cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The γ-radiolysis of cyclobutane in the gas phase

Abstract An investigation has been made of the gas-phase radiolysis of cyclobutane at 20 torr (2·7 kN m −2 ), pure and with added scavengers. Several products not previously reported from the radiolysis of the pure compound were found including propane, methylcyclobutane, cyclobutene, ethylcyclobutane, diacetylene, and at least four unsaturated C 6 , C 7 and C 8 products. It was observed that the addition of approximately 10 per cent oxygen had little effect on the yields of ethane, ethylene and propane, whereas the yields of the butenes, ethylcyclobutane and diacetylene were decreased by about 50 per cent. The yield of acetylene doubled under the same condition, and the yield of cyclobutene increased fourfold. All other hydrocarbon products were eliminated. The effects caused by the addition of 10 per cent ethylene were similar to those with added oxygen, except that the yiels of ethylcyclobutane markedly increased. These observations are interpreted in terms of reactions of both ions and neutral species.
Equation of state and high‐pressure stability of Fe3P‐schreibersite: Implications for phosphorus storage in planetary cores

[1] We have collected in situ X-ray diffraction patterns of end-member Fe3P-schreibersite in a diamond anvil cell to pressures of 30 GPa at 300 K. Some samples of Fe3P were also laser heated at high pressure to temperatures of ∼2000 K and examined following thermal quench. Below 8 GPa, variation of the schreibersite unit cell delineates a smooth pressure-volume curve corresponding to a second order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with bulk modulus, K0T, of 159(1) GPa. Above 8 GPa, however, the schreibersite structure shows substantial stiffening, and an unidentified structure develops between 17 and 30 GPa; upon decompression to ambient pressure the schreibersite structure returns. Therefore, although ubiquitous in iron-rich meteorites, it is unlikely that schreibersite is the stable phosphorus-bearing phase in deep planetary cores.
Recent Advances and Future Trends in Advanced Prognostics for Smart Machines and Product Service Systems

Summary form only given. As more software and embedded intelligence are integrated in industrial products and systems, performance degradation information can be easily obtained for predictive service and closed-loop product life-cycle management. The presentation introduces recent advances in using a toolbox approach to rapidly develop and deploy advanced prognostics technologies. Technical approach to transform multi-sensor data to precision information through the use of intertwined embedded informatics and pervasive computing in a networked and tether-free environment will be discussed. In addition, a novel system called Watchdog Agent will be presented to enable products and systems to intelligently monitor, predict, and optimize its performance and ultimately perform self- maintenance activities autonomously. Finally, future trends in smart service business will be addressed.
Intracellular Ca2+ transients induced by high external K+ and tetracaine in cultured rat myotubes

Cultured myotubes from rat neonatal skeletal muscle were used to measure intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and membrane potentials (Vm) using the Indo-1 microfluorimetry method and the nystatin perforated membrane patch technique, respectively. Sudden increases in external [K+]o from 5 mM to either 22, 42 or 84 mM elicited transient elevations in [Ca2+]i from a resting level of 106.2 +/- 10.3 nM (n = 41) to peak values of 297, 409 and 454 nM, respectively. Vm changes induced by elevated [K+]o followed the Nernst equation for [K+]o. The complex Ca2+ release response induced by elevated [K+]o can be described by a minimal model involving two components with different kinetics. This analysis revealed that the extent of the Ca2+ release by the fast component bears a sigmoidal relationship with Vm (midpoint at -47.5 mV and an effective valence of 4). Furthermore, while the fast transitory component was rather insensitive to [Ca2+]o and nifedipine, the slow component was profoundly inhibited by the dihydropyridine (10 microM) both in normal and in a Ca2+ deficient medium. Tetracaine (0.05 to 2 mM), a blocker of the charge movement associated with excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling, elicited a fast elevation in [Ca2+]i followed by a rise at a constant rate to levels as high as 1-2 microM, and the changes in [Ca2+]i were readily reversible. Simultaneous measurements of Vm and [Ca2+]i suggest that the fast component is coupled to the rapid depolarization of the membrane induced by the anesthetic. We concluded that tetracaine triggers the release of Ca2+ from internal stores by at least two different mechanisms, one of which is associated with the depolarizing effects of the drug.
Dexamethasone inhibits ozone‐induced gene expression of macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 in rat lung

To address the potential role of the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) in airway inflammation, we examined whether MIP-2 may play a role in ozone-induced neutrophilic inflammation of airways and its modulation by dexamethasone in rat lung. Following ozone exposure, MIP-2 mRNA expression in the lung peaked at 2 h after exposure and slowly declined thereafter. Dexamethasone suppressed ozone-induced MIP-2 mRNA expression and neutrophil accumulation in the lung. We suggest that the MIP-2 mRNA induction may switch on the neutrophilic influx observed in this model of lung inflammation. Furthermore, the MIP-2 expression is regulated by dexamethasone which may represent one of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids exert their potent anti-inflammatory properties.
Relationship between mevalonic acid utilization and ATP content in liver homogenates pretreated with ribonuclease.

