cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Craving for alcohol in the rat: Adjunctive behavior and the lateral hypothalamus

A review of previous results and the new data in this report show clearly that the Falk model of adjunctive behavior is an adequate analogue of human alcoholism and can be applied to induce excessive ethanol consumption. New data on the consumption of sweet flavored ethanol solutions and, especially, sweet alone solutions during brief periods of ethanol withdrawal provide some significant insights concerning the possible physiological basis for cravings in humans. Because voluntary consumption of ethanol is the normal process by which alcoholism develops, a general set of environmental and other experimental conditions that produce behavioral excess; adjunctive behavior, electrical stimulation of the brain, and salt arousal of drinking are discussed in some detail. Neuronal circuits of the lateral hypothalamus are important because some of the cells are chemosensitive and monitor osmolality of the blood and initiate drinking in the normal regulation of body fluids. Alcohol in very small amounts has a direct effect on these cells that also project to lower spinal motor neurons and modulate the level of excitability in spinal reflexes and thereby reactivity to environmental stimulation. Taste and other sensory information from the mouth arrives in presynaptic endings on these same cells by a multitude of indirect multisynaptic pathways. A theoretical model is developed to explain how tactile and taste sensory information and what is initially a nonspecific general state of motor arousal interact together to produce an excessive consumption or craving for ethanol.
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor is an effective immunogen in a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis aerosol mouse model.

There appears to be a link between bacteria producing certain Rho-activating toxins and respiratory disease. This class of toxins includes the cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) of Escherichia coli, the dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) of certain Bordetella sp., and the CNF homologue of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (CNFY). The host targets for these toxins are the GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family that function in a number of signaling pathways, including the modification of actin regulators. The toxins’ effect on Rho activity is a result of deamidation of the Rho proteins, leading to constitutive activation of Rho GTPases that are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. Because the cytoskeleton is involved in migration of phagocytes, phagocytosis, and the secretion of cytokines, this permanent activation of Rho proteins impairs host immune responses. Necrotoxic (CNF+) E. coli strains are associated with necrotizing pneumonia. Another member of this toxin family, DNT, is essential for virulence in a porcine pneumonia model (Bordetella bronchiseptica) and appears to be responsible for the severe lung damage in laboratory mice infected with this pathogen. The CNFY homologue is present in all strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis that have been examined to date, although Y. pestis and many strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis do not produce the toxin due to a truncation in the cnf locus. We found that a Y. pseudotuberculosis strain expressing CNFY was virulent in the aerosol mouse model, while the CNF-negative isogenic strain did not cause mortality even at 100 LD50. We expressed CNFY in E. coli and vaccinated mice with the purified toxoided protein. Vaccinated animals were protected from >600 aerosol LD50 of a virulent CNFY+ strain but were not protected from a virulent strain carrying the truncated toxin gene. Thus, although CNFY is not required for aerosol virulence of all Y. pseudotuberculosis strains, it is an effective immunogen for CNFY+ strains. The Rho-activating toxin family may be an attractive target for development of medical countermeasures for necrotizing pneumonias.
Cross-talk between ceramide and PKC activity in the control of apoptosis in WEHI-231.

WEHI-231, a murine B-cell lymphoma, readily undergoes programmed cell death following surface immunoglobulin (Ig) cross-linking [1]. Ceramide has been shown to induce apoptosis in WEHI-231 following its exposure to anti-Ig antibodies, dexamethasone, and irradiation [2]. Recently, Haimovitz-Friedman et al. have demonstrated in endothelial cells that PMA not only prevented ceramide mediated apoptosis, but inhibited the generation of ceramide following irradiation [3]. In this paper we use highly specific PKC inhibitors to explore the connection between PKC activity, ceramide signaling and apoptosis. Both chelerythrine chloride and calphostin C triggered rapid apoptosis in WEHI-231 and acted in synergy with exogenous ceramide to induce apoptosis. Detailed studies of chelerythrine’s mechanism of action revealed that 30 minutes following addition of 1011M chelerythrine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine (PC) mass decreased confirming our previous findings of neutral, but not acidic, sphingomyelinase activation following treatment with PKC inhibitors [4]. The novel observation that inhibition of PKC isoforms present in WEHI-231 leads to a rapid rise in cellular ceramide as a result of sphingomyelin hydrolysis further suggests an antagonistic relationship between PKC activity and ceramide in the signaling events preceding apoptosis.
A Second Bite at the Apple Under CPLR 205(A) Extension

CPLR 205(a) is the popular provision that generally allows a party who has timely commenced an action, which is ultimately dismissed, to commence a new action within six months after the dismissal. This provision has rescued countless plaintiffs who have encountered obstacles of all sorts in prosecuting a prior action and is frequently the subject of judicial interpretation.In 2008, the statute was amended to add a new provision requiring a judge dismissing an action for neglect to prosecute to set forth on the record the specific conduct constituting the neglect. The defendant moving to dismiss an action for neglect to prosecute must now ensure that the court sets forth plaintiff’s “general pattern of delay in proceeding with the litigation” so as to prevent the plaintiff from invoking CPLR 205(a) in a subsequent action.This article discusses the provisions under which a plaintiff’s claim could be dismissed for neglect to prosecute and the decisions that have applied the rule in the infancy of this important amendment.
Bayesian Inference of Temporal Task Specifications from Demonstrations

