cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lizards and LINEs: Selection and Demography Affect the Fate of L1 Retrotransposons in the Genome of the Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis)

Autonomous retrotransposons lacking long terminal repeats (LTR) account for much of the variation in genome size and structure among vertebrates. Mammalian genomes contain hundreds of thousands of non-LTR retrotransposon copies, mostly resulting from the amplification of a single clade known as L1. The genomes of teleost fish and squamate reptiles contain a much more diverse array of non-LTR retrotransposon families, whereas copy number is relatively low. The majority of non-LTR retrotransposon insertions in nonmammalian vertebrates also appear to be very recent, suggesting strong purifying selection limits the accumulation of non-LTR retrotransposon copies. It is however unclear whether this turnover model, originally proposed in Drosophila, applies to nonmammalian vertebrates. Here, we studied the population dynamics of L1 in the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). We found that although most L1 elements are recent in this genome, truncated insertions accumulate readily, and many are fixed at both the population and species level. In contrast, full-length L1 insertions are found at lower population frequencies, suggesting that the turnover model only applies to longer L1 elements in Anolis. We also found that full-length L1 inserts are more likely to be fixed in populations of small effective size, suggesting that the strength of purifying selection against deleterious alleles is highly dependent on host demographic history. Similar mechanisms seem to be controlling the fate of non-LTR retrotransposons in both Anolis and teleostean fish, which suggests that mammals have considerably diverged from the ancestral vertebrate in terms of how they interact with their intragenomic parasites.
Fast identification of impulse response modes via Krylov space methods

Consider an underlying signal which is a sum of r exponentials plus noise. We present a novel combination of fast techniques which enables us to determine all the underlying modes in only O(r/sup 2/) operations, while filtering out most of the noise. Almost all previously known methods applied to noisy signals require at least O(r/sup 3/) operations.
Low-temperature and freeze-thaw durability of thick composites

Low temperature produces internal stresses in composites of polymeric materials. The polymeric matrix phase becomes stiffer, and may suffer from damage-inducing stresses resulting from thermal coefficient mismatch of fibers and resins. These influences have been studied by subjecting two types of FRP composites to flexural tests. A commercially procured fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite indeed produced cracks on prolonged thermal cycling between 50°C (122°F) and -60°C (-76°F) temperature. But a specially manufactured woven glass reinforced FRP did not produce any visual cracks for two and half times more thermal cycling in the same temperature range. It is suspected that the resin type and the curing process control the thermal cycle response and ultimate durability of such FRP composites in extreme temperature environments.
Food Consumption by Larval Gizzard Shad: Zooplankton Effects and Implications for Reservoir Communities

Abstract Because peak abundance of larval gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum occurs simultaneously with the midsummer decline of macrozooplankton in Ohio reservoirs, we hypothesized that zooplanktivory by larval gizzard shad caused this decline. To test this hypothesis, we compared larval food consumption with zooplankton productivity in two reservoirs. Larval gizzard shad began to influence zooplankton production in a reservoir with high zooplankton productivity (exceeding 125 mg·m−3·d−1) only after peak zooplankton biomass occurred, even at high larval densities (38 shad·m−3). However, consumption by early juvenile (25−30-mm) gizzard shad severely reduced zooplankton in this reservoir. Conversely, relatively low densities of larval gizzard shad (3–7 shad·m−3) had variable effects on zooplankton in a reservoir with low zooplankton productivity (at most 4 mg·m−3·d−1). Depending on larval gizzard shad density and zooplankton production, larval gizzard shad alone or in conjunction with early juveniles may con...
A relationship between protein stability and protein function.

Abstract Enzymes are thought to use their ordered structures to facilitate catalysis. A corollary of this theory suggests that enzyme residues involved in function are not optimized for stability. We tested this hypothesis by mutating functionally important residues in the active site of T4 lysozyme. Six mutations at two catalytic residues, Glu-11 and Asp-20, abolished or reduced enzymatic activity but increased thermal stability by 0.7-1.7 kcal.mol-1. Nine mutations at two substrate-binding residues, Ser-117 and Asn-132, increased stability by 1.2-2.0 kcal.mol-1, again at the cost of reduced activity. X-ray crystal structures show that the substituted residues complement regions of the protein surface that are used for substrate recognition in the native enzyme. In two of these structures the enzyme undergoes a general conformational change, similar to that seen in an enzyme-product complex. These results support a relationship between stability and function for T4 lysozyme. Other evidence suggests that the relationship is general.
Motivation and Organizational Principles for Anatomical Knowledge Representation: The Digital Anatomist Symbolic Knowledge Base

