cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal Life Support in Patients with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: How Long Should We Treat?

Background Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a frequently lethal birth defect and, despite advances, extracorporeal life support (ie, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]) is commonly required for severely affected patients. Published data suggest that CDH survival after 2 weeks on ECMO is poor. Many centers limit duration of ECMO support. Study Design We conducted a single-institution retrospective review of 19 years of CDH patients treated with ECMO, designed to evaluate which factors affect survival and duration of ECMO and define how long patients should be supported. Results Of two hundred and forty consecutive CDH patients without lethal associated anomalies, 96 were treated with ECMO and 72 (75%) survived. Eighty required a single run of ECMO and 65 survived (81%), 16 required a second ECMO run and 7 survived (44%). Of patients still on ECMO at 2 weeks, 56% survived, at 3 weeks 46% survived, and at 4 weeks, 43% of patients still on ECMO survived to discharge. After 5 weeks of ECMO, survival had dropped to 15%, and after 40 days of ECMO support there were no survivors. Apgar score at 1 minute, Apgar score at 5 minutes, and Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group predicted survival all correlated with survival on ECMO, need for second ECMO, and duration of ECMO. Lung-to-head ratio also correlated with duration of ECMO. All survivors were discharged breathing spontaneously with no support other than nasal cannula oxygen if needed. Conclusions In patients with severe CDH, improvement in pulmonary function sufficient to wean from ECMO can take 4 weeks or longer, and might require a second ECMO run. Pulmonary outcomes in these CDH patients can still be excellent, and the assignment of arbitrary ECMO treatment durations
Choosing an Error Protection Scheme for a Microprocessor's L1 Data Cache

We deconstruct and compare the two dominant existing approaches for L1 data cache (L1D) error protection, with respect to performance, L2 cache bandwidth, power, and area. The two approaches are: (1) parity on the L1D with write-through to an ECC-protected L2, and (2) ECC protection on the L1D. Qualitatively, the first approach requires a write-through L1D, which places a large bandwidth and power demand on the L2. The second approach adds more bits in the L1D for error protection, which adds to the L1D's area and power while degrading its performance. Our quantitative results show that the relative costs of the second approach are small and that its benefits outweigh these costs. We also present a new error protection scheme, called the Punctured ECC Recovery Cache (PERC), that achieves the best features of both existing schemes.
Holographic 3-D disks using shift multiplexing

Summary form only given. Recently, we demonstrated holographic recording in a 100-micron-thick photopolymer, achieving a surface density of 10 bits//spl mu/m/sup 2/, by recording a combination of peristrophic and angle-multiplexed holograms. We would like to further increase the capacity of this system by storing data at many different locations. One simple implementation of such system would be a holographic 3-D disk, where the disk spins so that holograms stored at different locations on the disk could be accessed. We will use a new multiplexing method (shift multiplexing) that is especially well suited for the holographic disk configuration.
Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath mimicking a primary intramedullary metatarsal tumor

Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is one of the most common benign soft tissue tumors in the extremities, and is frequently associated with bone abnormalities. Although extrinsic bone erosion is the most common bone abnormality associated with GCTTS, intraosseous invasion of GCTTS occurs rarely and may mimic a primary bone tumor, making diagnosis more challenging. We report an unusual imaging presentation of GCTTS mimicking a primary intramedullary metatarsal tumor and review the literature on the frequency of bone involvement of GCTTS.
Towards a consensus on the evaluation of scientific evidence: 'Evidence-Based Medical Dispute Resolution'

Health and medical knowledge are essential to the resolution of disputes in law and administrative applications (such as workers' compensation) and provide essential input into public policy decisions. We have worked to develop a framework for applying the knowledge of health and medicine in law and dispute resolution similar to the highly influential concepts of "critical appraisal" and "evidence-based medicine" which have transformed medical practice. We call this emerging approach "evidence-based medical dispute resolution" (EBMDR). Evidence-based medical dispute resolution is a systematic approach to evaluating scientific evidence in a particular context, that of law, adjudication and public policy.
Carotenoid Derived Aldehydes - Induced Oxidative Stress Causes Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Carotenoids have been advocated as potential therapeutic agents in treating age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In ocular tissues carotenoids may undergo oxidation and form carotenoid-derived aldehydes (CDA), which would be toxic to tissues. We have investigated the cytotoxic effects of CDA from beta-carotene, Lutein and Zeaxanthin on human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). The serum-starved ARPE-19 cells were treated with CDA without or with antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, nuclear chromatin condensation as well as fragmentation, change in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and activation of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 were determined. We observed a dose and time-dependent decline in cell viability upon incubation of ARPE-19 cells with CDA. The CDA treatment also led to elevation in ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner. Upon CDA treatment a significant number of apoptotic cells were observed. Also early apoptotic changes in ARPE-19 cells induced by CDA were associated with change in MMP. Increased nuclear chromatin condensation and fragmentation were also observed in cells treated with CDA. The cytotoxicity of CDA in ARPE-19 cells was significantly ameliorated by the antioxidant, NAC. Furthermore, CDA induced the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 which was significantly inhibited by NAC. Thus our results demonstrate that CDA could increase the oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells by elevating ROS levels that would cause imbalance in cellular redox status, which could lead to cell death. This would suggest that high carotenoid supplementation for treatment of AMD should be used cautiously.
Situational Interest in Literary Text

