cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endothelial dysfunction early after heart transplantation. Assessment with intravascular ultrasound and Doppler.

BACKGROUNDAllograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation is thought to represent a response to endothelial injury in the graft vessels. To assess endothelial function before the onset of anatomic disease, coronary vasomotor responses to adenosine, acetylcholine, and nitroglycerin were evaluated in transplant recipients by intravascular ultrasound imaging and Doppler flow studies.METHODS AND RESULTSNine patients were studied 1 year after heart transplantation. Acetylcholine provoked significant vasoconstriction to 82% of maximal coronary diameter but was associated with an increase in mean coronary blood flow from 63.1 to 204 ml/min. Coronary blood flow increased fivefold in response to adenosine, a normal response.CONCLUSIONSThe vasomotor response to acetylcholine at 1 year after heart transplantation is consistent with endothelial dysfunction in the epicardial conduit vessels. Microvascular function as judged by coronary flow reserve appears to be normal.
Human telesupervision of a fleet of autonomous robots for safe and efficient space exploration

In January 2004, NASA began a bold enterprise to return to the Moon, and with the technologies and expertise gained, press on to Mars. The underlying Vision for Space Exploration calls for a sustained and affordable human and robotic program to explore the solar system and beyond; to conduct human expeditions to Mars after successfully demonstrating sustained human exploration missions on the Moon. The approach is to "send human and robotic explorers as partners, leveraging the capabilities of each where most useful." Human-robot interfacing technologies for this approach are required at readiness levels above any available today. In this paper, we describe the HRI aspects of a robot supervision architecture we are developing under NASA's auspices, based on the authors' extensive experience with field deployment of ground, underwater, lighter-than-air, and inspection autonomous and semi-autonomous robotic vehicles and systems.
Electric-Field Generation by Gas-Solid Combustion

The combustion of metal particles may generate a temporal electrical field due to a difference in the electrochemical potential across the growing oxide shell, which usually is a mixed ionic electronic conductor. A novel measurement technique enables simultaneously measurement of the temporal electrical field and temperature generated by a planar reaction wave during highly exothermic gas–solid reactions. The voltage formed after the rate of the temperature rise reached its maximum value, but before the temperature attained its maximum. For both simple (TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO) and complex oxides (LiMn2O4, SrFe12O19, PbFe12O19, BaTiO3) the voltage grew to its maximum value within 0.2–0.6 s, irrespective of the distance between the measuring probes. The decay of the voltage signal was slower than its rise. Increasing the distance between the measuring probes increased the period during which the voltage decayed. The difference between the time at which the temperature attained its maximum and the electrical signal vanished depended on both the distance between the two probes, and on the difference in time at which the voltage and temperature attained their maximum. Changing the exothermicity of the reaction (by dilution of the reactant mixture) can shift the time of the voltage decay relative to that at which the maximum temperature occurs. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 241–248, 2004
Diabetes and cancer: two diseases with obesity as a common risk factor

There is a growing body of evidence to support a connection between diabetes (predominantly type 2), obesity and cancer. Multiple meta-analyses of epidemiological data show that people with diabetes are at increased risk of developing many different types of cancers, along with an increased risk of cancer mortality. Several pathophysiological mechanisms for this relationship have been postulated, including insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, enhanced inflammatory processes, dysregulation of sex hormone production and hyperglycaemia. In addition to these potential mechanisms, a number of common risk factors, including obesity, may be behind the association between diabetes and cancer. Indeed, obesity is associated with an increased risk of cancer and diabetes. Abdominal adiposity has been shown to play a role in creating a systemic pro-inflammatory environment, which could result in the development of both diabetes and cancer. Here, we examine the relationship between diabetes, obesity and cancer, and investigate the potential underlying causes of increased cancer risk in individuals with diabetes. Current treatment recommendations for reducing the overall disease burden are also explored and possible areas for future research are considered.
On mean flows associated with traveling water waves

The generation of mean flows by trains of traveling, inviscid water waves is investigated. All ambiguities associated with the velocity potential are resolved by treating uniform wave trains as limits of wave packets, and appealing to the conservation of mass and momentum. This formulation leads to a systematic multiple-scales description of weakly nonlinear wave trains and the associated mean flows. The results are compared with the amplitude equation formulation of Davey and Stewartson and radiation stress formulation of Longuet-Higgins and Stewart which do not conserve mass. The momentum of the wave train can be uniquely specified only by an analysis of the wave generation mechanism. The present theory is sufficiently general that mean flows arising from different generation mechanisms can be included, and shows that a recently proposed singularity associated with mean flows is absent.
Glutamine and ammonia metabolism in the brains of senescent mice.

