cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pedigree analysis of the 5′ flanking region of the insulin gene in familial diabetes mellitus

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has been reported to be associated with an insertion polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the human insulin gene. We have attempted to examine linkage of this polymorphism to the phenotype of NIDDM by studying multiple pedigrees. We evaluated 142 individuals (120 white, 22 black), 80 of whom were from 7 pedigrees (5 white, 2 black) ranging in size from 4 to 37 members. Of these, 52 subjects had NIDDM, 10 had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and 80 were nondiabetics (ND). DNA was extracted from leukocytes and after digestion with Sst 1, and electrophoresis, the DNA was blotted to nitrocellulose filters and hybridized to a alpha 32P-labeled insulin gene probe. Two alleles of 6.0 and 7.6 kb in size were detected, the latter corresponding to the common previously described insertion polymorphism. In these families, the 7.6 kb allele occurred in 32 of 57 ND, 3 of 5 IDDM, and 10 of 18 NIDDM (P = 0.98). When sibships were analyzed the 7.6 kb allele occurred in 6 of 13 ND, 3 of 5 IDDM, and 8 of 12 NIDDM (P = 0.58). In examining 72 unrelated subjects, including 12 spouses from the pedigrees, the 7.6 kb allele was documented in 16 of 36 ND, 1 of 5 IDDM, and 16 of 31 NIDDM (P = 0.59). In these individuals and in the multiple families studied the insertion polymorphism flanking the insulin gene showed Mendelian inheritance and assorted independently of the phenotype of diabetes mellitus.
INTRA- AND INTERSPECIES DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSES OF ATLANTIC SAND (UCA PUGILATOR) AND ATLANTIC MARSH (U. PUGNAX) FIDDLER CRABS TO SIMULATED AVIAN PREDATORS

ABSTRACT Responses of male and female Atlantic sand (Uca pugilator) and Atlantic marsh (U. pugnax) fiddler crabs to simulated bird predators were observed in South Carolina. When approached on the surface by a "predator," male and female sand fiddler crabs retreated at the same speed across the marsh surface. When reaching a burrow, male and female crabs initially descended similar distances; however, after each burrow was probed with the bill of an avian predator, females descended significantly further overall than did males. When chased, sand fiddler crabs initially retreated significantly farther into their burrows than did marsh fiddlers. However, after probing, both species had retreated similar distances overall. Sand fiddler crabs remained in their burrows three times longer than did marsh fiddler crabs. Our results suggest that crab antipredator behavior varies as a function of cost versus benefit, both within and across species.
Brain Cholinesterase Inhibition in Songbirds from Pecan Groves Sprayed with Phosalone and Disulfoton

Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activities of songbirds collected in pecan groves 6 to 7 hr after separate applications of the organophosphorus pesticides, phosalone and disulfoton, were compared to mean ChE activities of controls (normals) as a measure of insecticide exposure. In general, reduction of brain ChE activity ≥2 standard deviations below the control mean indicates exposure to an anticholinesterase compound. Phosalone had little effect on brain ChE activity of birds from treated groves; only slight to moderate (21 to 38%) ChE inhibition was detected in blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus). However, 11 of 15 blue jays from disulfoton-treated groves had moderate to severe ChE depression, ranging from 32 to 72%. Inhibition ≥50% of normal may be diagnostic for cause of death. Direct mortality was not observed, but studies have shown that bird carcasses disappear rapidly from agricultural areas, many within 24 hr. We recommend additional field studies of the ...
Cu adsorption on Pt(111) and its effects on chemisorption: A comparison with electrochemistry

Abstract The growth modes and interaction of vapor-deposited Cu on a clean Pt(111) surface have been monitored by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and work function measurements. The LEED data indicate that below 475 K Cu grows in p(1 × 1) islands in the first monolayer with the interatomic Cu spacing the same as the Pt(111) substrate. The second monolayer of Cu grows in epitaxial, rotationally commensurate Cu(111) planes with the CuCu distance the same as bulk Cu. For substrate temperatures below ∼ 475 K, the variation of work function and “cross-over beam voltage” with Cu coverage show characteristic features at one monolayer that are quite useful for calibration of θCu. Above 525 K, Cu-Pt alloy formation was observed in AES and LEED data. Thermal desorption spectroscopy of H2 and CO has demonstrated that simple site blocking of the Pt(111) surface by vapor-deposited Cu occurs linearly with chemisorption being essentially eliminated at θCu = 1.0–1.15. Conclusions drawn from this work correlate very favorably with the well-known effects of under potentially deposited copper on the electrochemistry of the H22H+ couple at platinum electrodes.
Structure of the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, Mexico

