cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of different-sized pellets of the screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) adult suppression system (SWASS) during the wet and dry seasons in Mexico.

The standard screwworm adult suppression system pellet (cylinders 12.7 mm in diameter and 25.0 mm long) and two smaller-diameter sizes (9.5 and 6.4 mm) were assayed for attraction for adult screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), and for evaporation or breakdown of swormlure-4 (SL-4) and dichlorvos at three sites in southern Mexico. Attraction to 12.7-mm pellets generally began to decline sooner (day 1 versus day 4 of exposure) than attraction to pellets in tests previously conducted in areas outside Mexico. The 12.7-mm pellet attracted fewer adults during the wet season than during the dry season, but attraction to the 9.5-mm pellet was the same during both seasons. The 12.7-mm pellet attracted more adults per pellet than did the 9.5- and 6.4-mm pellets; however, the smaller sizes attracted more adults per unit weight. Pellets exposed unprotected lost more SL-4 and dichlorvos than pellets exposed in a protected shelter. In many cases, the amounts of dichlorvos fell below acceptable levels after only 2 d of exposure. More SL-4 evaporated and more dichlorvos remained as pellet size increased. However, the 12.7- and 9.5-mm pellets contained similar percentages of dichlorvos after exposure up to 4 d. The 6.4-mm pellet was considered unsuitable and ineffective because of difficulty in making the pellet and high loss rates of dichlorvos on exposure.
Hart-Cellar and the Effects on African American and Immigrant Incorporation

It has been exactly fifty years since the passage of the hart-Cellar Immigration Act of 1965. This act opened the proverbial gates for increased immigration opportunities for individuals from far and wide, including the Caribbean and African continent. So what have been the effects of the 1965 Immigration Act on Black ethnic inclusion, incorporation, and ideas pertaining to citizenship and expanding civil rights and liberties? As the growing waves of voluntary Black immigrants sought a new life and economic advancement in the U.S., how did their growing numbers affect the ways in which Black Americans conceptualized their citizenship statuses. This paper explores the effects of the 1965 Immigration Act in conjunction with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act on Blacks in America, both old and new. Chronicling the growing numbers of Black voluntary immigrants and the increased Black diversity across the U.S., we find that the 1965 Immigration forever changed the way Blacks saw themselves and their ethnic counterparts in an increasingly diverse Black ethnic space.
The sampling investigation of the national immunization program vaccination coverages in children in Weifang city

Objective To understand the vaccination status of 11 vaccines involved in expanded program on Immunization(EPI) in Weifang city,compare the immunization coverage rate between local children and mobile children.Methods Uses the lamination random sampling method,the children whose birth'days were in between January1,2005 and January 1,2010 were registered,and carried on sampling investigation.Filling in the cards for total of 2160 constant and mobile children.Result The card-credentiale coincidence rate is 95% above(P0.05).The vaccination coverage rates of the vaccines(including BCG,HepB,OPV123,DPT123,MV or MR,MenA,JE-I 1,MMR,DPT4,HepA-I,JE-I 2,OPV4and MenAC1) of constant children and mobile children is 95.63% ~99.44%,and 93.89% ~98.89%,respectively,there are not the significant differences(P0.05);All of the first dose timely vaccination rate of HepB and MVvaccine is 95% above,there are not significant differences between constant children and mobile children(P0.05).In the 6 years old age group of constant children,the vaccination rate of MenAC2,DT and MV3 vaccines is 92.15%,91.11% and 93.33% respectively;in mobile children,the relevant rate is 86.25%,85.00%,87.08%,there are significant difference(P0.01) between two groups of children.Conclusion In two groups of children under 4 years old,the vaccinating rates have not significant difference,but in the 6 years old age group the MenAC2,DT and MV3 vaccinating rates of constant children are higher than those of mobile children.
Determination of nine trace elements in plant samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in mixed mode.

A method of inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in mixed mode was established to determine the trace elements in plant samples, such as vegetables, fruit and rice. After digested by HNO3 + H2O2, nine trace elements of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Se, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the samples were analysed by using the technology of the collision/reaction cell with kinetic energy discrimination (KED) to eliminate the interference of mass spectrometry. 74Ge, 115In and 209Bi were also used to eliminate the matrix interference. The results indicated that the linear range of the method was beyond two orders of magnitude and the linear correlation coefficient was not less that 0.999 2. The limits of detection (LOD) were in range of 0.8-40 µg/kg with RSDs of 0.6%-5.8%. The established method was used to determine the three certified reference materials of rice flour (GBW10010), Spinach (GBW10015) and apple (GBW10019), and the analysis results were all in material reference range. The method was simple, rapid and accurate, and was suitable for the determination of multi-elements in plant sample simultaneously.
The brief career of Catholic sociology

