cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immobilized cells : a review of recent literature

Abstract Advanced biocatalytic systems using immobilized cells have potential utility in various bioprocessing schemes and for biomedical and analytical purposes. Important advances continue to be made in the techniques of immobilization, the characterization of the resulting biocatalyst and potential applications. This review examines the recent literature in the area of cellular immobilization; it covers applications ranging from wastewater treatment to the production of therapeutics. New immobilization materials, several different bioreactor concepts and the properties of many specific systems are discussed. Anticipated future research trends are also outlined.
A note on the hydrodynamics of a tail tube buoy

Abstract This note presents some analytical results for a tail–tube buoy configuration frequently used in wave energy conversion. The overall approach is based on Falnes and McIver's (Falnes, J., McIver, P., 1985. Surface wave interactions with systems of oscillating bodies and pressure distributions. Applied Ocean Research 7 (4), 225–234) extension to floating oscillating water columns of Evans' (Evans, D.V., 1982. Wave power absorbtion by systems of oscillating surface pressure distributions. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 114, 481–499) theory of oscillating pressure distributions. The diffraction air-flow flux through the tube and the diffraction wave force on the flotation collar are obtained using the formulation of Garrett (1970, 1971) (Garrett, C.J.R., 1970. Bottomless harbours. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 43 (3), 433–449. Garrett, C.J.R., 1971. Wave forces on a circular dock. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 46 (1), 129–139). Results can be used in sizing the tube and collar for efficient energy conversion.
PARTICLE RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTIONS IN A MODEL HORIZONTAL SCRAPED SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGER

Residence times and their distribution characteristics of potato cubes with aqueous solutions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), simulating non-Newtonian fluid foods, in a horizontal scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE) were investigated. Minimum and maximum normalized particle residence times (NPRTs) and standard deviations of mean values were not significantly affected by the particle concentration while mean NPRTs of up to 10% particle concentration were signficantly lower than those of 20–40% particle concentrations (P < 0.05). Mean NPRTs were significantly influenced by process parameters including concentration of carrier, viz., viscosity, mutator speed and particle size (P< 0.001) as well as 2-way interactions among flow rate, mutator speed and particle size (P < 0.05 or 0.001). Furthermore, most of the individual particle residence time distributions in a horizontal SSHE flow could be described by either normal or gamma distribution models.
Multimodality Imaging of an Unusual Case of an Obstructive Intracaval Mass by an Aberrant Liver

A 40-year-old woman presented with recurrent chest pain. Past medical history was positive for schizoaffective disorder, polysubstance abuse, and gestational diabetes mellitus. The physical examination was unremarkable. Results of an ECG and a test for cardiac enzymes, including troponins, were negative. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a well-circumscribed, smooth, homogeneous mass measuring up to 1.5 cm in the distal inferior vena cava (IVC) that was protruding into the right atrium (Figure 1A). Transesophageal echocardiography confirmed the mass and showed it to be arising from the distal IVC near the right hepatic vein entry (Figure 1B). Figure 1. A , Parasternal right ventricular inflow view of a transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrates a homogeneous echogenic mass that is extending into the right atrium from the inferior vena cava. B , Transgastric inferior vena cava long-axis view with transesophageal echocardiography demonstrates the mass (white arrow) prolapsing into the right atrium from the inferior vena cava. Note that the mass is contiguous with the liver tissue, and its echogenicity is identical to that of the liver. Magnetic resonance imaging showed …
Characterization of iron deficiency and the dietary iron requirement of fingerling channel catfish

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the minimum dietary iron (Fe) requirement of fingerling channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ). Purified egg white diets containing supplemental iron (as FeSO 4 · 7 H 2 O) levels ranging from 0 to 50 mg/kg were fed to catfish in aquaria for 10 weeks. Catfish fed the basal diet which contained 9.6 mg Fe/kg diet exhibited suppressed growth and feed efficiency, as well as reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma iron, transferrin saturation and erythrocyte count values. Normal growth and feed efficiency were observed for catfish fed 10 mg or more of supplemental iron/kg; however, 20 mg supplemental iron/kg was required to maintain optimum hematological values. Based on these data, the dietary iron requirement of fingerling channel catfish was determined to be not more than 30 mg Fe/kg diet.
Marine geochemistry of cadmium