Objective: Conceptualization of the physical objects and spaces that constitute the human body at the macroscopic level of organization, specified as a machine-parseable ontology that, in its human-readable form, is comprehensible to both expert and novice users of anatomical information. Design: Conceived as an anatomical enhancement of the UMLS Semantic Network and Metathesaurus, the anatomical ontology was formulated by specifying defining attributes and differentia for classes and subclasses of physical anatomical entities based on their partitive and spatial relationships. The validity of the classification was assessed by instantiating the ontology for the thorax. Several transitive relationships were used for symbolically modeling aspects of the physical organization of the thorax. Results: By declaring Organ as the macroscopic organizational unit of the body, and defining the entities that constitute organs and higher level entities constituted by organs, all anatomical entities could be assigned to one of three top level classes (Anatomical structure, Anatomical spatial entity and Body substance). The ontology accommodates both the systemic and regional (topographical) views of anatomy, as well as diverse clinical naming conventions of anatomical entities. Conclusions: The ontology formulated for the thorax is extendible to microscopic and cellular levels, as well as to other body parts, in that its classes subsume essentially all anatomical entities that constitute the body. Explicit definitions of these entities and their relationships provide the first requirement for standards in anatomical concept representation. Conceived from an anatomical viewpoint, the ontology can be generalized and mapped to other biomedical domains and problem solving tasks that require anatomical knowledge.
Health services appraisal and the transition to Medicaid Managed Care from fee for service

Abstract Background Many states are transitioning fee-for-service (FFS) Medicaid into Medicaid Managed Care (MMC) for people with disabilities. Objective This study examined managed care's impact on health services appraisal (HSA) and unmet medical needs of individuals with disabilities receiving Medicaid. Key questions included 1) Do participant demographics and enrollment in MMC impact unmet medical needs and HSA? 2) Within MMC, do demographics and continuity of care relate to unmet medical needs? 3) Within MMC, do demographics, unmet medical needs and continuity of care relate to HSA? Methods We collected cross-sectional survey data ( n = 1615) from people with disabilities in MMC operated by for-profit insurance companies ( n = 849) and a similar group remaining in FFS ( n = 766) in one state. Regression analyses were conducted across these groups and within MMC only. Results Across Medicaid groups, MMC enrollment was not related to either HSA or unmet needs; health status, having a mental health disability and unmet transportation needs related to HSA and health status, unmet transportation needs and having a mental health or physical disability related to higher unmet medical needs. Within MMC, in addition to better health and fewer unmet medical needs, less continuity of care significantly decreased HSA. Higher unmet transportation needs, poorer health status, having a physical or mental health disability, and less continuity of care significantly decreased unmet medical needs. Conclusions This research points to the importance of meeting unmet needs of individuals in MMC and the need for increased continuity of care as people transition from FFS.
Summertime Ultrafine Particles in Urban and Industrial Air: Aitken and Nucleation Mode Particle Events

The main objectives of this study are to develop a systematic approach for the identification and classification of ultrafine particle (UFP) events and to analyze the events for implications of sources and meteorological conditions conducive to elevated UFP number concentrations. UFP events are prolonged periods with elevated UFP number concentrations. Particle number size distributions, gas pollutants, and meteorological parameters were concurrently measured during the summers of 2003 to 2005 in Detroit, Michigan, USA. Among the 74 identified UFP events, 40 (54%) are Aitken mode particle events and 34 (46%) are nucleation mode particle events. Correlation results show that 65 out of the 74 UFP events were associated with plumes of combustion sources, including all the Aitken mode events and 25 out of the 34 nucleation mode events. These in-plume particle events were positively correlated with elevated NO, CO, particle surface area, and occasionally high levels of SO2. The remaining 9 nucleation mode events, however, showed no such correlations, and hence referred to as secondary nucleation mode particle events. These secondary nucleation events occurred under relatively clean (i.e., low preexisting aerosols) and sunny conditions shortly after the breakup of nocturnal inversion and during midday. Overall, the results indicate that motor vehicles and industrial plumes are the major sources of elevated UFPs in urban/industrial air. Under favorable conditions, atmospheric secondary nucleation can occur in rather polluted urban/industrial air and become a major contributor of UFPs. The formation mechanisms, hence chemical composition, are likely different between the in-plume and secondary UFPs. Therefore, exposure assessments to ambient UFPs need to take into account the contributions from both types of particles.
PIV Characterization of a 4-valve Engine with a Camshaft Profile Switching (CPS) system

