cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The demography of difference: shifting trends of racial diversity and interracial marriage 1960–1990

Abstract Does a greater degree of racial diversity lead to greater interracial contact over time for all racial groups? The two prevailing theoretical models of interracial contact, assimilation and racial stratification, purport two opposing relationships between diversity and interracial contact. Using an index of racial diversity and Schoen’s [Modeling Multigroup Populations, Plenum Press, New York, 1988] Z index of intermarriage, we explore national, regional, and state-specific levels of racial diversity and White–non-White interracial marriage in 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990 using Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) census data, for four racial groups, to describe overall levels of interracial contact vis-a-vis opportunities for interracial contact. We find that increasing contact does not always coincide with increasing marriage. Blacks, and to a far greater degree, American Indians show increases in intermarriage within a context of greater racial diversity. Asians and Hispanic trends are far more variable. In support of the racial stratification model that places the social construction of race as primarily determining the possibilities of contact, we interpret these trends in light of the ways that race structures interactions over time.
Corridor Length and Patch Colonization by a Butterfly Junonia coenia

Habitat corridors have been proposed to reduce patch isolation and increase population persistence in fragmented landscapes. This study tested whether patch colonization was increased by the presence and various length corridors. The specific butterfly species tested has been shown to use corridors, however, the results indicate that neither the distance between patches or the presence of a corridor influenced colonization.
Politics, Policy, and Pollution: Global Environmental Change and Radical Environmental Politics

“What shall we do and how shall we live?” Tolstoy's famous question has dogged theorists, citizens, and politicians alike for many generations. Only in the last generation, however, has this questi...
Correlations amongst process parameters in metal cutting and their use for establishing the optimum cutting speed

Abstract An investigation of the nature of the inherent variation of the tool life over a wide range of cutting speed for a turning process is presented. The objective of this work is to establish basic relationships amongst the process parameters in metal cutting in order to achieve better understanding of the process and, based on these relationships, to provide the guidelines for choosing the optimum (by the criterion of maximum area of the machined surface) cutting speed. The correlation amongst the cutting parameters is considered separately within each of four characteristic cutting-speed regions. The effect of watermix and oil-based cutting fluids on the cutting process is discussed.
Proton release upon oxidation of tyrosine in reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Markedly different light-induced protonational changes were measured in two reaction center mutants of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. A quadruple mutant containing alterations, at residues L131, M160, M197, and M210, that elevate the midpoint potential of the bacteriochlorophyll dimer was compared to the YM mutant, which contains these alterations plus a tyrosine at M164 serving as a secondary electron donor [Kalman et al., Nature 402 (1999) 696]. In the quadruple mutant, a proton uptake of 0.1–0.3 H+/reaction center between pH 6 and 10 resulted from formation of the oxidized bacteriochlorophyll donor and reduced primary quinone. In the YM mutant, a maximal proton release of −0.5 H+/reaction center at pH 8 was attributed to formation of the tyrosyl radical and modeled using electrostatic and direct proton-releasing mechanisms.
Body Structure Perception in Infancy

Structural cues, such as the relative size and arrangement of parts, are key aspects of adults' representation of human bodies, and they are used to derive significant social information such as age, sex, and attractiveness. Prior studies have not clearly addressed young infants' sensitivity to these body characteristics. In the current experiments, 3.5-month-olds exhibited a preference between images of intact bodies versus those with parts in wrong locations. Infants also discriminated between intact bodies and those with distorted part proportions. In both cases, infants discriminated when images were presented upright but not when they were inverted. These results indicate that infants are sensitive to the arrangement and size of human body parts at least by 3.5 months of age. Thus, contrary to some prior reports, body representation early in life is developed enough to include structural information.
The invasive dark falsemussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae): a literature review

This paper reviews literature from the Americas and Europe on the dark falsemussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad in J Acad Nat Sci Phila 6(2):256–268, 1831), including data collected in its native habitat in the Americas that appear as incidental information in published reports. Mytilopsis leucophaeata is a poorly studied dreissenid bivalve that is native to mainly oligohaline–mesohaline regions of estuaries in North America. In its native habitat, it usually occurs in very low numbers and has rarely been mentioned in field survey reports. However, occasionally in its native habitat and often in habitats where it has been introduced (as in Europe and Brazil), it may undergo population irruptions for no clear reason. This review describes habitat characteristics, environmental tolerances, and biological and ecological attributes of the species. The assembled information reveals the species to be euryhaline and eurythermal, with an unexplained ability to persist in its native estuaries even though it is relatively short-lived and usually uncommon.
Ferriprotoporphyrin IX, phospholipids, and the antimalarial actions of quinoline drugs

