cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fair Online Scheduling for Selfish Jobs on Heterogeneous Machines

Scheduling jobs on multiple machines has numerous applications and has been a central topic of research in the scheduling literature. Recently, much progress has been made particularly in online scheduling with the development of powerful analysis tools. In this line of wok a centralized scheduler typically dispatches jobs to machines to exploit the given resources the best to achieve the best system performance which is measured by a certain global scheduling objective. While this approach has been very successful in attacking scheduling problems of growing complexity, the underlying assumption that jobs follow a centralized scheduler may not be realistic in certain scheduling settings. In this paper we initiate the study of online scheduling for selfish jobs in the presence of multiple machines. Selfish behavior of jobs is a common aspect observed in the absence of a centralized scheduler. We explore this question in the unrelated machines setting, arguably one of the most general multiple machine models. In this model each job can have a completely different processing time on each machine. Motivated by several practical scenarios, we assume that when a job arrives it chooses the machine that completes the job the earliest i.e. minimizes the flow time of the job. The goal is to design a local scheduling algorithm on each machine with the goal of minimizing the total (weighted) flow time. We show that the algorithm Smoothed Latest Arrival Processor Sharing, which was introduced in a recent work by Im et al. [27,28], yields an O(1 / e2)-competitive schedule when given (1 + e) speed. We also extend our result to minimize total flow-time plus energy consumed. To show this result we establish several interesting properties of the algorithm which could be of potential use for other scheduling problems.
The Blitz … Heroes, Saviors, Saints, and Sinners

“The Blitz … Heroes, Saviors, Saints, and Sinners,” considers the role of the community, the media, and capitalism generally in the rise and fall of Latino superstar players.
Adhesion properties of different rotor pole wires

A study was conducted to compare the effect on the turn-to-turn adhesion of double daglass plus heavy enamel square wire to that of single daglass plus heavy enamel square wire. Comparisons were made with two adhesives — a high strength Class H epoxy and a medium-strength Class F polyester. Test samples were made for shear, flexural and tensile strength. Only the shear data had any significance. A typical shear sample was a 2 wire by 3 wire rectangle 3 inches long of #5 square wire. The compressive force measured was that to push the center 2 wires out of the array at an elevated temperature of 180°C. A Lucas Tester at .200 in./min. was used. The elevated temperature is a simulation of the actual maximum operational regime of a wire-wound field coil. The samples were aged for 2499 hours at 220°C which is approximately equivalent to 30,000 hours at 180°C and 170,000 hours at 155°C. It was found that with polyester the sdg-he insulation was considerably stronger than ddg-he material. With epoxy the wire insulations showed rough equality while continuously gaining in strength. sdg-he insulation was adopted as the standard pole wire.
Abstract 1313: Characterization and isolation of antigen-responding T cells in Sipuleucel-T treated patients

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Sipuleucel-T is an FDA-approved autologous cellular therapy for men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate resistant prostate (mCRPC). Sipuleucel-T is manufactured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultured with PA2024, a fusion antigen composed of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) fused to granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We have demonstrated that following three infusions this therapy results in T cell antigen specific responses directed against both PA2024 and PAP in treated patients. In this study we utilized the cellular dye Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CSFE) and flow cytometric analysis to further characterize antigen responding T cells in Sipuleucel-T treated patients. We observed that CD4+ T cells predominate the antigen-responding T cell population following treatment, confirming our previous studies. Importantly, this approach has allowed us to also visualize a previously undetected population of antigen responding CD8+ T cells. The frequency of both of these populations is enhanced following treatment relative to baseline responses and the responding T cells display increased surface expression of the prototypical T cell activation markers CD134 and CD137 relative to non-proliferating T cells. Additionally, we are exploiting the increased surface expression of these activation markers on antigen-responding T cells to isolate these cells in an HLA and epitope-independent manner. Using this methodology we have demonstrated Sipuleucel-T is capable of inducing both CD4+ and CD8+ antigen-specific T cell responses in treated patients, and that we are capable of isolating these antigen-responding T cells specifically and with minimal manipulation. Citation Format: Jeff Pufnock, Tuyen Vu, James Trager, Nadeem Sheikh. Characterization and isolation of antigen-responding T cells in Sipuleucel-T treated patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1313. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1313
TEI and the Encoding of the Physical Structure of Books

The TEI Guidelines provide little detail on how to encode a text within the physical structures of the book in which it is contained. This paper describes the physical structures of an early printed book and presents two methods for encoding a text within that structure through use of the TEI elements and .
OBSTETRICIAN-GYNECOLOGISTS' OPINIONS ABOUT PATIENT SAFETY Costs and Liability Remain Problems; Are Mandated Reports a Solution?

