cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A nonlinear finite element formulation for axisymmetric torsion of biphasic materials

In this paper, we present a finite element formulation for describing the large deformation torsional response of biphasic materials, with specific application to prediction of nonlinear coupling between torsional deformation and fluid pressurization in articular cartilage. Due to the use of a cylindrical coordinate system, a particular challenge arises in the linearization of the weak form. The torsional axisymmetric case considered gives rise to additional geometric terms, which are important for the robustness of the numerical implementation and that would not be present in a Cartesian formulation. A detailed derivation of this linearization process is given, couched in the context of a variational formulation suitable for finite element implementation. A series of numerical parametric studies are presented and compared to experimental measurements of the time dependent response of cartilage.
AN OUTLINE FOR THE PRESENTATION OF A RESEARCH PROJECT

(1953). AN OUTLINE FOR THE PRESENTATION OF A RESEARCH PROJECT. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 6-7.
The role of education in managing fatigue, anxiety, and sleep disorders in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer

This study examined the effect of informational audiotapes on patients' self-care behaviors (SCBs) to manage chemotherapy side effects of fatigue, anxiety, and sleep disturbance. Seventy-one women with breast cancer participated. Thirty-three received audiotapes on SCBs to manage side effects. Three telephone interviews were conducted. Overall, women who received education demonstrated more SCBs, a wider range of SCBs, increased use of SCBs over time, and less anxiety. Nursing time for education in busy clinics is minimal. Patient anxiety in the clinic environment interferes with learning. Audiotapes are an effective tool for use at home, providing for teaching and reinforcement of patient education.
INVOLUTION AND REGENERATION OF THYMUS IN RATS FED CHOLINE-DEFICIENT DIETS

INVOLUTION OF THE THYMUS is a common observation, associated with other changes, in young rats fed on choline-deficient diets (1). This phenomenon is spectacular because of the rapidity with which regression of the thymus takes place and the minute size to which it is reduced. Like other types of accidental involution this type is reversible. The thymus may regenerate spontaneously or by virtue of the return of choline to the diet. The present study affords new data on the weights of thymus glands of experimental animals and the microscopic changes which accompany regression and regeneration. Male rats, 20 to 25 days of age at the beginning of the experiment, and weighing 38 to 42, gin., were placed in raised cages and fed the experimental diets ad libitum. Not all of the animals in an experimental group were litter mates, but they were reared in the same colony and under similar conditions.
Dynamic attitude command and control of the TOPEX/Poseidon spacecraft

The dynamic control laws utilized by the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) spacecraft attitude determination and control subsystem to command and maneuver the satellite during normal mission mode (NMM) laws are described. Results show that the vehicle is able to respond to the dynamic attitude commands while at the same time providing ample disturbance rejection capability.
Tracheotomy timing and outcomes in the critically ill.

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of early tracheotomy in nontrauma patients on duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and overall hospital stay.DesignCase series wit...
Benzene-pyridine interactions predicted by the effective fragment potential method

The accurate representation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles is essential for modeling biological systems. In this study, the general effective fragment potential (EFP2) method is used to model dimers of benzene and pyridine, complexes for which high-level theoretical data -including large basis spin-component-scaled second-order perturbation theory (SCS-MP2), symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT), and coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and perturbative triples (CCSD(T))-are available. An extensive comparison of potential energy curves and components of the interaction energy is presented for sandwich, T-shaped, parallel displaced, and hydrogen-bonded structures of these dimers. EFP2 and CCSD(T) potential energy curves for the sandwich, T-shaped, and hydrogen-bonded dimers have an average root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 0.49 kcal/mol; EFP2 and SCS-MP2 curves for the parallel displaced dimers have an average RMSD of 0.52 kcal/mol. Additionally, results are presented from an EFP2 Monte Carlo/simulated annealing (MC/SA) computation to sample the potential energy surface of the benzene-pyridine and pyridine dimers.
The nature of epistemic virtues in the practice of medicine

There is an assumption in virtue epistemology that epistemic virtues are the same in different times and places. In this paper, however, I examine this assumption in the practice of medicine as a paradigm example. I identify two different paradigms of medical practice, one before and the other after the rise of bioethics in 1960s. I discuss the socially defined role and function of physicians and the epistemic goals of medical practice in these two periods to see how these elements affect the necessary epistemic virtues for physicians. I conclude that epistemic virtues of medical practice differ in these two periods according to the differing epistemic goals and the socially defined function of physicians. In the end, I respond to the possible objections to my thesis based on the distinction between skill and virtue.
Compressive Video Streaming: Design and Rate-Energy-Distortion Analysis

