cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Staphylococcus aureus colonization of teat skin as affected by postmilking teat treatment when exposed to cold and windy conditions.

Abstract Study 1 was conducted to determine whether postmilking teat treatment with ointment before exposure to cold and wind resulted in better skin health than standard teat treatment. Teat treatments tested were 1% I 2 and 10% glycerin, ointment with 1% chloroxylenol, ointment with .3% 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, and no treatment (control). Teats were treated 7 d prior to chapping. A broth culture of Staphylococcus aureus was applied once to teats after chapping was established. Treatments were applied after milking and before sample collection for 11 d following S. aureus application. Milk samples were collected aseptically, teat skin swabbing solutions were collected, and teat condition was scored. Cows were exposed to ambient winter conditions, and a wind velocity of 152.4 m/min was applied to the mammary gland surface for 15min immediately postmilking. Ointment and control teats had significantly better skin condition than teats treated with I 2 solution. Colonization of S. aureus was greatest on ointment treated teats. Study 2 was conducted to determine whether teat condition of cows receiving postmilking I 2 solution treatments would be improved if teats were blotted dry before exposure to wind and cold ambient conditions. Two mammary quarters of each cow received I 2 solution treatment of study 1, but teats were blotted dry prior to exit from the milking parlor. No treatment was applied to the other teats. Teat condition scores were similar between treatments, but S. aureus colonization was significantly greater on control teats. Results indicate a possible disadvantage to treating teats with ointments after milking, as evidenced by increased S. aureus colonization. The best postmilking teat treatment prior to exposure to cold, windy conditions may be blot-drying teats after disinfectant solution application.
Fabrication of organic semiconductor crystalline thin films and crystals from solution by confined crystallization

Abstract Highly crystalline thin films of organic semiconductors processed from solution for electronic devices are difficult to achieve due to a slow and preferential three-dimensional growth of the crystals. Here we describe the development of a processing technique to induce a preferential two-dimensional crystalline growth of organic semiconductors by means of minimizing one dimension and confining the solution in two dimensions into a thin layer. The versatility of the process is demonstrated by processing small molecules (TIPS-pentacene and C 60 ) and a polymer (P3HT), all from solvents with a relatively low boiling point, to obtain crystalline thin films. The thin films show an improved in-plane packing of the molecules compared to films processed under similar conditions by spin coating, which is beneficial for the use in organic field-effect transistors.
Science's policy on data deposition.

Science has a long-standing policy that molecular sequence data supporting research papers must be made available through a public repository at or before the time of publication. The International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) ([1][1]), on behalf of its 1300 members, is concerned about
High-contrast impedance tomography

We introduce an output least-squares method for impedance tomography problems that have regions of high conductivity surrounded by regions of lower conductivity. The high conductivity is modelled on network approximation results from an asymptotic analysis and its recovery is based on this model. The smoothly varying part of the conductivity is recovered by a linearization process as is usual. We present the results of several numerical experiments that illustrate the performance of the method.
Thermal-capillary analysis of small-scale floating zones: Steady-state calculations

Galerkin finite element analysis of a thermal-capillary model of the floating zone crystal growth process is used to predict the dependence of molten zone shape on operating conditions for the growth of small silicon boules. The model accounts for conduction-dominated heat transport in the melt, feed rod and growing crystal and for radiation between these phases, the ambient and a heater. Surface tension acting on the shape of the melt/gas meniscus counteracts gravity to set the shape of the molten zone. The maximum diameter of the growing crystal is set by the dewetting of the melt from the feed rod when the crystal radius is large. Calculations with small Bond number show the increased zone lengths possible for growth in a microgravity environment. The sensitivity of the method to the shape and intensity of the applied heating distribution is demonstrated. The calculations are compared with experimental observations.
Macrophage activation and coronary atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective Activation of macrophages may contribute to increased atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Neopterin, a pteridine derivative, is a novel marker of monocyte and macrophage activation that is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in the general population. We examined the hypothesis that macrophage activation is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE and RA. Methods We compared serum neopterin concentrations, adjusted for age, race, sex, and serum creatinine concentration, in patients with SLE (n = 148) or RA (n = 166) and control subjects (n = 177). In patients with SLE or RA, serum neopterin concentrations were then tested for association (adjusted for age, race, sex, serum creatinine, and medication use) with measures of disease activity or damage, inflammatory markers and mediators, and coronary artery calcium measured by electron beam computed tomography. Results Neopterin concentrations were significantly higher in patients with SLE (median 8.0, interquartile range [IQR] 6.5–9.8 nmoles/liter) and RA (median 6.7, IQR 5.3–8.9 nmoles/liter) than controls (median 5.7, IQR 4.8–7.1 nmoles/liter), and were higher in SLE patients than in RA patients (all P < 0.001). In SLE, neopterin was significantly correlated with higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; P = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor α (P < 0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (P = 0.005), and homocysteine concentrations (P = 0.01), but in RA, it was only associated with ESR (P = 0.01). Neopterin was not associated with coronary calcium in either SLE (P = 0.65) or RA (P = 0.21). Conclusion Macrophage activation, reflected by increased serum neopterin concentrations, was increased in both SLE and RA. Neopterin was more robustly associated with atherogenic mediators of inflammation and homocysteine in SLE than in RA, but was not associated with coronary atherosclerosis in either disease.
Pathophysiology of hemodynamically mediated acute renal failure in man