Abstract The distribution and the alignment of volcanoes and fault scarps provide new insights into the structural framework of the Michoacan-Guanajuato volcanic field. A total of 1894 volcanoes occur over an area of 34,500 km 2 . Contour maps of the density of volcanoes and average volcano height indicate a shift from polygenetic to monogenetic volcanism from north to south in the field. Volcano edifice height has a bimodal density distribution, which can be described by two populations with mean heights of 95 m and 510 m. Plotting the distribution of these two populations on separate contour maps reveals a N35E trend in monogenetic volcanoes and a N60W trend in polygenetic volcanoes. Fault scarps cut Tertiary volcanic rocks and older Quaternary volcanoes, but are overprinted by volcanoes and lava flows in the central part of the field. Fault scarps define two fault zones oriented N60E in the northeastern part of the area and N60W in the northwest part of the area. E-W trending faults are common and alignments of volcanoes often parallel these faults. Regional trends in volcano distribution appear to be related to plate convergence. The N60W trend of the polygenetic volcanoes is colinear to the western Trans-Mexican volcanic arc, parallel to the Middle America Trench, and parallel to a major fault zone, and represents an extinct volcanic arc. The N35E band of monogenetic volcanoes may reflect the segmentation of the subducted plate.
A Multi-Parameter Correlation for Predicting the Seismic Displacement of an Earth Dam or Embankment

Predictive displacement-based methods provide a useful index of the seismic performance of earth dams and embankments and can be used in preliminary assessments of these structures. In practice, simplified Newmark-type sliding block methods are commonly used for this purpose. Using a database of 122 previously published case histories of permanent deformations of earth dams and embankments, the performance of six simplified sliding block models was examined. The results show that all six simplified methods underpredict seismic displacement for many of the embankment and earth dam cases that were examined, sometimes by a significant amount. An empirical correlation was developed by performing linear multiple regression analysis utilizing multiple slope and ground motion input parameters. This approach is believed to more properly reflect strong ground motion characteristics than the use of a single ground motion parameter such as the peak ground acceleration, the approach that has been previously employed in other correlations of this type. After exploring numerous functional forms, the final resulting seismic displacement correlation that was proposed was determined to be a function of the critical acceleration, the critical acceleration ratio, the slope height, the peak ground acceleration, the peak ground velocity, the spectral acceleration, and the predominant period of earthquake shaking. The proposed empirical equation yields better correlation with the case history database than does other existing empirical correlations or simplified sliding block models.
Combined use of the JAK3 inhibitor CP-690,550 with mycophenolate mofetil to prevent kidney allograft rejection in nonhuman primates.

Background Immunosuppression via Janus kinase (JAK) 3 inhibition affords significant prolongation of allograft survival. We investigated the effects of an immunosuppressive regimen combining the JAK3 inhibitor CP-690,550 with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Methods Life-supporting kidney transplantations were performed between ABO-compatible, MLR-mismatched NHPs. Animals were treated orally twice a day with CP-690,550 and MMF (n=8) or MMF alone (n=2) and were euthanized at day 90 or earlier due to allograft rejection. Results Mean survival time (+/-SEM) in animals treated with MMF alone (23+/-1 days) was significantly extended in animals that concurrently received CP-690,550 (59.5+/-9.8 days, P=0.02). Combination animals exposed to higher levels of CP-690,550 had a significantly better survival (75.2+/-8.7 days) than animals that received less CP-690,550 (33.3+/-12.6 days, P=0.02). Three combination therapy animals were euthanized at day 90 with a subnormal renal function and early-stage acute graft rejection. Rejection, delayed by treatment, ultimately developed in other animals. Anemia and gastrointestinal intolerance was seen in combination therapy animals that otherwise did not show evidence of viral or bacterial infection besides signs consistent with subclinical pyelonephritis (n=3). One incidental lymphosarcoma was noted. Conclusions Addition of CP-690,550 to MMF significantly improved allograft survival. The observed side effects appear amenable to improvements upon alteration of dosing strategies. Efficacy of this combination regimen suggests that it could become the backbone of calcineurin inhibitor-free regimens.
A Modified Technique to Minimize Filter Tilting during Deployment of the Günther Tulip Filter: In Vitro Study

With an in vitro model of the inferior vena cava, it was demonstrated that slight tension on the introducer during quick release of the jugular Gunther Tulip filter led to less tilting of the filter compared with the technique recommended by the manufacturer. This technique may be useful to minimize significant filter tilting that may be associated with decreased filtration efficiency, and difficulty or impossibility of future filter retrieval.
Metabolic switching and fuel choice during T-cell differentiation and memory development

Clearance or control of pathogens or tumors usually requires T-cell-mediated immunity. As such, understanding the mechanisms that govern the function, maintenance, and persistence of T cells will likely lead to new treatments for controlling disease. During an immune response, T-cell development is marked by striking changes in metabolism. There is a growing appreciation that these metabolic changes underlie the capacity of T cells to perform particular functions, and this has led to a recent focus on the idea that the manipulation of cellular metabolism can be used to shape adaptive immune responses. Although interest in this area has grown in the last few years, a full understanding of the metabolic control of T-cell functions, particularly during an immune response in vivo, is still lacking. In this review, we first provide a basic overview of metabolism in T cells, and then we focus on recent studies providing new or updated insights into the regulation of metabolic pathways and how they underpin T-cell differentiation and memory T-cell development.
RELATIONAL TOPOLOGY AS THE FOUNDATION FOR QUANTUM GRAVITY

