cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity Patterns of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in Southern Texas

Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are increasing in abundance and geographic distribution throughout North America. Our objectives were to determine daily and hourly activity patterns. We placed global-positioning-system collars on 25 wild boars from two sites in southern Texas. Wild boars at both sites displayed highly nocturnal activity patterns, and during the dormant and early growing season, activity increased with rising temperatures. RESUMEN—Los jabalo ´s (Sus scrofa) estan incrementando su abundancia y distribucion geografica en toda Norteamerica. Nuestros objetivos fueron determinar los patrones de actividad po rd o y por hora. Colocamos collares con sistemas de posicionamiento global en 25 jabalo ´s en dos sitios al sur de Texas. Jabalo ´s en ambos sitios mostraron patrones de alta actividad nocturna, y durante la temporada de inactividad y crecimiento temprano, la actividad se incrementocon el aumento de la temperatura.
Statistical and Algorithmic Perspectives on Randomized Sketching for Ordinary Least-Squares

We consider statistical and algorithmic aspects of solving large-scale least-squares (LS) problems using randomized sketching algorithms. Prior results show that, from an algorithmic perspective, when using sketching matrices constructed from random projections and leverage-score sampling, if the number of samples r much smaller than the original sample size n, then the worst-case (WC) error is the same as solving the original problem, up to a very small relative error. From a statistical perspective, one typically considers the mean-squared error performance of randomized sketching algorithms, when data are generated according to a statistical linear model. In this paper, we provide a rigorous comparison of both perspectives leading to insights on how they differ. To do this, we first develop a framework for assessing, in a unified manner, algorithmic and statistical aspects of randomized sketching methods. We then consider the statistical prediction efficiency (PE) and the statistical residual efficiency (RE) of the sketched LS estimator; and we use our framework to provide upper bounds for several types of random projection and random sampling algorithms. Among other results, we show that the RE can be upper bounded when r is much smaller than n, while the PE typically requires the number of samples r to be substantially larger. Lower bounds developed in subsequent work show that our upper bounds on PE can not be improved.
Long-Term Influence of Calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D) and Supplemental Phosphate in X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets

Ten patients with hypophosphatemic rickets (eight with X-linked familial form) were treated with vitamin D2 (10,000 to 75,000 units per day) and oral phosphate (1.5 to 3.6 gm) for a total of 438 treatment months. Therapy was then changed to calcitriol (17 to 34 ng/kg/day) and the same phosphate dose. Patients served as their own controls, and significant biochemical changes noted were an increase in immunoreactive parathyroid hormone from 29 +/- 9 (SD) microliters Eq/ml (pre-phosphate) to 62 +/- 34 on vitamin D2 plus PO4, then decreasing to 40 +/- 20 on a regimen of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) plus PO4; serum PO4 rose from 2.44 +/- 0.45 (SD) mg/100 ml to 3.06 +/- 0.79 and then to 3.43 +/- 0.76; alkaline phosphatase activity decreased from 677 +/- 298 (SD) IU/liter to 457 +/- 183 to 290 +/- 176. Serum calcium and creatinine levels were unchanged. Both urinary calcium excretion and calcium-creatinine ratio decreased after therapy with 1,25(OH)2D. Urinary phosphate excretion was higher after calcitriol administration. Serum 1,25(OH)2D levels were low in these vitamin D2-treated patients, and an inverse relationship between serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D was found. Improved bone mineralization was evident from serial assessment by photon absorptiometry, and radial bone mineral content rose from 75.3% +/- 2.2% of expected to 82.2% +/- 1.4% (P less than .005). Stature was improved when assessed by standard deviation for chronologic age but did not reach statistical significance. Long-term 1,25(OH)2D plus phosphate therapy appears to be more efficacious than vitamin D2 in this form of rickets, particularly in improving phosphate homeostasis.
The subcellular localization of the G-protein Gi alpha in the basal ganglia reveals its potential role in both signal transduction and vesicle trafficking.

The G-protein Gi is known to mediate signal transduction in cells by coupling its 41 kDa alpha-subunit to plasma membrane-bound receptors and inhibiting adenylyl cyclase or affecting ion channel function. Although this G-protein has been functionally associated with D2/dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in striatal membranes, its localization to neurons of the neostriatum, a brain region rich in adenylyl cyclase activity, has not been established. Light and electron microscopic study of the basal ganglia was conducted using the immunoperoxidase method and an antiserum directed against the alpha- subunit of Gi. In the neostriatum, immunoreactivity was localized to medium-sized spiny and aspiny neurons and axon terminals that formed symmetric synapses. Some astrocytes and glial processes that encapsulated axospinous complexes were also labeled. Immunoreactive axon terminals were numerous in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, where they exhibited a dense pattern of distribution characteristic of neostriatal spiny projection neurons. Gi alpha immunoreactivity was distributed to multiple subcellular compartments. In neostriatal somata and dendrites, labeling was present intermittently along plasma membranes, and on rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. In axon terminals, reaction product appeared on plasma membranes and heavily labeled the membranes of synaptic vesicles. The presence of Gi alpha in axon terminals was confirmed in purified synaptosome preparations. G-proteins consistent with the masses of Go alpha and Gi alpha, respectively, were ADP- ribosylated in the presence of pertussis toxin in striatal synaptosomes. Western blot analysis in purified synaptosome preparations of the neostriatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra with the same antiserum used in the immunohistochemistry demonstrated a predominant 41 kDa protein corresponding to the molecular mass of Gi alpha. Immunohistochemical localization of Gi alpha with the immunogold method in a crude striatal synaptosome preparation showed gold particles associated with synaptic vesicles and plasma membranes. Results provide the first direct evidence that Gi alpha is localized to medium-sized neostriatal projection neurons and interneurons, where it is likely to function in membrane-bound signal transduction at the postsynaptic and presynaptic level. The presence of Gi alpha in synaptic vesicle membranes points to another potentially important role for this G-protein in vesicle trafficking, such as that recently shown for smaller-molecular-mass G-proteins.
The effect of gate drive topology on online silicon carbide MOSFET junction temperature sensing

