cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Eccentricity of HD 209458b

We report 85 high-precision Doppler radial velocity measurements taken between 1999.5 and 2005.0 of the parent star of the transiting planet HD 209458b. We obtain an orbital fit to the 68 radial velocities taken out of transit and derive planetary parameters e = 0.014 ? 0.009, = 80? ? 80?, and Mpl = MJup (with M = 1.14 ? 0.10 M?). We perform orbital fits to synthetic data sets based on known planetary parameters, and we find that our measured eccentricity e = 0.014 is consistent with eccentricities estimated from synthetic radial velocity data sets generated by planets fixed on circular orbits. The orbital model that we derive suggests that structurally significant tidal heating in the interior of the planet is probably not occurring. Furthermore, the current set of radial velocities shows no evidence for additional bodies in the system.
Non-mass-dependent oxygen isotopic fractionation in smokes produced in an electrical discharge

We report the first production of non-mass-dependently fractionated silicate smokes from the gas phase at room temperature from a stream of silane and/or pentacarbonyl iron in a molecular hydrogen (or helium) flow mixed with molecular oxygen (or nitrous oxide). The smokes were formed at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) at total pressures of just under 100 Torr in an electrical discharge powered by a Tesla coil, were collected from the surfaces of the copper electrodes after each experiment and sent to the University of California at San Diego (UCSD) for oxygen isotopic analysis. Transmission electron microscopy studies of the smokes show that they grew in the gas phase rather than on the surfaces of the electrodes. We hypothesize at least two types of fractionation processes occurred during formation of the solids: a mass-dependent process that made isotopically lighter oxides compared to our initial oxygen gas composition followed by a mass-independent process that produced oxides enriched in 17O and 18O. The maximum ?17O observed is +4.7 for an iron oxide produced in flowing hydrogen, using O2 as the oxidant. More typical displacements are 1 2 above the equilibrium fractionation line. The chemical reaction mechanisms that yield these smokes are still under investigation.
Vibrotactile temporal masking: Effects of multiple maskers

Previous investigations of temporal masking effects in vibrotactile detection tasks have generally produced results suggesting considerable similarities in stimulus processing between the tactile system and the auditory system. Auditory presentation of combinations of maskers (e.g., two forward maskers) has yielded masking effects in excess of the level of masking predicted by a simple intensity sum of each masker’s individual effect. This ‘‘additional masking’’ has led to predictions of compressive nonlinearities in auditory stimulus processing. In the present study, two experiments were conducted to investigate further temporal masking phenomena for the tactile system. In the first experiment vibrotactile temporal masking functions for single forward and backward maskers were generated to examine trade‐offs among values of masker duration, masking intensity, and interstimulus interval to maintain constant detectability of a target. Results suggested that stimuli in very close temporal proximity to the target might follow somewhat different trading equations from those farther removed. Overall, results were consistent with previous findings of temporal integration in the tactile system, and support the notion of an energy integrating mechanism. In the second experiment, pairs of maskers were presented to determine whether additional masking effects occurred in vibrotactile detection. In contrast to findings for auditory presentation, in which all masker configurations generated additional masking, the tactile results showed substantial amounts of additional masking only for pairs of backward maskers. Several possible explanations for this result are evaluated, and results are discussed in terms of similarities and dissimilarities in auditory and tactile temporal processing.
Coherent structures of the near field flow in a self-oscillating physical model of the vocal folds

Current theories of voice production depend critically upon knowledge of the near field flow which emanates from the glottis. While most modern theories predict complex, three-dimensional structures in the near field flow, few investigations have attempted to quantify such structures. Using methods of flow visualization and digital particle image velocimetry, this study measured the near field flow structures immediately downstream of a self-oscillating, physical model of the vocal folds, with a vocal tract attached. A spatio-temporal analysis of the structures was performed using the method of empirical orthogonal eigenfunctions. Some of the observed flow structures included vortex generation, vortex convection, and jet flapping. The utility of such data in the future development of more accurate, low-dimensional models of voice production is discussed.
Cinnamate-4-Hydroxylase Expression in Arabidopsis (Regulation in Response to Development and the Environment)

Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) is the first Cyt P450-dependent monooxygenase of the phenylpropanoid pathway. To study the expression of this gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, a C4H cDNA clone from the Arabidopsis expressed sequence tag database was identified and used to isolate its corresponding genomic clone. The entire C4H coding sequence plus 2.9 kb of its promoter were isolated on a 5.4-kb HindIII fragment of this cosmid. Inspection of the promoter sequence revealed the presence of a number of putative regulatory motifs previously identified in the promoters of other phenylpropanoid pathway genes. The expression of C4H was analyzed by RNA blot hybridization analysis and in transgenic Arabidopsis carrying a C4H-beta-glucuronidase transcriptional fusion. C4H message accumulation was light-dependent, but was detectable even in dark-grown seedlings. Consistent with these data, C4H mRNA was accumulated to light-grown levels in etiolated det1-1 mutant seedlings. C4H is widely expressed in various Arabidopsis tissues, particularly in roots and cells undergoing lignification. The C4H-driven beta-glucuronidase expression accurately reflected the tissue-specificity and wound-inducibility of the C4H promoter indicated by RNA blot hybridization analysis. A modest increase in C4H expression was observed in the tt8 mutant of Arabidopsis.
Active jitter suppression of optical structures

