cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design, synthesis, and biological activity of substituted 2-amino-5-oxo-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as inhibitors of the inflammatory kinases TBK1 and IKK epsilon for the treatment of obesity.

The non-canonical IκB kinases TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase e (IKKe) play a key role in insulin-independent pathways that promote energy storage and block adaptive energy expenditure during obesity. Utilizing docking calculations and the x-ray structure of TBK1 bound to amlexanox, an inhibitor of these kinases with modest potency, a series of analogues was synthesized to develop a structure activity relationship (SAR) around the A- and C-rings of the core scaffold. A strategy was developed wherein R7 and R8 A-ring substituents were incorporated late in the synthetic sequence by utilizing palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions on appropriate bromo precursors. Analogues display IC50 values as low as 210 nM and reveal A-ring substituents that enhance selectivity toward either kinase. In cell assays, selected analogues display enhanced phosphorylation of p38 or TBK1 and elicited IL-6 secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes better than amlexanox. An analogue bearing a R7 cyclohexyl modification demonstrated robust IL-6 production in 3T3-L1 cells as well as a phosphorylation marker of efficacy and was tested in obese mice where it promoted serum IL-6 response, weight loss, and insulin sensitizing effects comparable to amlexanox. These studies provide impetus to expand the SAR around the amlexanox core toward uncovering analogues with development potential.
Susceptibility of larval zebrafish to the seizurogenic activity of GABA type A receptor antagonists.

Previous studies demonstrated that pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), a GABA type A receptor (GABAAR) antagonist, elicits seizure-like phenotypes in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Here, we determined whether the GABAAR antagonists, tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) and picrotoxin (PTX), both listed as credible chemical threat agents, similarly trigger seizures in zebrafish larvae. Larvae of three, routinely used laboratory zebrafish lines, Tropical 5D, NHGRI and Tupfel long fin, were exposed to varying concentrations of PTZ (used as a positive control), PTX or TETS for 20 min at 5 days post fertilization (dpf). Acute exposure to PTZ, PTX or TETS triggered seizure behavior in the absence of morbidity or mortality. While the concentration-effect relationship for seizure behavior was similar across zebrafish lines for each GABAAR antagonist, significantly less TETS was required to trigger seizures relative to PTX or PTZ. Recordings of extracellular field potentials in the optic tectum of 5 dpf Tropical 5D zebrafish confirmed that all three GABAAR antagonists elicited extracellular spiking patterns consistent with seizure activity, although the pattern varied between chemicals. Post-exposure treatment with the GABAAR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), diazepam, midazolam or allopregnanolone, attenuated seizure behavior and activity but did not completely normalize electrical field recordings in the optic tectum. These data are consistent with observations of seizure responses in mammalian models exposed to these same GABAAR antagonists and PAMs, further validating larval zebrafish as a higher throughput-screening platform for antiseizure therapeutics, and demonstrating its appropriateness for identifying improved countermeasures for TETS and other convulsant chemical threat agents that trigger seizures via GABAAR antagonism.
Smart Spying via Deep Learning: Inferring Your Activities from Encrypted Wireless Traffic

Wireless networks nowadays are ubiquitous in our daily life. Due to the open channel nature, wireless networks are vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks. Though wireless conversation can be encrypted against eavesdropping, attackers can still infer a user’s activities via traffic analysis on encrypted data. Nevertheless, previous inference methods usually have the limitation that they can only achieve a relatively high accuracy in a specific domain. In this paper, we propose a smart spying strategy that can infer a user’s activities of multiple domains with a higher accuracy. We also develop a prototype tool on top of this strategy to conduct experiments. The evaluation results show our strategy works effectively in activity inference on encrypted data, with an accuracy rate as high as 99.17%.
Physical Activity Trajectories and Associated Changes in Physical Performance in Older Men: The MrOS Study.

BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) is important to maintaining functional independence. It is not clear how patterns of change in late-life PA are associated with contemporaneous changes in physical performance measures. METHODS Self-reported PA, gait speed, grip strength, timed chair stand, and leg power were assessed in 3,865 men aged ≥ 65 years at baseline (2000-2002) and Year 7 (2007-2009). Group-based trajectory modeling, using up to four PA measures over this period, identified PA trajectories. Multivariate linear regression models (adjusted least square mean [95% confidence interval {CI}]) described associations between-PA trajectories and concurrent changes in performance. RESULTS Three discrete PA patterns were identified, all with declining PA. Linear declines in each performance measure (baseline to Year 7) were observed across all three PA groups, but there was some variability in the rate of decline. Multivariate models assessing the graded response by PA trajectory showed a trend where the high-activity group had the smallest declines in performance while the low-activity group had the largest (p-for trend < .03). Changes in the high-activity group were the following: gait speed (-0.10 m/s [-0.12, -0.08]), grip strength (-3.79 kg [-4.35, -3.23]), and chair stands (-0.38 [-0.50, -0.25]), whereas changes in the low-activity group were the following: gait speed (-0.16 [-0.17, -0.14]), grip strength (-4.83 kg [-5.10, -4.55]), and chair stands (-0.53 [-0.59, -0.46]). Between-group differences in leg power trajectories across PA patterns were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Declines in functional performance were higher among those with lower PA trajectories, providing further evidence for the interrelationship between changes in PA and performance during old age.
Dromopoeia: Teaching Ēthopoeia, Prudence (Phrōnesis), and Ethics (Well-Being) with Avatar

