cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A χ2 goodness-of-fit test for Markov renewal processesgoodness-of-fit test for Markov renewal processes

A Markov Renewal Process (M.R.P.) is a process similar to a Markov chain, except that the time required to move from one state to another is not fixed, but is a random variable whose distribution may depend on the two states between which the transition is made. For an M.R.P. ofm (<∞) states we derive a goodness-of-fit test for a hypothetical matrix of transition probabilities. This test is similar to the test Bartlett has derived for Markov chains. We calculate the first two moments of the test statistic and modify it to fit the moments of a standard χ2. Finally, we illustrate the above procedure numeerically for a particular case of a two-state M.R.P.
Interaction of calcium and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of colorectal adenomas.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 2369 Background: Calcium and aspirin have both been found to be chemopreventive agents against colorectal neoplasia. However, one recent study suggests that the use of NSAIDs may modify the association of calcium with adenoma risk. Methods: To evaluate the potential interaction between calcium and aspirin/NSAIDs, we used data from two large randomized clinical trials of these agents, conducted among patients with a recent history of colorectal adenomas. In the Calcium Polyp Prevention Study, 930 eligible subjects were randomized to receive placebo or 1200 mg of elemental calcium daily for 4 years. In the Aspirin/Folate Polyp Prevention Study, 1121 eligible subjects were assigned to take placebo, 81 mg of aspirin or 325 mg of aspirin daily for 3 years. Subjects in each trial were asked at regular intervals to describe medications and supplements used. In the calcium trial, we assessed the effect of calcium within strata of aspirin/NSAIDs use, and vice versa in the aspirin trial. The recurrence of one or more colorectal adenomas was the endpoint in both studies. We used risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals computed using generalized linear models as measures of effect. Interactions were assessed by means of product terms in the models. Results: In the calcium trial, 832 subjects had two follow up colonoscopies and were included in the analysis. The adjusted calcium relative risk of any adenoma among subjects who did not take aspirin and/or NSAIDs was 0.64, 95% CI 0.46-0.90, but among those who did use aspirin and/or NSAIDs, calcium had essentially no effect (0.93, 95% CI 0.73-1.19; p for interaction=0.057). In the aspirin trial, 1084 subjects had a follow up colonoscopy and were included in the analysis. Among subjects who did not report use of calcium supplements, the risk ratio for 81-mg aspirin was 0.90, 95% CI 0.74-1.09; among supplement users, the adjusted relative risk was 0.70, 95% CI 0.47-1.05 (p for interaction=0.173) Conclusion: Our data from two different randomized clinical trials provide conflicting findings regarding the interaction between calcium and aspirin against colorectal adenoma recurrence. In the calcium trial, the protective association of calcium with adenoma recurrence seemed to be modified by the use of aspirin/NSAIDS. However, this borderline significant negative interaction was not confirmed in the aspirin trial where, if anything there was a positive interaction. A factorial clinical trial may be required to clarify this issue.
Experimental task and speaker effects on parent-child interactions of aggressive and depressed/anxious children.

Parent-child interactions of aggressive and depressed/anxious clinic-referred children were observed during two different tasks: planning a vacation and discussing a conflict. Marked group differences were found as a function of the type of task, who was speaking (parent vs. child), and type of child psychopathology. Negative behaviors (e.g., Belittling and Blaming) were especially pronounced in the conflict task, whereas positive behaviors (e.g., Nurturing and Protecting) were more common in the planning task. Parents displayed other-directed behavior (e.g., Watching and Controlling), whereas children showed more self-directed behavior (e.g., Walling Off and Distancing), and patterns of child psychopathology interacted with task and speaker in theoretically important ways; for example, parents of aggressive children showed more Belittling and Blaming than their children in the conflict task, but not in the planning task. The findings highlight key factors that may need to be incorporated into models of parent-child interaction and child psychopathology.
Globalization and the Great Divergence: terms of trade booms, volatility and the poor periphery, 1782–1913

W. Arthur Lewis argued that a new international economic order emerged between 1870 and 1913, and that global terms of trade forces produced rising primary product specialization and de-industrialization in the poor periphery. More recently, modern economists argue that volatility reduces growth in the poor periphery. This article assesses these de-industrialization and volatility forces between 1782 and 1913 during the Great Divergence. First, it argues that the new economic order had been firmly established by 1870, and that the transition took place in the century before, not after. Second, evidence from 1870–1939 confirms that while terms of trade improvements raised long-run growth in the rich core, they did not do so in the poor periphery. Given that the secular terms of trade boom, and thus de-industrialization, was much bigger in the poor periphery before 1870 than after, one might plausibly infer that it might help explain the Great Divergence. Third, growth-reducing terms of trade volatility also contributed to the Great Divergence. Terms of trade volatility was much greater in the poor periphery than the core before 1870. It was still very big after 1870, certainly far bigger than in the core. Based on evidence drawn from 1870–2000, we know that such volatility lowers long-run growth in the poor periphery, and that the negative impact is big. Since terms of trade volatility in the poor periphery was even bigger before 1870, one might plausibly infer that it also helps explain the Great Divergence before 1870.
Global Water Budgets – Fundamental Theory and Mechanisms

