cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient power variation in surface conditions in heat conduction for plates

Transient temperature solutions in plates are derived for heating conditions varying as time to an integer power at a surface. The powers include 0, 1, 2 and 3; the last of which is useful for cubic splines. Boundary conditions of the first, second and third kinds are treated at both surfaces with the non-homogeneity at x = 0. As the power increases by one, an additional quasi-steady summation term appears in the analytical solution. Algebraic forms for these summations are derived in a systematic way. Extensive tables are given along with an example.
Teen With Lesion on Nasal Sidewall

A 15-year-old male presented to the dermatology clinic with a lesion that had been present on his right nasal sidewall since birth. At puberty, the lesion expanded in size, became irritated, and developed a papillated, rough texture. The patient otherwise had no significant med i ca l h i s to r y and was in good health. On physical examination, there was a 3.6-cm × 1.5-cm verrucous skin-colored to light-brown plaque on the right nasal sidewall (Figure). Quiz at jamapediatrics.com Figure. Clinical photograph of a 3.6-cm × 1.5-cm verrucous skin-colored to light-brown plaque on the right nasal sidewall.
The Impact of Internet and ICT Use among SME Agribusiness Growers and Producers

Abstract Much of the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) research examining adoption and use of Internet and information and communication technologies (ICT) has argued that firms adopt and use the Internet-related ICTs to different extents depending on firm size, industry type and CEO education. To understand these issues most studies to date consider firms across industry sectors. The results though are mixed, implying the need to investigate industry-specific issues. While some SME ICT studies do target single industries, only a small percentage target agricultural firms. The study presented here surveyed SME farm operators in a nazrow set of grower/producer sectors. Results indicate wide use of computers and the Internet, especially for functions like email, online purchasing, and online business-related reseazch. Website ownership is less widespread. Results suggest that larger SMEs are more likely smaller ones to adopt some ICTs. The study also surveyed the firms regazding their use of newer soc...
Modeling the mechanical properties of highly oriented polymer films: A fiber/gel composite theory approach

Controlling the extent of orientation is of great interest in polymer processing and is effected by the choice of polymer, the fabrication technique and the processing conditions. Understanding the crystalline transitions that form highly oriented fibrils is necessary for modeling the changes in physical properties, relative to degree of orientation. A model is proposed to describe the mechanical properties of drawn semicrystalline polymer films based on structural transitions. With a minimal amount of experimental data (requiring testing on only two drawn films samples), this model can be used to predict film properties. These properties include the critical and maximum draw ratios, the moduli at the maximum draw ratio, the moduli of the fiber, the modulus of the nonfibrous gel relative to draw ratio, the volume fraction of fibers, and the rate of fibrillation. Where high degrees of uniaxial orientation are required, the polymer is typically drawn in the solid state, meaning the polymer is stretched in a single direction at temperatures below the melting point. During this process, pre-existing crystallites are transformed into fiber-like structures with large aspect ratios. The presence of these rigid asymmetric structures significantly enhances the moduli and break strength of the polymer. This work presents a model that describes the formation of fiber-like structures. The volume fraction of fibers is predicted to be linear in draw ratio. The derived relationship between volume fraction of fibers and draw ratio can then be used for the prediction of the various properties of the oriented film. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 607–618, 2008
On the climatic relevancy of Arctic Haze: static energy balance considerations

Optical properties of Arctic Haze are known only roughly, but seem to be bracketed in the following ranges: optical depth, 0.1 to 0.5; haze asymmetry factor, 0.6 to 0.7; albedo of single scattering, 0.8 to 0.98. On the basis of these numbers, simple static energy balance considerations suggest that the light-absorbing haze over the northern reflecting ice cap creates an earthatmosphere warming of 0.1 to l.O°C in comparison to a hypothetical haze-free Arctic. Before elaborate climatic models can be run with such meaning, the optical properties of the Arctic Haze, its geographical extent and seasonal variation have to be determined more accurately. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1985.tb00046.x
The effects of covert modeling with and without reply training on the development and generalization of assertive responses

The present study compared two variants of covert modeling for the training of assertion skills in a self-referred unassertive population ( n =31). Subjects were randomly assigned to covert modeling (visualization of situations in which a model behaved assertively and was reinforced by compliance with the assertion), covert modeling with reply training (visualizations of situations in which a model performed assertively but also had to respond effectively to initial noncompliance with the assertion), placebo condition (visualization of the situation only) or a no-treatment condition. The reply training condition resulted in significantly greater changes in behavioral assertion on post-test measures as well as on measures of treatment generalization. However, treatment differences were not observed on a phone-call measure collected 4 months after treatment. Treatment parameters likely to be important to the maintenance of newly developed social skills are briefly, discussed.
Abstract OT3-2-02: The PREDICT Study (Prospective, Randomized Early Detection and Intervention after Breast Cancer-Treatment, for women at risk of lymphedema)

