cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural Responsiveness in Family Therapy: Integrative and Common Factors Lens

While integrative approaches have had an impact on family therapy practice, how these approaches to therapy may be particularly suited to enhancing cultural responsiveness in family therapy has not been explored extensively. In this chapter, I will illustrate how I use the common factors lens (Sprenkle et al. (2009). Common factors in couple & family therapy: The overlooked foundation for effective practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press) and foundational therapeutic approaches such as the basic genogram and the cultural genogram (Hardy et al. (1995) Journal of Marital & Family Therapy 21:227–237, 1995; McGoldrick et al. (2008). Genograms: Assessment & intervention. New York, NY: W. W. Norton) integratively, to enhance cultural responsiveness in systemic and family therapy. Attunement to two factors, client and therapist factors, are considered important components of effective therapy models. Understanding the dynamic nature of clients’ lives and their cultural realities is critical to the therapy process. I will provide examples of how to utilize in family therapy the clinical tools that infuse cultural responsiveness and awareness of culture systemic work.
Controlled Synthesis of Various Poly(Alkyl Methacrylates) by Anionic Techniques

Homopolymer synthesis investigations have further defined the requirements for the controlled anionic synthesis of various poly(alkyl methacrylates). Small variations in polymerization conditions have a profound influence on the nature of the propagating lithium enolate. However, the effects depend largely upon the size of the ester alkyl group involved. The delicate relationship among such variables as ester alkyl group size, polymerization temperature and polymerization solvent have been explored and will be discussed. Drastically different enolate stabilities have been observed for the bulkier branched alkyl methacrylates compared to those based upon linear ester alkyl groups. This has been primarily attributed to the significantly modified steric and electronic environment of the ester carbonyl. Thus, the constraints of classical alkyl methacrylate polymerizations, i.e., low temperatures and polar solvents, may be overcome by the judicious choice of the ester alkyl group. Extensive thermal, microstructural, and mechanical characterization reveal that a wide range of polymer physical properties can be achieved by the careful alteration of several variables.
Behavior and Design of Partially-Restrained Composite Framing Systems

Much progress has been made in recent years towards analytical modeling of the limit states behavior of structural steel frame members, connections and systems. Analysis methods that accurately represent the behavioral effects associated with both system and primary member design limit states have been suggested and referred to by many as “advanced analysis” approaches. By use of advanced analysis, the checking of certain limit-states equations in design standards is superceded. Specifically, in an advanced analysis, the checking of member and system stability is directly included within the analysis. If the global stiffness of the structural model is positive-definite at the design load levels, i.e., if the model is capable of supporting additional load at these levels, then the associated limit states are considered to be satisfied.
Abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: true diastolic dysfunction or left ventricular underfilling?

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the cause of abnormal left ventricular (LV) Doppler diastolic filling characteristics in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Background In CTEPH, LV diastolic function often appears abnormal. It is unclear whether this “impaired relaxation” (E Methods We studied 61 patients with an E Results After PTE, mitral E velocity increased (from 54 ± 16 cm/s to 81 ± 20 cm/s, p m ) did not change after PTE (8.0 ± 3.1 cm/s to 8.1 ± 2.0 cm/s, p = ns), whereas the velocity of the lateral mitral annulus increased (9.3 ± 3.2 cm/s to 11.8 ± 3.1 cm/s, p Conclusions The results of this study strongly suggest that the impaired relaxation pattern observed in patients with CTEPH is not solely the result of geometric effects of RV enlargement and LV chamber distortion but is caused in large part by low LV preload and relative underfilling.
GATK PathSeq: a customizable computational tool for the discovery and identification of microbial sequences in libraries from eukaryotic hosts.

Summary We present an updated version of our computational pipeline, PathSeq, for the discovery and identification of microbial sequences in genomic and transcriptomic libraries from eukaryotic hosts. This pipeline is available in the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) as a suite of configurable tools that can report the microbial composition of DNA or RNA short-read sequencing samples and identify unknown sequences for downstream assembly of novel organisms. GATK PathSeq enables sample analysis in minutes at low cost. In addition, these tools are built with the GATK engine and Apache Spark framework, providing robust, rapid parallelization of read quality filtering, host subtraction and microbial alignment in workstation, cluster and cloud environments. Availability and implementation These tools are available as a part of the GATK at https://github.com/broadinstitute/gatk. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Interactome and Proteome Dynamics Uncover Immune Modulatory Associations of the Pathogen Sensing Factor cGAS.

