cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The carotenoids of Rhodopseudomonas. I. Carotenoids of the green mutant

Abstract The two main carotenoid pigments of a green mutant of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides are neurosporene, a tetrahydrolycopene, C 40 H 60 ; and chloroxanthin, C 40 H 60 O 2 . The latter contains at least one and possibly two hydroxyl groups. Because they are difficult to acetylate, it is suggested they may be tertiary alcohols.
A Chain-Type Price Index for New Business Jet Aircraft

This paper presents a price index constructed to measure the real price and real output of corporate business jet aircraft. It employs a chained price index methodology to properly account for the effect of changes in aircraft quality and product lines on the price index. The index indicates that the average price level of corporate jets has significantly outpaced the general price level measured by the GDP deflator, nearly doubling the real price of the product over a 35-year period from 1968 to 2003, which could have negatively affected the demand for the product. Because the GDP deflator significantly understates the price increase in corporate jets, the industry's real output is overstated when its nominal sales are deflated with a general price index. The paper suggests that an industry-specific price index allows more accurate analyses of real economic activity of an industry. The methodology used in this paper could be useful for other industries where product price movements vary significantly from the changes in the general price level.
Shrinking Nanowires by Kinetically Controlled Electrooxidation

Nanowires composed of antimony, gold, and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) were reduced in diameter by electrooxidation in aqueous solutions. When electrooxidation was carried out using low current densities (Jox < 150 microA cm(-2)), the mean wire diameter decreased in direct proportion to the oxidation time, as expected for a kinetically controlled process. Under these conditions, the diameter uniformity of nanowires remained constant as wires were shrunk from initial diameters of more than 120 nm to less than 40 nm, for Sb and Bi2Te3, and less than 60 nm for Au. Oxidized nanowires remained continuous for more than 100 microm. Electrooxidation at higher current densities rapidly introduced breaks into these nanowires. Electrochemical wire growth and shrinking by electrooxidation were integrated into a single electrochemical experiment that allowed the final mean diameter of nanowires to be specified with a precision of 5-10 nm.
A comparison of effects of apomorphine and ET495 on locomotor activity and circling behaviour in mice.

Abstract In mice with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced left striatal lesions, apomorphine and ET495 produced dose-related contralateral circling behaviour. Apomorphine was 30 times more potent than ET495 with respect to the dose required to elicit the half-maximal rate of circling. ET495, however, had a markedly longer duration of action. In normal mice apomorphine stimulated locomotor activity, whereas ET495 depressed activity. Pretreatment with SKF-525A did not prevent ET495-induced depression. In contrast to its effects in mice, ET495 stimulated locomotor activity in rats.
RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY AND POLITICS: THE CASE OF THE WINDFALL PROFITS TAX

A case study of the Windfall Profits Tax Act of 1980 (WPT) illustrates the political dynamics of energy policy. The Act put $200 billion at the disposal of national policy makers over a 10-year period which could have been used to shape the emerging renewable energy system. The authors focus on those interest groups which advocated a decentralized renewable energy system during the WPT legislative process. By examining the specific policy issues which became items of contention within the decentralized movement and between it and other constituencies, they reveal the political challenges to reaching the movement's goals. The central lesson of the struggle, they conclude, is that adequate capital resources, proven technology, and a lively array of activist groups are not enough to develop a coherent political movement. 26 references, 3 tables.
An empirical assessment of employment‐at‐will: a tale of two states

The market’s reactions to six decisions that dealt with the employment‐at‐will doctrine were examined with event study methodology. Three hypotheses were tested, all three of which were supported clearly by the data. Shareholder returns to a sample of California firms fell in response to the three California decisions that provided at‐will employees with causes of action to challenge their discharges; returns to those same firms rose in response to the Foley decision, which cut back on the employment‐at‐will erosions in California; and, returns to a sample of firms in New York rose in response to the two decisions from New York that affirmed the supremacy of the employment‐at‐will doctrine in New York. These results support the view that employment‐at‐will is beneficial for employers and that erosions to that doctrine are costly to employers.
Transport of hot carriers in semiconductor quantized inversion layers

Abstract The transport of warm and hot carriers in quantized inversion layers has recently become of considerable interest, due in part to the quasi-two-dimensional nature of the carrier system and to the multitude of subbands present. Generally, the number of carriers in the inversion layer is sufficiently large that carrier-carrier scattering maintains a quasi-Maxwellian for the isotropic part of the distribution function, but the inter-subband interactions are sufficiently weak that each subband possesses a separate electron temperature. The treatment of carrier transport can be naturally separated into two regimes. In the first, the carriers are hot. In this regime, the transport can be found from energy and momentum balance equations and the transport differs little from a classical three-dimensional model, except in the field region in which inter-subband transfer of carriers is important. In this field range, subtle changes in the velocity-field curve are observed and significant effects are found in the microwave conductivity at frequencies on the order of the inter-subband repopulation rate. In the warm electron regime, however, for low and moderate electric fields, the degenerate nature of the carrier distribution function must be considered. Although the electron temperature concept remains valid in this regime, the agreement between theory and experiment is not good and the lack of this agreement makes it difficult to assess the physical processes occurring. The situation is complicated at low temperatures where many of the scattering mechanisms are not fully understood and the carrier densities and transport can show activation behavior. This lack of understanding is especially true in warm carrier magneto-transport. For this reason, care must be exercised in evaluating the role played by the electric field. In this paper, these various regimes are discussed and compared to the available experimental data.
Magnetic moments of charmed baryons. I

