cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A truncated antenna mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can produce more hydrogen than the parental strain

Abstract Photoproduction of H2 gas was examined in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii tla1 strain, CC-4169, containing a truncated light-harvesting antenna, along with its parental CC-425 strain. Although enhanced photosynthetic performance of truncated antenna algae has been demonstrated previously (Polle et al. Planta 2003; 217:49–59), improved H2 photoproduction has yet to be reported. Preliminary experiments showed that sulfur-deprived, suspension cultures of the tla1 mutant could not establish anaerobiosis in a photobioreactor, and thus, could not photoproduce H2 gas under conditions typical for the sulfur-deprived wild-type cells (Kosourov et al. Biotech Bioeng 2002; 78:731–40). However, they did produce H2 gas when deprived of sulfur and phosphorus after immobilization within thin (∼300 μm) alginate films. These films were monitored for long-term H2 photoproduction activity under light intensities ranging from 19 to 350 μE m−2 s−1 PAR. Both the tla1 mutant and the CC-425 parental strain produced H2 gas for over 250 h under all light conditions tested. Relative to the parental strain, the CC-4169 mutant had lower maximum specific rates of H2 production at low and medium light intensities (19 and 184 μE m−2 s−1), but it exhibited a 4-times higher maximum specific rate at 285 μE m−2 s−1 and an 8.5-times higher rate at 350 μE m−2 s−1 when immobilized at approximately the same cell density as the parental strain. As a result, the CC-4169 strain accumulated almost 4-times more H2 than CC-425 at 285 μE m−2 s−1 and over 6-times more at 350 μE m−2 s−1 during 250-h experiments. These results are the first demonstration that truncating light-harvesting antennae in algal cells can increase the efficiency of H2 photoproduction in mass culture at high light intensity.
Performance of Wet Weather Treatment Facility for Control of Combined Sewer Overflows: Case Study in Cincinnati, Ohio

Efforts aimed at reducing pollutant loads from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) on the Muddy Creek receiving waters in Cincinnati, Ohio have been underway in recent years. This includes an investigation of the treatment performance of a flow-through wet weather treatment facility (WWTF) using off-line sedimentation tanks, fine screening and chemical disinfection (disinfection was inactive during this study). Calculations using hydrographs and water quality samples collected at the WWTF during rain events established the mass of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)5 , chemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids (TSS) removed. Ten storm events sampled from January to September 2002 helped characterize pollutant removal efficiencies for flow-through treatment. Pollutant removal was classified into four components: flow to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), sedimentation, storage, and screening. Most pollutant removal was achieved through settling and storage in the treatment tanks, with removal efficien...
A normative account of the need for explanation

Although explanation is a central topic in the philosophy of science, there is an important issue concerning explanation that has not been discussed much, namely, why some phenomena need an explanation while some do not. In this paper we first explain why this is an important issue, and then discuss two accounts of the need for explanation that can be gathered from the literature. We argue that both accounts are inadequate. The main purpose of the paper is, however, to offer a normative account of the need for explanation. On this account, a demand for explanation is possible only against the background of a certain understanding of the world (call it a ‘map’). It is the map we are using that provides us with the concepts and beliefs in terms of which we can ask for an explanation. And a phenomenon needs explanation only when it does not fit the map—the phenomenon’s not fitting the map is a good reason for us to look for an explanation of it. This account not only captures our pre-theoretical understanding of the need for explanation, but also is in accordance with our practice of demanding an explanation.
Government publications in the private collections of nineteenth century America: A century-long source for federal document holdings in libraries

Abstract Private libraries having considerable holdings of United States government publications existed from the first decades of the new government, and continued to be formed throughout the nineteenth century. The dearth of federal government material in the “public” libraries of the country partially contributed to the formation of these private collections. In addition, members of Congress and other government officials who were routinely supplied with government publications sometimes retained these for their own collections; from these and other private collections, donations frequently went to libraries. The government's distribution of government publications to libraries provided by far the greater amount of such material which the libraries received. But the private collections also benefited libraries by serving as supplemental sources of such material and as sources for those libraries not participating in the government's distribution programs. In several cases, the donation of a private collection gave a library comprehensive holdings of federal government publications. The private collections began to have less importance for the nation's libraries as the nineteenth century ended, largely a result of the expanded distribution begun with the 1895 Printing Act.
Occupations and the evolution of gender differences in intergenerational socioeconomic mobility

This paper analyzes intergenerational mobility experiences of daughters and sons with respect to their fathers’ occupational status and documents changes in gender differences over time. While women have been in occupations with lower overall earnings potential, men are more likely to be in occupations characterized by long hours and low returns. The mobility gap in earnings has been closing and a mobility advantage with respect to education has been emerging.
Purification and properties of α-ketoadipate reductase, a newly discovered enzyme from human placenta