This chapter explores the use of video game avatars in the classroom to analyze social ethics through experiments with traditional rhetorical concepts. The authors begin by providing an overview of five rhetorical traditions (ethos, ēthopoeia, suasoria, delivery/performance, dramatism) before discussing how writers, game designers, and players might consider the role of avatar design (including abstraction, detail-oriented, pre-designed) and backstory in single- and multi-player game environments. Such practices, the authors propose, aid in developing a student’s sense of phrōnesis—practical wisdom and prudence—in and beyond digital environments. The authors conclude by tracing out a sequence of activities addressing three ontological perspectives on avatars through the ethics of play.
Spin transport in a quantum spin orbital liquid

Quantum spin orbital liquids (QSOLs) are a novel phase of matter, similar to quantum spin liquids, with quantum fluctuations in both spin and orbital degrees of freedom. We use nonequilibrium Green's function theory to study out-of-equilibrium spin transport in an exactly solvable QSOL model put forward by Yao and Lee. We find that the spin transport problem can be mapped to that of a free fermion problem with effective fermionic baths that have a rapidly varying density of states. In the gapless phase, the spin current ${I}_{s}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{V}_{s}$ relation is thus highly nonlinear, while in the chiral gapped phase, the spin current conductance is quantized to be $1/2\ensuremath{\pi}$ provided that the contacts are sufficiently wide. The quantized conductance is a signature of the topological nature of the chiral gapped QSOL.
Exact Beltramian solutions for hemispherically bounded cyclonic flowfields

This study focuses on the development of two analytical models that describe the wall-bounded cyclonic flowfield in a hemispherical domain. The closed-form solutions that we pursue are motivated by the need to characterize the swirling bidirectional motion engendered in an upper stage thrust chamber, namely, the VR35K-A VORTEX® engine, conceived and developed by Sierra Nevada Corporation. Our analysis proceeds from the Bragg–Hawthorne formulation, which is quite effective in the treatment of steady, inviscid, and axisymmetric flows. In this work, we show that two rotational solutions may be derived for particular specifications of the stagnation head and tangential angular momentum expressions that appear in the Bragg–Hawthorne equation. Then, with the parental streamfunctions in hand, other properties of interest are deduced and these include the main velocity and pressure variations, vorticities, crossflow velocities, extensional and shearing strain rates, virtual energy dissipation rates, and both axial and polar mantle distributions; the latter consist of pairs of rotating, non-translating interfacial layers, separating the so-called inner and outer bidirectional and bipolar regions, respectively. More specifically, two Beltramian solutions are identified with mantles that appear at 50% and 61.06% of the chamber radius, respectively. By matching the outlet radius of the chamber to the mantle location in the equatorial plane, the outflow is permitted to exit the chamber seamlessly. In both models, the axial and radial velocities vary linearly with the injection speed and a characteristic inflow parameter consisting of a geometric ratio of the inlet area and the chamber radius squared.
The compulsion zone explains the self-administration of cocaine, RTI-55 and bupropion in rats.

Abstract Rats that reliably self-administered cocaine also reliably self-administered the cocaine analog RTI-55 and bupropion. The inter-injection intervals of these dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors were regular at a given unit dose and increased as a function of unit dose. However, the mean rate of intake differed widely, ranging from 731 to 459 to 2.1 nmol/kg∙min−1 for bupropion, cocaine and RTI-55 respectively, a dramatic 348-fold range. An analysis of inter-injection intervals as a function of unit dose generated values for the mean satiety threshold of 50.6, 5.1 and 0.7 nmol/kg and t1/2 of 56.7, 9.3 and 255.6 min for bupropion, cocaine and RTI-55, respectively. The difference in rate of intake of bupropion and RTI-55 relative to cocaine is a product of their 0.1 and 7.3 fold difference in PD potency and their 6.1 and 27.5 fold difference in t1/2. Additionally, the relative durations of lever-pressing following termination of drug access correlated with the t1/2 estimates. It is hypothesized this duration represents the time required for the drug concentration to fall from the satiety threshold below the priming threshold (the minimum DAT inhibitor level that will induce lever-pressing). This indicates that the time needed for an animal to cease lever pressing following termination of access to the DAT inhibitor is predominately a function of the PK properties of the agonist. The self-administration behavior paradigm in the context of the compulsion zone theory can be used as a bioassay to determine the PK/PD properties of indirect dopamine receptor agonists.
Reliability Analysis of Steel Beam-Columns

