cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Waiting is the Hardest Part: Comparison of Two Computational Strategies for Performing a Compelled-Response Task

The neural basis of choice behavior is commonly investigated with tasks in which a subject analyzes a stimulus and reports his or her perceptual experience with an appropriate motor action. We recently developed a novel task, the compelled-saccade task, with which the influence of the sensory information on the subject's choice can be tracked through time with millisecond resolution, thus providing a new tool for correlating neuronal activity and behavior. This paradigm has a crucial feature: the signal that instructs the subject to make an eye movement is given before the cue that indicates which of two possible choices is the correct one. Previously, we found that psychophysical performance in this task could be accurately replicated by a model in which two developing oculomotor plans race to a threshold and the incoming perceptual information differentially accelerates their trajectories toward it. However, the task design suggests an alternative mechanism: instead of modifying an ongoing oculomotor plan on the fly as the sensory information becomes available, the subject could try to wait, withholding the oculomotor response until the sensory cue is revealed. Here, we use computer simulations to explore and compare the performance of these two types of models. We find that both reproduce the main features of the psychophysical data in the compelled-saccade task, but they give rise to distinct behavioral and neurophysiological predictions. Although, superficially, the waiting model is intuitively appealing, it is ultimately inconsistent with experimental results from this and other tasks.
Vincristine-induced vocal cord paralysis in an infant

We report the development of stridor and dysphagia in a 5-month-old-infant with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after the administration of four weekly doses of vincristine during induction therapy. Because direct laryngoscopy revealed bilateral vocal cord paralysis, the patient underwent elective intubation. Extubation was performed 7 days later, after direct laryngoscopy confirmed recovery of vocal cord mobility. Vincristine-induced bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. Therefore, it should be suspected when stridor is present, and clinicians should consider visualization of the airway to establish the cause of upper airway compromise in infants receiving vincristine.
Identification and sequencing of a cDNA encoding 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from a fungus, Cunninghamella elegans and expression of the gene in Escherichia coli

The fungus, Cunninghamella elegans has been widely used in bioremediation and microbial models of mammalian studies in many laboratories. Using the polymerase chain reaction to randomly amplify the insert directly from the single non-blue plaques of a C. elegans cDNA library, then partly sequencing and comparing with GenBank sequences, we have identified a clone which contains C. elegans 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene. The polymerase chain reaction product was cloned into a plasmid, pGEM-T Easy vector for full insert DNA sequencing. The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene (1458 bases) and the deduced protein sequence were determined from the insert DNA sequence. The gene was found by open reading frame analysis and confirmed by the alignment of the deduced protein sequence with other published 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase sequences. Several highly conserved regions were found for the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase sequences. The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene was subcloned and over-expressed in a plasmid–E. coli system (pQE30). The cell lysate of this clone has a very high 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. Most of the recombinant protein in this system was formed as insoluble inclusion bodies, but soluble in high concentration of urea-buffer. Ni-NTA resin was used to purify the recombinant protein which showed 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. The recombinant protein has a predicted molecular size correlating with that revealed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The C. elegans 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was in a cluster with yeast' 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the phylogenetic tree. Bacterial 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and higher organisms' 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were found in different clusters.
From CH4 reforming with CO2 to pyrolysis over a platinum catalyst

At temperatures up to 1100°C, CH4 and CO2 react over a Pt wire to give mainly the reforming product CO, even at a CH4/CO2 ratio of 4.3. But if coke is present on the wire, the dominant reaction becomes the pyrolysis of CH4 to form mainly C2H2 and C6H6. Thus, surface carbon poisons the reforming reaction and is autocatalytic for CH4 pyrolysis. Higher temperatures and larger CH4/O2 ratios favor the formation of coke and the pyrolysis reaction. Molecular oxygen and, to a lesser extent, water have the opposite effect.
Automatic delineation of the optic nerves and chiasm on CT images

Delineating critical structures for radiotherapy of the brain is required for advanced radiotherapy technologies to determine if the dose from the proposed treatment will impair the functionality of the structures. Employing an automatic segmentation computer module in the radiation oncology treatment planning process has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and, ultimately, clinical outcome of patients undergoing radiation therapy. In earlier work, we have shown that atlas-based segmentation of large structures such as the brainstem or the cerebellum was an achievable objective. We have also shown that smaller structures such as the optic nerves or optic chiasm were more difficult to segment automatically. In this work, we present an extension to this approach in which atlas-based segmentation is followed by a series of additional steps. We show that this new approach substantially improves our previous results. We also show that we can segment CT images alone when we previously relied on a combination of MR and CT images.
EFFECT OF BONING, ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND MEDICATED DIET ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF LAMB CUTS