When observing task demonstrations, human apprentices are able to identify whether a given task is executed correctly long before they gain expertise in actually performing that task. Prior research into learning from demonstrations (LfD) has failed to capture this notion of the acceptability of an execution; meanwhile, temporal logics provide a flexible language for expressing task specifications. Inspired by this, we present Bayesian specification inference, a probabilistic model for inferring task specification as a temporal logic formula. We incorporate methods from probabilistic programming to define our priors, along with a domain-independent likelihood function to enable sampling-based inference. We demonstrate the efficacy of our model for inferring true specifications with over 90% similarity between the inferred specification and the ground truth, both within a synthetic domain and a real-world table setting task.
Steep Wave Characteristics and Suggestions of Factory composite Disc Suspension Insulators

RTV coating on the surface of the disc suspension insulators is an extremely effective anti-pollution flashover measure, which is widely used in all lines with different voltage levels of State Grid Corp., especially the UHVDC project. It effectively solves the problem of large-scale pollution flashover on transmission lines in our country, whereas raises new problems. The existing experience shows that the RTV anti-pollution flashover coating will affect the steep wave performance of the disc suspension porcelain or glass insulators to a certain extent. At present, there is less research on the extent of the RTV coating impact to insulators, as well as the steep wave characteristics of factory compound insulators as new products. This paper studied different tonnage products of disc porcelain and glass insulators for UHV proj ect of State Grid Corp., conducted the air impact breakdown withstand voltage tests respectively in the Key Laboratory of State Grid Corp. At the same time, the samples were modeled and analyzed the field intensity distribution through ANSYS simulation software. The test results show that the steep shock amplitude decreases to 2.4 p.u. for products with a mechanical strength of not more than 210 kN, and the amplitude decreases to 2.2 p.u. for that of not less than 300 kN. For the factory composite disc suspension insulators, it is suggested that corresponding steep wave impulse voltage amplitude criteria should be given according to different mechanical strength levels of the products.
Palmitoylation of Claudin-5 Proteins Influences Their Lipid Domain Affinity and Tight Junction Assembly at the Blood-Brain Barrier Interface

Post-translational lipid modification of integral membrane proteins is recognized as a key mechanism to modulate protein-protein and membrane-protein associations. Despite numerous reports of lipid-modified proteins, molecular-level understanding of the influence of lipid-modification of key membrane proteins remains elusive. This study focuses on the lipid modification of one such protein-claudin-5, a critical component of the blood-brain barrier tight junctions. Claudin-5 proteins are responsible for regulating the size and charge-selective permeability at the blood-brain interface. Palmitoylation of the claudin family of proteins is implicated in influencing the tight junction permeability in prior experimental studies. Here, we investigate the impact of palmitoylation on claudin-5 self-assembly using multiscale molecular simulations. To elucidate protein-membrane interactions, we used three model membrane compositions (endoplasmic reticulum, cholesterol-enriched endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane) that mimic the complexity of cell organelles encountered by a typical membrane protein in its secretion pathway. The results show that palmitoylation enhances protein's affinity for cholesterol-rich domains in a membrane, and it can elicit a site-specific response based on the location of the palmitoyl chain on the protein. Also, in claudin-5 self-assembly, palmitoylation restricts specific protein-protein conformations. Overall, this study demonstrates the significance of post-translational lipid modification of proteins in cellular and subcellular membranes, and the impact palmitoylation can have on critical cellular functions of the protein.
Cu-Catalyzed Couplings of Heteroaryl Primary Amines and (Hetero)aryl Bromides with 6-Hydroxypicolinamide Ligands

A family of 6-hydroxypicolinamide ligands have been identified as effective supporting ligands for Cu-catalyzed couplings of heteroaryl bromides and chlorides with heteroaryl primary amines. The C–...
Framework for evaluation of automated knowledge-based planning systems using multiple publicly-available prostate routines