This paper presents the results of experiments involving jitter suppression of optical components. Acoustic disturbances and structurally transmitted vibration contribute to the jitter of optical systems such as lasers. Active and passive methods must be used to suppress jitter from entering the optical train. An experimental test bed is constructed to study the effects of acoustic disturbances on an optical system. A laser source is directed onto a light-detecting target by way of a turning mirror and fast-steering mirror (FSM). The FSM, actuated by three piezoelectric stacks, provides tilt in both the elevation and azimuth axes. Both mirrors are exposed to an acoustic disturbance. The objective is to use knowledge of the acoustic-structural interaction to design a controller that precisely points the laser. To achieve this, several control methodologies are studied. A servo control loop around the FSM is designed using an H2 approach. By feeding back the laser beam position to the FSM, the jitter is reduced by a factor of 2.5. Feedforward methods are also explored using microphones and accelerometers as disturbance sensors. Acoustic noise control is studied as a means of reducing the sound pressure level in the proximity of the optics. Sound pressure sensed by a microphone was fed to a loudspeaker and the loop was closed with an H2 optimal controller.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photonic-electronic integration with polysilicon photonics in bulk CMOS

Here, I review the development of a polysilicon photonic platform that is optimized for integration with electronics fabricated on bulk silicon wafers. This platform enables large-scale monolithic integration of silicon photonics with microelectronics. A single-polysilicon deposition and lithography mask were used to simultaneously define the transistor gate, the low-loss waveguides, the depletion modulators, and the photodetectors. Several approaches to reduce optical scattering and mitigate defect state absorption are presented. Waveguide propagation loss as low as 3 dB/cm could be realized in front-end polysilicon with an end-of-line loss as low as 10 dB/cm at 1280nm. The defect state density could be enhanced to enable all-silicon, infrared photodetectors. The resulting microring resonant detectors exhibit over 20% quantum efficiency with 9.7 GHz bandwidth over a wide range of wavelengths. A complete photonic link has been demonstrated at 5 Gbps that transfers digital information from one bulk CMOS photonics chip to another.
An Ecological and Phenomenological Perspective on Consciousness and Perception: Contact with the World at the Very Heart of the Being of Consciousness:

Owing to the intentional nature of consciousness, people possess a special kind of contact with the real world. They apprehend part of it in a qualitative and cognitive manner at the ontological le...
Taste Changes across Pregnancya

UNLABELLED We examined taste intensity and preference in 46 pregnant and 41 healthy female controls enrolled in the Yale Pregnancy Study (J. Rodin, PI). Pregnant females were tested non-pregnant (non-pg) and during the first, second and third trimesters; controls, at corresponding time intervals. Subjects rated intensity of and preference for a three-member concentration series of NaCl, sucrose, citric acid (CA), and quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) on a labeled line ('nothing' at the left, 'extremely' at 80%). Variance differences between groups were tested with the F distribution (p < 0.05). Controls had significantly greater variance among overall intensity ratings than pregnant females, most pronounced for QHCl. Controls did not have highest variance among overall hedonic ratings, but did have highest variance for sweet and QHCl ratings. Within pregnancy analyses were tested with the Friedman two-way ANOVA. Significant intensity changes occurred for moderate NaCl and QHCL concentrations (p < 0.005). For NaCl, intensity fell from non-pg and first trimester to second and third trimesters. For QHCl, intensity rose from non-pg to first trimester, and fell from first to second and third trimesters. In the hedonic ratings, significant changes occurred for top concentrations of NaCl (p < 0.05) and 0.001 M CA (p < 0.001), and moderate QHCl (p < 0.005). NaCl preference rose from non-pg to third trimester. Preference for CA fell from non-pg to first trimester and then rose from first to second and third trimesters. QHCl became less disliked from non-pg and first trimester to third trimester. SUMMARY taste intensity and hedonic variance in controls may associate with menstrual hormone fluctuations. Pregnant women were aligned in pregnancy stage which may explain the lower variance. Taste intensity and hedonic changes across pregnancy could serve to support healthy pregnancy outcomes: increases in bitter intensity in first trimester to protect against ingesting poisons; changes in NaCl, sour and bitter preference later in pregnancy to support ingesting a varied diet.
Study on multiple ring-like vortex formation and small vortex generation in late flow transition on a flat plate

