cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Among Native American Adolescents: A Model Prevention Program

Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused substance among adolescents in the United States. Its abuse, in particular among Native American adolescents, has led to the highest incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in the nation. While absolutely preventable, FAS prevention efforts to date have been minimally successful in reducing its incidence. This multi-phased project surveyed prevention specialists and gatekeepers in major prevention programs in six states with large Indian populations and designed and evaluated a viable prevention strategy that targets Native American adolescents at highest risk of engaging in behaviors that lead to FAS births. The study indicated that a community-based prevention program targeting 6th through 8th grade students has the highest probability of success. Specific strategies, including types of communication media, materials and tools acceptable to the target population, as well as the role of parents, extended family, peers, and culture are discussed in some detail.
Fabricating a screw-retained, complete arch, fixed implant prosthesis using selective metal laser sintering: A clinical report.

In contemporary prosthodontic practice, implant-supported therapy has consistently resulted in high success rates, with satisfactory and predictable outcomes for completely edentulous patients. Of the several options, complete-arch, fixed screw-retained solutions are generally considered to be the preferred treatment solution. Screw retention offers advantages such as predictable retrievability and potentially easy prosthodontic maintenance, as well as excess cement not being a concern. However, implant mispositioning and malalignment may often necessitate the use of cement-retained prostheses. This clinical report describes a method of fabricating a complete-arch, implant screw-retained, double framework metal-ceramic prosthesis, despite the unfavorable implant positioning, by using selective direct metal laser sintering technology.
Chapter 14 – INFINITE SERIES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic concepts and elementary theorems of infinite series. Infinite sums present problems that finite sums do not. A finite sum can be calculated simply by applying the process of addition to the terms. This cannot be done with an infinite sum because regardless of the number of terms included in the process of addition, there are always some left over. The chapter presents one way of dealing with this problem A series that converges to a sum S is said to be a convergent series. This is a reasonable definition to give to the sum of an infinite number of terms. A convergent series may have its sum approximated to any desired degree of accuracy by taking the sum of a sufficiently large number of terms. Thus, at least for numerical work, a convergent infinite series may be replaced by one of its partial sums, the particular partial sum being dictated by the accuracy required in the problem. It is not always possible to write down a convenient expression for the sum of the first n terms of an infinite series. Hence, it is usually difficult to apply the definition directly to an infinite series to settle the question of convergence or divergence. The chapter presents some general theorems, which will help determine these facts.
Contesting presidential masculinity: “fatherhood” as a rhetorical strategy in the 2012 general election debates

Political debate research has investigated gender in the contexts of mix-gendered debates and women’s political campaigns, but how does gender factor in political debates between men? To address th...
How regional policies reduce carbon emissions in electricity markets: Fuel switching or emission leakage

Abstract There are many concerns that regional carbon programs reduce emissions through emission leakage instead of through fuel switching. We use individual firm-level data to investigate the mechanisms of how the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) reduces CO2 emissions and quantify emission leakage. We find that the RGGI program reduced CO2 emissions by 13.43% of the total emissions from 2009 to 2017 in the RGGI area, among which only 14.35% of the emissions reduction is due to fuel switching from coal to natural gas. From 43.11% (the lower bound) to 85.65% (the upper bound) of the emissions reduction in the RGGI-regulated states are leaked into unregulated areas. We also find that policy-induced fuel switching and fuel price-induced fuel switching increase natural gas heat percentage (natural gas heat input relative to natural gas and coal heat input) in the regulated area by 2.98% and 5.17%, respectively.
Atlas of clinically distinct cell states and ecosystems across human solid tumors

Determining how cells vary with their local signaling environment and organize into distinct cellular communities is critical for understanding processes as diverse as development, aging, and cancer. Here we introduce EcoTyper, a machine learning framework for large-scale identification and validation of cell states and multicellular communities from bulk, single-cell, and spatially resolved gene expression data. When applied to 12 major cell lineages across 16 types of human carcinoma, EcoTyper identified 69 transcriptionally defined cell states. Most states were specific to neoplastic tissue, ubiquitous across tumor types, and significantly prognostic. By analyzing cell-state co-occurrence patterns, we discovered ten clinically distinct multicellular communities with unexpectedly strong conservation, including three with myeloid and stromal elements linked to adverse survival, one enriched in normal tissue, and two associated with early cancer development. This study elucidates fundamental units of cellular organization in human carcinoma and provides a framework for large-scale profiling of cellular ecosystems in any tissue.
Identifying problem localization in peer-review feedback

In this paper, we use supervised machine learning to automatically identify the problem localization of peer-review feedback Using five features extracted via Natural Language Processing techniques, the learned model significantly outperforms a standard baseline Our work suggests that it is feasible for future tutoring systems to generate assessments regarding the use of localization in student peer reviews.
Degradation and Mineralization of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Anthracene and Naphthalene in Intertidal Marine Sediments

