cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A year in the mentor's classroom

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine preservice teachers’ perceptions of their learning and teaching experiences in a mentor's classroom during a year-long field-based placement in a high-need urban school. In addition, the authors sought to examine how the experiences contributed to their professional growth and development as future teachers. Design/methodology/approach – This qualitative study used constant comparative analysis (Strauss and Corbin, 1998) to examine preservice teachers’ responses to an open-ended questionnaire, program survey, and also in focus groups about their mentoring experiences. Findings – The findings provide insight into participants’ mentors’ influence during a year-long placement and into characteristics of effective mentoring that contributed to their growth. Major findings of preservice teachers’ mentoring experiences in a high-need urban setting reflected two dominant themes: experiencing a pedagogical fulcrum and navigating the tributaries of professionalism....
Ellipsometric and Kerr-effect studies of Pt3−X (X=Mn,Co)

The conductivity tensor of polycrystalline Pt{sub 3}X (X=Mn,thinspCo) was determined between 1.6 and 5.2thinspeV.. Samples were arc melted, mechanically polished, and annealed at 500thinsp{degree}C for 1thinsph in Ar. The complex dielectric function was measured from 1.3 to 5.2thinspeV at room temperature with a rotating analyzer ellipsometer. The magneto-optic Kerr effect was studied between 10 and 293thinspK in magnetic fields up to 3thinspT. We used the tight-binding linear-muffin-tin-orbital method in the local spin-density approximation to determine the band structure, density of states, and optical conductivity. Including an empirical quasiparticle self-energy and a lifetime broadening yields good agreement of experimental and calculated spectra. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Quaternary structure, conformational variability and global motions of phosphoglucosamine mutase.

Phosphoglucosamine mutase (PNGM) is a bacterial enzyme that participates in the peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway. Recent crystal structures of PNGM from two bacterial pathogens, Bacillus anthracis and Francisella tularensis, have revealed key structural features of this enzyme for the first time. Here, we follow up on several novel findings from the crystallographic studies, including the observation of a structurally conserved interface between polypeptide chains and conformational variability of the C-terminal domain. Small-angle X-ray scattering of B. anthracis PNGM shows that this protein is a dimer in solution. Comparisons of the four independent polypeptide chains from the two structures reveals conserved residues and structural changes involved in the conformational variability, as well as a significant rotation of the C-terminal domain, of nearly 60°, between the most divergent conformers. Furthermore, the fluctuation dynamics of PNGM are examined via normal mode analyses. The most mobile region of the protein is its C-terminal domain, consistent with observations from the crystal structures. Large regions of correlated, collective motions are identified exclusively for the dimeric state of the protein, comprising both contiguous and noncontiguous structural domains. The motions observed in the lowest frequency normal mode of the dimer result in dynamically coupled opening and closing of the two active sites. The global motions identified in this study support the importance of the conformational change of PNGM in function, and suggest that the dimeric state of this protein may confer advantages consistent with its evolutionary conservation. Structured digital abstract • PNGM binds to PNGM by x ray scattering (View interaction)
Chapter 9. A Database for Spatial Assessments of Fire Characteristics, Fuel Profiles, and PM10 Emissions

Summary This paper describes the procedures and data used to develop a database of 28 fire, fuels, and smoke attributes for the broad-scale scientific assessment of the Interior Columbia River Basin. These attributes relate to three general areas: (1) fire weather, fuel moisture, and fire characteristics; (2) fuel loading and fuel consumption; and (3) PM10 smoke emissions. The process flow and development protocols for creation of the database are fully described and illustrated, with examples provided where appropriate. This database was developed for application to a certain geographic area with parameters specific to both the biophysical environment and the management issues of that area. However, the methods and protocols used to develop this comprehensive suite of fire-related data are applicable to any ecosystem for which predictions are needed for wildfire hazard, fire potential, biomass consumption, and smoke emissions.
Early Employment Experiences of Accountants: Initial Placement, Job Satisfaction, and Migratory Patterns,

Issues Statement No. 4 from the Accounting Education Change Commission (AECC) addresses the early employment work experiences of accountants. The AECC recommends a number of actions supervisors can employ to improve the job satisfaction of entry-level accountants. The current study examines the correlation between supervisory actions and job satisfaction of accountants employed by the Big-5 and accountants employed in non-Big-5 positions, private industry, governmental positions and not-for-profit organizations. Initial job placement and migratory patterns are also examined from a sample of 532 recent graduates from three universities.
Identification and characterization of autosomal genes that interact with glass in the developing Drosophila eye.

