cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landing a GI Fellowship: The Match and the Map

Based on the location of training programs, internal applicants and local applicants were defined as applicants who attended the same training institution and trained in local areas (i.e., state, division, and region), respectively. While being an internal applicant does influence fellowship matching success for some specialties, gastroenterology fellowship program directors do not rank this consideration in the top half of their priority list. There is no published evidence about the frequency that internal applicants and local applicants match in US gastroenterology training program. To find the proportion of gastroenterologists who were internal applicants and local applicants during the graduation years 2010–2019. Online search in Doximity was conducted to obtain postgraduate training information of gastroenterologists with the graduation years 2010–2019. Programs were classified into nine divisions and four regions per United States Census Bureau. We used confidence level 95% and margin of error 2% to calculate sample size. In total, 1489 physicians (N = 1489) were included. The proportion of internal applicants was 39.56% of the sample size. The proportions of gastroenterologists who attended IM residency programs in the same state, same division, and same region were 53.06, 60.64, and 71.93%, respectively. A large proportion of gastroenterologists were either internal applicants or local applicants. Further research is necessary to better understand the reasons behind these trends and whether the bias against external or geographically distant fellowship candidates is intended or unintended, as these data have broad implications for GI fellowship candidate residency program and geography choices.
Molecular mimicry modulates plant host responses to pathogens.

Background Pathogens often secrete molecules that mimic those present in the plant host. Recent studies indicate that some of these molecules mimic plant hormones required for development and immunity. Scope and conclusion This Viewpoint reviews the literature on microbial molecules produced by plant pathogens that functionally mimic molecules present in the plant host. This article includes examples from nematodes, bacteria and fungi with emphasis on RaxX, a microbial protein produced by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. RaxX mimics a plant peptide hormone, PSY (plant peptide containing sulphated tyrosine). The rice immune receptor XA21 detects sulphated RaxX but not the endogenous peptide PSY. Studies of the RaxX/XA21 system have provided insight into both host and pathogen biology and offered a framework for future work directed at understanding how XA21 and the PSY receptor(s) can be differentially activated by RaxX and endogenous PSY peptides.
Tuning Electrode Properties and Surface Contacts for Uniform Deposits Produced by Atmospheric Plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactors

An investigation of the effect of experimental parameters on the temperature and uniformity of material deposition by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) planar plasma reactors was conducted. The apparatus consisted of a pulsed AC high voltage power source with various electrode materials (aluminum, copper wire mesh, and aluminum/copper wire mesh) operating under a range of load resistances. Possible effects of non-ideal interfacial conditions for the contact surface between the electrode and the substrate were also studied with various modified surface thermal conditions. It was found that a hybrid electrode design with a fine copper (Cu) wire mesh attached to an aluminum plate of approximately 3 mm thickness produced the most visually uniform deposit, presumably as a result of both the superior conductivity provided by the Al metal plate and the stable plasma resulting from the relatively low breakdown voltage by using helium (He) as the dilution gas. Although the experimental conditions of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are often specific to particular systems and applications, this work provides insights on technical details which can be applied to various plasma DBD reactors.
Seoul's Wi-Fi hotspots: Wi-Fi access points as an indicator of urban vitality

Abstract Advances in information and communication technology and the collection of big data at small spatiotemporal scales have opened up new opportunities to reveal spatiotemporal relationships of human dynamics and urban space. As a measure of human dynamics, however, urban vitality has been elusive both in conceptualization and measurements, and previous academic and policy attempts to grasp the concept failed to address the problems. In an effort to operationalize the concept, this paper has two goals: (1) to develop a systematic measurement of urban vitality in social, economic, and virtual dimensions and (2) to empirically investigate the relationship between physical and virtual spaces at small spatial and temporal scales. Three different indicators of urban vitality to represent the three dimensions are (1) pedestrian traffic based on cell phone activities (social vitality), (2) bank card transactions (economic vitality), and (3) the location of Wi-Fi access points (virtual vitality). To verify the correlation between the indicators, both an aspatial measure, Pearson's r coefficient, and a bivariate spatial association between the three dimensions, calculated by Lee's L measure, are used. It is also followed by path analysis to investigate the causal relationship in four path models. The empirical analysis validates the two hypotheses: (1) a spatial correlation exists between the three different urban vitality measures and (2) the spatial distribution of Wi-Fi access points could be an indicator of urban vitality. Further comparative analyses are on the condition-specific differentiation of urban vitality characteristics by time slots, age/gender groups, and regions. The virtual-physical relationship opens up possibilities for urban researchers to adopt virtual dimension as one of the ways to gauge urban vitality.
Induction of Major Histocompatibility Antigens on Myocardial Cells in Patients with Active Myocarditis and Idiopathic Cardiomyopathy

