cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whole-plant gas exchange, not individual-leaf measurements, accurately assesses azalea response to insecticides.

Abstract A comparison of whole-plant and individual-leaf gas exchange measurements was undertaken among azaleas, Rhododendron spp., treated with insecticides used to control the azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott). Azaleas in individual-leaf trials received 3 insecticide treatments during three 21-day trials. The whole-plant study included 2 insecticide treatments and was conducted during a 21-day trial. Individual-leaf studies indicated that insecticidal soap and acephate application at higher than recommended rates caused short-term reductions in gas exchange. However, variability among individual-leaf measurements prevented consistent conclusions. Whole-plant gas exchange measurements provided consistent results and confirmed that insectidical soap caused short-term reductions in P net and R dark . Additionally, whole-plant gas exchange measurements enabled growth analyses and demonstrated a reduction in carbon use efficiency attributed to insecticidal soap treatments. Neither acephate nor horticultural oil significantly affected whole-plant gas exchange. Gas exchange parameters for treatments in all trials were not significantly different from the controls by Day 21.
Fasciola hepatica: the effect of challenge by the subcutaneous or intraperitoneal route with living adult flukes in sensitized rats.

Abstract When rats, sensitized either by subcutaneous implantation of adult F. hepatica or by a normal oral infection with F. hepatica metacercariae, were challenged by implanting adult flukes in the peritoneal cavity, 23% of these flukes were killed in rats sensitized by subcutaneous implantation and 71% in the rats sensitized by the oral route. In contrast neither of these sensitization routes were effective against subcutaneous challenge with adult fluke. Histological evidence suggested that about half of the dead flukes found were killed shortly after transfer and these flukes were surrounded with mononuclear cells. The remaining dead flukes appear to have died after becoming surrounded with a cyst. These latter flukes were surrounded by neutrophils and this cell type was very prominent in the cysts of sensitized rats.
Application of refractive index measurements to polymer analysis

The availability of a simple experimental technique for determining the three principal refractive indices of an anisotropic film (here defined as the trirefringence technique) makes possible a wide range of optical criteria for evaluating property and processing variables. The present study considers different applications of the refractive index information in order to show the versatility and practical utility of the technique. For example, a normalization procedure is developed which determines equivalent optical anisotropic states of films. This allows films produced by different multiaxial fabrication processes to be compared. Similarly, procedures are described for characterizing the crystallinity, the angular optical distribution in the plane of the film, and other interesting applications of the refractive index information.
Dynamic plasticity: The role of glucocorticoids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other trophic factors

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a secreted protein that has been linked to numerous aspects of plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Stress-induced remodeling of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala is coincident with changes in the levels of BDNF, which has been shown to act as a trophic factor facilitating the survival of existing and newly born neurons. Initially, hippocampal atrophy after chronic stress was associated with reduced BDNF, leading to the hypothesis that stress-related learning deficits resulted from suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis. However, recent evidence suggests that BDNF also plays a rapid and essential role in regulating synaptic plasticity, providing another mechanism through which BDNF can modulate learning and memory after a stressful event. Numerous reports have shown BDNF levels are highly dynamic in response to stress, and not only vary across brain regions but also fluctuate rapidly, both immediately after a stressor and over the course of a chronic stress paradigm. Yet, BDNF alone is not sufficient to effect many of the changes observed after stress. Glucocorticoids and other molecules have been shown to act in conjunction with BDNF to facilitate both the morphological and molecular changes that occur, particularly changes in spine density and gene expression. This review briefly summarizes the evidence supporting BDNF’s role as a trophic factor modulating neuronal survival, and will primarily focus on the interactions between BDNF and other systems within the brain to facilitate synaptic plasticity. This growing body of evidence suggests a more nuanced role for BDNF in stress-related learning and memory, where it acts primarily as a facilitator of plasticity and is dependent upon the coactivation of glucocorticoids and other factors as the determinants of the final cellular response.
Microwave dielectric relaxation of some liquid ethers

Abstract Complex permittivities, at 25°C, in the frequency range 4-68 GHz, for the liquids 1–3 Dioxolane, dimethoxymethane, 2–2 dimethoxypropane and 1–2 dimethoxyethane are reported. The data for these liquids may be analyzed, within experimental error, by a single Debye relaxation process (up to the investigated frequency of 68 GHz). Correlations between the shear viscosity and the microscopic relaxation time for the above liquids and for methoxy compounds containing rigid aromatic frames have been attempted. It is concluded the major contribution to the observed relaxation times for the liquids investigated containing methoxy groups, is molecular tumbling rather than methoxy group rotation.
Injectable bone cements for use in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: State‐of‐the‐art review

