cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Cooperativity in Biomotor-Protein Assemblies

A biosynthetic approach was developed to control and probe cooperativity in multiunit biomotor assemblies by linking molecular motors to artificial protein scaffolds. This approach provides precise control over spatial and elastic coupling between motors. Cooperative interactions between monomeric kinesin-1 motors attached to protein scaffolds enhance hydrolysis activity and microtubule gliding velocity. However, these interactions are not influenced by changes in the elastic properties of the scaffold, distinguishing multimotor transport from that powered by unorganized monomeric motors. These results highlight the role of supramolecular architecture in determining mechanisms of collective transport.
Continuum Damage Mechanics and Creep Life Analysis

It is shown that the original continuum damage mechanics model of Kachanov is better suited for creep life analysis of creep-brittle solids and structures than continuum damage mechanics models that take into account damage-induced softening.
Glyoxysomes in Megagamethophyte of Germinating Ponderosa Pine Seeds

Decoated ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) seeds contained 40% lipids, which were mainly stored in megagametophytic tissue and were utilized or converted to sugars via the glyoxylate cycle during germination. Mitochondria and glyoxysomes were isolated from the tissue by sucrose density gradient centrifugation at different stages of germination. It was found that isocitrate lyase, malate synthase, and catalase were mainly bound in glyoxysomes. Aconitase and fumarase were chiefly localized in mitochondria, whereas citrate synthase was common for both. Both organelles increased in quantity and specific activity of their respective marker enzymes with the advancement of germination. When the megagametophyte was exhausted at the end of germination, the quantity of these organelles and the activity of their marker enzymes decreased abruptly. At the stage of highest lipolysis, the isolated mitochondria and glyoxysomes were able to synthesize protein from labeled amino acids. Both organellar fractions contained RNA and DNA. Some degree of autonomy in glyoxysomes is indicated.
Arginine vasopressin-anti-idiotypic immunostaining of human brain cells.

Abstract Polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies, generated against the IgG fraction of antisera to arginine vasopressin (AVP), were shown to recognize two proteins in rat brain and bovine pituitary associated with [(3) H]AVP binding. Immunochemical analyses with these antisera revealed reactivity in paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus neuronal elements and in terminals of the posterior pituitary in the human central nervous system. With the use of a dual immunocytochemical staining technique employing both the anti-idiotype and idiotype for AVP it was possible to demonstrate a pattern of AVP-anti-idiotypic-immunoreactivity on AVP neuronal elements which suggests the existence of autoreceptors.
Differential patient–caregiver opinions of treatment and care for advanced lung cancer patients

Abstract This study examined the differences of opinion between cancer patients and caregivers with regard to treatment and care decisions. 184 advanced lung cancer patients and 171 primary caregivers were recruited as a convenience sample from hospitals in Cleveland, Ohio. A telephone interview was conducted to collect data using a semi-structured questionnaire. Nonparametric tests and regression analysis were performed. The findings showed that patients and caregivers reported significant disagreement on three main issues: trade-off between treatment side effects and benefits; reporting treatment side effects to physicians, and hospice care. Caregivers were more concerned about patient's quality of life and more willing to discuss hospice issues than were patients (p ≤ 01). Perceived family disagreement is associated with depression in both patients and caregivers (p ≤ 01; R2=8%). The study provided empirical evidence for patient–caregiver disagreement about treatment and care decisions and its significant adverse impact on both patients and caregivers.
Assisting developing countries toward food self-reliance

Per capita food availability in the developing world has increased by 20% since the early 1960s, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, and today the world has twice as many people but 150 million fewer hungry people than in 1960. The world agricultural system has not done too bad a job over the past 35 years. It is likely that global agricultural production will continue to at least match growth in food demand over the next decade, assuming no major weather anomalies. Continued support of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research and programs involving U.S. universities is important to sharing knowledge about agriculture with colleagues in the developing world. This paper explores the reasons for providing agricultural development assistance, the benefits to the United States that come from doing so, and the special challenges facing the world over the next few decades.
Syn-anti effects on the spatial configuration of polynucleotide chains.

Semiempirical energy calculations have beeb performed on model nucleic acid systems to assess the preferred conformation of the rotation χ about the glycosidic linkage and also the effect of this rotation on the spatial configuration of the sugar-phosphate chain backbone. The rotation angle ϕ˝ about bond C5′–C4′ in purine polyribonucleotides and 5′-monoribonucleotides is found to depend on whether the conformational range of χ is syn or anti. The preferred conformation of χ in these molecules is also found to depend upon the nature of the attached base. The orientation of χ in poly rA chains is predicted to be predominantly anti, whereas in poly rG the syn conformer is expected to occur in significant proportions. The syn conformer is preferred almost exclusively in certain unusual purine polynucleotides, such as poly 8Br-rA. It is noted that the preferred conformation of x in polynucleotides is not necessarily the same as that calculated for 5′-mononucleotides and nucleosides. On the basis of these calculations, the influence of the orientation and nature of a purine base on the spatial configuration of a polynucleotide chain as a whole has been examined. The random coil dimensions of a syn polynucleotide chain are found to be larger than those of an anti chain as a consequence of the effect of a syn base on the local conformation of the chain skeleton. Finally, it is found that the occurrence of a syn base in an ordered polynucleotide chain may prevent the formation of normal stacking with the preceding base.
Three-dimensional resolution for circular synthetic aperture radar

