cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on plant-soil nitrogen interactions in a wetland plant community on the Chesapeake Bay

We investigated plant and soil nitrogen pools and soil processes in monospecific stands of the C3 sedge Scirpus olneyi and the C4 grass Spartina patens grown in the field in open top chambers in a brackish marsh on the Chesapeake Bay. Stands of S. olneyi responded to eight years of elevated CO2, by increased rates of net ecosystem gas exchange and a large stimulation of net ecosystem production. We conducted our study in the summer of 1994 and 1995 when soil cores were collected and aboveground biomass was estimated. Nitrogen concentration in elevated CO2 treatments was reduced 15% in stems of S. olneyi and 8% in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile. While total plant nitrogen per unit of land area remained the same between treatments, total soil nitrogen showed a non-significant tendency to decrease in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile in elevated CO2 both years of study. A significant decrease in soil bulk density largely contributed to the observed decrease in soil nitrogen. Exchangeable nitrogen and potential denitrification rates were also reduced in elevated CO2, but net nitrogen mineralization was unchanged by elevated CO2 treatment in S. olneyi both years. Plants and soils in a pure stand of the C4 grass, S. patens, showed none of these effects of elevated CO2 treatment. Our data provides evidence of changes in nitrogen dynamics of an ecosystem exposed to elevated CO2 for eight years; however due to the variability in these data, we cannot say if or how these changes are likely to impact the effect of rising CO2 on primary production or carbon accumulation in this ecosystem in the future.
Are We Really Doing Something? An Examination of Mitigation Strategies by Policy

The purpose of this chapter is to assess the effectiveness of current policy to mitigate segregation. The research of Massey and Denton (1993), Dreier, Mollenkopf, and Swanstrom (2001), Sharkey (2013), Desmond (2017) and Rothstein (2017) inform this focus group agenda. There was a consensus in the conversation that the goal of the 1968 Fair Housing Act of eliminating segregation in America had not been even remotely achieved. The continuation of racially biased real estate and banking practices, unchecked suburban growth, and the use of low income tax credits were reinforcing de jure pre-1968 segregationist policies further entrenching segregation. The participants argued the development of affordable housing in high opportunity areas with easy access to employment, education and other basic services was necessary to break the cycle of segregation. In the accompanying essay, “Separate and Unequal: The Lasting Legacy of Segregation and the Problem with Integration,” Daffney Moore mantains that the alleged embracing of integration as a policy objective has only excused white America from adopting policies and programs that would address the social and economic disparities that segregation has produced. She argues that city, state, and federal governments need to make a fiscal commitment to ensure equity for black Americans.
Horizontal Cooperation in Network Expansion: An Empirical Evaluation of Gas Transportation Networks

This research presents a coordination approach for the expansion of gas transportation networks to serve an increasing customer base. An empirical study of natural gas markets in the southeastern United States shows that horizontal cooperation among transportation service providers (i.e., pipeline companies) allows for expanding the gas transportation networks efficiently to serve new customers. The benefits of coordination are identified through key structural elements such as number and location of additional pipeline links, lower infrastructure expansion costs, and demand segmentation for the gas transportation service providers.
Improved preparation of 9,10,12,13‐tetrahydroxystearic acids fromanti‐cis,cis‐9,10,12,13‐diepoxystearic acid

A mixture of isomeric 9,10,12,13-tetrahydroxystearic acids (threo, threo, threo andthreo, erythro, threo) can be prepared fromanti-cis, cis-9,10,12,13-diepoxystearic acid in over 80% yield by way of the intermediate di(hydroxy-alkoxysulfonium) salts and in ca. 68% yield by way of the intermediate di(hydroxy-formate) esters obtained by acid-catalyzed epoxide ring opening with dimethyl sulfoxide and formic acid, respectively. Mechanisms and stereochemistry of formation of the two isomers are discussed. Factors that influence the formation of cyclic products in competition with tetrahydroxystearic acids also are described. The key to the greatly improved yield of tetrahydroxystearic acids over prior literature procedures is avoiding water during ring opening of the protonated epoxide, as even small quantities of water cause marked reduction in yields of tetrahydroxystearic acids.
Fracking and Water

Water issues related to fracking fall into two categories: water supply and water quality. Large, staged fracks can require millions of gallons of water, and since water resources are commonly allocated among local users and industries, the issue more precisely is water “availability” rather than just total supply. Fracking can be done successfully with water of lower quality to avoid affecting drinking water supplies.
No Food for Thought: Documenting the Prevalence of Food Insecurity among Medical Students at One Western University

Students, as a vulnerable population, experience high rates of food insecurity. Medical students’ needs have not been fully assessed and often go unmet. Food security among medical students was sur...
The Lawless Rule of the Norm in the Government Religious Speech Cases