Abstract Purpose To establish a framework for the evaluation of knowledge-based planning routines that empowers new adopters to select systems that best match their clinical priorities. We demonstrate the power of this framework using 4 publicly available prostate routines. Methods and Materials Four publicly available prostate routines (CCMB, Miami, UCSD, WUSTL) were automatically applied across a 25-patient cohort using Eclipse scripting and a PTV prescription of V81 Gy=95%. The institutions' routines differed in contouring guidelines for planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk, beam arrangements, and optimization parameters. Model-estimated dose-volume histograms (DVHs) and deliverable postoptimization DVHs were extracted from plans to calculate average DVHs for each routine. Each routine's average calculated DVH was subtracted from the average DVH for all plans and from the model's average predicted DVH for comparison. DVH metrics for PTV (DMAX, D1%, D99%, DMIN), Rectum (DMAX, V70, V60, V40), Bladder (V75, V40), Femur (DMAX), and PenileBulb (DMEAN) were compared with the average using 2-sided paired t tests (Bonferroni-corrected P Results Calculated plans generally aligned with their routine's DVH estimations, except CCMB organ-at-risk Dmaxes. Dosimetric parameter differences were not significant, with the exception of PTV DMAX (Miami = 111.1% [P Conclusions Using publicly available knowledge-based planning routines spares clinicians substantial effort in developing new models. Our results allow clinicians to select the prostate routine that matches their clinical priorities, and our methodology sets the precedent for comparing routines for different treatment sites.
A rare case of a pediatric white epidermoid cyst

White epidermoid cysts are a rare entity that present with atypical signal characteristics on MRI in comparison to typical epidermoid cysts. This can mislead a practitioner when trying to formulate a differential diagnosis based on imaging. We present the case of 15-year-old girl who presented with a pontine-medullar junction mass. This mass did not follow typical signal characteristics for known lesions. The mass was ultimately found to be an epidermoid cyst based on pathology findings. This lesion has rarely been reported in pediatric patients (J Pediatr Neurosci 9(1):52-54, 2014; Singap Med J 53(8):179-181, 2012). Here we present a rare case of an intracranial white epidermoid in a pediatric patient (Neurol India 62(5):577-579, 2014; Singap Med J 53(8):179-181, 2012; Am J Neuroradiol 19:1111-1112, 1998).
The Natural and Unnatural History of Ventricular Septal Defects Presenting in Infancy: An Echocardiography-Based Review.

Background Ventricular septal defect (VSD), the most common congenital heart defect, accounts for 40% of heart malformations. Despite this prevalence, there remains no consensus on the utility of echocardiography to guide modern-era treatment. In this study, we evaluated patients with isolated VSDs to test the hypothesis that echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular (LV) volume overload and type of VSD are associated with surgical intervention and to identify useful echocardiographic indicators for management of VSDs in infants and children. Methods We reviewed 350 patients with VSDs diagnosed during the first year of life. Echocardiographic measurements were made at the time of diagnosis and at the endpoint. The VSD area was calculated using inner edge to inner edge dimensions obtained from two planes and indexed to body surface area. Aortic annulus dimension, left atrium to aortic root ratio, LV end-diastolic diameter, left atrial volume, VSD velocity-time integral, ejection fraction, and pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio (Qp:Qs) were measured using conventional methods. Results One hundred seventy-seven muscular (50.5%) and 162 perimembranous (46%) VSDs accounted for the vast majority of defects. Only seven (4%) muscular defects required surgical closure, while 76 (47%) perimembranous defects required surgery. Indexed VSD area, VSD to aortic valve ratio, indexed left atrium volume, LV end-diastolic diameter, VSD velocity-time integral, and Qp:Qs at diagnosis were significantly different between the surgical and nonsurgical groups. Ventricular septal defect area > 50 mm2/m2 at initial diagnosis was independently associated with risk for surgery (P = .0055). Conclusions Indexed VSD area is an echocardiographic variable that can be easily measured at diagnosis and can provide insight into the likelihood of requiring surgical intervention regardless of the type and location of the defect.
Correlation of Chemical Urinalysis to Microscopic Urinalysis and Urine Culture: Implications for Reflex Urinalysis Workflows.

Background Urinalysis (UA) reflex testing approaches, which offer potential for savings in labor and result turnaround time, may rely on the performance of a chemical UA screen to determine which urine samples need microscopic UA and/or urine culture. We correlated chemical UA, microscopic UA, and urine culture results to determine the performance of chemical UA as a screening tool for reflex testing approaches. Methods Consecutive UA results for 9127 tests (simultaneous chemical UA and microscopic UA) were retrospectively reviewed and correlated. Urine culture results were also correlated for 3127 samples that had urine culture ordered within 24 h of UA. Positivity criteria for each UA method were predefined. Results Chemical UA yielded the following performance specifications for predicting microscopic findings: 93.0% sensitivity, 56.9% specificity, 64.7% positive predictive value, 90.5% negative predictive value. 3.2% of samples were negative by chemical UA but positive by microscopic UA. Of the samples with urine culture results available, 6.3% were negative by chemical UA but had clinically-significant positive urine cultures. Conclusions Reflex testing of microscopic UA and/or urine culture dependent from chemical UA results provides a feasible opportunity to reduce unnecessary testing.
Heart Dysfunction Following Long-Term Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection: Fibrosis, Hypertrophy, and Tachycardia.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases of the heart and vasculature, including myocarditis, atherosclerosis, and transplant vasculopathy. To investigate ...
Machine learning helps predict long-term mortality and graft failure in patients undergoing heart transplant.

