cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ca2+ on the respiratory activity of chondrocyte mitochondria

Abstract The first step in the process of biological mineralization is considered to be the intramitochondrial accumulation of Ca 2+ ions. To investigate this concept, mitochondria were isolated from cells of the calcifying epiphyseal plate and their Ca 2+ content was determined. In the presence of the inhibitor, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), the Ca 2+ content ranged from 80 nmol/mg of protein in the proliferating-hypertrophic zone to over 300 nmol in calcifying cartilage and the zone of provisional mineralization. The existence of a Ca 2+ gradient suggests that with progressive mineralization there is an accompanying increase in intramitochondrial Ca 2+ levels. In all epiphyseal zones, mitochondrial Ca 2+ efflux occurred in the presence of uncoupling agents. The rapidity and extent of efflux suggested that mitochondrial Ca 2+ was in ionic form or was complexed to a low molecular weight anion. Finally, the respiratory activities of epiphyseal plate mitochondria were examined. The study showed that despite their Ca 2+ load, mitochondria from zones of early and late calcification exhibited normal respiratory characteristics. However, the addition of Ca 2+ did not elicit a respiratory jump. The refractivity of chondrocyte mitochondria to Ca 2+ -stimulated respiration indicated that these organelles have a unique ability to store Ca 2+ without incurring damage to their respiratory chain.
Solar 3He-rich events and energy spectra of particles accelerated in two stages

[1] Energy spectra of solar 3He-rich events are theoretically and parametrically investigated according to the two-stage acceleration model, which was proposed by Zhang [1995, 1999], and self-consistently explained various aspects of acceleration and enhancement including electrons, 3He, and heavy ions. First, an expression for the energy spectra of energetic particles is derived from the two-stage acceleration model. Then, it is shown that all species of particles approximately have power law form spectra. The spectral index (denoted by γ) is determined by the exponent of power spectrum of magnetic fluctuations (ν). Given a spectral index that is consistent with observations, differential fluxes (or intensities) are plotted versus energies for electrons, 3He, and some typical heavy ions: carbon (C), oxygen (O), silicon (Si), and iron (Fe). The results obtained from this model very closely approximate measurements shown by Reames et al. [1985] and Mason et al. [1994]. Furthermore, the magnetic fluctuations and particle heating can significantly affect the differential fluxes of solar energetic particles and may cause the energy spectra to be complicated and different from event to event.
Water balance in the semiaquatic beetle, Peltodytes muticus

1. 1. The rates for water uptake and loss for Peltodytes muticus in both an aquatic and a terrestrial environment were monitored by tracing tritium labelled water. 2. 2. Uptake rate of water for animals in an aquatic environment was 0.28 to 0.35 mg/hr and beetles turned over 9–11% body water/hr. Rate constants for water loss were proportional to the water activity and temperature of the external aquatic media. Water loss rates in a terrestrial environment over a range of 0.0–0.95 av were independent of ambient water vapor activity. 3. 3. At comparable conditions, rate constants for water loss were the same for both aquatic and terrestrial conditions. 4. 4. Critical lower water limits were as low as 11% of equilibrium body water content and the beetles were able to sorb water actively from unsaturated ambient air.
Making induced abortion safe and legal, worldwide.

When abortions worldwide are performed safely, mortality and morbidity among women of reproductive age will be markedly reduced, and their right to decide if and when to have children finally respe...
Die absolute Konfiguration des Sesquiterpenoids Petasin

The absolute configuration of the angular methyl group of petasin (Ia) was established by the coincidence of the rotatory dispersion curve of des-isopropylidenepetasol (III) with the curves of structurally related octalones and steroids. Petasin is a new member of the eremophilone series of sesquiterpenes and its absolute configuration was found to correspond to that of eremophilone (VII) and its relatives VIII, IX.
Will the real grandmother please stand up? The psychological reality of dual meaning representations

Two types of meaning representation are described, symptom and criterion, and it is argued that both have psychological status in mental representations of kinship terms. Certain symptoms, such as old age and biofocals for grandmothers, are likely indicators of grandmotherhood, but they do not reliably pick out all positive instances, nor do they indicate negative ones. Criteria specify the necessary and sufficient conditions for grandmotherhood: having a grandchild. The psychological reality of these two representations was demonstrated by asking children and adults to select kin-term exemplars from pictures in which both age and reciprocal kin symptoms are displayed, and to justify their selections. In both tasks, there was change with age away from using typical age as the sole basis for performance; older subjects selected pictures displaying reciprocal kin, and justified their choices by referring to the criterion. More important, at each age level, there was evidence for dual representation: Even subjects who selected pictures based on the age symptom often gave criterial justifications, and subjects who selected pictures based on the reciprocal kin symptom still preferred pictures displaying age symptoms in addition to the reciprocal kin.
Squamous metaplasia in colorectal polyps.