This study examined relationships among text characteristics, situational interest, two measures of text understanding, and personal responses when reading a literary text. A factor analysis of ratings made after reading revealed six interrelated text characteristics. Of these, suspense, coherence and thematic complexity explained 54% of the variance in interest. Additional analyses found that situational interest was unrelated to a multiple choice test of main ideas; but was related to personal responses and holistic interpretations of the text. These results suggest that multiple aspects of literary texts are interesting to readers, and that interest is related to personal engagement variables, even when it is not related to the comprehension of main ideas.
Deletion of the eIF2α Kinase GCN2 Fails to Rescue the Memory Decline Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease

Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulated translation through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related memory impairments. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we crossed knockout mice for an eIF2α kinase (GCN2: general control nonderepressible-2 kinase) with 5XFAD transgenic mice, and investigated whether GCN2 deletion affects AD-like traits in this model. As observed in AD brains, 5XFAD mice recapitulated significant elevations in the β-secretase enzyme BACE1 and the CREB repressor ATF4 concomitant with a dramatic increase of eIF2α phosphorylation. Contrary to expectation, we found that GCN2−/− and GCN2+/− deficiencies aggravate rather than suppress hippocampal BACE1 and ATF4 elevations in 5XFAD mice, failing to rescue memory deficits as tested by the contextual fear conditioning. The facilitation of these deleterious events resulted in exacerbated β-amyloid accumulation, plaque pathology and CREB dysfunction in 5XFAD mice with GCN2 mutations. Notably, GCN2 deletion caused overactivation of the PKR-endoplasmic reticulum-related kinase (PERK)-dependent eIF2α phosphorylation pathway in 5XFAD mice in the absence of changes in the PKR pathway. Moreover, PERK activation in response to GCN2 deficiency was specific to 5XFAD mice, since phosphorylated PERK levels were equivalent between GCN2−/− and wild-type control mice. Our findings suggest that GCN2 may be an important eIF2α kinase under the physiological condition, whereas blocking the GCN2 pathway under exposure to significant β-amyloidosis rather aggravates eIF2α phosphorylation leading to BACE1 and ATF4 elevations in AD.
Methodology for the Synthesis of Dinucleoside Monophosphates Containing A 2′-Deoxy-3-Isoadenosine Unit: 3-iso-dApT and Tp(3-iso-dA)

Abstract 2′ -Deoxy-3-isoadenylyl(3′-5′)thymidine and thymidylyl-(3′-5′)-2′-deoxy-3-isoadenosine have been synthesized by mild protection/deprotection methodology that circumvents facile N3-Cl′ hydrolytic cleavage of the 2′-deoxy-3-isoadenosine moiety. †Present Address: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
Frequency domain photoacoustics using intensity-modulated laser sources

In this paper, we present an overview of research in the area of narrow-bandwidth generation and detection of ultrasound using a technique referred to as frequency domain photoacoustics. An intensity-modulated continuous wave laser is used for narrowband ultrasound generation, and an interferometer coupled to a radio frequency lock-in amplifier is used for detection. Excellent sensitivity is achieved using sinusoidal modulation of the excitation laser over long time scales, thereby focusing the acoustic energy at the excitation frequency. We describe an experimental approach for the direct detection of narrowband signals at the ultrasound excitation frequency, and a superheterodyne technique in which the signal is optically down-converted to a low and fixed intermediate frequency prior to detection. Two approaches for materials characterisation using frequency domain photoacoustic measurements are presented. In the first approach, the modulation frequency of the excitation laser is scanned over the bandwi...
Splendid patriotism: How the Illustrated London News pictured the Confederacy

At a time when newspaper reports from Richmond or Charleston were few and the Southern states remained mysterious in Europe, Frank Vizetelly's drawings helped give an international audience a way to see the stirrings of a would-be nation, while his commentary made it possible to read the conservative social order of the South against both the market enthusiasms of the North and the growing clamor for reform and wider suffrage in Britain itself. The problem of heterogeneity in Britain's domestic affairs thus made the American Civil War at once newsworthy and a virtual referendum on social change, particularly when the ILN printed the best pictorial coverage of the Confederacy. Invoking the recent wars in Italy, Vizetelly tied Confederate secession to Italian independence, but as a result he also insinuated the steadfast commitment to emancipation that had made Garibaldi the hero of London and the abolitionist North.
The Chemical Coding of Aggression in Brain

