cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introspection: A register transfer level technique for cocurrent error detection and diagnosis in data dominated designs

We report a register transfer level technique for concurrent error detection and diagnosis in data dominated designs called Introspection. Introspection uses idle computation cyles in the data path and idle data transfer cycles in the interconnection network in a synergistic fashion for concurrent error detection and diagnosis (CEDD). The resulting on-chip fault latencies are one ten-thousandth (10-4) of previously reported system level concurrent error detection and diagnosis latencies. The associated area overhead and performance penalty are negligible. We derive a cost function that considers introspection constraints such as (i) executing an operation on three disjoint function units for diagnosis and (ii) promoting function units to participate in at least one CEDD operation. We formulate integration of introspection constraints into the operation-to-operator binding phase of high-level synthesis as a weighted bipartite matching problem. The effectiveness of introspection and its implementation are illustrated on numerous industrial strength benchmarks.
POTATO COMPOSITION: III. TISSUE SELECTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON TOTAL NITROGEN, FREE AMINO ACID NITROGEN AND ENZYME ACTIVITY (POLYPHENOLASE, MONOPHENOLASE, PEROXIDASE AND CATALASE)

Russet Burbank, Norchip, Kennebec, White Rose, Red La Soda and Lenape tubers were sampled at harvest, after storage for 2 and 4 mo at 7 C, and after 3 wk at 20 C following each storage treatment. Freeze-dried tissue from the bud-end, stem-end and core was analyzed for total, and free amino acid nitrogen, and for monophenolase, polyphenolase, peroxidase, and catalase activities. Significant differences among cultivars and among different parts of the tuber were found for all nitrogen fractions and all enzyme activities. Storage treatments significantly changed the total and free amino acid nitrogen contents and polyphenolase, peroxidase, and catalase activities. When compared for total nitrogen content and catalase activity, differences among different parts of the tuber which were statistically significant were similar in all cultivars. However, when compared for free amino acid content, and monophenolase, polyphenolase and peroxidase activities, differences among different parts of the tuber which were statistically significant were dependent upon which cultivar was examined. The differences among cultivars which were statistically significant for all nitrogen fractions and all enzyme activities, except peroxidase, were not significantly changed by storage treatment. The differences among different parts of the tuber which were statistically significant for quantity of both nitrogen fractions and for all enzyme activities were not significantly changed by storage.
The Study of Religion in the University: Beyond Scientific and Humanistic Approaches

This essay considers an exchange between ‘‘new secular’’ theologians in the US and a Canadian proponent of the scientific study of religion, about humanistic and scientific values in the academic study of religion, in relation to the character of contemporary universities and the scope of the humanities. It suggests that the humanistic study of religion is culturally normal in North American higher education and educationally important, but is limited as a program for the study of religion as social reality. The essay argues that systematic, integrated study of religions, incorporating contemporary knowledge about human behavior, is necessary for understanding actions of religious people in social and historical circumstances. To this end it proposes an integrated causal model, drawing on Michael Pye’s concept of Religionswissenschaft and Talcott Parsons’s general action theory.
Temperament, Anxiety, and the Processing of Threat-Relevant Stimuli

This article discusses converging evidence from developmental, clinical, and cognitive psychology suggesting that there is significant overlap between research findings on affect, temperament, and attentional processes associated with pathological anxiety. We offer a proposal for the integration of these 3 areas aimed at developing a more clear understanding of the developmental sequence and operative mechanisms in the dysregulation of negative affect and the development of symptoms of anxiety pathology. We review evidence for a model indicating that reactive and effortful temperamental processes, possibly mediated by an attentional bias toward threat-relevant information, interact to produce problems of dysregulated negative affect and elevated levels of pathological anxiety. This model may assist in understanding the development of anxiety disorders, identifying children at risk for such disorders, and selecting points of entry for both preventative and curative interventions.
Calculating Change Curves for Multitemporal Satellite Imagery: Mount St. Helens 1980–1995

Abstract We developed and tested a method for analyzing multitemporal satellite imagery using change curves. The method is flexible and allows an analyst to extract specific change parameters from the curves depending on the research question of interest. Eight Landsat TM images of the Mount St. Helens, Washington, blast zone from 1984 to 1995 were geometrically and radiometrically corrected. They were then transformed to estimates of green vegetation cover. Unsupervised clustering was performed on the set of eight transformed images and polynomial curves were fit to the cluster means. From these fitted curves, parameters of interest were extracted and returned to GIS layers, including number of years to reach 10% cover, the greatest rate of cover increase during the study period, and time-integrated cover. Statistical analysis indicated that the curves did a good job of representing the change trajectories of unclustered pixels. We demonstrated the use of change curve analysis by analyzing the importance in the revegetation of Mount St. Helens of the different types of disturbance resulting from the volcanic eruption. The change curve analysis is useful in a variety of applications where the data are continuous, more than two dates of data are available, and the underlying question of interest relates to trends in the data.
Psychometric Properties of the Gaze Anxiety Rating Scale: Convergent, Discriminant, and Factorial Validity

