cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congruent Chemical Potentials and Insertion Works in Establishing Nonuniform-Fluid Structures via Uniform-Fluid Properties

We propose an effective density ρpseudo that engenders direct mapping of the free energy FU of uniform fluids to the free energy FN of nonuniform fluids by requiring FN = FU (at ρpseudo). The equality is called the congruence condition. It is made possible by considering the statistical mechanical theory: the potential distribution theorem (PDT). The PDT connects three quantities: the work Wins(z) needed for inserting a test particle into the fluid, the chemical potential μ0 of the bulk fluid, and the nonuniform singlet density ρw(1)(z). We use Monte Carlo (MC) data to obtain the insertion work Wins(z) (via the Euler–Lagrange equation) from the probability densities ρw(1)(z). The concept of the congruent effective density ρpseudo is applicable to general interaction potentials, not restricted to the hard sphere type. We examine thus two simple fluids adsorbed on a hard wall: (i) the hard spheres and (ii) the Lennard-Jones fluid for comparison. We discern the difference in behavior of the effective density...
Biomimetic Catalysis of a Porous Iron-Based Metal–Metalloporphyrin Framework

A porous metal–metalloporphyrin framework, MMPF-6, based upon an iron(III)-metalated porphyrin ligand and a secondary binding unit of a zirconium oxide cluster was constructed; MMPF-6 demonstrated interesting peroxidase activity comparable to that of the heme protein myoglobin as well as exhibited solvent adaptability of retaining the peroxidase activity in an organic solvent.
Brief Report: Correction of the Hemostatic Defects in Von Willebrand’s Disease

The Pool cryoprecipitate provides an effective source of the factor lacking in the plasma of patients with von Willebrand’s disease which is necessary for a normal bleeding time. Correction of the bleeding time appears to be necessary for control of bleeding in some instances of severe spontaneous hemorrhage. None of the commercially prepared antihemophilic factor concentrates prepared in this country contain adequate amounts of the extremely labile bleeding time factor.
Retransplantation Of The Liver—a Seven-year Experience

Three hundred and four patients underwent 362 liver transplants between July 1984 and April 1992. Fifty-eight retransplants were performed in 44 patients (14.5%). Thirty-four patients underwent two (77.3%), seven patients three (15.9%), two patients four (4.5%), and one patient five (2.3%) transplants. Poor function accounted for 23 retransplants (6.4%), technical problems for 19 retransplants (5.2%), and rejection for 15 retransplants (4.1%). One-month patient survivals after retransplantation for poor function, technical problems, or rejection were similar (79.0%, 73.4%, and 80.0%, respectively)
Implementation status of occupational health surveillance in a Jiangnan city in 2011

[Objective]To understand the implementation status of occupational health surveillance activities in Jiangyin City,and provide the scientific basis for public health rules and occupational disease prevention countermeasures formulation by the administrative departments.[Methods]According to the annual report of the health risk factors monitoring in this city in 2011,the implementation status of occupational health surveillance was analyzed statistically on the enterprises of different industries,size,economic type,etc.[Results] There were 101 enterprises to carry out the occupational health surveillance,17 909 workers exposed to harmful factors received health examination,accounting for 40.59% of the total number of employees.Of 5 kinds of exposed occupational hazards,chemical toxicants class accounted for 51.72%,7 suspected occupational disease cases were detected,the detection rate was 0.04%.Most of them caused by physical factors(noise) and distributed in the sino-foreign joint venture enterprises which belonged to metal products industries with medium scale.A total of 82 cases of occupational contraindication were detected,with detection rate of 0.46%,most of them caused by chemical toxicants and physical factors,and distributed in the private limited liability company and private companies limited by shares which belonged to general manufacturing,scale computer and other electronic equipment manufacturing.[Conclusion]It is urgent to supervise and promote the occupational disease prevention of enterprise operation.Extensive implementation of occupational health surveillance can early detect the cases of occupational diseases and occupational contraindications.
Necessity Analysis of Adolescent Sex Education among Middle School Students in Huairou District of Beijing City

[Objective]To understand the status of adolescence sex education for middle school students in Huairou District,to analyze the necessity of advocating adolescence sex education,and provide evidence for comprehensive implementation of it.[Methods]Self-designed multiple choice questionnaire included basic situation,relative knowledge,notion and behavior,etc.Sampling students,their parents and teachers of sampling classes were conducted questionnaire survey.Parents gathered in the sampling schools to answer the questionnaire anonymously which were finished alone and withdrew at the scene.[Results]The awareness of adolescence sex knowledge was relatively low among middle school students in Huairou District.Students lack of knowledge and health skills.The awareness of adolescence sex knowledge was relatively low among parents.The awareness of adolescence sex knowledge was relatively high among teachers.61.8% of students,79.7% of parents and 94.6% of teachers consider it necessary to advocate adolescence sex education in middle school.[Conclusion]Most of students,parents and teachers request to advocate relative education,which indicates the necessity of advocating adolescence sex education for middle school students.
Glial and Neuroimmune Mechanisms as Critical Modulators of Drug Use and Abuse

