cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved fully automatic liver segmentation using histogram tail threshold algorithms

In order to remove neighboring abdominal organs of the liver, we propose an improved fully automatic liver segmentation using histogram tail threshold (HTT) algorithms. A region of interest of the liver is first segmented. A left HTT (LHTT) algorithm is performed to eliminate the pancreas, spleen, and left kidney. After the right kidney is eliminated by the right HTT (RHTT) algorithm, the robust liver structure is segmented. From the results of experiments, the improved automatic liver segmentation using HTT algorithms has strong similarity performance as manual segmentation by medical doctor.
Thermal Stability of Larger Carbonyl Compounds: 2‐Methylbutyraldehyde

We have decomposed 2-methylbutyraldehye in single pulse shock tube experiments, at temperatures between 1075 K to 1250 K and pressures of 1.5 and 6 atm. Five reaction channels have been identified from the unimolecular products that have been detected. The products involve CC bond cleavage together with a retro-ene reaction. Particularly remarkable is the detection of small amount of butane; the first time that an alkane has been detected in these high-temperature experiments. The formation of butane represents evidence of the roaming radical reaction or more generally the high-temperature radical disproportionation reaction. Ethylene is present in large yields, and this is traced to a 1,2 H-transfer reaction involving the highly exothermic transfer of a carbonyl hydrogen to an alkyl site. The results are consistent with earlier single pulse shock tube experiments on the 2-ketones. In particular, they confirm the earlier observation that substituting a methyl and hydrogen atom with a doubly bonded oxygen atom have very little effect on the rate constant of the adjoining CC bond. The yields of ethylene are consistent with a very low value of the carbonyl resonance energy.
Untouchable Freedom: A Social History of a Dalit Community

This volume is on the Balmikis of Delhi, who work as sanitation workers and keep the city clean. They live in poverty and face sustained discrimination. In response the Balmikis fight to liberate themselves. Untouchable Freedom is the first comprehensive study of this community and traces their struggles from the 1860s to the present, as they have moved from agricultural labor to urban work.
Blood hydrogen ion and lactate concentrations during strenuous exercise in the horse

Summary Exceptional findings in horses, such as metabolic alkalosis during exercise and an apparent absence of a distinct lactate threshold, led us to apply Stewart's acid-base system and to develop a new statistical model for investigating lactate threshold. The lactate threshold was clearly demonstrated by an incremental exercise test using up to 14 steps. Lactate threshold was increased by training and by fat adaptation (prolonged interval training and a 10% corn oil diet). Fat adaptation appears to facilitate the metabolic regulation of glycolysis, sparing glucose and glycogen at work of low intensity, but promoting lactate production when power is needed for high intensity exercise. The blood lactate response to exercise was enhanced by fat adaptation and by oral supplementation of sodium bicarbonate. The synergistic effect of the combination suggested that inclusion of fat may enhance the advantage of a diet with a high cation-anion balance. The lower CO2 production of fat-adapted horses could be of benefit under hot and humid conditions, especially in horses with reduced pulmonary function. During repeated sprints, central venous [H+] increased (acidosis) but arterial [H+] decreased (alkalosis). These changes were consistent with concurrent changes in venous and arterial PCO2 but not [SID]. Arterial PO2 remained constant. These findings suggest that increasing ventilation to maintain arterial PO2 incidentally reduced PCO2, hence arterial [H+]. In terms of homeostatic priorities, regulation of respiration took precedence over regulation of acid-base status.
Effects of age, gender, and education on cognitive tests in a rural elderly community sample : norms from the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey

A random sample of 1,350 persons aged 65 years and older in a rural community underwent cognitive screening as part of a survey to establish a population-based registry of dementing disorders. The scr
Caregiver Characteristics and Symptoms of Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

The role of family dynamics in symptoms, course, and outcome of pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) has been extensively studied. Individual caregiver characteristics have received less attention in the literature. Understanding how caregiver traits are related to child symptoms could have important implications for psychosocial treatment of PBD, where the parents are heavily involved. This study explored the direct and interactive associations between parent psychopathology, stress, efficacy, and coping and symptoms of PBD in 64 parents of children meeting DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I, II, or NOS. Parent psychopathology predicted increased child mania and depression severity among parents with low, but not average or above average use of coping skills. Without effective coping skills, parent psychopathology may have effects of the severity of their child’s symptoms of mania or depression. Future research should explore the extent to which interventions that teach caregivers effective tools and skills to cope with their child’s illness mitigate the effects of their own psychopathology.
Central limit theorems under weak dependence

Abstract This article is motivated by a central limit theorem of Ibragimov for strictly stationary random sequences satisfying a mixing condition based on maximal correlations. Here we show that the mixing condition can be weakened slightly, and construct a class of stationary random sequences covered by the new version of the theorem but not Ibragimov's original version. Ibragimov's theorem is also extended to triangular arrays of random variables, and this is applied to some kernel-type estimates of probability density.
Management of oral self‐mutilation in neurologically impaired children