Abstract The steady state levels of glutamine, glutamate, other amino acids, and ammonia were determined in the brains of mature and senescent C57B1/6J mice. Glutamine was the only amino acid which showed an age-related change. The glutamine concentration in the senescent mouse brain was approximately 50% greater than that in the mature mouse brain. The brain ammonia concentration was increased 60% in the old mice. Alos the activities of glutaminase and γ-glutamyltransferase were determined. These activities were changed very slightly as a function of age, and thus their levels probably do not account for the observed differences in glutamine and ammonia levels. These results indicate that in the brains of senescent mice, more glutamine is synthesized in an attempt to detoxify the higher levels of ammonia.
Interactions between Na,K-ATPase α-Subunit ATP-binding Domains

The reaction mechanism of the Na,K-ATPase is thought to involve a number of ligand-induced conformational changes. The specific amino acid residues responsible for binding many of the important ligands have been identified; however, details of the specific conformational changes produced by ligand binding are largely undescribed. The experiments described in this paper begin to identify interactions between domains of the Na,K-ATPase alpha-subunit that depend on the presence of particular ligands. The major cytoplasmic loop (between TM4 and TM5), which we have previously shown contains the ATP-binding domain, was overexpressed in bacteria either with a His(6) tag or as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase. We have observed that these polypeptides associate in the presence of MgATP. Incubation with [gamma-(32)P]ATP under conditions that result in phosphorylation of the full-length Na,K-ATPase did not result in (32)P incorporation into either the His(6) tag or glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. The MgATP-induced association was strongly inhibited by prior modification of the fusion proteins with fluorescein isothiocyanate or by simultaneous incubation with 10 microm eosin, indicating that the effect of MgATP is due to interactions within the nucleotide-binding domain. These data are consistent with Na,K-ATPase associating within cells via interactions in the nucleotide-binding domains. Although any functional significance of these associations for ion transport remains unresolved, they may play a role in cell function and in modulating interactions between the Na,K-ATPase and other proteins.
Impact of concurrent proliferative high-risk lesions on the risk of ipsilateral breast carcinoma recurrence and contralateral breast carcinoma development in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ treated with breast-conserving therapy†

BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to determine the risk of ipsilateral breast carcinoma recurrence (IBCR) and contralateral breast carcinoma (CBC) development in patients with a concurrent diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). METHODS Records of all 307 patients with DCIS treated with breast-conserving treatment (BCT) from 1968 to 1998 were analyzed. Initial pathology reports and all slides available were re-reviewed for evidence of ADH, ALH, or LCIS. Actuarial local recurrence rates were calculated. RESULTS Fifty-five cases of DCIS were associated with ADH, 11 with ALH or LCIS, and 14 with both ADH and ALH or LCIS. Overall, IBCR occurred in 14% and no significant difference in the IBCR rate was identified for patients with proliferative lesions compared with patients without these lesions (P = 0.38). Development of CBC in patients with concurrent DCIS and ADH was 4.4 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44–13.63) that in patients with DCIS alone (P < 0.01). The 15-year cumulative rate of CBC development was 22.7% in patients with ALH or LCIS compared with 6.5% in patients without these lesions (P = 0.30) and 19% in patients with ADH compared with 4.1% in patients with DCIS alone (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The risk of CBC development is higher with concurrent ADH than in patients with DCIS alone, and these patients may therefore be appropriate candidates for additional chemoprevention strategies. Concurrent ADH, ALH, or LCIS with DCIS is not a contraindication to BCT. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The use of Z-scores in paediatric cardiology

Z-scores are a means of expressing the deviation of a given measurement from the size or age specific population mean. By taking account of growth or age, Z-scores are an excellent means of charting serial measurements in paediatric cardiological practice. They can be applied to echocardiographic measurements, blood pressure and patient growth, and thus may assist in clinical decision-making.
Transition-metal pentatellurides as potential low-temperature thermoelectric refrigeration materials

The importance of the future development of materials for use in low-temperature thermoelectric refrigeration devices is discussed. Specifically, results are presented on an interesting class of materials called pentatellurides, ${\mathrm{HfTe}}_{5}$ and ${\mathrm{ZrTe}}_{5},$ which have shown promising low-temperature thermoelectric properties $(100\mathrm{K}lTl250\mathrm{K}).$ Substitutional doping occurs both on the metal site as ${\mathrm{Hf}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Te}}_{5}$ solid solutions, and on the Te site with Se. Proper doping leads to a decrease in resistivity and an enhancement of thermopower which results in a doubling of the power factor (electronic properties) which is then very competitive with the power factor of existing thermoelectric materials in these temperature regimes.
Do Employees Feel Comfortable Blowing the Whistle When Their Supervisors Practice Transformational Leadership

