cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New interpretation of the Haasen plot for solute-strengthened alloys

The Haasen plot (inverse activation area 1/Delta alpha vs. offset flow stress sigma-sigma(s)) for solute-strengthened alloys is usually assumed additive, 1/Delta alpha = 1/Delta alpha(s) + 1/Delta alpha(f), with 1/Delta alpha(f) similar to beta(sigma-sigma(s)) due to forest interactions. Experiments often show a slope textlessbeta. Here, a model for the dislocation activation enthalpy is proposed that predicts a slope 1/(Delta alpha(s)sigma(s)) determined only by solute parameters Delta alpha(s) and sigma(s) and not directly connected to forest hardening. This parameter-free prediction agrees well with a wide range of experiments on Al-X alloys at T = 78 K. (C) 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The response of the kht sarcoma to radiotherapy as measured by water proton nmr relaxation times: Relationships with tumor volume and water content

The potential application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict tumor response to radiotherapy is investigated. The water proton spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times (T2 and T2, respectively) of murine sarcomas (designated KHT) were measured shortly after excision. This study has demonstrated significantly different responses in T1 and T2 between the control and the irradiated tumors at various times following single doses of X rays. Quite generally, the changes in relaxation times correlated with the changes in tumor water content, indicating that the MR relaxation-time probes are fairly sensitive to radiation-induced edema and dehydration. The possible relationships between the T1 and T2 responses and radiobiological effects such as those on tumor blood flow, vascular permeability, physiological state of cells, and cell death are discussed. It is conceivable that the findings obtained from this investigation could be extended to in situ studies for potential applications in clinical radiotherapy.
Selected temperatures and thermal experience of brown trout, Salmo trutta, in a steep thermal gradient in nature

Adult brown trout were captured near a thermal discharge, tagged with radiotransmitters, released at the point of capture and tracked from a stationary position to determine plume-use and temperature selection over the annual cycle. Patterns of residence and temperature selection in the thermal gradient were highly variable both within and among seasons. Residence in the gradient and dispersion of body temperatures (Tb) decreased with increased ambient temperature while selected temperatures and skewness of body temperature distributions were directly related to ambient temperature. The variability of responses and the apparent partitioning of thermal habitat among adult brown trout were functions of sex, date and forage density, as well.
Postoperative management of the diabetic patient.

The management of diabetes in the postoperative period must take into account several characteristics of diabetes mellitus, including the type of diabetes, the methods and importance of glycemic control, and the impact of complications of diabetes mellitus. This article deals with these basic considerations in the postoperative management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Three cases that illustrate postoperative management issues are presented. Each case is followed by a summary and discussion of the key postoperative management issues for the diabetic patient.
Order of Mixed-Layering in Illite/Montmorillonites

A number of otherwise poorly understood compositional-structural relationships in mixed-layer illite/montmorillonites appear to be explained by ordered interlayering of 2:1 units. The ordering appears to be between high and low charge 2:1 units. The relationship between per cent expandable layers and mean lattice charge in natural materials shows a scatter that is nicely bracketed by hypothetical curves constructed assuming random or completely ordered interlayering for several types of 2:1 charge distribution. Natural samples with 30–50% expandable layers plotting near the “ordered” curves have diffraction peaks at 25 A for two water layers in the expandable layers and 27 A with two glycol layers; samples plotting near the “random” curves do not have these peaks and have poorly developed 001/001 reflections. Some tentative conclusions are: (1) illites are virtually non-expandable at lattice charges significantly less than that of ideal mica because of ordering of high-low charge 2:1 units, (2) illites and mixed-layer illite/montmorillonites with the same mean lattice charge show a range of expandability because of varying degrees of ordering, (3) the highly variable CEC of samples with the same expandability also results from a varying degree of ordering. An interesting petrological implication results when it is realized that a sample with a given bulk composition can have a wide range of expandability, depending on ordering. Low expandability, achieved by ordering, should be promoted by formation at high pressures. Glauconites, known to form largely at the time of sedimentation, appear to be dominantly randomly interstratified; illites and illite/montmorillonites, which may form on deep burial of argillaceous sediments, are dominantly ordered.
Multiple masks based pixel comparison steganalysis method for mobile imaging

Steganalysis has many challenges; which include the accurate and efficient detection of hidden content within digital images. This paper focuses on the development of a new multi pixel comparison method used for the detection of steganographic content within digital images transmitted over mobile channels. The sensitivity of detecting hidden information within a digital image can be increased or decreased to determine if slight changes have been made to the digital image for the target of blind steganalysis. The key thought of the presented method is to increase the sensitivity of features when alterations are made within the bit planes of a digital image. The differences between the new method and existing pixel comparison methods are; multiple masks of different sizes are used to increase the sensitivity and weighted features are used to improve the classification of the feature sets. Weights are also used with the various pixel comparisons to ensure proper sensitivity when detecting small changes. The article also investigates the reliability of detection and estimation length of hidden data within wireless digital images with potential for military applications emphasizing on defense and security.
First-Order Vacuum Polarizability from the Principle of Causality

A driving current induces in the vacuum a response current, but the response must not precede its cause. This application of the principle of causality enables one to derive the Pauli-Rose result for first-order vacuum polarization from the most elementary calculation in quantum electrodynamics: the absorption of a single photon (with $\ensuremath{-}{k}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{k}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}g4{{k}_{m}}^{2}$) by a negative-energy electron. This calculation is also given.
Electron microscopy and computer image averaging of ice-embedded large ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli.