We aimed to develop a risk prediction model using a machine learning to predict survival and graft failure (GF) 5 years after orthotopic heart transplant (OHT). Using the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplant (ISHLT) registry data, we analyzed 15,236 patients who underwent OHT from January 2005 to December 2009. 342 variables were extracted and used to develop a risk prediction model utilizing a gradient-boosted machine (GBM) model to predict the risk of GF and mortality 5 years after hospital discharge. After excluding variables missing at least 50% of the observations and variables with near zero variance, 87 variables were included in the GBM model. Ten fold cross-validation repeated 5 times was used to estimate the model’s external performance and optimize the hyperparameters simultaneously. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) for the GBM model was calculated for survival and GF 5 years post-OHT. The median duration of follow-up was 5 years. The mortality and GF 5 years post-OHT were 27.3% (n = 4161) and 28.1% (n = 4276), respectively. The AUC to predict 5-year mortality and GF is 0.717 (95% CI 0.696–0.737) and 0.716 (95% CI 0.696–0.736), respectively. Length of stay, recipient and donor age, recipient and donor body mass index, and ischemic time had the highest relative influence in predicting 5-year mortality and graft failure. The GBM model has a good accuracy to predict 5-year mortality and graft failure post-OHT.
Middle grades teachers’ content knowledge for renewable energy instruction design

Background: Renewable energy curriculum reflects research, standards, and policy documents that emphasize both environmental literacy and engineering, technology, and science concepts. Students’ sc...
COVID-19 and Welfare Costs of Reduced Mobility

Using daily county-level travel data within the U.S., this paper investigates the welfare costs of travel reductions due to COVID-19 for the period between January 20th and September 5th, 2020. Welfare of individuals (related to their travel) is measured by their inter-county and intra-county travel, where travel costs are measured by the corresponding distance measures. Important transport policy implications follow regarding how policy makers can act to mitigate welfare costs of travel reductions without worsening the COVID-19 spread.
Conclusions and Suggestions

The general pattern of the Council’s handling of legal questions involved in international disputes and situations convincingly indicates that the Council has shown a definite preference for the handling of these questions on its own responsibility, thereby performing a quasijudicial function by and large irrespective of the legal opinions presented by the Secretary-Gefleral or the probable advantage of utilizing the advisory procedure of the International Court of Justice. However, this is not to mean that the Council has not recognized the import of various legal questions presented before it. Indeed, the opposite is true. The relationship between the general pattern of the Council’s independent handling of legal questions and its recognition of the import of legal questions is partly underscored by the variation in what the Council appears to have viewed as its freedom of action under the Charter with respect to those questions. Thus the range of the freedom of action that the Council has assigned to itself in the handling of legal questions in relation to the employment of judicial procedure has varied in four different areas.
Intermediate and Late Outcomes with PCI vs CABG for Left Main Disease - Landmark Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Abstract PCI to improve survival is currently recommended as a reasonable alternative to CABG in patients with unprotected left main disease. However, RCTs to support this recommendation has generated mixed results and recently published EXCEL trial has sparked debate about differences in late mortality. To address this point, we performed landmark meta-analysis of 4 RCTs with 5 year follow up data — EXCEL, NOBLE, PRECOMBAT and SYNTAX LEFT MAIN. Overall, there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between PCI and CABG at 5 years (RR = 1.03 [95% CI = 0.79–1.33]). However, there was apparent change in the direction of association before and after the 1 year landmark that underscores the need for long term follow up in these trials. In addition, we found that PCI was associated with significantly lower rate of intermediate stroke at 1 year (RR = 0.44 [0.24–0.82]) but higher rate of late MI after 1 year (3.31 [2.11–5.18]) compared to CABG.
Review of Intravenous and Subcutaneous Electronic Glucose Management Systems for Inpatient Glycemic Control.

The goal of this review is to summarize current literature on electronic glucose management systems (eGMS) and discuss their benefits and disadvantages in the inpatient setting. We review different versions of commercially available eGMS: Glucommander™ (Glytec, Greenville, SC), EndoToolR (MD Scientific LLC, Charlotte, NC), GlucoStabilizer™ (Medical Decision Network, Charlottesville, VA), GlucoCare™ (Pronia Medical Systems, KY), and discuss advantages such as reducing rates of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and glycemic variability. In addition, eCGMs offer a uniform standard of care and may improve workflows across institutions as well reduce barriers. Despite ample literature on intravenous (IV) versions of eGMS, there is little published research on subcutaneous (SQ) insulin guidance. Although use of eGMS requires extensive training and institution-wide adoption, time spent on diabetes management is better facilitated by their use.
Spatial Temporal Differentiations

