cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are one or two dangerous? Clonidine and topical imidazolines exposure in toddlers.

Abstract Clonidine and the imidazolines, commonly found in topical ophthalmic and nasal decongestants, are chemically related drugs that have been responsible for many pediatric poisonings. These medications can cause significant morbidity in small doses. A review of the available literature reveals that young children have exhibited severe signs and symptoms after ingesting as little as one to two clonidine tablets or 2.5 ml of a topical imidazoline product. Central nervous system depression, respiratory depression, and cardiovascular instability are the most common features of poisoning. Signs and symptoms develop rapidly, within 4–6 h. Care is supportive. Death is rare, but many poisoned patients require monitoring in an intensive care setting.
Comparative studies of two viroids: analysis of potato spindle tuber and citrus exocortis viroids by RNA fingerprinting and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.

Abstract Highly purified isolates of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) from Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Rutgers and citrus exocortis viroid (CEV) from Gynura aurantiaca have been compared. Two-dimensional fingerprinting analysis of PSTV- and CEV-RNA labeled in vitro with 125I has demonstrated that (i) each of these RNA species has a complexity compatible with the size estimate of 250–350 nucleotides and (ii) these RNA molecules do not have the same sequence. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoretic studies suggest, among other things, that there could be some sequence and/or structure heterogeneity within each of these viroid RNA's.
Empirical Evidence for Impacts of Internal Migration on Vegetation Dynamics in China from 1982 to 2000

Migration is one of the major socio-economic characteristics of China since the country adopted the policy of economic reform in late 1970s. Many studies have been dedicated to understand why and how people move, and the consequences of their welfare. The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental impacts of the large scale movement of population in China. We analyzed the trend in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) along with China migration data from the 1 percent national survey during 1982-1987, the 4th national census during 1985-1990 and the 5th national census during1995~2000. We found that the internal migration in China has a statistically significant negative impact on vegetation growth at the provincial scale from 1982 to 2000 even though the overall vegetation abundance increased in China. The impact from migration (R²=0.47, P=0.0001) on vegetation dynamics is the second strongest as among the factors considered, including changes in annual mean air temperature (R²=0.50, P=0.0001) and annual total precipitation (R²=0.30, P=0.0049) and gross domestic production (R²= 0.25, P=0.0102). The negative statistical relationship between the rate of increase in total migration and the change in vegetation abundance is stronger (R²=0.56, P=0.0000) after controlling for the effects of changes in temperature and precipitation. In-migration dominates the impacts of migration on vegetation dynamics. Therefore, it is important for policy makers in China to take the impacts of migration on vegetation growth into account while making policies aiming at sustainable humanenvironment relations.
Multi-filament pcss modules to replace high current pulsed power switches

Summary form only given. Methods of producing multiple current-sharing filaments (MCSF) in GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) have produced as many as 30 filaments per switch with a spacing of 330 μm. As the approaches to triggering and isolating MCSF mature, the replacement of high current, conventional pulsed power switches with banks of MCSF PCSSs capable of switching tens of kiloamps become feasible and economical. Multiple banks of MCSF PCSS can eventually produce optically controlled pulsed power systems with faster rise-times, shorter pulses, and higher peak powers using more economical switches with device lifetimes of over one million pulses.This paper will report results from three types of MCSF approaches: (1) line-of-sight optics focused with cylindrical micro-lens arrays into bright narrow lines of light on the surface of the PCSS; (2) high-reflectivity dielectric optical masks which produce shadows of bright narrow lines of light on the surface of the PCSS; and (3) etched-steps in the surface of the PCSS to divide up the illuminating light and isolate the filaments. These approaches are being tested to switch 2-3 kA with three 1cm square GaAs PCSS. Switching parameters, approximate device lifetimes, and current-sharing capability are being measured and evaluated for each of these triggering techniques. Many other approaches have been considered previously, and their potential for other specific applications will be discussed. Increasing PCSS current density through the development of longer-lived PCSS with higher currents per filament is research that has continued in parallel with the multi-filament triggering work. This however is primarily an interface issue where the contact metal meets the GaAs. We will discuss new electrical contact geometries capable of reducing current crowding. Thereby lowering the peak current density to enable higher total filament current. Theoretical bases for improving contacts will also be discussed.
Tackling congestion to address distributed denial of service: a push-forward mechanism

