cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geographic Variation in Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Initiation and Completion Among Young Adults in the U.S.

Introduction This study explores how human papillomavirus vaccination initiation and completion among men and women aged 18–34 years varies by geographic region. Methods Data from the 2015–2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were analyzed. Geographic regions for the selected states were defined as South, Northeast, and Midwest/West. Human papillomavirus vaccination initiation was defined as receipt of ≥1 dose, and completion was defined as receipt of ≥3 doses. Weighted, multivariable logistic regression models estimated the association between geographic region and vaccine uptake, adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and healthcare factors. Analyses were performed in November 2019. Results A total of 18,078 adults were included in the study, 80% of whom resided in the South. The overall vaccination initiation rate was 23.4%, and the completion rate was 11.0%. Initiation was higher among those who resided in the Northeast (38.6%), followed by Midwest/West (23.8%), and lowest for those in the South (21.8%) (p Conclusions Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake was low for all regions, but vaccine uptake was significantly lower in the South region. This demonstrates the need to identify barriers specifically associated with the Southern population, which may include differing levels of education and insurance. Such work is especially pertinent because many Southern states face increased risk of human papillomavirus–associated cancers such as cervix and oral cavity and pharynx cancers.
Fixed-size double-resonant nanolaminate plasmonic nanoantennas with wide spectral tunability and high optical cross-sections

Abstract Plasmonic nanoantennas can support localized surface plasmon (LSP) modes to concentrate light at the nanoscale. Although “single-resonant” plasmonic nanoantennas are sufficient for applications based on single-photon processes, “double-resonant” or “multiresonant” plasmonic nanoantennas are more favorable for multiphoton nonlinear processes or wavelength-multiplexing multifunctional operations. Despite significant efforts, current multiresonant plasmonic nanoantennas still face challenges in achieving wide spectral tunability and high excitability for multiple LSP modes under strict geometric size-footprint constraints. Here, we propose and numerically demonstrate that fixed-size nanolaminate plasmonic nanoantennas (NLPNAs) consisting of multiple metal/insulator layers can support two highly excitable LSP modes with electrical dipole (ED) and magnetic dipole (MD) characteristics. Notably, the resonant wavelength of both ED and MD modes are broadly tunable in the near-infrared range between ∼700 nm and ∼1000 nm by controlling the thickness ratio between individual metal and insulator layers without changing the overall size. While the ED mode in NLPNAs can have large scattering cross-sections suitable for applications based on plasmonic emission/scattering processes, the MD mode has large absorption cross-sections desirable for applications based on plasmonic photothermal effects. We further reveal that NLPNAs’ broad double-resonance tunability originates from the out-of-plane geometric dependence of the elementary ED/MD modes in the building blocks and their optical coupling.
(Invited) Advances in Pyrolyzed Polymeric Sulfur Cathodes for Low-Cost Lithium Metal Batteries

Sulfur is a highly desirable cathode material for lithium batteries but its complex reaction mechanisms involving soluble species have limited its cycle life. When sulfur exists as a very short chain or substituted function groups on aromatic rings, the dissolution process appears to be mitigated, leading to a long cycle life. A good example is Sulfurized-poly(acrylonitrile) (SPAN), which is synthesized by pyrolyzing a mixture of PAN and elemental S at 300-500oC. SPAN is essentially a nitrogen doped carbon host for sulfur and has shown exceptional cycling stabilities in common carbonate electrolytes.We have recently launched an intensive effort to advance the Li/SPAN battery technology to an energy density of > 300 Wh/kg. Its exceptional cycle life and low cost will make the technology a promising choice for electric vehicle applications. In this talk, we will review several interrelated efforts to realize this goal: 1) searching for SPAN-like materials with higher S loading and higher capacities by tuning N:C:S ratios with different polymer and sulfur precursors; 2) improving the packing density of SPAN particles in the cathode by controlling particle shape and size using new synthesis approaches. A highlight is a um-sized, platelet-like morphology that greatly increase packing densities; 3) developing a solvent-free homogenous chemical lithiation method for the synthesis of lithium containing SPAN. The lithiated SPAN can greatly reduce the irreversible capacity loss during the first discharge cycle and minimize the volume change associated with the initial lithiation process; and 4) continuing the development of new electrolyte compositions that can further improve the lithium metal anode efficiency without sacrificing SPAN cycle life. These studies hold the promise to enable a practical, low-cost and long-life Li/S battery.
Sleep and Organ Physiology

The physiological effect of sleep on the body’s organ systems is modulated by closed feedback loops. Due to this feedback system, a major disturbance in sleep is highly likely to affect the function and homeostasis of the body as a whole. Similarly, pathological changes in any individual organs may lead to a significant change in sleep structure and organization. This chapter will focus on the effect that sleep and specific organ physiology have on each other, focusing on the physiology of the autonomic nervous system as well as the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, thermoregulatory, and immune systems.
The Romance of Siblinghood in Bombay Cinema

