cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domain-specific rationality in human choices: violations of utility axioms and social contexts

This study presents a domain-specific view of human decision rationality. It explores social and ecological domain-specific psychological mechanisms underlying choice biases and violations of utility axioms. Results from both the USA and China revealed a social group domain-specific choice pattern. The irrational preference reversal in a hypothetical life-death decision problem (a classical example of framing effects) was eliminated by providing a small group or family context in which most subjects favored a risky choice option regardless of the positive/negative framing of choice outcomes. The risk preference data also indicate that the subjective scope of small group domain is larger for Chinese subjects, suggesting that human choice mechanisms are sensitive to culturally specific features of group living. A further experiment provided evidence that perceived fairness might be one major factor regulating the choice preferences found in small group (kith-and-kin) contexts. Finally, the violation of the stochastic dominance axiom of the rational theory of choice was predicted and tested. The violations were found only when the "life-death" problem was presented in small group contexts; the strongest violation was found in a family context. These results suggest that human decisions and choices are regulated by domain-specific choice mechanisms designed to solve evolutionary recurrent and adaptively important problems.
ActKey: a Web-based interactive identification key program

Interactive keys are useful multiple-entry identification tools for science. A web-based program called ActKey (URL: http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/actkey/) was developed to enable online, ready-access to interactive identification keys. A number of keys have been imported into a centralized, relational database, and are now available for the floras of China, North America, Madagascar, Borneo, and the world. Plants from more than 40 of the largest genera of China can be identified using ActKey. Datasets containing taxa and their characters can be imported from a variety of database formats and updated by taxonomic specialists and editors.
Handedness, hemispheric asymmetries, and joke comprehension.

Abstract To address the impact of differences in language lateralization on joke comprehension, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded as 16 left- and 16 right-handed adults read one-line jokes and non-funny control stimuli (“A replacement player hit a home run with my girl/ball,”). In right-handers, jokes elicited a late positivity 500–900 ms post-stimulus onset that was largest over right hemisphere (RH) centro-parietal electrode sites, and a slow sustained negativity over anterior left lateral sites. In left-handers, jokes elicited a late positivity 500–900 ms post-onset that was larger and more broadly distributed than in the right-handers' ERPs. In right-handed women, the late positivity was larger over RH electrode sites. In left-handed women, the late positivity was bilaterally symmetric. The highly asymmetric slow sustained negativity over left anterior electrode sites was absent from left-handers' ERPs to jokes. Differences may reflect more efficient inter-hemispheric communication in the left-handers, as they are reputed to have relatively larger corpus callosal areas than right-handers. Results support the portrait of more bilateral language representation among left-handers, and suggest language lateralization affects high-level language comprehension tasks such as joke comprehension.
Nonuniform phase distribution in ultrasound speckle analysis. II. Parametric expression and a frequency sweeping technique to measure mean scatterer spacing

For pt.I see ibid., vol.39, no.3, p.352-9 (1992). The existence of regularly spaced scatterers in the range cell of an ultrasonic imaging system results in speckle with a nonuniform phase distribution. Characteristic phase distributions occur at those particular demodulator frequencies at which the spacing is a multiple of one-quarter wavelength. A demodulator frequency sweeping technique for scatterer spacing estimation has been developed that uses parametric expressions of the phase statistics to detect and to identify scatterers with regular spacings. Changes in these parameters separately identify the mean scatterer spacing when it is an even and an odd multiple of the quarter wavelength of the demodulator frequency. This technique has good tolerance for variations in mean scatterer spacing, and has real-time implementation capability. >
Intraruminal controlled release boluses

Publisher Summary The delivery of drugs to ruminants can be a costly process since these animals are placed in remote areas. to minimize the number of times these animals must be handled during grazing periods, numerous products have been devised to provide very long-term delivery of drugs to them. This chapter reviews systems that have been designed to deliver drugs to the rumen of grazing animals focusing on those product concepts that have been commercialized in various countries of the world. The mechanisms of drug delivery utilized to achieve these product concepts vary widely. In some systems the delivery rate is largely free of local environmental influences such as the osmotic mechanism associated with the IVOMEC® SR bolus. In others the rate is strongly dependent on the local environmental factors such as the erosion-based systems utilized in various nutritional and antibacterial delivery systems. This chapter focuses on the pharmaceutical and clinical performance of these products.
Observed Rotordynamic Phenomena in Aircraft Gas Turbine Development

Observations, analysis and understanding of out-of-the-ordinary rotordynamic phenomena (including several instabilities and nonlinear responses) observed in aircraft gas turbine engines and other high-speed rotating machinery over the course of the author’s career in the design and development of aircraft gas turbine engines are described. Some observed phenomena were already widely recognized in the rotordynamic community such as:• Hysteretic whirl• The tip clearance effect on stability of turbomachinery rotors• Instability due to trapped liquids in the rotor• Hysteresis in the resonant peak amplitude• Effective suppression of rotor instability by anisotropy in the engine support structureOther observations were fairly new to the field of rotordynamics at that time they were observed but were identified as being new manifestations of vibration phenomena already familiar to vibration technologists in fields other than high-speed rotordynamics such as:• Sum-and-difference frequency response• Relaxation oscillations• Nonlinear effects of anisotropic clearance in roller and gas bearingsAt that time these phenomena were observed, the pressure for remediation of the problems they represented in the context of ongoing aircraft engine development resulted in intense attention and analysis which, in turn, often resulted in new insights, useful diagnoses, and effective remedial actions.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A single-component inimer containing cross-linkable ultrathin polymer coating for dense polymer brush growth.

