cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature and solvent effects on the intrinsic viscosities of a star-shaped polystyrene

Abstract The excluded-volume effect on the solution behaviour of a star-shaped polystyrene has been studied by measuring intrinsic viscosities over the temperature range 25–55°C. Two good solvents (benzene, dioxane) were selected together with two poor solvents (cyclohexane, 71.4% dioxane-28.6% methanol). The viscosity-temperature coefficients and apparent activation energies were compared. Other parameters investigated were: α (the expansion factor), θ (the theta or Flory temperature), ψ1 (the entropy parameter of the solvent) and κ1 (the enthalpy parameter of the solvent). Since measurements were carried out in dilute solutions, the Kirkwood approximation was assumed, namely that polymers behave hydrodynamically like spheres. The classical method developed by Flory and Fox was used for analysis. The theory of Flory and Fox modified by Benoit and coworkers is discussed.
MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY: A CAUSE OF REVERSIBLE RENAL FAILURE

Abstract The presence of myocardial potassium deficiency, fibrosis, necrosis, and calcification in the magnesium-deficient rat, together with azotaemia which is rapidly reversible with magnesium repletion, suggests the hypothesis that deficiency of magnesium is a cause of reversible, prerenal azotaemia, the mechanism of which is haemodynamic rather than morphological. Clinical conditions in which this hypothesis may apply include protein-calorie malnutrition, alcoholic and cobalt cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart-failure treated with diuretics.
Expression of the transcriptional activator tax protein of human T‐cell leukemia virus type I increases the radiosensitivity of a mouse fibroblast cell line to ionizing radiation

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Among the X region products of HTLV-1, the p42 kDa protein Tax was identified, as responsible for cell immortalization and transformation. However, the observations that only a low percentage of individuals infected with HTLV-1 eventually progress to leukemia and that leukemic transformation of HTLV-1-infected cells is associated with aberrant karyotype suggest that additional genetic events are required for HTLV-1-induced malignant transformation. Results of our study demonstrate that expression of the Tax protein of HTLV-1 increased the radiosensitivity of a mouse fibroblast cell line. These data are consistent with a previous report indicating a negative regulatory control by Tax on DNA repair. Unrepaired DNA damage and karyotypic instability could represent a common factor in both the initiation and progression of HTLV-1-related diseases. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
First principles determination of 99Ru chemical shifts using moderately sized basis sets

Abstract The use of moderately sized basis sets for ab initio and density functional theory calculations of 99 Ru chemical shifts is investigated. Six different levels of theory are used for molecular geometry optimization. Isotropic shielding constants for 99 Ru are determined using eight different levels of theory combined with four choices for the gauge origin. The best combination of methods uses a DFT geometry optimization followed by GIAO-B3PW91 shielding calculations (using a combined basis set of 3-21G(*) and 6-31G(d)). The correlation with experimental data using this method is excellent ( R 2 =0.99). The effects of changes in molecular geometry, choice of gauge origin, and choice of basis set on the results are also investigated.
Mechanistic Assessment of Swirl Coaxial Injection by Quantitative X-Ray Radiography

Detailed x-ray radiographic experiments were conducted to evaluate the time-averaged spray characteristics of a liquid rocket swirl injector. Sprays issued from a single liquid-centered swirl coaxial element—with and without coannular gas flow—were exposed to focused, monochromatic x rays produced by a synchrotron light source. Two-dimensional attenuation data are presented at various axial stations and reveal both projected mass distribution of liquid in the injector near field and mass-weighted axial velocity integrated over time. Measurements describing spray morphology are also inferred from the x-ray data and compared with those measured through objective image processing of visible light imagery. The gas flow is observed to reduce spray cone angle up to 50% and increase liquid film thickness up to 20% in the near field. Measurements compare well with those extracted from imagery of the pressure-swirl spray; however, the x-ray technique is more robust in resolving liquid film thickness for the optica...
The implicit and explicit embodiment of time

Abstract The present research concerns the idea of an “embodied concept” and asks whether a concept as such is fundamentally grounded in implicit sensorimotor representations or is better understood as the product of explicit analytic processes. Our investigation focuses on the relation between spatial and temporal concepts. Systematic constraints and patterns found in space (e.g. the physical environment, the mechanical properties of our bodies and the organization of our perceptual systems) seem to influence how we gesture, talk, and think about temporal relations. A novel method designed to explore how different spatial reference frames ground distinct temporal concepts was used in which participants guessed the spatial locations of picture tiles in one of two boxes. The task was designed to resemble a parapsychology demonstration. Unknown to participants, the tiles depicted either PAST/FUTURE or EARLIER/LATER temporal relations. Results demonstrate that responses were assisted by the relative spatial locations of the boxes in a manner concordant with the structure of a particular temporal concept and suggest that implicit processes act on representations accessible to explicit analysis. Participants became aware of temporal structure when stimuli were placed in front and behind (Experiment 1) but not when placed to the left and right (Experiment 2). Furthermore, participants responded systematically to PAST/FUTURE but not EARLIER/LATER stimulus items.
Fatty Acid Composition of Meat Tissue Lipids

SUMMARY The lipids extracted from beef and pork muscle were fractionated into triglycerides, cephalins, and a mixture of lecithins and sphingomyelins. The fatty acid composition of these fractions was determined, and the possible effect of phospolipids on meat flavor was evaluated.
Valproate hydroxylation by human fetal tissues and embryotoxicity of metabolites.

