cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological evidence of multiple temporal and spatial scales of hydrological variation in the western interior of Canada

Abstract Biological records of past variations in moisture balance are available from a number of sites in the western interior of Canada. Such evidence includes fossil pollen, plant macrofossils, peatland records, paleolimnological indices, and tree rings. From these records, a temporal and spatial hierarchy of changes in moisture balance can be recognized. At the largest temporal and spatial scales there is a late Holocene increase in moisture that is apparent in fossil pollen and peatland initiation records from throughout the western interior. This increase in moisture likely reflects decreasing summer insolation and associated changes in atmospheric circulation. At the subregional scale, asynchronous changes in moisture balance that persist for centuries to millennia can be recognized in a number of fossil pollen and paleolimnological records. The explanation for such changes remains speculative. At the smallest scale, annually resolved tree-ring records and instrumental climate data indicate that annual to multi-year droughts of varying severity and geographic extent have been a regular feature of the western interior climate. Such variations in central North America have been attributed to changes in North Pacific sea surface temperatures, solar-magnetic cycles and lunar nodal tidal cycles. Some of the pre-20th century droughts appear to have been more severe and more extensive than any recorded in the instrumental record.
The role of atypical bacteria in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objective This study examines the presence of atypical bacteria in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) by utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Study design and setting Eleven patients with CRS were prospectively enrolled. DNA was isolated from the mucosa samples and subjected to PCR using oligonucleotides specific for identification of atypical bacteria including: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila. Also, routine aerobic and anerobic cultures were processed. Sinus tissue samples from 6 fresh corpses without evident sinus disease served as controls. Results No atypical bacteria were identified in the 11 patient samples by PCR. One of 6 cadaver controls was positive by PCR for M pneumoniae. The most common organism obtained from routine culture was coagulase negative staphylococci. Conclusion Using sensitive PCR techniques, CRS mucosa did not reveal DNA from M pneumoniae, C pneumoniae, or L pneumophila. Significance Atypical bacteria were not identified in patients with CRS despite highly effective PCR methods and they may not play a significant role in the cause of CRS.
1-13C amino acid selective labeling in a 2H15N background for NMR studies of large proteins.

Isotope labeling by residue type (LBRT) has long been an important tool for resonance assignments at the limit where other approaches, such as triple-resonance experiments or NOESY methods do not succeed in yielding complete assignments. While LBRT has become less important for small proteins it can be the method of last resort for completing assignments of the most challenging protein systems. Here we present an approach where LBRT is achieved by adding protonated 14N amino acids that are 13C labeled at the carbonyl position to a medium for uniform deuteration and 15N labeling. This has three important benefits over conventional 15N LBRT in a deuterated back ground: (1) selective TROSY-HNCO cross peaks can be observed with high sensitivity for amino-acid pairs connected by the labeling, and the amide proton of the residue following the 13C labeled amino acid is very sharp since its alpha position is deuterated, (2) the 13C label at the carbonyl position is less prone to scrambling than the 15N at the α-amino position, and (3) the peaks for the 1-13C labeled amino acids can be identified easily from the large intensity reduction in the 1H-15N TROSY-HSQC spectrum for some residues that do not significantly scramble nitrogens, such as alanine and tyrosine. This approach is cost effective and has been successfully applied to proteins larger than 40 kDa.
Growth hormone secretion in Alzheimer's disease: 24-hour profile of basal levels and response to stimulation and suppression studies.

Abstract The 24-h growth hormone secretory pattern and GH response to growth hormone releasing hormone, the α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist clonidine and the somatostatin-analogue SMS 201–995 were evaluated in 9 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 9 age- and body mass-matched control subjects. The secretory profile did not differentiate between patients and controls. Both secreted the largest amount of GH during the early nighthours between 22.00-02.00, whereas the majority of daytime GH levels were below the assay's detection limit (0.4 ng/ml). No difference was found in GH response to GHRH between patients and controls. All subjects showed significantly enhanced GH secretion after GHRH. Dividing the patients into two groups according to age-of-onset ( ), there was a trend toward larger GH responses to GHRH for the early-onset group. No other parameter differentiated the groups. GH levels after clonidine were blunted in all subjects but one AD patient, probably due to an age-dependent attenuation frequently observed in subjects over 45 years of age. Finally, the administration of the somatostatin-analogue did not render conclusive results, since spontaneous decline of GH concentration was already beginning 2 hours before the drug was given and continued steadily throughout the observation period. In conclusion, patients with only mild to moderate degree of Alzheimer's disease have no prominent changes in GH regulation.
A Disposable Isolation Chamber System for Use in Avian Disease Research