We have developed a highly versatile universal approach to grow polymer brushes from a variety of substrates with high grafting density by using a single-component system. We describe a random copolymer which consists of an inimer, p-(2-bromoisobutyloylmethyl)styrene (BiBMS), copolymerized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Thermal cross-linking created a mat that was stable during long exposure in organic solvent even with sonication or during Soxhlet extraction. The absolute bromine density was determined via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to be 1.86 ± 0.12 Br atoms/nm3. The ratio of experimental density to calculated absolute initiator density suggests that ∼25% of the bromine is lost during cross-linking. Surface-initiated ATRP (SI-ATRP) was used to grow PMMA brushes on the substrate with sacrificial initiator in solution. The brushes were characterized by ellipsometry, XPS, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) t...
Effects of same-category and different-category extraneous memory sets on item recognition

In a study designed to distinguish between parallel and serial models of performance on Sternberg’s item recognition task, Krueger (1975) presented subjects with a memory set (the “added” set) followed by a second (“core”) set, a probe to the core set, and finally a probe to the added set. Response latency (RT) to both the core- and added-set probes initially increased with the size of the extraneous set. Over successive blocks of trials, the effect of the size of the extraneous set diminished. In Experiment 1 of the present study, Krueger’s basic procedures were replicated with results similar to those he reported for early trials. Experiment 2 was a variation on the added-set procedure. Rather than the memory sets’ being drawn from different categories (letters and digits), both sets consisted of digits. On half of the negative trials for both the core and the added tasks, the probe was drawn from the extraneous set, forcing the subjects to separate the two sets. Although RT on the core task did not increase with the size of the added set, there was an increase in RT to the added set with increases in core-set size, a finding inconsistent with the serial search model
A Virus Inhibitor in Pharyngeal Washings from Patients with Influenza.

SummaryPharyngeal washings were obtained from 13 patients in the acute phase of influenza and 3–6 weeks later. Five specimens (from 4 patients) collected at the onset of illness contained an inhibitor of Sindbis virus as assayed in primary cultures of human amnion cells. This inhibitor was found to act on the cultured cells rather than on Sindbis virus itself. It was distinct from influenza virus and was not sedimented by ultracentrifugation. It was inactivated by crystalline trypsin. This inhibitor was not demonstrable in specimens obtained from the same patients during convalescence, from normal adults nor from a limited number of patients with other diseases.
Impact of Single- vs. Split-Dose Low-Volume Bowel Preparations on Bowel Movement Kinetics, Patient Inconvenience, and Polyp Detection: A Prospective Trial.

Impact of Single- vs. Split-Dose Low-Volume Bowel Preparations on Bowel Movement Kinetics, Patient Inconvenience, and Polyp Detection: A Prospective Trial
Designing Microsoft® ASP.NET Applications

From the Publisher: This book introduces the Microsoft .NET Framework and the common language runtime and goes on to cover the ASP.NET development process and ASP.NET Web Forms. The book discusses the various controls within ASP.NET, such as HTML server controls ASP.NET server controls, and validator controls, and explains how to create custom user controls and components. Retrieiving data from Microsoft SQL Server using ADO.NET and data controls is also covered. The book finishes with a discussion of how to create and use XML Web services. Code samples are based on Beta and post-Beta 2 buils of Microsoft Visual Studio® .NET and alternate between Microsoft Visual Basic® .NET and Visual C#. Presents a first look at the basic capabilities of ASP.NET * Describes how to exploit the new functionality of ASP.NET, including improved integration with the common language, XML, and ADO.NET * Presents how-to examples for Visual Basic and Visual C# for building dynamic, reusable Web applications faster and more efficiently * Features code samples on CD-ROM for supplemental reference and study
SPF 45: From the Inside

Motorola and various competitors have had a long-running feud over confidential information regarding cellular networking equipment and other technologies (Harris 2011, Rhoads 2010). The Schaumberg, IL firm has had a number of employees leave over the years and move to a firm called Lemko, started by some ex-Motorola hands in the same town. Lemko is alleged to have ties to Motorola’s Chinese competitor Huawei.
Liver Masses: What Physicians Need to Know About Ordering and Interpreting Liver Imaging

