cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Dust on the Spectral Energy Distributions of Star-Forming Galaxies

I review the effects of dust, both in absorption and in emission, on the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of Local star-forming galaxies. The energy balance between the stellar light absorbed by dust at UV-optical-nearIR wavelengths and the energy re-emitted by dust in the far infrared (FIR) shows that the amount of dust extinction affecting the galaxy can be predicted with simple prescriptions applied to the UV-optical data. The implications of these results for high redshift galaxies are discussed. Arguments can be given to support the view that Local starbursts are representative of high-redshift (z>2), UV-detected, star-forming galaxies. If this is the case, the high redshift FIR emission will be generally undetected in sub-mm surveys, unless (1) the bolometric luminosity of the high-z galaxies is comparable to or larger than that of Local ultraluminous FIR galaxies and (2) their FIR SED contains a cool dust component.
Public perspectives on the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Purpose To study the perspectives of the United States population towards the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in various clinical scenarios.
Current practice and the role of the CT in the management of penetrating liver injuries at a Level I trauma center

Background : The liberal utilization of computed tomography (CT) has significantly contributed to overall improvements in trauma care. However, the role and the current practice of the CT examinations in the management of patients with penetrating liver injuries are scantily documented. Aims : This study was aimed to assess the current practice and the role of the admission and follow-up CT in patients with penetrating liver injuries. Setting and Design : This is a retrospective study at a Level I trauma center. Study period is from 01/2005 to 12/2007. Methods : All patients with penetrating liver injuries were analyzed. Results : Overall, 178 patients with penetrating liver injuries were assessed. A total of 123 (69.1%) patients underwent emergent laparotomy without preoperative CT due to signs of peritonitis (47.8%), hypotension (16.3%), or a GCS of ≤8 (5.1%). In this group of patients, no nontherapeutic laparotomy occurred. The remaining 55 (30.9%) patients underwent CT scan evaluation on admission. Of these, 54.5% were selected for nonoperative management (NOM). Sensitivity and specificity of the admission CT to predict a positive laparotomy was 95.7% and 90.6%, respectively. Overall, 80.6% of isolated liver injuries were successfully managed nonoperatively. Thirty-three (18.5%) patients died within 72 h. In the remaining 145 patients, 33 liver-related complications occurred in 17.2% (25 of 145) of patients. Conclusion : Two-thirds of patients with penetrating liver injuries require emergent laparotomy, mainly due to associated injuries. The remaining one-third of patients, however, is amenable for an admission CT, which reliably predicts successful NOM. Moderate or severe injuries require follow-up CT because of the high incidence of asymptomatic liver-related complications.
Energy-conservation measures for indoor swimming pools

Abstract We present a methodology for estimating heat losses for indoor swimming pools and energy savings associated with the adoption of selected energy-conservation strategies and devices in natatoriums. Although results are given for selected geographic locations, the methodology is generally applicable. Energy-conservation measures that reduce ventilation requirements are the most effective in decreasing energy costs for heating natatoriums. Pool covers are shown to save energy when the installation is accompanied by lower ventilation rates. At the present time, commercially available solar pool-heating systems are not economical for the climate of St. Louis compared to heating with natural gas but are marginally competitive with oil-fired heating systems.
Effects of neutron irradiation on the critical current densities of (Nb-1 at.% U)3Sn multifilamentary composites

Abstract Multifilamentary composite wires of (Nb-1 at.% U)3Sn made by a solid state diffusion process have been irradiated at 60 ± 5° C with slow thermal neutrons and a fluence of 1 × 1016 nvt. Radiation induced increases in Jc previously observed in tin-dipped (Nb-1 at.% U)3Sn are not observed in bronze reacted (Nb-1 at.% U)3Sn.
Hemodynamically Motivated Choice of Patch Angioplasty for the Performance of Carotid Endarterectomy

Patch angioplasty is the most common technique used for the performance of carotid endarterectomy. A large number of materials are available, but little is known to aid the surgeon in choosing a patch while caring for a patient with carotid disease. The objective of this study was to investigate biomechanics of the carotid artery (CA) repaired with patch angioplasty, study the influence of patch width and location of closure on hemodynamics, and to select the optimal patch material from those commonly used. For this purpose, a mathematical model was built that accounts for fluid–structure interaction, three-dimensional arterial geometry, non-linear anisotropic mechanical properties, non-Newtonian flow and in vivo boundary conditions. This model was used to study disease-related mechanical factors in the arterial wall and blood flow for different types of patch angioplasty. Analysis indicated that patch closures performed with autologous vein and bovine pericardium were hemodynamically superior to carotid endarterectomy with synthetic patch angioplasty (polytetrafluoroethylene, Dacron) in terms of restenosis potential. Width of the patch and location of arteriotomy were found to be of paramount importance, with narrow patches being superior to wide patches, and anterior arteriotomy being superior to the lateral arteriotomy. These data can aid vascular surgeons in their selection of patch angioplasty technique and material for the care of patients undergoing open CA repair.
Women's higher education in Japan: Family background, economic factors, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Law

