cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 16 – Bone Proteinases

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on proteinases in bones, which can be classified into four groups including metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, such as plasminogen activator, cysteine proteinases, and aspartic proteinases. This subdivision is based on the structure and the catalytic mechanism of the active site involving particular amino acid residues and/or zinc. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an important group of neutral proteinases, which are believed to be involved in bone growth and bone remodeling. According to structural and functional characteristics, human MMPs can be classified into at least six different subfamilies of closely related members, which include collagenases, type IV collagenases (gelatinases), stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs (MTMMPs), and other MMPs. All matrix metalloproteinases are active at neutral pH, require Ca2+ for activity and contain Zn2+ in their active site. Metalloproteinases are secreted or inserted into the cell membrane in a latent form, caused by the presence of a conserved cysteine residue in the prosegment, which completes the tetrad of zinc bound to three other residues in the active site. The plasminogen activator (PA)/plasmin pathway is involved in several processes, including tissue inflammation, fibrinolysis, ovulation, tumor invasion, malignant transformation, tissue remodeling, and cell migration. The PA/plasmin pathway is also thought to be involved in bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The pathway results in the formation of plasmin, another neutral serine proteinase, which degrades fibrin and the extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycans. Cysteine proteinases contain an essential cysteine residue at their active site that is involved in forming a covalent intermediate complex with its substrates. The enzymes are either cytosolic or lysosomal, where the latter have an acidic pH optimum and make up the majority of the cathepsins.
A Native Bee, Melissodes tepaneca (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Benefits Cotton Production

The cotton agroecosystem is one of the most intensely managed, economically and culturally important cropping systems worldwide. Native pollinators are essential in providing pollination services to a diverse array of crops, including those which have the ability to self-pollinate. Cotton, which is autogamous, can potentially benefit from insect-mediated pollination services provided by native bees within the agroecosystem. Examined through two replicated experiments over two years, we hypothesized that native bees facilitated cross-pollination, which resulted in increased lint of harvested bolls produced by flowers exposed to bees and overall lint weight yield of the plant. Cotton bolls from flowers that were caged and exposed to bees, flowers that were hand-crossed, and bolls from flowers on uncaged plants exposed to pollinators had higher pre-gin weights and post-gin weights than bolls from flowers of caged plants excluded from pollinators. When cotton plants were caged with the local native bee Melissodes tepaneca, seed cotton weight was 0.8 g higher on average in 2018 and 1.18 g higher on average in 2019 than when cotton plants were excluded from bees. Cotton production gains from flowers exposed to M. tepaneca were similar when measuring lint and seed separately. Cotton flowers exposed over two weeks around the middle of the blooming period resulted in an overall yield gain of 12% to 15% on a whole plant basis and up to 24% from bolls produced from flowers exposed directly to M. tepaneca. This information complements cotton-mediated conservation benefits provided to native pollinators by substantiating native bee-mediated pollination services provided to the cotton agroecosystem.
Human pose estimation based in-home lower body rehabilitation system

In this paper, we design, develop and evaluate an in-home lower body rehabilitation system based on a novel lightweight human pose estimation model. To achieve that, we first create a lower body rehabilitation dataset of 500,000 images with each image annotated with the ground truth joint point locations. The dataset consists of 31 different types of lower body rehabilitation activities from twenty volunteers. After that, we design a lightweight but powerful neural network model, which runs on a smartphone, to estimate human pose. Furthermore, we develop a series of principles for evaluating in-home rehabilitation activities of patients in terms of the range of motion and duration of activities. For the concern of privacy, all the data collected from patients are encrypted, stored and processed locally on patients’ own smartphones. Only the sanitized evaluation reports are uploaded and shared with the patients’ primary doctors. Our model achieves 70.8 in AP score on the COCO val2017 set with only 4.7M parameters and 1.0 GFLOPs. Using our system, patients can perform lower body rehabilitation activities at home and obtain evaluation report without the presence of physical therapists. We believe our system can greatly facilitate in-home rehabilitation and reduce the cost for patients.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis as a Side Effect of Food Oral Immunotherapy

