cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcutaneous nodules as a dermatologic manifestation of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa continues to be an important source of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Early recognition of this condition is of paramount importance in choosing specific therapy at the earliest possible moment. We present three cases in which P aeruginosa bacteremia was manifested by subcutaneous nodules. Although such lesions have been reported before, we place new emphasis on the uniqueness of this lesion to P aeruginosa, the feasibility of visualizing the organism and culturing it from biopsies of the lesions, and the possibility of choosing appropriate therapy early through recognition.
RELATIONS BETWEEN MINIMUM REQUIRED POWER DENSITY AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE FOR PRESENT AND FUTURE SEMICONDUCTOR TRIODE AMPLIFIERS

It is shown that at low power densities the major limit on speed of response and frequency is emitter charging time for amplifiers that inject carriers as in the case of the bipolar transistor, space charge limited triode, etc. The limit on the field effect transistor is the gate charging time. The proper design of emitter for the bipolar amplifier (electrons and holes, or hot electrons and cold electrons) or the proper design for the gate of the field effect transistor results in essentially the same limit on required power density. The switching time in each case is determined by the time to charge a capacitor with a given current.
Dynamic Conversation Structures: An Extended Example

The author provides an in-depth look at a moderately complex conversation as represented by a finite state machine, a representation used by an established agent communication system. He compares this to a statechart-based method used for Moore’s conversation policy framework and observes that these methods differ in their level of detail, the usefulness of parts of the graphical representation, and in the grouping of events. The remainder of the paper demonstrates how a multi-agent conversation policy can be used to control the flow of messages, contrasts this with how messages are handled via an inference-based process, and shows how the inference-based processing can be integrated with the policy-based handling in order to deal with exceptions to the policy.
Doped Twisted Bilayer Graphene near Magic Angles: Proximity to Wigner Crystallization, Not Mott Insulation.

We devise a model to explain why twisted bilayer graphene exhibits insulating behavior when ν = 2 or 3 charges occupy a unit moire cell, a feature attributed to Mottness per previous work but not for ν = 1, clearly inconsistent with Mott insulation. We compute rs = EU/EK, where EU and EK are the potential and kinetic energies, respectively, and show that (i) the Mott criterion lies at a density larger than experimental values by a factor of 104 and (ii) a transition to a series of Wigner crystalline states exists as a function of ν. We find that, for ν = 1, rs fails to cross the threshold (rs = 37) for the triangular lattice, and metallic transport ensues. However, for ν = 2 and ν = 3, the thresholds rs = 22 and rs = 17, respectively, are satisfied for a transition to Wigner crystals (WCs) with a honeycomb (ν = 2) and a kagome (ν = 3) structure. We posit that such crystalline states form the correct starting point for analyzing superconductivity.
Cortical Correlates of Attention to Auditory Features.

Pitch and timbre are two primary features of auditory perception that are generally considered independent. However, an increase in pitch (produced by a change in fundamental frequency) can be confused with an increase in brightness (an attribute of timbre related to spectral centroid) and vice versa. Previous work indicates that pitch and timbre are processed in overlapping regions of the auditory cortex, but are separable to some extent via multivoxel pattern analysis. Here, we tested whether attention to one or other feature increases the spatial separation of their cortical representations and if attention can enhance the cortical representation of these features in the absence of any physical change in the stimulus. Ten human subjects (four female, six male) listened to pairs of tone triplets varying in pitch, timbre, or both and judged which tone triplet had the higher pitch or brighter timbre. Variations in each feature engaged common auditory regions with no clear distinctions at a univariate level. Attending to one did not improve the separability of the neural representations of pitch and timbre at the univariate level. At the multivariate level, the classifier performed above chance in distinguishing between conditions in which pitch or timbre was discriminated. The results confirm that the computations underlying pitch and timbre perception are subserved by strongly overlapping cortical regions, but reveal that attention to one or other feature leads to distinguishable activation patterns even in the absence of physical differences in the stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although pitch and timbre are generally thought of as independent auditory features of a sound, pitch height and timbral brightness can be confused for one another. This study shows that pitch and timbre variations are represented in overlapping regions of auditory cortex, but that they produce distinguishable patterns of activation. Most importantly, the patterns of activation can be distinguished based on whether subjects attended to pitch or timbre even when the stimuli remained physically identical. The results therefore show that variations in pitch and timbre are represented by overlapping neural networks, but that attention to different features of the same sound can lead to distinguishable patterns of activation.
Influence of UV Light (250 nm) on Platelet Activation

