cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissociation--reassociation of lactate dehydrogenase: reversed isozyme migration and kinetic properties.

SummaryPyruvate saturation curves and NADHL/NADHH ratios show that the predominant LDH isozymes of avian ventricle and pectoralis muscle are catalytically similar to those of several other vertebrates, including man. The hypothesized relationship between type of metabolism and predominant LDH isozymes and between type of metabolism and degree of susceptibility to excess pyruvate are incongruous; our results suggest that neither hypothesis may be consistently correct. This is supported by observations on reversal in predominant isozymes of some avian tissues, and on differences in electro-phoretic and kinetic properties of house sparrow ventricle and cerebrum, as well as published exceptions.
Multiplicity and representation theory of generalized random processes

Let (D) be the Schwartz space of infinitely differentiable scalar functions on the line, with compact supports, and (Ω, Σ, P) be a fixed probability space. Let X : (D) → L2(Ω, Σ, P) be a purely nondeterministic generalized random process (g.r.p.) in the sense of Ito with zero mean functional. A multiplicity representation theorem for X is obtained as a result of the Hellinger-Hahn theory. The representation can be assumed to be proper canonical. Thus each g.r.p. determines a unique cardinal number N ≤ ℵo, termed the multiplicity of the g.r.p. X. As a corollary, every stationary g.r.p. has multiplicity one. A class of harmonizable g.r.p.'s of multiplicity one can be constructed to include all the stationary g.r.p.'s. There exist g.r.p.'s of any prescribed multiplicity. The related linear least-squares prediction problem is obtained.
Broad spectrum antiviral activity of favipiravir (T-705): protection from highly lethal inhalational Rift Valley Fever.

Background:Development of antiviral drugs that have broad-spectrum activity against a number of viral infections would be of significant benefit. Due to the evolution of resistance to currently licensed antiviral drugs, development of novel anti-influenza drugs is in progress, including Favipiravir (T-705), which is currently in human clinical trials. T-705 displays broad-spectrum in vitro activity against a number of viruses, including Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV). RVF is an important neglected tropical disease that causes human, agricultural, and economic losses in endemic regions. RVF has the capacity to emerge in new locations and also presents a potential bioterrorism threat. In the current study, the in vivo efficacy of T-705 was evaluated in Wistar-Furth rats infected with the virulent ZH501 strain of RVFV by the aerosol route.Methodology/Principal Findings:Wistar-Furth rats are highly susceptible to a rapidly lethal disease after parenteral or inhalational exposure to the pathogenic ZH501 strain of RVFV. In the current study, two experiments were performed: a dose-determination study and a delayed-treatment study. In both experiments, all untreated control rats succumbed to disease. Out of 72 total rats infected with RVFV and treated with T-705, only 6 succumbed to disease. The remaining 66 rats (92%) survived lethal infection with no significant weight loss or fever. The 6 treated rats that succumbed survived significantly longer before succumbing to encephalitic disease.Conclusions/Significance:Currently, there are no licensed antiviral drugs for treating RVF. Here, T-705 showed remarkable efficacy in a highly lethal rat model of Rift Valley Fever, even when given up to 48 hours post-infection. This is the first study to show protection of rats infected with the pathogenic ZH501 strain of RVFV. Our data suggest that T-705 has potential to be a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. © 2014 Caroline et al.
AEWS: an integrated knowledge-based system with neural networks for reliability prediction

Abstract The ability of accurately predicting reliability for products is an invaluable asset for any manufacturing company. The United Technologies Carrier developed such a system based on Weibull distribution. However, predicting accurate reliability requires experienced person's special knowledge. Two expert systems were developed to capture such knowledge. The use of Weibull plots was critical in interpreting the results of failure rates. This interpretation process was imitated by employing multi-layer feed-forward neural networks. The expert systems and neural networks are integrated with the already existing Early Warning System (EWS) and databases. The resulting system, Automatic Early Warning System (AEWS), is currently deployed in United Technologies Carrier and has led to a significant boost in productivity by at least 8 times in terms of process time.
Trade-off Surveys in Planning: Theory and Application

We report on two innovations in survey methodology for land-use planning: The use of trade-off choices and the application of cluster analysis to the data.Cluster analysis is used to reduce the attitudinal items to significant dimensions. Cluster-score patterns can then provide empirical typologies of residents according to meaningful data-based distinctions. These subgroups of citizens can be found in homogeneous or heterogeneous subregions with differing consequences for the regional plan.We report on an initial application of this methodology to the mountain area of Jefferson County, Colorado. A questionnaire utilizing the trade-off approach was administered to 316 citizens. The analysis of the citizens' responses yielded eight clusters, four general and four local in orientation. On the basis of the patterns of cluster scores, thirteen subgroups were identified, which were then arranged on a continuum of convenience-versus-environment orientation. The subgroups were found to occupy heterogeneous and h...
Use of central-field potentials for describing H2(D2) elastic scattering by other molecules☆

