cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locally versus globally interlayer-connected feed-forward neural networks: a performance comparison

During the past few years, artificial neural networks have been applied to problems such as pattern matching, associative memory recall, and optimization problems. A property common to all the network structures which have been proposed and studied is global interconnectivity among the neural processing nodes. While global interconnectivity presents few problems for implementing simulations of networks, it is a major factor which prohibits implementation using VLSI and or optical technology. In this paper, we present the results of a study which compares the performance of globally interlayer connected multi-layer neural networks with that of networks which employ local connections. The locally connected neural network contains multiple hidden layers and each neural processing node in a given layer connects to at most its three nearest neighbor processing nodes in the higher layer. The advantages of a locally connected network are reduced interconnection complexity, reduced I/O requirements for each neural processor node, and faster processing at each neural processing node. The locally connected and globally connected networks are compared with respect to training iterations, number of neural processor nodes needed, number of hidden layers needed, and error rate performance for a number of different problems.
What Would Sartre Say? And, Arendt's Reply?

In the liberal, western tradition, freedom means the absence of constraints, and liberty is considered to be self-determining. Nowhere is this tradition stronger than in the United States. Indeed, the First Amendment defends individual freedom from the government: "Congress shall make no law... prohibiting... abridging... [rights and freedoms]." In political theory, such a conception is defined as "negative rights," because it presupposes that persons have wrestled their rights from the state (Orend 2002:54; also see Berlin 1969). As the American Civil Liberties Union reminds Americans, we must be vigilant lest those rights are taken away. This liberal conception was advanced by prominent thinkers of the English Enlightenment, notably John Locke and Adam Smith, and by the 18th century, it expansively encompassed political and economic freedoms. We only need to recall the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution to understand that freedom provides the rhetorical framework for political life as well as for competitive capitalism. As a social creature, the emblematic American is independent and self-made, free and autonomous. There is abundant sociological documentation describing how freedoms play out in American economic life: the competitive drive to be more successful, richer, better housed and better heeled than others; acquisitive consumption; and materialism. Freedom in the American context also has to do with our ideas about competitive personal gain: to best the others and best the past. This is not the only conception of freedom. In some, if not most of the world, freedom is what lies beyond insecurities beyond the constraints of hunger, beyond civil unrest, and beyond meager subsistence. At the end of the rainbow, beyond these constraints, there will be choice and freedom. Thus, we have two very different conceptions of freedom. It is useful to pose critical questions about how the American conception has evolved and how it may be reconciled with other conceptions.
Substrate and Field Dependence of the SPINOE Transfer to Surface 13C from Hyperpolarized 129Xe

The substrate and field dependencies of surface SPINOE enhancements using optical pumping and magic angle spinning NMR were monitored. Relaxation rates and enhancements were examined to gain an understanding of the parameters that determine the SPINOE enhancement. (13)C-labeled deuterated methanol was adsorbed on three different substrates (SnO(2), TiO(2), Ti/SiO(2)) with heats of adsorption for xenon ranging from 14.2 to 22.6 kJ/mol. The different heats of adsorption led to a range of xenon coverages and xenon relaxation rates. Using a simple model along with experimental values for the xenon surface polarization and cross- and self-relaxation rates, the (13)C signal enhancement could be predicted and compared with experimental enhancement values. Magnetic field dependence studies were also made by monitoring the (13)C enhancements via SPINOE from hyperpolarized xenon at fields of 0.075, 4.7, and 9.4 T. The pertinent parameters necessary to achieve maximum SPINOE enhancement are discussed.
“Dilute-and-shoot” triple parallel mass spectrometry method for analysis of vitamin D and triacylglycerols in dietary supplements

A method is demonstrated for analysis of vitamin D fortified dietary supplements that eliminates virtually all chemical pretreatment prior to analysis, which is referred to as a “dilute-and-shoot” method. Three mass spectrometers, in parallel, plus a UV detector, an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD), and a corona charged aerosol detector (CAD) were used to allow a comparison of six detectors simultaneously. Ultraviolet data were analyzed using internal standard, external standard, and response factor approaches. The contents of gelcaps that contained 2,000 IU (50 μg) vitamin D3 in rice bran oil, diluted to 100 mL, were analyzed without the need for lengthy saponification and extraction. Vitamin D3 was analyzed using UV detection, extracted ion chromatograms, selected ion monitoring (SIM) atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS), and two transitions of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) APCI-MS. The internal standard, external standard, and response factor methods gave values of 0.5870 ± 0.0045, 0.5893 ± 0.0041, and 0.5889 ± 0.0045 μg/mL, respectively, by UV detection. The values obtained by MS were 0.6117 ± 0.0140, 0.6018 ± 0.0244, and 0.5848 ± 0.0146 μg/mL by SIM and two transitions of MRM, respectively. The triacylglycerols in the oils were analyzed using full-scan APCI-MS, electrospray ionization (ESI) MS, up to MS4, an ELSD, and a CAD. The method proved to be very sensitive for vitamin D3, as well as triacylglycerols (TAGs), allowing identification of intact TAGs containing fatty acids up to 28 carbons in length. LC-ESI-MS of glycerin polymers is also demonstrated.
Laser induced chemiluminescence of BCl3/H2S mixtures