We propose a new approach to the quantum theory of gravitation, in which the point sets of regions of spacetime are replaced by objects in a category. The objects can be constructed as limits of spin foam models, thus directly connecting to approximations to general relativity which have already been studied, and leading to a mathematically natural interpretation of the meaning of the triangulations in the spin foam models. The physical motivation for our proposal is a connection between ideas about the limited amount of information which can flow from one region to another in General Relativity, an analysis of the problem of the infinities in QFT, and the relational or categorical approach to topology in abstract homotopy theory and algebraic geometry.
Wet and dry removal of tropospheric formaldehyde at a coastal site

Formaldehyde in precipitation and in surface seawater has been measured at Woods Hole, Massachusetts (U.S.A.) a mid-latitude coastal site. From these measurements and a calculation of the diffusion-controlled air-to-sea transfer rate of the compound we estimate the wet and dry flux of H 2 CO from the troposphere to nearby coastal waters to be 6.3 ?g cm -2 yr -1 for precipitation and 5.7 ?g cm -2 yr -1 for gaseous diffusion. A comparison of these values with a simple photochemical model shows that these transfers may represent a significant removal mechanism for tropospheric formaldehyde. The total flux of H 2 CO is equivalent to an input of 4.8 ?g cm -2 yr -1 organic carbon, ?1% of estimated total organic carbon air-to-sea transfer. The absence of a detectable amount of formaldehyde in surface seawater suggests that its fate might be biological uptake. This view is supported by the finding that seawater enriched with formaldehyde shows a gradual loss of the compound, whereas the level remains unchanged in sterile seawater under light and dark conditions. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00964.x
The Catalytic Outcomes of the Constitutive and the Mitogen Inducible Isoforms of Prostaglandin H2 Synthase are Markedly Affected by Glutathione and Glutathione Peroxidase(S)

Reduced glutathione (GSH), at physiological concentrations, was found to markedly alter the profile of arachidonate metabolism by prostaglandin H2 synthase. In 1 mM GSH, the constitutive (COX-1) and the mitogen inducible (COX-2) isoforms metabolized arachidonate to 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT) (88% and 78% of total products, respectively). Prostanoid formation was consequently reduced to only 12% (COX-1) and 19% (COX-2) of the total metabolites. The GSH-dependent production of 12-HHT was regio- and enantioselective for the 12(S)-isomer. We propose that 12(S)-HHT is formed by a GSH-dependent enzymatic cleavage of the PGH2 8,9 and 11,12 carbon-carbon bonds based on the following: (a) nonsignificant GSH-dependent formation of 12(S)-HHT during chemical decomposition of synthetic PGH2, (b) the structural similarities between the asymmetric carbons at C(12) in 12-HHT and C(15) in PGH2, (c) the GSH concentration-dependent product/precursor relationship between 12-HHT and prostanoid production, and (d) aspirin inhibition of 12-HHT formation by both enzymes. Arachidonic acid oxidation by COX-1, and not by COX-2, was inhibited by the combined presence of GSH and liver cytosol. In contrast, metabolism by neither isoform was inhibited when the cytosol was obtained from selenium-depleted animals. This is consistent with a unique, selenium dependent, cytosolic GSH peroxidase that inhibits specifically prostanoid and 12(S)-HHT formation by COX-1. These results suggest an additional role for GSH and GSH peroxidase(s) in regulating prostanoid biosynthesis. Differences between the isoforms in their sensitivities to GSH peroxidase may reflect differences in their requirements for an "initiator hydroperoxide".
The Nuer Incest Prohibition and the Nature of Kinship: Alterlogical Reckoning

As blood relationship, if kinship is not something to take for granted, then what is? It is a cipher of our "reality" and therefore itself utterly real. In the ethnographic encounter this "reality" is sorely shaken. Kinship is brought into question so radically that the critical issue becomes not that of isolating and identifying different forms of kinship, but that of determining "forms of what?". In other words, the study of kinship can throw us into the anthropologically pregnant state of not knowing what we are talking about. I surmise that anthropology's abiding analytical interest in the nature of kinship is rooted in-and in good part amounts to an effort to explain away-this radical question of the reality of kinship. Needless to say, answers abound. Anthropologists have construed kinship as an institution of social structure, a genealogical order, a mode of classification, a substantive code, a linguistic domain, an ideology, an ethnobiology, etc. Although each of these answers has borne fruit, I would argue that at bottom kinship is "none of the above." Given the space, it could be shown that these (textbook) responses to the question of the nature of kinship reduce kinship either to some sort of material reality, as in the genealogical account of it as a bio-genetic order (cf. Schneider 1972), or to a semiotic or semantic phenomenon, as in the case of the ideological account. Either way, the answers remain locked into an epistemologically prescinding dualism, namely, that between empiricism and intellectualism.
Problems and nursing management strategies related to respiratory distress syndrome in the very preterm baby.

