cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia for Awake Intracranial Procedures

Increasing numbers of awake intracranial procedures are being performed for various reasons. The author reviews anesthetic care for patients undergoing these complicated procedures. The goal of neuroanesthesiologists during these procedures is to facilitate safe, effective, pain-free surgery while maximizing patient comfort. The patient outcome goal is to control the neurologic problem and have minimal or no new postoperative deficit. The indications, contraindications, and preoperative planning and preparation of the patient and medical team for awake craniotomy are reviewed. The perioperative events for which patients must be deeply sedated and when they must be wide awake, yet comfortable, for the testing and resection of a lesion or placement of a stimulator are described. The major intraoperative difficulties that arise during many of these procedures and possible remedies are described. Pharmacologic options for sedation and analgesia are reviewed, as are medications that are contraindicated. Throughout the article there is a plea for continuous vigilance, building rapport with and communicating with patients, surgeons, and persons who are performing the intraoperative testing and monitoring—from preoperative evaluation through the procedure and postoperative course. Finally, the author stresses that anesthesiologists must carefully review and re-evaluate the surgeon’s expectations, patient selection, monitoring requirements, and alternative plans well in advance of the operation. BACKGROUND OF AWAKE INTRACRANIAL PROCEDURES Awake neurosurgical procedures are being performed more frequently for a wider variety of indications and with better results. For example, one common indication for awake craniotomy is seizure focus excision. The earliest report of operative treatment of seizures was performed by Horsley in 1886 [1]. The first procedures were performed as measures of last resort and often left patients with major neurologic deficits. In the ensuing 120 years, these procedures have been refined greatly and often include intraoperative testing of
Ferromagnetic Resonance in the Highly Anisotropic Ferrimagnet Gallium Iron Oxide

Resonance measurements at 70 Gc/sec have been made on single crystals of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ($x\ensuremath{\simeq}1.1$) in the temperature range from 1.2 to 360\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The resonance spectra of this complex and highly anisotropic ferrimagnet can be fitted using three parameters. In the range above 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the $g$ value was found to be 1.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, with an asymptotic value of 1.96 at high temperatures. At 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the anisotropy fields are 31 and 58 kG along the intermediate and hard magnetic axes, respectively. The same parameters fit the low-field resonance modes where M and H are not parallel, and thus confirm the above values. The observed linewidths are large and anisotropic, varying from approximately 400 to 2400 G.
Investigation of the effects of load models and generator voltage regulators on voltage stability

Abstract The effects of load models and generator voltage regulators on the voltage stability of power systems are investigated using a 10-machine power system. Results on the dynamic modes of instabilities and the stability limits with various load models and exciter operating conditions are presented. These results are obtained from eigenvalue analysis of the linearized models and demonstrated with time simulation of nonlinear models. Some guidelines on voltage stability analysis are provided.
Invisible No More: The Role of Training and Education in Increasing Union Activism of Chinese Home Care Workers in Local 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East (UHE)

Excerpt] In 2002 only a small number of Chinese home care workers represented by 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East (UHE) were involved in their union. Language, unfamiliarity with unions in the United States, and, in some cases, undocumented immigration status inhibited participation in the life of the union by the growing number of Chinese home care workers. Despite these obstacles in 2007 perhaps the most active segment of the 60,000 home care workers in 1199SEIU now comes from the approximately 10,000 Chinese home care workers. Today, Chinese home care workers are consistently overrepresented at union (not just home care) rallies and demonstrations and have helped organize several home care agencies, bringing significant numbers of additional Chinese workers into the union. Currently the Chinese home care workers are organizing retirees and expanding their involvement in the political life of their communities. Chinese home care workers have extended their activism into political participation in their communities and in the union's political program. Eighty to ninety percent of Chinese home care workers, who earn between $7 and $10 per hour and who cannot count on regular work contribute between $5 and $10 per month on top of their union dues to the union's political action committee, maybe the highest percentage in the union. What makes this turnaround particularly significant is the role education and training played in the organizing. In 2003, 1199, assisted by Cornell University labor educators, launched a series of two-day training sessions for home care union activists facilitated in Cantonese and Mandarin. Chinese home care activists trained as facilitators by 1199 led the training. To date the two-day activist training has been given thirteen times for over 700 Chinese home care workers who give up precious days to complete the training. Each new training session is eagerly awaited, and each new class has a waiting list of participants ready before it starts. Of those who have completed the activist training over 100 have attended additional training to become union delegates (stewards). This article will describe how the Chinese Activist Training was conceived, designed and presented.
Homosexual harassment in the workplace

