cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety and depression in medical practice.

Statistics conceruing psychiab;ic aspects of medical practice are impressive: 30 to 50% of all patients are in need of some type of psychiatric treatment!, and about 75% of them manifest anxiety of some kind~. Most frequently, general practitioners and non-psychiatric specialists make the first contact with the various types of emotionally disturbed patients, whose early diagnosis and appropriate management are directly related to their doctor's psychological orientation. Special difficulties for proper treatment arise when conflicts are manifested as masked by physical symptom!>~l. Lack of adequate psychological training of non-psychiatrist doctors is almost a rule in most countries, but very recently some changes have been made in the medical school curriculum. In Argentina, psychiatry has reached a satisfactory scientific level, and all contemporary orientations are represented, but academic training has remained on the informative level, caring more about what students know than what students feel. Two years ago, Medical Psychology, with heavy emphasis on doctor-patient interaction, has been incorporated as a new subject, functioning presently as a behavioral sciences department. But from a practical point of view, we are presently concerned with those physicians already practicing. We will make reference in this paper to some aspects of our 8 year experience in liaison psychiatry and teaching in the Rawson Hospital, a university polyclinic of Buenos Aires.
American Indian Females and Stereotypes: Warriors, Leaders, Healers, Feminists; Not Drudges, Princesses, Prostitutes

This article is written by a Native female author. It delves into the historical stereotypes of Native females as drudges, princesses, and prostitutes perpetrated by media, movies, and literature. The author reviews research on the traditional and modern roles of Native females, including roles as warriors, leaders, and healers. Current literature and research on Critical Indigenous Feminist Theory is reviewed.
Characterization of the basic replicons of the chimeric R/Ent plasmid pCG86 and the related Ent plasmid P307

Restriction-enzyme fragments that can replicate autonomously after circularization were isolated from the chimeric R/Ent plasmid pCG86 and the Ent plasmid P307. Two such regions containing a basic replicon were located in each plasmid. One of the basic replicons of P307, RepFIB, is almost identical with one of the basic replicons of pCG86. The other basic replicon in P307, RepFIC, is partly homologous with the second basic replicon in pCG86, RepFIIA/RepFIC. The latter is a hybrid basic replicon and is in addition partly homologous with RepFIIA, a basic replicon present in IncFII R plasmids. By restriction-enzyme mapping and nucleotide-sequence analysis we have determined a site in the hybrid replicon where it ceases to be homologous with the RepFIIA basic replicon contained in the IncFII miniplasmid pSM1. The 2410-bp region of homology with pSM1 corresponds with a segment containing the origin of replication and all the genes responsible for replication control of pSM1.
Correlation of peak heating for reattachment of separated flows.

Peak heating correlated with reattachment of both laminar and turbulent separated flows on flaps
Numerical methods of initial value problems

Abstract In this paper we developed practical numerical methods for solving nonlinear initial value problems of ordinary differential equations with discontinuities.
The Feasibility of Miniaturizing a Fast Analyzer

Abstract The design and fabrication of a miniature Fast Analyzer that utilizes a small, multicuvet, plastic rotor and a unique optical system to measure the light transmittance of each cuvet is described. The system was developed to accept small, discrete volumes of reagent and sample, which are then transferred and mixed in less than 10 seconds. A serum albumin analysis was performed to indicate the feasibility of miniaturization.
CELLULAR RECOGNITION IN VITRO BY MOUSE LYMPHOCYTES : EFFECTS OF NEONATAL THYMECTOMY AND THYMUS GRAFT RESTORATION ON ALLOANTIGEN AND PHA STIMULATION OF WHOLE AND GRADIENT-SEPARATED SUBPOPULATIONS OF SPLEEN CELLS

The effects of thymectomy and thymus graft restoration upon the in vitro primary responses to alloantigens and PHA have been studied. It has been found that neonatal thymectomy substantially eliminates both PHA reactivity and responsiveness to alloantigens assayed in vitro in host spleen cell populations. Analysis of albumin density gradient-separated subpopulations of the spleen and thymus in such animals was also performed. It was found that the total and proportional representation of the individual density subpopulations was identical in neonatally thymectomized, in normal, and in thymectomized and thymus graft-restored animals. Therefore, thymectomized mice appear to retain a nonfunctioning, small, dense, lymphocyte population. Reconstitution of thymic-dependent in vitro reactivity was nearly complete when syngeneic, but not allogeneic or semisyngeneic thymus was employed. Occasional partial restoration did occur when F1 thymus was employed, but never when allogeneic thymus was grafted. The grafted thymus contained PHA and alloantigen-reactive cells in a large, less dense B layer subpopulation, whereas the restored animals, as in the case of normals, showed these reactivities to be a property of a small, more dense cell population.
Oxygen penetration depths and fluxes in marine sediments

