cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual and Eye Movement Functions of the Posterior Parietal Cortex

Lesions of the posterior parietal area in humans produce interesting spatial-perceptual and spatial-behavioral deficits. Among the more important deficits observed are loss of spatial memories, problems representing spatial relations in models or drawings, disturbances in the spatial distribution of attention, and the inability to localize visual targets. Posterior parietal lesions in nonhuman primates also produce visual spatial deficits not unlike those found in humans. Mountcastle and his colleagues were the first to explore this area, using single cell recording techniques in behaving monkeys over 13 years ago. Subsequent work by Mountcastle, Lynch and colleagues, Hyvarinen and colleagues, Robinson, Goldberg & Stanton, and Sakata and colleagues during the period of the late 1970s and early 1980s provided an informational and conceptual foundation for exploration of this fascinating area of the brain. Four new directions of research that are presently being explored from this foundation are reviewed in this article. 1. The anatomical and functional organization of the inferior parietal lobule is presently being investigated with neuroanatomical tracing and single cell recording techniques. This area is now known to be comprised of at least four separate cortical fields. 2. Neural mechanisms for spatial constancy are being explored. In area 7a information about eye position is found to be integrated with visual inputs to produce representations of visual space that are head-centered (the meaning of a head-centered coordinate system is explained on p. 13). 3. The role of the posterior parietal cortex, and the pathways projecting into this region, in processing information about motion in the visual world is under investigation. Visual areas within the posterior parietal cortex may play a role in extracting higher level motion information including the perception of structure-from-motion. 4. A previously unexplored area within the intraparietal sulcus has been found whose cells hold a representation in memory of planned eye movements. Special experimental protocols have shown that these cells code the direction and amplitude of intended movements in motor coordinates and suggest that this area plays a role in motor planning.
Binocular coordination of torsional eye movements in cyclofusional response.

Abstract Recordings of torsional eye movements during cyclofusional responses are analyzed with respect to their bilateral character. Torsional disparity step presentations within a wide stimulus field (50°) elicit fusional motor responses consisting of either binocular intorsions or extorsions. A torsional disparity step of 5.75° evokes an average of 1.7 and 1.5° of torsion from right and left eyes, respectively. The fusional response therefore consists of two parts: a disparity compensating motor response and a non-motor, central response associated with Panum's fusional areas. Binocular coordination of torsional eye movements is demonstrated during cyclofusional response.
An effectiveness study of a CAD system augmented by audio feedback

Abstract The question addressed is the effectiveness of man-computer communication in computer-aided design (CAD). Many physical systems that design engineers develop on interactive CAD systems, in reality, produce noises that would give information about the system's performance. The results of a controlled man-computer study are presented here. The task for the subjects was to design the acoustical treatment for a noisy laboratory. A control group worked in a conventional manner with the CAD system. The study group received continuous audio feedback indicative of the degree of noise reduction of their design. The statistically significant results are presented.
The beginnings of the R.L. Moore school of topology

Abstract The roots of the R.L. Moore school of point set topology were formed around 1900, with Moore's most direct influences coming from his University of Texas teacher, G.B. Halsted, and from his graduate school teachers at the University of Chicago, mainly O. Veblen and E.H. Moore. It was recognized as a school by the 1930s as Moore and his students achieved recognition for their work and as this group interacted with the Polish school of topology. In addition to the mathematical subject, the other main factor that helped to identify this group as a school was the distinctive method of teaching Moore used to introduce the subject to students.
Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after 1800 cGy cranial radiation

Abstract The relationship between intensity of central nervous system preventive therapy and the development of hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction is unclear in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In a previous report, we demonstrated uniform decreases in spontaneous secretion of growth hormone following 2400 cGy whole brain radiation. In this study, we measured basal growth hormone levels every 20 minutes over 24 hr in five survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with 1800 cGy cranial radiation. Four of the patients had been off therapy 2 9 12 −4 3 12 years. Growth hormone secretion in these patients, as indicated by mean growth hormone concentration, pulse amplitude and frequency, was clearly greater than that seen following 2400 cGy and appeared to be normal compared with sex- and Tanner stage-matched literature controls. However, serial growth measurements showed significant decreases in height percentiles in two of these children. The fifth patient, who had already approached her adult height at the time of diagnosis, had been off therapy only 1 year and had a mean growth hormone level intermediate between those of normal controls and previously reported children treated with 2400 cGy. These data suggest (a) that the effect of radiation therapy on spontaneous pulsatile growth hormone secretion may be dose related, and (b) that short stature in a given patient may not be indicative of subnormal basal growth hormone levels. Further longitudinal investigation may clarify whether early transient changes in GH secretion occur that may normalize over time.
Characterization of Cylindrocarpon species, the cause of black foot disease of grapevine in California.