Distributed denial of service attacks prevent legitimate users from accessing a target machine or the service a target machine provides. One common method of attack is overwhelming the target machine with a large volume of traffic. Thus, handling congestion indirectly leads to detection and recovery from distributed denial of service attacks. The Internet is an interconnected collection of autonomous systems. Every host on an autonomous system connects to the Internet through an access router. Monitoring the rate of packets to and from a host, at the access router, helps in identifying distributed denial of service attacks initiated at the host. Monitoring every access router leads to an effective distributed denial of service prevention, but is infeasible. An alternative is a combination of access router monitoring and intermediate router monitoring with a novel push-forward mechanism that provides good defense within manageable deployment requirements. Push-forward messages reduce the amount of traffic to monitor at the intermediate routers. Prototype testing and simulations of such a combination reveal good congestion detection and recovery time with very little performance overhead.
Jackstraw-textured talc-olivine rocks, Preston Peak area, Klamath Mountains, California

An unusual ultramafic rock characterized by elongate olivine crystals forms several small masses in alpine-type, tectonitic peridotite of the Preston Peak ophiolite, Klamath Mountains, California. The largest mass of this distinctive ultramafic rock, which has been mapped in detail, has contacts with the surrounding peridotite tectonite that vary from indistinct to sharp. In several areas, the country-rock tectonitic peridotite is impregnated by a network of talc-olivine veins locally containing elongate olivine crystals. Within the mass, the elongate olivine crystals, many of them pseudomorphosed by serpentine, are typically arranged in a crisscrossed pattern (jackstraw texture), but radial and parallel patterns also occur. The olivine crystals are bladelike but lack the skeletal or dendritic textures characteristic of elongate igneous olivines. Microprobe analyses of the olivine blades indicate that they are magnesium-rich (Fo 89.4 ) and unzoned. The coexisting mineral assemblage includes talc, tremolite, magnesite, chlorite, and pentlandite, minerals that are not compatible with a magmatic origin. Furthermore, at several localities within the mass, relict structures and minerals of the peridotite tectonite are preserved in the Jackstraw-textured rocks, indicating a replacement origin. Major- and minor-element chemical data support a replacement origin, in that the Jackstraw-textured talc-olivine rocks are similar in chemical composition to the surrounding tectonitic peridotite of the ophiolite. The most obvious difference is that the jackstraw-textured rocks contain more sulfur. Experimental data on the coexisting mineral assemblages indicate a low-temperature (500 to 600 °C) origin, and field relations suggest the importance of a volatile-rich phase.
Hash-bucket search: A fast technique for searching an english spelling dictionary

When a document is prepared using a computer system, it can be checked for spelling errors automatically and efficiently. This paper reviews and compares several methods for searching an English spelling dictionary. It also presents a new technique, hash-bucket search, for searching a static table in general, and a dictionary in particular. Analysis shows that with only a small amount of space beyond that required to store the keys, the hash-bucket search method has many advantages over existing methods. Experimental results with a sample dictionary using double hashing and the hash-bucket techniques are presented.
Integer-valued Polynomials over Quaternion Rings

When D is an integral domain with eld of fractions K, the ring Int(D) = ff(x)2 K[x]j f(D) Dg of integer-valued polynomials overD has been extensively studied. We will extend the integer-valued polynomial construction to certain noncommutative rings. Specically, let i;j, and k be the standard quaternion units satisfying the relations i 2 = j 2 = 1 and ij = k = ji, and dene ZQ :=fa+bi+cj +dkj a;b;c;d2 Zg. Then, ZQ is a noncommutative ring that lives inside the division ring QQ :=fa+bi+cj +dkj a;b;c;d2 Qg. For any ring R such that ZQ R QQ, we dene the set of integer-valued polynomials over R to be Int(R) :=ff(x)2 QQ[x]j f(R) Rg. We will demonstrate that Int(R) is a ring, discuss how to generate some elements of Int(ZQ), prove that Int(ZQ) is non-Noetherian, and describe some of the prime ideals of Int(ZQ).
Private Control Over Access to the Law: The Perplexing Federal Regulatory Use of Private Standards