Although public organization literature is replete with studies examining whistleblowing, scholars have generally neglected the connection between leadership styles and whistleblowing. Furthermore, no study was found that examined the relationship between whistleblowing and the most often studied leadership style, transformational leadership. This article fills this void in the literature by examining the relationship between transformational leadership and whistleblowing in government agencies. After controlling for employee commitment and several power-dependency factors, the results revealed that employees were more comfortable blowing the whistle when they perceived organizational leaders and managers were practicing transformational leadership than when they perceived they were not. In fact, transformational leadership was the most important predictor. Employees were also most comfortable when they exhibited high levels of commitment and job satisfaction. On the other hand, minority employees were le...
EBTA Rejects Unification

(1961). EBTA Rejects Unification… The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 320-321.
Prehistory of the Earth--Constraints to the Formative Field and Raw Material of the Earth

The Earth is a planet of the Solar system. The Solar system is located in an arm of the spiral galaxy. The galaxy is a small member of the universe. Therefore, the formative field of the Earth should be discussed from a viewpoint of a part of the universal open system. The universe is composed of many levels of the hierarchy. They are atoms, minerals, rocks, planets, stars, galaxies and their groups from small to large. We examine whether the Sun and the Earth are unique existences or general ones in each level of the universal hierarchy. This examination should be the constraint of the prehistory of the Earth.
Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis from hypopharyngeal adenosquamous carcinoma

Although pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis (PLC) is not uncommon for breast, bronchial, and stomach cancers, it is rarely associated with head and neck malignancy. A case of PLC is reported with the primary lesion being an adenosquamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx. A literature review is discussed, highlighting the varied radiographic picture of PLC, the possible diagnostic modalities, the proposed pathogenesis, and the treatment options. The prognosis even if antemortum diagnosis and treatment are given remains fatal, although with temporary improved quality of life and lengthened survival. There is hope that with greater awareness of the disease process an increased incidence of diagnosis may allow progress to be made in therapeutic interventions.
ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION AS A TOOL FOR CULTURAL CONTINUITY: A Focus on the Built Environment of Islam

Architectural historic preservation has been used as a means to express or represent national, Islamic and even ethnic identity, and often this is linked to tourism or used to serve political ends, particularly in nation building. This article investigates agency and utility in the conservation and restoration of religious built environments in different societies in the Islamic world and its meaning to these societies today. Conservation should be interpreted more broadly than the physical continuity of historic structures; it should also enable the continuity of non-material aspects of culture.
The Humanist Scholar as Public Expert

Although the rhetoric of expertise stemming from the hard and social sciences has been well researched, the scholarship has not tended to focus on acts of public expertise by scholars from the humanities. This article reports a case study in the rhetorical practices of a theologian, acting as a public expert, first attempting to affect decision making in the Waco conflict in 1993 and then attempting to participate in and shape the public debates that followed it. To compare the practices of this humanities scholar to expectations from research on the rhetoric of expertise, a rhetorical analysis was conducted on the context, style, genre, and argument in the scholar’s public writings. This article discusses (a) the role of kairos in the policy cycle in determining the scholar’s bids for acceptance as an expert, (b) the use of narrative as a generic hybrid of intra- and interdisciplinary practice, and (c) the role of “understanding” asa special topic.
Sub-nanosecond pulse characteristics of InGaP/GaAs HBTs

Using a novel sub-nanosecond pulse current-voltage measurement technique, InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors were shown to survive strong impact ionization and to have a much larger safe operating area than previously measured or predicted. As the result, an empirical model for impact ionization was constructed and added to a commercially available HBT model. The modified model can predict the HBT characteristics across the entire safe operating area, including strong impact ionization and flyback. The modified model can be used to simulate not only the ruggedness of power amplifiers, but also the performance of impulse-based ultra wideband pulse generators.
Predicting respiratory distress syndrome using gestational age and fetal lung maturity by fluorescent polarization.

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to design a predictive model for assessing the risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) by using gestational age (GA) and results from a quantitative fluorescence polarization-based fetal lung maturity assay (TDx FLM II). Study design The study populations from the 3 largest published studies analyzing the association between TDx-FLM II and the development of RDS were combined for this analysis. A total of 509 patients were included in this study; 57 gave birth to infants who had RDS develop, and 452 gave birth to infants who were unaffected. Logistic regression analysis was used to model the odds of RDS as a function of GA, TDx FLM II ratio, and study site. Results The absolute and relative risks of an infant having RDS develop as a function of GA and TDx FLM II were calculated. The odds of RDS decrease 31% for each increasing week of GA and decrease 67% for each 10 mg/g increase in the TDx FLM II ratio. GA-specific TDx FLM II cutoffs are provided for sensitivities between 84% and 100%. The bias-adjusted area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the classification of RDS, based on GA and TDx FLM II ratio, was 0.957 with the use of the logistic model. Conclusion The incorporation of GA into the evaluation of fetal lung monitoring allows for individualized, GA-specific risk assessment and provides GA-specific cutoffs with increased specificity.
The effect of TEM sample thickness on nucleation and growth and dissolution of {311} defects in Si+ implanted Si