Fear and avoidance of gaze are two features thought to be associated with problematic social anxiety. Avoidance of eye contact has been linked with such undesirable traits as deceptiveness, insincerity, and lower self-esteem. The Gaze Anxiety Rating Scale (GARS) is a self-report measure designed to assess gaze anxiety and avoidance, but its psychometric properties have only been assessed in one preliminary study. We further investigated psychometric properties of the GARS by assessing convergent and factorial validity. We obtained a two-factor solution: gaze anxiety and avoidance across situations (1) in general (GARS-General) and (2) related to dominance communication (GARS-Dominance). The GARS-General factor related more strongly to social anxiety than the GARS-Dominance, and convergent validity of the factors was supported by expected relationships with personality and social anxiety variables. Our results indicate that the GARS subscales are psychometrically valid measures of gaze aversion, supporting their use in future study of the relationship between social anxiety and eye contact behavior.
Indirect measurement of neutron emission from fission fragments

Abstract An experiment to determine indirectly the average number of neutrons emitted by fission fragments as a function of fragment mass and total kinetic energy is described. The method is based on the measurement of both fragment kinetic energies and the velocity of one of the fragments, and is particularly applicable to medium or high excitation cases where direct neutron counting is difficult or impractical. Details of the analysis of such an experiment are given, and results for 252Cf spontaneous fission are shown.
Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and possible differential tectonic rotation of the Miocene-Pliocene mammal-bearing San Timoteo Badlands, Southern California

Abstract The San Timoteo Badlands, consisting of the Mt. Eden beds conformably overlain by the San Timoteo beds, is a 3000 m thick sequence of nonmarine sediments deposited in a tectonically active region in southern California. Paleomagnetic samples were collected from 132 sites within these badlands. A composite magnetostratigraphic section for this sequence correlates to the MPTS from the late part of chron C3An.1n to the early part of chron C2r.2r, between about 6 and 2.3 Ma. The classic late Hemphillian (late Miocene) Mt. Eden fossil mammal quarry occurs near the base of the composite section within chron C3r, between 5.8 and 5.3 Ma. Although the overall unit-mean declinations indicate negligible or slight counterclockwise (CCW) vertical-axis rotation (−8.8° ± 4.9°), analysis of declination subsets from different parts of the section suggest possible differential small-block rotation within the San Timoteo Badlands: Prior to 3.5 Ma (represented by the Mt. Eden beds) there is negligible rotation; the overlying portion of the San Timoteo Badlands (represented by the lower San Timoteo beds) dated between 3.5 and 2.3 Ma (chrons C2An.3n to C2r.2r), indicate significant apparent CCW rotation (R ± ΔR) of −20.7° ± 5.2°. These data suggest decoupling of the upper part of the San Timoteo Badlands and independent CCW vertical-axis rotation relative to the lower part of this sequence.
Super-optimal CO2 reduces wheat yield in growth chamber and greenhouse environments

Abstract Seven growth chamber trials (six replicate trials using 0.035, 0.12, and 0.25 % CO 2 in air and one trial using 0.12, 0.80, and 2.0% CO 2 in air) and three replicate greenhouse trials (0.035, 0.10, 0.18, 0.26, 0.50, and 1.0% CO 2 in air) compare the effects of super-optimal CO 2 on the seed yield, harvest index, and vegetative growth rate of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cvs. USU-Apogee and Veery-10). Plants in the growth chamber trials were grown hydroponically under fluorescent lamps, while the greenhouse trials were grown under sunlight and high pressure sodium lamps and in soilless media. Plants in the greenhouse trials responded similarly to those in the growth chamber trials; maximum yields occurred near 0.10 and 0.12 % CO 2 and decreased significantly thereafter. This research indicates that the toxic effects of elevated CO 2 are not specific to only one environment and has important implications for the design of bio-regenerative life support systems in space, and for the future of terrestrial agriculture.
A Theoretical Study of Unimolecular Reactions of Dimethyl Persulfoxide

Unimolecular reactions on the (CH3)2SOO potential energy surface have been calculated in an attempt to rationalize the reaction of singlet oxygen with dimethyl sulfide. Geometries were optimized with B3LYP/6-31+G(d) except for (CH3)2SOO which is not correctly described at that level of theory. Single-point calculations were made with a computational scheme similar to G2(MP2,SVP). A second intermediate, CH3S(CH2)OOH, formed by intramolecular hydrogen abstraction (ΔHa = 4.8 kcal/mol), is found to play a pivotal role in the concerted reaction pathway. From this intermediate, dimethyl sulfone can be formed in two steps. First, a hydroxyl group migrates to the sulfur (ΔHa = 8.3 kcal/mol) followed by intramolecular hydrogen migration to the methylene group (ΔHa = 14.4 kcal/mol). Alternatively, the CH3S(CH2)(O)OH intermediate can be protonated by trace water and deprotonated to form dimethyl sulfone, which can explain the H/D exchange process observed experimentally. A sulfurane, formed by the addition of water ...
ISOLATION OF VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS BY BONE MARROW CULTURE.

