cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double-gated myocardial ASL perfusion imaging is robust to heart rate variation.

PURPOSE Cardiac motion is a dominant source of physiological noise (PN) in myocardial arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion imaging. This study investigates the sensitivity to heart rate variation (HRV) of double-gated myocardial ASL compared with the more widely used single-gated method. METHODS Double-gating and single-gating were performed on 10 healthy volunteers (n = 10, 3F/7M; age, 23-34 years) and eight heart transplant recipients (n = 8, 1F/7M; age, 26-76 years) at rest in the randomized order. Myocardial blood flow (MBF), PN, temporal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and HRV were measured. RESULTS HRV ranged from 0.2 to 7.8 bpm. Double-gating PN did not depend on HRV, while single-gating PN increased with HRV. Over all subjects, double-gating provided a significant reduction in global PN (from 0.20 ± 0.15 to 0.11 ± 0.03 mL/g/min; P = 0.01) and per-segment PN (from 0.33 ± 0.23 to 0.21 ± 0.12 mL/g/min; P < 0.001), with significant increases in global temporal SNR (from 11 ± 8 to 18 ± 8; P = 0.02) and per-segment temporal SNR (from 7 ± 4 to 11 ± 12; P < 0.001) without significant difference in measured MBF. CONCLUSION Single-gated myocardial ASL suffers from reduced temporal SNR, while double-gated myocardial ASL provides consistent temporal SNR independent of HRV. Magn Reson Med 77:1975-1980, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Outcomes of a Clinic-Based Educational Intervention for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention by Race, Ethnicity, and Urban/Rural Status.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Heart disease is the leading killer of women and remains poorly recognized in high-risk groups. We assessed baseline knowledge gaps and efficacy of a survey-based educational intervention. Methods: Four hundred seventy-two women in clinical settings completed pre-/post-surveys for knowledge of: heart disease as the leading killer, risk factors (general and personal levels), heart attack/stroke symptoms, and taking appropriate emergency action. They received a clinic-based educational intervention delivered by healthcare professionals in the course of their clinical care. Change score analyses tested pre-/post-differences in knowledge after the educational intervention, comparing proportions by race, ethnicity, and urban/nonurban status. Results: Knowledge and awareness was low in all groups, especially for American Indian women (p < 0.05). Awareness was overall highest for heart disease as the leading killer, but it was the lowest for taking appropriate action (13% of Hisp...
A Listener’s Digest of IAU Symposium No. 64 on Gravitational Radiation and Gravitational Collapse

IAU Symposium No. 64 was primarily concerned with observations and theory concerning gravitational waves and black holes. An excellent introduction to the theory was given by Misner (Maryland). It was, however, disappointing to learn from him that the prospects of enhanced gravitational radiation from beaming effects in relativistic orbits were no longer considered to be very great, contrary to original expectations. In the relativistic orbit of a mass about a black hole the gravitational radiation is indeed beamed tangential to the orbit path but since the orbiting mass spirals in toward the black hole the radiation is also beamed toward the hole and is largely captured by it.
Ultrasound Emergencies of the Male Pelvis

Male pelvic emergencies are uncommon, and symptoms typically include scrotal pain, scrotal enlargement, or a palpable scrotal mass or all of these. Ultrasound is often the first-line modality for evaluation of male pelvic emergencies, which may be stratified into vascular, infectious, or traumatic causes. Entities such as testicular torsion, Fournier gangrene, and testicular dislocation are surgical emergencies and should not be missed or misdiagnosed, as this may cause a significant delay in urgently necessary treatment. Radiologists need to be familiar with the role of imaging as well as the key characteristic imaging findings of these injuries to direct the appropriate management.
Consequentialism and the Independence Axiom

St Thomas Aquinas wrote to the effect that no good consequences could make a bad action good, and that no bad consequences could make a good action bad. John Stuart Mill, following a utilitarian tradition, put forward exactly the contradictory hypothesis that, as a necessary condition for rationality, actions should be judged entirely by their consequences. In ethics, this way of judging actions has come to be known as “consequentialism”, following Anscombe’s (1958) critical discussion. Some of the history of consequentialism is considered further in Hammond (1986).
Rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease in two distinct autopsy cohorts