Abstract Visible chemiluminescence has been observed from mixtures of BCl 3 and H 2 S when subjected to intense 10.6 μm radiation from a CO 2 laser. The spectrum of the emission is found to contain a molecular band structure superimposed on an underlying continuum. The visible fluorescence displays a strong dependence on the incident CO 2 laser power and a temporal component that is faster than gas collision times. The implications of this with regard to laser isotope separation are discussed.
CVD Synthesis of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes under ``soft" Conditions

A series of Fe and Fe/Mo catalysts, supported on alumina, were examined for Single-Walled Nanotube (SWNT) growth by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) in methane. Molybdenum (20 wt %) was found to provide a clear synergistic benefit, lowering the growth temperature and eliminating the need for catalyst activation in hydrogen. The dependence of the carbon mass yield and sample quality on the CVD growth conditions is discussed. Catalyst activity in both the oxide and reduced (metallic) form were investigated under low methane flow (40 cm3/min) and in the temperature range 600 < T < 900 °C. We found that the Fe/Mo oxide catalyst was active at temperatures as low as 680 °C. Under these “soft” conditions (680 °C, 40 cm3/min methane), the Fe-oxide catalyst (without Mo) was not active for tube growth, but it could be activated by an in situ reduction to metal in flowing He/(10% H2). Tube diameters in the range 0.7 to 1.7 nm were produced under most of the growth conditions studied, as determined by Raman scattering...
The national survey of Indian Vietnam veterans.

Largely through the efforts of Harold Barse and Frank Montour, Readjustment Counseling Service, a division of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, formed a working group to deal with the simple lack of information on Indian Vietnam veterans. Barse is founder of the Vietnam Era Veterans Inter-Tribal Association and a counselor for the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Vet Center. Montour is a Vet Center counselor in Lincoln Park, Michigan.
Probability distribution functions as descriptors for long range randomness in non-crystalline solids

Abstract Probability distribution functions (PDF) can be useful descriptors for the random structure of non-crystalline solids. The lognormal PDF has provided a good description of the distribution of interstitial site sizes in non-crystalline solids, both metallic and nonmetallic. The utility of this descriptor to characterize the ring statistics of vitreous silica under a wide range of pressures has been evaluated. In fact, the normal (Gaussian) PDF is a better descriptor for ring statistics for pressures up to 23 GPa. Although the average ring size is largely unchanged (slightly less than 6.0) over the entire pressure range, the standard deviation of the ring size distribution rises sharply at 9 GPa serving as a sensitive indicator of the onset of plastic deformation.
Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations

Abstract Backlash effects are defined as social and economic reprisals for behaving counterstereotypically (Rudman, L. A. (1998). Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 629–645). The present chapter outlines an impression-management dilemma that women face and describes the literature on backlash effects in organizations. Because women are perceived to be less competent, ambitious, and competitive (i.e., less agentic) than men, they may be overlooked for leadership positions unless they present themselves as atypical women. However, the prescriptive nature of gender stereotypes can result in negative reactions to female agency and authority (i.e., backlash). This dilemma has serious consequences for gender parity, as it undermines women at every stage of their careers. It also has consequences for organizations, as it likely contributes to female managers’ higher rates of job disaffection and turnover, relative to male counterparts. In addition to specifying the consequences of backlash for women and organizations, we consider potential moderators of backlash effects and the role that backlash plays in maintaining cultural stereotypes. Finally, we outline potential avenues for future research.
Code developments to improve the efficiency of automated MS/MS spectra interpretation.

We report the results of our work to facilitate protein identification using tandem mass spectra and protein sequence databases. We describe a parallel version of SEQUEST (SEQUEST-PVM) that is tolerant toward arithmetic exceptions. The changes we report effectively separate search processes on slave nodes from each other. Therefore, if one of the slave nodes drops out of the cluster due to an error, the rest of the cluster will carry the search process to the end. SEQUEST has been widely used for protein identifications. The modifications made to the code improve its stability and effectiveness in a high-throughput production environment. We evaluate the overhead associated with the parallelization of SEQUEST. A prior version of software to preprocess LC/MS/MS data attempted to differentiate the charge states of ions. Singly charged ions can be accurately identified, but the software was unable to reliably differentiate tandem mass spectra of +2 and +3 charge states. We have designed and implemented a com...
ERS‐1 and Almaz estimates of directional ocean wave spectra conditioned by simultaneous aircraft SAR and buoy measurements