The switching transient properties of conventional power semiconductors (Silicon MOSFET and IGBT) have been proposed for online junction temperature (T j ) sensing. This method utilizes the semiconductor T j dependent characteristics and the gate drive output dynamics. In this paper, the method is applied to wide bandgap power semiconductor, Silicon-Carbide (SiC) MOSFET. In order to demonstrate the SiC MOSFET T j sensing, de-capsulated SiC MOSFETs are implemented in an H-bridge. The SiC MOSFETs are driven by voltage source-based gate drive (VSG) and current source-based gate drive (CSG). The effect of using different gate drive topologies for this T j sensing method is compared based on different “gate drive — semiconductor” switching dynamic models. The “gate drive — semiconductor” dynamic model includes gate drive output stage, gate drive parasitics, SiC MOSFET intrinsic parameters, PCB parasitics, and a resistive load. Experimental results are compared with circuit LTSpice model simulation.
Effect of neuroactive steroids on [3H]flumazenil binding to the GABAA receptor complex in vitro

Abstract Modulation of benzodiazepine receptor ligand binding to the GABAA receptor complex by the neuroactive steroids 3α-hydroxy-dihydroprogesterone (3α-OH-DHP) and 3α-hydroxycorticosterone (3α-THDOC) was assessed in an in vitro binding assay with the benzodiazepine antagonist [3H]flumazenil using rat cortical membranes. Neuroactive steroids, pentobarbital, GABA and bicuculline did not significantly affect flumazenil binding. However, the addition of neuroactive steroids significantly decreased the Ki of benzodiazepine agonists, including alprazolam, diazepam and clonazepam, indicating an increase in agonist affinity. Only the addition of 3β-OH-DHP, an inactive stereoisomer had no effect on the Ki of these agonists. The binding of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG 7142 was not significantly affected by these steroids, but the addition of GABA significantly increased the Ki of FG 7142 indicating a decrease in inverse agonist affinity. High concentrations of GABA or bicuculline were able to occlude the 3α-THDOC mediated decrease in alprazolam Ki, indicating a GABA dependent mechanism of binding enhancement. An advantage of using [3H]flumazenil is that neither the Kd nor the Bmax change in the presence of allosteric site modulators, permitting the simple and direct assessment of alterations in benzodiazepine ligand affinity for the GABAA receptor complex by neuroactive steroids.
Investigation of plasmonic enhancement in a quantum dot-in-a-well structure

Metallic metamaterial structures are used in nanophotonics applications in order to localize and enhance an incident electromagnetic field. We have theoretically and experimentally studied resonant coupling between plasmonic modes of an SRR array and a quantum dot-in-a-well (DWELL) heterostructure. The near-field distribution from the SRRs on the GaAs substrate was first modeled by electromagnetic simulations and optimized SRR dimensions for maximum nearfield coupling at the peak absorption were extracted. The DWELL sample with a ground state emission peak at 1240 nm was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The sample was uniformly covered with an array of SRRs, and patterned by standard electron-beam-lithography. In order to study the near field coupling of the plasmonic structure into the DWELL, optical characterization was performed on the SRR-DWELL heterostructure, including room temperature photoluminescence, and transmission measurement.
Direct measurement of phagolysosomal esterase activity.

A new method of directly measuring esterase activity within phagolysosomes has been developed. Decanoyl fluorescein- binding microspheres were prepared and phagocytosed by human peripheral neutrophils. Within phagolysoscmes lysosomal esterase hydrolyzed decanoyl fluorescein on the microspheres, causing the conversion of decanoyl fluorescein- binding microspheres (non-fluorescent) into fluorescein- binding microspheres (fluorescent). The activity of phagolysosomal esterase in intact neutrophils was assayed by the measurement of the fluorescence intensity without rupturing cells. By use of a flow cytometer, esterase activity within phagolysoscmes in single cells was measured.
Digital in-line holography to quantify secondary droplets from the impact of a single drop on a thin film