Abstract The effect of sample thickness on the nucleation, growth and dissolution of {311} defects in non-amorphizing 100 keV, 2×1014 cm−2 Si+ implanted Si has been investigated by plan-view transmission electron microscopy (PTEM) and cross-section TEM (XTEM). The samples were annealed at 800°C for times between 5 and 30 min. Results from samples annealed prior to TEM sample preparation were compared with samples annealed after thinning for TEM. The observed region in the TEM in both cases was 4000 A thick. TEM showed both the {311} extended defects and sub-threshold dislocation loops formed upon annealing. The depth distribution of these defects is centered around the ion damage profile. Quantitative TEM was used to measure the trapped interstitial concentration. The total interstitial concentration trapped in {311} defects and loops after annealing at 800°C for 5 min was determined to be ∼1×1014±1×1013 cm−2 for the thick samples and ∼0.9×1014±1×1013 cm−2 for the thin samples. The rate constant for {311} dissolution was determined from quantitative TEM to be 420 s for both the thick and thin samples. The existence of the second surface in the thin samples may affect the nucleation process slightly, but the existence of the second surface 2000 A below the implant layer has no measurable effect on the coarsening and dissolution of {311} defects and the evolution of the sub-threshold loops. This implies that the surface must be less than 2000 A from the implant layer to affect the interstitial evolution.
Advantages of Epoxy Resin as a Mounting Medium for Light Microscopy

The need for very durable mounting is especially felt in the teaching of parasitology and mycology; otherwise, the availability of microscope slides may depend on the use of fresh specimens. Resinous mounts and those in aqueous media sealed with fingernail lacquer, paraffin or asphalt do not preserve specimens satisfactorily. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp), a water-soluble mounting medium described by Burstone (1962), cannot be applied directly for mounting of insects and certain other parasites which have water-repelling integuments; moreover, pvp bleaches eosin. Grimley et al. (1965) prepared large epoxy sections of tissues from which areas for electron microscopy could be selected. This procedure however is designed for electron microscopic techniques whereas the present paper describes a direct epoxy mounting method to produce permanent mounts for light microscopy.
Wealth creation and managerial pay: MVA and EVA as determinants of executive compensation

Designing effective compensation contracts has become increasingly complex due to the globalization of the executive work force and the multitude of incentive schemes. We examine the relationships between managerial pay and firm performance among domestic and global firms using economic value added (EVA) and market value added (MVA) to assess wealth creation. Our work suggests that top managers in domestic- and globally focused firms are not only incented to increase EVA, but also rewarded for past additions to MVA. The results of our research suggest that managers of highly globalized firms tend to be paid at higher levels, reflecting the increased complexity of managing global firms.
Leveraging technology affinity: applying a common set of tools and practices to information development

The six best practices of software development can be applied to the development of each component of a finished product or project. Each organization within an enterprise can design and implement a process that encompasses these best practices. And there are software development tools that enable each best practice.This paper describes the six best practices, the tools that enable them, and demonstrates how they can be applied to information development, as well as other all components of software development.This paper also provides an example that illustrates how documentation groups or organizations can benefit by following these best practices to ensure success for information development projects.
The challenge of CT and MRI imaging of obese individuals who present to the emergency department: a national survey.

The objective of this study was to estimate the availability of large weight capacity computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment in US hospitals with emergency departments (EDs) and to evaluate animal facilities as alternate sources of imaging. We conducted a telephone survey of radiology technicians from a random sample of all the US hospitals with EDs (n = 262) and all 136 primary hospitals of academic EDs, 145 zoos, and 28 veterinary schools. We measured the prevalence of large weight capacity (>450 lb) CT and MRI, stratified by hospital characteristics. Response rates were 94-100% across samples. Nationally, 10% (95% confidence interval, 7-15) of hospitals with EDs had large weight capacity CT and 8% (95% confidence interval, 5-13) had large weight capacity MRI. In academic hospitals, access to large capacity equipment was better for CT (28%), but similar for MRI (10%) (P 450 lb, access to emergent CT and MRI is limited, even at academic and bariatric surgery centers. Animal facilities are not a viable alternative for diagnostic imaging of human patients.
Leu-enkephalin, substance P, and somatostatin immunohistochemistry combined with the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Preganglionic neurons in the lower lumbar spinal cord were labeled with horseradish peroxidase applied to the cut ends of the intermesenteric trunk in golden hamsters. A black granular reaction product was obtained in HRP-labeled cells by soaking spinal cord tissue in a cobalt chloride solution prior to treatment with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and hydrogen peroxide. Spinal cord sections containing labeled preganglionic neurons were processed with the immunoperoxidase (PAP) technique. Immunoreactive processes appeared as rust-brown beads. Concentrations of beaded processes exhibiting enkephalin-like, substance P-like (SPI) and somatostatin-like (SOMI) immunoreactivity were present around HRP-labeled preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column and in the dorsal commissural nucleus. Immunoreactivity was also present in the superficial dorsal horn, the dorsolateral funiculus and around the central canal. A prominent fiber system exhibiting SPI and SOMI extended from the ventral white matter to the ventral horn.
Collision Induced Dissociation Products of Disulfide-Bonded Peptides: Ions Result from the Cleavage of More Than One Bond