To save resources and build on private expertise, federal agencies have incorporated privately drafted standards into thousands of federal rules – but only by “reference.” These standards range widely, subsuming safety, benefits, and testing standards. An individual who seeks access to this binding law generally cannot freely read it online or in a government depository library, as she can the U.S. Code or Code of Federal Regulations. Instead, she generally must pay a significant fee to the drafting organization or else she must travel to Washington, D.C., to the Office of the Federal Register’s reading room.This law is not formally “secret,” but it is expensive and difficult to find. It raises the question of what underlies the intuition that law, in a democracy, needs to be readily, publicly available. Previous analyses of the need for publicity have focused almost wholly on the need of regulated entities for notice of their obligations. This article assesses several other considerations, including notice to regulatory beneficiaries, such as Medicare recipients, consumers of dangerous products, and neighbors of natural gas pipelines. Ready public access to the law also is critical to ensure that federal agencies are meaningfully accountable for their decisions, both through internal and external mechanisms, including voting, political oversight, and agency procedures. The need for ready public access is at least as strong in this collaborative governance setting as when agencies act alone. Finally, expressive harm – a message inconsistent with core democratic values – is likely to flow from government adoption of regulatory law that is, in contrast to American law in general, harder to find and costly to access. These considerations should prompt a focus not just upon whether law is public, but how public it is. Full assessment of the importance of public access to law both strengthens the case for reform of access barriers to incorporation-by-reference rules and limits the range of acceptable reform measures.
Aberrant Blood Grouping Results in a Patient with Splenomegaly and Thrombocytopenia

Principal Laboratory Findings [T1] and [T2] Questions: 1. What is (are) this patient’s most striking laboratory result(s)? 2. How do you explain this patient’s most striking laboratory result(s)? 3. What is this patient’s blood group and Rh type? 4. What other tests can be done to confirm this patient’s blood group and the presence of hypogammaglobulinemia? 5. What are other possible causes of ABO discrepancies?
Aerospace and military battery applications

This paper gives a review of the papers presented at the IEEE 17th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2002. The topics covered are: Li batteries for satellites, capacity fade of Li-ion cells cycled at different temperatures, Ni-H/sub 2/ battery lifetime, batteries for Mars-exploring vehicles, Li-ion cell performance enhancement at low temperatures, navy service batteries, and US Army man portable applications and mobile power challenges.
Flow and entrapment of dense nonaqueous phase liquids in physically and chemically heterogeneous aquifer formations

The migration and entrapment of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in aquifer formations is typically believed to be controlled by physical heterogeneities. This belief is based upon the assumption that permeability and capillary properties are determined by the soil texture. Capillarity and relative permeability, however, will also depend on porous medium wettability characteristics. This wettability may vary spatially in a formation due to variations in aqueous phase chemistry, contaminant aging, and/or variations in mineralogy and organic matter distributions. In this work, a two-dimensional multiphase flow simulator is modified to simulate coupled physical and chemical formation heterogeneity. To model physical heterogeneity, a spatially correlated permeability field is generated, and then related to the capillary pressure-saturation function according to Leverett scaling. Spatial variability of porous medium wettability is assumed to be correlated with the natural logarithm of the intrinsic permeability. The influence of wettability on the hysteretic hydraulic property relations is also modeled. The simulator is then employed to investigate the potential influence of coupled physical and chemical heterogeneity on DNAPL flow and entrapment. For reasonable ranges of wettability characteristics, simulations demonstrate that spatial variations in wettability can have a dramatic impact on DNAPL distributions. Higher organic saturations, increased lateral spreading, and decreased depth of infiltration were predicted when the contact angle was varied spatially. When chemical heterogeneity was defined by spatial variation of organic-wet solid fractions (fractional wettability porous media), however, the resultant organic saturation distributions were more similar to those for perfectly water-wet media, due to saturation dependent wettability effects on the hydraulic property relations.
Vascular responses to platelet activation in normal and atherosclerotic primates in vivo.

Platelets release vasoactive substances that may contribute to augmented vasoconstriction. In this study, we examined vascular responses to activation of platelets in vivo by infusion of collagen. Purified bovine collagen was infused into the blood-perfused hind limb of normal and atherosclerotic cynomolgus monkeys. Resistance of the total limb and large arteries was measured at constant flow. In normal monkeys, collagen produced a decrease in total limb resistance, with a modest constrictor response of the large arteries. In atherosclerotic monkeys, collagen produced a transient, small decrease in total limb resistance, with pronounced constriction of large arteries. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) and the thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor antagonist SQ29,548 (2 mg/kg i.v.) virtually abolished the large-artery constrictor response to collagen in atherosclerotic monkeys. The 5-HT2-serotonergic receptor antagonist ketanserin (0.6 mg/kg i.v.) had no effect on the vasoconstrictor response. We conclude that 1) large arteries constrict and small vessels dilate in response to collagen-mediated activation of platelets in vivo in normal and atherosclerotic monkeys, 2) large-artery constriction in response to activation of platelets is augmented in atherosclerotic monkeys, and 3) the augmented large-artery constriction in atherosclerotic monkeys may be mediated primarily by thromboxane. The findings provide evidence that platelets may contribute to augmented constrictor responses of atherosclerotic arteries.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Domestic Cats From Rural Ohio

Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were determined in serum samples from 275 domestic cats from a mobile spay and neuter clinic from 8 counties in Ohio. The modified agglutination test incorporating whole formalinized tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol was used to determine antibodies. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 133 (48%) out of 275 cats: in titers of 1:25 in 24, 1:50 in 37, and 1:500 or more in 72. The highest prevalence (62% of 78) was in outdoor cats. The prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in 48% of cats suggests widespread contamination of the rural environment with oocysts.
From leniency to lockout

La politique de circulation des documents, a travers une enquete aupres de quarante trois bibliotheques universitaires (duree du pret, renouvellement, sanctions, pret des periodiques)
Anterior hyperlordotic cages: early experience and radiographic results

IntroductionThe mainstay of correction for hypolordotic lumbar deformities has been posterior osteotomies, such as the Smith Petersen, or three column osteotomies (TCO). TCO's while very powerful, ...
Comparing How the Rules of the Game are Contested

To understand the nature of contestation over the rules of the game of politics in the antebellum US it is necessary to scrutinize the historical record of political and legal arguments in this period. What was under dispute in these moments of acute tension was the shared understanding structuring the rules of US politics: the allocation of competences to the different branches of government, expectations about the union, the exact location of competency over competences and the appropriate basis of representation. At stake was the future of the union, which depended either on the ability to renegotiate a compromise acceptable to both supporters and opponents of a more centralized government or on finding a way of overcoming states’ protests for preserving autonomy. Ultimately, as section 3.2 explains, no such agreement was found and the union was held together by force of arms. Following the secessionary war, a new understanding over what the game of politics presupposes had to be found in order to buttress the victorious union.
Implicit Iterative Algorithms and Their Applications in Multivariate Calculus

We present a semilocal convergence analysis of implicit iterative methods for approximating a solution of an equation in a Banach space setting. The sufficient conditions are more general even in the explicit convergence case leading to a larger convergence domain, tighter error estimates on the distances involved and an at least as precise information on the location of the solution than in earlier studies.
Metal Atoms as Reactive Intermediates

Fully two-thirds of the Periodic Table is made up of metals. For the most part these metals exist in nature as oxides, silicates, or other inorganic compounds. When reduced to their metallic bulk state, they are relatively unreactive as chemicals, particularly the noble and refractory metals. Some additional reactivity is gained when the metal is finely divided, providing a high surface area. For example, clean, high-surface-area nickel, iron, uranium, and other metals are pyrophoric. This greater reactivity in the highly divided state is, of course, the basis for production of supported metals as catalysts. Generally, it is the high surface area that provides for increased reaction rates, although certainly the type of crystalline faces available for the catalytic act is also important.
Use of Protective Gloves in Nail Salons in Manhattan, New York City.

OBJECTIVES Nail salon owners in New York City (NYC) are required to provide their workers with gloves and it is their responsibility to maintain healthy, safe working spaces for their employees. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency with which nail salon workers wear protective gloves. METHODS A Freedom of Information Law request was submitted to New York Department of State's Division of Licensing Services for a full list of nail salons in Manhattan, NYC. A sample population of 800 nail salons was identified and a simple random sample (without replacement) of 30% (n=240) was selected using a random number generator. Researchers visited each nail salon from October to December of 2015, posing as a potential customer to determine if nail salon workers were wearing gloves. RESULTS Among the 169 salons in which one or more workers was observed providing services, a total of 562 workers were observed. For 149 salons, in which one or more worker was observed providing services, none of the workers were wearing gloves. In contrast, in six of the salons observed, in which one or more workers was providing services, all of the workers (1 in 2 sites, 2 in 1 site, 3 in 2 sites, and 4 in 1 site) were wearing gloves. Almost three-quarters of the total number of workers observed (n=415, 73.8%) were not wearing gloves. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that, despite recent media attention and legislation, the majority of nail salon workers we observed were not wearing protective gloves when providing services.
Sensitivity Analysis and Model Validation

In this chapter, the author will learn about the principles of model validation and how to conduct sensitivity analyses.
Repeated Eyewitness Identification Procedures With the Same Suspect

An eyewitness to a crime may make a series of identification decisions about the same suspect as evidence is gathered and presented at trial. These repeated decisions may involve show-ups, mugshots, photo arrays, lineups, and in-court identifications. Repeated identification procedures increase suspect identifications but do not increase the likelihood that the identified person is guilty. Eyewitness memory can be irreparably compromised, with significant risk incurred for an innocent suspect. The first identification procedure influences a witness’ subsequent decisions and confidence, in violation of the legal expectation that an identification reflects witness memory for the crime only. The research supports two recommendations. (1) Repeated identification procedures using the same suspect should be avoided. (2) Identifications made from repeated procedures—beyond the first identification procedure—should not be considered reliable eyewitness evidence. The first eyewitness identification attempt is the one that counts and must have been conducted with a fair and unbiased procedure.
Maturity assessment of the laminate variable stiffness design process

