cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization, kinetics and mechanisms of electron transfer reactions of superoxochromium (III) ion and a cobalt (II) macrocyclic complex with various substrates

a hydrogen from a C-H bond in the macrocyclic ring, Figure A-1 or it could add to a double bond, equation 18. Both reactions would leave a ligand modification, initially in the form of a ligand radical as a carbon-centered radical or as a nitrogen-centered radical. The macrocycle of (H20)2Co(dmgBF2)2 should be an efficient radical scavenger. The similarity to DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline N-oxide), an efficient radical scavenger, is striking, equation 17. (H20)2Co(dmgBF2)2 essentially contains four radical scavenger subunits which could trap a hydroxyl radical before it could escape the vicinity of the initial reaction site, the cobalt macrocycle. Radicals are known to react with DMPO by adding to the carbon of the carbon-nitrogen double bond, leaving a nitrogen centered radical, equation 17. This radical is stabilized by the oxygen bound to the nitrogen, creating a long-lived radical (these lifetimes are on the order of several minutes). An analogous equation for (H20)2Co(dmgBF2)2 with a hydroxyl radical is shown in equation 18. + OH N i O >C^OH (17)
Survival and fecundity of Bt-susceptible Colorado potato beetle adults after consumption of transgenic potato containing Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin

Survival and fecundity of Colorado potato beetle adults, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), that had or had not fed previously on non-transgenic potato before exposure to transgenic potato containing the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin (Bt) was investigated. In the laboratory, < 5% of first-generation adults survived after two weeks when restricted to Bt foliage since eclosion, but over 85% of adults that had fed initially on non-Bt potato survived exposure to Bt potato for two weeks. In field experiments, less than 0.5% of adults that were exclusively provided Bt potato plants survived overwinter, whereas 44% to 57% survived overwinter when fed non-Bt potato plants for two weeks before being provided Bt potato as a final pre-overwintering host. Survival through the winter increased as the duration of initial feeding on non-Bt potato increased and was similar for beetles provided either tubers or Bt potato plants as a final pre-overwintering host. Only overwintered beetles that fed initially on non-Bt potato before encountering either tubers or Bt potato as a final pre-overwintering host laid eggs the following spring. Survival and reproduction of potato beetle adults after colonizing Bt potato fields should not be adversely affected as long as they have had sufficient time to feed initially on non-Bt potato. Implications for how potato production practices in the Mid-Atlantic US may affect the utility of general resistance management plans for Bt potato are discussed.
Being Single in Old Age

The routine, everyday life of single elders differs from that of other old people. On the basis of interview date both about themselves and some aspects of the quality of their everyday lives, it is proposed that single elders constitute a distinct type of social personality in old age. Interviews provide subjective and methodological evidence to support this. The "normal", taken-for-granted social world of single elders is: relatively isolated; but not perceived in terms of loneliness, at present or anticipated; and considered an ordinary extension of their past. Death is conceived as "just another" event of their ongoing experiences.
Food deprivation history and cocaine self-administration: an animal model of binge eating

In this two-part study, an animal model of binge eating was first produced, then the rate of acquisition of cocaine self-administration was assessed. Initially, 16 female weanling rats were food deprived (DEPR) at 25, 95, and 143 days of age. Another group of 16 age-matched controls was allowed ad lib access to food. Each time the DEPR group was food deprived, they were allowed to recover to normal weight. They were then injected with butorphanol tartrate (BUTR), an opioid that stimulates feeding, and food intake was measured for 4 h. All rats given BUTR consumed significantly more food than those given saline. Animals with DEPR history consumed food over a longer period of time, and at h 4 after BUTR injection, they consumed significantly more food than controls. In the second part of the experiment, an autoshaping procedure was used to quantitatively evaluate the rate of acquisition of cocaine self-administration. By day 30, 86% of the DEPR and 69% of the control groups had acquired cocaine self-administration.
New evidence of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the Hawaiian Islands associated with the endemic host Pisonia sandwicensis (Nyctaginaceae)

Ectomycorrhizal plants and fungi are ubiquitous in mainland forests, but because of dispersal limitations are predicted to be less common on isolated islands. For instance, no native ectomycorrhizal plants or fungi have ever been reported from Hawaii, one of the most remote archipelagos on Earth. Members of the plant tribe Pisonieae are common on many islands, and prior evidence shows that some species associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, until now, the Pisonieae species of Hawaii had yet to be examined for their mycorrhizal status. Here we sampled roots from members of the genus Pisonia growing on the Hawaiian islands of Oahu, Maui and Hawaii. We used molecular and microscopic techniques to categorize trees with respect to their mycorrhizal associations. We report that the Hawaiian endemic Pisonia sandwicensis forms ectomycorrhizas with at least five fungal operational taxonomic units (corresponding closely to species) belonging to four genera. We also report that this tree species is monophyletic with other ectomycorrhizal Pisonia species. We suggest that in light of the newly discovered Hawaiian ectomycorrhizal fungal community and other island ectomycorrhizal communities, dispersal limitations do not prevent the colonization of remote islands by at least some ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Collective oscillations at long wavelengths in liquid4He