A tubular injury characterized by intraluminal obstruction and transtubular backleak of glomerular filtrate occurs in experimental acute renal failure (ARF) in animals. To determine whether these alterations also occur in human ARF, we studied 44 patients developing nonoliguric ARF following cardiac surgery. The delay in appearance of i.v. administered inulin in urine (Tu) was used as a measure of tubular fluid flow rate. Tu was not longer in 13 ARF patients than it was in control subjects (7.2 vs 9.0 min), suggesting that at least a subpopulation of tubules was widely patent. The fractional urinary dextran clearance profile (thetaD; radii, 20 to 40 A) was then determined in 20 patients with sustained ARF in whom inulin clearance averaged 11 +/- 1 ml/min/1.73 m2. A mass conservation model, which assumes that thetaD in Bowman's space in ARF is the same as that measured in controls, when applied to the experimental observations revealed that, on the average, 42% of filtered inulin was lost by transtubular backleak. A similar fractional inulin backleak (38%) persisted in 11 additional patients in whom ARF had begun to recover and in whom inulin clearance averaged 26 +/- 3 ml/min/1.73 m2. These findings suggest that in hemodynamically-mediated and nonoliguric ARF, (1) tubular obstruction is not homogeneous, and (2) backleak of glomerular filtrate contributes to but does not fully account for depression of inulin clearance.
Autoradiographic localization of μ- and δ-opiate receptors in the forebrain of the rat

The autoradiographic distributions of μ opiate receptors, labeled in vitro by [ 125 I] d -Ala 2 -MePhe 4 -Met(o) 5 -ol-enkephalin (FK), and δ-opiate receptors, labeled by [ 3 H] d -Ala 2 - d -Leu 5 -enkephalin (DADLE) in the presence of oxymorphone to block high affinity binding to the μ site, were examined and compared in the forebrain of the rat. The μ- and δ-receptors were differentially distributed in most structures. μ Binding sites were found in nearly all gray matter structures and showed heterogeneous patterns of density that were correlated with cytoarchitecture and neuronal connections. Laminar density profiles were seen in laminated structures such as olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Highest μ binding densities were in striatal patches and the habenular streak. δ Sites had distinct laminar patterns in the main olfactory bulb and cortex which differed from the μ patterns. The external plexiform layer of the main olfactory bulb had the greatest density of δ binding sites; cortex and striatum were also densely labeled. The septum, globus pallidus, preoptic area and hypothalamus were lightly labeled by both ligands. The magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei had negligible μ and δ labeling. The thalamus had dense μ but sparse δ sites. μ And δ binding sites were both present in the amygdala but had different distributions. Two fibers tracts — optic tract and fasciculus retroflexus — had FK labeling. In contrast, a portion of the corpus callosum was labeled by DADLE and not by FK. The results suggest an association of μ-opiate receptors with sensory, especially olfactory, and limbic projections in the forebrain, and δ-opiate receptors with intrinsic and commissural forebrain pathways.
Cognitive Performance of Alcoholics: A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Role of Drinking History, Depression, Liver Function, Nutrition, and Family History

To assess the role of drinking history, depression, liver function, nutrition, and family history on cognitive performance, 171 detoxified male alcoholics were administered a brief neuropsychological examination at admission and discharge from an inpatient treatment program and at a 3-month follow-up evaluation. Regression analyses showed that at admission, depression and liver function were significant predictors of neuropsychological performance, whereas at discharge 3 to 4 weeks later only age and an estimate of premorbid intelligence were significant predictors. At the 3-month follow-up, estimates of drinking following discharge and severity of depressive symptoms were major significant predictors of neuropsychological performance. Indices of drinking prior to admission to the treatment program, nutrition, and family history for alcoholism did not predict performance on any of the three test occasions. These findings indicate that in addition to the chronic neurotoxic effect of alcohol a number of different medical and psychiatric factors, as well as the acute effects of alcohol, contribute to the cognitive scores of patients at various points in the clinical course.
Reductive metabolism of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane and related chloroethanes by rat liver microsomes

