cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of storage period and nanoparticle treatment on phytochemical composition of watermelons (Citrullus lanatus)

Abstract The nutritional quality of many fruits and vegetables is regulated by pre-harvest management factors that can be manipulated to attain desired quality standards. In this study, the impact of seed nanopriming on the phytochemical composition of watermelon was studied. Seeds of two watermelon varieties namely: River Side (diploid) and Maxima (triploid) treated with two nanomaterials (silver nanoparticle and turmeric nanoemulsion) along with untreated seeds were grown in five locations over two seasons. Physico-chemical properties and phytochemical profiles were assessed after mature fruits were harvested and stored at 23 °C for 0, 10, and 20 d. Key physico-chemical characteristics that were impacted by storage included fruit weight, rind thickness, pH, and soluble solid content. Similarly, levels of health-promoting compounds such as carotenoids, l -citrulline, and total ascorbic acid were maintained and/or enhanced in watermelons after 10 d of storage compared to untreated fruits at harvest. However, l -citrulline (10.40 g/kg) and total ascorbic acid (57.52 g/kg) was significantly reduced in watermelons after 20 d of storage (8.6 and 19.09 g/kg, respectively) regardless of treatment and location (p
Host-Restriction of Picornavirus Infection

There is no doubt that a host organism has many lines of defense against virus infection. These include the immune system, both cellular and humoral, and interferon production. Perhaps not so easily recognized are mechanisms for preventing virus infection that occur at the cellular level, both at the surface of the cell, in which specific receptors might be lacking, (viral resistance) or internal barriers to virus replication, due to the genetic characteristic of the particular cell (viral restriction). The purpose of this presentation is to review virus restriction at the cellular level and in particular, to look at restriction of picornaviruses, with specific emphasis on mengovirus restriction.
Niobium(V) Chloride–Zinc

(NbCl5) [10026-12-7] Cl5Nb (MW 270.15) InChI = 1S/5ClH.Nb/h5*1H;/q;;;;;+5/p-5 InChIKey = YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I (Zn) [7440-66-6] Zn (MW 65.37) InChI = 1S/Zn InChIKey = HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (synthesis of allylic alcohols, dienes, and naphthols; selective reduction of alkynes to (Z)-alkenes) Solubility: sol THF–PhH, DME–PhH, HMPA. Preparative Method: generated in situ from pentachloroniobium and Zinc. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: should be prepared and used under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen or argon.
Through the Eyes of Clio: The Historical Approach

Lawyer and philosopher of sorts that he was, Kames had a keen sense not only of the fact that man and his institutions have a past, but also that they are a becoming almost more than a being. And the longer he addressed himself in writing to questions of law, of manners and customs, of politics, even of morals and religion, the more he seemed to realize that no approach was more illuminating or led to a deeper understanding of these phenomena than an historical approach. It seems appropriate to the present writer, therefore, to devote a separate chapter to this subject.
27 High-value Recombinant Protein Production in Microalgae

Increasing interest in recombinant protein technologies for human and animal health applications has spotlighted microalgae as a platform with the potential to meet a large impending demand. Here we describe an algae protein expression system and compare the advantages and disadvantages to other platforms currently operating on a commercial level. High-value recombinant proteins that have been produced in microalgae are presented, and strategies for developing production strains with improved commercial properties are discussed.
Copper Tolerance and Characterization of a Copper-Responsive Operon, copYAZ, in an M1T1 Clinical Strain of Streptococcus pyogenes

ABSTRACT Infection with Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with a breadth of clinical manifestations ranging from mild pharyngitis to severe necrotizing fasciitis. Elevated levels of intracellular copper are highly toxic to this bacterium, and thus, the microbe must tightly regulate the level of this metal ion by one or more mechanisms, which have, to date, not been clearly defined. In this study, we have identified two virulence mechanisms by which S. pyogenes protects itself against copper toxicity. We defined a set of putative genes, copY (for a regulator), copA (for a P1-type ATPase), and copZ (for a copper chaperone), whose expression is regulated by copper. Our results indicate that these genes are highly conserved among a range of clinical S. pyogenes isolates. The copY , copA , and copZ genes are induced by copper and are transcribed as a single unit. Heterologous expression assays revealed that S. pyogenes CopA can confer copper tolerance in a copper-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant by preventing the accumulation of toxic levels of copper, a finding that is consistent with a role for CopA in copper export. Evaluation of the effect of copper stress on S. pyogenes in a planktonic or biofilm state revealed that biofilms may aid in protection during initial exposure to copper. However, copper stress appears to prevent the shift from the planktonic to the biofilm state. Therefore, our results indicate that S. pyogenes may use several virulence mechanisms, including altered gene expression and a transition to and from planktonic and biofilm states, to promote survival during copper stress. IMPORTANCE Bacterial pathogens encounter multiple stressors at the host-pathogen interface. This study evaluates a virulence mechanism(s) utilized by S. pyogenes to combat copper at sites of infection. A better understanding of pathogen tolerance to stressors such as copper is necessary to determine how host-pathogen interactions impact bacterial survival during infections. These insights may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets that can be used to address antibiotic resistance.
The Impact of the FERST Foundation for Childhood Literacy on the Home Literacy Environment

