cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural relation between cortical efferents and terminals containing enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in rat neostriatum

The interrelationships between cortical efferents and terminals containing enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ELI) were examined by combining anterograde degeneration with electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in the adult rat neostriatum. Two days following unilateral removal of the cerebral cortex, the brains were fixed by aortic arch perfusion, then sectioned and processed for the immunocytochemical localization of an antiserum directed against methionine (Met5)-enkephalin. The observed relationships between the degenerating cortical efferents and immunocytochemically labeled terminals were of two types. In the first, the degenerating and ELI containing terminals converged on the same unlabeled dendrite or dendritic spine. In the second, terminal and preterminal axons of the ELI containing neurons had one surface directly apposed to the plasma membrane of a degenerating axon terminal. These findings support the concept that neurons containing opioid peptides and cortical efferents modulate the output of common recipient neurons and may also directly interact with each other through presynaptic axonal mechanisms in the rat neostriatum.
Inflation risk and asset market disturbances: The mean-variance model revisited

Abstract This paper empirically re-investigates the international CAPM model. In constrast to previous studies by Frankel (1982) and Frankel and Engel (1984), the estimation model does not require that there be no asset market disturbances. Also, rather than requiring purchasing power parity or that the only source of inflation uncertainty arise from a weighted average of exchange rate changes as in the previous studies, inflation risk is simply measured as the uncertain component in the consumer price index of each country. To allow for these additional sources of uncertainty, an alternative estimation method is derived to identify the covariance constraints.
Simulating effects of signage, groups, and crowds on emergent evacuation patterns

Studies of past emergency events have revealed that occupants' behaviors, egress signage system, local geometry, and environmental constraints affect crowd movement and govern the building evacuation. In addition to complying with code and standards, building designers need to consider the occupants' social characteristics and the unique layout of the buildings to design occupant-centric egress systems. This paper describes an agent-based egress simulation tool, SAFEgress, which incorporates important human and social behaviors observed by researchers in safety and disaster management. Agents in SAFEgress are capable of perceiving building emergency features in the virtual environment and deciding their behaviors and navigation. In particular, we describe four agent behavioral models, namely following familiar exits, following cues from building features, navigating with social groups, and following crowds. We use SAFEgress to study how agents (mimicking building occupants) react to different signage arrangements in a modeled environment. We explore agents' reactions to cues as an emergent phenomenon, shaped by the interactions among groups and crowds. Simulation results from the prototype reveal that different designs of building emergency features and levels of group interactions can trigger different crowd flow patterns and affect overall egress performance. By considering the occupants' perception about the emergency features using the SAFEgress prototype, engineers, designers, and facility managers can study the human factors that may influence an egress situation and, thereby, improve the design of SAFEgress systems and procedures.
Dimeric states of neural- and epithelial-cadherins are distinguished by the rate of disassembly.

Epithelial- and Neural-cadherins are specifically localized at synapses in neurons which can change shape and contact surface on a time scale of seconds to months. We have focused our studies on the role of the extracellular domains of cadherins in the dynamics of synapses. The kinetics of dimer disassembly of the first two extracellular domains of E- and N-cadherin, ECAD12 and NCAD12, were studied with analytical size exclusion chromatography and sedimentation velocity. NCAD12 forms three different dimers that are distinguished by assembly conditions and kinetics of dissociation. ECAD12 dimer disassembles rapidly regardless of the calcium concentration, whereas the disassembly of NCAD12 dimers was strongly dependent on calcium concentration. In addition to the apo- and saturated-dimeric forms of NCAD12, there is a third dimeric form that is a slow exchange dimer. This third dimeric form for NCAD12, formed by decalcification of the calcium-saturated dimer, was kinetically-trapped in apo-conditions and did not disassemble over a period of months. Sedimentation velocity experiments showed that this dimer, upon addition of calcium, had similar weighted averages as calcium-saturated dimer. These studies provide evidence that the kinetics of dimer disassembly of the extracellular domains may be a major contributor to the morphological dynamics of synapses in vivo.
"Your Eyes Are Green like Dollars": Counterfeit Cash, National Substance, and Currency Apartheid in 1990s Russia