Real-time encoding and error-resilient wireless transmission of multimedia content using traditional encoding techniques requires relatively high processing and transmission power, while pervasive surveillance and monitoring systems often referred to as wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are generally composed of low-power, low-complexity devices. To bridge this gap, this article introduces and analyzes a compressive video sensing (CVS) encoder designed to reduce the required energy and computational complexity at the source node. The proposed encoder leverages the properties of compressed sensing (CS) to overcome many of the limitations of traditional encoding techniques, specifically lack of resilience to channel errors, and high computational complexity. Recognizing the inadequacy of traditional rate-distortion analysis to account for the constraints introduced by resource-limited devices, we introduce the notion of rate-energy-distortion, based on which we develop an analytical/empirical model that predicts the received video quality when the overall energy available for both encoding and transmission of each frame of a video is fixed and limited and the transmissions are affected by channel errors. The model allows comparing the received video quality, computation time, and energy consumption per frame of different wireless streaming systems, and can be used to determine the optimal allocation of encoded video rate and channel encoding rate for a given available energy budget. Based on the proposed model, we show that the CVS video encoder outperforms (in an energy constrained system) two common encoders suitable for a wireless multimedia sensor network environment; H.264/AVC intra and motion JPEG (MJPEG). Extensive results show that CVS is able to deliver video at good quality (an SSIM value of 0.8) through lossy wireless networks with lower energy consumption per frame than competing encoders.
IText Reconfigured: The Rise of the Podcast:

The podcast is a unique configuration of IText precisely because it foregrounds sound in the current cultural moment of secondary orality. This return to an oral—aural tradition offers several unique benefits. Podcasts adapt well to today’s unstructured work spaces. Moreover, podcasts blur boundaries between virtual and face-to-face communication and virtual and physical spaces. Finally, podcasts are fragmented, reflecting the fluidity of previous ITexts; yet, unlike ITexts, podcasts mostly exist as complete, scripted texts. This article raises questions concerning what the podcast contributes to overall knowledge of how texts are mediated through evolving information technologies.
Successful control of a pertussis outbreak in a university children's hospital.

Summary Objectives Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk for acquisition and/or transmission of Bordetella pertussis . We report an outbreak of pertussis in a children's hospital involving three HCWs. Design Clinical and epidemiological observations. Results A 62-year-old nurse was suffering from a paroxysmal cough, choking, and significant sleep disturbances of 3 weeks duration; a diagnosis of pertussis was made by PCR. At the time of diagnosis, 25 HCWs working on the same ward as the index case were identified as having been exposed. Of these, seven complained of a current cough illness. PCR was positive for B. pertussis in two of them (both with paroxysmal cough), and they were treated with clarithromycin p.o. Asymptomatic HCWs received postexposure prophylaxis with azithromycin p.o. None of these HCWs, and none of the patients hospitalized on the index case's ward, developed a cough illness during the following 4 weeks. Conclusions Pertussis should be suspected in HCWs with prolonged cough illness, and immediate action is required to limit spread of the disease.
Refinement of Terminology in Qualitative Analysis of Human Movement

The emergence of qualitative analysis of human movement as a sub-discipline within the discipline of Kinesiology has led to a slow refinement in definitions and terms used to describe the area as a whole and parts of the total analysis process. A 2003 paper by McKethan, Kernodle, Brantz, and Fischer illustrates some differences in use of terminology. Using their terminology, differences are noted with a view to standardizing terminology in the subdiscipline.
Consumer decisions in relationships

Abstract Most research on consumer choice assumes that decisions are usually made by individuals, and that these decisions are based on an individual's personal attitudes, beliefs, and preferences. Yet, much consumer behavior—from joint decisions to individual choices—is directly or indirectly shaped by people with whom we have some relationship. In this target article, we examine how each member in a relationship can affect how consumer decisions are made. After reviewing foundational work in the area, we introduce a powerful and statistically sophisticated methodology to study decisions within relationships—a dyadic framework of decision-making. We then discuss how the study of consumer decisions in relationships can be informed by different theories in the relationships field, including attachment, interdependence, social power, communal/exchange orientations, relationship norms, and evolutionary principles. By building on the seminal foundations of prior joint-decision making research with theories and methods from contemporary relationship science, we hope to facilitate the integration of the consumer and relationships literature to better understand and generate novel hypotheses about consumer decisions in relationships.
CALCULATION OF GROUND ALBEDO FOR THE ESTIMATION OF GLOBAL RADIATION ON TILTED SURFACES, FOR FOUR EUROPEAN LOCATIONS

Ground albedo can influence the estimation of solar radiation incident on tilted surfaces. Depending on the model used to calculate the sky diffuse radiation and the estimated albedo value, it is possible to introduce a significant error in the prediction of global radiation on a titled surface. In this paper, several methods for calculating ground albedo values, used for estimating the global radiation on a tilted surface, are proposed and evaluated. The predicted global solar radiation values are compared with measured data on a south facing vertical surface, from four representative south and north European locations. It appears that there is a significant impact on the accuracy of calculating the global solar radiation incident on a tilted surface using different methods for calculating ground albedo values.
Study of the cellular action of drugs with protozoa. II. Comparative study of the inhibitions induced by hypocholesteremic agents on Ochromonas danica multiplication; annulment by oleic acid.