Various forms of speech by the government implicate religion in one way or another. These include nativity scenes and Ten Commandments displays in town halls and courthouses, the words “Under God” in the Pledge of Allegiance, the printing of “In God We Trust” on money, and so on. Over the past three decades, the Supreme Court has attempted to analyze these questions under various “tests:” the government should not “endorse” religion; should not “coerce” religious compliance; should in all ways act “neutrally.” But none of these tests has enjoyed consensus on the Court. The leading test has never commanded the support of more than five justices, and its subscribers have often disagreed internally over how the test should be applied. The “tests,” at this point, have very little predictive value. This Article explores the Court’s struggle to impose tests on the question of government religious speech. I argue that outcomes in these cases depend less on the elements of any particular test than on majority bias and the sum of the voting Justices’ gut reactions. I then explain how an upcoming legislative prayer case offers the Court an opportunity to begin to let go of “tests” altogether, and to adopt an approach that is even more deferential to governments and the sensibilities of religious majorities.
How did the top two greenhouse gas emitters depict climate change? A comparative analysis of the Chinese and US media:

China and the United States are the world’s top two greenhouse gas emitters. However, little is known as to the amount of attention the media in both countries have paid to the issue of climate cha...
RMD commentary, JAK kinase inhibitors: a preferred alternative to TNF inhibitors?

The JAK kinase inhibitors (JAKis) represent an exciting class of therapies in rheumatology, and they are effective across a wide variety of immune-mediated diseases, in haematology (myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and acute graft-versus-host disease), dermatology and gastroenterology (ulcerative colitis), interferonopathies, sarcoidosis and recently COVID-19 (baricitinib). Their use in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has convincingly demonstrated an early onset of benefit and anecdotally, better adherence. In a combined analyses of the phase III RA randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and long-term extensions (LTE) with tofacitinib, approximately 78% remained on therapy at 2 years and 51% at 5 years.1 Orally administered, they are convenient and easy to use, without concerns regarding immunogenicity. And they have the shortest half-lives of all of our therapeutic classes. It is interesting that the approved JAKis demonstrate different selectivity profiles in vitro, modulating distinct cytokine signalling pathways to different degrees and duration. Yet, they do not potently or continuously inhibit any individual cytokine pathway over 24 hours.2 It is unclear which cell types and which signalling pathways are affected at any given time or for how long. Despite different selectivities, clinical responses are similar, especially across agents in RA, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA). Four are EMA approved in RA (tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib and filgotinib), 3 by FDA (except filgotonib); tofacitinib in polyarticular JIA; tofacitinib in PsA with upadacitinib expected, as are tofacitinib and upadacitinib expected in SpA. Indications of efficacy based on open-label series or early trials are evident in systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren’s syndrome and non-infectious uveitis. Perhaps even more compelling are the uniformly strong data available with all the JAKis studied in methotrexate incomplete responder (MTX-IR) patients with RA, resulting in clinically meaningful improvements (≥minimum clinically important differences (MCID)) across all patient-reported outcomes (PROs): patient global assessment of disease activity (PtGA), …
Caribbean plate tilted and actively dragged eastwards by low-viscosity asthenospheric flow.

The importance of a low-viscosity asthenosphere underlying mobile plates has been highlighted since the earliest days of the plate tectonics revolution. However, absolute asthenospheric viscosities are still poorly constrained, with estimates spanning up to 3 orders of magnitude. Here we follow a new approach using analytic solutions for Poiseuille-Couette channel flow to compute asthenospheric viscosities under the Caribbean. We estimate Caribbean dynamic topography and the associated pressure gradient, which, combined with flow velocities estimated from geologic markers and tomographic structure, yield our best-estimate asthenospheric viscosity of (3.0 ± 1.5)*1018 Pa s. This value is consistent with independent estimates for non-cratonic and oceanic regions, and challenges the hypothesis that higher-viscosity asthenosphere inferred from postglacial rebound is globally-representative. The active flow driven by Galapagos plume overpressure shown here contradicts the traditional view that the asthenosphere is only a passive lubricating layer for Earth’s tectonic plates. Here, the authors follow a new approach using analytic solutions for Poiseuille-Couette channel flow to compute asthenospheric viscosities under the Caribbean. Active asthenospheric flow observed under the Caribbean contradicts the traditional view that the asthenosphere is only a passive lubricating layer for Earth’s tectonic plates.
Detecting outliers in DEA after correcting biases in efficiency scores using simulated beta samples

We address the issue that data used in DEA are possibly contaminated with statistical noise, and as a result, efficiency scores deviate from actual values due to statistical bias. In such situation, detecting outliers could be misleading. Therefore, we propose a method to correct the biases and compute DEA efficiency scores that follow underlying beta distributions, and we use Thompson et al.'s (1996) DEA model with assurance regions. Then, we demonstrate the bias-correction process of the DEA frontier estimates by constructing confidence intervals for the mean scores and use them to detect outliers.
Oestrogen engages brain MC4R signalling to drive physical activity in female mice