Disulfide bonds are a post-translational modification (PTM) that can be scrambled or shuffled to non-native bonds during recombinant expression, sample handling, or sample purification. Currently, mapping of disulfide bonds is not easy because of various sample requirements and data analysis difficulties. One step towards facilitating this difficult work is developing a better understanding of how disulfide-bonded peptides fragment during collision induced dissociation (CID). Most automated analysis algorithms function based on the assumption that the preponderance of product ions observed during the dissociation of disulfide-bonded peptides result from the cleavage of just one peptide bond, and in this report we tested that assumption by extensively analyzing the product ions generated when several disulfide-bonded peptides are subjected to CID on a quadrupole time of flight (QTOF) instrument. We found that one of the most common types of product ions generated resulted from two peptide bond cleavages, or a double cleavage. We found that for several of the disulfide-bonded peptides analyzed, the number of double cleavage product ions outnumbered those of single cleavages. The influence of charge state and precursor ion size was investigated, to determine if those parameters dictated the amount of double cleavage product ions formed. It was found in this sample set that no strong correlation existed between the charge state or peptide size and the portion of product ions assigned as double cleavages. These data show that these ions could account for many of the product ions detected in CID data of disulfide bonded peptides. We also showed the utility of double cleavage product ions on a peptide with multiple cysteines present. Double cleavage products were able to fully characterize the bonding pattern of each cysteine where typical single b/y cleavage products could not.
Hydroacoustic estimation of zooplankton biomass at two shoal complexes in the Apostle Islands Region of Lake Superior

ABSTRACT Hydroacoustics can be used to assess zooplankton populations, however, backscatter must be scaled to be biologically meaningful. In this study, we used a general model to correlate site-specific hydroacoustic backscatter with zooplankton dry weight biomass estimated from net tows. The relationship between zooplankton dry weight and backscatter was significant (p < 0.001) and explained 76% of the variability in the dry weight data. We applied this regression to hydroacoustic data collected monthly in 2003 and 2004 at two shoals in the Apostle Island Region of Lake Superior. After applying the regression model to convert hydroacoustic backscatter to zooplankton dry weight biomass, we used geo-statistics to analyze the mean and variance, and ordinary kriging to create spatial zooplankton distribution maps. The mean zooplankton dry weight biomass estimates from plankton net tows and hydroa-coustics were not significantly different (p = 0.19) but the hydroacoustic data had a significantly lower coeffi...
Science teachers' diagnosis and understanding of students' preconceptions

Research has established that students enter their science classes with ideas about the natural world that do not align with accepted scientificbeliefs. The diagnosis of these student preconceptions may be seen as aninitial, crucial step in the process of teacher-facilitated conceptualchange. So as to capture what science teachers do in their everydayclassroom routines to diagnose these student preconceptions, in-depthobservations and interviews were conducted with four exemplary secondaryscience teachers. The teachers' strategies for diagnosing students' preconceptions, their use of information found through diagnosis, and the teachers' understanding of students' preinstructional ideas were all analyzed. The four teachers in this study did not use any formal assessment tools such as pretests, concept maps, interviews, or journal writing to diagnose students' ideas, although they all stated that finding out what students know prior to instruction is important. The teachers all declared that they used questioning to gather information on student ideas but were seen in their classes to rely heavily on low-level, recall questions. One of the teachers, the most experienced, did conduct class discussions where the students were encouraged to express their ideas and preconceptions. The four teachers' understanding of what student preconceptions consist of and the justification for attempting to diagnose these ideas was seen to be weak.The implications of these findings and recommendations for teacher trainingare made in the article. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed87:849–867, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10092
Calcitonin inhibits prolactin gene transcription in rat pituitary cells

