cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Attractancy of Bacteria Associated with Dacus dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Bacteria isolated from the crop and stomach of laboratory-reared and wild oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), were identified and tested for attractancy to adult flies in a laboratory olfactometer. Bacteria were identified primarily as belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and included Enterobacter cloacae, E. agglomerans, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii , and Kluyvera sp. Bacteria isolated from laboratory flies but found in wild flies included Providencia rettgeri, P. stuartii , and Serratia and Cedecea spp. Attractancy of flies to samples of bacteria cultures, both broth-free (washed) and in broth (unwashed), indicated a relatively low response of flies to these substrates compared with a known attractant, PIB-7 (protein hydrolysate). However, when washed bacteria were tested in the presence or absence of PIB-7 as a treatment, there was a significantly higher response of the flies to the washed bacteria when PIB-7 was absent. Washed bacteria also attracted significantly more flies than water or saline controls. When bacteria were tested as broth cultures (unwashed), they were not significantly different from the broth media in which they were grown. In washed and unwashed bacteria experiments, females showed a greater response than males when treatments were combined for analysis, whereas there were no apparent differences in response among flies of different ages to the combined treatments. Differences in response by sex to the individual treatments revealed significantly greater attraction of females to C. freundii as washed bacteria and to E. cloacae and K. pneumoniae as unwashed bacteria.
Low leakage normally-off tri-gate GaN MISFET

A new tri-gate normally-off GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistor (MISFET) is presented in this paper. By using a three-dimensional gate structure with combination of a sub-micron gate recess, the new device achieves a very low off-state drain leakage current of 0.6 µA/mm at a breakdown voltage of 565 V while maintains a low on-resistance of 2.1 mΩ·cm2. The new device has an on/off current ratio of more than 8 orders of magnitude and a sub-threshold slope of 86±9 mV/decade. The threshold voltage of the new device is 0.80±0.06 V with a maximum drain current of 530 mA/mm. These results confirm the great potential of the tri-gate normally-off GaN-on-Si MISFETs for the next generation of power electronics.
Qualitative Research in Rehabilitation Counseling

Qualitative research approaches offer rehabilitation scholars and practitioners avenues into understanding the lives and experiences of people with disabilities and those people and systems with wh...
Positive-pion photoproduction at 180° near the second nucleon-pion resonance

In a previous experiment the cross-section for the photoproduction of pions in hydrogen near the second pion-nucleon resonance has been measured at 135° and 180° in the c.m.s. At 180° the measurements did show a very sharp peak at a gamma-ray energy of 700 MeV. The experiment has now been repeated only at 180°, with improved energy resolution. The new results, in agreement with the old ones, show the same sharp energy dependence at about the same value of the primary energy.
Keynes and Protection

The paper traces the development of Keynes's views of free trade and protection and their relationship to British economic policy from 1922 to 1946.“Is there anything that a tariff could do which an earthquake could not do better?”
Regulation of Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferases 1C2 and 1C3 by Nuclear Signaling Pathways in LS180 Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells

Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfate conjugation of a myriad of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates. Among the 13 human SULTs, little is known regarding regulation of the SULT1C subfamily. We evaluated the effects of a panel of transcription factor activators on levels of SULT1C mRNA (1C2 and 1C3) and protein (1C2) in LS180 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Treatment with 3-[3-[N-(2-chloro-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-(2,2-diphenylethyl)amino]propyloxy]phenylacetic acid hydrochloride [GW3965, liver X receptor (LXR) activator], 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4-(3′-carboxy-2-chlorostilben-4-yl)oxymethyl-5-isopropylisoxazole [GW4064, farnesoid X receptor (FXR)], or rifampicin [pregnane X receptor (PXR)] moderately (≤2-fold) increased both SULT1C2 and SULT1C3 mRNA levels. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3, vitamin D receptor (VDR)] selectively upregulated SULT1C2, whereas ciprofibrate [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)], rosiglitazone (PPARγ), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)] selectively increased SULT1C3 mRNA levels. SULT1C2 protein content was strongly increased by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment and moderately increased by GW3965, GW4064, and rifampicin. To evaluate SULT1C2 transcriptional regulation, treatment effects were determined on reporter activity from transfected constructs containing ∼10 kb of the SULT1C2 gene. Treatment with GW3965, GW4064, or 1,25(OH)2D3 increased reporter activity ∼2-, 5-, and 5.5-fold, respectively, from a construct containing mostly intron 1 of the SULT1C2 gene. Expression of AhR, LXRα, LXRβ, PPARα, PPARγ, PXR, and VDR was confirmed in LS180 cells using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; however, FXR expression was negligible, suggesting that GW4064 increased SULT1C expression through an FXR-independent mechanism. Collectively, our findings are the first to characterize the regulation of human SULT1C2 and SULT1C3 expression by several transcription factor activators. Further, we determined that responsive regions for LXR and VDR are likely contained within intron 1 of the SULT1C2 gene.
Diamond-blackfan anemia: in vitro response of erythroid progenitors to the ligand for c-kit

