cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a cis-5-cyclodecenone and cis fused hydronaphthalenols through control of the stereochemistry of the oxy-Cope rearrangement with the tri-n-propylsilyl substituent

Abstract In the course of preparing a trimethylsilyl substituted 5-cyclodecenone through anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement of a trans -1,2-divinylcyclohexanol, it was discovered that the silyl substituent in the divinylcyclohexanol is positioned so that it destabilizes [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement through the normally observed chair-like transition state. In the case of the tri- n -propylsilyl derivative, oxy-Cope rearrangement was observed to take place exclusively through the boat-like transition state to give ( E )-5-(tri- n -propylsilyl)-5-cyclodecenone with the cis double bond with respect to the ring. Acid-induced transannular cyclization of the E isomer led to 1,6-cyclization and generation of the cis-fused hydronaphthalenol.
Conductance of Dilute LiCl, NaCl, NaBr, and CsBr Solutions in Supercritical Water Using a Flow Conductance Cell

Conductivities of LiCl(aq), NaCl(aq), NaBr(aq), and CsBr(aq) solutions have been measured in the range of concentrations from 0.013 to 4 × 10-8 mol·dm-3 using a flow conductance cell at temperatures between 603 K and 674 K and pressures between 15 MPa and 28 MPa (water densities from 650 to 200 kg·m-3). Limiting equivalent conductances and ionization equilibrium constants calculated from the concentration dependence of the equivalent conductance are reported. Previous measurements of equilibrium constants in the low-density supercritical region, although of lesser accuracy, agree well with the present results. Even at the critical density and 2.5 K above the critical temperature there is no evidence for the critical effects which make the Debye−Huckel limiting law invalid at the critical isotherm−isobar. No critical scaling of Λ0 is observed. Walden's rule is not obeyed and the Stokes radius increases by 70% near the critical region as the density goes from 700 to 200 kg·m-3, suggesting an increase in the...
The Distribution of Futures Prices: A Test of the Stable Paretian and Mixture of Normals Hypotheses

Two alternate hypotheses, the stable Paretian and mixture of normals, have been proposed to explain the observed thick-tailed distributions of futures price movements. The two hypotheses are tested by applying the stability-under-addition test of stable distribution parameters to twenty lengthy time series of changes in daily closing futures prices. Tests are conducted on both the original data series and randomized data. The results offer sup? port for the mixture of normals hypothesis.
(η5-1-substituted-pentadienyl) (tricarbonyl)iron(+1) cations:Reactivity with malonate nucleophiles

Abstract The title compounds react with alkynyl cuprates via attack at the unsubstituted terminus to afford (η4-trans, cis-1,3,6-dienyne)Fe(CO)3 complexes. The regioselectivity of this attack appears to be sterically controlled.
Integrated-Optical Components for Fiber Gyroscopes

Progress in developing a fiber-gyroscope integrated-optical chip is reviewed. Two LiNb03 channel-waveguide components are described. Excess insertion loss as low as 5.5 dB has been obtained in a double-Y branch and 40 dB sideband suppression has been achieved in a serrodyne frequency translator.
Catalytic diamination of olefins via N-N bond activation.

ConspectusVicinal diamines are important structural motifs present in various biologically and chemically significant molecules. Direct diamination of olefins provides an effective approach to this class of compounds. Unlike well-established oxidation processes such as epoxidation, dihydroxylation, and aminohydroxylation, direct diamination of olefins had remained a long-standing challenge and had been less well developed.In this Account, we summarize our recent studies on Pd(0)- and Cu(I)-catalyzed diaminations of olefins using di-tert-butyldiaziridinone and its related analogues as nitrogen sources via N–N bond activation. A wide variety of imidazolidinones, cyclic sulfamides, indolines, imidazolinones, and cyclic guanidines can be obtained from conjugated dienes and terminal olefins. For conjugated dienes, the diamination proceeds regioselectively at the internal double bond with the Pd(0) catalyst. Mechanistic studies show that the diamination likely involves a four-membered Pd(II) species resulting f...
Synthesis of Acetophenone Azine

Abstract Conditions for preparing acetophenone azine via the oxidative dimerization of acetophenone imine anion are investigated.
Highly effective NPN-type tridentate ligands for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones

Abstract New chiral NPN-type tridentate ligands containing two oxazoline rings and one phosphine have been synthesized, and their Ru(II) complexes show high reactivity and enantioselectivity in transfer hydrogenations of both aryl alkyl and dialkyl ketones (with ee's up to 92% for a dialkyl ketone).
An Application of Parameter Optimization to Hydraulic Servo Design

