cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cataracts in children with classical galactosaemia and in their parents.

Classical galactosaemia (McKusick 23040) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder caused by a deficiency of galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase (GPUT) (Kalckar et al., 1956). The incidence in Ireland is 1:30 000 live births (Cahalane and Naughten, 1983). Early detection and treatment may prevent the development of its major complications: cataracts, jaundice, hepatomegaly and mental retardation (Donnell and Bergren, 1975). The rationale for newborn screening is based on this experience. The reports of an association between GPUT heterozygosity and an increased risk of visually significant pre-senile cataracts are conflicting (Wilson and Donnell, 1958; Skalka and Prchal, 1978) in a group of patients in whom therapeutic implications may be important. We describe the ophthalmic findings in a group of children with classical galactosaemia (homozygous) and their parents (obligate heterozygotes).
EVOLUTION OF FLORAL DISPLAY IN THE ORCHID BRASSAVOLA NODOSA

The evolutionary consequences of varying the density and dispersion of flowers on a plant include the effect on pollinator movement (Heinrich and Raven, 1972; Frankie et al., 1976; Stiles, 1975; Schemske, in press), predator pressure (Beattie et al., 1973), and reproductive success (Janzen, 1977; Schemske, 1978; Schemske, in press). In hermaphrodites, the evolution of floral display may be a consequence of sexual selection (Willson, 1979). As in Asclepias syriaca, large displays may increase an individual plant's probability of siring seeds, the "male" component of fitness, but not fruit production, the "female" part (Willson and Price, 1977). Although large floral displays may result in more offspring than smaller displays in a single season, their greater expense may reduce plant growth, survivorship, and ultimately, future reproduction. Thus, production of a particular floral display is probably a tradeoff between "conflicting" selective pressures. In this context, Williams (1966) emphasized that the evolution of life-history traits is molded by reproductive value. In this paper I examine success in pollinia removal and fruit production as a function of inflorescence size in the orchid Brassavola nodosa. I compare the success rates of different floral displays to the frequency distribution of inflorescence size in the population to examine the potential for counterselection, that is, conflicting selection pressures, on life-history traits.
Selective Polymyositis Induced by Coxsackievirus BI in Mice

A high-passage laboratory strain of coxsackievirus B1 produced a unique myositis that predominantly and profoundly affected hip extensors and, to a lesser extent, hindquarter knee flexors when inoculated into a strain of random-bred newborn mice of Swiss origin (COH mice). The effect was not observed in BALB/c or C3H mice similarly inoculated. In addition to the differences in susceptibility of the mouse strains, it was found that six different low-passage "field" isolates of coxsackie-virus B1 isolated from infected patients varied considerably in their capability to induce these lesions. Thus, selective myositis which is muscle group-specific can be induced in a mouse model with coxsackievirus B1, and both genetic factors of the host and characteristics of the virus strain play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the myositis.
Observations and scaling of travelling bubble cavitation

Recent observations of growing and collapsing bubbles in flows over axisymmetric headforms have revealed the complexity of the 'micro-fluid-mechanics' associated with these bubbles (van der Meulen & van Renesse 1989; Briancon-Marjollet et al. 1990; Ceccio & Brennen 1991). Among the complex features observed were the bubble-to-bubble and bubble-to-boundary-layer interactions which leads to the shearing of the underside of the bubble and alters the collapsing process. All of these previous tests, though, were performed on small headform sizes. The focus of this research is to analyse the scaling effects of these phenomena due to variations in model size, Reynolds number and cavitation number. For this purpose, cavitating flows over Schiebe headforms of different sizes (5.08, 25.4 and 50.8 cm in diameter) were studied in the David Taylor Large Cavitation Channel (LCC). The bubble dynamics captured using high-speed film and electrode sensors are presented along with the noise signals generated during the collapse of the cavities. In the light of the complexity of the dynamics of the travelling bubbles and the important bubble/bubble interactions, it is clear that the spherical Rayleigh-Plesset analysis cannot reproduce many of the phenomena observed. For this purpose an unsteady numerical code was developed which uses travelling sources to model the interactions between the bubble (or bubbles) and the pressure gradients in the irrotational flow outside the boundary layer on the headform. The paper compares the results of this numerical code with the present experimental results and demonstrates good qualitative agreement between the two.
Adsorption of CO2, COS and CS2 on manganese films