SYNOPSIS. Several hypocholesteremic agents inhibit multiplication of Ochromonas danica, Euglena grucilis, and Tetrahy-menu pyriformis. Inhibiting O. danica are benzmalecene, triparanol, diazacholestanol. 3-β-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) androst-5-en-17-one, α-phenylbutyric acid, β-diethylaminoethyldiphenyl-n-propylacetate (SKF-525A) 2,2-diphenyl-1- (β-dimethylaminoethoxy)pentane (SKF-3301A), trans-3-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-[p-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)phenyll-2-pentenenitrile (P-3429), frans-3-[p-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) phenyll-2-pentenenitrile (P-3013), vanadyl SO† and L-thyroxine but not nicotinic acid, 3-pyridylacetic acid, 3-pyridylacetamide, nicotinuric acid, p-aminosalicylic acid. tris-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) phosphate (SKF-7732-A3), tris- (2-diethylaminoethyl) phosphate (SKF-7997-A3), 2,3-bis[p-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) phenyl] acrylonitrile bis (P-2681). Inhibition of Ochromonas multiplication by benzmalecene, triparanol, diazacholestanol, SKF-525A. SKF-3301A, P-3013, and P-3429 was annulled by lecithin, TEM, and specifiically by oleic acid. The following compounds equimolar with oleic acid were ineffective: stearic, palmitic, myristic, and lauric acids; cholesterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, lanosterol, and β-sitosterol; mevalonic acid lactone, geranyl acetate, farnesol, and squalene. Evidence is presented for the usefulness of protozoa as detectors of toxicity and possible harmful side effects of inhibitors of lipid metabolism in mammals.
Multiple-order derivatives for detecting local image characteristics

Multiple-order derivatives are considered as local features for the classification of pixels. In the presence of noise derivatives can be estimated by a Wiener filter which minimizes the mean squared error. The Wiener filter is approximated by the Gaussian filter on the basis of a comparison of their transfer functions. Discrete approximations of the Gaussian derivative estimation filters are derived and properties of the discrete filters are examined. Fast implementations of the derivative estimation filters are introduced. As special cases the proposed algorithm for derivative estimation includes the fast Sobel operation and fast convolution by a discrete approximation of the Laplacian of the Gaussian filter introduced by Marr and Hildreth. A pixel classifier for edge detection is presented to illustrate the use of multiple-order derivatives for segmentation.
The role of the direct perforant path input to the CA1 subregion of the dorsal hippocampus in memory retention and retrieval

Subregional analyses of the hippocampus have suggested a selective role for the CA1 subregion in intermediate/long-term spatial memory and consolidation, but not short-term acquisition or encoding processes. It remains unclear how the direct cortical projection to CA1 via the perforant path (pp) contributes to these CA1-dependent processes. It has been suggested that dopamine selectively modulates the pp projection to CA1 while having little to no effect on the Schaffer collateral (SC) projection to CA1. This series of behavioral and electrophysiological experiments takes advantage of this pharmacological dissociation to demonstrate that the direct pp inputs to CA1 are critical in CA1-dependent intermediate-term retention and retrieval function. Here we demonstrate that local infusion of the nonselective dopamine agonist, apomorphine (10, 15 microg), into the CA1 subregion of awake animals produces impairments in between-day retention and retrieval, sparing within-day encoding of a modified Hebb-Williams maze and contextual conditioning of fear. In contrast, apomorphine produces no deficits when infused into the CA3 subregion. To complement the behavioral analyses, electrophysiological data was collected. In anesthetized animals, local infusion of the same doses of apomorphine significantly modifies evoked responses in the distal dendrites of CA1 following angular bundle stimulation, but produces no significant effects in the more proximal dendritic layer following stimulation of the SC. These results support a modulatory role for dopamine in the EC-CA1, but not CA3-CA1 circuitry, and suggest the possibility of a more fundamental role for EC-CA1 synaptic transmission in terms of intermediate-term, but not short-term spatial memory.
GAL4 transcription factor is not a "zinc finger" but forms a Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear cluster

The DNA-binding domain of the transcription factor GAL4, consisting of the 62 N-terminal residues and denoted GAL4(62*), contains a Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa6-Cys-Xaa6-Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa6+ ++-Cys motif, which has been shown previously to bind two Zn(II) or Cd(II) ions. Binding of Zn(II) or Cd(II) is essential for the recognition by GAL4 of the specific palindromic DNA sequence to which it binds upstream of genes for galactose-metabolizing enzymes, the UASG sequence. On the basis of the 113Cd NMR chemical shifts of the two bound 113Cd(II) ions, we propose a binuclear cluster model for this Zn(II)-binding subdomain. 1H-113Cd heteronuclear multiple-quantum NMR spectroscopy and phase-sensitive double-quantum filtered 1H correlation spectroscopy of the 112Cd(II)- and 113Cd(II)-substituted GAL4(62*) derivatives provide direct evidence that the two bound 113Cd(II) ions are coordinated only by the six cysteine residues, two of which form bridging ligands between the two 113Cd(II) ions. The latter can be identified from the pattern of 1H-113Cd J coupling. Thus a binuclear metal ion cluster rather than a "zinc finger" is formed by the six cysteine residues of the GAL4 DNA-binding domain. This model can be directly applied to eight other fungal transcription factors which have been shown to contain similarly spaced Cys6 clusters. 1H NMR spectra of apo-GAL4(62*) suggest conformational fluctuation of the metal-binding subdomain upon removal of Zn(II) or Cd(II). Both Cd(II)2- and Zn(II)2-containing species of GAL4 can be formed, and the similar 1H NMR spectra suggest similar conformations.
RhoC GTPase is required for PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion but not motility

