cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Examiner Variables on Reported Self-Disclosure: Implications for Group Personality Testing

The interactions of three examiner variables-gender, ethnicity (Anglo or Mexican American), and style of administration (nondirective, directive, or neutral)-on the responses of Mexican American and Anglo, male and female university students' responses to Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire were investigated. An analysis of variance procedure was used and several interactions were statistically significant. The results of this study indicate that global examiner variables such as gender and ethnicity as well as more subtle variables such as verbal style of administration can greatly effect group test results. These effects are compounded when the respondents are of different gender and ethnicity. Implications of these findings for group personality tests are discussed.
QELS‐SEF study on poly(lysine) in the extraordinary phase: Effect of electric field strength on the apparent diffusion coefficient

The technique of quasielastic light scattering (QELS) in the presence of a sinusoidal electric field (QELS-SEF) was used to examine the diffusion of poly(lysine) in the extraordinary phase, which is defined by the anomalously small value in the apparent diffusion coefficient (Dapp, obtained by QELS methods) as the added salt concentration is lowered below 10 mM. Spectra were obtained for high-molecular-weight poly(lysine) (800,000) in 0.5 mM KCl, using a driving frequency of 90 Hz. It was observed that the linewidth, hence apparent diffusion coefficient (DSF), increased with electric field strength (E) over the range 6 < E < 30 V/cm. As might be anticipated, the asymptotic limit, DSF(E = 0), was almost numerically equivalent to Dapp at this KCl concentration. As E approached the upper limit value of 31 V/cm, the value of DSF approached the high salt (500 mM KCl) value of Dapp. These observations are discussed in terms of small-ion dispersion effects.
Manipulating pre-feed, density of reinforcement, and extinction produces disruption in the Location variation of a temporal discrimination task in pigeons

When pharmacological and non-pharmacological agents are used to disrupt temporal discrimination, two major findings have emerged in the literature. One result reveals lateral shifts of the psychophysical curve for time due to disruptors, while the other is a decrease in accuracy for classifying short and long intervals and a flattening of the psychophysical curve. These results represent a discrepancy within the timing literature that requires clarification. The current study determined the effects of pre-feed, increased density of reinforcement during session, and extinction on the Location variation of a temporal discrimination procedure. The results showed that extinction and pre-feed (at higher levels), when presented in an acute fashion, led to right-ward shifts in the psychophysical curve. Our results, when compared to similar studies in the literature, suggest that lateral shifts are more likely to be found due to disruptors when the Location variation is being used and when procedures are less complicated.
Diet, nutrients, phytochemicals, and cancer metastasis suppressor genes

The major factor in the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients is metastasis. There exists a relative lack of specific therapeutic approaches to control metastasis, and this is a fruitful area for investigation. A healthy diet and lifestyle not only can inhibit tumorigenesis but also can have a major impact on cancer progression and survival. Many chemicals found in edible plants are known to inhibit metastatic progression of cancer. While the mechanisms underlying antimetastatic activity of some phytochemicals are being delineated, the impact of diet, dietary components, and various phytochemicals on metastasis suppressor genes is underexplored. Epigenetic regulation of metastasis suppressor genes promises to be a potentially important mechanism by which dietary components can impact cancer metastasis since many dietary constituents are known to modulate gene expression. The review addresses this area of research as well as the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of diet, dietary components, and phytochemicals on metastasis suppressor genes.
Stellar clustering as induced by a supernova

Abstract When the shock wave from a supernova expands, it sweeps up not only interstellar matter but also magnetic field. The field is greatly amplified by compression and will provide the dominant pressure during the cool radiative phase of an expanding supernova shell. We examine a hydromagnetic instability in this system (a form of the Parker instability) and find that it will concentrate gas at intervals of the order of parsecs. The length and time scales make the instability promising as an explanation of the stellar clustering that is seen in Canis Major R1.
Utilizing Item Analysis to Improve the Evaluation of Student Performance

One of the cornerstones of teaching is the evaluation of student performance. Traditionally, such evaluations are performed through the administration of exams, quizzes, research papers, and group projects. Although faculty are accustomed to evaluating students, rarely do they evaluate the quality of the aforementioned methods used to assess student knowledge. The present study will illustrate how certain measurement theory techniques (i.e., item difficulty, index of discrimination, Cronbach's alpha, and point biserial correlation) can be utilized to investigate the reliability and validity of student performance and what their impact is on grade distribution. Additionally, a new method for performing item analysis is proposed. To demonstrate the applicability of measurement theory in estimating the reliability and validity of student performance, we draw from one of the author's experiences in teaching an introductory course in political behavior.
Comparisons of phosphorus ligation properties in P(CH2NR)3P.

