cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of glucose-insulin-potassium on thallium-201 myocardial redistribution.

Intravenous infusion of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) has been shown to alter the net rate of clearance of 201Tl from transiently ischemic and normally perfused canine myocardium. This study was performed to determine if GIK would also decrease the extent of thallium redistribution after transient myocardial ischemia. Six anesthetized, open-chest dogs underwent two studies, one with GIK and another with saline infusion. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded, 201Tl injected, and the occlusion released 5-min later. An i.v. infusion of either GIK (4 dogs) or saline (2 dogs) was then begun and continued for the 120-min duration of serial myocardial imaging using a standard scintillation camera. The experiment was then repeated with an infusion of saline (4 dogs) or GIK (2 dogs). The dose of 201Tl for the second study was at least 5 times more than was used for the first study. The serial 2-min images were then displayed on computer and regions of interest were drawn over the areas of transient ischemia (TI) and normal perfusion (NP). The ratio of average counts per picture element for the area of TI compared to NP was calculated. One hundred and twenty minutes after 201Tl administration, the change in the TI/NP ratio (% fill-in) was significantly less for the GIK infusion compared to saline infusion (control) 15.4 ± 4.0% vs 26.2 ± 6.0% (mean ± SE) (P < 0.01), respectively. Therefore, GIK infusion appeared to decrease the extent of thallium redistribution compared to saline control.
Relationship of premaxillary bone and its sutures to deciduous dentition in nonhuman primates.

Abstract Objective:The relationship of the human premaxillary bone (Pmx) to neighboring craniofacial structures is clouded by its embryonic union with the maxillary bone proper. Only humans among all primates have such early fusion of the premaxillomaxillary suture (PS). This study surveyed the relationship of the PS to the upper deciduous dentition in nonhuman primates, and describes the distribution of bone cells along the osseous margins of the Pmx. Method:Twenty-eight subadult primates were studied using gross, CT, and histologic observations. Location of the anterior deciduous dentition relative to the PS was assessed. In sections of selected specimens, observations of bone cells on the osseous boundaries of the Pmx were made. Osteopontin (OPN) immunohistochemistry was used to isolate osteoclastic binding sites along the Pmx boundaries. Results:The PS was consistently found between deciduous incisor and canine in strepsirrhines of all ages, whereas the suture passed variably closer to the incisor or ...
Seeing ATP Hydrolysis in Real Time, What does it Tell Us?

CFTR, a chloride channel evolved from the exporter member of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) Protein Superfamily, is gated by association and dissociation of its two NBDs. Single-channel data have led to a gating model with one-to-one stoichiometry between the gating cycle and the ATP hydrolysis cycle_a theme predicted based on rigid-body movements of each TMD-NBD complex for the popular alternating access model proposed for ABC transporters at large. Here, we report a CFTR mutant (R352C) that exhibits two distinguishable single-channel conductance levels (O1 and O2). The transition of these two open states follows a preferred order (C-O1-O2-C), indicating an input of free energy that drives the predominant O1-O2 transition over the opposite O2-O1 transition. This idea is further supported by the observation that only C-O1-C was seen in the presence of ATP when introducing mutations (e.g., E1371S) that abolish ATP hydrolysis. However, in the absence of ATP, R352C/E1371S channels exhibit only Ca O2a C transitions, indicating that without ATP-induced NBD dimerization, the pore conformation must be different from that opened by ATP-induced NBD dimerization. Statistical analysis of single-channel gating events also revealed a considerable amount of opening events containing more than one O1-O2 (i.e. C -(O1-O2)n-C) transition. If we accept the idea that the O1-O2 transition represents the hydrolysis of 1 ATP molecule, these surprising gating transitions would reflect openings embedded with hydrolysis of more than one ATP molecule_a violation of one-to-one stoichiometry. These new results lead us to propose a new gating model that features energetically coupled NBDs and TMDs: both NBDs and TMDs hold a certain degree of autonomy to function on their own but conformational changes in each domain are energetically coupled. Importantly, this new model offers a new target for the action of CFTR potentiators.
Receptor desensitization and blockade of the suppressive effects of prostaglandin E 2 and adenosine on the cytotoxic activity of human melanoma-infiltrating T lymphocytes

