cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AMPHOTERIC COLLOIDS III. CHEMICAL BASIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF ACID UPON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GELATIN.

1. The method of removing the excess of hydrobromic acid after it has had a chance to react chemically with gelatin has permitted us to measure the amount of Br in combination with the gelatin. It is shown that the curves representing the amount of bromine bound by the gelatin are approximately parallel with the curves for the osmotic pressure, the viscosity, and swelling of the gelatin solution. This proves that the curves for osmotic pressure are an unequivocal function of the number of gelatin bromide molecules formed under the influence of the acid. The cc. of 0.01 N Br in combination with 0.25 gm, of gelatin we call the bromine number. 2. The explanation of this influence of the acid on the physical properties of gelatin is based on the fact that gelatin is an amphoteric electrolyte, which at its isoelectric point is but sparingly soluble in water, while its transformation into a salt with a univalent anion like gelatin Br makes it soluble. The curve for the bromine number thus becomes at the same time the numerical expression for the number of gelatin molecules rendered soluble, and hence the curve for osmotic pressure must of necessity be parallel to the curve for the bromine number. 3. Volumetric analysis shows that gelatin treated previously with HBr is free from Br at the isoelectric point as well as on the more alkaline side from the isoelectric point (pH >== 4.7) of gelatin. This is in harmony with the fact that gelatin (like any other amphoteric electrolyte) can dissociate on the alkaline side of its isoelectric point only as an anion. On the more acid side from the isoelectric point gelatin is found to be in combination with Br and the Br number rises with the pH. 4. When we titrate gelatin, treated previously with HBr but possessing a pH = 4,7, with NaOH we find that 25 cc. of a 1 per cent solution of isoelectric gelatin require about 5.25 to 5.5 cc. of 0.01 N NaOH for neutralization (with phenolphthalein as an indicator). This value which was found invariably is therefore a constant which we designate as "NaOH (isoelectric)." When we titrate 0.25 gm. of gelatin previously treated with HBr but possessing a pH < 4.7 more than 5.5 cc. of 0.01 N NaOH are required for neutralization. We will designate this value of NaOH as "(NaOH)(n)," where n represents the value of pH. If we designate the bromine number for the same pH as "Br(n)" then we can show that the following equation is generally true: (NaOH)(n) = NaOH (isoelectric) + Br(n). In other words, titration with NaOH of gelatin (previously treated with HBr) and being on the acid side of its isoelectric point results in the neutralization of the pure gelatin (NaOH isoelectric) with NaOH and besides in the neutralization of the HBr in combination with the gelatin. This HBr is set free as soon as through the addition of the NaOH the pH of the gelatin solution becomes equal to 4.7. 5. A comparison between the pH values and the bromine numbers found shows that over 90 per cent of the bromine or HBr found was in our experiments in combination with the gelatin.
“I Can See What You’re Saying”: Clinical Utility of Spectral Moment Analysis

Spectral moment analysis (SMA) is an acoustic analysis tool that shows promise for enhancing our understanding of normal and disordered speech production. It can augment auditory-perceptual analysi...
Knowledge discovery: dedicated to Jan M. Żytkow

It is a great pleasure to edit this special issue dedicated to my friend Professor Jan M. Żytkow, who has been a computer science faculty member at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte sin...
Monitoring of BK Viral Load in Renal Allograft Recipients by Real-Time PCR Assays

BK virus (BKV) is a nonenveloped, doublestranded DNA virus of the polyomavirus family that primarily affects immunocompromised people. BKV may cause nephropathy in renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, resulting in renal dysfunction and, possibly, graft loss. Monitoring of BK viral load in urine and blood has been used as a surrogate marker of BKV nephropathy (BKVN). Although real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the method of choice, currently there is no US Food and Drug Administration–approved or standardized BK viral load assay. Different PCR assays vary significantly in sample types, DNA extraction method, PCR primers and probes, and reference materials used to generate a standard curve. These differences can affect the accuracy, specificity, and dynamic ranges of various real-time PCR assays. These analytic differences cause difficulty in comparing test results, making it impossible to establish universal standardized cutoff values that correlate with clinical manifestations of BKVN. In this review, we summarize real-time PCR assays used for managing BKVN. BK virus (BKV) was originally detected in the urine of a renal allograft recipient in whom ureteric stenosis developed and was named based on the initials of the patient (B.K.). 1 The virus is ubiquitous in human populations worldwide. 2 Infection typically occurs in childhood, with a seroprevalence up to 90% in adults. 3
Physical and Property Victimization Behind Bars: A Multilevel Examination