A wealth of literature exists on the subject of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and the various methods of treatment. Every neonatal intensive care unit has developed its own philosophy of care and its own practices and management strategies. These differing protocols have arisen from either a particular response to external research or personal interest in ‘in-house’ research programmes. Opinion as to the best treatment for very premature babies with RDS varies from that of teams in the United States of America and Scandinavia who seem to believe firmly that the way forward is by developing the use of extracorporeal membraneous oxygenation (Spahr 1985; Workman & Lentz, 1987), to the somewhat less radical beliefs that alternative forms of ventilation should be developed to try to reduce the risks associated with current therapy. [Tarnow-Mardi & Wilkinson, 1986; Robertson, 1977). Other research shows that prevention of the actual disease process must be the most practical route to follow. This would involve reduction of the number of premature births by better antenatal care, and also prophylactic treatment of all at-risk babies at the time of delivery with a surfactant substitute (Morley; 1987 a, b, 1988; W’ard, 1984). However, despite the vast output of research papers the nurses at unit level are still faced with the practical difficulties of caring for very tiny babies totally reliant on specialist technology, techniques, care and nursing and medical skills (Kling, 1986). __.___ M. B. Carter, c/o Nurse Training Unit, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, UK
Origins of deep crustal reflections: Implications of coincident seismic refraction and reflection data in Nevada

We compare seismic refraction and reflection results along the PASSCAL/COCORP 40°N transect in the northern Basin and Range of Nevada in order to determine the origin of the prominent reflections from the deep crystalline crust. Reflection data along the transect show a thick zone of discontinuous, subhorizontal reflections, beginning at 4-6 s two-way traveltime (10-20 km depth) and ending at 9-11 s (27-35 km). Two independently derived velocity models, based on refraction data, are largely similar and agree on many important aspects of the reflectivity-velocity relation. Both models show that the top of the reflective zone lies 3-8 km above a prominent mid-crustal velocity discontinuity, which is interpreted to separate bulk silicic from bulk dioritic-gabbroic crust; in most places, the silicic mid-crust is more strongly reflective than the mafic lower crust. This pattern is expected in areas where ductile shearing is the mechanism responsible for the reflectivity. One of the velocity models, however, suggests that, in places, the strongest reflectivity spans both the middle (6.1-6.3 km/s) and lower (6.6 km/s) crust; this pattern suggests that the combined influence of ductile strain fabrics and mafic intrusions gives rise to crustal reflections. Both models show that the lowermost crust and crust/mantle transition are highly reflective, also suggesting the presence of mafic and/or ultramafic intrusions. Thus the observed reflection patterns suggest that ductile shearing and the intrusion of mantle-derived magma—both of which are likely to have accompanied the extreme Cenozoic extension—are important factors in generating deep crustal reflections.
Epitaxy of Mn On Pd {001}

Abstract A new metastable body-centered tetragonal phase of Mn has been grown epitaxially at room temperature on Pd {001} up to thicknesses of 21 layers. Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensity analysis has determined two important structural parameters: the bulk interlayer spacing and a 5%-larger first interlayer spacing. Assumption that the film is a cubic phase in plane strain leads to the conclusion that the phase is probably face-centered cubic with an equilibrium lattice parameter of 3.80A, which is much larger than a theoretical non-magnetic equilibrium value and indicates that the phase probably is magnetic.
Performing Remediation: The Minstrel, The Camera, and The Octoroon

On the eve of the first conflict America would wage in part with photographic images, the first actor to play a photographer debuted on the American stage. He took his place alongside the antebellum era's minstrels, Shakespearian actors, and imitators of Jenny Lind, and enticed the play's other characters to pose for their portraits. His camera recorded one character's murder of a character in blackface; his apparatus got smashed to pieces by a character dressed as an Indian brave; and a photograph, found within his apparatus, came to "prove" the mur derer's guilt. With the opening of Dion Boucicault's drama The Octoroon at New York City's Winter Garden Theater in December 1859, photography made a
Multislice 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: Assessment of Epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI) with volume pre-selection (i.e. by PRESS) or multislice 1H MRSI was used to investigate changes in brain metabolites in Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Examples of results from several ongoing clinical studies are provided. Multislice 1H MRSI of the human brain, without volume pre-selection offers considerable advantages over previously available techniques. Furthermore, MRI tissue segmentation and completely automated spectra curve fitting greatly facilitate quantitative data analysis. Future efforts will be devoted to obtaining full brain coverage and data acquisition at short spin echo times (TE less than 30 ms) for the detection of metabolites with short T2 relaxation times.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
APN-Directed Transitional Home Care Model: Achieving Positive Outcomes for Patients With COPD

Advanced practice nurses (APNs) have not been widely used in home care, despite evidence of their effectiveness with a variety of patient groups. This study examined the use of the transitional model for home care patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The study found patients cared for by an APN-directed visit team had fewer nursing visits, rehospitalizations, and acute care visits. Depressive symptoms were also less, and functional abilities increased compared with patients cared for by a usual care model.
Effects of flow cell design on charge percolation and storage in the carbon slurry electrodes of electrochemical flow capacitors