It is projected that in 2005, approximately 220 900 men will be newly diagnosed with carcinoma of the prostate (CaP). Men who are diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic disease undergo androgen ablation therapy and most will relapse and progress within 18 months. Metastasis to bone is the major clinical concern during CaP progression, as it is associated with intractable pain, bone fracture and paralysis resulting from spinal cord compression. Therefore, an understanding of the key mechanisms involved in CaP cell bone metastasis is vital to development of novel treatments. The Rho GTPases are molecular switches involved in cell survival, motility and invasion. Increased expression of RhoC GTPase is linked to enhanced metastatic potential in multiple cancers; however, the role of RhoC GTPase in CaP metastasis has not been addressed. In the current study, we demonstrate that RhoC GTPase is expressed and active in PC-3 CaP cells. RhoC inhibition, either pharmacologically with C3 exotransferase or molecularly through expression of a dominant-negative RhoC, promotes IGF-I stimulated random motility but decreases in vitro invasion and experimental metastases. Inhibition of RhoC activity results in drastic morphologic changes and alterations in the expression and distribution of focal adhesion-related proteins. These data suggest that RhoC inhibition leads to activation of other GTPases involved in nondirected motility and that expression of active RhoC is required for the invasive phenotype of PC-3 cells.
Models of Delayed Recovery

After a biologic insult has impaired function of the developing central nervous system, recovery may not become apparent for years. Probability models adopted from the carcinogenesis, developmental neurobiology, learning decay, and stochastic process literatures are presented so that assumptions about apparent delays in the recovery process can be tested with data from longitudinal studies after a temporally circumscribed adverse event/exposure. This process of evaluating multiple models is exemplified with one data set. Nonlinear models of recovery are important because some children with early deficits first show improvement months to years later. (J Child Neurol 1995; 10: 385-39 1).
The Role of Autonomy-Support versus Control in the Emergent Writing Behaviors of African-American Kindergarten Children.

Abstract This study examined children's intrinsic motivation during an emergent letter writing task in both controlling and autonomy‐supportive adult‐child interactions. Using a repeated measures design, 20 African‐American kindergartners from a predominately low‐income elementary school were randomly assigned to experience either the autonomy‐supportive followed by the controlling interaction or the controlling followed by the autonomy‐supportive interaction. Using videotapes of the interactions, children's motivation was coded according to categories based on Harter's (1981,1982) Scale of Intrinsic‐Extrinsic Orientation in the Classroom and Perceived Competence Scale for Children. Childrens’ letters were assessed using categories based on Sulzby's (1990) Forms of Writing and Rereading Checklist. Results revealed that the autonomy‐supportive versus controlling context of the task and the order of the interactions influenced children's motivation. Childrens’ use of emergent literacy was also influenced by...
Two subroutines for symbol manipulation with an algebraic compiler

The current University of North Carolina version of the IT Compiler [1, 2], as well as the GAT Compiler of Arden and Graham of the University of Michigan [3], have special “alphabetic read” and “alphabetic type” statements. On the UNIVAC 1105 these features allow the direct input or output of six-symbol words, each symbol being either an alphanumeric or special character. Internally, each symbol is represented by a six-bit binary coded decimal code. On the IBM 650, five-symbol words are processed, with each symbol represented internally by a two-digit decimal code.
Characterizing a source of fission fragments for a gas jet

A model for the rate at which various primary fission products stop in the gas of the source chamber of a gas jethas been constructed. It describes the absorption of fission fragments in AI foils placed between the 23 s U deposit and the gas chamber as well as the penetration of fragments through the gas. The model is based on reported ranges (mean values as. a function of A and the dispersion in ranges) and measured activities of Kr and Xe.
A double-blind clinical trial comparing the gastrointestinal side effects of two enteral feeding formulas.

Adequate enteral nutritional support is often limited by gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. In this pilot clinical trial we compared an enteral nutrition formula based on soy hydrolysate (study formula, SF) against a widely used intact casein formula (control formula, CF) for the incidence of GI side effects in a completely randomized double blind design. Twenty-three nonsurgical hospitalized patients requiring enteral nutritional support and free of GI symptoms were randomly assigned to receive either the CF or the SF for 6 days continuously. Both formulas were isotonic, low in residue, lactose free and isocaloric, but differed in the type and concentration of protein and the concentration of medium-chain triglycerides. After randomization both groups were comparable in demographic characteristics, and nutritional status, but there were more patients on antibiotics in the CF group. The amount of formula infused per day and the route of administration were equivalent. The number of bowel movements per da...
Numerical analysis of planar, time-dependent inelastic deformation of plates with cracks by the boundary element method

