cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latin American and Iberian Posters: The Sam Slick Collection at the University of New Mexico

The University of New Mexico General Library acquired a unique collection of political posters from Latin America and Spain, covering the last quarter of the 20th Century. The Sam L. Slick Collection of Latin American & Iberian Political Posters, named after the original collector, includes over 12,000 posters and represents a broad spectrum of political and social movements. It is a rich resource for political historians and art historians. This article describes the makeup of the collection, its history, its acquisition by the UNM Library, and the efforts that have gone into its preservation, cataloging, and digitization.
Software Protection: Myth or Reality?

Staggering amounts of commercial software are marketed to fulfill needs from the PC explosion. Unfortunately, such software is trivial to duplicate! From the vendors' viewpoint a way to protect profit is needed. Typically, they have resorted to various schemes that attempt to inhibit the duplication process.Although protection of future profit is important, so is protection against current loss. Commercial and business related software must be adequately protected lest data be stolen or manipulated. However, more important than any of these classes is protection of government computer resources, especially classified and operational software and data. Loss of control in this realm could be detrimental to national security.This paper addresses current technologies employed in protection schemes: signatures (magnetic and physical) on floppy disks, Software Analysis Denial (SAD), Hardware security Devices (HSD), and Technology Denial Concepts (TDC) are presented, with an emphasis on SAD. Advantages and disadvantages of these schemes will be clarified.
Social Justice in Education for Undocumented Families

ABSTRACT Texas was the last state to provide public education to undocumented children. With the nearly unanimous passage of House Bill 1403, Texas became the first state to provide public higher education at resident tuition rates to these same students. This study provides a brief history of immigration issues and laws relating to education; describes the current status of Hispanic children and families; examines the importance of higher education for child and family well-being; discusses the events and issues relating to the bill's passage and implementation; and analyzes the bill's financial, social and political repercussions for the children and families targeted and for the state as a whole. Finally, the study emphasizes the impact that legislation can have in achieving social and economic justice.
Anomalous low-temperature state of a possible Kondo semimetal Ce Os 4 Sb 12 : Magnetic field and La impurity study

Specific heat in magnetic fields to $14\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$, magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity for single crystalline samples of ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}{\mathrm{Os}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12}$ $(x=0,0.02,0.1)$ are reported. The results of the magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity are consistent with a formation of the hybridization gap below $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ in all investigated alloys. We argue for the intrinsic origin of a large electronic specific heat coefficient and $1.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ anomaly. The low temperature state is very sensitive to the La alloying. On the other hand, the Kondo temperature and energy gap, extracted from susceptibility and resistance measurements, are unaffected by the alloying. The magnetic phase diagram of the pure compound is presented.
Image reconstruction in rectangular PET systems using distance-driven projections

An image reconstruction algorithm for rectangular PET scanner was developed using distance-driven projections. The geometrical sensitivity of the tubes of response in rectangular geometry was derived under the assumption that the detector area is very small relative to the distances between the detectors. Linograms were used for the histograms of coincidences between parallel panels, and “orthograms” were proposed for the histograms of orthogonal panels. Open Gate was used to simulate a box-shaped PET scanner for projections of hot rod and flood phantoms. The reconstructed images from simulated projections demonstrated feasibility of the proposed method.
A Survey of Some Issues Concerning Abstract Data Types

Abstract : The author attempts in this survey to define the notion of 'abstract data type' and discusses several important issues related to their use in high level languages, including encapsulation, exportation, parameterization, pointers, extent, coercion, assignment, initialization, and literals. The programming languages Algol 68, Simula 67, and PASCAL are chosen as a representative set of type-extendable languages and are compared and contrasted as to their treatment of these issues. Proposals for new languages or facilities made by Liskov, Wulf, and Morris are included in the discussion.
Alternative Organizing and (In)Visibility Managing Tensions of Transparency and Autonomy in a Nonprofit Organization

Amid recent attention to alternative and hidden organizations, empirical studies have thus far tended to focus on large, well-known organizations in contrast to lesser known, local, and partially hidden organizations. Organizations that hide face several advantages and disadvantages, and this article seeks to examine how one nonprofit organization manages the benefits and obstacles of being partially hidden. Using ethnographic field methods and semi-structured interviews, we analyze how one homeless shelter’s visibility fluctuates in relation to its goals. We argue that by operating as a shadowed or shaded organization, this shelter is resisting trends toward organizational transparency that are especially powerful in the nonprofit sector. The findings highlight how the organization manages tensions of (in)visibility to maintain autonomy, while still securing support from external organizations. The results have implications not only for studying hidden organizations, but also for alternative and nonprofi...
The Policy Gap in International Marketing Research

