cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Risk Assessment Among Older Patients With Diabetes

A patient’s prognosis and risk of adverse drug effects are important considerations for individualizing care of older patients with diabetes. This review summarizes the evidence for risk assessment and proposes approaches for clinicians in the context of current clinical guidelines. Diabetes guidelines vary in their recommendations for how life expectancy should be estimated and used to inform the selection of glycemic targets. Readily available prognostic tools may improve estimation of life expectancy but require validation among patients with diabetes. Treatment decisions based on prognosis are difficult for clinicians to communicate and for patients to understand. Determining hypoglycemia risk involves assessing major risk factors; models to synthesize these factors have been developed. Applying risk assessment to individualize diabetes care is complex and currently relies heavily on clinician judgment. More research is need to validate structured approaches to risk assessment and determine how to incorporate them into patient-centered diabetes care.
DuoRelay: Parallel Interference Nulling using Full-duplex Relaying

In recent years, the volume of uplink traffic in our networks has grown and become increasingly diverse. Typically, concurrent uplink transmissions can be made possible by allowing the APs to collaborate over the wired backbone for control signalling as well as data decoding. In our paper, we remove the dependency over the wired backbone for data decoding without requiring any pre-coding constraints at the clients’ end. Our paper contrasts with other existing works which can decode concurrent uplink data-streams without the backbone as they either need multiple antennas at the transmitters/receivers, pre-coding at the transmitters or antennas to be physically moved at the receivers. In our paper, we address the problem space of single antenna transmitters and receivers and enable concurrent uplink transmissions by leveraging the recent developments in full-duplex wireless communication. We make each of our APs act as full-duplex relay nodes. Each AP cancels its own client’s signal at the other AP, thus enabling themselves to clearly hear their own clients without requiring any pre-coding at the clients’ end. We implemented and evaluated our scheme using USRP N210 software defined radios and achieved upto 1.48x throughput gains over TDMA. The throughput improvement over TDMA is upto 1.7x in our system level simulations with our greedy node selection algorithm.
Institutional capital, urban poverty and household wealth in Cape Town

Abstract This article identifies factors that explain urban poverty by focusing on the relationship between institutional capital and household wealth in Cape Town. Data from a survey (n = 1396) among the extreme and relatively poor is utilized. Factor analysis is employed to identify factors that compose institutional capital. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is used to develop the household wealth variable from a list of household assets. Multiple regression analysis is utilized to predict the effect of extracted factors on household wealth. Results show that institutional capital comprises reliance on (1) the rule of law, (2) public service provision and economic institutions, and (3) political leadership, and is distinct from social capital. Greater reliance on the rule of law and on public service provision and economic institutions predicts higher household wealth, while counterintuitively, greater reliance on political leadership predicts lower household wealth.
Physical and Functional Compartmentalization of Archaeal Chromosomes.

Summary The three-dimensional organization of chromosomes can have a profound impact on their replication and expression. The chromosomes of higher eukaryotes possess discrete compartments that are characterized by differing transcriptional activities. Contrastingly, most bacterial chromosomes have simpler organization with local domains, the boundaries of which are influenced by gene expression. Numerous studies have revealed that the higher-order architectures of bacterial and eukaryotic chromosomes are dependent on the actions of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) superfamily protein complexes, in particular, the near-universal condensin complex. Intriguingly, however, many archaea, including members of the genus Sulfolobus do not encode canonical condensin. We describe chromosome conformation capture experiments on Sulfolobus species. These reveal the presence of distinct domains along Sulfolobus chromosomes that undergo discrete and specific higher-order interactions, thus defining two compartment types. We observe causal linkages between compartment identity, gene expression, and binding of a hitherto uncharacterized SMC superfamily protein that we term “coalescin.”
The relationship of implicit bias to perceptions of teaching ability: examining good looks, race, age, and gender

Education leaders consistently make quick decisions that have substantial impacts on the students and educators, with whom they work, often based on ambiguous and incomplete information. Thus, in this fast-paced, imperfect decision-making environment, implicit, unconscious biases can influence their decisions. To become better decision-makers, education leaders must learn to identify their implicit biases and then minimize their negative influences. In this study of 1,751 U.S. participants, we examine perceptions of teaching ability based solely on a person’s appearance and how this initial perception of teaching ability relates to the person’s attractiveness rating, as well as race, age, gender, and some identifiable markers of religious devotion. Using linear regression and ANCOVA to analyze participant ratings of photographs of potential teachers, we found attractiveness to have a moderate to strong influence on perceived teaching ability. By group, there were only small differences in perceived teaching ability by race, gender, and age, with the exception of Sikh men wearing turbans and Muslim women wearing hijabs, where both groups had the lowest ability ratings. However, for individual photographs, across combinations of race, religion, age, and gender, ratings generally favored female over male teachers and disfavored Sikh men in turbans and Muslim women in hijabs.
Modeling of the thermo-mechanical response and texture evolution of WE43 Mg alloy in the dynamic recrystallization regime using a viscoplastic self-consistent formulation

