cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Product inhibition and the pH dependence of the reverse reaction velocity of ribonuclease A.

Abstract The inhibition of ribonuclease by cytidine 3'-phosphate, a reaction product, was investigated from pH 6.3 to pH 8.3. Rates of cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate hydrolysis were determined at different product concentrations, and the results were analyzed by a novel procedure, the linear plot of (S)0/v against (P)0 at a particular pH and constant (S)0. The slope of this plot, corrected to provide for the ionization state of the product, is inversely proportional to the maximal velocity of the reverse reaction. The symmetry of the plot of maximal velocity against pH for the reverse reaction suggests that the velocity of the reverse acidic pathway is equal to the velocity of the reverse alkaline pathway. Apparent pK values of pH 6.95 and 7.59 were calculated for the acidic dissociations of the cytidine 3'-phosphate ribonuclease complexes at an ionic strength of 0.01. The pK values of the product-enzyme complexes, however, are shifted to a lower pH at an ionic strength of 0.15. A tentative explanation of the shift to acidic pH at high ionic strength is the formation of ternary complexes between the divalent anion form of cytidine 3'-phosphate, ribonuclease, and the cationic component of the buffer.
Modeling of Localized Deformation in Neutron Irradiated Zircaloy-2

The onset of plastic instability in irradiated materials is known to be governed by deformation processes that occur on a microscopic scale. In order to identify the nature of the controlling mechanisms giving rise to plastic instability, details of the deformation processes were examined for Zircaloy-2 irradiated to fluences of 1.0 to 3.0 x 10 2 1 neutrons (n)/cm 2 (E >1 Met and tested in inert and 0.3-torr iodine atmospheres at 322 ∼335°C. For irradiated materials tested in air, it was shown that plastic strain at the maximum load decreased by more than an order of magnitude relative to unirradiated material, especially under plane-stress conditions. This was due largely to concentrated shear deformation resulting from dislocation channel development. When the similar materials were tested in iodine, the load-carrying capacity was reduced further. Based on the evidence obtained by metallographic examination, a model has been proposed describing deformation behavior of irradiated plane-stress specimens by assuming consecutive formation and strain hardening of new deformation zones containing channels. Crack nucleation under an iodine atmosphere is believed to occur when the local strain at the channel zone becomes sufficiently large to break oxide films and cause intergranular cracking.
Calibration and use of a light stripe range sensor mounted on the hand of a robot

A three-dimensional sensing capability can be very useful in automating the robotic handling of industrial parts. This report describes a sensor that uses a Puma robot to carry a cage in which are mounted a light-stripe projector and a lightweight television camera in fixed relationship to each other. Calculation of the Cartesian coordinates of all points illuminated by the stripe is a straightforward matter, provided the positions of the manipulator end point, the camera, and the projector are accurately known. Calibration is necessary to determine these positions. The robot itself introduces significant systematic errors. We present a procedure for reducing these errors by recalibration of the zero reference points for each joint. The relative positions of the camera and projector with respect to the robot end-point can be inferred by moving the robot to a selected set of positions and analyzing the images obtained, The ultimate accuracy of the system is a function of the conditions under which it is evaluated. Presently we estimate the worst-case accuracy to be on the order of plus or minus 5 mm.
Bittersweet memories: linking metabolism to epigenetics through O -GlcNAcylation

O-GlcNAcylation, which is a nutrient-sensitive sugar modification, participates in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The enzymes involved in O-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) cycling - O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) - target key transcriptional and epigenetic regulators including RNA polymerase II, histones, histone deacetylase complexes and members of the Polycomb and Trithorax groups. Thus, O-GlcNAc cycling may serve as a homeostatic mechanism linking nutrient availability to higher-order chromatin organization. In response to nutrient availability, O-GlcNAcylation is poised to influence X chromosome inactivation and genetic imprinting, as well as embryonic development. The wide range of physiological functions regulated by O-GlcNAc cycling suggests an unexplored nexus between epigenetic regulation in disease and nutrient availability.
The Ins and Outs of Cultura: How Bands Voice Their Relationships to the State‐Sponsored Music Scene in Recife, Brazil