The histologic diagnosis of active myocarditis on endomyocardial biopsy has now been standardized and is defined by the presence of interstitial myocardial inflammation associated with myocyte necrosis and degeneration of adjacent myocytes [1]. The use of arbitrary histologic criteria to define a disease whose pathogenesis is not fully unterstood has raised several important diagnostic issues: 1. Defining myocarditis by histology alone may lump together diseases of different etiologies. 2. The histologic criteria may not be sensitve enough to identify all cases of immune-mediated heart disease. 3. The histologic pattern of myocardial injury in most cases of active myocarditis cannot easily explain the severe cardiac dysfunction experienced by these patients.
Extracranial Cerebrovascular Trauma

Injuries to the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries continually challenge the trauma surgeons’ and vascular trauma surgeons’ clinical acumen and technical abilities. Additionally, the complexity of these injuries challenges\systems of care as often multiple specialties are involved in the expeditious and coordinated mobilization of resources. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, contemporary treatment algorithms, and management of blunt and penetrating cerebrovascular injuries both non-operative and operative strategies with open and endovascular techniques.
Hydrophilic scaffolds of oxime as the potent catalytic inactivator of reactive organophosphate.

Abstract Despite its efficacy as a skin decontaminant of reactive organophosphates (OP), Dekon 139—a potassium salt of 2,3-butanedione monooxime (DAM)—is associated with adverse events related to percutaneous absorption largely due to its small size and lipophilicity. In order to address this physicochemical issue, we synthesized and evaluated the activity of a focused library of 14 hydrophilic oxime compounds, each designed with either a DAM or monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) oxime tethered to a polar or charged scaffold in order to optimize the size, hydrophilicity, and oxime acidity. High-throughput colorimetric assays were performed with paraoxon (POX) as a model OP to determine the kinetics of POX inactivation by these compounds under various pH and temperature conditions. This primary screening led to the identification of 6 lead compounds, predominantly in the MINA series, which displayed superb catalytic activity by reducing the POX half-life (t1/2) by 2–3 fold relative to Dekon 139. Our mechanistic studies show that POX inactivation by the oxime compounds occurred faster at a higher temperature and in a pH-dependent manner in which the negatively charged oximate species is ≥ 10–fold more effective than the neutral oxime species. Lastly, using one of the lead compounds, we demonstrated its promising efficacy for POX decontamination in porcine skin ex vivo, and showed its potent ability to protect acetylcholine esterase (AChE) through POX inactivation. In summary, we report the rational design and chemical biological validation of novel hydrophilic oximes which address an unmet need in therapeutic OP decontamination.
New results on the identification of stochastic bargaining models

Abstract We present new identification results for stochastic sequential bargaining models when the data only reports the time of agreement and the evolution of observable states. With no information on the stochastic surplus available for allocation or how it is allocated under agreement, we recover the latent surplus process, the distribution of unobservable states, and the equilibrium outcome in counterfactual contexts. The method we propose, which is constructive and original, can also be adapted to establish identification in general optimal stopping models.
Diagnosis, management, and prevention of the unstable shoulder arthroplasty

Instability after anatomic and reverse shoulder arthroplasty is one of the most common and challenging complications to manage. Understanding the risk factors for instability, its etiology, and management options is key to treating instability after arthroplasty. In this chapter we will discuss how to accurately diagnose and manage instability after anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Intraoperative assessments and techniques to prevent instability from occurring will also be reviewed.
When Do Firms Really Share? Common Benefits Versus Private Benefits for Alliance Partners

This paper identifies the incentives for alliance partners to engage in shared knowledge creation versus knowledge appropriation. Specifically, we examine the impact of ex-ante alliance and partner...
Duplicate gallbladder: A case report of a patient with cholecystitis after cholecystectomy.

Abstract Introduction Duplicate gallbladder is a congenital anomaly with various anatomical presentations that can pose difficult diagnostic dilemmas. This case presents the consequence of recurrent cholecystitis after prior cholecystectomy due to delay in diagnosis of a duplicate gallbladder and insufficient treatment at first presentation. It also provides the opportunity to discuss the anatomical variations of duplicate gallbladders and their clinical implications. Presentation of case We report on a 46-year-old woman who presented with symptoms of cholecystitis despite a history of cholecystectomy. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) as well as review of intraoperative cholangiogram from the index surgery identified a cystic structure continuous with the biliary tree. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and histology confirmed a duplicate gallbladder. The patient did well post-operatively without any complications. Discussion Harlaftis’s classification of duplicate gallbladder categorizes anatomical variations based on embryological origin. Though rarity contributes to missed diagnosis, modern imaging techniques that delineate the biliary tree can identify these abnormalities. Recognizing these variations can identify risk for recurrent disease preoperatively and thereby guide surgical decision-making. Conclusion Duplicate gallbladder poses a risk for the unique presentation of recurrent cholecystitis despite cholecystectomy. Advanced imaging techniques that demonstrate biliary anatomy can identify duplicate gallbladder perioperatively. For those presenting with disease in any one gallbladder, resection of both is ideal to prevent recurrence of disease.
Persistent Jaundice and Multiple Fractures in a Newborn