Particle Image Velodmetry (PIV) measurements were performed on a single cylinder optically accesible version of a 3.0L 4-valve engine using a Camshaft Profile Switching (CPS) system. The flow field was investigated at two engine speeds (750 and 1500 rpm), two manifold pressures (75 and 90 kPa) and two intake cam centerlines (maximum lift at 95° and 115° aTDCi respectively). Images were taken in the swirl plane at 10 mm and 40 mm below the deck with the piston at 300° aTDC of intake (60° bTDC compression) and BDC respectively. In the tumble plane, images were taken in a plane bisecting the intake valves with the piston at BDC and 300° aTDC. The results showed that the swirl ratio was slightly lower for this system compared with a SCV system (swirl control valve in the intake port) under the same operating conditions. The swirl and tumble ratios generated were not constant over the range of engine speeds and manifold pressures (MAP) but instead increased with engine speed and MAP. The induced swirl was due to in-cylinder flow asymmetry. The asymmetry, measured by the ratio of the mass of air flowing through the primary valve to the mass of air flowing through the secondary valve, increased with speed and MAP. This resulted in the average velocity in the swirl plane increasing with engine speed beyond that expected due to the increased piston speed. The velocities in the tumble plane scaled with the engine speed and the tumble ratio was only slightly affected by the CPS, mainly due to the coupling of the swirl and tumble in the engine. At 750 rpm, increasing the MAP was found to decrease cycle-to-cycle variation, as did increasing engine speed at low MAP.
Distinct Roles of Emotion Reactivity and Regulation in Depressive and Manic Symptoms Among Euthymic Patients

Investigating differences in the ways that people react to mood-evoking stimuli and regulate subsequent emotions may help to elucidate important mechanisms underlying depressed or hypomanic mood states. Euthymic young adults with bipolar disorder (n = 23) or depression (n = 21) were recruited for a study of emotion and mood. Two mood inductions assessed for differences in mood reactivity. Participants completed measures of current symptoms and emotion regulation strategies. Maladaptive (B = 0.42, p = .021) and adaptive (B = −0.26, p = .011) emotion regulation strategies were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Bipolar diagnosis (B = 5.51, p = .035), and threat mood reactivity (B = −0.26, p = .015) were associated with hypomanic symptoms. Interaction terms for mood reactivity and emotion regulation were not significant in either model, although net regression indicated significant differences in two trends. Depressed moods, associated with MDD or BD, may be initiated and maintained primarily due to poor choice of emotion regulation strategies. Elevated mood states are more specific to bipolar disorder, and may be triggered by mood reactivity, rather than regulation.
A Spectrum of Linguistic Humor: Humor as Linguistic Design Space Construction Based on Meta-Linguistic Constraints

Nearly all humor derives from some element of surprise, discrepancy, unexpectedness, pattern-breaking, or anomalous inference. This speculative paper will briefly discuss aspects of linguistic humor, from simple wordplay including shm-reduplication, punning, simple language games, simple humorous linguistic and textual genres (limericks, Pig Latin, “Name Game”), to more complex genres that go beyond humor into linguistic and textual artistic innovation such as modernism (Joyce’s Ulysses, Finnegan’s Wake), post-modernism (Theater of the Absurd, Beckett, John Barth’s Giles Goat Boy, Chimera), OuLiPo (Ouvroir de Litterature Potentielle, “workshop for potential literature”) (constraint-based postmodernism), and science fiction (world creation). In many cases, both humor and linguistic and textual innovation can be considered to have notions of friction or pressure within a constrained communicative channel, and more generally as breaking a common linguistic pattern based on implicit or explicit meta-linguistic constraints. My speculative approach includes developing a linguistic spectrum (from phono-morphological to discourse components and beyond) to describe the range of techniques used for humor, but also a very early foray into a theoretical account of humor and creativity that focuses on creating an object-level design space (structure and model) that is guided by meta-linguistic constraints.
Health spending among working-age immigrants with disabilities compared to those born in the US.

Abstract Background Immigrants have disparate access to health care. Disabilities can amplify their health care burdens. Objective/hypothesis Examine how US- and foreign-born working-age adults with disabilities differ in their health care spending patterns. Methods Medical Expenditures Panel Survey yearly-consolidated files (2000–2010) on working-age adults (18–64 years) with disabilities. We used three operational definitions of disability: physical, cognitive, and sensory. We examined annual total, outpatient/office-based, prescription medication, inpatient, and emergency department (ED) health expenditures. We tested bivariate logistic and linear regression models to, respectively, assess unadjusted group differences in the propensity to spend and average expenditures. Second, we used multivariable two-part models to estimate and test per-capita expenditures adjusted for predisposing, enabling, health need and behavior indicators. Results Adjusted for age and sex differences, US-born respondents with physical, cognitive, sensory spent on average $2977, $3312, and $2355 more in total compared to their foreign-born counterparts ( P Conclusions Working-age immigrants with disabilities have lower levels of health care use and expenditures compared to their US-born counterparts. Affordable Care Act provisions aimed at increasing access to insurance and primary care can potentially align the consumption patterns of US- and foreign-born disabled working-age adults. More work is needed to understand the pathways leading to differences in hospital and prescription medication care.
An Electrical Lemma

Let s and t be distinct vertices of a connected graph G. The notation and definitions used here follow the excellent text of Bollabas [1]. Next let N be the number of spanning trees of G while F(s, t) = F is the number of spanning forests with two components, one containing s and one containing t. Call such a forest a thicket. The lemma in question states that Rs,t = F/N where Rt is the resistance of G between s and t if each edge of G represents a one ohm resistor. Since the right-hand side is a strictly graphical quantity this is a fascinating result which deserves to be better known. By way of illustration, look at the smallest example not immediately solved by the series and parallel laws.
A new ligation technique for soft ticks (Acari: Argasidae).

