cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Washington State Limited License Legal Technician Practice Rule: A National First in Access to Justice

For years the judiciary, bar associations, academics, and other observers have decried the lack of access to justice for poor and low-income individuals. Focusing often on civil areas of legal need, such as family law and housing law, the access to justice movement has proposed a range of reforms to close the 'justice gap.' Yet these proposals, while helpful and productive, have not eliminated or adequately mitigated the access to justice crisis. Additional measures remain necessary. In 2012, the Washington State Supreme Court responded to this access to justice crisis with a unique and controversial measure: a limited license practice rule permitting non-lawyers to practice law. The Supreme Court termed these non-lawyers 'legal technicians,' who are permitted to practice only in certain well-defined areas. Much work remains to be done to implement this new practice rule, and skepticism persists. But in the near future, non-lawyers in Washington State may add substantially to the legal services available to poor and low-income persons. The question becomes whether this new limited license practice rule will prove effective and serve as an access to justice model for other states to follow. This article thus analyzes and assesses Washington State’s new Legal Technician Rule in the detailed manner warranted of such a novel and untested access to justice program.This paper will be included in the University of Mississippi Law Journal's February 2013 symposium on poverty and access to justice.
Comparison of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Treatment with Sublingual Buprenorphine versus Conventional Opioids.

Objective The objective of this study was to compare duration of opioid treatment and length of stay outcomes for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) using sublingual buprenorphine versus traditional weaning with methadone or morphine. Study Design This retrospective cohort analysis evaluated infants treated for NAS at a single community hospital from July 2013 through June 2017. A standardized weaning protocol was introduced in June 2015, allowing for treatment with sublingual buprenorphine regardless of type of intrauterine opioid exposure. General linear models were used to calculate adjusted mean duration of opioid treatment and length of hospitalization with 95% confidence intervals for infants treated with buprenorphine compared with traditional weaning with either methadone or morphine. Results A total of 360 infants were treated with either buprenorphine (n = 174) or a traditional opioid (n = 186). Infants treated with buprenorphine experienced a 3.0-day reduction in opioid treatment duration of 7.4 (6.3–8.5) versus 10.4 (9.3–11.5) days (p Conclusion Our study provides an independent confirmation that among infants experiencing NAS following a wide array of intrauterine opioid exposures, buprenorphine weaning supports a shortened treatment duration compared with conventional weaning agents.
The Vitreous Body

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the vitreous body and its anatomy. It is a clear gel-like structure that fills the major portion of the internal volume of the eye. In humans, 60% of the globe is filled by the vitreous body, but in the rabbit, because of a relatively larger lens, only 30% of the volume of the eye is occupied by the vitreous body. The vitreous body is the largest homogenous piece of intercellular material available from the mammalian body. The gel-like vitreous body is considered to be a connective tissue with very high water content and almost no cellular elements. It lies directly in the optical path between the lens and the retina. The high water content of the vitreous body keeps it from being a barrier—greater than that of an equal volume of water—to the diffusive and convective movement of small molecules required for the nutrition of the surrounding tissues. The loose internal gel structure of the vitreous body offers much more resistance to bulk water flow than would be present in a free body of water but not so much as to prevent all circulation and movement of fluids in the vitreous chamber.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Community Members Exposed to World Trade Center Dust and Fumes.

Study Objectives:A relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and exposure to the World Trade Center (WTC) dust and fumes has been suggested in responders but little is known about a possib...
Beyond oestrogens: towards a broader evaluation of the hormone profile in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Baird and colleagues contribute further evidence that the justification for sex-associated investigations in pulmonary arterial hypertension extend beyond oestrogen signalling. Evaluation of the entire steroid hormone milieu is crucial.http://ow.ly/7wbz30kp5VQ
Prevention of Behavioral Problems in Young Children

Behavioral problems in young children are quite common and arise from a complex interaction between child and environmental characteristics. Because there is no accurate way of predicting which children have transient disorders and which are likely to develop more serious problems in the future, community-wide programs are advocated for the improvement of support systems available to all families. Within his or her own practice, the pediatrician can help parents cope through education and brief intervention techniques, by linking them with community services and by helping them improve their parenting skills.
Student Modeling for Language Tutors

Student modeling is of great importance in intelligent tutoring and intelligent educational assessment applications. However, student modeling for computer-assisted language learning (CALL) applications differs from classic student modeling in several key ways, including the lack of observable intermediate steps (behavioral or cognitive) involved in successful performance. This workshop will focus on student modeling for intelligent CALL applications, addressing such domains as reading decoding and reading and spoken language comprehension. Domains of interest include both primary (L1) and second language (L2) learning. Hence, the workshop will address questions related to student modeling for CALL, including what types of knowledge ought such a model contain, with what design rationale, and how might information about the user's knowledge be obtained and/or inferred in a CALL context?
Localization, Macromolecular, Intracellular

