cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crater formation and signal intensity in nano- and femto-second laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a widely used analytical technique and produces highly accurate results. One of the main disadvantages of the technique, however, is the necessity of solid sample preparation into a solution; this is remedied by the use of laser ablation (LA) for direct solid sampling. LA is the process of delivering energy to a sample via a laser and, consequently, removing part of the sample and forming a small crater on the surface of the sample. Currently there exist several issues in LA sample introduction to ICP-MS commonly called ‘elemental fractionation’. A better understanding of fundamental laser ablation mechanisms and particle generation during LA process are necessary in order to efficiently couple the laser beam into the sample, ablate a reproducible quantity of mass, minimize the plasma shielding and fractionation, and control and optimize ablated particle transport.
Assessment of an Accounting Information Systems Curriculum: An Analysis of the International Federation of Accountants' International Education Guideline No. 11

This paper evaluates our current Accounting Information Systems (AIS) curriculum, developed using a Model-Oriented, Tool-Enhanced (MOTE) framework, by comparing it to the recommendations of the International Federation of Accountants' (IFAC) Guideline No. 11. The IFAC recommendations offer guidance on the information technology content in accounting curricula and are supported by the AICPA. The evaluation resulted in suggestions for improvements to our existing curriculum. An analysis of the guideline was also completed.
A General Framework for Joint Inversion With Petrophysical Information as Constraints

Petrophysical information has proven valuable in joint inversion. However, current joint inversion algorithms usually cannot deal with the situation where multiple petrophysical relationships exist in one area, because it is nearly impossible to correctly specify beforehand the spatial applicability of these multiple petrophysical relationships. We propose a general framework for joint inversion constrained by a priori petrophysical information. We demonstrate through three synthetic examples that this new method can effectively deal with the existence of multiple petrophysical relationships, and can generate inverted models that are consistent with all geophysical and petrophysical data.
Device for the implantation of neural electrode arrays

Electrode arrays used in neural recording and stimulation applications must be implanted carefully to minimize damage to the underlying tissue. A device has been designed to improve a surgeon's control over implantation parameters including depth, insertion velocity, and insertion force. The device has been designed to operate without contacting tissue and to respond to tissue movements in real time during insertion. This device uses an electrical motor to drive electrode arrays into tissue and allows for the monitoring of and response to electrode depth during insertion. A prototype device has been constructed and tests have been performed to determine the velocity and force characteristics of the motor when inside the device housing. Future versions of the device will use a custom-designed motor with longer linear travel, which will allow the insertion device to be held farther from tissue while still ensuring proper array insertion.
A methodology to annotate systems biology markup language models with the synthetic biology open language.

Recently, we have begun to witness the potential of synthetic biology, noted here in the form of bacteria and yeast that have been genetically engineered to produce biofuels, manufacture drug precursors, and even invade tumor cells. The success of these projects, however, has often failed in translation and application to new projects, a problem exacerbated by a lack of engineering standards that combine descriptions of the structure and function of DNA. To address this need, this paper describes a methodology to connect the systems biology markup language (SBML) to the synthetic biology open language (SBOL), existing standards that describe biochemical models and DNA components, respectively. Our methodology involves first annotating SBML model elements such as species and reactions with SBOL DNA components. A graph is then constructed from the model, with vertices corresponding to elements within the model and edges corresponding to the cause-and-effect relationships between these elements. Lastly, the ...
Effects of Electronic Perturbations on 1-Hexene Polymerization Catalyzed by Zirconium Amine Bisphenolate Complexes

The kinetics of 1-hexene polymerization using four zirconium amine bisphenolate catalysts, Zr[tBu-ONXO]Bn2 (where, X = pyr-CF3 (1), pyr (2), pyr-CH3 (3), pyr-OMe (4)) has been investigated to elucidate the effect of varying the electronic nature of the pyridine pendant ligand X. A model-based approach using a diverse set of data, including monomer consumption, evolution of molecular weight, and end-group analysis was employed to determine each of the reaction-specific rate constants involved in polymerization. The mechanisms of polymerization for 1–4 was similar, and the necessary elementary reaction steps included initiation, propagation, misinsertion, recovery from misinsertion, and chain transfer. It was observed that the electronic nature of the pendant pyridine ligand affects each monomer insertion event (propagation, misinsertion, and recovery) in a similar fashion, in concert with changes in the Hammett parameters of the ligand substituents. These findings underscore the importance of kinetic model...
Catalytic Formation of Silyl Enol Ethers and Its Applications for Aldol-Type Condensation and Aminomethylation Reactions

A new catalytic method for the synthesis of silyl enol ethers has been developed from the coupling reaction of ketones with CH2═CHSiMe3 by using a ruthenium hydride catalyst (PCy3)2(CO)RuHCl. The synthetic utility of silyl enol ethers was demonstrated for both Mukaiyama aldol condensation and aminomethylation reactions in forming β-hydroxyketones and β-aminoketones, respectively.
Critical Scaling of LöW Frequency Ac Resistivity in Superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O Single Crystals