Abstract Isolation chambers are considered essential for the study of methods of transmission of diseases among chickens. Drury et al. (1969) described an isolation system consisting of metal cabinets similar to the Horsfall-Bauer units, suitable for positive or negative pressure operation. Prince et al. (1967) described a plywood cabinet system used for isolating infectious bronchitis virus. While this system was used for some of the earlier experiments on the transmission of Marek’s disease, it had the disadvantage of providing an inadequate number of cabinets which were too large for the number of birds housed. The cabinets were difficult to clean which caused delays between experiments. It became necessary to develop a simple inexpensive isolation chamber which could be discarded after a single occupancy and yet provide a barrier against the transmission of Marek’s disease. The chambers were to house 5 to 10 chicks to four weeks of age. They were to…
More Power from Below

Geothermal heat provides sustainable energy for electricity generation and heating applications. Worldwide use of geothermal energy has increased steadily over the past few decades ( 1 , 2 ), and exploration and development are ongoing at unprecedented levels in Iceland, New Zealand, East Africa, Germany, Chile, and Australia. Today, 24 countries generate electricity from geothermal energy and 78 countries use geothermal energy for direct uses. Yet, geothermal sources still represent less than one percent of global energy production. The accessibility of geothermal resources depends on temperature and depth (see the figure). What are the limitations of geothermal energy extraction, and can the use of this resource be increased?
Big Questions Emerging from a Century of Rangeland Science and Management

“This special issue commemorates the centennial of the Jornada Experimental Range. …We use the Jornada centennial as an opportunity to reflect on the history of rangeland science and how it prepares us to answer the big questions of our time. We asked 56 researchers from seven countries to discuss a set of questions conveyed in the titles and main themes of the papers in this special issue…”
Chlorophyllum molybdites--severe mushroom poisoning in a child

The case of a 6-year-old female who developed hypovolemic shock from mushroom poisoning is discussed. The mushroom ingested, Chlorophyllum molybdites, is considered to be a benign gastrointestinal irritant. This case emphasizes that the gastrointestinal irritant mushrooms can produce severe toxicity and that pediatric patients have a limited capacity for fluid loss before becoming hypovolemic.
TWELVE HOURS OF FETAL EXPOSURE TO ANTENATAL STEROIDS (AS) INCREASES FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC) IN PRETERM INFANTS. † 969

Optimal pulmonary response to AS (two 12 mg doses of betamethasone [BMZ]) is expected to occur with dosing 24 hours prior to delivery and delivery within 7 days. Recent animal data showed an improvement in lung function after a 15 hour exposure to BMZ (Am J Obstet Gyn 1996;174:1408 -13). We have demonstrated that AS given at least 24 hours before but within 7 days of delivery significantly increases FRC and passive compliance (Crs) in treated vs. controlled infants (Pediatr Res 1995;37:224). We hypothesized fetal exposure to AS for <24 hours would improve FRC and Crs. To evaluate the effect of partial AS therapy on lung function, we measured FRC and Crs in 10 infants 25-34 weeks gestation (mean BW=1106g; GA=29.3 wks; 80% female; 80% Caucasian [Cau]) exposed to AS for a minimum of 6 hours, but less than 24 hours. 10 matched infants who received no AS (mean BW=1310g; GA=29.4 wks; 60% female; 90% Cau) served as our controls and 10 matched infants who received a full course of AS (mean BW=1309g; GA=29.8 wks; 70% female, 90% Cau) were our comparison group. FRC was meaasured with the nitrogen washout technique within 24 hours of age and prior to surfactant therapy, if needed. A minimum of 2 measurements were done with the neonate supine and quiet. Only consistent tracings started at end expiration and without evidence of a leak were accepted. A study was acceptable if the coefficient of variation was <10%. Crs was measured using a single breath occlusion (SensorMedics 2600). Values are mean ± SEM. Table
Dominant Effects of the Diet on the Microbiome and the Local and Systemic Immune Response in Mice

Outside the nutrition community the effects of diet on immune-mediated diseases and experimental outcomes have not been appreciated. Investigators that study immune-mediated diseases and/or the microbiome have overlooked the potential of diet to impact disease phenotype. We aimed to determine the effects of diet on the bacterial microbiota and immune-mediated diseases. Three different laboratory diets were fed to wild-type mice for 2 weeks and resulted in three distinct susceptibilities to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Examination of the fecal microbiota demonstrated a diet-mediated effect on the bacteria found there. Broad-spectrum antibiotics disturbed the gut microbiome and partially eliminated the diet-mediated changes in DSS susceptibility. Dietary changes 2 days after DSS treatment were protective and suggested that the diet-mediated effect occurred quickly. There were no diet-mediated effects on DSS susceptibility in germ-free mice. In addition, the diet-mediated effects were evident in a gastrointestinal infection model (Citrobacter rodentium) and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Taken together, our study demonstrates a dominant effect of diet on immune-mediated diseases that act rapidly by changing the microbiota. These findings highlight the potential of using dietary manipulation to control the microbiome and prevent/treat immune-mediated disease.
Proper homothetic maps and fixed points