Abstract A newly discovered enzyme, α-ketoadipate reductase, has been purified 1000-fold from human placenta. This enzyme catalyzes the following reaction: α-ketoadipate + NADH + H+ → α-hydroxyadipate + NAD. The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 95,000 on gel filtration and an isoelectric point at pH 7.0 on electrofocusing. Several forms of the enzyme were isolated during purification. The pH optimum for the major form was 6.3. The reaction product of α-ketoadipate reductase was identified as α-hydroxyadipate by comparison of the enzyme product with chemically prepared α-hydroxyadipate. Studies of the reaction stoichiometry indicated that equimolar quantities of NADH and α-ketoadipate were used in the synthesis of an equivalent quantity of α-hydroxyadipate. Under conditions where the remaining lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were completely inhibited without affecting the α-ketoadipate reductase activity, it was found that α-ketoadipate reductase was highly specific for α-ketoadipate as substrate. NADPH could not substitute for NADH. Initial velocity experiments showed that NADH was an uncompetitive substrate inhibitor.
Cohesion and Information Strategies in Academic Writing: Analysis of Passages in Three Disciplines.

Abstract This article reports on a study that examines samples of academic writing from a linguistic perspective. Using a model derived from theories of cohesion and information structure, the study analyzes cohesion and information strategies in samples of published writing in three disciplines (counseling psychology, biology, and history), discusses the findings of the analysis, and makes suggestions on how the findings can be applied in future research and teaching. Chi-square comparisons of data revealed significant differences (p
Revisiting Technology Integration in Schools: Implications for Professional Development

As the technology infrastructure of schools expands, a common concern has been the underutilization of computers and other technologies in the classroom. Teachers are often blamed for failing to integrate technology into their teaching, giving such reasons as lack of time, training, equipment, and support. However, it has been suggested that these are not the “real” reasons technology is underutilized; instead, it is argued that teachers’ core values about teaching and learning are the primary obstacles to successful technology integration (e.g., Cuban, 2001). Implications for professional development are addressed in relation to these barriers to classroom technology use and the developmental pattern of teachers’ technology integration.
A stakeholder-oriented assessment index for cloud security auditing

Cloud computing is an emerging computing model that provides numerous advantages to organizations (both service providers and customers) in terms of massive scalability, lower cost, and flexibility, to name a few. Despite these technical and economical advantages of cloud computing, many potential cloud consumers are still hesitant to adopt cloud computing due to security and privacy concerns. This paper describes some of the unique cloud computing security factors and subfactors that play a critical role in addressing cloud security and privacy concerns. To mitigate these concerns, we develop a security metric tool to provide information to cloud users about the security status of a given cloud vendor. The primary objective of the proposed metric is to produce a security index that describes the security level accomplished by an evaluated cloud computing vendor. The resultant security index will give confidence to different cloud stakeholders and is likely to help them in decision making, increase the predictability of the quality of service, and allow appropriate proactive planning if needed before migrating to the cloud. To show the practicality of the proposed metric, we provide two case studies based on the available security information about two well-known cloud service providers (CSP). The results of these case studies demonstrated the effectiveness of the security index in determining the overall security level of a CSP with respect to the security preferences of cloud users.
Comparison of band model and integrated line-by-line synthetic spectra for methane in the 2.3 micron region

Abstract The 2.3 μm spectral region of methane can be used to retrieve cloud properties of planetary spectra, provided parameters for the methane spectrum are known. Two standard techniques for calculating absorption spectra in this region are compared here. A Voigt profile Mayer-Goody random band model is applied, using coefficients empirically fitted by Fink et al. to CH 4 spectra recorded with high absorping amounts at 10 cm −1 resolution. Calculation of the absorption is also done with a line-by-line direct integration method for the same gas conditions using molecular parameters obtained by combining an older unpublished list of observed positions and estimated line strengths (derived from 0.04 cm −1 resolution data) with quantum assignments from the literature. The molecular parameters have been evaluated for the 4180–4590 cm −1 region by comparing new laboratory spectra with 0.01 cm −1 resolution recorded at 296 and 153K with synthetic spectra calculated at the same conditions. The deficiencies of the molecular parameters and random band coefficients for this spectral region of CH 4 are then discussed qualitatively and demonstrated by comparing 10 cm −1 resolution synthetic spectra calculated by both methods for the same gas conditions at 296, 153, and 55 K. Curves of growth of the total equivalent width are calculated at 296 and 55K for a pathlength of 50 cm and pressures up to 10 atm. Changing the mean line spacing in the band model gives better agreement between the spectra calculated by the two techniques at low gas temperatures. The required multiplier has been determined for the mean line spacing for pressures from 10 −6 to 10 −1 atm at 55, 100, and 150 K.
Inhibition of red cell urea flux by anion exchange inhibitors