Two cases of rectal polyps that showed foci of squamous metaplasia are reported. in one, the squamous metaplasia was observed in an area of intramucosal adenocarcinoma. This finding tends to reinforce the contention previously made by some authors that squamous metaplasia in colorectal polyps may represent the precursor of primary colorectal squamous cell carcinoma or colorectal adenocarcinoma with squamous components (adenoacanthoma or adenosquamous carcinoma).
WE‐C‐BRB‐11: Four Dimensional Analysis of VMAT Delivery

Purpose: To develop a technique for analyzing the time dependent delivery of VMAT treatment with a 4D diode array. Method and Materials: VMAT treatment plans with two full arcs for H&N patients were generated with Pinnacle SmartArc. The plan was delivered and measured with a 4D diode array (ArcCHECK). ArcCHECK records data every 50 milliseconds and saves in a movie file for post analysis. Algorithm was designed to derive gantry angle for each signal update based on the intersection of beam edges with the cylindrical ArcCHECK phantom. Angular correction factor for each diode was interpolated and applied, with intrinsic sensitivity correction factor, to the raw data to remove diode response dependence. Based on the derived gantry angles, dose between any two control points can be integrated and written into an ArcCHECK measurement file. Measured dose distribution at any instance or integrated between any two control points can be compared with the Pinnacle calculated control point dose using the MapCHECK software. Results: Five IMRT beams were used to test the accuracy of the gantry angle derivation algorithm. The maximum mean error was 0.6o. For VMAT delivery, the derived gantry angles showed a smooth 360o clockwise gantry motion starting from 180o. Seven individual control points (#1, #15, #1∼3, #1∼5, #4∼5, #5∼15 and #1∼90) were selected for dose comparison in relative dose mode. The average passing rates with 3%/3mm and 2%/2mm were 97.1% and 90.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Control point based dose comparison showed satisfactory results indicating the accurate delivery of VMAT plans. The technique will be valuable in diagnosing VMAT delivery system errors, especially those originating from MLC and gantry motion.
Pineoblastoma: an electron microscopic study.

The ultrastructure of a human pineoblastoma is described. Tumor cells formed nests, palisading rows and rosettes. Cells within nests were undifferentiated. Palisade and rosette forming cells had polarized cytoplasms and showed signs of differentiation and surface membrane specialization which included surface end-bulb-like protrusions of the cytoplasm, bulbous cilia with a 9 + 0 microtubular skeleton, and blunted microvilli. In the cytoplasm of tumor cells there were characteristic granular bodies, whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and annulate lamellae. Some of these findings appear to be unique to pineal tumor and are reminiscent of photoreceptor cells in the pineal glands of lower vertebrates and human fetal pineal glands.
BGA package design for reduced gold bond wire length and package parasitics with etch-back process

An approach to simultaneously reduce the length of bond wires and trace parasitics within substrate-based, chip-on-board (COB), ball grid array (BGA) packages is presented. Three, two-layer, 8mm × 14mm COB BGA packages were modeled and analyzed using Ansoft Turbo Package Analyzer's (TPA) 3D boundary element method (BEM) [1]. The initial package design has long interconnecting bond wires from the die to the substrate's bond fingers. This results in higher costs and parasitic effects that are detrimental to high-speed performance. To shorten the length of interconnecting bond wire per I/O, bond fingers are repositioned nearer to the die. However, this results in long plating stubs that contribute to capacitive parasitic and emits spurious EM radiation [2]. Implementing an etch-back process during substrate fabrication removes these undesirable effects. Results show that trace parasitic capacitance, inductance, and resistance can be reduced by as much as 50%, 35%, and 32%, respectively.
Non-contiguous processor allocation algorithms for distributed memory multicomputers

Current processor allocation techniques for highly parallel systems have thus far been restricted to contiguous allocation strategies for which performance suffers significantly due to the inherent problem of fragmentation. We are investigating processor allocation algorithms which lift the restriction on contiguity of processors in order to address the problem of fragmentation. Three non-contiguous processor allocation strategies: naive, random and the multiple buddy strategy (MBS) are proposed and studied in this paper. Simulations compare the performance of the non-contiguous strategies with that of several well-known contiguous algorithms. We show that non-contiguous allocation algorithms perform better overall than the contiguous ones, even when message-passing contention is considered. We also present the results of experiments on an Intel Paragon XP/S-15 with 208 nodes that show non-contiguous allocation is feasible with current technologies. >
A study on placement of post silicon clock tuning buffers for mitigating impact of process variation

Optical shrink for process migration, manufacturing process variation, temperature and voltage changes lead to clock skew as well as path delay variations in a manufactured chip. Such variations end up degrading the performance of manufactured chips. Since, such variations are hard to predict in pre-silicon phase, tunable clock buffers have been used in several designs. These buffers are tuned to improve maximum operating clock frequency of a design. Previously, we have presented an algorithmic approach that uses delay measurements on a few selected patterns to determine which buffers should be targeted for tuning. In this paper, a study on impact of tunable buffer placement on performance is reported. Greatest benefit from tunable buffer placement is observed, when the clock tree is designed by the proposed tuning system assuming random delay perturbations during design. Accordingly, we present a clock tree synthesis procedure which offer very good protection against process variation as borne out by the results.
A Developmental Investigation of the Lives of Gifted Women

