cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors in the patient-therapist interaction and outcome: A review of the literature

T HE THERAPY literature is replete with descriptions of the various aspects of the treatment relationship that presumably govern patient outcome.1-3 However, according to comprehensive reviews of therapy outcome studiesPm7 there is a glaring lack of knowledge concerning the majot psychotherapy research question of which combinations of patient, therapist, and treatment variables are predictive of desired patient changes. Undoubtedly, the vast complexity inherent in the therapeutic arena has made it a difficult task to specify the relative contribution of each of these components. This paper reviewed the research that examined both patient and therapist variables concurrently as related to outcome, with particular reference to the similarity between these variables and to matching them. For the purpose of this paper, outcome was defined as the measured effects of a therapeutic input on the patient after treatment has terminated. Strict adherence to this criterion resulted in the exclusion of studies falling within three categories: (A) studies that assessed the influence of therapist individual difference variables on outcome but not in relation to patient individual difference variables6jY and vice versa, (B) laboratory analogue studies using surrogate patients and/o1 therapistslO and (C) studies that only examined the treatment relationship in the first or initial therapy sessions before therapy actually was terminated.” It should be noted that the studies that used Whitehorn and Betz’s12 A-B therapist variable -were not considered in the present paper. Four comprehensive papers 13-16 already have evaluated these studies. finding that many methodological difficulties interfered with making any positive statements about the predictive efficiency of the variable. From a literature review conducted in December, 1976, only 30 studies were found which met the criterion noted above. Most of these studies reflected methodological deficiencies. These deficiencies are presented in Table l.* Subsequently, the 30 studies are reviewed within three categories: (A) personality characteristics, (B) attitudes and values, and (C) level of functioning. Specific critiques of the studies and recommendations for further research are presented within each category. Subsequently, the implications of the findings are discussed.
General expressions for reducing the Slater-Koster linear combination of atomic orbitals integrals to the two-center approximation

This paper contains a derivation of general expressions for reducing Slater-Koster integrals ${E}_{\mathrm{ij}}(l,m,n)$ to the two-center approximation for orbitals $i$ (and $j$) having arbitrary angular momentum quantum numbers; $l$,$m$,$n$ describe the location of one center relative to the other. This has allowed the author to check the entries in Table I of the Slater-Koster paper and provides a means for extending these entries to include states of higher angular momenta. The derived general expressions are especially useful for machine calculations when a large number of particular expressions are required to be evaluated. As a collateral result the missing factors in the energy matrix elements along the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ line for the face-centered cubic structure given by Slater and Koster and reviewed by Reitz have been noted.
Oxygen equilibria and structural characteristics of the tetrameric and polymeric intracellular hemoglobins from the bivalve molluscBarbatia reeveana

The arcid bivalveBarbatia reeveana contains within its erythrocytes two hemoglobins with remarkably different structures and oxygen equilibrium properties. A tetrameric hemoglobin (Mr about 60,000) with non-identical subunits (α2β2) constitutes about 60% of the erythrocytic heme protein. This hemoglobin has a relatively low oxygen affinity (P50=19 Torr at 20°C, pH 7.2), shows cooperativitynH=2.2, shows no Bohr effect between pH 6.8 and 7.6 and a heat of oxygenation (ΔH) of −5.4 kcal/mole between 15 and 35°C. Its oxygen affinity appears to be insensitive to ATP.B. reeveana erythrocytes also contain another hemoglobin withMr=430,000, the largest intracellular hemoglobin known in any organism. The subunit of this hemoglobin is unusual, having aMr of 32–34,000 and two heme oxygen binding sites per polypeptide chain. The large hemoglobin has a very low oxygen affinity (P50=33 Torr at 20°C, pH 7.2), shows slight cooperativity,nH=1.8, and no Bohr effect (Grinich and Terwilliger 1980). The ΔH at pH 7.2 equals −2.9 kcal/mole, a low value for most hemoglobins, and its O2 affinity appears to be insensitive to ATP. The two hemoglobins ofB. reeveana, so different in their structure, are also different in their functional properties.
Evolutionary sequences of stellar models of intermediate and high mass including convective core overshooting

Stellar evolution with parameterized overshooting from the convective core has been studied for the stellar mass range M/M(solar) = 3-30 and for the initial chemical composition range Xe = 0.650-0.739 (hydrogen) and Ze = 0.021-0.044 (metals). Evolutionary sequences run from the zero-age main sequence to the end of core helium burning, but emphasis is placed here on the core helium-burning phase. Convective core overshooting during the previous main-sequence phase leads, in most cases, to a shortening of the blue loop on the H-R diagram that forms when helium is being depleted in the core. On the other hand, convective overshooting from the helium-burning core has the opposite effect. A larger initial metals abundance also tends to shorten the blue loop. In an extreme case the blue loop can be fully suppressed, but in a marginal case the normal trend can be reversed.
Cognitive triad: relationship to depressive symptoms, parents' cognitive triad, and perceived parental messages.

