cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Parameters of Sex, Race, Age, and Education and their Influence on Attitudes toward Suicide:

A state wide proportionate systematic telephone survey of 400 Arkansans was conducted in the summer of 1984 to ascertain the population's attitudes toward suicide and suicidal behaviors. Weighting of the sample to conform to the 1980 distribution of the population by sex resulted in a final sample size of 491. An analysis of the results by sex, race, age, and educational level was performed. Sixty-nine percent of the respondents do not believe that a person has the right to commit suicide. Seventy-one percent believe that a normal person would not commit suicide. More than half of the sample know someone who has committed or tried to commit suicide. Attitudes and experiences with suicide and suicidal people were found to be differentially distributed by age, sex, race, and educational level.
Biexponential transverse relaxation (T2) of the proton MRS creatine resonance in human brain

Differences in proton MRS T(2) values for phosphocreatine (PCr) and creatine (Cr) methyl groups (3.0 ppm) were investigated in studies of phantoms and human brain. Results from phantom studies revealed that T(2) of PCr in solution is significantly shorter than T(2) of Cr. Curve-fitting results indicated that the amplitude-TE curves of the total Cr resonance at 3.0 ppm in human brain (N = 26) fit a biexponential decay model significantly better than a monoexponential decay model (P < 0.006), yielding mean T(2) values of 117 +/- 21 ms and 309 +/- 21 ms. Using a localized, long-TE (272 ms) point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) proton MRS during 2 min of photic stimulation (PS), an increase of 12.1% +/- 3.5% in the mean intensity of the total Cr resonance in primary visual cortex (VI) was observed at the end of stimulation (P < 0.021). This increase is consistent with the conversion of 26% of PCr in VI to Cr, which is concordant with (31)P MRS findings reported by other investigators. These results suggest a significantly shorter T(2) for PCr than for Cr in vivo. This difference possibly could be exploited to quantify regional activation in functional spectroscopy studies, and could also lead to inaccuracies in some circumstances when the Cr resonance is used as an internal standard for (1)H MRS studies in vivo.
Snip-snip, kill-kill: truncated SDF-1 and HIV-associated neurodegeneration

HIV-associated neurodegeneration likely involves release of signals from activated glial cells. A new study reveals that matrix metalloproteinase from HIV-1-infected macrophages or microglia cleaves the chemokine SDF-1 to generate a potent neurotoxin.
Diffraction of Low-Speed Electrons by Single Crystals of Copper and Silver

Diffraction beams for normal incidence on the (100) faces of copper and silver crystals.\char22{}Previous results for a copper crystal are checked and extended, by using another crystal of exceptionally pure copper. All of the expected diffraction beams which are x-ray analogues in the two principal azimuths and in the range below 325 volts are found. These beams require values of refractive index greater than unity, but the associated values of inner potential are not constant. Another class of weak beams is found characteristic of the copper lattice, but which require a refractive index of approximately unity for the first order beams of the two principal azimuths. These weak beams accompany the main beams on the high voltage side as satellites. Conditions for orders higher than the 1st are more complicated and indicate that the above method of classification is not sufficient. For a silver crystal the number of experimental maxima is considerably greater than the number of theoretical beams in the low-voltage range. These maxima cannot be classified as main beams requiring a refractive index greater than unity, and weak satellites requiring unit refractive index as in case of a copper crystal, but whenever two or more experimental maxima are to be associated with a given theoretical beam, they are, in general, grouped as components of fine structure of a single diffraction beam.
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Activity of Newer Agents Against Penicillin-Resistant Strains.

Strains of pneumococci resistant to antimicrobial agents have been reported on all continents. In 1997, more than 50% of strains in the United States were not susceptible to penicillin, and 30% were resistant to macrolides. In addition, many strains are resistant to multiple agents, including β-lactams, macrolides, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Although resistance to β-lactams in nonmeningeal infections can usually be overcome by parenteral administration, clinically significant resistance is an important limitation in meningitis and with oral administration of β-lactams. Decisions about treatment of pneumococcal infection are based on the site of infection, the degree of resistance to penicillin G, the presence of resistance to other agents, the severity of disease, the presence of underlying conditions, and the dose and route of administration of antimicrobial agents. The application of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables to pneumococci has greatly improved the interpretation of susceptibility data and the development of clinically relevant breakpoints.
Palpebral spring in the management of lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy secondary to facial nerve palsy.

