cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative analysis of exome capture

Human exome resequencing using commercial target capture kits has been and is being used for sequencing large numbers of individuals to search for variants associated with various human diseases. We rigorously evaluated the capabilities of two solution exome capture kits. These analyses help clarify the strengths and limitations of those data as well as systematically identify variables that should be considered in the use of those data. Each exome kit performed well at capturing the targets they were designed to capture, which mainly corresponds to the consensus coding sequences (CCDS) annotations of the human genome. In addition, based on their respective targets, each capture kit coupled with high coverage Illumina sequencing produced highly accurate nucleotide calls. However, other databases, such as the Reference Sequence collection (RefSeq), define the exome more broadly, and so not surprisingly, the exome kits did not capture these additional regions. Commercial exome capture kits provide a very efficient way to sequence select areas of the genome at very high accuracy. Here we provide the data to help guide critical analyses of sequencing data derived from these products.
Polarization optimization for scattering estimation in heavy clutter

Controlling the polarization information in transmitted waveforms enables improving the performance of radar systems. We consider the design of optimal polarization for the estimation of target scattering embedded in heavy clutter. The goal is to minimize the mean squared error of the scattering estimation subject to an average radar pulse power constraint. We show that such a problem is equivalent to the optimal design of a radar sensing matrix that contains the polarization information. We formulate the optimal design as a nonlinear optimization problem which can be recast it in a convex form and is thus efficiently solvable by semi-definite programming (SDP). We compare the sensing performance of the optimally selected polarization over the conventional approaches. Our numerical results indicate that a significant amount of power gain is achieved in the target scattering estimation through such an optimal design.
Semantic Information Fusion for Coordinated Signal Processing in Mobile Sensor Networks

Distributed cognition of dynamic processes is commonly observed in mobile groups of animates like schools of fish, hunting lions, or in human teams for sports or military maneuvers. This paper presents methods for dynamic distributed cognition using an ad hoc mobile network of microsensors to detect, identify and track targets in noisy environments. We develop off-line algorithms for aggregating the most appropriate knowledge abstractions into semantic information, which is then used for on-line fusion of relevant attributes observed by local clusters in the sensor network. Local analysis of time series of sensor data yields aggregated semantic information, which is exchanged across nodes for higher level distributed cognition. This eliminates the need for exchanging high volumes of signal data and, thus reduces bandwidth and energy requirements for battery powered microsensors.
Use of Recombinant Activated Factor VII Concentrate to Control Postoperative Hemorrhage in Complex Cardiovascular Surgery

Background Complex cardiovascular surgery often results in postoperative hemorrhage. Excessive blood product use may cause systemic thrombosis, end-organ dysfunction, and edema preventing chest closure. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) concentrate may decrease hemorrhage where other treatment measures failed. We reviewed our experience with rFVIIa after complex cardiovascular surgery. Methods A retrospective review evaluating 846 complex cardiovascular surgery patients of whom 36 received rFVIIa between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2006, was performed. Efficacy and safety data were collected for the entire cohort in addition to delayed sternal closure requirements, reoperation, and operative mortality in the patient cohort temporally separated into two groups (pre-rFVIIa era, 2001 to 2003, 1 patient received rFVIIa; rFVIIa era, 2004 to 2006, 35 patients received rFVIIa). Results A total of 36 patients received 41 rFVIIa doses with an in-hospital survival of 91.7%. Hemorrhage was controlled in 83.3% of patients, with 1 dose sufficient in 75.0%. There was a significant decrease ( p p = 0.028) and prevented reexploration for bleeding in 5 patients. The requirement for delayed sternal closure was significantly higher in the pre-rFVIIa era versus the rFVIIa era ( p = 0.011). The incidence of thrombosis in all patients receiving rFVIIa was 11.1%. In the rFVIIa era, a higher incidence of postoperative renal failure ( p = 0.005) and pneumonia ( p Conclusions Recombinant activated factor VII appears to be effective in patients with refractory coagulopathy undergoing high-risk cardiovascular surgery.
Transpulmonary thermodilution curves for detection of shunt

Purpose: Monitoring using transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) via a single thermal indicator technique allows measurement of cardiac output, extravascular lung water (EVLW) and volumetric vari- ables. Methods and results: This report describes two cases of sys- temic-venous circulation shunt generating early recirculation of thermal indicator with overestimation of EVLW. Conclusion: In the case of recirculation of thermal indicator, the observed overestimated EVLW in absence of gas exchanges abnormal- ity could be an indicator suggesting the search for a circulatory shunt.
Gravity-Gradient Excitation of a Rotating Cable-Counterweight Space Station in Orbit