The degradation of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) anthracene and naphthalene by the microbiota of intertidal sediments was investigated in laboratory studies. No mineralization of either PAH was observed in the absence of oxygen. Both rates and total amounts of PAH mineralization were strongly controlled by oxygen content and temperature of the incubations. Inorganic nitrogen and glucose amendments had minimal effects on PAH mineralization. The rates and total amounts of PAH mineralized were directly related to compound concentration, pre-exposure time, and concentration. Maximum mineralization was observed at the higher concentrations (5 to 100 μg/g [ppm]) of both PAHs. Optimal acclimation to anthracene and naphthalene (through pre-exposures to the compounds) occurred at the highest acclimation concentration (1,000 ppm). However, acclimation to a single concentration (100 ppm) resulted in initial relative mineralization rates over a range of re-exposure concentrations (1 to 1,000 ppm) being nearly identical. Maximum mineralization of both PAHs occurred after intermediate periods (1 to 2 weeks) of pre-exposure. The fraction of the total heterotrophic population capable of utilizing anthracene or naphthalene as sole carbon source was also greatest after 2 weeks.
Intention to Treat Analysis

In a randomized clinical trial design for the comparison of treatments, subjects are randomly assigned to different treatments. The intention-to-treat principle requires that any comparison of the treatments be based upon comparison of all patients in the treatment groups to which they were randomly assigned. This approach maintains the benefits of randomization, one of which is that the characteristics of the group of patients receiving the different treatments should be roughly equivalent at the onset of the trial. Several conditions can influence the actual versus intended protocol under which subjects are studied including: nonadherence to the assigned treatment regimen, or termination of participation prior to outcome measurement. Investigators may attempt to compare groups defined by factors that might be influenced by the treatments under test, for example, the comparison of only those patients in the trial that actually complied with the prescribed treatments. Any observed differences among treatment groups constructed in this manner may be due not to treatment, but to factors associated with compliance. Keywords: clinical trial; intention-to-treat analysis; noncompliance; randomization; selection bias; missing data; as-treated analysis
A novel spectrum sensing scheduling scheme for PU and SU signal differentiation in CR networks

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, spectrum sensing is an essential operation for unlicensed users to discover available spectrum opportunities for communications. However, current spectrum sensing techniques have a drawback that they can only detect the existence of signals but they cannot differentiate whether the detected signals come from licensed users or unlicensed users. This drawback leads to a significant waste of spectrum resources, which greatly limits the spectrum utilization of unlicensed users. In this paper, we investigate the issue of differentiating the licensed user and unlicensed user signals. A novel spectrum sensing scheduling scheme is proposed to solve this issue. Under the proposed spectrum sensing scheduling scheme, accurate sensing results on licensed users are obtained. Simulation results show that the proposed spectrum sensing scheduling scheme outperforms the scenario without signal differentiation in terms of higher unlicensed user throughput. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that investigates the signal differentiation issue between licensed users and unlicensed users in CR networks.
Andrew Kaplan (1959–2006): remembering a friend and a colleague

Abstract A remembrance of Andy Kaplan as a colleague, a friend, and a member of our community.
High-energy density physics experiments with intense heavy ion beams

In this paper we discuss physical and technical issues of high-energy-density physics (HEDP) experiments with intense heavy ion beams that are being performed at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt. Special attention is given to a comparison of some recent results on expansion dynamics of evaporating lead that have been obtained in heavy ion beam driven HIHEX (Heavy-Ion Heating and Expansion) experiments at GSI-Darmstadt and in high-explosive driven shock wave loading and release experiments at IPCP-Chernogolovka.
DADO: a tree-structured machine architecture for production systems

DADO is a parallel tree-structured machine designed to provide highly significant performance improvements in the execution of large Production Systems. The DADO machine comprises a large (on the order of a hundred thousand) set of processing elements (PE's), each containing its own processor, a small amount (2K bytes, in the current design) of local random access memory, and a specialized I/O switch. The PE's are interconnected to form a complete binary tree. This paper describes a general procedure for the parallel execution of production systems on the DADO machine, and outlines in general terms how this procedure can be extended to include commutative and multiple, independent production systems.
Managing quality in information services

In any environment where a service is being provided for customers it is appropriate to seek to monitor and enhance service quality. TQM (Total Quality Management) is an approach that has been widely adopted for enhancing service quality. This article explores some of the issues associated with the implementation of TQM in the service environment, as they might apply to information services. In implementing TQM in this environment it is necessary to establish some basic definitions by answering questions such as 'what is quality?', 'who are our customers?' and 'how can quality be measured?'. The SERVQUAL instrument has been widely tested as a means of measuring service quality. The article takes the opportunity to review briefly the literature concerned with measuring service quality as a forum in which to explore the concept of service quality
A simple and rapid method for the paper electrophoretic determination of urinary proteins.