Abstract A boundary element formulation using augmented kernels, for planar time-dependent inelastic deformation problems for bodies with cutouts, has been presented in a companion paper[l]. The primary advantage of this formulation is that the effect of the cutout is incorporated in the kernels and the cutout boundary need not be modelled in a numerical solution procedure. In this paper, the specific kernels for plates with elliptic cutouts are first derived. These kernels are then used to obtain numerical solutions for time-dependent stress fields near stationary crack tips in finite plates. A crack is modelled as a very narrow ellipse and both remote tensile (mode one) and remote shear (mode two) loadings are considered. The deformation of the plate material is assumed to be described either by the equations of power law creep or the combined creep-plasticity constitutive model of Hart.
Automatic performance matrix generation as per IEC 61853–1 standard using only monitored outdoor MPPT data

The IEC 61853–1 standard published in January 2011 specifies a performance rating matrix at various temperatures and irradiance levels of a PV module. In the conventional method, this target matrix is generated using all the data points of several measured I-V curves and the translation procedures defined in IEC 60891 standard. In the proposed method, the target matrix is generated using only three commonly field measured parameters: module temperature, incident irradiance and MPPT (maximum power point). The MPPT could be either (or both) dc values of the array before inverter or ac values of the system after inverter. The proposed method can also be used as an online system level diagnostic tool to monitor the health of dc array (and/or ac system) over time (year over year) for performance degradation or soiling effect at any specific set of temperature-irradiance conditions. The primary objectives of the paper include: 1) Automatically generating P max matrix as per IEC 61853–1 in about 30 seconds using an interpolation and extrapolation of 6-minute MPPT data monitored and collected over 3 days on a fixed tilt module; 2) Checking the power linearity with irradiance and temperature of the test modules as per IEC 60904–10; 3) Calculating the RMSE (root mean square error) values; and 4) Validation of the program. The monitored three-column data points (temperature, irradiance and P mppt ) are simply loaded on a preprogrammed Excel spreadsheet. With a click of a button provided in the spreadsheet, the IEC 61853–1 required P mppt matrix is displayed on the screen in about thirty seconds. In addition, along with the RMSE value, the program generates several plots including: 1) Irradiance versus P mppt ; 2) Module temperature versus P mppt ; and 3) Accuracy check with “Actual P mppt versus Calculated P mppt ”
Common structural transitions in explicit-solvent simulations of villin headpiece folding.

Molecular dynamics simulations of protein folding can provide very high-resolution data on the folding process; however, due to computational challenges most studies of protein folding have been limited to small peptides, or made use of approximations such as Gō potentials or implicit solvent models. We have performed a set of molecular dynamics simulations totaling >50 μs on the villin headpiece subdomain, one of the most stable and fastest-folding naturally occurring proteins, in explicit solvent. We find that the wild-type villin headpiece reliably folds to a native conformation on timescales similar to experimentally observed folding, but that a fast folding double-norleucine mutant shows significantly more heterogeneous behavior. Along with other recent simulation studies, we note the occurrence of nonnative structures intermediates, which may yield a nativelike signal in the fluorescence measurements typically used to study villin folding. Based on the wild-type simulations, we propose alternative approaches to measure the formation of the native state.
The effect of molecular inhibition on evolutionary learning: studies in the hypernetwork architecture.

The hypernetwork architecture is a biologically inspired learning model based on abstract molecules and molecular interactions that exhibits functional and organizational correlation with biological systems. Hypernetwork organisms were trained, by molecular evolution, to solve N-input parity tasks. We found that learning improves when molecules exhibit inhibitory sites, allowing molecular inhibition and opening the possibility of forming negative feedback regulatory pathways. Optimal learning is achieved when at least 20% of the molecules in each cell have inhibitory sites. Intra-cellular as well as inter-cellular molecular inhibitions play an important role in the information processing of hypernetwork organisms, by maintaining a balance of the molecular cascade reactions. Similar mechanisms inside neurons are considered important for memory.
Analysis and design of temperature stabilized substrate integrated circuits

A generalized temperature-stabilized substrate integrated circuit system containing heat sources and temperature sensors which are distributed in an arbitrary way in two-dimensions over the surface of the chip is analyzed. A computer-aided technique for optimum placement of these components at the layout stage so as to achieve zero nominal temperature coefficient in the performance parameter of interest is described, and other practical design considerations, such as optimum choice of stabilized chip temperature, are considered. The application of this technique is illustrated with the design of a precision temperature stabilized voltage reference supply. Experimental results from this circuit are presented.
Turgor-Regulated Sugar Release from the Source Leaves of Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Under mild water stress conditions, a potential site of regulation for distribution of sucrose between osmotic adjustment and export may be at the mesophyll plasmalemma and/or tonoplast. This possibility was examined in attached leaves of sugarbeet labeled with 14 CO 2 . Leaf discs were exposed to solutions containing mannitol to generate low or high cellular turgor and release of labeled solutes was monitored
Berta's tower: developing conceptual physics understanding one exploratoid at a time