Abstract : The gravity gradient excitation of a whirling cable-counterweight space station in orbit is investigated. The Lagrange's equations of motion for transverse oscillations of the system are derived and shown to be of the Mathieu type. A few representative cases are solved on an IBM 7090 computer for the cable's natural frequencies, which are required in the stability criteria derived. The stability criteria for the axial vibrations are derived in an appendix and shown to be of the same kind as those for the transverse vibrations of the cable. Damping is included in the analyses and found to be effective and essential for prevention of parametric excitation instability of the system.
DYNAMIC TENSILE TESTING OF SHEET MATERIAL USING THE SPLIT‐HOPKINSON BAR TECHNIQUE

We have described an experimental method based on the SHPB technique which allows dynamic tensile testing of 1.0-mm-thick sheet material. The test method employs a framing camera to make strain measurements based on direct observation of the deforming test sample. Stress in the sample is determined using traditional SHPB wave analysis. This information is used to construct engineering stress-strain behavior. The stress-strain behavior determined using the test method is shown to be reasonably accurate for annealed tantalum and less accurate for annealed copper. We believe that this phenomenon is related to the constitutive behavior of the test material. Although the stress-strain behavior extracted from the test is in some cases suspect, the test technique is shown to provide highly reproducible results and thus can be employed to examine effects of microstructural features, alloying elements, etc., on dynamic deformation and fracture of ductile materials.
Performance of A1C for the Classification and Prediction of Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Although A1C is now recommended to diagnose diabetes, its test performance for diagnosis and prognosis is uncertain. Our objective was to assess the test performance of A1C against single and repeat glucose measurements for diagnosis of prevalent diabetes and for prediction of incident diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted population-based analyses of 12,485 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study and a subpopulation of 691 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) with repeat test results. RESULTS Against a single fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl, the sensitivity and specificity of A1C ≥6.5% for detection of prevalent diabetes were 47 and 98%, respectively (area under the curve 0.892). Against repeated fasting glucose (3 years apart) ≥126 mg/dl, sensitivity improved to 67% and specificity remained high (97%) (AUC 0.936). Similar results were obtained in NHANES III against repeated fasting glucose 2 weeks apart. The accuracy of A1C was consistent across age, BMI, and race groups. For individuals with fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl and A1C ≥6.5% at baseline, the 10-year risk of diagnosed diabetes was 88% compared with 55% among those individuals with fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl and A1C 5.7– CONCLUSIONS A1C performs well as a diagnostic tool when diabetes definitions that most closely resemble those used in clinical practice are used as the “gold standard.” The high risk of diabetes among individuals with both elevated fasting glucose and A1C suggests a dual role for fasting glucose and A1C for prediction of diabetes.
Simulation and analysis of nerve growth cone-target encounter

Investigation of nerve development and regeneration has revealed that the leading tip of the growing axon, the growth cone, can influence the rate and direction of growth. The filopodia especially have been implicated in a path finding role. However, due to their dynamic behavior, it has been difficult to quantitatively describe their contribution. To address this problem, the authors have applied a mathematical model of filopodial dynamics to examine path finding behavior. The model simulates the time required for a filopodium to contact a target at a distance, d, from the growth cone.
A Cognitive Neuroscience View of Schizophrenic Symptoms: Abnormal Activation of a System for Social Perception and Communication

We will review converging evidence that language related symptoms of the schizophrenic syndrome such as auditory verbal hallucinations arise at least in part from processing abnormalities in posterior language regions. These language regions are either adjacent to or overlapping with regions in the (posterior) temporal cortex and temporo-parietal occipital junction that are part of a system for processing social cognition, emotion, and self representation or agency. The inferior parietal and posterior superior temporal regions contain multi-modal representational systems that may also provide rapid feedback and feed-forward activation to unimodal regions such as auditory cortex. We propose that the over-activation of these regions could not only result in erroneous activation of semantic and speech (auditory word) representations, resulting in thought disorder and voice hallucinations, but could also result in many of the other symptoms of schizophrenia. These regions are also part of the so-called “default network”, a network of regions that are normally active; and their activity is also correlated with activity within the hippocampal system.
Increasing health insurance coverage in the first year of life.