Abstract This paper presents a microstructure sensitive model for predicting mechanical response and texture evolution of metals in the dynamic recrystallization regime. A recently proposed viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) formulation for the prediction of recrystallization driven by strain energy and intragranular misorientation is extended to hexagonal close-packed (hcp) metals. The model is applied to the dynamic recrystallization of magnesium alloy WE43 at different temperatures and strain rates. Model predictions in terms of stress-strain response and texture evolution are compared to the experimental measurements and acceptable agreement is achieved. According to the model predictions, superplastic behavior of nuclei was found to be the dominant softening mechanism at high temperatures and low strain rates. High concentration of precipitates at the grain boundaries and presence of alloying elements are the likely causes of low boundary mobility, resulting in nucleation dominated dynamic recrystallization. Relatively strong basal compression textures indicate dominant activity of basal slip, which can be achieved only through large difference in slip resistance between soft basal and hard prismatic and pyramidal modes.
LRRTM4 is a member of the transsynaptic complex between rod photoreceptors and bipolar cells

Leucine rich repeat transmembrane (LRRTM) proteins are synaptic adhesion molecules with roles in synapse formation and signaling. LRRTM4 transcripts were previously shown to be enriched in rod bipolar cells (BCs), secondary neurons of the retina that form synapses with rod photoreceptors. Using two different antibodies, LRRTM4 was found to reside primarily at rod BC dendritic tips, where it colocalized with the transduction channel protein, TRPM1. LRRTM4 was not detected at dendritic tips of ON-cone BCs. Following somatic knockout of LRRTM4 in BCs by subretinal injection and electroporation of CRISPR/Cas9, LRRTM4 was abolished or reduced in the dendritic tips of transfected cells. Knockout cells had a normal complement of TRPM1 at their dendritic tips, while GPR179 accumulation was partially reduced. In experiments with heterologously expressed protein, the extracellular domain of LRRTM4 was found to engage in heparan-sulfate dependent binding with pikachurin. These results implicate LRRTM4 in the GPR179-pikachurin-dystroglycan transsynaptic complex at rod synapses.
Hemodynamic and Functional Impact of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract Objectives This study determined the impact of excess epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) in patients with the obese phenotype of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Background Patients with HFpEF and an elevated body mass index differ from nonobese patients, but beyond generalized obesity, fat distribution may be more important. Increases in EAT are associated with excess visceral adiposity, inflammation, and cardiac fibrosis, and EAT has been speculated to play an important role in the pathophysiology of HFpEF, but no study has directly evaluated this question. Methods Patients with HFpEF and obesity (n = 169) underwent invasive hemodynamic exercise testing with expired gas analysis and echocardiography. Increased EAT was defined by echocardiography (EAT thickness ≥9 mm). Results Compared with obese patients without increased EAT (HFpEFEAT−, n = 92), obese patients with HFpEF with increased EAT (HFpEFEAT+; n = 77) displayed a higher left ventricular eccentricity index, indicating increased pericardial restraint, but similar resting biventricular structure and function. In contrast, hemodynamics were more abnormal in patients with HFpEFEAT+, with higher right atrial, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures at rest and during exercise compared with those of patients with HFpEFEAT−. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was reduced in both groups but was 20% lower in patients with HFpEFEAT+ (p Conclusions Among patients with the obese phenotype of HFpEF, the presence of increased EAT is associated with more profound hemodynamic derangements at rest and exercise, including greater elevation in cardiac filling pressures, more severe pulmonary hypertension, and greater pericardial restraint, culminating in poorer exercise capacity. Further study is needed to understand the biology and treatment of excessive EAT in patients with HFpEF.
Who are the comorbid adolescents? Agreement between psychiatric diagnosis, youth, parent, and teacher report.

The investigators examined the rates of psychiatric comorbidity for externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, using semistructured diagnostic interview and parent, teacher, and youth report on the Achenbach checklists. The study also evaluated the effects of conjunctive, compensatory, and disjunctive data combination strategies. Using the same data and identical diagnostic thresholds, between 5 and 74% of 189 youths presenting to an outpatient clinic were identified as having comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems. Parent report and semistructured interview indicated the highest comorbidity rates. Despite good cross-source agreement (rs .29–.58), there was very little agreement about which specific youths presented with comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems (kappas .14–.40). Results also indicate that single DSM-IV disorders, such as bipolar disorder, can manifest “comorbid” patterns of behavior problems on checklists.
The effectiveness of chief financial officer board membership in improving corporate investment efficiency