BACKGROUND A rapidly progressive phenotype of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been described in some prion disease cohorts. Limited information regarding rapidly progressive AD (rpAD) is available from longitudinal national cohorts. OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical characteristics of rpAD in two different national cohorts. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on AD subjects with available neuropathology in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) database and among neuropathologically characterized AD cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) that were evaluated for suspected prion disease. In the NACC cohort, rpAD was delineated by the lower 10th percentile of follow up duration from pre-dementia to death duration among subjects meeting pathological diagnosis of AD. RESULTS rpAD from the NPDPSC had a shorter mean symptom duration than the NACC identified rpAD cases (11.6 months versus 62.4 months) and were also younger at the time of their death (60.0 versus 81.8 years). NACC identified rpAD subjects, beginning from a predementia stage, had slower rate of MMSE change per year than NPDPSC cases (2.5 versus 6.0 points). CONCLUSIONS rpAD constitute an important subset of AD subjects in whom a rapid course of symptomatic clinical decline is noted, as confirmed in both national cohorts. rpAD was best characterized by survival time (≤3 years), as there were clear differences between the rpAD cohorts in terms of symptom duration, age at death, and MMSE change per year, likely due to the strong selection biases. rpAD could shed light on the biology of rate of progression in AD.
Medical Child Abuse: A Case Presenting as Anogenital Bleeding of Unknown Origin in an Older Child.

Abstract Background Medical child abuse is a challenging diagnosis to make, particularly in older children with unusual presenting symptoms. Case A 7-year-old child with complex medical history presented with anogenital bleeding of unknown origin. Extensive laboratory testing, imaging studies, and diagnostic procedures were negative for any etiology. Forensic testing confirmed the blood in her underwear was a genetic match to the patient. Trial separation from the mother was diagnostic and therapeutic in this case. Summary and Conclusion Older children who are victims of medical child abuse might present in a variety of ways, and might even collaborate with the perpetrator in falsifying symptoms. It is important to keep medical child abuse on the differential when the patient's symptoms and work-up do not match.
Treatment of Mine Drainage by Anoxic Limestone Drains and Constructed Wetlands

As contaminated mine drainage flows into receiving streams, rivers, and lakes, its toxic characteristics decrease naturally as a result of chemical and biological reactions and by dilution with uncontaminated water. During the last decade, the possibility that these processes might be used to treat mine water passively has developed from an experimental concept to full-scale implementation at hundreds of sites. Ideally, passive treatment systems require no input of chemicals and very little operation and maintenance. However, passive treatment systems use contaminant removal processes that are slower than that of conventional treatment and thus require longer retention times and larger areas in order to achieve similar results.
Recent Progress in Classical Mechanics

The goal of this lecture is to review several developments in classical mechanics that have taken place in the last years, that will fit in the time of the talk and that I have become aware of. Unfortunately, the latter is a constraint more severe than what I would like and I apologize to the authors and the audience for many things that have been left out. In particular, I have left out topics such as “twist mappings”, “geometric quantization” or “geometric phases” and “quantum chaos” that are generating a great deal of activity in the literature. I would also like to recommend the excellent set of reviews [AANS] for the many developments that took place up to the time the books were published.
MULTIPLE RESONANCE TECHNIQUES AND THE SPECTROSCOPY OF THE TRIPLET STATE

Abstract At very low temperatures, the spin-lattice relaxation processes between the zero-field (z.f.) levels of the lowest triplet state may become slower than the radiative phosphorescent process(es). Furthermore, the steady-state population density of the z.f. levels may become unequal. Under these conditions, the intensity of the phosphorescence emission from these levels becomes sensitive to different perturbation techniques, the most useful of which is the microwave saturation of the z.f. transitions, which leads to successful multiple resonance experiments. The results of these experiments are found to be helpful in the understanding of the spectroscopy of the triplet state. The type of information that can be obtained from these new multiple resonance methods will be discussed for a few molecules.
Artifact Analysis: A Petticoat Quilt's Pedigree

A rare petticoat quilt held in the collection at the University of Nebraska- Lincoln's International Quilt Study Center and Museum provides a wealth of material information about American quilted petticoats and the documentation of American social history. Through an object-based analysis of this artifact, this research paints a picture of one particular family's history extending from the late colonial period through the early 20th century, and demonstrates important material and social findings made possible through material culture research.
Phase-Locked Stimulation during Cortical Beta Oscillations Produces Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity in Awake Monkeys

Summary The functional role of cortical beta oscillations, if any, remains unresolved. During oscillations, the periodic fluctuation in excitability of entrained cells modulates transmission of neural impulses and periodically enhances synaptic interactions. The extent to which oscillatory episodes affect activity-dependent synaptic plasticity remains to be determined. In nonhuman primates, we delivered single-pulse electrical cortical stimulation to a “stimulated” site in sensorimotor cortex triggered on a specific phase of ongoing beta (12–25 Hz) field potential oscillations recorded at a separate “triggering” site. Corticocortical connectivity from the stimulated to the triggering site as well as to other (non-triggering) sites was assessed by cortically evoked potentials elicited by test stimuli to the stimulated site, delivered outside of oscillatory episodes. In separate experiments, connectivity was assessed by intracellular recordings of evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials. The conditioning paradigm produced transient (1–2 s long) changes in connectivity between the stimulated and the triggering site that outlasted the duration of the oscillatory episodes. The direction of the plasticity effect depended on the phase from which stimulation was triggered: potentiation in depolarizing phases, depression in hyperpolarizing phases. Plasticity effects were also seen at non-triggering sites that exhibited oscillations synchronized with those at the triggering site. These findings indicate that cortical beta oscillations provide a spatial and temporal substrate for short-term, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in primate neocortex and may help explain the role of oscillations in attention, learning, and cortical reorganization.
Abstract 2993: A switch in epigenetic silencing mechanisms of endogenous retroviruses during human genome evolution

