cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 5.8 nW CMOS Wake-Up Timer for Ultra-Low-Power Wireless Applications

This work presents an ultra-low-power oscillator designed for wake-up timers in compact wireless sensors. In a conventional relaxation oscillator, a capacitor periodically resets to a fixed voltage using a continuous comparator, thereby generating an output clock. The reset is triggered by a continuous comparator and thus the clock period is dependent on the delay of the continuous comparator which therefore needs to be fast compared to the period, making this approach power hungry. To avoid the power penalty of a fast continuous comparator, a constant charge subtraction scheme is proposed in this paper. As a constant amount of charge is subtracted for each cycle, rather than discharging/charging the capacitor to a fixed voltage, the clock period becomes independent of comparator delay. Therefore, the high power continuous comparator can be replaced with a coarse clocked comparator, facilitating low-power time tracking. For precise wake-up signal generation, an accurate continuous comparator is only enabled for one clock period at the end of the specified wakeup time. A wake-up timer using the proposed scheme is fabricated in a 0.18 µm CMOS process. The timer consumes 5.8 nW at room temperature with temperature stability of 45 ppm/°C (-10 °C to 90 °C) and line sensitivity of 1%/V (1.2 V to 2.2 V) .
Neighborhood racial change, segregationist sentiments, and affirmative marketing policies

Abstract An econometric model of 1970–1980 neighborhood racial changes is estimated for census tracts in Cuyahoga County (Cleveland), Ohio. Results indicate that 1970 tract percentage black, interacted with estimated segregationist sentiment for white residents, is the dominant explanatory variable, with its maximum marginal impact on loss of whites occurring at 35% black. Proximity to majority black tracts and intensity of white segregationist sentiments are also strongly associated with large variations in decadal racial changes. These racial contextual factors both abet white out-migration and deter white in-migration. “Affirmative marketing” policies conducted by the Shaker Heights and Cleveland Heights jurisdictions resulted in greater integration of initially all-white areas and less racial change in substantially integrated areas.
Some Amithiozone (Tibione) Analogs

The preparation of 12 thiosemicarbazones is reported and the in vitro antitubercular activity of many of them, plus others previously reported, is described. The majority of the compounds prepared were monosubstituted derivatives of benzaldehyde 3-thiosemicarbazone, acetophenone 3-thiosemicarbazone or the corresponding α,β-unsaturated derivatives of the above. This latter group comprises vinylogs of the parent compounds. The vinylogs displayed antitubercular activity equal to or greater than that of the parent compounds.
Fluid viscosity measurement using forward light scattering

A fluid viscosity measuring device using forward light scattering is presented. The sensing principle makes use of the damping characteristic of a vibrating taut optical fibre probe that is sensitive to the viscosity of an immersed fluid. Measurements of the resonant frequency and the amplitude are used to determine the viscosity of the liquid. Experimental results are presented for sucrose solutions of varying concentrations with a viscosity varying from 1 to 6 cP. Keywords: fluid viscosity, mass density, light scattering, interference, in-line process monitoring
CAN RATERS WITH REDUCED JOB DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION PROVIDE ACCURATE POSITION ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE (PAQ) RATINGS

Jones, Main, Butler, and Johnson (1982) stated that job-naive raters provided with only narrative job descriptions can produce valid and reliable Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) ratings. This implies that traditional time- and labor-intensive methods of collecting job analysis information (e.g., interviews, direct observation) are not necessary in order to accurately complete the PAQ. However, PAQ ratings in the Jones et al. study were not validated against an external standard. Consequently, their conclusion is open to question. To determine the convergent validity of the Jones et al. approach, we provided job-naive raters with varying amounts of job descriptive information and, in some cases, prior practice rating the job with another job analysis instrument; PAQ ratings were validated against those of job analysts who were also job content experts. None of the reduced job descriptive information conditions (or the practice) enabled job-naive raters to obtain either acceptable levels of convergent validity with experts or high interrater reliability. Two areas of research that may make the PAQ more time- and labor-efficient are discussed.
Receptor Response in Venus's Fly-Trap

The insect-trapping movement of the plant Dionaea muscipula (Venus's fly-trap) is mediated by the stimulation of mechanosensory hairs located on the surface of the trap. It is known that stimulation of the hairs is followed by action potentials which are propagated over the surface of the trap. It has been reported that action potentials always precede trap closure. The occurrence of non-propagated receptor potentials is reported here. Receptor potentials always precede the action potentials. The receptor potential appears to couple the mechanical stimulation step to the action potential step of the preying sequence. Receptor potentials elicited by mechanical stimulation of a sensory hair were measured by using the hair as an integral part of the current-measuring path. The tip of the hair was cut off exposing the medullary tissue; this provided a natural extension of the measuring electrode into the receptor region at the base of the hair. A measuring pipette electrode was slipped over the cut tip of the hair. Positive and negative receptor potentials were measured. Evidence is presented which supports the hypothesis that the positive and negative receptor potentials originate from independent sources. An analysis is made of (a) the relation of the parameters of mechanical stimuli to the magnitude of the receptor potential, and (b) the relation of the receptor potentials to the action potential. The hypothesis that the positive receptor potential is the generator of the action potential is consistent with these data.
Ecology and Restoration of Mangrove Shorelines in Florida