The susceptibility of polychlorinated ethanes to reductive metabolism was evaluated by measuring the amount of each compound consumed during anaerobic incubations with rat live microsomes; 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane and hexachloroethane were metabolized extensively, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane and the trichloroethanes were metabolized very slowly and the dichloroethanes were not metabolized at a detectable rate. The electron affinity of the chloroethanes was determined by measuring electrochemical half-wave reduction potentials. Chloroethanes with an E1/2 of - 1.35 V or less negative were reduced readily in microsomes while those with an E1/2 equal to or more negative than -1.90 V were not good substrates for enzymatic reduction. Metabolites produced from 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane in vitro were 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE) and 1,1,2-trichloroethane (TCEA) and the ratio DCE/TCEA was about 25:1. These conversions were NADPH-dependent and were inhibited by air, CO and metyrapone. In the presence of SKF 525-A, DCE formation was inhibited by 47%. Microsomes from untreated or beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats were 70-90% less active than microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats. The Km was 0.50 mM and the Vmax was 66 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein for DCE formation. The results are consistent with the proposal that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane is reduced by hepatic cytochrome(s) P-450 to a free radical intermediate which, for the most part, remains closely associated with the enzyme, is reduced further and undergoes beta-elimination of a chloride ion to form DCE. The occurrence of this reductive pathway in vivo was demonstrated by the quantitation of DCE and TCEA in blood from rats treated with 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane.
Indignant suicide in the Pacific: an example from the Toraja Highlands of Indonesia.

This paper describes and analyzes a type of Toraja (South Sulawesi, Indonesia) suicide in which a person kills him or herself after having been slighted or offended, usually by a close family member. Comparing and contrasting such suicides to similar types found elsewhere in Austronesia-speaking Oceania, the paper argues that self-inflicted deaths of this nature are not so much ‘anomic,’ as suggested by some analysts, as ‘indignant’; they are committed by persons who feel that they have been severely mistreated or abused according to traditional notions of reciprocity, mutual aid, and the dangers of frustrated desire. The paper concludes by suggesting that Durkheim may have underestimated the frequency and importance of ‘indignant’ suicide in ‘traditional’ societies and that, conversely, contemporary analysts may be underestimating the importance of traditional norms and values in accounting for the high rates of suicide found in many parts of the Pacific today.
Infant clinical assessment procedure: Its applications for diagnosis and treatment in the second and third year

This article reports on some clinical applications in the 9 to 30 month age range of a new structured paradigm. The Infant Clinical Assessment Procedure (ICAP) is not a test, but an assessment technique. It is particularly aimed at the evaluation and ongoing monitoring of problems in the emotional development of infants. Its eight episodes represent a wide array of effective, social, and cognitive stimuli. The primary focus of these episodes is on the infant, with the exception of the mother-infant task that specifically gauges the mother-infant ralationship. It is suggested through case vignettes that the ICAP may be useful for the documentation of the efficacy of treatment.
Predictions of three-body decays of mesons from pole-dominated dispersion relations

The investigation shows that the method of finite dispersion relations (FDR) as developed by Aviv and Nussinov (1970) is consistent with a wide range of three-body meson decays. The specific results vary with each reaction. For each possibility a definite form for the t-channel Regge-pole terms is selected. The results of the investigation indicate the basic reliability of an approach based on the FDR method and the finite-energy sum rules.
The Symbol Digit Modalities Test: a screening instrument for brain-damaged children.

28 brain-damaged males ranging in age from 8 to 16 yr. were compared with 28 nondamaged matching controls on their Symbol Digit Modalities Test performance. The damaged group performed significantly more poorly, and 75% of the subjects scored more than .5 z score below their matched controls. The results suggest that this brief and objective test can be used to screen brain-damaged children when their performance is compared to that of a control group or the normative group.
Least-Squares Model-Reference Adaptive Control with Chebyshev Orthogonal Polynomial Approximation

This paper presents a model-reference adaptive control approach for systems with unstructured uncertainty based on two least-squares parameter estimation methods: gradient-based method and recursive least-squares method. The unstructured uncertainty is approximated by Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial basis functions. The use of orthogonal basis functions improves the function approximation significantly and enables better convergence of parameter estimates. The least-squares gradient adaptive control achieves superior parameter convergence as compared to the standard model-reference adaptive control. Flight control simulations were conducted with four adaptive controllers: least-squares gradient adaptive control, recursive least-squares adaptive control, standard model-reference adaptive control, and neural-network adaptive control. The results show that the recursive least-squares adaptive control achieves better robustness as measured by a time-delay margin, while the least-squares gradient adaptive cont...
Unravelling Golgi membrane traffic with green fluorescent protein chimeras

An important new tool for investigating how the Golgi receives cargo and maintains its integrity in the face of ongoing secretory traffic has emerged with the advent of green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras. GFP chimeras, which can be visualized in the unperturbed environment of a living cell, are being used in a wide variety of applications to study Golgi dynamics. These include time-lapse imaging, double-label and photobleach experiments. These studies are helping to clarify the steps involved in the formation, translocation and fate of transport intermediates associated with the Golgi complex, including the roles of cytoskeletal elements. They are also providing insights into mechanisms of protein retention and localization within Golgi membranes.
Narcotic discrimination in pigeons: antagonism by naltrexone.