Abstract When they studied the chemical properties of red cell anion exchange inhibitors such as DIDS (4,4′-diisothiocyanate-2,2′-stilbene disulfonate), Barzilay et al. (1979) Membr. Biochem. 2, 227–254 also examined the benzene sulfonates. These molecules are structurally similar to half a DIDS molecule and are also specific anion exchange inhibitors with ID50 values measured in mM, rather than μM, as for the stilbene disulfonates. We have studied several inhibitors of the benzene sulfonate (BS) class and found that they also inhibit red cell urea flux by up to 92% and stimulate water flux by up to 58%. The values of K inhib,app for urea flux inhibition are the same as the ID50 values for anion flux inhibition; covalent DIDS completely suppresses the inhibition. These observations strongly suggest that the effect on urea flux is caused by BS binding at the stilbene site. Comparative studies on the short chain amides exclude lipid solubility and solute molar volume as factors that affect these BS actions. K stim,app for water flux stimulation is also related to the anion exchange ID50 values; covalent DIDS suppresses the water flux stimulation. These observations on urea and water fluxes are consistent with a common driver, located at the stilbene site, which is responsible for the BS actions on urea, water and anion fluxes. The subsequent steps are independent with separate effectors to modulate each of the individual fluxes. These effectors are presumably located in different regions of the protein or proteins and carry out their separate processes by allosteric means.
Autologous transplantation in patients with relapsed or high-grade follicular lymphoma provides long term disease-free survival and best median duration of response.

The best treatment option for patients with relapsed or high-grade follicular lymphoma (FL) is unknown. In spite of major advances in the therapy for FL, disease-free survival remains short, and median time to progression is just over a year. Autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with relapsed FL is safe and appears to improve disease-free survival. In an attempt to examine whether autologous stem cell transplantation provides long-term disease control in patients with relapsed or high-grade FL, we retrospectively evaluated our experience and analyzed the outcomes of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with FL from 1991 to 2003. Seventeen men and seven women (n=24) of median age 47.5 years (range 28–64 years) were treated. Three patients with high-risk FL were in first remission. Twenty-one patients were salvaged after relapse with second-line chemotherapy. Of these, 14 were in CR at the time of transplantation, and seven patients were transplanted with active disease. Bone marrow was used in six patients as the source of stem cells prior to 1995 and peripheral blood stem cells were used in 18 patients. Twenty-three of 24 patients engrafted (96%). Median time for neutrophil recovery was 11.5 days (range 9–35 days) and 15 days (range 10–40 days) for platelets. Median duration of follow-up was 6 years (range 7 months–8 years). Of the 24 patients, six have died—with one patient death due to transplant-related pulmonary complications. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of all evaluable patients were 71.6 and 40%, respectively. Median duration of response was 4.3 years. OS and DFS in patients transplanted in CR were 80 and 57%, respectively. For those transplanted with disease, a complete response was achieved in 43% of patients, with the OS and DFS of 57 and 19%, respectively. Disease status at transplantation was not a significant variable for survival (p>0.3). Three patients developed moderate to severe treatment-related toxicity, two with grade III mucositis and one with life-threatening infection. When these results are compared with historical controls or patients treated with other modalities, autologous stem cell transplantation appears to be providing the longest disease-free survival and best duration of response.
On the Reliability of Repairable Systems

This paper considers the time to first failure for repairable coherent systems containing independent exponential components. It derives several inequalities and relates them to previous work of the author and of Keilson to obtain approximations with error bounds for the distribution of the time to first failure.
Functional and Biomechanical Assessments of A Matter of Balance/Volunteer Lay Leader Model A Pilot Investigation

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of A Matter of Balance/Volunteer Lay Leader model (AMOB/VLL), an evidence-based falls prevention program, on improving balance and mobility. Twenty-eight community-dwelling older adults completed an eight-week AMOB/VLL program. Pre/post assessments of biomechanical and functional outcomes of balance during single and dual-task trials, as well as perceptions of fear of falling, were compared using pairwise t-tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Our findings suggest that while improvements in functional indicators of mobility and perception regarding fear of falling were observed, biomechanical and functional assessments specific to balance during the single-task trials remained unaffected by the intervention. Interestingly, the group exhibited improvements in biomechanical measures during the dual-task trials. Since AMOB/VLL primarily focuses on restructuring participants’ perceptions about falls and only includes generalized exercises, including balance-specific training within the program can potentially improve balance outcomes among older adults.
Characterization of desensitization in recombinant N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: comparison with native receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons

In the present study we have characterized the effect of Ca2+, glycine, and agonist concentration on inactivation and desensitization in native and recombinant N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. In agreement with earlier studies on neurons, we found that in the presence of saturating glycine concentrations, lowering [Ca2+]o, will decrease inactivation of NMDA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons. However, unlike native NMDA receptors under the same recording conditions, recombinant receptors did not exhibit Ca2+-dependent inactivation. We also show that the glycine-insensitive desensitization observed in the recombinant receptors is subunit dependent, as NR1a2A and NR1a2B receptors significantly desensitized while the NR1a2C combination did not. Furthermore, we show this form of desensitization in NR1a2A receptors is due to classic agonist-induced desensitization. In addition, we demonstrate the presence of glycine-dependent desensitization in recombinant receptors. The ability of glycine to inhibit desensitization correlates to the rank order of glycine's affinity for potentiating the peak response for each subtype. Finally, using ifenprodil in the presence of high and low glycine concentrations, we present evidence that both 2A-like and 2B-like subtypes of receptors can independently coexist in single neurons.
Ultimate Stochastic Entities

