cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Imitation and Technology Absorption in a Model of North–South Trade

Abstract This paper considers the transfer of technology from the North to the South that occurs through trade in high-technology goods and explicitly models the ‘reverse-engineering’ process that allows the South to assimilate new technologies. A key finding of this study is that the South's rate of growth is dictated by the size of the country's human capital, which determines its absorptive capacity and its ability to assimilate knowledge from the North. We find that while a Southern country that is poor in human capital can only imitate, Southern countries that possess sufficiently large human capital endowments, beyond a certain threshold, signal the onset of innovation. We also find that the North enjoys a higher rate of innovation and growth with trade than without. North's gains are the highest when it trades with a human-capital ‘poor’ South, because imitation increases South's demand for Northern intermediates. But trade with the Southern countries that are human capital rich (and therefore invo...
Optimal Quantity and Composition of Protein for Growing Children

Children have distinct nutritional needs relative to growth. Adequate intakes of energy and essential amino acids are necessary for optimal deposition of lean body mass and normal growth in young children. However, there are limited data concerning protein needs of children. Most recommendations for children represent an interpolation of data derived from infants and adults. Indeed, current protein requirements for young children, while scientifically based, are estimates at best. Historically, protein status in children was evaluated using classic nitrogen balance protocols. This work indicates that a wide range of protein intakes (0.6-2.9 g/kg) can be considered adequate for young, growing children. The ability of nitrogen balance studies to accurately reflect protein utilization has been examined and it appears that further investigations of protein utilization in children using stable isotope methodology, as well as traditional nitrogen balance protocols, are necessary to better evaluate protein needs of growing children. In addition, protein source may be an important factor in optimal diet design for growing children.
The HIPAA-potamus in health care data security

Regulations intended to improve health care data access have created new security risks along with headaches for patients and practitioners.
Modal logics with several operators and provability interpretations

The results herein solve positively some conjectures of Smorynski by generalizing results of Solovay (1976). The proofs rest on a modification of the usual semantics for modal logic and Solovay’s techniques.
Complexin-1 Enhances the On-Rate of Vesicle Docking via Simultaneous SNARE and Membrane Interactions

In synaptic terminals, complexin is thought to have inhibitory and activating roles for spontaneous "mini" release and evoked synchronized neurotransmitter release, respectively. We used single vesicle-vesicle microscopy imaging to study the effect of complexin-1 on the on-rate of docking between vesicles that mimic synaptic vesicles and the plasma membrane. We found that complexin-1 enhances the on-rate of docking of synaptic vesicle mimics containing full-length synaptobrevin-2 and full-length synaptotagmin-1 to plasma membrane-mimicking vesicles containing full-length syntaxin-1A and SNAP-25A. This effect requires the C-terminal domain of complexin-1, which binds to the membrane, the presence of PS in the membrane, and the core region of complexin-1, which binds to the SNARE complex.
Are different approaches to constructing initial data for binary black hole simulations of the same astrophysical situation equivalent

Initial data for numerical evolutions of binary-black holes have been dominated by “conformally flat” (CF) data (i.e., initial data where the conformal background metric is chosen to be flat) because they are easy to construct. However, CF initial data cannot simulate nearly extremal spins, while more complicated “conformally curved” initial data (i.e., initial data in which the background metric is not explicitly chosen to be flat), such as initial data where the spatial metric is chosen to be proportional to a weighted superposition of two Kerr-Schild black holes can. Here we establish the consistency between the astrophysical results of these two initial data schemes for nonspinning binary systems. We evolve the inspiral, merger, and ringdown of two equal-mass, nonspinning black holes using superposed Kerr-Schild initial data and compare with an analogous simulation using CF initial data. We find that the resultant gravitational-waveform phases agree to within δϕ≲10^(-2) radians and the amplitudes agree to within δA/A≲5×10^(-3), which are within the numerical errors of the simulations. Furthermore, we find that the final mass and spin of the remnant black hole agree to one part in 10^5.
Norepinephrine release from PVN and lateral hypothalamus during perfusion with 2-DG or insulin in the sated and fasted rat.

Both insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) when given systematically to the rat modify the activity of noradrenergic systems in different regions of the animal's hypothalamus. The purpose of the present investigation was to ascertain whether the nutritional status of the animal would serve to influence the pattern of efflux of norepinephrine (NE) from sites in the hypothalamus perfused with either 2-DG or insulin. Permanent guide cannulae were first implanted stereotaxically above the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or lateral hypothalamus (LH). Following recovery from surgery, each rat was either satiated with food or deprived of food for 20–22 hr with water always freely available. Then 0.1 μCi of [3H]-NE was micro-injected into the intended site of 3erfusion in a volume of 1.0 μl. After 15 min had elapsed, the site was perfused repeatedly with an artificial CSF at a rate of 20 μl/min. At the mid-point of successive 5.0 min perfusions, either 10 μg/μl 2-DG or 4.0 mU/μl porcine insulin was incorporated into the CSF perfusate. Thereafter, an additional set of 3–4 samples of perfusate was collected. When perfused in the PVN of the satiated rat, 2-DG significantly enhanced the efflux of [3H]-NE, whereas in the fasted animal insulin tended to suppress the output of the catecholamine. Conversely, at sites of perfusion in the LH, insulin evoked the release of [3]H-NE when the rat was fasted, whereas 2-DG tended to induce mixed effects on the release of [3H]-NE under both sated and fasted conditions. The results demonstrate that 2-DG as well as the pancreatic hormone can exert a unique action on the kinetics of noradrenergic activity in the hypothalamus which is solely dependent on the morphological site. Further, within each of the anatomical areas examined, the nutritional status of the rat, i.e., fasted or satiated, serves to determine the impact of these feeding factors on the release of NE.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Psychosocial Identity and Well-Being

