cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Epistemography of the Anticolonial Politics of Knowledge

This chapter explains why the issue of epistemic decolonization has arisen in the first place through an interpretation of Augusto Monterroso’s short story, “El eclipse.” I begin by providing a ‘prima facie reading’ of the story which captures some of the common responses to issues concerning the relation between colonialism and epistemology. I then pose a number of critical questions that complicate the derivation of any simple moral from the story, and argue that a more nuanced approach will be required. The chapter also offers two heuristic models to help parse out some of the various approaches to the topic at hand. While Chap. 2 remains largely descriptive, it brings to light the fact that a number of strategies differ in important respects, and that in some instances they may not be compatible with one another.
Mathematics, Education, and Other Endangered Species: From Intuition to Inhibition: by Shlomo Vinner, Springer, 2018, xx+141 pp., ISBN 978-3-319-90034-6 $65.00

Few people have contributed to mathematics education as much as Shlomo Vinner over the past 45 years. Mathematics education graduate students learn of Vinner’s landmark ideas of concept image and c...
Advocacy in Action for Sexual, Affectional, Intersex, and Gender Expansive Identities

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/two spirit, gender expansive, queer/questioning, intersex, asexual/agender, and pansexual/poly and other queer and trans identities (LGBTGEQIAP+) persons experie...
Illustrating Swing Votes in an Indiana Supreme Court

We develop a method for producing a graphical display of the swing votes between all actual and possible tight majorities of a supreme court in the relatively approachable setting of a five-member supreme court, using data from Indiana. A circle of points locates all tightly split opinions by ideological slant (liberal and conservative) and the swing votes as near-diagonal lines connecting opposing tight majorities. The data also reveal different voting tendencies by subject matter. We illustrate those differences by lines connecting the liberal center of gravity to the conservative one.
Public Finances of Internal Security in India

This paper provides an overview and analysis of India’s public spending on internal security, especially in the category of police services. It describes and evaluates the central government’s spending on internal security, its levels, patterns and, where possible, its outcomes. It then performs a similar analysis for the states, focusing especially on variation across the states, and trying to understand possible sources of inter-state differences in spending on internal security. It goes on to offer some broader discussion and analysis of the public finances of internal security in India, also relating it to spending on external security and to private sector provision of internal security.
Prospective Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease and Other Inherited Blood Disorders in Central Malawi

Objectives: Newborn screening in the United States and Europe allows early identification of congenital disorders but does not yet exist in most low-resource settings, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Newborn screening can identify multiple inherited hematological disorders, but feasibility and effectiveness for Africa are not fully determined. Methods: Surplus dried blood spot collected in Central Malawi through the HIV Early Infant Diagnosis surveillance program were repurposed and tested by isoelectric focusing for sickle cell disease and trait. Additional genetic testing identified G6PD deficiency and alpha thalassemia. Results: Testing of 10,529 cards revealed an overall sickle cell trait prevalence of 7.0% (range 3.9-9.7% by district); 10 of 14 infants identified with sickle cell disease (prevalence 0.1%) were located and received care at a specialized clinic. Subsequent testing of 1,329 randomly selected cards identified alpha thalassemia trait in 45.7% of samples, and G6PD deficiency in 20.4% of males and 3.4% of females, with 29.0% of females as heterozygous carriers. Conclusions: Inherited hematological disorders are common in Central Malawi; early identification through newborn screening can improve clinical outcomes and should be supported throughout Africa.
Lower dietary intake of magnesium is associated with more callous-unemotional traits in children.

BACKGROUND Although researchers increasingly recognize the role of nutrition in mental health, little research has examined specific micronutrient intake in relation to antisocial behavior and callous-unemotional (CU) traits in children. Vitamin B6 and magnesium are involved in neurochemical processes implicated in modulating antisocial behavior and CU traits. The current study examined dietary intakes of magnesium and vitamin B6 in relation to antisocial behavior and CU traits. METHOD : We enrolled 11-12 year old children (n = 446, mean age = 11.9 years) participating in the Healthy Brains and Behavior Study. Magnesium and vitamin B6 dietary intake were assessed with three 24-hour dietary recall interviews in children. CU traits and antisocial behavior were assessed by caregiver-reported questionnaires. We controlled for age, sex, race, total energy intake, body mass index, social adversity, ADHD or learning disability diagnosis, and internalizing behavior in all regression analyses. RESULTS Children with lower magnesium intake had higher levels of CU traits, controlling for covariates (β = -0.18, B = -0.0066, SE = 0.0027, p 0.05). Neither magnesium (β = 0.014, B = 0.0020, SE = 0.0093, p > 0.05) nor vitamin B6 (β = 0.025, B = 0.33, SE = 0.70, p > 0.05) were significantly associated with antisocial behavior. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that low dietary intake of magnesium may play a role in the etiology of CU traits but not general antisocial behavior. More studies are needed to determine if magnesium supplementation or diets higher in magnesium could improve CU traits in children.
Exploring Day-to-Day Variability in the Relations Between Emotion and EEG Signals