In this paper we describe a study that investigates whether---and how---authentic recreations of engineering practices can help students develop conceptual understanding of physics. We focus on the design-build-test cycle used by professional engineers in simulation-based rapid modeling. In this experiment, middle school students worked for 10 hours to solve engineering design challenges using SodaConstructor---a Java-based microworld---as a simulation environment. As a result of the experiment, students learned about center of mass. Our data further suggest that in the process of simulation-based modeling, rapid iterations of the design-build-test cycle progressively linked students' interest in the design activities and understanding of the concept of center of mass. We suggest that these rapid iterations of the design-build-test cycle functioned as exploratoids: short fragments of exploratory action in a microworld that cumulatively develop interest in and understanding of important scientific concepts.
A note concerning the collinear libration centers

Abstract The synodical barycentric abscissas of the collinear libration centers L1 and L2 are expanded in power series of the cubic root of the mass ratio up to the seventh order. A proof given by Wintner concerning an essential property of the characteristic exponents at the collinear Lagrangian points is shown to be wrong and is corrected. Through numerical computation for different values of the mass ratio, it is found that the absolute value of both characteristic exponents at L1 and L3 is a strictly increasing function of the mass ratio on the interval (0, 1/2), while, at L2, it is a strictly decreasing function.
Synaptic Adaptations in the Nucleus Accumbens Caused by Experiences Linked to Relapse

Background Excitatory synaptic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) regulates the reinstatement of drug seeking, an animal model of relapse in human drug addicts. However, the functional adaptations at NAc synapses that mediate reinstatement are not clearly understood. Methods We assessed the behavioral responses of mice to cocaine administration by measuring locomotor stimulation and the acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement of conditioned place preference. Synaptic function was then examined by preparing acute brain slices and performing whole cell voltage-clamp recordings from individual medium spiny neurons in the NAc shell. Results We find that reduced excitatory synaptic strength in the NAc shell is a common functional adaptation induced by multiple experiences known to cause reinstatement, including stress and drug re-exposure. The same synaptic adaptation is observed shortly after reinstatement of conditioned place preference by a cocaine priming injection. Conclusions This common synaptic modification associated with stress, drug re-exposure, and reinstatement defines a potential synaptic gateway to relapse.
A duality between clause width and clause density for SAT

We consider the relationship between the complexities of k-SAT and those of SAT restricted to formulas of constant density. Let s/sub k/ be the infimum of those c /spl ges/ 0 such that k-SAT on n variables can be decided in time O(2/sup cn/) and d/sub /spl Delta// be the infimum of those c /spl ges/ 0 such that SAT on n variables and /spl les/ /spl Delta/n clauses can be decided in time O(2/sup cn/). We show that lim/sub k/spl rarr//spl infin// s/sub k/ = lim/sub /spl Delta//spl rarr//spl infin//d/sub /spl Delta//. So, for any /spl epsi/ > 0, k-SAT can be solved in 2/sup (1-/spl epsi/)n/ time independent of k if and only if the same is true for SAT with any fixed density of clauses to variables. We derive some interesting consequences from this. For example, assuming that 3-SAT is exponentially hard (that is, s/sub 3/ > 0), SAT of any fixed density can be solved in time whose exponent is strictly less than that for general SAT. We also give an improvement to the sparsification lemma of Impagliazzo et al. (1998) showing that instances of k-SAT of density slightly more than exponential in k are almost the hardest instances of k-SAT. The previous result showed this for densities doubly exponential in k.
MATLAB-based ERS SAR data acquisition and processing software for classroom use

The paper provides a review into the steps involved in acquiring and processing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data transmitted by the European remote sensing (ERS) satellites. The paper reports on a simple MATLAB-based SAR processing system, that reads the image out of the complex SAR data files and that is suitable for use in the classroom to demonstrate one of the procedures used in SAR data processing. The paper can also help a beginner in the field of SAR signal processing to get information and understand the basics that are necessary to acquire and process a SAR image. The data, provided by the Alaskan Satellite Facility (ASF), is categorized into different levels and the paper describes the process of obtaining the level-1 basic image from the level-0 raw data file provided by ASF.
HBML: A Language for Quantitative Behavioral Modeling in the Human Terrain

Human and machine behavioral modeling and analysis are active areas of study in a variety of domains of current interest. Notions of what behavior means as well as how behaviors can be represented, compared, shared, integrated and analyzed are not well established and vary from domain to domain, even from researcher to researcher. Our current research suggests that a common framework for the systematic analysis of behaviors of people, networks, and engineered systems is both possible and much needed. The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of the Human Behavioral Modeling Language (HBML). We believe that the proposed schema and framework can support behavioral modeling and analysis by large-scale computational systems across a variety of domains.
Informalidade em Goiânia: Uma Análise Sobre o Mercado Aberto.