The key roles of the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) in firm operating performance, corporate strategic choices, and corporate governance have been increasingly emphasized in recent decades. In this study, we empirically investigate the relation between CFO board membership and corporate investment efficiency to determine whether CFO presence on the board reduces firms’ propensity to over- or underinvest. We find that CFO board membership is significantly associated with a decreased level of corporate over- and underinvestment. Further, the positive effects of CFO board membership on corporate investment efficiency are greater for firms with greater information asymmetries. Last but not least, we find that the improved investment efficiency experienced by firms with CFOs on their boards has a positive effect on the firms’ future performance. Overall, we find that CFO board membership is associated with improved investment efficiency and firms’ future profitability. By documenting the real business impact of CFO board membership on investment efficiency and firms’ future performance, we add bricks to the literature on board composition and how it influences firms’ strategic choices and performance. Our findings suggest that having CFOs on boards could benefit firms’ investment practices, which directly relate to corporate strategic performance.
Commerce Versus Commentary: Gripe Sites, Parody, and the First Amendment in Cyberspace

The Global Online Freedom Bill of 2006 emphasizes the importance of freedom of speech on the Internet as a fundamental human right. However, the backbone of the World Wide Web, the Internet domain name system, is a poor example of protecting free speech, particularly in terms of the balance between speech and commercial trademark interests. This is apparent from the manner in which the legislature and the judiciary deal with cases involving Internet gripe sites and parody sites. The lack of a clear consensus on the protection of free speech in these contexts is troubling, and can be found in a number of recent cases involving situations such as use ∗ Professor and Co-Director, Center for Law, Technology, and the Arts, and Associate Director, Frederick K. Cox International Law Center, School of Law, Case Western Reserve University, 11075 East Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. E-mail: Jacqueline.Lipton@ case.edu. Fax: (216) 368-2086. The author would like to thank Professors Robert Denicola, Patricia Bellia, Joseph Bauer, Mark Janis, Paul Heald, Bruce Boyden, Ira Nathenson, Andrea Matwyshyn, Elizabeth Rowe, and Michael Madison for comments on earlier drafts of this Article. Thanks are also due to participants at the Works In Progress Intellectual Property Colloquium 2006 at Pittsburgh Law School, October 6–7, 2006, as well as participants at faculty workshops at the Notre Dame Law School, University of Florida Levin College of Law, University of Iowa College of Law, and University of Georgia School of Law during the fall semester of 2006. Any errors or omissions are, of course, my own. Washington University Open Scholarship p 1327 Lipton book pages.doc10/2/2007 1328 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [VOL. 84:1327 of the peta.org domain name for a parody site on the activities of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals; use of bosleymedical.com for a gripe site about the practices of the Bosley Medical Institute; and use of a misspelling of the Reverend Jerry Falwell’s last name (fallwell.com) for a website critical of the Reverend’s viewpoints on homosexuality. This Article examines how trademark law has come to trump freedom of expression under the domain name system and makes recommendations for regulatory reform to ensure a better balance of rights in the future. In particular, it suggests the development of presumptions against trademark infringement in cases clearly involving criticism or parody of a trademark holder in cyberspace.
The spectrogram, method of reassignment, and frequency-domain beamforming

A smeared spectrogram is a result of the smoothing kernel in the short-time Fourier-transform (STFT). Besides the smeared energy, time and frequency phase information is also smeared, i.e., spectral components may contain imprecise phase information. The STFT is also used as the basis for more advanced signal processing techniques such as frequency-domain beamforming and cross correlation (CC). Both methods seek the delay time between signals by exploring phase-shifts in the frequency domain. Due to the inexact phase information in some of the time-frequency elements, their phase shifts are incorrect. This study re-introduces the reassigned spectrogram (RS) as a measure to fix the STFT artifacts. Moreover, it is shown that by using the RS, phase shifts can be optimized and improve beamforming and CC results. Synthetic and recorded data are used to show the advantage of using the RS in time-frequency analysis, CC, and beamforming. Results show that, subject to certain constraints, the RS provides exact time-frequency representation of deterministic signals and significantly improve CC and beamforming results. Array analysis of infrasonic signals shows that better results are obtained by either the RS- or STFT-based analysis depending on the signals' spectral components and noise levels.
Cyclooxygenase production of PGE2 promotes phagocyte control of A. fumigatus hyphal growth in larval zebrafish

