cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the secondary structures of bovine blood coagulation factor IX, factor X, and prothrombin

The secondary structures of bovine blood coagulation factors IX and X, as well as that of bovine prothrombin, were predicted on the basis of a computerized combination of the Chou-Fasman and Burgess algorithms. Refinements in the predictions were made after consideration of the content of various secondary structures, as determined by circular dichroism studies of these same proteins. The final turn assignments were in good agreement with those assigned with use of an algorithm involving pattern matching of β-turns in proteins of known structure.
High-density lipoprotein-mediated lysis of trypanosomes

Nearly 90 years after the discovery that certain African trypanosornes were killed by normal human serum, we still do not understand how this innate trypanocidal factor works. Biochemical studies have provided us with an unlikely candidate: human high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This trypanosome lytic factor (TLF) from human serum is important since its activity restricts the host range of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, and the expression of this natural killing factor in cattle would represent a novel approach to the control of bovine tryponosomiasis. Here, Steve Hajduk, Kristin Hager and Jeffrey Esko discuss evidence for the TLF being a minor subclass of serum HDL and propose a mechanism for lysis based on the binding, endocytosis and lysosomal targeting of TLF.
Research Methods Course Work for Students Specializing in Business and Technical Communication

Research activity is an integral component in the formation of professions. Evidence shows that business and technical communication specialists conduct research in both academic and practitioner c...
Respirator Fit and Facial Dimensions of Two Minority Groups

Abstract The seal of a respirator to a worker's face can be influenced by the worker's facial dimensions. Males and females of the same and different racial/ethnic backgrounds exhibit different facial dimension measurements. This research was conducted to ascertain the relationship between facial dimensions influenced by race/ethnicity and gender to respirator fit. Facial dimensions and respirator fit were measured on 186 subjects from three racial/ethnic groups: 34 white American females, 32 white American males, 29 African-American females, 29 African-American males, 30 Mexican-American males, and 32 Mexican-American females. Fourteen facial dimension measurements were measured on each subject. A multiple analysis of variance indicated that facial dimensions between gender and race/ethnicity were significantly different (p = 0.0001). Quantitative fit tests were performed on each subject using the TSI PortaCount™ and MSA Advantage half-mask, air-purifying respirators. Subjects were fit with a small, medi...
A model of NaCl and water flow through paracellular pathways of renal proximal tubules.

To explain how hydrostatic pressure differences between tubule lumen and interstitium modulate isotonic reabsorption rates, we developed a model of NaCl and water flow through paracellular pathways of the proximal tubule. Structural elements of the model are a tight junction membrane, an intercellular channel whose walls transport NaCl actively at a constant rate, and a basement membrane. Equations of change were derived for the channel, boundary conditions were formulated from irreversible thermodynamics, and a pressure-area relationship typical of thin-walled tubing was assumed. The boundary value problem was solved numerically. The principal conclusions are: 1) channel NaCl concentration must remain within a few mOsm of isotonic values for reabsorption rates to be modulated by transtubular pressure differences known to affect this system; 2) basement membrane and channel wall parameters determine reabsorbate tonicity; tight junction parameters affect the sensitivity of reabsorption to transmural pressure; 3) channel NaCl concentration varies inversely with transmural pressure difference; this concentration variation controls NaCl diffusion through the tight junction; 4) modulation of NaCl diffusion through the tight junction controls the rate of isotonic reabsorption; modulation of water flow can increase sensitivity to transmural pressure; 5) no pressure-induced change in permeability of the tight junction or basement membrane is needed for pressure to modulate reabsorption; and 6) system performance is indifferent to the distribution of active transport sites, to the numerical value of the compliance function, and to the relationship between lumen and cell pressures.
Modeling and characterization of dopant redistributions in metal and silicide contacts

A shallow n+layer of implanted arsenic is used to lower the effective barrier height of PtSi-n-Si and W-n-Si Schottky-barrier diodes. A device model is presented for metal-semiconductor structures that correctly accounts for physical mechanisms involved in the interface formation and dopant redistribution. Image and dipole barrier lowering as well as silicon consumption and dopant pile,up effects present in metal and silicide contacts are included in the model. A theoretical model is presented to calculate the electric-field dependence of metallic charge penetration into the semiconductor energy gap and experimental results are extracted from the measured electrical characteristics of Schottky-barrier diodes. The barrier height and ideality factor are studied at various temperatures and the theoretical calculations are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
Lipotoxicity: when tissues overeat.