Evaluating the relationship between children's depressogenic thinking, children's depressive symptoms, parents' depressogenic thinking, and perceived parental messages about the self, world, and future was the primary objective of this investigation. Children (n =133) from grades 4 to 7 completed measures of depression and anxiety, including a semistructured clinical interview, a measure of their cognitive triad, and a measure of perceived parental messages about the self, world, and future. Mothers (n =112) and fathers (n =95) completed a measure of their own cognitive triad. Results of a series of regression analyses revealed that (1) children's views of self, world, and future (cognitive triad) are related to severity of depression; (2) mothers' but not fathers' cognitive triads are related to their children's cognitive triads; (3) perceived parental messages to the children about the self, world, and future are predictive of the children's cognitive triads and ratings of depression; and (4) the relationship between perceived parental messages and depression is completely mediated by children's cognitive triads. Analyses of covariance indicated that the obtained mediational relationship between children's views of self, world, and future, perceived parental messages, and children's depressive symptoms was specific to depressive versus anxious symptomatology. Impfications for existing theory and research are discussed.
On convergence criteria for jarratt's method

Abstract Let f(χ) together with its first two derivatives be continuous in the domain D and additionally let χ M ϵ D be an extremum (or turning point) of this function. Also, let χ n+1 = T (χ n ,χ n-1 ,χ n-2 ) be Jarratt's Method for computing the extremum (or turning point) of a function. Criteria are demonstrated which insure that, for any triple of initial assumptions (χ 1 ,χ 0 ,χ -1 )ϵ D , Jarratt's Method, converges to the extremum of f(χ), and that from and after some n = N 0 , the rate of convergence of this method increases steadily, finally becoming unbounded when the solution χ M is attained.
AN EVALUATION OF TWO ALTERNATIVES TO THE VROOM/YETTON NORMATIVE MODEL

The article evaluates two alternatives to a contingency model of leader behavior. The models in question are in response to the Vroom/Yetton contingency model. The Vroom Yetton model attempts to pr...
424. Executive function deficits in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

that S-ketamine and psilocybin produce overlapping psychotic symptoms in normal subjects that were associated with a common metabolic activation of prefrontal, limbic, striatal, and thalamic structures similarly as seen in some acute schizophrenic patients (Vollenweider 1998). In animals, behavioral effects of NMDA antagonists can be attenuated with the atypical 5-HT2A/D1,2,4 antagonist olanzapine or the 5-HT2A antagonist MDL 100907. This finding suggest that 1) 5-HT2 receptor antagonism may ameliorate ketamine-induced psychosis and 2) that serotonin via 5-HT2A receptors may modulate the glutamate system. To further explore the role of fronto-limbic pathways in acute psychotic states, the pretreatment effects of clozapine on S-ketamine and of ketanserin on psilocybin-induced metabolic hyperfrontality and associated symptoms were investigated in healthy volunteers in placebocontrolled studies using FDG-PET and statistical parametric mapping (SPM96). Drug-induced psychopathology was assessed after PET scanning using the Altered State of Consciousness Questionnaire. Pretreatment with the 5-HT2A/D2 antagonist clozapine (35 mg po) and the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin (50 mg), respectively, significantly reduced S-ketamineand psilocybin-induced metabolic hyperfrontality and associated psychotic symptoms. The present results strongly suggest that fronto-striato-thalamic pathways may be a common and critical substrate involved in both Sketamineand psilocybin-induced psychotic symptom formation. The finding that clozapine and ketanserin, respectively, significantly reduced S-ketamineand psilocybin-induced effects suggests that 5-HT2 receptor stimulation may be a common denominator in drug-induced and possibly also naturally occurring psychoses.
Variability in the expression of self-incompatibility in tuber-bearing diploid solanum species

An intraspecific assessment of the variability in the expression of self-incompatibility was made since such information could be broadly 14 diploid species were used. Self-pollinations in the field were made on intact plants and in the greenhouse on cut-stems. Considerable variation in the self-incompatibility within families was observed. This is surprising since the majority of the diploid species are considered to be self-incompatible. Field pollinations resulted in some “self-compatibility” in 9 of 11 species tested, while 11 of 12 species tested under greenhouse conditions yielded individuals which set self-seed.
Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/p38 stress signaling in 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine-induced apoptosis

1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells, which was preceded by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). 2'-Amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD098059) and 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole (SB203580) were used to inhibit the activity of ERK and p38, respectively. SEK-AL, a dominant-negative mutant of SEK1, was transfected into HL-60 cells (HL-60/SEK-AL) to assess the role of JNK/SAPK activity in apoptosis. PD098059 (25 microM) inhibited ara-C-induced caspase-3-like activity but was ineffective in altering ara-C-mediated apoptotic DNA fragmentation and clonogenicity. On the other hand, SB203580 (20 microM) inhibited ara-C-induced caspase-3-like activity, apoptotic DNA fragmentation, and clonogenicity. The inhibition of JNK1 activation in HL-60/SEK-AL cells did not block ara-C-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation. These results suggest that ara-C-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation and loss of clonogenicity occur through a p38-dependent pathway.
Self-repairing, self-forming, and self-sensing systems for ceramic/polymer composites