A method is described for the simple, rapid, and accurate determination of paper electrophoretic patterns of urinary proteins using polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 20 M) for the concentration of the urine. The electrophoretic patterns of sera with normal and abnormal protein constituents did not change when added to a protein-free urine and subjected to the method described. The electrophoretic determination of urinary proteins as a routine procedure may give an insight into the physical type of permeability disturbance in the kidneys of a patient.
Einstein transition probabilities for the AlH A 1Π-X 1Σ+ transition

Abstract Ratios of the Einstein transition probabilities, band oscillator strengths and vibrational transition probabilities for the (0,0) and (0,1) bands and the (1,0), (1,1), and (1,2) bands in the AlH A 1 Π—X 1 Σ + transition are measured. These ratios indicate that emission occurs predominantly in the diagonal terms. Using literature values of the lifetimes of the ν=0 and 1 levels, absolute Einstein transition probabilities are derived.
Search for a substance which selectively inhibits FSH--effects of steroids and prostaglandins on serum FSH and LH levels.

Abstract In an attempt to find a preferential inhibitor of serum FSH, a number of C18, C19 and C21 steroids were evaluated for suppressive effects on LH and FSH and stimulatory effects upon ventral prostate weight in the acutely castrate adult male rat. C21 steroids had no effect. The C19 steroids were listed in order of potency with regard to suppressing LH, FSH and stimulating ventral prostate weight. All C19 steroids that had an inhibitory effect on gonadotropins also stimulated ventral prostate weight and all demonstrated preferential inhibition of LH over FSH. Two C18 steroids were tested, estradiol-17β and estrone; estradiol-17β suppressed LH and FSH in a parallel fashion. Four prostaglandins were evaluated with regard to effect on gonadotropins and ventral prostate weight; none demonstrated effect.
Black Market Exchange Rate versus the Official Rate in Testing the PPP: An Application of a Non-Linear Test

Due to foreign exchange controls in many developing countries, there is a black market for foreign exchange. Since the black market exchange rates are good proxies for the floating exchange rates, they provide relatively more support for the purchasing power parity theory (PPP). In this paper, we show that in a majority of the developing countries the adjustment of relative prices and the nominal black market exchange rate is on a non-linear stationary process, implying that the PPP holds even more when a non-linear test versus a linear test is employed in the analysis.
Drug-induced modifications of the immune response 8. N-(Substituted phenyl)-2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-4-[(substituted phenyl) amino]-3-furancarboxamide derivatives

Abstract The synthesis and anti-allergic activity of a series of novel N -(substituted phenyl)-2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-4-[(substituted phenyl)amino]-3-furancarboxamide derivatives ( 12 ) are described. The latter were obtained through a novel, and heretofore unknown rearrangement of 2-( N -phenylamino)-4,5-dihydro-4-oxo-3-furancarboxylic acids 8a to the 2(5H)-furanone amides 12 .
Texturing in metals as a result of sliding

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with copper, nickel, iron, and cobalt sliding on themselves in air and argon. The resulting wear surfaces were examined with X-ray analysis to determine if surface texturing had occurred as a result of sliding. Results of the investigation indicate that, for the face-centered-cubic metals copper and nickel, a (111) texture develops with the (111) planes tilted 10 deg in the direction of sliding. The body-centered-cubic metal iron exhibited a (110) texture with the (100) direction oriented in the direction of sliding. It also exhibited a 10 deg tilt in the direction of sliding. The environment influenced the results in that the degree of texture observed in argon was less than that seen in air for iron. No texturing was observed for the close-packed-hexagonal metal cobalt. Recrystallization was observed with copper as a result of sliding.
Purification and Properties of Two RNA Polymerases from Sporulating Cells of Bacillus subtilis

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) was purified from sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis 168. The elution pattern of the enzyme from a DNA-cellulose column revealed that sporulating cells at t3.5 contained two forms of RNA polymerase, holoenzyme (ββ′α2σ) and δ1 enzyme (ββ′α2δ1) in addition to the core enzyme (ββ′α2). The molar ratio of δ1 subunit to core enzyme was 1.00 throughout the δ1 enzyme fraction and the molecular weight of the δ1 factor was 29000. The optimum concentration of metal ions for transcription was different for each enzyme when various DNAs were used as template. KCl had no effect on the activity of δ1 enzyme until 0.3 M, although the addition of more than 0.15 M KCl decreased the activity of holoenzyme with B. subtilis DNA as template. Holoenzyme was stable at high KCl concentrations but δ1 enzyme was unstable under such conditions. Although both enzyme forms had almost the same specific activity on phage DNAs, δ1 enzyme had a higher specific activity on poly[d(A-T)] and B. subtilis DNA than holoenzyme. Vegetative σ factor stimulated the activity of sporulation core enzyme with poly[d(A-T)] and φe DNA as templates, but the σ factor did not stimulate the activity of the δ1 enzyme with poly[d(A-T)] and φ29 DNA as templates; however, σ factor did stimulate δ1 enzyme activity twofold with φe DNA as template. At a concentration of 1 μg/ml the polypeptide antibiotic, netropsin, inhibited sporulation and the synthesis of the δ1 enzyme almost completely. Netropsin (1 μg/ml) had no effect on the activity in vitro of both vegetative and sporulation holoenzymes on B. subtilis DNA; however, at this concentration the antibiotic inhibited the activity in vitro of the δ1 enzyme about 40%. These results indicate that the δ1 enzyme found in sporulation cells differs significantly from the holoenzymes found in vegetative and sporulating cells and from the vegetative δ enzyme.
Contribution of the Excluded Volume of Bovine Serum Albumin for Solute Molecules to the Apparent Nonsolvent Water