The global water cycle represents the transport and transformation of water within the Earth system, and, in doing so, distributes freshwater over the Earth's surface. The cycling of water in the Earth's system employs water in all three of its phases: solid, liquid, and gaseous. In its coarsest and most conventional depiction, the Earth system's cycling of water is viewed as the continual displacement of water taken from the ocean, transported through the atmosphere, deposited over land, and ultimately fed back to the ocean. However, many processes and pathways are responsible for this global transit and cycling. Therefore, to monitor the global water cycle in the context of all of these key interactions with the global environment requires a comprehensive representation of the budgets and cycling of all phases of water storage. An analytic discussion is provided to elucidate the various mechanisms that contribute to the global transport of water within and between the Earth's atmosphere, land, and ocean systems Keywords: water; cycle; budget; balance; global; atmosphere; land; ocean
Java Bytecode Optimization with Advanced Instruction Folding Mechanism

The execution performance of Java has been a problem since it was introduced world wide. As one of the solutions, a bytecode instruction folding process for Java processors was developed in a PicoJava model and a Producer, Operator and Consumer (POC) model. Although the instruction folding process in these models saved extra stack operations, it could not handle certain types of instruction sequences. In this paper, a new instruction folding scheme based on a new, advanced POC model is proposed and demonstrates improvement in byte-code execution. The proposed POC model is able to detect and fold all possible instruction sequence types, including a sequence that is separated by other bytecode instructions. SPEC JMV98 benchmark results show that the proposed POC model-based folder can save more than 90% of folding operations. In addition, a design of the proposed POC model-based folding process in hardware is much smaller and more efficient than traditional folding mechanisms. In this research, the proposed instruction folding technique can eliminate most of the stack operations and the use of a physical operand stack, and can thereby achieve the performance of high-end RISC processors.
Adult-Centered Practices: Benchmarking Study in Higher Education

Adult student enrollment in higher education is approaching 50%, yet most college and university practices have been designed for younger, traditional age students. This study used an innovative benchmarking research methodology, including surveys and site visits, to identify best practices at selected adult-centered institutions. The findings were distilled into one overarching theme and thirteen related themes. The overarching theme, “Adult learner centered institutions have a culture in which flexibility, individuation, and adult-centered learning drive institutional practice” reflects the pervasive student-centeredness of the colleges. The thirteen findings and examples of practices from the colleges that were studied can serve as guideposts to colleges and universities seeking to meet the needs of adult students.
Extending the Possibilities of Multicultural Community Partnerships in Urban Public Schools

To combat the sociocultural tensions that the city of Changeton is facing, an effort is being made by the school district to create a systemwide multicultural education program. A volunteer group has been established to shape what it hopes will provide a foundation for working toward mitigating the cultural strife that plagues the schools and community. Through a 3-year qualitative study, this research has documented the developments in the committee's work. The specific area addressed here is the group's efforts to create a partnership between the school and the community. This article provides practical ideas to urban educators interested in such an endeavor and shows that the critical problem is that parental involvement is often not recognized as being determined within specific and unequal relations of power—that attempts at school/community partnerships are often based on white, middle-class assumptions about parents' outlooks, language, resources, and time available for schoolwork. The focus and intent here are to acknowledge that it is crucial to recognize the multiplicity of groups and issues that are present in every town and city. Without being open to all differences of opinion andperspective, the idea of community involvement and public deliberation is fruitless.
A Brave New World: Archivists and Shareable Descriptive Metadata

The notion of "shareable" metadata has recently emerged in the cultural heritage community as a result of increased expectations for making descriptive metadata openly available. Archivists, too, must work to create shareable metadata if archives are to remain viable in a continually evolving information environment. This paper discusses the issues involved in applying shareable metadata principles to archival description, describes strategies and tools for creating shareable archival descriptive metadata, and considers emerging trends in metadata sharing. The authors also outline further recommendations for action by the archival community.
Impact of the column hardware volume on resolution in very high pressure liquid chromatography non-invasive investigations