Seventy-three lambs were divided into four treatment groups and fed for 3 months either (1) control diet, (2) control plus 25 ppm of a tertiary amine (N,N-dimethyldodecanamine), (3) control plus 50 ppm of the amine, or (4) control plus 25 ppm chlortetracycline (CTC). The lambs were slaughtered at the end of the feeding trial. Half of the 146 sides were electrically stimulated (ES). Subsequently, half of the ES and half the nonstimulated sides were hot-boned and the other halves were cold-boned at 6 days postmortem. At 6 days postmortem, all racks were vacuum packaged and held at 3°C until 35 days postmortem. Cold- and hot-boned carcasses were processed into lamb chops and packaged in oxygen-permeable wrap and kept under retail market conditions (5°C and 12 hr of lighting/day). Surface swabs were taken from lamb chops initially and after 3 days of retail storage and from lamb racks at 35 days postmortem. The following statistically significant (P < 0.05) results were obtained. Standard plate counts (SPCs) and psychrotrophic plate counts (PPCs) were consistently higher for hot-boned lamb chops initially and after 3 days of storage compared with the cold-boned lamb chops initially and after 3 days of storage. The situation was reversed for the lamb racks after 35 days of storage: hot-boned racks had lower counts than the cold-boned racks. PPCs from lamb chops from lambs fed CTC-supplemented diets were lower than PPCs from lamb chops from lambs fed unsupplemented (control) diets after 3 days of storage. Electrical stimulation exerted no significant effect on surface bacterial numbers.
A phylogenetic comparative study of preadaptation for invasiveness in the genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae)

The role of preadaptation in ecology and evolution is determined by how the traits evolved by a species in one environment allow it to be successful in novel environments. This concept bears directly on modern biological invasions, as species are introduced to new locations beyond their historical borders. In this study, we used a phylogenetically-controlled analysis of the flowering plant genus Silene (Caryophyllaceae) to show that native geographic range size, along with a suite of life history traits affecting plant growth and reproduction, have preadapted some species for the invasion of new ranges. Using a path analytic approach, we further show that some of the covariance between life history traits and invasiveness is indirect, caused by mutual associations with native range size. Specifically, we found that reproductive traits such as the number of flowers per inflorescence and length of the flowering season directly preadapt species for invasion, while plant height is indirectly associated with invasion through a correlation with native range size. Other traits such as ovule number and leaf size are both directly and indirectly associated with invasion success. Our results reveal the importance of accounting for correlations among plant traits and geographic range size when predicting preadaptation for invasiveness. We also highlight that the traits predictive of invasion success among species of Silene are often those found to be rapidly evolving within introduced populations, suggesting common forces of selection operating at these different biological scales of organization during invasion.
ON THE RIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS PREPARATIONS.

Abstract A very sensitive method for the detection of ribonuclease activity in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) preparations is described. All TMV preparations that have been examined exhibit ribonuclease activity, the level of which depends on the method used for purifying the virus. Protein isolated from the virus also shows this activity. The ribonuclease has a pH optimum in the range 8.5–9.0, and its activity is not dependent on the presence of either magnesium or pyrophosphate. Attempts to remove the enzyme from TMV by additional steps of purification were partly successful. A nucleoprotein pellet prepared from healthy tobacco leaves by a procedure similar to that used for the preparation of TMV from infected leaves exhibits ribonuclease activity that has the same pH optimum as that of TMV preparations. It is concluded that the ribonuclease in TMV is not an integral part of the virus, but is probably due to the presence of host-plant particles, such as ribosomes, which are not completely removed during the isolation of the virus.
Gold Removal from Germanium Nanowires

We report the selective removal of gold from the tips of germanium nanowires (GeNWs) grown by chemical vapor deposition on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Selective removal was accomplished by aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions containing either potassium triiodide or iodine. Measurement of the residual number of gold atoms on the GeNW samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry shows that 99% of the gold was removed. Photoemission spectroscopy shows that the germanium surfaces of these samples were not further oxidized after treatment with these liquid etchants. Auger electron spectroscopy shows that AuNPs that did not yield GeNWs contain germanium and also that the addition of gaseous HCl to GeH(4) during GeNW growth increased the selectivity of germanium deposition to the AuNPs.
Evaluation of comorbidity scores to predict all-cause mortality in patients with established coronary artery disease

Abstract Background To assess the value of scores based on the presence of comorbid conditions for mortality risk-stratification in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) Methods We prospectively followed 305 males with CAD undergoing coronary angiography for 58 months. We correlated the modified Charlson Index (MCI) and the recently proposed CAD-specific index (CSI) with the risk of all-cause mortality. Results The odds ratio (OR) for death increased by 31% per point increase in the MCI (95% CI=17–46%; p p χ 2 value for each term, with the MCI having the highest value. The adjusted OR per point increase in the MCI was 1.32 (95% CI=1.17–1.48; p p χ 2 value (45.1 vs. 39.1) and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (0.742 vs. 0.727) than the model including the CSI. Conclusion The MCI and the newly proposed CSI are powerful tools to predict all-cause mortality in patients with established CAD. Although the CSI was not superior to the MCI, its simplicity might make it useful in populations with a low prevalence of comorbidities not included in this score.
Laser‐induced chemical kinetics: Absolute rate constants for the reactions Ċ2F2 + Br2 → C2F5Br + Ḃr and n‐Ċ3F7 + Br2 → n‐C3F7Br + Ḃr