Abstract Since the mid-1980s there has been a striking increase in the propensity of young Japanese women to attend four-year universities. During this same period, the Japanese Diet, in 1985, passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, which focused on improving women's access to career employment. This paper uses micro-data from the Japanese Panel Survey on Consumers (JPSC) to investigate the importance of socio-economic and demographic factors, as well as the EEO Law, in determining the higher education decisions of young women in Japan. We find that one of the most important factors in determining whether or not a young woman attends university is whether or not her mother attended university. Other important factors we identify include whether or not her father attended university, whether or not the young woman attended juku in high school, family income, and attendance at private secondary school. Data limitations prevent drawing strong conclusions about the role of the passage of the EEO Law, but our results suggest that the passage of the law was associated with an increase in the propensity of young women to choose university over junior college.
Age related-changes in the neural basis of self-generation in verbal paired associate learning

Verbal information is better retained when it is self-generated rather than when it is received passively. The application of self-generation procedures has been found to improve memory in healthy elderly and in individuals with impaired cognition. Overall, the available studies support the notion that active participation in verbal encoding engages memory mechanisms that supplement those used during passive observation. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the age-related changes in the neural mechanisms involved in the encoding of paired-associates using a self-generation method that has been shown to improve memory performance across the lifespan. Subjects were 113 healthy right-handed adults (Edinburgh Handedness Inventory >50; 67 females) ages 18–76, native speakers of English with no history of neurological or psychiatric disorders. Subjects underwent fMRI at 3 T while performing didactic learning (“read”) or self-generation learning (“generate”) of 30 word pairs per condition. After fMRI, recognition memory for the second word in each pair was evaluated outside of the scanner. On the post-fMRI testing more “generate” words were correctly recognized than “read” words (p < 0.001) with older adults recognizing the “generated” words less accurately (p < 0.05). Independent component analysis of fMRI data identified task-related brain networks. Several components were positively correlated with the task reflecting multiple cognitive processes involved in self-generated encoding; other components correlated negatively with the task, including components of the default-mode network. Overall, memory performance on generated words decreased with age, but the benefit from self-generation remained consistently significant across ages. Independent component analysis of the neuroimaging data revealed an extensive set of components engaged in self-generation learning compared with didactic learning, and identified areas that were associated with age-related changes independent of performance.
Trends and opportunities in the metabolic syndrome

Metabolic Syndrome consists of a multifactoral set of indications and, unfortunately, definitions. There is, at present, no consensus definition for Metabolic Syndrome and physicians who recognize the syndrome use different definitions. Some of the major stakeholder associations do not believe that Metabolic Syndrome is an approvable indication and no regulatory agency has weighed in on the matter. This has been the cause of confusion among many physicians resulting in different emphasis on intervention. However, there is close agreement between physicians surveyed in major markets as to the top three indications. The largest unmet medical need among these indications is obesity and obesity represents the largest opportunity. However, any single NCE or combination of existing drugs that can treat 3 indications will be a major advance. Any therapy will be an intervention and will have to have a very clean safety profile. Morbidity and mortality studies with existing therapies and combinations will be needed to establish outcomes.
Searches for TeV-scale particles at the LHC using jet shapes

New particles at the TeV scale can decay hadronically with strongly collimated jets, thus the standard reconstruction methods based on invariant masses of well-separated jets can fail. We discuss how to identify such particles in pp collisions at the LHC using simple jet shapes which help to reduce the contribution of QCD-induced events. We focus on a rather generic example X{yields}tt{yields}hadrons, with X being a heavy particle, but the approach is well suited for the reconstruction of other decay channels characterized by a cascade decay of known states.
Low-Energy Electron-Induced Oligomerization of Condensed Carbon Tetrachloride

The low-energy electron-induced chemistry of condensed CCl4 has been investigated with use of post-irradiation temperature-programmed desorption. These experiments were partly motivated by the growing interest in developing facile and economical methods for decomposing CCl4 and other halocarbons which through widespread use in industry have become potent environmental pollutants. The experimental procedure involves low-energy (50 eV) electron irradiation (fluence ≤2 × 1016 electrons cm-2) of nanoscale thin films (5 monolayers) of CCl4 grown at 100 K on a Mo(110) single crystal under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. Results of post-irradiation temperature-programmed desorption experiments were used to identify C2Cl4, C2Cl6, C3Cl6, C4Cl6, and C5Clx as low-energy electron-induced reaction products of condensed CCl4. Two longer chain chlorocarbon oligomers with six or more carbons were also detected but not identified. Although low-energy electron-induced oligomerization reactions have been previously repor...
Carbamylcholine and acetylcholine-sensitive, cation-selective ionophore as part of the purified acetylcholine receptor.