Oestrogen depletion in rodents and humans leads to inactivity, fat accumulation and diabetes1,2, underscoring the conserved metabolic benefits of oestrogen that inevitably decrease with age. In rodents, the preovulatory surge in 17β-oestradiol (E2) temporarily increases energy expenditure to coordinate increased physical activity with peak sexual receptivity. Here we report that a subset of oestrogen-sensitive neurons in the ventrolateral ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMHvl)3–7 projects to arousal centres in the hippocampus and hindbrain, and enables oestrogen to rebalance energy allocation in female mice. Surges in E2 increase melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) signalling in these VMHvl neurons by directly recruiting oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) to the Mc4r gene. Sedentary behaviour and obesity in oestrogen-depleted female mice were reversed after chemogenetic stimulation of VMHvl neurons expressing both MC4R and ERα. Similarly, a long-term increase in physical activity is observed after CRISPR-mediated activation of this node. These data extend the effect of MC4R signalling — the most common cause of monogenic human obesity8 — beyond the regulation of food intake and rationalize reported sex differences in melanocortin signalling, including greater disease severity of MC4R insufficiency in women9. This hormone-dependent node illuminates the power of oestrogen during the reproductive cycle in motivating behaviour and maintaining an active lifestyle in women. A subset of oestrogen-sensitive neurons integrate melanocortin and oestrogen signalling to rebalance energy allocation in female mice leading to reduced sedentary behaviour and decreasing obesity in oestrogen-depleted female mice
Prosecutor Quality, Witness Participation, Crime, and Reform

We develop a model wherein concerns about prosecutor quality reduce the willingness of witnesses to cooperate with prosecutors. This causes an increase in the crime rate and in wrongly convicted innocent defendants. Because citizens are taxpayers and may be victims, perpetrators, witnesses, or falsely accused defendants, they care about the prosecutor's quality. They update beliefs about this quality based on the disposition of cases. If the prosecutor's believed quality falls below a threshold, then a majority of voters chooses to replace the prosecutor with a challenger, in expectation of reform. We compare the majority's choice with that of a social planner.
L-Fuzzy Ultra-Compactification

In this paper we construct for an L-fuzzy topological space (X, Δ) an extension which is ultra-compact. The technique used is a generalization of that used by Lowen, Steinlage, and Wuyts in [9] which in turn had its roots in Shanin’s generalization of Wallman’s construction as given in [14]. The construction of the extension is analogous to Shanin’s generalization of Wallman’s compactification for topological spaces in that a basis for the closed sets in the extension is explicitly defined by extending the closed sets in the underlying space X. In fact, if (X, Δ) is topologically generated, our construction coincides with Wallman’s compactification. Thus the construction presented here is a good extension of Wallman’s compactification to the fuzzy setting and even to the L-fuzzy setting. The construction given here applies to all L-fuzzy topological spaces. No separation properties are required and (X, Δ) need not be fully stratified. Thus our construction has advantages over previous fuzzy compactifications which apply to a smaller class of fuzzy spaces and sometimes only to topologically generated spaces.
Human-environment interactions in agricultural land use in a South China's wetland region: A study on the Zhujiang Delta in the Holocene

The formation and evolution of agricultural land uses in the Zhujiang Delta of South China are examined in the light of the dynamics of people and the environment and their interplay. The origin and propagation of agriculture are found to have a close relationship with the climate and sea level changes in the Holocene era. The development of rice cultivation, horticulture, and dike-pond system exemplifies human-environment interactions in a specified geographical and social context, which are manifested by the impact of environmental changes and population growth on agricultural innovations. The technologies of dike building and land reclamation, which represent local farmers effort to build a new and harmonious relationship with the changed environment, were critical to the agricultural success and sustainability. Imprudent use of a new agricultural technology could damage the environment, as evidenced by a frequent flooding that followed inappropriate dike building and premature reclamation. Diverse agricultural land uses are as a result of the adaptation of agricultural technology innovations to the environmental conditions.
No Postcure RRIM for Automotive Exteriors

Reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM) has reemerged as an important method in automotive exterior applications. Presently composite applications demand higher productivity and improved part performance. Stability at higher heat to endure E-coat oven bake, improvements in fillers yielding easier processing at high loading, improved toughness at high modulus, and higher productivity have already been realized with RRIM in Europe and NAFTA. Now the kinetics of one new material, Bayflex 190 is such that reaction is essentially complete at demold. In the past RRIM molded parts were required to be baked at 120C and above to complete chemical reactions, attain complete physical properties, and de-gas parts prior to painting. In current E-coat applications postcure of 190C is typical. Elimination of postcure means significant savings in energy, increased productivity, decreased handling and lower capital expense. Bayflex 190 polyurea attains virtually all properties at demold. After molding parts can be washed and primed directly. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that further heating to 200C anneals and strengthens the composite. Several very sensitive analytical methods have been employed to characterize the degree of cure at demold. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows no exothermic chemical reaction up to 200C. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) shows no CO2 loss from unreacted isocyanates. And Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) scans indicate no free isocyanate in freshly molded samples. Parts painted in production exhibit no defects associated with elimination of postcure.
Greater than Equal: African American Struggles for Schools and Citizenship in North Carolina, 1919–1965. By Sarah Caroline Thuesen. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. Pp. xv, 366. $45.00.)

