cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relevance, warrants, backing, inductive support

We perceive relevance by virtue of inference habits, which may be expressed as Pierce's leading principles or as Toulmin's warrants. Hence relevance in a descriptive sense is a ternary relation between two statements and a set of inference rules. For a normative sense, the warrants must be properly backed. Different types of warrant to empirical generalizations, we introduce L.J. Cohen's notion of inductive support. A to empirical generalizations, we introduce L.J. Cohen's notion of inductive support. A generalization H is supported by evidence E to degree i/in iff E indicates that H passes canonical test i, where there are n canonical tests. In a canonical test, one or more relevant variables, factors which may falsify H, are varied. H passes a test if it is not falsified. The tests are cumulative. Degree of support is relative to the canonical test, and may be modeled as relative to a point in a dialectical situation. A value of a variable at which H is falsified is a rebutting value. A is normatively relevant to B with respect to W iff sup[associated generalization(W), E] = i/n and for j > i, there is a presumption that the values of j are non-rebuting.
Cocaine's effects on the discrimination of simple and complex auditory stimuli by baboons.

Abstract The effects of cocaine on tone frequency discriminations by baboons were examined and compared with previous data for more complex acoustic stimuli (speech sounds) to see if cocaine's perceptual effects on these discriminations depends upon the type of stimulus employed (i.e., tones vs. speech sounds). Baboons pressed a lever to produce one repeating “standard” tone and released the lever only when one of four other “comparison” tones occasionally occurred in place of the standard tone. Cocaine's effects were assessed once or twice weekly by giving an intramuscular injection of cocaine hydrochloride (0.01–0.56 mg/kg) immediately prior to performing the task and by examining correct detections and reaction times for each tone following drug administration. Cocaine impaired tone discriminability, with greater impairments occurring for those tones that were more similar in frequency to the standard tone. Cocaine's perceptual effects occurred within 20–70 min following drug administration. Cocaine also impaired or facilitated the speed of responding to auditory stimuli, depending upon the drug dose and subject. The results demonstrate that cocaine can impair auditory discriminations involving simple tones, as well as speech sounds, and further supports the suggestion that cocaine's effects are focused on CNS mechanisms related to the use of pitch cues.
Emphysema lung lobe volume reduction: effects on the ipsilateral and contralateral lobes

Objectives To investigate volumetric and density changes in the ipsilateral and contralateral lobes following volume reduction of an emphysematous target lobe.
EFFECTS OF HALOTHANE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF RAT LIVER SLICES

SUMMARY Normal rat liver slice respiration was studied at 37 °C by the polarographic technique of Longmuir in the presence of oxygenated solutions and with addition of clinical concentrations of halothane to the mixtures. In the presence of halothane, after one exposure of the slices, respiration was significantly inhibited in all cases when the anaesthetic concentration was 23.6 mg/100 ml, in one of four experiments at the 17.7 mg/100 ml concentration, but never for a lower halothane concentration. Re-exposure of the tissue to the anaesthetic concentrations which were inactive at the first exposure produced significant respiratory inhibition, presumably because of progressive accumulation in the tissue. One mechanism of the inhibition of tissue respiration by halothane appears to be interference with the oxygen transport mechanism to the mitochondria.
Adaptive finite-difference computations of dendritic growth using a phase-field model

A phase-field model in two dimensions with surface energy anisotropy is used to simulate dendritic solidification of a pure material from its undercooled melt. The computations are performed using a general purpose adaptive mesh finite-difference algorithm, which was designed to solve coupled sets of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations. The adaptive computations are compared with a fixed-grid calculation at a dimensionless undercooling of 0.8 using finite-difference schemes developed specifically to solve the phase-field equations. Both algorithms were optimized for vector processors. The comparison is used to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach when used to solve the phase-field equations for the complicated interfacial shapes associated with dendritic solidification. Additionally, the adaptive algorithm is used to simulate dendritic growth for undercoolings as small as 0.1, and results are presented for different values of interface thickness. The results show that a better treatment of the outer boundaries is necessary in order to accurately represent the extent of the thermal field at small undercoolings.
Dynamical properties of hybrid systems simulators

This paper analyzes the dynamical properties of a class of hybrid systems simulators. A hybrid system is a dynamical system with a state that can both flow and jump. Its simulator attempts to generate its solutions approximately. The paper presents mild regularity conditions on the hybrid system and its simulator to guarantee that simulated solutions are close to actual solutions on compact (hybrid) time intervals, and that asymptotically stable compact sets are preserved, in a semiglobal practical sense, under simulation. In fact, it is established that asymptotically stable compact sets are continuous in the integration step size parameter of the simulator; that is, as the step size of the simulator converges to zero, the asymptotically stable set observed in simulations approaches the asymptotically stable compact set of the true hybrid system. Examples are used to illustrate concepts and results.
Single-incision pediatric endosurgery (SIPES) splenectomy: what dictates the need for additional ports?