Black lipid membranes were formed with oxidized cholesterol in the presence of either the acetylcholine receptor, purified from the electric organ of the electric rayTorpedo californica or its tryptic digest. In both cases, conductance of cations increased and was dependent on the concentration of the receptor protein. Conductance of Ca++ was dependent on its concentration, but addition of carbamylcholine gave no reproducible or consistent effects. Only in the case of the tryptic digest of the acetylcholine receptor did carbamylcholine and acetylcholine consistently induce monovalent cation selective conductance (PNa, K∶PCl=4.4). The induced monovalent cationic conductance due to carbamylcholine (10 μm) varied from 10- to over 100-fold. Curare (10 μm) prevented the action of carbamylcholine.
Optimal Control of Office Plug-Loads for Commercial Building Demand Response

While historically the electrical energy resource a commercial building may utilize during a Demand Response (DR) event has been limited to building HVAC and/or lighting systems, enabling technologies such as smart power strips (SPSs) and Energy Information Gateways (EIGs) have made distributed control over commercial office plug loads a reality. This paper investigates coordinated optimal control over plug loads in a commercial building during a DR event. Control over local office plug loads is accomplished via the use of a software entity, the Energy Information Gateway, which employs a binary integer linear program to determine which loads are shed. Individual EIGs are managed by another piece of software, the Central Building Controller (CBC), which can adjust parameters in the individual EIG optimal control algorithm. The proposed control structure is tested via the EIGs managing physical appliances in an actual office, and in simulations of the CBC managing virtual Gateways.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Verbal Facility, Sensitive Affect, Psychometrics: Two “Palimpsest Personalities“

(1947). Verbal Facility, Sensitive Affect, Psychometrics: Two “Palimpsest Personalities“. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 179-191.
The paramagnetic species found on the surface of Al2O3MoO3CoO particles

Abstract The paramagnetic species on the surface of Al2O3MoO3CoO catalysts were studied. The ESR spectra of unsupported oxides CoO, Co2O3, Co3O4, CoAl2O4, and CoMoO4 were first studied. The ESR spectra of supported cobalt oxides were also studied. The spectra of supported oxides were different from those of the unsupported oxides, indicating that the supported cobalt ions are in a different state from those in unsupported oxides. The two-phase theory for the supported cobalt ions interprets the experimental results well. The Co2+ and Co3+ concentrations on the surface were estimated from ESR results. The desulfurization rate of Al2O3 MoO3CoO catalysts were measured together with the surface concentrations of Co2+, Co3+, Mo5+, and thionaphthol+O∗2− surface cation complex when H2 and thionaphthol were added to the surface. A simple correlation between the desulfurization rate and the concentrations of these paramagnetic species was found.
Human colon tumors: enzymic and histological characteristics.

In samples of colonic adenocarcinomas, the mean activities of thymidine kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoserine phosphatase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase were several fold higher than those of non-neoplastic colon. The presence of considerable, told labile pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity provided an additional criterion for distinguishing tumors from the control tissue. Deviations from the pattern of enzymes in normal colon were much more pronounced in the five moderately well-differentiated than in the single well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.
Spatial liminality as moral hazard and boat squatter toleration in post-World War Two Hong Kong

Abstract This research critiques the concept of moral hazard to explain boat squatter toleration by the post-World War II Hong Kong colonial government. The normative nature of moral hazard discourse in neoliberal policy and practice is examined through the use of archived colonial administrative memoranda as a form of ethnography. Perceiving spatial mobility of boat squatters occupying the liminal space of typhoon shelters over which the government did not possess complete jurisdictional control evoked a host of situational moral hazard truth claims to exclude them from public housing. Conflicting narratives of government actors in administrative memoranda provide evidence of the dubious use of moral hazard logic to justify neoliberal government indifference to the housing needs of a marginalized population.
Microstructural evolution and swelling of high strength, high conductivity RS-PM copper alloys irradiated to 13.5 dpa with neutrons

Microstructures and swelling have been studied for a series of high-strength, high-conductivity rapidly solidified (RS) powder metallurgy (PM) alloys and oxide dispersion alloys which were neutron irradiated to 13.5 dpa at 400°C. Another article of these proceedings presents results for irradiation-induced changes in electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and ductility. The RS-PM alloys include Cu-Mg-Zr-Cr (MZC) and two oxide dispersion stabilized (ODS) alloys, Cu-Zr-ZrO 2 and Cu-Zr-Cr-ZrO 2 . Ingot materials and pure copper were also studied for comparison purposes. All alloys show no significant swelling after irradiation except OFHC pure copper, which exhibited 7.0% swelling. For the ODS alloys, TEM microstructures show stable fine oxide pinning of grain and subgrain boundaries as well as dislocations. In addition to fine oxides, a large amount of very fine metallic and intermetallic precipitation was observed within the grains.
Stereochemistry of ring opening of cyclopropane by platinum(II)

