cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isochronous Storage Rings and High‐Luminosity Electron‐Positron Colliders

It is proposed to use an isochronous storage ring, having the particle revolution frequency independent of energy, to achieve a high luminosity with a small beam current.The advantages of an isochronous ring are: the possibility of reducing the bunch length from the present centimeter range to the millimeter range; the elimination of one class of resonances, the synchro‐betatron resonances, limiting the beam density at the collision point and the interaction region geometry. (AIP)
Elastic constants for superplastically formed/diffusion-bonded sandwich structures

Formulae and the associated graphs are presented for contrasting the effective elastic constants for a superplastically formed/diffusion-bonded (SPF/DB) corrugated sandwich core and a honeycomb sandwich core. The results used in the comparison of the structural properties of the two types of sandwich cores are under conditions of equal sandwich density. It was found that the stiffness in the thickness direction of the optimum SPF/DB corrugated core (i.e., triangular truss core) was lower than that of the honeycomb core, and that the former had higher transverse shear stiffness than the latter.
Developmental Studies in Drosophila

The salivary gland chromosomes of 3rd instar Drosophila pseudoobscura larvae were observed for puffing changes after injection of larvae with ecdysterone solution. Chromosomes from the salivary glands of 3rd instar larvae and prepupae were similarly examined after incubation in ecdysterone-containing medium. The larvae, after treatment, showed advancement of the puffing process with the occurrence of a pattern similar to that observed during the pre-spiracle eversion period of normal development. At least 92 puffs showed changes in size. For the prepupae, the puffing changes resembled those occurring normally during the late prepupal period. A group of puffs were selected for detailed study. Among these were four puffs on the XR chromosome which exhibited large increases before spiracle eversion and pupation in normal development. As in normal development, two of these became the most prominent puffs observed within h after hormone treatment. In chromosomes from larval glands, the other two XR chromosome puffs were among the largest puffs to appear later in the sequence. However, in chromosomes from prepupal glands one of these later puffs failed to appear. The significance of this large number of hormone-inducible puffing changes at two different periods in development is discussed.
Automated analysis of operators on state tables: A technique for intelligent search

When searching lists, the current situation is represented by a state table, and changes in the situation are brought about by operators. An automated technique for selection of the right sequence of operators is described, based on a knowledge of the last operator or two, and deriving only a limited selection of subsequent operators, without prior knowledge of the current state. A table is output with, for each feasible sequence of one or two operators, a list of operators that might be tried next. Application of the technique to a robot moving blocks is described, and a LISP implementation is provided.
Uniform circular arrays for smart antennas

As the growing demand for mobile communications constantly increases, the need for better coverage, improved capacity, and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. Small antenna systems are capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and, thus, hold a promise for an effective solution to the present wireless systems' problems, while also achieving reliable and robust high-speed high-data-rate transmission. Although numerous studies for smart antennas have already been conducted using rectilinear arrays, including mostly uniform linear arrays (ULAs) and uniform rectangular arrays (URAs), not as much effort has been devoted to other configurations. In this paper, the performance of smart antennas with uniform circular arrays (UCAs) is examined. A profound justification for this selection is the symmetry possessed by uniform circular arrays. This property provides uniform circular arrays with a major advantage: the ability to scan a beam azimuthally through 360/spl deg/ with little change in either the beamwidth or the sidelobe level. With the use of uniform circular arrays, the two main issues related to smart antennas - estimation of the direction of arrival from incoming signals and bearnforming - are both examined.
Supersymmetric, integrable boundary field theories

Quantum integrable models that possess N = 2 supersymmetry are investigated on the half-space. Conformal perturbation theory is used to identify some N = 2 supersymmetric boundary integrable models, and the effective boundary Landau- Ginzburg actions are constructed. It is found that N = 2 supersymmetry largely determines the boundary action in terms of the bulk, and in particular, the boundary bosonic potential is | W | 2 , where W is the bulk superpotential. Supersymmetry is also discussed from the perspective of the affine quantum group symmetry of exact scattering matrices, and exact N = 2 supersymmetry preserving boundary reflection matrices are described.
The locality of waste sites within the city of Chicago: a demographic, social, and economic analysis

In 1987, the United Church of Christ (UCC) released Toxic Waste and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio-economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites (1987) which stimulated substantial research and activism concerning the disproportionate exposure of minorities to environmental hazards. The current study responds to many of the deficiencies of previous research by integrating the demographic history with an empirical analysis of the distribution of hazardous waste in a major American industrial city. Two hypothesis are tested: (1) contemporaneous disproportionate exposure, and (2) discriminatory intent in waste siting decisions. Interestingly, there is evidence that Hispanics are disproportionately exposed, but there is not evidence of disproportionate exposure to the most dangerous hazards for African Americans either currently or historically.
Field performance of current generation breath-alcohol simulators.

