cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Covert Pathogenesis of NO2 Induced Emphysema in the Rat

Rats were exposed to 0, 0.8, or 12 ppm NO/sub 2/ continuously for their life-span or to 4 ppm for 16 weeks. No differences in weights were observed for 4 or 0.8 ppm, but 12 ppm rats had heavier lungs. Rats that had received 25 ppm in a previous experiment gained weight when put in control environment; weights approached those of controls. Resting animals at 0.8 and 4 ppm exposure rates had faster breathing rates than controls, usually about 20% higher. Acute tachypnea was noted in animals exposed to 25 ppm before removal to air but dropped to near-normal levels (20% high) post-exposure. (Normal respiration rate decreases for the first several months of age but increases with old age.) Of 15 rats exposed to 12 ppm, 13 developed pulmonary disease; weights were lower and respiration rate was elevated 50% when approaching death. Respiratory pattern was consistent with obstructed air-flow; covert emphysema was observed as with higher rates. Below 50 ppm, free alveolar edema was not present. 100 ppm caused acute lethal pulmonary edema. Somewhat gross dose-effect was observed; e.g., 4 ppm rats showed some evidence of early histopathologic changes.
Derived Preconditions and Their Use in Program Synthesis

In this paper we pose and begin to explore a deductive problem more general than that of finding a proof that a given goal formula logically follows from a given set of hypotheses. The problem is most simply stated in the propositional calculus: given a goal A and hypothesis H we wish to find a formula P, called a precondition, such that A logically follows from P ∧ H. A precondition provides any additional conditions under which A can be shown to follow from H. A slightly more complex definition of preconditions in a first-order theory is given and used throughout the paper. A formal system based on natural deduction is presented in which preconditions can be derived. A number of examples are then given which show how derived preconditions are used in a program synthesis method we are developing. These uses include theorem proving, formula simplification, simple code generation, the completion of partial specifications for a subalgorithm, and other tasks of a deductive nature.
ATTACHMENT AND SELF REGULATION IN PRESCHOOL AGE CHILDREN

Literature supports a relationship between attachment style and emotional regulation (Panfile & Laible, 2012; Waters, Virmani, Thompson, Meyer, & Jochem, 2010; Mikulincer, & Shaver, 2005; Cassidy, 1994). Research also indicates that emotional regulation is linked to cognitive and behavioral regulation (Garner & Waajid, 2012; Denham, Bassett, Way, Mincic, Zinsser, & Graling, 2012; Tarullo, Obradovic, & Gunnar, 2009; Ramani, Brownell, & Campbell, 2010; Raver, Garner, & Smith-Donald, 2007). However, existing literature surrounding attachment theory and various components of self–regulation is limited. The paucity of information available and lack of consensus about the definition of cognitive and behavioral regulation make them difficult constructs to examine. Furthermore, a relationship between attachment status and salient self-regulation abilities has never been studied individually. Insecurely attached infants have a harder time achieving emotional, behavioral and cognitive regulation when compared to their secure counterparts. This study examines the relationship between attachment status and self-regulation at preschool age by analyzing data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study –Birth Cohort. The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort is the most recent longitudinal data set that captures socio-emotional as well as physical development in a variety of caregiver settings for young children (Sparks, 2009; Kotelchuck, 2009; Paulson, Keef, & Leiferman, 2009). Attachment was measured using the Toddler Attachment Sort-45 (Bimler & Kirkland, 2002; Kirkland, Bimler, Drawneek, McKim, Scholmerich, & Axel, 2004). Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive elements of self-regulation at preschool age were measured in Early Care and Education Provider interviews that incorporated elements of socioemotional development in the context of the environment. The final sample contained 2,650 children. Results indicated that self-regulation is significantly related to attachment status at preschool age. Securely attached preschoolers have overall higher self-regulation scores in most domains than insecurely attached preschoolers. Analysis of Covariance between self-regulation types and attachment style revealed significant relationships between secure attachment and high levels of emotional, behavioral, and cognitive regulation. Furthermore, pair wise comparisons revealed that ambivalent attached preschoolers have low levels of emotional self-regulation when compared to their secure and avoidant attached counterparts. Pairwise comparisons between attachment groups and self-regulation measures also revealed that avoidant attached infants experience low levels of cognitive regulation. The implications of these results are addressed in the discussion.
A Myth of Fairness Exists in Sports World

Over the past year, the sporting landscape has been laden with controversy. Athletes have expressed dissatisfaction with the administrative processes and punishments rendered, realizing that very little due process is afforded when it comes to sanctions. Yet, leagues and governing bodies exert a great deal of control such that turning to the legal system to challenge administrative procedures is usually futile.
A balloon measurement of the isotopic composition of galactic cosmic ray boron, carbon and nitrogen