Abstract The electrochemical flow capacitor (EFC) is an electrical energy storage concept recently introduced for grid-scale energy storage applications. The EFC utilizes flowable carbon-based electrodes as the active material in a flow battery type architecture for capacitive storage and recovery of energy. Charged slurry can be stored in external reservoirs until it is needed, enabling scalable energy storage to satisfy a variety of large-scale applications. Here, the capacitance and conductivity of EFC slurry electrodes were measured as a function of flow rate (from 0 to 10 ml min −1 ) and flow cell channel depth (electrode ‘thickness’, ranging from 0.5 to 3 mm). The effect of salt concentration in the electrolyte was also explored. The interfacial resistance associated with the current collector|slurry interface was found to constitute a large portion of the total cell resistance. Bulk slurry conductivity was found to vary significantly with changes in electrolyte concentration, flow rate and channel depth. Very respectable capacitance values of up to ∼30 F ml −1 (150 F g −1 ) were obtained during intermittent flow operation. However, significant underutilization of the slurry due to increased ohmic losses at larger channel depths was observed, as evidenced by a rapid decay in capacitance with increasing channel depth.
Genetic polymorphism of esterase B3 in human leukocytes

Human tissues contain an esterase activity called ESB3, detectable by starch gel electrophoresis followed by staining with alpha-naphthyl butyrate. Using mononuclear leukocytes, we demonstrated an electrophoretic variant of ESB3. Family studies suggest that the variant is inherited as a simple Mendelian trait; individuals with the ESB3 2-1 phenotype are heterozygotes, designated ESB3(1)ESB3(2), to distinguish them from the more common homozygotes, ESB3(1)ESB3(1). The frequency of the ESB3(2) allele is estimated to be 0.035 in U.S. Whites. No homozygotes for this allele have yet been found. Our studies suggest that the enzyme from ESB3 1 individuals exists primarily as a trimer of three identical subunits with a molecular weight of approximately 58,000 daltons. The genetic variant (ESB3(2) allele) appears to be the result of a mutation that does not affect the charge of the subunit, but rather reduces its ability to form and maintain the trimeric structure.
Opposite effects of CRF and ACTH on reserpine-induced hypothermia

The effects of CRF, ACTH 1-24, alpha-MSH, and an ACTH 4-49 analog, at doses of 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg, were tested on temperature, ptosis, and sedation in mice pretreated 18 hr previously with reserpine. IP injection of CRF at doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg significantly potentiated the reserpine-induced hypothermia while ACTH 1-24 at the same two doses had the opposite effect of significantly reversing the hypothermia as compared to diluent. The highest dose of alpha-MSH exerted a similar action to that of ACTH 1-24, but none of the doses of the ACTH 4-9 analog changed body temperature. beta-endorphin also failed to cause a reliable effect even though naloxone blocked the action of CRF on body temperature. The results suggest that CRF, like other hypothalamic peptides, can exert extra-pituitary actions after peripheral administration.
A modified technique for the quantitative analysis of amino acids by gas chromatography using heptafluorobutyric n-propyl derivatives

Abstract The quantitative analysis of amino adids by gas chromatography as their heptafluorobutyric n -propyl derivatives has been examined and a modified technique developed which has been found to give improved results. A single propylation step has been adopted using 6 m HCl n -propanol at 150°C for 3.5 min, followed by a 12-min acylation step at the same temperature. Variability of response for methionine and histidine has been overcome in most cases by the introduction of an antioxidant at the acylation stage. An improved column performance on the previously used nonpolar OV silicone phase has been obtained by using a mildly polar OV phase.
Binding Specificity of Avian Heat Shock Protein 108

Chicken heat shock protein 108 (HSP108), the avian homolog of GRP94, was originally isolated from hen oviduct and binds Fe-ovotransferrin (Fe-OTf). The liver is also a rich source, and liver membranes bind Fe-OTf with a KD of 1.7 x 10(-7) M, a value similar to oviduct membranes. A competition assay, based on the binding of 125I-Fe-OTf to liver membranes, was utilized to examine the binding specificity of HSP108. Ovalbumin and avidin competed effectively, with KD's of 1.8 x 10(-7) M and 1.4 x 10(-7) M, respectively. Iron-free OTf bound with a 10-fold higher KD. Egg white lysozyme, chicken IgG, human transferrin, rabbit muscle actin, and porcine insulin do not bind. Neither do denatured ovalbumin or ovalbumin tryptic peptides. Thus, the binding activity of HSP108 is not restricted to Fe-OTf, nor is it universal.
Lifetimes of thin films in ion beam experiments

Abstract Prolonging the life of stripper foils would greatly facilitate long term heavy ion beam experiments. The average lifetime of a 200 A carbon foil in a 3 MeV argon beam (3 μA) is reported to be about 20 min. We have investigated the behavior of thin (∼200 A) foils in a 1 MeV μ beam (50 μA). Various materials and preparation techniques were used in an attempt to determine the mechanism of foil failure. Differences were observed in both lifetimes and modes of failure.
SU‐E‐J‐76: MR Diffusion Tensor Imaging Application in Assessing Cognitive Impairment in Children After Cranial Proton Irradiation