Bicyclic P(CH2NMe)3P was synthesized, and its reactions with MnO2, elemental sulfur, p-toluenesulfonyl azide, BH3·THF, and W(CO)5(THF) were shown to furnish a variety of products in which the PC3 a...
Particle-borne radionuclides as tracers for sediment in the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay

Abstract The Chesapeake Bay receives nearly 1 000 000 tonnes of sediment annually from its major tributary, the Susquehanna River. The pattern of deposition of this sediment affects the lifetime of the estuarine resource and the fate of any sediment-borne contaminants. Previous estimates of the extent to which Susquehanna River sediment is transported down the Chesapeake have differed considerably. By use of reactor-generated radionuclides adsorbed on the river sediment, a sediment budget has been compiled for the upper Chesapeake Bay and the reservoirs on the lower Susquehanna. Reservoirs impound nearly 1 400 000 tonnes of sediment annually behind the power dams on the lower Susquehanna River. Without the dams, sediment delivery to the upper bay would more than double. The uppermost Chesapeake Bay, within and above the turbidity maximum, retains virtually all of the fluvial sediment delivered to it. The result is an annual sedimentation rate of approximately 3 mm yr −1 in the upper bay, an infilling rate that is nearly equal to the regional rate of sea level rise.
Comparisons of DSM-III defined pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota children.

The authors have maintained a roster and data base on North Dakota children with PDD, with data on some patients dating back 9 years. From this data base they have reported on the coexistence of PDD and other conditions, prognostic markers in PDD patients, and predictive response to pharmacological treatment. In this paper, the authors compare and contrast the three different DSM-III defined PDDs along the dimensions of associated conditions, cognitive functioning, language functioning, possible etiologies, and other organic factors. The authors discuss the data generated from the North Dakota roster of PDD patients and other studies reported in the literature. The implications for nosological classification are also examined.
Do γδ T cells predict osteonecrosis of the jaw

A large body of evidence has established that T cells and cytokine mediators originating from the immune system potently impact bone turnover in both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Indeed, osteoclasts derive from precursors that circulate within the immune compartment; however, new revelations continue to emerge attesting to the depth of integration of the skeletal and immune systems, and the consequences of the immuno-skeletal interface for bone metabolism. Activated T cells have long been recognized to promote osteoclast formation as a consequence of their capacity to secrete osteoclastogenic cytokines including receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)(1–5); the RANKL-independent osteoclastogenic cytokines, secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T cells (SOFAT)(6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily member 14 (TNSF14, or LIGHT),(7) and the inflammatory mediator TNFα.(8) TNFα stimulates RANKL production in osteoblastic cells(9) and potently synergizes with RANKL to intensify osteoclastogenesis(8,10,11) and resorption.(12) Indeed, RANKL and/or TNFα, derived in part from activated T cells, have been implicated in bone loss and joint destruction in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis,(13) alveolar bone loss in periodontal infection,(14,15) and in humans and animal models of the archetypal osteoporotic bone disease, postmenopausal osteoporosis.(5,16,17) Interestingly, although lymphocytes are protagonists of bone loss in inflammatory states, under physiologic conditions both human(18) and rodent B cells(19,20) secrete the RANKL decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG), an activity potentiated by T cell costimulation.(19) T cells are thus central to the regulation of basal bone turnover as well as protagonists of pathological bone loss.
Technology, Convenience and Consumption

Abstract Technology is having a dramatic impact on everything from the pre-purchase to post-purchase process in virtually all areas of the hospitality, travel and tourism sectors. This article examines how technological advances are likely to impact the consumption process. It further looks into how technology and marketing have the potential to improve customer service and bring dollars to the bottom line. The article identifies five overriding “driving forces” which support the changes technology offers. It further suggests five key criteria technology must meet to be embraced by marketing and operations. Finally, it provides implications for marketing, operations, and the consumer.
Sporadic E morphology from GPS‐CHAMP radio occultation

The scintillations of phase and amplitude in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the GPS radio occultation signal are caused by thin ionization layers. These thin irregular electron density layers in the E region ionosphere are often called sporadic E (Es). For a monthly retrieval of Es morphology we use the variances of the phase and SNR fluctuations of worldwide ~6000 GPS/CHAMP occultations in the E region. The Es climatology is studied globally with the SNR and phase variances in terms of monthly zonal means, seasonal maps, and diurnal and long-term variations. The zonal mean variances reveal strong, extended Es activities at summertime midlatitudes but weak, confined activities in wintertime high latitudes, peaking at ~105 km. Global maps at 105-km altitude show clear dependence of Es activities on the geomagnetic dip angle, where the summertime midlatitude Es occurs mostly at dip angles of 30 deg. - 60 deg. and the wintertime high-latitude enhancement occurs mostly at dip angles greater than 80 deg. The midlatitude Es variances exhibit a strong semidiurnal variation with peak hours near 0800 1000 and 2000 local solar time, respectively. The peak hours are delayed slightly with decreasing height, suggesting influences from the semidiurnal tide. To provide more insights on the observed SNR and phase variances, we model radio wave propagation for the CHAMP observing geometry under several perturbed cases in the E region ionosphere. The model simulations indicate that the SNR variance has the maximum response to Es perturbations at vertical wavelengths of 1.2 km, whereas the phase response maximizes at ~2 km (for the 1-s variance analysis). The characteristic scale depends little on the truncation time used in the SNR variance analysis, but it increases with the truncation time for the phase variances. Initial studies show that reasonable global Es morphology can be produced on a monthly and seasonal basis with the CHAMP one-antenna occultations. Better results from other existing and upcoming GPS occultation missions are anticipated in future studies, and they will significantly improve our understanding of this important phenomenon.
Improving resolution in coulter counting by hydrodynamic focusing