Drugs of abuse cause persistent alterations in synaptic plasticity that may underlie addiction behaviors. Evidence suggests glial cells have an essential and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of drug abuse by influencing neuronal and synaptic functions in multifaceted ways. Microglia and astrocytes perform critical functions in synapse formation and refinement in the developing brain, and there is growing evidence that disruptions in glial function may be implicated in numerous neurological disorders throughout the lifespan. Linking evidence of function in health and under pathological conditions, this review will outline the glial and neuroimmune mechanisms that may contribute to drug-abuse liability, exploring evidence from opioids, alcohol, and psychostimulants. Drugs of abuse can activate microglia and astrocytes through signaling at innate immune receptors, which in turn influence neuronal function not only through secretion of soluble factors (eg, cytokines and chemokines) but also potentially through direct remodeling of the synapses. In sum, this review will argue that neural-glial interactions represent an important avenue for advancing our understanding of substance abuse disorders.
Distributed Sensor Network Software Development Testing through Simulation

The distributed sensor network (DSN) presents a novel and highly complex computing platform with dif culties and opportunities that are just beginning to be explored. The potential of sensor networks extends from monitoring for threat reduction, to conducting instant and remote inventories, to ecological surveys. Developing and testing for robust and scalable applications is currently practiced almost exclusively in hardware. The Distributed Sensors Simulator (DSS) is an infrastructure that allows the user to debug and test software for DSNs independent of hardware constraints. The exibility of DSS allows developers and researchers to investigate topological, phenomenological, networking, robustness and scaling issues, to explore arbitrary algorithms for distributed sensors, and to defeat those algorithms through simulated failure. The user speci es the topology, the environment, the application, and any number of arbitrary failures; DSS provides the virtual environmental embedding.
Organizational Governance and Politics

Organizations and inter-organizational arrangements are central to governing at multiple levels of aggregation, and scholars throughout the social sciences focus on them. Yet, as Kelman (2005) and Pfeffer (2006) have observed, the links between organization theories, on the one hand, and studies of policy processes, government and non-profit organizations and public management, on the other, have attenuated. Meanwhile, views of politics and power are incomplete, often emphasizing more micro levels of analysis, the inevitability of conflict, or techniques of strategic manipulation. I argue that one avenue for rebuilding bridges among public affairs, political science, and organization theory is to incorporate more encompassing understandings of politics and power. Such features likely both shape and are reflected in, for example, the elements of a "logic of governance" (Lynn et al., 2001) and the Meier/O’Toole management schema and are relevant to analyzing organizations, networks, organizational and insti...
Statesmanship and Geopolitics

Will Morrisey’s Churchill and de Gaulle: The Geopolitics of Liberty zeroes in on war, politics, and diplomacy in the twentieth century. Morrisey aims to lay out what he calls “the geopolitics of liberty”--how necessities, including geography, frame choices we make to protect our liberty and govern ourselves. His first two chapters make a comparative historical study of the evolution of the British and French regimes and states. His next two chapters contrast the geopolitics of Great Britain and France. The remaining three pairs of chapters focus on Churchill and de Gaulle in turn and how they understood the geopolitics of two successive world wars and the Cold War. This book, with its sober, probing exposition of what Churchill and de Gaulle can teach us about securing liberty, offers its reader the beginnings of an education in practical politics and diplomacy.
On the complexity of schedule control problems for knockout tournaments

Knockout tournaments constitute a common format of sporting events, and also model a specific type of election scheme (namely, sequential pairwise elimination election). In such tournaments the designer controls the shape of the tournament (a binary tree) and the seeding of the players (their assignment to the tree leaves). In this paper we investigate the computational complexity of tournament schedule control, i.e., designing a tournament that maximizes the winning probability a target player. We start with a generic probabilistic model consisting of a matrix of pairwise winning probabilities, and then investigate the problem under two types of constraint: constraints on the probability matrix, and constraints on the allowable tournament structure. While the complexity of the general problem is as yet unknown, these various constraints -- all naturally occurring in practice -- serve to push to the problem to one side or the other: easy (polynomial) or hard (NP-complete).
Expert Psychological Testimony on the Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions

