cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[18F]fluoroethoxy-benzovesamicol, a PET radiotracer for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and cholinergic synapses

Loss of cholinergic transmission in the cortex and hippocampus is a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease, and visualization of functional cholinergic synapses in the brain with PET could be a useful method for studying this degenerative condition in living humans. We investigated [18F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol, (-)-[18F] FEOBV,(-)-(2R,3R)-trans-2-hydroxy-3-(4-phenylpiperidino)-5-(2-[18F ]fluoroethoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetralin, a high affinity positron emitting ligand for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, as a potential in vivo cholinergic synapse mapping agent. Rodent biodistribution, dosimetry, stereospecificity of biological effects, pharmacologic blocking studies, in vivo rodent brain autoradiography and metabolites were examined. (-)-[18F]FEOBV brain uptake following intravenous injection was robust, with 2.65% dose/brain in mice at 5 min, and the regional localization matched the known distributions of presynaptic cholinergic markers at later times. Both the cholinergic localization and curare-like effects of FEOBV were associated with the "(-)"-enantiomer exclusively. (-)-[18F]FEOBV regional brain distribution in rodents was changed little by pretreatment with haloperidol, (+)-3-PPP, or E-2020, indicating FEOBV, unlike other vesamicol analogs, did not interact in vivo with dopamine or sigma receptor systems. Autoradiography of rat brain 3 h following i.v. injection of (-)-[18F]FEOBV showed high localization in brain areas rich in presynaptic cholinergic elements. Metabolic defluorination in rodents was modest, and analysis of brain tissue following tracer administration found FEOBV as the only extractable radioactive species. (-)-[18F]FEOBV dosimetry calculated from rat data estimate 10 mCi doses can be given to humans. These studies show FEOBV maps cholinergic areas with high specificity in vivo, and may provide a noninvasive means to safely and accurately gauge the functional integrity of cholinergic synapses in man using PET.
Metastatic Carcinoid Diagnosed at Laparoscopic Excision of Pelvic Endometriosis

Carcinoid tumors are uncommon lesions that arise from the intestinal tract or ovaries. Metastatic carcinoid was found in a 35-year-old woman who underwent laparoscopic excision of pelvic endometriosis. The primary tumor was in the distal appendix, and metastatic carcinoid coexisted with endometriosis in both pelvic sidewall specimens. This unusual situation is another reason to consider excision of presumed pelvic endometriosis. It is important to be aware of other uncommon gastrointestinal and pelvic conditions, such as the occasional carcinoid in the appendix or ovary.
Measuring unmet need: wives husbands or couples?

Data from the three Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in Bangladesh the Dominican Republic and Zambia were utilized to examine a new definition of unmet need--one that considers only responses regarding prospective fertility desires and intentions to use contraceptives. An unmet need is determined for wives for husbands and for couples. Results demonstrate that differences between spouses in contraceptive and fertility intentions are substantial in the three countries. There is a greater difference between husbands and wives concerning intentions to practice contraception than there is regarding childbearing intentions. In Zambia 55% of wives not practicing contraception report their intention to use contraceptives within 12 months compared with 36% of husbands. In Bangladesh the corresponding figures are 46% for wives and 42% for husbands while in the Dominican Republic the proportions are 49% and 41% respectively. When the unmet need calculated using wives reports is compared with the results using the minimum estimate couples unmet need is overestimated by 106% in Bangladesh by 96% in the Dominican Republic and by 246% in Zambia. On the other hand estimates based on wives reports were closer to the maximum estimate for couples. Based on these results the big discrepancies are an indication of spousal disagreement or lack of communication on reproductive goals or contraceptive use.
Quantum Dots in Photonic Crystal Cavities: from Quantum Optics to Nano-lasers and Intra-cellular Probes

The platform consisting of self-assembled quantum dots in photonic crystal cavities is interesting for studies of light-matter interaction, but also for implementing devices such as nanolasers, quantum gates and single cell nanophotonic probes. Article not available.
Long-term outcomes of laparoscopic antireflux surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-related airway disorder

A strong link exists between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and airway diseases. Surgical therapy has been recommended as it is more effective than medical therapy in the short term, but there is little data on the effectiveness of surgery long-term. We analyzed the long-term response of GERD-related airway disease after laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery (LARS).
Income received during treatment does not affect response to contingency management treatments in cocaine-dependent outpatients.