Let $(X, \mathcal{B}, \mu, T)$ be a dynamical system where $X$ is a compact metric space with Borel $\sigma$-algebra $\mathcal{B}$, and $\mu$ is a probability measure that's ergodic with respect to the homeomorphism $T : X \to X$. We study the following differentiation problem: Given $f \in C(X)$ and $F_k \in \mathcal{B}$, where $\mu(F_k) > 0$ and $\mu(F_k) \to 0$, when can we say that $$\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{\int_{F_k} \left( \frac{1}{k} \sum_{i = 0}^{k - 1} T^i f \right) \mathrm{d} \mu}{\mu(F_k)} = \int f \mathrm{d} \mu ? $$
Excess sucrose intake during pregnancy programs fetal brain glucocorticoid receptor expression in female but not male C57Bl/6J mice

Background Sex-specific mechanisms explaining the association between mothers with obesity and the development of obesity in children are poorly characterized. Permanent changes in fetal brain glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression caused by exposure to overnutrition in utero may program aberrant energy homeostasis, thereby predisposing the offspring to obesity. This study explores sex differences in brain GR expression using an established mouse model of overnutrition during pregnancy. Methods Female C57Bl/6J mice were fed control (CON) or high-fat-high-sucrose (HFHS) diets. Dam cholesterol, insulin, and triglycerides were measured by colorimetric assays. Fetal corticosterone exposure was measured by placental Abca1, Hsd11β1, Hsd11β2, and brain Nr3c1 (GR); Pomc expression measured by RT-qPCR. Results Female, but not male, HFHS fetuses had 46% decreased brain GR and twofold increased Pomc expression. There was decreased Abca1 and Hsd11β1 but not Hsd11β2 expression in HFHS placentas. Caloric and sucrose intake, but not fat intake, in dams inversely correlated with fetal GR expression in both sexes. Excess sucrose consumption by dams inversely correlated with female fetal GR and directly correlated with female fetal Pomc expression. Conclusions Excess sucrose consumption in pregnant dams caused lower GR and higher Pomc expression in the female fetal brain. Clinical investigation of excess sucrose intake during pregnancy and its subsequent effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and appetite in offspring may lead to novel, sex-specific obesity prevention strategies in the development of obesity in children.
Oral Exams: A More Meaningful Assessment of Students’ Understanding

Compared to their written counterpart, oral assessments provide a wealth of information about student understanding. Instead of deciphering a static response, oral assessments provide instructors t...
A Mortality-Based Description of EHDV and BTV Prevalence in Farmed White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Florida, USA.

Hemorrhagic disease (HD) caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is the most important viral disease of farmed and wild white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) and can cause substantial mortality in susceptible hosts. Captive cervid farming is an emerging industry in Florida, an HD-enzootic region. Morbidity and mortality due to HD are major concerns among deer farmers, but the impact of HD on Florida’s cervid farming industry is unknown. Our primary objective was to determine the prevalence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) among WTD submitted to the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Cervidae Health Research Initiative (CHeRI) for post-mortem diagnostics. Our secondary objectives were to identify the predominant circulating EHDV serotypes during each sampling year and to determine the age class with the greatest proportion of EHDV- and BTV-positive post-mortem specimens. From 2016 to 2020, spleen samples from 539 farmed WTD with unexplained mortality were tested for the presence of EHDV and BTV by RT-qPCR. Overall, the prevalence of EHDV, BTV, or EHDV/BTV coinfection was 26%, 16%, and 10%, respectively, and 44% of deer (237/539) were diagnosed with HD by RT-qPCR. The predominant circulating EHDV serotype varied by year. Overall, EHDV-2 was the most commonly identified serotype (55% of PCR-positive cases), and EHDV-1 was the least frequently identified serotype (16% of PCR-positive cases). The greatest proportion of EHDV/BTV positives among mortality cases was observed in young WTD aged 3–6 months (50%–82% positive). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of EHDV/BTV by age when comparing specimens from WTD over 1 year old (p = 0.029, n = 527). Among these samples, the number of reported mortalities and the prevalence of EHDV/BTV were highest in yearling animals (56%). These data provide the first estimate of EHDV and BTV prevalence and virus serotypes among farmed WTD in Florida, identify the WTD age groups with the greatest proportions of EHDV- and BTV-positive specimens, and suggest that HD caused by these two viruses may be a major source of mortality challenging the captive cervid farming industry in Florida.
The impact of male migration on domestic budgeting: Egyptian women striving for an Islamic budgeting pattern.

This longitudinal anthropological field study in Greater Cairo Egypt examined the impact of migration on household budgeting. Fieldwork was conducted over a 28-month period during 1983-86 and during five short visits in 1988 1992 and 1994. The data includes 78 informal interviews participant observations and a subset of 42 households. Findings indicate that the impact of migration on womens status in low income households was complex. Traditional and less educated women improved their position within the households during and after migration. More educated women lost status. Most lived in nuclear households. Prior to migration couples intensely discussed financial arrangements. Many disagreed about what was meant by a husbands "provision." Many women had wage income regardless of their husbands provision of daily needs. Financial arrangements varied with regional backgrounds family cycle and the nature of mens and womens economic activities. Arrangements for access to husbands income reflected power relations between a couple. Women with independent cash income had a more difficult time renegotiating a favorable financial arrangement. Post-migration there was an increase in the number of husbands who did not provide income to working wives. Women were apprehensive about receipt of remittances. Five in the subsample never sent remittances. This reversal from prior support was not welcomed and women took leave from their jobs on husbands return or bought durable goods on installments. Educated working women were more likely to use religion to support their claims for husbands material support.
The Relative Profitability of Analysts' Stock Recommendations: What Role Does Investor Sentiment Play?