Abstract A detailed study of particulate and dissolved cadmium distributions on 83 seawater samples from six profiles in the open North Atlantic Ocean showed a relatively homogenous distribution. The mean concentration of cadmium was 60 ± 27 ng/kg and the median concentration of particulate cadmium was 0.2 ng/kg. Although there are regional differences in dissolved cadmium concentrations among stations, it is suggested that cadmium behaves essentially as an inert element in sea water. Particulate cadmium is enriched by about a factor of four in samples from less than 400 m compared to samples from deeper than 1000 m. The high concentrations in surface waters are suggested to be due to aeolian transport of anthropogenically derived cadmium. Additional analyses of cadmium in the Gulf of Maine show a mean value of 230 ng/kg. The higher values in the Gulf of Maine are ascribed to the influence of continental runoff. Twelve sediment samples from the open North Atlantic show a relatively homogenous distribution, ranging from 0.13 to 0.21 ppm on a dry-weight basis.
AP‐3: an adaptor‐like protein complex with ubiquitous expression

We have identified two closely related human proteins (sigma3A and sigma3B) that are homologous to the small chains, sigma1 and sigma2, of clathrin-associated adaptor complexes. Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrate that the products of both the sigma3A and sigma3B genes are expressed in a wide variety of tissues and cell lines. sigma3A and sigma3B are components of a large complex, named AP-3, that also contains proteins of apparent molecular masses of 47, 140 and 160 kDa. In non-neuronal cells, the 47 kDa protein most likely corresponds to the medium chain homolog p47A, and the 140 kDa protein is a homolog of the neuron-specific protein beta-NAP. Like other members of the medium-chain family, the p47A chain is capable of interacting with the tyrosine-based sorting signal YQRL from TGN38. Immunofluorescence microscopy analyses show that the sigma3-containing complex is present both in the area of the TGN and in peripheral structures, some of which contain the transferrin receptor. These results suggest that the sigma3 chains are components of a novel, ubiquitous adaptor-like complex involved in the recognition of tyrosine-based sorting signals.
Cellular imunity in neoplasia: Antigen and mitogen responses in patients with bronchiogenic carcinoma

Cellular immune responses of patients with histologically confirmed lung carcinoma were assessed in vivo using cutaneous response and in vitro with a microlymphocyte blastogenic transformation (LBT) assay. In addition, correlation of the cutaneous response with the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) assay and LBT response was examined. The results indicated that cutaneous responses seen in patients with cancer of the lung were consistently lower than similar responses in normal controls (p < 0.001). Similarily, the percentage of positive cutaneous responses seen with patients included in this study was lower than the frequencies reported by others. Stimulation of cells from lung cancer patients by PHA-M was also depressed when compared to similar lymphocytic responses in normal volunteers (p < 0.001). The correlation between cutaneous response to tuberculin and the in vitro assays was high. The few instances of disparity demonstrate the need to utilize more than one assay in evaluating cellular immune functions. These data would support the work of ther that indicate a depression of cellular immunity in advanced malignancy.
Cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the sympathetic ganglion

1. The synaptic processes controlling cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the rat superior cervical ganglion were examined through electrical stimulation of preganglionic and postganglionic nerves. 2. Both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were measured in each ganglion. Cyclic AMP was increased twofold by preganglionic but not postganglionic stimulation for 30 sec. 3. Carbachol also increased cyclic AMP twofold. These elevations were calcium dependent and atropine sensitive, consistent with a reliance on muscarinic transmission. However, atropine did not inhibit the elevation of cyclic AMP following preganglionic stimulation for 60 sec. 4. A much larger increase in cyclic AMP could be induced by stimulation ofβ-adrenergic receptors, but this mechanism did not appear to be invoked by nervous activity. 5. Cyclic GMP levels were increased sixfold by preganglionic stimulation, twofold by postganglionic stimulation, and twofold by carbachol. All of these effects on cyclic GMP levels were calcium sensitive. 6. Atropine didnot inhibit the effect of 30-sec preganglionic stimulation on cyclic GMP. However, atropine blocked the cyclic GMP increases induced by carbachol or by postganglionic stimulation and partially inhibited the increase following 60-sec preganglionic stimulation. Thus, synaptic activity alters the levels of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in the rat ganglion, but more than one process is involved and these processes appear to be considerably different.
Hydrogen bonding and the liquid‐to‐glass transition in propan‐1‐ and ‐2‐ol at high pressures

The pressure dependence of the vibrational modes of propan-1- and -2-ol was measured by Raman spectroscopy up to 8 GPa at 300 K. Changes in the observed vibrational spectra indicate that the samples undergo a liquid-to-glass transition at about 4.5 GPa for propan-2-ol and about 5.5 GPa for propan-1-ol. The frequency of the O-H stretching mode (a probe of the degree of hydrogen bonding) was found to decrease as a rate of ca −28 cm −1 GPa −1 for both propan-1- and -2-ol
Current Management of Hemobilia

Hemobilia is an uncommon source of significant gastrointestinal bleeding resulting from a communication between the vascular and biliary systems. Iatrogenic injury to the liver and the biliary system from percutaneous transhepatic techniques is currently the leading cause of hemobilia. Trauma, operative injury, malignancy, and inflammatory diseases of the hepatobiliary system are other rare, but important, etiologies for clinically significant hemobilia. While diagnostic CT angiography can be used in clinically stable patients, interventional angiography and transcatheter percutaneous endovascular techniques are the standard for diagnosis and treatment of hemobilia. Operative intervention is not required for management in the vast majority of the patients. Appropriate biliary drainage must be ensured after bleeding is addressed.
Properties of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant lines of higher plant cells in liquid culture.