Background Prior studies find no effect of baseline income on response to contingency management (CM) interventions. However, income among substance disordered patients is variable, particularly at treatment entry. This study investigated the impact of during-treatment income, a more proximal estimate of economic resources at the time that CM is in effect, on response to standard treatment or the standard treatment plus CM.
Quality Assessment Across A National Cancer Network

Quality management with the ability to benchmark quality metrics remains a cornerstone of the authors' overarching strategy to maintain consistent high-quality care throughout our national network.
The Complete Colonial Gentleman: Cultural Legitimacy in Plantation America

The colonial plantation elite's persistent emulation of the British landed gentry has long intrigued American historians, who recently have insisted that the pursuit of this apparently outdated ideal was an impediment to the development of a distinctive American culture. In The Complete Colonial Gentleman, Michal J. Rozbicki argues that such a view misreads the legitimizing process and the history of culture. Examining the American planters' aspirations from the perspective of cultural theory and in the comparative context of a larger British world, Rozbicki asserts that, for this emerging elite, the genteel quest was the only feasible route to identity and authority; it became a central dynamic of their lives, crucial to their ambitious struggles with provincialism and the metropolitan condescension toward colonial "upstarts". The author also shows how this determined quest played a vital but little-understood role in the construction of a new American identity, as the European model enabled the colonial elite to achieve sufficient maturity, confidence, and pride in their virtues and rights to defy the British in the 1770s. Rozbicki's interpretation contrasts provocatively with recent studies of colonial America and demonstrates how the essentially conservative aspirations of the colonial planter gentility fore-shadowed distinctly American and democratic developments.
Improvement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome in adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in children. It is linked to obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MS), predisposing to future cirrhosis. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects that weight loss achieved with laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) has on the metabolic parameters and NAFLD scores of obese adolescents with evidence of fatty liver disease. Methods Adolescents undergoing LAGB were evaluated for NAFLD with evidence of fatty liver on preoperative sonogram, serum biochemistry, or both between 2005 and 2011. Primary endpoint was change in NAFLD scores after LAGB and secondary endpoint change in MS criteria. Results Fifty-six out of 155 adolescents had evidence of fatty liver disease at presentation. The group consisted of 17 (30%) male and 39 (70%) females, mean age 16.1 years (range 14–17.8 yr). Preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 48.8 kg/m 2 (±7) dropping to 37.9 kg/m 2 (±8.3) at 12 months and 36.8 kg/m 2 (±8.2) at 24 months. Fifteen (27%) patients met the criteria for MS. When comparing 1-year postsurgery to presurgery, the NAFLD score decreased by an average of .68 (SD = 1.03, P P = .01). The reoperation rate for band/port related complications was 10.7% at 2 years with no mortality. MS rates improved from 27% to 2% at 2 years ( P Conclusions LAGB is a safe and effective operation for obese adolescents with NAFLD. There was significant improvement in NAFLD scores and resolution of MS.
Ribonuclease and trypsin treatment of ribosomes and polyribosomes from sea urchin eggs.

Abstract 1. 1. Eggs of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus were labeled, in vivo, with [3H]-uridine during oogenesis. RNA-labeled ribosomes and polyribosomes isolated from homogenates before and after fertilization were treated with ribonuclease, trypsin or trypsin followed by ribonuclease and then examined by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The trypsin was first freed of significant ribonuclease contamination by Sephadox chromatography. The experiments confirm that only a small portion of the ribosomal aggregates from homogenates of unfertilized eggs are ribonuclease sensitive and active in vivo in protein synthesis; that greater numbers of ribosomal aggregates are present in homogenates after fertilization; and that most of the aggregates from homogenates of fertilized eggs are ribonuclease sensitive and synthetically active. 2. 2. Ribosomes from unfertilized and from fertilized eggs are alike in sedimentation velocity. Upon trypsin treatment the ribosomes, before or after fertilization, dissociate into two subunits. 3. 3. Most of the ribonuclease-sensitive polyribosomes from fertilized eggs remain intact after trypsin treatment, even under conditions in which the single ribosomes undergo partial degradation. A maximum value of 40% was obtained for the dissociability by ribonuclease of the ribosomal aggregates from unfertilized eggs and this increased to 90% after trypsinization. The mechanism of the sensitization by trypsin and the nature of the changes upon fertilization are discussed. 4. 4. The data suggest that ribonuclease-resistant polyribosomes may be one site of “nasked” messenger RNA in unfertilized eggs.
Über die Elektrizitätsleitung des von Palladium okkludierten Sauerstoffs

Es werden Versuche beschrieben, welche Belege fur die fruhere Angabe liefern sollen, wonach im Palladium anodisch okkludierter Sauerstoff eine eigene, derjenigen des Metalls sich hinzufugende Elektrizitatsleitung erweist.
A rigorous nonperturbative result for the glueball mass and electric flux energy in a finite volume

Abstract We present the final result for the short-distance expansion of the energy of 't Hooft-type electric flux, in units of the glueball mass. As a spin-off, we also give the nonperturbative correction for the short-distance expansion of the glueball mass and mass ratios, which turn out to be already significant at z = M (0 + ) L = 1. We propose a way to bridge the gap between the short-distance expansion ( z z > 1.5). We provide evidence by reinterpreting existing Monte Carlo data, and discuss the nature of the Z 2 symmetry-breaking transition.
Lithium-induced disabling tremor