Approximately 9% of the human genome is derived from Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs), which are a type of transposable element. ERVs started to become integrated into the ancestral human genome about 100 million years ago. Recent studies have reported that silencing mechanisms of long terminal repeats regions (LTRs), which are the putative promoters of ERVs, depend on DNA methylation, heterochromatin conformation (H3K9me3) and the PRC2 complex (H3K27me3). However, extensive maps of LTR distribution and the associated epigenetic marks have not yet been provided in human cancer cells. Here we report a switch in epigenetic silencing mechanisms of the approximately 450,000 LTR elements present in the non-genic regions of human DNA. Total RNA-seq in human colon cancer HCT116 cells following DNA methylation inhibitor treatment or knockdown of individual H3K9me2/3 histone methyltransferases (G9a, SETDB1, SETDB2, SUV39H1 and SUV39H2), H3K27me3 (EZH2) or a scaffold protein TRIM28 revealed that about 1,000 of evolutionary young LTRs were predominantly silenced by DNA methylation, whereas about 800 of intermediate age LTRs were silenced by histone methylation. They therefore have undergone an “epigenetic switch” in silencing mechanism during host genome evolution. Eventually, evolutionary old LTRs become inactive by accumulation of loss-of-function mutations. Consistent with these results, CpG sites in evolutionary young LTRs were methylated at higher levels than in intermediate age LTRs, whereas H3K9me2 and H3K9me3 marks were enriched on intermediate age LTRs. Interestingly, knockdowns of EZH2 showed limited upregulation of LTRs by itself, but multiple LTRs were upregulated by combination treatment with DNA methylation inhibitor. This is probably due to a process, in which removal of DNA methylation leads to the subsequent recruitment of EZH2 resulting in suppression by the polycomb repressive complex PRC2. Our earlier studies showed that LTR expressions lead to activation of viral defense pathways and apoptosis, however the species of LTRs was not characterized. We found that the activation of viral defense pathway was correlated with the upregulation of evolutionary young, but not intermediate age LTRs. Dual inhibition of DNA methylation and histone modifications by knockdown of G9a, SUV39H1 and EZH2 showed further upregulation of evolutionary young LTRs. Therefore, combination treatment targeting DNA methylation and the histone methyltransferases (G9a, SUV39H1 and EZH2) inhibitor may be useful in epigenetic therapy for cancer patients. Citation Format: Hitoshi Ohtani, Minmin Liu, Wanding Zhou, Gangning Liang, Peter A. Jones. A switch in epigenetic silencing mechanisms of endogenous retroviruses during human genome evolution [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2993.
Free trade agreements and market integration: Evidence from South Korea

Abstract We consider the effects of free trade agreements on market integration between South Korea and its solo and trade-bloc FTA partners. Free trade agreements should reduce tariffs and trade costs and lead to faster home-to-foreign price convergence. We investigate these ideas with a non-linear self-exciting threshold autoregressive (TAR) model, by introducing a threshold break at the effective FTA date. This strategy allows us to consider: (1) whether trade costs have declined after the free trade agreement; and (2) whether the speed of mean reversion in the home-foreign price differential is faster after the FTA. Our study includes nine of South Korea’s free trade agreements and covers twenty-eight partner countries. We find evidence that after free trade agreements, trade costs have been reduced for nine countries, providing evidence that greater market integration has been achieved on this score. However, evidence on whether the speed of home-to-foreign price convergence increases after free trade agreements is lacking.
Model for failure analysis for overhead lines with distributed parameters associated to atmospheric discharges

Abstract Many overhead lines with double circuit are located in the highlands of Peru. The failure analysis caused by lightning in the Andean mountains is difficult to solve. A new electrical model for engineering failure analysis is proposed using distributed parameters, transitory analysis, combinatorial model and grounding system equivalent, besides an electrical equivalent for transmission line arrester for overhead lines and their constraints. This new proposal has been validated with a case study, it considers two overhead lines in parallel condition of nominal voltage 220 kV, and these overhead lines are critical for the operation of the Peruvian grid, with >600 km, shunt reactors and fixed serial capacitors installed in the middle point. >80% of the overhead line. The number of lightning discharges captured by the power transmission line and guard cables have an interesting behavior, in this analysis, a new expression of probability density function is proposed and a methodology for this installation. Finally the distribution of the currents and the shielding are required to improve the performance of grounding system and insulation, this model allows to avoid loss of function, transmission of electrical energy.
The Moderating Role of Depressive Symptoms Between Financial Assets and Bequests Expectation