Mangroves play an important role in estuarine ecological systems as well as in shoreline protection. Such large areas of mangroves have been lost by dredging, land-filling, and other means, that it has become important to develop techniques for restoring or replacing them. Such techniques are needed both for the sake of restoring the mangroves as a valuable shoreline habitat and to estimate their monetary value, which must at least equal the restoration cost.It is accordingly suggested that future destruction of mangroves be permitted only if they are subsequently replaced at the same site or at some appropriately developed alternative site.Mangroves have been planted at several sites in Florida, and planting success has been evaluated. Mangroves of several sizes have been planted at a variety of sites that differed in shoreline energy, tidal depth, root-parasite prevalence, substrate type, salinity, and public access. Counts and measurements made after periods of up to 4 years indicated that shoreline energy, tidal depth, and vandalism, were the most important factors limiting mangrove establishment and survival.Planting costs were estimated from collecting and planting by research assistants and from estimates of the price of larger (3-years-old) nursery-grown trees. Planting cost estimates were 216,130/ha) for 3-years-old trees of Red, Black, or White, Mangroves spaced 4 feet (123 cm) apart.
Spatial channel models for multi-antenna systems

A number of components of a spatial channel model are described, with details and discussion of parameter choices. The main characteristics of the model include a narrow angle spread (AS) per-path, with specific base station angle of departure (AoD) and mobile station angle of arrival (AoA) models. The large scale behaviors, described by the composite base angle spread (AS), delay spread (DS) and shadow fading (SF), are simultaneously correlated in the log-normal domain to produce the expected channel characteristics for each realization of the channel. Multiple delayed paths are defined temporally and spatially as a function of the correlated parameters. Each path is further composed of a number of sub-paths that are time evolved to produce a Rayleigh fading envelope, with a Doppler spectrum that is a function of the angle spread and angle of arrival of the sub-paths. Statistics of the output of the spatial channel model are presented to illustrate its behavior.
Review of Virology

The outermost component of a virion is the capsid, made up of protein subunits called capsomers. The capsid serves four important functions: (1) it protects the viral genome, (2) it aids in infection by attaching the virion to susceptible cells, (3) it is the stimulus for antibody production, (4) it serves as the antigen in serologic tests and (5) responsible for tissue tropism in naked viruses such as polio.
Natural Enemy Conservation

Agricultural cropping systems consist of patterns of crops and sets of commonly used practices, and these define the conditions under which natural enemies encounter their hosts in these systems. The details of these practices interact with the biologies and needs of natural enemies in many ways. The goal of conservation as a form of biological control is to enhance conditions for natural enemy survival and reproduction relative to pests so that pest population growth rates are lowered and pest densities reduced over time.
Sex-specific vitellogenin production in immature rainbow trout.

Vitellogenin (Vg) was measured in sexually immature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to 17β-estradiol (E2 ) in the diet. Mixed-sex populations of trout aged 3, 6, 12, or 18 months were maintained separately and fed E2 at 0.05 or 2.5 mg/kg for 7 d. Females fed E2 at 0.05 mg/kg consistently produced three- to fourfold greater amounts of Vg than similarly aged males. Age- and sex-matched fish fed E2 at 2.5 mg/kg produced equivalent amounts of Vg. Sex differences in Vg production were apparent only at a dose of E2 (0.05 mg/kg) that results in submaximal Vg induction. Our results document the importance of considering the sex of juvenile fish when using Vg production as a marker of xenoestrogen exposure.
CT-guided radiofrequency ablation in the palliative treatment of recurrent advanced head and neck malignancies.