PURPOSE To evaluate the use of a palpebral spring, a dynamic facial reanimation technique, in the management of lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy secondary to facial nerve palsy. METHODS A palpebral spring was placed in 29 eyelids of 28 patients with symptomatic facial nerve palsy. Preoperative and postoperative symptoms, upper eyelid margin to midpupil distance, lagophthalmos, and exposure keratopathy were evaluated. RESULTS At an average of 83 months follow-up, preoperative symptoms improved or resolved in 26 (90%) eyes. The upper eyelid margin to midpupil distance decreased and lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy significantly improved after palpebral spring placement (p < 0.001). After modification of the technique by suturing the spring to the anterior tarsal surface, rather than encasing the tip in a silicone tube and letting it ride freely, tension of the spring required adjustment in 4 eyes (27%). Dislocation of the spring from the tarsus without exposure through the skin was observed in 1 eyelid (7%). The spring was replaced because of loss of function secondary to metal fatigue in 5 eyelids (33%) after an average of 43 months. Exposure of the spring through the skin was observed in 2 eyelids (14%) and required spring removal from 1 eyelid and replacement of the spring in the other. CONCLUSION A palpebral spring is an effective treatment for lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy in patients with facial nerve palsy who do not receive adequate relief from the static procedures of lower eyelid tightening and upper eyelid lowering. This technique significantly improved symptoms and signs in these patients while allowing some of the blink reflex.
Electronic behavior in alloys: Gold-non-transition-metal intermetallics

Chemical effects (charge-transfer and valence-band behavior) upon alloying in Au alloys have been studied in a series of Au-Cd, Au-In, Au-Sn, Au-Sb, and Au-Te intermetallics by $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ M\"ossbauer and x-ray photoemission measurements. For these alloys, the M\"ossbauer isomer shifts (2.0-4.7 mm ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ relative to Au) indicate significant increases of valence $s$ character at the Au sites, whereas the Au-$4f$ binding-energy shifts (0.2-1.35 eV relative to Au) indicate apparent charge depletion. This study, together with previous observations, confirms that there is little net charge flow between Au and host-metal atoms upon alloying, i.e., that the increase of predominantly $s$-like conduction-electron count, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{n}_{c}$, at a Au site is largely compensated by a depletion in $5d$ count, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{n}_{d}$. It is found from an analysis that the net charge flow at the Au site, $\ensuremath{\delta}=\ensuremath{\Delta}{n}_{c}+\ensuremath{\Delta}{n}_{d}$, is approximately 0.1 electron and that the ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}{n}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}{n}_{d}}$ is surprisingly constant given the various numerical uncertainties of the analysis. It thus appears that the $d$ bands are actively involved, through hybridization, in alloying, and that such $s\ensuremath{-}d$ compensation is a general characteristic of Au alloys. Substantial hybridization of the Au $d$ bands with the Au non-$d$ states and with the valence states of main-group metal atoms is observed in the valence-band spectra. The relationship of this hybridization to the $d$ and non-$d$ charge-transfer effects inferred from the core level and M\"ossbauer shifts is discussed. It is also found that in some cases the isomer shifts of the dilute alloys are similar to those of the intermetallic compounds, indicating that the local order around the Au site in these dilute alloys is similar to that in the intermetallic compounds.
Data mining standards initiatives

Lacking standards for statistical and data mining models, applications cannot leverage the benefits of data mining.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging At The University Of California, San Francisco

While developing a human size NMR imager, a small aperture imaging system is being used to characterize NMR responses in intact rats. The basic response of our imaging technique to the T1 and T2 relaxation times is presented. Based on this response, T1, T2 and relaxation independent "hydrogen" images are computed. These computed mages of normal rats demonstrate that most of the contrast in NMR images is due to the relaxation times. Work on some possible hazards in NMR is summarized.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Resonance and Nonresonance in Terms of Average Values

Abstract We prove existence results for nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. What sets our results apart is that we impose sufficient conditions for solvability in terms of the (asymptotic) average values of the nonlinearities. Our solvability conditions allow the nonlinear term to have significant oscillations outside the given spectral gap as long as it remains within the interval on the average in some sense.
Lipid metabolism of manganese-deficient algae. I. Effect of manganese deficiency on the greening and the lipid composition of Euglena gracilis Z

The growth of photoautotrophic Euglena gracilis Z is strongly inhibited by manganese deficiency, whereas chlorophyll formation is not appreciably affected. The galactosyldiglyceride content of the manganese-deficient photo-autotrophic Euglena was about 40% lower on the basis of either chlorophyll content or dry weight. When dark-grown cultures of Euglena were grown photoheterotrophically in light sufficient for the greening of the cells, or photosynthesis, manganese deficiency resulted in a reduction of the cellular content of chlorophyll and galactosyldiglycerides to 40% of control values, indicating interference with chloroplast formation. The fatty acids of the photoheterotrophic manganese-deficient cells were mainly saturated, with an unusual accumulation (about 45%) of the total fatty acids) of myristic acid. In spite of this, the galactosyldiglycerides contain mainly unsaturated fatty acids. Ninety per cent of the fatty acids of the monogalactosyldiglyceride are unsaturated, including large amounts of alpha-linolenic acid. The ratio of chlorophyll to galactosyldiglyceride content of the cells was remarkably constant at all manganese deficiency levels.
Could Wind Have Parted the Red Sea