Abstract The European Space Agency ERS‐1 C‐band V‐V polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and the Russian Almaz S‐band H‐H polarization SAR are compared for their wavenumber response to ocean wave fields existing on 23 November 1991 at the Grand Banks site of the North American ERS‐1 SAR Wave Spectra Validation Experiment. Two‐dimensional wave spectra from two Wavec heave, pitch and roll buoys and a Canadian CV‐580 aircraft C‐band V‐V polarization SAR are used to condition a linear modulation transfer model of wave imaging with SAR. A model of hydrodynamic modulation is included with the velocity bunching and tilt imaging mechanisms to better understand wind and wave interactions. Krogstad's quasi‐linear formulation of Hasselmann's ocean‐SAR integral transform is applied to model SAR velocity bunching and azimuth smearing. Narrow and broad bandwidth components of azimuth wavenumber response for the aircraft SAR are associated with, respectively, non‐linear and incoherent velocity smearing during Dop...
High-resolution spectroscopy in the 3-5 micron region with a small grating spectrometer

In continuation of work previously reported [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.44, 346 ( 1954)], a 150-line-per-mm Bausch and Lomb grating has been installed in a Perkin-Elmer Model 99 double-pass monochromator. With a lead-telluride cell as detector and a selenium-coated germanium filter to remove higher orders, high-resolution spectra have been measured over the range 3–5 microns. Rotational fine structure spacings of 0.3 cm−1 or less have been resolved, and wave numbers measured with a precision of 0.1 cm−1 or better. Calibration was done by means of higher orders of atomic lines, chiefly neon and argon. Precision of the measurements was sufficient to demonstrate that published data on methane and carbon dioxide in this region contain random errors. As an example of the usefulness of the instrumentation, it may be mentioned that rotational fine structure in cyclopropane and cyclopropane-d6 has been easily resolved and the C-C distance in the molecule determined as 1.524±0.014 A.
Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules: Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Natural Health Products

Abstract Modern biomolecular mass spectrometry has become invaluable in every aspect of biochemical research, owing to the development of soft ionization methods, and liquid chromatography-mass analyzer interface technologies, as well as advances in microelectronics and computers that allow for fast scan cycles and data management. The application of mass spectrometry in the natural health products industry is, however, sparse. Given the complexity of the chemical composition of these products, the use of mass spectrometry as a chromatographic detector is essential for the proper identification and quantification of their bioactive components. It is also important to monitor the fate of the bioactive components of natural health products during processing, as processing conditions may modify their structure and activity. Mass spectrometric evaluations of commercial health food products show that most products are lacking in quality, with respect to the composition of their active components, indicating th...
Rawls on justice as fairness

When I first encountered John Rawls' conception of "justice as fairness," I was wholly sympathetic. I interpreted his approach to be closely analogous, even if not identical, to that aimed at explaining the voluntary emergence of "fair games," with widely divergent applications. Stimulated by Frank Knight and, more directly, by Rutledge Vining (both economists who worked independently of and prior to Rawls), I sensed the possible extensions in the explanatory-descriptive power of models for "rules of games," derived in accordance with some criteria of "fairness." As readers of The Calculus of Consent recognize, Gordon Tullock and I employed such models in our derivation of the "logical foundations of constitutional democracy" (our subtitle), of a political structure not grossly divergent from that envisoned by the Founding Fathers and embodied in the United States Constitution, at least in its initial conception. For these, and other reasons, I looked forward to publication of Rawls' long-promised treatise.
Making Permanent Stocks of Dictyostelium

INTRODUCTIONDictyostelium discoideum is a unicellular eukaryote often referred to as a social ameba because it can form a multicellular structure when nutrients are depleted from the immediate environment of the cells. Dictyostelium can be grown axenically or in the presence of bacteria, either on agar plates or in suspension. Because Dictyostelium growth rates are relatively slow compared to those of bacteria or yeast, laboratories commonly maintain stocks of growing cultures in order to start experiments rapidly. However, it is important to remember that the genome of Dictyostelium, like that of any living organism, is subject to genetic modification. It is well documented that cell lines that are kept in culture for an extended period of time exhibit undesirable changes that yield unreliable experimental results (Hughes et al. 2007). Dictyostelium strains from different laboratories are known to contain various large genome duplications, presumably due to clone selection. Thus, good handling of the cells is essential. To obtain consistent results, new cultures must be started every 2-4 wk, and cultures should never be allowed to grow beyond 4 × 10(6) cells/mL. If overgrowth occurs, a new culture should be started. This protocol describes two methods for preparing long-term stocks of Dictyostelium, either as frozen cells or as spores.
Wax-Embedded Borehole Seismic Detector For High-Resolution Measurements

