cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A possible basis for immunological tolerance.

THE following hypothesis is based on the possibility that, although the mechanism for the entrance of macromolecules into the cell may be the relatively non-specific phenomenon of pinocytosis, the mechanisms for secreting materials out of the cell may be specific. These unknown (probably active) transport mechanisms will, for ease in referring to them, be called ‘secretases’, by analogy to the bacterial permeases, which are concerned with entry rather than exit mechanisms1. Simple diffusion would account for only a small part of the macromolecular traffic in either direction across the membrane, since most of the ‘pores’ or holes in the cell membrane would be too small to allow passage of the large protein molecules.
Effects of anti-parkinsonian drugs on the motor activity and EEG of cats with subthalamic lesions.

Bilateral lesions of the subthalamic region of the diencephalon interrupt ascending catecholamine pathways and render animals hypophagic, hyporesponsive, and hypokinetic. Spontaneous motor activity levels and cortical EEG were examined in cats with chronically-implanted electrodes and unilateral and bilateral subthalamic lesions before and after various anti-parkinsonian drugs. The activity measurements consisted of recording the number of 23-cm squares traversed in 5 min. Unilateral subthalamic lesions produced a moderate decrease in activity. Bilateral lesions resulted in a severe reduction in movement and led to predominately slow-wave and spindling EEG activity from sensorimotor and parietal-occiptal areas with short, intermittent periods of desynchronization. A decarboxylase inhibitor and l-dopa, d-amphetamine, and amantadine-HCl all increased behavioral alertness and spontaneous motor activity in cats with bilateral subthalamic lesions and converted the slow-wave EEG to one of generalized desynchronization. In cats with unilateral subthalamic lesions, l-dopa and amphetamine caused marked ipsilateral circling, and amantadine, at doses which increased spontaneous motor activity of cats with bilateral lesions, produced no turning tendency in those with unilateral lesions. Thus ascending catecholamine pathways passing through the subthalamus appear to be important for normal motor activity, behavioral attention and responsiveness, and electrocortical desynchronization. It is now important to determine the interactions between these ascending catecholamine systems and descending corticifugal influences on the reticular formation.
SU-E-I-67: Effects of Normalization, Filtration, and Distortion Correction Options On MRI ACR Phantom Images

Purpose: Toptimization of clinical MR image quality through protocol design on modern scanners requires understanding a wide variety of image acquisition options. Using ACR phantom analysis results for comparison, we sought to understand the effect of these options on the resulting image quality measurements. Methods: Twenty‐six series were acquired with different combinations of normalization, filtration, distortion correction, radiofrequency mode, and gradient mode using a Siemens Aera (Erlangen, Germany) 1.5T scanner with 20‐channel head/neck phased‐array coil. The ACR T1‐weighted phantom protocol (transverse, TR=500 ms, TE=20 ms, 256×256 matrix, 5mm thickness and gap, 25 cm FOV) was used to scan a large ACR MRI phantom (J.M. Specialty Parts, San Diego, California). All images were acquired in the same session without repositioning the phantom. Automated ACR analysis was implemented in MATLAB (Mathworks, Natlick, Massachusetts) for most tests. The software results were compared to manual analysis for five series. High‐contrast resolution, slice thickness, and low‐contrast detectability (LCD) were evaluated manually for all scans following the recommendations in the ACR's Phantom Test Guidance manual (http://www.acr.org/~/media/∼/media/ACR /Documents/Accreditation/MRI/LargePhantomGuidance.pdf). Results: Scans without normalization failed ACR uniformity (1.5T) and slice thickness requirements and had lower LCD scores. Filtering with the Raw Filter degraded resolution to 1.1 mm and increased the ghosting ratio but resulted in decreased noise. On this scanner 2D (in‐plane) distortion correction can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. Results showed that prospective correction provided better geometric accuracy performance. Images acquired using whisper and fast gradient modes, as well as fast and low SAR options, resulted in poorer LCD scores compared to normal gradient and radiofrequency modes. Conclusion: MR protocol optimization requires compromise to achieve relative balance between signal, noise, uniformity, resolution, geometric accuracy and other image metrics. Phantom studies with quantitative metrics provide a robust method of determining how imaging options affect these image parameters.
Changes in specialists' perspectives on cancer genetic testing, prophylactic surgery and insurance discrimination: then and now.