Previous studies document that PGE2 and adenosine suppress production of inflammatory cytokines. The present study demonstrates for the first time that (1) PGE2 and 2-chloroadenosine (CADO; a stable analog of adenosine) directly inhibit the cytolytic function of human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs); (2) the combination PGE2 and CADO have additive suppressive effects; and (3) the cooperative immunosuppressive actions of PGE2 and CADO are mediated via EP2 receptors (EP2Rs) and A2A receptors (A2ARs) and are due to amplification of cAMP production, activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and T cell receptor (TCR) inhibitor Csk leading to inhibition of Lck, ZAP-70 and Akt phosphorylation. (4) During ex vivo expansion, TILs undergo three stages of differentiation converting from TILs with high cytotoxic activity and relative resistance to combined EP2R/A2AR suppression (stage I) to TILs retaining high cytotoxicity and gaining sensitivity to combined suppression (stage II) and then to TILS that are less cytotoxic and very sensitive to combined suppression (stage III). (5) Finally, we find that pretreatment of TILs with non-inhibitory concentrations of EP2R agonists (such as PGE2 or butaprost) or A2AR agonists (such as CADO or CGS21680) increases their cytotoxic activity and induces resistance to EP2R and A2AR inhibitory signaling (cross-resistance) due to homologous and heterologous desensitization and internalization of EP2Rs and A2ARs, thus preventing their inhibitory signaling. We conclude that inducing resistance of TILs to the suppressive effects of PGE2 and adenosine in the tumor microenvironment could represent a novel strategy for improving the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy.
The prime lexicality effect: form-priming as a function of prime awareness, lexical status, and discrimination difficulty.

G. W. Humphreys, D. Besner, and P. T. Quinlan (1988) found that form-primes (e.g., contrast-CONTRACT) were effective only with masked primes. C. Veres (1986) obtained the same effect for word primes but found that nonword primes (e.g., controct) were effective regardless of masking. In a lexical-decision task, the present study failed to find any priming with word primes but only when the nonword distractors were very close to a particular word (e.g., UNIVORSE). With more distant nonword distractors (e.g., ANIVORSE), priming with word primes was restored in the masked condition. In terms of an entry-opening model of priming, this effect was interpreted as a blocking of priming by a postaccess checking operation. Alternatively, in an interactive activation model, this effect could be modeled either by decreasing the strength of lexical competition or by changing the decision criterion from local to global activation.
Synergy of Homocysteine, MicroRNA, and Epigenetics: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Stroke

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a thiol-containing amino acid formed during methionine metabolism. Elevated level of Hcy is known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). HHcy is an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. Stroke, which is caused by interruption of blood supply to the brain, is one of the leading causes of death and disability in a number of people worldwide. The HHcy causes an increased carotid artery plaque that may lead to ischemic stroke but the mechanism is currently not well understood. Though mutations or polymorphisms in the key genes of Hcy metabolism pathway have been well elucidated in stroke, emerging evidences suggested epigenetic mechanisms equally play an important role in stroke development such as DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, RNA editing, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). However, there is no review available yet that describes the role of genetics and epigenetics during HHcy in stroke. The current review highlights the role of genetics and epigenetics in stroke during HHcy and the role of epigenetics in its therapeutics. The review also highlights possible epigenetic mechanisms, potential therapeutic molecules, putative challenges, and approaches to deal with stroke during HHcy.
Characterization of irreversible binding of beta-funaltrexamine to the cloned rat mu opioid receptor

Binding of β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) to the cloned rat μ opioid receptor expressed in COS-1 cells or Chinese hamster ovary cells was examined. β-FNA bound to the μ receptor with high affinity. Irreversible binding of [3H]β-FNA was defined as the binding that could not be dissociated by trichloroacetic acid. Na+ greatly enhanced the specific irreversible binding of [3H]β-FNA to the μ receptor, which was concentration- and time-dependent. Specific irreversible binding of [3H]β-FNA was potently inhibited by CTAP (a μ ligand), but not by ICI174,864 (a δ ligand) or U50,488H (a κ ligand). These results indicate that [3H]β-FNA binds irreversibly to the cloned μ opioid receptor. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography showed that [3H]β-FNA-labeled receptors migrated as one broad and diffuse band with a mass of 80 kDa in Chinese hamster ovary or COS cells and as one band with a mass of 67 kDa in the rat brain preparation. Upon removal of N-linked carbohydrates, labeled receptors became a sharper band with a mass of ~40 kDa. [3H]β-FNA did not bind irreversibly to the cloned rat κ receptor. [3H]β-FNA binding to four chimeric μ/κ receptors was examined. The region from the middle of the third intracellular loop to the C terminus of the μ receptor is necessary for irreversible binding of β-FNA.
Infrared spectroscopic studies on metal carbonyl compounds. XIII. Study of the infrared spectrum of 13CO-enriched mercury dicobalt octacarbonyl

Abstract Via 13CO-enriched CO2(CO)8, 13CO-enriched Hg[Co(CO)4]2 has been obtained and its infrared spectrum studied in the CO stretching region. The infrared inactive CO stretching frequencies of HgCo2(12CO)δ have been determined from the frequencies of the HgCo2(12CO)7(13CO) molecules. The first combination region of the spectrum has been studied and assigned on the basis of the new « g » species frequencies. The approximate force and interaction constants (in a factored CO stretching force field) have been calculated. Also the CO stretching frequencies of the HgCo2(12CO)8−n(13CO)n (n = 0 … 3) molecular species are presented.
Metabolic control of T cell activation and death in SLE.