High resolution seismic measurements are now being extended well above the conventional frequency limit of about 150200 Hz to the kilohertz frequency range in applications such as interwcll seismic imaging, shallow reflectionsurveys, and reverse vertical seismic profiling. High-resolution measurements demand high-quality data; meaning widcband frequency response, the highest practical signal-to-noise ratio, precision response uncluttered by artifacts related to the source or detector plants, and more complele information content afforded by both compressional and shear wave measurements Artifact-free seismic measurements at frequencies up to about 2,003 Hz are needed if a projected highresolution limit on the order of one meter in spatial dimensions is to be realized in reservoir structure delineation, interwell sonic logging, and shallow reverse VSP applications. For this reason, we exammed the detector rcqmrement from an objective view as well as from a transitional view, secking, first, a practical methodology that could meet the various demands of high-resolution measurements. The result was a prototype reference detector capable of demonstrating state-of-the-art wide bandwidth response and data quality up to the high frequency limits of interest.
Kleist's Spy Writing, or the Autobiography of the Dash1

This paper examines the seven-month period between January and July 1807 that Heinrich von Kleist spent in French confinement on charges of espionage, and the Trauerspiel Penthesilea he wrote during that time. There exists no satisfactory account of the reasons for Kleist's travels at this inopportune moment (a Prussian officer on leave travelling to French-occupied Berlin!) and it remains unknown whether the French charges had any factual grounds. In his correspondence Kleist claims his innocence and denies any such accusations. But whether guilty or not he is taken prisoner, and for an indefinite amount of time. No international legislation protected captured spies at the time, and Kleist's suspension in this legal threshold without end date and in the absence of any legal defense is used in this paper to elucidate the letters he wrote from prison and the powerful and mysterious play he finished writing during this period. It is to these works, written from a place of imposed legal silence, that the paper refers as “spy writing.”
LIQUID SLOSHING IN SPHERICAL TANKS

Investigation of forced vibration characteristics of unbaffled and baffled spherical tanks partially filled with liquid
A Study Of Mathematics Anxiety in Pre-Service Teachers

The study investigated the changes in levels of mathematics anxiety among pre-service teachers in six different sections of a mathematics method courses for early childhood/elementary education pre-service teachers. The changes were a function of using Bruner’s framework of developing conceptual knowledge before procedural knowledge and using manipulatives and other activities to make mathematics concepts more concrete and meaningful. Data were collected using quantitative and qualitative measures. Two hundred forty-six pre-service teachers completed a 98-item Likert-type survey. Informal discussions, informal interviews, and questionnaire-guided narrative interviews were conducted with pre-service teachers. Data revealed a statistically significant reduction in mathematics anxiety in pre-service teachers (p < .001) who completed a mathematics methods course that emphasized Bruner’s model of concept development. Results of the study have implications for teacher education programs concerning how future teachers are trained, the measurement of mathematics anxiety levels among pre-service teachers, and the determination of specific contexts in which mathematics anxiety can be interpreted and reduced.
Anthrax capsule vaccine protects against experimental infection.

Abstract Efficacy of a poly-γ- d -glutamic acid anthrax capsule vaccine was assessed in a mouse model of infection. Capsule by itself was protective against lethal challenge with a toxin − , capsule + Bacillus anthracis strain. Conjugation of capsule to bovine serum albumin resulted in enhanced IgG anti-capsule antibodies measured by ELISA, but completely abrogated the protection. The protective unconjugated capsule vaccine elicited significantly higher IgM titers and opsonic activity than did the non-protective capsule conjugate. When tested against a fully virulent toxin + , capsule + B. anthracis strain, neither capsule nor protective antigen alone was protective. However, the combination of the two protected against a lethal challenge. These results suggest that capsule may enhance the protection afforded by protective antigen vaccines against anthrax if opsonizing antibodies are produced. Surprisingly, some protection was also observed when protective antigen was conjugated to itself.
The structure and interpretation of Spanish degree neuter constructions

This paper shows that apparent agreement mismatches in constructions headed by the neuter determiner in Spanish are actually instances of specifier-head agreement at different stages in the derivation of relative cluses and related constructions. The proposed analysis incorporates Kayne's (1994) theory of adjective raising within DPs and a detailed study of the semantic interpretation of resulting interface configurations. It is also claimed that the neuter determiner has to be treated as a maximality operator, in the sense of Rullmann (1995), which may bind either a degree variable or an individual variable.
Finances, Family, Friends, and Faith: Sources of Concern and Hope for Today's College Women

This essay considers women’s capacity for hopefulness and “equanimity” at a time of heightened financial concerns among all students, and women in particular. Women’s connections to family, friends, and faith are described as important sources of hope and stability during these difficult times.
Glucagon and epinephrine-stimulated phospholipid methylation in hepatic microsomes.