This article traces central elements in the three decade history of the American Catholic Sociological Society in order to determine the specific intentions of its creators and subsequent members as well as examining both those factors that underpinned the creation of the society and those that culminated in the redefinition of the organization's raison d'etre in the late 1 960s. Of particular interest is the issue of whether or not the purpose of the Society was to create a Catholic sociology. From the nineteenth century, Catholic intellectuals have had to develop responses to modernist thought, and for those in America, given their status as a minority religion in a Protestant empire, they have also had to articulate a self-identity (Moore, 1986:48-7 1; Halsey, 1980). American Catholic social thought was thus in fundamental respects a reaction to both modernism and an Americanization movement stemming from a proselytizing Protestantism. Up to World War 1, Catholic thought moved like a pendulum from outright rejection to efforts at reconciliation and reconstruction, predicated in varying degrees upon the shifting pronouncements of papal encyclicals, changes in the American environment, and changes within the Catholic community itself. Between the Wars, however, Catholic intellectuals - especially those identified as liberals - took a more consistently conciliatory stance, seeking not simply a reconciliation with the larger intellectual environment, but attempting simultaneously to preserve central elements of Catholic tradition. To accomplish this, they accepted and participated in the neo-Thomistic or neo-scholastic revival (underway for a half century in Europe) that served to provide an intellectual grid that permitted Catholic intellectuals to chart a theologically appropriate response to their various academic disciplines. It provided a distinctive frame of reference for Catholics in a variety of intellectual endeavors. Thus, neo-Thomism was the ideological undergirding for a multiplicity of organization-building endeavors. The proliferation of organizations concerned with the promotion of scholarship
Al0.3Ga0.7N PN diode with breakdown voltage >1600 V

Demonstration of Al0.3Ga0.7N PN diodes grown with breakdown voltages in excess of 1600 V is reported. The total epilayer thickness is 9.1 μm and was grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy on 1.3-mm-thick sapphire in order to achieve crack-free structures. A junction termination edge structure was employed to control the lateral electric fields. A current density of 3.5 kA/cm2 was achieved under DC forward bias and a reverse leakage current <3 nA was measured for voltages <1200 V. The differential on-resistance of 16 mΩ cm2 is limited by the lateral conductivity of the n-type contact layer required by the front-surface contact geometry of the device. An effective critical electric field of 5.9 MV/cm was determined from the epilayer properties and the reverse current–voltage characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN)-based PN diode exhibiting a breakdown voltage in excess of 1 kV. It is noted that a Baliga figure of merit (V br 2/R spec,on) of 150 MW/cm2 found is the highest reported for an AlGaN PN diode and illustrates the potential of larger-bandgap AlGaN alloys for high-voltage devices.
Space launch and reentry operations in the NAS information integration

Air Traffic Management helps to ensure all National Airspace System (NAS) operators have the opportunity to safely accomplish their operational goals while maintaining NAS efficiency. Advancements in technology and a robust global demand for access to space are leading to new space flight participants and increasing numbers of space launch and reentry operations, adding complexity to NAS management coordination and decision-making processes. Diversity of launch and reentry profiles and locations, coupled with increased activity [1, 2], will impact airspace management planning by requiring increased coordination among the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and other federal agencies, civilian facilities, and commercial operators. Current processes will not scale as space activity in the NAS increases. The MITRE Corporation is working with the FAA to improve launch and reentry operations efficiency and repeatability. The approach includes analyzing current processes and identifying how more standardized communication mechanisms, integrated information flows, and consistent analysis capabilities can be applied. This paper describes a concept for sharing information and integrating it as part of a standardized, repeatable process that can help the FAA meet future space activity needs in the NAS. A key feature is to integrate information related to NAS effects assessment into the process to facilitate rapid analysis and feedback.
Post-Interview Communication During Application to Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs

Background: Post-interview communication from residency programs to applicants is common during the U.S. residency match process. The goals of this study were to understand the frequency and type of post-interview communication, how this communication influences applicants’ ranking of programs, whether programs use “second-look” visits to gauge or to encourage applicant interest, and the financial costs to applicants of second-look visits. Methods: A post-match survey was sent to 1,198 applicants to one academic orthopaedic residency program over 2 years. The response rates were 15% in 2014 and 31% in 2015, totaling 293 responses used for analysis. Results: Sixty-four percent of applicants reported having post-interview communication with one or more programs. Seventeen percent said that communication caused them to rank the contacting program higher or to keep the program ranked as number 1. Twenty percent felt pressured to reveal their rank position, and 8% were asked to rank a program first in exchange for the program’s promise to rank the applicant first. Applicants who received post-interview communication had odds that were 13.5 times higher (95% confidence interval, 6.2 to 30 times higher) of matching to the programs that contacted them. Ninety percent of applicants said that communication from a program did not change how they ranked the program with which they eventually matched. Seventeen percent were encouraged to attend second-look visits, incurring a mean cost of $600 (range, $20 to $8,000). Conclusions: Orthopaedic residency programs continue to communicate with applicants in ways that violate the National Resident Matching Program’s Match Communication Code of Conduct, and they continue to encourage second-look visits. To improve the integrity of the match, we suggest that programs use no-reply e-mails to minimize influence and pressure on applicants, interviewers and applicants review the Code of Conduct on interview day and provide instructions on reporting violations to the National Resident Matching Program, all post-interview communication be directed to a standardized or neutral third party, and programs actively discourage second-look visits and stop requiring second-look visits.
“A team working together to make a big, nice, sound”: An action research pilot study in an inclusive college setting

Abstract A community music therapy approach was evaluated for students with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in a university setting with a postsecondary education program specifically designed for students with IDD. Action research was used to create space for social critique and reflexivity throughout the research process. The aim of the group approach was to establish community and relationships within the shared residence hall. Ten weekly sessions were held, and two performances were attended. Analysis of session notes, the researcher’s journal, and interview transcripts revealed a series of themes. The participants identified ways that community was enhanced through the program and also highlighted some of the challenges they experienced. The results indicated that community music therapy can provide an authentic relationship building experience for college students in an inclusive setting. Limitations and recommendations for future research and clinical work are included.
The Human Virome

The human microbiome is the collection of hundreds of trillions of microorganisms and their genomes that colonize the human body. Recent advances in sequencing technology have allowed these communities and their function to be characterized and defined in detail. While the bacterial members of the microbiome have received the bulk of the attention, the viral members, the human virome, promise to be no less important. This chapter describes these recent advances in the methods for metagenomic studies, highlights key early findings, and looks ahead to the remaining challenges to implementing viral metagenomics and human virome techniques in the clinical setting for diagnostic purposes.
Arguments for Randomizing

I have organized my remarks about randomizing under four headings: computation, communication, causal inference, and complexity. It is hard to think of a more controversial subject than that of randomization. My remarks are simpler and more extreme than they ought to be. I have put them in a rather bald and definite way in order to draw the lines more sharply and to make my message as clear as possible. I do not doubt that under extended debate it would be necessary to qualify some of the things I have to say, but I would insist on the point that I would be offering qualifications, not retractions.
Relation between Polymer Conformational Structure and Dynamics in Linear and Ring Polyethylene Blends

Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of ring-linear polyethylene blends are employed to understand the relationship between chain conformational structure and the melt dynamics of these blends. As observed in previous studies, this study confirms that ring polymers in pure melts do not exhibit screened excluded volume interactions, contrary to linear polymers. Moreover, the average molecular shapes of the rings are quite distinct from both swollen and ideal ring polymers under theta conditions, and instead rather resemble branched polymers with screened binary excluded volume interactions, e.g., percolation clusters. Upon adding linear chains to a melt of pure rings, we find significant swelling of the rings and a corresponding shape change that is qualitatively similar to dissolving rings in a small molecule good solvent. This swelling, arising from altered self-excluded volume interactions, translates into a large decrease in ring diffusivity, an effect that becomes more amplified when the polymer melt is entangled.
Valbenazine for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Chronic intake of typical neuroleptics or centrally acting dopamine receptor blocking antiemetics may cause onset of tardive syndromes. Various types exist. One of them is tardive dyskinesia, characterised by often stigmatising, purposeless, rapid, repetitive, stereotypic, involuntary movements of face, limbs or trunk. Effective symptomatic drug treatment options beyond application of tetrabenazine are rare. Tetrabenazine is usually administered three times daily due to the short half life of this agent.Areas covered: This narrative review discusses the value of valbenazine for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia as a therapeutic alternative to tetrabenazine.Expert commentary: Valbenazine is a selective inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2, which is metabolized to (+)-alpha-dihydrotetrabenazine. Valbenazine and particularly its metabolite inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter 2 function. Once daily intake of valbenazine ameliorated the severity of tardive dyskinesia. The ...
Frontline Problem-Solving Effectiveness: A Dynamic Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Cues