Abstract Infrared, mass spectral and volumetric techniques have been used to examine the interaction of CO 2 , COS and CS 2 with an evaporated manganese surface. CO 2 dissociated on the surface to give gas phase CO and an adsorbed CO 3 complex with infrared bands at 1580, 1305, 1050, and 825 cm −1 indicating a bidentate attachment of the complex. COS dissociates to give gas phase CO and, simultaneously, leave a sulfided surface. In neither of the cases of CO 2 or COS is chemisorbed CO found, and this is as expected for the former case since it has been found that CO 2 will displace chemisorbed CO on a manganese surface, while CO will not displace chemisorbed CO 2 . Our evidence indicates that CS 2 is adsorbed dissociatively on the surface.
Chemical mechanisms of acid generation in the troposphere

Diverse chemical pathways in the troposphere convert sulphur and nitrogen oxides and organic compounds into acids, involving the gas phase, the liquid phase (cloud, fog and rain water) and, possibly, certain suspended aerosols. The rates of acid generation are critically affected by the extent of generation of the oxidizing species and the kinetics of the reactions. Precipitation in the eastern United States shows a strong seasonal variation in deposition of sulphates in contrast to nitrates. Computer simulations can now rationalize the observed seasonal trends. Recent tropospheric measurements of gaseous hydrogen peroxide show that this gas is a major oxidant leading to sulphuric acid generation in cloud water.
Electricity, income, and quality of life

Abstract This paper looks at the effect of electricity on income, education, health, and labor productivity in Nepal. Our data comes from the Nepal Living Standards Survey-III, conducted in 2010–2011. To account for endogeneity issues, we estimate a simultaneous system of equations via the three-stage least squares (3SLS) method. We find that a household being connected to electricity has a very large and significant effect on income, educational attainment, and agricultural productivity. We find a positive but not significant effect of electricity on health. The effect of electricity on income is measured both directly and through the intermediaries of education, health, and agricultural productivity. The highly significant magnitude of electricity's impact on quality of life makes a powerful argument for the importance of including energy poverty in the development conversation.
Human posture recognition for intelligent vehicles

Pedestrian detection systems are finding their way into many modern "intelligent" vehicles. The body posture could reveal further insight about the pedestrian's intent and her awareness of the oncoming car. This article details the algorithms and implementation of a library for real-time body posture recognition. It requires prior person detection and then calculates overall stance, torso orientation in four increments, and head location and orientation, all based on individual frames. A syntactic post-processing module takes temporal information into account and smoothes the results over time while correcting improbable configurations. We show accuracy and timing measurements for the library and its utilization in a training application.
Tetanus in developing countries: an update on the Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination Initiative.

Abstract Tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease that yearly causes a total of 309,000 deaths. Of particular concern is maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT), which can be prevented through immunization of the mother in pregnancy. In 2000, neonatal tetanus alone was responsible for an estimated 200,000 deaths. While the focus is on 57 priority countries, 90% of the neonatal tetanus deaths occur in 27 countries. UNICEF is spearheading the effort to eliminate MNT by the year 2005, with the support of numerous partners. MNT elimination is defined as less than one case of neonatal tetanus per 1000 live births at district level. The main strategies consist of promotion of clean delivery practices, immunization of women with a tetanus toxoid (TT) containing vaccine, and surveillance. Maternal tetanus immunization is, in most developing countries, implemented as part of the routine immunization program. However, large areas remain underserved, due to logistical, cultural, economical or other reasons. In order to achieve the target of MNT elimination by 2005, and to offer protection to women and children otherwise deprived from regular immunization services, countries are encouraged to adopt the “high risk approach”. This approach implies that, in addition to routine immunization of pregnant women, all women of child bearing age living in high risk areas are targeted for immunization with three doses of a tetanus toxoid containing vaccine (TT or Td), implemented as “supplemental immunization activities” (SIAs). Through SIAs, about 17 million women have been reached with at least two doses of TT vaccine in the past 3 years, and it is estimated that another 200 million need to be targeted in the years to come. SIAs should substantially reduce the burden of disease. Countries will also have to improve their existing immunization and clean delivery programs to ensure that the elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus is maintained.
The Tea Party Movement, Framing, and the US Media

In February 2009, the Tea Party Movement (TPM) burst onto the political scene in the USA. Emerging out of popular unrest over the economic downturn of 2008 and the perceived radical agenda of President Barack Obama, the Tea Party quickly captured the imagination of disenchanted conservatives. Media coverage of the movement was abundant, with a frame contest between the TPM and its political opponents swiftly surfacing. Media frames bracketed discussions over the authenticity of the Tea Party, the composition of its members, the movement's message, and whether the TPM was poised for a long-term impact. This study systematically analyzes the predominant media frames that materialized in 882 news packets from nine major print and television news sources between 19 February 2009 and 30 November 2010 in order to better understand the role the US media played in defining the Tea Party, and to determine whether Tea Party perceptions of its media coverage were accurate. Four sets of diametric frames appeared in t...
A Framework for Subject Matter Comparisons in High Schools.