Probabilistic analyses of the safety of structural members frequently have relied on a formulation of the ultimate limit state equation in which load carrying capacity (resistance) is measured by a single variable R , such as the fully plastic moment for a beam. Safety or reliability is defined by the condition where the effects of the applied loads do not exceed resistance R . However, there is a feeling that alternate formulations in terms of the basic variables that determine resistance, yield stress, section modulus, etc., may be more desirable in certain instances. This note compares measures of reliability calculated from the R -variable and basic variables formulations of the safety problem for hot-rolled steel beam-columns subjected to dead and live loads and considers some of the implications for reliability based design.
Language Play and Language Acquisition

Publisher Summary It has been observed that young children play with language. This activity has two aspects. One involves the use of language as an instrument for play. In such cases, children use language as a means to a goal. The second involves the use of language as both a means and a goal. In such cases, children play with aspects of language not to facilitate some other play activity, but instead actually to play with language, the manipulation of linguistic forms being the play activity. This chapter focuses on the latter type of language play. The primary concern is to consider the nature of this type of language play and the roles of such play in children's acquisition of their mother tongue. It is concerned with the types of behaviors that constitute language play; the developmental course of these behaviors; where are such behaviors are most likely to occur; the aspects of language children play with; and whether language play is developmentally progressive.
Kinetic parameters of mitochondrial swelling. Effect of animal age. Tissue distribution of the mitochondrial "contractile protein".

Abstract 1. 1. The comparative swelling response of mitochondria isolated from heart, liver, kidney, spleen, testis and brain tissue of the rat was studied with the swelling-inducers, Hg 2+ , Ca 2+ , p -chloromercuribenzoate and pentachlorophenol. The swelling ability of the mitochondria measured as the maximum rate of swelling with increasing inducer concentration, and the sensitivity of the swelling response measured in terms of the inducer concentration bringing about the half-maximum velocity, were determined. Liver mitochondria displayed generally the highest swelling ability and the spleen the lowest. The sensitivities of the swelling response followed different orders which vary with the inducer. 2. 2. The swelling of mitochondria, expressed either as the rate or terminal extent of swelling, is low in very young rats (20–30 g) and increases gradually to level off to a plateau at the beginning of the adult stage. The inducers, Hg 2+ , Ca 2+ , PO 4 3−, thyroxine and hypotonicity were used in these studies and the age was expressed as the product: age (in days) × weight (in g) × 10 −3 . The age-dependent change was not observed in “spontaneous” swelling in isotonic 0.30 M sucrose. 3. 3. The content of mitochondrial “contractile protein”, extractible with 0.6 M KCl-0.01 M Tris (pH 7.6) was found to follow the order: heart > spleen > Testis > liver > kidney > brain. These results indicate absence of relationship between the level of this protein and the swelling response of mitochondria. While the involvement of nonspecific adsorption of inducers to the mitochondria must be considered, the present data suggest that in the mechanism of swelling brought about by Hg 2+ , Ca 2+ , p -chloromercuribenzoate and pentachlorophenol, possible direct interaction with the “contractile protein” is not a rate-determining step.
Milk and Milk Products

Milk is the first food of young mammals produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. It is a mixture of fat and high-quality protein in water and contains some carbohydrate (lactose), vitamins, and minerals. Milk and milk products may be obtained from different species, such as goats and sheep, although the focus of this chapter is on cow’s milk and milk products.
Harnack Inequalities for Jump Processes

We consider a class of pure jump Markov processes in R d whose jump kernels are comparable to those of symmetric stable processes. We establish a Harnack inequality for nonnegative functions that are harmonic with respect to these processes. We also establish regularity for the solutions to certain integral equations.
Tomato carotenoids protect against UV-induced cutaneous damage and tumor development in Skh-1 hairless mice (645.7)

Sun exposure is a major risk factor in skin cancer development. Previous work suggests tomato consumption for >10 weeks can mitigate ultraviolet (UV) light induced sunburn. Dietary carotenoids (CAR) distributed to the skin may act as photoprotectants, free radical quenchers and antioxidants to protect skin against UV-induced damage. In addition to lycopene, tomatoes have higher levels of UV-absorbing CAR (phytoene/phytofluene) compared to other fruits and vegetables. We hypothesize that by decreasing the UV-induced skin inflammatory response tomato consumption would ultimately protect against skin cancer. Male and female Skh-1 hairless and immunocompetent mice (n=180) were fed AIN-93G or AIN-93G + 10% tangerine or red tomato powder for 35 weeks. From weeks 11-20, mice (n=120) were exposed to 2240 J/m2 UVB light, 3x/week and resulting tumors were tracked weekly. Control mice were fed the diets but not exposed to UV. Mice consuming tomato diets developed significantly fewer tumors compared to mice on contro...
Compositional Performance Analysis Using Probabilistic I/O Automata

In this talk, I give an overview of some recent work, by my colleagues and me at Stony Brook, concerning compositional specification and performance analysis techniques for finite-state reactive systems in which probability and timing play a significant role.
Genetic regulation of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes. II. Inheritance of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.