This study investigated phylogenetic divergence, morphological difference, and pathogenic variation among Cylindrocarpon species isolates associated with black foot disease of grapevine (Vitis sp.) in California. To assess phylogenetic divergence, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), partial beta-tubulin (BT) gene introns and exons, and the small subunit mitochondrial rDNA. Isolates associated with black foot disease belonged to two paraphyletic species, Cylindrocarpon destructans and C. macrodidymum. The morphology of these isolates was in agreement with published descriptions of both species. We found that C. macrodidymum isolates were reliably distinguishable from C. destructans isolates in culture by a unique orange-dark brown colony color on 2% malt extract agar and genetically by a species-specific 52-bp DNA insertion in the BT region. Selected isolates of each species inoculated onto grapevine rootstock 5C caused typical black foot disease symptoms. This is the first report of C. macrodidymum in California.
A High Throughput Encoder for High Dynamic Range Images

An encoder for high dynamic range (HDR) images is proposed that is compatible with the JPEG2000 compression engine and can provide three different versions of the image to the user at the receiver end depending on his needs. The first version is a gray scale HDR image. The second is a local tone-mapped version of the color HDR image suitable for display on conventional devices. By combining data from the first two versions, the original color HDR image can be reconstructed. The proposed HDR encoder was implemented on a field programmable gate array, and has high enough throughput to support a system processing 1024times768 images at a rate of 60 frames per second.
Executive Compensation in the Information Technology Industry

An innovative business practice attributed to the information technology (IT) industry is the aggressive use of employee stock options to compensate executives and other employees. In this study, we investigate whether the greater use of stock options in the IT industry can be explained on the basis of general economic relationships that apply to firms in all industries. To examine differences in compensating top executives, we estimate a system of simultaneous equations that is designed to accommodate interconnections between performance, the level of compensation, and the mix of compensation components. We document that the shares of both bonus and option pay increase with performance and that the pay level and the extent of incentive pay positively affect firm performance. We identify economic factors that may influence the use of options and show that there are significant differences in these factors between IT and other industries. We find that, while much of the greater use of options by IT firms is explained by the economic factors, significant residual differences remain. We also find that, when performance and other factors are considered, the level of executive pay in the IT industry is not higher than in other industries.
WORKING-CLASS READERS Family, Community, and Reading in Late Nineteenth-Century America

This article argues that a genuine social history of reading in the nineteenth century requires more direct attention to audiences in addition to the traditional attention to producers and product. It suggests that historians of literacy have been more creative than mass media historians in using individual-level historical data (such as censuses, deeds, wills, government surveys) to study past reading behavior. One type of individual-level data that may be of use to mass communication historians is the series of family cost-of-living surveys conducted by state and federal bureaus of labor statistics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These studies of working-class family budgets, some of which were published in nonaggregated form, include detailed information on family structure, income, and expenditures, including expenditures on newspapers and books. Through an analysis of a sample of cotton textile worker budgets from an 1889-1890 federal survey, this study found that expenditures f...
Prices, Plant Size, and Product Quality

Drawing on uncommonly rich and representative data from the Colombian manufacturing census, this paper documents new empirical relationships between input prices, output prices, and plant size and proposes a model of endogenous input and output quality choices by heterogeneous firms to explain the observed patterns. The key empirical facts are that, on average within narrowly defined sectors, (1) larger plants charge more for their outputs and (2) larger plants pay more for their material inputs. The latter fact generalizes the well-known positive correlation between plant size and wages. Similar correlations hold between prices and export status. We show that the empirical patterns are consistent with a parsimonious extension of the Melitz (2003, “The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity,” Econometrica, 71 , 1695–1725) framework to include endogenous choice of input and output quality. Using a measure of the scope for quality differentiation from Sutton (1998, Technology and Market Structure: Theory and History . Cambridge: MIT Press), we show that differences across sectors in the relationships between prices and plant size are consistent with our model. Available evidence suggests that differences in observable measures of market power do not provide a complete explanation for the empirical patterns. We interpret the results as supportive of the hypothesis that quality differences of both inputs and outputs play an important role in generating the price–plant size correlations.
Dynamic analysis of spiral bevel geared rotor systems applying finite elements and enhanced lumped parameters

The dynamics of spiral bevel gears like most high-speed precision gears employed in motor vehicles and off highway equipments are substantially affected by the structural characteristics of the shafts and bearings. The lumped parameter model is one of the common tools applied to perform gear dynamic analysis. Even though the lumped parameter approach is computationally fast and conveniently efficient, it typically uses limited number of coordinates and may not fully account for the shaft-bearing structural characteristics accurately. In this analysis, the finite element formulation, that can generally represent more complete characteristics of the shaft-bearing assembly, is employed to enhance the current lumped parameter synthesis theory using the concept of effective mass and inertia elements. Computational output shows that the enhanced lumped parameter synthesis model is capable of predicting sufficiently accurate dynamic response when compared to the direct dynamic finite element calculations, and much more precise response than previous lumped parameter results, especially when the gear dynamics are associated with the pinion or gear bending modes. Even though this analysis focuses primarily on the spiral bevel geared rotor systems, the proposed methodology and analysis results can be easily extended to other types of gears.
Clinical Problems with Generic Antiepileptic Drugs