Until relatively recently, bacteria were thought to have little internal organization of note beyond that of the nucleoid, cell wall, and membranes. Although microtubule-like structures had been occasionally observed in a few species, there was no reason to think that bacteria had a cytoskeleton either, for there was no obvious structure to organize, and cell shape was determined by the rigid sacculus. Finally, the small size of bacterial cells made it impossible to tell whether there was dynamic trafficking of the sort common in eukaryotic cells. Now, thanks to some bold experimentation and new technologies, the bacterial cell can now be visualized as a city that never sleeps, with a cytoskeleton, protein traffic, lipid rafts, dynamic chromosomes, and much else yet to be discovered. This discussion will outline what is known about the organization of macromolecules in the bacterial cell.
Modeling and simulation of the dynamic behavior of monoliths: Effects of pore structure from pore network model analysis and comparison with columns packed with porous spherical particles

A mathematical model is presented that could be used to describe the dynamic behavior, scale-up, and design of monoliths involving the adsorption of a solute of interest. The value of the pore diffusivity of the solute in the pores of the skeletons of the monolith is determined in an a priori manner by employing the pore network modeling theory of Meyers and Liapis [J. Chromatogr. A, 827 (1998) 197 and 852 (1999) 3]. The results clearly show that the pore diffusion coefficient, Dmp, of the solute depends on both the pore size distribution and the pore connectivity, nT, of the pores in the skeletons. It is shown that, for a given type of monolith, the film mass transfer coefficient, Kf, of the solute in the monolith could be determined from experiments based on Eq. (3) which was derived by Liapis [Math. Modelling Sci. Comput., 1 (1993) 397] from the fundamental physics. The mathematical model presented in this work is numerically solved in order to study the dynamic behavior of the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a monolith having skeletons of radius r(o) = 0.75x10(-6) m and through-pores having diameters of 1.5x10(-6)-1.8x10(-6) m [H. Minakuchi et al., J. Chromatogr. A, 762 (1997) 135]. The breakthrough curves of the BSA obtained from the monolith were steeper than those from columns packed with porous spherical particles whose radii ranged from 2.50x10(-6) m to 15.00x10(-6) m. Furthermore, and most importantly, the dynamic adsorptive capacity of the monolith was always greater than that of the packed beds for all values of the superficial fluid velocity, Vtp. The results of this work indicate that since in monoliths the size of through-pores could be controlled independently from the size of the skeletons, then if one could construct monolith structures having (a) relatively large through-pores with high through-pore connectivity that can provide high flow-rates at low pressure drops and (b) small-sized skeletons with mesopores having an appropriate pore size distribution (mesopores having diameters that are relatively large when compared with the diameter of the diffusing solute) and high pore connectivity, nT, the following positive results, which are necessary for obtaining efficient separations, could be realized: (i) the value of the pore diffusion coefficient, Dmp, of the solute would be large, (ii) the diffusion path length in the skeletons would be short, (iii) the diffusion velocity, vD, would be high, and (iv) the diffusional response time, t(drt), would be small. Monoliths with such pore structures could provide more efficient separations with respect to (a) dynamic adsorptive capacity and (b) required pressure drop for a given flow-rate, than columns packed with porous particles.
Radical Transurethral Resection Alone, Robotic or Partial Cystectomy, or Extended Lymphadenectomy: Can We Select Patients with Muscle Invasion for Less or More Surgery?

Improvements in the accuracy of clinical staging and refinements in patient selection may allow for improved outcomes of bladder-preservation strategies for muscle-invasive bladder cancer incorporating radical transurethral resection (TUR) and partial cystectomy (PC). Retrospective studies of patients treated with radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection have reported an association between greater extent of lymphadenectomy and improved clinical outcomes. However, there is no consensus regarding the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy, as there are currently no reports from prospective, randomized trials to address this issue in regards to cancer-specific and overall survival. Future advances in the understanding of the appropriate extent of lymphadenectomy requires well-designed prospective clinical trials that directly compare varying extents of surgery with their ability to provide local and distant disease control and disease-specific survival.
The Role of Immunohistochemistry in Breast Pathology

The current practice of breast pathology is virtually unthinkable without the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) [1, 2]. However, this indispensable diagnostic technique is burdened by numerous issues. This chapter is intended to outline the main uses of IHC in breast pathology. Furthermore, the problems and pitfalls inherent in the use of this technique are briefly discussed. Some common histopathological dilemmas—including usual versus atypical hyperplasia, benign versus malignant papillary lesions, and pseudoinvasive versus microinvasive carcinoma, etc. are considered. Also, issues relating to sentinel lymph node assessment, “surrogate” molecular classification, and workup of metastatic carcinomas in breast are briefly discussed. The role of immunostaining in assessing prognostic and predictive markers (including ER and HER2) of breast carcinoma are also concisely reviewed.
Bcl-2 family pro-death and pro-survival proteins in Ph-like B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