Most people accept that currency relations-for instance, that four U.S. quarters make one dollar-are set by convention. That the metal of a quarter is "worth" more than the paper of a dollar bill is an interesting fact known by schoolchildren, but it would not sit well with most people if vendors began to sell ordinary quarters for five dollars each. Yet something analogous to this is precisely what happened in Russia in 1992, when the 15-kopeck pieces used to activate public telephones became a shortage good and were sold for 5, 10, or 20 rubles. The calibration of international currencies, of dollars to deutschmarks rather than of quarters to dollars, is even more fraught, both by such practical contingencies and by political and symbolic forces that back the specific uses and perceptions of money. The calibration of things on like scales, the abstraction of values, is one of the supposed contributions of money to civilization, allowing wealth to be condensed into immutable stores of potential. While most cultural anthropologists (see esp. Sahlins 1976) would argue that values, whether converted into monetary amounts or not, are refracted through "cultures," a habit lingers to consider money as itself an abstraction. However, while money does work to abstract some values, it not only does so in culturally specific ways but also works to concretize other values, for not all cash is alike. The Russian ruble and the U.S. dollar, for instance, bear strikingly different practical and moral forces and move differently through society. Dollar exchange rates and ruble inflation are surely driven by rumors and reputations, national and political rhetoric, as much as by market forces. What interests me here, however, is not how exchange rates are derived but how postSoviets pondered and contested the relations among currencies, not only grounding those relations in essential values but also connecting them to ideas about social authenticity, civilization, and humankind. U.S. dollar bills-now nearly as familiar as the Russian ruble-wind through everyday Russian social
Spatial Interaction and Spatial Autocorrelation: A Cross-Product Approach

A cross-product statistic is used to demonstrate that spatial interaction models are a special case of a general model of spatial autocorrelation. A series of traditional measures of spatial autocorrelation is shown to have a cross-product form. Several interaction models are shown to have a similar form. A general spatial statistic is developed which indicates that the relationship between the two types of models is particularly strong when the focus is on measurements from a single point.
A 59-year-old man considering implantation of a cardiac defibrillator

Nearly 450 000 individuals experience sudden cardiac death yearly in the United States. A history of prior myocardial infarction with resultant left ventricular dysfunction identifies a group at particularly high risk of sudden arrhythmic death. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have proven highly effective at reducing this risk and are now increasingly implanted in patients with this risk profile. The case of Mr M, a 59-year-old man with a history of myocardial infarction, low ejection fraction, and mild congestive heart failure, who is considering implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement, illustrates the issues in having a device implanted as a prophylactic measure as well as increasing concerns due to device recalls and malfunction. A thorough discussion of the benefits and risks associated with this therapy is necessary for patients and physicians to make appropriate decisions with regard to the primary prevention of sudden death.
Panel on Cloud Sustainability

The dominance of the Cloud paradigm and the proliferation of Cloud services are resulting in increasing scales of Cloud hosting infrastructures and associated complexities that are making their sustainability a growing concern. Cloud data centers are growing in size to millions of nodes. Furthermore, Clouds are being used to support mission critical support for many industries. Finally, the environmental impact of Cloud datacenters is becoming an increasing concern. How can this mass migration to Clouds best be sustained?This panel will explore issues and challenges related to the sustainability of very large-scale cloud infrastructures from multiple perspectives, including:(a)Energy and environmental impact,(b)Resilience and quality of service that can meet needs and expectations of the growing user base, in spite of increasing scales and complexities of the system.The panel is to explore questions such as:How can future large-scale Clouds meet energy constraints, be environmentally responsible, and operate in a way that can provide a dependable infrastructure?What is needed in terms of hardware, software, policies, user consulting support, system configuration information available to users, and regulatory mechanisms?How much of the responsibly for the success of the Cloud paradigm should users have versus the Cloud providers?
Optimal Advanced Credit Releases in Ecosystem Service Markets

Ecosystem service markets are popular policy tools for ecosystem protection. Advanced credit releases are an important factor affecting the supply side of ecosystem markets. Under an advanced credit release policy, regulators give ecosystem suppliers a fraction of the total ecosystem credits generated by a restoration project before it is verified that the project actually achieves the required ecological thresholds. In spite of their prominent role in ecosystem markets, there is virtually no regulatory or research literature on the proper design of advanced credit release policies. Using U.S. aquatic ecosystem markets as an example, we develop a principal–agent model of the behavior of regulators and wetland/stream mitigation bankers to determine and explore the optimal degree of advance credit release. The model highlights the tension between regulators’ desire to induce market participation, while at the same time ensuring that bankers successfully complete ecological restoration. Our findings suggest several simple guidelines for strengthening advanced credit release policy.
Characterization of buffers for electrokinetic separations

Buffers used in electrophoresis and electrochromatography must have a relatively low ionic strength in order to minimize ohmic heating in the presence of an applied potential. Calculation of pH, ionic strength, and the van Slyke buffer capacity, β, is therefore important. This paper describes thea priori calculation of these parameters for tris buffer made up with either glycine (a zwitterion) or HCl. A quadratic expression for pH, valid over wide ranges, is obtained for both buffer systems. The calculated values of pH, ionic strength, and buffer capacity are shown to agree with experimental results as a function of tris, HCl, and glycine concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 mM. A new parameter, the electrokinetic buffer effectiveness factor, is introduced to characterize buffers being considered for use in electrokinetic systems such as electrochromatography, and is used to determine the appropriate composition ranges for the buffer components.
Gender inequality in science

