cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information content of IFRS versus domestic accounting standards: evidence from mandatory IFRS adoption in Israel

Beginning in 2008, most Israeli public companies were required to adopt international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Previously, Israel followed its own set of financial reporting standards - Israeli generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). This paper examines the impact of the conversion from Israeli GAAP to IFRS on the reporting of financial performance of over six hundred Israeli public companies. Results of this study contribute to the discussion on the impact of mandatory IFRS adoption and have potential implications for other countries currently considering conversion from legacy GAAP to IFRS. In Israel's case, the conversion, done to facilitate foreign investment in Israeli companies, had little or no impact on financial results or value relevance of accounting information.
Cooling Epileptogenic Foci of Epileptiform Discharge Suppression Research

Cooling epileptogenic foci can inhibit the abnormal discharge,it is expected to become the one of the important means of treatment of refractory epilepsy.The cooling control epileptiform discharge researches were reviewed here.
Mass Imprisonment and the Intergenerational Transmission of Disadvantage: Paternal Incarceration and Childrenâ€™s Cognitive Skill Development

As a growing number of American school-aged children have incarcerated or formerly incarcerated parents, it has become increasingly important to understand the intergenerational effects of mass imprisonment. I use the Fragile Families Study and its rich paternal incarceration data to assess whether having an incarcerated father impacts childrenâ€™s cognitive skill development by middle childhood. Matching models and sensitivity analyses demonstrate that experiencing paternal incarceration by age 9 is associated with lower cognitive skills and these negative effects hold when controlling for pre-paternal incarceration measures of child cognitive ability. Moreover, I estimate that paternal incarceration explains between 2 and 15 percent of the Black-White achievement gap at age 9. These findings illustrate how mass imprisonment contributes to the persistence of educational disparities, suggesting paternal incarceration as a pathway for the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage from parent to child.
Genetic expression in bacteriophage λ: III. Inhibition of Escherichia coli nucleic acid and protein synthesis during λ development

Abstract The effects of λ phage development on the synthesis of Escherichia coli DNA, RNA and protein have been studied using incorporation of radioactively labeled precursors and host β-galactosidase production as measurements of bacterial macromolecular metabolism. The ability of certain λ mutants to affect host functions was examined, and DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization served to distinguish bacterial from viral nucleic acids. The results of these experiments indicate that: (1) major inhibition of bacterial RNA and protein synthesis occurs following either λ phage infection or induction of a lysogen by heat or mitomycin C; shut-off of host DNA synthesis by λ appears to be less prompt and less prominent; (2) depression of host function results from induction of a prophage situated trans to the chromosome on the episome F′- gal , indicating that a diffusable phage gene product is involved; (3) synthesis of new protein is implicated in the phage-directed alteration of bacterial metabolism; and (4) the ability to depress bacterial functions has been localized to a segment of the phage chromosome near the genes producing exonuclease and β-protein.
Iron Deficiency and Stroke

A series of six iron deficient children, 6 to 18 months of age, presenting with an ischemic stroke or venous thrombosis after a viral syndrome, are reported from the University of Saskatchewan, and the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Canada.
Vibration monitoring via nano-composite piezoelectric foam bushings

Most mechanical systems produce vibrations as an inherent side effect of operation. Though some vibrations are acceptable in operation, others can cause damage or signal a machine's imminent failure. These vibrations would optimally be monitored in real-time, without human supervision to prevent failure and excessive wear in machinery. This paper explores a new alternative to currently-used machine-monitoring equipment, namely a piezoelectric foam sensor system. These sensors are made of a silicone-based foam embedded with nano- and micro-scale conductive particles. Upon impact, they emit an electric response that is directly correlated with impact energy, with no electrical power input. In the present work, we investigated their utility as self-sensing bushings on machinery. These sensors were found to accurately detect both the amplitude and frequency of typical machine vibrations. The bushings could potentially save time and money over other vibration sensing mechanisms, while simultaneously providing a potential control input that could be utilized for correcting vibrational imbalance.
Sibling cell size matters

A motor protein called Klp10A ensures that germline stem cells in male fruit flies divide to produce two sibling cells that are equal in size.
Autoimmunization in Thalassemia: A case report with review of literature