Abstract Six patients with manic-depressive illness developed disabling postural tremors at low blood lithium levels. Each patient had either a pre-existing essential (heredofamilial) tremor or a family history of essential tremor. Lithium thus appears to exacerbate essential tremor.
Effects of culture parameters, light, and mixing on H2 production by sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in flat plate reactor

Abstract Based on advective-diffusive reaction equation for inhomogeneous biochemical system and an empirical equation for light attenuation coefficient, the interplay among culture parameters, light intensity and illumination condition, and mechanical mixing condition during O 2 evolution and H 2 production in a flat plate photobioreactor with sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture is modeled in this work. Four initial chlorophyll concentrations, two light attenuation levels, and two illumination conditions were modeled to study their effects on the dynamics of O 2 evolution and H 2 production. The results indicate that two side illumination is the best design for light penetration into a flat plate reactor. While for single side illumination condition, an optimal combination of the initial cell concentration, light intensity, and reactor width may have to be considered for high H 2 production.
A Framework for Land Cover Classification Using Discrete Return LiDAR Data: Adopting Pseudo-Waveform and Hierarchical Segmentation

Acquiring current, accurate land-use information is critical for monitoring and understanding the impact of anthropogenic activities on natural environments. Remote sensing technologies are of increasing importance because of their capability to acquire information for large areas in a timely manner, enabling decision makers to be more effective in complex environments. Although optical imagery has demonstrated to be successful for land cover classification, active sensors, such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR), have distinct capabilities that can be exploited to improve classification results. However, utilization of LiDAR data for land cover classification has not been fully exploited. Moreover, spatial-spectral classification has recently gained significant attention since classification accuracy can be improved by extracting additional information from the neighboring pixels. Although spatial information has been widely used for spectral data, less attention has been given to LiDAR data. In this work, a new framework for land cover classification using discrete return LiDAR data is proposed. Pseudo-waveforms are generated from the LiDAR data and processed by hierarchical segmentation. Spatial features are extracted in a region-based way using a new unsupervised strategy for multiple pruning of the segmentation hierarchy. The proposed framework is validated experimentally on a real dataset acquired in an urban area. Better classification results are exhibited by the proposed framework compared to the cases in which basic LiDAR products such as digital surface model and intensity image are used. Moreover, the proposed region-based feature extraction strategy results in improved classification accuracies in comparison with a more traditional window-based approach.
Asymmetric Synthesis of QUINAP via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution

A palladium-catalyzed, atroposelective C–P coupling process has been developed for the asymmetric synthesis of QUINAP and its derivatives in high enantiomeric excess. Bromide, triflate (OTf) and 4-methanesulfonylbenzenesulfonate (OSs) precursors were studied, leading in the case of the triflate to a novel dynamic kinetic resolution involving isomerization of an arylpalladium intermediate. The operationally simple methods described in this communication afford these important ligands in good to high yields and selectivity using low catalyst loading (≤3 mol % Pd).
Minimally Invasive Radioguided Parathyroidectomy

The surgical management of hyperparathyroidism has evolved over the last 20 years, transitioning from routine bilateral neck exploration to, frequently, a minimally invasive approach. Adjuncts which have made this transition possible include advancements in imaging techniques which allow the pre-operative localization of adenomatous glands, the rapid parathyroid hormone assay and the use of 99-m technetium sestamibi injections the day of surgery to allow for gamma probe detection of abnormal glands. The gamma probe can help with gland localization, which can be particularly useful in a re-operative field or with glands in ectopic locations. It is also helpful in confirming that excised tissue is abnormal parathyroid tissue, alleviating the need for frozen sections during surgery. In this chapter we discuss and review radioguided minimally invasive parathyroidectomy.
Thermal fission yield of 137Cs in 233U

Abstract The thermal neutron fission yield of 137Cs in 233U was found to be 6·13 ± 0·13 per cent. 235U and 233U samples were irradiated in the ORNL Graphite Reactor. The samples were analysed radio-chemically to determine the amount of 137Cs formed per unit weight of uranium. In the case of the 235U samples, the number of fissions was also determined. The apparent number of fissions for both isotopes was calculated from flux monitor data. Curves for flux depression in the uranium samples were developed from reactor parameters and comparison of fission product gamma activity with thick and thin 235U and 233U foils irradiated in an SRL reactor. From these curves, flux depression corrections were determined for the 233U samples so that the number of fissions could be calculated; the validity of the flux correction was demonstrated with the 235U samples.
Cryopreservation and long-term storage of primary rat hepatocytes: effects on substrate-specific cytochrome P450-dependent activities and unscheduled DNA synthesis.