Bombay cinema endows non-sexual relationships, such as friendship and siblinghood, with a passionate intensity that equals that of sexual relationships, thus resisting a complete takeover of the emotional realm by heterosexual coupledom. Choosing sibling, friend or community over a spouse need not be seen only as retrogressive self-sacrifice; it can also be seen as choosing stronger, longer-standing relationships over newer, more flimsy ones. Films such as Naam, Bombai ka Babu and Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham explore the joys and costs of different types of romantic feeling, many of which are not sexual, but are just as powerful.
γδ-T Cells Are Critical for Survival and Early Proinflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression During Murine Klebsiella Pneumonia

Although cells of the innate inflammatory response, such as macrophages and neutrophils, have been extensively studied in the arena of Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia, a role for T cells remains unknown. To study the role of specific T cell populations in bacterial pneumonia, mice deleted of their TCR beta- and/or delta-chain were intratracheally inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Gamma delta T cell knockout mice displayed increased mortality at both early and late time points. In contrast, mice specifically lacking only alpha beta-T cells were no more susceptible than wild-type mice. Pulmonary bacterial clearance in gamma delta-T cell knockout mice was unimpaired. Interestingly, these mice displayed increased peripheral blood dissemination. Rapid up-regulation of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha gene expression, critical during bacterial infections, was markedly impaired in lung and liver tissue from gamma delta-T cell-deficient mice 24 h postinfection. The increased peripheral blood bacterial dissemination correlated with impaired hepatic bacterial clearance following pulmonary infection and increased hepatic injury as measured by plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity. Combined, these data suggest that mice lacking gamma delta-T cells have an impaired ability to resolve disseminated bacterial infections subsequent to the initial pulmonary infection. These data indicate that gamma delta-T cells comprise a critical component of the acute inflammatory response toward extracellular Gram-negative bacterial infections and are vital for the early production of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.
The Familial Union between Caregivers and the Juvenile Justice System.

This research describes an initial exploration of the phenomenon of caregivers' learning of their child's detention, an area of exploration that has little previous attention in the literature. This initial exploration was rooted in a desire to gain an understanding of the caregiver's experience with both their family member (adjudicated juvenile) and the criminal justice system. A qualitative, phenomenological approach was used in this study to gain rich understanding into the lived experiences shared by twelve caregivers of youth being adjudicated in the juvenile justice system. Two overarching themes emerged from the data: 1) the system, with communication, fairness, and substitute parental provider as notable subthemes, and 2) the family, with family strength and relationship to support needs as a notable subtheme. Gaining insight into this critical point of family crisis has implications for intervention frameworks addressing family stability and support for long-term outcomes.
Reference Librarians/Educators: Visions of the Future.

Summary Reference librarian roles are evolving in today's rapidly changing environment. Values that have shaped and guided our profession thus far are discussed, and the rigors of working at a general reference desk are portrayed. Information overload, the demands of the information age, general societal trends, and new technologies are credited with shaping service directions. Strategies for maintaining professional competence and currency are presented, and emerging roles are profiled.
A Communication Infrastructure for a Distributed RDBMS

We present the concept and implementation of a communication infrastructure for a distributed database system referring to the agent-based database query evaluation system AQuES. Within this model we use system components that build a federated multi agent system (MAS). We present those parts of the message transport layer that provide an “easy to handle”, scalable architecture based on the “plug & play” building block principle. Furthermore, we present a generic dialog manager that enables each agent to communicate in multiple concurrent threads of execution. Based on this concept, AQuES agents keep track of a complex evaluation environment in a dynamic, multi-query scenario.
Compulsion and Rural Development in Tanzania

A question of particular concern to leaders of nations is how to promote the changes in individual behaviour which will facilitate, indeed allow, the accomplishment of whatever national objectives the nation's leaders may have established for their people. Any effort aimed at changing the behaviour of citizens is a combination-often not very subtle-of persuasion on the one hand and coercion, or the threat of coercion, on the other. There has been a tendency in scholarly analysis, however, to understress the coercive side of change stimuli. In a recent momumental study of modernization in Asia, Gunnar Myrdal noted the tendency to confuse the absence of compulsion with democracy in the developing areas.
Comparative utilization of warm- and cool-season forages by cattle, sheep and goats.

The quality of different classes of forage hay (C3, C4 grasses and legumes) was determined in intake and digestibility trials with mature cattle, sheep and goats. For all nine hays, DM and NDF digestibility by cattle and goats was higher (P less than .05) than by sheep, with no differences due to forage class. Cattle had a higher (P less than .01) DM intake than sheep or goats averaged across forage (92.6 vs 65.8 and 68.6 g/kg BW.75); hay intake was highest on legume, with no difference between C3 and C4 grasses. Mean NDF intake by cattle was greater than by sheep or goats (58.7 vs 39.6 and 42.6 g/kg BW.75); NDF intake for all animal species decreased in the order C4 grass greater than C3 grass greater than legume. Particle passage rates did not differ (P greater than .05) with forage class but were higher (P less than .02) for sheep and goats than for cattle. Prefeeding ruminal DM fill values, determined by emptying, were 10.6, 15.0 and 19.9 g/kg BW1.0 for alfalfa, orchardgrass and switchgrass hays fed to cattle, and 11.2, 11.3 and 16.5 g/kg BW1.0 for the same hays fed to sheep. Estimated turnover times for DM and NDF were shorter (P less than .05) for sheep than for cattle; DM turnover was longer for switchgrass than for alfalfa and orchardgrass, with no forage differences in NDF turnover between these two animal species. Results show that goats were superior to sheep in NDF digestion.
Laboratory Evaluations of Durability of Southern Pine Pressure Treated With Extractives From Durable Wood Species