This article compares two musical groups from Recife, the capital of the Northeastern Brazilian state of Pernambuco. The first group, which I call Banda Recifolinda is a professional, middle-class pop band that combines international styles, such as Afro Beat and rock, with Brazilian rhythms. The second group, Maracatu Afro, plays maracatu, a local carnivalesque genre. The groups integrate musical activities into their community outreach efforts that target young people in Maracatu Afro's marginalized neighborhood. Despite their apparent differences, both groups benefit from state sponsorship because they qualify as cultura, an official category that emphasizes artistic and especially musical expressions of regional identity. I demonstrate how each group constructs its relationship to the discourses of cultura during performances and rehearsals. Specifically, I address how band members’ voicing strategies (Bakhtin, Agha, and Silverstein) construe them as insiders or outsiders of cultura and within Brazilian society, more generally. While Banda Recifolinda primarily aligns to cultura discourses by rhetorically distancing themselves from the commercialized dance music styles which the state does not endorse, Maracatu Afro's alignment to Afrocentric, politicized discourses challenge the ostensibly inclusive premise of cultura, and express their perceived exclusion from Brazilian society. The contrasts between each groups’ voicing strategies reveal that cultura encompasses multiple paths for inclusion and exclusion that shape the ways in which these bands participate in the primarily state managed cultura scene. Since cultura is the combined result of national policies and cultural transformations from Brazil's redemocratization period, investigating how bands orient to cultura discourses not only offers analytic access into how contemporary actors negotiate the increasing objectification of culture (Comaroff and Comaroff, Davila), but also how cultural participation influences how citizens interactionally envision, practice, and orient to democracy in Brazil (Avelar and Dunn, Moehn).
Elastomer O-Rings as Centering Spring in Squeeze Film Dampers: Application to Turbochargers

This study addresses the nonlinear dynamic behavior of O-ring seals as the centering spring in squeeze film dampers. An analytical model is developed to predict the restoring and hysteresis characteristics of elastomer O-rings and extends the existing models to non-axisymmetric load conditions. Also, the inclusion of axial seals increases the damping capacity of squeeze film dampers. O-rings forces are investigated for different sizes, installation preloads, and operating conditions and contrasted with squeeze film damper’s hydrodynamic forces. This model is incorporated in linear and time transient rotordynamic analyses of a vertical turbocharger. It is shown that the O-rings contribution in rotor response for low rotational speeds and low amplitude vibrations is dominant and can not be ignored.© 2013 ASME
Learning from television: What are the limits?

(1981). Learning from television: What are the limits? Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 242-250.
Maximizing ESY Services: Teaching Pre-Service Teachers to Assess Communication Skills and Implement Picture Exchange With Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Disabilities:

The authors supervised and trained pre-service teachers while conducting extended school year (ESY) services for pre-kindergarten and elementary students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and oth...
Anterior chamber dimensions in patients with narrow angles and angle-closure glaucoma

The anterior chamber depths, volumes, and diameters were studied photogrammetrically in 273 patients with the clinical diagnosis of narrow angles (dome and plateau iris configuration) and acute, subacute, or chronic angle-closure glaucoma. The anterior chamber depths, volumes, and diameters of all of these patients were significantly smaller than age-, sex-, and refractive error-matched normal controls. Peripheral iridectomy significantly increased the peripheral depth of the anterior chamber and increased the volume of the anterior chamber by 14 microL without changing the central depth.
Lung Function and Late Pulmonary Complications Among Survivors of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation During Childhood

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is used to treat an expanding array of malignant and non-malignant disorders. Pulmonary complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality in HSCT recipients. Young children, whose lungs are still developing and growing, may be especially susceptible to the insults of irradiation, drug toxicities, and recurrent infections associated with immunosuppression. Late pulmonary complications, those occurring more than three months after transplantation, are often noninfectious and present with nonspecific symptomatology. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is a mainstay of monitoring pulmonary health in HSCT recipients. The pulmonologist should be familiar with common patterns seen on PFT in recipients of HSCT during childhood. In this review, we describe the findings in studies which have examined lung function over time in patients who underwent HSCT during childhood. We discuss patterns of PFT abnormalities, associated noninfectious syndromes and their clinical implications, as well as directions for future research.
Unreliable Knowledge about Economic Impacts of Large Carnivores on Bovine Calves

ABSTRACT Sommers et al. (2010) reported that recolonizing predators increased bovine calf mortality rates in the Upper Green River Cattle Allotment in western Wyoming. However, Sommers et al. (2010) failed to consider multiple competing hypotheses explaining calf loss rates, increasing the likelihood that their results are actually spurious. I reanalyzed their data using a multiple competing hypotheses framework that considered effects of livestock density, summer precipitation, bias in reporting rates, and whether mortality by different predator species was compensatory. I found support for a confounded web of factors influencing calf losses. Calf losses increased with livestock density (which increased during the study), but also during drier summers and with increasing rancher reporting rates. Although both wolves (Canis lupus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) did increase calf losses, the presence of just grizzly bears alone did not significantly increase calf losses. Unconditional estimates of the ef...
Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach to Detecting a Passive RFID Tag in an Outpatient Clinic