Purpose: Magnetic resonancediffusiontensorimaging (DTI) changes may predict for cognitive impairment following cranial irradiation. We sought to assess temporal changes in white matter integrity in children with braintumorstreated with proton therapy (PT) using DTI. Methods: Six patients with low grade gliomas who had been treated with proton therapy were included. Pre‐therapy as well as the follow‐up scans (including DTI) were registered. DTI parameters were calculated and studied for changes immediately after therapy and over time. Results: In the peri‐tumoral regions which had received irradiation, FA value decreased after treatment while ADC increased over time. Within the tumor region, FA demonstrated a trend of steady increase while ADC decreased over time. Conclusions: Changes in DTI parameters were found in brain regions corresponding to higher radiationdoses. In contrast, normal areas spared from excess radiation displayed no change over time. This supports the use of proton therapy for young patients. Future studies will assess patients treated with photon therapy and seek to correlate changes in imaging with cognitive outcomes.
Effects of long-term low-dose corticosteroid therapy on humoral immunity.

Background Corticosteroids are agents that suppress the immune system. Their suppressive activity is predominantly restricted to cell-mediated immunity, with a marginal inhibitory effect on humoral immunity. Objective To describe an acquired reversible B-cell deficiency in a patient treated with low-dose corticosteroids for 36 years. Methods A broad range of T- and B-cell parameters were studied over time, during and after discontinuation of corticosteroid therapy. Published works on this topic in animal and human models are reviewed. The findings unique to this patient are highlighted. Results While undergoing long-term corticosteroid therapy, a patient developed a clinical and immunologic picture suggestive of common variable immunodeficiency, with predominantly qualitative and quantitative B-cell abnormalities. These abnormalities resolved within 2 years after tapering of corticosteroid therapy. Conclusions Long-term low-dose corticosteroid use may reversibly decrease B-cell counts and specific antibody responses.
Serum biomarkers of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage induced secondary brain injury

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. It is now believed that much of this damage occurs in the subacute period following the initial insult via a cascade of complex pathophysiologic pathways that continues to be investigated. Increased levels of certain serum proteins have been identified as biomarkers that may reflect or directly participate in the inflammation, blood brain barrier disruption, endothelial dysfunction, and neuronal and glial toxicity that occur during this secondary period of cerebral injury. Some of these biomarkers have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets or surrogate endpoints for future research or clinical trials. Others may someday augment current clinical techniques in diagnosis, risk-stratification, prognostication, treatment decision and measurement of therapeutic efficacy. While much work remains to be done, biomarkers show significant potential to expand clinical options and improve clinical management, thereby reducing mortality and improving functional outcomes in ICH patients.
Immunomodulation and enhancement of antitumor activity by co-administration of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and thymidine

The antitumor activity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) has been shown previously to be enhanced markedly by the co-administration of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides (Lin and Prusoff, Cancer Res 47: 394-397, 1987). In the present study, we examined the cellular mechanisms underlying the augmentation effect of thymidine, one of the pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides. It was found that thymidine did not increase the cytotoxicity of BCNU for B16/F10 melanoma cells in vitro. Instead, thymidine appeared to produce modulatory actions on the immune system of the tumor-bearing mice. More than 40% of the BCNU/ thymidine-cured mice specifically rejected secondary rechallenge with the B16/F10 tumor. Furthermore, these cured mice developed extensive depigmentation of their natural black hair, suggesting immune reactions to normal melanocytes. When spleen cells from normal mice were treated with BCNU alone, their response to T-cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin was suppressed markedly. This suppression was ablated by co-administration of BCNU with thymidine. Such BCNU/thymidine treatment also augmented the activity of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells in tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the enhanced antitumor activity of combined BCNU and thymidine may result from the action of thymidine on the immune effector mechanisms, which facilitate the development of antitumor immune responses in the presence of immunosuppression induced by BCNU.
Antiepileptic drug-induced bone disease

Abstract Antiepileptic drug-induced bone disease, such as osteomalacia and osteoporosis, can occur with chronic treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Chronic therapy with AEDs can cause vitamin, mineral, and bone metabolism disorders causing defects that can lead to symptomatic bone disease. The mechanism of development of these bone disorders is AED inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption and acceleration of conversion of vitamin D to nonbiologically active more polar metabolites by induced hepatic enzymes. These effects lead to decreased serum calcium, decreased circulating and tissue active vitamin D metabolite levels, decreased serum phosphate, increased PTH, and alterations in bone remodeling. Because patients are frequently treated for many years with AEDs, the risk for bone complications is often enhanced. AEDs that induce hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine, lower serum calcium, vitamin D, and 25-OHD levels in the body, which can lead to AED-induced bone disease. Other AEDs that do not induce hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as valproate and its derivatives, ethosuxamide, gabapentin, vigabatrin, and lamotrigine, do not affect serum calcium, vitamin D, and 25-OHD levels in the body, and do not cause AED-induced bone disease.
Information Security Awareness Status of Business College: Undergraduate Students