Abstract Phospholipid methylation by hepatic microsomes was measured following glucagon or epinephrine administration either to intact rats or to the isolated perfused liver. Both hormones stimulated the methylation measured as the incorporation of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine into phospholipids. The labeled products were identified by thin layer chromatography and most of the counts were found to be incorporated into phosphatidylcholine. The stimulatory effects of the hormones were evident already 5 minutes following hormone administration both in in vivo and in in vitro . The observed stimulation of the methylation process by glucagon and epinephrine might be related to the previously reported stimulatory effect of these hormones on the microsomal Ca2+-ATPase, and indicate that methylation process(es) might mediate some of the effects of these hormones.
Formulation of new materials

Methode pour formuler des materiaux (alliage, copolymere, composite) ayant des proprietes physiques predeterminees
Transient dilation of bubbles and drops: Theoretical basis for dynamic interfacial measurements

Abstract An oscillating bubble (or drop) method for studying surface rheology and mass transfer at interfaces is analyzed. A general solution is obtained under conditions of small amplitude oscillations, soluble surfactant in both phases, general adsorption kinetics, and linear viscoelastic surface behavior. In addition, various limiting cases are identified, and criteria for determining such behavior are presented. Using data on a specific gas-liquid-surfactant system, it is shown that such proposed tests are sufficiently sensitive to be of experimental value. Characteristic parameters which include the effects of compositional and intrinsic surface viscoelasticity can be determined from frequency response tests. In the cases of insoluble monolayers and bulk phase limited mass transfer, it is possible to determine the intrinsic surface viscoelastic parameters explicitly. In adsorption/desorption limited cases, independent mass transfer tests are required. This method shows particular promise for gas-liquid systems.
Gymnorhamphichthys rosamariae, a new species of knifefish (Rhamphichthyidae, gymnotiformes) from the upper Rio Negro, Brazil

Based on several collections made in the upper Rio Negro in 1979 by Dr. M. Goulding, Gymnorhamphichthys rosamariae is described as a new species in the gymnotiform family Rhamphichthyidae. It is different from the other two species, G. rondoni and G. hypostomus, by its substantially larger size, a greater number of electrocytes in the submental accessory electric organ, and by having a more compact head with a blunter snout. Regarding body proportions, the newly described taxon has a relatively shorter abdominal, and longer caudal vertebral column. It also is much less pigmented than the two species, no dorsal nor lateral markings are present and the caudal appendage is unpig‐mented. The number of anal fin rays and number of caudal vertebral centra are like in G. hypostomus, and much higher than in G. rondoni. Cycloid scales are found in all three species on the posterier third of the body only. The three species were found syntopically in the upper Rio Negro.
Grating integrated single mode microring laser

Microring and microdisk lasers are potential candidates for small footprint, low threshold in-plane integrated lasers; however, they exhibit multimode lasing spectra and bistability. Here, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel approach for achieving single mode lasing in microring lasers. Our approach is based on increasing the radiation loss of all but one of the resonant modes of microring resonators by integrating second order gratings on the microrings’ waveguide. We present single mode operation of electrically pumped semiconductor microring lasers whose lasing modes are lithographically selected via the second order grating. We also show that adding the grating does not increase the lasing threshold current significantly.
Geographic variability in trace element levels in Spartina alterniflora

Significant ( P S. alterniflora from six marshes along the salinity gradient of the York River estuary. Levels of these metals did not correlate strongly with the salinity of either river or sediment pore water. Concentrations of these metals in standing dead S. alterniflora from these six marshes were significantly higher than levels in the live plants but did not show site-specific differences. Significant ( P S. alterniflora , respectively.
The application of drop-on-demand ink jet technology to color printing

The application of drop-on-demand ink jet technology to high-frequency and high-resolution color printing is investigated using an experimental multi-nozzle print head. Cross talk and drop misregistration are examined as a function of drop ejection frequency. Typical print samples from scanned and computer-generated data are obtained and the dependence of print quality on various parameters such as drop ejection frequency, ink composition, and paper quality is discussed.
Abstract 2183: Determining the functional roles of the specific isoforms of ARID3B from cellular localizations