Abstract Cyclopropane is opened by treatment with chloroplatinic acid to form a platinacyclobutane. The stereochemistry at both sides of formation of the platinum-carbon bonds was determined by the use of cyclopropane-1,2,3-d3 in which all three deuterium atoms were on the same side of the ring. The 1H spectrum of the product was A2X, in which the coupling constant, 10.4 Hz, clearly indicates that the cis relationship between the protons had been retained. Therefore, the ring opening occurs with retention at both carbon atoms.
Menstrual cycles in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are unaffected by a single dose of the anesthetics ketamine and xylazine administered during the midfollicular phase at laparoscopy

To identify an anesthetic regimen that produces more complete relaxation and analgesia than ketamine hydrochloride (Ketaset®) alone, a combination of ketamine (15 mg/kg body weight) and the hypnotic xylazine (Rompun®, 0.33 mg/kg) was evaluated. Since the desired experimental application required that the anesthetic not interfere with normal hormonal events during the menstrual cycle, this combination administered on day 6 of the cycle was tested to determine whether hormonal surges, incidence of ovulation, or cycle length would be altered relative to the use of ketamine alone. In five of six animals, ketamine plus xylazine had no effect on the occurrence of timely surges of estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or on ovulation as determined by the presence of a corpus luteum at laparoscopy and normal serum concentrations of progesterone. There were no significant differences between the cycle during treatment and previous cycles in the same animal for length of the menstrual cycle (26.0 ± 2.3 [5] days; X ± S.D. [n] or luteal phase (13.4 ± 2.4 [5] days). Likewise, these values did not differ from those of ten control monkeys treated with ketumine only on day 5 or 6 of the cycle (incidence of ovulation, 10/10; cycle length, 27.9 ± 1.8 [10]; luteal phase length, 15.1 ± 1.4 [10], P > 0.05). Patterns of circulating progesterone were not altered by the addition of xylazine anesthesia. These findings indicate that xylazine, given in the midfollicular phase, did not alter ovulatory events or menstrual cycle characteristics in rhesus monkeys. Ketamine plus xylazine apparently provides anesthesia appropriate for laparoscopy.
Effects of boundaries on plasma jet propagation

Summary form only given. Atmospheric pressure low temperature plasma jets were found to consist of ionization waves called “Plasma Bullets” that travel in ambient air at supersonic speeds. [1] Plasma jet's behavioral changes are known to depend on the background gas pressure the bullets propagate in. [2] Our recent study shows that this dependence is not only related to the background gas pressure but to a physical boundary layer that confines the working gas channel in which the plasma bullets can continue to propagate regardless of the pressure. It is observed that at a constant low pressure inside a vacuum chamber (&#60;100Torr) filled with Helium only, plasma bullet propagation is not present; however inside the connecting tube in which the Helium is flown to the chamber, plasma bullet propagation is visible. The physical boundary created by this tube enables the bullets to propagate while the lack thereof inside the chamber results in diffuse plasma at the same pressure. This boundary does not need to be an object that surrounds the gas flow. This is evident when a Helium gas channel is formed in a chamber with various background gases such as Nitrogen, Argon or air. In this case, at the same pressure as previously, plasma bullets can propagate regardless of the background gas inside the chamber. When only Helium is present and other gasses are evacuated, bullet propagation inside the chamber ceases to exist. Therefore it is believed that in order for plasma bullets to propagate, there needs to be a boundary surrounding the gas channel. In this paper, experimental evidence supporting the observations explained above will be presented.
Continuum analysis of carbon nanotube array buckling enabled by anisotropic elastic measurements and modeling

Abstract For the first time, carbon nanotube (CNT) forests are fully characterized as transversely isotropic continuum material. Each of the five independent elastic constants is experimentally obtained using a combination of nanoindenter-based uniaxial compression and shear testing, in situ SEM compression, and digital image correlation (DIC) of vertically and laterally oriented CNT microstructure columns. Material properties are highly anisotropic, with an axial modulus (165–275 MPa) that is nearly two orders of magnitude greater than the transverse modulus (2.5–2.7 MPa) and the out of plane shear modulus (0.8–1.6 MPa). The Poisson’s ratios along three mutually orthogonal axes, measured directly by simultaneous in situ DIC evaluation of axial and transverse strain, are found to be similarly anisotropic (ν12 = 0.35, ν23 = 0.1, ν21 = 0.005). A Timoshenko beam model is then developed to accurately predict the critical buckling stress of the vertically oriented columns using a subset of these anisotropic properties and considering inelastic column buckling. These results show that the critical bucking stress of CNT microstructures vary predictably with geometry and that continuum models with appropriate material constants may be applied to analyze CNT microstructures and evaluate their stability for many applications.
A SCHIZOPHRENIA CHECKLIST: RELIABILITY WITHOUT STABILITY, CONCURRENT WITHOUT PREDICTIVE VALIDITY

