cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From a cell's viewpoint: targeting mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease

Mitochondria are well-known cellular organelles widely studied in relation to a variety of disease states, including Alzheimer's disease. With roles in several metabolic processes, numerous signal transduction pathways, and overall cell maintenance and survival, mitochondria are essential to understanding the inner workings of cells. As mitochondria are able to be utilized by diverse illnesses to increase the likelihood of disease progression, targeting specific processes in these organelles could provide beneficial therapeutic options.
Nanostructural and microstructural landscapes in materials science

Abstract In the field of materials science there is an enormous range of landscapes (microstructures) from the atomic level to the macro level. The structures sometimes are periodic — dislocations in boundaries, spinodals, dendrites, fluxons, polysynthetic twins,etc., but more often they are aperiodic or quasiperiodic and therefore difficult to describe quantitatively. The structures in real materials are also usually metastable. What is certainly true is that the properties of materials are controlled by the microstructure at all levels. A summary of this relationship is given.
Transcription of INO2 and INO4 is regulated by the state of protein N-myristoylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Inositol regulates transcription of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes required for de novo synthesis of acylCoAs and phospholipids. Removal of inositol results in transcriptional activation by heterodimeric complexes of two bHLH proteins, Ino2p and Ino4p. In the presence of inositol, transcription is repressed by Opi1p. MyristoylCoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt1p) is an essential enzyme whose activity is influenced by cellular myristoylCoA pool size and availability. nmt451Dp contains a Gly451-->Asp substitution that produces temperature-dependent reductions in affinity for myristoylCoA and associated reductions in acylation of cellular N-myristoylproteins. The conditional lethality produced by nmt1-451D is rescued at temperatures up to 33 degreesC by withdrawal of inositol. We tested the hypothesis that N-myristoylproteins function to regulate INO2, INO4 and/or OPI1 transcription, thereby affecting the expression of inositol-sensitive genes that influence myristoylCoA metabolism. The effect of nmt1-451D on INO2 , INO4 and OPI1 promoter activities was examined by introducing episomes, containing their 5' non-transcribed domains linked to reporters, into isogenic NMT1 and nmt1-451D cells. The activity of INO2 is significantly higher, INO4 significantly lower and OPI1 unaffected in nmt1-451D cells, both in the presence and absence of inositol. These changes are associated with a net increase in expression of some inositol target genes, including FAS1 . FAS1 encodes one of the subunits of the fatty acid synthase complex that catalyzes de novo acylCoA (including myristoylCoA) biosynthesis. Augmented expression of FAS1 overcomes the kinetic defects in nmt451Dp. FAS1 expression is Ino2p-dependent in NMT1 cells at 24-33 degreesC. In contrast, FAS1 expression becomes Ino2p-independent in nmt1-451D cells at temperatures where efficient acylation of cellular N-myristoylproteins is jeopardized. The ability to maintain expression of FAS1 in nmt1-451Dino2 Delta cells suggests the existence of another transcription factor, or factors, whose expression/activity is inversely related to overall levels of cellular protein N-myristoy-lation. This factor is not functionally identical to Ino2p since other inositol-responsive genes (e.g. CHO1 ) maintain INO2 -dependent expression in nmt1-451D cells.
An Italian family with inclusion-body myopathy and frontotemporal dementia due to mutation in the VCP gene

Mutations of the valosin-containing protein gene (VCP) are responsible for autosomal-dominant hereditary inclusion-body myopathy associated with frontotemporal dementia and Paget's disease of bone. We identified the p.R155C missense mutation in the VCP gene segregating in an Italian family with three affected siblings, two of whom had a progressive myopathy associated with dementia, whereas one exhibited a progressive myopathy and preclinical signs of Paget's disease of bone. Our study demonstrates that VCP mutations are found in patients of Italian background and may lead to a variable clinical phenotype even within the same kinship.
Proteinases in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health problem worldwide, and we have little specific therapy to offer these patients. One potential strategy to limit loss of lung function in COPD would be to inhibit matrix-degrading proteinases. Several serine proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases are expressed in association with COPD in humans. Application of gene-targeted macrophage elastase and neutrophil elastase to a mouse model of cigarette-smoke-induced emphysema has uncovered roles for these proteinases in airspace enlargement, and has identified many interactions between these proteolytic systems.
Isolation of the trypsin inhibitors in Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum using affinity chromatography