A high-order direct numerical simulation (DNS) of flow transition over a flat plate at a free stream Mach number 0.5 has been carried out. During the simulation, we cannot find, according to the classical theory of boundary layer transition, the “hairpin vortex breakdown to smaller structures” in the last stage of flow transition on a flat plate. However, we did discover the so-called spikes as a result of a multibridge or multiring formation. This indicated a large and stable vortex structure which can travel for a long distance. We believe that this is a result of ring heads that are located in an inviscid region. These heads of the “turbulence spot” never seem to break down and persist as a stable structure. In addition, we discovered that the U-shaped vortex is a part of an existing coherent structure instead of a newly generated one. The U-shaped vortex also provides an additional channel to transfer vorticity to the ring from the wall. During travel, the leading primary ring in the front of the spot is sloped and skewed, causing disappearance of the second sweep. As a consequence, no energy is brought down to the lower boundary layer near the vortex ring head of the spot. Thus, the small length scale structures become damped and the existing U-shaped vortex structure becomes distinguishable. So, the question is where do the turbulent small length scale vortices come from? We will address this with a new theory which states that all of small length scales (turbulence) are generated by high-shear (HS) layers rather than being produced by “vortex breakdown.” The new DNS shows that the HS layers are produced by strong positive spikes surrounded by low-speed fluids and by the interaction between the secondary and higher-level vortices and the wall surface especially near the ring neck. This multiple ring-like vortex generation also follows the first Helmholtz vortex conservation law. Furthermore, the Λ-shaped vortex is formed and rolling up, and the Λ-vortex is stretched and narrowed, and a new bridge is generated after the neck. The bridge will further become a second ring and so on. Besides the original vortex legs, there are also U-shaped vortex tubes. Finally, the multiple ring vortex structure is formed. From this process, no evidence is found to support that two consequent multiring circles are mixed to generate small vortices. The connection of downdraft/updraft motions is also studied.
The Land is Shrinking: Population Planning in Asia

Everywhere in the 3rd world previous ecological equilibria have been disturbed and the resulting rapid population growth holds the specter of larger masses living in even greater poverty. This has happened before but today there is a new addition -- a new political and bureaucratic elite national and international search specifically for solutions to mass poverty and rapid population growth. Their existence as an administrative class for an emerging world community is an important fact of modern life from which some hope can be derived. Rapid population growth has occurred before but never before have governments been so deeply involved in confronting the growth. The bare outlines of this books political/ecological perspective can be stated simply and briefly. Rapid population growth in the high fertility countries today represents a new and disturbing ecological change. As in any such radical ecological change the affected population reacts with pervasive and often frenetic activity. In todays human population a major focus of that frenetic activity is found in the political organization that has emerged over the past few centuries. In the political administrative instruments of the modern state there is a perception of rapid population growth as a new problem and then a series of actions to deal with that problem. These actions are viewed primarily but not exclusively in political decisions to adopt national antinatalist policies to be implemented primarily by national framily planning programs that aim to have an impact on fertility through the distribution of the new contraceptive technology. It is argued that the timing of the decision the character of its implementation and the impact it has on mass reproductive behavior are significantly affected by the strength of the political administrative systems that govern the process. The basic proposition is that where political administrative strength is greater there will be an earlier antinatalist policy decision a more effective programmatic implementation of the decision and consequently a greater impact on the populations reproductive behavior. The books 5 chapters spell out the details of this political ecological perspective deal with major differences between Asia and the other high fertility regions focus on India and China -- 2 giants in the worlds population growth and pioneers in the political ecological adjustment compare the 21 remaining major states of Asia and provide a recapitulation of the overall argument. The aim of the volume is to understand some of the major political changes that distinguish this era and to show how these have an impact on national and international actions that currently are directed toward the condition of the worlds rapid population growth.
A NEW DISCRIMINATOR FOR GAMMA-RAY BURST CLASSIFICATION: THE E peak-FLUENCE ENERGY RATIO

Using the derived gamma-ray burst (GRB) E peak and fluences from the complete BATSE 5B Spectral Catalog, we study the ensemble characteristics of the E peak-fluence relation for GRBs. This relation appears to be a physically meaningful and insightful fundamental discriminator between long and short bursts. We discuss the results of the lower limit test of the E peak-E iso relations in the E peak-fluence plane for Burst And Transient Source Experiment bursts with no observed redshift. Our results confirm the presence of two GRB classes as well as heavily suggesting two different GRB progenitor types.
Differential methylation of the gene encoding myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase (Isyna1) in rat tissues