Let f be a proper homothetic map of the pseudo-Riemannian manifold M and assume f has a fixed point p. If all of the eigenvalues of either f*p or f-1*p have absolute values less than unity, then M is topologically Rn and M has a flat metric. This yields three characterizations of Minkowski spacetime. In general, a homothetic map of a complete pseudo-Riemannian manifold need not have fixed points. Furthermore, an example shows the existence of a proper homothetic map with a fixed point does not imply M is flat. The scalar curvature vanishes at a fixed point, but some of the sectional curvatures may be nonzero.
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Interactions in Skeletal Muscle: Isoleucine and L-Alloisoleucine

Parenteral administration of a mixture of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) solutions is known to alter plasma levels of the BCAA (ILE, LEU, VAL), their corresponding alpha-ketoacids (KMV, KIC, KIV) and L-alloisoleucine (ALLO), a stereoisomer of ILE. Although variously formulated mixtures of BCAA are administered, the metabolic implications of individual BCAA interactions have been only partially elucidated. Using the incubated, isolated, and intact rat epitrochlearis muscle, we measured the effect of graded increases (0.05, 0.10, 0.5, and 1.0 mM) in media concentrations of a single BCAA or ALLO on (1) the rate of decarboxylation of the other BCAA, and (2) the release of branched chain ketoacids from muscle. A graded increase of media ILE concentration to 1.0 mM changed the decarboxylation of LEU by -28%, and the release of KIC by +23%, but VAL decarboxylation increased by +25%, and the release of KIV declined by -56%. A graded increase of media LEU to 1.0 mM increased ILE decarboxylation by +146%, and its corresponding ketoacid (KMV) by +61%. However, VAL decarboxylation changed by only +25% and KIV release declined by -65%. A graded increase in media VAL to 1.0 mM accelerated ILE decarboxylation by +37%, but KMV release was unchanged. Similarly, LEU decarboxylation fell by -26%, and the release of KIC by only +6%. ALLO 0.025 mM increased ILE release by +55% but had an inconsistent effect on ILE decarboxylation and did not alter protein synthesis or degradation (estimated by phenylalanine incorporation and tyrosine release, respectively). Increasing ILE did not affect ALLO release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Localization of the calcium-binding protein secretagogin in cone bipolar cells of the mammalian retina

Secretagogin, a recently cloned member of the EF-hand family of calcium binding proteins, was localized in the mouse, rat, and rabbit retina using immunofluorescence immunohistochemistry. Secretagogin is expressed in subpopulations of ON and OFF cone bipolar cells; however, no immunoreactivity was observed in rod bipolar cells in any of these species. Using subtype-specific markers and mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) within specific cell classes, we found that secretagogin is expressed in Types 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and possibly Type 8 cone bipolar cells in the mouse retina. The expression pattern in the rat retina differs slightly with expression in cone bipolar cell Types 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Evaluation of secretagogin in the developing mouse retina revealed expression as early as postnatal day 6, with OFF cone bipolar cells showing secretagogin expression prior to the ON cone bipolar cells. Secretagogin is a useful marker of cone bipolar cells for studying alterations in bipolar cell morphology during development and degeneration. Further work will be necessary to elucidate the functional role of this protein in bipolar cells.
Properdin factor B (Bf) distribution in North and Central American populations

A study of properdin factor B (Bf) in 22 North and Central American populations demonstrated gene clusters delineating Old World Caucasian, New World and Black Ancestoral groups. Result of gene frequencies were comparable to data in the literature of European Caucasian and African Blacks. New World indigeneous population were clearly separated from other racial groups with hybrid population clustering in between the major genetic contributions.
Electromagnetic field analysis and calculation of the resonance characteristics of the loop-gap resonator

The electromagnetic field configuration of the loop-gap resonator is analyzed, and expressions for field distributions are derived. The method involves solving Maxwell's equations for the boundary conditions and matching the internal magnetic fields of the resonator to the evanescent fringing fields by a numerical fitting method. The expressions derived from this analysis are used in the derivation of equations for the resonant frequency and the quality factor of the resonator. The computed results are in good agreement with the measured values for resonant frequency and quality factors. >
Rebuttal to "Response to 'critique of two recent theories of heterojunction lineups'"

Recent arguments by Nussbaum against an earlier critique of the Adams-Nussbaum (AN) heterojunction lineup theory are refuted.
Applications and validations of the Minnesota density functionals

Abstract We discuss and review selected recent applications and validations of the Minnesota density functionals, especially the M06 family, emphasizing nanochemistry, organic, inorganic, and biological chemistry, and catalysis and highlighting the broad accuracy of these functionals as compared to previous popular functionals for thermochemistry, kinetics, and noncovalent interactions.
Influence of the crystalline electric field on the Kondo resistivity of CexLa1−xPd3 ternaries

Abstract The electrical resistivities of the cubic Ce x La 1− x Pd 3 ternary alloys have been measured from 2° to 300° K. The alloys were found to consist of single phases except in the region 0·3 x
Reflection and transmission of plane waves at an interface between two fluids