This study investigated the association between financial assets and bequests expectation, specifically whether having depression moderated the association. Our sample included 10,340 middle-aged and older Americans from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study. Results from ordinary least squares regression models showed a positive association between financial assets and bequests expectation, whereas a negative association between depression and bequests expectation. Furthermore, a moderating role of depression was revealed. Specifically, the relationship between financial assets and bequests expectation was stronger for individuals with depression than for individuals without depression. Future research and practice should incorporate perspectives of both financial assets and depressvie symptoms to more effectively help individuals and families deal their current financial situation as well as identify their estate planning needs. We also discuss public policy implications of the findings.
Urinary tract infection and drug-resistant urinary tract infection after intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injection versus sacral neuromodulation.

Intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX) and sacral neuromodulation (SNM) are effective treatments for refractory urgency urinary incontinence/overactive bladder (UUI/OAB). BTX carries a risk of urinary tract infection (UTI), which is concerning for the development of multidrug resistant (MDR) UTI. We hypothesized that BTX might carry a higher risk of UTI and MDR UTI compared with SNM and that UTI and MDR UTI risk might increase after repeat BTX injection. This retrospective cohort study included women undergoing BTX or SNM for refractory UUI/OAB in 2012–2016. UTI and MDR UTI were assessed up to 1 year post-treatment or until repeat treatment and compared between initial BTX and SNM and between repeat BTX injections. Univariate analyses included Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests and generalized linear models (GLM) with logit link function. Multivariate analyses used GLM to assess the best predictor variables for any UTI. One hundred and one patients were included (28 BTX, 73 SNM). Rates of UTI (39.3% [95% CI 21.5, 59.4] BTX vs 37.0% [95% CI 26.0, 49.1] SNM) were similar in the two groups at all time intervals. One MDR UTI occurred after SNM. Risk of UTI did not increase with repeat BTX (11 out of 28 [39.3%], 6 out of 17 [35.3%], and 4 out of 7 [57.1%] after 1, 2, and ≥ 3 treatments respectively; p = 0.62). Multivariate analysis found that history of recurrent UTI (OR 2.5, 95%CI 0.98–6.39) and prolapse repair (OR 4.6, 95%CI 1.23–17.07) had increased odds of UTI. Rates of UTI were similar in patients undergoing BTX and SNM. MDR UTI was rare. Patients with prior prolapse repair or recurrent UTI may be at a higher risk of UTI after either procedure.
Assessing Religious Faith in Medical Patients: Cross-Validation of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire

Growing attention has focused on the relationship between religiosity and health outcomes. However, research has been constrained by the limited availability of measures suitable for use with medical patients. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSORF) in two well-defined samples of medical patients, representing a range of illness severity: 1) 175 women seen at a gynecology clinic; and 2) 104 cancer patients treated at a bone marrow transplantation program. Evidence for convergent validity was demonstrated by moderately high correlations with other measures of religious involvement. Divergent validity was demonstrated by small associations with social desirability. The measure was not strongly associated with demographic background or medical variables. Modest correlations with conceptually-related measures commonly used in health research (e.g., social support, optimism, existential meaning, purpose in life) further supported the divergent validity of the instrument. Results suggest that this may be a useful, concise measure for assessing religious involvement in medical patients.
Biomechanical Induction of Mandibular Alveolar Growth in Edentulous Growing Children

Purpose It has been traditionally believed that alveolar bone growth and development are dependent upon dental development. The occurrence of alveolar bone development after placement of osseointegrated mandibular implants in 2 edentulous children is reported here. The fact that alveolar bone development occurred in the absence of natural teeth suggests that its growth and preservation is dependent upon biomechanical forces rather than the presence of teeth, as traditionally thought. Methods Serial panoramic and clinical evaluations were carried out on 2 children, ages 7 and 9 years old, for 5 years after placement of osseointegrated implants and their prosthetic rehabilitation. Results Both children showed impressive alveolar bone growth, which occurred to such an extent that it had to be surgically reduced to permit proper hygiene around their fixed hybrid prosthesis. Conclusions It is proposed that a biomechanical “message,” instead of a biochemical–biologic one, controls alveolar bone growth and that the implants permit biomechanical loading that controls alveolar bone growth to exist in the mandible.
The correlates of international financial‐center status