The author of this study examines over four decades of black educational activism and policymaking in North Carolina. Among the book's strengths is the breadth of educational topics. Sarah Caroline...
Superoxide dismutase from Streptococcus mutans. Isolation and characterization of two forms of the enzyme.

Superoxide dismutase, which catalyzes the dismutation of univalently reduced oxygen (O2-· + O2-· + 2 H+ → O2 + H2O2) has been shown in mammalian cells to contain copper and zinc. The only reported isolation of the enzyme from a procaryotic organism, Escherichia coli, showed the enzyme to contain only manganese and to differ from the mammalian enzyme in other physicochemical characteristics. We have now purified and characterized superoxide dismutase from another procaryotic organism, Streptococcus mutans. S. mutans was found to contain what appear to be two isoenzymes based on chromatographic patterns and disc gel electrophoresis. The major fraction (superoxide dismutase I) was found to contain 2 atoms of manganese per mole of enzyme as determined by integration of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the metal liberated from the protein. Disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed two subunits of equal size. Molecular weight determinations by sedimentation equilibrium gave a value of 40,250 ± 2,000 for S. mutans dismutase, as compared to 39,500 ± 2,000 for the E. coli enzyme. Chemical analyses of the purified protein revealed the absence of copper and zinc. The ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra are identical with those of the E. coli enzyme. Amino acid analyses are reported with a large variation from the analyses of the E. coli enzyme. Superoxide dismutase II was not fully characterized, but was found to contain manganese and not to contain any copper or zinc. The specific activities of superoxide dismutase I and II are 5,500 and 5,800 while the specific activity of the E. coli enzyme is 3,800.
Chapter 32 Halides

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of halides. The historical development of the chemistry of the rare earth halides is similar to that of most elements in that the halides were some of the first compounds to be prepared. Several areas of halide chemistry have recently been active or have been significantly altered by recent results. The area of preparative methods has been surprisingly active and has expanded to include crystal growth procedures. Substantial progress has been made in the definition and refinement of structural properties and in the expansion of thermodynamic data. Other important areas of progress include the identification and characterization of both novel reduced halides and interesting gas phase species. Interest in the halides has also been enhanced by a variety of recently developed uses and potential uses for the halides.
Why common carrier and network neutrality principles apply to the Nationwide Health Information Network (NWHIN).

The Office of the National Coordinator will be defining the architecture of the Nationwide Health Information Network (NWHIN) together with the proposed HealtheWay public/private partnership as a development and funding strategy. There are a number of open questions—for example, what is the best way to realize the benefits of health information exchange? How valuable are regional health information organizations in comparison with a more direct approach? What is the role of the carriers in delivering this service? The NWHIN is to exist for the public good, and thus shares many traits of the common law notion of ‘common carriage’ or ‘public calling,’ the modern term for which is network neutrality. Recent policy debates in Congress and resulting potential regulation have implications for key stakeholders within healthcare that use or provide services, and for those who exchange information. To date, there has been little policy debate or discussion about the implications of a neutral NWHIN. This paper frames the discussion for future policy debate in healthcare by providing a brief education and summary of the modern version of common carriage, of the key stakeholder positions in healthcare, and of the potential implications of the network neutrality debate within healthcare.
Two-Level Grammar: A Funtional/Logic Query Language for Database and Knowledge-Base Systems

The Two-Level Grammar specification language is used as a foundation for constructing queries to database and knowledge-base systems. TLG offers a natural language interface with the added advantages of functional and logic programming languages, specifically the capabilities of 1) processing SQL-like queries in the relational model, 2) constructing complex objects of well-defined type and defining queries over those objects, and 3) formulation of deductive database rules.
Luminous Stars in Galaxies Beyond 3 Mpc

I am mainly interested in the formation and destruction of young star clusters in nearby star forming galaxies such as the Antennae, M83, and M51. One of the first analysis steps is to throw out all those pesky stars that keep contaminating my young cluster samples. Recently, spurred on by our new WFC3 Early Release Science data of galaxies including M83, NGC 4214, M82, NGC 2841, and Cen A, we began taking a closer look at the stellar component. Questions we are addressing are: 1) what are the most luminous stars, 2) how can we use them to help study the destruction of star clusters and the population of the field, 3) what fraction of stars, at least the bright stars, are formed in the field, in associations, and in compact clusters. In this contribution we describe some of the beginning steps in this process. More specifically, we describe how we separate stars from clusters in our galaxies, and describe how candidate Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs) and "Single Star" HII (SSHII) regions have been identified.
Mirzakhani's recursion relations, Virasoro constraints and the KdV hierarchy