Extracts from sawdust of four naturally durable wood species [Alaskan yellow cedar, AYC, Cupressus nootkanansis D. Don 1824; eastern red cedar, ERC, Juniperus virginiana L.; honey mesquite, HM, Prosopis glandulosa Torr.; and black locust, BL, Robinia pseudoacacia L.] were used to treat southern pine, Pt, Pinus taeda L. sapwood blocks. Extractive treated blocks were evaluated for decay resistance in standard soil bottle fungal assays challenged with brown and white rot decay fungi. Results showed that extractives did impart some improvement to decay resistance of Pt blocks. BL- and HM-treated Pt blocks were also used in choice and no-choice assays to determine feeding preference and damage by eastern subterranean termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) Kollar. Minimal feeding on treated blocks was seen in both choice and no-choice assays. In choice assays, there was similar mortality between HM and BL arenas; however, in no-choice assays, complete mortality was recorded for HM-treated Pt and high mortality was seen with BL-treated Pt. Subsequent dose mortality termite assays showed HM to be effective in killing R. flavipes at low concentrations. Both HM and BL show promise as deterrents or termiticidal protectants and will be further evaluated in field studies.
Memories of Santa Fe. Symposium on immunologic memory.

The Keystone Symposium on Immunologic Memory took place between 3 and 8 March 2007, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, and was organized by R.A. Seder, S.L. Swain, R. Ahmed and A. Lanzavecchia. ![][1] A characteristic of the immune system is its ability to remember past encounters with a pathogen and to mount an altered—usually enhanced—response to a subsequent encounter with the same pathogen. This ‘immunological memory’ is the basis of vaccination, and is of considerable interest to both immunologists and vaccinologists. During the past few years, many studies have contributed to our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of immunological memory, and there is a sense of excitement about this rapid rate of progress. It was in this context that the Keystone Symposium on Immunologic Memory took place, with the aim of understanding how T and B cells are programmed to elicit and sustain immunity. Here, I review some of the highlights of this meeting. The meeting opened with a keynote address by P. Doherty (Melbourne, Vic, Australia), who reminded us of the history of vaccination and its relationship to immunological memory. He pointed out that most effective vaccines operate through the production of antibodies; however, many clinically important pathogens evade humoral immunity and are instead controlled by cellular immune responses. Unfortunately, it has proven difficult to produce effective vaccines against these types of pathogens, presumably owing to the difficulties associated with eliciting appropriate cellular immune responses. One way to prime durable cellular immunity is to use live vectors that express a target protein in the context of an infection. In this regard, D. Barouch (Boston, MA, USA) discussed the use of adenovirus vectors and the problem of pre‐existing immunity to them. He described the development of new strains of adenovirus vaccine from rare serotypes that retain immunogenicity, and … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Maxmin lambda allocation for dense wavelength-division-multiplexing networks

We present a heuristic for solving the discrete maximum-minimum (maxmin) rates for dense WDM- (DWDM-) based optical subnetworks. Discrete maxmin allocation is proposed here as the preferred way of assigning wavelengths to the flows found to be suitable for lightpath switching. The discrete maxmin optimality condition is shown to be a unifying principle underlying both the continuous maxmin and discrete maxmin optimality conditions. Among the many discrete maxmin solutions for each assignment problem, lexicographic optimal solutions can be argued to be the best in the true sense of maxmin. However, the problem of finding lexicographic optimal solutions is known to be NP-complete (NP is the class that a nondeterministic Turing machine accepts in polynomial time). The heuristic proposed here is tested against all possible networks such that |Γ + Ω| ≤ 10, where Γ and Ω are the set of links and the set of flows of the network, respectively. From 1,084,112 possible networks, the heuristic produces the exact lexicographic solutions with 99.8% probability. Furthermore, for 0.2% cases in which the solutions are nonoptimal, 99.8% of these solutions are within the minimal possible distance from the true lexicographic optimal solutions.
Re-visioning Cogenerative Dialogues as Feminist Pedagogy|Research