Abstract A simple technique for improving the resolution of closely sized particles in Coulter counting is described. The method consists of feeding the suspension to be measured from a ∼ 30 μ diameter hole positioned 2 to 4 mm from the aperture of the Coulter device. Both tubes are immersed in a bath of particle-free electrolyte. When the electrolyte is sucked through the sensing aperture in the usual way, the stream tube containing the suspension is accelerated and thinned so that the particles all travel essentially the same streamline, and consequently have uniformity of approach and passage through the sensing aperture. The focusing is found to improve significantly the representation of the particle size distribution as judged from measured distributions of Dow latex microspheres which are known to be extremely uniform in size.
Clinical pathways can be based on acuity, not diagnosis

The standardization of medical practice is gaining acceptance as a technique for controlling length of stay and hospital charges, while maintaining quality. Most clinical pathways address specific diagnoses or procedures, but we have developed a new approach in which pathways for cardiac care are based on acuity. All congenital cardiac surgical care rendered at Columbus Children's Hospital now falls within one of four such clinical pathways. This simplified approach is easy to use and has been well accepted. Our experience in a group of 107 consecutive patients treated in this fashion is described. The results of variance analyses, along with length of stay and charge data, are presented to demonstrate the degree to which resource utilization can be standardized in this widely variable group of patients whose problems were made cohesive by classification according to acuity level. We conclude that the resultant standardization offers considerable advantages for the managed care environment.
Effect of lipid viscosity and high-pressure homogenization on the physical stability of “Vitamin E” enriched emulsion

AbstractRecently there has been a growing interest in vitamin E for its potential use in cancer therapy. The objective of this work was therefore to formulate a physically stable parenteral lipid emulsion to deliver higher doses of vitamin E than commonly used in commercial products. Specifically, the objectives were to study the effects of homogenization pressure, number of homogenizing cycles, viscosity of the oil phase, and oil content on the physical stability of emulsions fortified with high doses of vitamin E (up to 20% by weight). This was done by the use of a 27-run, 4-factor, 3-level Box–Behnken statistical design. Viscosity, homogenization pressure, and number of cycles were found to have a significant effect on particle size, which ranged from 213 to 633 nm, and on the percentage of vitamin E remaining emulsified after storage, which ranged from 17 to 100%. Increasing oil content from 10 to 20% had insignificant effect on the responses. Based on the results it was concluded that stable vitamin ...
Inhibition of fipronil and nonane metabolism in human liver microsomes and human cytochrome P450 isoforms by chlorpyrifos.

Previous studies have established that chlorpyrifos (CPS), fipronil, and nonane can all be metabolized by human liver microsomes (HLM) and a number of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. However, metabolic interactions between these three substrates have not been described. In this study the effect of either coincubation or preincubation of CPS with HLM or CYP isoforms with either fipronil or nonane as substrate was investigated. In both co- and preincubation experiments, CPS significantly inhibited the metabolism of fipronil or nonane by HLM although CPS inhibited the metabolism of fipronil more effectively than that of nonane. CPS significantly inhibited the metabolism of fipronil by CYP3A4 as well as the metabolism of nonane by CYP2B6. In both cases, preincubation with CPS caused greater inhibition than coincubation, suggesting that the inhibition is mechanism based. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:76–80, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20161
Reducing garbage in Java

One of the important advantages of Java, from a programmers prospective, is the use of garbage collection. One aspect of memory management in Java is that all objects are created on a garbage collected heap. Only primitive types, mostly numeric types and references to objects, are allocated on the runtime stack. We speculated that a significant number of objects behaved like traditional automatic variables, that are normally allocated on the runtime stack. We instrumented a Java virtual machine to test this hypothesis. The percentage of objects that could have been allocated on a stack instead of on the heap ranged from zero to possibly as high as 56%, but were generally in the 5--15% range.
Patterning and Imaging of Oxides on Glassy Carbon Electrode Surfaces by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

The scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) is used to form and characterize patterns of oxides on glassy carbon (GC) surfaces. Chemically specific imaging of oxides present on these surfaces was demonstrated by taking advantage of differential heterogeneous electron-transfer rates for the Fe(II/III) reaction occurring at unoxidized and oxidized GC electrodes. Localized generation of surface oxides was demonstrated using both the microreagent and direct modification modes of the SECM. The microreagent mode was used to perform a chemical oxidation of the surface by generating the strong oxidant Ag(II) at the ultramicroelectrode tip while positioned close to the carbon surface. However, this technique had poor reproducibility. Direct mode oxidation was much more versatile toward generating complex patterns of oxides on carbon surfaces. The reproducibility of the direct mode technique depended heavily on the solution resistance. Charge dose studies, followed by reaction-rate imaging, qualitatively show that the electron-transfer rate for the Fe(II/III) system scales with the amount of charge injected in each oxidation experiment, indicating a correlation between surface oxide density and electron-transfer rate.
Endoscopic removal of colon lipomas

Polypoid submucosal lipomas, much less often encountered in the colon than adenomas, can give rise to bleeding and abdominal pain. Although quite benign histologically, they require removal in selected cases. This can be accomplished by operative colonoscopy. Gratifying experience with 2 cases is described in this report.
Numerical studies on the effects of water presence in the coal matrix and coal shrinkage and swelling phenomena on CO2-enhanced coalbed methane recovery process

Conventional coalbed methane (CBM) models are developed using dual-porosity, single-permeability domain characteristics, which ignore the effects of water presence in the coal matrix. Neglecting these effects typically over-predicts gas production. Another phenomenon often disregarded in most CBM models is the coal shrinkage and swelling effects, which cause changes in coal permeability. This study illustrates how the water presence in the coal matrix and coal shrinkage and swelling phenomena affect the CO2-enhanced CBM recovery process. An in-house two-phase, fully-implicit, compositional, dual-porosity, dual-permeability CBM simulator accounting for the effects of water presence in the coal matrix and coal shrinkage and swelling, is used in this analysis. Results demonstrate the water presence in the coal matrix caused an early CO2 breakthrough. A decrease in fracture permeability caused by the dominating effects of coal swelling delays the CO2 breakthrough. Ignoring these effects could provide significant errors of production predictions of enhanced CBM recovery process.
Direct determination of local lattice polarity in crystals

With current advances in sub-angstrom resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), it is now possible to image directly local crystal structures of materials where dramatically different atoms are separated from each other at distances about or less than 1 angstrom. We achieved direct imaging of atomic columns of nitrogen in close proximity to columns of aluminum in wurtzite aluminum nitride by using annular dark field imaging in an aberration-corrected STEM. This ability allows direct determination of the local polarity in nanoscale crystals and crystal defects.
Can parallel single cell assays support diagnostics in tuberculosis

Current biological tools to measure protein and mRNA abundance average the responses of the large number of cells present in a sample, thereby concealing cell-cell heterogeneity and limiting the analysis of rare cell types. While single cell analysis may be more desirable, the tools and methods to do these measurements are not widely available. We have developed a qRT-PCR approach to measure mRNA expression from single cell samples, and are developing a microfluidic ELISA tool to measure multiple proteins simultaneously from single cell samples. These techniques have been used to probe the spectrum and influence of cell-cell heterogeneity on immune responses by defining coordinate response patterns from individual cells and from multiple cells in parallel. Requirement for success in achieving single cell measurements include: 1) precise nanoliter-volume fluid handling; 2) sufficient sensitivity to detect single cell responses; 3) multiplexing to measure more than one analyte from each cell sample; 4) a means to biochemically process single cell samples; and 5) methods to be able to process multiple samples in parallel. Remarkably, there are technical solutions to these challenges. However, a major limitation is the current lack of understanding of the biological significance of the very heterogeneous properties of individual cells in a population. Biological understanding of cell behavior will require reference datasets to be established so that normal/diseased responses can be classified, and the significance of the absolute abundance of a given protein within a given cell can be understood. Also, current methods focus on candidate genes and proteins, and an additional challenge is identifying which analytes are most appropriately measured to be useful for TB diagnostics and monitoring responses to therapy and vaccination.
Cyclosporine increases muscular force generation in Duhenne muscular dystrophy

We investigated the effect of cyclosporine (CsA) on force generation in 15 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) by obtaining monthly measures of tetanic force and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of both anterior tibial muscles. During 4 months of a natural history phase, both tetanic force and MVC declined significantly. During 8 weeks of CsA treatment (5 mg/kg/day), significantly increased tetanic force (25.8 ± 6.6%) and MVC (13.6 ± 4.0%) occurred within 2 weeks. The maximum mean increase during treatment was 35.2 ± 5.9% (tetanic force) and 19.0 ± 4.6% (MVC). Side effects from CsA, gastrointestinal and flu-like symptoms, were transient and self-limiting. Thus, as previously reported with prednisone, CsA increases muscular force generation in the anterior tibial muscles of DMD patients.
HME powder detection using space sampling and electrochemical sensors