Purpose of reviewThis review will provide the reader with an update on our understanding of the adverse effects of fatty acid accumulation in non-adipose tissues, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. Recent studies will be reviewed. Cellular mechanisms involved in the lipotoxic response will be discu
CALIFORNIA–LA CROSSE ENCEPHALITIS

La Crosse encephalitis, a mosquito-borne viral disease that can be mistaken for herpes simplex encephalitis, is under-recognized in the United States, despite case reports from 28 states and an incidence in endemic areas (20-30/100,000) exceeding that of bacterial meningitis. The disease recurs every summer in endemic foci in the midwestern and mid-Atlantic United States in areas forested with hardwood trees, which provide breeding sites for the treehole-dwelling mosquito vector, Aedes triseriatus. La Crosse encephalitis should be considered in the child presenting with meningoencephalitis in summer and early fall, particularly for children living in (or recent travel to) endemic areas in mid-Atlantic and midwestern states.
Fractionation of High-Amylose Maize Starches by Differential Alcohol Precipitation and Chromatography of the Fractions

ABSTRACT Three high-amylose maize starches (HAS) and a common corn starch (CCS) were subjected to differential alcohol precipitation using isoamyl alcohol and 1-butanol to obtain fractions designated as amylose (AM), amylopectin (AP), and intermediate material (IM). For each starch, IM had a blue value and an iodine binding wavelength maximum (λmax) between the λmax of the respective AM and AP. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed similarities in the AM from CCS and HAS. HAS AP had higher blue values and iodine binding λmax values than CCS AP. SEC of the intact HAS AP and IM both showed large proportions of material eluting after the void volume (45–85%) when compared to CCS AP and IM. Chain length (CL) distributions of debranched AP and IM indicated that these fractions from each starch were highly branched, and that AP had a shorter average chain length than IM. Consequently, the differential precipitation behavior of the HAS AP and IM appears dependent on general branching structure rather than s...
SU ( 3 ) Multiplet Mixing and Unitarity

A purely $S$-matrix approach to $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ multiplet mixing is given. Particular attention is devoted to the role of strong mixing in the basis states of the $S$ matrix itself and to the role of the inelastic channels in calculating mixed representations. The dependence of the mixed wave functions on the energy separation between resonances and on the magnitude of symmetry-violating vertices is considered. The analysis is applied to the single-octet mixing of the ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ baryon system in terms of a multichannel model involving the states ${B}_{8}{P}_{8}$, ${B}_{8}{V}_{8}$, and ${B}_{8}{V}_{1}$. The effects of $\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega}$ mixing in the basis states are included in the calculation and a dramatic improvement between the experimental and theoretical values of the branching ratios for the decays of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1520)$ and ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(1700)$ into $\overline{K}N$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ is obtained.
Multiple opiate receptors

Abstract The discovery of opiate receptors has been followed by the exciting discovery of endogenous opiate-like substances; the enkephalins and endorphins. These opioid peptides bind to opiate receptors with high affinity and mimic some of the effects of morphine itself. They have been postulated to act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in regulating pain perception, locomotor activity, body temperature, behaviour, and neuroendocrine functions. The discovery of enkephalin has also led to the discovery of multiple types of opiate receptor and in this article Chang, Hazum and Cuatrecasas discuss whether the complex effects of opioid peptides are mediated by single or multiple types of opiate receptors.
Endoscopic Management of Biliary Fistulas Complicating Liver Transplantation and Other Hepatobiliary Operations

ObjectiveThis study was undertaken to prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic management of biliary fistulas complicating liver transplantation and other hepatobiliary operations.Summary Background DataSurgical therapy has been the traditional approach to large or unresolving bi
How university professors teach project management for information systems

here is a reportedcrisis of quality inthe softwareindustry whereonly 20% of large softwaresystems are implementedon time and, of those,approximately two-thirdsexperience cost overrunsapproaching 100% [4]. A major contributor tothis problem is inadequateproject management [1].The most recent model IScurriculum developed by aconsortium of industry and edu-cational professionals advocatesincreased emphasis on projectmanagement (PM) and evenincludes an entire courseemphasizing PM concepts andpractice [2].The recommendation calls forlearning units on: 1) project plan-ning; 2) project organization man-agement, principals, concepts, andissues; 3) work breakdown struc-tures and scheduling; 4) projectstaffing; 5) project control; 6)managing multiple projects; 7)management concerns; 8) control-ling project scope; 9) projecttracking; 10) project close-down;and 11) software project manage-ment. (The numbers correspondto the bar-chart labels in the figurehere.) The
Modeling fine scale urchin and kelp dynamics: Implications for management of the Maine sea urchin fishery