Aims: Myo-inositol levels are frequently altered in several brain disorders. Myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase, encoded by the Isyna1 gene, catalyzes the synthesis of myo-inositol in cells. Very little is known about the mechanisms regulating Isyna1 expression in brain and other tissues. In this study, we have examined the role of DNA methylation in regulating Isyna1 expression in rat tissues. Materials & methods: Transfection analysis using in vitro methylated promoter constructs, Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from various tissues digested with a methylation-sensitive enzyme and CpG methylation profiling of genomic DNA from different tissues were used to determine differential methylation of Isyna1 in tissues. Transfection analysis using plasmids harboring mutated CpG residues in the 5’-upstream region of Isyna1 was used to identify critical residues mediating promoter activity. Results: The -700 bp to -500 bp region (region 1) of Isyna1 exhibited increased methylation in brain cortex compared wi...
Solvent effect on concertedness of the transition state in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate.

The reaction pathway for the alkaline hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate is investigated using density functional theory. It is shown that solvent plays an indispensable role in shaping the concer...
Integrated displays and the perception of graphical data.

Abstract Three experiments are presented that apply a principle of compatibility of proximity to the perception of graphical data. These experiments demonstrate that the merits and costs of integral displays relative to separable displays depend in part on the task being performed. Experiment 1 employs a data extrapolation task in which information must be integrated. Here an integral display is found to be superior to a separable display. Experiment 2 employed a data perception task that requires focused attention. This reveals superior performance with separable displays. Experiment 3 employed a multiple cue judgement task in which information integration could be manipulated. Data from Experiment 3 were analysed using the Brunswick lens procedures, and indicated that knowledge of the task structure was influenced by the display type. When selective attention was required, knowledge of the task was superior with separable displays. The results are discussed with reference to the principle of compatibili...
Some morphological studies for optimum growth conditions of vapor epitaxial GaAs1-xPx

The epitaxial growth of GaAs1-xPx on GaAs using the GaCl-AsH3-PH3-H2 process has been studied. Various effects of vapor pressures on oriented growth were observed. When the growth atmosphere is nonstoichiometric, pyramids or pits are developed on the as-grown surface depending on whether the deposition region is rich in group III element (Ga) or group V elements (As and P). A model is proposed to explain such behavior by growth of nucleation islands which have [100] top planes bounded by side planes of polar orientation. In the stoichiometric case, on the other hand, as-grown surfaces are generally smooth. In particular, if p(Ga) = p(As+P) = 0.02 atm, morphologically perfect growth can be obtained. Besides [100] orientation, growth morphologies on other orientations including [115]A&B, [113]A&B, [112]A&B, [111]A&B, [221]A&B, [331]A&B, and [110] have been investigated and compared.
Dynamic quest generation in Micro Missions

Most video game stories rely on the story designer anticipating and authoring every choice a player can make with respect to the story, and the consequences of these choices. With this method, a player's sense of agency with respect to the story depends on whether that player's desired story-related actions were anticipated by the authors at the time of the development of the game. Some video games instead create an environment for emergent stories by defining detailed simulations of characters and the world they inhabit. But there are not a lot of video games that actively attempt to direct story while making it dynamic and responsive to player actions. Micro Missions is a mini-game/adventure game with a quest generation system that seeks to increase player agency by reacting to player actions dynamically, at runtime. This system uses a taxonomy of quest archetypes to select and populate quests on demand based on the current world state and current story-related goals. The creation and analysis of the quest generation system is facilitated by the architecture of Micro Missions: all gameplay is separated into modular interactions with discrete outputs, which are organized into strict cause-and-effect trees(or more precisely, directed acyclical graphs).
Intrinsic Vs Extrinsic Motivation in Learning Disabled Children

44 children identified as learning disabled were administered Harter's Scale of Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Orientation in the Classroom. Scores were correlated with several indices of school behavior, standardized achievement test scores, report-card letter grades, and teachers' behavioral ratings. No consistent pattern of relationship was evidenced between the scale and academic achievement as assessed by standardized tests and report-card letter grades. However, a weak but statistically significant pattern of relationship (rs .24 to .33) was noted between two subscales of the Harter scale and teachers' behavioral ratings. Internality on these subscales tended to be associated with higher teachers' ratings.
Genetic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease: How far have we come, and where are we heading?