This study is motivated by the observations on the data collected by radio frequency identification (RFID) readers in a pilot study, which was used to investigate the feasibility of implementing an RFID-based monitoring system in an outpatient eye clinic. The raw RFID data collected from RFID readers contain noise and missing reads, which prevent us from determining the tag location. In this paper, fuzzy logic-based algorithms are proposed to interpret the raw RFID data to extract accurate information. The proposed algorithms determine the location of an RFID tag by evaluating its possibility of presence and absence. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, numerical experiments are conducted using the data observed in the outpatient eye clinic. Experiments results showed that the proposed algorithms outperform existing static smoothing method in terms of minimizing both false positives and false negatives. Furthermore, the proposed algorithms are applied to a set of simulated data to show the robustness of the proposed algorithms at various levels of RFID reader reliability.
Cholinergic hyperactivity and negative symptoms: behavioral effects of physostigmine in normal controls

Abstract Intravenous infusion of physostigmine (a centrally active anticholinesterase agent) in normal subjects leads to a syndrome of psychomotor inhibition; this has been proposed as a model for selected symptoms of depression. In view of its similarity to the negative schizophrenic syndrome, we compared the ‘physostigmine syndrome’ to the negative symptom profile by evaluating the behavioral effects of intravenous physostigmine infusion in seven normal volunteers. Observer ratings and self description revealed significant withdrawal, apathy, alogia, lethargy, decreased energy, slowed thoughts, diminished affective responsivity, and reduced hedonic capacity. Subjects did not report sadness, ideas of hopelessness, worthlessness, or guilt. These findings support the implication of cholinergic hyperactivity as one mechanism in the pathophysiology of negative schizophrenic symptoms.
The far infrared spectrum and long-range forces in ice

Abstract Ice I is an example of a crystal in which the molecules are arranged nearly regularly in a crystal lattice, but are orientationally disordered. The orientational disorder results in all the translational vibrations of the crystal being active in both infrared and Raman spectra, and consequently many details of the distribution of the spectrum of lattice vibrations can be learned from the far infrared spectrum. The far infrared spectra of both hexagonal and cubic ice I (as well as of other polymorphs of ice) have been obtained and interpreted in some detail. The relevance of the spectrum to the surface properties is the evidence that there are long-range forces in ice. If the region near the surface is appreciably different from the bulk, as is often suggested, it must be due to either cooperative effects or long-range forces. The evidence is that the optical branch at the center of the Brillouin zone has a peak frequency of 229.2 cm. −1 , whereas the lattice vibrations appear to start at about 328 cm. −1 . The occurrence of such high-frequency vibrations can be explained only if long-range forces are present.
Hybrid organic-inorganic optoelectronic subsystems on a chip

We report on hybrid organic-inorganic optoelectronic sysbsystems that integrate passive and active optical functions. The integration approaches involve various levels of hybridization, from splicing of pigtailed elements, to chip-to-chip attachment, to hybrid on-chip integration involving grafting and flip-chip mounting, and finally to true heteroepitaxy. The materials integrated include polymer, silica, silicon, silicon oxynitride, lithium niobate, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, yttrium iron garnet, and neodymium iron boron. The functions enabled by this hybridization approach span the range of functions needed in optical circuitry, while using the highest-performance material system for each element. We demonstrate a number of hybrid subsystems, including fully reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers and tunable optical transmitters.
Reconceptualizing Native Women's Health: An "Indigenist" Stress-Coping Model

This commentary presents an "indigenist" model of Native women's health, a stress-coping paradigm that situates Native women's health within the larger context of their status as a colonized people. The model is grounded in empirical evidence that traumas such as the "soul wound" of historical and contemporary discrimination among Native women influence health and mental health outcomes. The preliminary model also incorporates cultural resilience, including as moderators identity, enculturation, spiritual coping, and traditional healing practices. Current epidemiological data on Native women's general health and mental health are reconsidered within the framework of this model.
Major Anticodon-binding Region Missing from an Archaebacterial tRNA Synthetase

The small size of the archaebacterialMethanococcus jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase may give insights into the historical development of tRNAs and tRNA synthetases. The L-shaped tRNA has two major arms—the acceptor·TψC minihelix with the amino acid attachment site and the anticodon-containing arm. The structural organization of the tRNA synthetases parallels that of tRNAs. The more ancient synthetase domain contains the active site and insertions that interact with the minihelix portion of the tRNA. A second, presumably more recent, domain interacts with the anticodon-containing section of tRNA. The small size of the M. jannaschii enzyme is due to the absence of most of the second domain, including a segment thought to bind to the anticodon. Consistent with the absence of an anticodon-binding motif, a mutation of the central base of the anticodon had a relatively small effect on the aminoacylation efficiency of the M. jannaschii enzyme. In contrast, others showed earlier that the same mutation severely reduced charging by a normal-sized bacterial enzyme that has the aforementioned anticodon-binding motif. However, the M. jannaschii enzyme has a peptide insertion into its catalytic domain. This insertion is shared with all other tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases and is needed for a critical minihelix interaction. We show that the M. jannaschii enzyme is active on minihelix substrates over a wide temperature range and has preserved the same peptide-dependent minihelix specificity seen in other tyrosine enzymes. These findings are consistent with the concept that anticodon interactions of tRNA synthetases were later adaptations to the emerging synthetase-tRNA complex that was originally framed around the minihelix.
Spatial and temporal analysis of pharmaceutical concentrations in the upper Tennessee River basin.