Objective: In the treatment of epilepsy, as in all areas of drug therapy, generic formulations are becoming more important as pressure to reduce drug costs increases. In clinical practice, the interchangeability of reference and generic preparations is often assumed. However, in individual patients with a narrow therapeutic range, switching to another formulation of an antiepileptic agent with low water solubility and nonlinear pharmacokinetics may lead to breakthrough seizures or toxicity The purpose of this study was to examine the bioequivalence and clinical effects after switch of equal daily dosages of two commercially available sustained-release preparations of carbamazepine (CBZ). Patients and Study Design: This was a nonblinded intra-individual trial in 14 patients aged 18 to 52 years with focal epilepsy who had been receiving mono-therapy with the reference preparation of sustained-release carbamazepine (mean dosage 1985 mg/day given twice daily) for at least 35 days. After a minimum of 3 further days, the reference preparation (denoted CBZ-R) was immediately replaced by an identical dosage of the generic preparation (denoted CBZ-G). Under steady-state conditions, for each preparation we determined area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum serum concentration (Cmax), minimum serum concentration (Cmin) and peak-trough fluctuation (PTF) of carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide. Results: One patient dropped out because of intolerable adverse effects with CBZ-G. For carbamazepine, the data for the remaining 13 patients, expressed as CBZ-G/CBZ-R, were: AUC 111.5% [90% confidence interval (CI) 105.6-117.8%]; PTF 90.9% (90% CI 73.4-112.8%); Cmax110.1% (90% CI 100.4-117.0%). These data indicate a higher bioavailability for CBZ-G. For carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, about 20% higher average concentrations were measured with CBZ-G. Applying the usual inclusion rule [90% CI within the range 80 to 125% (AUC) or 70to 143% (PTF and Cmax) of the reference preparation], the two formulations can be considered as bioequivalent. In contrast, we observed marked adverse effects, such as dizziness, nausea, ataxia, diplopia and nystagmus, in eight of the remaining 13 patients after switching to CBZ-G. Conclusions: Proof of bioequivalence between reference and generic preparations of antiepileptic drugs does not mean that they are freely interchangeable. Generic formulations with proven bioequivalence to branded preparations can be used, for example, at the beginning of treatment or in poorly controlled patients with serum concentrations in the mid range. The results demonstrate that the usual rules for bioequivalence and the range of acceptability for preparations of carbamazepine are problematic.
Vehicle road runoff — active steering control for shoulder induced accidents

The safe operation of a passenger/commercial ground vehicle requires continual judgment, mission planning, and driving skills by the operator. The departure of the tires from the prescribed road surface, labeled road runoff, represents a hazardous situation that must be properly handled to prevent unintended consequences. In this instance, the recommended actions are for the driver to recognize the situation, reduce vehicle speed, and then return to the road way in a safe manner. However, drivers may command a large steering wheel angle to immediately return to the paved road surface which can result in vehicle yaw angles which precipitate accidents. In this paper, the potentially dangerous dynamics for a vehicle recovering from road runoff will be explored with an opportunity for steering system intervention. First, a basis for the importance of the problem will be established. Second, the vehicle dynamics and tire/road interface will be examined to demonstrate the "cause and effect" of large steer angles when returning to the road. Finally, the integration of a road runoff recovery strategy algorithm into a steer-by-wire control system will be discussed. Representative numerical results will be presented and discussed.
Determinants of biodegradability.

As a consequence of the activities of modern industry and agriculture, many made-made organic compounds have found their way into our environment, and by persisting there for varying periods of time have caused concern to society. Why do some chemicals persist while others disappear? Detailed answers to this question require an understanding of the degradative segment of the earth's carbon cycle, most of the reactions of which are catalysed by enzymes used by microbes. These organisms owe much of their degradative expertise to their ability to render oxygen gas chemically reactive. This is a process that would be extremely dangerous for any living organism if it were carried out in a haphazard or accidental fashion; but when catalysed and cantrolled by enzymes (oxygenases) of micro-organisms, reaction sequences are started that result in biodegradation of compounds that resist the enzymes of all other living forms.
The economic impact of psoriasis increases with psoriasis severity