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are related complex genetic disorders, with gene—gene and gene—environment interactions that are critical to their pathogenesis. Multiple genetic loci have been implicated through genome-wide searches. Of these, a locus on Crohn's disease has been definitively established in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16. Multiple candidate gene studies have been forwarded, and functionally significant variants in immuneassociated genes will provide additional insight. Characterization of the genetic variation responsible for causing inflammatory bowel disease will result in development of novel therapeutic approaches as well as in tailoring of specific therapies to individual patients based on their specific molecular pathogenesis.
Nativism or Response to Globalization? Business Reaction to Immigration Reform

Industries such as agriculture, service, health care, construction, and meat packing and processing have relied heavily on immigrant labor and have voiced opposition to the restrictive immigration reform passed recently by the House of Representatives which would provide no amnesty, no path to legalization, and which would reduce the number of worker visas. Other industries and coalitions favor tighter border security and punitive action toward undocumented immigrants and those who hire them. I propose that the position these businesses take toward immigration reform is more a response to globalization than one of nativism.
A NEW SPECIES OF HOPPINGIANA FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA. (COLEOPTERA: MELYRIDAE)

In January of 1924 (Can. Ent., vol. LVI, No. I, p. 2.), I created the genus Hoppingiana to receive a species of Melyrid that did not fit into any of the previous generic definitions. Of late considerable discussion has arisen over the possibility that Hoppingiana brevilabris Blais. is the true Dasytes hudsonicus of LeConte. My male specimen of hudsonicus Lec. was received from Wickham and was collected in the alpine regions of Colorado.
Insulin counterregulatory hormones are ineffective in neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia

Insulin counterregulatory hormones play a major role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. To evaluate the hypothesis that the reported imprecise control of glucose production by insulin is mirrored by a corresponding lack of response to the various insulin counterregulatory hormones, 30 spontaneously delivered mixed-breed term lambs weighing 4.9 +/- 0.5 kg (mean +/- SD) were studied at 5.0 +/- 0.7 days after birth following administration of 100 microCi D-[6-(3)H2]glucose in 0.9% NaCl by the primed-constant infusion technique to measure glucose kinetics. Infusion of 2.0 mU kg(-1) x min(-1) insulin produced hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and was combined with 1.0 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) somatostatin (SRIF) to block insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone release. Infusion of 2 ng x mg(-1) x min(-1) glucagon or 10 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) growth hormone with SRIF and insulin isolated the glucagon or growth hormone effect, respectively. The addition of metyrapone blocked cortisol release. Controls received only the isotope. In toto, the data can be interpreted to suggest that insulin has a greater effect on glucose uptake than on glucose production, and that neither glucagon, growth hormone, nor cortisol appreciably influenced the endogenous glucose production rate (Rp) during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. The imprecise effect of these insulin counterregulatory hormones on neonatal glucose production mirrors the previously documented imprecise control by insulin.
Future directions in prostate cancer treatment: an oncologist's perspective.

Prostate cancer has become one of the most important national health problems, as its incidence increases yearly. Conventionally, single-modality local therapy has been the standard of care for clinically localized stage disease and systemic therapy, in the form of primary or combined androgen deprivation, is reserved for advanced, usually metastatic, prostate cancer. Despite improvements in local therapy, a significant number of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer will suffer a systemic relapse after potentially curative local therapy and, despite 50 years of experience in hormone therapy, significant survival prolongation for patients with metastatic prostate cancer remains a challenge. This paper explores potential future systemic therapy strategies in the treatment of prostate cancer. Specifically, the role of adjuvant systemic therapy as a part of a multimodality treatment approach for localized prostate cancer and alternative applications of hormone and chemohormone therapies for patients with metastatic disease are discussed.
Morphine and naloxone's effects on sexual behavior of the female golden hamster ☆

The effects of morphine and naloxone were observed after administration to female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Large doses of morphine, 80 mg/kg, consistently produced sedation and behavioral depression of responses to nociceptive stimuli. Smaller doses of morphine (e.g., 10 mg/kg), that produced few other behavioral changes, suppressed a measure of female sexual responding. The suppressive effects on sexual behavior were reversed by 4 mg/kg of naloxone. Morphine administered intracerebroventricularly had little effect on sexual responding, even at doses which produced other side effects. Doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg of naloxone in opioid-naive subjects did not reliably alter sexual responding up to 2 hr after administration. These observations lead to the suggestion that morphine produces effects which are incompatible with full sexual functioning in female hamsters.
Three new green coccoid zoospore-producing algae from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, U.S.A.

Three new coccoid zoospore-producing green algae includingAxilococcus clingmanii gen. & spec. nov.,Lautosphaeria monsfumosa gen. & spec. nov., andDictylochloris pulchra spec. nova (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyceae) are described.
Increased levels of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid in spinal cord following contusion injury

Abstract Products of inflammatory phagocytes are potential contributors to secondary pathology following spinal cord trauma. In the present study we quantified the levels of the neurotoxin and product of activated macrophages, quinolinic acid (QUIN), in the lower thoracic spinal cord of adult guinea pigs 5 days after brief compression injury. At the injured site (T13), elevations in tissue QUIN levels (> 10-fold) accompanied proportional increases in the activity of indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase (> 2-fold) and the concentrations of l -kynurenine (> 2.5-fold). In contrast, no significant changes occured in two uninjured regions examined compared to controls, namely cervical spinal cord (C2) and the somatosensory cortex. Further studies of QUIN as a potential contributor to spinal cord injury are warranted.
Historical background of clinical trials involving women and minorities