This paper reviews diagnostic imaging techniques used to characterize liver masses and the imaging characteristics of the most common liver masses. The role of recently adopted ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents will be emphasized. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is an inexpensive exam which can confirm benignity of certain liver masses without ionizing radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging using hepatocyte-specific gadolinium-based contrast agents can help confirm or narrow the differential diagnosis of liver masses.
Protecting children and drivers: Agency in late-stage diffusion of legal statutes

Studies of diffusion have found that early adoptions of an innovation tend to reflect practical circumstances, whereas later adoptions become decoupled from such objective circumstances and instead...
E-Service Performance of Apparel E-Retailing Websites: A Longitudinal Assessment

This article takes a longitudinal approach to examine the evolution of e-retail sites in reference to service delivery performance. Using a content analysis approach, product-related e-service attributes currently available on women's apparel websites were identified and quantified in order to compare them to data collected in an earlier time frame. A Chi-square Goodness-of-Fit test was conducted to compare availability of e-service attributes in 2011 and 2016. The current retailers provided more product description/presentation attributes on their websites than in the 2011 research. However, they are still at an unsatisfactory level that need further improvement. This article offers practical insights for fashion websites in terms of the areas of strengths and weakness in e-service performance by exploring how e-service performance of apparel e-retailers has changed over the past five years.
Responses of skeletal muscle size and anabolism are reproducible with multiple periods of unloading/reloading.

Repeatability should be considered a component of skeletal muscle plasticity during atrophy and recovery. Muscle anabolism is equally affected during a first or second disuse bout and returns equal...
A Batteryless Energy Harvesting Storage System for Implantable Medical Devices Demonstrated In Situ

We report a wireless energy harvesting and telemetry storage system in 180 nm CMOS technology, demonstrated in situ in rat carcass. The implantable device has dimensions 13 mm × 15 mm and stores 87.5 mJ, providing a self-powering time of 8.5 s transmitting through tissue. We utilize an all-solid-state flexible supercapacitor of breakdown voltage 0.8 V and capacitance 400 mF to harvest incoming wireless power, followed by a boost converter CMOS that drives an active wireless transmitter at 1.5 V at 2.4 GHz in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. The DC/DC converter component and switching frequency selection were guided by genetic algorithm analysis and use digital feedback to control the pulse width modulation (PWM), which slowly modifies the duty cycle to control output voltage fluctuations. This implantable medical device system presents the roadmap for batteryless energy harvesting in vivo and in clinical environments, exhibiting the highest operating storage density of 450 μJ/mm2 reported to date.
Do the Media Portrayal of a Brand's Sweatshop Exploitation Affect Consumers' Causal Attribution: Kelley's Attribution Theory-based Account.

News coverage of unfair business practices such as sweatshop exploitation may portray a brand as a wrongful beneficence of the resources of developing countries. Once individuals are exposed to news of a brand's exploitation of sweatshops, their cognitive processing of blame assignment may go through causal attributional reasoning. Kelley's causal attribution (1967) literature identifies three dimensions of information, which are distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. The consistency dimension, which is the encapsulation of the degree to which communicators are found to be stable and consistent in blaming the same brand across time and situations (Kelly, 1967, Laczniak et al., 2001), is related to the communicator, which is print and electronic media in this study context. On the other hand, the content of news in terms of encapsulation of the extent of experts' agreement (high or low consensus) and the degree to which a communicator associates the negative information with a brand (high or low distinctiveness) may lead receivers to go through the process of blame attribution and negative attitude formation towards the brand.
Higher protein intake during a mixed meal ingestion increases net protein accretion through a reduction in protein breakdown

It has been reported that the maximal protein synthetic response to protein intake is achieved with an intake of 20 - 35 g of protein. However, in these studies account was not taken of possible ch...
Antibacterial Strategy against H. pylori: Inhibition of the Radical SAM Enzyme MqnE in Menaquinone Biosynthesis

Aminofutalosine synthase (MqnE) catalyzes an important rearrangement reaction in menaquinone biosynthesis by the futalosine pathway. In this Letter, we report the identification of previously unreported inhibitors of MqnE using a mechanism-guided approach. The best inhibitor shows efficient inhibitory activity against H. pylori (IC50 = 1.8 ± 0.4 μM) and identifies MqnE as a promising target for antibiotic development.
Management of Food Allergy in the School Setting: The Clinician’s Role