Nature builds by 1) use of local, inexpensive, available often recycled materials which 2) are self-ordering or growing by attributes shared between the material and environment; 3) repair themselves, 4) sense and adapt to changes in the environment daily, seasonally, and yearly; 5) easily disintegrate and recycle back into the material sink when their usefulness is at an end; and 6) do not harm the environment, but perhaps enhance it or resolve problems.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Separate GABA afferents to dopamine neurons mediate acute action of opioids, development of tolerance, and expression of withdrawal

Summary GABA release from interneurons in VTA, projections from the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) was selectively activated in rat brain slices. The inhibition induced by μ-opioid agonists was pathway dependent. Morphine induced a 46% inhibition of IPSCs evoked from the RMTg, 18% from NAc, and IPSCs evoked from VTA interneurons were almost insensitive (11% inhibition). In vivo morphine treatment resulted in tolerance to the inhibition of RMTg, but not local interneurons or NAc, inputs. One common sign of opioid withdrawal is an increase in adenosine-dependent inhibition. IPSCs evoked from the NAc were potently inhibited by activation of presynaptic adenosine receptors, whereas IPSCs evoked from RMTg were not changed. Blockade of adenosine receptors selectively increased IPSCs evoked from the NAc during morphine withdrawal. Thus, the acute action of opioids, the development of tolerance, and the expression of withdrawal are mediated by separate GABA afferents to dopamine neurons.
Propranolol for the treatment of subglottic hemangiomas

Abstract Introduction Infantile subglottic hemangiomas are rare causes of airway obstruction. They begin to proliferate at 1–2 months of age and can cause biphasic stridor with or without respiratory distress. Diagnosis requires direct visualization by direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. Various therapeutic options have been utilized for treatment, including tracheotomy, open surgical excision, laser ablation, intralesional steroid injection, systemic steroids, and now oral propranolol. Methods We present a retrospective chart review of infantile subglottic hemangiomas over a 5-year span (January 2005–2010) at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. IRB approval was obtained, and charts were reviewed to find patients with subglottic hemangiomas, including patient characteristics, presentation, workup, medical and surgical management, and outcomes. A case presentation demonstrates diagnostic, management, and treatment strategies and dilemmas encountered. Results Nine patients were found to have infantile subglottic hemangiomas. Six of nine patients were treated with laser excision, with five of the six having localized subglottic hemangiomas. In 2009, three of four patients were initiated on propranolol as first-line treatment; the fourth had comorbidities which precluded this. Of the three, two showed improvement, while a third, who also had bearded hemangioma, required tracheotomy. Discussion Infantile subglottic hemangiomas are rare but essential in the differential diagnosis of biphasic stridor. Although propranolol has been effective in treating cutaneous and airway hemangiomas, our experience suggests that this is not consistent for subglottic hemangiomas. In an area where airway compromise can be lethal, we must extend caution and monitor these patients closely as they may require adjuvant therapy.
From one woman to everyman: Reportability and credibility in publicly performed narratives

In this article, I extend Labov’s narrative analysis of personal experience (Labov, 1972, 1997; Labov & Waletzky, 1967/1997) to demonstrate how personal narratives that are taken up and transformed into pieces for public performance work within a reportability continuum that balances the individual storyteller’s perspective while incorporating the voices of the community to which these individuals belong. I use the case of the About Face Youth Theatre, a Chicago-based theatre company that engages lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning youth in the dramaturgical process, to demonstrate how narratives are transformed from highly reportable, personal narratives, to highly credible, generic adaptations, to performances that result in the construction of positive, public identities that expose normalness without sacrificing particularity. This process can provide adolescents who experience stigma in public contexts with the opportunity to understand how they see themselves, how others see them, and how they fit into their communities and to fit these perspectives together into a more coherent sense of self.
Collagen dispersions for liquid-solid separations in water treatment and sludge dewatering

Abstract Studies were conducted to evaluate potential applications of collagen dispersions in liquid-solid separation processes for water treatment and sludge dewatering. The collagen dispersion was prepared from fibrillar type I bovine hide buffered with organic acid. The results indicate that the collagen dispersion was effective as a coagulant for removing turbidity caused by colloidal clay particles and as a sludge conditioner for thickening and dewatering sludge from a water treatment plant. Coagulation of kaolin suspensions using the collagen reduced the initial turbidity of the suspension by 92%. Additions of collagen to sludge from a water treatment plant improved the settling rate during gravity thickening by a factor of five and improved the specific cake resistance of the sludge during filtration by a factor of three. Research is continuing on the mechanisms and kinetics of collagen dispersions in coagulation and sludge dewatering.
Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of halogenated N,N-dimethyl-2-(2'-amino-4'-hydroxymethylphenylthio)benzylamine derivatives as PET serotonin transporter ligands.