The recent successful calculation of the lower collective branch of the excitation spectrum in liquid4He by Sunakawaet al. contains a phenomenological parameter φ(k) whose relation to microscopic theory is obscure. To clarify matters, an exact identity is presented for the absorptive part of the density-density correlation function and is employed to show that Pines' “zero-sound” concept of the phonon in liquid4He is accurate in the limit of infinitely long wavelengths. Since the zero-sound theory can be made to produce an explicit relation between φ(k) and the two-particle potential in the liquid, the foundation has been laid for a microscopic expression for the excitation spectrum in the range of very low wave numbers, where the classic Feynman theory of the phonon is known to be accurate. A numerical calculation of φ(k) using this expression results in a theoretical excitation spectrum which is in excellent agreement with neutron scattering measurements in the regionk≲0.4 A−1.
Morphology of single inhalable particle inside public transit biodiesel fueled bus

Abstract In an urban-transit bus, fueled by biodiesel in Toledo, Ohio, single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm. The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters: square, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, agglomerate, sphere, triangle, oblong, strip, line or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The square particles were common in the samples. Round and triangle particles are more, and pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, decagon, strip, line or sticks are less. Agglomerate particles were found in abundance. The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse. The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo. The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.
Generating new pancreas from old

Pancreas regeneration after tissue damage is a key response to pancreatic injury, involving pancreatic duct progenitor cells and intra-islet precursor cells. Surgical removal of the pancreas, duct obstruction by cellophane wrapping and bone marrow-derived stem cell transplantation act as inductive stimuli, leading to pancreas regeneration. The exact role of growth and differentiation factors regulating pancreatic β-cell mass remains unknown. Here, I will attempt to integrate recent findings and speculate on the factors that trigger this fascinating response, wherein the pancreas responds to a deficit in cell mass and undergoes new islet formation, leading to restoration of normal β-cell mass. I will also discuss recent advances in regenerating endocrine pancreatic cells, which could affect stem cell-based approaches to treating diabetes mellitus.
The high energy approximation and slightly non-local potentials

Abstract The high energy approximation is extended to non-local potentials. Applied to the high energy optical potential a rough estimate indicates the removal of a large discrepancy between theory and experiment in the imaginary part of the potential.
Effect of Aqueous Processing Conditions on the Microstructure and Transformation Behavior in Al2O3─ZrO2(CeO2) Composites

Aqueous processing of Al2O3─ZrO2 (123 mol% CeO2) composites, combined with sintering conditions, was used to control the microstructure and its influence on the martensitic transformation temperature of t-ZrO2 and the transformation-toughening contribution at room temperature. The resultant ZrO2 grain sizes in the dense composites were related to the transformation-toughening behavior of t-ZrO2. The data show that (1) the best processing conditions exist when the electrophoretic mobilities of the two solids are positive, adequately high to ensure colloidal stability, efficient packing,and uniform ZrO2 distribution but differ greatly in magnitude, (2) the colloidal stability of ZrO2 controls the overall stability and the rheological and processing behavior of this mixture, (3) the grain size distribution in dense pieces sintered for 1 h at 1500°C is comparable to the particle size distribution of the powders, (4) the martensite start temperature for the tetragonal to-monoclinic transformation in Al2O3 containing 20 and 40 vol% ZrO2 increases and can approach 0°C with increasing average ZrO2 grain size, and as a result, (5) the fracture toughness values at room temperature are raised from 4–5 MPa.m1/2 to 9–12 MPa.m1/2 for these two compositions.
Quantifying Irreversible Losses for Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Analysis and Design Integration.

The evolutionary nature of flight-vehicle design and optimization has served technological demands well in order to reach the performance of current aircraft. At times, however, we must depart from the evolutionary process and aim for a breakthrough design. The design of plasma-assisted aerospace vehicles challenges traditional experience and databases. To meet this challenge, the authors propose incorporating the second law of thermodynamics into generalized analysis and design methods based on the concept of exergy. First, the development of the appropriate equations for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid flow are reviewed and summarized. The MHD equations are then supplemented with the entropy- and exergy-balance equations. Then a design framework based on the exergy considerations is presented. Of particular interest to the authors is application of entropy/exergy and the second-law principle in the analysis and design of complex physical systems. We focus on the incorporation of the entropy-generation formula and, by direct correspondence, the exergy-balance equations consistent with compressible MHD fluid flow
Population demographics of translocated northern bobwhites on fragmented habitat

