cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of glycopeptides from rat liver microsomes involved in the biosynthesis of plasma glycoprotein.

Abstract Two radioactive glycopeptides (Glycopeptides I and II) were isolated from the deoxycholate-soluble fraction of rat liver microsomes 90min after injection of glucosamine-1-14C. These two glycopeptides were rich in mannose and N-acetylglucosamine but relatively poor in galactose and sialic acid. Glycopeptide I contained sialic acid, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, proline, and glycine in the proportion 1:1:4:5:3:1:2:1:1, resulting in a calculated minimum molecular weight of 2950. Glycopeptide II consisted only of aspartic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose. This glycopeptide gave a single symmetrical peak with a sedimentation constant of 0.6 S when examined by ultracentrifugation. The minimum molecular weight of this glycopeptide is 2360, calculated from the molar ratio for aspartic acid, amide, N-acetylglucosamine, and mannose of 1:1:4:9. By using various glycosidases, oligosaccharide chains in Glycopeptide I were found to contain sialic acid and mannose at the nonreducing ends, while mannose and N-acetylglucosamine separately occupy the nonreducing termini of the sugar chains in Glycopeptide II. Possible sequential arrangements of various monosaccharide units in these two glycopeptides are suggested. Comparison of the sequential arrangement of monosaccharide units in Glycopeptides I and II with that of well characterized plasma glycoproteins suggests that the oligosaccharide chains in these glycopeptides lack sialic acidgalactose-N-acetylglucosamine chains, which occupy the peripheral position of the sugar units in many plasma glycoproteins. It is therefore suggested that these glycopeptides isolated from the microsomal membrane may carry mainly the sugar units which occupy the inner core of the mature plasma glycoprotein.
Autoradiographic method for quantitation of deposition and distribution of radiocalcium in bone

A method is described for quantitating autoradiographs of bone-seeking isotopes in microscopic sections of bone. Autoradiographs of bone sections containing 45Ca and internal calibration standards are automatically scanned with a microdensitometer. The digitized optical density output is stored on magnetic tape and is converted by computer to equivalent activity of 45Ca per gram of bone. The computer determines the total 45Ca uptake in the bone section and, on the basis of optical density and anatomic position, quantitatively divides the uptake into 4 components, each representing a separate physiologic process (bone formation, secondary mineralization, diffuse long-term exchange, and surface short-term exchange). The method is also applicable for quantitative analysis of microradiographs of bone sections for mineral content and density.
A Retrospective on Murφ

Murφis a formal verification system for finite-state concurrent systems developed as a research project at Stanford University. It has been widely used for many protocols especially for multiprocessor cache coherence protocols and cryptographic protocols. This paper reviews the history of Murφ, some of results that of the project, and lessons learned.
Function and the Evolution of Phenotypic Stability: Connecting Pattern to Process1

SYNOPSIS. Phenotypes manifest a balance between the inherited tendency to remain the same (phenotypic stability) and the tendency to change in response to current environmental conditions (adaptation). This paper explores the role of functional integration and functional trade-offs in generating phenotypic stability by limiting the responses of individual characters to environmental selection. Evolutionarily stable configurations (ESCs) are systems of functionally interacting characters within which characters are ‘‘judged’’ by their contribution to systemlevel functionality. This ‘‘internal’’ component of selection differs from traditional ‘‘external’’ selection in that it travels with the organism wherever it goes and is maintained across a wide range of environments. External selection, in contrast, is by definition environment-dependent. The temporal and geographic constancy of internal selection therefore acts to maintain phenotypic stability even as environments change. Functional trade-offs occur when one character participates in more than one function, but can only be optimized for one. Participation of certain (‘‘keystone’’) characters in a trade-off potentially causes stabilization of an entire system owing to a cascade of functional dependencies on that character. Phylogenetic character analysis is an essential part of elucidating these processes, but patterns cannot be used as prima facie evidence of particular processes.
High temperature, stable fiber Bragg gratings

Optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have proven to be useful in many different applications, but particularly in telecommunications and as major components in optical sensor systems. One weakness of the fiber grating in sensor systems has been its thermal erasure at high temperatures. Fiber gratings stable at high temperatures could be used to monitor the curing of composite structures or in other high temperature sensing applications. We have developed a process to fabricate FBGs which show no decrease in performance over 10 days at 600/spl deg/C.
Bilateral oophorectomy trends in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950-1987.