In the past several years there has been increasing evidence that several compounds of low molecular weight in the brain believed to function in the central as well as in the peripheral nervous system as neurotransmitters may serve to modulate the expression of aggressive behavior. These agents are synthesized, stored, and released by specific and discrete neural systems in the brain. They include the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), the indole-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) and the amine acetylcholine (ACh). In the following paper I would like to present evidence suggesting that each of these agents may have selective and independent actions in mediating the expression of two neurologically distinct classes of aggression: affective and predatory aggression.
Rethinking Moroccan nationalism, 1930–44

Historians and social scientists studying the French protectorate era in Morocco have suggested that nationalist resistance began by the 1930s, if not earlier. Accordingly, the efforts to reform French rule in the 1930s have been called ‘proto-nationalism’ or ‘early nationalism’ in histories that portray nationalism as an evolutionary process, one that grows in a linear, unidirectional fashion. This article explores the tensions between nationalist and reformist demands, and stresses the distinctiveness of these mobilisation platforms. It argues against subsuming calls for reform into the nationalist narrative, proposing instead that calls for reform constituted an alternative to nationalist demands for independence. Proponents of reform emphasised equality and opposed the authoritarian nature of French rule. In contrast, the Independence Party, founded in 1944, challenged the foreign nature of imperial rule. Attention to these differences points to the diversity of responses to French rule. Moroccan anti...
Modeling Thermal and Mechanical Effects on Retention of Thiamin in Extruded Foods

: A model was proposed to predict separate thermal and mechanical effects of extrusion cooking on thiamin retention. Thermal effects were determined by heating small samples of wheat flour mixed with 0.30% (wt/ wt) thiamin hydrochloride isothermally at 140 °C, 151 °C, and 161 °C for different times. The calculated activation energy and rate constants at each temperature were 67.28 kJ/g mol and 0.00869/min, 0.0145/min, and 0.0224/min, respectively. The “extruder constant” was estimated as 27.7/rev, based on a matching-viscosity method. Wheat flour with 0.30% (wt/wt) thiamin was extruded at different screw speeds. Mechanical effects caused 89.7% to 94.4% of total thiamin loss. This research provides a generalized method to “fingerprint” the extrusion process.
A neuroscience model of stuttering

Abstract Using motor control systems analysis and a reductionist approach, we provide a unified model of stuttering. This model views stuttering as a momentary instability in a complex multiloop control system. The model predicts the temporal conditions under which this instability will occur. Furthermore, these temporal conditions account for the efficacy of fluency-evoking maneuvers, therapy, and the variability of speech output in stutterers.
Levofloxacin/imipenem prevents the emergence of high-level resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains already lacking susceptibility to one or both drugs

Objectives: Previous studies have demonstrated that a combination of levofloxacin with imipenem could prevent the emergence of resistance during thetreatment of susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in a two-compartment pharmacodynamic model of infection. In this study, the efficacy of levofloxacin/ imipenem was further evaluated against a panel of characterized P. aeruginosa strains that lacked susceptibility to one or both drugs in the combination. Methods: Five P. aeruginosa strains with characterized resistance mechanisms were evaluated. Logphase cultures were inoculated into the peripheral compartment of the in vitro pharmacokinetic model and treated using simulated doses of 750 mg levofloxacin (dosed every 24 h) and 250 mg or 1 g doses of imipenem (dosed every 12 h). Peak levels were adjusted for protein binding. Pharmacodynamic interactions were evaluated by measuring the changes in viable counts over 30 h. To evaluate the emergence of resistance, samples removed at 30 h were plated onto agar containing the drug at 4x MIC, and potential mutants were evaluated for changes in susceptibility. Results: Against strains overexpressing MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ and MexEF-OprN efflux pumps, levofloxacin/imipenem prevented the emergence of resistance and achieved a 5 log total kill of one strain and eradication of two strains. Levofloxacin/imipenem also eradicated an imipenem-resistant strain lacking OprD. Although the combination initially killed 6-7 logs of a dual-resistant strain lacking OprD and overexpressing MexXY, it could not prevent the emergence of resistance when the 250 mg dose of imipenem was simulated in the combination. However, when the 1 g dose of imipenem was simulated with the combination, resistance was suppressed. Conclusions: These data suggest that levofloxacin/imipenem may be an effective combination for preventing the emergence of resistance among P. aeruginosa, even with strains already lacking susceptibility to one or both drugs in the combination. Clinical evaluation of this combination Is warranted.
Models and Paradigms in Kuhn and Halloun