AC transport measurements show that the vortex dynamics in a twinned superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O single crystal are consistant with a second order vortex-solid melting transition. Indentification of the universal functions and consistent measurements of the critical exponents v = 0.7 and z= 3.0 found in magnetic fields from IkOe to 90kOe as well as DC transport measurements offer strong evidence for this transition.
Notes on Boletes. II

When the writer began a few years ago to collect Boletes for his own amusement, it was found that identification of these plants was very difficult, and in some cases almost impossible. There seemed to be no question but that some American plants had been differently named by American mycologists and were considered as distinct species, and also that many named by Peck and others have been long known in Europe. Further, it became evident that other species had been wrongly determined in terms of European species and others had been named as distinct on the basis of immature plants. In general, there is a great deal of con? fusion in this group, much of which confusion can be eliminated by careful and long-continued collection and study in different localities.
Gender does not influence sympathetic neural reactivity to stress in healthy humans

Previous data support the idea of heightened sympathetically mediated cardiovascular reactivity in males. However, definitive conclusions cannot be made because of inconsistent reports, possibly stemming from imprecise measurement of sympathetic activity and/or failure to equate the stress stimuli between genders. The present study tested the hypothesis that males exhibit heightened sympathetic reactivity that is associated with heightened cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses. In 37 healthy adults (20 males, 17 females: age = 20-42 yr), direct recordings of skeletal muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), plasma catecholamines, heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived stress were measured before and during three laboratory stressors (isometric handgrip, cold pressor, and mental arithmetic). MSNA, catecholamine, and cardiovascular reactivity (defined as change from rest) were not consistently different between genders. For the isometric handgrip, when expressed as absolute unit changes, males had larger MSNA responses (P < 0.01), which were partially explained by greater contraction force; they did not differ in terms of percent change from baseline or in perceived stress. The responses to the cold pressor and mental arithmetic tasks were similar between genders. These findings indicate that stress-evoked vasoconstrictor neural excitation and the associated increases in blood pressure are not consistently influenced by gender.
Double Unit Myeloablative Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Transplantation in Adults & Adolescents: High Incidence of Engraftment and Low Transplant-Related Mortality.

UCB cell dose is a critical determinant of hematopoietic recovery & survival after UCB transplantation (UCBT) & is the major barrier to adult UCBT. Therefore, we have investigated the combined transplantation of 2 partially HLA-matched UCB units to augment graft cell dose. Twenty-three patients with high-risk hematologic malignancy [median 24 yrs (range: 13–53)] received two UCB units [median infused dose 3.5 x 10 7 NC/kg (range 1.1–6.3); larger unit 1.9 (0.6–3.6) & smaller unit 1.5 (0.5–2.7)]. Of the 46 units used, only 3 were 6/6, 16 were 5/6 & 27 were 4/6 HLA-A,B,DRB1 antigen matched unit to the recipient. All patients received myeloablative conditioning using cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg (60 mg/kg days −7 & −6), & TBI 1320 cGy in 8 fractions with cyclosporine-A (CSA) from day -3 for at least 6 months. In addition, the first 2 patients received ATG 15 mg/kg every 12 hours days −3 to −1 & methylprednisone (MP) 1 mg/kg every 12 hours days 5–19. Subsequent patients (n = 21) received fludarabine 75 mg/m2 (25 mg/m2 days −8 to −6) & mycophenolate mofetil 1 gm twice daily from days −3 to +30 instead of ATG/MP. All evaluable patients (n = 21) engrafted at a median of 23 days (range 15–41). At day 21, engraftment was derived from both donors in 24% and a single donor in 76%, with one unit predominating in all patients (median chimerism in day 21 BM 100%). Notably, the predominating unit had a relatively low infused cell dose [median 1.8 x 10 7 NC/kg (range 0.7–3.6); 1.5 x 10 5 CD34+/kg (range 0.6–10.4)]. While neither NC, CD34+ & CFU-GM dose, nor HLA-A,B,DRB1 match, predicted which unit would predominate, the predominating unit had a significantly higher CD3+ dose (p 5 CD34+/kg was day 19.5 (range 15–27) vs day 26 (range 15–41) in patients (n=10) with a predominating unit of 0.6–1.5 x 10 5 CD34+/kg (p=0.01). Incidences of grade II–IV & III–IV acute GVHD were 65% (95%CI: 42–88) and 13% (95%CI: 0–26) at day 100, respectively, with 23% (95%CI: 6–40) having chronic GVHD at 1 year. Six month transplant-related mortality was 22% (95%CI: 5–39). With a median follow-up of 10 months (range: 3.5 months–2.5 yrs), disease-free survival (DFS) is 57% (95%CI: 35–79) at 1 year, with 72% (95%CI: 49–95) of patients alive at 1 year if transplanted in remission. These data clearly demonstrate the safety of double unit UCBT. Despite the low infused CD34+ cell dose of the predominating unit, all evaluable patients achieved sustained engraftment, with a low incidence of severe acute GVHD despite HLA-disparity. This has resulted in a low TRM, & DFS is high if patients are transplanted in remission. While the NC & CD34+ cell doses of each unit do not predict unit predominance, these parameters in the predominating unit determine the speed of neutrophil recovery. As a suitable double unit graft can be identified for the majority of adults, this approach represents a major extension of access to HSC transplantation.
Pre-Transplant Test Dose vs. PK Studies during Conditioning Regimen To Target iv Busulfan in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