Electroencephalography (EEG)-based emotion classification has drawn increasing attention over the last few years and become an emerging direction in brain-computer interfaces (BCI), namely affective BCI (ABCI). Many prior studies devoted to improve emotion-classification models using the data collected within a single session or day. Less attention has been directed to the day-to-day EEG variability associated with emotional responses. This study recorded EEG signals of 12 subjects, each underwent the music-listening experiment on five different days, to assess the day-to-day variability from the perspectives of inter-day data distributions and cross-day emotion classification. The empirical results of this study demonstrated that the clusters of the same emotion across days tended to scatter wider than the clusters of different emotions within a day. Such inter-day variability poses a severe challenge for building an accurate cross-day emotion-classification model in real-life ABCI applications.
Value of image information categories and its importance for development and application of digital image processing systems

The values of the information categories "density", "texture" and "contour" correlates with the information loss caused by the reduction of the image scale. For large scales the information loss of the category "density" is greater than the information loss of the categories "texture" and "contour". This is reverse for small scales. For different amounts of density ranges an estimation of scale numbers is done for which this reverse case is valid.
Chapter 3 The Role of Gap Junction Channels in the Ciliary Body Secretory Epithelium

Publisher Summary The secretory epithelium of the ciliary body is responsible for generating the aqueous humor (AH). The epithelium comprises two cell layers: the pigmented epithelium (PE) and non pigmented epithelium (NPE), whose apical surfaces appose one another. At the apical–apical interface, the two layers are in communication through gap junctions formed from connexins Cx40 and Cx43. Cells of the PE are not in direct gap junctional communication with each other; however, the cells of the NPE are coupled by gap junctions made from Cx26 and Cx32. This chapter discusses the properties of the ciliary body and gap junction channels, with special emphasis on channels made from the connexins present in the ciliary epithelium. An important question arises concerning the gap junction channels at the apical–apical interface: that is, whether these channels conduct the water that is ultimately secreted? Model calculations are presented in the chapter that suggest the channels could do so, but only if they provide a rather high degree of ion coupling. Finally, experimental animal models that might help test this hypothesis are reviewed.
Physicochemical Properties of the Hemoglobins from the Common Bloodworm Glycera dibranchiata

Abstract Glycera dibranchiata hemoglobin was previously noted to comprise five components separable by electrophoresis, two of which were due to monomeric forms and the remaining three due to polymeric forms. The three polymeric carboxyhemoglobin components had isoelectric points (pI) of pH 5.6, 6.1, and 6.5 while those of the monomeric proteins were pH 7.1 and 7.4. Oxidation of the pigment to methemoglobin caused an increase in each isoelectric point of 0.4 to 0.7. The spectral properties of the oxy-, deoxy-, carboxy-, met-, cyanomet-, and azide forms of the polymeric hemoglobin closely resembled those of vertebrate hemoglobins while analogous forms of the monomeric hemoglobin showed some anomalous properties, most notably in the high spin derivatives. The binding of hydroxide by methemoglobin at 4° indicated the formation of a normal hydroxide complex for the polymer (pK = 9.08, n = 0.98, where n represents the stoichiometry of the reaction) but a mixture of hydroxide and possibly imidazole methemoglobin complexes for the monomer. The pK for the transition in the monomer was 8.99 (n = 1.94) in the presence of methylamine buffer, while in glycine, pK = 10.08, n = 1.10. Studies of the binding of the monomeric methemoglobin with azide, cyanide, and fluoride at 22° gave the following dissociation constants. Kdissmethbcn = 1.2 x 10-3 m, n = 1.05, pH = 6.85 Kdissmethbn3 = 2.2 x 10-3 m, n = 0.97, pH = 6.45 Kdissmethbn3 = 2.7 x 10-3 m, n = 0.96, pH = 7.30 Kdissmethbf = 9.4 x 10-3 m, n = 1.01, pH = 6.85 where MetHbCn is cyanomethemoglobin, MetHbN3 is the azide form of methemoglobin, and MetHbF is fluoromethemoglobin. Amino acid analysis of preparative disc gel purified monomer indicated the presence of 144 amino acids yielding a globin molecular weight of ∼18,200 and a hemoglobin molecular weight of ∼18,800. The amino acid compositions of the nonpurified monomer and polymer were different from each other as well as from the purified monomer. The number of amino acids found in the nonpurified hemoglobin analyses was suggestive of the heterogeneity of these proteins.
The presence of zinc in human cytocuprein and some properties of the apoprotein.