We surveyed cancer genetics specialists in 1998 to learn what they would do if at 50 % risk to carry a BRCA or Lynch syndrome mutation. We chose to repeat our study 14 years later, to examine how perspectives have changed with the extensive data now available. In July 2012 we surveyed the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) Cancer Special Interest Group via an internet based survey. We found statistically significant increases in the percentage of specialists who: would undergo BRCA testing (p = 0.0006), opt for prophylactic bilateral mastectomy (p =0.0001), opt for prophylactic removal of their uterus and ovaries for Lynch syndrome (p =0.0057 and P = 0.0090, respectively), and bill testing to insurance (p >0.0001). There were also statistically significant decreases in the percentage of participants who would have their colon removed for Lynch syndrome (p = 0.0002) and use an alias when pursuing testing (p > 0.0001). Over the past 14 years there has been a major change in perspective amongst cancer genetic specialists regarding genetic testing, prophylactic surgery and insurance discrimination.
Degeneracy measures for the algebraic classification of numerical spacetimes

We study the issue of algebraic classification of the Weyl curvature tensor, with a particular focus on numerical relativity simulations. The spacetimes of interest in this context, binary black hole mergers, and the ringdowns that follow them, present subtleties in that they are generically, strictly speaking, type I, but in many regions approximately, in some sense, type D. To provide meaning to any claims of ``approximate'' Petrov class, one must define a measure of degeneracy on the space of null rays at a point. We will investigate such a measure, used recently to argue that certain binary black hole merger simulations ring down to the Kerr geometry, after hanging up for some time in Petrov type II. In particular, we argue that this hangup in Petrov type II is an artefact of the particular measure being used, and that a geometrically better-motivated measure shows a black hole merger produced by our group settling directly to Petrov type D.
High-activity enzyme-polyurethane coatings.

The synthesis of water-borne polyurethane coatings in the presence of diisopropylfluorophosphatase (DFPase, E.C. 3.8.2.1) enabled the irreversible attachment of the enzyme to the polymeric matrix. The distribution of immobilized DFPase as well as activity retention are homogeneous within the coating. The resulting enzyme-containing coating (ECC) film hydrolyzes diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in buffered media at high rates, retaining approximately 39% intrinsic activity. Decreasing ECC hydrophilicity, via the use of a less hydrophilic polyisocyanate during polymerization, significantly enhanced the intrinsic activity of the ECC. DFPase-ECC has biphasic deactivation kinetics, where the initial rapid deactivation of DFPase-ECC leads to the formation of a hyperstable and active form of enzyme.
Sancho Panza Wants an Island: Cervantes and the Politics of Peasant Rulers

(2005). Sancho Panza Wants an Island: Cervantes and the Politics of Peasant Rulers. Romance Quarterly: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 261-270.
Theoretical properties of several metal halide arcs assuming LTE

A single-fluid local thermal equilibrium (LTE) model used to predict composition, material functions, and temperature profiles for arc discharges in complex mixtures is reviewed. Results are given for the application of the model to two metal halide discharges used in arc lamps, but predicted arc properties such as central temperature, radiative output, and electrical impedance differ from those observed.
Bayesian Learning of Phrasal Tree-to-String Templates

We examine the problem of overcoming noisy word-level alignments when learning tree-to-string translation rules. Our approach introduces new rules, and re-estimates rule probabilities using EM. The major obstacles to this approach are the very reasons that word-alignments are used for rule extraction: the huge space of possible rules, as well as controlling overfitting. By carefully controlling which portions of the original alignments are reanalyzed, and by using Bayesian inference during re-analysis, we show significant improvement over the baseline rules extracted from word-level alignments.
Genetic Basis of Yolk Cholesterol Content

Abstract The genetic basis of yolk cholesterol level was studied in two randombred populations (AC and ARB) of domestic fowl. The association of yolk cholesterol levels with blood cholesterol levels, fertility, hatchability, mortality, egg production and specific gravity were also examined. The yolk cholesterol content in the AC population was 22.8 ± 2.8 mgs. cholesterol per gram of yolk compared to 19.2 ± 1.2 mgs. in the ARB population. There was a significant sire effect on yolk cholesterol level in both populations, but the variability was greater in the AC population. The mean heritability estimate for yolk cholesterol in the AC population was .3, while for the ARB population it was .2. There was no statistically significant phenotypic correlation between yolk cholesterol level and hatchability, fertility, specific gravity or mortality. A significant correlation between yolk cholesterol level and egg production was observed, but this correlation was of low magnitude.
Patterns of interdependence: Telecommunications in Western Europe

An examination of the telecommunications transactions of selected countries of the European Community (the Six) is undertaken to determine the existence and level of societal interdependence in Western Europe. Relying on data from 1952 to 1976, the author finds that the absolute level of telecommunications transactions has generally increased within the European Community (EC). The percentage share of the international transactions of the EC states which has remained within the EC, however, has come to a peak‐generally in the 1960's or early 1970's‐and subsequently declined. Thus, while the internal or regional interdependence of the EC has been generally increasing, its external or global interdependence has also been increasing, with the latter trend occurring recently at a faster rate.
It takes two: marriage and smoking cessation in the middle years.

Objectives: In this prospective study of smoking cessation among married individuals in midlife we examine correspondence in the change of each partner’s smoking status with that of the other, inde...
Quantitative case histories of urban innovations: Are there innovating stages?