SummaryIn vitro culture of bone marrow obtained relatively late in the course of disease in both man and monkeys has resulted in isolation of VEE virus not detected by conventional procedures. Viable marrow cells served as both the source of virus and as susceptible tissue supporting virus multiplication. It is suggested that this method may have application in the diagnosis of other viral diseases.The professional and technical assistance of W. R. Brunton, K. M. Goddard, and R. C. Carter is gratefully acknowledged.
A class of collinear scaling algorithms for bound-constrained optimization: Derivation and computational results

A family of algorithms for the approximate solution of the bound-constrained minimization problem is described. These algorithms employ the standard barrier method, with the inner iteration based on trust region methods. Local models are conic functions rather than the usual quadratic functions, and are required to match first and second derivatives of the barrier function at the current iterate. The various members of the family are distinguished by the choice of a vector-valued parameter, which is the zero vector in the degenerate case that quadratic local models are used. Computational results are used to compare the efficiency of various members of the family on a selection of test functions.
In vitro tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity in HEP G2 liver cells

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a mediator of liver injury. The objective of this study was to develop an in vitro model of TNF-mediated liver cell injury using the Hep G2 cell line. Hep G2 cells normally are insensitive to TNF cytotoxicity, but they were rendered susceptible, or sensitized, to TNF cytotoxicity by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The concentration of TNF required to kill 50% of Hep G2 cells sensitized with 0.8 mumol/L actinomycin D (Act D) was 35 pmol/L compared with 5 pmol/L for LM fibroblasts, a classic target cell used in TNF cytotoxicity bioassays. Similarly, TNF cytotoxicity occurred in Hep G2 cells sensitized with cycloheximide (CHX), and cytotoxicity to both inhibitors was dose dependent. Both protein and RNA synthesis were inhibited in Hep G2 cells by the concentrations of CHX and Act D associated with TNF cytotoxicity. Hep G2 cells pretreated with TNF alone and later exposed to normally toxic concentrations of TNF with DACT did not develop cytotoxicity. Thus, in vitro tolerance to TNF was induced. Cytotoxicity also was more severe at modestly increased temperatures (39 degrees C versus 37 degrees C), which may have clinical relevance to hepatic decompensation during febrile episodes. We suggest that the Hep G2 cell line sensitized by inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis is a useful in vitro model for evaluating mechanism(s) of TNF-mediated liver cell injury.
Efficient matchings in augmented reality application

With fast growing popularity of smart phones in recent years, augmented reality (AR) becomes more demanding than ever before. However, one of main challenges is that while features like SIFT or SURF are robust in matchings, they are not computationally efficient. In this paper, we propose an efficient matching method for robust features. A distinctive descriptor is also proposed for performance improvements. Besides, we have developed an outdoor augmented reality system that is based on our proposed methods. The system demonstrates that not only it can achieve robust matchings efficiently, it is also capable to handle large occlusions such as passengers and moving vehicles.
Altered thyroxine metabolism resulting from the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene.

Fifty-day-old virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats received daily sc injections of a fixed volume of 131I-labeled Na l-thyroxine for 17 days. When in iodine balance, untreated control rats and those receiving daily intragastric feedings of sesame oil excreted approximately 60% of the daily injected dose of 131I as iodide in the urine and the remainder as thyroxine in the feces. In contrast, rats receiving daily intragastric feedings of 10 mg 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) excreted approximately 70% of the daily dose of radioactivity in the feces. As determined by paper chromatography, the administration of MCA did not change the chemical form of the 131I excreted in urine and feces. In addition, the plasma PB131I concentration of MCA-treated rats was reduced to approximately half that of sesame oil-treated rats. The effects of MCA on thyroxine metabolism were apparently not mediated by increased fecal mass, since food intake was carefully matched and fecal mass was quite low in all groups. (Endocrinology 80: 896...
Elastogenesis in Human Arterial Disease A Role for Macrophages in Disordered Elastin Synthesis

Objective— Elastin, an extracellular matrix protein, constitutes about 30% of the dry weight of the arteries. Elastolysis induced by inflammatory processes is active in chronic arterial diseases. However, elastogenesis in arterial diseases has received little attention. In this work we hypothesized that disordered elastogenesis is active in matrix remodeling in atheroma and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Methods and Results— Human AAA and atheroma have 4- to 6-fold more tropoelastin protein than nondiseased arteries. The smooth muscle cell–containing media and fibrous cap of atherosclerotic arteries contain ordered mature elastin, whereas macrophage (MΦ)-rich regions often have disorganized elastic fibers. Surprisingly, in addition to smooth muscle cells, MΦs in diseased arteries also produce the elastin precursor tropoelastin, as shown by double immunostaining, in situ hybridization, and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction for tropoelastin mRNA. Cultured monocyte-derived MΦs can express the...
Classification neural networks for rapid sequence annotation and automated database organization

Abstract A neural network classification method has been developed as an alternative approach to the search/organization problem of large molecular databases. Two artificial neural systems have been implemented on a Cray for rapid protein/nucleic acid classification of unknown sequences. The system employs a n -gram hashing function for sequence encoding and modular back-propagation networks for classification. The protein system, which classifies proteins into PIR (Protein Identification Resource) superfamilies, has achieved 82–100% sensitivity at a speed that is about an order of magnitude faster than other search methods. The pilot nucleic acid system showed a 91–97% classification accuracy. The software tool could be used as a filter program to reduce the database search time and help organize the molecular sequence databases. The tool is generally applicable to any databases that are organized according to family relationships.
Lectin binding assays for in-process monitoring of sialylation in protein production.