Background To elucidate the patient safety practices of obstetrician-gynecologists (OB/GYNs), the perceived barriers to patient safety improvements in obstetrics and gynecology, and OB/GYN's beliefs about mandated reporting. Methods A sample of 600 OB/GYNs was sent a survey from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists about their beliefs and practice regarding patient safety. Results The response rate was 53.2%. More than 92% of respondents said that patient safety is important in women's health care. The most important barriers to improving patient safety were cost of new technologies and concern about liability. Half agreed that mandatory reporting would improve patient safety. Physicians who practice in states with mandated error reporting were no more or less likely to think that these mandates improve patient safety than physicians who do not work in states with mandates. Physicians who practice in states with “I'm Sorry” laws more strongly disagreed that mandates improve patient safety than physicians who do not work in states with “I'm Sorry” laws. Discussion and Conclusions It may be effective to aim at making patient safety activities more affordable to increase implementation. In addition, the effects of reporting and disclosure laws on physicians' concerns with liability should be examined more closely.
Addressing concerns about climate policies: the possibilities and perils of responsive accommodation

ABSTRACTResponsive accommodation is a political strategy that addresses concerns about a policy proposal by incorporating amendments that address those concerns. This approach can broaden the policy’s appeal, but is strategically risky, as it can alienate the policy’s base of support. We examine this strategy and its application in the politics of climate change. Using a novel survey experiment, relative public support is evaluated for two amendments to a carbon tax proposal – revenue neutrality assurances and a carbon tariff – designed to ease concerns about taxes and global competitiveness. Analysis shows that support for a carbon tax increases when coupled with a carbon tariff, but decreases among some of the policy’s supporters when described as revenue-neutral. These results suggest that policymakers using a responsive accommodation strategy must carefully weigh its possible risks and rewards in their particular context.
Stage IV melanoma of unknown primary: A population-based study in the United States from 1973 to 2014

Background Melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) is incompletely described on a population level. Objective We sought to characterize stage IV MUP in a population-based cancer registry. Methods We developed a novel search algorithm to identify cases of stage IV MUP in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 registries from 1973 to 2014. Cases of stage IV melanoma of known primary (MKP) served as a comparison group. Age-standardized incidence rates, demographic characteristics, adjusted disease-specific survival, and Cox proportional hazard models were calculated for MUP and MKP. Results A total of 322 stage IV MUP cases and 12,796 stage IV MKP cases were identified in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 registries from 1973 to 2014. The incidence of stage IV MUP is increasing, particularly for patients younger than 30 years of age. In multivariate analyses, age older than 50 and a lack of surgical treatment were negative prognostic factors for stage IV MUP. Relative survival, but not 5-year adjusted disease-specific survival, was higher for stage IV MUP than for MKP. Limitations Limitations include the retrospective study design and possible misclassification of MUP. Conclusions The incidence of stage IV MUP is increasing, and stage IV MUP shares similar prognostic factors with stage IV MKP, including age and surgical treatment.
77 Shades of black: the pragmatics of emotive color terms in Korean

In this study, we aim to propose the Pragmatics and Semantics of what we term the emotive color terms (ECTs) in Korean as a subcase of expressive elements, analyzed as Conventional Implicature (Potts in The logic of conventional implicature, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005 et seq.). In exploring extremely complex connotational nuances in 77 variants of ECTs, we show the regularity of how such abundant derivations can be achieved by systematic phonetic and morphological alternations. What is particularly noteworthy about Korean color terms, however, is the fact that many of the possible variants can convey the speaker’s positive or negative emotional attitude that is reflected in a particular derivation of the color term, in addition to the regular meaning of the color term concerning quality/quantity of the color (Kennedy and McNally in Synthese 174(1):79–98, 2010). To capture the precise meaning difference, we propose a hybrid analysis of ECTs at the interface of Pragmatics and Semantics, which allows us to successfully capture the subtle differences in numerous variants of the ECT. Furthermore, we show how the dynamic paradigm of multiple expressives, ECTs and others, can be predicted by the Compatibility Condition Model and the Compatibility Condition Index (Yoon in Spec Issue Slurs Lang Sci 52:46–69, 2015; Yae and Yoon in Lang Sci 64:69–102, 2017). The rigorous investigation of 77 possible variants for a single color like ‘black’ reveals the systematicity of expressives, as part of our grammar, while the identification of another case of expressive element in language further supports the notion of multidimensionality.
Evaluating the quality of middle school mathematics teachers, using videos rated by college students