Vertebroplasty (VP) and kyphoplasty (KP) are minimally invasive surgical procedures that have recently been introduced for the medical management of osteoporosis-induced vertebral compression fractures. The aim of VP is to stabilize the fractured vertebral body, while the goals of KP are to stabilize the fractured vertebral body and to restore its height to as near its prefracture level as possible. Both procedures involve injection of the setting dough of an injectable bone cement (IBC) into the fractured vertebral body, thereby highlighting the indispensable role that the IBC plays. Although there is a very large literature on IBCs, no detailed critical review of it has been published. Such a review is the subject of the present work, which is in seven parts. The review opens with a succinct introduction to VP and KP. The topics covered in the parts that follow are: (1) a listing of the 18 most desirable properties of an IBC (e.g., easy injectability, high radiopacity, and a resorption rate that is neither too high nor too low); (2) descriptions of the four classes of IBCs (calcium phosphates, acrylic bone cements, calcium sulfates, and composites); (3) concerns that have been raised with regard to the use of IBCs (such as the potential for thermal necrosis of tissue at the peri-augmentation site, when an acrylic bone cement is used); (4) explicative summaries of the main findings of literature studies on the influence of nine factors (such as powder particle size, powder-to-liquid ratio, and the method used to mix the powder and the liquid) on the values of various properties of IBCs; (5) explicative summaries of the main findings of literature studies on five fundamental matters, such as the aging mechanism of the powder, the thermokinetics of a setting dough, and the influence of the type of IBC used on various ex vivo biomechanical performance measures of VP- and KP-augmented vertebral bodies; and (6) descriptions of topics in six areas for future research, such as the determination of an overall index of the fatigue performance of an IBC and the development of internationally recognized standardized testing protocols to employ when a synthetic cancellous bone void model is used in the rapid in vitro screening of IBCs. The review ends with a summary of the most salient points and observations made.
Simplified parallel domain traversal

Many data-intensive scientific analysis techniques require global domain traversal, which over the years has been a bottleneck for efficient parallelization across distributed-memory architectures. Inspired by MapReduce and other simplified parallel programming approaches, we have designed DStep, a flexible system that greatly simplifies efficient parallelization of domain traversal techniques at scale. In order to deliver both simplicity to users as well as scalability on HPC platforms, we introduce a novel two-tiered communication architecture for managing and exploiting asynchronous communication loads. We also integrate our design with advanced parallel I/O techniques that operate directly on native simulation output. We demonstrate DStep by performing teleconnection analysis across ensemble runs of terascale atmospheric CO 2 and climate data, and we show scalability results on up to 65,536 IBM BlueGene/P cores.
Predictors and Impact of Bleeding Complications in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Acute Coronary Syndromes, and ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Although the use of oral and intravenous antiplatelet and antithrombin therapy in the acute and chronic settings of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) effectively reduce ischemic event rates, they are mechanistically and inextricably linked to an increased risk of bleeding. As longer courses of more complex, potent regimens are used, increased efficacy may be offset by increases in major, minor, and nuisance bleeding, both in the inpatient and outpatient setting. Consequently, more frequent challenges with cessation of and compliance with antithrombotic therapy are to be expected. Extensive data indicate that bleeding complications (1) occur with relative frequency; (2) independently affect adverse outcomes, such as mortality; (3) carry similar importance in adversely influencing mortality as ischemic events; (4) can be predicted by recognizing patient, presentation, treatment, and procedural risk factors for bleeding; and (5) can be modified by pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic means. Factors associated with increased bleeding risk include: (1) patient characteristics (including advanced age, female sex, hypertension, renal disease, anemia, previous history of bleeding, and perhaps diabetes mellitus), (2) clinical presentation (bleeding rates appears lowest for PCI, higher for ACS, and highest for STEMI), (3) abnormalities of cardiac biomarkers and/or electrocardiography, (4) invasive procedures (such as cardiac catheterization and PCI), and (5) the choice of antiplatelet and antithrombin therapy. In the context of a bleeding assessment, evidence-based decision making should always result in the selection of appropriate pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies, invasive or conservative management plans, and stent types (bare metal vs drug-eluting) that will offer the best balance of benefit and risk with the goal of optimizing outcomes.
Inhibition of the reduction of Cr(VI) at the magnetite–water interface by calcium carbonate coatings

Abstract The effect of calcium carbonate coatings on the reduction of aqueous chromate on the magnetite(1 1 1) surface has been investigated using a combination of synchrotron based X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, along with laboratory-based powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CaCO 3 coatings (dominantly calcite with minor quantities of aragonite and vaterite) of thicknesses ranging from 10 A to ∼20 m were grown on magnetite(1 1 1) surfaces by exposure to supersaturated aqueous solutions followed by evaporation of the solution—a process that mimics pore-water evaporation in vadose zones leading to the formation of caliche and calcium carbonate coatings on mineral grains. Coating thicknesses were determined from attenuation of the Fe 2p photoemission signal by the carbonate coating. For coatings less than 15 A thick, Cr 2p photoemission and Cr L II , L III -edge XANES spectra show that chromate is reduced by the underlying magnetite surface; however, as the minimum coating thickness increases beyond 15 A, the magnetite surface becomes passivated and further chromate reduction ceases. Our findings suggest that carbonate coatings on natural magnetite grains can significantly reduce or eliminate their ability to reduce Cr(VI), which is a toxic and highly mobile environmental contaminant.
Assessing the Impact of Atlantic City Casinos on Nevada Gaming Revenues