Looks at the issue of homosexual harassment in the workplace. Defines sexual harassment according to the (US) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission guidelines. Provides some background history of traditional sexual harassment in the workplace, extending this, in the 1990s, to also encompass homosexual harassment. Describes what is meant by “quid pro quo” and “hostile working environment” harassment, providing examples of what would constitute unacceptable behaviour. Reports on the findings of some surveys of homosexual harassment in the workplace. Offers some helpful tips for employers to follow to prevent and/or protect against homosexual harassment occurring within their organization.
Searching to maximize revenue in unrestricted and less-restricted competitive fare environments: Combining hybrid forecasting and fare adjustment with various unconstraining methods

In their competitive environment, airlines are always searching for ways to maximize revenues. This article considers both less-restricted and fully unrestricted fare environments. We use the sophisticated Passenger Origin–Destination Simulator (PODS) to examine the revenue impact of four implementations of hybrid forecasting (HF) and fare adjustment (FA) in combination with three different methods of unconstraining – Expectation Maximization (EM), Projection Detruncation (PD) and Booking Curve (BC). Owing to the competitive nature of PODS (two airlines competing head-to-head for customers) and its allowance for customer choice, we are able to assess all the implications of these HF and FA implementations in combination with unconstraining, including the impact of spill, upgrades and recapture. We find that in the less-restricted fare environment, under either EM or PD, the optimal combination is HF with FA equal to 0.5, and that under BC unconstraining the optimal combination is HF with FA equal to 1.0, independent of optimization technique (leg or network) or demand level (medium or high). For the unrestricted fare environment, we find that under leg optimization, generally it is best to use HF with FA equal to 0.5 combined with willingness-to-pay estimate curves of either Frat5c (EM/PD) or Frat5a (BC). Under network optimization, it is best to use HF with FA equal to 1.0, combined with WTP estimate curve Frat5c for all three unconstraining methods. When using realistic booking data from major global airlines to calibrate the PODS D6 network, we show that becoming more aggressive with HF and FA can lead to significant revenue gains of 1.6–5.8 per cent (less-restricted environment) or 3–15.9 per cent (fully unrestricted environment).
ROCKY MOUNTAIN HERBARIUM STUDIES. III. THE ELAEAGNACEAE-A MONO-GENERIC FAMILY

In studying some of my collections from the Southwest, I came upon some sheets of the well-known but comparatively rare plant, hitherto known as Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry, Am. Nat. 9: 350. 1875. My first impulse was to place it in the genus Elaeagnus, but to my surprise I found it in She pherdia. This led to critical examination of its characters. Its aspect and its fruit are typically Elaeagnus. Its floral structure is neither Shepherdia nor Elaeagnus, for while its stamens are normally 8, occasionally 2 or 4 have aborted. As in Shepherdia it may be said to be dioecious, but as in Elaeagnus the pistillate flowers approach the monoclinous type i.e., there are rudimentary stamens (staminodia). In endeavoring to compare the three genera into which the family has been divided-Elaeagnus (the type genus), Ilippophae, and Shepherdia-the characters relied upon to separate them break down at one or more points. These characters pertain to length of calyx tube, number of sepals, number of stamens, perfect or imperfect flowers. Elaeagnus, for example, is said to be perfect or polygamous. Four is the prevailing number in the family, and it is not difficult to see that in the normal variation, in a given genus, this number might be either doubled or halved. There is one character, however, that has not been stressed-viz., the fruit. This, it seems to me, is more fundamentally significant than the characters referred to above, and a study of the fruit characters leads to the conclusion that the family may be best understood if considered as mono-generic. There are only four indigenous American species, and these divide into two fairly distinct sections with characters as shown in the following key. Were the material at hand, it seems certain that the thirty or forty species found on the other continents could be assigned to these two sections as readily as they are now placed in the two genera, Elaeagnus and Ilippophae.
Strained layer InGaAs channel negative-resistance field-effect transistor

We report experimental results on a negative‐resistance field‐effect transistor (NERFET), grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, which incorporates a strained In0.18Ga0.82As channel layer adjacent to the barrier. The thin InGaAs layer provides higher mobility and enhanced carrier confinement for the channel electrons. This device structure yields a significant increase in the drain current peak‐to‐valley ratio over comparable GaAs‐AlGaAs NERFETs.
Losses of flicker sensitivity during dark adaptation: Effects of test size and wavelength

Abstract The losses of flicker sensitivity that occur during dark adaptation following extinction of a bleach depend greatly on the test stimuli that are used to measure those losses. Generally, the larger the test size is for a given test wavelength, the later is the loss of flicker sensitivity; for sufficiently large tests, losses become progressively more gradual. Similarly, the shorter the test wavelength is (between about 660 and 580 nm) for a given test size, the later is the loss of flicker sensitivity; for sufficiently short test wavelengths, losses become progressively more gradual. Although the pattern of flicker sensitivity loss as a function of test size is the same both foveally and parafoveally, foveal losses occur later and/or more gradually for a given test stimulus. The results suggest that losses of flicker sensitivity occur when spectrally antagonistic response(s) to the test are no longer adequate to maintain the flickerresponse to that test. The results suggest also that the adequacy of such spectral antagonism depends on the local adaptation state of the retina, which becomes increasingly more light-adapted with increasingly large test size.
Computational analysis of the feasibility of a micro-pulsejet☆

