cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trade Imbalance: The Struggle to Weigh Human Rights Concerns in Trade Policymaking

In many countries, citizens allege that trade policies undermine specific rights such as labor rights, the right to health, or the right to political participation. However, in some countries, policy makers use trade policies to promote human rights. Although scholars, policy makers and activists have long debated this relationship, in truth we know very little about it. This book enters this murky territory with three goals. First, it aims to provide readers with greater insights into the relationship between human rights and trade. Second, it includes the first study of how South Africa, Brazil, the United States, and the European Union coordinate trade and human rights objectives and resolve conflicts. It also looks at how human rights issues are seeping into the WTO. Finally, it provides suggestions to policy makers for making their trade and human rights policies more coherent.
Gel chromatographic analysis of nascent globin chains. Evidence of nonuniform size distribution.

Abstract A gel chromatographic analytical procedure using Bio-Gel A-0.5m in 6 m guanidine HCl-0.1 m 2-mercaptoethanol has been developed and standardized. The procedure permits the molecular weight of peptides in the size range of 2 to 146 amino acids in length to be established from the distribution coefficient of the peptide on the gel column. This procedure has been applied to an analysis of the size distribution of nascent peptides from rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. These studies indicate that the size distribution of nascent peptides is nonuniform and that translation of hemoglobin messenger RNA molecules does not proceed at a constant rate in the reticulocyte.
Catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) is not an "acidic activating region" transcription activator protein. Negatively charged amino acids of CAP that are solvent-accessible in the CAP-DNA complex play no role in transcription activation at the lac promoter.

It has been suggested that the catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) uses an "acidic activating region" transcription activation mechanism and that Glu171 of CAP is the critical amino acid of the "acidic activating region" of CAP (Irwin, N., and Ptashne, M. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 8315-8319). In this paper, we show, contrary to the previously published report, that substitution of Glu171 of CAP fails to result in a specific defect in transcription activation at the lac promoter. Furthermore, in this paper, we show that substitution of each other negatively charged amino acid of CAP that is solvent-accessible in the CAP-DNA complex fails to result in a specific defect in transcription activation at the lac promoter. We conclude that CAP does not use an acidic activating region transcription activation mechanism in transcription activation at the lac promoter.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Secondary to CSF Leak and Intracranial Hypotension: A Case Report and Literature Review

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a clinical neuroradiological condition characterized by insidious onset of neurological symptoms associated with radiological findings indicating posterior leukoencephalopathy. PRES secondary to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak leading to intracranial hypotension is not well recognized etiology of this condition. Herein, we report a case of PRES that occurred in the setting of CSF leak due to inadvertent dural puncture. Patient underwent suturing of the dural defect. Subsequently, his symptoms resolved and a repeated brain MRI showed resolution of brain lesions. The pathophysiology and mechanistic model for developing PRES in the setting of intracranial hypotension were discussed. We further highlighted the importance of tight blood pressure control in patients with CSF leak and suspected intracranial hypotension because they are more vulnerable to develop PRES with normal or slightly elevated bleed pressure values.
Origin, functions and chemistry of H‐2 regulated odorants

Genes located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of mice are responsible for individual differences in body odor (odortypes). In this review we suggest that the MHC genes themselves are responsible for odor differences among MHC‐congenic mice. Recent studies indicating that volatile carboxylic acids are at least in part responsible for the individual odors and what this finding implies about the pathway from gene to odorant are also reviewed. We suggest that odorants or their precursors are bound directly by MHC products and are released into serum and concentrated in urine. Finally, possible functions of MHC odortypes in mice are enumerated and important future research questions are raised.
Multiprogramming (Computer System)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: multiprogramming; input/output delay-time control
Disparities in Cancer Incidence, Stage, and Mortality at Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program

Introduction Homeless people have a high burden of cancer risk factors and suboptimal rates of cancer screening, but the epidemiology of cancer has not been well described in this population. We assessed cancer incidence, stage, and mortality in homeless adults relative to general population standards. Methods We cross-linked a cohort of 28,033 adults seen at Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program in 2003–2008 to Massachusetts cancer registry and vital registry records. We calculated age-standardized cancer incidence and mortality ratios (SIRs and SMRs). We examined tobacco use among incident cases and estimated smoking-attributable fractions. Trend tests were used to compare cancer stage distributions with those in Massachusetts adults. Analyses were conducted in 2012–2015. Results During 90,450 person-years of observation, there were 361 incident cancers (SIR=1.13, 95% CI=1.02, 1.25) and 168 cancer deaths (SMR=1.88, 95% CI=1.61, 2.19) among men, and 98 incident cancers (SIR=0.93, 95% CI=0.76, 1.14) and 38 cancer deaths (SMR=1.61, 95% CI=1.14, 2.20) among women. For both sexes, bronchus and lung cancer was the leading type of incident cancer and cancer death, exceeding Massachusetts estimates more than twofold. Oropharyngeal and liver cancer cases and deaths occurred in excess among men, whereas cervical cancer cases and deaths occurred in excess among women. About one third of incident cancers were smoking-attributable. Colorectal, female breast, and oropharyngeal cancers were diagnosed at more-advanced stages than in Massachusetts adults. Conclusions Efforts to reduce cancer disparities in homeless people should include addressing tobacco use and enhancing participation in evidence-based screening.
Spacecraft End‐of‐Life Disposal