Alloimmunization has been variably reported worldwide in multi transfused thalassemic patients and leads to delay in issue of compatible blood. However, there is paucity of literature on the frequency of red cell auto-immunization in thalassemics, particularly of Indian origin. We present a case of 4 year old female child, known case of thalassemia major, who presented to the pediatric emergency with impending congestive heart failure. The EDTA sample showed auto-agglutination on naked eye at room temperature which persisted on incubating the sample at 37°C.There was discrepancy in forward and reverse blood grouping at room temperature which was resolved by extended blood grouping at 3 temperatures (4°C, 22°C & 37°C) and patient’s blood group was confirmed to be B positive. The polyspecific direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was strongly positive with 4+ reaction and DAT profiling revealed presence of IgG and C3d on red cells.The antibody screening and identification [Biorad ID Diacell I, II & III and Diapanel (11 cell panel)] respectively showed a panagglutinating reaction in Coomb’s phase at 37°C. The titers for IgM antibody in saline phase were found to be clinically non significant. Multiple units put up for the cross match were all incompatible. However, she was given profile matched (“c”neg, “E”neg and “Kell”neg) least incompatible blood slowly, under strict clinical supervision after the written consent from the clinician. Thus, guidelines for transfusion policy for thalassemic child need to be formulated to minimize the risk of immunization. Rh and Kell matched blood for thalassemic children (better match) has been shown to reduce the rate of immunization in thalassemic children.
Energy Requirements of Contraction and Relaxation of the Heart

While our knowledge of the myocardial abnormalities in patients with heart failure remains incomplete, there is substantial evidence that the failing heart is an energy-starved organ [7]. For this reason, the causes and consequences of an imbalance between energy production and energy utilization are of central importance in developing therapeutic strategies to deal with this increasingly common condition [8]. Among the many implications of a potential state of myocardial energy starvation for management of patients with congestive heart failure are the long-term consequences of interventions that increase myocardial energy demand [6]. For example, it is possible that lack of energy contributes to the detrimental effects of inotropic stimulation on the failing heart [14]. Conversely, both vasodilators and negative inotropic drugs, which can improve the balance between energy production and energy expenditure in the failing heart, might improve prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure [9].
“Life. Yes. Life.”: Editing and Miracles in Carl Theodor Dreyer’s Ordet

This chapter asserts that the film foregrounds wondrous experience. When characters express different beliefs about wonders, their opinions reverberate with ideas articulated by Augustine, Origen, Hume, Spinoza, Newton, C.S. Lewis, and Badiou. During these moments of representation, editing casts some arguments as supernatural, disconnected, or lifeless. By steeping a movie in single takes that divide people before relating shots of one character and the reaction shot of others, this editing technique advocates Alain Badiou’s concept of the intersubjective “evental” site. If Ordet privileges a stance on marvels, it is one that links people who wait together for an event without the guarantee that one will ever occur.
The critical role of internalized HIV-related stigma in the daily negative affective experiences of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men.

Abstract Background Research suggests that HIV stigma exerts a detrimental impact on the mental health of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men (GBM). We sought to better understand these processes by examining two forms of HIV stigma (i.e., anticipated and internalized) at two levels (i.e., individual and situational) in association with daily negative affective experiences. Methods We conducted a 21-day twice-daily ecological momentary assessment study of 51 HIV-positive GBM. Twice-daily stigma measures were disaggregated into individual-level averages and situational fluctuations, and we utilized multilevel models to examine both concurrent and time-lagged effects of HIV stigma on anxious affect, depressed affect, anger, fatigue, and emotion dysregulation. Results Situational experiences of internalized HIV stigma were associated with increased levels of anxious and depressed affect, anger, and emotion dysregulation in both concurrent and time-lagged analyses. Situational experiences of anticipated HIV stigma were only associated with anger and only within concurrent analyses. Individual-level internalized HIV stigma was associated with anxious affect and emotion dysregulation in both concurrent and time-lagged models, and with depressed affect and fatigue in time-lagged models. Limitations The small and high-risk sample limits generalizability and results should be replicated in larger and more diverse samples. Conclusions These findings suggest that, independent of the effects of individual-level stigma, situational experiences of internalized HIV stigma are associated with increases in event-level negative affective experiences. A combination of individually-delivered and mobile interventions may be successful at reducing the impact of internalized HIV stigma on negative affect and emotion dysregulation.
The Impact of Different Gas Exchange Formulations and Wind Speed Products on Global Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes

Significant advances have been made over the last decade in estimating air-sea CO2 fluxes over the ocean by the bulk formulation that expresses the flux as the product of the gas transfer velocity and the concentration difference of aqueous CO2 over the liquid boundary layer. This has resulted in a believable global monthly climatology of air-sea CO2 fluxes over the ocean on a 4o by 5o grid [38]. It is shown here that the global air-sea CO2 fluxes are very sensitive to estimates of gas transfer velocity and the parameterization of gas transfer with wind. Wind speeds can now be resolved at sufficient temporal and spatial resolution that they should not limit the estimates, but the absolute magnitudes of winds for different wind products differ significantly. It is recommended to use satellite-derived wind products that have the appropriate resolution instead of assimilated products that often do not appropriately resolve variability on sub-daily and sub-25-km space scales. Parameterizations of gas exchange with wind differ in functional form and magnitude but the difference between the most-used quadratic relationships is about 15%. Based on current estimates of uncertainty of the air-water CO2 concentration differences, the winds, and the gas exchange-wind speed parameterization, each parameter contributes similarly to the overall uncertainty in the flux that is estimated at 25%.
Two “Mind”-“Body” Models for a Holistic Psychiatry