This paper investigates the feasibility of a 2-cm micro-pulsejet by numerically simulating the inviscid gas dynamic phenomena within the exhaust tube and comparing them with those for a pulsejet on the order of 50 cm in length. After initial combustion, the pressure wave propagates towards the exit and reflects back as a rarefaction wave, which generates a minimum pressure in the combustion chamber. This low pressure must be sufficient to open the reed valves to allow fresh reactants to enter. It is shown that for both large and micro-pulsejets, the minimum pressure is low enough. The characteristic operating frequency is found to be approximately inversely proportional to the pulsejet length. Estimation of the boundary layer thickness in the pulsejet shows that viscosity plays a very significant role in the micro-pulsejet and cannot be neglected.
Substance use and impulsive behaviors among adolescents with eating disorders

Results of past research suggest that the existence of bulimic behaviors (binge eating and/or purging) may be an indicator of increased likelihood of substance use. We investigated incidence of substance use among adolescent girls (mean age = 15.4 years) with anorexia nervosa (n = 59) or bulimia nervosa (n = 58). The incidence of substance use among girls with anorexia nervosa was low, particularly after removing those anorexic adolescents with bulimic symptoms. Nearly one-third of girls with bulimia nervosa had smoked tobacco cigarettes, had used marijuana, and were drinking alcohol at least weekly. Among those exhibiting bulimic symptoms, increased experience with use of different substances was related to increased incidence of attempted suicide, stealing, and sexual intercourse but was unrelated to age or incidence of intentional self-harm behavior. Our findings are discussed in relation to the results of past research and the clinical implications of our data.
Sentence Intelligibility as a Function of Key Word Selection

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between word predictability and sentence intelligibility. This relationship was examined by comparing intelligibility scores obtained with frequency-filtered sentences (CID Sentence Lists B and D and Revised List C) which were scored using key words empirically determined to be representative of three different degrees of predictability. We hypothesized that the scores obtained would be a function of the predictability status of the key words used in scoring. Results indicated significant differences between the three scoring procedures for each sentence list under two filtering conditions (420-Hz and 360-Hz low pass) and these differences were in the hypothesized direction. The results suggest that use of “easy-to-predict” words for scoring purposes will increase sentence intelligibility scores, while use of “difficult-to-predict” words will depress scores. We concluded that word predictability is a factor influencing sentence intelligibility ...
ATP-induced mitogenesis is mediated by cyclic AMP response element-binding protein-enhanced TRPC4 expression and activity in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells

Extracellular ATP and intracellular cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB, a transcription factor) promote cell proliferation in many cell types. The canonical transient receptor potent...
Partial Purification and Characterization of Asparagus Lipoxygenase

Lipoxygenase (LOX) from fresh asparagus was partially purified by extraction of acetone-washed asparagus powder with pH 4.5 potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate fractionation and carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) chromatography. Asparagus LOX purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation had a pH activity optimum of 5.5–6.0 and was stable at pH 4.5–8.0 when stored at 2°C. Asparagus LOX was active on monolinolein as well as linoleic acid, but activity was very low on di- or tri-linolein. The CMC fractions with greatest LOX activity were nearly free of peroxidase activity while the protein fractions which did not bind with CMC at pH 5 were peroxidase active. The LOX activity in the purified asparagus extract was 90% inhibited by 1 mM cyanide when preincubated for 30 min at 25°C.
Utility of bone marrow examination for workup of fever of unknown origin in patients with HIV/AIDS

Aims The utility of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy (BMAB) as a diagnostic tool in patients with HIV/AIDS and fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a subject of debate. Because highly active antiretroviral therapy has reduced incidence of opportunistic infections, it is important to reassess the efficacy of BMAB for this diagnostic purpose. To our knowledge, no such studies have been performed in Harris County which has the highest incidence of HIV in the state of Texas. Methods We reviewed all BMABs from patients with HIV/AIDS and FUO or persistent cytopenia(s) from 2007 to 2011. Results Of 57 evaluable patients, BMAB was positive in 24 samples by acid fast bacilli (AFB) or Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stains (17.5%), presence of granuloma and/or lymphohistiocytic aggregates (31.6%), culture (21.0%) or a combination. Cultures demonstrated Mycobacterium avium/intracellulare (4), M tuberculosis (2), M gordonae (1), Histoplasma capsulatum (3) and Cryptococcus neoformans (2). There were three cases in which a pathogen was grown in culture but that had a negative of ‘direct examination’ on tissue sections (negative AFB and GMS special stains, no morphological evidence of granuloma/lymphohistiocytic infiltrates). Conclusions This study supports the use of diagnostic BMAB as a rapid decision-making tool in patients with HIV and FUO in the proper clinical setting. BMAB demonstrated infection-related evidence prior to positive bone marrow culture in 75% of cases. Special stains and blood cultures had similar diagnostic yield, but BMAB offers faster results. Thus, this procedure assists in clinical decision making and the refinement of treatment in a more timely manner.
Transient response of a pulsed spherical shell surrounded by an infinite elastic medium