Introduction: It is well-documented that lymphedema is one of the most feared long-term side effects of breast cancer (BC) treatment. However, to date, a standardized approach for the quantification and treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) has yet to be established. Aims: We propose a screening and intervention trial that will assess the efficacy of early detection and intervention for BCRL. Intervention comprises the use of compression garments for mild lymphedema and compression garments +/− nighttime bandaging for moderate lymphedema. Other factors to be evaluated include: symptom clusters, treatment adherence, fear avoidance behavior, quality of life (QOL), upper extremity function, and risk factors for BCRL. Eligibility Criteria: Women 18 years + with a confirmed BC diagnosis, no history of BC, no known metastatic or locally advanced disease, no history of primary lymphedema, sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection as part of definitive breast surgery. Study Design: A two-stage study which includes a Screening and an Intervention trial. The screening arm will evaluate arm volume change during and after BC treatment with target accrual of 8000. Patients will undergo measurements via perometry and complete the MGH Lymphedema Evaluation Following Treatment for Breast Cancer (LEFT-BC) Survey at each screening appointment to evaluate changes in functionality, upper extremity utilization (fear associated avoidance), and QOL. Screening visits will occur pre- and post - operatively, at the conclusion of chemotherapy and radiation therapy and every 3–7 months thereafter. Patients will become eligible for enrollment into the intervention trial if, during the course of screening, they develop a relative arm volume change (RVC) of ≥ 5% which persists at a verification measurement within 4–8 weeks. Eligible subjects are enrolled into one of two groups based on verification RVC: Group I – Mild Lymphedema (5–10% RVC) or Group II – Moderate Lymphedema (11–20% RVC). Subjects are then randomized within each group. Group I subjects are randomized to one of two arms: I-A – Observation, I-B – Compression, and Group II subjects are randomized to one of two arms: II-A – Compression, II-B – Compression + Night Compression Bandaging. Target accrual for the intervention trial is 336 subjects (Group I: 208, Group II: 128). Clinical Relevance: The results of this study will yield level I evidence on the effectiveness of early detection and intervention for BCRL. Findings may shape clinical practice in diagnosis and treatment, as well as provide insight regarding the risk factors, symptoms, upper extremity function, and quality of life (QOL) associated with BCRL. *Funding by awards R01CA139118 & 3P5OCA089393, AGT Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-2-02.
Short length CDMA codes for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks consist of a large number sensors spread across a given geographical area. Each sensor has its own communication capability as well as certain level of intelligence for signal processing and networking. As the sensor nodes are densely populated, communication range requirement for these nodes is smaller. After signal detection, a number of sensor nodes communicate over the same wireless multiuser channel. This necessitates the use of orthogonal codes with good cross correlation properties to mitigate multi access interference (MAI). In sensor networks, due to the dense placement of nodes, limited availability of power brings different metrics for optimality where short length spreading codes might be utilized for coding purposes. In this paper, a design methodology for the generation of such short length varying power orthogonal code sets with multiple levels of chip values is presented. BER characteristics of these short length codes are presented for two user and multiuser scenarios in AWG noise environment. As dynamic utilization of spreading code libraries consisting of multiple orthogonal sets brings additional network security at the code level, we expect spreading code rich system solutions in the future.
Real-time simulation of infrared scene

A method of real-time infrared scene simulation is presented. First, an Infrared Simulation System is designed and accomplished. Second, the infrared image is simulated, using VAGE standard texture library and calculating the attenuation effect of atmosphere. Finally, the infrared scene is constructed using three-dimensional technology and the key technology of real-time roam is realized. The experiment results show that the infrared image simulated by our system corresponds with the infrared image taken by an infrared camera, and an effective way for constructing infrared image database of target area is provided.
ACCELERATED PROCESSED RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS

Muscles from ungraded (no roll) beef arm chucks of A maturity steer carcasses were removed at 1 and 24 h postmortem. High connective tissue and fatty portions were reduced to 3.0 mm particle size and other muscles were comminuted to 9.9 mm. These materials were formulated with 1.0% NaCl and 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate, converted into 25 mm thick restructured steaks and packaged. Subjective evaluations were conducted after 3 and 7 days of storage for appearance and taste attributes by seven trained panelists. Objective measurements were taken for color and tenderness traits, collagen solubility and oxidative rancidity. Postrigor steaks experienced less (P 0.05) on microbial growth, peak break force, color, overall appearance, flavor, and collagen solubility of samples with the same storage periods. Oxidative rancidity of prerigor samples increased (P < 0.05) with additional storage time.
Potential energy landscape of Li+ ions in lithium silicate glasses: Implications on ionic transport