Objectives: To determine the proportion of infants who are uninsured and the sociodemographic characteristics of their mothers, including prenatal and post-partum insurance coverage, in order to identify strategies to increase infant health coverage. Methods: Data from the 2001 California Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (MIHA) were analyzed. MIHA is a cross-sectional survey of a statewide representative sample of 3,475 postpartum women. We calculated the proportion of uninsured infants overall and by several maternal characteristics. Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios for infant uninsurance are reported. Results: In the overall study sample, 8.7% of infants were uninsured. Low-income infants were significantly more likely to be uninsured than infants in households with incomes above 200% of the federal poverty level (13.7% vs. 2.5%). The mother's prenatal and post-partum health coverage, her age, and family income were associated with an increased risk of infant uninsurance after adjustment for other maternal characteristics. A large majority of the uninsured infants (88.1%) were living in low-income families. The mothers of 60% of the uninsured infants were enrolled in Medicaid during the pregnancy. Conclusions: Approximately 14% of California's low-income infants were uninsured at the time of the survey despite being income-eligible for Medicaid. The proportion of uninsured infants could potentially be reduced by more than one-half through strategies to provide 12 month continuous enrollment of infants with federally mandated Medicaid eligibility for the first year of life.
Electromagnetically coupled feed network for an array module of four microstrip elements

A novel feeding configuration for an array module of four microstrip elements using electromagnetic coupling of coplanar waveguides (CPWs) has been investigated. Experimental results indicate an acceptable level of coupling loss at the CPW nonplanar T-junction and also excellent radiation patterns. The approach requires no direct solder contact and therefore offers the possibility of high-level integration in large phased-array designs. >
Experimental investigation of the longitudinal beam dynamics in a photoinjector using a two-macroparticle bunch

We have developed a two-macroparticle bunch to explore the longitudinal beam dynamics through various components of the Fermilab/NICADD photoinjector. Such a two-macroparticle bunch is generated by splitting the ultraviolet pulse from the photocathode drive laser. The presented method allows the exploration of radiofrequency-induced compression in the 1.625 cell rf-gun and the booster cavity. It also allows a direct measurement of the momentum compaction of the magnetic bunch compressor. The measurements are compared with analytical and numerical models.
Polarimetric backscattering at 23 cm wavelength from Antarctic lead ice and estimation of ice thickness

Copolar ratios and phases in backscattering from Beaufort Sea ice at 23 cm wavelength (L-band) vary with apparent ice thickness. Specifically, copolar ratios for multiyear and apparently thick first-year ice agree with those expected for Bragg scattering from an effectively infinitely thick slab with small surface roughness (relative to the radiation wavelength). Copolar phases for multiyear ice cluster tightly around one value, which was taken as a reference value (early data were not phase-calibrated). Copolar phases for apparently thick first-year ice cluster around the same reference value, but are slightly more variable. Both ratios and phases for lead ice, however, display large departures from thick ice values. A scattering model proposed to explain those variations predicts approximately equal likelihoods for copolar phases greater than and less than the reference value. The Beaufort Sea data, however, show negative copolar phase values (i.e., values below the reference value) in all but one case. While this may be because all leads imaged in the data set were of similar ages, the paucity of positive copolar phases was a significant gap in observational support for the theory. The author presents new data from the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C (SIRC) mission during October 1994 showing leads in the northern Weddell Sea. As in the Beaufort, essentially no surface observations are available, but conventional SAR imagery suggests the presence of lead ice of at least two distinct ages in close proximity in the Weddell scene. Ice regions in the two categories show spatially coherent, but quite different, polarimetric signatures at L-band, including copolar phases larger than neighbouring thicker ice in one case and smaller in the other. The copolar phase also varies between regions. The author presents a quantitative analysis of the observations and a comparison with theory. The author concludes with an assessment of the possibility of estimating lead ice thickness directly from snapshot and time-sequential L-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery.
Fluorescence quenching of a poly(para-phenylene ethynylenes) by C60 fullerenes

a b s t r a c t Complex formation between fullerenes and poly(para-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) is studied through fluorescence quenching of PPE by C60. The influence of side chain chemistry, particularly with respect to electron donating capability, and molecular weight on the complex strength is examined in detail. Flu- orescence quenching measurements indicate complex formation on the order of 10 3 -10 4 dm 3 /mol, six orders of magnitude larger than previously studied C60-small organic molecule complexes and an order of magnitude larger than C60-cyclic polymer systems. No significant difference in complex strength was observed among PPEs with different side chain chemistry, indicating that C60 interaction occurs largely with the conjugated PPE backbone. At the lower PPE molecular weights investigated, the association con- stant for complex formation remains constant; however, an increase is observed at the highest molecular weight studied. We attribute this increase to the C60 molecule quenching more than one PPE unit at once, resulting in enhanced quenching at higher molecular weights and larger association constant. Based on the strength of interaction and lack of side group contribution to the interaction, we conclude that - interactions between the C60 cage and PPE backbone are responsible for the comparatively strong interactions observed. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Mind's Body: The Body's Self-Awareness

In order to find out how successful or unsuccessful Spinoza's philosophy of mind is, I will examine what Spinoza says about (1) the nature of mind, (2) its relation to the body, (3) its adequate/inadequate and true/false ideas. In doing so I will see what problems critics say he runs into and then find out if what they say about these difficulties can be resolved. If these difficulties can be resolved within Spinoza's own framework then his theory of mind is a success. If not, then it is a failure. I shall argue that his theory of mind is a success because the problems that his critics say he has are not really problems at all or if there are problems they can be resolved within his own system.
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure Due to Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus

Pandemic influenza A (PA-H1N1) is a new strain of influenza virus that was first identified in Mexico and United States during the early part of 2009. The PA-H1N1 virus originated from the swine influenza (H1) virus circulating in North American pigs.
Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500–1987

This paper examines global patterns in the breakdown of Western overseas empires between 1500 and 1987. It counterposes the implications of world-economy, Marxist, and institutional arguments for the timing of decolonization. Nonparametric analyses indicate great variation in the rate of decolonization over historical time, and virtually no variation over dependency age. This suggests that the processes producing decolonization are primarily external rather than internal to the dependency. The presence of a hegemonic power, the rise of an anticolonial political discourse, and diffusion processes within and across empires help to explain shifts in the rate of decolonization over historical time.
The Organometallic Epitaxy of Hgcdte for Infrared Detector Applications

This paper reviews the requirements for mercury cadmium telluride material which is suitable for far infrared detectors. This is followed by substrate and reactor considerations, leading to its direct alloy growth by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. It is shown that HgCdTe can now be grown with electrical properties and areal compositional uniformity that are suitable for focal plane arrays, operating in the 10.6 Am range.
What determines outstanding corporate debt mix? Evidence from fractional multinomial logit estimation

ABSTRACTThis study employs the fractional multinomial logit setting proposed by Papke and Wooldridge (1996) to examine factors driving the choice among nonbank private (144A) debt, bank loans and public debt made by 988 nonfinancial firms during 1993–2007. We document that the majority of firm-level factors have persistent effects on corporate outstanding debt mix across economic conditions. We also highlight the importance of macroeconomic variables on firms’ borrowing decisions as predicted by Diamond (1991). Finally, we document a substitution effect among debt financing sources due to credit rating downgrades, which is inconsistent with Rauh and Sufi (2010).
The Role of Powerful Women for Reshaping Organizations and Professional Labor Markets and Practices

A recent Forbes.com article states that “Women must take a special interest in supporting other women in order to help make gender equality in business a reality” (Perkett, 2014). But to what extent do women actually serve as catalysts for reducing inequality? As women now hold about fifty-percent of all management positions (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013) and are becoming the majority of new entrants in high-status professions, such as medicine (American Association of Medical Colleges, 2013), management scholars are beginning to examine the impact of women leaders, in particular, on gender inequality (e.g. Hoff 2010; Perkins, Phillips & Pearce, 2013; Powell & Butterfield, 2013). Given the pervasiveness of gender inequality in terms of wages, job segregation, and access to resources, for example, it becomes pertinent to understand whether women leaders provide a potential lever for reducing this form of inequality. Thus, our proposed panel symposium will address the following central questions: What r...
The Anatomy of Competition

This paper proposes a set of principles for the conduct of competitive analysis. These principles of competition are universal, whether applied to biological or business competition. The value of m...
EPID-14OUTCOMES IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH HIGH GRADE GLIOMAS

BACKGROUND: High Grade Gliomas (HGG, grade 3 or grade 4 gliomas) are common malignant primary brain tumors and a large number of cases occur in patients aged >65 years. However, there is limited data on specific prognostic factors and outcomes in this population. METHODS: After IRB approval, the Cleveland Clinic Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center's database was used to identify patients > 65 years of age with HGG diagnosed from 2007-2014 . Multivariate analysis was conducted using a Cox proportional hazards model and stepwise selection algorithm using p = .10 and p = .05 as criteria for entry and retention to identify independent predictors of survival from diagnosis. RESULTS: 193 patients were included in the analysis (61% male). Median age at diagnosis was 73 years (range 66-94). At presentation, 45% had Karnofsky performance status (KPS) > 80; 34% had KPS 75, p = .03), performance status (KPS >80 vs 70 vs 50-60 vs <50, p < .0001) and multifocal disease (no vs yes, p = .02) were independently associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Overall survival in elderly patients with HGG is dismal. Younger age, better performance status, and absence of multifocal disease were associated with improved survival.
Factors influencing pleural drainage in parapneumonic effusions