Our recent studies have shown that calcitonin (CT)-like immunoreactive peptide is synthesized and released from cultured rat anterior pituitary (AP) cells, and may serve as a paracrine inhibitor of PRL release. The present studies investigated effects of CT on basal and TRH-induced PRL mRNA levels in rat AP and rat pituitary tumor GH3 cells. CT attenuated steady-state PRL mRNA levels in a dose-dependent fashion in primary rat AP and GH3 cells. The kinetics of CT action suggests that 100nm CT caused a significant decline after 3 h, and the inhibition was sustained at least until the longest tested incubation period of 30 h. Results from nuclear run-on assays suggest that 100 nM CT decreased the rate of PRL gene transcription by 80% after 30 min of incubation. CT did not affect PRL mRNA levels in Ca2+-depleted GH3 cells but dramatically decreased them in Ca2+-repleted cells. Bay K 8644 induced increase in PRL mRNA levels of Ca2+-repleted GH3 cells and CT did not affect this increase. These results suggest that CT rapidly and selectively inhibits PRL gene transcription in primary AP and GH3 cells, and support a possibility that CT-induced attenuation of PRL mRNA may involve cytoplasmic Ca2+.
Nonlinear holographic crystallography.

We point out the limitations of linear computer reconstruction algorithms employed previously in holographic crystallography. We show that many of the undesirable artifacts on prior holographic reconstruction of atom positions from point-source diffraction patterns may be traced directly to the nonlinear object-wave terms neglected in traditional holography. This problem is particularly severe in the so-called forward-scattering geometry, represented by, e.g., a subsurface B-atom emitter in the Si(111)-\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 B surface. We show that, even in this case, unlike the prior linear schemes, the nonlinear algorithm ``atomic-position recovery by iterative optimization of reconstructed intensities'' is capable of recovering a very accurate, artifact-free and twin-image-free, three-dimensional reconstruction of the positions of nearby scattering atoms even for a single diffraction pattern.
Artificial neural network approach in printed circuit board assembly

In this study, automation of the circuit board assembly process is considered using artificial neural networks with knowledge-based systems. Basic issues in achieving intelligent control that can adapt to changing conditions in the assembly process are discussed. The feasibility of using neural networks for pattern recognition and optimum component insertion sequence generation is examined. The study provides a basic foundation for designing a conceptual architecture for adaptive intelligent control of circuit board assembly. Real-time testing of component recognition is conducted using adaptive resonance theory (ART 1) as a neural network paradigm.
Hydrogen isotope fractionation between coexisting vapor and silicate glasses and melts at low pressure

A series of experiments was performed to determine the hydrogen isotope fractionation factors between water vapor and “water” dissolved as hydroxyl groups in rhyolitic and feldspathic glasses and melts. Experiments were carried out in quartz tubes with a large excess of water at 530–850°C and P_(H2O) = 1.4–2.8 bars. Infrared measurements of water concentration profiles and isotopic reversal experiments indicate that equilibrium was attained during the 210–5400 hr runs. The fractionation factors ([D/H_(vapor)]/[D/H_(glass)]) between the vapor and dissolved water in the glasses decrease from about 1.051 to 1.040 for rhyolite glass and 1.049 to 1.035 for albite-orthoclase glass as temperature increases from 530 to 750°C. These fractionations are greater than those observed for most hydrous mineral-water systems at these temperatures, perhaps reflecting the strong hydrogen bonding of hydroxyl groups in the studied glasses. The measured fractionation factor for rhyolitic melt accounts for the observed decreases in δD with decreasing water contents of obsidians erupted from young rhyolitic volcanoes and supports a two-stage degassing history of these magmas. The variation of δD values with water contents of explosively erupted obsidians can be explained by a closed-system vapor-melt partitioning, whereas the low water contents and δD values of the quiesciently erupted domes and flows are interpreted to be a result of open-system degassing.
Lines in Random Effects Plots from the Linear Mixed-Effects Model

Abstract After fitting a linear mixed-effects model to a set of repeated-measures or longitudinal data, it is common practice to plot the estimated random effects. On occasion it may be observed that in these plots a straight line may appear. How did this line arise? What influence does it have on the interpretation of the results from the model? This article demonstrates an artifact that can occur in the plots of random effects. If a cluster has exactly one observation, the plot of any estimated random effect against any other estimated random effect will fall on a straight line. The line in the plot of a pair of estimated random effects may even lie in the opposite direction of the direction suggested by the correlation from the random effects covariance matrix. For clusters with two observations at the same design points of the variables for the random effects, the estimated random effects will lie on a plane. Using an example, we demonstrate the patterns in the plots of the estimated random effects. T...
Key factors for successfully implementing advanced control