The majority of the extant literature on inmate victimization considers only one level of analysis, thus ignoring the interaction effects between inmate- and prison-level variables. To extend this literature, multilevel modeling techniques were used to analyze self-report data from more than 1,000 inmates and 30 prisons in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. Results revealed that demographic variables were strong predictors of physical victimization (i.e., race and assaultive behavior). Also, security level had a contextual direct effect on physical victimization. Property victimization was best explained with an integrated model including inmate (i.e., race, assaultive behavior, prior education, prior employment, and time served), contextual (i.e., security level and proportion non-White), and micro—macro interaction variables (i.e., Race × Security Level). Policy implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Algorithmic Design and Implementation of an Automated Testing Tool

This paper presents the design and implementation of an automated software testing tool. The described tool mechanically creates test cases for specific three-variable functions. The results of the testing tool are validated against predetermined results for each test case to measure correctness. This testing tool can be adapted and reused for similar functions.
Pulsed noise in self-sustained oscillations of musical instruments

A theory of bow and breath noise generation has been tested by analyzing recorded cello tones and by simulation using physical models of the cello and clarinet. For the synthesis to be successful, the listener's perceptions of noise and sound must fuse. Evidence is presented that the noise must be pulse modulated in a period synchronous way, as is shown for voiced fricatives. A method is described which is practical for enhancing naturalness of synthesis from physical models. No additional control parameters are required. Changes in the noise sound follow in a predictable way control changes in bowing, breath, and embouchure parameters in the simulations. >
Nuclear targets of photodynamic tridentate ruthenium complexes

Octahedral ruthenium complexes, capable of photodynamic singlet oxygen production at near 100% efficiency, were shown to cause light-dependent covalent crosslinking of p53 and PCNA subunits in mammalian cells and cell lysates. Azide, a singlet oxygen quencher, greatly reduced the p53 photocrosslinking, consistent with the idea that singlet oxygen is the reactive oxygen species involved in p53 photocrosslinking. A photodynamically inactive ruthenium complex, [Ru(tpy)2]2+ (tpy = [2,2′;6′,2′′]-terpyridine), had no effect on p53 or PCNA photocrosslinking. Photodynamic damage to p53 has particular relevance since p53 status is an important determinant of phototoxicity and the effectiveness of photodynamic cancer therapy. The two photodynamic complexes studied, [Ru(tpy)(pydppn)]2+, where pydppn = (3-(pyrid-2′-yl)-4,5,9,16-tetraaza-dibenzo[a,c]naphthacene, and [Ru(pydppn)2]2+, differed in their efficiency of p53 and PCNA photocrosslinking in cells, but showed similar efficiency of photocrosslinking in cell lysates, suggesting that they differ in their ability to enter cells. Photocrosslinking of PCNA by [Ru(tpy)(pydppn)]2+ increased linearly with concentration, time of uptake, or light exposure. Both [Ru(tpy)(pydppn)]2+ and [Ru(pydppn)2]2+ caused photodynamic protein-DNA crosslinking in cells, but [Ru(tpy)(pydppn)]2+ was more efficient. The efficiency of photodynamic protein-DNA crosslinking by [Ru(tpy)(pydppn)]2+ in cells increased with increasing levels of photodynamic damage. Photodynamic damage by [Ru(tpy)(pydppn)]2+ caused inhibition of DNA replication in a classical biphasic response, suggesting that DNA damage signaling and cell cycle checkpoint pathways were still operative after significant damage to nuclear proteins.
Production of Recombinant Adeno‐Associated Viral Vectors and Use in In Vitro and In Vivo Administration

Adeno-associated virus is a nonpathogenic human virus that has been developed into a gene-delivery vector due to its high efficiency of infection for many different cell types and its ability to persist and lead to long-term gene expression. This unit describes efficient methods to generate high-titer, research-grade, adenovirus-free recombinant single-stranded and self-complementary adeno-associated virus in various serotypes, along with methods to quantify the viral vectors. Two detailed methods are provided for viral vector delivery into the rodent brain and spinal cord, and for histological detection of transgene expression of GFP.
Constrained process monitoring: Moving‐horizon approach

Moving-horizon estimation (MHE) is an optimization-based strategy for process monitoring and state estimation. One may view MHE as an extension for Kalman filtering for constrained and nonlinear processes. MHE, therefore, subsumes both Kalman and extended Kalman filtering. In addition, MHE allows one to include constraints in the estimation problem. One can significantly improve the quality of state estimates for certain problems by incorporating prior knowledge in the form of inequality constraints. Inequality constraints provide a flexible tool for complementing process knowledge. One also may use inequality constraints as a strategy for model simplification. The ability to include constraints and nonlinear dynamics is what distinguishes MHE from other estimation strategies. Both the practical and theoretical issues related to MHE are discussed. Using a series of example monitoring problems, the practical advantages of MHE are illustrated by demonstrating how the addition of constraints can improve and simplify the process monitoring problem.
Relationship between dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity and plasma 5-fluorouracil levels with evidence for circadian variation of enzyme activity and plasma drug levels in cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil by protracted continuous infusion

The activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma concentration of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) were simultaneously determined in cancer patients receiving FUra by protracted continuous infusion (300 mg/m2/day). Blood samples were drawn every 3 h over 24-h period and the resulting DPD and FUra values analyzed for circadian periodicity. In the seven patients studied, a circadian rhythm of DPD activity was observed (P less than 0.00001, Cosinor analysis) with the peak of activity at 1 a.m. (0.197 +/- 0.007 nmol/min/mg) and the trough at a 1 p.m. (0.113 +/- 0.007 nmol/min/mg). In addition, a circadian rhythm was observed for the plasma concentrations of FUra obtained over a 24-h period (P less than 0.00001, Cosinor analysis) with peak values (27.4 +/- 1.3 ng/ml) occurring at 11 a.m. and trough values (5.6 +/- 1.3 ng/ml) occurring at 11 p.m. The ratio of the maximum concentration of FUra to the minimum concentration observed was almost 5-fold. This study demonstrates a circadian variation of DPD activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a circadian variation of FUra plasma levels in patients receiving FUra by protracted continuous infusion. An inverse relationship between the circadian patterns of DPD activity and FUra plasma levels was also noted, suggesting that an association may exist between DPD activity and FUra plasma concentration. Further evidence of an association between DPD activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma FUra concentration was demonstrated by a linear relationship between the two parameters in all patients (r = -0.627) and within individual patients (-0.978 less than r less than -0.742). With the recent advent of programmable pumps, information on the circadian pattern of FUra and/or DPD may be useful in planning continuous infusion schedules in order that optimal plasma drug concentration may be maintained over a 24-h cycle, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of FUra administered by continuous infusion.
ETO light multilevel converters for large electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle drives

multilevel converters are very popular for high power AC drives to meet the power demands for large electric/hybrid electric vehicles. Emitter Turn-off (ETO) thyristor is one of the present state-of-the-art high power semiconductor devices. The newest version of ETO (Gen-4 ETO) is more intelligent and reliable. Packed with advanced features as well as superior performance, ETO device and ETO-based power converters are very attractive for large electric drives. This paper presents the ETO Light neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converter design and thermal analysis. The modular digital controller architecture for this converter is proposed in order to improve the system reliability and increase its expansion flexibility. As a solution to further increase the converter output power, the ETO Light active NPC (ANPC) converter is presented, and moreover its fault tolerant capability is discussed.
Photosynthetic Responses Of Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus, A Shade Tolerant, C4 Grass, To Variable Light Environments

Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus, a shade-tolerant C4 grass, has spread throughout the eastern United States since its introduction in 1919. This species invades disturbed understory habitats along streambanks and surrounding mesic forests, and has become a major pest in areas such as Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The focus of this study was to characterize the photosynthetic induction responses of M. vimineum, specifically its ability to utilize low light and sunflecks, two factors that may be critical to invasive abilities and survival in the understory. In addition, we were curious about the ability of a grass with the C4 photosynthetic pathway to respond to sunflecks. Plants were grown under 25% and 50% ambient sunlight, and photosynthetic responses to both steady-state and variable light were determined. Plants grown in both 25% and 50% ambient sun became 90% light saturated between 750–850 µmol m-2 s-1; however, plants grown in 50% ambient sun had significantly higher maximum steady-state photosynthetic rates (16.09 ± 1.37 µmol m-2 s-1 vs. 12.71 ± 1.18 µmol m-2 s-1). Both groups of plants induced to 50% of the steady-state rate in 3–5 min, while it took 10–13 min to reach 90% of maximum rates, under both flashing and steady-state light. For both groups of plants, stomatal conductance during induction reached maximum rates in 6–7 min, after which rates decreased slightly. Upon return to low light, rates of induction loss and stomatal closure were very rapid in both groups of plants, but were more rapid in those grown in high light. Rapid induction and the ability to induce under flashing light may enable this species to invade and dominate mesic understory habitats, while rapid induction loss due to stomatal closure may prevent excess water loss when low light constrains photosynthesis. The C4 pathway itself does not appear to present an insurmountable barrier to the ability of this grass species to respond to sunflecks in an understory environment.
High-power millimeter-wave Gyro-Amplifiers: technological advances and applications

Summary form only given. Fastwave devices, and in particular, gyro-devices are capable in principle ofproducing quantities ofpower in the millimeter wave bands which far exceeds that producible by conventional slow wave linear-beam devices. Gyrotron oscillators have been in development for decades as efficient sources of high power millimeter waves for such applications as the electron cyclotron heating of fusion plasmas and material processing. Amplifiers based on the electron cyclotron maser or gqrotron interaction have also been studied for comparable times. Building on the excellent work during the past several decades, recent progress in the research into new gyro-amplifier concepts as well as the realization of high average power gyro-klystrons has been particularly exciting. This talk will serve to provide a quick review of the past work, the present development activities towards high average power devices, and the exciting opportunities afforded by new concepts for gyro-amplifiers.
Common bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the use of intraoperative cholangiography: adverse outcome or preventable error?