Addition of a macromolecule to a solution will give rise to a large excluded volume for the centers of the solute molecules. This will cause an apparent increase in solute concentration which is of the same order of magnitude as that associated with the nonsolvent volumes reported in the literature. A critical examination of one of the procedures used for the determination of nonsolvent water—the vapor pressure method of Hill—is given, and it is concluded that, with the use of this method, it is impossible to detect any significant nonsolvent water surrounding bovine albumin for either sugars or polyols. Generally, data reported in the literature for the nonsolvent water of proteins or other macromolecules will be too high unless they are corrected for the excluded volume.
MHC class II restricted tumor antigens and the role of CD4+ T cells in cancer immunotherapy

Recent studies in human and murine systems suggest a central role for CD4+ T cells in initiating, effecting and maintaining anti-tumor immunity. Characterization of the tumor-associated antigens recognized by CD4+ T cells may prove critical to the success of cancer immunotherapy strategies.
Real and nominal effective exchange rates for African countries

The real effective exchange rate is an index that is used to measure international competitiveness of a country. While the International Monetary Fund constructs and publishes the index for all industrial and some newly industrialized countries, the African nations receive no such attention. In this article we construct quarterly indexes of real and nominal effective exchange rates over the 1971I–2004III period for 21 African countries. We hope by publishing this data set, more research attention will be given to these countries. As an application, we test for the stationarity of the real effective rates to show that the Purchasing Power Parity theory holds only in four of our 21 cases.
Behavioural Learning: The illuminated songbird

Recent studies of the neural mechanisms of avian song learning suggest that pathways for adult song production are distinct from those essential to juvenile song development.
The Effects of Noise On AVO Crossplots

AVO crossplots can simultaneously show many pairs of intercept and gradient points, thereby revealing information about lithology and fluid effects. Most commonly, the intercept is plotted on the x-axis while the gradient is plotted on the y-axis. When a relationship exists between the non-hydrocarbon bearing rocks in a time window, a well-developed background trend can be observed on the crossplot. Any deviation from the background trend is seen as anomalous and may be indicative of hydrocarbons.
Peer Led Team Learning in Introductory Biology: Effects on Peer Leader Critical Thinking Skills

This study evaluated hypothesized effects of the Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL) instructional model on undergraduate peer leaders’ critical thinking skills. This investigation also explored peer leaders’ perceptions of their critical thinking skills. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test with control group design was used to determine critical thinking gains in PLTL/non-PLTL groups. Critical thinking was assessed using the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) among participants who had previously completed and been successful in a mixed-majors introductory biology course at a large, private research university in the American Northeast. Qualitative data from open-ended questionnaires confirmed that factors thought to improve critical thinking skills such as interaction with peers, problem solving, and discussion were perceived by participants to have an impact on critical thinking gains. However, no significant quantitative differences in peer leaders’ critical thinking skills were found between pre- and post-experience CCTST measurements or between experimental and control groups.
Measurement of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition using natural 13C

Due to the limitations in methodology it has been a difficult task to measure rhizosphere respiration and original soil carbon decomposition under the influence of living roots. 14C-labeling has been widely used for this purpose in spite of numerous problems associated with the labeling method. In this paper, a natural 13C method was used to measure rhizosphere respiration and original soil carbon decomposition in a short-term growth chamber experiment. The main objective of the experiment was to validate a key assumption of this method: the δ13C value of the roots represents the δ13C value of the rhizosphere respired CO2. Results from plants grown in inoculated carbon-free medium indicated that this assumption was valid. This natural 13C method was demonstrated to be advantageous for studying rhizosphere respiration and the effects of living roots on original soil carbon decomposition.
Evidence for a genetic influence on preference for some foods