The magnetic moments of all charmed baryons belonging to the totally symmetric 20 (underlined) representation, the mixed symmetry 20 prime (underlined) and the totally antisymmetric 4 (underlined) representation have been compared under U(4) symmetry, assuming that the magnetic-moment operator is proportional to the charge operator. The magnetic moments of all charmed particles have been expressed in terms of the moments of proton, neutron and delta particles in the case of U(4) symmetry. Then assuming that the magnetic moment operator is a tensor transforming as the (15,3) members of a 63 (underlined) representation of U(8) or SU(8), the magnetic moments of all the baryons belonging to the 120 (underlined) representation are compared.
Provider Role Attitudes, Marital Satisfaction, Role Overload, and Housework: A Dyadic Approach

Treating the marital dyad as the unit of analysis, this study examined the within-couple patterning of 272 dual-earner spouses' provider role attitudes and their longitudinal associations with marital satisfaction, role overload, and the division of housework. Based on the congruence of husbands' and wives' provider role attitudes, couples were classified into one of four types: (a) main-secondary, (b) coprovider, (c) ambivalent coprovider, and (d) mismatched couples. Nearly half of all spouses differed in their attitudes about breadwinning. A series of mixed model ANCOVAs revealed significant between- and within-couple differences in human capital characteristics, spouses' perceptions of marital satisfaction and role overload, and the division of housework across 3 years of measurement. Coprovider couples reported higher levels of marital satisfaction and a more equitable division of housework than the other couple groups. Wives in the ambivalent coprovider couples' group reported higher levels of role overload than their husbands to a greater extent than was found in the other couple groups. As the first study to adopt a dyadic approach that considers the meanings that both spouses in dual-earner couples ascribe to paid employment, these findings advance understanding of how dual-earner spouses' provider role attitudes serve as contexts for marital quality, behavior, and role-related stress.
Exacerbation of Ethanol Withdrawal Seizures in Mice With a History of Multiple Withdrawal Experience

Abstract Repeated ethanol withdrawal experience has been shown to result in an exacerbation of future withdrawal episodes. This sensitization of the withdrawal response has been hypothesized to represent a “kindling” phenomenon. We previously demonstrated that mice exposed to ethanol vapor for a total of 48 h exhibited more severe withdrawal seizures if the exposure was divided into three 16 h intoxication/8 h abstinence cycles than if the 48 h of exposure occurred in a single bout. The present study was designed to further characterize this model of ethanol withdrawal “kindling” and determine whether such a “kindled” response may be evident when withdrawal testing is conducted after an additional bout of intoxication that is the same for all groups. Adult C3H mice were chronically exposed to ethanol vapor in inhalation chambers for 40 h prior to withdrawal testing. Prior to this 40 h intoxication period, one group (Multiple Withdrawal; MW) received three cycles of 16 h ethanol vapor separated by 8 h abstinence; a second group (Single Withdrawal; SW) did not receive any ethanol exposure prior to the 40 h test cycle; a third group (Continuous Exposure; CE) received the same total ethanol exposure as the MW group (48 hr), but without interruption; and a control group (C) did not receive any ethanol treatment throughout the experiment. Blood ethanol levels following the 40 h bout of ethanol intoxication were 100–140 mg/dl for all ethanol-exposed groups. The severity of handling-induced convulsions during withdrawal was significantly greater in the MW group compared to CE and SW groups. These results suggest that differences in the severity of ethanol withdrawal seizures due to differences in prior withdrawal experience can be demonstrated even when later ethanol exposure patterns are equated. As such, the results provide further support for the “kindling” hypothesis of ethanol withdrawal.
Pediatric death: guidelines for the grieving anesthesiologist

This essay examines the effects of unexpected pediatric death on anesthesiology house staff, and offers a discussion of normal and abnormal patterns of grieving. The increased incidence of substance abuse and suicide among anesthesiologists is discussed, and the relationship of stress following patient death and appropriate coping skills is explored. A blueprint for managing stress is given based on a military combat stress model, and recommendations for residency training programs are made.
Vibrational spectra and molecular configuration of hexafluoroazomethane