Two subclasses of quinoline antimalarial drugs are used clinically. Both act on the endolysosomal system of malaria parasites, but in different ways. Treatment with 4-aminoquinoline drugs, such as chloroquine, causes morphologic changes and hemoglobin accumulation in endocytic vesicles. Treatment with quinoline-4-methanol drugs, such as quinine and mefloquine, also causes morphologic changes, but does not cause hemoglobin accumulation. In addition, chloroquine causes undimerized ferriprotoporphyrin IX (ferric heme) to accumulate whereas quinine and mefloquine do not. On the contrary, treatment with quinine or mefloquine prevents and reverses chloroquine-induced accumulation of hemoglobin and undimerized ferriprotoporphyrin IX. This difference is of particular interest since there is convincing evidence that undimerized ferriprotoporphyrin IX in malaria parasites would interact with and serve as a target for chloroquine. According to the ferriprotoporphyrin IX interaction hypothesis, chloroquine would bind to undimerized ferriprotoporphyrin IX, delay its detoxification, cause it to accumulate, and allow it to exert its intrinsic biological toxicities. The ferriprotoporphyrin IX interaction hypothesis appears to explain the antimalarial action of chloroquine, but a drug target in addition to ferriprotoporphyrin IX is suggested by the antimalarial actions of quinine and mefloquine. This article summarizes current knowledge of the role of ferriprotoporphyrin IX in the antimalarial actions of quinoline drugs and evaluates the currently available evidence in support of phospholipids as a second target for quinine, mefloquine and, possibly, the chloroquine-ferriprotoporphyrin IX complex.
Pseudospin approach for planar ferromagnets

Abstract A pseudospin approach is developed for the study of quantum spin systems. The method is based on generalized coherent states in the symmetric representations of the unitary algebra U(2s+1), where s is the total spin at each site, and on the associated Holstein-Primakoff theory. A systematic 1/n expansion is derived which enables one to study magnets with weak as well as strong single-site anisotropies. While the method applies to a variety of quantum spin systems in arbitrary lattice dimensions, particular emphasis is placed here on the spin-1 planar ferromagnetic chain observed in CsNiF3. The 1/n expansion for that system yields a twofold spectrum of elementary excitations, the usual magnon and a collective mode. It is also found that a sharp crossover transition occurs for intermediate couplings in analogy with the Gross-Witten third-order transition in the large-n limit of simple gauge models.
Numerical analysis of piloted ignition of polymeric materials

A numerical model is developed to analyze piloted ignition of polymeric materials exposed to an external radiant heat flux in a convective oxidizer flow. The model considers the coupled thermo-chemical processes that take place both in the condensed and gas phases. Condensed phase processes include oxidative and thermal pyrolysis, phase change, and in-depth radiation absorption. Heat and mass transport in the gas phase are described by the reactive boundary layer conservation equations. Ignition is determined by the onset of thermal runaway in the gas phase. PMMA is used as the testing material, and ignition delay are predicted and compared with experimental data for different external heat fluxes and flow velocities. The numerical model is used to explore the ignition controlling mechanism and the critical conditions at ignition under various external heat fluxes and different airflow velocities. It is also used to provide an ignition criterion that could simplify the theoretical description of the ignition process. It is found that for a given flow velocity the pyrolysate mass flux at ignition on the sample surface is independent of the external heat flux, whereas the sample surface temperature at ignition varies with the external heat flux. Therefore, if the oxidizer flow velocity is a fixed parameter, it is possible to adopt a critical pyrolysate mass flux as an accurate ignition criterion. The use of this criterion allows the use of a simplified model to predict piloted ignition that solely considers the condensed phase.
Application of neural networks to AVHRR cloud segmentation

The application of neural networks to cloud screening of AVHRR data over the ocean is investigated. Two approaches are considered, interactive cloud screening and automated cloud screening. In interactive cloud screening a neural network is trained on a set of data points which are interactively selected from the image to be screened. Because the data variability is limited within a single image, a very simple neural network topology is sufficient to generate an effective cloud screen. Consequently, network training is very quick and only a few training samples are required. In automated cloud screening, where a general network is designed to handle all images, the data variability can be significant and the resulting neural network topology is more complex. The latitudinal, seasonal and spatial dependence of cloud screening large AVHRR data sets is studied using an extensive data set spanning 7 years. A neural network and associated feature set are designed to cloud screen this data set. The sensitivity of the thermal infrared bands to high atmospheric water vapor concentration was found to limit the accuracy of cloud screening methods which rely solely on data from these channels. These limitations are removed when the visible channel data is used in combination with the thermal infrared data. A post processing algorithm is developed to improve the cloud screening results of the network in the presence of high atmospheric water vapor concentration. Post processing also is effective in identifying pixels contaminated by subpixel clouds and/or amplifier hysteresis effects at cloud-ocean boundaries. The neural network, when combined with the post processing algorithm, produces accurate cloud screens for the large, regionally distributed AVHRR data set. >
Boron-nitrogen compounds: CXX. Complexes of B-triethylboroxin with ethylenediamine and derivatives thereof