The oxidative biotransformation of sodium valproate was studied in liver, lung, brain, and adrenal homogenates from human conceptuses with gestational ages ranging from 50 to 77 days. Analyses of metabolites by GC/MS indicated the formation of 3-hydroxy-, 4-hydroxy-, and 5-hydroxyvalproic acid, with hydroxylation occurring preferentially at the 4- position. The adrenal homogenate was consistently the most active fetal tissue studied, with rates of hydroxylation similar to those in rat and macaque liver homogenates. Reaction rates in the fetal adrenal homogenate were approximately four times those in fetal liver and approximately 10 times the rates of the same reactions measured in fetal brain and lung. Although valproic acid itself (0.8 mmol/L) was highly embryotoxic to cultured whole rat embryos, none of the hydroxylated metabolites produced by human fetal tissues exhibited significant embryotoxicity at equimolar concentrations. This suggests that hydroxylation of valproic acid in human fetal tissues is a process of detoxification, and implies that valproic acid is a direct-acting teratogen. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 40, 172–177; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.160
Radar imaging of water surface flow fields

We describe the capabilities of coherent high resolution radar to observe remotely the effects of an upwelling subsurface flow on the water surface. This observation is possible because the radar radiation backscatters very strongly from surface features with dimensions similar to its wavelength, in this case X-band at 0.03 m. This technique provides imaging capability with relatively high spatial resolution (∼0.3 m) and fast time sampling (∼0.006 s) over a large surface area. The processed data reveal both the line-of-sight velocity spectrum of moving water surface features, and their water surface radar backscatter cross-section. We believe that the surface features are generated by subsurface vortices oriented normal to the surface. The vortices are advected with the bulk flow of the jet. Our radar observations of the down-stream flow from a submerged waterjet that is directed parallel to the surface are consistent with those previously measured by laser velocimetry.
Secure Hierarchical Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: Performance Evaluation and Analysis

Secure data aggregation in wireless sensor networks has two contrasting objectives, i) Efficiently collecting and aggregating data and ii) Aggregating the data securely. Many schemes do not take into account the possibility of corrupt aggregators and allow the aggregator to decrypt data in hop by hop algorithms. On the other hand using public key cryptography for providing end to end security is not energy efficient. In this paper we present and analyze the performance of the secure hierarchical data aggregation algorithm which uses an efficient public key cryptosystem (elliptic curve cryptography) to achieve end to end security. Unlike many other secure data aggregation algorithms which require separate phases for secure aggregation and integrity verification, the secure hierarchical data aggregation algorithm does not require an additional phase for verification. This saves energy by avoiding additional transmissions and computational overhead on the sensor nodes. We present and implement the secure data aggregation algorithm on Mica2 and TelosB sensor network platforms and measure the execution time and energy consumption of various cryptographic functions. We have also simulated our algorithms to analyze how an end to end scheme increases the network life time. We experimentally analyze our algorithms based on parameters like throughput, end to end delay and resilience to node failures.
State Education Finance and Governance Profile: Mississippi

Population (2007)2,921,030Total K-12 enrollment (2008)541,471Nonpublic enrollment as% of total enrollment8.9%Current expenditures per pupil (2008)$8,738Current K-12 public education spending (all g...
Beyond the Storms: Strengthening Preparedness, Response, & Resilience in the 21st Century

Looking Beyond the Storms of major events and reactionary tendencies to prevent future disasters—and continuing to fix things—the author introduces a fresh assessment in the wake of Superstorm Sandy, the vexing challenge of domestic shootings, and a persistent nationwide drought. This paper offers a refreshing perspective on the need for transformational and innovative thinking on preparedness, response, and resilience, as well as disaster management. Against the backdrop of 9-11 terrorist attacks and natural disasters such as hurricanes Katrina, Irene, and Sandy, this paper, highlights that we—as homeland security planners and policymakers—must look beyond the immediate demands of grant proposals and a narrow focus on “prevention” and “protection” to a systemic analysis of “mitigation, response, and recovery”—based upon required functions and capabilities. It asserts the need for change from spending scarce dollars to prevent that which is inevitable and nervously trying to protect physical locations—in an environment of growing complexity and uncertainty—to a posture that integrates resilience as an active virtue in all elements of the homeland security enterprise. There is a sense of urgency that challenges leaders to understand the strategic imperatives and unique opportunities in building all-hazards community resilience. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol6/iss2/3
Atherosclerotic Aortic Occlusion and Tertiary Syphilis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