The commencement of casino gaming activities in Atlantic City, New Jersey, during 1978 marked the end of Nevada's virtual monopoly of casino-style gambling. This paper attempts to quantify the impact of Atlantic City casino gaming activity on Nevada gross taxable gaming revenues by using a dynamic unobserved components time series model. Such structural time series models have the ability to represent local linear (stochastic) trends, stochastic seasonality, and nonstationary time series. The stochastic trend model is augmented with exogenous variables to explicitly account for the effects of changing consumer incomes, Atlantic City play, and the California lottery. The empirical results show that by 1985 the impact of Atlantic City casinos reached an apparently stable level of reducing Nevada gaming revenues by about 10 to 12 percent.
Sensitivity to a change in reward is heritable in the honeybee, Apis mellifera

Abstract Honeybees must track changing distributions of food resources in their environment. We evaluated the genetic basis for interindividual differences in this ability by selecting lines of honeybees that differed in their tendency to reverse a learned discrimination between two odours. We show that individual variation in reversal learning performance, which is an analogue of natural foraging problems such as risk sensitivity, has a heritable component. Selection on drones, which are haploid, was sufficient to obtain a significant selection response after a single generation. In addition, worker age and/or task specialization, in terms of performance of housekeeping versus outside duties, is a source of environmental control over expression of reversal performance. Finally, we identified a correlated response in latent inhibition, in which pre-exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) retards learning about that CS when it is subsequently paired with reinforcement. From an ecological standpoint, our results suggest that colonies that contain a variety of genetic lineages may be able to target foragers to learning tasks in which they are genetically predisposed to do well.
The expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose synthase and geraniol-10-hydroxylase or anthranilate synthase increases terpenoid indole alkaloid accumulation in Catharanthus roseus hairy roots.

The terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) pathway in Catharanthus roseus produces two important anticancer drugs, vinblastine and vincristine, in very low yields. This study focuses on overexpressing several key genes in the upper part of the TIA pathway in order to increase flux toward downstream metabolites within hairy root cultures. Specifically, we constructed hairy root lines with inducible overexpression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose synthase (DXS) or geraniol-10-hydroxylase (G10H). We also constructed hairy root lines with inducible expression of DXS and anthranilate synthase α subunit (ASA) or DXS and G10H. DXS overexpression resulted in a significant increase in ajmalicine by 67%, serpentine by 26% and lochnericine by 49% and a significant decrease in tabersonine by 66% and horhammericine by 54%. Co-overexpression of DXS and G10H caused a significant increase in ajmalicine by 16%, lochnericine by 31% and tabersonine by 13%. Likewise, DXS and ASA overexpression displayed a significant increase in horhammericine by 30%, lochnericine by 27% and tabersonine by 34%. These results point to the need for overexpressing multiple genes within the pathway to increase the flux toward vinblastine and vincristine.
Papillary muscle rupture of the mitral valve complicating removal of a permanent transvenous electrode.

We report a patient who developed acute mitral valve papillary muscle rupture following removal of an infected permanent transvenous electrode. Of additional interest is the fact that the patient was paced from the left ventricle for 20 months after the catheter electrode had passed through a patent foramen ovale at the time of insertion.
Quantum Limit of Chaotic Systems as Quantum Diffusion

We describe classical chaotic motion in terms of diffusion in configurational space. This approach is illustrated for chaotic billiards and an oscillator with anharmonic coupling. It is argued that in the quantum limit, physical phenomena ordinarily associated with disordered metals, such as localization and mesoscopic phenomena, carry over to chaotic systems in general which are in the universality class of the nonlinear σ model.
Commentary: Exploring the space between.

COMMENTARY ON Kang KK, Shen MS, Zhao W, et al. Retrolisthesis and lumbar disc herniation: a postoperative assessment of patient function. Spine J 2013;13:367–72 ( in this issue ).
Broadband source spectrum, seismic energy, and stress drop of the 1989 MacQuarie Ridge Earthquake