Abstract The potential energy landscapes of Li + ions in Li 2 O–SiO 2 glasses containing 3.3–15 mol% Li 2 O have been studied using molecular dynamics simulation. It is shown for the first time that the densities of states for Li + ions follow a nearly universal logarithmic distribution irrespective of the Li concentration. Such a functional form of the ionic density of states is shown to provide an explanation for the experimentally observed logarithmic dependence of the activation energy of dc conductivity on the modifier ion concentration in a wide variety of glasses.
Regioselective oxidative cyclization of hydroxyalkenes to tetrahydrofurans catalyzed by methyltrioxorhenium

Abstract The oxidation of 5-hydroxyalkenes by hydrogen peroxide, when catalyzed by CH3ReO3 (MTO), leads to functionalized tetrahydrofurans. In these cases, no tetrahydropyran was formed. The results show that the first reaction between the substrate and a peroxorhenium species formed from, and in equilibrium with, MTO and peroxide, yields an epoxide. This intermediate was not detected, however, because cyclization occurred so rapidly. 6-Hydroxyalkenes were similarly but more slowly converted to tetrahydropyran alcohols. A 4-hydroxyalkene was epoxidized but not cyclized.
Evolution of superfluid turbulence in thermal counterflow

Using two complementary techniques, we have for the first time determined the full evolution of superfluid turbulence in a single circular tube. Our analysis shows that the evolution of the turbulence from laminar flow through the two turbulent states T I and T II is independent of the tube size and is probably a generic feature of the circular geometry. This important result finally allows a reliable comparison to be made of data from wide and narrow tube experiments. The parameters of states T I and T II are found to be well defined by these experiments, and comparison to the theory of Schwarz suggests that the fully developed state T II is reasonably homogeneous. The transition from laminar flow to state T I is consistent with previous results showing a critical density of quantized vortex lines in the turbulence. Our analysis suggests that this concept may be extended to the transition from T I to T II. Associated with this second transition is an intrinsic relaxation time that appears to diverge at the critical velocity.
"Chance favors only the prepared mind": preparing minds to systematically reduce hazards in the testing process in primary care.

Objectives Testing plays a vital role in primary care. Failures in the process are common and can be harmful. As the great 19th century microbiologist Louis Pasteur put it "chance favors only the prepared mind." Our objective is to prepare minds in primary care practices to improve safety in the testing process. Various principles from safety science can be applied. Methods A prospective methodology that uses an anonymous practice survey based on concepts from failure modes and effects analysis is proposed. Responses are used to rank perceived hazards in the testing process, leading to prioritization of areas for intervention. Secondary data analysis (using data from a study of medication safety) was used to explore the value of this approach in the context of assessing the testing process. Results At 3 primary care practice sites, a total of 61 staff members completed 4 survey items examining the testing process. Comparison across practices shows that each has a distinct profile of hazards, which would lead each on a different path toward improvement. Discussion The proposed approach treats each practice as a unique complex adaptive system aiming to help it thrive by inculcating trust, mutual respect, and collaboration. Implications for patient safety research and practice are discussed.
Water-soluble copolymers. XI. Selectivity in the graft copolymerization of acrylamide/N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxybutyl)acrylamide comonomers onto dextran by Ce(IV)-induced initiation

Characteristic behavior in the graft copolymerization of acrylamide/N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxybutyl)acrylamide (AM/DAAM) comonomers onto dextran by Ce(IV)-induced initiation was investigated. From a preliminary study, it was found that ceric ammonium nitrate polymerized AM/DAAM comonomer mixtures and diacetone acrylamide, but not acrylamide alone in the aqueous solution. The effect of grafting conditions on the graft copolymerization product was studied with the aid of aqueous size exclusion chromatography and the anthrone reagent. The selectivity of formation of the graft copolymer over random copolymer was found to increase as the reaction temperature and AM/DAAM ratio increased and as both the Ce(IV)/Dextran molar ratio and HNO3 concentration decreased. After establishing optimum grafting conditions, graft copolymer samples were prepared, and their aqueous solution behavior studied as functions of structure, temperature, and added salts.
Natural segregation of nucleolar components of liver cells in newts.

The granular and fibrillar ribonucleoprotein components of the liver cell nucleoli of Triturus viridescens, T. cristatus, T. pyrroghaster , and Ambystoma tigrinum were found to be segregated naturally. The significance of this phenomenon needs to be elucidated.
A note on ‘The main problem of satellite theory for small eccentricities, by A. Deprit and A. Rom, 1970’

Criticism of Deprit and Rom's (1970) extension of Brouwer's (1959) first-order satellite theory to the third order in J sub 2. It is noted that Deprit and Rom's theory suffers from the drawback that the perturbations of all orders are expressed as infinite power series in the eccentricity e. It is demonstrated that Deprit and Rom's reported failure to extend Brouwer's theory to the second order in a closed form by means of Lie transforms is due to an oversight and is not caused by difficulties inherent in the problem or in the particular perturbation method used.
A logic-based modeling of resource consumption and production