Food allergies (FAs) include a spectrum of immune-mediated serious and potentially life-threatening medical conditions with an overall estimated prevalence ranging from 4% to 8% in the U.S. and Europe. Significant progress in food allergen-specific immunotherapy has been accomplished over the past 10 years. The most studied strategy has been oral immunotherapy (OIT), also known as food desensitization, a treatment in which a child is slowly and deliberately given a small amount of the food to ingest (that previously was a food allergy trigger) with the ultimate goal of the child eating that food without a reaction. OIT is now recommended in the European guidelines for the treatment of milk, egg, and peanut allergies and was the first American Food Drug Administration (FDA) approved product for the prevention of severe reaction to peanuts in 4-17 year olds to be released on the market. The side effects associated with OIT treatment trials are mild to moderate, predominantly oropharyngeal, and easily treated. More severe reactions, such as generalized urticaria/angioedema, wheezing/respiratory distress, laryngeal edema, and repetitive emesis, have been reported. However systemic reactions are very rare. Low-dose immunotherapy is associated with significantly fewer side effects. Currently, its most limiting allergic side effect is that approximately 10-15% of subjects treated with OIT experience gastrointestinal symptoms, preventing the continuation of therapy. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has also been reported as a cause of persistent abdominal symptoms in OIT.
Trained Immunity and Reactivity of Macrophages and Endothelial Cells

Innate immune cells can develop exacerbated immunologic response and long-term inflammatory phenotype following brief exposure to endogenous or exogenous insults, which leads to an altered response towards a second challenge after the return to a nonactivated state. This phenomenon is known as trained immunity (TI). TI is not only important for host defense and vaccine response but also for chronic inflammations such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis. TI can occur in innate immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, endothelial cells (ECs), and nonimmune cells, such as fibroblast. In this brief review, we analyze the significance of TI in ECs, which are also considered as innate immune cells in addition to macrophages. TI can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including lipopolysaccharides, BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin), and oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein), which are defined as risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, TI in ECs is functional for inflammation effectiveness and transition to chronic inflammation. Rewiring of cellular metabolism of the trained cells takes place during induction of TI, including increased glycolysis, glutaminolysis, increased accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and acetyl-coenzyme A production, as well as increased mevalonate synthesis. Subsequently, this leads to epigenetic remodeling, resulting in important changes in chromatin architecture that enables increased gene transcription and enhanced proinflammatory immune response. However, TI pathways and inflammatory pathways are separated to ensure memory stays when inflammation undergoes resolution. Additionally, reactive oxygen species play context-dependent roles in TI. Therefore, TI plays significant roles in EC and macrophage pathology and chronic inflammation. However, further characterization of TI in ECs and macrophages would provide novel insights into cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
Interpolation Problems of A. F. Leontiev Type

In this paper, we discuss free interpolation in the spaces of entire and analytic finite-order functions in the upper half-plane. A review of problems and basic results related to such problems is given. Solvability criteria are formulated in terms of canonical products of interpolation nodes and in terms of the measure determined by these nodes.
Respect for Human Subjects: Ethics in Research Design

Respect for human subjects serves as a foundation for the development and assessment of ethics in clinical research. In the past, however, significant violations of this principle have taken place. Responding to these atrocities, numerous guiding documents, including the Declaration of Helsinki and the Belmont Report, were created to establish a framework for the regulation of modern research design. These documents establish specific interpretations of respect for human subjects in clinical research and highlight the crucial role of voluntary participation and informed consent in this context. However, modern research design must still be subject to scrutiny and reevaluation. In this chapter, modern clinical research scenarios that exist in a sort of “ethical gray area” are explored in a case-based format. These include the role of placebo-controlled trials for diseases with well-accepted treatments, off-label clinical use of accepted treatments, and front-door consents. Because clinical research maintains a delicate balance between benefit for an individual and benefit for a population, the potential for harm to, or loss of respect for, research participants must be constantly considered.
The Illegal Experimental Tobacco Marketplace I: Effects of Vaping Product Bans

OBJECTIVES Banning vaping products may have unintended outcomes, such as increased demand for illegal products. This study experimentally examined the effects of a vaping ban and a flavored vaping ban on the probability of purchasing illicit vaping products, and factors affecting purchasing from a hypothetical illegal marketplace. METHODS A crowdsourced sample of exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive e-cigarette users, and frequent dual users (n = 150) completed hypothetical purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace under three conditions (no ban, vaping ban, and flavored vaping ban). Participants chose to purchase in a hypothetical legal experimental tobacco marketplace (LETM) or illegal experimental tobacco marketplace (IETM). Vaping products were available in each marketplace depending on the condition. Other tobacco products were always available in the LETM. A hypothetical illicit purchase task with five fine amounts assessed the effect of monetary penalties. RESULTS Participants from all groups were more likely to purchase from the IETM when product availability in the LETM was more restricted, with e-cigarette users being most affected. The likelihood of purchasing illegal products was systematically decreased as monetary penalties associated with the IETM increased, with e-cigarette users showing greater persistence in defending their illicit purchases. CONCLUSIONS Restricting vaping products from the marketplace may shift preference towards purchasing vaping products in the illegal marketplace. Nevertheless, penalties imposed on consumer's behavior might be effective in preventing illicit trade. The IETM is a methodological extension that supports the utility and flexibility of the ETM as a framework for understanding the impact of different tobacco regulatory policies. IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that limiting or banning vaping products as a possible strategy to reduce the adverse effects of vaping products could result in some tobacco-users seeking banned products from illegal sources. Monetary fines were shown to reduce illegal purchases. Therefore, policymakers should consider implementing strategies that may mitigate illegal purchases.
Transcriptional Inflammatory Signatures Differentiate Baseline Health from Acute Pain in Sickle Cell Disease Patients