Abstract Product uniformity in many plants is determined by the integrity of the systems that control key product parameters. Many of these control systems are multitiered, non-linear and often quite complex. Bridging the gap between theory and practical application is one of the most challenging tasks engineers and control professionals face. In addition, many advanced controls work well in concept or simulation but can fail for a variety of reasons when put into a real operating environment. This paper focuses on those factors that are critical to implementing and operating advanced controls. It will examine why many advanced controls fail and discuss ways in which we have successfully applied adaptive supervisory and model based control, as well as non-linear functions to improve controller performance.
Peptide-Targeted Polyglutamic Acid Doxorubicin Conjugates for the Treatment of αvβ6-Positive Cancers

Most chemotherapeutics exert their effects on tumor cells as well as their healthy counterparts, resulting in dose limiting side effects. Cell-specific delivery of therapeutics can increase the therapeutic window for treatment by maintaining the therapeutic efficacy while decreasing the untoward side effects. We have previously identified a peptide, named H2009.1, which binds to the integrin alpha(v)beta(6). Here, we report the synthesis of a peptide targeted polyglutamic acid polymer in which the high affinity alpha(v)beta(6)-specific tetrameric H2009.1 peptide is incorporated via a thioether at the N-terminus of a 15 amino acid polymer of glutamic acid. Doxorubicin is incorporated into the polymer via an acid-labile hydrazone bond. Payloads of four doxorubicin molecules per targeting agent are achieved. The drug is released at pH 4.0 and 5.6 but the conjugate is stable at pH 7.0. The conjugate is selectively internalized into alpha(v)beta(6) positive cells as witnessed by flow cytometric analysis and fluorescent microscopy. Cellular uptake is mediated by the H2009.1 peptide, as no internalization of the doxorubicin-PG polymer is observed when it is conjugated to a scrambled sequence control peptide. Importantly, the conjugate is more cytotoxic toward a targeted cell than a cell line that does not express the integrin.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Work, Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Coronary Blood Flow in the Dog

Summary. 1. The effects of variations in heart rate on ventricular function, myocardial oxygen consumption, and coronary blood flow were studied in anesthetized, open-chest dogs. The heart rate was held at desired rates by electrical stimulation. 2. The following changes occurred when the rate was increased in steps from 33—80 per min. to 200—280 per min.: cardiac output increased 0 to 73 per cent and reached a maximum at rates varying from 90 to 180 per min.; above these rates there was usually a decrease. Stroke volume decreased progressively. Mean aortic pressure rose slightly, and the pulse pressure was diminished. Myocardial oxygen consumption and left coronary flow increased, even at the high rates when ventricular work was constant or decreasing; there was a marked fall in coronary resistance. 3. Ventricular function curves, i. e. ventricular stroke work plotted against the respective mean atrial pressure, were obtained at the various rates. The curves were always lower at higher than at lower rates. 4. Myocardial oxygen consumption per unit of mechanical work was greater at higher rates, probably because of the larger amount of “isometric work” per min. Coronary blood flow per unit of work increased similarly with rate. Coronary vascular resistance was always much lower at high heart rates than at low, indicating coronary vasodilation. 5. It is concluded that during normal circumstances myocardial oxygen consumption is a major determinant of coronary blood flow. 6. Effects of heart rate during abnormal circulatory conditions were illustrated and discussed.
Duct cells contribute to regeneration of endocrine and acinar cells following pancreatic damage in adult mice.

Background & Aims There have been conflicting results on a cell of origin in pancreatic regeneration. These discrepancies predominantly stem from lack of specific markers for the pancreatic precursors/stem cells, as well as differences in the targeted cells and severity of tissue injury in the experimental models so far proposed. We attempted to create a model that used diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) to ablate specific cell populations, control the extent of injury, and avoid induction of the inflammatory response. Methods To target specific types of pancreatic cells, we crossed R26 DTR or R26 DTR/lacZ mice with transgenic mice that express the Cre recombinase in the pancreas, under control of the Pdx1 (global pancreatic) or elastase (acinar-specific) promoters. Results Exposure of PdxCre;R26 DTR mice to diphtheria toxin resulted in extensive ablation of acinar and endocrine tissues but not ductal cells. Surviving cells within the ductal compartment contributed to regeneration of endocrine and acinar cells via recapitulation of the embryonic pancreatic developmental program. However, following selective ablation of acinar tissue in ElaCreERT2;R26 DTR mice, regeneration likely occurred by reprogramming of ductal cells to acinar lineage. Conclusions In the pancreas of adult mice, epithelial cells within the ductal compartment contribute to regeneration of endocrine and acinar cells. The severity of injury determines the regenerative mechanisms and cell types that contribute to this process.
Resource management: materials, equipment, facilities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the management of physical resources (materials, equipment, and facilities) as a performance standard for leadership.Design/methodology/approach – The approach of the paper is to list general principles for physical resource management and then discuss the understanding needed for the creative application of those principles.Findings – The findings are that library leaders must understand how to collaborate, negotiate and formulate policies in order to manage physical resources well for the sake of the bottom line as well as the quality of the user and staff experience.Originality/value – The value is in learning how to use interpersonal interaction to effectively manage physical resources in a way that advances overall organizational goals.
Immunologic analysis by quantitative fluorescent antibody methods of the effects of prolonged cultivation on Trichomonas gallinae.