The isotopic compositions of galactic cosmic ray boron, carbon, and nitrogen were measured at energies near 300 MeV amu, using a balloon-borne instrument at an atmospheric depth of approximately 5 g/sq cm. The calibrations of the detectors comprising the instrument are described. The saturation properties of the cesium iodide scintillators used for measurement of particle energy are studied in the context of analyzing the data for mass. The achieved rms mass resolution varies from approximately 0.3 amu at boron to approximately 0.5 amu at nitrogen, consistent with a theoretical analysis of the contributing factors. Corrected for detector interactions and the effects of the residual atmosphere the results are B-10/B=0.33 (+0.17, -0.11), C-13/C=0.06 (+0.13, -0.11), and N-15/N=0.42 (+0.19, -0.17). A model of galactic propagation and solar modulation is described. Assuming a cosmic ray source composition of solar-like isotopic abundances, the model predicts abundances near Earth consistent with the measurements.
Ciliated hepatic foregut cyst in a patient with renal cell carcinoma.

Background Ciliated hepatic foregut cyst is a rare condition almost always found incidentally on a computerized tomography scan or at autopsy. Rarely, portal vein compression can be a presenting finding. The cysts are usually unilocular and occur with greater frequency in males. There is a predilection for the left lobe. The cysts average 3 cm in size.
Prognostic value of serial measurements of leukocyte thymidine uptake in well-controlled chronic myelocytic leukemia.

Twenty-nine patients with well-controlled Ph1-positive CML were followed with peripheral blood and bone marrow thymidine uptake determinations (3H-TdR) at approx. six-month intervals over periods of eight to 48 months (median 30 months). Median peripheral blood 3H-TdR of individual patients varied considerably, ranging from 0.6 to 18 dpm/103 WBC. However, increases in sequential studies of individual patients were usually less than two-fold. More than four-fold increases (4.1-16-fold, median 7.5-fold) in blood 3H-TdR were recorded in 11 patients. At the time of 3H-TdR increase, there was no or minimal evidence of clinical or hematologic deterioration; chromosome analysis showed new abnormalities in four out of 10 patients. Ten of these 11 patients exhibited criteria of the terminal phase of CML two to six months after the increase in 3H-TdR; the eleventh died of another cause at five months. In contrast, only two of 18 patients without such change in 3H-TdR entered the terminal stage at five and six months and three at seven to 12 months (p < 0.002). The bone marrow 3H-TdR did not provide significant prognostic information in these patients. Periodic measurement of thymidine uptake by circulating leukocytes may be useful in the follow-up of patients with well-controlled CML, to provide early warning of disease progression.
The Korean Plans of Russian Imperialism

ONE OF THE VITAL Far-Eastern problems of our times is the destiny of Korea. Liberated from the Japanese yoke, Korea "in due course shall become free and independent," it was agreed at the Cairo conference. Soviet Russia had not been represented at this conference and at that time her claims and plans concerning Korea remained unknown. Later it was agreed that Russia, if she entered into the war with Japan, would occupy temporarily the northern part of Korea, and the United States the southern part including the capital, Seoul. It was not foreseen, however, how the interallied control was to be organized in order to protect Korea and to let her prepare herself for self-government. It was not anticipated, evidently, that the proposed division of Korea into two parts could become a lasting one nor that it would be too difficult to consolidate the zones under a unified government, even after the Moscow agreement on Korea of December, 1945, and the establishment of the Joint Commission in Seoul. Yet less was it foreseen that the northern part of Korea since the establishment of the Soviet control would become impenetrable for Americans. Japan seemed to be the only competitor of Russia in Korea and any discord between Russia and the United States in Korea looked improbable to many observers since Japan, once defeated, was to be driven out of the Korean peninsula. Nobody paid attention to Lenin's assertion that the United States was seriously interested in the fate of Korea and intended to "'snatch this dainty morsel away."' Soviet Russia, where every word of Lenin's is considered a prophesy, had, evidently, her own point of view on the future of Korea, and, therefore, her lasting occupation of North Korea should not have been a surprise.
Reply to Roberts: cooperation is an outcome, not a mechanism

Roberts’ (1997) commentary raises an important question about the definition of cooperation. We see his comments about ‘mutualism’ to be peripheral to the main point, and his statement that Clements & Stephens’ (1995) evidence for mutualism is inadequate because it ‘. . . does not involve cooperation’ (page 1361) shows that cooperation and not mutualism per se is at issue. Students of animal behaviour use the word ‘cooperation’ in two distinct ways. When students of behaviour speak of ‘cooperative hunting’, ‘cooperative breeding’ or ‘cooperative territoriality’, they are usually talking about purely behavioural phenomena. For example, we observe ‘cooperative breeders’ breeding together and exhibiting some coordination in their breeding behaviour. In this use of the word ‘cooperation’, we are more likely to label actions as cooperative if they seem to be elaborately coordinated or if individuals seem especially sensitive to the actions of others. Since 1981 (Axelrod & Hamilton 1981), game theoretical models have been a large part of the literature of animal cooperation. The main analytical tool of the game theorist is the game matrix. The game matrix shows how the combined actions of a focal player and his opponent affect the focal player’s ‘payoffs’. The game matrix focuses not on the nature of the behaviours involved, but on their economic consequences. Game theory’s significance as a tool for modelling cooperation hinges on the idea that one can determine which combinations of actions are ‘cooperative’ by examining the game matrix. Hence, students of game theory prefer a view of cooperation that de-emphasizes the behavioural properties of an interaction, and focuses on the economic consequences of an interaction.
Stabilization of estradiol-receptor complexes by elimination of cytosolic factors