As proficiency with single-incision pediatric endosurgery (SIPES) increases, more challenging operations are being performed. While the ultimate goal is safe surgery, it may be beneficial to know what anatomical and technical factors contribute to the need for additional ports. This aspect of SIPES splenectomy has yet to be evaluated. The study objective was to identify these factors, potentially allowing surgeons to gauge appropriateness for single incision and to tailor techniques for optimal results. This was an institutional review board-approved retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data (FWA00005960). SIPES splenectomies performed at a tertiary children’s hospital since March of 2009 were included. Demographic and technical factors pertaining to each operation were available in our SIPES database. Fischer’s exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to analyze categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Thirty-seven patients 18 years of age and younger underwent attempted SIPES splenectomy. Two operations were converted directly to open and were excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 35 operations, 15 (42.9 %) were completed with additional ports. Gender, age, body mass index, splenic weight, indication for operation and the presence of accessory spleens did not contribute to the need for added ports. The only factor to reach statistical significance was the number of channels present in the SIPES access device (p = 0.002). Completion of SIPES splenectomy was associated with the decision to utilize an access device with four channels. Anatomic variables did not appear to affect the ability to complete SIPES splenectomy.
High-resolution bed topography mapping of Russell Glacier, Greenland, inferred from Operation IceBridge data

Detailed maps of bed elevation and ice thickness are essential for understanding and projecting the evolution of the ice sheets. Such maps are traditionally obtained using airborne radarsounding profiler data interpolated onto regular grids using geostatistical tools such as kriging. Here we compare three mapping techniques applied to a dense radar survey of Russell Glacier, West Greenland, by NASA Operation IceBridge: (1) radar tomography (RT) processing of the radar data to map the bed elevation, (2) interpolation of radar-derived thickness by ordinary kriging (KR) and (3) reconstruction of ice thickness based on the principles of mass conservation (MC) combining radar-sounding profiler and ice motion data. RT eliminates ambiguities caused by off-nadir reflections, but is spatially limited. KR yields a standard error in bed elevation of 35 m, but large errors (>300m a-1) in flux divergence when combined with ice motion data. MC yields a comparable performance in bed elevation mapping, and errors smaller than 1m a-1 in flux divergence. When the number of radar-sounding tracks is reduced, the performance of KR decreases more rapidly than for MC. Our study site shows that MC is capable of maintaining precision levels of 60m at 400m posting with flight tracks separated by 5 km. © 2014 Publishing Technology.
Modeling of the turbulent phase in strong scintillation conditions

Monte-Carlo models of the turbulent phase are widely used in the studies of the optical propagation through turbulence atmosphere. However all algorithms, that are currently in use, generate continuous smooth phase samples. Meanwhile, it is well-known that under strong scintillation conditions turbulent phase has singularities, and phase is discontinuous across the branch cuts connecting the singularities. Markov approximation for wave propagation through random inhomogeneous media 1, 2 predicts that under the strong scintillation conditions optical field asymptotically has normal distribution 3 . We propose to generate the phase samples under strong scintillation conditions by first producing a complex normal random field with a given coherence function, and then recovering the random phase as the argument of this field. This approach allows generation of the two-dimensional discontinuous random phase samples that include phase singularities. Phase simulation algorithm is based on the Sparse Spectrum concept that was introduced in our earlier works, and can be modified to fit any desired shape of the turbulence spectrum. We verify the accuracy of the phase samples statistics by comparison with the theoretical results presented in the companion paper.
Survival following massive arsenic ingestion

Abstract A case of a 30-year-old man who ingested a massive quantity of arsenic (approximately 2, 150 mg) in an apparent suicide attempt is presented. Aggressive initial therapy, including fluid resuscitation, chelation therapy, and hemodialysis, resulted in the patient's survival. The successful management of arsenic intoxication requires both prompt recognition and the initiation of specific and aggressive therapeutic modalities.
How entrepreneurship could be promoted after the collapse of a socialist economic system

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical observations from postcommunist countries to suggest which policy sets applied make most sense for the promotion of micro-enterprises. Three overall conclusions can be drawn. First, an early, comprehensive and radical reform is the superior approach for the promotion of entrepreneurship, because the prevalence of rent seeking interests is so easily established and it is so difficult to break. The second conclusion, however, is that a certain space for small enterprises can be created even in a very corrupt economy dominated by severe rent seeking. A third conclusion is that the Russian deregulation of 2002 represents the worst of all worlds, because all its elements were incremental.
Determinants of Risky Decision-Making Behavior: A Test of the Mediating Role of Risk Perceptions and Propensity