This study examined if, among families whose children were enrolled in the Ferst Foundation for Childhood Literacy, there was a relationship between the home literacy environment, measured by a scale survey, and the length of time enrolled in the program. Participants were a stratified random sampling from the population of parents in the State of Georgia whose children were enrolled in the Ferst Foundation for Childhood Literacy program. Using a pilot-tested original survey instrument, 2,100 survey packets were mailed to participants. Valid returned surveys totaled 1,082. Pearson correlation revealed a correlation of positive direction but of small strength in the home literacy environment scores. Therefore, this study suggests that a positive relationship does exist between the home literacy environment and the years of enrollment in the Ferst Foundation for Childhood Literacy program.
Infancia en blanco y negro: La experiencia de la crianza en Estados Unidos a principios del siglo XX

In this paper, I am going to discuss children’s agency, but will also consider the ways that national discourses regarding mothering, gender roles, race, hygiene and healthcare, shaped the everyday experience of childhood in the early 20th century. My archaeological evidence will be drawn from four early twentieth- century American house sites. Despite the diversity of economic, employment and ethnoracial experiences of these families, each family found their nurturing and rearing of children shaped by discourses debated outside of the home.
Self-organising networks: panacea or pandora's box?

Self-organisation is a key enabler for a number of advanced networking scenarios. Algorithms for auto-configuration of nodes and self-organisation of networks have been traditionally applied to ad hoc networks and more recently to peer-to-peer overlays and sensor networks, in which it is critical to avoid human intervention to configure and reconfigure the network. As the complexity of the Global Internet and other attached and overlay networks increases, the ability for humans to understand, configure, and manage these networks is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive. Self-organisation appears to be a key technology to enable self-organising and self-managing autonomic networks.
Ranking Catamorphisms and Unranking Anamorphisms on Hereditarily Finite Datatypes

Using specializations of unfold and fold on a generic tree data type we derive unranking and ranking functions providing natural number encodings for various Hereditarily Finite datatypes. In this context, we interpret unranking operations as instances of a generic anamorphism and ranking operations as instances of the corresponding catamorphism. Starting with Ackerman's Encoding from Hereditarily Finite Sets to Natural Numbers we define pairings and tuple encodings that provide building blocks for a theory of Hereditarily Finite Functions. The more difficult problem of ranking and unranking Hereditarily Finite Permutations is then tackled using Lehmer codes and factoradics. The self-contained source code of the paper, as generated from a literate Haskell program, is available at \url{this http URL}. Keywords: ranking/unranking, pairing/tupling functions, Ackermann encoding, hereditarily finite sets, hereditarily finite functions, permutations and factoradics, computational mathematics, Haskell data representations
Terminology Related to Induced Systemic Resistance: Incorrect Use of Synonyms may Lead to a Scientific Dilemma by Misleading Interpretation of Results

As scientists we have to stick to the scientific guidelines when creating definitions, whether they are scientifically correct or not and the definitions must adhere to linguistic meanings, otherwise once mistakes are made it becomes very difficult to rectify them. It is unfortunate that the terminology used in publications may become part of textbooks misleading young minds and future scientists, whom we have the responsibility to educate with an open mind, without leading to any assumption. This requires respect of the previous use of terms to describe the same phenomenon yet the terms, which are introduced must be flexible enough to accommodate definitions as our knowledge base broadens by the development of new technologies that may not be currently available.
A time series study of the carbon isotopic composition of deep‐sea benthic foraminifera