A new technique is described for the ligation of soft ticks using standard office staples. The technique was applied to Ornithodoros parkeri . The method is simple and easy; it results in complete separation of the tick body and causes low mortality.
Tensile behaviour of polycrystalline Ni3Al intermetallic: influence of environment

Alloys based on the nickel aluminide intermetallic compound are particularly attractive for a spectrum of applications because of their high strength and resistance to oxidation. The inferior ductility of polycrystalline nickel aluminide intermetallic alloy was improved by controlled microalloying with boron. This important development has engendered considerable scientific interest in the use of this novel engineering material for temperature-critical and environment-sensitive applications. In this study, an attempt has been made to rationalize the influence of environment on the tensile behaviour of polycrystalline Ni3Al alloy containing boron and zirconium. Slow strain tensile tests were performed on cold-deformed and annealed samples in environments of laboratory air, distilled water, and aqueous 3.5% sodium chloride solution. A comparison of the tensile properties and fracture behaviour of the polycrystalline intermetallic alloy in the different environments is made to highlight the role of environment in tensile behaviour.
“Securing the Affections of Those People at This Critical Juncture”: Newspapers, Native Americans, and the French and Indian War, 1754–1763

Abstract In 1754, the American colonies faced a threat to their existence as French invaders and their Native American allies mounted a series of attacks on British American settlements. News of these attacks and the war that was known as the French and Indian War became vital to Americans, and newspapers covered these events in a depth never before required of printers, creating what one media historian has called “the great running story of the era.” Central to news of the war was information about Native Americans. This study looks at the extensive coverage of the role Native Americans played in the war as both allies and enemies of the colonies as it explores the changing nature of newspapers in America.
Wireless Network Virtualization: Opportunities for Spectrum Sharing in the 3.5GHz Band

In this paper, we evaluate the opportunities that Wireless Network Virtualization (WNV) can bring for spectrum sharing by focusing on the regulatory framework that has been deployed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for the 3.5 GHz band. We pair this innovative regulatory approach with another novel arrangement, Wireless Network Virtualization, and thus assess the resulting opportunities from the perspectives of regulation, technology and economics. To this end, we have established a comprehensive foundation for further exploration and development of virtualized networks that would provide significant opportunities for enabling and enhancing current sharing arrangements.
Changes of Serum Surfactant Protein A Levels in Children with Pneumonia in Varying Degrees

Objective To explore the changes of serum surfactant protein A (SP-A) levels and its relationship with clinical pathogenetic condition in children with pneumonia in varying degrees.Methods Forty-five children with pneumonia hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit of Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics during Jan.2007 to Dec.2008 were selected, 20 cases with severe pneumonia group,25 cases with ordinary pneumonia group;and 14 cases of children without pneumonia were selected as control group.Blood was collected before treatment,venous blood specimen was cellected to detect the serum SP-A levels with ELISA method, and arterial blood was collected to detect pressure of arterial oxygen[pa(O2)].SPSS 11.5 software was used to analyze the data.Results In the severe pneumonia group and the ordinary pneumonia group,the serum SP-A levels were significantly higher than that in the control group,and pa(O2) were significantly lower than that in control group,and the differences were significant.In the severe pneumonia group, the serum SP-A level was significantly higher than that in ordinary pneumonia group,and pa(O2) was significantly lower than that in ordinary pneumonia group,and the differences were also significant. Serum SP-A levels and pa(O2) were closely related to each other,with the elevated levels of serum SP-A and decreased pa(O2).Conclusions Serum SP-A levels can reflect the children′s pneumonia severity of the lung injury,which may assist in the clinical treatment and the determination of the prognosis of pneumonia in children.
Evaluation of dehydrated restaurant food waste products as feedstuffs for finishing pigs

