cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Mydriatic Ocular Fundus Photography Read by Emergency Department (ED) Physicians: FOTO-ED Study (P07.264)

Objective: Compare non-mydriatic ocular fundus photography read by ED physicians to their direct ophthalmoscopy. Background In the first phase of the FOTO-ED Study, 12.6% of 350 ED patients with complaints/conditions warranting ocular fundus examination had findings, such as papilledema, that should have altered their management/disposition. Disturbingly, only 14% of these 350 patients had direct ophthalmoscopy performed, and nearly all of the relevant findings were missed and identified solely by fundus photography reviewed by neuro-ophthalmologists. Design/Methods: Patients presenting to our ED with headache, focal neurologic defect, visual change, or diastolic blood pressure ≥120 were prospectively enrolled. Fundus photography was performed by a nurse practitioner or medical student using a non-mydriatic fundus camera (Kowa nonmyd-alpha-D). ED physicians were notified that photographs were available on the electronic medical record, but were not required to review the photographs. Results: 354 patients were included from among 473 assessed for eligibility (exclusions:82 ineligible, 33 refused participation, 3 other reasons). Photographs of 239 (68%) were reviewed by ED physicians. 34 patients (10%) had relevant findings identified by neuro-ophthalmologist review (6 disc edema, 6 grade III/IV HTN retinopathy, 6 isolated hemorrhages, 15 optic disc pallor, and 1 retinal vascular occlusion). 14 of those 34 relevant findings (41%) were identified by the ED physicians, eight (24%) occurred in patients whose photographs were not reviewed by ED physicians, and the remaining were reviewed but recorded as "likely normal"/"normal". The ED physicians reported that the photographs were helpful for 125 patients (35%). Conclusions: Non-mydriatic fundus photographs were used more frequently than direct ophthalmoscopy by ED physicians, and were more sensitive to relevant abnormalities. Ocular fundus photography was more often helpful in ED patient evaluations, even when normal. We plan to investigate whether training in the interpretation of fundus photographs improves ED physician performance and facilitates appropriate ED management. Supported by: In part by an unrestricted departmental grant (Department of Ophthalmology) from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York, and by NIH/NEI core grant P30-EY06360 (Department of Ophthalmology). Dr. Bruce receives research support from the NIH/NEI (K23-EY019341). Dr. Newman is a recipient of the Research to Prevent Blindness Lew R. Wasserman Merit Award. Disclosure: Dr. Bruce has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thulasi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fraser has nothing to disclose. Dr. Keadey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ward has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heilpern has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wright has received (royalty or license fee or contractual rights) payments from Emory University. Dr. Wright holds stock and/or stock options in Zenda Technologies. Dr. Newman has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec. Dr. Biousse has nothing to disclose.
Removing the Mask, Lifting the Veil: Race, Class, and Gender in the Twenty-First Century

> “We wear the mask that grins and lies, it hides our cheeks and shades our eyes . . . Nay, let them only see us, while we wear the mask.” > > – Paul Laurence Dunbar (1896) > > “Surely there shall yet dawn some mighty morning to lift the Veil and set the prisoned free.” > > – W. E. B. Du Bois (1903) The famous poetic lines of Dunbar and Du Bois, which speak to “removing the mask” and “lifting the veil,” urge us to contemplate the conditions of late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century African Americans and their quest for racial equality, and to erase the color line. Woven into these longings for social acceptance and equality are also issues of ethnicity, citizenship, gender, and sexuality. Despite the labors of civil rights advocates, we stand in the twenty-first century with similar dreams, fears, and struggles: some issues of justice appear to be unsolvable, but for others, the glimmer of the hope for inclusion and social harmony have dawned over the horizon. We have celebrated each visibly tangible evidence of change, as media in the United States has proclaimed each “first” for disenfranchised groups—first mayor, fighter pilot, college dean, CEO, ordained minister, astronaut, openly gay mayor, Supreme Court justice, and U.S. president. The inauguration of Barack Hussein Obama II seemed a realized promise of the change that sociologists and activists have written, taught, researched, and agitated for. For others, however, that dream has become a nightmare as they have declared the desire for “Taking America Back” or “Making America Great Again”—verbalizing their disquiet with legislative and cultural victories by Americans of color, the undocumented poor, women, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) citizens. They have taken up arms, real and symbolic, to patrol the Southern borderlands and “birthright” citizenship, the streets of Ferguson and …
Relationship between occupational stress and mental health in offshore oil platform workers