A compilation of numerous studies of oxygen profiles in marine sediments and estimated fluxes across the sediment-water interface supports the existence of a simple relationship between oxygen penetration depth (L), benthic oxygen flux (FO20), and bottom water oxygen concentration([O2]BW). This relationship is: L=2ϕDs[O2]BWFO20, where Φ and Ds are the porosity and diffusivity of O2 in sediment, respectively. The relationship holds well for continental margin environments, but not in open ocean basins. The success of this simple relationship in describing continental margin field data suggests that the pore water profiles are at steady state, the depth distribution and reactivity of organic carbon is nearly uniform, and pore water irrigation is generally negligible. This work also demonstrates the consistency of the data recently collected by several independent works.
Food of Pelagic Young of the Walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum, in Oneida Lake, New York

Abstract Food of walleye larvae in Oneida Lake during the first 6 weeks of life in 1961–63 consisted mainly of copepods supplemented by cladocera and fish. As walleye larvae grew from 7.0 to 24.0 mm in length they ate larger food organisms. More fish were eaten during 1962 than 1961 or 1963. Of the crustacean food the copepod, Epischura, was more common in 1961 stomachs than in 1962 or 1963. Feeding commenced before complete absorption of the yolk reserves. For the three years, 31% of the sac fry contained food while 91% of the post-yolk sac fry had fed. Although zooplankton was more abundant in the plankton samples of 1962 than in those of 1961 or 1963, the number of food items in stomachs of fry was nearly the same each year. Abundance of zooplankton food organisms and walleye larvae were positively correlated at five of six stations sampled in 1962 while the sixth station had the fewest fry yet most abundant zooplankton. Walleyes generally ate copepods in proportion to their abundance in the plankton. ...
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Rate Constant for the ClO + NO2 Reaction

The rate constant for the reaction ClO + NO2 + M has been measured between 150 and 600 Torr and at 298 and 213 K using a turbulent flow technique with high-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of reactants. This work represents the first experimental evaluation of this rate coefficient at temperatures below 248 K. The results are in excellent agreement with the values recommended by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation (DeMore et al., JPL Publication 97-4, 1997).
Perp Is a Mediator of p53-Dependent Apoptosis in Diverse Cell Types

The induction of apoptosis by the p53 protein is critical for its activity as a tumor suppressor [1]. Although it is clear that p53 induces apoptosis at least in part by direct transcriptional activation of target genes, the set of p53 target genes that mediate p53 function in apoptosis in vivo remains to be well defined. The Perp (p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP-22) gene is highly expressed in cells undergoing p53-dependent apoptosis as compared to cells undergoing p53-dependent G1 arrest [2]. Perp is a direct p53 target, and its overexpression is sufficient to induce cell death in fibroblasts, implicating it as an important component of p53 apoptotic function. Here, through the generation of Perp-deficient mice, we analyze the role of Perp in the p53 apoptosis pathway in multiple primary cell types by comparing the cell death responses of Perp null cells to those of wild-type and p53 null cells. These experiments demonstrate the involvement of Perp in p53-mediated cell death in thymocytes and neurons but not in E1A-expressing MEFs, indicating a cell type-specific role for Perp in the p53 cell death pathway. In addition, we show that Perp is not required for proliferation-associated functions of p53. Thus, Perp selectively mediates the p53 apoptotic response, and the requirement for Perp is dictated by cellular context.
Heterogeneous networking: a new survivability paradigm

We believe that a network, to be survivable, must be heterogeneous. Just like a species that draws on a small gene pool can succumb to a single environmental threat, so a homogeneous network is vulnerable to a malicious attack that exploits a single weakness common to all of its components. In contrast, in a network in which each critical functionality is provided by a diverse set of protocols and implementations, attacks that focus on a weakness of one such protocol or implementation will not be able to bring down the entire network, even though all elements are not be bulletproof and even if some of components are compromised.Following this survivability through heterogeneity philosophy, we propose a new survivability paradigm, called heterogeneous networking, for improving a network's defense capabilities. Rather than following the current trend of converging towards single solutions to provide the desired functionality at every element of the network architecture, this methodology calls for systematically increasing the network's heterogeneity without sacrificing its interoperability.
Resource Burden Associated with Contact Precautions for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus: The Patient Access Managers’ Perspective

We surveyed patient access managers on the impact of contact precautions (CP) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) on time to bed assignment, and we investigated the factors influencing infection control policies allowing for discontinuation of CP. The majority of respondents reported an increase in time to bed assignment for patients with a history of MRSA and/or VRE infection or colonization.
IGES as an Interchange Format for Integrated Circuit Design

There are several uses for neutral data transfer formats: to send your design out for fracturing and mask preparation, to move cell patterns to a system for routing, to move a completed design to a system for layout verification, and to archive a design. The latter is an interesting problem because integrated circuit (IC) designs are usually not "released" in hardcopy form as a drawing. Yet the data archive should be independent of system hardware and software revisions or "upgrades". Many larger companies are working on a data base management system (DBMS) for graphic design files. Those who have been looking at IGES for archival of other product graphic designs may wish to look at the IC capability cited.
Raltegravir: first in class HIV integrase inhibitor