Crossing of the Red Sea, painting by Nicolas Poussin (1634). The sun sank over the eastern Nile Delta. A man stood on the shore of a great sea of reeds. As twilight fell upon the land of Egypt, he ...
Predicting microfluidic response during immersion lithography scanning

Immersion lithography has been proposed as a method of improving optical lithography resolution to 50 nm and below. The premise behind the concept is to increase the index of refraction in the space between the lens and wafer through the insertion of a high refractive index liquid in place of the low refractive index air that currently fills the gap. This paper presents three studies related to potential problem areas for immersion lithography. The first study investigates the entrainment of air as liquid flows over features in the wafer topology. Bubbles are undesirable because they introduce changes in the index of refraction in the optical path that can lead to imaging errors. The second investigation examines liquid heating due to the absorption of the incident energy by the fluid as well as heat transferred from the exposed wafer and viscous heating. This temperature elevation can lead to changes in the liquid's index of refraction which may lead to optical degradation of the fluid. The final investigation examines the potentially significant normal and shear stresses induced on both the lens and wafer surface due to the increased viscosity and density of the liquid as compared with air. These mechanical loads may cause the lens to distort or shift in its mounting. This paper presents the results of the numerical thermal, flow, and structural simulations used to analyze these various critical issues.
Mother-pup separation and adoption in northern elephant seals

The evolution of fostering behavior, parental care directed toward another's young, has been the focus of much recent interest. During a five-year study of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) at Ano Nuevo, California, we recorded the frequency of mother-pup separation, reunion, and adoption of orphaned pups in crowded and low-density breeding areas. While most females nursed their own pup exclusively until it was weaned, many females, especially young mothers (age 3–5 years), were unable to raise a pup successfully. In the crowded main breeding harem on Ano Nuevo Island, 24 to 47 percent of the pups born each year were separated from their mothers from 1977 to 1980. Mother-pup separation and pup mortality were associated with the following inter-related factors: 1) female density; 2) weather and tidal conditions; 3) topographical features of the breeding areas (i.e., degree of exposure to high tides and surf); and 4) the proportion of young, maternally inexperienced females pupping in a particular area. Most motherpup separations were caused directly by 1) adult males moving through the harem; 2) pups wandering from their mothers; 3) female aggression; and 4) inclement weather. Most of the separations, as well as adoptions, occurred when pups were quite young. Mother-pup recognition appeared to be based on a combination of acoustic, visual, and olfactory cues, and most mother-pup reunions were effected by the female rather than her pup. On the main island breeding area, 572 orphans were marked. Of these, five percent relocated their mother, 27 percent were adopted or frequently cared for by foster mothers, and 68 percent were not adopted, or rarely fostered. The survival of an orphan was clearly contingent on the amount of care it received; most orphans which were not nursed or protected by females died before reaching 6 weeks of age. Frequently, an adopted orphan's foster mother was in the stage of lactation which corresponded closely to that of its own mother. The most common fostering event involved females that had lost their own pup and adopted a single orphan. Other pupless females attempted to steal a pup, cared for a pup while it was still with its mother, adopted a weaned pup, adopted two pups, or indiscriminately nursed any orphaned pup that approached. Some females kept their own pup in addition to fostering in alien pup. Most foster mothers were young and had little or no previous maternal experience. The formation of large, high-density breeding rookeries, due to a scarcity of suitable breeding sites, results in frequent mother-pup separations, especially during inclement weather and tidal conditions. Many opportunities for adoptive behavior are therefore presented, because of the great number of orphans and pupless females. Increased maternal experience appears to be a benefit associated with adoption. Some instances of fostering behavior may also be based on “reproductive errors” on the part of the foster mother.
Frequency-resolved optical gating in highly-nonlinear fibers

We demonstrate a measurement technique for frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) using a parametric fiber mixer. A cascaded mixer using highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) was used to characterize 2-ps optical pulses with accuracy exceeding that of conventional sampling instruments.
Effectiveness of an intussusceptive antireflux valve to prevent ascending cholangitis after hepatic portojejunostomy in biliary atresia

An intussusceptive antireflux valve was created in the Roux-en-Y loop at the same time as the hepatic portojejunostomy (Kasai procedure) for the purpose of preventing ascending cholangitis in 14 new cases of biliary atresia and in 6 long-term survivors of the Kasai operation after episodes of ascending cholangitis. Ascending cholangitis did not develop in any of the 13 new patients who showed bile outflow following a modified Kasai procedure with antireflux valve nor in 5 of 6 patients who had secondary valve implementation. Postmortem examination of a patient with a valve who died 2 years 3 months after surgery showed that the structure of the valve was intact and that the valve still was quite effective as an antireflux mechanism.
The Comparative Study of “Scholasticism” in Late Antique Mesopotamia: Rabbis and East Syrians