Many therapeutic proteins require appropriate glycosylation for their biological activities and plasma half life. Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is a glycoprotein which has extensive post-translational modification by N-linked glycosylation. The terminal sialic acid in the N-linked glycans of FVIII is required for maximal circulatory half life. The extent of FVIII sialylation can be determined by high pH anion-exchange chromatography coupled with a pulse electrochemical detector (HPAEC-PED), but this requires a large amount of purified protein. Using FVIII as a model, the objective of the present study was to develop assays that enable detection and prediction of sialylation deficiency at an early stage in the process and thus prevent downstream product quality excursions. Lectin ECA (Erythrina Cristagalli) binds to unsialylated Galβ1-4 GlcNAc and the ECA-binding level (i.e., terminal Gal(β1-4) exposure) is inversely proportional to the level of sialylation. By using ECA, a cell-based assay was developed to measure the global sialylation profile in FVIII producing cells. To examine the Galβ1-4 exposure on the FVIII molecule in bioreactor tissue culture fluid (TCF), an ELISA-based ECA-FVIII binding assay was developed. The ECA-binding specificity in both assays was assessed by ECA-specific sugar inhibitors and neuraminidase digestion. The ECA-binding specificity was also independently confirmed by a ST3GAL4 siRNA knockdown experiment. To establish the correlation between Galβ1-4 exposure and the HPAEC-PED determined FVIII sialylation value, the FVIII containing bioreactor TCF and the purified FVIII samples were tested with ECA ELISA binding assay. The results indicated an inverse correlation between ECA binding and the corresponding HPAEC-PED sialylation value. The ECA-binding assays are cost effective and can be rapidly performed, thereby making them effective for in-process monitoring of protein sialylation.
Abstract LB-80: Exome sequencing of murine p53-knockout T-cell lymphomas reveals Pten loss and Cdk6 amplification as key steps toward cellular transformation

Loss of the tumor suppressor, p53, occurs in over 50% of cancers. The ability for p53 to protect the cell from tumorigenesis is based on its ability to induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence following genotoxic stress. Furthermore, genetic deletion of p53 in mice gives rise to spontaneous thymic (T-cell) lymphomas and sarcomas. In this study, we used the p53-knockout (KO) mouse as a model for progression of tumorigenesis. We first analyzed genomic DNA of p53-KO and WT normal thymus at various ages and p53-KO thymic lymphomas using TCRβ sequencing, allowing us to determine the clonality of the T cell repertoire. These data suggest that p53-KO thymic lymphomas were mostly oligoclonal, with some tumors comprising of a dominant clone. We further analyzed tumors with dominant clones for genomic instability by exome sequencing. Sequencing analysis revealed that there were many non-synonymous mutations occurring in each tumor, but with no similarities between tumors. On the other hand, all of the murine tumors had deletion of Pten and amplification of Cdk6. This is in stark contrast to what is seen in most human T cell lymphoblastic leukemias, which have activating mutations in Notch1 and loss of Arf. Interestingly, loss of Pten not only occurred in all tumors, but also in most, if not all, clones in the tumor. This suggests that Pten loss is an early event driving T cell transformation in a p53-KO background. Using this data, we found the somatic mutation rate in the tumors to be 1000-fold greater than the germline mutation rate. Loss of p53 also caused chromosomal abnormalities as seen with increased copy number variations. Taken together, our work suggests that, with initial loss of p53, the path to T cell tumorigenesis is vastly different from that of human tumors. Without p53, the somatic genome increases in mutation rate and copy number variations, thus solidifying p539s role as guardian of the genome. Citation Format: Crissy Dudgeon, Chang Chan, Yvonne Sun, Arnold J. Levine. Exome sequencing of murine p53-knockout T-cell lymphomas reveals Pten loss and Cdk6 amplification as key steps toward cellular transformation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-80. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-80
Striking a Balance: Human and Computer Contributions to Learning through Semantic Analysis

Manual acquisition of high-quality, broad-coverage knowledge needed by knowledge-based NLP systems is commonly considered too expensive a procedure, and has been known to cause "the knowledge acquisition bottleneck". The use of the web as a corpus to support automating knowledge acquisition has been gaining in popularity in the recent years. This approach tends to introduce noise at the early stages of learning which can have a compounding impact on the quality of the final results. If the goal is to alleviate the expense of manual knowledge acquisition in the short term, a combination of automatic knowledge learning and human validation / correction must be considered. People can either post-edit automatically produced candidate knowledge elements or intervene at various stages in the acquisition process to facilitate high-quality automatic output. In this paper, we report on a sequence of experiments analyzing the utility of the latter methodology in the framework of a mutual-bootstrapping environment in which new knowledge resources are acquired both for and through the operation of an automatic meaning extraction system.
Cloning and sequencing of the light chain variable region from NS-1 myeloma