Objective To investigate the relationship between occupational stress and mental health in offshore oil platform workers and to provide a scientific basis for protection of their mental health.Methods A total of 768 workers on offshore oil platform were surveyed with the Occupational Stress Inventory Revised Edition and Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90).Results The total score of Occupational Role Questionnaire (ORQ) for the workers (160.27±24.63) was significantly lower than the national norm (166.52±27.01) (P＜ 0.01)； the total score of Personal Strain Questionnaire (PSQ) (101.96±19.8) was significantly higher than the national norm (92.45±17.33) (P＜0.01).The total score of Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ) for the workers was not significantly different from the national norm (P＞0.05),but the items of recreation,social support,and rational/cognitive fonnd significant difference (P＜0.05).The total score of SCL-90 was positively correlated with all items of ORQ and PSQ (P＜0.0l) and negatively correlated with all items of PRQ (P＜0.01).The multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that current work seniority,education background,drinking,role overload,role insufficiency,role ambiguity,responsibility,physical environment,and rational/cognitive conduct impacted the score of SCL-90 (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mental health of workers on offshore oil platform is related to occupational stress,and role overload,role ambiguity,physical environment,and rational/ cognitive conduct,etc,are closely associated with the workers' mental health. Key words: Offshore oil platform worker; Occupational stress, Mental health
Pike Lumber Company’s Sam Little Forest, Indiana, United States of America

This chapter describes the formulation of a management plan for Pike Lumber Company’s 58-acre (23.5 hectares) Sam Little Forest in north-central Indiana. The forest has been managed for more than 50 years and has seen numerous harvests and timber stand improvement measures. It serves as an example of a management plan for one individual property among a diverse portfolio held by a small, ­vertically integrated, industrial landowner and how that plan refers to the overall forest land goals of the owner. It demonstrates how ­forest inventories can be used to define reasonable expectations, how harvests and timber stand improvement are prescribed to meet desired future conditions, and how the spread of invasive species adds to the scope of management plans.
Social Justice: A Case-Study Examining the Influence of Primary Headteachers in Two Manchester Schools

Presently, there are a growing number of students in the primary schools in northwest England who are living in broken communities, exacerbated by the most recent global recession. Through social justice theory, this paper examines the influence of head teachers as they look to balance administrative and pedagogical experiences in the schools. Using a qualitative methodology, including observation, in-depth interviews, and field notes this case study focused on head teachers, teachers, and parents from two primary schools in the northwest of England. Specifically, this study investigates the influence of the headteachers while identifying a social justice pedagogical epistemology and strategies being used by teachers and schools who work with students from communities typically identified as living in low socio-economic areas. Foundational to this research is the belief that headteachers, families and teachers need to make concerted, intentional efforts to engage in and acquire appropriate knowledge for building effective, communicative relationship in order to benefit student achievement. A social justice perspective therefore should provide an unequivocal commitment to acting in just ways related to concepts of fairness and equity.
Neutral mechanical alignment: Stickin’ with the one that brung ya—Opposes

There has been a renewed interest in the importance of achievement of a neutral, mechanical alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this presentation is to argue the merits behind questioning a neutral, mechanical alignment following TKA, and why the concepts of “constitutional varus” and “kinematic alignment” deserve further investigation. The impact of alignment on outcomes following TKA has been questioned for a number of reasons. First, recent investigations have highlighted that approximately 20% of patients are not satisfied with their outcome following TKA. Second, recent studies have shown that achievement of a mechanical axis within 3 degrees of neutral does not necessarily improve survivorship or clinical outcomes. Third, as patients requiring TKA have a wide array of morphologies and alignment, targeting the exact same alignment for each patient has been questioned. Lastly, despite the advent of new implant designs with proposed benefits of improved kinematics, few studies have shown a clinical improvement with their use. The concept of “constitutional varus” has suggested that restoration of a neutral, mechanical alignment may not be desirable and unnatural as 32% of men and 17% of women have a natural mechanical alignment of greater than 3 degrees at skeletal maturity. The “kinematic alignment” technique focuses on restoration of the joint line of the distal femur, posterior femur, and tibia to those of the non-arthritic, native knee. The kinematic alignment technique has shown promising results. However, while these concepts have merit, questions still remain regarding the optimal alignment target for each, individual patient.
Self-powered continuous time-temperature monitoring for cold-chain management

Temperature management of the food supply-chain is important for ensuring compliance and the quality of perishable products like vaccines and fish. While conventional strategies have relied on using monitors attached to packaging containers, self-powered time-temperature monitoring is attractive because the technology can be embedded with passive RFID tags and can be integrated with every food or medical package. In this paper we propose a self-powered sensor that can monitor the time-temperature information without the need for any external powering. The sensor exploits the physics of Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling where electrons are thermally excited and are continuously integrated on a floating-gate. The steady-state FN integrator's response depends on the temperature and corresponds to a temporal curve that is unique to a specific ambient temperature. Deviation from the set ambient temperature results in the deviation from its reference response curve hence can be captured by the sensor. Measured results from sensors prototyped in a 0.5 μm CMOS process show a temperature sensitivity of 1.5mV/°C over a monitoring duration of 100 hours.
Heightened connectivity between the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex as a biomarker for stress-related psychopathology: understanding interactive effects of early and more recent stress.