This paper describes the use of a parameter optimization method for the design of hydraulic servos. These servos are employed in a two-dimensional contouring control system for a machine tool. The design actually is carried out by adjusting five parameters (gains, time constants) of the servo using a hill-climbing procedure. A physical description and a mathematical model of the hydraulic servo and the associated machine tool are presented. This model includes the amplifiers, stability networks, valves, and hydraulic motor of the servo itself, as well as the inertia, viscous friction, backlash, spring effect, and coulomb friction of the machine tool. Also discussed are the important performance requirements arising from the desire for accurate machining of complex shapes. These requirements stipulate the need for small path errors along the contour and smaller overshoots than undershoots at corners. They are translated into a meaningful performance index, the value of which is to be minimized by the parameter optimization method. The digital computer program and the optimization procedure for the five free servo parameters are discussed. Finally, the path error along a test contour is presented for both the starting and optimum values of the five adjustable parameters. These data indicate clearly the improvement in performance which can be achieved over a servo design carried out by a conventional design method.
Lattès maps and finite subdivision rules

This paper is concerned with realizing rational maps by subdivision maps of finite subdivision rules. If R is an orientation-preserving finite subdivision rule such that the subdivision complex SR is a 2-sphere, then the subdivision map σR is a critically finite branched map. Furthermore, R has bounded valence if and only if σR has no periodic critical points. In [1] and [3], Bonk-Meyer and Cannon-Floyd-Parry prove that if f is a critically finite rational map without periodic critical points, then every sufficiently large iterate of f is the subdivision map of a finite subdivision rule R with two tile types such that the 1-skeleton of SR is a circle. Since finite subdivision rules are essentially combinatorial objects, this gives good combinatorial models for these iterates. It is especially convenient to realize a crtically finite map by the subdivision map of a finite subdivision rule with either a single tile type or with two tile types and 1-skeleton of the subdivision complex a circle. While passing to an iterate is not usually a serious obstacle, it would be preferable if one didn’t need to pass to an iterate. Suppose f is a critically finite rational map without periodic critical points? We consider the following questions. (1) Is f the subdivision map of a finite subdivision rule? (2) Is f the subdivision map of a finite subdivision rule with two tile tiles and 1-skeleton of the subdivision complex a circle? (3) Is f the subdivision map of a finite subdivision rule with one tile type? By analyzing the special case that f is a Lattes map, we show that questions 2) and 3) are not always true. In particular, there are three Lattes maps that are not subdivision maps of finite subdivision rules with a single tile type or with two tile types and 1-skeleton of the subdivision complex a circle. However, every Lattes maps is the subdivision map of a finite subdivision rule with two tile types.
Pathologie mammaire de l'enfant

Resume La pathologie du sein de l'enfant recoupe plusieurs entites cliniques dont certaines ne sont que l'expression de variations physiologiques. La glande mammaire est constituee des trois elements qui sont le tissu palleal, la glande tubuloacineuse et la zone cutanee areolomamelonnaire. Le developpement de ces differents composants est sous dependance hormonale et chacun d'entre eux peut faire, a differentes periodes de la vie, l'objet de modifications entrant dans le cadre de variations physiologiques, ne necessitant la plupart du temps qu'une simple surveillance. D'autres lesions majoritairement benignes peuvent etre evoquees en fonction de l'âge de survenue et de l'aspect clinique, echographique et evolutif. Les auteurs font le point de ces situations, et rappellent que meme si les tumeurs malignes restent exceptionnelles, elles doivent parfois etre evoquees et conduire a la biopsie.
Predictable excess returns in real estate markets: A study of iowa farmland values

Abstract This paper examines the efficiency of the Iowa farmland market, a real estate market characterized by a relatively homogeneous asset with reasonably well-defined, market-measured holding period returns. An efficient markets representation of the relationship between the price and rent on farmland is formulated and its implications are tested using annual data from 1926–1986. The results indicate that there have been significant predictable excess returns in the Iowa farmland market.
A model for human faces that allows speech synchronized animation

Abstract A parametric model for human faces is described which is capable of expression and lip animation. With this model speech synchronized animation is reduced to varying parameters in accordance with a timed speech sequence.
Understanding the "lucky few": the conundrum of HIV-exposed, seronegative individuals.

It has been known for many years that not all individuals who are repeatedly exposed to HIV-1 show evidence of viral replication, seroconvert, and eventually develop disease. Quite apart from those who seroconvert but progress slowly to AIDS (ie, slow progressors, longterm nonprogressors, elite controllers), these rare, exposed seronegatives either resist infection or harbor extremely low levels of virus that may be detected only using ultrasensitive methods (occult infection). The correlates of protection that confer this unique status to a tiny minority of HIV-exposed individuals remain a subject of intense interest, investigation, and controversy, as no single genetic or immunologic parameter has yet been able to fully explain this phenomenon. However, there is general consensus that studying these individuals may provide invaluable information to aid in the design of vaccines and therapeutic approaches. This review describes the major findings on this important topic, with a focus on immunologic studies.
Infinite horizon CAPM equilibrium