In this study we tested the efficacy of a test dose of iv busulfan in targeting blood levels of this drug during the conditioning regimen prior to an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. We analyzed blood samples of 22 patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a busulfan-based conditioning regimen. Patients received a test dose of busulfan at 0.8 mg/kg as a 60 minute intravenous infusion. Serial blood samples were drawn at eight time points: 15 minutes before dose, at end of infusion, 15 minutes after completion, 30 minutes after completion, 60 minutes after completion, 2 hours after completion, 4 hours after completion, and 6 hours after completion. Pharmacokinetics (PK) studies were then performed at the Seattle Cancer Care pharmacokinetics laboratory. The AUC was determined using WinNonlin Professional software. The conditioning dose of busulfan was calculated by multiplying the test dose in mg/AUC × 4800. After the first dose of busulfan was administered, the same protocol was used to test busulfan PK. If the Busulfan AUC was therapeutic (between 4800 μM*min and 5200 μM*min) then the same dose was continued. If the Busulfan AUC was low or high then the third and fourth doses of busulfan were adjusted. The test dose of 0.8 mg/kg intravenous did not have any hematological side effects. The mean historic dose (solely based on weight) was 3.2 ± 0.1 mg/kg and the mean dose based on the test dose was 3.5 ± 0.5 mg/kg (p=0.02). In 12 patients where we also analyzed PK after the first day of conditioning regimen, AUC values of busulfan obtained during test dose and after day 1 dose were not different (p=0.7). The mean dose of busulfan based on test dose was 3.5 ± 0.6 mg/kg while the final dose based on day 1 busulfan PK was 3.6 ± 0.7 mg/kg (p=0.9). Nevertheless, in 2 CML patients who were on treatment with dasatinib or nilotinib at the time of the test dose, a higher AUC was observed (AUC 6065 and 6200, respectively). A pre-transplant busulfan test dose can be safely performed anytime prior to transplant and allows targeting the dose of busulfan efficiently, thus avoiding the requirement of PK studies during the conditioning regimen.
A Study of Milling Surface Quality during Period-2 Bifurcations

Abstract This paper provides time domain simulation and experimental results for surface location error and surface roughness when machining under both stable (forced vibration) and unstable (period-2 bifurcation) conditions. It is shown that the surface location error follows similar trends observed for forced vibration, so zero or low error conditions may be selected even for period-2 bifurcation behavior. The surface roughness for the period-2 instability, on the other hand, is always larger than for stable conditions because the surface is defined by every other tooth passage and the apparent feed per tooth is subsequently increased. Good agreement is observed between simulation and experiment for stability, surface location error, and surface roughness results.
Clinical and Genetic Implications of DNA Mismatch Repair Deficiency in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

This cohort study examines the behavior and outcomes of deficient DNA mismatch repair in patients at elevated risk for malignant neoplasms, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
From Multimedia Logs to Personal Chronicles

Multimodal data streams are essential for analyzing personal life, environmental conditions, and social situations. Since these data streams have different granularities and semantics, the semantic gap becomes even more formidable. To make sense of all the multimodal correlated streams we must first synchronize them in the context of the application, and then analyze them to extract meaningful information. In this paper, we consider the problem of modeling an individual by using daily activity in order to understand their health and behavior. The first step is to correlate diverse data streams with atomic-interval, and segment a person's day into her daily activities. We collect the diverse data streams from the person's smartphone to classify every atomic-interval into a daily activity. Next, we use an interval growing technique for determining daily-activity-intervals and their attributes. Then, these daily-activity-intervals are labeled as the daily activities by using Bagging Formal Concept Analysis (BFCA). Finally, we build a personal chronicle, which is a person's time-ordered list of daily activities. This personal chronicle can then be used to model the person using learning techniques applied to daily activities in the chronicle and relating them to biomedical or behavioral signals. We present the results for this daily activity segmentation and recognition by using lifelogs of 23 participants.
Using GitHub in large software engineering classes. An exploratory case study

Background and Context: GitHub has been recently used in Software Engineering (SE) classes to facilitate collaboration in student team projects as well as help teachers to evaluate the contribution...
Multiple Linear Regression

The main purpose of this chapter is to predict the value of some variable Y based on a given set of variables X i where i = 1, 2, …, p − 1 and p is an integer larger than or equal to 2. The following example will be examined in detail throughout this chapter.
Heavy Laden: Union Veterans, Psychological Illness, and Suicide