Why are women underrepresented in many areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)? This is a question with no easy answers. In science, as in many areas of life, bias against women exists ( 1 ), but researchers disagree on how much bias matters: Some suggest that the effects of bias accumulate over time to shape careers ( 2 ), whereas others argue that gender differences in preferences are much more important ( 3 ). However, it is likely impossible to disentangle the effects of societal bias and individual preferences, because people's understanding of gender differences shape their preferences ( 4 ). Research suggests differences in innate ability are unlikely to play a major role ( 3 ), but one route to more equal representation across academic fields might be convincing both women and men that this is true. On page 262 of this issue, Leslie et al. ( 5 ) show that how ability is viewed within a field plays a key role in how well women are represented.
Visual recovery after radiation therapy for bilateral subfoveal acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

Purpose Present a case of bilateral foveal acute myelogenous leukemic tumors that responded to radiation therapy. Design Case report. Methods A patient was diagnosed with bilateral subfoveal infiltration of known systemic acute myelogenous leukemia. He received a standard induction chemotherapy, followed by consolidation therapy for his systemic leukemia. However, despite a complete marrow response, the intraocular tumors did not regress. Therefore, he was given low dose (1950-cGy) ocular external beam radiation therapy. Results One course of systemic cytarabine chemotherapy failed to control the subfoveal tumors, leaving the patient at risk for permanent vision loss. In contrast, external beam radiation therapy improved his vision from 20/60 in his right eye to 20/20 and from 20/70 in his left eye to 20/25. Conclusion Although systemic chemotherapy can be used to treat intraocular metastasis, external beam radiation may provide more prompt resolution of vision-threatening tumors.
Inflammatory cytokine-associated depression.

Abstract Inflammatory cytokines can sometimes trigger depression in humans, are often associated with depression, and can elicit some behaviors in animals that are homologous to major depression. Moreover, these cytokines can affect monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems, supporting an overlapping pathoetiology with major depression. This suggests that there could be a specific major depression subtype, inflammatory cytokine-associated depression (ICAD), which may require different therapeutic approaches. However, most people do not develop depression, even when exposed to sustained elevations in inflammatory cytokines. Thus several vulnerabilities and sources of resilience to inflammation-associated depression have been identified. These range from genetic differences in neurotrophic and serotonergic systems to sleep quality and omega-3 fatty acid levels. Replicating these sources of resilience as treatments could be one approach for preventing “ICAD”. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroimmunology in Health And Disease .
Hemorrhagic transformation following ischemic stroke: significance, causes, and relationship to therapy and treatment.

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a frequent consequence of ischemic stroke that becomes more prevalent after thrombolytic therapy. Despite concerns about safety parameters, thrombolytic drugs remain the first course of action available to clinicians for stroke management. However, recent efforts in preclinical studies have attempted to discover other drugs that can lessen the risk of hemorrhage associated with thrombolytic administration. This review focuses on three classes of pharmacologic agents that have shown some promise in animal models of stroke, and can thus be considered as possible candidates for coadministration with thrombolytics in the treatment of stroke. These include the following: 1) spin trap agents, such as α-phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone (PBN) that scavenge free radicals; 2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors, such as BB-94, that prevent membrane and vessel remodeling following ischemia; and 3) the novel glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa platelet receptor antagonist SM-20302. Although these drugs affect different mechanisms, the common denominator seemed to be their effectiveness in reducing the incidence of hemorrhage in response to thrombolytic infusion following an embolic stroke.
DO TOURNAMENTS SOLVE THE TWO-SIDED MORAL HAZARD PROBLEM?

Abstract The paper analyzes the optimality of relative performance evaluation via two-part piece rate tournaments in incentive contracting with multiple agents and two-sided moral hazard. If the agents are risk-averse, it is shown that a tournament is optimal only when the following conditions hold: (i) there is common uncertainty inflicted on the activities of the agents that is not contingent on their actions, but can be contingent on the principal’s action; (ii) the principal sufficiently saves in transaction costs by employing a tournament; (iii) the number of agents is sufficiently large. Then the feedback effect of using a tournament to monitor the agents is that the principal’s moral hazard problem is relaxed when the principal takes a single action. It can also be relaxed when the principal can vary her actions with the agents but there are economies of scale in her activity. Absent common uncertainty, the optimum scheme is shown to be a fixed performance standard, rather than a tournament, but if the agents are risk-neutral, a tournament can still be optimal provided that (ii) and (iii) hold.
Application of ultrasound in extractive metallurgy: Sonochemical extraction of nickel