Background Common bile duct (CBD) injury is a serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Predictors of this adverse outcome have not been well documented. Hypothesis Surgeon experience and the use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) are associated with a decreased rate of major CBD injury during LC. Design A retrospective population-based cohort study. Setting Washington State hospital discharge database reports from 1991 through 1998. Patients Discharge reports were searched for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision , procedure codes consistent with LC and then evaluated for procedure codes for CBD repair and reconstruction within 90 days of LC. Main Outcome Measure The rate of CBD injury in patients undergoing LC based on the surgeon's experience and IOC use. Results In all, 30 630 LCs and 76 major CBD injuries (2.5/1000 operations) were identified in this analysis. There were no significant differences between injured and noninjured patients in demographics, disease, payer status, or hospital variables. A CBD injury occurred in 3.2 of 1000 LCs in the early case order of surgeons compared with 1.7 per 1000 at later points ( P = .01) (relative risk, 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-2.88). The rate of injury in LCs performed without IOC was 3.3 per 1000 compared with 2.0 per 1000 in LCs with IOC ( P = .02) (relative risk, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.6). Surgeon's experience and IOC use were independent predictors of injury. Conclusions The rate of CBD injury is significantly lower when IOC is used. This effect is magnified during the early experience of surgeons. Systematic use of IOC may significantly reduce the rate of CBD injury.
Multilevel modeling and value of information in clinical trial decision support

Background Clinical trials are the main method for evaluating safety and efficacy of medical interventions and have produced many advances in improving human health. The Women’s Health Initiative overturned a half-century of harmful practice in hormone therapy, the National Lung Screening Trial identified the first successful lung cancer screening tool and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial overturned decades-long assumptions. While some trials identify unforeseen safety issues or harms, many fail to demonstrate efficacy. Large trials require substantial resources; to ensure reliable outcomes, we must seek ways to improve the predictive information used as the basis of trials.
Pox proteomics: mass spectrometry analysis and identification of Vaccinia virion proteins

Although many vaccinia virus proteins have been identified and studied in detail, only a few studies have attempted a comprehensive survey of the protein composition of the vaccinia virion. These projects have identified the major proteins of the vaccinia virion, but little has been accomplished to identify the unknown or less abundant proteins. Obtaining a detailed knowledge of the viral proteome of vaccinia virus will be important for advancing our understanding of orthopoxvirus biology, and should facilitate the development of effective antiviral drugs and formulation of vaccines. In order to accomplish this task, purified vaccinia virions were fractionated into a soluble protein enriched fraction (membrane proteins and lateral bodies) and an insoluble protein enriched fraction (virion cores). Each of these fractions was subjected to further fractionation by either sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electophoresis, or by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The soluble and insoluble fractions were also analyzed directly with no further separation. The samples were prepared for mass spectrometry analysis by digestion with trypsin. Tryptic digests were analyzed by using either a matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometer, a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer, or a quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer (the latter two instruments were equipped with electrospray ionization sources). Proteins were identified by searching uninterpreted tandem mass spectra against a vaccinia virus protein database created by our lab and a non-redundant protein database. Sixty three vaccinia proteins were identified in the virion particle. The total number of peptides found for each protein ranged from 1 to 62, and the sequence coverage of the proteins ranged from 8.2% to 94.9%. Interestingly, two vaccinia open reading frames were confirmed as being expressed as novel proteins: E6R and L3L.
An Alternative Role for Foxp3 As an Effector T Cell Regulator Controlled through CD40

The BDC2.5 T cell clone is highly diabetogenic, but the transgenic mouse generated from that clone is surprisingly slow in diabetes development. Although defining pathogenic effector T cells in autoimmunity has been inconsistent, CD4(+) cells expressing the CD40 receptor (Th40 cells) are highly diabetogenic in NOD mice, and NOD.BDC2.5.TCR.Tg mice possess large numbers of these cells. Given the importance of CD40 for pathogenic T cell development, BDC2.5.CD40(-/-) mice were created. Regulatory T cells, CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+), develop normally, but pathogenic effector cells are severely reduced in number. Th40 cells from diabetic BDC2.5 mice rapidly induce diabetes in NOD.scid recipients, but Th40 cells from prediabetic mice transfer diabetes very slowly. Demonstrating an important paradigm shift, effector Th40 cells from prediabetic mice are Foxp3(+). As mice age, moving to type 1 diabetes development, Th40 cells lose Foxp3. When Th40 cells that are Foxp3(+) are transferred to NOD.scid recipients, disease is delayed. Th40 cells that are Foxp3(-) rapidly transfer disease. Th40 cells from BDC2.5.CD40(-/-) mice do not transfer disease nor do they lose Foxp3 expression. Mechanistically, Foxp3(+) cells produce IL-17 but do not produce IFN-γ, whereas Foxp3(-) Th40 cells produce IFN-γ and IL-2. This poses a new consideration for the function of Foxp3, as directly impacting effector T cell function.
A soft decision-directed blind equalization algorithm applied to equalization of mobile communication channels