Severe unpredictable acute pain and chronic daily pain causes significant morbidity for individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is shown to be a chronic inflammatory disorder. Regulation of the immune response can potentially modulate the inflammatory impact on pain in SCD. We sought to determine the balance between patients’ inflammatory and immune regulatory response and examine whether this balance changes during acute SCD pain. We conducted a cross sectional analysis involving 3 cohorts: 16 SCD patients in baseline health, 27 SCD patients during acute pain and 45 healthy African American controls. Participant plasma was co-cultured with cryopreserved PBMCs from a healthy donor to induce transcription. We identified transcripts that differentiate SCD patients from healthy controls and retained ones differentially expressed that exhibit a fold change >1.4, ANOVA p-value of
The Cambridge Introduction to Walter Benjamin

Preface 1. Biography: a life displaced 2. Contexts 3. Works 4. Critical reception Guide to further reading Index.
Exergy Analysis of a Pulse Detonation Power Device

Recent research has been developed in thermodynamic analysis of pulse detonation engines. However, the focus of contemporary work is on thrust production for propulsion systems. The present work develops an exergy analysis of a pulse detonation power device. The objective of this analysis is to quantify the efficiency, in terms of availability, of a power device operated by detonation. This study considered the fuel availability and the losses in the system. Losses are due to irreversibilities during processes and due to availability transfer. The Second Law or exergetic efficiency was computed based on the fuel availability. The device modeled here embraces a low pressure compressor, a check valve, a detonation chamber, a two stage turbine and a generator. The results are then compared with the exergetic efficiency applied to deflagration systems. Data for detonation and deflagration were obtained from C.E.A. code (McBride and Gordon, 1994), using two different hydrocarbon fuels: methane (CH4) and propane (C3H8). The results of this study show that detonation is a much more energetic process than deflagration, and the exergy analysis makes clear that this device is efficient for power generation.
BRUSH as a Walkthrough System for Architectural Models

Brush provides an interactive environment for the real-time visualization and inspection of very large mechanical and architectural CAD databases. It supports immersive and non-immersive virtual reality walkthrough applications (for example, when validating or demonstrating to a customer an architectural concept) and detailed design reviews of complex mechanical assemblies such as engines, plants, airplanes, or ships.
The constraining effects of initial ideas.

The first ideas to be considered during creative idea generation can have profoundly constraining effects on the scope of the ideas that are subsequently generated. Even if initial ideas are intended to serve as helpful examples, or they are given simply to get the creative process going, the constraints of initial ideas may be inescapable. Such constraints can impede successful problem solving and inhibit creative invention. Overcoming these constraints can be enhanced by reconsidering initially failed problems in new contexts. Empirical research examining cognitive mechanisms for these constraints is discussed.
Clinical Use of Laboratory Data: A Practical Guide. D. Robert Dufour. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1998, 599 pp. $49.00. ISBN 0-683-18017-7.

According to its Preface, this book is intended to assist practicing primary care physicians and physicians-in-training in the appropriate selection and interpretation of laboratory tests. This stated focus, however, should not deter laboratorians from giving this book strong consideration. The book is divided into six parts: the Introduction, Chemical Pathology, Hematologic Pathology, Diagnosis and Monitoring of Infections, Immunology, and Factors Effecting Laboratory Tests. The Introduction (chapters 1–3) covers some of the fundamental aspects of laboratory testing, including reference ranges, causes for variation in laboratory testing, and evaluating the usefulness of laboratory tests. The Introduction effectively presents the origins and limitations of reference ranges and sources of preanalytical variability. The Chemical Pathology section (chapters 4–23) covers the major areas …
Tripod Hole Geometry Performance for a Vane Suction Surface Near Throat Location