Purpose To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency (RF) ablation in the palliative treatment of recurrent advanced head and neck cancers. Materials and Methods From November 2002 to January 2005, the authors identified 14 patients (median age, 61 years) with 14 recurrent advanced primary head and neck malignancies who underwent 27 CT-guided RF ablation applications during 20 sessions at their institution. RF ablation was performed in all patients with the intent of palliative therapy. Radiologic tumor response was assessed by using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Patients were assessed clinically by means of University of Washington Head and Neck Quality of Life questionnaires. Results Technical success in tumor targeting and electrode deployment was 100%. University of Washington quality of life surveys completed by six of 14 patients (43%) showed an index increase by a median of 3.1 percentage points, with four of six patients (67%) demonstrating improvement. Three major complications (in 27 applications, 11%) occurred 7 days to 2 weeks after the procedure. These included stroke, carotid blowout leading to death, and threatened carotid blowout with subsequent stroke. Retrospective analysis of intraprocedural CT scans revealed that the retractable electrodes were within 1 cm of the carotid artery during ablation in these cases. Conclusions RF ablation in patients with advanced head and neck malignancies is feasible and effective for palliation. CT-guidance provides accurate probe placement and electrode deployment. The energy level used and proximity of the ablation sphere to the carotid artery may predispose to vascular complications.
1,3‐Divinyltetramethyldisiloxane

[2627-95-4] C8H18OSi2 (MW 186.40) InChI = 1S/C8H18OSi2/c1-7-10(3,4)9-11(5,6)8-2/h7-8H,1-2H2,3-6H3 InChIKey = BITPLIXHRASDQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a ligand to form metal precatalysts, as a precursor in silylative couplings, and as a vinylating reagent in Hiyama cross-couplings) Physical Data: mp −99 °C; bp 139 °C; d 0.809 gcm−3.1-5 Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents (THF, DMF, toluene, dioxane, DCM); slowly hydrolyzes in water. Form Supplied in: colorless oil; widely available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: (titration, IR, NMR, etc.) 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR,6 IR, and Mass spectral data are available on AIST: Integrated Spectral Database System of Organic Compounds. 29Si-NMR.7 Purification: dried over calcium chloride and fractionally distilled at 760 mmHg through a Vigreux column. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive, store under an anhydrous atmosphere. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and halogens. Irritating to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract and should be used in a well-ventilated fume hood. Toxicity (oral) rat LD50: > 10 gkg−1. (Inhalation) rat LCLo: 111gm−31h−1.
A comparison of adipose and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell secreted factors in the treatment of systemic inflammation

Background: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) are a cell population of intense exploration for therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases. Secreted factors released by BMSCs are responsible for the resolution of inflammation in several pre-clinical models. New studies have uncovered that adipose tissue also serves as a reservoir of multipotent, non-hematopoietic stem cells, termed adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs), with many common characteristics to BMSCs. We hypothesized that ASC and BMSC secreted factors would lead to a comparable benefit in the context of generalized inflammation. Findings: Proteomic profiling of conditioned media revealed that BMSCs express significantly higher levels of sVEGFR1 and sTNFR1, two soluble cytokine receptors with known therapeutic activity in sepsis. In a prophylactic study of endotoxin-induced inflammation in mice, we observed that BMSC secreted factors provided a greater survival benefit and tissue protection of endotoxemic mice compared to ASCs. Neutralization of sVEGFR1 and sTNFR1 did not significantly affect the survival benefit experienced by mice treated with BMSC secreted factors. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that BMSCs may be more effective as a cell therapeutic for use in endotoxic shock and that ASCs may be positioned for continued exploration in immunomodulatory diseases. Soluble cytokine receptors can distinguish stromal cells from different tissue origins, though they may not be the sole contributors to the therapeutic benefit of BMSCs. Furthermore, other secreted factors not discussed in this study may also differentiate these stromal cell populations from one another.
Colorant-based direct binary search halftoning

Abstract. In this paper, we propose color design criteria for uniformcolor textures, and present a new colorant-based color halftoningtechnique which meets these criteria, and hence generates highquality color halftones. The basic idea behind our halftoning methodis to control the quality of each colorant texture separately alongwith the total dot distribution. In order to achieve this, we ﬁrst set thetotal dot arrangement and then color the dots optimally without al-tering the total dot arrangement. This corresponds to a constrainedoptimization problem, and we solve this via the swap-only directbinary search heuristic. We employ a luminance human visual sys-tem model to enforce exclusion of visually nonhomogeneous pat-terns for the total dot distribution, as well as for each individual colo-rant texture. Examples of color halftone images generated using ourtechnique are compared to images produced by a plane-independent color halftoning algorithm and by the HP 970 Cx inkjetprinter driver.
Positive and instructive anti-smoking messages speak to older smokers: a focus group study