Invasive aspergillosis is a common opportunistic infection, causing >50% mortality in infected immunocompromised patients. The specific molecular mechanisms of the innate immune system that prevent pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompetent individuals are not fully understood. Here, we used a zebrafish larva-Aspergillus infection model to identify cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme signaling as one mechanism that promotes host survival. Larvae exposed to the pan-COX inhibitor indomethacin succumb to infection at a significantly higher rate than control larvae. COX signaling is both macrophage- and neutrophil-mediated. However, indomethacin treatment has no effect on phagocyte recruitment. Instead, COX signaling promotes phagocyte-mediated inhibition of germination and invasive hyphal growth. Protective COX-mediated signaling requires the receptor EP2 and exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) rescues indomethacin-induced decreased immune control of fungal growth. Collectively, we find that COX signaling activates the PGE2-EP2 pathway to increase control A. fumigatus hyphal growth by phagocytes in zebrafish larvae. Author SummaryInvasive aspergillosis causes mortality in >50% of infected patients. It is caused by a free-living fungus Aspergillus fumigatus which releases thousands of airborne spores. While healthy individuals clear inhaled spores efficiently, in immunocompromised individuals these spores grow into filamentous hyphae and destroy lungs and other tissues causing invasive aspergillosis. The immune mechanisms that control this fungal growth in healthy people are still largely unknown. Here, we used a larval zebrafish model of A. fumigatus infection to determine that cyclooxygenase enzymes, which are the target of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are important to control the fungus. Innate immune cells use cyclooxygenase signaling to prevent hyphal growth and tissue destruction. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms that immune cells deploy to stop invasive growth of A. fumigatus and inform development of future strategies to combat invasive aspergillosis.
Diarrhea-Predominant and Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Current Prescription Drug Treatment Options

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a heterogenous disease with a variety of therapeutic options, including eight prescription drugs approved for use in IBS in the USA. Choosing among the myriad treatment options requires attention to patient preferences both on clinical outcomes and costs associated with treatment. We performed a narrative review of the literature to summarize these important determinants of treatment choice including: labeled indications; clinical profiles of efficacy, safety, and tolerability of prescription drugs; and cost-effectiveness for diarrhea-predominant IBS drugs (IBS-D: alosetron, eluxadoline, and rifaximin) and constipation-predominant IBS drugs (IBS-C: linaclotide, lubiprostone, plecanatide, tegaserod, and tenapanor). We then review the standard model of shared decision-making aimed at guiding an informed, patient-centered discussion to integrate comparative clinical and cost outcomes toward choosing an IBS treatment in practice.
Ausgewählte Steuerprobleme bei steuerlich gemeinnützigen Krankenhäusern unter Berücksichtigung des Rechnungswesens

§ 1 KHBV bestimmt, das die Vorschriften des Steuerrechts bei der Anwendung der Krankenhaus-Buchfuhrungsverordnung unberucksichtigt bleiben. Somit sind steuerliche Aspekte bei gemeinnutzigen Krankenhausern von geringer Bedeutung. Dennoch bedingen nachstehende Sachverhalte eine Auseinandersetzung mit dieser Problematik.
Visualization of allergic immunity reveals non-coordinate expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in the innate immune system (HYP6P.260)

Allergic disease affects more than 3 billion people globally. In developed countries, allergic disease manifests itself as allergy and asthma, while in developing countries it takes the form of parasitic infections. The pathogenesis that develops as a consequence of allergic inflammation is mediated by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13. Re-stimulation studies have demonstrated that a variety of cells in the lung are competent to produce IL-4 and IL-13 in vitro. At the present time, however, we have no clear understanding of which cells are responsible for producing these cytokines in vivo. In order to examine the cellular sources of IL-4 and IL-13 during allergic inflammation, we used IL-4 and IL-13 cytokine reporter mice to directly visualize cytokine production in vivo. These studies revealed that CD4+ T cells were the primary source of both IL-4 and IL-13 in allergic inflammation. Additionally, these studies revealed that CD4+ T cells produce IL-4 and IL-13 equivalently on a per cell basis. This is in stark contrast to innate cells, which preferentially produce either IL-4 or IL-13. NKT cells, eosinophils, and basophils produce IL-4, while ILC2 cells produce IL-13. Interestingly, IL-13 production was restricted to cells expressing high GATA-3. No such relationship was observed in IL-4 producing innate cells. In summary, these findings challenge the current dogma of coordinate regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 during allergic inflammation.
Updating and refining prevalence estimates of disordered gambling behaviour in the United States and Canada

Background: This study updates prevalence estimates of gambling-related disorders in the United States and Canada, identifies differences in prevalence estimates among population segments, and identifies changes in prevalence over the past 25 years. Method: A meta-analytic strategy guided the synthesis of 180 estimates derived from 146 prevalence studies. Results: Prevalence estimates among adolescent samples were significantly higher than estimates among adult samples for both clinical (level 3) and sub-clinical (level 2) measures of disordered gambling within both lifetime and past-year time frames. Among adults, level 3 prevalence estimates continue to increase significantly. Conclusions: Membership in youth, treatment, and prison population segments is significantly associated with experiencing gambling-related disorders. Understanding sub-clinical gamblers provides a meaningful opportunity to lower the public health burden associated with gambling disorders. Prospective studies of incidence are necessary to determine whether the prevalence of disordered gambling continues to increase among the adult general population and how adolescent gambling experiences change as this cohort ages.
A proposed metric for the evaluation of natural language systems

