cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning from healthy and stable eyes

HighlightsWe present a two-step framework for glaucoma progression detection.The Markov prior increases significantly the change detection rate.The one-class kernel classifier performs better than the fuzzy-based classifier.The use of the whole 3D SD-OCT images improves the glaucoma change detection. Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells, resulting in distinctive changes in the optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fiber layer. Important advances in technology for non-invasive imaging of the eye have been made providing quantitative tools to measure structural changes in ONH topography, a crucial step in diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma. Three dimensional (3D) spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), an optical imaging technique, is now the standard of care for diagnosing and monitoring progression of numerous eye diseases. MethodThis paper aims to detect changes in multi-temporal 3D SD-OCT ONH images using a hierarchical fully Bayesian framework and then to differentiate between changes reflecting random variations or true changes due to glaucoma progression. To this end, we propose the use of kernel-based support vector data description (SVDD) classifier. SVDD is a well-known one-class classifier that allows us to map the data into a high-dimensional feature space where a hypersphere encloses most patterns belonging to the target class. ResultsThe proposed glaucoma progression detection scheme using the whole 3D SD-OCT images detected glaucoma progression in a significant number of cases showing progression by conventional methods (78%), with high specificity in normal and non-progressing eyes (93% and 94% respectively). ConclusionThe use of the dependency measurement in the SVDD framework increased the robustness of the proposed change-detection scheme with comparison to the classical support vector machine and SVDD methods. The validation using clinical data of the proposed approach has shown that the use of only healthy and non-progressing eyes to train the algorithm led to a high diagnostic accuracy for detecting glaucoma progression compared to other methods.
A note on racial differences in the effect of female economic opportunity on marriage rates

The previously observed aggregate relationship between marriage rates and female work opportunities is not found among black Americans. Alternative definitions of family formation which take illegitimacy into consideration are explored and also found to be unrelated to black females’ economic opportunities. Although some of the difference may be attributed to measurement error, the significant disparity between the two populations probably reflects substantive differences.
Heterogeneous Freezing of Aqueous Particles Induced by Crystallized (NH4)2SO4, Ice, and Letovicite

Heterogeneous freezing of aqueous particles with solid inclusions of crystallized (NH4)2SO4, ice, and letovicite were studied using optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. For (NH4)2SO4−H2O particles, the heterogeneous freezing temperature was found to be dependent on the morphology of the (NH4)2SO4 solid. If the crystallized solid was in the form of microcrystals, the heterogeneous ice-freezing temperature was close to the eutectic temperature and the critical saturation with respect to ice was close to 1. However, if the solid was in the form of one or two large crystals, the heterogeneous freezing temperature was close to the homogeneous freezing temperature. For particles with one or two large (NH4)2SO4 crystals in equilibrium with (NH4)2SO4−H2O solution, we have estimated an upper limit of 1.5 × 10-5 s-1 μm-2 for Jhet (heterogeneous nucleation rate of ice, immersion freezing mode). Our results for NH4HSO4−H2O particles show that when one or two large crystals of either ice or letovi...
Uranium-235 fallout from the nuclear-powered satellite Cosmos-1402

The presence of excess uranium-235 was detected in many of the rain samples collected at Fayetteville (36°N, 94°W), Arkansas, during the period between April 1983 and March 1984. The experimental data indicate that the uranium-235 originated from the nuclear reactor on board the Soviet satellite Cosmos-1402, which fell over the South Atlantic Ocean on 7 February 1983.
Leaving Retirement: Age-Graded Relative Risks of Transitioning Back to Work or Dying

Demographic research has documented the age-graded risk of returning to work after a period of retirement; few studies, however, have disaggregated this risk into the different forms work takes in later life. Moreover, prior research has not explored the age-graded risk of re-retiring after reentry. This study uses the 1992–2008 Health and Retirement Study to first examine the age-graded and duration dependent risks of transitioning to full-time work, part-time work, and mortality from full retirement. Second, this study documents the age-graded duration of reemployment, and the age-graded risk of re-retiring. Results from multi-decrement life tables indicate reemployment both occurs more frequently and lasts longer than previously estimated. The gender differences in risk of reemployment are modest, although women are at greater risk of returning to part-time work, whereas men are at greater risk of returning to full-time work. Additionally, retirees from services-producing industries are at lower risk of transitioning to work, but greater risks of mortality, suggesting retirement is a less permanent feature in the life course of retirees from goods-producing industries. Finally, the results suggest Social Security benefit eligibility plays a part in reducing reentry at later ages.
PION EXCHANGE AND INCLUSIVE SPECTRA.