Abstract Proposed are: (1) a logic modeling system called logic of resource, inspired by linear logic, for the specification of disposable resources; and (2) its implementation in the logic programming paradigm. The difficulty in the representation of disposable resources as formulas of classical logic motivates the study of this logic modeling system. There are similarities and differences between resource consumption/production and theorem proving in logic. Both are about deducibility (or producibility) of a formula (or a thing). The major difference is that once a disposable resource is used to produce something, it is not available anymore; but a formula can be repeatedly used in deduction. We adopt a form of non-standard logic called linear logic to develop a logic modeling system of resources and implement it in a variant of the logic programming paradigm. The resource logic modeling system can process state–space models represented by Petri net or their subclasses such as marked graphs and state machines. It can serve as a modeling tool for business procedures and production scheduling.
Exploratory failure analysis of open source software

Reliability growth modeling in software system plays an important role in measuring and controlling software quality during software development. One main approach to reliability growth modeling is based on the statistical correlation of observed failure intensities versus estimated ones by the use of statistical models. Although there are a number of statistical models in the literature, this research concentrates on the following seven models: Weibull, Gamma, S-curve, Exponential, Lognormal, Cubic, and Schneidewind. The failure data collected are from five popular open source software (OSS) products. The objective is to determine which of the seven models best fits the failure data of the selected OSS products as well as predicting the future failure pattern based on partial failure history. The outcome reveals that the best model fitting the failure data is not necessarily the best predictor model.
An Apparatus for the Study of Surface Longitudinal Waves at the Air/Water Interface

Abstract An apparatus used to study air/water interfacial surface viscoelasticity through longitudinal waves is described. The longitudinal surface waves are generated by an oscillating barrier driven by a small DC motor and detected with a capillary wave. The damping coefficient and the wavenumber of the longitudinal wave are measured simultaneously by using a "double lock-in" technique. Experimental results of interfacial viscoelasticity for C12E6 (hexaethyleneglycol mono n-dodecyl ether) are reported.
Effect of Lung Airway Branching Pattern and Gas Composition on Particle Deposition. II. Experimental Studies in Human and Canine Lungs

The recovery of monodisperse inhaled particles from humans in vivo and from excised human and canine lungs was measured after a single breath for particles suspended in air and in mixtures of He or SF6 with O2. Comparisons were made using the unique particle sizes for which the intrinsic particle motions in air and each mixture were identical, so that differences in recovery could be associated with differences in convective flow. For the in vivo tests, only mixtures with 20% O2 were used, while for the excised lungs, mixtures with 10% O2 were also used. In humans in vivo and in excised human lungs, there was significantly greater deposition from He-O2 mixtures and less deposition from SF6-O2 mixtures, with no differences between the in vivo and the excised lung results for the 80-20 mixtures. For the canine lungs, there were no differences in deposition between air and any He or SF6 mixture. The interspecies differences are consistent with the hypothesis that particle exchange between tidal and residual ...
All agents are not created equal

As the technology advances, we can expect the development of specialized agents to be used as standardized building blocks for information systems. Two trends lend credence to such a prediction. First, software systems in general are being constructed with larger components, such as ActiveX and JavaBeans, which are becoming closer to being agents themselves. They have more functionality than simple objects, respond to events autonomously, and, most importantly, respond to system builders at development time, as well as to events at runtime. Moreover, there is a move toward more cooperative information systems, in which the architecture itself plays an important role in the effectiveness of the system, as opposed to traditional software systems where effectiveness depends on the quality of the individual components. These architectures are generating a set of standardized agents. Architectures based on standardized agent types should be easier to develop, understand, and use. Perhaps most important of all, these architectures will make it easier for separately developed information systems to interoperate.
Problems associated with models of cytoplasmic streaming in capillary tubes.

Abstract Streaming of actomyosin solutions observed in glass capillary tubes has been attributed to the energy-tranducing interaction of actin and myosin in the presence of ATP (A. Oplatka and R. Tirosh, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1973, 305, 684–688). Other results have indicated that this is a physical phenomenon of the system used (Y. Matsutake, J. Sagara, T. Yamada, and H. Shimizu, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1975, 405, 347–352). Results presented here using a microcapillary system relatively free of artifacts confirm the indication that the structure of the capillary system used is responsible for the appearance of streaming in the solutions studied and further delineate the nature of the phenomenon.
Differential use of food resources by the instars of Chaoborus punctipennis