Little research exists on intellectually gifted women in relation to their educational, personal, and career choices. This study explores the internal and external factors affecting educational and occupational choices made by gifted women at various times in their lives. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of intellectually gifted women representing the decades of the 1910s through the 1980s who attended a highly selective school for gifted females. Differences in personality and attitude factors were found across decades of graduation and between homemakers and career-oriented intellectually gifted women.
Energetic optimization of algal lipid production in bubble columns: Part 1: Evaluation of gas sparging

Abstract This study evaluated growth and lipid productivity of Nannochloropsis salina in bubble columns sparged with ambient air. Experiments were conducted in batch mode at gas-to-culture volume ratios of 0.08–0.28 min −1 , under constant light input. The net energy from the process, considering the energy equivalence of the lipid produced and the energy input for sparging, is proposed as the basis to optimize the sparging rate. Based on this energetic measure, the optimal gas-to-culture volume was found to be 0.18 min −1 . Under this optimal condition, the specific growth rate was 0.224 d −1 ; the gravimetric lipid content was 59.7%; and the carbon dioxide utilization efficiency was 57%. Considering the temporal profiles of biomass growth and pH, it is concluded that sparging with ambient air could limit biomass growth due to limited carbon availability, supporting the case for sparging with carbon dioxide-enriched air.
Economic analysis of the market for software vulnerability disclosure

Software vulnerability identification and their disclosure has been a critical area of concern for policy makers. Traditionally, computer emergency response team (CERT) has been acting as an infomediary between benign identifiers who report vulnerability information and users of the software. After verifying a reported vulnerability, and obtaining the remediation in the form of a patch from the software vendor, the infomediary - CERT - sends out a public "advisory" to inform software users about it. In the CERT type mechanism, reporting vulnerabilities is voluntary with no explicit monetary gains to benign identifiers. Of late, firms such as iDefense have been proposing a different market based mechanism. In this market based mechanism, the infomediary rewards identifiers for each vulnerability disclosed to it. The infomediary then shares this information with its clients who are users of this software. Using this information, clients can protect themselves against attacks that exploit those specific vulnerabilities. The key issue addressed in this paper is whether movement towards such a market based mechanism for vulnerabilities leads to a better social outcome? We study this problem by characterizing the behavior of software users benign and malign identifiers (or hackers).
An HD-domain phosphodiesterase mediates cooperative hydrolysis of c-di-AMP to affect bacterial growth and virulence.

The nucleotide cyclic di-3′,5′- adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) was recently identified as an essential and widespread second messenger in bacterial signaling. Among c-di-AMP–producing bacteria, altered nucleotide levels result in several physiological defects and attenuated virulence. Thus, a detailed molecular understanding of c-di-AMP metabolism is of both fundamental and practical interest. Currently, c-di-AMP degradation is recognized solely among DHH-DHHA1 domain-containing phosphodiesterases. Using chemical proteomics, we identified the Listeria monocytogenes protein PgpH as a molecular target of c-di-AMP. Biochemical and structural studies revealed that the PgpH His-Asp (HD) domain bound c-di-AMP with high affinity and specifically hydrolyzed this nucleotide to 5′-pApA. PgpH hydrolysis activity was inhibited by ppGpp, indicating a cross-talk between c-di-AMP signaling and the stringent response. Genetic analyses supported coordinated regulation of c-di-AMP levels in and out of the host. Intriguingly, a L. monocytogenes mutant that lacks c-di-AMP phosphodiesterases exhibited elevated c-di-AMP levels, hyperinduced a host type-I IFN response, and was significantly attenuated for infection. Furthermore, PgpH homologs, which belong to the 7TMR-HD family, are widespread among hundreds of c-di-AMP synthesizing microorganisms. Thus, PgpH represents a broadly conserved class of c-di-AMP phosphodiesterase with possibly other physiological functions in this crucial signaling network.
Origins and Evolution of a Social Movement Strategy: The Rent Strike in New York City, 1904-1980

To what extent, and how, do social movement strategies change over time? Why are particular strategic options selected by social movement organizations? A wide range of theories bearing on these questions are used to analyze the birth and evolution of the rent strike as used within the tenant movement in New York City. The emergence and diffusion of six key groups of innovations over a 76-year period are examined. The analysis considers the origins of the strategy, the extent of change in it over time, how and why innovations occurred, and how and to what extent they were diffused through the multitude of organizations making up the movement. It also examines the extent, consistency of, and reasons for patterns in variations in the use of strategic forms among the constituent organizations of the movement, the impact of both housing and politics of the various innovations, and the ultimate institutionalization of the strategy.
A reductionist mechanistic model for bioconcentration of neutral and weakly polar organic compounds in fish