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate genetic influence on preference for 17 foods. The relationship between preference and use of these foods was also examined. The study focused on frequently eaten foods and on foods consumed less frequently but promoted for good health. Design Food preferences were investigated in young monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twin pairs living at home and sharing the same environment. Subjects provided preference ratings after tasting each food. A food frequency questionnaire was used to determine whether the genetic component of preference is associated with food use. Subjects Subjects were 14 pairs of monozygotic twins and 21 pairs of same-sex dizygotic twins, aged 9 to 18 years. They were recruited on a volunteer basis from public schools in Cincinnati, Ohio. Main outcome measures We found a greater similarity in food preference between members of monozygotic twin pairs than between dizygotic twin pairs, which suggests an important role for genetics in accounting for individual differences in food preference. Statistical analyses performed Food preference data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and Fischer z scores. Additional estimates of heritability were obtained by applying the Mann-Whitney nonparametric t test and the Holzinger index. Food use was correlated with preference using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results Significant differences in intrapair correlations for monozygotic and dizygotic twins were found for orange juice ( z =5.39; P z =2.60; P z =2.54; P z =2.54; P z =2.00; P z =1.95; P Applications/conclusions It is important for nutritionists to realize that heritable factors may influence selection of a range of foods, including some that are promoted for good health. If health-promoting foods are to be included in the diet, accessibility and exposure to these foods must be increased.
Film evaporation of a spherical droplet over a hot surface: fluid mechanics and heat/mass transfer analysis

Film evaporation of a spherical droplet over a hot surface is investigated in this paper. In view of the radial evaporation-induced velocity at the liquid-gas interface, an improvement over the classical flow field solution of Stimson & Jeffery (1926) needs to be employed. In addition to the flow, the energy equation internally and externally to the droplet and the species equation in the gas phase are also solved. The boundary conditions at the droplet surface couple the temperature, species and flow field. Analytical expressions for the hydrodynamic force and its components (viscous and pressure) that the droplet experiences are obtained. It is shown that, depending on the droplet separation distance from the hot surface and the type of liquid, there may be a substantial temperature variation along the droplet surface. Furthermore, considering a quasi-steady approximation for the droplet regression rate and balancing at each time step the weight of the droplet with the hydrodynamic force it experiences, time histories are obtained numerically for various quantities of interest. Thus, it is predicted that the droplet moves away from the hot surface while evaporating and that the initially substantial temperature variation along the droplet surface decreases with time and diminishes towards the end of the droplet lifetime. It is also shown that the droplet surface temperature is more uniform at higher hot-surface temperature.
On Statistical Control of Stochastic Servo-Systems: Performance-Measure Statistics and State-Feedback Paradigm

Abstract This paper provides a concise and up-to-date analysis of the foundations of performance robustness of a linear-quadratic class of servo-systems with respect to variability in a stochastic environment. The dynamics of servo-systems are corrupted by a standard stationary Wiener process and include input functions that are controlled by controllers. Basic assumptions will be that controllers have access to the current value of the states of the systems and would like to learn about performance uncertainty of the systems that is now affected by other non-cooperative learners, i.e. model deviations and environmental disturbances named Nature. The controller considered here optimizes a multi-objective criterion over time where optimization takes place with high regard for possible random sample realizations by Nature who may more likely not be acting in concert. It is found that the optimal servo in the finite horizon case is a novel two-degrees-of-freedom controller with: one, a feedback controller with state measurements that is robust against performance uncertainty; two, a model-following controller that minimizes the difference between the reference model and the system outputs.
Ultra-High Brightness Laser Research at LLNL

Abstract New short -pulse laser technology has made possible the production of extremely bright ( >1018 W /cm2 -sr)laser sources. The use of these new techniques on large scale Nd:glass based laser systems would make it possible to produce 1000 TW (Petawatt) pulses. Such pulses would yield focused intensities exceeding 1021 W /cm2corresponding to an electric field in excess of 100 e /a02 and an energy density equivalent to that of a 10 keVblackbody. The first step towards the realization of such a source is the development of a compact 10 TW laser. The design of a 10 TW table -top laser and some potential applications are described.Introduction A new short -pulse laser technology known as chirped -pulse amplification (CPA)1,2 has made possible the production of extremely bright ( >1018 W /cm2 -sr) laser sources. The use of these new techniques on large scale Nd:glass based laser systems would push the available laser intensity over three orders of magnitude beyondthe current state of the art. Peak powers in excess of 1000 TW ( =1 Petawatt) can be achieved corresponding to
Permafrost methane content: 1. Experimental data from sites in northern Alaska

Abstract Permafrost samples were taken from various sites in northern Alaska near Prudhoe Bay and inland along the Haul Road. CH4, CO2, H2, CO, and N2O were measured in these cores. Other than CH4, with a median concentration of 2.3 mg per kg of soil, and to a lesser extent CO2, with a median concentration of 28.1 mg per kg of soil, the gases were found to be negligible compared to their atmospheric concentrations. The measuring sites and methods used, data, and modeled CH4 release are presented here.
TENSILE TESTS OF GLASSES