SUMMARY. 1. Differential use of food resources by instars I-1V of Chaoborus punctipennis was examined in a mesotrophic New Hampshire lake during midsummer when all instars coexisted. Diet composition and prey preference were quantified first, at night when all instars were feeding at the same depth, and second, during the day when the early instars (I-II) and instar III were segregated by depth. Relative abundance, per cent biomass, and per cent frequency of occurrence of soft and hard-bodied rotifers, flagellated phytoplankton, protozoans, and crustaceans in C. punctipennis diets were quantified using crop content analyses. 2. All four instars ingested large, flagellated phytoplankton (mainly Dinobryon and Ceratium). This unexpected result suggests that the effects of phytoplankton on Chaoborus growth and survival should be investigated. All instars also consumed rotifers (mainly Kellicottia, Gastropus, Polyarthra), but only instars III and IV fed upon crustaceans (mainly Daphnia, Bosmina and Diaphanosoma). Small rotifers (Gastropus spp., Keratella cochlearis, Trichocerca similis) occurred more frequently and were more abundant in early instar diets than late instar (III and IV) diets, whereas large rotifers (Asplanchna priodonta and Keratella crassa) were eaten only by instars III and IV. Zooplankton with gelatinous sheaths (e.g. Ascomorpha, Collotheca and Holopedium) were rarely ingested. 3. Developmental increase in gape diameter of C. punctipennis seemed to be the major proximate mechanism causing dietary differences among instars. Body widths of hard-bodied prey in C. punctipennis crops were always less than gape diameter. The relationship between prey body width and Chaoborus gape diameter, coupled with knowledge of prey escape behaviour, should be useful for predicting the presence of hard-bodied prey taxa in diets of other Chaoborus species. 4. All four instars of C. punctipennis selected soft-bodied, or weakly loricate, rotifer prey over crustaceans and phytoplankton. Early instars preferred the small rotifer T. similis and the protozoan Difflugia sp. to other rotifers and phytoplankton when feeding in the epilimnion or thermocline during the day or night. Late instars positively selected the rotifer, Asplanchna. Prey value (prey weight ingested per unit handling
Trp53 Deletion Stimulates the Formation of Metastatic Pancreatic Tumors

The presence of distant metastases is a common finding on diagnosis of pancreatic cancer; however, the mechanisms underlying the dissemination of this tumor type remain poorly understood. Loss of the p53 tumor suppressor protein has been associated with tumor progression and metastasis in several tumor types including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Here, we describe the generation of a progressive and metastatic pancreatic cancer mouse model after the somatic and sporadic delivery of avian retroviruses encoding the mouse polyoma virus middle T antigen to elastase-tv-a transgenic mice with a pancreas-specific deletion of the Trp53 tumor suppressor locus. In this model, the tumors metastasize most frequently to the liver, consistent with human pancreatic carcinomas. Analysis of metastatic lesions demonstrated that concomitant loss of the Ink4a/Arf locus was not required for metastasis; however, pancreas-specific deletion of a single Ink4a/Arf allele cooperated with Trp53 deletion in a haploinsufficient manner to accelerate tumor development. Thus, our findings illustrate the potential role of p53 loss of function in pancreatic tumor progression, demonstrate the feasibility of modeling pancreatic cancer metastasis after somatic and sporadic oncogene activation, and indicate that our model may provide a useful experimental system for investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis.
Validity and Self-Reflexivity Meet Poststructuralism: Scientific Ethos and the Transgressive Self

he field of educational research is currently a fertile site for the proliferation of new forms of and new approaches to inquiry. In the struggles for legitimacy of these new forms, the idea of what constitutes "valid" work has gone through many changes (See, for example, Alcoff, 1989, 1991; Cherryholmes, 1988; Clifford, 1983; Gordon, 1990; Guba & Lincoln, 1989; Kvale, 1989; Lather, 1986a, 1986b, 1991a, 1993; Lincoln & Guba, 1985; and Mishler, 1990). That is not to say that there is a coherent, linear progression of the validity discussion in which old forms are discarded in favor of new ones. Traditional validity criteria, in fact, coexist with newer criteria, depending on researchers' ontological, epistemological, and political leanings and assumptions, as well as their situational requirements. It is not my purpose to reproduce that discussion here.
Genetics of species re-introductions: Applications of genetic analysis

The value of obtaining genetic information as a prerequisite to management decisions regarding rare plant species is assessed using specific examples. The conclusions derived indicate that specific genetic information can help direct planning, strategy and development and the allocation of resources. However, such information can also be valueless in management terms because the information obtained, by its nature, cannnot always be interpreted unambigously, and thus is unable to provide the predictive certainty that is often required or expected by management personnel. It is important that such caveats be clear to management personnel before applying genetic studies for applied purposes.
A three-trophic level estuarine model: Synergism of two mechanistic simulations

Abstract Few numerical simulations have attempted to include a high degree of biological detail for several trophic levels. Typically, in planktonic ecosystem models, if the dynamics of nutrients, phytoplankton and herbivorous zooplankton are formulated with ecological complexity, then carnivores are ignored, forced or modeled in an extremely simplified manner. Extensive mechanistic detail for important carnivores is difficult to represent because reliable and relevant ecological data are rarely available for appropriate species and local populations. Further, the wide temporal and spatial differences between life histories of lower plankton and carnivores may be technically difficult to model. In Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is an important carnivore to which these objections do not apply. A detailed carbon-based simulation model of this population of ctenophores was developed independently from an ecosystem model of Narragansett Bay which included detailed interactions between phytoplankton, primarily herbivorous zooplankton and nutrients. The interfacing of these two models without changing any of the formulations or values of the coefficients provided a test of the commonly used practice of forcing certain components. Both models were originally constructed with the biomass of a critical compartment forced according to observed data; in the plankton model, ctenophores were forced, and in the ctenophore model, zooplankton were forced. Predicted biomasses for zooplankton and ctenophores in the combined model were similar to the results of the two parent models, but improved relative to the actual field observations. From the findings it appears that the strategy of forcing is valid provided the forced patterns are appropriate and reasonable.
Reflections on written comments by women on their abuse.