To provide insights into the pathogenesis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, we examined the in vitro response of erythroid progenitors to the recently isolated ligand for c-kit (stem cell factor, SCF). For these studies, marrow or blood mononuclear cells from 10 Diamond-Blackfan patients were cultured with erythropoietin (Ep), Ep and interleukin-3, Ep and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or Ep and lymphocyte conditioned media (LCM). These combinations were tested in the presence or absence of SCF. The mean number of cells per erythroid burst increased 5 to 50-fold in cultures containing SCF. Furthermore, many additional erythroid bursts were seen (mean increment 3.2 x baseline values). Although burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) from all patients responded, there were differences among individuals in the sensitivity of their BFU-E to SCF. In six patients and all control studies, plateau frequencies of erythroid bursts were achieved with less than or equal to 10 ng/mL SCF, whereas in studies from the other four patients, over 50 ng/mL SCF was required. These data invite speculation that the c-kit receptor/ligand axis is involved in the pathogenesis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia. More importantly and regardless of whether the observed patterns of response reflect the primary defect or an epiphenomenon, our data strongly support a therapeutic trial of SCF in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
The chicken major histocompatibility complex and disease

The chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or B complex, consists of several clusters of highly polymorphic genes, some of which are associated with disease resistance. The class I and class II antigens resemble their mammalian counterparts in the encoded protein structure. The class IV region encodes the B blood group antigens, which are readily identified by serological blood-typing. The class III region appears to be divided in chickens, with some elements that are MHC-linked and others that map elsewhere. In addition the Rfp-Y system, which bears a strong similarity to the MHC, maps to the opposite side of the nucleolar organiser region on the same microchromosome as the MHC. Each class of MHC genes is a potential candidate for a role in disease resistance. The MHC genes show associations with response to diseases as diverse as virally induced neoplasia, bacterial, parasitic and auto-immune diseases.
Aortic Root Distortion and Aortic Insufficiency During Balloon Angioplasty of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Prior to Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement.

Objective To describe the significance of aortic root distortion (AD) and/or aortic valve insufficiency (AI) during balloon angioplasty of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) performed to rule out coronary artery compression prior to transcatheter pulmonary valve (TPV) implantation. Methods AD/AI was assessed by retrospective review of all procedural aortographies performed to evaluate coronary anatomy prior to TPV implantation. AD/AI was also reviewed in all pre-post MPV implant echocardiograms to assess for progression. Results From 04/2007 to 3/2015, 118 pts underwent catheterization with intent for TPV implant. Mean age and weight were 24.5 ± 12 years and 64.3 ± 20 kg, respectively. Diagnoses were: TOF (53%), D-TGA/DORV (18%), s/p Ross (15%), and Truncus (9%). Types of RV-PA connections were: conduits (96), bioprosthetic valves (14), and other (7). Successful TPV implant occurred in 91 pts (77%). RVOT balloon angioplasty was performed in 43/118 pts (36%). Aortography was performed in 18/43 pts with AD/AI noted in 6/18 (33%); 2 with D-TGA (1 s/p Lecompte, 1 s/p Rastelli), 2 with TOF, 1 Truncus and 1 s/p Ross. Procedure was aborted in the 2 who developed severe AD/AI. TPV was implanted in 3/4 patients with mild AD/AI. Review of pre-post TPV implantation echocardiograms in 83/91 pts (91%) revealed no new/worsened AI in any patient. Conclusion AD/AI is relatively common on aortography during simultaneous RVOT balloon angioplasty. Lack of AI progression by echocardiography post-TPV implant suggests these may be benign findings in most cases. However, AD/AI should be carefully evaluated in certain anatomic subtypes with close RVOT/aortic alignments.
The overshadowing of a historical figure: William Nathan Schoenfeld (1915-1996)

W. N. Schoenfeld played a very important role in the early development of the experimental analysis of behavior as a scientific discipline. He has received less credit than was his due. however, because of the overshadowing produced by repeated pairings of his name with that of a better known colleague at Columbia, F. S. Keller.
New trends in the development of heterogeneous catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction

Abstract The electrochemical conversion of CO 2 into energy-rich fuels and chemicals has gained significant interest as a potential strategy for simultaneously mitigating increasing global CO 2 concentration and effectively storing intermittent renewable energy from sources such as solar and wind. This process recycles CO 2 , permitting a carbon-neutral, closed-loop of fuel combustion and waste CO 2 reduction to help prevent a rising concentration of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. At the same time, intermittent electricity generation can be stored in an energy-dense, portable form in chemical bonds. However, the stability of CO 2 makes its conversion kinetically challenging, generally requiring a large overpotential, and thus the efficiency of electrochemical CO 2 reduction is strongly dependent on the activity and selectivity of the cathodic electrocatalyst. In this review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art of unconventional heterogeneous catalysts with a focus on activity and product selectivity, even if the CO 2 reduction reaction mechanism remains uncertain. Various emerging approaches to enhance the yield of specific products and the overall rate of reaction will also be addressed. Finally, prospects for the development of next-generation catalysts will be discussed.
Influence of the Density of States and Series Resistance on the Field-Effect Activation Energy in a-Si:H TFT