Habitat fragmentation is considered a contributing factor to declining populations of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Some population strongholds exist within large expanses of habitat; however, many regions of the species' range have become fragmented and populations therein have become nearly extirpated. Our objectives were to determine whether combined habitat management and bobwhite translocation could restore bobwhite populations in habitat patches within a fragmented landscape. We translocated 550 bobwhites to 2 sites (≥660 ha; Caldwell and Fayette counties) in the Post Oak Savannah ecoregion of Texas, USA, during 2004–2006. We compared survival, home-range size, and reproduction between translocated bobwhites in a fragmented landscape and resident bobwhites in contiguous habitat (Brooks County). Pooled over the 3-year study, translocated bobwhites had lower survival (6 Apr–15 Aug, 2004–2006; Ŝ = 0.35; n = 165 bobwhites) than did resident bobwhites (Ŝ = 0.56; n = 224 bobwhites; P < 0.001). Translocated bobwhites also had larger home ranges ( = 398.1 ha; n = 55 bobwhites) than resident bobwhites ( = 10.9 ha; n = 28 bobwhites; P = 0.003). Moreover, percent of hens nesting (95% CI = 36 ± 16.4%) and nesting rate (95% CI = 1.1 ± 0.2 nests/hen) were lower for translocated bobwhites than for resident bobwhites (79 ± 12.4% and 1.6 ± 0.3 nests/hen, respectively). Our restoration efforts were unsuccessful; relative abundance of bobwhites remained low (≤1.0 covey heard/point) on translocation sites despite intensive translocation efforts. Restoring bobwhite populations in areas with few remaining bobwhites may be beyond the realm of practical management in this fragmented ecoregion. © 2012 The Wildlife Society
Volume (3-dimensional) space-time reconstruction of esophageal peristaltic contraction by using simultaneous US and manometry.

Abstract Background Conventional 3-dimensional endoluminal US was modified to evaluate peristaltic contractions in the esophagus. Methods Two-dimensional US images and simultaneous intraluminal pressures were acquired during peristaltic contractions by locating the transducer at fixed positions in the esophagus in 6 normal volunteers during swallowing. Three-dimensional images were reconstructed by using a computer-based 3-dimensional algorithm with time as the x axis. Results The peristaltic contraction sequence was viewed as a 3-dimensional US image. The geometric configuration of the esophagus, the muscle thickness, and corresponding pressures were evaluated. The 3-dimensional images demonstrate 4 phases of the peristaltic contraction sequence. Conclusions Three-dimensional time-resolved reconstruction of endoluminal US images of the esophagus and simultaneous recording of manometric data allow visualization of geometric changes and correlation with pressure changes during peristaltic contraction. Four phases of the peristaltic contraction sequence are demonstrated clearly on the 3-dimensional space-time images.
Games and Terrorism

This article provides an updated survey of recent advances in game-theoretic analyses of terrorism. In particular, it investigates the government's allocation of a fixed budget to counter attacks against potential targets. The choice between proactive and defensive countermeasures is addressed, along with the impact that domestic politics has on this choice. Other topics include the interaction between political and militant factions within terrorist groups, the role of asymmetric information, and game-theoretic analysis of suicide terrorism. Throughout, the article highlights surprising results from the application of game theory. Unanswered questions are also indicated.
A fuzzy scheme for enterprise modeling

Complex systems are difficult to model and analyze. Enterprise modeling represents one of the most controversial and convoluted tasks. While models rely on subjective judgments, the majority of analytical work has been done by traditional methodologies. This paper analyses enterprise modeling from fuzzy systems perspective. Examples illustrate the relevance of similarity measures, in particular. Discussion of results enlighten future research in this field. >
Memory Frictions: Localizing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra Leone

Abstract1This paper concerns the frictions of engagement when transitional justice mechanisms are implemented in local contexts. My focus is the practice of truth-telling as part of a global paradigm of redemptive memory. I first trace the genealogy of this paradigm, examining how it came to appear ‘natural’ and ‘universal.’ Second, I explore struggles over memory that ensued when Sierra Leone's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) assertively promoted this paradigm in a region in which alternative memory techniques reflected popular priorities in an unstable context of ‘no peace, no war.’ These struggles were rooted not only in the contested content of memories, but also in a perceived incommensurability between contrasting memory projects believed to have divergent implications for processes of reconstruction. Finally, I examine the significance of reparations both for local practices of post-war memory and for the local effectiveness of the TRC.
Impact of polymer film thickness and cavity size on polymer flow during embossing: toward process design rules for nanoimprint lithography