It is well established in the literature that successful progress in the task of identity formation is associated with a wide variety of aspects of personality, values, attitudes, and behaviors ind...
AN ANALYSIS OF STABILITY IN A KEYNESIAN ECONOMY WITH RICARDIAN CONSUMERS

Ricardian behavior may increase the variance of consumption: A change in national income will change future tax liabilities endogenously; if consumers are Ricardian, consumption will change for this reason. This paper studies the effects of these changes on the stability of an economy with sticky prices. The analysis indicates that Ricardian tax discounting would tend to reduce macroeconomic stability.
Immunologic response of lambs to emulsified foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.

Passively-immune lambs which acquired vaccine-induced foot-and-mouth disease antibodies from their mothers' colostrum, resisted infection during the first 30–40 days of life. A more durable active immunity and production of additional virus-neutralizing antibodies occurred in such lambs after vaccination with antigen in oil adjuvant. Susceptible lambs from nonvaccinated mothers were also protected by emulsified vaccine even when vaccinated at 1 day of age.
Quantum Mechanical Models of Turing Machines That Dissipate No Energy

Quantum mechanical Hamiltonian models of Turing machines are constructed here on a finite lattice of spin-\textonehalf{} systems. The models do not dissipate any energy and they operate at the quantum limit in that the system (energy uncertainty)/(computation speed) is close to the limit given by the time-energy uncertainty principle.
Patch‐clamp analysis of the properties of acetylcholine receptor channels at the normal human endplate

Normative data were obtained on the kinetic properties of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) channel at the human motor endplate by patch-clamp analysis. Single channel currents were recorded from 34 endplates of 8 nonweak subjects in the presence of 1 micron acetylcholine (ACh) at 22 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The vast majority of channels opened to a conductance of about 60 pS. The dwell-time distributions of these channels were well described as the sum of two exponential functions. The mean duration of the dominant longer component was 1.9 ms for the open intervals and 3.04 ms for the bursts. At three endplates, a small proportion of the channels had lower conductance and longer open time, resembling immature AChR channels. At 28 endplates it was also possible to obtain an estimate of the rate constant for channel closure (alpha) and approximate estimates for the rate constants of channel opening (beta) and ACh dissociation (k-2). Estimates of k-2 varied by 15% with methods of estimation. This is attributed to errors inherent in estimating the duration of the briefest channel events. The normative data will be useful for evaluating pathologic alterations in the kinetic properties of the AChR channel found in some congenital myasthenic syndromes.
Uniquelyk-arborable graphs

A graph is uniquelyk-arborable if its point-arboricity isk and there is only one acyclic partition of its point set intok subsets. Several properties of uniquelyk-arborable graphs are presented. One such property is that uniquelyk-arborable graphs are (k−1)-connected. Furthermore, it is shown that for any positive integerk there is a uniquelyk-arborable graph which is notk-connected.
Propagation of focal cortical epileptiform discharge to the entopeduncular nucleus: Effect of caudate lesions

Single-unit recordings were made in the entopeduncular nucleus of cats which had previously undergone ipsilateral caudate lesions. During penicillin-induced epileptiform discharge from the pericruciate cortex, the percentage of responsive entopeduncular neurons in animals with a lesion was less than 20%. In a previous study in intact cats and in control experiments in the present study the percentage of responsive entopeduncular cells was more than 75%. These results indicate that propagation of epileptic discharge through the basal ganglia depends on intact pathways from the cortex to the caudate and from the caudate to the entopeduncular nucleus.
Current directions in assessment of abused children: Introduction to the special series

Three innovative articles in the relatively underexplored area of assessment of child maltreatment demonstrate the range of potential contributions that can be made by behavioral scientists to this area. Diagnosis of child sexual abuse, assessment relevant to termination of parental rights, and measurement of the mediational role of parenting behaviors on the relationship between maternal emotional difficulties and child adjustment are offered as compelling examples of the future that behavioral assessment can play in this rapidly developing field.
Increased expression of forebrain GnRH mRNA and changes in testosterone negative feedback following pubertal maturation.