Over the 38-year period from 1950 through 1987, 1,434 Olmsted County, Minnesota women had a first unilateral oophorectomy, while 1,828 underwent bilateral oophorectomy (including 113 with a second unilateral oophorectomy). Most procedures (61% of unilateral and 87% of bilateral oophorectomies) were
Misplaced marketing The social harm of public service advertising

The power of advertising is presumed and people behind most public service advertising campaigns see advertising itself as the solution. An advertising campaign that aims to serve a social goal faces many pragmatic obstacles. Advertising professionals contribute to this problem. Just because advertising sometimes can help generate consumer interest in specific brand names does not also mean that every advertised effort will get people to make significant changes in their behavior. The Advertising Council, “dedicated to using the great resources of the advertising industry” to serve the public interest is the largest producer of public service mass communications, campaigns in the USA. Free public service work from anyone is admirable and the Advertising Council’s dedication to public service is a wonderful credit to business groups supporting it. In other countries that lack the traditions of the US Advertising Council, the advertising‐based campaigns draw on government tax funds or limited resources of a public group.
Pilomatrixoma (Benign Calcifying Epithelioma of Malherbe)

A 24-year-old white man had a large subcutaneous discolored tumefaction of the right lower lid, successfully treated by two separate incision and drainage procedures. Microscopic appearance initially suggested basal cell epithelioma, but further studies provided a correct diagnosis of pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe). This lesion probably represents aberrant primitive germ cells differentiating towards a hair matrix cell. Basaloid and squamoid (shadow) cells with or without focal calcifications in shadow cell areas are typical, and the clinical presentation is also highly suggestive of pilomatrixoma.
SHANK3, the synapse, and autism.

Variants of SHANK3, a gene encoding a structural component of the postsynaptic density, have been associated with autism. Mice engineered to carry mutant genes showed autism-like behavioral features that included repetitive grooming and disinclination to socialize.
Self-accommodation in martensite

The shape-memory effect is a phenomenon wherein an apparently plastically deformed specimen recovers all strain when heated above a critical temperature. This is observed in some crystalline solids that undergo martensitic phase transformation. The martensitic transformation is a temperature-induced, diffusionless solid-to-solid phase transformation involving a change in crystalline symmetry. Shape-memory materials are able to transform from the high-temperature austenite to the low-temperature martensite phase without any apparent change in shape. This is known as self-accommodation. Necessary and sufficient conditions that the lattice parameters of a material must satisfy for the material to form a self-accommodating microstructure are derived. The main result states that if the austenite is cubic, the material is self-accommodating if and only if the transformation is volume preserving. On the other hand, if the symmetry of the austenite is not cubic, it is not possible to construct any microstructure that is self-accommodating unless the transformation strain or the Bain strain satisfies additional, rather strict, conditions. These results show good agreement with the available experimental data. The analysis here is significantly different from previous studies because it makes no a priori assumption on the microstructure.
Heat of immersion of Virginia-C coal in water as a function of surface oxidation

Abstract The heat of immersion of Virginia-C coal in water has been determined following heating of the coal in air for 24 h between 125 and 320°C. A fifty fold increase in the heat of immersion was observed. The total oxygen content of each thermally treated coal was determined by elemental analysis and increased as the preheat temperature increased. Surface oxygen content was determined by ESCA analysis. The oxygen/carbon ratio calculated from the ESCA spectra paralleled values for the total oxygen content. Above 150°C there is a linear relationship between the heat of immersion and the O/C ratio. The increase in the O/C ratio is attributed to formation of more CO surface groups.
Capitalism, Corporate Liberalism and Social Policy: The Origins of the Social Security Act of 1935

This paper looks at the involvement and influence of capitalists on the Social Security Act of 1935. Instead of positing direct corporate control, the research shows how social security was formulated with in a corporate liberal ideological framework which defined problems and their solutions in terms of putting the maintenance of capitalism above the needs of individual workers. This framework set the limits of the social insurance debates long before the act itself was written. The thesis is that the Social Security Act came about as a result of an interplay between the environment and an ideology advanced by corporate leaders and reform-minded academicians.
Software bug localization with markov logic

Software bug localization is the problem of determining buggy statements in a software system. It is a crucial and expensive step in the software debugging process. Interest in it has grown rapidly in recent years, and many approaches have been proposed. However, existing approaches tend to use isolated information to address the problem, and are often ad hoc. In particular, most existing approaches predict the likelihood of a statement being buggy sequentially and separately. This paper proposes a well-founded, integrated solution to the software bug localization problem based on Markov logic. Markov logic combines first-order logic and probabilistic graphical models by attaching weights to first-order formulas, and views them as templates for features of Markov networks. We show how a number of salient program features can be seamlessly combined in Markov logic, and how the resulting joint inference can be solved. We implemented our approach in a debugging system, called MLNDebugger, and evaluated it on 4 small programs. Our initial results demonstrated that our approach achieved higher accuracy than a previous approach.
Monoamine Oxidase B-Catalyzed Reactions of cis- and trans-5-Aminomethyl-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-ones. Evidence for a Reversible Redox Reaction

Monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) was previously shown to catalyze the decarboxylation of cis- (1) and trans-5-(aminomethyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one hydrochloride (2) (Silverman, R. B.;...
Involving Disadvantaged Youth in Lead Contamination Investigations to Enhance Interest in Geography and Environmental Science