The aim of this study was to clone the gene encoding the light chain variable region (VL) of the murine myeloma cell line P3/NS1/1-Ag4-1 (NS-1). Total RNA was prepared from the NS-1 cell line and its fusion hybridoma cell line 2F9. The VL gene was amplified using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) with family-specific primer pairs. The PCR products were cloned into the pGEM®-T easy vector, transfected into E. coli DH5α cells and the positive recombinants were identified and purified with EcoRI digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis. The sequence was identified using an automatic DNA sequencer and analyzed online using the IMGT/V-QUEST program (version 3.2.21). The PCR product that was amplified with the P9 and P14 primers was approximately 392 bp in size. Following digestion with EcoRI, the band of interest was also detected in positive recombinants using agarose gel electrophoresis. The sequences from the NS-1 and 2F9 cells were identical. The whole sequence was 387 bp long, encoding 128 amino acids (AA), including a 60 bp leader sequence. There was a TAA stop codon at 385–387 bp and only one cysteine was found, at 112AA/128AA. Analysis using IMGT/V-QUEST determined the cloned V- and J-segments as murine IGκKV3-12*01 and IGκKJ2*01, respectively. Accordingly, the NS-1 VL gene belongs to the Igκ gene family V3 subgroup. The NS-1 VL gene was successfully cloned and it is a pseudo-Igκ chain gene in NS-1 cells. This study may aid the sequencing of genes encoding monoclonal antibodies produced by mouse hybridomas raised with NS-1 myeloma.
Analysis of mutations causing biotinidase deficiency.

Biotinidase deficiency is an inherited disorder in which the vitamin, biotin, is not recycled. Individuals with biotinidase deficiency can develop neurological and cutaneous symptoms if they are not treated with biotin. Biotinidase deficiency screening has been incorporated into essentially all newborn screening programs in the United States and in many countries. We now report 140 known mutations in the biotinidase gene (BTD) that cause biotinidase deficiency. All types of mutations have been found to cause biotinidase deficiency. Variants have been identified throughout the coding sequence. Essentially all the variants result in enzymatic activities with less than 10% of mean normal enzyme activity (profound biotinidase deficiency) with the exception of the c.1330G>C (p.D444H) mutation, which results in an enzyme having 50% of mean normal serum activity. The putative three-dimensional structure of biotinidase has been predicted by homology to that of nitrilases/amidases. The effect of the various missense mutations can be predicted to affect various important sites within the structure of the enzyme. This compilation of variants causing biotinidase deficiency will be useful to clinical laboratories that are performing mutation analysis for confirmational testing when the enzymatic results are equivocal for children identified through newborn screening. Hum Mutat 31:983–991, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hydrophobic binding is not an independent stereochemical determinant in the yeast glyoxalase I reaction.

Abstract For yeast glyoxalase I, a stereospecific proton-transfer mechanism requires the formation of either a cis or a trans-enediol intermediate. Analogs of the two possible isomeric enediol intermediates, formed from the hemimercaptal due to phenylglyoxal and glutathione, have been synthesized in which the oxygen atoms of the enediol are replaced by protons. Both isomeric analogs are strong linear competitive inhibitors of the enzyme having nearly equal inhibition constants: Ki(cis) = 0.10 mM;Ki(trans) = 0.16 mM. This suggests that while hydrophobic interactions between substrate, enediol intermediate and enzyme may contribute significantly to binding, this type of interaction is not an independent stereochemical determinant of the reaction.
Organizing dialogue from an incoherent stream of goals

Human discourse appears coherent when it reflects coherent human thought. However, computers do not necessarily store or process information in the same way that people do and, therefore, cannot rely on the structure of their reasoning for the structure of their dialogues. Instead, computer-generated conversation must rely on some other mechanism for its organisation. In this paper, we discuss one such mechanism. We describe a template that provides a guide for conversation. The template is built from schemata representing discourse convention. As goals arrive from the problem solver they are added to the template. Because accepted discourse structures are used to connect a new goal to the existing template, goals are organised into sub-groups that follow conventional, coherent patterns of discourse. We present JUDIS, an interface to a distributed problem solver that uses this approach to organise dialogues from an incoherent stream of goals.
Entrainment in Cumulus Clouds

Abstract Entrainment of dry air into cumulus clouds influences the development of the clouds in a major way. The many aspects of the entrainment process are examined in this paper by critically reviewing the literature from the time when investigations began. It is an interesting time in the evolution of the study of cumulus clouds with the advent of different models and several new instruments. Traditional entraining plume and thermal models that received considerable attention during the early years are being replaced by episodic-type mixing models. Recent observations of the source of entrained air are in part responsible for the new thinking, but the ideas really originate with the suggestion made by Squires more than 40 years age that vertical rather than horizontal mixing causes the dilution of cumuli by the process of penetrative downdrafts.
Effect of Fly Ash on the Shear Strength of Concrete Beams Without Shear Reinforcement