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by abnormal T cell activation and death, processes which are crucially dependent on the controlled production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and of ATP in mitochondria. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δ ψ m ) has conclusively emerged as a critical checkpoint of ATP synthesis and cell death. Lupus T cells exhibit persistent elevation of Δ ψ m or mitochondrial hyperpolarization (MHP) as well as depletion of ATP and glutathione which decrease activation-induced apoptosis and instead predispose T cells for necrosis, thus stimulating inflammation in SLE. NO-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in normal T cells accelerates the rapid phase and reduces the plateau of Ca 2+ influx upon CD3/CD28 co-stimulation, thus mimicking the Ca 2+ signaling profile of lupus T cells. Treatment of SLE patients with rapamycin improves disease activity, normalizes CD3/CD28-induced Ca 2+ fluxing but fails to affect MHP, suggesting that altered Ca 2+ fluxing is downstream or independent of mitochondrial dysfunction. Understanding the molecular basis and consequences of MHP is essential for controlling T cell activation and death signaling in SLE.
RAT UROTHELIUM: IMPROVED TECHNIQUES FOR SERIAL CULTIVATION, EXPANSION, FREEZING AND RECONSTITUTION ONTO ACELLULAR MATRIX

ABSTRACTPurpose: The rat has been a cost-effective model for the evaluation of bladder development, cancer and stromal-epithelial interactions. Serial cultivation of rat urothelium has been difficult. We developed a reliable protocol for the harvest, serial cultivation and cryopreservation of rat urothelium. We investigated the differentiation markers of in vivo bladder urothelium compared with cells reconstituted onto an acellular bladder matrix.Materials and Methods: Epithelial harvest techniques using trypsin and collagenase were compared. Medium and conditions were optimized for serial culture and growth characteristics were calculated. Cultured cells were cryopreserved, and then recovered and grown on acellular bladder matrices. Morphology and markers of differentiation were compared between normal bladder and engineered grafts using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunohistochemistry.Results: Atraumatic enzymatic removal of urothelium with trypsin yielded more cells with greater viability th...
Relationships in the Lupinus albifrons Species Complex (Fabaceae) based on Two Highly Variable Chloroplast Regions

Abstract The perennial lupines of western North America, previously suggested to be monophyletic, comprise an apparently rapid and recent species radiation concentrated in the California Floristic Province. The Lupinus albifrons species complex consists of a number of closely related yet morphologically variable taxa within the larger group of perennial lupines. We used sequence data from two rapidly evolving noncoding chloroplast regions to analyze relationships in the perennial lupines, with special emphasis on the Lupinus albifrons species complex. Sampling from throughout the ranges of species thought to be closely related to Lupinus albifrons, we found that this group is characterized by high genetic diversity not only between species, but also within species and even within populations. The results of this study call into question the monophyly of the western North American perennials. Only two taxa clearly emerge as deserving recognition at the species or subspecies level based on the molecular dat...
Exploring classroom discourse: Linguistic perspectives on teaching‐learning processes

A conceptual framework for interpreting linguistic approaches to the study of educational events and processes is presented. This is followed by an examination of the methodological issues associated with these kinds of linguistic analyses. Finally, some representative findings from recent linguistic studies are presented. These three sections answer the question: What is meant by a linguistic perspective to teaching and learning processes? This relatively new and different perspective about classrooms and schools helps further our understanding of what is communicated to whom in educational settings—an enduring problem in social psychology and psycholinguistics.
Biophysical Studies of the Voltage-Dependent Proton Channel

Voltage-dependent H+ (Hv) channels conduct protons across the cell membrane. They are important in immunity and fertility. In contrast to other voltage-dependent cation channels, Hv channels do not have a separate voltage sensor and pore. Instead, their amino acid sequence corresponds only to that of a voltage sensor. Mutagenesis studies suggest that the voltage sensor is itself the proton pore. By purifying and reconstituting Hv channels into synthetic lipid membranes we have shown that no other structural components are required for proton conduction. We have also sought to find conditions under which Hv channels can be stabilized for structural and biophysical studies. Our findings together with preliminary structural analyses will be presented.
A Public's Environmental Information Sources and Evaluations of Mass Media

Abstract Which mass media sources of environmental information are used most frequently by a public? What is a public's perception of the quality of environmental content provided by journalists and newscasters? Partial answers to these questions are based on telephone surveys among 336 Ithaca, New York, residents in April 1984. Newspapers and television emerged as most frequently used media, but other media were preferred for believable information. Educated segments of the sample used television less for environmental news than did less educated segments and tended to reject television as a believable source, preferring print media other than newspapers as believable sources of scientific information on the environment. The sample generally held a negative evaluation of media personnel performance on four criteria—lack of balance, biased political orientation, sensationalism, and tendency to select so as to maximize audience. A slim majority thought environmental media messengers told the truth.
Arachidonic acid induces ERK activation via Src SH2 domain association with the epidermal growth factor receptor.