Radar resolution in three dimensions is considered for circular synthetic apertures at a constant elevation angle. A closed-form expression is derived for the far-field 3-D point spread function for a circular aperture of 360 degrees azimuth and is used to revisit the traditional measures of resolution along the x, y and z spatial axes. However, the limited angular persistence of reflectors encountered in practice renders the traditional measures inadequate for circular synthetic aperture radar imaging. Two alternative measures for 3-D resolution are presented: a nonparametric measure based on level sets of a reflector's signature and a statistical measure using the Cramer- Rao lower bound on location estimation error. Both proposed measures provide a quantitative evaluation of 3-D resolution as a function of scattering persistence and radar system parameters. The analysis shows that 3-D localization of a reflector requires a combination of large radar cross section and large angular persistence. In addition, multiple elevations or a priori target scattering models, if available, may be used to significantly enhance 3-D resolution.
Relationships between Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance

Data on measures of organizational culture and organizational performance were collected at two different points in time from a sample of 12 organizations of a firm in the electric utility industry. Pearson correlations indicated measures of organizational culture were significantly related to objective measures of performance. Teamwork was strongly associated with organizational performance. If measures of organizational culture could be integrated into the reward system, managers might pay more attention to improving organizational culture and thereby improve organizational performance.
Quantitative sensory testing: Report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American academy of neurology

Objective: This assessment evaluates the clinical utility, efficacy, and safety of quantitative sensory testing (QST). Methods: By searching MEDLINE, Current Contents, and their personal files, the authors identified 350 articles. Selected articles utilized computer operated threshold systems, manually operated threshold systems, and electrical threshold devices. The authors evaluated the use of normal values and the degree of reproducibility between the same and different systems. Articles were rated using a standard classification of evidence scheme. Results: Because of differences between systems, normal values from one system cannot be transposed to others. Reproducibility of results was also an important concern, and there is no consensus on how it should be defined. The authors identified no adequately powered class I studies demonstrating the effectiveness of QST in evaluating any particular disorder. A number of class II and III studies demonstrated that QST is probably or possibly useful in identifying small or large fiber sensory abnormalities in patients with diabetic neuropathy, small fiber neuropathies, uremic neuropathies, and demyelinating neuropathy. Conclusions: QST is a potentially useful tool for measuring sensory impairment for clinical and research studies. However, QST results should not be the sole criteria used to diagnose pathology. Because malingering and other nonorganic factors can influence the test results, QST is not currently useful for the purpose of resolving medicolegal matters. Well-designed studies comparing different QST devices and methodologies are needed and should include patients with abnormalities detected solely by QST.
Immunochemical characterization of hepatic cytochrome P450 isozymes in the channel catfish: assessment of sexual, developmental and treatment-related effects

Abstract The profiles of immunoreactive proteins recognized by antibodies raised against purified trout P-450 isoforms (CYP1A1, CYP2M1 and CYP2K1) were examined in channel catfish liver by Western blot analysis. Gender differences in basal expression of these isoforms, as well as responses to known inducers of mammalian isoforms (ethanol, β -naphthoflavone and clofibric acid) and early life stage (3 and 6 months) profiles are described. Two similar protein bands were detected by Western blotting in mature untreated catfish with CYP2K1 and CYP2M1 antibodies. A third band is detected by anti-2K1 in fish treated with β -naphthoflavone; this band was verified as CYP1A, with about twice the level of expression in males versus females. No difference between sexes was seen in the expression of the 51-kDa CYP2-reactive bands; however, a significant difference (female>male) was seen in the lower molecular weight CYP2 band (47-kDa). Ethanol treatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in the 47-kDa CYP2-reactive isoforms but no change in the 51-kDa band. Clofibric acid treatment caused an increase in both the 51-kDa CYP2 protein as well as in liver somatic index. Age-dependent changes in isoform expression were also detected in CYP2-reactive forms, with a novel protein (53-kDa) detected in 3-month-old fish. The results from this study provide insight into the regulation of constitutive catfish CYP isoforms and prepares a foundation for further examination of the biotransformation capabilities of an important aquatic species.
Effects of detrending and rescaling on correspondence analysis: solution stability and accuracy

Detrending and non-linear axis rescaling potentially improve the accuracy of gradient recovery in correspondence analyses but also reduce the stability or consistency of solutions. Variation among bootstrapped ordination solutions was compared across methods in analyses of both field and simulated data. Solution accuracy, measured with mean squared errors from Procrustes analysis, was compared using simulated data with known structure.
Screening for Maternal Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy: A Review of the Clinical Evidence and Current Guidelines