This paper derives the equilibrium of an infinite-horizon discrete-time CAPM economy in which agents have discounted expected quadratic utility functions. We show that there is an income stream obtainable by trading on the financial markets which best approximates perfect consumption smoothing (called the {\it least variable income stream} or LVI) such that the equilibrium consumption of each agent is some multiple of the LVI and some share of aggregate output. The welfare of agents is a decreasing function of the lack of consumption smoothing achievable, measured by the distance of the LVI from the perpetuity of one unit of income for ever. If in addition the economy has a Markov structure, the LVI, and hence the equilibrium, can be calculated by dynamic programming. When the model is calibrated to US data a striking prediction emerges: the quasi-irrelevance of the bond market. Infinitely-lived agents achieve almost all their desired consumption smoothing by applying carryover strategies to equity, the proportion of agents' portfolios in bonds rarely exceeding 3%.
MASS LOSS FROM PLANETARY NEBULAE IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES

Early-type galaxies possess a dilute hot ((2-10) × 106 K) gas that is probably the thermalized ejecta of the mass loss from evolving stars. We investigate the processes by which the mass loss from orbiting stars interacts with the stationary hot gas for the case of the mass ejected in a planetary nebula event. Numerical hydrodynamic simulations show that at first, the ejecta expands nearly symmetrically, with an upstream bow shock in the hot ambient gas. At later times, the flow past the ejecta creates fluid instabilities that cause about half of the ejecta to separate and the other half to flow more slowly downstream in a narrow wake. When radiative cooling is included, most of the material in the wake (>80%) remains below 105 K while the separated ejecta is hotter (105-106 K). The separated ejecta is still less than one-quarter the temperature of the ambient medium and the only way it will reach the temperature of the ambient medium is through turbulent mixing (after the material has left the grid). These calculations suggest that a significant fraction of the planetary nebula ejecta may not become part of the hot ambient material. This is in contrast to our previous calculations for continuous mass loss from giant stars in which most of the mass loss became hot gas. We speculate that detectable O VI emission may be produced, but more sophisticated calculations will be required to determine the emission spectrum and to better define the fraction of cooled material.
Fresnel Zone Plate Imaging in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

X-ray tubes and gamma ray cameras have traditionally involved trade-offs between spatial resolution and radiation flux. Recently we have shown that the use of a Fresnel zone plate as a spatially-coded source or aperture can avoid this trade-off. In radiology, this technique can eliminate the need for a rotating anode and give higher resolution, while in nuclear medicine it can be used either to decrease patient dose or exposure time, or to increase resolution and greatly simplify the apparatus. With a coded source or aperture, the image is also coded, like a hologram and can be reconstructed optically. The system is tomographic with information about all planes contained in a single film.
Backscatter Coefficient Estimation Using Tapers with Gaps

When using the backscatter coefficient (BSC) to estimate quantitative ultrasound parameters such as the effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and the effective acoustic concentration (EAC), it is necessary to assume that the interrogated medium contains diffuse scatterers. Structures that invalidate this assumption can affect the estimated BSC parameters in terms of increased bias and variance and decrease performance when classifying disease. In this work, a method was developed to mitigate the effects of echoes from structures that invalidate the assumption of diffuse scattering, while preserving as much signal as possible for obtaining diffuse scatterer property estimates. Backscattered signal sections that contained nondiffuse signals were identified and a windowing technique was used to provide BSC estimates for diffuse echoes only. Experiments from physical phantoms were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed BSC estimation methods. Tradeoffs associated with effective mitigation of specular scatterers and bias and variance introduced into the estimates were quantified. Analysis of the results suggested that discrete prolate spheroidal (PR) tapers with gaps provided the best performance for minimizing BSC error. Specifically, the mean square error for BSC between measured and theoretical had an average value of approximately 1.0 and 0.2 when using a Hanning taper and PR taper respectively, with six gaps. The BSC error due to amplitude bias was smallest for PR (Nω = 1) tapers. The BSC error due to shape bias was smallest for PR (Nω = 4) tapers. These results suggest using different taper types for estimating ESD versus EAC.
Classification and analysis of fetal deaths in Massachusetts.

Fetal deaths, in contrast to infant deaths, have been subject to epidemiologic analysis infrequently. We characterized 574 Massachusetts resident fetal deaths from 1982 and assessed the accuracy of cause-of-death information available from vital records compared with that from corresponding fetal autopsies. The fetal death rate exceeded the neonatal mortality rate. Fetal mortality was higher among black, unmarried, and older mothers. Fetuses of multiplegestation pregnancies had an unusually high risk of fetal death. Autopsy reports were obtained for 61% of fetal deaths. The underlying cause of death from the fetal death record differed from that on the autopsy report in 55% of cases. Systematic collection of population-based autopsy data is a useful approach for improving the quality and accuracy of mortality statistics on fetal deaths. Many stillbirths remain unexplained, however, and research is needed to identify pathological markers that might reduce the heterogeneity within the fetal deaths currently ascribed to unknown causes. (JAMA. 1989;261:1757-1762)
The characteristics of state government publications, 1910– 1969