A widely accepted `phase theorem' in the literature on organizational decision-making and innovation asserts that these processes occur in a series of sequential stages. The theorem is tested in a study on adoption of three types of urban innovations, in which 2000 episodes in the innovating process are scored on type of innovating function (or stage) and time of occurrence. For three pre-implementation functions of search, design, and appraisal, the data confirm a previous finding that these functions largely coincide in time. From a broader perspective of the total innovating process, however, clear separation appears between the first function of concern and later functions of implementation and diffusion. The data support a `demand pull' rather than a `technology push' account of organizational innovating. This paper suggests that for simple innovations that are borrowed with little change, the succession of stages will be moderately clear. But for organizational innovations that are originated or highly adapted, or those that are complex or uncertain, the staging sequence will appear overlapping and disorderly.
The effects of sublingual nitroglycerin on myocardial blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease or myocardial hypertrophy

Abstract Using selective intracoronary injections of xenon-133 in saline, the effect of sublingual nitroglycerin on myocardial blood flow was studied in nine patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. One normal patient showed a 14 per cent increase in flow, 1 1 2 minutes after drug administration, with a subsequent decline to 8 per cent below control at 6 minutes. Four of five patients with coronary artery disease showed increased flows of 3 to 13 per cent at 1 1 2 to 2 minutes after taking the drug. In two of these subjects, flow decreased to 10 to 23 per cent below control at 5 1 2 minutes. In the remaining three subjects with cardiomegaly and left ventricular hypertrophy, nitroglycerin produced a decrease of 7 to 12 per cent in myocardial blood flow at 1 1 2 minutes and a further reduction to 15 to 17 per cent below control in two of the subjects at 5 minutes. These results are felt to substantiate the theory that in some patients with coronary artery disease, nitroglycerin exerts a biphasic action with an initial increase in myocardial blood flow followed by a decrease in flow as the systemic effects of the drug become manifest. This biphasic action was not seen in patients with cardiac enlargement and hypertrophy.
Distributions of single nucleotide polymorphisms in differential chromosome segments of congenic resistant strains that define minor histocompatibility antigens

Minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHAs) stimulate the rejection of allografts when donors and recipients are matched at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The majority of identified autosomal MiHAs were generated by non-synonymous (NS) substitutions that alter MHC class I-binding peptides. The mosaic distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguish inbred mouse strains led us to hypothesize that MiHA genes defined by congenic strains on C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 backgrounds map to chromosomal regions with relatively high numbers of NS SNPs that distinguish C57 strains from other common inbred strains. To test this hypothesis, we mapped the ends of differential chromosome segments of congenic strains, which define 12 MiHAs, relative to microsatellites and SNPs. The lengths of differential segments ranged from 9.7 to 105.9 Mbp in congenic strains where no attempts were made to select recombinants within these segments. There was no apparent correlation between differential segment length and number of backcrosses, suggesting that factors other than the number of opportunities for recombination affected the differential segment lengths in these congenics. These differential segments included higher numbers of NS SNPs that distinguish C57BL/6J from A/J, DBA/2J, and 129S1/J than would be predicted if these SNPs were uniformly distributed along the chromosomes. The most extreme case was the H8 congenic that included 74% of the SNPs on chromosome 14 within its 9.7–11.1 Mbp differential segment. These results point toward a direct relationship between the level of genomic divergence, as indicated by numbers of NS SNPs, and numbers of MiHAs that collectively determine the magnitude of allograft rejection.
Correlation of fad-monooxygenase activity with corticosterone levels in inbred mice

Abstract The activity of hepatic microsomal FAD-monooxygenase showed a positive correlation with plasma corticosterone levels (determined by radioimmunoassay) in 5 inbred strains of mice. The cytochrome P450 content, on the other hand, was essentially unchanged. These results indicate that the genetically set corticosterone levels in turn may mediate the activity of this hepatic enzyme.
The star-product and its algebraic properties

Abstract Many problems in engineering and physics can be described by the input-output viewpoint as a 3 x 3 matrix of linearly bounded operators. This system is an extension of 2 x 2 scattering matrices involving reflection and transmission operators. The extension involving internal sources is necessary to deal with such problems as a stellar or planetary atmosphere, cascade-synthesis in network theory, and least-square estimate in control. In this paper, we have completed all algebraic properties of such systems under the so-called *-product.
BDNF induces widespread changes in synaptic protein content and up-regulates components of the translation machinery: an analysis using high-throughput proteomics.