The importance of ultrasound in solvent extraction was examined by studying solvent extraction of nickel with Lix 65N and Lix 70 extractants. The studied parameters were ultrasonic energy and frequency, pH, temperature, and organic and aqueous solution composition. The stability of extractants under the influence of ultrasound was also examined. It was found that ultrasound had a significant importance, because it increased the extraction rates four- to sevenfold. The effect of ultrasound was physical,i.e., to increase the surface area. Ultrasonic energy consumption was also evaluated. The consumption was high, but it can be significantly reduced by the appropriate method of application. A novel solvent extraction method, extraction-in-pipe, was also proposed.
Flow cytometry of DNA in mouse sperm and testis nuclei

Abstract Mutations that occur in spermatogenic cells may be expressed as changes in DNA content, but developmentally-dependent alteration of its staining properties complicates the quantitation fo DNA in individual germ cells. These alterations have been studied with flow cytometric techniques. Nuclei from mouse testis cells and sperm were stained by the acriflavine-Feulgen method. The fluorescence intensity frequency distribution of nuclei of testis cells was characterized by 2 major and 5 minor peaks. Nuclei sorted from the various peaks with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter were identified microscopically. These data were confirmed by generation of peaks with nuclei prepared from cell suspensions enriched in specific cell types. One of the major peaks corresponded to round spermatid nuclei. The other major peak, located at 0.6 of the fluorescence intensity of the round nuclei, corresponded to elongated spermatid nuclei. Purified nuclei of epididymal and vas deferens spermatozoa displayed asymmetric fluorescence distributions. A minor peak at 0.8 the intensity of the round spermatid nuclei was tentatively assigned to elongating spermatids. 2 of the minor peaks, located at 1.7 and 2.0 times the fluorescence intensity of the round nuclei, corresponded to clumps of 2 haploid and diploid nuclei. The additional peaks, located at 3.0 and 3.7 times the fluorescence intensity of round spermatid nuclei correspond to leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes and to late pachytene spermatocytes, respectively. These peaks contained clumps of nuclei. The homogeneity of the nuclei sorted from the peaks, as well as the relative sizes of the peaks, was enhanced when the nuclei were prepared from cells enriched in specific stages of development. The relative fluorescence intensities of the various testis nuclei were characteristic and repeatedly found but were not stoichiometric with the DNA content of the nuclei.
Nerve fiber layer of the primate retina: Thickness and glial content

Abstract A topographic map of nerve fiber layer thickness was prepared from serial sections of the retina of the cynomolgus monkey. Montage electron micrographs of the nerve fiber layer were used to determine the relative proportions of axons and of glial processes within a given nerve fiber bundle at various positions across the retina. The cross-sectional area of nerve fiber bundles occupied by glia was never less than 18%, and in most cases was 20–30%. The proportion of glia in the bundles varied from point to point across the retina without respect to nerve fiber layer thickness and at some locations was as much as 42%.
Performance evaluation of information retrieval schemes for multi-attribute queries in DTNs

Mobile nodes in some challenging network scenarios suffer from intermittent connectivity and frequent partitions e.g. battlefield and disaster recovery scenarios. Disruption tolerant network (DTN) technologies are designed to enable nodes in such environments to communicate with one another. In an earlier work, we studied information retrieval schemes for single-attribute queries in DTNs. Our schemes disseminate replicated data copies and queries to local-neighborhood. However, data items often have multiple attributes and not every node can be trusted to store replicated data or queries. Thus, in this paper, we study the scenario where the queries have multiple attributes. In addition, we compare the effectiveness of using opportunistically encountered nodes or specially deployed index and storage points (ISPs) for storing replicated data items or indices of the data items. Specifically, we conduct extensive simulation studies to evaluate three information retrieval schemes namely (a) the pre-determined ISP advertisement (PISA) scheme where ISPs advertise indices of data items with attribute values that fall within some pre-determined ranges, (b) the opportunistic regular node advertisement with index duplication (ORNA-ID) scheme which uses opportunistically encountered nodes for advertising replicated indices, and (c) the opportunistic regular node advertisement with data duplication (ORNA-DD) scheme which uses opportunistically encountered nodes for storing replicated data items. Our results indicate that the ORNA-ID scheme and the PISA scheme achieve similar performance. This shows that either architecture can be used. In addition, the ORNA-DD scheme provides 91% more query success rate and 128% more overall success rate in the sparsest network scenario (40 nodes distributed over 4000times4000 m2).
A database driven fast feedback system for the Stanford linear collider

Abstract A new feedback system has been developed that stabilizes the SLC beams at many locations. The feedback loops are designed to sample and correct at the repetition rate of the accelerator. Each loop can be distributed across several INTEL 80386 microprocessors that control the SLC hardware. A new communications system, KISNET, has been developed to pass data between the microprocessors at this rate. The software is written using the state space formalism of digital control theory and is database driven. This allows a new feedback loop to be implemented by setting up the on-line database and perhaps installing a communications link. Eighteen such loops have now been implemented and this has measurably improved the performance of the accelerator.
Broadening of Impurity Bands in Heavily Doped Semiconductors