Whenever governments regulate, stimulate, direct or protect activities which influence the flow of trade and investment across national borders, international marketing is affected. When Massachusetts penalized state contract bidders dealing with Myanmar, the international marketing activities of Apple Computer, Eastman Kodak and Hewlett Packard were curtailed (Lelyveld, 1998). When government legalized gray market activities, many firms were forced to re-design their global product and price segmentation strategies (Chaudhry and Walsh, 1995).
Formation of m2G6 in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii tRNA catalyzed by the novel methyltransferase Trm14

The modified nucleosides N(2)-methylguanosine and N(2)(2)-dimethylguanosine in transfer RNA occur at five positions in the D and anticodon arms, and at positions G6 and G7 in the acceptor stem. Trm1 and Trm11 enzymes are known to be responsible for several of the D/anticodon arm modifications, but methylases catalyzing post-transcriptional m(2)G synthesis in the acceptor stem are uncharacterized. Here, we report that the MJ0438 gene from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii encodes a novel S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase, now identified as Trm14, which generates m(2)G at position 6 in tRNA(Cys). The 381 amino acid Trm14 protein possesses a canonical RNA recognition THUMP domain at the amino terminus, followed by a γ-class Rossmann fold amino-methyltransferase catalytic domain featuring the signature NPPY active site motif. Trm14 is associated with cluster of orthologous groups (COG) 0116, and most closely resembles the m(2)G10 tRNA methylase Trm11. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a canonical archaeal/bacterial evolutionary separation with 20-30% sequence identities between the two branches, but it is likely that the detailed functions of COG 0116 enzymes differ between the archaeal and bacterial domains. In the archaeal branch, the protein is found exclusively in thermophiles. More distantly related Trm14 homologs were also identified in eukaryotes known to possess the m(2)G6 tRNA modification.
Dichotic pairing of digits with tones: high performance level and lack of ear effect

Fifty-six subjects each listened to four types of dichotic input: digit-digit, tone-tone, digit (left ear)-tone (right ear), and tone (left ear)-digit (right ear). When digits were paired with tones, performance improved substantially over that with digit-digit and tone-tone input, and material-specific ear differences disappeared. The results indicate that both capacity limitation and an advantage of the contra-lateral over the ipsilateral input appear only when inputs from the two ears compete for the same kind of processing.
Modifications to histones immediately after synthesis

We have studied modifications occurring on histones immediately after synthesis. The labeling period was sufficiently brief such that the time interval between synthesis in the cytoplasm and deposition onto DNA can be easily detected. In this way it is possible to observe modifications occurring within seconds after arrival of the newly synthesized histone molecule in the nucleus. Histone F2a1 is rapidly and extensively modified (in hepatoma tissue culture cells this is primarily by acetylation) so that the newly synthesized material appears primarily in the diacetyl modified form. The histone returns to a steady-state level of acetylation during the ensuing 30 minutes and this level is maintained throughout the lifetime of the cell. F3 shows a somewhat similar pattern, except that it initially is less modified before it shifts to a steady-state level of modification. The lysinerich histone, F1 is admitted to the nucleus with a modest level of phosphorylation. During the subsequent 60-minutes phosphorylation proceeds rapidly until the extent of phosphorylation typical of rapidly dividing cells is reached. This level of phosphorylation is then maintained in a steady-state against the action of a phosphatase. The rate of phosphorylation during the initial 60 minutes exceeds that at a later time by a factor of ~ ten. We argue that this observation accounts for previous observations of 32P incorporation during G1 and S phase and in the presence of inhibitors of DNA and histone synthesis.
Controlled GMR enhancement from conducting inhomogeneities in non-magnetic semiconductors

Abstract We report results of magneto-transport studies of homogeneous, high-mobility, Te-doped InSb in a thin film van der Pauw disk geometry (radius r b ) containing a lithographically patterned, concentric, cylindrical metallic inhomogeneity (radius r a ). The room temperature giant magnetoresistance (GMR) increases dramatically with increasing r a . We show that the GMR enhancement could in principle be made far larger by optimizing the material selection and lithographic patterning. We also discuss the potential impact of our results on read-head devices in high-density recording and on other magnetic sensors.
P3D: A parallel 3D coordinate visualization for advanced network scans

As network attacks increase in complexity, network administrators will continue to struggle with analyzing security data immediately and efficiently. To alleviate these challenges, researchers are looking into various visualization techniques (e.g., two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D)) to detect, identify, and analyze malicious attacks. This paper discusses the benefits of using a stereoscopic 3D parallel visualization techniques for network scanning, in particular, when addressing occlusion-based visualization attacks intended to confuse network administrators. To our knowledge, no 2D or 3D tool exists that analyzes these attacks. Hence, we propose a novel 3D Parallel coordinate visualization tool for advanced network scans and attacks called P3D. P3D uses flow data, filtering techniques, and state-of-the art 3D technologies to help network administrators detect distributed and coordinated network scans. Compared to other 2D and 3D network security visualization tools, P3D prevents occlusion-based visualization attacks (e.g., Windshield Wiper and Port Source Confusion attacks). We validate our tool with use-cases from emulated distributed scanning attacks. Our evaluation shows P3D allows users to extract new information about scans and minimize information overload by adding an extra dimension and awareness region in the visualization.
Perisomatic GABA Release and Thalamocortical Integration onto Neocortical Excitatory Cells Are Regulated by Neuromodulators