The propagation, reflection, and transmission of a plane wave through a column of two fluids with a material discontinuity is studied by three methods: a mixed finite element formulation with both pressure and velocity at a point taken as independent variables, and a scaled and an un-scaled acoustic pressure formulation in which only the pressure at a point is taken as an independent variable. It is found that when mass densities of two fluids are close to each other, the un-scaled acoustic pressure formulation gives reasonable results. However, when the speeds of sound in two fluids are close to each other but their mass densities are quite different, and for cases where the first fluid has high impedance relative to that of the second fluid, a mixed or scaled pressure formulation is necessary. Without the mixed or scaled pressure formulation, the continuity conditions at the interface between two fluids are not well satisfied for the un-scaled pressure formulation. The consideration of viscosity of the two fluids and using a dispersion correction method in the time integration scheme in the mixed formulation slightly improves results. � 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Network neutrality in Europe

During the last years network neutrality has become an important regulatory policy issue in Europe and the United States. The 2009 EU telecom reform was in the center of attempts by content providers to introduce net neutrality regulations. However, these efforts were not fruitful as minimalist approach for tackling a wide range of issues related to network neutrality prevailed in the final version of telecom package. This outcome is result of interaction of interests, ideas, institutions and uncertainty which created unfriendly environment for potential network neutrality legislation. As a result perceived interests of network operators prevailed over the interests of content providers in this new emerged regulatory regime.
The independence of practical ethics.

After criticizing three common conceptions of therelationship between practical ethics and ethical theory, analternative modeled on Aristotle's conception of the relationshipbetween rhetoric and philosophical ethics is explored. Thisaccount is unique in that it neither denigrates the project ofsearching for an adequate comprehensive ethical theory norsubordinates practical ethics to that project. Because the purpose of practical ethics, on this view, is tosecure the cooperation of other persons in a way that respectstheir status as free and equal, it seeks to influence thejudgments of others by providing them with reasons that areaccessible to their own understanding. On this account, theindependence of practical ethics is rooted in an appreciation ofthe constraints that non-ideal circumstances place on the rolethat the philosophically refined premises of moral theory canplay in such public deliberations. Practical and philosophicalethics are united, not by shared theoretical frameworks orprinciples, but by the need to exercise intelligently the sameintellectual and affective capacities. They are separated, notby the particularity or generality of their starting points, butby their responsiveness to the practical problem of facilitatingsound normative deliberations among persons as we find them,under non-ideal circumstances.
Somatostatin inhibition of glucose-induced electrical activity in cultured rat islet cells.

Electrophysiological studies of rat islet cells in monolayer culture were undertaken to determine the role of transmembranous ionic fluxes in the inhibitory action of somatostatin on insulin release. In the presence of somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF) (2.5 nM), hyperpolarization occured with or without glucose (16.6 mM) in the medium. SRIF also inhibited the incidence of glucose-induced spike activity. The inhibitory action of SRIF occurred within 5 min and was readily reversible. An increase in extracellular K+ (5–13 mM) or Ca2+ (2.3–4.6 mM) prevented SRIF inhibition of glucose-induced electrical activity. The secretory response of cultured islets to glucose (16.6 mM) was completely inhibited by SRIF (2.5 nM). The presence of high [Ca2+]0 or [K+]0, enhanced insulin release in the presence of SRIF and glucose. Although phentolamine (5.0 μg/ml) did not block the inhibition of glucose-induced electrical responses by SRIF, it prevented the inhibitory action of epinephrine (0.2 μg/ml). It is concluded that the primary action of SRIF is to alter transmembranous cationic fluxes, as manifested by hyperpolarization and a decrease in the incidence of spike activity, which may prevent glucose from eliciting a normal secretory response. insulin secretion; epinephrine; alpha-adrenergic blockade; stimulus-secretion coupling Submitted on February 14, 1977
The functional relationship between amount learned and frequency vs. rate vs. total time of exposure of verbal materials

Summary An experiment was performed to determine the influence of total time, frequency, and rate of exposure on amount learned. The S s were presented with an eight-item paired-associate list. The stimulus and response were presented simultaneously for various total times, rates, and frequencies. The S s were then given 15 test trials when the stimulus was presented alone. The measure of learning was the number correct on the test trials. The results indicate that amount learned is a function of all three variables. Amount learned increases smoothly with total time of exposure, but for frequency of exposure the function rises sharply between 1 and 5 trials, with little change between 5 and 20. For the materials and method used in the present study a presentation rate between 2 and 4 sec seems optimal. In addition, the results show a significant, but slight, negatively accelerated relationship between number correct on a test trial and the number of preceding test trials, i.e., the S s' performance improved from the first test trial to the last.
Events and sightings

Scientists of the late 18th century did not have an obvious way to test a machine to see if it was actually mimicking human thought. In some ways, the Chess-Playing Turk was accepted as a thinking machine because it acted like a machine. The division of labor was the first step in designing a machine to do a complex task. The machine designer would have to analyze the task, identify individual actions, and build mechanisms that could perform each action in order. The game of chess had an important role in early computers. By 1951, Alan Turing had created hits Turing test for comparing human intelligence with machines actions and new computer scientists were beginning to devise ways of programming machines to play chess.
The bio-optical state of ocean waters and remote sensing 1