Abstract Twenty-one of the 24 fundamental frequencies of CF 3 N=NCF 3 have been identified from the infrared and Raman spectra of the vapor and condensed states. The spectra reveal a total lack of infrared-Raman coincidence, i.e., the rule of mutual exclusion is obeyed. This evidence strongly supports the existence of hexafluoroazomethane in the trans configuration and negates the results of a recent electron diffraction study which favor the cis form.
Single-Cell Analysis Uncovers Extensive Biological Noise in Poliovirus Replication

Viral infections often begin with a very small number of initiating particles. Accordingly, the outcome of an infection is likely to be affected by variability in the initial molecular interactions between virus and host. In this study, we investigated the range of outcomes upon infection of single cells. We isolated individual cells infected with poliovirus at low or high multiplicities of infection (MOI) and measured viral genomic replication and infectious viral progeny in each cell. We first determined that at 7 h postinfection, the ratio of positive to negative strands in individual cells varies from 5:1 to more than 190:1, with and average of 20:1, suggesting a significant variability in RNA synthesis. We further found that while virus genome production is higher in cells infected at a high multiplicity, the production of infectious particles is largely independent of the number of viruses infecting each cell. Strikingly, by correlating RNA and particle production within individual infections, we uncovered a significant contribution of stochastic noise to the outcome of infection. At low MOI, stochastic influences appear as kinetic effects which are most critical at the initial steps in infection. At high MOI, stochastic influences appear to dictate the virus's ability to harness cellular resources. We conclude that biological noise is a critical determinant of the overall productivity of viral infections. The distinct nature of stochasticity in the outcome of infection by low and high numbers of viral particles may have important implications for our understanding of the determinants of successful viral infections. IMPORTANCE By correlating genome and particle production in single-cell infections, we elucidated sources of noise in viral infections. When a cell was infected by only a single infectious particle, variation in the kinetics of the initial steps of replication contributed significantly to the overall productivity of the infection. Additionally, variation in the distribution of subcellular resources impacted infections initiated by one or many infectious particles. We also observed that when a cell was infected with multiple particles, more genomes were produced, while particle production was hindered by an apparent cellular resource limit. Understanding variations in viral infections may illuminate the dynamics of infection and pathogenesis and has implications for virus adaptation and evolution.
What Is a Natural River

Form and process in rivers around the world reflect a long history of human influences, but the effects of these influences are often not readily apparent to the casual observer. Progressive alteration of rivers over a period of decades to centuries as a result of land-use patterns influences expectations for the appearance of natural rivers. These expectations in turn help to govern strategies of river restoration, which is being increasingly practiced in industrialized countries. This article uses examples from three regions in the United States ‐ headwater streams in the Rocky Mountains, streams in the mid-Atlantic piedmont region of the eastern United States, and coastal rivers of the Puget Lowland in the western United States ‐ to explore how historical land-use patterns continue to influence contemporary river form and process, and the implications of these historical effects for understanding and managing rivers. If restoration is designed to facilitate natural river form and process, then it becomes critical to understand how human activities have altered rivers. Such an understanding defines the limits within which restoration can be undertaken and provides a conceptual framework for adaptive management of river restoration.
Regulation of thalamic neurite outgrowth by the Eph ligand ephrin-A5: Implications in the development of thalamocortical projections

The cerebral cortex is parcellated into different functional domains that receive distinct inputs from other cortical and subcortical regions. The molecular mechanisms underlying the specificity of connections of cortical afferents remain unclear. We report here that the Eph family tyrosine kinase receptor EphA5 and the ligand ephrin-A5 may play a key role in the exclusion of the limbic thalamic afferents from the sensorimotor cortex by mediating repulsive interactions. In situ hybridization shows that the EphA5 transcript is expressed at high levels in both cortical and subcortical limbic regions, including the frontal cortex, the subiculum, and the medial thalamic nuclei. In contrast, ephrin-A5 is transcribed abundantly in the sensorimotor cortex. Consistent with the complementary expression, the ligand inhibited dramatically the growth of neurites from neurons isolated from the medial thalamus but was permissive for the growth of neurites from lateral thalamic neurons, which is primarily nonlimbic. Similarly, the growth of neurites from Eph-A5-expressing neurons isolated from the subiculum was inhibited by ephrin-A5. Our studies suggest that the Eph family ligand ephrin-A5 serves as a general inhibitor of axonal growth from limbic neurons, which may serve to prevent innervation of inappropriate primary sensorimotor regions, thus contributing to the generation of specificity of thalamic cortical afferents.
Refinement of the concept of uncertainty.