[1] Variation of the δ13C of living (Rose Bengal stained) deep-sea benthic foraminifera is documented from two deep-water sites (∼2430 and ∼3010 m) from a northwest Atlantic Ocean study area 275 km south of Nantucket Island. The carbon isotopic data of Hoeglundina elegans and Uvigerina peregrina from five sets of Multicorer and Soutar Box Core samples taken over a 10-month interval (March, May, July, and October 1996 and January 1997) are compared with an 11.5 month time series of organic carbon flux to assess the effect of organic carbon flux on the carbon isotopic composition of dominant taxa. Carbon isotopic data of Hoeglundina elegans at 3010 m show 0.3‰ lower mean values following an organic carbon flux maximum resulting from a spring phytoplankton bloom. This δ13C change following the spring bloom is suggested to be due to the presence of a phytodetritus layer on the seafloor and the subsequent depletion of δ13C in the pore waters within the phytodetritus and overlying the sediment surface. Carbon isotopic data of H. elegans from the 2430 m site show an opposite pattern to that found at 3010 m with a δ13C enrichment following the spring bloom. This different pattern may be due to spatial variation in phytodetritus deposition and resuspension or to a limited number of specimens recovered from the March 1996 cruise. The δ13C of Uvigerina peregrina at 2430 m shows variation over the 10 month interval, but an analysis of variance shows that the variability is more consistent with core and subcore variability than with seasonal changes. The isotopic analyses are grouped into 100 μm size classes on the basis of length measurements of individual specimens to evaluate δ13C ontogenetic changes of each species. The data show no consistent patterns between size classes in the δ13C of either H. elegans or U. peregrina. These results suggest that variation in organic carbon flux does not preferentially affect particular size classes, nor do δ13C ontogenetic changes exist within the >250 to >750 μm size range for these species at this locality. On the basis of the lack of ontogenetic changes a range of sizes of specimens from a sample can be used to reconstruct δ13C in paleoceanographic studies. The prediction standard deviation, which is composed of cruise, core, subcore, and residual (replicate) variability, provides an estimate of the magnitude of variability in fossil δ13C data; it is 0.27‰ for H. elegans at 3010 m and 0.4‰ for U. peregrina at the 2430 m site. Since these standard deviations are based on living specimens, they should be regarded as minimum estimates of variability for fossil data based on single specimen analyses. Most paleoceanographic reconstructions are based on the analysis of multiple specimens, and as a result, the standard error would be expected to be reduced for any particular sample. The reduced standard error resulting from the analysis of multiple specimens would result in the seasonal and spatial variability observed in this study having little impact on carbon isotopic records.
An introduction to the World Wide Web

Abstract Background and Objectives. Anesthesiologists are increasingly utilizing the Internet for personal and professional purposes. Without guidance, the task of searching the Internet for information may be time-consuming and frustrating. This article includes a basic introduction to the Internet with suggestions and guidelines for accessing information resources. Future articles will address locating articles about human anatomy, regional anesthesia and pain medicine. Editors Note. This is the first in an informal series of articles demonstrating and describing information technology. The articles will include nontechnical information and will detail the experiences and wisdom obtained from experienced anesthesiologists. The series is geared toward the computer novice with interest in regional anesthesia and pain medicine. These articles are also available in full text on the American Society of Regional Anesthesia website (www.asra.com) with links to the websites in the article.
Metaphoric Relationships with Pets

Using depth interviews and participant observation, the predominant metaphors that emerge in pet owners' relationships with theiranimals are pets as pleasures, problems, parts of self, members of the family, and toys. These metaphors as well as patterns of interacting with and accounting for pets, suggest vacillation between viewing companion animals as human and civilized and viewing them as animalistic and chaotic. It is argued that these views comprise a mixed metaphor needed to more fully understand our fascination with pets.
The synergistic effects of temperature and food concentration of life history parameters of Daphnia.

Daphnia parvula experiences a wide range of thermal (4°–30°C) and food conditions during its annual population cycle. We used cohort life table experiments to determine the synergistic effects of temperature and food concentration on its life history parameters. A 3×3 factorial design experiments was conducted with animals raised at all combinations of three naturally experienced temperatures (10°, 15° and 25° C) and food levels (0.02, 0.20 and 2.0 mg C/l). D. parvula showed an increase in survivorship with decreasing temperature at all food levels. Fecundity parameters (number of broods/female, brood size and net reproductive rate) increased with increasing food at the two lower temperatures but showed a mid-range food optimum at the highest temperature. Development rates and realized rates of increase (r) showed an increase with both increasing temperature and food such that they were maximum at the highest temperature-food level treatment. The life history parameters, average lifespan, age at first reproduction, brood duration time, brood size and number of young per reproductive female all showed significant interaction between temperature and food as was suggested by trends in Ro and r. Temperature had a reduced effect on fecundity, development rates and realized rates of increase at the low food level.
Genome-wide search for leech antiplatelet proteins in the non-blood-feeding leech Helobdella robusta (Rhyncobdellida: Glossiphoniidae) reveals evidence of secreted anticoagulants

The genome of the non-blood-feeding glossiphoniid leech Helobdella robusta was screened for leech antiplatelet protein (LAPP), an anticoagulant that specifically inhibits collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation. Previously identified LAPP sequences from Haementeria officinalis were used as queries against the predicted genes in the genome, employing a variety of BLAST protocols. Matches were reciprocally BLASTed against GenBank databases as a cross-validation of the predicted annotations of the genes. A total of eight loci, positioned as a tandem array, were recovered with significantly low e-values; these showed high sequence similarity (32.49% average sequence similarity of shared amino acid positions) to the known anticoagulants. Moreover, six of these possessed a predicted signal-peptide toward the N-terminus, indicating their secretion by the leech. All eight loci, together with known LAPP sequences from Ha. officinalis, as well as several sequences from publicly available expressed sequence tag libraries of Ha. depressa and He. robusta, were aligned and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The resulting tree showed a monophyletic clade consisting of the He. robusta loci, which was sister to a clade comprised of Haementeria-derived sequences. To corroborate the evolution of the anticoagulants with the evolution of leeches more generally, the topology of the LAPP-tree was compared to that of a previously published leech phylogeny; these showed compatible topologies with respect to the included genera. These results corroborate recent phylogenetic work, which suggests that this non-blood-feeding leech has a hematophagous ancestry.
Development of a screen-printed cholesterol biosensor: Comparing the performance of gold and platinum as the working electrode material and fabrication using a self-assembly approach