Treating mature rat uterine cytosol with dextran coated charcoal (DCC) for 2 hrs at 0-4C in the absence of ligand causes the subsequently formed receptor-estradiol complex to be stable at 37C. Receptor binding is increased by the DCC treatment for uteri excised at metestrus or diestrus but remains nearly unchanged for uteri obtained at proestrus or estrus. Results suggest that the DCC removes or inactivates factor(s) present in the cytosol which render the receptor complex thermolabile.
Linewidth enhancement factor in electroabsorption modulated lasers

Semiconductor sources with integrated electroabsorption modulators and distributed feedback lasers (EML) are important for high speed (2.5 Gb/s and higher) transmission systems. These devices have very low spectral width under modulation which reduces the effect of fiber chromatic dispersion. The low spectral width is due to low linewidth enhancement factor ((alpha) -factor) of these devices. We report measurement of (alpha) as a function of bias for different EML devices. For EML devices with large isolation resistance between the laser and the modulator, (alpha) varies with the modulator voltage. For some bias level measured (alpha) is close to zero. The value of (alpha) has also been calculated using the band structure parameter of the active region. The measurement and calculation agree. For EML devices with low isolation resistance, the measured (alpha) is found to be nearly independent of modulator voltage. This is explained by considering the effect of leakage current between the laser and the modulator.
First Report of Fusarium circinatum, Causal Agent of Pitch Canker Disease, from the Roots of Mature Aleppo Pines in California

In 2001, an unusual rapid decline of ten 20-year-old Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis) was observed in the parking lot of the Legoland amusement park (33°7’34.2”N, 117°18’41.4”W) in San Diego Co., California. Crowns of affected trees were at varying stages of chlorosis, ranging from pale green to yellow (Fig. 1). Inspection of the aerial parts of symptomatic trees failed to detect any signs of a putative pathogen. Although no external symptoms were observed, upon removal of the bark in the primary woody roots, we identified diffuse black elongated lesions and abundant internal resinosis (Fig. 2). Lesions could be followed along the roots for at least 50 cm on average from the root collar and well into the underground portion of primary roots. Lesions were present around most of the circumference of the root collar of chlorotic trees, suggesting the above-ground symptoms were the result of girdling action by a pathogen. Trees displaying symptoms were in different parts of the large (>200,000 m²) parking lot.
The synthesis and partial characterization of monocyclohexylpentafluorocyclotriphosphazene

Abstract It has been shown that reaction of cyclohexyl lithium with hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene in low-boiling (30–60°C.) petroleum ether gives a mono-substituted product. It has not yet been determined whether additional fluorine atoms can be replaced similarly.
Evidence for mantle plumes

Geophysical hotspots have been attributed to partially molten asthenosphere, fertile blobs, small-scale convection and upwellings driven by core heat. Most are short-lived or too close together to be deeply seated, and do not have anomalous heat flow or temperature; many are related to tectonic features. Bourdon et al. investigate the dynamics of mantle plumes from uranium-series geochemistry and interpret their results as evidence for thermal plumes. Here we show why alternative mechanisms of upwelling and melting should be considered.
CLOSED-SHELL ION-ION INTERACTIONS IN CALCIUM FLUORIDE

Abstract The short range ion-ion interactions in calcium fluoride are assumed to have the form φ ij = A ij exp(− r / ρ ). By calculating the electrostatic contribution to the elastic constants of calcium fluoride and comparing the results with the experimentally observed constants, it is determined that ρ = 0.28 × 10 −8 cm , A +- for Ca ++ −F − is 3.09×10 −9 ergs, and A -- for F − −F − is 1.04 × 10 −9 ergs. These results indicate that the Ca ++ −F − interaction is about ten times larger than the F − −F − interaction in this crystal. The deviation from the Cauchy relation is investigated by means of a model which allows relative motion between the sublattices making up the crystal, the model proves inadequate, however, and it is concluded that the failure of the Cauchy relation is due to a many-electron interaction between ions which cannot be approximated by a central interaction.
Visual loss after spine surgery: a survey.