7030Background: B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with overexpression of CRLF2 (CRLF2 B-ALL) is a Ph-like leukemia with poor outcome in children, as well as in adults. Activation of the CRLF2 rec...
Optical beam propagation in soft anisotropic biological tissues

We introduce a geometrical anisotropy parameter in the power spectrum of soft biological tissue and study its effects on the statistics of light beams propagating in it, in addition to the effects of other parameters, such as the refractive index variance, the slope of the power spectrum, and the inner/outer scales of the tissue. In particular, we discuss the behavior of widely known Gaussian Schell-model beams, and the theory can be readily adapted to other beams. Our results based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel integral indicate that the spectral density of the beam starts acquiring an elliptical profile at distances on the order of millimeters from the plane of incidence. We also find that, since the inner scale of a typical bio-tissue is smaller than the wavelength of light, the beams become incoherent at submicron distances and, hence, the effects of the source degree of coherence of the beam are not practically detectable. Our results may be applicable to light propagation in inherently anisotropic biological tissues, such as the ones containing fibers, or isotropic tissues under mechanical stresses.
Wilderness non-use values and environmental justice in the north Georgia Appalachians

The study proposes a framework and methodology for investigating the environmental justice implications of the Eastern Wilderness Act (Public Law 93-622) in the context of wilderness non-use values...
A portable bioimpedance instrument for monitoring residual limb fluid volume in people with transtibial limb loss: A technical note

Abstract People with transtibial limb loss experience daily changes in volume of their residual limb that affect the fit of their prosthetic socket. A portable instrument was developed to monitor fluid volume changes outside of the laboratory setting. The bioimpedance system applied 26 current bursts per second at frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 MHz, and sensed voltage at up to six channels. Among six voltage-controlled current source circuits and five receive-channel amplifier topologies considered, a differential Howland current pump and a single receive-channel instrumentation amplifier proved the best combination of low noise and low power consumption. Mean RMS errors were 0.07% for extracellular fluid resistance, 2.23% for intracellular fluid resistance, and 1.15% for membrane capacitance.
Purple Is the New Orange: Anthocyanin Regulation Coming Together in Carrot.

Western cultivated carrot ( Daucus carota ssp. sativus ) is broadly known for its orange pigmentation and accumulation of carotenoids, known as the carotene group (var sativus ). However, the eastern wild carrot (ssp. carota ) originating from southwestern Asia over a century ago provides purple
LACC: A Linear-Algebraic Algorithm for Finding Connected Components in Distributed Memory

Finding connected components is one of the most widely used operations on a graph. Optimal serial algorithms for the problem have been known for half a century, and many competing parallel algorithms have been proposed over the last several decades under various different models of parallel computation. This paper presents a parallel connected-components algorithm that can run on distributed-memory computers. Our algorithm uses linear algebraic primitives and is based on a PRAM algorithm by Awerbuch and Shiloach. We show that the resulting algorithm, named LACC for Linear Algebraic Connected Components, outperforms competitors by a factor of up to 12x for small to medium scale graphs. For large graphs with more than 50B edges, LACC scales to 4K nodes (262K cores) of a Cray XC40 supercomputer and outperforms previous algorithms by a significant margin. This remarkable performance is accomplished by (1) exploiting sparsity that was not present in the original PRAM algorithm formulation, (2) using high-performance primitives of Combinatorial BLAS, and (3) identifying hot spots and optimizing them away by exploiting algorithmic insights.
Structural biology: DNA binding shapes up.

DNA-binding proteins have the daunting task of finding their binding sites among the 3 billion base pairs of the human genome. The shape of DNA, and not just its sequence, may offer proteins much-needed direction.
Optimum design of hybrid shape memory alloy sandwich panels for maximum natural frequencies

The paper presents a solution of the vibration problem for a sandwich panel with shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers embedded within resin sleeves and positioned at the middle plane of the panel. The fibers whose axial displacements are restricted, generate significant tensile stresses when working in the reverse transformation phase. The problem is formulated as follows: `Design such a system of SMA fibers that the fundamental frequency of the sandwich panel will not decrease below a prescribed value due to an increase of temperature within a specific range'. The solution of this problem that requires a minimum number of SMA fibers implies their nonuniform distribution. The design considered in the present paper is limited by the case where SMA fibers are oriented in one direction which may provide a better technological solution. The analysis is based on a new constitutive law proposed by the author. This law can accurately reflect the behavior of a constrained SMA fiber in the reverse transformation phase. It is shown that in SMA sandwich panels, the fundamental frequency can be kept equal or even higher than its room-temperature counterpart, in spite of the presence of compressive thermally-induced stresses.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of Hospice Enrollment and Family and Unpaid Caregivers' Experiences With Health Care Workers in the Care of Older Adults During the Last Month of Life