Abstract Background: Psoriasis treatments are known to be costly, but little is known about the financial impact of psoriasis and the way in which it relates to the severity of the disease. Objective: This study was performed to obtain an estimate of the treatment costs faced by patients with psoriasis. Methods: A total of 578 anonymous mail surveys were distributed to patients with psoriasis; 318 surveys were returned (55%). Psoriasis severity was assessed with the previously validated Self-Administered Psoriasis Area Severity Index (SAPASI). Results: The total and out-of-pocket expenses to care for psoriasis were correlated with psoriasis severity ( r = 0.26, p = 0.0001). There were no sex ( p = 0.9) or racial ( p = 0.4) differences in total expenditures. Severity was correlated with how bothersome to the patient was the cost of treatment ( r = 0.30, p = 0.0001), the time required for treatment ( r = 0.38, p = 0.0001), and the time lost from work ( r = 0.23, p = 0.0001). Lower quality of life at work and in money matters also correlated with severity of psoriasis. Higher family income was associated with less time spent caring for psoriasis and less interference with work around the home. Conclusion: As expected, the expenses caring for psoriasis are greater for patients with more severe disease. These costs and other financial implications are associated with lower quality of life for patients with more severe psoriasis. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:564-9.)
The Emergence of the Metabolic Syndrome with Menopause

Women with the metabolic syndrome (central obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia) are known to be at especially high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increases with menopause and may partially explain the apparent acceleration in CVD after menopause. The transition from pre- to postmenopause is associated with the emergence of many features of the metabolic syndrome, including 1) increased central (intraabdominal) body fat; 2) a shift toward a more atherogenic lipid profile, with increased low density lipoprotein and triglycerides levels, reduced high density lipoprotein, and small, dense low density lipoprotein particles; 3) and increased glucose and insulin levels. The emergence of these risk factors may be a direct result of ovarian failure or, alternatively, an indirect result of the metabolic consequences of central fat redistribution with estrogen deficiency. It is unclear whether the transition to menopause increases CVD risk in all women or only those who develop features of the metabolic syndrome. This article will review the features of the metabolic syndrome that emerge with estrogen deficiency. A better understanding of these metabolic changes with menopause will aid in the recognition and treatment of women at risk for future CVD, leading to appropriate interventions. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 2404 –2411, 2003)
Continuities in Size of Place Preferences in the United States, 1972–19921

The directions of net migration and population redistribution in the U.S. have switched from nonmetropolitan deconcentration during the 1970s, to metropolitan concentration during the 1980s, and back to deconcentration once again in the early 1990s. The complex causes of these distribution shifts are thought to involve both structural reconfigurations of economic activities that affect the location of opportunities and residential preferences that are tied more closely to amenities and quality of life considerations. This paper uses comparable data from three representative sample surveys of the U.S. population to update and extend earlier research on the preferential basis of redistribution trends. Our analysis does not support the view that shifts in the direction of residential preferences during 1972-1992 tend to coincide with shifts in metropolitan-nonmetropolitan net migration and population redistribution. Rather, a consistent finding across all three surveys is that most people prefer their current residence type, and those who do not are almost twice as likely to prefer lower rather than higher density settings. These findings support the importance of preferences to explanations of recent population trends, but these preferences are not in isolation from the economic contexts in which they occur. Language: en
Quantitative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging reveals structural implications of renal osteodystrophy on trabecular and cortical bone.

Purpose To explore the potential role of micro-magnetic resonance imaging (μ-MRI) for quantifying trabecular and cortical bone structural parameters in renal osteodystrophy (ROD), a multifactorial disorder of bone metabolism, traditionally evaluated by bone biopsy. Materials and Methods Seventeen hemodialysis patients (average PTH level = 502 ± 415 μg/liter) were compared with 17 age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched control subjects. The average dialysis duration for the patients was 5.5 years (range = 0.96-18.2 years). Three-dimensional (3D) fast large-angle spin-echo (FLASE) MR images of the distal tibia (voxel size = 137 × 137 × 410 μm3) were processed to yield bone volume fraction (BV/TV). From a skeletonized representation of the trabecular bone network, the topology of each bone voxel was determined providing surface and curve voxel densities (SURF and CURV) and the topological erosion index (EI). Further, high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) spin-echo images were collected at the tibial midshaft for measurement of cortical bone cross-sectional area (CCA), relative CCA expressed as a percentage of total bone area (RCA), and mean cortical thickness (MCT). Results The data show both RCA and MCT to be lower in the patients (61.2 vs. 69.1%, P = 0.008, and 4.53 vs. 5.19 mm, P = 0.01). BV/TV and SURF were lower, while EI was increased in the patients, although these differences were not quite significant (P = 0.06-0.09). All of the cortical and trabecular findings are consistent with increased bone fragility. Conclusion The data suggest that μ-MRI may have potential to characterize the structural implications of metabolic bone disease, potentially providing a noninvasive tool for the evaluation of therapies for ROD. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:83–89. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Single Pulse Characteristics of the Millisecond Radio Pulsar PSR B1937+21 at 430 MHz