Abstract Using experts in teaching to evaluate pre-college mathematics teachers is both time consuming and costly. This study examines the potential of letting undergraduate mathematics students perform this task, comparing their ratings of two dimensions, richness of instruction and mathematical correctness, to those previously assigned by an expert. Using 85 undergraduates of two U.S. institutions, who independently watched short videos of teachers, we found that student ratings of teachers’ correctness were a good match to the expert ratings; student ratings of richness of instruction, less so. A "halo effect" was observed in that students did not fully differentiate between richness and correctness in their ratings. Moreover, male students gave harsher ratings than did female students. Whereas undergraduates showed promise in accurately evaluating teachers of younger students, improvements in terms of rating items, attention to bias, and explicit training on the teaching dimensions to be rated should be addressed.
Race and Food: Agricultural Resistance in U.S. History

United States agricultural policies have systematically disadvantaged farmers of color throughout U.S. history and today. The Alternative Food Movement (AFM) is redesigning food systems to improve human and environmental health damaged by conventional industrial agriculture, but is simultaneously reproducing racial disparities. The Food Justice Movement (FJM) is fighting to hold the AFM accountable for building food systems that prioritize racial and social justice. However, contemporary conversations of food justice/sovereignty and race, as areas of study, are often missing the important discussions of the long and rich history of farmers of color who have used agriculture as a means of resistance to systemic racial oppression. This chapter uses White’s (Freedom farmers: Agricultural resistance and the Black Freedom Movement. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC, 2018) theoretical framework of Collective Agency and Community Resilience (CACR) to illuminate the resistance strategies of farmers of color in three key areas of racism in agriculture: (1) policies targeting U.S.-born Black farmers, (2) policies targeting immigrant Latinx farmers, and (3) AFM spaces and organizations. We argue that an understanding of race and agriculture, using the theoretical framework of CACR and its strategies of prefigurative politics, commons as praxis, and economic autonomy, provides a way to shift the discussion from one often seen through a lens of oppression to one that has the potential to move toward self-sufficiency, self-determination, and liberation.
Radar reflection characteristics of the moon

In recent years many sets of experimental data have been obtained on radar reflections from the moon. After analyzing the results, workers tried to determine the scattering properties of the moon at radar wavelengths, and they concluded that rough-scattering laws could be ascribed to the surface. The available evidence no longer appears to support this view.
Chemoreception and the Selection of Green Plants as Nest Fumigants by Starlings

Although once controversial, it is now well-established that many avian species use volatile chemical cues. This is the case even though birds lack a vomeronasal organ (Portmann, 1961). Chemoreception is not restricted to those species with anatomically well-developed olfactory and/or trigeminal systems. Songbirds and other birds (e.g., pigeons) with relatively undeveloped olfactory anatomy nonetheless use volatile cues for a variety of purposes, including feeding (Archer and Glen, 1969; Stager, 1967; Snyder and Peterson, 1979; Wenzel, 1968), homing (Benvenuti et al., 1973; Grubb, 1974; Papi et al., 1973; Wallraff, 1980), and, possibly, communication (Frings and Jumber, 1954). Because comprehensive reviews of these topics are available (e.g., Kare and Mason, 1985; Wenzel, 1973, 1980), we choose not to review them here. Instead, we will suggest that some birds may use chemical cues for a quite different purpose. We will present natural history, and behavioral, chemical, and electrophysiological data consistent with the hypothesis that birds that reuse nest sites use green plants as nest fumigants, and that they choose plants for incorporation into the nest on the basis of chemical cues. This use of green vegetation represents the first documented case of an air-breathing vertebrate using the chemical defenses of another organism for its own purposes.
The Evolving Context For Science And Society

The relationship between science and society is undergoing substantial change, some of it quite negative in character. Some tension arises from different ways of evaluating the relative risks and benefits of new findings and technologies. Other sources of tension have to do with the way some scientific findings are encroaching upon issues of core human values. One consequence is increased efforts by the public and policymakers to unduly influence both the course and conduct of science. The relationship can only be improved through engaging the public in a true dialogue about their concerns about scientific issues and what to do about them
Communication interventions to promote the public’s awareness of antibiotics: a systematic review