Abstract College enrollment and Association of American Geographers membership data reveal a significant deficit in minority participation in geography and environmental science. The author asserts that this dearth may have its origin at the K-12 level, where science subjects are presented in a manner that alienates socioeconomically disadvantaged pupils. With recent research indicating that low-income and nonwhite communities are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation, it is pertinent that methods be developed to increase the number of minority students choosing to pursue environmental careers. Involving students directly in projects investigating the pollution in their communities aids in enhancing student interest. By participating in a lead (Pb) contamination study, students are introduced to several geographic subdisciplines including cartography, demography, and environmental geography. Students also acquire skills in spatial analysis, map interpretation, and graphic design. Comple...
Influence of Ionic Environment on the in Vitro Synthesis and Release of Pituitary Hormones

The incorporation of leucine-4,5-3H into growth hormone and prolactin by rat anterior pituitary glands incubated in buffers of Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate (KRB), Krebs-Ringerphosphate (KRP) and tissue culture Medium 199 was measured. In KRP prolactin synthesis and release was greatly decreased compared to that found using KRB, whereas growth hormone synthesis and release proceeded equally well in either buffer. Addition of HCO3− to KRP buffer increased greatly the release and synthesis of prolactin. When potassium was omitted from the buffers, a decrease in incorporation of radioactive leucine into prolactin and growth hormone was observed. The absence of Ca++ from KRB greatly diminished prolactin synthesis and decreased release, and similar but less dramatic effects were found using Ca++-free KRP buffer. Growth hormone synthesis and release was decreased by incubation in Ca++-free KRB, but when the calcium was omitted from KRP buffer, a decrease in the release of growth hormone was not accompanied by a decr...
Duplication of the structural gene for glycyl-transfer RNA synthetase in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Earlier, Folk & Berg (1970 a,b ) described a class of mutants affecting the structural gene for glycyl-transfer RNA synthetase ( glyS ); their Gly − phenotype (requirement for added glycine to minimal medium) was thought to result from a lowered affinity of the enzyme for glycine and consequently a reduced rate of esterification of glycine to tRNA Gly at normal intracellular levels of glycine. Such mutants revert to a Gly + phenotype at a high frequency (> 10 −5 ) although the glyS mutant allele remains unchanged. Our experiments show that the Gly + revertants arise because of a duplication (or perhaps an amplification) of the mutant glyS allele. The duplication can also include other genes which occur up to four minutes map distance from glyS . We surmise that the increase in the number of structural genes for glycyl-tRNA synthetase generates an elevated level of the defective enzyme in vivo thereby permitting nearly normal rates of esterification of tRNA Gly even with the otherwise limiting levels of endogenous glycine.
Fabrication of biaxially aligned YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films on glass substrates

Abstract Biaxially aligned YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x thin films have been fabricated on glass substrates with an in-plane aligned yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) buffer layer. Ion-beam assisted pulsed laser deposition was used to prepare the YSZ buffer layers on amorphous glass substrates. The YSZ films deposited at room temperature exhibited (001) orientation, whereas at temperatures higher than 300°C, YSZ grew with high degree of (111) orientation. Both the (001) and (111) YSZ films were biaxially aligned. YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x films deposited using pulsed laser deposition on biaxially aligned (001) YSZ on glass were highly c -axis oriented and strongly a - b plane aligned. A critical temperature T c0 ( R = 0) of 87.1 K was routinely achieved and J c was in the range of ∼ 10 4 A/cm 2 . The limitation in J c was found to be due to microcracks in the YBCO film caused by the tensile stress resulting from the thermal expansion mismatch between the glass and YBCO. The results suggest that glass with a better thermal expansion match to YBCO would lead to higher J c values.
Spontaneous venous thrombosis in a young patient with combined factor V Leiden and lupus anticoagulant

We describe a case of a 28-year-old man who developed an extensive spontaneous deep venous thrombosis. Testing revealed heterozygotic factor V Leiden mutation, and the presence of both lupus anticoagulant (LA) and elevated IgM anticardiolipin antibody (ACA). Several family members were found to be heterozygous for factor V Leiden. A paternal aunt had the factor V Leiden mutation, an elevated plasma homocysteine and a borderline increased IgG ACA level. No other family member had a history of a venous thrombotic event. This case illustrates that evaluation of young patients who present with venous thrombosis should be performed for both hereditary and acquired thrombophilic defects. The family studies suggest that the presence of a lupus anticoagulant may be more clinically significant than elevated ACA in risk assessment. Although screening family members when the proband carries factor V Leiden is controversial, psychological reassurance of those who test negative and simple advice on occupations or social habits (e.g., smoking) for those who test positive may be important benefits.
Fear conditioning and extinction: Emotional states encoded by distinct signaling pathways

Conditioning and extinction of fear have traditionally been viewed as two independent learning processes for encoding representations of contexts or cues (conditioned stimuli, CS), aversive events (unconditioned stimuli, US), and their relationship. Based on the analysis of protein kinase signaling patterns in neurons of the fear circuit, we propose that fear and extinction are best conceptualized as emotional states triggered by a single CS representation with two opposing values: aversive and non-aversive. These values are conferred by the presence or absence of the US and encoded by distinct sets of kinase signaling pathways and their downstream targets. Modulating specific protein kinases thus has the potential to modify emotional states, and hence, may emerge as a promising treatment for anxiety disorders.
Mechanical preparation of pour plates for viable bacterial counts of milk samples.