We present in this paper a differential version of Mirzakhani's recursion relation for the Weil-Petersson volumes of the moduli spaces of bordered Riemann surfaces. We discover that the differential relation, which is equivalent to the original integral formula of Mirzakhani, is a Virasoro constraint condition on a generating function for these volumes. We also show that the generating function for psi and kappa_1 intersections on the moduli space of stable algebraic curves is a 1-parameter solution to the KdV hierarchy. It recovers the Witten-Kontsevich generating function when the parameter is set to be 0.
The cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist AM 251 and antagonist AM 4113 produce similar effects on the behavioral satiety sequence in rats

Cannabinoid CB1 inverse agonists such as rimonabant and AM 251 hold therapeutic promise as appetite suppressants, but the extent to which non-motivational factors contribute to their anorectic effects is not fully known. Examination of the behavioral satiety sequence (BSS) in rats, the orderly progression from eating to post-prandial grooming and then resting, has revealed that these compounds preserve the order of events but differ markedly from natural satiation. The most notable difference is that grooming (particularly scratching) is profoundly enhanced at anorectic doses, while eating and resting are diminished, raising the possibility that the anorectic effect is simply secondary to the grooming effect. In the current design, the neutral CB1 antagonist AM 4113, which has been found to lack some of the undesirable effects of AM 251, produced nearly identical effects on the BSS as AM 251. The possibility that competition from enhanced grooming could account for the anorectic effect of AM 4113 was examined by yoking the pattern of disruptions caused by grooming in the AM 4113-treated group to forced locomotion in a different group fed in a modified running wheel. This response competition did not significantly reduce food intake. It was concluded that AM 4113, a CB1 neutral antagonist, produces the same effects on the BSS as AM 251, but that response competition from enhanced grooming may not be a sufficient explanation for the anorectic effects of CB1 antagonists/inverse agonists.
Reliable Computation of All the Density Roots of the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory Equation of State through Global Fixed-Point Homotopy

Strong molecular basis imbedded into equations of state such as statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) enhanced their popularity for phase behavior prediction of complex fluids and their mixtu...
Short proofs for two theorems of Chien, Hell and Zhu

In (J Graph Theory 33 (2000), 14–24), Hell and Zhu proved that if a series–parallel graph G has girth at least 2⌊(3k−1)/2⌋, then χc(G)≤4k/(2k−1). In (J Graph Theory 33 (2000), 185–198), Chien and Zhu proved that the girth condition given in (J Graph Theory 33 (2000), 14–24) is sharp. Short proofs of both results are given in this note. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph 66: 83-88, 2010 Theory © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1095 VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY RICKETS WITH ABNORMAL LIVER FUNCTION TESTS AND MYOPATHY AS THE PRESENTING MANIFESTATIONS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Abnormalities in mineral and bone metabolism have been reported in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), but overt rickets as a presentation of CF is extremely rare. The role of vitamin D in CF has recently received attention. The deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins associated with CF may be accounted for by impairment of both intestinal absorption and liver function. Rickets is herein reported in a poorly developed 9-month old girl less than the 3rd %ile for weight with a history of large frequent foul stools receiving 400 IU of vitamin D daily. She presented with hypocalcemia(Ca4.7mg%), hypophosphatemia (PO4 2.8), elevated alkaline phosphatase (657 mU/ml), depressed serum 25(OH)vitamin D (6.6ng/ml) elevated serum PTH, and clinical and radiological evidence of rickets. Although there was no family history of CF, studies revealed an elevated sweat chloride and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency consistent with CF. The patient also had abnormal liver function tests and a distal myopathy. Treatment was initiated with 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D and came to include a standard vitamin D preparation and pancreatic enzymes. This led to full recovery of the rachitic process with normalization of circulating 25(OH) vitamin D (35.1 ng/ml) and PTH with concurrent resolution of the liver function abnormalities and the myopathy. The resolution of the myopathy with vitamin D therapy strongly suggests that it was a reflection of the vitamin D deficiency state.
Starting With Style Toward a Second Wave of Hip-Hop Education Research and Practice

One fundamental breakthrough in the field of hip-hop education in recent years is the shift from understanding hip-hop solely as content to understanding hip-hop also as aesthetic form. In this art...
Effects of gender and gender role identification of participant and type of social support resource on support seeking

The relationship between type of social support resource (emotional vs. instrumental support) sought and gender and gender role identification was examined. Gender-typed and androgynous, white, middle to upper middle class males and females were given scenarios describing situations in which help was needed, and which also identified a female helper who would provide either emotional or instrumental support. The results indicated that males reported a significantly lower likelihood of seeking emotional support than instrumental support, while no significant differences were found between levels of seeking emotional and instrumental support for females. In comparing men and women for each type of support, it was found that males reported a significantly lower likelihood of seeking emotional support than did females. In addition, gender-typed males reported seeking emotional support significantly less than did the other three groups: androgynous males and females, and gender-typed females.
Hyperkalemia and the electrocardiogram in dogs.