Previous investigations have shown that ultraviolet light (UVL) can cause irreversible aggregation in samples of stirred platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The precise mechanisms involved in UVL-induced platelet activation and the aspects of stimulus-activation-contraction secretion coupling involved were not determined. In the present study we have evaluated the response of normal and abnormal platelets to UVL and the influence of various inhibitors on the platelet reaction. UVL (250 nm) stimulated irreversible aggregation and secretion in stirred samples of PRP. Aspirin and Ibuprofen, which block cyclooxygenase and secretion, did not prevent UVL-induced aggregation. Agents that elevate levels of cAMP and free radical scavengers were also ineffective. Only ascorbic acid (5 mM) and EDTA effectively blocked UVL-stimulated platelet clumping. Thrombosthenic platelets lacking glycoproteins Ilb-IIIa were not aggregated by UVL, but afibrinogenemic platelets responded like normal cells. UVL caused the formation of macroaggregates in washed platelet cytoskeletons that did not enter PAGE gels. Electron microscopy revealed no physical changes in unstirred platelets exposed to UVL. Stirring in the presence of UVL caused the development of stickiness, resulting in the aggregation of discoid platelets. Shape change and internal transformation occurred only after aggregates were well established. Results of the studies indicated that extracellular calcium and GPIIb-IIIa were required for UVL-induced aggregation, but thromboxane A2, fibrinogen, and secretion were unnecessary. Inhibition by ascorbic acid suggests that oxidant-induced changes in the membrane leading to changes in the membrane cytoskeleton may underlie platelet activation by UVL.
Imaging Flow Cytometry Quantifies Neural Genome Dynamics

Somatic mosaicism is a common consequence of normal development. DNA repair is simply not perfect, and each cell's genome incurs continuous DNA damage as a consequence of transcription, replication, and other cell biological stressors. Brain somatic mosaicism is particularly noteworthy because the vast majority of an individual's neurons are with that individual for life and neural circuits give rise directly to behavioral phenotypes. Brain somatic mosaicism, now revealed and tractable due to advances in single cell 'omic approaches, has emerged as an intriguing and unexplored aspect of neuronal diversity. Furthermore, the study of DNA damage during early neurodevelopment, when the rate of mutagenesis is high, is the perfect starting point to understand the origins of brain mosaicism. Flow cytometry is a highly efficient technique to study cell cycle and intracellular proteins of interest, particularly those related to DNA damage, but it lacks the high resolution of microscopy to examine the localization of these proteins. In this study, we outline a novel single-cell approach to quantify DNA double-strand break (DNA DSB) dynamics during early human neurodevelopment by applying imaging flow cytometry (IFC) to human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) undergoing neurogenesis. We establish an increase of DNA DSBs by quantifying γH2AX foci in mildly stressed NPCs using various single-cell approaches in addition to IFC including fluorescent microscopy, conventional flow cytometry, and measuring DNA DSBs with the comet assay. We demonstrate the dose-dependent sensitive detection of γH2AX foci through IFC and reveal the dynamics of DNA DSBs in proliferating and differentiating neural cells in early neurogenesis. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Multivariate statistical analysis: Hypothesis testing theory

This chapter discusses the multivariate statistical analysis. It presents certain sampling distributions that are useful in hypothesis testing. A general framework is provided for the construction of tests of particular types of hypotheses, namely, linear hypotheses, in a particular version of the linear expected value model. The chapter provides an overview on parametric hypothesis testing, that is, to situations in which the form of the distribution of X is known and a hypothesis is presented for the unknown parameter E. The reason for this is that the econometric models are models involving a specified set of parameters and the only possible nonparametric aspect one might hope for in econometric practice is that the tests of hypotheses about the parameters do not depend on the probability distribution of X . There is no formal theory of nonparametric test construction, let alone construction of the tests about parameters where the test does not depend on the distribution of the data. Such nonparametric test procedures that exist for econometric problems have been developed in an ad hoc fashion.
A Comparison of Expiratory Circuit Filters During Delivery of Inhaled Epoprostenol

Background: Previous publications have identified the risk of ventilator malfunction when aerosolized medications are deposited upon exhalation filters or valve assemblies1. Our policy based on prior testing with the Hudson RCI Isogard HEPA Lite filter was to change the filters Q2 hours during epoprostenol delivery. To determine if the frequency of change for added expiratory filters could be reduced, we tested 4 commercially available filters with large surface areas during the delivery of inhaled epoprostenol to a test lung. Methods: The test consisted of monitoring each of the following HEPA filters for 24 h on 2 different days with a different minute ventilation and filter each day. (See table) The filters tested were the CareFusion Airlife, Hudson RCI 2605, DAR Sterivent, and PALL BB50. The same PB 980 ventilator was used for all testing with the circuit changed and ventilator processed between testing of each filter type. A Teleflex dual heated wire circuit and Hudson RCI Neptune heated humidifier set per departmental standard were used for each testing sequence. Epoprostenol (Flolan), at a concentration of 1.5 g/50 mL with original diluent producing a pH of 10.2 — 10.8, was continuously nebulized via an Aerogen Solo nebulizer at a rate of 10 mL/hour. The nebulizer was positioned on the proximal or dry side of the humidifier chamber. The epoprostenol syringe was replaced Q5 hours to ensure continuous delivery of medication. Results: No significant changes in exhaled tidal volume or minute ventilation were observed over the 24 h monitoring period. The CareFusion Airlife produced lower exhaled volumes on Day 1 as compared to the other models and the volumes remained consistently low throughout the day. In addition, no occlusion alarms occurred during testing of any filter. Conclusions: During testing of 4 different HEPA filters added to the expiratory circuit during continuous inhaled epoprostenol delivery, no significant change in exhaled volumes or occlusion alarms occurred within the 24 h monitoring period. A reduction in the HEPA filter change frequency to Q24 h will save approximately $6,500 annually. More importantly, the frequency at which the circuit must be disconnected causing a loss of circuit pressure can be significantly reduced thus lessening the risk of ventilator associated events (VAE) 2. In an abundance of caution, and until further testing can occur, we have elected to change the HEPA filters Q12 h.
High-Current Perovskite Oxide BaTiO 3 /BaSnO 3 Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors

High-current molecular beam epitaxial perovskite oxide semiconductor BaTiO3/BaSnO3 heterostructure field effect transistors on SrTiO3 substrates were developed. Record high current density of $\text{I}_{{\mathrm{max}}} =406.7$ mA/mm, maximum transconductance $\text{g}_{{{\text {m}}}} =72.3$ mS/mm were achieved in a field effect transistor with gate length $\text{L}_{{{\text {g}}}} = 0.64\,\,\mu \text{m}$ , and source-drain spacing $\text{L}_{{{\text {sd}}}} = 3.5\,\,\mu \text{m}$ . The device has a low threshold voltage of $\text{V}_{{{\text {th}}}}= - 4.5$ V and the capability to modulate $5.7\times 10^{{{{13}}}}$ cm $^{{-{2}}}$ electron density in the BaSnO3 channel. The high channel current and gate modulation efficiency are attributed to the high mobility and charge density in the BaSnO3 channel and the utilization of high-k BaTiO3 ( $\varepsilon $ is in the range of 425 and 387 as the electric field increases from 46 to 85 kV/cm) layer as the gate dielectric for charge modulation. Though the device suffers from low current ON/OFF ratio and a large subthreshold swing due to the gate leakage resulted from threading dislocations, this work demonstrates the great potential of perovskite semiconductors for electronic device applications.
Induction Therapy in Patients with Prolonged Ischemic Times May Be Protective for Early Graft Failure

Purpose Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) in heart transplantation (HTx) patients is the leading cause of death within the first 30 days of HTx. Ischemic time >4 hours has been associated with a significant increase in mortality at 30 days post-transplant and up to 6 years post-transplant. The optimal immunosuppression regimen including induction therapy to prevent allograft failure is unclear. Induction therapy may have a protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury, a main mechanism of allograft injury after HTx. We sought to evaluate the effect of induction therapy in heart transplant recipients with longer ischemic times in both early and long-term graft failure. Methods This retrospective cohort study used the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) and included adult (>21yr) heart transplant patients from Jun 30, 2004 to Mar 2015. The effect of induction therapy, either basiliximab (IL-2Rab) or ATG/ALG/thymoglobulin, on all-cause early and late graft failure was estimated by a logistic regression adjusted for the covariates ischemic time, age, African American race, serum creatinine >2.5, HLA mismatch > 4, and acute rejection episodes. The Inverse Probability Treatment Weighting (IPTW) was used to control for imbalanced propensity of receiving induction given the covariates. Results At 30 days, induction was shown to reduce graft failure OR 0.69 (95% CI, 0.57-0.82) in all comers with no additional benefit for patients with prolonged ischemic time OR 1.08 (95% CI 0.87-1.36). Induction had no effect on long term graft failure up to 5.6 years OR 0.96 (95% CI 0.88 -1.04), except in patients with prolonged ischemic time OR 0.88 (95%CI 0.79-0.98). Conclusion Our results suggest that induction therapy may be protective against graft failure at 30 days, and late graft failure up to five years in a subset of patients with prolonged ischemic times.
Anxiety and safety behavior usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: The prospective role of contamination fear.

Abstract The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has broadly increased anxiety and changed individual behavior. However, there is limited research examining predictors of pandemic-related changes, and the majority of existing research is cross-sectional in nature, which limits causal inference. Given functional links with disease avoidance processes, individual differences in contamination fear may be especially relevant in predicting responses to COVID-19. Accordingly, the present study prospectively examines contamination fear and obsessive-compulsive washing symptoms as predictors of anxiety and safety behaviors in response to COVID-19 in a student sample (N = 108). To examine specificity, anxiety and safety behaviors in response to seasonal influenza are also examined. In the early stages of the pandemic (March 2020), coronavirus-related anxiety was higher than flu-related anxiety (d = 1.38). Obsessive-compulsive washing symptoms also increased from before the pandemic (d = 0.4). Although baseline contamination fear and obsessive-compulsive washing symptoms did not significantly predict coronavirus-related anxiety, contamination fear did significantly predict safety behavior usage in response to both COVID-19 and influenza. The specificity of the prospective association between contamination fear and the use of safety behaviors are discussed in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the broader literature on the role of safety behaviors in anxiety.
Educating the Mainland Public: Imperial Boosterism and the Puerto Rican Image in Children's Adventure Literature