Two dehydrated restaurant food waste (DFW) products were evaluated as potential feedstuffs for finishing pigs. For each product, fresh food wastes were obtained from food service operations at a resort complex in central Florida. The wastes were mostly leftover food and plate scrapings. The wastes were minced, blended with a feed stock (soy hulls and wheat flour [DFW1] or soy hulls and ground corn [DFW2]), pelleted, and dried. The dried product was then blended with additional minced fresh food wastes and dried; this process was then repeated. The final DFW products contained approximately 60% dried food wastes. The DFW1 and DFW2 products contained 11.4 and 8.4% moisture, 15.0 and 14.4% CP, 13.8 and 16.0% crude fat, 10.4 and 14.5% crude fiber, 5.8 and 4.7% ash, .63 and .64% lysine, .54 and .63% Ca, .34 and .38% P, .69 and .86% Cl, and .35 and .47% Na, respectively. Two feeding trials with 48 and 72 finishing pigs (56 to 112 kg), respectively, were conducted comparing diets without (control) or with the DFW product included at 40% of the diet (DFW1) for Trial 1 and 40 or 80% of the diet (DFW2) for Trial 2. Pigs fed the DFW diets in both trials had ADG that were similar (P > . 10) to and average gain:feed ratios that were superior (P = .06, Trial 1; P . 10) by feeding pigs the DFW diets in either trial. Carcass fat became softer (P < .01; linear) with increasing amount of DFW2 in the diet in Trial 2. Thus, dehydrated restaurant food wastes have the potential to produce a nutritious feedstuff for pigs while offering a viable solid waste disposal option.
Conceptualizing Basic 3D Modeling Workflows

This chapter traces the history of the development of the methods and practices used in 3D modeling. It also draws parallels between this development and its relationship to sculpture and design. In its various sections, a detailed discussion of the various approaches is provided; illustrating the changes in method as hardware and software has become more sophisticated over the years. It demonstrates how an artist uses existing and new technology to achieve aesthetic goals and how technology has been influenced by this achievement.
Diamagnetic Susceptibility and Conductivity of Columnar Structures

Expressions are derived for free electron diamagnetic susceptibility and energy gap of columnar structures. As an illustration it is shown that the derived expressions are in agreement with the experimentally measured electrical and magnetic properties of metal-halogenic columnar structures and ciano-metal columnar structures, as well as their doped derivatives.
Vulnerability to climate change impacts of present renewable energy systems designed for achieving net-zero energy buildings

Abstract There are high hopes and expectations in the potential of Net-Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) to contribute to combat the adverse environmental effects from intensive human activity, including energy use. An important related question that has received insufficient attention and is therefore addressed in this study, is how NZEB equipped with renewable energy (RE) systems would perform in future climates that will be caused by the ongoing environmental impacts. In this research, downscaled future hourly weather data from the Global Climate Models (GCM) are used to predict future performance of RE systems for low energy using residential buildings in 10 different climate zones in the U.S. Renewable energy systems with different configurations of Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy and wind system power generation are modeled and coupled with hourly building energy loads. The research results show that buildings with the present configurations of RE will be losing their capability to meet the zero-energy goal in half of the considered climate zones. It was found that the RE systems for a future NZEB should be resized and reconfigured to accommodate climate change impacts. RE systems prioritizing PV systems shows good stability and performance in power generation under expected future climate conditions. A criterion was developed to assist a proposed grid search method for finding the RE system configurations for future NZEB that would identify vulnerabilities of present NZEB's performance under climate change.
Mobilities, Fixities and Stabilities in Rural Pennsylvania's Natural Gas Boomtowns: Re‐Conceptualising Boomtown Development Through a Mobilities Lens

The mobilities ‘turn' within human geography and the social sciences has drawn attention to the ways in which social connections and interactions variously transcend, undo and reconfigure spatial boundaries and identities. In this study we utilise mobilities theory to analyse Marcellus Shale gas boomtown growth in Pennsylvania and the experiences of local residents living in these boomtown areas. We use data from interviews conducted in two rural counties of Pennsylvania to examine the intersection and interaction between diverse boomtown mobilities and local places. We use mobilities theory to illustrate the extent to which local experience of boomtown development is a product of the interaction between the particularities of material and ideological rural community characteristics perceived as more or less ‘fixed,' and the various externally-originating mobilities associated with local industrial buildout. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Effect of New Oral Anticoagulants on Prescribing Practices for Atrial Fibrillation in Older Adults.

Objectives To determine the effect of new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) on prescribing practices in older adults with atrial fibrillation (AF). Design Retrospective observational cohort study. Setting Academic medical center in St. Louis, Missouri. Participants Individuals aged 75 and older with AF admitted to the hospital from October 2010 through September 2015 (N = 6,568, 50% female, 15% non-white). Measurements Information on NOACs and warfarin prescribed at discharge was obtained from hospital discharge summaries, and linear regression was used to examine quarterly trends in their use. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess independent predictors of anticoagulant use. Results NOAC use increased over time (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.87, P < .001), warfarin use did not change (r = −0.16, P = .50), and overall anticoagulant use (NOACs and warfarin) increased (r = 0.68, P = .001). NOAC use increased over time in all age groups (75–79, 80–84, 85–89) except aged 90 and older, but increasing age attenuated the rate of NOAC uptake. There was no consistent relationship between age and warfarin or overall anticoagulant use, except that individuals aged 90 and older had consistently lower use. Overall, fewer than 45% of participants were prescribed an anticoagulant. In multivariable analysis, younger age, white race, female sex, higher hemoglobin, higher creatinine clearance, being on a medical service, hypertension, stroke or transient ischemic attack, no history of intracranial hemorrhage, and a modified HAS-BLED score of less than 3 increased the likelihood of receiving NOACs. Conclusion Prescription of anticoagulants for AF increased in older adults primarily because of an increase in the use of NOACs. Nonetheless, fewer than 45% of participants were prescribed an anticoagulant. Additional research is needed to optimize prescribing practices for older adults with AF.
Relationship status and drinking-related outcomes in a community sample of lesbian and bisexual women