The psychological aftereffects of war are not just a modern-day plight. Following the Civil War, numerous soldiers returned with damaged bodies or damaged minds. Drawing on archival materials including digitized records for more than 70,000 white and African-American Union army recruits, newspaper reports, and census returns, Larry M. Logue and Peter Blanck uncover the diversity and severity of Civil War veterans' psychological distress. Their findings concerning the recognition of veterans' post-traumatic stress disorders, treatment programs, and suicide rates will inform current studies on how to effectively cope with this enduring disability in former soldiers. This compelling book brings to light the continued sacrifices of men who went to war.
A Language-Independent Approach to Automatic Text Difficulty Assessment for Second-Language Learners

In this paper, we introduce a new baseline for language-independent text difficulty assessment applied to the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) proficiency scale. We demonstrate that reading level assessment is a discriminative problem that is best-suited for regression. Our baseline uses z-normalized shallow length features and TF-LOG weighted vectors on bag-of-words for Arabic, Dari, English, and Pashto. We compare Support Vector Machines and the Margin-Infused Relaxed Algorithm measured by mean squared error. We provide an analysis of which features are most predictive of a given level.
Internalized Homophobia, Language Use, and Relationship Quality in Same-sex Romantic Relationships

Internalized homophobia has adverse relational consequences for same-sex couples. This study highlights language use as a mechanism underlying the association between internalized homophobia and re...
High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence

The use of artificial intelligence, and the deep-learning subtype in particular, has been enabled by the use of labeled big data, along with markedly enhanced computing power and cloud storage, across all sectors. In medicine, this is beginning to have an impact at three levels: for clinicians, predominantly via rapid, accurate image interpretation; for health systems, by improving workflow and the potential for reducing medical errors; and for patients, by enabling them to process their own data to promote health. The current limitations, including bias, privacy and security, and lack of transparency, along with the future directions of these applications will be discussed in this article. Over time, marked improvements in accuracy, productivity, and workflow will likely be actualized, but whether that will be used to improve the patient-doctor relationship or facilitate its erosion remains to be seen.
Of Horses and Jockeys: Perceptions by Academic Entrepreneurs

Although there has been increasing recent interest in universities as ecosystems for the encouragement of academic entrepreneurship, almost none of that work has dealt with the specific personal motives that might lead academic scientists to start companies. Metaphorically, there has been a substantial body of work describing how to create a better racetrack, some study of what sort of horses best perform in the track, but essentially no examination of the jockeys. We address this gap in the literature in two ways – first by “importing” a variety of psychological characteristics that have been shown to be predictive in the larger entrepreneurship literature, and second by developing a series of context-specific motives. Our study of 50 biomedical scientists in an academic medical center showed, unsurprisingly, that patents matter. More importantly, although the results for the imported psychological characteristics were disappointing, the findings for context-specific motives suggest that founders are distinguished from non-founders primarily by their interest in doing something positive for humanity.
Fission product yield measurements using monoenergetic photon beams

Background: High-accuracy and self-consistent fission product yield (FPY) data are needed to advance microscopic/macroscopic descriptions of the nuclear fission process, to improve the predictive power of phenomenological models, and for applications in nuclear energy, nuclear forensics, and homeland security.Purpose: In a collaboration between the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), the dependence of a number of cumulative FPYs on the incoming neutron energy has been measured and unexpected energy dependencies of certain fission products have been reported [M. E. Gooden, Nucl. Data Sheets 131, 319 (2016)]. To investigate whether this observation is unique to neutron-induced fission, a program has been initiated to measure FPYs in photon-induced fission.Method: The photon-induced FPYs were measured by a combination of fission counting using a specially designed dual-fission chamber and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray counting. The measurements were carried out with a monoenergetic photon beam at the $\mathrm{HI}\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{S}$ facility. Gamma-ray counting of the activated targets was performed with well-shielded high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors over a period of two months after irradiation to properly identify the decay history of fission products.Results: We report on our photofission product yield measurements on $^{235}\mathrm{U}$, $^{238}\mathrm{U}$, and $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$ using a monoenergetic photon beam of ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}=13\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$. More than 40 fission products were uniquely identified, and their yield values were computed. The use of the fission chamber with post-activation measurements has provided absolute fission product yield data with minimal uncertainties.Conclusion: The photon-induced cumulative fission product yields of $^{235}\mathrm{U}$, $^{238}\mathrm{U}$, and $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$ are compared with previous photon- and neutron-induced fission measurements. In the near future data will be obtained at lower and higher photon energies.
Delayed diagnosis of posterior ankle impingement in pediatric and adolescent patients: does radiology play a role?

Posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS) results from the pinching of anatomical structures in the posterior part of the ankle. To identify the possible role of imaging in the delayed diagnosis of PAIS and identify key findings on imaging to suggest PAIS in pediatric and adolescent patients. Data were collected prospectively in patients younger than 18 years of age who underwent arthroscopy after being diagnosed with PAIS. Imaging was reviewed retrospectively by two radiologists, compared with findings in literature and an age-matched control group, and correlated with arthroscopic findings. Pre- and postsurgical Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain and American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores were noted. Thirty-eight patients (20 females, 18 males), 51 ankles, with an average age of 12.9 years had an average 18-month delay in diagnosis. Twenty-seven of the 38 (73%) patients had previously seen multiple medical providers and were given multiple misdiagnoses. Radiographs were reported normal in 34/47 (72%) ankles. Thirty patients had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and findings included the presence of an os trigonum/Stieda process (94%) with associated osseous edema (69%), flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tenosynovitis (16%), and edema in Kager’s fat pad (63%). Although individual findings were noted, the impression in the MRI reports in 16/32 (50%) did not mention PAIS as the likely diagnosis. There was a significant difference in the MRI findings of ankle impingement in the patient population when compared to the control group. Surgery was indicated after conservative treatment failed. All 51 ankles had a PAIS diagnosis confirmed during arthroscopy. At an average follow-up of 10.2 months, there was improvement of VAS pain (7.0 to 1.1) and AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores (65.1 to 93.5). PAIS as a diagnosis is commonly delayed clinically in young patients with radiologic misinterpretation being a contributing factor. Increased awareness about this condition is needed among radiologists and physicians treating young athletes.
Reseña del libro “Tras las lentes de Isabel Coixet: Cine, compromiso y feminismo”

Tras las lentes de Isabel Coixet: Cine, compromiso y feminismo, ultimo libro editado por la catedratica de Cine y Estudios de Genero de la Universidad de Massachusetts Amherst (EEUU) Barbara Zecchi, representa el volumen mas exhaustivo sobre la produccion de la prolifica directora de cine hasta la fecha. Tiene, ademas, una estructura original en cuatro partes. La primera parte, titulada «Gran angular: travelling sobre la produccion de Isabel Coixet», contiene cinco capitulos que se centran en su tecnica, su formacion y evolucion, y en tropos recurrentes en su cine. En la segunda parte, «Teleobjetivo: Primeros planos de los largometrajes de ficcion», diferentes autorxs ofrecen lecturas particulares de varios de sus filmes empleando enfoques metodologicos diversos. La tercera parte, «Zoom: Los documentales de Isabel Coixet», esta dedicada al estudio de sus documentales. Por ultimo, en la parte titulada «Las gafas: Isabel Coixet persona» encontramos capitulos que estudian una faceta mas personal.
Grip strength in children with chronic kidney disease

The relationship between muscle strength and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is unknown. This study aims to quantify the association between grip strength (GS) and kidney function and to explore factors associated with grip strength in children and adolescents with CKD. We included 411 children (699 GS assessments) of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study. They were matched by age, sex, and height to a healthy control from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to quantify the relationship between GS and CKD. Linear mixed models were used to identify factors associated with GS among CKD patients. Median GS z-score was − 0.72 (IQR − 1.39, 0.11) among CKD patients with CKD stages 2 through 5 having significantly lower GS than CKD stage 1. Compared with healthy controls, CKiD participants had a decreased GS z-score (− 0.53 SD lower, 95% CI − 0.67 to − 0.39) independent of race/ethnicity and body mass index. Factors associated with reduced GS included longer duration of CKD, pre-pubertal status, delayed puberty, neuropsychiatric comorbidities, need of feeding support, need for alkali therapy, and hemoglobin level. Decreased GS was also associated with both a lower frequency and intensity of physical activity. CKD is associated with impaired muscle strength in children independent of growth retardation and BMI. Exposure to CKD for a prolonged time is associated with impaired muscle strength. Potential mediators of the impact of CKD on muscle strength include growth retardation, acidosis, poor nutritional status, and low physical activity. Additional studies are needed to assess the efficacy of interventions targeted at these risk factors.
A Demographic Evaluation of the Stability of American Community Survey (ACS) Estimates for ACS Test Sites: 2000 to 2011

The American Community Survey (ACS) is designed to provide current estimates of the demographic, housing, and socioeconomic characteristics of the United States population. However, little is known about the demographic stability of the ACS estimates, especially for demographic subgroups such as race and Hispanic origin. In this presentation, we use data from the 2000 to 2014 ACS files to focus on the following research question: How stable are the ACS estimates in measuring change over time in the characteristics of the population and housing in a given area? Although the ACS has only been available for all geographies since 2005, the longer time series of this study is made possible by incorporating ACS estimates for 2000 to 2004 from selected “test site” counties where ACS estimates had been developed. For selected characteristics, we compare ACS estimates with previous census benchmarks from 1990, 2000, and 2010. In addition, we include comparisons across the single-year and multi-year (3-year and 5-year) estimates. Statistical and demographic measures summarize the stability across the time series of estimates, across demographic groups, and across geography.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WRINKLING PHENOMENON IN STRUCTURES