Refinement of the concept of uncertainty Aims. To analyse the conceptual maturity of uncertainty; to develop an expanded theoretical definition of uncertainty; to advance the concept using methods of concept refinement; and to analyse congruency with the conceptualization of uncertainty presented in the theory of hope, enduring, and suffering. Background. Uncertainty is of concern in nursing as people experience complex life events surrounding health. In an earlier nursing study that linked the concepts of hope, enduring, and suffering into a single theoretical scheme, a state best described as `uncertainty' arose. This study was undertaken to explore how this conceptualization fit with the scientific literature on uncertainty and to refine the concept. Design/Methods. Initially, a concept analysis using advanced methods described by Morse, Hupcey, Mitcham and colleagues was completed. The concept was determined to be partially mature. A theoretical definition was derived and techniques of concept refinement using the literature as data were applied. Findings. The refined concept was found to be congruent with the concept of uncertainty that had emerged in the model of hope, enduring and suffering. Conclusions. Further investigation is needed to explore the extent of probabilistic reasoning and the effects of confidence and control on feelings of uncertainty and certainty.
Biological bleaching of kraft pulps by white-rot fungi and their enzymes

The use of white-rot fungi, especially Trametes versicolor and isolate IZU-154, to delignify and brighten kraft pulps is reviewed. The fungal treatments are effective but slow; the responsible enzymes are being studied with a view to accelerating the process. Manganese peroxidase, or laccase with a co-substrate, can demethylate and partially solubilize the lignin in pulps, mimicking the early steps of the fungal delignification.
INDUCTION OF MATING IN THE DOG WITH PREGNANCY URINE EXTRACT

INDUCTION of typical estrus in the dog with pregnancy urine extract has been previously reported. Gaebler (1) was able to induce estrus in 1 of 5 dogs tested and Mathieu (2) also reported 1 successful case, but neither the criterion of typical estrus nor mating nor the duration of the estrous period was recorded. Although vulval swelling and, in some cases, bleeding generally resulted with this hormone another investigator was unable to induce estrus even by prolonged injections (3). Reiss and Langendorf (4) reported the production of cystic follicles and some corpora lutea as the result of injections of a pregnancy urine extract. They noted in some cases a considerable increase in ovarian sise. Ito et al. (5) reported only the production of follicles. In our previous experiments on the dog, pregnancy urine extract was used only to produce ovulation after estrus had been induced by other extracts (6, 7).
Speckle-free laser imaging using random laser illumination

Exploiting the low spatial coherence of specifically designed random lasers, researchers demonstrate speckle-free full-field imaging in the regime of intense optical scattering. Their results show that the quality of images generated from random-laser illumination is superior to those generated from spatially coherent illumination.
Lung transplantation: the new lung-allocation system.

Lung transplantation has evolved over the past two decades as a well-recognized therapy for patients with end-stage lung diseases. However, lung transplantation has been limited, in part, due to the scarcity of donor lung organs. Previously, donor lung organs were allocated based on a potential recipient’s waiting list time. However, in 2005, under the mandate of the US Government, through the Department of Health and Human Services, the lung-allocation system was changed to incorporate medical urgency and utility in order to optimize patient outcomes. Clinical factors that predicted pretransplant and 1-year post-transplant survival for each potential recipient were incorporated into a Lung Allocation Score. Early 1-year results have shown a decrease in the number of candidates on the waiting list, a decrease in the waiting time and a decrease in waiting list mortality. Outcomes after lung transplantation have been conflicting, with some centers suggesting worse outcomes and others suggesting an increased...
The Reversal of the Gender Gap in Education and Trends in Marital Dissolution

The reversal of the gender gap in education has potentially far-reaching consequences for marriage markets, family formation, and relationship outcomes. One possible consequence of this is the growing number of marriages in which wives have more education than their husbands. Previous studies have found this type of union to be at higher risk of dissolution. Using data on marriages formed between 1950 and 2004 in the United States, we evaluate whether this association has persisted as the prevalence of this relationship type has increased. Our results show a large shift in the association between spouses' relative education and marital dissolution. In particular, we confirm that marriages in which wives have the educational advantage were once more likely to dissolve, but we show that this association has disappeared in more recent marriage cohorts. Another key finding is that the relative stability of marriages between educational equals has increased. These results are consistent with a shift away from rigid gender specialization toward more flexible, egalitarian partnerships and provide an important counterpoint to claims that progress toward gender equality in heterosexual relationships has stalled.
EMPLOYER AND OCCUPATIONAL INSTABILITY IN TWO COHORTS OF THE NATIONAL LONGITUDINAL SURVEYS

Previous research on trends in employer and occupational stability found evidence of declines in stability among men but contradictory results for women. I provide new insights into these patterns by simultaneously analyzing employer and occupation changes, and by examining a more detailed set of transition types. I show that the patterns for women are quite similar to those of men but are masked by declines in transitions from employment to out of the labor force. Finally, I find that while some of the changes may bring increased opportunities for wage increases, they bring even greater risks of wage losses.
Space Tourism: Regulating Passage to the Happiest Place Off Earth