The New Haven Schizophrenia Index, a checklist designed for research use, was evaluated with a sample of 45 male schizophrenics where follow-up information had been obtained for 22 yr. The checklist had high levels of interrater agreement and scores were significantly related to other concurrent measures of thought disorder or psychotic thinking. The index did not have stability or predictive validity in terms of eventual outcome. A measure of affectivity did display both stability and a significant relationship with outcome.
Phytotoxicity of selected trichothecenes usingChlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model system

Trichothecenes are potent inhibitors of cytoplasmic protein synthesis which can affect the severity of plant diseases such as wheat head scab. While many trichothecene-producing fungi share the initial biosynthetic intermediates, Fusarium sp. are unique in the production of trichothecenes containing an oxygen function at C-3. Although the initial trichothecene and the final products have a C-3 hydroxyl group, the intermediate steps are acetylated at C-3. By using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular plant with a well-defined genetic system, we were able to test the proposal that trichothecenes with a C-3 hydroxyl are more toxic to plants, as well as demonstrate that C. reinhardtii is a promising plant trichothecene bioassay system. Seven pairs of trichothecenes with either a C-3 hydroxyl or C-3 acetyl group were assayed. Our results confirm that trichothecenes acetylated at C-3 were far less toxic to Chlamydomonas than those with a C-3 hydroxyl group. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carotenoids indicate differences in diet of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron (Brachyura)

Carotenoid pigments were used as markers to investigate the sources of energy to two deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities. Specimens of the hydrothermal-vent brachyuran crabBythograea thermydron were collected at 2 500 m depth from the Rose Garden vent site in the Galapagos Rift Valley in February, November and December 1979, and 2 600 m depth on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N in May 1982. Four carotenoids (astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone and beta-carotene) have been identified as the pigments responsible for the red color of the eggs of the crabs from the Galapagos Rift site. Consistent with the fact that animals are unable to synthesize carotenoidsde novo, precursors were not present in the crabs' tissues, affirming that these pigments are of dietary origin. The number of ovigerous female crabs and the concentrations of carotenoids in the eggs suggest a readily available source of these pigments in the Galapagos vent environment. In contrast, the developing eggs ofB. thermydron from the 21°N vent site were cream-colored, with only trace quantites of carotenoids and fewer types of carotenoids. Analysis of carotenoid distribution in both females and males in these two populations indicates a very low level of carotenoids in the diet of the 21°N vent crabs, and reflects differences in trophic interactions and primary production at the two vent sites. The few types and low concentration of carotenoids inB. thermydron indicate a diet that is different from non-vent, deep-sea crustaceans. We hypothesize that the source of carotenoids are bacteria within the vent community, and not ultimately from photosynthetic production.
Selective attention to aspects of motion configurations: common vs. relative motion (abstract only)

The motion of a dot configuration may be described as the sum of its relative (part) and common (whole) motion components. Is either of these two component dimensions extracted before the other in human perception? Reaction time data from selective attention experiments show that neither dimension can be responded to without interference from the other, implying that neither is processed more quickly than or ahead of the other. Following Garner's nomenclature, common and relative motions appear to act as either symmetrically integral or configural dimensions, depending on the particular motion configurations tested.
Cycling toward Elimination of Leukemic Stem Cells

In two recent articles in Science Translational Medicine and Nature Biotechnology, Saito et al. (2010) identify a molecular signature of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cells and demonstrate that quiescent AML stem cells become sensitized to chemotherapy after G-CSF stimulation.
Clinical Significance of Elevated Diffusing Capacity

Study objective Single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D lco ) is used as a pulmonary function test (PFT) to assess gas transfer in the lungs. The implications of a low D lco are well-recognized, but the clinical significance of a high D lco is not clear. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical correlates of a high D lco . Patients and methods We identified 245 patients with a high D lco ( ie , > 140% predicted) and a matched group of 245 patients with normal D lco ( ie , 85 to 115% predicted), who were selected from a laboratory database of 45,000 patients tested between January 1997 and December 1999. We compared the demographic features, clinical diagnoses, and PFT data between the two groups. Settings Large multispecialty group practice. Results The patients in the high D lco group were heavier (mean [± SD] weight, 96.0 ± 22.9 vs 85.0 ± 21.3 kg, respectively; p 2 , respectively; p lco values. The majority of patients (62%) with a high D lco had a diagnosis of obesity, asthma, or both. Polycythemia, hemoptysis, and left-to-right shunt were uncommon. Conclusion A high D lco on a PFT is most frequently associated with large lung volumes, obesity, and asthma. Other conditions are much less common. A clinical condition, which typically reduces D lco , may deceptively normalize D lco in such patients.
Pbx1-Hox Heterodimers Bind DNA on Inseparable Half-Sites That Permit Intrinsic DNA Binding Specificity of the Hox Partner at Nucleotides 3′ to a TAAT Motif