AbstractThis study examines the impact of frontline employees’ problem solving on customer satisfaction (CSAT) during ongoing interactions prompted by service failures and complaints. Using outsourced regulation theory, the authors predict negative moderating effects of frontline relational work and displayed affect on the dynamic influence of frontline solving work on CSAT. Frontline employees’ verbal (nonverbal) cues provide the basis to identify solving and relational work (displayed affect). The authors test hypotheses with data from video recordings of real-life problem-solving interactions involving airline customers as well as a controlled experimental study. They find that frontline solving work has a positive effect on CSAT, and it increases in magnitude as the interaction unfolds. However, this positive effect becomes weaker for relatively higher levels of frontline relational work or displayed affect and, conversely, stronger for relatively lower levels over time. In summary, overdoing relation...
Progress in understanding and overcoming biomass recalcitrance: a BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) perspective

The DOE BioEnergy Science Center has operated as a virtual center with multiple partners for a decade targeting overcoming biomass recalcitrance. BESC has redefined biomass recalcitrance from an observable phenotype to a better understood and manipulatable fundamental and operational property. These manipulations are the result of deeper biological understanding and can be combined with other advanced biotechnology improvements in biomass conversion to improve bioenergy processes and markets. This article provides an overview of key accomplishments in overcoming recalcitrance via better plants, better microbes, and better tools and combinations. A perspective on the aspects of successful center operation is presented.
Semantic types for computational legal reasoning: propositional connectives and sentence roles in the veterans' claims dataset

This paper announces the creation and public availability of a dataset of annotated decisions adjudicating claims by military veterans for disability compensation in the United States. This is intended to initiate a collaborative, transparent approach to semantic analysis for argument mining from legal documents. The dataset is being used in the LUIMA argument-mining project. We address two major sub-tasks for making legal reasoning computable. First, we report the semantic types of propositional connective we use to extract information about legal rules from sentences in statutes, regulations, and appellate court decisions, and to represent those rules as integrated systems. Second, we report the semantic types of sentence role we use to extract and represent the fact-finding reasoning found in adjudicatory decisions, with the goal of identifying successful and unsuccessful patterns of evidentiary argument. For each type system, we provide explanations and examples. Thus, we hope to stimulate a shared effort to create diverse datasets in law, to empirically evolve optimal sets of semantic types for argument mining, and to refine protocols for accurately applying those types to texts.
Open Data Standards for Open Source Software Risk Management Routines: An Examination of SPDX

As the organizational use of open source software (OSS) increases, it requires the adjustment of organizational routines to manage new OSS risk. These routines may be influenced by community-developed open data standards to explicate, analyze, and report OSS risks. Open data standards are co-created in open communities for unifying the exchange of information. The SPDX® specification is such an open data standard to explicate and share OSS risk information. The development and subsequent adoption of SPDX raises the questions of how organizations make sense of SPDX when improving their own risk management routines, and of how a community benefits from the experiential knowledge that is contributed back by organizational adopters. To explore these questions, we conducted a single case, multi-component field study, connecting with members of organizations that employed SPDX. The results of this study contribute to understanding the development and adoption of open data standards within open source environments.
Magnetooptical Studies of the Electronic Structure of Semimetals

Magnetooptical studies provide a powerful tool for the study of the electronic structure of semimetals because of the low effective masses characteristic of this class of materials and because of the consequent ease of satisfying the conditions ωcτ > 1 and ħωc > kT, which are necessary requirements for the observation of resonant magnetooptical effects. The condition (ωCτ > 1 (where ωc is the angular cyclotron frequency \({\omega _{\text{c}}}{\mkern 1mu} = {\mkern 1mu} {\text{eH/m}}_{\text{c}}^*{\text{c, m}}_{\text{c}}^*\) is the cyclotron effective mass and τ is the relaxation time), implies that an electron or hole complete a cyclotron orbit before being scattered. The condition ħωc > kT implies that the characteristic magnetic energy ħωC is large compared with thermal energies, so that distinct Landau levels can be resolved when in competition with thermal broadening effects. In fact, over the years, semimetals have provided important test materials for the development of experimental magnetooptical techniques, as well as theoretical models for quantitative analysis of the experimental results.
Effect of taurolithocholate on in vivo sulfation and glucuronidation of acetaminophen in rats.