Now is an appropriate time to reconsider the historiographical benefit that a comparative study of the East Syrian (“Nestorian”) schools and the Babylonian rabbinic academies may offer. This is attributable both to the recent, rapid increase in scholarship on Jewish–Christian relations in the Roman Empire and late antiquity more broadly, and to the return by some scholars of rabbinic Judaism to the issues of a scholarly exchange of the late 1970s and early 1980s about the nature of rabbinic academic institutionalization. Furthermore, over the past twenty years, scholars of classics, Greek and Roman history, and late antiquity have significantly added to the bibliography on the transmission of knowledge—in lay person's terms, education—in the Greco-Roman and early Christian worlds. Schools continue to be an intense topic of conversation, and my own recent work on the School of Nisibis and the East Syrian schools in general suggests that the transformations and innovations of late antiquity also occurred in the Sasanian Empire, at a great distance from the centers of classical learning, such as Athens, Alexandria, and Antioch. The recently reexamined East Syrian sources may help push the conversation about rabbinic academic institutionalization forward. However, the significance of this issue is not simply attributable to its bearing on the social and institutional history of rabbinic institutions. Such inquiry may also reflect on how we understand the Babylonian Talmud and on the difficult redaction history of its constituent parts. Furthermore, I hope that the discussion offered herein will contribute to the ongoing analysis of the late antique creation and formalization of cultures of learning, which were transmitted, in turn, into the Eastern (i.e., Islamic and “Oriental” Christian and Jewish) and Western Middle Ages within their corresponding communities.
Low attenuation lesions in the midline posterior fossa: Differential diagnosis

A wide variety of cystic appearing or low attenuation lesions in the midline posterior fossa can so closely resemble one another as to render specific histologic diagnosis from CT scans alone fraught with error. Absorption coefficients often overlap and are too nonspecific to infer consistently accurate histologic diagnosis. It is virtually impossible to separate cystic from noncystic, benign from malignant, and neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions by absorption coefficients alone.
Genome-wide screen for variants that modify the known relationship between cerebrospinal fluid Beta-Amyloid 42 and ptau levels

suggests that PIO improves or protects neuronal mitochondrial function and increases mitochondrial biogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, results of behavioral studies indicate that TZD treatment may ameliorate some of the cognitive deficits in murine models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and human AD. This initial exploration examined the effects of low-dose PIO treatment on brain functional connectivity in awake rats using fMRI. Methods: Awake, adult male Wistar rats were acclimated to the scanning procedure for approximately 7 days. A baseline scan was performed 2.53h after dosing with vehicle (citric acid) using a 4.7 Tesla/30cm horizontal magnet and blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) imaging. Thereafter, rats were dosed orally with vehicle or 1 of 4 dosages of PIO (0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32 mg/kg). One group of vehicleand one group of PIO-treated rats were scanned after the 2nd dosing; all rats were scanned after the last (7th) daily dose (n1⁄45 for each group). Results: For region of interest (ROI) analysis, each brain was demarcated into 57 ROIs and cross-correlation coefficients between pairs of ROIs were calculated to evaluate functional connectivity between ROIs. Seventeen ROI pairs showed significant (P<0.005, uncorrected) changes in functional connectivity on Day 7 of treatment with PIO compared with vehicle. Significant changes were seen in two pairs of ROIs on day 2 of dosing with PIO compared to the control group. Using the CA1 region of the hippocampus as a seed region, a voxel-by-voxel analysis indicated increased connectivity between the seed and the hypothalamus and ventral thalamus after 7 days of dosing. Conclusions: Our results indicate that administration of pioglitazone at doses lower than those used to treat T2D leads to changes in functional connectivity in conscious rats, as assessed by fMRI BOLD imaging; some changesmay occur within 2 days of treatment. These results provide preliminary evidence that low doses of PIO lead to changes in the brain and support the hypothesis that this drug may be a beneficial pharmacotherapy for neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
A search for factors specifying tonotopy implicates DNER in hair-cell development in the chick's cochlea

The accurate perception of sound frequency by vertebrates relies upon the tuning of hair cells, which are arranged along auditory organs according to frequency. This arrangement, which is termed a tonotopic gradient, results from the coordination of many cellular and extracellular features. Seeking the mechanisms that orchestrate those features and govern the tonotopic gradient, we used expression microarrays to identify genes differentially expressed between the high- and low-frequency cochlear regions of the chick (Gallus gallus). Of the three signaling systems that were represented extensively in the results, we focused on the notch pathway and particularly on DNER, a putative notch ligand, and PTPζ, a receptor phosphatase that controls DNER trafficking. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that both proteins are expressed more strongly in hair cells at the cochlear apex than in those at the base. At the apical surface of each hair cell, the proteins display polarized, mutually exclusive localization patterns. Using morpholinos to decrease the expression of DNER or PTPζ as well as a retroviral vector to overexpress DNER, we observed disturbances of hair-bundle morphology and orientation. Our results suggest a role for DNER and PTPζ in hair-cell development and possibly in the specification of tonotopy.
Mindfulness, Self-compassion, Self-efficacy, and Gender as Predictors of Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Well-being