A new approach to decision-directed (DD) blind equalization is introduced based on a neural network classification technique. The new DD algorithm, the soft decision-directed equalization algorithm, is most effective for reconstructing binary phase shift keying and quadrature phase shift keying signals. The new DD blind equalizer can converge in closed eye situations. In the simulations, the performance of the soft DD algorithm was illustrated by applying it to a two-dimensional digital mobile communications system. A time-varying multipath fading channel model was used as the transmission medium. The performance of the soft DD blind equalization algorithm is compared to that of the standard DD algorithm, the maximum-level-error (MLE) algorithm, and the fast recursive least squares decision-feedback equalization (FRLS-DFE) algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate the improvement in performance achievable with the proposed soft DD equalization algorithm. >
In Arabidopsis, the spatial and dynamic organization of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus is influenced by the integrity of the C‐terminal domain of RHD3, a non‐essential GTPase

The mechanisms underlying the organization and dynamics of plant endomembranes are largely unknown. Arabidopsis RHD3, a distant member of the dynamin superfamily, has recently been implicated in plant ER morphology and Golgi movement through analyses of dominant-negative mutants of the putative GTPase domain in a heterologous system. Whether RHD3 is indispensable for ER architecture and what role regions other than the putative GTPase domain play in RHD3 function are unanswered questions. Here we characterized an EMS mutant, gom8, with disrupted Golgi movement and positioning and compromised ER shape and dynamics. gom8 mapped to a missense mutation in the RHD3 hairpin loop domain, causing accumulation of the mutant protein into large structures, a markedly different distribution compared with wild-type RHD3 over the ER network. Despite the GOM8 distribution, tubules fused in the peripheral ER of the gom8 mutant. These data imply that integrity of the hairpin region is important for the subcellular distribution of RHD3, and that reduced availability of RHD3 over the ER can cause ER morphology defects, but does not prevent peripheral fusion between tubules. This was confirmed by evidence that gom8 was phenocopied in an RHD3 null background. Furthermore, we established that the region encompassing the RHD3 hairpin domain and the C-terminal cytosolic domain is necessary for RHD3 function. We conclude that RHD3 is important in ER morphology, but is dispensable for peripheral ER tubulation in an endogenous context, and that its activity relies on the C-terminal region in addition to the GTPase domain.
Problems in Elasticity

The previous chapter was concerned with the development of the basic equations governing the small elastic deformation of isotropic solids. Such considerations, though highly restrictive, nevertheless have wide application in engineering analysis. In fact, almost all construction materials exhibit linear elastic behavior for sufficiently small deformations, and a number of these materials can also be regarded as isotropic or nearly so. In the present chapter, we accordingly consider solutions of these basic elasticity equations in connection with certain illustrative problems.
Personal Federal Tax Issues And The Affordable Care Act: Can Tax Penalties And Subsidized Premiums Provide Sufficient Incentives For Health Insurance Purchases

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) includes many changes to the U.S. Federal Tax Code. The tax penalty imposed on individuals who choose to remain uninsured received extraordinary attention while the Supreme Court determined the constitutionality of the ACA. Now, the more relevant question is what impact the penalty may have on individual behavior. This paper presents information that suggests the tax penalty may provide insufficient incentive for many individuals to purchase insurance, even with premium tax credits to reduce the cost for households earning up to 400% of the federal poverty limit. The ACA also reduces the tax benefit from the medical expense deduction by increasing the threshold amount from 7.5% of adjusted gross income to 10% of adjusted gross income. This may increase the after-tax cost of purchasing health insurance, especially for healthier individuals whose medical expenses (excluding insurance premiums) are below the threshold amount, increasing the incentive to forego the purchase of health insurance and to pay the penalty instead. An approach more consistent with the aims of the ACA is to eliminate the threshold amount but limit the deduction to lower-income taxpayers.
Nutrition and current concepts of obesity

Obesity is and has been one of the foremost health problems in the U.S. and in many other countries. It is so interrelated with different factors that it is very difficult to single out the effect of one particular aspect. However, an effort is made in this review to focus on obesity only from a nutritional point of view. Childhood nutrition and its impact on obesity is particularly emphasised since weight gain during early infancy has been associated with obesity in later stages of life. There is considerable evidence that links obesity with certain diseases of the cardiovascular system and diabetes. A review of this relationship is also outlined based on recent developments. The causes, classification, and consequences of obesity are discussed in detail followed by critical evaluation of the possible and prevalent treatment methods.
Web Appendix to 'Detection Avoidance'