In Modeling Theory in Science Education, Halloun (2004) adopts the word ‘paradigm’, but his use of the term is radically different from that of Kuhn. In this paper, I explore some of the differences between Kuhn’s paradigms and Halloun’s paradigms. Where Kuhn’s paradigms are public, community-defining exemplars of practice, Halloun’s paradigms are private, individualized ways of thinking. Where Kuhn writes of the paradigm shift as a revolutionary, vision-altering conversion experience, Halloun writes of a gradual evolution from one way of thinking to another and an easy back-and-forth switch between paradigms. Since Kuhn’s paradigms are self-enclosed and incommensurable, there is no objective standard by which one paradigm can be shown to be superior to the other. But Halloun uses ‘viability’ as a standard for paradigm choice. Underlying all of this is the more basic question of whether the history of science is an appropriate metaphor for student progress in the classroom. I conclude with some brief thoughts on this question.
Situating Diverse Young Learners in Diverse Times

There is a very puzzling contrast — really an awesome disconnect — between the breathtaking diversity of schoolchildren and the uniformity, homogenization, and regimentation of classroom practices, from pre-kindergarten onward. (Genishi & Dyson, 2009, p. 4)
Autocorrelation of (+1,−1) sequences

Nonperiodic autocorrelation functions of integer sequences have been studied in connection with Hadamard matrices and combinatorial designs. Here we study conditions under which distinct (+1,−1) sequences have the same nonperiodic autocorrelation function. These conditions involve the Hadamard (tensor) product of sequences and the concatenation of sequences. Generating functions for the non-periodic autocorrelation functions are used to prove the main results of this paper.
The molecular and biological analysis of ixodid ticks histamine release factors.

We previously described a Dermacentor varibialis (DV) cDNA that encodes a ubiquitously expressed and tick saliva-secreted functional histamine release factor (HRF) homolog. In this study gene specific primers based on DVHRF open reading frame nucleotide sequence were utilized to amplify three orthologs, from the wood tick, D. andersoni (DA), the black legged tick, the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (BM) and the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (AA). At nucleotide level, sequence comparisons revealed 98 89 and 84% similarity to DVHRF for DAHRF, AAHRF and BMHRF, respectively, while predicted polypeptide comparisons revealed 98, 96 and 91% similarity for DAHRF, AAHRF and BMHRF respectively. Phylogenetically, the tick HRF clade, while distinct (100% bootstrap value), is closely related to other arthropods, but distantly related to vertebrate and protozoan clades. Consistent with sequence similarity analysis, a DVHRF-specific northern blotting probe hybridized a ~900 base pair (bp) mRNA band on all RNA blots. Likewise a mouse polyclonal antibody to E. coli-expressed recombinant (r) DVHRF, cross-reacted baculovirus-expressed non-fusion rAAHRF, rDAHRF, and rBMHRF. As revealed by northern blotting analysis of larvae and nymph RNA, DVHRF mRNA is expressed in both immature and mature ticks indicating that its transcription is not developmentally regulated. Unlike rHRF/TCTP proteins of other organisms, the calcium-binding function may not be conserved for tick HRF homologs as revealed by the 45CaCl2+ overlay assay. Apparent global expression of DVHRF and its orthologs make this protein family an ideal target antigen for development of novel tick control strategies targeting multiple tick species.
A brokering framework for large-scale heterogeneous systems

In this paper we discuss the role of a broker in a market-oriented resource allocation model for large-scale heterogeneous systems. The simplified model is based upon a three party system, provider-broker-consumer. The allocation of resources is determined by their price, their utility to the consumer, and by the satisfaction of the consumer. The role of the broker is to add societal objectives to resource allocation algorithms and to mediate between greedy consumers and selfish providers. A simulation experiment was conducted to study the transient and the steady-state behavior of several performance measures, including the average consumer satisfaction, the average utility, and the hourly revenue.
STANDARD VERSUS EXTENDED COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER: A RANDOMIZED-CONTROLLED TRIAL

Although cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been shown to be generally effective in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD), not all individuals respond to treatment, and among those who do respond the degree of improvement is sometimes far from optimal. Little research has examined the impact of variations in the format of treatment delivery in this area. Participants were randomly assigned to either a standard, 12-session CBT program for generalized SAD in which treatment was delivered in successive weekly sessions (standard treatment) or a similar program in which the 12 sessions were delivered over 18 weeks (extended treatment). Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that the standard treatment program resulted in superior outcome in terms of self-rated symptom and impairment levels, categorical ratings of responder status, and lower dropout rates. Analyses of treatment completers only revealed comparable gains between the two conditions by post-treatment. However, the standard treatment condition revealed a more rapid improvement in magnitude initially. These findings suggest no benefit from extending the course of CBT treatment over a greater length of time, and suggest that such extension may in fact substantially increase the likelihood of premature termination.
YscP and YscU Switch the Substrate Specificity of the Yersinia Type III Secretion System by Regulating Export of the Inner Rod Protein YscI