Summary Viral DNA sensing is an essential component of the mammalian innate immune response. Upon binding viral DNA, the cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) catalyzes the production of cyclic dinucleotides to induce type I interferons. However, little is known about how cGAS is homeostatically maintained or regulated upon infection. Here, we define cytoplasmic cGAS interactions with cellular and viral proteins upon herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in primary human fibroblasts. We compare several HSV-1 strains (wild-type, d109, d106) that induce cytokine responses and apoptosis and place cGAS interactions in the context of temporal proteome alterations using isobaric-labeling mass spectrometry. Follow-up analyses establish a functional interaction between cGAS and 2ʹ-5ʹ-oligoadenylate synthase-like protein OASL. The OAS-like domain interacts with the cGAS Mab21 domain, while the OASL ubiquitin-like domain further inhibits cGAS-mediated interferon response. Our findings explain how cGAS may be inactively maintained in cellular homeostasis, with OASL functioning as a negative feedback loop for cytokine induction.
Adaptive Model Predictive Control for Nonlinearity in Biomedical Applications

Abstract An adaptive model predictive control (MPC) formulation is proposed in this work for optimal insulin dosing decisions in artificial pancreas (AP) systems. To this end, a recursive subspace-based system identification approach is used to characterize the transient dynamics of biological systems, specifically the metabolic processes involved in diabetes. Subsequent to system identification, an adaptive MPC algorithm is designed using the recursively identified models to effectively compute the optimal insulin delivery for AP systems. A feature extraction method based on glucose measurements is used to detect rapid deviations from the desired set-point caused by significant disturbances and subsequently modify the constraints of the optimization problem for negotiating between the aggressiveness and robustness of the controller to suggest the required amount of insulin. The efficacy of the proposed adaptive MPC is demonstrated using simulation case studies.
Is higher-quality land developed earlier?:

Is higher-quality land developed earlier? To answer this question, the paper applies comparative static analysis to the Arnott–Lewis model of the transition of land from agricultural to urban use. ...
Repetitive subconcussive head impacts and changes in sensory processing for balance control

Abstract Background Repetitive subconcussive head impacts (RHI) may be associated with current and future detrimental neurological effects. However, the effects of RHI on sensory processing for balance control is unknown and may have significant clinical implications if athletes are still participating in sport despite impairments. Research Question Are there changes in sensory processing for balance control during standing and walking following RHI? Methods Thirty healthy, adult, amateur soccer players (15 males, 15 females, 21.8±2.8 years, 69.9±11.5 kg, 171.4±8.2 cm) volunteered for the standing balance assessment (i.e., experiment 1). A distinct cohort of twenty healthy, adult, amateur soccer players (10 males, 10 females, 22.3±4.5 years, 70.0±10.5 kg, 170.5±9.8 cm) volunteered for the walking balance assessment (i.e., experiment 2). We used a repeated measures design across three time points (pre-heading, 0-hours post-heading, 24-hours post-heading). Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (i.e., performed 10 soccer headers in 10 minutes) or a control group (i.e., did not perform any soccer heading between sessions). In experiment 1, participants stood in a virtual reality cave while experiencing simultaneous perturbations to their visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive systems. In experiment 2, participants walked blindfolded along a foam walkway and experienced a vestibular perturbation on the second heel strike of the right foot. Changes in sensory processing were assessed using repeated measures ANOVAs. Results There were no changes in sensory reweighting during experiment 1 and no changes in balance responses to the vestibular stimulus in experiment 2. Significance Although the cumulative effects of RHI may result in later-life cognitive, behavioral, and mood impairments, a single episode of repeated soccer headers does not appear to be associated with acute impairments in sensory processing for balance control.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 reduces global H3K4me3 to inhibit proliferation and promote differentiation of human neural stem cells

ABSTRACT Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on histone tails spatiotemporally dictate mammalian neural stem cell (NSC) fate. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, suppresses NSC proliferation and fosters differentiation into astroglial cells. Whether PTMs mediate these effects of BMP4 is unknown. Here we demonstrate that BMP4 signaling causes a net reduction in cellular histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), an active histone mark at promoters of genes associated with human NSC proliferation. We also show that H3K4me3 reduction by BMP4 is mediated by decreased expression of SETD1A and WDR82, two methyltransferase components of SETD1A-COMPASS. Down-regulation of these components decreases expression of key genes expressed in hNSCs, while ectopic expression via transfection dedifferentiates human astrocytes (HAs). These observations suggest that BMP4 influences NSC fate by regulating PTMs and altering chromatin structure. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT BMP4 is critical in determining hNSC fate. Whether histone posttranslational modifications (PTM) mediate the effects of BMP4 is unknown. Here we report that H3K4me3, brought about by its methyltransferases SETD1A and WDR82, at promoters of stem cell genes OCT4 and NESTIN is involved in human neural stem cell (hNSC) maintenance. BMP4 promotes hNSC astroglial differentiation in part through reduction of SETD1A and WDR82 and thus decreased frequency of H3K4me3 at the promoters of these genes. These results provide evidence that BMP4 promotes hNSC differentiation through a potential epigenetic mechanism and extend our understanding of the role of histone PTM in central nervous system development.
The meaning of scientific objectivity and subjectivity: From the perspective of methodologists