Within the kidney, angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor mediates phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation, arachidonic acid release, epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transactivation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Arachidonic acid mimics this transactivation by an undetermined mechanism. The role of c-Src in mediating angiotensin II and arachidonic acid signaling was determined by employing immunocomplex kinase assay, Western blotting analysis, and protein immunoblotting on co-precipitated EGF receptor (EGFR) proteins and agarose conjugates of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins containing the c-Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains. Angiotensin II induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in primary cultures of rabbit proximal tubule cells via the activation of c-Src and association of the EGFR with the c-Src SH2 domain, effects that were mimicked by arachidonic acid and its inactive analogue eicosatetraynoic acid. Inhibition of PLA2 by mepacrine and methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphate, AT2 receptor by PD123319, Src family kinases by, 1-(tert-butyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine (PP2) and c-Src by overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of c-Src abrogated these effects. However, inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolic pathways did not block these effects. The present work provides a new and novel paradigm for transactivation of a kinase receptor linked to a fatty acid, which may apply to activation of a variety of phospholipases and accompanying arachidonic acid release.
Phenotyping Clostridium septicum infection: a surgeon's infectious disease.

Background Clostridium septicum infection is associated with malignancy. Whether disease phenotype is affected by malignant status is not known. Surgical treatment is used frequently but its impact on survival has not been examined in a cohort >30 patients. Methods A PubMed search of English language journal articles yielded 320 cases. Full information (infection location, cancer type, operative intervention, and survival) was available for 224 cases + 7 at our institution not previously reported. Results Seventy-two percent of patients had malignancy or malady of the gastrointestinal (GI) or hematologic (HEME) organ systems. HEME survival was inferior to GI survival (35% versus 55%, P = 0.03). Overall, patients who underwent operation had improved survival (57% versus 26%; P P = 0.002 and 0.005, respectively). More GI than HEME patients underwent operation (81% versus 51%, P P = 0.006). Diabetics were more likely to experience SSTI than nondiabetics (77% versus 45%, P Conclusions C. septicum infectious phenotype varies with host milieu. The SSTI phenotype is more common in GI and diabetic patients. This recognition may aid in directing the search for occult malignancy, which must be performed given the >70% incidence of concomitant cancer. This infection is more fatal in HEME versus GI patients, perhaps due in part to less HEME group operative intervention. Primary surgical therapy should be considered in GI or HEME patients as operative intervention benefits both groups.
Black women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have increased risk for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease compared with white women with PCOS

Objective To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and Framingham cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in white and black adolescents and adult women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with controls. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Center for PCOS. Patient(s) Subjects with PCOS with data on race and cardiometabolic risk (n = 519). Controls were age and race matched from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) population (1999-2006). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) MetSyn, coronary heart disease risk, and general CVD risk. Result(s) Black adolescents and young adults with PCOS had an increased prevalence of MetSyn compared with their white counterparts (adolescents relative risk 2.65 [95% confidence interval 1.29-5.4], adults relative risk 1.44 [95% confidence interval 1.21-2.6]). In contrast, there was no difference in risk of MetSyn between black and white adolescents and adult women in the NHANES dataset. After controlling for age and body mass index, black women with PCOS had a significantly increased prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein and high glucose. The general CVD risk was significantly increased in black adults with PCOS. Conclusion(s) This is the first study to comprehensively demonstrate increased risk of MetSyn in both black adolescents and adult women with PCOS compared with white subjects with PCOS. This racial disparity was not present in the NHANES controls. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the independent impact of PCOS and race on CVD risk in women.
Thinking within the box : The relational processing style elicited by counterfactual mind-sets

By comparing reality to what might have been, counterfactuals promote a relational processing style characterized by a tendency to consider relationships and associations among a set of stimuli. As such, counterfactual mind-sets were expected to improve performance on tasks involving the consideration of relationships and associations but to impair performance on tasks requiring novel ideas that are uninfluenced by salient associations. The authors conducted several experiments to test this hypothesis. In Experiments 1a and 1b, the authors determined that counterfactual mind-sets increase mental states and preferences for thinking styles consistent with relational thought. Experiment 2 demonstrated a facilitative effect of counterfactual mind-sets on an analytic task involving logical relationships; Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that counterfactual mind-sets structure thought and imagination around salient associations and therefore impaired performance on creative generation tasks. In Experiment 5, the authors demonstrated that the detrimental effect of counterfactual mind-sets is limited to creative tasks involving novel idea generation; in a creative association task involving the consideration of relationships between task stimuli, counterfactual mind-sets improved performance.
Geometry of contour-based correspondence for stereo