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neuronal development, and in the formation and plasticity of synaptic connections. These effects of BDNF are at least partially due to the ability of the neurotrophin to increase protein synthesis both globally and locally. However, only a few proteins have been shown to be up-regulated at the synapse by BDNF. Using multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) and relative quantification by spectra counting, we found that several hundred proteins are up-regulated in a synaptoneurosome preparation derived from cultured cortical neurons that were treated with BDNF. These proteins fall into diverse functional categories, including those involved in synaptic vesicle formation and movement, maintenance or remodeling of synaptic structure, mRNA processing, transcription, and translation. A number of translation factors, ribosomal proteins, and tRNA synthetases were rapidly up-regulated by BDNF. This up-regulation of translati...
Low-velocity impact damage accumulation in woven S2-glass composite systems

The objective of this experimental investigation is to obtain a detailed understanding of damage accumulation in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) woven glass-fiber-reinforced composite panels under repeated transverse drop-weight impact loading conditions. Measurements were obtained for impact force and energy dissipation. The radial spread of damage was smallest for the 2D laminates and largest for the 3D woven composites. The 3D composites had the greatest resistance to penetration and dissipated more total energy than the laminate system. This damage tolerance is due to unique energy absorption mechanisms, which involve the crimped portion of z-tows in the 3D composites. This is significant, since 3D architectures can provide both an inherent capability to dissipate energy over a large radial area and a greater perforation strength than comparable 2D laminate systems.
Searching for high magnetization density in bulk Fe: The new metastable Fe6 phase

We report the discovery of a new allotrope of iron by first principles calculations. This phase has Pm n21 symmetry, a six-atom unit cell (hence the name Fe6), and the highest magnetization density (Ms) among all the known crystalline phases of iron. Obtained from the structural optimizations of the Fe3C-cementite crystal upon carbon removal, Pm n21 Fe6 is shown to result from the stabilization of a ferromagnetic FCC phase, further strained along the Bain path. Although metastable from 0 to 50GPa, the new phase is more stable at low pressures than the other well-known HCP and FCC allotropes and smoothly transforms into the FCC phase under compression. If stabilized to room temperature, for example, by interstitial impurities, Fe6 could become the basis material for high Ms rare-earth-free permament magnets and high-impact applications such as light-weight electric engine rotors or high-density recording media. The new phase could also be key to explaining the enigmatic high Ms of Fe16N2, which is currently attracting intense research activity.
Non-equilibrium synthesis, structure, and opto-electronic properties of Cu2−2xZnxO alloys

Alloying in traditional semiconductors is a well-established method to tune the electronic structure and the materials properties, but this technique is less common for oxides. Here, we present results on the non-equilibrium alloying of the prototypical semiconductor Cu2O with ZnO synthesized via high-throughput RF magnetron sputtering. It is demonstrated that the Zn solid solubility in Cu2O structure can be increased up to 17 at.% in the substrate temperature range 210-270 C; this upper bound estimate of the solubility limit is much higher than that at equilib- rium (sub atomic percent range). The preferential orienta- tion in the film changes from (200) to (111) with increasing Zn concentration, but the lattice parameter and the grain size (80-180 nm) remains constant. Incorporation of Zn into Cu2O increases the optical absorption fourfold at the band gap (2.1 eV) and reduces the p-type electrical con- ductivity by an order of magnitude. The ability to synthe- size phase pure Cu2-2xZnxO alloys with Zn solid solubility in excess of the thermodynamic limit with tunable struc- tural and optoelectronic properties demonstrates the potential of non-equilibrium growth to overcome the sol- ubility limits in oxide thin films and the promise of such alloys for optoelectronic applications.
The amyloid precursor protein locus and very-late-onset Alzheimer disease.

Although mutations in the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) gene are known to confer high risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) to a small percentage of families in which it has early onset, convincing evidence of a major role for the APP locus in late-onset AD has not been forthcoming. In this report, we have used a covariate-based affected-sib-pair linkage method to analyze the chromosome 21 clinical and genetic data obtained on affected sibships by the National Institute of Mental Health Alzheimer Disease Genetics Initiative. The baseline model (without covariates) gave a LOD score of 0.02, which increases to 1.43 when covariates representing the additive effects of E2 and E4 are added. Larger increases in LOD scores were found when age at last examination/death (LOD score 5.54; P=.000002) or age at onset plus disease duration (LOD score 5.63; P=.000006) were included in the linkage model. We conclude that the APP locus may predispose to AD in the very elderly.
O Brother, Where are Thou? From Communities to Networks of Practice Through Intranet Use

Communities of practice are highly situated and, yet, networks of practice supposedly connect them. Assuming the situated dimension of work and identity in communities of practice, how may disperse...
Effect of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) on macrophage morphology, phagocytosis, and intracellular multiplication of Histoplasma capsulatum.

Abstract M-CSF induced dramatic morphological changes in resident peritoneal macrophages (R-PM) in a time and dose dependent manner. Macrophages increased 2–3-fold in size and developed a dendritic morphology. Compared to macrophages cultured in medium alone M-CSF-treated macrophages were less phagocytic (67 versus 82%) for serum opsonized yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum . However, in M-CSF macrophages the intracellular multiplication of ingested yeast cells were significantly inhibited compared to growth in control macrophages. The fungistatic activity of M-CSF macrophages persisted for at least 48 h after infection.
Use of a temporary ureteral drainage stent after uncomplicated ureteroscopy: results from a phase II clinical trial.