Abstract Gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) were used as the working electrode material to detect cholesterol in solution through enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Both gold and platinum were capable of detecting cholesterol through the electrochemical oxidation of H2O2, and could be used as the working electrode material. By comparison, however, Au was preferable over Pt in terms of higher response current and better sensitivity. Therefore, Au was chosen as the working electrode material for the fabrication of a thick-film screen-printed cholesterol biosensor consisting of three electrodes on an alumina substrate (working: Au, reference: Ag/AgCl, and counter: Au). The immobilization of the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (ChOx, E.C. 1.1.3.6) on the Au working electrode was achieved using a self-assembly approach. A thiol, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), was self-assembled onto the gold working electrode forming a thin organic layer that served as the anchor for the enzyme immobilization. 1-Ethyl-3(3-dimethylamino propyl)carbodiimide methiodide (EDC) was then used to immobilize the enzyme ChOx covalently on the gold working electrode through the carbodiimide coupling between the carboxyl (–COOH) groups of the self-assembled MPA layer and the amino (–NH2) groups of the enzyme. Electrochemical measurements showed that this biosensor responded well to cholesterol, confirming that the self-assembly immobilization method was effective. The reproducibility, the interference, and the storage stability of the biosensor were studied and assessed.
The influence of Dworshak Dam on epilithic community metabolism in the Clearwater River, U.S.A.

Epilithic community metabolism was determined on a seasonal basis over two years in nonregulated and regulated reaches of the Clearwater River in northern Idaho, U.S.A. Metabolism was estimated using three, 12-liter recirculating chambers and the dissolved oxygen method, with parameters expressed as g O2 m−2 d−1. In the nonregulated reach above the reservoir, gross community productivity (GCP) ranged from 0.8 to 3.2, community respiration (CR24) from 0.3 to 1.2, and production/respiration (P/R) ratios from 1.2 to 3.3. Epilithic metabolism in the regulated reach immediately below the dam increased sharply; GCP ranged from 4.2 to 25.5, CR24 from 1.9 to 9.7, and P/R ratios from 1.4 to 5.7. Increased primary production and respiration in the regulated reach was a result of extensive growth of an aquatic moss (Fontanalis neo-mexicanus). The influence of the dam on epilithic community metabolism was mitigated 2.5 km downstream of the dam due to the regulated North Fork of the Clearwater River (NFCR) merging with the larger, nonregulated Clearwater River. While the regulated Clearwater River below the confluence was somewhat affected by the regulated NFCR flows upstream, metabolism was similar to that found above the reservoir (GCP = 1.2 – 2.6, CR24 = 0.6 – 1.3, and P/R = 1.4 – 2.2). This study demonstrates that while Dworshak Dam has altered both primary production and respiration directly below the dam, the placement of the dam only 2.5 km upstream from a nonregulated reach greatly mitigates its effects on stream metabolism downstream. %
A practical clinical method to quantify language lateralization in fMRI using whole-brain analysis.

Abstract Surgery is often the only effective treatment for intractable epilepsy, but its benefits must be balanced by potential disruption of eloquent cortical functions. Wada test is the standard technique to lateralize language before surgery; however, it is invasive and associated with complications. fMRI provides an attractive noninvasive alternative, which has been previously shown to correlate with Wada results. However this correlation is imperfect since standard fMRI laterality indices are dependent on a particular arbitrary statistical threshold used in the data processing. We report a novel automated, threshold-independent fMRI methodology to assess language lateralization, which we hypothesize provides a robust and unbiased pre-operative assessment. This hemispheric histogram analysis method can accurately interrogate language lateralization, as validated against the Wada test. Fifty-nine subjects with intractable epilepsy received preoperative evaluation for language lateralization using fMRI. fMRI data then were analyzed using a novel automated threshold-independent method for determining language lateralization. The methodology generated a lateralization score based on hemispheric activation of language areas and a quality index based on multiple factors, including patient motion and signal-to-noise characteristics. Lateralization scores were compared to Wada test results (51 patients), direct cortical stimulation (3 patients), and subdural grid stimulation (5 patients). Data sets were used to generate a probability score for language lateralization for each subject. The lateralization scores correlated well with the objective measures of language lateralization ( r 2 = 0.46). Cumulative historical data were utilized to prospectively determine probabilities of language lateralization for individual patients. In conclusion, hemispheric language lateralization can be accurately determined using a novel objective and automated methodology that calculates language lateralization in a threshold-independent manner and can be used to determine the probability of language dominance in individual patients.
Britishness, Clubbability, and the Colonial Public Sphere: The Genealogy of an Imperial Institution in Colonial India