This paper presents continuum simulations of polymer flow during nanoimprint lithography (NIL). The simulations capture the underlying physics of polymer flow from the nanometer to millimeter length scale and examine geometry and thermophysical process quantities affecting cavity filling. Variations in embossing tool geometry and polymer film thickness during viscous flow distinguish different flow driving mechanisms. Three parameters can predict polymer deformation mode: cavity width to polymer thickness ratio, polymer supply ratio and capillary number. The ratio of cavity width to initial polymer film thickness determines vertically or laterally dominant deformation. The ratio of indenter width to residual film thickness measures polymer supply beneath the indenter which determines Stokes or squeeze flow. The local geometry ratios can predict a fill time based on laminar flow between plates, Stokes flow, or squeeze flow. A characteristic NIL capillary number based on geometry-dependent fill time distinguishes between capillary- or viscous-driven flows. The three parameters predict filling modes observed in published studies of NIL deformation over nanometer to millimeter length scales. The work seeks to establish process design rules for NIL and to provide tools for the rational design of NIL master templates, resist polymers and process parameters.
Techniques for rapid initialization in in-vehicle traffic simulators

On-line in-vehicle traffic simulation has been proposed as a means to provide predictions of future states of a traffic network based on current traffic conditions. The area covered by an in-vehicle simulation may change dynamically during the vehicle's journey. This paper is concerned with the issue of initializing the state of new regions that are added to a running microscopic traffic simulation. A warm-up period is required where the new road segments must be populated with simulated vehicles. Techniques that convert vehicle flow rate and queue length information to vehicle positions and speeds are proposed to minimize this warm-up period. These techniques are evaluated and compared with respect to estimated travel times of vehicles traveling through different paths in the road network under different traffic conditions. Travel time predictions are compared to a microscopic simulation of the entire region.
Primary Care Physicians and Barriers to Providing Care to Persons with HIV/AIDS

Primary care physicians play an increasingly important role in the care of persons with HIVIAIDS due to the rising number and changing geographic distribution of persons infected with HIV/AIDS. The study explored the relationship between barriers to health services and the experience and willingness of primary care physicians to care for persons with HIV/AIDS. The study was based on a random survey of primary care physicians in South Carolina. The results indicate that although primary care physicians' willingness to treat persons with HIV/AIDS is significantly associated with many self-reported barriers (i.e., financial, structural, knowledge, and attitudinal), their HIV/AID care experience was most significantly correlated with self-reported knowledge that overrides financial and structural barriers. The results emphasize the importance of programs and policy initiatives aimed at enhancing the primary care physicians' knowledge level and improving their attitudes related to HIV/AIDS.
Lemierre's syndrome with fourth nerve palsy

Lemierre's syndrome is characterized by acute oropharyngeal infection with secondary internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis and subsequent metastatic infections. 1 The anaerobe Fusobacterium necrophorum is the usual etiologic agent, although other microorganisms, including Streptococcus , Staphylococcus , Enterococcus , Bacteroides , and Lactobacilli , may be present alone or in combination with F. necrophorum . 1-3 Common sites of metastatic infection include the lungs and joints. Thromboembolic complications, such as septic pulmonary embolism, persistent jugular vein occlusion, hepatic abscesses, and nephropathy, may occur. 1,2 We report a case of Lemierre's syndrome in a 3-year-old Caucasian boy who subsequently presented with manifestations of a fourth (trochlear) nerve palsy.
Compensation of the effects of antenna dispersion on UWB waveforms via optical pulse-shaping techniques

To our knowledge, we present the first experimental demonstration of compensation of antenna dispersion effects on impulsive ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. By extracting the RF spectral phase from a time-domain impulse response measurement of a pair of ridged TEM horn antennas, we utilize a photonic-synthesis technique for arbitrary electromagnetic signal waveforms to generate a signal ''matched'' to the antenna pair. We demonstrate that the received waveform is compressed and exhibits reduced ringing levels, as compared to the impulse response of the system. Our technique is reprogrammable and we believe the technique will be applicable to a variety of antennas operating in the UWB communications band of 3.1-10.6 GHz.
Web server performance in a WAN environment

This paper analyzes web server performance under simulated WAN conditions. The workload simulates many critical network characteristics, such as network delay, bandwidth limit for client connections, and small MTU sizes to dial-up clients. A novel aspect of this study is the examination of the internal behavior of the web server at the network protocol stack and the device driver. We discovered that WAN network characteristics may significantly change the behavior of the web server compared to LAN-based simulations and may make many of optimizations of server design irrelevant in this environment. Particularly, we found that the small MTU size of the dial-up or wireless user connections can increase the processing overhead several times.
Applying Microreboot to System Software

Availability is increased with recovery based on component micro reboot instead of whole system reboot. There are unique challenges that must be overcome in order to apply micro reboot to low-level system software. These challenges arise from the need to interact with immutable hardware components on one hand and, on the other hand, with a wide variety of higher level workloads whose characteristics may be unknown. As an example, we describe our experience with applying micro reboot to system-level virtualization software. Specifically, implementing micro reboot for all the components of the widely-used Xen virtualization infrastructure. We identify the unique difficulties with applying micro reboot for such low-level software and present our solutions. We present measures of the complexity of different classes of solutions and experimental results, based on extensive fault injection, showing the effectiveness of the solutions.
Structural insights into the role of the ACTH receptor cysteine residues on receptor function