We examined facets of mindfulness (describing, awareness, non-judging, and non-reactivity), three dimensions of negative self-compassion (self-judgment, isolation, and overidentification), self-efficacy, and gender as predictors of depression, anxiety, stress, and well-being among 204 undergraduates in the USA. Although there is overlap across these phenomena, previous research has not examined them together. Describing, non-judging, and awareness (inversely), as well as isolation and self-judgment, predicted depression. Only mindful non-judging and non-reactivity predicted anxiety (inversely). Non-judging, awareness, and non-reactivity (inversely), as well as isolation, predicted stress. Mindful describing and non-judging, together with self-efficacy and gender, predicted well-being. After accounting for self-efficacy, self-compassion, and gender, facets of mindfulness contributed unique variance in predicting depression, anxiety, stress, and well-being. We confirmed the importance of mindful non-judging in predicting distress (inversely) and well-being and identified the particular contributions of mindful describing for depression (inversely) and well-being. We established the value of mindful non-reactivity (inversely) for anxiety and stress. Additionally, we confirmed the relevance of self-judgment and isolation for depression and of isolation for stress. Finally, we established self-efficacy and gender as predictors of well-being. The preceding findings speak to the importance of investigating mindfulness, self-compassion, self-efficacy, and gender together in predicting depression, anxiety, stress, and well-being.
Investigation of stepwise covalent synthesis on a surface yielding porphyrin-based multicomponent architectures.

Porphyrins have been shown to be a viable medium for use in molecular-based information storage applications. The success of this application requires the construction of a stack of components (“electroactive surface/tether/charge-storage molecule/linker/electrolyte/top contact”) that can withstand high-temperature conditions during fabrication (up to 400 °C) and operation (up to 140 °C). To identify suitable chemistry that enables in situ stepwise synthesis of covalently linked architectures on an electroactive surface, three sets of zinc porphyrins (22 altogether) have been prepared. In the set designed to form the base layer on a surface, each porphyrin incorporates a surface attachment group (triallyl tripod or vinyl monopod) and a distal functional group (e.g., pentafluorophenyl, amine, bromo, carboxy) for elaboration after surface attachment. A second set designed for in situ dyad construction incorporates a single functional group (alcohol, isothiocyanato) that is complementary to the functional gr...
Comparison of minitrampoline- and full-sized trampoline-related injuries in the United States, 1990-2002.

Objective To compare mini- and full-sized trampoline-related injuries in the United States. Methods A retrospective analysis of data was conducted for all ages from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission from 1990 to 2002. We compared 137 minitrampoline-related injuries with 143 full-sized trampoline-related injuries, randomly selected from all full-sized trampoline-related injuries reported to the NEISS during the study period. Results Patients ranged in age from 1 to 80 years (mean [SD]: 13.9 [17.7]) and 2 to 52 years (mean [SD]: 11.0 [8.0]) for mini- and full-sized trampoline-related injuries, respectively. Most patients were younger than 18 years (82% mini, 91% full-sized). Thirty-two percent of minitrampoline- and 19% of full-sized trampoline-related injuries were to children who were younger than 6 years; girls predominated (63% mini, 51% full-sized). Children who were younger than 6 years were more likely to be injured on a minitrampoline than on a full-sized trampoline, when compared with 6- to 17-year-olds (odds ratio [OR]: 2.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33-4.47). The majority of injuries occurred at home (87% mini, 89% full-sized). All patients who were injured on a minitrampoline were treated and released, whereas 5% of patients who were injured on a full-sized trampoline were admitted to the hospital. On minitrampolines, children who were younger than 6 years were at risk for head lacerations (OR: 4.98; 95% CI: 1.71-16.03), and children who were 6 to 17 years were at risk for lower extremity strains or sprains (OR: 6.26; 95% CI: 1.35-59.14). Children who were 6 to 17 years and injured on a full-sized trampoline were at risk for lower extremity strains or sprains (OR: 4.85; 95% CI: 1.09-44.93). Lower extremity strains or sprains were the most common injury sustained by adults (18 years and older; 33% mini, 15% full-sized). Conclusions Injury patterns were similar for mini- and full-sized trampolines, although minitrampoline-related injuries were less likely to require admission to the hospital and more commonly resulted in head lacerations among children who were younger than 6 years. Risk for injury could not be determined because of the lack of data regarding duration of exposure to risk. We therefore conclude that the use of full-sized trampolines by children should follow the policy recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Trampolines, including minitrampolines, should be regarded as training devices and not as toys. Until more data are available regarding exposure to risk, we caution against the use of the minitrampoline as a play device by children in the home, which is where most minitrampoline-related injuries occur.
Transport across epithelia: some basic principles.