Since SpaceShipOne succeeded in winning the X PRIZE in October 2004, space tourism businesses have been booming with several companies in the race to become the first to send paying customers into suborbital space.2 As a result, states are already fighting over which will be the home to the first space resort and launch locations.3 Space tourism is an excellent starting point for other private space endeavors. As a means of entertainment, it has the potential to bring in investors and enthusiasts, create immediate profit, and lay the groundwork for greater research and funding in other space applications.4 Like the aeronautics industry, private enthusiasts have challenged boundaries of man’s capabilities, and competitions have opened the door to a myriad of possibilities for private astronautics. Unlike the aeronautics industry, which was pushed to its limits by the necessities of war, private
Towards Monodisperse Semiconductor Clusters: Preparation and Characterization of ˜ 13-Å Thiophenolate-capped CdS Clusters

We report that two 10-A [Cd20S13(SPh)22]−8 clusters may be fused together to form a 13-A CdS cluster, which shows a sharp absorption peak at 370 nm and a luminescence peak at 390 nm. This is supported by the concentration dependence of the absorption spectra, the luminescence-excitation spectra, the capillary zone electrophoresis separation, the electrochemical measurement, and the powder X-ray data. This cluster fusion process occurs naturally in solution at high concentrations of [Cd20S13(SPh)22]−8. It can also be induced electrochemically by a two-electron oxidation process. We also show that capillary zone electrophoresis and electrochemical synthesis are two useful new techniques for obtaining monodisperse CdS clusters. Their potentials and limitations are discussed.
Interventions Addressing Transition Difficulties for Individuals with Autism.

Transitioning between activities can pose difficulties when working with students with autism. Individuals with autism may resist transitions by exhibiting a host of problem behaviors such as aggression and tantrums. Although scant, there is available research that provides sound recommendations for assessing and intervening for problem behaviors occurring during transition times. The present article presents a summary of the current transition literature, with a special emphasis on interventions for students with autism. Recommendations for the functional assessment and treatment evaluation of transitional difficulties are presented as well. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 681–690, 2007.
Gender-related changes in aortic geometry throughout life †

OBJECTIVES: Aortic geometry changes throughout life are not well defined. This investigation delineates aortic geometry across the adult age spectrum and determines the gender-related influence of aging on aortic morphometry. METHODS: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans of all aortic segments in 195 subjects (94 women, 101 men, average age 57 ± 20 years) free of vascular disease were analysed. Lengths and diameters of each aortic segment as well as width, height and tortuosity of the thoracic aorta were compared between both genders. RESULTS: Aortic diameters and lengths were larger in men than women (P 70 years old: 3.4 ± 0.3 vs 3.5 ± 0.3 cm, P= 0.241). CONCLUSIONS: Female gender is associated with smaller aortic dimensions, but only at a young age. The dynamics of aortic growth throughout life are greater in women than in men. Gender-related changes in aortic geometry provide a hypothesis for the predominance of aortic dissection in young male patients, which normalizes between genders with increasing age.
Bioavailability of metals in stream food webs and hazards to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the upper Animas River watershed, Colorado.

The water quality, habitats, and biota of streams in the upper Animas River watershed of Colorado, USA, are affected by metal contamination associated with acid drainage. We determined metal concentrations in components of the food web of the Animas River and its tributaries—periphyton (aufwuchs), benthic invertebrates, and livers of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)—and evaluated pathways of metal exposure and hazards of metal toxicity to stream biota. Concentrations of the toxic metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in periphyton, benthic invertebrates, and trout livers from one or more sites in the upper Animas River were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Periphyton from sites downstream from mixing zones of acid and neutral waters had elevated concentrations of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) reflecting deposition of colloidal Fe and Al oxides, and reduced algal biomass. Metal concentrations in benthic invertebrates reflected differences in feeding habits and body size among taxa, with greatest concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd in the small mayfly Rhithrogena, which feeds on periphyton, and greatest concentrations of Pb in the small stonefly Zapada, a detritivore. Concentrations of Zn and Pb decreased across each trophic linkage, whereas concentrations of Cu and Cd were similar across several trophic levels, suggesting that Cu and Cd were more efficiently transferred via dietary exposure. Concentrations of Cu in invertebrates and trout livers were more closely associated with impacts on trout populations and invertebrate communities than were concentrations of Zn, Cd, or Pb. Copper concentrations in livers of brook trout from the upper Animas River were substantially greater than background concentrations and approached levels associated with reduced brook trout populations in field studies and with toxic effects on other salmonids in laboratory studies. These results indicate that bioaccumulation and transfer of metals in stream food webs are significant components of metal exposure for stream biota of the upper Animas River watershed and suggest that chronic toxicity of Cu is an important factor limiting the distribution and abundance of brook trout populations in the watershed.
Proteins are shared among RNA-protein complexes that form in the 5' untranslated regions of spinach chloroplast mRNAs.