Smokers over the age of 45 are the only group with an increase in smoking prevalence, are the least likely to quit smoking, and bear most of the burden of tobacco-related disease. Research characterizing older adult perceptions of warning labels and anti-tobacco messages has not been reported in the literature. The purpose of this study was to describe whether older smokers perceived warning labels and anti-tobacco messages as effective for the promotion of smoking cessation. A secondary aim was to explore what types of messages and message delivery formats are most relevant to older adult smokers. This focus group study is part of a larger study to characterize older smokers’ perceptions of the risks and benefits associated with conventional and emerging tobacco products and determine the extent to which these perceptions relate to exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco messages. From April 2013 to August 2014 we conducted eight focus groups with 51 current and former smokers a focus group study in urban and suburban California. A semi-structured format about current use of conventional and emerging tobacco products was used. Participants were asked to recall and comment on examples of warning labels and anti-tobacco messages. Data were transcribed and thematically coded. Warning labels and anti-smoking messages were seen as ineffective for smoking cessation motivation among older California smokers. Positive framed anti-tobacco messages were identified as most effective. Text-only warnings were seen as ineffective due to desensitizing effects of repeated exposure. Negative messages were described as easy to ignore, and some trigger urges to smoke. Older adults are knowledgeable about the risks and health effects of smoking. However, they tend to be less knowledgeable about the benefits of cessation and may underestimate their ability to quit. These findings suggest that messages with a positive frame that outline immediate and long-term benefits of cessation would be an effective approach for long-term smokers. Current anti-tobacco messaging was generally not seen as effective for smoking cessation among long-term smokers.
Fear of Fire Sales, Illiquidity Seeking, and Credit Freezes

Is there any need to “clean” up a banking system in the midst of a crisis, for instance, by closing some weak banks and forcing others to sell bad assets, or can one wait till the crisis is over? We argue that an “overhang” of impaired banks that may be forced to sell assets in the future can increase the private returns to holding illiquid assets sufficiently that weak banks have no interest in selling them. Anticipating a potential future fire sale, cash rich buyers have high expected returns to holding cash, which also reduces their incentive to lock up money in term loans. The potential for a worse fire sale than necessary, as well as the associated decline in credit origination, could make the crisis worse, which is one reason it may make sense to clean up the system even in the midst of the crisis. We discuss alternative ways of cleaning up the system, and the associated costs and benefits.
Complex regional pain syndrome as a stress response

A man in his 50's with a prior traumatic brain injury and multiple psychiatric disorders developed acute pain and swelling in his left leg distal to the mid shin. These symptoms arose during an exacerbation of his post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among his traumatic memories, he reported having witnessed the combat injury and death of a friend who had lost his left leg distal to the mid shin. A diagnosis of conversion disorder was technically excluded because the findings met criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) type I. Based on recent research into the neurobiology of CRPS, PTSD and conversion disorder, we propose a supraspinal mechanism which could explain how emotional stress can produce both symptoms and signs.
dCLIP: a computational approach for comparative CLIP-seq analyses

Although comparison of RNA-protein interaction profiles across different conditions has become increasingly important to understanding the function of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), few computational approaches have been developed for quantitative comparison of CLIP-seq datasets. Here, we present an easy-to-use command line tool, dCLIP, for quantitative CLIP-seq comparative analysis. The two-stage method implemented in dCLIP, including a modified MA normalization method and a hidden Markov model, is shown to be able to effectively identify differential binding regions of RBPs in four CLIP-seq datasets, generated by HITS-CLIP, iCLIP and PAR-CLIP protocols. dCLIP is freely available at http://qbrc.swmed.edu/software/.
Becky's legacy: personal and professional reflections on loss and hope.

ABSTRACT The author, a psychologist who has been specializing in end-of-life issues for over a decade, uses the death of his fiancee (Becky), following the withdrawal of a ventilator and the refusal to place her back on the machine, to discuss research and analysis of end-of-life care in the United States. After briefly discussing his own background, Becky's history, and their relationship, he details Becky's last weeks of life and the first weeks of his grieving process. This story provides a background for discussing end-of-life issues including what constitutes a “good death,” concerns about aggressive treatment and the cost of care near the end of life, prognosis, advance directives, and demographic issues. There is also a major section on psychosocial issues that arise when a person is dying. The author concludes with a set of “lessons learned” as a result of his relationship with Becky and going through the dying process with her and her family.
A cooled CCD based neutron imaging system for low fluence neutron sources

We have developed a neutron detection system for accelerator based neutron radiography and tomography based on a combination of scintillation screen and large aperture optics and a cooled CCD camera. The system is capable of detecting single neutron events and can therefore be considered as a possible detector for neutron scattering as well as conventional imaging. The system has a resolution of 0.1 mm or 1242/spl times/1152 pixels. The limit of image size is set by the light output of the scintillator, the light collection of the optical system, the size of the CCD and the desired signal to noise ratio. The lower limit on neutron flux is determined by the dark current of the chip. Equations for these limits have been derived and can be used to predict and optimize performance. The scintillation light output per incident neutron is large enough to permit the use of lens coupled systems with their increased flexibility and ease of implementation. The system can approach a quantum limited noise level, depending on the particular geometry used. For our current system, based on the use of NE-426 scintillator, a 1242/spl times/1152 pixel (27.9/spl times/25.9 mm) EEV 05-30 CCD operating at -50 C, and using a 100 mm focal length, F/0.9 lens, the maximum size for the imaging screen is 0.7 m (based on 10 photoelectrons for a single detected neutron), and the lower limit for flux is 0.1 n/pixel/s based on this size screen and a typical dark current of 1 e/pixel/s.
A comparison of robustness: fuzzy logic, PID, and sliding mode control