SummaryRibonuclease-treated homogenates of liver that do not incorporate mevalonic acid into non-saponifiable material or cholesterol were devoid of ATP. ATP was present and mevalonic acid incorporation occurred when ribonuclease pretreatment was carried out in presence of an autoclaved extract of liver. The results are interpreted as indicating existence of a polynucleotide factor essential for maintenance of a positive balance with respect to ATP in liver homogenates.
An estimation technique to guide low power resynthesis algorithms

Existing resynthesis procedures used for reducing power consumption in CMOS networks have produced poor results as they select nodes for resynthesis based upon local circuit properties. In this paper, a technique is presented for optimizing the choice of regions used in resynthesis. The cost function which is developed is able to predict the amount of global improvement in power expected through the resynthesis of network nodes under both zero as well as arbitrary delay assumptions. A series of empirical tests have been completed which demonstrate the need for a global approach to the estimation of optimality. The tests results demonstrate that there are often a significant number of nodes which are highly non-optimal in a global sense which would not usually be selected for resynthesis using existing techniques. The estimator predicts these cases with a high degree of accuracy.
Spores and mycelia in cutaneous chromomycosis

In 2 cases of cutaneous chromomycosis, potassium hydroxide preparations of lesional crust/scale easily revealed characteristic Medlar bodies. However, in both instances mycelia were also demonstrated. This contradicts the prevailing belief that concomitant spores and mycelia are found only in cerebral chromomycosis.
Recent progress in vitamin A research: nuclear retinoic acid receptors and their interaction with gene elements.

Article de synthese traitant des mecanismes d'action de la vitamine A, en particulier de l'acide retinoique en tant qu'hormone regulant la croissance, la differenciation et le developpement embryonnaire. Existence d'un recepteur proteique nucleaire de l'AR, relation avec le recepteur de la triiodothyronine et role dans la regulation de l'expression genique (transcription), de l'hormone de croissance et de la laminine
Exit distributions for symmetric Markov processes via Gaussian techniques

Abstract We derive the distribution of the first exit value for a class of symmetric real-valued Markov processes with finite Green's functions using prediction theory for Gaussian processes and Dynkin's theory which relates Markov and Gaussian processes. For Levy processes with exponential lifetime this method allows us to easily rederive Rogozin's infinitely divisible factorization and to obtain the Fourier transform of the distribution of the first exit value.
RAPID PERMANGANATE-FIXATION AND ALCOHOL-DEHYDRATION OF FUNGAL SPECIMENS FOR TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Abstract The proposed method was developed primarily for ultrastructural documentation of the fungal cell envelope. The features include embedding live cells in small cylinders of 1% agar, using a relatively high concentration (5%) of unbuffered potassium permanganate, shortening the contact time to 2 min and transferring the specimens into 50% alcohol as quickly as possible. The casting of agar cylinders in facilitated by using uniform-bore capillary tubes. The treatment of embedded specimens with permanganate and the subsequent washing and dehydration steps are all carried out in one small screw-capped bottle which is mounted on a rotator; solutions are introduced by pipette and removed by suction. The method has been used extensively with strains of Sporothrix schenckii to distinguish conidia from yeast-like cells under diverse cultural conditions. Candida albicans and eight other species of fungi yielded informative electron micrographs with this method.
Playing in genre fields: a play theory perspective on genre

Genres exist within complex social structures, making them both the product and productive of that social structure. Consequently, any genre may be as active within the context of its social structure as are any human agents. This paper broadens the concept of genre to include what we call the genre field in the attempt to expand the definition of agent to include the genre-as-agent concept. Through the lens of play theory, this paper develops a grammar of genre fields as a heuristic for the understanding of genre's complex social structure. This grammar of genre fields includes the player-agent and genre-agent, the genre field, and the play scenario. To illustrate the use of the grammar of genre fields, this paper applies the grammar to two case studies; the first of which showcases genre within a dynamic social structure, the second of which demonstrates how rigid and formulaic genres can be when viewed within a static social structure.
Of mice and men: what physiological correlates of cognitive deficits in a mouse model of schizophrenia tell us about psychiatric disease.

Hippocampal neurons "replay" activity related to previous events during rest. In this issue of Neuron , Suh et al. (2013) show that this physiological correlate of learning is impaired in mice lacking calcineurin, establishing a link between synaptic anomalies and cognitive deficits observed in this schizophrenia model.
Source credibility and presidential candidates in 1996: The changing nature of character and empathy evaluations

This study examines the importance of character, competence, empathy, and leadership in evaluations of presidential candidates in 1996. Public opinion research suggests changes in the importance and meaning of character in candidate evaluations. The results of this study strongly support distinctions between character‐generated liking of a candidate and vote choice among respondents in 1996. Results also suggest that perceptions of candidate empathy played a larger role in evaluations than in previous elections. Implications of these findings include the need for renewed political communication research on the importance and conceptualization of character and empathy, and the extension of current theory to explain differences in affective candidate evaluations and vote choice.
On the Theory of Brownian Motion. VIII. A Brownian Particle in a Dilute Gas with Inelastic Collisions