We present a 44-year-old African American male who presented to the emergency room with worsening bilateral buttock and calf claudication. He denied any rest pain. His past medical history is significant for syphilis 14 years ago, schizophrenia, alcohol and crack abuse. He had no family history for atherosclerotic vascular disease. On examination he had no palpable groin or foot pulses and a bilateral ABI of 0.4. His brachial blood pressure was 110/80. There was no lesion on his feet, but he had a gumma skin ulceration over his medial left thigh with no sign of infection. 1 His PVR’s confirmed flat waveforms at his thigh suggestive of inflow disease. His routine lab values were unremarkable. He had a normal lipid profile, no evidence of glucose intolerance, and normal renal function. He was negative for HIV. However, serolgic tests for syphilis, including VDRL and FTA-ABS, were both positive. CAT scan of his chest and abdomen revealed no evidence of aortic aneurysm, aortitis or dissection (Figure 1). Abdominal aortic angiogram revealed an occluded infrarenal aorta with numerous pelvic collaterals. There was bilateral common femoral artery reconstitution and normal run off to the feet (Figure 2). After a course of penicillin G (4 million units q4) for 2 weeks, the patient was prepared for surgery. The infrarenal aorta was exposed through a midline laparotomy. There was no evidence of retroperitoneal or periaortic inflammation or fibrosis. The infra-renal aorta was completely occluded by a diffuse atherosclerotic plug, which was removed and sent for pathological evaluation. The aorta and both iliacs were diffusely calcified. An aortobifemoral bypass was performed using a 14 · 7 mm bifurcated dacron graft. The proximal anastomosis was fashioned end-side to the infrarenal aorta, the distal anastomoses were also performed in an end-side manner to the common femoral arteries bilaterally. On pathological examination, the specimen was consistant with an atherosclerotic plaque. There was no evidence of granulomatous inflammation or significant perivascular inflammation microscopically in the aortic wall. No spirochetes were identified utilizing special stains (Warthin Starry, Brown & Brenn, Dieterie-Steiner). No acid-fast organisms or fungi seen. The patient did well postoperatively and was discharged on POD#5 with palpable pedal pulses. He received an additional 4 week course of penicillin G (4 million units q4) postoperatively.
Determination of chrysotile asbestos in rainwater.

Abstract A feasibility study was undertaken in order to determine if chrysotile asbestos could be found in rainwater. Rainwater samples were collected at one Chicago and two suburban Chicago locations. The Chicago location was near a busy intersection and building construction. The two suburban stations were located in residential areas. All three sites were within four blocks of a major expressway. None of the rainwater samples collected at the suburban sites contained levels of chrysotile which were significantly above laboratory contamination levels. All the rainwater samples from the Chicago location contained significant levels of chrysotile. This finding demonstrates a mechanism by which asbestos could be transferred from air to surface water.
Surgical Approaches to the Orbit

After the appropriate workup, the size, location, and consistency of an orbital mass will dictate the surgical approach chosen. Masses in the muscle cone area or in the temporal portion of the orbit are most easily approached by the lateral orbitotomy. For lacrimal gland tumors a superior extension of the lateral orbitotomy will expose the lacrimal fossa area. The superior medial subperiosteal approach is indicated for masses in the superior medial orbit. For the more difficult area between the medial rectus and optic nerve, the combination lateral-medial orbitotomy through the medial fornix will expose the medial retrobulbar area. To reduce postoperative morbidity, emphasis is placed on adequate exposure, careful manipulation of tissues, and meticulous hemostasis.
A 400-Ampere Sealed Ignitron

As rectifier capacity is increased, it becomes desirable to use larger capacity rectifying elements. The choice of rectifying element size requires careful consideration in order to provide a complete range with a minimum number of units. The sizes of industrial ignitron tubes for welding control and for rectifier service have been chosen on a preferred number scale providing a proportionate increase at each increment. The development of a 400-ampere ignitron for rectifier service was undertaken to provide the next larger size tube in the series. Development work on the 400-ampere ignitron disclosed that design problems become more complex as the physical size of the tube is increased. The ability of a tube to rectify a given current with a minimum number of arc-backs is affected by circuit duty and by control of ionization, particularly at the end of the current com-mutating period. None of the factors involved have indicated an upper limit in size, but rather a need for a more exact understanding of the phenomena involved.
Endoscopic Palliation of Malignant Dysphagia