We consider the problem of computing stereo correspondence for scenes dense in physical structures, such as a bouquet of flowers. Boundaries are the space curves, formally governed by the projective geometry induced by the stereo camera configuration and by the differential structure of curves in the scene. We propose that the correspondence problem can be solved by relating the differential structure in the left and right image planes to the geometry of curves in space. Based on the Frenet equations, we show that the compatibility between pairs of corresponding points, and tangents and curvatures at those points, is related to the local approximation of a space curve using an osculating helix. A relaxation labeling network demonstrates that the compatibilities can be used to infer appropriate correspondences in a scene. Examples are shown.
Interrelationships among Prior Knowledge, Inference, and Language Proficiency in Foreign Language Reading

complex process that occurs with few external signs along the way. Out of recent research has come a growing understanding that comprehension is not just understanding words, sentences, or even texts, but involves building a model within the mind of the comprehender. In the past, comprehension research has been widely influenced by the generative-transformational theory of language, which described comprehension as building meaning from the smallest, simplest sentence-level features. This view predominated for some time despite some evidence to the contrary. For example, in 1932 Bartlett objected to research that used simplified stimuli such as nonsense words to test the
Long-Term Adherence to Evidence-Based Secondary Prevention Therapies in Coronary Artery Disease

Background— Studies have examined the use of evidence-based therapies for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the short term and at hospital discharge, but few have evaluated long-term use. Methods and Results— Using the Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Disease for the years 1995 to 2002, we determined the annual prevalence and consistency of self-reported use of aspirin, β-blockers, lipid-lowering agents, and their combinations in all CAD patients and of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) in those with and without heart failure. Logistic-regression models identified characteristics associated with consistent use (reported on ≥2 consecutive follow-up surveys and then through death, withdrawal, or study end), and Cox proportional-hazards models explored the association of consistent use with mortality. Use of all agents and combinations thereof increased yearly. In 2002, 83% reported aspirin use; 61%, β-blocker use; 63%, lipid-lowering therapy use; 54%, aspirin and β-blocker use; and 39%, use of...
Are E+A galaxies dusty-starbursts?: VLA 20 cm radio continuum observation

E+A galaxies are characterized as a galaxy with strong Balmer absorption lines but without any (OII) or Hα emission lines. The existence of strong Balmer absorption lines means that E+A galaxies have experienced a starburst within the last 100 Myr −1 ) hidden by dust extinction for the whole sample while 15 (z < 0.08) E+As have lower SFR upper limits of ∼15 Myr −1 .
Measurements of αK for the 84.3 keV transition in 170Yb and the 80.6 keV transition in 166Er

Abstract The K-shell internal conversion coefficients for the 84.3 keV 2+ → 0+ transition in 170Yb and the 80.6 keV 2+ → 0+ transition in 166Er have been measured to 3% by the K X-ray/γ ratio method with a NaI(Tl) crystal, a bent-crystal spectrometer and a least-squares fitting technique. The experimental conversion coefficients of αK = 1.43 ± 0.04 and αK = 1.72 ± 0.6 for 170Yb and 166Er, respectively, agree with the presently available theoretical values for pure E2 transitions. In the case of 170Yb, it was also possible to determine the intensity of the K-capture branch to 170Er. The present value of (0.19 ± 0.04)% agrees with the previous determination of (0.15 ± 0.05) per cent by Day.
E-DARWIN: Energy Aware Disaster Recovery Network using WiFi Tethering

In this paper, we propose a novel architecture called Energy Aware Disaster Recovery Network using WiFi Tethering (E-DARWIN). The underlying idea is to make use of WiFi Tethering technology ubiquitously available on wireless devices, like smartphones and tablets, to set up an ad hoc network for data collection in disaster scenarios. To this end, we design novel mechanisms, which aid in autonomous creation of the ad hoc network, distribution of data capturing task among the devices, and collection of data with minimum delay. Specifically, we design and implement a distributed coalition formation game for distributing the data capturing task among wireless devices based on their capabilities, available energy, and network participation for higher network lifetime. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture using a prototype application implemented on Android platform and large-scale simulations. Keywords—energy adaptive computing, wifi tethering, disaster recovery network, ad hoc network
Design And Operation of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer

The University of Colorado's Ultraviolet Spectrometer instrument carried on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter spacecraft is a 125 mm f/5 Ebert-Fastie design with a 250-mm Cassegrainian telescope. The instrument has extensive logic to control the grating motor drive and to adapt the basic spectrometer to the constraints and opportunities of the mission. Success has been achieved in reconciling the confficting requirements of spectroscopic, limb profile, and imaging observations. A description of the instrument operating techniques is given together with representative results of all three types.
Cross-Platform Performance Prediction of Parallel Applications Using Partial Execution

Performance prediction across platforms is increasingly important as developers can choose from a wide range of execution platforms. The main challenge remains to perform accurate predictions at a low-cost across different architectures. In this paper, we derive an affordable method approaching cross-platform performance translation based on relative performance between two platforms. We argue that relative performance can be observed without running a parallel application in full. We show that it suffices to observe very short partial executions of an application since most parallel codes are iterative and behave predictably manner after a minimal startup period. This novel prediction approach is observation-based. It does not require program modeling, code analysis, or architectural simulation. Our performance results using real platforms and production codes demonstrate that prediction derived from partial executions can yield high accuracy at a low cost. We also assess the limitations of our model and identify future research directions on observationbased performance prediction.
Epigenetic upregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 in the spinal cord attenuates oestrogen-induced visceral hypersensitivity