Abstract We discuss the implications of pion exchange for inclusive distributions in high energy pp collisions. An approximate spectrum for p + p → n + X is predicted and the possible corrections are pointed out. The role played by π-exchange, in building the asymptotic α T (pp), is studied. Other related processes, for which the same analysis applies, are briefly mentioned.
Activation of intraperitoneal T cells after stimulation with antigen specific major histocompatibility class (MHC) I tetramer

Abstract Introduction: Appropriate trafficking and activation of CD8+ T cells in the peritoneal cavity are essential in the response to a number of insults, including intra-abdominal sepsis and carcinomatosis. The dynamics of the CD8+ T cell response in the peritoneal cavity however, have not been well characterized. Antigen specific MHC I tetramers activate CD8+ T cells directly, without requiring antigen presenting cells, and have been used extensively to analyze CD8+ T cell function in vivo. In this study, we used antigen specific MHC class I tetramer to evaluate intraperitoneal T cell activation and trafficking of CD8+ T cells after adoptive transfer in vivo. Methods: We adoptively transferred (AT) CFSE labeled P14 T cells (TCR specific for LCMV peptide gp33) into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice and stimulated them via intraperitoneal route (IP) with PE-labeled MHC I tetramer bound to gp33 or control peptide. At various time points, we harvested peritoneal washings and lymphoid organs and assessed AT lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Results: Five days following adoptive transfer, unstimulated AT cells still constituted over 50% of CD8+ T cells in the peritoneal cavity. Following intraperitoneal injection of antigen specific MHC 1 tetramer, the majority of AT T cells in the peritoneal cavity (compared to AT T cells in other lymphoid organs, such as the spleen) are bound to MHC I tetramer within 2 hours. Even 4 days after intraperitoneal MHC class I tetramer injection, dramatic increases in CD44 expression, representing activation, and vigorous CFSE dilution, representing proliferation, are observed in AT T cells in the peritoneal cavity compared to AT cells in other lymphoid organs. In addition, 50% of the AT T cells activated with MHC class I tetramer, regardless of location, are functionally active, producing interferon gamma, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity is detected. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the unique activation, proliferation, and effector phenotype profile of CD8+ T cells following adoptive transfer into the peritoneal cavity and stimulation with antigen specific MHC I tetramer. Further investigation of the intraperitoneal CD8+ T cell response to infection and malignancy in vivo is warranted.
Painful Unilateral Temporalis Muscle Enlargement: Reactive Masticatory Muscle Hypertrophy

An instance of isolated unilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy (reactive masticatory muscle hypertrophy with fiber type 1 predominance) confirmed by muscle biopsy with histochemical fiber typing and image analysis in a 62 year-old man is reported. The patient presented with bruxism and a painful swelling of the temple. Absence of asymmetry or other abnormalities of the craniofacial skeleton was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric analyses. The patient achieved symptomatic improvement only after undergoing botulinum toxin injections. Muscle biopsy is key in the diagnosis of reactive masticatory muscle hypertrophy and its distinction from masticatory muscle myopathy (hypertrophic branchial myopathy) and other non-reactive causes of painful asymmetric temporalis muscle enlargement.
Climate change and fire effects on a prairie–woodland ecotone: projecting species range shifts with a dynamic global vegetation model

Large shifts in species ranges have been predicted under future climate scenarios based primarily on niche-based species distribution models. However, the mechanisms that would cause such shifts are uncertain. Natural and anthropogenic fires have shaped the distributions of many plant species, but their effects have seldom been included in future projections of species ranges. Here, we examine how the combination of climate and fire influence historical and future distributions of the ponderosa pine–prairie ecotone at the edge of the Black Hills in South Dakota, USA, as simulated by MC1, a dynamic global vegetation model that includes the effects of fire, climate, and atmospheric CO2 concentration on vegetation dynamics. For this purpose, we parameterized MC1 for ponderosa pine in the Black Hills, designating the revised model as MC1-WCNP. Results show that fire frequency, as affected by humidity and temperature, is central to the simulation of historical prairies in the warmer lowlands versus woodlands in the cooler, moister highlands. Based on three downscaled general circulation model climate projections for the 21st century, we simulate greater frequencies of natural fire throughout the area due to substantial warming and, for two of the climate projections, lower relative humidity. However, established ponderosa pine forests are relatively fire resistant, and areas that were initially wooded remained so over the 21st century for most of our future climate x fire management scenarios. This result contrasts with projections for ponderosa pine based on climatic niches, which suggest that its suitable habitat in the Black Hills will be greatly diminished by the middle of the 21st century. We hypothesize that the differences between the future predictions from these two approaches are due in part to the inclusion of fire effects in MC1, and we highlight the importance of accounting for fire as managed by humans in assessing both historical species distributions and future climate change effects.
S. pombe LSD1 homologs regulate heterochromatin propagation and euchromatic gene transcription