The glass gene encodes a zinc finger, DNA-binding protein that is required for photoreceptor cell development in Drosophila melanogaster. In the developing compound eye, glass function is regulated at two points: (1) the protein is expressed in all cells' nuclei posterior to the morphogenetic furrow and (2) the ability of the Glass protein to regulate downstream genes is largely limited to the developing photoreceptor cells. We conducted a series of genetic screens for autosomal dominant second-site modifiers of the weak allele glass(3), to discover genes with products that may regulate glass function at either of these levels. Seventy-six dominant enhancer mutations were recovered (and no dominant suppressors). Most of these dominant mutations are in essential genes and are associated with recessive lethality. We have assigned these mutations to 23 complementation groups that include multiple alleles of Star and hedgehog as well as single alleles of Delta, roughened eye, glass and hairy. Mutations in 18 of the complementation groups are embryonic lethals, and of these, 13 show abnormal adult retinal phenotypes in homozygous clones, usually with altered numbers of photoreceptor cells in some of the ommatidia.
HISTORY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE: A BOSTONIAN'S ACCOUNT

An overview is given of the history of Biomedical Engineering in the Chemical Engineering education and research.
Do adolescent drug use consequences predict externalizing and internalizing problems in emerging adulthood as well as traditional drug use measures in a Hispanic sample

The present study compares statistical models for three conceptualizations of drug use in 11th grade (past 30 day ever/never use, past 30 day frequency of drug use and past 30 day drug use consequences) with externalizing and internalizing problems in emerging adulthood when controlling for age, academic achievement and socioeconomic status in a Hispanic sample. Multivariate logistic regression models for the different drug use variables were compared when modeling weapon carrying, arrest, multiple lifetime sex partners, drug/alcohol use before sex and condom use in emerging adulthood. A multivariate linear regression model was used to model depression in emerging adulthood as a function of drug use measurement controlling for other covariates and depression in adolescence. Our findings suggest that any conceptualization of drug use will produce equitable results and model fit statistics when examining externalizing problems. However, when investigating internalizing problems, such as depression, lower frequency drug use-and not high frequency-was more strongly associated with depression whereas experiencing high levels of drug use consequences-and not low levels of consequences-was associated with depression in emerging adulthood despite similar model fit values. Variation between drug use and the experience of drug use consequences may lead to misspecification of "at-risk" subgroups of drug users. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Synthetic and catalytic studies of inorganically pillared and organically pillared layered double hydroxides

Abstract By using freshly prepared or thoroughtly wet layered double hydroxides (LDHs), or by coprecipitating the LDHs in the presence of the pillaring anions, we have synthesized and performed a catalytic study on a large number of pillared HT anionic clays. The metal cations used in the layers include A1 3+ , Cr 3+ , Fe 3+ , Mg 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cue 2+ , Ba 2+ , and Ca 2+ . Pillaring was achieved with an extensive variety of heteropolyoxometalates having the Keggin structure, as well as some other larger heteropolyoxometalate anions. The product was usually a mixture of one phase with an ideally pillared structure and another phase containing defects in the layers; defects that were created during the pillaring reaction. Hexacyanoferrate(111) was also used as a pillaring anion in a clean reaction that provides an example of LDHs pillared with organometallic species. The organic pillars, [O 3 PC 6 H 4 PO 3 ] 4- , [O 3 PC 6 H 4 C 6 H 4 Po 3 ] −4 , and [O 3 PC 6 H 4 C 6 HC 6 H 4 PO 3 ] 4− , first formed intercalates with d -spacings exactly equal to the sum of the height of the pillar and the thickness of the LDH layer. These intercalates, in turn, dehydrate easily to yield lower d -spacing compounds in which the organic pillars are, presumably, fixed onto the layers through POM bonds. The catalysis tests of polyoxometalate-pillared LDHs on isopropanol showed high levels of conversion, generally enhanced acid activity, and a gradual change in selectivity with respect to dehydrogenation versus dehydration. The selectivity data are presented in correlation with the composition of the LDH layers.
A second-generation mobile satellite system

A design for a low-user-cost, 9000 channel capacity second generation mobile satellite system (Msat-2) for continental U.S., Alaska and Canada using two geostationary satellites at 90 and 130 deg west longitude, is presented. The increased capacity over the first generation system is obtained by use of a 20 m deployable antenna with an offset-fed antenna configuration, a high-power satellite bus, and by relaxing the north-south stationkeeping requirement to + or - 2 deg and the eclipse capability to 50 percent. Efficient frequency utilization is achieved for uplink and downlink spectra by a 7-frequency reuse scheme with 285 5-kHz channels per subband, and subband reuse of up to four times. Problems of interbeam interference and multipath fading contributed to the choice of a nonoverlapping feed for the Msat-2, and a proper modulation scheme using Gaussian baseband filtered minimum-shift-keying with differential detection.
Practice Variation With Febrile Infants: Delight in Disorder?