Abstract The Maine sea urchin fishery is a classic boom–bust fishery in which efforts to sustain the resource failed despite the creation of a co-management system. We report on ethnographic work undertaken to assist in the development of a fine scale model of the natural system of this fishery. The development of the natural system model required understanding the key linkages between the biology and ecology of the sea urchin and the behavior of fishermen. Information was gathered from the primary scientific literature and from interviews with sea urchin industry members and scientists. Urchin–kelp interactions at a very fine scale create patchy, almost sedentary aggregations of urchins. Settlement of larval urchins appears to be ubiquitous; however, after settlement patches of urchins operate as nearly independent demographic units. In the short term – months to several years – the abundance of urchins in any patch and the spatial dynamics within these patches are determined largely by the actions of fishermen. Consequently, the resource can be characterized as a dynamic fitness landscape in which the spatial structure of urchin patches is the principal determinant of fishermen's harvesting strategies and fishermen's activities are the principal determinant of the spatial structure of urchin patches. While doing the interviews for the natural system model, we developed a fine scale alternative to the usual theoretical explanation of overfishing. The scale of management in the fishery occurs at a much broader scale than the demographically relevant scale of urchin patches. This results in a mismatch of ecological and management scales that leave each patch in the fishery in an open access state, resulting in a very fine scale form of serial overfishing that removes, piece-by-piece, discrete, local aggregations of sea urchins.
Using Interactive Writing Instruction with Kindergarten and First-Grade English Language Learners

In this article, written primarily for early childhood educators of young children who are learning English as another language, the authors discuss the use and educational benefits of Interactive Writing, an approach to beginning writing instruction appropriate for kindergarten and first grade children.
A study of the correlation of large-scale structure dynamics and far-field radiated noise in an excited Mach 0.9 jet

The main goal of the present work is to excite various instabilities of an axisymmetric Mach 0.9 jet with a ReD of 0.76 × 106, track the ensuing large-scale structures/instability waves, and investigate relations between the dynamics of these structures and the far-field sound. The jet was excited over a large range of Strouhal numbers and several azimuthal modes by eight localized arc filament plasma actuators, equally spaced around the circumference of the nozzle, near the nozzle exit. The flow field and far-field noise were investigated using particle image velocimetry and a three-dimensional array of 12 microphones at 30° polar angle to the downstream jet axis. The microphone array results show that the high amplitude noise radiated to 30° polar angle is originated just downstream of the end of the potential core, in agreement with our previous results and the results in the literature. The streamwise noise source distribution was only sensitive to azimuthal modes around the jet preferred mode. Otherw...
Morphological variability at the morphosyntactic/semantic interface: difficulty with epistemic modality in L2 Spanish : morphological variability in L2

Recent literature in second language acquisition shows that syntax-driven structures give way to successful modal interpretation and morphological production, while discourse-dependent environments do not (Sorace, 2005; Tsimpli & Sorace, 2006, Borganovo, Bruhn de Garavito, & Prevost, 2008; Iverson, Kempchinsky, & Rothman, 2008). It has also been suggested that discourse-dependent environments involve both structural and pragmatic knowledge of L2, which intersect at the syntax-discourse interface (Sorace, 2005; Iverson, Kempchinsky, & Rothman, 2008), thereby requiring a multi-layered understanding of the target language. The present study contributes to this line of research by further examining morphological variability (Prevost & White, 2000; Sorace, 2000; Sorace, 2005; Iverson, Kempchinsky, & Rothman, 2008; Slabakova, 2009) in L2 acquisition at the morphosyntactic-semantic interface, following the work of Borganovo, Bruhn de Garavito, & Prevost (2008). The results of our study reveal that learners, even at advanced stages of acquisition, perform poorly in epistemic environments where syntax and discourse intersect. In such environments, there appears to be an interaction with pragmatics (cf. Iverson, Kempchinsky, & Rothman, 2008) that causes learners to opt for the indicative mood, even when the subjunctive is prescriptively required. Unlike deontic modality, which is essentially syntax-driven, epistemic modality requires structural knowledge, as well as knowledge from other domains (Sorace, 2005). Our study reveals that learners at all levels of instruction performed better in "purely syntactic" environments of deontic modality than in pragmatically challenging epistemic environments.
A new statistical test for age‐of‐onset anticipation: Application to bipolar disorder

The discovery of expanding microsatellite repeat mechanisms for a variety of diseases has spurred renewed interest in testing for genetic anticipation in complex diseases. However, standard statistical methods can be shown to be inappropriate for this purpose. We derive a new statistical test for comparing mean age of onset in parents with mean age of onset in children, based on a random sample of affected parent-child pairs. This test incorporates the right-truncation of the age-of-onset distributions and utilizes age-at-interview information. We illustrate the use of the test by application to bipolar affective disorder data. In this example, the correct p-value is 0.014 whereas the results based on the biased estimates give a p-value of 0.0001 [McInnis et al., 1993]. We also briefly consider the effects of ascertainment bias when parent-child pairs are obtained from samples collected for purposes of linkage analysis.
Morphological differentiation of mechanically dissociated fetal rat brain in aggregating cell cultures