The ubiquity of the European social club in the European empires in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has been widely recognized in both popular and academic writings on European, and particularly British, imperialism. The “European” ascription of imperial social clubs derived from their predominantly whites-only membership policy in which all elite Europeans, whatever their nationalities, were potentially included. Although each individual club often catered to a very different and distinctive clientele among elite Europeans in the empire, the “clubland” as a whole served as a common ground where elite Europeans could meet as members, or as guests of members, of individual clubs. These clubs, it has been argued, represented an oasis of European culture in the colonies, functioning to reproduce the comfort and familiarity of “home” for Europeans living in an alien land. The popular narrative of the club, as is evident from the account by the official historian of the Bengal Club, one of the oldest social clubs in India, easily oscillated between an understanding of the club as a broadly European cultural institution and as a specifically British one. Either way, the cultural values that it represented were understood as transplanted to the colonies: “It is the practice of European peoples to reproduce as far as possible in their settlements and colonies in other continents the characteristic social features of their natural lives …. For more than a century no institution has been more peculiarly British than the social club.”
Standing-Wave Free-Electron Laser Two-Beam Accelerator

A free-electron laser (FEL) two-beam accelerator (TBA) is proposed, in which the FEL interaction takes place in a series of drive cavities, rather than in a waveguide. Each drive cavity is 'beat-coupled' to a section of the accelerating structure. This standing-wave TBA is investigated theoretically and numerically, with analyses included of microwave extraction, growth of the FEL signal through saturation, equilibrium longitudinal beam dynamics following saturation, and sensitivity of the microwave amplitude and phase to errors in current and energy. It is found that phase errors due to current jitter are substantially reduced from previous versions of the TBA. Analytic scalings and numerical simulations are used to obtain an illustrative TBA parameter set.
Barium Appendicitis After Upper Gastrointestinal Imaging

Background: Barium appendicitis (BA) is a rarely seen entity with fewer than 30 reports in the literature. However, it is a known complication of barium imaging. Objective: To report a case of BA in a patient whose computed tomography (CT) scan was initially read as foreign body ingestion. Case Report: An 18-year-old man presented with right lower quadrant pain after upper gastrointestinal imaging 2 weeks prior. A CT scan was obtained of his abdomen and pelvis that revealed a finding that was interpreted as a foreign body at the area of the terminal ileum. A plain X-ray study of the abdomen revealed radiopaque appendicoliths. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of barium appendicitis. Conclusions: BA is a rare entity and the pathogenesis is unclear. Shorter intervals between barium study and presentation with appendicitis usually correlate with fewer complications.
Pompholyx of the nail organ and the true onychomycosis.

Pompholyx is one clinical form of the endoparasitic-hematogenous skin eruptions. It is characterized by sago-grain-like, deeply embedded blisters or pustules within the normal, primarily non-inflamed skin, localized to the palms, soles, fingers, toes and interdigital webs, and in the nail organ. The blisters may be located in the nail wall causing paronychia, and/or beneath the nail plate causing onychia. The discussion of the etiology and pathogenesis of the pompholyx of the nail organ is inseparable from pompholyx at other sites (e.g. palms and soles), since they are identical. Hence, the term “pompholyx” should replace such misleading terms as “infectious eczematoid dermatitis”, “id” eruption, of the hand and/or feet, “dermato- or epidermophytosis”, “dyshidrosis”, and the vernacular “athlete's foot”. Even though hyphomycetes (true pathogens and common molds) of many sorts may be detected in the roof of the blisters, particularly on the feet, and scrapings of detritus from the nails, they have no role in the etiology or pathogenesis of this condition. Due to an universal infection immunity pompholyx is not infectious or transmissible. True onychomycosis is clinically and pathogenetically an entirely different condition. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the fundamental differences in etiology and pathogenesis between the two conditions.
Self-consciousness, self-awareness, and justice in reward allocation

To what extent can self-awareness affect behavior in justice-related situations? The present study investigated the impact of both chronic levels (public and private self-consciousness), and experimentally induced self-awareness on responsiveness to concurrently operative hut opposing standards of justice in an allocation of pay situation. Subjects were exposed to an externally based (equity) standard and an internally based (equality) standard before dividing pay between themselves and a coworker. The results indicated that high public, low private self-consciousness persons conformed to the external standard by allocating equitably; high private, low public individuals confirmed to the internal standard by allocating equally. Further, subjects who divided their pay in the presence of a mirror allocated most equitably, followed by those whose allocations were made public, while those allocating in private allocated most equally. These latter results were discussed in terms of Wicklund and Hormuth's (1981) vs. Hull and Levy's (1979) conception of self-awareness phenomena. Finally, the importance of the self as a source for evaluating differing criteria of justice was discussed.
Hurricane impacts on southeastern United States coastal national park visitation