As the research in the field of the psychology of interrogations and confessions begins to grow, as evidenced by the impressive work in this volume, it is to be expected that defense attorneys will increasingly look to forensic psychologists of both social psychology and clinical psychology backgrounds to provide expert testimony to triers of fact in cases in which a false confession is alleged to have been made. In that sense, we can expect that the case law will parallel the development of case law in the area of eyewitness identification (Leippe, 1995; Penrod, Fulero, & Cutler, 1995), and will be subject to the same tests (the Frye test and the Daubert test, discussed below), and will be subject to the same sorts of arguments both for and against admissibility. These cases have already begun to be reported; it is the intent of this chapter to look at the state of the law in this area as of the middle of 2003. Supreme Court. The facts of the case, as set forth in the Supreme Court opinion, are not atypical of many confession cases. On August 7, 1981, a clerk at the Keg Liquor Store in Louisville, Kentucky, was shot to death, apparently during the course of a robbery. A complete absence of identifying physical evidence hampered the initial investigation of the crime. A week later, however, the police arrested Mr. Crane, then 16 years old, for his suspected participation in an unrelated service station holdup. According to police testimony at the suppression hearing, “just out of the clear blue sky,” Crane began to confess to a host of local crimes, including shooting a police officer, robbing a hardware store, and robbing several individuals at a bowling alley. Their curiosity understandably aroused, the police transferred Crane to a juvenile detention center to continue the interrogation. After initially denying any involvement in the Keg Liquors shooting, he eventually confessed to that crime as well.
An interdisciplinary course on human-computer interaction

While Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a field that involves people from many disciplines, few courses on the subject allow students from multiple disciplines to work collaboratively on semester long projects. This paper describes a course on Human-Computer Interaction and a series of assignments that support interdisciplinary teams of students working together to design and then evaluate the usability of interactive computing applications. The author's evaluation of the course revealed that 94.9% of students "agreed" or "strongly agreed" with the statement, "This course increased my understanding of how to design and then evaluate the usability of an interactive application." This result suggests that students find the author's approach to HCI instruction to be effective.
Flexible perceptual sensitivity to acoustic and distributional cues

Pronunciation variation in many ways is systematic, yielding patterns that a canny listener can exploit in order to aid perception. This work asks whether listeners actually do draw upon these patterns during speech perception. We focus in particular on a phenomenon known as paradigmatic enhancement, in which suffixes are phonetically enhanced in verbs which are frequent in their inflectional paradigms. In a set of four experiments, we found that listeners do not seem to attend to paradigmatic enhancement patterns. They do, however, attend to the distributional properties of a verb’s inflectional paradigm when the experimental task encourages attention to sublexical detail, as is the case with phoneme monitoring (Experiment 1a–b). When tasks require more holistic lexical processing, as with lexical decision (Experiment 2), the effect of paradigmatic probability disappears. If stimuli are presented in full sentences, such that the surrounding context provides richer contextual and semantic information (Experiment 3), even otherwise robust influences like lexical frequency disappear. We propose that these findings are consistent with a perceptual system that is flexible, and devotes processing resources to exploiting only those patterns that provide a sufficient cognitive return on investment.
Tweet, and We Shall Find: Using Digital Methods to Locate Participants in Educational Hashtags

Although researchers have discovered a great deal about who uses Twitter for educational purposes, what they post about, when they post and why they participate, there has so far been little work to explore where participants in educational Twitter contexts are located. In this paper, we establish a methodological foundation that can support the exploration of geographical issues in educational Twitter research. We surveyed 46 participants in one educational Twitter hashtag, #michED, to determine where they lived; we then compared these responses to results from three digital methods for geolocating Twitter users (human coding, machine coding and GPS coding) to explore these methods’ affordances and constraints. Human coding of Twitter profiles allowed us to analyze more participants with higher levels of accuracy but also has disadvantages compared to other digital—and traditional—methods. We discuss the additional insights obtained through geolocating #michED participants as well as considerations for using geolocation and other digital methods in educational research.
The Burden of Depression in New York City Adults: Results from the 2013-14 NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Depression is responsible for a large burden of disability in the USA. We estimated the prevalence of depression in the New York City (NYC) adult population in 2013–14 and examined associations with demographics, health behaviors, and employment status. Data from the 2013–14 New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a population-based examination study, were analyzed, and 1459 participants met the inclusion criteria for this analysis. We defined current symptomatic depression by a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score ≥ 10. Overall, 8.3% of NYC adults had current symptomatic depression. New Yorkers with current symptomatic depression were significantly more likely to be female, Latino, and unemployed yet not looking for work; they were also significantly more likely to have less than a high school education and to live in a high-poverty neighborhood. Socioeconomic inequalities in mental health persist in NYC and highlight the need for better diagnosis and treatment.
Recent Trends in Malnutrition in Developing Regions: Vitamin A Deficiency, Anemia, Iodine Deficiency, and Child Underweight