Given the challenges to the notion of objectivity posed by social psychological research on investigator effects, constructivist and critical epistemological perspectives, and the introduction of qualitative research methods in psychology, the investigators examined how leading methodologists understand the function of objectivity and subjectivity in psychological science. The aim of the study was to learn how contemporary methodologists view these issues so as to communicate converging perspectives to the field and inform methods education. A brief historical review of the concept of objectivity in psychology is presented to contexualize this examination. Eleven accomplished methodologists with expertise in a range of methods and epistemological perspectives were interviewed. Findings from a grounded theory analysis demonstrated that all the participants expressed concern about the belief that science is unaffected by scientists' perspectives, believing researchers and educators should problematize this perspective. Recommendations from participants included that science be viewed as a value-laden endeavor in which scientists systematically conduct research from multiple epistemological perspectives, and/or utilize diverse methods tailored to address their questions. Scientific procedures were detailed that could curtail dangers of either unchecked subjectivity or a false sense of objectivity. A functional analysis of these constructs, objectivity and subjectivity, suggested they both serve a similar scientific and an ethical purpose-to prevent the premature foreclosure of possible understanding because of the expectations of researchers. The mainstreaming of disclosures about the perspectives and positions of investigators, as well as their management, and the implementation of epistemological and methodological pluralism are encouraged to support this ethic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Spin-polarized Low Energy Electron Microscopy

Spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM) is the imaging counterpart to spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction (SPLEED). Therefore, it has the same possibilities and limitations as SPLEED but allows the study of the magnetization distribution in the top several atomic layers of crystals and highly oriented thin films. This chapter discusses the basics of the method, its experimental realization, the experimental procedures, and its applications to the study of the magnetization distribution in thin films as a function of film thickness, temperature, and magnetic field. Keywords: SPLEEM; magnetic domains; ferromagnetic films; quantum size effects; spin reorientation transition; interlayer coupling
Spectral Efficiency of Multi-Antenna Index Modulation

Index modulation emits information through the index of the activated component of a vector signal as well as the value of the activated component. Indexing could occur across antennas, subcarriers, or other degrees of freedom. When index modulation is applied to antennas, it is known as spatial modulation. Earlier bounds or estimates for the spectral efficiency of spatial modulation have been too loose for determining the parameters of coding and modulation, which are important in practice. Furthermore, the best bounds formerly available did not effectively elucidate the relationship of spatial modulation capacity with SIMO and MIMO capacity at low- and high-SNR. The present work develops novel, tighter bounds on the spectral efficiency of spatial modulation. Specifically, for a 4 × 2 antenna configuration at 8 bits/slHz, our results are 2dB tighter than the best bounds available in the literature.
Matrix Analysis Of Structural Dynamics: Applications And Earthquake Engineering

Characteristics of free and forced vibrations of elementary systems Eigensolution techniques and undamped response analysis of multiple-degree-of-freedom systems Eigensolution methods and response analysis for proportional and non-proportional damping dynamic stiffness and energy methods for distributed mass systems dynamic stiffness method for coupling vibration, elastic media and Pdeltal effect consistent mass method of frames and finite elements numerical integration methods and seismic response spectra for single- and multi-components seismic input formulation and response analysis of 3-D building systems with walls and bracings various hysteresis models of non-linear response analysis static and dynamic lateral-force procedures and related effects in building codes of UBC-94, UBC-97, and IBC-2000 problems solutions. Appendices: Lagrange's equation derivation of ground rotation vector analysis fundamentals transformation matrix between JCS and GCS transformation matrix between ECS and GCS for beam column transformation matrix and stiffness matrix of beams column with rigid zone computer program for Newmark method computer program for Wilson method computer program for CQC method Goel steel-bracing hysteresis model and computer program Takeda model for RC columns and beams and computer program Cheng-Mertz model for bending coupling with shear and low-rise shear walls and computer program Cheng-Lou axial hysteresis model for RC columns and walls and computer program.
Pulsed fourier transform NMR of substituted aryltrimethyltin derivatives : II. (119Sn-13C) coupling constants and 13C chemical shifts of meta- and para-derivatives