The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of neutral and weakly polar organic chemicals in fish is modeled using independently calibrated models of chemical partitioning (freely dissolved fraction of chemical in the aqueous phase [φsys] and wet-weight fish–water partition coefficient [KFW]), respiratory exchange (respiratory update rate constant [k1], and respiratory elimination rate constant [k2 = k1/KFW]), and biotransformation (whole-body biotransformation rate constant [kM]) as BCF = φsysKFW/(1 + kM/k2). Existing k1 models tend to overestimate for chemicals with log KOW < 3.5, which constituted 30% to 50% of the examined chemicals. A revised k1 model covering a wider log KOW range (0–8.5) is presented k1 = (5.46 × 10−6 MW + 0.261/KOW)−1, where MW is the molecular weight. The biotransformation rate constant kM is modeled using biota internal partitioning and Abraham parameters as reactivity descriptors. The reductionist model was tested using 3 different BCF data sets (US Environmental Protection Agency's Estimation Programs Interface [EPI], n = 548; Hertfordshire, n = 210; Arnot–Gobas, n = 1855) and compared with the following 3 state-of-the-art models: 1) the EPI Suite BCFBAF module, 2) the European Commision's Computer Assisted Evaluation of industrial chemical Substances According to Regulations (CAESAR), and 3) the EPI/Arnot mechanistic kinetic model. The reductionist model performed comparably with the alternative models (root mean square errors [RMSEs] = 0.72–0.77), with only 5 fitting parameters and no training against experimental BCFs. Respiratory elimination and biotransformation dominate the total depuration (i.e., [k2 + kM]/kT ≥ 0.8) for approximately 98% of the data entries, thus validating the reductionist approximation. Mechanistic models provide greater insights into bioaccumulation and are more sensitive to biological variation. All three BCF data sets and relevant properties and checkpoint values necessary for reproducing predictions of the reductionist model have been documented. The present study shows that a streamlined mechanistic model of BCF is possible for assessment purposes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2089–2099. © 2013 SETAC
SBART 2.4: breeding 2D CG images and movies and creating a type of collage

Proposes a method to embed a function to create a type of collage into an application of interactive evolutionary computing for artistic computer graphics (CG) design named SBART (Simulated Breeding for ART). It is an application of the simulated breeding method, which is an extended popular version of K. Sims' (Computer Graphics, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 319-28, 1991) system that enables the user to create an abstract drawing by selecting his/her favourite images displayed on a computer screen. The latest version (v. 2.4) includes a facility to create a type of collage from external image data and files. By combining it with other, previously implemented functions, such as a multi-field user interface, direct editing of genotypes, and so on, the variety of production is greatly extended.
Numerical calculation of effective permittivity of lossless dielectric mixtures using boundary integral method

The electrostatic environment in a lossless composite structure made of three dielectrics and two dividing closed and disjoined surfaces has been determined, using appropriate surface integrals on these interfaces. These integral equations are transformed to approximate matrix equations and then are solved numerically. The electrostatic potential distribution, dipole moment and the effective permittivity of different composite structures are calculated. >
Presence Technology with Its Security and Privacy Implications

With its broadening scope, presence technology is gaining significant interest and becoming an indispensable component in nowadays telecommunications industry as well as in the vertical market. Presence-based services are driving new business opportunities and changing every aspect of our daily life. Meanwhile, with the sensitive nature of rich presence information, security and privacy issues are among the greatest concerns to the end-users of presence-based services. In the present paper, we briefly introduce the presence technology, the evolution of the presence notion and the fundamental model of presence service. We also give an overview of presence- based services together with example implementations of presence-enhanced directory services in enterprise environment. Understanding the presence technology and presence-based services together with their design issues is an important prerequisite to discuss security and privacy implications of presence-based services.
Simulating the economic viability of crawfish production: a two-stage approach

The purpose of the study is to determine if raising eastern white river crawfish (Procambarus acutus acutus) in the Mid-Atlantic region year-round is economically feasible. The possibility for economic success, or even survival, is examined with the use of a two-stage dynamic-stochastic simulation modeling framework. Six simulation models were created in ProModel 4.0 to mimic crawfish farms with different components. Information collected from the ProModel experiments were then used in @Risk, a Microsoft Excel add-in, in order to determine the economic viability of crawfish farms using capital budgeting methods. Preliminary results suggest that crawfish farming in the Mid-Atlantic region can be feasible, assuming the consumer demand exists.
Examining the relationship between algorithm stopping criteria and performance using elitist genetic algorithm

A major disadvantage of using a genetic algorithm for solving a complex problem is that it requires a relatively large amount of computational time to search for the solution space before the solution is finally attained. Thus, it is necessary to identify the tradeoff between the algorithm stopping criteria and the algorithm performance. As an effort of determining the tradeoff, this paper examines the relationship between the algorithm performance and algorithm stopping criteria. Two algorithm stopping criteria, such as the different numbers of unique schedules and the number of generations, are used, while existing studies employ the number of generations as a sole stopping condition. Elitist genetic algorithm is used to solve 30 projects having 30-Activity with four renewable resources for statistical analysis. The relationships are presented by comparing means for algorithm performance measures, which include the fitness values, total algorithm runtime in millisecond, and the flatline starting generation number.
Lung Cancer Screening