We consider the correlates of international financial‐center status. Our estimates point to the flexibility, transparency, and stability of the economic and social environment as determinants of financial center‐status. They point also to roles for monetary and financial stability, financial openness, financial scale and development, technology and size of government. We draw out the implications of this analysis for the future prospects of actual and aspiring international financial centers such as London, New York, and Shanghai.
CD24hiCD38hi and CD24hiCD27+ human regulatory B cells display common and distinct functional characteristics

Although IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (Bregs) play important roles in immune regulation, their surface phenotypes and functional characteristics have not been fully investigated. In this study, we report that the frequency of IL-10-producing Bregs in human peripheral blood, spleens, and tonsils is similar, but they display heterogenous surface phenotypes. Nonetheless, CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells (TBs) and CD24hiCD27+ B cells (human equivalent of murine B10 cells) are the major IL-10-producing B cells. They both suppress CD4+ T cell proliferation as well as IFN-γ/IL-17 expression. However, CD24hiCD27+ B cells were more efficient than TBs at suppressing CD4+ T cell proliferation and IFN-γ/IL-17 expression, whereas they both coexpress IL-10 and TNF-α. TGF-β1 and granzyme B expression were also enriched within CD24hiCD27+ B cells, when compared with TBs. Additionally, CD24hiCD27+ B cells expressed increased levels of surface integrins (CD11a, CD11b, α1, α4, and β1) and CD39 (an ecto-ATPase), suggesting that the in vivo mechanisms of action of the two Breg subsets are not the same. Lastly, we also report that liver allograft recipients with plasma cell hepatitis had significant decreases of both Breg subsets.
Stone, Scissors, Paper: Thinking Through Things in Chinese History

What would Chinese history look like with things taking the center stage? Our present understanding of this history is animated primarily by literate people in pursuit of examination degrees and sons, and often filtered through such modern social science categories as culture, ethnicity, and gender. In this introduction, I put the set of five articles in the special issue in conversation with recent research to identify new analytic categories and research strategies that accord agency to things, remap the parameters of Chinese history, and ponder the new directions afforded by the study of material cultures.
The neural chronometry of threat-related attentional bias: Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for early and late stages of selective attentional processing

Rapid and accurate detection of threat is adaptive. Yet, threat-related attentional biases, including hypervigilance, avoidance, and attentional disengagement delays, may contribute to the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Behavioral measures of attentional bias generally indicate that threat demands more attentional resources; however, indices exploring differential allocation of attention using reaction time fail to clarify the time course by which attention is deployed under threatening circumstances in healthy and anxious populations. In this review, we conduct an interpretive synthesis of 28 attentional bias studies focusing on event-related potentials (ERPs) as a primary outcome to inform an ERP model of the neural chronometry of attentional bias in healthy and anxious populations. The model posits that both healthy and anxious populations display modulations of early ERP components, including the P1, N170, P2, and N2pc, in response to threatening and emotional stimuli, suggesting that both typical and abnormal patterns of attentional bias are characterized by enhanced allocation of attention to threat and emotion at earlier stages of processing. Compared to anxious populations, healthy populations more clearly demonstrate modulations of later components, such as the P3, indexing conscious and evaluative processing of threat and emotion and disengagement difficulties at later stages of processing. Findings from the interpretive synthesis, existing bias models, and extant neural literature on attentional systems are then integrated to inform a conceptual model of the processes and substrates underlying threat appraisal and resource allocation in healthy and anxious populations. To conclude, we discuss therapeutic interventions for attentional bias and future directions.
Designing and Characterizing Metalenses for the Increased Light Extraction of MWIR LEDs

High radiance IRLEDs have been achieved, but much of the light created still remains in the device resulting in poor wall-plug efficiencies. Preliminary results presented here show increased light extraction by the addition of a 2D lens to the device, known as a metalens.
A Framework for Biomarkers of COVID-19 Based on Coordination of Speech-Production Subsystems

Goal: We propose a speech modeling and signal-processing framework to detect and track COVID-19 through asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. Methods: The approach is based on complexity of neuromotor coordination across speech subsystems involved in respiration, phonation and articulation, motivated by the distinct nature of COVID-19 involving lower (i.e., bronchial, diaphragm, lower tracheal) versus upper (i.e., laryngeal, pharyngeal, oral and nasal) respiratory tract inflammation, as well as by the growing evidence of the virus' neurological manifestations. Preliminary results: An exploratory study with audio interviews of five subjects provides Cohen's d effect sizes between pre-COVID-19 (pre-exposure) and post-COVID-19 (after positive diagnosis but presumed asymptomatic) using: coordination of respiration (as measured through acoustic waveform amplitude) and laryngeal motion (fundamental frequency and cepstral peak prominence), and coordination of laryngeal and articulatory (formant center frequencies) motion. Conclusions: While there is a strong subject-dependence, the group-level morphology of effect sizes indicates a reduced complexity of subsystem coordination. Validation is needed with larger more controlled datasets and to address confounding influences such as different recording conditions, unbalanced data quantities, and changes in underlying vocal status from pre-to-post time recordings.
Abstract 3377: NSCLC subtype-associated molecular and cellular alterations in the normal-appearing bronchial epithelium