Although marriage tends to be protective against hazardous drinking among women in the general population, few studies have compared drinking rates, levels, or problems based on relationship status...
Changes in Proteases, Antiproteases, and Bioactive Proteins From Mother's Breast Milk to the Premature Infant Stomach.

ABSTRACTObjective:Our previous studies suggested that human milk proteases begin to hydrolyze proteins in the mammary gland and continue within the term infant’ stomach. No research has measured milk protease and pepsin activity in the gastric aspirates of preterm infants after human milk feeding. T
Business Analytics Capabilities and Use: A Value Chain Perspective

This paper presents a mapping of the business analytics (BA) capabilities of a firm from a value chain lens similar to Porter’s (Harv Bus Rev 79:62–78, 2001) internet capabilities framework. The generally accepted classification of analytics: descriptive, predictive and prescriptive, is used as basis for mapping BA capabilities. Using an extensive search of the academic and practitioner literature, analytics applications were analyzed and mapped onto the value chain framework. Given the increased interest and investment in BA, it is important to have a good understanding of what analytics capabilities firms use to enhance value through its value chain activities. We illustrate exemplar uses of BA applications, tools and technologies used by firms. Preliminary results suggest that organizations are focusing on application of analytics where the outcome is easily measurable compared to application of analytics in other activities where it is harder to measure a direct value.
Assessing Changes in Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorder Prevalence in the United States: Evidence From National Surveys From 2002 Through 2014.

Differences in epidemiological survey estimates can sometimes occur from seemingly minor method variations; these variations deserve special attention when increases or declines are seen in study populations.
The Expanding Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug Targets

After decades of relative inactivity, a large increase in efforts to discover antitubercular therapeutics has brought insights into the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and promising new drugs such as bedaquiline, which inhibits ATP synthase, and the nitroimidazoles delamanid and pretomanid, which inhibit both mycolic acid synthesis and energy production. Despite these advances, the drug discovery pipeline remains underpopulated. The field desperately needs compounds with novel mechanisms of action capable of inhibiting multi- and extensively drug -resistant Mtb (M/XDR-TB) and, potentially, nonreplicating Mtb with the hope of shortening the duration of required therapy. New knowledge about Mtb, along with new methods and technologies, has driven exploration into novel target areas, such as energy production and central metabolism, that diverge from the classical targets in macromolecular synthesis. Here, we review new small molecule drug candidates that act on these novel targets to highlight t...
Abortion and student health services expanding the conversation with student perspectives.

Abstract Objective College students are known to experience unintended pregnancy and seek abortions. However, few student health centers currently offer abortion services. In this exploratory study, we aimed to expand understanding of student perspectives regarding on-campus abortion services. Study design We invited UC Davis students to complete an anonymous web-based survey using 16 campus listservs and in-person recruitment. We elicited student knowledge of and opinions about on-campus Student Health and Counseling Services (SHCS) with 29 questions. Results The 502 participating students primarily identified as female (80%) and heterosexual (86%); most (90%) were undergraduates. In the past year, 9% of female respondents had used emergency contraception (EC), and 9% had sought clinic-based pregnancy testing. Only 68% of respondents were aware that SHCS provides EC. Although SHCS has not yet offered abortions, 24% of respondents believed that SHCS currently offers medication abortion and 13% believed that SHCS clinicians perform abortion procedures. Most respondents (64%) believed that SHCS should offer abortion services; 12% of respondents felt SHCS should not. Reasons for support of on-campus abortion services included the need to compassionately care for campus survivors of sexual assault and abortion's role in allowing students facing undesired pregnancy to complete their education. Reasons for opposition included concerns regarding SHCS's ability to offer high-quality abortion services, the potential for controversy related to on-campus abortion services and personal opposition to abortion. Conclusion Most responding students favor on-campus abortion services, and a number of students incorrectly believe that abortion services are currently offered on the UC Davis campus. Implications Student health centers should offer medication abortion on campus.
Interfilament spacing, Ca2+ sensitivity, and Ca2+ binding in skinned bovine cardiac muscle