Film cooling performance depends strongly on the hole exit geometry, blowing ratio, and hole location. The goal of this study is to evaluate film cooling geometries that can provide better protection over the suction surface of the airfoil beyond the throat region. This study compares the performance of standard cylindrical; fan-shaped (10° flare/laidback); tripod hole geometry (15° breakout angle); and tripod holes with shaped exits (5° flare on 15° tripod). Film cooling holes are located just upstream of the throat region on the suction side of an airfoil. The airfoil is a scaled up first stage vane from GE E3 engine and is mounted on a low speed linear cascade wind tunnel. A range of blowing ratios from 0.5 to 2.0 was covered for a cylindrical hole, while ensuring all other hole geometries run under similar mass flow rate conditions. Steady state IR (Infra-Red) technique was employed to measure adiabatic film cooling effectiveness. Results show that the tripod holes with and without shaped exits provide much higher film effectiveness than cylindrical and slightly higher effectiveness than shaped exit holes using 50% lesser cooling air while operating at the same blowing ratios. Effectiveness values up to 0.2–0.25 are seen 40-hole diameters downstream for the tripod hole configurations thus providing cooling in the important trailing edge portion of the airfoil.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
FrzE of Myxococcus xanthus is homologous to both CheA and CheY of Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract Myxococcus xanthus exhibits multicellular development. The "frizzy" (frz) mutants are unable to complete the developmental pathway. Instead of forming fruiting bodies, these mutants form tangled filaments of cells. We have previously shown that four of the frz gene products are homologous to enteric chemotaxis proteins and have proposed that the frz genes constitute a signal-transduction pathway that controls the frequency at which cells reverse their gliding direction. We show here that frzE encodes a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 83 kDa. FrzE is homologous to both CheA and CheY of Salmonella typhimurium, which are members of a family of "two-component response regulators." It is thought that the modulator components autophosphorylate and transfer a phosphate group to their cognate effector components. FrzE contains an unusual (alanine plus proline)-rich region that might constitute a flexible hinge facilitating phosphate transfer between functional domains. We suggest that FrzE is a second messenger that relays information between the signaling protein FrzCD and the gliding motor.
Role of stem cells in melanoma progression: hopes for a better treatment

Although multiple genetic lesions and dysregulated signaling pathways have been identified in melanoma as potential pharmacological targets, currently no treatments exist that can effectively combat disseminated melanoma, suggesting that perhaps the proper targets are not being recognized. Recently, a small subpopulation of stem-like cells has been isolated from melanomas that posess many attributes of cancer stem cells, exhibiting unlimited self-renewal capacity, differentiation into various cell types and induction of tumor formation with small cell numbers. Thus, considerable interest lies in determining whether melanomas are derived from transformed melanocyte stem or progenitor cells, or from the transformation of more mature melanocytes that have acquired stem cell properties. Questions have also arisen as to whether these melanoma cancer stem cells should be specifically targeted for therapy. It is probable that, the development of new strategies is required that target both the main population of ...
Effect of Radio-Frequency Fields on Mössbauer Spectra

The effect of a radio-frequency field on M\"ossbauer spectra is reconsidered. Both the ground and the excited state of the source nuclei are simultaneously exposed to the rf magnetic field. As an example, the effect of the rf field on $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ nuclei in a source with magnetic splitting (detected by a single-line absorber) is discussed in detail for two experimental geometries. M\"ossbauer spectra taken at a constant velocity, but with varying radio frequency, show that the main features can be understood in terms of two-quantum processes (rf-induced transitions between the magnetic sublevels preceding or subsequent to the emission of a $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ quantum), as long as the rf amplitude is small compared to the static magnetic field at the nucleus.
Ultrasound-guided needle localization of the saphenous nerve for removal of neuroma in the infrapatellar branches: technical report.

Background Neuromata formation in the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN) has been well described as a potential complication of arthroscopic knee surgery and knee trauma. Resection has been proven to provide improvement of pain and increased range of motion. Currently, physical examination and surgical exploration based on anatomic landmarks are the standard for intraoperative localization of IPBSN neuromas. Objective To demonstrate the anatomy of the IPSBN and the use of preoperative ultrasound and needle placement for localization of the nerve before sectioning. Methods Using both anatomic dissections and the combination of preoperative ultrasound and curved-needle placement, we demonstrate the technical nuances to localize the IPBSN before operative section. Results Cadaveric dissection is used to illustrate the main trunk of the IPSBN and its branches. In 2 cases, ultrasound guidance was effectively used to localize the saphenous nerve and its branches and facilitate the operative treatment of patients with symptomatic IPBSN neuromas. Conclusion Ultrasound is a widely accepted and commonly utilized imaging modality; however, in this report, ultrasound-guided needle localization was used to aid in the resection of neuromas of small, painful sensory nerves.
A two-layered mesh array for matrix multiplication