5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)-resistant cells were obtained from N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG)-treated soybean protoplasts and cultured in liquid nutrient medium containing BUdR (20 μg/ml)and uridine (100 μg/ml). Addition of uridine to the medium improved growth of the BUdR-resistant cells.
Adenocystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree.

Adenocystic carcinoma (cylindroma) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree are relatively rare. Three additional cases are described. The malignancy, particularly of the former, is emphasized. One of the patients presented with a “normal” chest x-ray picture. Bronchoscopy is usually required for diagnosis and resection in the treatment of choice.
Electrostatic side chain complementarity in collagen fibrils

Studies of the interaction of calcium ions with reconstituted collagen fibrils at neutral pH indicate the presence per molecule of about: one calcium binding site with an association constant comparable to that of a tricarboxylic acid, 58 sites with an association constant comparable to that of mono- or dicarboxylic acids and 163 acidic residues in the form of PCOO±H3NP linkages, 119 of which are intermolecular. Comparable respective values for the state of the acidic residues were obtained from an examination of models of collagen fibrils comprised of α1I chains.
The Topological Changes of Solar Coronal Magnetic Fields. I. Spontaneous Current Sheets in Three-Dimensional Fields

We present mathematical models to demonstrate the inevitability of current-sheet formation in a cylindrical magnetic field governed by the ideal hydromagnetic induction equation, as described by the Parker theory. This process, central to the heating of the solar corona, is radically different in fully three-dimensional fields as compared with two-dimensional fields. Magnetic neutral points or separatrix flux surfaces are necessary for sheet formation in two-dimensional fields. In fully three-dimensional fields, current sheets form readily even in the complete absence of neutral points and separatrix surfaces, and these sheets can form densely throughout the field in response to changes in the magnetic volume. This general result is established for cylindrical fields that are topologically untwisted, including the first direct demonstration of sheet formation in the absence of any magnetic neutral point. We discuss simple implications of this basic result for solar flares and coronal heating. In subsequent papers, we apply our result to coronal mass ejections and solar flares.
“Palme” de Paul Valéry et le Cantique de Racine “Sur les vaines occupations des gens du siècle”

(1972). “Palme” de Paul Valery et le Cantique de Racine “Sur les vaines occupations des gens du siecle”. Kentucky Romance Quarterly: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 83-97.
Stability of Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells Under Combined Loading

N THE design of modern missiles and space vehicles, in­ creasing use is made of the newer materials, such as rein­ forced plastics, whisker materials and fiber reinforced metals. Materials of this sort are elastically orthotropic; that is, they have three mutually perpendicular planes of elastic symmetry. This means that the material composing the wall of a shell has a modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio different in the axial than in the circumferential direction, and a shear modulus which is completely independent of these. The critical item in the design of structures utilizing these materials may be stability, depending on the strength, duc­ tility and stiffness of the material. If such is the case, a method of predicting the buckling load is required. One possibility is to use an isotropic analysis such as given in (l), 2 assuming some average material properties. However, this approach could lead to results that would be unduly conserva­ tive in some cases, and disastrously nonconservative in other cases. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to present a method of determining the buckling loads on shells composed of an orthotropic material. In this report the small deflection differential equations describing the action of an orthotropic cylindrical shell under arbitrary loading are derived. These equations are then transformed into the large deflection equations effectively, describing the stability of the shell under the action of ex­ ternal pressure and axial compression (2). The solution of the latter equations yields an expression for the critical loads in terms of shell geometry, material properties and buckling modes. There is an infinite number of possible buckling modes but the only one of practical interest is the one cor­ responding to minimum load. A family of curves is plotted giving the critical axial load and critical external pressure for an orthotropic cylinder. For a conical shell of small vertex angle, the equivalent cylinder method developed by Bijlaard (7) and discussed in (1) is recommended.
Geniculocalcarine hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging associated with visual hallucinations in the elderly

Abstract Magnetic resonance scans of five geriatic patients presenting with formed visual hallucinations in the absence of other psychopathology were compared with those of 12 healthy elderly subjects for the presence and extent of subcortical and periventricular signal hyperintensity. While the number of discrete brain lesions did not differ between groups, scans from the patient group contained a higher incidence (100% vs. 50%) and greater mean size (11.1 vs. 2.9 mm) of periventricular signal hyperintensity in the posterior region. Peripheral visual acuity was impaired in all of the patients, but cerebrovascular risk factors were not elevated in this group. The authors suggest that structural abnormalities in the area of the primary visual pathway may predispose some older individuals, particularly those with poor peripheral visual acuity, to develop the symptom of visual hallucination.
A method for a fully automatic definition of coronary arterial edges from cineangiograms