This research focuses on two examples of young adult literature—Young Hunters in Porto Rico; or, the Search for a Lost Treasure, and A Yankee Lad’s Pluck: How Bert Larkin Saved His Father’s Ranch in the Island of Porto Rico—published by the Stratemeyer Syndicate and the syndicate’s league of mass-market imitators immediately following the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898. These imperialistic adventure novels coincided with the U.S. implementation of the doctrine of Americanization, or the American colonial mission to instruct Puerto Ricans in self-government and democratic values in anticipation for some uncertain future form of economic and political sovereignty for the island. Edward Stratemeyer built his vast fiction empire, the publishing house for such series as Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys, upon imperial romances which glorified the events of the Spanish-American War and presented recently-acquired U.S. territories—such as Puerto Rico—as sites of adventure beyond mainland confines to a predominately male, teenage audience. Borrowing from an English literary tradition, these novels energized young, white, American men to act as willing participants in the imperial imagination while simultaneously instilling in them expectations for Puerto Rican behavior and identity.
Disparities in cardio metabolic risk between black and white women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize and quantitatively pool evidence on cardiometabolic health disparities between Black and White women with polycystic ovary syndrome in the United States in response to the call for further delineation of these disparities in the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Data Sources Databases of MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched initially through March 05, 2020, and confirmed on September 11, 2020. Study Eligibility Criteria Observational studies documenting cardiometabolic risk profile (glucoregulatory, lipid profile, anthropometric, and blood pressure status) in Black and White women with polycystic ovary syndrome were included. Studies on children ( 50 years) were excluded. The primary outcome was fasting glucose. Furthermore, data on major cardiovascular events (stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure) and mortality rate (cardiovascular death, total mortality) were evaluated. Methods Data were pooled by random-effects models and expressed as mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Studies were weighted based on the inverse of the variance. Heterogeneity was evaluated by Cochran Q and I2 statistics. Study methodologic quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results A total of 11 studies (N=2851 [652 Black and 2199 White]) evaluated cardiometabolic risk profile and all had high quality (Newcastle-Ottawa scale score of ≥8). No studies reported on cardiovascular events and mortality rate. Black women had comparable fasting glucose (−0.61 [−1.69 to 2.92] mg/dL; I2=62.5%), yet exhibited increased fasting insulin (6.76 [4.97–8.56] μIU/mL; I2=59.0%); homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (1.47 [0.86–2.08]; I2=83.2%); systolic blood pressure (3.32 [0.34–6.30] mm Hg; I2=52.0%); and decreased triglyceride (−32.56 [−54.69 to −10.42] mg/dL; I2=68.0%) compared with White women (all, P≤.03). Groups exhibited comparable total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and diastolic blood pressure (all, P≥.06). Conclusions Black women with polycystic ovary syndrome have a greater tendency for an adverse cardiometabolic risk profile (increased insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and systolic blood pressure) despite lower triglycerides than White women. Our observations support the consideration of these disparities for diagnostic, monitoring, and management practices in Black women and for future guideline recommendations. Given the heterogeneity among studies, future research should address the relative contributions of biologic, environmental, socioeconomic, and healthcare factors to the observed disparities. Furthermore, longitudinal research is required to address patient-pressing complications, including cardiovascular events and mortality rate in Black women with polycystic ovary syndrome as a high-risk yet understudied population.
Preferences for Paid Paternity Leave Availability, Lengths of Leave Offerings, and Government Funding of Paternity Leaves in the United States:

This study analyzes 2012 General Social Survey data (N = 1,089) about preferences for paid paternity leave availability, lengths of leave offerings, and government funding of leaves. It highlights ...
Phone it in: Reflections on the use of phone interview methods with college athletes

College athletes’ narratives of their own pathways and the meaning they make of them are vitally important to research on the population; however, accessing college athletes to collect in-depth int...
Patterns of same-day alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents and young adults with risky alcohol use

Same-day alcohol and cannabis use is relatively common in adolescents and young adults, constituting a higher-risk behavior relative to single-substance use. However, the association between quanti...
Inferring Rankings from First Order Marginals

Motivated by applications in ranked-choice voting, we consider the problem of recovery of an election profile—encoded by a function f on the symmetric group—given only partial data. In particular, we investigate the combinatorial structure of the matrix of first order marginals, which gives the number of votes cast that ranked each alternative in each position. We investigate conditions on f that allow us to exploit this combinatorial structure to recover the original function f. As the matrix of first order marginals is the Fourier coefficient of the permutation representation of the symmetric group, this work sits within the context of algebraic compressed sensing, which tackles the question of how to recover a sparse function f on a finite group given only a subset of the Fourier coefficients of f.
Damage control open mediastinum in the management of penetrating cardiac injury.