Abstract Differential elastic scattering cross sections have been measured for the systems H 2 + O 2 , SF 6 , NH 3 , CO and CH 4 and for D 2 + O 2 , SF 6 , and NH 3 using crossed molecular beams. These experiments represent a wide variation in the size, anisotropy and initial relative collision energy E of the scattering partners, and of the corresponding de Broglie wavelengths. In all cases, rapid quantum oscillations have been resolved. From these differential cross sections, central-field potentials have been obtained which were independent of the energy and the isotopic composition of the hydrogen molecule used, as required for such potentials to be physically meaningful. Therefore, anisotropy effects do not seem important in describing the differential elastic scattering of these H 2 (D 2 ) systems.
Sapflow of hybrid poplar ( Populus nigra L. x P. maximowiczii A. Henry 'NM6') during phytoremediation of landfill leachate

Abstract Poplars are ideal for phytoremediation because of their high water usage, fast growth, and deep root systems. We measured in 2002 and 2003 the sapflow of hybrid poplars (Populus nigra L.×P. maximowiczii A. Henry ‘NM6’) planted in 1999 for phytoremediation of a landfill in Rhinelander, WI, USA (45.6°N, 89.4°W). Mean sap velocity per tree was 100±10 and 120±10 μm s−1 for 2002 and 2003, respectively. Mean sapflow per tree was 1.4000±0.1698 and 5.6760±0.2997 kg h−1 for 2002 and 2003, respectively. Sapflow was negatively correlated with temperature, wind speed, precipitation, and vapor pressure deficit for both years ( 0.002 r 2 0.61 ). Sapflow increased as mean sapwood area increased from 43.8±2.6 to 122.3±7.6 cm2 for 2002 and 2003, respectively ( r 2 = 0.88 ) . Individual-tree extrapolations using the mean tree approach were: 34 and 136 kg tree−1 d−1 for 2002 and 2003, respectively, and 612 and 2 448 kg tree−1 18-d−1 for 2002 and 2003, respectively. Extrapolations to the stand were 2.8 and 11.3 mm d−1 (28.3 and 113.3 Mg ha−1 d−1) for 2002 and 2003, respectively (assuming 833 trees ha−1), and 354 and 1 416 mm yr−1 (3.54 and 14.16 Gg ha−1 yr−1) for 2002 and 2003, respectively (assuming a 125-d growing season). Thus, we believe NM6 and other superior-performing poplar genotypes exhibit great potential for phytoremediation applications where elevated water usage is critical.
Determinants of 12-step group affiliation and moderators of the affiliation–abstinence relationship

Abstract This study examined characteristics of substance use disorder (SUD) outpatients at intake to treatment ( N = 345) that were associated with more 12-step group attendance and involvement, Steps worked, and acceptance of 12-step philosophy at a 6-month follow-up ( N = 281, 81.4%). Patient characteristics covered the domains of sociodemographics, SUD severity, personal functioning, and previous help received. Distinguishing baseline characteristics of patients who attended more 12-step group meetings during follow-up were being less-educated, more engaged in religious practices, and more extroverted and interpersonally competent, and having had more previous 12-step group exposure. These patient characteristics were generally similar to those associated with more 12-step meeting involvement and philosophy acceptance. More 12-step meeting attendance and involvement were related to abstinence at 6 months. Associations of attendance with abstinence were stronger among patients who were younger, white, less-educated, unstably employed, less religious, and less interpersonally skilled. These patients may have had fewer available social resources and so benefitted more from the fellowship and support for abstinence that 12-step group members often provide. We suggest methods by which treatment providers may encourage 12-step group affiliation among patients likely to benefit from it on substance use outcomes.
Extracellular Disulfide Bonds Support Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I-Mediated Cholesterol Transport

Scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) binds HDL and mediates the selective uptake of cholesteryl esters (CE). Although the extracellular domain of SR-BI is critical for function, the structural characteristics of this region remain elusive. Using sulfhydryl-labeling strategies, we report the novel finding that all six cysteine (Cys) residues in the extracellular domain of SR-BI are involved in disulfide bond formation that is intramolecular by nature. We hypothesize that an SR-BI conformation stabilized by extracellular disulfide bonds is a prerequisite of SR-BI-mediated cholesterol transport. Thus, single Cys mutant SR-BI receptors (C251S-, C280S-, C321S-, C323S-, C334S- and C384S-SR-BI), as well as Cys-less-SR-BI, a mutant SR-BI receptor void of all Cys residues, were created and plasma membrane localization was confirmed. Functional assays revealed that C280S-, C321S-, C323S-, C334S- and Cys-less SR-BI mutant receptors displayed reduced HDL binding and subsequent selective uptake of HDL-CE. However, only C323S-SR-BI and Cys-less-SR-BI were unable to mediate wild-type levels of efflux of free cholesterol (FC) to HDL. None of the Cys mutations disrupted SR-BI’s ability to redistribute plasma membrane FC. Taken together, the intramolecular disulfide bonds in the extracellular domain of SR-BI appear to maintain the receptor in a conformation integral to its cholesterol transport functions.
A Comparison of the Use of Language Functions by Normal and Language-Disordered Pre-School Children.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the use of language functions and language interactions in a structured setting with normal and language-disordered preschool children. The behaviors measured included greetings, labelling, descriptions, affirmations, negations, revisions, personal, requesting and turn-taking. Results indicated statistically significant differences between the subject groups. The language-disordered children performed less appropriately than normal children on the average across all measures with a greater difference on some measures than others. These results are discussed relative to assessment and treatment issues.
Acceleration-induced depriming of external artery heat pipes