This web appendix reformulates in mathematical terms arguments made verbally in Sanchirico, Chris William, Detection Avoidance 81 NYU L. REV. 1331-1399 (2006), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=782305. Additional results and discussion are contained in Sections 6 and 7 of Sanchirico, Chris William, Detection Avoidance and Enforcement Theory: Survey and Assessment (November 5, 2010). U of Penn, Inst for Law & Econ Research Paper No. [TBD], Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1705406.
SEXUALLY OPEN MARRIAGE Three Perspectives

In this article the author describes sexually open marriage in the lives of 71 individuals. These persons make up three groups—persons in open relationships, persons divorced or separated after an open relationship and secondary partners of persons in open relationships—and are described as they experience their open relationships and then, two years later, as they evaluate the changes in their open sexual relationships. Similarities and differences among these three groups are discussed. In addition, this article looks at the ground rules that are established, jealousy issues and their management, and it discusses the role of equity and equality in sexually open relationships.
Time Course and Accumulated Risk of Severe Urinary Adverse Events After High- Versus Low-Dose-Rate Prostate Brachytherapy With or Without External Beam Radiation Therapy

Purpose Severe urinary adverse events (UAEs) include surgical treatment of urethral stricture, urinary incontinence, and radiation cystitis. We compared the incidence of grade 3 UAEs, according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, after low-dose-rate (LDR) and high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, as well as after LDR plus external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and HDR plus EBRT. Methods and Materials Men aged >65 years with nonmetastatic prostate cancer were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database who were treated with LDR (n=12,801), HDR (n=685), LDR plus EBRT (n=8518), or HDR plus EBRT (n=2392). The populations were balanced by propensity weighting, and the Kaplan-Meier incidence of severe UAEs was compared. Propensity-weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the adjusted hazard of UAEs. These UAEs were compared with those in a cohort of men not treated for prostate cancer. Results Median follow-up was 4.3 years. At 8 years, the propensity-weighted cumulative UAE incidence was highest after HDR plus EBRT (26.6% [95% confidence interval, 23.8%-29.7%]) and lowest after LDR (15.7% [95% confidence interval, 14.8%-16.6%]). The absolute excess risk over nontreated controls at 8 years was 1.9%, 3.8%, 8.4%, and 12.9% for LDR, HDR, LDR plus EBRT, and HDR plus EBRT, respectively. These represent numbers needed to harm of 53, 26, 12, and 8 persons, respectively. The additional risk of development of a UAE related to treatment for LDR, LDR plus EBRT, and HDR plus EBRT was greatest within the 2 years after treatment and then continued to decline over time. Beyond 4 years, the risk of development of a new severe UAE matched the baseline risk of the control population for all treatments. Conclusions Toxicity differences were observed between LDR and HDR, but the differences did not meet statistical significance. However, combination radiation therapy (either HDR plus EBRT or LDR plus EBRT) increases the risk of severe UAEs compared with HDR alone or LDR alone. The highest increased risk of urinary toxicity occurs within the 2 years after therapy and then declines to an approximately 1% increase in incidence per year.
Bone marrow histology in monoclonal macroglobulinemia

Rywlin, Arkadi, M., Civantos, Francisco, Ortega, Rolando S., and Dominguez, Carlos J.: Bone marrow histology in monoclonal macroglobulinemiamam J Clin Pathol 63. 769-778, 1975. Histologic sections and smears of aspirated bone marrow particles in 26 cases of monoclonal macroglobulinemia were studied. The bone marrows did not show uniform histologic features. Twenty-two patients had various degrees of lymphoid infiltration of the marrow, including nodules of malignant lymphoma, diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, and normal lymphoid nodules. Four patients had no demonstrable lymphoid collections in the marrow. Additional histologic features of the marrows are summarized. A variant of a Dutcher body consisting of multiple PAS-positive inclusions that by light microscopy appear intranuclear is described. Even though the average macroglobulin levels were higher in patients with abnormal lymphoid infiltrates than in patients with noraml or no lymphoid collections, there was considerable overlap between individual patients values in the different groups. Similarly, no correlation between macroglobulin levels and other histologic features could be established. Patients with monoclonal macroglobulinemia represent a spectrum including benign monoclonal gammopathy, lymphoproliferative disorders of the marrow, nodal or extranodal lymphomas. The separation of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia by arbitrary criteria does not appear justified. (key words: Bone marrow; Monoclonal macroglobulinemia.
Changing the Academic Integrity Climate on Campus Using a Technology-Based Intervention

This article focuses on the use of a technology-based intervention to change academic integrity (AI) knowledge and attitudes. Using a sample of more than 5,000 freshman students drawn from two major midwestern universities in the United States over a 3-year period, an online intervention was used to determine whether AI knowledge and attitudes could be changed. Based the results of this study, AI knowledge and attitudes can be improved using an online intervention. These results contribute to a better understanding of the AI climate on campus and suggest that technology-based interventions can be used to enhance knowledge and change attitudes toward AI on campus.
Neural Basis of Tics: A Functional MRI Study