Rapid i.v. injection of 2 ml KCl solution with 0.1 mmol/kg abruptly doubles the basal concentration of coronary artery serum K and produces no ECG change; 2 ml with 0.3 mmol KCl/kg quadruples it and provokes fibrillation of the ventricular myocardium in 18 s, there is no visible effect on atrial activity. Continuous infusion of 2 mEq KCl/kg body weight gradually doubles basal serum K concentration and produces ECG changes that herald the imminent onset of ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular myocardium and, especially, the sinus node are more tolerant of transient than of prolonged hyperkalemia.
Effect of hypophysectomy on estrogen conjugation and on plasma and tissue concentrations of tritium after administration of 3H-estradiol-17β

Estradiol-17beta-6,7-3H was injected into ovariectomized (control) and ovariectomized, hypophysectomized (hypox) rats in order to study the binding of estradiol in the brain. Hypophysectomy resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of tritium in the hypothalamus, and preoptic area, as well as cortex, muscle, plasma and liver. However, since the liver was lighter in hypox rats, the total tritium content in the liver was unchanged from controls. Part of the weight reduction in the liver was due to a loss of stainable glycogen, which took place within 24 hours of hypox. The increase in circulating tritiated estradiol after hypox led us to investigate hepatic metabolism of estradiol. In vitro studies on liver slices from control and hypox rats demonstrated a significant reduction in the formation of conjugates of estrogen. Specifically, estradiol glucuronide and estrone sulfate formation were reduced in hypox rats and conversely the unmetabolized estradiol concentration was higher. Hypophysectomy for 24 hours results in a significant decrease in hepatic metabolism of estradiol-17beta.
1077 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF BACTERIA IN THE BLOOD OF CHILDREN AND THE CLINICAL DISEASE

The aim of this investigation was to determine the possible value of quantitative blood cultures in the diagnosis and management of febrile children with or without focal signs of infection. The magnitude of bacteremia was determined by a recently described Quantitative Direct Plating (QDP) procedure; heparinized blood (0.5 ml each) was plated onto blood and chocolate agar plates. Data on Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis bacteremia of 79 pediatric patients, who were not on prior antibiotic therapy, was correlated with the type and severity of the disease. Regarding H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, 23 (85%) of 27 patients with meningitis or epiglottitis had more than 100 organisms/ml of blood, in contrast to 2 (5%) of 40 patients with upper respiratory infection, otitis media, pneumonia, arthritis, or cellulitis (p<0.001). No significant difference was noted in the magnitude of bacteremia due to N. meningitidis between 12 patients with or without meningitis. The possible predictive value of the quantitation of bacteremia is illustrated by the observation of three children with seemingly mild respiratory infection and counts in excess of 100 organisms/ml who, within 20 hours, developed meningitis or epiglottitis. From these observations it is suggested that high bacterial counts in excess of 100 organisms/ml of blood should alert the physician to the existence or possible development of serious disease.
Absolute S- and P-plane polarization efficiencies for high frequency holographic gratings in the VUV.

High frequency plane gratings (3500 and 3600 gr/mm) have been holographically ruled and blazed for the VUV spectral region. All gratings were coated with 70 nm Al + 25 nm MgF2. Absolute unpolarized and S- and P-plane polarization efficiencies have been measured for the first and second orders in the 120- to 450-nm spectral region at 18.5 and 30 deg angles of deviation. For deep grooves, anomalous features are more pronounced for the P-plane polarization efficiency than for the S-plane polarization efficiency. Holographic gratings can be tailored to produce high polarization or low polarization in the VUV. For comparison, efficiencies and polarization of the best conventional high frequency gratings were also determined. Measurements show that scattered light is significantly lower for holographic gratings in the VUV when compared with the conventional gratings.
Stimulation of in Vitro Triglyceride Synthesis in the Rat Hepatocyte by Growth Hormone Treatment in Vivo

Hepatic fatty acid metabolism in the rat is sexually differentiated. Rates of esterification by the liver of fatty acid into triglyceride and other esterification products (phospholipid, diglyceride, cholesteryl esters) are higher in the female than in the male. There is evidence to suggest that GH feminizes other hepatic systems that exhibit sexual dimorphism, including hepatic steroid metabolism, PRL receptors, and estrogen binding. To investigate the role of GH in maintenance of the high rates of fatty acid esterification observed in the female, we assessed rates of [l-14C]oleic acid utilization by hepatocytes prepared from hypophysectomized (hypox) cortisol/T3-replaced female rats with an without continuous in vivo infusion of human (h) GH (5 μg/h). In addition, we assessed the effect of in vivo hGH treatment (5 μg/h) on [l-14C]oleic acid utilization in the normal male rat. Hypophysectomy was accompanied by a reduction in incorporation of [l-14C]oleic acid into products of esterification (triglyceride...
Effects of chain packing and chain mobility on the raman spectra of biomembranes