A careless shoe-string, in whose tie I see a wild civility: Do more bewitch me, than when art Is too precise in every part. “Delight in Disorder,” Robert Herrick (1591–1674) Herrick's 17th-century sonnet seems the antithesis of the scientific movement toward evidence-based medicine. And, of course, it mostly is: there is no place for the “careless” or the “wild.” Yet those of us who still exalt in the “art” of medicine are less “bewitched” when guidance becomes “too precise in every part.” This is a subversive sentiment and, if applied to our patients, must be done so thoughtfully and responsibly. However, it may lead us to a useful insight: evidence-based medicine is not incompatible with significant practice variation. In this month's issue of Pediatrics , Goldman et al1 describe (with a perceptible sense of dismay) practice variation across Canadian pediatric emergency departments in the management of febrile infants younger than 90 days. Although most infants had blood and urine work performed, the authors are particularly struck by the variability in lumbar puncture rates. They imply that such variability is hard to justify … Address correspondence to Louis C. Hampers, MD, MBA, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 13123 E 16th Ave, B251, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: hampers.lou{at}tchden.org
Analogies among active sites of coordinatively-unsaturated transition-metal complexes, surfaces, and supported catalysts

Reported similarities between the chemical reactivity and binding stability of complexes of platinum, iridium, and rhodium, e.g., bis(triphenylphosphine) platinum, and transition metal surfaces, with respect to oxygen, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, etc., were shown to depend on similarities of local electronic structures. The similarities discussed are based on electronic structures calculated by the self-consistent-field X-alpha scattered-wave molecular-orbital method by Johnson and co-workers, and by other authors.
Hemodynamic Characteristics of Growing and Stable Aneurysms

The identification of cerebral aneurysm at high risk of immediate rupture requires determining the hemodynamic conditions that predispose aneurysms for rupture as well as understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for aneurysm progression towards rupture. Towards this end, the purpose of this work was to compare the hemodynamics in growing and stable aneurysms as well as the local hemodynamic conditions in growing and stable regions of growing aneurysms.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Impaired antibody response in folate deficient mice persisting after folate repletion.

Abstract Normal BDFl mice immunized against p-aminobenzoylglutamate (PABG) diazotized to bovine serum albumin produced antibodies which can be measured using [3H]-pteroylglutamate ([3H]-PGA) because the molecular structure of this compound has the PABG moiety. The antibody response to immunization with the same hapten-protein complex in mice made deficient in folic acid was markedly depressed and remained impaired for approximately eight months after folate repletion, even with repetitive immunizing injections. This depressed response was specific for the PABG-protein complex because the folate repleted mice responded normally to immunization with sheep red cells.
Effects of Reflection Properties of Natural Surfaces in Aerial Reconnaissance

Measurements of the reflecting and polarizing properties of various soils, sands, and vegetation in the visible- and near-ir spectral regions show that dark surfaces polarize the reflected radiation strongly while highly reflecting surfaces have relatively weak polarizing properties. In general, the reflectance of mineral surfaces increases, and the degree of polarization of the reflected radiation decreases, with increasing wavelength and increasing angle of incidence. There is little or no indication of specular reflection from the surfaces for which measurements were made. Introduction of the reflection data into the equation of radiative transfer for clear and slightly turbid models of the earth’s atmosphere shows that the upward radiation that would be incident on a high-altitude aircraft or satellite would be dominated by surface-reflected radiation for the red and near-ir regions over highly reflecting surfaces such as deserts, whereas atmospheric scattering is most important for short wavelengths and dark surfaces. Because of polarization effects, atmospheric transmission of optical contrasts is better in one orthogonal intensity component than the other, the difference being sufficient to merit polarizing optics in reconnaissance instrumentation under certain conditions.
A unified formalism for many-body polarization and dispersion: The quantum Drude model applied to fluid xenon

In order to model both the full many-body polarization and dispersion interactions in atomic and molecular systems, a system of quantized Drude oscillators is introduced. The quantization is carried out using imaginary-time path integration, leading to an O(N) simulation method. As a test case, the model is parameterized for xenon, and is shown to give quantitative agreement with experiment over a broad range of thermodynamic state points.
Cough: potential pharmacological developments

Cough is an important defensive reflex of the upper airway and is also a very common symptom of respiratory disease. Cough following an upper respiratory viral infection is transient, and persistent cough is associated with a whole range of conditions, such as asthma, rhino-sinusitis and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Treatment directed at these conditions may improve the associated cough. There is often a need, however, to control cough itself whatever the cause. The most effective drugs in this class are the opioids, such as morphine, codeine or pholcodeine, but at effective doses they have side effects including drowsiness, nausea, constipation and physical dependence. Investigations into the cough reflex and into the potential mechanisms of sensitised cough reflex have uncovered several potential targets for novel drugs. New opioids apart from mu-agonists such as kappa- and delta -receptor agonists, have been developed, in addition to non-opioids such as nociceptin. Neurokinin receptor antagonists, bradykinin receptor antagonists, vanniloid receptor VR-1 antagonists may be beneficial by blocking effects of tachykinins and sensory nerve activation. Local anaesthetics, blockers of sodium-dependent channels and maxi-K Ca2+-dependent channel activators of afferent nerves are inhibitors of the cough reflex. Some of these novel agents may act centrally or peripherally or at both sites as antitussives. Large scale trials of these novel compounds have not been carried out in cough in man but there is a serious need for more effective antitussives devoid of side effects.
Pleural amyloidosis mimicking mesothelioma: a clinicopathologic study of two cases.