A 32-year-old African American mother brought her 1-month-old baby boy to the pediatrician's office, concerned that the baby had yellow eyes that appeared to be getting worse. The mother also mentioned that the baby had irregular sleeping patterns and had suffered from a broken leg. On physical examination, the baby appeared irritable and his liver and spleen felt enlarged. However, his temperature, respirations, and heart rate were all within normal limits. The baby was born after a full-term uncomplicated pregnancy and weighed 6 pounds 8 oz at birth. The baby had 1 older sibling who was healthy. Family history showed that hypertension and diabetes were prevalent in the family. The pediatrician noted the neonate's bilirubin concentrations at his 2-week checkup were slightly increased, but the parents were told at that time not to be concerned because increased bilirubin concentration is common in African American babies and should resolve without intervention. Results for a lipid panel at that time were within reference limits, and results for blood cultures and serology tests were all negative. Abnormal complete blood count findings included an increased red cell distribution width of 15.9% (reference interval, 11.1%–14.3%) with abnormal RBC morphology, target cells, helmet cells, hypochromasia, and anisocytes observed on the blood smear. Palpable enlargement of the liver and spleen in conjunction with the baby's increased concentrations of liver enzymes and direct bilirubin prompted the pediatrician to order an ultrasonography examination of the liver. Underdeveloped bile ducts were noted on the ultrasonography. A liver biopsy was performed to further assess the damage and enlargement of the liver and spleen. The abnormal biopsy results led to the performance of a diagnostic intraoperative cholangiogram. During his first few months of life, the infant suffered 2 broken legs and a broken arm that occurred during routine …
Under the Trees in Lincoln Center: Queer and Trans Homeless Youth Coming Together in the City

This essay explores the relationship of two homeless youth—one queer and one trans—as they move together through and pass time in public space between the opening hours of their shelters and groups...
Interleukin-27 Gene Delivery Targeting IL-6Rα-Expressing Cells as a Stress Response Therapy

Interleukin-27 (IL-27) has shown promise in halting tumor growth and mediating tumor regression in several models, including prostate cancer. We describe our findings on the effects of IL-27 on the gene expression changes of TC2R prostate adenocarcinoma cells. We utilized RNAseq to assess profile differences between empty vector control, vector delivering IL-27 modified at its C-terminus with a non-specific peptide, and IL-27 modified at the C-terminus with a peptide targeting the IL-6-Rα. The targeted IL-27 had higher bioactivity and activity in vivo in a recent study by our group, but the mechanisms underlying this effect had not been characterized in detail at the gene expression level on tumor cells. In the present work, we sought to examine potential mechanisms for targeted IL-27 enhanced activity directly on tumor cells. The targeted IL-27 appeared to modulate several changes that would be consistent with an anti-tumor effect, including upregulation in the Interferon (IFN) and Interferon regulatory factor (IRF), oxidative phosphorylation, Janus kinase/Signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (EIF2) signaling. Of these signaling changes predicted by ingenuity pathway analyses (IPA), the novel form also with the highest significance (-log(Benjamini–Hochberg (B-H)) p-value) was the EIF2 signaling upregulation. We validated this predicted change by assaying for eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α), or phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α), and caspase-3 levels. We detected an increase in the phosphorylated form of eIF2α and in the cleaved caspase-3 fraction, indicating that the EIF2 signaling pathway was upregulated in these prostate tumor cells following targeted IL-27 gene delivery. This approach of targeting cytokines to enhance their activity against cancer cells is a novel approach to help augment IL-27′s bioactivity and efficacy against prostate tumors and could be extended to other conditions where it could help interfere with the EIF2α pathway and promote caspase-3 activation.
Study, Analysis, and Acceleration of an N-Body Simulation under Many-Core Environments Using an Object Oriented Approach

The N-Body problem is a widely known problem commonly found in physics and astronomy, where large objects interact with each other all the time. The N-Body problem is used to study the motions of the sun, moon, planets, and visible starts in space. Due to its computationally extensive nature, the N-Body problem requires a lot of computational power to be solved sequentially on a computer. However, certain aspects of the problem can be ported to the GPU, which can significantly increase efficiency and lower execution times. Object-Oriented Programming is a widely used programming paradigm based on the concept of objects. This research aims to study, analyze, and accelerate the N-Body problem on an embedded system, the NVIDIA Jetson, using an OOP approach.
Credit Elasticities in Less-Developed Economies : Implications for Microfinance

Policymakers often prescribe that microfinance institutions increase interest rates to eliminate their reliance on subsidies. This strategy makes sense if the poor are rate insensitive: then microlenders increase profitability (or achieve sustainability) without reducing the poor's access to credit. We test the assumption of price inelastic demand using randomized trials conducted by a consumer lender in South Africa. The demand curves are downward sloping, and steeper for price increases relative to the lender's standard rates. We also find that loan size is far more responsive to changes in loan maturity than to changes in interest rates, which is consistent with binding liquidity constraints.
Crucified Wisdom: Theological Reflection on Christ and the Bodhisattva, by Mark S. Heim.