Taurolithocholate produces a prompt, complete, and reversible cessation of bile flow in rats. This is associated with impaired hepatic oxidative drug-metabolizing activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of taurolithocholate-induced cholestasis on in vivo conjugation. The pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen and the two major processes specifically responsible for its elimination, namely, the formations of acetaminophen sulfate and acetaminophen glucuronide, were used to assess hepatic conjugating activity. A 30-mg/kg bolus of acetaminophen was administered intravenously to rats 2 hr (acute cholestasis) or 20 hr (postcholestasis) after intravenous pretreatment with sodium taurolithocholate, 5 µmol/100 g body weight. Acute cholestasis increased the total clearance of acetaminophen 20%, the partial clearance to acetaminophen sulfate 12%, and the partial clearance to acetaminophen glucuronide 85%. Postcholestasis, these parameters had significantly decreased compared to those during acute cholestasis and were comparable to control values. The results show that cholestasis does not impair acetaminophen conjugation in the rat.
Frontal Bone Healing Is Sensitive to Wnt Signaling Inhibition via Lentiviral-Encoded Beta-Catenin Short Hairpin RNA

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an integral role in skeletal biology, spanning from embryonic skeletal patterning through bone maintenance and bone repair. Most experimental methods to antagonize Wnt signaling in vivo are either systemic or transient, including genetic approaches, use of small-molecule inhibitors, or neutralizing antibodies. We sought to develop a novel, localized model of prolonged Wnt/β-catenin signaling blockade by the application and validation of a lentivirus encoding β-catenin short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Efficacy of lentiviral-encoded β-catenin shRNA was first confirmed in vitro using bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells, and in vivo using an intramedullary long bone injection model in NOD SCID mice. Next, the effects of β-catenin knockdown were assessed in a calvarial bone defect model, in which the frontal bone demonstrates enhanced bone healing associated with heightened Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Lentivirus encoding either β-catenin shRNA or random sequence shRNA with enhanced green fluorescent protein (control) was injected overlying the calvaria of NOD SCID mice and bone defects were created in either the frontal or parietal bones. Among mice treated with lentivirus encoding β-catenin shRNA, frontal bone defect healing was significantly reduced by all radiographic and histologic metrics. In contrast, parietal bone healing was minimally impacted by β-catenin shRNA. In aggregate, our data document the application and validation of a lentivirus encoding β-catenin shRNA model that represents an easily replicable tool for examining the importance of locoregional Wnt/β-catenin signaling in bone biology and regeneration.
Criminology in the age of data explosion: New directions

This review discusses practical benefits and limitations of novel data-driven research for social scientists in general and criminologists in particular by providing a comprehensive examination of ...
Two new species ofDidymopsora from India

In the present paper an account of the morphology and life-history of two new species ofDidymopsora, D. Toddaliae, andD. macrospora is presented. The rust is parasitic on the leaves ofToddalia aculeata var.gracilis andfloribunda.
Negotiating Cultural Identities through Language: Academic English in Jordan.

This article discusses how a group of multilingual scholars in Jordan negotiate multiple linguistic and cultural affiliations. These writers' experiences demonstrate the varied ways English's global dominance affects individuals' lives. The scholars find both em powerment and disempowerment in English, viewing English as linked to Western hegemony in some situations and as de-nationalized and de-territorialized in others. JLjanguage researchers have become increasingly interested in the experi ences of English speakers and writers who live outside what Braj B. Kachru has termed the "Inner-Circle"?countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom that have been the "traditional cultural and linguistic bases of English" (356). A. Suresh Canagarajah has argued that we need to pay close attention to the varieties of World English used outside the inner circle, as these Englishes are moving quickly across borders: "in order to be functional postmodern global citizens, even students from the dominant community (i.e. Anglo-American) now need to be proficient in negotiating a repertoire of World Englishes" ("Place"). Min-Zhan Lu has also drawn attention to World Englishes, in one case analyzing in great depth the possible contexts in which an English-language sign in China was created in order to demonstrate the
Computational Modeling of Developing Cartilage Using Experimentally Derived Geometries and Compressive Moduli.

During chondrogenesis, tissue organization changes dramatically. We previously showed that the compressive moduli of chondrocytes increase concomitantly with extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness, suggesting cells were remodeling to adapt to the surrounding environment. Due to the difficulty in analyzing the mechanical response of cells in situ, we sought to create an in silico model that would enable us to investigate why cell and ECM stiffness increased in tandem. The goal of this study was to establish a methodology to segment, quantify and generate mechanical models of developing cartilage to explore how variations in geometry and material properties affect strain distributions. Multicellular geometries from embryonic day E16.5 and postnatal day P3 murine cartilage were imaged in 3D using confocal microscopy. Image stacks were processed using MATLAB to create geometries for finite element analysis using ANSYS. The geometries based on confocal images and isolated, single cell models were compressed 5% and the equivalent von Mises strain of cells and ECM were compared. Our simulations indicated that cells had similar strains at both time points, suggesting that the stiffness and organization of cartilage changes during development to maintain a constant strain profile within cells. In contrast, the ECM at P3 took on more strain than at E16.5. The isolated, single cell geometries underestimated both cell and ECM strain and were not able to capture the similarity in cell strain at both time points. We expect this experimental and computational pipeline will facilitate studies investigating other model systems to implement physiologically-derived geometries.
Monovalent and Divalent Cations at the α-Al2O3(0001)/Water Interface: How Cation Identity Affects Interfacial Ordering and Vibrational Dynamics