The pattern of inheritance of tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.3a), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (1.14.2.1), and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1), three enzymes in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway, has been studied in two sublines of the Balb/c inbred mouse strain, Balb/cJ and Balb/cN. All three enzymes are nearly 2-fold greater in adrenals of the Balb/cJ line. Examination of the F1, F2, and backcross progeny of the mating between these sublines reveals that single-gene loci control the steady state levels of each enzyme. The activity of all three enzymes is highly correlated in all of the hybrid generations studied. One explanation for these findings is that the loci are linked structural genes. An alternative hypothesis is that a single regulatory gene locus controls the phenotypic expression of the three enzymes.
A Conjecture on Einstein, the Independent Reality of Spacetime Coordinate Systems and the Disaster of 1913

Two fundamental errors led Einstein to reject generally covariant gravitational field equations for over two years as he was developing his general theory of relativity. The first is well known in the literature. It was the presumption that weak, static gravitational fields must be spatially flat and a corresponding assumption about his weak field equations. I conjecture that a second hitherto unrecognized error also defeated Einstein's efforts. The same error, months later, allowed the hole argument to convince Einstein that all generally covariant gravitational field equations would be physically uninteresting.
Research as community-building: Perspectives on the scholarship of engagement

If research were a form of community-building, what would it be? This article addresses this question, as well as some of the personal, professional and institutional issues that it raises for me, as a community worker and university professor. It draws upon a program in a metropolitan area that is simultaneously segregated and diverse, and examines ways of defining the problem, gathering the information and using the results – all the while working with community partners, without whom the work would not be. Keywords: Research, community-building, university-community collaboration
Design for Yield and Reliability is MORE Important Than DFT

Introduction Most IC design engineers today are at the same stage when considering Design for Yield (DFY) and Design for Reliability (DFR) as they were when considering Design for Test (DFT) 20 years ago. Most engineers poorly understand them, there are few EDA tools to help them, and there is no consensus about whether it is even worthwhile. It is just one more Design for X that they don’t have time to worry about. However this is not quite right. In fact DFY and DFR rules long preceded DFT rules, in the form of layout and electrical design rules. However most design engineers treated them as sort of like the laws of physics, something to be obeyed or fact the wrath of the manufacturing engineers. Clearly in the past DFY and DFR were more important than DFT. This is still true today, and more DFY and DFR activity must move earlier in the design process, rather than remain mostly a last-minute physical design check.
Experience and Results During Transition from Radiofrequency Ablation to Cryoablation for Treatment of Pediatric Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

Background: Cryoablation has emerged as a new, theoretically safer, modality for treating atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). The purpose of this study is to compare procedural aspects and outcomes during the transition from radiofrequency (RF) ablation to cryoablation for pediatric AVNRT. Methods: Data were obtained retrospectively from 80 consecutive pediatric patients who underwent AVNRT ablation from 10/2001– 4/2006 (RF n = 42, Cryo n = 38). Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of variance. Results: RF ablations were performed anatomically in NSR while three different mapping techniques were used during cryoablation: ablation during AVNRT (26%), anatomic in NSR (48%), and anatomic with S1 S2 pacing (26%). There was no difference in the number or duration of lesions between the three cryo subgroups. Acute success was obtained in 95% of RF and 97% of cryo cases. There was no difference in the number of total, mapping, or full-duration lesions between the RF and cryogroups. Despite accounting for longer cryolesion time, total ablation time (P < 0.001), mapping time (P = 0.002), and full duration lesion time (P < 0.001) were longer in the cryogroup. There was no significant difference in total procedure time; fluoroscopy time was shorter in the cryoablation group (P = 0.049). There was one confirmed recurrence of tachycardia in each group with a 2% recurrence rate. Conclusions: Cryoablation for treatment of pediatric AVNRT is as safe and efficacious as RF ablation. Although cryolesions are intrinsically longer in duration, total procedure times were not increased and fluoroscopy times were decreased compared to RF.
β-Amyloid of Alzheimer's Disease Induces Reactive Gliosis That Inhibits Axonal Outgrowth