We take the view that everything that is known about a physical system can be described by a “stochastic entity” (A, Δ), which consists of a “manual” A of experiments that can be performed on the system, and a set Δ of possible stochastic states (probability measures) on the logic of the manual. We next consider what happens when new information about the system is learned and describe precisely how one then obtains a new stochastic entity more elaborate than the first. Finally, we show that as information about the system continues to grow, the increasingly elaborate stochastic entities describing the system necessarily acquire mathematical properties often assumed for mathematical convenience in papers on quantum mechanics.
Workplace Violence: Assessing Organizational Awareness and Planning Interventions

The problem and the solution. Workplace violence is an extreme manifestation of escalated workplace incivility. Strategies for addressing workplace violence are generally proactive, focused on prevention and preparation, or reactive, focused on response to an incident. Before strategies are put in place, however, the complexity of the issue demands an organizational assessment so that chosen strategies have maximum benefit. Awareness development is a construct for analyzing cognitive and psychosocial growth in relation to a transitional issue, such as workplace violence, then planning interventions that support growth in relation to the transitional issue. This study shows that the use of the awareness development construct to examine individual employees’ perceptions regarding the transitional issue of workplace violence may serve as a practical measure for human resource development (HRD) practitioners to assess the organization and plan intervention strategies. Implications for theory and research are ...
Rethinking China's HIV/STI Epidemics: Fieldnotes from the Sex Industry in Southern China, Summer 2011

I remember following the ethnographer down a long and narrow alley that led towards a neighborhood concealed right behind the town center. The loud traffic on the main streets gradually faded away, and I started to see lodges stretching out in rows. In front of almost every door sat a woman, young or middle-aged, fanning herself in the heat as she waited. Some were nicely dressed up, some wore heavy make-up; some, however, looked just like most women out on the street. If a man passed by, these women would stand up, warmly wave to him, and ask him to stay. We made a turn, and I saw more lodges and more women; we made another turn, and I saw even more. This was how I started my summer internship in Beach City, 1 a small urban town in southern China. In the following 12 weeks, I repeatedly returned to these lodges; with each turn of that long and narrow alley I unveiled slightly more of an entirely different world, and each visit added to my discoveries about the women's lives here. It was the biggest site ...
Bcl-2 Antisense Oligonucleotides: A Potential Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Bcl-2 is an inhibitor of apoptosis and is overexpressed in more than half of all human cancers. Overexpression of Bcl-2 occurs in 40% to 80% of human breast tumors. Bcl-2 is not an independent prognostic marker in breast cancer patients, in part because most Bcl-2-positive breast cancers express estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. This positive association of Bcl-2 with hormone receptors in breast cancer may explain its apparent correlation with response to hormone therapy. However, diminished apoptotic response caused by Bcl-2 overexpression is associated with cellular resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Downregulation of bcl-2 by antisense oligonucleotides has been shown to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in experimental models. Phase III randomized clinical trials are ongoing in patients with solid tumors. Bcl-2 antisense-based therapy represents a viable strategy for inducing apoptosis and enhancing the chemosensitivity of breast cancers.
Surface enhanced Raman spectra of methylpyridines

Abstract We report the observation of the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of 2-, 3- and 4-methylpyridine adsorbed on a silver electrode. Vibrational modes with dipolar components in-plane and prependicular to the surface are enhanced more than those parallel to the surface while out-of-plane vibrations are also enhanced. Unless the molecules are tilted more than 45°, these latter results are inconsistent with theories of surface enhancement which depend on dipole imaging.
Chickens bursectomized with mibolerone have Ig-positive cells which lack bursal cell specific antigens.

Abstract The bursa anlage failed to develop in chicken embryos injected with 5 μg mibolerone on the 5th day of embryonation. Humoral immune responses in treated birds were studied by challenging them with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and killed Brucella abortus (B. abortus) at 4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks of age. Control birds responded with IgM and IgG titers to SRBC and B. abortus , whereas mibolerone-treated birds completely failed to respond to B. abortus and their responses to SRBC consisted of only IgM agglutinins. Mibolerone-treated birds lacked natural agglutinins to rabbit red blood cells. The total concentration of plasma IgG, measured by radial immunodiffusion, was diminished whereas the IgM level was not influenced by the mibolerone treatment. Mibolerone-treated birds lacked bursal cell specific antigens in the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) but they still had Ig-positive fluorescing cells which were fewer in number than those of controls. Splenomegaly resulting from graft vs. host reactions induced in chick embryos by PBL from mibolerone-treated birds was similar to that in control birds, indicating normal alloreactive T cells. These results suggest that IgM responses observed in mibolerone-treated birds are produced by cells from an extrabursal site, and that mibolerone can be used effectively to chemically bursectomize chickens.
Different cyclic AMP requirements for induction of the arabinose and lactose operons of Escherichia coli