Pathogenic yersiniae utilize a type III secretion system to inject antihost factors, called Yops, directly into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. The Yops are injected via a needle-like structure, comprising the YscF protein, on the bacterial surface. While the needle is being assembled, Yops cannot be secreted. YscP and YscU switch the substrate specificity of the secretion system to enable Yop export once the needle attains its proper length. Here, we demonstrate that the inner rod protein YscI plays a critical role in substrate specificity switching. We show that YscI is secreted by the type III secretion system and that YscI secretion by a yscP mutant is abnormally elevated. Furthermore, we show that mutations in the cytoplasmic domain of YscU reduce YscI secretion by the yscP null strain. We also demonstrate that mutants expressing one of three forms of YscI (those with mutations Q84A, L87A, and L96A) secrete substantial amounts of Yops yet exhibit severe defects in needle formation. In the absence of YscP, mutants with the same changes in YscI assemble needles but are unable to secrete Yops. Together, these results suggest that the formation of the inner rod, not the needle, is critical for substrate specificity switching and that YscP and YscU exert their effects on substrate export by controlling the secretion of YscI.
Innateness, Experience, and Music Perception:

Musical acculturation from infancy to adulthood was studied by testing the abilities of Western 6-month-olds and adults to notice mistunings in melodies based on native Western major, native Western minor, and non-native Javanese pelog scales. Results indicated that infants were similarly able to perceive native and non-native scales. Adults, however, were generally better perceivers of native than non-native scales. These findings suggest that infants are born with an equipotentiality for the perception of scales from a variety of cultures and that subsequent culturally specific experience substantially influences music perception.
Unique high energy test bed for experimental thyristor devices

This paper details the design of a test platform for experimental silicon and silicon carbide Super Gate Turn Off devices (SGTOs) capable of stressing the devices with very high energy/power levels while at the same time mimicking a realistic, real world application. To this end an aircraft ground power Motor - Generator set was acquired consisting of a high frequency synchronous generator, a D.C. powered brushless exciter machine, and a 100 HP induction motor. The Si SGTO devices were then placed in a three phase controlled rectifier circuit connected between the generator output and a low impedance high power purely resistive load.
Energy Based Plasma Performance Specifications For Flight Vehicles

Advanced technologies are being developed with potential applications to future conceptual flight vehicle systems. These technologies offer the potential to significantly impact vehicle design; however, evaluation of these technologies at a system level is difficult due to the large number of interdependencies between weight and volume needs, power generation requirements, and performance related to flow field improvements. These interdependencies lead to a requirement for detailed system studies to understand the true potential of the technologies. In the present paper, a reduced-order range equation for a vehicle using one drag reducing device is derived and compared to the “exact” range calculated from the vehicle system and energy differential equations. A second comparison illustrates the versatility of the reduced order equation by illustrating interdependencies of the inert mass of the drag reduction device, the device energy conversion efficiency, and the drag decrease on range. A third comparison illustrates how this information can be used to form performance requirements of a drag reducing technology. The reduced order solutions provide a new, fast quantitative assessment of advanced, drag reducing technologies.
Collaborative Education between Classroom and Workplace for Archival Arrangement and Description: Aiming for Sustainable Professional Education

The literature on archival education contains few empirical studies about how future professionals are educated in practice. Practical components in archival education can provide students not only with training opportunities for entry-level qualification but also (and more importantly) with different types of learning experiences that may last throughout their professional lives. This article looks at the practical component in the archival curriculum based upon a case study of the Archival Representation course at the University at Albany (State University of New York). This course uses actual collections from nearby archives in semester-long projects. The collaboration between classroom and workplace was initiated to enhance the students' learning experience. This study explores how professional knowledge is materialized and applied through practical archival processing projects. Specifically, it investigates (1) the major effects of project-based learning and how students and archivists perceive them;...
Small Business Strategy: A Cognitive Model

One challenge faced in entrepreneurial education is conveying small business strategy elements and their relationships. This paper presents a proven cognitive model that helps entrepreneurs understand key small business strategy elements. Also the model has a process dynamic that shows how these elements must interact over time for success to occur. The advantages of the model are simplicity and thoroughness. Use of the model enables the entrepreneur to plan well and move smoothly from plan to plan execution.
Indirect plant-parasitoid interactions mediated by changes in herbivore physiology.

In occupying an intermediate trophic position, herbivorous insects serve a vital link between plants at the base of the food chain and parasitoids at the top. Although these herbivore-mediated indirect plant–parasitoid interactions are well-documented, new studies have uncovered previously undescribed mechanisms that are fundamentally changing how we view tri-trophic relationships. In this review we highlight recent advances in this field focusing on both plant-driven and parasitoid-driven outcomes that flow up and down the trophic web, respectively. From the bottom-up, plant metabolites can impact parasitoid success by altering host immune function; however, few have considered the potential effects of other plant defense strategies such as tolerance on parasitoid ecology and behavior. From the top-down, parasitoids have long been considered plant bodyguards, but in reality the consequences of parasitism for herbivory rates and induction of plant defensive chemistry are far more complicated with cascading effects on community-level interactions.
Valuing the Unidentified: The Potential of Public Health Law