Analysis T WO external artery heat pipes are currently under consideration for use as radiator elements on Space Station Freedom.* Both of these utilize a liquid and vapor channel connected by a longitudinal slot to provide axial pumping, Fig. 1. Although previous analytical and experimental investigations have demonstrated that these heat pipes will prime properly iii a zero-g environment, little is known about the effect of accelerations caused by orbital attitude adjustments or docking maneuvers. These accelerations, particularly longitudinal accelerations, could result in redistribution of the working fluid and dry out of the evaporator. This would require a reduction in the evaporator heat flux to allow rewetting. In the present work, an analytical investigation was conducted to determine what reduction in heat flux would be required and the effect of short-term longitudinal accelerations on the liquid/vapor interface. Assuming the heat pipe is properly primed and operating normally in a zero-g environment, the most damaging accelerations will be those occurring along the longitudinal axis because these are most likely to deprime the liquid channel. When the magnitude and/or duration of the acceleration is sufficient, liquid will flow out of the liquid channel through the connecting slot and accumulate in the end of the liquid and vapor channels, opposite the direction of acceleration. Because this flow may occur quite rapidly, some of the liquid may remain in the slot or adhere to the surface of the liquid and vapor channels forming a thin liquid film flowing along the length of the heat pipe. Although the flow of liquid out of the liquid channel and into the vapor channel is the most significant, the flow
Driving Mechanisms for Combustion Instability

The processes affecting the nonlinear acoustic stability of a combustor are examined in an overview fashion. Emphasis is placed on liquid-propellant rocket motors but other systems are briefly mentioned and some broadly applied principles and observations are discussed. A nonlinear wave equation is developed for a two-phase mixture and the roles of various terms in the equations are discussed. A review is made of various combustion processes, their associated characteristic times, and the impacts on stability in certain cases. Many relevant scales for length and time are identified. Special issues for supercritical and transcritical combustion are discussed. Bistable operational domains are shown to be present in some systems, making nonlinear triggering of an instability a possibility. Relations between the natural frequency of oscillation for the combustion chamber and the characteristic combustion times are identified with regard to impact on the combustor stability. The amplitude of the limit cycle an...
Pronounced photorefractive effect at wavelength over 1000 nm in monolithic organic materials

Two monolithic organic materials exhibiting high photorefractive (PR) performances at a wavelength of 1064 nm were prepared and characterized. It was found that thiophene-based molecule T6 demonstrated better PR properties than benzene based molecule B6. A net optical gain of 139.1cm−1 at a low applied field of 43.7V∕μm and a diffraction efficiency of 45.6% at 35.3V∕μm were observed for materials made from T6. Net optical gain at 1300 nm was also observed for T6. The differences in PR behavior between two materials with similar structures were explained based on dipole moment and photoconductivity differences.
Bounds on the thermoelastic properties of suspensions of spheres

Three‐point upper and lower bounds on the effective thermal expansion coefficient and specific heats of statistically isotropic suspensions of mutually impenetrable spheres are computed for the first time. The three‐point bounds depend upon the microstructure via a three‐point spatial correlation function of the medium. Both equisized and multisized spheres are considered, and hence the effect of polydispersivity in sphere size on the thermoelastic properties is determined. For reasons of mathematical analogy, the results of this study for the thermal expansion coefficient translate immediately into equivalent results for the hygroscopic expansion coefficient.
Intensionality and the gödel theorems

Philosophers of language have drawn on metamathematical results in varied ways. Extensionalist philosophers have been particularly impressed with two, not unrelated, facts: the existence, due to Frege/Tarski, of a certain sort of semantics, and the seeming absence of intensional contexts from mathematical discourse. The philosophical import of these facts is at best murky. Extensionalists will emphasize the success and clarity of the model theoretic semantics; others wiU emphasize the relative poverty of the mathematical idiom; still others will question the aptness of the standard extensional semantics for mathematics. In this paper I will investigate some implications of the G6del Second Incompleteness Theorem for these positions. I shall argue that the realm of mathematics, proof theory in particular, has been a breeding ground for intensionality and that satisfactory intensional semantic theories are implicit in certain rigorous technical accounts. One moral to be drawn is that intensionality does not, as a matter of course, involve incoherence. The central argument will conclude that an extensional semantics would attribute falsity to the G6del Second Incompleteness Theorem. Since we have good reason to believe the theorem true, the correct inference is to the insufficiency of extensional semantics. The intensional context lurking in the Second Theorem is that of indirect discourse. This indirect discourse is, contra Quine, not "at variance with the characteristic objectivity of science". In fact, rigorous generalizations of the Second Theorem provide the proper non-extensionalist treatment. Each of the matters just broached involves significant subtleties even the matter of justifying the truth of the Second Theorem. Moreover, the relevant technical work is not well reported in the philosophical literature 1 and has only recently been assimilated into logic texts. 2 In what follows, therefore, the methodological and metamathematical surveys are necessary preliminaries.
Candidate locus for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome/obsessive compulsive disorder/chronic tic disorder at 18q22

