cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nurse's role in the informed consent process.

Objectives : To review the informed consent process in relation to oncology nursing roles and responsibilities, patient comprehension, cultural sensitivity, and qualitative methodologies. Data Sources : Scientific and review articles, regulatory documents, and texts relating to informed consent. Conclusions : Nursing is involved in almost every aspect of the informed consent process. To be effective, nurses must be knowledgeable about fundamental concepts associated with informed consent and corresponding responsibilities and willing to address the complexities of the informed consent process. Implications For Nursing Practice : Situations related to informed consent provide challenges and opportunities for professional growth. Keeping abreast of the evolving standards and concepts of informed consent enhances the essential roles that nurses play in clinically based research.
Grip for fatigue testing pure aluminium

Abstract A simple method of clamping pure aluminium for fatigue tests at cryogenic temperatures is described. Easily machined cylindrical specimens are aligned and held firmly by collet grips that counteract sample shrinkage during cooldown. Specimens are quickly mounted and removed after testing without distortion or thermal treatment 99.999% aluminium, aluminium alloys and copper were gripped successfully through tens of thousands of fully reversed tension-compression cycles at 295, 77 and 4.2 K.
Quantitation of methylated basic amino acids in biological fluid.

Abstract Two programs of column ion-exchange chromatographic system were established to provide complete resolution of all methylated basic amino acids in the biological fluid. The contents of three methylated lysines and two methylated arginines in normal human urine are quantitated by using these analytical programs.
Characterization of laryngeal muscle stem cell survival and proliferation.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Laryngeal muscle and skeletal muscle stem cells (MSC) have been shown to differ in physiological basal activity and responsiveness to stimuli. Given these differences, it is the purpose of this investigation to characterize the in vitro proliferation and survival of laryngeal and skeletal MSC to determine whether intrinsic differences exist that may account for differences noted in vivo. Study Design: Basic science experiment utilizing rat MSC. Methods: Cultures of both laryngeal and skeletal MSC were harvested and equal numbers from both groups were expanded under similar conditions, quantifying cellular population to determine proliferation rate for each population. Increased proliferative potential was confirmed using Western blot analysis of extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. As per standard survival assay protocol, cultures were placed in serum-deprived medium and cell survival was assessed by terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay at 72 hours. Results: Our results demonstrated increased proliferation of laryngeal MSC relative to the skeletal MSC when cultured under similar conditions. Western blot demonstrated increased activation of the proliferation pathway, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in the laryngeal group. There was no detectable difference in the MSC survival between the two groups. Conclusions: Compared with skeletal MSC, laryngeal MSC demonstrate increased proliferation and regenerative capacity. This may explain some of the differences in physiological role and responses involved in each cell population's tissue of origin.
Gender Differences in Family Communication About Organ Donation

In this study we investigated gender differences in willingness to donate organs and conversations with family members about organ donation. Results from a snowball sample of 353 men and 488 women (average age = 41–50) indicated that men are less willing to donate and less likely to have conversations about organ donation. When such conversations do occur, men are less likely to include within them topics of conversation that are associated with more positive responses from family members. Women are more likely to include a mention of their desire to donate organs, discussion of the need for organs, and an explanation of why they would/would not like to donate their organs. They are also more likely to mention moral/altruistic/religious reasons for donation or to tell/use a narrative in the discussion. Men, however, more commonly discussed whether signing a donation card would affect medical care. Women report higher agreed compliance from family members. Directions are provided for future research and campaign development by taking these differences into consideration.
ParsesraP: using one grammar to specify both input and output

In the past, there have been many different descriptive languages used to specify the syntax of information read into programs. These types of descriptions have not been used to produce the output of programs. Output has used ad hoc methods. This paper presents a method to use a single specification to produce a consumer of input, and a producer of output.
Fast small molecule similarity searching with multiple alignment profiles of molecules represented in one-dimension.

Multiple sequence alignment has proven to be a powerful method for creating protein and DNA sequence alignment profiles. These profiles of protein families are useful tools for identifying conserved motifs, such as the catalytic triad of the serine protease family or the seven transmembrane helices of the G-protein coupled receptor family. Ultimately, the understanding of the critical motifs within a family is useful for identifying new members of the family. Due to the complexity of protein−ligand recognition, no universally accepted method exists for clustering small molecules into families with the same or similar biological activity. A combination of the concept of multiple sequence alignment and the 1-dimensional molecular representation described earlier offers a new method for profiling sets of small molecules with the same biological activity. These small molecule profiles can isolate key commonalties within the set of bioactive compounds much like a multiple sequence alignment can isolate critica...
Development and implementation of ultrasound picture archiving and communication system