BACKGROUND The experience of childhood maltreatment is a significant risk factor for the development of depression. This risk is particularly heightened after exposure to additional, more contemporaneous stress. While behavioral evidence exists for this relation, little is known about biological correlates of these stress interactions. Identifying such correlates may provide biomarkers of risk for later depression. METHODS Here, we leverage behavioral, experiential, and neuroimaging data from the Duke Neurogenetics Study to identify potential biomarkers of stress exposure. Based on the past research, we were specifically interested in reward-related connectivity and the interaction of early and more recent stress. We examined psychophysiological interactions between the ventral striatum and other brain regions in relation to these stress variables, as well as measures of internalizing symptomatology (n = 926, participant age range = 18-22 years of age). RESULTS We found relatively increased reward-related functional connectivity between the left ventral striatum and the medial prefrontal cortex in individuals exposed to greater levels of childhood maltreatment who also experienced greater levels of recent life stress (β = 0.199, p < 0.005). This pattern of functional connectivity was further associated with elevated symptoms of depression (β = 0.089, p = 0.006). Furthermore, using a moderated mediation framework, we demonstrate that this functional connectivity provides a biological link between cumulative stress exposure and internalizing symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a novel biomarker linking cumulative stress exposure with the later experience of depressive symptoms. Our results are discussed in the context of past research examining stress exposure in relation to depression.
Infants use linguistic group distinctions to chunk items in memory

Abstract Although the capacity of infants’ working memory is highly constrained, infants can overcome this limit via chunking; for example, they can use spatial cues to group individual objects into sets, thereby increasing memory efficiency. Here we investigated the use of abstract social knowledge as a basis for chunking. In four experiments, we asked whether 16-month-olds can use their sensitivity to distinctions between languages to efficiently chunk an array. Infants saw four identical dolls hidden in a box. Without chunking cues, infants in previous experiments fail to remember this number of items in such arrays. In Experiment 1, infants saw two of the four dolls each produce an utterance in a familiar language (English) prior to hiding and saw the other two dolls each produce an unfamiliar language (German or Mandarin). Infants successfully remembered all four dolls. Next we asked whether infants could chunk using linguistic group distinctions even when all dolls spoke unfamiliar languages. Infants failed to chunk speakers of unfamiliar languages when each doll within a pair produced a unique utterance (Experiment 2), but they succeeded when each doll within a pair produced the same utterance (Experiment 3). Infants’ performance was not driven by low-level acoustical cues in the utterances given that infants failed to chunk when the dolls’ speech was played backward (Experiment 4). Together, these results suggest that infants can leverage their early sensitivities to linguistic distinctions to hierarchically reorganize their memory representations, thereby overcoming working memory limits.
Effect of body habitus on the relationship between administered activity and defect detectability in pediatric Tc-99m DMSA SPECT

1607 Objectives Recently reported large variabilities in the administered activity (AA) for pediatric nuclear medicine imaging studies suggest the need for well-founded AA guidelines. Such guidelines must balance image quality with the requirement that the absorbed dose be as low as reasonably possible. Towards this end, we have investigated the effect of body habitus on the relationship between AA and defect detectability for Tc-99m DMSA SPECT. Methods We generated two phantoms, both with a body weight of 32 kg, but heights of 124 and 146 cm, corresponding to 10th and 90th height percentiles for this weight. Organ uptakes were determined based on literature values to simulate Tc-99m DMSA SPECT. Projection data were simulated modeling attenuation, scatter, and resolution of a LEHR collimator. Defects were simulated as uptake of 15-25% at 3 positions in the renal cortex. Projections were simulated with AAs of 20, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150% of a standard activity of 1.85 MBq; noise was simulated corresponding to a 30 minute acquisition for each AA. Projections were reconstructed using filtered backprojection and a 3D Butterworth filter. We evaluated defect detection performance using the Channelized Hoteling Observer (CHO), which has previously been shown to model human performance. Results The rating values from the CHO were analyzed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to compute the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The AUC values for the taller patient were larger (indicating better performance), with p values greater than 0.05 in all but one cases. The data suggest that for a taller body habitus, the same AUC may be achieved with an ~50% decrease in AA relative to that for the shorter patient. Conclusions Image quality is affected by body habitus and not simply weight. This suggests that more complete dosing rules are required to achieve minimum radiation exposures for pediatric patients
GABA and Glycine Inputs Control Discharge Rate within the Excitatory Response Area of Primary-Like and Phase-Locked AVCN Neurons