We have proposed a new two-dimensional simulation model, which takes into account the density of states of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and temperature-dependence of the source/drain series resistances (Rs), to explain the dependence of the activation energy (Eact) of drain-source current (Ids) on gate-source bias (Vgs) in a-Si:H thin-film transistors (TFTs). We found that the influence of series resistance cannot be ignored, else an overestimated Eact will result. The results of our simulation are in agreement with experimentally observed saturation of the Eact at higher VGS.
Hemodynamics of human skin during mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) blood feeding.

The effect of blood feeding by mosquitoes on the vascular system of the skin was tested in 10 human subjects. Qualitative changes in blood volume of the skin vasculature during the feeding process were measured with photoelectric plethysmographs, which were part of feeding chambers attached to the skin. The 1st exposure to a biting female resulted in an average 23.5% increase in blood volume, with a maximum increase of 160%. The 2nd exposure resulted in an average increase of 58.6% in blood volume, with a maximum increase of 256%. Three tests were conducted on hypersensitive volunteers bitten by salivary-duct-transected female mosquitoes. These tests resulted in only slight increases in blood volume (4.6%) in the bite area. Salivary secretions of female mosquitoes may cause these increases in blood volume in the area of a bite. This would be important in aiding the mosquito to obtain a blood meal.
Diether Substituted Polyanilines: Novel Electrode Materials

(2-Methoxy)ethoxy substituted anilines have been polymerized by chemical and electrochemical methods in hydrochloric acid (HC1) and p-toluenesulphonic acid(TsOH). Electrical conductivity, optical properties, solubility and charge capacity of these polymers are discussed.
Fostering Morality of College Teachers in Building a Harmonious Society

Fostering morality of college teachers is important in building a harmonious socialist society,and especially in the horizon of harmonious society,it has richer connotations.In view of current moral aberrance among college teachers and unsound fostering-morality mechanism of colleges,the paper suggests that colleges and universities should operate under the combination between teacher's morality education and rule of law,theory and practice,education and management,education and supervision,and establish a reward system for teacher's behavior so as to make them become promoters and propagandists of advanced culture,guiders or ushers for youth's health and fitness——-by this way,fostering teacher's morality can be brought into full play in building a harmonious society.
Bilateral Granulomatous Orchitis: Manifestation of Idiopathic Systemic Granulomatosis

Abstract A case is reported of idiopathic systemic granulomatosis that was manifested by bilateral testicular enlargement and was misdiagnosed clinically as lymphoma. Despite high dose steroid and cyclophosphamide therapy, the patient died of disease within 9 months of diagnosis.
High-speed all-optical NAND/AND logic gates using four-wave mixing Bragg scattering

A high-speed all-optical NAND logic gate is proposed and experimentally demonstrated using four-wave mixing Bragg scattering in highly nonlinear fiber. NAND/AND logic functions are implemented at two wavelengths by encoding logic inputs on two pumps via on–off keying. A 15.2-dB depletion of the signal is obtained for NAND operation, and time domain measurements show 10-Gb/s NAND/AND logic operations with open eye diagrams. The approach can be readily extended to higher data rates and transferred to on-chip waveguide platforms.
The Economic History of Latin America since Independence: GDP Per Head in Latin America since 1900

Since the first edition of this book was published in 1994, there have been considerable advances in our knowledge of GDP per head in Latin America – especially for the years before 1950. At the same time, information is now available electronically through the Internet in a form that makes comparisons across space and over time much easier. This Appendix 4 brings this information together in one convenient place. The starting point is World Development Indicators (WDI) on the website of the World Bank, which has data for all twenty Latin American republics on population and GDP at 2000 US dollars starting in 1960. The only gaps are Cuba from 1960 to 1969 and Haiti from 1960 to 1990, which I filled using Bulmer-Thomas (2012). WDI has comparable data for the United States, so the ratio of Latin American to US GDP per head can easily be constructed. From 1900 to 1960, the basic source is MoXLAD, which is based on a variety of official and unofficial secondary sources. MoXLAD has data on population and GDP at 1970 domestic prices, together with nominal exchange rates, so this information (subject to qualifications – see below) can be used to construct an index for each country and splice it to the data in WDI. The result is GDP per head at 2000 US dollars from 1900 to 2011. When three-year averages are taken, this gives 1901 to 2010.
Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty in Eyes With Previous Glaucoma Surgery.