The Fokker-Planck equation for a heavy particle in a dilute gas of light particles is derived from a Boltzmann equation. Inelastic collisions between the heavy and light particles are considered, and explicit quadratures for the frictional coefficients are given in terms of the scattering kernels. It is shown that the general formulation reduces properly to known results in the cases of pure elastic and pure diffuse scattering, respectively.
Desulfurization of benzenethiol on CoMo(110) phases

Abstract The desulfurization of benzenethiol on Co-covered Mo(110) ( θ Co = 0.25–1.3 ML) produces benzene, H 2 and adsorbed carbon and sulfur. Benzene is formed via adsorbed phenyl thiolate, which is identified by X-ray photoelectron and electron energy loss spectroscopies. Benzene production is attributed to reaction on Co, since it is evolved at a temperature well below that required for sulfur-induced aggregation of Co. The reaction products and mechanisms are qualitatively similar on Co-covered Mo(110) and a range of other transition metal surfaces. The selectivity for benzene production on the 1.3 ML Co overlayer, ∼ 65%, is higher than on many surfaces. Furthermore, benzene evolution occurs at a very low temperature, 125 K, on the 1.3 ML Co film. Notably, we did not observe any new products or a dramatic change in reaction temperature or selectivity as a result of CoMo interactions or of structural changes in the Co layer. Comparison of the benzene evolution temperature for benzenethiol reaction with that of methane from methanethiol reaction on the close-packed Co overlays indicates that homolytic CS bond scissions do not control the hydrogenolysis rate, in contrast to reaction on Mo(110) but similar to Ni(111). This difference may be due to hydrogen-induced structural transformations of the Co layer or to hydrogen-assisted CS bond breaking.
Evaluating the effects of enforcements and fines on youth smoking

Restricting access to retail sources of tobacco and fining minors for possession of tobacco products were evaluated as possible strategies to reduce the rising rates of teenage smoking. Four towns were assigned to enforce both tobacco minimum-age-of sales laws and tobacco possession laws (P). The remaining four towns were assigned to enforce only tobacco minimum-age-of sales laws (NP). Tobacco use among sixth-, seventh- and eighth-grade students was assessed. White youth who lived in communities with strict enforcement of tobacco sales and possession laws had significantly fewer increases in tobacco use than those living in communities with only moderate enforcement of tobacco sales laws. Public health interventions that involve police fining minors along with very high merchant compliance rates might decrease rates of tobacco use of white youth during a developmental time when they are susceptible to experimentation and use of tobacco products.
Latent Heating and Cooling Rates in Developing and Nondeveloping Tropical Disturbances during TCS-08: Radar-Equivalent Retrievals from Mesoscale Numerical Models and ELDORA*

AbstractLatent heating and cooling rates have a critical role in predicting tropical cyclone formation and intensification. In a prior study, Park and Elsberry estimated the latent heating and cooling rates from aircraft Doppler radar [Electra Doppler Radar (ELDORA)] observations for two developing and two nondeveloping tropical disturbances during the Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 (TCS-08) field experiment. In this study, equivalent retrievals of heating rates from two mesoscale models with 1-km resolution are calculated with the same radar thermodynamic retrieval. Contoured frequency altitude diagrams and vertical profiles of the net latent heating rates from the model are compared with the ELDORA-retrieved rates in similar cloud-cluster regions relative to the center of circulation.In both the developing and nondeveloping cases, the radar-equivalent retrievals from the two models tend to overestimate heating for less frequently occurring, intense convective cells that contribute to positive vorticity...
Static versus dynamic Jahn–Teller distortions in octahedral-like copper(II) complexes of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane and 1-oxa-4,7-diazacyclononane: implications for hydrolytic reactivity

Abstract The syntheses and characterizations by X-ray crystallography, EPR, and electronic absorption spectroscopy are reported for [Cu([9]aneN3)2][CF3SO3]2·H2O (1) [Cu([9]aneN2O)2][BF4]2 (2), and [Cu([9]aneN2O)2][NO3]2 (3). The dynamic Jahn–Teller distortion present in the Cu([9]aneN3)2 2+ cation is removed upon replacement of one nitrogen donor with oxygen. The pseudo-octahedral structures of 2 and 3, determined crystallographically, exhibit a strong tetragonal distortion with the two oxygen atoms in the elongated axial positions. In contrast, crystallographic characterizations of a number of Cu([9]aneN3)2 2+ salts reveal that the octahedral-like coordination about the Cu(II) is dependent on crystal packing forces, and the degree of tetragonal distortion varies with the identity of the counter ion. A room temperature powder EPR spectrum of [Cu([9]aneN2O)2]Br2 exhibits a static Jahn–Teller distortion while that of [Cu([9]aneN3)2][CF3SO3]2 is dynamically averaged. Solution EPR and electronic absorption spectra of [Cu([9]aneN2O)2][CF3SO3]2 indicate a strong interaction between the equatorial nitrogen atoms and the Cu(II) as evidenced by the observation of nitrogen hyperfine splitting in gx and a shift of the ligand-field absorption to higher energy. The absence of a dynamic Jahn–Teller effect in the presence of the [9]aneN2O ligand correlates with a lowered reactivity for phosphodiester hydrolysis, suggesting that ligand fluxionality may be important in accessing the transition state in copper-promoted hydrolysis.
Modulation of Gravity Waves with Shear in Water