Combined data on micronutrient deficiencies (and underweight prevalences) were previously assembled for the Micronutrient Report in 2001 published by the Micronutrient Initiative and the International Development Research Centre. To update these data and understand recent trends we carried out a global survey of national micronutrient programs and survey results from 2001 to 2003 mainly through e-mail contact with governmental United Nations and nongovernmental offices in some 100 developing countries (referred to below as the "country survey"). The published literature and unpublished material were searched by various means including through on-line databases and web searching. The results described here were first used for the publication on "Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency" issued by Micronutrient Initiative and UNICEF in 2004 for which an early draft of the present results was provided. This document now presents the results on prevalences at the national regional and global (all developing countries) levels with further detail. Here the methods are recorded and the estimates are provided in tables figures and annexes. The information from countries responding to the questionnaire in the country survey (49 replied with new data) are available on file and certain of these have been transferred to the Web. (excerpt)
A Note on the Dewey-Lippmann Debate

This short paper gives a quick overview of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippmann over the relationship of good government to Democracy. Lippmann adopts an "elitist" or "Platonic" stance arguing that above all mass democracy needs the educated guidance of a specially trained few while Dewey takes the view that a "dialectic" is possible between the average citizen and the educated "experts" such that a role for Lippmann's "Philosopher-Expert Kings" would be superfluous. Behind this differnce on the nature of democratic government there is a further opposition between the two men over whether a successful politics requires the Absolute, or the Transcendent as a necessary foundation for its its self-understanding or whether poliitcs is essentially a "piecemeal" process taking its direction from the developments and adaptations amongst the people that of necessity take place in an advanced society.
Neuroimaging of Addiction

Abstract Modern imaging techniques have allowed researchers to noninvasively peer into the human brain and investigate, among many other things, the acute effects and long-term consequences of drug abuse. Here, we review the most commonly used and some emerging imaging techniques in addiction research, explain how the various techniques generate their characteristic images, and describe the rational that researchers use to interpret them. In addition, examples of seminal imaging findings are highlighted that illustrate the contribution of each imaging modality to the expansion in our understanding of the neurobiological bases of drug abuse and addiction, and how they can be parlayed in the future into clinical and therapeutic applications.
The Privilege of Grief.

Loved ones may move through Elisabeth Kubler-Ross' stages of grief-from denial to anger to bargaining to sadness and, finally, to acceptance-but what is the trajectory of a doctor's grief?
Linking residential saltwater intrusion risk perceptions to physical exposure of climate change impacts in rural coastal communities of North Carolina

The salinization of freshwater-dependent coastal ecosystems precedes inundation by sea level rise. This type of saltwater intrusion places communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure at substantial risk. Risk perceptions of local residents are an indicator to gauge public support for climate change adaptation planning. Here, we document residential perspectives on the present and future threats posed by saltwater intrusion in a rural, low-lying region in coastal North Carolina, and we compare the spatial distribution of survey responses to physical landscape variables such as distance to coastline, artificial drainage density, elevation, saltwater intrusion vulnerability, and actual salinity measured during a synoptic field survey. We evaluate and discuss the degree of alignment or misalignment between risk perceptions and metrics of exposure to saltwater intrusion. Risk perceptions align well with the physical landscape characteristics, as residents with greater exposure to saltwater intrusion, including those living on low-lying land with high concentrations of artificial drainages, perceive greater risk than people living in low-exposure areas. Uncertainty about threats of saltwater intrusion is greatest among those living at higher elevations, whose properties and communities are less likely to be exposed to high salinity. As rising sea levels, drought, and coastal storms increase the likelihood of saltwater intrusion in coastal regions, integrated assessments of risk perceptions and physical exposure are critical for developing outreach activities and planning adaptation measures.
On the Abstract Structure of the Behavioral Approach to Systems Theory.