Inappropriate antibiotic use is implicated in antibiotic resistance and resultant morbidity and mortality. Overuse is particularly prevalent for outpatient respiratory infections, and perceived patient expectations likely contribute. Thus, various educational programs have been implemented to educate the public. We systematically identified public-directed interventions to promote antibiotic awareness in the United States. PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus were queried for articles published from January 1996 through January 2016. Two investigators independently assessed titles and abstracts of retrieved articles for subsequent full-text review. References of selected articles and three review articles were likewise screened for inclusion. Identified educational interventions were coded for target audience, content, distribution site, communication method, and major outcomes. Our search yielded 1,106 articles; 34 met inclusion criteria. Due to overlap in interventions studied, 29 distinct educational interventions were identified. Messages were primarily delivered in outpatient clinics (N = 24, 83%) and community sites (N = 12, 41%). The majority included clinician education. Antibiotic prescription rates were assessed for 22 interventions (76%). Patient knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) were assessed for 10 interventions (34%). Similar rates of success between antibiotic prescription rates and patient KAB were reported (73 and 70%, respectively). Patient interventions that did not include clinician education were successful to increase KAB but were not shown to decrease antibiotic prescribing. Three interventions targeted reductions in Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance; none were successful. Messaging programs varied in their designs, and many were multifaceted in their approach. These interventions can change patient perspectives regarding antibiotic use, though it is unclear if clinician education is also necessary to reduce antibiotic prescribing. Further investigations are needed to determine the relative influence of interventions focusing on patients and physicians and to determine whether these changes can influence rates of antibiotic resistance long-term.
Linear Approximation Line Pack Model for Integrated Electricity and Natural Gas Systems OPF

With the increasing installation of renewable energy electricity generation capacity, the penetration of natural gas fired generation is also substantailly increasing in power systems due to their fast response capability to mitigate system variability and uncertainty. The dependencies between the electricity system and the natural gas system are becoming more important to maintain the reliability of both systems. In integrated electricity and natural gas systems (IEGSs) operations, the nonlinearity of the natural gas system brings challenges to the system operators. In this paper, the IEGSs optimal power flow (OPF) model is proposed that includes the line pack of the gas system via linear approximation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model can obtain optimal solutions efficiently that are comparable in accuracy as the nonlinear line pack model.
Optical Analysis and Reappraisal of the Peripheral Light Focusing Theory of Nasal Pterygia Formation.

Purpose Pterygia are much more common nasally than temporally. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major risk factor. Coroneo proposed that the nasal preference is caused by the "peripheral light focusing effect," (PLF), in which UV at an oblique angle passes through temporal cornea and is concentrated on and damages nasal limbal stem cells. This study evaluates whether the PLF is sufficient to explain the nasal preference. Methods Whereas Coroneo and colleagues derived the maximum PLF intensity gain (UV concentration factor) as a function of incident angle (i.e., different nasal limbal positions were used for different incident angles) the current analysis derived intensity gain at a fixed position such at the nasal corneo-limbal junction (CLJ). This provided a measure of the total PLF irradiation at this position, which was compared to total direct irradiation of nasal and temporal limbus at the corresponding positions (e.g., CLJs). In Part 1, analysis was performed like that of Coroneo, using horizontally incident UV; in Part 2, the analysis was extended to include incident rays above and below the horizontal. Results In both part 1 and part 2 of the study, the limbal UV irradiation of the nasal limbus from the PLF was not sufficient to explain the strong nasal location preference of pterygia. Conclusions The analysis calls into question the PLF explanation of nasal location preference. Other explanations of the nasal preference, and of pterygium pathogenesis, should be considered, such as temporal to nasal tear flow carrying substances such as cytokines to the nasal limbus.
In vitro modeling of the neurovascular unit: advances in the field

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental component of the central nervous system. Its functional and structural integrity is vital in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. On the other hand, the BBB is also a major hindering obstacle for the delivery of effective therapies to treat disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Over time, various model systems have been established to simulate the complexities of the BBB. The development of realistic in vitro BBB models that accurately mimic the physiological characteristics of the brain microcapillaries in situ is of fundamental importance not only in CNS drug discovery but also in translational research. Successful modeling of the Neurovascular Unit (NVU) would provide an invaluable tool that would aid in dissecting out the pathological factors, mechanisms of action, and corresponding targets prodromal to the onset of CNS disorders. The field of BBB in vitro modeling has seen many fundamental changes in the last few years with the introduction of novel tools and methods to improve existing models and enable new ones. The development of CNS organoids, organ-on-chip, spheroids, 3D printed microfluidics, and other innovative technologies have the potential to advance the field of BBB and NVU modeling. Therefore, in this review, summarize the advances and progress in the design and application of functional in vitro BBB platforms with a focus on rapidly advancing technologies.
Multimorbidity, physical frailty, and self-rated health in older patients with atrial fibrillation