Abstract Three different techniques demonstrated that higher 3′,5′-cyclic AMP levels are required for induction of the arabinose operon than are required for induction of the lactose operon of Escherichia coli: (1) an in vitro DNA-directed protein synthesis system indioated that half-maximal induction of the arabinose operon required a twofold higher concentration of cyclic AMP than the lactose operon; (2) an in vivo synthesis of the enzymes of the respective operons in an adenyl cyclase minus strain, made permeable by EDTA treatment, also showed the same result; and (3) in a completely in vivo synthesis of the enzymes under conditions of catabolite repression, where intracellular cyclic AMP is limiting, inducibility of the arabinose operon was dramatically (7.5-fold) depressed relative to inducibility of the lactose operon.
An Effect of Luteinizing Hormone on the Fractional Perfusion of the Rat Ovary

The 42K method of Sapirstein has been modified to estimate the effect of gonadotropins on ovarian fractional blood flow. Microgram doses of luteinizing hormone (LH) cause a rapid increase in the proportion of the cardiac output delivered to the ovaries; the maximum increase obtainable, about 75 %, is present about 20 min after the injection of the hormone. An effect similar to that of LH is produced by histamine, but not by FSH, prolactin, serotonin, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. The fractional perfusion of the mature rat ovary is greatest during the estrous phase of the estrous cycle. Since LH administration also enhances ovarian 42K uptake in the mature rat, it is possible that one function of this hormone involves the cyclic regulation of ovarian blood flow. (Endocrinology 75: 927, 1964)
The relationship of structure to properties in surfactants. IV. Effectiveness in surface or interfacial tension reduction

Abstract Equations have been derived for the effectiveness with which a surfactant above its Krafft point depresses the surface or interfacial tension of a solvent. The effectiveness, defined as the interfacial tension reduction (or interfacial pressure, πeme) attained at the critical micelle concentration, is shown to depend upon: (1) the maximum surface excess concentration of the surfactant, (2) its critical micelle concentration, and (3) the efficiency, log (1/C)π=20, with which it can depress the interfacial tension by 20 dynes/cm, and is related to the difference in the free energy changes involved in the transfer of the surfactant molecule to the micelle or to the air/liquid (or liquid/liquid) interface at π = 20. For both nonionic and 1:1 ionic surfactants, πeme is only slightly affected by change in the length of the hydrophobic group. Other structural changes in the hydrophobic group or in the counterion, however, can cause marked changes in the effectiveness. In polyoxyethylenated nonionics, πeme reaches a maximum at about four oxyethylene units, and then decreases with increase in the number of these units above six due to the increase in the cross-sectional area of the molecule at the interface.
On the derivation of sink strengths in bounded media

Abstract Several reasons for the need to extend the rate theory of point defect recovery processes to bounded media are cited. This paper is concerned with the essential first step, the derivation of the strength of sinks near a free surface. The Effective Medium method is used. Sink strengths so derived are shown to be formally the same as those found in an unbounded system. Image effects associated with the surface are proved to be small when the sink is located more than a few sink radii from the surface.
Continuity and Change in Storytelling about Artificial Intelligence: Extending the Narrative Paradigm

Drawing upon the concept of homo narran, this essay suggests an extension of Fisher's narrative paradigm, that of glimpsing the processes of continuity and change underlying storytelling, via the concepts of Brown (1978). This approach is illustrated specifically through a rhetorical analysis of a storytelling process presently ongoing in popular discourse about the relationship between human beings and artificially intelligent computers. It reveals the communication patterns used to maintain and shift ideologies, thereby influencing cultural/social continuity and change.
Conversion to Sirolimus as Primary Immunosuppression Attenuates the Progression of Allograft Vasculopathy After Cardiac Transplantation

Background— We investigated the potential of conversion to sirolimus (SRL) as a primary immunosuppressant in attenuating cardiac allograft vasculopathy progression. Methods and Results— Twenty-nine cardiac transplant recipients were converted to SRL 3.8±3.4 years after transplantation with complete calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal. Secondary immunosuppressants (azathioprine or mycophenolate) and steroids remained unchanged. Forty patients (controls) 4.8±4.0 years from transplantation were maintained on CNIs. Three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound studies were performed at baseline and 12.1±2.6 months later. Mean plaque (media and intima) volume (PV) and plaque index (PI) (PV/vessel volume percent) increased significantly in the CNI group (1.28±2.86 mm3/mm, P=0.004; and 6±8%, P=0.0001) but not in the SRL group (0.1±1.13 mm3/mm, P=0.63; and 0.1±8%, P=0.94). In patients enrolled within 2 years after transplantation, the increases in PV (0.06±1.06 versus 1.77±1.65 mm3/mm; P=0.0081) and PI (0±9% vers...
Monte Carlo simulations of pulse propagation in massive multichannel optical fiber communication systems