This survey study assesses end-of-life caregivers’ experiences with health care workers during older adults’ last month of life.
120 Public education funding and firearm mortality in the United States

Purpose We sought to assess the association between public education funding and county-level firearm mortality in the United States. Approach Spatial analyses were conducted to assess the associations between a 5-year aggregated (2013–2017) county-level firearm mortality rate and public education funding. Public education funding was calculated by school district-level per-pupil spending and adjusted by the Cost Wage Index to account for geographic variation in wages and costs.1,2 Funding data from 2003 and 2010 were used to account for a lag effect and to evaluate effects of the nadir in state-level funding after the Great Recession.3–5 Spatial autocorrelation, hotspot, and geographically weighted regression analyses were performed. Results Geographic hot spots were primarily identified in central, rural counties of the U.S. In the regression model, education funding from 2003 exhibited a small effect size (b=0.08, se=0.03, p=0.002) on firearm mortality. Statistically-significant covariates included county-level proportions of Black residents (b=0.04, se=0.02, p=0.038), residents Conclusions Unexpectedly, higher school funding was associated with higher firearm mortality. Given the broad nature of per-pupil rate measures for education funding, future studies should explore the extent (e.g. proportion) and in what capacities (e.g., programming) funding streams are allocated specifically to address gun violence as well as community and individual-level risk factors. Significance School-related factors like truancy and poor school performance are linked to gun violence victimization among youth6,7, implicating schools as a critical platform to address individual and structural causes and consequences of the gun violence epidemic in the U.S.8,9 The extent to which adequate public education funding informs firearm mortality remains poorly understood.
Stability of Ketoprofen Methylester in Plasma of Different Species.

Background Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of ester-containing drugs can be impacted by hydrolysis of the drugs in plasma samples post blood collection. The impact is different in the plasma of different species. Objective This study was to evaluate stability of a prodrug, ketoprofen methylester (KME) in commercially purchased and freshly collected plasma of mouse, rat, dog, cat, pig, sheep, cattle and horse. Methods KME hydrolysis was determined following its incubation in commercially purchased and freshly collected plasma of those species. Different esterase inhibitors were evaluated for prevention of the hydrolysis in rat, dog and pig plasma. Results KME was rapidly hydrolyzed in both commercially purchased and freshly collected plasma of mouse, rat, and horse. The hydrolysis was initially quick and then limited in cat plasma. KME hydrolysis was minimum in commercially purchased plasma of dog, pig, sheep and cattle but substantial in freshly collected plasma of those species. Different esterase inhibitors showed different effects on stability of KME in rat, dog and pig plasma. Conclusion These results indicate that plasma of different species has different hydrolytic activities to ester-containing drugs. The activities in commercially purchased and freshly collected plasma may be different and species dependent. Esterase inhibitors have different effects on prevention of hydrolysis of the ester-containing drugs in the plasma of different species.
Experimental Study on Thermal Aging Characters of Silicone Oil in Cable Terminal

In order to actualize the safe and reliable operation of transmission lines, it is necessary to carry out research on cable latent faults, so as to grasp the operation characteristics of cables under different fault conditions. This focuses on the thermal aging problem of silicone oil in cable terminal caused by long-term heating. The testing oil were placed in sealed pots and were thermal aging in a heating oven for 90 days at three different conditions, i.e. 30 °C, 60 °C and 90 °C. The electrical and physicochemical properties were tested to study the degradation level of the oil, and the infrared spectrum characters are tested to identify the presence of new substances. The experiments showed that the speed of degradation of silicone oil is very slow under limited thermal aging temperature (lower than 60 °C in this study) and test time. When the temperature is further raised to 90 °C, the aging process of silicone oil is accelerated. The acid value and kinematic viscosity increase, but the fluctuation range is not obvious. The whole aging process is accompanied by water generation. In addition, from the infrared spectrum results, the long chain molecule of silicone oil breaks down under the condition of thermal aging, which makes the side chain _CH 3 separate from the main chain of Si-O and forms a new impurity component.
Quantile Markov Decision Processes

Title: Sequential Decision Making Using QuantilesThe goal of a traditional Markov decision process (MDP) is to maximize the expectation of cumulative reward over a finite or infinite horizon. In ma...
Paleontology: A Philosophical Introduction

1. Paleontology and evolutionary theory 2. A new way of looking at the fossil record 3. Punctuated equilibria: provocations and problems 4. The emergence of a hierarchical evolutionary theory 5. The case for species selection 6. Real trends 7. The dynamics of evolutionary trends 8. Is evolution contingent? 9. Diversity and disparity 10. Are genes the new fossils?
Arginine vasotocin induces calling behavior with a female social stimulus and interacts with gonadotropins to affect sexual behaviors in male Xenopus tropicalis