There is general recognition that space debris, non-functioning human-made objects in Earth orbit, will have long-term effects on satellite operations. As a result, there are increasing calls for slowing the growth of the debris population by limiting debris released during normal satellite deployment and operations, minimizing on-orbit explosions and breakups, preventing collisions of space objects, and disposing of space hardware at end-of-mission. This chapter discusses the latter option: disposing of hardware, both satellites and launch vehicle stages, at end of mission. Disposal options depend on the object's orbit: for example, objects in or passing through low earth orbits may be disposed by allowing orbits to naturally decay within a fixed time limit (hazards posed by debris surviving such reentries can eliminate this option), and objects in geosynchronous orbits should be moved to a disposal orbit several hundred kilometers above that region. This chapter describes the disposal options available for satellites and launch vehicle stages in each orbit regime. Related topics include: techniques for estimating the hazard posed by reentry of space hardware and designing space hardware to minimize reentry hazards, depletion of energy sources (passivation) prior to end-of-life to prevent on-orbit explosions, and disposal techniques that may be available in the future, such as space tugs, electrodynamic and momentum exchange tethers, and drag-enhancing devices to speed orbit decay. Keywords: space debris; orbital debris; space debris removal; satellite disposal; disposal orbit; satellite-end-of life; satellite-end-of mission; protected regions
A Digital Signature Signing Engine to Protect the Integrity of Digital Assets

IT security, data privacy and senior project courses at Brigham Young University (BYU) provided the instruction, opportunity, and challenge for university seniors to collaborate with faculty to develop a digital signature signing engine used to protect the integrity of digital assets. The need for a digital signature signing server arises due to the fact that the integrity of digital assets - images, video, audio, Web content, and documents - are under constant risk of being maliciously or intentionally modified, corrupted or "snatched" by attackers. Also, proof of origin and restoration of digital content to its original state frequently becomes an issue. The team of students selected a distributed model of multiple nodes of servers in order to meet user demands to control their respective asset environments; the team used open source software to implement the certification authority, time-date-service, scheduling, signing, verification, authentication, Web services and database functions; and the students learned how to integrate technically challenging components that they had individually evaluated in a laboratory setting, into a scalable and distributable digital signature signing engine. Two laboratories collaborated with the students and provided images of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Earth satellite images to be digitally signed using public key cryptography technology. Learning to interact with and meet the needs of the client in the usage of the solution completed the project's objective to give students a real life IT problem
On-board processing systems for small Unmanned Vehicles

This paper describes two versions of a generic on-board processing system suitable for small Unmanned Vehicle (UV) navigation and control. Both versions have been implemented and tested on small unmanned helicopters and ground vehicles. Hardware and software details are presented along with experimental results for evaluation of both systems.
Effect of marbling and other variables on case life of New York steaks

SUMMARY –Paired short loins from carcasses representing five degrees of marbling, slight through slightly abundant, were randomly assigned one from each pair to air and vacuum aging in a 35°F cooler before cutting into New York steaks and prepackaging for display. Half of the packaged steaks were held in a dark cooler at 35 ± 2°F for 24 hr before being placed in a lighted, open-top display case; the orher half was put immediately into the display case. Color description and color desirability of all steaks were evaluated daily by a three-member panel. Case life was terminated when a visible spot resulting from formation of metmyoglobin appeared on the surface of the meat. Vacuum-aged short loins had a higher yield of trimmed retail cuts than air-aged short loins. There was no difference in case shrink attributable to type of aging. The steaks held in a dark cooler for 24 hr had 23.8 hr less case life than those put immediately into the lighted display case. Degree of marbling had a significant positive linear effect on color description scores at 24 and 48 hr post-cutting, but did not affect color desirability score. Marbling had a significant curvilinear effect on case life with slight (the least) and slightly abundant (the greatest) amounts having the shortest case life.
Inspection Time on Items Following the Detection of a Faulty Item

Two experiments were conducted to examine inspector's inspection time spent on items following a detected faulty item. Reinforcement theory, Expectancy theory, and a combined theory of the two were compared. Results were consistent with the combined theory. Language: en
African American English Dialect and Performance on Nonword Spelling and Phonemic Awareness Tasks

Purpose To evaluate the role of dialect on phonemic awareness and nonword spelling tasks. These tasks were selected for their reliance on phonological and orthographic processing, which may be infl...
Heuristic scheduling of capital constrained projects