I compute the broadband source spectrum at periods from 1 to 50 seconds using teleseismic P body waves of the May 23, 1989 Macquarie Ridge earthquake (Mw = 8.1) recorded by the GDSN, GEOSCOPE, and IDA networks. The average source spectrum is obtained by windowing, tapering, and Fourier-transforming P waves, removing from the spectra the effects of attenuation, geometrical spreading, and radiation pattern, and averaging logarithmically over the stations. The source spectrum for the strike-slip Macquarie Ridge earthquake is higher than an average source spectrum of seven recent large earthquakes (scaled to be comparable to a Mw = 8.1 earthquake) by a factor of 2 to 3 at periods of 1 to 20 seconds. These other earthquakes were underthrusting events in subduction zones. Using Haskell's formulation assuming a point source with no directivity, I estimate the seismically radiated energy from the source spectrum by integrating the square of the source spectrum in velocity and scaling the result. The seismic energy thus estimated for the Macquarie Ridge earthquake is 3 to 8 ×1023 ergs. An Orowan stress drop can be obtained from the seismic energy and moment. The Orowan stress drop for the Macquarie Ridge earthquake is about 20 to 50 bars, much higher than similarly determined stress drops of other recent large earthquakes. There is a correlation between the Orowan stress drops and time since the last earthquake of comparable or larger magnitude for seven recent large earthquakes. This correlation suggests that a healing process operates that may control the mechanical strength of the fault and is important on time scales of tens to hundreds of years.
Electrochemical processing technologies in chip fabrication: challenges and opportunities

Cost-performance advantage of electrochemical processing technologies has enabled a paradigm shift in chip making. The dual Damascene process for Cu chip metallization and the C4 (flip-chip) technology for area array chip-package interconnection have placed electrochemical technologies among the most sophisticated fab processing technologies. These processing technologies have now been integrated into 300 mm wafer processing facilities for chip fabrication. New materials and processes are continuously being developed to meet the microprocessor industry's increasing performance and miniaturization trends. Electromigration issues, and the need for novel polishing approaches to integrate ultra low-k dielectric materials with Cu metallization are some of the immediate concerns in chip making. Development of a compliant, cost-effective Pb-free C4 chip-package interconnection is another key objective of the microelectronics industry, which is making an effort to market Pb-free products in few years. All of these developments provide ample opportunities for electrochemical processing technologies.
Beyond the Phi factor: Correction of experimental data for vaporization in tempered reactions for pressure-relief system design

Design of emergency relief systems to accommodate runaway reactions often requires using bench-scale adiabatic calorimeters to evaluate thermokinetic data of a full-scale reactor. However, the well-known method to correct bench-scale experimental data for “thermal inertia”—the Phi factor—does not consider the effect of vaporization on thermokinetic data. Calorimeter volumetric fill ratio is an important parameter directly relating to the vaporization effect and is discussed in this article. For a 60% fill ratio, a case study of an aqueous reaction system shows that the measured reaction heat would be 7% less than the actual value for a reaction with a heat release of 800 J/g, 5% less than the actual value with a heat release of 600 J/g, and 2% less than the actual value with a heat release of 300 J/g. The temperature rise rate is even more sensitive to the fill ratio. A high fill ratio is desirable, to get more-accurate temperature rise data for a tempered exothermic reaction. A low fill ratio requires a significant Phi correction and could also give a misleading thermokinetic interpretation of a plant-scale reactor. Applying the same fill ratio of a plant-scale reactor to tests in an adiabatic calorimeter—to get thermokinetic data for emergency relief sizing—is recommended. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 130–136, 2015
High-speed Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Microscopy on a Graphics Processing Unit

A high speed, memory efficient implementation of 3D interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (ISAM) is demonstrated by two successive orthogonal 2D-ISAM reconstructions using the GPU.
Lack of evidence of circulating retroviral antibodies in patients with classic Hodgkin's disease

Because of the T-cell abnormalities observed in Hodgkin's disease and the growing number of Hodgkin's disease cases observed in association with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), concern has been expressed that a retrovirus may be the primary cause of Hodgkin's disease. We examined plasma specimens from 17 patients with Hodgkin's disease that were drawn in 1979. Because serum containing antibodies to either human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) or HTLV-II precipitate the major core protein, p24, of HTLV-I, lack of reactivity to HTLV-I p24 in all the specimens demonstrated absence of antibodies to HTLV-I or -II. None of the specimens was reactive to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by ELISA. None of the specimens were reactive on Western blot assays for HTLV-I or -II or HIV-1. Lack of evidence of cross-reacting antibodies to prototype strains of those retroviruses in specimens drawn before the AIDS epidemic suggests that classic Hodgkin's disease is not the result of infection with one of the known human lymphocytotropic retroviruses or a closely related agent.
Role of seismogenic processes in fault-rock development: An example from Death Valley, California

Fault rocks developed along the Mormon Point turtleback of southern Death Valley suggest that a jog in the oblique-slip Death Valley fault zone served as an ancient seismic barrier, where dominantly strike-slip ruptures were terminated at a dilatant jog. Dramatic spatial variations in fault-rock thickness and type within the bend are interpreted as the products of: (1) fault "overshoot," in which planar ruptures bypass the intersection of the two faults composing the bend and slice into the underlying footwall; and (2) implosion brecciation, in which coseismic ruptures arrested at a releasing bend in the fault lead to catastrophic collapse brecciation, fluid influx, and mineralization.
Conversation with Robert McGinley

Dr. Robert McGinley and his wife, Geri, have managed one of the nation's largest swing clubs for the past ten years. During the past several years Bob McGinley has become a social activist and public figure founding the Society for the Study of Alternative Lifestyles, the annual Lifestyles Conventions held on the West Coast, and the North American Swing Club Association. Bob and Geri have also appeared on a number of television programs, such as the Phil Donahue show. Bob has spoken about swinging in numerous university classrooms and on radio talk shows and writes about it in popular media. He has recently acquired a Ph.D. in psychology and does sexual dysfunction counseling.
Structured exploratory data analysis: a critique.