I The between-run accuracy and reproducibility of vapor-alcohol control tests associated with quantitative evidential breath- alcohol testing in the field were evaluated. Control samples were generated at six separate sites with 34~ TOXlTESl "rM U breath-alcohol simulators and analyzed by infrared spectrometry with Model 5000-D Intoxllyzers In the recirculatlon mode. Control test results st target alcohol concentrations of 0.060, 0.080, 0.090, 0.100, 0.110, and 0.120 g/210 L (n = 779) were combined and analyzed by standard statistical methods. Results were correlated with target values, and the signed and absolute differences were calculated and analyzed. Data treatment included ANOVA, linear regression analysis, t statistics, and relative and cumulative frequency distributions of the differences. We found the performance of these current generation simulators In the field to be similarly satisfactory to that obtained In our laboratory evaluation. We further found that vapor-alcohol control samples generated with these devices conformed to established formal requirements and that they can serve as an effective quality assurance measure in evidential breath-alcohol analysis.
Moments of the Riemann zeta function

Assuming the Riemann hypothesis, we obtain an upper bound for the moments of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line. Our bound is nearly as sharp as the conjectured asymptotic formulae for these moments. The method extends to moments in other families of L-functions.
Observations on the reduction of aryl nitro groups with palladium-sodium borohydride

The reduction of aryl nitro groups by the palladium-sodium borohydride system can be controlled in some instances to give products differing from those of catalytic hydrogenation. With six equivalents of borohydride added to the catalyst 2,2′-dinitrobiphenyl formed only 2,2′-diaminobiphenyl. With added sodium hydroxide and varying amounts of borohydride and catalyst, the reduction can be controlled to give benzo[c]cinnoline, benzo[c]cinnoline 5-oxide or benzo[c]cinnoline 5,6-dioxide. In a closed system, the reagents reduce both the nitro and olefin functional groups in 6-nitro-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-dihydro-1,4-ethano-naphthalene. In an open flask flushed with argon, the reduction is confirmed to the nitro group. Reduction of 2-chloro and 4-chloronitrobenzene with palladium-borohydride gives substantial yields of the appropriate chloroanilines. In contrast, hydrogen and palladium give aniline as the major product from each of these. These results suggest that the addition of sodium borohydride to palladium on carbon produces a reductive entity differing from that of catalytic hydrogenation.
Assessment of high-frequency performance limits of graphene field-effect transistors

High frequency performance limits of graphene field-effect transistors (FETs) down to a channel length of 20 nm have been examined by using self-consistent quantum simulations. The results indicate that although Klein band-to-band tunneling is significant for sub-100 nm graphene FETs, it is possible to achieve a good transconductance and ballistic on-off ratio larger than 3 even at a channel length of 20 nm. At a channel length of 20 nm, the intrinsic cut-off frequency remains at a few THz for various gate insulator thickness values, but a thin gate insulator is necessary for a good transconductance and smaller degradation of cut-off frequency in the presence of parasitic capacitance. The intrinsic cut-off frequency is close to the LC characteristic frequency set by graphene kinetic inductance (L) and quantum capacitance (C), which is about 100 GHz·μm divided by the gate length. Open image in new window
Ballistic-Diffusive Equations for Transient Heat Conduction From Nano to Macroscales

We present the derivation of a new type of heat conduction equations, named as the ballistic-diffusive equations, that are suitable for describing transient heat conduction from nano to macroscale. The equations are derived from the Boltzmann equation under the relaxation time approximation. The distribution function is divided into two parts. One represents the ballistic transport originating from the boundaries and the other is the transport of the scattered and excited carriers. The latter is further approximated as a diffusive process. The obtained ballistic-diffusive equations are applied to the problem of transient heat conduction across a thin film and the results are compared to the solutions for the same problem based on the Boltzmann equation, the Fourier law, and the Cattaneo equation. The comparison suggests that the ballistic-diffusive equations can be a useful tool in dealing with transient heat conduction problems from nano to macroscales. Boundary conditions for the derived equations are also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the consistency of temperature used in the boundary conditions and in the equations
Nurse and aide; a nursing assistant's point of view.

(1981). Nurse and Aide: A Nursing Assistant's Point of View. Hospital Topics: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 17-17.
Identifying the onset of congestion rapidly with existing traffic detectors

From an operations standpoint the most important function of a traffic surveillance system is determining reliably whether the facility is free flowing or congested. The second most important function is responding rapidly when the facility becomes congested. These functions are complicated by the fact that conventional vehicle detectors are only capable of monitoring discrete points along the roadway while incidents may occur at any location on the facility. The point detectors are typically placed at least one-third of a mile apart and conditions between the detectors must be inferred from the local measurements. This paper presents a new approach for traffic surveillance that addresses these issues. It uses existing dual loop detector stations to match vehicle measurements between stations and monitor the entire roadway. Rather than expending a considerable effort to detect congested conditions, the research employs a relatively simple strategy to look for free flow traffic. Whenever a unique vehicle passes the downstream station, the algorithm looks to see if a similar vehicle passed the upstream station within a time window that is bounded by feasible travel times. The approach provides vehicle reidentification and travel time measurement on freeways during free flow and through the onset of congestion. If desired, other algorithms can be used with the same detectors to provide similar measurements during congested conditions. The work should prove beneficial for traffic management and traveler information applications, while promising to be deployable in the short term.
Limit cycle oscillations of a nonlinear rotorcraft model