Abstract B-Triethylboroxin forms colorless 1 1 molar complexes of the type (C2H5BO)3·L with L = ethylenediamine (1) and various derivatives of the latter, i.e., N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (2), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (3, piperazine (4), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (5), diethylenetriamine (6), and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (7). The cited boroxin also forms 2 1 molar complexes, 2(C2H5BO)3·L, with L = ethylenediamine (8) and those derivatives of the latter which may be considered as symmetrical species, i.e., N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (9), piperazine (10), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (11), and diethylenetriamine (12). NMR spectroscopic data suggest that the complexes are fluxional in solution at room temperature with a single nitrogen coordinating to the three boron atoms of a given boroxin ring and where, in solution, the 1 1 molar complexes of symmetrical amines appear to exchange their donor sites. There seem to be no principal differences in the complexing of (RBO)3 with R = C2H5 or C6H5. Two species of the unusual composition 3(RBO)3·2H2NCH2NH2 were also identified.
Impact of CD 34 Cell Dose and Conditioning Regimens on Donor T-Cell and Myeloid Chimerism After an Alemtuzumab-Based in-Vivo T-Cell Depleted Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant (SCT)

evaluated the impact of different GM cut-off levels in serum and BAL on mortality. Kaplan Meier curves were used to estimate survival, and Cox proportional hazardsmodels were used to evaluate univariate and adjusted hazards ratios for 180 day all-cause mortality associated with different serum and BAL GM index cutoff values. Results: A diagnosis of probable IPA was made by a positive serumGMindex ( 0.5) alone in32patients andapositiveBAL GM index ( 0.5) alone in47patients. In 21patients, the serum andBALGMindiceswerebothpositive.Overallmortality in all patients was 52% at 180 days. Patients with a positive serum GM index at the time of IPA diagnosis had an increased mortality (60.4%; n 1⁄4 53) compared to patients with a negative serum GM index (42.6%; n 1⁄4 47). In contrast, a positive BAL GM index had no effect on mortality (Figure 1A,B). In addition, the magnitude of the serum GM index was associated with enhanced mortality. When compared to a serum GM index of 0.5, increasing values of serum GM were associated with an increased HR of 180 day mortality (serum GM 1: HR 1⁄4 2.18 (1.15-4.15); serum GM 1.5: HR 1⁄4 2.97 (1.53-5.81); serumGM 2: HR1⁄4 3.68 (1.63-8.30)). This result was confirmed in a multivariate analysis that adjusted for acute GVHD, sex, underlying hematologic disease severity, and elevated creatinine. No association was seen with increasing magnitudes of BAL GM indices. Conclusions: This study shows an increased HR for mortality with increasing cutoffs of serum GM indices, with no corresponding increase in HR with increasing BAL GM indices. We propose that the initial serum GM index value at the time of IPA diagnosis represents both an important prognostic indicator and a valuable covariate in future analyses on outcomes in HCT recipients.
Pyridine, 2‐(Ethenyldimethylsilyl)‐

[321155-39-9] C9H13NSi (MW 163.29) InChI = 1S/C9H13NSi/c1-4-11(2,3)9-7-5-6-8-10-9/h4-8H,1H2,2-3H3 InChIKey = UAMVROIJEVLNFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (used as a removable directing group in nucleophilic reactions, Heck coupling reactions, and other similar reactions; also used as a nongaseous ethylene equivalent in the Pauson–Khand reaction) Alternate Names: dimethyl(2-pyridyl)vinylsilane, 2-(dimethylvinylsilyl)pyridine. Physical Data: d: 0.916 gmL−1 at 25 °C, η: 1.504, bp: 65 °C at 27 hPa. Solubility: soluble in common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: commercially available as a colorless liquid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store at 2–8 °C. Use under fume hood with proper PPE.
Grid Connection and Power Conditioning of Wind Farms

Wind power penetrations are increasing worldwide, and with these increasing penetrations come increasing worries about their impact on power systems operations. Wind interconnection studies are a very important step for maintaining grid reliability, stability, and power quality. The behavior of a wind plant during dynamic events is an important consideration in that it can impact the rest of the system, potentially compounding contingency event impacts with a suboptimal response. The response of a wind turbine to such an event is strongly influenced by the generator type, and each turbine type has different requirements in terms of low voltage ride through, reactive power requirements, and frequency control. Additional measures may also be taken to protect the generator in the case of an event, while still providing necessary services to the grid. Keywords: grid interconnection; wind farm; wind turbines; wind power; frequency control
Hemolysis, Fish Mortality, and LC-ESI-MS of Cultured Crude and Fractionated Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum)