Screening for lung cancer in high-risk individuals with annual low-dose computed tomography has been shown to reduce lung cancer mortality by 20% and is recommended by multiple health care organizations. Lung cancer screening is not a specific test; it is a process that involves appropriate selection of high-risk individuals, careful interpretation and follow-up of imaging, and annual testing. Screening should be performed in the context of a multidisciplinary program experienced in the diagnosis and management of lung nodules and early-stage lung cancer.
Clinical and economic evaluation of exenatide for formulary decisions

SummaryThis study was designed to provide an assessment for healthcare organisations to make formulary decisions on Byetta®* (exenatide).The drug was shown to be efficacious in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus when used as adjunctive therapy with other oral antidiabetic drugs. The Centre for Outcomes Research Diabetes Model analyses suggested that the drug treatment fails to achieve a threshold level of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio until 50 years have passed. Sensitivity analyses suggested that maintaining an appropriate haemoglobin A1c level is essential for the treatment to be cost effective. A budget impact analysis with a hypothetical plan produced a 2.1 cent base case compliance-adjusted, per member per month cost in Year 1. One-way sensitivity analyses indicated that the two major determinants are compliance and the percentage of individuals expected to be on exenatide.The author's conclude that further research is needed to include exenatide for the formulary decision.
Comparison of Prescription Drug Costs in the United States and the United Kingdom, Part 1: Statins

tudy Objective To compare the annual cost of statins in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Design Matched-cohort cost analysis. Data Sources U.K. General Practice Research Database (GPRD), and MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database, a large, U.S. self-insured medical claims database. Study Population We initially identified 1.6 million people in the GPRD who were younger than 65 years of age in 2005. These people were then matched by year of birth and sex with 1.6 million people in the U.S. database. From this matched pool, we estimated that 280,000 people aged 55–64 years from each country in 2005 were prescribed at least one drug. Of these, 91,474 (33%) in the U.S. were prescribed a statin compared with 68,217 (24%) in the U.K. After excluding those who did not receive statins continuously or who switched statins during the year, there remained 61,470 in the U.S. and 45,788 in the U.K. who were prescribed a single statin preparation continuously during 2005 (annual statin users). We estimated and compared drug costs (presented in 2005 U.S. dollars) separately in the two countries. Measurements and Main Results Estimated drug costs were determined by random sampling. Estimated annual costs/patient in the U.S. ranged from $313 for generic lovastatin to $1428 for nongeneric simvastatin. In the U.K., annual costs/patient ranged from $164 for generic simvastatin to $509 for nongeneric atorvastatin. The total annual cost of the continuous receipt of statins in the U.S. was $64.9 million compared with $15.7 million in the U.K. In June 2006, after our study results were analyzed, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved generic simvastatin. We thus derived cost estimates for simvastatin use during 2006 and found that more than 60% of simvastatin users switched to the generic product, which reduced the cost/pill by more than 50%. Conclusion The cost paid for statins in the U.S. for people younger than 65 years, who were insured by private companies, was approximately 400% higher than comparable costs paid by the government in the U.K. Available generic statins were substantially less expensive than those that were still under patent in both countries.
Comparative analysis of path computation techniques for MPLS traffic engineering

We consider the problem of computing traffic engineered paths for requests having bandwidth and delay requirements, when these requests arrive in the network independent of one another. Providing bandwidth guarantees to applications has been important in networks offering service differentiation. With the increase in the number of real-time applications in the Internet, provision of delay guarantees is also receiving much attention. This necessitates the development of sophisticated path selection algorithms which deviate from the shortest-path routing philosophy in traditional IP networks. While these algorithms perform well from the perspective of satisfying application requirements, they often do not take into account long term effects on the network state. One of the major concerns of a service provider is to run the network at maximum utilization while reducing network costs and preventing congestion in the network. For this reason, providers are looking at traffic engineering (TE) to automate path selection procedures and to maintain network loading at an optimal level. In this paper we propose two TE path selection algorithms that consider the application's delay-bandwidth requirements as well as the TE constraints on the network. We compare the proposed algorithms to existing path computation solutions and present results that show that by considering these additional constraints, improvement is achieved in terms of reduction in request blocking probability, reduction in network costs and load distribution.
First Report of Tobacco Streak Ilarvirus from Honeysuckle