Observational studies have demonstrated that maternal thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity in pregnancy may be associated with adverse obstetric and fetal outcomes. Treatment of overt maternal hyperthyroidism and overt hypothyroidism clearly improves outcomes. To date there is limited evidence that levothyroxine treatment of pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism, isolated hypothyroxinemia, or thyroid autoimmunity is beneficial. Therefore, there is ongoing debate regarding the need for universal screening for thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy. Current guidelines differ; some recommend an aggressive case-finding approach, whereas others advocate testing only symptomatic women or those with a personal history of thyroid disease or other associated medical conditions.
Mechanical analysis of hard pellicles for 157-nm lithography

Potential transmission problems for polymeric pellicle membranes at 157 nm have led to alternative designs incorporating ultra-thin modified fused silica, i.e., so-called 'hard pellicles.' The mechanical characteristics of hard pellicles are unique. Forces can be generated between the pellicle frame and the patterned reticle during bonding because of misalignment and warpage. These forces create out-of-plane distortions of the reticle, which can subsequently induce in-plane distortions. Also, since the hard pellicle is an optical element, its deflection can be a source of error. In addition, because the reticle is rapidly repositioned during exposure, vibration of the pellicle could be excited by stage motion. It is important, therefore to understand the structural and modal response of the composite pellicle / reticle system. Experimental analyses were conducted to determine changes in the reticle and hard pellicle profiles (out-of-plane) due to bonding. Finite element modeling was used to support the experimental study, as well as identify the gravitational distortions of the pellicle. A modal analysis was also performed on the hard pellicle after bonding. The experimental measurements and finite element results were in excellent agreement, both for mode shapes and vibration frequencies.
Influence of pH and length of post-treatment incubation on bleomycin-induced DNA damage

The dependence of the extent of DNA damage by anticancer bleomycin on pH and length of post-treatment incubation was studied in yeast. Bleomycin was always removed from cells after 20-min exposures, and cells were washed prior to incubation in non-nutrient buffer. Following exposures of late stationary-phase cells to the very low dose of only 3 micrograms/ml, 1.5 h incubation in non-nutrient buffer, pH 5, had hardly any effect on profiles derived from alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation of nucleic acids released from spheroplasts. In contrast, after incubation of cells for 1.5 h in buffer, pH 7, DNA was all low molecular weight. Thus, even after extensive washing of cells, pH strongly influences the drug's action on DNA. At pH 5, washed cells were increasingly susceptible to DNA damage up to 26 h in non-nutrient buffer.
Evaporated Milk as Related to Greenish Discoloration in Coffee

Summary The iron content of evaporated milk has been shown to increase rapidly after the cans have been opened, especially if they are only a fourth or less full. Upon the addition of evaporated milk to coffee, the iron in the milk reacts with the tannins or tannin-like substances in coffee to give or dark-greenish or greenish-black discoloration. A minimum of 3 to 5 ppm. of iron in a mixture of coffee and evaporated milk is required to give a noticeable discoloration. Iron concentration and pH of the system are the primary factors determining discoloration intensity in such mixtures. Storing evaporated milk in glass or porcelain after the can is opened offers a means of preventing the occurrence of dark-greenish discoloration when the milk is used in coffee.
Design Considerations, Performance Enhancing Techniques, and Wind Tunnel Testing for Small-Scale, Low Reynolds Number Wind Turbines

Wind turbines have become a significant part of the world’s energy equation and are expected to become even more important in the years to come. A much-neglected area within wind turbine research is small-scale, fixed-pitch wind turbines with typical power outputs in the 1–10 kW range. This size wind system would be ideal for residential and small commercial applications. The adoption of these systems could reduce dependence on the aging U.S. power grid. It is possible to optimize a small-scale system to operate more efficiently at lower wind speeds, which will make wind generation possible in areas where current wind technology is not feasible. This investigation examines the use of the S818 airfoil, a typical blade root airfoil designed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), as a basis for the design of low Reynolds number (less than 200,000) systems. The literature shows that many of the airfoils proposed for wind turbine applications, including the S818, only have lift and drag data generated by numerical simulations. In previous research at Baylor, 2-D simulations published by NREL have been shown to predict an optimal design angle of attack (which is the angle at which L/D is maximized) up to 2.25° different from actual wind tunnel data. In this study, the lift and drag generated by the S818 airfoil has been measured experimentally at a Reynolds number of approximately 150,000 and compared with NREL simulation data, showing a discrepancy of 1.0°. Using the S818 airfoil, a set of wind turbine blades has been designed to collect wind turbine power data in wind tunnel testing. Design parameters investigated include the effect of design tip speed ratios (TSR) (1, 3, and 7) and the influence of the number of blades (2, 3 and 4) on power generated. At the low Reynolds numbers tested (ranging from 14,000–43,200 along the blade for a design TSR of 3 and a wind speed of 10 mph), the effect of roughness was explored as a performance enhancing technique and was seen to increase power output by delaying separation. Under these low Reynolds number conditions, separation typically occurs on smooth blades. However, the roughness acted as a passive flow control, keeping the flow attached and increasing power output. Preliminary data suggest that as much as a 50% improvement can be realized with the addition of roughness elements for a TSR of 3. Additionally, the increase in power output due to roughness is comparable with the increase in power due to adding another smooth blade.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Inherit the Alamo: Myth and Ritual at an American Shrine