Abstract The transient response of a pulsed spherical elastic shell surrounded by an infinite elastic medium is determined in terms of elementary functions for the case of a Heaviside step pressure pulse applied uniformly over the inner boundary of the shell. A number of specific examples of steel shells embedded in concrete and sandstone are examined for a range of shell radius-to-thickness ratios.
Differential impacts of use value taxation on local property tax bases over time

A method for measuring the relative impacts of an agricultural use value tax program on local tax bases is developed and applied to the case of Hawaii. A simulation model is used to reconstruct local tax bases without the program. The model design takes into account the cumulative growth effects of foregone tax bases over time. The rationale for proper accounting of these foregone growth effects is strengthened by the tendency of tax capitalization effects to lessen the impacts and ultimate transfer effects. The relative impacts of the program on SMSA and rural tax bases are measured by comparing effective tax rates with vs. without the program. The relative impacts have been minor over the first decade of the programless than 0.10% for the SMSA and up to about 1.3% for the rural counties. For the future, even with a recently expanded program, the ultimate transfer effects will tend to be moderated by economic growth and capitalization effects. This moderating tendency is stronger for the SMSA, where there may be greater justification for use value taxation, than for rural counties.
High-gain, end-pumped, Yb:YAG zig-zag slab amplifier for remote sensing applications

We describe a laser-diode end-pumped Yb:YAG zig-zag slab amplifier with high-gain (g0leff = 3)and with novel parasitic oscillation suppression. This could enable efficient energy scaling to meet the laser requirements for remote wind velocity measurements.
Target Performance at the Low Energy Neutron Source

Abstract The Indiana University Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS) production target was recently upgraded to handle the high power 13 MeV proton pulsed beam. The target, a 2 inch diameter beryllium disk, is 1.2 millimeters thick allowing the 13 MeV protons to pass completely through the target and stop in the cooling water eliminating the buildup of protons inside the beryllium. This change along with upgrading the cooling water system has produced the most reliable target to date for LENS operations. Details about the failure modes will be presented.
Evaluation of Price/Dockage Strategies for U.S. Wheat Exporters

The impact of quality on competition in world wheat trade has been a subject of growing interest.' Debate in the United States has focused primarily on one characteristic, wheat cleanliness. In the U.S. marketing system, wheat dockage is a non-grade-determining factor. In export transactions, dockage is a contract term subject to negotiation between buyers and sellers.2 Other countries include the equivalent of dockage as a grade-determining factor with stringent limits-in effect, making cleanliness a component of their export strategy.3 Similar proposals have been
Non-commutative geometry and the closed bosonic string

Abstract We propose an action for an interacting closed bosonic string. Our formalism relies heavily on ideas discussed by Witten for the open bosonic string. We also obtain the gauge fixed quantum action for the fully interacting open bosonic string.
c-Crk proto-oncogene contributes to transcriptional repression of p120-catenin in non-small cell lung cancer cells

As a member of adherens junction, p120-catenin (p120ctn) plays a major role in cell adhesions through stabilization of E-cadherin. p120ctn is transcriptionally down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), although the molecular mechanisms underlying p120ctn repression are incompletely defined. Here we further investigated transcriptional regulation of p120ctn in NSCLC. We prepared a promoter reporter plasmid construct that contained p120ctn promoter region from position −1082 to +320 relative to transcription start site. Through serial deletion mutation analysis of the p120ctn promoter, we pinpointed cis-acting elements involved in regulation of p120ctn. We identified transcription factor SP1 as a transcriptional repressor of p120ctn that directly binds to segment (−9 to +36) of the p120ctn promoter. SP1 can receive multiple signals from several intracellular signaling pathways. Through examination of SP1 binding partners, we identified proto-oncogene c-Crk to be involved in transcriptional down-regulation of p120ctn. RNAi mediated silencing of CRK in A549, H157 and H358 cells increased p120ctn protein levels. On the other hand, over-expression of CRK-I and CRK-II in NSCLC cells down-regulated p120ctn, an effect that was abrogated by simultaneous silencing of SP1. In summary, our data provide evidence for the role of c-Crk proto-oncogene in transcriptional repression of p120ctn that further clarifies the mechanism by which this biochemical signal promotes metastasis in NSCLC.
The influence of temperature on within-canopy acclimation and variation in leaf photosynthesis: spatial acclimation to microclimate gradients among climatically divergent Acer rubrum L. genotypes