Crucified Wisdom: Theological Reflection on Christ and the Bodhisattva, by Mark S. Heim. Fordham University Press, 2019.
Effect of ultra-fast cooling on microstructure and properties of high strength steel for shipbuilding

The effect of ultra-fast cooling( UFC) and conventional accelerated cooling( AcC) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of controlled rolled AH32 grade steel plates on industrial scale were investigated using tensile test,Charpy impact test,welding thermal simulation,and microscopic analysis.The results show that the properties of the plate produced by UFC are improved considerably comparing to that by AcC.The yield strength is increased by 54 MPa without deterioration in the ductility and the impact energy is improved to more than 260 J at- 60 ℃ with much lower ductile-to-brittle transition temperature( DBTT).The ferrite grain size is refined to ASTM No.11.5 in the UFC steel with uniform microstructure throughout the thickness direction,while that of the AcC steel is ASTM No.9.5.The effect of the cooling processes on the toughness of simulated heat affected zone( HAZ) is negligible.The analysis of nucleation kinetics of α-ferrite indicates that the microstructure is refined due to the increased nucleation rate of α-ferrite by much lower γ→α transition temperature through the UFC process.The Hall-Petch effect is quantified for the improvement of the strength and toughness of the UFC steel attributed to the grain refinement.
Preparation experiences of pre-service inclusive preschool teachers: a qualitative metasynthesis

The early childhood workforce needs to be prepared to support children with disabilities within the inclusive preschool classroom. Early childhood personnel standards and requirements include compe...
K-Band Red Clump Distances to the Large Magellanic Cloud Clusters Hodge 4 and NGC 1651

We present near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) star clusters Hodge 4 and NGC 1651, revealing the helium-burning red clump (RC) stars for the first time in the JK passbands. From these diagrams, which extend to K ~ 19, and existing optical CMDs that reveal the clusters' main-sequence turnoffs, we determine the following cluster parameters. For Hodge 4, we estimate a metallicity of [Fe/H] = -0.17 ± 0.04, an age of 1.7 ± 0.3 Gyr, and a RC absolute magnitude of MK(RC) = -1.64 ± 0.17. Along with an adopted reddening of E(J-K) = 0.03 ± 0.01 based on the Burstein & Heiles and Schlegel et al. reddening maps, we find a distance of (m - M)0 = 18.52 ± 0.17 for Hodge 4. In the case of NGC 1651, we derive [Fe/H] = -0.07 ± 0.10, an age of 1.8 ± 0.3 Gyr, MK(RC) = -1.56 ± 0.12, E(J-K) = 0.06 ± 0.01, and (m - M)0 = 18.55 ± 0.12, all measured in the same manner as for Hodge 4. Based on these two clusters, we calculate a mean LMC distance of (m - M)0 = 18.54 ± 0.10.
Evidence for reprogramming of monocytes into reparative alveolar macrophages in vivo by targeting PDE4b.

Increased lung vascular permeability and neutrophilic inflammation are hallmarks of acute lung injury. Alveolar macrophages (AMϕ), the predominant sentinel cell type in the airspace, die in massive...
Health: Dying of Whiteness

In this chapter, Jonathan Metzl directly connects racism with the recent phenomenon of rising White death rates, declining health indices, and increasing poverty. Metzl explains how state policies shaped by White supremacy increase mortality rates in much the same way as other manmade health risks, such as pollution.
Retained Surgical Items

A patient is harmed if a surgical item is inadvertently left inside of them after an invasive procedure. Surgical items include soft goods (sponges and towels), sharps, instruments, and small miscellaneous items and device fragments. A retained surgical item (RSI) is a preventable surgical patient safety problem. A multidisciplinary effort by all procedural personnel is required, each acting as a content expert within their domains of care. To prevent RSI, a deeper understanding of work–practice redesign and enhanced communication strategies must be employed. This article examines a novel approach to RSI case analysis that focuses on system problems and changes the paradigm away from conventional risk assessment. The results of this analysis can inform the implementation of action plans to prevent event recurrence. Consistent application should lead to long-term multi-stakeholder behavior change. The development of excellent teamwork and communication leads to the emergence of safer procedural areas where we can prevent patient harm and ensure there will be NoThing Left Behind®.
Vasa previa: an unusual cause of fetal distress.