Abstract Carbon-13 NMR data are reported for thirteen para - and meta -substituted phenyltrimethyltin compounds, RC 6 H 4 Sn(CH 3 ) 3 , where R = para -N(CH 3 ) 2 , para -OCH 3 , para -OC 2 H 5 , para -CH 3 , meta -CH 3 , -H, para -F, meta -OCH 3 , para -Cl, para -Br, meta -F, meta -Cl and para -Sn(CH 3 ) 3 . In the para -derivatives, correlation coefficients with Hammet σ-constants of greater than ca. 0.9 are obtained with the tin-carbon couplings to methyl, C 1 and C 4 carbons, and with the carbon-13 chemical shifts δ(C(1)). In the meta -derivatives, the couplings | J (Sn-CH 3 )|:, |: J (Sn-C(1))|:, |: J (Sn-C(3))|: and |: J (Sn-C(6))|:, and the shifts δ(C(1)) and δ(C(5)) correlate well with Hammett σ. In the para -derivatives, sensitivity to change in substituent falls off C(4) > C(3, 5) > C(1) > C(2, 6) > CH 3 as registered by the δ(C), while in the meta -derivatives δ(C) changes decrease C(3) > C(2), C(4) > C(1) > C(5), C(6) > CH 3 . The magnitudes of the tin coupling constants decrease C(1) > CH 3 > C(3, 5) > C(2, 6) > C(4) in the para -derivatives, while in the meta -series the order is C(1) > CH 3 > C(3), C(5) > C(2) > C(6) > C(4). The two sets of one-bond |: J (Sn-CH 3 )|: and |: J (Sn-C(1)|: values correspond closely to the 0.25/0.33 ratio of coefficients in the LCAO approach, and are interpreted in terms of s -electron redistributions at the tin atom with change in substituent.
Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the Borrelia burgdorferi secA gene.

Abstract A Borrelia burgdorferi secA homologue was cloned and the complete DNA sequence was determined. The deduced protein sequence consists of 899 amino acids and shows a high degree of homology to SecA homologues from other Bacteria and photosynthetic plastids. The presence of the secA gene in Spirochetes suggests that this gene is present in most if not all major lineages within Bacteria. The ease of isolation of secA by conservation of its ATP-binding motifs combined with its extreme conservation in protein secretion pathways and the presence of a phylogenetic sequence marker in one of its ATP-binding domains makes this gene useful for phylogenetic analysis of Bacteria and photosynthetic plastids.
The Ovarian Etiology of Human Breast Cancer

Knowledge of the epidemiology of breast cancer would seem to have reached the point where it should be possible to formulate and test rather specific etiologic hypotheses. To emphasize this point, we may consider one of the findings from a recently completed international collaborative study, in which histories of reproduction, lactation and illness among breast cancer cases were compared with those of women hospitalized for other diseases. The study was undertaken in seven centers representing populations with very different breast cancer incidence rates [1], A strong association was noted between age at first birth and breast cancer risk (Fig. 1). Women who had a first child prior to age 18 had only about one third the breast cancer risk of those whose first birth was delayed until the age of 35 or later [2]. Births after the first appeared to have little or no effect on breast cancer risk, the association between total parity and breast cancer risk noted in earlier studies being a consequence of the negative correlation between age at first birth and total parity.
Off-axis electron holographic mapping of magnetic domains in Nd2Fe14B

Off-axis electron holography employing a field-free Lorentz lens has been used to provide direct imaging of magnetic induction in Nd2Fe14B with nanometer-scale resolution and high signal-to-noise. Using this technique, reconstructed phase images have been used to measure domain wall widths for 90° and 180° walls in a sintered sample were measured to be no greater than 7 and 9 nm, respectively. Induction maps show an unusual array of 90° domains in a hot-press sample, with singularities at the intersections of the domains. In situ thermal annealing of the hot-pressed sample resulted in magnetization rotation accompanied by domain wall movement and evidence for pinning at a structural defect. Heating of the sample above 400 °C resulted in the accumulation of small particles in thin regions and decrease in magnetic contrast.
A Fat to Forget: Trans Fat Consumption and Memory.

Purpose We sought to assess the relation of dietary trans fatty acid (dTFA) consumption to word-memory. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from the 1999-2005 UCSD Statin Study. Participants were 1018 adult men and non-procreative women age ≥20 without diagnosed diabetes, CVD, or extreme LDL-cholesterol. Primary analyses focused on men, as only men (N = 694) were effectively represented in younger adult ages. “Recurrent words” assessed word memory. dTFA (grams/day) estimates were calculated from the Fred Hutchinson Food Frequency Questionnaire. Regression, stratified at age 45, assessed the relation between memory and dTFA in various adjustment models. Major findings were replicated in the full sample (including women). Potential mediators were examined. Results An age-by-dTFA interaction was significant. dTFA adversely predicted memory in younger adults (only), robust to adjustment model. Each gram/day dTFA was associated with an estimated 0.76 fewer words recalled (full model) (SE = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.22,1.3, P = 0.006). Adjustment for systolic blood pressure, waist circumference and BMI (but not lipid or glycemic variables) attenuated the relationship, consistent with mediation by factors involving, relating to, or concurrently influencing, these factors. Conclusion Greater dTFA was significantly associated with worse word recall in younger adults. Prooxidant and energetic detriments of dTFA and triangulation with other evidence offer prospects for causality.
Digital Cable Systems

Provides the theory and practices necessary for designing digital cable systems Describes twisted-pair and coaxial cable, including physical and propagation characteristics Explains the design and operation of regenerative repeaters in detail Assesses the performance of tandemed repeaters in terms of bit error rate, jitter, and crosstalk Presents methods for calculating repeater spacing for each cable type Discusses additional implementation factors including power feeding, fault location, automatic protection switching, and orderwires
Exact BER computation for the cross 32-QAM constellation