The single-pulse characteristics of the millisecond pulsar PSR B1937+21 are studied using the recently installed Caltech baseband recorder at the Arecibo Radio Observatory in Puerto Rico. This is the first such analysis of this object that includes both average intensity pulses as well as "giant pulses." Pulse ensemble-averaging techniques are developed in order to study the characteristics of PSR B1937+21's single pulses since the high time resolution signal-to-noise ratio is less than unity. This analysis reveals that the non-giant pulse radio emission is extremely stable. All observed fluctuations are consistent with diffractive interstellar scattering. Such intrinsic stability has yet to be observed in other radio pulsars.
Interferon γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor Are Not Essential Parameters of CD4+ T-Cell Responses for Vaccine Control of Tuberculosis

Background. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one third of the world's population and causes >8 million cases of tuberculosis annually. New vaccines are necessary to control the spread of tuberculosis. T cells, interferon γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are necessary to control M. tuberculosis infection in both humans and unvaccinated experimental animal models. However, the immune responses necessary for vaccine efficacy against M. tuberculosis have not been defined. The multifunctional activity of T-helper type 1 (TH1) cells that simultaneously produce IFN-γ and TNF has been proposed as a candidate mechanism of vaccine efficacy. Methods. We used a mouse model of T-cell transfer and aerosolized M. tuberculosis infection to assess the contributions of TNF, IFN-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to vaccine efficacy. Results. CD4+ T cells were necessary and sufficient to transfer protection against aerosolized M. tuberculosis, but neither CD4+ T cell–produced TNF nor host cell responsiveness to IFN-γ were necessary. Transfer of Tnf−/− CD4+ T cells from vaccinated donors to Ifngr−/− recipients was also sufficient to confer protection. Activation of iNOS to produce reactive nitrogen species was not necessary for vaccine efficacy. Conclusions. Induction of TH1 cells that coexpress IFN-γ and TNF is not a requirement for vaccine efficacy against M. tuberculosis, despite these cytokines being essential for control of M. tuberculosis in nonvaccinated animals.
Educational Programs in the Human Factors Area

This paper summarizes trends in the development of university programs in the human factors area. Several examples are described briefly.
Variation in light intensity with height and time from subsequent lightning return strokes

Photographic measurements of relative light intensity as a function of height and time have been conducted for seven return strokes in two lightning flashes at 7.8 and 8.7 km ranges, using film which possesses an approximately constant spectral response in the 300-670 nm range. The amplitude of the initial light peak is noted to decrease exponentially with height, with a decay constant of 0.6-0.8 km. The logarithm of the peak light intensity near the ground is found to be approximately proportional to the initial peak electric field intensity, implying that the current decrease with height may be much slower than the light decrease. Absolute light intensity is presently estimated through the integration of the photographic signals from individual channel segments, in order to simulate the calibrated, all-sky photoelectric data of Guo and Krider (1982).
Selenium Toxicity in Animals with Emphasis on Man

This review was undertaken to establish what might be the maximum safe dose of selenium that could be administered to man in studies on the use of the element in cancer prevention. The early histor...
9-cis-Retinoic acid increases apolipoprotein AI secretion and mRNA expression in HepG2 cells

HepG2 cells were studied as a model for regulation of hepatic apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) secretion and gene expression by 9-cis-retinoic acid. HepG2 cells cultured on plastic dishes were exposed to 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) for 48 h with a complete media change at 24 h. Apo AI mass in culture media was determined by ELISA, by quantitative immunoblotting and by steady-state 35S-methionine labeling. Messenger RNA levels were determined by RNase protection using probes for apo AI and the housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH). 9-cis-RA increased secretion of apo AI by 52% at doses of 10 and 1 ,uM (6.3 + 0.6 vs. 4.2 rt 0.3; P < 0.005; 6.1 + 0.3 vs. 4.0 f 0.7 ng of apo AI/mg cell protein, P < 0.05) and by 35% at 0.1 ,uM (5.5 & 0.6 vs. 4.1 + 0.4 ng ape AI/mg protein, P < 0.05, n = 4). Immunoblotting results were consistent with results from ELISA (70% increase at 10 ,uM 9-cis-RA, P < 0.001; 34% increase at 1 ,uM, P < 0.005, n = 3). Metabolically labeled apoA1 in the medium was increased by 39% following steady-state labeling in the presence of 10 PM 9-c-is-RA (597 k 7 vs. 430 + 13 DPM/,u~ media; P < 0.001; n = 4). 9-cis-RA (10 ,BM) also increased HepG2 cell apo AI mRNA expression by 76% (68 700 i 400 vs. 38 900 k 2700 DPM, P < 0.01, n = 4) whereas expression of G3PDH mRNA was slightly decreased (14%, P < 0.05). Thus, 9-cis-RA stimulates apo AI expression in HepG2 cells, suggesting a role for retinoids in activating endogenous apo AI gene expression.
A Note on the System Requirements of a Digital Computer for the Manipulation of List Structures

The technique of programming within the framework of the so-called Newell-Shaw-Simon (NSS) associative list memory is currently the subject of much interest among workers in the area of advanced programming research. Unfortunately, committing a given program to list memory generally entails accepting a significant loss of speed and efficiency in information processing, so that the advantages accruing from the use of list memory must be carefully balanced against its weaknesses. This paper is concermed with the system requirements of a digital computer for which the use of list techniques is to be competitive with standard programming, so that the particular memory organization for a given problem may be chosen on the basis of suitability and ease of programming alone. A description of a list-processing 7090-type computer is appended in order to make our discussion concrete, although engineering and economic feasibility is not implied.
Adaptive response-time-based category sequencing in perceptual learning.