OBJECTIVE: To survey a large number of neurosurgical spine surgeons for data regarding the presence of risk factors in patients experiencing visual loss after spine surgery. METHODS: A survey was sent to current members (as of 1997) of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, with questions focusing on intraoperative factors that may predispose patients to perioperative visual loss. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety surveys were returned, and 24 patients with visual loss after spine surgery were reported by 22 surgeons. Although many of these patients had probable causative factors for visual loss after surgery (e.g., hypotension, low hematocrit level, coexisting disease), some did not (n = 8). CONCLUSION: These results suggest the necessity of a high index of suspicion for evolving perioperative visual loss even in the absence of risk factors.
Macrophage-Derived Metalloelastase Is Responsible for the Generation of Angiostatin in Lewis Lung Carcinoma

To determine the mechanism responsible for the in vivo production of angiostatin that inhibits growth and metastasis in Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL), we implanted 3LL variant cells into the subcutis of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. The tumors were infiltrated by macrophages and expressed high levels of steady-state mRNA for metalloelastase (MME). Successive passages (more than three) of cultures established from the tumors resulted in complete depletion of macrophages; steady-state MME mRNA, elastinolytic activity, and production of angiostatin (in the presence of plasminogen) were correspondingly reduced. Coculture of macrophages with either 3LL cells or their conditioned media containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor resulted in secretion of MME and production of angiostatin by the macrophages, suggesting that angiostatin is produced by tumor-infiltrating macrophages whose MME expression is stimulated by tumor cell-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Youth Knowledge, Interpersonal Skills, and Media Attitudes After Anti-Tobacco Training

ABSTRACT To see if youth tobacco use prevention training improves knowledge, interaction skills, and awareness of media influences, junior high and high school students (161 at pre-test, 176 at post-test) from southeastern U.S. public schools completed questionnaires before and after anti-tobacco lessons. After training, high school (but not junior high) students more strongly supported anti-tobacco policy. All students saw themselves as immune to tobacco media influence, but others as susceptible. An implication is that tobacco use prevention interventions for high school youth should focus on policy issues, and for all youth should teach critical viewing skills to resist the powerful messages put forth by the tobacco industry.
Unusual presentation of lichen sclerosuis in an adolescent

Abstract Background: The presentation of lichen sclerosus has been described in detail in the adult literature. Typically present with symptoms of itching and soreness in the vulvar area at which time a vulvar evaluation reveals a specific appearance. The presentation is believed to be similar in prepubertal children and adolescents. In this case report we encountered an unusual initial presentation of this disease. Methods: Case presentation. Results: An 18-year-old female presented for the first time to her gynecologist with complaint of difficulty with complete emptying of bladder and dribbling. She had noted the onset of these symptoms two months prior to presentation. She denied any long-term history of vulvar itching or irritation. Her menses were normal with no complaints of dysmenorrhea. Onset of menarche and pubertal development were also normal. She denied any pre-pubertal history of labial adhesions or lichen sclerosis. The patient was not sexually active. She was diagnosed with labial adhesions and her first course of treatment included topical estrogen therapy for 8 weeks. Her second course of therapy included topical testosterone for 6 weeks without any improvement or side effects. On evaluation at our institution the posterior aspect of the labia minora could not be seen and the area of the vaginal introitus was completely obstructed (see picture). The clitoral hood could not be retracted and the surrounding vulva appeared atrophic and white. The degree of obstruction was such that the urethra could not be seen. In the operating room the labia minora were manually separated. The patient applied clobetasol .05% ointment for the next two weeks to the vulva and then switched to a less potent steroid. Follow-up evaluation 2 and 4 weeks after the procedure did not show any adhesions. Punch biopsy was consistent with diagnosis of lichen sclerosis. Conclusion: The presentation of lichen sclerosis may be variable in adolescents; thus, a high index of suspicion must be maintained to make this diagnosis.
A latent class analysis of underage problem drinking: Evidence from a community sample of 16-20 year olds

Abstract The aim of this paper is to shed light on the nature of underage problem drinking by using an empirically based method to characterize the variation in patterns of drinking in a community sample of underage drinkers. A total of 4056 16–20-year-old current drinkers from 212 communities in the US were surveyed by telephone as part of the National Evaluation of the Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws (EUDL) Program. Latent class models were used to create homogenous groups of drinkers with similar drinking patterns defined by multiple indicators of drinking behaviors and alcohol-related problems. Two types of underage problem drinkers were identified; risky drinkers (30%) and regular drinkers (27%). The most prominent behaviors among both types of underage problem drinkers were binge drinking and getting drunk. Being male, other drug use, early onset drinking and beliefs about friends drinking and getting drunk were all associated with an increased risk of being a problem drinker after adjustment for other factors. Beliefs that most friends drink and current marijuana use were the strongest predictors of both risky problem drinking (OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 3.1, 5.1 and OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 2.8, 5.6, respectively) and regular problem drinking (OR = 10.8; 95% CI = 7.0, 16.7 and OR = 10.2; 95% CI = 6.9, 15.2). Young adulthood (ages 18–20) was significantly associated with regular problem drinking but not risky problem drinking. The belief that most friends get drunk weekly was the strongest discriminator of risky and regular problem drinking patterns (OR = 5.3; 95% CI = 3.9, 7.1). These findings suggest that underage problem drinking is most strongly characterized by heavy drinking behaviors which can emerge in late adolescence and underscores its association with perceptions regarding friends drinking behaviors and illicit drug use.
On the asymptotics of penalized splines