Because end users are often the weakest link in a security chain, students need to practice security controls properly to improve information security on campus. This study surveyed undergraduate students in a business college to investigate their understanding and attitudes toward information security. Survey findings show that college students understand most information security topics suggested by National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Special Report 800-50. Universities should provide easily accessible security training programs for students. Practical suggestions are provided to encourage students to participate in security training to enhance their security awareness level.
“Pass It On” – 75 Years of Leadership in Kinesiology and Physical Education: Introduction

The 2005 annual meeting of the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education (AAKPE) marked the 75th anniversary meeting of the Academy. From the original 5 members to the 460 Fellows identifi ed over these 75 years, the Academy has played a signifi cant role in our profession. The meeting theme was “Pass It On,” the Academy motto, taken from the Academyʼs logo, created by R. Tait Mackenzie (Fellow #2). The unifying concept of the 75th anniversary meeting was for us to learn where we come from, who we are, and where we are going as an Academy, as a profession, and as individuals. I asked each speaker to prepare comments from whatever perspective they believed to be most effective. Some chose to look back, some at the present, and some to the future. Some speakers chose to use a biographical perspective, others an historical, others a thematic, others a research trail, etc. I believe that readers will fi nd the papers interesting and insightful. Clearly, as evidenced in the following papers, Academy Fellows have infl uenced our discipline. We have been infl uenced by those who came before us, those with whom we work, and it is important that we “Pass It On” to those who come after us. Among the important issues that the Academy has addressed over the years is graduate education. The Academy aspires to be “the place” that graduate students, faculty, and administrators turn to for information about doctoral training in kinesiology and physical education. The Academy recently posted a listing of doctoral programs in our discipline at www.aakpe.org. Additionally, for the past 10 years, the Academy has been developing a project that provides students, faculty, and administrators greater insight into our disciplineʼs doctoral programs. The closing paper of these Academy Papers is the result of the work of many committee members, Fellows, and others in our profession. The doctoral program rankings presented by Thomas and Reeve are but the fi rst of what the Academy hopes will be ongoing evaluations of this type conducted by the AAKPE every 5 years. Much like other academic and lay projects, the AAKPEʼs Doctoral Program Review Committee has striven to create objective methods that refl ect programs, faculty, and students, important considerations for those making evaluative decisions about doctoral study in kinesiology and physical education. Enjoy the following papers and “pass them on” to your colleagues, students, and administrators as we celebrate 75 years of leadership.
Development of the pancreas in Xenopus laevis.

Xenopus embryos have several experimental advantages for studying development. Although these advantages have traditionally been used to elucidate mechanisms of early development, they can also be exploited to investigate issues later in development such as organogenesis. We have begun to study pancreatic organogenesis in Xenopus. Using histological and molecular marker analysis, we characterized the anatomy of the developing pancreas in Xenopus embryos from the time of initial pancreatic rudiment formation to the time when the tadpole starts to feed. We examined the expression of various endocrine hormones, exocrine gene products, and pancreatic transcription factors. Interestingly, the endocrine hormone insulin has restricted expression in the dorsal pancreas. Investigation of pancreatic specification during gastrulation demonstrates that insulin expression is regionalized along the dorsoventral axis early in development. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
3‘-Methylphosphonate-Modified Oligo-2‘-O-methylribonucleotides and Their Tat Peptide Conjugates: Uptake and Stability in Mouse Fibroblasts in Culture

Antisense oligo-2'-O-methylribonucleotides and their methylphosphonate derivatives show high binding affinities for their complementary targets under essentially physiological conditions. Additionally, the methylphosphonate linkage is resistant to nuclease hydrolysis. Here we show that a single methylphosphonate internucleotide linkage at the 3'-end of an oligo-2'-O-methylribonucleotide is sufficient to prevent degradation by the 3'-exonuclease activity found in mammalian serum. Complexes formed between a cationic lipid, Oligofectamine, and 5'-[(32)P]-labeled methylphosphonate modified oligo-2'-O-methylribonucleotides are taken up by mouse L(929) fibroblasts in culture. The extent of uptake appears to be dependent upon the sequence of the oligonucleotide. Examination of lysates of oligonucleotide treated cells by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that no degradation of the oligonucleotide occurred, even after incubation for 24 h. A fluorescein-derivatized oligomer was shown to localize mainly in the cell nucleus as monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Covalent conjugates of fluorescein-derivatized 3'-methylphosphonate modified oligo-2'-O-methylribonucleotides with Tat peptide, a cell permeating peptide, were also prepared. The Tat peptide was coupled to the 5'-end of the oligonucleotide using either disulfide coupling chemistry or conjugation of a keto derivative of the Tat peptide via a 4-(2-aminooxyethoxy-2-(ethylureido)quinoline group at the 5'-end of the oligonucleotide. Although formation of the Tat peptide conjugates was confirmed by mass spectrometry, the propensity of these oligonucleotides to form aggregates and their apparent high affinity for plastic and glass made the conjugates unsuitable for studies of uptake by cells in culture.
Ring hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by rat renal microsomes