The absence of a test for major genes, lack of provision for partitioning environmental and genetic components, and failure to include tests of hypotheses raises doubts about the practical value of the most recent version of Structured Exploratory Data Analysis (SEDA).
Dense polymer film and membrane formation via the dry-cast process part I. Model development

Abstract The dry-cast membrane-formation process is a major phase-inversion technique by which asymmetric membranes are manufactured. In this paper a fully predictive model which incorporates coupled heat and mass transfer is developed to describe the evaporation of both solvent and nonsolvent from an initially homogeneous polymer/solvent/nonsolvent system. This unsteady-state, one -dimensional, coupled heat- and mass-transport model allows from local film shrinkage owing to excess volume of mixing effects as well as evaporative solvent and nonsolvent loss. The model can predict composition paths into the ternary phase diagram which determine the onset of phase transition. The ternary phase diagram is predicted using the Flory-Huggins theory allowing for composition-dependent interaction parameters. The model is applied to the well-characterized cellulose acetate/acetone/water-system for which sufficient experimental data are available to permit determination of the friction coefficients in the ternary mass-transport model. The model is solved numerically using a software package based on the method of lines which is capable of handling moving boundary problems. The modeling studies indicate that for a given polymer/solvent/nonsolvent/support system, the most influential parameters are the gas-phase mass transport, initial cast film thickness, and initial composition. Of particular importance, the model can predict the general morphological characteristics associated with the formation of dense polymer films and symmetric as well as asymmetric membranes.
Readiness for living independently among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to examine the association of time (high school to post-high school), living situation (independent of parents or not), diabetes-specific self-efficacy, and worry about hypoglycemia and how diabetes-specific self-efficacy and worry about hypoglycemia are associated with diabetes management among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.MethodsParticipants (N = 114) completed measures on diabetes management, diabetes-specific self-efficacy, and worry about hypoglycemia during the last 6 months in high school (T1) and diabetes management, diabetes-specific self-efficacy, and living situation post-high school (T2). General linear mixed model for the diabetes management outcome was used to test associations with diabetes-specific self-efficacy, worry about hypoglycemia, time, and living situation independent variables. Moderation by diabetes-specific self-efficacy and worry about hypoglycemia was also tested.ResultsDiabetes management increased from high school to post-high sch...
Nonlinear optical response in solids from time-dependent density-functional theory simulations

A new method for computing nonlinear susceptibilities of periodic solids is presented. The electronic response and polarization current are obtained from time-dependent Schrodinger equation dynamically coupled to the external electromagnetic field. Solid's polarization resulting from quasi-monochromatic excitation is examined in frequency domain. The higher order susceptibilities are calculated non-perturbatively. The method is illustrated by examples of third harmonic generation in silicon and carbon diamond.
Dogs hijack the human bonding pathway

Tens of thousands of years ago, a wolflike predator gave rise to a more docile lineage, which soon became our trusted fireside companions ( 1 ). How did dogs become so embedded in human societies? Why do we feel genuine friendship, love, and social attachment in our relationships with dogs? On page 333 in this issue, Nagasawa et al. ( 2 ) reveal a powerful mechanism through which dogs win our hearts—and we win theirs in return.
Selenium in Foods Purchased or Produced in South Dakota

Selenium contents of 222 foods obtained in east-central South Dakota are presented, the best sources being foods of high protein content, such as: meats; South Dakota cheeses; semolina products; breads; breakfast cereals prepared from soybeans, hard wheat, or oats; poultry and eggs; and some seafoods. Average values from this study are generally lower than those reported for similar foods from Canada, higher than those reported from Washington, DC, and considerably higher than those reported from Ohio. A study of milk samples from eight processing plants over the state, gave an overall average and standard deviation of 61 ± 12 μg/L. Values were highest in December and lowest in May.
Patterns and behavior of transient myocardial ischemia in stable coronary disease are the same in both men and women: a comparative study.