Abstract In pigeons trained to discriminate between morphine (10 mg/kg) and saline, both morphine and ethylketazocine produced dose-related morphine-appropriate responding. The maximum effect produced by meperidine, however, was only 60% of that produced by morphine or ethylketazocine. Naltrexone (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) produced dose-related shifts to the right in the dose-response curves for the discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects of morphine and ethylketazocine without affecting the response produced by meperidine. Thus, in contrast to the effects observed in other species, morphine and ethylketazocine produce similar discriminative effects in the pigeon. In addition, the morphine-like discriminative effects and the rate-decreasing effects of meperidine in the pigeon are not mediated by the naltrexone-sensitive mechanisms which mediate these effects of morphine or ethylketazocine.
Accuracy of plain abdominal radiographs in the detection of retained surgical needles in the peritoneal cavity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of plain abdominal radiographs in the detection of retained surgical needles of varying size in the peritoneal cavity. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Accidental retention of surgical foreign bodies in the peritoneal cavity is estimated to occur once in every 1000 to 1500 abdominal operations and early prevention and identification of retained foreign bodies is increasingly important because of mounting public awareness. Most of the existing literature on the imaging detection of surgical foreign bodies has focused on retained sponges, even though retained needles may account for up to 50% of such objects and the true accuracy of plain abdominal radiographs in the detection of retained needles is not well established. METHODS: Eight plain radiographs were obtained of a 41 kg pig cadaver after placement of a total of 39 surgical needles of varying size (4-77 mm in length) in a randomized selection of the 9 segments of the peritoneal cavity. Five radiologists independently reviewed the radiographs and indicated the location of all suspected retained needles. Analyses were performed using the known site and size of placed needles as the standard of reference. RESULTS: In total for all readers, 195 needles were detectable in 360 abdominal segments. The overall mean accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for plain radiographs in the detection of retained surgical needles were 74% (267 of 360), 69% (135 of 195), and 80% (132 of 165), respectively. Sensitivity for needles 25 mm or more in length was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than that for needles of 11 to 24 mm or 10 mm or less, with respective values of 99% (69 of 70), 84% (46 of 55), and 29% (20 of 70). Readers demonstrated moderate interobserver agreement, with a multireader kappa value of 0.60. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal radiographs have high sensitivity and interobserver agreement in the detection of retained surgical needles over 10 mm in length, but smaller needles are detected with significantly lower sensitivity and the utility of plain abdominal radiographs in this setting is more debatable.
Transforming undergraduate biology education for all students: an action plan for the twenty-first century.

On July 15–17, 2009, 544 biology faculty from 2- and 4-year colleges and universities, along with researchers, administrators, students, and other educational stakeholders from around the country, met in Washington, DC, to help create a blueprint for the future of undergraduate biology education (Summers, 2009 ). Hosted by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the meeting set out to mobilize the nation's undergraduate biology educators to ensure that the biology they teach in their classrooms reflects the biology they practice in the lab and field, and that all students—majors and nonmajors alike—gain a better understanding of the nature of science and the natural world (Mervis, 2009 ). The charge for the meeting (Transforming Undergraduate Education in Biology: Mobilizing the Community for Change) noted that the need for change reflects the radical changes in the science itself as well as the knowledge we are gaining about how people learn and the best ways to ensure that learning takes place. The meeting concentrated on how people have effected change, the results when they did so, and how the attendees and their colleagues could most effectively incorporate this knowledge and understanding into their own approaches to undergraduate education in biology. Videos, slides, and other materials from the meeting are posted at the conference website (AAAS, 2009a ). A culminating summary publication is anticipated in spring 2010.
The romance of leadership as a follower-centric theory: A social constructionist approach

Abstract This article uses the romance of leadership notion to develop a follower-centric perspective on leadership. A social constructionist view is highlighted. I clarify some of the assumptions of this approach, contrasting them with those of a more leader-centered perspective. In an effort to increase the testability of this approach, I outline a general model, paving the way for generating individual and group-level hypotheses, and discuss implications for practice and for future leadership research.
2.4Gbps Repeaterless Transmission over 210km Non-dispersion-shifted Fiber Using High Output Preamplifier and Dispersion Compensating Fiber

Recently, there has been a great interest in upgrading existing 1.3μm optimized single mode fiber transmission systems to higher bitrates by using Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). Several techniques have been proposed to combat the limitation posed by large chromatic dispersion at 1.55μm of the non-dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF). External modulators with low chirping, for example, are one of the immediate solutions [1]. For higher bitrates such as 10Gbps, however, compensation of dispersion would be ultimately necessary.
Regulation of valvular interstitial cell phenotype and function by hyaluronic acid in 2-D and 3-D culture environments