A new concept for effective sampling and detecting HME powder traces is described. The collection is based on the particles mobility under rotation into an accumulation collector unit, followed by sequential transfer to the electrochemical detection system where surface washing yields a higher concentration at room temperature. The electrochemical detection of the peroxide explosives is based on photochemical degradation or acid treatment resulting in hydrogen peroxide which is sensed by a Prussian-blue (PB) modified strip electrode at a low potential. Nitrates such as Urea Nitrate are detected using unique reactions which generate one product which has a specific electrochemical signature. Nitroaromatics, nitramines and nitroesters are detected. The new "Add and Detect" procedure is operator independent and is the safest as the operator.
An Experimental Color Monitor For Vision Research

Visual science refers collectively to the research of the vision process from anatomical, neurological, physiological, psychophysical, opthalmological, and psychological points of view. Each of these disciplines in turn is concerned with some aspect of the multifaceted visual function. The work extends from studies of humans to a wide variety of other species with the ultimate goal of understanding this most critical link between living things and the environment.
Development of a totally implantable biventricular bypass centrifugal blood pump system

Abstract Background . During the past 2 years, the development of a totally implantable biventricular bypass rotary blood pump system has been made. Methods . An extracorporeal gyro centrifugal pump, the CIE3, was miniaturized and developed into the PI601, a totally implantable plastic pump. Two-day anatomic and hemodynamic feasibility studies demonstrated that these two pump systems were easily implantable inside a calf's abdominal wall, directly under the diaphragm. The priming volume of the pump was 20 mL, with sufficient cardiac outputs at approximately 2,000 rpm and requiring less than 10 W of power. Two-week antithrombogenic screening tests also revealed these pump systems to be quite antithrombogenic. In addition, 1-month system reliability studies demonstrated fail-safe reliable performances. Results and Conclusions . Encouraged by these preliminary studies, the PI601 model was converted to the permanently implantable titanium gyro pump PI702 model. The long-term implantations were initiated approximately 3 months ago, and two such long-term LVAD studies are currently underway with no sign of difficulty (October 10, 1997). They were followed 283 days and 72 days, respectively. Both terminated due to functional inflow obstruction. There were no blood clots or emboli at autopsy.
Alternative measures of satisfaction in cross‐cultural settings

Purpose – This paper seeks to develop and test a model that enables examination of the cross‐cultural comparative influence of the meets expectations versus feeling state perspectives of consumer satisfaction for a product or brand.Design/methodology/approach – New measures were developed for the meets expectations and feeling state constructs, leading to a survey that was administered to Chinese and Americans. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in order to test hypotheses that were developed from the extant literature.Findings – The study found that meets expectations and feeling state are two distinct separate constructs with Americans and Chinese, and that their influence on future purchase intent differs between cultures, and between brands.Research limitations/implications – Only two brands were used in the study. The survey was completed with university students in the USA and China versus a broader range of age groups. The dissimilar nuances of English and Chinese may lead to...
Competitive hydrogenation of benzene and toluene on palladium and platinum catalysts

This study examines the influence of the support on the relative hydrogenation rates of benzene and toluene in mixtures, and it also analyzes the influence of the chosen reaction model on the interpretation of fitted rate parameters. Relative hydrogenation rates, R{sub T/B}, over Pd catalysts at an 50/50 (molar) benzene/toluene mixture had little dependence on the support, the pretreatment temperature, or the reaction temperature. A supported Pt catalyst was also studied, and the threefold higher R{sub T/B} value for Pt indicates that toluene hydrogenation was more favored over Pt compared to Pd. The variations in the ratio of adsorption equilibrium constants, K{sub T/B,} which have been attributed previously to changes in the electron deficiency of the metal based on a simple dual-site kinetic model, have been reexamined. Some internal inconsistencies which existed when the kinetic parameters were evaluated at different reaction temperatures were removed when a more comprehensive model invoking formation of hydrogen-deficient surface species was utilized. These apparent K{sub T/B} ratios can include additional kinetic dehydrogenation parameters, and analysis of the results with the latter model revealed that these K{sub T/B} ratios can also reflect the relative formation of hydrogen-deficient species like phenyl or tolyl groups. Consequently, the assumptionmore » that variations in K{sub T/B} values represent only changes in relative adsorbate bond strength must be viewed with caution because the propensity of the metal surface to form hydrogen-deficient surface species under reaction conditions may also alter these ratios. 52 refs., 5 figs., 6 tabs.« less
Persistent Recognition of Autologous Virus by High-Avidity CD8 T Cells in Chronic, Progressive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