In a study to differentiate injuries of physical abuse from non-physical abuse, 103 women wrote uninvited comments that were analyzed in two ways: Q-sort and phenomenology analyses. Q-sort identified two categories: helplessness and assertiveness. Comparisons with subject responses about current or previous violence indicated that women who wrote assertive comments were less likely to be in a violent relationship than women who wrote helpless comments. Phenomenological analysis indicated that women who were categorized as silent, received or subjective were in abusive relationships; some had been abused on the day of admission. Two women wrote comments considered subjective procedural; both were living with their abuser and stated that the abuse no longer occurred. Health-care professionals must question the appropriate goal to counsel abused women. Whether these two continua reflect a readiness to leave the relationship or result from having left, the comments by two women who say they are no longer being abused are more assertive and appear to show higher levels of knowing. Language: en
Phospholipid fatty acyl spatial distribution in bovine rod outer segment disk membranes

Abstract The distribution of fatty acids within the phospholipid headgroup classes was investigated as a function of the age/spatial distribution of bovine rod outer segment disk membranes. The disks were separated into subpopulations based upon the cholesterol content in their membranes. Because disk membrane cholesterol content decreases as the disks are apically displaced in the rod outer segment, this separation yields disk subpopulations of different ages and from age-dependent spatial locations within the outer segment. The phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), of each of these subpopulations were separated and the fatty acid composition of each was determined. These data indicated that while most of the fatty acids show little or no change with age/spatial location, some pronounced changes can be observed in certain classes. Within the PC class, 16 : 0 dramatically decreases with disk age while the 22 : 6 increases with disk age. While the PE class exhibits some fatty acid changes, they are small. The PS class exhibits no significant changes in fatty acid composition. The PI class which constitutes less than 2% of the total phospholipid exhibits age-related changes in each of the fatty acids which could be measured. Most notable of these is an increase in 20 : 4 as the disks are apically displaced. These changes indicate a remodeling of the disk membranes which may be related to the phototransduction process or to preparation for eventual disk phagocytosis.
Celiac Cyclic Blood Flow Pattern Response to Feeding and Heat Exposure

Male broilers (3.0 to 3.4 kg) chronically implanted with an electromagnetic blood flow probe on the celiac artery were used to study the effect of feeding and heat exposure on celiac mean blood flow (MBF). Postprandial celiac MBF and a cyclic pattern of MBF, produced in response to feeding, were reduced (P less than .05) by a 60-min exposure to 37 C but returned during a thermoneutral (25 C) recovery period. The exact nature of this cyclic MBF phenomenon is unknown but may be related to intestinal smooth muscle activity alterations and sympathetic vasomotor tone.
An imaging and analysis toolset for the study of Caenorhabditis elegans neurodevelopment

ABSTRACT How an entire nervous system develops remains myster ious. We have developed a light-sheet microscope sys-tem to examine neurodevelopment in C. elegans embryos. Our system creates overla pping light sheets from two orthog-onally positioned objectives, enabling imaging from the first cell division to hatching (~14 hours) with 350 nm isotropic resolution. We have also developed computer algorithms to computationally straighten nematode embryos, facilitating data comparison and combination from multiple animals. We plan to use these tools to cr eate an atlas showing the posi-tion and morphology of all neurons in the developing embryo. Keywords: Caenorhabditis elegans , neurodevelopment, light sheet imaging. 1. INTRODUCTION A significant amount of effort has been devoted to understanding how nervous systems form, from the mole-cules directing the growth of individual axons and dendrites to larger-scale organizing principles. Researchers have made substantial progress in identifying molecules responsible for directing the growth and movement of individual cells and axons
Fatigue Analysis of Asphalt Mixtures Independent of Mode of Loading

Fatigue cracking is a common form of distress in asphalt pavements. During the last four decades, significant research has been conducted to characterize fatigue damage in asphalt mixtures. This paper evaluates an analytical method that is independent of the mode of loading (controlled strain or controlled stress) to quantify the fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures. The evaluation was based on fatigue tests conducted on the fine aggregate matrix (FAM) portion of an asphalt mixture by using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. A number of tests were performed by applying oscillatory torque under controlled-strain and controlled-stress conditions at a frequency of 10 Hz and a temperature of 25°C. The data from these tests were analyzed by using a fracture model for viscoelastic materials to calculate a fatigue damage parameter, R(N), which represents the influence of the numbers of cracks with equivalent crack radii on the material fracture behavior and which quantifies crack growth in FAM. This damage paramet...
The igneous petrology and magmatic evolution of the Midcontinent rift system