Abstract Objective The identification of parapneumonic effusions (PPE) requiring pleural drainage is challenging. We aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of radiological and pleural fluid findings in discriminating between PPE that need drainage (complicated PPE (CPPE)) and those that could be resolved with antibiotics only (uncomplicated PPE (UPPE)). Subjects and methods A retrospective review of 641 consecutive PPE, of which 393 were categorized as CPPE and 248 as UPPE. Demographics, radiological (size and laterality on a chest radiograph) and pleural fluid parameters (pus, bacterial cultures, biochemistries) were compared among groups. Logistic regression was performed to determine variables useful for predicting chest drainage, and receiver-operating characteristic curves assisted in the selection of the best cutoff values. Results According to the likelihood ratios (LR), findings increasing the probability of chest tube usage the most were: effusions occupying ≥1/2 of the hemithorax (LR 13.5), pleural fluid pH ≤7.15 (LR 6.2), pleural fluid glucose ≤40 mg/dL (LR 5.6), pus (LR 4.8), positive pleural fluid cultures (LR 3.6), and pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase >2000 U/L (LR 3.4). In the logistic regression analysis only the first two were selected as significant predictors of CPPE. In non-purulent effusions, the effusion's size and pleural fluid pH retained their discriminatory properties, in addition to a pleural fluid C-reactive protein (CRP) level >100 mg/L. Conclusion Large radiological effusions and a pleural fluid pH ≤7.15 were the best predictors for chest drainage in patients with PPE. In the subgroup of patients with non-purulent effusions, pleural fluid CRP also contributed to CPPE identification.
57 INHIBITION OF LEPTIN SIGNALING AMELIORATES UREMIC BONE DISEASE IN MICE.

Bone disease and fragility fractures are a common complication of renal insufficiency. Leptin levels are elevated in renal insufficiency. Leptin signaling, via the hypothalamic melanocortin system, regulates bone formation in rodents. Using transgenic mouse models, we examined the impact of central leptin signaling on femoral bone mass, size, and strength in uremia. Wild-type (WT), leptin-deficient (ob/ob), leptin receptor-deficient (db/db), and melanocortin receptor 4 knockout (MCR4-KO) mice underwent sham operation (S) or subtotal nephrectomy (Nx) at 8 weeks of age. Additional nephrectomized WT mice received intracerebroventricular infusions of agouti-related peptide (AGRP, 2 nmol) or vehicle. All mice were pair-fed and examined at 14 weeks. Femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and cortical cross-sectional area were determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and x-ray microtomographic scanning. Femoral bone strength was assessed by three-point bending until failure. Blood urea nitrogen increased an average of 110% in all Nx mice groups. WT-Nx mice had significant decreases in femoral BMD, cortical area, and failure load compared with sham-operated controls, whereas the skeletal integrity of mouse strains with impaired leptin signaling (ob/ob, db/db, and MCR4-KO) was unaffected by the uremic state. Treatment of WT mice with AGRP, a melanocortin receptor antagonist, prevented the declines in femoral mass, size, and strength that accompany Nx. These findings suggest that inhibition of central leptin signaling pathways may be of benefit in offsetting the adverse consequences of renal failure on the skeleton.
Improved Single Frequency Network Precoding Scheme for Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission Systems

To improve the spectral efficiency and user experience of terminals at cell edge of LTE-Advanced systems,two improved single frequency network(SFN) precoding schemes were proposed for coordinated multi-point(CoMP) transmission systems based on the existing methods,which can solve the problem of uncertainty when the channels are merged in traditional SFN precoding scheme.The first improved scheme adds a phase parameter to the transmitted end,which is determined by maximizing the channel gain after mergence.The second improved scheme takes a swapping function at some transmission points when the transmitted data is mapped to the antenna ports,and the swapping rule is also determined by maximizing the channel gain.Simulation results have shown that the two proposed schemes can improve the spectral efficiency of users at cell edge in both correlated and uncorrelated channel,and both low and high rank channel.
Intrusion Detection Methodology of SVM of Wavelet Kernel-based

In this paper,the technology of wavelet and SVM is applied to the intrusion detection.Set up the intrusion detection.Have improved the precision of SVM using the wavelet.An experiment gain a good result.It indicates it is good that the SVM of wavelet-based applied to the intrusion detection.
Electronic Fetal Monitoring: A Defense Lawyer's View.

Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) has been used for four decades, after its introduction without clinical trials. EFM spawned a birth injury litigation crisis centered on the myth that it predicts cerebral palsy (CP). The myth has resulted in lottery-like judgments against physicians. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and sister organizations worldwide have the power to halt EFM’s clinical proliferation and the undeserved litigation verdicts against physicians unjustly blamed for causing CP. This power has been unused. If ACOG and other organizations would declare EFM unreliable, it could change the clinical standard of care and alleviate the CP-EFM malpractice lottery.
Promoting Transferable Non-Cognitive Factors

In this chapter we highlight the value of education and the high educational aspirations of young people. At the same time we present statistics that demonstrate the difficulty young people have navigating the educational pipeline. This is followed by a review of interventions that have been designed to promote student success and prevent attrition.
Feedback Practices in Interactive Classrooms