CD8 T-cell responses are thought to be crucial for control of viremia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but ultimately fail to control viremia in most infected persons. Studies in acute infection have demonstrated strong CD8-mediated selection pressure and evolution of mutations conferring escape from recognition, but the ability of CD8 T-cell responses that persist in late-stage infection to recognize viruses present in vivo has not been determined. Therefore, we studied 24 subjects with advanced HIV disease (median viral load = 142,000 copies/ml; median CD4 count = 71/μl) and determined HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell responses to all expressed viral proteins using overlapping peptides by gamma interferon Elispot assay. Chronic-stage virus was sequenced to evaluate autologous sequences within Gag epitopes, and functional avidity of detected responses was determined. In these subjects, the median number of epitopic regions targeted was 13 (range, 2 to 39) and the median cumulative magnitude of CD8 T-cell responses was 5,760 spot-forming cells/10 6 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (range, 185 to 24,700). On average six (range, one to 8) proteins were targeted. For 89% of evaluated CD8 T-cell responses, the autologous viral sequence was predicted to be well recognized by these responses and the majority of analyzed optimal epitopes were recognized with medium to high functional avidity by the contemporary CD8 T cells. Withdrawal of antigen by highly active antiretroviral therapy led to a significant decline both in breadth ( P = 0.032) and magnitude ( P = 0.0098) of these CD8 T-cell responses, providing further evidence that these responses had been driven by recognition of autologous virus. These results indicate that strong, broadly directed, and high-avidity gamma-interferon-positive CD8 T-cells directed at autologous virus persist in late disease stages, and the absence of mutations within viral epitopes indicates a lack of strong selection pressure mediated by these responses. These data imply functional impairment of CD8 T-cell responses in late-stage infection that may not be reflected by gamma interferon-based screening techniques.
Satellite orbit determination using triple-differenced GPS carrier phase in pure kinematic mode

A new algorithm and computer program, KODAC (Kinematic Orbit Determination And Comparison), was developed for precise satellite orbit determination using a kinematic approach with the ionospheric-free triple-differenced (TD) global positioning system (GPS) carrier phase as the main observable. Epoch-by-epoch satellite positions are estimated by assuming that the GPS satellite ephemerides, ground station positions, and the time series of wet tropospheric zenith delay are known in advance. The technique was demonstrated with TOPEX/POSEIDON GPS data, which gave a final radial root-mean-square orbit accuracy of 8 cm with respect to a fully dynamic solution. This new approach has the advantage of having consistent orbit accuracy regardless of satellite altitude due to its non-dynamic approach.
Development of a novel technique for quantitatively determining the products of electron-ion dissociative recombination

Abstract Dissociative electron-ion recombination (DR) is an important ionization loss process and source of neutral reactive radicals in the interstellar medium (ISM) and many other molecular plasmas. Unfortunately, neutral products are difficult to identify with only about 40 distributions being reported in the literature. These have been obtained by spectroscopic techniques integrated with flowing afterglows (FA) and using storage rings (SR). The data obtained by SR measurements are more extensive than those determined in the FA. Some data are available where the two techniques overlap, however here there are very significant differences. To resolve these contradictions, a new technique to quantitatively detect product neutrals has been developed. This technique is based on the FA and uses an electron impact (EI) ionizer to ionize the neutral products prior to detection by a quadrupole mass filter/electron multiplier. Two experimental methodologies, both using pulsed gas techniques, isolate and quantify the DR products. In one approach, an electron attaching gas is pulsed into the flow to transiently destroy electrons and thus quench DR. N 2 H + recombination has been used as a test case and results from this approach give an upper limit of 5% for the NH + N product channel, the remainder being N 2 + H. In the second approach, the reagent gas N 2 is pulsed. Here the absolute percentages of products are monitored versus initial N 2 concentration. Results from this approach also give an upper limit of 5% for NH + N production. This establishes that N 2 + H is the dominant channel, being at least 95%, and that there is no significant NH production. This was contrary to a recent storage ring measurement which yielded 64% NH + N and 36% N 2 + H. Note, that these values have changed due to a recent re-measurement of the DR revealing that the NH channel is not nearly as significant as originally thought. Additionally, the DR product distribution for CH 5 + is reported and discussed.
Further remarks on the Cayley-Hamilton theorem and Leverrier's method for the matrix pencil (sE - A)

Some results for matrix pencils are extended to the singular case (sE - A) . A singular Leverrier's relation, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, and Newton's formula are given. A finite-series expansion for (sE - A)^{-1} is given in terms of the generalized Tschirnhausen polynomials.
Control of Roll Lock-in and Catastrophic Yaw for Cruciform Finned Missiles