Wir diskutieren in diesem Beitrag, unter welchen Umstanden kogenerative Dialoge ein(e) feministische(s) Padagogik|Forschungsmittel darstellen (konnen) und unter welchen Umstanden dies nicht der Fall ist. Wenn kogenerative Dialoge als feministische Padagogik|Forschung betrachtet werden, dann werden die unbewussten und grundlegenden Strukturen aufgezeigt und diskutiert, die – besonders fur Madchen und Frauen – Ungleichheiten sowohl innerhalb als auch auserhalb des Klassenzimmers erzeugen. Wir stellen Forschern und Forscherinnen ethische Fragen, damit sie uberlegen, wann und wie kogenerative Dialoge zu Ungleichheiten und zum Verstummen von Schulern und Schulerinnen fuhren bzw. wann und wie bestehende Machtunterschiede zwischen Lehrern/Lehrerinnen und Schuler/Schulerinnen verstarkt werden. Schlieslich werden Vorschlage fur die Richtung zukunftiger Forschung angeboten. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0602419
EVIDENCE FOR SPECIES' DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF SERUM γ-GLOBULIN CONCENTRATION ON γ-GLOBULIN CATABOLISM

The fractional rates of catabolism of isotopically labeled mouse, human, bovine, and guinea pig gamma-globulins and human serum albumin were determined in mice and in guinea pigs whose serum gamma-globulin and serum albumin levels were elevated by immunization or by injections of exogenous serum proteins. These serum proteins were also followed in mice with different serum gamma-globulin levels due to different bacterial environments. The fractional rates of catabolism of the labeled gamma-globulins from all species tested were markedly increased in mice with elevated gamma-globulins due to immunization; to injections of human, mouse, guinea pig, or rabbit gamma-globulins; to exposure to supra normal numbers of bacteria in the environment. Injections of bovine gamma-globulin were only partially effective, and injections of human serum albumin had no effect. The gamma-globulin catabolic rates were decreased in mice with subnormal serum gamma-globulin levels (germfree mice). The catabolic rate of human serum albumin was essentially the same in all mice in spite of differences in serum gamma-globulin levels. In contrast, elevation of the serum gamma-globulin levels by injections of exogenous gamma-globulins or by hyperimmunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin produced no change in the fractional catabolic rates of the isotopically labeled gamma-globulins and labeled albumin in guinea pigs. Thus, a feedback mechanism for the control of the serum gamma-globulin concentration appears to be operative in the mouse, but not in the guinea pig. Guinea pigs immunized with antigens in complete Freund's adjuvant or a saline suspension of killed E. coli had an increase in the catabolic rates of all labeled proteins tested including human serum albumin. Evidence is presented that the mechanism of this increase in catabolism is not the same as that seen in mice with elevated serum gamma-globulin levels.
Consolidation and interference in the perceptual memory system

Previous verbal/memory studies have indicated that perceptual processes continue to occur after the stimulus is terminated. The present study investigated whether a blank period after a nonverbal stimulus would function to strengthen or consolidate the sensory trace in memory. A “delayed-comparison task” of recognition memory for pitch was employed in two experiments. The results indicated that a blank interval after the tone to be remembered increased the memory strength of that tone when the tone’s duration was brief (.2 sec). However, an empty interval after a tone with a longer duration (.5 sec) did not affect memory performance. Memory strength also decreased over time during a retroactive interval tone. A storage-interference model described the quantitative results accurately.
Survey of distribution of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, Met-enkephalin, bombesin and PHI in the spinal cord of cat, dog, sloth and monkey.

Abstract Levels of substance P (sP), peptide-histidine-isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin (NT), bombesin (BOM) and methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) like immunoreactivity were measured in cat, dog, primate and sloth cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral dorsal and ventral horns and dorsal root ganglia. The levels of peptides in the cat sacral cord and the principal peaks of immunoreactivity on a 10–60% acetonitrile gradient on a C18 reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were sP (sP1–11: 369 ng/g), PHI (PHI: 271 ng/g), VIP (VIP1–28: 210 ng/g), Met-Enk (Met1–5 and extended forms: 257 ng/g), BOM (BOM1–10 and GRP1–27: 20 ng/g), CCK (CCK-8: 15 ng/g) and NT (NT1–13: 10 ng/g). Consideration of the rostrocaudal levels revealed an approximately even distribution with the exception of VIP and PHI which showed sacral/cervical ratios of 79 and 63. For sP, Met-Enk and BOM dorsal/ventral ratios were > 1 at all spinal levels. For VIP, PHI and CCK these ratios were > 1 only in the sacral cord. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) levels of sP, VIP, PHI were readily measurable in single ganglia and covaried with the respective levels in the dorsal cord. Pooled samples of spinal ganglia and the trigeminal ganglia revealed that the relative levels of peptide immunoreactivity were: sP (25 ng/g); VIP (26 ng/g); PHI (28 ng/g); Met-Enk (6 ng/g); CCK (2 ng/g); NT (1 ng/g); and BOM (1 ng/g).
Specific insulin binding sites in snail (Helix aspersa) ganglia.