A machine was designed to place tensile loads on glass fibers having diameters from 0.6 to 0.8 millimeter (0.024 to 0.032 inch). The results of tests on twelve glasses of known chemical compositions are given. The fractured surfaces exhibited characteristic smooth and rippled areas which were measured and correlated with the breaking loads. In order to compare the various glasses, it is convenient to use that value of the load per unit area which exists in a fiber whose fractured surface shows a smooth area that is 1% of the section. For the twelve glasses tested, these values ranged from 23.0 to 33.0 kg. per mm.2 (32,500 to 47,000 1b. per sq. in.) when the load on the fiber was increased at the rate of 1 pound per minute.
Two reactivity modes in the heterogeneous cyclohexene ozonolysis under tropospherically relevant ozone-rich and ozone-limited conditions.

Important mechanistic differences regarding C═C double-bond oxidation processes under ozone-limited and ozone-rich reaction conditions for cyclohexene-functionalized fused silica substrates serving...
Mechanisms of the reactions of W AND W+ with H2O: computational studies.

The mechanism of the reactions of W and W+ with the water molecule have been studied for several lower-lying electronic states of tungsten centers at the CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)+SDD and B3LYP/6-31G(d,p...
THE EFFECT OF PREVENTING ACAPNIA ON ADRENAL CORTICAL HYPERTROPHY UNDER CONDITIONS OF DECREASED BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

ARECENT PUBLICATION (i) from this laboratory described a chemical procedure to separate two gonadotropic fractions from sheep pituitary: the follicle L. stimulating hormone (FSH) andthe interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH). By modification of this method it has now been possible to secure the ICSH in a homogeneous state as judged by electrophoresis experiments. The biological properties of the preparation have been studied in detail and results appeared in Paper I(2).The method of purification and some of the physicochemical properties of the product are presented here. The method of purification is given below; all steps were carried out at 4 to 6°C. (a) The 40% alcohol extract (1) of acetone-dried sheep pituitaries was used as the starting material. The extract was precipitated with alcohol and dried with ab solute alcohol and ether.
Endovascular treatment of acute renal failure secondary to caval thrombosis and suprarenal filter migration

Although inferior vena cava filter placement is a safe and effective method of reducing the risk of pulmonary embolism, devastating complications can result from thrombosis and migration. Here we present a case of acute renal failure as a result of suprarenal inferior vena cava filter migration and caval thrombosis. We discuss a novel endovascular approach for its management by mechanical aspirational thrombectomy.
Simultaneous acquisition of MRI and PET cardiac cine 3D images at 9.4 Tesla

Introduction Nuclear medicine imaging techniques, such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) can provide important functional information helpful to the assessment of cardiovascular health. The limitations in resolution and anatomical detail for the PET images can be overcome by superposition on a companion high resolution MR image, if an accurate co-registration of the PET and MR images is made.
Software Development for Infrastructure

Infrastructure software needs more stringent correctness, reliability, efficiency, and maintainability requirements than non- essential applications. This implies greater emphasis on up-front design, static structure enforced by a type system, compact data structures, simplified code structure, and improved tool support. Education for infrastructure and application developers should differ to reflect that emphasis. This Web extra video features Bjarne Stroustrup of Texas A&M University discussing how C++ can help improve the reliability, maintainability, and performance of infrastructure software. He also describes features that are part of the latest versions of the C++ language.
Systems Accidents and Epistemological Limitations: The Case of American Airlines' Flight 965 in Cali, Colombia

Accidents are social phenomena that can offer anthropologists unique glimpses at the dynamics of social interactions within complex systems. Effects and implications from failed social interactions in systems can be subtle or difficult to trace, often partially obscured or totally lost in the complexity. Accidents and their outcomes tend to clearly distinguish themselves as significant events, even if only by the magnitude of their disruption to their systems. In the commercial aviation industry, accidents are rare. Over the last twenty years the accident rate for commercial jets has leveled off at 1.8 hull losses per million departures. It is predicted that as air traffic continues to grow worldwide, even if the accident rate remains the same, by the year 2010 there will be more than one accident a week, raising public concern about the safety of air travel. Learning from these unfortunate experiences benefits both public safety and the air transportation industry.
Detection of the mycotoxin F-2 in the confused flour beetle and the lesser mealworm.

The mycotoxin, F-2, produced by the fungus Fusarium roseum var. graminearum Snyder & Hansen was ingested and retained by the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, and the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). F-2 persisted in the insects through metamorphosis and was detected after starvation and death. The amount of F-2 recovered from the insects increased with increasing F-2 concentrations in the insect culture media.
Cardiac lipase: effect of ethanol and stress.