Purpose:To evaluate visual outcomes and complications after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in patients with previous glaucoma surgery.Methods:A retrospective chart review was conducted of 129 procedures in 102 eyes of 96 patients who underwent DSAEK and previous glauco
Wearable context-aware food recognition for calorie monitoring

We propose DiaWear, a novel assistive mobile phone-based calorie monitoring system to improve the quality of life of diabetes patients and individuals with unique nutrition management needs. Our goal is to achieve improved daily semi-automatic food recognition using a mobile wearable cell phone. DiaWear currently uses a neural network classification scheme to identify food items from a captured image. It is difficult to account for the varying and implicit nature of certain foods using traditional image recognition techniques. To overcome these limitations, we introduce the role of the mobile phone as a platform to gather contextual information from the user and system in obtaining better food recognition.
Differential uptake of CD146-specific antibody in solid lung malignancies

336 Objectives Recent studies have revealed that the cell surface protein called CD146 is a marker of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells whose overexpression has also been found to correlate with cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. Also known as MCAM, Mel-CAM, MUC18, or S-endo1, CD146 has also been associated with cell-matrix adhesion, cell migration, signal transduction, stem cell differentiation, immune response, and angiogenesis. Additionally, CD146 has low background levels in normal tissue as well as differential expression in metastases and advanced primary tumors, showing its significant potential in cancer therapies. This study evaluates the utilization of YY146, an anti-CD146 monoclonal antibody, for molecular imaging of solid lung malignancies. Methods CD146 expression was evaluated in vitro in six human lung cancer cell lines (A549, NCI-H358, NCI-H522, HCC4006, H23, and H460) by flow cytometry and Western blot studies. Each cell line was subcutaneously implanted in athymic mice for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 64Cu-labeled YY146. PET imaging was analyzed, and biodistribution studies were carried out to confirm the PET findings. In addition, ex vivo immunohistochemistry of the tissue sections was analyzed to confirm the expression and spatial location of CD146. Results Differences in CD146 expression were found between the lung cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry revealed that H460 and H23 have high CD146 expression, while A549, H4006, and H358 expressed CD146 expression at moderate levels. Additionally, the cell line H522 was shown to express CD146 at minimal (background) levels. These data were corroborated by Western blot studies. Also, PET imaging showed similar findings, with H460 and H23 displaying the highest tumor uptake of 64Cu-NOTA-YY146 at 48 h post-injection with values of 18.5 ± 4.0 and 10.5 ± 1.6 percentage of injected dose per gram (%ID/g), respectively (n=3). Tumor uptake in A549, H4006 and H358 was 7.3 ± 0.6, 6.7 ± 0.4, 6.8 ± 0.8 %ID/g, respectively. Tumor uptake was lowest in the H522 subcutaneous model (4.1 ± 1.0 %ID/g). Ex vivo biodistribution confirmed the PET findings and immunohistochemistry showed that H460 and H23 expressed CD146 on both tumor cells and the endothelium while the other cell lines showed minimal CD146 signal. Conclusions This study evaluated 64Cu-NOTA-YY146 for molecular imaging of CD146 in six human lung cancer cell lines, revealing that tumor accumulation was dependent upon CD146 expression levels. In the future, these imaging agents may be employed for the non-invasive imaging of CD146 positive tumors, allowing for better monitoring of therapeutic response and patient stratification.
Forest succession along a productivity gradient following fire exclusion

Abstract Numerous studies have documented significant change in conifer forests of the American West following the cessation of recurrent fire at the end of the 19th century. But the successional dynamics that characterize different forested settings in the absence of fire remain poorly understood. This study reconstructs structural and compositional change over 150 years across a productivity gradient that includes both mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests within a 688,000 ha study area in the southern Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Moister and more productive forest stands dominated by grand fir did not support more tree basal area and were not appreciably denser in 1860 than drier and less productive stands dominated by ponderosa pine. The greatest magnitude of change over the last 150 years has occurred in the most productive mixed conifer stands. Drier ponderosa pine dominated stands with significant live old-growth structure have experienced relatively little change even after more than a century without fire. Reconstruction of historical forest density in productive mixed conifer forests suggests these sites were historically coupled to the broader dry forest landscape pattern via frequent fire disturbance and should be a priority for restoration if a return to historical conditions is a goal of management.
Sexual Risks and Policing among Male Migrant and Non-migrant Market Vendors in Central Asia

The following study examined associations between sexual risk behaviors and policing among external migrant, internal migrant, and non-migrant male market workers in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Negative binomial regression and logistic regressions examined associations between sexual risk behaviors and policing (questioning by market officials and migration police, and arrest) for 1342 external, internal, and non-migrant workers recruited using respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were stratified by migration status. External migrants were more likely than non-migrants to experience questioning by market officials (IRR = 2.07, p<0.01), migration police (IRR = 3.60, p<0.001), and arrest (OR = 5.32, p<0.001). When stratified by migration status, being under the influence of drugs or alcohol (IRR = 3.04, p<0.01) and sex with men (IRR = 2.71, p<0.05) were associated with being questioned or harassed by market police among external migrants. External migrant who reported having more than one sex partner while traveling were also more likely to report being arrested than external migrants (OR = 3.92, p<0.05). Meeting HIV prevention needs of labor migrants demands acknowledging the role of policing and allocating sufficient resources to support the implementation of HIV prevention programs in these settings.
The Role of the Sample in Estimating and Explaining Treatment Effect Heterogeneity