Abstract The behavior of pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic ecosystems is not well defined. In order to determine spatial and temporal variations in concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the Tennessee River, water samples were collected from multiple points along the river and at the inflow of major tributaries. Sampling structure was designed to investigate trends between surface and subsurface samples, seasonal trends (winter, spring, summer, and fall), the direct influence of sewage treatment plants (upstream versus downstream), and the effect of downstream distance on pharmaceutical concentrations. All samples were quantified via solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). This method yielded reproducible quantitation at low parts per trillion (ng L −1 ) levels for all 14 analytes (acetaminophen, atorvastatin, caffeine, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, diltiazem, fluoxetine, levofloxacin, lovastatin, norfluoxetine, ranitidine, sertraline, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim). Correlation analyses (depth, distance) and repeated-measures ANOVAs (season, sewage treatment plant proximity) were used to determine statistically significant trends for frequently detected pharmaceuticals (caffeine, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole). Caffeine and sulfamethoxazole were found to vary by season in subsurface samples; spring exhibited the highest concentrations. Carbamazepine varied in proximity to sewage treatment plant outfall with subsurface samples yielding greater concentrations downstream than upstream. In addition, individual pharmaceuticals displayed positive correlation between surface and subsurface samples and negative correlation with downstream distance from the headwaters.
Network Response Times of a Spread Spectrum System with Large Number of Network Terminals and Central Control

In this paper performance of a spread spectrum system with a large number of network terminals and a small number of network control terminals is addressed. Network control terminals carry out most functions relating acquisitions, synchronization, control and aid network terminals. Network response times are calculated for various aiding stratagies and the conditions for a stable network operation are derived. Analytical results are verified with the help of simulations carried out using simulation language SLAM.
Dynamics of MASH1 Expression in Vitro and in Vivo Suggest a Non-Stem Cell Site of MASH1 Action in the Olfactory Receptor Neuron Lineage

Disruption of the mouse gene encoding the transcription factor MASH1 leads to loss of certain classes of neurons, including receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium (OE). Here we investigate the nature of the cell type expressing MASH1 in mouse OE by manipulating olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo to alter the dynamics of neuronal production. The results indicate that MASH1 is expressed in cells of the ORN lineage, but not in ORNs themselves nor in their immediate precursors. Data on how changes in the numbers and proliferative states of MASH+ cells correlate with induced changes in overall neurogenesis strongly suggest that MASH1-expressing cells give rise to the immediate precursors of ORNs, but are not the self-renewing stem cells of the OE. The results imply that multiple progenitor stages are employed in generating ORNs and suggest that the action of MASH1 occurs predominantly at an intermediate stage.
Abnormal uterine bleeding: a review of patient-based outcome measures

Objective To summarize and evaluate the patient-based outcome measures (PBOMs) that have been used to study women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Design Systematic review. Setting Original articles that used at least one PBOM and were conducted within a population of women with AUB. Patient(s) Women with AUB. Intervention(s) The titles, abstracts, and studies were systematically reviewed for eligibility. The PBOMs used in eligible studies were summarized. Essential psychometric properties were identified, and a list of criteria for each property was generated. Main Outcome Measure(s) "Quality" of individual PBOMs as determined using the listed criteria for psychometric properties. Result(s) Nine hundred eighty-three studies referenced AUB and patient-reported outcomes. Of these, 80 studies met the eligibility criteria. Fifty different instruments were used to evaluate amount of bleeding, bleeding-related symptoms, or menstrual bleeding–specific quality of life. The quality of each of these instruments was evaluated on eight psychometric properties. The majority of instruments had no documentation of reliability, precision, or feasibility. There was no satisfactory evidence that any one instrument completely addressed all eight psychometric properties. Conclusion(s) Studies of women with AUB are increasingly using PBOMs. Many different PBOMs were used; however, no single instrument completely addressed eight important measurement properties.
Improvements in the simulation of surface climatology over the European region with a nested modeling system

In this paper we report on the results of a present day climate simulation over the European region using a Regional Climate Model (RegCM) nested within a General Circulation Model (GCM). Precipitation and surface air temperature results over different European subregions are compared with observations and with results from previous simulations by Marinucci and Giorgi [1992] and other modeling groups. Based on a number of measures of simulation skill such as monthly and seasonal biases and spatial correlations, the RegCM performance is substantially improved compared to that of Marinucci and Giorgi [1992], it compares well with that of other recent experiments and it is better than that of the driving GCM. Seasonal precipitation and surface air temperature biases over European subregions of 105–107 km² size are mostly in the range of ±25% of observations and ±2°C, respectively. These biases appear to represent the level of accuracy characteristic of present regional modeling systems over Europe at the seasonal and regional scale.
Epidemiology of tobacco use in the United States