Abstract State government publications make up an important information resource, with over 20,000 publications listed annually in the Library of Congress Monthly Checklist of State Publications . As with federal government publications appearing in the Monthly Catalog , state publications listed in the Monthly Checklist reflect only about 60% of the total. Because of the diverse deposit and distribution policies in the states and the limited amount of subject access and bibliographic control, state government publications are probably among the least utilized of available information resources. Part of the lack of utilization may well be related to their lack of visibility and the limited access potential users have. In the course of research to meet the requirements for a doctorate in library science, this author examined some of the characteristics of state publications. 1 The results of this examination are herein presented together with an explanation of the method used to gather data for the examination. References to LeRoy Merritt's study of United States government publications will be noted throughout the discussion of state publications since his procedure was used as a model for the current investigation. 2 By basing the analysis of state publications on procedures similar to Merritt's analysis of federal publications, a later comparison of the characteristics of state and federal publications was facilitated. 3 Before considering the procedures and results of the analysis of the characteristics of state government publications, a brief review of state publications bibliography in the United States is in order.
THE IMPACT OF HD COOLING ON THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST STARS

We use numerical simulations to investigate the importance of HD formation and cooling on the first generation of metal-free stars in a ΛCDM cosmology. We have implemented and tested non-equilibrium HD chemistry in an adaptive mesh refinement simulation code and applied it to two situations. (1) It is first applied to the formation of 105-106 M☉ halos which form in the absence of any ionizing source ("unperturbed" halos). We show, in agreement with previous work, that HD cooling is of only marginal importance for most halos; however, we find that for the lowest mass halos, with masses a few times 105 M☉, HD cooling can equal or surpass the H2 cooling rate. This leads to a population of stars formed in halos with effective HD cooling that are less massive by a factor of ~6 compared to halos dominated by H2 cooling. (2) In the second part of the paper, we ionize the halos in order to explore the impact of HD cooling in the presence of an ample population of free electrons. This leads to cooler temperatures (due to the electron-catalyzed production of H2), implying somewhat lower resulting protostellar mass. Adding HD chemistry changes this by lowering the temperature further, to the level of the CMB. We find that HD cooling dominates over H2 cooling in the density range 102-106 cm−3, but above this density, the temperature rises and H2 cooling dominates again. Because of this, the accretion rate on to the protostar is almost the same as in the H2 case (at least for accreted masses below 50-100 M☉); therefore we argue that HD cooling in ionized halos will probably not result in a population of significantly lower mass stars.
Highly Regioselective One‐Pot Synthesis of 7‐Hydroxy‐6‐methylphthalide from 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐methylbenzylalcohol

Abstract 7‐Hydroxy‐6‐methylphthalide 2 was synthesized with high regioselectivity and moderate yield using a novel one‐pot synthesis that employed 3‐hydroxy‐4‐methylbenzylalcohol 1 and formaldehyde in the presence of tin(IV) chloride as catalyst and triethylamine as base. The proposed mechanism of the formation of 2 involves ortho‐formylation followed by hemiacetal formation and oxidation.
A Population-Based Analysis of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Injury Admission Rates and In-Hospital Mortality

Background Research indicates that neighborhood socioeconomic status (N-SES) is inversely related to injury and injury-related mortality. We hypothesized that injury-related hospitalization rates would vary by N-SES and that N-SES would be related to in-hospital mortality. Study Design Adults (age 18 to 84 years) living in Shelby County, TN, were eligible for the study. Addresses of adults admitted to the only Level I trauma center in the county from 1996 to 2005 were geocoded and matched to 1 of 214 census tract groups. Census tract groups were divided into quintiles based on percent of the population living below the poverty level (lowest to highest income N-SES). Crude injury admission rate ratios (CIRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine if N-SES was associated with in-hospital mortality. Results Compared with the highest N-SES, those in the lowest N-SES suffered significantly higher rates of blunt (CIRR 5.74; 95% CI 5.35, 6.15) and penetrating injuries (CIRR 20.98; 95% CI 18.03, 24.42). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, compared with the highest N-SES, decreasing N-SES was not associated with in-hospital mortality for blunt (high-middle [0.90; 95% CI 0.57, 1.44]; middle [1.22; 95% CI 0.78, 1.87]; low-middle [0.89; 95% CI 0.58, 1.39]; lowest [0.67; 95% CI 0.42, 1.08]); or penetrating injury (high-middle [1.35; 95% CI 0.48, 3.81]; middle [2.77; 95% CI 0.99, 7.25]; low-middle [1.44; 95% CI 0.55, 3.74]; and lowest [1.03; 95% CI 0.39, 2.73]). Conclusions N-SES was inversely related to crude injury rates for all mechanisms. However, in-hospital mortality was not associated with N-SES level.
General synthetic approach to functionalized dihydrooxepines.

A three-step sequence to access functionalized 4,5-dihydrooxepines from cyclohexenones has been developed. This approach features a regioselective Baeyer–Villiger oxidation and subsequent functionalization via the corresponding enol phosphate intermediate.
Influence of peri-duodenal non-constrictive cuff on the body weight of rats.

Background Weight loss has been found to improve or resolve cardiovascular comorbidities. There is a significant need for reversible device approaches to weight loss.
The Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study on health disparities in Puerto Rican adults: challenges and opportunities.