Abstract Two cases of pleural amyloidosis are presented. The patients are two men, 70 and 72 years of age respectively. Neither patient had evidence of systemic amyloidosis. Each presented clinically with symptoms of chest pain and dyspnea. Radiologically, both patients showed diffuse pleural thickening similar to that observed in malignant mesothelioma. In both patients, surgical decortication of the pleura was performed. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by the presence of an amorphous eosinophilic material with focal collections of a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Focal clusters of giant cells were admixed with the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Histochemical stains for Congo red showed strong positive apple-green birefringency. Immunohistochemical studies using kappa and lambda light chains showed polyclonality. The cases discussed herein represent an unusual presentation of amyloid and one that needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Ann Diagn Pathol 5: 229-232, 2001.
Life, Death, and Life After Death: Meanings of the Relationship Between Death Anxiety and Religion

ABSTRACT A sample of 389 individuals completed a death anxiety scale and a series of items that measured self-reported religious practices and beliefs. Those lowest in religious practices and beliefs were significantly higher in death anxiety. Contrary to some prior research, depth of belief had a stronger negative association with death anxiety than did religious activities. Strongest relationships had to do with concepts of life after death. The oldest respondents reported the least death anxiety.
The disposition of 14C-Trimethyltin in the pregnant rat and fetus☆☆☆

Trimethyltin (TMT) is a potent neurotoxicant. For unknown reasons, age at exposure to TMT may dramatically influence the severity of TMT-induced neuropathology. We have demonstrated previously that radiolabel derived from (/sup 14/C)-TMT given to pregnant dams on gestational day (GD) 17 is found in fetal brain and blood. The present study was designed to determine the distribution of radiolabel derived from (14C)-TMT to brain and other tissue in fetuses from dams dosed on either GD 12 or 17 with 7.0 mg/kg TMT chloride. Radioactivity in GD 12 and GD 17 maternal whole blood peaked 1 hour after IP treatment. Whole blood elimination half-lives were 12-15 days. Peak radiolabel concentrations in GD 12 maternal and fetal brain were only 11-30% of those from GD 17 animals, however, peak fetal brain concentrations of radiolabel were not different from their respective maternal brain concentrations. Radiolabel concentrations in liver, kidney, and adrenal of GD 17 dams were higher than those in corresponding GD 12 tissues. Combined urinary and fecal elimination of radiolabel for two weeks after dosing accounted for 31 and 22% of the GD 12 and 17 doses, respectively. It appears that gestational age influences the distribution and elimination of TMT in themore » rat.« less
Testing the implications of incivility in the United States Congress, 1977–2000: The case of judicial confirmation delay

The research argues that there are two empirically distinct types of conflict in the United States Congress. The first is partisan conflict or the relative divergence of the two major parties on policy issues. The second is the level of civility that characterises legislative processes in the country. Two unique measures of ‘civility’ are developed. The first is based on media reporting and the second on the coding of almanac summaries. The new indices are tested in an event history analysis of judicial confirmation delay that controls for partisan conflict and a multitude of logistical and contextual concerns that earlier research has argued are important. The analysis is fruitful; measures of partisan conflict are significant as are many other concerns. Most notably, however, the new indicators of aggregate civility perform as expected, and the delay prospective jurists experience can also be attributed to changes in levels of civility. †Henry Glick, Drew Lanier, and Jeffery Mondak and anonymous referee...
Studies of the Metabolic Integrity of Human Red Blood Cells after Cryopreservation

Human red blood cells subjected both to the sub-zero temperatures and processing of a low-glycerol-rapid-freeze method for cryopreservation and to subsequent storage at 4 C, under a variety of conditions, consistently maintained concentrations of ATP comparable to those of their nonfrozen, nonprocess d counterparts. Their potassium content was similarly unaffected. The cell sodium was increased by about 10 per cent as a result of the cryopreservation procedure, and during a subsequent storage period at 4 C it increased to a final concentration of from 10 to 13 per cent greater than that of the nontreated red blood cells. Cryopreserved red blood cells were capable of reinitiating sodium and potassium transport activities with a facility equal to that of nonfrozen cells which indicates that the cryoprocessing is protective of enzyme systems essential for this mechanism.
DEIMOS: a wide-field faint-object spectrograph

This paper describes the design of DEIMOS -- a dual beam, off axis, multi object spectrograph of medium resolution, being designed for the Keck II telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The difficult and advanced scientific goals of the DEIMOS project have generated many challenging design requirements. The DEIMOS team at Lick Observatory has been responding to these challenges with new and unique concepts in instrument design and fabrication.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A note on estimating disequilibrium models with aggregation

When an aggregate disequilibrium is the result of disequilibrium in several submarkets, the usual maximum likelihood estimation, which is based on the min of aggregate demand and supply, represents a misspecification. The present paper compares ML with several nonlinear least squares methods that are appropriate for this situation. Monte Carlo experiments suggest that ML is robust with respect to the misspecification and may be preferable to the nonlinear least suqares methods in some situations.
Left Ventricular Stretch Stimulates Angiotensin II– Mediated Phosphatidylinositol Hydrolysis and Protein Kinase C ε Isoform Translocation in Adult Guinea Pig Hearts