A method for isolating three water-soluble trypsin inhibitors from Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum by affinity chromatography is described. The trypsin inhibitors captured by affinity chromatography are resolved into three species by chromatography on CM-Sephadex at pH 8.1. The inhibitors are named in the order that they are released from the CM-Sephadex column. Ascaris Trypsin Inhibitor 1 is the same as inhibitor CM-1 described by P. Portman and W. Fraefel (1967, Helv. Chim. Acta50, 2078–2086) and inhibitor Peak I of U. Kucich and R. J. Peanasky (1970, Biochim. Biophys. Acta200, 47–57). Ascaris Trypsin Inhibitor 2 is the inhibitor described by J. Pudles, R. H. Rola, and A. K. Matida (1967, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.120, 594–601) and inhibitor CM-2 of Portman and Fraefel (1967). Ascaris Trypsin Inhibitor 3 is the same as inhibitor Peak II of Kucich and Peanasky (1970). Ascaris Trypsin Inhibitor 1 is 80%, Ascaris Trypsin Inhibitor 2 is 8%, and Ascaris Trypsin Inhibitor 3 is 12% of the water-soluble trypsin inhibitors present in Ascaris. With this procedure all of the Ascaris trypsin inhibitors can be isolated in a few days. This shortens the exposure of personnel to crude extracts of Ascaris and diminishes the biological hazard of working with them. Frequent exposure to Ascaris extracts may evoke an anaphylactic response in personnel.
Machiavellianism and Women's Grade Point Averages:

Summary.--40 female college students from all four class years and from 14 different majors were given a personal data sheet asking for age, major, college year, and grade point average, and completion of a Bem Sex-role Inventory, and a Mach V Test. Scores of undergraduate female college srudents were not expecced :o correlate significantly with those on the Mach V Test and grade point averages, but, when the students were divided into traditionally masculine sex-typed and trnditionally feminine sex-typed groups on the basis of the Bem scale, a significant positive correlation between Mach V scores and grade point averages for traditionally masculine sex-typed females and a significant negative correlation for traditionally feminine sex-typed females were expected. No significant over-all correlation between Mach V scores and grade point averages was found. However, the Pearson correlation of .61 between these two variables for the Bem inventory scored traditionally masculine sex-typed females was significantly positive and of -.64 for traditionally feminine sex-typed females was significantly negative. Suggestions for further research on Machiavellianism and particularly on different manipulations used by traditionally feminine sextyped females were made. Machiavellianism is usually defined as an individual's tendency to manipulate other individuals in interpersonal situations by subtle or non-physically aggressive tactics such as flattery, deception, bribery, or intimidation. The earliest research based on such behavioral characteristics, as first described by Nicolo Machiavelli (1532/1906) in The Prince, was in 1954 when Aggar, Pinner, and Christie directed the results of their studies of extremist group leaders and other such manipulators toward the creation of a Machiavellian Attitude Scale which could measure this behavioral personality disposition, according to Richard Christie ( 1970a). Since thcn, the first four Mach Scales have evolved into the Mach V Test, a forced choice measure of manipulative behavioral tendencies uncontaminated by social desirability, developed by Christie and Geis (1970). Few studies of Machiavellianism as a behavioral personality disposition, however, have investigated sex differences, and in those which have done so (Christie & Geis, 1970), males have been shown to be more manipulative than females. There are, however, salient reasons for questioning these findings. While females have traditionally been considered as being more submissive and accommodatingly yielding than males and, therefore, less manipulative in the definitive Machiavellian sense (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974), it seems in fact that some females may use submission and yielding to manipulate others. Indeed, Martina Horner (1970) has suggested that some young females are afraid of successfully competing with males and, while they may feel it is acceptable to
On the Existence of Solutions for Fully Nonlinear Elliptic Equations Under Relaxed Convexity Assumptions

We establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions of fully nonlinear elliptic second-order equations like H(v, Dv, D 2 v, x) = 0 in smooth domains without requiring H to be convex or concave with respect to the second-order derivatives. Apart from ellipticity nothing is required of H at points at which |D 2 v| ≤K, where K is any given constant. For large |D 2 v| some kind of relaxed convexity assumption with respect to D 2 v mixed with a VMO condition with respect to x are still imposed. The solutions are sought in Sobolev classes.
Inhibition of lymphocyte transformation by guanidinosuccinic acid, a surplus metabolite in uremia.

Guanidinbernsteinsaure hemmt die durch Phytohamagglutinin stimulierte Aufnahme von3H-Thymidin zu 44%.
Uterine specific antigens in the ewe.

Uterine flushings from ewes on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 of the estrous cycle were analyzed for total protein content. Flushings from days 9, 12 and 15 had greater (P<.01) amounts of protein than those from 0, 3 and 6. Antisera to uterine fluids from ewes at day 10 to 12 or day 14 to 15 of pregnancy detected two uterine-specific antigens in uterine flushings at day 7, 11 and 15 but not at days 0 and 3 of the cycle. A third uterine antigen was also detected in kidney tissue extracts. All three antigens were present in endometrial extracts at each stage examined. Progesterone, or estrogen plus progesterone, administration to ovariectomized ewes induced the appearance of the two uterine-specific antigens. The third antigen was detectable even in ovariectomized ewes. No pregnancy-specific antigens were detected in flushings from days 7, 11 or 15 of gestation. The effect of pregnancy on endometrial protein synthesis was examined invitro. No differences were seen in the incorporation of 3H-leucine in day 11 pregnant or nonpregnant or in day 14 pregnant or nonpregnant endometrium. No differences in total uterine lumenal protein were observed. Endometrial secretions, obtained by conditioning media with endometrial explant cultures, were evaluated to assess their effect on protein synthesis in day 11 embryos cultured invitro. No significant effects of endometrial secretions or serum were observed.
Widespread State-Dependent Shifts in Cerebellar Activity in Locomoting Mice