The studies presented in this chapter were designed to identify potential functions for noncochlear inputs onto spherical bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). Compounds related to glycine and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) were iontophoretically applied in a number of different acoustic paradigms.
Food Chains and Food Webs

Food webs make up all of ecological nature. Because of their complex nature, food webs are usually simplified for analysis by ecologists. Some simplifications yield simple unbranched food chains, others yield interconnected chains, and yet others yield more complex food webs (which are still much less complex than all species and links found in the web in nature). Every food web and chain has as its backbone, transfer of energy to consumers from producers; this is the bottom-up force. Some but not all webs and chains have opposite top-down effects, which attenuate and change bottom-up forces. Top-down effects are best understood in light of how they change bottom-up effects in food chains and webs. Decomposition is a food web process that often lacks top-down forces because the organisms that break down dead plant and animal material usually do not affect its supply rate. Perhaps the best-known example of strong top-down effects is the trophic cascade in lakes, while a well-researched example of the absence of top-down effects is to be found in the food webs of the aphids living in trees. The lion’s share of net primary productivity on Earth becomes detritus. Detritivory can contribute substantially to the structure and dynamics of ocean food webs, as seen in arctic near-shore ecosystems and in those of the vast abyssal plains on continental margins in the oceans. The complex interplay of top-down and bottom-up forces is only beginning to be revealed by ecological science in the open ocean at a time when heavy fishing is beginning to alter these systems.
Adaptive memory: Animacy, threat, and attention in free recall

Animate items are better remembered than inanimate items, suggesting that human memory systems evolved in a way to prioritize memory for animacy. The proximate mechanisms responsible for the animacy effect are not yet known, but several possibilities have been suggested in previous research, including attention capture, mortality salience, and mental arousal (Popp & Serra in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42, 186-201, 2016). Perceived threat of items could be related to any of these three potential proximate mechanisms. Because the characteristic of animacy is sometimes confounded with the perceived threat of the animate items, and because threatening items are often more likely to capture attention (e.g., Blanchette in The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 1484-1504, 2006), a norming study was first conducted to aid in the creation of lists of threatening and non-threatening animate and inanimate items. Two experiments were then conducted to determine if the animacy effect persisted regardless of the threat level of the items. The first experiment demonstrated the typical animacy advantage as well as a memory advantage for threatening items. The second experiment replicated these results across three successive recall tests as well as in both full attention and divided attention conditions. The results are discussed with respect to the potential proximate mechanisms of attention capture, mortality salience, and mental arousal.
Tumor suppressor p53 and metabolism

p53 plays a key role in tumor suppression. The tumor suppressive function of p53 has long been attributed to its ability to induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and senescence in cells. However, recent studies suggest that other functions of p53 also contribute to its role as a tumor suppressor, such as its function in metabolic regulation. p53 regulates various metabolic pathways to maintain the metabolic homeostasis of cells and adapt cells to stress. In addition, recent studies have also shown that gain-of-function (GOF) mutant p53 proteins drive metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, contributing to cancer progression. Further understanding of p53 and its GOF mutants in metabolism will provide new opportunities for cancer therapy.
Assessing the role of dens in the spread, establishment and persistence of sarcoptic mange in an endangered canid.

Abstract Sarcoptic mange is a skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that can devastate populations of wild species. S. scabiei can survive off-host and remain infective for specific periods. In den-dwelling species, dislodged mites could be protected from the environmental conditions that impair their survival thus supporting pathogen transmission. To assess the potential role of dens in the spread, establishment, and persistence of sarcoptic mange in a population of hosts, we constructed an agent-based model of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (SJKF; Vulpes macrotis mutica) population in Bakersfield, California, that explicitly considered the denning ecology and behavior of this species. We focused on this SJKF urban population because of their vulnerability and because a sarcoptic mange epizootic is currently ongoing. Further, SJKF is a social species that lives in family groups year-round and contact between individuals from different family groups is rare, but they will occupy the same dens intermittently. If mites remain infective in dens, they could support intra-family disease transmission via direct (den sharing) and indirect (contaminated den) contact, but also inter-family transmission if susceptible individuals from different families occupy contaminated dens. Simulations showed that den-associated transmission significantly increases the chances for the mite to spread, to establish and to persist. These findings hold for different within-den S. scabiei off-host survival periods assessed. Managers dealing with S. scabiei in this species as well as in other den-dwelling species should consider den-associated transmission as they could be targeted as part of the control strategies against this mite.
1997 mask industry quality assessment

The fifth annual mask industry assessment will again survey various industry companies for key performance measurements in the areas of safety, quality, delivery, and throughput time. The data compiled includes safety incident rate, mask shipment volume, customer return rate, customer return reason, mask survival yield, delivery performance to schedule, and throughput time from 1988 through Q2, 1997. To enhance the 1997 assessment, the performance data will be collected by categories of defect size specifications. Participant identity remains protected by utilizing Arthur Anderson & Company to ensure confidentiality. The 1997 assessment contained data from all major U.S. merchant and captive suppliers along with five international shops. In 1998, all mask makers world wide will again be invited to participate to further enhance the value of this benchmarking exercise.
The Gordian Knot of Disposition Theory