Abstract The degree of lateral crystal-like order between hydrocarbon chains in biomembrane systems can be estimated from Raman measurements in the C-H stretching region. Observations on the temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of crystalline n- C 16 H 34 and the urea clathrate of n- C 16 H 34 have enabled us to separate to some extent the overlapping effects of chain packing and chain mobility, effects that are normally not distinguished in considering lateral order. The mobility is associated with the freedom of an extended chain to rotate and twist about its long axis. A high degree of such motion must be ascribed to n- C 16 H 34 in a urea clathrate in order to explain the unusual temperature behavior observed for Raman bands at 2885 and 1174 cm−1. Comparison of the temperature behavior of the Raman spectra of the clathrate with that of crystalline n- C 16 H 34 permits the effects due to packing and to mobility to be distinguished. The same effects can be expected to be present in the Raman spectra of biomembranes.
Effects of some metabolic analogs on growth of mumps and influenza viruses in tissue cultures.

SummaryThe vitamin analogs oxythiamine and desoxypyridoxine inhibit the multi plication of mumps and influenza (PR8) viruses in tissue cultures at concentrations shown to be without observable toxic effects on the tissue itself. Other analogs tested, including pyridine-3-sulfonic acid, salicyl-β-alanide, 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpterine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 8-azaguanine, and β-2-thienylalanine, demonstrated no significant inhibitory effects on the growth of these viruses under the conditions of these experiments.
Morphine and hydromorphone epidural analgesia. A prospective, randomized comparison.

Because evidence from uncontrolled, unblinded studies suggested fewer side effects from epidural hydromorphone than from epidural morphine, we employed a randomized, blinded study design to compare the side effects of lumbar epidural morphine and hydromorphone in 55 adult, non-obstetric patients undergoing major surgical procedures. A bolus dose of epidural study drug was given at least 1 h prior to the conclusion of surgery, followed by a continuous infusion of the same drug for two postoperative days. Infusions were titrated to patient comfort. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, VAS sedation scores, and subjective ratings of nausea and pruritus were assessed twice daily. The two treatments provided equivalent analgesia. Sedation scores and prevalence of nausea did not differ significantly between groups. Prevalence of pruritus, however, differed significantly on postoperative day 1, with moderate to severe pruritus reported by 44.4% of patients in the morphine group versus 11.5% in the hydromorphone group (P < .01). On post-operative day 2, reports of pruritus by patients receiving morphine remained higher than those among the hydromorphone-treated subjects, although this difference was no longer statistically significant (32% vs. 16.7%, P = .18). We conclude that lumbar epidural morphine and hydromorphone afford comparable analgesia, but the occurrence of moderate to severe pruritus on the first postoperative day is reduced by the use of hydromorphone.
Floating-zone growth and characterization of Fe2SiO4 single crystals

Abstract High quality single crystals of fayalite, Fe 2 SiO 4 , with well-developed morphology were successfully grown by the floating-zone method under a controlled atmosphere. Crystals,∼ 7–10mm in diameter and∼ 40–60mm in length, were grown along the three major crystallographic axes. All crystals had well-developed facets or flat surfaces and were free of inclusions at the resolution of routine electron microscopy. TheFeSi atomic ratio determined by the ICP-AES technique was 1.992. The most numerous crystal defects observed were bubbles; the dislocation densities as revealed by etching were approximately5 × 10 4 /cm 2 .
Towards speech as a knowledge resource

Speech is a tantalizing mode of human communication. On the one hand, humans understand speech with ease and use speech to express complex ideas, information, and knowledge. On the other hand, automatic speech recognition with computers is still very hard, and extracting knowledge from speech is even harder. In this paper we motivate the study of speech as a knowledge resource and briefly survey a family of related applications and systems being developed at IBM Research aimed towards the goal of exploiting speech as a knowledge resource.
Induction of adrenal catecholamine synthesising enzymes following mother-infant separation

PSYCHOLOGICAL studies have shown that mother infant separation in rhesus monkeys leads to a two stage behavioural change in the infant1–7. The initial reaction of the infant monkey to separation from its mother includes a ‘protest’ stage lasting for 3 to 8 d characterised by increased locomotion, vocalisation and environmental exploratory activities. This is regularly followed by a second stage, the ‘despair’ stage, characterised by decreased activity and social withdrawal1–7. These behavioural symptoms have been compared with the clinical syndrome of anaclitic depression which has been observed when human infants are separated from their mother for an extended period8, 9. Although the behavioural aspects following mother infant separation in rhesus monkeys have been described, biochemical and physiological responses have not been reported.
Natural occurrence of autopolyploidy within the allotetraploid-cultivated peanut