1. Insulin binding sites were characterized and quantified in snail (Helix aspersa) ganglia by incubation of tissue sections with125I-porcine insulin, autoradiography with [3H]Ultrofilm, image analysis coupled to computer-assisted microdensitometry, and comparison with125I-standards. Cellular localization was performed in the same sections by emulsion autoradiography. 2. Specific insulin binding sites were demonstrated in discretely localized groups of neurons of the cerebral, pleural, parietal, visceral, and pedal ganglia and in nerves. Scatchard analysis performed with consecutive sections from single animals revealed a single class of high-affinity insulin binding sites (Kd, 0.13 ± 0.01 nM;Bmax, 157 ± 10 fmol/mg protein). 3. Our results suggest that insulin may play a role as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in snail ganglia.
On the Number of Solutions of ∑sj = 1(1/xj) + 1/(x1 · · · xs) = 1

Abstract We discuss what is known about solutions of the equation in the title when s = 7, 8, and 9, and give techniques for finding many new solutions for large s.
Hourly emergency department census: A simple measure of crowding

Study objectives: Although emergency department (ED) crowding is widely believed to be a pervasive problem, the lack of a commonly accepted measure of crowding hinders research on the subject. We propose hourly ED census (census) as a measure of crowding. We measure ED crowding by calculating the census using the patient's ED arrival and departure times and demonstrate that census correlates with ambulance diversion and with patients leaving without being seen (LWBS), 2 adverse outcomes of crowding. Methods: This was a retrospective study of all patients treated in the main ED of an urban teaching hospital in 2002. We developed a computer program to calculate the census for each hour in 2002 using 2 variables from administrative databases—each patient's time of ED arrival and departure. Using logistic regression, we calculated the probability of a patient LWBS as a function of the census when the patient registered. We also used logistic regression to calculate the probability of ambulance diversion as a function of census. Results: Median census varied more than twofold over the course of the day, and the 90th percentile census at a given hour was approximately twice the 10th percentile census. LWBS rates were associated with census. The logit odds ratio was 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04 to 1.06). The LWBS rate ranged from zero at a census of 1% to 7.8% (95% CI 6.5% to 9.2%) at a census of 42 patients (175% of available treatment spaces). Diversion rates were near zero at a census of up to 30 patients (125% of available treatment spaces) and were higher above that. Ambulance diversion was strongly related to census, with an odds ratio of 1.10 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.12). Conclusion: ED crowding varies widely from day to day and from hour to hour. It can be measured by hourly ED census, which can be calculated using administrative data. The hourly census is a predictor of the LWBS rate and of ambulance diversion. Hourly census provides an objective, quantitative measure of crowding that may facilitate further research on the topic.
Endobronchial occlusion with one-way endobronchial valves: A novel technique for persistent air leaks in children

Abstract Purpose In children, persistent air leaks can result from pulmonary infection or barotrauma. Management strategies include surgery, prolonged pleural drainage, ventilator manipulation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We report the use of endobronchial valve placement as an effective minimally invasive intervention for persistent air leaks in children. Methods Children with refractory prolonged air leaks were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team (pediatric surgery, interventional pulmonology, pediatric intensive care, and thoracic surgery) for endobronchial valve placement. Flexible bronchoscopy was performed, and air leak location was isolated with balloon occlusion. Retrievable one-way endobronchial valves were placed. Results Four children (16 months to 16 years) had prolonged air leaks following necrotizing pneumonia (2), lobectomy (1), and pneumatocele (1). Patients had 1–4 valves placed. Average time to air leak resolution was 12 days (range 0–39). Average duration to chest tube removal was 25 days (range 7–39). All four children had complete resolution of air leaks. All were discharged from the hospital. None required additional surgical interventions. Conclusion Endobronchial valve placement for prolonged air leaks owing to a variety of etiologies was effective in these children for treating air leaks, and their use may result in resolution of fistulae and avoidance of the morbidity of pulmonary surgery.
THE NON-INDUCIBILITY OF REPRESSOR FORMATION.

Advantage is taken of the properties of a mutant in which the production of repressor for the Lac operon is temperature-sensitive to show that the formation of this repressor is not appreciably inducible by inducers (IPTG) under conditions in which the rate of β-galactosidase synthesis is increased one-thousandfold.
Identifying indicators of insider threats: Insider IT sabotage

This paper describes results of a study seeking to identify observable events related to insider sabotage. We collected information from actual insider threat cases, created chronological timelines of the incidents, identified key points in each timeline such as when attack planning began, measured the time between key events, and looked for specific observable events or patterns that insiders held in common that may indicate insider sabotage is imminent or likely. Such indicators could be used by security experts to potentially identify malicious activity at or before the time of attack. Our process included critical steps such as identifying the point of damage to the organization as well as any malicious events prior to zero hour that enabled the attack but did not immediately cause harm. We found that nearly 71% of the cases we studied had either no observable malicious action prior to attack, or had one that occurred less than one day prior to attack. Most of the events observed prior to attack were behavioral, not technical, especially those occurring earlier in the case timelines. Of the observed technical events prior to attack, nearly one third involved installation of software onto the victim organizations IT systems.
Coexistence of gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma in a dysgenetic gonad on touch preparation: A case report

Swyer syndrome is known as pure gonadal dysgenesis. Individuals with Swyer syndrome are phenotypically female with unambiguously female genital appearance at birth, and normal Mullerian structures. The condition usually first becomes apparent in adolescence with delayed puberty and amenorrhea due to the fact that the gonads have no hormonal or reproductive potential. These individuals are characterized by 46XY karyotype, primary amenorrhea, tall stature, female external genitalia and normal but hypoestrogenised vagina and cervix. A high incidence of gonadoblastoma and germ cell malignancies has been reported in dysgenetic gonads, and therefore, the current practice is to proceed to a gonadectomy once the diagnosis is made. Herein, we report a case of gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma diagnosed on touch preparation in a dysgenetic gonad of a 16-year-old patient with Swyer syndrome. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:42–44. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural alterations in hamster cheek pouch epithelium in response to a carcinogen.