The effects of cryopreservation and long-term storage on substrate-specific cytochrome P45O-dependent activities and unscheduled DNA synthesis were studied in freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes derived from adult male Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats. Primary rat hepatocytes were isolated via an in situ collagenase perfusion technique, cryopreserved at −196°C, and thawed at 5 weeks and 104 and 156 weeks post-freezing. In Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats, cryopreserved hepatocytes were equivalent or similar to freshly isolated hepatocytes in substrate-specific activities for 7-ethoxyresorufin-0-deethylase and dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase and unscheduled DNA synthesis responses. No significant differences in activities toward 7-ethoxyresorufin-0-deethylase and dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase, the substrate-specific activities for cytochromes P4501A1 and P4501A2 and cytochrome P4502E1, respectively, were observed between freshly isolated and cryopreserved hepatocytes. Similar unscheduled DNA synthesis responses, a measure of DNA damage and repair, were observed after exposure to the genotoxic carcinogens 2-acetylaminofluorene, 7,12-dimethyEbenz[a]anthracene, and dimethylnitrosamine; although some decreases were also observed in Fischer 344 hepatocytes after 104 weeks and Sprague-Dawley hepatocytes after 156 weeks in the highest concentrations tested. These results suggest that cryopreserved hepatocytes, stored for extended periods of time in liquid nitrogen, are metabolically equivalent to freshly isolated hepatocytes in their ability to activate precarcinogens.
POST-NATAL DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS THE CONTRACTILE RESPONCES TO CALCIUM (Ca) CHANNEL BLOCKERS

We previously observed a greater inotropic sensitivity to verapamil (V) in perfused hearts isolated from immature (I;14-21 day old) compared to adult (A) rabbits. Mechanisms for this difference were explored using right ventricular papillary muscles isolated from I and A rabbits (1.0 Hz; 30°C). Cumulative dose responses to V or nitrendipine (N) were obtained by measuring developed tension (DT), and dT/dt. The concentrations (μM;mean±SE) that reduced pre-treatment values by 50% are shown: Because the normal force-frequency response reflects enhanced transarcolemmal Ca influx, this relationship was studied in each group in the absence and presence of V or N. V abolished the positive staircase in both groups. N depressed the positive staircase in the adult, but N augmented the positive staircase in the immature. These data indicate age-related differences in the manner in which Ca reaches the myofilaments, especially at higher rates. Furthermore, based on recognized differences in the mechanisms of action of V and N, our results suggest developmental differences in the relative contributions of sodium-Ca exchange and Ca channel influx to the Ca which participates in myocardial contraction.
Testing of micrologic elements

The acceptance tests of integrated logic-function elements require a departure from the notion that the parameters of the individual components of a circuit must be known. A test program based on external characteristics only is made necessary by the complexity of the circuit; it is contended, in addition, that such a test has more valid significance than does measurement of constituent parameters. It is more significant, for example, when testing a compatible set of digital functional blocks, to make a measurement which gives a direct estimate of fan-out than it is to measure the gains, leakage currents, and resistor values in the output stages.This paper will discuss the validity of this concept and describe a program of tests based on the concept.
Initial conditions for natural inflation.

We investigate the issue of initial conditions for natural inflation in a homogeneous universe. Unlike many inflationary models, the pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson nature of the inflaton field provides a natural measure for the phase space of initial conditions. We study the effects of the inflaton kinetic term numerically, and show that it shifts the range of initial field values which lead to successful inflation without altering the size of that range. The fraction of phase space in the successful range is determined by the spontaneous symmetry-breaking scale f and is 0.7, 0.2, and 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ for f=3${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{Pl}}$, ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{Pl}}$, and ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{Pl}}$/2 respectively. Natural inflation becomes similar to chaotic inflation for values of f\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{Pl}}$, and for f\ensuremath{\lesssim}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{Pl}}$ it is more akin to new inflation.
The utility of computed tomography in radiation therapy: An estimate of outcome

Abstract Several studies have shown that computed tomography (CT) scanning leads to changes in planned therapy for some 40 to 60 % of patients studied. An empirical model has been developed to estimate the improvement in local control and long term survival attributable to CT. The model is based upon an average dose-response relationship for the tumors and involves a technique for estimating the change in tumor control probability when part of the tumor is underdosed. Using this model, it was estimated that, in one series of patients, CT scanning improved the local tumor control probability by an average of 6 %, and improved the chance of 5-year survival by an average of 3.5 %.
Development of a Neonatal Intensive Care Orientation Program

Adaptation of the nurse orientee to working in a neonatal intensive care unit can be facilitated by a formal unit-orientation program. A program developed and implemented to prepare nurses to function in a perinatal center is described. Program components include the philosophy, objectives, teaching methods and material.
Evidence for Unique Mechanisms of Estrogen Receptor Degradation Elicited by Estradiol and ICI 182,780 (Fulvestrant).