Abstract Purified cytocuprein from human liver, brain, and erythrocytes was found to contain near 2 g atoms of zinc per mole of protein. Both the copper and zinc were strongly bound and only relatively small amounts of them could be removed from the protein by dialysis against EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline under various conditions. Virtually all of the metal was removed by treatment with potassium cyanide at neutral pH. There appeared to be very little change in the tertiary structure of the protein upon removal of the metal. This was indicated by the observations that the velocity and equilibrium sedimentation properties, the immunological properties, and absorption in the 200 to 240 mµ range of the native and apoprotein are similar. However, such treatment resulted in a diminution in the intensity of absorption of cytocuprein between 240 and 400 mµ and the disappearance of the broad absorption peak with a maximum near 675 mµ.
A Viewpoint of Regional Research

The Regional Research Program has potential for being the elite among research programs and to be a high status symbol for those associated with it. That it is not so means that it is not achieving its potential and that it is falling short of the original objectives. Since its inception, the regional research program has been praised and condemned. There appears to be more dissatisfaction than satisfaction with both the administrative procedures and the subject matter content of the program. Control of the program, the administrative structure and its effectiveness have been the subject of much discussion and debate. Some say the program has yielded little, and some of those who defend it do so on the basis that it has enabled researchers to meet and discuss their work, which in itself is worthwhile.
$\tau\to\rho\pi\pi\nu$ decays

Effective chiral theory of mesons is applied to study the four decay modes of $\tau\to\rho\pi\pi\nu$. Theoretical values of the branching ratios are in agreement with the data. The theory predicts that the $a_{1}$ resonance plays a dominant role in these decays. There is no new parameter in this study.
Distribution of cerebral somatosensory evoked responses in normal man

Abstract We have recorded averaged, electrocutaneously evoked potentials from 21 electrodes at the scalp in normal, alert humans. The total response time-locked to a shock to median nerve or index finger is complex, multiphasic, and lasts at least 300 msec. For descriptive purposes we have divided the response into five major components. The initial activity evoked by nerve stimulation consists of a small amplitude, positive-negative-positive sequence peaking at about 16, 20, and 25 msec respectively (component 1 ). There follows a larger positivity (component 2 ) peaking at approximately 31 msec. Components 1 and 2 are localized essentially on the posterior contralateral quadrant of the scalp. Component 3 designates a positivity which peaks at about 48 msec. Its projection is also predominantly contralateral but is more widespread anteriorly and medially than 1 and 2 . Component 4 is a diphasic sequence whose negativity peaks at about 65 msec and the positivity at about 85 msec. It is more diffusely distributed than preceding components; it is recorded with minor exceptions from all electrodes. Finally, another, large negative-positive potential (component 5 ) peaks at about 135 and 220 msec, occurs at all electrodes and has maximum peak-to-peak amplitude at or near the vertex. The highly similar projection of 1 and 2 to posterior contralateral cortex supports the hypothesis that they reflect "primary" somatosensory activity. Component 1 probably represents potentials in pre-synaptic thalamo-cortical fibers and 2 probably represents post-synaptic potentials. The relatively more diffuse distributions of the three subsequent potentials suggest extra-lemniscally mediated activity. On the basis of distribution and other evidence, we have proposed that 3 may be similar to evoked responses variously termed "association area", "irradiation", etc., in animals. Components 4 and 5 are probably related to responses previously termed "K-complex" or "V-potential". Prior investigations on man have emphasized various parts of the somatic evoked response. The relationships among the results of these investigations are somewhat clarified by comparison with the more complete response presented here.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Structure of Oriented Nickel Electrodeposits

INVESTIGATIONS on the development of preferred orientations on electrodeposits using electron diffraction techniques1–4 and examination of texture and topography of electrodeposited metal surfaces4–8 have been reported in recent years. Little information is available at present, however, regarding the effects of heat treatment of electro-deposited metals, at different temperatures, on changes in the foregoing properties. An electrodeposited metal develops not only preferred orientation but also internal stresses9–11, their extent depending on deposition conditions. Since annealing removes most of the stresses in a strained metal, it is of interest to follow possible changes accompanying such treatment.
Hematocrit dispersion in asymmetrically bifurcating vascular networks.

Quantitative modeling of physiological processes in vasculatures requires an accurate representation of network topology, including vessel branching. We propose a new approach for reconstruction of...
An Evaluation of Cerebral and Systemic Predictors of 18-Month Outcomes for Neonates With Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy.

Amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is a commonly used predictor of outcome after hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Cerebral and systemic near-infrared spectroscopy and acute kidney injury might also have prognostic value. The authors monitored neonates with aEEG, cerebral and systemic near-infrared spectroscopy during therapeutic hypothermia, assigned an acute kidney injury stage, and measured neurodevelopmental outcome. For 18 infants, cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy variables did not differentiate between those with favorable (n = 13) versus adverse (death or moderate-severe disability; n = 5) 18-month outcomes. However, systemic rSO2 variability was higher during hours 48-72 of cooling among those with favorable outcomes (.02 .05). aEEG is a useful prognostic tool for outcomes after neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, but the role of near-infrared spectroscopy in the hypothermia-treated population remains uncertain.
Optimization of a triple etalon interferometer.