Esophageal cancer is the primary cause of malignant dysphagia, a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In patients with esophageal cancer that is unresectable at the time of diagnosis, palliation is the major goal. Surgical treatment as well as radiation and chemoradiation therapy are traditional approaches for such patients. Endoscopic therapy is useful for patients with poor performance status, those in whom other treatments have failed, and those with tracheoesophageal fistulas. In recent years, self-expanding metal stents have become an important new endoscopic treatment modality for palliation of malignant dysphagia in a wide range of patients. Appropriate patient selection is paramount when a mode of palliation for malignant dysphagia is being selected. Although various treatment options exist for palliation of malignant dysphagia, comparative studies among these modalities are needed.
Undercooling and microstructure of plasma sprayed aluminum–germanium eutectic

Abstract An Al–51.6wt%Ge eutectic alloy powder was plasma sprayed onto a silicon bronze substrate. The metastable rhombohedral phase was identified by powder X-ray diffraction and based upon thermal stability of the rhombohedral phase, the undercooling achieved during plasma spraying was determined to be greater than 200 °C.
Gravitational potential energy and regional stress and strain rate fields for continental plateaus: Examples from the central Andes and Colorado Plateau

Abstract The commonly observed extension in areas of elevated and thickened crust is an expected consequence of having excess gravitational potential energy (GPE) compared to the low GPE of the surrounding crust. While this conceptual model is well founded, it is less clear how well GPE-related stress orientations compare quantitatively to observed stress and strain rate orientations and what any inconsistency tells us about the presence of other competing forces. We estimate the GPE distribution for the central Andes and the greater Colorado Plateau area using topography and crustal thickness variations, respectively, and compare the related stress fields with the World Stress Map as well as with a geodetic strain rate field (for the Colorado Plateau only). In both areas, deviatoric stresses associated with GPE variations alone cannot fully account for the observed deformation rate field. For the central Andes only a combination of deviatoric stresses associated with GPE and relative plate motions can account for the near N–S tensional stress observed in the Peruvian Andes and the margin–normal compressional stress along the eastern Cordillera and sub-Andean fold-and-thrust belt. The observed deformation field around the Colorado Plateau shows E–W extension, largely inconsistent with the deviatoric stresses associated with GPE variations except for the area east of the Rio Grande Rift. The NE–SW oriented stress observed on the southwestern Colorado Plateau is consistent with the orientations of tensional deviatoric stresses associated with GPE variations. We argue that this consistency could be haphazard; stress observations may not reflect the current state of stress due to inherited structure, or could result from the relative high strength of Colorado Plateau that allows for regional GPE variations (and possibly basal shear) to be more significant forces than far-field plate interactions. For the central Andes and Colorado Plateau, stresses associated with GPE variations have a strong influence on the total stress field, and can thus be used to calibrate the overall level of deviatoric stress acting within the lithosphere.
From first words to grammar in children with focal brain injury

The effects of focal brain injury were investigated in the first stages of language development, during the passage from first words to grammar. Parent report, free‐speech data, or both are reported for 53 infants and preschool children between 10 and 44 months of age. All children had suffered a single, unilateral brain injury to the left or right hemisphere, incurred before 6 months of age (usually in the pre‐ or perinatal period). This is the period in which one would expect to see maximal plasticity, but it is also the period in which the initial specializations of particular cortical regions ought to be most evident. In direct contradiction of hypotheses based on the adult aphasia literature, results from 10 to 17 months suggest that children with right‐hemisphere injuries are at greater risk for delays in word comprehension and in the gestures that normally precede and accompany language onset. Although there were no differences between left‐ and right‐hemisphere injury per se on expressive language...
Diketo Acid Pharmacophore. 2. Discovery of Structurally Diverse Inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase

Because of its unique role in the viral replication process, HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an important antiretroviral drug target. The β-diketo acid class of IN inhibitors has played a major role in validating IN as a legitimate target for antiretroviral drug design. S-1360 (1) and L-870,810 (2) are examples of β-diketo acid related compounds to enter clinical trials. With an aim to discover novel lead compounds with diverse structural scaffolds, we employed common feature pharmacophore models using four known β-diketo acid analogues including S-1360 (J. Med. Chem. 2005, 1, 111−120). The best-ranked pharmacophore model (Hypo1) contained a hydrophobic (HYA), an H-bond acceptor (HBA), and two H-bond donor (HBD) features. A search of a 3D database containing ∼150 000 small molecules using Hypo1 found 1700 compounds that satisfied all the features of the pharmacophore query. Of the 1700 compounds, 110 were selected for in vitro screening studies on the basis of their docking scores, predicted binding location insi...
Single-phase heat transfer in micro-fin tubes

Abstract Micro-fin tubes are typically used for tube-side condensation and evaporation. This study provides heat transfer and friction characteristics for single-phase flow in single-grooved and cross-grooved micro-fin tubes. Data were taken for turbulent flow with 0.70 ⩽ Pr ⩽ 7.85 for three single-grooved and three cross-grooved geometries. The cross-grooved tube provides higher performance than the best single-grooved tube. A key element of this work was to determine the Prandtl number dependency and the effect of surface geometry on the Prandtl number dependence. The heat transfer characteristics were determined as functions of the ‘roughness Reynolds number’ using the heat-momentum transfer analogy proposed by Dipprey and Sabersky. The observed Prandtl number exponent (n = 0.56-0.57) agrees well with reported work on different two-dimensional roughness geometries. The present single-phase correlations should be useful in developing correlations to predict the heat transfer coefficient for forced convection condensation in single-grooved and cross-grooved micro-fin tubes.
Physical activity and multiple sclerosis: new insights regarding inactivity.