Abstract Wrinkling phenomenon as a special type of instability in elasticity is investigated. Caused by the failure of hyperbolicity of the governing equations, it leads to loss of smoothness of certain surfaces of the elastic structural elements such as films, nets, soft shells, laminated materials, and changes significantly their structural characteristics. The postinstability state models are based on the concept of the separation of motions of different scales: “slow” motions of the average values of parameters and “fast” motions, i.e., their fluctuations in the course of the instability. The growth of these fluctuations as a feedback restores the hyperbolicity of the coupled “slow”-“fast”-motion system leading to the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem.
Supporting In-Home Caregivers in Symptom Assessment of Frail Older Adults with Serious Illness: A Pilot Study

Background: Many older adults with serious illness who depend on others for care have symptoms that are difficult to manage. Supporting caregivers in symptom assessment (SA) may reduce suffering. O...
Thirty-Day Hospital Readmissions: A Predictor of Higher All-cause Mortality for Up to Two Years.

Introduction Readmission within 30 days is used as a standard quality metric for hospitalized patients. We hypothesized that patients who get readmitted within 30 days may have higher short- and long-term mortality. Material and Methods Using administrative data, we retrospectively analyzed 2,353 patients admitted to inpatient medicine service over a period of one year. The patients were matched for diagnostic group (DRG) and severity index (SI) using nearest propensity scores in a 2:1 ratio between non-readmissions (NRA) to readmissions (RA) patients. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the groups between age, sex, length of stay (LOS), race, and ethnicity. The hazard model yielded a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.06 for 30-day readmissions (95% CI of 1.55, 2.74; p=<0.001). The survival probability at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months was consistently greater for NRA patients. Conclusions Thirty-day readmissions are an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality which persists for at least two years independent of DRG and SI.
Civil vs. Criminal Legal Aid

The past few decades have highlighted the insidious effects of poverty, particularly for poor people who lack access to legal representation. Accordingly, there have been longstanding calls for “Civil Gideon,” which refers to a right to counsel in civil cases that would address issues tied to housing, public benefits, family issues, and various areas of law that poor people are often disadvantaged by due to their lack of attorneys. This civil right to counsel would complement the analogous criminal right that has been constitutionalized. Notwithstanding the persuasive arguments made for and against Civil Gideon, it is less clear why there is such a sharp distinction between civil and criminal legal aid. This Article re-examines longstanding assumptions about the civil-criminal legal aid divide and highlights some underexamined explanations: the legal profession’s historical implication in this division; courts’ unwillingness to use their inherent powers to appoint counsel; and courts’ enduringly narrow understandings of when poor people should be provided with lawyers. These insights prompt alternative reflections on how to best deliver legal services to poor people.
LGBTQ+ health education for nurses: An innovative approach to improving nursing curricula.

Abstract Background Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI+) people experience high rates of discrimination in healthcare settings worldwide, which have been linked to poor health outcomes and delays in seeking care. In the United States (US), nurses report a lack of awareness regarding LGBTQI+ health needs and nursing faculty report a lack of knowledge and confidence to teach LGBTQI+ health content to students. On average, baccalaureate nursing programs in the US only cover 2.12 h of LGBTQI+ content over the course of an entire program. This significant nursing education deficit merits timely dissemination of a logic model to guide LGBTQI+ health content integration. Objectives Johns Hopkins School of Nursing (JHSON) LGBTQI+ Health Initiative (LHI) was established to develop a strategic, innovative response to the gaps in LGBTQI+ health education among faculty and nursing students. Results The process resulted in a pragmatic interdisciplinary approach to nursing curriculum development focused on the integration of LGBTQI+ health. Specifically, a logic model, including product development, assessment, implementation, and evaluation, was developed to guide JHSON LHI efforts and act as a guide for LGBTQI+ health integration into nursing curricula. Conclusions Prompt dissemination of the JHSON LHI logic model will expedite process sharing and reduce redundancies among nursing schools pursuing similar initiatives.
Kinetics of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by heterocyclic drugs defines a general sequential multistep binding process

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 is the enzyme most involved in the metabolism of drugs and can also oxidize numerous steroids. This enzyme is also involved in one-half of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions, but details of the exact mechanisms of P450 3A4 inhibition are still unclear in many cases. Ketoconazole, clotrimazole, ritonavir, indinavir, and itraconazole are strong inhibitors; analysis of the kinetics of reversal of inhibition with the model substrate 7-benzoyl quinoline showed lag phases in several cases, consistent with multiple structures of P450 3A4 inhibitor complexes. Lags in the onset of inhibition were observed when inhibitors were added to P450 3A4 in 7-benzoyl quinoline O-debenzylation reactions, and similar patterns were observed for inhibition of testosterone 6β-hydroxylation by ritonavir and indinavir. Upon mixing with inhibitors, P450 3A4 showed rapid binding as judged by a spectral shift with at least partial high-spin iron character, followed by a slower conversion to a low-spin iron–nitrogen complex. The changes were best described by two intermediate complexes, one being a partial high-spin form and the second another intermediate, with half-lives of seconds. The kinetics could be modeled in a system involving initial loose binding of inhibitor, followed by a slow step leading to a tighter complex on a multisecond time scale. Although some more complex possibilities cannot be dismissed, these results describe a system in which conformationally distinct forms of P450 3A4 bind inhibitors rapidly and two distinct P450–inhibitor complexes exist en route to the final enzyme–inhibitor complex with full inhibitory activity.
Analysis of Nuclear Containment Structures; Analyses by the Authors