Erythrocyte lysis and fish mortality assays, in combination with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis, were investigated tor bloassay-guided fractionation of cultured golden alga (Prymnesaum parvum). Intracellular constituents from isolated cell pellets and extracellular supernatant growth medium were fractionated by a variety of common separation modes, including reversed phase and normal phase solid phase extraction step fractionation procedures. For reversed phase fractionation of extracellular growth medium, one fraction was obtained that displayed hemolytic activity and adversely affected fish survival. Effective dose concentrations for this sample were similar in both assays and the LC-ESI-MS analysis of the fraction showed a number of mass spectral signals which were distinct to this fraction. Fractions obtained from separation of an ethanol extract of the lyophilized cell pellet provided one sample that was highly hemolytic, but not toxic to fish. Discrepancies such as this, along with notable fish behavioral responses from other nonhemolytic cell pellet fractions, problems with the use of unbonded silica gel for fractionation, and misleading mass spectral signatures are interesting in the context of our current understanding of P. parvum toxicity and remain to be investigated further. This work provides an account of ongoing research aimed toward comprehensive elucidation of toxic constituents produced by golden alga for the purpose of providing a better understanding and means to potentially remediate the ecological impact of this harmful bloom organism.
The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection. Part II : Modulating influences and implications for diabatic heating

Abstract The temporal variability of western Pacific warm pool convection, especially its vertical structure, is examined in this study. Distributions of convective echo top heights and 30-dBZ contour heights have been produced from shipboard radar data collected during Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Elevation and suppression of convective heights was primarily influenced by the phase of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), with heights being suppressed during convectively inactive and westerly wind burst (WWB) phases of the ISO. Echo top heights were greatest during the convective phases and post-WWB phases of the ISO. However, at least some very deep convection was always present within the area observed by radar, indicating that local conditions were favorable for deep convection, even when the large-scale environment was not capable of supporting widespread deep convection. In addition to the ISO, echo top and 30-dBZ contour heights were als...
MULTIDIMENSIONAL TRANSONIC SHOCKS AND FREE BOUNDARY PROBLEMS FOR NONLINEAR EQUATIONS OF MIXED TYPE

We are concerned with the existence and stability of multidimensional transonic shocks for the Euler equations for steady potential compressible fluids. The Euler equations, consisting of the conservation law of mass and the Bernoulli law for the velocity, can be written as the following second-order nonlinear equation of mixed elliptic-hyperbolic type for the velocity potential φ : Ω ⊂ R → R: (1.1) div (ρ(|Dφ|)Dφ) = 0, where the density function ρ(q) is
Teleoperator servoloop tuning using an expert system

The development of an expert system for optimizing the controls tuning of a gear and shaft force-reflecting servomanipulator is discussed. Remote maintenance techniques have produced hot-cell manipulators that do not require hands-on-repair. However, these manipulators are difficult to tune owing to the conflicting priorities of maximizing operator sensation of force reflection and minimizing operator fatigue in combination with the complex nonlinear control algorithms and cross-coupled motions. Owing to the heuristic nature of this tuning problem and the emphasis on human perception of performance, an expert system has been developed as an alternative to algorithmic optimization of gains. >
Random Responding as a Threat to the Validity of Effect Size Estimates in Correlational Research.

Random responding to psychological inventories is a long-standing concern among clinical practitioners and researchers interested in interpreting idiographic data, but it is typically viewed as having only a minor impact on the statistical inferences drawn from nomothetic data. This article explores the impact of random responding on the size and direction of correlations observed between multi-item inventory scores. Random responses to individual items result in nonrandomly distributed inventory-level scores. Therefore, even low base rates of random responding can significantly affect the statistical inferences made from inventory-level data. Study 1 uses simulations to show that even low base rates of random responding can significantly affect observed correlations, especially when the inventories in question assess low or high base rate phenomena. Study 2 uses archival data to illustrate the moderating effect of random responding on observed correlations in two samples.
Transfusion of donor buffy coat cells in the treatment of persistent or recurrent malignancy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

BACKGROUND: Patients who experience relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation have a poor prognosis. However, preclinical and clinical data have strongly suggested the existence of an immune- mediated anti-tumor effect of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This effect, termed graft-versus-leukemia, may be harnessed purposefully in patients with posttransplant relapses by the administration of immune cells obtained by leukapheresis of the original bone marrow donor. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with persistent or recurrent hematologic malignancy after HLA-matched sibling-donor allogeneic bone marrow transplantation were treated with transfusion of buffy coat cells collected from the original bone marrow donors. Mononuclear cell dose ranged from 1.18 to 4.28 × 10(8) per kg. Alpha-interferon (1.5-3 × 10(6) U/m2 3-5x/week) was given to seven patients. Patients were observed for the development of graft-versus- host disease and disease response. RESULTS: Three of five patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia had complete remissions. One of five patients with active acute leukemia attained complete remission. A sixth acute leukemia patient treated with buffy coat transfusion after the induction of remission with chemotherapy relapsed 12 months later. One patient with myeloma had a complete but transient response. A patient with Hodgkin's disease did not respond. Four patients remain in remission 4, 16, 17, and 29 months after attaining complete remission. Graft-versus-host disease occurred in eight patients, including all of those with a complete response. One patient developed transient pancytopenia. CONCLUSION: The transfusion of donor buffy coat cells has significant anti-tumor activity in patients with relapsed hematologic malignancy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This effect is strongly associated with graft-versus-host disease.
Synthesis and Characterization of Thiolate‐Oxo Ligated Zinc Alkyl Derivatives for Production of Zn‐Based Nanoparticles (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 7/2009)