Abstract Rotation-mediated aggregating cell cultures of mechanically dissociated fetal rat brains (15–16 days) were morphologically characterized at 4, 19, 26 and 40 days in vitro. The dissociated cells coalesced into spherical aggregates which increased in diameter from 340 μm at 4 days to 430 μm at 40 days. Cells within the aggregates developed from an undifferentiated state at 4 days to a population of morphologically mature neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (26 days in vitro) before degenerating. Synaptic contacts and myelinated axons appeared as the cells differentiated. Neurons tended to occur in clusters that were located in central regions of the aggregates, whereas astrocytes were more concentrated in the periphery. Synapses and myelinated axons were more abundant in central portions of the aggregates. The amount of myelin formed within the aggregates was less than in organotypic cultures or in vivo. These results show that the morphological differentiation of mechanically dissociated aggregates resembles the development of rat CNS in vivo. The ease with which large amounts of aggregates can be prepared provides an in vitro system which can be analyzed biochemically without the use of micro-methods. This advantage is particularly useful for multidisciplinary investigations in developmental neurobiology.
Dispersions of uranium carbides in aluminum for plate-type fuel elements requiring high-uranium concentrations

Abstract Uranium carbides are potential fissile dispersoids for aluminum-base fuel elements in which the isotopic enrichment in U235 is limited to 20 %. Uranium dicarbide appears to be wholly compatible with aluminum at 600° C. Uranium monocarbide, on the other hand, is chemically active under the same conditions and is converted to the uranium-aluminum intermetallic compounds UAl3 and UAl4. Plate-type fuel elements containing dispersions of UC2 in aluminum can be manufactured using established procedures with the exception that the cores must be vacuum degassed prior to rolling into fuel plates. Corrosion testing in 60° C water indicates that UC2-A1 dispersions will corrode catastrophically if the fuelbearing section is inadvertently exposed to reactor process water.
Purification and analysis of the cyanogen bromide peptides of troponin T from rabbit skeletal muscle.

Summary Troponin T was cleaved at its methionine residues by digestion with cyanogen bromide. Seven peptides were isolated by chromatography on Sephadex G-50 and SP-Sephadex, using volatile solvents. Amino acid analysis shows that one of the peptides represents about 60% of the protein, and arises from partial cleavage at one of the methionine residues. The sum of the amino acid compositions of the other six fragments is in good agreement with the composition of troponin T, and gives a calculated molecular weight for the polypeptide chain of 31,950.
A new procedure for refining force constants in normal coordinate calculations

Abstract We outline a new refinement procedure based on a Green function approach. We display the basic equation to be used and discuss some of the advantages of the procedure.
TGA/DSC techniques as research tools for the study of the in-situ combustion process

This paper summarizes the recent past and the present research activities and predicts the foreseeable future augmentation in the area of TGA/DSC application in the in-situ combustion process. The types of information obtainable from TGA and DSC curves of crude oil combustion can be summarized as: (a) the major crude oil transitions involved, (b) the effect of clay, (c) the effect of the sand grain specific surface area, (d) kinetic data, and (e) combustion feasibility. Presently, research in our thermal recovery laboratory is directed toward a simultaneous run of the thermogravimetric analyzer and the in-situ combustion tube system. This is achieved by bypassing the TGA controller and controlling the TGA oven by the same minicomputer which is monitoring the tube. Therefore, the temperature of the TGA oven will be brought close to the temperature of a point in the tube from which the gas sampling probe will direct the flowing gas to the TGA sample pan. It is anticipated that TGA curves obtained in this fashion will reveal the actual physical and chemical transitions occurring in the tube and provide some insight into the mechanisms involved. In view of the results published recently, it is concluded that quantitative prediction of the combustion tube test behavior using TGA/DSC technique is possible.
Accelerated brush growth on nanoparticle surfaces by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization

It is now well established that controlling the grafted chain lengths and densities on nanoparticle surfaces determines the effective interactions between particles, and their assembly. Here, we present unusual kinetic results for achieving grafted chain lengths longer than the free chains using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and discuss the limitations to obtaining polymer grafting density higher than ∼0.06 chains/nm2. We observe that surface initiated polymerization grows faster than the free chains in solution with high RAFT agent coverage (1.95 agents/nm2) on nanoparticles. The time-dependence of graft density suggests that activation of the anchored chain transfer agent (CTA) is limited by the diffusion of macro-radicals within growing grafts. Thus, radical transfer and exchange reactions become inefficient between grafts and free polymer, and convert the surface-initiated RAFT mechanism to a free radical polymerization. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1700–1705
The effect of Recombinant human TSH on the thyroid 123I uptake in iodide treated normal subjects

Radioactive iodine therapy is often successful in the treatment of toxic or non-toxic multinodular goiter. However, when the patient has been exposed to iodine in the form of medication or radiocontrast agents prior to therapy, the thyroid radioactive iodine is often too low for successful ablation. Recently, administration of 0.9 mg of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) has been shown to nearly double the 24-hour thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) in euthyroid men living in the United States. In addition, 0.01 to 0.03 mg rhTSH administered 24 hours prior to 131I in patients with a history of non-toxic multinodular goiter residing in an area of modestly low iodine intake, has also been shown to increase the 24-hour thyroid radioactive iodine uptake. We now have determined whether rhTSH administration prior to 123I would increase the low thyroid RAIU in subjects treated with sodium iodide. Nine euthyroid men were given 15 mg iodide daily for 7 days. There was a marked increase in serum TSH values 8 and 24...
Images of Excited H3+ at the Foot of the lo Flux Tube in Jupiter's Atmosphere.