The authors describe a novel algorithm, known as sequential edge linking (SEL), for the automatic definition of coronary arterial edges in cineangiograms. This algorithm is based on sequential tree searching of possible coronary artery boundary locations. Using a coronary artery phantom, the authors compared the results obtained using SEL with hand-traced boundaries. Using a magnification of 2*, the results are generally good, with the average error being 1.7% of the diameter. Actual coronary artery images were also processed and a similar comparison indicated that total areas were comparable but the hand-drawn stenoses were, on average, 7% greater than the unobstructed diameter. Based on these data it is concluded that the SEL algorithm is an accurate method for fully automatic definition of coronary artery dimensions. >
Accurate Finite Difference Methods for Time-Harmonic Wave Propagation

Finite difference methods for solving problems of time-harmonic acoustics are developed and analyzed. Multi-dimensional inhomogeneous problems with variable, possibly discontinuous, coefficients are considered, accounting for the effects of employing non-uniform grids. A weighted-average representation is less sensitive to transition in wave resolution (due to variable wave numbers or non-uniform grids) than the standard pointwise representation. Further enhancement in method performance is obtained by basing the stencils on generalizations of Pade approximation, or generalized definitions of the derivative, reducing spurious dispersion, anisotropy, and reflection, and by improving the representation of source terms. The resulting schemes have fourth order accurate local truncation error on uniform grids and third order in the non-uniform case. Guidelines for discretization pertaining to grid orientation and resolution are presented.
3D Imaging of breast cancer using a hybrid Nearfield Radar Imaging/Digital Breast Tomosynthesis reconstruction technique

This paper extends previous work on a hybrid Digital-Breast-Tomosynthesis (DBT) and microwave Nearfield Radar Imaging (NRI) technique for detecting breast cancer to three dimensions. By using the DBT image to generate a background distribution of the tissues within the breast, the NRI algorithm is able to effectively image cancerous tumors within the breast.
Surface ozone depletion in Arctic spring sustained by bromine reactions on aerosols

NEAR-TOTAL depletion of the ozone in surface air is often observed in the Arctic spring, coincident with high atmospheric concentrations of inorganic bromine1–5. Barrie et al.1 suggested that the ozone depletion was due to a catalytic cycle involving the radicals Br and BrO (ref. 6); however, these species are rapidly converted to the nonradical species HBr, HOBr and BrNO3, quenching ozone loss. McConnell et al.7 proposed that cycling of inorganic bromine between aerosols and the gas phase could maintain sufficiently high levels of Br and BrO to destroy ozone, but they did not specify a mechanism for aerosol-phase production of active bromine species. Here we propose such a mechanism, based on known aqueous-phase chemistry, which rapidly converts HBr, HOBr and BrNO3 back to Br and BrO radicals. This mechanism should be particularly efficient in the presence of the high concentrations of sulphuric acid aerosols observed during ozone depletion events3.
Osteopontin deficiency protects mice from Dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis.

Background: Osteopontin (OPN), a secreted glycoprotein that promotes T H 1 immune responses, is involved in several inflammatory conditions. Recently, OPN plasma levels have been demonstrated to be elevated in patients with Crohn's disease. From this evidence, we investigated in the present study whether OPN deficiency protects mice against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Materials and Methods: Colitis was induced in OPN -/- mice and matched wild-type Black Swiss control mice by adding 3.5% DSS to their drinking water. Disease progression was evaluated for 10 days by measuring body weight, stool consistency, rectal bleeding, colon lengths, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Levels of the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A, OPN, the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured in the serum and, in the case of IL-10 and IL-12, in supernatants from colonic explants at the end of treatment. Results: After DSS treatment, OPN -/- mice exhibited significantly decreased disease activity compared with wild-type mice, as evidenced by reduced rectal bleeding, weight loss, and histological intestinal injury (P < 0.002). Furthermore, serum levels of serum amyloid A and IL-6 increased to a lesser extent (P < 0.001), which also was the case for the release of IL-12 by colonic explants (P < 0.01). The release of IL-10 by colonic explants, however, was increased (P < 0.01). Serum levels of IL-10 and IL-12 were not affected by DSS treatment in both wild-type and OPN -/- mice. Macrophage infiltration into inflamed colonic tissue also was markedly attenuated in DSS-treated OPN -/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Conclusions: This study shows that OPN deficiency significantly protected mice from colitis by attenuating the T H 1 response and macrophage chemotaxis. OPN may represent a novel attractive target for pharmacological treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
High-speed grating-generated electronic coherence microscopy of biological tissue without moving parts