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and chronic tic disorder (CTD) are chronic, potentially debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders that often cluster in families. Comorbidity data and family and linkage studies support the hypothesis that these phenotypes, in some cases, share a common etiology. Studies of chromosomal abnormalities associated with this phenotypic spectrum further show that GTS, OCD, and CTD may represent alternate manifestations of a shared genetic condition. We report on a 14-year-old girl with severe OCD and a t(2;18)(p12;q22) translocation. The patient's chromosome 18 breakpoint localizes to the same chromosomal band as two previously reported rearrangements associated with GTS, OCD, and CTD, and fine maps to a genomic position approximately 5 Mb from these rearrangements. The clustering of these three breakpoints within a relatively small genetic interval suggests that 18q22 is a promising region for containing a gene or genes of etiologic importance in the development of the GTS/OCD/CTD phenotypic spectrum.
Quantitative P-T paths from zoned minerals: Theory and tectonic applications

An analytical approach to the analysis of zoning profiles in minerals is presented that simultaneously accounts for all of the possible continuous reactions that may be operative in a given assemblage. The method involves deriving a system of simultaneous linear differential equations consisting of a Gibbs-Duhem equation for each phase, a set of linearly independent stoichiometric relations among the chemical potentials of phase components in the assemblage, and a set of equations describing the total differential of the slope of the tangent plane to the Gibbs free energy surface of solid solution phases. The variables are the differentials of T, P, chemical potentials of all phase components, and independent compositional terms of solid solution phases. The required input data are entropies, volumes, the compositions of coexisting phases at a reference P and T, and an expression for the curvature of the Gibbs functions for solid solution phases. Results derived are slopes of isopleths (dP/dT, dX/dT or dX/dP) which can be used to contour P-T diagrams with mineral composition.
Effect of the pericardium on systolic ventricular interdependence in the dog

Systolic ventricular interdependence, whereby changes in left ventricular (LV) ejection alter right ventricular (RV) ejection, has been described. It is unclear, however, whether this interaction is influenced by pericardial volume constraint or by myocardial mechanical coupling. We hypothesized that if mechanical coupling were the primary factor determining systolic ventricular interdependence then it should be unaltered by the presence or absence of an intact pericardium, but affected by changes in LV end-systolic volume. We tested this hypothesis by observing the changes in RV stroke volume (SVrv) and peak systolic pressure (PSPrv) during a single LV isovolumic contraction under conditions of normal or increased (1.3 x normal) RV end-diastolic volume with and without an intact pericardium. In 10 anesthetized, open-chested dogs SVrv was derived from the integrated pulmonary arterial flow probe signal and RV ejection fraction (EFrv) was derived from the thermodilution plateau method and a rapidly responsive thermistor in the pulmonary artery. Right ventricular end-diastolic volume was considered to be the ratio of SVrv to EFrv. Left ventricular isovolumic contraction increased SVrv and PSPrv during all conditions (P < .01). However, PSPrv increased more when the pericardium was intact (P < .05). These data suggest that LV ejection can enhance SVrv and that this interaction is not appreciably altered by volume loading or the presence of an intact pericardium. Pericardial interactions may alter PSPrv but do not affect SVrv.
Electrochemical behavior of tantalum(V) oxide in chloride-fluoride melts

Electrochemical behavior of KCl-KF-Ta2O5 melts is studied by cyclic voltammetry. It is a Ta(V) oxyfluoride (KTaO2F2, K3TaO2F4, or K3TaOF6), yielded by the Ta2O5-KF interaction in the melt, that presumably participates in the electrochemical process, rather than Ta2O5 proper. The Ta(V) oxyfluoride complex is reduced to tantalum metal at 973 K via three irreversible diffusion-controlled stages. The product of the electrokinetic transfer coefficient and the number of electrons participating in the third stage is determined. The Ta(V) reduction becomes one-staged at 1073 K. Tantalum-containing ternary systems with molybdenum, cobalt, or silicon are prepared by electrolyzing Ta2O5-containing melts.
Thin cylindrical shells under surface torques