"It's so small, " visitors often exclaim as they catch their first glimpse of the Alamo, dwarfed long ago by the towering buildings of downtown San Antonio. Yet this modest stone structure evokes tremendous feeling among Texans and, indeed, many other Americans. For Anglo Texans, the Alamo is the "Cradle of Texas Liberty" and a symbolic confirmation of the Manifest Destiny that spread Euro-American culture across the continent. For Hispanic Texans, however, the Alamo has increasingly become a stolen symbol, its origin as a Spanish mission forgotten, its famous defeat used to exclude Hispanics from an honorable place in Texas history. In this important new book, Holly Beachley Brear explores in fascinating detail what the Alamo means to the numerous groups that lay claim to its heritage. She shows how Alamo myths often diverge from the historical facts - and why. She decodes the agendas of various groups, including the Daughters of the Republic of Texas (who maintain the Alamo buildings and grounds), the Order of the Alamo, the Texas Cavaliers, and LULAC. And she probes attempts by individuals and groups to rewrite the Alamo myth to include more positive roles for themselves, as she explains the value in laying claim to the Alamo's past. With new perspectives on all the sacred icons of the Alamo and the Fiesta that celebrates (one version of) its history each year, Inherit the Alamo is guaranteed to challenge stereotypes and offer new understanding of the Alamo's ongoing role in shaping Texas and American history and mythology. It will be of interest to a wide popular and scholarly audience.
Diagnosis according to time of arrival at "The Great New York State Fair".

OBJECTIVE To study the diagnoses of patients presenting to a medical facility within a mass-gathering public event, "The Great New York State Fair" (NYSF) based on chief complaints, diagnoses, and time of arrival. The goal of the study was to assess the need for increased staffing, services, or supplies during certain times of day for an event that gathers approximately 1 million patrons over a 12-day span. Patrons occupy the grounds between the hours of 10 am and 11 pm, while workers and staff are on the grounds around the clock. METHOD Triage data gathered by trained medical students was collected from all of the patients seen during the 2009 NYSF from 12 am to 11:59 pm. Triage information was categorized based on the nature of complaint, physician impression, and time of arrival to assess for trends in the distribution of common chief complaints and diagnoses at a mass-gathering medical care facility. RESULTS The early hours of the NYSF were occupied mostly with treatment of minor first aid complaints, while later hours were occupied more commonly by orthopedic complaints. Insect stings were the most frequent complaint throughout the day. CONCLUSION Daytime and evening hours at the fair have a significant number of orthopedic diagnoses and may benefit from specific staff and equipment sufficient to handle these complaints. Stings and minor first aid injuries are also significant and may benefit from adequate stocking of the infirmary for such events. Major medical complaints, including cardiac and neurological complaints, did occur but were a minor part of the total patient population.
Vibration Testing a Large Guided Missile on Air-Spring Supports

When performing a vibration test on a guided missile, it is necessary to simulate the free-free condition of the missile in flight. This procedure presents technical difficulties because the missile must be supported for the test in the laboratory, and the supports can affect the mode shapes and resonant frequencies. To avoid the problems that occurred when using slings or bungee cords, an air-spring support system was developed. The performance of the air-spring support system exceeded expectations. The missile could be raised quickly and consistently on the saddles, and the supports had minimal effects on the vibration responses.
A prospective study of tobacco smoking and mortality in Bangladesh.

Background Limited data are available on smoking-related mortality in low-income countries, where both chronic disease burden and prevalence of smoking are increasing. Methods Using data on 20, 033 individuals in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Bangladesh, we prospectively evaluated the association between tobacco smoking and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality during ∼7.6 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for deaths from all-cause, cancer, CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke, in relation to status, duration, and intensity of cigarette/bidi and hookah smoking. Results Among men, cigarette/bidi smoking was positively associated with all-cause (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.06 1.86) and cancer mortality (HR 2.91, 1.24 6.80), and there was a dose-response relationship between increasing intensity of cigarette/bidi consumption and increasing mortality. An elevated risk of death from ischemic heart disease (HR 1.87, 1.08 3.24) was associated with current cigarette/bidi smoking. Among women, the corresponding HRs were 1.65 (95% CI 1.16 2.36) for all-cause mortality and 2.69 (95% CI 1.20 6.01) for ischemic heart disease mortality. Similar associations were observed for hookah smoking. There was a trend towards reduced risk for the mortality outcomes with older age at onset of cigarette/bidi smoking and increasing years since quitting cigarette/bibi smoking among men. We estimated that cigarette/bidi smoking accounted for about 25.0% of deaths in men and 7.6% in women. Conclusions Tobacco smoking was responsible for substantial proportion of premature deaths in the Bangladeshi population, especially among men. Stringent measures of tobacco control and cessation are needed to reduce tobacco-related deaths in Bangladesh.
Household equivalence scales and welfare comparisons