A novel method of high speed grating-generated electronic coherence microscopy is applied to produce depth-lateral images of biological tissue without axial-lateral scanning. Axial-lateral scan is automatically performed by the stationary reflection diffraction grating installed in the Littrow configuration at the reference beam and a cylindrical lens installed in the sample beam. Using several 2D CCD array complex digital imags containing amplitude and phase values the depth-lateral reflections of biological tissue are reconstructed with a simple algorithm. The depth scan of 1.5 mm and the transversal coordinate image about 1.2 mm of the chicken tissue with a depth resolution of 17 micrometers , and a dynamic range about 70 dB are achieved. Final depth-lateral images are similar to OCT images and produced without any moving parts.
Comment on Carl Abbott's “The Portland region: Where city and suburbs talk to each other—and often agree”

Abstract The Portland, OR, area's urban growth boundary is an idea whose benefits to the region may depend on a willingness to expand the boundary occasionally. The parable contained in this comment suggests that the declared unwillingness to expand the urban growth boundary could have contributed to Portland's recent sudden increase in housing prices. It further suggests that an inflexible attitude toward the boundary could cause long‐run losses in employment in the Portland region, with few if any offsetting environmental benefits. Other regions should be aware of the potential drawbacks of installing such a boundary.
Vertical distribution of diapausing Calanus pacificus (Copepoda) and implications for transport in the California undercurrent

Abstract Migration to deep water during diapause may contribute to the retention of several dominant oceanic calanoid copepod populations in eastern boundary current systems, where the mean flow of poleward undercurrents is in opposition to mean equatorward surface flow. The vertical distributions of Calanus pacificus late copepodid stages were measured at a 1200-m deep, open-ocean station in the Southern California Bight on 13 dates between April 2000 and March 2001 using a MOCNESS (multiple opening and closing net and environmental sensing system). Copepod vertical distribution was compared to the vertical position of the California Undercurrent. Diapausing C. pacificus were primarily found between 300 and 400 m at the beginning of the diapause season, in June and July, and between 250 and 350 at the end of the diapause season, in November and January. Depth distributions were broader from August to October, ranging from about 350 m to the maximum depth sampled, 1100 m, and the median depth of diapausing C. pacificus was deeper, up to 800–900 m, during this period. Maximal depths of diapausing C. pacificus , 1100–1000 m, were greater than have previously been reported. The mean depth of the California Undercurrent was 250 m, and its approximate depth range was 110–430 m. Diapausing C. pacificus CV were abundant in the California Undercurrent at the beginning and end of the diapause season, in June to July and late-November to January, suggesting that poleward transport of diapausing copepods in the California Undercurrent contributes to C. pacificus population retention in the California Current System.
The Red Mask of Sanity Paul Robeson, HUAC, and the Sound of Cold War Performance

In 1949, after Paul Robeson—athlete, actor, singer, and anti-racist Leftist—stated that it would be "unthinkable" for blacks to fight a war against the Soviet Union, he was threatened by mobs, deprived of his US passport, denied work, hounded by the FBI, and made to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee.
The Gender Lacuna in Comparative Politics

What accounts for the glaring inattention to work on gender within mainstream political science? Part of the problem lies in the substance of scholarship itself. The concepts, central questions, and key variables that predominate in the mainstream literature on comparative democratization and in the literature on gender and democratization have contributed to the gulf between them. But a more fundamental explanation lies in the starting assumptions of scholars in the two camps. Mainstream scholars rarely question whether gender is relevant to politics, and gender scholars rarely question whether gender isn't relevant to politics. I illustrate some ways in which gender could be incorporated into mainstream work, and discuss how gender research could be made more broadly comparative.
Probing the Effects of Individual Components in Multiple Component Prevention Programs

Assessing the contributions of individual components in multi-component interventions poses complex challenges for prevention researchers. We review the strengths and weaknesses of designs and analyses that may be useful in answering three questions: (1) Is each of the individual components contributing to the outcome? (2) Is the program optimal? and (3), Through what processes are the components of the program achieving their effects? Factorial and fractional factorial designs in which a systematically selected portion of all possible treatment combinations is implemented are used to address question 1. Response surface designs in which each component is quantitatively scaled are explored in relation to question 2. Mediational analysis, a hybrid of experimental and correlational approaches, is considered in relation to question 3. Design enhancements are offered that may further strengthen some of these techniques. These techniques offer promise of enhancing both the basic science and applied science contributions of prevention research.
Compact short-wavelength free-electron laser.