Efforts to understand trends in and patterns of lung cancer are well served by studies of trends in and patterns of tobacco use. In the United States, the manufactured cigarette emerged as the tobacco product of choice shortly after the turn of the twentieth century. Lung cancer emerged after years of inhalation of cigarette smoke, first among men and then among women. The massive public health education campaign that began after scientists recognized the dangers of cigarette smoking has contributed to large reductions in cigarette use and subsequent smoking-attributable morbidity and mortality. Since 1965, the prevalence of cigarette smoking among US adults has declined by almost half, with positive trends observed among persons in almost all sociodemographic groups and efforts to reduce disparities recognized as an important goal in public health. An epidemiologic approach to understanding and controlling patterns of tobacco use is proposed. The model focuses on the agent (tobacco products), host (consumer or potential consumer), vector (tobacco companies and other users), and environment (with influences from families, social sources, culture, history, politics, law, and media). Accelerating progress in reducing tobacco use will accelerate reductions in tobacco-attributable morbidity and mortality.
Longitudinal weight gain of immunized infants and toddlers in Moroto District, Uganda (Karamoja subregion).

This study examines longitudinal weight gain of a sample of 123 immunized children from Moroto District, northeast Uganda. The weight data were combined from two sources: (1) anthropometric examinations carried out between 1998 and 2004 by a research team from the University of Kansas, and (2) weights recorded on children's immunization records by local health care practitioners. Our findings conform generally to the pattern described in previous studies in this as well as other pastoralist populations in sub-Sahara. Relative to international standards, the weight-for-age status of Karimojong children was best during the first 3 months of infancy. Noticeable declines in weight velocity occurred in the fourth month and after the sixth month. Weight gain was static after the second year, when upward of 40% of children were clinically underweight. Factors influencing weight gain in this sample include immunization status and maternal height, weight, and parity, but these effects explain relatively little of the variance in weight gain. We conclude that immunization is not sufficient to buffer Karimojong children from multiple stressors during teething and weaning. Of these, the practice of canine follicle extraction (CFE) is of most interest, although its effects in this study are ambiguous. The data also are suggestive of variability in the pattern of weight gain between closely spaced birth cohorts. This finding may be of particular importance for the interpretation of growth patterns described for other pastoralist populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Role of the CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein-α Transcription Factor in the Glucocorticoid Stimulation of p21 waf1/cip1 Gene Promoter Activity in Growth-arrested Rat Hepatoma Cells *

The preceding paper (Cha, H. H., Cram, E. J., Wang, E. C., Huang, A. J., Kasler, H. G., and Firestone, G. L. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 0000–0000(478563) defined a glucocorticoid responsive region within the promoter of the p21 CDK inhibitor gene that contains a putative DNA-binding site for the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα). Wild type rat BDS1 hepatoma cells as well as as4 hepatoma cells, which express antisense sequences to C/EBPα and ablate its protein production, were utilized to investigate the role of this transcription factor in the glucocorticoid regulation of p21 gene expression. The stimulation of p21 protein levels and promoter activity, as well as inhibition of CDK2-mediated retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, by the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, required the expression of C/EBPα. Overexpression of C/EBPα in as4 cells rescued the dexamethasone responsiveness of the p21 promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis of the p21 promoter revealed that dexamethasone stimulation of p21 promoter activity required the C/EBP consensus DNA-binding site. Furthermore, in glucocorticoid receptor-defective EDR1 hepatoma cells, dexamethasone failed to stimulate C/EBPα and p21 protein expression and promoter activities. Our results have established a functional link between the glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway that mediates a G1 cell cycle arrest of rat hepatoma cells and the transcriptional control of p21 by a cascade that requires the steroid induction of C/EBPα gene expression.
Magnetic Susceptibilities and Exchange Effects in Four Organic Free Radicals

Studies of EPR intensity and linewidth in four free radicals at temperatures between 300° and 1.5°K have shown the presence of antiferromagnetic exchange coupling. In two cases a low‐temperature paramagnetism occurs following a Curie‐Weiss law with positive Weiss constant. A model involving isolated spins in a magnetically dilute system is proposed to explain these results.
Party registration choices as a function of the geographic distribution of partisanship: a model of `hidden partisanship' and an illustrative test