The author provides a historical context for the difficult ethical and clinical issues associated with the inclusion of women and members of minority groups in clinical research. He cites as a point of departure the Nuremberg Code of the late 1940s, which declared the fundamental dignity of human beings involved as research subjects, a principle that was quickly endorsed worldwide. From the period following World War II through the 1970s, the prevailing attitude--not always practiced--toward research subjects in the United States was that they should be protected from exploitation. That attitude was reflected in the first broad federal policy on research subjects, created in 1966. During those years, research was widely regarded by the public as dangerous and of little value to individual participants; it is remarkable that so many men and women consented to participate in clinical studies at that time. Furthermore, during the 1970s, for reasons explained by the author, various events--the abortion debate, disclosures from the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study, Nixon's "war on cancer," new federal regulations in 1974 and 1975 (the latter providing additional protection for pregnant women in research), the broad interpretation of the FDA's 1977 policy excluding pregnant or potentially pregnant women from clinical trials, and the tendency of blacks and persons from other minority groups to shun participation in research--tended to deter participation of women and members of minority groups in clinical research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Molecular Physiology of SPAK and OSR1: Two Ste20-Related Protein Kinases Regulating Ion Transport

SPAK (Ste20-related proline alanine rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive kinase) are members of the germinal center kinase VI subfamily of the mammalian Ste20 (Sterile20)-related protein kinase family. Although there are 30 enzymes in this protein kinase family, their conservation across the fungi, plant, and animal kingdom confirms their evolutionary importance. Already, a large volume of work has accumulated on the tissue distribution, binding partners, signaling cascades, and physiological roles of mammalian SPAK and OSR1 in multiple organ systems. After reviewing this basic information, we will examine newer studies that demonstrate the pathophysiological consequences to SPAK and/or OSR1 disruption, discuss the development and analysis of genetically engineered mouse models, and address the possible role these serine/threonine kinases might have in cancer proliferation and migration.
Gaseous ion mobility and diffusion in electric fields of arbitrary strength

Abstract In a previous paper we presented the first kinetic theory of gaseous ion mobility which is valid for electric fields of arbitrary strength and for arbitrary ion-neutral interaction potentials and mass ratios. In this paper we extend this theory to gaseous ion diffusion and systematize it so as to greatly decrease the effort involved in computing high approximations to the transport coefficients. Analytical results in low approximation are discussed, as are scaling rules for ion mobilities and diffusion coefficients. An extensive study of the convergence of the successive approximations of this theory is given for model systems, from which it is concluded that the theory is accurate, particularly in third and higher approximation, when applied to ion mobility and mean kinetic energy. When applied to diffusion, the theory is less successful in some circumstances, but it is still the best general theory currently available.
Optimal design for software reliability and development cost

A process for reliability-related quality programming is developed to fill existing gaps in software design and development so that a quality programming plan can be achieved. The tradeoffs among system reliability improvement, resource consumption, and other relevant constraints through the management phase are investigated. A software reliability-to-cost relation is developed both from a software reliability-related cost model and from software redundancy models with common-cause failures. A generic N-component redundancy model is also developed. The software reliability optimization problems can be formulated into a mixed-integer programming problem. >
Female protection from slow‐pressor effects of angiotensin II involves prevention of ROS production independent of NMDA receptor trafficking in hypothalamic neurons expressing angiotensin 1A receptors

Renin-angiotensin system over-activity, up-regulation of post-synaptic NMDA receptor function, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are hallmarks of angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertension, which is far more common in young males than in young females. We hypothesize that the sex differences in hypertension are related to differential AngII-induced changes in post-synaptic trafficking of the essential NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit and ROS production in PVN cells expressing angiotensin type 1a receptor (AT1aR). We tested this hypothesis using slow-pressor (14 day) infusion of AngII (600ng/kg/min) in mice, which elicits hypertension in males but not in young females. Two month-old male and female transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in AT1aR-containing cells were used. In males, but not females, AngII increased blood pressure and ROS production in AT1aR-EGFP PVN cells at baseline and following NMDA treatment. Electron microscopy showed that AngII increased cytoplasmic and total GluN1-silver-intensified immunogold (SIG) densities, and induced a trend towards an increase in near plasmalemmal GluN1-SIG density in AT1aR-EGFP dendrites of males and females. Moreover, AngII decreased dendritic area and diameter in males, but increased dendritic area of small ( 1μm) dendrites in females. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that AT1aR and estrogen receptor β do not co-localize suggesting that, if estrogen is involved, its effect is indirect. The data suggest that the sexual dimorphism in AngII-induced hypertension is associated with sex differences in ROS production in AT1aR-containing PVN cells, but not with post-synaptic NMDA receptor trafficking.
Comparison of penile : brachial index and pelvic angiogram