The Department of Radiological Sciences at the UCLA School of Medicine is developing an archiving and communication system (PACS) for digitized ultrasound images. In its final stage the system will involve the acquisition and archiving of ultrasound studies from four different locations including the Center for Health Sciences, the Department for Mental Health and the Outpatient Radiology and Endoscopy Departments with a total of 200-250 patient studies per week. The concept comprises two stages of image manipulation for each ultrasound work area. The first station is located close to the examination site and accomodates the acquisition of digital images from up to five ultrasound devices and provides for instantaneous display and primary viewing and image selection. Completed patient studies are transferred to a main workstation for secondary review, further analysis and comparison studies. The review station has an on-line storage capacity of 10,000 images with a resolution of 512x512 8 bit data to allow for immediate retrieval of active patient studies of up to two weeks. The main work stations are connected through the general network and use one central archive for long term storage and a film printer for hardcopy output. First phase development efforts concentrate on the implementation and testing of a system at one location consisting of a number of ultrasound units with video digitizer and network interfaces and a microcomputer workstation as host for the display station with two color monitors, each allowing simultaneous display of four 512x512 images. The discussion emphasizes functionality, performance and acceptance of the system in the clinical environment.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comments on "Particle surface characteristics may play an important role in phytotoxicity of alumina nanoparticles" by Yang, L., Watts, D.J., Toxicology Letters, 2005, 158, 122-132.

Dr. Murashov has emphasized the major objective of our paper, which shows that exposure of growing plant roots to nanoparticles of alumina may result in growth inhibition and that this effect appears to be related to surface characteristics of the particles. The paper indicates that the mechanism(s) by which the particles may induce growth inhibition needs further attention. We agree that it is premature to draw definitive conclusions about toxicity mechanisms.
Adaptation and evaluation of the integrated farm system model to simulate temperate multiple-species pastures

Whole-farm simulation provides a tool for predicting the effects of farm management strategies on farm productivity and profitability. One such model, the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM), was modified to allow representation of up to four forage species coexisting in a pasture mixture. The model was calibrated to simulate net herbage accumulation (NHA) observed during six periods of a 2002 experiment in a 3-species pasture in Pennsylvania, USA, composed of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). The model also predicted sward botanical composition, total annual NHA, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Sensitivity analysis showed that predictions of NHA were most sensitive to both chicory and orchardgrass specific leaf area and partitioning of photosynthate to the shoot, as well as chicory photosynthetic efficiency. The model was evaluated against data from the same 3-species pasture in 2003 as well as a 2-species pasture (lacking chicory) from the same experiment in 2002 and 2003. Predictions of total annual NHA in 2- and 3-species pastures were within ±18% of observed values, though predictions of within-season NHA were less accurate. Predictions of botanical composition tended to remain within ±15% of observed values by species. Predictions of within-season CP and NDF concentrations in the whole sward tended to remain within ±22% and ±15%, respectively. Given the generality and realism required of IFSM, the degree of precision in the modified pasture submodel is acceptable for achieving IFSM’s primary goal of comparing the effects of different management scenarios on forage productivity and the long-term profitability and environmental impact of farms.
Cosmic ray investigation for the Voyager missions: Energetic particle studies in the outer heliosphere - and beyond

A cosmic-ray detector system (CRS) has been developed for the Voyager mission which will measure the energy spectrum of electrons from ≈3–110 MeV and the energy spectra and elemental composition of all cosmic-ray nuclei from hydrogen through iron over an energy range from ≈ 1–500 MeV/nuc. Isotopes of hydrogen through sulfur will be resolved from ≈ 2–75 MeV/nuc. Studies with CRS data will provide information on the energy content, origin and acceleration process, life history, and dynamics of cosmic rays in the galaxy, and contribute to an understanding of the nucleosynthesis of elements in the cosmic-ray sources. Particular emphasis will be placed on low-energy phenomena that are expected to exist in interstellar space and are known to be present in the outer Solar System. This investigation will also add to our understanding of the transport of cosmic rays, Jovian electrons, and low-energy interplanetary particles over an extended region of interplanetary space. A major contribution to these areas of study will be the measurement of three-dimensional streaming patterns of nuclei from H through Fe and electrons over an extended energy range, with a precision that will allow determination of anisotropies down to 1%. The required combination of charge resolution, reliability and redundance has been achieved with systems consisting entirely of solid-state charged-particle detectors.
Variations in the rheostat model of apoptosis: what studies of retinal ganglion cell death tell us about the functions of the Bcl2 family proteins.