Pathological lesions in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by dense deposits of the protein beta-amyloid. The link between the deposition of beta-amyloid in senile plaques and AD-associated pathology is, at present, controversial since there have been conflicting reports on whether the 39-43 amino acid beta-amyloid sequence is toxic or trophic to neurons. In this report, we show that beta-amyloid peptide when presented as an insoluble substrate which mimics its conformation in vivo can induce cortical glial cells in vitro and in vivo to locally deposit chondroitin sulfate containing proteoglycan. In vitro the proteoglycan-containing matrix deposited by glia on beta-amyloid blocks the usual ability of the peptide to allow cortical neurons to adhere and grow. Chondroitin sulfate-containing proteoglycan was also found in senile plaques of human AD tissue. We suggest that an additional effect of beta-amyloid in the brain, which compounds the direct effects of beta-amyloid on neurons, is mediated by the stimulation of astroglia to become reactive. Once in the reactive state, glial cells deposit large amounts of growth-inhibitory molecules within the neuropil which could impair neuronal process survival and regeneration leading to neurite retraction and/or dystrophy around senile plaques in AD.
Is the brain a memory box

Bickle argues for both a narrow causal reductionism, and a broader ontological-explanatory reductionism. The former is more successful than the latter. I argue that the central and unsolved problem in Bickle's approach to reductionism involves the nature of psychological terms. Investigating why the broader reductionism fails indicates ways in which phenomenology remains more than a handmaiden of neuroscience.
Predicting acidification effects on fish populations, using laboratory data and field information

We developed a framework of linked models that uses lake levels of pH, Al, and Ca to predict the occurrence of fish species on a regional scale. As a first step, statistical models are fitted to laboratory data on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). The resulting functions predict mortality and reduction in fecundity resulting from chemical conditions (pH, Al, and Ca). The second step applies a life-cycle model to results from the first step to estimate the reproductive potential expected for fish living in lakes with specified chemical conditions relative to that expected for fish living under nonstressful chemical conditions. Use of the framework requires field data on the presence or absence of brook trout in lakes having measured pH, Al, and Ca. The chemical conditions for each lake are processed through the first two steps to estimate the relative reproductive potential for brook trout in that lake. After, obtaining estimates for all lakes, a logistic regression model is fitted, with probability of occurrence as the dependent variable and relative reproductive potential as the independent variable. The resulting function, representing the calibrated framework, relates the probability of brook trout occurrence in high-elevation Adirondack (New York) lakes to relative (i.e., reduced) reproductive potential attributable to chemical stress. This function, when tested against additional data, can be used to predict changes in brook trout population status in relation to changed chemical conditions, stocking, or altered fishing pressure.
Role of entropy in increased rates of intramolecular reactions.

The rates of intramolecular condensation of a series of monoesters of dicarboxylic acids have been shown to be highly dependent on the nature of the intervening groups. To understand the origin of this effect, we estimated ΔSNAC,S, the entropy difference between the ensemble of accessible ground state conformers and a single ground state conformer having transition-state-like geometry. ΔSNAC,S differs from the activation entropy for the reaction by ΔSTS,NAC, the difference in vibrational entropy between the selected ground state conformer and the transition state. The estimated values of ΔSNAC,S correlate well (R2 = 0.96 and 0.73 using dielectric constant values of 80 and 1, respectively) with experimentally determined reaction rate constants. Normal-mode analysis performed on minimized ground state conformations of each molecule suggests that the change in vibrational entropy makes only a small contribution to the total activation entropy. These results indicate that the conformational entropy difference...
Teratogenic effects of trimethadione and dimethadione in the chick embryo*1

Abstract Several anticonvulsants including the oxazolidinediones, trimethadione, and paramethadione have been implicated as possible human teratogens. In the studies reported here, both trimethadione in doses of 10–20 mg/egg and its metabolite, dimethadione, in doses of 10–30 mg/egg were shown to be teratogenic when injected into chick embryos during early development. Trimethadione produced a variety of malformations. It was shown to have a teratogenic impact prior to the time the embryo was capable of metabolizing it to dimethadione. The principal abnormality produced by dimethadione was celosomia.
Environmental manipulation of growth and energy carrier release from freshwater and marine Chlamydomonas species

While many microbial species produce glycerol as an internal osmoregulant, only some species release glycerol into the external medium. The present study compared the synergistic effects of light intensity and salinity on rates of glycerol release and growth in two marine species of Chlamydomonas (C. euryale and C. hedleyi) versus a freshwater species (C. reinhardtii). High light intensity stimulated both glycerol release and algal growth in all species, presumably by stimulating photosynthesis and thereby the production of the energy carrier glycerol. The freshwater species exhibited a lower salinity threshold than the marine species for both glycerol release and growth retardation. These findings suggest (i) that there is competition between the production and release of glycerol into the medium versus the internal use of the products of photosynthesis for algal growth and (ii) that the freshwater species has a greater propensity for glycerol leakage into the external medium under saline conditions than the marine species. Furthermore, conditions that stimulated glycerol release increased the maximal rate of photosynthesis, suggesting that synthesis (from the direct products of photosynthesis) and removal of glycerol from the cell may alleviate feedback inhibition on photosynthetic capacity. The stimulation of glycerol synthesis and release by Chlamydomonas species via environmental manipulation offers an attractive option for continuous algal energy carrier production as a feedstock for biofuel generation under conditions eliminating energy carrier consumption by algal growth, while circumventing feedback inhibition of photosynthesis as well as the need for algal harvest and regrowth employed for extraction of lipid or carbohydrate feedstocks.
Anatomy of the crista supraventricularis: its importance for understanding right ventricular function, right ventricular infarction and related conditions.