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from a gynecological malignancy in the United States, yet the genetic mechanisms that contribute to ovarian cancer progression are poorly understood. We have determined that ARID3B, a member of the AT-rich interaction domain (ARID) family of proteins, is overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Therefore, we want to assess if ARID3B plays an important role in ovarian cancer progression. We have demonstrated that there are two ARID3B isoforms: the long form (ARID3BFL at 61kDa) and the short form (ARID3Bsh at 28kDa). We show that the ARID3BFL is mostly found in the nucleus and some is found in the membrane of cells. Furthermore, the short isoform of ARID3B (when overexpressed) is primarily found in cytoplasmic and membrane/mitochondria fractions. Therefore, we hypothesize that by virtue of these unique cellular distributions that ARID3B isoforms elicit different cellular responses. ARID3BFL binds DNA and induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines while ARID3Bsh does not induce cell death. Further elucidation of the roles of the two ARID3B isoforms will help us understand ovarian cancer progression, cellular response to chemotherapy, and develop prognostic markers and targeted therapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2183. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2183
Comparison of the electronic structure of two polymers with strong dipole ordering

Two different polymers, with large local electric dipoles, are compared: copolymers of polyvinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene [P(VDF-TrFE, 70%:30%)] and polymethylvinylidenecyanide (PMVC). While the different local point group symmetries play a key role, both crystalline polymers exhibit intra-molecular band structure, though the Brillouin zone critical points differ.
Assessment of Student Achievement: National and International Perspectives:

U.S. students consistently rank low on international assessments of achieve ment, especially in math and science. Are such assessments valid? Or, do national assessments provide a more accurate pic...
Evidence for a Red Cell Shunting Mechanism in the Kidney

Simultaneous tagged red cell and tagged plasma albumin concentration-time curves were obtained from the renal vein without recirculation, following rapid injection of the indicators into a renal artery. The mean transit time of the red cells was consistently faster than that of the plasma albumin, but the washout downslopes of the indicators was found to be identical. This is interpreted as indicating that some red cells are shunted through those pathways of shortest length. The dynamic circulating hematocrit of the kidneys averaged 89 per cent of the large vessel hemato-crit. Intrarenal circulating blood volume averaged 24 ml./100 Gm. of dog kidney
Controlled Path Traversal for a Mobile Element in Wireless Sensor Networks

Mobile elements (MEs) have been used to improve the scalability and the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In most of these approaches, the ME traverses an area of interest with a pre- determined path set by the basestation (BS) and is trusted to follow the determined path. This assumption is not realistic since the ME carries essential information about the network making it appealing to various attackers. An ME can be captured and can be used to deceive the BS. As a result, further protocols are required to verify the path travelled by the ME. In this paper, we propose two protocols to control the path of a semi-trusted ME using cryptographic methods including Message Authentication Code (MAC), and hash chains. First protocol collects node encounter information with MACs and allows the BS to construct an approximate path using this information. Density of the nodes and the broadcast range play an important role in the quality of the constructed path. Second protocol enforces a strict path using hash chains. The ME helps the sensors verify a hash chain in a distributed manner and deviation from the path results in breaking the chain. We believe these protocols will serve as a first step to a model where the ME has to prove all of its actions to the BS.
The effects of kinetin and hydroxyurea on the expression of the endogenous and transgenic Heat Shock Cognate 80 (HSC80)

We previously demonstrated that expression of transgenes under the control of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Heat Shock Cognate 80 (HSC80) promoter is frequently poor and appears to be silenced. Multiple elements from the HSC80 locus significantly improved transgene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, the promoter alone is sufficient in a transient assay. Treatments that either reactivate silenced transgenes or inactivate active ones may help elucidate requirements for proper regulation. We found that hydroxyurea inhibited HSC80 transgene expression and expression of the corresponding Arabidopsis HSC80 ortholog, HSP81-2. In contrast, kinetin stimulated expression of HSC80 transgenes unless they were either completely silenced or expressed well. Consistent with this observation, kinetin did not stimulate the well-expressed endogenous gene. The opposite effects of a cell-cycle inhibitor, hydroxyurea, and a cell cycle stimulator, kinetin, may be explained by a relationship between DNA replication and HSC80 gene expression.
Anorectal verrucose squamous carcinoma: Report of two cases

Two cases of anorectal verrucose squamous-cell carcinoma are presented. The clinical course and pathology of these tumors are reviewed. Surgical treatment based on the depth of histologic invasion is recommended.
Ubiquinol: a potential biomarker for tissue energy requirements and oxidative stress.