Selective estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERDs), such as ICI 182780 (Fulvestrant), comprise a class of drugs that has been developed to inhibit estrogen receptor alpha (ER) activity in breast cancer. ICI is a pure antagonist that competitively binds to the ligand-binding domain of ER. The binding of ICI is thought to reduce the receptor9s half-life by increasing protein turnover. However, the exact mechanism of ICI action, including whether or not receptor degradation is actually required for its antiestrogenic action, is currently unknown. Our laboratory has shown that a cytoplasmic ER mutant (ERΔNLS) lacking a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) is completely resistant to ICI-mediated degradation in both MCF-7 breast cancer cells and their ER-negative derivatives, C4-12 cells. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were performed to assess localization of all ER proteins. These cells were also treated for different lengths of time with varying concentrations of both estradiol (E2) and ICI. Immunoblotting was performed to determine levels of ER protein. A competitive radioligand binding assay was also conducted to assess the ligand-binding capability of the ERΔNLS mutant receptor. Immunofluorescence and confocal imaging of stably transfected C4-12 cells has confirmed distinct subcellular localization of each ER protein. Wild-type ER localizes mainly to the nucleus, while ERΔNLS is cytoplasmic. As expected, treatment of either wild-type MCF-7 cells or C4-12 cells expressing wild-type ER with E2 or ICI caused degradation of ER protein. Treatment of MCF-7/ ERΔNLS or C4-12/ ERΔNLS cells with E2 caused degradation of ERΔNLS protein. In stark contrast, increasing concentrations of ICI failed to cause degradation of ERΔNLS. Furthermore, experiments performed in the presence of cycloheximide have shown that ICI does not modulate ERΔNLS half-life. The inability of ICI to degrade ERΔNLS is not due to an inability of ERΔNLS to bind ligand, since results from competitive radioligand binding assays show that the affinity of ERΔNLS for both E2 and ICI is equal to the affinity of wild-type ER for both ligands. We have recently cloned the SV40-NLS onto ERΔNLS, and confocal microscopy has confirmed that the SV40-NLS is sufficient to force ERΔNLS into the nucleus. I am currently using this construct to determine if it is the NLS domain itself or merely subcellular localization of ER that is important for ICI-mediated degradation. In conclusion, ER is a critical marker for response to antiestrogen therapy. Treatment with ICI is not without its shortcomings. A better understanding of the mechanism by which ICI degrades ER may lead to the development of better antiestrogen therapies to inhibit ER action with less toxicity and greater specificity. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4137.
Early identification of infants at risk for developmental disabilities

Early identification of infants at risk for developmental delay is of the utmost importance to initiate appropriate intervention. Although early detection can be a challenge, the primary care practitioner is in the ideal position to recognize and refer these children. Early recognition requires an in-depth knowledge of the child's history, general physical examination, and developmental level and an understanding of the expected developmental precursors of a skill. Referral to appropriate interventional resources leads to a formalized developmental and neurologic evaluation. If necessary, the development of an interdisciplinary comprehensive plan of remediation can occur and a definitive diagnosis can be made. If no significant problem is found, a decision to provide expectant observation is warranted.
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders: a fine-needle aspiration biopsy study

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has been used with high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, studies of FNAB of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are rare. The clinical course of 593 allograft recipients (cardiac, 288; renal, 250; lung, 50; and heart/lung, 5) was reviewed. Twenty-six patients developed PTLD with an overall incidence of 4.4%. Of these patients, 12 underwent FNAB. Their age ranged from 33-67 yr (mean, 55 yr). The interval between transplantation and FNAB ranged between 2-14 mo (average, 8.4 mo). The lungs were the most common site aspirated (7 cases), followed by lymph nodes (3 cases) and other extranodal sites (2 cases, liver and paraspinal mass). The cytologic features of these aspirates could be classified into two categories: a polymorphous smear composed of a spectrum of mature and immature lymphocytes with scattered plasma cells and histiocytes; and a monotonous population of large lymphoid cells consistent with malignant lymphoma, large-cell type. Surgical biopsies were available in 10 (83.3%) cases and confirmed the FNAB diagnosis. In summary, FNAB appears to be a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tool in patients with PTLD.
CRITICAL REVIEW OF COUPLED FLOW THEORIES FOR CLAY BARRIERS