Abstract A machine for making bacterial pour plates to determine the viable bacteria counts of milk samples has been developed. Samples are automatically placed on a turntable conveyor which advances the sample under an arm that dips a .01-ml capacity cylinder and a .001-ml capacity loop into the sample three times. Then, a divided petri dish is positioned under the dipping arm, the milk in the cylinder and loop is flushed with 3ml of dilution water, agar is pumped into the dish, and the sample and dish are each atutomatically removed from the turntable. The agar is solidified by passing the dish over a cold plate. The machine plates five samples of milk per minute. Twenty-six milk samples were compared by the standard plate count and machine plate cylinder techniques; 26 additional samples were tested by the standard plate count and machine plate loop methods. Criteria to compare the machine and standard plate methods included experimental error equal to or less than .005 in log 10 units, average difference between geometric means less than 9% and interaction factor not to exceed .007 in log 10 units. All criteria were satisfied by the mechanical cylinder and loop methods.
Germanium field-effect transistors

Part I offers a simple introduction to the field-effect transistor for those who are unfamiliar with the device. Standard device design equations are rewritten to emphasize effects of dimensional changes on d-c parameters. Failure mechanisms are discussed. Part II presents a method for overcoming effects of high leakage currents in FETs. A d-c feedback circuit (similar to one described by middlebrook1 for complementary transistors) is proposed and analyzed, and a practical design procedure and circuit are presented.
Poly-L/D-Lactic Acid Anchors Are Associated With Reoperation and Failure of SLAP Repairs

Purpose: This study investigates factors associated with failure and reoperation after glenoid labrum repair. Methods: We studied a nonconcurrent cohort of consecutive patients undergoing arthroscopic superior labrum repair at a single institution by 2 fellowship-trained surgeons over a 10-year period. Results: There were 348 patients included in this study with a mean age of 33.4 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.1 to 35.9) and a mean clinical follow-up of 12.3 months (95% CI, 10.9 to 13.8). The overall reoperation rate was 6.3%, with a revision labrum repair rate of 4.3%. Subsequent surgery and failure after arthroscopic labrum repair were significantly correlated with Workers’ Compensation claims (odds ratio [OR], 4.6; P .001; 95% CI, 1.8 to 11.7), the use of tobacco (OR, 12.0; P .03; 95% CI, 1.2 to 114.9), and the use of absorbable poly-L/D-lactic acid (PLDLA) anchors (100% correlation, P .001). The OR for having repeat surgery was 12.7 (95% CI, 4.9 to 32.9; P .001) with poly-96L/4D-lactic acid (Mini-Revo; Linvatec, Largo, FL) and also increased with the use of poly-70L/30D-lactic acid (Bio-Fastak and Bio-Suturetak; Arthrex, Naples, FL) anchor material (P .04) after removal of the patients exposed to poly-96L/4D-lactic acid anchors. The rates of repeat surgery with PLDLA anchors from Linvatec and PLDLA anchors from Arthrex were 24% and 4%, respectively. None of the patients treated with nonabsorbable suture anchors (polyether ether ketone or metallic) returned to the operating room (P .001). After we controlled for associated factors in a multivariate analysis, the use of absorbable anchors, in particular poly-96L/4D-lactic acid anchors (OR, 14.7; P .001), and having a work-related injury (OR, 8.1; P .001) remained independent factors associated with both repeat surgery and revision superior labrum repair. Conclusions: Bioabsorbable PLDLA anchor material led to significantly more SLAP repair failures and reoperations compared with nonabsorbable suture anchors. Our recommendation is that glenoid labrum repairs be performed with nondegradable material and, specifically, that the use of anchors composed of PLDLA material should be avoided. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Gastric absorption of a pesticide (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) in the fasted rat☆

Abstract The gastric absorption of [1-naphthyl-1- 14 C] N -methylcarbamate (radiolabeled carbaryl) administered intragastrically (7.5 μmoles/kg body wt) to fasted, anesthetized female rats was investigated by measurement of 14 C absorption and by identification of the radiolabeled constituents in the portal blood. At 22 and 67 min after dosing, 52.6 ± 14.1% ( n = 3) and 81.7 ± 15.7% ( n = 3), respectively, of the 14 C was absorbed from the stomachs (ligated pylori) of rats with intact portal circulation. In another experiment, 69.1 ± 25.9% ( n = 3) of the 14 C was absorbed from the rat stomachs (ligated pylorus and esophagus) during 66.0 ± 1.0 min of total portal blood collection (via an in vivo perfusion technique). The radiolabeled material in the collected portal blood accounted for 97.2 ± 1.9% ( n = 3) of the 14 C absorbed from rat stomachs. On the basis of thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and infrared spectroscopy, 89.3% of the radiolabeled material in the collected portal blood was [1-naphthyl-1- 14 C] N -methylcarbamate.
Syntheses of aluminum and zinc alkyl complexes of a highly fluorinated tris(pyrazolyl)borate using [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(THF) as the ligand transfer agent.