The High Resolution Doppler Image (HRDI) is a triple etalon Fabry-Perot interferometer designed to measure Doppler shifts of rotational lines in the O2 atmospheric system from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. These shifts are used to determine wind vectors in the stratosphere and mesosphere. This paper presents the techniques used to determine the gap thicknesses and reflectivities of the three etalons of the HRDI instrument. The spacings are found to be 1.000, 0.186, and 0.025 cm. These spacings are independent of the reflectivity of the etalons. The reflectivities of the three etalons should be nearly equal to minimize the errors in the wind measurement caused by mistuning of the etalons. The choice of the reflectivity does not strongly influence the statistical error in the wind error when the values are less than about 0.90.
Management of the Poorly Prepared Colonoscopy Patient: Colonoscopic Colon Enemas as a Preparation for Colonoscopy

Purpose Colonoscopic colon enema is an option for the management of patients who are suboptimally prepared for colonoscopic examination because of retained fecal material.
Interacting boson approximation description of the collective states of 168 Er and a comparison with geometrical models

The interacting boson approximation has been used to calculate the positive parity states of $^{168}\mathrm{Er}$ below 2 MeV. A simple parametrization has been used which corresponds to a description close to the SU(3) limit of the model. The predictions have been compared with new results available from a recent experimental study. Particular attention has been paid to the absolute magnitude of predicted $B(E2)$ values in assessing the significance of discrepancies between theory and experiment. Estimates of absolute strengths have also been obtained for $M1$ transitions in the scheme. The calculations correctly reproduce the complete sequence of ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={0}^{+} \mathrm{and} {2}^{+}$ bands below the pairing gap and provide an excellent overall description of their decay properties. Most importantly, the predicted dominance of the decay from the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ to the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ band, over that to the ground state band, which represents a fundamental characteristic of the model in this region, is reflected by the experimental data. The reproduction of this feature from a band mixing approach in the framework of the geometrical description is also discussed, and the connection between the two descriptions is explored.
Fragmentation of Electrospray-Produced Deprotonated Ions of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Containing an Alkylated or Oxidized Thymidine

Alkylation and oxidation constitute major routes of DNA damage induced by endogenous and exogenous genotoxic agents. Understanding the biological consequences of DNA lesions often necessitates the availability of oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) substrates harboring these lesions, and sensitive and robust methods for validating the identities of these ODNs. Tandem mass spectrometry is well suited for meeting these latter analytical needs. In the present study, we evaluated how the incorporation of an ethyl group to different positions (i.e., O2, N3, and O4) of thymine and the oxidation of its 5-methyl carbon impact collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) pathways of electrospray-produced deprotonated ions of ODNs harboring these thymine modifications. Unlike an unmodified thymine, which often manifests poor cleavage of the C3′–O3′ bond, the incorporation of an alkyl group to the O2 position and, to a much lesser extent, the O4 position, but not the N3 position of thymine, led to facile cleavage of the C3′–O3′ bond on the 3′ side of the modified thymine. Similar efficient chain cleavage was observed when thymine was oxidized to 5-formyluracil or 5-carboxyluracil, but not 5-hydroxymethyluracil. Additionally, with the support of computational modeling, we revealed that proton affinity and acidity of the modified nucleobases govern the fragmentation of ODNs containing the alkylated and oxidized thymidine derivatives, respectively. These results provided important insights into the effects of thymine modifications on ODN fragmentation.
Incremental game development in an introductory programming course

The enthusiasm students have for playing computer games can be used in an introductory programming course to increase the enthusiasm and attention that students have for developing problem solving and programming skills. This paper reports on a successful experience using incremental development of two computer games, Master Mind and Minesweeper, in the programming assignments of such a course. By the end of one semester of programming instruction the students are able to design and implement programs of functionality equivalent to well-known commercial games. The incremental game development technique can be used either in a procedure-oriented course or in an object-oriented course; assignment sequences for both type courses are presented.
The Prokaryotic Transposable Element Tn5

The current interest in transposable elements stems from their ubiquity and their characteristic ability to insert into many sites in the genomes of their host organisms. They are responsible for a large fraction of spontaneous mutations and chromosome rearrangements. They alter the expression of genes near their sites of insertion. They facilitate the flow of genes encoding traits such as antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity between different bacterial species. This review focuses on the bacterial transposon Tn5 which encodes resistance to kanamycin and related aminoglycoside antibiotics: (i) How it is proving to be a powerful new tool for in vivo genetic engineering in many bacterial species; (ii) Our understanding of the mechanism and control of its transposition; and (iii) Current concepts of how it and other mobile elements may have evolved and contributed to the evolution of bacterial populations.
A comparison of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by murine and human lymphoid cell populations