After an initial evaluation indicating potential vasogenic impotence, 27 patients were identified as having had both penile: brachial index (PBI) and pelvic angiography done. All patients had also undergone psychiatric and homonal evaluation, as well as nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring. If the PBI was consistent with vasogenic impotence (≤0.7), an angiogram was performed
Character-to-Character Sentiment Analysis in Shakespeare's Plays

We present an automatic method for analyzing sentiment dynamics between characters in plays. This literary format’s structured dialogue allows us to make assumptions about who is participating in a conversation. Once we have an idea of who a character is speaking to, the sentiment in his or her speech can be attributed accordingly, allowing us to generate lists of a character’s enemies and allies as well as pinpoint scenes critical to a character’s emotional development. Results of experiments on Shakespeare’s plays are presented along with discussion of how this work can be extended to unstructured texts (i.e. novels).
Abstraction and Control for Swarms of Robots

This paper addresses the design of simple robot behaviors that realize emergent group behaviors. We present a method to coordinate a large number of under-actuated robots by designing control laws on a small dimensional abstraction manifold, independent of the number and ordering of the robots. The abstraction manifold has a product structure consisting of elements of a Lie group that capture the position and orientation of the ensemble in the world frame, and elements of a shape manifold that provide an intrinsic description of the distribution of team members relative to one another. We design decoupled controls for regulating the group and the shape variables. The realization of the controller on each robot requires the feedback of the robot state, and the state on the abstraction manifold.We present experimental results with a team of five car-like robots equipped with omnidirectional cameras and IEEE 802.11b networking.
Three physical education programs' adaptive approaches to change: 'how can i spin that so it works for me?'.

This study examined five of 12 physical education teachers participating in the Assessment Initiative for Middle School Physical Education (AIMS-PE), a reform-based teacher development project designed to help teachers examine and reframe their assessment practices and to design and implement curricular programs that encourage active teaching and learning. The purpose of this study was to examine teachers’ experiences with change to understand how they used the espoused curriculum and assessments, and how they addressed project goals. Data included interviews with teachers, students, principals, assigned project researchers and mentors from three schools, school artefacts, and descriptive field notes from observations. Interview transcripts and field notes were analysed using open, axial and selective coding (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Results indicated that teachers from each of the three participating schools demonstrated, in varying abilities, adaptive approaches to implementation. First, teachers were p...
Video: RoboCup robot soccer history 1997 – 2011

RoboCup is an international initiative to foster inter-disciplinary research and education in robotics, artificial intelligence, computer science, and engineering. We focus on the challenges of multi-robot systems, where robots cooperate with each other and when needed with humans to achieve goals in complex and uncertain environments, such as robot soccer, as RoboCupSoccer, robot rescue, as RoboCupRescue, and the wide spectrum of robot applications in daily life, as RoboCup@Home. We also include sponsored demonstrations that explore possible new scientific challenges, such as collaborative logistics. Furthermore, we are committed to contribute to the education of children in robotics: RoboCupJunior provides an exciting introduction to science and engineering for children. Overall, RoboCup is a large vibrant community, composed of university faculty and student researchers and engineers, school teachers, children, and parents. RoboCup serves as a substrate to a wide variety of academic entreprises, ranging from courses and class projects to undergraduate, Masters, and PhD research theses. RoboCup has an international annual event consisting of robot competitions and a symposium. RoboCup has consistently grown, from a few hundred participants in 1997 to close to 3,000 in 2011.
Passive NFS tracing of email and research workloads

We present an analysis of a pair of NFS traces of contemporary email and research workloads. We show that although the research workload resembles previously-studied workloads, the email workload is quite different. We also perform several new analyses that demonstrate the periodic nature of file system activity, the effect of out-of-order NFS calls, and the strong relationship between the name of a file and its size, lifetime, and access pattern.
A multi-attribute reverse auction for outsourcing

In an outsourcing economy, a set of parent-firms want to outsource one component each to one of the suppliers out of a set of suppliers, who each want to supply a maximum of one component. There is a finite set of attributes, each of which can take some finite values, which concern the parent-firms and the suppliers. Parent-firms have valuations for their components and suppliers have costs for supplying the component, both of which depend on the attribute values and are private to the respective parent-firms and suppliers. We propose a reverse auction algorithm for the outsourcing economy. Our reverse auction algorithm achieves nearly efficient allocation and the final prices are also nearly competitive. We investigate strategic behavior of parent-firms and suppliers in our auction.
On Optimal MAC Scheduling With Physical Interference