Although much recent work in perceptual learning (PL) has focused on basic sensory discriminations, recent analyses suggest that PL in a variety of tasks depends on processes that discover and select information relevant to classifications being learned (Kellman & Garrigan, 2009; Petrov, Dosher, & Lu, 2005). In complex, real-world tasks, discovery involves finding structural invariants amidst task-irrelevant variation (Gibson, 1969), allowing learners to correctly classify new stimuli. The applicability of PL methods to such tasks offers important opportunities to improve learning. It also raises questions about how learning might be optimized in complex tasks and whether variables that influence other forms of learning also apply to PL. We investigated whether an adaptive, response-time-based, category sequencing algorithm implementing laws of spacing derived from memory research would also enhance perceptual category learning and transfer to novel cases. Participants learned to classify images of 12 different butterfly genera under conditions of: (1) random presentation, (2) adaptive category sequencing, and (3) adaptive category sequencing with ‘mini-blocks’ (grouping 3 successive category exemplars). We found significant effects on efficiency of learning for adaptive category sequencing, reliably better than for random presentation and mini-blocking (Experiment 1). Effects persisted across a 1-week delay and were enhanced for novel items. Experiment 2 showed even greater effects of adaptive learning for perceptual categories containing lower variability. These results suggest that adaptive category sequencing increases the efficiency of PL and enhances generalization of PL to novel stimuli, key components of high-level PL and fundamental requirements of learning in many domains.
cis-platinum-mediated decrease in serum testosterone is associated with depression of luteinizing hormone receptors and cytochrome P-450scc in rat testis.

Previously we had shown that cis-platinum decreases testosterone levels in rat serum and that hCG reverses this effect. The purpose of these studies was to determine the biochemical basis of cis-platinum-mediated effects on testicular testosterone production. In the testis of rats treated with cisplatinum (7 mg/kg, iv), the mitochondrial P-450scc concentration and side-chain cleavage activity were depressed by 40%. Also, the microsomal 17α-hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450 concentration were decreased. Testicular binding capacity (in vitro) for [125I]hCG was decreased by 75–80%. On the other hand, FSH binding to Sertoli cell membrane receptors was not appreciably changed. hCG (25 IU/100 g daily) in treated rats caused complete occupancy of the remaining 20–25% LH receptors and caused a 20- to 30-fold increase in serum and testicular testosterone, a 2-fold increase in mitochondrial P-450scc and a 5-fold acceleration of side-chain cleavage activity. 17α-Hydroxylase activity and microsomal cytochrome...
Renal sympathoinhibition mediated by 5-HT1Areceptors in the RVLM during severe hemorrhage in rats

The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 1A (5-HT1A) receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in the mediation of the sympathoinhibitory and hypotensive responses to severe hemorrhage was ...
The contribution of the vagus nerve in interleukin-1β-induced fever is dependent on dose

It has been suggested that proinflammatory cytokines communicate to the brain via a neural pathway involving activation of vagal afferents by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), in addition to blood-borne routes. In support, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blocks IL-1β-induced, brain-mediated responses such as fever. However, vagotomy has also been reported to be ineffective. Neural signaling would be expected to be especially important at low doses of cytokine, when local actions could occur, but only very small quantities of cytokine would become systemic. Here, we examined core body temperature after intraperitoneal injections of three doses of recombinat human IL-1β (rh-IL-1β). Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy completely blocked the fever produced by 0.1 μg/kg, only partially blocked the fever produced by 0.5 μg/kg, and had no effect at all on the fever that followed 1.0 μg/kg rh-IL-1β. Blood levels of rh-IL-1β did not become greater than normal basal levels of endogenous rat IL-β until the 0.5-μg/kg dose nor was IL-1β induced in the pituitary until this dose. These results suggest that low doses of intraperitoneal IL-1β induce fever via a vagal route and that dose may account for some of the discrepancies in the literature.
Anisotropic Size-Dependent Plasticity in Face-Centered Cubic Micropillars Under Torsion