LSD1 represses and activates transcription by demethylating histone H3K4me and H3K9me, respectively. Genetic ablation of the S. pombe homologs, splsd1 and splsd2, resulted in slow growth and lethality, respectively, underscoring their physiological importance. spLsd1 and spLsd2 form a stable protein complex, which exhibits demethylase activity toward methylated H3K9 in vitro. Both proteins were associated with the heterochromatin boundary regions and euchromatic gene promoters. Loss of spLsd1 resulted in increased H3K9 methylation accompanied by reduced euchromatic gene transcription and heterochromatin propagation. Removal of the H3K9 methylase Clr4 partially suppressed the slow growth phenotype of splsd1Delta. Conversely, catalytically inactivating point mutations in the splsd1 and splsd2 genes partially mimicked the growth and heterochromatin propagation phenotypes. Taken together, these findings suggest the importance of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic roles of spLsd1 in regulating heterochromatin propagation and euchromatic transcription and also suggest that misregulation of spLsd1/2 is likely to impact the epigenetic state of the cell.
Magnetoresistance in a two-dimensional impurity band

The effect of a magnetic field perpendicular to the surface on the conductance of the two-dimensional (2D) Na+ induced impurity band in silicon inversion layers has been studied. The temperature dependence of the conductance at low fields (H 10T), σ = σoexp-(To/T)1/12, which should result for Landau (Gaussian) impurity wave functions. In this high field regime we observe To = aH, where a depends only on the density of states at the Fermi level and fundamental constants. The density of states derived in this way is about an order of magnitude larger than the density of states inferred from earlier measurements and is even approaching the magnitude of the free electron density of states.
Antibody suppression by zinc and nickel.

Rats were treated with zinc chloride and with nickel acetate 2 weeks prior to immunization withE. coli bacteriophageT-1; antibody titers to bacteriophageT-1 were reduced 500–2600-fold in metal-treated rats compared to titers found in untreated control animals. Examination of the effect of metal treatment on lymphocyte blastogenesis revealed a significant reduction in the number of blast cells in the spleens of metal-treated rats.
Cellular aging studied by the reconstruction of replicating cells from nuclei and cytoplasms isolated from normal human diploid cells.

Abstract Cytochalasin B (CB) was used to enucleate cells (cytoplasts) and to obtain karyoplasts (nuclei) from the human diploid fetal lung fibroblast strain WI-38. Fusion of cytoplasts and nuclei from young and old cells was accomplished with the aid of inactivated Sendai virus. Viable nuclei may be obtained from the karyoplast pellet after passage through a layer of bovine albumin which retains any contamination cytoplasts. The majority of successful fusions forming “whole cells” occurred when cytoplast from “old” cultures (PDL 40–51) and karyoplasts from “young” cultures were used (PDL 12–22), but almost always resulted in limited division of the viable reconstructed cells. When successful fusion occurred between “young” cytoplasts and “young” karyoplasts the number of cell divisions obtained was comparable to control cells kept under similar conditions.
Applications of Reaction Rate

This article presents an assignment in which students are to research and report on a chemical reaction whose increased or decreased rate is of practical importance. Specifically, students are asked to represent the reaction they have chosen with an acceptable chemical equation, identify a factor that influences its rate and explain how and why it does so, and describe the relevance of the reaction occurring at a slower or faster rate under this condition. The assignment is designed to develop and assess a number of valuable skills and understandings, including the ability to write effectively.
Maneuver Design and Implementation for the Mariner 9 Mission

The maneuver strategy and operational techniques employed in controlling the Mariner 9 flight path from earth launch, through interplanetary space, Mars orbit insertion, and the subsequent orbital trim maneuvers are presented. It is shown how the maneuver strategy was tailored to meet the mission requirements with maximum reliability in the presence of launch vehicle injection, orbit determination, and spacecraft maneuver execution errors as great as 3 sigma. The major error sources and constraints are discussed. The in-flight results are summarized and are compared with the preflight predictions.
Isolation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase positive hepatocytes during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT) positive hepatocytes were isolated from F344 male rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene. The isolation procedure is rapid and highly selective for cells exhibiting gamma GT on their surface. Suspensions of liver cells obtained from perfusion in situ with a collagenase solution were incubated on Petri dishes coated with affinity purified rabbit anti-gamma GT antibody. gamma GT-positive cells bound to the dish within fifteen minutes and could be recovered as viable cells. Approximately 15% of the gamma GT-positive cells are isolated using this procedure. Novikoff hepatoma cells, a gamma GT-positive cell line, were used to define the parameters of the assay. The binding was both time and temperature dependent. Binding of cells to the anti-gamma GT antibody coated dishes was 50% inhibited by 2.8 mM sodium azide and 86% inhibited by 4.6 mM.
Public demand for preserving local open space.