Abstract. Morally ambiguous characters are often perceived to challenge Zillmann’s affective disposition theory of drama. At the heart of this challenge is the question: “To what extent can liking ...
Holomorphy of adjoint L functions for quasisplit $$A_2$$ A 2

We study the poles of the twisted adjoint L function of a generic cuspidal automorphic representation of GL(3) or a quasisplit unitary group using a method pioneered by Ginzburg and Jiang and based on the theory of integral representations.
“The inanimate becomes animate”: Loie Fuller, speculative feminist aesthetics, and posthuman embodiment

How can we know the dancer from the dance? —William Butler YeatsAt the close of the nineteenth century, Gabreille Bloch (1878–19?), experimental choreographer and film maker, described the dancing ...
Application of insulated protective coatings for reduction of corrosion potential in high temperature water

This paper describes an approach for achieving low corrosion potentials on structural materials exposed to high temperature water, even without the addition or presence of reducing species like H{sub 2}. This approach employs highly insulating coatings, e.g. yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) on structural materials to greatly restrict O{sub 2} transport rate to the metal surface while simultaneously preventing the formation of a differential aeration crevice cell because of its highly insulating character. Initial experimental data on 304 stainless steel (SS) coated by air plasma spray show that the corrosion potential of YSZ coated 304 SS remained at {approximately} {minus}0.5 V{sub she} in 288 C water containing up to 200 ppb O{sub 2} and no H{sub 2}.
Treatment workload by stage and subtype in patients with breast cancer: A SEER-Medicare analysis.

e19328Background: Patients with breast cancer experience significant disruption to their daily lives when undergoing treatment. When treatment workload exceeds the capacity to manage that treatment...
AN EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF STANDARD USED IN PUBLISHED PAEDIATRIC AUDITS FROM 2005–2006

Objective To evaluate the quality of paediatric audits published from 2005–2006, utilising the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence (May 2001) to define standard quality. Methods PubMed, EmBase and EBSCO searching was performed using MeSH terms for relevant articles: audit, child, neonate and paediatric. Predefined core elements of audits were used as inclusion criteria for entry of an article into this study. These were: (1) an article deals with a healthcare topic; (2) a standard is predefined; (3) actual practice is evaluated; (4) actual practice is compared with the standard and (5) re-audit. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence was used. This incorporates two elements: (a) quality of the study ranked 1-5 and (b) level of recommendation ranked A-D. Results Excluding non-retrieved articles and adult-based articles, the search yielded 293 (100%) paediatric healthcare related articles. Standards were defined in 131 (44.71%) articles. Applying the preselected audit tool, the quality of the standard was defined as follows: 3 (2.29%) level 1, 16 (12.21%) level 2, 5 (3.817%) level 3, 3 (2.29%) level 4, 104 (79.389%) level 5. Audit against standard was performed in 110 (37.54%) articles. These were graded as: 3 (2.727%) level 1, 21 (19.09%) level 2, 5 (4.545%) level 3, 28 (25.45%) level 4, 53 (48.18%) level 5. 11 (3.754%) articles contained re-audits. Of the 162 (55.29%) paediatric studies rejected, 71 (43.827%) described practice observations. Conclusion Paediatric audits continue to be published utilising guidelines which are at the base of the evidence-based pyramid.
Algorithm-Circuit Cross-layer Control for Digital Pixel Image Sensors

3D integrated digital pixel image sensors with pixel parallel processing capabilities provide opportunities for high resolution and frame rate camera platform. However, energy efficiency of digital pixel read-out circuits becomes a key performance parameter for such applications. This work presents a novel digital pixel design that utilizes cross-layer feedback to enhance energy-efficiency of digital pixel sensors. The algorithm-circuit co-simulation of 65nm CMOS 336x256 image sensor for an object detection task shows 53% active energy saving in digital pixels with minimal degradation in task accuracy.
On the Shareholder-versus Stakeholder-Firm Debate

When externalities are present, is the inclusion of the affected stakeholders in the firm's decision process a better solution than government regulation? Magill, Quinzii, and Rochet (2015) argue that it is, and propose an objective for the stakeholder corporation as well as a market mechanism to implement it. This paper shows that: (1) within the framework of Magill, Quinzii, and Rochet's (2015) model, the shareholder-oriented firm and the government can implement the same outcome even when the government does not know the firm's costs; (2) outside that framework, the proposed stakeholder objective fails to address the inefficiency. The results help garner more insight into the difficulties and limitations of embedding the stakeholder corporation into a general equilibrium model.
Considering Spatiotemporal Forage Variability in Rangeland Inventory and Monitoring