The reported research examined the usefulness of placing risk propensity and risk perception in a more central role in models of risky decision making than has been done previously. Specifically, t...
Decoupling semantic and associative information in false memories: Explorations with semantically ambiguous and unambiguous critical lures ☆

Abstract Veridical and false memory were examined in lists that contained 12 words that all converged onto the same meaning of a critical nonpresented word (e.g., snooze, wake, bedroom, slumber…, for SLEEP) or lists that contained 6 words that converged onto one meaning and 6 words that converged onto a different meaning of a homograph (e.g., stumble, season, trip, autumn…, for FALL). Associative strength from the list items to the critical item was equated across the two types of lists. In Experiments 1–5, patterns of veridical memory differed across the two types of lists; however, false memory of the critical item did not differ. This same pattern occurred regardless of whether the words diverging onto the two meanings of the homograph were presented blocked or intermixed, whether each list item was presented for 80 ms, 200 or 1200 ms during encoding, and whether a recall or recognition test was given. In Experiment 6, critical nonpresented items that followed lists converging onto one meaning were judged as more strongly related to the list. These results suggest that false memory in the DRM paradigm largely reflects lexical/associative activation, rather than the formation of a meaningful thematic representation.
Top ten list in asthma.

This study evaluated and observed patients who had symptoms of asthma but did not have significant airflow variability or hyperresponsiveness. This group of patients had a higher number of blood and sputum eosinophils than did healthy control subjects, but had less pronounced eosinophil counts than did the asthmatic control subjects. Three months of treatment with inhaled beclomethasone resulted in significant improvement in the total symptom score and cough score. Over 1 year of follow-up, 13% of patients developed asthma, 55% had asthmatic symptoms with normal lung function, and 32% became symptom-free. This study helps to characterize a subgroup of patients who are left without an accurate diagnosis, often leading to repeated courses of antibiotic, antitussive, and -agonist agents. It raises the question of whether the early treatment of eosinophilic inflammation might have an impact on disease progression.
A methodology to aid in the design of naval steels: Linking first principles calculations to mesoscale modeling

This paper provides a brief overview of a multidisciplinary effort at the Naval Research Laboratory aimed at developing a computationally-based methodology to assist in the design of advanced Naval steels. This program uses multiple computational techniques ranging from the atomistic length scale to continuum response. First-principles electronic structure calculations using density functional theory were employed, semi-empirical angular dependent potentials were developed based on the embedded atom method, and these potentials were used as input into Monte-Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. Experimental techniques have also been applied to a super-austenitic stainless steel (AL6XN) to provide experimental input, guidance, verification, and enhancements to the models. These experimental methods include optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and serial sectioning in conjunction with computer-based three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative analyses. The experimental results are also used as critical input into mesoscale finite element models of materials response.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Corneal Infection Results in Periocular Disease by Zosteriform Spread

In humans and animal models of herpes simplex virus infection, zosteriform skin lesions have been described which result from anterograde spread of the virus following invasion of the nervous system. Such routes of viral spread have not been fully examined following corneal infection, and the possible pathologic consequences of such spread are unknown. To investigate this, recombinant viruses expressing reporter genes were generated to quantify and correlate gene expression with replication in eyes, trigeminal ganglia, and periocular tissue. Reporter activity peaked in eyes 24 h postinfection and rapidly fell to background levels by 48 h despite the continued presence of viral titers. Reporter activity rose in the trigeminal ganglia at 60 h and peaked at 72 h, concomitant with the appearance and persistence of infectious virus. Virus was present in the periocular skin from 24 h despite the lack of significant reporter activity until 84 h postinfection. This detection of reporter activity was followed by the onset of periocular disease on day 4. Corneal infection with a thymidine kinase-deleted reporter virus displayed a similar profile of reporter activity and viral titer in the eyes, but little or no detectable activity was observed in trigeminal ganglia or periocular tissue. In addition, no periocular disease symptoms were observed. These findings demonstrate that viral infection of periocular tissue and subsequent disease development occurs by zosteriform spread from the cornea to the periocular tissue via the trigeminal ganglion rather than by direct spread from cornea to the periocular skin. Furthermore, clinical evidence is discussed suggesting that a similar mode of spreading and disease occurs in humans following primary ocular infection.
Upper and lower bounds for interfacial tension using spinning drop devices