Objective Epigenetic mechanisms are potential targets to relieve somatic pain. However, little is known whether epigenetic regulation interferes with visceral pain. Previous studies show that oestrogen facilitates visceral pain. This study aimed to determine whether histone hyperacetylation in the spinal cord could attenuate oestrogen-facilitated visceral pain. Design The effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on the magnitude of the visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distention was examined in ovariectomised rats with/without oestrogen replacement. An additional interaction with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) antagonist LY341495 was tested. The levels of acetylated histone and mGluR2 mRNA and protein were analysed. The binding of acetylated H3 and oestrogen receptor α (ERα) to the GRM2 promoter was measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with qPCR. Results In ovariectomised rats, 17β-estradiol (E2), but not safflower oil, increased the magnitude of the VMR to colorectal distention. SAHA attenuated the E2-facilitated VMR, but had no effect in safflower oil-treated rats. Subsequent spinal administration of LY341495 reversed the antinociceptive effect of SAHA in E2 rats. In addition, SAHA increased mGluR2 mRNA and protein in the spinal dorsal horn following E2, but not vehicle, treatment. In contrast, neither E2 nor SAHA alone altered mGluR2 mRNA. SAHA increased binding of H3K9ac and ERα to the same regions of the GRM2 promoter in E2-SAHA-treated animals. Conclusions Histone hyperacetylation in the spinal cord attenuates the pronociceptive effects of oestrogen on visceral sensitivity, suggesting that epigenetic regulation may be a potential approach to relieve visceral pain.
Randomized Trial of a Calling-Infused Career Workshop Incorporating Counselor Self-Disclosure.

Abstract A randomized controlled trial was used to test (1) the efficacy of a two-session career development workshop for college student participants; (2) the effect of counselor self-disclosure on outcomes; and (3) the effect of infusing calling and vocation concepts on outcomes. Both standard (person–environment fit) and calling/vocation-infused interventions improved career decision self-efficacy relative to a wait-list control. Counselor self-disclosure also increased participant career decision self-efficacy in both conditions and increased appraisals of meaning in life for participants in calling/vocation-infused workshops. Incorporating considerations of calling and vocation neither detracted from nor added to workshop effectiveness. Career development workshops were supported, as was the use of moderate counselor self-disclosure. Suggestions for career counseling practice and intervention research are discussed.
Hemicranial disorder of vasomotor adrenoceptors in migraine and cluster headache.

SYNOPSIS Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebral vasomotor responses to 5% CO2 inhalation were measured before and after pharmacologic μ- or β-adrenoceptor manipulation in Migraine (M) and Cluster headaches (C). Responses of 77 vascular headache patients (M =66 and C = 11) were compared to those of 15 Muscle contraction headache (MCH) and 64 normal volunteers. Oral drugs were: Peripheral μ-adrenoceptor stimulator:isometheptene (Midrin(r)), peripheral μ-blocker:dihydroergotoxin (Hydergine(r)), centrally acting μ-blocker:clonidine (Catapres(r)), peripheral β-blocker:propranolol (Inderal(r)), peripheral β-stimulator:isoproterenol (Isuprel(r)). Peripheral μ stimulation markedly reduced rCBF during headache but effect lessened after headache subsided in M and C. Peripheral μ-blockade and β-stimulation increased CBF in M and C. Peripheral β-blockade markedly decreased CBF during headache in M but caused only small CBF reductions when headache-free. Peripheral adrenoceptor effects on rCBF in M and C were greatest on most recent headache side. Central effects of clonidine were opposite (greatest on non-headache side). Excessive CO2 responses were greatest on side of headache. After peripheral μ-stimulation, peripheral μ-blockade, peripheral β-stimulation or blockade, CO2 responses were restored toward normal but not after central μ-blockade. In MCH. contrary to M and C, μ-stimulation had no effect on CBF or CO2 responses. There appears to be an asymmetrical adrenoceptor disorder in M and C possibly due to sympathetic denervation-hypersensitivity.
Identification of Wheat Chromosomal Regions Containing Expressed Resistance Genes

The objectives of this study were to isolate and physically localize expressed resistance (R) genes on wheat chromosomes. Irrespective of the host or pest type, most of the 46 cloned R genes from 12 plant species share a strong sequence similarity, especially for protein domains and motifs. By utilizing this structural similarity to perform modified RNA fingerprinting and data mining, we identified 184 putative expressed R genes of wheat. These include 87 NB/LRR types, 16 receptor-like kinases, and 13 Pto-like kinases. The remaining were seven Hm1 and two Hs1(pro-1) homologs, 17 pathogenicity related, and 42 unique NB/kinases. About 76% of the expressed R-gene candidates were rare transcripts, including 42 novel sequences. Physical mapping of 121 candidate R-gene sequences using 339 deletion lines localized 310 loci to 26 chromosomal regions encompassing approximately 16% of the wheat genome. Five major R-gene clusters that spanned only approximately 3% of the wheat genome but contained approximately 47% of the candidate R genes were observed. Comparative mapping localized 91% (82 of 90) of the phenotypically characterized R genes to 18 regions where 118 of the R-gene sequences mapped.
Does the Taylor Spatial Frame Accurately Correct Tibial Deformities