This study investigates whether analysts who respond to investor sentiment issue more or less profitable stock recommendations than their peers. We find that analysts, on average, issue more favorable stock recommendations when investor sentiment is more bullish. However, analysts whose stock recommendations are positively correlated with recent or future investor sentiment tend to issue less profitable recommendations than other analysts who follow the same firm and may focus solely on fundamentals such as earnings, cash flows, and discount rates. Our results suggest that some analysts recommend stocks based, in part, on signals that may affect price but that are not theoretically related to firms' underlying intrinsic value. Thus, our results may help explain the findings of prior studies which document the failure of some analysts to fully incorporate their earnings forecasts into their stock recommendations.
Exponentially stable observer for elastic joint robots

The problem of observer design for elastic joint robots where link positions and velocities are measured is considered. A Kalman filter-based observer for the elastic joint robots is proposed. Using some structural properties of the robot model, global exponential stability of the estimation error is proved. Simulation results show fast convergence of the estimation error to zero with moderate values of the observer gain. >
Discretionary Monetary Policy and Socially Efficient Wage Indexation

It is not uncommon for policy-makers, especially when they are trying to reduce inflation, to create incentives or restrictions that change individual decisions regarding nominal wage indexation. This raises a very interesting question for economists: if indexation of nominal contracts is the result of utility-maximizing behavior, why would policy-makers try to alter private indexation decisions? The usual rationale for governmental involvement in markets provided by microeconomic theory is that individual decisions may cause externalities that create a conflict between individual and social optima. Extending this logic to the case of indexation suggests that private indexation decisions may create an inflation externality and, thus, are not socially efficient. Blanchard [1979] and Ball [1988] have investigated the social efficiency of private decisions to index to the price level. They find that the equilibrium degree of wage indexation to the price level is socially inefficient if indexation to other relevant variables is costly. Since indexation costs do not appear to be empirically significant, these models do not provide a very convincing argument for governmental involvement in the indexation process. Furthermore, these models do not tie the degree of indexation to the trend inflation rate, which seems to be the crucial element for justifying governmental intervention. Thus, in order to pinpoint the exact nature of this externality, a model is required that considers endogenous wage indexation but links indexation to the trend inflation rate. Devereux [1987, 1989] uses such a model to examine the relationship between indexation and mean inflation. By combining a Gray [1976] indexation model with a Barro-Gordon [1983] inflation model, he shows that wage indexation affects the mean inflation rate, but he does not address the issue of indexation efficiency. In this paper we use a synthesis of Ball and Devereux's models to demonstrate that individual indexation decisions are, in general, socially inefficient. However, in contrast to Blanchard and Ball's
Serial Limited Buffer Models

Limited buffer capacity models can be used for the mathematical representations of a form of kanban control. There are two aspects of limited buffer systems studied in this chapter. First an approach for developing an analytical approximation model for serial flow systems is developed. Then the issue of how these buffer values can be set to yield an optimal system configuration is addressed.
Language Outcomes in Children With Unilateral Hearing Loss: A Review

Unilateral hearing loss (UHL) in children is only recently beginning to be widely appreciated as having a negative impact. We now understand that simply having one normal-hearing ear may not be suf...
Vivid attitudes: Centered situations in the semantics of 'remember' and 'imagine'

This paper deals with a subset of uses of propositional attitude predicates such as 'remember' and 'imagine.' I argue that these have a distinct "vivid" reading, which requires direct witnessing or sensory perception similar to that required in direct perception reports. To account for this use, I introduce a notion of centered situations, combining situations in the sense of Kratzer (1989) with centered worlds in the sense of Lewis (1979) and others. I propose that, on their vivid uses, these predicates make reference to a (real or possible) centered situation. This makes it possible in particular to account for attitude reports that are simultaneously vivid and obligatorily 'de se.'
Mechanism of Chaperone Function in Small Heat-shock Proteins FLUORESCENCE STUDIES OF THE CONFORMATIONS OF T4 LYSOZYME BOUND TO αB-CRYSTALLIN