Abstract Mouse lymphoid cells are known to lyse chicken red blood cells (CRBC) in the presence of antibody and in the absence of complement. They have also been reported to effect lysis of mouse tumor cells and other nucleated targets, although this has been disputed. Using a 4-hr 51Cr-release assay, we have compared the activity of mouse effector cells from the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, peritoneal cavity, and mesenteric and subcutaneous lymph nodes of many strains of mice to the activity of human lymphoid cell effectors against CRBC and a number of murine targets. Human effectors mediate lysis of all targets tested. Mouse effectors lyse CRBC, but usually less well than human effectors. Mouse cells from lymphoid organs were either very inefficient or completely inactive against nucleated mammalian targets under a range of test conditions. Interestingly, in experiments where cells from solid lymphoid organs or the peritoneal cavity were ineffective, peripheral blood lymphocytes from one subline of DBA/2 consistently gave significant lysis of EL4 targets, while cells from another subline of the same strain did not.
Santiaguito Volcanic Dome, Guatemala

The Santiaguito volcanic dome insouthwestern Guatemala is a multiple extrusive dome that has shown constant volcanic activity since its birth in 1922. Fourteen extrusive units are mapped. Five of these are volcanic domes; the remaining nine are lava flows which generally cling to the sides of the domes. The volume of material extruded at Santiaguito since 1922 (0.7 km 3 ) is a small fraction of the volume of pyroclastic debris from the 1902 eruption of Santa Maria (5.5 km 3 ), Santiaguito9s parent composite cone. Extrusion of the dome began in the center of the explosion crater created by Santa Maria9s 1902 activity. This crater was volumetrically much smaller (0.5 km 3 ) than the amount of material erupted during the 1902 event, and local slumping near the crater has occurred and is continuing along a series of east-trending faults. The general westward growth of the dome complex and many of the structural featureson Santiaguito are controlled by these near-vertical faults. The domes are studded with Pelean spines. Twenty-five new chemical analyses are presented, showing Santiaguito9s eruptive products to be soda-rich dacite of the calc-alkaline suite. The dome lava has differentiated quite significantly from the overwhelmingly abundant pyroxene andesite magma which makes up Santa Maria and the older volcanic rocks in the area. Trace element analyses of the lavas, along with major element data suggest a differentiation by fractional crystallization under constant or increasing PO 2 . Sr isotope determinations could not detect contamination of the lavas by radiogenic crustal material; the Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratio in Santiaguito rock averages .7043. The Santiaguito lavas are tridymite-bearing hypersthene dacites, characterized by strongly zoned plagioclase phenocrysts and oxyhornblende. Compositional and petrographic comparisons are made with other modern volcanic domes and other Central American lavas.
Understanding occupational therapy: nursing and physician assistant students' knowledge about occupational therapy.

The purpose of this study was to discover whether nursing and physician's assistant students at a large Midwestern university get a sufficient overview in their professional curriculums about the role of occupational therapy and its implications in healthcare services. These professionals play an important role in the prescription of occupational therapy (OT). Attempts at targeting these populations for marketing the OT profession and increasing the awareness of its various roles is of critical value to the OT profession. This study involved a two part survey consisted of scaled and open-ended questions asking what the students know about OT, how they learned about the profession, and a checklist testing their actual knowledge level about occupational therapy's role in the healthcare system. Correlation between section one and section two of the survey was done to understand whether students who believe they are educated about the role of OT are in fact knowledgeable about the profession. Even though a lo...
On the thermodynamics of alcohol—hydrocarbon solutions

Abstract This article critically reconsiders a continuous linear association model based on the work of Flory and Scatchard. The model is used to reduce experimental equilibrium data for solutions of alcohols and saturated hydrocarbons; special attention is given to recent extensive enthalpy data of Van Ness which cover a broad range of composition and temperature. The model gives an excellent representation of the experimental results for solutions concentrated in alcohol. However, for dilute solutions, or for high temperatures, where the degree of association is small, the assumptions used by Flory do not apply and the model fails.
Methodology and analysis for comparing discrete linear l1 approximation codes

This is the first of a projected series of papers dealing with computational experimentation in mathematical programming. This paper provides early results of a test case using four discrete linear L1 approximation codes. Variables influencing code behavior are identified and measures of performance are specified. More importantly, an experimental design is developed for assessing code performance and is illustrated using the variable “problem size”.
Specific protein metabolism in identifiable neurons of Aplysia californica

The patterns of protein metabolism of identified cholinergic (R2, L10, and L11) and neurosecretory (R3–13, R14, and Bag cells) cells were analyzed with the use of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. L11 was unique amongst the three cholinergic neurons in its relatively high rate of incorporation of labeled leucine into proteins at 12,000 daltons. All the neurosecretory cells incorporated relatively large quantities of 3H-leucine into small proteins (<12,000 daltons), which were concentrated in putative neurosecretory granule fractions of these cells. R3–13 and R14 synthesized a distinct basic protein which appeared specifically in the branchial nerve which contains the axons of these cells. The combination of these two analytical electrophoretic techniques allowed for the characterization of protein specificity in single nerve cells.
Quantification of regional ventilation from treatment planning CT.