We want to begin by thanking the authors of these three papers for providing a careful and important discussion of methodological concerns regarding treatment effect heterogeneity in multisite expe...
Antimicrobial treatment and efficacy

Abstract: To limit exposure to indoor biological contamination a risk-management approach which employs various antimicrobial treatments can effectively control contaminants and reduce exposure. Antimicrobial treatment of biological contaminants, especially mold in buildings, is often necessary to control the sources of indoor air pollution, and eliminate potential irritant, allergen, toxin, carcinogen and pathogen exposure to occupants. Antimicrobial agents, called fungicides, sporicides or biocides, have long been used to control, prevent, and remediate microbial growth. The antimicrobial efficacy of EPA-FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act) registered chemicals and encapsulants, over-the-counter cleaners, and mechanical devices (such as UV irradiation) to reduce concentrations of mold and bacteria have only recently been investigated. Standard methods to test these control measures have recently been established, and now pertain to a wide set of applications. ASTM 6329-98 (2003) is a standard method to measure efficacy, established and utilized in a wide set of applications. Specific problem applications, such as controlling biological growth on gypsum wallboard, are addressed in this chapter from multiple applications, such as antimicrobial cleaners, paints, and new product developments. Both antimicrobial product efficacy results and testing methodology are summarized.
Abstract 15989: Loss of PLA2g6-dependent Store-operated Ca2+ Entry Protects Against Arterial Stiffening

Introduction: Arterial stiffness is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, but the mechanism and the role of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) in stiffening of the arteries in aging human...
Influence of Surface Treatment On Tensile Properties and Fracture Behavior of Two High Strength Steels

In this paper, the extrinsic influence of high-energy mass finishing surface treatment, referred to as ‘HEMF’, on the tensile properties and resultant fracture behavior of two high-strength steels ...
Sages, Heroes, and the Battle for Cycling's Soul

Using my experience at a stage of the 2014 Giro d'Italia, I argue that de (virtue) is the soul of cycling and that ancient Chinese philosophy's insight into the conditions that promote de may help the sport. I compare the relationship between sages and virtuous practitioners, to the ancient Greek relationship between heroes and athletes, both of which depend on the performance of de. I also criticize modern cycling for its focus on technology, stark commercialism, and emphasis on the individual, prescribing as antidotes the connection between de and wuwei, the rejection of acquisitiveness and the emphasis on collectivity.
Modeling the growth of Salmonella in raw poultry stored under aerobic conditions.

The presence of Salmonella in raw poultry is a well-recognized risk factor for foodborne illness. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a mathematical model that predicts the growth of Salmonella in raw poultry stored under aerobic conditions at a variety of temperatures. One hundred twelve Salmonella growth rates were extracted from 12 previously published studies. These growth rates were used to develop a square-root model relating the growth rate of Salmonella to storage temperature. Model predictions were compared to growth rate measurements collected in our laboratory for four poultry-specific Salmonella strains (two antibiotic-resistant and two nonresistant strains) inoculated onto raw chicken tender-loins. Chicken was inoculated at two levels (103 CFU/cm2 and ≤ 10 CFU/cm2) and incubated at temperatures ranging from 10 to 37°C. Visual inspection of the data, bias and accuracy factors, and comparison with two other published models were used to analyze the performance of the new mod...
Adolescents with Learning Problems

SUMMARY The adolescent with learning problems presents a multifaceted diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the primary care clinician. The adolescent failing in school often manifests secondary affective symptoms that tend to obscure underlying developmental deficits. Inadequate educational experiences, family stress, environmental deprivation, and preoccupation with nonacademic sources of gratification can further cloud the picture. Efforts at remediation must overcome the tendency of medical and school professionals, parents, and students themselves to be overly pessimistic about the long-term outcome. With the knowledge of the common causes of school failure and developmental dysfunction in this age group, the general physician can reach a reasonable diagnosis, develop a functional profile of strengths and weaknesses, and collaborate with parents, educators, and the adolescent to effect a comprehensive management plan (Fig. 1). The physician’s ongoing involvement can be a very important factor stimulating the school to continue to evaluate an individual student’s needs and abilities. Parents may need assistance to recognize their child’s own strengths and to help the child utilize them appropriately. If the adolescent is helped to see that he or she can make important contributions to society within the spectrum of his or her talents, then the clinician has played a crucial role in the development of a potentially happy and successful adult.
Phase Exploration and Identification of Multinary Transition-Metal Selenides as High-Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts through Combinatorial Electrodeposition