Social scientists have long recognized the strong tendency to preference identified over unidentified or merely statistical victims. This so-called unidentified lives phenomenon is visible in many areas of U.S. law and policy, including health law and policy. This article looks at public health law’s potential to serve as a counter-balance to this phenomenon. The article argues that public health law — with its roots in a preliberal vision of the police power, and its close association with public health practice, which emphasizes preventing disease in populations — stands apart from much of American law by focusing on the interests of unidentified lives. The article also discusses recent trends in public health practice and broader developments in American jurisprudence that are limiting public health law’s ability to protect the health of the unidentified, but concludes that public health law nevertheless offers both historical and rhetorical support for valuing the lives and interests of not-yet-identified victims.
Case reports of anorexia nervosa and caffeinism.

Many patients with anorexia nervosa drink large quantities of beverages containing caffiene--e.g., coffee and diet cola--which have few calories and suppress the appetite while increasing energy. The author describes the clinical aspects of caffeinism in two such patients.
The development of a conditioned positive reinforcer based upon the termination of shock

The present study was an attempt to clarify the data concerned with the adient properties of stimuli which have been associated with the termination of shock. Six different groups of rats were subjected to varying numbers of shock-tone pairings. The positively reinforcing effects of the tone were tested in an operant conditioning situation. The data showed that these properties are demonstrated within a narrow range of shock-tone pairings.
Effects of restoration thinning on spatial heterogeneity in mixed-conifer forest

Spatial pattern is an essential attribute of forest ecosystems and influences many ecological processes and functions. We hypothesized that restoration thinning conducted in fire-excluded ponderosa...
The Pursuit of Otolaryngology Subspecialty Fellowships

ObjectivesTo examine otolaryngology resident interest in subspecialty fellowship training and factors affecting interest over time and over the course of residency trainingStudy DesignCross-sectional study of anonymous online survey data.SettingResidents and fellows registered as members-in-training through the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery.Subjects and MethodsData regarding fellowship interest and influencing factors, including demographics, were extracted from the Section for Residents and Fellows Annual Survey response database from 2008 to 2014.ResultsOver 6 years, there were 2422 resident and fellow responses to the survey. Senior residents showed a statistically significant decrease in fellowship interest compared with junior residents, with 79% of those in postgraduate year (PGY) 1, 73% in PGY-2 and PGY-3, and 64% in PGY-4 and PGY-5 planning to pursue subspecialty training (P < .0001). Educational debt, age, and intended practice setting significantly predicted interest i...
A Comparison of Reactions to Dermovaccine and to Neurovaccine for Smallpox

Statistical evidence demonstrating the efficacy of vaccine virus in protecting against smallpox is so overwhelming that no one today can intelligently contradict it. The dangers involved in its use, however, cannot be denied. Its preparation, while conducted with the utmost care and under the best scientific supervision does not preclude the chance of serious consequence due to contaminating bacteria. The staphylococcus present in the ordinary commercial vaccine virus (in spite of the glycerol and phenol preservative) may not be in itself pathogenic but by aiding anaerobic conditions it certainly can, and does, prepare a favorable field for the growth and toxin development of the tetanus bacillus. Although not in the vaccine itself, this organism is an opportunist in any wound, and tetanus following vaccination is always to be feared. To prepare a vaccine, therefore, which is entirely germ free and yet potent is the hope of all sanitarians. Various methods have been suggested for freeing vaccine virus from associated bacteria.
Stability of enalapril maleate in three extemporaneously prepared oral liquids

The stability of enalapril 1 mg/mL (as the maleate) in deionized water, citrate buffer solution, and a sweetened suspending agent at two temperatures was studied. Twenty enalapril 10-mg tablets were crushed to a powder. Deionized water, citrate buffer solution, or sweetened vehicle was added to produce three 200-mL batches of each liquid; the expected final concentration of enalapril in each was 1 mg/mL. Each formulation was stored in 10 60-mL bottles, 5 of which were stored at 4 degrees C and 5 at 25 degrees C. Samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 91 for visual inspection and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography; pH was measured at each sampling time as well. The mean concentration of enalapril in the three liquids at 4 degrees C was > 94% of the initial concentration throughout the 91-day study period. At 25 degrees C, the mean concentration of enalapril was > 90% for 56 days and > 92% for 91 days in both citrate buffer solution and sweetened vehicle. The pH of the liquid prepared with deionized water and stored at 25 degrees C decreased by 2.0 pH units. Enalapril 1 mg/mL (as the maleate) in three extemporaneously compounded oral liquids was stable for 91 days at 4 and 25 degrees C with the exception of enalapril in deionized water, which was stable for only 56 days at 25 degrees C.
Solubilization of lignin in copolymer micelles in aqueous solution