On October 16, 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved raltegravir for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents in treatment-experienced adult patients who have evidence of viral replication and HIV-1 strains resistant to multiple antiretroviral agents. Raltegravir is first in a novel class of antiretroviral drugs known as integrase inhibitors. It has demonstrated potent anti HIV activity in both antiretroviral treatment-naive and experienced patients. The most common adverse events reported with raltegravir during phase 2 and 3 clinical trials were diarrhea, nausea, and headache. Laboratory abnormalities include mild elevations in liver transaminases and creatine phosphokinase.
Genetic Variations in Metabolizing Enzymes

Foreign compounds to which humans are exposed undergo metabolic conversion mediated by metabolizing enzymes before they are eliminated from the body. Phase I activation enzymes catalyze oxidation, hydrolysis, and reduction reactions. The functionalized compounds then proceed with further reactions catalyzed by phase II detoxification enzymes, which generally convert functionalized foreign compounds into less reactive and water-soluble metabolites, thus facilitating their elimination from the organism. Advances in this area of research have revealed that many metabolizing enzymes exhibit genetic polymorphisms which play a crucial role in individual variations in response to foreign compound-mediated effects. Investigations of individual responsiveness to drugs or certain chemicals have shown considerable deviations, in part due to variations in the expressions of foreign compound metabolizing enzymes.
Development of a Brief Coping Checklist for Use with Pediatric Populations

Although the process of coping and utilization of coping strategies has received widespread attention in the adult literature, there is a relative dearth of information on these processes in children and adolescents. As the importance of assessing and teaching coping strategies becomes apparent in behavioral medicine with adults, such investigations need to be extended to pediatric populations. The present study describes the development of a brief coping checklist. Preliminary psychometric investigations conducted with healthy adolescents demonstrated adequate reliability at 3-day, 7-day, 14-day, and 10-week intervals and concurrent validity with previously established measures of coping. The utility of the checklist with pediatric patients and in particular chronically ill children is also examined.
Novel fabrication of Ti-Pt-Au/GaAs Schottky diodes

A novel fabrication process for evaporated refractory-metal/n-GaAs Schottky contacts is presented. This process avoids the use of photoresist lift-off in order to maintain an exceptionally clean Schottky interface. Resulting millimeter-wave varactor diodes exhibit the same anode quality as previous electroplated platinum/n-GaAs varactor diodes but with improved reliability, repeatability and cost. A titanium deposition-rate of 1.2-1.6 nm/s was found to yield minimum ideality factor and breakdown voltages equivalent to those of Pt devices at a doping density of 1/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/. Devices fabricated on material doped at 2.3/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ and above, however, had significantly lower breakdown voltages compared to platinum diodes. This is believed to be due to the lower barrier height of the titanium anodes, which causes an increased tunneling current.
A front tracking method applied to Burgers' equation and two-phase porous flow

Abstract A method is presented that is capable of following discontinuities in the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations. At every time step for each cell in the neighborhood of the discontinuity, the fraction of the cell lying behind the discontinuity curve is updated. From this data the front is reconstructed. The method is applied to three scalar differential equations: inviscid Burgers' equation, the Buckley-Leverett equation for immiscible porous flow, and the equation for two-phase miscible flow in a porous medium.
Integrated Photonic Circuits in Gallium Nitride and Aluminum Nitride

Integrated optics is a promising optical platform both for its enabling role in optical interconnects and applications in on-chip optical signal processing. In this paper, we discuss the use of group III-nitride (GaN, AlN) as a new material system for integrated photonics compatible with silicon substrates. Exploiting their inherent second-order nonlinearity we demonstrate and second, third harmonic generation in GaN nanophotonic circuits and high-speed electro-optic modulation in AlN nanophotonic circuits.
The promise and predicament of cosmetic neurology

Advances in cognitive neuroscience make cosmetic neurology in some form inevitable and will give rise to extremely difficult ethical issues Consider the following hypothetical case study. A well heeled executive walks into my cognitive neurology clinic because he is concerned that he is becoming forgetful. It turns out that he is going through a difficult divorce and my clinical impression is that his memory problems stem from the stress he is experiencing. I place him on a selective seratonin reuptake inhibitor, sertraline, and in a few weeks he feels better. Around this time his 13 year old daughter has difficulty at school and is diagnosed by the school psychologist as having attention deficit disorder. I place her on adderall, a stimulant combination drug, which seems to help with her behaviour in school. My patient then comes to me because he is experiencing the “tip of the tongue” phenomena more frequently. He is concerned that his word finding difficulty interferes with his ability to function in high level meetings. I suggest we try a cholinesterase inhibitor to see if this helps. I am careful to explain that the Food and Drug Administration does not approve such a use for this medication. He wants to try it and is pleased with the results. A few months later, this patient visits me with his 16 year old son, a talented middle distance runner. His father thinks if he were just a bit better, among the elite high school runners in the state, he would be far more competitive as an applicant for selective colleges. We discuss various options. Because of a recent report that sildenafil, which is used conventionally for male impotence, may improve oxygen carrying capacity, I prescribe this medication. The son does not object. Encouraged by these pharmacologic successes, my patient …
Rotational Distributions Following DIET: CN* from Alkali-Rich Surfaces