Primary care and pediatric specialists participate in managing school-age children with food allergies. The pillars of food allergy management are prevention of and emergency preparedness to manage allergic reactions. These must be maintained at all times and in all circumstances. The school environment is no exception and necessitates thoughtful planning and support of students with food allergy. Clinicians play an important role whether directly or indirectly in the management of food allergies in school. Clinicians provide patient/family medical education and management that is specific to their particular food allergies, comorbidities, and developmental capabilities. Some of these responsibilities include providing medical orders, including allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plans, prescriptions for epinephrine auto-injectors, and participation in the establishment of individual health care plans or 504s. In addition, many clinicians participate in school wide/policy-driven activities and not only take responsibility for their own patients in school, but also work and volunteer directly with schools and government agencies where they play key roles in creating and guiding food allergy policies. They prescribe stock epinephrine, provide school community education, and can work on the creation and implementation of school policy and/or legislation pertaining to school policy. All clinicians, whether involved in the care of the individual student or general school health–related issues, will need a solid understanding of practical food allergy management.
Hard Grief for Hard Love: Writing Through Doctoral Studies and the Loss of My Mother

In this chapter, I share a combination of writings from personal blogs, social media, and course assignments that convey how I went about navigating grief, and how the process of learning to write as a doctoral student allowed me to write through grief. Through that writing, I found a pathway to healing and a pathway back to my mom. I frame my story through hooks’ (All About Love: New Visions. Harper Collins, New York, 2000) writings on love, and through discussions of how my personal narratives were a form of internal dialogue that enhanced my hope, and I believe, healing.
Iatrogenic gallbladder perforation secondary to Veress needle placement: a complication of robotic nephrectomy.

Our patient initially presented to the Urology service for robotic-assisted right simple nephrectomy due to complications from a ureteral stricture and recurrent obstructive pyelonephritis. In the operating room, the patient was placed in right-side-up flank position and access was obtained using the Veress needle at approximately the midclavicular line at the level of the costal margin. The initial pass of the Veress was questionable for bilious aspirate and the Veress removed. One more Veress attempt was made prior to plans to convert to Hasson, this time slightly medial. At the time of insufflation, the patient became hemodynamically unstable and was unable to be ventilated. Transthoracic echocardiogram confirmed a CO2 embolism. The incidence of CO2 embolism during laparoscopy is estimated to be 1 out of every 60 000 cases.1 Management included aborting the planned procedure, placing the patient in Trendelenburg/left lateral decubitus position to sequester air at the apex of the right ventricle, and providing supportive care through oxygenation and ventilation. The Veress was removed and the patient was positioned and stabilized by the anesthesiologist. The patient transferred to the ICU where they were resuscitated. …
Evaluating Sensory Acuity as a Marker of Balance Dysfunction After a Traumatic Brain Injury: A Psychophysical Approach

There is limited research on sensory acuity i.e., ability to perceive external perturbations via body-sway during standing in individuals with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is unclear whether sensory acuity diminishes after a TBI and if it is a contributing factor to balance dysfunction. The objective of this investigation is to first objectively quantify the sensory acuity in terms of perturbation perception threshold (PPT) and determine if it is related to functional outcomes of static and dynamic balance. Ten individuals with chronic TBI and 11 age-matched healthy controls (HC) performed PPT assessments at 0.33, 0.5, and 1 Hz horizontal perturbations to the base of support in the anterior-posterior direction, and a battery of functional assessments of static and dynamic balance and mobility [Berg balance scale (BBS), timed-up and go (TUG) and 5-m (5MWT) and 10-m walk test (10MWT)]. A psychophysical approach based on Single Interval Adjustment Matrix Protocol (SIAM), i.e., a yes-no task, was used to quantify the multi-sensory thresholds of perceived external perturbations to calculate PPT. A mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc analyses were performed using independent and paired t-tests to evaluate within and between-group differences. Pearson correlation was computed to determine the relationship between the PPT and functional measures. The PPT values were significantly higher for the TBI group (0.33 Hz: 2.97 ± 1.0, 0.5 Hz: 2.39 ± 0.7, 1 Hz: 1.22 ± 0.4) compared to the HC group (0.33 Hz: 1.03 ± 0.6, 0.5 Hz: 0.89 ± 0.4, 1 Hz: 0.42 ± 0.2) for all three perturbation frequencies (p < 0.006 post Bonferroni correction). For the TBI group, the PPT for 1 Hz perturbations showed significant correlation with the functional measures of balance (BBS: r = -0.66, p = 0.037; TUG: r = 0.78, p = 0.008; 5MWT: r = 0.67, p = 0.034, 10MWT: r = 0.76, p = 0.012). These findings demonstrate that individuals with TBI have diminished sensory acuity during standing which may be linked to impaired balance function after TBI.
G274 Delta 12s index as a screening tool for obstructive sleep apnoea in children