Abstract The solubilization of lignin in self-aggregating triblock amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) in aqueous solution has been studied utilizing liquid-state proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR) and diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY NMR). Our hypothesis for copolymer micelle incorporation of lignaceous species includes a “hydrophilic-aromatic interaction model”, in which lignin derivatives with amphiphilic characteristics, known to be abundant in the effluent from pulp mill and pretreatment of various lignocellulosic materials, have an affinity for these micelles, and tend to form relatively organized structures within them. Here we show how the chemical/structural features of lignin units and small molecule lignin models determine their solubilization behavior in the micelles. It was found that a buildup of concentration series of lignin and lignin-based model compounds guaiacol, eugenol, phenol, guaiacylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether, ferulic acid in Pluronic ® F68-deuterium oxide solution results in significant upfield chemical shifts of PEO-(CH 2 -CH 2 ) and PPO-(CH 3 ) proton resonances, and at a critical guest concentration (CGC), dramatic upfield shifts due to gross structural transitions in the micelles. We present evidence that copolymer micelle-lignin interactions depend on both chemical functional group characteristics of solute (i.e., polarity, H-bonding ability) and π-π interactions between aromatic/conjugated groups. Our results demonstrate how the loci of incorporated solute in the block copolymer micelles are affected by these features.
Influence of environmental factors on the growth of Aeolosoma hemprichi.

The influence of ammonia nitrogen, pH, salinity and temperature in environment on the growth of Aeolosoma hemprichi was discussed. The acute LC50 (lethal concentration 50%) of ammonia nitrogen for Aeolosoma hemprichi was 264mg/L when pH value was 7. The maximum tolerable concentration of ammonia nitrogen at long-term contact with the ammonia nitrogen was 20~50mg/L for Aeolosoma hemprichi. Ammonia nitrogen was more toxic to Aeolosoma hemprichi with the pH value rising. The death of Aeolosoma hemprichi was not affected by the salinity of concentration lower than 1000mg/L. At the temperature of 15~30℃, the observed growth rate of Aeolosoma hemprichi increased with elevated temperature following the Arrhenius model, but decreased when the temperate was 35℃.
The Regulation of Substance Being Weighter Than Form Affects Income Tax

The regulation of substance being weightier than form is a newly-added one in the business accounting system.It requires that business should carry out accounting check on the basis of trade or items substance,not on the basis of their legal form.This regulation makes differences between accounting system and tax law in many ways,such as:recognition and valuation for finance lease fixed asset;recognition for loan charge capitalization;income recognition;provision for asset decrement preparation,etc.When business pays tax to the tax organizations,it must adjust its accounting income to the income after paying tax.
Temporal Dynamics of On-Line Information Streams

A number of recent computing applications involve information arriving continuously over time in the form of a data stream, and this has led to new ways of thinking about traditional problems in a variety of areas. In some cases, the rate and overall volume of data in the stream may be so great that it cannot all be stored for processing, and this leads to new requirements for efficiency and scalability. In other cases, the quantities of information may still be manageable, but the data stream perspective takes what has generally been a static view of a problem and adds a strong temporal dimension to it. Our focus here is on some of the challenges that this latter issue raises in the settings of text mining, on-line information, and information retrieval.
Distortion-free guiding of 0.2×1018 W/cm2 femtosecond pulses through a fully-ionized 1.5 cm He plasma channel

Plasma waveguides capable of guiding relativistically intense fs laser pulses without optical distortion are essential to developing GeV-scale Laser Wakefield (LWF) Accelerators [1] and coherent short-wavelength sources. We report, to our knowledge, the highest intensity-length product (0.2×1018 W/cm2 × 1.5 cm) to date for distortion-free guiding. We generated our channels in a backfill of He gas (300-700 Torr) using a modification of a method developed by Milchberg et al. [2], who line-focused ~100 ps, ~0.3 J Nd:YAG laser pulses to intensities of ~1013 W/cm2 into a gas using an axicon (see Fig. 1a). This intensity readily field-ionizes high-Z gases (e.g. Ar, N2), thus initiating the channel-forming process, but forms an incompletely-ionized channel, in which relativistically intense pulses suffer ionization-induced phase distortion during guiding and ionization-induced defocusing when entering the channel. Indeed we observe distorted exit mode and spectrum (see Fig. 1c) and only 5% throughput when we attempt to guide a pulse at ≥1017 W/cm2 through a nitrogen channel.
Nafion Induced Surface Confinement of Oxygen in Carbon-Supported Oxygen Reduction Catalysts

Surface confinement of oxygen inside layers of Nafion self-assembled on carbon-supported oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts was studied. It is demonstrated that oxygen accumulates in the hydrophobic component of the polymer remaining in contact with the carbon surface. The amount of surface confined oxygen increases with the degree of carbon surface graphitization, which promotes the self-assembly of the polymer. Planar macrocyclic ORR catalysts possessing a delocalized system of π electrons such as Co and Fe porphyrins and phthalocyanines have virtually no effect on the surface confinement of oxygen, in accordance with their structural similarity to graphitic carbon surfaces where they adsorb. Platinum particles in carbon-supported ORR catalysts with high metal contents (20%) disrupt the self-assembly of Nafion and virtually eliminate the oxygen confinement, but the phenomenon is still observed for low Pt loading (4.8%) catalysts.
To Embed or Not to Embed, that is the Question: Pedagogical Agents Effect on Flow in Game-Based Training