As a major contributor to local economies, the tourism industry has been greatly impacted by natural disasters. This study demonstrates the association between tourism economies and impacts of hurricanes in the southeastern United States containing coastal national parks, known for attracting a large number of tourists and having experienced hurricanes. In keeping with two longitudinal data methods (i.e. panel logit model and autoregressive integrated moving average), this study focused on the relationship between the (1) duration, intensity, and damage of hurricanes; (2) existing climate conditions; and (3) tourism demand on park visitation during hurricane and tourism seasons. As a whole, the impacts of hurricanes and climate conditions (precipitation, temperature) were found to have a negative effect on tourism demands (park visitation). With regard to the response of tourism economies to natural disaster damage, parks that experienced stronger natural disasters may be closed for a longer period in ord...
Gender differences in alcohol and other drug use

Scrutinizing alcohol use alone was at one point justified for political, ideological and rational reasons. The rational reasons were based on patterns of use. Thus, one could easily identify the pure alcohol users. The other drug users in conjunction with alcohol were rare and in a minority. This can no longer be said. What seems to remain constant over time is the smaller proportion of female problem drinkers. What has changed is the addition of other drugs, especially legal drugs by women to their alcohol consumption. Such multiple drug use has apparently resulted in a number of overdoses; alcohol-in-combination with other drugs ranking among the top drug used. Since such a higher proportion of these overdoses are found to be accidental it is obvious to some that a public education program and warning labels about the combined usage are very much needed. It is now clear that alcohol has a significantly different effect on women than men and they run a higher risk of alcohol and other drug overdoses at a lower level of consumption. The physiological and possibly psychological basis for this is only beginning to be explored and is a prime area for research. When such knowledge is firmly at hand it may also help to explain the fewer women with drinking problems.
Light Trapping on Plasmonic-Photonic Nanostructured Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide

Plasmonic Au nanoparticles of ∼50–200 nm in diameter were generated via thermally assisted self-assembly from Au films evaporated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). A comparative study has been made on the light trapping effects of the plasmonic Au nanoparticles on original FTO and FTO with photonic nanopatterns fabricated using nanoimprint lithography. While strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the visible spectrum has been confirmed in both cases, quantitative differences exist and may be attributed to the Au nanoparticle morphology and their interface with FTO. In particular, the LSPR frequency depends on the Au nanoparticle structure and size, while the LSPR peak width is affected by FTO surface morphology (original or nanopatterned). It has been found that the combined plasmonic-photonic nanostructured FTO has the best light trapping, which agrees well with the finite difference time domain simulations and provides a promising transparent electrode for high-efficiency thin film solar ...
A multiple market segmentation of Great Lakes anglers in New York.

Abstract Market segmentation has been used to divide heterogeneous groups of anglers into more homogeneous subgroups. Our analysis goes beyond one-dimensional segmentation efforts and demonstrates how several types of market segmentation can be combined to better describe anglers. We focused on New York's Great Lakes and used data from a mail survey of 5,000 New York fishing license holders. We used five methods of segmentation for these anglers: their preferences, fishing experience, geographic, motivations, and product-related interests. Based on angler preferences for different types of fishing opportunities, we identified six distinct preference segments. The two largest segments preferred a mix of fishing opportunities. Three groups had varying levels of interest in boating, and the last group generally preferred fishing in tributaries for coldwater species. Members of preference groups were divided by experience segments to estimate the number of anglers with potential interests in certain types of ...
Extreme Ultra-Violet Spectrum of Argon Excited by Controlled Electron Impacts

Excitation of extreme ultra-violet spectrum of argon.\char22{}Circulating purified argon was excited by electrons from a Wehnelt cathode at various voltages up to 150 volts, with gas pressures of about 0.05 mm and currents of about 100 ma. Such excitation has been shown to arise from single rather than multiple electron impacts. The spectrum was photographed with the aid of a high vacuum spectrograph equipped with a glass grating. 88 lines, all believed due to argon, have been found in the wave-length region 1066 to 461. 20 of these belong to the known arc spectrum. Of the remaining 68 spark lines, 44 have not previously been reported. We fail to excite previously known A III lines, so that we attribute our 68 spark lines to A II.
Thermal Conductivity of Solid Argon at Low Temperatures

VALUES which are fairly reproducible for the thermal conductivity K of an inert gas solid, argon, have been obtained over a range of temperatures from 2° to 25° K., corresponding to temperatures θ/40–θ/3 since the Debye characteristic temperature θ for solid argon is about 80° K. These measurements were made by filling a thin-walled ‘Inconel’ tube of diameter 0.5 in. and length about 3 in. with argon at a temperature of approximately 78° K., through a capillary tube. During filling, the gas pressure was maintained above the triple-point pressure to ensure that liquid argon was produced in the specimen tube, and this gradually solidified from the bottom and from the walls of the tube to produce a homogeneous solid. The ‘Inconel’ tube, for the thermal conductivity of which small corrections were applied to the results, was mounted in a thermal conductivity cryostat described previously by White and Woods1.
Eye movement contingent display control in studying reading