Introduction and Aims Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) affects up to 5.7% of children and is associated with significant morbidity. Clinical assessment is subjective and an unreliable predictor of OSA.1 To date, no single parameter has been validated for predicting OSA in otherwise healthy children. The gold standard investigation in suspected OSA is polysomnography (PSG), which is labour- and resource-intensive, requires expert interpretation and can be poorly tolerated. Nocturnal oximetry studies are cost effective, widely available and well tolerated. Delta 12s, a measure of oxygen saturation variability in oximetry studies, has been validated for the prediction of OSA in adults2 and in children with Down’s syndrome3 but has not been studied in children without co-morbidities. We aimed to demonstrate whether the delta 12s index predicts OSA in children without Down’s syndrome. Methods We identified 500 sequential patients who underwent adeno-tonsillectomy at our centre from electronic records. Exclusion criteria were children with Down’s syndrome and those with no recorded oximetry study. It was then determined which of these children had OSA (defined as OSA diagnosed by an ENT surgeon or respiratory paediatrician, or an oxygen desaturation index ≥5). Delta 12s index derived from these children’s oximetry data was retrospectively analysed for its ability to predict OSA. Results 155/500 children met criteria for inclusion. In this sample, 78 were determined to have OSA and 19 were not. The remaining 58 were undetermined. The relationship between Delta 12s and OSA is highly significant (p Conclusion Delta 12s is a simple parameter that can be used by general paediatricians as a screening tool to identify symptomatic children without Down’s syndrome with a high likelihood of OSA. References Dehlink E, et al. J Thorac Dis. 2016; 8: 224–235. Magalang UJ, et al. Chest 2003;124:1694–707 Hill CM, et al. Arch Dis Child 2018;103:962–7
Domain specific word embeddings for natural language processing in radiology.

Abstract Background There has been increasing interest in machine learning based natural language processing (NLP) methods in radiology; however, models have often used word embeddings trained on general web corpora due to lack of a radiology-specific corpus. Purpose We examined the potential of Radiopaedia to serve as a general radiology corpus to produce radiology specific word embeddings that could be used to enhance performance on a NLP task on radiological text. Materials and methods Embeddings of dimension 50, 100, 200, and 300 were trained on articles collected from Radiopaedia using a GloVe algorithm and evaluated on analogy completion. A shallow neural network using input from either our trained embeddings or pre-trained Wikipedia 2014 + Gigaword 5 (WG) embeddings was used to label the Radiopaedia articles. Labeling performance was evaluated based on exact match accuracy and Hamming loss. The McNemar’s test with continuity and the Benjamini-Hochberg correction and a 5×2 cross validation paired two-tailed t-test were used to assess statistical significance. Results For accuracy in the analogy task, 50-dimensional (50-D) Radiopaedia embeddings outperformed WG embeddings on tumor origin analogies (p Conclusion We have developed a set of word embeddings from Radiopaedia and shown that they can preserve relevant medical semantics and augment performance on a radiology NLP task. Our results suggest that the cultivation of a radiology-specific corpus can benefit radiology NLP models in the future.
Patient reported physical and mental health changes associated with a comprehensive cardiovascular risk reduction program for women with breast cancer receiving potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy.

Women with breast cancer (BCA) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications when exposed to potentially cardiotoxic cancer therapy. The benefit of aggressive CVD risk factor modification to reduce adverse treatment-related psychologic and biologic effects is not well established. Using a single group pre-test, post-test design, 33 women with BCA receiving anthracycline and/or trastuzumab therapy participated in a 6-month comprehensive CVD risk reduction program involving formal cardio-oncology evaluation along with regular motivational counseling for improved nutrition and physical activity. Study parameters were assessed at baseline and 6 months with paired t-tests used to evaluate changes after the intervention. The mental component summary score assessed by SF-36V2 improved significantly after program completion (45.0 to 48.8, effect size 0.37, p = 0.017), however the physical component summary score declined (46.2 to 40.9, effect size − 0.53, p = 0.004). Despite this decline in perceived physical health, markers of health-related fitness and nutritional status were maintained or improved. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure also improved after the intervention (136.7 to 124.1 mmHg, p = 0.001 and 84.0 to 78.7 mmHg, p = 0.031, respectively). No significant change in resting heart rate, body mass index, lipids, hemoglobin A1C, or left ventricular ejection fraction was observed. Patient-reported mental health improved significantly in women with BCA enrolled in a comprehensive CVD risk reduction program despite exposure to potentially cardiotoxic therapies. This study provides preliminary data for future randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects CVD risk reduction program in high-risk breast cancer cohorts.
Fake news detection: a survey of evaluation datasets

Fake news detection has gained increasing importance among the research community due to the widespread diffusion of fake news through media platforms. Many dataset have been released in the last few years, aiming to assess the performance of fake news detection methods. In this survey, we systematically review twenty-seven popular datasets for fake news detection by providing insights into the characteristics of each dataset and comparative analysis among them. A fake news detection datasets characterization composed of eleven characteristics extracted from the surveyed datasets is provided, along with a set of requirements for comparing and building new datasets. Due to the ongoing interest in this research topic, the results of the analysis are valuable to many researchers to guide the selection or definition of suitable datasets for evaluating their fake news detection methods.
The Effect of Arsenic Doping on the Performance of CdSe x Te 1-x /CdTe Solar Cells