It is proposed that a simple number scale be established for the evaluation of natural-language text-processing systems. This metric is to be based on human linguistic performance, taken as 1.0, and is the simple average of four subcomponents, i.e. the size of the lexicon, the speed and accuracy of the parse, and the overall experience of the system. The metric would represent the ability to parse English text at the rate of 12 sentences per minute with perfect accuracy based on a vocabulary of 25000 words and an experience base of 40 million sentences. It is noted that, if such a metric can be successfully implemented for natural-language projects it can then serve as a model for the development of validation techniques for other hard-to-evaluate stress in artificial intelligence such as expert system, learning, or pattern-recognition programs. >
Fluid Management in Pediatric Urology: A Review of the Literature and Call for a Change in Practice

Abstract Introduction We investigate the intravenous fluid ordering practices of pediatric urologists. We also provide evidence for the use of isotonic fluids and, thus, establish a new standard for the field. Methods An online questionnaire was distributed via the listserve of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Urology. For 3 patient scenarios the respondents were asked to select which intravenous fluid they would prescribe and which infusion rate they would choose. Fluid choices were listed as lactated Ringer solution, normal saline, 0.45% normal saline, 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer solution, 5% dextrose in 0.45% normal saline, none and other (with write-in option). Infusion rate choices were listed as maintenance (defined according to the Holliday-Segar 4-2-1 nomogram), ½x maintenance, 1.5x maintenance, 2x maintenance and other (with write-in option). A final question probed physician reason(s) for selections. Results The survey had a 35% response rate. The majority of respondents use 5% dextrose in 0.45% normal saline, and the most common infusion rate is 1.5x maintenance. Additionally, choices for fluid use and infusion rate were based on a combination of physician training and personal experience. Only 13% of respondents stated that they routinely avoid isotonic fluids. A PubMed® literature search demonstrated that the general pediatric and surgical specialty literature discourages hypotonic fluids and favors the judicious use of isotonic hydration and dextrose. Conclusions A change in pediatric urology needs to occur such that isotonic fluids at maintenance rate become the standard, with the addition of dextrose and/or increasing of rate only for carefully selected patients.
Performance evaluation of a mobile agent-based VHE architecture in 3G networks

One of the most important aspects in the upcoming generations of mobile wireless telecommunications infrastructure is the virtual home environment (VHE) a ubiquitous approach in the delivery of services. In this paper, we study the performance benefits of mobile agents for coping with the technical challenges associated with the VHE. We investigate the performance of mobile agents in terms of response time for service provision in a 3G network against a conventional solution. We base our experiments in an integrated, open and extensible agent-based VHE architecture by taking into account a variety of service use scenarios. Finally, we present our results.
Dextransucrase and the mechanism for dextran biosynthesis.

Abstract Remaud-Simeon and co-workers [Moulis, C.; Joucla, G.; Harrison, D.; Fabre, E.; Potocki-Veronese, G.; Monsan, P.; Remaud-Simeon, M. J. Biol. Chem. , 2006 , 281 , 31254–31267] have recently proposed that a truncated Escherichia coli recombinant B-512F dextransucrase uses sucrose and the hydrolysis product of sucrose, d -glucose, as initiator primers for the nonreducing-end synthesis of dextran. Using 14 C-labeled d -glucose in a dextransucrase–sucrose digest, it was found that d -glucose appears in a dextran of M n 84,420, showing that d -glucose is not an initiator primer, and when the dextran was treated with 0.01 M HCl at 80 °C for 90 min and a separate sample with invertase at 50 °C for 24 h, no d -fructose was formed, indicating that sucrose is not present at the reducing-end of dextran, showing that sucrose also was not an initiator primer. It is further shown that both d -glucose and dextran are covalently attached to B-512FMC dextransucrase at the active site during polymerization. A pulse reaction with [ 14 C]-sucrose and a chase reaction with nonlabeled sucrose, followed by dextran isolation, reduction, and acid hydrolysis, gave 14 C-glucitol in the pulsed dextran, which was significantly decreased in the chased dextran, showing that the d -glucose moieties of sucrose are added to the reducing-ends of the covalently linked growing dextran chains. The molecular size of dextran is shown to be inversely proportional to the concentration of the enzyme, indicating a highly processive mechanism in which d -glucose is rapidly added to the reducing-ends of the growing chains, which are extruded from the active site of dextransucrase. It is also shown how the three conserved amino acids (Asp551, Glu589, and Asp 622) at the active sites of glucansucrases participate in the polymerization of dextran and related glucans from a single active site by the addition of the d -glucose moiety of sucrose to the reducing-ends of the covalently linked glucan chains in a two catalytic-site, insertion mechanism.
Influence of tamoxifen and its N-desmethyl and 4-hydroxy metabolites on rat liver microsomal enzymes