The diffilse attenuation cocfficicnt for irradiance, KT, is a physical measure of the bio-optical state of ocean waters. From an analysis of irradiance, KT, and pigment concentration, the specific attenuation due to chlorophyll-like pigments is found to bc 0.016 +- 0.003 Irn-’ (mg pigment m-“)-‘I. The bio-optical state of ocean waters can be remotely sensed by spacecraft sensors. KT is readily measured at sea and is highly correlated with and dependent on the chlorophyll-like pigment concentration, C K. This pigment concentration and KT provide a measure of the fraction of radiant energy attenuated by phytoplankton. This fraction, in turn, is closely related to the production equations formulated by Bannister and can be directly incorporated into a general theory of phytoplankton dynamics. CK may also be used as an index of primary prodlrctivity. The determination of the bio-optical state of ocean waters by surface vessel provides direct information concerning the productivity of these waters; to the extent that the bio-optical state can be determined by satellite, it may be possible to examinc important paramctcrs of the marine ecosystem rapidly and repeatedly. The rcmotc sensing from spacecraft of the upwelling spectral radiant energy from the ocean’s surface makes it possihlc to determine marine pigment conccntrations due to phytoplankton. This, in turn, suggests the potential for obtaining rapid worldwide assessments of primary productivity over time scales required to link this productivity to commercially important fisheries. Continuous worldwide data on ocean productivity would assist synoptic ecological studies of ocean regions of special interest, provide othcrwise unattainable data for the dynamic modcling of phytoplankton, and allow for the continuous monitoring of variations in productivity. If these expectations for remote sensing are to bc fully realized, technical methods for detecting and analyzing the upwelling radiant energy must bc perfected and relationships between ocean optical properties and the biological parameters affecting thcsc optical properties must bc quantitatively investigated. Possible techniques for detecting
PSYCHOLOGICAL REFRACTORY PHASE

A reaction-time experiment was performed in which S was presented with two lights and two hand-keys. A flash of left light served as a stimulus to press left key with left hand; right light to press right key with right hand. Trials were given in which both lights flashed; interval between flashes being randomly selected from nine possible values ranging from 0 to 600 msec, various intervals occurring with equal probability. If s1 and s2 are prior and subsequent of a pair of stimuli calling forth responses r1 and r2, respectively, it was found: (a) that presenting s2 during s1-s2 interval has no systematic effect on this interval; (6) that s2-r2 interval varies markedly as a function of s1-s2 interval, with s2-r2, longest for short s1-s2.
Preventing another financial crisis: the critical role of consumer protection laws

This paper explains in summary form how the weakening of consumer credit laws in the United States contributed to the financial crisis and argues that strong consumer laws are essential to economic stability. The paper discusses how changes in the residential mortgage laws in the United States led to excessive holdings in toxic assets held by Wall Street investment bankers. When the assets lost value, Wall Street firms lost hundreds of millions in highly leveraged holdings, sending the world economy into economic recession.
Crystal structures of N-tert-butyl-3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-oxo-4-[2-(tri-fluoro-meth-oxy)phen-yl]-2,5-di-hydro-furan-2-carboxamide and 4-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-cyclo-hexyl-5-oxo-3-[4-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)phen-yl]-2,5-di-hydro-furan-2-carboxamide.

The title compounds, C22H19F4NO4, (I), and C25H22F3NO5, (II), each contain a central nearly planar di­hydro­furan­one ring. The r.m.s. deviation from planarity of these rings is 0.015 A in (I) and 0.027 A in (II). The mol­ecules are T-shaped, with the major conformational difference being the O—C—C—O torsion angle [−178.9 (1) in (I) and 37.7 (2)° in (II)]. In the crystal of (I), mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [001] while in (II) mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [010]. In (II), the tri­fluoro­methyl substituent is disordered over two sets of sites, with refined occupancies of 0.751 (3) and 0.249 (3).
Bayesian methods for the quantification of uncertainties in syngas chemistry models

Syngas chemistry modeling is an integral step toward the development of safe and efficient syngas combustors. Although substantial effort has been undertaken to improve the modeling of syngas combustion, models nevertheless fail in regimes important to gas turbine combustors, such as low temperature and high pressure. In order to investigate the capabilities of syngas models, a Bayesian framework for the quantification of uncertainties has been used. This framework, given a set of experimental data, allows for the calibration of model parameters, determination of uncertainty in those parameters, propagation of that uncertainty into simulations, as well as determination of model plausibility from a set of candidate syngas models. Three recently developed or updated syngas combustion models have been calibrated to a set of high pressure experimental laminar flame speeds. The form of the prior distributions, used as the initial estimates for the syngas model parameter distributions, is shown to have significant effect upon the parameter calibration when chosen poorly. Consequently, great care must be taken when involving prior knowledge when setting the prior distributions. After calibration the resulting uncertainty in the parameters is propagated forward into the simulation of laminar flame speeds. The resulting uncertainty in the flame speed calculations is used to identify whether the model is capturing all relevant physics for the pertinent experimental conditions.
DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY-WARNING SYSTEM OF COAL WASTE PILES SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION

The early-warning system of coal waste piles spontaneous combustion studied in this paper was composed of data collection system,wireless data transmission system and monitoring early-warning system.It could forecast the direction of coal waste piles spontaneous combustion and estimate its location,according as the characteristic of temperature field by online monitoring of coal waste piles temperature.This system was practical,advanced,simply applied and convenient for maintenance,and that it had a high application value.
Pharyngoesophageal (Zenker’s) Diverticulum

The Mayo Clinic surgeons have the largest experience in the world in dealing with pharyngoesophageal diverticulum. This experience has now grown to 888 patients treated between the years 1944 and 1978. In that period, their approach has undergone changes. The reasons behind these changes and their results are discussed.
Effect on breathing of abruptly loading and unloading the canine left heart.

Cardiopulmonary bypass and pulmonary vein ligation were used to isolate left hearts of anesthetized open-chest dogs. After external gas exchange, blood was returned at constant flow (approximately 120 ml.min-1.kg-1) directly to the aorta or indirectly through the left heart ("left heart loading"). Loading caused breathing frequency (f) to increase approximately 5 breaths/min (approximately 20%), whereas systemic arterial pressure (Psa) fell approximately 15%. Because Psa was pulsatile during loading, we demonstrated separately the effect of pulsatile pressure and found it to lower mean Psa without changing f. Cooling cervical vagi to 7 degrees C eliminated the f response to loading and slightly decreased the Psa response. Loading was compared with graded distension of the fibrillating ventricle and beating atrium, which also increased f. As measured by an abdominal pneumograph, depth of breathing decreased significantly (approximately 4%) during left heart loading but did not change significantly on distension of the fibrillating heart. I conclude that left heart loading may induce tachypnea and a slightly reduced tidal volume by a vagal reflex most likely originating from the left heart.
Political Unions and the Final Campaign: Agitation, the May Days and Victory, January—June 1832

Go on with your Unions. Be orderly and prudent, and you will baffle your enemies . . . Not only men of character and men of property . . . will join your proceedings, but those in office and authority will soon recognize and sanction them, and lend their aid . . . It is the duty of those who are in authority to move with the people; to unite with the people in one common good . . .
In the end, there can be only one … cord blood unit.

In this issue of Blood , [Lamers et al][1][1][2] used elegant methods to dissect how CD4+ T cells may contribute to the determination of the long-term predominant unit and the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect after double umbilical cord blood transplantation (dUCBT). The dUCBT platform was
Studying Policy Impacts

Chapter 2 introduced a discourse exemplar that was a central methodological tool developed as part of this study for framing data. This chapter aims to explain the study’s research design. The conceptualisation of the study and researcher stance (methodology) is first explained in light of wider conceptions of both critical discourse analysis and CDA. The method followed is then elucidated, including an overview of the broad approach, the data sources and collection methods, the data analysis steps and the format for reporting. Finally, ethical considerations are detailed. Justifications of key research design choices are provided as relevant throughout the chapter.
Case Finding Using Syndromic Surveillance Data During an Outbreak of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O26 Infections, Oregon, 2015.

Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes an estimated 265 000 infections in the United States annually. Of emerging non-O157:H7 STEC serotypes, O26 is the most commonly recognized. Duri...
Fistula First Initiative: Historical Impact on Vascular Access Practice Patterns and Influence on Future Vascular Access Care

The vascular access is the lifeline for the hemodialysis patient. In the United States, the Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative (FFBI) has been influential in improving use of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) in prevalent hemodialysis patients. Currently, prevalent AVF rates are near the goal of 66% set forth by the original FFBI. However, central venous catheter (CVC) rates remain very high in the United States in patients initiating hemodialysis, nearly exceeding 80%. A new direction of the of the FFBI has focused on strategies to reduce CVC use, and subsequently the FFBI has now been renamed the "Fistula First-Catheter Last Initiative". However, an AVF may not be the best vascular access in all hemodialysis patients, and arteriovenous grafts (AVG) and CVCs may be appropriate and the best access for a subset of hemodialysis patients. Unfortunately, there still remains very little emphasis within vascular access initiatives and guidelines directed towards evaluation of the individual patient context, specifically patients with poor long-term prognoses and short life expectancies, patients with multiple comorbidities, patients who are more likely to die than reach end stage renal disease (ESRD), and patients of elderly age with impaired physical and cognitive function. Given the complexity of medical and social issues in advanced CKD and ESRD patients, planning, selection, and placement of the most appropriate vascular access are ideally managed within a multidisciplinary setting and requires consideration of several factors including national vascular access guidelines. Thus, the evolution of the FFBI should underscore the need for multidisciplinary health teams with a major emphasis placed on "the right access for the right patient" and improving the patient's overall quality of life.
Nanoscale zinc silicate from phytoliths