Rationale: We have previously identified lung cancer-associated gene expression alterations in normal bronchial airway epithelial cells of ever smokers with and without lung cancer. It is unclear, however, whether or not gene expression in the bronchial airway also reflects non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtypes. In this study, we sought to identify airway gene expression differences between patients with squamous (LUSC) and adenocarcinoma (LUAD) NSCLC and determine if these reflect changes in cell type composition or cell type-specific expression. Methods: Bronchial brushings from ever smokers with NSCLC from the AEGIS I (153 LUSC; 148 LUAD; 154 benign) & II (82 LUSC; 102 LUAD; 74benign) trials were profiled by whole-genome microarrays. The NSCLC-associated gene expression alterations were identified using a linear model adjusting for smoking status in AEGIS I and confirmed in AEGIS II via GSEA. Enriched biological pathways were identified using EnrichR. In parallel, bronchial airway brushings collected from ever smokers undergoing bronchoscopy for suspect lung cancer (17 subjects) were profiled via scRNA-seq using the CEL-Seq2 protocol (3264 cells). Seurat was used to correct for batch effects and identify distinct cell populations. Genes differentially expressed between cell populations using a negative binomial model were clustered into gene sets using WGCNA. Per patient metagene scores were computed across the datasets for each gene set, and differences in these scores between NSCLC subtypes were evaluated using a linear model adjusting for smoking status. Results: 451 differentially expressed genes were found between LUSC v LUAD patients (FDR Conclusion: We leveraged bulk and single cell gene expression data and identified molecular differences in the airway field of injury among ever smokers with LUSC versus LUAD that are highly expressed specific cell populations. Our results suggest that there are different responses to injury in the normal-appearing airway that are associated with NSCLC subtype. Citation Format: Xingyi Shi, Jiarui Zhang, Steven Callori, Joshua Campbell, Denise Fine, Yaron Gesthalter, Gang Liu, Xiaohui Xiao, Avrum Spira, Marc Lenburg, Jennifer Beane. NSCLC subtype-associated molecular and cellular alterations in the normal-appearing bronchial epithelium [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3377.
Chemosensory-Related Gene Family Members of the Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), Identified by Transcriptome Analysis

Horn flies are one of the most significant economic pests of cattle in the United States and worldwide. Chemical control methods have been routinely utilized to reduce populations of this pest, but the steady development of insecticide resistance has prompted evaluation of alternative control strategies. Behavior modifying compounds from natural products have shown some success in impacting horn fly populations, and a more thorough understanding of the horn fly chemosensory system would enable improvements in the development of species-specific compounds. Using an RNA-seq approach, we assembled a transcriptome representing genes expressed in adult female and male horn fly head appendages (antennae, maxillary palps, and proboscides) and adult fly bodies from which heads were removed. Differential gene expression analysis identified chemosensory gene family members that were enriched in head appendage tissues compared with headless bodies. Candidate members included 43 odorant binding proteins (OBP) and 5 chemosensory binding proteins (CSP), as well as 44 odorant receptors (OR), 27 gustatory receptors (GR), and 34 ionotropic receptors (IR). Sex-biased expression of these genes was not observed. These findings provide a resource to enable future studies targeting horn fly chemosensation as part of an integrated strategy to control this blood-feeding pest.
Optical metrology for gravitational wave observatories and geophysics

Decades of efforts by the scientific community in advancing optical metrology enable unprecedented displacement sensitivities that make our scientific endeavors possible. Examples from the gravitational-wave and geodesy communities are briefly presented in this paper.
Water-energy-food nexus: Issues and alternatives

In India, water scarcity is undoubtedly a long-standing issue considering its use for agriculture as well as for basic needs. Agricultural sector is responsible for 78% of water use in the country and demand for the sector will increase further with increasing population and transformation of diets. This article highlights issues is water-energy-food nexus and suggest technological and policy options for sustainable use of water. The high water foot prints of rice and wheat in traditional belts streamlines the much needed water availability based cropping pattern realignment across the zones. Technology assisted cultivation in the form of seed varieties or method of sowing or improved cultivation practices is advocated for long term sustainability. The higher irrigation efficiency sprinkler and drip irrigation systems and conservation agriculture, not only helps in reducing water footprints but also have potential to mitigate GHG emission. Management of postharvest food wastage will also play significant role in reducing environmental footprints.
Epidemiology of Fat Redistribution in HIV