In response to the need for undergraduate faculty in higher education to learn how interactive feedback teaching practices could improve student learning, a two-sided Feedback Evaluation Survey Form was created. This self-report study examined how undergraduate teaching candidates at a northeastern college evaluated 25 Likert-based statements of instructor-student dialogue during classroom discussion and assessment. The other side of the evaluation form asked students to write their impressions of how instructor feedback was useful for classroom discussion, writing assignments, the midterm exam, and their future teaching careers. The results of the study found that a high percentage of students believed that interactive feedback could advance their academic, cognitive, and affective skills. Undergraduate faculty may learn from this study developing feedback practices can create an interactive student-based classroom.
Plantar Shear Stress in Individuals With a History of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: An Emerging Predictive Marker for Foot Ulceration

Plantar shear stress has been held accountable as a causative factor in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) (1,2). Delbridge et al. (2) recognized shear stress as a major causative factor by stating that it is shear rather than vertical load that is responsible for tissue breakdown that occurs deep to the skin. Historically, research in this area has been hampered by an underestimation of the importance of shear stress and the lack of technology to measure it. Emerging evidence within the past decade has demonstrated the clinical significance of shear to foot ulceration (3–5). We previously revealed that individuals with diabetic neuropathy (DN) experience higher plantar shear compared with control subjects (5). However, to our knowledge, no study has compared peak shear in individuals with a history of DFU to those patients with DN but no history of DFU. We quantified peak plantar shear (PS) in 9 subjects with (DFU) and 16 DN subjects without (DN) previous ulcers …
Stress fractures of the foot and ankle, part 1: biomechanics of bone and principles of imaging and treatment

A stress fracture is a focal failure of bone induced by the summation of repetitive forces, which overwhelms the normal bone remodeling cycle. This review, the first of two parts, discusses the general principles of stress fractures of the foot and ankle. This includes bone structure, biomechanics of stress applied to bone, bone remodeling, risk factors for stress fracture, and general principles of imaging and treatment of stress fractures. Cortical bone and trabecular bone have a contrasting macrostructure, which leads to differing resistances to externally applied forces. The variable and often confusing imaging appearance of stress fractures of the foot and ankle can largely be attributed to the different imaging appearance of bony remodeling of trabecular and cortical bone. Risk factors for stress fracture can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Stress fractures subject to compressive forces are considered low-risk and are treated with activity modification and correction of any modifiable risk factors. Stress fractures subject to tensile forces and/or located in regions of decreased vascularity are considered high risk, with additional treatment options including restricted weight-bearing or surgery.
Understanding differences between summer vs. school obesogenic behaviors of children: the structured days hypothesis

Although the scientific community has acknowledged modest improvements can be made to weight status and obesogenic behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary/screen time, diet, and sleep) during the school year, studies suggests improvements are erased as elementary-age children are released to summer vacation. Emerging evidence shows children return to school after summer vacation displaying accelerated weight gain compared to the weight gained occurring during the school year. Understanding how summer days differ from when children are in school is, therefore, essential. There is limited evidence on the etiology of accelerated weight gain during summer, with few studies comparing obesogenic behaviors on the same children during school and summer. For many children, summer days may be analogous to weekend days throughout the school year. Weekend days are often limited in consistent and formal structure, and thus differ from school days where segmented, pre-planned, restrictive, and compulsory components exist that shape obesogenic behaviors. The authors hypothesize that obesogenic behaviors are beneficially regulated when children are exposed to a structured day (i.e., school weekday) compared to what commonly occurs during summer. This is referred to as the ‘Structured Days Hypothesis’ (SDH). To illustrate how the SDH operates, this study examines empirical data that compares weekend day (less-structured) versus weekday (structured) obesogenic behaviors in U.S. elementary school-aged children. From 190 studies, 155 (~80%) demonstrate elementary-aged children’s obesogenic behaviors are more unfavorable during weekend days compared to weekdays. In light of the SDH, consistent evidence demonstrates the structured environment of weekdays may help to protect children by regulating obesogenic behaviors, most likely through compulsory physical activity opportunities, restricting caloric intake, reducing screen time occasions, and regulating sleep schedules. Summer is emerging as the critical period where childhood obesity prevention efforts need to be focused. The SDH can help researchers understand the drivers of obesogenic behaviors during summer and lead to innovative intervention development.
Perceptions of firearms and suicide: The role of misinformation in storage practices and openness to means safety measures.