SUMMARY The function and fabrication of a removable acrylic dental appliance useful in the hospital management of neurologically impaired patients who are unconsciously traumatizing their oral soft tissues has been described. This acrylic appliance is readily fabricated on a plas ter cast obtained from an alginate impression of the maxillary arch. The basic appliance design is a modification of the standard maxillary orthodontic retainer. The modification involves the placement of additional acrylic resin to cover the occlusal and facial surfaces of all the maxillary teeth. This configuration prevents the buccal mucosa and lips from becoming trapped between the maxillary and mandibular teeth. Extra acrylic resin is placed bilaterally over the occlusal surface of the last tooth in the arch. The additional acrylic resin opens the bite, thereby preventing self-inflicted trauma to the tongue. Primary retention of the dental appliance is accomplished via a labial bow and strategically placed ball clasps. The appliance is maintained in the patient's mouth until the episodes of oral muscular activity are controlled.
Conjugated chromophore arrays with unusually large hole polaron delocalization lengths.

We report variable temperature X-band EPR spectroscopic data for the cation radical states of meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc(II) (PZnn) oligomers. These [PZn2−PZn7]+ species span an average 18−75 A length scale and display peak-to-peak EPR line widths (ΔBp-p) that diminish with conjugation length. Analysis of these EPR data show that PZnn+ structures possess the largest hole polaron delocalization lengths yet measured; experiments carried out over a 4−298 K temperature domain demonstrate remarkably that the charge delocalization length remains invariant with temperature. These cation radical EPR data are well described by a stochastic, near barrierless, one-dimensional charge hopping model developed by Norris for N equivalent sites on a polymer chain, where the theoretical EPR line width is given by ΔBp-p(N-mer) = (1/N1/2)ΔBp-p(monomer); PZnn+ oligomers are the first such systems to verify a Norris-type hole delocalization mechanism over a substantial (∼75 A) length scale. Given the time sca...
Advancing global health through regulatory science research: summary of the Global Summit on Regulatory Science Research and Innovation.

As a first step in the implementation of the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Pathway to Global Product Safety and Quality (Anonymous, 2011), FDA’s Office of International Programs (OIP) and the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) sponsored a Global Summit on Regulatory Science Research and Innovation. Through a series of presentations and panel discussions, the Global Summit participants explored how research could be used more effectively as a tool for advancing regulatory science, food safety, medical technologies, and public health. Speakers provided an overview of each of the components in the global regulatory-science research initiative, including scientific innovation and modernizing toxicology; and discussed how the integration of these components is needed to achieve the promise of regulatory science at the global level. All participants agreed with the formation of a Global Coalition of Regulatory Research Scientists who will work collaboratively to build knowledge, promote the development of regulatory science, discover novel ways to clearly define research needs, and improve public health.
Dynamics of benthic vegetation standing-stock, irradiance, and water properties in central Puget Sound

The standing stock of benthic macroalgae, sediment-associated microalgae and eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) was sampled in conjunction with irradiance and water properties from June 1982 through March 1984 to examine the relationship between the dynamics of benthic primary producers and environmental factors in central Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Sediment-associated microalgal standing stock (measured by chlorophylla) peaked in April and August. The seaweed assemblage, dominated by bladed green algae (e.g.Ulva fenestrata) and eelgrass exhibited maximum standing stocks in August. Although water temperature correlated best with changes in standing stock of all vegetation types, solar irradiance appeared to trigger the onset of biomass buildup and autumn die-back by the plants. Seasonal variations in dissolved oxygen reflected the buildup and loss of plant standing-stock. Nutrient concentrations, with the exception of ammonia, exhibited seasonal trends. Most nutrients were in greatest concentration in winter and reached minimum concentration in late spring-summer. Regeneration of nutrients in autumn followed shortly after the autumn dieback of the benthic vegetation. We concluded that irradiance was the primary controlling factor in the system. Nutrient limitation (primarily nitrate) may control standing-stock accumulations from the period May–October when light is not limiting. In contrast to phytoplankton systems in deep portions of Puget Sound, shallow nearshore systems may be more susceptible to the effects of increased inorganic nutrient-loadings from anthropogenic sources.
Utilization of precursors for nucleic acid synthesis by human cell cultures

Abstract The incorporation of purine and pyrimidine precursors and preformed bases into the ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid bases of HeLa cell cultures has been determined. The substrates are used in a manner similar to that observed in in vivo animal studies.
The Effects of Loose Group versus Individual Stall Transport on Glucocorticosteriods and Dehydroepiandrosterone in Yearling Horses