The impact of the column hardware volume (≃ 1.7 μL) on the optimum reduced plate heights of a series of short 2.1 mm × 50 mm columns (hold-up volume ≃ 80-90 μL) packed with 1.8 μm HSS-T3, 1.7 μm BEH-C18, 1.7 μm CSH-C18, 1.6 μm CORTECS-C18+, and 1.7 μm BEH-C4 particles was investigated. A rapid and non-invasive method based on the reduction of the system dispersion (to only 0.15 μL(2)) of an I-class Acquity system and on the corrected plate heights (for system dispersion) of five weakly retained n-alkanophenones in RPLC was proposed. Evidence for sample dispersion through the column hardware volume was also revealed from the experimental plot of the peak capacities for smooth linear gradients versus the corrected efficiency of a weakly retained alkanophenone (isocratic runs). The plot is built for a constant gradient steepness irrespective of the applied flow rates (0.01-0.30 mL/min) and column lengths (2, 3, 5, and 10 cm). The volume variance caused by column endfittings and frits was estimated in between 0.1 and 0.7 μL(2) depending on the applied flow rate. After correction for system and hardware dispersion, the minimum reduced plate heights of short (5 cm) and narrow-bore (2.1mm i.d.) beds packed with sub-2 μm fully and superficially porous particles were found close to 1.5 and 0.7, respectively, instead of the classical h values of 2.0 and 1.4 for the whole column assembly.
Implications for early hydrothermal environments on Mars through the spectral evidence for carbonation and chloritization reactions in the Nili Fossae region

[1] Previous identification of serpentine and magnesium carbonate in the eastern Nili Fossae region of Mars indicates hydrothermal alteration of an olivine-rich protolith. Here we characterize Fe/Mg phyllosilicates associated with these units and present spectral evidence for the presence of a talc component, distinguishable from saponite. Locations with magnesium carbonate are exclusively associated with talc-related phyllosilicates. In the westernmost portions of the Nili Fossae region, where a mafic protolith dominates, Fe/Mg phyllosilicates display spectral evidence for a wide degree of chloritization. We propose that Noachian Fe/Mg smectites were uniformly buried by Hesperian lava flows that initiated hydrothermal alteration in the eastern Nili Fossae region. The chloritization of smectites may have produced silica-rich fluids necessary for the serpentinization of olivine; temperature and depth constraints indicated by their distribution also suggest a hydrothermal system was present. The subsequent carbonation of serpentine and/or olivine in eastern Nili Fossae, while requiring an additional CO2 source, provides an explanation for the limited occurrence of serpentine and the colocation of carbonate and talc-bearing material throughout this area. The consequence of the hypothesized carbonation reaction and the presence of serpentine provides geochemical constraints for the proportion of CO2 present in the fluids that interacted with the protolith. If this carbonation reaction was a widespread phenomenon, it may have been an important process in the ancient Martian carbon cycle and could have provided a sink for CO2 in the past.
A rare side effect of transesophageal echocardiography: methemoglobinemia from topical benzocaine anesthesia.

Background Benzocaine induced methemoglobinemia is an uncommon, potentially fatal condition. Case report A 44-year-old woman with a history of hepatitis C and intravenous drug use was referred for transesophageal echocardiography for bacteremia evaluation. During induction of topical anesthesia with benzocaine spray she became cyanotic. Pulse oximetry revealed marked desaturation (75%) but was discordant from arterial blood O2 saturation (99%). Due to clinical suspicion, methemoglobin level was measured and noted to be 69%. The patient was treated with 2 mg/kg of methylene blue intravenously with resolution of her symptoms. Conclusion Physicians using topical anesthesia in endoscopic suites should be aware of this rare, potentially life-threatening treatable condition. High clinical suspicion and availability of methylene blue in endoscopy suites will facilitate prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Classification and Characterization of Gene Expression Data with Generalized Eigenvalues

In this study, we present Incremental Learning and Decremented Characterization of Regularized Generalized Eigenvalue Classification (ILDC-ReGEC), a novel algorithm to train a generalized eigenvalue classifier with a substantially smaller subset of points and features of the original data. The proposed method provides a constructive way to understand the influence of new training data on an existing classification model and the grouping of features that determine the class of samples. We show through numerical experiments that this technique has comparable accuracy with respect to other methods. Furthermore, experiments show that it is possible to obtain a classification model with about 30% of the training samples and less then 5% of the initial features. Matlab implementation of the ILDC-ReGEC algorithm is freely available from the authors.
Bioheat Transfer With Ken Diller: A Perspective on Intracellular Ice Formation During Freezing of Cells

Dr. Diller is undoubtedly one of most important researcher in the field of bioheat and mass transfer as it applies to low temperature biology over the last 40 odd years. This talk will highlight his seminal contributions to the field.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The use of bimodal blends of vinyl ester monomers to improve resin processing and toughen polymer properties