Abstract Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and the mammalian homologue, arginine vasopressin (AVP), modulate vertebrate social behaviors, including vocalizations in male anurans. To study the impact of AVT and social stimuli on calling in male Xenopus tropicalis , we injected males with vehicle, 1 μg, or 10 μg AVT and recorded vocalizations under four social contexts (no stimulus, with male call playback, with a female, and with call playback and a female). More males called when injected with 10 μg AVT. Furthermore, calling males called only when paired with a female. We identified four call types: long fast trill; short fast trill; slow trill; or click. Next, we injected males with vehicle, 10 μg, or 20 μg AVT and recorded vocalizations with or without a female. AVT treatment did not affect calling in this experiment, but we confirmed that more males, regardless of AVT treatment, called when a female was present. Then we evaluated the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on male sexual behavior. 20 IU hCG elevated behavior compared to controls while the 10 IU hCG treatment group was not different from either treatment. Last, we examined the effect of AVT on hCG-induced reproductive behavior. Males were injected with 10 IU hCG or with 10 IU hCG and 20 μg AVT. Males receiving hCG and AVT clasped and called significantly more than males receiving hCG only. Our results suggest that AVT and a female stimulus induce vocalizations in a male pipid anuran, X. tropicalis , and the interaction between gonadotropins and neurohormones influences reproductive behaviors in this anuran amphibian.
Sexual activity, condom use and AIDS awareness among adolescent males

New data from the 1988 National Survey of Adolescent Males indicate that 60 percent of never-married young men ages 15-19 are sexually active. Among 17-19-year-old males living in metropolitan areas, the rate of sexual activity reported in 1988 was 15 percent higher than that reported in 1979. This increase encompasses a rise of 23 percent among black males and 13 percent among nonblack males. Slightly more than half of the sexually active males in the 1988 survey reported that they had used a condom the last time they had had intercourse. Among both black and nonblack youths aged 17-19 living in metropolitan areas, rates of reported condom use at last intercourse more than doubled between 1979 and 1988. Conversely, reported reliance on ineffective methods of contraception or use of no method at last intercourse was 60 percent lower. When first intercourse occurred within two years of the 1988 survey, the odds of using a condom were increased by 110 percent over the odds when intercourse occurred between 1975 and 1982, after controlling for the effects of age at first intercourse, race and ethnicity. The young men in the sample were very knowledgeable about how the human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted, and over three-quarters of the sample did not dismiss the disease as uncommon, nor did they think that using condoms to prevent the spread of AIDS was too much trouble. The rates of condom use were significantly lower than average, however, among young men who had ever used drugs intravenously or whose partners had done so, young men who had ever had sex with a prostitute and those who had had five sexual partners or more in the past year.
Reconstituting Beta Graphs into an Efficacious System

Logicians have strongly preferred first-order natural deductive systems over Peirce‘s Beta Graphs even though both are equivalent to each other. One of the main reasons for this preference, I claim, is that inference rules for Beta Graphs are hard to understand, and, therefore, hard to apply for deductions. This paper reformulates the Beta rules to show more fine-grained symmetries built around visual features of the Beta system, which makes the rules more natural and easier to use and understand. Noting that the rules of a natural deductive system are natural in a different sense, this case study shows that the naturalness and the intuitiveness of rules depends on the type of representation system to which they belong. In a diagrammatic system, when visual features are discovered and fully used, we have a more efficacious deductive system. I will also show that this project not only helps us to apply these rules more easily but to understand the validity of the system at a more intuitive level.
Parthenogenesis in a Brazilian rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria).

A 22-year-old captive Brazilian rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria) gave birth to four offspring after being housed with a vasectomized male. Sexual reproduction as a result of failed prior vasectomy, recanalization of the vas deferens, or prolonged sperm storage was ruled out using the clinical history, histopathology, and gross necropsy. Short tandem repeat (STR) DNA markers were genotyped in the male, female, and four offspring. None of the offspring possessed a diagnostic STR allele present in the potential sire. In addition, all offspring were homozygous at each STR locus evaluated, supporting parthenogenetic reproduction. This is the first report of parthenogenesis in a Brazilian rainbow boa and has implications for the conservation of reptiles maintained in captive breeding programs. Zoo Biol. 32:172–176, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MECHANSIMS FOR LATITUDINAL TRANSPORT OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES IN THE HELIOSPHERE

Energetic particles in the heliosphere, from relatively low-energy particles which are accelerated in Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) to galactic cosmic rays, are observed to propagate relatively easily in heliographic latitude. Two mechanisms for this transport appear possible: cross-field diffusion, or, in a recent model for the heliospheric magnetic field, by direct magnetic connection. The commonalties and differences of these two mechanisms are considered, and the need for future observations and modeling efforts are discussed.
Industrial Robotics and Flexible Manufacturing Systems

This chapter reviews some of the recent developments in robotics and flexible manufacturing technology.
A solution to the L space problem

Received by the editors January 8, 2005. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 54D20, 54D65, 03E02, 03E75; Secondary 54F15.
Abundant Atribacteria in deep marine sediment from the Adélie Basin, Antarctica.