Abstract Studies of the functions of members of the Bcl2 gene family suggested that apoptosis was controlled by a rheostat in which anti-apoptotic proteins like BCL2 bound and sequestered pro-apoptotic proteins like BAX. Our current understanding of these proteins suggests that this is a simplistic model. The new rheostat model predicts that BH3-only peptides act as neutralizing ligands for the anti-apoptotic proteins, thus allowing molecules like BAX to become activated and initiate mitochondrial dysfunction – a critical step in the intrinsic apoptotic program. Studies of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis indicate that a threshold of BAX expression is required for its successful activation, which is independent of the overall concentration of anti-apoptotic proteins in these cells.
Surface waves in bounded gyrotropic media

We report on the dispersion of surface waves in a bounded gyrotropic medium. Numerical results are obtained for quartz and sodium chlorate. An attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) experiment for surface waves is formulated for a vacuum–medium interface. We also compute the ATR spectra for quartz and sodium chlorate.
Activation of NF-κB by the Latent vFLIP Gene of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Is Required for the Spindle Shape of Virus-Infected Endothelial Cells and Contributes to Their Proinflammatory Phenotype

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an inflammatory angioproliferative lesion induced by the infection of endothelial cells with the KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Infected endothelial cells assume an elongated (spindle) shape that is one of the histologic signatures of KS. In vitro, latent viral infection of primary endothelial cells (but no other cell type) strikingly recapitulates these morphological findings. Here we report that the spindling phenotype involves major rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and can be attributed to the expression of a single viral protein, vFLIP, a known activator of NF-κB. Consistent with this, the inhibition of NF-κB activation blocks vFLIP-induced spindling in cultured endothelial cells. vFLIP expression in spindle cells also induces the production of a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and cell surface adhesion proteins that likely contribute to the inflammatory component of KS lesions.
Needle aspiration cytology of an oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland

A needle aspirate biopsy of a parotid neoplasm yielded uniform benign oncocytic cells consistent with oncocytoma. The subsequent surgical specimen demonstrated an oncocytic carcinoma with vascular and perineural invasion. These findings are analogous to those of oxyphilic tumors of the thyroid gland where cytologic features often do not allow for distinction between benign and malignant lesions.
Gravity‐wave‐scale temperature fluctuations seen by the UARS MLS

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) has observed small- and meso-scale temperature fluctuations during a special limb-tracking operation. Analysis of late-December 1994 data shows that there exist significant radiance fluctuations with horizontal scales of 10's–100's km associated with upper tropospheric convection and the stratospheric polar vortex. Phase coherence and amplitude growth with height are observed, showing the presence of vertically propagating waves. Variance maps generated for the limb-tracking days further show that the MLS instrument can measure horizontal temperature variations at scales less than 100 km in both limb-scanning and limb-tracking observation modes.
Parametric Investigation of Integrated Plastic Snap Fastener Design

SUMMARY This investigation focuses on reducing the amount of engineering required in integrated snap fastener design. A common integrated snap fastener geometry is fully characterized using finite element analysis as a basis for parametric studies. An integrated snap fastener •design strategy based on allowable strain and geometry is developed using the results of parametric studies. The methodology employed in this research is applicable to other common integrated snap fastener configurations.
Contribution of Intrinsic Reactivity of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins to CD4-Independent Infection and Global Inhibitor Sensitivity

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) enters cells following sequential activation of the high-potential-energy viral envelope glycoprotein trimer by target cell CD4 and coreceptor. HIV-1 variants differ in their requirements for CD4; viruses that can infect coreceptor-expressing cells that lack CD4 have been generated in the laboratory. These CD4-independent HIV-1 variants are sensitive to neutralization by multiple antibodies that recognize different envelope glycoprotein epitopes. The mechanisms underlying CD4 independence, global sensitivity to neutralization and the association between them are still unclear. By studying HIV-1 variants that differ in requirements for CD4, we investigated the contribution of CD4 binding to virus entry. CD4 engagement exposes the coreceptor-binding site and increases the “intrinsic reactivity” of the envelope glycoproteins; intrinsic reactivity describes the propensity of the envelope glycoproteins to negotiate transitions to lower-energy states upon stimulation. Coreceptor-binding site exposure and increased intrinsic reactivity promote formation/exposure of the HR1 coiled coil on the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein and allow virus entry upon coreceptor binding. Intrinsic reactivity also dictates the global sensitivity of HIV-1 to perturbations such as exposure to cold and the binding of antibodies and small molecules. Accordingly, CD4 independence of HIV-1 was accompanied by increased susceptibility to inactivation by these factors. We investigated the role of intrinsic reactivity in determining the sensitivity of primary HIV-1 isolates to inhibition. Relative to the more common neutralization-resistant (“Tier 2-like”) viruses, globally sensitive (“Tier 1”) viruses exhibited increased intrinsic reactivity, i.e., were inactivated more efficiently by cold exposure or by a given level of antibody binding to the envelope glycoprotein trimer. Virus sensitivity to neutralization was dictated both by the efficiency of inhibitor/antibody binding to the envelope glycoprotein trimer and by envelope glycoprotein reactivity to the inhibitor/antibody binding event. Quantitative differences in intrinsic reactivity contribute to HIV-1 strain variability in global susceptibility to neutralization and explain the long-observed relationship between increased inhibitor sensitivity and decreased entry requirements for target cell CD4.
Epibulbar molluscum contagiosum.