We studied rotational distributions of excited CN ejected due to electron- and photon-stimulated desorption (ESD and PSD) from alkali-metal and alkali-halide surfaces. Measured rotational spectra exhibit temperature-independent non-Boltzmann features that are systematically correlated to the particular alkali-metal component present on the surface. The temperature-independent, substrate-dependent rotational distributions indicate that the molecular rotation following ESD and PSD is determined by direct electronic bond breaking
Biosynthesis of Plant Isoprenoids: Perspectives for Microbial Engineering

Isoprenoids are a large and highly diverse group of natural products with many functions in plant primary and secondary metabolism. Isoprenoids are synthesized from common prenyl diphosphate precursors through the action of terpene synthases and terpene-modifying enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Many isoprenoids have important applications in areas such as human health and nutrition, and much effort has been directed toward their production in microbial hosts. However, many hurdles must be overcome in the elucidation and functional microbial expression of the genes responsible for biosynthesis of an isoprenoid of interest. Here, we review investigations into isoprenoid function and gene discovery in plants as well as the latest advances in isoprenoid pathway engineering in both plant and microbial hosts.
Ascitic Fluid Cephalosporin Concentrations: Influence of Protein Binding and Serum Pharmacokinetics

Mongrel dogs with ascites created by inferior vena cava ligation were given cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefazolin, and cefamandole to evaluate the effect of protein binding and serum pharmacokinetics on the distribution of cephalosporins into ascitic fluid. Antibiotics were given intramuscularly (15 mg/kg) every 4 h for a total of eight doses. Antibiotic binding to dog serum and ascitic fluid was measured by ultracentrifugation. Binding of the cephalosporins to dog serum ranged from 31% for cephaloridine to 46% for cephalothin, considerably lower than human serum binding for cefazolin, cephalothin, and cefamandole. Antibiotic binding to ascitic fluid was only slightly lower than that to serum. Ascitic fluid antibiotic concentrations, which approached equilibrium at 16 to 28 h, were significantly higher for cefazolin and cephaloridine than for cephalothin and cefamandole. However, serum concentrations were also higher for cefazolin and cephaloridine, and percent penetration (ratio of serum peak to ascites peak × 100) was not statistically different among the four drugs. Binding of these cephalosporins to extravascular fluid protein was an important factor that determined the total ascitic fluid antibiotic level achieved. A formula utilizing the log mean serum level and binding to serum and extravascular fluid protein was used to accurately predict ascitic fluid drug levels at equilibrium.
Prediction of Polycomb target genes in mouse embryonic stem cells

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are important epigenetic regulators, yet the underlying targeting mechanism in mammals is still poorly understood. We have developed a computational approach to predict genome-wide PcG target genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. We use TF binding and motif information as predictors and apply the Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) model for classification. Our model has good prediction accuracy. The performance can be mainly explained by five TF features (Zf5, Tcfcp2l1, Ctcf, E2f1, Myc). Our analysis of H3K27me3 and gene expression data suggests that genomic sequence is highly correlated with the overall PcG target plasticity. We have also compared the PcG target sequence signatures between mouse and Drosophila and found that they are strikingly different. Our predictions may be useful for de novo search for Polycomb response elements (PRE) in mammals.
Understanding captions in biomedical publications

From the standpoint of the automated extraction of scientific knowledge, an important but little-studied part of scientific publications are the figures and accompanying captions. Captions are dense in information, but also contain many extra-grammatical constructs, making them awkward to process with standard information extraction methods. We propose a scheme for "understanding" captions in biomedical publications by extracting and classifying "image pointers" (references to the accompanying image). We evaluate a number of automated methods for this task, including hand-coded methods, methods based on existing learning techniques, and methods based on novel learning techniques. The best of these methods leads to a usefully accurate tool for caption-understanding, with both recall and precision in excess of 94% on the most important single class in a combined extraction/classification task.
Thyroid Neoplasia in Captive Raccoons (Procyon lotor)