Initially, fat redistribution in persons with HIV infection caught our attention because of its bizarre physical presentations. Abdominal enlargement sometimes progressed so rapidly with abdominal discomfort that physicians were led to pursue intra-abdominal pathology. Not just common obesity, it was recognized as a distinct entity because it sometimes proceeded concurrently with marked atrophy of the face, buttocks, and extremities (1). Unusual and severe dorsocervical fat pads developed in the absence of identifiable hypercortisolism (2, 3). As a first step in any emerging disease, case reports and series were critical for documenting this pathology in men and women (4, 5, 6, 7). They established a constellation of body shape changes that had not been identified prior to 1997, when protease inhibitors came into common use. Several reports suggested a temporal relationship between the initiation of protease inhibitor (PI)-inclusive therapy and the development of body shape changes, and suggested that PIs were causing these phenomena (1, 5, 8). These and subsequent papers have demonstrated that the vast majority of persons with body shape changes are using PI-based therapy. However, initial and later series also clearly established that PI use is not necessary for any of these developments, including abdominal enlargement, extremity thinning, facial wasting, or dorsocervical fat accumulation (2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13).
Image analysis: a group assignment in programming with breadth

Problems based on material already familiar to students have some advantage in allowing depth of coverage of computer programming topics. However it is sometimes necessary to force students to cover a wide variety of topics in programming, and it may be necessary or expedient to introduce a problem topic that is unfamiliar to the students to accomplish this. To that end, a problem was utilized in a freshman engineering honors course at Purdue University with applications to printing and robot vision, with a title designed to grab the attention of the students in the classes-"Image Analysis: Halftoning by Grayscale Histogram Thresholding and Edge Detection by Laplacian Convolution". Students were expected to learn a great deal of material, all of which was needed for timely project completion, with coverage provided through regular lectures or supplemental class meetings. The problem to be solved was sufficiently complex that the four-person teams reported little difficulty in splitting up the work so that every team member had sufficient work to do. In spite of the complexity of the assignment, the overwhelming voice heard from the students at semester's end was that they developed incredible amounts of programming skill from the project, and that it definitely should be kept in the course in the future. However, the project may be just a bit ambitious.
It’s not Just the Author: The Reader and the Editor Are Dead, Too

The world of academic publishing has changed significantly. In this short essay, I attempt to offer a few observations as the editor of an international journal, suggesting that we may need to have a more in-depth theoretical engagement with current publishing practices. This includes the diminishing role of editors, the nature of authorship and the related review process, and the ways in which the publishing industry responds to, and shapes, our academic publishing practices.
Polymers: conductors, insulators, and active devices

The discovery of new molecular organic materials for electroluminescent devices has allowed a wide variety of applications in displays, communications, sensors, and the like. The demonstration of organic magnetic materials has offered the challenge of finding polymer (organic) materials in which there is sufficient electronic exchange as well as stability both thermally and chemically. The intrinsically conductive and semiconductive polymers have offered flexibility and conductivity to meet needs from batteries to solar cells. This paper gives an update/overview of promising new complex polymer building blocks which can yield conductive, semiconductive, luminescent, ferro-, ferri-, and super-paramagnetic materials for devices of the future in power, storage, displays, and communications devices. The use of these materials to produce electrically active polymeric materials has given us freedom to fabricate devices with novel and useful properties.
Secure detection with correlated binary sensors

Sensor networks use binary measurements and state estimations for several reasons, including communication and processing overheads. Such a state estimator is vulnerable to attackers that can hijack a subset of the sensors in an effort to change the state estimate. After exhibiting a simulation that demonstrates the possible effect of integrity cyberphysical systems, this paper extends the authors' methodology for designing the detectors resilient to integrity attacks, using the concept of invariant sets, to systems where the sensor measurements are not independent. In cyberphysical systems, the sensors in question monitor a system constrained to obey physical laws, so that physical quantities measured by and the noise in each sensor will be correlated to the sensors close to it. Further increase in the confidence of the estimate can be achieved by considering these correlations. This paper focuses on modeling the correlation between the sensors and its ramifications on the worst-case probability of detection.
Large‐scale structures in the Polar Rain

[1] We present two distinctive spatial structures (~140 and ~1000 km) in the polar rain electron energy fluxes observed by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites. The 16 May 2005 event indicates that sources of the ~1000 km structures were not in the solar wind electrons. Statistical analysis of 239 events shows that the ~1000 km structures were associated with high solar wind speed and density while the ~140 km structures did not depend on solar wind conditions. The structures are about 5 and 0.7 RE when mapped to the magnetopause and comparable to the typical Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) wavelengths (3–14 RE) and flux transfer event (FTE) sizes (~0.6–1.3 RE) on the magnetopause. Our calculations indicate that the KH waves are unstable under the high solar wind speed and density. The observations and calculations suggest that the ~1000 km and ~140 km structures are likely caused by the KH waves and FTE on the magnetopause.
Looking Across the Empathic Divide: Racialized Decision Making on the Capital Jury