Objectives There is increasing recognition that physical activity has beneficial consequences among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but there is concern regarding the current degree of physical inactivity in this population because of limitations with previous research and increased recognition of health behaviors in MS. This study compared physical activity levels between large samples of persons with mild MS and matched controls using validated measures of physical activity. Materials and methods The sample included 77 cases of MS and 77 controls matched on age, height, weight, and gender. Physical activity was assessed using five measures, namely the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and activity counts per day, step counts per day, and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day by accelerometry. Results There were statistically significant differences between groups in accelerometer activity counts (t = −3.87, P = 0.0001), accelerometer step counts (t = −4.29, P = 0.0001), time spent in MVPA (t = −2.39, P = 0.01), GLTEQ scores (t = −3.83, P = 0.0001), and IPAQ scores (t = −3.42, P = 0.0001). The average effect size across all five measures was d = −0.59 and indicated that persons with MS overall were moderately less physically active than the matched controls. Conclusions The primary finding was a moderate reduction in physical activity among those with MS, but the magnitude was substantially smaller than reported in a published meta-analysis. Importantly, the degree of physical inactivity can likely be overcome through the delivery of behavioral interventions for increasing physical activity and this should translate into meaningful consequences for persons with MS.
Functional design and prey capture dynamics in an ecologically generalized surfperch (Embiotocidae)

Kinematic and electromyographic analyses of prey capture in two species of surfperch (Embiotocidae) reveal differing abilities to modulate strike activity in response to different prey types. Both the black perch, Embiotoca jacksoni, and the shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata, demonstrate stereotyped and conserved neuromuscular and kinematic activity in suction feeding. A distinguishing anatomical trait in this family, the interopercular shelf, enhances the coupling of hyoid movement with mandibular depression. Analyses of variance suggest a preprogrammed motor output that is ballistically launched for suction generation, with the possibility of more plasticity in latter phases of the strike. While the trophically limited shiner perch displays a stereotyped repertoire of this one strike pattern, very small prey, larger conglomerates of these, and large distinct prey elicit three modulated patterns in the black perch. Functional characteristics that enable the ecologically generalized black perch to exploit a variety of prey types include energy–conserving modulatory ability, behavioural flexibility in utilizing a conserved suction–generating programme, and the addition of specialized winnowing and spitting activity.
Public employees' health benefits survive major threats, so far.

ABSTRACT: Previous studies of public employees' health benefits indicate that they have been spared many of the changes evident in the private sector. But the recession and plunging state revenues ...
Mercury: bringing efficiency to key-value stores

While the initial wave of in-memory key-value stores has been optimized for serving relatively fixed content to a very large number of users, an emerging class of enterprise-scale data analytics workloads focuses on capturing, analyzing, and reacting to data in real-time. At the same time, advances in network technologies are shifting the performance bottleneck from the network to the memory subsystem. To address these new trends, we present a bottom-up approach to building a high performance in-memory key-value store, Mercury, for both traditional, read-intensive as well as emerging workloads with high write-to-read ratio. Mercury's architecture is based on two key design principles: (i) economizing the number of DRAM accesses per operation, and (ii) reducing synchronization overheads. We implement these principles with a simple hash table with linked-list based chaining, and provide high concurrency with a fine-grained, cache-friendly locking scheme. On a commodity single-socket server with 12 cores, Mercury scales with number of cores and executes 14 times more queries/second than a popular hash-based key-value system, Memcached, for both read and write-heavy workloads.
Getting to the heart of social support: a qualitative analysis of the types of instrumental support that are most helpful in motivating cardiac risk factor modification.