Purpose To report a case of epibulbar conjunctival nodules from molluscum contagiosum in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Methods A 39-year-old man with atopic dermatitis who was treated with oral prednisone was initially examined with ocular itching, foreign body sensation, and conjunctival injection of the right eye and was found to have three discrete conjunctival nodules. Excision of the nodules led to complete resolution of the signs and symptoms. Result Histopathologic examination of the conjunctival specimen disclosed molluscum contagiosum. Conclusion Patients with defective or suppressed cell-mediated immunity are at increased risk of unusual ocular involvement with molluscum contagiosum.
Variety and quantity of professional electives.

Objectives. To compare the elective courses offered by US colleges and schools of pharmacy to establish a benchmark for individual colleges and schools to use in assessing whether they offer a sufficient amount and variety of electives. Methods. Internet Web sites of US doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs were reviewed to identify the number of elective lecture-based courses and elective advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE) offered and required. Elective courses were grouped into categories to determine the variety of offerings. Results. Pharmacy students were required to complete a mean of 7 hours of classroom-based elective courses. Thirty-two lecture-based elective courses were offered per college or school, and the mean number of categories of courses offered was 24. An average of 3 required APPEs was offered within 24 categories. Conclusions. Pharmacy programs varied in the number of and requirements for elective courses. Most elective courses expanded on what was taught in the required curriculum vs informing on unique concepts or skills.
The Effect and Antecedents of New Product Development Motivation

Although a firm’s innovation outcomes have been commonly attributed to its innovative capability, through a study of 102 automotive firms in China, we find that employees’ collective motivation for...
Chemical weathering in soils from the glacial Lake Agassiz region of Manitoba, Canada

Recently, there has been considerable interest in categorizing the availability of plant essential nutrients and selected transition metals in the soil environment so as to predict their effects on ecosystem health and the efficacy of potential management practices. Researchers desire to isolate important soil properties, determinant biotic activities and fundamental pedogenic processes that control biogeochemical cycling and are potentially modifiable for the goal of ecosystem sustainability. In a relative sense, a significant portion of this scientific effort has been directed towards temperate and tropical forest ecosystems, with relatively less attention given towards understanding the boreal forest ecosystem. Consequently, an investigation was undertaken near Thompson, Manitoba, to: (1) determine the extent of weathering of the principal soils, (2) employ a selective-sequential chemical extraction method to categorize the soil-chemical fractions responsible for nutrient availability, and (3) infer the importance of selected soil forming processes responsible for soil genesis and nutrient availability. Preliminary findings suggest that nutrient availability is related to the nutrient concentration in the cation exchange fraction and/or to nutrients sequestered by the organic fraction. The metals in the manganese, noncrystalline and crystalline iron oxide fractions may be bound so tightly to these oxides that they are largely unavailable to plants; however, they are largely responsible for buffering the more labile pools against gradually changing vegetational and climatic conditions.
What causes home asset bias and how should it be measured

Abstract Many explanations of home asset bias involve intuitions that should affect the data inputs used by investors in optimizing portfolios: (1) transaction costs affecting expected returns, (2) perceived riskiness of foreign assets affecting standard deviations, and (3) omitted assets affecting correlations. Only the first area has been examined empirically. We examine the empirical feasibility of the second and third explanations, as well as whether combining explanations can fully account for home asset bias. We find that no single set of adjustments can explain home asset bias by itself. Combining adjustments is promising but the implied correlation structure among asset returns is puzzling.
Transcriptional and Translational Regulatory Responses to Iron Limitation in the Globally Distributed Marine Bacterium Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique

Iron is recognized as an important micronutrient that limits microbial plankton productivity over vast regions of the oceans. We investigated the gene expression responses of Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique cultures to iron limitation in natural seawater media supplemented with a siderophore to chelate iron. Microarray data indicated transcription of the periplasmic iron binding protein sfuC increased by 16-fold, and iron transporter subunits, iron-sulfur center assembly genes, and the putative ferroxidase rubrerythrin transcripts increased to a lesser extent. Quantitative peptide mass spectrometry revealed that sfuC protein abundance increased 27-fold, despite an average decrease of 59% across the global proteome. Thus, we propose sfuC as a marker gene for indicating iron limitation in marine metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic ecological surveys. The marked proteome reduction was not directly correlated to changes in the transcriptome, implicating post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms as modulators of protein expression. Two RNA-binding proteins, CspE and CspL, correlated well with iron availability, suggesting that they may contribute to the observed differences between the transcriptome and proteome. We propose a model in which the RNA-binding activity of CspE and CspL selectively enables protein synthesis of the iron acquisition protein SfuC during transient growth-limiting episodes of iron scarcity.
Sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a hypothesis of a new treatment - botulinum toxin A injections of the parotid glands