Case Report A 24-year-old primigravida was first seen for obstetric care at 13 weeks' gestation. Initially the pregnancy progressed without apparent difficulty, but the fundal height was found to be somewhat small for dates at 38 weeks' gestation. A sonogram obtained at that time showed a 33-week-sized fetus, with all measurements being concordant and no sonographic evidence of intrauterine growth retardation. The biophysical profile was 8/8 (normal movement, tone, respirations, and qualitative amniotic fluid volume), and the placenta was grade m. A repeat ultrasonic scan 3 weeks later, on 12 June 1989, showed a 35.7week-sized fetus, with measurements again concordant; the placenta was now grade IV and mature, and the biophysical profile was still 8/8. The patient was hospitalized for induction on 18 June 1989, at 41 weeks' gestation by dates. Examination showed a vertex presentation with the cervix at fingertip dilatation, anterior, soft, and long, and the fetal head was ballotable. Using a catheter, 0.5 mg of prostaglandin E2 gel was instilled in the cervix. Shortly thereafter, deep variable fetal heart decelerations were noted over a period of 2 to 3 minutes with minimal contractions (Figure 1). Because of the decelerations, the patient was monitored overnight, but no further difficulties were noted. The following day she received oxytocin. There was minimal cervical change over 8 hours, but the fetal heart tracing had been stable. The patient slept through the night.
Case 22: Ventilatory Management in Major Thoracic Incisional Injury

A 17-year-old boy is admitted to the emergency room after a single 30-cm machete injury to his right chest. The incision extends from the right of the sternum at the level of T6 toward the midaxillary line. He states he had previously been in good health and is on no medical treatment. On examination, he is fully conscious, vital signs are stable, and the hematocrit (Hct) is 30 %. An intravenous (IV) line is started and an intercostal chest drain inserted. The latter is seen to be working well, but a great deal of white-pink froth is noted in the underwater seal bottle. The patient is taken to the operating room for exploration of the chest.
Body Size Distribution and Frequency of Anthropogenic Injuries of Bluntnose Sixgill Sharks, Hexanchus griseus , at Flora Islets, British Columbia

The Bluntnose Sixgill Shark ( Hexanchus griseus ) is a widely distributed demersal species whose population biology is poorly understood. Although H. griseus is normally found in deep continental slope waters, individuals from a population in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, make unexpected diurnal movements onto a shallow reef (Flora Islets) between June and August. This shallow water activity allowed in situ length measurements to be made on 35 free-swimming Bluntnose Sixgill Sharks using stereo videography. The measured sharks were all large juveniles and sub-adults, although smaller juveniles and pregnant females are known to occur in deeper adjacent waters. The restricted size distribution at Flora Islets may arise because small juveniles avoid contact with larger conspecifics and mating takes place offshore. All measured sharks were individually identified by unique scar patterns. In 13 of 35 sharks these scars were consistent with injuries expected from hooking and entanglement by commercial fishing gear.
Information consensus in distributed multiple vehicle coordinated control

Cooperation in multiple vehicle teams requires information to be shared between team members. If shared information is not synchronized across the team, then cooperation is adversely affected. This paper considers the problem of information consensus in multiple agent teams. We define notions of asymptotic consensus and show that a team of agents can be asymptotically brought into consensus if and only if the associated communication topology admits a spanning tree. A linear consensus strategy is proposed and demonstrated via several simulation examples.
Hormone therapy after the Women's Health Initiative: a qualitative study

Background Publication of results from the Women's Health Initiative study in July 2002 was a landmark event in biomedical science related to postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of new hormone therapy recommendations on patients' attitudes and decision-making in a primary care practice.
Photography Programs in the 20th Century Museums, Galleries, and Collections

Photography has benefited greatly from the vitality and intellectual curiosity of its practitioners and its audience since its inception in 1839. The history of photography has been recorded and preserved by collectors, artists, scholars, bon vivants, and adventurers worldwide. Collections of photography span the vastness of the medium itself. Photography has been embraced as an art form, document, scientific record, and means of remembrance. It has expanded our universe and given us a language that, like all languages, adapts and evolves with culture.
Fast asynchronous consensus with optimal resilience

We give randomized agreement algorithms with constant expected running time in asynchronous systems subject to process failures, where up to a minority of processes may fail. We consider three types of process failures: crash, omission, and Byzantine. For crash or omission failures, we solve consensus assuming private channels or a public-key infrastructure, respectively. For Byzantine failures, we solve weak Byzantine agreement assuming a public-key infrastructure and a broadcast primitive called weak sequenced broadcast. We show how to obtain weak sequenced broadcast using a minimal trusted platform module. The presented algorithms are simple, have optimal resilience, and have optimal asymptotic running time. They work against a sophisticated adversary that can adaptively schedule messages, processes, and failures based on the messages seen by faulty processes.
Single-chip photonic banyan network realized by arrays of beam-steering VCSELs and reflective Fresnel zone plates