Purpose This study evaluates the types of instrumental social support that are perceived by patients with coronary artery disease as being most helpful to health behavior modification. Methods A purposive sample of 63 patients with coronary artery disease were enrolled in this qualitative study. Patients described lifestyle changes that they made in an effort to stay healthy and the types of instrumental supports provided by their social networks that helped them make these changes. Results The most frequently cited lifestyle changes reported were making dietary changes, reducing responsibilities, keeping doctors’ appointments, taking medications, and exercising more. The types of instrumental support that were perceived as being most helpful in making these changes were those that (1) made it easier and practical to engage in healthy behaviors, (2) alleviated stressful situations, and (3) facilitated the process of receiving medical care. Conclusions These findings identify practical ways in which social networks can promote risk factor modification and ultimately contribute to improving coronary artery disease outcomes.
A closed-loop system for maintaining constant experimental muscle pain in man

A microprocessor-based control system for maintaining a constant level of experimental muscle pain was developed. Pain was induced in the relaxed right masseter of healthy young adults by using an infusion pump to inject an algesic 0.15 mL bolus of 5% hypertonic saline over 15 s. Subjects supplied feedback on their present pain intensity (PPI) via a 10-cm-long electronic visual-analog scale (VAS) and a 0.07-Hz zero-order hold. The adaptive controller identified the system dynamic response and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters from the subject's initial response to the bolus (pain rise and fall time constants and peak amplitude) as well as his/her response to a 90-s constant infusion. Using the pain feedback, the adaptive PID controller was successfully used to adjust the infusion rate to maintain PPI in five out of seven healthy adults at a mean (SD) 4.8
Thomsen-Friedenreich and Tn Antigens in Nipple Fluid: Carbohydrate Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Detection

Purpose: Novel biomarkers would facilitate early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer. The Thomsen-Freidenreich (TF) and Tn antigens are aberrantly glycosylated carbohydrate cancer-associated antigens found in ∼80% of adenocarcinomas. Both TF and Tn are expressed on cell-surface glycoproteins and glycolipids. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is concentrated in secreted proteins and lipids from cells that give rise to cancer. The objective of this study was to determine if NAF from breasts with cancer contains elevated levels of TF and Tn compared with NAF from normal breasts. A sensitive and specific antigen capture immunoassay for TF and Tn detection in NAF was developed for this purpose. Experimental Design: Fifty NAF samples, 25 from breasts with cancer and 25 from normal breasts, were examined. Antigen capture immunoassays were done on the samples using monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognized either TF or Tn antigen in NAF. These antibodies captured serially diluted NAF samples, and the concentration of TF or Tn was determined by comparing absorbance values against a standard curve generated from standard sources of TF or Tn. Results: TF and Tn were detected in 19 of 25 and 20 of 25 NAF samples from breasts with cancer, respectively, compared with 0 of 25 and 1 of 25 NAF samples from breasts without cancer ( P Conclusions: Simultaneous measurement of TF and Tn in NAF may facilitate the noninvasive detection of breast cancer and warrants further study.
Complement activation by hydroxyethylmethacrylate-ethylmethacrylate copolymers

Certain biomaterials, including nylon oxygenator and cellulosic dialysis membranes, are potent activators of human complement. In this study, the effect of polymers containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) on the human complement system was investigated. Copolymers of HEMA with ethylmethacrylate (EMA) varying from 100 to 40% HEMA in the monomer made by radiation initiation were used to coat glass discs. These were equilibrated with human plasma in vitro and the degree of complement activation was quantitated by C3a radio immunoassay. Significant activation was caused by copolymers made from monomers containing 60% or greater HEMA. A direct relationship between the amount of activation and the percentage of HEMA was found. The degree of activation by poly HEMA, when corrected for surface area, was quite similar to that observed for dialysis and oxygenator membranes. Similar observations were made when solid casts of crosslinked HEMA/N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) copolymer gels were tested, but the magnitude of activation was much greater. The results are significant because complement activation may play an important role in the response to foreign surfaces, in both extravascular and intravascular settings. A new concept of molecular biocompatibility is proposed in which surfaces eliciting molecular transformations in any of the biological defense systems are deemed nonbiocompatible. By this criterion, the hydrogel poly-HEMA, which has so frequently been thought of as biocompatible, is considered to be a molecularly non-biocompatible material.
Adaptation from fixed weight dynamic networks

A characteristic often attributed to intelligent systems is adaptive behavior. For the purposes of this paper, we define adaptation as a system's ability to recognize change through its sensed inputs and to appropriately adjust its behavior in response to the perceived change. This paper explores the notion that a time-lagged recurrent network architecture can be made to exhibit adaptive behavior after network training has been completed, i.e., to exhibit adaptation after its weights have been fixed and without any external mechanism to control its behavior.
Simultaneous measurement of material characteristics of layered structures by a single acoustic interrogation

Conventionally, ultrasonic techniques extract material features from the echo return which consists of impulse signals convolved with the transfer function of the medium being investigated. In most cases, only a single parameter such as the boundary reflection coefficient, acoustic impedance, or velocity of propagation is used for material identification. For a more complex medium, however, it is desirable to utilize as many parameters as possible from a single trace of echo return to characterize material such that a higher precision of identification can be achieved. The advantage of our approach is that the information obtained is based solely on the echo return from the successive acoustic interfaces without using the signature of the incident pulse which is rather difficult to capture experimentally. An additional feature of this method is that it works rather well even in a noisy environment. >
Antiretroviral drug treatment interruption in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults: Clinical and pathogenetic implications for the central nervous system.