This work is performed in order to foster and promote unbiased and accurate comparison of fuzzy logic control and classical control design methodologies. We are motivated to execute this study by the demonstrated robustness to plant perturbations of the fuzzy logic controller given by Nguyen et al. Robust fuzzy logic, PID, and sliding mode controllers are designed to control the speed of a nominal third order linear time-invariant model of a motor. The step response performance of each controller, applied to the nominal and two perturbed motor plants, is presented. We conclude that fuzzy logic control can be a useful tool for the control engineer. We encourage more benchmark comparisons of fuzzy logic control with classical control techniques for the benefit of the practising control engineer. >
Weaknesses of goodness‐of‐fit tests for evaluating propensity score models: the case of the omitted confounder

Purpose Propensity scores are used in observational studies to adjust for confounding, although they do not provide control for confounders omitted from the propensity score model. We sought to determine if tests used to evaluate logistic model fit and discrimination would be helpful in detecting the omission of an important confounder in the propensity score. Methods Using simulated data, we estimated propensity scores under two scenarios: (1) including all confounders and (2) omitting the binary confounder. We compared the propensity score model fit and discrimination under each scenario, using the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit (GOF) test and the c-statistic. We measured residual confounding in treatment effect estimates adjusted by the propensity score omitting the confounder. Results The GOF statistic and discrimination of propensity score models were the same for models excluding an important predictor of treatment compared to the full propensity score model. The GOF test failed to detect poor model fit for the propensity score model omitting the confounder. C-statistics under both scenarios were similar. Residual confounding was observed from using the propensity score excluding the confounder (range: 1–30%). Conclusions Omission of important confounders from the propensity score leads to residual confounding in estimates of treatment effect. However, tests of GOF and discrimination do not provide information to detect missing confounders in propensity score models. Our findings suggest that it may not be necessary to compute GOF statistics or model discrimination when developing propensity score models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptation of the emergency medicine core content to a three-year residency core curriculum.

An outline of a didactic curriculum from the Core Content in Emergency Medicine is presented. The 430 hours of lecture are distributed over three years. Three new categories have been added to the Core Content as previously defined by the Graduate/Undergraduate Education Committee of the American College of Emergency Physicians: drugs of emergency medicine, laboratory/ radiology use in emergency medicine, and resident evaluation series. The benefits of this core curriculum are improved organization in educational format, better defined curricular guidelines for developing residencies, and standardized guidelines for individual topic assessment and review.
Low distortion amplification of multisine signals using a time-frequency technique

A novel time-frequency technique is presented for reducing intermodulation distortion when a multisine signal is applied to a nonlinear radio-frequency amplifier. A fast periodic switch is used to apply only one spectral tone at a time to the nonlinear amplifier. A bandpass filter following the amplifier removes switching spurious signals, leaving only the linearly amplified multisine signal at the output. The technique is used to linearize the response of a broadband amplifier with a four-tone uniform phase input signal centered at 465 MHz. The technique yields a 14 dB improvement in intermodulation distortion in comparison to the response of the original four-tone signal at the same output power.
Glass Capillary Tube Feeding: A Method for Infecting Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with The Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi

We evaluated an artificial capillary feeding method to infect nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Say) ticks with Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Thirty to 70% of the nymphs were infected after feeding for 2.5 h from glass capillary tubes filled with a solution of spirochetes. Capillary infection was stable and persisted in the nymphs for at least 10 d after feeding. Capillary feeding also maintained natural vector competence patterns because I. scapularis ticks acquired infection unlike Dermacentor variablis (Say), which did not become infected. Capillary infected I. scapularis nymphs were capable of transmitting the infection to naive mice although not as efficiently as naturally infected nymphs. The capillary infection method is convenient and is a better alternative to syringe inoculation as a means of infecting animals with B. burgdorferi.
Automatic retinal image quality assessment and enhancement