SUMMAvRY We study the asymptotic behaviour of penalized spline estimators in the univariate case. We use B-splines and a penalty is placed on mth-order differences of the coefficients. The number of knots is assumed to converge to infinity as the sample size increases. We show that penalized splines behave similarly to Nadaraya-Watson kernel estimators with 'equivalent' kernels depending upon m. The equivalent kernels we obtain for penalized splines are the same as those found by Silverman for smoothing splines. The asymptotic distribution of the penalized spline estimator is Gaussian and we give simple expressions for the asymptotic mean and variance. Provided that it is fast enough, the rate at which the number of knots converges to infinity does not affect the asymptotic distribution. The optimal rate of convergence of the penalty parameter is given. Penalized splines are not design-adaptive.
The effects of selection for size in cattle on horn fly population density.

Statistically significant differences were observed in the population density of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans L., on Angus cows having significantly different frame sizes. Angus cows, averaging 126 cm in height at the hip. The Angus I cows ( 126 cm). The estimated heritability (h2) of horn fly resistance was 0.43 +/- 0.07 and 0.95 +/- 0.31 for 1989 and 1990, respectively. Horn fly counts on the Angus I herd ( < 112.5 cm in height) was 118.1 (probable breeding value, PBV = -20.69) to 165 horn flies per cow (PBV = 26.9 flies per cow in 1989) and from 75.9 (PBV = -29.1) to 134.5 (PBV = 29.5) flies per cow in 1990. Angus I bulls had PBV = -23.7 to 13.4 and from -26.5 to 14.75 in 1989 and 1990, respectively. The Angus II cows had horn fly counts that ranged from 159.6 (PBV of -23.5) to 208.1 (PBV of 25) per cow in 1989 and from 232.3 (PBV of -56.2) to 378.7 (PBV of 90) per cow in 1990. Angus II bulls had PBVs that ranged from -17.1 to 18.9 in 1989 and from -28.1 to 48.8 in 1990. The Angus I cows had significantly (P < 0.0001) lower numbers of horn flies (mean of 63.8 horn flies per m2) than the small, medium or large Angus II cows (mean of 129.4, 149.6 and 145.5 horn flies per m2, respectively). The data indicated that some specific factor(s) associated with cow size contribute(s) to innate resistance of cattle to the horn fly.
Haemostatic screening and identification of zebrafish mutants with coagulation pathway defects: an approach to identifying novel haemostatic genes in man

Zebrafish were used as a model to study haemostasis, a vertebrate function of paramount importance. A limitation of the zebrafish model is the difficulty in assaying small amounts of blood to detect coagulation mutants. We report the use of a rapid total coagulation activity (TCA) assay to screen for coagulation defects in individual adult zebrafish. We screened the TCA in 1000 gynogenetic half-tetrad diploids derived from 86 clutches. Each clutch was from a single F1 female offspring of males mutagenized with ethylnitrosourea (ENU). We found 30-50% defective zebrafish among six clutches, consistent with a heritable defect. The assay developed here provided a rapid screen to detect overall coagulation defects. However, because of the limited amounts of plasma, we could not detect defects in specific pathways. Therefore, a novel, ultra-sensitive kinetic method was developed to identify specific pathway defects. To test whether the kinetic assay could be used as a screening tool, 1500 Florida wild-type zebrafish pairs were analysed for naturally occurring coagulation defects. We detected 30 fish with extrinsic pathway defects, but with intact common and intrinsic pathways. We conclude that it is now possible to identify specific coagulation pathway defects in zebrafish.
Development of the US PSORIQoL: a psoriasis‐specific measure of quality of life

Background Several instruments are available for assessing impairment and disability associated with psoriasis. The first true psoriasis-specific quality of life (QoL) questionnaire suitable for use in clinical trials, the Psoriasis Index of Quality of Life (PSORIQoL), has recently been developed in the UK. The aim of the current study was to produce and validate a conceptually equivalent US version of the PSORIQoL with equally good psychometric properties. Methods A lay translation panel was employed to ensure that the wording of the questionnaire was appropriate for a US population. Semi-structured interviews conducted with 37 patients tested the instrument's ease of completion, relevance and comprehensiveness. Finally, a test-retest validation mail survey was conducted with 72 patients to determine reliability, internal consistency and construct validity. Results Few changes were necessary to the wording of the questionnaire. Interviewees found the questionnaire easy to complete (requiring an average of 4 min) and the content relevant and comprehensive. The adapted measure had comparable psychometric properties to the original, with a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.90, indicating excellent reproducibility. Internal consistency and initial indications of construct validity were also good, with scores on the measure related as expected to perceived general health and severity of psoriasis and the presence of visible lesions. Conclusions The US PSORIQoL is a practical, reliable and valid instrument for measuring the impact of psoriasis and its treatment on QoL in clinical trials and in routine practice. It remains necessary to establish the instrument's responsiveness to changes in QoL associated with effective interventions.
Preliminary field tests of capsaicinoids to reduce lettuce damage by rabbits