When the number of bits per symbol is odd, the peak and average power of transmission can be reduced by using cross quadrature amplitude modulations (QAMs) instead of rectangular QAMs. Since perfect Gray coding is not possible for cross QAMs, using Smith-style Gray coding, we derive in this paper the exact bit error rate (BER) for the cross 32-QAM constellation over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels.
Gender and Prescription Opioids: Findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Abstract Background Significant gender differences in drug and alcohol use have been reported; however, little is known about gender differences in prescription opioid misuse and dependence. This study compared correlates, sources and predictors of prescription opioid non-medical use, as well as abuse or dependence among men and women in a nationally-representative sample. Methods Participants were 55,279 (26,746 men, 28,533 women) non-institutionalized civilians aged 12 years and older who participated in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Results Rates of lifetime and past-year non-medical use of prescription opiates were 13.6% and 5.1%, respectively. Significantly more men than women endorsed lifetime (15.9% vs. 11.2%) and past-year use (5.9% vs. 4.2%; ps Conclusions The findings highlight important differences between men and women using prescription opiates. The observed differences may help enhance the design of gender-sensitive surveillance, identification, prevention and treatment interventions.
Theoretical Predictions of Substituent Effects on the Thermal Electrocyclic Ring Openings of Cyclobutenones

The transition structures for the electrocyclic ring openings of a variety of substituted cyclobutenones were located with ab initio molecular orbital theory. The effects of substituents on the stereochemistries and activation energies of the electrocyclic ring openings are predicted to be similar to those in cyclobutene.
TOBACCO CESSATION AMONG PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION

The adverse health consequences of tobacco use have been well-known to the medical and lay community for the better part of the last 50 years. The first reports implicating cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for cancer of the lung were published in the 1950s 16,44 and since then, voluminous research has demonstrated that tobacco use is a leading cause or contributor to other major causes of medical illnesses and death in Western society. Much less understood, however, have been the nonphysical implications of chronic tobacco use. In the past 10 years, this topic has drawn the attention of researchers in both areas of nicotine dependence and psychiatry. As late as 30 years ago, when smoking was socially acceptable for men and, in many circles, for women also, it would have been difficult to demonstrate a relationship between the regular use of tobacco and a psychiatric condition. When many smokers quit smoking or attempted to do so in response to the negative information about tobacco use, dramatic differences in the rates of smoking according to the presence of a psychiatric disorder, including major depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, attention deficit disorders, and alcoholism and other drug dependence disorders have become apparent. Most of the evidence to date has been on major depression and depressed mood. This article presents research findings that have burgeoned during the past decade, indicating a complex association between depression and addiction to nicotine and tobacco. This literature has led to important new insights into the nature of chronic tobacco use. Drawing from the results of scientific investigations and clinical experience with several hundred addicted smokers, many of whom have been smokers with depressive disorders, this article also offers recommendations on how to treat nicotine dependence among patients with depression. This knowledge is important to primary care clinicians. Because nicotine dependence and depression are both highly prevalent conditions (estimated as 20% and 17%, respectively, in the adult population in the United States) 4,6 that also carry considerable medical consequences, 6 the primary care clinician is strategically positioned to provide the first line of medical care to those individuals who are dually afflicted by a severe addiction to smoking and a vulnerability to depressive disorder.
Acetate and Other Carboxylic Acids as Precursors of Ethylene

THE fungus Penicillium digitatum, which is the common green mould of citrus fruit, produces a small amount of ethylene which is of physiological significance to its host. The mechanism of ethylene synthesis by the fungus and other plant tissues has been explored in several laboratories by supplying postulated precursors specifically labelled with carbon-14 or tritium. Burg1 reviewed this work in 1962 and concluded that ethylene is “synthesized fairly directly from sugar, but the steps between glucose and the final product have completely evaded detection”. Wang et al.2 have fed specifically labelled sugars and acids to Penicillium digitatum and concluded that an “intimate relationship between ethylene and the tricarboxylic acid cycle is indicated”. Burg and Burg3 provided apple slices with a number of specifically labelled compounds and stated that it is “presumptuous to conclude [that] the relationship [between Krebs cycle acids and ethylene] is very direct”.
Parametric study in rocking instability of a rigid block under harmonic ground pulse: A unified approach

Abstract In this work a parametric study of the (overturning) rocking instability of a free-standing rectangular rigid block under a ground harmonic pulse is thoroughly discussed assuming that the friction between the rigid block and ground surface is sufficiently large to exclude sliding. Attention is focused on the minimum amplitude ground acceleration which yields (overturning) rocking instability. The individual and coupling effects on overturning instability of the stockiness parameter of the block (width to height ratio) in connection with the height of the rigid block and its initial conditions (imperfections) are examined in detail. Two modes of rocking instability with or without impact under a one-sine and a one-cosine pulse with different ground excitation periods are discussed. With the aid of phase-plane portraits rocking instability criteria which lead to closed form solutions for establishing the minimum amplitude ground acceleration, are properly assessed.
Magnetic Properties of Ions Implanted in Glass; Fe in SiO2