The two essays that make up this chapter are presented as alternative “mind”-“body” positions for a biopsychosocial medicine and psychiatry. They piggyback on four earlier and longer papers.* I take no position on whether the two models presented are in any way compatible with each other. However, I believe that there are at least some areas of overlap between the two. I confess that in many respects, I prefer the second over the first. Even so; I believe that walking through the first facilitates appreciation of the second and of its extensions in Chapter 25. In addition, if we invoke (like Sir Karl Popper) an evolutionary epistemology; then it is impossible to have a surplus of models to select from! Both are, in the spirit of the times, integrating moves on “mind”-“body” and the philosophy and theory of psychiatry. I hope, and believe, that—based on neurobiological and social scientific investigations and evidence, and clinical studies—we shall arrive at such a model, though probably not in our lifetimes, for there is still too much work and hard thinking ahead. Moreover, integrative attempts in psychiatry/psychology are very much in the spirit of contemporary natural science; which tries to reduce, as much as possible, metaphysical quandaries and positions to its own explanatory and applied categories—in other words, to convert metaphysical “ontologies” (i.e., theories of being) to scientific ones.
The Cultural Politics of the Sociobiology Debate

The sociobiology debate, in the final quarterof the twentieth century, featured many of thesame issues disputed in the culture war in thehumanities during this same time period. This isevident from a study of the writings of EdwardO. Wilson, the best known of thesociobiologists, and from an examination ofboth the minutes of the meetings of theSociobiology Study Group (SSG) and the writingsof Stephen Jay Gould, the SSG's most prominentmember. Many critics of sociobiology,frequently radical scientists who were attachedto the lineage of the New Left, argued for thesame multicultural values promoted by radicalhumanities professors in this period.Conversely, liberal sociobiologists defendedthe universalist values of the liberals in the humanities. Those scholars whose work was important beforethe cultural revolution in the 1960s wereusually committed to a liberal universalismthat emphasized the similarity between people.Younger scholars, who took faculty positions inthe 1970s and after, were more likely to owe anallegiance to an ethnos-centered social visionthat valued identity politics. The strugglebetween these two agendas, more intellectualthan generational, was at the core of theculture wars both in the humanities and in thesciences. The sociobiology debate should beviewed in this light.
The Construction of a Finite Element Space

To approximate the solution of the variational problem $$a(u,v) = F(v)\forall v \in V$$ developed in Chapter 0, we need to construct finite-dimensional subspaces S ⊂ V in a systematic, practical way.
Changing Seminaries, Changing Libraries, Changing Selves

Religious identities and practices are changing. Religious studies and theological educators are adapting curricula and services to support increasingly diverse student populations. On an institutional level, some religious studies departments and seminaries' priorities are changing, too. For example, Princeton Theological Seminary (PTS) remains one of ten seminaries of the Presbyterian Church (USA), but currently, only 28% of students identify as PCUSA personally and over fifty Christian traditions are represented, reflecting a trend toward ecumenism. ATS-accredited institutions have faculty and students whose faiths are outside of Judeo-Christian traditions, principal traditions that comprise the ATLA membership. Additionally, there is increased representation from secular institutions (e.g., University of Colorado Boulder) and organizations not affiliated with specific denominations within ATLA membership. It's time for librarians to share with each other their perceptions of their institutions’ relationships with students, administrations, and denominations, and where they fit within ATLA personally.
Phylogenetic Perspectives on Catarrhine Talo‐Crural Joint Phenotypic Plasticity

Previous investigations of the primate talo-crural joint (TCJ; specifically on the talus and distal tibia) have demonstrated that substrate preference significantly influences morphology, but this association is not necessarily found in subadults. This has been interpreted as the result of a plastic, behaviorally induced response of bone due to substrate use. In this investigation, we use geometric morphometric and phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate ontogenetic phenotypic plasticity in the catarrhine TCJ. Osteological specimens from four African hominoid and four cercopithecid species, divided into subadult and adult developmental stages based on molar eruption, formed the study group. We tested for phylogenetic signal in the shape of both the talar and tibial articular surfaces, at both developmental stages. We then used phylomorphospaces to examine the evolution of shape differences at each developmental stage for each element, and to determine if substrate usage is associated with shape in this phylogenetic context. A significant phylogenetic signal was found for both articular surfaces in subadults, but not adults. In phylomorphospace, both talar and tibial articular morphologies show an association with substrate preference in adults, but not in subadults. Our results provide confirmation of the significant effect of habitual substrate usage and the consequences of bone remodeling during ontogeny on the shape and presentation of the TCJ. These results also suggest caution when using adult talo-tibial shapes to evaluate phylogenetic relationships as TCJ morphology can be considered as a palimpsest, with substrate usage overwriting phylogenetic information in adult specimens. Anat Rec, 302:1977-1984, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Evaluation of a Formal Pediatric Faculty Mentorship Program.