Designing high-efficiency electrocatalysts for water oxidation has become an increasingly important concept in the catalysis community due to its implications in clean energy generation and storage. In this respect transition-metal-doped mixed-metal selenides incorporating earth-abundant elements such as Ni and Fe have attracted attention due to their unexpectedly high electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with low overpotential in alkaline medium. In this article, quaternary mixed-metal selenide compositions incorporating Ni-Fe-Co were investigated through combinatorial electrodeposition by exploring the ternary phase diagram of Ni-Fe-Co systems. The OER electrocatalytic activity of the resultant quaternary and ternary mixed-metal selenide compositions was measured in order to systematically investigate the trend of catalytic activity as a function of catalyst composition. Accordingly, the composition(s) exhibiting the best catalytic efficiency for the quaternary Fe-Co-Ni m...
A possible role for reactive oxygen species in the regulation of an ultradian rhythm in Paramecium

ABSTRACTReactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for the viability of cells, while excess levels can be lethal by damaging proteins and nucleic acids. It is imperative to identify and elucidate ...
A dataset of clinically generated visual questions and answers about radiology images

Radiology images are an essential part of clinical decision making and population screening, e.g., for cancer. Automated systems could help clinicians cope with large amounts of images by answering questions about the image contents. An emerging area of artificial intelligence, Visual Question Answering (VQA) in the medical domain explores approaches to this form of clinical decision support. Success of such machine learning tools hinges on availability and design of collections composed of medical images augmented with question-answer pairs directed at the content of the image. We introduce VQA-RAD, the first manually constructed dataset where clinicians asked naturally occurring questions about radiology images and provided reference answers. Manual categorization of images and questions provides insight into clinically relevant tasks and the natural language to phrase them. Evaluating with well-known algorithms, we demonstrate the rich quality of this dataset over other automatically constructed ones. We propose VQA-RAD to encourage the community to design VQA tools with the goals of improving patient care.
A national analysis of patterns of care and outcomes for adults diagnosed with desmoplastic small round cell tumors in the United States.

Background Because of the rarity of desmoplastic small round cell tumors (DSRCT), there is a lack of data describing patterns of care and survival for these patients. Using a national tumor registry, the current study sought to describe patterns of care and clinical outcomes for patients with DSCRT. Methods Data from the National Cancer Database were used to identify 491 patients aged 18 years or older diagnosed with DSRCT between 2004 and 2014. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with overall survival (OS). Results Among all patients, 41.2% (n = 200), underwent surgical resection of their primary tumor, chemotherapy was administered to 86.5% (n = 415) of patients, while radiation therapy was administered to 13.0% (n = 63) of patients. Over the study, 69.7% of patients died with a median OS of 25.9 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 22.7-27.5); 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS were 78.6%, 32.3%, and 18.4%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, stage IV disease (Hazard ﻿Ratio [HR] = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.41-3.18), receipt of surgery (HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.91), chemotherapy (HR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35-0.78), or radiation therapy (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.92) were independently associated with OS. Conclusions Although receipt of multimodality treatment may lead to improved survival, further research and clinical trials are required to establish best practices for the care of DSRCT.
Prevalence, Benefits, and Adverse Effects of Cannabis Use in Parkinson’s Patients (P3.8-029)

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine perceived benefits and adverse effects of cannabis use in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, and to gauge patient interest in medical cannabis. Background: The endocannabinoid system could be an integral regulator of motor function, evidenced by the high concentration of Cannabinoid Receptor type 1 (CB1R) throughout the basal ganglia and cerebellum, indicating a potential therapeutic target for several movement disorders. Extensive basic science research shows promising results, but there are few studies with human subjects. Design/Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed to PD patients in clinic. Results: Of 302 surveys, 5 were duplicates, 163 were completed (54.7%), and 134 were declined (45.0%). Of 140 patients who had not used cannabis for PD, 93 (66.4%) were interested in trying it, but only 16 (18.0%) discussed it with a physician. 13 patients used cannabis for PD. There was improvement in tremor (54.5%), rigidity (36.4%), bradykinesia (36.4%), instability (27.3%), gait (36.4%), depression (27.3%), anxiety (27.3%), sleep (54.5%), pain (36.4%), sialorrhea (18.9%), dyskinesia (27.3%), and nausea (36.4%). 4 people reported side effects including worsening anxiety (9.1%), hallucinations (9.1%), forgetfulness (18.9%), cough (18.9%), and weight gain (9.1%). Oil users noted improvement in all symptoms, most significantly in bradykinesia (60%), instability (60%), and gait (60%). Smokers/vapers saw most improvement in tremor (50%) and sleep (66.7%). Edibles showed limited benefit and all respondents reported side effects, including worsening anxiety (33.3%), forgetfulness (33.3%), cough (33.3%), and hallucinations (33.3%). Conclusions: Most participants are interested in trying cannabis for PD. Oil users report benefit for all PD symptoms with few side effects, while smokers/vapers see greatest benefit in tremor and non-motor PD symptoms. More clinical trials are needed to assess objective effects of cannabis, but physicians should be aware of potential benefits and side effects in order to discuss medical cannabis with PD patients. Disclosure: Dr. Carwin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fernandez has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Prime Education Inc. International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society, Carling Communications, Medscape, Vindico, AbbVie, Biogen, Blackthorn, Inventiv, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Medscape, Voyager, Sunovion, and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Fernandez has received royalty, license fees, or contractual rights payments from Demos Publishing, Cambridge University Press. Dr. Fernandez has received research support from Abbvie, Biotie/Acorda Therapeutics, Michael J. Fox Foundation, Movement Disorders Society, NIH/NINDS, Parkinson Study Group, Rhythm, Sunovion.
If, Alongside Libraries, Funders Pulled Their Weight: A Study in Universal Open Access