Abstract Absolute rate constants at room temperature for the metathesis reaction C~FS + Br2 C2FSBr + Br and nd3F7 + Br2 CzFTBr + Br have been measured under VLPP conditions: k 1 = (2.0 f 0.5) X l@M-'.s-', k2 = (3.0 f 0.7) 108M-'-s-'. The radicals were generated through collisionless infrared-multiphoton decomposition of the corresponding iodides by irradiation from a high-power C02-TEA laser. The reaction of k2F~ and &F7 with NO2 are briefly discussed in relation to the reaction of ks with NO2, which had been measured previ- ously. Introduction Rate constants for metathetical reactions of radicals with small molecules have been studied quite extensively over the past few years, often by measurement relative to the recombination reaction of the radical, which has been assumed to recombine in a temperature-independent reaction [ 11. These studies have resulted in relative Arrhenius parameters mainly for slow hydrogen-transfer reactions. For many fast metathetical reactions (e.g.,
Bulk processing of materials with radiation

The potential for using highly penetrating radiation for processing bulk material is examined. It is found that gamma radiation, which is highly penetrating and nonactivating, is an acceptable radiation source but that only very low numbers of atomic interactions are possible even with intense sources. This limits the usefulness to certain classes of processing. The most promising of these are ones where undersized solute atoms are preferentially displaced and concentrate at interfacial sinks. The possibility for radiation-assisted nucleation is also examined, as are source type, strength, and handling limitations.
Mechanical Properties of the Hindlimb Bones of Bullfrogs and Cane Toads in Bending and Torsion

When compared with most vertebrates, frogs use a novel style of jumping locomotion powered by the hindlimbs. Hindlimb bones of frogs must withstand the potentially erratic loads associated with such saltatory locomotion. To evaluate the load bearing capacity of anuran limb bones, we used three-point bending, torsion, and hardness tests to measure the mechanical properties of the femur and tibiofibula from adults of two species that use different jumping styles: explosively jumping bullfrogs (Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana) and cyclically hopping cane toads (Bufo (Chaunus) marinus). Yield stress and strain values for R. catesbeiana and B. marinus hindlimb bones are within the range of values previously reported for other vertebrates. However, anuran hindlimb bones generally stand out as having higher yield stresses in bending than those of closely related, nonsaltatory salamanders, highlighting the importance of considering phylogenetic context in comparisons of bone functional capacity and adaptation. Stiffness values for both frog species tested were also high, which may facilitate efficient transmission of muscular forces while jumping. Elevated stiffness may also contribute to some discrepancies between determinations of bone properties via hardness versus bending tests. In comparisons between species, B. marinus bones showed significantly higher bending yield stresses than R. catesbeiana, whereas R. catesbeiana bones showed significantly higher torsional yield stresses than B. marinus. These differences may correlate with differences in jumping style and limb anatomy between ranid and bufonid frogs, suggesting that evolutionary changes in bone mechanical properties may help to accommodate new functional demands that emerge in lineages.
Partial content distribution on high performance networks

We present and analyze techniques to efficiently solve the partial content distribution problem-distributing a logical data set to receivers which individually desire only subsets of the total data. This is a more general and fundamentally different problem than traditional whole-file content distribution; providing new challenges and new optimization opportunities. It supports a wider variety of use models, e.g., striped file transfer, scatter/gather, or distributed editing.This work develops new metadata management and transfer scheduling techniques providing good results on high performance networks. Distributed applicationsin such systems tend to have data requirements more complicated than just total overlap at every node: transfers desired differ dramatically from whole-file content distribution. Traditional approaches perform poorly in such cases. We provide empirical data exhibiting these limitations, evaluate a new BitTorrent-based implementation of our ideas, and show order of magnitude improvements in bandwidth and latency.
Treatment success for age-related vocal fold atrophy.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To characterize perceived voice handicap of patients diagnosed with vocal fold atrophy and review treatment success. Study Design: Retrospective study. Methods: Two hundred seventy-five patients diagnosed with vocal fold atrophy (January 2007–January 2009) were reviewed from a preexisting clinical database. Outcome measures included pre/post-treatment Voice Handicap Index-10 and data from a voice therapy discharge survey. Results: Five groups emerged from the data set. Group A: patients who had no follow-up (69%). After removing group A from the data set, the following groups emerged: group B: patients who had no treatment but some follow-up (31%); group C: patients who had voice therapy only (44%); group D: patients who had surgery only (15%); and group E: patients who had voice therapy first and subsequent surgery (9%). The perceived voice handicap severity was worse for groups C and D compared to groups A, B, and E. Treatment success outcomes showed that groups C (36%), D (56%), and E (17%) only improved marginally. However, 81% of patients diagnosed with atrophy believed that voice therapy helped them but only by 48%. Conclusions: Treatment success for age-related vocal fold atrophy is poor to moderately poor for this cohort of patients. Laryngoscope, 2011
Genetic marker technology