We propose a general family of MAC scheduling algorithms that achieve any rate-point on a uniform discrete-lattice within the throughput-region (i.e., lattice-throughput-optimal) under a physical interference model. Under the physical interference model, a centralized algorithm requires information on node locations (and distance among nodes) to determine a schedule that is provably throughput-optimal. In this paper, we propose a distributed, synchronous contention-based scheduling algorithm that (i) is lattice-throughput-optimal, (ii) does not require node location information, and (iii) has a signaling complexity that does not depend on network size. Thus, it is amenable to simple implementation, and is robust to network dynamics such as topology and load changes.
A radioautographic study of chondrocytic proliferation in nasal septal cartilage of the newborn rat

Growth sites within the newborn cartilaginous nasal septum have been identified by monitoring chondrocytic proliferation radioautographically. Tritiated thymidine was the labeling agent used. The results were tabulated and charted graphically; they showed the overall septum to be relatively active mitotically, yielding an average of 3.54 labeled cells per microscopic field counted. However, certain areas showed greater activity than others, namely the anterior tip (4.51 labeled cells/field), the midportion (3.98 labeled cells/field) and the posterior section of the presphenoidal tail (4.24 labeled cells/field).
Managing livestock using animal behavior: mixed-species stocking and flerds

Mixed-species stocking can foster sound landscape management while offering economic and ecological advantages compared with mono-species stocking. Producers contemplating a mixed-species enterprise should reflect on several considerations before implementing this animal management strategy. Factors applicable to a particular producer’s landscape must be considered together with goals and economic constraints before implementing mixed-species stocking. A major consideration when using mixed-species stocking is how to deal with predation losses, especially among small ruminants. An approach being adopted in some commercial operations capitalizes on using innate animal behaviors to form cohesive groups of two or more livestock species that consistently remain together under free-ranging conditions. These groups are referred to as flerds. The mixing of a flock of sheep and/or goats with a herd of cattle into a flerd has been shown to protect sheep and goats from coyote predation, as well as offering other husbandry advantages. Some of the added advantages include more efficient conversion of forage into animal protein. Creation of flerds, their maintenance and advantages are discussed.
An IBM PS/2 based general purpose engine analyzer

Novel concepts in the design of hardware and algorithms for the diagnosis of a broad range of engine malfunctions and an architecture for general purpose engine analyzers which is based on a clock and sampling signal based on engine angular position are described. The system is based on an IBM PS/2 model 70 portable, chosen for its power, portability, and compatibility with existing PC systems. The system features a number of original algorithms. The scheme consists of an analog preprocessing system which considerably lightens the computational burden of the CPU, and of a set of fast algorithms for the estimation of individual cylinder-produced torque and the instantaneous detection of misfiring cylinders. Among the functions performed by the analyzer are idle speed stability and cylinder power balance, misfire detection, compression checks, fuel injector diagnostics, 0/sub 2/ sensor and catalyst diagnostics. In addition, the data acquisition hardware is compatible with the implementation of model-based detection filters, useful for the diagnosis of sensor and actuator failures. >
Distributed Interval Voting with Node Failures of Various Types

Intervals constitute one of the most important tools for dealing with uncertainty in computations. Researchers in the fields of interval arithmetic and constraint propagation have devised elaborate methods for computing with interval variables. In this interpretation, an interval represents the proposition: "I don't know what the correct value is, but it cannot be outside this range. " However, intervals also have another use, which is captured in the statement: "Any value in this range would be fine with me. "In devising voting schemes for data fusion and fault-tolerant distributed computation, these two meanings, and a number of other lesser known variations, must be completely understood in order to design and implement meaningful voting strategies. Irregularities and paradoxes in voting schemes, extensively studied by mathematicians and social scientists, must also be taken into account to avoid serious pitfalls. In this paper, we discuss the two interpretations of interval voting, along with their practical implications, and show how voting strategies differ in their time and communication complexities, performance, and resilience according to the meaning intended and the types of failure assumed.
GLOBALIZAÇÃO ECONÔMICA E CRISE DO ESTADO: UM ESTUDO EM QUATRO PERSPECTIVAS

O artigo, partindo da constatacao dos efeitos gerados pelo processo de globalizacao economica, expoe que a chamada crise da globalizacao, que brutaliza nao apenas os habitantes dos paises em desenvolvimento, como tambem afeta negativamente populacoes dos paises desenvolvidos, esta intrinsecamente ligada a crise dos Estados nacionais enquanto estruturas politicas fundamentais dos processos de decisao e fundamentos da organizacao politica global. Sugere, enﬁm, o advento de um novo sistema institucional global, onde o Estado assume a condicao tanto de participante quanto de objeto do processo da globalizacao.