Whereas in the previous chapter we have detailed, and commented on, reported analyses of NPP by others, this one will provide an alternative numerical solution to these case studies using methods covered in this book.
Large Elasticity at Introduction

Abstract For tolling in urban areas, the measured elasticity of demand with respect to money cost is much larger when tolls are introduced than when tolls are raised. This paper names this phenomenon “Large Elasticity at Introduction” (LEI). It has been observed in four of five cities with urban tolls: London, Singapore, Stockholm and Gothenburg. After describing these cities’ experiences, the paper discusses why LEI is surprising from a modeling perspective, and then discusses and formalizes three plausible explanations for LEI: (i) transaction costs; (ii) the “zero-price effect”; and (iii) the “price-sensitive users” theory proposed by Borjesson and Kristoffersson (2018).
I See What You’re Saying: A Literature Review of Eye Tracking Research in Communication of Deaf or Hard of Hearing Users

Deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) individuals heavily rely on their visual senses to be aware about their environment, giving them heightened visual cognition and improved attention management strategies. Thus, the eyes have shown to play a significant role in these visual communication practices and, therefore, many various researches have adopted methodologies, specifically eye-tracking, to understand the gaze patterns and analyze the behavior of DHH individuals. In this paper, we provide a literature review from 55 papers and data analysis from eye-tracking studies concerning hearing impairment, attention management strategies, and their mode of communication such as Visual and Textual based communication. Through this survey, we summarize the findings and provide future research directions.
The Laser Switch in SQUID Measurements: Fundamental Experiments and Low Frequency Noise Reduction

We are developing a laser-driven superconducting switch. The switch has been used in several fundamental physics experiments which utilize SQUIDs, and in a noise reduction scheme for low-frequency SQUID measurements. The experiments include characterization studies of the laser switch itself, a direct measurement of the pinning force on a single vortex, the measurement of the Cooper pair mass, a study of the Aharonov-Bohm effect, and a measurement of the kinetic inductance of a superconducting thin-film. The noise reduction scheme is based on modulating the input circuit of a SQUID at a frequency above its 1/f knee. The demodulated output is then devoid of the SQUID noise below the modulation frequency. This paper reviews these experiments and reports on their status.
The Impact of Salesperson Accent and Foreign-Immigrant Ethnic Identification and Acculturation into the United States on Purchase Intentions

Marketing and social psychology literature conceptualize that receiver perception of the sender influences source credibility (DeShields, 1992). Typically, senders with a standard accent or dialect are perceived to exhibit more traits associated with competence than foreign-accented spokespersons (DeShields, Kara, and Kaynak, 1995, 1996). However, additional sources of receiver influence for foreign-immigrant perception of source credibility are ethnic identity and the degree of acculturation into the host country (DeShields, 1996). Tajfel’s social categorization, identity, and comparison theory provides an explanation to the complicated process of receiver evaluation of the spokesperson (Tajfel, 1981).
Abstract 20343: Leptin and the Developmental Origins of Hypertension

Introduction: Individuals with growth restriction through 2 years of age are relatively protected from adult obesity, but they are at increased risk of adult hypertension. Modeling this in mice, neonatal growth restriction (GR) leads to neonatal leptin deficiency, impaired neurodevelopment, adult growth restriction and adult hypertension. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that neonatal leptin deficiency during a window of developmental plasticity permanently increases central leptin sensitivity with subsequent renal sympathetic over-activation and hypertension. Methods: From day 4 to 14, C57BL/6 mice were randomized to vehicle (0.9% NaCl) or leptin at a dose shown to normalize the plasma levels of GR mice without impacting neonatal growth (1 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneal). GR mice were identified by weanling weights below the 10th percentile. Beginning at 4 months, adult phenotypes were assessed. Results: Compared to normal weight controls, adult GR mice had significantly increased leptin receptor mRNA expression within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), decreased adult food intake (0.09±0.01 vs. 0.13±0.02g/g/d; p Conclusions: Neonatal GR-related leptin deficiency is associated with a sustained increase in ARC leptin receptor expression and enhanced adult leptin responsiveness. This heightened central leptin responsiveness may contribute to the increased risk of hypertension seen patients with a history of perinatal growth restriction. We are currently assessing the effects of neonatal GR and neonatal leptin administration on cell-specific leptin-mediated hypothalamic signaling pathways.
Resisting Educational Exclusion: The Baha'i Institute of Higher Education in Iran.