A computer system has been developed that permits experimental control over a CRT display contingent upon characteristics of the viewer’s eye movements. The display can be changed during specific saccadic eye movements or fixations. Uses of such a system for studying reading are described. The paper reviews hardware and software considerations in developing such a system.
Heating of the solar flare plasma by high energy electrons

Heating of the ambient plasma by high energy electrons in solar flares is discussed. It is shown that for large flares the heating is enough to produce a thermal plasma of a temperature up to a few times of 107K rapidly in the initial phase of the flares. Thus thermal bremsstrahlung in addition to non-thermal bremsstrahlung should be considered for the X-ray emission of solar flares in the initial phase.
Joint aircraft loading/structure response statistics of time to service crack initiation

A reliability analysis for predicting the statistical distribution of time to fatigue crack initiation for aircraft structures in service is presented. The present analysis utilizes the statistical data of the specimen fatigue tests, the full-scale structure tests, and the statistical dispersion of aircraft service loads. The statistical distribution of the time to fatigue crack initiation of the full-scale structure under laboratory loading spectrum is assumed to be Weibull. The service loads for gust turbulences are modeled as Poisson processes for transport-type aircraft, while the maneuver loads are modeled as compound Poisson processes for fighter and training aircraft. It is found that the statistical distribution of time to fatigue crack initiation for aircraft structures in service is not Weibull and that the prediction on the basis of the Weibull distribution is unconservative, in particular in the early service time.
Polymeric self-assembling monolayers. 1. Synthesis and characterization of υ-functionalized n-alkanethiols containing a conjugated diacetylene group

Abstract υ-Functionalized alkanethiols containing a conjugated diacetylene were synthesized. These molecules spontaneously self assemble onto gold surfaces and they can be polymerized by UV irradiation.
The role of perseveration in language disorders

Abstract Perseveration has been associated with abnormalities of language function in a variety of neurological states. In this paper I review the nature of perseveration; the ways in which perseveration influences language in aphasia; and perseveration as it affects language in dementia and normal aging. Evidence supports the conclusion that perseveration is an integral part of language dysfunction in conditions of altered neural activity, and that perseveration is specifically linked to abnormalities of semantic memory, often manifested clinically as a disorder of naming or word finding.
Metastable reversal of the martensitic phase in Nb3Sn induced by energetic-electron irradiation

Abstract Nb3Sn upon cooling undergoes a structural martensitic phase transition from the cubic A-15 structure to a tetragonal one commencing at about Tm = 50 K, with the c a of the tetragonal structure increasing as the temperature is decreased until the ratio becomes constant at the superconducting transition temperature Tc. During electron irradiations between 0.4 and 2.0 MeV the electrical resistivity at 20 K initially decreased, contrary to experience with irradiated metals. For electron energies above the energy determined to be threshold for the production of Frenkel defects the resistivity eventually increased with increasing dose as expected. For energies below threshold, however, the resistivity approached a limiting value of about 99.6% of the initial resistivity before irradiation. The resistivity vs. temperature shows a deviation to higher-resistivity values as temperature is lowered commencing at Tm with increasing deviation as the tetragonality increases at lower temperatures. We ascribe the observed decrease in resistivity with electron irradiation to a metastable reversal of the tetragonal phase toward a state of reduced tetragonality (to cubic). This resistivity decrease is completely recovered in annealing to slightly above Tm. High-voltage electron microscopy at 12 K confirms the decrease in tetragonality by a disappearance of the twin boundaries associated with the tetragonal phase. The microstructure responsible for the resistivity changes will be discussed.
Reduction of nitric oxide by denitrifying bacteria

Two heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria,Paracoccus denitrificans andPseudomonas denitrificans, have been shown to utilize nitric oxide (NO) as a terminal electron acceptor and succinate, yeast extract, and heat/alkali pretreated municipal sewage sludge as carbon and energy sources. Complete removal of NO (0.50%) from a feed gas sparged into the cultures was observed. It is suggested that reduction of NO may be a common feature of denitrifying bacteria and that a microbial process to dispose of NOx may be economically viable.
Age‐Related Changes in EGF and Protease in Submandibular Glands of C57BL/6J Mice1,4