Mineral oxide/water interfaces are important for a wide range of industrial, geochemical, and biological processes. The reactivity of these interfaces is strongly impacted by the presence of ions. ...
Mitigating Ethical Costs in the Classroom

Students from disadvantaged backgrounds often find that succeeding on the path of upward mobility through education requires that they distance themselves from their communities, family, and friend...
Ion mixing, hydration, and transport in aqueous ionic systems

The enhancement effect on the ion mobility of fluoride (and that of chloride) in a polycationic system, as the chloride content increases, is shown to also exist in other more simple ionic systems with cations such as the cesium ion and an organic ammonium ion. As the chloride content increases, in addition to the finding that there is more unbound water associated with the cation, we also observe that the average lifetime of a hydrogen bond decreases. This change to the hydrogen bonds is correlated to significant changes to both the structural and dynamical properties of water. The more disordered water structure and faster water dynamics are hypothesized to be also responsible for the enhanced ion mobilities. Furthermore, when either the chloride content or hydration level is changed, the self-diffusion constant of each co-ion changes by almost the same factor, implying the existence of a single universal transport mechanism that determines ion mobilities.
The Impact of Correctional Facility Tours on Student Perceptions and Realizations of the Correctional Environment: A Research Note

Jail and prison tours have become an important educational tool in many criminal justice programs. This study uses an inductive approach to explore student perceptions of the physical and social en...
Gap junctions: historical discoveries and new findings in the C aenorhabditis elegans nervous system.

Gap junctions are evolutionarily conserved structures at close membrane contacts between two cells. In the nervous system, they mediate rapid, often bi-directional, transmission of signals through channels called innexins in invertebrates and connexins in vertebrates. Connectomic studies from Caenorhabditis elegans have uncovered a vast number of gap junctions present in the nervous system and non-neuronal tissues. The genome also has 25 innexin genes that are expressed in spatial and temporal dynamic pattern. Recent findings have begun to reveal novel roles of innexins in the regulation of multiple processes during formation and function of neural circuits both in normal conditions and under stress. Here, we highlight the diverse roles of gap junctions and innexins in the C. elegans nervous system. These findings contribute to fundamental understanding of gap junctions in all animals.
Exploration of Surgeon Motivations in Management of Abdominal Wall Hernias: A Qualitative Study.

Importance Although evidence-based guidelines designed to minimize health care variation and promote effective care are widely accepted, creating guidelines alone does not often lead to the desired practice change. Such knowledge-to-practice gaps are well-recognized in the management of patients with abdominal wall hernia, where wide variation in patient selection and operative approach likely contributes to suboptimal patient outcomes. To create sustainable, scalable, and widespread adherence to evidence-based guidelines, it is imperative to better understand individual surgeon motivations and behaviors associated with surgical decision-making. Objective To evaluate the systematic application of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to explore motivations and behaviors associated with surgical decision-making in abdominal wall hernia practice to help inform the future design of theory-based interventions for desired practice and behavior change. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative study used purposive sampling to recruit 21 practicing surgeons at community and academic hospitals from 5 health regions across Michigan. It used interviews consisting of clinical vignettes for highly controversial situations in abdominal wall hernia repair, followed by semistructured interview questions based on the domains of the TDF to gain nuance into motivating factors associated with surgical practice. Patterns within the data were located, analyzed, and identified through thematic analysis using software. All data were collected between May and July 2018, and data analysis was performed from August 2018 to July 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Factors associated with decisions on the surgical approach to abdominal wall hernia repair were assessed using TDF. Results Seventeen (81%) of the 21 participants were men, with a median (interquartile range) age of 47 (45-54) years. Of the 14 TDF domains, 5 were found to be most associated with decisions on the surgical approach to abdominal wall hernia repair for surgeons in Michigan: knowledge, beliefs about consequences, social or professional role and identity, environmental context and resources, and social influences. Mapping of the findings to the sources of behavior identified the potential intervention functions and policy categories that could be targeted for intervention. The intervention functions found to be most relevant included education, persuasion, modeling, incentivization, and environmental restructuring. Conclusions and Relevance Using the TDF, this study found that the primary factors associated with individual practice were opinion leaders, practice conformity, and reputational concerns. These findings are important because they challenge traditional dogma, which relies mainly on dissemination of published evidence, education, and technical skills acquisition to achieve evidence-based practice. Such knowledge allows for the development of sustainable, theory-based interventions for adherence to evidence-based guidelines.
Chapter 38 – Genetic Testing and Psychology