The cultivated peanut is classified as an allotetraploid species. During the past several years, abnormal plants with coarse stems, thick leaves and an occasional single seed per pod have been found within different cultivars and advanced breeding lines. The spontaneous natural occurrence of these plants has been very rare, and frequently they do not produce any pods or seed. However, over a 3-year period (2001–2003), four individual plant selections with one mature seed per plant were found and saved. In 2003, another similar plant was also found that had the same plant characteristics, except for a single branch that had normal leaves with typical two-seeded pods. A greenhouse study was conducted during the winter of 2003–2004. The four coarse stem individual plant selections from the previous years were planted along with the check cultivar ‘Georgia Green’ and the sectorial plant found in 2003. S1 seed from both the one-seeded pods as well as normal two-seeded pods were planted from the sectorial plant. Relative DNA content was measured by flow cytometry on all plants. Results from the test showed that the coarse stem, thick leaf plants with poor fruit set were autooctoploids and had about twice the DNA content when compared with the normal sectorial branch and the allotetraploid peanut cultigen.
Gas permeability of deformed polyethylene films

Low-density polyethylene films strained up to 35% exhibit an initial increase of diffusivity and permeability which soon reach a maximum and subsequently drop to steadily decreasing values below those of the unstrained starting material. The sorption steadily increases and seems to approach a plateau. The maximum and the subsequent decrease are probably caused by significant, recoverable plastic deformation which seems to depress the tortuosity factor but not the free volume, as one concludes from the opposite trend of diffusion and sorption. Permanently deformed drawn or rolled films on the strain range from 0.5 through 3.0 exhibit a continuous decrease of diffusivity and permeability with an almost constant reduction of sorption. This postulates a decrease in free volume and a steadily decreasing tortuosity factor as a consequence of the gradually increasing fraction of the new, practically impermeable fibrous structure.
Effect of land development and forest management on hydrologic response in southeastern coastal wetlands: A review

Land development activities such as agriculture, clear cutting, peat mining, and the planting of forest plantations on wetlands can affect the hydrologic behavior of these ecosystems by affecting their water storage and release patterns on the landscape. The effects of these development activities on hydrologic fluxes in peatlands (Typic Medisaprists) were compared to the effects of forest management practices in North Carolina using a field-tested hydrologic simulation model (DRAINMOD). Simulations revealed that natural peat-based (Histosol) pocosin systems lose 66% (80 cm) of the 123 cm of average annual rainfall by evapo-transpiration (ET) and 34% (42 cm/yr) via annual runoff. Annual runoff values were 63 cm/yr for peat mining areas, 48 cm/yr for cleared peatlands, 46 cm/yr for peatlands converted to agriculture and 34 cm/yr for pine plantations, once the forest canopy is closed. Thus, these wetland alterations, except for forestry, significantly increased runoff and decreased ET compared to the natural ecosystem. Forest pine plantation management decreased runoff and increased ET. A case study of the effects of forest management practices was reviewed for a 15-year-old drained loblolly pine plantation growing on fine sandy loam soils (Thermic Typic umbraquults) in the coastal plains of North Carolina. Forestry activities such as thinning (i.e., reduced leaf area index by 50%) decreased ET and canopy interception and nearly doubled drainage loss (38 cm/yr to 60 cm/yr). Commonly applied forest practices, such as drainage, increased the average number of flow events with flows > 5 mm/day to 86 days per year from 26 days per year under natural conditions.
Cell-autonomous circadian DNA damage response: Is the case closed?

The role of the circadian clock in cancer development and progression is intimately linked to the role of the circadian system in genotoxic stress response.1 A few original reports (reviewed in ref. 2) support the idea that disruption of the circadian clock may cause the development of cancer. Several key cancer-related genes and signaling pathways have been found to be potential targets for the clock. Circadian clock-dependent regulation of proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage response and DNA repair have been proposed as potential molecular mechanisms.3 Circadian clock proteins, specifically the periods, have been added to the list of tumor suppressors.2 However, with a growing number of experimental works, more and more clouds are appearing in an originally clear sky of the circadian clock/cancer connection. No effect of circadian disruption on the rate of tumorigenesis has been reported in model systems, and in some cases, even the opposite effects were observed.3 It is necessary to mention that different groups were using different model systems, different experimental approaches and worked with different circadian clock genes, which adds to the growing discrepancy in the literature. Recent attempts to investigate the effect of several circadian clock genes on tumorigenesis in the same study4 has also been challenged;5 therefore, questions about the clock and cancer are still open. In agreement with the role of genotoxic stress response in cancer, original in vivo and in cell culture reports (reviewed in refs. 1 and 2) demonstrated the regulation of DNA damage-associated pathways by the clock proteins, but later reports (reviewed in ref. 3) made the picture more complicated.