Abstract A two-layered mesh array for matrix multiplication is presented. It computers the matrix product faster than the standard array.
Driving impairs talking

It is well known that conversation (e.g, on a cell phone) impairs driving. We demonstrate that the reverse is also true: Language production and comprehension, and the encoding of the products of comprehension into memory, are less accurate when one is driving. Ninety-six pairs of drivers and conversation partners engaged in a story-retelling task in a driving simulator. Half of the pairs were older adults. Each pair completed one dual-task block (driving during the retelling task) and two single-task control blocks. The results showed a decline in the accuracy of the drivers’ storytelling and of their memory for stories that were told to them by their nondriving partners. Speech production suffered an additional cost when the difficulty of driving increased. Measures of driving performance suggested that the drivers gave priority to the driving task when they were conversing. As a result, their linguistic performance suffered.
Child Welfare Worker Perception of the Implementation of Family-Centered Practice

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of Family-Centered Practice (FCP) among child welfare workers who are expected to use FCP principles in their work with children and...
A Systems Approach to Lower Cost Missions: Following the Rideshare Paradigm

Small-satellite rideshare capabilities and opportunities for low-cost access to space have been evolving over the past 10 years. Small space launch vehicle technology is rapidly being developed and demonstrated, including the Minotaur series and the Space X Falcon, among others, along with the lower cost launch facilities at Alaska’s Kodiak Launch Complex, NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility, and the Reagan Test Site in the Pacific. Demonstrated capabilities for the launch of multiple payloads have increased (and continue to increase) significantly. This will allow more efficient and cost-effective use of the various launch opportunities, including utilizing the excess capacity of the emerging Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV)-based missions. The definition of standardized interfaces and processes, along with various user guides and payload implementation plans, has been developed and continues to be refined. Top-level agency policies for the support of low-cost access to space for small experimental payloads, such as the DoD policy structure on auxiliary payloads, have been defined and provide the basis for the continued refinement and implementation of these evolving technologies. Most importantly, the coordination and cooperative interfaces between the various stakeholders continues to evolve. The degree of this coordination and technical interchange is demonstrated by the wide stakeholder participation at the recent 2008 Small Payload Rideshare Workshop, held at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility. This annual workshop has been the major platform for coordination and technical interchange within the rideshare community and with the various sponsoring agencies. These developments have provided the foundation for a robust low-cost small payload rideshare capability. However, the continued evolution, sustainment, and utilization of these capabilities will require continued stakeholder recognition, support, and nourishing. Ongoing, coordinated effort, partnering, and support between stakeholders is essential to acquire the improved organizational processes and efficiencies required to meet the needs of the growing smallpayload community for low-cost access to space. Further, a mix of capabilities developed within the space community for Operationally Responsive Space, an international committee investigating space systems cross-compatibility, and an industry-based organization seeking small satellite “standardization” all work toward a new paradigm: sharing or leveraging resources amongst multiple users. The challenge: where are those users, and what is the best way to leverage them? What is leveraged—mass, power, cost-sharing? And how does one sort through these options? What policies may prevent the use of some options? Who are the “other users” that might share or leverage capabilities? This paper presents a systematic look at both the users and the launch options, and suggests a way forward.
Improving 5-year-olds' narrative recall and comprehension

After viewing a brief segment from a dramatic movie and discussing it with an adult, 66 5-year-old children retold the story they had seen. Their stories contained more advanced narrative features—problem complications, interpersonal conflicts, internal states, and moral issues—than would be expected of children this age based on the available research literature and than were included in the stories of a comparison group of 14 children who did not discuss the movie with an adult. Children who discussed the movie with an experimenter following a structured “pedagogical protocol” told more complex and detailed stories than those who discussed the movie informally with their mothers. The pedagogical protocol consisted of a set of questions that focused the child's attention on critical facts and feelings in the movie from beginning to end and corrections given in response to the child's misunderstandings. When children discussed the movie with their mothers, those whose mothers spontaneously used more questions and corrections like the ones in the pedagogical protocol exhibited significantly better recall of objective actions and higher levels of narrative comprehension than those whose mothers used fewer questions and did not correct the children's misunderstandings.
A characterization of cycle-free unit probe interval graphs

A graph is a probe interval graph (PIG) if its vertices can be partitioned into probes and nonprobes with an interval assigned to each vertex so that vertices are adjacent if and only if their corresponding intervals overlap and at least one of them is a probe. PIGs are a generalization of interval graphs introduced by Zhang for an application concerning the physical mapping of DNA in the human genome project. PIGs have been characterized in the cycle-free case by Sheng, and other miscellaneous results are given by McMorris, Wang, and Zhang. Johnson and Spinrad give a polynomial time recognition algorithm for when the partition of vertices into probes and nonprobes is given. The complexity for the general recognition problem is not known. Here, we restrict attention to the case where all intervals have the same length, that is, we study the unit probe interval graphs and characterize the cycle-free graphs that are unit probe interval graphs via a list of forbidden induced subgraphs.
Background genes mediate the development of autoimmunity in or (NZB × BIO.PL)F1 mice