Abstract Most secondary schools are organized around subject area departments. In this article, a rationale for comparing teachers and departments of different subject matters is presented. The analysis identifies features of subjects which should affect teachers' work. Among others, features include the degree of definition, scope, and coherence of the subject, content sequentially, pedagogical traditions, and whether the subject is required or elective. Possible differences among teachers associated with teaching different subjects are explored. For example, how and whether teachers coordinate and control curriculum may vary from department to department. Similarly, adaptation to different kinds of student groups and the effect of external policies may vary by subject matter.
Permeability development in vesiculating magmas: implications for fragmentation

Fragmentation, or the "coming apart" of magma during a plinian eruption, remains one of the least understood processes in volcanology, although assumptions about the timing and mechanisms of fragmentation are key parameters in all existing eruption models. Despite evidence to the contrary, most models assume that fragmentation occurs at a critical vesicularity (volume percent vesicles) of 75–83%. We propose instead that the degree to which magma is fragmented is determined by factors controlling bubble coalescence: magma viscosity, temperature, bubble size distribution, bubble shapes, and time. Bubble coalescence in vesiculating magmas creates permeability which serves to connect the dispersed gas phase. When sufficiently developed, permeability allows subsequent exsolved and expanded gas to escape, thus preserving a sufficiently interconnected region of vesicular magma as a pumice clast, rather than fully fragmenting it to ash. For this reason pumice is likely to preserve information about (a) how permeability develops and (b) the critical permeability needed to insure clast preservation. We present measurements and calculations that constrain the conditions (vesicularity, bubble size distribution, time, pressure difference, viscosity) necessary for adequate permeability to develop. We suggest that magma fragments explosively to ash when and where, in a heterogeneously vesiculating magma, these conditions are not met. Both the development of permeability by bubble wall thinning and rupture and the loss of gas through a permeable network of bubbles require time, consistent with the observation that degree of fragmentation (i.e., amount of ash) increases with increasing eruption rate.
RHEED studies of epitaxial growth of CoGa on GaAs by MBE — determination of epitaxial phases and orientations

Abstract Epitaxial growth of single crystal CoGa is investigated in-situ using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The formation of different phases of CoGa (different stoichiometric compounds and epitaxial orientations) due to various initial growth conditions has been probed with X-ray diffraction and correlated with the RHEED patterns. The growth of (100)CoGa or (110)CoGa is found strongly dependent on the termination of the GaAs surface, with either Co or Ga, before the epitaxial deposition of CoGa. When the flux ratio is deviated from the proper stoichiometric range, additional Co-Ga-As compounds are found in the X-ray diffraction measurement. It is concluded that the CoGa phases and orientations can be determined by pre-deposition of Co or Ga with a control of stoichiometry in the proper range. The high quality epitaxial CoGa has potential applications in thermodynamically stable contacts, and more importantly for fabrication of GaAs/metal/GaAs quantum well structures.
Phosphorylation of Transcriptional Coactivator Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR)-binding Protein (PBP): STIMULATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE *

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-binding protein (PBP) is an important coactivator for PPARgamma and other transcription factors. PBP is an integral component of a multiprotein thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein (TRAP)/vitamin D(3) receptor-interacting protein (DRIP)/activator-recruited cofactor (ARC) complex required for transcriptional activity. To study the regulation of PBP by cellular signaling pathways, we identified the phosphorylation sites of PBP. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches and mutagenesis of PBP phosphorylation sites, we identified six phosphorylation sites on PBP: one exclusive protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site at serine 656, two protein kinase C (PKC) sites at serine 796 and serine 1345, a common PKA/PKC site at serine 756, and two extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 sites of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family at threonine 1017 and threonine 1444. Binding of PBP to PPARgamma1 or retinoid-X-receptor for 9-cis-retinoic acid (RXR) is independent of their phosphorylation states, implying no changes in protein-protein interaction after modification by phosphorylation. Overexpression of RafBXB, an activated upstream kinase of the MAPK signal transduction pathway, exerts a significant additive inductive effect on PBP coactivator function. This effect is significantly diminished by overexpression of RafBXB301, a dominant negative mutant of RafBXB. These results identify phosphorylation as a regulatory modification event of PBP and demonstrate that PBP phosphorylation by Raf/MEK/MAPK cascade exerts a positive effect on PBP coactivator function. The functional role of PKA and PKC phosphorylation sites in PBP remains to be elucidated.
Modulated interaction of the ERM protein, moesin, with CD93