Excitatory drive enters the cerebellum via mossy fibers, which activate granule cells, and climbing fibers, which activate Purkinje cell dendrites. Until now, the coordinated regulation of these pathways has gone unmonitored in spatially resolved neuronal ensembles, especially in awake animals. We imaged cerebellar activity using functional two-photon microscopy and extracellular recording in awake mice locomoting on an air-cushioned spherical treadmill. We recorded from putative granule cells, molecular layer interneurons, and Purkinje cell dendrites in zone A of lobule IV/V, representing sensation and movement from trunk and limbs. Locomotion was associated with widespread increased activity in granule cells and interneurons, consistent with an increase in mossy fiber drive. At the same time, dendrites of different Purkinje cells showed increased co-activation, reflecting increased synchrony of climbing fiber activity. In resting animals, aversive stimuli triggered increased activity in granule cells and interneurons, as well as increased Purkinje cell co-activation that was strongest for neighboring dendrites and decreased smoothly as a function of mediolateral distance. In contrast with anesthetized recordings, no 1–10 Hz oscillations in climbing fiber activity were evident. Once locomotion began, responses to external stimuli in all three cell types were strongly suppressed. Thus climbing and mossy fiber representations can shift together within a fraction of a second, reflecting in turn either movement-associated activity or external stimuli.
An optimal control approach to mode generation in hybrid systems

Abstract This paper presents a solution to the problem of constructing control programs, i.e. sequences of control modes, from a given motion alphabet. In particular, techniques are developed that enable reinforcement learning to act directly at the mode level, and hence make learning applicable to continuous time control systems in a straightforward manner. Moreover, given such a control program, the issue of improving the system performance through the addition of new control laws is addressed as an optimal control problem. In fact, this is achieved through an optimal combination of recurring mode strings. A number of examples are provided that illustrate the viability of the proposed methods.
A study of8Li fragments from 28 GeV proton interactions in nuclear emulsion

This paper is a preliminary report on the multiply charged fragments emitted in disintegrations caused by 28 GeV protons in nuclear emulsion. The data were collected from a stack of (4×4) inches K-5 nuclear emulsions irradiated by the 28 GeV proton beam at Brookhaven. The analysis of the 1798Li fragments observed is carried out on the basis of evaporation theory. Only those8Li fragments emitted in stars withnh⩾7 are studied. The results of the investigation suggest the existence of a high nuclear temperature at the time of the emission of the8Li fragment. This would indicate an earlier emission of8Li fragments compared to the other nuclear particles. Some supplementary mechanism is necessary to fully explain the experimental data.
Peer response groups in ESL writing classes: How much impact on revision?

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of peer responses on subsequent revisions, comparing comments from the teacher with other sources. The revisions in essays from two groups of freshmen ESL students were evaluated over several drafts. The peer collaboration was audiotaped; written comments by the teacher or others were noted. Faigley and Witte's (1981) taxonomy of revisions was used to identify the types of revisions: surface or text-based. There are six specific types of revisions in each of these brood categories. The results show that the students made many revisions but that few of these were the result of direct peer group response. Students who made the greatest number of changes made predominantly more text-based changes. Students who made fewer changes generally mode more surface changes. The results of this research raise questions regarding group formation and types of modeling done for group work.
First Occurrence of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Pitahaya.

Pitahaya, Hylocereus undatus Britt. & Rose, is a columnar, climbing cactus that produces a commercially important fruit. In December 2004, a new disease was found on the crop in Miami-Dade County, FL. Reddish brown lesions with conspicuous chlorotic haloes developed concentrically on the edges of vine ribs. Lesion centers became white and coalesced to rot much of the vine column, and in severe cases, only the vascular column in the vine center was not diseased. Salmon-colored spores and waxy, subepidermal acervuli, typically with setae and simple, short, erect conidiophores, were observed in lesion centers. Tissue from lesion margins was surface disinfested and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. was isolated from all samples. Colonies produced abundant conidia that were hyaline, one celled, straight, cylindrical, and averaged 14.7 × 5.0 μm with ranges of 12.5 to 17.5 × 3.8 to 7.5 μm (1). Cultural and morphological cha...
Effects of Biosolids Application Timing and Soil Texture on Nitrogen Availability for Corn

Empirical data comparing the effects of different off-season application timings of biosolids are needed to develop recommendations that protect water quality and ensure an accurate estimate of plant-available nitrogen (N) for crop production. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of biosolids application timing and soil texture on the availability of N for corn. Field experiments were conducted on coarse- and fine-textured soil types on each of two farms in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province of Virginia, in 1996–97 and 1997–98. Factorial combinations of three N source-application timing combinations (winter-applied biosolids, spring-applied biosolids, and spring-applied ammonium nitrate fertilizer) and three N rates (0.5X, 1.0X, and 1.5X agronomic rate), plus a non-N fertilized control, were arranged in a randomized complete block design for each soil type. The biosolids applied were anaerobically digested and dewatered from the Chesterfield, VA wastewater treatment facility. Soil ...
Batch fabrication and characterization of ultrasensitive cantilevers with submicron magnetic tips