Neuromodulators such as acetylcholine, serotonin, and noradrenaline are powerful regulators of neocortical activity. Although it is well established that cortical inhibition is the target of these modulations, little is known about their effects on GABA release from specific interneuron types. This knowledge is necessary to gain a mechanistic understanding of the actions of neuromodulators because different interneuron classes control specific aspects of excitatory cell function. Here, we report that GABA release from fast-spiking (FS) cells, the most prevalent interneuron subtype in neocortex, is robustly inhibited following activation of muscarinic, serotonin, adenosine, and GABAB receptors—an effect that regulates FS cell control of excitatory neuron firing. The potent muscarinic inhibition of GABA release from FS cells suppresses thalamocortical feedforward inhibition. This is supplemented by the muscarinic-mediated depolarization of thalamo-recipient excitatory neurons and the nicotinic enhancement of thalamic input onto these neurons to promote thalamocortical excitation.
Acute coronary vasoconstrictive effects of cigarette smoking in coronary heart disease

To investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on the coronary vasculature, coronary sinus flow and myocardial oxygen delivery were measured at rest and during incremental atrial pacing in 10 patients with coronary artery disease. Measurements were then repeated while the patients smoked 2 unfiltered, high-nicotine cigarettes. Although smoking significantly increased the heart rate at rest and double product, coronary sinus flow did not change significantly (141 +/- 32 vs 146 +/- 28 ml/min). At the lowest equivalent pacing rate before and during smoking, the double products were comparable. However, coronary sinus flow was reduced by smoking (146 +/- 28 vs 159 +/- 28 ml/min, p less than 0.01) and coronary vascular resistance was increased (0.96 +/- 0.15 vs 0.83 +/- 0.13 mm Hg ml-1 min, p less than 0.02). The double products were also comparable at the peak pacing rate before and during smoking. Nonetheless, the coronary sinus flow was again lower (167 +/- 23 vs 227 +/- 41 ml/min, p = 0.02) and the coronary vascular resistance was higher (0.77 +/- 0.10 vs 0.63 +/- 0.09 mm Hg ml-1 min, p less than 0.01) during smoking. The transmyocardial arteriovenous oxygen difference was unchanged by smoking; therefore, myocardial oxygen delivery was reduced in proportion to the reductions in coronary sinus flow. Thus, cigarette smoking appears to acutely alter the ability of the coronary vasculature to regulate flow in accordance with the oxygen requirements of the myocardium.
Capital reconstruction and capital accumulation in Berlin: a reply to Peter Marcuse

In a recent issue of this journal, Peter Marcuse (1998) strongly criticizes the current reconstruction of Berlin as the new German capital. Marcuse joins a growing number of prominent intellectuals and politicians in speaking out against a massive Holocaust memorial proposed for the center of Berlin, expressing the impossibility of representing and explaining a monstrous historical period through an abstract design of sculpture and landscape architecture. Yet Marcuse does not simply question the architectural elements of proposed monuments, government buildings and high-profile commercial buildings. Instead, he raises a more fundamental objection: that this very preoccupation with symbolic architectural forms is obscuring a more important debate about the reconcentration of political and economic power in the German capital. Marcuse’s most provocative contention is to claim parallels between prewar and contemporary Berlin: that the current concentration of government and large corporations in Berlin has similarities to the preconditions that led to the abuse of this power in the 1930s. Marcuse remains the skeptic, not embracing a more popular rhetoric that the opening of the wall in 1989 has created Berlin’s first real opportunity to lead a stable, democratic nation. The current preoccupation in Berlin with architectural debates is not unexpected. Germans are self-conscious about how outsiders view their capital city, architecture and monuments. They realize that there is an enduring mistrust of Germany’s dealing with the past, a suspicion that its efforts to transform its history are in fact efforts to minimize or marginalize past German guilt. Unlike monuments in Washington or Jerusalem, there is a complex need in Berlin to ‘express shame as well as sorrow’ (Wise, 1998: 148), and to reconcile the representation of both victims and perpetrators. At the center of this debate is the current controversy surrounding the plan to erect a massive Holocaust memorial (Mahnmal) just south of the Brandenburg Gate, which has been front page news for many months and years in Berlin. This preoccupation with symbolism could suggest that the Germans, and especially Berliners, are particularly adept at understanding their political and historical identities through their architecture and monuments. However, Marcuse contends that this preoccupation might have the opposite effect. He argues that the current German fixation on aesthetics has obscured the troubling transformation of Berlin into a concentrated center of political and economic power. And for Marcuse, who emigrated from Berlin with his family at the age of four when Hitler came to power, this contemporary reconcentration of power in the German capital seems to be an especially unsettling reoccurrence.
Effect of administering thyrotropic hormone with and without iodine on thyroid tissue metabolism.