Abstract Stretch of neonatal cardiomyocytes activates phospholipase C with production of inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol in part by formation of angiotensin II (Ang II). However, the response of this pathway to physical stimuli in the adult heart is poorly understood. Thus, in isovolumic perfused guinea pig hearts, we characterized stretch-mediated phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis and protein kinase C (PKC) isoform translocation using elevated diastolic pressure. Balloon dilatation (minimum diastolic pressure, 25 mm Hg) of the left ventricle (LV) stimulated PI hydrolysis. Pretreatment of stretched hearts with the specific angiotensin (AT1) receptor antagonist losartan abolished stretch-mediated accumulation of inositol phosphates. To examine PKC isoform expression and activation under these conditions, whole-heart extracts were examined by immunoblot analysis. Ang II translocated PKCe to the particulate fraction. 4β-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate but not an inactive congener translocated PK...
The effect of crystal packing on oligonucleotide double helix structure.

Abstract One of the questions that constantly is asked regarding x-ray crystal structure analyses of macromolecules is: To what extent is the observed crystal structure representative of the molecular conformation when free in solution, and to what degree is the structure perturbed by intermolecular crystal forces? This can be assessed with DNA oligomers because of an unusual aspect of crystallization: self-complementary oligomers should possess a twofold symmetry axis normal to their helix axis, yet more often than not, crystals of such oligomers do not use this internal symmetry. The two ends of the helix are crystallographically distinct though chemically identical. Complexes of DNA oligomers with intercalating drugs such as triostin A tend to use their twofold symmetry when they crystallize, whereas complexes with non-intercalating, groove-binding drugs ignore this symmetry unless the drug molecule is very small. A detailed examination of crystal packing in the dodecamer C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G provid...
12-- conformationally locked retinoids: Thermal and photochemical interconversions leading to new geometric isomers

Abstract For 12- s - cis locked retinal analogues, thermal equilibria are established between 11- cis , 13- cis -1c and 13- cis -2c and between 9- cis , 11- cis , 13- cis -1d and 9- cis , 13- cis -2d; a photoisomerization occurs to transform 2c to all - trans -2a and 2d to 9- cis -2b
The precision of product consistency tests conducted with a glass-bonded ceramic waste form

The product consistency test (PCT) that is used for qualification of borosilicate high-level radioactive waste (HLW) glasses for disposal can be used for the same purpose in the qualification of the glass-bonded sodalite ceramic waste form (CWF). The CWF was developed to immobilize radioactive salt wastes generated during the electrometallurgical treatment of spent sodium-bonded nuclear fuels. An interlaboratory study was conducted to measure the precision of PCTs conducted with the CWF for comparison with the precision of PCTs conducted with HLW glasses. The six independent sets of triplicate PCT results generated in the study were used to calculate the intralaboratory and interlaboratory consistency based on the concentrations of Al, B, Na, and Si in the test solutions. The results indicate that PCTs can be conducted as precisely with the CWF as with HLW glasses. For example, the values of the reproducibility standard deviation for Al, B, Na, and Si were 1.36, 0.347, 3.40, and 2.97 mg/l for PCT with CWF. These values are within the range of values measured for borosilicate glasses, including reference HLW glasses.
Functions of the M-CSF receptor on osteoclasts

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor has been previously reported to be present in osteoclasts both at mRNA and protein levels. However, the biochemical interactions between M-CSF and its receptor on osteoclasts are less well characterized than in mononuclear phagocytes. In this study, we show that (1) 125I-labeled M-CSF ligand specifically binds to the M-CSF receptor on osteoclasts by autoradiography; (2) binding of M-CSF to the receptor stimulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation in osteoclasts by immunostaining; (3) oxygen-derived free radicals produced by calvarial osteoclasts are increased by M-CSF stimulation (1.37 +/- 0.08, n = 10, P < 0.01); and (4) bone resorption in calvarial explants is enhanced by M-CSF (1.153 +/- 0.09, n = 10, p < 0.001). Thus, our data provide multiple lines of evidences that mouse calvarial osteoclasts are activated by M-CSF. These data suggest that under the conditions present in the calvarial model, M-CSF activates osteoclastic bone resorption.
Polymer-degradation theory of pressure-sensitive hybrid combustion

Polymer thermal degradation theory of pressure sensitive hybrid combustion, calculating linear regression rates
Brain imaging studies of the anatomical and functional consequences of preterm birth for human brain development.

: Premature birth can have devastating effects on brain development and long-term functional outcome. Rates of psychiatric illness and learning difficulties are high, and intelligence on average is lower than population means. Brain imaging studies of infants born prematurely have demonstrated reduced volumes of parietal and sensorimotor cortical gray matter regions. Studies of school-aged children have demonstrated reduced volumes of these same regions, as well as in temporal and premotor regions, in both gray and white matter. The degrees of these anatomical abnormalities have been shown to correlate with cognitive outcome and with the degree of fetal immaturity at birth. Functional imaging studies have shown that these anatomical abnormalities are associated with severe disturbances in the organization and use of neural systems subserving language, particularly for school-aged children who have low verbal IQs. Animal models suggest that hypoxia-ischemia may be responsible at least in part for some of the anatomical and functional abnormalities. Increasing evidence suggests that a host of mediators for hypoxic-ischemic insults likely contribute to the disturbances in brain development in preterm infants, including increased apoptosis, free-radical formation, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and alterations in the expression of a large number of genes that regulate brain maturation, particularly those involved in the development of postsynaptic neurons and the stabilization of synapses. The collaboration of both basic neuroscientists and clinical researchers is needed to understand how normal brain development is derailed by preterm birth and to develop effective prevention and early interventions for these often devastating conditions.
The Development of Self in Psychoanalytic Theory