Background Optimal leg alignment is the goal of tibial osteotomy. The Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) and the Ilizarov method enable gradual realignment of angulation and translation in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes, therefore, the term six-axis correction.
Molecular basis of altered uracil catabolism in individuals with 5-FU toxicity and normal DPD enzyme activity

3070 Background: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency accounts for approximately 43% of grade 3–4 toxicity to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). However, a significant number of patients with norma...
Studies of echinostomes using chromatography and atomic spectrometry.

This chapter describes chromatographic and atomic spectrometric methods used for the analysis of echinostomes. Most of the analyses are concerned with larval and adult echinostomes, but some consider host tissues infected with these stages. Coverage includes the chromatographic methods used for determination of different classes of organic compounds and atomic spectrometric methods for elemental analyses. The major chromatographic methods used have been thin-layer chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Atomic absorption spectrometry and inductivity-coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry have been used for determining certain elements, including metals. These studies have contributed to a better understanding of the chemical composition of larval and adult echinostomes and of the host tissues infected by these digeneans.
Impact of North Carolina's motorcycle helmet law on hospital admissions and charges for care of traumatic brain injuries

BACKGROUND North Carolina requires motorcyclists of all ages to wear federally approved safety helmets. The purpose of this article is to estimate the impact of this state law in terms of hospital admissions for traumatic brain injury (TBI) and associated hospital charges. METHODS Hospital admissions of North Carolina motorcyclists with TBIs and associated hospital charges in 2011 were extracted from the North Carolina Hospital Discharge Data system. We estimated hospital admissions and charges for the same year under the counterfactual condition of North Carolina without a universal motorcycle helmet law by using various substitutes (Florida, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina residents treated in North Carolina). RESULTS North Carolina's universal helmet law prevented an estimated 190 to 226 hospital admissions of North Carolina motorcyclists with TBI in 2011. Averted hospital charges to taxpayer-funded sources (ie, government and public charges) were estimated to be between $9.5 million and $11.6 million for 2011, and total averted hospital charges for 2011 were estimated to be between $25.3 million and $31.0 million. LIMITATIONS Cost estimates are limited to inpatients during the initial period of hospital care. This study was unable to capture long-term health care costs and productivity losses incurred by North Carolina's TBI patients and their caregivers. CONCLUSIONS North Carolina's universal motorcycle helmet law generates health and economic benefits for the state and its taxpayers. Language: en
Reconstruction of North American drainage basins and river discharge since the Last Glacial Maximum

Abstract. Over the last glacial cycle, ice sheets and the resultant glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) rearranged river systems. As these riverine threads that tied the ice sheets to the sea were stretched, severed, and restructured, they also shrank and swelled with the pulse of meltwater inputs and time-varying drainage basin areas, and sometimes delivered enough meltwater to the oceans in the right places to influence global climate. Here I present a general method to compute past river flow paths, drainage basin geometries, and river discharges, by combining models of past ice sheets, glacial isostatic adjustment, and climate. The result is a time series of synthetic paleohydrographs and drainage basin maps from the Last Glacial Maximum to present for nine major drainage basins – the Mississippi, Rio Grande, Colorado, Columbia, Mackenzie, Hudson Bay, Saint Lawrence, Hudson, and Susquehanna/Chesapeake Bay. These are based on five published reconstructions of the North American ice sheets. I compare these maps with drainage reconstructions and discharge histories based on a review of observational evidence, including river deposits and terraces, isotopic records, mineral provenance markers, glacial moraine histories, and evidence of ice stream and tunnel valley flow directions. The sharp boundaries of the reconstructed past drainage basins complement the flexurally smoothed GIA signal that is more often used to validate ice-sheet reconstructions, and provide a complementary framework to reduce nonuniqueness in model reconstructions of the North American ice-sheet complex.
Teacher Effects, Value-Added Models, and Accountability.

BackgroundIn the last decade, the effects of teachers on student performance (typically manifested as state-wide standardized tests) have been re-examined using statistical models that are known as...
Comparison of Landsat 8 and Landsat 7 for regional measurements of CDOM and water clarity in lakes