N,N-Dimethyl-2-(2′-amino-4′-hydroxymethylphenylthio)benzylamine (38), substituted on ring A, was reported to display high binding affinity and selectivity to the human brain serotonin transporter (SERT). In an attempt to explore the potential of compounds substituted on ring B of the phenylthiophenyl core structure, three derivatives of 38 were synthesized: N,N-dimethyl-2-(2′-amino-4′-hydroxymethyl-phenylthio)-5-fluorobenzylamine (35), N,N-dimethyl-2-(2′-amino-4′-hydroxymethyl-phenylthio)-5-bromobenzylamine (36), and N,N-dimethyl-2-(2′-amino-4′-hydroxymethyl-phenylthio)-5-iodobenzylamine (37). The in vitro binding studies in cells transfected with human SERT, norepinephrine transporter (NET), and dopamine transporter (DAT) showed that 35, 36, and 37 exhibited high SERT affinity with Kis (SERT) = 1.26, 0.29, and 0.31 nM (vs [3H]citalopram), respectively. [11C]-(35), [11C]-(36), and [11C]-(37) were prepared by methylation of their monomethyl precursors 16, 17, and 18, with [11C]iodomethane in 28, 11, and 14...
Neural network simulation of the early visual system

A retinal model is presented to simulate the response of the early visual system to changes in intensity and position using neuronal networks. The model is capable of identifying a stimulus on a screen and specifying if any changes occur from one time period (tau) to the next. The neural structures used in the model are the photoreceptor cells, amacrine cells, and the X, Y, and W ganglion cells. The input is made of a N*N matrix. This retinal model faithfully replicates the receptive field characteristics of the vertebrate early visual system, as well as the general functions of the ganglion cells. >
Variable structure control of non-simple input systems

To date the variable structure control (VSC) technique has been used to control systems that are affected by a forcing function that is composed solely of an input u (i.e. simple input systems). However, some systems are affected by forcing functions that are composed of an input plus its derivatives and integrals (i.e. non-simple input systems). A procedure is presented that will allow control inputs to be designed lo allow the VSC technique to control the motion of such non-simple input systems. The procedure initially involves a change of variables to eliminate derivatives of the input, u. The structure of the new input variable, u, is then designed based on the number of derivatives in the description of the sliding surface, r, and the highest number of integrals of the input that appear in the forcing function, m. A procedure to find the constraints on the gains is also presented Finally, an example is presented that involves using this procedure to design a VSC control input that can force a non-sim...
On the carrier profiling of GaAsSb/GaAs heterostructures

Carrier profiles of MBE grown Ga(As,Sb)/GaAs heterostructures were studied. In low Sb content samples of Ga(As,Sb)/GaAs grown by MBE the experimentally measured carrier profiles exhibit double dips in concentration, whereas a single large dip is ob-tained for higher Sb content with larger lattice-mismatched samples. The capacitance voltage(C-V) carrier profile of a Schottky barriern- N heterojunction of Au/n-GaAsSb/N-GaAs has been modeled and double dips occur when nonuniform doping is present which may explain the experimentally observed double dips in a GaAs0.95Sb0.05/GaAs specimen. For large lattice mismatch and therefore large heterointerface charge density in the model, the accumulation peak due to ΔEc is shown to be overwhelmed by a pro-nounced single dip as observed in higher Sb content samples such as GaAs0.91Sb0.09/ GaAs and GaAs/GaAs0.9Sb0.1.
Recreational fisheries in the USA: economics, management strategies, and ecological threats

Recreational fishing has a long history in the USA, developing from the subsistence fisheries of Native Americans together with a partial subsistence fishery of later immigrants. Marine, diadromous, and aquatic taxa are targeted, including both vertebrates and macroinvertebrates. This paper defines recreational fishing, describes the main fishing techniques, identifies target taxa by region, summarizes the socio-economic values of recreational fishing, and discusses management strategies and major ecological threats.
Adaptive Wavelet Transform for Image Compression via Directional Quincunx Lifting

We propose a novel adaptive wavelet transform that exploits local image properties for image compression. It combines wavelet filters adaptive to edge orientations with quincunx subsampling to form a 2-D nonseparable transform through lifting. Filter selections are efficiently represented. Significant improvement on both subjective and objective quality over the conventional separable transform is observed. In addition, unlike previous adaptive transforms, the symmetry in quincunx subsampling enables even quality for image features along different directions and the compression performance is insensitive to image orientation
Fluorescent light interferes with pulse oximetry

Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) values displayed on the pulse oximeter dropped dramatically in 3 children undergoing neurosurgical procedures when a hand-held fluorescent light was used to observe the patients. Pulse rates were unchanged on both the electrocardiograph and pulse oximeter. Electromagnetic interference was excluded as the cause of desaturation. A great deal of energy was emitted by the hand-held light in the 660-nm region, which is one of the wavelengths used by the oximeter. False readings of pulse rate and SaO2 values caused by ambient light could be avoided if oximeter probes were manufactured of black opaque material that does not transmit light or enclosed in an opaque plastic housing.
Initial experience in establishing an academic neuroendovascular service: Program building, procedural types, and outcomes