Silica glass platelets have been implanted with Fe(+) ions, 125 KeV and 10⋀−5 A to doses of 10⋀14 cm⋀−2, 10⋀15 cm⋀−2, 10⋀16 cm⋀−2 and 5 × 10⋀16 cm⋀−2. Ion scattering measurements show that the peak of the Fe ion distribution is ∼95 nm below the sample surface, approximately Gaussian, with a width at half maximum amplitude of 100 nm. The intensity of a component in the EPR spectra of implanted samples with a width of 300 gauss and an approximately isotropic shape increases with increasing dose. The increase, proportional to dose for doses <10⋀16 cm⋀−2, is larger for doses ≥10⋀16 cm⋀−2. In addition for doses ≥10⋀16 cm⋀−2, the component is orientation dependent. Subsequent heat treatments in air at 700° and 800° C alter the shape, intensity, and orientation dependence of the component. The spectral component in as-implanted samples is attributed to paramagnetic states of Fe ions. The threshold for magnetic exchange interactions and consequently long range magnetic ordering at ∼300K occurs at a dose ≥10⋀16 cm⋀−2. Data on effects of thermal treatments on intensities and shapes are interpreted in terms of changing chemical composition of precipitating particles.
The role of competing mechanisms in the fatigue life variability of a nearly fully-lamellar γ-TiAl based alloy

Abstract The influence of competing mechanisms on the fatigue life behavior of a γ-TiAl based alloy was studied at room temperature and 600 °C. The alloy exhibited almost flat stress–life ( S–N ) behavior at both temperatures. This type of behavior was found to result from variability in life due to a probabilistic selection between two mechanisms, viz. failure by surface crack nucleation and that by subsurface crack nucleation. It is suggested that the S–N behavior of the alloy is actually composed of dual curves, over the same range of stresses, corresponding to each mechanism. This improved description of the S–N behavior (in terms of dual curves) of the alloy led to a significant reduction in the apparent uncertainty in life.
Developmental expression of murine HPRT. I. Activities, heat stabilities, and electrophoretic mobilities in adult tissues.

Total and specific activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) varied widely among six tissues from C3H/f mice; the highest levels of activity were in brain. More striking were thermostability differences in tissue enzymes. Although brain, spleen, and kidney HPRT retained 65% basal activity after 15 min at 85 C, heart, liver, and erythrocyte HPRT retained only 20–30% initial activity. Kidney HPRT behaved as monospecific heat-stable enzyme (Kdenaturation=0.022/min, and liver enzyme behaved as monospecific heat-labile enzyme (Kdenaturation=0.061/min), while other tissues appeared to contain both forms of the enzyme. Multiple electrophoretic activity bands were present in all tissues; no activity band was restricted to a single tissue. The data presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that the distinct tissue properties of HPRT result from posttranslational modification of the product of a single genetic locus which is expressed in all tissues.
Synthesis, structure, and properties of (BPDT-TTF)2IBr2☆

Abstract We report the preparation of di[bis(propylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene] iododibromide, (BPDT-TTF)2IBr2, by electrochemical oxidation in benzonitrile. The crystals belong to the triclinic ( P 1 , Z =1) system with the following lattice constants: a =9.259 (2), b = 16.102 (3), c =6.802 (2) A , α=92.46 (2), β=111.73 (2), andγ=91.15 (2)°. The crystal structure of this material was found to be isomorphic with (BPDT-TTF)2I3 and the di[bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF or ET) trihalides. Ambient pressure electron spin resonance (ESR) and low-frequency ESR measurements are discussed.
Kinetics of the gas-solid heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene by near UV illuminated titanium dioxide

Kinetics of the gas/solid heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of dilute trichloroethylene (TCE) vapors by ultraviolet-illuminated titanium dioxide have been determined using a fixed-bed dynamic photoreactor. Reaction rate dependences on inlet TCE, oxygen and water vapor concentrations were found to consist of both reactant sensitive and insensitive regions. In the reactant sensitive regions, measured limiting apparent reaction rate orders for TCE, oxygen and water vapor are 0.8, 1.7 and — 3, respectively. Water vapor in the reactant stream lowersinitial reaction rates relative to corresponding water free conditions, but is required to sustain photocatalytic activity for extended periods of time.
An automated eye movement recording system for use with human infants

An infrared corneal reflection eye movement system modified for work with human infants is described. The system generates on-line digital information on eye position at a sampling rate that allows examination of the temporal and spatial characteristics of fixations and eye move-ments. An algorithm for defining fixation and eye movement episodes is described.
“Good” mathematics teaching for students of color and those in poverty: the importance of relational interactions within instruction