Pubertal development is associated with increased activity of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system and rising gonadal steroid levels. The purpose of this study was to determine whether different circulating levels of testosterone affect GnRH mRNA and luteinizing hormone (LH) to the same degree prior to and following pubertal maturation. Pre- and post-pubertal male Syrian hamsters were gonadectomized and treated with timed-release testosterone pellets (0, 0.5, 1.5, or 2.5 mg) for one week. Following treatment, three separate brain tissue dissections containing the majority of GnRH cell bodies, tenia tecta and medial septum (TT/MS), diagonal band of Broca/organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (DBB/OVLT), and preoptic area (POA), were analyzed for GnRH mRNA levels by RNase protection assay and terminal plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Pre-pubertal animals were more sensitive to testosterone negative feedback on LH. Conversely, the ability of testosterone to reduce GnRH mRNA was much greater after pubertal development. Specifically, GnRH mRNA in the TT/MS was considerably higher in adults, and testosterone reduced GnRH mRNA in a dose-dependent manner only in adults. These data indicate that although testosterone is a powerful suppressor of LH release before puberty, it does not have appreciable control over GnRH mRNA until after puberty. Furthermore, the pubertal increase in GnRH mRNA appears to occur via steroid feedback-independent mechanisms in the male Syrian hamster.
Suppression of Nocturnal Pineal N-Acetyltransferase Activity and Melatonin Content by Inverted Magnetic Fields and Induced Eddy Currents

Recent reports suggest that the apparent magnetosensitivity of the rat pineal gland is a result of induced electric currents (eddy currents) in the animals caused by the transients of activation and deactivation of artificially applied magnetic fields (MF). To test this, young adult male rats were exposed at night when pineal melatonin production is high to situations that caused either the induction of eddy currents or eddy currents plus an intermittently inverted MF. Only those animals exposed to both the inverted MF and induced eddy currents demonstrated alterations in nocturnal pineal indoleamine metabolism. These results demonstrate that the response of the rat pineal gland to an inversion of the MF may be a consequence of at least two interacting factors, i.e., the inverted MF and the induced electric currents
Tribological Testing of Graphite and Boron Nitride Lubricant Formulations for High Temperature Aluminum Sheet Forming Processes

The tribological behavior of AA5083 aluminum sheet sliding against tool steel impacts the quality of components manufactured with the elevated temperature metal forming processes such as Quick Plastic Forming (QPF), Superplastic Forming (SPF), or warm forming. This study focuses on the tribological performance and evaluation of alternative solid lubricants using a flat-on-flat tribo-tester to simulate sheet forming at high temperature applications. Improved lubricant formulations containing boron nitride with graphite additions were found to enhance lubricity while maintaining good adherence to the surface of the aluminum blank at a temperature of 450°C.Copyright © 2007 by General Motors
The future is now—and it is education

Abstract Education is the foundation for America's successful future! Increasingly, education is not just a discretionary decision for individual growth and enhancement, but is necessary for national strength and survival. Responsibility for the architectural design and strengthening of our educational foundation rests with American educators who must adapt emerging technology, design instructional delivery systems, and lead learning processes that will enable the nation to be globally competitive in the uncertainty of an everchanging world.
Prediction of Responses to Cognitive and Behavioral Mood Inductions

Abstract Responses to cognitive and behavioral mood inductions were predicted. At Session 1, 59 undergraduates completed questionnaires to assess cognitive and behavioral functioning. At Session 2, the participants were exposed to one of three inductions: cognitive, behavioral, or control. The cognitive induction consisted of reading negative self-statements consistent with Beck's (1974) theory. The behavioral induction consisted of exposure to insoluble problems, consistent with Lewinsohn's (1974) theory. The participants' moods were evaluated pre- and postinduction. The cognitive and behavioral procedures induced a significantly more negative mood than the control condition but did not differ from one another. Participants' scores on one cognitive measure (Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire; Hollon & Kendall, 1980) predicted their responses to the cognitive induction. Results are discussed in the context of using cognitive-behavioral measures to assign depressed clients to cognitive or behavioral therapy.
PATTERN SELECTION IN THREE DIMENSIONAL DENDRITIC GROWTH

Abstract We study the selection of the shape and growth velocity of three dimensional dendritic crystals in cubically anisotropic materials. We demonstrate that aside from minor additional complexities due to the lack of axisymmetry, the recently discovered mechanism of “microscopic solvability” can be extended to these systems and used to find a unique needle crystal solution of the equations of thermal diffusion-controlled solidification. We compare the predictions of this approach with measured growth rates in succinonitrile. Finally, we extend our analysis to determine the ratio of the sidebranch wavelength to the tip radius.
An XAFS Analysis of Strontium at the Hydrous Ferric Oxide Surface