We study the combined effect of delayed Raman response and bit pattern randomness on pulse propagation in massive multichannel optical fiber communication systems. The propagation is described by a perturbed stochastic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation, which takes into account changes in pulse amplitude and frequency as well as emission of continuous radiation. We perform extensive numerical simulations with the model and analyze the dynamics of the frequency moments, the bit-error rate, and the mutual distribution of amplitude and position. The results of our numerical simulations are in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on the adiabatic perturbation approach.
Comparison of Barley and Sorghum Grain Processed at Different Densities for Lactating Dairy Cows

To vary ruminally degradable starch, sorghum grain was dry-rolled or steam-flaked to different densities and compared with dry-rolled barley in total mixed diets fed to 40 lactating cows (111 d of lactation) assigned to five dietary treatments. Diets contained (percentage of dry matter) 35% alfalfa hay, 4.1% cottonseed hulls, 10% whole cottonseed, 2% fish meal, 4% soybean meal, and 4.9% of a molasses, mineral, and vitamin supplement. Treatments were 40% sorghum grain either dry-rolled or steam-processed at flake densities of 437, 360, and 283 g/L. A fifth diet containing 42% dry-rolled barley was fed. Cows were blocked according to pretreatment (14 d) milk yield and received experimental diets for 56 d. Increasing ruminal starch degradability by including steam-flaked sorghum grain or barley in the diet did not increase milk yield or milk protein percentage and yield, as was shown in eight previous studies. Steam-flaked sorghum or dry-rolled barley in the diet decreased dry matter intake, resulting in a 10 to 19% higher efficiency of conversion of feed dry matter to milk than that for dry-rolled sorghum. Milk urea N was decreased, and milk casein yield tended to be increased, by steam-flaking sorghum at the moderate density compared with dry-rolling or fine flaking. Dietary protein was more efficiently converted to milk protein and casein from flaked sorghum and dry-rolled barley than from dry-rolled sorghum. In this study, increasing ruminal starch degradability resulted in higher feed efficiency and lower feed intakes, but optimal flake densities for steam-processed sorghum grain to maximize milk and milk protein yield were not clarified.
Bevacizumab Treatment for Meningiomas in NF2: A Retrospective Analysis of 15 Patients

Bevacizumab treatment can result in tumor shrinkage of progressive vestibular schwannomas in some neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) patients but its effect on meningiomas has not been defined. To determine the clinical activity of bevacizumab against NF2-related meningiomas, we measured changes in volume of meningiomas in NF2 patients who received bevacizumab for treatment of progressive vestibular schwannomas. A radiographic response was defined as a 20% decrease in tumor size by volumetric MRI analysis. In addition, we determined the expression pattern of growth factors associated with tumor angiogenesis in paraffin-embedded tissues from 26 unrelated meningiomas. A total of 48 meningiomas in 15 NF2 patients were included in this study with a median follow up time of 18 months. A volumetric radiographic response was seen in 29% of the meningiomas (14/48). Tumor shrinkage was not durable: the median duration of response was 3.7 months and the median time to progression was 15 months. There was no significant correlation between pre-treatment growth rate and meningioma response in regression models. Tissue analysis showed no correlation between tumor microvascular density and expression of VEGF pathway components. This data suggests that, in contrast to schwannomas, activation of VEGF pathway is not the primary driver of angiogenesis in meningiomas. Our results suggest that a minority of NF2-associated meningiomas shrink during bevacizumab therapy and that these responses were of short duration. These results are comparable to previous studies of bevacizumab in sporadic meningiomas.
Open subspaces of locally compact metric spaces

Although classically every open subspace of a locally compact space is also locally compact, constructively this is not generally true. This paper provides a locally compact remetrization for an open set in a compact metric space and constructs a one-point compactification. MSC: 54D45, 03F60, 03F65.
Instanton induced semihard parton interactions and phenomenology of high-energy hadron collisions

We study phenomenologically whether partonic collisions responsible for the growth of hadron-hadron cross sections at high energy can be ascribed to instanton-induced processes. Although nonperturbative in nature, these interactions occur at the semihard scale $Q\ensuremath{\sim}1\char21{}2 \mathrm{GeV},$ and should therefore be described using information from deep inelastic leptonic scattering on the partonic constituents in nucleons, pions, and photons. After considering shadowing corrections in nucleon-nucleon scattering, we fix a free instanton tail suppression parameter and determine the effective quark-quark cross section. The resulting contributions to $NN,$ $\ensuremath{\pi}N,$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}N,$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ cross sections all increase with energy differently, but in reasonable agreement with experimental data. We then proceed to an estimate of the number of such processes present in high energy Au-Au collisions at BNL RHIC, finding that the amount of entropy produced by instanton or sphaleron events matches the observed amount.
The efficacy of dextran 40 in preventing early postoperative thrombosis following difficult lower extremity bypass