The initial steps in the analysis of net transport across any epithelium are to define the thermodynamic properties of the two surrounding solutions (e.g., concentrations, or preferably activities, of solutes; electrical potential; pressure; etc.) and to measure the transepithelial flows of solutes and solvent. Then, viewing the multicellular structure (including unstirred, extraepithelial layers) as a homogeneous barrier, an attempt is made to define the forces responsible for a given flow. The theory of nonequilibrium (irreversible) thermodynamics is ideally suited for this purpose. This approach is entirely phenomenologie and does not depend upon a detailed (and often lacking) understanding of structure and function. Consequently, it can provide only limited insight into underlying mechanisms of transport. Nevertheless, by identifying the generalized forces responsible for a given flow, it provides direction for further efforts aimed at defining transport mechanisms at the molecular level in terms of membrane structure and biochemistry. The purpose of this communication is to illustrate briefly the application of nonequilibrium thermodynamics to the analysis of flows of solute and solvent across epithelial tissues. The emphasis will be on the analysis of solute movements because it is widely accepted that, in the absence of transepithelial hydrostatic pressure differences, solvent (water) flow is dependent upon solute flow and transepithelial solute concentration differences; detailed discussions of models for the coupling between water flow and solute flow have been published elsewhere [1–5]. Because of space limitations only the more common examples of flow-force interactions will be considered and detailed derivations will be omitted. More comprehensive treatments may be found elsewhere [2, 6–12].
The midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis concolor) venom: lethal toxicity and individual variability.

Abstract The midget faded rattlesnake ( Crotalus viridis concolor ) venom: lethal toxicity and individual variability. Toxicon 15, 129–133, 1977.— Crotalus viridis concolor venoms were collected from captive specimens from northeastern Utah and tested for lethal potency in mice and for protein content by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We found C. v. concolor potency (i.p.- ld 50 -0·25 μg per g) comparable to Crotalus durisses terrificus (i.p.- ld 50 -0·25 μg) and Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (California variety) (i.p.- ld 50 -0·24 μg per g) venoms. Individual C. v. concolor venoms show a wide variability both in lethality and protein pattern. The venom appears to be one of the most lethal Crotalid venoms in the New World.
Coordination chemistry of trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions in dilute and concentrated chloride solutions.

We have used EXAFS spectroscopy to investigate the inner sphere coordination of trivalent lanthanide (Ln) and actinide (An) ions in aqueous solutions as a function of increasing chloride concentration. At low chloride concentration, the hydration numbers and corresponding Ln,An-O bond lengths are as follows: La3+, N = 9.2, R = 2.54 A; Ce3+, N = 9.3, R = 2.52 A; Nd3+, N = 9.5, R = 2.49 A; Eu3+, N = 9.3, R = 2.43 A; Yb3+, N = 8.7, R = 2.32 A; Y3+, N = 9.7, R = 2.36 A; Am3+, N = 10.3, R = 2.48 A; Cm3+, N = 10.2, R = 2.45 A. In ca. 14 M LiCl, the early Ln3+ ions (La, Ce, Nd, and Eu) show inner sphere Cl- complexation along with a loss of H2O. The average chloride coordination numbers and Ln-Cl bond lengths are as follows: La3+, N = 2.1, R = 2.92 A; Ce3+, N = 1.8, R = 2.89 A; Nd3+, N = 1.9, R = 2.85 A; Eu3+, N = 1.1, R = 2.81 A. The extent of Cl- ion complexation decreases going across the Ln3+ series to the point where Yb3+ shows no Cl- complexation and no loss of coordinated water molecules. The actinide ions, Am3+ and Cm3+, show the same structural effects as the early Ln3+ ions, i.e., Cl- ion replacement of the H2O at high chloride thermodynamic activities. The Clion coordination numbers and An-Cl bond lengths are: Am3+, N = 1.8, R = 2.81 A; Cm3+, N = 2.4, R = 2.76 A. When combined with results reported previously for Pu3+ which showed no significant chloride complexation in 12 M LiCl, these results suggest that the extent of chloride complexation is increasing across the An3+ series. The origin of the differences in chloride complex formation between the Ln3+ and An3+ ions and the relevance to earlier work is discussed.
Chromosome rearrangements induced by x-rays in immature germ cells of Drosophila.

Factors influencing the production of chromosome rearrangements by x radiation in early cocytes and oogonia of Drosophila melanogaster are surveyed. Data are tabulated on the frequency of detachments of attached X chromosomes produced by different modes of treatment. The genetic technique used is described and results are discussed. (C.H.)
An exploratory investigation of handheld computer interaction for older adults with visual impairments