Introduction The purpose of this article is to describe how a formal mentoring program in pediatrics can prepare new physicians and scientists for their roles and conflicting responsibilities within a community-based medical school. While research supports the impact of faculty mentoring, quality partnerships are reportedly low in academic medicine and can negatively affect junior faculty who are preparing for certifying examinations, orienting to a new role and balancing career and personal life. Methods Data were collected from mentors and mentees in six rollouts (71 pairs) of a formal mentoring program in the Department of Pediatrics of the University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine/Sanford Children's Specialty Clinic in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Specifically, focus groups, surveys and objective data (promotion, retention and board pass rates) were used for formative and summative evaluation and reported in this article. Results The results indicated high program satisfaction including 97 percent of participants would recommend the program to other faculty. Reported benefits included career development, retention, promotion and academic productivity. Challenges identified were lack of time, promotion criteria ambiguity and poor mentee initiative. Conclusions Although the sample sizes were small for pre-post comparisons, the results provided a longitudinal evaluation and program best practices. Overall, a structured mentoring program was of value to faculty and resulted in partnerships that likely would not occur otherwise. The findings suggest that programs should assist junior faculty with onboarding and enculturation, career goals and focus, time management, work-life balance and promotion clarification and preparation.
Master Building and Creative Vision in The LEGO Movie

Arguably the most successful brand in the creative toy industry, LEGO constructs a nuanced ideological vision to situate itself as a medium for cultivating creativity. Whereas some toys tend toward abstraction, LEGO’s vision of creativity is thoroughly enmeshed in advertising and narrative content. Drawing on two LEGO Foundation research reports that define creativity in terms of systematic material play, in this chapter, author Jonathan Rey Lee deconstructs the distinctly LEGO creative vision at play in the representation of Master Building in The LEGO Movie and its two-in-one playsets. Playfully reworking dystopian resistance narratives, the film frames creativity as vision and critiques individualistic notions of creative freedom and control in favor of main character Emmet’s collective ethos. Despite this, the film problematically advances a consumerist ethics in which LEGO mediates this collectivist vision.
Wound care management: tracheostomy and gastrostomy

Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placements are routine procedures performed in the intensive care units (ICUs). They are performed to facilitate care and promote healing. They also help prevent complications from prolonged endotracheal intubation and malnutrition. In most cases, both are performed simultaneously. Physicians performing them require knowledge of local anatomy, tissue and vascular relationships, along with advance bronchoscopy and endoscopy skills. Although PDTs and PEGs are considered relatively low-risk procedures, operators need to have the knowledge and skill to recognize and prevent adverse outcomes. Current published literature on post-procedural care and stoma wound management was reviewed. Available recommendations for the routine care of tracheostomy and PEG tubes are included in this review. Signs and symptoms of early PDT- and PEG-related complications and their management are discussed in detail. These include hemorrhage, infection, accidental decannulation, tube obstruction, clogging, and dislodgement. Rare, life-threatening complications are also discussed. Multidisciplinary teams are needed for improved patient care, and members should be aware of all pertinent care aspects and potential complications related to PDT and PEG placement. Each institute is strongly encouraged to have detailed protocols to standardize care. This review provides a state-of-the-art guidance on the care of patients with tracheostomies and gastrostomies specifically in the ICU setting.
Presenting and evaluating the impact of experiential learning in computing accessibility education

Studies indicate that much of the software created today is not accessible to all users, indicating that developers don't see the need to devote sufficient resources to creating accessible software. Compounding this problem, there is a lack of robust, easily adoptable educational accessibility material available to instructors for inclusion in their curricula. To address these issues, we have created five Accessibility Learning Labs (ALL) using an experiential learning structure. The labs are designed to educate and create awareness of accessibility needs in computing. The labs enable easy classroom integration by providing instructors with complete educational materials including lecture slides, activities, and quizzes. The labs are hosted on our servers and require only a browser to be utilized. To demonstrate the benefit of our material and the potential benefits of our experiential lab format with empathy-creating material, we conducted a study involving 276 students in ten sections of an introductory computing course. Our findings include: (I) The demonstrated potential of the proposed experiential learning format and labs are effective in motivating and educating students about the importance of accessibility (II) The labs are effective in informing students about foundational accessibility topics (III) Empathy-creating material is demonstrated to be a beneficial component in computing accessibility education, supporting students in placing a higher value on the importance of creating accessible software. Created labs and project materials are publicly available on the project website: http://all.rit.edu
Student life in the age of COVID-19