Abstract Background Firearm ownership and unsafe storage increase risk for suicide. Little is known regarding factors that influence storage practices and willingness to engage in means safety. Methods Utilizing Amazon's Mechanical Turk program, we recruited an online sample of 300 adults living in the US who own at least one firearm. Firearm storage practices and openness to means safety measures were assessed using items designed for this study. Data were collected and analyzed in 2017. Results Firearms stored in non-secure locations and without a locking device were associated with lower beliefs in the relationship between firearm storage and suicide risk. Fearlessness about death moderated the association between current secure versus non-secure storage and beliefs regarding firearm storage and suicide risk, in that storage practices and beliefs were more strongly related at higher levels of fearlessness about death. For both secure and locked storage of a firearm, there was a significant indirect effect of current storage practices on willingness to engage in means safety in the future through current beliefs regarding the relationship between firearm storage and suicide risk. Unsafe storage practices were largely associated with an unwillingness to store firearms more safely or to allow a trusted peer to temporarily store the firearm outside the home in order to prevent their own or someone else's suicide. Limitations Self-report and cross-sectional data were used. Results may not generalize to non-firearm owners. Conclusions Firearm owners are prone to inaccurate beliefs about the relationship between firearms and suicide. These beliefs may influence both current firearm storage practices and the willingness to engage in means safety.
Pre-service teachers in an after school program: increasing understanding of students, communities, and teaching

The purpose of the After School Creative Expression Program (ASCEP) was to provide a short-term afterschool program focusing on the visual and written creative arts to a group of elementary school ...
Abstract WP412: Low Concordance Rates of Dysphagia Screening in Stroke Patients Evaluated by Neuroscience Nurses and Speech-Language Pathologists

Background: While there is recognition about the importance of dysphagia screens in stroke patients, there is limited data on the concordance rates of dysphagia screens performed by neuroscience-tr...
Survivor’s Remorse: Is There an Increased Risk of Dementia After Surviving a Myocardial Infarction?

Article, see p 567 To survive a myocardial infarction but then face the potential for the development of dementia is unsettling to say the least. In a study in this issue of Circulation , Sundboll and colleagues1 test this association in a Danish nationwide patient registry. Administrative records are used to track incident dementia over ≤35 years of follow-up for 314 911 one-year survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) and 1 573 193 controls without MI. Although all-cause dementia did not differ between the groups over the follow-up period, vascular dementia was more frequent in individuals with an MI, particularly in those with a stroke during follow-up or who required coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. When interpreting what these results mean for the survivor of an MI, however, it is important to consider how these conditions were defined and what the likely explanation might be for the observed associations. In this study, individuals with MI and without MI were clearly 2 different groups of individuals: although matched to the MI cases for sex, birth year, and calendar year, it is not surprising that those people without an MI had lower vascular risk with higher levels of educational attainment and socioeconomic status than did their counterparts who did experience an MI. Although attempts were made to adjust for these observed differences, it is likely that these groups remain substantively different. As a result of these differences, it remains unclear whether the increased risk is because of the MI or the underlying risk that led to the MI in …
Reputation Failure: The Limits of Market Discipline in Consumer Markets

Many believe that consumer-sourced reputational information about products would increasingly replace top-down regulation. Instead of protecting consumers through coercive laws, reputational information gleaned from the wisdom of the crowd would guide consumer decision making. There is now a growing pressure to deregulate in diverse fields such as contracts, products liability, consumer protection, and occupational licensing. This Article presents a common failure mode of systems of reputation: “Reputation Failure.” By spotlighting the public-good nature of reviews, rankings, and even gossip, this Article shows the mismatch between the private incentives consumers have to create reputational information and its social value. As a result of this divergence, reputational information is beset by participation, selection, and social desirability biases that systematically distort it. The Article argues that these distortions are inherent to most systems of reputation and that they make reputation far less reliable than traditionally understood. The limits of reputation highlight the centrality of the law to the future of the marketplace. Proper legal institutions can deal not only with the symptoms of reputation failure — consumer mistakes — but improve the flow and quality of reputational information, thus correcting reputation failures before they arise. The Article offers a general framework and explores a number of strategies. A more robust system of reputation can preserve consumer autonomy without sacrificing consumer welfare.
Voltage-controlled magnetoelectric memory and logic devices

Harnessing the nonvolatility of magnetism and the power of electric control, magnetoelectric devices that control magnetism electrically promise to deliver next-generation electronics systems that can store and compute large amounts of information with minimal power consumption and ultrafast processing speed. We highlight progress in magnetoelectric memory and logic prototypes using the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect. First, important performance metrics of VCMA-based magnetoelectric random access memory (MeRAM) are benchmarked against embedded complementary metal oxide semiconductor and other emerging embedded nonvolatile memories. We then discuss scaling of MeRAM from the physics and materials perspectives of the VCMA effect, as well as the use of magnetoelectric logic devices and circuits to realize new computing paradigms with VCMA. Finally, challenges to realize the full potential of VCMA-based memory and logic are presented: VCMA coefficient of 1000 fJ/V-m for energy-efficient write with low errors and tunneling magnetoresistance of 1000% for high density and low noise margin readout. New approaches for deterministic switching based on VCMA are needed. We share perspectives to address these challenges using new materials and device operation schemes.
Hoagie: A Database and Workload Generator using Published Specifications