The shapes of deep-lying bands of impurity states broadened by fluctuations in the local Coulomb potential are calculated for the case of randomly distributed ions in a semiconductor and are shown to determine the shapes of the spectral lines emitted by electrons or holes captured in these bands. The distribution function for the local potential is described in terms of its Laplace transform, and expressions for its first few moments, $\overline{E}$, ${〈{(E\ensuremath{-}\overline{E})}^{2}〉}_{\mathrm{av}}$, etc., are calculated for screened Coulomb potentials. An approximate form is given for this function and is shown to be resonably accurate for materials having a high degree of compensation or a large screening length. From the results of this analysis it is shown that the shapes of impurity emission lines can be used to aid in the identification of the nature of the states and transitions involved. In particular, the width of a line is determined principally by the product of the ion density and the screening length in the luminescent region, while the sense of its skewness depends on the signs of the domination and of the carrier which is captured. Numerical examples are given for GaAs diodes containing approximately ${10}^{18}$ ions/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$.
Diversification of the primary antibody repertoire begins during early follicle development in the rabbit appendix.

Rabbits generate a diversified primary antibody repertoire by somatically mutating, in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), an initial repertoire that is limited by preferential rearrangement of the 3′-most IGVH gene segment. To determine when repertoire diversification begins in GALT, we performed in situ hybridization on neonatal rabbit appendix sections with an activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) riboprobe, because AID is required for the mutational processes that diversify the primary antibody repertoire. We first detected AID mRNA expression around 1 week of age, in the basal region of developing follicles. By PCR-amplifying V–D–J genes from AID mRNA+ B cells isolated by laser capture microdissection, we found evidence of somatic hypermutation, and one likely instance of somatic gene conversion. Our results suggest that V–(D)–J gene diversification begins during early postnatal appendix development, in B cells stimulated to enter a proliferative program by signals derived from select intestinal commensals.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to canarypox vector-based HIV vaccines in HIV-seronegative individuals: a meta-analysis of published studies

AbstractPurpose: A successful prophylactic HIV vaccine will probably require neutralizing antibodies and vigorous CTL (CD8+ T-cytotoxic lymphocyte) responses. Canarypox vector-based HIV vaccines (ALVAC-HIV) have been gaining momentum as promising HIV vaccine candidates because of their ability to elicit CTL responses. This quantitative meta-analysis was undertaken to determine a summary estimate of CTL responses to ALVAC-HIV vaccines in HIV-1 seronegative volunteers and to identify reasons for differences among studies in the estimated effects on CTL responses. Method: After a literature search and data abstraction, eight randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were selected for meta-analysis. Stratified and random effects meta-regression analyses were performed to search for response differences among studies. Results: Of the various study characteristics, the number of immunizations and the vaccine dose were associated with the likelihood of developing CTL responses. It was not possible to ...
A theoretical approach to characterising setups in batch fabric dyeing operations

Traditionally, most of the research published on dyeing has been on achievements in optimising the mechanical and chemical technology associated with the physical dyeing process. However, relatively little research is available in the area of scheduling dyeing operations. This could be due to a lack of information available about dyeing setups. In this study, a theoretical approach to structuring machine-cleaning setups in batch fabric dyeing operations based on the CIELAB L*C*h colour space and the tolerance of the human visual system is presented. This will permit more research on the detailed scheduling of dyeing operations that could ultimately help dyeing facilities to better meet the needs of their customers in terms of improving on-time delivery.
Characterizing associations and dissociations between anxiety, social, and cognitive phenotypes of Williams syndrome

Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurogenetic disorder known for its “hypersocial” phenotype and a complex profile of anxieties. The anxieties are poorly understood specifically in relation to the social-emotional and cognitive profiles. To address this gap, we employed a Wechsler intelligence test, the Brief Symptom Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Salk Institute Sociability Questionnaire, to (1) examine how anxiety symptoms distinguish individuals with WS from typically developing (TD) individuals; and (2) assess the associations between three key phenotypic features of WS: intellectual impairment, social-emotional functioning, and anxiety. The results highlighted intensified neurophysiological symptoms and subjective experiences of anxiety in WS. Moreover, whereas higher cognitive ability was positively associated with anxiety in WS, the opposite pattern characterized the TD individuals. This study provides novel insight into how the three core phenotypic features associate/dissociate in WS, specifically in terms of the contribution of cognitive and emotional functioning to anxiety symptoms.
Zn Baxter model: critical behavior