A woman in her early 30s presented to a level 1 trauma center with a single through-and-through gunshot wound to the lower sternum and left posterior chest. She was hypotensive and tachycardic on arrival. Physical examination and chest X-ray suggested left hemothorax. An emergent left tube thoracostomy drained 200 mL of fresh blood. A focused assessment with sonography for trauma was equivocal for hemopericardium, while demonstrating a trace amount of fluid in the left upper abdomen. A massive transfusion protocol was initiated and she was taken to the operating room for an emergent median sternotomy due to a high suspicion for cardiac injury and an intra-abdominal involvement. Intraoperatively, a 3 cm right ventricle laceration was identified and a cardiorrhaphy was performed. Intrathoracic cardiac massages were necessitated due to asystole. The patient’s abdomen was noted more distended and firmer, and the bullet trajectory was identified coursing into the abdomen. A subsequent exploratory laparotomy revealed hemoperitoneum, liver laceration, and spleen laceration. These injuries required a splenectomy, liver packing, and negative-pressure abdominal packing. The patient received 47 units of packed red blood cells, rationed with fresh frozen plasma and platelets. She became coagulopathic, …
Genetic Alterations of Nervous System Tumors

The last decade has witnessed revolutionary advances in our understanding of the basic molecular changes associated with carcinogenesis in general and with nervous system tumorigenesis in particular. This report discusses the genetic alterations in nervous system tumors from two viewpoints. The first represents a summary of the descriptive changes that have been documented in various nervous system tumors. Here, the molecular and chromosomal changes associated with schwannomas, meningiomas, gliomas, and other nervous system tumors are described. These represent the naturally occurring genetic alterations associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The second discusses alterations in tumor cells that may be purposefully induced in order to study their cellular biology or to test novel therapeutic approaches. This section represents a new era in tumor studies which is still in its elemental stages, but its impact could result in the development of new therapies for some tumors which are invariably fatal despite maximal conventional therapy.
Size and Shape of Earth from Satellites

Modern evidence abounds that clearly supports the idea that Earth is a spherical body. The memorable photographs of Earth taken by the Apollo astronauts from the lunar surface and from cislunar space must motivate serious consideration of the sphericity notion even among the hardest skeptic. But the stirring evidence presented in a photograph from space was unavailable to the ancients who had to deduce the ideas of sphericity from subtle effects (such as the sails of a ship slowly sinking at the horizon), from obvious comparative forms (the Moon and Sun appear to be spheres), and from philosophical ideas (the sphere is a perfect geometric object, hence Earth must be a sphere). Although these early approaches spurred the development of the science of geodesy, the revolutionary work of Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century brought the first renaissance in geodesy. The second renaissance coincides with the space age, which brought new tools to the pursuit of ancient questions. The new discipline of space geodesy appeared in the early 1960s, but the areas of geodetic interest go far beyond the classical study that focused on the size and shape of Earth. Modern geodesy includes scholarly pursuits into the mass distribution within Earth, as manifested by the external gravity field, the rotation of Earth, and temporal changes in the positions of points on Earth's surface. The modern tools and techniques of geodesy are used by other scientific disciplines, including tectonophysics, oceanography, and glaciology, to name a few. And the methodologies and concepts are applied to other planets in the discipline known as planetary geodesy. This article gives the history of the various periods and ends with a discussion of using satellites and computers to describe the Earth's shape Keywords: Earth; shape; geodesy; space age; satellite geodesy; topography
Microscopic modeling of NO and S-nitrosoglutathione kinetics and transport in human airways

Nitric oxide (NO) appears in the exhaled breath and is elevated in inflammatory diseases. We developed a steady-state mathematical model of the bronchial mucosa for normal small and large airways t...
Switching frequency optimization of a high-frequency link based energy storage system

There is currently a big thrust for integrating renewable resources to the electric grid. With increasing variable generation the need for energy storage devices has escalated. Traditional storage devices have bulky 60 Hz transformer to provide the electrical isolation from the grid. But, with the advent of advanced magnetic materials, power electronic topologies with high frequency link transformers are being researched. These systems have high power density and can be quickly dispatched for remote installations. This paper presents the design of the energy storage system consisting of the three phase rectifier and bi-directional dual active bride converter. It presents a methodology to optimize the switching frequency of the dual active bridge converter by minimizing the volume of the transformer and the total losses in the system. Frequency dependent and independent terms are aggregated and minimized over the range of switching frequency.
NEW EXPERIMENTAL METHOD IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELASTOSTATICS

The “freezing” method of three-dimensional photoelasticity uses materials which exhibit a Poisson's ratio equal to 0.5 at the critical temperature. Two important limitations follow: 1) the solution obtained applies only to materials with high Poisson's ratio. 2) to obtain principal stresses it is not possible to supplement birefringence measurements with mechanical or moire measurements. The new method uses a material with Poisson's ratio equal to about 0.4. Since the deformations are relatively large, (of the order of 1%) and the material is not incompressible, mechanical or moire measurements can be used to supplement birefringence measurements. If desired the method can be self sufficient and solve completely three-dimensional problems using only mechanical or moire measurements. A sphere subjected to diametral loading is used to illustrate the application of the method and the precision of the results obtained.
Green's function monte carlo and the many-fermion problem

The application of Green's function Monte Carlo to many body problems is outlined. For boson problems, the method is well developed and practical. An “efficiency principle”,importance sampling, can be used to reduce variance. Fermion problems are more difficult because spatially antisymmetric functions must be represented as a difference of two density functions. Naively treated, this leads to a rapid growth of Monte Carlo error. Methods for overcoming the difficulty are discussed. Satisfactory algorithms exist for few-body problems; for many-body problems more work is needed, but it is likely that adequate methods will soon be available.
A victory for equivalent background — on average

A psychophysical experiment was carried out to examine the relationship between image contrast and overall perceived brightness. A second phase of the experiment looked at the relationship between the perceived brightness of variegated backgrounds and the simultaneous contrast effect produced by such backgrounds. These results have important ramifications for procedures used to calculate adapting chromaticities and luminances for image displays. The results suggest that the traditional concepts of linear luminance integration and equivalent background are satisfactory on average. However, results for individual observers show very striking, consistent, and significant trends with substantial inter-observer variability. These results help to reconcile differences between fundamental vision science experiments and practical experiences with color appearance models.
Rethinking participative decision making

Revisits Parnell and Bell’s arguments that managers have different propensities for participative decision making (PPDM) and develops a modified scale to measure the construct which includes commitment and cultural components. Specifically, findings suggest that a manager’s PPDM is a function of four core factors: beliefs concerning the effectiveness ofparticipation, perceptions about the effect of participation on the manager’s power, theculture of the organization in which the manager operates, and the presence of a genuine commitment to participative decision making.
ISOLATION OF A NEW AMINO SUGAR FROM CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM

Smith, E. J. (Duke University, Durham, N.C.), J. M. Leatherwood, and R. W. Wheat. Isolation of a new amino sugar from Chromobacterium violaceum. J. Bacteriol. 84:1007–1010. 1962.—An investigation of the amino sugars and reducing compounds of a lipopolysaccharide of Chromobacterium violaceum revealed the presence of a previously unreported cationic reducing compound. Evidence indicates that the compound is a 6-deoxyhexosamine with an amino group at other than the C-2 position.
Transcription and Translation in Mammalian Cells

In this report, we will consider several of the aspects of transcription and translation which are unique to eukaryotic cells. As our knowledge of the macromolecular biochemistry of higher organisms grows, it is apparent that the models of regulatory mechanisms derived from prokaryotes are increasingly unsatisfactory. In this report, we will summarize some of the findings in our laboratory which deal with the unique properties of the systems which transcribe DNA and regulate translation in mammalian cells.
Reasons for job change and the disposition of pre-retirement lump-sum pension distributions

Abstract Estimates from logit models on a sample of 890 individuals from the 1992 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) eligible to receive a pre-retirement lump-sum pension distribution suggest that pension assets may have been used to buffer economic shocks upon job change.
Effect of Glass‐Transition Temperature of Polyethylene Glycol‐Plasticized Polyvinyl Alcohol on Granule Compaction

The glass-transition temperature (Tg) is a fundamental property of all organic binders, It is illustrated with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-plasticized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder systems that densification is enhanced when the binder Tg, is below the pressing temperature. This is a result of the increased deformability of the binder system and the decrease in the granule strength. Because of the reduction in the binder film strength with increasing PEG content, increasing the PEG content to lower the binder Tg, results in reductions in the compact green strength.
Semiquantitative determination of cyanogen bromide peptides of collagen in SDS-polyacrylamide gels

The application of staining with Coomassie brilliant blue in isopropanol acetic acid to the quantitation of cyanogen bromide peptides of collagen on electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels was evaluated. A linear relationship between stain uptake and weight of peptide material loaded onto the gel was demonstrated over the range investigated (up to 40 μg of total mixture of peptides) for each component resolved. The larger peptides (≥18,000 MW) could be quantitated either as individual components or as a proportion of the total mixture to a precision of ±15% or better on quantities of 1 μg or less per band.
A World of Passions: How to Think about Globalization Now

Recent events have been unkind to a doctrine that defined global economics and politics during the 1990s. That doctrine, often termed “neo-liberalism” or “the Washington Consensus,” was defined by the belief that free markets and international economic integration would lead the world toward prosperity, liberal democracy, and peace. The failure of neo-liberal development policies in countries such as Indonesia and Argentina, and the new prominence of elite and popular nationalism and fundamentalism whose most vivid expression is terrorism, have together shown the insufficiency of the neo-liberal program. In Part I of this essay, I present the major features of neo-liberalism, as a program and as a view of development, and argue that it embodied a distinctly optimistic and rationalist theory of modernity. After sketching the events that led to the decline of neo-
Ocular dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with levodopa.