The electrodynamic interaction between lo and the Jovian magnetosphere drives currents to and from the planet9s ionosphere, where H 3 + emission is excited. Direct images of this phenomenon were obtained with the ProtoCAM infrared camera at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration9s 3-m Infrared Telescope Facility. The emissions are localized to the instantaneous foot of the lo flux tube, ≈8° equatorward of the more intense auroral H 3 + emission associated with higher magnetic latitudes. The foot of the lo flux tube leads that of (undisturbed) model magnetic field lines passing through lo by 15° to 20° in longitude and is less visible in the northern hemisphere at longitudes where the surface magnetic field strength is greatest. These data favor the unipolar inductor model of the lo interaction and provide insight into the source location and generation of Jovian decameter radio emission.
On homosexualities in Latin America (and other places)

De Los Otros: Intimacy and Homosexuality Among Mexican Men. JOSEPH CARRIER. NY: Columbia University Press, Between Men— Between Women: Lesbian and Gay Studies. Lillian Faderman and Larry Gross, eds., 1995. xiv + 231 pp., references, appendix, index. Latin American Male Homosexualities. STEPHEN O. MURRAY with additional contributions by Manuel Arboleda G. etal. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995. xvi + 304, references.
A New Paradigm for Understanding Women's Sexuality and Sexual Orientation

Major scientific findings about women’s sexuality and sexual orientation are reviewed. Sexual orientation is unrelated to mental health. There is no inherent association between gender conformity and women’s sexual orientation; masculinity and femininity are linked to sexual orientation in some social contexts but not in others. Research has so far failed to identify major biological or childhood antecedents of women’s sexual orientation. Women’s sexuality and sexual orientation are potentially fluid, changeable over time, and variable across social contexts. Regardless of sexual orientation, there are important commonalities in women’s sexuality. In particular, women tend to have a relational or partner-centered orientation to sexuality. Together, these findings provide the basis for a paradigm shift in the conceptualization of women’s sexual orientation. Scientific research on women’s sexuality and sexual orientation is still a young endeavor. Nonetheless, several basic findings have been supported consistently by empirical research. Taken together, these findings highlight the need to reject old models of women’s sexual orientation and to develop a new paradigm that is grounded in scientific research and sensitive to the realities of women’s lives. Too often, old theories have taken male experience as the norm for human experience. Yet there appear to be important differences in the sexualities of women and men that emerge when women’s lives are the central focus of investigation. Consequently, we believe that a necessary research strategy will be to develop separate analyses of women’s and men’s sexualities, each based on a
Patients' narratives of chronic illnesses and the notion of biographical disruption.

Bury’s (1982) argument that the onset of a chronic illness represents a biographical disruption has become paradigmatic in the sociology of illness studies. More recently Bury (1991, 1997) himself, Williams (2000) and other medical sociologists have argued that the notion of illness as biographical disruption needs re-examination. Following a phenomenological approach, in this paper the author draws on different narrative models (Labov and Waletzky 1967 and Ricoeur 1980) to analyze how patients orient to the onset of chronic illness as the complicating action. The data comprise eight narratives collected in South America: three correspond to patients with renal failure, and five to patients with HIV/AIDS disease. It is observed that in some cases, patients’ complicating actions are rather oriented to experiences of poverty, drug addiction, and criminality that took place prior to their onset of their illnesses. These experiences, instead of the onset of their illnesses, occupy the place of the complicating action in these patients’ narratives. The author discusses that in the studies of illness narratives, it is difficult to operate from a different paradigm, but argues that conflating the onset of chronic illness with a biographical disruption may confuse the episodic dimension of narrative with the configurational dimension.
Automatic metadata generation & evaluation

The poster reports on a project in which we are investigating methods for breaking the human metadata-generation bottleneck that plagues Digital Libraries. The research question is whether metadata elements and values can be automatically generated from the content of educational resources, and correctly assigned to mathematics and science educational materials. Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning techniques were implemented to automatically assign values of the GEMgenerate metadata element set tofor learning resources provided by the Gateway for Education (GEM), a service that offers web access to a wide range of educational materials. In a user study, education professionals evaluated the metadata assigned to learning resources by either automatic tagging or manual assignment. Results show minimal difference in the eyes of the evaluators between automatically generated metadata and manually assigned metadata.
Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines and C-Reactive Protein in Human Macrophage Cell Line U937 Exposed to Air Pollution Particulates