A model of the non-linear motion leading to catastrophic yaw phenomena is developed on the basis of the steady-state behavior of spinning cruciform missiles. The low damping of these systems allows a simplified treatment of the coupled system of equations describing the long-term behavior of the vehicle. The effect of slight configurational asymmetries on the steady-state dynamics of the missile is assessed, yielding the minimum fin cant required to assure the low amplitude of the long-term equilibrium point. Nomenclature CD = drag force coefficient CNα = angle of attack coefficient of the normal force CMα = angle of attack coefficient of the pitch moment Cli = induced roll moment coefficient Clp = roll damping moment coefficient Clδ = roll driving moment coefficient
PC based real-time simulation for teaching power generation concepts

A description is given of the theoretical and practical development of a personal-computer-based demonstration of power generation concepts. The software developed simulates a Y-wound generator connected to an infinite bus through a step-up transformer and two parallel lines. The operation of the generator is simulated under starting, normal, and abnormal conditions of the power system. >
Promoting small business through public-sector technology transfer

It is generally concluded that small businesses are the most effective institutional mechanism for the execution of technological innovation in the United States. Federal legislation provides for special considerations to be rendered to small businesses when public-sector technology is to be transferred to the private sector. Nevertheless, the activities of many federal laboratories lag in the transfer of technology to small businesses relative to large businesses. This paper examines the reasons for the current low level of interaction between federal laboratories and small businesses including the constraints typically encountered in working with small businesses. Recommendations are made to enhance the lab/small-business relationship. Finally, a sample program at Sandia National Laboratory for assistance to small businesses is described.
Solution structure of human sorting nexin 22

The sorting nexins (SNXs) constitute a large group of PX domain-containing proteins that play critical roles in protein trafficking. We report here the solution structure of human sorting nexin 22 (SNX22). Although SNX22 has <30% sequence identity with any PX domain protein of known structure, it was found to contain the α/β fold and compact structural core characteristic of PX domains. Analysis of the backbone dynamics of SNX22 by NMR relaxation measurements revealed that the two walls of the ligand binding cleft undergo internal motions: on the picosecond timescale for the β1/β2 loop and on the micro- to millisecond timescale for the loop between the polyproline motif and helix α2. Regions of the SNX22 structure that differ from those of other PX domains include the loop connecting strands β1 and β2 and the loop connecting helices α1 and α2, which appear to be more mobile than corresponding loops in other known structures. The interaction of dibutanoyl-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (dibutanoyl-PtdIns(3)P) with SNX22 was investigated by an NMR titration experiment, which identified the binding site in a basic cleft and indicated that ligand binding leads only to a local structural rearrangement as has been found with other PX domains. Because motions in the loops are damped out when dibutanoyl-PtdIns(3)P binds, entropic effects could contribute to the lower affinity of SNX22 for this ligand compared to other PX domains.
Effects of Concentration and Sniff Flow Rate on the Rat Electroolfactogram

Previous reports using the electroolfactogram (EOG) to study the spatial and temporal aspects of response in the rodent olfactory epithelium had focused on high odorant concentrations that gave large responses. This investigation has used lower concentrations to test the difference between responses in the rat dorsomedial and lateral recesses with a range of nasal flow rates and a range of chemical properties. The responses to a highly polar, more hydrophilic odorant changed more steeply with flow rate than responses to a very nonpolar, hydrophobic odorant. With low flow rates there was a response delay in the lateral recess, which is consistent with the models indicating lower flow rates in that region. We observed significant volume conduction effects in which large responses in the dorsomedial region obscured smaller initial portions of the lateral responses. These effects could be removed by destroying the dorsomedial response with a high concentration of a low molecular weight ester. We caution that investigators of EOG recordings from the intact epithelium must attend to the possible presence of volume conduction, which can be assessed by attention to the selectivity of odorant response, response waveform, and response latency.
Packet Classification Using Pipelined Two-Dimensional Multibit Tries

We propose heuristics for the construction of fixedand variable-stride two-dimensional multibit tries. These multibit tries are suitable for the classification of Internet packets using a pipelined architecture. The pipelined two-dimensional multibit tries constructed by our proposed heuristics are superior, for pipelined architectures, to twodimensional multibit tries constructed by the best algorithms proposed for non-pipelined architectures.
High-throughput, high-performance OFDM via pseudo-orthogonal carrier interferometry spreading codes

The paper introduces to orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems a novel pseudo-orthogonal carrier interferometry spreading code which spreads each parallel data stream over all the OFDM carriers. Pseudo-orthogonal carrier interferometry (PO-CI) spreading codes are carefully selected to introduce the following benefits to OFDM: up to 2N parallel data streams can be coded onto N carriers, with little degradation in performance; when rate 1/2 channel coding is applied in addition to PO-CI spreading codes, the resulting binary phase-shift keying OFDM systems demonstrate the performance of coded OFDM and the throughput of uncoded OFDM; PO-CI codes are carefully selected to spread in a manner which eliminates the peak-to-average power ratio problems characteristic of traditional OFDM.
Neutrino masses and mixings based on a special set of quark mass matrices