THE ACTION of the thyrotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary gland is directly on the thyroid gland (I). That the thyrotropic hormone causes a marked increase in the metabolism of intact animals has been well established (2, 3). This increase in metabolism does not take place in thyroidectomiz;ed animals (4, 5). The thyrotropic hormone causes thyroid hypertrophy and evidence of marked stimulation histologically (6, 7, 8). Increased in vitro metabolism of thyroid tissue after in vivo or in vitro stimulation with thyrotropic hormone has been reported (9, 10). Animals treated with thyrotropic hormone and iodine simultaneously show a lessened total metabolic response and less evidence of thyroid stimulation histologically than animals treated with thyrotropic hormone alone (11–14). In our experiments, we have injected guinea pigs with thyrotropic hormone and potassium iodide, and have determined the metabolic response of the thyroid tissue by in vitro measurement of its oxygen consumption.
Gay and Lesbian Family Building: A Strengths Perspective of Transracial Adoption

In this article the authors explore transracial adoption in concert with gay and lesbian parenting and family building. Analyzing the transracial adoption knowledge base, gay and lesbian fostering/adoption trends, and research findings, the authors present areas that suggest gay and lesbian families may be better prepared than heterosexual individuals to parent children of color. Gay and lesbian parents may be more sensitive to and capable of creating skills a transracial adoptee requires due to similar oppression experiences. Using a framework of family resilience theory, the authors demarcate those characteristics that enhance outcomes for transracial gay and lesbian family building.
Generalized form of the Maxwell rule from stochastic dynamics

Abstract A generalized form of the Maxwell rule for the coexistence of two phases is derived from a stochastic dynamics which assumes that the phases are accessible by fluctuations. The rule holds for a wide class of functions, regardless of the number of coexisting phases.
Development of New Integrated Tools for Predicting, Monitoring, and Controlling Ground Movements due to Excavations

This paper describes developments of integrated tools for predicting, monitoring, and controlling ground movements associated with excavations in urban areas. The paper describes developments in the following areas: (1) laser scanning and webcams for developing an accurate record of construction activities; (2) automated and remote instrumentations to measure movements; (3) intelligent, self-updating numerical models to compute anticipated ground movements, and to learn from field observations; and (4) integration of heterogeneous data using a geographic-information-system. These new technologies and improvements are illustrated using excavations in the Chicago area.
Feminism at Work

This article examines the contributions of feminist scholarship to the study of work, occupations, and organizations. Three themes in the literature are explored: (1) characteristics of housework and so-called women's work more generally; (2) economic inequality between men and women; and (3) structural and institutional bases of gender in the workplace. Feminist activists have shaped the direction of feminist scholarship on these themes, and this scholarship in turn has influenced feminist activists' strategies and orientations. The article concludes with a discussion of future challenges for feminist research on work.
Efficient geometry optimization of molecular clusters

By combining valence coordinates (stretches, bends, and torsions) to describe intramolecular degrees of freedom with inverse distance coordinates for intermolecular degrees of freedom, we derive an efficient set of coordinates for the geometry optimization of molecular clusters. We illustrate the efficacy of our new coordinates by considering randomly generated clusters of dihydrogen and water molecules. Compared to optimizations in Cartesian coordinates, the number of cycles required for convergence is reduced by up to a factor of 30. In addition, for the dihydrogen clusters, optimizations using our new cluster coordinates consistently converge to lower energy structures than the corresponding Cartesian optimizations. Our method is far more efficient than optimizations using Z-matrix coordinates, and it avoids all problems with near-linear bond angles that are endemic with a Z-matrix description of the cluster geometry. Additionally, by constraining all the intramolecular degrees of freedom in a completely automated manner, we are able to carry out full rigid-body optimizations. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 69–76, 2000
CARM amplifier theory and simulation

Abstract The theory and simulation of cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) amplifiers are presented, including studies of amplifier phase stability, multimode phenomena, and susceptibility to absolute instabilities. Recent results include particle-in-cell simulations of the onset of absolute instabilities and numerical modeling of multimode effects. Phase stability studies indicate that the output phase of CARM amplifiers may be relatively insensitive to fluctuations in beam energy, pitch, and current, for optimized designs; simulations show a phase sensitivity of ∼ 2° per percent beam energy variation. An experimental design for a long-pulse 17 GHz CARM amplifier is presented.
Molecular weight of Escherichia coli NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase

The molecular weight of NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli is unaffected by protein concentration, pH from 4.0 to 8.3, ionic strength over a 100-fold concentration range or by the presence of absence of substrates or co-factors.
Developmental level and concept learning: A possible artifact

Forty each of 8- and 9-year-old children were given a paired associates learning problem. For half the Ss in each age group a mediated response was available; for the other half it was not. No significant effects were obtained directly for either condition or age. Strongly significant experimenter differences were found which contributed to other main effects and interactions. The results were discussed in terms of previous research findings and interactions. The results were discussed in terms of previous research findings and interpreted as a caveat against experimenter effects.
Condensed matter: How do your crystals grow?