Disruption of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is frequently found in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), yet the role of ECM components in valvular interstitial cell (VIC) function and dysfunction remains poorly understood. This study examines the contributions of exogenous and endogenous hyaluronic acid (HA), in both two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D environments, in regulating the phenotype and calcification of VICs. VIC calcification was first assessed in a 2-D setting in which the cells were exposed to different molecular weights of exogenous HA presented in either an immobilized or soluble form. Delivery of HA suppressed nodule formation in a molecular weight-dependent manner, while blocking VIC recognition of HA via an antibody to CD44 abolished these nodule-suppressive effects and stimulated other hallmarks of valvular dysfunction. These 2-D results were then validated in a more physiologically-relevant setting, using an approach that allowed the characterization of VIC phenotype in response to HA alterations in the native 3-D environment. In this approach, leaflet organ cultures were analyzed following treatment with anti-CD44 or with hyaluronidase to specifically remove HA. Disruption of VIC-HA interactions upregulated markers of VIC disease and induced leaflet mineralization. Similarly, HA-deficient leaflets exhibited numerous hallmarks of CAVD, including increased VIC proliferation, apoptosis, increased expression of disease-related markers, and mineralization. These findings suggest that VIC-HA interactions are crucial in maintaining a healthy VIC phenotype. Identification ECM components that can regulate VIC phenotype and function has significant implications for understanding native valve disease, investigating possible treatments, and designing new biomaterials for valve tissue engineering.
Guam: Paradise lost for wildlife

Wildlife problems on the island of Guam are discussed. Increased human population resulting in increased demand and commercialization has resulted in overexploitation of the native fruit bats Pteropus spp. and marine resources. Introduced mammals, reptiles and possibly disease are in part responsible for the entire forest avifauna being in danger of extinction. Other problems include numerous animal and plant introductions, intensive coral and shell collecting, and habitat destruction. Recommendations are made for improved monitoring, legal protection, and public awareness.
Tetrodotoxin-blockable depolarization-activated Na+ currents in a cultured endothelial cell line derived from rat interlobar arter and human umbilical vein.

Voltage-dependent Na+ current (INa) was identified in cultured endothelial cells derived from rat interlobar artery (RIAE cells) and human umbilical vein (HUVE cells). Tetrodotoxin (TTX) reduced INa in a dose-dependent manner with the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.4 μM. Low sensitivity of INa to TTX as well as its kinetics and voltage-dependent properties indicates that voltage-gated Na channels expressed in vascular endothelial cells belong to the so-called TTX-resistant type [2].
Correcting some common misrepresentations of evolution in textbooks and the media

Topics related to evolution tend to generate a disproportionate amount of misunderstanding in traditional textbooks, other educational materials, and the media. This is not necessarily the fault of textbook and popular writers: many of these concepts are confusingly discussed in the scientific literature. However, faults can be corrected, and doing so makes it easier to explain related concepts. Three general areas are treated here: ideas and language about evolution, historical and philosophical aspects of evolution, and natural selection and related concepts. The aim of this paper is to produce a template for a more logical, historically and scientifically correct treatment of evolutionary terms and concepts.
Acquired Resistance to Dasatinib in Lung Cancer Cell Lines Conferred by DDR2 Gatekeeper Mutation and NF1 Loss

The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer has evolved dramatically over the past decade with the adoption of widespread use of effective targeted therapies in patients with distinct molecular alterations. In lung squamous cell carcinoma (lung SqCC) recent studies have suggested that DDR2 mutations are a biomarker for therapeutic response to dasatinib and clinical trials are underway testing this hypothesis. While targeted therapeutics are typically quite effective as initial therapy for patients with lung cancer, nearly all patients develop resistance with long-term exposure to targeted drugs. Here, we use DDR2-dependent lung cancer cell lines to model acquired resistance to dasatinib therapy. We perform targeted exome sequencing to identify two distinct mechanisms of acquired resistance: acquisition of the T654I gatekeeper mutation in DDR2 and loss of NF1. We show that NF1 loss activates a bypass pathway which confers ERK dependency downstream of RAS activation. These results indicate that acquired resistance to dasatinib can occur via both second-site mutations in DDR2 and by activation of bypass pathways. These data may help to anticipate mechanisms of resistance which may be identified in upcoming clinical trials of anti-DDR2 therapy in lung cancer and suggest strategies to overcome resistance.
Proactive Behavior in Organizations