Coupled flow theories and systems, introduced from the 1960s to the 1990s, are critically reviewed in relation to their applicability for investigating the coupled migrations of groundwater and dissolved species through clay barriers. Most of these theories and systems are based on irreversible thermodynamics. Katchalsky and Curran developed theories for noncharged and electrolyte solutes in discontinuous systems consisting of a membrane separating solutions of a single solute dissolved in water. Olsen developed an experimental system to investigate the applicability of the force-flux relationships in Katchalsky and Curran's electrolyte theory for soil. Greenberg et al. and Yeung and Mitchell derived theories for continuous systems with noncharged and electrolyte solutes that are based on most of the thermodynamic concepts and assumptions in Katchalsky and Curran's theories. Alshawabkeh and Acar developed a theory based on the kinetics of ion diffusion, electrodiffusion, and advection; a phenomenological relationship for advection in response to hydraulic and electric gradients; and the mechanisms by which electric charge is transferred between carbon electrodes and solutions. This review shows that the abilities of these theories to analyze the migration of groundwater and dissolved species through clay barriers are limited. A more general coupled flow theory is needed that takes into account multiconstituent pore fluids, ion exchange, and all the coupling mechanisms involved. This model should be developed from irreversible thermodynamics and should consider the simultaneous fluxes of liquid, solutes, and electric charge in response to hydraulic, solute concentration, and electric potential gradients.
Spectral feature selection and its application in high dimensional gene expression studies

Many variable selection techniques have been proposed for clustering analysis of gene expression data. Motivated by spectral learning, we propose a new filtering method that uses the correlation between features and the eigenspace of sample similarity matrix as the variable selection criteria. Spectral algorithm states that a sample similarity matrix with q strongly connected components tends to have q piecewise almost constant eigenvectors representing a specific partition of the sample space. Using distance correlation metric, our proposed method, spectral correlation (Scorrelation) measures features' correlation with the top q eigenvectors of sample similarity matrix and then infers their ability in differentiating the underlying clusters of samples. Our method has been applied to large-scale gene expression datasets. Compared to other filtering methods, our method is more effective and provides better clustering results in terms of clustering error rate and the reliability of the selected features. Our framework can be easily extended to other types of datasets for addressing clustering and classification problems.
Solution Verification of Frictional Contact Problems in Explicit Transient Dynamics

Contact is a commonly used capability i n explicit transient dynamics codes. Yet the quality of the solution to these problems is often unknown. Typically, users are left to determine if they “look acceptable.” In this talk we present the solution verification efforts underway for frictional con tact problems in PRESTO, a massively parallel large deformation transient dynamics code developed at Sandia National Laboratories. It is common practice in explicit transient dynamics to seek a balance between computational efficiency and accuracy (especia lly on massively parallel computers). In this presentation, the constrained set of fully discretized equations of motion is examined and various approaches for verifying solution accuracy of them are discussed. A set of frictional contact verification prob lems will be presented that give results of our investigations, including solution and mesh converge studies. I. Introduction HIS paper describes ongoing efforts in the verification and validation of frictional contact in large deformation solid mechanics problems with dynamic effects. Such explicit codes are now commonly used for a variety of applications, especially those involving contact/impact, contact with sliding, and contact with frictional sliding using some interface response (typically Coulomb f riction). Central difference time integration is the time integrator of choice for most of thee problems because of its simplicity and efficiency. Over the many years that explicit transient dynamics codes have been used, their efficiency has been the domi nant focus. It is common practice to seek a balance between computational efficiency and accuracy, especially on massively parallel computers. Here, we wish to explore the quality of explicit solutions, particularly those involving frictional contact. Spe cifically, in this paper we present the solution verification efforts underway (and challenges) for frictional contact problems in Presto, a massively parallel large deformation transient dynamics code developed at Sandia National Laboratories. We begin with an examination of the fully discretized equations of motion and then look at various approaches for verifying solution accuracy of them. Finally, we conclude with a set of frictional contact verification problems used to present the results of our ong oing investigation, including solution and mesh convergence studies.
An Algorithm for Generating a Dictionary of Japanese Scientific Terms

This article describes the implementation of algorithms for generating a dictionary of Japanese scientific terms originating from the English language. Such words are typically transliterated into katakana, one of the four distinct orthographies that commonly occur in Japanese texts. The effort required to learn katakana yields significant return to readers of technical Japanese due to the high incidence of term derived from English. The algorithms described here are able to automatically generate a katakana to English dictionary from raw Japanese text and its English translation, which in many cases is available in electronic form, with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The algorithm has been shown to be very effective in technical Japanese instruction and is currently used in a course on Japanese information processing for electrical engineering students at Purdue University
Vision assisted control for manipulation using virtual fixtures: experiments at macro and micro scales

We present the design and implementation of a vision-based system for micron-scale, cooperative manipulation of a surgical tool. The system is based on a control algorithm that implements a broad class of guidance modes called virtual fixtures. A virtual fixture, like a real fixture, limits the motion of a tool to a prescribed class or range. The implemented system uses vision as a sensor for providing a reference trajectory, and the control algorithm then provides haptic feedback involving direct, shared manipulation of a surgical tool. We have tested this system on the JHU Steady Hand robot and provide experimental results for path following and positioning on structures at both macroscopic and microscopic scales.
A psychoanalytic exploration of collective trauma among Indigenous Australians and a suggestion for intervention