Abstract Capsaicinoids are alkaloids responsible for pungency, the ability to produce an organoleptic sensation of heat, and are present only in Capsicum species. Products containing capsaicinoids are marketed as a plant antifeedant. This study investigated the influence of capsaicinoids on the suppression of feeding by rabbits in southern New Mexico, USA. A two-choice study, treated and untreated lettuce plants, determined the effects of capsaicinoids on free-ranging rabbits. The capsaicinoids were effective, but only when an untreated choice was present. When untreated plants had been consumed, rabbits consumed the capsaicinoid-treated lettuce plants. The use of capsaicinoids to protect plants may have limited use when rabbits have little choice in food sources.
Endodermal sinus tumor in pregnancy: report of a case and review of the literature.

Abstract The endodermal sinus tumor is a rare germ cell tumor characterized by extremely rapid growth and grave prognosis. The case of a 17-year-old black primagravida with a 19-week intrauterine gestation and concurrent endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary is presented. This case is the eighth reported case of this tumor during pregnancy. α-Fetoprotein and other oncofetal antigens are postulated as agents of rapid growth of this tumor. It is suggested that immunotherapy with antibodies against alpha-fetoprotein and other oncofetal antigens might change the unfavorable outcome of this tumor.
Observer Variation in Counts of Meristic Traits Affects Fluctuating Asymmetry

Abstract Bilateral meristic characters can be used to assess trends in heterozygosity of fish stocks; however, variation in counts among observers or by the same observer might prevent identification of asymmetry in bilateral me ristics. We determined variability in meristic counts (pectoral fin rays, pelvic fin rays, upper gill rakers, lower gill rakers, and mandibular pores) of salmonids Onchorhyncus spp. made by independent observers and by the same observer on different occasions. The independent observers showed varying agreement for each meristic character, but the overall agreement was low. Low agreement was also found between counts by the single observer. We conclude that observer variation limits the usefulness of counts of meristic characters as a means of assessing trends in heterozygosity of salmonid stocks.
Tracking Emotional Valence: The Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex

Successful navigation of the social world requires the ability to recognize and track emotions as they unfold and change dynamically. Neuroimaging and neurological studies of emotion recognition have primarily focused on the ability to identify the emotion shown in static photographs of facial expressions, showing correlations with the amygdala as well as temporal and frontal brain regions. In the current study we examined the neural correlates of continuously tracking dynamically-changing emotions. Fifty-nine patients with diverse neurodegenerative diseases used a rating dial to track continuously how positive or how negative the character in a film clip felt. Tracking accuracy was determined by comparing participants’ ratings with the ratings of 10 normal control participants. The relationship between tracking accuracy and regional brain tissue content was examined using voxel-based morphometry. Low tracking accuracy was primarily associated with gray matter loss in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Our finding that the right OFC is critical to the ability to track dynamically-changing emotions is consistent with previous research showing right OFC involvement in both socioemotional understanding and modifying responding in changing situations.
Bilateral lesions in the area of the nucleus locus coeruleus affect the development of hyperalgesia during carrageenan-induced inflammation

We have compared the development of hyperalgesia following induction of unilateral inflammation between rats with bilateral lesions in the area of the locus coeruleus (LC) and rats with a sham operation. Unilateral inflammation was produced by the subcutaneous injection of carrageenan (6 mg in 0.15 ml saline). Prior to carrageenan injection, paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to thermal stimuli did not differ between the LC-lesioned and the sham-operated groups. After carrageenan injection, in the inflamed paw, the decreased PWLs of LC-lesioned rats were significantly shorter than those of sham-operated rats. This difference in PWL between the two groups was not observed in non-inflamed paws and in paws receiving an injection of saline. The result suggests that the area of the LC affects the development of hyperalgesia during peripheral inflammation.
Psoriasis and comorbidities: links and risks

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting approximately 2% of the population worldwide. In the past decade, many studies have drawn attention to comorbid conditions in psoriasis. This literature review examines the epidemiological evidence, pathophysiological commonalities, and therapeutic implications for different comorbidities of psoriasis. Cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, anxiety and depression, and inflammatory bowel disease have been found at a higher prevalence in psoriasis patients compared to the general population. Because of the wide range of comorbid conditions associated with psoriasis, comprehensive screening and treatment must be implemented to most effectively manage psoriasis patients.
Identification of the 5' end of the rubella virus subgenomic RNA.

