse solutions and an infinite number of periodic solutions. Depending on the particular choice of parameters, we show that the pulse solution leads to either the first constant solution or the third constant solution.
Batched searching of sequential and tree structured files

The technique of batching searches has been ignored in the context of disk based online data retrieval systems. This paper suggests that batching be reconsidered for such systems since the potential reduction in processor demand may actually reduce response time. An analysis with sample numerical results and algorithms is presented.
Fundamentals of energy cascade during ultrashort laser-material interactions (Invited Paper)

During an ultrashort laser pulse, numerous photons are emitted in a very short period of time leading to very high peak power. The photons can excite free electrons in the material to very high temperatures (heating) or strip bound electrons from the atoms (ionization). In ultrashort laser heating there is a time lag between the electron heating and the lattice heating. The two-temperature model has been proposed to calculate the electron temperature and the lattice temperature and the related damage threshold for metals. On the other hand, ablation models based on impact ionization and photoionization have been proposed to predict material removal rates for semiconductors and dielectrics. However, in existing heating or ablation models, some critical thermal and optical properties of the material are assumed to be time, space, and fluence independent or the estimations are limited to temperatures much lower than the Fermi temperature. In this paper, the quantum theories are employed to calculate the free electron heating, free electron relaxation time, and the temporal and spatial dependent thermal and optical material properties. The improved two-temperature model is used to predict damage fluences of gold thin films. The new ablation model based on the Fokker-Planck equation can predict ablation depth and crater shape of semiconductors and dielectrics. The predicted results are in good agreement with experimental data.
An artifact is to use: an introduction to instrumental functions

Because much of the recent philosophical interest in functions has been motivated by their application in biology and other sciences, most of the ensuing discussions have focused on functional explanations to the neglect of the practical role of functional knowledge. This practical role is essential for understanding how users form plans involving artifacts. We introduce the concept of instrumental function which is intended to capture the features of functional claims that are relevant to practical—in particular, instrumental—reasoning. We discuss the four primary features of an instrumental function ascription, the teleological component of such ascriptions and give a clear definition of malfunction in terms of incapability to perform as well as “normal” tokens of the same type.