Abstract Vinyl ester (VE) monomers with bimodal molecular weight distributions were prepared by reacting methacrylic acid with blends of monodisperse epoxy resins ranging in molecular weight from 350–7000 g/mol. Monodisperse vinyl ester monomers were prepared from epoxy resins of a single molecular weight. The extent of vinyl ester formation was found to be near complete and side reactions, such as etherification, did not occur to a significant extent. The viscosities of these vinyl ester resins were measured as a function of styrene content. It was found that resin viscosity, η, increased exponentially and predictably as both the styrene content (S) decreased and as the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the vinyl ester monomers increased: η∼exp(Mn)/exp(S). Cure kinetics studies showed that the vinyl ester reactivity ratio decreased to 0.1 from 0.6 for bimodal blends relative to monodisperse resins while the styrene reactivity ratio increased from 0.4 to 0.6. Thus, the microgels in bimodal blends were smaller than in monodisperse resins. Emissions studies proved that decreasing the styrene content reduced the VOC emission rate and total emissions. Higher VE molecular weights decreased the overall emissions due to a reduction in monomer mobility. Tg decreased from 143 to 125 °C as Mn of the VE monomers increased from 540 to 920 g/mol; yet, Tg of these bimodal blends were still equal to or greater than that of commercial VE resins (∼125 °C). The fracture toughness of bimodal blends increased from ∼100 to ∼330 J/m2 as VE Mn increased from 540 to 920 g/mol because of matrix toughening. The fracture properties did not improve as the styrene content increased from 35 to 45 wt% because of corresponding changes in the morphology. Yet, there were numerous low VOC bimodal formulations with fracture properties in excess of the low VOC Dow Derakane 441–400 (110 J/m2) and even the industry standard Derakane 411–350 (240 J/m2).
Rapid photochemical generation of ubiquinol through a radical pathway: an avenue for probing submillisecond enzyme kinetics.

The use of photoreleasable protecting groups (“cages”) on bioactive molecules provides a means for the rapid initiation of bimolecular reaction chemistry in biological systems.1,2 In this approach, the protecting group renders an otherwise biologically active molecule inert, so that the molecule can be mixed with an enzyme or other biological target molecule without any reaction taking place. Irradiation of the “caged” molecule leads to the release of the protecting group, so that the biological substrate is free to react with its target biomolecule. Because the bimolecular chemistry can be initiated by a laser pulse, the time frame over which the reaction can be probed is determined by the photochemistry leading to the release of substrate. This time frame can be much shorter than the time scale of milliseconds associated with stopped-flow and other rapid-mixing techniques. For some caged substrates, such as carboxylic acids and phosphates derivatized with benzoin moieties,3-6 release of active substrate is essentially instantaneous upon irradiation. For alcoholic substrates such as quinols, however, release of free substrate has been limited by chemistry that occurs after photocleavage of the cage molecule. When protecting groups such as α-carboxynitrobenzyl7 and 3‘,5‘-bis(carboxymethoxy)benzoin8 are used to derivatize quinols, a carbonate linker is required. Upon irradiation, the quinol is released as a carbonate monoester, and the slow decarboxylation of this species is rate-limiting in generating the free quinol.
Imaging genetics of structural brain connectivity and neural integrity markers

We review studies that have used diffusion imaging (DI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate genetic associations. A brief description of the measures obtainable with these methods and of some methodological and interpretability limitations is given. The usefulness of DI and MRS in defining intermediate phenotypes and in demonstrating the effects of common genetic variants known to increase risk for psychiatric manifestations on anatomical and metabolic phenotypes is reviewed. The main focus is on schizophrenia where the greatest amount of data has been collected. Moreover, we present an example coming from a different approach, where the genetic alteration is known (the deletion that causes Williams syndrome) and the DI phenotype can shed new light on the function of genes affected by the mutation. We conclude that, although these are still early days of this type of research and many findings remain controversial, both techniques can significantly contribute to the understanding of genetic effects in the brain and the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
A flexible instrument control and image acquisition system for a scanning electron microscope

We have developed an instrument control and image acquisition system for use with scanning electron microscopes. By making the system flexible over a wide range of operating voltages, scan generation and image acquisition modes can be easily accommodated to a wide range of instruments. We show the implementation of this system for use with a custom-built low-voltage scanning electron microscope. We then explore the simple modifications that are required for control of two instruments intended for use as free electron lasers.
Does pattern matching require the normalization of size and orientation

Subjects judged whether two visual patterns had the same shape under conditions in which the patterns could vary orthogonally in size and orientation. Analyses of reaction times and errors indicated that, before judging the correspondence between shapes, subjects normalized orientational variation by means of a continuous mental rotation. However, an analogous normalization for variation in size was not detected, and thus no evidence for an internal operation of size scaling was obtained in this experiment. The latter result is at variance with previous findings, and we discuss two possible explanations for this lack of effect.
Coupled Reactor-Scale and Surface Chemistry Model for Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon vapor deposition (CVD) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been modeled with a coupled gas-phase and surface chemistry model. The gas-phase flow model consisting of coupled conservation of mass, energy, and momentum equations was developed to describe the fluid flow of hydrocarbons and hydrogen as they undergo heating and chemical reactions in a horizontal tube-flow CVD reactor. The model outputs steady state velocity, temperature, and concentration fields for each species involved in the reaction mechanism. The fully coupled surface chemistry model, applied as a variable multidirectional flux boundary condition to the mass balance equation, determines steady-state surface coverage of each chemical species as well as the rate of growth of CNTs as a function of gas phase thermal and chemical conditions. The results of the modeling effort demonstrate a dependence on thermal conditions of optimal inlet molar ratios for efficient CNT production as well as the large effect specification of active sites can have on calculated deposition rates.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Differential non-destructive image current detection in a fourier transform quadrupole ion trap