Background: The Boston Puerto Rican Health Study is an ongoing longitudinal cohort study designed to examine the role of psychosocial stress on presence and development of allostatic load and health outcomes in Puerto Ricans, and potential modification by nutritional status, genetic variation, and social support. Methods: Self-identified Puerto Ricans, aged 45-75 years and residing in the Boston, MA metro area, were recruited through door-to-door enumeration and community approaches. Participants completed a comprehensive set of questionnaires and tests. Blood, urine and salivary samples were extracted for biomarker and genetic analysis. Measurements are repeated at a two-year follow-up. Results: A total of 1500 eligible participants completed baseline measurements, with nearly 80% two-year followup retention. The majority of the cohort is female (70%), and many have less than 8 th grade education (48%), and fall below the poverty level (59%). Baseline prevalence of health conditions is high for this age range: considerable physical (26%) and cognitive (7%) impairment, obesity (57%), type 2 diabetes (40%), hypertension (69%), arthritis (50%) and depressive symptomatology (60%). Conclusions: The enrollment of minority groups presents unique challenges. This report highlights approaches to working with difficult to reach populations, and describes some of the health issues and needs of Puerto Rican older adults. These results may inform future studies and interventions aiming to improve the health of this and similar communities.
Comparison of outcomes and complications between awake and asleep injection laryngoplasty: a case-control study.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To compare clinical outcomes and complication rates in patients undergoing injection laryngoplasty (IL) under local versus general anesthesia. Study Design: Retrospective case-control review Methods: Charts of 141 consecutive patients undergoing IL were reviewed. Subjects who underwent IL with local anesthesia were grouped as experimental cases. Subjects who underwent IL with general anesthesia were grouped as controls. The voice-related quality of life (VRQOL) measure was employed to determine outcomes before and after IL. All undesirable events resulting from an IL were recorded as complications. Results: One hundred sixty-six ILs were performed in 141 patients (83 males, mean age = 58.9 years). Unilateral vocal fold immobility was diagnosed in 60.9%. One hundred five (63.3%) ILs were performed under local anesthesia, and 61 were performed under general anesthesia. Pre- and postinjection VRQOL data was available for 78 ILs (50 cases, 28 controls). Average VRQOL in the awake patient improved by 25.05 points, whereas average VRQOL in the asleep patient improved by 20.81 points (P = .42). There were 24 complications (14.5% of all injections), which included 19.1% of cases and 6.6% of controls (odds ratio = 2.9). Six ILs had to be aborted. All complications were minor and self-limited. Conclusions: Both awake and asleep IL offer comparable VRQOL results. Although having the benefit of avoiding general anesthesia, IL in the awake patient has a slightly higher complication rate. Laryngoscope, 2009
Ceramic and Glass‐Ceramic Packaging in the 1990s

A broad overview of packaging involving interconnecting, powering, protecting, and cooling semiconductor chips to meet a variety of computer system needs is presented. The general requirements for ceramics in terms of their thermal, mechanical, electrical, and dimensional control requirements are presented, both for high-performance and low-performance applications. Glass-ceramics are identified as the best candidates for high-performance systems, and aluminum nitride, alumina, or mullite are identified for low-performance systems. Glass-ceramic/copper substrate technology is discussed as an example of high-performance ceramic packaging for use in 1990s. Lower-dielectric-constant ceramics such as composites of silica, borosilicate, and cordierite, with or without polymers and porosity, are projected as potential ceramic substrate materials by the year 2000.
Cytokine, Sickness Behavior, and Depression

The psychologic and behavioral components of sickness represent, together with fever response and associated neuroendocrine changes, a highly organized strategy of the organism to fight infection. This strategy, referred to as sickness behavior, is triggered by the proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated cells of the innate immune system in contact with specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Interleukin-1 and other cytokines act on the brain via (1) a neural route represented by the primary afferent neurons that innervate the body site where the infectious process takes place and (2) a humoral pathway that involves the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This article presents the current knowledge on the way this communication system is organized and regulated and the implications of these advances for understanding brain physiology and pathology.
Measurability of the spin density matrix

Abstract The spin density matrix for particles of arbitrary intrinsic angular momentum is explicitly expressed in terms of directly measurable quantities. The latter are taken to be either expectation values of components of multipole moments, or the relative weights of partial beams split-up by a Stern-Gerlach apparatus according to eigenvalues of dipole projections in several directions.
Auroral X-rays, electron bombardment and trapped radiation

Abstract Recent measurements of the characteristics of energetic particles incident on the top of the atmosphere, presumably precipitated from the earth's trapped radiation, are discussed. The incident flux varies widely, from 10 8 to 10 10 particles/cm 2 sec for electrons. Other characteristics of the flux also vary from event to event, independently of the flux and of each other. During the most intense events, which are the ones which correspond to aurorae, the lifetime of an electron in the trapping region is only a few seconds. Clearly, violent processes go on during such events, so violent as to destroy the effectiveness of the trap. Several mechanisms, including one presented in an appendix to the paper, are examined and it is concluded that no one process accounts for all observations.
Higher Dimensional Thompson Groups