Abstract The ratio of cost functions of different households facing the same prices and attaining the same utility level is a true cost of (demographic) characteristics index. This index is independent of a base level of income or utility (IB) if and only if it equals a ratio of household equivalence scales that are themselves IB. Applied cost index and equivalence scales specifications are usually IB. This paper describes the general restrictions on cost functions and social welfare functions required for IB scales and for their use in welfare analysis.
Convergence of Fugacity Expansion and Bounds on Molecular Distributions for Mixtures

We have generalized the methods developed recently by Groeneveld and Penrose for a one‐component system to obtain a lower bound on the domain of convergence of the Mayer fugacity expansion of the pressure, p=Σbl1,···, lωΠzαlα, where zα is the fugacity of the αth component, α=1,•••, ω. This series is convergent for ∑ α=1ω|zα|≤[exp(1+2Φ/kT)B]−1, where B={max(α,β)} ∫ |exp[−(kT)−1φαβ(r)]−1|dr and where the interaction potential φαβ(r) of a pair of particles of Species α and β satisfies ∑ i<j≤sφαiαj(|xi−xj|)≥−sΦ for all α, x, and s. [For a positive interparticle potential, φαβ(r)≥0, Φ=0.] Consequently the system remains in a single phase in this region. We have also generalized the inequalities of Lieb, Penrose, Lebowitz, and Percus to this case. For positive potentials upper (lower) bounds are gotten for the pressure and the distribution functions by expanding in a Taylor series up to terms of even (odd) total order in the fugacities.
Clostridium difficile toxin B induces reorganization of actin, vinculin, and talin in cultured cells☆

Clostridium difficile toxin B is a powerful cytopathic agent which causes animal cells in culture to become rounded and arborized, an effect similar to that induced by the cytochalasins. In this study, we demonstrated that the morphological effects of the toxin are directed specifically against the actin and related components of the cytoskeleton. Dramatic disruption and reorganization of the actin stress fibers were detectable prior to significant changes in cell shape and alterations in the microtubular and intermediate filament networks. Along with F-actin, the adhesion plaque proteins, vinculin and talin were localized in intoxicated cells in a patchy pattern reminiscent of that seen in cells treated with phorbol esters or transformed by oncogenic viruses. A quantitative fluorescence assay for cellular F-actin showed that these morphological changes were accompanied by a modest net depolymerization of only 15 to 20% of the actin filaments in the cell, and that depolymerization was closely correlated with changes in cell shape. In complementary studies on cells spreading on a substrate, we found that the toxin affected the actin content and the shape of the processes extended from the cell body. As in cells treated with cytochalasin, there was a differential response between normal and virally transformed cells spreading in the presence of the toxin. The results of this study support the view that C. difficile toxin B affects one or more cellular components that regulate the structure and function of the actin cytoskeleton, and that its predominant effect is to cause a dramatic disruption of stress fibers and relocalization of the F-actin.
Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Heterogeneity In Vivo

Macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) are hematopoietic cells found in all tissues in the steady state that share the ability to sample the environment but have distinct function in tissue immunity. Controversies remain on the best way to distinguish macrophages from DCs in vivo. In this Perspective, we discuss how recent discoveries in the origin of the DC and macrophage lineage help establish key functional differences between tissue DC and macrophage subsets. We also emphasize the need to further understand the functional heterogeneity of the tissue DC and macrophage lineages to better comprehend the complex role of these cells in tissue homeostasis and immunity.
Robust option pricing

Abstract In this paper, we combine robust optimization and the idea of ∊ -arbitrage to propose a tractable approach to price a wide variety of options. Rather than assuming a probabilistic model for the stock price dynamics, we assume that the conclusions of probability theory, such as the central limit theorem, hold deterministically on the underlying returns. This gives rise to an uncertainty set that the underlying asset returns satisfy. We then formulate the option pricing problem as a robust optimization problem that identifies the portfolio which minimizes the worst case replication error for a given uncertainty set defined on the underlying asset returns. The most significant benefits of our approach are (a) computational tractability illustrated by our ability to price multi-asset, American and Asian options using linear optimization; and thus the computational complexity of our approach scales polynomially with the number of assets and with time to expiry and (b) modeling flexibility illustrated by our ability to model different kinds of options, various levels of risk aversion among investors, transaction costs, shorting constraints and replication via option portfolios.
Immunologically mediated lesions of kidney tubules and interstitium in laboratory animals and in man.