Introduction I a previous paper the bending problem of an infinitely long cylinder loaded with concentrated equal and opposite forces, acting at the ends of a vertical diameter, was discussed. The loading function in this case was presented by a Fourier integral in the longitudinal direction and by a Fourier series in circumferential direction. The integral representation has the advantage that the boundary conditions are automatically taken care of, and no subsequent determination of Fourier coefficients is necessary. The Fourier coefficients and the undetermined function in the Fourier integral are determined simply from the loading condition. The radial displacement was then obtained from the solution of the eighth-order differential equation. In the present paper, the shearing stress-resultant of an infinitely long cylindrical shell subjected to two equal and opposite torques acting about the radial axis on the surface of the shell, as shown in Fig. la, has been analyzed. The solution of this problem was achieved by replacing the torque with two equal and opposite forces acting about the same axis at an infinitely small distance apart. The moment produced by the pair of forces is of the same magnitude and sign as the torque. In the case of a plate, the shearing stresses produced by two equal and opposite forces acting perpendicularly to either axis are identical. However, in the present problem, the phenomenon is quite different because of the effect of the curvature of the shell on the displacements. For this reason, in the present investigation, a combination of two pairs of forces with moments are introduced to replace the applied torque. The forces are so arranged that one pair of forces, equal and opposite in magnitude, act at an infinitely small distance apart in the direction of x axis and the other pair of forces under the same condition in the direction of s axis. The loading distribution functions under consideration may be presented by a combination of a Fourier series and a Fourier integral along the circumference and the generatrix, respectively.
Services Research at IBM

This talk will share with the technical community on some directions of Services Research at IBM.
The 21st-Century Metropolis: New Geographies of Theory

Roy A. The 21st-century metropolis: new geographies of theory, Regional Studies. This paper calls for ‘new geographies’ of imagination and epistemology in the production of urban and regional theory. It argues that the dominant theorizations of global city-regions are rooted in the EuroAmerican experience and are thus unable to analyse multiple forms of metropolitan modernities. By drawing on the urban experience of the global South, the paper presents new conceptual vectors for understanding the worlding of cities, the production of space, and the dynamics of exurbanity. It makes the case that such area-based knowledge deepens recent theoretical attempts to articulate a relational study of space and place. Roy A. Les metropoles du XXIe siecle: nouvelle geographie de la theorie, Regional Studies. Cet article appelle a de nouvelles geographies de l'imagination et de l'epistemologie pour la production de theories urbaines et regionales. Il avance que les theorisations dominantes des villes-regions du monde ...
Location Tracking with Directional Antennas in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we investigate the use of multiple directional antennas on sensor motes for location determination and mobile node monitoring. One key aspect that distinguishes wireless sensor networks is inexpensive transmitters and receivers that still maintain acceptable connectivity. Therefore, complex RF solutions are often not applicable. We propose and demonstrate a location estimation algorithm on a single sensor node equipped with inexpensive directional antennas by measuring the received signal strength of the transmission peers. This algorithm is further applied to the dynamic tracking of a wandering mote. The location tracking error can be reduced from 300% to 16% by using moving average schemes and merging estimates from different sets of antennas. The mean error of tracking estimates can be obtained to provide the certainty of location tracking. Therefore, only a single mote with angular diverse multiple antennas is needed to determine the location of a mote without triangulation.
On the Courtroom Use and Misuse of Gender Stereotyping Research

Expert psychological testimony in recent sex discrimination and sexual harassment cases has presented fact finders with a conceptual framework for understanding the antecedents and consequences of gender stereotyping. In this article, we focus on perhaps the most scientifically complex aspect of research on gender stereotyping—namely, the role that individuating information plays in stereotypical thinking. Although a preponderance of evidence suggests that stereotypes are likely to influence impressions and evaluations when perceivers have either minimal or ambiguous information about another person, there is the potential for attorneys and even some expert witnesses to misconstrue this aspect of the scientific data base. We review briefly pertinent findings on the relationship between stereotypes and individuating information, and discuss some of the reasons why this evidence could be misrepresented.
Identification of a Nuclear Orphan Receptor (Ear2) as a Negative Regulator of Renin Gene Transcription

A potent transcriptional enhancer was previously identified upstream of the mouse renin gene. Within the enhancer is a TGACCT direct-repeat motif, required for enhancer activity, that is the consensus sequence recognized by members of the thyroid hormone subfamily of steroid hormone receptors. We previously reported that RAR/RXR bind to this sequence and mediate the induction of renin promoter activity by retinoids. However, gel mobility shift assays clearly show that other as yet unidentified factors also bind to this motif. In order to identify some of these TGACCT binding factors, we screened a yeast one-hybrid cDNA library derived from mouse As4.1 cells. One of these encoded the orphan nuclear receptor Ear2. Recombinant Ear2 was purified from Escherichia coli and an antipeptide antisera was generated. EMSA showed that purified recombinant Ear2 specifically binds the TGACCT direct-repeat motif. Transfection assays showed that Ear2 potently decreases both baseline and retinoid-induced mouse renin promoter activity in a dose-dependent, enhancer-dependent, and sequence-specific manner. Mutations in Ear2, which abolish its binding to the TGACCT motif, also abolish transcriptional repression. Ear2 was identified as a nuclear protein in As4.1 cells, is one of the proteins binding to the TGACCT repeat motif, and its overexpression can repress transcription of the endogenous renin gene in As4.1 cells. These data suggest that Ear2 is a negative modulator of renin gene transcription in As4.1 cells, and that the renin enhancer may actually encode a complex positive and negative regulator of transcription.
Multiple lessons from the multiple functions of a regulator of type III secretion system assembly in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae

The assembly of type III secretion systems (T3SSs), which inject bacterial effector proteins into the cytosol of animal and plant hosts, is a highly regulated process. Animal pathogens use a length-control protein to produce T3SS needles of fixed length and then a second regulator, such as YopN in Yersinia spp, to mediate host contact-dependent effector delivery. For Pseudomonas syringae and other plant pathogens, regulation of the assembly process differs because the T3SS pilus must grow through variably thick plant cell walls before contacting the host plasma membrane. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Crabill et al. (2012) report evidence that the YopN homologue HrpJ is a multifunctional regulator of T3SS assembly in DC3000. A hrpJ mutant hyper-secretes pilus protein and no longer secretes four translocator proteins in culture, and it fails to inject effectors in planta. As with other proteins in this class, HrpJ is itself a T3SS substrate, but secretion-incompetent forms retain regulatory function. However, HrpJ is unusual in suppressing innate immune responses within host cells, as demonstrated with transgenic plants. The multiple capabilities of HrpJ appear to couple host contact sensing with pilus length control and translocator secretion while also contributing to immunity suppression early in the interaction.
Hyperspectral Imaging of River Systems

Abstract : The objective of this work is to put a hyperspectral imager in space to demonstrate the ability to covertly acquire data on shallow water bathymetry, bottom types, hazards to navigation, water clarity and beach and shore trafficability. The proposed activities are designed to take advantage of the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) currently flying on the International Space Station (ISS). As HICO Project Scientist I work to enhance community awareness of the need for and utility of hyperspectral imaging of the coastal ocean. Our work includes advancing methods of on-orbit calibration and product validation, and processing and analyzing hyperspectral data of the coastal ocean. In particular in this study we are using HICO data to characterize the properties of river systems and coastal waters. Conventional ocean color sensors have 1 km pixels and a few spectral channels; these have not proven adequate to resolve the complexity of river systems. HICO was designed to sample the coastal ocean and has 95 m GSD and 88 spectral channels suitable to resolve river systems and other coastal features. To make the best use of this data we are developing algorithms and approaches for resolving the constituents of river plumes, harmful algal blooms and other complex systems.
Why Do Firms Use Private Equity to Opt Out of Public Markets

We investigate how flrms weigh the costs and beneflts of being public in the decision to opt out of the public market and go private. We draw on previous studies of going private and on the subsequent well developed theoretical literature on why flrms go public to develop our hypotheses. We employ a comprehensive sample of going private transactions from 1980-2004 in the U.S. and examine how these flrms difier over their public life (from IPO to going private) relative to a sample of flrms that went and remained public. Our results provide strong support for the importance of information and liquidity considerations in being a public flrm. Access to capital and control considerations become increasingly important over the public life of the flrm. We also flnd that the information and liquidity factors that drive the flrms to go private are evident at the initial public ofiering, on average thirteen years before the going private decision.
Luteinizing hormone, testosterone and inhibin B levels in the peripubertal period and racial/ethnic differences among boys aged 6-11 years: analyses from NHANES III, 1988-1994.

Objective To determine whether the initial physical findings of puberty are accompanied by hormonal evidence of pubertal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and whether racial/ethnic differences exist, we have analysed hormone levels in relation to age, onset of puberty and race/ethnicity. Design Cross-sectional analysis of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T) and inhibin B from banked sera from a representative sample of US boys aged 6·0-11·99 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Patients Eight hundred and twenty-eight boys having sera including 228 non-Hispanic white (NHW), 266 non-Hispanic black (NHB), 288 Mexican-American (MA) and 46 'other'. Measurements Using analysis of variance and linear regression techniques, concentrations of LH, T and inhibin B were compared by race/ethnicity for all boys and pubertal status (Tanner's Staging 1, 2 and 3+) for boys aged 8 years and older. Receiver operating curves were utilized to identify cut-points predictive of pubertal HPG status. Results Mean hormones levels progressively increased with age. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicate hormones are consistent with pubertal onset as indicated by Tanner stage 2, except for T and genital stage 2. Inhibin B and LH levels increased significantly by genital stage after adjusting for age and race/ethnicity, while LH and T concentrations increased significantly across pubic hair stages. Levels of inhibin B were significantly higher for NHB boys compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions In these cross-sectional findings, hormone levels rise gradually as boys approach the peripubertal age, whereas an abrupt rise was not associated with the onset of physical changes of puberty.
The Constraining, Liberating, and Informational Effects of Non-Binding Law