Dual-detector differential non-destructive Fourier transform detection in a quadrupole ion trap is shown to improve signal intensity and reduce noise compared with spectra recorded using a single detector. A larger area detector in each end-cap electrode is machined to fit its hyperbolic shape and so minimize field imperfections on the z-axis. Argon, acetophenone and bromobenzene spectra were recorded to allow a comparison between single- and dual-detector (differential) modes of detection and to demonstrate the improvement achieved with differential detection. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equilibrium constants under physiological conditions for the reactions of the nonphosphorylated pathway of l-serine biosynthesis

Abstract The observed equilibrium constants ( K obs ) for the reactions of d -2-phosphoglycerate phosphatase, d -2-Phosphoglycerate 3− + H 2 O → d -glycerate − + HPO 4 2− ; d -glycerate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.29), d -Glycerate − + NAD + → NADH + hydroxypyruvate − + H + ; and l -serine:pyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.51), Hydroxypyruvate − + l -H · alanine ± → pyruvate − + l -H · serine ± ; have been determined, directly and indirectly, at 38 °C and under conditions of physiological ionic strength (0.25 m ) and physiological ranges of pH and magnesium concentrations. From these observed constants and the acid dissociation and metal-binding constants of the substrates, an ionic equilibrium constant ( K ) also has been calculated for each reaction. The value of K for the d -2-phosphoglycerate phosphatase reaction is 4.00 × 10 3 m [ ΔG 0 = −21.4 kJ/mol (−5.12 kcal/mol)]([H 2 0] = 1). Values of K obs for this reaction at 38 °C, [K + ] = 0.2 m , I = 0.25 M, and pH 7.0 include 3.39 × 10 3 m (free [Mg 2+ ] = 0), 3.23 × 10 3 m (free [Mg 2+ ] = 10 −3 m ), and 2.32 × 10 3 m (free [Mg 2+ ] = 10 −2 m ). The value of K for the d -glycerate dehydrogenase reaction has been determined to be 4.36 ± 0.13 × 10 −13 m (38 °C, I = 0.25 M) [ ΔG 0 = 73.6 kJ/mol (17.6 kcal/mol)]. This constant is relatively insensitive to free magnesium concentrations but is affected by changes in temperature [ ΔH 0 = 46.9 kJ/mol (11.2 kcal/mol)]. The value of K for the serine:pyruvate aminotransferase reaction is 5.41 ± 0.11 [ ΔG 0 = −4.37 kJ/mol (−1.04 kcal/mol)] at 38 °C ( I = 0.25 M) and shows a small temperature effect [ ΔH 0 = 16.3 kJ/ mol (3.9 kcal/mol)]. The constant showed no significant effect of ionic strength (0.06–1.0 m ) and a response to the hydrogen ion concentration only above pH 8.5. The value of K obs is 5.50 ± 0.11 at pH 7.0 (38 °C, [K + ] = 0.2 m , [Mg 2+ ] = 0, I = 0.25 M). The results have also allowed the value of K for the d -glycerate kinase reaction (EC 2.7.1.31), d -Glycerate − + ATP 4− → d -2-phosphoglycerate 3− + ADP 3− + H + , to be calculated to be 32.5 m (38 °C, I = 0.25 M). Values for K obs for this reaction under these conditions and at pH 7.0 include 236 (free [Mg 2+ ] = 0) and 50.8 (free [Mg 2+ ] = 10 −3 m ).
Electrokinetic studies of inorganic coated capillaries.

Abstract The procedures for the preparation of silica capillaries coated with titanium oxide or aluminum oxide are developed. These inorganic coated capillaries are studied for their applicability in capillary electrophoresis. The points of zero charge are measured as pH 5 and pH 7 for titanium oxide- and aluminum oxide-coated capillaries, respectively. Both titanium oxide and aluminum oxide coatings give better protein separations in comparison to the use of fused-silica capillaries. Separation efficiency of lysozyme as model protein is measured in the range of 20 000 theoretical plates/m of inorganic coated capillaries. However, the hydrophobic interaction between proteins and modified capillary wall possibly contributes to the tailing of observed protein peaks.
31 P NMR SPECTROSCOPY IN EXPERIMENTAL BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN RABBITS

Twenty-six NZ wh rabbits (x wgt=2.73kg) were given normal saline (controls, N=11), H. influenza type b (HITB, N=10) or S. pneumoniae type III (S. pn, N=?) intracisternally by a percutaneous technique. The animals were observed for clinical illness (CI:1=unaffected → 5-died) and a repeat cisternal tap performed at 24th and 48h. One-half were sacrificed at 48h for histopathologic and EM studies. The remainder were studied by NMR before and tSh after inoculation. 31 P spectra obtained were technically satisfactory with good signal/noise ratios. Despite CSF and histopathologic evidence of mild meningitis, in these preliminary studies we did not demonstrate significant differences in intracellular pH or bioenergetics of brain tissue based upon PCr/Pi ratios.
Problems with the garber-dear theory of the disappearance of Descartes's method