Abstract As part of a continuing study of contaminant distribution and transport processes in aqueous environments, we have examined strontium sorption onto a hydrous ferric oxide (HFO). Samples of Sr sorbed to HFO were prepared by precipitation from ferric nitrate solution and studied by XAFS spectroscopy. Sr K-edge measurements were performed with sample loadings from 10−1to 1 mol Sr/mol Fe at 80 and 300 K. Analysis of the first coordination shell clearly shows a beat at 8.0 A−1. Good fits using the cumulant expansion to describe the distribution of oxygen were obtained, with approximately 10 oxygen atoms at 2.65 A. No evidence was found for either Fe or Sr in the first shell. Second shell contributions of either Fe or Sr are evident in the data for Sr loaded at 10−3and 10−2mol/g at both temperatures. For the Sr loading of 10−2mol at 300 K, however, fits were obtainable only with Fe as the second neighbor. These results suggest that the Sr ion remains hydrated when sorbed to hydrated ferric oxide, indicating a physical type of adsorption.
Differential thermal analysis and nucleation phenomena

Abstract The theory of differential thermal analysis (DTA) has been developed for a dispersion of supercooled molten drops of metal, cooled to the temperature where abundant nucleation of solid occurs. The theory allows one to obtain information concerning the rate of nucleation from the DTA trace, and to quantitatively analyze the “structure” of the trace in terms of the various component processes. DTA measurements of this type have been performed, on tin, using a technique developed by Perepezko, and the corresponding traces have been analyzed by our theory. The tin was supercooled 139°C and comparison of theory and experiment indicates that nucleation occurred at the droplet surface and that this surface was characterized by more than one contact angle.
Electric-field control of ferromagnetism in GaSb/Mn digital alloys

Abstract We have investigated the dependence of ferromagnetism in GaSb/Mn digital alloys on applied electric bias perpendicular to the digital layers. The remanent Hall resistance determined from hysteresis loops in R Hall vs. magnetic field was used as a measure of the ferromagnetism present in two samples at temperatures between 5 and 60 K . With applied gate bias, the remanent Hall resistance measured in gated Hall bars was found to change systematically with applied bias. The changes agree qualitatively with changes in carrier concentration determined from the sheet resistance vs. bias. Ferromagnetism in these samples can be turned on and off with applied bias near the Curie temperature (as high as 60 K in one sample).
164 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF POSTNATAL GONADOTROPHIN SURGE FOR TESTICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN NORMAL AND CRYPTORCHID TESTIS

The hormonal and histological findings in cryptorchidism led us to investigate the following theory: The postnatal FSH and LH increase is not only responsible for setting of the gonadostat but a major pre-requisit for an adequate testicular development for later fertility. Testicular biopsies (36th week of pregnancy to 9 months postnatally) have been investigated from 29 cryptorchid infants operated without prior hormone treatment and compared to 34 biopsies of normal testes (9 post mortem, 25 biopsies because of suspected testicular damage during surgery for hydrocele or inguinal hernia). The absolute and relative number of spermatogonia increased from 50 to 100 per 50 tubuli in normally descended testes. In cryptorchid testes, however, the number of spermatogonia remained low and did not increase with age. In contrast, the total number of germ cells was always comparable in both groups. This gives evidence for a lack of transformation of gonocytes into spermatogonia in cryptorchid testes, which furthermore showed in contrast to normal testes no increase in the number of Leydig cells. The postnatal development of Leydig cells and the transformation from gonocytes into spermatogonia parallels the LH and FSH increase in the first few months of life. The activation of the gonadotrophin-gonadal axis could thus not only be responsible for the “setting” of the gonadostat but a pre-requisit for an adequate testicular development.
Mesh refinement and local inversion of elliptic partial differential equations

A fast numerical method is developed to find an approximate solution to a general class of mildly nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions in one, two, and three dimensions. The method is based on a local mesh refinement technique which provides an initial guess for iterative algorithms, and can be used to refine the mesh in multigrid methods.
Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955-2004: Part II, Empirical Findings

From independence through 2004, the sixteen West African states have experienced forty-four successful military-led coups, forty-three often-bloody failed coups, at least eighty-two coup plots, sev...
Control of oncogenesis and cancer therapy resistance by the transcription factor NF-κB

The abilities of NF-κB to promote cell proliferation, suppress apoptosis, promote cell migration, and suppress differentiation apparently have been co-opted by cellular and viral oncoproteins to promote oncogenesis (Figure ​(Figure2).2). Direct evidence, using both in vitro and in vivo models, indicates that NF-κB is required for oncogenesis, probably at multiple levels. NF-κB likely plays an important role in the early events of oncogenesis, possibly functioning primarily in protecting against transformation-associated apoptosis. In most late-stage tumor cells, classic NF-κB (the p50-p65 heterodimer) is clearly not the only survival factor, because its inhibition does not induce apoptosis in many of these tumor cells. This observation suggests that other events have occurred to upregulate NF-κB–independent cell survival pathways. However, clearly some cancer cells depend on NF-κB for their survival. NF-κB also can contribute to cell progression by transcriptionally upregulating cyclin D1 with corresponding hyperphosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein Rb. The induction of NF-κB–controlled proliferation may correlate with loss of differentiation in certain settings (47), which may promote oncogenesis. NF-κB is known to regulate certain genes associated with metastasis, such as matrix metalloproteinase 9, tissue plasminogen activator, and ICAM-1. Thus, a more relevant role for NF-κB in later-stage oncogenesis may be to promote metastasis and angiogenesis. Although many tumor cells display some level of constitutive nuclear NF-κB, higher levels of NF-κB and the transcriptional potential of NF-κB can be further enhanced in response to certain types of chemotherapy. Consistent with this, inhibition of NF-κB in parallel with certain (but apparently not all) chemotherapy treatments strongly enhances the apoptotic potential of the chemotherapy. This observation indicates that NF-κB plays an important role in inducible chemoresistance and establishes NF-κB inhibition as a new adjuvant approach in chemotherapy.
Decapod Larvae: Dispersal, Mortality, and Ecology. A Working Hypothesis