Interruption of antiretroviral treatment provides a well-defined ‘experimental’ paradigm to study the dynamics of central nervous system (CNS) infection and host responses in relation to those of systemic infection. We review our experience with 12 subjects (9 who were viremic and three with suppressed infection at baseline) followed longitudinally with serial lumbar punctures and neurological evaluations after stopping their antiretroviral treatments. All but two subjects exhibited an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV RNA. Approximately half of the cohort developed a substantial, though asymptomatic, CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis with CSF counts rising to 30–60 cells/μL in five of the subjects. Subjects with higher CSF cell counts exhibited higher CSF HIV concentrations. We interpret the relationship of CSF HIV concentrations and pleocytosis in the context of a simple model of virus and cell exchange between blood and CSF. The proportionally greater increase in CSF HIV after treatment interruption indicates that CSF HIV infection is often more effectively suppressed by combination antiretroviral therapy than is systemic infection.
Empirical complexities in the genetic foundations of lethal mutagenesis

From population genetics theory, elevating the mutation rate of a large population should progressively reduce average fitness. If the fitness decline is large enough, the population will go extinct in a process known as lethal mutagenesis. Lethal mutagenesis has been endorsed in the virology literature as a promising approach to viral treatment, and several in vitro studies have forced viral extinction with high doses of mutagenic drugs. Yet only one empirical study has tested the genetic models underlying lethal mutagenesis, and the theory failed on even a qualitative level. Here we provide a new level of analysis of lethal mutagenesis by developing and evaluating models specifically tailored to empirical systems that may be used to test the theory. We first quantify a bias in the estimation of a critical parameter and consider whether that bias underlies the previously observed lack of concordance between theory and experiment. We then consider a seemingly ideal protocol that avoids this bias—mutagenesis of virions—but find that it is hampered by other problems. Finally, results that reveal difficulties in the mere interpretation of mutations assayed from double-strand genomes are derived. Our analyses expose unanticipated complexities in testing the theory. Nevertheless, the previous failure of the theory to predict experimental outcomes appears to reside in evolutionary mechanisms neglected by the theory (e.g., beneficial mutations) rather than from a mismatch between the empirical setup and model assumptions. This interpretation raises the specter that naive attempts at lethal mutagenesis may augment adaptation rather than retard it.
Frog Virus 3 DNA Replication Occurs in Two Stages

Abstract Viral DNA synthesis in frog virus 3 (FV3)-infected cells occurs both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm (Goorha et al., Virology 84:32-51, 1978). Relationships between viral DNA molecules synthesized in these two compartments and their role in the virus replication were examined. The data presented here suggest that (i) FV3 DNA replicated in two stages and (ii) nucleus and cytoplasm were the sites of stages 1 and 2 of DNA replication, respectively. Stages 1 and 2 were further distinguished by their temporal appearance during infection and by the sizes of the replicating DNA as determined by sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients. In stage 1, replicating molecules, between the size of unit and twice the unit length, were produced early in infection (2 h postinfection). In contrast, stage 2 of DNA replication occurred only after 3 h postinfection, and replicating molecules were large concatemers. Results of pulse-chase experiments showed that the concatemeric DNA served as the precursor for the production of mature FV3 DNA. Denaturation of concatemeric DNA with alkali or digestion with S1 nuclease reduced it to less than genome size molecules, indicating the presence of extensive single-stranded regions. Analysis of replicating DNA by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl gradients after a pulse-chase suggested that these single-stranded regions were subsequently repaired. Based on these and previous data, a scheme of FV3 replication is presented. According to this scheme, FV3 utilizes the nucleus for early transcription and stage 1 of DNA replication. The viral DNA is then transported to the cytoplasm, where it participates in stage 2 DNA replication to form a concatemeric replication complex. The processing of concatemers to produce mature viral DNA and virus assembly also occurs in the cytoplasm. This mode of replication is strikingly different from any other known DNA virus.
NEW ZEALAND MILK ON THE MAP

ABSTRACT As Great Britain moved toward union with the E.E.C., New Zealand dairymen intensified milk use, diversified products and markets, and waged a diplomatic campaign to preserve access to the British market. Persistent economic pressure accelerated the rationalization of dairy farming, replacement of farm cream collection by wholemilk tankering, company mergers, and the generation of new and sophisticated products. Great Britain remained the essential market for butter and cheese exports, but sales of other items burgeoned in Asia and Latin America: by 1972 less than half the aggregate dairy export was shipped to the United Kingdom. With the “New Zealand issue”narrowed down to butter and cheese, and these guaranteed continuing (if reduced) access by Protocol No. 18, Great Britain and the Common Market came to terms.
New Type of Orthorhombicity and Cell Volume Expansions near Half Filling of O Intercalation in ErBa2Cu3O6.5