Advances in our understanding of polymorphisms found in eukaryotic genomes and improved methods for studying genetic markers should facilitate genetic linkage mapping and other applications. Progress within the past year includes characterization of the types, frequencies, and properties of tandemly repeated sequences, methods for obtaining the DNA sequence flanking genetic markers for use in the polymerase chain reaction, and new detection systems featuring automation and multiplexing.
Fabricating a Mandibular Implant Supported Overdenture with a Suspended Framework

The introduction of implant-supported overdentures as a clinical alternative has improved the quality of life of the edentulous population. Implant-supported overdentures have diminished many of the problems associated with conventional dentures by providing improved retention, stability, function, esthetics and physical and emotional health. Greater support and stability of the implant borne prosthesis is associated with improved bite force and oral function for overdentures when compared to conventional complete dentures. An adequate amount of restorative space is required when fabricating implant-supported overdentures. This space must accommodate a denture base of sufficient dimensions, appropriately positioned denture teeth, and an implant attachment system. Insufficient space may lead to reduced structural integrity of the prosthesis and/or compromised oral function. Typically a mandibular removable prosthesis is more vulnerable to fracture due to its shape and overall dimensions. Incorporation of a metal framework, metal reinforcing mesh, or woven or fiberglass-impregnated mesh have been recommended to improve resistance to denture fracture during function. This article presents a method for fabricating a framework that is specifically and predictably suspended within the denture base in order to decrease fracture susceptibility of implant-supported overdentures.
Computer experiments in the global circulation of the earth's atmosphere

The motions of the atmosphere are governed by physical laws which are expressed in the form of the equations of hydrodynamics and thermodynamics. These equations are, in principle, well known, but some of the physical processes in the atmosphere, such as small-scale turbulence and convection, cloud formation, and precipitation mechanisms, are still difficult to express quantitatively.
Effect of an Elevated Pipeline on Moss Covered Ground Temperature

The effect of an elevated pipeline on moss-covered ground temperature can be estimated by the equations derived. A numerical example shows that an increase in the moss thickness decreases ground surface temperature but it has little effect on the moss surface temperature. Raising the pipe reduces the temperature increases caused by the pipeline; because of the insulating property of the moss cover, this tactic affects moss surface temperature strongly, but has little effect on the ground temperature. Ground surface temperature increase vs. pipe surface temperature curves are fourth-order in pipe surface temperature, but they appear to be nearly linear because of the relatively small absolute temperature differences involved. Pipe surface temperature is controlled by pipe insulation. The effects of wind velocities, fluctuations in wind speed, and values for either ground conductivity or pipe emissivity are also discussed briefly. The results of this work permit estimation of environmental increases that would occur as a result of a proposed elevated and heated pipeline in a tundra region.
Apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells is a critical mechanism of preservation injury in rat liver transplantation

In livers excised for transplantation, sinusoidal endothelium appears especially vulnerable to injury during organ preservation in the cold and subsequent reperfusion. The degree of endothelial cell injury correlates with functional impairment of the graft following transplantation. The mechanism of injury remains obscure, but endothelial cell damage has been described as coagulative necrosis secondary to irreversible physico-chemical damage. We investigated whether endothelial cell death is caused by apoptosis rather than by necrosis. Tissue from rat livers stored for varying periods in cold (1 degree C) Euro-Collins solution and then reperfused for 1 hour at 37 degrees C were studied for evidence of apoptosis by detection of DNA fragmentation using the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase d-uridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, DNA gel electrophoresis, and by transmission electron microscopy (EM). DNA fragmentation of the type characteristic of apoptosis was identified in 49.7% +/- 2.2% of sinusoidal lining cells after 8 hours of ischemia + reperfusion (viable graft) vs. 70.7% +/- 4.3% after 16 hours + reperfusion (nonviable graft) (P < .001). No such fragmentation was observed after cold preservation without reperfusion or in unpreserved, reperfused livers. EM demonstrated changes characteristic of apoptosis exclusively in endothelial cells. The study suggests that the apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells is a pivotal mechanism of preservation injury in liver transplantation.
Autonomous radiation monitoring of small vessels