The effect of water shear on the stability of infinitesimal perturbations (in the form of side bands) to a finite-amplitude gravity wave is investigated both numerically and analytically. The shear is modeled by a piecewise-linear velocity profile. Nonlinear cubic Schrodinger equation for the wave envelope of a slowly varying wave train is derived. It is shown that depending on the direction of propagation (along or against the shear) of the finite-amplitude waves, the effect of shear on the stability is substantially different. In most cases, however, the shear strength increase first enhances, but later suppresses, the instability.
SiC MEMS: Opportunities and challenges for applications in harsh environments

Abstract Many measurement and control applications requiring MEMS technology are in the presence of harsh environments, e.g. high temperatures, intense shock/vibrations, erosive flows, and corrosive media. Unlike Si, SiC as a semiconductor material is exceptionally well suited for addressing such application opportunities. However, many challenges must be met in order to develop a mature SiC MEMS fabrication technology. These challenges are primarily technical in nature and relate to material and processing aspects. This paper presents a review of recent advancements in areas that are critical to the establishment of a SiC MEMS technology.
The time-intensity factor in dry seed irradiation*

Abstract Using dry barley seeds and heterozygous maize seeds, it has been demonstrated that there is a time-intensity effect on biological response to electromagnetic radiations, such as X and gamma rays. Lower intensity was found to be more effective than high intensity. This response is in contradiction to results from other organisms studied previously, viz., viruses, bacteria, Drosophila, Tradescantia, Antirrhinum , etc., where the response was either dose rate independent or the higher intensity was more effective than lower intensity. This time-intensity factor does not operate in “wet” seeds (10 per cent and greater moisture content) to any appreciable degree. The time-intensity factor in dry seeds has been shown to be an expression of storage effect accumulated during the period of irradiation and thus dependent on the moisture content and the dose rate. Hence, the factors responsible for storage effect seem to be responsible for this time-intensity effect. It is suggested that in critical radiation studies with dry seeds, in addition to factors such as moisture content, storage time and method of hydration, consideration should also be given to both the exposure time and the intensity of the radiation.
Determiantion of creatine phosphate levels in brain tissue by isocratic reverse-phase, ion-paired high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The utilization of isocratic, reverse-phase, ion-paired high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of creatine phosphate allows for rapid quantification of multiple samples. Cryogenic sample handling and the addition of ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N′ -tetraacetic acid as a Ca 2+ sequestering agent during perchloric acid extraction enhance maximal recovery of creatine phosphate from brain samples. Peak identification is supported by a complete enzymatic shift with a phosphocreatine kinase, hexokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase system.
Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling by Yap Governs Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Embryonic Heart Size

The Hippo signaling pathway regulates growth of the heart and other tissues. Hippo pathway kinases influence the activity of various targets, including the transcriptional coactivator Yap, but the specific role of Yap in heart growth has not been investigated. We show that Yap is necessary and sufficient for embryonic cardiac growth in mice. Deletion of Yap in the embryonic mouse heart impeded cardiomyocyte proliferation, causing myocardial hypoplasia and lethality at embryonic stage 10.5. Conversely, forced expression of a constitutively active form of Yap in the embryonic heart increased cardiomyocyte number and heart size. Yap activated the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes, resulting in inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, which led to increased abundance of β-catenin, a positive regulator of cardiac growth. Our results point to Yap as a critical downstream effector of the Hippo pathway in the control of cardiomyocyte proliferation and a nexus for coupling the IGF, Wnt, and Hippo signaling pathways with the developmental program for heart growth.
Active Oxygen Species and Lysophosphatidylcholine Are Involved in Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Activation of Smooth Muscle Cell DNA Synthesis

It has recently been shown that oxidative modification of LDL enhances the mitogenic effect of LDL on smooth muscle cell (SMC) DNA synthesis. However, because of its complex chemical structure, the mitogenic components have not been well characterized. Exposure of LDL to the oxidant Cu2+ is followed by a rapid accumulation of peroxides that peaks after 8 to 12 hours and a conversion of the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidylcholine that continues for up to 48 hours. Most of the mitogenic activity is formed during the first 4 hours of oxidation. Both superoxide dismutase and catalase effectively inhibit the mitogenic activity of oxidized LDL, suggesting involvement of reactive oxygen intermediates. In the presence of 1% serum, low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide activated SMC DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal effect at a concentration of 200 mumol/L, whereas higher concentrations were inhibitory. Lysophosphatidylcholine also enhanced SMC DNA synthesis, with a maximal stimulation at a concentration of 10 mumol/L. Oxysterols, which also accumulate in oxidized LDL, effectively inhibited DNA synthesis. These results demonstrate that oxidation of LDL is associated with formation of several substances affecting the growth of SMCs. Among these substances, low levels of reactive oxygen intermediates and lysophosphatidylcholine stimulate DNA synthesis, whereas at a higher concentration they, as well as oxysterols, are inhibitory.
Modal interactions in the vibrations of a heated annular plate