Abstract The potential strengths and limitations of the Landsat systems for water clarity and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) measurement were evaluated in Minnesota in the summers of 2013 and 2014. Optical water quality characteristics, including chlorophyll a , total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and CDOM were collected along with imagery from Landsats 7 and 8. Sites represented a wide range of concentrations of CDOM, chlorophyll, and mineral suspended solids (MSS), the primary factors that affect reflectance. Clear images from September 24, 2013 (Landsat 7) and September 16, 2013 (Landsat 8) acquired for northern Minnesota eight days apart allowed comparison of the respective ETM + and OLI sensors for CDOM measurements. We examined a wide variety of potential band and band ratio models and found some two-variable models that included the NIR band worked well for Landsat 8 (R 2 = 0.82) and reasonably well for Landsat 7 (R 2 = 0.74). The commonly used green/red model had a poor fit for both sensors (R 2 = 0.24, 0.25), and five sites with high MSS were clear outliers. Exclusion of these sites and other sites not included with the Landsat 7 dataset yielded a less optically complex subset of 20 coincident lakes. For this subset strong models were found for many band and band ratio models, including the commonly used green/red model with R 2 = 0.79 for Landsat 7 and R 2 = 0.81 for Landsat 8. The less optically complex subset may explain why the green/red model has worked well in other areas. For optically complex waters CDOM models that used the new Landsat 8 ultra-blue and narrower NIR band worked best for the full dataset indicating that the new bands and other Landsat 8 characteristics, such as higher radiometric sensitivity and improved signal-to-noise ratios, improve CDOM measurements. For water clarity measured as Secchi depth (SD), we compared September 1, 2008 Landsat 7 and August 22, 2013 Landsat 8 images from path 28 using stepwise regression to identify the best model using all bands and band ratios including the new blue and narrower NIR band. The best water clarity model for Landsat 8 used the OLI 2/4 band ratio plus OLI band 1 and was nearly identical with a model using the OLI 2/4 band ratio plus OLI band 2. The latter model is similar to the model used for previous Landsat water clarity assessments, which used the ETM + 1/3 band ratio plus ETM + band 1. For SD measurements we found strong relationships with both sensors, with only slight improvements for the OLI sensor for the lakes in our datasets. In contrast to some previous reports that indicated Landsat 7's ETM + lacked sufficient sensitivity for reliable retrieval of CDOM, we found that overall both sensors worked well for water clarity and CDOM measurements. This will allow their continued use for current and historical measurements of important water characteristics on a regional scale.
Deletion of the γ-secretase subunits Aph1B/C impairs memory and worsens the deficits of knock-in mice modeling the Alzheimer-like familial Danish dementia.

Mutations in BRI2/ITM2b genes cause Familial British and Danish Dementias (FBD and FDD), which are pathogenically similar to Familial Alzheimer Disease (FAD). BRI2 inhibits processing of Amyloid precursor protein (APP), a protein involved in FAD pathogenesis. Accumulation of a carboxyl-terminal APP metabolite -s-CTF- causes memory deficits in a knock-in mouse model of FDD, called FDDKI.We have investigated further the pathogenic function of s-CTF studying the effect of Aph1B/C deletion on FDDKI mice. This strategy is based on the evidence that deletion of Aph1B/C proteins, which are components of the γ-secretase that cleaves s-CTF, results in stabilization of s-CTF and a reduction of Aβ. We found that both the FDD mutation and the Aph1B/C deficiency mildly interfered with spatial long term memory, spatial working/short-term memory and long-term contextual fear memory. In addition, the Aph1BC deficiency induced deficits in long-term cued fear memory. Moreover, the two mutations have additive adverse effects as they compromise the accuracy of spatial long-term memory and induce spatial memory retention deficits in young mice. Overall, the data are consistent with a role for β-CTF in the genesis of memory deficits.
Changes in Oxygen Capacity of Blood Pigment in Rabbits Following Splenectomy.

Nine rabbits were splenectomized, the operative procedure being done as simply and rapidly as possible. Ether anesthesia was used in all cases. Initial blood samples were taken from the ear vein of each rabbit the day before operation and were analyzed for total blood pigment and oxygen capacity by the Van Slyke carbon monoxide method.1 In all of these initial samples the agreement between the total and the oxygen carrying hemoglobin was within the limits of experimental error. A spectrophotometric analysis of each sample was also made.The rabbits were bled from the ear daily for three, four, or five days after operation and the blood samples analyzed as before. In every instance it was found that the oxygen capacity dropped below the total pigment, in most cases showing a maximum deviation of 10 to 15 per cent of the total pigment on the second day and returning to the same value as the total hemoglobin on the third or fourth day after operation. It was first thought that the discrepancy between the oxyg...
Racial Discrimination in Sports: Unequal Opportunity for Equal Ability

Abstract Sociological research has demonstrated a long history of racial discrimination in major league baseball and in other sports. Two patterns of discrimination have been identified: (1) exclusion of black players from central, leadership positions and (2) exclusion of black players of marginal ability from the opportunity to play. This paper focuses on the second “type” of discrimination. Recent data indicate that discrimination against blacks of marginal ability has largely disappeared. An explanation centering on the cost of discrimination in the economic environment of recent years is proposed.
The Reflecflon on System Economics of the Virtual Enterprise

The virtual enterprise is the systemic and organizational innovation in the process of enterprise reform and development. Its core is to make more advantaged arrangement for enterpvise deqling with drastic competition and complicated situation.