Objectives. This study sought to compare the circadian variations in transient ischemic activity, mean heart rate and ischemic threshold between women and men with coronary artery disease. Background. There is a circadian variation in ischemic activity, onset of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease, but studies assessing ischemia have incorporated predominantly male subjects. Methods. Thirty-one women and 45 men underwent at least 48 h of ambulatory ST segment monitoring. Results. There was a similar and significant circadian variation in ischemic activity in both women and men (p 5 beats/min in the 5 min before ischemia, but there were no gender differences. Conclusions. Women with coronary artery disease have a pattern of ischemic activity and underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms very similar to men. The importance of increase in myocardial oxygen demand in the genesis of ischemia in both men and women is reflected by similar magnitude of heart rate increases before ischemia. The lower ischemic threshold during the nocturnal hours, when blood pressure is also lower, is consistent with a circadian variation is underlying coronary vascular tone.
Activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway during hepatocyte growth factor–induced hepatomegaly in mice

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and beta-catenin both play a crucial role in stimulating hepatocyte proliferation, but whether these 2 pathways cooperate in inducing hepatocyte proliferation is unclear. We have previously reported that beta-catenin forms a complex with c-Met (HGF receptor) that undergoes dissociation because of beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation on stimulation by HGF. It is also known that delivery of the human HGF gene cloned in a plasmid under a CMV promoter results in hepatomegaly in mice. In addition, recently characterized beta-catenin transgenic mice also showed hepatomegaly. The present study was based on the hypothesis that HGF-induced hepatomegaly is mediated, at least in part, by activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Here we report that delivery of the human HGF gene delivery in mice led to hepatomegaly via beta-catenin activation in the liver in 1- and 4-week studies. The mechanisms of beta-catenin activation in the 1-week study included loss of c-Met-beta-catenin association as well as canonical beta-catenin activation, leading to its nuclear translocation. In the 4-week study, beta-catenin activation was observed via canonical mechanisms, whereas the c-Met-beta-catenin complex remained unchanged. In both studies there was an associated increase in the E-cadherin-beta-catenin association at the membrane. In addition, we generated liver-specific beta-catenin knockout mice, which demonstrated significantly smaller livers. HGF gene delivery failed to induce hepatomegaly in these beta-catenin conditionally null mice. In conclusion, beta-catenin- and HGF-mediated signaling pathways cooperate in hepatocyte proliferation, which may be crucial in liver development, regeneration following partial hepatectomy, and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Cooperative action of the T4 tail fibers and baseplate in triggering conformational change and in determining host range.

Abstract Thermolabile mutants of T4 altered in structural proteins of the baseplate (P5, P6, P7, P8, and P10) undergo normal conformational changes more easily than wild-type phage. Our results show that the tail fibers trigger the change in the baseplate that precipitates sheath contraction and that these mutants contract more easily than wild-type phage. The fact that some of the mutants have an extended host range suggests that they do not need as secure an attachment to the cell wall as wild-type phage for the cooperative action of the tail fibers to trigger the baseplate change.
Anatexis and metamorphism in tectonically thickened continental crust exemplified by the Sevier hinterland, western North America

This paper presents a thermal and petrologic model of anatexis and metamorphism in regions of crustal thickening exemplified by the Sevier hinterland in western North America, and uses the model to examine the geological and physical processes leading to crustally derived magmatism. The results of numerical experiments show that anatexis was an inevitable end-product of Barrovian metamorphism in the thickened crust of the late Mesozoic Sevier orogenic belt and that the advection of heat across the lithosphere, in the form of mantle-derived mafic magmas, was not required for melting of metasedimentary rocks. It is suggested that, in the Sevier belt, as in other intracontinental orogenic belts, anatexis occurred in the midcrust and not at the base of the crust.
Calcium homeostasis and the pathogenesis and management of hypercalcemic disorders

Abstract The maintenance of a normal serum calcium concentration requires a stable equilibrium between mineral in the skeleton and the extracellular fluid and the carefully integrated and balanced actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and, to a much lesser extent, calcitonin. The amino acid sequences of bovine, porcine, and part of human PTH have recently been determined. It has been recognized that some of the difficulties encountered in measuring PTH by radioimmunoassay in serum are due to the conversion of the hormone into fragments, to the variable specificity and sensitivity of the antisera used in these determinations, and to the presence of a previously unrecognized precursor in the synthesis of the hormone. Parathyroid hormone appears to stimulate its target tissues (bone and kidney) through the adenyl cyclase mechanism, and it has now been appreciated that factors other than calcium have regulatory control over the secretion of hormone. The metabolism of vitamin D has been elucidated, and the active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol, has been identified. Production of this compound in the kidneys is under feedback control so that vitamin D takes on the characteristics of a hormone. Future developments involve the synthesis of more active and shorter-acting metabolites of vitamin D, drugs that will be of considerable usefulness to the clinician. Despite many years of research and a number of interesting biochemical, physiologic, and clinical studies, the importance of calcitonin in human physiology has not yet been determined. Nevertheless, its measurement in blood is a useful diagnostic aid in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Multiphasic screening programs have disclosed a surprisingly high prevalence of hypercalcemia in a random population. In most instances, the differential diagnosis can be made by carefully collecting a data base and using conventional laboratory procedures. Nevertheless, the assay for PTH has proven useful for diagnosis in some patients, particularly in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas. The path is cleared for the development of more meaningful hormone assays and additional prospective studies on the management of asymptomatic patients with hyperparathyroidism. This review is written at an exciting time when major advances are being made in our understanding of calcium homeostasis, and rapid changes are occurring in the spectrum of hypercalcemic disorders being presented to the physician. Many of these research developments are summarized in relation to the clinical problem.
Effect of energy intake on the promotion of mammary carcinogenesis by dietary fat.