Objective: Psychoanalysis is used to explore the effects of the annihilation of culture and how this leads to a loss of identification with a collective subjectivity and triggers catastrophic sympt...
Constrained Cross-Cumulant Based Multiuser Detection for Uplink CDMA

In this paper, a cross-cumulant based blind multiuser detection scheme is proposed for an uplink CDMA system. By imposing a code-aided constraint on each user's receiver and minimizing the cross cumulant of the output signals from all receivers, we show that the proposed approach is capable of detecting all users' signals in parallel without user ambiguity. The global convergence of the proposed algorithm is established. The resulted detectors are proven to be zeroforcing ones. Furthermore, the constraints are treated as unknown parameters and jointly optimized with the receivers to achieve performance gain. Adaptive implementation is discussed. Simulation results verify the satisfactory performance of the proposed approach in typical communication scenarios.
A review of sensor sensitivity and stability

Acoustic sensor sensitivity is often reported in units of Hz per unit of measurand. It has been frequently stated or implied in the sensor literature that higher-frequency sensors are preferable to lower frequency sensors because the frequency change per unit of measurand is higher, i.e., the higher-frequency sensors are more "sensitive". This paper reviews the resonator instabilities that lead to the conclusions that: 1) sensitivity expressed as Hz per unit of measurand is not a good measure of sensor quality, and 2) when compared on the bases of accuracy, reproducibility and resolution capability, "good" low frequency sensors are often superior to "good" high frequency ones.
Genetic insights into the causes and classification of the cerebral palsies

Cerebral palsy-the most common physical disability of childhood-is a clinical diagnosis encompassing a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders that cause impairments of movement and posture that persist throughout life. Despite being commonly attributed to a range of environmental factors, particularly birth asphyxia, the specific cause of cerebral palsy remains unknown in most individuals. A growing body of evidence suggests that cerebral palsy is probably caused by multiple genetic factors, similar to other neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and intellectual disability. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have made possible rapid and cost-effective sequencing of the entire human genome. Novel cerebral palsy genes will probably be identified as more researchers and clinicians use this approach to study individuals with undiagnosed neurological disorders. As our knowledge of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral palsy increases, so will the possibility of developing genomically guided therapeutic interventions.
Body mass index and cognitive function: the potential for reverse causation.

Higher late life body mass index (BMI) is unrelated to or even predicts lower risk of dementia in late life, a phenomenon that may be explained by reverse causation due to weight loss during preclinical phases of dementia. We aim to investigate the association of baseline BMI and changes in BMI with dementia in a large prospective cohort, and to examine whether weight loss predicts cognitive function. Using a national cohort of adults average age 58 years at baseline in 1994 (n=7029), we investigated the associations between baseline BMI in 1994 and memory scores from 2000 to 2010. We also examined the association of BMI change from 1994 to 1998 with memory scores from 2000 to 2010. Last, to investigate reverse causation, we examined whether memory scores in 1996 predicted BMI trajectories from 2000 to 2010. Baseline overweight predicted better memory scores 6 to 16 years later (β=0.012, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.001; 0.023). Decline in BMI predicted lower memory scores over the subsequent 12 years (β=−0.026, 95% CI= −0.041; −0.011). Lower memory scores at mean age 60 years in 1996 predicted faster annual rate of BMI decline during follow-up (β=−0.158 kg m−2 per year, 95% CI= −0.223; −0.094). Consistent with reverse causation, greater decline in BMI over the first 4 years of the study was associated with lower memory scores over the next decade and lower memory scores was associated with a decline in BMI. These findings suggest that preclinical dementia predicts weight loss for people as early as their late 50s.
How Conceptually Unified Is the Dynamic Systems Approach to the Study of Psychological Development

A core theme of this special issue on the past, present, and future contributions of the dynamic systems (DS) approach is its potential to unify developmental psy- chology by resolving false dichotomies and embracing the rich complexity inherent in development. This commen- tary raises some questions about the underlying ontologi- cal unity of the DS approach as applied to developmental psychology, a unity that many of its proponents take for granted. Specifically, the focus is on the nature of process and the means by which dichotomies are resolved in this approach to illustrate the contention that a fundamental ontological divide remains. Future substantive progress in the DS approach critically depends on resolution of this ontological divide.
A stochastic multiple imputation algorithm for missing covariate data in tree-structured survival analysis