OBJECTIVE To report our initial experience in setting up a neuroendovascular service in a university-based comprehensive stroke center. METHODS We determined the rates of referral path, procedural type, and independently adjudicated 1-month outcomes (actual rates) in first 150 procedures (120 patients) and subsequently compared with rates derived from pertinent clinical trials after adjustment for procedural type (predicted rates). RESULTS The patients were referred from the emergency department (n= 44), transferred from another hospital (n= 13), or admitted for elective procedures from the clinic (n= 63). The procedures included treatment of acute ischemic stroke (n= 12); extracranial carotid stent placement (n= 33); extracranial vertebral artery stent placement (n= 13); intracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement (n= 12); embolization for intracranial aneurysms (n= 35), arteriovenous malformations (n= 5), and tumors (n= 10); cerebral vasospasm treatment (n= 26); and others (n= 4). The technical success rate was 100% for intracranial aneurysm obliteration and extracranial carotid artery stent placement, and 95% for those undergoing intracranial or vertebral artery stent placements; and partial or complete recanalization was achieved in 72% of patients undergoing intra-arterial thrombolysis. After adjusting for procedural type, the actual adverse event rate of 3% compared favorably with the predicted rate of 7% based on the results of clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS We provide estimates of procedure volumes and outcomes observed in the initial phase of setting up a neuroendovascular service with an active training program.
Ustekinumab Associated With Flares of Psoriatic Arthritis

Importance Ustekinumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to the shared p40 subunit of interleukin (IL) 12 and IL-23. It is approved in the United States for adults (>18 years) with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy. In 1 phase 2 trial of ustekinumab for treatment of psoriatic arthritis, joint disease improved. Observation We report 4 cases of ustekinumab monotherapy for plaque psoriasis that resulted in disabling flares of known psoriatic arthritis or unmasked previously occult joint disease. In all of our cases, psoriasis improved dramatically with ustekinumab therapy while psoriatic arthritis flared. Conclusions and Relevance Despite early results of a phase 2 ustekinumab trial suggesting efficacy for both plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, our case series raises concern that ustekinumab may unmask or aggravate joint disease in selected patients. These data underscore the need for further investigation of ustekinumab’s effects on psoriatic arthritis.
Modelling and analysis of stochastic hybrid systems

The author describes a model for stochastic hybrid systems (SHSs) where transitions between discrete modes are triggered by stochastic events. The rate at which these transitions occur is allowed to depend both on the continuous and the discrete states of the SHS. Several examples of SHSs arising from a varied pool of application areas are discussed. These include the modelling of transmission control protocol (TCP) algorithm for congestion control both for long-lived and on–off flows, state-estimation for networked control systems, and the stochastic modelling of chemical reactions. These examples illustrate the use of SHSs as a modelling tool. Attention is mostly focused on polynomial stochastic hybrid systems (pSHSs) that generally correspond to SHSs with polynomial continuous vector fields, reset maps and transition intensities. For pSHSs, the dynamics of the statistical moments of the continuous states evolve according to infinite-dimensional linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It is shown that these ODEs can be approximated by finite-dimensional non-linear ODEs with arbitrary precision. Based on this result, a procedure to build this type of approximations for certain classes of pSHSs is provided. This procedure is applied to several examples and the accuracy of the results obtained is evaluated through comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations.
Dynamic river network simulation at large scale

Fully dynamic modeling of large scale river networks is still a challenge. In this paper we describe SPRINT, an inter-disciplinary collaborative effort between computer engineering and hydroscience to address the computational aspect of this challenge. Although algorithmic details differ, SPRINT draws many design considerations from SPICE, one of the most fundamental EDA tools. Experimental results demonstrate that SPRINT is capable of simulating large river basins at over 100x faster than real time.
Development of Structural Design Criteria for ITER

The irradiation environment experienced by the in-vessel components of fusion reactors such as HER presents structural design challenges not envisioned in the development of existing structural design criteria such as the ASME Code or RCC-MR. From the standpoint of design criteria, the most significant issues stem from the irradiation-induced changes in material properties, specifically the reduction of ductility, strain hardening capability, and fracture toughness with neutron irradiation. Recently, Draft 7 of the interim ITER structural design criteria (ISDC), which provide new rules for guarding against such problems, was released for trial use by the ITER designers. The new rules, which were derived from a simple model based on the concept of elastic follow up factor, provide primary and secondary stress limits as functions of uniform elongation and ductility. The implication of these rules on the allowable surface heat flux on typical first walls made of type 316 stainless steel and vanadium alloys are discussed.
Actor-Networking the News

To date, journalists and most of those who study them remain wedded to a deeply modern understanding of the profession, one in which firm analytical borders separate news and newsmakers, reporters and audience, press and politics. New media technologies have begun to corrode these boundaries in practice, however. With its emphasis on socio‐technical hybrids, actor‐network theory offers a powerful tool for analyzing shifts in the practice of journalism under new technological conditions.
Effect of hypohydration on core temperature during exercise in temperate and hot environments.