Summary form only given. A single-chip photonic Banyan network has been demonstrated by using bean-steering VCSELs and reflective Fresnel zone plate array. The focusing mirror reduces the beam spot to 15 /spl mu/m, and can greatly increase the optical interconnection density.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐ associated factor 6 (TRAF6) regulation of development, function, and homeostasis of the immune system

Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an adapter protein that mediates a wide array of protein-protein interactions via its TRAF domain and a RING finger domain that possesses non-conventional E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. First identified nearly two decades ago as a mediator of interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated activation of NFκB, TRAF6 has since been identified as an actor downstream of multiple receptor families with immunoregulatory functions, including members of the TNFR superfamily, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, tumor growth factor-β receptors (TGFβR), and T-cell receptor (TCR). In addition to NFκB, TRAF6 may also direct activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and interferon regulatory factor pathways. In the context of the immune system, TRAF6-mediated signals have proven critical for the development, homeostasis, and/or activation of B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts, as well as for organogenesis of thymic and secondary lymphoid tissues. In multiple cellular contexts, TRAF6 function is essential not only for proper activation of the immune system but also for maintaining immune tolerance, and more recent work has begun to identify mechanisms of contextual specificity for TRAF6, involving both regulatory protein interactions, and messenger RNA regulation by microRNAs.
Studies of neurophysin secreting neurons with immunoperoxidase techniques employing antibody to bovine neurophysin. I. Light microscopic findings in monkey and bovine tissues.

Hypothalamus and pituitary tissues from monkey and calf, fixed in Bouin's or formalin and embedded in paraffin, were deparaffinized and rehydrated and examined for the localization of neurophysin using immunoenzyme techniques. Rabbit antiserum to bovine neurophysin I was used as the specific antibody, with peroxidase labeled antirabbit globulin in the 2–layer method, and with unlabeled antirabbit and rabbit antiperoxidase sera followed by peroxidase in the 3–layer immunobridge technique. The brown reaction products of the localized peroxidase with 3,3' diaminobenzidine were seen by light microscopy. Tissues were counterstained by cresyl violet or aldehyde fuchsin. Neurophysin I levels in pooled cryostat sections of bovine supraoptic (SO) and paraventricular (PV) hypothalamic regions were determined by radioimmunoassay. With these methods, in both species neurophysin is localized in (1) SO and PV neuronal perikarya, (2) in their axons coursing through hypothalamus and (3) in their terminals in posterior pi...
A novel chamber designed to quantify real-time renal cell response to hypoxia and/or pressure

Kidney damage and/or failure caused by urinary obstruction affects thousands of patients each year. It has been hypothesized that hypoxia and/or elevated levels of hydrostatic pressure within the kidney during obstruction contribute to renal failure. However, little research has been performed to verify this claim. Investigators have examined the effects of a single stimuli, hypoxia or elevated pressure, on renal cells and have observed functional changes, including cytoskeletal rearrangement However, during obstruction in vivo, these insults are not likely to be present in isolation. In fact, it may be the synergistic effect of these combined stimuli that leads to renal failure. Therefore, an optically compatible chamber has been designed and constructed to monitor and quantify in vitro cellular changes resulting from the combined stimuli. Real-time renal cell response can be recorded using this novel chamber, an inverted fluorescent microscope, and a computer. Ultimately, an understanding of how hypoxia and/or elevated pressure induce functional changes at the cellular level may provide insight into disease pathologies and lead to the development of novel drug and prevention therapies for renal failure.
Local Sales Tax Revenue Redistribution and Sports: The Case of Major League Soccer in Bridgeview

This study examines the extent to which Toyota Park, a Major League Soccer (MLS) stadium in the Village of Bridgeview, redistributes municipal sales tax revenue by taking advantage of Illinois's highly devolved local government structure. The analysis reveals that Toyota Park and its associated events are not statistically related to the village's sales tax revenue. However, the stadium affects surrounding municipalities' revenue; though, the odds a municipality will be a net winner or loser is nearly even.
Optimization of growth conditions for InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum cascade lasers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We investigate the growth conditions for lattice-matched InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Effect of substrate misorientation, growth temperature, and V/III ratios of InGaAs and InAlAs layers on the surface morphology, optical quality, and impurity incorporation were systematically studied. It was found that epitaxial layers and multi-quantum-well structures grown at 720 °C with V/III ratios of 116 for InGaAs and 21 for InAlAs on InP substrates with an off-cut angle of ∼0.06° exhibit a stable step-flow growth and low oxygen and carbon contamination. Using these conditions, a ∼11.3-μm-thick QCL with an emission wavelength at ∼9.2 μm was grown and fabricated, which demonstrated excellent structural quality and operated at room temperature in pulsed mode with a threshold current density of 2.0 kA/cm 2 and a slope efficiency of 550 mW/A.
A novel technique for penetrator velocity measurement and damage identification in ballistic penetration experiments