Abstract The effect of low‐fat and high‐fat diets on the induction of mammary carcinomas by 1‐methyl‐1‐nitrosourea (MNU) was studied in female Sprague‐Dawley rats. All rats were given MNU (25 mg/kg body wt) at 50 days of age. For the first 17 weeks after carcinogen administration, they were fed a purified diet containing either 5 or 20% fat incorporated into agar gel. Food intake was restricted, so that the amounts fed provided the same amount of net utilizable energy each day for both groups, regardless of the fat content of the diets. From 17 to 32 weeks, the diets were fed ad libitum. During the restricted feeding period, there was no significant difference in tumor incidence or in the number Of tumors detected between the groups. During the weeks in which animals were fed ad libitum, significantly more tumors appeared in the high‐fat group than in the low‐fat group. The data provide support for the hypothesis that consumption of a high‐fat diet can lead to an enhancement of mammary carcinogenesis. It ...
TU‐A‐BRA‐09: Phase‐Matched Digital Tomosynthesis (DTS) Imaging for Simultaneous Target Verification during Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) Treatment

Purpose: To develop a phase‐matched DTS technique to allow tomographic verification of moving targets simultaneous to VMAT delivery.Methods: This study proposes to verify moving targets by comparing phase ‐matched reference DTS (Ref ‐DTS) generated from simulation 4DCT to corresponding on ‐board DTS (OBI ‐DTS) acquired during VMAT delivery. The 4D Digital Extended Cardiac Torso (XCAT) Phantom was used for demonstration. A normal patient breathing pattern was input into the XCAT phantom to generate on ‐board CBCT projections, simulation 4DCT, average intensity projection (AIP) of the 4DCT and free ‐breathing CT (FBCT).These simulation CT sets (FBCT, AIP and 4DCT) were used to project digitally reconstructed radiographs(DRRs):DRR ‐FBCT and DRR ‐AIP (both with no respiratory phase information), and DRR ‐4DCT matched to phases of onboard projections. These DRR sets were further used to reconstruct three Ref ‐DTS sets: Ref ‐DTS ‐FBCT, Ref ‐DTS ‐AIP, and phase ‐matched Ref ‐DTS ‐4DCT. Each Ref ‐DTS set was compared with OBI ‐DTS (generated from on ‐board projections) to identify relative differences between both. To quantitatively assess the feasibility of comparing each Ref ‐DTS set with OBI ‐DTS for target verification, the simulation CT sets were shifted by a given amount to simulate target motion/setup variation, and the resulting Ref ‐DTS sets were registered to OBI ‐DTS automatically. The accuracy of target verification was evaluated by the discrepancies between simulated and registered shifts. Results: For a 1mm discrepancy criterion between simulated and registered shifts, the success rates between OBI‐DTS /Ref‐DTS‐FBCT, OBI‐DTS /Ref‐DTS‐AIP, and OBI‐DTS /Ref‐DTS‐4DCT registrations are 14.3%, 28.6%, and 100% for 2mm shifts, 0%, 14.3%, 100% for 5mm shifts, and 42.9%, 28.6%, 100% for 10mm shifts, respectively. Conclusions: The simulation study indicated that the phase‐matched Ref‐DTS‐4DCT technique considerably improved the target verification accuracy than that provided by non‐phase‐information Ref‐DTS‐FBCT or Ref‐DTS‐AIP. Therefore, it has the potential to validate VMAT treatment of moving targets. (Research partially supported by grant from Varian Medical Systems) Research partially supported by grant from Varian Medical Systems.
Severe fetal acidemia and subsequent neonatal encephalopathy in the larger premature infant.

The contribution of intrapartum hypoxia-ischemia to neonatal encephalopathy in the larger preterm infant remains poorly defined. Such infants could become potential candidates for neuroprotective strategies. The objective of this study was to determine in preterm infants of gestation 31 to 36 weeks, with severe fetal acidemia (i.e., cord arterial pH
Imaging of phosphorescence: a novel method for measuring oxygen distribution in perfused tissue

The imaging of phosphorescence provides a method for monitoring oxygen distribution within the vascular system of intact tissues. Isolated rat lives were perfused through the portal vein with media containing palladium coproporphyrin, which phosphoresced and was used to image the liver at various perfusion rates. Because oxygen is a powerful quenching agent for phosphors, the transition from well-perfused liver to anoxia (no flow of oxygen) resulted in large increases of phosphorescence. During stepwise restoration of oxygen flow, the phosphorescence images showed marked heterogeneous patterns of tissue reoxygenation, which indicated that there were regional inequalities in oxygen delivery.
Age of Bioterrorism: Are You Prepared? Review of Bioweapons and Their Clinical Presentation for Otolaryngologists.