In recent years, animal models of TI nephritis attributable to humoral immune mechanisms have become firmly established. Results of immunopathology studies indicate that similar mechanisms might be involved in a small fraction of human TI nephritides. In some patients the contribution of humoral immune mechanisms to TI lesions may not have been recognized in tissue specimens obtained at late stages of disease.
Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in higher plants in response to diurnal changes in incident sunlight

Changes in the carotenoid composition of leaves in response to diurnal changes in sunlight were determined in the crop species Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower), Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin), and Cucumls sativus L. (cucumber), in the diaheliotropic mesophyte Malva neglecta Wallr., and in the perennial shrub Euonymus kiautschovicus Loesner. Large daily changes were observed in the relative proportions of the components of the xanthophyll cycle, violaxanthin (V), antheraxanthin (A), and zeaxanthin (Z) in plants grown in full sunlight. In all leaves large amounts of Z were formed at peak irradiance, with the changes in Z content closely following changes in incident photon flux density (PFD) over the course of the day. All leaves also contained large total pools of the three xanthophyll-cycle components. However, the extent to which the V pool present at dawn became de-epoxidized during the day varied widely among leaves, from a 27% decrease in M. neglecta to a 90% decrease in E. kiautschovicus. The largest amounts of Z and the lowest amounts of V at peak irradiance (full sunlight) were observed in the species with the lower rates of photosynthesis (particularly in E. kiautschovicus and pumpkin), and smaller amounts of Z and a lesser decrease in V content were found at peak irradiance in those species with the higher rates of photosynthesis (particularly in M. neglecta and sunflower). In all species some Z was present in the leaves prior to sunrise. Furthermore, in individuals of sunflower, pumpkin, and cucumber grown at 85% of full sunlight and transferred to full sunlight, a further increase in the already large pool of the xanthophyll-cycle pigments occurred over the course of 1 d.
Combining Methodologies in the Construct Validation Process: An Empirical Illustration

Abstract Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) has received considerable support as a methodology for assessing construct validity. As with other methodologies, however, numerous problems can be encountered when using CFA to assess construct validity. Given the limitations of the CFA, Multitrait-Multimethod (MTMM), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) methodologies, a set of guidelines was developed. The guidelines recommend that the characteristics of the data set be used to determine how the three alternative construct validation methodologies can be used in combination. Examples from the research literature are discussed in order to demonstrate the application of these guidelines.
The Land Ethic, Moral Development, and Ecological Rationality

There has been significant debate over both the imiplications and the merit of Leopold's land ethic. I consider the two most prominent objections and a resolution to them. One of these objections is that, far from being an alternative to an "economic" or cost-benefit perspective on environmental issues, Leopold's land ethic merely broadens the range of economic considerations to be used in addressing such issues. The other objection is that the land ethic is a form of "environmental fascism" because it subordinates the welfare of humans to the good of the ecological whole. I argue that these objections are based on a fundamental misunderstanding of his theory by advocates and detractors alike. The land ethic is centrally a psychological theory of moral development and ecological rationality that advocates a shift in the way that environmental problems are conceptualized and approached.
Reliability of the lung-to-head ratio as a predictor of outcome in fetuses with isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia at gestation outside 24-26 weeks.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between lung-to-head ratio (LHR) and gestational age (GA) in fetuses with isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia and to determine the applicability and reliability of LHR to predict postnatal outcome beyond 24-26 weeks of gestation. Study Design The institutional review board approved this retrospective review of the University of California, San Francisco, Fetal Treatment Center database for cases with left congenital diaphragmatic hernia who were referred between March 1995 and June 2004. LHR was determined at the initial evaluation. One hundred seven live-born fetuses at 20-34 weeks of gestation (excluding cases that were lost to follow-up, with factors that potentially could influence the LHR measurement or postnatal outcome, or that were terminated electively). Results The median GA at LHR measurement was 25.6 weeks; the median LHR was 1.01; the median GA at birth was 37.7 weeks; and the overall survival rate was 59% (64/107). The median LHR of nonsurvivors was significantly lower than that of survivors, but neither GA at LHR measurement nor at delivery was significantly different between the groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed LHR to be an independent predictor of postnatal survival, and receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that an LHR of ≥0.97 has the highest performance in predicting postnatal survival. When fetuses were grouped by GA at initial LHR measurement to determine reliability of LHR, specifically with respect to GA, in the 26-34 and 24-26 weeks of gestation groups, median LHR of survivors was significantly higher than that of nonsurvivors, and receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis confirmed LHR to be a reliable predictor of postnatal survival. However, for fetuses at 20-24 weeks of gestation, there was a trend toward a higher LHR in survivors, although this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion A significant positive linear relationship exists between LHR and GA at the time of measurement, such that LHR reliably predicts postnatal survival in fetuses with left congenital diaphragmatic hernia at 24-34 weeks of gestation and less reliable at 20-24 weeks. However, given the limitations of a retrospective, cross-sectional study, further prospective longitudinal studies that will investigate the change of LHR with GA and its association with fetal outcome are necessary.
Morals, Ethics, and Integrity: How Codes of Conduct Contribute to Ethical Adult Education Practice