Abstract Variable stiffness (VS) laminate design methods allow to tailor the composite to a particular problem. This enlarged design space exploration is assisted by optimization algorithms and physics-based analyses. Although, the applicability of this methodology is at very early stages the search algorithms and analyses have evolved into sophisticated solutions. This survey aims to review the maturity of such models. However, a holistic approach must be formulated to account for all development activities like analysis, manufacturing, and certification. This survey classifies and reviews VS design papers over three decades of VS design methods to assess VS design maturity. Each paper is classified based on the research design criteria. We find that VS has evolved from a concept formulated in the early 1990s, proven through numerous feasibility studies that considered multiple performance criteria, mostly implemented into research-grade automated design tools considering fiber steering as the VS enabling mechanism, and extended into holistic-oriented multi-step design frameworks that incorporate efficient optimization algorithms, manufacturability and multidisciplinary analyses. However, certifiability considerations and more realistic structural representations have been found lacking in these frameworks. The latter is currently being researched, however the former has seen no investigative thrust.
Tagore’s Ghare Baire (Home and the World) and Chaar Adhyaya (Four Chapters): Rethinking Nationalism, Cosmopolitanism and Gender

This chapter is an attempt to critically analyse Tagore’s engagement with nationalism, cosmopolitanism and gender in the novel Ghare Baire by bringing Tagore and Levinas into a conversation. Levinas’ ethics, his articulation of ‘the other’ and its inclusion have resonances and differences with Tagore’s articulations of nationalism and cosmopolitanism. Tagore’s cosmopolitanism in the novel Ghare Baire is as problematic as the nationalism he critiques. While Tagore’s Ghare Baire provides little possibility of a cosmopolitanism based on Levinas’ ethics and articulation of the ‘other’, his novel Chaar Adhyaya is more progressive in its vision of humanitarian principles and critique of violence.
Hope, History and Utopia

In 2010 I (Drick) attended the U.S. Social Forum in Detroit, a gathering of 15 thousand community organizers, popular educators, labor organizers, and social justice advocates from across the United States. In a surprising but profound way, I was struck by the deeply spiritual nature of the proceedings. People spoke of their commitment to social justice and concern for the victims of abusive corporate and government policies.
Iceland‐Scotland Overflow Water transport variability through the Charlie‐Gibbs Fracture Zone and the impact of the North Atlantic Current

The Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ), a deep and wide gap in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 52°N, is a gateway between the eastern and western subpolar regions for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). In 2010-2012, an eight-mooring array of current meters and temperature/salinity sensors was installed across the CGFZ between 500 m and the sea floor to measure the mean transport of westward-flowing Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), and investigate the impact of the eastward-flowing North Atlantic Current (NAC) on ISOW transport variability. The 22-month record mean ISOW transport through the CGFZ, -1.7 ± 0.5 Sv (95% confidence interval), is 30% lower than the previously published estimate based on 13 months of current-only measurements, -2.4 Sv ± 1.2 Sv [Saunders, 1994]. The latter mean estimate may have been biased high due to the lack of continuous salinity measurements, although the two estimates are not statistically different due to strong mesoscale variability in both data sets. Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis and maps of satellite-derived absolute dynamic topography show that weak westward ISOW transport events and eastward reversals, are caused by northward meanders of the NAC, with its deep-reaching eastward velocities. These results add to growing evidence that a significant fraction of ISOW exits the Iceland Basin by routes other than the CGFZ.
Spatial heterogeneity in white-tailed deer activity increases seed dispersal of shade-intolerant plants near forest edges in fragmented forests1