CONCEIVING THE SELF: PRESENCE AND ABSENCE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY. Socor, Barbara. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1997, 310 pages, $47.50. Reviewed by Jeff Schrenzel.
Earthworm Communities in Previously Glaciated and Unglaciated Eastern Deciduous Forests

Abstract Native earthworms were removed from forested ecosystems during the last glacial advance and have since been replaced with nonnative earthworm species. Nonnative earthworms can cause major changes in microbial and plant communities and nutrient cycling. In this study, we sought to compare the earthworm communities north and south of the last glacial terminus, and to examine correlations between plant communities and soil characteristics. In summer 2011, we measured the earthworm, herbaceous plant, and woody plant communities in 3 forests in southwestern Ohio and 3 forests in northern Kentucky. We also measured soil characteristics including moisture, pH, organic matter, and nitrate and ammonium content. We found no native earthworm species at any of our study sites; however, previously glaciated forests exhibited more diverse earthworm communities and included all ecological groups. Earthworm species richness increased with increased density of invasive woody plant species and decreased with incre...
PERMEABILITY AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES INDUCED BY PHYTOCHROME IN LIPID VESICLES

— This paper describes a method for rapidly monitoring early changes in electrolyte permeability induced by phytochrome from salt-loaded liposomes. The method allows for the continuous monitoring of low-level ion efflux from liposomes by measuring the conductivity of a liposome suspension medium which has osmotic and chemical potentials that promote a slow. passive efflux of the compartmented electrolytes. The addition of the far-red absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) to this system at 20°C immediately produces efflux rates which are 2–3 times greater than if the red-absorbing form (Pr) is added. This differential effect is not evident at 4°C and varies with the lipid composition of the liposomes. Under conditions in which Pfr induces a 2-fold greater change in the electrolyte permeability of liposomes than Pr. only about 18% more 125I-labeled Pfr than 125I-labeled Pr binds to the liposomes. At equimolar concentrations. the photochromic small peptide of phytochrome (60 000 dalton monomer) and the more native‘large’phytochrome (120000 dalton subunits) induced equivalent changes in the electrolyte permeability of liposomes. No differential leakage of ATP, glucose, or trvpsin from liposomes was observed after Pr and Pfr reacted with vesicles enclosing these substances. The Pfr form of phytochrome promoted greater turbidity in liposome suspensions and a greater degree of aggregation and/or vesiclc fusion than Pr. The kinetics of these changes suggested that they were not the hasis of the differential permeability effects of Pr and Pfr.
Economic Thought in Talmudic Literature in the Light of Modern Economics

1 Werner Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism, trans. by M. Epstein (London: T. Fisher, 1913), p. 313. 2 Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. by Talcott Parsons (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons). 3 See Salo W. Baron, Essays on Maimonides (New York: Columbia University Press, 1941). Professor Baron's essay on "The Economic Views of Maimonides" was acclaimed by the late Professor Simha Assaf of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem as a wholly pioneering effort. Not much has been added to the literature since; earlier Dr. S. Ejges attempted to systematize monetary theory and practice according to talmudic sources in Das Geld in Talmud (Wilno, 1930). As examples of noteworthy historical and legal studies we call attention to Urban Civilization in Pre-Crusade Europe, by Irving A. Agus (New York: Yeshiva University Press, 1965) In its two volumes the author draws attention to the wealth of primary source material in the rabbinical responsa literature during the Middle Ages. It is an invaluable source of information for those who are interested in economic history. Also, Boaz Cohen, Antichresis in Jewish and Roman Law (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1950). The legal studies which appeared before 1930 are listed by Samuel Eisenstadt in his bibliographical handbook, Eyn Mishpat (Jerusalem: 1931). Among some of the recent publications which treat the subject from an ethical and sociological point of view, see Ben Shemen, The Jewish Attitude Toward Labor, in Yiddish, Vol. I and II (Toronto, 1963); in particular Leo Jung, The Rabbis and the Ethnics of Business, The Jewish Library, Vol. VI (New York: Soncino Press, 1964). Also, Judaism and the New World Order by the same author, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. III, pp. 385-93, and Vol. IV, pp. 515-28,. Both articles appeared in 1945.
One-Pot Synthesis of Oleylamine Coated AuAg Alloy NPs and Their Catalysis for CO Oxidation

Monodisperse AuAg alloy NPs were synthesized by a one-pot approach with composition control. Oleylamine was used as the surfactant and was readily removed. The AuAg alloy NPs show the compositional dependent plasmonic absorptions and catalytic CO oxidation, indicating their great potentials as optical probes for bioimaging and as active catalyst for chemical reactions.
Sulfonylurea and K+-Channel Opener Sensitivity of KATP Channels Functional Coupling of Kir6.2 and Sur1 Subunits