ABSTRACTPurpose: An indwelling ureteral stent is commonly placed for 48 hours after uncomplicated ureteroscopy to maintain drainage and prevent postoperative complications. A propriety temporary ureteral drainage stent (TUDS, Boston Scientific/Microvasive, Natick, Massachusetts) was developed to satisfy this goal with the added advantages of biodegradability and spontaneous passage. We evaluated TUDS performance in a patient population.Materials and Methods: A total of 88 patients at 6 centers were selected for TUDS placement. Device safety as well as effectiveness, defined as adequate intervention-free drainage for 48 hours with the maintenance of ureteral position, were the primary study end points. Secondary end points consisted of the time required to eliminate TUDS from the body, tolerability of device presence and passage, and overall patient satisfaction with the stent.Results: A single patient was excluded from primary end point analysis because of inadequate day 2 evaluation, resulting in an over...
Implications of the present bound on the width of the Θ + ( 1540 )

The recently reported ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{+}(1540)$ exotic baryon seems to be very narrow: $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\Theta})l1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ according to some analyses. Using methods of low energy scattering theory, we develop expectations for the width of the $\ensuremath{\Theta}$, an elastic resonance in $KN$ scattering in a theory where the characteristic range of interactions is $\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}$. If the $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ is a potential scattering resonance, generated by the forces in the $KN$ channel, its width is hard to account for unless the $KN$-channel orbital angular momentum is two or greater. If the $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ is generated by dynamics in a confined channel, its coupling to the scattering channel is at least an order of magnitude less than the coupling of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1520)$ unless $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\ge}2$. Either way, if the $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ proves to be in the $KN$ $s$- or $p$-wave, new physics must be responsible for its narrow width.
Non-invasive markers of hepatic fibrosis in patients co-infected with HCV and HIV: comparison of the APRI and FIB-4 index.

Abstract Introduction The APRI and FIB-4 index are markers that have been proposed for the evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in patients co-infected with HIV and HCV. Methods We retrospectively compared these 2 indices in 81 co-infected patients staged by liver biopsy. Results The FIB-4 index was superior to the APRI for the differentiation of mild from significant fibrosis in both predictive values and area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC). The tests were comparable for the differentiation of mild/moderate from advanced fibrosis. Conclusion These tests could be used to evaluate co-infected patients for treatment, and exclude those that do not need periodic screening for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Frequency response of pressure sensitive paints

An experimental method for measuring the frequency response of Pressure Sensitive Paints (PSP) is presented. These results lead to the development of a dynamic correction technique for PSP measurements which is of great importance to the advancement of PSP as a measurement technique. The ability to design such a dynamic corrector is most easily formed from the frequency response of the given system. An example of this correction technique is shown. In addition to the experimental data, an analytical model for the frequency response is developed from the one dimensional mass diffusion equation.
The coat protein of turnip crinkle virus is involved in subviral RNA-mediated symptom modulation and accumulation.

Some satellite (sat-) and defective interfering (DI) RNAs associated with plant viruses intensify or ameliorate the symptoms of the virus. We recently demonstrated that the TCV coat protein (CP) is involved in symptom modulation by sat-RNA C. Two additional subviral RNAs have now been tested for effect of the CP on symptom modulation. DI RNA G, which normally intensifies the symptoms of TCV, is able to attenuate symptoms if the TCV CP is replaced with the CP of cardamine chlorotic fleck virus. DI RNA G had no effect on the symptoms of TCV with a single base alteration in the CP open reading frame, unlike sat-RNA C, which was able to ameliorate the symptoms of the mutant TCV. Using a hybrid sat-RNA constructed from sat-RNA C and TCV (which shares a similar 3*-end region with DI RNA G), the 3*-terminal 53 bases of sat-RNA C were found to be involved in symptom attenuation, which was directly correlated with the lack of detectable viral genomic RNA in whole plants. Sat-RNA D had no effect on the symptoms of mutant or wild-type TCV. The accumulation of TCV subviral RNAs in plants and protoplasts was also found to be strongly influenced by the presence or absence of the wild-type TCV CP. q 1997 Academic Press
Enhancement of the pressor response to norepinephrine by angiotensin in the conscious rabbit

Abstract The pressor interactions between angiotensin II and norepinephrine were investigated in conscious New Zealand white rabbits receiving a low sodium diet. Angiotensin II was administered continuously by intraperitoneal osmotic pumps in a subpressor dose so as to avoid the potentially confounding effects of experimentally-induced hypertension. Norepinephrine challenges were given as a series of graded intravenous boluses. During the 3 days of study the baseline blood pressure in the angiotensin-treated rabbits (n=10) did not differ from that in controls (n=10) whose intraperitoneal pumps contained only diluent. After 24 hours the systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses to norepinephrine in the angiotensin-treated group were, on average, 45% and 30% higher than in the controls; after 72 hours, they were 46% and 34% higher. Although the pressor amplitudes were increased by angiotensin II, they were not prolonged. Thus, facilitation by the subpressor angiotensin II of the blood pressure responses to norepinephrine did not seem dependent upon alterations in endogenous sympathetic mechanisms or the uptake of norepinephrine; nor could it be explained by sodium retention. It is possible that angiotensin II exhibits its effect by enhancing contractile responsiveness to norepinephrine at the post-receptor level.
Institutional Types and Sociological Research: An Hypothesis in Role Systems and Research Models