Three-dimensional dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations are performed to investigate the size-dependent plasticity in submicron face-centered cubic (FCC) micropillars under torsion. By using a previously implemented surface nucleation algorithm within DD, we show that the plastic behavior of FCC micropillars under torsion is strongly affected by the crystallographic orientation: In 〈110〉 oriented submicron pillars, coaxial dislocations nucleate and pile up near the axis, leading to homogeneous deformation along the pillars. In contrast, in 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 oriented pillars, heterogeneous plasticity has been observed due to the formation of localized dislocation arrays. As a result of the existence of a coaxial slip plane in 〈110〉 oriented pillars, stronger size-dependent plasticity is observed in this case compared with those in other orientations.
Abstract 415: Resolvin D1 Limits 5-lipoxygenase Nuclear Localization and Leukotriene B4 Synthesis by Inhibiting a Calcium-activated Kinase Pathway

Introduction: Imbalances between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Hypothesis: The balance of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived mediators in leukocytes is thought to be achieved through intracellular localization of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX): nuclear 5-LOX favors the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB4), while, in theory, cytoplasmic 5-LOX could favor the biosynthesis of pro-resolving lipoxin A4 (LXA4). This balance is shifted in favor of LXA4 by resolvin D1 (RvD1), a specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but the mechanism is not known. Hence we hypothesized that RvD1 regulates 5-LOX localization in macrophages. Methods/Results: Here we report a new pathway through which RvD1 promotes nuclear exclusion of 5-LOX and thereby suppresses LTB4 and enhances LXA4 in macrophages. RvD1, by activating its receptor FPR2/ALX, suppresses cytosolic calcium and decreases activation of the...
Photophysical and Photochemical Studies of Liquids Below Their Freezing Points

Photophysical and photochemical methods are used to investigate liquids below their melting point. In benzene, immediately below the freezing point the rate of decay of pyrene fluorescence increases dramatically. The k increases to some 220- to 230-fold compared to that of fluid solution. With pyrene, the increased rate of decay is associated with excimer formation and with dimethyl aniline with exiplex formation. Decreasing the temperatures from the freezing point to 77 K initially gives rise to an increase in k which then decreases gradually to 77 K. Spectroscopy shows that in the frozen medium the pyrene environment is that in liquid benzene. The data point to the fact that on freezing all the benzene does not freeze, a small 0.2% remaining fluid. On freezing the pyrene is forced from the bulk crystalline phase to the liquid zones, thus increasing its concentration and rate of excimer formation. Cyclohexane initially shows similar behavior, but further cooling rapidly decreases the rate of fluorescence...
Human lymphocyte subpopulations: the effect of pregnancy.

SummaryPeripheral blood lymphocytes from pregnant and nonpregnant females were studied for the presence of the following surface receptors: (i) Receptor for heat-aggregated human IgG (AggIgG); (ii) Receptor(s) for complement components; (iii) Receptor for sheep red blood cells (SRBC).Absolute numbers of lymphocytes with receptors for complement and those with receptors for SRBC were present in equal numbers in both groups. However, in the pregnant females there was a significantly lower number of lymphocytes with receptors for AggIgG. It is hypothesized that some of the immunological changes which occur during pregnancy may be mediated partly through changes in the total numbers of certain lymphocyte subpopulations.We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. R. A. Bashore and Dr. W. Nagata in obtaining patients for this study.
New approaches to the imaging, diagnosis, and biopsy of breast lesions.

Currently, breast cancer is detected and diagnosed by a combination of physical examination, imaging, and biopsy. Particularly for younger women, the limitations of these methods can cause a cancerous lesion to go undetected because neither physical examination nor imaging are infallible, and neither can promise the early detection of all breast cancers. Dense breasts make physical examination, mammography, and ultrasound less sensitive. Breast screening of all types generates over a million breast biopsies in the U.S. alone. This article reviews how to optimize the approach to breast biopsy using available methods to minimize the number of procedures a woman experiences, and describes tools in development that will hopefully improve our ability to diagnose and treat breast cancer.
DFP labeling of platelets during recovery from thrombocytopenia.

Rat platelets were labeled with tritiated diisopropylfluorophosphate (3H-DFP) during recovery from acute thrombocytopenia. The results indicated that there was significant labeling of megakaryocytes by 3H-DFP which, in the presence of an increased rate of platelet production, resulted in maintenance of relatively constant values for platelet-bound radioactivity during the period of maximum platelet production and reactive thrombocytosis. Significant random loss of platelets was apparent, and, when a cohort of young platelets was transfused to normal recipients, they were destroyed at a normal rate.
Urinary Lithiasis in the Black Population: An Epidemiological Study and Review of the Literature