Small private vessels are one avenue by which nuclear materials may be smuggled across international borders. While one can contemplate using the terrestrial approach of radiation portal monitors on the navigable waterways that lead to many ports, these systems are ill-suited to the problem. They require vehicles to pass at slow speeds between two closely-spaced radiation sensors, relying on the uniformity of vehicle sizes to space the detectors, and on proximity to link an individual vehicle to its radiation signature. In contrast to roadways where lanes segregate vehicles, and motion is well controlled by inspection booths; channels, inlets, and rivers present chaotic traffic patterns populated by vessels of all sizes. We have developed a unique solution to this problem based on our portal-less portal monitor instrument that is designed to handle free-flowing traffic on roadways with up to five-traffic lanes. The instrument uses a combination of visible-light and gamma-ray imaging to acquire and link radiation images to individual vehicles. It was recently tested in a maritime setting. In this paper we present the instrument, how it functions, and the results of the recent tests.
The Convexity of a Generalized Matrix Range

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to generalized the Toeplitz-Hausdorff theorem on the convexity of the classical numerical range to the matrix range.
Longitudinal variation of ionospheric vertical drifts during the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming

[1] The Whole Atmospheric Model (WAM) initialized with a data assimilation scheme is capable of simulating real sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. The electrodynamics in the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere and Plasmasphere with Electrodynamics model (CTIPe) was driven by the WAM thermospheric winds in January 2009 to study the response of ionospheric drifts during the SSW. Simulation results are compared with observations of the vertical drift at Jicamarca and the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) in the Asian sectors. Early morning upward drift and afternoon downward drift are reproduced in all longitudes in the simulations, and are consistent with the available observations. Results also show that the occurrence time of the early morning upward drift and afternoon downward drift have significant phase differences between different longitudes. Simulations suggest that during the SSW the longitude dependence of the amplitude and phase of the equatorial vertical plasma drift is caused by the changing magnitudes of the migrating tides modulated by the geometry of the geomagnetic field. Some additional day-to-day variability and modulation of the phase structures at different longitudes in ionospheric vertical drifts during the SSW are possibly produced by the short-term changes in the non-migrating tides and by planetary waves.
The convergence of Euler products

Abstract An interpretation of the Euler product is made in the theory of certain Hilbert spaces whose elements are entire functions. The main results are stated for those Dirichlet zeta-functions which are associated with nonprincipal characters. But they apply also in modified form to the classical zeta-function, which is associated with a principal character.
A significant strain difference in "biochemical aging" of rats.

Abstract We have measured the time course of induction of glucokinase in response to glucose refeeding following a fast. Old Charles River males (Sprague-Dawley) show a significantly greater lag before initiation of enzyme induction than do Wistar males of the same age. Female Wistar rats show no age dependent decrement in responsiveness between 4 and 14 months of age.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy investigations of QCA molecules

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), a computation paradigm based on the Coulomb interactions between neighboring cells. The key idea is to represent binary information, not by the state of a current switch (transistor), but rather by the configuration of charge in a bistable cell. In its molecular realization, the QCA cell can be a single molecule. QCA is ideally suited for molecular implementation since it exploits the molecule's ability to contain charge, and does not rely on any current flow between the molecules. We have examined using an UHV-STM some of the QCA molecules like silicon phthalocyanines and Fe-Ru complexes on Au (111) and Si (111) surfaces, which are suitable candidates for the molecular QCA approach.
Effects of ageing errors on estimates of growth, mortality and yield per recruit for walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

Abstract The effects of ageing errors on estimates of growth, mortality and yield per recruit for walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) were investigated by using Monte Carlo simulation. At current levels of normally distributed ageing errors (between and within reader), the bias in the von Bertalanffy growth parameters, L∞ and K, and survival rate, S, were usually F ∗ ) was increased significantly. Although the biases in L∞ and survival rate were K, F ∗ and age at first capture ( t c ∗ ) were substantially different. Systematic under-ageing error, associated with scale methods, resulted in a substantial bias in most parameters and overfishing would result if the estimated F ∗ and t c ∗ were used in fishery management.
Negative plasma potential in a chamber with a dielectric coated plasma boundary