Abstract In this note we show how to use spinning drop devices to determine lower and upper bounds for interfacial tension between immiscible liquids. We like the idea of upper and lower bounds because the equilibrium tension is not a robust function and depends strongly on impurities. In very viscous liquids it may be inconvenient to wait long enough to attain equilibrium values, but the bounding method is applicable. The key to lower and upper bounds for the equilibrium tension is the tension relaxation function, which will be introduced after a brief review of theory which gives rise to various spinning drop devices.
Hierarchically textured LixMn2−yO4 thin films as positive electrodes for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Hierarchical surface morphologies form when thin films are deposited onto preexisting templates of vertically aligned wires using a line-of-sight deposition method, providing a facile path to experimental battery electrodes with high surface-to-volume ratios. To demonstrate this, we fabricate and electrochemically cycle highly textured thin film electrodes of Li x Mn 2− y O 4 with large surface-to-volume ratios and low impedance. The active surface area of the electrodes exceeds the area of the substrate by at least a factor of five. This factor is due in part to the textured template, and in part to the effects of local shadowing during line-of-sight film deposition, resulting in a hierarchical surface morphology. The textured electrodes maintain their structural integrity for at least 30 cycles, as shown through microstructural characterization and reversible cycling against metallic lithium over the range of 2.0–4.4 V. In comparison to planar thin film electrodes of equal mass, they also offer a lasting reduction in internal impedance. Overall, textured thin film electrodes of any material are readily fabricated through this templating technique and can be used to improve three-dimensional battery architectures or to simply probe electrochemical surface effects.
Technology and Environmental Education: An Integrated Curriculum

Preparing teacher candidates to integrate technology into their future classrooms effectively requires experience in instructional planning that utilizes technology to enhance student learning. Teacher candidates need to work with curriculum that supports a variety of technologies. Using Project Learning Tree and environmental education (EE), teacher candidates are provided with an opportunity to work with standards based curriculum. This approach promotes and supports technology integration while strengthening the candidates' ability to not only foster the development of well-planned technology-rich lessons but also infuse EE into their daily lessons.
The Effect of Polygyny on Sex Ratio at Birth

Ethnographic data from Kenyan communities show that the sex ratio at birth is influenced by the rate and timing of coitus which is itself affected by the form of marriage. This situation leads to more females being born to polygynously married mothers than would be expected from norms based on children of monogamous mothers. The Guerrero hypothesis that sex-proportion changes may depend on the variations in vaginal and intercervical pH that occur around the time of ovulation is discussed. The findings from Kenya support the thesis that the secondary sex ratio (sex ratio at birth) is more affected by cultural practices than by natural selection. Monogamous mothers in Kenya have sex ratios for children (0.533) that are similar to the pattern among US Whites (0.514). The James assumption that low coital rates favor female offspring is considered to be correct. Data were obtained from the following populations (by number of interviewed mothers and the percentage polygynously married): the Maasai (151 interviews and 61% polygynous) Kipsignis (42 and 45%) Luo (55 and 45%) the Gusii in 1955 (37 and 22%) and in 1975 (276 and 33%) Abaluya (79 and 23%) Kamba (72 and 15%) and Kikuyu (170 and 9%). Most men did not have more than two wives and the wives lived separately. The sex ratio for polygynous mothers was 0.466 (326 boys and 372 girls) and for monogamous wives 0.533 (1490 boys and 1306 girls). The differences are significant at the 0.008 level for all cultural groups. The Maasai and Luo have sex ratios at birth above 0.5 among polygynously married women and the ratios are even higher among monogamous women. Results of a comparison of mothers married first monogamously and then polygynously were ambiguous.
Overlapping and independent functions of fibronectin receptor integrins in early mesodermal development.

Mouse embryos deficient in fibronectin (FN-null) die at E8.5 with mesodermal defects. Eight integrin heterodimers alpha3beta1, alpha4beta1, alpha5beta1, alpha8beta1, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6, and alphaIIbbeta3 can bind to FN. However, embryos deficient in each of these integrins exhibit less severe defects than do FN-null embryos, raising questions as to which integrin(s) are the key FN receptors for these early FN-dependent processes. alpha5beta1 is believed to be the key receptor and alpha5-null embryos display mesodermal defects similar to, although less severe than, those of FN-null. Here we report that the alpha5-null mutation exhibits a more severe phenotype on a 129Sv (129) than on a C57BL/6 (B6) background, as does the FN-null mutation. While alpha5-null/B6 embryos develop normal headfolds, alpha5-null/129 embryos have headfold defects similar to those of FN-null. The differences between FN-null and alpha5-null embryos, however, cannot be attributed to genetic background. FN-null embryos never form somites, whereas in alpha5-null/129 embryos the somites do condense but fail to epithelialize. Second, we examined double mutants carrying all possible pairwise combinations of null mutations in alpha3, alpha4, and alpha5 integrin genes. There was no evidence for any synergy between paired mutations, suggesting that these integrin genes do not have overlapping functions during early embryonic development. Finally, we examined double-mutant embryos deficient in both alpha5 and alphav integrin genes. These double-mutant embryos have an amniotic defect similar to that of FN-null embryos, but die even earlier with a defect in gastrulation. These studies thus revealed a gradation in the severity of defects in the mutations alpha5(-/-); alphav(-/-) > FN(-/-) (129) > FN(-/-) (B6) > alpha5(-/-) (129) > alpha5(-/-) (B6), and in each step in this series there is a certain degree of phenotypic overlap, suggesting that the defects arising from these mutations may result from disruptions of the same embryonic process.
Outcome of liver transplantation in hepatitis C virus–infected patients who received hepatitis C virus–infected grafts☆☆☆