During careful studies of the human cardiac conduction sy stem the anatomy of the crista supraventricularis is an inescapable concomitant demonstration. For the purpose of this report the observations from about 1,000 human hearts were combined with special additional studies of 75 human hearts (50 adults, 25 infants), 30 dogs and 5 chickens. The crista supraventricularis is similar in human and canine hearts. Avian hearts differ from mammal hearts in that they contain only a muscular right atrioventricular valve which replaces the crista supraventricularis. In addition to dividing the inflow and outflow pathways of the right ventricle, the crista supraventricularis is crucially located to join the interventricular septum and left ventricle to much of the right ventricular free wall, thereby playing an important role in emptying the right ventricle and closing the tricuspid valve. On the basis of these observations, the function of the crista supraventricularis is examined relative to right ventricular systole, right ventricular infarction, various electrophysiologic problems, the performance of cardiac surgery and new questions in cardiac imaging.
The relationship between material failures and flight hours

Si les defaillances materielles suivent un loi de Poisson, alors le nombre anticipe de pannes est exactement proportionnel aux heures de vol. On presente ici trois tests simples pouvant etre utilises pour tester la proportionnalite
FOXD3 regulates the lineage switch between neural crest-derived glial cells and pigment cells by repressing MITF through a non-canonical mechanism

The first neural crest cells to emigrate from the neural tube are specified as neurons and glial cells and are subsequently followed by melanocytes of the skin. We wished to understand how this fate switch is controlled. The transcriptional repressor FOXD3 is expressed exclusively in the neural/glial precursors and MITF is expressed only in melanoblasts. Moreover, FOXD3 represses melanogenesis. Here we show that avian MITF expression begins very early during melanoblast migration and that loss of MITF in melanoblasts causes them to transdifferentiate to a glial phenotype. Ectopic expression of FOXD3 represses MITF in cultured neural crest cells and in B16-F10 melanoma cells. We also show that FOXD3 does not bind directly to the MITF promoter, but instead interacts with the transcriptional activator PAX3 to prevent the binding of PAX3 to the MITF promoter. Overexpression of PAX3 is sufficient to rescue MITF expression from FOXD3-mediated repression. We conclude that FOXD3 controls the lineage choice between neural/glial and pigment cells by repressing MITF during the early phase of neural crest migration.
EEG measures of alternative strategies used by subjects to solve block designs.

Twenty-one subjects performing block designs were videotaped while simulataneous EEG measures were recorded. Blind raters classified each 10-sec videotape sample into one of five categories for “strategy of approach” to the block design task. Subsequent correlations were obtained between rated strategy of approach and EEG measures. Strategies were found to differ in amount of right hemisphere alpha activity present, indicating varying amounts of right hemisphere involvement, depending on the strategy employed.
The answer key as a source of error in performance assessment.

Objective: To determine the impact of variability in answer key construction (i.e., option weighting) on total errors of measurement and to compare several designs for reducing this effect. Methods: A video-based format that assesses ability to interpret arteriograms is studied because it reproduces with high fidelity an important task faced by cardiologists. Responses given by highly qualified examinees are used to develop answer keys by the aggregate scoring method, and generalizability theory is applied to estimate the error variance in answer key construction. Sample: Two hundred and two examinees who volunteered to participate in the study after taking their certifying examination in cardiovascular diseases. Results: Results show less scorer variability than case variability; however, several scorers make a sizeable reduction in measurement error. Conclusion: Although there is some error in the answer key construction process, its size is relatively small and it should not be a major impediment to the use of performance-based item formats.
Nucleotide sequences of the trpI, trpB, and trpA genes of Pseudomonas syringae: positive control unique to fluorescent pseudomonads.

Abstract A 904-bp probe from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to identify the trpB , trpA and trp I genes of Pseudomonas syringae . Transcription initiation at the P. syringae trpBA promoter in vitro was activated by the P. aeruginosa TrpI protein in the presence of indoleglycerol phosphate. Thus, trpB and trpA are regulated positively in three species of fluorescent pseudomonads, P. aeruginosa P. putida , and P. syringae , but in no other eubacteria so far investigated [Crawford, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 43 (1989) 567–600]. In addition to conservation of protein-coding sequences, there is a high degree of nucleotide sequence identity in the intergenic control region that includes the divergent trpI and trpBA promoters, especially in the binding sites for TrpI protein. Differences in patterns of codon usage distinguish the trpI genes of P. syringae and P. putida from P. aeruginosa trpI and from the trpB and trpA genes of all three species.
Neonatal hind paw injury alters processing of visceral and somatic nociceptive stimuli in the adult rat