Summary form only given. Negative plasma potentials with respect to a grounded wall that was coated with a dielectric have been achieved in an electropositive plasma confined by a multidipole device. A Langmuir probe was used to measure the density and temperature of the electrons and an emissive probe was used to measure the plasma potential profile near the plasma boundary. For many discharge parameters, the potential profile was that of a typical electropositive sheath, but it was shifted negative due to negative charge accumulated on the plasma-surface boundary. A virtual cathode was observed near the boundary when the neutral pressure, primary electron energy, and/or discharge current were low (for example, 2×10−4 Torr, 60 eV, and 80 mA, respectively). The behavior of the sheath potential was shown to be consistent with that predicted by electron creation and loss balance and a qualitative mechanism for wall charging is presented.
The Reg1-interacting Proteins, Bmh1, Bmh2, Ssb1, and Ssb2, Have Roles in Maintaining Glucose Repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a type 1 protein phosphatase complex composed of the Glc7 catalytic subunit and the Reg1 regulatory subunit represses expression of many glucose-regulated genes. Here we show that the Reg1-interacting proteins Bmh1, Bmh2, Ssb1, and Ssb2 have roles in glucose repression. Deleting both BMH genes causes partially constitutive ADH2 expression without significantly increasing the level of Adr1 protein, the major activator of ADH2 expression. Adr1 and Bcy1, the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, are both required for this effect indicating that constitutive expression in Δbmh1Δbmh2 cells uses the same activation pathway that operates in Δreg1 cells. Deletion of both BMH genes and REG1 causes a synergistic relief from repression, suggesting that Bmh proteins also act independently of Reg1 during glucose repression. A two-hybrid interaction with the Bmh proteins was mapped to amino acids 187-232, a region of Reg1 that is conserved in different classes of fungi. Deleting this region partially releases SUC2 from glucose repression. This indicates a role for the Reg1-Bmh interaction in glucose repression and also suggests a broad role for Bmh proteins in this process. An in vivo Reg1-Bmh interaction was confirmed by copurification of Bmh proteins with HA3-TAP-tagged Reg1. The nonconventional heat shock proteins Ssb1 and Ssb2 are also copurified with HA3-TAP-tagged Reg1. Deletion of both SSB genes modestly decreases repression of ADH2 expression in the presence of glucose, suggesting that Ssb proteins, perhaps through their interaction with Reg1, play a minor role in glucose repression.
Nonlinear quantum mechanics: Results and open questions

About 15 years ago, we (Heinz-Dietrich Doebner and I) proposed a special type of nonlinear modification of the usual Schrodinger time-evolution equation in quantum mechanics. Our equation was motivated by certain unitary representations of the group of diffeomorphisms of physical space, in the framework of either nonrelativistic local current algebra or quantum Borel kinematics. Subsequently, we developed this and related approaches to nonlinearity in quantum mechanics considerably further, to incorporate theories of measurement, groups of nonlinear gauge transformations, symmetry and invariance properties, unification of a large family of nonlinear perturbations, and possible physical contexts for quantum nonlinearity. Some of our results and highlights of some open questions are summarized.
Adult children of alcoholics: An exploration of Axis II disorders and replicated dysfunctional family patterns

This study examined Axis II personality disorders and replicated dysfunctional family patterns in adult children of alcoholics (ACAs). Parental and spousal confirming and disconfirming communication patterns, and replicated physical, sexual, and emotional abuses were explored. Sixty ACAs were assessed using structured clinical interviews and self-report measures. Sixty-five percent met DSM-IIIR criteria for one or more Axis II disorders. Failure to feel confirmed (valued) by one's alcoholic parent was significantly associated with ACA Axis II disorders and alcohol abuse. Significant relationships between physical and sexual abuses and Axis II pathology were found. Replication of childhood abuse and dysfunctional communication was also noted.
The color cut quantization algorithm

Color quantization is the process of reducing the number of colors used in an image while maintaining the appearance of the original as much as possible. We introduce a new adaptive heuristic color quantization algorithm that can be used in solving this problem. The color cut algorithm iteratively sub divides the RGB color space into clusters containing an equal number of unique image colors from which a representative set is selected for recoloring the image. The new color cut algorithm produces better analytical and visual results compared to some of the more popular heuristic algorithms.
Infrared Study of Some Oxalamidines

Infrared spectra of various aromatic-substituted oxalamidines have been obtained. The behavior of the vibrational bands originating in the amidine groupings as a function of solution concentration is interpreted as indicating the presence of persistent intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Condom use behaviors in HIV‐infected African American crack cocaine users

The purpose of this study was to investigate sexual risk behaviors and factors associated with consistent condom use of HIV+ African Americans receiving HAART who smoke crack. Participants were African Americans in Houston, Texas and over 18, being treated for HIV, and reported currently using crack. Measures included demographic variables, sexual behaviors, drug use, and nine psychosocial scales and seven escape scales. One hundred thirty seven participated in the study. Condom use was low across all partner types. Regression analyses revealed two demographic variables, and two psychosocial and one escape scale were significantly associated with intention to use condoms. One of the more alarming findings of this study concerns the large number of individuals who know they are HIV positive yet continue to have unprotected sex. The inconsistent condom use by these HIV+ individuals threatens the progress that has been made to stem the epidemic.
Aspects of embryonic and larval development in bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.

As bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp H. molitrix (the bigheaded carps) are poised to enter the Laurentian Great Lakes and potentially damage the region’s economically important fishery, information on developmental rates and behaviors of carps is critical to assessing their ability to establish sustainable populations within the Great Lakes basin. In laboratory experiments, the embryonic and larval developmental rates, size, and behaviors of bigheaded carp were tracked at two temperature treatments, one “cold” and one “warm”. Developmental rates were computed using previously described stages of development and the cumulative thermal unit method. Both species have similar thermal requirements, with a minimum developmental temperature for embryonic stages of 12.1° C for silver carp and 12.9° C for bighead carp, and 13.3° C for silver carp larval stages and 13.4° C for bighead carp larval stages. Egg size differed among species and temperature treatments, as egg size was larger in bighead carp, and “warm" temperature treatments. The larvae started robust upwards vertical swimming immediately after hatching, interspersed with intervals of sinking. Vertical swimming tubes were used to measure water column distribution, and ascent and descent rates of vertically swimming fish. Water column distribution and ascent and descent rates changed with ontogeny. Water column distribution also showed some diel periodicity. Developmental rates, size, and behaviors contribute to the drift distance needed to fulfill the early life history requirements of bigheaded carps and can be used in conjunction with transport information to assess invasibility of a river.
Hole-quasiparticle band narrowing in the two-dimensional t-J model

Discussion des resultats exacts pour la largeur de bande W des quasiparticules d'un trou induit par dopant dans des amas bidimensionnels jusqu'a 16 sites cristallographiques carres. Les resultats obtenus sont interpretes comme un effet d'auto-localisation des porteurs de charge polaroniques pour lesquels une simple theorie d'echelle est developpee
Coagulation studies in Neisseria Meningitidis group a meningitis in Egypt

Abstract Serotype A. N. meningitidis is the common meningeal infection encountered in Egypt. Clinically it is milder than the group C infection seen in the United States and severe hemorrhagic symptoms have not been described. Blood samples from 180 patients with positive cultures for this organism were examined using prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, platelet count and fibrinogen levels, thrombin times, euglobulin lysis times, peripheral blood smears and three tests for abnormal fibrin monomer complexes or degradation products. Abnormalities in one or more of these last three tests were found in 153 (85%) of the patients on admission but in none of the 63 healthy Egyptian controls. These findings suggested that a low grade disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was occurring. Mild evidence for consumption of coagulation factors was observed in many of the patients, but severe consumption coagulopathy was not found.
Relationship between product groups' price perceptions, shopper's basket size, and grocery store's overall store price image

This research investigates how consumers form an overall store price image (OSPI) of grocery stores. Whereas prior research on this topic has explored the influence of the number of products offered at lower prices and of the magnitude of such price reduction, this study addresses the following two questions: How do the (lower) prices offered on different types of products influence OSPI? Does such influence vary across consumers, and, if so, how? A general framework of product-price saliency on consumers' OSPI is developed and tested. Specifically, based on two product-related factors—consumption span (length of time required to finish the consumption of a standard unit of the product) and unit price, grocery-store products are classified into four exhaustive and mutually exclusive product groups, and the relationship between OSPI and group-level price perceptions across the four product groups is examined. The framework also examines to what extent this relationship is moderated by consumers' shopping-basket size. Consistent with the proposed framework, this research finds strong empirical evidence of a systematic but differential relationship between OSPI and product group-level price perceptions and also a systematic interaction effect with consumers' basket size. The findings help to identify focal product categories across distinct consumer segments and thus hold important strategic implications for category management and target marketing that are likely to increase the overall effectiveness of retail promotional strategies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The influence of framing on transfer: initial evidence from a tutoring experiment

This paper investigates the idea that the framing of learning and transfer contexts can influence students’ propensity to transfer what they have learned. We predicted that transfer would be promoted by framing contexts in an expansive manner in which students are positioned as having the opportunity to contribute to larger conversations that extend across time, places, people, and topics. A one-on-one tutoring experiment was conducted to test this hypothesis by manipulating framing as either expansive or its opposite (bounded) within a complex instructional learning ecology. We investigated the degree to which high school biology students transferred knowledge from a learning session about the cardiovascular system to a transfer-of-learning session about the respiratory system depending on framing condition. Consistent with the framing hypothesis, students in the expansive condition were generally more likely to transfer facts, a conceptual principle, and a learning strategy from one system to another.
Histogenesis of the cuticle of the adult flies, Sarcophaga bullata and S. argyrostoma†

Sequential patterns of cuticle deposition and “melanization” in the imaginal cuticle of Sarcophaga argyrostoma in parts of the body darkening before or after emergence are examined on a histological basis. The patterns in the cuticles examined range from a simple absence of “melanization” to a complex of histological changes involving “melanization” and deposition. Ultrastructural changes in the post-emergent cuticle of Sarcophaga bullata during the hardening and darkening process and cuticle deposition are described.
Resolution of controversy concerning the morphology of polyacetylene