Abstract Two metabolites have been isolated from rat renal microsomes incubated with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Postmitochondrial supernatant fractions from kidneys of thyroidectomized and parathyroidectomized rats were incubated with magnesium acetate, potassium acetate, an NADPH generating system, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol at a level of 20 μg/ml postmitochondrial supernatant for 60 min at 30°C. Lipid extracts of the incubation mixtures were purified by silica gel TLC and HPLC. Two peaks were obtained. Metabolite x 2 eluted at 18 min and metabolite x 1 at 23 min when chromatographed on a silica column developed with hexane-isopropanol. Metabolites x 1 and x 2 were found to have maximal absorbance at 265 nm. Both metabolites were periodate sensitive, indicating vicinal hydroxyl groups. Mass spectral analysis of metabolite x 2 , which was isolated in greater quantity than metabolite x 1 , indicates that metabolite x 2 had resulted from hydroxylation of the A ring. Results indicate that 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is hydroxylated on carbon 2 or carbon 4 by renal microsomes. Metabolites x 1 and x 2 , because of similarity in Chromatographic migration and periodate sensitivity, are, perhaps, isomers or 2- and 4-hydroxylated metabolites.
Abstract A47: Evaluating therapeutic care delay among Latina and European American cervical cancer survivors.

Purpose: Severe delays, in cancer diagnostic or therapeutic care, approaching ≥60 days negatively affect survival and survivorship outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate socioeconomic and healthcare system factors influencing therapeutic care delays among European- and Latina-American cervical cancer survivors (CCS). Methods: 291 CCS (132 European-, 50 English-proficient (EP) Latina-, and 109 limited English-proficient (LEP) Latina-Americans) were recruited from the California Cancer Registry and hospital registries. CCS completed a self-report questionnaire assessing demographic and cancer-related factors. CCS retrospectively noted the days of delay in obtaining therapeutic care and reasons for delays. Results: CCS who were LEP Latina-Americans, had lower income and education reported severe therapeutic delays (≥60 days). LEP Latina-Americans experienced more comorbidities (i.e., diabetes) and delays due to financial issues, doctor's delay, and healthcare system issues (p<0.001). Doctor and healthcare system delays were significant predictors of delayed therapeutic care in the logistic regression model. Conclusions: It is well documented that timely access to therapeutic care for cancers results in better prognosis and less costly treatments; thus reducing the human and economic cost of CCA. Healthcare system delays, patient health status, income, and education significantly influenced access to appropriately-timed care. Yet, the interaction of provider-actions and patient factors remains largely unexplained and needs further comprehensive investigation with larger samples. Our findings indicate that healthcare system administrators, providers, and researchers need to develop a fuller appreciation of the multilevel factors that contribute to health care barriers to better inform effective interventions to increase access to life saving care. Citation Format: Monica Rosales, Kimlin Ashing-Giwa. Evaluating therapeutic care delay among Latina and European American cervical cancer survivors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A47.
Attenuation by squirt flow in undersaturated gas sands

In unconsolidated sand at low saturations, water exists in pendular rings at grain contact points. As the grains are pressed together by a passing wave, the squirt flow will contribute to wave attenuation. In a model which consists of a sphere-pack framework, fluid flow equations are solved under certain approximations to calculate the viscous losses and, hence, attenuation. Attenuation is negligible for a sphere-pack composed of equal-sized spherical grains. The model is extended to include a spectrum of grain contact geometries, in particular a log-normal spectrum of aspect ratios. The attenuation is substantial and depends markedly upon a lower limit imposed on the aspect ratios. For contacts of Type B (water separating two grains) only, results at 1 Hz are consistent with those of Mavko and Nur (1979) based on two-dimensional (2-D) cracks. If contacts of Type A (two grains in contact) and Type B are present, the attenuation is greater by 2-3 orders of magnitude.The model with Type B contacts displays a dependence of attenuation on water saturation in the range 1-10 percent; the model with Type A and B contacts does not. When the results were fitted to the measurements of absolute attenuation and saturation dependence at kHz frequencies by Gardner et al (1964), only the model with Type B contacts with aspect ratios > or =10 (super -2) could fit the data.
Standing distance in climbability of stairs.

The purpose of this experiment was to make a preliminary examination of the distance one needs to stand from a stair to successfully climb up without using arms for support. Using an adjustable stair structure to create different heights of risers, a group of 10 tall and of 10 short participants made perceptual judgments and physical attempts at heights that represented 83% and 93% of each group's mean leg length. Choice of maximum and minimum distance from the stair was measured for each participant. Analysis showed that perceptual judgments and physical capabilities were highly correlated (tall: Pearson r = .92); short: Pearson r = .93). Moreover, the ability to climb the two heights depended on the standing distance from the stair. The findings suggest that standing distance may be a consideration in stair climbing and that stair height alone may not be sufficient to specify climbability.