Les etudes anterieures de la stabilite d'un helicoptere se sont basees sur une formulation lineaire du systeme. On examine ici le probleme de la stabilite d'un point de vue non lineaire, et on etudie le comportement de cycle limite d'un appareil ayant une caracteristique d'amortissement non lineaire. L'influence des variations des parametres sur la reponse du systeme a ete examinee, et les differences entre un modele lineaire et un modele non lineaire presentees
Macroeconomic policy and response in the chinese economy: The impact of the reform process

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the macroeconomic policy and response in the Chinese economy. As a part of the economic reform process in China, production enterprises and commercial units have been given greater freedom of operation, and the role of the market has increased. As a result, the techniques of macroeconomic control that depend for their efficacy on the direct allocative authority of planners must be replaced by the indirect instruments of control, similar to the monetary and fiscal policy familiar in market economies. Whatever instruments are employed to affect macroeconomic variables, they depend for their efficacy on a specific environment made up of different economic agents, characterized by certain behavioral regularities, and linked by certain identities. The chapter describes the operation of the Chinese economy through the interaction of three classes of agents: (1) households, (2) enterprises, and (3) government, including both the budgetary and banking authorities. Since the initiation of reform in 1978, the behavior of each of these classes of agents has changed markedly in response to the reform-induced changes in the economic environment.
Nonlinear mode interactions and period-tripling flutter in transonic flow

Abstract Near Mach one, the aerodynamic nonlinearities become of first order and can no longer be neglected in flutter calculations. Because the superposition principle also breaks down, aeroelastic modes cannot simply be added in a linear manner, as done in the U – g and p – k methods of flutter analysis. This paper discusses two nonlinear phenomena of relevance in transonic flutter analysis and testing: (i) multibranch flutter caused by nonlinear mode interactions, and (ii) the sudden emergence of a fundamentally different nonlinear flutter mode via a period-tripling bifurcation. In the first case, the superposition principle is not valid and flutter may not necessarily occur when the first aeroelastic eigenvalue crosses into the right half-plane. In the second case, the nonlinearities open up a new route to flutter, whereby the reduced frequency of the critical aeroelastic mode is lowered into the unstable range through the period-tripling bifurcation, and an entirely new flutter mode is born. Neither behavior can be understood within the theory of classical linear aeroelasticity.
Palladium-imidazolium carbene catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck coupling with aryl diazonium ions.

Catalyst formed from N,N-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)dihydroimidazolium chloride and palladium(II) acetate (2 mol %) was used, without added base, to efficiently produce Heck coupled products with olefins and aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborate substrates. The reactions were performed at room temperature, giving product in 2−4 h with 80−90% yields for isolated materials. Diazonium ions, formed in situ directly from anilines, also couple under these conditions.
Unprecedented gallium-nitrogen anions: synthesis and characterization of [(Cl3Ga)3N]3- and [(Cl3Ga)2NSnMe3]2-.

The [(Cl3Ga)3N]3− (1) anion, which is the sole example of a discrete chemical species containing a μ3-N atom bound only to gallium, was isolated from the reaction of Cl3Ga·N(SnMe3)3 with [GaCl4]1−. The analogous reaction of [GaCl4]1− with (Me3Sn)3N afforded [(Cl3Ga)2NSnMe3]2− (2), which is also an unprecedented anion containing a single μ3-N atom bound to only gallium and tin.
Curvature estimates for minimal surfaces with total boundary curvature less than 4\pi

We establish a curvature estimate for classical minimal surfaces with total boundary curvature less than 4π. The main application is a bound on the genus of these surfaces depending solely on the geometry of the boundary curve. We also prove that the set of simple closed curves with total curvature less than 4π and which do not bound an orientable compact embedded minimal surface of genus greater than g, for any given g, is open in the C 2,α topology.
Fragmentation Instability of Molecular Clouds: Numerical Simulations

We simulate fragmentation and gravitational collapse of cold, magnetized molecular clouds. We explore the nonlinear development of an instability mediated by ambipolar diffusion, in which the collapse rate is intermediate to fast gravitational collapse and slow quasistatic collapse. Initially uniform stable clouds fragment into elongated clumps with masses largely determined by the cloud temperature, but substantially larger than the thermal Jeans mass. The clumps are asymmetric, with significant rotation and vorticity, and lose magnetic flux as they collapse. The clump shapes, intermediate collapse rates, and infall profiles may help explain observations not easily fit by contemporary slow or rapid collapse models.
Limitations on Building Single-photon-resolution Detection Devices

Single-photon resolution detectors can tell the difference between incoming wave packets of n and n+1 photons. I will show that it is impossible to construct a photodetector with single-photon resolution when we are restricted to single-photon sources, linear optical elements and projective measurements with standard (non-photon-number discriminating) photodetectors.
Confirmation of SBS 1150+599A as an Extremely Metal-poor Planetary Nebula