TWO topics on decapod larval biology are discussed: retention and recruitment of decapod larvae to the parental population and the ecological role of decapod larvae in the water column. Most decapods have retained a planktonic larval phase which is generally interpreted as a mechanism for increased dispersal. Evidence of restricted gene flow and biological/physical interaction research have suggested that larvae can be retained and recruited to the parental population via mesoscale processes. To fully understand recruitment processes improved estimates of mortality rates for planktonic larval stages will be required. Recent evidence suggests that mortality rates are not constant over the complete larval developmental period but decrease with time. During some seasons meroplankton including decapod l arvae can constitute more than 50% of the plankton biomass. The quantity of energy transferred into the water column can be significant. Their role in planktonic ecology may be significant and additional research is required.
Satisfied Correctional Staff : A Review of the Literature on the Correlates of Correctional Staff Job Satisfaction

During the past decade, there has been increasing pressure on correctional agencies to attract and keep quality staff. Raising worker job satisfaction is seen as a fundamental way of decreasing turnover. There has been a considerable amount of research in the area of the possible causes of correctional staff job satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, the possible consequences of job satisfaction. However, due to the numerous studies, some with conflicting results, it is difficult to understand clearly the factors associated with job satisfaction. A review of the literature is presented to provide a better understanding of correctional staff job satisfaction. Based on this review, correctional administrators are urged to concentrate more on improving the work environment rather than focusing on correctional staff characteristics.
An ASIC design for 3D depth control of full HD resolution stereoscopic video

We present an ASIC system that adjusts the depth of a full HD resolution stereoscopic video by generating a new synthesized view video, which enables 3DTV users to control their 3D depth perception. The system consists of function core blocks including preprocessing, stereo matching, and view synthesis, and interface blocks for in/out, MCU and external memory. The system is implemented with TSMC 65nm 1P8M process. Overall die size is 6.9mm × 6.9mm and total power consumption is 1.2W during normal operation.
Synthesis and Spectrochemical Characterization of the Racemic and Optically Active Potassium 1,2-Propanediaminetriacetatoacetic Acid Nickelate(II) Complexes

Abstract The potassium complexes of the racemic and optically active forms of 1,2-propanediaminetriacetatoacetic acid nickelate(II) were prepared stoichiometrically by two different experimental procedures. The complexes were characterized by UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion values were obtained on the optically active complexes. The complexes exhibited similar physical properties.
Cytophysiological basis of disruptive pigmentary patterns in the leopard frog Rana pipiens. I. Chromatophore densities and cytophysiology.

Statistical analyses of chromatophore densities and morphological states in wild type, burnsi, and kandiyohi: adult Rana pipiens integument yielded the conclusion that disruptive pigmentary pattern is permanently defined by regional chromatophore densities. Spatial chromatophore patterning is enhanced and rendered more visible by the morphological and physiological differences among chromatophores within the various pattern regions. Specifically, (1) chromatophores were differentialy distributed among pattern regions, (2) greater complexity of gross disruptive patterning had greater underlying melanophores densities, (3) there were significant density differences among non-sib individual animals, among fertilization, and among shipment batches, but not among full-sibs, and (4)kandiyohi individuals had more while burnsi individuals had fewer total melanophores than wild type. A stellate morphology was significantly correlated with high melanophore density, although the relationship of melanophore density to melanophore morphology differed among pattern regions and among genotypes. The functional interrelationships of density and morphology, and their role in disruptive patterning and coloration, are discussed.
Oxidative electrochemistry of electropolymerized metalloprotoporphyrin films