Abnormal involuntary eye movements were found in 8 of 27 patients with Parkinson's disease who were receiving levodopa and dopa decarboxylase inhibitors. The dyskinetic eye movements were smooth, slow, “to-and-fro” ocular deviations of large amplitude. They were suppressed by visual fixation and were prominent only in darkness or behind closed lids when patients were alert. They generally appeared in conjunction with involuntary body and limb movements but could occur alone. Many of the patients with ocular dyskinesias had prominent “on-off” responses to levodopa. Ocular dyskinesias were present in 8 of 10 patients with bodily dyskinesias. This suggests that if recording conditions are appropriate, these eye movements will commonly be found in patients with Parkinson's disease who develop abnormal involuntary bodily movements while they are receiving levodopa therapy.
Practical steganographic capacity and the best cover image

The goal of this article is to investigate an alternative capacity for steganographic systems. We will define steganographic capacity as the maximum number of embeddable bit within a digital signal while maintaining imperceptible requirements. This capacity makes it somewhat possible to solve two fundamental steganographic problems: first, how to choose the best cover image among classes of images and second which embedding method may be employed to reduce the detection of hidden information within the embedded areas. In addition, the new capacity may be used for 1) the separation of an analyzed image into embeddable areas, 2) the identification of maximum embedding capacities within a cover digital image, and 3) estimating the length in bits used for embedding information within the identified regions.
Botulism and Picrotoxin

Two phases are differentiated in botulinal intoxication: (1) a period of stimulation and (2) of respiratory depression. Experiments with picrotoxin point to reciprocal potentiation during the phase of botulinal stimulation and antagonism during the phase of depression.The botulinal toxin (type A) in these experiments was prepared and supplied by the National Institute of Health in Washington. Its potency was expressed in terms of an intravenous mouse MLD, one unit being 0.00005 cc, the smallest amount that would kill a 17 to 20 g mouse when injected intravenously.These experiments were performed on healthy stock rabbits ranging in weights from 1.45 to 1.85 kg.Injected into the marginal ear vein 10,000 U (0.5 cc) of the toxin caused death (100%) within 13 hours average time. Three mg of picrotoxin intravenously administered is surely convulsant and frequently lethal; 2 mg is usually convulsant but non-lethal; while 1 mg is never lethal, rarely convulsant but regularly hyper-stimulating to normal rabbits wi...
Food Habits of the Salmon Smolts, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and O. keta, from the Salcha River, Alaska

Abstract Stomach contents were examined from 454 chinook salmon smolts Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and 121 chum salmon smolts O. keta trapped in the Salcha River, Alaska, between 17 May and 8 June, 1973. Immature aquatic insects of the orders Diptera, Plecoptera, and Ephemeroptera predominated in the diet of both salmon species, although adult dipterans were frequently consumed by chum smolts. Chinook smolts, being larger fish, preyed more heavily upon plecopterans than did chum smolts. Chironomidae was the most important family of food organisms for both species. All other food items were relatively insignificant.
Child abuse and neglect statutes: legal and clinical implications.

Emh of the 50 stutes has enacted some version of a "mandatory reporting tict ," which requires mental health professionals to report instances of suspected child cibuse or neglect. Requirements of these statutes may supersede putient-therapist confidentiality in the interest of protecting children. Clinical and ethical dilemmas created for the therapist by mandatory reporting requirements are explored. he last several decades have seen T some dramatic changes in the law as it affects the American family. A number of Supreme Court cases have examined intrafamily relations, and as a consequence there has been an erosion of the tradition of family privacy that had characterized Anglo-American law for centuries. The famous case, In re Gr11rlf,~ for
Shear strength of composite bonded to laser-pretreated dentin

As research progresses, laser energy moves closer to acceptable usefulness. Laser application to prepare dentin creates a more retentive surface for composite bonding.
Computed tomography in patients with successfully shunted normal pressure hydrocephalus