Digital in-line holography (DIH) is an optical technique which measures particle sizes and their three-dimensional (3D) positions and velocities. Here DIH and a recently proposed hybrid method of particle detection are applied to quantify the secondary droplets generated by the impact of a single drop on a thin film. By leveraging the expected symmetry between in-plane and out-of-plane velocities, experimental depth uncertainty is measured to be approximately 0.7 of the mean droplet diameter. Furthermore, comparison with previous measurements using alternative techniques shows good agreement with the measured temporal evolution of drop number, size, and velocity components. Finally, the power of DIH to extract the complex 3D morphology of the protruding jets is demonstrated.
Chemisorbed methyl as an intermediate surface species in the methanation reaction on nickel

Abstract The thermal decomposition of ethanol on Ni(111) provides an efficient source of CH3(ads) which rapidly hydrogenates to produce CH4(g). A comparison of the rate of production of ethanol-derived CH4(g) per Ni site with the turnover number in CH4(g) synthesis from CO(g)+ H2(g) on Ni(111) has been made. At 315 K, CH4(g) is evolved about 106 times more rapidly from a monolayer of decomposing ethanol than from CO(g)+H2(g) reactants. These results suggest that the rate limiting step(s) in CH4(g) synthesis from CO(g)+H2(g) exist at an earlier stage than the CH3(ads)+H(ads) → CH4(g) elementary process.
Transcriptional regulation of interleukin 3 gene expression in T lymphocytes

Abstract Interleukin 3 (IL-3 or multi-colony-stimulating factor) plays an important role in the hematopoietic response to inflammatory stimuli through its action on both immature and mature blood cells. Like other lymphokines, IL-3 is produced in response to activation of the T-cell receptor and protein kinase C pathways. By using nuclear run-on assays of quiescent and stimulated T-cell lines, we demonstrate that IL-3 gene expression is controlled, at least in part, at the level of transcription. Functional reporter gene analysis was used to delineate two regions of the IL-3 5' flanking sequence responsible for transcriptional stimulation. DNA binding proteins that potentially mediate these responses were then recognized by mobility-shift and DNase footprinting assays. One region responsible for transcriptional enhancement was localized to the sequence GATGAATAAT, the cognate site of a transcription factor, here termed NF-IL3-A. A second region of functional activity and protein binding was localized to a single transcription factor AP-1 site. In addition three functionally inhibitory regions were identified. These results, along with the further characterization of NF-IL3-A, will contribute to the understanding of IL-3 gene regulation in stimulated T cells.
Optical properties of aluminum oxynitrides deposited by laser-assisted CVD

Composition-dependent optical properties of (Al2O3)1−c−(AlN)c films deposited by the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (L-CVD) technique are investigated. Three distinct substrate temperature regions give rise to three distinct film compositions from A12O3, through oxynitride composites, and ultimately to A1N. Optical parameters of the films deposited on fused quartz substrates are deduced from spectrophotometric transmittance characteristics in the spectral region ranging from 0.18 to 3.5 μm. The optical energy gap of the films is determined from optical absorption spectra. Fourier transfer infrared spectra (4400–400 cm−1) are used to characterize the chemical composition of the films.
Lack of nuclear translocation of cytoplasmic domains of IL-2/IL-15 receptor subunits.

Some sensors of extracellular signaling molecules such as Notch and sterol response element binding protein (SREBP) receive ligand-induced intra-membrane proteolysis followed by nuclear translocation of their cytoplasmic domains to regulate gene expression programs in the nucleus. It has not been extensively examined whether ligand-induced intra-membrane proteolysis of type I cytokine receptors and nuclear translocation of cytoplasmic domains occur. Here, by using a sensitive reporter system, we examined this possibility for the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R) β-chain (IL-2Rβ) and the IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) α-chain (IL-15Rα). Flowcytometric analysis revealed that ligand stimulation does not induce nuclear translocation of their cytoplasmic domains. In addition, overexpression of the cytoplasmic domain of the common cytokine receptor γ-chain (γc) in an IL-2R-reconstituted Ba/F3-derived cell line did not affect any biological responses including cell survival, disproving potential roles of the cleaved cytoplasmic domain of γc as a signal transducer. Collectively, these results indicated that potential nuclear function of cleaved type I cytokine receptor subunits is not plausible.
Tropical Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures and Rainfall Variations in Subsaharan Africa

Abstract The most important patterns of normalized sea surface temperature (SST) departures in the tropical Atlantic are identified using principal component analysis. The first three eigenvectors of separate monthly and seasonal analyses over the period 1948 to 1972 produce similar patterns of SST variation. In addition, the first three monthly eigenvectors are shown to occur with equal frequency during the earlier part of this century from 1911 to 1939. The second eigenvectors of monthly and seasonal SST departures are significantly correlated with normalized sea level pressure (SLP) departures (also specified using principal component analysis) over the period 1948 to 1972. On monthly time scales, the strongest relationship is found with the SLP field leading the SST field by one month. The second SST eigenvectors are also shown to be significantly correlated with Sahel rainfall variations over the period 1948 to 1972. The SST-rainfall relationship for this recent period appears to be different from th...
Regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptors and assessment of their functional role in Burkitt's lymphoma cells