Missing covariate data present a challenge to tree-structured methodology due to the fact that a single tree model, as opposed to an estimated parameter value, may be desired for use in a clinical setting. To address this problem, we suggest a multiple imputation algorithm that adds draws of stochastic error to a tree-based single imputation method presented by Conversano and Siciliano (Technical Report, University of Naples, 2003). Unlike previously proposed techniques for accommodating missing covariate data in tree-structured analyses, our methodology allows the modeling of complex and nonlinear covariate structures while still resulting in a single tree model. We perform a simulation study to evaluate our stochastic multiple imputation algorithm when covariate data are missing at random and compare it to other currently used methods. Our algorithm is advantageous for identifying the true underlying covariate structure when complex data and larger percentages of missing covariate observations are present. It is competitive with other current methods with respect to prediction accuracy. To illustrate our algorithm, we create a tree-structured survival model for predicting time to treatment response in older, depressed adults.
Glutamate biosensor imaging reveals dysregulation of glutamatergic pathways in a model of developmental cortical malformation

Cortical malformations can cause intractable epilepsy, but the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. We used high-speed glutamate biosensor imaging to ask how glutamatergic signaling is altered in cortical malformations induced by neonatal freeze-lesions (FL). In non-lesion neocortical slices from 2 to 8week old rats, evoked glutamate signals were symmetrical in the medio-lateral axis and monotonic, correlating with simple, brief (≈50ms) local field potentials (LFPs). By contrast, in FL cortex glutamate signals were prolonged, increased in amplitude, and polyphasic, which paralleled a prolongation of the LFP. Using glutamate biosensor imaging, we found that glutamate signals propagated throughout large areas of FL cortex and were asymmetric (skewed toward the lesion). Laminar analysis demonstrated a shift in the region of maximal glutamate release toward superficial layers in FL cortex. The ability to remove exogenous glutamate was increased within the FL itself but was decreased in immediately adjacent regions. There were corresponding alterations in astrocyte density, with an increase within the lesion and a decrease in deep cortical layers surrounding the lesion. These findings demonstrate both network connectivity and glutamate metabolism are altered in this cortical malformation model and suggests that the regional ability of astrocytes to remove released glutamate may be inversely related to local excitability.
The Valuation Impact of SEC Enforcement Actions on Nontarget Foreign Firms

This study shows that the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) enforcement intensity toward the foreign firms under its jurisdiction has increased dramatically over the past two decades. Because enforcement events signify an increased threat of future enforcement, I examine the stock returns of foreign firms not targeted by the SEC during windows around enforcement actions that target foreign firms. This design captures the net effects of public enforcement and helps to rule out omitted variables as alternative explanations, because other factors would have to align with enforcement events that do not occur in an obvious pattern (and are therefore unlikely to map onto other news). Nontarget firms experience positive stock returns during the event windows, which is consistent with enforcement constraining the risks of expropriation. The cross-sectional pattern in returns reveals greater returns for firms from weak home legal environments. Finally, consistent with the market adjusting to a new enforcement regime, the magnitude of event returns declines over time. Overall, SEC enforcement is associated with increases in the value of foreign firms, supporting the premise of the legal bonding hypothesis.
Representation in Music and Painting

In his interesting paper 'Representation in Music',1 Roger Scruton argues that so-called musical 'representation' cannot be understood by analogy with pictorial representation. In particular, he claims that although music can refer to various things, and in this sense may be said to have a 'subject-matter', it cannot convey thoughts about a subject-matter in the way that a representational picture does. Further, he claims that if something is a representational work of art, then in order to understand it, and to take an aesthetic interest in it, one must have some understanding of and interest in its subject-matter. However, according to Scruton, so-called 'representational' music fails to satisfy these conditions. Thus because representation in music does not play the same role in the understanding of music as pictorial representation plays in the understanding of paintings, music cannot be called a 'representational' art.
Earth science: Deadly combination.

New evidence suggests that seismic waves from the Chicxulub meteorite impact doubled the eruption rate of lavas on the opposite side of the planet — a combination that led to the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.
The role of supporting electrolyte during the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of aromatic compounds

The electrocatalytic hydrogenation of benzene, aniline, and nitrobenzene was investigated at a Raney nickel powder cathode. The single phase electrolyte consisted of t-butanol, water, and a hydrotropic salt, either sodium or tetraethylammoniump-toluenesulphonate (TEATS). The hydrogenation of benzene was achieved only in the latter case; the only product detected was cyclohexane. The highest current efficiency (73%) was obtained at 50° C, 1.0m benzene, 2.5m TEATS, and at an apparent current density of 4.0 mA cm−2. Aniline was electrocatalytically hydrogenated to cyclohexylamine only in the presence of a quaternary ammonium ion supporting electrolyte (containing either Br− orp-toluenesulphonate anions), with product current efficiencies of ∼40%. When nitrobenzene was hydrogenated with a sodiump-toluenesulphonate supporting electrolyte, only nitro group reduction was observed. When the supporting electrolyte was TEATS, both nitro group reduction and aromatic ring hydrogenation occurred.