Abstract Ultrastructural alterations occurring in hamster cheek pouch epithelium as a result of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) applications revealed a marked disturbance in the intercellular relationship of epithelial cells. Widening of the intercellular spaces took place as early as the 2nd day of DMBA applications. Similar changes were observed when a non-carcinogenic irritant (xylene) was applied. It is suggested that such changes may facilitate the penetration of a carcinogen to the stratum germinativum and the underlying connective tissue. The most striking feature observed in the cells obtained from tumour tissue consisted of a peculiar clumping of tonofibrils on the periphery of the cytoplasm, with a concomitant depletion of the tonofibrillar elements from the main portion of the cytoplasm.
Review of Reliability of the Cooling Technologies in the Telecommunications Systems

The present trends in the cooling technologies have marked a significant improvement in the outdoor telecommunications systems and the need of cooling has marked an important requirement for the proper functioning of these cabinets. This aim of this paper is to review all of the articles and to gather the information regarding the different cooling technologies used and their reliability in the outdoor telecommunication systems especially the telecommunication cabinets.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Moment analysis of data on sieving to quantify forage digesta particle size distributions

Abstract Standard techniques for particle size analysis typically assume a lognormal distribution. Assumptions of a lognormal distribution were invalid for mass-size frequency data resulting from wet sieving of rumen digesta paniculate material. An alternative approach used statistical moments to describe these data. Moment analysis was appropriate and did not suffer from the assumption of a lognormal dstribution. Moments provided more definitive evidence of treatment effects for central tendency and dispersion of rumen digesta particle size distributions than procedures based on a lognormal assumption. Skewness and kurtosis could also be evaluated using moments.
Controlling topology and native-like behavior of de novo-designed peptides: design and characterization of antiparallel four-stranded coiled coils.

The de novo design of peptides and proteins has emerged as an attractive approach for investigating protein structure and function. Here, the design, synthesis, and characterization of a new series of α-helical peptides intended to form antiparallel four-stranded coiled coils is described. Computer models were generated without the use of extant protein structures and were used to refine the sequence. The peptides are of the general formula Ncap-(XaZbZcLdZeZfZg)3-Ccap, where X is either Ala, Val, Thr, or Leu, and Ncap and Ccap are sequences designed to satisfy the helices unpaired amide nitrogens and carbonyl oxygens, respectively. The hydrophobic residues (at positions a and d) were chosen so that geometric packing of large and small hydrophobes would favor an antiparallel arrangement. Special attention was also given to residues at the helix−helix interfaces. These residues were chosen to balance potential attractive and repulsive electrostatic forces so that the desired topology was favored while other...
Gut microbiome and the risk factors in central nervous system autoimmunity

Humans are colonized after birth by microbial organisms that form a heterogeneous community, collectively termed microbiota. The genomic pool of this macro-community is named microbiome. The gut microbiota is essential for the complete development of the immune system, representing a binary network in which the microbiota interact with the host providing important immune and physiologic function and conversely the bacteria protect themselves from host immune defense. Alterations in the balance of the gut microbiome due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors can now be associated with detrimental or protective effects in experimental autoimmune diseases. These gut microbiome alterations can unbalance the gastrointestinal immune responses and influence distal effector sites leading to CNS disease including both demyelination and affective disorders. The current range of risk factors for MS includes genetic makeup and environmental elements. Of interest to this review is the consistency between this range of MS risk factors and the gut microbiome. We postulate that the gut microbiome serves as the niche where different MS risk factors merge, thereby influencing the disease process.
Probing Interactions in Fixed and Multilevel Regression: Inferential and Graphical Techniques

Many important research hypotheses concern conditional relations in which the effect of one predictor varies with the value of another. Such relations are commonly evaluated as multiplicative interactions and can be tested in both fixed- and random-effects regression. Often, these interactive effects must be further probed to fully explicate the nature of the conditional relation. The most common method for probing interactions is to test simple slopes at specific levels of the predictors. A more general method is the Johnson-Neyman (J-N) technique. This technique is not widely used, however, because it is currently limited to categorical by continuous interactions in fixed-effects regression and has yet to be extended to the broader class of random-effects regression models. The goal of our article is to generalize the J-N technique to allow for tests of a variety of interactions that arise in both fixed- and random-effects regression. We review existing methods for probing interactions, explicate the analytic expressions needed to expand these tests to a wider set of conditions, and demonstrate the advantages of the J-N technique relative to simple slopes with three empirical examples.
Effects of relative hypoxia and hypercapnia on intracellular pH and membrane potential of cultured carotid body glomus cells