SBS 1150+599A is a blue stellar object at high Galactic latitude discovered in the Second Byurakan Survey. New high-resolution images of SBS 1150+599A are presented, demonstrating that it is very likely to be an old planetary nebula in the galactic halo, as suggested recently by Tovmassian et al. An Hα image taken with the WIYN 3.5 m telescope and its tip-tilt module reveals the diameter of the nebula to be 92, comparable to that estimated from spectra by Tovmassian et al. Lower limits to the central star temperature were derived using the Zanstra hydrogen and helium methods to determine that the star's effective temperature must be higher that 68,000 K and that the nebula is optically thin. New spectra from the Multiple Mirror Telescope and Fred L. Whipple Observatory telescope are presented, revealing the presence of strong [Ne V] λ3425 lines, indicating that the central star temperature must be higher than 100,000 K. With the revised diameter, new central star temperature, and an improved central star luminosity, we can constrain photoionization models for the nebula significantly better than before. Because the emission-line data set is sparse, the models are still not conclusive. Nevertheless, we confirm that this nebula is an extremely metal-poor planetary nebula, having a value for O/H that is less than 1/100 solar, possibly as low as 1/500 solar.
N-Amidation by Copper-Mediated Cross-coupling of Organostannanes or Boronic Acids with O-Acetyl Hydroxamic Acids

A general nonoxidative N-amidation of organostannanes and boronic acids has been developed. Under nonbasic conditions a wide variety of aryl, alkenyl, and heteroaryl organostannanes and boronic acids couple efficiently with O-acetyl hydroxamic acids in the presence of Cu(I) sources.
Tolerating failures of continuous-valued sensors

One aspect of fault-tolerance in process control programs is the ability to tolerate sensor failure. This paper presents a methodology for transforming a process control program that cannot tolerate sensor failures into one that can. Issues addressed include modifying specifications in order to accommodate uncertainty in sensor values and averaging sensor values in a fault-tolerant manner. In addition, a hierarchy of sensor failure models is identified, and both the attainable accuracy and the run-time complexity of sensor averaging with respect to this hierarchy is discussed.
Electrodes with high power and high capacity for rechargeable lithium batteries.

New applications such as hybrid electric vehicles and power backup require rechargeable batteries that combine high energy density with high charge and discharge rate capability. Using ab initio computational modeling, we identified useful strategies to design higher rate battery electrodes and tested them on lithium nickel manganese oxide [Li(Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5 )O 2 ], a safe, inexpensive material that has been thought to have poor intrinsic rate capability. By modifying its crystal structure, we obtained unexpectedly high rate-capability, considerably better than lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), the current battery electrode material of choice.
Tastes, Skills, and Local Public Goods

Abstract This paper analyzes optimal club configurations in an economy where different types of labor are complementary in the production of private goods, extending the work of Berglas ( Journal of Public Economics , 6 , 409–423, 1976). The analysis shows that when labor types are nonessential in production, a homogeneous club configuration may be optimal despite the presence of labor complementarity (the assumption that inputs are essential precluded this outcome in Berglas′ model). It is shown that homogeneous clubs are optimal when complementarity is weak or when preferences are substantially different.
Syntheses, structures, magnetism, and optical properties of gadolinium scandium chalcogenides

Abstract Three gadolinium scandium chalcogenides have been synthesized using Sb2Q3 (Q=S, Se) fluxes at 975 °C. Gd3.04Sc0.96S6, GdScS3, and Gd1.05Sc0.95Se3 are crystallized in U3ScS6 type, GdFeO3 type, and UFeS3 type structures, respectively. The magnetic susceptibilities for these compounds follow the Curie–Weiss law above their transition temperatures. The effective magnetic moments are close to calculated values for free Gd3+ ions. The Weiss constants for Gd3.04Sc0.96S6, GdScS3, and Gd1.05Sc0.95Se3 are determined to be −3.3(1), −4.5(4), and 1.5(1) K, respectively. Gd3.04Sc0.96S6 orders antiferromagnetically below 9 K. GdScS3 exhibits an antiferromagnetic ordering below 3 K with a weak ferromagnetism. Gd1.05Sc0.95Se3 undergoes a ferromagnetic transition around 5 K. The optical band gaps for Gd3.04Sc0.96S6, GdScS3, and Gd1.05Sc0.95Se3 are 1.5, 2.1, and 1.2 eV, respectively.
Modified δ-M Scaling Results for Mie-Anisotropic Scattering Media

A modified {delta} scaling method, which adjusts the {delta}-M scaled phase functions to be always positive, is applied to radiative transfer problems in two-dimensional square enclosures. The scaled anisotropic results are compared with the results obtained from an accurate model of the full anisotropic scattering problems using the S-N discrete ordinates method. The modified {delta}-M anisotropic scaling is shown to improve the isotropic scaled results of a climated incidence problem, but the required number of terms increases as the phase function complexity and the asymmetry factor increase. For the diffuse incidence problems, even a low-order modified {delta}-m phase function significantly improves the accuracy of scaled solutions over the isotropic scaling. Significant savings in the computer times are observed when the modified {delta}-M method is applied.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution on Pyridine Rings. Intramolecular Cyclization Using N-Acyliminium Ions