Many practitioner-oriented publications argue that managers should be more proactive on the job, and that proactive behavior is an increasingly important component of job performance. Organizational research on the antecedents and consequences of proactive behavior has appeared in several different literatures and has taken different approaches toward defining, measuring, and understanding proactivity. In this article, I review a diverse set of literatures that directly address proactive behavior in organizational contexts. I describe four constructs related to proactive behavior: proactive personality, personal initiative, role breadth self-efficacy, and taking charge. Next, I review six research domains that have explicitly addressed proactive behaviors: socialization, feedback seeking, issue selling, innovation, career management, and certain kinds of stress management. After considering findings from these research streams, I offer an analysis of the different approaches to the study of proactive beha...
The design document: key to managing documentation development

It is pointed out that the design document is an effective way of managing documentation development, particularly in large-scale projects. It provides a rough picture or sketch of the information before the writing begins, thereby permitting changes in design before the course of the documentation is set. Once finished, it becomes a road map for writers, managers, and developers. It can later be used to verify that the design was implemented in the final text for publication. It is concluded that, although on first appearance it might seem that a design document simply adds one more thing to do on a project, the added effort is more than compensated for by the amount of time and money saved in not having to modify information at a much later point. >
Does inter-judge disparity justify empirically based sentencing guidelines?

Discretion allows judges to tailor appropriate sentences to offenders with complex circumstances, but discretion also facilitates unwarranted sentencing disparity, that is, different treatment for similarly situated offenders. Guidelines aim to control unwarranted disparity by restricting sentencing variation and, in doing so, may inhibit proportionality or a punishment that fits the crime. Scholars have argued recently, based on extensive nonstatistical evidence, that the federal sentencing guidelines promote excessive uniformity. This paper proposes a statistical method for evaluating guidelines. Under illustrative assumptions about both guidelines and about how actual sentences deviate from appropriate sentences, we find that reductions in unwarranted disparity effected by the hypothetical guidelines studied do not offset the associated loss in proportionality. Because of the maintained assumptions of the analysis, we cannot condone or condemn guidelines on this basis alone. Rather, the results of this study restrict the admissible justifications of guidelines.
Spatial Ontology and Explanation

Abstract This paper presents an account of spatial ontology and explanation that highlights a largely ignored dimension of social spatiality: the opening and occupation of places for activity that automatically occurs whenever there is human life. The first part analyzes this space of places on the basis of Heidegger's account of ongoing life, and uses the resulting analysis to describe the spatiality of social formations. The second part analyzes spatial explanation on the basis of this spatial ontology. It (a) argues that the explanation and explanatory uses in social science of the spatial properties of social phenomena do not differ in principle from the explanation and explanatory uses of other features of social life, and (b) defends two existing versions of socio-spatial dialectics. Attention is given to the nature of explanation, the character of social causality, and the proper types of explanation in social investigation.
Germany Looks in the Mirror of History

Ranke remarks somewhere that defending its borders is not sufficient justification for a nation's policy; “the condition of its existence is that it provides a new expression of the spirit of mankind.” That, he added, is “its mandate from God.” In his new, monumental Deutsche Geschichte , Professor Michael Freund finds that German history never has been “providential” in this sense, as was Israel's, Greece's, or Rome's which, respectively, brought forth the ideas of justice, science, and law. Having surveyed “a terrifying chain of catastrophes,” he concludes, half in despair, half in resignation: “Nothing remains of German history but a quiet luminescence” (p. 780). The phrase belongs to Prince Oscar von Preussen, who fell in Russia as Hitler's soldier, and whatever his merits as a coiner of phrases may be, it cannot be an accident that his words in particular were chosen to conclude a volume adorned with over a thousand other apt quotations. It will be seen that Freund's sense of history has a Friderician ring, and this also explains his terminal evasion into aestheticism: “form” has been a comfort of last resort precisely for those German historians who have grappled most profoundly with the problem of freedom and power.
Love in a Time of Hate: Liberation Psychology in Latin America

Love in. Time of Hate: Liberation Psychology in Latin America. Nancy Caro Hollander. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997. xi. 271 pp., notes, index.
Trade, Technology, and the Environment: Does Access to Technology Promote Environmental Regulation?

Abstract Focusing specifically on regulation of coal-fired power plants, we examine how technological innovation by early adopters influences the timing of new environmental regulation in non-innovating countries. We build a general equilibrium model of an open economy to identify the political-economy determinants of regulation. With a newly created dataset of SO 2 and NO x regulations for coal-fired power plants and a patent-based measure of the technology frontier, we estimate the determinants of environmental regulation diffusion. Our findings support the hypothesis that international economic integration eases access to environmentally friendly technologies and leads to earlier adoption, ceteris paribus , of regulation in non-innovating countries. However, we also find evidence that domestic trade protection promotes earlier adoption allowing shifts of regulatory costs to domestic consumers. Furthermore, international market power permits large countries to shift costs to foreign consumers. Other political economy factors, such as the quality of domestic coal, are also important determinants.
Preliminary two dimensional haptic thresholds and task performance enhancements