Purpose: We describe a method of quantifying regional ventilation from the radiotherapy treatment planning computed tomography (CT) images, with the goal of developing functional images for treatment planning and optimization. Methods and Materials: A series of exhalation breath-hold (eBH-CT) and inhalation breath-hold (iBH-CT) CT images obtained using a feedback-guided breath-hold technique for radiotherapy treatment planning was selected. The eBH-CT was mapped on a voxel-by-voxel basis to the iBH-CT using a deformable image registration algorithm. By using the average CT number over a 3 mm 3 region surrounding each pair of mapped voxels, the change in fraction of air per voxel (i.e., regional ventilation) was calculated. This methodology was applied to a series of 22 patients. The calculated total ventilation was compared to the change in contoured lung volumes between the exhalation and inhalation CTs (measured tidal volume). Results: A significant correlation was found between the calculated and measured tidal volumes for the left ( R = 0.982) and right ( R = 0.985), and for both lungs combined ( R = 0.985). In the resulting images, the regional ventilation was highly variable and corresponded with the spatial distribution of differences in the CT values (Hounsfield units) between the eBH-CT and the iBH-CT images. Conclusions: A method of quantifying regional ventilation from radiotherapy treatment planning CT data sets was demonstrated. The ventilation images can be used in plan optimization to minimize injury to functioning lung.
An RNA virus in Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis preparations: Detection and identification

Abstract A 35-nm RNA virus of Trichoplusia ni (TRV) was detected in preparations of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). In comparisons of methods of detection of TRV (gel electrophoresis, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and serology), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was the most sensitive method for quantitative detection of the contaminant virus in infected larvae and AcMNPV preparations. A scheme is proposed for the detection of contaminant viruses in NPVs being developed for biological control.
THE RESPONSE OF THE PLASMA PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED DOGS TO INJECTED THYROTROPIN: THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE

The thyrotropic hormone of the adenohypophysis regulates the ability of the thyroid to concentrate iodide from plasma (Rawson, 1949; Vanderlaan and Greer, 1950), to synthesize thyroxine (Chaikoff and Taurog, 1949), and to discharge thyroid hormone into plasma (Vanderlaan and Greer, 1950). It is well known that hypophysectomy results in a decrease in plasma protein-bound iodine concentrations (Taurog, Chaikoff, and Bennett, 1946). Since plasma protein-bound iodine concentrations are proportional to plasma thyroxine concentrations (Bassett, Coons, and Salter, 1941; Taurog and Chaikoff, 1948), variations in plasma proteinbound iodine reflect the status of circulating thyroid hormone. It is the purpose of this report to present the changes in the plasma protein-bound iodine concentrations due to hypophysectomy and to thyrotropin injection in hypophysectomized dogs. A number of reports have appeared recently which indicate that cortisone and ACTH depress thyroid function, as measured by radioactive iodide upta...
Performance Assessment of Multi-State Systems with Critical Failure Modes: Application to the Flotation Metallic Arsenic Circuit

This paper considers a number of alternative measures of multi-state systems with two failure modes. Almost all of them are based on a probabilistic model and the extent to which the multi-state system performance analysis may typically lead. The conventional multi-state theory is used to assess the fundamental problems of the performance of complex systems. In real life, it may be difficult to obtain sufficient data to estimate the precise values of the performance levels of modern engineering systems. This paper suggests reliability measures for multi-state systems with two failure modes, and presents a procedure for evaluating these measures. Generalized assumptions of multiple factors that may affect the reliability of such systems are introduced by developing multi-state operators that obey the commutative and the associative laws. The concepts of relevancy, coherency, and equivalence are used to characterize the properties of such systems. Mathematical problems raised by applications of multi-state system model in system failure engineering are addressed. Engineering case study of the flotation circuit of mineral processing plant is modeled as a homogeneous coherent multi-state system composed of homogeneous coherent multi-state subsystems, and its reliability is calculated.
Primary Carcinoid Tumor of the Cavernous Sinus