Tamoxifen (Nolvadex; TAM) and its major metabolites, N-desmethyl- (DMT) and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (HT), were shown to be potent inhibitors of hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidations. From in vitro experiments, all three were found to be potent inhibitors of oxidation of Type-I substrates (ethylmorphine and aminopyrine) and less potent, non-competitive inhibitors of Type-II substrates (aniline and dimethylnitrosamine). TAM, DMT and HT were of essentially equal potency and had a much more pronounced effect on Type-I substrates than on Type-II compounds studied. Their action appears to parallel SKF-525A in type and potency of inhibition produced. Spectral binding studies suggest that TAM and its metabolites exert their effects by occupying the Type-I binding site of cytochrome P-450 and thus limiting the accessibility of other substrates to the active site of the enzyme. TAM (and its metabolites) also inhibits its own metabolism, altering the distribution and elimination half-lives of tamoxifen-derived species. In addition, tamoxifen metabolism was found to be sensitive to the presence of other drugs. These results raise concern regarding the role that continued administration of tamoxifen plays in changing its own disposition as well as in the detoxification of drugs administered with it.
Battery Capacity Footprinting and Optimization Analysis for Wireless Multimedia Communication

Micro-electronic industry has been boosting the capability of wireless mobile devices on full-scale. However, battery, as the only power source of most mobile devices, is experiencing a relatively slow development. Therefore, how to optimally utilize the limited battery energy on mobile devices under a predefined performance requirement becomes a critical issue. On the other hand, it is still unclear that how the battery capacity consumption is allocated on different working pattern of a specific video codec under various tempo-spatial scales and parameters, which has posed a design challenge on power management on multimedia communication system. Furthermore, an optimization method is needed to be proposed and experimentally tested to achieve the tradeoff between the computational complexity and the distortion of multimedia delivery in order to discover the relationship and interaction between computational parameters of multimedia communication and battery capacity consumption. In this paper, we set up a measurement system to reveal the battery capacity consumption behavior and its footprinting in a video delivery system using H.264 codec. A systematic optimization framework which jointly considers the coding parameters and transmission parameters is proposed to achieve the tradeoff between battery capacity consumption and quality of services (QoS). Experimental results indicate insight of relationship between multimedia communication parameters and battery capacity consumption under a desired distortion requirement which provides a guideline of optimization for applicable multimedia system.
Obesity disease and functional limitation in later life.

Little is known about the effects of obesity late in life. Using data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging and the Assets and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old Survey, this study finds an increased prevalence of obesity, over time, among those 70 and older. Obesity is related most strongly to limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) for women and to activities related to mobility. One ADL, eating, has a negative association to obesity. Obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension. These results are cross-sectional and are based on self-reports of height and weight; they must be interpreted cautiously.
Magnetic resonance studies of enzymesubstrate complexes with paramagnetic probes as illustrated by creatine kinase

Only two spectroscopic methods are capable of detecting individual atoms in macromolecular systems, X-ray diffraction in the crystalline state and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the liquid state. For an enzyme-substrate complex, X-ray diffraction can yield information on the geometric structure at the active site and nuclear magnetic resonance absorption can, in principle, yield information on the electronic structure at the active site and on the conformation of enzyme-substrate complexes. Both types of information are needed for unraveling the mechanism of enzyme catalysis on the molecular level. The exciting successes of X-ray diffraction in delineating active sites are already established; NMR, a comparative latecomer among spectroscopic techniques is just beginning to demonstrate its potentialities. McDonald & Phillips have summarized in their excellent review (1969) the work on direct observation of hydrogen atoms (protons) by NMR spectroscopy which has advanced our knowledge of protein structure. The extensive studies of Jardetzky and his co-workers on the NMR of ribonuclease and its inhibitor complexes has culminated in a suggested mechanism of catalytic action (Roberts et al. 1969).
The Reliability and Variation of Acetabular Component Anteversion Measurements From Cross-Table Lateral Radiographs

Although cross-table lateral (CL) radiographs are frequently used to assess acetabular component anteversion, the reliability of this method has not been established. We compared serial CL radiographs with computed tomography (CT) scans for 98 total hip arthroplasty patients (119 hips) undergoing surveillance of primary or revision total hip arthroplasty. Acetabular anteversion averaged 26.1° (range, -2° to 48.3°) on CL imaging and 28.8° (range, -7° to 54°) on CT scan. There was a strong correlation between anteversion determined from CT scans and serial CL images. However, variation on serial CL studies exceeded 10° for 20% of patients. Although CL imaging provides acceptable assessment of general component position, it has limited use for precise analysis in research, outcome reporting, or determination of cause of implant failure.
Age and gender differences in behavioral problems in Chinese children: Parent and teacher reports