Abstract Tissue damage during the first few weeks after birth can have profound effects on sensory processing in the adult. We have recently reported that a short-lasting inflammation of the neonatal rat hind paw produces baseline hypoalgesia and exacerbated hyperalgesia after reinflammation of that hind paw in the adult. Because the contralateral hind paw and forepaws also displayed hypoalgesia, we speculated that effects of the initial injury were not somatotopically restricted and would alter visceral sensory processing as well. In the present study we tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of neonatal hind paw injury at P3 or P14 on visceral and somatic sensitivity in the adult rat. In P3 rats, the visceromotor response evoked by colorectal distention in the absence of colonic inflammation was attenuated in carrageenan-treated neonatal rats compared to naive rats. Colonic inflammation in the adult reversed this hypoalgesia and evoked a level of visceral hyperalgesia similar to naive rats. There were no consequences of the P14 injury observed in the adult. In a second experiment, colonic inflammation in naive rats induced viscerosomatic inhibition to thermal stimulation of the forepaw and hind paw. This inhibition was reversed, and the paw withdrawal latency was slightly decreased in neonatal (P3) carrageenan-treated rats. Rats treated on P14 appeared similar to naive rats. These data support the hypothesis that neonatal hind paw injury during a critical period permanently alters sensory processing of multiple sensory modalities in the adult. Animals develop with greater inhibitory processing of somatic and visceral stimuli throughout the neuraxis. However, inflammation in the adult in previously uninjured tissue reverses the hypoalgesia and evokes development of normal hyperexcitability associated with tissue injury. Perspective Trauma experienced by premature infants can lead to alterations in sensory processing throughout life. This study shows that short-term somatic tissue injury to neonatal rats during a well-defined critical period alters several aspects of viscerosensory processing in the adult, demonstrating that injury to one tissue affects sensory processing throughout the body.
Regulation of cyanide-insensitive respiration in Neurospora.

1 Inhibition of either mitochondrial transcription or translation in Neurospora crassa results in the rapid production of the cyanide-insensitive pathway of mitochondrial respiration. Protein synthesis an cytoplasmic ribosomes is required for the appearance of cyanide-insensitive respiration in the culture. 2 Removal of the inhibition of transcription or translation results in a rapid return to cyanide-sensitive respiration. Additional protein synthesis in the cytoplasm is required for the loss of cyanide-insensitive respiratory activity while additional mitochondrial protein synthesis has no effect. 3 These studies indicate that a mitochondrial gene product is involved in a negative manner in the regulation of cyanide-insensitive respiration. When the mitochondrial product is present, the pathway is not expressed, when the mitochondrial product is absent, the pathway is expressed. 4 Studies with forced heterokaryons formed from respiratory-deficient mutants having cyanideinsensitive respiration and respiratory-competent auxotrophs indicate that the site of action of the mitochondrial gene product is external to the mitochondrion.
Architecture and sparse placement of limited-wavelength converters for optical networks

Equipping all nodes of a large optical network with full conversion capability is prohibitively costly. To improve performance at reduced cost, sparse converter placement algorithms are used to select a subset of nodes for full-conversion deployment. Further cost reduction can be obtained by deploying only limited conversion capability in the selected nodes. We present a limited wavelength converter placement algorithm based on the k-minimum dominating set (k-MDS) concept. We propose three different cost-effective optical switch designs using the technologically feasible nontunable optical multiplexers. These three switch designs are flexible node sharing, strict node sharing, and static mapping. Compared to the full search heuristic of O(N 3 ) complexity based on ranking nodes by blocking percentages, our algorithm not only has a better time complexity O(RN 2 ), where R is the number of disjoint sets provided by k-MDS, but also avoids the local minimum problem. The performance benefit of our algorithm is demonstrated by network simulation with the U.S Long Haul topology having 28 nodes (R is 5) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) network having 16 nodes (R is 4). Our simulation considers the case when the traffic is not uniformly distributed between node pairs in the network using a weighted placement approach, referred to as k-WMDS. From the optical network management point of view, our results also show that the limited conversion capability can achieve performance very close to that of the full conversion capability, while not only decreasing the optical switch cost but also enhancing its fault tolerance.
Influenza A virus enhances the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemoluminescence response without effecting inhibition by trifluoperazine

Abstract Influenza A virus has been demonstrated to enhance superoxide generation and chemoluminescence (CL) in human polymorphonuclear leucoytes (PMNs) under in vitro conditions. Although the mechanisms of virus-enhanced neutrophil activity is not established, calmodulin concentrations are known to increase in some virus-transformed cells. In the following experiments, we evaluated the PMN response to the calmodulin-inhibitor trifluoperazine (TFP) after an incubation with influenza A virus. Human PMNs were isolated from whole blood and were incubated with either influenza A virus (at 50% egg-infective dose per 1 leukocyte) or noninfected allantoic fluid. After incubation with influenza virus, the CL response of isolated PMNs to opsonized zymosan particles was measured. The influenza virus-treated PMNs had a mean (±SEM, n=16) increase in light emission of 59.5 ± 7.7%. TFP, in concentrations of 6μm, 8μm, and 10μM, inhibition of CL was similar in influenza virus and allantoic fluid-treated neutrophils. These data suggest that, although the influenza A virus enhanced the PMN "respiratory burst" to opsonized zymosan particles, it did not alter the cell response to one calmodulin inhibitor, TFP.
The role of O2- in the chemiluminescence of luminol.