Abstract The course of electrochemical oxidation has been monitored by cyclic voltammetry, ring-disk voltammetry, and absorption spectroscopy for metalloporphyrin electrode films prepared by electropolymerization of Zn II and Fe III protoporphyrin IX (PP) complexes. In CH 2 Cl 2 both films show stable cyclic voltammograms (CV's) over the first oxidation wave, assigned to porphyrin radical cation formation. Addition of 2% H 2 O to the electrolyte is without effect on the first oxidation of Zn II PP, but contact with aqueous buffer (pH 6.9) enhances the anodic current six-fold, decreases the cathodic current and abolishes subsequent electroactivity; the inactivated film contains modified porphyrin species, as shown by its absorption spectrum on SnO 2 . It is suggested that oxidation proceeds via nucleophilic attack of H 2 O on the Zn II PP + radical cations, leading eventually to the six-electron product dioxoporphomethene. The same product is indicated for the Fe III PP film which also shows a six-fold anodic current enhancement in contact with aqueous buffer, and subsequent inactivation. But in this case a large negative shift in the anodic peak potential suggests (Fe IV =0)PP formation, and the inactivation pathway is suggested to involve O atom transfer to the porphyrin rings. For the Fe III PP film 2% H 2 O already produces a significant negative shift and broadening of the anodic peak, and a decrease in the cathodic current. Ring-disk voltammetry demonstrates some O 2 production accompanying oxidation of the Fe III PP film, but not the Zn II PP film, in contact with aqueous buffer; the yield accounts for only 2% of the oxidation current. Addition of (ClPh) 3 P, intended to intercept the O atoms of the (Fe IV =O)PP units, results only in accelerated film inactivated, probably via a radical process.
The elastic properties of β-Mg2SiO4 from 295 to 660 K and implications on the composition of Earth's upper mantle

Abstract New, high quality data are presented on the elastic properties of β-Mg 2 SiO 4 (wadsleyite) from 295 to 660 K at ambient pressure. Elasticity measurements were carried out on a sintered polycrystal using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). Room temperature values for the adiabatic bulk ( K S ) and shear ( G ) moduli are 170.2(1.9) and 113.9(0.7) GPa, respectively. The K S data exhibit linear dependence on temperature ( T ) with (∂ K S /∂ T ) P = −1.71(5) × 10 −2 GPa K −1 . Our result for (∂ K S /∂ T ) P is consistent with a relatively high magnitude for this derivative which contrasts with −1.20 × 10 −2 to −1.30 × 10 −2 GPa K −1 reported in some earlier studies. The average (∂ G /∂ T ) P = −1.57(3) × 10 −2 GPa K −1 over the temperature range studied. This result is consistent with most earlier measurements of (∂ G /∂ T ) P for wadsleyite. The (∂ K S /∂ T ) P and average (∂ G /∂ T ) P for wadsleyite over 295–660 K are not measurably affected by the presence of iron as seen from comparing our results with those from a RUS study on β-(Mg 0.91 Fe 0.09 ) 2 SiO 4 . Further, our results for (∂ K S /∂ T ) P and average (∂ G /∂ T ) P are consistent with olivine content of 44–54% at 410-km depth in Earth, given other assumptions made in recent studies about properties of the α- and β-olivine phases for P , T conditions at that depth. Our G ( T ) data appear to exhibit small, but persistent, nonlinear behavior; the magnitude of (∂ G /∂ T ) P increases with T . We discuss the important implications on upper mantle mineralogy if this nonlinear effect is confirmed and is demonstrated to apply when extrapolating beyond the temperature range of 295–660 K.
Current-voltage characteristics of superconducting field effect transistors with a 0.1 μm T-gate

Recently, we have used a simple resistively shunted junction (RSJ) model to analyze the current-voltage characteristics of the superconducting field effect transistor (SUFET) reported by Hatano and coworkers [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 7, 1333 (1989)]. In this paper, we compare the results of the simple RSJ model to the more complete SUFET circuit model of Glasser (which includes a magnetic flux-controlled gate voltage term arising from reciprocity arguments). We compare the simple RSJ model of a SUFET to Glasser's model and find the former to be accurate enough to predict the current-voltage characteristics of Hatano et al.'s SUFET, even in the presence of radiofrequency current sources. The magnetic-flux controlled gate voltage introduced by Glasser is calculated as a function of the applied gate voltage in the presence of DC and RF current sources and found to be negligible in Hatano's SUFET.
Winter and spring macroinvertebrate drift in an outpocketing of the lower Mississippi River, Louisiana (USA)

To examine temporal variations in macroinvertebrate drift in a high-order river system, surface drift was sampled each month from November 1984 to June 1985 in the lower Mississippi River. Routinely, two stations were sampled at 2-hr intervals through the night, but during January and April samples were taken every 4 hrs for a 24-hr period. Greatest drift density occurred in April, when Hydroida dominated, while lowest densities occurred in December. Drifting organisms displayed the bigeminus pattern with highest densities 4 hrs after dusk and lowest numbers one hour before sunrise.
Virtual IO: preemptible disk access

Supporting preemptible disk access is essential for interactive multimedia applications that require short response time. In this study, we propose Virtual IO, an abstraction for disk IO, that transforms a non-preemptible IO request into a preemptible one. In order to achieve its objective efficiently, Virtual IO uses disk profiling to obtain accurate and detailed knowledge about the disk. Upon implementation of Virtual IO, we show that not only does Virtual IO enable highly preemptible disk access, but it does so with little or no loss in disk throughput.
WHITE-SPOT FORMATION ON PACKAGED BEEF STEAKS