Abstract This study examined age and gender differences in internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems in a large sample of Chinese children aged 6–15 ( N = 4472). The Chinese Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF) were used to assess these problems. Results showed that boys were scored higher than girls on externalizing problems by both parents and teachers, while girls were rated higher than boys on somatic problems by teachers. Parent reported externalizing problems tended to decline with age but there was no age effect on internalizing problems except slight increases with age on somatic problems. Older children tended to have higher scores than younger children on anxious and somatic problems as reported by teachers, while aggressive problems showed quadratic association with age, declining until age 10 and thereafter increasing. Parents and teachers tended to report more consistently with boys on externalizing problems but less consistently with boys on anxious and somatic syndromes. Directions for future research were provided.
Overexpression of Smurf2 Stimulates Endochondral Ossification Through Upregulation of β-Catenin

Ectopic expression of Smurf2 in chondrocytes and perichondrial cells accelerated endochondral ossification by stimulating chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast development through upregulation of β-catenin in Col2a1-Smurf2 embryos. The mechanism underlying Smurf2-mediated morphological changes during embryonic development may provide new mechanistic insights and potential targets for prevention and treatment of human osteoarthritis. Introduction: Our recent finding that adult Col2a1-Smurf2 mice have an osteoarthritis-like phenotype in knee joints prompted us to examine the role of Smurf2 in the regulation of chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast differentiation during embryonic endochondral ossification. Materials and Methods: We analyzed gene expression and morphological changes in developing limbs by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, skeletal preparation, and histology. A series of markers for chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast differentiation in developing limbs were examined by in situ hybridization. Results: Ectopic overexpression of Smurf2 driven by the Col2a1 promoter was detected in chondrocytes and in the perichondrium/periosteum of 16.5 dpc transgenic limbs. Ectopic Smurf2 expression in cells of the chondrogenic lineage inhibited chondrocyte differentiation and stimulated maturation; ectopic Smurf2 in cells of the osteoblastic lineage stimulated osteoblast differentiation. Mechanistically, this could be caused by a dramatic increase in the expression of β-catenin protein levels in the chondrocytes and perichondrial/periosteal cells of the Col2a1-Smurf2 limbs. Conclusions: Ectopic expression of Smurf2 driven by the Col2a1 promoter accelerated the process of endochondral ossification including chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast differentiation through upregulation of β-catenin, suggesting a possible mechanism for development of osteoarthritis seen in these mice.
On the temperature dependence of electron transport by small-polaron motion

Abstract It is suggested that the conventional model of electron transfer by phonon-assisted small polarons neglects a term due to the temperature-dependent overlap. It is shown how this term can be included, and the implications for its incorporation for the d.c. electronic conduction in some low-conductivity solids are described.
Aqueous solutions of the mono- and di-hydrogenphosphate salts of sodium and potassium at elevated temperatures. Isopiestic results

Abstract Isopiestic molalities of aqueous solutions of Na 2 HPO 4 , K 2 HPO 4 , NaH 2 PO 4 , and KH 2 PO 4 have been measured at intervals from T = 383.15 K to T = 498.15 K, with NaCl (aq) as the isopiestic standard for the calculation of osmotic coefficients. Osmotic coefficients for these electrolytes, already low at T = 298.15 K, decreased even more at elevated temperatures, becoming quite low with equilibrium isopiestic molalities as large as 15 mol · kg − 1 . Minor modifications of the standard ion-interaction model were necessary in order to obtain an acceptable fit of the experimental osmotic coefficients. Stoichiometric activity coefficients were computed from parameters resulting from the least-squares fit, which was quite good, of the osmotic coefficients. In the case of the di-hydrogenphosphates the relative order of the osmotic and activity coefficients reversed at the higher temperatures, which was not observed for the mono-hydrogenphosphates.
Operational Definition of “Support”

Terms are often used without much precision. To enhance communication, job satisfaction, and delivery of care, nurses might do well to agree on an operational definition of “support.” The context of this discussion is the process of labor, but the more general applications should be obvious.
Microhabitat Utilization in Desert Rodents: A Comparison of Two Methods of Measurement

Donnees obtenues sur des rongeurs du Great Basin Desert: les piegeages et l'observation des traces donnent des resultats similaires et peuvent etre utilises pour analyser les differences interspecifiques dans l'utilisation du microhabitat
SUMMARY OF RECENT RESEARCH ON GROWTH RATE DISPERSION OF CONTACT NUCLEI

Recent contact nucleation studies are reviewed. The importance of the phenomenon of growth rate dispersion determining the crystal size distribution is discussed. Directions for future work are suggested.
Improving Light Extraction Efficiencies of Light Emitting Diodes by Using Self-Assembled Subwavelength Gratings

We have developed an inexpensive and scalable non-lithography technological platform based on colloidal self-assembly for fabricating subwavelength-structured gratings for improving light extraction efficiencies of both inorganic and organic light emitting diodes.
Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathectomy: At What Level Should You Perform Surgery?