Abstract The Public Choice literature has identified conditions in which voters in multi-candidate contests would have an incentive to vote strategically rather than vote for the most preferred candidate or candidates. In the US, where party registration and party primaries play a critical role in the electoral process—especially in states with closed primaries—the existence of multiple layers of elections across constituencies can induce strategic falsification of party registration that is tied to the geographic distribution of electoral strength. Following V. O. Key, we should expect that a long history of one party dominance in local elections should encourage voters to register in the party whose elections are most determinative of electoral choices, even if that is not the party with which they most identify. However, in many states, while politics may be dominated by one party locally, there may be real two-party competition for at least some offices at the state level and for the presidency. We use a `natural experiment' to view the link between party registration and voting for president and obscure judicial offices in order to test the hypothesis that, for whichever party is the minority party in the local unit, party registration will understate the voting support in presidential or other statewide elections, where that party's candidates have a realistic chance to win. In the modern South this hypothesis can be shown to imply that the relationship between Republican party registration and vote shares for Republican candidates for president or statewide office ought to be curvilinear . To test this and other related hypotheses, we examine data on political units (e.g. counties) with considerable variation in party registration and concomitant variation in the extent of one-party dominance of local politics by looking at county level data from North Carolina for the presidential elections and obscure judicial elections in 1984 and 1996. As hypothesized, for the North Carolina data the relationship between party registration and voting can best be fit by a quadratic function, but the strength of the quadratic term is much less for the 1996 data, reflecting the increase in Republican registration and the success of local GOP candidates in the 1990s.
A molecular beam study of the kinetics of the catalytic reduction of NO by CO on Rh(111) single-crystal surfaces

Abstract Steady-state rates for the catalytic reaction of NO with CO on Rh(111) surfaces have been measured under isothermal conditions by using a molecular beam approach with mass spectrometry detection. Systematic studies were carried out as a function of surface temperature, NO+CO beam composition, and total beam flux. A maximum in reaction rate was observed between 450 and 900 K, the exact temperature depending on the NO:CO beam ratio. Indeed, a synergistic behavior was seen where the loss in reactivity induced by increasing the CO concentration in the beam is partly compensated by a higher surface temperature. The data presented here are consistent with the rate-limiting step of the overall NO reduction process being the surface recombination of atomic nitrogen atoms resulting from fast dissociation of NO adsorbed molecules. Temperature-programmed desorption and CO titration experiments were also performed after the isothermal kinetic runs in order to estimate the surface coverages of the reactants during the steady-state reactions. The NO+CO conversion rate was found to be directly proportional to the coverage of atomic oxygen on the surface. The relation between reaction rates and nitrogen coverages, however, proved to be much more complex; an inverse correlation was in fact seen in most cases between those two parameters. The build-up of a critical coverage of atomic nitrogen was found to be necessary to trigger the nitrogen recombination step to N 2 . This critical coverage of strongly held nitrogen was determined to not depend in any significant way on the composition of the beam, but to decrease with reaction temperature in all cases.
Pseudotumor cause by gastric varices

On upper-gastrointestinal examination a patient with cirrhosis of the liver was found to have prominent gastric varices presenting as a pseudotumor near the cardia. The diagnosis of varices was confirmed by gastroscopy and angiography. A correct diagnosis is necessary to avoid an ill-advised biopsy or unwarranted surgery.
Magnetization dynamics triggered by surface acoustic waves

Investigations into fast magnetization switching are of both fundamental and technological interest. Here we present a low-power, remote method for strain driven magnetization switching. A surface acoustic wave propagates across an array of ferromagnetic elements, and the resultant strain switches the magnetization from the easy axis into the hard axis direction. Investigations as a function of applied magnetic field as well as unidirectional anisotropy (the exchange bias) reveal excellent agreement with prediction, confirming the viability of this method.
Preparation of Ovine Luteinizing Hormone (LH, ICSH) Having High Biological Activity12

A simple procedure is described, suitable for large scale preparation of ovine luteinizing hormone (LH, ICSH) having high biological activity. The method has been routinely employed in preparation of ovine luteinizing hormone of the NIH-LH series for the Endocrinology Study Section. Preparations both equipotent with and 2 times as potent as the NIH-LH-S1 standard may be obtained in good yield by the methods described. Based on the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay of Parlow, a critical analysis, and comparison of LH preparations obtained by the methods reported here with those prepared by various other procedures, suggest that they are at least equal in potency to any reported previously. Attempts at further purification by molecular sieving on columns of the dextran gel, Sephadex G-100, are also described. These experiments suggest that LH preparations having a specific activity significantly greater than those described above are attainable.
Color-contingent tilt aftereffect: spatial frequency specificity.