Event-related functional MRI (fMRI) was used to study the neural basis of spontaneous motor and vocal tics in 10 patients with Tourette syndrome, at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD.
Compliance with antibiotics

Several factors influence the clinician's choice of antimicrobial therapy. While efficacy and toxicity can be important discriminators in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections, patient compliance with antibiotic medication is a key component to successful therapy. The general parameters affecting compliance are discussed herein, and antibiotic-specific factors affecting compliance are discussed briefly.
Novel Deposition Methods

Recently, alternatives to conventional sputter deposition have emerged as novel routes to phase change materials. Applying chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electrodeposition, or solution-phase deposition to these materials offers potential advantages in fabrication of phase change memory cells or optical discs, yet each method brings its own challenges. In this chapter, we review the basics of each strategy, emphasizing the advantages and the difficulties of applying them to phase change materials. In addition, we discuss the recent reports of chemically synthesized phase change nanowires and nanoparticles and more broadly explore the potential for nanomaterials to contribute to the development and understanding of phase change memory.
Abstract TP161: Gastrointestinal Bowel Obstruction in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes

Introduction: The prognosis of patients suffering acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is worsened by medical complications that occur during subsequent hospitalization. The incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of gastrointestinal bowel obstruction (GIBO) in AIS have not been previously reported. Methods: We employed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2002 to 2011 to identify all patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of AIS and subsets with and without a secondary diagnosis of GIBO without hernia. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to analyze predictors of GIBO in AIS patients and the association between GIBO, in-hospital complications, and outcomes. Results: We identified 16,987 patients with GIBO (425 per 100,000) among 3,988,667 AIS hospitalizations and 4.2% of patients of these patients underwent repair surgery for intestinal obstruction. Multivariate predictors of GIBO included: age 55-64 (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.40-1.64), age 65-74 (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.56-1.84), age 75+ (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.81-2.13), black race (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.36-1.49), coagulopathy (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.29-1.50), cancer (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.44-1.75), blood loss anemia (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 2.22-2.84), fluid/electrolyte disorder (OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 2.81-3.02), weight loss (OR: 3.08, 95% CI: 2.93-3.25), and thrombolytic therapy (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.20-1.42) (all p Conclusion: Advanced age, black race, and several pre-existing comorbidities increase the likelihood of post-AIS GIBO, which is an independent predictor of in-hospital complications, disability, and mortality.
Variations in Radiation Damage to Metals

A group of metals including copper, nickel, titanium, zirconium, iron, molyb-denum, and type 347 stainless steel were irradiated at approximately equal exposure conditions in the Materials Testing Reactor. Measurements were made of some mechanical and physical properties to determine the extent of radiation damage to each metal. Some aspects of the theory of radiation damage to metals by neutrons were considered, and calculations were made of the concentrations of several kinds of defects produced, neglecting annealing effects. The differences among the metals in the calculated concentrations of defects were small, and could not be correlated with the observed differences in radiation damage. On the basis of empirical considerations, two factors which appear to exert strong influences on the magnitude of the changes in properties due to irradiation are the crystal structure and the pre-irradiation value of the physical or mechanical property prior to irradiation.
Recovery of bituminous coal from refuse material

Laboratory testing was carried out to evaluate several devices for recovering clean coal from bituminous coal refuse material. The bulk of the testing focused on using a dense-medium cyclone to process -0.6-mm refuse material. A hindered-settling column and a spiral concentrator were also used to process nominal 1.2 x 0.15-mm material. Product yields and ash contents were obtained for all tests, while partition curves were generated for selected tests from which the characteristic performance parameters (relative density of separation and probable error) were determined. The results indicated that the dense-medium cyclone was capable of cleaning down to 0.037 mm, while the other devices were effective to 0.15 mm.
Instantaneous whole field measurement of velocity and size of air microbubbles in two-phase flows using DDPIV

Defocusing digital particle image velocimetry (DDPIV) is the natural extension of digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV), planar or quasi three-dimensional, to a true and unique three-dimensional PIV technique. This work presents the defocusing optical concept by which the depth information can be retrieved, thus overriding the limitation to in-plane measurements of actual PIV techniques, either standard or stereo-based. The concept is implemented into a three-dimensional imaging system specifically designed for the purpose of mapping two-phase bubbly flows. Digital images of the bubble field are recorded and analysed to provide information both on the physical location of every single particle/bubble and on its respective size, which is estimated from the scattered light intensity. The calculation of the true three-component velocity field is done by local spatial cross-correlation between two consecutive sets of particle/bubble locations. The spatial resolution and uncertainty limits are established based on a simplified model of the defocusing optical system. Accuracy measurements show that the average error on the displacements is about 0.02 pixels. The methodology used to measure the size is laid out by application of the Mie scattering theory. A DDPIV prototype instrument was fabricated on specific requirements. The instrument records high resolution images of the bubble field and is capable of providing bubble size and bubble location within a cubic foot volume. The technique is applied to the study of the dynamics of sub-millimeter air bubbles in a three-dimensional vortical flow generated by a propeller. Velocity, bubble size distribution and void fraction for these flows are discussed.
Between the Judge and the Law — Judicial Independence and Authority with Chinese Characteristics