In considering “good teaching” in mathematics, scholars usually refer to teacher knowledge and instructional practices that promote understanding. However, researchers have found that these two elements of instruction are often not as prevalent in urban contexts, a space where high percentages of students of color and the poor are educated. Additionally, recent work calls for understanding other classroom mechanisms that impact the mathematics learning of students of color. Using video, field notes, and an interview, this research examines a case study of one urban classroom of Latino and African American students. Their teacher engages them in substantive mathematics and reform-minded pedagogical strategies, but a number of relational interactions raise issues of how these micro-interactions can mediate access to mathematics. The study found four dimensions in which relational interactions mediated access to mathematics: addressing behavior, framing mathematics ability, acknowledging student contributions, and attending to culture and language. The paper ends with raising questions for future research and calling for a broader framing of instruction that incorporates relational dimensions of the classroom.
New Ways of Thinking about Environmentalism: Models of Justice in the Environmental Debate

Justice has become important in public and private consideration of the environment, but a number of different ways of operationalizing justice can be seen. Previous literature suggests that principles stressing responsibility and the public good are more common than need and equity in thinking about environmental issues. The results from two questionnaire studies, presented here, confirm that environmental justice—responsibility to other species and to future generations, and the rights of the environment—emerges as the most highly rated consideration in resolving environmental conflicts and that this factor is distinct from traditional procedural and distributive justice factors. Highlighting the individual or the collective makes different justice principles salient but that the effect depends on one's original position.
Application of high-performance computing to numerical simulation of human movement

We have examined the feasibility of using massively-parallel and vector-processing supercomputers to solve large-scale optimization problems for human movement. Specifically, we compared the computational expense of determining the optimal controls for the single support phase of gait using a conventional serial machine (SGI Iris 4D25), a MIMD parallel machine (Intel iPSC/860), and a parallel-vector-processing machine (Cray Y-MP 8/864). With the human body modeled as a 14 degree-of-freedom linkage actuated by 46 musculotendinous units, computation of the optimal controls for gait could take up to 3 months of CPU time on the Iris. Both the Cray and the Intel are able to reduce this time to practical levels. The optimal solution for gait can be found with about 77 hours of CPU on the Cray and with about 88 hours of CPU on the Intel. Although the overall speeds of the Cray and the Intel were found to be similar, the unique capabilities of each machine are better suited to different portions of the computational algorithm used. The Intel was best suited to computing the derivatives of the performance criterion and the constraints whereas the Cray was best suited to parameter optimization of the controls. These results suggest that the ideal computer architecture for solving very large-scale optimal control problems is a hybrid system in which a vector-processing machine is integrated into the communication network of a MIMD parallel machine.
An algorithm for generating spatially autocorrelated unsaturated flow properties

Abstract A methodology is presented for using particle size distribution data to generate distributed fields of soil hydraulic properties which are described locally by van Genuchten's (VG) model. The VG model is parameterized by the saturated water content, saturated conductivity, “residual” water content, and two shape parameters for the water retention function. Local particle size distribution (PSD) is characterized by a log-normal cumulative distribution function defined in terms of a local log-mean and log-variance which are each considered to be independent stationary random functions with known mean, variance, and autocovariance functions. Saturated water content also is regarded as a stationary random function with stipulated mean, variance and autocovariance function. Spatially distributed fields of PSD parameters and saturated water content are generated by a stochastic moving average algorithm. Via a quasiphysical pore structure model, local PSD data are used to predict the local soil-water retention function which is fitted to the van Genuchten model. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is estimated from VG model parameters and saturated water content. Distributions of soil hydraulic properties generated using this indirect approach are similar to field observed distributions.
A Simple Apparatus for the Injection of Lithium Aerosol into the Scrape-Off Layer of Fusion Research Devices

A simple device has been developed to deposit elemental lithium onto plasma facing components in the National Spherical Torus Experiment. Deposition is accomplished by dropping lithium powder into the plasma column. Once introduced, lithium particles quickly become entrained in scrape-off layer flow as an evaporating aerosol. Particles are delivered through a small central aperture in a computer-controlled resonating piezoelectric disk on which the powder is supported. The device has been used to deposit lithium both during discharges as well as prior to plasma breakdown. Clear improvements to plasma performance have been demonstrated. The use of this apparatus provides flexibility in the amount and timing of lithium deposition and, therefore, may benefit future fusion research devices.
Quantum Statistics Basis, Thermodynamic Analogies and the Degree of Confidence for Maximum Entropy Restoration and Estimation

The Maximum Entropy Method, using physical statistics, chooses the most probable estimate consistent with limited measurements. Thermodynamic analogies and the degree of confidence are discussed.
Mathematical model of a lithium/polypyrrole cell