Abstract Background & Aims: The present organ shortage has brought into question the suitability of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive grafts. This study reviewed the outcome of such transplantations in our institution. Methods: Twenty-three HCV-positive patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for end-stage liver disease with HCV-positive grafts in 1992–1995 were studied. Only patients who survived more than 30 days were included in the analysis. Control group included 169 patients who underwent transplantation for HCV-related cirrhosis and received HCV-negative organs. Results: Patients who received HCV-infected organs had a cumulative survival rate of 89% and 72% at 1 and 5 years, respectively, vs. 88% and 73% for the control group (NS). There was no difference in graft survival, incidence of cirrhosis, mean hepatitis activity index score, fibrosis, or mean activity of serum transaminases. There was a trend toward lower incidence of recurrent hepatitis C in the study group compared with control (21% vs. 23% at 1 year and 47% vs. 64% at 5 years; NS). Patients in whom the donor strain became predominant after transplantation had significantly longer disease-free survival than patients who retained their own HCV strain ( P Conclusions: HCV-infected livers transplanted into HCV-infected recipients do not appear to convey a worse outcome in the initial years after OLT than HCV-negative grafts. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;117:149-153
Electron collisions with cesium atoms?benchmark calculations and application to modeling an excimer-pumped alkali laser

The B-spline R-matrix (BSR) with pseudostates method is employed to describe electron collisions with cesium atoms. Over 300 states are kept in the close-coupling expansion, including a large number of pseudostates to model the effect of the Rydberg spectrum and, most importantly, the ionization continuum on the results for transitions between the discrete physical states of interest. Predictions for elastic scattering, momentum transfer, excitation and ionization are presented for incident energies up to 200 eV and compared with results from previous calculations and available experimental data. In a second step, the results are used to model plasma formation in an excimer-pumped alkali laser operating on the Cs (62P3/2,1/2 → 62S1/2) (852 nm and 894 nm) transitions. At sufficiently high operating temperature of a Cs–Ar containing quartz cell, pump power, and repetition rate, plasma formation in excess of 1014–1015 cm−3 occurs. This may reduce laser output power by electron collisional mixing of the upper and lower laser levels.
High-p T production of direct photons and jets in quantum chromodynamics

The production of high-${p}_{T}$ direct photons is studied using quantum chromodynamics. The theoretical predictions are shown to be compatible with the existing data over the energy interval $20l\sqrt{s}l63$ GeV. In addition, the possibility of using a high-${p}_{T}$ direct-photon trigger in hadronic-jet experiments is studied. By simultaneously triggering on a direct photon and on the away-side hadronic jet it is possible to obtain more precise information concerning the underlying dynamical subprocesses than if a two-jet trigger is used. In particular, one can, by using a combination of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $p$, and $\overline{p}$ beams, measure both the pion quark and gluon distribution functions as well as the gluon distribution function for the proton. Furthermore, if particle identification is available for the away-side jet, one can separately measure various quark and gluon fragmentation functions. A method of measuring the ${Q}^{2}$ dependences of these various functions is also discussed.
Security price reactions around corporate spin-off announcements

Abstract We examine security price reactions around the announcements of 123 voluntary spin-offs by 116 firms between 1963 and 1981 involving a pro-rata distribution of the common stock of a subsidiary to the stockholders of the parent firm. The median spin-off in the sample is 6.6% of the original equity value and is associated with an abnormal return of 7.0% from 50 days prior to the announcement through completion of the spin-off. No evidence is found to indicate the gains to stockholders represent wealth transfers from senior securityholders. Over the entire event period we find positive gains for firms engaging in spin-offs to facilitate mergers or to separate diverse operating units but negative returns to firms responding to legal and/or regulatory difficulties. In the two-day interval surrounding the first press announcement we find positive average excess returns for all groups.
Reversible inactivation of the lateral dorsal thalamus disrupts hippocampal place representation and impairs spatial learning