Abstract The reaction of N -acyliminium ions with several activated pyridines resulted in an intramolecular cyclization to provide novel heterocycles. The reaction exhibited a regiochemical preference for cyclization para to the electron donating substituent. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Reciprocity-enhanced optical communication through atmospheric turbulence — Part II: Communication architectures and performance

Free-space optical (FSO) communication provides rapidly deployable, dynamic communication links that are capable of very high data rates compared with those of radio-frequency systems. As such, FSO communication is ideal for mobile platforms, for platforms that require the additional security afforded by the narrow divergence of a laser beam, and for systems that must be deployed in a relatively short time frame. In clear-weather conditions the data rate and utility of FSO communication links are primarily limited by fading caused by microscale atmospheric temperature variations that create parts-permillion refractive-index fluctuations known as atmospheric turbulence. Typical communication techniques to overcome turbulence-induced fading, such as interleavers with sophisticated codes, lose viability as the data rate is driven higher or the delay tolerance is driven lower. This paper, along with its companion [J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 4, 947 (2012)], present communication systems and techniques that exploit atmospheric reciprocity to overcome turbulence that are viable for high data rate and low delay tolerance systems. Part I proves that reciprocity is exhibited under rather general conditions and derives the optimal power-transfer phase compensation for far-field operation. Part II presents capacity-achieving architectures that exploit reciprocity to overcome the complexity and delay issues that limit state-of-the-art FSO communications.
Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in Early-Type Galaxies

A high fraction of the low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) in early-type galaxies are associated with globular clusters (GCs). Here we discuss the correlations between LMXBs and GCs in a sample of four early-type galaxies with X-ray source lists determined from Chandra observations. There is some evidence that the fraction of LMXBs associated with GCs (fX-GC) increases along the Hubble sequence from spiral bulges (or spheroids) to S0s to Es to cDs. On the other hand, the fraction of GCs that contain X-ray sources appears to be roughly constant at fGC-X ~ 4%. There is a strong tendency for the X-ray sources to be associated with the optically more luminous GCs. However, this correlation is consistent with a constant probability of finding an LMXB per unit optical luminosity; that is, it seems to result primarily from the larger number of stars in optically luminous GCs. The probability of finding a bright LMXB per unit optical luminosity in the GCs is about 1.5 ? 10-7 LMXBs per L?,I for LX 1 ? 1038 ergs s-1 (0.3-10 keV) and rises to about 2.0 ? 10-7 LMXBs per L?,I at lower X-ray luminosities, LX 3 ? 1037 ergs s-1. This frequency appears to be roughly constant for different galaxies, including the bulges of the Milky Way and M31. There is a tendency for the X-ray sources to be found preferentially in redder GCs, which is independent of optical luminosity correlation. This seems to indicate that the evolution of X-ray binaries in a GC is affected by either the metallicity or the age of the GC, with younger and/or more metal rich GCs having more LMXBs. There is no strong difference in the X-ray luminosities of GC and non-GC LMXBs. There is a weak tendency for the brightest LMXBs, whose luminosities exceed the Eddington luminosity for a 1.4 M? neutron star, to avoid GCs. That may indicate that black hole X-ray binaries are somewhat less likely to be found in GCs, as seems to be true in our Galaxy. On the other hand, there are some luminous LMXBs associated with GCs. There is no clear evidence that the X-ray spectra or variability of GC and non-GC X-ray sources differ. We also find no evidence for a difference in the spatial distribution of GC and non-GC LMXBs. Many of these results are similar to those found in NGC 1399 and NGC 4472 by Angelini et al. and Kundu et al., respectively.
Prognostic significance of clinical factors and p53 expression in patients with glottic carcinoma treated with radiation therapy

ore than 11,000 cases of laryngeal carcinoma present annually M in the U.S.,’ and 95% of these tumors have a squamous cell histology.’ The majority of T1 and T2 classified tumors of the glottis are treated solely with radiation therapy, with the remainder treated ~urgically.~*~ Depending on the series, the 3-year disease free survival rate after primary radiation therapy ranges from 70-90% for Stages 1-11 and 30-50% for Stages III-IV.5 Despite refinements in therapy, there has been no significant improvement in the 5-year survival rates of patients with glottic carcinoma over the last 3 decades.’ Accurate identification of patients whose tumors are likely to be refractory to radiation therapy is needed to direct them to other, more appropriate,
Small-caliber heparin-coated ePTFE grafts reduce platelet deposition and neointimal hyperplasia in a baboon model