Exposure to particulate matter air pollution causes inflammatory responses and is associated with the progression of atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular mortality. Macrophages play a key role in atherogenesis by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and forming foam cells in subendothelial lesions. The present study quantified the inflammatory response in a human macrophage cell line (U937) after exposure to an ambient particulate sample from urban dust (UDP) and a diesel exhaust particulate (DEP). The effect of native UDP and DEP was compared with their corresponding organic extracts (OE-UDP/OE-DEP) and stripped particles (sUDP/sDEP) to clarify their respective roles. Exposure to OE-UDP, OE-DEP, UDP, DEP, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin led to a greater increase of interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression than did the stripped particles, whereas sUDP, sDEP, UDP, and DEP led to a greater production of C-reactive protein and IL-6 mRNA. The particles and the organic extract-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cytochrome P450 (CYP)1a1 was significantly suppressed by cotreatment with an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonist, indicating that these effects are mainly mediated by the organic components, which can activate the AhR and CYP1a1. In contrast, the induction of C-reactive protein and IL-6 seems to be a particle-related effect that is AhR independent. The inflammatory response induced by particulate matter was associated with a subsequent
Multispectral infrared BRDF measurements of potential surfaces of interest (skin, oil, water, sand, etc.)

Fundamental to the performance of an active infrared imager, is the Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) from potential target and surveillance surfaces. Proper integration of the BRDF also can yield emissivity, a quantity that is important to determine emitted infrared radiance for passive sensors, especially in sunlit conditions in the SWIR and MWIR. A series of BRDF measurements were acquired in up to four bandpasses ranging from 3 to over 11 microns. Results are presented for multiple surfaces in these bandpasses with the incidence angles of the radiation at -45 degrees in elevation, and azimuth angles from 0 to 180. Materials measured included likely target and background materials such as: human skin, clothing materials, wood, paper, water, sand and crude oil.
“Things Get Glossed Over”: Rearticulating the Silencing Power of Whiteness in Education

This article investigates the ways that White teachers approach issues of race, racism, and White supremacy in White-dominated educational settings. Drawing from data from a yearlong qualitative re...
Detection in Hα of a Supershell Associated with W4

From H I observations, Normandeau, Taylor, & Dewdney have identified a possible Galactic chimney emanating from W4. We observed a 10° diameter field centered on this region in the Hα line using a CCD camera sensitive to faint extended emission. Our image shows an apparent shell of H II, which we interpret as the ionized inner wall of a superbubble produced by stellar winds from the very young star cluster OCl 352. An analysis of the ionization balance indicates that much of the Lyman continuum radiation from the star cluster is absorbed and does not escape from the disk. The shell appears to close 6° (or about 230 pc) above the star cluster, and at a Galactic latitude of 7°. The shell is quite elongated, with its major axis approximately perpendicular to the Galactic plane, as predicted for a superbubble formed in a stratified Galactic disk. The large size of the shell leads to an estimated age between 6.4 and 9.6 Myr, which exceeds that of OCl 352 (2.5 Myr). The reason for this discrepancy is unclear, although it is possible that an earlier epoch of stellar outflow has contributed to the growth of the W4 superbubble.
All-electric spintronics with quantum point contacts

We review our recent study of the conductance of side gated quantum point contacts (QPCs) in the presence of lateral spin-orbit scattering (LSOC). As shown in Phys. Rev. B 80, 155440 (2009), a small difference of bias between the two side gates of a QPC leads to an inversion asymmetry in the LSOC on opposite edges of the channel. This triggers a small spin imbalance in the QPC. The latter increases substantially when the effects of electron-electron interaction are included in the QPC. This is accompanied by a wide variety of anomalous conductance plateaus as the dimensions of the QPC are varied. In this paper, the spin polarization of the conductance a is studied as a function of the device geometry. A simple model of two QPCs in series predict an ON/OFF ratio equal to 1/(1 − α2) which is around 86 at T = 4.2K for the device parameters investigated. A tandem of QPCs could therefore act as an efficient all-electric spin valve. Design issues for operation at higher temperature are discussed.
Development of a bacterial system for high yield expression of fully functional adrenal cytochrome b561.

Abstract Adrenal cytochrome b561 (cyt b561) is the prototypical member of an emerging family of proteins that are distributed widely in vertebrate, invertebrate and plant tissues. The adrenal cytochrome is an integral membrane protein with two b-type hemes and six predicted transmembrane helices. Adrenal cyt b561 is involved in catecholamine biosynthesis, shuttling reducing equivalents derived from ascorbate. We have developed an Escherichia coli system for expression, solubilization and purification of the adrenal cytochrome. The spectroscopic and redox properties of the purified recombinant protein expressed in this prokaryotic system confirm that the cytochrome retains a native, fully functional form over a wide pH range. Mass spectral analysis shows that the N-terminal signal peptide is intact. The new bacterial expression system for cyt b561 offers a sixfold improvement in yield and other substantial advantages over existing insect and yeast cell systems for producing the recombinant cytochrome for structure–function studies.
The effect of solvent on the stereoselectivity of reactions between hydroxyalkyl azides and ketones