The European Union recently published regulations regarding the welfare of horses during transport, requiring that horses be transported in individual stalls. The objective of this study was to determine whether concentrations of cortisol, corticosterone, or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) differed among horses transported in individual stalls versus in loose groups. A total of 20 yearlings that were regularly handled and accustomed to being tied, but were naive to transport, were assigned to be transported for 6 hours in either individual stalls or a loose group. The experiment was replicated with a second trial 35 days later following a switchback design. Jugular blood samples were analyzed for plasma cortisol, corticosterone, and DHEA concentrations at pretransport, after 2, 4, and 6 hours of transport, and at 2 and 4 hours after unloading. The data were analyzed using a mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance for treatment effects, whereas differences between sample times within each trial, and pretransport concentrations between trials, were analyzed using paired T-tests. No significant differences were found between treatment groups in concentrations of cortisol (P = .713), corticosterone (P = .370), or DHEA (P = .416). Cortisol and corticosterone concentrations increased significantly during transport, and returned to pretransport concentrations by 2 hours post-transport (P < .01). Changes in concentrations of cortisol and corticosterone indicated that transportation was a significant stressor; however, being transported in a loose group versus individual stalls was not different for these horses.
Polymer–montmorillonite clay nanocomposites. Part 1: Complexation of montmorillonite clay with a vinyl monomer

An organo-clay complex was formed by the exchange reaction of a quaternary ammonium salt of a derivatized styrene monomer with Na+-montmorillonite clay. The binding of the derivatized styrene monomer with the montmorillonite clay was confirmed by FTIR and the diffused reflectance analysis. The increase of the d-spacing of the derivatized styrene-N+–montmorillonite clay complex to 1.47 nm, measured by X-ray diffraction, indicates that a monolayer of the monomer is adsorbed between adjacent montmorillonite layers. A molecular modeling of the monomer suggested a benzene ring tilted to the c-axis of the montmorillonite clay. The carbon content of the styrene-N+–montmorillonite clay of 11.02 % suggested a complete surface coverage of the clay by the monomer and a surface coverage of 0.74 nm2 per exchange site of the montmorillonite. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
New light on Aetokremnos

The note reconsiders the environmental setting of Aetokremnos, the controversial site of pre-Neolithic age on the island of Cyprus. Some 12,000 years ago when the sea level was lower, the site was not situated right on the coast in an island-like context as its excavators have claimed. Instead, it was located near the top of a tall cliff at the back of a wide coastal plain. At the time there were, in addition, actively forming dune fields just in front of the site. The discussion draws attention to three ambiguities in the previous interpretation of Aetokremnos and proposes that a new series of radiocarbon dates should be run on samples of bone in order to clarify the situation at the site.
Mission design of a Pioneer Jupiter Orbiter

The Mission analysis and design work performed in order to define a Pioneer mission to orbit Jupiter is described. This work arose from the interaction with a science advisory 'Mission Definition' team and led to the present mission concept. Building on the previous Jupiter Orbiter-Satellite Tour development at JPL a magnetospheric survey mission concept is developed. The geometric control of orbits which then provide extensive local time coverage of the Jovian system is analyzed and merged with the various science and program objectives. The result is a 'flower-orbit' mission design, yielding three large apoapse excursions at various local times and many interior orbits whose shape and orientation is under continual modification. This orbit design, together with a first orbit defined by delivery of an atmospheric probe, yields a mission of high scientific interest.
Organochromium(III) Intermediates in Reductive Dimerizations and Reductive Metatheses of Organic Substrates by Novel Chromium(I) Reagents1

The novel reductants of empirical formulas CrCl and CrH (or its Bu3Cr precursor) have been generated from CrCl3 and either 2 equiv of butyllithium in cold THF or 3 equiv of butyllithium in hot tolu...
Combined radiofrequency ablation and high-dose rate brachytherapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Purpose This retrospective analysis reports the results of patients with early-stage inoperable non–small-cell lung cancer treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) followed by adjuvant high–dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy. Methods and Materials Seventeen medically inoperable patients with biopsy-proven Stage I non–small-cell lung cancer were treated with RFA followed by single fraction HDR brachytherapy. Brachytherapy catheters were inserted immediately after RFA, and one fraction of HDR brachytherapy was delivered on the same day. Doses of brachytherapy ranged from 14.4 to 20 Gy (median, 18 Gy). Patients were followed clinically and radiographically to determine tumor control and toxicity profile. Results Median followup time was 22 months. Of the 17 patients, 3 patients have recurred locally. Each of the patients with local recurrences was originally treated for T2 disease. In total, three of seven cases with T2N0 disease experienced local recurrences, whereas all 9 patients with T1 disease were controlled locally. Five of the 17 patients required a chest tube posttreatment, and 1 patient developed an empyema. There were no deaths within 1 month of treatment. Conclusions RFA followed by HDR brachytherapy yields excellent local control with an acceptable toxicity profile for patients with otherwise inoperable early-stage lung cancer.
Treatment of pars planitis: I. Cryotherapy