Abstract The (NZB × NZW)F1 mouse develops a lupus-like disease including anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies and renal disease. It has been demonstrated that genes linked to the H-2 locus contributed by NZW correlate with development of this disease. We investigated whether mice with identical class II molecules but different background genes could contribute to autoimmunity when crossed with NZB. We report that two strains, PL J and BIO.PL, when crossed to NZB, do not result in F1 with autoimmunity. Therefore, background genes present in NZW but not in PL J or BIO.PL contribute to the development of disease.
Foreground:background salience: Explaining the effects of graphical displays on risk avoidance

Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine the mechanisms underlying the graphical effect identified by Stone, Yates, and Parker (1997) , in which graphical formats for conveying risk information are more effective than numerical formats for increasing risk-avoidant behavior. Two experiments tested whether this graphical effect occurred because the graphical formats used by Stone et al. highlighted the number of people harmed by the focal hazard, causing the decisions to be based mainly on the number of people harmed (which we label the “foreground”) at the expense of the total number of people at risk of harm (which we call the “background”). Specifically, two graphical formats were developed that displayed pictorially both the number of people harmed and the total number at risk, and use of these display formats eliminated the graphical effect. We thus propose that the previously discussed graphical effect was in fact a manifestation of a more general foreground:background salience effect, whereby displays that highlight the number of people harmed at the expense of the total number of people at risk of harm lead to greater risk avoidance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Evolution and Normative Scepticism

It is increasingly common to suggest that the combination of evolutionary theory and normative realism leads inevitably to a general scepticism about our ability to reliably form normative beliefs. In what follows, I argue that this is not the case. In particular, I consider several possible arguments from evolutionary theory and normative realism to normative scepticism and explain where they go wrong. I then offer a more general diagnosis of the tendency to accept such arguments and why this tendency should be resisted.
Combining Formal Controls to Improve Firm Performance

Formal controls are an essential part of organizational design, and are theorized to positively influence organizational performance. Mello and Hunt ([2009] Transportation Journal, 48:20–39) were the first to suggest using formal controls to influence truck drivers' behavior. Extending the salesperson control literature, they documented an underresearched method of formal control that we term technology control, whereby firms use on-board and communications technology to influence drivers. We build on their work by investigating the contingent effects of formal controls that influence the behavior of truck drivers and thereby influence the operational performance of firms in the U.S. motor carrier industry. Our work integrates the monitoring aspect of agency theory with the theory of operant conditioning and the theory of psychological reactance to develop a rationale for hypothesized contingent effects of formal controls on motor carriers' operational performance. We collected primary data pertaining to the controls used to influence truck drivers' behavior from a large sample of U.S. motor carrier firms. The results of our analyses using nonlinear structural equation modeling suggest a complex set of relationships between formal controls and operational performance. Our results shed light on scenarios where using technology to monitor driver behavior can result in positive and/or negative organizational outcomes.
Identifying in vivo DCE MRI Parameters Correlated with ex vivo Quantitative Microvessel Architecture: A Radiohistomorphometric Approach.

We introduce a novel radiohistomorphometric method for quantitative correlation and subsequent discovery of imaging markers for aggressive prostate cancer (CaP). While this approach can be employed in the context any imaging modality and disease domain, we seek to identify quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) attributes that are highly correlated with density and architecture of tumor microvessels, surrogate markers of CaP aggressiveness. This retrospective study consisted of five Gleason score matched patients who underwent 3 Tesla multiparametric MRI prior to radical prostatectomy (RP). The excised gland was sectioned and quartered with a rotary knife. For each serial section, digitized images of individual quadrants were reconstructed into pseudo whole mount sections via previously developed stitching program. The individual quadrants were stained with vascular marker CD31 and annotated for CaP by an expert pathologist. The stained microvessel regions were quantitatively characterized in terms of density and architectural arrangement via graph algorithms, yielding a series of quantitative histomorphometric features. The reconstructed pseudo whole mount histologic sections were non-linearly co-registered with DCE MRI to identify tumor extent on MRI on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Pairwise correlations between kinetic and microvessel features within CaP annotated regions on the two modalities were computed to identify highly correlated attributes. Preliminary results of the radiohistomorphometric correlation identified 8 DCE MRI kinetic features that were highly and significantly (p<0.05) correlated with a number of microvessel parameters. Most of the identified imaging features were related to rate of washout (Rwo) and initial area under the curve (IAUC). Association of those attributes with Gleason patterns showed that the identified imaging features clustered most of the tumors with primary Gleason pattern of 3 together. These results suggest that Rwo and IAUC may be promising candidate imaging markers for identification of aggressive CaP in vivo.
‘I've Got to Make My Livin’: Black Women's Sex Work in Turn-of-the-Century Chicago