— The chemiluminescence of luminol in buffered aqueous solutions is inhibited by superoxide dismutase. This occurs whether the luminescence is induced by ferricyanide, persulfate, hypochlorite, or by the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine. Since superoxide dismutase inhibits reactions which involve O2-, we conclude that this radical is a constant factor in the chemiluminescence of luminol in aqueous solutions. The kinetics of light production are discussed in terms of hypothetical mechanisms that fit the available data. The strong luminescence of luminol in aprotic solvents or in aqueous systems containing relatively high concentrations of H2O2 could not be explored in this way, because superoxide dismutase is inactive under such conditions.
Metabolic, respiratory and haematological adjustments of the little pocket mouse to circadian torpor cycles

Abstract Metabolic, respiratory and haematological parameters were investigated for the Little Pocket mouse during circadian torpor cycles. The rate of O2, consumption decreased from 7.04 to 0.05 ml O2· g−1· hr−1, with a corresponding decrease in respiratory minute volume from 49.4 to 0.9 ml · min−1 during torpor at an ambient temperature of 10 C. No changes in haemoglobin concentration (19.7 g/100 ml), haematocrit (54 %), red blood corpuscle count (12.4 106/μl), mean corpuscular volume (43.6 μm3), mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (16.2 pg), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (37.4 %) and [2,3-DPG] (9.6 μmol/g Hb) were observed during torpor cycles. The half saturation tension of P. longimembris haemoglobin was 41 mm Hg (37 C, pH = 7.28) and 19.7 mmHg (10 C, pH = 7.51).The effect of temperature on P50was Δlog P50/ C = + 0.0106(pH = 7.4). Venous blood parameters were: euthermic mice (37 C); PCO2 = 36.8 mm Hg, PO2 = 49.5 mm Hg, pH = 7.28,[HCO3−] = 17.3mmol/l ; torpid mice (10 C) ; PCO2 = 14.6,PO2 = 35.7,pH = 7.51,[HCC3] = 18.8. These data indicate a new, relatively acidotic acid-base status during torpor, characterised by a higher H+/OH− ratio. The respiratory sensitivity to inspired CO2 of pocket mice was, despite their being semi-fossorial, typical of other mammals. High concentrations of CO2, did not induce, or facilitate, entry into torpor.
Excited State of Properties of 2-Phenylbenzthiazole and 3-Phenyl-1,2-Benzisothiazole

Abstract The excited state behavoir of 2-phenylbenzthiazole and 3-phenyl-1,2- benzisothiazole was examined by laser flash photolysis techniques in order to determine which reaction intermediates preceded their subsequent photochemistry. Both compounds, together with related derivatives, form longlived readily detectable triplet states. Quenching constant with representatives olefins have been determined and the energy transfer equilibrium between 3-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazole and 1-methylnaphthalene has been examined. The results suggest that olefins and alkynes react with excited states of 2-phenylbenzthiazole and 3-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazole by 1,2 addition, and no evidence for prior ring opening was obtained.
Ideal men: masculinity and decline in seventeenth-century Spain.

This article examines how the experience and critique of their country’s decline led Spaniards to craft a distinct discourse of masculinity in the seventeenth century. As they self-consciously examined Spain’s crisis and offered political and economic solutions, these same writers also offered a scathing critique of standards of masculinity. Using the figure of the ideal nobleman as a case study, the article examines how moralists, arbitristas, and hagiographers constructed a dynamic code of manhood linked to questions of productivity, male chastity, and military performance. Further, it argues that this discourse was ultimately nostalgic and failed to adapt itself to the circumstances of the seventeenth century.
Reply to Hughes et al.: No bullying: Publications comply with international standards

Hughes et al. (1) claim we made unauthorized use of their unpublished data in our publications on the bovine Y chromosome (BTAY) 2–5). These accusations are troubling in their intent and unfounded. First, we carefully followed the international standards, including the Fort Lauderdale (www.genome.gov/pages/research/wellcomereport0303.pdf) and Toronto Agreements (www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7261/full/461168a.html) for public sharing of biological datasets. In all cases, proper acknowledgments were made in our publications whenever publically available data were used. Second, we have studied BTAY for >15 years with financial support from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). In 2007, we initiated a direct testis cDNA selection approach to study the transcriptome of BTAY using a … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wul12{at}psu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1