Background Intracranial carcinoid tumors belong to the class of neuroendocrine tumors and their incidence is extremely rare. The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of carcinoid tumors of the skull base are outlined in this case report. Case Description A 61-year-old multimorbid woman presented with transient memory loss. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain demonstrated a left cavernous sinus mass extending into the infratemporal fossa. The lesion was biopsied using the Caldwell-Luc approach, and histology showed a low-grade neuroendocrine tumor. The tumor was subtotally resected with a neurosurgery/head and neck combined preauricular infratemporal and subtemporal extradural approaches to the cavernous sinus. Further histologic evaluation revealed that the tumor was of carcinoid differentiation with no other primary or metastatic sites detectable. Conclusion Primary intracranial carcinoid tumors, though rare, should be included in the differential diagnosis of extradural and dural-based lesions.
Microstructure-mechanical property relationships in isothermally transformed vanadium steels

The relationships between the interphase precipitation reaction and the mechanical properties of an Fe-0.2C-l.0V-0.5Mn steel were studied after isothermal transformation in the temperature range 600 °C to 750 °C. The strength and room temperature toughness of the transformed steel are found to be determined by the austenitization temperature, vanadium carbide solubility, volume fraction of VC available for precipitation, size of the precipitates, and ferrite grain size. Yield strength increments due to precipitation are predicted by Melander’s model for critical resolved shear stress, when all the available carbide precipitated as interphase VC. For lower austenitization temperatures, yield strength increments are modeled by a bimodal distribution of undissolved and interphase (or matrix) precipitates. Six classifications of VC morphologies are identified in the transformed microstructures, but one of these, the “fibrous” VC morphology, could not be associated with degradation of toughness as suggested by Mishima. The impact transition temperatures are approximated by regression analyses for bainitic steels. The results show that both strength and toughness can be simultaneously optimized in this steel and suggest that microstructures with strength and toughness levels equivalent to those of quenched and tempered steels can be produced in vanadium steels by thedirect decomposition of austenite.
Glass-forming liquids, anomalous liquids, and polyamorphism in liquids and biopolymers

Glass formation in nature and materials science is reviewed and the recent recognition of polymorphism within the glassy state, polyamorphism, is discussed. The process by which the glassy state originates during the continuous cooling or viscous slowdown process, is examined and the three canonical characteristics of relaxing liquids are correlated through the fragility. The conversion of strong liquids to fragile liquids by pressure-induced coordination number increases is discussed, and then it is shown that for the same type of system it is possible to have the same conversion accomplished via a first-order transition within the liquid state. The systems in which this can happen are of the same type which exhibit polyamorphism, and the whole phenomenology can be accounted for by a recent simple modification of the van der Waals model for tetrahedrally bonded liquids. The concept of complex amorphous systems which can lose a significant number of degrees of freedom through weak first-order transitions is then used to discuss the relation between native and denatured hydrated proteins, since the latter have much in common with plasticized chain polymer systems. Finally, we close the circle by taking a short-time-scale phenomenon given much attention by protein physicists,viz., the onset of an anomaly in the Debye-Waller factor with increasing temperature, and showing that for a wide variety of liquids, including computer-simulated strong and fragile ionic liquids, this phenomenon is closely correlated with the experimental glass transition temperature. This implies that the latter owes its origin to the onset of strong anharmonicity in certain components of the vibrational density of states (evidently related to the boson peak) which then permits the system to gain access to its configurational degrees of freedom. The more anharmonic these vibrational components, the closer to the Kauzmann temperature will commence the exploration of configuration space and, for a given configurational microstate degeneracy, the more fragile the liquid will be.
An experimental and analytical study of heat transfer in an engine exhaust port

Abstract Because of the increasing need for precise information on engine processes, this study developed and experimentally verified models for the instantaneous heat transfer in an engine exhaust port. Experimental measurements were made of the instantaneous cylinder pressure and instantaneous exhaust gas temperature for a range of engine operating conditions. The pressure measurements were used to obtain the instantaneous cylinder gas state and the temperature measurements were used to validate the heat transfer models. The exhaust port heat transfer was dominated by jet induced large-scale fluid motion as opposed to wallshear generated fluid motion. An analysis based on the jet velocity through the valve opening correctly estimated the heat transfer due to this large-scale motion. Models for the instantaneous exhaust port heat transfer provided excellent agreement with measurements as a function of engine operating conditions.
A natural tracer investigation of the hydrological regime of Spring Creek Springs, the largest submarine spring system in Florida