The inhibitory action of botulinum toxin is not confined to the neuromuscular junction. The toxin has long been known to block all the autonomic cholinergic fibers, including the major secretomotor parasympathetic fibers to salivary glands. The parotids are the largest of the salivary glands and their selective chemodenervation with botulinum toxin A is likely to result in substantial reduction of saliva production. Injection of the parotid glands with botulinum toxin is proposed as an new treatment for sialorrhea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurological diseases.
Monte Carlo study of PbSe quantum dots as the fluorescent material in luminescent solar concentrators.

In this paper, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine the potential efficiencies of luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) systems using PbSe quantum dots (QDs) as the active fluorescent material. The simulation results suggest that PbSe QD LSCs display good absorption characteristics, but yield limited LSC power conversion efficiency due to self-absorption and down-conversion loss. It is proposed that the self-absorption loss can be reduced by utilizing Forster resonance energy transfer between two different sizes of PbSe QDs, yielding pronounced improvement in the optical efficiency of LSCs.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficient phenotype is not maintained by segregation distortion.

Recent reports have suggested that the alpha-1-antitrypsin allele Piz, which in homozygotes results in severe deficiency of this important protease inhibitor, is maintained at a relatively high gene frequency through the mechanism of segregation distortion. We report here on 121 nuclear families selected because only one parent was segregating the Z allele. After correcting for ascertainment, no evidence of preferential transmission was observed in 278 informative offspring.
A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms

A phenomenon of the last 20 years has been the rapid rise of the network form of governance. This governance form has received significant scholarly attention, but. to date, no comprehensive theory for it has been advanced, and no sufficiently detailed and theoretically consistent definition has appeared. Our objective in this article is to provide a theory that explains under what conditions network governance, rigorously defined, has comparative advantage and is therefore likely to emerge and thrive. Our theory integrates transaction cost economics and social network theories, and, in broad strokes, asserts that the network form of governance is a response to exchange conditions of asset specificity, demand uncertainty, task complexity, and frequency. These exchange conditions drive firms toward structurally embedding their transactions, which enables firms to use social mechanisms for coordinating and safeguarding exchanges. When all of these conditions are in place, the network governance form has adv...
Immunopathologic responses to Aspergillus antigen in interleukin-4 knockout mice

Two strains of interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene knockout mice were studied and compared with wild strains to determine the role of IL-4 in the immunopathogenesis of murine allergic aspergillosis. Animals immunized intraperitoneally were subsequently challenged with Aspergillus antigen intranasally. The animals were evaluated for total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, Aspergillus-specific IgG antibody isotypes, peripheral blood eosinophils, cytokine and chemokine mRNA transcripts in spleen cells, and pulmonary histology. No serum IgE was detected in animals deficient in the IL-4 gene. Aspergillus-specific IgG1 was detected in all animals, while enhanced levels of IgG2a were detected in IL-4 knockout animals challenged with A. fumigatus antigen. There were no differences in the peripheral blood or lung eosinophils in the two groups of mice exposed to A. fumigatus. These results indicate that lung injury in Aspergillus-antigen challenged animals may be the result of the eosinophil mediators and that IgE-mediated injury may not be significant in this model, which may be a significant variation between the model and human allergic aspergillosis.
Hope meadows: In the service of an ideal

Abstract The structure, capacity, and function of the Hope intergenerational model is examined: its structure around a core paradigm of mutual intergenerational support, its organizational capacity to arrest socio-emotional drift, and its main function, which is to buffer tensions and ensure that its non-traditional view of foster children prevails in a very traditional world of social service.
The Citrus Cutworm, Xylomyges curialis Grote: Economics, Biology, and Control