This article examines the similarities and differences in the concepts or in the usage of the terms “integrity”, “morals” and “ethics” to provide a framework for understanding why these concepts are the foundation of professional ethics and to promote a more thoughtful consideration of the need for codes of ethics for the field of adult education. The article reviews the original interpretations of these terms by the classic philosophers whose works are fundamental for a greater appreciation of contemporary ethics.
Simulating the venting of radioactivity from a soviet nuclear test

Abstract Fresh fission products were found in several routine air samples in Europe during the second and third weeks of March 1987. Initially, it was suspected that the radionuclides, principally 133Xe and 131I, had been accidentally released from a European facility handling nuclear materials. However, the announcement of an underground nuclear test at Semipalatinsk, U.S.S.R. on 26 February 1987 suggested that the elevated amounts of radioactivity may, instead, have been caused by a venting episode. Upon learning of these events, we simulated the transport and diffusion of 133Xe with our Hemispheric MEDIC and ADPIC models, assuming Semipalatinsk to be the source of the radioactive emissions. The correspondence between the calculated concentrations and the daily average 133Xe measurements made by the Federal Office for Civil Protection in F.R.G. was excellent. While this agreement does not, in itself, prove that an atmospheric venting of radioactive material occurred at Semipalatinsk, a body of circumstantial evidence exists which, when added together, strongly supports this conclusion. Our calculations suggested a total fission yield of about 40 kt, which is within the 20–150 kt range of tests acknowledged by the U.S.S.R. Finally, dose calculations indicated that no health or environmental impact occurred outside of the U.S.S.R. due to the suspected venting of 133Xe. However, the inhalation dose resulting from 133I, an unmodeled component of the radioactive cloud, represented a greater potential risk to public health.
Studies on the 21Ne(p, d)20Ne and 21Ne(d, p)22Ne reactions

Angular distribution measurements have been performed on the 21Ne(p, d)20Ne and 21Ne(d, p)22Ne reactions at Ep = 20 MeV and Ed = 10.2 MeV, respectively. In the 21Ne(p, d) 20Ne reaction, the prolific formation of the Jπ = 2+, 1.63 MeV state was characterized by ln = 2 pickup, and the distribution associated with the 44, 4.25 MeV state was suggestive of a weak ln = 2 pickup. All of the observed ln = 1 pickup strength is associated with formation of the 2−, 4.97 MeV 20Ne level. The 21Ne(d, p)22Ne results indicate that ln = 2 transfer is involved in the formation of the 1.28, 3.36, 5.52, 5.63 and 6.65 MeV 22Ne states. The angular distribution observed for the 2+, 4.46 MeV state and also the unresolved 5.33, 5.36 MeV composite of states required both ln = 0 and ln = 2 components in the associated distorted-wave Born approximation fits. The spectroscopic factors extracted from the present results are compared with those predicted by the Nilsson model without mixing: Applications of the angular momentum projection rule to the 21Ne(d, p)22Ne reaction are considered.
Assessing relationships among strategic types, distinctive marketing competencies, and organizational performance

Abstract The multi-item scale developed by Conant, Mokwa, and Varadarajan (1990) for assessing Miles and Snow’s (1978) strategic typology is applied in a multi-industry, cross-sectional study of 93 Finnish enterprises. To replicate and extend the findings of previous reports, three principal hypotheses are examined: (1) prospector, analyzer, and defender strategic types more often exhibit higher levels of distinctive marketing competencies than reactors; (2) distinctive marketing competencies are associated positively and strongly with organizational performance; (3) a weak association exists among the strategic types and organizational performance. The results support al three hypotheses. The importance of distinctive marketing competencies in serving as intervening variables between strategic types and organizational performance is illustrated.
Modeling the effects of plant-to-plant gene flow, larval behavior, and refuge size on Pest Resistance to Bt Cotton