This paper describes a method for machine (computer) assessment of the quality of a retinal image. The method provides an over-all quantitative and objective measure using a quality index Q. The Q of a retinal image is calculated by the convolution of a template intensity histogram obtained from a set of typically good retinal images and the intensity histogram of the retinal image. After normalization, the Q has a maximum value of 1, indicating excellent quality, and a minimum value of 0, indicating bad quality. The paper also presents several application examples of Q in image enhancement. It is shown that the use of Q can help computer scientists evaluate the suitability and effectiveness of image enhancement methods, both quantitatively and objectively. It can further help computer scientists improve retinal image quality on a more scientific basis. Additionally, this machine image quality measure can also help physicians make medical diagnosis with more certainty and higher accuracy. Finally, it should be noted that although retinal images are used in this study, the methodology is applicable to the image quality assessment and enhancement of other types of medical images.
Summary Talk: Theory

In the past four days we have heard many excellent theory talks. Here I would take a rather broad view and attempt to place some of these talks in the context of where we stand in our common goal of achieving an understanding of the oxide superconductors.
Tracing Whodunit

"It was Olly by the water cooler on a post-it!" Being able to trace back to the source of a requirement is often crucial to gain clarification on the requirement and to support any subsequent change. The medium used to capture the requirement at its point of origin and its initial representational form can also convey information that is pertinent to understanding the trace record. However, preparing for the potential to retrieve such seemingly simple information on a project can be sidelined in the rush to engineer an end product, meaning that the ability to undertake pre-requirements traceability is lost. This paper suggests that a familiar whodunit game could be used to raise awareness of this important topic amongst students and practitioners, and be used for team building on projects. It is intended to seed a wider discussion on whether there is a place for a requirements engineering compendium of games.
Crystallization of Supercooled Zr41Ti14Cu12Ni10B23 Melts During Continuous Heating and Cooling

The crystallization behavior of the bulk glass forming Zr 41 Ti 14 Cu 12 Ni 10 Be 23 liquid was studied under different heating and cooling rates. Investigations were performed in high purity graphite crucibles since heterogeneous surface nucleation at the container walls does not effect the crystallization of the bulk sample. A rate of about 1 K/s is sufficient to circumvent crystallization of the melt while cooling from the equilibrium melt. In contrast, upon heating a rate of more than 150 K/s is necessary to avoid crystallization of Zr 41 Ti 14 Cu 12 Ni 10 Be 23 samples. The difference between the critical heating and cooling rate is discussed within classical nucleation theory and diffusion limited crystal growth. The calculated difference of the critical heating and cooling rate can be explained by the fact that nuclei formed during cooling and heating are expose to different growth rates.
An analysis of 88 patients with diffuse and "benign" perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (PMSAH) was previously defined as a variant of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) associated with a relatively benign clinical presentation and better outcomes than aneurysmal SAH. However, several prior studies have shown complications associated with PMSAH including vasospasm and hydrocephalus, and the need for follow-up imaging. We therefore reviewed our experience to further characterize the clinical consequences of PMSAH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-eight consecutive patients who sustained spontaneous intracranial SAH and whose cerebral angiograms did not show any obvious source for SAH were retrospectively studied to characterize their prognosis and outcome based on SAH pattern. Glasgow Coma Scale and Hunt-Hess scores on admission, the incidence of vasospasm or hydrocephalus, the need for an external ventricular drain, and shunt dependence, along with Glasgow outcome score (GOS) at discharge and follow-up, were used to draw comparisons between perimesencephalic and diffuse SAH patient populations. RESULTS Patients with perimesencephalic SAH differed statistically (p < 0.05) from patients with diffuse SAH in regard to age, Hunt-Hess score on presentation, hospital length of stay, GOS at discharge, and incidence of hydrocephalus, angiographic vasospasm, and clinical vasospasm. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that although the patients with perimesencephalic SAH fared better than those with diffuse SAH, their outcomes were worse than those of similar patients with PMSAH who have been previously reported in the literature.
The Spatial Distribution of Soybean Cyst Nematode in Relation to Soil Texture and Soil Map Unit

Evidence suggests that variation in soil texture may be key to explain the variability of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) population density within infested fields and may be important to the delineation of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) management zones. The purpose of this work was to assess the spatial structure of soil texture in two fields of known SCN population density and its relationship to published soil survey maps and to quantify the relationship between soil texture and SCN population density variability across fields and over time. Cysts were extracted by elutriation from single-core soil samples collected in a geostatistical sampling design. Soil texture analysis was performed using a modified hydrometer method. Classical and geostatistical tools were employed to characterize and map soil texture and correlate sand, silt, and clay with SCN population. Cyst population density was consistently higher in loamy sand than in sandy clay loam. Sand, clay, and silt in the soil were spatially structured and strongly correlated with SCN population density consistently over time. The number of eggs per cyst was not related to soil type or texture. This study demonstrates the value of soil survey maps as indicators of where SCN can be expected in an infested field and how the addition of site-specific texture data can improve the spatial prediction of SCN. This study provides the basis for future experimentation to define soil texture tolerance limits for SCN and lays out foundations for new and integrated approaches to site-specific management of SCN.
Hot, Salty Water: A Confluence Of Issues In Managing Stormwater Runoff For Urban Streams