Summary CD93 is a cell-surface glycoprotein that has been shown to influence defence collagen-enhanced Fc-receptor or CR1-mediated phagocytosis of suboptimally opsonized targets in vitro, and CD93-deficient mice are defective in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. To investigate the mechanism of CD93 modulation of phagocytic activity, GST fusion proteins containing the 47 amino acid intracellular domain (GST-Cyto), or various mutants of the intracellular domain of CD93, were constructed and used to identify intracellular CD93-binding molecules. The intracellular protein moesin, well characterized for its role in linking transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and in cytoskeletal remodelling, bound to GST-Cyto when either cell lysates or recombinant moesin were used as a source of interacting molecules. An association of moesin with CD93 within intact cells was confirmed by co-capping moesin with CD93 in human monocytes. The moesin-binding site on CD93 mapped to the first four positively charged amino acids in the juxtamembrane region of the CD93 cytoplasmic tail. Interestingly, deletion of the last 11 amino acids from the C terminus of CD93 (GST-Cyto-C11) dramatically increased moesin binding to the cytoplasmic tail of CD93 in the cell lysate assay, but not when the binding of purified recombinant moesin was assessed. Furthermore, moesin binding to CD93 was enhanced by the addition of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Taken together, these data suggest that the interaction of moesin with the CD93 cytoplasmic domain is modulated by binding of other intracellular molecules to the C11 region and implies that a PIP2 signalling pathway is involved in CD93 function.
Facile synthesis of graphene-silicon nanocomposites with an advanced binder for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes

Abstract In this work, the nanocomposite of silicon nanoparticles dispersed on conducting graphene (Si/graphene) was successfully synthesized using high-energy ball milling followed by thermal treatment, and Xanthan gum was developed for the first time as a novel advanced binder for Si-based lithium-ion battery anodes. Compared to the pristine Si anode, the Si/graphene composite anode showed an enhanced reversible capacity, excellent cyclic performance and rate capability, highlighting the advantages of dispersing Si nanoparticles on graphene sheets. The significant enhancement on electrochemical performance could be ascribed to the fact that the Si/graphene composite anode could maintain excellent electronic contact and accommodate the large volume change of Si during the lithiation/delithiation process. In addition, the Si/graphene anode with the gum binder exhibited improved cycling and rate performances compared to that with the conventional carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder. Such an enhancement was ascribed to the high binder stiffness and the strong adhesion of the binder to Si-based particles due to the binder's specific chemical structure and properties, which helps maintain the integrity of the electrode and accommodate the volume change of Si. This work demonstrates that the Si/graphene nanocomposite with an advanced binder offers great advantages to enhance the lithium storage capacity, cyclic stability, and rate capability, making it a promising candidate as an anode material for high-performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs).
Site visits in a multicenter ophthalmic clinical trial

Abstract Site visits were conducted to 19 clinical centers in a large multicenter ophthalmologic clinical trial, the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). The purpose of these site visits was to ensure the consistency of study procedures among clinics and to verigy that these procedures were being carried out in accordance with the ETDRS Manual of Operations. The five major aspects of this quality control program are as follows: 1. 1. To monitor and review each clinical center's organization and procedures; 2. 2. To promote comparatibility of participating centers in all important aspects of the clinical trial; 3. 3. To gain more understanding about special problems facing individual clinical centers; 4. 4. To establish good rapport between the site visitor and clinic staff to aid future clinic monitoring; 5. 5. To promote and maintain enthusiasm for the study. The ETDRS clinical center site visits were conducted by using an observational approach. Presite visit preparations included the formation of a site visit agenda and the design of a site visit form, providing a guide for the site visitor, and a list of the topics that were to be reviewed at each center. Important concerns common to all site visits proved beneficial in the ETDRS.
Death sticks and taxes: RFID tagging of cigarettes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper it to examine the potential for radio frequency identification (RFID) to be used to tag packs, cartons and cases of cigarettes, both to combat the fast‐growing, global problem of cigarette smuggling and to provide tobacco companies and retailers with better inventory control and business intelligence.Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins with an overview of RFID technology and its applicability to product identification. It then looks at the issues involved with contraband cigarettes, both in the USA and on a global scale, examining the impact of smuggled cigarettes on both tax revenues and public health. With the growth of online cigarette sales and sales by Native American tribes, the problem continues to escalate in scope. The paper then examines the technological and political issues involved – and potential benefits of – using RFID track and trace capabilities with cigarettes, looking at early efforts to accomplish just that goal.Findings – It was found th...
Actions of Divided Power Hopf Algebras

Abstract We study prime ideals in enveloping algebra smash products and use a duality construction to obtain results on prime ideals in rings on which divided power Hopf algebras act. These actions correspond to higher derivations. First, we consider chains of prime ideals in an enveloping algebra smash product over an arbitrary ring, where the Lie algebra is assumed to be finite dimensional abelian over a field of positive characteristic. We give a bound on the length of such a chain where the ideals all have the same intersection with the coefficient ring. Then using an explicit construction of a duality theorem of Blattner and Montgomery in this context, we are able to apply results on enveloping algebra smash products to study the invariant ideals of prime ideals in a ring, under a locally nilpotent divided power Hopf algebra action.
A Qualitative Analysis of Sources of Teacher Stress: Consequences for Performance