Bottom round (n=162), eye of round (n=80) and rib (n=126) steaks were used to identify conditions involved in formation of white-spots on muscle surfaces of packaged meat cuts. Conditions investigated were: (a) retail packaging films, (b) angle at which cuts are displayed in the retail case, (c) maximum ambient temperature achieved during defrost of the retail case, and (d) type of film-to meat surface contact. Neither microbes nor packaging film components (antifogging agents, plasticizer) appeared to be the cause of white-spots. Retail packaging films were not associated with surface discoloration, incidence of white-spots or overall appearance. Incidence of white-spots was increased by: (a) displaying retail cuts at an angle of 15°, (b) temperature abuse between packaging and retail display, (c) defrost cycles in which ambient temperatures in the retail case reached 21 °C, (d) wrapping cuts in a manner resulting in “poor” film-to-meat surface contact, and (e) longer (3 days vs 1 day) periods of retail display. White-spots appear to result from physical, rather than chemical, phenomenon with one plausible explanation being that of condensation of moisture between wrapping film and meat surfaces and concurrent washing of color pigments from muscle; such spots most frequently occur proximal to the boundary between areas of “good” vs “poor” film-to-meat surface contact.
Scaling dielectric data on Rb 1-x (NH 4 ) x H 2 PO 4 structural glasses and their deuterated isomorphs

Temperature- (T) and frequency- (\ensuremath{\nu}) dependent dielectric losses on ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$(${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$${)}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$PO $_{4}$ single crystals (RADP), and their deuterated isomorphs (D-RADP), can be collapsed to single curves with a scaling variable E(T,\ensuremath{\nu}). This applies for T sufficiently high that equilibrium is established within the sample-thermalization time. If E(T,\ensuremath{\nu}) follows the Vogel-Fulcher law, the scaling will depend only on the freezing temperature ${T}_{0}$ and on the attempt frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}$. For RADP, values in excellent agreement with a study covering a very broad frequency range are thus obtained, while significantly different values apply to D-RADP.
New treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. Available and upcoming slow-acting antirheumatic drugs.

PREVIEWNo single therapeutic agent has been found to be universally effective for rheumatoid arthritis, so regimens using combinations of drugs have become the rule. Recently, several new agents with unique mechanisms of action have been introduced and found to produce various degrees of clinical benefit. Among these agents are folate and purine antagonists, alkylating agents, and antipyrimidines. Chimeric (mouse/human) monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor'alpha and human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist await approval for general use but have undergone considerable study.
Assessing working students' college experiences: a grounded theory approach

This study explores working students' college experiences using the grounded theory approach. Focus groups were conducted to allow working students to elaborate on their college experiences, clarifying issues not easily addressed through surveys. Two theoretical propositions are offered to describe how working students are constantly searching for meaningful work as well as meaning in their work. It is important for institutions to consider work as an educationally purposeful activity outside classroom and to create job opportunities that benefit students academically, socially and financially.
Profound hypotension in a tetraplegic patient following angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril. Case report

Profound hypotension in a tetraplegic patient following angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril. Case report
The homology of irregular dihedral branched covers of S 3

Given a knot (or link) K in S 3 and a epimorphism from ~1 (S 3 - K) to D2p , the dihedral group of order 2p, one can define a branched cover M 3 -~S 3 branched along K, corresponding to an index p subgroup of D2p. Historically this has been of interest for two reasons. First, this gives rise to the simplest "non-abelian" invariants of K, hence invariants which are independent of the Alexander polynomial. For example, Reidemeister [R] used these branched covers to complete the classification started by Alexander-Briggs [A-B] of all knots of less than ten crossings. Second, Hilden [H] and Montesinos [Mo] proved in the early 1970's that every closed, oriented 3-manifold is a 3-fold dihedral branched cover of S 3, branched over a knot, giving a clear connection between knot theory and 3-manifold theory. Here we investigate H. (M), in order to get knot invariants and to study which 3-manifolds arise as p-fold covers. Several authors have shown that for an odd prime p =# 3, not every 3-manifold is a p-fold dihedral branched cover of S 3. In particular Chumillas and Montesinos [C-M] made considerable progress toward classifying which homology groups H~ (M) arise as p-fold dihedral branched covers M ---, S 3. In this paper we complete their program and establish necessary and sufficient conditions for an abelian group to arise as H~(M) for some M as above. Let p be an odd prime, ~ = e 2~vp a primitive p-th root of 1, and 2 = ~ + ~-~. If M 3 --,S 3 is a p-fold branched dihedral cover of S 3, then Chumillas and Montesinos showed that Hi(M), i = 1, 2 is in a natural way a Z [2J-module. (This demonstrates that the first Betti number of M is divisible by IQ[2] : QI = (p - 1)/2.). Furthermore they show that ifL is a Z [2J-module
Gonadal hormones and the induction of intraspecific fighting in mice