A proposta deste e discutir a intervencao, num espaco publico em Goiânia, por meio de um projeto idealizado e desenvolvido na Avenida Paranaiba (Centro), desta cidade, que recebeu a denominacao de Mercado Aberto. Para tanto, estudar-se-a neste ponto a concepcao do mercado, bem como seu tracado, seu funcionamento e normatizacoes, os tributos concedidos ao mesmo tempo pelo vendedor–feirante e pelo consumidor, tomando-o (o Mercado Aberto) como um espaco de conflitos, onde as regras sao passiveis de ser burladas. Utilizou-se de pesquisa quali-quantitativa realizada por meio de levantamentos efetuados na Secretaria Municipal de Desenvolvimento Economico (SEDEM)3, a tecnica da observacao participante, questionarios com perguntas abertas e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Palavras-Chave: mercado, espaco, conflito.
Negotiated Peripherality in Iron Age Greece: Accepting and Resisting the East

Most archaeologists argue that the Aegean was cut off from the Near East in the tenth century B.C., but a new position is winning favor, seeing Iron Age Greece as a periphery to a Lcvantinc core. In this paper, I argue for a more complex model of negotiated peripherality. I try to understand how Greeks made sense of the East. For this, variations in local leadership were crucial Political changes in the Near East c. 1050 B.C. reduced contacts, and in the central Aegean, a new mythology emerged, stressing isolation in time and space and making sense of these shrinking horizons. People deliberately emphasized isolation in ritual, with one exception, a remarkable burial at Lefkandi c. 975 B.C. This inverted normal symbolic practices, using Orientalizing antiques and burial customs which throughout the first millennium were linked to the idea of a vanished race of semidivine heroes. This opposition between an inward-turned present and an expansionist past remained central to ancient Greek social structure..The tenth-century world-view explained isolation and decline; but I concentrate on the ninth century, in which contacts revived. I argue that some leaders struggled to preserve the model of isolation, while others embraced the East, or sought compromise. I trace these style wars at five sites, showing how the use of orientalia generally declined after 850 B.C., although Greek contact with Syria intensified. By 800 B.C. Greeks had negotiated among themselves a new relationship to the Near East, making it less threatening to the traditional order.
Glucan induced inhibition of tumor growth and enhancement of survival in a variety of transplantable and spontaneous murine tumor models.

In recent years, attempts have been made to alter the course of neoplasia by augmenting host defense mechanisms. A number of adjuvants including bacterial vaccines and chemical compounds have been demonstrated to produce a nonspecific stimulation of the reticuloendothelial (RE) system and augment humoral and cellular immune response. The most commonly employed agents are Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Corynebacterium parvum (16,22). The efficacy of such nonspecific immunotherapy, however, varies depending upon the time and mode of injection (4,29,31) as well as the type of malignancy (29,33). In view of the virulent and antigeneic nature of bacterial adjuvants such as BCG, it is not surprising that complications have been observed on occasion following the intratumoral or intradermal injections of these agents (22,32). Furthermore, there is the threat of disseminated infection following inoculation with viable organisms in patients with immunodeficiency states secondary to malignancy (22) or in immunosuppressed animals (25). Indeed, Sparks, et al. (35) reported that rats receiving isonicotinic acid hydrazine and BCG intralesionally had better survival and smaller tumor volumes than BCG alone, possibly by inhibiting diversion of host response to the viable BCG organism.
Intradermal Immunization of Leishmania donovani Centrin Knock-Out Parasites in Combination with Salivary Protein LJM19 from Sand Fly Vector Induces a Durable Protective Immune Response in Hamsters.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease and is fatal if untreated. There is no vaccine available against leishmaniasis. The majority of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) or VL develop a long-term protective immunity after cure from infection, which indicates that development of an effective vaccine against leishmaniasis is possible. Such protection may also be achieved by immunization with live attenuated parasites that do not cause disease. We have previously reported a protective response in mice, hamsters and dogs with Leishmania donovani centrin gene knock-out parasites (LdCen-/-), a live attenuated parasite with a cell division specific centrin1 gene deletion. In this study we have explored the effects of salivary protein LJM19 as an adjuvant and intradermal (ID) route of immunization on the efficacy of LdCen-/- parasites as a vaccine against virulent L. donovani. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To explore the potential of a combination of LdCen-/- parasites and salivary protein LJM19 as vaccine antigens, LdCen-/- ID immunization followed by ID challenge with virulent L. donovani were performed in hamsters in a 9-month follow up study. We determined parasite burden (serial dilution), antibody production (ELISA) and cytokine expression (qPCR) in these animals. Compared to controls, animals immunized with LdCen-/- + LJM19 induced a strong antibody response, a reduction in spleen and liver parasite burden and a higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines after immunization and one month post-challenge. Additionally, a low parasite load in lymph nodes, spleen and liver, and a non-inflamed spleen was observed in immunized animals 9 months after the challenge infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that an ID vaccination using LdCen-/-parasites in combination with sand fly salivary protein LJM19 has the capability to confer long lasting protection against visceral leishmaniasis that is comparable to intravenous or intracardial immunization.
G.P.109 Elucidation of DUX4 binding site affinities by SELEX-Seq