The amount of qualitative research in which teachers subjectively describe the meaning of work stress is limited. This article presents data drawn from a qualitative study of teachers’ perceptions of work stress. Linkages between teacher stress and teacher performance are firmly established. The study data are discussed in terms of the Performance Adaptation Syndrome (PAS), a term developed from the data to describe the deleterious effects of prolonged work stress on the instructional ability of teachers.
Atmospheric plasma application to improve adhesion of electrospun nanofibers onto protective fabric

Nylon 6 electrospun nanofibers were deposited on plasma-pretreated woven fabric substrates with the objective of improving adhesion between them. The prepared samples were evaluated for adhesion strength and durability of nanofiber mats by carrying out peel strength, flex resistance, and abrasion resistance tests. The test results showed significant improvement in the adhesion of nanofiber mats on woven fabric substrates due to atmospheric plasma pretreatment. The samples also exhibited good flex and abrasion resistance characteristics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle analyses indicate that plasma pretreatment introduces radicals, increases the oxygen content on the substrate surface, and leads to formation of active chemical sites that may be responsible for enhanced cross-linking between the substrate fabric and the electrospun nanofibers, which in turn increases the adhesion properties. The work demonstrates that the plasma treatment of the substrate fabric prior to deposition ...
ROUTING IN RANDOM MULTISTAGE INTERCONNECTIONS NETWORKS: COMPARING EXHAUSTIVE SEARCH, GREEDY AND NEURAL NETWORK APPROACHES

The problem of establishing point-to-point communication routes in a random multistage interconnection network (RMIN) is addressed. A neural network routing scheme is presented. This routing scheme is compared to two more traditional routing techniques—namely, exhaustive search routing and greedy routing. The main criterion that is examined is the ability of each routing methodology to solve routing problems. Results are obtained through simulation of the routing methodologies for three different RMINs. The sample RMINs are relatively small since the neural network router in its present form will only be competitive for small RMINs. The simulations show that the three routing schemes perform similarly for the three sample RMINs. Other criteria that will be touched upon are the speed and the resource utilization of each routing methodology and the pros and cons of each approach will be discussed. The results suggest that neural network routers may be appropriate for some communication applications involving RMINs.
Flexible tools for specifying design variation

This paper describes flexible tools for specifying design variations that are based on non-uniform profile tolerance definitions. These tools specify bounds of design performance that can be used for negotiation among engineers in a collaborative design process. These specification methods allow for the capture of many different design functions that are not easily described with current tool designs. In addition, these specification methods lend themselves to efficient verification methods.
Game changing: NASA's space launch system and science mission design

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is directing efforts to build the Space Launch System (SLS), a heavy-lift rocket that will carry the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) and other important payloads far beyond Earth orbit (BEO). Its evolvable architecture will allow NASA to begin with Moon fly-bys and then go on to transport humans or robots to distant places such as asteroids and Mars.
The effects of controlled substitution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) for thymidine in hepatoma cell DNA.

Abstract The extent to which 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) replaces thymidine (TdR) in newly synthesized hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cell DNA has been varied from 0 to 100% in a controlled way. Aminopterin was used to block the de novo synthesis of thymidylate, making the level of substitution by the analog dependent solely upon the proportion of BUdR to TdR in the medium. Neither nucleoside was incorporated preferentially under these conditions. Various cellular parameters were studied as a function of the extent of substitution by BUdR. High levels of substitution progressively inhibited cell growth, but only after two generations (48 h). Associated with the inhibition of growth were increases in malate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was unaffected by BUdR. Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and alcohol dehydrogenase were reduced by all levels of substitution. These changes could be detected at lower levels of substitution and earlier times than the inhibition of cell growth. The most dramatic response was that of TAT which decreased by almost 70% after only a single generation at 100% substitution.
Crystallization of amorphous GexSi100−x on SiO2

The growth kinetics of amorphous GexSi100−x (x ⩽ 0 ⩽ 100) films were studied using electrical measurements. The growth rate increases with increasing germanium content in the film and the activation energies change from 2.5 to 2.0 eV as the composition changes from x = 0 to x = 100.
POST: Polar Stratospheric Telescope