Gene expression in chloroplasts is strongly regulated at the post-transcriptional level. Most post-transcriptional mechanisms require RNA–protein complexes. Here we report an analysis of RNA–protein complexes that form in the 5′ untranslated regions (5′UTRs) of spinach chloroplast mRNAs. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that four ATP synthase 5′UTRs were able to compete with each other for binding by proteins in a chloroplast extract. This implied that at least some of the binding proteins recognized all four of those ATP synthase 5′UTRs. Here, we examine whether the binding proteins are ATP synthase-specific by performing competition-binding assays between an ATP synthase 5′UTR and 5′UTRs from other chloroplast genes. Competition substrates were chosen to represent a wide range of chloroplast mRNAs, including those encoding the photosystems, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochromes and ribosomal subunits, and two previously unexamined ATP synthase subunits. Results from these experiments revealed that, although the ATP synthase-binding proteins do not bind universally to every chloroplast 5′UTR, they do bind to the majority (12/14) of those examined. Thus, these RNA-binding proteins are candidates for factors that link the post-transcriptional expression of many chloroplast genes of disparate function.
Decline in a dominant invertebrate species contributes to altered carbon cycling in a low-diversity soil ecosystem

Low-diversity ecosystems cover large portions of the Earth's land surface, yet studies of climate change on ecosystem functioning typically focus on temperate ecosystems, where diversity is high and the effects of individual species on ecosystem functioning are difficult to determine. We show that a climate-induced decline of an invertebrate species in a low-diversity ecosystem could contribute to significant changes in carbon (C) cycling. Recent climate variability in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica is associated with changes in hydrology, biological productivity, and community composition of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. One of the greatest changes documented in the dry valleys is a 65% decrease in the abundance of the dominant soil invertebrate (Scottnema lindsayae, Nematoda) between 1993 and 2005, illustrating sensitivity of biota in this ecosystem to small changes in temperature. Globally, such declines are expected to have significant influences over ecosystem processes such as C cycling. To determine the implications of this climate-induced decline in nematode abundance on soil C cycling we followed the fate of a 13C tracer added to soils in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Carbon assimilation by the dry valley nematode community contributed significantly to soil C cycling (2–7% of the heterotrophic C flux). Thus, the influence of a climate-induced decline in abundance of a dominant species may have a significant effect on ecosystem functioning in a low-diversity ecosystem.
Laser Velocimeter Measurements in the Turbine of an Automotive Torque Converter: Part II — Unsteady Measurements

The unsteady velocity field found in the turbine of an automotive torque converter was measured using laser velocimetry. Velocities in the inlet, quarter, mid, and exit planes of the turbine were investigated at two significantly different operating conditions: turbine/pump rotational speed ratios of 0.065, and 0.800. A data organization method was developed to visualize the three-dimensional, periodic unsteady velocity field in the rotating frame. For this method, the acquired data is assumed to be periodic at synchronous and blade interaction frequencies. Two shaft encoders were employed to obtain the instantaneous angular position of the torque converter pump and turbine at the instant of laser velocimeter data acquisition. By proper “registration” of the velocity data, visualizing the transient interaction effects between the turbine, pump, and stator was possible. Results showed strong cyclic velocity fluctuations in the turbine inlet plane as a function of the relative turbine-pump position. These fluctuations are due to the passing of upstream pump blades by the slower rotating turbine blades. Typical fluctuations in the through flow velocity were 3.6 m/s. Quarter and mid plane velocity fluctuations were seen to be lower; typical values were 1.5 m/s and 0.8 m/s, respectively. The flow field in the turbine exit plane was seen to be relatively steady with negligible fluctuations of less than 0.03 m/s. From the velocity data, the fluctuations of turbine performance parameters such as flow inlet angles, root-mean-square unsteadiness, and output torque per blade passage were calculated. Incidence angles were seen to vary by 3° and 6° for the 0.800 and 0.065 speed ratios, respectively, while the exit angles remained steady. The turbine output torque per blade passage fluctuated by 0.05 Nm for the 0.800 speed ratio and 0.13 Nm for the 0.065 speed ratio.© 1995 ASME
Experimental induction of motile Aeromonas septicemia in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by waterborne challenge with virulent Aeromonas hydrophila