Leaf gas exchange and temperature response were measured to assess temperature acclimation within a tree canopy in climatically contrasting genotypes of Acer rubrum L. Over the course of two 50 d continuous periods, growth temperature was controlled within tree crowns and the steady-state rate of leaf gas exchange was measured. Data were then modelled to calculate the influence of genotype variation and vertical distribution of physiological activity on carbon uptake. The maximal rate of Rubisco carboxylation (V(cmax)), the maximum rate of electron transport (J(max)), leaf dark respiration rate (R(d)), maximum photosynthesis (A(max)), and the CO(2) compensation point (Gamma) increased with temperature during both (i) a constant long-term (50 d) daytime temperature or (ii) ambient daytime temperature with short-term temperature control (25-38 degrees C). In addition, within-crown variation in the temperature response of photosynthesis and R(d) was influenced by acclimation to local microclimate temperature gradients. Results indicated that carbon uptake estimates could be overestimated by 22-25% if the vertical distribution of temperature gradients is disregarded. Temperature is a major factor driving photosynthetic acclimation and within-crown gas exchange variation. Thus, this study established the importance of including spatial acclimation to temperature- and provenance-, ecotype-, and/or genotype-specific parameter sets into carbon uptake models.
The Nature of Naive Explanations of Natural Selection

Unlike some pivotal ideas in the history of science, the basic notion of natural selection is remarkably simple and so one might expect most students to easily grasp the basic principles of the Darwinian theory; yet many students nevertheless have difficulty understanding Darwinian evolution. We suggest that misconceptions about natural selection arise from mistaken categorization. Our thesis for explaining students’ failure to understand this concept or evolution in general is not that they necessarily fail to understand individual Darwinian principles; rather, they often fail to understand the ontological features of equilibration processes, of which evolution is one instance. They thus attribute the evolutionary process in general, and natural selection in particular, with event‐like properties. For example, naive students appear to focus on the idea of survival of the fittest, but embed this idea within an event ontology that involves actors struggling to overcome obstacles and achieve goals. Results ...
Impact of preintervention intravascular ultrasound imaging on transcatheter treatment strategies in coronary artery disease

Preintervention intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging was performed in 313 target lesions in 301 patients. Revascularization strategy intended before imaging was compared with the treatment actually performed; there was a change in therapy in 124 lesions (40%) in 121 patients (40%). This included: (1) assessment of lesion severity leading to revascularization when none had been planned (n = 20, 6%), (2) avoiding surgery or catheter-based revascularization that had originally been planned (n = 21, 7%), and (3) assessment of lesion composition leading to a change in revascularization strategy (n = 20, 6%) or for selecting the revascularization strategy (n = 63, 20%). Nine of these 121 patients were referred for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. IVUS minimal lumen diameter correlated well with angiography (r = 0.83); however, a disagreement was the reason for deciding to perform or not to perform revascularization in 41 lesions (13%). IVUS assessment of target lesion calcification, eccentricity and unusual morphology were the reasons for changing or selecting specific devices: (1) concentric and eccentric lesions with significant superficial calcium were treated with rotational atherectomy, excimer laser angioplasty or surgery; (2) eccentric lesions that did not contain significant superficial calcium were treated with directional atherectomy; (3) dissections and true aneurysms were treated with stent placement even if calcified; (4) thrombus-containing lesions in vein grafts were treated with thrombolytic therapy or extraction atherectomy, or both; and (5) fibrotic vein graft lesions were treated with balloon angioplasty or stent placement.
Major white matter fiber changes in medically intractable neocortical epilepsy in children: a diffusion tensor imaging study.

Summary This study aimed to investigate the extent of microstructural changes in the major white matter fibers and to evaluate whether diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) adds any lateralizing information in children with medically intractable neocortical epilepsy secondary to focal cortical dysplasia. Patient group included twenty-three consecutively enrolled patients with medically intractable focal neocortical epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia histopathologically confirmed. Thirteen patients (56.5%) had no visible lesion on the conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fractional anisotropy (FA) was measured for regions of interest (ROIs) in each major white matter fiber. FA in patients was compared with eighteen age-matched healthy controls. Patient group had lower FA values at corpus callosum, bilateral inferior frontooccipital fasciculus (IFO), bilateral inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) and left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) compared to controls ( p p p
Elucidating the molecular characteristics of organogenesis in human embryos

A transcriptomic analysis of early human organogenesis reveals the molecular signature of these processes and provides a valuable resource for identifying and comparing crucial regulators of mammalian embryogenesis.
Modified moment and maximum likelihood estimators for parameters of the three-parameter gamma distribution