The effect of Arsenic doping in the CdSe x Te 1-x (CST)/CdTe solar cells with different Se (x) compositions and processed under various CdCl 2 annealing temperatures has been investigated. The superstrate cell configuration was ITO/MZO/CST: As/CdTe/Back Contact. The CST was doped with Arsenic during the CSS deposition. The Se (x) composition of the CST was varied between_-6 and 27%. The V oc decreased and J sc increased at higher Se (x) compositions for both undoped and doped cells, due to a decrease in the bandgap of CST. For undoped cells, the maximum net p-doping was found to be around 3.20E+14 cm-3 for 22% Se composition, and for Arsenic doped cells 1.87E+15 cm-3 for 27% Se composition. The V oc for the Arsenic doped cell was found to be 30-40 mV lower than the undoped cells presumably due to lower minority carrier lifetimes.
Analytic approaches to model simplification and approximation

Models of biochemical reaction systems typically have large state spaces and complex structure. Stochastic limit theorems provide one approach to deriving less complex and more tractable models. Specifying models as solutions of equations of the form ( 1.8) enables exploitation of the law of large numbers and central limit theorem for the driving Poisson processes to give analytic derivations of the simplified models.
FeedomCAR power electronics progress [summary for oral presentation]

Summary form only given. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have been successfully used to transform either partial/total face to face or distance learning education [1]. Educational software systems aid the teaching/learning process, promoting the development of a lot of Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs), improving the assimilation of the content presented in the class. Using mechanisms such as Hardware as a Service (HaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS), it is possible to envision a new concept: Education as a Service — EdaaS.
Effect of Pneumothorax-lnduced Systemic Blood Pressure Alterations on the Cerebral Circulation in Newborn Dogs

Pneumothorax has been associated with intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants, although the mechanism for this relationship is not clear. Because alterations in cerebral blood flow are believed to be important in the pathogenesis of intraventricular hemorrhage, the effect of induced pneumothorax and subsequent evacuation on the cerebral circulation in 16 newborn dogs was evaluated. Continuous Doppler ultrasound was used to monitor changes in cerebral blood velocity. Pneumothorax was induced by slow infusion (5 cc/kg/min) or rapid infusion (5 to 10 seconds) of air to reduce mean arterial blood pressure to half of base-line levels. Both methods of pneumothorax induction resulted in significant elevations of central venous pressure and intrapleural pressure, whereas mean arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood velocity decreased significantly. In each group, the pneumothorax was evacuated either by slow withdrawal of air (10 cc/kg/min) or as rapidly as possible. Rapid evacuation of air resulted in an immediate increase in mean arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood velocity to supranormal levels. Slow evacuation led to a more gradual normalization of mean arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood velocity. It is suggested that the precipitous increases in mean arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood velocity following rapid evacuation of a tension pneumothorax may account for the observed association between pneumothorax and intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants.
Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells: Anti-Adipogenic Differentiation?

Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are vitamin-A storing, liver pericytes that become transdifferentiated into myofibroblastic cells to play a central role in liver fibrogenesis. Elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying this transdifferentiation represents the most pivotal prerequisite for development of efficacious therapeutic modalities for cirrhosis and portal hypertension. To this end, our laboratory proposed a notion that HSC differentiation is analogous to adipocyte differentiation. In support of the notion, the depletion of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, a master transcription factor for adipocyte differentiation, is closely associated with myofibroblastic transdifferentiation of HSC and conversely the treatment of the cells with ligands for PPARγ or forced expression of this nuclear factor reverses the phenotype of “activated” HSC to that of quiescent HSC. Further, the expression of other known adipogenic transcription factors are most robust in quiescent HSC and are drastically diminished in activated HSC. This proposal raises an intriguing possibility that pro-adipogenic manipulation targeted to HSC may serve as a unique therapeutic intervention for liver fibrosis and hepatic microcirculation disturbances.
Multimers Formed by the Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein NSP2 Bind to RNA and Have Nucleoside Triphosphatase Activity

The nonstructural protein NSP2 is a component of rotavirus replication intermediates and accumulates in cytoplasmic inclusions (viroplasms), sites of genome RNA replication and the assembly of subviral particles. To better understand the structure and function of the protein, C-terminally His-tagged NSP2 was expressed in bacteria and purified to homogeneity. In its purified form, the protein did not exist as a monomer but rather was present as an 8S-10S homomultimer consisting of 6 +/- 2 subunits of recombinant NSP2 (rNSP2). As shown by gel mobility shift assays, the rNSP2 multimers bound to RNA in discrete cooperative steps to form higher-order RNA-protein complexes. The RNA-binding activity of the rNSP2 multimers was determined to be nonspecific and to have a strong preference for single-stranded RNA over double-stranded RNA, for which it displayed little affinity. Enzymatic analysis revealed that rNSP2 possessed an associated nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) activity in vitro, which in the presence of Mg(2+) catalyzed the hydrolysis of each of the four NTPs to NDPs with equal efficiency. Evidence indicating that the hydrolysis of NTP resulted in the covalent linkage of the gamma-phosphate to rNSP2 was obtained. Additional experiments showed that NSP2 expressed transiently in MA014 cells is phosphorylated. We propose that NSP2 functions as a molecular motor, catalyzing the packaging of viral mRNA into core-like replication intermediates through the energy derived from its NTPase activity.
Histidine Regulation in Salmonella typhimurium IX. HISTIDINE TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACID OF THE REGULATORY MUTANTS