Abstract The effect of ethanol (0, 0.5, 3.0 g/kg) and restraint stress on cardiac neutral (NL) and lipoprotein (LPL) lipase was studied. Although ethanol (3.0 g/kg) or stress decreased NL and increase LPL, ethanol pretreatment significantly attenuated stress induced changes in both enzymes. These results support previous research on the protective effects of ethanol and may be one mechanism through which ethanol may alter susceptibility to certain forms of heart disease.
Sequencing certain dihedral groups

Abstract At least three-fourths of the dihedral groups D n are sequenceable: all but D 3 and D 4 (which are not sequenceable) and perhaps D 4 k for k ⩾ 13. Sequencings are related to especially effective shuffles of a deck of cards.
Effects of Reserpine and Tetrabenazine on Catecholamine and ATP Storage in Cultured Bovine Adrenal Medullary Chromaffin Cells

The in vivo storage relationship between catecholamines and ATP in chromaffin vesicles of cultured bovine adrenal medulla cells was investigated using drugs that block vesicular catecholamine uptake. Three-day treatments with reserpine and tetrabenazine causing 85-90% depletion of catecholamines resulted in 41-46% reductions in cellular ATP content. Subcellular fractionation of reserpine-treated cells indicated that the ATP is lost from the chromaffin vesicle pool. This was confirmed in experiments using metabolic inhibitors to differentiate the vesicular and extravesicular ATP pools. The vesicular ATP loss was not proportional to that of catecholamines, resulting in a reduction by 50% in the chromaffin vesicle mole ratio of catecholamines to ATP after 48 h of treatment. In metabolic labeling studies, it was found that reserpine treatment reduced the incorporation of [3H]adenosine into vesicular ATP selectively, but it reduced the incorporation of 32Pi into both the vesicular and extravesicular pools. The reduction of the [3H]adenosine incorporation was not due to diminished vesicular nucleotide uptake resulting from low catecholamine levels, because when the catecholamines were depleted by tetrabenazine pretreatment followed by removal of the drug before labeling, no reduction in [3H]adenosine incorporation was observed. When present during the labeling, tetrabenazine was found to be a reversible inhibitor of plasma membrane adenosine uptake. The observed loss of adenine nucleotides from catecholamine-depleted chromaffin vesicles in vivo provides evidence that interactions between ATP and catecholamines are important in the vesicular storage of high concentration of these compounds.
BigGate: Access Control Framework for Outsourced Key-Value Stores

Due to its scalable design, key-value stores have become the backbone of many large-scale Internet companies that need to cope with millions of transactions every day. It is also an attractive cloud outsourcing technology: driven by economical benefits, many major companies like Amazon, Google, and Microsoft provide key-value storage services to their customers. However, customers are reluctant to utilize such services due to security and privacy concerns. Outsourced sensitive key-value data (e.g., social security numbers as keys, and health reports as value) may be stolen by third-party adversaries and/or malicious insiders. Furthermore, an institution, who is utilizing key-value storage services, may naturally desire to have access control mechanisms among its departments or users, while leaking as little information as possible to the cloud provider to preserve data privacy. We believe that addressing these security and privacy concerns are crucial in further adoption of key-value storage services. In this paper, we present a novel system, BigGate, that provides secure outsourcing and efficient processing of encrypted key-value data, and enforces access control policies. We formally prove the security of our system, and by carefully implemented empirical analysis, show that the overhead induced by \sysname can be as low as 2%.
Chemotherapeutic and nontarget side effects of benomyl to orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and braconid endoparasite Apanteles aristoteliae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Benomyl incorporated into artificial diet and fed to nonparasitized and parasitized third-instar orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald), was nontoxic to hosts at 300 ppm, but toxic via the host to the solitary endoparasite Apanteles aristoteliae Vierek. This same concentration fed to hosts after parasitization rid hosts of parasites and significantly increased percentage of parasitized host larvae pupating as compared with control larvae. This chemotherapeutic effect was similar for hosts fed benomyl-laced diet for 24 h after parasitization versus those fed benomyl continuously. Increasing concentrations of benomyl from 150 to 1,200 ppm caused increasing percentages of parasitized hosts blocked in larval development for ≤120 d. Increased levels of blocked hosts were associated with increased levels of larvae dissected from hosts that did not pupate or produce parasites after 30 d of larval development. Percentage adult parasite emergence was reduced by all fungicide treatments. Potential uses of benomyl or like substances to study parasite/host relationships and how benomyl may impact on field populations of these insects are discussed.
Political hotbeds: Professional organizations as policymakers

This chapter explores the political hot spots within the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education that provide a backdrop for its focus, or lack thereof, on educational public policy.
Primaries, Parties, and Candidate Positioning in US Senate Elections