Two adult, spayed, female raccoons were diagnosed with thyroid neoplasia. One raccoon had a palpable, left-sided, nonfunctional thyroid adenocarcinoma which was treated with a thyroidectomy twice with local recurrence both times. After the second recurrence, pulmonary metastases were identified. A third thyroidectomy was performed, and a vascular access port was placed for administration of intravenous doxorubicin. The raccoon developed pancytopenia and became anorexic after chemotherapy, and the owner elected humane euthanasia. The second raccoon had nonpalpable, bilateral, functional follicular thyroid adenomatous hyperplasia and was treated with a right thyroidectomy and a partial left thyroidectomy, leaving behind the grossly normal portion of the left thyroid. However, the animal was still hyperthyroid after surgery and was then successfully managed with topical methimazole gel. Thyroid pathology has been documented in raccoons in Europe, but is not reported in the United States. Thyroid neoplasia in raccoons can occur as a nonfunctional adenocarcinoma, as is commonly reported in dogs, or as a functional adenoma, as is commonly reported in cats. Raccoons with adenocarcinomas should be evaluated for pulmonary metastasis. Methimazole gel may be a viable treatment option for raccoons with hyperthyroidism.
Color vector potential effects on the glueball mass spectrum

We present a nonperturbative variational method for calculating the glueball mass with an explicit color vector potential present. Using a two-body relativistic wave equation for bound states in quantum chromodynamics we examine the gluonium state including a Darwin-type color vector potential with a QCD-motivated scalar potential. Our equations are solvable variationally for the energy, in the Coulomb gauge, with spin interactions. We find that for theS-states, where the vector potential contributions are the largest, the effect on the bound-state energy is not negligible. In particular the ground state 0++ glueball has a mass of 1215 MeV.
Roles of Drosophila proto-oncogene and growth factor homologs during development of the fly.

The regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation is an essential aspect of organismal development. An important goal of investigations over the next few years will be to define the regulatory pathways of cellular proliferation and differentiation by discovering how the molecules we know about, and others that remain to be discovered, interact with one another to instruct a cell to divide or to differentiate. Growth factors, growth receptors, and the protooncogenes represent some of the components on these regulatory circuits; the challenge is to complete the “wiring-diagrams” by finding the molecular connections between the components. Molecular genetic and biochemical approaches are being applied to this problem in vertebrate cell culture and animal systems. The opportunity to use classical genetic strategies to address this problem led several groups to examine simpler organisms for the presence of proteins homologous to growth factors, growth factor receptors, or protooncogenes. It is now clear that many of these proteins have been well conserved during evolution and are found in three organisms eminently suited to genetic manipulation—yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster.
A distributed decision framework for building clusters with different heterogeneity settings

Abstract In the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted to develop operation and control strategy for smart buildings with the purpose of reducing energy consumption. Besides studying on single building, it is envisioned that the next generation buildings can freely connect with one another to share energy and exchange information in the context of smart grid. It was demonstrated that a network of connected buildings (aka building clusters) can significantly reduce primary energy consumption, improve environmental sustainability and building’s resilience capability. However, an analytic tool to determine which type of buildings should form a cluster and what is the impact of building clusters’ heterogeneity based on energy profile to the energy performance of building clusters is missing. To bridge these research gaps, we propose a self-organizing map clustering algorithm to divide multiple buildings to different clusters based on their energy profiles, and a homogeneity index to evaluate the heterogeneity of different building clusters configurations. In addition, a bi-level distributed decision model is developed to study the energy sharing in the building clusters. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed clustering algorithm and decision model, we employ a dataset including monthly energy consumption data for 30 buildings where the data is collected every 15 min. It is demonstrated that the proposed decision model can achieve at least 13% cost savings for building clusters. The results show that the heterogeneity of energy profile is an important factor to select battery and renewable energy source for building clusters, and the shared battery and renewable energy are preferred for more heterogeneous building clusters.
Who Pays More to Use Cash

Cash is the only retail payment system that requires no system of accounts for counter-parties to transact. The only record of its possession is its tangible presence. Any two parties that can meet face to face can exchange cash without worrying about payment clearing and settlement, default risk, payment fraud, identity theft or systemic risk. But cash has a number of hidden costs that fall disproportionately on the poor and disenfranchised. While the rich pay minimally for accessing cash, the poor and certain demographic groups bear a disproportionate portion of the cost to access cash. Nearly all households get cash from financial institutions, withdrawing bank balances and cashing pay cheques. Households with poor financial access are more likely to make purchases and pay bills in cash, requiring higher cash balances and greater risk. And after years of cash payments leave poor documentation of creditworthiness, cash-heavy households will face higher borrowing costs in the future. This paper explains which US households bear the greater portion of the costs and risks of cash. In the context of comparisons with more evenly cash-dependent economies, such as the emerging markets, the disproportionate spreading of the burden of the cost of cash in the US is even more worrying.
GE-38IDENTIFYING THE TREATMENT-RESISTANT MESENCHYMAL SIGNATURE BY COMPARATIVE ANALYSES BETWEEN GLIOMA SPHERE-FORMING CELLS AND THEIR GLIOBLASTOMAS OF ORIGIN