This article explores the motivational causes for learning and community service of students, faculty, and volunteer supporters of the Baha'i Institute of Higher Education (BIHE) in Iran. BIHE is a grassroots initiative launched by Baha'i academics, who—after having been expelled from public universities as a result of their allegiance to the Baha'i faith—opened up an alternative Institute of Higher Education, which services equally discriminated and marginalized Baha'i youth. The article presents results of a descriptive cultural/phenomenological study that distills the essence of experiences of 180 BIHE students, faculty, and staff performing under unusual sociopolitical circumstances. BIHE presents a minority community initiative that successfully created a “social space” needed by Baha'i students and staff to remain academically and socially engaged; and to bond and share with peers and colleagues equally suffering from persecution and sociopolitical marginalization. 1A second author-a former member o...
Napoleon: The Path to Power, 1769–1799 – By Philip Dwyer

The author of this biography gives readers a detailed account of the famous Corsican from his birth to the 1799 overthrow of the Directory. The author's insistence on linking the Corsican temperame...
Dichromate dosimetry: The effect of acetic acid on the radiolytic reduction yield

Abstract The radiation chemical yield for the reduction of dichromate, Cr(VI) → Cr 3+ , in an acidic aqueous perchloric acid solution of potassium dichromate, may be increased from 0.04 to >0.2 μ mol J -1 by adding acetic acid. The increased yield, G [-(Cr 2 O 7 ) 2- ] is about the same in N 2- and O 2 -saturated solutions. The molar linear absorption coefficient at 350 nm also is the same in both solutions ( ϵ m = 2800 M -1 cm -1 ) at pH 0.4. The proposed mechanism to explain the enhanced response in N 2 -saturated solutions involves the efficient reaction of acetic acid with hydroxyl radicals by the abstraction of H from the methyl group; the resulting acid radicals react with relatively high yield to reduce Cr(VI). In O 2 -saturated solution, the acetic acid radical apparently goes through an acetic acid peroxyl radical by a bimolecular reaction to the tetroxide intermediate of acetic acid, which releases H 2 O 2 with relatively high yield by a Bennett-type reaction. This additional H 2 O 2 , as a reducing agent, reacts slowly with dichromate and boosts the value of G [-(Cr 2 O 7 ) 2- ]. The negative slope of the response (Δ A vs dose) continues to increase during the period immediately after irradiation of oxygenated solution, due to slow reaction of radiolytically-produced H 2 O 2 with dichromate. There is also in both O 2 - and N 2 -saturated solution a long-term slow reaction involving oxidation of the organic substrate (in this case, acetic acid). Because of these instabilities, the solutions cannot readily be used for dosimetry without the presence of silver ions, which in the oxidized state, Ag 2+ , act to stabilize the solution after irradiation. The addition of silver dichromate at a concentration of 0.1 mM decreases the yield to G [-(Cr 2 O 7 ) 2- ] = 0.17 μ mol J -1 , but greatly improves the stability of the solution after irradiation. The absorbed dose range for the modified dichromate dosimeter when analyzed spectrophotometrically at 350 nm wavelength is approx. 2 × 10 2 -2 × 10 3 Gy.
China Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research: Building a Sustainable, Globally Integrated Research Enterprise

As the head of the Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research in China, En Li was shepherding a $1 billion R&D investment in China. So far he had been able to attract a large number of Chinese-born but US-trained scientists to play a critical role in establishing the site. How sustainable was this strategy, and what were the key things he had to do right to establish a globally integrated R&D unit in China?Learning Objective: Examine the issues surrounding the establishment of a new R&D facility in China that will be part of a global network.
Laser Scattering characterization of Subsurface Defect/Damage in Silicon-Nitride Ceramic Valves

An automated laser-scattering system for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) was developed to scan silicon-nitride engine valves for distributed subsurface defects/damage. The technique is based on a cross-polarization detection method that measures only the optical scattering from the subsurface. The system utilizes two-rotation and two-translation stages to align and focus the laser beam on the valve surface during the entire scan, and the resulting two-dimensional scattering image is used to identify the location, size, and relative severity of subsurface defects. Laser-scattering images were obtained for two silicon-nitride valves made from NT551 (Norton-Saint Gobain) that were subjected to ambient-temperature cyclic-impact loads for 100 hours. These data were analyzed and compared with surface photomicroscopy results.
Enzyme Kinetics, Substitutable Resources and Competition: From Biochemistry to Frequency-Dependent Selection in lac

Trade-offs in catalytic efficiency at the lac permease of Escherichia coli produce alleles with different substrate specializations that are selectively favored on different galactosides. We show that differential resource utilization during competition for mixtures of galactosides produces frequency-dependent selection at lac. However, the polymorphism is protected only in a narrow range of galactoside ratios despite intense selection on the pure galactosides. Hence, stabilizing frequency-dependent selection protecting natural allozyme polymorphisms through differential resource utilization will be sporadic and ephemeral in randomly changing environments. A comparison of predictions, based on first principles, with experimental outcomes reveals an additional, unanticipated source of weak selection.