Abstract We investigate the non-linear forced vibrations of a thermally loaded annular plate with clamped–clamped immovable boundary conditions in the presence of a three-to-one internal resonance between the first and second axisymmetric modes. We consider the in-plane thermal load to be axisymmetric and excite the plate externally by a harmonic force near primary resonance of the second mode. We then use the non-linear von Karman plate equations to model the behavior of the system and apply the method of multiple scales to investigate its responses. We found that the response can be periodic oscillations consisting of both modes, with a large component from the first mode. Moreover, the periodic solutions may undergo Hopf bifurcations, which lead to aperiodic oscillations of the plate.
Differential dose effects of central CRF and effects of CRF astressin on pig behavior.

Abstract The elevation of central corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) causes an increase in behavioral activity, including increases in overall activity and oral/nasal/facial (ONF) chewing–rooting–rubbing behaviors in the pig and similar behaviors in other species. This study detailed changes in the frequency, duration and sequences of behaviors after central administration of vehicle or porcine CRF (pCRF at 0.5, 5.0, 50 and 150 μg). A sequential analysis described the complex behaviors induced in a dose-dependent fashion by central pCRF. The frequency and duration of ONF behaviors were significantly increased among pigs receiving 50 μg of pCRF. For behaviors such as ONF, 50 μg represented a breakpoint at which the frequency and duration of single behaviors increased. Pigs receiving 50 μg of pCRF were considerably more active and exhibited more ONF behaviors than did pigs receiving lower doses. The highly sensitive sequential analysis revealed that very low doses of central pCRF induced subtle changes in sequences of behaviors. Low doses of central pCRF (0.5 μg) induced fear-related behavioral sequences that included ONF behaviors alternating with periods of inactivity. Central injection of astressin, a CRF receptor antagonist, blocked many, but not all, of CRF-induced behaviors. Compared with saline-injected control pigs, central pCRF increased general activity, ONF, fear-related freezing and sham chewing behaviors. When pCRF was given following astressin, fear-related freezing behaviors were not different compared with pigs receiving saline. However, pigs given astressin plus pCRF showed elevated sham chewing compared with saline-injected control pigs, as did pigs receiving intracerebroventricular (ICV) pCRF. These data indicate that central pCRF activates brain mechanisms associated with hyperactivity, ONF and fear-related behaviors, whereas other behaviors induced by pCRF may be nonspecifically mediated by CRF. Astressin antagonized some, but not all, pCRF-induced behaviors. This model represents the induction of hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviors, which may represent a new model for the study of mania or obsessive-compulsive behaviors.
Croconic acid - An absorber in the Venus clouds

The absorbing species responsible for the UV cloud features and pale yellow hue of the Venus clouds is presently suggested to be the carbon monoxide-polymer croconic acid, which strongly absorbs in the blue and near-UV. Laboratory absorption-coefficient measurements of a dilute solution of croconic acid in sulfuric acid are used as the bases of cloud-scattering models; the Venus planetary albedo's observed behavior in the blue and near-UV are noted to be qualitatively reproduced. Attention is given to a plausible croconic acid-production mechanism for the Venus cloudtop region.
Nanostructures of octadecyltrisiloxane self-assembled monolayers produced on Au(111) using particle lithography

Preparing high-quality self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of organosilanes on conductive metal substrates such as gold is problematic because of the hydrophobic nature of the surface under ambient conditions. Trace amounts of water are required for a surface hydrolysis reaction to form siloxane bridges to the metal substrate. We describe an approach using sequential steps of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, particle lithography, and chemical vapor deposition of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) to successfully prepare silane nanostructures on Au(111) surfaces. Pretreatment of gold films with UV irradiation renders the surface to be sufficiently hydrophilic for particle lithography. Close-packed films of monodisperse latex mesospheres provide an evaporative mask to spatially direct the placement of nanoscopic amounts of water on surfaces. Vapor-phase organosilanes deposit selectively at areas of the surface containing water residues to produce millions of nanopatterns with regular thickness, geometry, and periodic...
Pacemaker Neurons within Newborn Spinal Pain Circuits

Spontaneous activity driven by "pacemaker" neurons, defined by their intrinsic ability to generate rhythmic burst firing, contributes to the development of sensory circuits in many regions of the immature CNS. However, it is unknown whether pacemaker-like neurons are present within central pain pathways in the neonate. Here, we provide evidence that a subpopulation of glutamatergic interneurons within lamina I of the rat spinal cord exhibits oscillatory burst firing during early life, which occurs independently of fast synaptic transmission. Pacemaker neurons were distinguished by a higher ratio of persistent, voltage-gated Na(+) conductance to leak membrane conductance (g(Na,P)/g(leak)) compared with adjacent, nonbursting lamina I neurons. The activation of high-threshold (N-type and L-type) voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels also facilitated rhythmic burst firing by triggering intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. Bursting neurons received direct projections from high-threshold sensory afferents but transmitted nociceptive signals with poor fidelity while in the bursting mode. The observation that pacemaker neurons send axon collaterals throughout the neonatal spinal cord raises the possibility that intrinsic burst firing could provide an endogenous drive to the developing sensorimotor networks that mediate spinal pain reflexes.
Maxwell Bodenheim and the Theatre