Growers of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops often use refuges of non-Bt plants to delay pest resistance, but plant-to-plant gene flow between Bt and non-Bt crops could affect this strategy. Here we used simulation modeling to explore the consequences of pollen- and seed-mediated gene flow in cotton fields on the evolution of resistance in a generic pest. We modeled a landscape of 0.5-ha fields where growers used farm-saved seed, as could often occur in the developing world. Specifically, we examined the effects of moderate and high gene flow rates, larval feeding behavior, dominance of resistance, refuge type and abundance, and the interactions among these factors. With either completely dominant or completely recessive inheritance of resistance, gene flow among plants and larval feeding behavior had limited practical impact on resistance evolution. With intermediate dominance, however, moderate or high gene flow among plants substantially accelerated resistance evolution in some simulations where non-Bt cotton refuges were 5 or 20% of the cotton acreage. The acceleration was usually greater when larvae moved and fed indiscriminately among Bt and non-Bt cotton plants than when larvae were sedentary or discriminated among plant types. Adding alternative host plant refuges to the landscape delayed resistance, while increasing the non-Bt cotton refuge from 20 to 50% of the cotton acreage had positive, negative, or neutral effects, depending on dominance, the amount of alternative host plant refuges, and larval feeding behavior. The results suggest that, under certain conditions, reducing gene flow between refuges and Bt crops could help delay pest resistance.
A Preliminary Scanning Electron Microscope Examination of Wear Striation Direction on Primate Teeth

Wear striations experimentally produced on initially unworn teeth were examined at high magnification using a scanning electron microscope. Certain characteristics of individual wear striations on these teeth indicate the direction of motion that produced them. Other striations on worn teeth of American Indians and the Paleocene primate Phenocolemur show similar characteristics and correspond to mandibular movement during mastication.
Lipoprotein-stimulated mesangial cell proliferation and gene expression are regulated by lipoprotein lipase.

Lipoprotein-stimulated mesangial cell proliferation and gene expression are regulated by lipoprotein lipase. Background Hyperlipidemia accelerates the progression of glomerular disease, and lipoproteins bind glomerular mesangial cells (MC) and induce proliferation and cytokine expression. In the vessel wall, the binding of lipoproteins to endothelial cells is markedly enhanced by lipoprotein lipase (LpL), synthesized by the underlying smooth muscle cells. While it is known that LpL is localized to the glomerulus, it is not known if and how it modulates the lipoprotein–mesangial interaction. Methods Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was isolated from rats and was used to treat cultured primary rat MCs. Binding studies were done with and without LpL and with/without pretreatment with heparanase, which degrades cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), known to modulate the LpL–lipoprotein interaction in blood vessels. VLDL/LpL was also used to assess MC proliferation and gene expression of the cytokine platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Results LpL enhanced VLDL binding to MCs by as much as 200-fold, and most of this effect was blocked by pretreatment with heparanase. LpL amplified VLDL-driven MC proliferation and increased VLDL-induced PDGF expression. Heparanase pretreatment of cells eliminated both of these amplifications. LpL alone increased MC proliferation and PDGF gene expression. Discussion As in the vessel wall, LpL enhances VLDL binding to MCs. MCs respond to LpL binding by proliferating and expressing cytokines such as PDGF. LpL may be a crucial paracrine mediator of the glomerular response to circulating lipoproteins, amplifying a response that includes cytokine elaboration, influx of circulating monocytes, and eventual sclerosis.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Residents' Proximity to Water and Attitudes about Resource Protection*

Abstract This article investigates attitudes toward water resource protection among residents in varying proximities to resources, specifically to identify attitudinal differences and the extent to which nearness and adjacency explain attitudes. Proximity was evaluated by measured distances using GIS and reported closeness from a mail survey. Five attitudinal dimensions were assessed: general importance of resource protection, support for government, regulations, and economic measures, and combined overall attitudes. Nearness to water was most significant in explaining economic support, and adjacency for generally expressed importance. Attitudes differed most toward regulations. Overall, the relationship appears nonlinear. Empirical findings have implications for resource management, especially equity criteria in decision making. *This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under BCS-SBE Grant No. 0326975. The authors would like to thank Barbara Trapido-Lurie, Noelwah Netusil, and...
Neutrino reactions in 13C and the behavior of the axial current form factor.

The total and differential cross sections sigma(..nu../sub ..mu../+ /sup 13/C..-->../sup 13/N g.s.+..mu../sup -/) and dsigma/d..cap omega..(..nu../sub ..mu../+/sup 13/C..-->../sup 13/N g.s.+..mu../sup -/) are calculated from threshold to E/sub ..nu../ = 260 MeV. The dependence of the cross section on the axial current form factor F/sub A/(q/sup 2/) is obtained for a range of assumptions. The dependence of the cross section on the pseudoscalar form factor is found to be negligible.
Interruption of SV40 Oncogenesis with Human Foetal Antigen

IMMUNIZATION of adult hamsters with irradiated foetal hamster or mouse cells produces strong immunity to SV40 cell challenge and simultaneously induces cytostatic (or C) antibody formation1. Furthermore, adenovirus 31 tumorigenesis can be interrupted by a single injection of hamster foetal cells if administered to neonatally infected hamsters 3 weeks after birth and before the appearance of the tumour2. SV40 viral oncogenesis could be similarly interrupted in male but not female hamsters2. This work provides support for the view that foetal and tumour cells share common antigens and that oncogenesis involves retrogenic activation of early foetal antigen genes in adult cells3,4.