More than 100 years ago, Wilhelm Ostwald predicted that crystalline structures would grow from the melt via a series of unstable states — now this cascade has been observed directly in an inorganic semiconductor.
Racial and ethnic variations in albuminuria in the US Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) population: associations with diabetes and level of CKD.

Background: Racial and ethnic differences in prevalence of albuminuria in a nationally representative population with and without diabetes were assessed. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data collected for the 20,050 participants of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) to determine factors that contributed to racial/ethnic differences in microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria prevalence. Results: For the 15,522 NHANES III participants for whom relevant data were available, racial/ethnic minorities tended to be younger, be less well educated, have lower income, and be less likely to have insurance than non-Hispanic whites, findings that were similar for those with and without diabetes. After adjusting for baseline covariates and medication use, racial and ethnic minorities with and without diabetes had greater odds of albuminuria compared with whites without diabetes (blacks with diabetes, adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46 to 2.72), Mexican Americans with diabetes (aOR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.11), and those of other ethnicity with diabetes (aOR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.28 to 6.75). Of those without diabetes, blacks had 2.18-fold (95% CI, 1.44 to 3.30) and Mexican Americans had 1.81-fold (95% CI, 1.08 to 3.02) greater odds of microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria than whites after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Stratifying by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ( 2 or greater. Level of metabolic control (hemoglobin A 1c level), systolic blood pressure, income, diuretic use, and hypertensive treatment status remained independent factors associated with albuminuria. Conclusion: Racial and ethnic minorities have greater odds of albuminuria than whites with and without diabetes, which persists primarily for those with an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 .
All inequality is not equal: children correct inequalities using resource value

Fairness concerns guide children’s judgments about how to share resources with others. However, it is unclear from past research if children take extant inequalities or the value of resources involved in an inequality into account when sharing with others; these questions are the focus of the current studies. In all experiments, children saw an inequality between two recipients—one had two more resources than another. What varied between conditions was the value of the resources that the child could subsequently distribute. When the resources were equal in value to those involved in the original inequality, children corrected the previous inequality by giving two resources to the child with fewer resources (Experiment 1). However, as the value of the resources increased relative to those initially shared by the experimenter, children were more likely to distribute the two high value resources equally between the two recipients, presumably to minimize the overall inequality in value (Experiments 1 and 2). We found that children specifically use value, not just size, when trying to equalize outcomes (Experiment 3) and further found that children focus on the relative rather than absolute value of the resources they share—when the experimenter had unequally distributed the same high valued resource that the child would later share, children corrected the previous inequality by giving two high-value resources to the person who had received fewer high-value resources. These results illustrate that children attempt to correct past inequalities and try to maintain equality not just in the count of resources but also by using the value of resources.
LOCATION PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF A MULTISPECTRAL SAMPLE BY A MEDIAN OPERATION

Three different kinds of median type estimators for use in applications where the underlying probability distributions are multivariate are proposed and analyzed. The numerical complexity and the statistical characteristics of the estimators are studied and discussed. Numerical results give evidence that the estimator which is a simple extension of the scalar median has an overall performance that is the same or better than the other two proposed estimators.
Angular distribution of electrons elastically scattered from CO 2

The angular distribution of electrons elastically scattered from CO/sub 2/ has been measured utilizing a crossed-beam method. The energy and angular ranges are 3.0--90.0 eV and -105/sup 0/--+156/sup 0/, respectively. The total elastic cross section and momentum-transfer cross sections have been determined. The total elastic cross section of CO/sub 2/ at 10.0 eV has been calibrated with respect to that of He at 10.0 eV, and the CO/sub 2/ cross section has been placed on an absolute scale by using the theoretical value of LaBahn and Calloway for He at 10.0 eV. The results are compared with theory and other experimental results with generally good agreement but with some noteworthy differences.
A packed Cytodex microbead array for three-dimensional cell-based biosensing.