We have batch fabricated ultrasensitive silicon cantilevers with integrated submicron magnetic tips and have characterized both their mechanical and magnetic properties. Cantilevers with spring constants as small as 10−5 N/m were fabricated, with quality factors in the range of 2.5–3.5×104 and a force sensitivity as good as 64×10−18 N Hz−1/2 at room temperature in vacuum. Cantilever spring constants were measured by observing thermomechanical position fluctuations with a fiber optic interferometer, while resonance frequencies and quality factors were inferred from cantilever ring down transients. Polycrystalline nickel tips as small as 1.2 μm×0.4 μm×0.2 μm were fabricated on the cantilevers by electron beam lithography, thermal evaporation, and lift-off. Tip magnetic moments were inferred from the shift of the cantilever frequency versus magnetic field and show a 0.60±0.12 T saturation magnetization, indicating that less than 28 nm of oxide forms on the tips during processing. Force sensitivity was demons...
Divergent associations of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies with inflammation.

OBJECTIVE Recent work suggests effective emotion regulation may protect against risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD), but the mechanisms remain unknown. Strategies for regulating emotions vary in how effectively they mitigate potentially toxic effects of stressful life experiences, and therefore may be differentially associated with CHD risk. In this study, we examined the emotion regulation strategies of reappraisal and suppression in relation to inflammation, a biological state associated with both stress and CHD. We hypothesized that suppression would be associated with elevated inflammation and reappraisal would be associated with lower levels of inflammation. METHODS We studied adult offspring (n = 379; mean age = 42.2 years) of Collaborative Perinatal Project participants, a national cohort of pregnant women enrolled in 1959-1966. Validated measures of two emotion regulation strategies were examined: reappraisal and suppression. Inflammation was measured as plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. We fit multiple linear regression models predicting CRP while controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and health factors, including depressive symptoms, measured across the life course. RESULTS A 1 standard deviation increase in reappraisal was associated with significantly lower CRP (b = -0.18, SE = 0.06, p < .01) controlling for demographics. This relation was somewhat attenuated in life course models, with adulthood body mass index partially explaining the association. A 1 standard deviation increase in suppression was associated with significantly higher CRP (b = 0.21, SE = 0.05, p < .001), and this association was not substantively attenuated with further covariate adjustment. CONCLUSION Adaptive emotion regulation was associated with lower levels of inflammation and maladaptive emotion regulation was associated with higher levels of inflammation. If these associations are confirmed by prospective and experimental studies, such evidence may provide insight into novel targets for interventions to promote health and reduce cardiovascular risk.
Death during Intensive Glycemic Therapy of Diabetes: Mechanisms and Implications

Despite its documented microvascular1–3 and potential macrovascular4,5 benefits in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, intensive glycemic therapy was not found to produce macrovascular benefits, let alone survival benefits, in three recent randomized clinical trials: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD),6 Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE),7 and Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT).8 Similarly, it was not found to produce a survival benefit in hyperglycemic intensive care unit patients.9–11 Indeed, intensive glycemic therapy resulted in increased mortality in one large trial involving patients with type 2 diabetes6 and in another large trial involving critically ill individuals (Normoglycemia in Intensive Care—Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation (NICE-SUGAR)).9 Regardless of the specific causative mechanisms, the latter findings are of concern. It appears that some aspect of intensive therapy increased the risk of death.
Lifetimes of optical phonons in graphene and graphite by time-resolved incoherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

We report lifetimes of optical phonons (OPs) in graphene and graphite measured by time-resolved anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Lifetimes in graphite and monolayer graphene are 2.4 and 1.2 ps, respectively. For graphite and graphene with more than five layers, the lifetimes decrease with increasing temperature as $\ensuremath{\sim}1/T$, indicating the dominance of anharmonic processes in the decay of the OP population. The decrease in lifetime with decreasing number of layers suggests an additional decay channel through which excitations in graphene interact directly with lattice vibrations of the ${\text{a-SiO}}_{2}$ substrate.
Delayed rejection of MHC class II-disparate skin allografts in mice treated with farnesyltransferase inhibitors.

Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs), developed as anti-cancer drugs, have the potential to modulate immune responses without causing nonspecific immune suppression. We have investigated the possibility that FTIs, by affecting T cell cytokine secretion, can attenuate alloreactive immune responses. The effects of FTIs on murine alloreactive T cells were determined both in vitro, by measuring cytokine secretion or cell proliferation in mixed lymphocyte cultures, and in vivo, by performing skin allografts from H-2(bm12) mice to MHC class II-disparate B6 mice. We found that two different FTIs, ABT-100 and L-744,832, blocked secretion of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-alpha from naive T cells in vitro. ABT-100 and L-744,832 blocked cytokine production from both CD4(+) and CD8(+) naive T cells stimulated with CD3 and CD28 antibodies, but only if the cells were pretreated with the FTIs for 48 h. Proliferation of alloreactive T cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures was blocked by either FTI. We also found that the proliferation of enriched T cells stimulated with IL-2 was blocked by ABT-100 treatment. In mice with an MHC class II-disparate skin graft, rejection of primary allografts was significantly delayed by treatment with either ABT-100 or L-744,832. Secondary rejection in mice previously primed to the alloantigen was found to be unaffected by L-744,832 treatment. We have shown that FTIs can block T cell cytokine secretion and attenuate alloreactive immune responses. The ability of FTIs to block secretion of cytokines, including IFN-gamma and IL-4, from naive T cells provides a likely biological mechanism for the specific suppression of class II MHC-mediated allorejection. These results demonstrate that FTIs may have useful immunomodulatory activity due to their ability to delay priming to alloantigens.
Comparison of two Ammoniation Procedures to Reduce the Toxicity of Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seed Fed to Rats

ABSTRACTTo determine the effect of extending the duration of ammonia (2% dry matter basis) treatment from 1 to 5 wk on the toxicity of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed, 60 male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following six treatments during a 28-d trial: endophyte-free (E-), endophyte-infected (E+), 1 wk ammoniated endophyte-free (1AE-), 1 wk ammoniated endophyte-infected (1AE+), 5 wk ammoniated endophyte-free (5AE-), and 5 wk ammoniated endophyte-infected (5AE+) tall fescue seed. the concentration of total pyrrolizidine alkaloids (N-acetyl and N-formyl loline) of E+ fescue was reduced from 4203 ag/g to 3009 and 2533 a;g/g by the 1AE+ and 5AE+ treatments, respectively. Ergovaline was lowered from 3.77 to 1.57 a;g/g by 1AE+ and eliminated by 5AE+. Endophyte-infected treatment groups had depressed (P < 0.0001) daily feed intakes (DFI), daily weight gains (DWG), feed efficiencies (G/F), primary antibody responses, and T cell and B cell mitogenic responses than endophyte-free treat...
Nano- and micromechanical properties of dentine: Investigation of differences with tooth side

The soft zone in dentine beneath the dentino-enamel junction is thought to play an important role in tooth function, strain distribution and fracture resistance during mastication. Recently reported asymmetry in mechanical properties with tooth side may point at a basic property of tooth function. The aim of our study was to test if this asymmetry was reflected in the nano- and micromechanical properties of dentine. We investigated the mechanical properties of dentine on the buccal and lingual side of nine extracted human teeth using nano- and microindentation. Properties were analysed on the natural log scale, using maximum likelihood to estimate the parameters. Two-sided 0.05-level likelihood ratio tests were used to assess the influences of surface (buccal versus lingual) and dentine depth, measured from the DEJ in crown dentine and from the CDJ in root dentine. Results showed the well known gradual increase in mechanical properties with increasing distance from the DEJ. Coronal dentine showed higher elastic modulus and hardness on the lingual side of teeth for all measurements, while root dentine was harder on the buccal side. Due to the subtlety of these effects and the small number of teeth studied, results failed to reach statistical significance. Results suggest that dentine nano- and micromechanical properties vary with tooth side in agreement with recent literature using macroscopic methods. They also reveal that buccal-lingual ratios of hardness are in opposite directions in crown and root dentine, suggesting compensatory functions.
On Realizing Zero-Divisor Graphs

An algorithm is presented for constructing the zero-divisor graph of a direct product of integral domains. Moreover, graphs which are realizable as zero-divisor graphs of direct products of integral domains are classified, as well as those of Boolean rings. In particular, graphs which are realizable as zero-divisor graphs of finite reduced commutative rings are classified.
Combined in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry in the assay of pharmacological effects on tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA concentration.

Summary An assay for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA by in situ hybridization in combination with immunocytochemistry (ICC) for TH on the same section is described. The in situ hybridization protocol was optimized for [ 35 S]cRNA (complementary RNA, i.e. anti-sense strand) probe concentration and time of hybridization. The specificity of hybridization was measured by several critera. The advantage of measuring grain density versus grains per cell is discussed for quantitation of in situ autoradiography. Finally, the reserpine-induced increase in adrenal TH mRNA was used to validate quantitative aspects of the in situ hybridization technique by comparison with blot hybridization. In contrast to the adrenal, reserpine did not increase TH mRNA in substantia nigra (s. nigra) neurons as measured by either technique.
The OT Spectrum Management Support Program-An Overview

This paper gives an overview of the Office of Telecommunications, U. S. Department of Commerce, spectrum management support program. The program includes day-to-day operations concerned with providing frequency assignments to qualified U. S. federal government users, as well as planning and analysis support to help ensure efficient use of the radio spectrum from a long-term viewpoint. The program elements include: processing of frequency assignments, spectrum analysis, computer programming and operations, spectrum engineering development (including field measurements), and spectrum management career development.
Effect of insectary rearing on host preference and oviposition behavior of the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata

Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been produced in the laboratory for > 160 generations on the larvae of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), the propagation hosts raised routinely on a semi-synthetic wheat diet formulation. Choice tests using modified stinging units were conducted in the laboratory to investigate whether insectary rearing had altered the host seeking and oviposition behavior of female parasitoids. Results showed that fruit fly larvae that developed in papaya, Carica papaya L. var. 'solo', were less preferred for oviposition than fruit fly larvae that developed on wheat diet when both were exposed concurrently to naive D. longicaudata females (= females without prior oviposition experience). The substrates (pureed papaya or wheat diet) in which treatment larvae were exposed to parasitoids did not affect oviposition preference of gravid D. longicaudata for wheat diet-reared fruit fly larvae. Our study demonstrated the possibility that rearing in an insectary system may have modified the parasitization behavior of female D. longicaudata.
Energy and performance tradeoffs for matrix multiplication on multicore machines

In this paper, we propose a general methodology for energy estimation of bus-based multi-core processors assuming that DVS can be used for both buses and cores. Our formulation can provide tradeoffs between DVS setting for buses and cores. We examine this methodology using various parallel matrix multiplication algorithms that are suitable for shared memory multicore machines with L1 and L2 caches.
Stage-Gate Controls, Learning Failure, and Adverse Effect on Novel New Products:

Abstract This article argues that Stage-Gate controls have the potential of restricting learning in a new product development project and thus hurting the performance of novel new products. Specifically, the authors examine whether control on new product development exercised through rigorous gate review criteria increases project inflexibility, which in turn leads to increased failure to learn. They also focus on whether the effect of project inflexibility is worsened when there is turbulence in the firm's technological and market environment. Furthermore, the authors study whether failure to learn can have an adverse effect on new product performance when the product is novel. Finally, they examine whether a certain relaxation in gate evaluation (gate conditionality) that has been suggested recently mitigates the adverse effect of rigorously enforced controls. The results, which are based on a survey of 120 projects that used the Stage-Gate process for new product development, show that repeated applica...
CCR2 and CD44 Promote Inflammatory Cell Recruitment during Fatty Liver Formation in a Lithogenic Diet Fed Mouse Model

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease with a spectrum of presentations. The current study utilized a lithogenic diet model of NAFLD. The diet was fed to mice that are either resistant (AKR) or susceptible (BALB/c and C57BL/6) to hepatitis followed by molecular and flow cytometric analysis. Following this, a similar approach was taken in congenic mice with specific mutations in immunological genes. The initial study identified a significant and profound increase in multiple ligands for the chemokine receptor CCR2 and an increase in CD44 expression in susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) but not resistant AKR mice. Ccr2−/− mice were completely protected from hepatitis and Cd44−/− mice were partially protected. Despite protection from inflammation, both strains displayed similar histological steatosis scores and significant increases in serum liver enzymes. CD45+CD44+ cells bound to hyaluronic acid (HA) in diet fed B6 mice but not Cd44−/− or Ccr2−/− mice. Ccr2−/− mice displayed a diminished HA binding phenotype most notably in monocytes, and CD8+ T-cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that absence of CCR2 completely and CD44 partially reduces hepatic leukocyte recruitment. These data also provide evidence that there are multiple redundant CCR2 ligands produced during hepatic lipid accumulation and describes the induction of a strong HA binding phenotype in response to LD feeding in some subsets of leukocytes from susceptible strains.
Velocity of Rolling Bed Load Particles

AbstractExperimental measurements of the reach-averaged bed-load particle velocity Vp on smooth and rough plane surfaces were analyzed for particles of different shape, size ds, and density G. Particle types included natural quartz particles (1.2 mm<ds<13.6 mm at G=2.65), spherical glass marbles (14.5 mm<ds<29.3 mm at G=2.6), and spherical steel ball bearings (1.6 mm<ds<19 mm at G=8.02). The velocity of 9,739 individual bed load particles continuously rolling on aluminum plates coated with a layer of sand/gravel (roughness 0<ks<3.4 mm) was measured for 356 different conditions. For each flow condition, the reach-averaged particle velocity measurements over a 2 m test reach were repeated at least 15 times to provide mean values and standard deviations. For bed load particles rolling on smooth surfaces (ks=0), it was concluded that (1) Vp is within ±30% of the calculated flow velocity from the vertical velocity profile at the top of the particle; (2) Vp for spheres does not vary much with particle de...
Prostatic cytosol binding of 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol and estradiol-17β