Abstract Background Coenzyme Q (CoQ) has been suggested as a biomarker for tissue redox status. The aims are (1) to compare ubiquinol-9, ubiquinol-10, ubiquinone-9, ubiquinone-10, total CoQ content and CoQ redox ratio in quadriceps muscle, heart, brain and liver tissues of mdx mice with wild-type controls; and (2) to determine if ubiquinol content and CoQ redox ratio changes are associated with pathological findings in mdx mouse . Methods CoQ contents were determined in homogenized quadriceps muscle, heart, liver and brain of age-matched mdx and wild-type control mice by HPLC-EC. Light and electron microscopy studies were conducted using standard pathology methods. Results Ubiquinol-9 and ubiquinol-10 concentrations are significantly increased in quadriceps and heart muscle of mdx mouse. Increased redox ratios of coenzyme Q 9 and coenzyme Q 10 are also evident in quadriceps, heart and liver tissues in mdx mouse, but not brain. Pathological examination shows marked myofiber regeneration and evidence of mitochondrial proliferation for mdx muscle. Conclusions Evidence that changes in ubiquinol content and CoQ redox ratio are related to pathological features in mdx skeletal and heart myofibers suggests that tissue ubiquinol content and CoQ redox ratio may be useful biomarkers for evaluating muscle disorders associated with mitochondrial proliferation and defects in oxidative phosphorylation.
Terrain complexity and reduction of topographic data

Digital terrain data are useful for a variety of applications in mapping and spatial analysis. Most available terrain data are organized in a raster format, among them being the most extensively-used Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of the U.S. Geological Survey. A common problem with DEM for spatial analysis at the landscape scale is that the raster encoding of topography is subject to data redundancy and, as such, data volumes may become prohibitively large. To improve efficiency in both data storage and information processing, the redundancy of the terrain data must be minimized by eliminating unnecessary elements. To what extent a set of terrain data can be reduced for improving storage and processing efficiency depends on the complexity of the terrain. In general, data elements for simpler, smoother surfaces can be substantially reduced without losing critical topographic information. For complex terrains, more data elements should be retained if the topography is to be adequately represented. In this paper, we present a measure of terrain complexity based on the behavior of selected data elements in representing the characteristics of a surface. The index of terrain complexity is derived from an estimated parameter which denotes the relationship between terrain representation (percentage surface representation) and relative data volume (percentage DEM elements). The index can be used to assess the required volume of topographic data and determine the appropriate level of data reduction. Two quadrangles of distinct topographic characteristics were examined to illustrate the efficacy of the developed methodology.
Sex differences in the ontogeny of social behavior in pikas: possible relationships to dispersal and territoriality

A laboratory study on the ontogeny of social behavior in pikas (Ochotona princeps), an alpine lagomorph, was conducted to determine the role of early relationships between adult females and young and among siblings in the development of territorial and dispersal behaviors. Sex differences during development were examined because field studies have reported greater dispersal distances in young females than young males. At birth, females were significantly heavier than males. There were no sex differences in nursing frequency until after the 2nd week of age, when males initiated more nursing attempts than females. By the end of the weaning period (weeks 5 and 6), adult females became non-interactive with young, but aggression of young toward littermates and the mother increased until the eighth week. At this time, young males outweighed their sibling females. Young were dominant over their mothers by the age of 5 weeks, and young males were dominant over their sibling females. Sex differences were observed in aggression, scent-marking, exploratory activity, and submissive vocalizations, with higher rates in young males, except for submissive vocalizations, which were higher in females (Table 2). Vocalizations and scent-marking behavior increased over time, and were positively correlated with interaction rates. These data support the hypothesis that female young disperse farther than male young largely as the result of unsuccessful competition with male siblings for available territories close to the birthplance. A dispersal strategy for pkkas is proposed.
Differentiation of black‐red melanin in the fowl: Interaction of pattern genes and feather follicle milieu

The multiple-allelic E pattern series in the fowl is the major controller of black-red melanin distribution. Embryonic grafting experiments showed that the melanoblasts of each pattern are autonomous. However, fasting and thyroxine-feeding experiments with the normal (e+) adult changed the melanin distribution and showed that other factors also influence differentiation. It is suggested that the interaction between these genetic and environmental factors takes place in the zone of differentiation of the growing feather. The action of this zone upon the normal melanoblst is probably a function of time, and related to feather growth. Rapid movement of melanoblasts through this zone favors eumelanin synthesis, hence black bars appeared on red feathers when stimulated by thyroxine. Slow movement through this zone favors phaeomelanin synthesis, hence, with fasting, red bars appeared. In contrast to normal melanoblasts, the melanoblasts of the other E alleles differ in sensitivity to the action of the milieu in the feather follicle. The insensitive E/E melanoblasts become exclusively eumelanin-producing melanocytes, while the hypersensitive ey/ey melanoblasts become mostly phaeomelanin-producing melanocytes. The remaining alleles fall in between these two types in their response.
Correlation of lithium effects on motor activity with its brain concentrations in rats

Abstract Effects of lithium (Li) on motor activity have been investigated at different post-drug intervals (0.5–72 hr) after adminstration of 1, 2 and 3 mequiv/kg of lithium cholride (LiCl) to rats. The activity gradually decreased until the maximum effects of these doses were observed at 8 hr, after which the activity returned to control levels (48–72 hr). Lithium concentrations were estimated in various brain areas (cortex, caudate nucleus, hypothalmus, rest of the diencephalon, midbrain, ponsmedulla and cerebellum) following administration of a 3 mequiv/kg dose of LiCl to rats at different post-drug intervals (0.5–48 hr). Lithium concentrations increased gradually reaching their peak at 8 hr in almost all brain areas except for the caudate nucleus where the peak level was achieved at 12 hr. The time-course of the depressant effect of Li on motor activity correlated with the changes in Li concentrations in the brain areas related to emotion and psychomotor activity.
Human plasma triglyceride labeling after high sucrose feeding. II. Study on triglyceride kinetics and postheparin lipolytic activity.