Editor’s comment. Multiple designations for the same clinical entity usually betray ignorance of pathogenesis and confusion about therapy. Take, for example, “Mortimer’s Malady.” Jonathan Hutchison first described it in 1869 as “papillary psoriasis” of the hands, but after examining Mrs. Mortimer and nine other patients, his penchant for precision required “lupus vulgaris multiplex non-ulcerans et non-serpigeneous.” Besnier settled for the simpler “lupus pernio,” Caeser Boeck for “multiple benign skin sarcoid,” and Heerfordt for “uveo-parotid fever.” By 1916, Schaumann had identified these syndromes as manifestations of the same disseminated granulomatosis, “lymphogranuloma benigna.” Eponymic obligations have given us “Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease,” not to mention the six other men so honored. We now call Mortimer’s malady “sarcoidosis,” and still have identified neither etiology nor completely effective therapy. Peripheral uveitis tits this pattern: “pars planitis, angiohyalitis, cyclitis, peripheral uveoretinitis,” and we have been spared eponyms! Initially classified as a granulomatous uveitis in the extreme fundus periphery with multiple causes, the disorder has assumed its own identity over the past 25 years as an idiopathic, often bilateral, retinal vasculitis in young people which produces peripheral vitreous organization. Chronic recurrences produce secondary macular edema, posterior subcapsular cataract, glaucoma, and retinal detachment, and treatment often has been unsatisfactory. Drs. Aaberg and Schlaegel relate here their successful experiences with cryotherapy and systematic corticosteroids, respectively, and recommend practical guidelines for management. We commend their diligent long-term study of this imprecisely defined, unpredictable disease. The next step should be a randomized controlled clinical trial of therapy in pars planitis which, while difficult, could provide the ophthalmologist an even firmer basis for treatment. (Sun Ophthaimol 22:120-130, 1977)
Mouse-Specific Tandem IgY7-SuperMix Immunoaffinity Separations for Improved LC-MS/MS Coverage of the Plasma Proteome

We report on a mouse specific SuperMix immunoaffinity separation system for separating low abundance proteins from high and moderate abundance proteins in mouse plasma. When applied in tandem with a mouse IgY7 column that removes the seven most abundant proteins in plasma, the SuperMix column captures more than 100 additional moderate abundance proteins, thus allowing significant enrichment of low abundance proteins in the flow-through fraction. A side-by-side comparison of results obtained from 2D-LC-MS/MS analyses of flow-through samples from IgY7 and SuperMix columns revealed a nearly two-fold improvement in the overall proteome coverage. Detection of low abundance proteins was also enhanced, as evidenced by a more than two-fold increase in the coverage of cytokines, growth factors, and other low abundance proteins. Moreover, the tandem separations are automated, reproducible, and allow effective identification of protein abundance differences from LC-MS/MS analyses. Considering the overall reproducibility and increased sensitivity using the IgY7-SuperMix separation system, we anticipate broad applications of this strategy for biomarker discovery using mouse models.
Indoxacarb, metaflumizone, and other sodium channel inhibitor insecticides: Mechanism and site of action on mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels

Abstract Sodium channel inhibitor (SCI) insecticides were discovered almost four decades ago but have only recently yielded important commercial products (e.g., indoxacarb and metaflumizone). SCI insecticides inhibit sodium channel function by binding selectively to slow-inactivated (non-conducting) sodium channel states. Characterization of the action of SCI insecticides on mammalian sodium channels using both biochemical and electrophysiological approaches demonstrates that they bind at or near a drug receptor site, the “local anesthetic (LA) receptor.” This mechanism and site of action on sodium channels differentiates SCI insecticides from other insecticidal agents that act on sodium channels. However, SCI insecticides share a common mode of action with drugs currently under investigation as anticonvulsants and treatments for neuropathic pain. In this paper we summarize the development of the SCI insecticide class and the evidence that this structurally diverse group of compounds have a common mode of action on sodium channels. We then review research that has used site-directed mutagenesis and heterologous expression of cloned mammalian sodium channels in Xenopus laevis oocytes to further elucidate the site and mechanism of action of SCI insecticides. The results of these studies provide new insight into the mechanism of action of SCI insecticides on voltage-gated sodium channels, the location of the SCI insecticide receptor, and its relationship to the LA receptor that binds therapeutic SCI agents.
Bone tissue engineering: state of the union

The quest to surpass the clinical efficacy of the allogeneic bone graft has had limited success, an outcome that is symbolic of tissue engineering as a whole. In this ‘State of the Union’-type review, we highlight recent advances in the design of bone regenerative therapeutics using the primary elements of stem cells, growth factors and scaffolds, and identify major obstacles in their paths to the clinic. We underscore the need for rigorous performance criteria in the design of holistic tissue regenerative therapeutics, and an increased emphasis on the product production, storage and handling issues that will ultimately influence clinical success.
Regioselective preparation of α-nitro cyclohexyl triisopropylsilyl enol ethers