Increased development results in the loss of forest, farm, range, and other open space lands that contribute to the quality of life of U.S. residents. I describe an economic rationale for growing public support for preserving local open space, based the growing scarcity of open space lands. I test the rationale empirically by correlating the prevalence of open space referenda in U.S. counties to socioeconomic variables, including population density, change in density, per capita income, education, and other factors. Data come from the Trust for Public Land LandVote database and the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The results suggest how key socioeconomic trends—most notably, population growth, rising incomes, development, and increasing open space scarcity—motivate interest and support for preserving open space, when open space lands remain unprotected. The analysis provides a context for discussing policy and management strategies for addressing urban sprawl and open space loss.
Scale dependency of species composition and environmental variables in the strata of a deciduous forest

We conducted a field study to determine whether species composition and environmental relationships were scale dependent among the strata of a temperate deciduous forest. We compiled tree basal area, woody understory density, field layer cover and three environmental variables from 378 permanent plots in ten 7–386 ha sites in the 294,455 ha Shawnee National Forest, southern Illinois, USA. The effect of changing sample foci (area of inference) without changing the extent (geographic space) on the relationship between species composition and environmental factors was quantified using Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Procrustes analysis separately for each stratum. Species composition-environment relationships showed a separation of sites based on their geographic location and bedrock. Species data collected from these heterogeneous and hierarchically structured habitats across scales exhibited varying degree of specialization depending on the habitat. NMDS showed that the species composition-e...
Effects of prednisolone on the distribution and activity of two phosphoesterases in membrane preparations from HeLa cells.

Activities of two membrane associated enzymes, viz. 5′-nucleo-tidase (EC 3.1.3.5) and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) are known to be altered by glucocorticoid treatment of cells in culture. In certain HeLa cell lines, their activity is elevated, while in others, it is decreased. In order to confirm the data obtained previously with cell homogenates, cells were fractionated essentially as described by Bosmann, Hagopian and Eylar ('68) after 96 hours exposure to 0.5 μg/ml prednisolone. This treatment resulted in changes both in the specific activity and in the distribution of the two enzymes among the isolated membrane fractions. The alterations in specific activity in the individual membrane fractions reflected changes previously observed in preparations from whole cells. A shift in distribution of total enzymatic activity to fractions of higher density occurred in both cell lines in response to the steroid. These results may be indicative of cellular membrane alterations as a consequence of steroid treatment.
Estrogen-Regulated Genes Predict Survival in Hormone Receptor–Positive Breast Cancers

Purpose The prognosis of a patient with estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) –positive breast cancer can be highly variable. Therefore, we developed a gene expression–based outcome predictor for ER+ and/or PR+ (ie, luminal) breast cancer patients using biologic differences among these tumors. Materials and Methods The ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was treated with 17β-estradiol to identify estrogen-regulated genes. These genes were used to develop an outcome predictor on a training set of 65 luminal epithelial primary breast carcinomas. The outcome predictor was then validated on three independent published data sets. Results The estrogen-induced gene set identified in MCF-7 cells was used to hierarchically cluster a 65 tumor training set into two groups, which showed significant differences in survival (P = .0004). Supervised analyses identified 822 genes that optimally defined these two groups, with the poor-prognosis group IIE showing high expression of cell proliferation and an...
Bioactives of Artemisia dracunculus L enhance cellular insulin signaling in primary human skeletal muscle culture

An alcoholic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L (PMI 5011) has been shown to decrease glucose and improve insulin levels in animal models, suggesting an ability to enhance insulin sensitivity. We sought to assess the cellular mechanism by which this botanical affects carbohydrate metabolism in primary human skeletal muscle culture. We measured basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, glycogen accumulation, phosphoinositide 3 (PI-3) kinase activity, and Akt phosphorylation in primary skeletal muscle culture from subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus incubated with or without various concentrations of PMI 5011. We also analyzed the abundance of insulin receptor signaling proteins, for example, IRS-1, IRS-2, and PI-3 kinase. Glucose uptake was significantly increased in the presence of increasing concentrations of PMI 5011. In addition, glycogen accumulation, observed to be decreased with increasing free fatty acid levels, was partially restored with PMI 5011. PMI 5011 treatment did not appear to significantly affect protein abundance for IRS-1, IRS-2, PI-3 kinase, Akt, insulin receptor, or Glut-4. However, PMI 5011 significantly decreased levels of a specific protein tyrosine phosphatase, that is, PTP1B. Time course studies confirmed that protein abundance of PTP1B decreases in the presence of PMI 5011. The cellular mechanism of action to explain the effects by which an alcoholic extract of A dracunculus L improves carbohydrate metabolism on a clinical level may be secondary to enhancing insulin receptor signaling and modulating levels of a specific protein tyrosine phosphatase, that is, PTP1B.
ADDISON'S DISEASE DUE TO RETICULUM‐CELL SARCOMA APPARENTLY CONFINED TO THE ADRENALS

A 71-year-old diabetic white male was admitted with weakness, weight loss, fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, and postural hypotension. At first he was treated with digitalis and diuretics for congestive heart failure. However, he became worse and increasing signs of adrenal insufficiency appeared although there was no hyperpigmentation. Urinary steroid values before and after administration of ACTH, and the responses to fluorohydrocortisone and cortisone acetate supported the diagnosis of Addison's disease. After initial improvement, myocardial infarction, vasomotor collapse and pneumonia intervened. Despite increased dosages of steroids and the administration of antibiotics, oxygen and vasopressors, the patient died. At necropsy, the adrenals were found to be completely replaced by reticulum-cell sarcoma. The tumor had invaded the upper pole of both kidneys, but no tumor tissue was found in the lymph nodes or in any other location. Presumably the tumor arose within the adrenals.
RUNAWAY EVOLUTION TO SELF-EXTINCTION UNDER ASYMMETRICAL COMPETITION.