We revisit the behavioral approach to systems theory and make explicit the abstract pattern that governs it. Our end goal is to use that pattern to understand interaction-related phenomena that emerge when systems interact. Rather than thinking of a system as a pair $(\mathbb{U}, \mathcal{B})$, we begin by thinking of it as an injective map from $\mathcal{B} \rightarrow \mathbb{U}$. This relative perspective naturally brings about the sought structure, which we summarize in three points. First, the separation of behavioral equations and behavior is developed through two spaces, one of syntax and another of semantics, linked by an interpretation map. Second, the notion of interconnection and variable sharing is shown to be a construction of the same nature as that of gluing topological spaces or taking amalgamated sums of algebraic objects. Third, the notion of interconnection instantiates to both the syntax space and the semantics space, and the interpretation map is shown to preserve the interconnection when going from syntax to semantics. This pattern, in its generality, is made precise by borrowing very basic constructs from the language of categories and functors.
Investigating the association between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among adolescents: Evidence from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

Abstract Background Suicide among adolescents in the United States is the second leading cause of death. Bullying victimization has also been identified as a growing public health concern. Although studies have examined the association between bullying victimization and mental health outcomes, there is a dearth of research investigating the association between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among adolescents. Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the association between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among adolescents. Participants and Setting Data for this study came from the 2017 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Methods An analytic sample of 14,603 adolescents aged 14–18 years (52 % female) was analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results About 18 % of adolescents experienced suicidal ideation during the past 12 months. About one in ten adolescents (9.1 %) were victims of both school bullying and cyberbullying. Bullying victimization was associated with suicidal ideation whereby, adolescents who experienced both school bullying and cyberbullying victimization had 3.26 times higher odds of experiencing suicidal ideation (AOR = 3.26, p Conclusion Understanding the association between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation could contribute to early identification of adolescents who may be at risk for suicide.
Experimental validation and sensitivity analysis of a dynamic simulation model for linear compressors

Abstract In comparison with other types of conventional positive displacement compressors for domestic refrigerators, oil-free linear compressors have a number of advantages due to their compactness, low friction, limited number of moving parts, and excellent performance. Limited work was found in the open literature related to comprehensive compressor modeling and model validation of commercially available linear compressors. A comprehensive and generalized simulation model of linear compressors has been recently presented by the same authors. The current paper expands on this work by using experimental data for the simulated compressors to characterize their performance over the operating envelopes and to validate the linear compressor model. The validated model was then used to quantify the major sources of losses and analyze system vibration as well as piston eccentricity, which ultimately could be used to design the next generation of linear compressors.
Concurrent primary Sjögren's syndrome and isolated ocular sarcoidosis presenting with bilateral corneal scarring and dry eye

Abstract Purpose To report the case of a patient who presents with multiple progressive ocular diseases who is diagnosed with concurrent primary Sjogren's syndrome and isolated ocular sarcoidosis. Observation A 60-year-old woman was referred for dry eye disease, bilateral interstitial keratitis, anterior uveitis, and progressive glaucoma. There was clinical suspicion of an autoimmune etiology due to her ocular history, risk factors, and presentation. Thorough diagnostic testing revealed both primary Sjogren's syndrome and ocular sarcoidosis. After 2.5 years of systemic treatment and follow up, the patient currently remains stable. Conclusions and importance Autoimmune disease may underlie those with progressive ocular disease with an unknown etiology. More than one autoimmune disease may be the cause of ocular findings, especially for patients with a complicated presentation. Proper awareness, clinical suspicion, and diagnosis of these diseases can greatly improve a patient's condition and prevent future ocular and systemic complications.
Remote management of heart failure: Herculean or Sisyphean task?

Heart failure (HF) manifests as a severe functional limitation and myriad physiological derangements. Divining signals from this milieu is the domain of the HF specialist among whom there is an indelible belief that more effective HF care intrinsically arises from more communication, more measurement and, increasingly, more complex methods of acquiring and processing patient-generated data. Mobile technologies and electronically integrated systems of care eem to facillitate perfectly the steps of data generation, transmission, synthesis, interpretation, action and, ultimately, benefit to the patient. Unfortunately, realising improved outcomes among persons with HF enabled by outpatient monitoring has been elusive. In this issue of Heart , Rahimi et al 1 present results of a randomised trial designed to test whether centralised decision support optimised medical therapies and improved quality of life among patients compared with monitoring without centralised decision support. This hypothesis is of paramount importance. The authors’ study employs state-of-the-art blinding, randomisation, endpoint measurement and analysis to maximise the validity of their study. Nonetheless, the study ultimately could not conclude that expert support and alerts improved the primary outcome of medication use and dosing and quality of life compared with monitoring alone. The weighted change in medication optimisation demonstrated an improvement of 3% in the control group and 8% in the intervention group (p=0.20) …
Lessons from Past Major Engineering Initiatives

In this chapter attention is drawn to the fact that in fields other than power production, for example, in the field of aerospace engineering, very fast and impressive transitions have occurred. These developments are briefly described to show that the application of aerospace engineering methods may stimulate revolutionary renewable power production methods.
Energy expenditure and delivery: does the Micawber principle apply during critical illness?