A presentation note to Helen Westley from Bodenheim in a copy of "Replenishing Jessica" by Maxwell Bodenheim owned by the Library is the starting point of Charney's article about American theatre during the first half of the twentieth Century.
Which end is up? Two representations of orientation in visual search.

What is the orientation of an object? A simple line has an axis of orientation. That line, turned upside-down, is indistinguishable from the original line. Thus, the possible orientations of a line range from 0 to 180°. Most objects, however, have an axis and a polarity. A polar object, turned upside-down, looks upside-down. Accordingly, the orientations of a polar object range from 0 to 360°. A series of visual search experiments were run to determine if preattentive processes represent orientation in a 180 or a 360° framework. Results suggest that preattentive orientation is represented in 180°. Experiments 1 and 4 show that search for a target rotated 90° from the distractors is more efficient than search for a target rotated 180° from the distractors. Experiments 2, 3, and 5 use a variety of different stimuli to demonstrate that search for targets rotated 180° from distractors is inefficient. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Use of Exercise Cross-Sectional Echocardiography and Exercise Doppler Echocardiography for the Assessment of Coronary Disease

Echocardiography has been successfully employed to diagnose myocardial infarction (1,2), assess infarct size (3), and quantitate ischemic damage (3,4), as well as to diagnose the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) (5) and predict its distribution (6). Echocardiography has also proved to be a valuable modality for the assessment of global left ventricular function with a high degree of correlation with invasive techniques. Kisslo and co-workers (7) compared biplane cineangiography against real-time, phased-array, two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography to assess left ventricular wall motion in patients with suspected ischemic heart disease. Eighteen percent of wall regions could not be visualized echocardiographically; however, in the regions that were assessable, wall motion characteristics were correctly identified in 87% of analyses.
Early leptin intervention reverses perturbed energy balance regulating hypothalamic neuropeptides in the pre‐ and postnatal calorie‐restricted female rat offspring

Pre- and postnatal calorie restriction is associated with postnatal growth restriction, reduced circulating leptin concentrations and perturbed energy balance. Hypothalamic regulation of energy balance demonstrates enhanced orexigenic (NPY, AgRP) and diminished anorexigenic (POMC, CART) neuropeptide expression (PN21) setting the stage for subsequent development of obesity in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Leptin replenishment during the early postnatal period (PN2-PN8) led to reversing the hypothalamic orexigenic:anorexigenic neuropeptide ratio at PN21 by only reducing the orexigenic (NPY, AgRP) without affecting the anorexigenic (POMC, CART) neuropeptide expression. This hypothalamic effect was mediated via enhanced leptin receptor (ObRb) signaling that involved increased pSTAT3/STAT3 but reduced PTP1B. This was further confirmed by an increase in body weight at PN21 in response to intracerebroventricular administration of antisense ObRb oligonucleotides (PN2-PN8). The change in the hypothalamic neuropeptide balance in response to leptin administration was associated with increased oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and physical activity which resulted in increased milk intake (PN14) with no change in body weight. This is in contrast to the reduction in milk intake with no effect on energy expenditure and physical activity observed in controls. We conclude that pre- and postnatal calorie restriction perturbs hypothalamic neuropeptide regulation of energy balance setting the stage for hyperphagia and reduced energy expenditure, hallmarks of obesity. Leptin in turn reverses this phenotype by increasing hypothalamic ObRb signaling (sensitivity) and affecting only the orexigenic arm of the neuropeptide balance.
An annular wave-guide rotary joint with wave-guide feed

THERE are many engineering problems in the field of electronics which require a good method of transmitting radio frequency energy from a fixed unit to a rotating unit. For radio frequencies at which wave guides are normally employed, the rotary joint herewith described is especially suitable, particularly where there is a multiplicity of independent transmission lines involved in a relative motion; for example, in a radar or radio communications system where a combination of fixed and rotary transmission lines must be connected together.
A COMPARISON OF ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATES AND ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HUMAN BLOOD.

Electrophoretic studies and erythrocyte sedimentation rate measurements were carried out on normal and pathological human blood. An increase in α globulin levels appears to take place, as well as an increase in sedimentation rates, when there is present any considerable inflammation or tissue destruction, irrespective of its cause. A graphic correlation is presented between sedimentation rates and α globulin levels, which is at least as good as a similar correlation involving fibrinogen levels.
Victimization of Women: A Theoretical Perspective on Dowry Deaths in India:

Deaths of young brides through suicide or homicide following disputes over the dowry (gifts given by the bride’s family to that of the groom during and after the marriage) are increasingly a feature of Indian society. Explanations of this social problem have been too heavily concentrated on the socio-cultural and psychological factors implicated and need to be supplemented by victimological and criminological concepts, drawn especially from routine activity and rational choice perspectives. A model incorporating these concepts within a traditional socio-cultural and psychological framework is presented. This more complete model of the phenomenon needs to be empirically verified, but in time may assist in developing a wider range of preventive strategies.
The head and neck lymphatic system.