Abstract Place-specific discharge of hippocampal cells was monitored while rats performed daily 15 trials of a spatial memory task. During the intertrial interval between trials 5 and 6, the lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus (LDN) was reversibly inactivated. Choice accuracy of the maze became impaired, and many hippocampal place fields became disrupted. These data support the proposition that the LDN passes onto hippocampus important (spatial) information that is used for accurate maze navigation.
On the Capacity Requirement of Largest-Deficit-First for Scheduling Real-Time Traffic in Wireless Networks

We consider ad hoc wireless networks with real-time traffic, and study the capacity requirement of a low-complexity scheduling policy, called largest-deficit-first (LDF), for achieving the same quality of service (QoS) as the optimal policy in networks with unit capacity. We derive theoretical upper and lower bounds for general traffic. The bounds depend on the interference degree of the network and the max/min delay bound ratio. The performance of LDF is further evaluated using simulations and compared with two other algorithms. The simulation results show that LDF significantly outperforms the other two algorithms.
Role of crystallographic polar surfaces in X-ray spectrometry

GaSb single crystals have been used to demonstrate the role of crystallographic polar surfaces in double crystal X-ray spectrometry. Intensity is higher for the pair of (111) surfaces, whereas the half peak width is smaller for the pair of (111) surfaces.
DistView: support for building efficient collaborative applications using replicated objects

The ability to share synchronized views of interactions with an application is critical to supporting synchronous collaboration. This paper suggests a simple synchronous collaboration paradigm in which the sharing of the views of user/application interactions occurs at the window level within a multi-user, multi-window application. The paradigm is incorporated in a toolkit, DistView, that allows some of the application windows to be shared at a fine-level of granularity, while still allowing other application windows to be private. The toolkit is intended for supporting synchronous collaboration over wide-area networks. To keep bandwidth requirements and interactive response time low in such networks, DistView uses an object-level replication scheme, in which the applicaton and interface objects that need to be shared among users are replicated. We discuss the design of DistView and present our preliminary experience with a prototype version of the system.
Group composition and its impact on effective group treatment of HIV and AIDS patients

This paper reviews the literature on group therapy in the treatment of people with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and people with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Specifically, it examines the effect of group composition on the curative factors of group therapy. The variables of group composition explored are stage of illness, risk group for contracting HIV, and gender. This paper suggests that support groups that are homogeneous for stage of illness, risk behaviors, and gender provide members with the greatest benefits through facilitating the curative factors of group therapy: instillation of hope, universality, and group cohesion.
The Treatment of Advanced Retinopathy of Prematurity by Cryotherapy and Scleral Buckling Surgery

Abstract Seventeen eyes of nine extremely premature infants with severe acute proliferative retinopathy of prematurity (ROP, Grades III–V) were treated. Cryotherapy alone was used in ten eyes to ablate extensive areas of avascular retina to thereby induce involution of widespread intravitreous neovascularization. No attempt was made to directly treat the arteriovenous shunt or neovascularization itself. Scleral buckling surgery was used in combination with cryotherapy in seven additional eyes to relieve diffuse vitreous traction to intravitreous neovascularization which had caused extensive traction retinal detachment. Cryotherapy was uniformly successful in causing involution of widespread intravitreous neovascularization in all patients treated. Scleral buckling surgery was initially effective in reattaching the retina in all cases but late manifestations of severe ongoing vitreoretinal traction required additional open-sky vitrectomy in two eyes and resulted in inoperable recurrent total traction retinal detachment in one eye and extensive macular scarring in another. A comparison is made between the proliferative retinopathies seen in ROP and diabetes mellitus and a rationale for effective cryotherapy in ROP is presented. In our clinical experience, the single most important prognostic factor determining the potential severity of ROP is the width and extent of the retinal avascular zone. The wider the zone, the greater the probability of rapid progression from early to advanced grades of disease.
Personality and working style predictors of integrative complexity: A study of scientists' thinking about research and teaching.

This study investigated integrative complexity toward research and teaching in a sample of scientists (99 full professors of physics, chemistry, and biology). Findings from objective, observer, peer, and self-report data suggested that although scientists who think complexly about research are seen by others as hostile and exploitative, are rated by peers as eminent, and have their work frequently cited, scientists who think complexly about teaching are seen by others as warm and gregarious and are not well cited by their peers. Furthermore, these relationships were moderated by scientific discipline, with physicists differing from biologists
The Value of Weak vs. Strong Ties between Individuals and Projects for New Product Review

This study extends the concept of weak and strong ties to the relationship between an individual and a project, in the context of a formal review process. Using data collected from a project at a research and development laboratory, several hypotheses relating the utility of feedback from reviewers to differing strengths of ties to the project are tested. Results indicate that (1) the value of feedback from stronger ties is higher than from weaker ties; (2) weaker ties generate more unique input; and (3) weaker ties generate a greater amount of non-useful feedback. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Against Hearing Meanings