Abstract We report a faster, less expensive method of producing zinc silicate nanoparticles. Such particles are used in high volume to make phosphors and anti-corrosion coatings. The approach makes use of phytoliths (plant rocks), which are microscopic, amorphous, and largely silicate particles embedded in plants, that lend themselves to being easily broken down into nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of Zn 2 SiO 4 were produced in a two stage process. In the refinement stage, plant residue, mixed with an appropriate amount of ZnO, was heated in an argon atmosphere to a temperature exceeding 1400 °C for four to six hours and then heated in air at 650 °C to remove excess carbon. TEM shows 50–100 nm nanoparticles. Raman scattering indicates that only the -Zn 2 SiO 4 crystalline phase was present. X-ray analysis indicated pure rhombohedral R 3 ¯ phase results from using rice/wheat husks. Both samples luminesced predominantly at 523 nm when illuminated with X-rays or UV laser light.
Biotechnological advances in biosilicification.

quantities of silica are produced by a diverse group of eukaryotes. Remarkably, this production of biosilica occurs under ambient conditions while at the same time obeying physical and chemical laws to build exquisite nanoscale architectures that in many cases cannot be reproduced in vitro. Because these organisms are able to sequester and condense siliconbased monomeric compounds into patterned morphologies unparalleled in complexity compared to anthropogenic materials, understanding the molecular mechanisms and the proteins that mediate these syntheses has come to center stage.
Reluctance to express emotion explains relation between cognitive distortions and social competence in anxious children.

Guided by social information processing and affective social competence models, the focal objective of this research was to examine the relations among anxious children's cognitive distortions, social skill competence, and reluctance to express emotion. In addition, we explored whether children's attention control played any meaningful role. Using a sample of 111 anxious children (Mage = 9.63, SD = 0.73; 75.7% girls; 56% Hispanic/Latino), we found that cognitive distortions were negatively related to social competence. In addition, tests of moderated mediation showed that the negative association between cognitive distortions and social skill competence was indirect via reluctance to express emotion, but this only was the case for anxious children with high attention control and for distortions in the academic domain. The findings of this study may set the stage for new ways to conceptualize the role of higher attention control among anxious youth. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Cognitive errors are prevalent in anxious youth Anxious children show socio-emotion deficits What does this study add? Cognitive errors are related to socio-emotion deficits in anxious youth Relations depend on attention control.
Captius i renegats al segle XVII: Mallorquins captius entre musulmans. Renegats davant la Inquisició de Mallorca, by Onofre Vaquer i Bennàssar

This is the most recent book by Majorcan historian Onofre Vaquer Bennasar, who has published numerous works on the social and commercial history of the late medieval and early modern Balearic Islan...
Computing IDDQ Tests

In this chapter direct methods to compute I DDQ tests are discussed. The advantage of using direct methods are: the resulting test set is smaller; the fault coverage is better; and undetectable faults can be identified. In addition to fault coverage, fault efficiency is another measure used to specify the quality of test sets. Fault efficiency is the percentage of all target faults that are either detected by the test set or proved to be undetectable by the direct method.
Spontaneous Giant Laryngeal Granuloma in the Absence of Laryngeal Injury

The etiology of laryngeal granuloma can typically be attributed to endotracheal intubation, vocal abuse, or gastroesophageal reflux disease. There is a strong male predominance, except in cases due to intubation, where incidence is higher in women. We report a case of spontaneous development of multiple granulomas in a female with no history of intubation who presented with hoarseness and massive bilateral supraglottic masses obscuring her glottis. The disparity between the massive lesions and asymptomatic reflux highlights the need for further research in the pathophysiology of laryngeal granulomas.
Non-Peptidic Cell-Penetrating Motifs for Mitochondrion-Specific Cargo Delivery.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to a variety of human illnesses, but selective delivery of therapeutics into the mitochondrion has been challenging. We report herein a family of amphipathic cell-penetrating motifs (CPMs) consisting of four guanidinium groups and one or two aromatic hydrophobic groups (e.g., naphthalene) assembled through a central scaffold (e.g., a benzene ring). The CPMs and CPM-cargo conjugates efficiently enter the interior of cultured mammalian cells and are specifically localized into the mitochondrial matrix, as revealed by high-resolution confocal microscopy. With a membrane-impermeable peptide as cargo, the CPMs exhibited ≥170-fold higher delivery efficiency than previously reported mitochondrial delivery vehicles. Conjugation of a small-molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 to a CPM resulted in accumulation of the inhibitor inside the mitochondrial matrix and greatly enhanced its anticancer activity. The CPMs showed minimal effect on the viability or the mitochondrial membrane potential of mammalian cells.
Safeguarding against bad luck when attempting to discredit a state-trace model