One of the most pronounced trends during the present generation of social scientists has been the exodus of members of the disciplines—particularly sociologists—away from the campus and into other institutional settings. Some have gone to assume service functions in government, in public relations, in general and psychiatric hospitals, in the military, and so forth. More frequently, perhaps, the academic cloak has been retained and they have departed as "visitors" in the alien organizations in order to conduct research. Sometimes they have been permanently attached to the institution to which they have gone; sometimes they have gone as "sojourners"
Variational-Asymptotical Analysis of Initially Curved and Twisted Composite Beams

An asymptotically exact methodology, based on geometrically nonlinear, three-dimensional elasticity, is presented for cross-sectional analysis of initially curved and twisted, nonhomogeneous, anisotropic beams. Through accounting for all possible deformation in the three-dimensional representation, the analysis correctly accounts for the complex elastic coupling phenomena in anisotripic beams associated with shear deformation. The analysis is subject only to the restrictions that the strain is small relative to unity and that the maximum dimension of the cross section is small relative to the wave length of the deformation and to the minimum radius of curvature and/or twist. The resulting cross-sectional elastic constants exhibit first-order dependence on the initial curvature and twist. As is well known, the associated geometrically-exact, one-dimensional equilibrium and kinematical equations also depend on initial twist and curvature. Present numerical results show that it is insufficient to account for initial twist and curvature in the beam equations only. The corrections to the stiffness model derived herein are also necessary in general for proper representation of anisotropic beams.
Second-Strand Genome Conversion of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 (AAV-2) and AAV-5 Is Not Rate Limiting following Apical Infection of Polarized Human Airway Epithelia

Recombinant adeno-associated virus type 5 (rAAV-5) is known to efficiently transduce airway epithelia via apical infection. In contrast, rAAV-2 has been shown to be inherently ineffective at transducing airway epithelia from the apical surface. However, tripeptide proteasome inhibitors (such as LLnL) can dramatically enhance rAAV-2 transduction from the apical surface of human polarized airway epithelia by modulating the intracellular trafficking and processing of the virus. To further investigate potential differences between rAAV-2 and rAAV-5 that might explain their altered ability to transduce airway epithelia from the apical membrane, we examined the functional involvement of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and rate-limiting aspects of second-strand synthesis for these two rAAV serotypes. To this end, we conducted studies to compare the extent to which LLnL alters transduction efficiencies with both rAAV-2 and rAAV-2/5 by using luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter vectors. Our results demonstrate that the coadministration of LLnL at the time of viral infection significantly enhanced transduction of both rAAV-2/5 and rAAV-2 from the apical surface of airway epithelia. Although rAAV-2/5 was slightly more effective at transducing epithelia from the apical membrane, rAAV-2 transduction was superior to that of rAAV-2/5 in the presence of proteasome inhibitors. Interestingly, the basolateral membrane entry pathways for both serotypes were not significantly affected by the addition of LLnL, which suggests that apical and basolateral infectious pathways possess distinctive intracellular processing pathways for both rAAV-2 and rAAV-5. Studies comparing the transduction of short self-complementary (scAAV) to full-length conventional AAV EGFP vectors suggested that second-strand synthesis of rAAV genomes was not rate limiting for either serotype or altered by proteasome inhibitors following apical infection of polarized airway epithelia. These findings suggest that both rAAV-2 and rAAV-5 share similar intracellular viral processing barriers that involve the ubiquitin/proteasome system, but do not appear to involve second-strand synthesis.
Instantaneous frequency and group delay of a filtered signal

Abstract We present a method for obtaining the time–frequency structure of a signal that has been filtered. A simple procedure is given for obtaining the instantaneous frequency when the signal and filter are asymptotic signals.
Development of a Flow Number Predictive Model

The NCHRP 9-19 panel recommended the repeated load permanent deformation test as a laboratory procedure that could be used to evaluate the resistance of a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to tertiary flow. No standard test protocol addresses the required laboratory stress to be applied. The test can take several hours until tertiary flow is reached and in many cases the sample may never fail. A model capable of predicting or providing general guidance on the flow number characteristics of a mix can be of great value. The model can be ideally used as a guideline to determine the stress-temperature combination that will yield tertiary flow within a reasonable testing time. In this study, an effort was undertaken to develop a flow number predictive model. The model uses HMA mixture volumetric properties and stress-temperature testing conditions as predictor variables. The laboratory test data used are a combination of two valuable databases. The first one included tests conducted at Arizona State University; the second...
Characteristics of 34 Adults With Psychogenic Excoriation