Abstract Electron micrographs of frozen-hydrated, large ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli have been analyzed by computer image processing. Images of subunits in the so-called “crown” orientation were analyzed by correlation alignment procedures developed for negatively stained specimens. Averages of the aligned images showed both similarities and differences to averages determined for negatively stained specimens. The L1 ridge is more dense and stalk-like in frozen-hydrated as compared with negatively stained subunits. possibly because it is associated with ribosomal RNA. The results show that it should be feasible to determine the three-dimensional structure of the large ribosomal subunit from micrographs of individual, frozen-hydrated subunits that have been tilted in the electron microscope.
Assembly of an intact Golgi complex requires phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, membrane tubules, and dynein-mediated microtubule transport

Abstract Previous studies have shown that treatment of mammalian cells with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) antagonists cause the normally interconnected Golgi ribbon to break up into large fragments of stacked Golgi cisternae (“mini-stacks”) that remain located in the juxtanuclear region. Using the reversible PLA2 antagonist, ONO-RS-082 (ONO) and live-cell, time-lapse microscopy to image the Golgi reassembly process, we found that Golgi mini-stacks underwent a burst of membrane tubule formation following washout of ONO: before washout only 4.3 ± 3.8 tubules/cell/10 min were formed, whereas after washout 29.9 ± 11.9 tubules/cell/10 min formed. These membranes tubules formed bridges between physically separate mini-stacks, thus mediating their coalescence into intact Golgi ribbons. Formation of inter-stack tubules and an intact Golgi ribbon was also facilitated by microtubules because treatment with nocodazole significantly inhibited both processes. This microtubule-dependent process was also dependent on dynein because the dynein inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibited reassembly. These studies show that a late stage of Golgi assembly occurs via membrane tubules, whose formation is dependent on PLA2 activity and microtubules. Considering these results together, we concluded that the maintenance and assembly of normal Golgi architecture is dependent on the PLA2-mediated, dynamic formation of inter-Golgi membrane tubules.
The Legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg: Implications for Counseling and Human Development

Despite the great contribution by Lawrence Kohlberg to our understanding of moral development, counselors are only beginning to appreciate fully the implications of his developmental psychology for the practice of counseling and human development. Drawing on the collective body of Kohlberg's work, seven basic assumptions are shown to have direct relevance for conceptualizing counseling from a constructivist developmental approach.
TU-E-204B-04: DMLC Implementation of a Prostate Intrafraction Motion Correction Strategy Based on Failure Detection Concept

Purpose: To develop a dynamic MLC‐based real‐time motiontracking system through stereoscopic MV‐kV target localization and to utilize a failure detection concept to reduce kV imaging dose while maintaining high targeting accuracy. Methods and Materials: Continuous MV‐kV target localization, although informative, imposes excessive kV imaging dose. In order to reduce kV usage, we attempted for a first step to only detect potential motion beyond a pre‐defined threshold using MV images and in a second step, through applying as‐needed MV‐kV imaging, to confirm the over‐threshold event and obtain accurate marker position information which could be used to instruct instantaneous MLC adjustment. This technique is particularly useful for slow non‐periodic motion. A Varian Trilogy linac with onboard imaging and a Millennium 120‐leaf MLC was used to examine selected typical prostate trajectories using a 4D motion platform. Geometric and dosimetric tracking performances were evaluated by tracking a moving gold marker during dose delivery from 7 gantry angles. In‐house designed software was used for marker extraction, decision making, and MLC adjustment. Results: Total system latency from occurrence of an over‐threshold motion to the end of MLC repositioning was found to be 0.5 – 0.6 sec. The target was kept within a preset 2.5mm range 99% and 96% of the beam‐on time requiring only 1 and 13 kV‐on for a slow drifting and a high‐frequency motion case, respectively. The MLC repositioning accuracy is ∼0.5mm with system calibration. Dosimetric benefits are seen in reduced failure rate of the gamma‐test applied to dose measurements. Conclusions: Cine MV imaging during therapy delivery provides a valuable tool for detecting non‐negligible intrafraction prostate motion and facilitates intelligent kV use to significantly reduce imaging dose. Successful integration of this monitoring strategy and DMLC motion compensation is demonstrated. The developed system is intriguing for prostate intrafraction motion management with low kV imaging overhead.
Effect of anesthesia carrier gas on in vivo circulation times of ultrasound microbubble contrast agents in rats