Three groups F ⊆ T ⊆ V , known as Thompson groups, have generated interest since R. J. Thompson introduced them in the late 1960s. Part of their initial interest was the fact that T and V supplied the first known examples of infinite, simple, finitely presented groups. Since then, other properties of the groups have been studied as well as their interaction with other areas of mathematics. The standard reference for the groups F ⊆ T ⊆ V is [7]. It is not necessary to have [7] in hand while reading this paper, but it would not hurt. The largest group V can be described as a subgroup of the homeomorphism group of the Cantor set C. Intrinsic to this description is the standard “deleted middle thirds” construction of the Cantor set as a subset of the unit interval. Since the unit interval is a 1-dimensional object, we will refer to V as a 1-dimensional Thompson group. In this paper, we describe an intrinsically 2-dimensional group 2V that is more naturally described as a subgroup of the homeomorphism group of C ×C. We will show in this paper that 2V is infinite, simple and finitely generated, and in another paper [4], that 2V is finitely presented. In spite of the fact that C × C is homeomorphic to C, we will also show in this paper that 2V is not isomorphic to V . In fact, we will show that 2V is not isomorphic to any group in a list of other infinite, simple, finitely presented groups that are closely related to T and V . However, we do not show that 2V is not isomorphic to all known infinite, simple, finitely presented groups.
Trapping of vibrational energy in crumpled sheets

We investigate the propagation of transverse elastic waves in crumpled media. We set up the wave equation for transverse waves on a generic curved, strained surface via a Langrangian formalism and use this to study the scaling behavior of the dispersion curves near the ridges and on the flat facets. This analysis suggests that ridges act as barriers to wave propagation and that modes in a certain frequency regime could be trapped in the facets. A simulation study of the wave propagation qualitatively supported our analysis and showed interesting effects of the ridges on wave propagation.
Heckscher–Ohlin Theory when Countries have Different Technologies

Abstract Rethinking the foundations of Heckscher–Ohlin theory when countries have different technologies, this paper shows how to make the proper adjustments for international productivity differences. The central tool is a factor conversion matrix that computes the local factor content of foreign Rybczynski effects. Factor-specific productivities are a special case of these more general linear relationships.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of deoxyfluoroinositols: 5-deoxy-5-fluoro-myo-inositol and 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-L-chiro-inositol

Two deoxyfluoroinositols were synthesized from bromocyclohexadiene cis-diol obtained by microbial oxidation of bromobenzene with P. putida (39D). The selective introduction of fluorine was accomplished by opening of the epoxide with tetrabutylphosphoniumfluoride dihydrofluoride (TBPF-DF). The synthesis of 5-deoxy-5-fluoro-myo-inositol (1) and 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-L-chiro-inositol (2) are described in detail.
Infinite index subalgebras of depth two

An algebra extension A | B is right depth two in this paper if its tensor-square is A-B-isomorphic to a direct summand of any (not necessarily finite) direct sum of A with itself. For example, normal subgroups of infinite groups, infinitely generated Hopf-Galois extensions and infinite-dimensional algebras are depth two in this extended sense. The added generality loses some duality results obtained in the finite theory (Kadison and Szlachanyi, 2003) but extends the main theorem of depth two theory, as for example in (Kadison and Nikshych, 2001). That is, a right depth two extension has right bialgebroid T = (A ⊗B A) B over its centralizer R = C A (B). The main theorem: An extension A | B is right depth two and right balanced if and only if A B is T-Galois with respect to left projective, right R-bialgebroid T.
What determines the intensity of magnetospheric substorms

Abstract One of the central issues in substorm research is what determines the substorm intensity. Through an introduction on what constitutes a magnetospheric substorm, we discuss several parameters which are available to measure the substorm intensity. In terms of ionospheric quantities, we have the auroral electroject indices, the total current in the westward auroral electrojet, the area of bright aurora, the maximum poleward advance of the auroral bulge, and the duration of auroral substorm activities. In terms of magnetospheric quantities, we have the innermost location of the substorm injection boundary and the amount of current reduction in the cross-tail current within the substorm current wedge. A measure reflecting substorm activities in both the ionosphere and the magnetosphere is the total substorm energy dissipation but its drawback lies in the difficulty of assessing it accurately if the energy loss due to plasmoids is to be included. We also discuss the predictability of substorm intensity, which leads us to the issue of whether a substorm is a directly-driven or an unloading process. The recent success in predicting the auroral electrojet index from solar wind parameters with a cross-correlation of ~ 0.9 suggests that substorm activities over a long time scale are primarily directly-driven while those over a short time scale are governed by impulsive unloading processes. This understanding allows us to reconcile the apparently conflicting dual nature of magnetospheric substorms.
Measuring Price Behavior in New Residential Subdivisions