The ℤn Baxter Model is an exactly solvable lattice model in the special case of the Belavin parametrization. We calculate the critical behavior of Probn(σ = ωk) using techniques developed in number theory in the study of the congruence properties ofp(m), the number of unrestricted partitions of an integerm.
An interannual assessment of the relationship between the stable carbon isotopic composition of ecosystem respiration and climate in a high-elevation subalpine forest

[1] We measured the carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of ecosystem respiration (δ13CR) in a subalpine forest across four growing seasons to examine whether patterns in δ13CR were consistent with those expected based on leaf-level gas-exchange theory, and in agreement with past studies of the relation between δ13CR and climate conducted across broad geographic regions. Conventional trends (i.e., less negative δ13CR with increased vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature (TAIR), and decreased soil moisture (θ)) were observed when we focused on the driest portions of average-wetness years and when δ13CR was positively correlated with nighttime ecosystem respiration (RE). Nonconventional trends (i.e., more negative δ13CR with decreased θ, and increased VPD and TAIR) were observed under specific climatic conditions (e.g., late snowmelt; extreme TAIR late in the growing season), and when δ13CR was negatively correlated with RE. These nonconventional trends were independently corroborated using δ13C of extracted sugars from needles of dominant tree species at the site. Our results clearly demonstrate that the commonly reported relations between δ13CR and climate may break down depending on the interactions among environmental conditions. Efforts to model and predict the variability of δ13CR under changing climatic variables must characterize and parameterize the effects of unique combinations of weather conditions and variable hydrologic regimes, in combination with the susceptibility of photosynthetic isotope discrimination to extreme air temperatures.
Energy-Aware Partitioned Fixed-Priority Scheduling for Chip Multi-processors

Energy management is becoming an increasingly important problem in application domains ranging from embedded devices to data centers. In many such systems, multi-core processors are projected as a promising technology to achieve improved performance with a lower power envelope. Managing the application power consumption under timing constraints poses significant challenges in these emerging platforms. In this paper, we study the energy-efficient scheduling of periodic real time tasks with implicit deadlines on chip multi-core processors (CMPs). We specifically consider processors with a single voltage and clock frequency domain, such as the state-of-the-art embedded multi-core NVIDIA Tegra 2processor and enterprise-class processors such as Intel'sItanium 2, i5, i7 and IBM's Power 6 and Power 7series. The major contributions of this work are (i)we prove that Worst-Fit-Decreasing (WFD) task partitioning when Rate-Monotonic Scheduling (RMS) is used has an approximation ratio of 1.71 for the problem of minimizing the schedulable operating frequency with partitioned fixed-priority scheduling, (ii) we illustrate the major shortcoming of WFD with RMS resulting from not considering task periods during allocation, and(iii) we propose a Single-clock domain multi-processor Frequency Assignment Algorithm (SFAA) that determines a globally energy-efficient frequency while including task period relationships. Our evaluation results show that SFAA provides significant energy gains when compared to WFD. In fact SFAA is shown to save up to 55% more power compared to WFD for an octa-core processor.
The effect of dynamic muscle stimulation on the musculo-skeletal remodeling

Elucidation of the interactive mechanism between musculoskeletal circulations and bone remodeling is crucial in developing new intervention to prevent bone loss under a microgravity environment. The overall hypothesis is that dynamic muscle stimulation can enhance fluid circulation in bone, regulate osteogenic adaptation, and inhibit bone loss in a functional disuse condition. Using a hindlimb suspension rat model, electro-induced dynamic muscle contraction was induced as replacement of the normal weight-bearing activity of the hindlimb. Dynamic muscle contraction loading at 20 Hz and 50 Hz demonstrated increase of BV/TV, Conn.D, and Tb.N at the metaphyseal regions, when comparing to the hindlimb suspension control. In addition, stimulation at 20 Hz and 50 Hz can also alleviate the reduction of the cross-sectional fiber area. These results demonstrated that dynamic electro-induced muscle contraction can indeed initiate an adaptive response to inhibit bone loss and reduce muscle atrophy under a functional disuse environment.
Bilingual Myth-Busters Series Language Confusion in Bilingual Children

This article is the first in a series that will attempt to deconstruct myths about bilingualism. Language confusion is the popularly held belief (or myth) that children are incapable of becoming bi...
Exploring memorable surfing trips