Research increasingly highlights cause and effect relationships between urbanization and stream conditions are complex and highly variable across physical and biological regions. Research also demonstrates stormwater runoff is a key causal agent in altering stream conditions in urban settings. More specifically, thermal pollution and high salt levels are two consequences of urbanization and subsequent runoff. This study describes a demonstration model populated with data from a high gradient headwaters stream. The model was designed to explain surface water-groundwater dynamics related to salinity and thermal pollution. Modeled scenarios show long-term additive impacts from salt application and suggest reducing flow rates, as stormwater management practices are typically designed to do, have the potential to greatly reduce salt concentrations and simultaneously reduce thermal pollution. This demonstration model offers planners and managers reason to be confident that stormwater management efforts can have positive impacts.
The Amish Life-Style in an Era of Rapid Social Change

The Old Order Amish have been part of American society for three centuries. Although there are variations in the social values and behavioral practices within different Amish church districts, the Old Order Amish have basically resisted the acculturation process that would reinforce and promote a life-style embraced by most of the non-Amish in our contemporary society (Savells, 1988; Kephart & Zellner, 1994; Kraybill, 1989).
Helping students make progress in their careers: An attribute analysis of effective vs ineffective student development plans

Development planning has been promoted as a useful pedagogical tool for leadership and career development beyond the classroom. In this paper, we identify the attributes of student development plans that are associated with proactive effort and significant progress after the assignment and the course are over. This study examines outcomes for 84 MBA students asked to write about their experience 18 months after completing a mandatory course-based development plan. Using content analysis we were able to compare the students' self-described career development progress against their original plans, and discern patterns among those students who subsequently made a high degree of self-reported progress versus those who showed little progress. We found that high levels of self-reported progress were associated with development plans that exhibited clear goals, thoughtful self-assessment of strengths and weaknesses, specific, realistic action steps, and an insightful understanding of the political and organizational challenges of implementing the plan. Effectiveness in career management over time appears associated with students’ sense of personal agency regarding their career. The implications of this research for MBA faculty and career services are discussed.
Chapter One - Benchmark Databases of Intermolecular Interaction Energies: Design, Construction, and Significance

Abstract Theoretical and computational chemistry is constantly striving for a more accurate, more efficient, and more robust description of noncovalent interactions. In this quest, a very important factor has been the development of benchmark databases of accurate interaction energies for model complexes. In this review, we first establish the coupled-cluster approach with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T)) at the complete basis set (CBS) limit as the method of choice for generating accurate benchmark interaction energies and illustrate the options and challenges to obtaining a precise CCSD(T)/CBS estimate. We then discuss the effects beyond the frozen-core CCSD(T) level that need to be included to further improve the accuracy. Moving on from single-system interaction energies to complete databases, we discuss the issues of geometrical and system type diversity that need to be considered for the transferability of the conclusions reached for a particular dataset. We then review the most popular existing databases of noncovalently interacting dimers and clusters, paying special attention to the newest and largest “third-generation” benchmark sets exhibiting the highest diversity. While benchmark noncovalent databases have been utilized for a broad range of purposes, we focus our attention on their use in the assessment and refinement of various efficient approximations to CCSD(T)/CBS, including density functional, wavefunction, semiempirical, and force field approaches.
Closing the Floodgate with Stateless Content-Centric Networking

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is a recent paradigm that claims to mitigate some limitations of the current IP-based Internet architecture. The centerpiece of ICN is named and addressable content, rather than hosts or interfaces. Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a prominent ICN instance that shares the fundamental architectural design with its equally popular academic sibling Named- Data Networking (NDN). CCN eschews source addresses and creates one-time virtual circuits for every content request (called an interest). As an interest is forwarded it creates state in intervening routers and the requested content back is delivered over the reverse path using that state. Although a stateful forwarding plane might be beneficial in terms of efficiency and resilience to certain types of attacks, this has not been decisively proven via realistic experiments. Since keeping per-interest state complicates router operations and makes the infrastructure susceptible to router state exhaustion attacks (e.g., there is currently no effective defense against Interest Flooding attacks), the value of the stateful forwarding plane in CCN should be re-examined. In this paper, we explore supposed benefits and various problems of the stateful forwarding plane. We then argue that its benefits are uncertain at best and it should not be a mandatory CCN feature. To this end, we propose a new stateless architecture for CCN that provides nearly all functionality of the stateful design without its headaches. We analyze performance and resource requirements of the proposed architecture via experiments.
Photosynthetically-mediated calcite and phosphorus precipitation by submersed aquatic vascular plants in Lake Pleasant, Pennsylvania