The following paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the shear strength of full-scale reinforced concrete beams constructed with both high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC)—concrete with at least 50 % of the cement replaced with fly ash—and conventional concrete (CC). This study includes two HVFAC mixes and one CC mix. The two HVFAC mixes are identical except for the amount of Class C fly ash replacement of cement, with one mix replacing 50 % of the cement with fly ash and the other replacing 70 %. The test matrix included 18 beams—six for each concrete type—with three different longitudinal reinforcement ratios. The test results were compared to the shear provisions of both U.S. and international design codes, including the design provisions from Australia, Canada, Europe, and Japan. Furthermore, the shear strengths of the beams were evaluated based on fracture mechanics approaches, modified compression field theory (MCFT), and a shear database of CC specimens. Results of this study show that the HVFAC mixes possess comparable shear strength with the CC.
Two antigen-independent adhesion pathways used by human cytotoxic T-cell clones

Cell–cell adhesion is essential for many immunological functions1–4, including interaction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with their targets5–8. We have explored CTL-target interactions using well-characterized cloned human CTLs9,10. Conjugate formation between these CTLs and many antigen-negative targets is almost as efficient as with specific target cells, but does not lead to target-cell lysis. Thus, on specific target cells, adhesion by antigen-independent pathways may occur concurrently with or precede antigen recognition. The molecules LFA-1, CD2 (Til, LFA-2) and LFA-3 have been shown11–15 to be involved in human CTL conjugation with and lysis of specific target cells. Here we describe monoclonal antibody inhibition studies using individual monoclonal antibodies and mixes which demonstrate (1) that LFA-1, CD2 and LFA-3 are involved in antigen-independent conjugate formation; and (2) suggest that CD2 and LFA-3 are involved in one pathway and LFA-1 in another. We confirmed the existence of distinct pathways by the demonstration that LFA-1-dependent adhesion requires divalent cations and is temperature-sensitive whereas CD2- and LFA-3-dependent adhesion does not require divalent cations and is temperature-insensitive. Together with previous data, our studies suggest that CD2 on the effector interacts with LFA-3 as its ligand on targets.
The outcome of children with intractable seizures: a 3- to 6-year follow-up of 67 children who remained on the ketogenic diet less than one year.

Summary: Purpose: To determine the long-term outcome of children with difficult-to-control seizures who remained on the ketogenic diet for <1 year. Methods: Between 1994 and 1996, 150 children with epilepsy, refractory to at least two medications, initiated the ketogenic diet according to the Hopkins protocol. Three to six years after diet initiation, all the families were contacted by telephone or questionnaire to assess their child's current seizure status, medications, and therapies. Results: Sixty-seven children discontinued the diet within 1 year of initiation. Follow-up data were available for 54 of these children. Ten subsequently had surgery, and three underwent VNS implantation. These operated-on children were significantly more likely to be >50% controlled at follow-up than were those managed with medications alone (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference in long-term outcome was noted between those who responded while on the diet, even if they discontinued it before 1 year, and those who did not (p < 0.05), but no statistical correlation was found between length of time that they had remained on the diet and long-term prognosis. Conclusions: Almost half of the children who discontinued the diet during the first year had a decrease in seizures when assessed 3–6 years later. Twenty-two percent of these had become seizure free without surgery. We were unable to ascertain whether this may have been due to new medications. Those who saw some improvement while on the diet were more likely to have a favorable long-term outcome. Resective surgery, in children who were candidates, or vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) implantation, was more likely to result in significant seizure improvement than was management with medications alone. Whether or not the diet was effective, most families did not regret trying it and would recommend it to others.
Kriegshysteriker: Strategische Bilder und mediale Techniken militärpsychiatrischen Wissens, 1914–1920

Kriegshysteriker: Strategische Bilder und mediale Techniken militarpsychiatrischen Wissens, 1914–1920 [War hysterics: strategic images and medial techniques of military psychiatric knowledge, 1914–...
GOMCO circumcision clamp; an enduring and unexpected success.

Many newborn boys in the United States are circumcised. The American Academy of Pediatrics, while acknowledging that some advantages may be derived from neonatal circumcision, has expressed the opinion that these potential benefits are not yet demonstrated to the point at which formal advocacy of the procedure is warranted. 1 Although the medical benefits of neonatal circumcision remain in dispute, the method used to perform the operation is well known and recognized by most urologists. The common technique involves the use of a specialized device under local anesthesia. The device assists in controlling the amount of prepuce to be removed and aids in hemostasis. The most popular of these devices in the United States are the GOMCO clamp (U.S. Patent 119180), Hollister Plastibell (U.S. Patent 3056407), and Mogen clamp (U.S. Patent 2747576). 2,3 Of these, the oldest is the GOMCO clamp, which originated in Buffalo, New York. Created more than 60 years ago by Hiram S. Yellen, M.D. and Aaron A. Goldstein, the device is a model of excellence in design and innovation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE GOMCO CLAMP
Necessary Forgetting: On the Use of Propranolol in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Management