The tropopause, typically at 16 to 18 km altitude at the lower latitudes, dips to 8 km in the polar regions. This makes the cold, dry and nonturbulent lower stratosphere accessible to tethered aerostats. Tethered aerostats can fly as high as 12 km and are extremely reliable, lasting for many years. In contrast to free-flying balloons, they can stay on station for weeks at a time, and payloads can be safely recovered for maintenance and adjustment and relaunched in a matter of hours. We propose to use such a platform, located first in the Arctic (near Fairbanks, Alaska) and, potentially, later in the Antarctic, to operate a new technology 6-meter, diluted aperture telescope with diffraction-limited performance in the near infrared. Thanks to the low ambient temperature (220 K), thermal emission from the optics is of the same order as that of the zodiacal light in the 2 to 3 micron band. Since this wavelength interval is the darkest part of the zodiacal light spectrum from optical wavelengths to 100 microns, the combination of high resolution images and a very dark sky make it the spectral region of choice for observing the redshifted light from galaxies and clusters of galaxies at moderate to high redshifts.
A Prospective Study of Nosocomial Infections in a Chronic Care Facility

To elucidate the epidemiology of nosocomial infections occurring in nursing homes and chronic care facilities, the authors undertook a prospective study of patients requiring two different levels of nursing care. The overall rate of infection was higher on the intermediate care ward than on the nursing home ward (1.35 versus 0.67 infections/100 patient care days). Pneumonias and symptomatic urinary tract infections accounted for 49 per cent of all infections. Eight of ten cases of pneumonia occurring on the nursing home ward were diagnosed in the winter months, and no case was diagnosed in the summer months. Resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfa was common among organisms causing symptomatic urinary tract infections.
A Synchronic Justification for Aristotle's Commitment to Prime Matter

The current debate over Aristotle's commitment to prime matter is centered on diachronic considerations found in his theory of substantial change. I argue that an appeal to this theory is not required in order to establish his commitment to the existence of prime matter. By drawing on Physics II.1's conception of what it is for an element to have a nature – that is, to have an inner source of movement and rest – I introduce a synchronic justification for the existence of prime matter. By trading on the relationship between the thing that has a source of change and the source it has , I show that something that has a source in itself cannot be identical with its source, and that a type of matter that has no nature of its own (a kind of prime matter) is required to block this identification at the level of the elements.
Detection of oxygen-evolving Photosystem II centers inactive in plastoquinone reduction

Quite different estimates of the number of Photosystem II centers present in thylakoid membranes are obtained depending on the technique used in making the determination. By using brief saturating light flashes and measuring the electron transport per flash, we have obtained two values for the number of functional centers. When the electrons produced reduce the intersystem plastoquinone pool, there are about 1.7 mmol of active Photosystem II centers per mol chlorophyll, whereas there are at least 3 mmol of active centers per mol chlorophyll when certain halogenated benzoquinones are being reduced. There are also at least 3 mmol of terbutryn binding sites per mol of chlorophyll when this tightly binding herbicide is employed as a specific inhibitor of Photosystem II. Thus only about 60% of the membrane's total complement of Photosystem II centers are able to transfer electrons to Photosystem I at appreciable rates. Many functional assays requiring significant rates of turnover sample only this more active pool, whereas herbicide-binding studies and measurements of changes in the Photosystem II electron donor Z and electron acceptor QA performed by other investigators reveal, in addition, a large population of Photosystem II reaction centers that normally have negligible turnover numbers. However, these normally inactive centers readily transfer electrons to the halogenated benzoquinones and are then counted among the active centers. Therefore, it can be concluded that all of herbicide-binding sites represent centers with operative water-oxidizing reactions. It can also be concluded that there are few, if any, centers capable of binding more than a single herbicide molecule.
Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in the absence of demonstrable heart disease.

Abstract Three cases of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in the absence of demonstrable heart disease are presented. Its occurrence and favorable prognosis in patients without other signs of heart disease are not well appreciated. Diagnosis of this condition becomes certain only after its demonstration by the electrocardiogram. The identification of P waves during the paroxysm, at a slower rate than the ventricular complexes; the presence of a paroxysm of abnormal ventricular complexes occurring during auricular fibrillation; the onset of tachycardia with an abnormal ventricular complex or a close resemblance, in the same lead, of isolated ectopic QRS complexes to the complexes of the tachycardia are the established criteria for diagnosis. The esophagcal lead may be of great help. Therapy is directed toward removal of precipitating factors and use of procaine amide or quinidine to suppress the ectopic factors. Established bouts require vigorous attention, i.e., parenterally administered procaine amide or quinidine.
Rheology enhancement by molecular association complexes