What is the scope and nature of judicial reform? To what extent does borrowing from Western models also suggest an embrace of the underlying ideologies that frame those models? It is a common place in the West, whether in Common Law or Civil Law states, that the integrity of the judiciary depends on their authority to interpret law and to apply that interpretation to individual cases and the litigants that appear before the courts. That presumption, however, embeds premises about the organization of political and administrative authority that may be incompatible with those of states developing Socialist Rule of Law structures within Party-State systems. In Common law states those deep presumptions touch on the disciplinary role of judicial opinions as a constraint on judicial interpretation. In civil law states that discipline arises from the constraining principles of the legal codes themselves. In both the legislatures serve as the ultimate check in a complex dialogue with courts in three respects. First, judges serve a political role in their relation to law. Second, cases themselves serve an important political role as well. Third, courts begin to serve as the place where societal narratives are forged and popular expression is constructed and applied. In Socialist rule of law systems, the disciplinary systems are quite different and ought to produce a different relationship between courts, law, and the cases they are bound to apply fairly and consistently under law. This paper considers the way that the logic and grounding principles of Chinese Marxist Leninism may provide guidance in the construction of a judicial enterprise that is both true to its organizational logic and which enhances the authority of judges to serve litigants fairly. It suggests the points of compatibility and incompatibility in the ideologies of these distinct systems of judging and what it may mean for judicial reform in China. That consideration, in turn is based on a fundamental difference, in Socialist Rule of Law systems, between the authority to interpret law and the authority to apply law to an individual case. For Chinese judicial reform it is in the perfectibility of the judge that lies the perfectibility of law that in turn ensures the perfectibility of the judge. Part II considers in very broad strokes the relationship between the judge and law in the West. Part III then considers Chinese reforms touching on the relationship between the judge and the law, and the evolution of normative structures within which one can speak to judicial independence. Part IV then considers the project from the perspective of the grounding ideology of the Chinese state. From that fundamental distinction, the paper will propose a Socialist approach to the judicial function compatible with its own logic and legitimacy enhancing under global consensus principles for a well-organized and functioning judiciary.
Cyclostationarity-based wideband spectrum sensing using random sampling

Cognitive radio (CR) systems offer higher spectrum utilization by opportunistically allocating the unused spectrum from primary users to secondary users. For CR it is vital to perform fast and accurate spectrum sensing in a wideband and noisy channel. Cyclic feature detection performs well in signal detection and is also highly robust to noise uncertainty. However, it requires a high sampling rate when operating over a wideband channel. Based on the sparsity of the cyclic spectrum, compressive sampling technique can extend sparse reconstruction to its case. This paper develops a simpler cyclic spectrum recovery method based on random sampling and demonstrates faster and better performance. Recent research on discrete random sampling provides a new connection between sub-Nyquist sampling and aliasing as a noise floor that can be dynamically shaped by different distributions of sampling times. Practical analog-to-digital converters can implement these random sampling schemes. Thus, a reduced hardware complexity cyclic feature detector based on the reconstructed cyclic spectrum is proposed to identify the spectrum occupancy within the entire wideband.
Google Street View shows promise for virtual street tree surveys

Geospatial technologies are increasingly relevant to urban forestry, but their use may be limited by cost and technical expertise. Technologies like Google Street View™ are appealing because they are free and easy to use. We used Street View to conduct a virtual survey of street trees in three municipalities, and compared our results to existing field data from the same locations. The virtual survey analyst recorded the locations of street trees, identified trees to the species level, and estimated diameter at breast height. Over 93% of the 597 trees documented in the field survey were also observed in the virtual survey. Tree identification in the virtual survey agreed with the field data for 90% of trees at the genus level and 66% of trees at the species level. Identification was less reliable for small trees, rare taxa, and for trees with multiple species in the same genus. In general, tree diameter was underestimated in the virtual survey, but estimates improved as the analyst became more experienced. This study is the first to report on manual interpretation of street tree characteristics using Street View. Our results suggest that virtual surveys in Street View may be suitable for generating some types of street tree data or updating existing data sets more efficiently than field surveys.
Effective Factors of Multistage Ozone Bleaching

It was found that the effect of multistage ozone bleaching was caused by the removal of ashes and resins from sulfate pulp with water in each bleaching stage.The removal of ozone oxidized products of carbohydrates and lignin was synergistically effective in combination with the aforementioned removal.