Abstract The movement to product and process development projects that involve joint ventures among strategic partners, as well as the increasing prevalence of projects within organizations has led to increased implementation of project scheduling methods. It is frequently the case that a capital constraint is placed on a project, thus limiting the number and value of activities that can be scheduled to occur simultaneously. However, the quantity of capital available to schedule activities can increase as additional cash is received as progress payments for completed activities. Since the project manager'so objective is to maximize project Net Present Value (NPV), it is important for the manager to develop a schedule that balances the early receipt of progress payments (which improve NPV and increase the capital balance available), with the delay of particularly large expenditures. Due to the intractability of optimal methods, the use of heuristic methods is required to solve problems of practical size. This paper presents the first test of heuristic methods for solving this problem. We use information from a relaxed optimization-guided model that employs information from the unconstrained NPV-optimal problem in heuristic procedure for solving the capital constrained problem. An experimental design is employed to test the heuristics that includes multiple factor levels for a number of project characteristics, including capital utilization, frequency of progress payments, and project network structure. The results indicate very good relative performance for the optimization-guided procedures as compared to two benchmark heuristics.
Fiber buckling in three-dimensional periodic-array composites

Abstract The in-plane microbuckling of a fully bonded cross-ply laminate composite is considered. The problem is formulated by treating the composites as a single phase inhomogeneous continuum. The fiber and the matrix are accounted for by spatial variation of the moduli of the two phases. The variation of material properties is expressed by a Fourier series expansion in the coordinate directions. Similarly the buckled mode shapes are thought of as three-dimensional Fourier series that satisfy the governing differential equations. These equations are obtained by superposition of small displacements on the finite pro-buckled elastic state. Our results corroborate the results of Lagoudas et al. (1991, J. Appl. Mech.58, 473–479) which deals with a two-dimensional plane strain situation. In the 3-D case, the effect of ply layup on buckling strength under uniaxial and biaxial compression is determined. The solutions for the critical condition determined by different modes of buckling and certain physical parameters under biaxial compression are also studied.
Post-transcriptional regulation of the Ras-ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.

The Ras-ERK/MAP (Mitogen-Activated Protein) kinase signaling pathway governs many cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell fate, homeostasis, and survival in all eukaryotes. Constitutive activation of the Ras-ERK/MAPK signaling pathway often leads to promotion of abnormal cell growth and tumorigenesis. Although the regulation of the Ras-ERK/MAPK signaling pathway by post-translational modification has been well elucidated, post-transcriptional regulations of this pathway are beginning to emerge in invertebrates and this work is extended to humans. In this review, we describe the conserved regulation of Ras-ERK/MAPK signaling by RNA-binding proteins (PUF, KH-domain, HuR, and LARP) and microRNAs (let-7 family miRNAs) and important implications for human diseases including cancers. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1235–1241, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The incoherent scatter radar as a tool for studying the ionospheric D-region

Abstract The theory of the D-region incoherent scatter process and the techniques for incoherent scatter radar measurements in the D-region have both reached sufficient maturity that a synopsis of this area for the middle atmosphere community is appropriate. For example, all current UHF incoherent scatter radars can make useful D-region measurements, at least under some conditions, and the Arecibo 430 MHz radar is being used for a regular program of D-region measurements. Atmospheric and ionospheric parameters which are accessible, to varying degrees, as functions of time and height include electron concentration, ion-neutral collision frequency, neutral atmosphere temperature pressure and winds and mean negative and positive ion masses and concentrations. A qualitative view of the collision dominated incoherent scatter process is given as an aid in understanding the capabilities and limitations of these measurements. Included here is a discussion of some of the issues still surrounding the theory of collision dominated incoherent scattering. Also presented is an overview of data gathering, processing and interpretation techniques, with comments on how total power and power spectrum measurements should be combined to give optimum results. Finally, a comprehensive list of outstanding problems in D-region aeronomy is given, along with suggestions of how incoherent scatter radar along with other MAP measurements can address them. Included in this list are the winter absorption anomaly. D-region ‘ledge’ chemistry and high latitude D-region phenomena.
Electrophysiologic Testing in the Management of Survivors Of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Forty-five patients survived a cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed with the patients taking no antiarrhythmic medications. Sustained VT was induced in 26 patients (58%) and nonsustained VT in 8 (18%). With treatment aimed at the underlying heart disease (plus empiric antiarrhythmic therapy in 2 patients), the 11 patients who had no inducible VT have had no recurrence of symptomatic VT or cardiac arrest over a follow-up period of 19 ± 9 months (mean ± standard deviation). Conventional antiarrhythmic drugs suppressed the induction of VT and were used for chronic treatment in 9 of 34 patients (26%) with inducible VT. Three of these 9 patients had recurrent VT or sudden death, whereas 6 have had no recurrence over follow-up of 20 ± 7 months. In the 25 of 34 patients in whom the induction of VT was not suppressed by conventional antiarrhythmic drugs, 23 were treated with amiodarone (daily dose 550 ± 120 mg), and 2 underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with either aneurysmectomy or map-directed endocardial resection. One of the latter 2 patients died suddenly 12 months after surgery. Among the 23 patients treated with amiodarone, 2 had fatal VT or sudden death and 21 (91%) did not, over 18 ± 14 months of follow-up. In survivors of a cardiac arrest, the chief value of electrophysiologic testing is in identifying patients without inducible VT, who appear to have a low risk of recurrent sudden death with treatment directed at the underlying heart disease. Serial electropharmacologic testing with conventional antiarrhythmic drugs is disappointing, with a low incidence of arrhythmia suppression.
Aspects of some anatomical structures of Champsosaurus(Reptilia: Eosuchia)