A honeysuckle (Lonicera fragrantissima) shrub on the grounds of the former Plant Quarantine Station, Glenn Dale, MD, had chlorotic leaves on some shoot tips and a mild veinal chlorosis. Young leaves were triturated in buffer and rub-inoculated onto a series of potential indicator hosts. The virus incited necrotic local lesions and necrosis of the growing point in Chenopodium quinoa, etched ringspots on inoculated leaves of Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi nc, mosaic in Zinnia violacea, and chlorotic local lesions in Tetragonia tetragonioides. It did not infect any of 46 other herbaceous genera in families Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, or Brassicaceae. In gel diffusion tests with symptomatic leaves from tobacco, this virus reacted with antiserum to tobacco streak virus (TSV) HR strain, but did not react with antisera to alfalfa mosaic or with antisera to 12 viruses in the NEPO or Sobemovirus groups. Virus in leaves directly from the source shrubs, tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), also reacted with TSV strain HF antiserum. Examination by electron microscopy of leaf dips revealed isometric particles 27 nm in diameter. The now 12-ft tall shrubs were grown from seed imported from China in 1914 (PI 40689). This species is now widely commercially available in the U.S. and grown for its fragrant late winter flowers (2). Viral-infected Lonicera spp. have been reported from Europe, Russia, Japan, and Canada (1). TSV is reported to be seed-borne in several other genera. Among other viruses reported from honeysuckle are Lonicera latent carlavirus, tobacco leaf curl geminivirus, alfalfa mosaic virus, tomato bushy stunt virus, a rhabdovirus, and an aphid transmitted virus. References: (1) R. W. Fulton. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No. 307, 1985. (2) C. J. Perkin. Plantsman 12:215, 1991.
C-kit expression in renal oncocytomas and chromophobe renal cell carcinomas.

C-kit encodes the membrane-bound tyrosine kinase KIT, whose expression has been identified in several types of human neoplasms. Recently, KIT has been reported to be a marker for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and renal angiomyolipoma. However, expression of this molecule has not been adequately studied in other renal tumors, particularly oncocytoma, which may morphologically resemble chromophobe RCC. In this study, we analyzed c-kit messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in 17 chromophobe RCCs and 20 renal oncocytomas obtained from complementary DNA (cDNA) microarrays. Furthermore, comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of KIT protein using a monoclonal antibody was performed in 226 renal tumors including chromophobe RCC (n = 40), oncocytoma (n = 41), clear-cell RCC (n = 40), renal angiomyolipoma (n = 29), and papillary RCC (n = 21) on tissue microarrays (TMAs) and was compared with immunostaining results from 25 chromophobe RCCs and 30 oncocytomas using standard sections. The staining intensity was semiquantitatively graded on a 3-tier scoring system. All chromophobe RCCs and oncocytomas showed significant overexpression of c-kit mRNA. The average increase of mRNA compared with normal kidney tissue was 7.4-fold for chromophobe RCCs and 7.4-fold for oncocytomas. Immunohistochemical expression of KIT was found in most chromophobe RCCs (95% in TMAs and 96% in conventional sections) and oncocytomas (88% in TMAs and 100% in conventional sections) but was infrequently observed in renal angiomyolipomas (17%), papillary RCCs (5%), and clear-cell RCCs (3%). Furthermore, the average KIT immunoreactivity in TMAs was stronger in chromophobe RCC (1.93) and oncocytoma (2.07) than in other subtypes of renal tumors tested, including angiomyolipomas (0.17), papillary RCCs (0.05), and clear-cell RCCs (0.03). In conclusion, we found a significant elevation of c-kit mRNA by cDNA expression microarrays and overexpression of KIT protein by immunohistochemistry not only in chromophobe RCCs but also in oncocytomas. In contrast, immunohistochemical expression of KIT was not detected in most other types of renal cell tumors evaluated. The differential expression of c-kit in these renal tumors may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
Specific Mutagenesis as a Tool for the Analysis of Structure/Function Relationships in Photosystem II

Mutants of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp., PCC 6803 have been created in which a gene encoding one of the components of the Photosystem II core complex has been specifically altered. The mutations can be made using any of the following concepts: (a) gene interruption or gene deletion, (b) replacement of part or all of a cyanobacterial Photosystem II gene by the corresponding part of a higher plant gene, and (c) mutagenesis that leads to the specific replacement of a single amino acid residue (site-directed mutagenesis). Synechocystis sp., PCC 6803 is particularly suitable for such mutagenesis studies since it is one of the few organisms known that (a) is photoheterotrophic (can be propagated in the absence of Photosystem II activity in the presence of glucose), and (b) is transformable and can incorporate foreign DNA into its genome by homologous recombination. Thus, specific Photosystem II mutants can be made by transformation, using appropriate DNA constructions, and can be subsequently propagated. The methodology for the creation of these mutants will be described along with examples illustrating the use of this approach to answer specific questions regarding the function of Photosystem II components. The analysis on one of the mutains indicates that the C-terminal half of CP47 is probably involved in energy transfer from phycobilisomes to PS II. From the results obtained with site-directed D2 mutants it has been concluded that the Photosystem II donor D is the Tyr-160 residue in this protein.
Lateral orbitofrontal neurons acquire responses to upshifted, downshifted, or blocked cues during unblocking.

The lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) has been described as signaling either outcome expectancies or value. Previously, we used unblocking to show that lOFC neurons respond to a predictive cue signaling a ‘valueless’ change in outcome features (McDannald, 2014). However, many lOFC neurons also fired to a cue that simply signaled more reward. Here, we recorded lOFC neurons in a variant of this task in which rats learned about cues that signaled either more (upshift), less (downshift) or the same (blocked) amount of reward. We found that neurons acquired responses specifically to one of the three cues and did not fire to the other two. These results show that, at least early in learning, lOFC neurons fire to valued cues in a way that is more consistent with signaling of the predicted outcome’s features than with signaling of a general, abstract or cached value that is independent of the outcome. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11299.001
The Smooth Curvature Flexure Model: An Accurate, Low-Dimensional Approach for Robot Analysis

This paper presents a new and comprehensive method of modeling robots having highly flexible members such as flexure joints. An accurate model of large deformat ion bending is important for precisely describing the configuratio n of the flexible member. Additionally, the accuracy of the Jacobian and Hessian of the forward kinematics are critically im portant at large angles for predicting the deformation and the stiffness of the joint under load. The model introduced here is based on the assumption that the curvature of a beam in bending is smooth, and thus can be approximated by low-order, orthogonal polynomials. This produces a parameterized description of flexure motion that can be used as a joint model wh en expressed in Denavit-Hartenberg form, as a transformation from one rigid link to the next in a serial manipulator. We will s how that with only three parameters, this model faithfully reprod uces the elastic deformation of a flexure hinge predicted by the continuum model, even for large angles, without requiring numerical integration or many finite elements. It can also be used to compute the compressive buckling load of the flexure as predicted by the continuum model.
Spin-density waves and the superconductivity dome in heavy electron systems with nested Fermi surfaces

The nesting of the Fermi surfaces of an electron and a hole pocket separated by a nesting vector $\mathbf{Q}$ and the interaction between electrons give rise to itinerant antiferromagnetism. The order can gradually be suppressed by mismatching the nesting and a quantum critical point is obtained as the N\'eel temperature tends to zero. If the vector $\mathbf{Q}$ is commensurate with the lattice (umklapp with $\mathbf{Q}=\mathbf{G}/2$), pairs of electrons can be transferred between the pockets. This process may lead to superconductivity and a superconducting dome above the quantum critical point. We investigate the conditions under which such a dome arises. The specific heat is studied as a function of temperature and nesting mismatch, and the crossover from Fermi liquid to non-Fermi liquid is obtained.
The Oral History of the Left in the United States: A Survey and Interpretation

The Left has been a controversial subject in United States history and seems certain to remain one. It has long been treated by mainstream scholars as of marginal relevance, or as a potentially conspiratorial fifth column allied to a totalitarian foreign power. More recently, however, its historical reputation has been noticeably rehabilitated. For scholars writing during the most conservative era in the recent American past, radicalism has come to occupy a special niche as the historical location of an unfulfilled promise, home territory of idealists acting with wide and generally positive impact upon important social movements. Those two large contrasting historiographical views may disguise more than they reveal about the problematic quality of the experiences and the consciousness of participants themselves. Surveying the unparalleled vigor of youthful American capitalism, Karl Marx admitted that in the United States "the antitheses of bourgeois society appear only as vanishing moments.", So it has often seemed, even to close observers of the Left. Socialists, anarchists, Communists, and unaffiliated rebels pursuing a cooperative society have at times flourished in an enormous variety of milieus. Able to rally populations far larger than their own immediate circles, they have rarely been able to translate the aroused energies into substantial, lasting institutional forms. During the "vanishing moments," whatever their span, visions of alternative ways of life and thought become real (if not necessarily precise) to millions. In the aftermath, as ostracism and often legal repression suffuse the political survivors with a sense of futility, the prospect for meaningful change seems never to have existed at all until another generation rises up, scarcely conscious of its predecessors but full of marked similarities to them. Oral history would appear a natural approach to the conceptual problems of such a subject. So much of the day-to-day radical experience never reached print in the
Paleochordodes protus n. g., n. sp. (Nematomorpha, Chordodidae), parasites of a fossil cockroach, with a critical examination of other fossil hairworms and helminths of extant cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria)

Two hairworm parasites of a cockroach in Dominican amber (15-45 mya) are described as Paleochordodes protus n.g., n.sp. (Nematomorpha, Chordodidae) and represent the first unequivocal record of fossil nematomorphs. Previous reports of putative nematomorphs are discussed and shown to be tentative at best. A critical examination of supposed mermithid nematode infections of cockroaches concludes that none of these can, at present, be confirmed. "Worms arise from the fat of roaches" Pliny the elder, Natural History, Chapter 6 (AD 77) Nematomorpha comprises a group of invertebrate parasites that are unique in many aspects (Poinar 1991 a,b). Literature dealing with fossil nematomorphs is rare and consists only of reports by Voigt (1938) and Xianguang & Bergstrom (1994), both of which are critically examined here and found to be tentative. A piece of amber from the Dominican Republic was discovered to contain two hairworms, one partly and one fully emerged from their cockroach host (Fig. 1). These rare specimens are described below in a new genus and species and a synopsis of the helminth fauna of extant cockroaches is presented.
Simplified Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test in Evaluation of Pubertal Precocity