Clusters of glomus cells, isolated from rat carotid bodies, were cultured for up to 2 weeks. Afterwards, we simultaneously measured the intracellular pH (pHi) and membrane potentials (Em) of single cells with pH-sensitive and KCl-filled microelectrodes. In 89 control cells (bathed in saline equilibrated with 50% O2 in N2) pHi was 6.87 +/- 0.014 (SE) and Em -36.3 +/- 0.45 mV. In 42 cells, switching to air (about 20% O2) lowered pHi in 60% of them by as much as 0.14 unit (mean decrease, 0.05). In the remaining cells, pHi increased by as much as 0.18 unit (mean increase, 0.06). Application of 2.5% CO2 in 50% O2 (balance N2) reduced the pHi in 90% of 47 cells by as much as 0.44 unit (mean decrease, 0.14). pHi increased to a maximum of 0.05 unit (mean increase, 0.04) in the others. Either stimulus depolarized or hyperpolarized glomus cells (-5 to 8 mV) in approximately equal proportions. There was a significant and positive correlation between delta Em and delta pHi. This observation confirms the idea that the Em of glomus cell is H(+)-dependent. Results do not agree with the acidic hypothesis for chemoreception.
A convenient method for the synthesis of α-ketoesters from aldehydes

Abstract An efficient two step, two carbon homologation of aldehydes to α-ketoesters is described.
Potential Anticancer Agents VI: 5-Substituted Pyrimidine-6-carboxaldehydes

A series of 5-substituted pyrimidine-6-carboxaldehydes and their derivatives were synthesized and tested for inhibition of growth of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Ehrlich carcinoma. Further studies included inhibition of incorporation of L-phenylalanine-1-14C and formate-14C into proteins, and orotic acid -5-3H, thymidine-2-14C, and formate-14C into nucleic acids of the ascitic tumor cells in vitro. The following compounds were found to be particularly active as inhibitors: 2-mercapto-4-hydroxy-5-(3-phenylpropyl)pyrimidine-6-carboxaldehyde (VIII-2), 2-mercapto-4-hydroxy-5-(4-phenylbenzyl)pyrimidine-6-carboxaldehyde (VIII-3), and 2-mercapto-4-hydroxy-5-(α-naphthylmethyl)pyrimidine-6-carboxaldehyde (Ic). The best compounds of this series are equally as effective as 5-fluorouracil and 2-mercapto-4-hydroxy-5-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyrimidine-6-carboxaldehyde (Ib) in inhibiting formate incorporation into DNA and growth of the ascitic tumor. They are more effective than 5-fluorouracil in inhibiting incorporation of formate and orotic acid into RNA, thymidine into DNA, and phenylalanine into proteins. The active compounds also showed a strong inhibitory activity against respiration of the ascitic tumor. Compounds VIII-2 and VIII-3 also inhibited growth of the Ehrlich carcinoma as a solid tumor after subcutaneous transplantation, but in these tests the drugs were more toxic to the host when injected intraperitoneally since the drugs were not preferentially absorbed by the tumor cells in contrast to the tests versus the ascites form of the carcinoma.
Altered extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis in sponge granulomas of thrombospondin 2-null mice.

The matricellular angiogenesis inhibitor, thrombospondin (TSP) 2, has been shown to be an important modulator of wound healing and the foreign body response. Specifically, TSP2-null mice display improved healing with minimal scarring and form well-vascularized foreign body capsules. In this study we performed subcutaneous implantation of sponges and investigated the resulting angiogenic and fibrogenic responses. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of sponges, excised at 7, 14, and 21 days after implantation, revealed significant differences between TSP2-null and wild-type mice. Most notably, TSP2-null mice exhibited increased angiogenesis and fibrotic encapsulation of the sponge. However, invasion of dense tissue was compromised, even though its overall density was increased. Furthermore, histomorphometry and biochemical assays demonstrated a significant increase in the extracellular distribution of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, but no change in the levels of active transforming growth factor-β1. The alterations in neovascularization, dense tissue invasion, and MMP2 in TSP2-null mice coincided with the deposition of TSP2 in the extracellular matrix of wild-type animals. These observations support the proposed role of TSP2 as a modulator of angiogenesis and matrix remodeling during tissue repair. In addition, they provide in vivo evidence for a newly proposed function of TSP2 as a modulator of extracellular MMP2 levels.
A correction to "Propagation of singularities for the wave equation on manifolds with corners"