Publisher Summary The achievement of the Human Genome Project (HGP) and related projects is dependent on psychological factors in a variety of ways. Whether patients are willing to participate in genetic research, adopt screening or surveillance recommendations targeted to those known or suspected of being at high risk, or opt to undergo genetic counseling and testing to determine if they have increased disease risk and prophylactic surgery depends in large measure on emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral factors. This chapter summarizes available information about psychological factors as they affect individuals and families with hereditary predisposition to illness. The recruitment of appropriate, diverse patients for genetic research studies necessitates improved understanding of what patients bring to genetic counseling or testing from their own family experience with illness, their perception of disease risk, and their attitudes toward genetics research and the medical community. Individuals from different ethnic and cultural communities vary widely in their attitudes toward genetics, genetic testing, and genetic medicine. Complex patterns of inheritance require carefully constructed teaching tools. Targeting of information offered to the cognitive style of an individual and availability of adjunct materials, like CD-ROMs, is helpful.
Elaborations of Revelation

One way a revelation can be elaborated is through its cancellation or revocation in a later revelation. A noteworthy instance of such a revelatory reversal in the Mormon tradition is brought forward. Also, over time in a religious tradition new forms of revelation that are elaborations of older, more traditional forms may evolve. Two instances of the emergence of new forms of revelation in the Catholic tradition are cited and discussed: papal infallibility and conciliar guidance.
Applying an Optimization Mindset to Engineering Education: Junior Level Course Project Case Study

Here we present our experience applying the principles of optimization and a wholistic student-centered engineering mindset to create an educational experience focused on long-term student success. Specifically, we have applied this approach to redesign a junior-level chemical engineering project that strives to develop student scholarship, citizenship, and leadership given the constraints of time, financial resources, and student/faculty motivation. We propose that using a wholistic optimization mindset can help other educators in designing customized educational experiences.
Earnings premia of undergraduate single and double majors

This paper quantifies the earnings premia attained by college graduates with different single and double major combinations per year and in aggregate over an eleven-year period. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort to produce a multiple regression model. To attenuate selection bias, I include in my model measures of cognitive and noncognitive ability among other relevant demographic variables. I find that pursuing a second major in almost every case predicts greater earnings than pursuing one of the two majors alone. STEM and Business majors appear to yield the greatest positive income effects, even when ability bias is attenuated.
Veto Bargaining: Presidents and the Politics of Negative Power

The late-twentieth century has given rise to the most concentrated period of divided party government in American history. With one party controlling the presidency and the opposing party controlling Congress, the veto has inevitably become a critical tool of presidential power. Combining sophisticated game theory with unprecedented data, this book analyzes how divided party presidents use threats and vetoes to wrest policy concessions from a hostile Congress. Case studies of the most important vetoes in recent history add texture to the analysis, detailing how President Clinton altered the course of Newt Gingrich's Republican Revolution. Offering the first book-length analysis to bring rational choice theory to bear on the presidency, Veto Bargaining offers a major contribution to our understanding of American politics in an age of divided party government.
Learning Variable Descriptors for Applying Heuristics Across CSP Problems

Many naturally occurring problems can be usefully represented as constraint satisfaction problems for which a variety of general purpose algorithms are available. However, to date the ability to improve problem solving performance with experience has been largely limited to learning constraints to prune the search space or other value-ordering heuristics whose applicability is restricted to completely identical constraint networks. In this research we show how value-ordering heuristics can be formed using a language that allows for their application across very different problem instances. This language is formed incrementally on the basis of the variables seen in the course of solving different problems.
Transnational grannies : The changing family responsibilities of elderly African Caribbean-born women resident in Britain

This paper explores the role and position of grandmothers in African-Caribbean families resident in Britain. The data used for this paper comes fromm a sample of 180 life-history interviews collected in 1995–1996 from three generations of Caribbean-origin people living in Britain and the Caribbean. Findings from this research suggest that African-Caribbean grandmothers resident in Britain have come to play a less active role within their immediate family compared to earlier historical periods. At the same time however, these grandmothers have come to take on a more a transnational emissary role for their family and kin located throughout North America and Europe. Caribbean-born grandmothers appear to be using more “modern” means for fulfilling certain traditional tasks like “child shifting”, “story telling” or acting as a “social safety net“. Using their agency African Caribbean-born grandmothers have been able to carve out new niches for themselves despite changes in family structure brought about by migration and settlement patterns in Britain.
A Typeful Approach to Object-Oriented Programming with Multiple Inheritance