Bacteria belonging to the newly classified candidate phylum “Atribacteria” (formerly referred to as "OP9" and “JS1”) are common in anoxic methane-rich sediments. However, the metabolic functions and biogeochemical role of these microorganisms in the subsurface remains unrealized due to the lack of pure culture representatives. In this study of deep sediment from Antarctica's Adelie Basin, collected during Expedition 318 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), Atribacteria-related sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were abundant (up to 51% of the sequences) and steadily increased in relative abundance with depth throughout the methane-rich zones. To better understand the metabolic potential of Atribacteria within this environment, and to compare with phylogenetically distinct Atribacteria from non-deep-sea environments, individual cells were sorted for single cell genomics from sediment collected from 97.41 meters below the seafloor from IODP Hole U1357C. As observed for non-marine Atribacteria, a partial single cell genome suggests a heterotrophic metabolism, with Atribacteria potentially producing fermentation products such as acetate, ethanol and CO2. These products may in turn support methanogens within the sediment microbial community and explain the frequent occurrence of Atribacteria in anoxic methane-rich sediments. This first report of a single cell genome from deep sediment broadens the known diversity within the Atribacteria phylum and highlights the potential role of Atribacteria in carbon cycling in deep sediment.
Insight into the routes of Wolbachia invasion: high levels of horizontal transfer in the spider genus Agelenopsis revealed by Wolbachia strain and mitochondrial DNA diversity

The pandemic distribution of Wolbachia (alpha-proteobacteria) across arthropods is largely due to the ability of these maternally inherited endosymbionts to successfully shift hosts across species boundaries. Yet it remains unclear whether Wolbachia has preferential routes of transfer among species. Here, we examined populations of eight species of the North American funnel-web spider genus Agelenopsis to evaluate whether Wolbachia show evidence for host specificity and the relative contribution of horizontal vs. vertical transmission of strains within and among related host species. Wolbachia strains were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) sequences, and analysed in relation to host phylogeny, mitochondrial diversity and geographical range. Results indicate that at least three sets of divergent Wolbachia strains invaded the genus Agelenopsis. After each invasion, the Wolbachia strains preferentially shuffled across species of this host genus by horizontal transfer rather than cospeciation. Decoupling of Wolbachia and host mitochondrial haplotype (mitotypes) evolutionary histories within single species reveals an extensive contribution of horizontal transfer also in the rapid dispersal of Wolbachia among conspecific host populations. These findings provide some of the strongest evidence to support the association of related Wolbachia strains with related hosts by means of both vertical and horizontal strain transmission. Similar analyses across a broader range of invertebrate taxa are needed, using sensitive methods for strain typing such as MLST, to determine if this pattern of Wolbachia dispersal is peculiar to Agelenopsis (or spiders), or is in fact a general pattern in arthropods.
Transcriptional Activation in Yeast Cells Lacking Transcription Factor IIA

The general transcription factor IIA (TFIIA) forms a complex with TFIID at the TATA promoter element, and it inhibits the function of several negative regulators of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) subunit of TFIID. Biochemical experiments suggest that TFIIA is important in the response to transcriptional activators because activation domains can interact with TFIIA, increase recruitment of TFIID and TFIIA to the promoter, and promote isomerization of the TFIID-TFIIA-TATA complex. Here, we describe a double-shut-off approach to deplete yeast cells of Toa1, the large subunit of TFIIA, to <1% of the wild-type level. Interestingly, such TFIIA-depleted cells are essentially unaffected for activation by heat shock factor, Ace1, and Gal4-VP16. However, depletion of TFIIA causes a general two- to threefold decrease of transcription from most yeast promoters and a specific cell-cycle arrest at the G2-M boundary. These results indicate that transcriptional activation in vivo can occur in the absence of TFIIA.
The industrial retardation of southern cities, 1860–1880☆

Abstract Industrial retardation of the South is traced to the southern slave plantation with its vested interest in labor, whereas the Midwest joined the manufacturing belt based on the extensive industrial demands derived from the free family farm with its vested interest in land. The analyses focus on 304 cities in the East, Midwest, and South for the period 1860–1880. Industries in the published censuses were given two-digit SIC codes. The results demonstrate that midwestern cities had significantly larger industrial sectors and different specializations than southern cities by 1860. During the 1860s midwestern cities' industrial growth substantially outpaced southern cities, and differences between the two regions' cities continued to grow up to 1880.
The relationship of childhood sexual abuse with later psychological and sexual adjustment in a sample of college women

The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship of childhood sexual abuse with later psychological and sexual adjustment. Subjects were 383 female college students recruited from undergraduate psychology classes. Each was asked to complete a packet which contained a victimization questionnaire as well as measures of adjustment. A number of small, but significant, relationships were found between a history of childhood sexual abuse and measures of later psychological and sexual adjustment. In light of the relationship between family background and sexual abuse, however, it was questioned whether these associations were due to the sexual abuse per se, or were due to the confounding of sexual abuse with family background. Indeed, once parental supportiveness was controlled, very few significant relationships emerged. There was a trend, however, for the significant correlations to involve the sexual measures rather than the more general adjustment measures. The implications of the current findings, particularly for future research, were discussed.
The use of intravenous lipoid substances in surgical patients.