The cover picture shows two novel single-source precursors {(μ4-3MPA)[Zn(Et)(py)]4}∞ (top left) and (2MPO)Zn(Et)py (bottom right) used for the production of Zn(OxSy) nanomoaterials. The processing conditions, such as solution precipitation or solvothermal, led to the first solution route that successfully yielded Zn0 nanowires or a mixed phase of ZnS and ZnO nanorods. Details are discussed in the article by T. J. Boyle et al. on p. 855 ff.
Fever, famine, and war: William Osler as an infectious diseases specialist.

In 1896 William Osler addressed the American Medical Association on "The study of the Fevers of the the South", a lecture in which he showed his keen appreciation for the history, pathology, epidemiology, and management of infectious diseases. Osler can be claimed as an infectious diseases specialist not only because infections were the most common causes of death during his time but also because his perspectives and personal qualities typify the discipline as it has evolved during the twentieth century. Ten such desiderata are reviewed. A century later Osler's conclusion remains true for this specialty: "Fever in its varied forms is still with ... but it is of almost equal importance to know that the way has been opened, and that the united efforts of many workers in many lands are day by day disarming this great enemy of the race".
A Brief Review of Krill Oil History, Research, and the Commercial Market

In the last few years there has been a noticeable increase in both the promotion and research of krill oil for its purported health benefits, including the management and treatment of conditions, such as hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and arthritis. Additionally, because krill oil contains the same omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found in fish and fish oil, krill oil is viewed as a viable alternative to fish oil to deliver the health benefits associated with EPA and DHA. The following review provides an overview of the currently available 10 peer-reviewed human clinical studies on krill oil, its safety, as well as a brief summary of the commercial krill oil market.
The acquisition of verbal morphology by Chinese learners of Hungarian

This article is the first variationist analysis of speakers of an analytic language acquiring an agglutinative language: we investigate the acquisition of the rich Hungarian verbal morphological system by adult Chinese immigrants to Budapest. Multivariate analyses of data extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with nine untutored Chinese learners of Hungarian suggest that the acquisition of verbal morphology is systematic. Factors that have been identified as significant in studies of the acquisition of other languages, such as frequency, perceptual salience, morphophonological regularity, and semantic complexity, all play a significant role in the acquisition of Hungarian as a second language. The marking of definiteness or indefiniteness of the object on the verb, a rare aspect of verbal morphology, also has a significant effect. Chinese learners are more likely to mark definite than indefinite forms of the verb, despite the fact that these forms express largely redundant functions and that indefinites are more frequent. Hence, our data allow for an analysis of relative weights of factors affecting acquisition and address the issue of the relative weight of frequency over other factors.
Outcome-Based Management of Retinopathy of Prematurity

Abstract Purpose: A system is presented for sequentially computing the risk of progression of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) for infants born weighing not more than 1250 gm. A personal computer program is used to monitor infants' risk of threshold ROP from first appearance of ROP, and the progression in severity is tracked with multiple logistic risk models developed from data in the Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapyfor Retinopathy of Prematurity. Methods: After entry of the infant's birth weight, gestational age, ethnicity, birth in the current hospital or elsewhere, single or multiple birth, and maturity zone of retinal vessels, risk of progression to threshold severity is calculated. New estimates of risk are computed at onset of ROP and prethreshold ROP (any zone I ROP, zone II stage 2+ or 3) according to the extent of retinal vascularization when ROP first appears, how rapidly ROP progresses, and how severe it is. When threshold ROP (8 total or 5 contiguous clock hours of stage 3+ in zone I or II) is reached,the system provides separate estimates of risk that the eye will have an unfavorable 3-month outcome if treated or not. Results: Estimates of risk of progression to threshold disease among the 4099 patients in the Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity natural history study varied from less than 1% to more than 70%. For eyes with threshold disease, the risk of an unfavorable outcome at 3 months without treatment varied from less than 10% to more than 90%. Conclusion: This method of tracking identifies infants at high riskforsevere ROP and poor structural outcome. It provides information about prognosis with a specificity heretofore impossible.
The Socialist Reorganization of French Local Government—Another Jacobin Reform?