Purpose: Microbubble contrast agents are currently implemented in a variety of both clinical and preclinical ultrasound imaging studies. The therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities of these contrast agents are limited by their short in-vivo lifetimes, and research to lengthen their circulation times is on going. In this manuscript, observations are presented from a controlled experiment performed to evaluate differences in circulation times for lipid shelled perfluorocarbon-filled contrast agents circulating within rodents as a function of inhaled anesthesia carrier gas. Methods: The effects of two common anesthesia carrier gas selections - pure oxygen and medical air were observed within five rats. Contrast agent persistence within the kidney was measured and compared for oxygen and air anesthesia carrier gas for six bolus contrast injections in each animal. Simulations were performed to examine microbubble behavior with changes in external environment gases. Results: A statistically significant extension of contrast circulation time was observed for animals breathing medical air compared to breathing pure oxygen. Simulations support experimental observations and indicate that enhanced contrast persistence may be explained by reduced ventilation/perfusion mismatch and classical diffusion, in which nitrogen plays a key role by contributing to the volume and diluting other gas species in the microbubble gas core. Conclusion: Using medical air in place of oxygen as the carrier gas for isoflurane anesthesia can increase the circulation lifetime of ultrasound microbubble contrast agents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of acute anemia and hyperoxia on oxygen distribution.

Objective We investigated the distribution of the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue in the unanesthetized hamster window chamber model during anemic conditions (a hematocrit reduction of 40%) at room air and under normobaric hyperoxia.
Monitoring granule formation in anaerobic upflow bioreactors using oligonucleotide hybridization probes.

The process of granule formation in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors was studied using oligonucleotide hybridization probes. Two labora- tory-scale UASB reactors were inoculated with sieved primary anaerobic digester sludge from a municipal wastewatertreatmentplantandoperatedsimilarlyexcept that reactor G was fed glucose, while reactor GP was fed glucose and propionate. Size measurements of cell aggregates and quantification of different populations of methanogens with membrane hybridization targeting the small-subunit ribosomal RNA demonstrated that the increase in aggregate size was associated with an increase in the abundance of Methanosaeta concilii in both reactors. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridiza- tion showed that the major cell components of small aggregates collected during the early stages of reactor startup were M. concilii cells. These results indicate that M. concilii filaments act as nuclei for granular develop- ment. The increase in aggregate size was greater in reactor GP than in reactor G during the early stages of startup, suggesting that the presence of propionate- oxidizing syntrophic consortia assisted the formation of granules. The mature granules formed in both reactors exhibited a layered structure with M. concilii dominant in the core, syntrophic consortia adjacent to the core, and filamentous bacteria in the surface layer. The excess of filamentous bacteria caused delay of granulation, which was corrected by increasing shear through an increase of
An Analysis of Data Management Tools for Diabetes Self-Management: Can Smart Phone Technology Keep Up?:

In this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Rao and colleagues present a comparison of three iPhone diabetes data management applications: the Diamedic Diabetes Logbook, Blood Sugar Diabetes Control, and WaveSense Diabetes Manager. These applications provide patients the ability to enter blood glucose readings manually, view graphs and simple statistics, and email data to health care providers. While these applications show promise, they are limited in their current forms. All require manual data entry and none convert insulin-to-carbohydrate ratios to insulin dose. Future development of these types of technology should consider integration with blood glucose meters and expanded calculation capabilities, as well as monitoring of other risk factors, e.g., blood pressure and lipids, and tracking of preventive examinations, e.g., eye, foot, and renal.
A model relating wearout to breakdown in thin oxides

A model has been developed relating wearout to breakdown in thin oxides. Wearout has been described in terms of trap generation inside of the oxide during high voltage stressing prior to breakdown. Breakdown occurred locally when the local density of traps exceeded a critical value and the product of the electric field and the higher leakage currents through the traps exceeded a critical energy density. The measurement techniques needed for determining the density of high-voltage stress generated traps have been described along with the method for coupling the wearout measurements to breakdown distributions. The average trap density immediately prior to breakdown was measured to be of the order of low-10/sup 19//cm/sup 3/ in 10 nm thick oxides fabricated on p-type substrates stressed with negative gate voltages. The model has been used to describe several effects observed during measurements of time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown distributions. The area dependence of breakdown distributions, the differences in the breakdown distributions during constant current and constant voltage stressing, and the multi-modal distributions often observed were simulated using the model. The model contained the provision for incorporation of weak spots in the oxide. >
Hornblende Schists in the Manhattan Formation, in The Bronx, New York: Reply