Abstract The 5′ end of the subgenomic RNA of rubella virus was determined by primer extension. The Maxam-Gilbert sequence ladder of the primer extension product contained a determinable sequence which was colinear with the complement of the sequence of the genomic RNA through nucleotide 3325 from the 3′ end of the genomic RNA and a pair of bands in every lane above the determinable sequence. These results indicated that synthesis of the subgenomic RNA is initiated internally on the minus-polarity genome-length RNA template and that the length of subgenomic RNA is 3327 nucleotides excluding the poly(A) tail. There are thus 77 nucleotides between the 5′ end of the subgenomic RNA and the first AUG, which is the initiation codon for the structural protein open reading frame. The initiation site of rubella virus subgenomic RNA synthesis is 20 nucleotides downstream from a block of 28 nucleotides which shares homology with the nucleotide sequence which is conserved at the subgenomic RNA initiation site in the , the other genus of Togaviruses.
Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and compound myopic astigmatism using the Technolas 217 scanning-spot laser.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety, efficacy, predictability, and visual results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using the Bausch & Lomb Technolas® 217 scanning-spot laser for the treatment of myopia and compound myopic astigmatism. Setting Stanford Eye Laser Center, Stanford, California, USA. Methods In a prospective study, 110 eyes of 58 patients with a mean spherical equivalent (SE) of −4.87 diopters (D) ± 2.5 (SD) (range –1.0 to –11.4 D) had LASIK for myopia and compound myopic astigmatism using the Technolas 217 scanning-spot laser. The primary outcome variables included preoperative and postoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), achieved versus attempted correction, vector analysis of astigmatism, and complications. Results One hundred ten eyes were available for analysis at 3 months. The mean SE refraction was reduced 95% (mean −0.23 ± 0.4 D), and astigmatism was reduced 70% (mean 0.28 ± 0.3 D). One day postoperatively, 100% of eyes had a UCVA of 20/40 or better, 96% had 20/25 or better, 77% had 20/20 or better, and 39% had 20/15 or better. At the 3-month examination, 100% of eyes had a UCVA of 20/40 or better, 95% had 20/25 or better, 83% had 20/20 or better, and 48% had 20/15 or better. Ninety percent of eyes were within ±0.5 D of emmetropia. No eye lost 2 or more lines of BSCVA. Conclusions The Technolas 217 scanning-spot laser produced excellent postoperative UCVA and BSCVA. It was predictable, safe, and effective for the treatment of myopia and compound myopic astigmatism. Long-term follow-up is needed to assess the stability of the procedure.
Real-life examination timetabling

An examination timetabling problem at a large American university is presented. Although there are some important differences, the solution approach is based on the ITC 2007 winning solver which is integrated in the open source university timetabling system UniTime. In this work, nine real world benchmark data sets are made publicly available and the results on four of them are presented in this paper. A new approach to further decreasing the number of student conflicts by allowing some exams to be split into multiple examination periods is also studied.
Beryllium and growth. III. The effect of beryllium on plant phosphatase.

Summary The purpose of the investigations was to correlate the apparent ability of beryllium to substitute for magnesium in plant growth with a specific biochemical effect of the metal. Through association with earlier work on beryllium inhibition of animal alkaline phosphatase, a study was made of the effect of beryllium and other metals upon the activity of a phosphatase derived from tomato leaves. Although only indirect evidence is available that this enzyme system was magnesium-activated, beryllium was found to inhibit reversibly the splitting of GP and ATP. Other metals were also found to be inhibitory but the ATPase inhibition—and especially the ratio of P split from GP to P split from ATP—was higher for beryllium than for any other metal studied. The significance of this finding in relation to energy metabolism, growth, and beryllium toxicity is discussed.
Čermák types studies of charge exchange in a pulsed electron impact source

Abstract It is shown that the pulsed source of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer can be used successfully to study charge exchange and ion—molecule reactions. Since the source is pulsed, it is possible to display and record both the primary spectrum and the secondary (charge exchange) spectrum simultaneously. Application of the method to acetonitrile is discussed.
A microstrip array feed for land mobile satellite reflector antennas

A circularly polarized feed array for a spacecraft reflector antenna is described that was constructed by using linearly polarized microstrip elements. The array has seven subarrays which form a single cluster as part of a large overlapping cluster reflector feed array. Each of the seven subarrays consists of four linearly polarized microstrip elements. The array achieved a better than 0.8-dB axial ratio at the array pattern peak and better then 3 dB antenna gain to 20 degrees from the peak, across a 7.5% frequency bandwidth. A teardrop-shaped feed probe was used to achieve wideband input impedance matching for the relatively thick microstrip substrate. The low impedance and axial ratio bandwidths were achieved using a relatively thick honeycomb substrate with the impedance-matching feed probes. >
Meiofaunal bioturbation effects on the partitioning of sediment-associated cadmium