The submandibular glands of male C57BL/6J mice were studied cytologically and chemically at the following ages (months): 1–1.5, 6–8, 12–13, 28–32. The relative proportion of granular convoluted tubules (GCT) as well as the size and content of secretion granules of GCT cells, progressively increased throughout the first year of life. Correspondingly, the concentration within the glands of two GCT cell products, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and protease, also steadily increased. In senescent glands, GCTs formed relatively less of the gland parenchyma and were composed of shorter cells with reduced amounts of secretory granules. The concentration of EGF was reduced to 17% of its peak value at one year, while protease activity declined to 50% of its peak value. These morphologic and chemical findings imply a functional impairment in submandibular glands of the mouse with senescence.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES AS A VARIABLE IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Research has consistently shown that anomia, measured by Srole's scale, is more prevalent in the lower than in the higher social classes, but little research has dealt with variations in anomia within given status levels. This paper presents survey data bearing on three hypotheses which relate aspects of status to variations in anomia within status levels. The data fail to support the "status inconsistency" hypothesis that inconsistent statuses lead to anomia, or the "social failure" hypothesis that differential failure to achieve life goals explains variations in anomia within status levels. A third hypothesis, consistent with our own and earlier research findings, is tentatively advanced though it cannot be fully tested with the data at hand: the "attiRevision of a paper presented at the Southern Sociological Society meetings, Miami Beach, April, 1961. The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and was also supported by the Ford Foundation through the Urban Studies Program, Institute for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina. We are indebted to David R. Norsworthy for suggestions and for help in analysis, and to Ida Harper Simpson for a critical reading of the manuscript. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.189 on Thu, 16 Jun 2016 06:38:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Films in Tetragonal States Produced by Epitaxial Strain

The tetragonal states of {001} films of cubic materials produced by coherent epitaxy on cubic {001} substrates are calculated for Cu and Fe assuming Poisson ratios for the bcc and fcc structures that are constant as the material deforms. The states lie on lines, referred to as epitaxial lines, on the plane, referred to as the tetragonal plane, whose axes are the aspect ratio c/a and volume per atom V. The results of quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (QLEED) for the bulk layer spacing of coherent epitaxial films of Cu and Fe, when plotted on the tetragonal plane, show whether the films lie on the bcc or fcc epitaxial line. Strain-energy calculations along the epitaxial lines lead to a critical value of a at which a first-order transition from one epitaxial line to the other occurs; this transition is illustrated by the epitaxial films of Fe, some of which lie on the bcc line and some on the fcc line.
Effect of chromium nicotinic acid supplementation on selected cardiovascular disease risk factors.

The effects of daily supplemental chromium (200 μg) complexed with 1.8 mg nicotinic acid on plasma glucose and lipids, including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, were assessed in 14 healthy adults and 5 adults with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) using a double-blind crossover study with 8-wk experimental periods. Eight of the 14 healthy subjects and all 5 subjects with NIDDM also underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with assessment of 90 min postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. No statistically significant effects of chromium nicotinic acid supplementation were found on plasma insulin, glucose, or lipid concentrations, although chromium nicotinic acid supplementation slightly lowered fasting plasma total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose concentrations, and 90-min postprandial glucose concentrations in individuals with NIDDM.
An evaluation of XML-RPC

This paper explores the complexity and performance of the XML-RPC system for remote method invocation. We developed a program that can use either XML-RPC-based network communication or a hand-rolled version of networking code based on the java.net package. We first compare our two implementations using traditional object-oriented metrics. In addition, we conduct tests over a local network and the Internet to assess the performance of the two versions of the networking code using traditional internetworking metrics. We find that XML-RPC reduces the programming complexity of the software by roughly 50% (across various metrics). On the other hand, the hand-rolled java.net-based implementation offers up to an order of magnitude better network performance in some of our tests.
Ultrasound imaging with SonoVue: low mechanical index real-time imaging.

Ultrasound contrast specific imaging was improved in the last years by the introduction of a wealth of novel techniques, exploiting the nonlinear response of microbubble contrast agents. This included a number of techniques based on transmission of alternately phased positive and negative pulses (1,3) (Phase Inversion, Pulse Inversion, Power Pulse Inversion, Wideband harmonic, Coherent Contrast Imaging) as well as techniques based on alternating transmit power (Power Modulation, B Flow) and using higher harmonics (2) (Ultraharmonic Imaging). Other techniques are based on the destruction of microbubbles (Agent Destruction Imaging) or can be used to image microbubbles in this way (power/Color Doppler -Loss of correlation) (6) and therefore are limited to a relatively high mechanical index. The destructive techniques are further limited to low framerate or triggered imaging (5), thereby losing one of the key advantages of ultrasound: its realtime capability. Recently it was discovered, that nonlinear response of microbubbles can be exploited for some contrast agents such as SonoVue already at very low transmit power, even at Mechanical Index less than 0.1. This results in conservation of microbubbles and thus enables this technique to work at realtime. With current techniques based on alternate phasing, frame rates up to 25 frames per second are possible with this technique. To verify the hypothesis of successful low mechanical index imaging with SonoVue, data from multicenter trials in cardiac and liver imaging are analyzed.