Field notes and specimens, obtained during the construction of a water tunnel in The Bronx, New York City, in 1929 to 1933, indicate that the layers of hornblende schist (amphibolite) in the Manhattan Formation are not intrusive sills or lava flows, as they have previously been regarded, but represent strata or lentils of sedimentary origin in a metamorphosed sedimentary sequence. Petrographic studies suggest their derivation from calcareous beds. Their chemical composition, like that of most amphibolites, corresponds fairly closely to the composition of basaltic rocks, but gives only inconclusive evidence of their origin. Possibly, but less probably, they may have been derived from mafic tuffs.
Nitrate variability along the Oregon coast: Estuarine–coastal exchange

Abstract Coastal upwelling along the Eastern Pacific provides a major source of nutrients to nearby bays and estuaries during the summer months. To quantify the coastal ocean nitrogen input to Yaquina Bay, Oregon, nitrate concentrations were measured hourly from a moored sensor during summer upwelling in August 2000 outside the jetties to the estuary. Nitrate concentrations associated with coastal upwelling were generally high (up to 34 μmol l−1). The high-temporal resolution of the nitrate data clearly showed variations with a period of ∼12 h. The nitrate variations were tightly coupled with temperature variations, with warmer water corresponding to lower nitrate values (5–20 μmol l−1). Discretely-collected samples defined the estuarine conditions during the same period. The estuarine samples also varied from 5 to 20 μmol l−1 dissolved nitrate, suggesting that the lower nitrate values were associated with water ebbing from Yaquina estuary. Model calculations, used to estimate the amount of nitrate received by the estuary, indicate that the flux of nitrate into the bay averaged 12,900 kg day−1 during upwelling. The water chemistry at the nitrate sensor was a complex product of tidal forcing, wind-induced currents and biological utilization of nutrients. A discharge model was used to examine the ebbing tide entrainment hypothesis when ocean currents were steady. Where ocean currents change rapidly in a few hours, the plume trajectories, however, will meander horizontally, fractionate or become patchy. The model analysis supports the tidal Yaquina Bay outflow premise as a cause for nitrate and water property variations near the Yaquina Bay entrance jetties. High-temporal resolution nitrate analyses indicate that near shore coastal waters were influenced by nearby estuarine outflow as well as by coastal upwelling.
Rootkit-resistant disks

Rootkits are now prevalent in the wild. Users affected by rootkits are subject to the abuse of their data and resources, often unknowingly. Suchmalware becomes even more dangerous when it is persistent-infected disk images allow the malware to exist across reboots and prevent patches or system repairs from being successfully applied. In this paper, we introduce rootkit-resistant disks (RRD) that label all immutable system binaries and configuration files at installation time. During normal operation, the disk controller inspects all write operations received from the host operating system and denies those made for labeled blocks. To upgrade, the host is booted into a safe state and system blocks can only be modified if a security token is attached to the disk controller. By enforcing immutability at the disk controller, we prevent a compromised operating system from infecting its on-disk image.We implement the RRD on a Linksys NSLU2 network storage device by extending the I/O processing on the embedded disk controller running the SlugOS Linux distribution. Our performance evaluation shows that the RRD exhibits an overhead of less than 1% for filesystem creation and less than 1.5% during I/O intensive Postmark benchmarking. We further demonstrate the viability of our approach by preventing a rootkit collected from the wild from infecting the OS image. In this way, we show that RRDs not only prevent rootkit persistence, but do so in an efficient way.
Cytokine induction of heat shock protein in human granulosa- luteal cells

labelling showed an increase in a 70 kDa protein after heat treatment which was demonstrated to be HSP-70 by Western analysis using monoclonal antibodies against the constitutive and inducible forms of HSP-70. Induction of HSP-70 in human granulosa-luteal cells was also seen with interferon (IFN)y (10 ng/ml), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a (100 ng/ml) and a combination of IFNy/TNF-a (10/50 ng/ml). Interleukin-Ip* (IL-Ip*) (30 ng/ml) showed minimal induction of HSP-70 above control values. An increase in activated heat shock factor, which binds to the heat shock transcriptional control element, was detected after heat shock, IFN/TNF, and IFN treatment. Coincident with the induction of HSP-70 by heat shock was the inhibition of progesterone production compared with non-shocked granulosa-luteal cells. Heat shock inhibition of progesterone synthesis was partially reversed by the cell- and mitochondria-permeant cholesterol analogue, 22R-hydroxycholesterol. Cell viability was unaffected by heat treatment. White blood cell-depleted granulosaluteal cell cultures treated with IFN demonstrated a significant reduction in progesterone production. Treatment with IFN/TNF, TNF, and IL-1 also decreased progesterone secretion, although statistical significance was not achieved. These findings provide evidence that a stress response occurs in human granulosa-luteal cells in response to heat and cytokines. The inhibition of gonadotrophin-sensitive steroidogenesis coincident with the induction of HSP-70 synthesis by physiological agents which are present in the corpus luteum implicates HSP-70 as a potential mediator of luteolysis in the human.
Decortication After Lung Transplantation