Abstract Treatment of the triisopropylsilyl enol ethers 1a–h with tetra- n -butyl ammonium nitrate and trifluoroacetic anhydride at 0 °C afforded the α-nitro triisopropylsilyl enol ethers 2a–h in 40–72% yield.
Mining of haplotype-based expressed sequence tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in citrus.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most abundant variations in agenome, have been widely used in various studies. Detection andcharacterization of citrus haplotype-based expressed sequence tag (EST) SNPswill greatly facilitate further utilization of these gene-basedresources. In this paper, haplotype-based SNPs were mined out of publicly availablecitrus expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from different citrus cultivars(genotypes) individually and collectively for comparison. There were a totalof 567,297 ESTs belonging to 27 cultivars in varying numbers andconsequentially yielding different numbers of haplotype-based quality SNPs.Sweet orange (SO) had the most (213,830) ESTs, generating 11,182 qualitySNPs in 3,327 out of 4,228 usable contigs. Summed from all the individuallymining results, a total of 25,417 quality SNPs were discovered –15,010 (59.1%) were transitions (AG and CT), 9,114 (35.9%) weretransversions (AC, GT, CG, and AT), and 1,293 (5.0%) wereinsertion/deletions (indels). A vast majority of SNP-containing contigsconsisted of only 2 haplotypes, as expected, but the percentages of 2haplotype contigs varied widely in these citrus cultivars. BLAST of the25,417 25-mer SNP oligos to the Clementine reference genome scaffoldsrevealed 2,947 SNPs had “no hits found”, 19,943 had 1 unique hit/ alignment, 1,571 had one hit and 2+ alignments per hit, and 956 had 2+hits and 1+ alignment per hit. Of the total 24,293 scaffold hits, 23,955(98.6%) were on the main scaffolds 1 to 9, and only 338 were on 87 minorscaffolds. Most alignments had 100% (25/25) or 96% (24/25) nucleotideidentities, accounting for 93% of all the alignments. Considering almost allthe nucleotide discrepancies in the 24/25 alignments were at the SNP sites,it served well as in silico validation of these SNPs, in additionto and consistent with the rate (81%) validated by sequencing and SNaPshotassay. High-quality EST-SNPs from different citrus genotypes were detected, andcompared to estimate the heterozygosity of each genome. All the SNP oligosequences were aligned with the Clementine citrus genome to determine theirdistribution and uniqueness and for in silico validation, inaddition to SNaPshot and sequencing validation of selected SNPs.
A review of the reactivity of organic compounds with oxygen-containing functionality in superheated water

Abstract Understanding the reactivity of organic molecules in pure superheated water is developing from studies aimed at explaining how organic matter (kerogen) forms and then breaks down, in low temperature (
COLLEGE STUDENT DRUG USAGE IN A STATE SYSTEM AS A FUNCTION OF TYPE OF INSTITUTION

Over 4,500 students from 28 universities, colleges, and junior colleges constituting a state system of higher education were compared on extent of drug use. At least two of the three pairs of groups differed on reported usage of six of the substances, with the largest differences being between universities and junior colleges on alcohol and marihuana. A discriminant analysis showed that the nine items formed two differentiating dimensions—Alcohol Usage and Hallucinogen/LSD Usage—in separating the groups. Despite the statistical significance, the differences in terms of actual numbers of users were small. Inferences of the results are discussed.
Location of retail facilities under conditions of uncertainty

Models for the optimal location of retail facilities are typically premised on current market conditions. In this paper we incorporate future market conditions into the model for the location of a retail facility. Future market conditions are analyzed as a set of possible scenarios. We analyze the problem of finding the best location for a new retail facility such that the market share captured at that location is as close to the maximum as possible regardless of the future scenario. The objective is the minimax regret which is widely used in decision analysis. To illustrate the models an example problem is analyzed and solved in detail.
Attributions of Productive Authors in Educational Psychology Journals

Are there similarities in the writing approaches and practices among the top-producing authors in our field? If so, perhaps knowing this information may benefit graduate students or recent graduates. In this paper, I asked 13 authors to explain why they were so productive in terms of publishing in educational psychology journals. Four categories of authors’ attributions for productivity were identified: collaboration, passion/curiosity, research skills, and time management. All categories were consistent with the extant literature on productivity. It is hoped that providing beginning scholars with the practices of the top authors in their field may help them to be more efficient and effective in their quest of writing for publication.
Intestinal maturation: in vivo magnesium transport.

Summary: We investigated with an in vivo single pass perfusion technique net transport of magnesium in the jejunum, ileum and colon segments of suckling, weanling and adolescent rats. The concentration of magnesium in the isotonic sodium chloride solution perfused through the intestinal segments was either below (0 and 0.5 mmoles/liter) or above (1, 2.5 and 5 mmoles/liter) serum ionized magnesium. The relationship between net transport rates (μoles/h per g dry weight) and luminal magnesium concentration was linear in all three intestinal segments of the suckling rats. In the weanling and adolescent rats, the relationship between net transport and luminal magnesium concentration was linear in the small intestinal segments; however, a change to a saturable, curvilinear relationship was noted in the colon segments. Rates of transport were significantly greater in all segments of suckling rats compared to corresponding segments of the adolescent rats, when luminal magnesium concentration was 2.5 and 5 mmoles/liter. Net transport rates in the colonic segments at all ages were either equal to or greater than rates in the small intestinal segment at the same age period. The change in the relationship between transport rates and luminal magnesium in the colonic segments suggested that the mode of magnesium transport change at the time of weaning from mainly a passive mechanism in the suckling period to mainly a carrier mediated mechanism in the adolescent rats. This is the first demonstration of developmental characteristics of magnesium transport in animals. Speculation: THe change in the rate and characteristics of net magnesium transport in the rat during maturation reflects a greater permeability of the intestinal membranes-in the suckling compared to adolescent rats. The mechanism(s) respqnsible for the changes in the intestinal permeability could be the result of hormonal changes which occur during the weanling period.
Recent Advances in Mathematical Modeling of Flow and Heat Transfer Phenomena in Glass Furnaces