Purpose of review To determine from existing literature if achieving energy balance in critically ill patients improves outcome. Only randomized clinical trials were considered. Furthermore, the intent had to be that energy intake of the treatment group would reach 100% of requirement, and that the requirement was measured and not estimated. Recent findings Six studies meeting the above criteria were identified. Truly positive energy balance was rarely achieved in these studies and protein intake was a confounder because it often varied with the energy intake. The two studies in which energy balance came closest to 100% did suggest clinical benefit, but in both of these studies protein intake was also higher in the high-energy intake group. Summary The question posed cannot be fully answered based on the available literature. There are some signals that the pursuit of energy balance in critically ill patients might be favorable, but significant uncertainty remains.
Incidence, Cause, and Outcome of Reinterventions after Aortic Root Replacement

Abstract Background This study aims to comprehensively characterize details of aortic and aortic valve reinterventions after aortic root replacement (ARR). Methods Between 2005 and 2019, 882 patients underwent ARR. Indications were aneurysm in 666, aortic valve related in 116, aortic dissection in 64, and infective endocarditis (IE) in 36. Valve-sparing root replacement was performed in 290 patients, whereas a Bio-Bentall procedure was done in 528. Among them, 52 patients (5.9%) required reintervention. The incidence, cause, and time to reintervention and the outcomes after reintervention were investigated. A cause-specific Cox hazard model was performed to identify predictors for reintervention after ARR. Results The 10-year cumulative incidence of aortic and aortic valve reintervention after ARR was 10.3% (95% confidence interval, 7.3%-14.0%). Age per year decrease was the only independent predictor for reintervention (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.95-0.99). The causes for 52 reinterventions were aortic valve causes in 29 patients (55.8%), including aortic stenosis/insufficiency, and prosthetic valve dysfunction; IE in 15 (28.9%); aortic-related causes in 7 (13.5%), including pseudoaneurysm, development of aneurysm, and residual dissection; and coronary button pseudoaneurysm in 1 (1.9%). Median time to reintervention was 11.0 months (interquartile range, 2.0-20.5) for IE, 24.0 months (interquartile range, 3.7-46.1) for aortic-related causes, and 77.0 months (interquartile range, 28.4-97.6) for aortic valve–related causes (P = .005). Overall in-hospital mortality after the reinterventions was 7.7% (4/52) with 20.0% for IE (3/15). Conclusions Reintervention for IE occurred relatively early after ARR, whereas aortic valve– and aortic-related reinterventions gradually increased over time. In-hospital mortality after the reintervention was low, with the exception of IE.
Improving Subnational Government Development Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies: Toward a Strategic Approach

Considerable attention has been given to enhancing subnational development finance in response to the 2008 global financial crisis and recent global development agendas, including the Sustainable Development Goals, Financing for Development, and Habitat III/New Urban Agenda. Much work on this topic is fragmented, focusing on specific elements of development finance: fiscal transfers, capital market access, public-sector lending agencies, or public–private partnerships. Most countries, however, have a range of subnational governments with varying needs and capacities that require different and evolving mixes of development finance mechanisms. Enabling greater subnational borrowing is often desirable but requires adoption of other reform policies to improve the fiscal capacity and creditworthiness of subnational governments over time. We review the rationale and potential for improving subnational development finance, outline the overall landscape of institutional arrangements available for this purpose, and consider broad challenges involved. Based on a review of global practice and experience in selected Asian developing countries with a range of special entities and innovations to enhance subnational investment, we propose a more integrated, strategic approach to building subnational development finance.
Estimation of High Framerate Digital Subtraction Angiography Sequences at Low Radiation Dose.

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) provides high resolution image sequences of blood flow through arteries and veins and is considered the gold standard for visualizing cerebrovascular anatomy for neurovascular interventions. However, acquisition frame rates are typically limited to 1–3 fps to reduce radiation exposure, and thus DSA sequences often suffer from stroboscopic effects. We present the first approach that permits generating high frame rate DSA sequences from low frame rate acquisitions eliminating these artifacts without increasing the patient’s exposure to radiation. Our approach synthesizes new intermediate frames using a phase-aware Convolutional Neural Network. This network accounts for the non-linear blood flow progression due to vessel geometry and initial velocity of the contrast agent. Our approach outperforms existing methods and was tested on several low frame rate DSA sequences of the human brain resulting in sequences of up to 17 fps with smooth and continuous contrast flow, free of flickering artifacts.
Facilitating Training Groups: A Guide to Leadership and Verbal Intervention Skills

Introduction How to Choose a Training Framework: What Model to Use When Identifying and Managing Group Processes T-Groups Personal Growth Groups Skills Training Groups Types of Interventions Deciding When and How to Intervene Practicing Interventions Bibliography Index
Energy Use in Transportation