Abstract Motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS), caused by virulent clonal isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh), is emerging as a major disease in catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) aquaculture in the Southeastern United States. Predisposing conditions leading to vAh infection in catfish were however largely unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate factors that predispose catfish to vAh infection and establish a waterborne challenge model that mimics natural occurrence of MAS. Results of this study indicated that wounding on the fish body surface was one of the key factors that predisposed catfish to vAh infection via waterborne route. Relatively uniform wounds were created by clipping part of the fish adipose fin. Adipose fin clipped (Af-clipped) fish behaved normally in terms of swimming and feeding and no mortality occurred in the control treatment (a mock challenge). When subjected to challenge in vAh-infected water, Af-clipped fish were highly susceptible, showing typical symptoms of MAS observed in the field. The mortality rate of Af-clipped fish was significantly associated with vAh concentration, challenge time and water temperature. About 90% mortality occurred within 48 h when Af-clipped fish were challenged for 1 h with vAh at the concentration of 2 × 10 7 colony forming units per mL of water (27 ± 1 °C). The waterborne challenge model was further tested using four field isolates including A. hydrophila and A. veronii. All vAh isolates caused about 90% mortality of Af-clipped fish and one isolate of Aeromonas veronii caused no mortality under the same challenge conditions. The waterborne challenge model described in this study would facilitate urgently-needed studies of MAS prevention (such as wound avoidance and healing) and control (such as prophylactic vaccination; antibiotics treatment and probiotics screening).
Crystal structure of di­chlorido­[2-(di­phenyl­phosphan­yl)-3,4,5,6-tetra­fluoro­benzene-1-thiol­ato-κ2P,S]gold(III)

The title compound, [Au(C18H10F4PS)Cl2], crystallizes as neutral mol­ecules, with the AuIII atom coordinated by two Cl atoms and by the P and S atoms of the bidentate phosphanyl thiol­ate ligand, in a slightly distorted square-planar environment. The mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers via long axial Au—Cl bonds of 3.393 (4) A. This axial Au—Cl distance is longer than is usually seen, although one other example has been given. Dimer formation may explain the unexpectedly low solubility of the compound in common polar solvents. There is also a separate inter­molecular Au—F contact of 3.561 (6) A, but this distance seems too long to be regarded as a bond. Two putative C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds appear to link the dimers into sheets parallel to (110). There is a short inter­molecular F⋯F contact of 2.695 (10) A between two dimers related by the twofold axis.
Why Are Taxes Value Relevant? Cross-Country Evidence on the Proxy for Profitability Role of Tax Surprise

Despite the abundance of evidence that tax surprise contains incremental value relevant information, the literature still fails to explain why this is so, possibly struggling with identification due to the relative invariance in capital markets, financial rules, and tax systems for their US-only sample. I use an international study with cross-country variation in required book-tax conformity and tax enforcement to investigate two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for why taxes are value relevant. First, I examine if tax surprise is more value relevant when the amount of non-earnings information it is expected to contain is greater. Second, I examine if tax surprise is more value relevant when tax enforcement is high. Using required book-tax conformity as a proxy, I find little evidence that an expected lower amount of non-earnings information in tax surprise is associated with lower value relevance. I provide evidence this may be due to an offsetting increase in non-value-relevant noise due to less conformity. To address issues related with endogeneity, I use IFRS adoption as an exogenous shock to book-tax divergence and continue to find little evidence that value relevance increases with book-tax divergence. In contrast, I find strong results that taxes are more value relevant when tax enforcement is high. Additional tests that partition on high and low quartiles of enforcement also show that value relevance increases with book-tax conformity but only for those countries with high enforcement. This study goes beyond whether taxes are value relevant to help answer why. This study is also informative to the debate on required book-tax conformity and shows that theorized increases to tax enforcement may work to ameliorate potential reductions in information content caused by increased conformity, an argument which is new to that literature.
Dual-Emitting Quantum Dot/Quantum Rod-Based Nanothermometers with Enhanced Response and Sensitivity in Live Cells

Temperature is a key parameter in physiological processes, and probes able to detect small changes in local temperature are necessary for accurate and quantitative physical descriptions of cellular events. Several have recently emerged that offer excellent temperature sensitivity, spatial resolution, or cellular compatibility, but it has been challenging to realize all of these properties in a single construct. Here, we introduce a luminescent nanocrystal-based sensor that achieves this with a 2.4% change/°C ratiometric response over physiological temperatures in aqueous buffers, with a precision of at least 0.2 °C. Thermoresponsive dual emission is conferred by a Forster resonant energy transfer (FRET) process between CdSe–CdS quantum dot–quantum rods (QD–QRs) as donors and cyanine dyes as acceptors, which are conjugated to QD–QRs using an amphiphilic polymer coating. The nanothermometers were delivered to live cells using a pH-responsive cationic polymer colloid, which served to both improve uptake and ...
Mussel Coating Protein-Derived Complex Coacervates Mitigate Frictional Surface Damage.