The goal of the present research was characterization of the interaction of 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (3 beta-diol) with prostatic estradiol-17 beta(E2) binding sites to address the role of this 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone(DHT)a metabolite in prostatic regulation. Using dextran-charcoal assay we demonstrated specific 3 beta-diol and E2 binding sites in rat ventral prostate cytosol (RVPC) and dog prostate cytosol (DPC). In both cytosols, E2 binding is of high affinity (Ka congruent to 10(9) M-1; RVPC:68 fmol/mg protein), DPC:170 fmol/mg protein), and 3 beta-diol binding is of moderate affinity (Ka congruent to 10(8) M-1; RVPC:62 fmol/mg protein, DPC:165 fmol/mg protein). Unlabeled 3 beta-diol competes effectively for cytosolic 3H-E2 binding sites, whereas unlabeled DHT, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol) and testosterone (T) are poor competitors for 3H-E2 binding sites. Using DNA-cellulose column chromatography, we separated prostatic androgen and estrogen binding activities. The E2 binding activity which adhered to DNA-cellulose was displaced by 100-fold excess 3 beta-diol but not by DHT. Thus data from two assay procedures show competition of 3 beta-diol for 3H-E2 binding sites in rat and dog prostate.
Bacterial prostatitis caused by staphylococcus saprophyticus

Staphylococcus saprophyticus has been shown to be an important uropathogen in urinary tract infections in young women. Thirty-five isolates from 27 patients with staphylococci in the prostatic fluid of men with bacterial prostatitis were evaluated for the presence of S. saprophyticus. Three patients (11 per cent) with this organism were identified by novobiocin resistance (disk diffusion test), absence of hemolysis, and coagulase. These patients tended to be younger, more symptomatic, and more responsive to appropriate antibiotic therapy than those with staphylococcus epidermidis. S. saprophyticus appears to be an important pathogen in prostatic infections.
ERROR BOUNDS FOR THE FUNDAMENTAL AND SECONDARY THEOREMS OF NATURAL SELECTION

Abstract Error bounds are derived for the approximation delta Z approximately C/W, where delta Z, C, and W denote the rate of change of the mean of a character under selection, the genic (or additive genetic) covariance of the character and fitness (i.e., the covariance of the average effect on the character and the average excess for fitness of every allele that affects the character), and the mean fitness, respectively. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping; the monoecious population mates at random. The character is determined by arbitrarily many multiallelic loci without epistasis; the linkage map is also arbitrary. The genotypic values of the character are constant. Rounds on the absolute error in the above approximation are deduced for an arbitrary character, and these are converted to bounds on the relative error when the character is fitness itself. In that case, C is the genic variance in fitness, and the relative error cannot exceed one half the greatest genotypic selection coefficient.
Two Phycomycetes Infecting Root Maggot Adults in Wisconsin

Hall and Dunn (1957) described Entomophthora virulenta from the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton). Other hosts include Peronea minuta (Robinson) and several dipterous species (Mac-Leod and Muller-Kogler 1973).
Eukaryotic signaling pathways targeted by Salmonella effector protein AvrA in intestinal infection in vivo

Background The Salmonella AvrA gene is present in 80% of Salmonella enterica serovar strains. AvrA protein mimics the activities of some eukaryotic proteins and uses these activities to the pathogen's advantage by debilitating the target cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, it is important to understand how AvrA works in targeting eukaryotic signaling pathways in intestinal infection in vivo. In this study, we hypothesized that AvrA interacts with multiple stress pathways in eukaryotic cells to manipulate the host defense system. A whole genome approach combined with bioinformatics assays was used to investigate the in vivo genetic responses of the mouse colon to Salmonella with or without AvrA protein expression in the early stage (8 hours) and late stage (4 days). Specifically, we examined the gene expression profiles in mouse colon as it responded to pathogenic Salmonella stain SL1344 (with AvrA expression) or SB1117 (without AvrA expression).
Emerging roles and new functions of CD46

In the past 20 years, our understanding of the workings of complement regulatory protein, CD46 (membrane cofactor protein), has grown as has the impressive list of pathogens interacting with this membrane-bound complement inhibitor. Referred to as a “pathogen magnet,” CD46 serves as a receptor for seven human pathogens. Initially discovered as a widely expressed C3b- and C4b-binding protein, it was subsequently shown to be a cofactor for the serine protease factor I to inactivate by limited proteolysis these two opsonins and components of the convertases. The involvement of CD46 in reproductive processes continues to be an emerging story. It is a protector of placental tissue, but it may also play a more direct role in reproduction through its expression on the inner acrosomal membrane of spermatozoa. Cross-linking CD46 with antibodies or natural or pathogenic ligands induces rapid turnover and signaling events. In this regard, much attention is currently focused on generating human T lymphocyte regulatory cells by cross-linking CD46. Finally, highlighting its importance in protecting cells against excessive complement activation is the discovery that even a heterozygous deficiency of CD46 predisposes to hemolytic uremic syndrome.
The Casting of Lots At Qumran and in the Book of Acts

The casting of lots in the Book of Acts is usually regarded as an actual survival of the ancient practice which, in simple societies, still functions to express a divine decision. Recent studies of the meaning of the "lot" at Qumran, however, suggest that behind the story of Acts there may lie a metaphorical use of the term "lot" to mean "decision". In order to examine this possibility, the background of the term, both in Judaism and in the Hellenistic world, must be set forth briefly. The original function of the lot in judicial decision appears in the Old Testament in such instances as the story of Achan 1) and the decision between David and Jonathan 2). The actual casting of lots maintained itself in Hebrew religious life in certain ritual practices, such as the decision between the two goats on the Day of Atonement, and the assignment of tasks in the temple to the priests 3), but the sacred lots, the Urim and Thummim, were unknown in the post-exilic period 4). On the whole the actual casting of lots played a small role in Hebrew and Jewish religious life, as is only natural in view of the strong element of responsibility in the confrontation of the holy which is characteristic both of the legal and of the prophetic apprehension of Yahweh. Naturally the casting of lots in secularized form existed in Hebrew and Jewish life. In Judaism, however, this practice seems to have been confined to relatively trivial or purely playful functions 5).
Low-Phase-Noise Graphene FETs in Ambipolar RF Applications