Listening to speech in a language you know differs phenomenologically from listening to speech in an unfamiliar language, a fact often exploited in debates about the phenomenology of thought and cognition. It is plausible that the difference is partly perceptual. Some contend that hearing familiar language involves auditory perceptual awareness of meanings or semantic properties of spoken utterances; but if this were so, there must be something distinctive it is like auditorily to perceptually experience specific meanings of spoken utterances. However, an argument from homophony shows that auditory experiences do not resolve differences in meaning not marked by differences in sound. I propose an alternative explanation of the perceptual phenomenal difference in terms of perceptual awareness of language-specific but non-semantic features.
Ultrasound Pulse-Echo Imaging with an Optimized Propagator

Properly accounting for ultrasound scattering from heterogeneities within the breast is essential for high- resolution ultrasound breast imaging. This requires a reflectivity image reconstruction method capable of accurately handling ultrasound scattering. We develop an optimized ultrasound-wave propagator for reflectivity image reconstruction using pulse-echo ultrasound signals. The method is based on a solution of one-way wave equation and recursive inward continuation of ultrasound wavefields in the frequency-space and frequency-wavenumber domains using a heterogeneous sound-speed model of the breast obtained from tomography. It minimizes ultrasound phase errors during wavefield inward continuation while maintaining the advantage of high computational efficiency. Pulse- echo ultrasound imaging tests for a numerical breast phantom demonstrate that our optimized method has the potential to improve the reliability and accuracy of ultrasound breast imaging.
Human Flourishing and Universal Justice

The question of what constitutes human flourishing elicits an extraordinary variety of responses, which suggests that there are not merely differences of opinion at work, but also different understandings of the question itself. So it may help to introduce some clarity into the question before starting work on one answer to it.
Hepatitis C virus and kidney disease

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains frequent in patients on renal replacement therapy and has an adverse impact on survival in infected patients on chronic hemodialysis as well as renal transplant (RT) recipients. Nosocomial spread of HCV within dialysis units continues to occur. HCV is also implicated in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction often mediated by cryoglobulins leading to chronic kidney disease as well as impairing renal allograft function. The role of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C in patients with renal failure remains unclear. Monotherapy with conventional interferon (IFN) for chronic hepatitis C is probably more effective in dialysis than in non-uraemic patients but tolerance is lower. Limited data only are available about monotherapy with pegylated interferon and combination therapy (pegylated IFN plus ribavirin) for chronic HCV in the dialysis population. Clinical experience with antiviral therapy for acute HCV in dialysis population is encouraging. Interferon remains contraindicated post-RT because of concerns about precipitating graft dysfunction. Sustained viral responses obtained by antiviral therapy in renal transplant candidates are durable after renal transplantation and may reduce HCV-related complications after RT (post-transplant diabetes mellitus, HCV-related glomerulonephritis, and chronic allograft nephropathy).
Towards a semantic, deep archival file system

In essence, computers are tools to help us with our daily lives. CPUs are extension to our reasoning capability whereas disks are extensions to our memory. But the simple hierarchical namespace of existing file systems is inadequate in managing files today that have rich semantics. In this paper, we advocate the need for integrating semantic information into a storage system. We propose "Sedar", a deep archival file system. Sedar is one of the the first archival file systems that integrates semantic storage and retrieval capabilities. In addition, Sedar introduces several novel features: the notion of "semantic-hashing" to reduce the storage consumption that is robust against misalignment of documents; "virtual snapshot" of namespace, and "conceptual deletions" of files and directories. It exposes a semantic catalog that allows other semantic-based tools (e.g., visualization and statistical analysis) to be built. It uses a decentralized peer-to-peer storage utility enabling horizontal scalability.
On Constructing Thermodynamically Consistent Parametrizations of Kinetic Models

Experimental construction of biochemical reaction systems that model cellular behavior often leads to kinetic parameter values that do not satisfy important thermodynamic constraints, thus resulting in models that are not physically realizable. In this paper, we propose a method that takes thermodynamically infeasible published kinetic parameter values and recomputes a new set of thermodynamically consistent values. The method is based on formulating and implementing an appropriate constrained optimization problem by assuming that the molecular dynamics produced by the published values are “noisy” versions of the corresponding dynamics produced by the thermodynamically consistent “true” values.
A comparative study of different low-z liner materials in an ablation-dominated electrothermal mass accelerator for fusion fueling

A low-z ablation-dominated capillary with an ablation-free extension barrel is a concept that provides a plasma flow sufficient to propel fuel pellets into the tokamak fusion plasma chamber. The acceleration barrel is made from a non-ablating material to eliminate mixing the propelling plasma with any impurities evolving from the barrel ablation.
Use of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention practices by US hospitals.