A novel experimental configuration that can simultaneously record projectile velocity histories and target back surface out-of-plane motion in penetration experiments has been developed. The technique was used to investigate failure mechanisms during ballistic impact of an S-2 glass fiber woven composite with 60% fiber volume fraction. Microscopy studies performed on recovered samples clearly show interply delamination, fiber breakage, ply inelasticity, and fiber kinking as the major failure modes in these composites. Recorded penetrator velocity histories indicate the failure process is rate dependent. Three well defined regions with different failure zones are observed in the laminate. In a region at the rear of the target plate, Region A, extensive delamination between plies is seen leading to bulge formation. Damage is observed in front of the penetrator with substantial fiber shearing. In a middle region, Region B, tensile fiber failure and large fiber deflection, to accommodate the lateral expansion generated by the steel penetrator, are observed. At the projectile entrance, Region C, fiber microfracture followed by fiber tensile failure is believed to be the failure mode in this region. Noticeable delamination is also produced in plies close to the front specimen surface. Two major fiber failure modes are observed in the micrographs, fiber kinking and cracking. Well defined kink bands are seen in Regions B and C on plies with fibers oriented perpendicular to the penetration direction. The formation ofkink bands appears to be the result of compressive failure due to lateral motion ofthe plies away from the advancing steel penetrator.
Forced periodic vibration of unsymmetric piecewise-linear systems

The forced steady response of a single degree of freedom system involving a large nonlinearity, represented by unsymmetric piecewise-linear stiffness, is determined by a harmonic balance Newton-Raphson method with the application of the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) algorithm. All possible subharmonic, harmonic, and superharmonic responses are sought. The responses of two systems involving subharmonic and superharmonic dominant motions are calculated by the newly developed method and compared with previously published findings. The results obtained by using this method reveal the details of the response of the systems more efficiently than previous methods.
Altitudinal Zonation of Chipmunks (Eutamias): Interspecific Aggression

Eutamias alpinus, E. speciosus, E. amoenus, and E. minimus are contiguously allopatric on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California. This paper is part of a study of the factors determining the lines of contact between these contiguously allopatric populations. Overlapping fundamental niches and overlapping realized niches indicate that competitive exclusion has occurred. Patterns of intra— and interspecific aggression are described for these four species. The aggressive dominance of alpinus and amoenus explain the limited realized niches of speciosus and minimus. Hypotheses regarding the evolution of the patterns of aggressive behavior observed in these species are suggested. Aggression has been selected for in alpinus and amoenus because of a seasonal, potentially limited food supply which is economically defendable. Aggression has not been selected for in minimus because it is not metabolically feasible to engage in aggressive interactions in the hot sagebrush desert. Aggressive behavior has not been selected for in speciosus probably because of predator pressure and the seasonal abundance of food in its habitat.
Embryonal adenoma of the kidney: A report of two cases

Embryonal (metanephric) adenoma of the kidney, like Wilms' tumor, exhibits small monomorphic, blue cells arranged as vague, tubular rosettes. Unlike Wilms' tumor, which requires chemotherapy or multi-modality therapy for optimal management, the available evidence indicates that embryonal adenoma is most likely cured by simple enucleation or nephrectomy. Two women, age 54 (Case 1) and 78 (Case 2), respectively, underwent needle biopsy for a radiologically well circumscribed renal lesion with associated hematuria. The cellular smears contained vague rosette-like arrangement of small, blue cells with scant cytoplasm and evenly distributed, fine, nuclear chromatin. In cell blocks, these cells were arranged as compact, primitive, tubular rosettes or rare, more-solid clusters. Assuming that the absence of undifferentiated blastema and primitive glomeruli represented a sampling error, a diagnosis suggesting of Wilms' tumor was made in Case 1. At nephrectomy, despite extensive sampling, the typical triphasic Wilms' morphology and anaplastic or necrotic areas were not seen. In the presence of architectural monotony, the diagnosis in Case 1 was amended to embryonal adenoma. Case 2 was cytologically diagnosed as embryonal adenoma of the kidney and is being followed conservatively. In our opinion, the presence of monotypic architecture at cytology/histology is very helpful in differentiating renal embryonal (metanephric) adenoma from Wilms' tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 16:42–46, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Peter rabbit hops into the twenty-first century

Adults have tried to identify and to seek complex explanations for Potter's success. She explained it simply: “It is much more satisfactory to address a real live child. I often think that was the secret of the success of Peter Rabbit; it was written to a child—not made to order” (Lane, 1976, p. 183). She felt the more spontaneous the pleasure, the better the result.
Strategic planning maturities

Introduces and delineates the concept of strategic planning maturities. It thus represents a small addition to the total body of knowledge underlying the strategic planning process. Uses a conceptual model to explicate the dynamic interrelationship between planning horizons and strategic planning maturities. Theoretical applications and real‐world applications link the concept of strategic planning maturities to successful and unsuccessful strategic decisions actually made by top management in a cross‐section of large organizations.
Radio-protection of arousing ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) by endogenous catecholamines.