Cynthia M. Blair (2010), 344 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, $40.00). While Gilded Age and Progressive Era prostitution has not lacked for attention from historians, Cynthia Blair seeks to b...
Improved fluorescent compounds for tracing cell lineage.

Abstract In this note simple methods for the synthesis of several new fluorescent cell lineage tracers are described. These are fluorescent dextrans with average molecular weights of approximately 11 × 103, and with one or more fluorophore molecules covalently coupled to each dextran chain. These fluorescent dextrans are brighter than commercially obtainable products, and can be microinjected using either air-pressure injection or iontophoresis. They are long-lasting and have a uniform distribution in the cytoplasm of embryonic cells, clearly revealing very fine cell extensions such as cilia, axons, and filipodia. A method is also described for covalently attaching free amino groups to fluorescent dextran to make the tracers cofixable with cellular constituents by aldehyde treatment. Fluorescent dextran-amine tracers allow embryonic cell lineages to be studied in fixed, permeabilized, or sectioned embryos.
Michael B. Broe and Janet B. Pierrehumbert (eds.) (2000). Papers in laboratory phonology V: acquisition and the lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xiii+400.

Acquisition and the lexicon collects revised versions of nineteen primary papers and four commentaries presented at the 5th Conference on Laboratory Phonology, held at Northwestern University in July 1996. It is not possible to do justice to each paper in a collection this large and diverse, so individual papers will be discussed as they relate to three themes that emerge from the book as a whole: (i) the relationship between phonology and speech processing – this volume contains more papers on speech processing than its predecessors in the Laboratory Phonology series, which brings to the forefront questions about the relationship between phonological theory and theories of speech processing; (ii) the phonetics–phonology divide – a number of the phonology papers question the common assumption that phonetics and phonology are separate components of grammar; (iii) frequency effects – results are presented showing effects of the frequency of words and other phonological units in a striking variety of domains.
Targeting hepatic cancer cells with pegylated dendrimers displaying N-acetylgalactosamine and SP94 peptide ligands.

Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are branched water-soluble polymers defi ned by consecutive generation numbers (Gn) indicating a parallel increase in size, molecular weight, and number of surface groups available for conjugation of bioactive agents. In this article, we compare the biodistribution of N-acetylgalactosamine (NAcGal)-targeted [ 14 C] 1 -G5-(NH 2 ) 5 (Ac) 108 -(NAcGal) 14 particles to non-targeted [ 14 C] 1 -G5-(NH 2 ) 127 and PEGylated [ 14 C] 1 -G5-(NH 2 ) 44 -(Ac) 73 -(PEG) 10 particles in a mouse hepatic cancer model. Results show that both NAcGal-targeted and non-targeted particles are rapidly cleared from the systemic circulation with high distribution to the liver. However, NAcGal-targeted particles exhibited 2.5-fold higher accumulation in tumor tissue compared to non-targeted ones. In comparison, PEGylated particles showed a 16-fold increase in plasma residence time and a 5-fold reduction in liver accumulation. These results motivated us to engineer new PEGylated G5 particles with PEG chains anchored to the G5 surface via acid-labile cis-aconityl linkages where the free PEG tips are functionalized with NAcGal or SP94 peptide to investigate their potential as targeting ligands for hepatic cancer cells as a function of sugar conformation (α versus β ), ligand concentration (100-4000 nM), and incubation time (2 and 24 hours) compared to fl(Fl)-labeled and non-targeted G5-(Fl) 6 (NH 2 ) 122 and G5-(Fl) 6 -(Ac) 107 -( c PEG) 15 particles. Results show G5-(Fl) 6 -(Ac) 107 ( c PEG[NAcGal β ]) 14 particles achieve faster uptake and higher intracellular concentrations in HepG2 cancer cells compared to other G5 particles while escaping the non-specifi c adsorption of serum protein and phagocytosis by Kupffer cells, which make these particles the ideal carrier for selective drug delivery into hepatic cancer cells.
The pattern of neurogenesis in the retina of the rat.