Early buyers of single-family residences in newly developed subdivisions assume a greater level of risk than later buyers in choosing to purchase a home in a new subdivision where the market has not been sufficiently established. This risk stems from such things as uncertainty regarding the maintenance of development standards and other negative externalities inherent in purchasing in the early stages of the development cycle. Because of this, early buyers may require lower prices to compensate them for the additional risk that they assume. This paper explores the evolution of the price of residences in newly developed single-family subdivisions through the phases of development.
Homolytic telomerization of vinyltrimethylsilane with 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane

The homolytic telomerization of vinyltrimethylsilane by 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane follows three principal routes, with the formation of 2- and 4-substituted 5,5-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxanes and a formate ester. The rings in the reaction products (2-trimethylsilylethyl- and 4-trimethylsilylethyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane) exist in the chair conformation. The substituants in the 2- and 4-positions of the dioxane ring occupy equatorial positions.
Brevisin: an aberrant polycyclic ether structure from the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis and its implications for polyether assembly.

Brevisin is an unprecedented polycyclic ether isolated from the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, an organism well-known to produce complex polycyclic ethers. The structure of brevisin was determined by detailed analyses of MS and 2D NMR spectra and is remarkable in that it consists of two separate fused polyether ring assemblies linked by a methylene group. One of the polycyclic moieties contains a conjugated aldehyde side chain similar to that recently observed in other K. brevis metabolites, though the “interrupted” polyether structure of brevisin is novel and provides further insight into the biogenesis of such fused-ring polyether systems. On the basis of the unusual structure of brevisin, principles underlying the initiation of polyether assemblies are proposed. Brevisin was found to inhibit the binding of [3H]-PbTx-3 to its binding site on the voltage-sensitive sodium channels in rat brain synaptosomes.
The place of punishment: Variation in the provision of inmate services staff across the punitive turn.

Abstract Despite the growing literature on the punitive turn, knowledge of how the experience of American imprisonment varied across time and place remains limited. This article begins to fill that gap, providing a nuanced portrayal of variation in the practices of rehabilitation. Purpose To examine how one aspect of the rehabilitative ideal in practice—the provision of staff dedicated to inmate services—varied across time and place over the past 30 years. Methods The article presents statistics on the inmate-to-staff ratios for inmate services staff (including teachers, counselors, doctors, etc.) between the years 1979 and 2005 for all 50 U.S. states. Results The analyses reveal that while there was a substantial decline in the services staff ratio during the 1990s and 2000s, this shift across time paled in comparison to variation across place. Northeastern prison systems, for example, on average maintained higher inmate services staff ratios in 2005 than Southern states in any year. In addition, results suggest state variation is related to differences in prison crowding, inmates’ racial composition, and political cultures. Conclusions The findings suggest the punitive turn was more variegated and partial than is often assumed and highlight the importance of exploring state variation in penal practices.
The low-temperature form of calcium gold stannide, CaAuSn.

The EuAuGe-type CaAuSn phase has been synthesized and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that it has an ortho­rhom­bic symmetry (space group Imm2), with a = 4.5261 (7) A, b = 7.1356 (11) A and c = 7.8147 (11) A. The structure features puckered layers that are connected by homoatomic Au-Au and Sn-Sn inter­layer bonds. This structure is one of the two parent structures of its high-temperature polymorph (ca 873 K), which is an inter­growth structure of the EuAuGe- and SrMgSi-type structures in a 2:3 ratio.
A Ventilation Index for Tropical Cyclones

An important environmental control of both tropical cyclone intensity and genesis is vertical wind shear. One hypothesized pathway by which vertical shear affects tropical cyclones is midlevel ventilation—or the flux of low-entropy air into the center of the tropical cyclone. Based on a theoretical framework, a ventilation index is introduced that is equal to the environmental vertical wind shear multiplied by the nondimensional midlevel entropy deficit divided by the potential intensity. The ventilation index has a strong influence on tropical cyclone climatology. Tropical cyclogenesis preferentially occurs when and where the ventilation index is anomalously low. Both the ventilation index and the tropical cyclone's normalized intensity, or the intensity divided by the potential intensity, constrain the distribution of tropical cyclone intensification. The most rapidly intensifying storms are characterized by low ventilation indices and intermediate normalized intensities, while the most rapidly weakenin...
Weighted Ehrhart Theory and Orbifold Cohomology

We introduce the notion of a weighted d-vector of a lattice polytope. Although the definition is motivated by motivic integration, we study weighted d-vectors from a combinatorial perspective. We present a version of Ehrhart Reciprocity and prove a change of variables formula. We deduce a new geometric interpretation of the coefficients of the Ehrhart d-vector. More specifically, they are sums of dimensions of orbifold cohomology groups of a toric stack
Mass loss from the proto-sun: Formation and evolution of the solar nebula