Abstract Four classes of mutants constitutive for the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium, hisR, hisT, hisU, and hisW, were examined for a possible role in the production of histidine tRNA. The content of tRNAhis in tRNA isolated from each of the mutant types was compared to that of the wild type, and the chromatographic behavior of the tRNAhis obtained from the mutants and the wild type was examined. Chromatography of the tRNAhis of the wild type gave no evidence for multiple species. Two factors suggest that hisR is a structural gene for histidine tRNA. First, hisR strains were found to have 25 to 45% less tRNAhis than the wild type; and second, introduction of an episome carrying the hisR gene into the wild type resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the quantity of tRNAhis. The tRNAhis of a hisT mutant chromatographed differently from that of the wild type. Since the hisT gene has previously been shown to code for a dispensible protein, we conclude that this protein is involved in tRNAhis maturation. The tRNAhis from hisT mutants is present in normal amounts, is charged normally, and appears to behave normally in protein synthesis, although not in repression control. The tRNA from a cold-sensitive hisW mutant was found to have an altered acceptance for several amino acids. This indicates that hisW also codes for a tRNA maturation enzyme. No increase in tRNAhis levels was obtained when an episome carrying the hisW gene was inserted into the wild type, and the tRNAhis from a hisW mutant behaved as the tRNA from the wild type on chromatography. No difference was found between the tRNAhis of hisU mutants and that of the wild type.
Posttreatment with uridine and melatonin following traumatic brain injury reduces edema in various brain regions in rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem and a significant cause of death, disability, and neurobehavioral deficits. We investigated the effect of posttreatment with uridine and melatonin, separate and in combination, on edema in various brain regions following TBI via lateral fluid percussion. Uridine (16 and 32 mg/kg, i.p.) and melatonin (200 mg/kg, i.p.), individually reduced edema in impacted striatum versus TBI. Combination treatment of uridine (32) and melatonin (200) decreased edema in impacted as well as non-impacted hippocampus (75.7 +/- 0.5% and 75.4 +/- 0.3%) and striatum (69.7 +/- 1.2% and 72.6 +/- 0.5%) respectively, as compared to the group that received vehicle following TBI. Combination of uridine (16) and melatonin (200) attenuated edema levels in impacted hippocampus (76.6 +/- 0.4%) and striatum (71.7 +/- 0.5% and 74 +/- 0.3%, respectively). Combination of uridine and melatonin may be a possible treatment strategy for the damage caused by TBI and its neuroprotective potential needs to be evaluated further.
Irreversible heat inactivation of transfer ribonucleic acids.

Abstract Heat inactivation of transfer ribonucleic acids at 90° in a solvent of neutral pH and moderate concentration of monovalent salts leads to a 63% loss (1 hit per molecule) of three different biological functions in about 10 hours. Addition of Mg++ increases the rate of inactivation 20-fold. While chain scission is shown to be the most important mechanism of inactivation in the presence of Mg++, it accounts for only 20 to 50% of the inactivation in the absence of Mg++. Whereas depurination, deamination, and aggregation have been ruled out as additional important means of heat inactivation in the absence of Mg++, the destruction of 5,6-dihydrouridylic acid residues appears to be a quantitatively significant one.
The Marketplace of Ideas

Professor Posner's sketch has, I am sure, captured a widely shared view of the legal academy. In the foreground, behold a milling herd of well-groomed doctrinal analysts, curiously in decline. In the background, glimpse a gathering horde of slovenly social scientists and humanists practicing a bewildering variety of "law and . . ."s, surprisingly on the rise. I think that this picture is misleading. Not that Professor Posner is wrong in thinking that something important is afoot. But it is a mistake to think of the change as a shift from doctrinal analysis to nondoctrinal musings. What is going on is a shift from one kind of doctrinal analysis to another kind of doctrinal analysis. Speaking very broadly, the newer sorts of analysis are characterized by a more selfconscious and elaborate conceptual apparatus than the kinds they are displacing. As a consequence, it is no surprise that the newer doctrinal analysts have been borrowing heavily from other parts of the university-where professors are paid to develop elaborate conceptual schemes for scientific empirical description and adequate normative evaluation. Yet the primary purpose of the modern law professor remains much as it was in the past: to provide disciplined methods for evaluating the flow of legal decisions and to train students in these methods so that they will intelligently practice them in their professional lives.Guido Calabresi is different from William Prosser; Frank Michelman is different from Alexander Bickel. But nothing is gained, and much is lost, by saying that Prosser and Bickel
Pile Load Capacity: Estimates and Test Results