A free standing film of polyacetylene, first obtained by Ito et al.1, has been shown by electron micrograph (EM) to consist of fibrils with average diameter of 20 nm. The results were confirmed by us2 and many other laboratories. To eliminate any morphological changes resulting from post polymerization handling of the specimen, we have developed the technique of direct polymerization onto EM grids2,3. The 20–100 nm thick polyacetylene films thus obtained were found to have 3-nm diameter microfibrils as the ultimate morphological entity which aggregate to form the more abundant 20-nm fibrils. Electron diffraction showed the polymer chain axis to be along the fibre axis3–5. In marked contrast Wegner and co-workers6–11 reported that polyacetylene particles contain irregularly shaped lamellae ∼5–20 nm in thickness connected into ribbon-like aggregates with polymer chain axis perpendicular to the aggregate direction6,7, and proposed an irregular chain folded lamellar morphology, highly cross-linked with the average length of linear chain segments of ∼20 units. We have resolved this controversial observation by reproducing the work of Wegner et al. and show here that such specimens were readily transformed to smooth fibrillar morphology by washing with methanolic-HCl.
Effects of buffered media upon growth and alkaloid production of Catharanthus roseus hairy roots

The influence of buffered media upon the growth and alkaloid productivity of Catharanthus roseus hairy root culture was examined. As expected, the buffers minimized shifts in the pH of the media and had slightly negative effects upon growth. The growth of the hairy roots remained optimal in unbuffered media. The specific yield of lochnericine was significantly lower in response to the addition of buffers, while tabersonine was significantly higher. In contrast, the specific yields of ajmalicine, serpentine, and horhammericine remained unchanged.
Spatially Resolved Measurements of Fully Ionized Low- Z Impurities in the PDX Tokamak

Radial distributions of fully ionized oxygen and carbon in the PDX tokamak plasma are reported. These ions were detected via radiation emitted in charge-exchange recombination reactions between the impurities and hydrogen atoms from a non-perturbing neutron beam. The C/sup 6 +/ and O/sup 8 +/ ions are observed out to radii beyond the limiter, which is in contrast to expectations based on coronal equilibrium but consistent with a simple diffusive transport model. Central values of Z/sub eff/ obtained with these measurements agree with values obtained from plasma resistivity and visible bremsstrahlung measurements.
Pulsed laser irridation of isothermally heated titania films

Stoichiometric titanium dioxide films comprised of either amorphous or anatase phases have been deposited onto cleaned silica substrates by means of a low pH sol-gel processing method. Coated optics were then exposed to pulsed 1064 nm light from a Nd:YAG laser. Irradiations were performed on samples heated in an oven held at temperatures between 300 and 450 K. A marked decrease in the threshold for catastrophic damage was observed at increased film temperature for both Q-switched and non-Q-switched pulses which is likely due to a thermally induced increase in film residual stress. However, continued irradiation of damaged regions with non-Q-switched pulses at slightly higher temperatures was found to heal the damaged regions. Subsequent irradiation at somewhat higher temperatures generated additional damage sites which could not be healed upon additional irradiation at still higher temperatures. Films were characterized by means of optical transmission measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and optical microscopy. Results demonstrate the influence of ambient film temperature on irradiation damage phenomena.
Origin and significance of calcium carbonate in soils of southwestern Patagonia

Abstract A soil chronosequence spanning the last 0.76–1.0 Ma shows a progressive increase in calcium carbonates based on (1) thickness of the Bk + BCk horizons, (2) maximum carbonate stage, (3) profile accumulation of pedogenic carbonates, and (4) mass flux of Ca from a geochemical mass balance. We favor a dust origin of the carbonates because (1) the till parent materials contain low amounts of CaCO3, (2) there is minimal evidence for weathering of Ca-bearing minerals in the soil, (3) the amount of CaCO3 in the profile is far in excess of what could be released by weathering, (4) dust collected from the study area is enriched in CaCO3, and (5) a source area for the carbonates was identified. Although there likely were changes in dust deposition rates during the Quaternary, our calculations suggest that the current deposition rate of 0.18 g CaCO3 m− 2 yr− 1 is comparable to the long-term profile accumulation rate of 0.16 g CaCO3 m− 2 yr− 1. 230Th/U disequilibrium ages of carbonate pendants are consistent with cosmogenic surface-exposure ages indicating that this method has potential for dating other geomorphic surfaces in Patagonia. Cryogenic processes have affected many of the pedons, particularly during the last glacial maximum.
Current developments in small wind energy conversion systems

Abstract A survey and review of the current state-of-the-art research and development is presented for Small Wind Energy Conversion Systems (SWECS). Current technical and economic status of SWECS is given including some advantages and disadvantages of various technical approaches to wind energy conversion. Programs are described which are managed by Rockwell International, for the U.S. Department of Energy, to advance the commercialization of SWECS. References provided should allow the reader to pursue details of many aspects of design, testing and utilization of SWECS.