Associations between polyethylene oxide polymer (PEO) chains and species containing sulfate groups can be used to increase the viscosity and elasticity of polymer solutions. The condensation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles onto the PEO chain is shown to lead first to chain coil collapse and then to network or gel structure formation as SDS concentration is increased. Stronger interactions are produced between PEO and either Congo-red dye (a large organic molecule with two widely spaced sulfate groups) or polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). In these cases the association complexes lead to minor changes in the solution viscosity but large changes in the primary normal stress and storage modulus G' at low frequencies. The structures formed by association are disrupted by flow but rapidly re-form. Association complexes are an attractive way of obtaining highviscosity fluids that would be resistant to permanent shear degradation.
Early neuromuscular recovery characteristics following administration of mivacurium plus vecuronium

Purpose This study was designed to describe the early recovery characteristics, as well as the speed of onset of neuromuscular block, after a combination of mivacurium and vecuronium.
Bridging the gap: The impact of home visiting programs for orphans and vulnerable children on social grant uptake in South Africa

Abstract Cash transfer programs hold significant potential to mitigate the economic burdens resulting from the HIV epidemic and enhance the wellbeing of affected children. South Africa offers two cash transfers designed specifically to benefit children: the Child Support Grant, for low income families with children, and the Foster Child Grant, for children living outside of parental care. Given the high proportion of HIV-affected children who qualify for these grants, increasing grant access among eligible families is a natural objective for many programs targeting orphans and vulnerable children. We present results from a quasi-experimental study examining differences in grant uptake over a two year period among 1487 children enrolled in one of two types of supportive home visiting programming: volunteer-based or paraprofessional. The study also examined related outcomes including household food security and children's access to basic educational and material needs. Results show that programs staffed with trained paraprofessionals who received training, compensation and other support were significantly more effective at linking families to social grants for children. Controlling for important covariates, at follow-up participants in the paraprofessional model programs were nearly three times as likely as volunteer-based service recipients to have access to the highest grant they were eligible to receive. Grant receipt was also positively associated with household food security and children's obtainment of basic educational and material resources. Effective strategies for promoting social grant access among HIV-affected households therefore have the potential to yield significant improvements in wellbeing for orphans and vulnerable children.
Retrieving relationships from declarative files

Software frameworks frequently require developers to interact with them using both OO-based languages and declarative files. The frameworks also require that these declarative files are consistent with the OO code, but it is currently difficult to check this in a generic way. Relationships have shown to be useful for checking constraints within OO code, and as a declarative file is essentially a static list of relationships, they may also be useful for checking constraints within declarative files. However, retrieving relationships from these files has many potential problems. In this paper, we show why it would be useful to retrieve relationships from declarative files, and we explore the hurdles that a solution will have to overcome.
Temporal visual masking for HEVC/H.265 perceptual optimization

We present a method that employs human visual system characteristics for perceptually lossless optimization of video coding. Algorithm is robust and applicable for any modern hybrid coder. We decided to evaluate it using the most recent standard (HEVC/H.265) in order to show potential benefits for future applications. Experiments show savings of up to 8% in bitrate without any loss in quality as confirmed by two sets of subjective experiments using DSCQS and ACJ methodology.
A Jewish Orchestra in Nazi Germany: Musical Politics and the Berlin Jewish Culture League by Lily E. Hirsch

In a nuanced and sensitive manner, Lily Hirsch explores the intersection of identities, circumstance, culture, and history that created and motivated the men and women of the Berlin Jewish Culture ...
Prospective middle school mathematics teachers’ reflective thinking skills: descriptions of their students’ thinking and interpretations of their teaching

In this study, we examined prospective middle school mathematics teachers’ reflective thinking skills to understand how they learned from their own teaching practice when engaging in a modified lesson study experience. Our goal was to identify variations among prospective teachers’ descriptions of students’ thinking and frequency of their interpretations about how teaching affected their students’ learning. Thirty-three participants responded to open-ended questionnaires or interviews that elicited reflections on their own teaching practice. Prospective teachers used two forms of nuance when describing their students’ thinking: (1) identifying students’ specific mathematical understandings rather than general claims and (2) differentiating between individual students’ thinking rather than characterizing students as a collective group. Participants who described their students’ thinking with nuance were more likely to interpret their teaching by posing multiple hypotheses with regard to how their instruction affected their students’ learning. Implications for supporting continued growth in reflective thinking skills are discussed in relation to these results.
Role of LDB1 in the transition from chromatin looping to transcription activation