Background Compromise of a pulmonary allograft by restrictive or infectious pleural-space pathology may be amenable to surgical intervention; however, the role of decortication in this patient population has not yet been substantiated. To address this issue, indications and outcomes of decortication after lung transplantation were examined at our institution. Methods From February 1990 to December 2006, 553 patients underwent lung transplantation; postoperative decortications were performed 27 times in 24 patients (4.3%). Results Indications for decortication included presumed empyema (15), loculated effusion (7), hemothorax (3), and fibrothorax (2). Decortication was performed at a median of 81 days after transplantation (range, 12 days to 7.8 years). Complete lung reexpansion was achieved after 19 of 27 decortications (70%). Infection was cleared from the pleural space in 9 of 15 empyema patients (64%). Survivals at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after decortication were 85%, 73%, 65%, and 60%, respectively. Operative mortality (30-day or in-hospital) was 23%, and median length of stay was 19 days. Conclusions Decortication may alleviate the compromise of a transplanted lung by restrictive or infectious pleural-space disease, but operative risk is substantial.
Infrared scatterplate interferometry

Scatterplate inferferometry in the IR (λ = 10.6 μm) is virtually the same as that in the visible except for an appropriate change in optical materials. Techniques for its fabrication and alignment are described. Some of the side effects produced by the pyroelectric vidicon that are peculiar to scatterplate interferometry are discussed.
Financialization, Distribution and Accumulation: A Circuit of Capital Model with A Managerial Class

This paper explores some implications of financialization and rising consumer debt on the interplay of inequality and growth in a circuit of capital model, which includes a managerial class. Two possible ‘closures’ are presented in the paper. With the Classical-Marxian closure, credit (specifically consumer credit) endogenously adjusts to the pace of accumulation. With the alternative Keynesian closure, exogenous consumer credit determines the rate of steady-state growth. Two regimes of accumulation are identified on the basis of these two closures. Accumulation is constrained by profitability in the first regime and increasing inequality in the second regime. The paper also investigates the impact of rising managerial income on demand and accumulation. The managerial class plays a dual role in the capitalist economy increasing productivity on one hand and diverting a share of surplus from investment to consumption on the other.
Phenomenology, Behaviors, and Goals Differentiate Discrete Emotions

Prior research has typically attempted to distinguish one emotion from another by identifying distinctive expressions, physiology, and subjective qualities. Recent theories claim emotions can also be differentiated by distinctive action tendencies, actions, and emotivational goals. To test hypotheses from both older and more recent theories, 100 Ss were asked to recall experiences of particular negative emotions and answer questions concerning what they felt, thought, felt like doing, actually did, and wanted. Results support hypotheses specifying characteristic responses for fear, sadness, distress, frustration, disgust, dislike, anger, regret, guilt, and shame. The findings indicate that discrete emotions have distinctive goals and action tendencies, as well as thoughts and feelings. In addition, they provide empirical support for hypothesized emotion states that have received insufficient attention from researchers.
Depth-based target segmentation for intelligent vehicles: fusion of radar and binocular stereo

Dynamic environment interpretation is of special interest for intelligent vehicle systems. It is expected to provide lane information, target depth, and the image positions of targets within given depth ranges. Typical segmentation algorithms cannot solve the problems satisfactorily, especially under the high-speed requirements of a real-time environment. Furthermore, the variation of image positions and sizes of targets creates difficulties for tracking. In this paper, we propose a sensor-fusion method that can make use of coarse target depth information to segment target locations in video images. Coarse depth ranges can be provided by radar systems or by a vision-based algorithm introduced in the paper. The new segmentation method offers more accuracy and robustness while decreasing the computational load.
Snow depth, soil freezing and nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest landscape

Increases in soil freezing associated with decreases in snow cover have been identified as a significant disturbance to nitrogen (N) cycling in northern hardwood forests. We created a range of soil freezing intensity through snow manipulation experiments along an elevation gradient at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in the White Mountains, NH USA in order to improve understanding of the factors regulating freeze effects on nitrate (NO3 −) leaching, nitrous oxide (N2O) flux, potential and in situ net N mineralization and nitrification, microbial biomass carbon (C) and N content and respiration, and denitrification. While the snow manipulation treatment produced deep and persistent soil freezing at all sites, effects on hydrologic and gaseous losses of N were less than expected and less than values observed in previous studies at the HBEF. There was no relationship between frost depth, frost heaving and NO3 − leaching, and a weak relationship between frost depth and winter N2O flux. There was a significant positive relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and NO3 − concentrations in treatment plots but not in reference plots, suggesting that the snow manipulation treatment mobilized available C, which may have stimulated retention of N and prevented treatment effects on N losses. While the results support the hypothesis that climate change resulting in less snow and more soil freezing will increase N losses from northern hardwood forests, they also suggest that ecosystem response to soil freezing disturbance is affected by multiple factors that must be reconciled in future research.
Holographic beam coupling in anisotropic photorefractive media