ObjectivesThis review on Category A bioweapons is intended to help otolaryngologists (1) understand the concepts of bioterrorism, (2) identify a bioterrorism attack, and (3) recognize specific otolaryngologic symptoms and signs of Category A bioweapons.Data SourcesPubMed and Medline databases.Review MethodsReview of current literature regarding Category A agents of biological warfare and their relationships to otolaryngology was performed using PubMed, Medline, and articles written by experts in the field of bioterrorism. Each Category A agent was paired with the term otolaryngology and then paired with epistaxis, sinusitis, airway obstruction, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, hearing loss, otitis media, and lymphadenopathy individually. For the latest accepted treatment and diagnostic strategies, bioterrorism was searched with filters for human studies, English language, and the past 5 years. Titles, abstracts, and papers were read for relevancy.ConclusionWhile the use of bioweapons initially leads to nonspecif...
Carcinoid tumor presenting as trismus: immunohistochemical evidence of metastatic lung disease to the infratemporal fossa.

In the case presented herein, healing of the wound was uneventful. Normal sensation returned to the external ear within 3 to 4 months. The obvious residual adverse effect was the discrepancy in the size of the treated ear relative to the opposite ear (Fig 8). The result after 8 months indicated no recurrence of the lesion and the patient was asymptomatic (Figs 9, 10). The somewhat elevated tissue at the superior greater helix may have been prevented had the medial advancement flap been utilized. CNH is an uncommon but devastating lesion to those who are unfortunate enough to develop it. Conservative therapy using pressure-relieving techniques, topical cortisone, or intralesional cortisone injections should be attempted initially. Surgical management of the lesion should be considered when these measures fail to eliminate the condition. Simple excision of the involved helix, elevation of a skin flap, and removal of the underlying involved cartilage, or wedge resection and primary closure, may manage lesions smaller than 1.5 cm. With larger lesions, the Antia-Buch procedure provides an excellent means of ear reconstruction.
OMG! Texting in Class = U Fail :( Empirical Evidence That Text Messaging During Class Disrupts Comprehension.

In two experiments, we examined the effects of text messaging during lecture on comprehension of lecture material. Students (in Experiment 1) and randomly assigned participants (in Experiment 2) in a text message condition texted a prescribed conversation while listening to a brief lecture. Students and participants in the no-text condition refrained from texting during the same lecture. Postlecture quiz scores confirmed the hypothesis that texting during lecture would disrupt comprehension and retention of lecture material. In both experiments, the no-text group significantly outscored the text group on the quiz and felt more confident about their performance. The classroom demonstration described in Experiment 1 provides preliminary empirical evidence that texting during class disrupts comprehension in an actual classroom environment. Experiment 2 addressed the selection bias and demand characteristic issues present in Experiment 1 and replicated the main findings. Together, these two experiments clearl...
Organizational Escalation and Retreat in University Athletics: Brand Insulation in Birmingham-Southern College's Transition to Division III Athletics

This case study will explore the theory of escalation of commitment within the context of intercollegiate athletics. This management-based theory has been used within business and foreign policy literature, but has yet to be explored through a sport management context. Recently, Birmingham-Southern College chose to reclassify its athletics programs from the Division I classification to the Division III classification. Utilizing qualitative methodology, interviews (N = 11) were conducted with a variety of university constituents. Findings revealed the following four themes: a) unsubstantiated outcomes regarding the benefits of Division I athletics, b) strained finances, c) presidential leadership, and d) perceived roles of a small, liberal arts institution. Discussion and application of the resulting thematic emergences with the escalation of commitment determinants will be discussed.
Factorial and Construct Validity of the Revised Short Form Integrative Psychotherapy Alliance Scales for Family, Couple, and Individual Therapy

The Integrative Psychotherapy Alliance model brought an interpersonal and systemic perspective to bear on theory, research, and practice on the psychotherapeutic alliance. Questions have been raised about the independence of the theoretical factors in the model and their operationalization in the Individual, Couple, and Family Therapy Alliance Scales. This paper presents results of a confirmatory factor analysis of the scales that delineated at least three distinct interpersonal factors as well as shorter versions of the three scales to facilitate their use in research and practice. The paper also presents the results of a study testing each factor's association with client retention and progress over the first eight sessions in individual and couple therapy. At least two of the interpersonal factors were uniquely associated with progress in individual and couple functioning. Implications of the results for theory, research, practice, and training in individual, couple, and family therapy are elaborated.
Beyond Process: TQM Content and Firm Performance

Authors of the literature on total quality management (TQM) have been much more concerned with process than content. This article considers TQM in relation to firm orientation and identifies market advantage, product design efficiency, process efficiency, and product reliability as the key feature of its content. Performance expectations for TQM. In the form of Increased revenues, reduced costs, and their time lags, are addressed in the context of environmental uncertainty.