The sensitivity of KATP channels to high-affinity block by sulfonylureas and to stimulation by K+ channel openers and MgADP (PCOs) is conferred by the regulatory sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunit, whereas ATP inhibits the channel through interaction with the inward rectifier (Kir6.2) subunit. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) profoundly antagonized ATP inhibition of KATP channels expressed from cloned Kir6.2+SUR1 subunits, but also abolished high affinity tolbutamide sensitivity. By stabilizing the open state of the channel, PIP2 drives the channel away from closed state(s) that are preferentially affected by high affinity tolbutamide binding, thereby producing an apparent loss of high affinity tolbutamide inhibition. Mutant KATP channels (Kir6.2[ΔN30] or Kir6.2[L164A], coexpressed with SUR1) also displayed an “uncoupled” phenotype with no high affinity tolbutamide block and with intrinsically higher open state stability. Conversely, Kir6.2[R176A]+SUR1 channels, which have an intrinsically lower open state stability, displayed a greater high affinity fraction of tolbutamide block. In addition to antagonizing high-affinity block by tolbutamide, PIP2 also altered the stimulatory action of the PCOs, diazoxide and MgADP. With time after PIP2 application, PCO stimulation first increased, and then subsequently decreased, probably reflecting a common pathway for activation of the channel by stimulatory PCOs and PIP2. The net effect of increasing open state stability, either by PIP2 or mutagenesis, is an apparent “uncoupling” of the Kir6.2 subunit from the regulatory input of SUR1, an action that can be partially reversed by screening negative charges on the membrane with poly-l-lysine.
Reactive silica *1XII. The sorption and polymerization of several alkenes

Abstract The sorptions of 1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, t-1,3-pentadiene, 1,3,5-hexatriene, and 1,4-pentadiene by reactive silica (RS) [Morterra and Low, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci . 220 , 133 1973 were studied by infrared spectroscopic techniques. There were two general reactions. All adsorbates were rapidly taken up to form several chemisorbed species. The conjugated polyenes were then sorbed slowly to form polymers. The results suggest that the special reaction sites on the RS surface acted as initiators for the free-radical-initiated polymerizations.
Self-initiated tobacco cessation and substance use outcomes among adolescents entering substance use treatment in a managed care organization.

Purpose Adolescents with substance use (SU) problems have high rates of tobacco use, yet SU treatment has historically ignored treatment for tobacco use. Barriers to such efforts include the belief that tobacco cessation could compromise other SU abstinence. This study examines self-initiated tobacco cessation and 12-month alcohol and drug abstinence in adolescents entering SU treatment in a private, managed care organization.
New Locus for Autosomal Dominant Mitral Valve Prolapse on Chromosome 13 Clinical Insights From Genetic Studies

Background— Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common disorder associated with mitral regurgitation, endocarditis, heart failure, and sudden death. To date, 2 MVP loci have been described, but the defective genes have yet to be discovered. In the present study, we analyzed a large family segregating MVP, and identified a new locus, MMVP3. This study and others have enabled us to explore mitral valve morphological variations of currently uncertain clinical significance. Methods and Results— Echocardiograms and blood samples were obtained from 43 individuals who were classified by the extent and pattern of displacement. Genotypic analyses were performed with polymorphic microsatellite markers. Evidence of linkage was obtained on chromosome 13q31.3-q32.1, with a peak nonparametric linkage score of 18.41 (P<0.0007). Multipoint parametric analysis gave a logarithm of odds score of 3.17 at marker D13S132. Of the 6 related individuals with mitral valve morphologies not meeting diagnostic criteria but resembling fu...
Data Mining in Healthcare and Biomedicine: A Survey of the Literature

As a new concept that emerged in the middle of 1990's, data mining can help researchers gain both novel and deep insights and can facilitate unprecedented understanding of large biomedical datasets. Data mining can uncover new biomedical and healthcare knowledge for clinical and administrative decision making as well as generate scientific hypotheses from large experimental data, clinical databases, and/or biomedical literature. This review first introduces data mining in general (e.g., the background, definition, and process of data mining), discusses the major differences between statistics and data mining and then speaks to the uniqueness of data mining in the biomedical and healthcare fields. A brief summarization of various data mining algorithms used for classification, clustering, and association as well as their respective advantages and drawbacks is also presented. Suggested guidelines on how to use data mining algorithms in each area of classification, clustering, and association are offered along with three examples of how data mining has been used in the healthcare industry. Given the successful application of data mining by health related organizations that has helped to predict health insurance fraud and under-diagnosed patients, and identify and classify at-risk people in terms of health with the goal of reducing healthcare cost, we introduce how data mining technologies (in each area of classification, clustering, and association) have been used for a multitude of purposes, including research in the biomedical and healthcare fields. A discussion of the technologies available to enable the prediction of healthcare costs (including length of hospital stay), disease diagnosis and prognosis, and the discovery of hidden biomedical and healthcare patterns from related databases is offered along with a discussion of the use of data mining to discover such relationships as those between health conditions and a disease, relationships among diseases, and relationships among drugs. The article concludes with a discussion of the problems that hamper the clinical use of data mining by health professionals.
New Layered Zirconium Tellurides: Zr0.30ZrTe2, Zr0.29Zr2Te2As, and NaZr2Te2As