Holistic care models emphasize management of comorbid conditions to improve patient-reported outcomes in treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated relations between multimorbidity, physical frailty, and self-rated health (SRH) among older adults with AF. Patients (n = 1235) with AF aged 65 years and older were recruited from five medical centers in Massachusetts and Georgia between 2015 and 2018. Ten previously diagnosed cardiometabolic and 8 non-cardiometabolic conditions were assessed from medical records. Physical Frailty was assessed with the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty scale. SRH was categorized as either “excellent/very good”, “good”, and “fair/poor”. Separate multivariable ordinal logistic models were used to examine the associations between multimorbidity and SRH, physical frailty and SRH, and multimorbidity and physical frailty. Overall, 16% of participants rated their health as fair/poor and 14% were frail. Hypertension (90%), dyslipidemia (80%), and heart failure (37%) were the most prevalent cardiometabolic conditions. Arthritis (51%), anemia (31%), and cancer (30%), the most common non-cardiometabolic diseases. After multivariable adjustment, patients with higher multimorbidity were more likely to report poorer health status (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.15 [95% CI: 1.53–3.03], ≥ 8 vs 1–4; OR: 1.37 [95% CI: 1.02–1.83], 5–7 vs 1–4), as did those with more prevalent cardiometabolic and non-cardiometabolic conditions. Patients who were pre-frail (OR: 1.73 [95% CI: 1.30–2.30]) or frail (OR: 6.81 [95% CI: 4.34–10.68]) reported poorer health status. Higher multimorbidity was associated with worse frailty status. Multimorbidity and physical frailty were common and related to SRH. Our findings suggest that holistic management approaches may influence SRH among older patients with AF.
Resolving the Legal Problems of the Poor: A Focus on Mediation in Domestic Relations Cases

And the king said, Bring me a sword. And they brought a sword before the king. And the king said, Divide the living child in two, and give half to the one, and half to the other. Then spoke the woman whose the living child was unto the king, for her bowels yearned upon her son, and she said, 0 my lord, give her the living child, and in no wise slay it. But the other said, Let it be neither mine nor thine, but divide it. Then the king answered and said, Give her the living child, and in no wise slay it: she is the mother thereof. Kings 3:24-27 (King James).In the normal course of family law disputes and custody litigation, we do not encounter persons who are so self-sacrificing or conscientious, and thus most resort to the legal system to resolve issues of custody, property division, and domestic violence.
Measuring the Impacts of Teachers I: Evaluating Bias in Teacher Value-Added Estimates

Are teachersʼ impacts on studentsʼ test scores ("value-added") a good measure of their quality? One reason this question has sparked debate is disagreement about whether value-added (VA) measures provide unbiased estimates of teachersʼ causal impacts on student achievement. We test for bias in VA using previously unobserved parent characteristics and a quasi-experimental design based on changes in teaching staff. Using school district and tax records for more than one million children, we find that VA models which control for a studentʼs prior test scores exhibit little bias in forecasting teachersʼ impacts on student achievement.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Oscillation dynamics in active topological metamaterials

Recent years have witnessed significant interest in topological insulators (TIs), a new form of mater with low scattering states along their edges. This property can be useful for the design of passive or active devices, like defect-tolerant waveguides or lasers with robust extended lasing modes. In this talk we will discuss another interesting application of TIs, namely synchronization of oscillators. We will show that connecting oscillators along the edges of TIs allows their synchronization via the TI edge states with low sensitivity over the oscillator locations and perturbations of their parameters. We will present results for the nonlinear dynamics of such systems and outline potential applications in phased array antennas.
Hepatic Encephalopathy: The Present and the Future

Hepatic encephalopathy may be defined as an alteration in mental state accompanying and due to liver disease. Hepatic dysfunction may be of the chronic type (i.e. cirrhosis) with spontaneous or surgically-induced portal-systemic shunting of blood (portal-systemic encephalopathy, PSE), or caused by acute liver failure (viral or toxic). Encephalopathy, in the former disorder (PSE), is usually insidious in onset, precipitated by some specific insult (i.e. gastrointestinal hemorrhage, azotemia, hypokalemic alkalosis) and is often rapidly reversible with appropriate therapy. In this regard, PSE is unique since treatment is relatively effective despite lack of complete understanding of the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Some 75 percent of such patients respond to rather simple and innocuous therapy within 72 hours and, in fact, lack of improvement is cause to reevaluate the diagnosis.
Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum crosstalk in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Physical and functional interactions between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are crucial for cell life. These two organelles are intimately connected and collaborate to essential processes, such as calcium homeostasis and phospholipid biosynthesis. The connections between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum occur through structures named mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs), which contain lipid rafts and a large number of proteins, many of which serve multiple functions at different cellular sites. Growing evidence strongly suggests that alterations of ER-mitochondria interactions are involved in neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating and rapidly fatal motor neuron disease. Mutations in proteins that participate in ER-mitochondria interactions and MAM functions are increasingly being associated with genetic forms of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. This evidence strongly suggests that, rather than considering the two organelles separately, a better understanding of the disease process can derive from studying the alterations in their crosstalk. In this review we discuss normal and pathological ER-mitochondria interactions and the evidence that link them to ALS.
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter

This chapter discusses the mechanisms involved in Campylobacter resistance to various antibiotics, with particular emphasis on new information obtained during the last few years. One's understanding of the resistance mechanisms is limited to Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, and little information is available on antimicrobial resistance in other Campylobacter spp. Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobials are important in the treatment of enteric infections including campylobacteriosis. Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and telithromycin, are important drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract infections and gastric diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter in humans. To date, two mechanisms have been described for Campylobacter resistance to tetracyclines. The first mechanism involves a ribosomal protection protein termed Tet(O). The second mechanism of tetracycline resistance in Campylobacter involves the efflux system. Several studies reported that the majority of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates produce β-lactamases. The multidrug efflux pump CmeABC has been shown to contribute to both intrinsic and acquired resistance to tetracycline. The contribution of efflux pumps to antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter is increasingly recognized. Inhibition of the efflux systems may not only control antibiotic resistance but also prevent Campylobacter colonization in vivo. Future efforts should be directed for understanding the interplay of various mechanisms in conferring antimicrobial resistance and the molecular basis underlying the emergence and transmission of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter.
Evaluation of Sample Preservation Methods for Space Missions

This paper will present the research data using samples collected from the Mars 2001 orbiter, Odyssey, and all environmental samples collected from the cleanroom, during final assembly.
Bordet, Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent (1870–1961)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: Bordet, Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent (bovine pleuropneumonia mycoplasma); “substance sensibilisatrice”
Functionalization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes: An Assessment of Computational Methods

We summarize a theoretical study for modeling functionalization of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), specifically first principles density functional theory calculations, as compared to semi-empirical or simplified hierarchical methods. We focus on the assessment of the methods to be applied to obtain reliable results and gain a fundamental understanding of the diazotization and ozonolysis of SWCNTs. Computational challenges encountered are highlighted.
A photonic integrated circuit for full duplex spectrum monitoring in cognitive radio

We show preliminary results on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) designed to enable a cognitive radio (CR) to constantly monitor its environment even while transmitting. Cognitive radios were conceived to combat the inefficiencies and underutilization of the radio-frequency spectrum that were created by the allocation of static frequency bands to “licensed users”. Cognitive radios enable secondary users to recycle underutilized spectrum by temporarily accessing an unused band. However, these radios must constantly monitor the band to ensure that a licensed user does not come online during a transmission. Moreover, monitoring the band introduces overhead because a radio must stop transmitting to monitor the band; otherwise, their own strong transmitted signal would mask the weaker signals coming from distant nodes, a problem known as self-interference.
Whistleblower Protection for Missouri Nonprofit Organizations

Nonprofit organizations exist primarily to further the interests of individuals, businesses, and communities who believe and trust in the organization’s mission. At the heart of every nonprofit’s mission is governance: creating systems, structure, and solutions to guide expectations and decision-making that promotes and protects good citizenship in business. Whistleblower policies represent “good governance” for public employees who report illegal or fraudulent activity by an employer, government, or organization, with a set of duties defined by law for employees and employers. While most states have whistleblower laws and policies protecting government and/or private sector employees, Missouri whistleblower protection only extends to public employees. This article will critique the notion of whistleblower protection in general and for Missouri nonprofit organizations, discuss implications of a recent Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in Chavez-Lavagnino v. Motivation Education Training, Inc., and outline a governance conceptual framework for developing whistleblower protection policies in nonprofit organizations.
Transformations of an Auditory Temporal Code in the Medulla of a Sound-Producing Fish

The fish auditory system provides important insights into the evolution and mechanisms of vertebrate hearing. Fish have relatively simple auditory systems, without a cochlea for mechanical frequency analysis. However, as in all vertebrates, the primary auditory afferents of fish represent sounds as stimulus-entrained spike trains. Thus, fish provide important models for studying how temporal spiking patterns are used in higher level neural computations. In this paper we demonstrate that one of the fundamental transformations of information in the auditory system of a sound-producing fish, Pollimyrus, takes place in the auditory medulla. We discovered a class of neurons in which evoked spiking patterns were relatively independent of the stimulus fine structure and appeared to reflect intrinsic properties of the neurons. These neurons generated sustained responses but were poorly phase-locked to tones compared with the primary afferents. The interval histograms showed that spike timing was regular. However, in contrast to primary afferents, the mode of the interspike interval distribution was independent of the period of tonal stimuli. The tuning of the neurons was broad, with best sensitivity in the same spectral region where these animals concentrate energy in their communication sounds. The physiology of these neurons was similar to that of the chopper neurons known in the auditory brainstem of mammals. Our findings suggest that this medullary transformation, from phase-locked afferent input to chopper-like physiology, is basic to vertebrate auditory processing, even within lineages that have not evolved a cochlea.
Analysis of glacial earthquakes