Dimethylaluminum or ethylzinc complexes of highly fluorinated tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]- can be obtained in excellent yield from the reaction between the silver adduct [HB(3,...
Quantitation and measurement of equivalent conductance of unidentified analytes by suppressed ion chromatography using conductivity detection

Abstract Suppressed ion chromatography with conductivity detection was used to quantify organic anions in solution. A procedure is described whereby the normality and the equivalent conductance of unidentified analyte ions can be determined with an accuracy of greater than 90% using two different regenerants but only a single eluent. The proposed method is based on the fact that the conductivity detector's response is directly proportional to the concentrations of both the analyte and its counterions, which in suppressed IC are supplied by the regenerant. While results for monoprotic acids were excellent, results for polyprotic acids were less satisfactory, perhaps due to incomplete dissociation of the analyte.
Reversible Tuning of the Wettability of Carbon Nanotube Arrays: The Effect of Ultraviolet/Ozone and Vacuum Pyrolysis Treatments

Among diverse types of synthetic materials, arrays of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes have attracted the most attention, mainly because of their exceptional mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties. However, their wetting properties are yet to be understood. In this present study, oxygenated surface functional groups have been identified as a vital factor in controlling the wetting properties of carbon nanotube arrays. The results presented herein indeed show that a combination of ultraviolet/ozone and vacuum pyrolysis treatments can be used to vary the surface concentration of these functional groups such that the carbon nanotube array can be repeatedly switched between hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
Possible persistence of fractional quantum Hall effect down to ultralow fillings

A recent theoretical study indicating that the fractional quantum Hall liquid is the ground state at $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/9$ is inconsistent with an excitonic instability of the fractional quantum Hall liquid found earlier at the same filling factor. This paper shows that, when the calculation is improved perturbatively, by allowing mixing between composite fermion Landau levels, the instability disappears. In fact, no instability occurs in our theory for filling factors as low as $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/31,$ suggesting that the fractional quantum Hall effect may be robust down to much smaller filling factors than presently believed.
Structured Light Optical Super-Resolution: Encoding for Limited Optical Bandwidth

Structured illumination finds widespread use in microscopy and optical profilometry. A marriage of the principle underlying these methods promises novel solutions to the resolution problem that plagues consumer cameras.
Nonlinear response and stability of a 2D rolling semi-cylinder during optical lift

In this paper, the response is found for a semi-cylindrical rod rocking on a level surface while subjected to forces from radiation pressure and gravity. Changes in the oscillation frequency of the rod as a function of light intensity are determined for both a mirrored and non-mirrored rod. The simulation results show that the equilibrium positions for the mirrored and non-mirrored rod exhibit a classic pitchfork and cusp catastrophe type bifurcation at critical laser intensities, respectively. By linearizing the systems equations of motion and sinusoidally modulating the laser intensity, the mathematical model for the rocking semi-cylinder could be transformed in the standard form of Mathieu’s equation. Inspired by the stability regions of the vertically oscillating inverted pendulum, a region of laser modulation parameters was determined, which could stabilize orientations of the lens which were unstable with constant laser intensity. Lastly, a comparison between the bifurcation point and change in natural frequency as functions of intensity between a previous analytical derivation and the full nonlinear model also showed that they agree closely for laser intensities near and below the critical intensity.
Depression and affective meaning for current concerns.

Recent inquiries into the etiology and maintenance of depression have had a strong cognitive emphasis. However, relatively less attention has been paid to the connotative significance of depressive experience. In particular, there is much to be learned about the depressed person's emotional response to the incentives in his life. In the present study, moderately to severely depressed and nondepressed college students were asked to provide a list of “current concerns,” which they subsequently ranked in terms of order of importance. Each subject's five most important concerns served as target stimuli for a semantic differential analysis. The results indicated that, relative to nondepressed students, depressed subjects viewed their concerns in a less positive and less active light. The groups did not differ in their ratings of the potency of their concerns, with both groups tending to perceive their concerns as highly potent. A second purpose of the study was to examine whether the groups differed in the number or type of current concerns. Depressed students reported a greater number of concerns. In comparing the groups with respect to the number of concerns mentioned within each of 16 categories, it was found that depressed subjects reported more concerns than nondepressed subjects in the areas of love and sex, employment and money, and mental health.
Age Patterns in Criminal Involvement