The role of friction in the functional performance of biomaterial interfaces is widely reckoned to be critical and complicated but poorly understood. To better understand friction forces, we investigated the natural adaptation of the holdfast or byssus of mussels that live in high-energy surf habitats. As the outermost covering of the byssus, the cuticle deserves particular attention for its adaptations to frictional wear under shear. In this study, we coacervated one of three variants of a key cuticular component, mussel foot protein 1, mfp-1 [(1) Mytilus californianus mcfp-1, (2) rmfp-1, and (3) rmfp-1-Dopa], with hyaluronic acid (HA) and investigated the wear protection capabilities of these coacervates to surfaces (mica) during shear. Native mcfp-1/HA coacervates had an intermediate coefficient of friction (μ ∼0.3) but conferred excellent wear protection to mica with no damage from applied loads, F⊥, as high as 300 mN (pressure, P, > 2 MPa). Recombinant rmfp-1/HA coacervates exhibited a comparable coe...
The virtual cell embedding method - A simple approach for building complex geometries

This paper discusses the virtual cell embedding (VCE) method, a simple, direct method for complex geometry grid generation where the underlying mesh is structured and rectilinear. The strength of the VCE gridding method is that, using a straight-forward algorithm, it can generate a grid for any body and/or multiple bodies represented as solid volumes in the flow. The accuracy, convergence, and flexibility of the VCE gridding method is discussed. The capabilities are demonstrated starting from several distinct geometry specifications. Examples used to illustrate the algorithms include a VCE resolution study of an arc airfoil, the flow solution using the "Euler equations" as input to the grid generator demonstrating the robustness and flexibility of VCE, and applications problems including ship airwake calculations and flow around highly complex overlapping bodies such as found in porous media flow. An excellent use of the VCE grid generator is in the design process for complex geometries where geometry modifications can be rapidly gridded and evaluated. Finally, the VCE grid generator is not intrinsically connected to a specific flow solver. It could be used in conjunction with any Cartesian-grid based flow solver that admits partial cell faces and volumes.
Abstract 5277: S100A7 modulates EGFR signaling in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Purpose of Study: S100A7 (psoriasin) is highly expressed in estrogen receptor alpha negative (ER-α−) and EGFR+ basal like phenotype, especially triple negative, that have been associated with worse prognosis and outcome. However, not much is known about the role of S100A7 in promoting tumorigenesis of ER-α− and EGFR+ breast cancers. We hypothesize that S100A7 secreted by tumor cells may modulate tumor growth by binding to receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and activating EGFR in ER-α−. In the present study, we analyzed recombinant S100A7-mediated EGFR signaling that enhances breast tumorigenesis and metastasis in ER-α− cells. Methods: We examined the effect of recombinant S100A7 on cell migration and motility of ER-α− MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB453 breast cancer cell lines. In addition, we analyzed S100A7-mediated signaling mechanisms by monitoring changes in phosphorylation and expression of various signaling molecules by Western blot, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. We also co-transfected HEK-293 with EGFR and RAGE plasmids to analyze crosstalk between S100A7/RAGE and EGF/EGFR in these cells. Results: We observed high expression of RAGE in ER-α− MB-231 and MB-453 breast cancer cell lines by FACS analysis. We have also shown that S100A7 is secreted in the conditioned media of ER-α− MB-231 overexpressing S100A7 cells. Recombinant soluble S100A7 was shown to induce cell migration and wound healing in MB-231 and MB-453 cells. These effects were mediated through RAGE, as RAGE neutralizing antibody blocked S100A7-mediated functional effects. To further analyze the molecular mechanism of S100A7-mediated signaling, we observed that recombinant S100A7 transactivates EGFR. Further analysis of molecular mechanism revealed that S100A7 enhances AKT and Erk phosphorylation as well as increases association between Jab-1 and EGFR. The crosstalk between S100A7/RAGE and EGF/EGFR was further confirmed by co-transfecting HEK-293 cells with EGFR and RAGE. Recombinant S100A7 was shown to induce EGFR phosphorylation in these transfected cells, confirming S100A7 may transactivate EGFR by binding to RAGE. Conclusion: These studies reveal that S100A7 may enhance metastatic potential of ER-α− cells by binding to RAGE and activating EGFR signaling. Furthermore, these studies may help in the development of S100A7/RAGE as novel therapies target for ER-α− breast cancer, especially triple-negative and EGFR+ basal-like cancers, which are highly aggressive and difficult to treat. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5277.
The Ability of Children to Understand the Product Package: A Study of Limitations Imposed by Cognitive Developmental Stage

Based on cognitive developmental theory, this study examined children's understanding of the product package in terms of size. Using a laboratory experiment with specially designed product packages...
A Commentary on Definition and Classification of Power System Stability

Recently the IEEE/CIGRE joint task force gave new definition and classification of power system stability, which are not completely identical with those in “security and stabilization guide rule of power system” published in China. To understand the definition of different types of stability in-depth, distinguish the interrelation among them and clarify the difference and relation between the two kinds of definitions of power system stability home and abroad, on the basis of presenting and comparing the definitions and classification of power system stability home and abroad the foundation of the two different definitions and classification is analyzed. The analyzed contents and obtained conclusions will be helpful to following aspects: correctly identifying the principal cause leading to power system instability, reasonably simplifying and adopting appropriate model and calculation method while special problem is to be analyzed; scheduling rational operating modes; drafting control strategy to improve power system security and stability; planning and optimizing power network structure.