Au cours des phases du reveil d'hibernation, la radio-protection des spermophiles (Citellus tridecemlineatus) est reduit d'une maniere significative par la phentolamine (agent bloquant le recepteur alpha). Cette decouverte implique la liberation des catecholamines par les fibres nerveuses a la source de la radio-protection.
A comparison of DNA repair synthesis in primary hepatocytes from young and old rats.

Abstract DNA repair synthesis has been compared in primary hepatocyte cultures obtained from 3-month-old and 16–20-month-old rats. Several morphological and metabolic characteristics were determined to assure cultures of comparable quality. DNA damage was induced by the addition of bleomycin or the exposure of the culture to UV irradiation. DNA repair (unscheduled DNA synthesis) was determined by measuring [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation. After UV irradiation, there was almost twice as much [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in cells obtained from young rats as in those obtained from old rats. Equal amounts of bleomycin resulted in substantially greater damage to DNA in cells from old rats than from young rats. For equal amounts of DNA damage there was again diminished [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in cells obtained from old rats. Finally equal amounts of bleomycin resulted in equal damage to DNA when the bleomycin was added to isolated rat liver nuclei from young or old rats. Bleomycin treated nuclei from young rats incorporated substantially more [ 3 H]thymidine triphosphate (TTP) than bleomycin treated nuclei from old rats. The results indicate that hepatocytes from old rats are much more susceptible to bleomycin than hepatocytes from young rats and that the capacity for DNA repair synthesis is impaired in hepatocytes from old rats.
Molten tino3-HgCl2 mixtures as concentrated electrolytes

Abstract The density, molar volume, electrical conductance and viscosity of molten TINO 3 containing increasing amounts of HgCl 2 are reported over the temperature range 182–282°C and for a limited composition range of TINO 3 -rich mixtures. The Masson equation of aqueous concentrated electrolytes is found to hold for the partial molal volume of TINO 3 in these molten mixtures. The molar volume data, and the changes in conductance and viscosity are qualitatively understood, in large part, if the NO 3 − -HgCl 2 interactions are analogous to the solvation forces of aqueous electrolytes. No evidence of discontinuities in these properties is noted at the compositions corresponding to the two congruently melting compounds TINO 3 -HgCl 2 and 2TINO 3 .HgCl 2 .
Massive low-attenuation mediastinal, retroperitoneal, and pelvic lymphadenopathy on CT from lymphangioleiomyomatosis case report

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease of women of child-bearing age characterized by the proliferation of smooth muscle throughout the lymph nodes and lymphatic channels of the retroperitoneum, mediastinum, and lungs. Most previous reports of LAM have concentrated on the pulmonary findings. Although mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy is known to be a prominent feature of the disease, it is rarely imaged. We present a case of a young woman with LAM who presented with massive pelvic, retroperitoneal, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy associated with a chylous pleural effusion on the left. On computed tomography (CT) the lymphadenopathy was heterogeneous in nature but was predominantly of low attenuation. We believe that when CT demonstrates low-attenuation lymphadenopathy in the mediastinum or retroperitoneum of a woman of child-bearing age, LAM should be considered as a likely diagnosis.
Strategies for healthy weight loss: from vitamin C to the glycemic response

America is experiencing a major obesity epidemic. The ramifications of this epidemic are immense since obesity is associated with chronic metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and heart disease. Reduced physical activity and/or increased energy intakes are important factors in this epidemic. Additionally, a genetic susceptibility to obesity is associated with gene polymorphisms affecting biochemical pathways that regulate fat oxidation, energy expenditure, or energy intake. However, these pathways are also impacted by specific foods and nutrients. Vitamin C status is inversely related to body mass. Individuals with adequate vitamin C status oxidize 30% more fat during a moderate exercise bout than individuals with low vitamin C status; thus, vitamin C depleted individuals may be more resistant to fat mass loss. Food choices can impact post-meal satiety and hunger. High-protein foods promote postprandial thermogenesis and greater satiety as compared to high-carbohydrate, low-fat foods; thus, diet regimens high in protein foods may improve diet compliance and diet effectiveness. Vinegar and peanut ingestion can reduce the glycemic effect of a meal, a phenomenon that has been related to satiety and reduced food consumption. Thus, the effectiveness of regular exercise and a prudent diet for weight loss may be enhanced by attention to specific diet details.
Interpretation of differential reflectance studies of metal surfaces

Formulas are derived which relate differential surface power absorption spectra for $s$- and $p$-polarized light to differential reflectance data, frequency by frequency. The formulas, which are exact for jellium, do not involve the use of Fresnel equations or any theoretically calculated parameters.