The problem addressed is whether or not the Socialist reorganization under President Mitterrand of French local government constituted a Jacobin reform. The passage of the loi Defferre (the law on ...
Trends in carbon flux to seabirds in the Peruvian upwelling system: effects of wind and fisheries on population regulation

We hypothesized that change in the annual population size of guano-producing seabirds (cormorant, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii; booby, Sula variegata; pelican, Pelecanus thagus) is a response to changes in primary and secondary production of the Peruvian upwelling system. We tested this hypothesis by modeling nitrate input through upwelling to the upper layers of the ocean off Peru between 6° and 14°S using data on wind stress and sea surface temperature. The model predicted the amount of carbon fixed by primary production each year from 1925 to 2000, which was then apportioned to the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens) biomass and ultimately to the seabird population and the anchovy fishery, the largest single-species fishery on Earth. The model predicted a marked increase in primary production as a consequence of increasing wind stress. It overestimated the anchovy biomass after the collapse of the fishery in 1972, but closely predicted the growth of seabird populations from 1925 to the mid-1960s, and their decline thereafter, explaining about 94% of the variation in seabird numbers from 1925 to 2000. The model indicates the seabirds consumed 14.4% of the available anchovies and, thus, that seabirds consumed 2.3% of the new production, before the development of the anchovy fishery, and only 2.2% of the available anchovies and 0.3% of the new production after the development of the fishery. The model results clarify the roles that environmental and anthropogenic factors may have had in regulating the guano-producing seabird populations. It indicates that the growth of seabird populations from 1925 to 1955 was likely a response to increased productivity of the Peruvian upwelling system and that the subsequent drastic decline in seabird abundance was likely due to competition for food with the fishery, which caught ∼85% of the anchovies, which otherwise would have been available for the seabirds. This model also shows that an increase in oceanic primary production promotes reproductive success and population growth in higher trophic level organisms.
Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Events Following Fontan Palliation in Patients With a Functional Single Ventricle

The risk for cerebrovascular events (CVEs) is increased in children with functional single ventricles (FSVs). However, there are limited data indicating the prevalence of CVEs or the role of preventative therapy. To measure the prevalence of clinically evident CVEs in patients with FSVs, identify risk factors, and analyze the effect of aspirin on the risk for CVEs, a retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent Fontan palliation at the University of Michigan from January 1, 1975, to June 30, 1998 (n = 402). Data collected included original anatomy, Fontan type, date of CVE, medications at the time of CVE, intraoperative placement of fenestration, and date of last follow-up. The overall mortality rate was 12%. There were 38 CVEs (9%), of which only 11 (3%, or 0.0036/patient-year) could not be attributed to a defined event (catheterization, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or cardiac arrest). Anticoagulation with aspirin was associated with a statistically significantly decreased risk for CVEs. Fontan type was not associated with the risk for CVEs. Thus, patients with FSVs are at increased risk for CVEs, although the de novo risk was low. Aspirin use is associated with a decreased risk for CVEs.
Outcomes in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: Mortality, readmission, and functional decline

Abstract Objectives We evaluated the six-month clinical trajectory of patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (EF), as the natural history of this condition has not been well established. We compared mortality, hospital readmission, and changes in functional status in patients with preserved versus depressed EF. Background Although the poor prognosis of HF with depressed EF has been extensively documented, there are only limited and conflicting data concerning clinical outcomes for patients with preserved EF. Methods We prospectively evaluated 413 patients hospitalized for HF to determine whether EF ≥40% was an independent predictor of mortality, readmission, and the combined outcome of functional decline or death. Results After six months, 13% of patients with preserved EF died, compared with 21% of patients with depressed EF (p = 0.02). However, the rates of functional decline were similar among those with preserved and depressed EF (30% vs. 23%, respectively; p = 0.14). After adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates, preserved EF was associated with a lower risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26 to 0.90; p = 0.02), but there was no difference in the risk of readmission (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.43; p = 0.96) or the odds of functional decline or death (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.72; p = 0.97). Conclusions Heart failure with preserved EF confers a considerable burden on patients, with the risk of readmission, disability, and symptoms subsequent to hospital discharge, comparable to that of HF patients with depressed EF.
Thermal Oxidation of SiC in N 2 O

Thermal oxidation kinetics of 3C and 6H-SiC in N 2 O at 1050 to 1150 o C have been studied. The oxidation rate follows an unusual parabolic-linear relationship that has also been found for oxidation of silicon in N 2 O. The activation energy of the parabolic rate constant (B) is 3.1±0.22 eV/molecule for 3C-SiC, and 4.80±1.02 eV/molecule for 6H-SiC. The limiting mechanism for oxidation is attributed to the diffusion of CO through the oxynitride layer. 3C-SiC metal oxide semiconductor capacitors fabricated in N 2 O exhibit fixed oxide charge densities on the order of 10 12 cm -2 and are slightly lower than those oxidized in steam
Incorporating Spatial Autocorrelation in Species Distribution Models