We analyze a popular model of the evolution of traits related to performance in exploitative competition. This model has previously been used to explain a mechanism by which interspecific competition can cause taxon cycles. We show that purely intraspecific competition can cause evolution of extreme competitive abilities that ultimately result in extinction, without any influence from other species. The only change in the model required for this outcome is the assumption of a nonnormal distribution of resources of different sizes measured on a logarithmic scale. This suggests that taxon cycles, if they exist, may be driven by within- rather than between-species competition. Self-extinction does not occur when the advantage conferred by a large value of the competitive trait (e.g., size) is relatively small, or when the carrying capacity decreases at a comparatively rapid rate with increases in trait value. The evidence regarding these assumptions is discussed. The results suggest a need for more data on resource distributions and size-advantage in order to understand the evolution of competitive traits such as body size.
FLUX QUANTIZATION AND THE CURRENT-CARRYING STATE IN A SUPERCONDUCTING CYLINDER

>London's phenomenological theory is modified to include quantization of angular momentum in the boson gas model of a superconductor. The modified London equation is solved in ring geometry to find tiwe magnetic field in the penetration region. The unit of fiux quantization is obtained for all thicknesses of the superconductor. The relation between angular momentum and kinetic energy in the currentcarrying state is discussed. (auth)
Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of an Advanced Micromirror Using SUGAR

We present some of the design, modeling, and simulation features of a computer-aided engineering tool for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) called SUGAR. The features include a flexible SPICE-like netlist language for MEMS design, a simple modeling framework for computationally efficient lumped models, an extensible architecture to which users can add features, and the ability to display 3-D circuits together with deflected electromechanical structures. Since SUGAR is programmed in MATLAB, many MATLAB functions and toolboxes may be used with SUGAR. Such attributes facilitate the exploration of design spaces and feature modifications. In this paper, we describe SUGAR's extensible architecture, flexible design methodology, modeling framework, and reduced-order modeling technique. We do not present the many other advances made for SUGAR by other developers. For a test case, we choose an advanced microdevice that is difficult to simulate with conventional MEMS software. We show that the relative errors of our lumped models are less than 3% of the finite-element analysis (FEA), that the computational costs are less than 1% of the FEA, and that simulation of the test case fairly agrees with the experiment.
Effect of genetic blends of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) of different plant architecture on apothecia production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold infection

The determinate Phaseolus vulgaris L. cvs Dark Red Kidney Charlevoix, and near-isogenic Great Northern Nebraska ≠1 were grown in blends with the indeterminate GN Nebraska ≠1 in white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) disease field nurseries. A critical difference between ‘Charlevoix’ and indeterminate ‘GN Nebraska ≠1’ is that the latter has a greater leaf area closer to the soil surface, and this is associated with increased numbers of apothecia beneath the canopy and higher disease severity. White mold infection and apothecia number/m2 beneath the canopy of the blends containing ’Charlevoix‘ were significantly reduced in comparison with the severely infected, homogeneous, indeterminate ‘GN Nebraska ≠1’. A reduction of white mold infection for the indeterminate ‘GN Nebraska ≠1’ was not observed in blends grown under severe or moderate white mold incidence, but did occur under slight incidence in blends containing 65% and 75% ‘Charlevoix’.
In a Fitter Direction: Moving Beyond the Direction of Fit Picture of Belief and Desire

Those working within the tradition of Humean psychology tend to mark a clear distinction between beliefs and desires. One prominent way of elucidating this distinction is to describe them as having different "directions of fit" with respect to the world. After first giving a brief overview of the various attempts to carry out this strategy along with their flaws, I argue that the direction of fit metaphor is misleading and ought to be abandoned. It fails to take into account the actual complexity of the roles played by belief and desire and forces us to look for a single, fundamental contrast between these two that is unlikely to be found.
Electroluminescence: A study of non-geminate radiative and non-radiative bulk recombination in a-Si:H

Under forward bias p-i-n a-Si:H devices inject both holes and electrons resulting in electroluminescence. We have measured under constant voltage the forward bias current and the electroluminescence as a function of voltage, temperature and photodegradation. Measurements were made in the temperature range of 80°
An Investigation of Selective Coloring with 3-D Laser Printing