Abstract Common lore and a growing body of research refute the Downsian prediction of candidate convergence in two‐party (two‐candidate) elections. On the other hand, almost nothing is known about the nature of divergence in terms of candidates’ positions relative to constituents. Using data from the NES Senate Election Study (1988–1992) I place candidates for the US Senate and citizens on a common ideological metric. I find that the distinctiveness of party constituencies is the most important determinant of candidate positioning while electoral competitiveness, particularly in general elections, has minimal impact. However, there are partisan differences in positioning with Democrats being perceived as more extreme than Republicans even while Republicans are more responsive to the preferences of their party constituencies.
On consistency of the monotone MLE of survival for left truncated and interval-censored data

Abstract The nonparametric monotone MLE is used to overcome the severe under-estimation of survival functions by the NPMLE for left truncated data when a monotone hazard assumption is appropriate. In this paper, we establish the consistency of the monotone MLE for interval-censored data with or without left truncation in two different ways corresponding to two different realistic conditions.
Experiments in Bayesian and neural pattern recognition with applications to textured-image classification

ABSTRACT In this paper, two approaches to pattern recognition will be applied to textured image classification. The first approach is statistical, based on the Bayesian description, and the second approach isneural. I. INTRODUCTION Pattern recognition is based in human perception and cognition. Human existence takes the formof patterns, whether it is the formation of language, the process of speech, the drawing of pictures, or theunderstanding of images. Our perceptive powers are well adapted to such pattern—processing tasks, despitemajor variations, distortions, or omissions in a pattern. We would like to implement similar capabilities inmachines, enabling them to understand what we say, to read what we write, and in general, to respond in intuitively understandable ways. In other words, we would like to build into our machines the same pattern—information processing capabilities that we possess, resulting in machines that are easier to use andmore efficient in handling real world tasks.Traditional pattern recognition concentrates on the mathematical or computer—science aspectsof pattern—fonnatted information processing with emphasis on statistical pattern recognition. There is alsoconsiderable interest in the use of mathematical syntactic structures and the use of fuzzy logic to provide a
Early Alcohol Initiation Increases Risk Related to Drinking among College Students.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the influence of age of alcohol initiation on current alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in a diverse college student sample. Participants (N = 214) completed a questionnaire assessing attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral habits regarding alcohol and other drugs. Early alcohol initiation (alcohol use before age 15) was more strongly associated with frequent binge drinking in college and positive alcohol perceptions than later initiation. Early initiators used other drugs at earlier ages and were more likely to have used marijuana in the past month than either middle (ages 15–17) or late (ages 18 or older) initiators. Ethnic differences, but no gender differences, were observed. Implications for prevention, intervention, and education are discussed.
STORAGE STABILITY OF α‐TOCOPHEROL IN A DEHYDRATED MODEL FOOD SYSTEM CONTAINING NO FAT

Storage stability of α-tocopherol in a model food system containing no fat was shown to be a function of water activity (aw), storage temperature, and the molar ratio of oxygen:α-tocopherol. The degradation rate of α-tocopherol increased as the water activity was increased in the range 0.10–0.65 aw, as the storage temperature was increased from 20 to 37°C, and as the molar ratio of oxygen:α-tocopherol was increased from approximately 15:l to 1450:1. Degradation data of α-tocopherol from all storage conditions best fit the first order rate kinetics model. Experimental activation energies ranged from 8.85–13.05 Kcal mol−1.
Antibiofilm effect of plant derived antimicrobials on Listeria monocytogenes

The present study investigated the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs, concentrations not inhibiting bacterial growth) and bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of four, generally recognized as safe (GRAS), plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes (LM) biofilm formation and inactivating mature LM biofilms, at 37, 25 and 4 °C on polystyrene plates and stainless-steel coupons. In addition, the effect of SICs of PDAs on the expression of LM genes critical for biofilm synthesis was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The PDAs and their SICs used for inhibition of biofilm were trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC 0.50, 0.75 mM), carvacrol (CR 0.50, 0.65 mM), thymol (TY 0.33, 0.50 mM), and eugenol (EG 1.8, 2.5 mM), whereas the PDA concentrations used for inactivating mature biofilms were 5.0 and 10.0 mM (TC, CR), 3.3 and 5.0 mM (TY), 18.5 and 25.0 mM (EG). All PDAs inhibited biofilm synthesis and inactivated fully formed LM biofilms on both matrices at three temperatures tested (P < 0.05). Real-time quantitative PCR data revealed that all PDAs down-regulated critical LM biofilm-associated genes (P < 0.05). Results suggest that TC, CR, TY, and EG could potentially be used to control LM biofilms in food processing environments, although further studies under commercial settings are necessary.
Research Article: Multiattribute Choice Analysis in Ecosystem Restoration Planning

Ecosystem restoration planning poses many challenges in deciding what the objectives of restoration will be and how to achieve them. Multiattribute utility choice analysis was used in this study to...