Abstract The status of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) in Daudi Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells was examined using a flow cytometric assay employing the fluorescent ligand DiI-LDL, and a radioligand-binding assay using [ 125 I]LDL. The binding is concentration-and time-dependent; and is specific, as judged by its competitive displacement in the presence of unlabeled LDL, and inhibition by heparin, EGTA, and 4°C incubation. The regulation of the receptor and its functional role were then explored. Our results suggest the following: (a) In sharp contrast to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, the LDLR levels in BL cells are basally elevated when cultured in fetal bovine serum (FBS) medium. (b) In accord with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, incubation in lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) medium further up-regulates the level of the receptor in BL cells, and co-incubation with LDL or 25-hydroxycholesterol down-regulates the receptor level. The magnitude of the up-regulation is significantly smaller than in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. (c) Northern blots using a plasmid-DNA probe for LDLR mRNA point to a similar pattern for message regulation as is observed in direct binding studies. (d) Although the LDLR level is constitutively high in BL cells, availability of LDL, unlike transferrin, is not a growth requirement since incubation of cells in LPDS medium does not prevent proliferation of these cells. (e) In contrast to anti-transferrin receptor antibody which results in apoptosis upon binding, anti-LDLR antibody does not inhibit growth or induce apoptosis. Our results suggest LDLR is expressed at a significantly higher level in BL cells than in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Although up-regulation and down-regulation of LDLR are observed, this applies only to a small population of LDLR. The bulk receptor population is significantly resistant to down-regulation. Furthermore, notable differences in the functional role of the LDLR are found relative to the transferrin receptor which is also up-regulated in BL cells.
Lineage Analysis Using Retroviral Vectors

Knowledge of the genealogical relationships of cells during development can allow one to gain insight into when and where developmental decisions are being made. Genealogical relationships can be revealed by a variety of methods, all of which involve marking a progenitor cell and/or a group of cells and then following the progeny. The use of replication-incompetent retroviral vectors for the analysis of lineal relationships in developing vertebrate tissues is described. An overview of the relevant aspects of the retroviral life cycle is given, and the strategies and current methods in use in our laboratory are described.
Prediction of chromatographic retention times for aromatic hydrocarbons

A quantitative model for predicting the retention times of various single- and multi-ring aromatic hydrocarbons (AH) and heteroatom-containing molecules in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented. The retention time behavior of 44 aromatic molecules containing one-, two-, and three-ring structures on a [3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)]propyl-silica column was investigated under subambient separation conditions. Substituent effects (their number, type, and position on the ring) on the retention behavior of these aromatic ring structures were also investigated. A quantitative structure−property relationship (QSPR) model elucidating the retention behavior of AH molecules was developed based on the obtained experimental data. It was found that the electronic properties of the molecule and its molecular geometry play a pivotal role in determining its retention in the HPLC column. The important electronic and geometric descriptors were identified using partial least squares analysis. The electronic pr...
The unprecedented 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip: a luminous blue variable star becomes a true supernova

Some reports of supernova (SN) discoveries turn out not to be true core-collapse explosions. One such case was SN 2009ip, which was recognised to be the eruption of a luminous blue variable (LBV) star. This source had a massive (50–80M⊙), hot progenitor star identified in pre-explosion data, it had documented evidence of preoutburst variability, and it was subsequently discovered to have a second outburst in 2010. In 2012, the source entered its third known outburst. Initial spectra showed the same narrow-line profiles as before, suggesting another LBV-like eruption. We present new photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2009ip, indicating that the 2012 outburst transitioned into a genuine SN explosion. The most striking aspect of these data is that unlike any previous episodes, the spectrum developed Balmer lines with very broad P-Cygni profiles characteristic of normal Type II supernovae (SNe II), in addition to overlying narrow emission components. The emission lines exhibit unprecedented (for any known nonterminal LBV-like eruption) full width at half-maximum intensity values of � 8000kms −1 , while the absorption components seen just before the main brightening had blue wings extending out to 13,000kms −1 . These velocities are typical of core-collapse SN explosions, but have never been associated with emission lines from a nonterminal LBV-like eruption. SN 2009ip is the first object to have both a known massive blue progenitor star and LBV-like eruptions with accompanying spectra observed a few years prior to becoming a SN. Immediately after the broad lines first appeared, the peak absolute magnitude of MV � 14.5 was fainter than that of normal SNe II. However, after a brief period of fading, the source quickly brightened again to MR = 17.5 mag in � 2 days, suggesting a causal link to the prior emergence of the broad-line spectrum. Once the bright phase began, the broad lines mostly disappeared, and the spectrum resembled the early optically thick phases of luminous SNe IIn. The source reached a peak brightness of 18 mag about 2 weeks later, after which broad emission lines again developed in the spectrum as the source faded. We conclude that the most recent 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip was the result of a true core-collapse SN IIn that occurred when the progenitor star was in an LBV-like outburst phase, and where the SN was initially faint and then rapidly brightened due to interaction with circumstellar material. The pulsational pair instability, LBV-like eruptions, or other instabilities due to late nuclear burning phases in massive stars may have caused the multiple pre-SN eruptions.
Disguised and Overt Unemployment in Underdeveloped Economies