This article examines the problem of racial bias in capital cases generally and its operation within capital juries in particular. We provide a brief summary of the empirical research that demonstrates how juror demographics and defendant race interact to produce race-based death sentencing. We then explore some of the psychological dynamics that are at the core of discriminatory death sentencing by capital jurors, particularly the tendency of White jurors to more often sentence Black defendants to death. We then examine some of legal approaches that have been used to address this problem in the past, as well as the evidence of how and why they have fallen short of doing so. We conclude by proposing a set of reforms that focus more precisely on the core psychological issues that we believe are at the heart of this problem of racially biased capital jury sentencing.
Modular state variable simulation of spacecraft power systems including nonlinear inductances

Some preliminary results of a study directed at the modeling and simulation of spacecraft power systems are presented. Each power device is modeled as a two-port subnetwork. An appropriate set of state-space equations for each two-port model is derived, with port voltages as the independent variables. The first device modeled is the series resonant converter, which includes a nonlinear inductor. Since spacecraft power systems will probably operate at frequencies that are much higher than 60 Hz, the next component modeled is a high-frequency transformer. The final device modeled is a transmission line. Because each module is decoupled from the rest of the system, each is solved independently, with the inputs to each two-port clamped for each solution interval. >
A Binary Decision Tree Abstract Domain Functor

We present an abstract domain functor whose elements are binary decision trees. It is parameterized by decision nodes which are a set of boolean tests appearing in the programs and by a numerical or symbolic abstract domain whose elements are the leaves. We first define the branch condition path abstraction which forms the decision nodes of the binary decision trees. It also provides a new prospective on partitioning the trace semantics of programs as well as separating properties in the leaves. We then discuss our binary decision tree abstract domain functor by giving algorithms for inclusion test, meet and join, transfer functions and extrapolation operators. We think the binary decision tree abstract domain functor may provide a flexible way of adjusting the cost/precision ratio in path-dependent static analysis.
Do fish sniff? A new mechanism of olfactory sampling in pleuronectid flounders.

Although olfaction is known to be a highly developed sense in a variety of fishes, little information is available about behavioral mechanisms by which fishes sample the olfactory environment. This study was undertaken to assess the role of spontaneous jaw protrusion (‘coughing’) as a potential mechanism for olfactory sampling in pleuronectid flounders. Investigations were carried out using a combination of physiological, morphological and behavioral techniques. Physiological results show (1) that typical respirations are coupled to measurable olfactory sac pressure fluctuations and (2) that during a coughing event, water is rapidly sucked into the olfactory sac. Morphological results indicate (3) a direct linkage system between the protrusion apparatus and the olfactory or associated accessory sacs, and (4) that coughing is associated with a rapid expansion or stretching of these sacs. Lastly, behavioral studies demonstrate (5) that coughing rates increase significantly over background activity when flounders are presented with attractive food odorants. From these results, I propose that coughing in pleuronectid flounders represents a behavior truly analogous to sniffing in certain air-breathing organisms.
Gross CO2 fluxes from land-use change: implications for reducing global emissions and increasing sinks

The role of land use in the global carbon cycle involves both CO2 sources (e.g., as forest land is converted to agricultural uses) and CO2 sinks (as vegetation regrows following land disturbance). While land-use change contributions to the carbon cycle have been mainly evaluated using net emissions of CO2, we estimated gross emissions and gross sinks of CO2 from land-use change via global and regional simulations with a widely used carbon cycle model. Gross fluxes are large; for example, the gross CO2 sources from land-use change amount to 4.3 PgC year-1 or more than 55% of emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement manufacture. The airborne fraction is therefore estimated to be approximately 34% of total CO2 emissions (i.e., fossil fuel plus land-use). Since land-use conversions and abandonment differ regionally, gross sources and sinks provide strong support for extensive land protection and land-use management strategies to reduce atmospheric CO2.
Partial derepression of the isoleucine-valine enzymes during methionine starvation in Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Methionine starvation of methionine auxotrophs in the presence of excess branched-chain amino acids results in a partial derepression of the isoleucine and valine enzymes. Reversed-phase chromatography indicated that isoleucine, valine and leucine tRNA were altered during methionine starvation. In addition, the total tRNA isolated from cells under these conditions was undermethylated. The observed derepression may be caused by the inability of methyl-deficient tRNA's to participate adequately in normal regulatory functions.