AbstractA retrospective review of 199 black patients with urinary calculi and review of the census figures of the index hospitals revealed that white patients had urinary calculi 3 to 4 times as often as black subjects. The black male-to-female ratio was 1 to 1.55 compared to a ratio for white patients of 2.3 to 1. Calculi in black male subjects occur at a younger age than in black or white female or white male patients. The most common organisms cultured in black patients with stones were Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. In contrast to the white population the most common type of stone formed in black patients was struvite/carbonate apatite. Stones of this type accounted for a third of all stones in male and 44 per cent in female subjects. We conclude that nephrolithiasis is an uncommon but not rare disease in the American black population.
Inhibition of the Pan-Bcl-2 Family by the Small Molecule GX15-070 Induces Apoptosis in Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) Cells and Enhances the Activity of Two Proteasome Inhibitors (NPI-0052 and Bortezomib), and Doxorubicin Chemotherapy.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) accounts for 6–8% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). It is an aggressive lymphoma with a poor prognosis--it is generally considered incurable with conventional treatments, and median survival is 3–4 years with a 10-year survival of only 10–15%. There is no accepted standard of care and effective treatments are greatly needed. Bcl-2 family proteins are important regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and are involved in oncogenesis and chemoresistance of a variety of tumor types, including lymphoma. Antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family are overexpressed in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells and may be responsible, in part, for drug resistance. GX15-070 is a small-molecule antagonist of the BH3-binding groove of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and is currently in Phase I clinical trials. Consequently, we determined the activity of GX15-070 in 3 MCL cell lines (Jeko-1, Mino, and SP53). Cell viability was determined by MTS assay, apoptosis by Annexin-V binding and FACS analysis, and molecular changes by western blot. GX15-070 induced apoptosis in all three MCL cell lines in a dose and time-dependent manner. In the SP53 cell line, GX15-070 decreased MCL-1 and Bak levels, increased Bax and cleaved caspase 3. Furthermore, GX15-070 activated both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway as evident by cleavage of caspase 8, 9, and Bid. Both bortezomib and the novel proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052 induced single agent antiproliferative activity in MCL. GX15-070 enhanced the effect of both proteasome inhibitors. Additionally, GX15-070 showed an additive effect with doxorubicin. These studies suggest that GX15-070 may have a therapeutic value in MCL either alone or in combination with proteasome inhibitors or chemotherapy.
Breast Cancer in the Older Adult

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women over the age of 65 years. The objectives of this chapter are to review the value of clinical assessment tools for older adults with breast cancer and to discuss breast cancer prevention, screening, and treatment specific for older adults. The geriatric assessment is an important tool that oncologists can use to better assess an older adult’s functional age and provides additional information beyond standard performance status measures. The geriatric assessment has been shown to uncover problems not detected in a routine oncologic evaluation and also aids in predicting treatment-related toxicity in older adults with solid tumors. Healthy older women with breast cancer should be managed like younger postmenopausal women, including breast conservation therapy if feasible and adjuvant systemic therapy. Frail older women and those with significant comorbidity frequently require treatment modifications. Older women with breast cancer should be routinely encouraged to participate in clinical trials to further develop evidence-based practices for the management and treatment of breast cancer in older adults.
Combining projects and informational sessions to create a comprehensive introduction to the department

The Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering department at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has five major research areas: data analytics; decision and control systems; design and manufacturing; financial engineering; and operations research. During the summer of 2015, faculty and graduate students from each of the last four areas designed mini-projects and assignments to cover the research areas of the department in a required first-year course. The goal of the designed course was to provide a comprehensive overview of the department and an engaging experience for first-year students. Project-based learning and Kolb's cycle for experiential learning were used to inform the structure of the course. Pre-surveys and post-surveys were administered to gather feedback from students in the course. On the surveys, students reported an increase in understanding of each of the research areas and a positive experience in the course.
Non–Delivery Room Management of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is a common respiratory disorder in term and near-term neonates. Infants with MAS may be extremely ill and need extensive support. This article reviews the clinical presentation of the disorder, the diagnostic evaluation that should be performed, and the ventilatory and medical management of MAS.
Longitudinal Impacts of Print-Focused Read-Alouds for Children With Language Impairment.

Purpose Preschoolers with language impairment (LI) are prime candidates for early-literacy interventions, given their susceptibility for future reading difficulties. To date, most studies of early-...
An initial investigation of the reliability and validity of the Compensatory Cognitive Strategies Scale.

ABSTRACTAlthough many cognitive performance tests and self-reported cognitive concerns scales have been used to evaluate cognitive functioning, fewer measures assess the use of compensatory cognitive strategies for daily activities among those experiencing mild levels of cognitive impairment. The Compensatory Cognitive Strategies Scale was developed to measure frequency of self-reported cognitive strategies to decrease distractions, organise and sequence activities, and to utilise newly available computer aids to assist memory among those with multiple sclerosis (MS). Cronbach’s alpha, a measure of internal consistency reliability, was .89 and .90 in two different samples. Concurrent validity was supported by the total score’s moderate correlation with the MMQ-Strategy Scale (rs = .67) and by a statistically significant increase in total scores for those who had participated in an intervention designed to improve their cognitive abilities. Correlations were stronger with another strategy measure than with...