Surf tourism is travelling for the primary purpose of surﬁng that entails at least one overnight stay(Buckley, 2002). Concomitant with the growth of the surf tourism industry over the past four decades,the literature on this topic has mainly focused on community impacts, urbanization threats, andentrepreneurial complexities in surf tourism destinations (Martin & Assenov, 2012). More recentlyattention has shifted to surf tourists, examining their social space (Ponting & McDonald, 2013), andsurf travel behavior and preferences (Barbieri & Sotomayor, 2013). More in-depth examination ofthe factors inﬂuencing surf tourism, however, is needed given its capacity to stimulate localeconomies especially in developing countries (Barbieri & Sotomayor, 2013; Ponting, 2009).This research note, a component of a larger study examining surf tourism behavior, explores themeaningsofmemorablesurﬁngtripsthatcanassistcapturingsurftravelersandencouragingrepeatvis-itation.Datawerecollectedin2010–2011usinganonlinesurveyavailableinEnglishandSpanish.Snow-ballsampling,initiatedwithaconveniencesampleof52adultsurfersresidinginvariouscountries,wasused to recruit study participants. This note is based on the open-ended questions asking whetherrespondents had experienced a memorable surﬁng trip, and if so, what made the trip memorable.A total of 136 responses were gathered from surfers mostly residing in the Paciﬁc South America(48%) and continental U.S. (26%). Most respondents were male (87%), had at least a bachelors’ degree(62%), and lived with some ﬁnancial comfort (72%). Participants averaged 35-years old. Most respon-dents (61%) had been surﬁng for at least 10 years and 24% for ﬁve-to-ten years. On average they surfed3.6 days per-week. Most had taken a surﬁng trip in the past (91%), were considering a surﬁng trip inthe near future (94%), or had embarked on more than ﬁve surﬁng trips during the past ﬁve years (55%).Most of the surf tourists (67%) reported having a memorable surﬁng trip, predominantly abroad.Two researchers initially open coded statements associated with memorable trips through con-stant peer-debrieﬁng. These codes were axial coded into categories. The third researcher reviewedthe coded material to ensure consistency in data interpretation (Ahuvia, 2001). Three themes regard-ing what constitutes a memorable surﬁng trip emerged: Living Surﬁng, Having Indelible Experiences,and Discovering An-other. Shared references to the destination attributes (e.g., family-friendly atmo-
Advances in pharmacogenomics of antiretrovirals: an update

Recent developments in the pharmacogenomics of antiretroviral drugs provide new prospects for predicting the efficacy of treatment and potential adverse effects. HIV/AIDS is a serious but treatable infectious disease, yet current treatment is limited by high rates of adverse drug reactions and development of resistance due to suboptimal drug concentrations in a significant proportion of patients. Antiretroviral therapy is especially suitable for pharmacogenomic investigation as both drug exposure and treatment response can be quantified and certain adverse effects can be assessed with validated measures. Additionally, there is increasing knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of antiretroviral drugs, and some candidate genes implicated in the metabolism, transport and adverse effects have been identified. However, recent studies of the association of particular genes and their genetic variants with HIV management and adverse drug reactions have not provided unifying conclusions. This article revie...
Top quark mass in supersymmetric SO(10) unification.

The successful prediction of the weak mixing angle suggests that the effective theory beneath the grand unification scale is the minimal super- symmetric standard model (MSSM) with just two Higgs doublets. If we further assume that the unified gauge group contains SO(10), that the two light Higgs doublets lie mostly in a single irreducible SO(10) representa- tion, and that the t, b andmasses originate in renormalizable Yukawa interactions of the form 16 3 O16 3 , then also the top quark mass can be predicted in terms of the MSSM parameters. To compute mt we present a precise analytic approximation to the solution of the 2-loop renormal- ization group equations, and study supersymmetric and GUT threshold corrections and the input value of the b quark mass. The large ratio of top to bottom quark masses derives from a large ratio, tan�, of Higgs vacuum expectation values. We point out that when tanis large, so are certain corrections to the b quark mass prediction, unless a particular hierarchy exists in the parameters of the model. With such a hierarchy, which may result from approximate symmetries, the top mass prediction depends only weakly on the spectrum. Our results may be applied to any supersymmetric SO(10) model as long ast ≃ �b ≃ �τ at the GUT scale and there are no intermediate mass scales in the desert.
The weight of the mountains: Constraints on tectonic stress, friction, and fluid pressure in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake from estimates of topographic loading

Though it is widely recognized that large mountain ranges produce significant stresses in the Earth's crust, these stresses are not commonly quantified. Nonetheless, near large mountains topography may affect fault activity by changing the stress balance on the faults. In this work, we calculate the stress field from topography in the Longmen Shan (Sichuan, China) and resolve those stresses on several models of the faults that ruptured in the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. We find that the topography results in shear stresses up to 20 MPa and normal stresses up to 80 MPa on the faults, with significant variability across the faults. Topographic stresses generally load the fault in a normal and left-lateral shear sense, opposite to the inferred coseismic slip sense, and thus inhibit the coseismic slip. We estimate the tectonic stress needed to overcome topographic and lithostatic stresses by assuming that the direction of maximum shear accumulated on the faults is roughly collinear with the inferred coseismic slip. We further estimate the static friction and pore fluid pressure assuming that the fault was, on average, at Mohr-Coulomb failure at the time of the Wenchuan earthquake. We use a Bayesian inversion strategy, yielding posterior probability distributions for the estimated parameters. We find most likely estimates of maximum tectonic compressive stress near 0.6 ρgz and oriented ∼E-W, and minimum tectonic stress near 0.2 ρgz. Static friction on the fault is near 0.2, and pore fluid pressure is between 0 and 0.4 of the total pressure.
Insulin Secretion in vitro by Islets from Insulin-Deficient Rats.∗