A new nonclassical model is proposed for the radiation from electrons skimming over and colliding at grazing incidence with a conducting diffraction grating. Radiation originating from induced surface currents and bremsstrahlung is amplified as it passes through spatially modulated wave functions above the grating. The predicted magnitude and dependence on electron beam thickness agree with experiments at visible wavelengths and suggest the possibility of a compact x-ray laser.
The New Generation of Risk Management for Hedge Funds and Private Equity Investments

In this section, the recently published book, The New Generation of Risk Management for Hedge Funds and Private Equity Investments is reviewed.
Water adsorption on hydrogen-passivated silicon nanowires from density functional theory with dispersion correction

Density functional theory with semiempirical dispersion correction has been applied to investigate water monomer adsorption onto the surface of hydrogen-passivated silicon nanowires (h-SiNWs) of different shapes and growth orientations. We find that water adsorption is in the weak physisorption limit, leading to a hydrophobic surface. The adsorption site and orientation are determined by electrostatic interactions involving both the surface and interior atoms of the h-SiNWs and are not affected qualitatively by including the dispersion correction. The barrier for water diffusing on the surface of h-SiNWs depends sensitively on the nanowire facet and growth orientation. The barrier for water rotation is small, which may facilitate water cluster formation on the h-SiNWs.
Differential expression of cytochrome P-450 1 and related forms in rabbit liver and kidney.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies developed to cytochrome P -450 1, some of which react with proteins in addition to P -450 1, were used to investigate the differential expression of P -450 1 dependent 21-hydroxylase activity in renal tissue of rabbits exhibiting differences in hepatic 21-hydroxylase activity. Using immunohistochemical techniques, the monoclonal antibodies, 2F5 and 3C3, localized protein in the S 2 and S 3 segments of the proximal tubule in the renal cortex. These two monoclonal antibodies, 2F5 and 3C3, reacted with a kidney protein that migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a relative electrophoretic mobility that did not correspond to known rabbit hepatic isozymes and was termed P -450 K. Antibodies specific for P -450 1 and 3b, 1F11 and 8–27, respectively, produced no staining in kidney. The protein recognized by the 2F5 and 3C3 antibodies is immunologically distinct from cytochrome P -450s 1, 2, and 3b. The rate of 21-hydroxylation of progesterone was shown to be approximately 100-fold less in kidney than liver microsomes where this pathway is largely catalyzed by P -450 1. The activity of the kidney microsomes was not inhibited by antibodies directed to P -450 1. In addition, the variation observed for the 21-hydroxylase activity in the hepatic microsomal fraction of outbred New Zealand white rabbits was not evident in kidney microsomes from these same animals. The 2F5 antibody was found, however, to be inhibitory (about 50%) of the 11-hydroxylation of lauric acid in kidney microsomes. This suggests that P -450 K participates in lauric acid 11-hydroxylase activity. The treatment of rabbits with phenobarbital, but not 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin, was found to induce the levels of P -450 K.
An evidence-based pilot study exploring relationships between psychologic and physiologic factors in post-lung-transplant adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

After using an evidence-based approach to address clinical practice questions, a pilot study was designed to explore the relationships among anxiety and depression self-report data, cyclosporine (CSA) trough values, and biopsy rejection grades within a posttransplant sample of adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Thirteen study participants completed the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and had CSA trough levels and biopsy data collected. There was a statistically significant correlation between depression and inflammatory rejection levels. Adolescents with benign rejection scores had lower depression scores than adolescents with higher levels of rejection scores. The data also showed a statistically significant inverse correlation between CSA trough levels and inflammatory rejection levels. Posttransplant success depends on compliance with a strict, antirejection regimen. Adolescence is a turbulent time when many stressors can result in risk-taking behavior such as medication noncompliance and anxiety and depression. Regular psychologic monitoring of posttransplant adolescent patients may be warranted to identify increasing psychologic distress and proactive opportunities for health care intervention. This pilot study is an example of a clinical research question that evolved from a practice situation in which nurses caring for posttransplant adolescents with cystic fibrosis surmised that there were many psychologic issues influencing successful transplant outcomes. Nursing observations suggested a strong connection between poorer medication control, greater risk for rejection, and signs of depression and/or anxiety. The nurse researchers were interested in identifying significant relationships between psychologic factors and physiologic factors, and in discovering objective ways to better assess the psychologic needs of this patient population. A thorough search was conducted of the research literature, and the best clinical practices of other institutions were investigated. There was a lack of transplant research literature on adolescents, and although excellent ideas were generated from inquiries to other institutions, there was a lack of best evidence to answer the clinical questions about this group of patients. The initial clinical question became a research question to determine more about this specific patient population. This article is an example of a clinical research pilot study that resulted from an evidence-based practice process. Pilot studies are springboards for other, more refined research: They help to point the way, or to clarify what the real issues may be. For nurses, they serve as an opportunity to hone critical thinking skills and to contribute to the scientific foundation of our profession.
Polyarchy visualization: visualizing multiple intersecting hierarchies