We correct an error in the proof of Proposition 7.3 of the author’s paper on the propagation of singularities for the wave equation on manifolds with corners. The correction does not affect the statement of Proposition 7.3, and it does not affect any other part of the paper. There is a mistake in the proof of Proposition 7.3 of [1]; namely, a term was omitted in (7.9) so that the displayed equation after (7.15), as well as its analogues after (7.16), do not hold. The term omitted corresponds to the term |x|2 in (7.8) being differentiated by the term 2Aξ · ∂x in the Hamilton vector field appearing in (6.3). This mistake can be easily remedied as follows. First, after the displayed equation following (7.7) we specify one of the ρj slightly more carefully; namely, we require ρ1 = 1− τ|ζ|y. Note that dρ1 6= 0 at q0 for ζ 6= 0 there. Then |τ−1W ω0| ≤ C ′ 1ω 1/2 0 (ω 1/2 0 + |t− t0|) still holds. The argument of [1] proceeds with a motivational calculation, followed by the precise version of what is needed. We follow this approach here. So first the correct motivational calculation is presented. We still have p|x=0 = τ2 − |ξ|y − |ζ|y. Thus, the equation after (7.9) can be strengthened to τ|ξ|y ≤ C(τ−2|p|+ |x|+ ω 1/2 0 ), This work is partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0801226. c © 2013 Department of Mathematics, Princeton University. All equation and proposition numbers of the form (7.xx) or 7.xx refer to [1].
How Integrative is Attachment Theory? Unpacking the Meaning and Significance of Felt Security

Mikulincer and Shaver argue that attachment theory belongs under the umbrella of positive psychology, and moreover that attachment theory can supply an integrative framework for the positive psycho...
Calcium depletion alters energy transfer and prevents state changes in intact Anacystis.

A time-dependent loss of Photosystem II (PS II) activity seen in Anacystis nidulans grown without Ca2+ was paralleled by a loss in chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence of variable yield which reflects inhibition of ‘Q’ reduction and of state changes. Both inhibitions were fully reversed by the addition of Ca2+ to the growth medium. The lack of state changes in Ca2+-depleted cells was confirmed in 77 K fluorescence difference spectra of light versus dark-adapted cells.
Rational approximations of the integral of the Arrhenius function

Rational approximations have been derived for the integral of the Arrhenius function $$\int\limits_0^T {\exp ( - E/RT)}$$ dT which is important in the kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data. The first degree rational approximation is found to be equivalent to the Gorbachev approximation, i.e., RT2 exp (−E/RT)/(E+2RT). The second degree rational approximation is more accurate than the Zsako empirical approximation when E/RT 5. The third and higher degree rational approximations are found to be more accurate than any other previous approximation.
Ecosystem models and environmental policy

The use of models for guiding environmental policy should be distinguished from their use in imple menting management policies already decided upon. Ecosystem models are of potentially great value for guiding and informing incremental decisions regard ing environmental policy. They are unlikely to be used as a basis for comprehensive restructuring of programs. Their greatest use may lie in identifying points of leverage, where incremental policy changes will have the greatest long-term beneficial impact. For this reason, provision for formal sensitivity analysis is essential in models used to guide envi ronmental policy. Ecological models are more likely to influence policy decisions if they incorporate features which should be a part of any good model but which are often skimped: adequate documentation, reasonableness of prediction, explanation of limits and probable range of error, flexibility to deal with unanticipated problems, and effective presenta tion and display.
Comment on ‘Processing and microstructure of single grain uranium-doped Y–Ba–Cu–O superconductor’

We comment on the paper by N Hari Babu et al (2002 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 15 104–10) and point out misinterpretations of the chemical composition of U-bearing deposits observed in Y123. The observed small deposits are those of new compounds which do not contain Cu, rather than refined Y211 plus U, as stated by the authors. We further note that extensive literature, not quoted, is in disagreement by nearly an order of magnitude concerning the values of Pt and U doping at which the optimum value of Jc is obtained. Other related information, presently in the literature, which may be helpful to those working with this high temperature superconducting chemical system, is presented.
The Positive Ray Analysis of Nitric Oxide and Collisions of the Second Kind

Using an apparatus previously described, in which ions formed by impact of electrons of definite energy are analyzed by Dempster's positive ray method, the relative numbers of the ions N${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ were measured over a large range of pressures and electron energies. The percentages of ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ increased gradually with increase in pressure from approximately 4 and 1.5 percent at zero (extrapolated) pressure to 9 and 3 percent, respectively, at 0.01 mm. Evidence is thus given that impact electrons of sufficient energy can ionize the molecules forming N${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ ions some of which spontaneously dissociate forming ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$, and others of which are disrupted on collision with gas molecules into the atomic ions. The ionization potentials for the formation of N${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ were found to be 9, 21 and 22 volts, respectively. The second, together with the ionization potential of the oxygen atom, gives 7.5 volts (175,000 cal. per mol) for the heat of dissociation of nitric oxide.
A Comparison of Objective Characteristics and User Perception of Web Sites

ABSTRACTThe study reported in this paper employed a combination of web-based content analysis and web-assisted personal interviews to identify key characteristics of Web sites and how consumers perceive them. The extent of site characteristics found via the content analysis showed no major differences among the three designated computer manufacturers’ Web sites. On the other hand, the user perception of these site characteristics, obtained through in-depth interviews, provided a different outcome. Discussion on the incongruence between objective Web site characteristics and subjective perception is provided. Theoretical and methodological concerns and suggestions for future research are also addressed.