In this personal account of living through the coronavirus pandemic as a US graduate student, I reflect on the major events and themes that defined the time: the hasty closure of university campuse...
Historical materialism, social change, and the necessity of revolutionary optimism:

Marxists of various sorts within and outside geography are adept in deploying Marxian conceptual tools to understand particular realities in a capitalist society. However, this trend in only unders...
The Link between Food Safety and Zoonotic Disease Risks at Wholesale and Wet Markets in China

Numerous zoonotic outbreaks in China (e.g., COVID-19) have been associated with wholesale markets (WSMs) and wet markets (WMs). Furthermore, markets are associated with significant food-safety risks. Many have advocated for market closures. However, this is impractical due to markets’ central roles in China’s food supply chain. This first-of-its-kind work offers an alternative pragmatic approach, by showing correlation between these two types of risks. Leveraging a massive, self-constructed dataset of food safety tests, market-level food-safety risk scores are created through machine learning techniques. Analysis shows that provinces selling more animals through high-risk markets have more human cases of zoonotic flu. Additionally, specific markets associated with zoonotic disease are high-risk, and high-risk markets have more negative news stories related to management deficiencies (e.g., illegal wild animal sales). The hope is that this approach may offer a new way of understanding zoonotic disease risks, as well as informing regulatory approaches to reduce them.
Investigating Factors of Active Aging among Chinese Older Adults: A Machine Learning Approach

Background and objectives With the extension of healthy life expectancy, promoting active aging has become a policy response to rapid population aging in China. Yet, it has been inconclusive about the relative importance of the determinants of active aging. By applying a machine learning approach, this study aims to identify the most important determinants of active aging in three domains, i.e., paid/unpaid work, caregiving, and social activities, among Chinese older adults. Research design and method Data were drawn from the first wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which surveys a nationally representative sample of adults aged 60-year-old and above (N=7,503). We estimated Random Forest and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models to determine the most important factors related to active aging. Results Health has a generic effect on all outcomes of active aging. Our findings also identified the domain-specific determinants of active aging. Urban/rural residency is among the most important factors determining the likelihood of engaging in paid/unpaid work. Living in a multi-generational household is especially important in predicting caregiving activities. Neighborhood infrastructure and facilities have the strongest influence on older adults' participation in social activities. Discussion and implications The application of feature selection models provides a fruitful first step in identifying the most important determinants of active aging among Chinese older adults. These results provide evidence-based recommendations for policies and practices promoting active aging.
How Does Ride-Hailing Influence Individual Mode Choice? An Examination Using Longitudinal Trip Data from the Seattle Region:

This study investigates the impacts of ride-hailing, which we define as mobility services consisting of both conventional taxis and app-based services offered by transportation network companies, o...
Pressure-driven generation of complex microfluidic droplet networks

Droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) mimic the cell membrane and provide a model membrane platform for studying basic biophysical processes. This paper demonstrates a pressure-driven microfluidic system for the rapid and automated generation of alternating DIB networks, each comprised of four aqueous nanoliter droplets. The microfluidic device features five inlets, one for the continuous oil phase and four independent aqueous channels for T-junction droplet generation. Droplet production rates are controlled by adjusting the applied pressure of each inlet; therefore, controlling the pattern of droplets produced in the main channel and further stored in a downstream hydrodynamic trapping array. Each trap is designed to capture and hold in place one row of four droplets, forming three interfacial lipid bilayers per network. The potential for greater combinations of droplets in a network enables an increased complexity necessary for performing parallel multiplexed biological assays. We further examined flow behavior in response to changes in resistance of the microfluidic device when using a pressure driven source. This microfluidic system provides a high-throughput method for generating DIB networks of complex droplet patterning.
Suicide Cognitions Scale: Psychometric Support in a Community Sample Using Bifactor Modeling and Altered Item Content.

The Suicide Cognitions Scale (SCS) measures suicide-related beliefs proposed by the Fluid Vulnerability Theory. A recent investigation of a revised version of the SCS (i.e., SCS-R) which omits item...
Modular Fault-Tolerant Machine Design with Improved Electromagnetic Isolation for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Aircraft

The electric propulsion machines used in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) aircraft must achieve high power density, efficiency, and reliability. A modular stator configuration (i.e., breaking the machine into multiple three-phase groups) is a promising approach for achieving high levels of stator and power electronics fault tolerance. This paper proposes a stator configuration using double-layer concentrated windings that offers an improved tradeoff between the electromagnetic isolation characteristics of individual modules and their power density metrics compared to previously reported modular stator configurations. The proposed stator structure utilizes a unique stator tooth tip structure that increases the leakage inductance. The post-fault performance characteristics of the new configuration have been investigated via simulation for both open-circuit and short-circuit faults. These results demonstrate that the healthy module exhibits very little impact when either fault type is applied to an adjacent module, even during the initial transient period following the fault application. The modular motor approach is applied to a quadrotor aircraft application and analyzed for both healthy and faulted operation. The machine is estimated to achieve 14.1 kW/kg active power density and 96.0% efficiency during rated operation at 70 kW, 8000 rpm.
Assessment of Hydroureteronephrosis in Children Using Diuretic Radionuclide Urography