ABSTRACT A new skeleton of the amphibious reptile Champsosaurus from the late Paleocene of western North Dakota reveals that the head and body were dorsoventrally flattened as an adaptation to a fully aquatic existence. The nearly intact and undistorted skull demonstrates that a well developed secondary palate was present. Long nasal passages and a flexible neck functioned in snorkeling. The essentially complete articulated postcranial skeleton indicates that the ribcage was relatively rigid. Gastralia functioned with this rigid unit in compression and expansion of the pleural cavity and lowered the center of gravity to assist in underwater stability. An integument of fine circular or rhomboid scales was present.
Vasopressor effects of topical epinephrine in certain dental procedures.

Summary o 1. The use of epinephrine solutions for the control of bleeding in dental surgical procedures is attended, under certain circumstances, by absorption and a subsequent rise in blood pressure. 2. Generally, absorption and vasopressor effects are greater with greater vascular exposure and increase with increased concentration of epinephrine solutions. 3. The vasopressor effect of (locally) applied epinephrine is especially marked when the cortical plate of bone has been penetrated.
Multiscale island injection genetic algorithms for groundwater remediation

Abstract Genetic algorithms have been shown to be powerful tools for solving a wide variety of water resources optimization problems. Applying these approaches to complex, large-scale water resources applications can be difficult due to computational limitations, especially when a numerical model is needed to evaluate different solutions. This problem is particularly acute for solving field-scale groundwater remediation design problems, where fine spatial grids are often needed for accuracy. Finer grids usually improve the accuracy of the solutions, but they are also computationally expensive. In this paper we present multiscale island injection genetic algorithms (IIGAs), in which the optimization algorithms have different multiscale populations working on different islands (groups of processors) and periodically exchanging information. This new approach is tested using a field-scale pump-and-treat design problem at the Umatilla Army Depot in Oregon, USA. The performance of several variations of this approach is compared with the results of a simple genetic algorithm. The new approach found the same solution as much as 81% faster than the simple genetic algorithm and 9–53% faster than other previously formulated multiscale strategies. These findings indicate substantial promise for multiscale IIGA approaches to improve solution of complex water resources applications at the field scale.
Addition of L-glutamine to a linoleic acid perifusate prevents the fatty acid-induced desensitization of pancreatic islet response to glucose

Abstract Previous studies showed that exposure of pancreatic islets to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can render the beta cells unresponsive to glucose, thus suggesting the possibility that prolonged obligatory use of lipid preparations containing high concentrations of essential fatty acids during total parenteral nutrition may adversely affect glucose tolerance. In the present study we examined the effect of pretreatment of isolated murine islets with 10 mmol/L linoleate (18:2, ω6) alone or in the presence of 20 mmol/L-glutamine on the response of both alpha and beta cells to 27.7 mmol/L glucose perifusion at 37° C. The incremental areas under the curve/20 mins (AUC/20 mins) for insulin output stimulated by 27.7 mmol/L glucose were 1552.8 ± 276.3 pg and 220.4 ± 163.9 pg (P In conclusion, the addition of L-glutamine to linoleic acid perifusion of isolated islets completely blocked the PUFA-induced desensitization of both pancreatic alpha and beta cells to glucose effect.
Poincaré recurrence and number theory: thirty years later

Hillel Furstenberg’s 1981 article in the Bulletin gives an elegant introduction to the interplay between dynamics and number theory, summarizing the major developments that occurred in the few years after his landmark paper [21]. The field has evolved over the past thirty years, with major advances on the structural analysis of dynamical systems and new results in combinatorics and number theory. Furstenberg’s article continues to be a beautiful introduction to the subject, drawing together ideas from seemingly distant fields. Furstenberg’s article [21] gave a general correspondence between regularity properties of subsets of the integers and recurrence properties in dynamical systems, now dubbed the Furstenberg Correspondence Principle. He then showed that such recurrence properties always hold, proving what is now referred to as the Multiple Recurrence Theorem. Combined, these results gave a new proof of Szemeredi’s Theorem [45]: if S ⊂ Z has positive upper density, then S contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. This proof lead to an explosion of activity in ergodic theory and topological dynamics, beginning with new proofs of classic results of Ramsey Theory and ultimately leading to significant new combinatorial and number theoretic results. The full implications of these connections have yet to be understood. The approach harks back to the earliest results on recurrence, in the measurable setting and in the topological setting. A measure preserving system is a quadruple (X,B, μ, T ), where X denotes a set, B is a σalgebra on X, μ is a probability measure on (X,B), and T : X → X is a measurable transformation such that μ(T−1(A)) = μ(A) for all A ∈ B. Poincare Recurrence states that if (X,B, μ, T ) is a measure preserving system and A ∈ B with μ(A) > 0, there exists n ∈ N such that μ(A ∩ T−nA) > 0. A (topological) dynamical system is a pair (X,T ), where X is a compact metric space and T : X → X is a continuous map. One can show that any such topological space admits a Borel, probability measure that preserves T . In particular, Poincare Recurrence implies recurrence in the topological setting. Birkhoff [13] gave a direct proof of
The first results from the ACOPO experiment