Abstract Photosynthetically-mediated calcite precipitation by phytoplankton and charophytes has been shown to be a significant pathway for the removal of epilimnetic Ca and P in hardwater lakes, but the role of submersed aquatic vascular plants has not been examined. We measured calcite precipitation on 5 species of submersed aquatic vascular plants in moderately hardwater Lake Pleasant semi-monthly during the growing season. Maximum mass-specific accumulation ranged from 22.9 mg Ca g −1 leaf dry weight in Megalodonta Beckii to 176.3 mg Ca g −1 leaf dry weight in Potamogeton Richardsonii . Analysis of the crude deposits gave mean Ca concentration of 318 mg g −1 dry wt., and mean total P concentration of 169.8 μg g −1 dry wt, however, only 38% of this total phosphorus was composed of chemical species specifically associated with Ca co-precipitation. We used whole-lake estimates of submersed aquatic vascular plant mass to calculate the mass of P co-precipitated with Ca. Results suggest that in spite of conspicuous precipitate on plants during midsummer in this lake, there is a negligible effect on epilimnetic P concentrations.
P26 Limitations of clinical balance assessments in individuals with chronic ankle instbaility

Study Design Cohort study. Objectives Determine if individuals with unilateral Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) exhibit deficits on clinician-oriented measure of postural control. Background Repetitive occurrences of lateral ankle sprains may result in long-term functional impairments, residual symptoms, and may lead to CAI. Postural control depends on feedback and feedforward systems, which is altered in individuals with CAI. Methods and Measures Forty individuals with unilateral CAI based on the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) by scoring greater than 11 and with no ankle injury in the past three months (17 female, 23 male; 20.2±1.5 years; 1.7±0.1 m; 79.2±11.5 kg; IdFAI: 19.5±4.2) were recruited. Forty were classified as uninjured controls based on the IdFAI by scoring 0 and never sustaining an ankle injury (17 female, 23 male; 21.5±1.3 years; 1.7±0.2 m; 75.7±15.8 kg; IdFAI: 0±0). Participants completed the Y-balance test (anteromedial, posteromedial and posterolateral directions). The average of three trials for each direction, normalised to the participant’s leg length as a percent was calculated. Only the CAI leg and matched control group leg was used for analysis. The dependent variable was each direction on the Y-balance test and the independent variable was group (CAI and control). A MANOVA was conducted for all dependent variables, alpha level was set at p Results Based on published effect sizes for the Y-balance test (0.8), alpha 0.05, power 0.95, two groups, three measures, and a correlation among measures of 0.5, the sample size needed per group was 15. There were no between-group differences for any reach direction (anteromedial: CAI: 66.3±7.6, CON: 66.8±7.8; posteromedial: CAI: 100.7±8.3, CON:102.5±8.9; and posterolateral: CAI: 100.6±10.7, CON: 101.8±10.2) p>0.05. Conclusion These data suggest that clinician-oriented measures of postural control outcomes cannot discriminate between CAI and uninjured controls. Future research needs to develop clinician-oriented measures capable of detecting postural control impairments in individuals with CAI.
Comparative Evaluation of Topological and Flow-Based Seismic Resilience Metrics for Rehabilitation of Water Pipeline Systems

AbstractWhereas the continuous functioning of water distribution pipeline systems is important during normal times, it is paramount in the event of disasters such as earthquakes that are usually fo...
Learning About an Infrequent Event: Evidence from Flood Insurance Take-Up in the US

I examine the learning process that economic agents use to update their expectation of an uncertain and infrequently observed event. I use a new nation-wide panel dataset of large regional floods and flood insurance policies to show that insurance take-up spikes the year after a flood and then steadily declines to baseline. Residents in non-flooded communities in the same television media market increase take-up at one-third the rate of flooded communities. I find that insurance take-up is most consistent with a Bayesian learning model that allows for forgetting or incomplete information about past floods.
If Eden Gives Way We Are Lost

Larger international events continued to shape how member states of the League viewed the problem of international terrorism. The efforts to restrict international terrorism by convention and judicial process became increasingly technical and symbolic as other threats to global peace became more important. The League’s committee on terrorism held its second session in 1936. They drafted two conventions: one to criminalize international terrorism and the other to establish an international criminal court. The Committee’s final session was in 1937. After more than two years of work, the Council accepted the revised drafts and agreed to summon a diplomatic conference on terrorism in November, a decision that fulfilled all conditions of the Hungaro-Yugoslav settlement. Britain could claim success, but it was already dealing with larger concerns.