Klewin, K.W. and Shirey, S.B., 1992. The igneous petrology and magmatic evolution of the Midcontinent rift system. In: P.A. Ziegler (Editor), Geodynamics of Rifting, Volume II. Case History Studies on Rifts: North and South America and Africa. Tectonophysics, 213: 33–40. The 1100 Ma Midcontinent rift system of North America is one of the world's great igneous provinces, containing over one million km3 of mafic volcanic and plutonic rocks. Volcanic rocks range from picrite to rhyolite, although tholeiitic basalt predominates. Plutonic rocks range from peridotite to granite, with plagioclase-rich gabbros and troctolites being most abundant. The igneous history of the rift can be divided into early and late stages; flows of the early stage form a trend having low-alumina, high-magnesia picrite as the primitive endmember, whereas flows from the late stage form a trend having high-alumina olivine tholeiite as the primitive endmember. The early basalts have enriched Nd isotopic compositions and were derived largely from old, heterogeneous subcontinental lithosphere. The late basalts have chondritic to depleted Nd isotopic compositions and were derived from large degree partial melts of a mantle plume that had mixed with isotopically depleted asthenospheric mantle. Apparently, melting began initially in the subcontinental lithosphere as it was stretched. Subsequently, a lower mantle plume, which had entrained asthenospheric mantle during its ascent, rose beneath the rift and melted at large degrees to yield the voluminous later basalts.
Structure-Function Relationships in Miscoding by Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA Polymerase Dpo4: GUANINE N2,N2-DIMETHYL SUBSTITUTION PRODUCES INACTIVE AND MISCODING POLYMERASE COMPLEXES*

Previous work has shown that Y-family DNA polymerases tolerate large DNA adducts, but a substantial decrease in catalytic efficiency and fidelity occurs during bypass of N2,N2-dimethyl (Me2)-substituted guanine (N2,N2-Me2G), in contrast to a single methyl substitution. Therefore, it is unclear why the addition of two methyl groups is so disruptive. The presence of N2,N2-Me2G lowered the catalytic efficiency of the model enzyme Sulfolobus solfataricus Dpo4 16,000-fold. Dpo4 inserted dNTPs almost at random during bypass of N2,N2-Me2G, and much of the enzyme was kinetically trapped by an inactive ternary complex when N2,N2-Me2G was present, as judged by a reduced burst amplitude (5% of total enzyme) and kinetic modeling. One crystal structure of Dpo4 with a primer having a 3′-terminal dideoxycytosine (Cdd) opposite template N2,N2-Me2G in a post-insertion position showed Cdd folded back into the minor groove, as a catalytically incompetent complex. A second crystal had two unique orientations for the primer terminal Cdd as follows: (i) flipped into the minor groove and (ii) a long pairing with N2,N2-Me2G in which one hydrogen bond exists between the O-2 atom of Cdd and the N-1 atom of N2,N2-Me2G, with a second water-mediated hydrogen bond between the N-3 atom of Cdd and the O-6 atom of N2,N2-Me2G. A crystal structure of Dpo4 with dTTP opposite template N2,N2-Me2G revealed a wobble orientation. Collectively, these results explain, in a detailed manner, the basis for the reduced efficiency and fidelity of Dpo4-catalyzed bypass of N2,N2-Me2G compared with mono-substituted N2-alkyl G adducts.
PHOTOPRODUCTION OF NEUTRAL VERSUS CHARGED SOLITONS IN TRANS (CH)x

The branching ratio R for the photoproduction of neutral soliton-antisoliton pairs (S°S-°) versus charged pairs (S+/-S-/+) is calculated for pristine trans polyacetylene. Within the SSH model, we find R vanishes in the adiabatic approximation as a consequence of inversion symmetry (parity) and the Pauli principle. If one includes nonadiabatic effects, we prove that R remains zero at least to second order in the electron-phonon interaction as a consequence of charge conjugation symmetry. Thus, neutral SS- photoproduction is strongly suppressed in (CH)x, in agreement with experiments by Flood, et al.
NOVA: state assignment of finite state machines for optimal two-level logic implementation

The problem of encoding the states of a synchronous finite state machine (FSM) so that the area of a two-level implementation of the combinational logic is minimized is addressed. As in previous approaches, the problem is reduced to the solution of the combinatorial optimization problems defined by the translation of the cover obtained by a multiple-valued logic minimization or by a symbolic minimization into a compatible Boolean representation. The authors present algorithms for this solution, based on a novel theoretical framework that offers advantages over previous approaches to develop effective heuristics. The algorithms are part of NOVA, a program for optimal encoding of control logic. Final areas averaging 20% less than other state assignment programs and 30% less than the best random solution have been obtained. Literal counts averaging 30% less than the best random solutions have been obtained. >
Investigation of patient-specific characteristics associated with treatment outcomes for chronic urticaria.