Several interventions are possible on the sympathetic chain and the nomenclature has been confusing. The authors propose a uniform nomenclature for each procedure, mainly, sympathectomy for resection or ablation of the ganglion, sympathicotomy for the transaction of the chain, ramicotomy for the procedure preserving the chain and ganglia and severing the rami, and finally, sympathetic block for clipping above and below the ganglia. They recommend intervention on the T2 ganglia for facial hyperhidrosis and rubor, on the T3 ganglia for palmar hyperhidrosis, and on the T3 and T4 ganglia for axillary hyperhidrosis.
Classification of trunk movements during gait in cerebral palsy

s / Gait & Posture 39S (2014) S1–S141 S27 muscles of each lower limb. All these data allowed us to compute the GDI [1], the Gillette Gait Index (GGI) [2] and our EMG index. Moreover,we recorded twovideos (face andprofile) of eachpatient to compute his/her Edinburgh Visual Gait Score (EVGS) [4]. To evaluate our EMG index, we then compute its correlation with each of these three kinematics-based indices. Results: EMGprofiles of healthy subjects are presented on Fig. 1 (left) for each of the seven muscles selected. They are actually consistent with previous recording reported in literature [4]. Mean index value for patients is 63.0 (±10.4, SD) and the range was between 47.8 and 91.6. The EMG profile of one patient with quit low score (57.1 in average) is presented on Fig. 1 (right). Computed by sides, the correlations with our index goes from fair for GDI (R2 =0.42) to good for GGI and EVGS (respectively R2 =0.62 and R2 =0.69). This result remains similar when computed by subjects (mean of two sides) with slightly higher R2 values of 0.49 for GDI, 0.72 for GGI and 0.71 for EVGS. Discussionandconclusions:Ourmain result is that our index is consistent with kinematics indices as correlations are fair to good. It thus can be used to evaluate gait and is complementary to one of these three kinematical indices providing synthetic vision on patients’ motor control abilities. In conclusion, as EVGS and our index use ordinary and simple clinical devices, the physician can compute both of them to get relevant information both for kinematics and neuromotor aspects in clinical routine.
Mental health and population density.

Abstract A comparison of mental illness and narcotic use in rural and urban areas indicates a greater incidence in areas with high population density. A hypothesis explored is that prior experiences condition some to be sanguine and others melancholic. Whereas both are vulnerable to stress, the reactions to signals indicating punishment will vary according to the conditioned temperament. The great frequency of signals in high population density areas activates a general stress reaction. Relief can be obtained for the melancholic by withdrawal, whereas for the sanguine it is by the use of drugs.
Trait Goal Orientation, Self-Regulation, and Performance: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to meta-analytically examine trait goal orientation constructs and their relationships with the self-regulation variables of self-monitoring, self-evaluations, self-reactions, and self-efficacy as well as task performance across a range of contexts.
Communication-centric Spacecraft Design Optimization Tool and its Application to the Lunar Relay Satellite Design

The process of spacecraft design is highly complicated and often requires in-depth trade studies that involve a large number of variables in vast search spaces. Leading factors such as payload, technological capabilities, and trajectory, to name a few, are traded against costs. It is highly desirable to have a design tool at the early conceptual phases that could lead to an optimal design of the system and prevent unforeseen setback, cumbersome mission operations, or budget overrun. In this paper, we propose a communication-centric spacecraft design optimization tool, to be used at the beginning of the spacecraft design phases, to assess the design performance based on communication metrics. The considered tool takes into account the dynamic geometry of the spacecraft, either an orbiter or a landing asset, along with the planetary ephemeris and spacecraft telecom systems to calculate the telecom metrics of interest to optimize the design. Key spacecraft design parameters will be quantified from the communication perspective by the proposed tool, including optimal aperture size, the need of a gimbal mechanism for the antenna, and the required transmitting power, etc. In addition, the tool can optimize the overall layout of the spacecraft antennas, the solar panels, and other onboard instruments. Simulations from the proposed tool can suggest where the appropriate devices can be placed to ensure constant and unobstructed view. It can point out possible risks of the maneuvers in order for the spacecraft to maintain the desired position by identifying how frequently and how elaborately the spacecraft must be oriented. Preliminary work has been implemented for a future lunar relay satellite to be launched no later than 2020 to provide relay communication service to a human base stationed in the Southern Polar region. Discussion on how the tool can align the design parameters with the lunar infrastructure communication needs and how the antenna should be oriented, including pointing strategy will also be presented.