Daniel Garber and Peter Dear each have argued that the method of Descartes's Regulae plays no role in his later published work.1 There are many similarities in their views. They describe the method of the Regulae in much the same terms, agreeing on the structure of the method and on its limited use. They both believe that it dropped out of his philosophical program well before the publication of the Discourse. While each has his own explanation of the disappearance of the method, even there they have much in common, especially in sharing a crucial appeal to Descartes's commitment to the interconnectedness of all knowledge. I will argue that Garber and Dear have misunderstood the core of the method and that a version of it is still at work in Descartes's later work. I start by considering their description of the method and their evidence for its absence in the Meditations. Then I will examine their respective explanations of the method's disappearance. A critical look at those explanations will force us to adjust our understanding, both of what presumptions underlie the GarberDear view of the method and of what the method really is. I will end with some reflections on the deep sources of what I take to the errors in the Garber-Dear view. The method of the Regulae, according to Garber and Dear, is meant to solve only particular, isolated problems. To accomplish these narrow aspirations, it proceeds in two tidy phases with a clear sequence of steps in each phase. First, there is the reductive phase in which the particular problem, presented as a question, is repeatedly simplified, each step generating a simpler question. That process ends in an intuition of what is simplest of all. The later additions to the Regulae call these ontological ultimates the simple natures. Then, anchored in the simple natures, the constructive phase of the method retraces in reverse order the steps of the reductive phase,
Hadronic decays of excited heavy mesons

Abstract We studied the hadronic decays of excited states of heavy mesons (D, Ds, B and Bs) to lighter states by emission of π, η or K. Wavefunctions and energy levels of these excited states are determined using a Dirac equation for the light quark in the potential generated by the heavy quark (including first order corrections in the heavy quark expansion). Transition amplitudes are computed in the context of the Heavy Chiral Quark Model.
What is clinical social work? looking back to move ahead

This paper traces the evolution of the concept of clinical social work and looks at where we are and where we are headed as clinical social workers. It reaffirms the view that clinical social workers intervene with clients presenting the full range of problems in a variety of facilities and in private practice and must draw on a broad knowledge base within a person-situation perspective and address the special needs of culturally diverse and oppressed populations. The paper also considers the move toward legal regulation, the role of private practice, the need for clinical doctoral education, the importance of new models for clinical research, and the significance of advocacy for a broad range of services to clients.
Simulation, measurement, and parameter extraction for a 5.8 GHz negative permittivity metamaterial

Metamaterials are commonly comprised of ring structures with negative effective permeability and wire structures with negative effective permittivity. However, the catalog of available negative permittivity devices remains somewhat limited. Recently, a novel unit cell comprised of two disks connected by a metal post was presented. The analysis of the unit cell predicted a resonant response, with negative effective permittivity above the resonant frequency. To verify the predicted metamaterial behavior, an experimental prototype has been fabricated and the effective permittivity has been extracted using measured S-parameters. The experimental results for the prototype device show the predicted resonant behavior, and the extracted parameters show a region of negative permittivity above resonance.
A common plan for dorsoventral patterning in Bilateria

Functional studies seem now to confirm, as first suggested by E. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire in 1822, that there was an inversion of the dorsoventral axis during animal evolution. A conserved system of extracellular signals provides positional information for the allocation of embryonic cells to specific tissue types both in Drosophila and vertebrates; the ventral region of Drosophila is homologous to the dorsal side of the vertebrate. Developmental studies are now revealing some of the characteristics of the ancestral animal that gave rise to the arthropod and mammalian lineages, for which we propose the name Urbilateria.
A theoretical model of medical malpractice and the quality of care

Abstract The role of care to the physician is two-fold. First, it is an income-generating part of the phydician's service; second, it is a form of self-protection against medical-malpractice litigation. The availability of medical-malpractice insurance lessens the role of care as a form of self-protection. This paper considers the relationship between practicing with care and purchasing malpractice insurance. Given tort-law modifications that increase the propensity to litigate, it is shown that, contrary to the purpose of these legal changes, a possible physician response is to substitute insurance for care, yielding a lower care level. Effects of physician risk aversion are also examined.
Control of sleeping sickness--time to integrate approaches.