We show that non-binding law can have a constraining e ffect on political leaders, because legal compliance is a costly signal to imperfectly informed voters that the leader is unbiased. Moreover, non-binding law can also have a liberating effect, enabling some leaders to take action when they otherwise would have done nothing. In addition, we illustrate how voters may face a trade-o ff between the legal standard that induces optimal behavior of the current leader (i.e., that most effectively addresses the moral hazard problem) and the legal standard that optimizes selection of future leaders (i.e., that most e ffectively addresses the adverse selection problem). We discuss a range of positive and normative implications that follow from our analysis.
Some Recent Results in e+e− Physics in the U.S.

During the last year, several important results have been reported from CESR and SPEAR and I would like to discuss some of them. Time prevents a comprehensive review and so this talk will be restricted to those topics which I think are unlikely to be discussed in much length in other lectures of the School. In particular, I shall report the recent results from Cornell on \(\bar b\)b spectroscopy, those from SPEAR on \(\bar c\)c spectroscopy, and only one new result from the Crystal Ball relating to charmed1 mesons.
Confronting the Tower of Babel in guideline development: can we unify the process?

![Figure][1] The biblical story of the Tower of Babel [(1)][2], in which people could not coexist because of the different languages they spoke, provides a telling analogy for the state of contemporary clinical practice guideline development. The cardiology community and, more importantly,
Biomarkers Revisited: Study Design, Validity, and STARD: Will S100-B Affect Computed Tomography Use in Head Injury Patients?: Answers to the March 2012 Journal Club Questions

Editor’s Note: You are reading the 26th installment of Annals of Emergency Medicine Journal Club. This Journal Club refers to the article by Zongo et al that was published in the March 2012 Annals of Emergency Medicine issue. Information about the journal club can be found at http://www.annemergmed. com/content/journalclub. Readers should recognize that these are suggested answers. We hope they are accurate; we know that they are not comprehensive. There are many other points that could be made about these questions or about the article in general. Questions are rated “novice,” “intermediate,” and “advanced,” so that individuals planning a journal club can assign the right question to the right student. The “novice” rating does not imply that a novice should be able to spontaneously answer the question. “Novice” means we expect that someone with little background should be able to do a bit of reading, formulate an answer, and teach the material to others. Intermediate and advanced questions also will likely require some reading and research, and that reading will be sufficiently difficult that some background in clinical epidemiology will be helpful in understanding the reading and concepts. We are interested in receiving feedback about this feature. Please e-mail journalclub@acep.org with your comments.
Juvenile Justice in Flux

The current approach to the juvenile crime problem is insufficiently conceptualized and too beholden to myths about youth, the crimes they commit, and effective means of responding to their problems. The currently dominant punitive approach to juvenile justice, modeled on the adult criminal justice system, either ignores or misapplies current knowledge about the causes of juvenile crime and the means of reducing it. We argue that, with some significant adjustments that take this new knowledge into account, the legal system should continue to maintain a separate juvenile court, but one that is preventive in orientation, with a new emphasis on both rehabilitation and flexible procedures. The view that culpability should be the linchpin of juvenile justice (touted by liberals as well as conservatives) is misguided, not only because it leads to unnecessarily harsh punishment but also because it deemphasizes crime-reducing interventions and undermines the case for handling adolescent offenders through a system that is independent of the culpability-based adult system. The currently popular view that adult-type procedures should govern the juvenile process is also open to serious doubt, given social science research that questions the extent to which such procedures promote accuracy and fairness. Chapter 1, which elaborates on the book’s thesis, is provided here.
A Lifestyle Physical Activity Intervention for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Rationale: Physical inactivity is associated with poor outcomes among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Objectives: To determine effectiveness of a behavioral intervention intended to increase daily physical activity with the goal of improving health-related quality of life and functional performance.Methods: We conducted a randomized trial among patients with COPD cared for in primary care and pulmonary clinics. The patients were at least 45 years of age and eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation. All patients received self-management education during a 6-week run-in period. Subsequently, patients were randomized to usual care or the intervention delivered over 20 weeks.Measurements and Main Results: Co–primary outcomes were change from baseline in Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire dyspnea domain score and 6-minute-walk distance measured at 6, 12, and 18 months after randomization. A total of 325 patients were enrolled, with 156 randomized to receive usual care and 149 to receive ...
Patient portal: Centralized information hub

Internet portals provide a secure way for patients to log in and interact more readily with their providers. Through an asynchronous exchange of information, patients and providers can share pertinent health information, such as lab results and medication lists. Patients may enter their own information, complete required paperwork, conduct Web consults with providers, schedule appointments, and pay bills. Patient portals shift most such nonurgent communications from telephone and face-to-face visits to seamless online interactions.
Identification of Females of the Aedes stimulans Group in Maine including Notes on Larval Characters and Attempts at Hybridization