The adult citrus cutworm, Xylomyges curialis Grote, was described in 1873 from a specimen taken in California. Economic damage to citrus was first reported in 1934 in central California. Since then, this cutworm has caused extensive damage to citrus in several areas of the State’s citrus belt. In uncontrolled infested citrus groves as much as 90% of the new flush of growth, 80% of the newly set fruit, and 50% of the ripening fruit has been damaged. Demy rapidly destroys ripening fruit which has been eaten into by the larvae. This insect has been collected in the United States (in Arizona, California, Utah, Colorado, Montana, Oregon and Washington) and in Canada (in British Columbia) from oak, antelope-brush, citrus, lupine, chickweed, and Persian walnut. In California, the moths emerge (mostly in March) from overwintering pupae, and eggs are deposited on foliage of citrus trees soon after emergence. The eggs hatch 5 to 10 days later, and each larva requires 3 to 6 weeks to become fully grown. The fully grown larva drops to the ground and pupates in an earthen cell in the soil at the base of the tree. The primary difference between the citrus cutworm and other cutworms that attack citrus is that the former oviposits on citrus foliage and its larvae feed entirely on citrus trees, whereas the latter build up on cover crops in citrus groves and then move to the trees to complete their feeding cycle. If 10 or more citrus cutworms are found on a per-hour-search basis, it is practical to treat. Nine insecticides plus three combinations of these were utilized in the experiments reported here. Current recommendations developed from these tests for controlling citrus cutworms include anyone of the following formulas: DDT or TDE (DDD) at .5 pounds actual ingredient per acre; toxaphene at 6 pounds actual ingredient per acre; and parathion at 2 pounds actual ingredient per acre. Each of these insecticides provides adequate commercial control when properly applied as an outside coverage spray.
Polychlorinated biphenyl occurrence in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from Louisiana and South Carolina.

Few studies have evaluated PCB concentrations in alligators. This is the first comparison of PCB concentrations in alligators eggs from the southeastern United States. Eggs were collected from Bear Island and Winyah Bay, South Carolina and from the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana. Mean PCB concentrations in eggs from Bear Island (333 ng/g) were the same (P>0.45) as those found at the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge (218 ng/g). However, eggs from Winyah Bay contained 3176 ng/g PCBs which is higher (P<0.008) than concentrations from the other two sites. These data indicate the ubiquitous nature of PCBs and their bioaccumulation even in remote habitats.
A Study of the Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Other Markers of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disease in Patients With Rosacea

A Study of the Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Other Markers of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disease in Patients With Rosacea
Mutational Analysis of Structural Features of Rat Hormone-Sensitive Lipase†

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is a cytosolic neutral lipase that hydrolyzes intracellular stores of triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters. HSL activity is regulated via phosphorylation−dephosphorylation, with cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase increasing activity following phosphorylation of a single serine and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylating another serine at a basal site. The current studies used site-directed mutagenesis to show that Ser-563 of rat HSL is phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and that Ser-565 is phosphorylated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Mutation of Ser-563→Ala eliminated HSL hydrolytic activity against cholesteryl ester, triacylglycerol, and diacylglycerol substrates to the same extent as mutation of Ser-423→Ala, the presumed catalytic site. Mutation of Ser-565→Ala modestly decreased HSL activity. In contrast, mutation of Ser-563→Asp preserved HSL hydrolytic activity and even increased activity 20% above the control w...
A device for the automated monitoring of stereotypic behavior.

Abstract 1. A novel rotation sensing device has been developed which consists of a linear potentiometer attached to the top of a spherical testing chamber. The potentiometer constantly monitors the precise angular position of the animal inside the chamber. 2. This device allows the automated monitoring of direction and rate of rotation, as well as a variety of other stereotypic behaviors. 3. The effects of morphine, apomorphine and amphetamine on motor activity were assessed by the apparatus.
A REPLY TO HARRIS “AN INTERPRETATION OF LIVINGSTON'S RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT FOR CRITERION‐REFERENCED TESTS”

Harris (1972) has provided a norm-referenced interpretation of the criterionreferenced reliability coefficient. His interpretation arises out of the conceptualization of the criterion score as the mean of a hypothetical distribution constructed by adding to the actual score distribution a phantom distribution which is created by reflecting the actual score distribution about the criterion score. What Harris shows is that if one constructs such a hypothetical distribution, its mean will equal the criterion score and its norm-referenced reliability will equal the criterion-referenced reliability of the actual score distribution. Harris also points out that in many cases, because of ceiling effects, it is not meaningful to construct such a hypothetical distribution. This interpretation is interesting and, of course, algebraically correct. But Harris' conclusion that the criterion-referenced reliability coefficient is useless does not follow from his argument. Criterion-referenced test score interpretations do not require that the criterion score be conceptualized as the mean of some distribution. It is true, as Harris points out, that the standard error of measurement of a given score distribution is the same, no matter which of the two reliability coefficients one uses. And it is also true, as Harris says, that the fact that the criterion-referenced reliability coefficient is (in general) larger than the norm-referenced reliability coefficient does not imply a more dependable determination of whether or not a true score falls below or above a given criterion value. The point that Harris overlooks is that reliability is not a characteristic of a single score, but of a group of scores. And the larger criterion-referenced reliability coefficient does imply a more dependable overall determination of whether each true score falls above or below the criterion level, when this decision is to be made for every individual score in the distribution.
Tenderness and Associated Characteristics of Stretched and Contracted Bovine Muscles