Abstract The stimulus specificities of the color-contingent tilt aftereffect resemble those involved in the McCollough aftereffect, with the major exception that the magnitude of the former increases monotonically with the spatial frequency of matched inducing and test gratings; this monotonic increase is not found for the achromatic tilt aftereffect. Like the McCollough aftereffect, the color-contingent tilt after-effect is tuned to the spatial frequency of the inducing gratings and can be induced on both oblique and main axes of the retina.
Characterization of the oral absorption of β‐lactam antibiotics II: Competitive absorption and peptide carrier specificity

The beta-lactam antibiotic oral absorption pathway is studied using a single-pass perfusion technique in the rat small intestine. Beta-lactam antibiotic absorption in the presence of amino acids, small peptides, and other beta-lactams is modeled using a simple competitive inhibition boundary condition at the intestinal wall, with a corrected value for the intestinal wall concentration, Cw, derived from the modified boundary layer analysis. The model-predicted permeability in the presence of an inhibitor is used to characterize the beta-lactam antibiotic intestinal carrier system. Several concentrations of cephalexin, coperfused with a constant concentration of cefadroxil (equal to its Km), showed that the Km of cephalexin approximately doubled from 7.2 (+/- 1.1) to 18.8 (+/- 4.1) mM; Jmax remained unchanged at 9.2 (+/- 1.2) and 11.1 (+/- 2.1) mM; and the carrier permeability, Pc, was reduced by approximately 50% from 1.11 (+/- 0.10) to 0.59 (+/- 0.04), consistent with competitive absorption kinetics. The predicted in situ wall permeability, the mean value of P*w, of beta-lactams perfused in the presence of other beta-lactams was calculated and then compared with experimentally determined values. For cefadroxil, P*w = 0.27 (+/- 0.04), the mean value of P*w = 0.29; for cefatrizine, P*w = 0.67 (+/- 0.09), the mean value of P*w (+/- 0.09), the mean value of P*w = 0.59; and for cephalexin, P*w = 0.56 (+/- 0.05), the mean value of P*w = 0.59.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
American Political Culture and the Search for Lessons from Abroad

The American health care system appears to suffer from higher costs and less access than the health care systems of other industrialized nations. This perception has set social scientists searching for "lessons from abroad." This paper places the dialogue about health system lessons within the context of American political culture. It sketches out some of the distinctive dynamics in the American policymaking process. Those dynamics help explain the problems we face, the programs we have pursued, and the alternatives we have foregone. The same political process which shaped past policies is likely to frame any lessons we try to import from abroad.
Novel inversion approach to constrain plume sedimentation from tephra deposit data: Application to the 17 June 1996 eruption of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand

[1] We introduce a new inversion approach to constrain eruption source parameters and the distribution of tephra sedimentation from a weak plume. Our model is parameterized as a set of point sources along the plume base, whose trajectory is constrained by satellite and photographic images. Each point source releases tephra that is dispersed according to an advection-diffusion equation. This dispersion process is expressed as a system of linear equations with nonlinear dependence on diffusivity and wind speed. We employ inversion techniques to estimate the tephra mass released by each point source as well as diffusivity, stabilizing the inversion by regularization. We apply our method to the Ruapehu eruption on 17 June, 1996 in New Zealand, which was characterized by a strongly wind-advected plume that can be studied via tephra isomass measurements and particle size distributions at 119 locations. We demonstrate that the approach is feasible by performing analyses with real and synthetic data at a single grain size, and gain insight into the effects of data gaps, presence of noise, and nonlinear parameters on the inversion results. The best fit value of diffusivity yields tephra fallout that decreases steadily with distance to vent, and the predicted deposit is a good fit to the field measurements. This study illustrates the potential of a direct inversion approach to constrain diffusivity, as well as to recover the tephra fallout, without assuming a physical model for mass transport inside the plume.
High resolution observations of the chromosphere at mm and cm wavelengths

High resolution observations of the Sun at 3.3 mm, 3.5 mm, 1.35 cm, and 1.95 cm which were obtained by tracking narrow beam width antennas on the lunar limb as it occulted the Sun are described. The observations indicate that: (1) the region emitting at these wavelengths is very irregular with typical length scales smaller than one half minute of arc, (2) the number of roughness elements responsible for the irregular structure is small within an area of one half minute of arc square, and (3) the roughness elements observed at wavelengths greater than 1 cm extend to 109 cm beyond the optical limb.
Absence of Human Papillomavirus in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Nongenital Skin From Immunocompromised Renal Transplant Patients: A Comment

Background and Design: Human papillomavirus(HPV) is accepted as a factor in the pathogenesis of genital squamous cell carcinomas. The incidences of both HPV infection and squamous cell carcinoma are increased in immunocompromised renal transplantation patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if HPV DNA is present in squamous cell carcinomas of nongenital skin in immunosuppressed patients. Amplification of HPV DNA was performed using the polymerase chain reaction. The sensitivity and specificity of the polymerase chain reaction was assessed on 19 positive and six negative control specimens. Twenty genital squamous cell carcinomas from nonimmunocompromised patients and 28 nongenital squamous cell carcinomas from renal transplantation patients were then analyzed. Results: Human papillomavirus DNA was identified in 18 of 19 positive control specimens and zero of six negative control specimens. Human papillomavirus DNA was identified in four of 20 genital squamous cell carcinoma specimens. In comparison, no HPV DNA was identified in 28 nongenital squamous cell carcinomas from immunosuppressed hosts (Fisher's Exact Test, P Conclusions: These findings support a role for HPV in genital skin cancers and suggest that HPV does not play a role in the increased incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in renal transplantation patients.
Ovine follicle stimulating hormone: preparation and characterization of its subunits.