The ACTH receptor, also known as the melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R), is critical for ACTH-mediated adrenal glucocorticoid release. Human MC2R (hMC2R) has 10 cysteine residues, which are located in ...
Regulation of steroidogenesis in a primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease-associated adenoma leading to virilization and subclinical Cushing’s syndrome

Context: Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) can lead to steroid hormone overproduction. Mutations in the cAMP protein kinase A regulatory subunit type 1A (PRKAR1A) are causative of PPNAD. Steroidogenesis in PPNAD can be modified through a local glucocorticoid feedforward loop. Objective: Investigation of regulation of steroidogenesis in a case of PPNAD with virilization. Materials and methods: A 33-year-old woman presented with primary infertility due to hyperandrogenism. Elevated levels of testosterone and subclinical ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome led to the discovery of an adrenal tumor, which was diagnosed as PPNAD. In vivo evaluation of aberrantly expressed hormone receptors showed no steroid response to known stimuli. Genetic analysis revealed a PRKAR1A protein-truncating Q28X mutation. After adrenalectomy, steroid levels normalized. Tumor cells were cultured and steroidogenic responses to ACTH and dexamethasone were measured and compared with those in normal adrenal and adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Expression levels of 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17b-HSD) types 3 and 5 and steroid receptors were quantified in PPNAD, normal adrenal, and adrenal adenoma tissues. Results: Isolated PPNAD cells, analogous to normal adrenal cells, showed both increased steroidogenic enzyme expression and steroid secretion in response to ACTH. Dexamethasone did not affect steroid production in the investigated types of adrenal cells. 17b-HSD type 5 was expressed at a higher level in the PPNAD-associated adenoma compared with control adrenal tissue. Conclusion: PPNAD-associated adenomas can cause virilization and infertility by adrenal androgen overproduction. This may be due to steroidogenic control mechanisms that differ from those described for PPNAD without large adenomas.
Death Becomes Her: Women, Occupation, and Terrorist Mobilization

In recent years, the relationship between foreign military occupation and the increased likelihood of violent insurgency and terrorism has been asserted (Pape 2005) but is far from proven. The actual micro-level dynamics that make the correlation between the two sufficient to warrant extended discussion is even less understood and has led a variety of researchers to examine the micro-level foundations of how the presence of foreign military personnel might exacerbate conflict or provide motivation for the local population to mobilize against the foreign troops in their midst (e.g., Downes 2008; Edelstein 2008)
With the Correct Concept of Mutation Rate, Cluster Mutations Can Explain the Overdispersed Molecular Clock

IN his response to our article ([Huai and Woodruff 1997][1]), Cutler takes it for granted that mutation rate and mutational event rate are the same in multicellular species, but there is fundamental distinction between them when premeiotic mutations give rise to clusters of identical mutant alleles
Context-Dependent Activation Kinetics Elicited by Soluble versus Outer Membrane Vesicle-Associated Heat-Labile Enterotoxin

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of traveler's diarrhea and children's diarrhea worldwide. Among its virulence factors, ETEC produces heat-labile enterotoxin (LT). Most secreted LT is associated with outer membrane vesicles that are rich in lipopolysaccharide. The majority of prior studies have focused on soluble LT purified from ETEC periplasm. We investigated the hypothesis that the extracellular vesicle context of toxin presentation might be important in eliciting immune responses. We compared the polarized epithelial cell responses to apically applied soluble LT and LT-containing vesicles (LT+ vesicles) as well as controls using a catalytically inactive mutant of LT and vesicles lacking LT. Although vesicle treatments with no or catalytically inactive LT induced a modest amount of interleukin-6 (IL-6), samples containing catalytically active LT elicited higher levels. A combination of soluble LT and LT-deficient vesicles induced significantly higher IL-6 levels than either LT or LT+ vesicles alone. The responses to LT+ vesicles were found to be independent of the canonical LT pathway, because the inhibition of cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation did not lead to a decrease in cytokine gene expression levels. Furthermore, soluble LT caused earlier phosphorylation of CREB and activation of CRE compared with LT+ vesicles. Soluble LT also led to the activation of activator protein 1, whereas LT+ vesicle IL-6 responses appeared to be mediated by NF-κB. In summary, the results demonstrate that soluble LT and vesicle-bound LT elicit ultimately similar cytokine responses through distinct different activation pathways.
The Development of Endosperm in Grasses

The grass seed or caryopsis originates from a monocarpellary ovary with a single ovule and contains the main storage tissue, the endosperm. For most grass crop species (i.e. cereals), the value of the crop is largely determined by the endosperm, both in quantitative and qualitative terms. The
Peak VO(2): a simple yet enduring standard.