This article is concerned with modifications of both maximum likelihood and moment estimators for parameters of the three-parameter gamma distribution. Modifications employed here are essentially the same as those previously considered by the authors (1980, 1981) in connection with the lognormal distribution. Sampling behavior of the estimates is indicated by a Monte Carlo simulation. For certain combinations of parameter values, these new estimators appear better than both maximum likelihood and moment estimators with respect to bias, variance and/or ease of calculation.
Nanostructured surfaces to target and kill circulating tumor cells while repelling leukocytes

Hematogenous metastasis, the process of cancer cell migration from a primary to distal location via the bloodstream, typically leads to a poor patient prognosis. Selectin proteins hold promise in delivering drug-containing nanocarriers to circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the bloodstream, due to their rapid, force-dependent binding kinetics. However, it is challenging to deliver such nanocarriers while avoiding toxic effects on healthy blood cells, as many possess ligands that adhesively interact with selectins. Herein, we describe a nanostructured surface to capture flowing cancer cells, while preventing human neutrophil adhesion. Microtube surfaces with immobilized halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and E-selectin functionalized liposomal doxorubicin (ESPEG L-DXR) significantly increased the number of breast adenocarcinoma MCF7 cells captured from flow, yet also significantly reduced the number of captured neutrophils. Neutrophils firmly adhered and projected pseudopods on surfaces coated only with liposomes, while neutrophils adherent to HNT-liposome surfaces maintained a round morphology. Perfusion of both MCF7 cells and neutrophils resulted in primarily cancer cell adhesion to the HNT-liposome surface, and induced significant cancer cell death. This work demonstrates that nanostructured surfaces consisting of HNTs and ES-PEG L-DXR can increase CTC recruitment for chemotherapeutic delivery, while also preventing healthy cell adhesion and uptake of therapeutic intended for CTCs.
From Novel Practice to Consecrated Exemplar: Unity Temple as a Case of Institutional Evangelizing:

Institutional theorists focus on practices that spread because they conform with and build on established cultural assumptions and resources. Novel practices, however, not only fail to conform to, but also challenge the dominant institutional order. We seek to understand the process by which novel practices move from entrepreneurial anomaly to consecrated exemplar within a field. We contrast Unity Temple by Frank Lloyd Wright—a building that challenged the accepted practices of ecclesiastical design in the architectural profession—with the most prominent churches during the same period. We find two distinct legitimation processes—institutional evangelism where creators express their identity and generate novel practices versus adaptive emulation where adopters focus on prestigious others and emulate their established practices. We reveal that actors engaged in institutional evangelism and adaptive emulation, employing institutional work and leveraging ideas, materials and identities to effect, transform, ...
New Method for Bonding Poly(Ethylene Oxide) PEO to Surfaces

A new method has been developed for the covalent attachment of poly (ethylene oxide) to various polymeric surfaces for use in biomedical applications. Methacrylic acid (MA) monomer was first grafted to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or polystyrene (PS) sheets by placing them in a solution of 10–20% (v/v) methacrylic acid in water followed by electron beam irradiation of 2–4 megarads. The methacrylic acid was grafted to the surface and polymerized, resulting in the polymer surface being extremely hydrophilic. The MA-treated samples were placed in a solution of PEO in water (MW 8000 − 1 × 106 g/mol, concentration 0.05–15 % w/v), where the PEO strongly hydrogen bonds to the MA on the surface. The pieces were either rinsed with water (monolayer formation) or drained of excess solution (multilayer formation), then placed under the electron beam for a dose of 2 megarads to graft the PEO to the MA-treated surface. The grafted PEO was stable on the surface, unable to be removed despite extensive washing with water, soaking in basic solution (which would break the hydrogen bonding of the PEO with the acid), or scraping of excess hydrogel from the surface. The monolayer thickness was found to have no dependence on the molecular weight or concentration of the PEO in solution, nor did it have any dependence on the time that the MA-treated samples were soaking in the PEO solution before the second irradiation. This indicates that the PEO molecules immediately lie flat on the surface with few loops or tails, with no exchange taking place after the initial adsorption. All surfaces were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), with high resolution carbon 1s scans being the principle means of MA and PEO detection in the top 50 angstroms of the surface.
Umbilical positioning using ultrasonic sensors

The paper describes the development of an autonomous umbilical positioning system. The umbilical positioning system shall provide electrical power and fiber optic data cable connections between two simulated vehicles 100 meter apart. The Omnibot is used to provide the mobile base for the system. The mate-in umbilical plate is mounted on a three axis Cartesian manipulator, which is installed on the Omnibot mobile base. The Omnibot is controlled in a teleoperated mode. The operator using the vision system will guide the mobile base to get close to the mate-to plate. The information received from ultrasonic sensors is used to identify the position of mate-to plate and mate the umbilical plates autonomously. A successful experimentation verifies the approach.
Placement of conventional and expandable stents for malignant esophageal stenoses