Introduction, 279. — I. The basic postulate: the wage-work unit relationship, 280. — II. Disguised unemployment when institutional rigidities exist, 284. — III. A relaxation of institutional rigidities: overt unemployment, 288. — IV. Policy implications, 289. — V. A relaxation of the assumptions, 292. — VI. Comments on the literature: Leibenstein and Mazumdar, 295. — VII. Conclusions, 297.
Online budgeted matching in random input models with applications to Adwords

We study an online assignment problem, motivated by Adwords Allocation, in which queries are to be assigned to bidders with budget constraints. We analyze the performance of the Greedy algorithm (which assigns each query to the highest bidder) in a randomized input model with queries arriving in a random permutation. Our main result is a tight analysis of Greedy in this model showing that it has a competitive ratio of 1 - 1/e for maximizing the value of the assignment. We also consider the more standard i.i.d. model of input, and show that our analysis holds there as well. This is to be contrasted with the worst case analysis of [MSVV05] which shows that Greedy has a ratio of 1/2, and that the optimal algorithm presented there has a ratio of 1 - 1/e. The analysis of Greedy is important in the Adwords setting because it is the natural allocation algorithm for an auction-style process. From a theoretical perspective, our result simplifies and generalizes the classic algorithm of Karp, Vazirani and Vazirani for online bipartite matching. Our results include a new proof to show that the Ranking alforithm of [KVV90] has a ratio of 1 - 1/e in the worst case. It has been recently discovered [KV07] (independent of our results) that one of the crucial lemmas in [KVV90], related to a certain reduction, is incorrect. Our proof is direct, in that it does not go via such a reduction, which also enables us to generalize the analysis to our online assignment problem.
Induction of SOS functions: Regulation of proteolytic activity of E. coil RecA protein by interaction with DNA and nucleoside triphosphate

Damage to cellular DNA or interruption of chromosomal DNA synthesis leads to induction of the SOS functions in E. coli. The immediate agent of induction is the RecA protein, which proteolytically cleaves and inactivates repressors, leading to induction of genes they control. RecA protein modified by tif mutations allows expression of SOS functions in the absence of inducing treatments. We show here that tif-mutant RecA protein is more efficient than wild-type RecA protein in interacting with DNA and nucleoside triphosphate. This result suggests that formation of a complex with DNA and nucleoside triphosphate is the critical event that activates RecA protein to destroy repressors after SOS-inducing treatments, and that damage to cellular DNA promotes this reaction by providing single-stranded DNA or active nucleoside triphosphate or both. Since dATP is the most effective nucleoside triphosphate in promoting repressor cleavage, we suggest that it is the natural cofactor of recA protein in vivo.
A cryogenic impact probe for hypersonic low-density flows.

of 3.672 (9 = 90°) for the case of s = 0.1. As the distortion parameter e approaches zero, ve converges to 2.66 uniformly on 9, which is the exact result obtained for the undistorted internal boundary. Thus it is found that the maximum stress concentrations occur at the points where the angle is 90° and 270°, respectively, and they are approximately 36.8 percent higher than for the undistorted case when s = 0.1. If we take s = 0.01, in which case the ratio of semiminor to semimajor is 0.999, the maximum stress concentrations are approximately 2.3% higher. The distribution of hoop stress in the radial direction for various angles is given in Fig. 1. It shows that the magnitude of the hoop stress increases as 9 increases from 0° to 90° in the region re < r < 1.5, and decreases in the region 1.5 < r < 2 converging to the value for e = 0 case. Molecular Beam Apparatus
Spontaneous Formation of Ridges on Patterned Mesas and Their Role in the Evolution of

Mesa structures fabricated on Si(111) surfaces have been found experimentally to develop step arrays with large spacing of the order of a micron or more after annealing at temperatures where sublimation becomes important. Ridges around the edges initially develop during annealing and form barriers to step motion before eventually breaking down. This produces an array of steps of the same sign with a few wide terraces. Computer simulations using one dimensional Burton, Cabrera and Frank (BCF) theory including attachment-detachment rates and step-step repulsion for this configuration show that the terraces evolve under different dynamics depending on the terrace widths. For large terrace widths, sublimation dominates the step dynamics and the Ehrlich-Schwoebel effect is negligible. Sinusoidal terrace width distributions result in this case. The experimentally measured step distribution has such a sinusoidal shape suggesting that the step dynamics is sublimation dominated on the mesas after ridge breakdown.
The Global Diversity of Sea Pens (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea)