The epidemic of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness in eastern Uganda, which began in 1998 as a result of movements of the livestock reservoir of the parasite, has continued to spread. An additional 133 000 people have been put at risk of infection in Kaberamaido, another newly affected district. The few resources committed to control interventions in Soroti district have failed to contain the epidemic. The high prevalence of the parasite in cattle presents a significant risk for transmission to human beings and further spread of this neglected zoonotic disease. Targeted interventions are urgently needed to control epidemics and reduce the high mortality resulting from sleeping sickness.
Preliminary lead isotope investigations of brine from the Red Sea, Galena from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and galena from United Arab Republic (Egypt)☆

Abstract The isotopic composition of lead in Red Sea chloride brine containing 0.5 ppm Pb is found to be similar to that of some Cenozoic ore leads such as galena at Rabigh in Saudi Arabia that may have formed during mineralization accompanying Tertiary rifting. Bir Ranga galena in Miocene sediments from United Arab Republic (Egypt) is also isotopically similar to lead in Red Sea brine. The chlorine brine must be considered a possible mineralizing fluid. Lead isotopes show promise for use in mineral prospect evaluation in that galena from Samrah is isotopically similar to that from Mahd adh Dhahab, which has been the only ore producer in Saudi Arabia since 1945. Drilling at Samrah does indicate a possible economic mineralization. The lead isotope data coupled with available geologic knowledge and geochronometry are used to tentatively divide the ore prospects of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia into relative categories of mineralization age. Two Mesozoic and Cenozoic mineralizations are distinguished on the basis of a 207 Pb/ 204 Pb difference; an early Paleozoic mineralization grouping is outlined; and a late Precambrian mineralization period is suggested.
Value-Driven Analysis of New Paradigms in Space Architectures: An Ilities-Based Approach

Current commercial, civil, and military space architecture designs perform exquisitely and reliably. However, today’s architecture paradigms are also characterized by expensive launches, large and expensive high-performance spacecraft, long development cycles, and wide variations in ground architectures. While current assets provide high-quality services, and future assets are slated to improve performance within the same design frameworks, proposed future architectures may not be capitalizing on technology improvements, system innovations, or policy alternatives explored during the last two decades. This paper identifies five “trends” along which space architectures may develop, aimed at granting systems several “ilities,” such as resiliency, robustness, flexibility, scalability, and affordability. The trends examined include: commercialization of space, significant reductions in launch costs and the development of hybrid or reusable launch systems, development of on-orbit infrastructure and servicing, aggregation or disaggregation of orbital assets, and the automation and standardization of ground architectures. Further refinement of these key technological and system trends could result in major paradigm shifts in the development and fielding of space operations as well as lead to space architecture designs in the future that are radically different from those today. Within the framework of systems engineering ilities and risk management, this paper reviews current literature surrounding these new change trends and justifies their potential to cause significant paradigm shifts. By examining the work and research conducted so far through an ilities-based approach, systems engineers can more fully appreciate the value being offered by these trends.
Geometric stability and elastic response of a supported nanoparticle film

The mechanical response to compression of a self-assembled gold nanoparticle monolayer and trilayer at the air-liquid interface is examined. Analysis of the film's buckling morphology under compression reveals an anomalously low bending rigidity for both the monolayer and the trilayer, in contrast with continuum elastic plates. We attribute this to the spherical geometry of the nanoparticles and poor coupling between layers, respectively. The elastic energy of the trilayers is first delocalized in wrinkles and then localized into folds, as predicted by linear and nonlinear elastic theory for an inextensible thin film supported on a fluid.
Optimal Formation Design for Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission Using Differential Orbital Elements

The Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission requires a formation of four satellites in a nearly regular tetrahedron throughout a region of interest defined near the apogee of a highly eccentric reference orbit. Previous papers have addressed the design of formations in orbits of high eccentricity to maximize a quality factor in a region of interest, including the use of differential mean orbital elements as design variables. In this paper, a robust optimization method is presented to improve formation performance in the presence of formation initialization errors. Several design methods are analyzed by applying differential semimajor axis errors, which have a strong effect on the long-term stability of spacecraft formations. It is shown that large formations can satisfy mission requirements for a longer time than smaller formations, when the same magnitude of errors are considered, and generally exhibit less variation in quality factors due to these errors. The robust optimization method is applied to these smaller formations and produces results that are much more stable when semimajor axis errors are included, at a cost of some performance in the nominal error-free case. The results are verified using the NASA General Mission Analysis Tool and are shown to be reasonably accurate, except in predicting very long-term behavior. A physical analysis of the geometry of several magnetospheric multiscale formation designs is provided, and eight distinct optimal tetrahedron orientations are identified (two configurations, in which the chief satellite can be placed at any of the four vertices).
The number of finitely generated infinite cylindric set algebras of dimension two

There are exactly seven isomorphism types of infinite one-generated diagonal-free cylindric set algebras of dimension two all of which are described in this paper. Contrast this result with the following facts from another paper by the same author: there are continuum many two-generated such algebras and continuum many one-generated ones of finite dimension at least three.
On the attainment of optimum developer parameters for PMMA resist

Abstract Because of the uniquely high resolution offered by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for practically all forms of lithography, its technological significance remains strong. We have found significantly higher contrast developers for PMMA which have shown improved resolution, less susceptibility to proximity effects and better lift-off properties with no loss of sensitivity to exposure. We report data which demonstrate an improvement in contrast by more than 35% with the addition of as little as 1.3% methyl ethyl ketone (mek) to other common developers. We discuss a model which explains the observed contrast enhancement and predicts that for small changes, an increase in either mek concentration, temperature or develop time increases contrast. We include experimental evidence in support of temperature and mek related improvements.
Chemokine mRNA expression in the cauda equina of Lewis rats with experimental allergic neuritis.