The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of theeditors or of the American Heart Association.From the Divisions of Circulatory Physiology and Cardiology, Colum-bia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York (D.M.); the Albert EinsteinCollege of Medicine, Bronx, New York (T.J.); and the University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor (K.A.).Correspondence to Donna Mancini, MD, 622 West 168
Leukocyte low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) does not contribute to LDL clearance in vivo: bone marrow transplantation studies in the mouse

The targeted disruption of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene in mice results in accumulation of plasma LDL cholesterol and in predisposition to diet-induced aortic atherosclerosis. Although the liver is the central organ for receptor mediated clearance of LDL, the in vivo role of other organs and tissues in LDL catabolism has not been directly studied. Since bone marrow-derived cells such as blood leukocytes and tissue macrophages express LDL receptors and contribute a large mass to the body, we designed bone marrow transplantation (BMT) experiments to reconstitute LDL receptor null mice [LDL-R(-/-)] with marrow obtained from LDL-R wild-type mice [LDL-R(+/+)] and evaluate the effects on parameters of plasma lipid metabolism. Although reconstitution of the transplanted mice with donor bone marrow cells was complete, no differences in plasma lipid levels and lipoprotein distribution were found between groups, irrespective of the diet used, and turnover studies using 125I-labeled LDL showed that LDL receptor expression by leukocytes and macrophages does not significantly contribute to plasma LDL clearance. The complementary experiment of transplanting LDL-R(-/-) marrow into C57BL/6 recipients [LDL-R(-/-)-->LDL(+/+)], performed to evaluate the role of leukocyte LDL-R in normocholesterolemic condition, also produced no effects on plasma lipid parameters. LDL binding studies using macrophages isolated from transplanted mice showed a lack of LDL-R expression. Thus, despite their large number and wide distribution, bone marrow-derived cells do not significantly influence receptor-mediated clearance of plasma LDL.
The Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease in Older Adults

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in older adults. It has pervasive effects on the quality as well as the quantity of years in late life. Atherosclerotic disease is the most common type of cardiovascular disease in older adults, with the coronary arteries being the most commonly involved arterial bed and myocardial infarction the most common clinical manifestation. Coronary artery disease (CAD) has well-known dietary and behavioral contributors, yet age remains a very strong risk factor across the life span and well into old age. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction increases dramatically with age, though rates have been declining at every age. CAD can cause substantial disability due to reduced exercise tolerance or chest pain with exertion. CAD is also associated with systemic atherosclerosis, which incurs substantial disability. Methods for the prevention of CAD are well established and include smoking cessation, lipid lowering and blood pressure control. These have been shown to be beneficial in older adults, yet they remain underutilized. There is great potential that the declining rates of CAD will translate to a compression of morbidity in older adults.
Location and quantification of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat pons: implications for REM sleep generation

Microinjecting cholinomimetics into the pontine reticular formation produces a state that resembles natural rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Evocation of this REM sleeplike states is anatomically site dependent within the pons and is mediated by muscarinic receptors. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cholinergic REM sleep generation and muscarinic receptor subtype involvement remain to be specified. This study tested the hypothesis that muscarinic receptor subtypes are differentially distributed within the oral and caudal divisions of rat pontine reticular nucleus. In vitro receptor autoradiography was used to localize and quantify M1, M2, and M3 binding sites in the pontine reticular formation and in pontine brain stem regions known to regulate REM sleep. M1-M3 binding sites were present in some REM sleep-related nuclei, such as dorsal raphe and locus ceruleus. The pontine reticular formation was found to have a homogeneous distribution of M2 binding sites across its rostral to caudal extent, indicating that anatomic specificity of cholinergic REM sleep induction cannot be accounted for by a differential density of muscarinic receptors.
Introduction: Cognitive attitudes and values in science

• Cognitive attitudes are evaluative responses directed toward some sort of content, such as hypotheses, theories, or propositions.
Influence of water on anharmonicity, stability, and vibrational energy distribution of hydrogen-bonded adducts in atmospheric reactions: case study of the OH + isoprene reaction intermediate using ab initio molecular dynamics.

The effect of water on the stability and vibrational states of a hydroxy-isoprene adduct is probed through the introduction of 1–15 water molecules. It is found that when a static nuclear harmonic approximation is invoked there is a substantial red-shift of the alcohol O–H stretch (of the order of 800 cm–1) as a result of introduction of water. When potential energy surface sampling and associated anharmonicities are introduced through finite temperature ab initio dynamics, this hydroxy-isoprene OH stretch strongly couples with all the water vibrational modes as well as the hydroxy-isoprene OH bend modes. A new computational technique is introduced to probe the coupling between these modes. The method involves a two-dimensional, time-frequency analysis of the finite temperature vibrational properties. Such an analysis not only provides information about the modes that are coupled as a result of finite-temperature analysis, but also the temporal evolution of such coupling.
Diameter-Independent Hole Mobility in Ge/Si Core/Shell Nanowire Field Effect Transistors