Abstract A packed Cytodex 3 microbead array was fabricated as a simple three-dimensional (3-D) cell-based biosensing format. Resting membrane potentials and voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) function of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells cultured on the microbead array versus collagen-coated flat (2-D) substrates were evaluated by confocal microscopy with a potentiometric dye, tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester, and a calcium fluorescent indicator, Calcium Green-1. SH-SY5Y cells, differentiated with 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP and 2.5 μM 5-bromodeoxyuridine, showed significant resting membrane potential establishment on the topographical scaffolds in a period of 13 days into differentiation, in contrast to the previously reported insignificant resting membrane potential establishment of the same cells within collagen hydrogels. On days 2, 8 and 13 into differentiation, cells on collagen-coated flat substrates developed resting membrane potentials of −6.0 ± 19.5 mV ( n = 198), −30.5 ± 19.9 mV ( n = 191) and −21.7 ± 18.9 mV ( n = 308), in contrast to values for cells on 3-D scaffolds of −25.8 ± 14.7 mV ( n = 112), −37.6 ± 13.1 mV ( n = 120) and −28.7 ± 12.2 mV ( n = 158), respectively. The development of VGCC function, as measured by percentage of cells responsive to 50 mM high K + depolarization, was significantly slower for cells on 3-D scaffolds (20.0% on day 13 into differentiation) than for cells on 2-D substrates (30.7% on day 8 into differentiation). The exaggerated 2-D cell calcium dynamics, in comparison with those of 3-D cells, is consistent with previous 2-D/3-D comparative studies. This study established the rationale and feasibility of the microbead array format for 3-D cell-based biosensing.
Transition state for intramolecular C–H bond cleavage in [(LCu)2(μ-O)2]2+ (L = 1,4,7-tribenzyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane)

Hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical electronic structure calculations reveal the transition state for C–H bond cleavage in [(LCu)2 (μ-O)2]2+ (L=1,4,7-tribenzyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) to be consistent with a hydrogen-atom-transfer mechanism from carbon to oxygen. At the MPW1K/double-zeta effective core potential(+)|univeral force field level, 0 K activation enthalpies for the parent, p-CF3, and p-OH substituted benzyl systems are predicted to be 8.8, 9.5, and 7.8 kcal/mol. Using a one-dimensional Eckart potential to estimate quantum effects on the reaction coordinate, reaction in the unsubstituted system is predicted to proceed with a primary kinetic isotope effect of 22 at 233 K. Structural parameters associated with the hydrogen-atom transfer are consistent with the Hammond postulate.
Least squares matching problems

Abstract A large class of matching problems can be thought of in the following way. One is given a group G which acts on a Riemannian manifold and one is given two points x 1 and x 2 in the manifold. The problem is to find g ϵ G such that d ( g ( x 1 ), x 2 ) is as small as possible. If the group has finite cardinality, this is a combinatorial optimization problem whereas if G is a Lie group, one can use the calculus to obtain necessary conditions. Our main results establish circumstances under which one can relax the combinatorial problem to an appropriate Lie group problem and then solve it by the method of steepest descent. An interesting class of applications involves embedding the permutation group on n letters in the orthogonal group O ( n ) with the latter acting on R n ( n +1)/2 via a symmetricized tensor product. The convergence properties of the descent equation which arises in this way are analyzed in some detail.
Phase transition release, a new approach to the interaction of proteins with lipid vesicles. Application to lipoproteins.

To study the interaction of proteins with lipid bilayers, we have developed a new experimental approach based on the release of a water-soluble fluorescent dye from liposomes during scans through the lipid phase transition temperature. The fluorescence of carboxyfluorescein is quenched at high dye concentrations inside the vesicles but appears when the dye is released and diluted into the external medium. This new approach, phase transition release, is here applied to the interaction of serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins with liposomes (for the most part, small unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine). The major findings are these: (i) All of the lipoproteins and apolipoproteins tested induce a smooth, rapid release of carboxyfluorescein, essentially complete within a few seconds. HDL apolipoprotein induces 50% carboxyfluorescein release at a lipid/protein molar ratio of 3 400 : 1, whereas a ratio of 160 : 1 is required for native HDL. (ii) The interaction is all-or-none and irreversible. It involves a sufficient perturbation of bilayer structure to permit equal release of carboxyfluorescein (Mr 373) and inulin (Mr 5 500). In the case of HDL apolipoprotein, this release accompanies formation of a relatively homogeneous population of vesicular recombinant structures. Only at much higher protein/lipid ratios are the often-studied small, disc-shaped recombinants formed. (iii) Much more dye is released if the transition temperature is approached from below than if it is approached from above. (iv) Phase transition release is seen with multilamellar and reverse phase evaporation vesicles, though with patterns different from those seen with small unilamellar vesicles. (v) A large number of proteins are found not to induce phase transition release, even at concentrations of at least 1000-times those required for the HDL apolipoprotein effect. These include trypsin, chymotrypsin, pronase, bovine serum albumin (crystalline), ovalbumin, rabbit immunoglobulin G (and its F(ab)′2 and Fc fragments), rabbit immunoglobulin M, hemoglobin, hen lysozyme, synexin, ankyrin, myosin, and microtubule-associated proteins. Tubulin and actin, on the other hand, do induce phase transition release. In addition to its use for analysis of protein-bilayer interaction, phase transition release provides a way of reconstituting relatively water-soluble proteins into vesicles, under quantitative control and without detergent.
A method for goal understanding and self-generating will for humanoid robots