Abstract Chemokines play an important role in the migration of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. In this study, using the quantitative competitive reverse transcriptase PCR method, we analyzed sequential expression of certain chemokine mRNAs in the cauda equina (CE) of rats with experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). Interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, the regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted chemokine (RANTES), and lymphotactin were analyzed on days 0 (pre-immunization), 7 (preclinical stage), 10 (disease onset), 13 (clinical progression), 17 (disease peak), as well as on days 20, 24, and 34 post-immunization (p.i.) (recovery). MCP-1 message increased at the preclinical stage and peaked at day 17 p.i. The increase in the early stage was not detected in other tissues, indicating peripheral nerve-specific upregulation. MIP-1α and IP-10 messages surged at day 13, then returned to low in the recovery stage. RANTES message increased at day 13 and peaked at day 17 p.i.; however, unlike other chemokines, it showed a second peak of expression on day 24. Lymphotactin message was undetectable at any time point. MCP-1 protein was detected immunohistologically in endothelial cells at day 7 p.i. The sequential expression of these chemokines in relation to the inflammatory process in the nerve leading to demyelination is discussed.
Traits, States, and Attentional Gates: Temperament and Threat Relevance as Predictors of Attentional Bias to Social Threat

This study investigated the influence of situational and dispositional factors on attentional biases toward social threat, and the impact of these attentional biases on distress in a sample of adolescents. The results suggest greater biases for personally relevant threat cues, as individuals reporting high social stress were vigilant to subliminal social threat cues, but not physical threat cues, and those reporting low social stress showed no attentional biases. Individual differences in fearful temperament and attentional control interacted to influence attentional biases, with fearful temperament predicting biases to supraliminal social threat only for individuals with poor attentional control. Multivariate analyses exploring relations between attentional biases for social threat and symptoms of anxiety and depression revealed that attentional biases alone were rarely related to symptoms. However, biases did interact with social stress, fearful temperament, and attentional control to predict distress. The results are discussed in terms of automatic and effortful cognitive mechanisms underlying threat cue processing.
Effect of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage on organic ion transport in rat liver.

Abstract The effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) pretretment on the hepatic transport of a cation, procaine amide ethobromide (PAEB), and of an anion, p-acetylaminohippurate (PAAH), was investigated in anesthetized rats with ligated renal pedicles and a cannulated bile duct. Each animal received a single ip injection of CCl4 (1 ml/kg) as a 50% solution in olive oil at times ranging from 0.5 to 71.5 hr prior to an iv injection of PAEB, 5 mg/kg, or PAAH, 20 mg/kg. Control animals were pretreated with olive oil alone. The effect of CCl4 on the biliary excretion rate of PAEB and on the concentration of PAEB in liver 30 min after injection of the cation varied with the time after CCl4 pretreatment. At 1, 2, 4 and 7 hr after CCl4 treatment, the biliary excretion rate of PAEB was depressed, while the concentration of the drug in liver was markedly elevated. The results suggested that the main effect of CCl4 was to decrease the transport of PAEB from liver to bile. In the case of PAAH, there was an increase in the plasma concentration, a decrease in liver concentration, and an even greater decrease in the biliary excretion rate of the compound at all times between 0.5 and 48 hr after CCl4 treatment. The results suggested that the effect of CCl4 treatment was to depress the net transport of PAAH from plasma to liver and also from liver to bile.
Anxiety and cerebral blood flow during behavioral challenge. Dissociation of central from peripheral and subjective measures.

• To investigate the relationship between anxiety and regional cerebral blood flow, we administered behavioral challenges to 10 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder while measuring regional cerebral blood flow with the xenon 133 inhalation technique. Each patient was studied under three conditions: relaxation, imaginal flooding, and in vivo (actual) exposure to the phobic stimulus. Subjective anxiety, obsessive-compulsive ratings, and autonomic measures (heart rate, blood pressure) increased significantly, but respiratory rate and Pco2 did not change across the three conditions. Regional cerebral blood flow increased slightly (in the temporal region) during imaginal flooding, but decreased markedly in several cortical regions during in vivo exposure, when anxiety was highest by subjective and peripheral autonomic measures. These results demonstrate that intense anxiety can be associated with decreased rather than increased cortical perfusion and that ostensibly related states of anxiety (eg, anticipatory and obsessional anxiety) may be associated with opposite effects on regional cerebral blood flow.