Heterodimers between the Pbx/Exd and Hox/HOM-C classes of homeodomain proteins bind regulatory elements in tissue-specific and developmentally regulated genes. In this work, we characterize the half-site bound by both Pbx1 and Hox proteins on a prototypic element (TGATTAAT) and determine how the orientation of the Hox protein contributes to the DNA binding specificity of Pbx-Hox heterodimers. We demonstrate that the Hox protein binds the 3' TAAT sequence as its recognition core and exhibits sequence-specific binding at positions 3' to the TAAT core. Unfavored sequences at this position, such as two cytosines, abrogate binding to the element. The upstream Pbx1 core sequence, TGAT, must immediately juxtapose the Hox core. This geometry maintains the preference of Hox/HOM-C proteins for a T base at position -1, as T represents the fourth position of the Pbx1 core, and suggests that this T base is bound by both Pbx1 and Hox proteins, Pbx1 binding in the major grove and the Hox protein binding in the minor grove. Pbx1 also exhibits base selectivity 5' to its TGAT recognition sequence.
Effect of adding fold-change criteria to significance testing of microarray data

Microarray experiments involve simultaneous testing of thousands of genes, thus leading to a large number of false-significant results. To combat this, a wide range of multiple-testing procedures have been developed to reduce false significance rates and related errors. In contrast, clinical investigators may choose alternative routes having intuitive appeal but less optimal statistical properties, such as requiring a 2-fold change. While the corresponding limitations are commonly recognized, the impact of such approaches has not been specifically characterized for practical scenarios. This study investigates the effect of combining the t-test (with the Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment) and 2-fold-change cut-off on the resulting levels of significance and power. Findings illustrate that both significance and power are often dominated by the 2-fold criteria, essentially negating the properties of the multiple comparisons adjustment. Other cases lead to more complex and potentially counter-intuitive results.
Some Ambiguities in the Notion of Power

The notion of power is often said to be central to the analysis of politics. But while that analysis is a very ancient activity, the conceptual clarification of the notion of power has been undertaken only in the past generation. The reason for this discrepancy I leave to the historians of political ideas. In this introduction I merely observe that the clarification has not proceeded as far as is needed, so that we are still not at all sure of what we are talking about when we use the term. Nevertheless there is light ahead, owing especially to some formal definitions that have been offered in recent years by Shapley and Shubik, March, Dahl, Cartwright, and Karlsson. By reason of the formality of these definitions the issues of meaning have been more sharply delineated than was previously possible. Hence we have reached the point, I believe, where we may confront definitions with each other and specify precisely how they differ. In so doing we may be able to resolve some of the ambiguities remaining in the concept of power. In that hope this essay is written.
The stability of a proportional rate extremum regulator

When the signal component of the input to a linear unity feedback sampled-data system is additively contaminated by a relatively wide-band noise process, it has been shown previously that the mean-square values of the true and apparent error quantities are minimized by essentially the same value of loop gain. This paper presents an investigation into the stability of a proportional-rate extremum regulator, which utilizes this fact to establish the optimum gain setting from finite estimates of the measurable mean-square apparent error. Assuming a parabolic operating characteristic, the stability and dynamic behavior of the adaptive loop is studied using path tangent curves in the incremental phase plane. The ability of the regulator to establish the optimum gain setting for a given system is verified experimentally for a number of different operating conditions. In addition, the experimental results show that the transient disturbances generated by the corrections to the gain parameter may adversely affect the regulator stability if they exist over a sufficient fraction of the measurement period.
Effects of local anesthesia on bite force generation and electromyographic activity

Maximum voluntary bite force has been used to evaluate functional changes following orthognathic surgery. It has been proposed by others that maximum voluntary bite force may depend, in part, on sensory input from the dentition. However, results from previous studies have shown contradictory effects of local anesthesia on bite force following anesthetization of the dentition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of drug-induced local anesthesia on the generation of first molar bite force and electromyographic (EMG) activity in adults. Twenty normal adults (3 women, 17 men) were evaluated. Electromyographic activity was monitored from four muscles of mastication bilaterally, and bite force was concurrently recorded at the right and left first molars. Maximal and submaximal bite forces were then measured after sequential unilateral anesthetization of the right mandible and maxilla with 2% lidocaine containing 1:100,000 epinephrine. No statistically significant differences in bite force or integrated EMG levels were observed between the unanesthetized and anesthetized sides, nor on the anesthetized side at different levels of anesthesia.
Two Mechanosensitive Channel Homologs Influence Division Ring Placement in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts must divide repeatedly to maintain their population during plant growth and development. A number of proteins required for chloroplast division have been identified, and the functional relationships between them are beginning to be elucidated. In both chloroplasts and bacteria, the future site of division is specified by placement of the Filamentous temperature sensitive Z (FtsZ) ring, and the Min system serves to restrict FtsZ ring formation to mid-chloroplast or mid-cell. How the Min system is regulated in response to environmental and developmental factors is largely unstudied. Here, we investigated the role in chloroplast division played by two Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of the bacterial mechanosensitive (MS) channel MscS: MscS-Like 2 (MSL2) and MSL3. Immunofluorescence microscopy and live imaging approaches demonstrated that msl2 msl3 double mutants have enlarged chloroplasts containing multiple FtsZ rings. Genetic analyses indicate that MSL2, MSL3, and components of the Min system function in the same pathway to regulate chloroplast size and FtsZ ring formation. In addition, an Escherichia coli strain lacking MS channels also showed aberrant FtsZ ring assembly. These results establish MS channels as components of the chloroplast division machinery and suggest that their role is evolutionarily conserved.
Micro-CT characterization of fusing extruded PCL scaffolds