The mesenchymal (Mes) subtype of glioblastoma (MesGBM) correlates with poor patient prognosis. Surprisingly, agents that target mesenchymal tumors, such as the antiangiogenesis drug bevacizumab, failed to show a benefit in MesGBM. The expression of MesGBM might result from both cells from the surrounding microenvironment or from the tumor cells themselves. We hypothesized that MesGBM driven by Mes-expressing tumor cells would show increased aggressiveness compared to those driven by Mes-expressing stroma. We examined 42 glioma sphere-forming cell (GSCs) lines, derived from fresh surgical specimens, by performing whole transcriptome sequencing, copy number analysis, and whole exome sequencing and compared the GSCs to the tumors from which they were derived. GSCs aggressiveness was determined by in vivo survival of orthotopic xenografted mice and in vitro radiation survival. The TCGA expression subtype of the GSCs and their matched tumor was determined by single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Of the 15 tumors belonging to the mesenchymal subtype, 4 of the matched GSCs were also mesenchymal (concordant pairs, CP) and the remaining 11 GSCs were either proneural or classical subtypes (discordant pairs, DP). The normalized mesenchymal scores of the 4 CP tumors (mean 0.90, range 0.80-0.98) was higher than those the 11 DP tumors (mean 0.75, range 0.69-0.90). We determined tumor purity based on sequencing data and found it significantly higher in DP tumors than CP, suggesting a stromal contribution to the Mes signature in the DP tumors. In addition, EGFR amplification occurred in 36% of DP tumors, and 0% of TP tumors. CP tumors showed increased radiation resistance and decreased in vivo survival compared to DP tumors. In summary, stromal-driven mesenchymal tumors showed decrease aggressiveness compared to tumor cell-driven MesGBM, suggesting that therapeutics targeting the microenvironment, such as anti-angiogenesis drugs, may have a greater role in tumors where the stromal contribution dominates.
Design of a Cost Effective Thrust Stand for Introducing Thrust and Impulse

A thrust stand was designed and manufactured to demonstrate principles of thrust and impulse to students in an introductory aerospace engineering course at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. In this course, students are introduced to basic principles of flight by designing rubber band powered airplanes with the goal of maximizing mass of a U.S. penny payload per unit flight distance. One of the factors limiting student analysis was a lack of information about the rubber band and propeller thrust characteristics. The thrust stand allows student groups to measure the thrust characteristics of their specific rubber band and propeller configuration. The thrust stand was constructed using 8020 T-slot framing and had a total cost of less than 300 dollars. A data acquisition system was designed around the Arduino UNO microcontroller and an instrumentation amplifier; force was read through a full bridge strain gauge rated for a max loading of 0.3kg. MATLAB was used to develop a graphical user interface for data collection and analysis. Resultant thrust stand operation and performance data are presented.
ANCHORAGE-DEPENDENT CONTROL OF MUSCLE-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION IN C2C12 MOUSE MYOBLASTS

Our previous studies have demonstrated that expression of growth-associated genes is regulated by the adhesive state of the cell. To understand the role of cell adhesion in regulating the switch from growth to differentiation, we are studying the differentiation of mouse myoblasts into multinucleated contractile myotubes. In this report, we describe a novel means of culturing C2C12 myoblasts that permits an analysis of the role of cell adhesion in regulating the sequential induction of muscle-specific genes that control myogenesis. Suspension of an asynchronous, proliferating population of myoblasts in a viscous gel of methylcellulose dissolved in medium containing 20% serum induces growth arrest in G0 phase of the cell cycle without a concomitant induction of muscle-specific genes. Reattachment to a solid substratum in 20% serum, 0.5 nM bFGF, or 10 nM IGF-1 rapidly activates entry of the quiescent cells into G1 followed by a synchronous progression of the cell population through into S phase. bFGF or IGF-1 added separately facilitate only one passage through the cell cycle, whereas 20% serum or the two growth factors added together support multiple cell divisions. Adhesion of suspended cells in DMEM alone or with 3 nM IGF-1 induces myogenesis as evidenced by the synthesis of myogenin and myosin heavy chain (MHC) proteins followed by fusion into myotubes. bFGF completely inhibits this differentiation process even in the presence of myogenic doses of IGF-1. Addition of 3 nM IGF-1 to quiescent myoblasts maintained in suspension culture in serum-free conditions does not induce myogenin or MHC expression. Thus, adhesion is a requirement for the induction of muscle gene expression in mouse myoblasts. The development of a muscle cell culture environment in which proliferating myoblasts can be growth arrested in G0 without activating muscle-specific gene expression provides a means of analyzing the synchronous activation of either the myogenic or growth programs and how adhesion affects each process, respectively.
Nonlinear Statistical Optics, Photonic Plasma, and Information Theory

We treat the nonlinear propagation of statistical light as a photonic plasma. Effective plasma frequencies and Debye lengths give characteristic scales, while coherent-incoherent coupling (signal-noise, or beam-plasma, interactions) gives a new type of dynamical-stochastic resonance.
Applications of in Situ Hybridization in the Study of Hematologic Malignancies