This paper reviews significant advances in the mathematical modeling of flow and heat transfer phenomena in glass furnaces during the period 1996-2000. It describes developments in both the fundamental/scientific and practical aspects of modeling. The topics reviewed include developments in (a) model formulation and modeling techniques, (b) postprocessing modeling of glass quality and environmental emissions, (c) measurement of thermodynamic and transport properties of melt relevant to modeling, and (d) incorporation of model-based knowledge into process control schemes. These developments are critically examined and assessed from an industrial perspective, and topics needing further research and development efforts are identified.
A revision of the Australian genus Tylospira Harris, 1897 (Gastropoda: Struthiolariidae)

Tylospira, the Australian representative of the southern hemisphere family Struthiolariidae, comprises nine fossil species ranging in age from Early Miocene to Late Pliocene and Pleistocene, and one species living off the coast of New South Wales. Tylospira glomerata, T. incilata and T. puteana are newly described. Singletonaria Marwick 1952 is synonymised with Tylospira Harris 1897.
TRAIL, DR4 and DR5 are upregulated in kidneys from patients with lupus nephritis and exert proliferative and proinflammatory effects

We have previously reported that TRAIL is upregulated on T cells from patients with lupus and that T cell associated TRAIL enhances autoimmune parameters in a murine model of lupus. Whether TRAIL/TRAIL-R interaction plays a role in organ involvement such as lupus nephritis has not yet been assessed. We demonstrate here that TRAIL, DR4 and DR5 are upregulated in proximal and distal tubules of patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. In vitro, expression of TRAIL, DR4 and DR5 on primary proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) was induced by TNFalpha and IFNgamma. Functionally, TRAIL did not induce apoptosis but rather enhanced the proliferation of PTEC through activation of PI3 kinase/AKT and ERK1/2, increased IL-8 production and upregulated ICAM-1 expression. These data demonstrate that cytokine induced upregulation of TRAIL, DR4 and DR5 in tubules from patients with proliferative lupus nephritis may play a protective role by enhancing PTEC survival while also exerting a proinflammatory effect that may contribute to local inflammation and injury.
Maximizing the guessability of symbolic input

Guessability is essential for symbolic input, in which users enter gestures or keywords to indicate characters or commands, or rely on labels or icons to access features. We present a unified approach to both maximizing and evaluating the guessability of symbolic input. This approach can be used by anyone wishing to design a symbol set with high guessability, or to evaluate the guessability of an existing symbol set. We also present formulae for quantifying guessability and agreement among guesses. An example is offered in which the guessability of the EdgeWrite unistroke alphabet was improved by users from 51.0% to 80.1% without designer intervention. The original and improved alphabets were then tested for their immediate usability with the procedure used by MacKenzie and Zhang (1997). Users entered the original alphabet with 78.8% and 90.2% accuracy after 1 and 5 minutes of learning, respectively. The improved alphabet bettered this to 81.6% and 94.2%. These improved results were competitive with prior results for Graffiti, which were 81.8% and 95.8% for the same measures.
Labor Availability in an Integrated Agricultural System

The trend towards crop specialization and increased farm size in U.S. agricultural systems has had negative economic and environmental impacts. On large, specialized farms, bottlenecks in labor occur, and a significant amount of seasonal labor is underutilized. This study was conducted to determine if this labor could be allocated to the production of supplemental enterprises. A linear programming analysis confirmed that 2,807 hours of underutilized labor exists in a typical corn-soybean rotation and that integration of the supplemental crops evaluated in our study are feasible. Grazing of stalk residues alone did not make use of the underutilized labor, however, integration of two alternative cabbage production scenarios as well as an agroforestry alternative that included decorative woody florals made use of an additional 357 and 306 hours of the underutilized labor, respectively. The integration of supplemental alternative crops into an existing corn–soybean rotation has the ability to make use of unde...
1221 MECHANISM OF DEXAMETHASONE-INDUCED CLEFT PALATE IN RATS: INHIBITION OF PROSTAGLANDIN AND THROMBOXANE SYNTHESIS IN FETAL PALATES IN VIVO