Summary o 1. A 10 per cent fat emulsion for intravenoususe has been evaluated experimentally and clinically during the past eighteen months. 2. The preparation has proved safe for human administration. 3. The incidence and features of undesirable reactions to administration of the emulsion are described. 4. The effect of the administration of anintravenous fat emulsion on the nutrition of the postoperative patient has been evaluated. 5. Similar studies on the effect of the fatemulsion on the body weight and nitrogen excretion of malnourished, preoperative patients are also reported.
Lambda Temperatures of Dilute He 3 - He 4 Solutions

In the two-fluid theory of liquid helium, assumptions concerning superfluid He thermodynamic properties can be tested by comparing, in theory and experiment, values both of $\frac{d{T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}}{d{x}_{3}}$ and of ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ for isotopic mixtures of helium. Comparison of ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ values is shown to be the more practical plan, since experimental excess chemical potentials in dilute solution are available for use in solving the fundamental differential equations. Error contributed by uncertainty in normal fluid heat capacity is shown to be reasonably unimportant for the dilute cases considered. The differential equations are solved and theoretical values of lambda temperatures are presented so that comparison can be made when experimental lambda points become available.
Replication and cytopathogenicity of avian infectious bronchitis virus in chicken embryo kidney cells

The formation of syncytia and their subsequent necrosis were the characteristic cytopathic effects produced in chicken embryo kidney cell cultures infected with the IBV 42 strain of infectious bronchitis virus. The development of syncytia was sequentially and directly related to the release of infectious virus. These changes were not produced by virus neutralized by specific antibody or by virus inactivated by heat or ultraviolet irradiation. The virus was sensitive to ether.
EMERGING CONCEPTS FOR BRIEFER PSYCHOTHERAPY: A REVIEW

This is a review of studies which discuss psychotherapeutic techniques for shortening the amount of time involved in treatment. Psychotherapy which lasts over 6 mo. is regarded as long-term. 33 stu...
Clinical implications of inflammatory cytokines in the cochlea: a technical note.

Hypothesis Establishing the presence of critical cellular stress response components in cochlear cells can contribute to a better understanding of cochlear cell biology and pathology. Background Inflammatory cytokines and related proteins play critical roles in a variety of cellular processes, but to date, little is known about the identity and cellular localization of these compounds within the ear. Cytokines are autocrine, which means that cells that produce them have corresponding surface receptors. The presence of these receptors makes the cells vulnerable to disruption by circulating or local sources of cytokines and related ligands. Such disruptions may explain previously poorly understood cochlear pathologies. Methods The messenger RNA precursors that encode inflammatory cytokines and related proteins are identified in the inner ear by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cochlear cells that contain the corresponding proteins are identified by immunostaining. Results Messenger RNA for interleukin-1alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, NFkappaB P65 and P50, and IkappaBalpha was found in cochlear tissue. Cells that immunostained most conspicuously for cytokine production are Type I fibrocytes and root cells located within the spiral ligament. Conclusion Production of inflammatory cytokines by the above-mentioned cells indicates that they are vulnerable to disruption by extra-cochlear sources of cytokines and associated ligands. These cells play critical roles in cochlear function, and their disruption could induce hearing loss. These findings suggest that systemic or local production of inflammatory ligands may play roles in a number of causes of deafness, including immune mediated hearing loss, sudden hearing loss, and sensorineural hearing loss associated with otosclerosis, otitis media, and bacterial meningitis.
System influences on posthomicide beliefs and distress.

Criminal justice system experiences in 150 family members of homicide victims were investigated. The study had two goals: (a) to document the experiences of homicide survivors in the criminal justice system, including case outcomes, criminal justice system activities, and satisfaction with system personnel; and (b) to determine if experiences with the police impacted posthomicide beliefs (cognitive assumptions about the world and one’s relationship to it) and psychological distress. The sample, which was identified through the Medical Examiner’s Office, was drawn from all criminal homicides from 1.5 to 5 years prior to selection. Results showed that family members of homicide victims were very dissatisfied with their experiences in the criminal justice system. Additionally, whereas objective system outcomes (e.g, arrest) did not directly affect posthomicide beliefs and distress, subjective system outcomes (e.g., police satisfaction) directly affected beliefs and indirectly affected distress. There was some support for both equity theory and a cognitive theory of change, the two theories that guided the model specification.
Do We Need to Cross Match Blood for Elective Laminectomy

Elective laminectomy cases do not need a routine order for typing and cross matching of blood. Data from the literature and from personal experience in the blood bank of a 580-bed general hospital are presented to support this conclusion. An ABO-Rh type and an antibody screen can safely substitute for routine cross matches for such cases. The use of type and screen rather than cross match allows the blood bank to distribute limited blood resources more efficiently without jeopardizing the patients.
The role of local fascial flaps as an adjunct to free flaps.