In 2003, Ekstrom et al. reported on the detection of a new class of earthquakes that occur in glaciated regions, with the vast majority being in Greenland. The events have a characteristic radiation pattern and lack the high-frequency content typical of tectonic earthquakes. It was proposed that the events correspond to large and sudden sliding motion of glaciers. Here we present an analysis of all 184 such events detected in Greenland between 1993 and 2005. Fitting the teleseismic long-period surface waves to a landslide model of the source, we obtain improved locations, timing, force amplitudes, and force directions. After relocation, the events cluster into seven regions, all of which correspond to regions of very high ice flow and most of which are named outlet glaciers. These regions are Daugaard Jensen Glacier, Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier, Helheim Glacier, the southeast Greenland glaciers, the northwest Greenland glaciers, Rinks Isbrae, and Jakobshavn Isbrae. Event amplitudes range from 0.1 to 2.0 × 10^(14) kg m. Force directions are consistent with sliding in the direction of glacial flow over a period of about 50 s. Each region has a different temporal distribution of events. All glaciers are more productive in the summer, but have their peak activity in different months. Over the study period, Kangerdlugssuaq has had a constant number of events each year, whereas Jakobshavn had most events in 1998–1999, and the number of events in Helheim and the northwest Greenland glaciers has increased substantially between 1993 and 2005. The size distribution of events in Kangerdlugssuaq is peaked above the detection threshold, suggesting that glacial earthquakes have a characteristic size.
Splenic T cells from mice receiving intracameral antigen suppress in-vitro antigen-induced proliferation and interferon-gamma production by sensitized lymph node cells.

Purpose: To characterize the immunoregulatory mechanisms in vitro of spleen cells that are activated by intracameral injection of antigen (AC-spleen cells). Methods: AC-spleen cell regulation of in-vitro antigen-induced proliferation and interferon-? production by lymph node cells from TNP-BSA-immunized mice was quantified by co-culture of the lymph node cells with TNP-BSA and AC-spleen cells induced by intracameral TNP-BSA. Cytokine production was quantified by ELISA. Results: AC-spleen cells produced significantly more IL-4 and IL-10 than spleen cells from TNP-BSA-immunized mice or naive spleen cells; unlike spleen cells from immunized mice, AC-spleen cells did not produce IFN-?. AC-splenic CD4 + , CD8 + , CD4 - /CD8 - (DN) T cells differentially suppressed antigen-induced proliferation and IFN-? production by immunized lymph node cells by a mechanism dependent on IL-10 and antigen. Cultures of lymph node cells, antigen, and AC-splenic T cells contained increased amounts of IL-10 and/or TGFs2. Conclusio...
Correlates of, and Barriers to, Internet Use Among Older Adults

Older adults constitute the group with the greatest increase in Internet usage in the past decade; however, usage varies greatly within this population. Services to older adults require a current understanding of Internet-use trends. This study utilized a quantitative survey method to examine correlates of, and barriers to, current Internet use in a demographically diverse county in Southern California. Findings indicate that the presence of a computer at home, a job requiring computer use, age, education, and ethnicity are important factors in predicting Internet use in older adults. Implications for social work practice with older adults is discussed.
Hydroperiods of created and natural vernal pools in central Ohio: A comparison of depth and duration of inundation

Water levels were recorded weekly from six natural vernal pools and 10 created vernal pools at two forested wetland complexes in central Ohio. Vernal pool median water depth and duration of inundation were significantly greater at the created vernal pools than at the natural vernal pools (α = 0.05, P < 0.05). The average period of inundation for created pools was 309 ± 32 days, compared with 250 ± 16 days for natural pools. The created pools produced a range of inundation times, from 163 to 365 days in length, with three pools permanently inundated.
Color, mental location, and the visual field