This demonstration study sets out the way in which a model for open access can work in which funders pay the portion of publishing costs associated with the articles that acknowledge research funder. Using the field of anthropology, this analysis presents the participation incentives and advantages behind of an open access model in which a journal article’s publication costs are paid by either (a) the research funder(s) acknowledged by the article or, if without a funder, (b) the libraries whose patrons read and utilize the research. Using both hypothetical and actual examples, the paper describes how the existing metadata systems such as Crossref’s Open Funder Registry can be utilized to automate the implementation of the model. It also addresses the model’s economic impact, from an initial pilot study to large-scale implementation, for the principal stakeholders in scholarly communication.
Evaluating the Utility of Follow-up Radiographs for Isolated Radial Head Fractures Undergoing Initial Nonoperative Treatment.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the utility of follow-up radiographs in patients with isolated partial articular radial head fractures (OTA/AO 2R1B1 or 2R1B3). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Academic Level 1 Trauma Center. PATIENTS Adult patients (≥18 years) with isolated partial articular radial head fractures indicated for initial nonoperative treatment. INTERVENTION Analysis of elbow radiographs at initial presentation and at postinjury follow-up of 3-8 weeks. VARIABLES MEASURED Articular gap and step-off. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Radiographic articular displacement between initial and follow-up radiographs. RESULTS For 72 included patients, initial radiographs were obtained on average 2.6 days after injury and follow-up radiographs 33.7 days thereafter. Equivalence tests evaluating gap and step-off thresholds of <1 mm were both significant, indicating that the cohort displaced <1 mm for both parameters between initial and follow-up radiographs. No patients proceeded to surgical treatment following the repeat radiographs. CONCLUSIONS These fractures do not displace in the early postinjury period, as defined as a <1 mm of change in both intra-articular gap and step-off, as compared to initial radiographs. Routine follow-up radiographs for these injuries is a source of cost, but with limited utility in detecting interval displacement or leading to a change in management. Selective use of radiographs to evaluate specific clinical concerns may lead to cost savings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Quality of Nursing Homes That Serve Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES As the national population of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ages, they will require greater postacute and long-term care use. Little is known about the quality of nursing homes (NHs) to which patients with HIV are admitted. In this study, we assess the association between the number of persons with HIV admitted annually to a given NH (HIV concentration) and that NH's quality outcomes. DESIGN A cross-sectional comparative study. SETTING NHs in nine states, from 2001 to 2012. PARTICIPANTS A total of 46 918 NH-years accounting for 67 301 admissions by patients with HIV. MEASUREMENTS We used 100% Medicaid Analytic Extract, Minimum Dataset 2.0 and 3.0, and Medicare claims from 2001 to 2012 from nine states to examine the association between HIV concentration and NH quality. Persons were classified as HIV positive on the basis of all available data sources, and a NH's percentage of new admissions with HIV was calculated (HIV concentration). We then compared differences in star ratings, rehospitalization rates, NH survey deficiencies, and restraint use by a NH's percentage of admissions with HIV, using linear random effects models. RESULTS After adjusting for NH characteristics, zip code characteristics, and state and year fixed effects, NHs with greater than 0% to 5% of admissions with HIV had a 0.6 lower star rating (P < .001), and a 0.4% percentage point higher 30-day rehospitalization rate (P < .01), compared to those with no HIV admissions. NHs with 5% to 50% of admissions with HIV had 7.0 more deficiencies (P < .001), a 0.1 lower star rating (P < .001), and a 1.5 percentage point higher rehospitalization rate (P < .001). CONCLUSION Persons with HIV were generally admitted to lower-quality NHs compared to persons without HIV. More efforts are needed to ensure that persons with HIV have access to high-quality NHs. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2615-2621, 2019.
On the Lower Bound of Modularity for Graph Fission

Among the tools available for analysis of manifold data in modern signal processing is the popular modularity method. Hugely successful, modularity is not without its degeneracies, specifically with regard to its ability to observe smaller community structure in larger contexts. A body of work has been built around this so-called resolution limit of modularity. However, the current analytical bounds do not describe the resolution limit in the context of single-cut graph fission. In this paper, we present a new resolution limit to this end and show its effect on both synthetic and real-world networks.
Radiologic chest CT findings from COVID-19 in Orleans Parish, Louisiana.