Abstract Rangelands provide numerous ecosystem services, including forage for livestock grazing. Effective grazing management requires measuring forage availability, which influences the level of grazing that can be sustained while maintaining healthy ecological conditions. However, spatiotemporal variability makes such determinations of forage quantity difficult, potentially hindering optimal management. These determinations are especially difficult across large, remote areas. To address this, we developed an approach using data from a one-time sampling of vegetation throughout the Uintah and Ouray Reservation in northeast Utah. By associating these data in a random forest model with environmental and climatic covariates that vary annually, we produced yearly predictions of forage availability on a pixel-by-pixel basis for the Reservation and surroundings from 1984 to 2018. This method addresses and quantifies the spatiotemporal variability of available forage. The model confirms that forage availability is highly variable throughout the area. On average, forage availability in Reservation management units declined as much as 32% below median availability in some years and increased 33% above median availability in others. Moreover, some management units experienced large increases in favorable years but less significant declines in unfavorable years, while the opposite was true in others. In comparison to determining a single “typical” forage availability of management units, recognizing this inherent variability and how it differs between units provides a fuller picture of the range of possible forage availability. This can improve grazing management by revealing how forage quantities vary from year to year and may help avoid forage overutilization during unfavorable years such as drought. The model can continue to be used into the future to monitor vegetation trends, though with ongoing climate and vegetation changes periodic recalibration may be necessary. In addition, the modeling method may be applicable to other similar study systems.
Dance Lessons for Writers: Embodied Language Applications for Movement Classrooms

Recent scholarship in 4E Cognition posits what dancers intuitively know so well—that our conceptual maps and communicative strategies emerge directly from and in fluid relationship with our own bod...
Hydrodynamics of noncircular vortices in beams of light and other two-dimensional fluids

The motion of noncircular two-dimensional vortices is shown to depend on a form of coupling between vortex ellipticity and the gradient of fluid density. The approach is based on the perspective that an elliptic vortex can be described as the projection of a virtual construct, a circular vortex with a symmetry axis that is tilted with respect to the direction of propagation. The resulting kinetic equation offers insights into how tilt and vortex velocity coevolve in few-body nonequilibrium settings such as vortex pair nucleation and annihilation. The model is developed and applied in association with optical vortices, and optical experiments are used to verify its predictive power. It is valid for quantum fluids and classical hydrodynamics settings as well.
Trends in fatal and nonfatal overdose by race among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland from 1998 to 2019.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to examine trends in fatal and nonfatal overdose in a community-based sample of current and former people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods Data from 4826 current and former PWID from the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) observational cohort study in Baltimore, Maryland, were used to characterize fatal and nonfatal overdose rates from 1998 to 2019. Poisson regression was used to examine factors associated with nonfatal overdose and differences by race among 1052 PWID between 2014 and 2019. Results Fatal overdose rates reached a high of 13 per 1000 person-years in 2018. Among 1052 current and former PWID, of whom 75% were Black and one-third were female, the nonfatal overdose rate of 529 per 1000 person-years in 2019 was 8 times higher than 2014 (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=7.76, 95% CI: 3.35, 18.0). The annual adjusted increase in nonfatal overdose rate was 53% among Black PWID (IRR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.34, 1.75), compared to 14% among White PWID (IRR=1.14, 95% CI: 0.88, 1.46). Urban residence, opioid use, depressive symptoms, and hepatitis C infection were positively associated with nonfatal overdose among Black PWID. Recent injection drug use and tranquilizer use was associated with increased overdose among Black and White PWID. Conclusions Rates of fatal and nonfatal overdose were high and increased from 2014 to 2019 among current and former PWID, with the most dramatic increases in nonfatal overdose observed among Black PWID. These findings highlight the urgent need for additional resources to reduce the differential harms associated with opioids by race.
Identification of mRNA Localization Motifs through Cell Fractionation and Alternative Splicing Analysis

The biogenesis of mammalian mRNAs involves several regulated steps, including alternative splicing and alternative cleavage and polyadenylation. In addition, certain mRNAs can be localized to disti...
The Effect of Temperature, Lecithin Content and Voltage on Droplets/cm2 during Electrostatic Spraying of Oil