A mathematical model to simulate the charge/discharge behavior of a lithium/lithium perchlorate-propylene carbonate/polypyrrole secondary battery cell is presented. The model can be used to gain a better understanding of the behavior of this cell and to provide guidance toward the design of new secondary batteries which utilize an electronically conductive polymer such as polypyrrole as the cathode. The model includes the capability of handling charge and discharge behavior and is used to study the effect of various design parameters on the performance of the cell.
Relations among stellar X-ray emission observed from Einstein, stellar rotation and bolometric luminosity

The correlation between observed stellar X-ray luminosities, bolometric luminosities, and projected rotational velocities for stars of various spectral types and luminosity classes are determined. Early type stars (O3 to A5) have X-ray luminosities independent of rotational velocities, and correlating with bolometric luminosities. Late type stars of spectral type G to M have luminosities well correlated to equatorial rotational velocities, and are independent of luminosity class. The dependence of late type stars is found to be equivalent to a relation between the X-ray surface flux and the stellar angular velocity. F stars are intermediate with X-ray luminosities higher than would be predicted on the basis of the early type star relation, although lower than expected from the late type velocity dependence. The location of RS CVn stars as a class is also discussed, and it is found that the heating of late type stellar coronas does not result from direct conversion of ratational energy.
Dynamics of gases containing evaporable liquid droplets under a normal shock.

The shock structure of two-phase flow with evaporation is investigated. The relaxation zone of a mixture composed of air, water vapor, and water droplets has been computed numerically. Asymptotic solution for wet mixture and the final condition for superheated mixture are also studied. The asymptotic solution shows that the equilibrium temperature is much lower than in the case in which no evaporation is involved. Other flow properties differ too little to cause a significant difference between these two cases. The length of the momentum relaxation zone depends upon the rate of evaporation and is, in general, shorter when evaporation takes place. For a superheated mixture, an evaporation zone for complete phase change exists and then degenerates into a uniform single-phase flow.
A partitioned solution procedure for simulating water flow in a variably saturated dual-porosity medium

Abstract A simple and computationally effective partitioned solution procedure was used to solve the coupled equations of water flow in a variably-saturated dual-porosity medium. The coupled equations were first discretized in space and time using standard numerical solution procedures. The resulting algebraic system was subsequently partitioned in the time domain with a staggered implicit-implicit partitioning scheme. The partitioned time-integration procedures were carried out sequentially for the two subsystems, and coupled by temporal extrapolation techniques. A numerical stability and accuracy analysis demonstrated that the partitioned solution scheme, when integrated with the midpoint rule, is unconditionally stable and second-order accurate with only a single-pass through the partitioned equations (i.e. without iteration between the two subsystems). Simulation examples revealed that the solution of the single-pass scheme yields a slightly delayed response to that of the iterative scheme.
‘Ecofeminism’ in geography

(1998). ‘Ecofeminism’ in Geography. Ethics, Place & Environment: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 243-249.
Error Covariance Modeling in the GMAO Ocean Ensemble Kalman Filter

Abstract In practical applications of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for ocean data assimilation, the computational burden and memory limitations usually require a trade-off between ensemble size and model resolution. This is certainly true for the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) ocean EnKF used for ocean climate analyses. The importance of resolution for the adequate representation of the dominant current systems means that small ensembles, with their concomitant sampling biases, have to be used. Hence, strategies have been sought to address sampling problems and to improve the performance of the EnKF for a given ensemble size. Approaches assessed herein consist of spatiotemporal filtering of background-error covariances, improving the system-noise representation, imposing a steady-state error covariance model, and speeding up the analysis by performing the most expensive operation of the analysis on a coarser computational grid. A judicious combination of these approaches leads to...
K Auger rates calculated for Ne

Starting with a $1s$ vacancy in the neon atom, Auger rates are calculated for transitions to the final $\mathrm{LS}$-coupled states of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{++}$. Electron correlations are found to have a significant effect on these rates. Although the configuration mixing of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{++}$ ${(1s)}^{2}{(2s)}^{2}{(2p)}^{4} ^{1}S$ and ${(1s)}^{2}{(2p)}^{6} ^{1}S$ is important, good results are only obtained by also considering the other correlation effects representing mixing with other configurations. The ratios of calculated Auger rates relative to the $1s\ensuremath{-}2s2s ^{1}S$ rate are in close agreement with experiment. However, the calculated absolute rates are all higher than the experimental values of Mehlhorn, Stalherm, and Verbeek by factors ranging from 1.4 to 1.5.
Analysis of nerve agent degradation products using capillary ion electrophoresis

Abstract A method has been developed for the analysis of nerve agent degradation products using capillary ion electrophoresis. Analysis of the primary degradation products isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, ethyl methyl-phosphonic acid, pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid and methylphosphonic acid was accomplished with run times of less than 5 min. Detection of low mg/l levels of degradation products in spiked water samples was possible. Little sample preparation was required for the analysis of the alkyl methylphosphonic acids.