Orleans Parish in Louisiana is in the midst of an exponentially increasing number of patient admissions with COVID-19 and respiratory symptoms. Patients have been described having CT findings most consistent with an early-stage (<7 days from symptoms onset) or an advanced stage (8-14 days from symptoms onset). We describe and illustrate those early and advanced stage CT findings from patients with documented COVID-19 who have been admitted to University Medical Center in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Frontline Science: Anthrax lethal toxin-induced, NLRP1-mediated IL-1β release is a neutrophil and PAD4-dependent event.

Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) is a protease that activates the NLRP1b inflammasome sensor in certain rodent strains. Unlike better-studied sensors, relatively little is known about the priming requirements for NLRP1b. In this study, we investigate the rapid and striking priming-independent LT-induced release of IL-1β in mice within hours of toxin challenge. We find IL-1β release to be a NLRP1b- and caspase-1-dependent, NLRP3 and caspase-11-independent event that requires both neutrophils and peptidyl arginine deiminiase-4 (PAD4) activity. The simultaneous LT-induced IL-18 response is neutrophil-independent. Bone marrow reconstitution experiments in mice show toxin-induced IL-1β originates from hematopoietic cells. LT treatment of neutrophils in vitro did not induce IL-1β, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), or pyroptosis. Although platelets interact closely with neutrophils and are also a potential source of IL-1β, they were unable to bind or endocytose LT and did not secrete IL-1β in response to the toxin. LT-treated mice had higher levels of cell-free DNA and HMGB1 in circulation than PBS-treated controls, and treatment of mice with recombinant DNase reduced the neutrophil- and NLRP1-dependent IL-1β release. DNA sensor AIM2 deficiency, however, did not impact IL-1β release. These data, in combination with the findings on PAD4, suggest a possible role for in vivo NETs or cell-free DNA in cytokine induction in response to LT challenge. Our findings suggest a complex interaction of events and/or mediators in LT-treated mice with the neutrophil as a central player in induction of a profound and rapid inflammatory response to toxin.
What Kind of Dignity

We tend to think that “dignity” means that someone is sophisticated and well-mannered or that human dignity points to great achievements. There is, though, a special dignity in those who are vulner...
Staging and Grading Discussion of Borderline Cases in Gray Zones

Introduction Staging and grading for chronic periodontal disease, as described in 2018, is designed to focus on key distinctions with the recognition that there is a subset of individuals who are on a different clinical trajectory of disease. The staging and grading framework aids the clinician in generating a periodontal diagnosis, however, some cases fall into gray zones in which the simple diagnostic parameters make it challenging to categorize the patient. These cases do not present with clear clinical findings and medical and dental histories that fit within the simple guidelines defined in the staging and grading tables and subsequent algorithms. Case presentation Two cases are presented and demonstrate typical clinical scenarios that fall into gray zones when it comes to differentiating whether the patient will respond predictably to standard principles of care. Case 1 presents a scenario in which the patient's early history suggests the potential for disease progression and increases the likelihood that the patient may develop a need for complex rehabilitation due to periodontal breakdown. Clinical judgment was used to evaluate whether the patient remained at elevated risk and the potential implications for disease progression. Case 1 was diagnosed with generalized Stage III, Grade B. The initial presentation of Case 2 had a higher severity and complexity and therefore was diagnosed with generalized Stage IV, Grade C. The need for complex rehabilitation in Case 2, however, was not primarily due to periodontitis. Conclusion Decision guidelines and algorithms help in establishing a standardized diagnosis, however cases that fall into gray zones require clinical judgment to establish the most appropriate diagnosis to guide a treatment plan that is personalized based on current knowledge.
Processing of Complex Signals and the Role of Inhibition

A great deal is now known about the neural coding of sound by the auditory periphery. Perhaps the most crucial process for this coding is frequency selectivity or tuning. However, other processes must often be considered when describing the form of the neural code provided to the central nervous system. This paper describes one of these processes--lateral inhibition--and its role in modifying the spectral information contained in some complex sounds.
Morality in a Natural World: Selected Essays in Metaethics

Introduction Part I. Naturalism: Epistemology and Metaphysics: 1. Why naturalism? 2. Four epistemological challenges to ethical naturalism: naturalized epistemology and the first-person perspective 3. Moral naturalism and self-evident moral truths 4. Moral necessities in a contingent world Part II. Referring to Moral Properties: 5. Realist-expressivism: a neglected option for moral realism 6. Milk, honey, and the good life on moral twin earth 7. Referring to moral properties: moral twin-earth, again Part III. Naturalism and Normativity: 8. Moral naturalism and three grades of normativity 9. The ring of gyges: overridingness and the unity of reason 10. The normativity of self-grounded reason.