Electrostatic atomization is one way to achieve even coverage of oil soluble flavor, color or nutrients; however, it is sensitive to changes in lecithin content, temperature and voltage. Soybean oil was sprayed on oil sensitive paper with 0–15% lecithin, at 4, 22 and 47C, 0–40 kV, to determine droplet distribution. Lecithin decreased electrical resistivity, increased viscosity, first increased then decreased surface tension and decreased droplet size. Increasing temperature decreased resistivity, viscosity, surface tension and droplet size. Increasing voltage decreased the drop size. Voltage had the greatest effect on the number of droplets followed by lecithin content and temperature. Droplet size range or span decreased with increasing voltage and lecithin content. Thus, 40 kV, 47C and 10% lecithin produced the smallest droplets. Practical Applications Liquid electrostatic coating can produce more uniform and efficient coating than traditional methods in the snack food industry. The loss of high-value additives will be less, costs will be lower, products will have higher quality and products can be made that have less oil sprayed on the surface. Increasing temperature and voltage can be used to lower the amount of lecithin that needs to be added.
The Passage of Weakly Coupled Nonlinear Oscillators through Internal Resonance

An asymptotic procedure for deriving equations governing the passage of a weakly coupled nonlinear system of oscillators is discussed. The procedure avoids an inner-outer-matching technique and is valid when the small coupling and detuning parameters are arbitrary. Resonance is permitted to occur at one or several instances of time or to last for a finite length of time. Numerical results are discussed.
The Global Reach of Human Rights

We live in a world in which the idea of human rights is persistently invoked. However, despite the tremendous appeal of the idea of human rights, it is also seen by many as lacking in foundation. I have argued, particularly in my book The Idea of Justice, that human rights are best seen as articulations of commitments in social ethics, comparable to — but very different from — accepting utilitarian reasoning. Like other ethical tenets, human rights can, of course, be disputed, but the claim is that they will survive open and informed scrutiny. This view contrasts with seeing human rights in primarily legal terms, either as consequences of humane legislation, or as precursors of legal rights, or as pointing towards what should ideally be legal rights. Human rights may well be reflected in legislation, may inspire legislation, and may even serve, in many circumstances, as ideals that demand legislative attention. However, these are ‘further facts’— not the defining characteristics of human rights.
Fitness Trade-Offs in the Evolution of Dihydrofolate Reductase and Drug Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum

Background Patterns of emerging drug resistance reflect the underlying adaptive landscapes for specific drugs. In Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes the most serious form of malaria, antifolate drugs inhibit the function of essential enzymes in the folate pathway. However, a handful of mutations in the gene coding for one such enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase, confer drug resistance. Understanding how evolution proceeds from drug susceptibility to drug resistance is critical if new antifolate treatments are to have sustained usefulness. Methodology/Principal Findings We use a transgenic yeast expression system to build on previous studies that described the adaptive landscape for the antifolate drug pyrimethamine, and we describe the most likely evolutionary trajectories for the evolution of drug resistance to the antifolate chlorcycloguanil. We find that the adaptive landscape for chlorcycloguanil is multi-peaked, not all highly resistant alleles are equally accessible by evolution, and there are both commonalities and differences in adaptive landscapes for chlorcycloguanil and pyrimethamine. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that cross-resistance between drugs targeting the same enzyme reflect the fitness landscapes associated with each particular drug and the position of the genotype on both landscapes. The possible public health implications of these findings are discussed.
Mach 6.5 air induction system design for the Beta II Two-Stage-to-Orbit booster vehicle

A preliminary, two-dimensional, mixed compression air induction system is designed for the Beta II Two Stage to Orbit booster vehicle to minimize installation losses and efficiently deliver the required airflow. Design concepts, such as an external isentropic compression ramp and a bypass system were developed and evaluated for performance benefits. The design was optimized by maximizing installed propulsion/vehicle system performance. The resulting system design operating characteristics and performance are presented. The air induction system design has significantly lower transonic drag than similar designs and only requires about 1/3 of the bleed extraction. In addition, the design efficiently provides the integrated system required airflow, while maintaining adequate levels of total pressure recovery. The excellent performance of this highly integrated air induction system is essential for the successful completion of the Beta II booster vehicle mission.
Effect of average flow and capacity utilization on effluent water quality from US municipal wastewater treatment facilities

There is increasing interest in decentralization of wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, there have been no systematic studies of the performance of small treatment facilities compared with larger plants. A statistical analysis of 4 years of discharge monthly report (DMR) data from 210 operating wastewater treatment facilities was conducted to determine the effect of average flow rate and capacity utilization on effluent biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, and fecal coliforms relative to permitted values. Relationships were quantified using generalized linear models (GLMs). Small facilities (40 m 3 /d) had violation rates greater than 10 times that of the largest facilities (400,000 m 3 /d) for BOD, TSS, and ammonia. For facilities with average flows less than 40,000 m 3 /d, increasing capacity utilization was correlated with increased effluent levels of BOD and TSS. Larger facilities tended to operate at flows closer to their design capacity while maintaining treatment suggesting greater efficiency.
Synthesis of zero miss distance missile guidance via solution of an optimal tuning problem