The length-dependence of myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity in cardiac muscle appears to be a function of length-dependent variation in the lateral separation of actin and myosin filaments. The goal of this study was to determine how force, Ca2+ sensitivity, and Ca2+ binding to troponin C are correlated in skinned bovine ventricular muscle bundles set at sarcomere length 1.9 μm and subjected to varying degrees of osmotic compression with Dextran T-500. With 5, 10, and 15% Dextran T-500 the muscle diameter was reduced by 13, 21, and 25%, respectively. Addition of 5% Dextran T-500 caused increases in developed force, Ca2+ sensitivity, and in the affinity of Ca2+ for the regulatory binding site on troponin C. All of these parameters were reversed back toward control levels with 10% Dextran T-500. With 15% Dextran T-500 all parameters were decreased to below control levels. These data indicate that (1) there is an optimal filament separation at which both Ca2+ sensitivity and Ca2+ binding are maximized, and (2) Ca2+ –troponin C affinity is linked to changes in Ca2+ sensitivity rather than to changes in interfilament spacing.
Negotiating Privacy Concerns and Social Capital Needs in a Social Media Environment

Social network sites (SNSs) are becoming an increasingly popular resource for both students and adults, who use them to connect with and maintain relationships with a variety of ties. For many, the primary function of these sites is to consume and distribute personal content about the self. Privacy concerns around sharing information in a public or semi-public space are amplified by SNSs’ structural characteristics, which may obfuscate the true audience of these disclosures due to their technical properties (e.g., persistence, searchability) and dynamics of use (e.g., invisible audiences, context collapse) (boyd 2008b). Early work on the topic focused on the privacy pitfalls of Facebook and other SNSs (e.g., Acquisti and Gross 2006; Barnes 2006; Gross and Acquisti 2005) and argued that individuals were (perhaps inadvertently) disclosing information that might be inappropriate for some audiences, such as future employers, or that might enable identity theft or other negative outcomes.
A Review of the Hepatitis B Foundation Website

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a preventable infection that can lead to chronic HBV and liver cancer without timely detection and treatment. The Hepatitis B Foundation is a national organization th...
Designing Effective, Contemporary Assessment on a Flipped Educational Sciences Course.

Evidence shows flipped learning increases academic performance and student satisfaction. Yet, often practitioners flip instruction but keep traditional curricula and assessment. Assessment in highe...
Origin and Attenuation of Mesoscale Structure in Circumpolar Deep Water Intrusions to an Antarctic Shelf

AbstractCross-isobath transport of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) provides a major source of heat to the Antarctic continental shelves. Adaptive sampling with a Slocum glider revealed that the...
Identifying Predictors of Outcomes in Combined Heart and Liver Transplantation.

Abstract Background Combined heart and liver transplant (CHLT) is a complex procedure that is being increasingly performed. Because of the relative rarity of this procedure, graft and patient outcomes are still being assessed and risk factors for graft and patient survival are unknown. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study from 1989 to 2014 of CHLT in the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Endpoints were graft and patient survival at 1, 3, and 5 years, and risk factors were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. Results The cohort included 186 patients. Both graft and patient survival at 1, 3, and 5 years were 85%, 77%, and 74%, respectively. Diabetes (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 2.28 [1.05, 4.92]; P = .036) was significantly associated with risk for graft failure and patient mortality in multivariable analysis. The post–2006 transplant era was associated with significantly improved graft survival and overall survival (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 0.45 [0.24, 0.87]; P = .017). Conclusions Acceptable outcomes are achievable in CHLT through careful candidate selection. As we continue to perform more CHLTs, outcomes and selection criteria need to be continually assessed.
A concept analysis of analgesic nonadherence for cancer pain in a time of opioid crisis

Abstract Background Pain is one of the most common symptoms identified along the cancer trajectory. Among patients with moderate to severe cancer pain, nonadherence to prescribed analgesics may complicate treatment plans and exacerbate pain severity. Nonadherent behaviors are likely due to a number of individual/family, provider, and system level factors and may lead to negative pain-related outcomes. Purpose The purpose of this concept analysis is to clarify the concept of analgesic nonadherence for cancer pain and qualify its utility in the context of the opioid crisis. Method Walker and Avant's (2019) method for concept analysis was used. We integrated empirical evidence, relevant literature, and sociopolitical considerations related to the opioid crisis to provide critical and timely analysis. Data were collected from a search of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus. The search yielded 418 individual records. Empirical articles using quantitative and qualitative methodologies pertaining to analgesic nonadherence for cancer pain in adult outpatient settings, written in English, with an abstract, and published between 2010 and 2018 were considered. Other relevant literature sources were used if additional criteria were met. A total of 33 records were selected for detailed review. Findings Few studies link analgesic nonadherence to patient outcomes highlighting a significant literature gap. Given the available evidence, a definition for analgesic nonadherence is proposed for future use in research, education, practice, and policy settings. Discussion The paucity of empirical data combined with the implications of the opioid crisis and conflicting pain management guidelines create uncertainty about the utility of analgesic nonadherence. The concept of analgesic nonadherence warrants further normative and empirical research to clarify the role of opioids and the meaning of nonadherence in shaping pain-related outcomes within the current sociopolitical environment.
Classical Bayesian Theory and Networks