We describe a new information structure composed of multiple intersecting hierarchies, which we call Polyarchies. Visualizing polyarchies enables use of novel views for discovery of relationships which are very difficult using existing hierarchy visualization tools. This paper will describe the visualization design and system architecture challenges as well as our current solutions. A Mid-Tier Cache architecture is used as a "polyarchy server" which supports a novel web-based polyarchy visualization technique, called Visual Pivot. A series of five user studies guided iterative design of Visual Pivot
Xanthine oxidoreductase release after descending thoracic aorta occlusion and reperfusion in rabbits

Cardiopulmonary and other organ dysfunction often occurs after operation on the descending thoracic aorta. Though there are multiple causes of organ dysfunction in this setting, free radical injury may play a prominent role. Xanthine oxidoreductase, an enzyme that generates oxidants after exposure to ischemia, could be released from ischemic liver and intestine during reperfusion. To test this hypothesis, we created aortic occlusion in eight rabbits for 40 minutes by inflation of a 4F Fogarty balloon catheter in the descending thoracic aorta. Eight sham-operated rabbits served as a control group. Two hours of reperfusion followed removal of the balloon catheter. Hemodynamic and acid-base status were maintained near baseline values during reperfusion. Plasma samples were obtained for determination of the activity of the hepatocellular enzymes xanthine oxidoreductase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity increased significantly ( p
Maize Radiation Use Efficiency under Optimal Growth Conditions

Accurate measurement of crop growth and radiation use efficiency (RUE) under optimal growth conditions is required to predict plant dry matter accumulation and grain yield near the genetic growth potential. Research was conducted to quantify the biomass and leaf area index (LAI) accumulation, extinction coefficient, and RUE of maize (Zea mays L.) under conditions of optimal growth. Maize was grown in two environments over five growing seasons (1998-2002). Total aboveground biomass at maturity ranged from 2257 g m -2 in 1998 to 2916 g m -2 in 2001; values that are considerably greater than the biomass achieved in most previous studies on RUE in maize. Peak LAI ranged from 4.8 to 7.8. Maize extinction coefficients during vegetative growth (k) were within the range of recently published values (0.49 ± 0.03), with no clear pattern of differences in k among years. Seasonal changes in interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were similar across all but one year. Estimates of RUE were obtained using the short-interval crop growth rate method and the cumulative biomass and absorbed PAR (APAR) method. Values of RUE obtained using the two methods were 3.74 (±0.20) g MJ -1 APAR and 3.84 (±0.08) g MJ -1 APAR, respectively, and did not vary among years. This compares to a published mean RUE for maize of 3.3 g MJ -1 of intercepted PAR (Mitchell et al., 1998). Moreover, RUE did not decline during grain filling. Differences in biomass accumulation among years were attributed in part to differences in observed radiation interception, which varied primarily due to differences in LAI. Maize simulation models that rely on RUE for biomass accumulation should use an RUE of 3.8 g MJ -1 APAR for predicting optimum yields without growth limitations.
Node localization through physical layer network coding

Previous research on physical layer network coding (PNC) focuses on the improvements in bandwidth usage efficiency. Its capability to assist wireless nodes in localization was first discussed in 1]. In that paper, however, the authors discussed only the basic idea to detect and separate the interfered signals for calculating the node positions. Many important issues to turn the idea into a practical approach are not extensively studied. In this paper, we plan to investigate these problems. Specifically, our research focuses on the bootstrap procedures, security, and localization accuracy of the PNC based mechanism. We first study the required node density to bootstrap the localization procedure in both infrastructure-based and self-organized networks. With this question answered, researchers can recognize the network scenarios to which PNC based localization can be applied. We design mechanisms to protect integrity of the exchanged information and defend against node impersonation attacks so that the localization procedures will be robust against malicious activities. For localization accuracy, we study the negative impacts of the position errors of the anchor nodes. We design two mechanisms to reduce the localization inaccuracy for both individual nodes and cumulative procedures through excluding the anchor nodes with positioning errors and introducing multiple bootstrap areas. Both simulation and theoretical analysis are used to support our investigation. This research shows that PNC based node localization can satisfy the security and accuracy requirements of different types of wireless networks and it can be widely deployed.
Adaptive exchange of capitals in urban water resources management: an approach to sustainability?