We have hypothesized that the teratogenic mechanism of glucocorticoids involves the same biochemical pathway as the mechanism of their anti-inflammatory hormonal action, i.e., inhibition of arachidonic acid release and of prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxane (TX) production. Arachidonic acid reversed the production of cleft palate in rats by dexamethasone and this reversal was blocked by indomethacin, an inhibitor of PG and TX synthesis (cyclo-oxygenase) (Fed. Proc. 3616:955, 1980). Pregnant rats were treated with dexamethasone 3.75mg/kg or vehicle on days 12 to 15 of pregnancy, a regimen giving about 80% cleft palate. Three hours after the last dose of steroid on day 15 fetuses were removed by c-section and palates from each litter were dissected, pooled, sonicated, and incubated at 37°C for 3 hours. 100μl aliquots were removed at 1 hr. and 3 hrs. and the reaction stopped with lml ethanol. Aliquots of the ethanol extracts were measured for PG and TX by radioimmunoassay. PG and TX synthesis was proportional to time of incubation. Dexamethasone inhibited significantly the production of F2α, E2, 6-keto F1α, and TX B2 by fetal palates to about 50% of control values. Thus, evidence has been presented for the precise biochemical mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate.
In-Plane Photonic Transduction of SOI Microcantilever Sensors

In this paper, a new microcantilever transduction mechanism for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microcantilevers that readily scales to large arrays while maintaining a very compact form factor and high sensitivity is introduced. This mechanism is based on differential optical detection of the cantilever tip position in which the cantilever itself forms a single mode optical ridge waveguide differential splitter.
Forty Years Later: What Have We Learned about the Earliest Human Occupations of Santa Rosa Island, California?:

California's Channel Islands have emerged as an important location for documenting the cultures and lifeways of the earliest peoples who settled the Pacific Coast of North America. Much of this began with Phil Orr's archaeological, paleontological, and geological research on Santa Rosa Island from the 1940s to 1960s. Generating several controversial theories, including the possibility of mammoth hunters on the islands over 40,000 years ago, many of Orr's interpretations have not stood the test of scientific scrutiny. However, much of what we know about the island today is based on Orr's extensive archaeological survey and excavation work. Here we provide an overview and analysis of Orr's research on the earliest peoples of Santa Rosa Island and update what has been learned in the 40 years since Orr's (1968) Prehistory of Santa Rosa Island was published. In 1968, Orr tentatively identified seven archaeological sites dating to the terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene, all located on the northwest coast o...
C-FAR, change favorable representation

In this paper, a methodology called Change Favorable Representation (C-FAR) is presented and explored. This methodology uses existing product data information to capture possible change consequences to a product. C-FAR uses this existing product information model to facilitate change representation, propagation, and qualitative evaluation. The information model schema's main elements are entities, relations among entities, and attributes that describe the entities. C-FAR facilitates change and change evaluation at the attribute level. C-FAR has been evaluated using case studies in structural analysis bumper design, injection molding and printed wiring board thermal analysis. Results show that C-FAR is capable of representing change and provides a reasonable qualitative evaluation of the change consequences.
Neuropathology in sensory, but not motor, brainstem nuclei of the rat whisker circuit after diffuse brain injury.

AbstractNeurological dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with pathology in cortical, subcortical, and brainstem nuclei. Our laboratory has reported neuropathology and microglial activation in the somatosensory barrel cortex (S1BF) and ventral posterior medial thalamus (VPM) after diffuse TBI in the rat, which correlated with post-injury whisker sensory sensitivity. The present study extends our previous work by evaluating pathology in whisking-associated sensory and motor brainstem nuclei. Brains from adult, male rats were recovered over 1 month after midline fluid percussion or sham injury. The principal trigeminal nucleus (PrV, sensory nucleus) and facial nucleus (VIIN, motor nucleus) were examined for neuropathology (silver histochemistry) and microglial activation (Iba1). Significant neuropathology in PrV was evident at 2 and 7 days post-injury compared to sham. Iba1-labeled microglia showed swollen somata and thickened processes over 1 month post-injury. In contrast, the VIIN...
Writing as sophistry: From preservation to persuasion

The Sophists were suspect in Hellenic Greece largely because they used writing to record lists of things and to preserve the common wisdom. They were also regarded with suspicion for adapting written words and stylistic techniques to persuasion. Isocrates represents the bridge to respectability for writing, because he permitted his students to discuss and question his written ideas.
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of Human Seminal Plasma.

SummaryAt pH 7.85 the peak of ultraviolet absorption by human seminal plasma and of a mixture of globulins derived from it lies in the region of 276 to 279 mμ and the valley lies between 254 and 256 mμ. No significant differences were observed between the curves for plasmas from normal semen and the curves for plasmas from 3 semens which contained sperm considered to be defective in motility or morphology. Absorption by 2 acetic acid precipitable components (glycoprotein) shows little selectivity; there is only a slight inflection in the curve in the region of 285 mμ. The absorption increases sharply in the lower wave lengths. The effect of increasing the pH of the solution to 12 is to shift absorption, by both seminal plasma and by the globulins, toward somewhat longer wave lengths. At pH 12 there is a shift toward the longer wave lengths of the slight inflection at 285 mμ, in the curve for glycoprotein.
Critical Issues in Causation and Treatment of Autism: Why Fads Continue to Flourish

The increasing incidence of autism and the lack of specific answers regarding causation have given rise to unproven educational interventions and medical treatments. Parents of a newly diagnosed child can easily fall prey to interventions that promise cures. These interventions may be harmful and, thus, pose one of the critical issues in special education today. This article will discuss some of the suspect interventions that have been popularized through the media (i.e., celebrities, journalists, and professional organizations). The authors argue that using the scientific method is clearly the antidote for pseudoscience; the need for accurate research-based decision making is apparent.
Development and characterization of CHO repair-proficient cell lines for comparative mutagenicity and metabolism of heterocyclic amines from cooked food.