An intelligent robot has been developed which understands the goal a user wants to be performed, recognizes its environment, develops strategies to execute the goal and operates autonomously. By means of a speech recognition sensor the robot listens to a spoken command and derives the goal a user wants the robot to perform, i.e. to bring a specific object. Next, the robot uses its smart camera and other sensors to scan the environment and search for the demanded object. After it has found and identified the object, it grabs it and brings it to the user. Additionally, a method for generating a will is proposed. This enables the robot to operate optimally even under conflicting requirements.
KINETICS OF BINDING OF CALDESMON TO ACTIN

Abstract The time course of interaction of caldesmon with actin may be monitored by fluorescence changes that occur upon the binding of 12-(N-methyl- N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl))-labeled caldesmon to actin or to acrylodan actin. The concentration dependence of the observed rate of caldesmon-actin binding was analyzed to a first approximation as a single-step reaction using a Monte Carlo simulation. The derived association and dissociation rates were 107 Msand 18.2 s, respectively. Smooth muscle tropomyosin enhances the binding of caldesmon to actin, and this was found to be due to a reduction in the rate of dissociation to 6.3 s. There is no evidence from this study for a different mechanism of binding in the presence of tropomyosin. The fluorescence changes that occurred with the binding of 12-(N - methyl - N - (7 - nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl))-labeled caldesmon to actin or actin-tropomyosin were reversed by the addition of myosin subfragment 1 as predicted by a competitive binding mechanism.
Helping patients who say they cannot sleep. Practical ways to evaluate and treat insomnia.

PREVIEWWhy do some people spend most of the night tossing and turning while others drop off as quickly as a cat in the sun? There are many possible explanations for problems with falling and staying asleep and, sometimes, patients actually get a lot more sleep than they think they do. Each type of insomnia has its own set of symptoms, which can be used, along with appropriate diagnostic tools, to help in identification. In this article, Dr Attarian describes differential diagnosis and summarizes the best treatment approaches to the common causes of insomnia.
Women in recovery discuss parenting while addicted to cocaine.

PURPOSE: To identify what women recovering from cocaine addiction think is needed of them to be good parents. DESIGN: An exploratory descriptive design using in-depth, semistructured interviews, conducted in the woman's home or in a treatment center. Demographics and pregnancy history were collected during the interview. A convenience sample of 11 mothers recovering from cocaine addiction participated. RESULTS: Content analysis was used to analyze the interview data. Five themes emerged from the interviews: lack of structure, abandonment, impatience/anger, lack of parenting knowledge, and repeating dysfunctional patterns from family of origin. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Women addicted to cocaine who are parenting children need strong encouragement from the healthcare system to begin a recovery program and also to gain parenting skills. Discussions of child development and parenting stresses should be included during the recovery process from addiction because lack of parenting knowledge might be a major barrier for them. This study can help nurses to provide improved care for women who are parenting children while using cocaine or other drugs. Language: en
Quality of rearing guides expression of behavioral and neural seizure phenotypes in EL mice.

Abstract The present studies employed behavioral and neural markers of seizure-related plasticity to examine the relative contributions of genetic predisposition versus rearing environment in generating adult phenotypes in EL mice, a stress-induced animal model of epilepsy. Early environment was manipulated by cross-fostering pups of the EL strain to a seizure-resistant CD-1 control strain of mouse. The impact of changes in rearing quality on growth, exploratory and stress-reactivity phenotypes were examined, with a focus on the role of maternal care in shaping seizure susceptibility and neural cFos activation. Improvement in maternal care imposed by replacing biological EL dams with foster CD-1 mothers was sufficient to decrease pup mortality, to increase body weight gain (+ 0.1 g/day) and to delay the onset of seizure susceptibility in EL offspring beyond post-natal day 80–90. Moreover, hypoactivity in hippocampus and cortex among EL offspring cross-fostered to EL, but not CD-1 control, dams suggests that changes in rearing environment were accompanied by enduring changes in brain plasticity. Thus, neural and behavioral phenotypes of EL mice are dependent upon post-partum maternal care which if systematically enhanced can postpone seizure expression.
Foraging and Spatial Memory in Wild Weddell’s Saddleback Tamarins ( Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli ) When Moving Between Distant and Out-of-Sight Goals