This study explores factors affecting handheld computer interaction for older adults with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). This is largely uncharted territory, as empirical investigations of human-computer interaction (HCI) concerning users with visual dysfunction and/or older adults have focused primarily on desktop computers. For this study, participants with AMD and visually-healthy controls used a handheld computer to search, select and manipulate familiar playing card icons under varied icon set sizes, inter-icon spacing and auditory feedback conditions. While all participants demonstrated a high rate of task completion, linear regression revealed several relationships between task efficiency and the interface, user characteristics and ocular factors. Two ocular measures, severity of AMD and contrast sensitivity, were found to be highly predictive of efficiency. The outcomes of this work reveal that users with visual impairments can effectively interact with GUIs on small displays in the presence of low-cost, easily implemented design interventions. This study presents a rich data set and is intended to inspire future work exploring the interactions of individuals with visual impairments with non-traditional information technology platforms, such as handheld computers.
The Prefrontal Cortex—An Update: Time Is of the Essence

I wish to thank Eric Kandel, James McGaugh, Earl Miller, and Thomas O'Dell for their comments on the manuscript.
An American Occurrence of Volkonskoite

Chromium-bearing members of the montmorillonite group have been reported heretofore only for Russian localities, where they have been related genetically to serpentines. A green mineral which occurs in high-angle fissures in the Morrison formation (Upper Jurassic) near Thompsons, Utah, contains about 2 percent Cr2O3. Data were obtained by optical and electron microscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, and gravimetric and spectroscopic chemical methods. The ultimate source of the chromium remains an unresolved geochemical question, as do the sources of vanadium and uranium in the Morrison sandstone.
Restricted Quantification, Negative Existentials, and Fiction

Realist theories about fictional entities must explain the fact that, in ordinary contexts people deny, apparently in all seriousness, that there are such things as the Big Bad Wolf and Santa Claus. The usual explanation treats these denials as involving restricted quantification: The speaker is said to be denying only that the Big Bad Wolf and Santa Claus are to be found among real or actual things, not that there are no such things at all. This is unconvincing. The denials may just as naturally be phrased as “The Big Bad Wolf and Santa Claus don't exist”, and claims of nonexistence seem not to admit of interpretations corresponding to statements of restricted quantification. Ordinary denials of the existence of fictional entities constitute a severe difficulty for realist theories.
Towards Cultural Proficiency in Arabic1

The teaching of culture in the Arabic language curriculum has been sporadic, peripheral and overshadowed by a strong emphasis on developing grammatical competence in students. The literature of foreign language education, however, reveals a continuously growing interest in making culture an active component of the foreign language curriculum and provides ample techniques to help achieve this goal. The present paper addresses itself to the question of teaching culture in Arabic. Its purpose is to 1) examine the current status of teaching culture in the Arabic language curriculum, 2) discuss a number of objectives for the teaching of culture in Arabic, 3) examine means by which these cultural objectives can be fulfilled, and 4) discuss some of the particular difficulties involved in teaching culture in A rabic. This paper also includes a number of examples of the techniques that can be used to introduce culture teaching into the Arabic language classroom.
THE PERSONALITY, JOB SATISFACTION AND TURNOVER INTENTIONS OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALE AND FEMALE ACCOUNTANTS: AN EXAMINATION OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL AND STRUCTURAL/CLASS THEORIES☆

Abstract The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has made minority recruitment a major goal. Minorities, and especially African-Americans, have not been entering the accounting profession in proportion to their numbers in either the general population or the population of college graduates. Two competing explanations have been advanced that attempt to explain this failure@8ihuman capital theory, and structural/class theory. This paper reports on the results of a survey of a sample of 445 African-American accountants that attempts to test the validity of these two theories by assessing the respondents' personality characteristics, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. The distribution of personality type for the sample of African-American accountants was found to be similar to the results of a previous study conducted on groups of Anglos and Hispanics. Additionally, the job satisfaction and turnover intention results for the sample were found to be similar to those reported in previous studies. As a result, the findings fail to support the human capital theory, and implicitly lend support to the structural/class theory. Finally, anecdotal evidence from the respondents in two open-ended questions was examined. It indicated that African-American accountants' failure to advance in the profession was perceived to be attributed to a less than total commitment to diversity and the existence of glass ceilings in many organizations.
Subaltern Environmentalism in the United States: A Historiographic Review

When a group of people is faced with both social and environmental subordina tion, they are the victims of environmental injustice. This subordination is manifest in the disproportionate siting of environmental hazards in poor or minority communities and also in the inequitable distribution of ecological resources, both of which perpetuate the marginalisation of subaltern groups. At the heart of the environmental justice movement is a fight for the empowerment of subaltern groups, heretofore excluded from environmental decision-making. In recognising that the environmental health of their living spaces and families is critical to exacting any kind of improvement of their socioeconomic condi tions, subaltern groups have added a dynamic new dimension to their social struggles. This counter-hegemonic struggle for ecological democracy is one of the fastest growing social movements in contemporary society, and requires the attention of environmental historians to situate it within the broader context of the history of environmentalism.
Analgesic, hemodynamic and respiratory effects of caudal epidural meperidine HCl solution in mares.