Age patterns in criminality have been the subject of considerable criminological attention in recent years. Although most of the research has been concerned with offenders who begin and terminate their careers in crime at a relatively early age, other age-crime careers can be identified. This article centers attention on persons who desist from lawbreaking after having been involved in it for an extensive period of time, or what is often referred to as "maturational reform." Adult development theory was employed in a research study comparing two groups of Oregon offenders. The article discusses the crime pattern in which career offenders continue lawbreaking after middle age, as well as instances in which persons become involvedfor the first time in crime in late adulthood.
Subtraction CT colonography: Feasibility in an animal model

Abstract AIM: To determine, in an in vitro animal model, the feasibility of subtracting residual faecal material, during virtual colonoscopy, by uniform mixing of the colonic contents with barium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Segments of animal colon containing simulated soft-tissue polyps, measuring 3–10 mm, were filled with a faecal substitute consisting of a barium and peanut butter mix that had an attenuation value greater than 200 Hounsfield units. The colonic segments were then examined by CT using 3–10 mm beam collimations, and at pitch factors of 1 and 2. Using subtraction cut-off levels varying from 100–250 Hounsfield units, the barium and peanut butter mix was then subtracted to reveal the underlying polyps. RESULTS: Our optimal technical parameters required 3-mm beam collimation, a helical pitch factor of 2, reconstruction intervals of 3 mm, and a subtraction cut-off level of 150 Hounsfield units. The subtraction technique, in this animal model, had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 80% for polyps measuring greater than 3 mm. CONCLUSION: In this limited animal model, the subtraction technique utilized was technically feasible and had an acceptable sensitivity.
An examination of the relationship between training comprehensiveness and organizational commitment: Further exploration of training perceptions and employee attitudes

For organizations, the value of employing highly committed individuals is well documented. Accordingly, scholars have endeavored to identify factors that may influence employees' organizational commitment. One factor that has received growing attention in this regard is individuals' perceptions of training offered by an organization. However, despite increased scrutiny over the past decade, the precise nature of the relationship between employee training perceptions and organizational commitment remains unclear. Consequently, in this study we use social exchange theory as a foundation to examine the relationship between perceptions of training comprehensiveness and organizational commitment among individuals serving on cross-functional product development teams within numerous large manufacturing firms. Results of a multilevel regression analysis support a direct relationship between perceived training comprehensiveness and organizational commitment. Additionally, whether individuals specifically chose to participate on a product development team moderated this relationship, but not in the expected direction. We discuss implications of study findings for both research and practice.
Effect of reciprocating wire slurry sawing on surface quality and mechanical strength of as-cut solar silicon wafers

Abstract This paper investigates reciprocating wire slurry sawing for photovoltaic (PV) silicon wafering and compares the resulting wafer surface quality and its mechanical strength to that obtained in unidirectional wire sawing. It is found that wire reciprocation creates two significantly different morphological or cutting zones on the wafer surface. The zone width varies with the distance travelled by the wires, the cutting location on the wafer surface, and direction of wire motion. The size of the morphological zone created during forward motion of the wire is larger than that created during its backward motion. The zone width is found to decrease along the wire cut direction. In addition, there appears to be greater kerf loss and increased surface roughness in the forward cutting zone. In general, results suggest a higher material removal rate during forward motion of the wire than during backward motion. Notwithstanding the surface morphology variations, the fracture strengths of reciprocating wire sawn wafers are found to be quite similar to that exhibited by wafers produced by unidirectional wire sawing.
Liquid-Based Papanicolaou Tests in Endometrial Carcinoma Diagnosis Performance, Error Root Cause Analysis, and Quality Improvement

Recent reports show that the sensitivity of endometrial carcinoma detection on liquid-based Papanicolaou (Pap) tests (88%) is considerably higher than that reported on conventional Pap smears (20%30%), although few laboratories have corroborated these results. We performed a 5-year retrospective review of all liquid-based Pap tests (n = 69) in women who later were given a diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma, performed error root cause analysis, and developed quality improvement initiatives as a means of error reduction. The original and rescreened Pap test sensitivity rates for endometrial carcinoma were 31.9% and 59.3%, respectively. Root cause analysis showed that poor specimen quality and cognitive failures contributed to a false-negative error in 67% (18/27) and 59% (16/27), respectively, of all cases. System analysis showed that latent factors contributing to error included lack of redundant and educational systems. We conclude that system redesign of liquid-based Pap test screening processes has the potential to improve sensitivity in endometrial carcinoma diagnosis.
Surface Reflection Models For Stray-Light Calculations