In order to understand the role of repair and metabolism in the mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines from cooked foods, we previously developed the nucleotide excision repair-deficient CHO 5P3NAT2 cell line engineered to coexpress the mouse CYP1A2 and human N-acetyltransferase genes. In the present study, we have made a matched repair-competent cell line by mutagenizing 5P3NAT2 cells with ethyl methanesulfonate and selecting for resistance to cytotoxicity by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). In the differential cytotoxicity (DC) assay, 4 out of 15 clones showed no cytotoxic effect with IQ at the highest dose (30 μg/ml) tested, in contrast to repair-deficient 5P3NAT2 cells, which showed ∼ 100% cytotoxicity at 0.3 μg/ml. Subsequently, these IQ-resistant clones were examined for resistance to killing by UV irradiation. All four IQ-resistant clones, which show resistance to UV similar to that of repair-proficient AA8 cells, still express both the CYP1A2 and N-acetyltransferase genes. Sequence analysis of CXPD cDNA from the 5P3NAT2R9 clone revealed an A:TG:C reversion event at the site of the UV5 mutation. This base change results in reversion of the codon 116 tyrosine in UV5 cells back to the original cysteine in AA8 cells, thereby restoring wild-type CXPD activity and repair function. In contrast to 5P3NAT2 cells, the repair-proficient 5P3NAT2R9 revertant cell line shows little IQ-induced cell killing, and dramatically lower levels of induced mutation at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Aprt) gene locus over the range of 2–40 μg/ml IQ. This matched pair of repair-proficient/deficient cell lines can provide insight not only into the genotoxicity of heterocyclic amine dietary carcinogens such as IQ and PhIP, but also into the effects of nucleotide excision repair on the ultimate mutagenicity of these compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:7–13, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Implications of geographic diversity for short-term variability and predictability of solar power

Worldwide interest in the deployment of photovoltaic generation (PV) is rapidly increasing. Operating experience with large PV plants, however, demonstrates that large, rapid changes in the output of PV plants are possible. Early studies of PV grid impacts suggested that short-term variability could be a potential limiting factor in deploying PV. Many of these early studies, however, lacked high-quality data from multiple sites to assess the costs and impacts of increasing PV penetration. As is well known for wind, accounting for the potential for geographic diversity can significantly reduce the magnitude of extreme changes in aggregated PV output, the resources required to accommodate that variability, and the potential costs of managing variability. We use measured 1-min solar insolation for 23 time-synchronized sites in the Southern Great Plains network of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program and wind speed data from 10 sites in the same network to characterize the variability of PV with different degrees of geographic diversity and to compare the variability of PV to the variability of similarly sited wind. We find in our analysis of PV and wind plants similarly sited in a 5 × 5 grid with 50 km spacing that the variability of PV is only slightly more than the variability of wind on time scales of 5–15 min. Over shorter and longer time scales the level of variability is nearly identical. Finally, we use a simple approximation method to estimate the cost of carrying additional reserves to manage sub-hourly variability. We conclude that the costs of managing the short-term variability of PV are dramatically reduced by geographic diversity and are not substantially different from the costs for managing the short-term variability of similarly sited wind in this region.
Evaluation of α-cyanoesters as fluorescent substrates for examining interindividual variation in general and pyrethroid-selective esterases in human liver microsomes

Carboxylesterases hydrolyze many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals and have broad substrate selectivity, requiring a suite of substrates to measure hydrolytic profiles. To develop new esterase substrates, a series of α-cyanoesters that yield fluorescent products upon hydrolysis was evaluated for use in carboxylesterase assays. The use of these substrates as surrogates for Type II pyrethroid hydrolysis was tested. The results suggest that these novel analogs are appropriate for the development of high-throughput assays for pyrethroid hydrolase activity. A set of human liver microsomes was then used to determine the ability of these substrates to report esterase activity across a small population. Results were compared against standard esterase substrates. A number of the esterase substrates showed correlations, demonstrating the broad substrate selectivity of these enzymes. However, for several of the substrates, no correlations in hydrolysis rates were observed, suggesting that multiple carboxylesterase isozymes are responsible for the array of substrate hydrolytic activity. These new substrates were then compared against α-naphthyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate for their ability to detect hydrolytic activity in both one- and two-dimensional native electrophoresis gels. Cyano-2-naphthylmethyl butanoate was found to visualize more activity than either commercial substrate. These applications demonstrate the utility of these new substrates as both general and pyrethroid-selective reporters of esterase activity.