Historians believe that between 348 and 250 BC, the ancient Greek investigators Aristotle, Herophilos, and Erasistratos observed the lymphatic system. However, Gaspero Asellius, a professor of anatomy and surgery in Pavia, Italy, made the first definitive description of lymphatics in 1622 [1]. While dissecting the intestine of a well-fed dog, Asellius observed vessels containing a ‘‘milky’’ fluid that drained into a large, central, small bowel mesenteric node. The thoracic ducts and the union with the internal jugular and subclavian veins were identified a few years later by Jean Pecquet of France [2]. By 1653, the term lymphatics had been used to describe the complex network composed of ‘‘serous vessels’’ [3]. It would be another 200 years, however, before William and John Hunter William Cruikshank and William Hewson of the famed Hunter’s School of Anatomy in London would precisely describe the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatics. Their work culminated in Cruikshank’s 1786 monograph ‘‘The Anatomy of the Absorbing Vessels of the Human Body’’ [4] and forms the cornerstone of current knowledge. In the nineteenth century, Sappey of Paris further refined the anatomic understanding of the lymphatic system, and his diagrams of lymphatic flow are still used today [5,6]. Also during this time, Virchow [7] and others advocated the opinion that lymph nodes were a barrier to cancer spread and that cancer progressed sequentially from a primary tumor to lymph nodes to systemic sites. Radical surgical procedures, including Crile radical neck dissection, developed in response to this belief [8]. Lymphatic mapping methods
Keep It Cheap, Keep It Local, and Keep It Coming Standards-Based Accountability Reform in Wisconsin

Through a multiple perspectives model that incorporates the normative, symbolic, and political perspectives, the author analyzes the emergence of standards-based accountability reform in the state of Wisconsin. His analysis offers insight into the effectiveness of various political actors' attempts to alter the state's education systems. Through this case study, the author contends that these policy makers' attempts to reform Wisconsin's systems of education are kept in check by the principles of cheap and local reform. Thus, to achieve change, these principles of cheap and local reform create a policy environment in which stakeholders must offer a continuous series of reform initiatives in hope that some of their policies might slip through an open policy window.
Evaluating the prevalence of polyglutamine repeat expansions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Objective: Given the recent finding of an association between intermediate-length polyglutamine (polyQ) expansions in ataxin 2 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we sought to determine whether expansions in other polyQ disease genes were associated with ALS. Methods: We assessed the polyQ lengths of ataxin 1, ataxin 3, ataxin 6, ataxin 7, TBP, atrophin 1, and huntingtin in several hundred patients with sporadic ALS and healthy controls. Results: Other than ataxin 2, we did not identify a significant association with the other polyQ genes and ALS. Conclusions: These data indicate that the effects of ataxin 2 polyQ expansions on ALS risk are likely to be rooted in the biology of ataxin 2 or ataxin 2-specific interactions, rather than the presence of an expanded polyQ repeat per se. These findings have important consequences for understanding the role of ataxin 2 in ALS pathogenesis and provide a framework for future mechanistic studies.
Resonant-Phonon Terahertz Quantum-Cascade Lasers and Video-Rate Terahertz Imaging

We review the development of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) that can be uniquely qualified based on a resonant-phonon depopulation scheme. Record performances in terms of operating temperature and optical power output are reported. The best temperature performance is achieved in the metal-metal (MM) waveguides, which provide near-unity mode confinement and low waveguiding loss at terahertz (THz) frequencies even for cavities with subwavelength dimensions. A pulsed operation up to a heat-sink temperature of 169 K at v ~ 2.7 THz and a continuous-wave (CW) operation up to 117 K at v ~ 3 THz are demonstrated with a five-level design that has a two-well injector region. Some of the key temperature degradation mechanisms for this design are discussed. For operation at lower frequencies (v < 2 THz), a one-well injector design is developed that reduces intersubband absorption losses in the injector region. A QCL operating at v = 1.59 THz (lambda = 188.5 mum) up to a heat-sink temperature of 71 K in cw mode is demonstrated with that design. To obtain high-power output and low beam divergence from the MM waveguides, a lens-coupled scheme is demonstrated. A peak power output of 145 mW, a beam width of 4.8deg, and a maximum lasing temperature of 160 K are obtained from a 4.1 THz QCL in this configuration. In the latter part of the paper, we report on the demonstration of video-rate (20 frames/s) terahertz imaging with QCLs as the source for illumination and a 320 times 240 element room-temperature microbolometer focal plane array as the detector. The QCLs for the imaging system are processed into semiinsulating surface-plasmon waveguides, and are operated in a cryogen-free thermomechanical cooler in quasi-CW mode at a heat-sink temperature of ~30 K. Real-time imaging in transmission mode is demonstrated at a standoff distance of 25 m with a v ~ 4.9 THz QCL in this setup.
Health Communication and Professional Preparation: Health Educator Credibility, Message Learning, and Behavior Change