Abstract Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a dominant disorder that most commonly affects specific muscles of the face, shoulder girdle, and limbs and has no effective treatment. The relative lack of focus on targeted FSHD therapies existed because the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the disease were not well understood. The field may have reached a tipping point recently with the emergence of a new FSHD pathogenesis model involving mis-expression of the pro-apoptotic DUX4 transcription factor. DUX4 belongs to the homeodomain family of proteins that bind a common AT-rich core motif. Two previous studies reported DUX4 binding sites using ChIP-seq and EMSA methodology. However, in our preliminary work using gel shifts we found that the DUX4 protein was capable of binding numerous homeodomain sites, suggesting the protein may be “sticky”. We therefore set out to better characterize DUX4 binding sequences and their relative affinities with respect to other double homeodomain proteins. To do this, we developed a Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) method using human DUX4 protein. SELEX provides an unbiased method to determine binding motifs, and has been used to ascertain novel binding sites within genomes. Briefly, this method involved incubating purified full-length DUX4 protein with a randomized, 27-mer double-stranded oligonucleotide pool, washing unbound sequences, and PCR-amplifying eluted, DUX4-enriched binding sites. High-throughput Illumina sequencing in enriched samples was used to identify DUX4 binding motifs. We are now using bioinformatic analysis to search for these DUX4 binding sites in promoters of genes changed in FSHD patient samples and mouse muscles expressing our previously described AAV·DUX4 vectors. This study is an important early step in identifying DUX4-modulated target genes in muscle, and may pinpoint relevant pathways for targeted FSHD therapeutics, downstream of DUX4.
Spatial summation inhibition processes within the receptive field center of retinal neurons in the cat

1. An retinalen Ganglienzellen der Katze wurde die raumliche Summation im receptiven Feldzentrum (KFZ) bei Dunkeladaptation und Helladaptation durch mittelpunktzentrierte Lichtreize verschiedener Flachengrosen untersucht. Als Kriterium dienten die Entladungsraten der ersten 200 und 500 msec nach Licht-an oder Licht-aus. Das Summationsverhalten wurde sowohl fur Einzelneurone als auch gruppenstatistisch fur die beiden Neuronen-Systeme B (on-Zentrum) und D (off-Zentrum) untersucht. 2. Die raumliche Summation ist auf den inneren Bereich des RFZ beschrankt: bei on-Zentrum-Neuronen steigt die Entladungsrate nur bis zu Reizflachen, die etwa 1/5 der Flache des RFZ belichten, bei off-Zentrum-Neuronen bis zu Reizflachen von ca. 1/10 des RFZ. Bei Variation der Reizflache zwischen 20 und 100% der Flache des RFZ bleibt das Entladungsniveau konstant (asymptotischer Verlauf der Summationskurve). 3. Die Begrenzung der raumlichen Summation auf einen kleinen Bereich des RFZ beweist eine bereits im Feldzentrum wirksame Hemmung. Diese Zentrum-Inhibition begrenzt die Erregungssummation im RFZ bei zunehmender Flachengrose des Lichtreizes. 4. On- und off-Zentrum-Neurone unterscheiden sich in beiden Adaptationszustanden in der Hohe des Entladungsniveaus. Die Entladungsraten der on-Zentrum-Neurone nach Licht-an ubertreffen um ein Mehrfaches die Entladungsraten der off-Zentrum-Neurone nach Licht-aus. Die Unterschiede sind gruppenstatistisch hoch signifikant. Die interneuronale Variabilitat der Entladungsraten ist bei den onZentrum Neuronen erheblich geringer als bei den off-Zentrum-Neuronen. 5. Dunkel -und Helladaptation fuhrt zu signifikantem Unterschied der Entladungsraten: bei Helladaptation liegt die Impulsrate beider Neuronentypen hoher als bei Dunkeladaptation und der Summationsbereich ist um 5–10% groser. 6. Fur die mathematische Beschreibung der Summationsverlaufe ist die Hyperbel besser geeignet als die logarithmische und Potenzfunktion. Logarithmus- und Potenzfunktionen beschreiben den konstanten asymptotischen Teil der Summationskurven ungenugend und eigenen sich nur fur den Kurventeil im innersten Summationsbereich. Die Bedeutung der Befunde fur eine dynamische Interpretation der visuellen Feldorganisation und mogliche Beziehungen zur lateralen Umfeldhemmung werden diskutiert.
Determination of Conjugated and Esterified Estrogens in Pharmaceutical Tablet Dosage Forms by High-Pressure, Normal-Phase Partition Chromatography

A high-pressure, normal-phase partition chromatographic method for the identification and determination of conjugated and esterified estrogens in pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms is described. The method is based on the separation of the estrogen sulfate esters on a conventional diatomaceous earth-H20 column, followed by HCI-methanol hydrolysis, and finally a chromatographic separation on a chemically bonded ether (ETH-Permaphase) column and measurement. Mobile phases found useful were combinations of 2-propanol and n-heptane. Equillin and -dehydroestrone, a structurally related isomer, not separately determined in the proposed method, are determined as a sum by performing a chromatographic study of their corresponding 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives. Studies have indicated several estrogen derivatives can be rapidly formed and then separated on the same column, providing a useful qualitative analysis scheme. Commercial tablet dosage forms were analyzed for conjugated and esterified estrogens and the results are presented.