In a randomized, multicenter trial the efficacy of intravenous dextran 40 (D-40; Rheomacrodex) in preventing early postoperative thrombosis was tested in the following difficult lower extremity bypasses: (1) femoropopliteal with poor runoff using autologous vein (AV), (2) femoropopliteal using grafts other than AV, (3) single or sequential bypasses to infrapopliteal arteries, and (4) the above-mentioned bypasses with adjunctive procedures that destroy adjacent endothelial surfaces (e.g., thrombectomy and endarterectomy). Five units of D-40 was administered to the experimental group at 75 to 100 ml/hr, two during and immediately after operation and one each 3 days postoperatively. Antiplatelet drugs were withheld until 1 week after surgery. The overall 1-week occlusion rate was 6.9% (5 of 73) with D-40 and 20.5% (17 of 83) for controls, which is statistically significant. Particularly significant was the difference in group 3: 0% (0 of 28) for D-40 and 27.8% (10 of 36) for controls. In the same time period there were no occlusions in group I and only one occlusion each with AV grafts in both D-40 and control groups, 2.6% (1 of 38). When grafts other than AV were used, the occlusion rate was significantly lower at 1 week for D-40, 11.4% (4 of 35), than controls, 35.6% (16 of 45). By 1 month the protective effect of D-40 was partially lost--15.3% (11 of 72) for D-40 and 20.7% (17 of 82) for controls (no statistical significance). Use of antiplatelet drugs during this period had no discernible effect.
Newer anticonvulsant medications in pediatric neurology.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstay of treatment for recurrent seizures. Uncontrolled seizures may cause medical, developmental, and psychological disturbances. The medical practitioner should thus strive to eliminate or minimize seizures. Treatment advances in epilepsy include 1) identification of the basic mechanisms of epilepsy and action of AEDs, 2) the introduction of new AEDs, and 3) the use of neurostimulation, including vagus nerve stimulation. Treatment with AEDs involves balancing each AED’s efficacy against its side effects. In some patients, effective AEDs must be discontinued because of intolerable side effects. Although all AEDs have a proven efficacy, the choice of AEDs should be based on better efficacy for individual seizure types or epilepsy syndromes. Side effects also differ from drug to drug and must be taken into account. This article focuses on studies and expert opinion consensus to guide the choice of AEDs.
Sizes distributions of large He droplets

Abstract The size distribution and droplet flux in a beam of large He droplets of about 1010 atoms were measured. Single droplets in the beam were isolated and subjected to multiple ionization events in the electron beam ionization region resulting in a burst of ejected He2+ ions which was analyzed via quadrupole mass spectrometry. The amplitude of the resulting pulses was proportional to the droplet cross section. The results show that the size distribution can deviate considerably from the exponential distribution obtained previously for smaller droplets consisting of 106–107 atoms.
Deprotonation of 2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol complexes of platinum(II, IV) and palladium(II) with liquid ammonia and potassium amide

Abstract Toward liquid ammonia at −75°, hn complexes of Pt(II, IV) and Pd(II) exhibit the following types of behavior: (1) No reaction, (2) partial or complete ligand substitution, (3) deprotonation accompanied by ligand substitution and (4) partial ligand substitution followed by disproportionation. With potassium amide in ammonia, both deprotonation and ligand substitution reactions were observed although most of the cases studied led to inconclusive results.
A Galerkin boundary integral method for multiple circular elastic inclusions with homogeneously imperfect interfaces

A Galerkin boundary integral method is presented to solve the problem of an infinite, isotropic elastic plane containing a large number of randomly distributed circular elastic inclusions with homogeneously imperfect interfaces. Problems of interest might involve thousands of inclusions with no restrictions on their locations (except that the inclusions may not overlap), sizes, and elastic properties. The tractions are assumed to be continuous across the interfaces and proportional to the corresponding displacement discontinuities. The analysis is based on a numerical solution of a complex hypersingular integral equation with the unknown tractions and displacement discontinuities at each circular boundary approximated by truncated complex Fourier series. The method allows one to calculate the stress and displacement fields everywhere in the matrix and inside the inclusions. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Effects of the chiral isomers of erythro- and threo-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine on purine metabolism in sarcoma 180 cells.

Abstract The effects of the chiral isomers of erythro - and threo -9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenines (EHNA and THNA) on purine metabolism in Sarcoma 180 cells have been determined. At concentrations of 10–80 μM [10- to 1000-fold greater than their K i values with adenosine deaminase (ADA)], all isomers inhibited purine salvage and biosynthesis de novo . Although (+)-EHNA, the most potent ADA inhibitor, exerted the greatest effects, there was no direct correlation between the potency of ADA inhibition and the secondary effects on purine metabolism, e.g. (+)-EHNA is about 2-fold more inhibitory than (−)-EHNA in blocking purine base incorporation but about 250-fold more potent as an inhibitor of ADA ( K i of (+)-EHNA = 500nM[Bessodes et al., Biochem. Pharmac. 31 , 879 (1982)]). All the isomers inhibited the incorporation of radiolabeled purine bases (adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine) and nucleosides (guanosine and inosine) into acid-soluble nucleotides and of glycine into 5′-phosphoribosyl-formylglycineamide. Unlike the results of Henderson et al. [ Biochem. Pharmac. 26 , 1967 (1977)] with Ehrlich ascites cells, the incorporation of adenosine into nucleotides was only slightly inhibited in Sarcoma 180 cells. (+)-EHNA did not inhibit the activities of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase, purine phosphoribosyltransferases or nucleotide kinases in cell extracts. Accumulation of PRPP was inhibited only under conditions that fostered rapid synthesis.
THE ONGOING STRUGGLE FOR PSYCHOANALYTIC RESEARCH: SOME STEPS FORWARD