Micro-CT enables 3D characterization of the salient features of polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. This paper presents our study on using micro-CT to evaluate the structural formability and the morphologies of PCL scaffolds fabricated by a Precision Extruding Deposition process. Results of as-fabricated scaffolds, with different processing parameters and micro-architectures were examined through micro-CT at 19.1 micron resolution. 2D analyses and 3D reconstructions of core regions of the sample scaffolds were performed. These results illustrate that qualitative and quantitative analysis of polymer scaffolds is possible through micro-CT and 3D reconstruction techniques.
The Keys to Legislative Success in the U.S. House of Representatives

Our research addresses how individual member behavior and institutional variables affect legislative success in the U.S. House of Representatives. Using new measures of activity from the 103d Congress (1993�94), a count dependent variable, and negative binomial regression, our analysis assesses member effectiveness. We find that a member's activity level encourages legislative success, but gains are limited when members speak or sponsor too frequently. Our results provide a clearer picture of the role of legislative context and the relevance of institutions in determining a member's legislative successes and failures.
Lengthening of the ulna in radial agenesis: A preliminary report

In two patients with bilateral radial agenesis, the ulnas were divided and lengthened in a modified Abbott-Anderson device with a gear box controlled by an electric motor to obtain from one to 2 mm. per day of gradual distraction. Three centimeters of length was achieved in 3 weeks. Bone bridged the gap in 3 months and was mature in 6 months. Repeat osteotomy and lengthening was done 12 to 18 months later. All secondary lengthening operations required bone grafts. Total length gained ranged from 5.4 to 6.4 cm.
An improved distance relay model with directional element, and memory polarization for TCD based fault propagation studies

Modern Power Systems have evolved into a very complex network of multiple sources, lines, breakers, loads and others. The performance of these interdependent components decide the reliability of the power systems. A tool called “Reasoner” is being developed to deduce fault propagations using a Temporal Causal Diagram (TCD) approach. It translates the physical system as a Cause-effect model. This work discusses the development of an advanced distance relay model, which monitors the system, and challenges the operation of reasoner for refinement. Process of generation of a Fault and Discrepancy Mapping file from the test system is presented. This file is used by the reasoner to scrutinize relays' responses for active system faults, and hypothesize potential mis-operations (or cyber faults) with a confidence metric. Analyzer (relay model) is integrated to OpenDSS for fault analysis. The understanding of the system interdependency (fault propagation behavior) using reasoner can make the grid more robust against cascaded failures.
Software and hardware quality assurance: towards a common platform for high reliability

The authors point out the conceptual similarity between two quality assurance technologies emerging independently in the worlds of software and hardware. They outline the advantages of these technologies over competing ones and then argue how, by exploiting this similarity and the emerging parallel processing technology, a common platform of integratable tools can be built to perform cost-effective hardware and software testing for complex products of the future. Both techniques use fault modeling for showing the presence of faults in the objects of interest, namely, the program and the circuit. However, the test generation method used in mutation-based testing appears more general than the one used for hardware testing when their functional details are examined. As most useful hardware consists of sequential circuits with memory, the test data generation method used in software testing seems worthy of examination for hardware test vector generation also. >
Mom or Dad Says I Shouldn’t

An increasingly large number of children spend some portion of the day without adult supervision (Belsky & Steinberg, 1978) as an expanding number of primary caretakers join the work force each year. These children are often referred to as “latchkey children” because of the latchkeys they often wear on a chain or carry to let themselves into their homes after school, several hours before their parents return home from work (Garbarino & Sherman, 1980). There is increasing evidence that such children, left at home without adult supervision, experience a greater risk of accidents (Tokuhata, Colflesh, Digon, & Mann, 1972) which are the number one killer of young children (Gratz, 1979). In addition, there are emotional and motivational problems inherent in being unsupervised (Elkind, 1981).
Identifying tacit strategies in aircraft maneuvers

Two machine learning methods were used to find descriptions of avoidance strategies employed by skilled pilots in simulated aircraft encounters. A general approach to describing strategic components of skilled behavior through qualitative representation of situations and responses is introduced. Conceptually equivalent descriptions of the pilots maneuvers were discovered by a concept learning algorithm and a classifier system using a generic algorithm. Satisficing and 'buggy' strategies not apparent in earlier analyses of these data were revealed. The agreement of different algorithms using different generalization criteria demonstrates the robustness of this machine learning approach to describing skilled behavior. >
Evidence for efficacy and effectiveness of changes in eating frequency for body weight management.