Seed dispersal structures plant populations and communities but may be affected by forest fragmentation. Recent work demonstrates that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) can be important seed dispersers in North American forests, potentially moving seeds over long distances. However, little is known about the role of deer as seed dispersal agents in landscapes characterized by small, isolated forest patches. The objectives of this study were to (a) determine how habitat structure influenced the spatial distribution of deer activity, and (b) describe which plant species and traits were dispersed by deer in a highly fragmented, agricultural matrix. I collected deer fecal pellet groups from 10 forest patches in plots that ranged from 10 to 100 m from forest edge. Pellet groups were cold-stratified and planted in a greenhouse to quantify seeds dispersed by deer. The number of pellet groups collected was highest near forest edges but was not influenced by patch size or isolation; 258 seedlings from 15 species emerged from collected pellets, with three species contributing 80% of seedlings. Most seedlings emerging from deer pellets were herbaceous, nonnative plants with a foliage-as-fruit dispersal mode. Plants with these traits typically perform well in high-light habitats, such as forest edges, where deer are most active. These results suggest that while seed dispersal by deer is common in highly fragmented forest patches, it is most likely to benefit shade-intolerant herbaceous species, maintaining populations of those plants along forest edges.
Extended resolution: Neidell is right

Abstract Norman Neidell was the first to show that higher frequencies can be obtained from observational digital data than those predicted by adherence to the Nyquist criteria. The result is extend...
Good Versus Evil or “Saying More”: Strategies of Telling in Sex Trafficking Documentary Films

This study uses the methodology of discourse analysis to examine the issue of who can speak, who does speak, and who is spoken for in documentary films on sex trafficking. Seven recent films produc...
Cardiovascular-Related Outcomes in U.S. Adults Exposed to Lead

Cardiovascular-related clinical markers were evaluated in this cross-sectional study of United States adults (aged ≥ 20) exposed to lead via the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008 and the 2009–2010 datasets. In four quartiles of exposure—0–2 μg/dL, 2–5 μg/dL, 5–10 μg/dL, and 10 μg/dL and over, clinical and anthropometric markers were evaluated—to examine how the markers manifested in the quartiles. Associations were determined via linear regression. Finally, clinical makers, and how they manifested between exposed and less-exposed occupations, were explored in addition to how duration of exposure altered these clinical markers. In regression analysis, Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, were significantly associated with blood lead level (BLL). In the occupational analysis, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), DBP, C-reactive protein (CRP), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, showed differences between populations in the exposed and less-exposed occupations. Regarding Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing, the duration of exposure altered SBP, CRP, and LDL cholesterol. With mining, the duration of exposure altered SBP, DBP, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol, whereas in construction, the duration in occupation altered SBP, triglycerides, and CRP. In conclusion, lead exposure has a profound effect on the cardiovascular system, with potentially adverse outcomes existing at all exposure levels.
Involvement of c- myc in Human Cancers

After 400 million years of evolutionary selection pressures and spontaneous order through the force of self-organization, the genome of organisms is safeguarded by complex systems of regulatory molecules from lethal environmental damages. Only over the past century, the by-products of civilization and luxury have infiltrated these safeguards. Certain environmental exposures, such as radiation and smoking among others, have clearly been implicated for their ability to induce human cancers. Cancer has also been shown to have a hereditary component as well, since first recognized in the family histories of cancer patients and now confirmed by the identification of germline neoplastic mutations. Virtually all conceivable alterations of DNA have been detected in human cancers. These include gene amplifications, deletions, point mutations, or translocations that affect gene expression. Recently, alterations in the DNA damage repair machinery are recognized as hallmarks of human cancers.1 It is currently thought that genetic alterations involved in human cancers result in several possible biological outcomes that contribute to the malignant phenotype. Since the normal signal transduction pathways may influence cell proliferation positively through expression of proto-oncogenes or negatively through expression of tumor suppressor genes, loss of tumor suppressor gene function or gain of proto-oncogene activity are expected to contribute to most of the genetic alterations in cancers. Other genetic alterations leading to the ability of cancer cells to metastasize are also expected to play a prominent role after transformed cells have acquired a growth advantage over their normal counterpart.
Carriers and Their Motion

Carrier motion within their respective band is discussed. Velocity distributions and random walk are shown. Sign convention is given. Electronic conductivity and Joule’s heating is given. Gas kinetic model of electronic scattering is introduced. Electron and hole drift currents. Momentum and energy relaxation and their average time constants are distinguished. Mean free path is identified. Phonon and electron drag are discussed. Electric fields and fields in graded band gap semiconductors are defined. Diffusion and maximum diffusion currents are identified. The Einstein relation is given. Electrochemical fields and quasi-Fermi levels or defined. External and build-in fields are distinguished. Penalties for simple transport models are explained. Carrier distributions in build-in or external fields are differentiated. Mobilities in built-in or external fields are distinguished. A summary table of potential gradients and currents is given.
Metabolic and Gene Expression Controls on the Production of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds

The emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), including isoprenoid compounds, methanol and oxygenated organic compounds, is controlled by both the existing metabolic potential of a leaf and gene expression responses that modulate the existing metabolic potential to increase or decrease compound biosynthesis and emission rate. This capability to respond both instantaneously and in the long term to environmental variation provides plants with flexibility in their adaptions to biotic and abiotic stresses, which are also encountered in short and long-term time frames. This chapter reviews the mechanistic basis of the immediate controls of volatile BVOC emissions by light, temperature, and ambient CO2 and O2 concentrations, as well as the genetic responses that involve changes in gene expression patterns. Photosynthesis ultimately provides the carbon for BVOC production, though under non-stressed conditions the photosynthetic rate itself is rarely so low that it limits BVOC emissions. However, various metabolic pathways compete for substrates that are produced from photosynthate, including cytosolic pathways, such as the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and chloroplastic pathways such as the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway (MEP/DOXP). Controls over the use of substrate are regulated among these pathways through feedback mechanisms, specificity in the transport of metabolites across organelle membranes, and the channeling of NADPH reductant and ATP to specific steps in the pathways. This chapter emphasizes that these interactive controls provide the major explanation for longer-term physiological controls of emissions. Emissions of several types of compounds are considered, including isoprenoids, methanol, and green leaf volatiles such as various aldehydes and ketones.
Predicting the fear of assault at school and while going to and from school in an adolescent population.

Recent research investigating the fear of crime has shown that when crime and behavior-specific measures of fear are utilized, the young are more likely than the elderly to be the most fearful. Research investigating the etiology of fear within adolescent populations, however, remains very limited. Using a sample of over 10,000 junior high and high school students from a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, this paper examines the factors contributing to students' fear of assault both at school and while going to and from school. Results indicate that recent victimization experiences, the presence of a violent subculture at the school (e.g., gang presence and attacks on teachers) and availability of drugs/alcohol were related to fear in both contexts. The predictability of fear from individual characteristics, however, was context specific. Contrary to findings from earlier research, it was found that young females were not more fearful than their male counterparts in all contexts. While they were more fearful of an attack while going to and from school, there were no differences in fear levels while at school between males and females after controlling for other environmental and experiential factors. Conclusions largely support the contention that fear is a rational calculation based on objective criteria. Moreover, results underscore the need for more specificity when operationalizing the context and content of fearfulness.
Childhood Obesity, Food Choice and Market Influence

Publisher Summary Obesity is a growing problem in children of all ages. It is clear that children are not meeting the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations for several food categories and, in general, consume too many added sugars and solid fats. The solution to the obesity epidemic is not as easy as giving advice to “change what you eat,” however. A large number of variables are at work that contribute to keeping the energy balance equation out of balance. At the organizational level, the food industry has used techniques including sponsored communication, value menus with distorted portion sizes, and large promotional budgets to move children's food choice preferences toward higher-calorie, less nutrient rich options. Families are increasingly faced with pressures of both time and money and are also swayed into purchasing convenience foods and restaurant meals as a way to be more efficient in their meal preparation. The federal government and public service spending to promote DGA guidelines and healthier choices is dwarfed by the resources of the private sector used to persuade children and the “food gatekeepers” in their households to spend on other types of foods.
PETER BRIAN MEDAWAR: FATHER OF TRANSPLANTATION

Most of the surgical specialities can be tracked to the creative vision of a surgeon. Transplantation is an exception. Here, the father of the field is succinctly defined in the dictionary as: “Peter Brian Medawar: a Brazilian born British Zoologist who at the age of 45 shared a 1960 Nobel Prize for his work on acquired immunologic tolerance” (1). Medawar was mysteriously overwhelming to many colleagues and observers, even when he was young. He was the son of a Lebanese father and an English mother—tall, athletic, abnormally handsome, hypnotically articulate in public, and politely cordial in his personal relations. In September 1969, at the age of 54, he had the first of a series of strokes. These crippled him physically but not in spirit. Although I saw Medawar often professionally and privately over a 22 year period, before and after he was disabled, this sporadic exposure was not enough to understand him. My sense is that no one did, except perhaps Jean, his wife for nearly 50 years.
Particulate Matter in Sterile Parenteral Products

Particulate matter, visible or subvisible, in sterile parenteral products is regarded as a critical quality attribute, impacting safety of the product. Particles can arise from many sources foreign, intrinsic, or inherent to the product, the latter having particular emphasis for biopharmaceuticals. This chapter discusses the nature of these particles, the safety concerns behind the need to control them, and the various techniques available to monitor them. The concern with inherent proteinaceous particles in biopharmaceuticals has led to a large amount of research in this area and the development of a number of novel techniques and applications. The chapter also covers some special topics of current interest including the definition of “essentially free,” topics related to the measurement and control of subvisible particles under 10 μm in biopharmaceuticals, the new USP chapter, as well as guidance for addressing particles related regulatory queries.
Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein in Oligodendrocytes in a Time- and Level-Controllable Fashion with a Tetracycline-Regulated System