By their very nature, Bayesian networks (BN) represent cause-effect relationships by their parent-child structure. One can provide an observation of some events and then execute a Bayesian network with this information to ascertain the estimated probabilities of other events. Another significant advantage is that they can make very good estimates in the presence of missing information, which means that they will make the most accurate estimate with whatever information (or knowledge) is available and will provide these results in a computationally efficient manner as well.
Honor as Auxiliary Precaution: Madison, Hume and the Separation of Powers in an Age of Hyperpartisanship

This study explores, historically and conceptually, the idea of separating governmental powers to institute a system that superintends the legitimate acquisition and exercise of those powers. I beg...
Impact of race and age on surgery and outcomes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): A population based analysis.

e15097 Background: RCC is a surgically curable malignancy; the outcomes are typically based on tumor size/extent and histology. Partial nephrectomy (PN) is preferred as nephron sparing approach ove...
Enforcing Secure Coding Rules for the C Programming Language Using the Eclipse Development Environment

Creating secure software is challenging, but necessary due to the prevalence of large data breaches that have occurred for organizations such as Equifax, Uber, and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Many static analysis tools are available that can identify vulnerable code, however many are proprietary, do not disclose their rule set or do not integrate with development environments. One open source tool that integrates well with the Eclipse development environment is the Secure Coding Assistant that was developed at California State University, Sacramento (CSUS), which is featured by early error detection. The tool provides support for secure coding rules for the Java programming language that were developed at the CERT division of the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. The tool also provides error correction and contract programming support. To provide secure coding assistance in C programming, we further extend the tool to support the C programming language by semi-automating a subset of the CERT secure coding rules for C. The tool detects rule violations for the C programming language in the Eclipse development environment and provides feedback to aid and educate developers in secure coding practices. The tool is open source to the community and maintained at GitHub (http://benw408701.github.io/SecureCodingAssistant/).
Direct observations of microstructure-resolved corrosion initiation in AA7075-T651 at the nanoscale using vertical scanning interferometry (VSI)

Abstract Early stage micro-galvanic corrosion attack at and around different intermetallic compounds (IMC) present on the pristine surface of AA7075-T651 was investigated using multiple microscopy-based modalities. The microstructural surface features and chemical compositions of the major constituent of AA7075-T651 were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Exposure at free potential was conducted in 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution for 1 h. At every 10 minute interval, the sample was rinsed and corrosion attacks were visualized using vertical scanning interferometry (VSI). The localized dissolution rate and morphology of the alloy matrix adjacent to cathodic and anodic inclusions was rationalized to obtain virtual corrosion metrology. Subsequently, the self-dissolution and variations in corrosion attack at and around the major cathodic and anodic area were examined using cross-section focused ion beam (FIB). Combing with previous investigations on similar Al alloys, the understanding of the localized dissolution associated with micro-galvanic corrosion was advanced.
The consequences of specialised governance on spending and expansion of public transit

Special-purpose governments are commonly characterised as hidden governments with less taxpayer accountability and can issue debt. However, little research has been conducted to see if operating an...
Large Felid Predators and “Man-Eaters”: Can We Successfully Balance Conservation of Endangered Apex Predators with the Safety and Needs of Rapidly Expanding Human Populations?

The large felid carnivores are among the most endangered, and the most challenging, species to conserve on this increasingly human-dominated planet. In modern times, large felid carnivores were widely distributed in the continents of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Unfortunately, global human expansion, loss of prey species, hunting and poaching, and retaliatory killings after livestock predation have greatly reduced and fragmented their original ranges and decimated their populations. In this chapter, large felid carnivore characteristics, usual habitats, ecology, and predatory behaviors are reviewed. Changes in great cat distribution, changes in wild prey populations resulting in a shift to increased livestock predation, and the resulting human-felid conflicts are discussed. Preservation of remaining wild large felid carnivore populations has become a global conservation priority as populations have plummeted over the last century. Current approaches to better understand and conserve these apex keystone predators and to maintain ecosystem integrity are discussed. Current strategies and policies to ameliorate and resolve the intricate and difficult problems of predator-human conflict are examined. The complex issues of “problem carnivores” and “man-eaters” are discussed. Finally, recommendations on creative, fluid, and scientifically sound strategies that might be employed to address these conflicts in a manner acceptable to all key stakeholders are discussed.