Abstract Recent data pertaining to the influence of gonadal hormones upon intraspecific fighting behavior of mice are reviewed. Contrary to previous findings, exposure to testosterone during the neonatal period of development is not necessary for the activation of fighting later in life by testosterone treatment provided that the adult treatment regime is chronic. Rather than ‘organizing’ the central nervous system, neonatal exposure to testosterone appears to render it more ‘sensitive’ to the aggression-activating property of that steroid; animals exposed to it early in life fight more quickly following the commencement of adult testosterone treatment. Other data have revealed that the position in utero of female fetuses relative to males determines to a significant extent the sensitivity of the adult female to testosterone. The responsiveness to the hormone of females contiguous to two male fetuses is enhanced. And finally, although estrogen does not activate fighting in normal adult females, it will do so if the female has been administered either estrogen or testosterone during early life. Females exposed to low levels of estrogen as neonates also will display aggression in adulthood when estrogen titres normally are high. These data suggest that for normal female-like behavior to develop, it is essential that the neonatal ovary be relatively quiescent.
Foundations of Niklas Luhmann’s Theory of Social Systems

Of all contemporary social theorists, Luhmann has best understood the centrality of the concept of meaning to social theory and has most extensively worked out the notion’s implications. However, despite the power of his theory, the theory suffers from difficulties impeding its reception. This article attempts to remedy this situation with some critical arguments and proposals for revision. First, the theory Luhmann adopted from biology as the basis of his own theory was a poor choice since that theory has no explanatory power, being purely descriptive; furthermore, that theory is fundamentally flawed since it implies that viruses are impossible. Second, Luhmann’s theory of meaning cannot coherently make the social domain autonomous as he desires since Luhmann does not take into account the distinction between syntax and semantics. By introducing this distinction, making clear that social systems consist of rules, not just communications, and raising the rule concept to the same prominence in social theor...
Volume and Mass Estimation of Three-phase High Power Transformers for Space Applications

Spacecraft historically have had sub-1kW(sub e), electrical requirements for GN&C, science, and communications: Galileo at 600W(sub e), and Cassini at 900W(sub e), for example. Because most missions have had the same order of magnitude power requirements, the Power Distribution Systems (PDS) use existing, space-qualified technology and are DC. As science payload and mission duration requirements increase, however, the required electrical power increases. Subsequently, this requires a change from a passive energy conversion (solar arrays and batteries) to dynamic (alternator, solar dynamic, etc.), because dynamic conversion has higher thermal and conversion efficiencies, has higher power densities, and scales more readily to higher power levels. Furthermore, increased power requirements and physical distribution lengths are best served with high-voltage, multi-phase AC to maintain distribution efficiency and minimize voltage drops. The generated AC-voltage must be stepped-up (or down) to interface with various subsystems or electrical hardware. Part of the trade-space design for AC distribution systems is volume and mass estimation of high-power transformers. The volume and mass are functions of the power rating, operating frequency, the ambient and allowable temperature rise, the types and amount of heat transfer available, the core material and shape, the required flux density in a core, the maximum current density, etc. McLyman has tabulated the performance of a number of transformers cores and derived a "cookbook" methodology to determine the volume of transformers, whereas Schawrze had derived an empirical method to estimate the mass of single-phase transformers. Based on the work of McLyman and Schwarze, it is the intent herein to derive an empirical solution to the volume and mass estimation of three-phase, laminated EI-core power transformers, having radiated and conducted heat transfer mechanisms available. Estimation of the mounting hardware, connectors, etc. is not included.
Further evidence of Fukutin mutations as a cause of childhood onset limb-girdle muscular dystrophy without mental retardation

The dystroglycanopathies comprise a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of muscular dystrophies characterized by deficient glycosylation of α-dystroglycan. Mutations in the fukutin (FKTN) gene have primarily been identified among patients with classic Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), a severe form of dystroglycanopathy characterized by CMD, cobblestone lissencephaly and ocular defects. We describe two brothers of Caucasian and Japanese ancestry with normal intelligence and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) due to compound heterozygous FKTN mutations. Muscle biopsy showed a dystrophy with selectively reduced α-dystroglycan glycoepitope immunostaining. Immunoblots revealed hypoglycosylation of α-dystroglycan and loss of laminin binding. FKTN gene sequencing identified two variants: c.340G>A and c.527T>C, predicting missense mutations p.A114T and p.F176S, respectively. Our results provide further evidence for ethnic and allelic heterogeneity and the presence of milder phenotypes in FKTN-dystroglycanopathy despite a substantial degree of α-dystroglycan hypoglycosylation in skeletal muscle.
A new method for measuring optical scattering properties of atmospherically relevant dusts using the Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer with Polarization (CASPOL)

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols have major impacts on regional and global climate through scattering and absorption of solar radiation. A new instrument, the Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer with Polarization (CASPOL) from Droplet Measurement Technologies measures light scattered by aerosols in the forward (4° to 12°) and backward (168° to 176°) directions, with an additional polarized detector in the backward direction. Scattering by a single particle can be measured by all three detectors for aerosols in a broad range of sizes, 0.6 μm −10 cm −2 ) and hematite (4.1 × 10 −9 cm −2 ).