Background Identifying clinical characteristics of patients with chronic urticaria (CU) responsive to medication may help guide clinicians select treatment. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate patient characteristics and medication use associated with urticaria control. Methods A retrospective longitudinal chart review of adult patients with CU was conducted at a multisite allergy practice. Inclusion criteria required at least 4 CU office visits to allow for pre- and posttreatment assessment. Control corresponding to medication(s) used was assessed each visit. Univariate analysis followed by multiple logistic regression was performed. Results A total of 221 patients with CU were included; 140 (63%) achieved complete control. The average time to control was 1.4 ± 2.7 years, which required 1-3 classes of medications. Dermatographia odds ratio (OR) = 1.85 (95% CI 1.3-2.7) or other physical urticarias, OR = 1.51 (1-2.4) and neutrophilic infiltrates on skin biopsy were markers of poor control. Thyroid autoantibodies were associated with better control using an H1-antihistamine. Whereas 22% were controlled on a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist plus a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), an additional 33% were controlled when cyclosporine was added. Use of a first or second H1-antagonist or LTRA was associated with a 3.5-16.9 times higher odds of complete CU control in those with dermatographia. The odds of achieving control for other forms of physical urticaria was greatest when colchicine was added (aOR = 32.6 [12.7-83.2]). Conclusions Patient-specific CU characteristics associated with medication-disease control may be useful for selecting treatment regimens. A subset of CU patients remains poorly controlled that indicates an unmet need for novel therapeutic agents.
Fluorescence ratio imaging of dynamic intracellular signals.

Traditional biochemical assays of cellular messengers require grinding up thousands or millions of cells for each data point. Such destructive measurements use up large amounts of tissue, have poor time resolution, and cannot assess heterogeneity between individual cells or dynamic spatial localizations. Recent technical advances now enable important ionic signals to be continuously imaged inside individual living cells with micron spatial resolution and subsecond time resolution. This methodology relies on the molecular engineering of indicator dyes whose fluorescence is strong and highly sensitive to ions such as Ca2+, H+, or Na+. Binding of these ions shifts the fluorescence excitation spectrum of the corresponding indicator. The ratio of excitation amplitudes at two wavelengths measures the free ion concentration while canceling out intensity variations due to nonuniform cell thickness or dye content. By rapidly alternating between the two ion-sensitive excitation wavelengths, a fluorescence microscope equipped with a low-light television camera and digital image processor can produce dynamic images of intracellular messenger levels. In many populations of cells traditionally assumed to be homogeneous, we find that neighboring individual cells can differ enormously in their cytosolic Ca2+ response to agonist stimulation, some ignoring the stimulus, others raising cytosolic Ca2+ transiently, others showing oscillations. Oscillations have been speculated to be important as a basis for frequency-coding of oscillations. Oscillations have been speculated to be important as a basis for frequency-coding of graded inputs; we are investigating the mechanism of their generation using light flashes to generate pulses of intracellular messengers. Spatial gradients of cytosolic Ca t+ within single cells have been observed in embryos during fertilization and development, neurons exposed to electrical or drug stimulation and in cytotoxic T lymphocytes during killing of target cells. Variations of cytosolic pH and free Na+ are especially interesting in epithelia and in cells undergoing mitogenic or oncogenic activation.
Predicted and Measured Resting Metabolic Rate of Male and Female Endurance Athletes

Abstract Objective To measure the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of a group of endurance-trained male and female athletes and to compare it with values predicted using published equations. Design RMR was measured twice: 1 week apart for the men and approximately 1 month apart for the women. RMR was predicted using equations of Harris and Benedict, Owen et al, Mifflin et al, and Cunningham. Subjects/Setting Subjects were 37 trained endurance athletes (24 men, 13 women) who had participated in studies previously completed in our laboratory. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measure was the comparison of predicted RMR with measured RMR. An exploratory procedure for the determination of predictive variables in these athletes was also performed. Statistical analyses performed The Root Mean Squared Prediction Error method was used to compare predicted RMR with measured RMR. The maximum R 2 procedure method was used to determine the best possible combination of four variables that explained the largest amount of variance in RMR. Results The Cunningham equation was found to predict measured RMR most accurately (within 158 kcal/d for men and 103 kcal/d for women). Fat-free mass was the best predictor of RMR in men, whereas energy intake was the best predictor in women. Applications/conclusions The Cunningham equation provides an accurate estimate of RMR when determining energy needs of highly active people. Equations specific to athletes need to be developed. Factors in addition to body weight, height, and age should be investigated as possible predictor variables in athletes. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:30-34.