Objective To evaluate the simplified gonadotrophin-releasing hormone(GnRH) test in assessing diagnosis of central precocious puberty(CPP).Methods 52 girls with CPP were diagnosed by the serum levels of LH and FSH of five phases classic GnRH stimulation test,pelvic ultrasonography and bone age assessment.Results Five phases of GnRH stimulation test showed that the serum levels of LH at 30 minutes was the peak of five phases(P0.01).LH levels at 30 minutes reached standard of diagnosis which recommend by literature.Conclusion A simplified GnRH test at 30 minutes has valuable in early diagnosis.
Decision-Making Tools: Innovation Measurement Framework

Innovation is one of the most important sources of competitive advantage. It helps a company to fuel the growth of new products and services, sustain incumbents, create new markets, transform industries, and promote the global competitiveness of nations. Because of its importance, companies need to manage innovation. It is very important for a company to be able to measure its innovativeness because one cannot effectively manage without measurement. A good measurement model will help a company to understand its current capability and identify areas that need improvement.
Surface properties of polymers

Abstract A modified Wilhelmy plate technique has been developed for the measurement of surface tensions of viscous polymers. The method requires no knowledge of liquid density and provides a means of assuring a zero contact angle for the polymer on the plate. The surface tensions of several silicone polymers with viscosities as high 106 centipoises have been measured. The method has also been used to determine the surface tensions of several molten polyethylenes as a function of temperature over the range 115° to 215°C.
The Ecology of Addiction

People don’t become addicts in isolation. This is not news. In addition to the well-cited research showing that social connection is essential for the very survival, much less for the flourishing, of children, much work on addiction over the past two decades has focused on the importance of childhood influences on later substance use and abuse, and of social influences on transitioning into and out of addiction. For our purposes, this raises a problem: how can the results of this huge body of research showing the power of social relationships with respect to addiction be squared with either of the classes of theory that we have discussed? The role that other people play in increasing or decreasing an individual’s risk of addiction and hope for living free of it seems to deny both sides of the dichotomy.
Vulvovaginal Dermatoses, Lesions, and Masses

Vulvar lesions, rashes, and pruritis are common complaints. This chapter includes the differential diagnosis of vulvar symptoms divided among infectious and noninfectious causes and by lesion characteristic (abscesses, blisters or desquamation, ulcers, fissures, and masses). Diagnosis (by history, physical exam, serology, cultures, or biopsy) and management of specific etiologies are discussed.
Russian and German “Great War” Picture Postcards

ABSTRACTThe humble postcard became a medium for a flourishing visual culture during World War I. The range of styles and messages is especially impressive in the Russian cards, often using art by major artists but also by talented anonymous ones. The German Feldpost serves as a contrasting counterpoint. In both cultures, the most popular images were repurposed in unexpected ways.
Strength Testing in Motor Neuron Diseases

Loss of muscle strength is a cardinal feature of all motor neuron diseases. Functional loss over time, including respiratory dysfunction, inability to ambulate, loss of ability to perform activities of daily living, and others are due, in large part, to decline in strength. Thus, the accurate measurement of limb muscle strength is essential in therapeutic trials to best understand the impact of therapy on vital function. While qualitative strength measurements show declines over time, the lack of reproducibility and linearity of measurement make qualitative techniques inadequate. A variety of quantitative measures have been developed; all have both positive attributes and limitations. However, with careful training and reliability testing, quantitative measures have proven to be reliable and sensitive indicators of both disease progression and the impact of experimental therapy. Quantitative strength measurements have demonstrated potentially important therapeutic effects in both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and have been shown feasible in children with spinal muscular atrophy. The spectrum of both qualitative and quantitative strength measurements are reviewed and their utility examined in this review.
Cerebellar Flocculus Pseudomass

The cerebellar flocculus is a well-known cause of a pseudomass in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), particularly on nonenhanced CT (NECT) or occasionally on noncontrast MRI sequences. Since the flocculus juts out into the CPA and is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, asymmetry (from side to side), volume averaging (with normal adjacent cerebellar hemispheres or the middle cerebellar peduncle), and beam-hardening artifact (from adjacent quite dense petrous apices of the temporal bones) may combine to exacerbate the appearance of an extra-axial mass such as a schwannoma, a meningioma, a glioma, or rarely an aneurysm. Schwannomas and meningiomas typically enhance the cerebellum, whereas nonenhancing gliomas typically expand it. Aneurysms ususally can be seen to connect with a parent artery (Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7).