The disease of a majority of patients with esophageal cancer is not curable because of an advanced stage of tumor or development of recurrence after curative therapy. Palliation of dysphagia with endoscopic stent placement offers a rapid and usually long-lasting relief. Endoscopic stent placement is the treatment of choice for occlusion of esophagorespiratory fistulas. Conventional endoprostheses have some limitations, such as a high perforation rate with insertion in 6% to 8% and obstruction in 5% to 10%. Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) have overcome the drawbacks of plastic endoprostheses because of easier insertion resulting in a perforation rate approximating 1% to 2%. The major disadvantages of SEMS include high cost, tendency for tumor ingrowth, and stent migration. The choice between a plastic and metallic endoprosthesis must be individualized contingent on tightness, angulation, and location of the tumor, although realistically over 90% of stents placed in the Western world are now metallic. The future for endoscopic stenting appears promising with the development of different alloys and mechanical designs to facilitate placement and reduce the incidence of complications.
Analysis of the Zebrafish Proteome during Embryonic Development

The model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio) is particularly amenable to studies deciphering regulatory genetic networks in vertebrate development, biology, and pharmacology. Unraveling the functional dynamics of such networks requires precise quantitation of protein expression during organismal growth, which is incrementally challenging with progressive complexity of the systems. In an approach toward such quantitative studies of dynamic network behavior, we applied mass spectrometric methodology and rigorous statistical analysis to create comprehensive, high quality profiles of proteins expressed at two stages of zebrafish development. Proteins of embryos 72 and 120 h postfertilization (hpf) were isolated and analyzed both by two-dimensional (2D) LC followed by ESI-MS/MS and by 2D PAGE followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF protein identification. We detected 1384 proteins from 327,906 peptide sequence identifications at 72 and 120 hpf with false identification rates of less than 1% using 2D LC-ESI-MS/MS. These included only ∼30% of proteins that were identified by 2D PAGE-MALDI-TOF/TOF. Roughly 10% of all detected proteins were derived from hypothetical or predicted gene models or were entirely unannotated. Comparison of proteins expression by 2D DIGE revealed that proteins involved in energy production and transcription/translation were relatively more abundant at 72 hpf consistent with faster synthesis of cellular proteins during organismal growth at this time compared with 120 hpf. The data are accessible in a database that links protein identifications to existing resources including the Zebrafish Information Network database. This new resource should facilitate the selection of candidate proteins for targeted quantitation and refine systematic genetic network analysis in vertebrate development and biology.
Energy state of the liver during short-term and exhaustive exercise in C57BL/6J mice.

A portal venous 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside infusion that results in hepatic 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribosyl-5-monophosphate (ZMP) concentrations of ∼4 μmol/g l...
Toward a multicore architecture for real-time ray-tracing

Significant improvement to visual quality for real-time 3D graphics requires modeling of complex illumination effects like soft-shadows, reflections, and diffuse lighting interactions. The conventional Z-buffer algorithm driven GPU model does not provide sufficient support for this improvement. This paper targets the entire graphics system stack and demonstrates algorithms, a software architecture, and a hardware architecture for real-time rendering with a paradigm shift to ray-tracing. The three unique features of our system called Copernicus are support for dynamic scenes, high image quality, and execution on programmable multicore architectures. The focus of this paper is the synergy and interaction between applications, architecture, and evaluation. First, we describe the ray-tracing algorithms which are designed to use redundancy and partitioning to achieve locality. Second, we describe the architecture which uses ISA specialization, multi-threading to hide memory delays and supports only local coherence. Finally, we develop an analytical performance model for our 128-core system, using measurements from simulation and a scaled-down prototype system. More generally, this paper addresses an important issue of mechanisms and evaluation for challenging workloads for future processors. Our results show that a single 8-core tile (each core 4-way multithreaded) can be almost 100% utilized and sustain 10 million rays/second. Sixteen such tiles, which can fit on a 240 mm2 chip in 22 nm technology, make up the system and with our anticipated improvements in algorithms, can sustain real-time rendering. The mechanisms and the architecture can potentially support other domains like irregular scientific computations and physics computations.
Two-axis Scheimpflug focusing for particle image velocimetry

The objective of this work is to demonstrate the capabilities of a two-axis, three-dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system for use as a largescale wind tunnel research tool. A two-axis PIV system provides the capability for camera placement virtually anywhere within a three-dimensional space relative to the laser sheet plane of measurement. The Scheimpflug focusing method is applied in two orthogonal axes to achieve off-axis focusing. The two-axis, three-dimensional PIV system uses off-axis stereoscopic viewing to determine two perspective measurements of a three-dimensional velocity field within the laser sheet. A unique calibration procedure is used to determine the optical parameters that describe the position of the camera systems and which are necessary to perform the three-dimensional reconstruction of the displacements. This paper presents this unique calibration for a two-axis, three-dimensional PIV system. This two-axis, three-dimensional PIV system was demonstrated first by measuring three-dimensional displacements of a target. Maximum instantaneous errors are estimated as 2% or less for all velocity components based upon the measured target displacements, and these error estimates were verified by a propagation of errors calculation. The error estimates are for instantaneous displacements and include all error sources. The two-axis, three-dimensional PIV system was also used to make measurements of the freestream velocity within a wind tunnel. The out-of-plane freestream component of velocity measured by the PIV system differed from the expected value by less than 1.1 %.
Nucleation and solidification in static arrays of monodisperse drops.