Background Psychogenic excoriation, characterized by excessive scratching or picking of the skin, is not yet recognized as a symptom of a distinct DSM-IV disorder. The purpose of this study was to provide data regarding the demographics, phenomenology, course of illness, associated psychiatric comorbidity, and family history of subjects with psychogenic excoriation. Method Thirty-four consecutive subjects were recruited from an outpatient dermatology practice and by advertisement. Subjects completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV augmented with impulse control disorder modules, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, and a semistructured interview for family history, demographic data, and clinical features. Results Most subjects were women who described a mean age at onset of 38 years and a chronic course. Subjects excoriated multiple sites, most frequently the face. The behavior caused substantial distress and dysfunction. All 34 subjects met criteria for at least 1 comorbid psychiatric disorder, with a mood disorder the most common. Family histories were notable for depressive disorders and psychoactive substance use disorders. Most subjects experienced both mounting tension before excoriation and relief after excoriation as in impulse control disorders. A minority of subjects excoriated skin as part of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder with preoccupation about the skin's appearance precipitated excoriation in about a third of subjects. Conclusion Psychogenic excoriation is chronic, involves multiple sites, and is associated with a high rate of psychiatric comorbidity. The behavior associated with the excoriation is heterogeneous and spans a compulsive-impulsive spectrum. Most subjects in this sample described features of an impulse control disorder.
Can we ignore context in the definition of child maltreatment

Over the last 5 years, the topic of psychological maltreatment has received increasing attention and recognition in the developmental literature. The phenomenon was not discovered 5 years ago, of course: certain aspects of it have been investigated and discussed in conjunction with research on physical abuse and neglect for many years. Only recently, however, have many researchers and clinicians begun to argue that psychological maltreatment should be studied as a distinct phenomenon, rather than simply as one type or facet of child maltreatment (Garbarino, Guttman, & Seeley, 1986). In order to draw attention to this topic, some have even claimed that psychological maltreatment has more serious consequences for the child than physical or sexual abuse do (Hart & Brassard, 1987). Although empirical support for this claim is lacking, we know from other research that “nonphysical” experiences, such as abrupt and extended parent-child separations or marital discord, can have pervasive and long-lasting adverse influences on a child's development (Hess & Camara, 1979; Hetherington, Cox, & Cox, 1982; Rutter, 1979).
Preparation of glial plasma membrane from a cell fraction enriched in astrocytes.

A technique for obtaining glial plasma membrane has been developed, starting with a bulk-prepared glial cell-enriched fraction from rabbit cerebral cortex. The astrocytic-enriched fraction was hand-homogenized in isotonic sucrose media, and the crude membrane fraction sedimented at 3,000g. The isolation of a membrane-enriched fraction was accomplished with sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The plasma membrane fraction was collected at the interphase between 31.5% and 25.5% sucrose. Enzymatic and electron-microscopical analyses indicated a 4–7-fold enrichment in plasma membrane, and a 15–20% contamination with microsomal and mitochondrial material. Some multilaminar membrane structures were also seen in the fraction.
Los Alamos sequence analysis package for nucleic acids and proteins.

An interactive system for computer analysis of nucleic acid and protein sequences has been developed for the Los Alamos DNA Sequence Database. It provides a convenient way to search or verify various sequence features, e.g., restriction enzyme sites, protein coding frames, and properties of coded proteins. Further, the comprehensive analysis package on a large-scale database can be used for comparative studies on sequence and structural homologies in order to find unnoted information stored in nucleic acid sequences.
An investigation of pectin and pectic acid in dilute aqueous solution

Light-scattering measurements have been carried out on carefully clarified aqueous solutions of pectin and pectic acid. The strong dependence of the inverse excess scattering intensity on angle yields pectin chain dimensions that are inconsistent with the complete molecular dispersion of pectin molecules possessing the degrees of polymerization indicated by the measured osmotic molecular weights. Negligible or negative concertration dependences of the inverse scattering intensities coupled with the centrifugation, filtration, and gel permeation chromatography behavior of the samples likewise suggest nonequilibrium aggregation of the pectin molecules in solution. It is shown that the measured mean polymer chain dimensions can be rationalized in terms of the presence of a very small proportion of aggregated material.
Processing and secretion of insulin-related peptides in an insulinoma cell line.