Transportation accounts for a large fraction of total energy consumed in the United States. If one considers only the energy consumed as fuel in transportation vehicles, that use amounts to 25 percent of total energy consumption. If one includes the energy consumed in the manufacture of transportation vehicles, sales, and any additional energy expenditures directly involved with transportation vehicles, the total fraction required to provide for the transportation of the country is about 40 percent of total energy consumption.
Incentive mechanisms for peer-to-peer systems

Most of the existing research in peer-to-peer systems focuses on protocol design and doesn’t consider the rationality of each peer. One phenomenon that should not be ignored is free riding. Some peers simply consume system resources but contribute nothing to the system. In this paper we present an agent-based peer-to-peer system, in which each peer is a software agent and the agents cooperate to search the whole system through referrals. We present a static and a dynamic pricing mechanism to motivate each agent to behave rationally while still achieving good overall system performance. We study the behavior of the agents under two pricing mechanisms and evaluate the impact of free riding using simulations.
Surgical interventions for primary congenital glaucoma

Background Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) manifests within the first few years of a child’s life and is not associated with any other systemic or ocular abnormalities. PCG results in considerable morbidity even in developed countries. Several surgical techniques for treating this condition, and lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP) associated with it, have been described.
Digital Camera Identification from Images --- Estimating False Acceptance Probability

Photo-response non-uniformity noise present in output signals of CCD and CMOS sensors has been used as fingerprint to uniquely identify the source digital camera that took the image. The same fingerprint can establish a link between images according to their common source. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art identification method and discuss its practical issues. In the camera identification task, when formulated as a binary hypothesis test, a decision threshold is set on correlation between image noise and modulated fingerprint. The threshold determines the probability of two kinds of possible errors: false acceptance and missed detection. We will focus on estimation of the false acceptance probability that we wish to keep very low. A straightforward approach involves testing a large number of different camera fingerprints against one image or one camera fingerprint against many images from different sources. Such sampling of the correlation probability distribution is time consuming and expensive while extrapolation of the tails of the distribution is still not reliable. A novel approach is based on cross-correlation analysis and peak-to-correlation-energy ratio.
Impact analysis of design alternatives on imprecise requirements

The objective of software design is to build a system that meets the customer's requirements. Often requirements can be achieved by a set of different design alternatives. Identifying the impacts of various design alternatives on requirements thus become very important. In this paper, we proposed a formal framework to identify and reason impacts of design alternatives on imprecise requirements. Our approach captures the elasticity of imprecise requirements using fuzzy logic and represents design alternatives directly based on the representation of requirements. Based on these representations, we can: (1) identify relationships between requirements and between design alternatives; (2) reason implicit impacts of the design alternatives on requirements based on the identified requirement-requirement relationships, and design-requirement relationships; and (3) facilitate capture of the design rationale. The goal of identifying the impacts of design alternatives on requirements is to guide design engineers in evaluating design alternatives, to reduce design errors, to facilitate design rationale capture, and to build a system that better satisfies the customer.
Microeconomics of the art market

The theory of consumer choice was developed for markets with perfect knowledge, where traders were certain of the characteristics of the commodities exchanged. [1] Art markets do not fulfill these requirements. There are. however, many traders and few if any are large enough for their output to affect price. Moreover, owing to the fact that an provides both consumer and financial services, trading obeys two separate regimes in interrelated markets, the market for consumer services and the market for financiai services.
General Framework for Configuration Design: Part 2— Application to Hydraulic Systems Configuration

SUMMARY The configuration design methodology described in Part 1 of this paper [ 1] has been implemented in a knowledge-based system called HYSYN ( hydraulic synthesizer). Starting with user-defined specifications, HYSYN synthesizes hydraulic systems. As described in Part 1 of this paper, HYSYN first identifies necessary functions, constructs a Junctional configuration, performs qualitative inferences and, finally, identifies appropriate catalog components and their interconnections. This paper introduces the hydraulics domain, and describes various functional modules and algorithms used in the configuration design process. A configuration design example is also given.
Free-living amebic meningoencephalitis

Abstract The health problems associated with pathogenic free-living amebas are just beginning to be recognized. Little is known about the organisms themselves and even less about the selective pressures concerning their ecologic niche. Therapy is virtually non-existent, and the spectrum of organisms responsible for such infections has not been defined. In this article Richard Duma provides a summary of recent research in this area.
Thermal Performance of a Novel Heat Transfer Fluid Containing Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials

Abstract Three new heat transfer fluids consisting of combinations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) were formulated, and tested in a turbulent flow heat transfer loop. Stable nanofluids have been prepared using different sizes of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and their thermal properties like thermal conductivity, viscosity and heat transfer coefficient have been measured. Microencapsulated phase change material slurries containing octadecane as phase change material have been tested to determine their durability and viscosity. A blend of MPCM slurry with MWCNT nanofluid has also been prepared to form a new heat transfer fluid that exhibits unique thermophysical properties including non-Newtonian viscous behavior. Heat transfer experiments have also been conducted to determine heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop values of the MWCNT nanofluids, MPCM slurries, and blends of MWCNT with MPCM under turbulent flow and constant heat flux conditions. The heat transfer results of the MPCM slurry containing octadecane was in good agreement with the published results. A maximum thermal conductivity enhancement of 8.1% was obtained for MWCNTs with diameter of 60–100 nm and length 0.5–40 μm. Heat transfer results indicate that MWCNT nanofluid exhibits a convective heat transfer enhancement in the range of 20–25% in turbulent flow conditions. The blend of MPCMs and MWCNTs was highly viscous and displayed a non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. Due to its high viscosity, the blend exhibited laminar behavior and lower heat transfer rate, though the maximum local heat transfer coefficient achieved by the blend was comparable to that obtained with MPCM slurry alone. The pressure drop of the blend was also lower than that of the MWCNT nanofluid.
Role of endothelin in cyclosporine-induced glomerular dysfunction.

Role of endothelin in cyclosporine-induced glomerular dysfunction. Since recent studies indicate that cyclosporine (CsA) disrupts endothelial integrity and that injured endothelial cells release excess endothelin, we examined endothelin's role in acute cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Following CsA (20 mg/kg i.v.), rabbit anti-porcine endothelin (aE) serum was continuously infused into a first order branch of the main renal artery in Munich-Wistar rats whereupon the hemodynamics of glomeruli not infused with aE as well as those infused with aE within the same kidney were simultaneously assessed by micropuncture techniques. In CsA treated kidneys, in glomeruli not infused with aE, single nephron GFR (SNGFR) and glomerular plasma flow rate (Q A ) fell profoundly (on average by 42 and 48%, respectively) below the baseline values in association with lower glomerular capillary pressure and elevated afferent arteriolar resistance. By contrast, in glomeruli infused with aE within the same CsA treated kidneys, this vasoconstrictive pattern was markedly attenuated: SNGFR was, on average, only 19% lower than baseline and values for Q A as well as other parameters determining glomerular filtration were at or near the levels observed before administration of CsA. In another group of rats (N = 6) an identical dose of CsA was given to measure the circulating level of endothelin. In these CsA treated rats, endothelin level (measured by radioimmunoassay) was elevated at 41.7 ± 14.7 pg/ml, contrasting the value of
Two-dimensional self-assembly of 1-pyrylphosphonic acid: transfer of stacks on structured surface.

Strong hydrogen bonding and π−π stacking between 1-pyrylphosphonic acid (PYPA) molecules were exploited to create self-assembled two-dimensional supramolecular structures. Polycrystalline films of these laminate crystalline PYPA bilayers were easily deposited onto the solid supports through a simple spin-coating technique. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV−vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy reveal that processing parameters, such as solvent, concentration, and surface of the substrate, are critical factors in determining the final morphology of the stacked film. Robust laminate structures could be obtained only when short alkyl chain protic solvents (methanol or ethanol) and a nonhydrophobic substrate surface were used. Polycrystalline films were formed through the nucleation and growth of PYPA molecules into laminate structures at the air/solvent interface before they land on the subst...
Ethical considerations in research involving children.

Ethical concerns and medical advances unique to children and adolescents make pediatric research an evolving endeavor. The child’s changing physiology from infancy to maturity requires understanding of the benefits and risks of medical therapies currently available, but often not tested in children, as well as the risks and benefits of inclusion of children in clinical research. Recent mandates from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) require that drugs be tested for safety and efficacy in children. Growing concern for the prevalence of chronic disorders and increasing understanding of distinct phenotypes of these disorders points to a likely need for unique interventions matched to specific phenotypes. All contribute to the increasing complexity of ethical considerations in pediatric research.
Diatoms of surface sediments of Utah Lake, Utah, U.S.A.

Diatoms in fifty-seven surface sediment samples from Utah Lake were examined. Three hundred and fifteen taxa in forty-three genera were identified and quantified. Statistical analyses of the data showed that distinct geographical subregions of the lake could be delineated according to population patterns of the bottom sediment diatoms. In particular, both Provo Bay and Goshen Bay were distinct from each other and from other areas of the lake.