In this letter, we present both the 1/f noise and phase noise performance of top-gated epitaxial graphene field-effect transistors (FETs) in nonlinear circuit applications for the first time. In the case of frequency doublers, the fundamental signal is suppressed by 25 dB below the second harmonic signal. With a phase noise of -110 dBc/Hz measured at a 10-kHz offset, a carrier-to-noise degradation (ΔCNR) of 6 dB was measured for the frequency doubler. This implies noiseless frequency multiplication without additional 1/f noise upconversion during the nonlinear process. The frequency multiplication was demonstrated above the gigahertz range. The 1/f noise of top-gated epitaxial graphene FETs is comparable or lower than that of exfoliated graphene FETs.
Impact of Hurricane Sandy on hospital emergency and dialysis services: a retrospective survey.

Objective Hurricane Sandy forced closures of many free-standing dialysis centers in New York City in 2012. Hemodialysis (HD) patients therefore sought dialysis treatments from nearby hospitals. The surge capacity of hospital dialysis services was the rate-limiting step for streamlining the emergency department flow of HD patients. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of the HD patients surge and to explore difficulties encountered by hospitals in Brooklyn, New York (USA) due to Hurricane Sandy. Methods A retrospective survey on hospital dialysis services was conducted by interviewing dialysis unit managers, focusing on the influx of HD patients from closed dialysis centers to hospitals, coping strategies these hospitals used, and difficulties encountered. Results In total, 347 HD patients presented to 15 Brooklyn hospitals for dialysis. The number of transient HD patients peaked two days after landfall and gradually decreased over a week. Hospital dialysis services reported issues with lack of dialysis documentation from transient dialysis patients (92.3%), staff shortage (50%), staff transportation (71.4%), and communication with other agencies (53.3%). Linear regression showed that factors significantly associated with enhanced surge capacity were the size of inpatient dialysis unit (P = .040), having affiliated outpatient dialysis centers (P = .032), using extra dialysis machines (P = .014), and having extra workforce (P = .007). Early emergency plan activation (P = .289) and shortening treatment time (P = .118) did not impact the surge capacity significantly in this study. Conclusion These findings provide potential improvement options for receiving hospitals dialysis units to prepare for future events. Lin C , Pierce LC , Roblin PM , Arquilla B . Impact of Hurricane Sandy on Hospital Emergency and Dialysis Services: A Retrospective Survey. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(4):1-6 .
Mathematical modeling/problem solving in global oxygen transport.

A simplified approach to mathematical modeling/problem solving in global oxygen transport is presented. In addition to standard oxygen transport formulae, it uses the S -Factor and a mathematical relationship relating SvO 2 to the ratio DO 2 /VO 2 . This method allows the determination or specification of SvO 2 , PvO 2 , P 50 , and systemic shunting in the context of this simplified approach. Heretofore this has not been possible. With this approach, essentially all clinical problems in global oxygen transport can be dealt with. This is illustrated by the broad scope of the five problems presented.
Red Man's Religion / White Man's Religious History

The Native Americans puzzled the Europeans from their first encounters. Were they human or subhuman? Children of God or of the Devil? Possibly they were descendants of one or more of the lost ten tribes of Israel? Life might have been simpler for the invading Europeans if there had been no people at all in the new world. But there they were and they had to be dealt with in some way. How? The accepted way to look upon the situation was to regard it as heaven sent. The natives were part of the human race; a lesser breed, perhaps, than the Europeans, and very much in need of salvation. The Almighty in his wisdom had allowed them to live in darkness until these European Christians could bring them the light of the Gospel. That errand was motivation enough to send thousands of dedicated souls into the wilderness. What about the religion of the natives? They were almost universally regarded as pagans and heathens-i.e., as practitioners of no religion or of a false religion. Columbus and Vespucci opted for the former. Hence the way was clearly open for the Gospel. Those who opted for the latter faced a somewhat more difficult task-to root out the false while
Nitrogen and Climate Change

Models project that land ecosystems may be able take up a considerable proportion of the carbon dioxide released by human activities, thereby counteracting the anthropogenic emissions. In their Perspective, Hungate et al . argue that these carbon uptake estimates are too high because the models do not take other nutrients such as nitrogen into account appropriately. The authors estimate that there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios. Nutrients other than nitrogen may also affect carbon uptake in ways not captured by most models.
Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom:

Once upon a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent, disincorporated from the known and untouched by the geo-political configuration of the world in which p...