AbstractDiuretic radionuclide urography was developed as a safe, accurate and non-invasive method of assessing nephroureteral dilatation to distinguish between obstructive and non-obstructive hydronephrosis. The nuclear medicine gamma camera/computer system is used to monitor the washout pattern of an isotope from any locus of suspected obstruction in the upper urinary tract. This technique was used to study 62 children with hydroureteronephrosis of diverse causes. Our experience suggests that it is accurate in determining whether true obstruction exists in dilated systems and effective in predicting which patients will benefit from corrective operation.
Habitus, Class, and Health

Habitus represents one of the most important and influential contributions of contemporary social theory, as social scientists and cultural commentators around the world have drawn extensively upon this concept to analyze and explain numerous phenomena in various settings. This entry offers an introduction to habitus as a concept, a brief explanation of how habitus fits into Bourdieu's broader analytical framework, and a specific connection between habitus and the more commonly known concept of social class. It concludes by identifying several ways in which habitus facilitates our understanding of health, lifestyles, and contemporary disease epidemiology. Keywords: Pierre Bourdieu; illness causation; social causation; social gradient; sociology of health
Salvage Therapy in Patients with Germ Cell Tumors

Testicular cancer is the most curable metastatic solid tumor. Initial chemotherapy is evidence based with risk stratification into three prognostic categories: good, intermediate, and advanced dise...
Purification and characterization of Rad3 ATPase/DNA helicase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The Rad3 ATPase/DNA helicase was purified to physical homogeneity from extracts of yeast cells containing overexpressed Rad3 protein. The DNA helicase can unwind duplex regions as short as 11 base pairs in a partially duplex circular DNA substrate and does so by a strictly processive mechanism. On partially duplex linear substrates, the enzyme has a strict 5‵ → 3‵ polarity with respect to the single strand to which it binds. Nicked circular DNA is not utilized as a substrate, and the enzyme requires single-stranded gaps between 5 and 21 nucleotides long to unwind oligonucleotide fragments from partially duplex linear molecules. The enzyme also requires duplex regions at least 11 base pairs long when these are present at the ends of linear molecules. Rad3 DNA helicase activity is inhibited by the presence of ultraviolet-induced photoproducts in duplex regions of partially duplex circular molecules.
Sexual Arousal of College Students in Relation to Sex Experiences

This study explored whether casual sexual intercourse experiences would be associated with sexual arousability. Three hundred and sixty-two never-married undergraduates were divided into four subgroups based on their history of sexual activity: virgins, sexual intercourse with affection only, relatively less casual sex experiences (1–5), and relatively more casual sex experiences (6 or more). While males rated themselves more easily aroused than females, subjects with casual sex experience did not rate themselves more easily aroused than subjects without that experience. Increasing the frequency of casual sex increased the likelihood that an individual perceived him or herself as “different” from others of the same gender. Males and nonreligious subjects were more likely to engage in intercourse without affection than females and religious subjects. Future research should explore the correlates of casual sexual behavior in married and divorced individuals of different ages.
Use of Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate in Codling Moth Management: Kairomone Species Specificity

Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) is a kairomonal attractant for both male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, pear and walnut. Studies were conducted in the western Untied States to evaluate the potential attractiveness of this kairomone for eight lepidopteran pests of these three crops, as well as, in cherry, peach/nectarine, apricot, plum, almond, pistachio, grape, kiwi, and citrus. The pear ester was loaded (10.0 mg) into gray halobutyl septa and insects were monitored with diamond- or delta-shaped sticky traps. Lures were not attractive to peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller); oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck); omnivorous leafroller, Platynota stultana Walshingham; navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker); apple fruitworm, Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote & Robinson); pandemis leafroller, Pandemis pyrusana (Kearfott); obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); and western tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter mespiella (Huebner). Additional studies with C. molesta populations attacking apple and pear would be useful.
The relationship of work stressors and emotional support to strain in police officers

This study tested whether quantity and quality of social support and two sources of work stress (organizational stressors and job risk) predicted work strain in police officers, a high-risk occupational group. The participants were 135 police officers from a large metropolitan law enforcement agency who responded to questionnaires for assessing work stress, social support, exhaustion, and other strain symptoms. Emotional support and work stressors accounted directly for significant variance in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and symptom frequency. Conflicted relationships, which are a source of both work stress and support, also contributed to strain. In contrast to previous findings, a reverse buffering effect for social support did not contribute to predicting strain. Stress management programs for police and other high-stress occupations should target increasing emotional support from supervisors and peers, and reducing conflict in job and family relationships.
Tritium measurements with a tandem accelerator