Abstract The ACOPO experiment simulates natural convection heat transfer from volumetrically heated pools, at a half-scale reactor lower head geometry (hemispherical). Data for Rayleigh numbers of up to 2·1016, from the first round of experiments, are presented in this paper. The results are in substantial agreement with those of the mini-ACOPO proof-of-concept experiment. Moreover, it is shown that these ACOPO results confirm a key component of the in-vessel retention capability for an AP600-like design, as recently established in DOE/ID-10460.
Crystallographic Characterization of an Exocyclic DNA Adduct: 3,N4-etheno-2′-deoxycytidine in the Dodecamer 5′-CGCGAATTεCGCG-3′

Exocyclic DNA adducts are formed from metabolites of chemical carcinogens and have also been detected as endogenous lesions in human DNA. The exocyclic adduct 3,N4-etheno-2′-deoxycytidine (edC), positioned opposite deoxyguanosine in the B-form duplex of the dodecanucleotide d(CGCGAATTeCGCG), has been crystallographically characterized at 1.8 A resolution. This self-complementary oligomer crystallizes in space group P3212, containing a single strand in the asymmetric unit. The crystal structure was solved by isomorphous replacement with the corresponding unmodified dodecamer structure. Exposure of both structures to identical crystal packing forces allows a detailed investigation of the influence of the exocyclic base adduct on the overall helical structure and local geometry. Structural changes are limited to the eC:G and adjacent T:A and G:C base-pairs. The standard Watson–Crick base-pairing scheme, retained in the T:A and G:C base-pairs, is blocked by the etheno bridge in the eC:G pair. In its place, a hydrogen bond involving O2 of eC and N1 of G is present. Comparison with an edC-containing NMR structure confirms the general conformation reported for eC:G, including the hydrogen bonding features. Superposition with the crystal structure of a DNA duplex containing a T:G wobble pair shows similar structural changes imposed by both mismatches. Evaluation of the hydration shell of the duplex with bond valence calculations reveals two sodium ions in the crystal.
Fundamental parameters extraction from dark I–V characteristics: A comprehensive study on amorphous/crystalline silicon hetero-junction solar cell

Dark current-voltage (I–V) curves are usually used to analyze the electric characteristics of solar cell device based on one-diode and two-diode equivalent circuit models. In this study, we extracted the parameters from dark I–V with Nelder-Mead algorithm and repeated error estimation method based on two-diode circuit model. If we give one set of initial values of the parameters into the Nelder-Mead algorithm, such evaluation method will show us one set of reasonable fitting results. Therefore, we will get the best fitting results after a series of set initial values evaluation based on our repeated algorithm process. The final fitting results showed that trends of F.F. were fully influenced by series resistances. With thicker p-layer, they demonstrated larger ideality factors and less short-circuit current densities. Short-circuit current densities show the opposite trend with respect to ideality factors in p-layer solar cell. However, the insertion of intrinsic thin-layer between p-layer and n-type c-Si can reduce the ideality factor. We found the calculated V OC extracted from the dark I–V was consistent to the measured V OC from standard solar simulator. The insertion of i-layer greatly reduced the J 01 and hence enhanced the V OC .
Primary aldosteronism in pregnancy

La survenue d'une grossesse avec un hyperaldosteronisme primaire a ete exploree exploree dans un tres petit nombre de cas. Tandis que la grossesse est connue pour etre associee avec une activation du systeme renine-angiotensine, les interactions de ces modifications avec l'exces d'aldosterone autonome de l'hyperaldosteronisme primaire ne sont pas completement etablies. Dans cette communication, les auteurs rapportent les etudes speciales realisees chez une telle patiente avant et apres l'interruption de grossesse
Potentiometric determination of ionized and total calcium in blood plasma of Holstein and Jersey cows

The effects of stage of lactation and breed on total and ionized calcium in blood plasma were determined for eight Holstein and eight Jersey cows fed a diet containing .25% Ca during the dry period and fed a diet with .50% Ca after calving. Blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture at 2-wk intervals from 4 wk before calving through wk 10 of lactation. Total and ionized Ca contents of fresh plasma were determined potentiometrically with an ion-specific electrode. Total Ca in plasma also was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Average concentrations determined by atomic absorption were approximately .7 mg/dl higher than those for the ion-specific electrode. Plasma total and ionized Ca were lower in both breeds at calving than any other time during the sampling period. Jersey cows had lower total Ca (7.47 mg/dl) and ionized Ca (4.25 mg/dl) than Holsteins (8.10 and 4.66 mg/dl) on day of calving. Ionized Ca as a percentage of total calcium increased from 55 to 57% at parturition and then decreased slowly to 53% at peak lactation. Changes in percentage of ionized Ca may indicate the contribution of bone resorption relative to dietary Ca in meeting the Ca requirement for lactation.
Identification of risk factors for delayed onset of lactation.