Hoagie is a plug-n-play workload and database generator to evaluate novel system architectures, design decisions, protocols, and algorithms. It uses published specifications to create a database of data items and a workload that references these data items. Hoagie’s modular design enables an experimentalist to use it either offline or online. In offline mode, Hoagie outputs a trace file that can be used to issue requests to a target system. In online mode, Hoagie is plugged into an existing benchmark that invokes it to generate requests one at a time to its target system. We have made Hoagie open source to foster its future development.
Previous High School Participation in Varsity Sport and Jump-Landing Biomechanics in Adult Recreational Athletes.

Context Early sports sampling is associated with superior biomechanics in youth athletes; however, the effect of multisport participation on adult biomechanics is unknown. Objective To compare jump...
Observations of Shoaling Nonlinear Internal Bores across the Central California Inner Shelf

AbstractWe present observations of shoaling nonlinear internal bores off the coast of central California. The dataset includes 15 moorings deployed during September–October 2017 and cross-shore shi...
Medical Cannabinoid Products in Children and Adolescents.

1. Kathleen K. Miller, MD* 2. Jonathan D. Klein, MD, MPH† 1. *Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 2. †University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL Cannabinoid-containing products have become increasingly ubiquitous worldwide, both through legalization of recreational marijuana and widespread use of cannabinoid derivatives in medical products. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that more than 1 in 3 adolescents said they have tried recreational marijuana in 2017. Pediatricians should be aware of the limitations of cannabinoids as medical treatments, and should knowledgeably counsel patients about their potential risks and benefits. Cannabinoids are derived from the cannabis plant, which contains a variety of metabolically active compounds, of which the most well-known are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is derived primarily from marijuana plants, and CBD primarily from hemp plants. THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana and is responsible for the “high” associated with marijuana use. CBD, conversely, does not have psychoactive effects. In recent years, CBD has experienced a surge in popularity as an alternative treatment for a variety of ailments. Manufacturers have claimed that it has anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties and that it can treat chronic pain, insomnia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Recreational marijuana and plant derivatives of cannabis that can be smoked or ingested in edible forms contain THC in addition to other, less psychoactive cannabis-derived compounds. Only one cannabinoid derivative is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved for use in children: dronabinol is approved for the treatment of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy. Synthetic cannabinoids, also known as spice or K2, have neither therapeutic properties nor medical …
A karst hydrology model for the geomorphic evolution of Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA

Abstract The evolution of Grand Canyon started ~85 Ma when the southwestern Hualapai Plateau section of the Colorado Plateau began uplifting. This uplift initiated a northeast-trending drainage/canyon system (“Laramide paleo-Grand Canyon”) that was to constrain all later routes, including that of the Colorado River. This drainage proceeded down dip but up the stratigraphic section so that northward incision intersected progressively younger Paleozoic to Mesozoic rock. We propose a capture of groundwater by the karstic Redwall Limestone at RM 197 that shifted the drainage direction of this early canyon along a N60°E-trending section to RM 130. Uplift of the Kaibab arch at ~80–65 Ma forced Coconino Plateau drainage to divert around the west side of the arch rather than northeast across it. In the Mid-Tertiary an “Arizona River” in the western Grand Canyon transported Shinumo clasts to the California Sespe Formation, and a magmatism-tectonic-volcanism episode occurred on and south of the Hualapai Plateau. By ~17 Ma, Basin and Range down-faulting furthered earlier Miocene canyon headward erosion eastward and then northward into Utah, causing a complete regional drainage reversal southward; this “Miocene western paleo-Grand Canyon” river incised into the Redwall-Muav karst aquifer so as to supply the 12–6 Ma Hualapai Limestone with high 87Sr/86Sr carbonate spring water. A ~6.0–5.5 Ma “final connection” between the east and west sides of the Kaibab arch was accomplished by karst-piracy drainage traversing under the arch. This complexity of origin – separate canyon sections joined, drainage reversals, and a final karst connection – is why Grand Canyon remains enigmatic to geologists.
Seven Habits of a Highly Effective Scholar

Yale Kamisar has been my friend and colleague for almost forty years now, and my first inclination was to write about those relationships, which have meant so much to me. But I know that other friends and colleagues participating in this tribute issue can bring to the description of those relationships far greater skill and far greater eloquence. I have been Yale's coauthor for roughly thirty-five years on his professional "pride and joy" Modern Criminal Procedure' and that is another relationship that I could describe with warmth and affection. But Wayne LaFave, who has shared this same role, is also