Many tasks may be performed with greater efficiency and speed with haptic assistance. Using the Penbased Haptic Display, a low-power, low-friction, and high-precision device, we performed two separate experiments to measure two properties of human/haptic interactions. In the first experiment, we measured the level of force at which a subject may detect the presence of haptic feedback at a 71% accuracy level using a converging adaptive threshold algorithm. The average haptic threshold of eleven subjects was 20.8 milliNewtons. The second experiment quantifies changes in task performance using Fitts' Law. We measured improvements at three force levels compared to no force.
Oceanographic activities of the Hydrographic Office and the United States Navy during 1939

Once again I have the pleasure of reporting to this body on the oceanographic activities conducted by the Hydrographic Office. Investigations and surveys conducted by various United States Naval vessels during the past 12 months have been fruitful in results. Over 115,000 sonic soundings, mostly over previously unsounded areas, have been obtained by Naval vessels during the past year. I expecto to announce at the 1941 meeting of the American Geophysical Union that all the accumulated sonic-sounding data received in the Hydrographic Office during the past few years, which amount to approximately 300,000 soundings, have been plotted and correlated and that their incorporation on affected charts is well under way. That work in itself will be a great contribution to oceanography and will permit the revision of the bathymetric charts of the oceans by utilizing more authentic and adequate data than have been available in the past. Both the bathymetric charts of the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean respectively have received favorable comment from scientific institutions in this country and abroad. Without the full-hearted cooperation of Naval vessels that, in compliance with plans and instructions furnished by the Hydrographic Office, have striven to utilize every available opportunity to sound in previously.unsounded areas, it would have been impossible to undertake the preparation of these bathymetric charts.
Cryptic relatedness in epidemiologic collections accessed for genetic association studies: experiences from the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) study and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)

Epidemiologic collections have been a major resource for genotype-phenotype studies of complex disease given their large sample size, racial/ethnic diversity, and breadth and depth of phenotypes, traits, and exposures. A major disadvantage of these collections is they often survey households and communities without collecting extensive pedigree data. Failure to account for substantial relatedness can lead to inflated estimates and spurious associations. To examine the extent of cryptic relatedness in an epidemiologic collection, we as the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) study accessed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) linked to DNA samples ("Genetic NHANES") from NHANES III and NHANES 1999-2002. NHANES are population-based cross-sectional surveys conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Genome-wide genetic data is not yet available in NHANES, and current data use agreements prohibit the generation of GWAS-level data in NHANES samples due issues in maintaining confidentiality among other ethical concerns. To date, only hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in a variety of candidate genes are available for analysis in NHANES. We performed identity-by-descent (IBD) estimates in three self-identified subpopulations of Genetic NHANES (non-Hispanic white, non- Hispanic black, and Mexican American) using PLINK software to identify potential familial relationships from presumed unrelated subjects. We then compared the PLINKidentified relationships to those identified by an alternative method implemented in Kinship-based INference for Genome-wide association studies (KING). Overall, both methods identified familial relationships in NHANES III and NHANES 1999-2002 for all three subpopulations, but little concordance was observed between the two methods due in major part to the limited SNP data available in Genetic NHANES. Despite the lack of genome-wide data, our results suggest the presence of cryptic relatedness in this epidemiologic collection and highlight the limitations of restricted datasets such as NHANES in the context of modern day genetic epidemiology studies.
Manipulation and Modification of Nanometer Scale Objects with the STM

The scanning probes associated with the STM are used in the fields of surface physics, surface chemistry and molecular biology to record images that display electronic, atomic and molecular structure.
Cattle biting louse: evaluation of compounds for juvenile hormone activity.

Twenty-one chemicals were evaluated for juvenile hormone activity against Bovicola bovis (L.) by incorporating the candidate materials in the diet of 3rd instars or by exposing eggs to vapors of the materials. A synthetic material (methyl 10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethy1-2,6-tridecadienoate, mixed cis/trans isomers) chemically eqnivalent to the juvenile hormone isolated from the male ccerotia moth, Platysamia cecropia (L), was used as the standard. Seven compounds had activity against the cattle biting louse comparable to that of the standard: ethyl 10,11-epoxy-3,7,10,11-tetramethy1-2,6-dodecadienoate; 4[(6,7-epoxy-3,7-dimethy1-2-nonenyl) oxyl-1,2-(methylenedioxy) benzene; cthyl ( E )-3,7,11-trimethy1-2-dodeccnoatc; ( E )-4-[(7-cth1-3,7-dimethy1-2-octenyl) oxyl-1,2-(methylcnedioxy) benzene; ethyl 11-chloro-3,7,11-trimethy1-2-dodecenoate; cthyl 3,7,11-trimethy1-2,4-dodecadicnoate; isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethy1-2,4-dodecadienoate.
Horizontal Resistance in ‘Lahontan’ Alfalfa to Biotypes of the Spotted Alfalfa Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Horizontal resistance to biotypes of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckton), was confirmed in a new experimental alfalfa. The germplasm was derived from ‘Lahontan.’ All of the plants in the new experimental that were screened by biotype B were resistant to biotype H, which has the greater capacity to destroy alfalfa plants.
The Interaction of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Behavior and Initial Reproduction in Relation to Its Symbiotic Fungi