Certain classes of prohormones and other neuroendocrine or endocrine-derived secretory proteins are post-translationally modified in the secretory storage granules. If such molecules were to be biosynthesized to acceptable quantity and yield using endocrine-derived cell lines, it would be important to understand the relationship between the secretory dynamics and the conversion and release of the immature and mature forms of the molecule. We studied aspects of such a relationship using the endocrine-derived cell line βTC-3, which synthesizes murine proinsulin, sequesters it into secretory granules, and converts it into mature insulin. In T-flask experiments with confluent cultures of βTC-3 cells, intracellular and secreted (pro)insulin was sampled before and after episodes of stimulated exocytosis and recharging and quantified by radioimmunoassay and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under conditions of steady-state secretion in glucose-rich growth medium the cells turned over their (pro)insulin inventory (90 ± 5% mature insulin) at 2–3% per hour through secretion of (pro)insulin which was less than 70% mature. During an episode of hyperstimulated exocytosis induced by the combined secretagogues carbachol (1 μM) and isobutylmethylxanthine (1 mM), ∼80% of the intracellular (pro)insulin stores were depleted within 2 h and 84 ± 4% of the secreted (pro)insulin was in the mature form. Following the discharging episode, exocytosis was suppressed to 10% of its steady-state rate with a treatment which attenuated calcium influx (20 μM verapamil with reduced levels of calcium in the medium). Under this condition the secreted protein was only ∼50% converted to mature insulin, but 85 ± 10% of the net (pro)insulin accumulating within the intracellular stores was converted to the mature form. The inverse relationship between rate of secretion and degree of conversion of secreted (pro)insulin is consistent with a previously observed phenomenon of preferential basal secretion from immature secretory granules. This tends to enrich the secreted peptides in immature forms relative to the total intracellular pool. Preferential early secretion can best be overcome by rapid discharging of the long-term and predominantly mature stores. Thus, a cyclic controlled secretion process wherein product is collected during intermittent discharging episodes would provide a better yield of mature product than would steady-state secretion. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng53: 283–289, 1997.
A Functional Proline Switch in Cytochrome P450cam

The two-protein complex between putidaredoxin (Pdx) and cytochrome P450(cam) (CYP101) is the catalytically competent species for camphor hydroxylation by CYP101. We detected a conformational change in CYP101 upon binding of Pdx that reorients bound camphor appropriately for hydroxylation. Experimental evidence shows that binding of Pdx converts a single X-proline amide bond in CYP101 from trans or distorted trans to cis. Mutation of proline 89 to isoleucine yields a mixture of both bound camphor orientations, that seen in Pdx-free and that seen in Pdx-bound CYP101. A mutation in CYP101 that destabilizes the cis conformer of the Ile 88-Pro 89 amide bond results in weaker binding of Pdx. This work provides direct experimental evidence for involvement of X-proline isomerization in enzyme function.
Causes of Phytoplankton Changes in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, During the Zebra Mussel Invasion

ABSTRACT Colonization of the Laurentian Great Lakes by the invasive mussel Dreissena polymorpha was a significant ecological disturbance. The invasion reached Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, in 1991 and initially cleared the waters and lowered algal biomass. However, an unexpected result occurred 3 years after the initial invasion with the return of nuisance summer blooms of cyanobacteria, a problem that had been successfully addressed with the implementation of phosphorus controls in the late 1970s. A multi-class phytoplankton model was developed and tested against field observations and then used to explore the causes of these temporal changes. Model scenarios suggest that changes in the phytoplankton community can be linked to three zebra mussel-mediated effects: (1) removal of particles resulting in clearer water, (2) increased recycle of available phosphorus throughout the summer, and (3) selective rejection of certain Microcystis strains. Light inhibition of certain phytoplankton assemblages and the subseq...
Explant-cell culture of primary mammary tumors from MMTV-c-Myc transgenic mice

Abstract We have established an explant-cell culture system for mammary gland tumors from c-myc oncogene–expressing transgenic mice and potentially other transgenic strains. By coating culture dish surfaces with fetal bovine serum and using culture media supplemented with low serum and growth factors, the mammary tumor specimens could be maintained in culture for over 3 mo. Throughout the culture period, the explants produced abundant outgrowths of epithelial cells. As the outgrowths of epithelial cells filled the dishes, the explants were serially transferred from one dish to another—a process that could be repeated at least six times, thus providing a continuous supply of primary tumor cells. This culture system provides a useful tool for studying the biology of mouse mammary gland tumors and possibly tumors from other organ sites.
Constitutive Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase by a Mutant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor*

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF) variant type III (EGFRvIII) is a constitutively active, naturally occurring mutation of the EGF receptor that is found in many types of human tumors. When overexpressed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, EGFRvIII induces transformation by enhancing cell growth and reducing apoptosis. Analysis of downstream signaling pathways has revealed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity is down-regulated, raising doubt as to the significance of this pathway in promoting transformation. We investigated whether the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway was affected by EGFRvIII. NIH3T3 cells expressing EGFRvIII exhibited a high basal level of JNK activity, which was not present in cells overexpressing the normal EGF receptor. Treatment of cells overexpressing EGFRvIII with inhibitors of the EGF receptor or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase resulted in the down-regulation of JNK activity. Furthermore, the down-regulation of JNK activity was associated with a loss of properties related to transformation, and there was no evidence for JNK activity in the promotion of apoptosis in these cells. These findings implicate constitutive activation of the JNK pathway in transformation by EGFRvIII.