Abstract Reactions between achiral 4-substituted cyclohexanones and chiral hydroxyalkyl azides can give asymmetric ring expansion products. Previously, we carried out quantum chemical calculations on the reactions involving 2-R-hydroxypropyl azides to determine the cause of the observed diastereoselectivities. We found that the axial/equatorial ratio of the chiral substituent in the resulting heterocyclohexyl intermediate was the controlling factor. However, our predicted product ratio for 2-phenylhydroxypropyl azide did not agree well with experiment. We attributed this problem to the lack of solvent in our calculations, since the phenyl axial/equatorial ratio was strongly influenced by a cation-π interaction, which should be shielded in solvent. Therefore, we have added solvent via the CPCM method to our previous calculations. We observed little change in the predicted selectivities for R=Me or i -Pr, which are close to their experimental values. For R=Ph, we now predict essentially no preference for either diastereomer, in agreement with experiment. Surprisingly, the charge–dipole interaction between the oxygen and N 2 + group was less affected by solvent than the cation-π interaction. In addition, a possible gas-phase electrostatic interaction between the methyl group (R=Me) and the cationic N 2 group was revealed.
Structural organization of choroidal colobomas of young and adult patients and mechanism of retinal detachment.

Purpose In colobomatous eyes, the risk of retinal detachment increases with age. This study elucidates the anatomic conditions and pathologic process of retinal detachment associated with colobomas.
Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae): An Alternative to Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for Lowbush Blueberry Pollination

The pollination effectiveness of the commercially reared bumble bee Bombus impatiens Cresson, was compared in field studies to the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., for lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. A preliminary study indicated that B. impatiens had potential as an alternative pollinator. In a 3-yr study, percentage fruit set, percentage harvested berries, berry weight, and seeds per berry were compared in blueberry fields stocked at 7.5 A. mellifera hives per hectare to 5, 7.5, or 10 B. impatiens colonies per hectare. Percentage of harvested berries (yield) was significantly higher in fields stocked with B. impatiens at 10 colonies per hectare. No other parameters measuring pollinator effectiveness were significantly different at 5, 7.5, or 10 colonies per hectare. Flower handling time was significantly faster for B. impatiens and it more frequently collected blueberry pollen. All parameters of pollinator effectiveness were similar for B. impatiens, A. mellifera, and native wild bees in a follow-up study. Overall, B. impatiens was a suitable alternative to A. mellifera.
The Impact of Professional Turf Battles on Radiology Resident Education: Perspectives From the Radiology Class of 2005

Purposes To assess residents' exposure to professional turf battles, via a survey of the radiology residency class of 2005, and to assess perceptions about the causes, solutions, and impact of turf battles on resident education. Methods An electronic survey composed by the ACR Resident and Fellow Section was completed by 168 senior residents (a 18.9% response rate) enrolled in allopathic radiology residency programs from across the United States. Results The majority of respondents (153 of 168, 91.1%) perceive a loss of professional turf from nonradiologists. Areas most often perceived as being affected by lost professional turf were interventional radiology (136/168, 81.0%), cardiothoracic imaging (106 of 168, 63.1%), and ultrasound (88 of 168, 52.4%). The sense of lost professional turf was most often attributed to inadequate residency training in the affected subspecialities (87 of 168, 51.8%). The most commonly cited motivation for ongoing turf battles was reimbursement for diagnostic imaging and image-guided procedures as a motivator for nonradiologists. The majority of residents feel that the most effective ways to counter professional turf battles include the promotion of national physician-training standards for diagnostic imaging and image-guided therapies, the mandatory accreditation of all imaging facilities, and the development of performance standards that providers of imaging services must meet to qualify for reimbursement. Conclusions The majority of resident respondents feel that professional turf battles have had a significant impact on their education. Methods recommended to counter professional turf battles mirror recent proposals by the ACR to support mandatory national quality, safety, and training standards for providers of diagnostic imaging.
Profiling transcriptional changes in Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck challenged by herbivory from the xylem-feeding leafhopper Homalodisca coagulata (Say) by cDNA macroarray analysis