The precise measurement of nucleation and non-equilibrium solidification are vital to fields as diverse as atmospheric science, food processing, cryopreservation and metallurgy. The emulsion technique, where the phase under study is partitioned into many droplets suspended within an immiscible continuous phase, is a powerful method for uncovering rates of nucleation and dynamics of phase changes as it isolates nucleation events to single droplets. However, averaging the behavior of many drops in a bulk emulsion leads to the loss of any drop-specific information, and drop polydispersity clouds the analysis. Here we adapt a microfluidic technique for trapping monodisperse drops in planar arrays to characterize solidification of highly supercooled aqueous solutions of glycerol. This system measured rates of nucleation between 10−5 and 10−2 pL−1 s−1, yielded an ice-water interfacial energy of 33.4 mJ m−2 between −38 and −35 °C, and enabled the specific dynamics of solidification to be observed for over a hundred drops in parallel without any loss of specificity. In addition to the physical insights gained, the ability to observe the time and temperature of nucleation and subsequent growth of the solid phase in static arrays of uniform drops provides a powerful tool to discover thermodynamic protocols that generate desirable crystal structures.
Collagen Vascular Diseases and Cutaneous Drug Reactions

Collagen vascular diseases (CVD) are a collection of autoimmune diseases in which a defect in the immune system causes the body to recognize its own structural proteins, primarily collagen, as foreign, resulting in self-directed immune responses. Tissues composed of various forms of collagen are often affected, including arteries, tendons, and other connective tissues. For this reason, CVD is sometimes called connective-tissue disease. Environmental triggers of CVD include infections, pollutants, radiation, and medications. This chapter identifies various medications that induce or exacerbate a particular CVD, as well as the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options thereof. The CVD subtypes discussed in this chapter are subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), dermatomyositis, polyarteritis nodosa, and scleroderma. Other autoimmune diseases often classified as collagen vascular diseases not treated in this chapter include rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
THE THEORY OF DEMAND

This chapter focuses on the theory of demand. The utility function shows the dependence of utility on the various quantities and qualities of goods and services consumed. Similarly, a demand function relates the demand for a product to the many associated variables that influence demand. As the demand for any product is affected by many variables, the comprehensive demand function includes as many variables as possible or necessary. A demand function so formulated is a multivariate, meaning many variables, demand function. The quantity demanded of a product varies inversely with its price. But the price of a substitute also affects demand. Complements are those items which are normally consumed or bought along with the product in question. If the demand for a product rises, the demand for the complementary goods and services also increases. Since income provides the consumer with the ability to purchase—demand—the goods and services that satisfy his needs, it is generally agreed that the higher the level of income, the greater the level of demand.
Morphisms and Functor kerf in C-Algebras

Let (A,B,f) be a C-algebra. For any subset N of B, its kernel kerfN is a subset of . The kernel kerf has been used to obtain important results for C-algebras (see [2] and [4]). In this paper, we study further properties of kerf. In particular, for a transitional C-algebra (A,B,f) and quotient subsets M and N such that N ⊆ M and M is also a C-subset, we prove that . In order to show this result, exact sequences in C-algebras are studied. Finally, we present a few examples and applications.
Finding a Determinant and Inverse Matrix by Bordering

(1998). Finding a Determinant and Inverse Matrix by Bordering. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 38-39.
An experimental investigation of unsteady effects in a high-lift system

A fundamental investigation of the confluent boundary layer formed by the interaction of the slat wake with the main element boundary layer of a multi-element airfoil was reported in Thomas, Liu and Nelson. One unanticipated result of that study was the observation of significant unsteady high lift flow behavior for certain slat positions. These unsteady motions can have a strong effect on the aerodynamic performance of the high lift system. This appears related to the observation that the unsteady flow caused more aggressive mixing between the slat wake and main wing boundary layer. This results in a decrease in high lift performance and an increase in airframe noise. This unsteady aspect of the high lift flow field forms the focus of this paper. Experimental evidence of unsteady flow field behavior is presented first. These results suggest that the unsteady flow behavior is a manifestation of unsteady vortex shedding and separated shear layer reattachment associated with the slat cove separation region. A discussion of the wavelet analysis technique is presented and this is shown to be a powerful tool in the characterization of transient flow phenomena. Some representative wavelet transform results obtained in the slat wake are presented and discussed. This work represents part of an ongoing study and the paper concludes by describing our current research effort to understand the unsteady aspects of high-lift flows.