Abstract Two experiments were conducted using laboratory cultured meiofauna to measure bioturbation effects on cadmium partitioning. The benthic harpacticoid copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis cf. Mielke, and the foraminiferan, Ammonia beccarii cf. Linne' served as bioturbators. The first experiment utilized single and combined species treatments which were compared to controls having no fauna. All treatments and controls used sediment spiked with Cd at the concentration at which 5% mortality occurs in the copepods (LC 5 ). Cadmium concentrations were measured in the overlying water, pore water, and sediment after 96 h to see if bioturbation altered the partitioning of cadmium. The second experiment employed the same design as the first except that the number of organisms used was tripled to simulate reported field densities. Results from the first experiment revealed significantly higher amounts of Cd in the pore waters of all treatments relative to the controls. There were also between treatment differences showing that copepod-only treatments resulted in the highest concentration of pore water Cd. With the second experiment, it was assumed that this bioturbation effect would be even greater due to the increased number of organisms used. However, this was not seen. Treatment pore water Cd concentrations of Experiment 2 were not significantly higher than like treatments from Experiment 1. Both experiments demonstrated that meiofaunal bioturbation has a significant effect on the partitioning of Cd in muddy sediments.
Beyond formality: informal communication in health practices

Despite an increasing use of formal healthcare systems such as the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and communication devices, informal communication continues to play an important role in the highly collaborative, dynamic, and information-rich medical work. Formal systems often fail to support the spontaneous and opportunistic needs of healthcare providers to communicate patient information. Yet it is not clear what constitutes informal communication in healthcare practices, what roles does it play in the patient care process, what types of technologies can be designed to support informal communication, and how to design them. This workshop aims to gather interested researchers to better understand informal communication in healthcare, to discuss their implications for CSCW healthcare research, and to brainstorm technological innovations that can support the informal aspects of health communication.
Ironing out complementary medicine.

At least some of the beneficial effects attributed to the complementary medicine agent curcumin may result from its iron chelating properties. Turmeric, a yellow powder derived from the root of the flowering plant Curcuma longa , is both a dye and an aromatic spice frequently used in Asian and
Contribution of unmyelinated afferents from the sural nerve to spinal reflex activity

Abstract Ipsilateral ventral root reflexes evoked from electrical stimulation of the sural nerve were studied in an attempt to determine if the C or unmyelinated afferent fibers give rise to motor reflex responses because uncertainties in this area have persisted. Appropriate blocking techniques were utilized to isolate C fiber afferent barrages. Evidence was produced that a component of ipsilateral ventral root reflexes (including flexor reflexes) can be evoked solely with a C fiber afferent volley.
Microbial transformation of artemisinin to 5-hydroxyartemisinin by Eurotium amstelodami and Aspergillus niger

Transformation of the anti-malarial drug artemisinin by the fungi Eurotium amstelodami and Aspergillus niger were investigated. Cultures were grown in sucrose/malt broth with artemisinin for 14 days and extracted with ethyl acetate. Extracts were characterized by liquid chromatography. Two metabolites from each fungal extract were isolated and identified using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. 5β-hydroxyartemisinin and 7β-hydroxyartemisinin were isolated in 63 and 32% yields, respectively, from the extract of E. amstelodami, and 80 and 19%, respectively, from the extract of A. niger.
An ab Initio Study of the C3H2O Potential Surface: A Mechanism for Propynal Formation and Destruction

The C3H2O potential energy surface, including the C3·H2O complex, hydroxypropadienylidene, propynal, cyclopropenone, and propadienone, has been calculated at the HF/6-31G*, QCISD(T)/6-31G*//HF/6-31G*, and MP2/6-31G* levels. It is shown that photolysis of the C3·H2O complex leads initially to hydroxypropadienylidene, as has been observed. Further photolysis is predicted to lead to propynal via successive H atom migrations along the CCCO framework. Photodepletion of propynal generates either cyclopropenone or propadienone, from either of which acetylene and CO should be produced. Experimental evidence is presented to support this mechanism. It is proposed that the propynal observed in the interstellar medium is produced via the photolysis of the C3·H2O complex in the icy mantles of interstellar dust grains and not via gaseous ion−molecule reactions, as previously proposed.
Frequency and the Conference of Referential Validity.

Subjects rated how certain they were that each of 60 statements was true or false. The statements were sampled from areas of knowledge including politics, sports, and the arts, and were plausible but unlikely to be specifically known by most college students. Subjects gave ratings on three successive occasions at 2-week intervals. Embedded in the list were a critical set of statements that were either repeated across the sessions or were not repeated. For both true and false statements, there was a significant increase in the validity judgments for the repeated statements and no change in the validity judgments for the non-repeated statements. Frequency of occurrence is apparently a criterion used to establish the referential validity of plausible statements.
Responding to Prisoner Reentry, Recidivism, and Incarceration of Inmates of Color A Call to the Communities

This article introduces a systemic model for rehabilitation that uses the expungement procedure, a preexisting statute, as a tool to reduce incarceration and recidivism and help probationers succeed in their reentry into mainstream society as taxpaying citizens and concomitantly alleviate the burden on taxpayers for maintaining prisoners. It culminates with a call to the African American and Hispanic communities to partner with the penal system and lawmakers to find solutions to the devastating effects of increasingly high imprisonment, recidivism, and prison reentry rates of inmates of color on children, families, and communities.