Abstract Purpose Intimal hyperplasia and graft thrombosis are major causes of graft failure. Heparin prolongs graft patency and inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in animal models. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a heparin-coated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) graft on platelet deposition and anastomotic neointimal hyperplasia after aortoiliac bypass grafting in a baboon model. Methods Heparin-coated ePTFE grafts (4-mm diameter) were incorporated into exteriorized femoral arteriovenous shunts placed in five baboons. Platelet deposition was analyzed by measuring the accumulation of indium 111–labeled platelets on the grafts, with dynamic scintillation camera imaging. Eight adult male baboons (mean weight, 9.3 kg) underwent bilateral aortoiliac bypass grafting with ePTFE grafts (4-mm internal diameter). In each animal a heparin-coated ePTFE graft was placed in one aortoiliac artery, and an uncoated graft, which served as the control, was placed in the contralateral aortoiliac artery. All grafts were harvested at 4 weeks, and were analyzed quantitatively for neointimal hyperplasia at graft-vessel anastomoses. Results Early platelet deposition on heparin-coated grafts after 1 to 4 hours of ex vivo circuitry was significantly reduced. All the harvested aortoiliac grafts were patent at 4 weeks. There was a significant reduction in neointimal area at both proximal (0.26 ± 0.11 mm 2 ) and distal (0.29 ± 0.14 mm 2 ) anastomoses in the heparin-coated grafts, compared with proximal (0.56 ± 0.18 mm 2 ) and distal (0.63 ± 0.21 mm 2 ) anastomoses in the untreated control grafts ( P P Conclusions Small-caliber heparin-coated ePTFE grafts significantly reduce platelet deposition and anastomotic neointimal hyperplasia and cell proliferation, without measurable side effects, in baboons. Surface coating with heparin in small-caliber ePTFE grafts is useful for improving prosthetic bypass graft patency.
$(n,K)$ -User Interference Channels: Degrees of Freedom

This paper analyzes the gains of opportunistic communication in multiuser interference channels. Consider a fully connected n-user Gaussian interference channel. At each time instance, only K≤n transmitters are allowed to be communicating with their respective receivers and the remaining (n-K) transmitter-receiver pairs remain inactive. For finite n, if the transmitters can acquire the instantaneous channel realizations and if all channel gains are bounded away from zero and infinity, the seminal results on interference alignment establish that for any K arbitrary active pairs the total number of spatial degrees of freedom per orthogonal time and frequency domain is K/2. In dense networks (n → ∞), however, as the size of the network increases, it becomes less likely to sustain the bounding conditions on the channel gains. By exploiting this fact, we show that when n obeys certain scaling laws, by opportunistically and dynamically selecting the K active pairs at each time instance, the number of degrees of freedom can exceed K/2 and in fact can be made arbitrarily close to K. More specifically, for single-antenna transmitters and receivers, the network size scaling as n ∈ ω(SNRd⌈d-1⌉) when power allocation is allowed and scaling as n ∈ ω(SNRd(K-1)) without power allocation are sufficient conditions for achieving d ∈ [1, K] degrees of freedom. Moreover, for achieving these degrees of freedom the transmitters do not require the knowledge of the instantaneous channel realizations. Hence, invoking opportunistic communication in the context of interference channels leads to achieving higher degrees of freedom that are not achievable otherwise. We extend the results for multi-antenna Gaussian interference channels.
College students’ responses to prosocial marketing claims on apparel hang tags

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore consumers’ responses to prosocial marketing claims presented on apparel hang tags. Guided by the theory of reasoned of action, this study examined the impact of varied prosocial claims (environment, labor, cancer charity) upon college students’ evaluations of hang tags used to promote university-branded apparel (i.e. t-shirts) as well as their attitudes and patronage intentions toward the apparel. Design/methodology/approach – An intercept survey approach, with an experimental design component, was used to administer a written questionnaire to 262 college students. The experimental design component required participants to examine a university-branded t-shirt and to read the information provided on the product hang tag attached to the t-shirt. Findings – In total, 60 percent of college students read apparel hang tags on a very frequent or frequent basis to gain information about brand name, care instructions, and fiber content. Further, college students ev...
The structure of a COPII tubule.

Nearly a third of all eukaryotic proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus through the secretory pathway using COPII coated vesicles. Evidence suggests that this transport occurs via 500-900 A vesicles that bud from the ER membrane. It has been shown that procollagen molecules utilize the COPII proteins for transport, but it is unclear how the COPII coat can accommodate these ∼3000 A long molecules. We now present a cryogenic electron tomographic reconstruction of a Sec13/31 tubule that is approximately 3300 A long containing a hollow cylindrical interior that is 300 A in diameter, dimensions that are consistent with those that are required to encapsulate a procollagen molecule wrapped in a membrane and accessory COPII components. This structure suggests a novel mechanism that the COPII coat may employ to transport elongated cargo.
Chemical kinetics on extrasolar planets.