SYNOPSIS. Antisera were developed in rabbits against homogenized antigens prepared from 3 axenic lines of Trichomonas gallinae: JB(VI), the 6th isolate of the very virulent Jones' Barn strain which was kept frozen in liquid nitrogen and was fully pathogenic for pigeons at the time at which it was employed for immunization; JB (VI)C, a substrain derived from JB(VI), but attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for 1 year; and JB(V)C, a substrain of the 5th isolate of the Jones' Barn strain attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for over 3 years. Globulin fractions of the antisera were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and fractionated on DEAE-cellulose columns to yield highly specific fractions. Intact, formalin-fixed flagellates of each line were stained on slides with each labelled antiserum under standardized conditions. Fluorescence emitted by individual organisms was measured with the aid of a special microfluorimetric apparatus. Experiments involving direct staining, one-step inhibition, and cross-absorption methods indicated the presence of unique and cross-reacting antigenic systems in each of the 3 lines of trichomonads. The 2 substrains attenuated in the course of prolonged in vitro cultivation, altho antigenically similar, could be readily differentiated from each other. Further, both of them appeared to contain more antigenic systems than the still fully virulent JB(VI) parasites.
Summation of rod and cone responses at absolute threshold

Visual thresholds were measured for rod stimuli, cone stimuli and mixtures of rod and cone stimuli. Comparisons of the rod and cone thresholds to the corresponding components of the mixed-stimulus thresholds revealed summation between subthreshold rod and cone responses. The amount of summation was less than linear addition but greater than either probability summation of orthogonal vector addition.
The material time derivative of logarithmic strain

Abstract In this article we derive explicit formulas for the time rate of change of the logarithmic strains ln U and ln V, where U and V are the right and left stretch tensors, respectively. Results are obtained in both two and three dimensions for the cases where the principal stretches are repeated as well as for the case where they are distinct. The formulas are displayed in terms of V, the stretching tensor D, the rotation R, and the principal stretches. Finally, we consider the corotational and Jaumann derivatives of ln V, and establish conditions under which these logarithmic strain rates are equal to the stretching tensor.
Directional Sensitivity and Mechanical Coupling Dynamics of Campaniform Sensilla During Chordwise Deformations of the Fly Wing

The complex morphology of an insect campaniform sensillum is responsible for transforming strains of the integument into a displacement of the campaniform dome and subsequently a deformation of the dendritic membrane. In this paper, the first step in this coupling process was investigated in identified campaniform sensilla on the wing of the blowfly by stimulating the sensilla with chord-wise deflections of the wing blade. Campaniform sensilla neurones were sensitive to both dorsal and ventral deflections of the wing, and thus exhibited no strong directional sensitivity to the chord-wise components of wing deformation. These results are consistent with a simplified mechanical model in which the wing veins act as cylinders that undergo bending and torsion during chord-wise wing deformation. By comparing the responses of campaniform neurones to chord-wise deflections of the wing with those evoked by direct punctate stimulation of the dome, it is possible to estimate the dynamic properties of the coupling process that links wing deformation to dome deformation. In the identified campaniform neurone examined, wing-dome coupling attenuates high frequencies and transforms the chord-wise deflections of the wing into dome deformation similar in degree of excitation to that caused by direct punctate indentions that are two or more orders of magnitude smaller in size.
Elucidating the kinetics of twin boundaries from thermal fluctuations

There is compelling evidence for the critical role of twin boundaries (TBs) in imparting the extraordinary combination of strength and ductility to nanotwinned metals. Here, we investigate the thermal fluctuations of TBs in face-centered-cubic metals to elucidate the deformation mechanisms governing their kinetic properties using molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that the TB motion is strongly coupled to shear deformation up to 0.95 homologous temperature. A rather unexpected observation is that coherent TBs do not exhibit any capillarityinduced fluctuations even at high temperatures, in sharp contrast to other high-angle grain boundaries.
A Structure for Systematic Application of Principles of Teaching to Effective Instruction: Making Clear Connections

Teachers and other school personnel are constantly challenged to demonstrate that their instruction and/or interventions are appropriate and effective. This is often difficult to do because the connections between the theory and research they learned before entering the classroom or professional practice and the day-to-day activities they engage in are not clear. A solution to this continuing problem is to develop and use a system that bridges the gap between theory and practice. Such a system is described in this article and illustrations from practice are provided that document that it works.