In this paper, three different surface theories are discussed that give the engineer wide flexibility in the types of surface reflection problems that can be analyzed. The first is a rigorous theory of surface reflection (based upon Maxwell's boundary conditions) that accurately treats reflection from flat surfaces with roughness that is small compared to wavelength. The second is a model similar to the Hopkins-Marechal approach to optical tolerancing that can be used to treat small angle scatter from various optical forms. The third model is one that correctly accounts for off-specular reflection peaks that sometimes occur on baffle type surfaces. The utility of these three models as well as their limitations to stray-light calculations will be discussed.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of adsorbed gases on the positronium reactivities in porous media

Abstract Positronium reactivities with nitric oxide and oxygen in XAD-4, XAD-7, and zeolite-Y (sodium form) are reported. Nitric oxide on the surface of these adsorbents reacts with positronium atoms at a rate that is about one order of magnitude higher than the gas-phase value, and about two orders of magnitude larger than those in the voids. The rate constant for oxygen in the voids is lower than in the gas phase. The observed differences are discussed in terms of the chemical nature of the interacting species inside the voids and surfaces of porous media.
Resampling Permutations in Regression without Second Moments

For given observations we consider the resampling distribution obtained by permuting residuals versus thedistribution of errors conditional on their order statistics. We observe thatwith high probabilityboth are approximately equal oncontrast vectorsafter suitable normalization. No moment/distribution assumptions on the underlying errors other than exchangeability are required. These results remain valid if we consider reduced regression models derived from the original one by removing data for which the corresponding residuals take extreme values. We obtain general conditions under which confidence regions produced by such methods are accurate. In the absence of finite second moments randomness of the limiting bootstrap distributions has been considered as a failure of the traditional bootstrap and no practical meaning has been given to the phenomenon. For our method this type of randomness is still present in the limit but it has clear probabilistic interpretation as a conditional distribution which can be used, e.g., to obtain conditional confidence sets. We study this phenomenon in detail for the case of independent errors with distribution from the domain of attraction of stable laws.
On a Continuous Time Stochastic Approximation Problem

This paper is concerned with a continuous time stochastic approximation/optimization problem. The algorithm is given by a pair of differential-integral equations. Our main effort is to derive the asymptotic properties of the algorithm. It is shown that ast → ∞, a suitably normalized sequence of the estimation error,Τ√t(¯xtr−θ) is equivalent to a scaled sequence of the random noise process, namely, (1/√t)∫0tr ξsds. Consequently, the asymptotic normality is obtained via a functional invariance theorem, and the asymptotic covariance matrix is shown to be the optimal one. As a result, the algorithm is asymptotically efficient.
INOS-derived NO and nox2-derived superoxide confer tolerance to excitotoxic brain injury through peroxynitrite

Sublethal injurious stimuli induce tolerance to subsequent lethal insults, a phenomenon termed preconditioning. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is essential for the preconditioning induced by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) or by systemic administration of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We used a model of brain injury produced by neocortical injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) to investigate the mechanisms by which iNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO) contributes to tolerance induced by LPS or BCCAO. We found that the tolerance is blocked by the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine, is not observed in iNOS-null mice, and is rescued by the NO donor DTPA NONOate. Lipopolysaccharide failed to induce preconditioning in mice lacking the nox2 subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, suggesting that superoxide derived from NADPH oxidase is needed for the induction of the tolerance. Because superoxide reacts with NO to form peroxynitrite, we investigated the role of peroxynitrite. We found that LPS induces the peroxynitrite marker 3-nitrotyrosine in cortical neurons and that the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst FeTPPS abolishes LPS-induced preconditioning. These results suggest that the protective effect of iNOS-derived NO is mediated by peroxynitrite formed by the reaction of NO with NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide. Thus, peroxynitrite, in addition to its well-established deleterious role in ischemic brain injury and neurodegeneration, can also be beneficial by inducing tolerance to excitotoxicity.
New Professionalism: the post-industrial context

Definitions and perceptions of professionalism are continually challenged and transformed by public need, government interaction and institutional organizations. When the goals of those three entities are focused on near-term results, this poses a significant threat to the integrity, value and relevance of professional services. When the individual and corporate professional's profit margin, corporate shareholder responsibility and news media sensationalism are factored in, this short-termism dynamic is greatly magnified. Built environment professions are seen as particularly vulnerable to this threat, given that investments in buildings and infrastructure have long-life and high-performance service expectations. This commentary responds to the Building Research & Information special issue entitled ‘New Professionalism’ (2013, volume 40, number 1) and situates the predicament of built environment professionals within an emerging historical transition: that of the post-industrial information society with i...
Concerning the “terra incognita” between convergence regions of two Newton methods

Abstract The majorizing principle is used to show local and semilocal convergence of Newton methods to a locally unique solution of a nonlinear operator in a Banach space, when the Frechet derivative of the operator involved satisfies a center-Holder and a Holder continuity condition. Then we investigate an unknown area (“terra incognita”) between the convergence regions of Newton's method, and the corresponding modified Newton's method. Our approach compares favorably with other corresponding ones in this direction.
Theory of the quasi-one-dimensional electron gas with strong on-site interactions