Chemical kinetics plays an important role in controlling the atmospheric composition of all planetary atmospheres, including those of extrasolar planets. For the hottest exoplanets, the composition can closely follow thermochemical-equilibrium predictions, at least in the visible and infrared photosphere at dayside (eclipse) conditions. However, for atmospheric temperatures , and in the uppermost atmosphere at any temperature, chemical kinetics matters. The two key mechanisms by which kinetic processes drive an exoplanet atmosphere out of equilibrium are photochemistry and transport-induced quenching. I review these disequilibrium processes in detail, discuss observational consequences and examine some of the current evidence for kinetic processes on extrasolar planets.
Symbols - Units And Nomenclature An Update For Solar Energy

This paper is an update of part of an article in the SPIE Journal for February-March 1966, entitled "Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature for Atmospheric Transmission," by Irving J. Spiro, R. Clark Jones, and David Q. Wark. In the interim 1966-1975, Fred Nicodemus, lately of the Naval Weapons Laboratory at China Lake, California and now with the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) at Gaithersburg, Maryland, has done an outstanding job in solidifying the concepts proposed (as a committee action) in 1966.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Applications of beam-foil spectroscopy to atomic collisions in solids☆

Some selected papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on Beam-Foil Spectroscopy, whose results are of particular pertinence to ionic collision phenomena in solids, are reviewed. The topics discussed include solid target effects and means of surmounting them in the measurement of excited projectile ion lifetimes for low-energy heavy element ions; the electron emission accompanying the passage of heavy particles through solid targets; the collision broadening of X rays emitted from 100 keV ions moving in solids; residual K-shell excitation in chlorine ions penetrating carbon; comparison between 40 MeV Si on gaseous SiH4 targets at 300 mtorr and 40 MeV Si on Al; and the emergent surface interaction in beam-foil spectroscopy. A distinct overlap of interests between the sciences of beam-foil spectroscopy and atomic collisions in solids is pointed out.
Big Blue in the Bottomless Pit: The Early Years of IBM Chile

In examining the history of IBM in Chile, this article asks how IBM came to dominate Chile's computer market and, to address this question, emphasizes the importance of studying both IBM corporate strategy and Chilean national history. The article also examines how IBM reproduced its corporate culture in Latin America and used it to accommodate the region's political and economic changes.
Alcohol cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by Ru and Ir terpyridine complexes

Primary alcohols can be coupled with secondary benzylic alcohols by an air-stable catalytic system involving terpyridine ruthenium or iridium complexes.
Assessing Consumer Fraud Risk in Insurance Claims: An Unsupervised Learning Technique Using Discrete and Continuous Predictor Variables

Abstract We present an unsupervised learning method for classifying consumer insurance claims according to their suspiciousness of fraud versus nonfraud. The predictor variables contained within a claim file that are used in this analysis can be binary, ordinal categorical, or continuous variates. They are constructed such that the ordinal position of the response to the predictor variable bears a monotonic relationship with the fraud suspicion of the claim. Thus, although no individual variable is of itself assumed to be determinative of fraud, each of the individual variables gives a “hint” or indication as to the suspiciousness of fraud for the overall claim file. The presented method statistically concatenates the totality of these “hints” to make an overall assessment of the ranking of fraud risk for the claim files without using any a priori fraud-classified or -labeled subset of data. We first present a scoring method for the predictor variables that puts all the variables (whether binary “red flag...
Tangible security for mobile devices

Existing measures to secure the internal data on mobile devices can generally fall into two categories: passwords and biometrics. Neither is satisfactory, for different reasons. We propose a new scheme, analogous to using physical keys to unlock doors or a plug-in security dongle to unlock software. The user wears one or more security tokens whose presence in the close proximity of the user's cell phone allows the secrets on the phone to be unlocked. As long as the thief is unable to steal both the token and the cell phone, security is mostly guaranteed. We call this approach tangible security. This preliminary paper describes how such a system could be built and used.
Design for 1:2 Internal Resonances in In-Plane Vibrations of Plates With Hyperelastic Materials

With advances in technology, hyperelastic materials are seeing increased use in varied applications ranging from microfluidic pumps, artificial muscles to deformable robots. They have also been proposed as materials of choice in the construction of components undergoing dynamic excitation such as the wings of a micro-unmanned aerial vehicle or the body of a serpentine robot. Since the strain energy potentials of various hyperelastic materials are more complex than quadratic, exploration of their nonlinear dynamic response lends itself to some interesting consequences. In this work, a structure made of a Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material and undergoing planar vibrations is considered. Since the stresses developed in a Mooney-Rivlin material are at least a quadratic function of strain, a possibility of 1:2 internal resonance is explored. A Finite Element Method (FEM) formulation implemented in Matlab is used to iteratively modify a base structure to get its first two natural frequencies close to the ratio 1:2. Once a topology of the structure is achieved, the linear modes of the structure can be extracted from the finite element analysis, and a more complete Lagrangian formulation of the hyperelastic structure can be used to develop a nonlinear two-mode model of the structure. The nonlinear response of the structure can be obtained by application of perturbation methods such as averaging on the two-mode model. It is shown that the strain energy potential for the Mooney-Rivlin material makes it possible for internal resonance to occur in such structures.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Yield curves and international equity returns