Abstract This work presents results from a nearly two-year monitoring of the hydrologic dynamics of the largest submarine spring system in Florida, Spring Creek Springs. During the summer of 2007 this spring system was observed to have significantly reduced flow due to persistent drought conditions. Our examination of the springs revealed that the salinity of the springs' waters had increased significantly, from 4 in 2004 to 33 in July 2007 with anomalous high radon (222Rn, t1/2=3.8 days) in surface water concentrations indicating substantial saltwater intrusion into the local aquifer. During our investigation from August 2007 to May 2009 we deployed on an almost monthly basis a continuous radon-in-water measurement system and monitored the salinity fluctuations in the discharge area. To evaluate the springs' freshwater flux we developed three different models: two of them are based on water velocity measurements and either salinity or 222Rn in the associated surface waters as groundwater tracers. The third approach used only salinity changes within the spring area. The three models showed good agreement and the results confirmed that the hydrologic regime of the system is strongly correlated to local precipitation and water table fluctuations with higher discharges after major rain events and very low, even reverse flow during prolong droughts. High flow spring conditions were observed twice during our study, in the early spring and mid-late summer of 2008. However the freshwater spring flux during our observation period never reached that reported from a 1970s value of 4.9×106 m3/day. The maximum spring flow was estimated at about 3.0×106 m3/day after heavy precipitation in February–March 2008. As a result of this storm (total of 173 mm) the salinity in the spring area dropped from about 27 to 2 in only two days. The radon-in-water concentrations dramatically increased in parallel, from about 330 Bq/m3 to about 6600 Bq/m3. Such a rapid response suggests a direct connection between the deep and the surficial aquifers.
Electron-lattice coupling and broken symmetries of the molecular salt ( TMTTF ) 2 SbF 6

The temperature/pressure phase diagram for ${(\mathrm{TMTTF})}_{2}{\mathrm{SbF}}_{6}$ is determined using $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ NMR spectroscopy. At ambient pressure, a transition to a charge-ordered (CO) state occurs at ${T}_{\mathrm{CO}}=156\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and antiferromagnetic (AF) order is observed below ${T}_{N}=8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Both are suppressed with pressure: when $Pg0.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, there is no evidence for CO, and the low-temperature $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ NMR spectrum is consistent with a singlet [spin-Peierls (SP)] ground state. At a given pressure, the temperature dependence of the CO order parameter is not monotonic, and provides an opportunity to identify what processes could be controlling the CO amplitude. $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ NMR spectroscopy provides empirical evidence that electron-counterion coupling is crucial to stabilizing the CO and AF phases.
Finite Element Modeling of 3D Fluid Dynamics in Crystal Growth Systems

We describe massively parallel finite element compulations of fluid dynamics for several crystal growth systems. Examples are presented of how large-scale numerical simulations have been used to gain insights to the workings of several processes, specifically the melt growth of oxide crystals by the Czochralski process and the solution growth of nonlinear optical crystals. These systems are characterized by nonlinear interactions between field and interfacial phenomena-the transport of momentum, heat, and mass coupled with solidification kinetics. Modern finite element methods show great potential to provide the understanding needed to optimize these processes.
Teacher Stress and Burnout: Implications for School Health Personnel

Recent literature indicates teachers experience considerable stress in the workplace, and that such stress is associated with an increased frequency of physical illnesses and somatic complaints. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between reported levels of stress and somatic complaints and selected illnesses. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Teacher Somatic Complaints and Illness Inventory were distributed to 428 teachers in public schools in Southern Illinois. The MBI yields data allowing classification of teachers into two groups according to degrees of work related stress. A discriminant analysis was performed to examine the ability to discriminate between these groups based on their reported patterns of somatic complaints and illnesses. More than 11% of those responding to the study were classified as burned out according to conservative criteria for classification. The conclusion that burnout represents a health risk to teachers in this study has implications for school health personnel. Since school health personnel have experience in educating people about physiological and psychological factors that threaten health, and have experience in motivating individuals to take positive action regarding their health, they can provide teachers with information and skills to cope with occupational stress.
Analysis of steady-state reaction fronts in a porous medium

A pseudohomogeneous model is used to analyze the steady state of a sharp reaction front in a porous medium. The reaction rate is described by the flame sheet approximation, and an asymptotic matching analysis is used to determine the temperature, conversion and position of the reaction front. Both adiabatic and nonadiabatic operations are considered, and the effect of radiation is included in the adiabatic case. The results show that there exists a maximum molar flux before blowout occurs. The critical molar flux is decreased by higher activation energies, but it is increased by higher rate constants and flame temperatures. Radiation further stabilizes the flame against blowout. Expressions are provided for the flame temperature, reactant conversion and the conditions when blowout occur. It is also shown that under certain conditions the front has two steady-state positions.
Fish liver tryptophan pyrrolase: The apparent absence of both hormonal regulation and substrate induction

Abstract 1. 1. The adaptive response of liver tryptophan pyrrolase ( l -tryptophan: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.1.13) of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) to hormonal regulation and substrate induction was investigated and the results compared to similar studies in other species. 2. 2. Freezing and thawing caused 66% loss in enzyme activity whereas storage for 48 h at 5° resulted in only 23% loss of activity. 3. 3. Administration of ACTH and all three glucocorticoids, known to be present in channel catfish, failed to induce the fish liver enzyme. 4. 4. Repeated l -tryptophan administration did not significantly raise the level of the fish liver enzyme. 5. 5. All these results, in sum, indicate a phylogenetic difference, between channel catfish and other previously investigated species, in the adaptive response of the fish liver enzyme.