Although the need for psychoanalytic research is increasingly acknowledged, many psychoanalysts remain resistant to the performance and findings of this research. Objections to research include a continuing mistrust of research tools and approaches, combined with a belief in the effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatments based on clinical lore and individual experience. Furthermore, as psychoanalytic literature continues to function within its own separate domain, even well-read psychoanalysts can be sequestered from central scientific conversations occurring in the larger literature about mental health. In part due to these factors, few adequate studies of psychoanalytic treatment approaches have been performed. The lack of efficacy research has added to the marginalization of psychoanalytic treatments. Fortunately, in recent years groups of clinicians and researchers have begun to study psychoanalytic treatments, particularly approaches to specific disorders. In this context, this issue provides a welco...
Reactions of lysolecithin, phosphate esters and fatty acids with bromine in organic solvents.

Abstract Lysolecithin reacts with bromine in various solvents. The rate and nature of the reaction is solvent dependent. In solvents such as chloroform and benzene lysophosphatidic acids and choline are formed. In primary and secondary alcohols the corresponding alcohol esters of the lysophosphatidic acid are formed and choline is also liberated. No reaction occurs in tert -butanol. In isopropyl ether a new product is formed which contains all the ester, P, and choline of the original lysolecithin but which has a different chromatographic mobility on paper. This new product is tentatively identified as a mixed isopropyl ether fatty acid ester of glycerylphosphorylcholine. In alcohol the lysophosphatidic aicds are slowly broken down to glycerol phosphate (ester) and the fatty acid ester of the corresponding alcohol. Bromine also catalyzed the breakdown of glycerylphosphorylethanolamine and glycerylphosphorylserine in aqueous methanol to yield GP and the free N-base (ethanolamine or serine respectively). No reaction occurs with phosphorylethanolamine or phosphorylserine. Furthermore the reaction with lecithin is very slow. This data strongly suggests that a cyclic phosphate intermediate is involved in these bromine catalyzed reactions. Bromine catalyzes the esterification of stearic acid in various alcohols. The rate of reaction is fastest in methanol.
Death and survival in employee populations

Abstract This article discusses a Bayesian approach to death and survival in employee populations. First, a naive life insurance model is considered which exemplifies the basic principles involved. Next, a somewhat more complicated model is discussed which deals with the projectted cost of retirement benefits. The article ends with a comment regarding areas for future research.
Lumbosacral epidural metastases: CT evaluation and comparison with myelography

Computerized tomography (CT) of lumbosacral region and lumbar myelograms of 100 patients with primary tumours were evaluated independently for evidence of epidural metastases. An attempt was made to predict myelographic abnormalities (or absence of such) on the basis of CT appearance at the spine and spinal canal contents. The overall accuracy of computed tomography was found to be 80%. There was a good correlation with myelography in patients without evidence of epidural lesions (79%). However, in group of patients with positive myelograms, CT was rather unreliable with high number of false negative studies (50%).
Beyond anti-terrorism: Metaphors as message strategy of post-September-11 U.S. public diplomacy

This research analyzed the major metaphors the U.S. government created to define the post-September-11 world realities, including “Second Front,” “Axis of Evil,” “Old Europe,” “Responsible Stakeholder,” and “Color Revolution.” The metaphors are found to be rhetorically advocating and share the archetypal metaphor of “democracy vs. tyranny” and “freedom vs. oppression.” The metaphors had their origins in the U.S. national security strategies, and the images they created highlighted aspects of the moral and ideological considerations but hide certain aspects of the realpolitik motivations.
The Opening of Amish Society: Cottage Industry as Trojan Horse

The Amish ideal of separation from the world has inevitably been tempered by economic exigencies. In the last 20 years in particular, rising land prices and other economic pressures have pushed the majority of Amish out of agriculture into wage labor or into household businesses that offer goods and services to the public. These cottage industries, supplying everything from baked goods to diesel engine repair, have been defended as more consistent with the family-oriented Amish culture than "working away." Cottage industry brings with it, however, the need to redefine social relations with the non-Amish world. The role of seller is in some respects incompatible with the role of Amishman. Being open to the public also represents an erosion in the Amish ability to control the character and frequency of interactions with non-Amish. Visits to Amish settlements in New York State were the basis for examining the consequences of cottage industry for the maintenance of Amish culture. The survival of the Amish as ...