With water availability increasingly restricted by deficiencies in quality and quantity, water resources management is a central issue in planning for sustainability in the Anthropocene. In this paper, we first offer a definition of sustainability based on the ease with which capitals (e.g., natural resource, social, cultural, financial, etc.) can be exchanged or substituted, and apply this to urban water resources management. We then examine barriers to the free exchange of capitals that can hinder the realization of sustainable water resources management and show how these barriers may be recognized and reduced through targeted data collection campaigns that are used to inform adaptation strategies. Next, we discuss the possibility of internalizing costs previously externalized to the environment (e.g., combined sewer overflows) through the cultivation of green infrastructure as a generator of ecosystem services, and discuss its pertinence to sustaining the contemporary urban water cycle. Finally, we contend that there will be opportunities to use monitoring data and interpret it in a way that is meaningful for governance and the benefits of gray and green infrastructures arranged in a hybrid fashion. This conclusion underscores the relationship between data that is brought together with social and governance capitals to unleash the potential widespread implementation of green infrastructure, and in support of a governance-level bridge between aging and new infrastructure.
STUDIES ON CELL ENZYME SYSTEMS : IV. THE KINETICS OF HEAT INACTIVATION OF CYPRIDINA LUCIFERASE

Solutions of the enzyme luciferase, extracted from Cypridina, were subjected at pH 6.8 to temperatures from 40–55°C. for times up to 24 hours. After the desired exposures samples were cooled rapidly to room temperature, mixed with luciferin, and the first order velocity constants (representing luciferase activity) of the resulting luminescent reactions were determined by a photo electric method. The form of the curve relating luciferase activity to time of exposure to a temperature in the above range is compound in nature. If the exposure to the high temperature is not too long, about two-thirds of the lost activity is slowly regained on standing at room temperature. The data were described by an equation which represents the following mechanism: See PDF for Equation A plot of the logarithm of the rate constant, k1, against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature yielded an experimental activation energy for this reaction of about 57,000 calories, typical of protein denaturation processes. Log k2 plotted against 1/T was described by either a curve or two straight lines, high activation energies resulting in either case, again indicating protein denaturation. The plot of log k3: vs. 1/T showed no apparent dependence upon temperature, k3 being practically constant over the range studied. This may indicate that the underlying mechanism is not actually as simple as pictured. Two other mechanisms that were also considered were discarded because of lack of experimental support. Measurements of the decrease of luciferase activity at 48°C. and at pH 6.7, pH 5.5, and pH 7.9 showed that inactivation of the enzyme at this temperature was much more rapid at pH 7.9 than at pH 6.7 and was even faster at pH 5.5. These results from the Cypridina luminescent system were compared with those of other investigators on other systems.
Short-Term Psychological Adjustment of Female Prison Inmates on a Minimum Security Unit

Although there has been increasing focus on female offenders in recent years, relatively little is known about the psychological pattern of prison adjustment. The present study examined the initial psychological reaction and subsequent pattern of adjustment over 3 weeks for 62 female inmates incarcerated on the minimum security unit of a state prison in the northwestern United States. Mean age was 32.96 years, and 82% of participants were European-American. Shortly following incarceration, women voluntarily completed a clinical and demographic interview and packet of questionnaires, including the Brief Symptoms Inventory. Results indicated female inmates show above-average endorsement of psychological symptoms at initial incarceration, which tend to significantly decline by the second week in prison, with the exception of hostility ratings, which remain relatively constant. Such findings have important implications for the development and implementation of programs to facilitate adjustment to prison.
"GeoPlot": spatial data mining on video libraries

Are "tornado" touchdowns related to "earthquakes"? How about to "floods", or to "hurricanes"? In Informedia [14], using a gazetteer on news video clips, we map news onto points on the globe and find correlations between sets of points. In this paper we show how to find answers to such questions, and how to look for patterns on the geo-spatial relationships of news events. The proposed tool is "GeoPlot", which is fast to compute and gives a lot of useful information which traditional text retrieval can not find.We describe our experiments on 2-year worth of video data (~ 20 Gbytes). There we found that GeoPlot can find unexpected correlations that text retrieval would never find, such as those between "earthquake" and "volcano", and "tourism" and "wine".In addition, GeoPlot provides a good visualization of a data set's characteristics. Characteristics at all scales are shown in one plot and a wealth of information is given, for example, geo-spatial clusters, characteristic scales, and intrinsic (fractal) dimensions of the events' locations.
Genetic approach to characterize interaction of sweeteners with sweet taste receptors in vivo.

Genetic analysis of taste responses has played an important role in identification and characterization of the taste receptors. Genetic mapping and positional cloning of the mouse saccharin preference (Sac) locus resulted in the discovery of the Tas1r3 gene encoding the T1R3 receptor (Bachmanov et al., 2001b). The identification of the Sac locus was based on its phenotypical allelic variants corresponding to sequence variants of the Tas1r3 gene and T1R3 protein (Reed et al., 2004). We used these naturally occurring Tas1r3 variants to characterize Tas1r3 functional polymorphisms and to assess T1R3 ligand specificity.