Abstract Since our CT scanner became available, we have studied six patients who were considered on clinical and laboratory evidence to have normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). All were shunted, with excellent clinical response. Characteristic CT features included large lateral, third and fourth ventricles, absence of cortical sulci preoperatively and low density periventricular crescents in some. These findings are compared with those of other diseases with enlarged ventricles, and the change in the CT appearance of NPH patients after shunting is reviewed.
What Is the Association Between Sports Participation and the Development of Proximal Femoral Cam Deformity? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is recognized as a common cause of hip pain and intra-articular disorders in athletes. Studies have suggested a link between participation in athletics during adolescence and the development of cam-type deformities of the proximal femoral head-neck junction. Purpose To investigate the association of sporting activity participation during adolescence and the development of cam deformity. Study design Systematic review. Methods The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched to identify potential studies. Abstracts and manuscripts (when applicable) were independently reviewed by 2 reviewers. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, including 8 studies that compared the prevalence of cam deformity in athletes with that in controls and 3 studies that compared the prevalence of cam deformity before and after physeal closure (2 with both). A meta-analysis was performed with pooling of data and random-effects modeling to compare rates of cam deformity between athletes and controls. Results High-level male athletes are 1.9 to 8.0 times more likely to develop a cam deformity than are male controls. The pooled prevalence rate (by hip) of cam deformity in male athletes was 41%, compared with 17% for male controls. The pooled mean alpha angle among male athletes was 61°, compared with 51° for male controls. Conclusion Males participating in specific high-level impact sports (hockey, basketball, and possibly soccer) are at an increased risk of physeal abnormalities of the anterosuperior head-neck junction that result in a cam deformity at skeletal maturity.
Stage IV Rectal Cancer with Liver Metastases: Is There a Benefit to Resection of the Primary Tumor?

Resection of primary and liver lesions is the optimal management of Stage IV rectal cancer with liver metastases. For patients with extensive liver metastases, FOLFOX and FOLFIRI have improved resection rates and survival. We compared survival outcomes in patients with Stage IV rectal cancer with liver metastases undergoing staged or synchronous resection with those undergoing primary rectal resection only or no resection at all. Patients with metastatic rectal cancer to liver were identified from a colorectal cancer database from 2002 to 2008. Patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiation and adjuvant FOLFOX or FOLFIRI therapy. The outcomes for patients who underwent synchronous resection, staged resection, resection of rectal tumor only, and no resection with chemotherapy only were compared. Statistical analysis was determined by ANOVA. Survival was determined using the Kaplan–Meier method. Seventy-four patients were identified: 30 synchronous resections, 13 staged resections, 22 primary resection only, and 9 no resection. Median follow-up was 23 months (range = 4-58 months). Sixty-five percent of patients underwent liver resection with 26% rendered eligible for resection after adjuvant therapy. Those who underwent primary resection only had shorter median survival than those who underwent either staged or synchronous liver resection (31 vs. 47 vs. 46 months, respectively; P = 0.17). Survival was no different for synchronous versus staged resection (P = 0.6). Volume of liver disease predicted resectability (P = 0.001). Without liver resection, 2-year survival was approximately 60%. Palliative surgery was required in six of nine patients who did not undergo resection of their primary tumor. Current chemotherapeutic regimens lead to improved survival in patients with unresectable liver metastases. Upfront chemotherapy in the asymptomatic patient compared with resection of the primary tumor does not appear to significantly affect survival. However, given that 60% of patients were alive after 2 years, resection of the primary lesion for palliative reasons and local control must be considered.
The effect of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin on protein kinase activity

Abstract Isolated rat enterocytes were incubated with E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin or buffer alone and the protein kinase activity and cyclic GMP level determined on the particulate fraction or cytosol, respectively. In the control cells, particulate protein kinase activity and cyclic GMP concentration were at a maximum after 20 sec and 1 min of incubation, respectively. In heat-stable enterotoxin-treated cells the particulate protein kinase activity was significantly increased (P
Identification of Gemin5 as a Novel 7-Methylguanosine Cap-Binding Protein

Background A unique attribute of RNA molecules synthesized by RNA polymerase II is the presence of a 7-methylguanosine (m(7)G) cap structure added co-transcriptionally to the 5' end. Through its association with trans-acting effector proteins, the m(7)G cap participates in multiple aspects of RNA metabolism including localization, translation and decay. However, at present relatively few eukaryotic proteins have been identified as factors capable of direct association with m(7)G. Methodology/principal findings Employing an unbiased proteomic approach, we identified gemin5, a component of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) complex, as a factor capable of direct and specific interaction with the m(7)G cap. Gemin5 was readily purified by cap-affinity chromatography in contrast to other SMN complex proteins. Investigating the underlying basis for this observation, we found that purified gemin5 associates with m(7)G-linked sepharose in the absence of detectable eIF4E, and specifically crosslinks to radiolabeled cap structure after UV irradiation. Deletion analysis revealed that an intact set of WD repeat domains located in the N-terminal half of gemin5 are required for cap-binding. Moreover, using structural modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified two proximal aromatic residues located within the WD repeat region that significantly impact m(7)G association. Conclusions/significance This study rigorously identifies gemin5 as a novel cap-binding protein and describes an unprecedented role for WD repeat domains in m(7)G recognition. The findings presented here will facilitate understanding of gemin5's role in the metabolism of non-coding snRNAs and perhaps other RNA pol II transcripts.