The purpose of this study was to compare directly the physiological consequences of 5% hypohydration or euhydration during exercise in both temperate (23 °C) and hot (33 °C) environments. The subjects were eight male volunteers. Each performed four 1-h exercise bouts at 60% maximum oxygen uptake, one in each of the following conditions: hot-hypohydrated, hot-euhydrated, temperate-hypohydrated, and temperate-euhydrated. Heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (T re), forearm blood flow, and oxygen uptake were measured after 20, 40, and 60 min exercise. Whole-body sweat rate was also determined for each exercise bout. Hypohydration increased T re significantly (P<0.05) more in the hot environment (0.16 °C per 1% decrease in body mass) than in the temperate environment (0.08 °C per 1% hypohydration). Furthermore, compared with euhydration, hypohydration decreased forearm blood flow and whole-body sweat rate significantly more during exercise in the hot than in the temperate environment. The reductions in forearm blood flow and whole-body sweat rate appear to have decreased heat loss, thus accounting for the increase in T re during exercise in the heat while hypohydrated. In conclusion, this study illustrates that the physiological consequences of hypohydration during exercise are exacerbated in the heat.
An Ethics of Access: Using Life History to Trace Preservice Teachers' Initial Viewpoints on Teaching for Equity

This article demonstrates how life history methods can be used to trace preservice teachers' emergent ethics toward teaching for equity and social justice. Through qualitative analyses of 10 European American, middle-class, female preservice teachers' life history interviews, access to diverse individuals and diverse materials was identified as a major theme in participants' understandings of teaching. The development of this approach to understanding teaching for equity—an ethics of access—is traced through the life history of one preservice teacher, Julie Robbins. Implications and limitations that an ethics of access presents to teacher education are posed and explored.
Review Essay: Canadian Politics: Continentalism, Nationalism, and Provincialism

(1993). Review Essay: Canadian Politics: Continentalism, Nationalism, and Provincialism. American Review of Canadian Studies: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 607-612.
Syntheses of p-aminophenyl 1-thio-α- and -β-d-idopyranosides as analogs of glycosidase substrates

Abstract The p -nitrophenyl and p -aminophenyl 1-thio-α- and -β- d -idopyranosides were synthesized for use in structure-activity studies of glycosidases. Zinc chloride-catalyzed fusion of α- d -idopyranose pentaacetate with p -nitrobenzenethiol gave p -nitrophenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-1-thio-α- d -idopyranoside as an amorphous glass in 67% yield, and the crystalline β anomer in 13% yield. Deacetylation with catalytic amounts of sodium methoxide in methanol, followed by hydrogenation under pressure over palladium-on-barium sulfate catalyst, afforded p -aminophenyl 1-thio-α- and -β- d -idopyranosides.
Atmospheric Effects on VHF and UHF Propagation

This paper is mainly concerned with the effects of the troposphere and ionosphere on the propagation of vhf and uhf radio waves. Tropospheric refractive index profiles and ionospheric electron density models representative of average atmospheric conditions are presented. Mathematical relationships are derived for calculating refraction effects, time delays, Doppler errors, polarization changes, and attenuation experienced by radio waves traversing the entire atmosphere.
Pyogenic hepatic abscesses in infancy and childhood

Case records of infants and children with hepatic abscesses have been reviewed inrespect to clinical, necropsy, and postmortem bacterial data. Clinicopathologic correlation was tested by comparing cases observed prior to January 1, 1940, with those observed after that date.
A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Stroke Rehabilitation in Nebraska Hospitals

Abstract Jones KJ, Cochran TM, Jensen LE, Roehrs TG, Volkman KG, Goldman AJ. A cross-sectional assessment of stroke rehabilitation in Nebraska hospitals. Objective To assess the structure and process of stroke rehabilitation in Nebraska hospitals. Design Cross-sectional mail survey using the Dillman tailored-design method of administration. Setting Hospitals in Nebraska. Participants Approximately 77% of the 84 Nebraska hospitals that provide stroke rehabilitation are critical access hospitals (CAHs) that are limited to 25 beds. Our study sample of hospitals (N=53) included the 19 hospitals licensed for 47 to 689 beds (non-CAHs) and a stratified random sample of 34 of the 65 CAHs. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported stroke rehabilitation team structure and processes, purposes of and barriers to the use of evidence-based standardized assessments, specific assessments used, and access to specialized stroke rehabilitation services and community resources. Results Thirty-six (68%) of the 53 hospitals responded to the survey. Approximately 61% of the hospitals used an organized team to provide stroke rehabilitation; 8% of the hospitals—all non-CAHs—had a team dedicated to stroke rehabilitation. After adjusting for hospital size, having an organized team was significantly associated with the use of standardized assessments to improve communication, measure progress and outcomes, evaluate effectiveness of practice, and compare patient outcomes across conditions. Access to specialized stroke rehabilitation professionals and services was significantly greater in non-CAHs. Conclusions Hospital size and the presence of a team are determinants of the structure and process of stroke rehabilitation in Nebraska hospitals. Further research is needed to determine (1) whether team structure is a determinant of stroke rehabilitation outcomes across the continuum of care settings, (2) the needs of rural stroke survivors, and (3) whether technology can facilitate the use of stroke rehabilitation standardized assessments by rural health care professionals.
The toxicological significance of paraoxon deethylation