OBJECTIVE To examine the extent to which US acute care hospitals have adopted recommended practices to prevent central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Between March 16, 2005, and August 1, 2005, a survey of infection control coordinators was conducted at a national random sample of nonfederal hospitals with an intensive care unit and more than 50 hospital beds (n=600) and at all Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers (n=119). Primary outcomes were regular use of 5 specific practices and a composite approach for preventing CR-BSIs. RESULTS The overall survey response rate was 72% (n=516). A higher percentage of VA compared to non-VA hospitals reported using maximal sterile barrier precautions (84% vs 71%; P =.01); chlorhexidine gluconate for insertion site antisepsis (91% vs 69%; P P =.003) combining concurrent use of maximal sterile barrier precautions, chlorhexidine gluconate, and avoidance of routine central line changes. Those hospitals having a higher safety culture score, having a certified infection control professional, and participating in an infection prevention collaborative were more likely to use CR-BSI prevention practices. CONCLUSION Most US hospitals are using maximal sterile barrier precautions and chlorhexidine gluconate, 2 of the most strongly recommended practices to prevent CR-BSIs. However, fewer than half of non-VA US hospitals reported concurrent use of maximal sterile barrier precautions, chlorhexidine gluconate, and avoidance of routine central line changes. Wider use of CR-BSI prevention practices by hospitals could be encouraged by fostering a culture of safety, participating in infection prevention collaboratives, and promoting infection control professional certification.
When Mickey Loses Face: Recontextualization, Semantic Fit, and the Semiotics of Foreignness

Foreignness is generally viewed as a liability for the multinational enterprise, negatively affecting strategic fit and the successful transfer of firm assets abroad. Using semiotics—the study of how language systems convey meaning—and the Walt Disney Company's experiences in internationalization, I develop the notion of semantic fit as a necessary complement to strategic fit and formalize a conceptual model of recontextualization—the process by which firm assets take on new meanings in distinct cultural environments.
Cholesterol-independent Targeting of Golgi Membrane Proteins in Insect Cells

Distinct lipid compositions of intracellular organelles could provide a physical basis for targeting of membrane proteins, particularly where transmembrane domains have been shown to play a role. We tested the possibility that cholesterol is required for targeting of membrane proteins to the Golgi complex. We used insect cells for our studies because they are cholesterol auxotrophs and can be depleted of cholesterol by growth in delipidated serum. We found that two well-characterized mammalian Golgi proteins were targeted to the Golgi region of Aedes albopictus cells, both in the presence and absence of cellular cholesterol. Our results imply that a cholesterol gradient through the secretory pathway is not required for membrane protein targeting to the Golgi complex, at least in insect cells.
Identification of globin mRNA in 10s RNA of rabbit reticulocytes.

Abstract Electrophoresis on 6% polyacrylamide gels splits 10s RNA of detergenttreated polysomes from rabbit reticulocytes into two major bands. After these two RNAs are isolated separately, the first 10s RNA 1 directs the synthesis of both α and β chains in the Krebs II ascites cell-free system. In contrast, the second 10s RNA is inactive in directing globin synthesis. This result is further documented by separation of the two 10s RNAs by oligo dT-cellulose chromatography and by isolation of globin mRNA after EDTA-treatment of reticulocyte polysomes. Therefore, globin mRNA containing both α- and β-chain synthetic capacity moves as a single RNA species on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels.
Testing self-timed circuits using partial scan

This paper presents a partial scan method for testing both the control and data path parts of macromodule based self-timed circuits for stuck-at faults. Compared with other proposed test methods for testing control paths in self-timed circuits, this technique offers better fault coverage under a stuck-at input model than methods using self-checking properties, and requires fewer storage elements to be made scannable than full scan approaches with similar fault coverage. A new method is proposed to test the sequential network in the control path in this partial scan environment. The partial scan approach has also been applied to data paths, where structural analysis is used to select which latches should be made scannable to break cycles in the circuit. Experimental data is presented to show that high fault coverage is possible using this method with only a subset of storage elements in the control and data paths being made scannable.
Magnetophotonic crystals: nonreciprocity, birefringence and confinement

Photonic crystals in magnetic materials open up a number of interesting possibilities for the study of nonreciprocal effects in confined geometries, including enhanced Faraday rotation and optical unidirectionality. The development of integrated devices based on nonreciprocal magneto-optic phenomena requires understanding the effects of geometrical confinement on light propagation and magnetization in these systems. This article introduces a model for controlling the band gap by exploiting the birefringence in film-based planar magneto-optic structures. It also presents a study of magnetic remanence control through magnetization confinement in the resonant microcavity of one-dimensional planar magnetophotonic crystals.