Arguments against the use of traumatic memory attenuation, such as those referenced in the article by Henry et al. (2007), seem to rest upon the implicit assumption that retained memories have intr...
Thermodynamics of multicomponent pyroxenes: II. Phase relations in the quadrilateral

The model for the thermodynamic properties of multicomponent pyroxenes (Part I) is calibrated for ortho- and clinopyroxenes in the quadrilateral subsystem defined by the end-member components Mg2Si2O6, CaMgSi2O6, CaFeSi2O6, and Fe2Si2O6. This calibration accounts for: (1) Fe-Mg partitioning relations between orthopyroxenes and augites, and between pigeonites and augites, (2) miscibility gap features along the constituent binary joins CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6 and CaFeSi2O6-Fe2Si2O6, (3) calorimetric data for CaMgSi2O6-Mg2Si2O6 pyroxenes, and (4) the P-T-X systematics of both the reaction pigeonite=orthopyroxene+augite, and miscibility gap featurs, over the temperature and pressure ranges 800–1500°C and 0–30 kbar. The calibration is achieved with the simplifying assumption that all regular-solution-type parameters are constants independent of temperature. It is predicated on the assumptions that: (1) the Ca-Mg substitution is more nonideal in Pbca pyroxenes than in C2/c pyroxenes, and (2) entropies of about 3 and 6.5 J/K-mol are associated with the change of Ca from 6- to 8-fold coordination in the M2 site in magnesian and iron C2/c pyroxenes, respectively. The model predicts that Fe2+-Mg2+ M1-M2 site preferences in C2/c pyroxenes are highly dependent on Ca and Mg contents, with Fe2+ more strongly preferring M2 sites both in Ca-rich C2/c pyroxenes with a given Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio, and in magnesian C2/c pyroxenes with intermediate Ca/(Ca+Fe+Mg) ratios. The proposed model is internally consistent with our previous analyses of the solution properties of spinels, rhombohedral oxides, and Fe-Mg olivines and orthpyroxenes. Results of our calibration extend an existing database to include estimates for the thermodynamic properties of the C2/c and Pbca pyroxene end-members clinoenstatite, clinoferrosilite, hedenbergite, orthodiopside, and orthohedenbergite. Phase relations within the quadrilateral and its constitutent subsystems are calculated for temperatures and pressures over the range 800–1700°C and 0–50 kbar and compare favorably with experimental constraints.
Land Use Site Reconnaissance by Computer-Assisted Derivative Mapping

A comprehensive and rapid technique for the areal reconnaissance and geologic evaluation of land utilizes computer-assisted data storage, retrieval, manipulation, and display of geologic data (factors) to demonstrate suitable areas for specific uses. Both continuous field data (for example, hydrologic maps) and point data (for example, water-well data) are used as data sources, and derived-data maps (for example, soil maps and geologic maps) are sources of multiple factors. Factors critical to determining the suitability of the land for a given use are compiled by constructing individual factor matrices on a grid, each cell of which represents a unit parcel of land. For each factor, matrix cells are assigned numeric values proportional to the suitability of the factor for the intended land use project. The matrices are weighted according to the project requirements and are summed. The potential optimal sites can then be identified by high summations. A combination of block perspective drawings and contour maps display the results in an easily understood format. By altering input criteria and weighting parameters, alternative land use management plans can be rapidly and inexpensively investigated. The technique is illustrated by a pilot project designed and conducted to locate optimal sites for solid-waste, liquid-waste, and on-site septic waste disposal facilities in Roscommon County, Michigan. Geologic, hydrologic, and socio-economic factors were used as siting criteria. The results of this study indicate that the existing waste disposal facilities may not be sited optimally, and a land use conflict is indicated for uncontrolled future area development.
How Religious Communities Can Help LGBTIQQ Asian Americans to Come Home

My essay traces the convergence of my activist, spiritual and academic journeys in working towards Vietnamese LGBTIQQ rights and visibility. I discuss my pilot survey data of Asian American attitudes toward LGBTIQQ issues and my own pragmatic and spiritual journey to explore what sustainable activism may mean. I share the lessons learned that would require LGBTIQQ activists to address religious issues and what religious allies can do to help advance LGBTIQQ rights and concerns. I conclude arguing for a new politics of spirituality or a new politics of restorative justice and sustainable activism.
Protein synthesis during maturation promoting factor- and progesterone-induced maturation in Xenopus oocytes.