Two main types of cognitive maps, route-based and coordinate-based, have been proposed to explain how animals navigate through their environments. We examined patterns of feeding and ranging in Weddell’s saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli) in northern Bolivia to assess which type of cognitive map best explains the tamarins’ movement patterns in large-scale space, e.g., when moving between distant and out-of-sight goals. We observed the tamarins for 236 h over the course of 32 d and used a GPS unit to record the location of nighttime sleeping sites and feeding trees and the locations of individuals at 10-min intervals. Based on an evaluation of 109 travel segments of >20 m in which the monkeys traveled from the tree of one major feeding species to another without stopping to rest, forage for insects, or interact with neighbors, we calculated a circuity index (actual distance traveled divided by the straight-line distance) of 1.43. We also plotted the monkeys’ daily movement patterns using GIS software. These analyses showed that tamarin travel was not random, that a limited set of route segments (N = 29) was reused on multiple occasions, and that certain areas of the forest appeared to serve as switch points (N = 9) where the monkeys reoriented travel. These results support the contention that the tamarins encoded the spatial relationships among many feeding and sleeping sites in their home range, and navigated in large-scale space using a route-based spatial representation. These results are consistent with those reported for a variety of primate taxa, suggesting that many primate species reuse a familiar set of travel routes and switch points to orient in large-scale space.
Relationships of hypnotic susceptibility to paranormal beliefs and claimed experiences: implications for hypnotic absorption.

This study examined the relationships of hypnotic susceptibility level to belief in and claimed experience with paranormal phenomena. The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) and the Inventory of Paranormal Beliefs and Experiences were administered on consecutive days to 43 undergraduate students (14 men, 29 women) at a midwestern university. A significant multiple correlation was obtained (r = .55, p < .001). A partial correlation between hypnotic susceptibility and belief in paranormal phenomena was also significant (r = .53, p < .001), while hypnotic susceptibility was not found to be significantly related to claimed paranormal experiences. Implications of these relationships for the role of absorption in hypnosis are discussed.
Diabetic Neuropathy in the Elderly

Neuropathy is the most common symptomatic chronic complication in diabetic patients and accounts for substantial morbidity in the diabetic population. It is predominently a disease of the older diabetic population, and shows a progressive course with limb amputation as the final end-point of the disease.
Classical control revisited: Variations on a theme

Many powerful tools for automated controller synthesis now exist. However, classical control concepts are still very useful, because they often allow the designer to more readily employ engineering knowledge when making design trade-offs. This paper presents some recently developed compensator structures that are useful for loop shaping. The complex Proportional- Integral-Lead compensator is a variation of the cascade of of PI compensator and a lead compensator in which complex conjugate zeros provide additional design flexibility compared with the standard structure. Similarly the phase adjustable resonant compensator employs complex conjugate zeros to adjust the phase of at the resonant frequency making design with resonant compensators easier. The utility of these structures is demonstrated with a disk drive example.
Reversible Photo-Bleaching of Chlorophyll in Rigid Solvents

CHLOROPHYLL solutions undergo a reversible ‘bleaching’ when strongly irradiated1,2. Possible explanations for the effect have postulated the formation of a long-lived excited state of the dye followed by a dismutation reaction between excited and normal dye molecules2,3, or a red ox reaction between the excited dye and solvent4. To date, work on the photo-bleaching reaction has been carried out at room temperature in fluid solvents, and has dealt with changes in the red absorption band.
Soliton solutions to the gauged nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the plane.

A gauged, nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation in two spatial dimensions is considered. This equation describes nonrelativistic matter interacting with Chern-Simons gauge fields. We find explicit static, self-dual solutions that satisfy the Liouville equation.
Categories of interval-valued fuzzy sets

We study two categories, both having interval-valued fuzzy sets as objects. One has certain functions between the domains as morphisms and the other is expanded to include certain relations between the domains as morphisms. We describe some of the basic properties of each of these categories. We lift t-norms and negations to the category with relations. The t-norms are used to define a “tensor product” on that category.
Prolegomenos sobre publicaciones electrónicas de Poesía en lengua española

This paper reviews selected electronic publications devoted to Spanish poetry. lt also seeks to identify changes and innovations which new media are introducing into the poetic communication process. This is not an exhaustive study, nor does it pretend to be representative of the many diferent resources available. We have only selected those resources which are relevant to our focusing purposive sample, in other words.
Partial purification of the scrapie agent from mouse brain by pressure disruption and zonal centrifugation in sucrose-sodium chloride gradients

Abstract The low speed supernatants of pressure-disrupted mouse scrapie brains were fractionated either directly (Experiment 1) or after differential ultrafiltration (Experiment 2) by isopycnic centrifugation in buffered sucrose gradients. In Experiment 1, 86% of the recovered scrapie infectivity was concentrated in three peaks of densities, 1.19, 1.26, and 1.29 grams/ml. After ultrafiltration, Experiment 2, 87% of the recovered infectivity was distributed heterogeneously from density 1.14 to 1.24 grams/ml. Although the infectivity regions contained considerable uv 260- and 280-nm absorbing material, the absorbance profiles did not suggest any obvious correlation with the infectivity peaks. The three lysosomal (n-acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase) and one mitochondrial (INT-succinate reductase) enzyme activities assayed banded at lower densities than the infectivity peaks. Electron microscopy revealed smooth vesicular membranes and mitochondrial fragments in all regions containing high infectivity.