Heterostructure engineering capability, especially in the radial direction, is a unique property of bottom-up nanowires (NWs) that makes them a serious candidate for high-performance field-effect transistors (FETs). In this Letter, we present a comprehensive study on size dependent carrier transport behaviors in vapor–liquid–solid grown Ge/Si core/shell NWFETs. Transconductance, subthreshold swing, and threshold voltage exhibit a linear increase with the NW diameter due to the increase of the transistor body size. Carrier confinement in this core/shell architecture is shown to maintain a diameter-independent hole mobility as opposed to surface-induced mobility degradation in homogeneous Ge NWs. The Si shell thickness also exhibits a slight effect on the hole mobility, while the most abrupt mobility transition is between structures with and without the Si shell. A hole mobility of 200 cm2/(V·s) is extracted from transistor performance for core/shell NWs with a diameter range of 15–50 nm and a 3 nm Si shell...
Heart rate response to auditory stimuli of varying duration

Rats were presented a 40 db white noise with a duration of from 1.0 sec. to 10.5 sec. The stimulus initially produced heart rate deceleration, while the magnitude of the response increased with stimulus duration. With subsequent presentations, the heart rate response to noise became an acceleration. Latency of response was an increasing function of stimulus duration, with 82% of the maxium responses following stimulus offset. These phenomena complicate the investigation of classical conditioning of heart rate.
A before-and-after assessment of patch-burn grazing and riparian fencing along headwater streams

Summary Fire and grazing are common in grasslands world-wide to maintain grass cover and cattle production. The effects of fire, cattle grazing and riparian fencing efficacy on prairie stream ecology are not well characterized at catchment scales. We examined alterations to stream water quality and biology from patch-burn grazing (PBG) in tallgrass prairie during a five-year, replicated, catchment scale experiment that used a Before-After/Control-Impact (BACI) design and was analysed by mixed-effects models. Treatments included two patch-burned control catchments (fire but no grazers) and PBG in two riparian-fenced and two unfenced catchments. We assessed the effectiveness of riparian fencing for mitigating potential water quality impacts by monitoring water quality and riparian usage by cattle via Global Positioning System. Riparian fences effectively excluded cattle; however, in unfenced pastures, cattle aggregated along streams 10–20% of the grazing season. After initiation of PBG, we detected large increases in some nutrients, Escherichia coli, algal biomass, primary productivity and community respiration in all catchments with PBG. Some water quality variables, such as E. coli concentrations, recovered quickly after cattle were removed from pasture, which indicated resiliency. Riparian fencing moderately reduced the impacts to stream variables, indicating either overland flow and/or subsurface flow allowed nutrients and bacteria to enter the streams. Synthesis and applications. Patch-burn grazing is a measurable disturbance that can alter the ecological condition of streams. Riparian fencing lessened the degree of impact, yet some water quality variables still exceeded regional reference conditions. Managers will need to assess the costs of riparian fencing compared to the moderate benefits that fencing provides to water quality.
The Catholic Physician’s Contribution to the Life of the Church

(1990). The Catholic Physician’s Contribution to the Life of the Church. The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 16-29.
Abstract IA35: Discovery of porcupine inhibitors targeting Wnt signaling in cancer

Wnt signaling is tightly controlled during cellular proliferation, differentiation and embryonic morphogenesis. Aberrant activation of this pathway plays a critical role in a variety of cancers. Blockade of Wnt signaling is therefore an attractive therapeutic approach for anticancer therapy. In this presentation, we will discuss our approach to search for inhibitors of Wnt ligand secretion. We developed and performed a cellular high-throughput screen using a co-culture system. Lead structure (GNF-1331) was identified and further target elucidation revealed Porcupine, a membrane bound O-acyl transferase, as its molecular target. Further structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of WNT974, a potent and specific Porcupine inhibitor. Treatment of WNT974 leads to tumor regression in a Wnt dependent MMTV-Wnt1 mouse model at well tolerated doses. WNT974 is currently in Phase 1 clinical trials. Citation Format: Shifeng Pan, Jun Liu, Dai Cheng, Dong Han, Guobao Zhang, Mindy Hsieh, Nicholas Ng, Chun Li, Shailaja Kasibhatla, Peter McNamara, H. Martin Seidel, Jennifer Harris. Discovery of porcupine inhibitors targeting Wnt signaling in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2015 Oct 23-26; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA35.
Prediction of vapor–liquid equilibria for mixtures of low boiling point compounds using Wong–Sandler mixing rule and EOS/GE model