Recent advances in deep-sea exploration technology coupled with an increase in worldwide biotic surveys, biological research, and underwater photography in shallow water marine regions such as coral reefs, has allowed for a relatively rapid expansion of our knowledge in the global diversity of many groups of marine organisms. This paper is part of the PLoS ONE review collection of WoRMS (the Worldwide Register of Marine Species), on the global diversity of marine species, and treats the pennatulacean octocorals, a group of cnidarians commonly referred to as sea pens or sea feathers. This also includes sea pansies, some sea whips, and various vermiform taxa. Pennatulaceans are a morphologically diverse group with an estimated 200 or more valid species, displaying worldwide geographic and bathymetric distributions from polar seas to the equatorial tropics and from intertidal flats to over 6100 m in depth. The paper treats new discoveries and taxa new to science, and provides greater resolution in geographic and bathymetric distributions data than was previously known, as well as descriptions of life appearances in life and in situ observations at diverse depth.
On the relationship between radiative entropy and temperature distributions

Abstract The Earth can be viewed as a complex nonequilibrium system that exchanges primarily radiative energy and entropy with its surroundings. The energy balance equation provides an important constraint on the distribution of outgoing radiation since the net global energy exchange will be close to zero over some appropriately long time interval. The entropy of the radiation does not obey such a conservation law, instead the outgoing entropy irradiance is much greater than the incoming amount. Most of this increase in the entropy flux is due to the conversion of short wavelength photons from a small solid angle into longer wavelength photons that are emitted nearly isotropically. If the entropy irradiance is calculated with sufficient precision, it is possible to relate it to the distribution of radiative temperature over position, direction, wavenumber and polarization spaces. The radiative entropy decreases as the variance of the radiative temperature distribution increases over any of the four spaces...
New technology and new roles: the need for “corpus editors”

Digital libraries challenge humanists and other academics to rethink the relationship between technology and their work. At the Perseus Project, we have seen the rise of a new combination of skills. The “Corpus Editor” manages a collection of materials that are thematically coherent and focused but are too large to be managed soley with the labor-intensive techniques of traditional editing. The corpus editor must possess a degree of domain specific knowledge and technical expertise that virtually no established graduate training provides. This new position poses a challenge to humanists as they train and support members of the field pursuing new, but necessary tasks.
Genomic organization of the mouse and human genes encoding the ATP sulfurylase/adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase isoform SK2.

Mammalian ATP sulfurylase/adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS) kinase consists of kinase and sulfurylase domains, and catalyzes two sequential reactions to synthesize the universal sulfate donor, phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate (PAPS). In simpler organisms, the ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase reactions are catalyzed by separate enzymes encoded by two or three genes, suggesting that a fusion of separate genes during the course of evolution generated the bifunctional enzyme. We have characterized the genomic structure of the PAPS synthetase SK2 isoform genes for mouse (MSK2) and human (HSK2) and analyzed the possible fusion region. The MSK2 and HSK2 genes exhibit a common structure of 13 exons, including a 15-nucleotide alternatively spliced exon 8. Enzyme activities of several bacterially expressed exon assemblages showed exons 1–6 encode APS kinase, while exons 6–13 encode ATP sulfurylase. The MSK2 construct without the exon 6-encoded peptide showed no kinase or sulfurylase activity, demonstrating that exon 6 encodes sequences required for both activities. Exon 1 and its 5′-flanking sequence are highly divergent between the two species, and intron 1 of the HSK2 gene contains a region similar to the MSK2 promoter sequence, suggesting that it may be the remnant of a now-superceded regulatory region. The HSK2 promoter contains a GC-rich region, not present in the mouse promoter, and has few transcription factor binding sites in common with MSK2. These differences in the two promoter regions suggest that species-specific mechanisms regulate expression of the SK2 isoform.
Heme oxygenase-1: redox regulation of a stress protein in lung and cell culture models.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may contribute to tissue damage in many pathophysiological conditions and participate in physiological signaling processes. The mechanisms by which cells sense prooxidant states, and activate signaling pathways leading to adaptive responses, remain incompletely understood. Bacteria contain several transcriptional regulators (e.g., OxyR) and a low-molecular-weight heat shock protein (HSP33), whose activity increases upon oxidation of critical sulfhydryl residues. These proteins participate in cellular adaptation to oxidative stress. In higher organisms, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been widely studied as a model for redox-regulated gene expression. Expression of HO-1 responds to chemical and physical agents that directly or indirectly generate ROS. Depletion of cellular reduced glutathione may act as a signal for HO-1 transcriptional activation. Furthermore, antioxidants and metal-chelating compounds can modulate HO-1 expression. Several signaling molecules (e.g., mitogen-activ...
The template properties of some oligodeoxynucleotides containing cytidine and guanosine

the co-condensation of guanosine- and cytidine-5′-phospho-2-methylimidazolide on various oligodeoxynucleotides containing C and G has been studied. We find that GC7 is an effective template for the incorporation of C into products of the form GnC, whereas C7G does not act as a template for C incorporation. The template C3GC3GC3GC3 directs the synthesis of complementary products, but the yield of long oligomers is very small. Templates in which G residues are contiguous or separated by a single C residue are ineffective, while templates containing the sequence GCCG are very inefficient. The significance of these findings in the context of prebiotic chemistry is discussed.
The Behavioral Economics and Neuroeconomics of Reinforcer Pathologies: Implications for Etiology and Treatment of Addiction