The process of two-beam holographic coupling in optically anisotropic media is analyzed. We consider holographic media possessing birefringence, optical activity, and spatial modulation of these effects. Coupled equations are derived, and expressions for diffraction efficiency, angular and wavelength sensitivity, and polarization properties of the interacting beams are obtained. Results are compared with those of experiments with holograms formed in photorefractive Bi12SiO20 crystals.
The implications of using US-specific EQ-5D preference weights for cost-effectiveness evaluation.

Objective. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of country-specific EQ-5D preference weights on the cost-effectiveness (CE) of initial pramipexole versus levodopa strategy in patien...
Ceramic processing for multi-material devices with complex geometry

Recent antenna designs have a complex 3D distribution of different materials that must form a cohesive, and often highly asymmetric entity. The distinct materials in such designs have special dielectric and magnetic properties, and often low electromagnetic losses. This implies that the materials of choice are mainly oxides that are made by ceramic routes for practical reasons. Ceramic routes start from powders that are consolidated into a pre-designed, "green," shape, followed by thermal processing to realize the target micro-structure. Thermal processing can be described as a sequence of drying to remove volatile processing liquids, removal of binders and other additives, and finally sintering. Commensurate ceramic processing of complex multi-phase components provide major challenges due to unavoidable variations in intrinsic and process properties of different materials. Methods to overcome these problems are only beginning to become available. Examples of promising routes include use of high-density colloidal deposition methods, advanced feed-back control during drying and additive removal, pre-designed thermal shrinkage behavior, and rapid processing techniques developed by the semi-conductor industry.
Second Primary Lung Cancer After Head and Neck Cancer: Implications for Screening Computed Tomography.

Background:Recent guidelines recommend chest computed tomography (CT) for smokers based on studies of individuals aged 55 to 74 years with 30-pack year smoking to detect lung cancers. Some have postulated that a prior diagnosis of head and neck cancer (HNC) should also warrant lung cancer screening with CT, but no studies have demonstrated benefit in this population. Our goal was to compare survival of HNC patients with second primary lung cancers (SPLCs) with survival of lung cancer–only patients to determine if detecting early stage lung cancer in those with prior HNC could lead to similar survival benefits.Methods:Survival estimates for patients with early stage SPLC diagnosed between ages 55 and 74 at least 1 year after HNC diagnosis were compared with patients with early stage lung cancer and no other cancers.Results:Median survival of patients with lung cancer only was 38 months. Median survival after SPLC was 22 months. History of head and neck cancer predicted poorer survival after lung cancer dia...
Air Flotation Velocities and Physical Properties of Peanuts and Foreign Materials

Abstract Physical properties of size, thickness, length, specificgravity, and flotation velocity were determined for various separations of peanut pods, kernels, and foreign materials. Pods had overall thicknesses large enough to allow removal of an average of 22% of the raisins and 32% of the rocks from the pods by screening. More than 96% of the peanut vines, weed stalks, and taproots were over 1 in long. Rocks and soil clods has specific gravities 2 to 4 times greater than pods. Flotation velocities for all of the materials varied from 100 to 3000 ft/min with most of the materials having velocities of 1000 to 2700 ft/min.
Stakeholder Agency and Social Welfare: Pluralism and Decision Making in the Multi-Objective Corporation

Social welfare, or the good society, is of central concern to the Academy of Management. We begin by observing that, in theory and practice, social welfare appears to be a multifarious, multidimensional, pluralistic concept. In light of this, we develop an account of a multi-objective corporation as a means for enabling a greater range of management decisions so as to permit more direct corporate engagement in the diverse goals of various stakeholders. In the course of doing this, we critique aspects of single-objective theories of corporate function and argue that a key objection to multi-objective views can be avoided. Our analysis is built on a stakeholder agency framework wherein corporate actions reflect the outcome of an intracorporate “marketplace.” We suggest that improvements in social welfare are more likely when intracorporate markets among stakeholders can operate unconstrained by some single-valued objective.
The impact of self-efficacy, stigma, subjective distress, and practical factors affecting clients' intent to "no-show"