Health education graduate students were surveyed to assess perceptions of their professional responsibility to be role models of healthy behaviors, characteristics of a professional role model, and related socializing experiences during professional preparation. A total of 233 randomly selected health education graduate students participated in this study nationwide. Significant inverse associations were found between students' year in graduate school and sense of excellence as a role model, graduate program satisfaction, and professional commitment (all ps < 0.05). Students' sense of professional marketability and competence to role model were statistically significant in predicting their perception that role modeling healthy behaviors is a professional responsibility, F(2, 215) = 110.25, p = 0.00001. Positive associations also were found between students' desire to improve fitness behavior, nutrition, and weight and/or body fat ratio with self-ratings as role models (all ps < 0.05). Implications for the profession and preparation are provided.
Validation of Tissue Microarrays for Immunohistochemical Profiling of Cancer Specimens Using the Example of Human Fibroblastic Tumors

Tissue microarrays allow high-throughput molecular profiling of cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry. Phenotype information of sections from arrayed biopsies on a multitissue block needs to be representative of full sections, as protein expression varies throughout the entire tumor specimen. To validate the use of tissue microarrays for immunophenotyping, we studied a group of 59 fibroblastic tumors with variable protein expression patterns by immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, p53, and the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Data on full tissue sections were compared to the results of one, two, and three 0.6-mm core biopsies per tumor on a tissue array. Ki-67 and p53 staining was read as two categories (positive or negative). Concordance for this staining between tissue arrays with triplicate cores per tumor and full sections were 96 and 98%, respectively. For pRB staining was read as three categories (high, moderate, or negative), where concordance was 91%. The use of three cores per tumor resulted in lower numbers of lost cases and lower nonconcordance with standard full sections as compared to one or two cores per tumor. Correlations between phenotypes and clinical outcome were not significantly different between full section and array-based analysis. Triplicate 0.6-mm core biopsies sampled on tissue arrays provide a reliable system for high-throughput expression profiling by immunohistochemistry when compared to standard full sections. Triplicate cores offer a higher rate of assessable cases and a lower rate of nonconcordant readings than one or two cores. Concordance of triplicate cores is high (96 to 98%) for two category distinction and decreases with the complexity of the phenotypes being analyzed (91%).
Coping strategies used by parents of children with autism

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine (a) the level of family adaptation, as measured by the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPESs) instrument, among persons with a child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 12 years and under, (b) if there was a difference in F-COPES scores based on family demographics, and (c) the time lag between parent’s suspicion of ASD and the actual professional diagnosis of ASD. Data sources: A descriptive survey was used with a convenience sample derived from ASD treatment agencies and a parental support group in the California Bay Area that supports the children and parents of children with special needs. Conclusions: Overall, the level of adaptation was within the normal limits with coping scores similar to the norm scores of the F-COPES with males scoring slightly higher than females in the coping scale. Subscale scores of the F-COPES indicated that the parents sought encouragement and support from friends, informal support from other families who faced similar problems, and formal support from agencies and programs. Reframing revealed similar results as the norm with less use of spiritual support, and more passive appraisals were noted from the parents of children with ASD. Within internal comparisons, there were no statistical differences among gender and amount of time a member spent in coordination of services. Comparisons in ethnicity for Caucasians and Asian Americans revealed a higher coping score for reframing in Asian Americans and a higher passive appraisal score among Caucasians. Non-English speakers scored higher on spiritual support, while English speakers scored higher in passive appraisals. Because of insufficient statistical power, comparisons in education, income, marital status, and relocation of residence were deferred. The time from parents’ suspicions of developmental delays or disability to a professional diagnosis of ASD was at least 6 months or greater. Implications for practice: It is imperative for nurse practitioners (NPs) to provide appropriate professional support and other social support systems to families with children with ASD. Educating parents to sound therapy approaches to provide them with the skills needed to directly address stressful events in order to increase the parent’s confidence level as to avoid passive appraisals is also a crucial role of the NP. NPs may want to use the F-COPES as part of the assessment to ascertain the areas of needs of families. This study reveals the resiliency and highly adaptive nature of these parents who are under severe strain and stress of caring for a child with ASD. The effective ways they coped as a family were in the areas of informal and formal social support networks. Participants also used passive appraisal to cope. The study also supports the need for early recognition and diagnoses of ASD and referral for early intervention for better outcomes for the children and families affected by ASD.
ANT COLONIES OBEY THE ¾ POWER ‘LAW’ OF METABOLIC RATE SCALING

![Figure][1] While some geometric characteristics (length, surface area) of animals don't increase in direct proportion to any given mass increases, one would feel safe to assume that biochemical interactions (i.e. metabolic rate, MR) scale isometrically (10 times size=10 times metabolic rate