Species distribution models, based on ecological niche theory and gradient analysis, require digital maps of environmental factors that influence species distributions, such as topography and climate, as well as spatial information on the species attribute of interest (for example, presence/absence, type, abundance), typically sampled directly or compiled from existing datasets such as museum records. Reflecting the fact that their use spans several disciplines, these types of models have been referred to previously as ‘predictive vegetation mapping’ (Franklin 1995), ‘predictive habitat distribution modeling’ (Guisan and Zimmermann 2000), and ‘niche modeling’ (Stockwell 2007). The terminology seems to be converging on ‘species distribution modeling’, which is used here. It should be noted that it is technically the environmental habitat suitability that is produced (mapped) from these models, which renders them appropriate for studying the distribution of communities/assemblages (Ferrier et al. 2002) as well as species, in addition to a number of related biogeographical variables, such as species richness (Rangel et al. 2006), invasive species (Richardson and Thuiller 2007), and disease transmission (Peterson 2006).
Woulda, Coulda, Shoulda: The Court's Wrong Turn in Counterfactual Analysis Under AEDPA

Courts routinely engage in counterfactual analysis – considering what might have been, had things been different – in a variety of legal contexts (such as determining causation for tort claims and establishing damages). But in the last two terms, the Supreme Court has issued several opinions restricting the use of counterfactual reasoning in the context of federal habeas corpus review of state criminal convictions (under §2254(d) of Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, or AEDPA). Specifically, the Court has refused to consider what state courts might have done if presented with a slightly different set of facts or law. This practice leaves a group of petitioners without redress for acknowledged constitutional violations.This Note presents a novel framework for categorizing the modes of counterfactual reasoning in which courts engage. It then analyzes the Court’s decision in Cullen v. Pinholster and related opinions, examining them for possible explanations for the Court’s departure in habeas cases from its usual practice of accepting the need for counterfactuals. It concludes that the Court has given no clear reason why it should depart from the usual background principle that counterfactual reasoning is a valid method of analysis. Finally, it proposes a more coherent scheme for addressing counterfactuals in habeas proceedings.
Highway-Traffic Estimation by Linear Programming

Method by which linear programming may be applied to traffic estimation relating to interchange design; use of map, showing area of 50 mi radius with circles at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mi radii, divided into 4 radial sectors; estimating ability of population of each sector to draw and originate traffic; results obtained by new method are not significantly different from those obtained by existing procedures.
Abstract 3129: COX2 overexpression increases malignant potential of human glioma cells through Id1.

Increased COX2 expression directly correlates with glioma grade and is also associated with shorter survival in malignant glioma patients. Id1 is similarly overexpressed in higher grade gliomas. Id1 is a member of the helix-loop-helix (HLH) family of transcriptional repressors that act as dominant-negative inhibitors of basic-HLH factors. Recent studies indicate that Id1 may be involved in the genesis/progression of gliomas. Here, we find that COX2 overexpression in human glioma cells correlates with increased Id1 protein levels. We further find that forced expression of COX2 and Id1 enhances soft agar colony formation. In cell invasion assay, both COX2 and Id1 expression in LN229 human glioma cells (LN/COX2 and LN/Id1) increase migration through matrigel. These cells also showed more tumorigenic potential with development of significantly larger subcutaneous tumors compared with controls. Of note, tumors expressing COX2 or Id1 had higher microvessel density than control tumors. Next, the effect of COX2 and Id1 overexpression was assessed in an orthotopic intracranial model. Here, nude mice injected with LN/COX2 or LN/Id1 cells had significantly decreased survival times compared with corresponding controls (Table 1). To assess the role of Id1 induction on the malignant potential of COX2-expressing glioma cells, LN/COX2 cells with shRNA against Id1 were intracranially injected and found to have a statistically significant increase in survival compared to those injected with control shRNA LN/COX2 cells (Table 1). Finally, to test a COX2-targeting therapy, we used the COX2 inhibitor celecoxib in our xenograft model and found inhibition of growth of flank tumors derived from glioma cells overexpressing COX2. In conclusion, COX2 overexpression in human glioma cells results in elevated Id1 protein level, which, in turn, enhances the transformation and invasiveness of human glioma cells, promotes microvessel formation and enhances xenograft tumor growth subcutaneously and intracranially. Citation Format: Kaiming Xu, Hui-Kuo G. Shu. COX2 overexpression increases malignant potential of human glioma cells through Id1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3129. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3129
Stage and Age Influence on the Susceptibility of Coccinella Septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) after Direct Exposure to Neemix, a Neem Insecticide