The current paper presents a novel approach to understanding and treating addiction. Drawing from work in behavioral economics and developments in the new field of neuroeconomics, we describe addiction as pathological patterns of responding resulting from the persistently high valuation of a reinforcer and/or an excessive preference for the immediate consumption of that reinforcer. We further suggest that, as indicated by the competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory, these patterns of pathological choice and consumption result from an imbalance between two distinct neurobehavioral systems. Specifically, pathological patterns of responding result from hyperactivity in the evolutionarily older impulsive system (which values immediate and low-cost reinforcers) and/or hypoactivity in the more recently evolved executive system (which is involved in the valuation of delayed reinforcers). This approach is then used to explain five phenomena that we believe any adequate theory of addiction must address.
The geochemistry of cadmium in some sedimentary rocks

Abstract The cadmium contents of 11 shales, 11 sandstones, 7 limestones, 14 metamorphic rocks and 28 stream sediments, all from Pennsylvania, were determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. On the basis of these cadmium values and those in the literature, cadmium is found to be enriched in dark shales and soils, depleted in red shales, sandstones and limestones, and about the same in stream sediments as in most igneous and metamorphic rocks and the crust. In stream sediments, cadmium correlates most significantly with zinc, followed by carbon, weight loss on ignition, cobalt, readily extractable lead and manganese. Examination of the correlation plots and of an Eh-pH diagram indicates that the primary cause of cadmium enrichment in the sedimentary environment is the adsorption and/or complexation of cadmium with organic matter followed by the accumulation of organic debris in a reducing depositional environment.
Effects of benzodiazepines on taste aversions in a two-bottle choice paradigm

Diazepam (DZ) and chlordiazepoxide (CDP) were tested for their ability to antagonize LiCl-established conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) to saccharin in a two-bottle free-choice paradigm. CTAs to saccharin were established in male Sprague-Dawley rats on a chronic fluid-deprivation schedule by the administration of LiCl (3 mEq/kg, IP) following a forced-choice exposure to a novel saccharin solution (0.1%, w/v). Three days later, rats were provided with a two-bottle choice presentation of saccharin and distilled water. Conditioned rats drank distilled water almost exclusively while unconditioned animals preferred saccharin. Pretreatment with DZ (6, 9, 12 mg/kg, IP) and CDP (12 mg/kg, IP) significantly increased the saccharin intake of conditioned rats indicating an attenuation of the manifestation of the CTA. While these results are consistent with the known disinhibitory effects of benzodiazepines, alternative mechanisms involving polydipsia or interactions with the taste characteristics of saccharin could not be excluded. Both hypertonic saline (16%, w/v NaCl) and Barbital Sodium (100 mg/kg) produced polydipsia without attenuating CTAs suggesting that the two-bottle procedure is capable of distinguishing between polydipsic effects and anti-aversion effects for these drugs.
Photochemical reactivity of ferritin for Cr(VI) reduction

The iron storage protein ferritin was used to catalyze the photoreduction of aqueous Cr(VI) species to Cr(III). Ferritin is a 24 subunit protein of roughly spherical shape with outer and inner diameters of approximately 12 and 8 nm, respectively. The native mineral core of ferritin is the ferric oxyhydroxide ferrihydrite (Fe(O)OH). Fe(O)OH particles that were used in these experiments ranged from 5 to 7.5 nm in diameter. The ferritin protein without the Fe(O)OH core (i.e., apoferritin) was inactive toward Cr(VI) reduction under our experimental conditions, suggesting that the Fe(O)OH provided the active catalytic sites in the redox chemistry. Experiments using photon band-pass filters suggested that the reaction occurred out of a photoinduced electron−hole pair and the optical band gap for the Fe(O)OH semiconductor was determined to be in the range 2.5−3.5 eV. Comparison of ferritin and protein-free Fe(O)OH mineral nanoparticles indicated that ferritin provided a photocatalyst with significantly more stab...
Active MR guidance of interventional devices with target-navigation.

This project incorporated a novel inductive coupling structure of three micro coils into an invasive device tip to determine both its tip position and orientation. Moreover, with the introduction of a new target-navigation technique the MR scan plane was defined automatically by the invasive device orientation and target tissue location. A time domain multiplexing technique was applied for simultaneous MR imaging and device tracking. Using these techniques, the acquired MR images always showed both the invasive device and its target tissue. Thus, roadmap images and their potential misregistration errors were avoided. A graphical user interface (GUI) was also designed to assist interventional physicians in monitoring and guiding the insertion of the interventional device. Ex vivo phantom and in vivo animal experiments were performed to test this new technique. The methods developed in this project provide a new active technique for interventional device guidance using MRI. Magn Reson Med 44:56-65, 2000.
The Routh-Hurwitz method for stability determination of linear differential-difference systems†

Abstract The characteristic quasipolynomial for a linear differential-difference system is replaced by a regular polynomial to which standard stability tests for finite dimensional systems can be applied. The Routh-Hurwitz stability test is then used to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability of time-delay systems independent of the length of the delay.
Topological Gauge Theory and Twistors

Abstract By use of harmonic superfields, Witten's topological gauge theory is written as a field theory on a supertwistor space. Further, using the realisation of complex compactified Minkowski space as a quadric in CP5, we show that the theory has a simple formulation in terms of analytic superfields on super-CP5 × CP3.
Professional Development: A Key to Kentucky's Educational Reform Effort.