Therapy is an effective means for helping those who struggle with a mental health concern (APA, 2013; Wampold, 2001); however, 20-50% of individuals who seek counseling do not attend the first counseling session (Swift & Callahan, 2010). Previous research has inconsistently identified many variables that contribute to a client’s likelihood to no-show for a scheduled counseling appointment. I sought to clarify these inconsistencies and to fill additional gaps in the literature by examining the effect that self-efficacy, publicand self-stigma, and previously studied no-show variables (e.g., demographic variables, therapist variables, distress) have on participants’ intent to attend or fail to attend a hypothetical scheduled counseling appointment. Participants were 290 (192 females; 79% European American) undergraduates at a large university. I randomly assigned participants to read and perspective-take either a ‘low distress’ or a ‘high distress’ narrative about a student experiencing depression symptoms. Participants then answered items 1) assessing their intent to attend a first counseling appointment, 2) rating the extent to which 14 variables would influence their intent to attend, 3) rating their sense of confidence with engaging in common therapy tasks, 4) rating the level of publicand selfstigma they perceived for seeking help, and 5) assessing demography and history with counseling. Results indicated that self-efficacy for counseling tasks mediated the relation between self-stigma and intent to attend, and that these two variables accounted for more variance in intent to attend than did other variables. Level of subjective distress, demographic variables, and other variables previously associated with no-show behavior were not found to be statistically significantly related to participants’ intent to attend a scheduled counseling appointment. I also discuss limitations, directions for future research, and clinical implications of my findings.
High-Dimensional Stochastic Design Optimization by Adaptive-Sparse Polynomial Dimensional Decomposition

This paper presents a novel adaptive-sparse polynomial dimensional decomposition (PDD) method for stochastic design optimization of complex systems. The method entails an adaptive-sparse PDD approximation of a high-dimensional stochastic response for statistical moment and reliability analyses; a novel integration of the adaptive-sparse PDD approximation and score functions for estimating the first-order design sensitivities of the statistical moments and failure probability; and standard gradient-based optimization algorithms. New analytical formulae are presented for the design sensitivities that are simultaneously determined along with the moments or the failure probability. Numerical results stemming from mathematical functions indicate that the new method provides more computationally efficient design solutions than the existing methods. Finally, stochastic shape optimization of a jet engine bracket with 79 variables was performed, demonstrating the power of the new method to tackle practical engineering problems.
Effect of laryngotracheal topical anesthesia on recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid Surgery

Abstract Study Objective Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is often used as an adjunct for RLN identification and preservation during thyroidectomies. Laryngotracheal anesthesia (LTA) with topical lidocaine reduces coughing upon emergence from anesthesia and in the immediate postoperative period; however, its use is prohibited with concerns that it could decrease the sensitivity of the intraoperative neuromonitoring. We hypothesize that there is no difference in measurements of nerve conduction made before and after LTA administration. Design An observational study in which all patients were subjected to LTA administration was conducted. Recurrent laryngeal nerve threshold currents were measured before and after the intervention. Setting Tertiary medical center operating room. Patients Eighteen patients (total of 25 nerves at risk) with American Society of Anesthesiologists classes 1 to 3 undergoing thyroid surgery. Interventions After the thyroid was removed and threshold currents at the RLN were obtained, LTA with endotracheal lidocaine was applied on the left and right side of the in situ endotracheal tube (2 cc of 4% lidocaine per side). Threshold currents were reassessed at 5 and 10 minutes after LTA administration. Measurements Threshold currents (minimum stimulus current applied to the RLN required to generate a discernible electromyographic response at the vocal cords) were recorded along the RLN for a baseline at 5 and 10 mm from the insertion point of the RLN into the larynx. Threshold currents were reassessed at the same 2 positions on the RLN at 5 and 10 minutes after LTA administration. Differences in mean values, between threshold currents recorded at the 3 different times, at 2 positions on the RLN, were used to compare effects of LTA on nerve conduction. Main Results There were no statistically significant differences when comparing threshold currents before and after LTA administration. Conclusions Laryngotracheal anesthesia had no significant effect on RLN nerve conduction in the period assessed.
Balancing Effort and Information Transmission During Language Acquisition: Evidence From Word Order and Case Marking

Across languages of the world, some grammatical patterns have been argued to be more common than expected by chance. These are sometimes referred to as (statistical) language universals. One such universal is the correlation between constituent order freedom and the presence of a case system in a language. Here, we explore whether this correlation can be explained by a bias to balance production effort and informativity of cues to grammatical function. Two groups of learners were presented with miniature artificial languages containing optional case marking and either flexible or fixed constituent order. Learners of the flexible order language used case marking significantly more often. This result parallels the typological correlation between constituent order flexibility and the presence of case marking in a language and provides a possible explanation for the historical development of Old English to Modern English, from flexible constituent order with case marking to relatively fixed order without case marking. In addition, learners of the flexible order language conditioned case marking on constituent order, using more case marking with the cross-linguistically less frequent order, again mirroring typological data. These results suggest that some cross-linguistic generalizations originate in functionally motivated biases operating during language learning.
Increased expression of α1-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) in IL-13-exposed primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC): Consequences for activation of vitamin D and expression of the antimicrobial peptide hCAP-18/LL-37