SUMMARY— The effects of muscle contraction state, carcass maturity, and post-mortem aging (4°C) on tenderness were studied on excised semitendinosus muscles of six A- and six E-maturity bovine carcasses. Fiber diameter was shown to be curvilinearly related with sarcomere length (R = .95 and .87 for A- and E-maturity groups, respectively). As muscles were shortened they had a larger percent area of fibers and a smaller percent area of both edomysial and perimysial material. Muscles of the A-maturity group were more tender (P < .01) than those of the E-maturity group. Post-mortem aging resulted in tenderization in both A- and E-maturity groups at all states of contraction f-48 to +48% of the preexcised length); however, tenderness of contracted muscles did not reach acceptable levels even in 240 hr of aging. Tenderness was shown to be linearly related to fiber diameter (R = .82 and .87 for A- and E-maturity groups, respectively); however, the relationship with sarcomere length was curvilinear (R = .90 and .75 for A and E maturities, respectively). Post-mortem contraction of muscles was very effective in causing decreased tenderness, whereas the magnitude of tenderness increase was smaller than normal when muscles were stretched.
Reimbursement Trends in Clinical Oncology: Payment and Quality Issues

AbstractThe 1980 Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee (GMENAC) study projected that by the year 1990 a shortage of 700 “hematologists/oncologists” would exist in this country (1). Subsequent estimates indicate manpower needs will be met by certified specialists and, if one includes noncertified specialists a surplus will exist in the near future (2). In addition to increased competition for patients, oncologists face changes in traditional third-party and governmental reimbursement policies as well as the proliferation of such managed care systems as health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and preferred provider organizations (PPOs). Such changes are altering the amounts, timeliness, and methods of physician reimbursement. Aside from concerns about personal payment, oncologists may wonder if such changes will affect the quality of patient care. This article discusses methods of payment for the oncologist's services and the implications that changes in the current system may have on quali...
Wearable sensors can assist in PTSD diagnosis

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) currently is diagnosed via subjective reports of experiences related to the traumatic event. More objective measures are needed to assist clinicians in diagnosis. Physiological activity was recorded from 58 participants. Participants in the No Trauma/No PTSD group had no trauma exposure and no PTSD diagnosis. Trauma Exposed/No PTSD participants had experienced a traumatic event but did not have PTSD. PTSD participants had experienced a traumatic event and had PTSD. Baseline and emotionally evocative stimulus-related sensor data were collected. Features were extracted from each sensor stream and submitted to statistical analysis. Significant group differences were present during the viewing of two virtual reality videos. Features were submitted to discriminant function analysis to assess classification accuracy. Classification accuracy was between 89 and 92%. The results from this study suggest the utility of objective physiological measures obtained from wearable sensors in assisting with PTSD diagnosis.
Geography is Everywhere in Children's Literature

Abstract In the elementary classroom, geography and children's literature are a natural combination. Geographic concepts are present in a large percentage of books—whether a real place is described, leaving the reader with an accurate image of what the place is like, or a situation is presented dealing with people's impact on the environment. By emphasizing these geographic concepts in the reading of the book and following it with a geographically focused activity, students' geographic awareness and knowledge increases. Along the way reading skills improve also.
An Active Role for Astrocytes in Synaptic Plasticity

Recently, Henneberger and colleagues blocked hippocampal long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) induction by “clamping” intracellular calcium concentration of individual CA1 astrocytes, suggesting calcium-dependent gliotransmitter release from astocytes plays a role in hippocampal LTP induction. However, using transgenic mice to manipulate astrocytic calcium, Agulhon and colleagues demonstrated no effect on LTP induction. Until the question of how intracellular calcium causes gliotransmitter release is answered, the role of astrocytes in synaptic plasticity will be incompletely understood.
Acute effects of parathyroid hormone on proximal bicarbonate transport in the dog