Abstract Objective To identify infant feeding, socioeconomic, demographic, and delivery-related factors that affect women's self-reported timing of the onset of lactation. Design Longitudinal survey of women from day 1 postpartum until self-reported onset of lactation. Subjects were interviewed in person on day 1 postpartum, then surveyed daily by telephone regarding infant feeding method, breast symptoms, and perception of whether the onset of lactation had occurred. Medical records were reviewed. Subjects/setting Data were collected from 192 women after they gave birth to a healthy, term singleton. Statistical analyses performed χ 2 Analyses were used to identify variables associated with delayed onset of lactation (onset of lactation ≥72 hours postpartum). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the independent association of each significant variable with delayed onset of lactation. Results Risk factors for delayed onset of lactation included white/Hispanic ethnicity, heavy/obese body build, delivery of offspring by unscheduled cesarean delivery, vaginal delivery with prolonged stage 2 labor, infant birth weight less than 8 lb, and exclusive formula-feeding before the onset of lactation. Applications/conclusions Women who are at risk for delayed onset of lactation need additional breast-feeding support during the first week postpartum. During their hospitalization, these women should be instructed about the normal lactation process and the possibility that onset of lactation may occur later than 72 hours postpartum. Frequent nursing should be recommended, as delayed onset of lactation was associated with the lack of infant suckling. JAm Diet Assoc. 1999;99:450-454.
The effect of layer rigidity on the porosity of pillared lamellar solids

Abstract We report here results of layer rigidity studies of a number of layered solids and point out the implications of these results on the useful microporosity of such materials. To asses layer rigidity, we employ binary solid-solution compounds of the general form A1−x Bx [L] where A (B) is the smaller (larger) pillar and [L] represents the host layer structure. The rigidity parameter and corresponding healing length were determined from the normalized basal spacing of such compounds. The porosity has been characterized through a set of porosity parameters that define the available pathways and percolation channels by which guest species access the inter-lamellar space.
Preservation and biodegradation of the morphogenetic property of bone matrix

Abstract The bone morphogenetic property of bone matrix is degraded at 25 ° to 37 °C within 24 hours after a bone is removed from the body. The degradation occurs in the intact undemineralized bone from the action of endogenous enzymes, presumably neutral proteinases at pH optima of 7 · 0 to 7 · 4. Degradation is: more rapid at physiologic than at acid pH; heat inactivated in the range between 40 ° and 60 °C; slow at 2 °C over a period of 7 days in EDTA at pH 7 · 4. Degradation is inhibited by iodoacetic acid at concentrations as low as 3 · 0 mmoles per liter either in phosphate buffer or EDTA. Degradative activity of endogenous enzymes, as measured by the yield of bone from implants of matrix, is comparable to those obtained from matrix treated with trypsin at 15 °C, pH 7 · 6 over a period of 12 hours. These enzymes include a neutral proteinase (BMP-ase) which degrades bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) without mobilizing bone collagen hydroxy-proline as rapidly and as selectively as a specific functional entity. Observations on carboxypeptidase A and thermolysin cleavage of phenylalanine groups and data on acetylation of tyrosyl groups reducing bone yield suggest aromatic amino acids may be necessary for the biologically active conformation of BMP.
The effect of chemotherapy on lymphocyte subpopulations and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in patients with ovarian carcinoma☆

Abstract Chemotherapy using adriamycin with cyclophosphamide, and cyclophosphamide with hexamethylmelamine or with alkeran causes no significant reduction in the total lymphocyte count, in the percentage subpopulations of T cells and B cells or in mononuclear cell cytotoxicity in patients with Stage III carcinoma of the ovary during their first course of chemotherapy.
The Development and Validation of the Vocalic Sensitivity Test.

Abstract Recent research has established that presbycusis (the hearing loss associated with aging) may be marked by a second dimension of hearing loss first experienced by people in their 70s. This second dimension of presbycusis appears to be a loss in vocalic sensitivity, i.e., the ability to hear the nonverbal aspects of speech. This article reports on the development of the Vocalic Sensitivity Test, which controls for the verbal elements in speech while at the same time allowing for the vocalics to exercise their normal metacommunicative function of commenting on the words. The Vocalic Sensitivity Test is shown to possess high reliability for its total scores and for two of its four subscales. In addition, the Vocalic Sensitivity Test is validated by its systematic relationships with subscales of the Watson-Barker Listening Test, the Kentucky Comprehensive Listening Test, and the PONS TeSt.
Community metabolism of adenylates by microheterotrophs from the Los Angeles Harbor and Southern California coastal waters