To further develop the mechanistic understanding of small heat-shock protein (sHSP) chaperone activity, we investigate the nature of the intermediate states recognized by alpha-crystallin and the conformations that are stably bound. The model substrates consist of a set of well characterized, destabilized T4 Lysozyme (T4L) mutants that have been shown to differentially bind alpha-crystallin in a manner that reflects their free-energy of unfolding. A new approach for the detection of complex formation is introduced based on the conformational sensitivity of the fluorescent probe bimane, site-specifically introduced in T4L. Emission spectra of bimane-labeled T4L reveal two distinct patterns of intensity changes upon binding that depend on the molar ratio of alpha-crystallin to T4L. This directly demonstrates the two-mode nature of the binding process by the alpha-crystallins. Biphasic binding isotherms, obtained and analyzed over a wide range of T4L concentrations, demonstrate a substantially quenched bimane fluorescence in the low affinity-bound T4L that is similar to the quenching level observed due to denaturant unfolding. Furthermore, the pattern of intensity changes that occur upon binding of a T4L variant, bimane-labeled at an alternative solvent-exposed site, establishes a direct correlation between the quenching level observed in binding and unfolding. The results can be interpreted in terms of a model where alpha-crystallin binds at least two conformationally distinct non-native states of T4L, one of which is substantially unfolded and is bound with low affinity. A high affinity binding mode to compact states may be relevant to chaperone function in the lens, where protein damage is unlikely to cause global unfolding.
Properties and partial purification of the detergent-solubilized insulin receptor: a demonstration of negative cooperativity in micellar solution.

Abstract Turkey erythrocytes possess insulin receptors with binding properties very similar to those of mammalian insulin receptors. In the present study, the insulin receptor of the avian erythrocyte has been solubilized in Triton X-100, extensively characterized and partially purified, and its properties compared to those of the membrane-bound receptor. The solubilized insulin receptor has a Stokes radius of 70 A and an apparent molecular weight of 300 000 in 0.05% Triton. The binding of insulin to the soluble receptor was very similar to the binding observed with the membrane-bound receptor. Thus, binding was markedly temperature dependent for both the soluble and membrane-bound forms, although the kinetics of binding were slower with the soluble receptor. Both forms of the receptor also showed a sharp pH optimum; however, solubilization produced a shift from maximal binding at pH 7.8 to pH 7.3. The soluble receptor also retained insulin analog specificity, ion sensitivity and negative cooperativity. The soluble receptor did not appear to degrade either bound or free insulin. On DEAE-cellulose chromatography the receptor eluted as a single peak. The specific activity of this partially purified preparation was 25–30 pmol/mg protein (about 500-fold enrichment over crude extract and 5-fold over highly purified membranes). Extensive attempts to purify further the receptor by gel filtration, carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and affinity chromatography resulted in either a very low yield or only modest enrichment. Purification was also complicated because the receptor was easily denatured; about 40% of the activity was lost after a 90-min exposure to 3 M urea or pH 4.5.
Thermal infrared (vibrational) spectroscopy of Mg–Fe olivines: A review and applications to determining the composition of planetary surfaces

Abstract The reststrahlen features in thermal infrared, or vibrational, spectra of Mg-Fe olivines ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4) exhibit trends in position, strength, and number of features that are diagnostic of the relative proportions of the Mg and Fe cations in the minerals. Although band positions move to lower wavenumbers (longer wavelengths) across the forsterite–fayalite compositional binary in a generally linear manner, specific feature shifts in transmittance data are described best by two linear fits with a break in slope near Fo70. The break in slope may be accompanied by an offset as well; both traits are attributed to structural changes in olivine brought about by distortion of the crystal lattice by Fe. Reflectance and emissivity spectra exhibit similar trends in band position with composition, and all three types of data demonstrate that some olivine band strengths change across the Mg–Fe solid solution series and also are diagnostic of composition. Olivines have been identified in a wide array of thermal infrared spectra of planetary materials and have been interpreted as being present on the surfaces of Mercury, the Moon, Mars, and a number of asteroids based on the analysis of thermal infrared spectra. New linear least squares models of the emissivity spectra of olivine-bearing Martian meteorites enable a preliminary estimation of the accuracy with which quantitative estimates of olivine abundance and solid solution composition can be derived from the spectra of mixtures.
Trust in Administration: An Integrative Approach to Optimal Trust

Although many consider trust as a desirable value in administration, they also find it elusive. The meaning of trust gets more elusive when one seeks to optimize it in administration. The article takes on this quest first by addressing trust as a relational fact, and then, identifying the dynamic conditions of its optimization. Organizational control and organizational learning are discussed as two such conditions—in their embedded as well as enacted forms. Using the contingencies of control and learning, the article delineates a model of optimal trust, where optimality is located in the dynamic interfaces of control and learning that simultaneously maximize the enabling conditions of trust and minimize its disabling conditions.
Progression of renal insufficiency: role of blood pressure.