Acute effects of parathyroid hormone on proximal bicarbonate transport in the dog. Re-collection micropuncture and simultaneous clearance studies were performed in tnyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs to evaluate the effects of the acute administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bicarbonate reabsorption. The i.v. administration of PTH from 74 to 94 U/hr reduced proximal fractional reabsorption (FR HCO 3 ) from 0.28 ± 0.03 to 0.14 ± 0.03 (P HCO 3 ) from 556 ± 126 to 255 ± 73 pmoles/min (P 2 (37.0 ± 1.4 → 37.2 ± 1.4 mm Hg, P > 0.90), plasma bicarbonate (P HCO 3 ) (18.5 ± 0.4 → 18.3 ± 0.4, P > 0.60), single nephron glomerular filtration rate (102.2 ± 15.9 → 90.1 ± 10.3 nl/min, P > 0.40), serum ultrafilterable phosphate concentration (SUF p ) (1.71 ± 0.13 → 1.83 ± 0.12 mmoles/liter, P > 0.25), or serum ultrafilterable calcium (SUF Ca ) (1.85 ± 0.05 → 1.88 ± 0.05 mEq/liter, P > 0.60). PTH also reduced proximal fractional fluid (and sodium) reabsorption (0.40 ± 0.04 → 0.28 ± 0.08, P HCO 3 did not change (20.5 ± 0.4 → > 20.8 ± 0.4 mmoles/liter) indicating a rejection of bicarbonate proportional to the inhibition in tubular fluid transport. The invariable reduction in proximal bicarbonate reabsorption did not uniformly result in an increased urinary bicarbonate concentration. Effets aigus de l'hormone parathyroidienne sur la reabsorption proximale de bicarbonate chez le chien. Des experiences de microponction avec recollection et, simultanement, des determinations de clearances ont ete realisees chez des chiens thyroparathyroidectomises (TPTX) afin d'evaluer les effets de l'administration aigue d'hormone parathyroidienne (PTH) sur la reabsorption du bicarbonate. L'administration intra-veineuse de PTH—74 a 94 U/h reduit la reabsorption fractionnelle proximale (FR HCO 3 ) de 0,28 ± 0,03 a 0,14 ± 0,03 (P 2 (37,0 ± 1,4 → 37,2 ± 1,4 mm Hg, P > 0,90), les bicarbonates du plasma (P HCO 3 ) (18,5 ± 0,4 → 18,3 ± 0,4, P > 0,60), le debit de filtration glomerulaire par nephron (102,2 ± 15,9 → 90,1 ± 10,3 nl/min, P > 0,40), la concentration de phosphate ultra-filtrable du serum (SUF p ): 1,71 ± 0,13 → 1,83 ± 0,12 mM/liter (P > 0,25), ou la concentration serique de calcium ultra-filtrable (SUF Ca ): 1,85 ± 0,05 → 1,88 ± 0,05 mEq/liter (P > 0,60). La PTH diminue aussi la reabsorption fractionnelle proximale de liquide (et de sodium) (0,40 ± 0,04 → 0,28 ± 0,08, P HCO 3 ne change pas (20,5 ± 0,4 → 20,8 ± 0,4 mM/liter) ce qui indique une rejection de bicarbonate proportionnelle a l'inhibition du transport tubulaire de liquide. La reduction constante de la reabsorption proximale de bicarbonate n'a pas pour consequence uniforme une augmentation de bicarbonate dans l'urine.
Gamesourcing to acquire labeled human pose estimation data

In this paper, we present a gamesourcing method for automatically and rapidly acquiring labeled images of human poses to obtain ground truth data as input for human pose estimation from 2D images. Typically, these datasets are constructed manually through a tedious process of clicking on joint locations in images. By using a low-cost RGBD sensor, we capture synchronized, registered images, depth maps, and skeletons of users playing a movement-based game and automatically filter the data to keep a subset of unique poses. Using a recently-developed, learning-based human pose estimation method, we demonstrate how data collected in this manner is as suitable for use as training data as existing, manually-constructed data sets.
Landmark Publication from The American Journal of the Medical Sciences: The Clinical Pharmacology of Digitalis Glycosides: A Review

Abstract The metabolic half-times and excretion rates of labeled cardiac glycosides are related to pharmacologic or therapeutic activity. Digoxin, a short-acting glycoside, is excreted primarily in the urine and has a serum half-time of 34 hours. This function is related primarily to digoxin excretion. Digitoxin, a long-acting glycoside, has a serum half-time of 50+ hours and a physiologic half-time of 5 1/2 days. It is excreted primarily in the urine as metabolites of the parent compound. Renal failure compromises digoxin excretion and prolongs the digoxin serum half-time and thereby the pharmacologic activity of the drug. As excretion is related to creatinine clearance, dosage should be reduced in proportion to reduction in creatinine clearance in renal insufficiency. Hyper-thyroid patients have lower digoxin serum levels and hypothyroid patients higher digoxin serum levels when compared to euthyroid patients. This finding confirms the clinical impression of digitalis resistance in hyperthyoidism and sensitivity in myxe-dema. Appropriate alterations in digoxin dosage in thyroid disease are justified. Patients with liver disease and cor pulmonale have normal digoxin serum levels, half-times and excretion rates. Increased digitalis sensitivity in these patients is related to other factors. Knowledge of the serum half-time, route of excretion, and rate of excretion of the cardiac glycosides is now available. Application of this information to the patient receiving digitalis assists in avoiding over- and under-digitalization—both common clinical problems. If doubt exists regarding digitalis dosage, smaller, rather than larger, doses are suggested to avoid toxicity.