Abstract Despite its essential role in educational reform, professional development typically does not receive adequate support in systemic reform efforts. This article presents an exception—a state that incorporated professional development as a central priority in its reform effort and four schools that used state resources to build their capacity for enacting the reform agenda. We describe central features of Kentucky's approach to professional development, characterize elements of professional development within the four schools, and discuss how these elements promoted three dimensions of school capacity: individual teachers’ knowledge, skills, and dispositions; professional community; and program coherence. Based on this “image of the possible,” we offer recommendations for professional development that supports systemic, standards-based educational reform.
Jason Smiles: Incremental BDI MAS Learning

This work deals with the problem of intentional learning in a multi-agent system (MAS). Smile (sound multi-agent incremental learning), a collaborative learning protocol which shows interesting results in the distributed learning of well known complex boolean formulae, is adopted here by a MAS of BDI agents to update their practical reasons while keeping MAS-consistency. An incremental algorithm for first-order induction of logical decision trees enables the BDI agents to adopt Smile, reducing the amount of communicated learning examples when compared to our previous non-incremental approaches to intentional learning. The protocol is formalized extending the operational semantics of AgentSpeak(L), and implemented in Jason, its well known Java-based extended interpreter.
Consistency of two-step sample selection estimators despite misspecification of distribution

Abstract This note shows that a two-step sample selection estimator, with a linear correction term, can be consistent for regression coefficients despite misspecification of distribution. It is also shown that this result does not extend to nonlinear correction terms.
The status of experiments at Fermi national accelerator laboratory

Abstract A summary is given of the status of experiments at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory as of January 1, 1976. This information is also compiled in a way that describes the overall extent of the experimental research program.
Ca 2+ -induced tropomyosin movement in Limulus thin filaments revealed by three-dimensional reconstruction

The steric model of muscle regulation holds that tropomyosin strands running along thin filaments move away from myosin-binding sites on actin when muscle is activated. Exposing these sites would permit actomyosin interaction and contraction to proceed. This compelling and widely cited model is based on changes observed in X-ray diffraction patterns of skeletal muscle following activation. Although analysis of X-ray patterns can suggest models of filament structure, unambiguous interpretation is not possible. In contrast, three-dimensional reconstruction of thin-filament electron micrographs could, in principle, offer direct confirmation of the predicted tropomyosin movement, but so far tropomyosin in skeletal muscle has been resolved definitively only in the 'on' state but not in the 'off' state. Thin filaments from the arthropod Limulus have a similar composition to those from vertebrate skeletal muscle, and troponin-tropomyosin is distributed in both species with the same characteristic 38-nm periodicity. Limulus thin filaments activate skeletal muscle myosin ATPase at micromolar Ca2+ concentrations and confer a high calcium dependence on the enzyme. Arthropod and vertebrate troponin subunits form functional hybrids in vitro and the respective tropomyosins are functionally interchangeable, arguing for a common mechanism of thin-filament-linked regulation in the two phyla. Here we report that tropomyosin is readily resolved in native filaments of troponin-regulated Limulus muscle in both the 'on' and 'off' states, and demonstrate tropomyosin movement, providing support for the importance of steric effects in muscle activation.
Quantum Control of Single Spins and Photons in Diamond: Towards Solid-state Implementation of Quantum Repeaters

The complex environment of solid-state quantum bits is generally believed to pose a difficult challenge for solid state realizations of quantum information science. Close study of single electronic spins associated with the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has shown how a complex environment -- in this case a spin-bath formed by carbon-13 isotopic impurities -- may be understood and even controlled. Specifically, we show that optical and microwave excitation of the NV center can be used to perform robust initialization, manipulation, and measurement of the two-qubit register formed by the electronic spin and its nearest-neighbor carbon-13 nuclear spin. These few-qubit registers may be used as a basis for scalable quantum information systems provided that one can identify a means to connect different registers. For an optically active system such as the NV center, photons provide a natural medium for inter- register communication, and we discuss initial experiments studying the possibility of quantum optical interconnects. Such an optically-connected few-qubit register offers a flexible hardware for both quantum computation and long-distance quantum communication; in particular, it may allow realization of a solid-state quantum repeater.
Trotsky and Development Theory in Latin America

Elaboration of four concepts in the thought of Trotsky (backwardness, combined and uneven development, permanent revolution, and socialist transition and revolution) that are useful in understanding developmental theory and their relevance to theories of capitalist development, underdevelopment, and dependency, as prominently manifested in Latin America during the last half of the 20th century. Identification of Trotskyist movements and their splinter tendencies. Examination of principal theorists and their ideas, with emphasis on Argentine and Brazilian thought and their relevance to developmental theory.