The natural concentration (Sn) of dissolved total adenylates TA(=AMP+ADP+ATP) in coastal seawater from a depth of 1 m at 5 stations (California, USA) sampled periodically for 1 yr had a mean value ±1 SD of 2.8±1.7 nmol TA1-1. The specific uptake rates of TA by microheterotrophs at a station inside the Los Angeles Harbor and at a station 1.5 km offshore in the San Pedro Channel were studied by simple uptake and saturation-type kinetic analysis using 3H-AMP as a tracer. Within the harbor, the specific uptake rate (nmol TA 109 cell-1 h-1) at Sn ranged 10-fold from 0.028 in December to 0.28 in August. Kt (half-saturation constant) values always exceeded theSn concentrations in any given month, and were greater in the harbor than in the channel. Generally, over 80% of biological uptake of 3H-AMP was associated with organisms <1.0 μm, a size class accounting for about 20% of the total particulate adenylate concentration in the 0.2 to 203 μm size fraction. Assuming steady-state conditions for the dissolved adenylate pool, we propose a model in which losses from this pool are balanced by inputs to the pool through inefficient feeding, lysis and decomposition of particulate adenylates.
Piezoelectric properties of modified lead scandium tantalate ceramics

Abstract The piezoelectric properties of selected compositions from the solid solution system (1 − x)Pb(Sc 1 2 Ta 1 2 )O 3 t-(x)PbTiO 3 have been investigated primarily by the resonance method. The peak values of the piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33 = 655 pC/N) and the electromechanical coupling factors (kt = 0.5, kp = 0.61 and k33 = 0.73) accompanied by an exceptionally low value of the mechanical quality factor (Qm = 30) were observed for the x = 0.45 composition. The strong piezoelectric response of this composition in conjunction with its low mechanical quality factor make it an attractive candidate for a variety of transducer applications.
Tracing the Reaction Steps Involving Oxygen and IR Observable Species in Ethanol Photocatalytic Oxidation on TiO2

The rate-determining step of ethanol photocatalytic oxidation was identified to be the adsorption of O2 by an infrared (IR) spectroscopy coupled with mass spectrometry method. Dosing O2 during reaction showed that adsorption of O2 controls the accumulation of photogenerated electrons and the formation of acetate (CH3COO−ad), acyl species (CH3COad), acetaldehyde (CH3CHOad), CO2, and H2O. Accumulation of CH3COO−ad on the TiO2 surface slowed down the conversion of ethanol to CO2 and H2O. Removal of CH3COO−ad from the TiO2 surface holds the key to accelerating the rate of ethanol photocatalytic oxidation. This study bridges the gap between results of nanosecond and millisecond transient absorption studies and those of minute scale photocatalytic oxidation studies.
Paradoxical influence of estrogenic hormones on platelet-endothelial cell interactions

Controversies abound in the literature about the safety and efficacy of tamoxifen and estrogen. We studied the effect of these 2 hormonal agents on factors involved in in vitro thrombogenesis: platelets and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were derived from human umbilical veins and platelets were obtained from premenopausal and postmenopausal women, women on oral contraceptives, postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy, men, and patients with breast cancer who had been taking adjuvant tamoxifen for more than 1 year. The interaction of platelets with endothelial cell matrix was measured in 2 systems: 1) in a flow chamber at low shear rate and, 2) with 51Cr labeled platelets in a "static" culture system. In the static system, platelets from women on tamoxifen exhibited decreased platelet adherence to endothelial cell matrix whether they were grown in tamoxifen or control conditions, when compared to platelets from premenopausal women. When flow (25 sec-1) was added these differences were negated. Neither tamoxifen nor 17 beta estradiol had an effect on endothelial cell proliferation or platelet aggregation. Adhesion of platelets at low shear was not altered when platelet rich plasma was incubated with tamoxifen nor when endothelial cells were grown in tamoxifen. In contrast, incubation of platelets in 17 beta estradiol decreased platelet adhesion at low shear rate, however, there was no effect on platelet adhesion when endothelial cells were grown in 17 beta estradiol. We conclude that in early stages of thrombus formation as measured in vitro, tamoxifen may not have a detrimental effect and estrogen may be protective.
Interaction of electro-ocular potentials with the contingent negative variation.

The contingent negative variation (CNV) was recorded from the vertex in forty-five subjects during a two-stimulus expectancy paradigm under varying conditions of eye closure and fixation. Simultaneously averaged electro-oculograms (EOG) were recorded as a measure of eye movement. The amplitude of both CNV and EOG responses was significantly greater for the eyes closed and eyes open unfixated conditions as compared to the eyes fixated condition. CNV and EOG responses were often highly similar in terms of waveform. For the eyes fixated condition three patterns of CNV–EOG interaction were observed. Eighteen subjects demonstrated a CNV response of low amplitude in the absence of detectable EOG responses. Twenty-three subjects showed a predominant pattern in which CNV responses of high amplitude and EOG responses were present. Four subjects failed to show either a CNV or EOG response. There was considerable within subject variability in the pattern of response with replicated blocks of trials. Thus contamination of the CNV by EOG potentials is reduced by eye fixation but not eliminated because of subject variability in control of eye movement.
Role of human DNA polymerase κ as an extender in translesion synthesis