Abstract This paper examines empirical evidence on the international transmission of shocks to financial asset markets. The relationships between yield curves and risk premiums of stocks for eight industrialized countries are examined. Only the stocks of the three largest economies: Germany, Japan, and the USA, show negative risk premiums during periods preceded by the inverted yield curves of their respective government bonds. This is not the case for stocks of the five smaller countries in the sample. However, four of the five smaller countries have negative risk premiums in periods preceded by inverted German or US yield curves. This is consistent with the view that a world risk factor, captured by major country yield curves, affects the pricing of assets in smaller economies. The consumption CAPM is unable to explain the phenomenon of the negative risk premiums. In almost all cases the conditional covariance between consumption growth and the risk premiums is statistically indifferent from zero.
ON THE NON-VANISHING OF CERTAIN DIRICHLET SERIES.*

(1)~~~~~~ ~ F(s) f E (n) /n8, n=l. has no singular point on a= 1, then it has at most one zero on ar1. This assertion is meant to imply that the zero, if any, cannot be a multiple zero. That it can occur at all, is shown by Liouville's example, f(p) =-1, where s =1 is a zero of F(s) =g(2s)/g(s). Since this F(s) is replaced by F(s - ia) if every f (p) = - 1 is multiplied by pia, the zero can occur at any point, s = 1 + ia, of the line a c 1. For reasons of symmetry, the zero, if any, must be at s = 1 if f (n) is real-valued. In this case, the assumption of boundedness, which is then equivalent to - 1 f (p) _ 1, can be refined to - 1 1. This was proved in [2] by an argument based on C(s)F(s). The above theorem will be proved by combining that
Synthesis of novel partially fluorinated phosphonic/sulfonic acids

Abstract A new synthesis of (EtO) 2 P(O)CH 2 OCH 2 CHCH 2 ( 1 ) has been developed. Addition ofI(CF 2 ) 4 SO 2 F or I(CF 2 ) 2 O(CF 2 ) 2 SO 2 F to 1 followed by hydrolysis, reduction and ion exchangeof the addition adducts gave (HO) 2 P(O)CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 3 (CF 2 ) 4 SO 3 H·2H 2 O and (HO) 2 P(O)CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 3 (CF 2 ) 2 O(CF 2 ) 2 SO 3 H·3H 2 O,respectively.
New fluorous ionic liquids function as surfactants in conventional room-temperature ionic liquids

Ionic liquids formulated from imidazole cations with appended fluorous tails function as surfactants when added to conventional ionic liquids, facilitating the emulsification of fluoroalkanes with IL phases.
Theoretical perspectives on obscuring tori

Abstract A review is presented of contributions theoretical work has already made, and can make in the future, to our understanding of obscuring tori in active galactic nuclei. These fall most naturally under the headings: geometry, energy budget and spectral output, dynamics, and “natural history”. The greatest progress has been made in the first two categories; most ideas in the latter two are still little more than speculation.
Hyperthermal collisions of atomic clusters and fullerenes

Abstract Among the many directions that mass spectrometry of atomic clusters and fullerenes have taken, analysis of their collisions with atoms, molecules, or surfaces has been particularly successful. We will first review experimental and theoretical work pertaining to hyperthermal collisions of charged or neutral clusters, including the formation of endohedral fullerenes. We will then present experimental data on the unimolecular formation of C 60 + and C 58 + from collisionally excited C 60 . Based on recently proposed rate coefficients for dissociation and ionization of C 60 and C 58 , we derive the efficiency of energy transfer, from translational to vibrational modes, for inelastic C 60 +K + collisions.
Heterometallic Chalcogenido Clusters Containing Lanthanides and Main Group Metals: Emissive Precursors to Ternary Solid-State Compounds

Heterometallic clusters containing lanthanides and the group 12 metals can be isolated as crystalline compounds in high yields. These products [(py)8Ln4M2Se6(SePh)4 (Ln = Er, Yb, Lu; M = Cd, Hg)] adopt a double cubane structure with the covalent M occupying an opposing pair of external metal sites. Both Er/M compounds are strongly emissive materials, with emission lifetimes of 1.41 ms (Er/Cd) and 0.71 ms (Er/Hg) and with the Er/Cd radiative quantum efficiency twice that of the Er/Hg compound. Thermal decomposition of the Er/Cd and Yb/Cd compounds at 650 °C give the ternary solid-state materials CdLn2Se4.
Demand and Supply of Public School Quality in Metropolitan Areas: The Role of Private Schools

In this paper I investigate the role of private schools in the housing market and in the supply and demand for public schooling. I estimate public school-quality supply simultaneously with demand, which provides greater confidence in calculated demand elasticities than in single-equation studies. The price of public schools, private schools, and taxes all appear in the demand estimation and have elasticities of @ndash;0.19, 0.11, and –0.49, respectively. Public school–quality supply is responsive to private-school competition but not to competition from other public schools. The percentage of school-aged children attending private schools depresses house values holding public-schooling outcomes constant.