Abstract The in vivo formation of deethylation and hydrolytic products of paraoxon degradation after parathion or paraoxon administration was nearly equal in control male rats, and the relative abundance of metabolites was not appreciably altered by pretreatment of rats with enzymeinducing agents. However, pretreatment with inducers dramatically increased the oxidative paraoxon O -deethylase of male rat liver while having little effect on hydrolytic enzymes. Prior to induction, the hepatic O -deethylase activity was greatly inferior to the various hydrolytic enzymes, but nearly equal levels of both enzyme systems were found after induction. These results indicate that a large portion of the hepatic hydrolases detected in vitro is not active in vivo . It also appears that the majority of the induced hepatic deethylase was not involved in vivo at the dosage levels employed. The in vivo metabolism of monoethyl paraoxon was also demonstrated. The predominant metabolite of ethyl-[1- 14 C]monoethyl paraoxon is 14 CO 2 , while phenyl-[1- 14 C]monoethyl paraoxon yielded 4-nitro[1- 14 C]phenol. Paraoxon deethylation was also shown to be an important detoxication mechanism in female rats and male mice and must be considered in interpreting the toxicological properties of parathion and paraoxon.
Inhibition of Membrane Stretching Prevents Lipid Pore Enlargement in Cells Porated by Nanosecond Electric Pulses (NSEP)

Recent studies established that nsEP cause formation of stable pores in plasma membrane of mammalian cells. Pores formed by a single nsEP of moderate intensity (e.g., one 600-ns pulse at 3-5 kV/cm) were permeable to alkali cations, but not to a larger propidium cation (van der Waals dimensions 1.6 x 1.4 x 0.8 nm), suggesting that the pore diameter does not exceed 1.4 nm. However, higher nsEP amplitudes and/or exposures to multiple pulses could cause minor propidium uptake. Meanwhile, the mechanism of transformation of initial “nanopores” into larger, propidium-permeable pores remains unclear.One mechanism potentially responsible for nanopore enlargement could be membrane stretching caused by osmotic cell swelling following nsEP exposure.In isoosmotic and even hyperosmotic bath media, membrane permeabilization to small inorganic ions leads to equalization of their concentrations inside and outside of cells. However, larger molecules cannot escape the porated cell interior, creating additional osmotic pressure. To prevent nsEP-induced swelling, the bath buffer can be supplemented with a membrane-impermeable compound, which would prevent the increase of intracellular osmolarity.We demonstrated that addition of sucrose (8-40 mM) to the bath buffer decreases or eliminates propidium uptake by nsEP-exposed cells (60-ns, 30 pulses at 30 kV/cm). However, addition of isosmotic amount of NaCl caused little or no protective effect. These data are indicative of the fact that membrane stretching by osmotic cell swelling could indeed be the cause of nanopores enlargement. This hypothesis is being additionally tested to exclude a potentially biasing effect of sucrose and NaCl addition on the efficiency of initial nanopore opening.The work was supported by R01CA125482 from the National Cancer Institute.
The dependence of cell-free protein synthesis in E.coli upon RNA prepared from ribosomes

In this article, the work for which was supported by a NATO post-doctoral fellowship, Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei reveal their stable cell-free system in which their protein synthesis studies would culminate with the landmark poly-U experiments. Here, Nirenberg and Matthaei present their finding that incorporation of amino acids into protein is dependent on the addition of ribosomal RNA preparations.
Effect of different vitamin A intakes on very-low-birth-weight infants

Formula-fed infants with birth weights < or = 1500 g (n = 61) were stratified by 250-g birth-weight ranges and randomly assigned to receive one of three preterm infant formulas (vitamin A contents of 820 IU, 1640 IU, or 2900 IU/MJ; 1 RE = 3.3 IU vitamin A activity) when subjects tolerated 0.314 MJ.kg-1.d-1. Experimental formula feedings were continued until infants weighed approximately 2 kg or until hospital discharge. Vitamin A status as indicated by serum retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP) concentrations significantly decreased during experimental formula feeding at the lowest vitamin A intake. All subjects fed the formula providing the lowest vitamin A intake had hyporetinolemia (< 0.70 mumol/L, or < 20 micrograms/dL), which occurred less frequently (P < 0.05) with the intermediate (6 of 20) and the high (6 of 21) vitamin A intakes. Other outcome measures, including increases in weight, length, and head circumference, and ventilatory support and oxygen therapy, were not different among groups. After the end of the experimental formula-feeding period, all infants were fed standard infant formulas with a vitamin A content of 715 IU/MJ. In a subset of 19 of these infants, subsequent vitamin A status was monitored at ages 6-12 mo and was found to be comparable with that of older children and adults, regardless of the vitamin A content of the formula fed during hospitalization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Interdecadal Modulation of the Impact of ENSO on Precipitation and Temperature over the United States

Abstract Data from observations and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) twentieth-century climate change model [phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3)] simulations were analyzed to examine the decadal changes of the impact of ENSO on air temperature Tair and precipitation P over the United States. The comparison of composites for the early period (1915–60) and the recent period (1962–2006) indicates that cooling (warming) over the south and warming (cooling) over the north during ENSO warm (cold) winters have been weakening. The ENSO influence on winter P over the Southwest is strengthening, while the impact on P over the Ohio Valley is weakening for the recent decades. These differences are not due to the long-term trends in Tair or P; they are attributed to the occurrence of the central Pacific (CPAC) ENSO events in the recent years. The CPAC ENSO differs from the canonical eastern Pacific (EPAC) ENSO. The EPAC ENSO has a sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) maxi...
DIVINE PASSIBILITY AND THE PROBLEM OF RADICAL PARTICULARITY: DOES GOD FEEL YOUR PAIN?