Abstract Human DNA polymerase (Pol)κ is a member of the Y family of DNA polymerases. Unlike Polη, another member of this family, which carries out efficient translesion synthesis through various DNA lesions, the role of Polκ in lesion bypass has remained unclear. Recent studies, however, have indicated that Polκ is a proficient extender of mispaired primer termini on undamaged DNAs and also on cis-syn thymine-thymine (T-T) dimer-containing DNA. Here we determine whether Polκ can promote the efficient bypass of DNA lesions by extending from the nucleotides inserted opposite the lesion site by another DNA polymerase. From steady-state kinetic analyses, we find that Polκ is highly inefficient at incorporating nucleotides opposite an O6-methyl guanine (m6G) lesion, but it efficiently extends from the T or C nucleotide incorporated opposite this lesion by Polδ. Opposite an 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) lesion, Polκ efficiently inserts an A and then proficiently extends from it. Importantly, for both these DNA lesions, however, the most efficient bypass occurs when Polδ is combined with Polκ; in this reaction, Polκ performs the extension step after the incorporation of nucleotides opposite these lesion sites by Polδ. These studies reveal a role for Polκ in the extension phase of lesion bypass.
Paresis and Restriction of the Inferior Rectus Muscle after Orbital Floor Fracture

Six patients had both restriction and paresis of the inferior rectus muscle after blowout fracture of the inferior orbital floor. All six were orthophoric in the primary position but had a severely constricted field of single binocular vision with troublesome diplopia on upgaze and downgaze. Recessing both the inferior rectus muscle and the superior rectus muscle in the injured eye greatly increased the field of single binocular vision. The symptoms improved in all six cases.
Delta and kappa opioid receptors as suitable drug targets for pain.

Similar to μ opioid receptors, κ and δ opioid receptors reside in the periphery, the dorsal root ganglion, the spinal cord, and in supraspinal regions associated with pain modulation. Both δ and κ opioid agonists have been shown to activate pain inhibitory pathways in the central nervous system. Yet
Ovine fetal lung fluid response to intravenous saline solution infusion: fetal atrial natriuretic factor effect.

Abstract The fetal lung, a significant source of in utero fluid production, has been postulated to serve a regulatory role in maintenance of fetal body fluid homeostasis. Whereas the fetus responds to intravascular saline solution infusions with increased urine output, the fetal lung fluid response to this stimulus is unclear. Tracheal fluid output was measured in four chronically catheterized ovine fetuses (mean gestation, 129 ± 1 days) subjected to successive 40-minute intravenous 0.9% saline solution infusions at rates of 0.5 and 1 ml/min/per kilogram of body weight. Tracheal fluid output decreased significantly (1.7 ± 0.1 to 1.1 ± 0.1 ml/10 min, p p
A functional relation for field-scale nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution developed using a pore network model

Abstract A pore network model with cubic chambers and rectangular tubes was used to estimate the nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution rate coefficient, K diss a i , and NAPL/water total specific interfacial area, a i . K diss a i was computed as a function of modified Peclet number ( Pe ′) for various NAPL saturations ( S N ) and a i during drainage and imbibition and during dissolution without displacement. The largest contributor to a i was the interfacial area in the water-filled corners of chambers and tubes containing NAPL. When K diss a i was divided by a i , the resulting curves of dissolution coefficient, K diss versus Pe ′ suggested that an approximate value of K diss could be obtained as a weak function of hysteresis or S N . Spatially and temporally variable maps of K diss a i calculated using the network model were used in field-scale simulations of NAPL dissolution. These simulations were compared to simulations using a constant value of K diss a i and the empirical correlation of Powers et al. [Water Resour. Res. 30(2) (1994b) 321]. Overall, a methodology was developed for incorporating pore-scale processes into field-scale prediction of NAPL dissolution.
Piper kelleyi, a hotspot of ecological interactions and a new species from Ecuador and Peru

We describe Piper kelleyi sp. nov., a new species from the eastern Andes of Ecuador and Peru, named in honor of Dr. Walter Almond Kelley. Piper kelleyi is a member of the Macrostachys clade of the genus Piper and supports a rich community of generalist and specialist herbivores, their predators and parasitoids, as well as commensalistic earwigs, and mutualistic ants. This new species was recognized as part of an ecological study of phytochemically mediated relationships between plants, herbivores, predators, and parasitoids. Compared to over 100 other Piper species surveyed, Piper kelleyi supports the largest community of specialist herbivores and parasitoids observed to date.
Reactive power-voltage problem: conditions for the existence of solution and localized disturbance propagation

Abstract The control of voltages and reactive power generation and flows in power system operation has taken on a new importance following blackouts caused by the phenomenon of voltage collapse. This paper presents analytical results on the reactive power imbalance problem in steady state under large load changes.