Abstract A state-trace model for a natural phenomenon proposes that there is a causal “bottleneck” that makes the joint causal effects of two independent variables look like the effect of a single independent variable. Imagine that a state-trace model has been formulated, but the model seems implausible and we wish to find empirical evidence that it is wrong. How can we do that? Given reasonable monotonicity assumptions, a state-trace model is wrong if a point on one state trace is delta-discordant with a point on another state trace. [We say that two points ( x , y ) and ( x ′ , y ′ ) in the plane are delta-discordant if Δ x = x ′ − x and Δ y = y ′ − y are nonzero and have opposite signs.] So, to show the model wrong, we need to find a pair of delta-discordant points lying on different state traces. One method for finding two such points is to observe multiple points on each of two state traces with the hope that, among those points, there will be a delta-discordant pair. But this approach can have bad luck and fail to find delta-discordant pairs even though they exist. A new approach to “locating” a delta-discordant pair of points, an approach that is much less dependent on luck, is formulated in this paper. In addition, the paper describes a statistical test for evaluating whether the “located” points are really delta-discordant.
ASSOCIATION OF LOW MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW RESERVE ON LONG-TERM SURVIVAL DOES NOT VARY BY PATIENT SEX, REGARDLESS OF PRE-TEST CLINICAL RISK OR POST-TEST REVASCULARIZATION

Small studies have shown discordant findings regarding the association between sex, coronary vasomotor dysfunction (measured by myocardial blood flow reserve, MBFR), and adverse cardiac events (MACE), with some suggesting that low MFR was only associated with higher risk of MACE in women. To verify
Survey of Provisions for Gifted Children in Illinois: A Summary Paper:

In order to ascertain the nature and extent of services being offered to gifted students and to improve planning for more effective utilization of state resources, the Gifted Programs Section of th...
Random Walks and Concurrent Zero-Knowledge

The established bounds on the round-complexity of (black-box) concurrent zero-knowledge (\(\mathrm {c}\mathcal {ZK}\)) consider adversarial verifiers with complete control over the scheduling of messages of different sessions. Consequently, such bounds only represent a worst case study of concurrent schedules, forcing \(\widetilde{\varOmega }(\log n)\) rounds for all protocol sessions. What happens in “average” cases against random schedules? Must all sessions still suffer large number of rounds?
Early Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most deadly form of stroke with a 40% mortality rate and bleak functional outcomes. 1 There is currently no effective treatment of the condition, but preliminary trials focusing on endoscopic minimally invasive evacuation have suggested a potential benefit. 2 , 3 , 4 The “SCUBA” technique (Stereotactic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Underwater Blood Aspiration) builds on prior strategies by permitting effective clot removal with visualization and cauterization of active arterial bleeding. 5 , 6 , 7 The patient was a male in his ’50s who presented with left-sided numbness after loss of consciousness and was found to have a right basal ganglia 5 mL ICH with a spot sign on computed tomography angiography CTA ( Video 1 ). The hematoma then expanded to 28 mL and his examination worsened significantly for a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 15, a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14, and an ICH score of 1. Approximately 8 hours after the patient was last known to be well, he was taken to the angiography suite for a diagnostic cerebral angiogram and right frontal minimally invasive endoscopic ICH evacuation with the Artemis system. The hematoma was evacuated using the stereotactic ICH underwater blood aspiration technique. After significant debulking of the clot, suction strength was decreased to 25% and irrigation was maintained on high. Sites of active bleeding were cauterized with the endoscopic bipolar cautery. The patient improved neurologically and was discharged from the hospital neurologically intact on postbleed day 4 with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 0.
Semiorthogonal decomposition of $\mathrm{D}^b(\mathrm{Bun}_2^L)$

We study the derived category of coherent sheaves on various versions of moduli space of vector bundles on curves by the Borel-Weil-Bott theory for loop groups and $\Theta$-stratification, and construct a semiorthogonal decomposition with blocks given by symmetric powers of the curve.
A new challenge to conceptual engineering

This article examines a new challenge for the feasibility of conceptual engineering: ‘the attractor challenge’. I argue that the prospects of reforming some concepts are poor because of their psych...
Comparative analyses of sanitizing solutions on microbial reduction and quality of leafy greens

Abstract Improved postharvest sanitizing methods are needed to reduce foodborne disease outbreaks from leafy greens. The efficacy of different sanitizing solutions on microbial reduction and quality of leafy greens were evaluated. Lettuce leaves were inoculated with Escherichia coli or Listeria monocytogenes as model foodborne pathogens. The inoculated lettuce samples were treated with acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), sodium hypochlorite (SH), peracetic acid (PAA), or water using soaking and spraying techniques. For quality analysis, lettuce leaves were washed with water or sanitizing solutions and stored at 4 °C for 15 days. The soaking technique showed higher microbial reduction than the spraying techniques. The maximum microbial reduction for E. coli (3.94 log CFU/g) and L. monocytogenes (3.58 log CFU/g) was obtained by 5 min soaking of lettuce leaves in PAA, followed by ASC, SH, and water, respectively. A decrease in L* (dark/light) and an increase in a* (green/red) values were observed throughout 15 days of storage. The PAA and ASC caused less browning than the SH. In conclusion, PAA could be a better alternative to chlorine solutions for postharvest sanitization of fresh produce.