Novel orthorhombics are observed on special processing near half filling of the O intercalation in ErBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub y}. They are based on local configuration (m)n = (1)3, where m is the Cu site and n its O coordination and designated O(1)3. Specially sequenced getter annealing with slow cooling produces O(1)3 in a region where conventionally prepared materials are based on O(1)4(1)2, corresponding to a mix of four- and twofold O coordination. These O(1)3 can exist as cell volume neutral (V{sup 0}) materials resembling the volumes of the tetragonal semiconductors. In a narrow region near y = 6.46, O(1)3 can undergo strong, nearly isotropic cell volume expansions (V{sup +}). These materials are larger than their cell volume contracted (V{sup {minus}}) O(1)4 counterparts and even larger than the semiconductors at y = 6. These observations enlarge the phase diagram and pose new questions concerning the general origin of redox processes in superconducting O intercalation cuprates. These questions are discussed based on bond valency calculations. For the cell volume expanded materials a charge rebalancing between Cu and O leading to massive self-doping is suggested.
Ultrastructure of the submandibular gland in the African multimammate rodent, Praomys natalensis

Praomys natalensis, an African rodent that is phenotypically and cytogenetically intermediate to rats and mice, possesses a submandibular gland that is histologically similar to that in both of these near relatives, but is ultra-structurally unique. Acinar cells, which are seromucous in nature, contain secretory granules that often contain a perfect “bull's eye” inclusion (or some variant of this configuration) suspended in a dense matrix. The Golgi apparatus in these cells has an unusual structure, with the Golgi saccules often being doubled over, so that the outermost saccule also is the innermost. This peculiar architecture apparently arises fairly late in the secretory process, i.e., a Golgi apparatus of conventional structure gives rise to a nascent granule (condensing vacuole), then its saccules secondarily fold over. Intercalated ducts are preceded by a ring of specialized cells that have a number of serous-type granules, the duct cells themselves being devoid of such granules. Granular convoluted tubules (GCT) contain large dense granules that appear to be spontaneously involved in chain exocytosis. These GCT granules probably are the repositories of nerve growth factor, which is particularly abundant in Praomys. Striated ducts for the most part are typical in appearance, but they and, to a lesser extent, GCTs contain prominent, membrane-bound crystalloids with a periodicity of about 15 nm.
Modeling nonlinear systems by using nonlinear autoregressive moving average models

The behavior of two coupled nonlinear oscillators is described by a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations. A mapping technique is applied to these equations to generate nonlinear autoregressive moving average (NARMAX) models that relate the sampled input to the sampled response of the nonlinear coupled systems. In contrast to linear multi-degree-of-freedom systems (MDOF) where the system parameters can be obtained from a single higher order ARMA model, the nonlinear MDOF system requires the evaluation of more than one model in order to obtain the desired information about the physical structure of the system. Furthermore, it is seen that nonlinear effects can cause problems when natural frequencies are very close. >
Deformation behavior of (Cu, Ag)–Sn intermetallics by nanoindentation

Abstract Nanoindentation is an important technique for probing the mechanical behavior of materials at small length scales. In this study, nanoindentation was used to extract the elastic and plastic properties of Cu, Sn–3.5Ag solder, Ag3Sn, and intermetallics in Cu/Sn–Ag solder joints including Cu6Sn5, and Cu3Sn. The elastic and plastic properties of Cu, Sn–3.5Ag solder, Ag3Sn, Cu6Sn5, and Cu3Sn were measured and where possible, compared to limited data available in the literature. Finite element analysis was used to simulate the indentation behavior from elastic–plastic properties of the intermetallics. The predicted values matched very well with experimental results. Finite element analysis also showed that pile-up took place in indentation of Cu and solder, while indentation sink-in was observed in Ag3Sn, Cu6Sn5, and Cu3Sn. The relative degree of pile-up/sink-in was shown to be a function of the work hardening exponent of the phase and the ratio of yield stress to Young's modulus.
The Message Is the Massage: Orality and Literacy Once More.

This essay reappraises conventional distinctions between oral-like and literate-like discourse, particularly Tannen's (1985) distinction between involvement focus and message focus. Rather than seeing message in tension with involvement, this query treats message as an embodiment of involvement. Cohesion particularly is treated as an aspect of a developing writer-reader relationship, an outgrowth of a thickening commitment to a mutual orientation. Speculations are offered for rethinking what is called “literate orientation.”
Gene expression profile analysis of 4-phenylbutyrate treatment of IB3-1 bronchial epithelial cell line demonstrates a major influence on heat-shock proteins.

Most individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) carry one or two mutations that result in a maturation defect of the full-length CFTR protein. The ΔF508 mutation results in a mutant protein that is degr...