Claws of Aedes excrucians (Walker), A. fitchii (Felt and Young), and A. stimulans (Walker) are distinct and may be used to identify females. A key for separating Maine specimens is presented utilizing the shape of the claws plus the coloration of the scales on the proboscis. Other adult characters, including the number of lower mesepimeral bristles, presence of white scales on the pedicels, presence and size of the white bands on the tarsal joints and palpi, were found too variable for taxonomic use. Some variation suggesting hybridization was observed in the shape of the claws of a few adults and also in some characters used to separate larvae of A. excrucians and A. fitchii . Preliminary attempts at hybridization of these 3 similar species by induced copulation showed no physical barriers to sperm transfer, but perceptible embryonic development occurred only in eggs from crosses between male A. excrucians and female A. fitchii .
Reamed Intramedullary Femoral Nailing after Induction of an "ARDS-Like" State in Sheep: Effect on Clinically Applicable Markers of Pulmonary Function

Objectives/Hypothesis: At present, the optimal treatment for appropriately resuscitated, multiply injured patients includes fixation of long bone fractures within twenty-four hours of injury. This management approach has been shown to decrease the incidence of pulmonary complications, multiple organ failure, and death. Some investigators have hypothesized that acute reamed intramedullary nailing of the femur (RIMNF) may result in pulmonary dysfunction as a result of the pulmonary fat embolization generated during this procedure. Patients with concomitant thoracic trauma may be at particular risk for this potentially severe complication. In an attempt to determine whether RIMNF can be safely carried out regardless of the severity of a pulmonary injury, we monitored the pulmonary effects of RIMNF in sheep in which an acute respiratory disorder (ARDS)-like state had been induced. Our hypothesis was that, if the pulmonary fat embolization that occurs as a result of RIMNF has a clinically significant effect, it would be detectable in an animal model in which a severe lung injury had been induced prior to the start of RIMNF. Study Design: This was an acute experimental procedure performed on yearling sheep. Methods: Reamed intramedullary nailing of the femur was performed in two groups of instrumented sheep. The first group had no pulmonary injuries. The second group had an ARDS-like state induced by intravenous infusion of perilla ketone prior to RIMNF. Perilla ketone increases pulmonary microvascular permeability without changing filling pressures and is used to induce a model of human ARDS. Hemodynamic and oximetric parameters were measured or calculated, as was pulmonary dynamic compliance during the experiment. Results: Infusion of perilla ketone caused a significant pulmonary injury. RIMNF caused no additional significant effect on intrapulmonary shunt, mixed venous oxygen saturation, or dynamic compliance, which are clinically used to assess the severity of pulmonary dysfunction in injured patients. Conclusions: The fat embolization that occurs during RIMNF in an appropriately resuscitated sheep has no clinically significant effect on pulmonary function, even in the setting of a severe pulmonary dysfunction.
The ubiquity of discovery: computers and thought lecture

As scientists interested in studying the phenomenon of "intelligence", we first choose a view of Man, develop a theory of how intelligent behavior is managed, and construct some models which can test out and refine that, theory The view we choose is that Man is a symbolic information processor The theory is that sophisticated cognitive tasks can be cast as searches or explorations, and that each human possesses (and efficiently accesses) a large body of infoimal uiles of thumb (heinistics) which constrain his search The source of what we colloquially call "intelligence" is seen to be very efficient searching of an a priori immense space Some computational models which incorporate this theory arc described. Among them is AM, a computer program which develops new mathematical concepts and conjectures' involving them, AM is guided in this exploration by a collection of 250 more or less general heuristic rules. The operational nature of such models allows experiments to be performed upon them, experiments which help us test and develop hypotheses about intelligence. One interesting result has been the ubiquity of this kind of heuristic guidance: intelligence permeates everyday problem solving and invention, as well as the kind of problem solving and invention that scientists and artists perform.
Analysis of Current Condition and Affecting Factor of the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Among Songjiang Floating People

OBJECTIVE To learn and analysis the infectious disease prevention and control condition among Songjiang floating people,in order to carry out infectious disease control and prevention effectively and improve the work efficiency on infectious disease control and prevention among floating population.METHODS Cross-sectional study was used in this study and 564 subjects were surveyed by using self-designed questionnaires.RESULTS Floating people have less knowledge in the area of infectious disease control and prevention law,transmiting ways and immunization etal.Their knowledge condtion about infectious disease control and prevention is decided by ther education condition(OR is 2.29,2.60 and 6.34 respectively),work years(OR is 1.84) and family monthly average income(OR is 0.39).38.43% of the floating people will not pay much attention to the infectious disease control and prevention,only 28.83% of them examine their health conditioin routinely and only 54.03% of them will see the doctor immediately after sick.CONCLUSION Advocating healthy life-style,perfecting the medical safeguard system and upgrading the infectious disease control and prevention service quality according to floating people'need.