Abstract The quantitative and qualitative aspects of protein synthesis during Xenopus oocyte maturation were investigated. Progesterone or the injection of maturation promoting factor (MPF) both increased protein synthesis approximately twofold relative to controls. However, MPF induced a precocious increase relative to the time of germinal vesicle breakdown compared to that observed in response to progesterone. Examination of two-dimensional gels showed minimal changes in the types of polypeptides synthesized from control and progesterone- and MPF-matured oocytes. Rather there was an overall increase in the synthesis of individual polypeptides during progesterone and MPF-induced maturation.
A universal basis set for high-precision molecular electronic structure studies

High-precision matrix Hartree-Fock calculations are reported for a series of five isoelectronic diatomic systems in their ground states. A universal even-tempered basis set of Gaussian-type functions is developed for the nitrogen molecule at its experimentally derived equilibrium nuclear separation and then used to parameterize the single-particle state functions in the matrix Hartree-Fock description of the neutral molecules CO and BF, and in the ions NO+ and CN- at their respective experimentally determined equilibrium geometries. The calculated energies are compared with the results of previously reported fully numerical calculations which were performed by using finite difference and/or finite element techniques and which are taken to define Hartree-Fock limit. Energies obtained using the universal even-tempered finite basis set expansion are well within what is usually regarded as 'chemical accuracy' of approximately 1 mHartree and are only in error by approximately 2.3, approximately 1.5, approximately 90, approximately 40 and approximately 140 mu Hartree for N2, CO, BF, NO+ and Cn-, respectively.
Carbon disulfide inhalation increases Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins in the rat central nervous system

The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins was studied in brain supernatants prepared from rats exposed via inhalation to 600 to 800 ppm carbon disulfide (CS2) for 14 days. Exposure to CS2 resulted in increased phosphorylation of endogenous MAP-2 and exogenously added neurofilament triplet proteins. There also was an observed increase in the autophosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II). Slight increases in the binding of a monoclonal antibody to the alpha subunit of CaM kinase II were seen, while large increases in the binding of [125I]calmodulin to the alpha subunit of CaM kinase II also were observed. The finding of large increases in the autophosphorylation and calmodulin-binding to CaM kinase II with only slight increases in the amount of antibody-binding suggests that CS2 exposure results in increased Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of proteins by inducing an increase in kinase activity.
Wood anatomy of the dicotyledons indigenous to New Zealand 5. Verbenaceae

Abstract Anatomical features of the secondary xylem of Vitex lucens Kirk and Teucridium parvifolium Hook.f. are described. The woods are diffuse-porous with a tendency towards being semi-ring-porous in T. parvifolium. Some narrow vessels in T. parvifolium cannot be distinguished in transverse section Erom the remaining axial elements. Vessels have simple perforations and spiral thickening. In V. lucens this thickening is extremely fine. Intervascular pits are randomly arranged, and are angular to round. Vessel-ray pits are similar to intervascular pits or are simple. In V. lucens axially to radially elongated pits with or without borders are also present. Vascular tracheids with spiral thickening are oceasionally present in T. parvifolium. Axial parenchyma is sparse to frequent. Fusiform parenchyma is sometimes present in T. parvifolium. Rays are heterogeneous, but homogeneous rays are also found in V. lucens. Rays are mainly 1–5 cells wide. Fibres have simple to almost simple pits. They are septate in V....
Meteorology's Struggle for Professional Recognition in the USA (1900–1950)

Summary Meteorology, a scientific discipline almost exclusively associated with weather forecasting in the first half of the twentieth century in the USA, was viewed with disdain by more mathematically based scientific communities. A descriptive science lacking in physical and mathematical rigor, meteorology was typically without an academic home in US colleges and universities. This stood in sharp contrast to the meteorological communities across the Atlantic which were supported by dedicated geophysical institutes. Four factors kept US meteorologists, unlike their European colleagues, on the fringes of the scientific mainstream: a lack of ‘rigor’, a lack of academic presence, a lack of patronage (governmental or private), and a pervasive public view that meteorological information was ‘free’ and yet should be tailored to a variety of users. The symbiotic relationship of these factors created an almost insurmountable hurdle to disciplinary advancement. That hurdle was effectively overcome in mid-century ...
Adsorption of water on sodium chloride: The effect of prior exposure to hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide and water vapor

Abstract Water isotherms were obtained on cleaved NaCl crystals which had been treated with water vapor, HCl-H2O vapor and CO2-H2O vapor. These treatments are known to produce surfaces containing hydroxide, chloride and bicarbonate. The water isotherms were in accord with proposed structures for hydrogen-bonded first-layer adsorption of one molecule of H2O for each OH− site and one molecule of H2O for two Cl− sites or two HCO3− sites. The adsorption of krypton reflected only the surface area changes produced by crystallite growth resulting from surface dissolution in the adsorbed water layer and subsequent recrystallization during outgassing. Vacuum heating of NaCl powder at 180°C and 250°C after exposure to water vapor gave evidence of the conversion of the hydroxide surface to chloride surface by bulk diffusion.
Where are we, how did we get here, where are we going?

Address correspondence to: Karen Davis, PhD, Executive Vice President, The Commonwealth Fund, The Harkness House, One East 75th Street, New York, NY 10021-2692. There are some misconceptions concerning the nature of insurance coverage. A few that have arisen recently are that the uninsured are largely young people and people who are healthy, are uninsured by choice, or a e uninsured for relatively short periods. However, we know, in fact, that approximately 50% of the uninsured are uninsured for at least 2 years or more; in addition, only 7% of the uninsured are uninsured by choice. Most people are uninsured because they simply cannot afford health care. Others cannot afford care because of a loss of