Abstract This paper reports on preliminary results involving an experimental rapid prototyping process known as 3-D laser printing. The system builds parts by repeatedly laser printing thermoplastic cross-sectional “slice” images of a part one on top of the next. With each new layer, the total build thickness increases until the part is complete. An interesting extension to this system involves the use of a color print engine to produce selectively colored parts. Conventional rapid prototyping processes generally do not allow this sort of selective coloring. Initial results indicate that the system has considerable potential and warrants continued investigation.
Plasma heating at twice the ion cyclotron frequency in a quadrupole minimum-|B| mirror

Plasma heating experiments have been carried out at twice the ion cyclotron frequency in a single quadrupole minimum-|B| end plug mirror of the Phaedrus tandem mirror. The application of 23 kW of RF power increased the average ion energy by a factor of five and doubled the electron temperature. The ion heating was characterized by strong tail heating and a concentration of the hot-ion population between the two resonance zones of the mirror. Best ion heating was observed with the resonance zone located 11.5 ± 2 cm from the midplane, this being approximately halfway between the antenna and the midplane. Electron heating was observed even under conditions where little ion heating was seen.
The sensitivity of land emissivity estimates from AMSR-E at C and X bands to surface properties

Abstract. Microwave observations at low frequencies exhibit more sensitivity to surface and subsurface properties with little interference from the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to develop a global land emissivity product using passive microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and to investigate its sensitivity to land surface properties. The developed product complements existing land emissivity products from SSM/I and AMSU by adding land emissivity estimates at two lower frequencies, 6.9 and 10.65 GHz (C- and X-band, respectively). Observations at these low frequencies penetrate deeper into the soil layer. Ancillary data used in the analysis, such as surface skin temperature and cloud mask, are obtained from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Atmospheric properties are obtained from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) observations to determine the small upwelling and downwelling atmospheric emissions as well as the atmospheric transmission. A sensitivity test confirms the small effect of the atmosphere but shows that skin temperature accuracy can significantly affect emissivity estimates. Retrieved emissivities at C- and X-bands and their polarization differences exhibit similar patterns of variation with changes in land cover type, soil moisture, and vegetation density as seen at SSM/I-like frequencies (Ka and Ku bands). The emissivity maps from AMSR-E at these higher frequencies agree reasonably well with the existing SSM/I-based product. The inherent discrepancy introduced by the difference between SSM/I and AMSR-E frequencies, incidence angles, and calibration has been assessed. Significantly greater standard deviation of estimated emissivities compared to SSM/I land emissivity product was found over desert regions. Large differences between emissivity estimates from ascending and descending overpasses were found at lower frequencies due to the inconsistency between thermal IR skin temperatures and passive microwave brightness temperatures which can originate from below the surface. The mismatch between day and night AMSR-E emissivities is greater than ascending and descending differences of SSM/I emissivity. This is because of unique orbit time of AMSR-E (01:30 a.m./p.m. LT) while other microwave sensors have orbit time of 06:00 to 09:00 (a.m./p.m.). This highlights the importance of considering the penetration depth of the microwave signal and diurnal variability of the temperature in emissivity retrieval. The effect of these factors is greater for AMSR-E observations than SSM/I observations, as AMSR-E observations exhibit a greater difference between day and night measures. This issue must be addressed in future studies to improve the accuracy of the emissivity estimates especially at AMSR-E lower frequencies.
Minimally invasive approaches to resection of benign/low-grade gastric tumors.

Background Tumors in the stomach have traditionally been treated with either subtotal gastrectomy or total gastrectomy, depending on the location. However, many of these lesions are benign spindle cell tumors or adenomas and could be resected with margins. Here, we explore multiple minimally invasive methods for the resection of these tumors. We highlight a wedge resection, a circumferential resection with transverse closure, a transgastric resection, and an endoscopic/laparoscopic submucosal resection. The wedge resection was performed in a 71-year-old man found to have a mass in the stomach on screening upper endoscopy. The biopsy was not definitive, but on CT scan there was a 4.5-cm submucosal mass consistent with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. The circumferential resection was performed for an 83-year-old woman who had abdominal discomfort which led to an upper endoscopy. She was found to have a mass in the lesser curve of her stomach. Biopsy revealed this to be a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Ultimately, it was removed when serial CT scans showed that it was growing. The transgastric approach was used for a 75-year-old man who had upper endoscopy for reflux symptoms and was found to have a mass in the stomach. Biopsy showed that it was a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Due to patient preference, it was initially observed but was eventually removed when it was found to be growing on serial CT scans. The endoscopic/laparoscopic approach was for a 65-year-old man who had an upper endoscopy performed for work-up of melena and was found to have a 5-cm mass at the gastroesophageal junction. The biopsy showed this to be an adenoma, and he went on to have it removed.
The airborne lava-seawater interaction plume at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi

Abstract Lava flows into the sea at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, and generates an airborne gas and aerosol plume. Water (H 2 O), hydrogen chloride (HCl), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) gases were quantified in the plume in 2004–2005, using Open Path Fourier Transform infra-red Spectroscopy. The molar abundances of these species and thermodynamic modelling are used to discuss their generation. The range in molar HCl / H 2 O confirms that HCl is generated when seawater is boiled dry and magnesium salts are hydrolysed (as proposed by [T.M. Gerlach, J.L. Krumhansl, R.O. Fournier, J. Kjargaard, Acid rain from the heating and evaporation of seawater by molten lava: a new volcanic hazard, EOS (Trans. Am. Geophys. Un.) 70 (1989) 1421–1422]), in contrast to models of Na-metasomatism. Airborne droplets of boiled seawater brine form nucleii for subsequent H 2 O and HCl condensation, which acidifies the droplets and liberates CO 2 gas from bicarbonate and carbonate. NO 2 is derived from the thermal decomposition of nitrates in coastal seawater, which takes place as the lava heats droplets of boiled seawater brine to 350–400 °C. SO 2 is derived from the degassing of subaerial lava flows on the coastal plain. The calculated mass flux of HCl from a moderate-sized ocean entry significantly increases the total HCl emission at Kīlauea (including magmatic sources) and is comparable to industrial HCl emitters in the United States. For larger lava ocean entries, the flux of HCl will cause intense local environmental hazards, such as high localised HCl concentrations and acid rain.
THE JOURNEY TO WORK AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN EARNINGS: A Cross-Validation Study for the United States

It has been well documented that women tend to work closer to home than men. One interpretation of this finding has been that women face more spatially constrained labor markets than men, and these constraints are thought to be a factor in the gender gap in earnings. A recent study of Tel Aviv, Israel, by Moshe Semyonov and Noah Lewin-Epstein (1991) also found that working women clearly tend to hold employment more in the vicinity of their homes than do men. The observed deficits in earnings by employed women were thought to be exchanged for compliance with traditional gender-role expectations. Our study cross-validates key portions of the Semyonov and Lewin-Epstein study for the United States by examining the location of labor markets and their relationship to gender inequality in earnings in the 1988 wave of the NLSY panel database. Using annual earnings as the dependent variable and other similarly defined variables, we parallel their multiple regression analysis. The time-to-work reports of NLSY panel members are used to assess their commuting behavior and the results of this analysis are compared across four types of residential locations: rural, small urban, suburban, and large central city. We modestly confirm the gender inequalities in earnings produced by differential commuting behaviors for men and women but cannot fully generalize them to a broad set of residentially defined labor markets. For instance, women in suburban settings do have a higher return in earnings from time spent commuting but this effect is not significantly higher than the same returns for suburban men. A somewhat surprising negative effect of commuting time on the earnings of suburban women and men was also observed. We suggest further research on this problem involving the “perceived constraint’ hypothesis to explain the commuting gap between men and women.
Tight binding model study of photonic one-way edge mode

A microscopic picture of the emergence of one-way edge mode in a honeycomb lattice of resonators made from magneto-optic material is obtained using tight binding model. One-way slow light scheme is proposed based on the edge mode.
A Conservation Action Plan for the Mentawai Primates

In this Conservation Action Plan, I evaluate the status of and make conservation recommendations for the four endemic primates of the Mentawai Islands: Kloss's gibbon (Hylobates klossii primates of the Mentawai Islands: Kloss's gibbon (Hylobates klossii primates of the Mentawai Islands: Kloss's gibbon ( ), the simakobu monkey (Simias concolor), the Mentawai langur (Presbytis potenziani langur (Presbytis potenziani langur ( ), and the Mentawai macaque (Macaca pagensis). There are two subspecies of each of the cercopi- thecines. They are threatened mainly by hunting and commercial logging. This action plan follows up on the recommendations made for the Mentawai primates in the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group's Action Plan for Asian Primate Conservation: 1987-91 by Ardith Eudey, and includes data and recommendations from researchers who have studied them since 1980. I also include a brief history of conservation action in the Mentawai Islands to put these recommendations in a historical context. I recommend the following conservation status changes: Kloss's gibbon, Endangered; simakobu monkey, Critically Endangered; Mentawai langur, Endangered; and Mentawai macaque, Vulnerable. The largest populations of the four species can be found in Siberut National Park on the largest and northernmost island, but all but Kloss's gibbon have distinct subspecies on the southern islands of Sipora, North Pagai, and South Pagai, and these are urgently in need of protective measures. The national park is remote and diffi cult to access by researchers and tourists. I suggest the following conservation actions: 1) increased protection for the Siberut National Park, which currently lacks enforcement; 2) formal protection of the Peleonan forest in North Siberut, which is home to unusually high primate populations and is easily accessible; 3) protect areas in the Pagai Islands by cooperating with a logging corporation that has practiced sustainable logging techniques there since 1971; 4) conservation education, especially regarding hunting; and 5) the development of alternative economic models for the local people to reduce the likelihood of selling
Design issues for high power factor AC-DC converter systems