The Michigan Pile Study (1961-1965) included a series of field loading tests on both bearing and friction piles in addition to the main investigation of pile driving hammers. A comparison was made between the measured capacity and that estimated from dynamic pile driving formulas and from soil test data from borings and laboratory tests. The objective was to determine the accuracy and reliability of these two methods of predicting supporting capacity for design. It was concluded that soil test data obtained from borings and laboratory tests following standardized procedures gave the more reliable basis for predicting design capacity. A comparison between measured capacity and predictions from soil test data was considered quite satisfactory in this investigation. Predictions from representative pile driving formulas varied widely but offered much opportunity for improvement. It was concluded that dynamic pile formulas will always be useful in controlling driving and in predicting capacity where soil test data are not available.
A lesson in choosing the wrong algorithm for determining milestones in a trajectory simulation

Computer Science majors at Mary Washington College (MWC) are offered an elective in Simulation Techniques. This course exposes students to both the discrete-event simulation and continuous simulation paradigms. For the latter, students implement numerical integration and interpolation algorithms needed to manipulate the differential equations representing a simple three-degrees-of-freedom trajectory of a launched object. This assignment also requires students to recover times at which particular values for dependent variables, or milestones, occur in the trajectory. Recovery is necessary because the trajectory needs to advance beyond a milestone so that an iterative process can be triggered to go back in time to achieve the desired timeline within an acceptable tolerance. This paper discusses a problem that arises if backward numerical integration is chosen to recover these milestone times. For closed-form mathematical exercises the technique is safe and is especially appealing to students because of its ease of implementation. But, since students are required to interpolate in tables of empirical data representing drag and weather influences, backward integration involving abrupt trajectory transitions can produce spectacularly erroneous results. This paper dramatically illustrates the problem and discusses a tabular method, involving Lagrangian interpolation, which offers a foolproof alternative to the very tempting backward integration scheme.
Comparative rapid onset of efficacy between doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system and tamsulosin in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia: a multicentre, prospective, randomised study.

Summary Aims: To compare the rapidity of improvement in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) for the doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) and tamsulosin in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients. Methods: A total of 207 patients were randomised to one of two groups for a 12-week daily treatment with doxazosin-GITS 4 mg or tamsulosin 0.2 mg. The primary end-point was to compare the early onsets of efficacy between the two drugs. This was assessed by analysing the changes from baseline in the total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) in the early period of treatment. Secondary aims were to compare improvements in obstructive/irritative subscore and quality of life (QoL) score between the two groups, and to evaluate the adverse events (AEs) with the drugs. Results: After 12 weeks of treatment, both groups showed significant improvements in IPSS scores (total, obstructive and irritative subscores, QoL score) from baseline (p < 0.0001). However, the doxazosin-GITS group showed significantly greater improvements in total IPSS and obstructive subscore than the tamsulosin group in the early period (p < 0.05). Improvements in irritative subscore (within 4 weeks) and QoL score (during 12 weeks) were not significantly different between the groups. The incidences of AEs were similar between the groups. Conclusion: In this study, doxazosin-GITS showed significantly more rapid onset of efficacy and similar AEs compared with tamsulosin in BPH patients with LUTS. We believe this will probably improve patient compliance. Future studies with a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up period will be required to confirm this.
Oxygenation of metal complexes: On mechanistic details of initial interaction

Abstract Temperature perturbations of both anaerobic and oxygenated solutions of the square planar complexes of cobalt, rhodium and iridium, [M(L-L)2]+ (M = metal atom, L-L = diphosphine chelate), produce identical small changer in their visible spectra. These observations, together with rate law and activation energy data, provide no evidence for any chemically significant intermediates during the formation of the previously established peroxo complexes, [( 02)M( L- L )2+, from molecular oxygen and [M[ L-L )2]+.
Automated Image Processing for Spatially Resolved Analysis of Lipid Droplets in Cultured 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Cellular hypertrophy of adipose tissue underlies many of the proposed proinflammatory mechanisms for obesity-related diseases. Adipose hypertrophy results from an accumulation of esterified lipids (triglycerides) into membrane-enclosed intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). The coupling between adipocyte metabolism and LD morphology could be exploited to investigate biochemical regulation of lipid pathways by monitoring the dynamics of LDs. This article describes an image processing method to identify LDs based on several distinctive optical and morphological characteristics of these cellular bodies as they appear under bright-field. The algorithm was developed against images of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cultures induced to differentiate into adipocytes. We show that the calculated lipid volumes are in excellent agreement with enzymatic assay data on total intracellular triglyceride content. We also demonstrate that the image processing method can efficiently characterize the highly heterogeneous spatial distribut...