Local fascial flaps independently are a versatile option, reliable when properly designed, and technically simple to execute especially when compared to microsurgical tissue transfers. Although free flaps continue to be the method of choice to repair major distal extremity defects, for smaller wounds it could be preferable to use a local fascial flap instead. In reviewing the 194 local fascial/fasciocutaneous flaps used by us since 1982, 46 were specifically used in lieu of free flap that had been initially considered. Only two of these failed to achieve their objective, indeed then requiring salvage by a free flap. In addition, a local fascial flap was concurrently advantageous as a second flap on 17 occasions to simplify coverage of the microanastomoses, to facilitate closure of the free flap donor site, or as the backup method for a failed free flap with limb preservation. Therefore, 32.5% (63 of 194) of all of our local fascial flaps were either used as a substitute for or improved the overall success rate as an integral part of our microsurgical experience during this same time period.
Hospitality in Australia for Scientific Workers

AMONG the ranks of scientific workers in Great Britain there must be a considerable number who are unable to make any direct contribution towards the nation's war effort and whose researches have been seriously interfered with or stopped by various circumstances arising from the War.
A pro-cathepsin L mutant is a luminal substrate for endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation in C. elegans

Endoplasmic-reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) is a major cellular misfolded protein disposal pathway that is well conserved from yeast to mammals. In yeast, a mutant of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY*) was found to be a luminal ER substrate and has served as a useful marker to help identify modifiers of the ERAD pathway. Due to its ease of genetic manipulation and the ability to conduct a genome wide screen for modifiers of molecular pathways, C. elegans has become one of the preferred metazoans for studying cell biological processes, such as ERAD. However, a marker of ERAD activity comparable to CPY* has not been developed for this model system. We describe a mutant of pro-cathepsin L fused to YFP that no longer targets to the lysosome, but is efficiently eliminated by the ERAD pathway. Using this mutant pro-cathepsin L, we found that components of the mammalian ERAD system that participate in the degradation of ER luminal substrates were conserved in C. elegans. This transgenic line will facilitate high-throughput genetic or pharmacological screens for ERAD modifiers using widefield epifluorescence microscopy.
Localized vascular dilatations of the human skin, capillary microscopy and related studies.

Abstract 1. 1. A classification of cutaneous vascular telangiectasias is presented, based on (a) observation and capillary photography, (b) the study of reactions to epinephrine and histamine, (c) the study of biopsies, and (d) post-mortem observations. 2. 2. It is concluded that the spider telangiectasias represent, basically, venous or possibly capillary structures, and that the possibility of development of typical “spider telangiectases” through an intermediate stage of the “arborizing” type should be considered. 3. 3. “Papular telangiectases” are of capillary nature.
Rat lysyl hydroxylase: molecular cloning, mRNA distribution and expression in a baculovirus system☆

A cDNA library from rat lung was screened with a chicken lysyl hydroxylase cDNA, and several overlapping rat lysyl hydroxylase cDNAs were isolated. The complete cDNA was 91 and 77% identical, respectively, to the human and chicken lysyl hydroxylase cDNAs at the protein level. By Northern blot, the rat lysyl hydroxylase cDNA recognized a single 3.2 kb mRNA that was present in a wide variety of rat tissues. In order to further confirm the identity of this cDNA, the cDNA was expressed in insect cells via a baculovirus vector. These cells produced an 85 kDa protein with lysyl hydroxylase activity. The recombinant lysyl hydroxylase had a specific activity and Km values for its substrates that were similar to those of the enzyme isolated from chick embryos. The fact that this single lysyl hydroxylase cDNA encodes a protein sufficient for lysyl hydroxylase activity is consistent with previous biochemical findings that lysyl hydroxylase only requires a single type of subunit for its activity.
Collagenase, procollagenase and activator relationships in tadpole tissue cultures.

Abstract In cultures of tadpole tissues which produce collagenase, an activator of procollagenase appears in the medium simultaneously with active enzyme and a precursor product relationship exists between the amounts of zymogen and enzyme liberated into the medium as a function of incubation time. The initial two day lag period before enzyme appears is characterized by high zymogen levels and the absence of activator and enzyme inhibitors.