We consider the formation and evolution of the solar nebula in the light of observations of T Tauri stars, oxygen-isotopic anomalies in meteorites, and the mass and angular momentum distribution in the present solar system. It is argued that the solar nebula formed from the mass lost by the proto-Sun. The outflow of initially partially ionized material in the presence of a strong proto-solar magnetic field would lead to the transfer of angular momentum from the central Sun to the outflowing matter. This explains the present angular momentum distribution between the Sun and the planetary system. When the outflowing matter cooled sufficiently, to less than 2000 K, approx. l0/sup 12/ cm from the Sun, the material would neutralize, and the magnetic field would then decouple from the outflowing matter. Further motion would be governed by the gravitational field of the proto-Sun, the gas pressure, and the centrifugal force. When these forces balance, the radial flow would stop, and a rotating solar nebula would form. Chemical condensation would occur in the outflowing matter when suitable pressure-temperature conditions would develop. The condensation of the refractory mineral Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ would start at a distance of approx.2 x l0/sup 12/ cm from themore » Sun, where the pressure would be approx. 3 x l0 /sup 8/ atm, and temperature approx. l450 K. The condensation sequence of other lower temperature minerals would follow this. All the refractory minerals and iron would condense within the orbit of the planet Mercury. All the volatiles would condense before the outflowing matter crossed the asteroid region. The grains would move to the outer part of the nebula along with the outflowing gas.« less
Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of cyclic sulfamides from conjugated dienes.

This paper describes the catalytic asymmetric diamination of alkyl dienes using N,N′-di-tert-butylthiadiaziridine 1,1-dioxide in the presence of Pd(0) and a chiral phosphoramidite ligand to give cyclic sulfamides in high yield and high ee. The diamination is also amenable to gram scale.
Wireless Sensor Networks

The confluence of inexpensive wireless communication, computation, and sensing has created a new generation of smart devices. Using tens to thousands of these devices in self-organizing networks has created a new technology referred to as wireless sensor networks. This article gives an overview of the wireless sensor networks.
Implications of a charged-current anomaly at HERA

Abstract We demonstrate that in the presence of mixing between different scalar leptoquark multiplets it is possible to simulta-neously account for the HERA high- Q 2 neutral current anomaly, and produce a charged current anomaly of comparable magnitude. The reduced branching ratio to electrons and jets of the lightest leptoquark state results in a significant weakening of the CDF/D0 limits on scalar leptoquarks; masses consistent with the HERA neutral current excess are comfortably within the allowed range. We show that the possibilities for such a successful mixed leptoquark scenario are quite limited, and we investigate some aspects of their phenomenology.
Job Matching and Coalition Formation with Utility or Disutility of Co-workers☆

Abstract This paper studies the job matching market in Kelso and Crawford (1982), Econometrica50, 1483–1504, with one exception, that co-workers may generate utility or disutility in the workplace. We provide a simple idea to show how a great number of sufficient conditions for a nonempty core in the literature can be extended to this labor market. A generalized competitive equilibrium with a tax/subsidy system is also discussed. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: D71.
A program for training and feedback about probability estimation for physicians

Abstract Medical decisions are rarely made under conditions of complete certainty. In the past decade there has been a rapid growth of interest in formal methods for optimizing medical decisions under uncertainty [1,2]. Application of decision-analytic methods requires physicians to make probability estimates about clinical events for which extensive data are not available. This paper describes a computer program to train physicians to be better probability estimators: to make probability estimates that are numerically meaningful for use in formal decision analyses. It is designed to be a stand-alone application requiring about 2 hours of physician time. Use requires an IBM-PC or compatible microcomputer with graphics adaptor and monitor, and 8087 coprocessor.
Parabolic induction and restriction functors for rational Cherednik algebras

We introduce parabolic induction and restriction functors for rational Cherednik algebras, and study their basic properties. Then we discuss applications of these functors to representation theory of rational Cherednik algebras. In particular, we prove the Gordon–Stafford theorem about Morita equivalence of the rational Cherednik algebra for type A and its spherical subalgebra, without the assumption that c is not a half-integer, which was required up to now. Also, we classify representations from category $${\mathcal{O}}$$ over the rational Cherednik algebras of type A which do not contain an S n -invariant vector, and confirm a conjecture of Okounkov and the first author on the number of such representations. We also prove that the spherical Cherednik algebra of type A is simple for − 1 < c < 0. Finally, in an appendix by the second author, we determine the reducibility loci of the polynomial representation of the trigonometric Cherednik algebra.
Exact and approximate equilibria for optimal group network formation

Abstract We consider a process called the Group Network Formation Game, which represents the scenario when strategic agents are building a network together. In our game, agents can have extremely varied connectivity requirements, and attempt to satisfy those requirements by purchasing links in the network. We show a variety of results about equilibrium properties in such games, including the fact that the price of stability is 1 when all nodes in the network are owned by players, and that doubling the number of players creates an equilibrium as good as the optimum centralized solution. For the general case, we show the existence of a 2-approximate Nash equilibrium that is as good as the centralized optimum solution, as well as how to compute good approximate equilibria in polynomial time. Our results essentially imply that for a variety of connectivity requirements, giving agents more freedom can paradoxically result in more efficient outcomes.