In self-reported diets of free living individuals, frequent eating is associated with higher energy intake, yet beliefs about the possible beneficial effect of higher eating frequency for managing body weight persist. Prospective cohort studies and controlled trials of manipulation of eating frequency published by 31 December 2012 were reviewed to assess whether variation in eating frequency may be an adjunct to weight management. Four prospective cohort studies were identified; 2 of these included adults followed for 10 y and 2 followed pre-adolescent/adolescent girls for 6 or10 y. Within each age category, the findings of the 2 studies were contradictory. Six controlled trials with adult subjects serving as their own controls found no significant changes in body weight due to manipulation of eating frequency interventions lasting 6–8 wk. In 6 additional intervention trials of 8–52 wk duration, free-living adults were counseled to change the eating frequency of self-selected food intake with no significant differences in weight loss attributable to eating frequency. Overall, the consistency of the null findings from controlled trials of manipulation of eating frequency for promoting weight loss suggests that beliefs about the role of higher eating frequency in adult weight management are not supported by evidence. Interpretation of the evidence from published observational studies is complicated by differences in definition of eating frequency and limited knowledge of systematic and random errors in measurement of eating frequency.
On Monin-Obukhov similarity in the stable atmospheric boundary layer

Atmospheric measurements from several field experiments have been combined to develop a better understanding of the turbulence structure of the stable atmospheric boundary layer. Fast response wind velocity and temperature data have been recorded using 3-dimensional sonic anemometers, placed at several heights (≈ 1 m to 4.3 m) above the ground. The measurements were used to calculate the standard deviations of the three components of the wind velocity, temperature, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation and temperature variance dissipation. These data were normalized and plotted according to Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. The non-dimensional turbulence statistics have been computed, in part, to investigate the general applicability of the concept of z-less stratification for stable conditions. From the analysis of a data set covering almost five orders of magnitude in the stability parameter ζ = z/L (from near-neutral to very stable atmospheric stability), it was found that this concept does not hold in general. It was only for the non-dimensional standard deviation of temperature and the average dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy that zless behaviour has been found. The other variables studied here (non-dimensional standard deviations of u, v, and w velocity components and dissipation of temperature variance) did not follow the concept of z-less stratification for the very stable atmospheric boundary layer. An imbalance between production and dissipation of TKE was found for the near-neutral limit approached from the stable regime, which matches with previous results for near-neutral stability approached from the unstable regime.
A Luminosity-Limited VLA Survey of T Tauri Stars in Taurus-Auriga

We summarize the results of a radio continuum survey of T Tauri stars in the Taurus-Auriga dark clouds to a limiting bolometric luminosity of log(Lbol/Lʘ) > 0.2.
Determination of human DNA polymerase utilization for the repair of a model ionizing radiation-induced DNA strand break lesion in a defined vector substrate

Human DNA polymerase and DNA ligase utilization for the repair of a major class of ionizing radiation-induced DNA lesion [DNA single-strand breaks containing 3'-phosphoglycolate (3'-PG)] was examined using a novel, chemically defined vector substrate containing a single, site-specific 3'-PG single-strand break lesion. In addition, the major human AP endonuclease, HAP1 (also known as APE1, APEX, Ref-1), was tested to determine if it was involved in initiating repair of 3'-PG-containing single-strand break lesions. DNA polymerase beta was found to be the primary polymerase responsible for nucleotide incorporation at the lesion site following excision of the 3'-PG blocking group. However, DNA polymerase delta/straightepsilon was also capable of nucleotide incorporation at the lesion site following 3'-PG excision. In addition, repair reactions catalyzed by DNA polymerase beta were found to be most effective in the presence of DNA ligase III, while those catalyzed by DNA polymerase delta/straightepsilon appeared to be more effective in the presence of DNA ligase I. Also, it was demonstrated that the repair initiating 3'-PG excision reaction was not dependent upon HAP1 activity, as judged by inhibition of HAP1 with neutralizing HAP1-specific polyclonal antibody.
Efficient Modularization of Weighted Protein Interaction Networks using k-Hop Graph Reduction

Recent computational analyses of protein interaction networks have attempted to understand cellular organizations, processes and functions. Several topology-based clustering methods have been applied to the protein interaction networks for detecting functional modules. However, most of the previous algorithms do not perform well on small-world, scale-free networks. In this paper, we present an efficient approach to identify hierarchical modules in the protein interaction networks. Our algorithm selects a small number of informative proteins from a large network, and transforms the intricate small-world, scale-free network into a simple graph with high modularity. Our results show that this approach remarkably enhances the efficiency. We also demonstrate that it outperforms other previous methods in terms of accuracy.