Among clinically used opioids, meperidine exerts the strongest local anesthetic effect. It has been used successfully for local and regional anesthesia in human beings but not horses. Our aim was to determine the analgesic, hemodynamic and respiratory effects, sedation and ataxia in mares after epidural administration of meperidine. Avoidance response, sedation, ataxia, and cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were determined in seven healthy mares weighing from 510 to 610 kg before and at 15 minute intervals for 5 hours after caudal (S5-Co1) epidural administration of 5% meperidine HCl solution (8 mL; 0.8 mg kg−1) (EM, test) or 0.9% NaCl (8 mL; ES, control) in a randomized, blinded, cross-over study design with 2 weeks between experiments. Sensory blockade, sedation and ataxia were scored by evaluating avoidance to deep needle prick, head drop and position of pelvic limbs, respectively. Arterial blood samples were collected before and at 30 minute intervals for 5 hours after EM or ES. Two-way anova and Dunnett's t-test were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). EM induced profound analgesia ranging from coccygeal to the first sacral vertebra in 27 ± 10 minutes (mean ± SD), and lasting 300 ± 51 minutes with minimal sedation, ataxia and cardiopulmonary effects in conscious mares. Analgesia to electrical stimulation (> 40 milliamps) at the perineal area was achieved in 12 ± 4 minutes and lasted over 5 hours. EM and ES did not significantly change HR, RR, carotid ABP, arterial PO2, PCO2, SaO2, pH, standard HCO3– and BE, PCV, and TS concentrations of mares (p > 0.05). EM (5%, 8 mL 500 kg−1) produced > 5 hours bilateral perineal analgesia with minimal side-effects in standing mares.
Verification of numerical programs using Penelope/Ariel

The author describes how asymptotic correctness verifications of numerical programs are performed by using the Penelope Ada verification system. The intuitive notion of closeness underlying the notion of asymptotic correctness and how the notion of asymptotic correctness is supported in Penelope are discussed. A brief description of the Penelope system followed by a discussion of how the Ada real number model is incorporated into it are included. The special mathematical operations introduced for asymptotic correctness are described. The techniques developed for asymptotic correctness proofs are illustrated by an example verification of a program for computing square roots by the Newton iteration method. >
Controlled & automatic processing: behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms

This paper provides an overview of developments in a dual processing theory of automatic and controlled processing that began with the empirical and theoretical work described by Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) over a quarter century ago. A review of relevant empirical findings suggests that there is a set of core behavioral phenomena reflecting differences between controlled and automatic processing that must be addressed by a successful theory. These phenomena relate to: consistency in training, serial versus parallel processing, level of effort, robustness to stressors, degree of control, effects on long-term memory, and priority encoding. We detail a computational model of controlled processing, CAP2, that accounts for these phenomena as emergent properties of an underlying hybrid computational architecture. The model employs a large network of distributed data modules that can categorize, buffer, associate, and prioritize information. Each module is a connectionist network with input and output layers, and each module communicates with a central Control System by outputting priority and activity report signals, and by receiving control signals. The Control System is composed of five processors including a Goal Processor, an Attention Controller, an Activity Monitor, an Episodic Store, and a Gating & Report Relay. The transition from controlled to automatic processing occurs in this model as the data modules become capable of transmitting their output without mediation by the Control System. We describe recent progress in mapping the components of this model onto specific neuroanatomical substrates, briefly discuss the potential for applying functional neuroimaging techniques to test the model’s predictions, and its relation to other models. © 2003 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
Representing task context: proposals based on a connectionist model of action

Representations of task context play a crucial role in shaping human behavior. While the nature of these representations remains poorly understood, existing theories share a number of basic assumptions. One of these is that task representations are discrete, independent, and non-overlapping. We present here an alternative view, according to which task representations are instead viewed as graded, distributed patterns occupying a shared, continuous representational space. In recent work, we have implemented this view in a computational model of routine sequential action. In the present article, we focus specifically on this model's implications for understanding task representation, considering the implications of the account for two influential concepts: (1) cognitive underspecification, the idea that task representations may be imprecise or vague, especially in contexts where errors occur, and (2) information-sharing, the idea that closely related operations rely on common sets of internal representations.
Aspergillus Proteases and Aspergillosis

Organisms in the genus Aspergillus are distributed throughout the world and are among the most ubiquitous fungi found in nature. These fungi exhibit a bewildering array of biochemical pathways that enable them to grow under a wide range of environmental conditions. Various species of Aspergillus are used in several industrial processes including: production of organic acids, e. g., citric, gluconic, and itaconic acids; production of secondary metabolites, including antibacterial and antifungal agents; transformation of steroids, e. g. hydroxylation of carbon 11 of progesterone to yield a 11α-hydroxyprogesterone and 11α, 17α-dihydroxyprogesterone (Vezina and Singh, 1975); production of extracellular enzymes, such as amylases, pectinases, and proteases, used in breadmaking and fruit juice extraction; and fermentation of foodstuffs, such as soybeans and rice, in the production of soy sauce and sake. These fungi have also been used as research models for various genetic and molecular biological studies on fungal growth and development.