Color subjectivism is the view that color properties are mental properties of ourvisual sensations, perhaps identical with properties of neural states, and that nothingexcept visual sensations and other mental states exhibits color properties. Color phys-icalism, by contrast, holds that colors are exclusively properties of visible physicalobjects and processes.C. L. Hardin (1990, 1993) and others have argued that the phenomenon of metam-erism demonstrates that color physicalism is mistaken. Peter W. Ross (2001) rejectsthese arguments, since they rely on the corresponding category constraint, which heurges is unfounded. He also sees that constraint as turning on a philosophical, ratherthan a scientiﬁc, issue. Ross goes on to argue that color subjectivism is indefensible,since no version of it provides an acceptable theory of perception. Since Ross holds,with Hardin, that the only alternatives are color physicalism and color subjectivism,Ross concludes that we must instead adopt some version of color physicalism. Heurges that a version he calls disjunctive physicalism is defensible.I agree with the spirit of Ross’s rejection of arguments against color physicalismbased on metamerism, though I urge a different way of casting the issues. I do thisin Section 1. In Section 2, I raise some questions about one of Ross’s argumentsagainst color subjectivism. And in Section 3, I conclude by arguing that his rejectionof color subjectivism does not give us reason to endorse color physicalism. The rea-son is that there is a third view, on which there are two distinct types of propertywe classify as color properties, one mental and the other physical. On this double-property theory, we must distinguish between the physical color properties that char-acterize visible physical objects and processes and the mental color qualities thatcharacterize visual sensations. Since we count both types of property as color proper-ties, neither color physicalism nor color subjectivism is defensible.1. Metamerism and Color PhysicalismMetamers are objects with distinct spectral reﬂectance properties which nonethe-less look to us to have exactly the same color. This happens because the color an
Castration-resistant prostate cancer: Adaptive responses in the androgen axis

The androgen signaling axis in prostate cancer is associated with multiple adaptive mechanisms in response to castration. Herein we review these adaptations with an emphasis on recent molecular insights into the growth and development of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Alterations include both conventional and novel intracrine androgen synthesis pathways and androgen transport as well as androgen receptor (AR) overexpression, mutation, and splice variation. Each of these underlying mechanisms are potentially linked to post-castration growth, especially after treatment with newer hormonal agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide. Post-translational AR modifications are well documented and these can affect receptor activity, stability, localization, and interaction with other proteins. Changes in recruitment of androgen receptor associated co-activators/repressors and a distinct AR-induced transcriptional program can dramatically alter proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in a ligand and context-dependent manner. Numerous previously uncharacterized non-coding RNAs, some of which are androgen regulated, may also have important biological function in this disease. Taken together, the view of CRPC has changed dramatically in the last several years. This has occurred not only within the setting of multiple treatment paradigm changes, but also as a multiplicity of potential molecular mechanisms underlying this disease state have been explored and discovered.
Adolescent Perceptions of School Safety for Students with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Parents

ABSTRACT A growing body of research indicates that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students are often unsafe at school. Little research has examined school safety for students with LGBT parents. We examined adolescents' perceptions of school safety for students with LGBT parents using data from a survey of 2,302 California sixth through twelfth grade students. We examined the influence of adolescents' personal characteristics and school environments on perceptions of school safety for students with LGBT parents. Compared to heterosexual students, adolescents who identified as LGBT were less likely to perceive their schools as safe for students with LGBT parents. Students who received education on LGBT issues knew where to get information about LGBT issues and had teachers that step in to prevent harassment were more likely to say that their schools were safe for students with LGBT parents. Implications for educational policy and practice are discussed.
Ophthalmic disease in exotic species.

Diseases of the eye are similar regardless of whether they occur in humans or domestic or exotic animal species; however, there are unique conditions in exotic species that reflect differences in anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology compared with domestic species. Whether the animal is encountered in the wild or in captivity, in a zoological collection or a pet environment may influence the types of ocular disease encountered and the veterinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment. This article highlights factors that must be kept in mind when dealing with species other than cats, dogs, and horses. Several reviews have covered different groups, and the reader is referred to these and other articles in this issue for more details on specific conditions or groups of animals [1–5]. Environment of the animal Exotic species with ocular disease in the wild present a significant challenge, which may preclude any attempts at diagnosis or therapy. Ocular developmental abnormalities can be caused by teratogen exposure. Infectious diseases can occur in epizootics (eg, Chlamydophila psittaci infection in koalas in Australia [see article by Stanley elsewhere in this issue] and outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis [resembling infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis] in reindeer and other hoofstock in wild populations in Europe) [6]. Environmental change (eg, caused by human influence) can precipitate certain ophthalmic conditions. The spread of fire ants into Texas was accompanied by a marked increase in the number of deer fawns with corneal ulceration and blepharitis from fire-ant bites [7]. In most wild populations of animals, it is not practical, and, aside from endangered species, not desirable to intervene. For effective diagnosis and treatment, the animal often