SummaryIsolated islets obtained 1 to 2.5 hours after injection of guinea pig anti-insulin serum into normal rats secrete insulin in vitro at an abnormally high rate in response to glucose. Twenty-four hours after induction of the insulin-deficiency, the absolute rate of insulin secretion is subnormal, but is still increased in relation to the low insulin content of these islets. This sequence of changes is seen in pancreatic tissue removed from spontaneously diabetic animals and suggests that this system could be used as a model for the study of islet function during the development of insulin-deficiency.
Three C-elegans Rac proteins and several alternative Rac regulators control axon guidance, cell migration and apoptotic cell phagocytosis

The Caenorhabditis elegans genome contains three rac-like genes, ced-10, mig-2, and rac-2. We report that ced-10, mig2 and rac-2 act redundantly in axon pathfinding: inactivating one gene had little effect, but inactivating two or more genes perturbed both axon outgrowth and guidance. mig-2 and ced-10 also have redundant functions in some cell migrations. By contrast, ced-10 is uniquely required for cell-corpse phagocytosis, and mig-2 and rac-2 have only subtle roles in this process. Rac activators are also used differentially. The UNC-73 Trio Rac GTP exchange factor affected all Rac pathways in axon pathfinding and cell migration but did not affect cell-corpse phagocytosis. CED-5 DOCK180, which acts with CED-10 Rac in cell-corpse phagocytosis, acted with MIG-2 but not CED-10 in axon pathfinding. Thus, distinct regulatory proteins modulate Rac activation and function in different developmental processes. SUMMARY
Sensing delamination in a carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite during fatigue by electrical resistance measurement

Delamination in a crossply [0/90] continuous carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite was sensed in real time during fatigue by measuring the electrical resistance of the composite in the through-thickness direction. Upon 0° tension-tension fatigue at a maximum stress of 57% of the fracture stress, the resistance irreversibly increased both in spurts and continuously, because of delamination, which started at 33% of the fatigue life. The resistance increased upon loading and decreased upon subsequent unloading in every cycle, thereby allowing strain sensing. The minimum resistance at the end of a cycle irreversibly increased during the first 0.1% of the fatigue life. The resistance became noisy starting at 62% of the fatigue life, at which delamination occurred rapidly and the fraction of laminate area delaminated reached 4.3%.
Middle atmosphere response to different descriptions of the 11-yr solar cycle in spectral irradiance in a chemistry-climate model

Abstract. The 11-yr solar cycle in solar spectral irradiance (SSI) inferred from measurements by the SOlar Radiation & Climate Experiment (SORCE) suggests a much larger variation in the ultraviolet than previously accepted. We present middle atmosphere ozone and temperature responses to the solar cycles in SORCE SSI and the ubiquitous Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) SSI reconstruction using the Goddard Earth Observing System chemistry-climate model (GEOSCCM). The results are largely consistent with other recent modeling studies. The modeled ozone response is positive throughout the stratosphere and lower mesosphere using the NRL SSI, while the SORCE SSI produces a response that is larger in the lower stratosphere but out of phase with respect to total solar irradiance above 45 km. The modeled responses in total ozone are similar to those derived from satellite and ground-based measurements, 3–6 Dobson Units per 100 units of 10.7-cm radio flux (F10.7) in the tropics. The peak zonal mean tropical temperature response using the SORCE SSI is nearly 2 K per 100 units F10.7 – 3 times larger than the simulation using the NRL SSI. The GEOSCCM and the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) 2-D coupled model are used to examine how the SSI solar cycle affects the atmosphere through direct solar heating and photolysis processes individually. Middle atmosphere ozone is affected almost entirely through photolysis, whereas the solar cycle in temperature is caused both through direct heating and photolysis feedbacks, processes that are mostly linearly separable. This is important in that it means that chemistry-transport models should simulate the solar cycle in ozone well, while general circulation models without coupled chemistry will underestimate the temperature response to the solar cycle significantly in the middle atmosphere. Further, the net ozone response results from the balance of ozone production at wavelengths less than 242 nm and destruction at longer wavelengths, coincidentally corresponding to the wavelength regimes of the SOLar STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) and Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) on SORCE, respectively. A higher wavelength-resolution analysis of the spectral response could allow for a better prediction of the atmospheric response to arbitrary SSI variations.