In situ hybridization (ISH) techniques are molecular methods of detecting and localizing nucleic acid sequences within histologic and cytologic specimens. Although ISH using radio-labeled nucleic acid probes has been used in research for about 30 years, ISH with nonisotopic probes is now entering clinical use. ISH is used in hematologic specimens to detect viruses, cytokines, oncogene expression and cytogenetic abnormalities, and cellular products associated with cell lineage and clonality.
Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater in Virginia: BMP Impact Assessment

The Nomini Creek Watershed/Water Quality monitoring project was initiated in 1985, as part of the Chesapeake Bay Agreement of 1983, to quantify the impacts of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) on improving water quality. The watershed monitoring system was designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the quality of surface and groundwater as influenced by changes in land use, agronomic, and cultural practices in the watershed over the duration of the project. The primary chemical characteristics monitored include both soluble and sediment-bound nutrients and pesticides in surface and groundwater. Water samples from 8 monitoring wells located in agricultural areas in the watershed were analyzed for 22 pesticides. A total of 20 pesticides have been detected in water samples collected. Atrazine is the most frequently detected pesticide. Detected concentrations of atrazine ranged from 0.03 - 25.56 ppb and occurred in about 26 percent of the samples. Other pesticides were detected at frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 14.2 percent of all samples collected and concentrations between 0.01 and 41.89 ppb. The observed concentrations and spatial distributions of pesticide contamination of groundwater are compared to land use and cropping patterns. Results indicate that BMPs are quite effective in reducing pesticide concentrations in groundwater.
Steady-state cracking in ceramic matrix composites

Abstract The problem of steady-state cracking in which the crack extends under a constant load is investigated for two interface conditions: elastic (no slip) and frictional interface. The fiber, matrix and interface stresses in the cracked and uncracked regions of a unidirectional composite subjected to remote axial stress are obtained using an improved shear-lag theory that accounts for the axial and transverse load-carrying capacity of the matrix. The fiber axial stresses in the current problem coincide with those of previous models. However, the matrix shear and transverse normal stresses predicted in the present model for the interface conditions considered are different. The critical cracking conditions are established by using a generalized energy release rate formulation, and critical stresses are obtained in terms of microstructural properties of the constituents and the interface.
The Visibility (and Invisibility) of Women and Gender in Parliamentary Discourse During the Portuguese Economic Crisis (2008–2014)

In Portugal, the economic crisis and austerity policies have significantly impacted the lives of both men and women, but research has shown that austerity driven measures adopted to alleviate the crisis have had disproportionally adverse consequences for women. This study investigates seven years of parliamentary debates on the economic crisis and austerity policies by combining Critical Discourse Analysis and framing analysis. Findings show that ‘women and gender’ as issues were neglected during the first four years of parliamentary discourse, but became a separate and relevant social category after 2012. The reality of the economic crisis created by MPs was narrowly constructed and based mostly on the discursive hegemony of economic impacts and economic victimization. While women had some discursive representation, they lacked substantive representation.
In Vivo Detection of EGFRvIII in Glioblastoma via Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signature Consistent with Deep Peritumoral Infiltration: The φ -Index.

Purpose: The epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) mutation has been considered a driver mutation and therapeutic target in glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive brain cancer. Currently, detecting EGFRvIII requires postoperative tissue analyses, which are ex vivo and unable to capture the tumor's spatial heterogeneity. Considering the increasing evidence of in vivo imaging signatures capturing molecular characteristics of cancer, this study aims to detect EGFRvIII in primary glioblastoma noninvasively, using routine clinically acquired imaging.Experimental Design: We found peritumoral infiltration and vascularization patterns being related to EGFRvIII status. We therefore constructed a quantitative within-patient peritumoral heterogeneity index (PHI/φ-index), by contrasting perfusion patterns of immediate and distant peritumoral edema. Application of φ-index in preoperative perfusion scans of independent discovery (n = 64) and validation (n = 78) cohorts, revealed the generalizability of this EGFRvIII imaging signature.Results: Analysis in both cohorts demonstrated that the obtained signature is highly accurate (89.92%), specific (92.35%), and sensitive (83.77%), with significantly distinctive ability (P = 4.0033 × 10-10, AUC = 0.8869). Findings indicated a highly infiltrative-migratory phenotype for EGFRvIII+ tumors, which displayed similar perfusion patterns throughout peritumoral edema. Contrarily, EGFRvIII- tumors displayed perfusion dynamics consistent with peritumorally confined vascularization, suggesting potential benefit from extensive peritumoral resection/radiation.Conclusions: This EGFRvIII signature is potentially suitable for clinical translation, since obtained from analysis of clinically acquired images. Use of within-patient heterogeneity measures, rather than population-based associations, renders φ-index potentially resistant to inter-scanner variations. Overall, our findings enable noninvasive evaluation of EGFRvIII for patient selection for targeted therapy, stratification into clinical trials, personalized treatment planning, and potentially treatment-response evaluation. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4724-34. ©2017 AACR.
The Placenta: An Overview