It is shown that a quasi-one-dimensional system with strong attractive or repulsive coupling between electrons on the same site is equivalent to a Bose gas with hard core and longer-range interactions and to a Heisenberg-Ising magnet. Interchain and intrachain hopping and coupling are included and the equivalences are derived by elementary degenerate perturbation theory. Electronic correlation functions are derived from known pseudomagnetic ones and are used to discuss the circumstances in which superconductivity, charge- or spin-density wave transitions occur in the coupled chains.
Substituent Effects on Xenon Binding Affinity and Solution Behavior of Water-Soluble Cryptophanes

A water-soluble triacetic acid cryptophane-A derivative (TAAC) was synthesized and determined by isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence quenching assay to have a xenon association constant of 33 000 M−1 at 293 K, which is the largest value measured for any host molecule to date. Fluorescence lifetime measurements of TAAC in the presence of varying amounts of xenon indicated static quenching by the encapsulated xenon and the presence of a second non-xenon-binding conformer in solution. Acid−base titrations and aqueous NMR spectroscopy of TAAC and a previously synthesized tris(triazole propionic acid) cryptophane-A derivative (TTPC) showed how solvation of the carboxylate anions can affect the aqueous behavior of the large, nonpolar cryptophane. Specifically, whereas only the crown−crown conformer of TTPC was observed, a crown−saddle conformer of TAAC was also assigned in aqueous solution.
Continuous-tone image recognition using fractal theory

In this paper, we study pattern recognition using Probabilistic Iterated Function Systems (PIFS). A learning system can be defined by three rules: the encoding rule, the rule of internal change, and the quantization rule. In our system, the data encoding is to store an image in a stable distribution of a PIFS. Given an input image f (epsilon) F, one can find a PIFS t (epsilon) T such that the equilibrium distribution of this PIFS is the given image f. Therefore, the input image, f, is encoded into a specification of a PIFS, t. This mapping from F (image space) to T (parameter space of PIFS) defines fractal transformation. Fractal transformation encodes an input image into a relatively small vector which catches the characteristics of the input vector. The internal space T is the parameter space of PIFS. The internal change rule of our system uses a local minima algorithm to encode the input data. The output data of the encoding stage is a specification of a stochastic dynamical system. The quantization rule divides the internal data space T by sample data.
The Negative Effects of Obesity and Poor Glycemic Control on Cognitive Function: A Proposed Model for Possible Mechanisms

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is a contributor to many adverse health outcomes, including increased risk for dementia and adverse structural and functional brain changes. Milder forms of cognitive impairment in multiple domains can also be found in obese individuals of all ages that are believed to stem from brain abnormalities long prior to onset of neurologic conditions such as dementia. However, the mechanisms for adverse brain changes and subsequent cognitive dysfunction in obesity are complex and poorly understood. This paper proposes a possible etiologic model for obesity associated cognitive impairment with emphasis on the role of poor glycemic control and conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical implications associated with treatment of obesity in persons with cognitive deficits in addition to the cognitive promoting effects of weight loss surgery are also discussed.
SONICC: A Novel Nonlinear Optical Detection Technique for 2D Celluar Crystallography

2D crystallization is one of the most powerful methods to study the structure and function of membrane proteins in their native lipid bilayer environment, yet obtaining high resolution diffraction protein crystals is the most difficult and time consuming step. Traditional techniques for protein crystal detection mostly depend on optical microscopy and the birefringence property of crystals. This situation becomes even more difficult for 2D crystallization because a negative stain check on electron microscope is required which makes it nearly impossible for high-throughput screening. Recently, UV spectroscopy has also been applied to distinguish protein crystals from salt ones. However, all these methods has detection limit which depends on the crystal size and crystallization condition. The Second Order Nonlinear Imaging of Chiral Crystals (SONICC) therefore is developed to overcome this difficulty. SONICC could selectively detect large or small non-centrosymmetric 2D and 3D protein crystals (<1um) with high signal noise ratio. Using this method, we successfully detected purple membrane (ie 2-D crystal of bacteriohrodopsin). We could even detect the crystal patch in a single living H. Salinarium R1 cell. By removing retinals from purple membrane, the signal dramatically decreased (∼5 fold) due to the distortion of the crystalline order and the absence of pigment. Considering the difficulty of growing 2D membrane crystals, SONICC not only solved the current detection limitation, but also provided a new opportunity for direct detection membrane crystals in situ formed naturally or artificially by overexpression.
A new approach for the study of transmission sputtering

In this study of transmission sputtering, 300 or 700 eV Xe/sup +/ ions were employed. The mean range of this low-energy heavy-ion is very small compared with the thickness of the gold thin-films employed. Thin films were removed and inspected in a transmission microscope.