Many questions remain about how close association of genes and distant enhancers occurs and how this is linked to transcription activation. In erythroid cells, lim domain binding 1 (LDB1) protein is recruited to the β-globin locus via LMO2 and is required for looping of the β-globin locus control region (LCR) to the active β-globin promoter. We show that the LDB1 dimerization domain (DD) is necessary and, when fused to LMO2, sufficient to completely restore LCR-promoter looping and transcription in LDB1-depleted cells. The looping function of the DD is unique and irreplaceable by heterologous DDs. Dissection of the DD revealed distinct functional properties of conserved subdomains. Notably, a conserved helical region (DD4/5) is dispensable for LDB1 dimerization and chromatin looping but essential for transcriptional activation. DD4/5 is required for the recruitment of the coregulators FOG1 and the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylating (NuRD) complex. Lack of DD4/5 alters histone acetylation and RNA polymerase II recruitment and results in failure of the locus to migrate to the nuclear interior, as normally occurs during erythroid maturation. These results uncouple enhancer-promoter looping from nuclear migration and transcription activation and reveal new roles for LDB1 in these processes.
Disarming the Threat to Feminist Identification An Application of Personal Construct Theory to Measurement and Intervention

Many individuals endorse feminist values but do not identify as feminist. The present set of studies tests the concept of threat, grounded in G. A. Kelly’s personal construct theory of personality,...
Desensitization Protocols and Their Outcome

In the last decade, transplantation across previously incompatible barriers has increasingly become popular because of organ donor shortage, availability of better methods of detecting and characterizing anti-HLA antibodies, ease of diagnosis, better understanding of antibody-mediated rejection, and the availability of effective regimens. This review summarizes all manuscripts published since the first publication in 2000 on desensitized patients and discusses clinical outcomes including acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection rate, the new agents available, kidney paired exchange programs, and the future directions in sensitized patients. There were 21 studies published between 2000 and 2010, involving 725 patients with donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSAs) who underwent kidney transplantation with different desensitization protocols. All studies were single center and retrospective. The patient and graft survival were 95% and 86%, respectively, at a 2-year median follow-up. Despite acceptable short-term patient and graft survivals, acute rejection rate was 36% and acute antibody-mediated rejection rate was 28%, which is significantly higher than in nonsensitized patients. Recent studies with longer follow-up of those patients raised concerns about long-term success of desensitization protocols. The studies utilizing protocol biopsies in desensitized patients also reported higher subclinical and chronic antibody-mediated rejection. An association between the strength of DSAs determined by median fluorescence intensity values of Luminex single-antigen beads and risk of rejection was observed. Two new agents, bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, and eculizumab, an anti-complement C5 antibody, were recently introduced to desensitization protocols. An alternative intervention is kidney paired exchange, which should be considered first for sensitized patients.
Fuel for Success Academic Momentum as a Mediator Between Dual Enrollment and Educational Outcomes of Two-Year Technical College Students

Objective:Despite the fairly substantial body of literature devoted to understanding whether dual enrollment programs are related to academic success in college, less is known regarding how dual en...
The Kinetic and Physical Basis of KATP Channel Gating: Toward a Unified Molecular Understanding

Abstract K ATP channels can be formed from Kir6.2 subunits with or without SUR1. The open-state stability of K ATP channels can be increased or reduced by mutations throughout the Kir6.2 subunit, and is increased by application of PIP 2 to the cytoplasmic membrane. Increase of open-state stability is manifested as an increase in the channel open probability in the absence of ATP (Po zero ) and a correlated decrease in sensitivity to inhibition by ATP. Single channel lifetime analyses were performed on wild-type and I154C mutant channels expressed with, and without, SUR1. Channel kinetics include a single, invariant, open duration; an invariant, brief, closed duration; and longer closed events consisting of a "mixture of exponentials," which are prolonged in ATP and shortened after PIP 2 treatment. The steady-state and kinetic data cannot be accounted for by assuming that ATP binds to the channel and causes a gate to close. Rather, we show that they can be explained by models that assume the following regarding the gating behavior: 1) the channel undergoes ATP-insensitive transitions from the open state to a short closed state (C f ) and to a longer-lived closed state (C 0 ); 2) the C 0 state is destabilized in the presence of SUR1; and 3) ATP can access this C 0 state, stabilizing it and thereby inhibiting macroscopic currents. The effect of PIP 2 and mutations that stabilize the open state is then to shift the equilibrium of the "critical transition" from the open state to the ATP-accessible C 0 state toward the O state, reducing accessibility of the C 0 state, and hence reducing ATP sensitivity.
Linear stability of spiral and annular Poiseuille flow for small radius ratio

For the radius ratio η≡R i /R o =0.1 and several rotation rate ratios μ≡Ω o /Ω i , we consider the linear stability of spiral Poiseuille flow (SPF) up to Re=10 5 , where R i and R o are the radii of the inner and outer cylinders, respectively, Re≡V Z (R o -R i )/ν is the Reynolds number, Ω i and Ω o are the (signed) angular speeds of the inner and outer cylinders, respectively, v is the kinematic viscosity, and V Z is the mean axial velocity. The Re range extends more than three orders of magnitude beyond that considered in the previous μ=0 work of Recktenwald et al.