Abstract In this paper, a new approach to guidance of homing missiles is considered. Instead of solving a dynamic optimization problem, which results in complex guidance laws that require the estimation of target maneuver and time-to-go, the guidance law is a priori chosen to be proportional navigation (PN). Then, an optimal tuning problem is solved. That is, the PN constant and the coefficients of the guidance transfer function are optimized to yield zero miss distance (ZMD) against any deterministic or random target maneuver subject to the constraint of limited missile maneuverability. It is shown that when the overall guidance transfer function is positive real, and the PN constant is some given function of the missile–target maneuver ratio, ZMD is obtained. A considerable part of this paper is devoted to a comprehensive treatment of the practical aspects of the theory. Implementation of the new guidance law is illustrated using real-life missile models, and its performance is compared to PN and optimal guidance (derived from dynamic optimization) using both deterministic and statistical tests. The results obtained are promising.
Raising Pan Americans: Early Women Activists of Hemispheric Cooperation, 1916–1944

This article examines the early years of the Pan American Round Table (PART), a women’s group founded in Texas in 1916 that internationalized to Latin America by 1928. While men built bridges and highways that connected the United States and Latin America, women of the PART built metaphorical ones of friendship and understanding. They acted as agents of “soft” diplomacy reshaping Pan Americanism, a U.S. foreign policy goal intended to foster commercial and political ties and to spread democracy in Latin America. Their activist work on behalf of Pan Americanism became a vehicle for personal and community enrichment: through education of self and public, they believed they could change attitudes toward Latin America and its people, yielding a common ground of mutual respect as their motto “liking comes from knowing” suggested. The PART is thus a model study for the interplay of gender, diplomacy, and foreign relations in the twentieth century.
Fibrinogen adsorbs from aqueous media to microscopic droplets of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and remains coagulable.

Fibrinogen binds from aqueous media containing it to droplets of linear trimethylsilyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) dispersed in those same media. Once bound, fibrinogen elutes from emulsified droplets of PDMS only very slowly, even when incubated in buffer that contains a physiologic concentration of the protein. The bound fibrinogen is coagulable, as indicated by the thrombin-dependent agglutination of droplets. Thus fibrinogen bound to droplets of PDMS renders an adhesive potential to the surface of the droplets, a potential that may have relevance to the biologic processing of the polymer in vivo.
Weight-bearing exercise accuracy influences muscle activation strategies of the knee.

Purpose:Dynamic stability of the knee joint is a research topic of increasing focus after ACL injury, stroke, and incomplete spinal cord injury. Since rehabilitation programs use functional weight-bearing tasks to improve neuromuscular control of the knee, it is important to understand the adaptabil
Effect of Electrolytes on Performance of Electrochemical Capacitors Based on Poly[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene]

Poly[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene], MPFPT, electrochemically deposited onto carbon paper, was studied in electrochemical capacitors utilizing several tetraalkylammonium/acetonitrile electrolyte systems. Although the surface morphology of the polymer varied with the anion used for polymerization, an open and porous structure on cross section was obtained with all the electrolytes. The cycle stability of model Tee cell devices incorporating 1 cm 2 polymer electrodes was affected by both polymerization and cycling electrolytes. In general, electrolytes employing the tetraethylammonium cation yielded better cycle stability than those with tetramethylammonium cations. Devices with electrodes prepared and cycled in tetraethylammonium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide showed the best overall performance, Symmetric and asymmetric MPFPT devices were cycled up to 10,000 times retaining 50 and 70%, respectively, of their initial charge. In the case of the asymmetric device, little or no change in the capacity was observed after the first few hundred cycles.
Metastatic mouse melanoma cells release collagen-gelatin degrading metalloproteinases as components of shed membrane vesicles

Abstract The purpose of this study has been to compare collagen-gelatin degrading enzymes isolated from cancer cell organelles and cytosol to the metalloproteinases released by cancer cells. To this end, metastatic mouse melanoma cell organelles were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and metalloproteinases were assayed using native and denatured [ methyl - 3 H]collagen substrates. Solubilized proteinases were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange, cancanavalin A affinity and gel-filtration column chromatographic procedures and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The conclusions were as follows: (1) malignant melanoma cells have a metalloproteinase ( M r = 59 000) which is shed from cells into conditioned medium as a component of intact membrane vesicles rather than as a soluble enzyme; (2) storage of tumor-conditioned medium leads to the generation of autoactivated soluble metalloproteinases of lower molecular weight; (3) purification of these metalloproteinase species yielded variant collagenases that have considerable gelatinolytic activity and a cleavage preference site for the Gly-Ile bond in a collagen-like synthetic octapeptide substrate which is typical for collagenase-type metalloproteinases. It is proposed that localization of potent proteinases to the surface of cancer cells facilitates the local breakdown of connective tissues during the invasive process.