Abstract Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) of low boiling point components occurs at low-temperature and usually at high pressure. A proper method for computing the fugacity coefficient is to use a cubic equation of state with mixing rules. However, empirical mixing rules include one adjustable parameter and cannot predict VLE of some mixtures accurately. An alternative that could be used for non-ideal mixtures is the Wong–Sandler mixing rule, which is derived based on the excess Gibbs energy ( G E ). In this research, VLE of light gaseous mixtures was calculated at low temperatures and medium to high pressures using the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR EOS), the Wong–Sandler mixing rule, and the NRTL equation as a G E model. This introduces an additional adjustable parameter. Assuming the adjustable parameters as a function of temperature, the results show that this thermodynamic model is an appropriate method to predict VLE of low boiling point materials at wide range of temperatures.
Management of Ureterointestinal Anastomotic Strictures: Comparison of Open Surgical and Endourological Repair

AbstractThe established treatment for ureterointestinal anastomotic strictures is open surgical revision. In an effort to evaluate the efficacy of endourological surgery for this problem, we compared 7 patients (9 strictures) who underwent open revision to 6 patients (7 strictures) who underwent endoscopic incision and balloon dilation of the stricture. The success rate (that is patent ureter and no stent) was 89 per cent for the open revision group and 71 per cent (5 of 7) for the endoscopic group. All open revisions required use of general anesthesia, while 3 of the endoscopic procedures were performed with the patient under assisted local anesthesia. The endoscopic group had markedly shorter hospitalization, decreased blood loss, diminished patient discomfort and no postoperative complications.While the endoscopic procedure for ureteroileal anastomotic strictures is less successful than open revision, the lower morbidity, decreased cost and shorter hospital stay associated with the endourological appro...
Damping Estimation from Seismic Records

A review of the commonly used viscous model for damping is presented as well as of expressions recently developed for the expected value of the first mode damping ratio of soil-structure systems. The statistical expressions show that the parameter that is best correlated with damping in steel and concrete buildings is building height while in wood and masonry structures it is the spectral acceleration at the fundamental period. The paper illustrates that the high variance with which damping ratios are typically identified (compared to frequencies) is the result of low Fisher information in the (relatively short) seismic response transients.
Spatial Processing in Infancy Predicts Both Spatial and Mathematical Aptitude in Childhood

Despite considerable interest in the role of spatial intelligence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) achievement, little is known about the ontogenetic origins of individual differences in spatial aptitude or their relation to later accomplishments in STEM disciplines. The current study provides evidence that spatial processes present in infancy predict interindividual variation in both spatial and mathematical competence later in development. Using a longitudinal design, we found that children’s performance on a brief visuospatial change-detection task administered between 6 and 13 months of age was related to their spatial aptitude (i.e., mental-transformation skill) and mastery of symbolic-math concepts at 4 years of age, even when we controlled for general cognitive abilities and spatial memory. These results suggest that nascent spatial processes present in the first year of life not only act as precursors to later spatial intelligence but also predict math achievement during...
Adversarial Multiclass Classification: A Risk Minimization Perspective

Recently proposed adversarial classification methods have shown promising results for cost sensitive and multivariate losses. In contrast with empirical risk minimization (ERM) methods, which use convex surrogate losses to approximate the desired non-convex target loss function, adversarial methods minimize non-convex losses by treating the properties of the training data as being uncertain and worst case within a minimax game. Despite this difference in formulation, we recast adversarial classification under zero-one loss as an ERM method with a novel prescribed loss function. We demonstrate a number of theoretical and practical advantages over the very closely related hinge loss ERM methods. This establishes adversarial classification under the zero-one loss as a method that fills the long standing gap in multiclass hinge loss classification, simultaneously guaranteeing Fisher consistency and universal consistency, while also providing dual parameter sparsity and high accuracy predictions in practice.
Sleep and Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis, the most common cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in young adults, is often accompanied by debilitating fatigue and sleep disturbances. These attendant disorders include insomnia, nocturnal movement disorders, sleep-disordered breathing, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and narcolepsy. Distinguishing sleep disturbances from fatigue in patients with MS is an important component of mitigating symptoms and decreasing morbidity. Herein, relevant clinical features, neuroanatomical background, diagnostic evaluations, and treatment options are discussed.
Persuading to Pay: Exploring the What and Why in Crowdfunded Journalism

ABSTRACTIncorporating theoretical concepts from communication, media economics, and social psychology, and using data from two constructed weeks, this content analysis study examined factors contributing to funding successes on Byline, an international crowdfunded journalism platform. This study found that non-public affairs news is more likely to reach funding goals, have more supporters, and receive more money per supporter than public affairs news; author location makes a difference in how many supporters and how much donation a news column receives; and offering more reward options is associated with a significantly higher odds of a column reaching funding goals and having more supporters. Overall, this study offers empirical evidence of how news organizations may learn from Byline’s successful crowdfunding strategy, as well as theoretical linkages between uses and gratifications and Cialdini’s rule of reciprocity in understanding what and why people are persuaded to pay for news.
Alcohol and Narcotic Drugs

(1937). Alcohol and Narcotic Drugs. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 8, No. 10, pp. 588-635.