Abstract The molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense to sap-feeding insects are slowly being uncovered. In large part, past research has focused on interactions between phloem-feeding insects and their annual host plants with little emphasis on xylem-feeders or woody perennials—especially fruit trees. Using nylon filter cDNA arrays, we analyzed the transcriptional changes of 1731 non-redundant citrus transcripts that resulted from herbivory by a xylem-feeding leafhopper, the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). In addition, herbivory-elicited changes were compared to those of mechanical damage to better identify GWSS-specific responses. GWSS feeding led to a significant expression change in 50 transcripts. Of these, 14 were also changed by mechanical damage; however, the magnitude was in many cases reduced, suggesting transcriptional modification by GWSS-derived elicitors. Sequence similarity searches with the public database GenBank indicated that the responsive transcripts broadly function in direct defense, defense signaling, ROS scavenging, transport, cell wall modification, photosynthesis and abiotic stress. In particular, GWSS feeding resulted in a transcript profile that resembled wounding, likely through jasmonic acid-independent pathways, as well as an association with dehydration stress. In contrast to similar studies with aphids, salicylic acid-dependent pathogenesis-elated genes were weakly induced. Interestingly, six of the GWSS-responsive transcripts failed to significantly match any public protein sequence signifying their potential as novel genes functioning in plant defense, wound response or abiotic stress.
The Case for Better Maps of Social Service Provision: Using the Holy Cross Dispute to Illustrate More Effective Mapping

Third-sector organizations provide essential services, but not all types of organizations operate equally well given different intensities of public problems. This article argues for maps that would help social service funding bodies. Those maps would include three elements: (1) a measure of service demanded by a community, (2) data on the full range of organizations able to supply those services, and (3) a chart that identifies those organizations that provide services at different intensities of need. By providing information about the supply of organizations in a community, with measures of demand for services, state funding bodies, foundations, and individual philanthropists can make informed decisions about where to allocate funds. An ideal map is illustrated by using the case of the Holy Cross Dispute (2001), whereby a host of voluntary sector organizations provided a voice for residents in this divided Belfast community. The result is a call for more intensive mapping exercises of voluntary sector social service provision.
Intermediate filaments of zebrafish retinal and optic nerve astrocytes and Müller glia: differential distribution of cytokeratin and GFAP

Optic nerve regeneration (ONR) following injury is a model for central nervous system regeneration. In zebrafish, ONR is rapid - neurites cross the lesion and enter the optic tectum within 7 days; in mammals regeneration does not take place unless astrocytic reactivity is suppressed. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is used as a marker for retinal and optic nerve astrocytes in both fish and mammals, even though it has long been known that astrocytes of optic nerves in many fish, including zebrafish, express cytokeratins and not GFAP. We used immunofluorescence to localize GFAP and cytokeratin in wild-type zebrafish and transgenic zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of a GFAP promoter to determine the pattern of expression of intermediate filaments in retina and optic nerve. GFAP labeling and GFAP gene expression as indicated by GFP fluorescence was found only in the Muller glial cells of the retina. Within Muller cells, GFP fluorescence filled the entire cell while GFAP labelling was more restricted in distribution. No GFAP expression was observed in optic nerves. Cytokeratin labeling of astrocytes was observed throughout the optic nerve and less intensely in cells in the retinal inner plexiform layer. The retinal inner limiting membrane was strongly labeled by anti-cytokeratin. Studies of astrocyte function during ONR in zebrafish cannot solely rely on GFAP as an astrocyte marker or indicator of reactivity. Future studies of ONR in zebrafish should include evaluation of changes in cytokeratin expression and localization in the optic nerve.
Diagnosis of Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Myofascial pain is one of the most common causes of pain. The diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is made by muscle palpation. The source of the pain in MPS is the myofascial trigger point, a very localized region of tender, contracted muscle that is readily identified by palpation. The trigger point has well-described electrophysiologic properties and is associated with a derangement of the local biochemical milieu of the muscle. A proper diagnosis of MPS includes evaluation of muscle as a cause of pain, and assessment of associated conditions that have an impact on MPS.
Classifying words for improved statistical language models

A method for assigning a word to many classes based on the context in which the word occurs is presented. A trigram language model is used to determine the classes which are called statistical synonyms for that word. This classification method is used to build an adaptive language model that incorporates unknown words after their first occurrence by using their statistical synonyms in determining the model's probabilities for the added words. It is shown that the dynamic coverage of the language model increases significantly with a rather low perplexity on the added words. >
“After 9/11 everything changed”: Re-formations of state violence in everyday life on the US–Mexico border:

After 11 September 2001, the state declared a War on Terror, repositioning “Arab-Middle-Eastern-Muslims” as threats to national security, and later broadening its scope to include immigrants crossing the US–Mexico border. This discursive shift propelled the passage of the Secure Fence Act of 2006 (approximately 700 mile barrier between the United States and Mexico) to curtail unauthorized immigration and international terrorism. This article focuses on the effects of militarization on Cameron County, Texas residents living in the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley as they contend with an assemblage of security apparatuses in their communities. The objective is to move beyond institutional understandings of “the state” and focus on the micropolitics of sovereignty or what I call the state as lived experience. Using ethnographic methods, three manifestations of the state—dispossessor, irrational legal–political force, and arbiter of knowledge—emerge in the everyday lives of residents.
Antimicrobial Peptides for Gram-Negative Sepsis: A Case for the Polymyxins

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