In this paper we investigate intelligent tutoring communications in game-based learning platforms and examine its effect on perceived flow and immersion. The technology influencing this research is the open-source Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT), a domain-independent architecture used to author, deliver, and evaluate intelligent tutoring technologies. Influenced by theoretical underpinnings associated with flow, the resulting experiment looks at the application of Embodied Pedagogical Agents (EPA) in a game-based training environment used for communicating tutor generated feedback. Conditions were structured to examine tradeoffs between embedding an EPA directly in a game, embedding an EPA in GIFT’s browser-based Tutor-User Interface (TUI), or using audio prompts alone. Statistical analyses are presented examining treatment effects on an individual’s perceived sense of flow during interaction, along with examination of game characteristics required to support immersion. Outcomes supp...
Explicit symplectic orbit and spin tracking method for electric storage ring

We develop a symplectic charged particle tracking method for phase space coordinates and polarization in all electric storage rings. Near the magic energy, the spin precession tune is proportional to the fractional momentum deviation ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{m}$ from the magic energy, and the amplitude of the radial and longitudinal spin precession is proportional to $\ensuremath{\eta}/{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{m}$, where $\ensuremath{\eta}$ is the electric dipole moment for an initially vertically polarized beam. The method can be used to extract the electron electric dipole moment of a charged particle by employing narrow band frequency analysis of polarization around the magic energy.
Linguistics and Ethnology in Translation-Problems

(1945). Linguistics and Ethnology in Translation-Problems. WORD: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 194-208.
Benefit of Fondaparinux in Medical Patients: A Subgroup Analysis.

Aim In the ARTEMIS study fondaparinux 2.5mg reduced the overall incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) by 47% in general medical patients when compared to placebo. Our aim was to identify which medical patient populations with an acute medical illness or risk factor for VTE benefited from fondaparinux prophylaxis. Method A total of 849 patients were enrolled in 35 centres in 8 countries. Patients were randomised to receive placebo or fondaparinux 2.5mg subcutaneously once daily for 6 to 14 days. 644 (76%) patients were available for assessment of the primary outcome, occurrence of documented VTE between day 1 and day 15. We performed a subgroup analysis of the incidence of VTE in the placebo and fondaparinux 2.5mg treatment groups. The medical illness subgroups analysed were those predefined in the original study: acute heart failure only, respiratory disease only, infectious/inflammatory disease only and more than one disease. Results Conclusion Fondaparinux 2.5mg is superior to placebo in preventing VTE in patients with acute medical illness. Similar point estimates and overlapping confidence intervals indicate that the results are consistent within all the predefined medical illness.
ParaDrop: Enabling Lightweight Multi-tenancy at the Network’s Extreme Edge

We introduce ParaDrop, a specific edge computing platform that provides computing and storage resources at the "extreme" edge of the network allowing third-party developers to flexibly create new types of services. This extreme edge of the network is the WiFi Access Point (AP) or the wireless gateway through which all end-device traffic (personal devices, sensors, etc.) passes through. ParaDrop's focus on WiFi APs also stems from the fact that the WiFi AP has unique contextual knowledge of its end-devices (e.g., proximity, channel characteristics) that are lost as we get deeper into the network. While different variations and implementations of edge computing platforms have been created over the last decade, ParaDrop focuses on specific design issues around how to structure an architecture, a programming interface, and orchestration framework through which such edge computing services can be dynamically created, installed, and revoked. ParaDrop consists of the following three main components: a flexible hosting substrate in the WiFi APs that supports multi-tenancy, a cloud-based backend through which such computations are orchestrated across many ParaDrop APs, and an API through which third-party developers can deploy and manage their computing functions across such different ParaDrop APs. We have implemented and deployed the entire ParaDrop framework and, in this paper, describe its overall architecture and our initial experiences using it as an edge computing platform.
Stories from prisons, honoring loved ones

ABSTRACTA history class at the University of New Orleans did a project with prisoners at Louisiana State Penitentiary to help those incarcerated honor their loved ones who are deceased. Prison guards distributed templates created by teacher Ben Weber, asking for the name, location, and story about the person they wanted to honor. Prisoners wrote in and shared their experience and the class carried out their request, photographed the process, and then mailed the prisoner back a collage with the photos from their request being fulfilled. The project had a positive impact on both the prisoners and the students. The prisoners felt good that they could honor their loved ones with the help of others who care about their situation. The students gained perspective on the struggles incarcerated people face, including being separated from their loved ones.