The morphological features of the retina of neonatal rats have been analyzed with the rapid Golgi method in an attempt to provide some embryological observations crucial to the study of neuronal specificity in the visual connections. The retinal neurons and photoreceptors form from primitive epithelial cells that assume the characteristics of neuroblasts. Initially they extend from the internal to the external limiting layers. There is no evidence of free cellular migration or of cells resembling the neuroblast of His. While their perikarya are situated deep within the matrix zone, the first signs of differentiation appear at the external and internal limiting membranes, where the receptor inner segments and ganglion cell axons begin to form. Subsequently the perikarya move through the primitive epithelial processes to the prospective outer nuclear or ganglion cell layers. In the receptor cells, this is accompanied by the differentiation of the rods and cones and of the receptor fibers. In the ganglion cells, the perikaryal translocation is followed by the differentiation of the dendrites and the internal plexiform layer. The amacrine and bipolar cells follow a similar sequence of changes. The receptor outer segments form in conjunction with the processes of pigmented epithelial cells; the differentiation of the ganglion cell dendrites occurs in association with the formation of the amacrine and inner bipolar processes. The amacrine and ganglion cells begin to differentiate first, followed closely by the receptor cells and the bipolar cells. Muller's cells and astrocytes differentiate last. Horizontal cells were not studied. There is a gradient of differentiation, such that the axons and dendrites of the ganglion cells near the optic nerve head differentiate earlier than those located more peripherally. The implications of the findings for the analysis of the mechanisms controlling growth, differentiation, and neuronal specificity in the visual system are discussed.
Ash deposition in a wood-fired gas turbine

A small four-stage gas turbine was directly fired with woodchips using a novel downdraft, gravel-bed combustor for a total 250 hours of tests. The average turbine blockage due to deposits was 0.19 percent per hour. The composition of deposits was studied using plasma emission spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The main constituents of the deposits were CaO, MgO, and K{sub 2}SO{sub 4}. The deposits contained 5 to 15 percent potassium and 0.5 to 3 percent sulfur.
Immediate transbiliary embolization of a biliary-hepatic artery fistula encountered during access for percutaneous biliary drainage

The authors describe a case in which a biliary-hepatic artery fistula was created by a glidewire perforation during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and was successfully treated by embolization via the transbiliary tract. Great caution should be exercised to avoid perforation when a Terumo hydrophilic glidewire is used during biliary intervention.
Distortion of the vortex core during blade-vortex interaction

The effect of vortex distortion on the flow arising from the interaction of a convecting vortex and an airfoil is analyzed for two-dimensional, incompressible, inviscid flow. Significant distortion of the vortex structure, owing to interaction with the airfoil, can occur, especially during close interactions. The vorticity field is represented by multiple vortices. Vortex instability and diffusion, resulting from discretization in space and time, are discussed. An integral boundary element method is used to represent the airfoil surface. The body panels are re-distributed on the surface as the vortices are convected past to calculate the effect of the vorticity field more accurately. The method is applied to several cases to examine effects of vortex strength, distribution, initial separation position, and airfoil angle of attack. Calculations of vortex trajectory and distortion, and airfoil surface-pressure distribution, lift, drag, and circulation as functions of time are presented.
Early quality monitoring in the development of real-time reactive systems

The increasing trend toward complex software systems has highlighted the need to incorporate quality requirements earlier in the development cycle. We propose a new methodology for monitoring quality in the earliest phases of real-time reactive system (RTRS) development. The targeted quality characteristics are functional complexity, performance, reliability, architectural complexity, maintainability, and test coverage. All these characteristics should be continuously monitored throughout the RTRS development cycle, to provide decision support and detect the first signs of low or decreasing quality as the system design evolves. The ultimate goal of this methodology is to assist developers in dealing with complex user requirements and ensure that the formal development process yields a high-quality application. Each aspect of quality monitoring is formalized mathematically and illustrated using a train-gate-controller case study.
Carcinoma of the breast. Analysis of total lymph node involvement versus level of metastasis

The histologic presence of axillary lymph node metastasis is the most commonly used indicator or prognosis for patients with operable breast cancer. The record of 385 patients treated by 380 radical mastectomies between the years 1944 and 1972 were reviewed to clarify this. The axillary nodes recovered were evenly distributed. The median number of positive lymph nodes at each level was two; 50% had involvement of only one level. The number of lymph nodes identified increased with the number of positive nodes. When compared with similar patients, survival curves for those having a single involved node and also those having multiple metastatic nodes were similar whether the node were in the proximal, middle, or distal levels. The 10-year determinate survival for patients with fewer than five positive positive nodes was just under 50%. High positive nodal counts, or involvement of more than one level, were associated with local recurrence of disease.