Critical design issues for high-power-factor rectifier (HPFR) systems are discussed for AC-DC power converters with discontinuous input currents. The system contains a modular AC-DC power converter that consists of two parallel discontinuous mode flyback converters which drive a DC-DC regulated power converter. The latter provides a constant power load to the AC-DC power converter. Inequalities are given that facilitate the design of the HPFR input filter. A useful model of the closed-loop system that provides a different perspective of HPFR system design. The design criteria are verified on a working experimental prototype. >
Activation energy determination from low-temperature CV dispersion [semiconductor devices]

The response of semiconductor devices at low temperatures to changes in the voltage across the depletion region is limited by the dielectric relaxation time of the majority carriers in the bulk region. This results in a dispersion of the C-V curves at low temperatures. In this paper, we report a study of the dispersion seen in the accumulation and depletion regions of the C-V curve in n- and p-channel MOS transistors as well as in reverse biased one-sided abrupt junctions. From the admittance measured as a function of temperature and frequency, the dopant energy level is determined. The values of the activation energy measured using the diodes agree well with the corresponding values obtained using MOS devices. >
Arterial baroreflex regulation of regional vascular conductance at rest and during exercise

We tested the hypothesis that dynamic exercise resets the operating point and attenuates the spontaneous gain of the arterial baroreflex regulation of mesenteric and hindlimb vascular conductance in hypertensive rats. Eleven adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats were chronically instrumented with left carotid arterial catheters and Doppler ultrasonic flow probes around the superior mesenteric and left common iliac arteries. After the rats recovered, arterial baroreflex function was examined by recording reflex changes in conductance in response to spontaneous changes in mean arterial pressure before exercise and during steady-state treadmill running at 6 and 18 m/min. Dynamic exercise reduced the spontaneous baroreflex gain of mesenteric conductance (by 51 and 36%) and maximum mesenteric conductance (by 24 and 32%) at 6 and 18 m/min, respectively. In sharp contrast, dynamic exercise increased the spontaneous maximum iliac conductance (by 32 and 47%) without changing the spontaneous gain. Sinoaortic denervation eliminated the relationship between mean arterial pressure and conductance by reducing the mesenteric (92%) and iliac (68%) vascular conductance gain. These results demonstrate that dynamic exercise has differential effects on the regulation of mesenteric and iliac vascular conductance in hypertensive rats.
Towards true crosstalk noise analysis

Accurate noise analysis is currently of significant concern to high-performance designs, and the number of signals susceptible to noise effects will certainly increase in smaller process geometries. Our approach uses a combination of temporal and functional information to eliminate false transition combinations and thereby overcome insufficiencies in static noise analysis. A similar idea arises in timing analysis where functional and timing information is used to eliminate false paths. The goal of our work is to develop an algorithm, software tool, and noise analysis flow that provide an accurate and conservative approach to noise analysis. In particular, this paper proposes an approach to identifying a pair of vectors that exercises the maximum crosstalk noise.
VEGFR‐2 expression in carcinoid cancer cells and its role in tumor growth and metastasis

Carcinoid tumors are slow growing and highly vascular neuroendocrine neoplasms that are increasing in incidence. Previously, we showed that carcinoid tumors express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) in the epithelial compartment of carcinoid tumor sections; yet, its role is not completely understood. The purpose of our study was to: (i) assess the expression of VEGFR-2 in the novel human carcinoid cell line BON, (ii) to determine the role of PI3K/Akt signaling on VEGFR-2 expression and (iii) to assess the effect of VEGFR-2 on BON cell invasion, migration and proliferation. We found that, although VEGFR-2 is expressed in BON cells, reduction in VEGFR-2 expression actually enhanced proliferation, invasion, and migration of the BON cell line. Also, expression of VEGFR-2 was inversely related to PI3K signaling. Carcinoid liver metastases in mice demonstrated decreased VEGFR-2 expression. Furthermore, the expression of a truncated, soluble form of VEGFR-2 (sVEGFR-2), a protein demonstrated to inhibit cell growth, was detected in BON cells. The presence of VEGFR-2 in the epithelial component of carcinoid tumors and in the BON cell line suggests an alternate role for VEGFR-2, in addition to its well-defined role in angiogenesis. The expression of sVEGFR-2 may explain the inverse relationship between VEGFR-2 expression and PI3K/Akt signaling and the inhibitory effect VEGFR-2 has on BON cell proliferation, migration and invasion.
Directional Hardness of Strontium Titanate by Peripheral Grinding

A study has been made of the directional variation of grinding hardness in strontium titanate. The method used is that of peripheral (zonal) grinding on oriented thin single-crystal disks. A significant anisotropy, consistent with the m3m symmetry of the crystal structure, has been observed. Experimental data are presented in detail for the three principal zones: [100], [110], and [111].