Abstract Ovine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) can be dissociated into its subunits and the subunits isolated by treating the hormone with 1 M CH3CH2COOH followed by gel filtration. The subunits, α and β, are individually of low biological activity; recombination of the subunits restores an appreciable amount of FSH activity. The subunits have been characterized by disc electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and sugar content. In addition it was found that combination of interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH, LH) subunit CII with FSH-β generates ICSH activity and ICSH-subunit CI with FSH-β generates FSH activity.
Astrocyte regulation of human brain capillary endothelial fibrinolysis

Introduction: Astrocytes are known to regulate a wide variety of brain endothelial cell functions. Prior work, using a mixed species co-culture system, has shown astrocyte regulation of brain capillary endothelial expression of key hemostasis factors tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). The purpose of this study is to define the fibrinolytic regulatory role of human astrocytes on human brain capillary endothelial cells. Materials and methods: We used a blood–brain barrier model consisting of human astrocytes grown on transwell membrane inserts and co-cultured with human brain capillary endothelial cells. Following 48 h co-culture, we analyzed both endothelial mono-cultures and astrocyte-endothelial co-cultures for expression of tPA and PAI-1 mRNA, protein, and activity. Results and conclusions: There were significant changes for both tPA and PAI-1 mRNA:tPA mRNA levels were decreased in co-cultures (55±16% of mono-cultures, p<0.0005) and PAI-1 mRNA levels were increased 144±38%, compared to mono-cultures (p<0.005). Co-cultures produced a 54% reduction in tPA protein (12.7±3.8 vs. 27.5±7.1 ng/ml, p<0.005) and a 24% increase in PAI-1 protein (117.5±3.2 vs. 94.9±5.9 ng/ml, p<0.0005). TGF-β neutralizing antibody attenuated the observed changes in both tPA and PAI-1. These data indicate that human astrocytes regulate human brain capillary fibrinolysis in vitro by inhibiting tPA and enhancing PAI-1 expression. This regulation is mediated, in part, by transforming growth factor-β. Our findings provide further evidence for the role of astrocytes in brain-specific hemostasis regulation.
Some exact results in kinetic theory

It is shown that for fluids composed of particles interacting with pairwise-additive, spherically symmetric forces, the exact linearized transport equation admits mass, momentum, and kinetic energy as homogeneous solutions and that the kinetic part of the bulk viscosity is identically zero.
Study on maternal, fetal, and amniotic human prolactin at term.

Prolactin present in maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid samples obtained simultaneously at term was examined. The relative concentrations of prolactin in maternal and fetal serum samples were found to vary with each individual case. However, amniotic fluid samples contained a much higher level of prolactin than did both maternal and fetal serum samples in every case. After gel filtration, three separate peaks of immunoreactive prolactin were observed, probably representing three different sizes of the hormone molecule. The main component was small prolactin, constituting at least 69% of the total prolactin immunoreactivity in blood samples and 90% in amniotic fluids. Prolactin was found to be very similar in cord venous and arterial sera, both quantitatively and in terms of heterogeneity. There were more noticeable differences in the percentages of medium and small prolactin present in serum samples than in amniotic fluid samples. Big prolactin was present in all samples; its percentage in ma...
Resistance of birds to challenge with Eimeria tenella.

Summary A technique is described whereby one of the cecal pouches of the domestic fowl was isolated from the digestive tract. Entry into the pouch was effected by a fistula. Fifty-two birds, each with one cecal pouch so modified, were divided into two groups. The members of one group (experimentals) were inoculated with Eimeria tenella sporozoites via the fistula. These parasites initiated a primary, or immunizing infection in the isolated pouch. The birds in the other group (controls) were not given a primary infection. Approximately two weeks following the primary infection the chickens in both groups were given sporulated E. tenella oocysts orally. This represented the challenge infection in the remaining, normal cecal pouch. The effects of the challenge infection in the two groups of birds were compared. The challenge infection in the control chickens was characterized by a more pronounced and consistent reduction in body weight and red blood cell volume when compared with their experimental counterparts. Differences in the gross pathologic condition of the exposed ceca from birds in the two groups were sometimes apparent. It is suggested that resistance to E. tenella is, at least in part, established by some generalized host response, and not limited to a local immunity at the site of the initial infection.