The synthesis and crystal structure determinations of Zr(0.30)ZrTe(2) and M(x)Zr(2)Te(2)As (M = Zr, Na) compounds are reported. The structure of Zr(0.30)ZrTe(2) was refined in the hexagonal space group P6(3)mc (No. 186, Z = 2) with lattice parameters a = 3.9840(3) A and c = 13.366(3) A; Zr(0.29)Zr(2)Te(2)As was refined in the rhombohedral space group Rtm (No. 166, Z = 3) with lattice parameters a = 3.9329(4) A and c = 29.564(5) A. Zr(0.30)ZrTe(2) and Zr(0.29)Zr(2)Te(2)As have close structural similarities to Zr(2)Se(3) and Ta(2)S(2)C, respectively, and are built up by stacking hexagonal layers with [Zr(0.30)-Te-Zr-Te] and [Zr(0.29)-Te-Zr-As-Zr-Te] sequences. Four-probe resistivity measurements (77-300 K) show both Zr(0.30)ZrTe(2) and Zr(0.29)Zr(2)Te(2)As to be metallic (Zr(0.29)Zr(2)Te(2)As: 8.9 x 10(-)(5) Omega cm at 273 K). Both compounds exhibit structures wherein Zr atoms are included between layers (ZrTe(2) and Zr(2)Te(2)As) by partially filling trigonal antiprismatic holes. The replacement of the included Zr ions in Zr(0.29)Zr(2)Te(2)As by Na ions has been demonstrated. Powder diffraction data showed that NaZr(2)Te(2)As is isostructural with Zr(0.29)Zr(2)Te(2)As. By use of Rietveld refinements, sodium ions were found to reside in the trigonal antiprismatic sites between the layers. Extended Huckel band calculations on the [Zr(2)Te(2)As](1.16)(-) layer indicate that it should be a metallic conductor and that the [Zr(2)Te(2)As] layer can bear a greater negative charge than has so far been observed. We suggest that the [Zr(2)Te(2)As] layered compounds may offer new opportunities as electron-donating hosts.
Topical Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Activators Accelerate Postnatal Stratum Corneum Acidification

Previous studies have shown that pH declines from between 6 and 7 at birth to adult levels (pH 5.0–5.5) over 5–6 days in neonatal rat stratum corneum (SC). As a result, at birth, neonatal epidermis displays decreased permeability barrier homeostasis and SC integrity, improving days 5–6. We determined here whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activators accelerate postnatal SC acidification. Topical treatment with two different PPARα activators, clofibrate and WY14643, accelerated the postnatal decline in SC surface pH, whereas treatment with PPARγ activators did not and a PPARβ/δ activator had only a modest effect. Treatment with clofibrate significantly accelerated normalization of barrier function. The morphological basis for the improvement in barrier function in PPARα-treated animals includes accelerated secretion of lamellar bodies and enhanced, postsecretory processing of secreted lamellar body contents into mature lamellar membranes. Activity of β-glucocerebrosidase increased after PPARα-activator treatment. PPARα activator also improved SC integrity, which correlated with an increase in corneodesmosome density and increased desmoglein-1 content, with a decline in serine protease activity. Topical treatment of newborn animals with a PPARα activator increased secretory phospholipase A2 activity, which likely accounts for accelerated SC acidification. Thus, PPARα activators accelerate neonatal SC acidification, in parallel with improved permeability homeostasis and SC integrity/cohesion. Hence, PPARα activators might be useful to prevent or treat certain common neonatal dermatoses.
Organic solvent effects on the chromophore of adrenal 2 iron - 2 labile sulfur protein (adrenodoxin)

Abstract The effects of organic solvents on the absorption spectrum of adrenodoxin were examined. The solvents produced hyperchromicity in the region between 250 nm and 700 nm. In dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide, a red shift of the principal peaks was observed. while in methanol, glycerol, and ethylene glycol, a slight blue shift was found. The resulting spectrum is somewhat similar to that of either chloroplast or clostridial ferredoxins, probably due to the environmental and/or symmetrical changes in the 2 iron - 2 labile sulfur chromophore.
Electret and rhodium gas sensors

Abstract The organic gas-sensing characteristics of an electret and a rhodium probe are presented and discussed. The electret consists of a negatively charged PFA polymer layer bonded to a metal back. The electret detects changes in organic gas concentration as a result of dipole-charge and induced dipole-charge interactions between the adsorbed gas and negative charge in the PFA polymer layer. The rhodium-plated probe senses changes in organic gas concentration due to electron donor/acceptor interactions between the adsorbed gas and surface of the probe. The rhodium probe is able to distinguish between strong and weak electron donor gases by the polarity of the response signal.