This paper focuses on the question of whether divine passibility is metaphysically possible using the work of Hartshorne, Creel, Shields, Taliaferro and Sarot. Passibilism is seen to be difficult to assert because of the problem of radical particularity, which is the problem of how God might feel in exactitude the experience of many diverse creatures which are radically particular while also feeling different experiences of other equally radically particular beings. I conclude that the question of passibility is an unresolved problem and should be addressed from the perspective of specific attributes of God such as omniscience and omnipresence.
The recapitalization of capitalism

La crise economique actuelle a conduit a en terminer avec la politique d'apres-guerre, fondee sur les principes keynesiens de la croissance dirigee, du plein-emploi et de l'etat providence. Dans de nombreux pays capitalistes, des efforts sont faits maintenant pour 'recapitaliser le capitalisme'. Ceci entraine des reductions dans le secteur public et une expansion du secteur prive, mettant principalement l'accent sur l'industrie et sur l'exportation. Mais la crise n'est pas seulement d'ordre economique; elle a des repercussions sur tout l'ordre social, et cet article examine les idees de quelques-uns des plus importants defenseurs politiques et universitaires des idees et des attitudes qui servent a legitimer la nouvelle politique. La conclusion est que la force de la strategie de recapitalisation depend, en partie, de la qualite de la gauche, qui se doit d'elaborer immediatement un programme a court terme, sur lequel elle puisse fonder une opposition efficace.
Uptake of metal cations by fibroblasts in vitro.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to assess uptake of Ag+1, Au+4, Cd+2, Cu+2, In+3, Ni+2, Pd+2, and Zn+2 by in vitro cultures of Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts as a function of concentration of the cations in cell-culture medium. Reversibility of this uptake was also measured. Metal cations exhibited a 400-fold difference in their tendency to accumulate in the cells; In+3 tended to accumulate the most, whereas Pd+2 accumulated the least. Uptake of the cations in the cells increased linearly with the concentration of the cation in the medium for all cations up to their 50% toxicity concentrations. Reversal of this uptake was slower than that of the initial uptake for three cations studied in more detail (Cd+2, In+3, and Ni+2). The duration of the initial exposure affected the proportion of the metal cations that were retained by the cells 5 h after the cations were removed from the medium. The proportion of retained Cd+2 did not change when the initial exposure was increased from 2 h to 6 h, whereas the proportion of retained In+3 decreased and Ni+2 increased over the same period. The tendency of the cells to accumulate these cations correlated with their cytotoxic potency (measured previously). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mechanisms of theory formation in young children

Research suggests that by the age of five, children have extensive causal knowledge, in the form of intuitive theories. The crucial question for developmental cognitive science is how young children are able to learn causal structure from evidence. Recently, researchers in computer science and statistics have developed representations (causal Bayes nets) and learning algorithms to infer causal structure from evidence. Here we explore evidence suggesting that infants and children have the prerequisites for making causal inferences consistent with causal Bayes net learning algorithms. Specifically, we look at infants and children's ability to learn from evidence in the form of conditional probabilities, interventions and combinations of the two.
Nonstationary Analysis of Coding and Noncoding Regions in Nucleotide Sequences

Previous statistical analysis efforts of DNA sequences revealed that noncoding regions exhibit long-range power law correlations, whereas coding regions behave like random sequences or sustain short-range correlations. A great deal of debate on the presence or absence of long-range correlations in nucleotide sequences, and more specifically in coding regions, has ensued. These results were obtained using signal processing techniques for stationary signals and statistical tools for signals with slowly varying trends superimposed on stationary signals. However, it can be verified using statistical tests that genomic sequences are nonstationary and the nature of their nonstationarity varies and is often much more complex than a simple trend. In this paper, we will bring to bear new tools to analyze nonstationary signals that have emerged in the statistical and signal processing community over the past few years. The emergence of these new methods will be used to shed new light and help resolve the issues of i) the existence of long-range correlations in DNA sequences and ii) whether they are present in both coding and noncoding segments or only in the latter. It turns out that the statistical differences between coding and noncoding segments are much more subtle than previously thought using stationary analysis. In particular, both coding and noncoding sequences exhibit long-range correlations, as asserted by a 1/fbeta(n) evolutionary (i.e., time-dependent) spectrum. However, we will use an index of randomness, which we derive from the Hilbert transform, to demonstrate that coding segments, although not random as previously suspected, are often "closer" to random sequences than noncoding segments. Moreover, we analytically justify the use of the Hilbert spectrum by proving that narrowband nonstationary signals result in a small demodulation error using the Hilbert transform.