In the framework of a 6×6 neutrino mass matrix with the standard seesaw mechanism, simple empirical forms are used for the leptonic Dirac mass submatrices which exhibit hierarchical chiral symmetry-breaking structure with just six parameters, as suggested by our previous work with quark mass matrices. Through a Monte Carlo analysis of Euler angle rotations applied to diagonal forms for the right-handed Majorana mass submatrix, we generate scatter plots in the δm232 vs sin22θ23 and δm132 vs sin22θ13 oscillation planes for a fixed point in the nonadiabatic MSW band. Only a small, statistically insignificant, segment of the 23 mixing plane exists corresponding to depletions of both the solarve and atmosphericvμ fluxes; however, for such solutions the righthanded Majorana submatrix exhibits a hierarchical chiral symmetry-breaking form remarkably similar to that for the Dirac submatrices.
Observer-based control for block-triangular hybrid automata

The safety control problem for the class of block- triangular order preserving hybrid automata with imperfect state information is addressed. A dynamic feedback law is proposed, which exploits the order preserving properties of the dynamics to construct state estimation and control algorithms that have linear complexity in the number of variables. The proposed algorithms are applied to a collision avoidance problem arising in the context of intelligent transportation.
Optimizing acoustic measurements of the Boltzmann constant

Abstract We review the progress in acoustic metrology of gases that has occurred since the 1988 measurement of the universal gas constant R using a spherical acoustic resonator. The advances in understanding resonators and in calculating the thermophysical properties of helium ab initio suggest that today one could determine Boltzmann's constant k B from acoustic measurements using either helium or argon with a relative uncertainty less than 10−6. To cite this article: M.R. Moldover, C. R. Physique 10 (2009).
Diagnostic utility of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) as a marker of breast myoepithelial cells

We evaluated the low affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) as a marker of breast myoepithelial cells. Immunohistochemical staining for p75NTR was performed on paraffin sections of 122 malignant breast lesions, 28 benign lesions and the adjacent normal breast tissue. The staining pattern was compared to those of myosin heavy chain and p63. p75NTR immunostain was consistently positive and compatible with p63 and myosin immunoreactivity in the myoepithelial cells of the normal mammary gland, benign breast lesions (six usual ductal hyperplasias, six specimens with sclerosing adenosis, eight intraductal papillomas, six fibroadenomas), and carcinoma in situ (18 ductal carcinomas in situ, two noninvasive papillary carcinomas, two lobular carcinomas in situ). The luminal cells were negative for p75NTR, but rare positive cells were noticed in the solid areas of some of the usual ductal hyperplasias. Four of 64 invasive ductal carcinomas (6%) and all metaplastic carcinomas (n = 3, 100%) showed a variable degree of p75(NTR) positivity. No p75NTR expression was found in the malignant cells in all in situ carcinomas, invasive lobular carcinomas (n = 11), tubular carcinomas (n = 10), invasive papillary carcinomas (n = 6), mucinous carcinomas (n = 4), and medullary carcinomas (n = 2). No myosin immunoreactivity was seen in the luminal/tumor cells, but p63 pattern of staining in the luminal/tumor cells was quite similar to that of p75NTR. Although significant p75NTR immunoreactivity was noticed in the vessels, nerves, and stromal component of fibroadenomas, no difficulties in the evaluation of the immunostain of myoepithelial cells were encountered. Our study shows that p75NTR is a useful marker for breast myoepithelial cells and can be used to rule out invasive disease as well as to evaluate difficult for diagnosis sclerosing lesions. Our data suggest a role of neurotrophins in the development of fibroepithelial breast tumors and some of the breast carcinomas.
Design, analysis, and performance evaluation for BICM-ID with square QAM constellations in Rayleigh fading channels

We consider bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (BICM-ID) for bandwidth-efficient transmission over Rayleigh fading channels. We propose the design criteria that utilize a large Hamming distance inherited in a low-rate code and a new labeling technique designed specifically for fading channels. This results in a large coding gain over noniterative coded modulation and performance close to that of "turbo" coded modulation with less complexity. We also show that BICM-ID designed for fading channels usually has a very good performance over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel while the converse is difficult to achieve. When combined with signal space diversity, diversity order can be improved to twice the diversity order of conventional BICM-ID; therefore, the code complexity can further be reduced while maintaining the same level of performance. Specifically, with the bandwidth efficiency of 2 bits/s/Hz over Rayleigh fading channels, a bit error rate (BER) of 10/sup -6/ can be achieved with 16-QAM, a four-state rate 1/2 code at E/sub b//N/sub 0/ of about seven dB. We also derive performance bounds for BICM-ID with and without signal space diversity over Rayleigh fading channels, which can be easily extended for other types of fading channels.