Abstract Kinetic studies of the very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL-TG) turnover by endogenous labeling with glycerol-2- 3 H were performed in 13 patients in the postabsorptive state, first after 10–14 days on a low-sucrose high-starch diet, then again after 10–14 days of isocaloric high-sucrose low-starch diet (HSD). After HSD, a significant decrease in the fractional turnover rates of VLDL-TG was observed, as well as a modest but significant increase in its pool size, but the net turnover rates remained unchanged. Using Michaelis-Menten formulation, we have further calculated the V max and Km's of the removal system for VLDL-TG and found that the V max and Km's do not differ significantly between the two dietary periods. These results suggest that the removal mechanism for VLDL-TG has not changed after 10–14 days on the HSD, at least when the patients are studied in the postabsorptive state. Measurements of postheparin lipolytic activity under fed condition in 17 patients (including the 13 patients above) have shown a decrease after HSD. However, a defect in the removal of plasma-TG related to decreased activity of tissue-lipoprotein lipase in the fed state has not been conclusively uncovered by the kinetic studies performed in the postabsorptive state, and cannot contribute significantly to the expansion of VLDL-TG pool.
Making Technical Writing Easier

Irvin S. Cobb described his own writing something like dashing his stuff off madly at an inch an hour, using drops of perspiration for punctuation. Poets and novelists may have to wait for an internal voice, but not technical writers. All writing is at least partly an art, requiring a degree of intellectual and emotional involvement. The engineer or programmer can use outlines in different ways, throughout a writing project. In addition to helping him plan his writing—the traditional role of outlines—he can use a Writing Outline to organize source material and guide the actual writing. The introduction to almost any writing merits special consideration, for several reasons. The introduction may also include such elements as background to the problem, reasons for the unsuitability of other approaches.
Medical Expenditures in Division I Collegiate Athletics: An Analysis by Sport and Gender

AbstractObjective: Medical expenses for collegiate athletics include providing a training room with its supplies, equipment, personnel costs, and insurance coverage. Additional expenses beyond the training room include imaging, diagnostic testing, specialty consultations, and surgeries. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in average expenses or number of claims between male and female athletes over a 5-year period. Design: Prospective patient cohort. Setting: A sports medicine center serving athletes in Big 10 Conference intercollegiate sports. Assessment of Risk Factors: All medical claims and charges for 36 varsity teams were analyzed from 2005 to 2010. The teams were categorized into 3 groups: female-only teams, male-only teams, and coed teams. Analysis of sports with corresponding male and female teams was also performed. Main Outcome Measurements: Claims and charges for medical care for 36 intercollegiate athletic teams over 5 years. Results: Individual team claims and charges were stab...
Comparison of predicted with actual body weight selection gains of coturnix coturnix japonica

Results of nine generations of individual selection for six-week large and small body weight of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) are reported. The objectives of this study were three-fold: 1) To estimate genetic variation of body weight of Coturnix quail at six weeks; 2) To predict selection gains when selecting on an individual basis for large and small body weight; and 3) To conduct a selection program for large and small females and males, respectively, with greater response in the positive direction. Generally the actual gain was predicted more accurately in the females than in the males.
Formation and Activity of Template-Assembled Receptor Signaling Complexes

Problems in membrane biology require methods to recreate the interactions between receptors and cytoplasmic signaling proteins at the membrane surface. Here, unilamellar vesicles composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and a nickel-chelating lipid were used as templates to direct the assembly of proteins from the Escherichia coli chemotaxis signaling pathway. The bacterial chemoreceptors are known to form clusters, which promote the binding of the adaptor protein (CheW) and the kinase (CheA). When CheA was incubated with vesicles, CheW, and a histidine-tagged cytoplasmic domain fragment of the aspartate chemoreceptor (CF), the kinase activity was stimulated ∼300-fold. Activity and pull-down assays were used with dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy to characterize the protein−vesicle compositions that were correlated with the high levels of activity, which demonstrated that CF−CheW−CheA complexes on the vesicle surface were the active entities. Assembly and stimulation occurred wi...