Abstract Tritium concentrations (3H: 2H) of less than 10−15 are readily measurable with almost any tandem accelerator and with an overall detection efficiency as high as 4.5%. The isobar, 3He, and other potential sources of interference (mainly 6Li, 2H and 1H) can all be removed by an absorber in front of the triton detector, so there is little need for analyzing elements other than the negative-and positive-ion magnets found on most tandems. The technique is particularly well suited for detecting tritium in deuterium absorbed in a metal and testing for cold fusion. We caution that tritium can occur in commercial deuterium and heavy water from sources other than cold fusion; one sample was observed to have a tritium-to-deuterium ratio of 10−10.
Morphology and ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus growing under nitrogen-fixing conditions

The morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus growing under N2-fixing conditions were examined with light and electron microscopy. Vegetative cells in narrow filaments contained randomly arranged segments of thylakoid membrane, centrally located carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), peripherally located lipid bodies, and large numbers of polysaccharide granules in addition to nuclear material and ribosomes. The ultrastructural characteristics of cells in wide filaments were similar, except for increased numbers of carboxysomes and lipid bodies. Heterocytes and proheterocysts developed at a variety of locations in narrow filaments, wide filaments, and the lateral branches off of wide filaments. Akinetes were not observed in any of the filaments. The morphological characteristics of heterocysts and proheterocysts were variable and depended on those of the vegative cells from which the heterocysts and proheterocysts developed. Mature M. laminosus heterocysts were somewhat similar to those formed in other cyanobacterial genera, but they possessed a number of distinct and unique ultrastructural characteristics, including (i) the absence of a fibrous and, possibly, a laminated wall layer, (ii) the presence many closely packed membranes throughout most of the cytoplasm, and (iii) the presence of unidentified, spherical inclusion bodies of variable electron density.
Influence of human antimurine antibody on CA 125 levels in patients with ovarian cancer undergoing radioimmunotherapy or immunoscintigraphy with murine monoclonal antibody OC 125.

Human antimurine antibody responses interfere with CA 125 antigen determinations by crosslinking the murine antiovarian carcinoma monoclonal antibody OC 125 with the second murine radiolabeled antibody used in the CA 125 radioimmunoassay. Serial CA 125 levels in 22 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma undergoing either radioimmunotherapy or radioimmunoscintigraphy with iodine 131-labeled F(ab′) 2 fragments of OC 125 were followed up for up to 96 weeks after infusion. Fourteen radioimmunoscintigraphy patients received 131 l-labeled monoclonal antibody by the intraperitoneal ( n = 5) or intravenous ( n = 9) route: 10 of 14 had sera drawn at appropriate time points for human antimurine antibody detection; 8 of 10 had 1.3- to 363-fold increases in CA 125; 4 of 8 had detectable human antimurine antibody (18.5 to 22 and 575 to 36 μg/ml). Eight radioimmunotherapy patients received 131 l-labeled monoclonal antibody by the intraperitoneal route: 8 of 8 displayed an apparent 4.8- to 3725-fold increase in CA 125 levels within 7 to 42 days after monoclonal antibody infusion; 6 of 8 had detectable human antimurine antibody (13 to 4 and 319 to 31 μg/ml). Adsorption of immunoglobulin G resulted in a 21% to 98% reduction in CA 125 antigen levels in 4 of 4 patients tested. In patients with demonstrable human antimurine antibody, CA 125 antigen levels obtained by the clinical CA 125 radioimmunoassay are spuriously elevated.
Influence of inorganic N on mycorrhizal activity, nodulation, and growth ofLeucaena leucocephalain an oxisol subjected to simulated erosion

Abstract The influence of inorganic N on the development of mycorrhizal symbiosis inLeucaena leucocephala(Lam.) de Wit was studied in an Oxisol subjected to simulated erosion. The plants were grown in pots containing soil samples inoculated with the VAM fungusGlomus aqgregatumand amended with 0, 25, 50 or 100 ppm N. The extent of VAM colonization of roots increased with increasing levels of N in both eroded and uneroded soils. However, the level of infection was significantly higher in the eroded soil than in the uneroded one. Mycorrhizal activity monitored in terms of P content of leucaena subleaflets increased significantly in the eroded soil when it was amended with 25 ppm N and became similar to that observed in the uneroded soil. Nodule dry matter production and shoot N concentration increased significantly with N application upto 50 ppm. Above this level of N, nodule dry weight declined while N concentration did not change. Application of 25 ppm N to the eroded soil also significantly increased shoo...
Carbonylation of mitochondrial aconitase with 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal: Localization and relative reactivity of addition sites