The effects of Neemix 4.5 EC on predatory Coccinella Septempunctata L. larvae were determined after direct spray exposure. First instars were treated by direct application with 0, 40, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 1,000 ppm and 4th instars were treated with 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm azadirachtin, the active ingredient in Neemix. Survivorship and development of the larvae were affected in a dose-dependent manner. Symptoms of exposure included delay or prevention of pupation, blackening of the pupal case, formation of pupal-adult intermediates, and deformation of wings and elytra in adults. To account for the slow action of the pesticide, probit analysis of survivorship data was performed after all surviving larvae from each replicate had emerged as adults: day 16 for 1st instars and day 13 for 4th instars. The LC50 values and 95% FL for 1st and 4th instars were estimated to be 1,120 (719-3,677) ppm and 520 (405-600) ppm azadirachtin, respectively. These values were much higher than the recommended rates for control of aphids (3 weekly applications of 20 ppm), suggesting that Neemix might be used in integrated pest management programs because application of rates that control aphids should not result in appreciable mortality of predators. The slopes and intercepts of the probit regression lines were significantly different, indicating that the 2 instars responded to the pesticide differently. Fourth-instar C. septempunctata were innately more sensitive to the growth disrupting effects of acute exposure to Neemix than 1st instars. Disruption of morphogenetic hormone levels is more critical immediately before metamorphosis than during early instars, thus accounting for the differential susceptibility observed. It may be possible for early instars to sustain the effects of Neemix as long as the pesticide is detoxified before the onset of pupation. Our results suggest that it is extremely important to examine >1 life stage of a species to estimate the total effect of pesticides.
Viral Clearance by Traditional Operations with Significant Knowledge Gaps (Session II): Protein A Chromatography

Protein A chromatography is commonly used for the affinity capture of antibodies directly from harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF). The highly specific interaction between the protein A ligand and the Fc portion of antibodies and Fc fusion molecules enables significant purification factors to be
PRIMARY DAMAGE FORMATION IN IRRADIATED MATERIALS

Recent improvements in computer technology and the interatomic potentials used to describe atomic systems have broadly advanced the state of the art in displacement cascade simulation using the method of molecular dynamics. Molecular dynamics simulations involving more than one million atoms have been carried out in order to study cascades that were initiated at energies up to 40 ke V. The results of these simulations are discussed in the context of their impact on the understanding of the microstructural evolution and mechanical property changes that ensue.
Organic Chemical Attribution Signatures for the Sourcing of a Mustard Agent and Its Starting Materials.

Chemical attribution signatures (CAS) are being investigated for the sourcing of chemical warfare (CW) agents and their starting materials that may be implicated in chemical attacks or CW proliferation. The work reported here demonstrates for the first time trace impurities from the synthesis of tris(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN3) that point to the reagent and the specific reagent stocks used in the synthesis of this CW agent. Thirty batches of HN3 were synthesized using different combinations of commercial stocks of triethanolamine (TEA), thionyl chloride, chloroform, and acetone. The HN3 batches and reagent stocks were then analyzed for impurities by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. All the reagent stocks had impurity profiles that differentiated them from one another. This was demonstrated by building classification models with partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) and obtaining average stock classification errors of 2.4, 2.8, 2.8, and 11% by cross-validation for chloroform (7 stocks), th...
Phenothiazine and Butyrophenone Intoxication in Children

Antipsychotic agents are widely used for the treatment of psychotic disorders as well as for the acute treatment of nausea and vomiting, cough and cold treatments, and as supplementary agents for sedation for minor surgical or diagnostic procedures. There are many different circumstances in which the clinician may encounter a child who has experienced antipsychotic drug toxicity, such as from an acute accidental ingestion or as a side effect from therapeutic use. The phenothiazines and butyrophenone drugs have many pharmacologic actions. Thus, a wide range of clinical symptoms and signs may be encountered with their use. Treatment of antipsychotic drug toxicity includes general supportive care and monitoring, along with specific treatment of certain situations such as acute extrapyramidal syndromes and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. An awareness of the diverse and complex manifestations that may be associated with these agents will greatly aid in the evaluation of a child who presents with unusual behavioral or neurologic problems. Due to the unpredictable toxicity of these drugs, routine therapeutic use for such conditions as nausea and vomiting and as cough or cold aids is not recommended.
New Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by degeneration of various structures in the brain, with development of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Deficiencies of acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters also occur. Pharmacologic treatment of the disease generally seeks to correct the histopathology, the biochemical derangements or their effects. The only drugs labeled to date for the treatment of cognitive symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease are two cholinesterase inhibitors that prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse. Both medications are associated with modest improvements in cognitive function. However, all benefit is lost when these drugs are discontinued; the disease then progresses to the level seen in placebo-treated patients. Tacrine, the first cholinesterase inhibitor to be so labeled, must be taken four times daily and is associated with hepatic toxicity. Donepezil is taken once daily. Side effects of the cholinesterase inhibitors include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, which tend to subside after the titration period. Other drugs that have shown some promise in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease are vitamin E, estrogen, selegiline and a mixture of ergoloid mesylates. Anti-inflammatory drugs and nicotine are also being studied for their effects as neuroprotectors or neurotransmitter enhancers. The caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease may see little effect from these or other investigational agents, but nursing home placement may be delayed.