The wide practice of objected oriented programming (OOP) in current software practice is evident. Despite extensive studies on typing programming objects, it is still undeniably a challenging research task to design a type system that can satisfactorily account for a variety of features (e.g., binary methods and multiple inheritance) in OOP. In this paper, we present a typeful approach to implementing objects that makes use of a recently introduced notion of guarded datatypes. In particular, we demonstrate how the feature of multiple inheritance can be supported with this approach, presenting a simple and general account for multiple inheritance in a typeful manner.
Albuterol delivery via metered dose inhaler in a spontaneously breathing pediatric tracheostomy model

Rationale Little data are available regarding efficiency of drug delivery devices and techniques despite their widespread use in spontaneously breathing tracheostomized patients. We compared patient dose achieved with different devices, inhalation techniques, tracheostomy tube sizes and breathing patterns using a spontaneously breathing tracheostomized pediatric model. Methods A tracheostomy model was connected in series to a breathing simulator with a filter interposed (patient dose). Breathing patterns of a 16-month-old and a 6- and 12-year-old child with tracheostomy with internal diameters (mm) of 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 were used. Albuterol HFAp MDI was used. Aerotrach Plus, MediBag, Aerochamber MV, Aerochamber Mini, and inline adapter with 6-inch tubing were tested. The latter 3 devices were also tested with assisted technique. Albuterol was analyzed via spectrophotometry. Results Aerotrach Plus outperformed almost all devices tested. Aerochamber MV with unassisted technique was the second best and the adapter was the worst. Comparison of efficiency between best and worst performer ranged from 3- to 17.2-fold. The 16-month-old breathing pattern and the 3.5 mm tracheostomy tube had the lowest patient dose. The use of assisted technique decreased patient dose by 18–67% for the 4.5 and 5.5 mm but not for 3.5 mm tracheostomy tubes. A median of 7.4% of the nominal dose was deposited in the tracheostomy tubes. Conclusions Aerotrach Plus and the adapter were the most and least efficient devices respectively. Tracheostomy size and breathing pattern affected drug delivery. The use of assisted technique reduced aerosol delivery. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:1026–1034. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Academic Stress and Health Changes in Female College Students

(1989). Academic Stress and Health Changes in Female College Students. Health Education: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 18-21.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence: Part XLVIII. Electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate-luminescer systems

Abstract The electrochemical behavior and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of bis(2,4,6-trichloro-phenyl) oxalate (TCPO) in acetonitrile+benzene (2:1 v/v) solutions have been investigated. Quasireversible one-electron reduction of TCPO occurs, and the reduction product, the anion radical TCPO− (in the absence of O2), is stable on the cyclic voltammetric time scale. In the presence of oxygen, TCPO− and O−2 react, ultimately producing trichlorophenoxide ion and CO2. ECL is observed on reduction of TCPO+O2 solutions containing a luminescent compound (e.g., 9,10-diphenylanthracene) where the ECL spectrum is typical of the luminescer. No ECL is observed in the absence of O2 during reduction of TCPO and fluorescer. The ECL only appears with trace amounts of O2, suggesting that this system might be useful as a detector for very low concentrations of O2.
Development of a chemoradiation therapy toxicity staging system for oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Objectives/Hypothesis Develop an innovative tool to standardize representation of treatment toxicity and enable shared decision making by mapping provider-based outcome descriptions to four overall stages of toxicity from chemoradiation therapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma. Study Design Cross-sectional, provider-based questionnaire. Methods Five short-term and five long-term treatment outcomes of cisplatin and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma were chosen by a focus group of head and neck oncologists. A pilot survey was developed in an online platform, and feedback from extramural head and neck oncologists was used to refine it for institutional review board submission and formal deployment. Respondents were surgical, radiation, and medical oncologists with experience in treating oropharyngeal carcinoma. One hundred five responses were analyzed, of which 67% were from providers with >10 years in practice and 79% were from providers who treat >15 new oropharyngeal carcinoma patients per year. Results A particular overall chemoradiation toxicity class is accounted for by two adjoining distress levels (>90% occurrence) for both short-term and long-term outcomes. Providers deemed mucositis and nausea, and pain and xerostomia the most distressing short-term and long-term toxicities, respectively. Providers were split as to their impression of the relative importance that patients place on short-term versus long-term outcomes when considering treatment options. Conclusions A clinical tool to represent overall chemoradiation toxicity considering short-term and long-term outcomes has been developed by analyzing provider-centric responses to a realistic clinical scenario. Results from this pilot study enhance patient counseling and shared decision making, and serve as foundational information for a prospective, longitudinal patient-centric observational study. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:869–876, 2015