Mass spectrometry was used to investigate the effects of exposing mitochondrial aconitase (ACO2) to the membrane lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (HNE). ACO2 was selected for this study because (1) it is known to be inactivated by HNE, (2) elevated concentrations of HNE-adducted ACO2 have been associated with disease states, (3) extensive structural information is available, and (4) the iron-sulfur cluster in ACO2 offers a critical target for HNE adduction. The aim of this study was to relate the inactivation of ACO2 by HNE to structural features. Initially, Western blotting and an enzyme activity assay were used to assess aggregate effects and then gel electrophoresis, in-gel digestion, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were used to identify HNE addition sites. HNE addition reaction rates were determined for the most significant sites using the iTRAQ approach. The most reactive sites were Cys(358), Cys(421), and Cys(424), the three iron-sulfur cluster-coordinating cysteines, Cys(99), the closest non-ligated cysteine to the cluster, and Cys(565), which is located in the cleft leading to the active site. Interestingly, both enzyme activity assay and iTRAQ relative abundance plots appeared to be trending toward horizontal asymptotes, rather than completion.
On the approximation solvability of a class of strongly nonlinear elliptic problems on unbounded domains

A class of strongly nonlinear boundary value problems posed on unbounded regions is considered. A nonlocal coupling of the linearized far-field exterior to an auxiliary boundary allows for approximations to be defined on domains of finite extent. Constructive existence results for bounded domains are then extended by employing an exhausting sequence of approximating domains. In particular, well-posedness is seen to be equivalent to unique approximation solvability, with the rate of convergence dependent upon the radius of the auxiliary boundary. Application to a model of proteins immersed in an electrolyte solution is made.
Nucleotide Requirements for Activated RNA Polymerase II Open Complex Formation in Vitro

The role of nucleotides in activated RNA polymerase II transcription was studied. Permanganate footprinting confirmed that there is a strict nucleotide requirement for forming open promoter complexes that cannot be overcome by the addition of a dinucleotide primer corresponding to the start site sequence. However, higher concentrations of other nucleoside triphosphates can substitute for ATP in catalyzing open complex formation. Opening catalyzed by these nucleotides is inhibited by the ATP analogue adenosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate), suggesting that they may function through cross-binding to the ATP site. The KM for ATP for opening and the involvement of other nucleotides in opening differs from the characteristics reported for TFIIH helicase and C-terminal domain kinase activities. This raises the possibility that opening does not involve these activities. The results alleviate very significantly the considerable current uncertainty concerning the role of ATP in the mammalian mRNA transcription initiation pathway.
Process-interaction simulation languages:

A number of currently available simulation languages are based on, or offer, the process-interaction approach to simulation; among these languages are GPSS/H, SIMAN, SIMSCRIPT II.5 and SLAM II. This paper provides an introductory survey and descrip tion of these four languages, plus a briefer mention of a number of others. First, we give general information regarding the languages, including a brief description of the language's perspec tive, computers on which it is implemented, the address and telephone numbers for information, a partial listing of relevant texts and manuals, and presently available short courses on language instruction. Second, we explain the perspective of the four languages in greater detail, and model an example problem using each language. An overview of each solution plus a detailed statement-by-statement description is given.
Total Dose and Dose Rate Radiation Characterization of EPI-CMOS Radiation Hardened Memory and Microprocessor Devices

The process, circuit discription, and total dose radiation characteristics are presented for two second generation hardened 4K EPI-CMOS RAMs and a first generation 80C85 microprocessor. Total dose radiation performance is presented to 10M rad-Si and effects of biasing and operating conditions are discussed. The dose rate sensitivity of the 4K RAMs is also presented along with single event upset (SEU) test data.
Incorporating environmental impact assessment into conceptual process design: A case study example

The purpose of this contribution is to present a case study illustrating how environmental impact assessment using the U.S. EPA Waste Reduction Algorithm has been incorporated into conceptual process design. This will be achieved via the introduction of a simple methodology for integrating environmental impact assessment into the standard heuristics of conceptual process design to ensure that environmental and sustainability goals are met while maintaining economic viability. The case study presented to illustrate the methodology is based on a process to manufacture industrially important C3 compounds from the dehydration of bio-based glycerol. The selected case study is important from the perspective of sustainability because glycerol is produced as a byproduct of the manufacture of biodiesel from vegetable oils. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
We Probably Thought That Would Be True: Perceiving Complex Emotional States in Nonhumans

Review of: Do Fish Feel Pain? Victoria Braithwaite. 2010. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 256. $35.00 (hardcover). ISBN 9780199551200. How Animals Grieve . Barbara J. King. 2013. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Pp. 208, 7 halftones. $25.00 (cloth). ISBN 9780226436944.