Progression of renal insufficiency: Role of blood pressure. The effect of blood pressure on progression of renal insufficiency was examined in a large group of patients who eventually required dialysis. Out of 198 consecutive new chronic dialysis patients, 86 had sufficient data predi alysis to determine rates of progression of renal insufficiency by reciprocal creatinine versus time plots. Average plasma creatinine at first contact was 3.8 ± 0.2 mg/dl and at the time of dialysis was 11.4 ± 0.4 mg/dl. Mean duration of follow-up was 33.4 ± 2.5 months and the average rate of decline in reciprocal creatinine was -0.009 ± 0.001 di! mg month. Patients were stratified by average value of diastolic blood pressure measured in clinic. Patients in the lowest quartile had a rate of decline in reciprocal creatinine of -0.007 ± 0.001 dl/mg month, which was slower than that of patients in the third and fourth quartiles, -0.010 ± 0.001 and -0.011 ± -0.002 dl/mg month, respectively (P 90mm Hg. Thus, in a large group of patients who have progressed to ESRD, there is an associatiOn between control of diastolic blood pressure and a slower rate of decline in renal function.
Understanding pediatric bacterial preseptal and orbital cellulitis

Pediatric preseptal and orbital cellulitis are infectious disorders that result in periorbital inflammation. Preseptal cellulitis is often associated with breaches in the skin barrier whereas orbital cellulitis is commonly associated with paranasal sinusitis. Orbital cellulitis may be associated with subperiosteal abscess. It is important to distinguish between preseptal from orbital cellulitis. Clinical examination and diagnostic imaging are useful in determining appropriate management. Patients are usually treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and surgery when indicated.
Isoleucine transport by cultured human fibroblasts. II. Selection of a cell line with reduced isoleucine uptake.

Abstract Isoleucine uptake was studied in fibroblasts cultured from a patient with a defect in isoleucine metabolism. These fibroblasts after successive passage in a medium low in isoleucine (nutrient Mixture F-12) had been shown previously to lack the sodium-dependent isoleucine uptake seen in normal cell lines. In the present report the cells were shown to undergo additional changes in isoleucine uptake when grown in a medium high in isoleucine (Eagle's minimal essential medium). The fibroblasts were no longer able to concentrate isoleucine. The apparent Km values for isoleucine were not different from those of the parent F-12 cell line. However, the apparent V values were somewhat reduced and the apparent diffusion constant was over two times greater. The cells, like the parent cell line did not display sodium-dependent uptake and were ouabain insensitive.
Words and objects at the tip of the left temporal lobe in primary progressive aphasia

Eleven of 69 prospectively enrolled primary progressive aphasics were selected for this study because of peak atrophy sites located predominantly or exclusively within the anterior left temporal lobe. Cortical volumes in these areas were reduced to less than half of control values, whereas average volume elsewhere in the left hemisphere deviated from control values by only 8%. Failure to name objects emerged as the most consistent and severe deficit. Naming errors were attributed to pure retrieval failure if the object could not be named even when the denoting word was understood, the object recognized and the two accurately matched. Surprisingly many of the naming errors reflected pure retrieval failures, without discernible semantic or associative component. The remaining set of errors had associative components. These errors reflected the inability to define the word denoting the object more often than the inability to define the nature of the pictured object. In a separate task where the same object had to be linked to verbal or non-verbal associations, performance was abnormal only in the verbal format. Excessive taxonomic interference was observed for picture–word, but not picture–picture, matching tasks. This excessive interference reflected a blurring of intra- rather than inter-category distinctions as if the acuity of word–object associations had been diminished so that correspondences were easier to recognize at generic than specific levels. These dissociations between verbal and non-verbal markers of object knowledge indicate that the reduced neural mass at peak atrophy sites of the left temporal tip, accounting for half or more of the presumed premorbid volume, was unlikely to have contained domain-independent semantic representations of the type that would be expected in a strictly amodal hub. A more likely arrangement entails two highly interactive routes—a strongly left lateralized temporosylvian language network for verbal concepts, and a presumably more bilateral or right-sided inferotemporal/fusiform object recognition network, which remained relatively spared because peak atrophy sites were concentrated on the left. The current results also suggest that the left anterior temporal neocortex should be inserted into the language network where it is likely to play a major role in selecting verbal labels for objects and mediating the progression of word comprehension from generic to specific levels of precision.
PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING INCISIONS USED FOR RADICAL NECK DISSECTION

Summary 1. The radical excision of a head and neck cancer can often be accompanied by the first major step towards acceptable reconstruction in a reasonable time. 2. A convenient donor site for skin flaps to be used in such reconstruction is the neck but this area is frequently compromised by the incisions commonly used for neck dissections. 3. Each case should be approached on its own merits and a decision should be made as to whether a cervical flap is desirable for closing the anticipated defect. 4. If no such flap is needed, then 2 parallel transverse incisions provide sufficient exposure for neck dissection and have appreciable advantages over other approaches. 5. On the other hand, if a flap is considered necessary, the incisions appropriate for the case should be planned initially to allow the most efficient repair. 6. Possible methods for attaining these goals have been shown with examples. 7. A clear plan of reconstruction should be available before proceeding to the excision, as failure to have one may prevent the use of the most convenient and satisfactory method of repair.