Vitamin D3 (25(OH)D 3 ) increases expression of hCAP-18/LL-37 in PBEC. This requires conversion of 25(OH)D3 by 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) into its active metabolite 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , that increases expression of both hCAP-18/LL-37 and the vitamin D degrading enzyme (CYP24A1). IL-13 is highly expressed in the lungs of asthmatics and low serum 25(OH)D 3 levels were associated with lower lung function in asthmatics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of IL-13 in vitamin D metabolism and to assess its effect on expression of hCAP-18/LL-37. Well-differentiated PBEC cultured at the air-liquid interface from 5 different donors were pre-incubated with IL-13 for 24 hours and subsequently exposed to 25(OH)D 3 for 48 hours to investigate CYP27B1, CYP24A1, vitamin D receptor (VDR), human β-defensin (hBD)-2 and -3 by qPCR. hCAP-18/LL-37 expression was determined by qPCR, immune fluorescence (IF) and Western blot. Exposure of PBEC to IL-13 alone increased CYP27B1 and hBD-3 mRNA (fold increases of 5.2 and 3.13 resp.; p 3 to IL-13 treated cells resulted in higher expression (p 3 alone (fold increase: 32.6 and 13.9, resp.). These results were confirmed by IF and Western blot for hCAP-18/LL-37. The present results show that IL-13 increases vitamin D metabolism in bronchial epithelial cells resulting in increased expression of hCAP-18/LL-37. Whether IL-13 contributes to host defence against infection through this mechanism requires further studies.
Influence of silver-nanoparticle layer in a chiral sculptured thin film for surface-multiplasmonic sensing of analytes in aqueous solution

Multiple surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves at a single free-space wavelength can be guided by the interface of a metal and a chiral sculptured thin film (STF). Multilayers comprising a chiral STF of lanthanum fluoride deposited on an aluminum thin film deposited on a glass substrate were fabricated. In some chips, a 5-nm-thick layer of silver nanoparticles was deposited at one of two selected depths in the chiral STF. The chips were then deployed in a prism-coupled configuration in a custom-built machine for surface multiplasmonic resonance imaging (SMPRI), in order to observe the effects of the silver-nanoparticle layer on the multiple SPP-wave modes. The angular locations of the SPP-wave modes were found to be not greatly dependent on whether the silver-nanoparticle layer was deposited after the first or the second period of a three-periods-thick chiral STF. With aqueous solutions of sucrose as infiltrant fluids, the angular shifts of the SPP-wave modes were determined as the refractive index of the infiltrant fluid increased. The use of a charge-coupled devices camera and upgraded motion-control equipment for SMPRI was found to increase the sensitivity of the chip. The silver-nanoparticle layer was also found to enhance the sensitivity.
The growth in mass of the various regions of the body in the fetal period.

It has been pointed out by Calkins,1 Calkins and Scammon2 and others3 that the growth of a large number of the external dimensions of the human body in the fetal period is directly proportional to the growth in total body-length, and that the probable values of these dimensions in this period may be expressed by the general formula:where “D” is the dimension in question, “L” is the total body-length, “a” is a constant in the form of a decimal fraction, and “b” is a second constant in the form of an absolute number. In accord with the law of developmental direction the “b” constant is positive for dimensions of the head and neck, negative for dimensions of the extremities and positive, negative or zero for measurements of the trunk, depending on their position.If this law holds true for all external bodily dimensions the volumes of the major body-parts should bear a similar relation to the volume of the body as a whole, or:where “Pv” is the volume of any major body-part, “Bv” is the total volume of the bod...
An inquiry into decorative aesthetics of modern ceremony

The Content and form of decorative ceremony is improving with the social development,at the same time,the requirements of ceremony become more advanced.The design of decorative ceremony not only need to show people ′s spirit shock and art enjoyment,but also need to make the environment rich and varied.Nowadays,a lack of research in decorative ceremony theory leads the skill of design is out-dated and lacks art feeling.This decorative ceremony skill faces up with the systematic theory,normal design and some problems in decorative ceremony.Decorative ceremony has to suit the development of history and the social demand which will create the beautiful,memorable view for people.
Exponential Stochastic Cellular Automata for Massively Parallel Inference

We propose an embarrassingly parallel, memory ecient inference algorithm for latent variable models in which the complete data likelihood is in the exponential family. The algorithm is a stochastic cellular automaton and converges to a valid maximum a posteriori fixed point. Applied to latent Dirichlet allocation we find that our algorithm is over an order or magnitude faster than the fastest current approaches. A simple C++/MPI implementation on a 20-node Amazon EC2 cluster samples at more than 1 billion tokens per second. We process 3 billion documents and achieve predictive power competitive with collapsed Gibbs sampling and variational inference.