Females of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus ferrugineus were reared on diets with and without symbiotic fungi. Daily observations were made for overall activity level, major types of behavior, length of tunneling, and ovipositions. On both fungus-containing and non-fungus diets overall activity level was significantly greater for days 4-9 than for days 1-3 on diet. Females on fungus diet switched their dominant behavior from burrowing/removing during pre-oviposition to feeding/cleaning during post-oviposition; on non-fungus diet no such switch was observed. Mean tunnel length by day 8 was significantly greater for females on non-fungus diet than those on fungus diet. The day of 1st oviposition was significantly earlier for females on fungus diet than for those on non-fungus diet. These differences suggest that some nutritional threshold is involved in allowing initiation of oviposition.
Metabolic alteration of 2-methylthio-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (methioprim).

SummaryRat liver slices convert methioprim to 2-methylthio-4-amino-5-formylpyrimidine and 2-methylthio-4-amino-5-pyrimidine-carboxylic acid. Another unidentified ultraviolet-absorbing material is also produced. The antibacterial activity of methioprim is greater than the 5-CHO derivative, whereas the 5-COOH derivative is inactive.
Charge shift bonding concept in radical π-dimers.

We show that pancake bonding in radical π-dimers display features of charge shift (CS) bonding. While the CS bonding concept has been developed to interpret the unusual aspects of σ-bonds around centers with a large number of lone pairs, such as F2 and HOOH, we find a similar role played by the nonbonding or slightly bonding π-electron pairs in π-stacking radical dimers. Arguments and computational evidence indicate that the CS bonding concept developed by Shaik and Hiberty et al. captures essential features of the intermolecular bonding in radical π-dimers in which the overlap of the two radical centered singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) play a crucial role. By using the tetracyanoethylene anion dimer, [TCNE]22–, as a model, we show that compared to CAS(2,2) calculations, significant binding contributions are recovered in the calculations simply by including selected intrapair excitations of the SOMO–SOMO bonding orbitals and the nonbonding π-orbitals. This observation is the basis for the analo...
Current Status of Quality Measurement in Colon and Rectal Surgery

There is increasing pressure from the public and insurance payors for transparency and accountability in ensuring the quality of health care. In response to this, hospitals are now mandated to participate in quality improvement initiatives, and to report on their performance. This article describes three programs related to the measurement of quality that impact colon and rectal surgery: the Surgical Care Improvement Project, the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, and the Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program.
An epidemiologic study of sleep-disordered breathing symptoms among adolescents.

Study Objectives: To examine the prevalence and distribution of the symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in a community-based sample of adolescents, and to assess association of SDB with body mass index, daytime sleepiness, school performance, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Design: Epidemiologic study of a community-based sample of adolescents and 1 parent with whom separate structured face to face diagnostic interviews were conducted. Setting: Metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, USA. Participants: One thousand fourteen adolescents aged 13 to 16 years and a paired parent. Measures and Results: SDB was defined as report of loud snoring, gasping/choking or snorting, awakening with gasping or choking, or momentary periods of stopped or abnormal breathing occurring weekly. More than 20% of the adolescents snored at least a few nights per month, 6% snoring every or nearly every night. Apnea-like symptoms affected from 2.5% to 6.1% of adolescents. The prevalence of weekly SDB was 6.0% according to both adolescent and parental report and was twice as likely among African Americans as Caucasians. The association of body mass index with SDB was twice as great among Caucasian adolescents as African American adolescents. SDB was independently associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, poorer grade point averages, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention type; each being more than twice as likely to occur among those with SDB than those without SDB. Conclusions: Symptoms of SDB appear to be common among adolescents and independently associated with short- and longer-term adverse outcomes. These associations appear to be complex in the population and will require longitudinal epidemiologic studies to clarify the nature of their relationships and the opportunities for intervention.
Development of a Coordinated Health Promotion Program for Adolescents at the Rochester Alternative Learning Center

Rochester Students' Health Services (RSHS) is a community collaborative that formed to run a school-based health center for middle and high school students and their children attending the Rochester's Alternative Learning Center (RALC). In January 2014, the Clinic opened for management of acute medical issues; however, there was no plan in place for health promotion. A preliminary needs assessment revealed that RALC students are medically underserved with frequent barriers to accessing health care and complex medical needs, including high rates of mental illness, substance …