A unique feature of mammalian reproduction is the prolonged protective period afforded to the young, which often extends for years after birth. During the earliest stages of critical development, maximum protection is given by retaining the fetus within the mother. Intrauterine pregnancy marked a major evolutionary departure from previous modes of reproduction, requiring anatomic and physiologic adjustments on the part of the mother and fetus. The development of the placenta by the fetus is unique among these adjustments in that the sole function of this organ is to make intrauterine pregnancy possible.
Design of a practical TV interface for teacher-guided VR field trips

We discuss the development of an educational teacher-guided VR environment and address communication problems noticed during formative evaluations of a teacher’s interface. We especially describe motivations and problems related to a TV-based virtual mirror interface, and we present a study of 3D pointing in the virtual mirror. Efforts to develop a practical interface for repeated classroom use led to a TV interface that allows the teacher to stand unencumbered in front of a large TV showing their depth-camera-based image in a surrounding virtual environment. The limited field of regard of the TV required adressing several problems. First, to support pointing at virtual objects in an environment where the teacher stood in front of or beside virtual objects, we used the mirror-type view with a wide field of view. Visual pointing cues were added to correct problems observed with teacher pointing related to the indirectness of pointing in a mirror and to a low sense of depth. Additional visual cues allow the teacher to make eye contact with networked immersed students, considering the mirror view does not provide a direct view of student avatars. The development and evaluation of visual pointing cues provides a basis for better understanding and improving 3D pointing with virtual mirrors.
Black Undergraduate Women and Their Sense of Belonging in STEM at Predominantly White Institutions

Because little work exists on the sense of belonging focusing on just Black undergraduate women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), especially at highly selective predominantly white institutions (PWIs), this study takes a phenomenological approach to understand the lived experiences of Black undergraduate women in STEM by exploring how racial and gendered microaggressions influence how three African American women majoring in the sciences experience sense of belonging at PWIs. A phenomenological inductive analysis was used to compile the research findings, which indicated that racial and gender discrimination, isolation, marginalization, and alienation resulting from microaggressions occurred. Implications for inclusive practices are discussed.
Stability Monitoring of Burning Structures Based on Fire-induced Vibration Monitoring

Monitoring stability loss in burning structures can provide firefighters with valuable information during operations. A fireinduced vibration based monitoring technique, developed under previously funded research and development efforts and in collaboration with the Building Fire Research Laboratory (BFRL) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has been field demonstrated in over 30 full-scale burn tests. The technique relies on the interpretation of characteristic response behavior induced in a burning structure that can be associated with changing structural conditions and stability loss. An overview of the important aspects necessary for a practical implementation in the field is presented.
Diversity amongst trigeminal neurons revealed by high throughput single cell sequencing

The trigeminal ganglion contains somatosensory neurons that detect a range of thermal, mechanical and chemical cues and innervate unique sensory compartments in the head and neck including the eyes, nose, mouth, meninges and vibrissae. We used single-cell sequencing and in situ hybridization to examine the cellular diversity of the trigeminal ganglion in mice, defining thirteen clusters of neurons. We show that clusters are well conserved in dorsal root ganglia suggesting they represent distinct functional classes of somatosensory neurons and not specialization associated with their sensory targets. Notably, functionally important genes (e.g. the mechanosensory channel Piezo2 and the capsaicin gated ion channel Trpv1) segregate into multiple clusters and often are expressed in subsets of cells within a cluster. Therefore, the 13 genetically-defined classes are likely to be physiologically heterogeneous rather than highly parallel (i.e., redundant) lines of sensory input. Our analysis harnesses the power of single-cell sequencing to provide a unique platform for in silico expression profiling that complements other approaches linking gene-expression with function and exposes unexpected diversity in the somatosensory system.
The Embedded Duality of Structure and Harmonic Change in Intergovernmental Organization Networks.

We put forth an alternative explanation for how globalization is impacting the network of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). Using Hierarchical Link Clustering (HLC) and a computational approach to yearly IGOs networks from 1971 to 2005, our analysis shows that globalization is making the structure of the world polity both more fractured and more cohesive. The mechanism for explaining this seemingly contradictory result lies in the behavior of IGOs, which depends largely on the organizations' geographic focus: regionally focused IGOs create more communities, thereby fracturing the world polity, while globally focused IGOs create relationships across communities, thereby bringing communities together and creating a core. Furthermore, the same mechanism creates a significant turnover in the set of global IGOs located at the core of the yearly networks. These findings are only partially consistent with the predominant, network-focused approaches to international relations and suggest that a more complex model is needed in order to study the network of IGOs.