Developments in transgenic technology have greatly enhanced our ability to understand the functions of various genes in animal models and relevant human diseases. The tetracycline (tet)-regulated transactivation system for inducing gene expression allowed us to control the expression of exogenous genes in a temporal and quantitative way. The ability to manipulate a cell-specific promoter enabled us to express one particular protein in a single type of cell. The combination of a tetracycline system and a tissue-specific promoter has led us to the development of an innovative gene expression system, which is able to express genes in a cell type-specific and time- and level-controllable fashion. An oligodendrocyte-specific myelin basic protein (MBP) gene promoter controls the reversed tet-inducible trans-activator. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene was placed under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) basic promoter in tandem with seven tet-responsive elements (TRE), binding sites for the activated transactivator. Upon the addition of doxycycline (DOX, a tetracycline derivative), tet transactivators became activated and bound to one or more TRE, leading to the activation of the CMV promoter and the expression of GFP in oligodendrocytes. We have successfully expressed GFP and luciferase at high levels in oligodendrocytes in a time-and dose-dependent fashion. In the absence of DOX, there was almost no GFP expression in oligodendroglial cultures. Graded levels of GFP expression were observed after induction with DOX (0.5 to 12.5 µg/ml). Our data indicate that this inducible gene expression system is useful for the study of gene function in vivo and for the development of transgenic animal models relevant to human diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
South Korea: An Overview

Described as the “Miracle of the Han River,” South Korea has grown into a high-income advanced economy, and plays an important role in the global economy. However, it also faces many challenges, especially with North Korea on its northern border, in issues involving security and regional politics. Think tanks, mostly government affiliated, serve to provide policy recommendations in the face of such security concerns. This chapter sheds light on two distinct think tank models that have both contributed to shaping the South Korean policy agenda. In the first case study, Sook-Jong Lee demonstrates how independent non-profit think tanks such as the East Asia Institute, despite having limited financial resources, have produced quality policy recommendations to the South Korean government, proposing “complex diplomacy,” “co-evolutionary strategy,” and “middle power diplomacy” in the face of Chinese and US influence. In contrast, the second case study examines how the Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security (IFANS), a government-affiliated and top-ranking foreign policy and security think tank, shaped the development of a new policy agenda and influenced the 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit, offering various policy initiatives in nuclear disarmament in the Korean peninsula.
Study of the Cluster Ion for Gate Oxide Nitrogen Measurement by TOF-SIMS

Measurement of the nitrogen in ultrathin gate oxide is important for the precise control of gate oxide quality in the FEOL manufacturing process. TOF-SIMS is one of the most capable analysis tools for the nitrogen distribution in the bulk of gate oxide and substrate interface, nitrogen concentration as well as dose measurement. However, there are many cluster ions formed during primary ion bombardment and subsequently captured in the mass spectrometry. Some discrepancy during data analysis was possibly observed for certain cluster ions. In this paper, the ion cluster for the characterization of nitrogen in the gate oxide will be discussed and demonstrated in one of the actual applications in manufacturing control process.
Association of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes With Self-Reported Measures of Sleep Duration and Timing in Women Who Are Nulliparous.

Study Objectives:To examine the relationship of self-reported sleep during pregnancy with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A secondary objective was to describe the concordance between self-reported and...
Technology and Communications Coursework: Facilitating the Progression of Students with Learning Disabilities through High School Science and Math Coursework:

Students identified with learning disabilities experience markedly lower levels of science and mathematics achievement than students who are not identified with a learning disability. Seemingly compounding their disadvantage, students with learning disabilities also complete more credits in non-core coursework-traditionally considered non-academic coursework-than students who are not identified with a learning disability. The Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, a large national dataset with both regular and special education high school students, is utilized to determine whether credit accumulation in certain types of non-core coursework, such as Technology and Communications courses, is associated with improved science and math course-taking outcomes for students with learning disabilities. Results show that credit accumulation in Technology and Communications coursework uniquely benefits the science course-taking, and comparably benefits the math course-taking, of students identified with learning disabilities in contrast to students who are not identified with a learning disability.
In Search of the Virgin and Child in Egypt: Coptic Art in Specialized Encyclopedias

AbstractThis article examines a variety of specialized encyclopedias from several disciplines that can be used to introduce students to the topic of Coptic art. The reference works included here ca...