cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relaxation Amplitude of Non-Ionic Micelle Systems Perturbed by Solvent-Jump

Recent developments in the theories of the relaxation kinetics of micellization and of the thermodynamics of the solvent-jump relaxation method make it now possible to calculate and interpret the relaxation amplitudes in micelle systems perturbed by solvent-jump. Comparison of the calculated and experimentally obtained amplitudes can be used in mechanistic decision making. The experimental amplitudes of aqueous Triton-305 with acridine orange indicator are compared with the theoretical amplitudes of seven different assumed mechanisms. The agreement is best for the model where the dye solubilization is described as nucleation on the dye adsorbed on the “surface” of a micelle (model 6 or 7 in text).
The Need for Audit-Capable E-Voting Systems

In order for an election system to be trusted, it needs to be verifiable. Methods must exist to check that the votes are cast as intended by the voters. There must be strong evidence that the machines function as they are supposed to function. Voters should feel confident that the election is conducted fairly and accurately. This paper first outlines the major concerns about election technologies. It then describes the existing technologies used in emergent election systems and discusses the potential election audit processes. We then describe four systems used in research: Helios, Scantegrity II, Pret 'a Voter and the WAVE systems. Finally, we discuss our recommendations and intended future work.
Identification of Access Control Policy Sentences from Natural Language Policy Documents

Access control mechanisms are a necessary and crucial design element to any application’s security. There are a plethora of accepted access control models in the information security realm. However, attribute-based access control (ABAC) has been proposed as a general model that could overcome the limitations of the dominant access control models (i.e., role-based access control) while unifying their advantages. One issue with migrating to an ABAC model is the information that needs to be encoded in the model is typically buried within existing natural language artifacts, hence difficult to interpret. This requires processing natural language documents and extracting policies from those documents. Software requirements and policy documents are the main sources of declaring organizational policies, but they are often huge and consist of a lot of general descriptive sentences that lack any access control content. Manually processing these documents to extract policies and then using them to build a model is a laborious and expensive process. This paper is the first step towards a new policy engineering approach for ABAC by processing policy documents and identifying access control contents. We take advantage of multiple natural language processing techniques including pointwise mutual information to identify access control policy sentences within natural language documents. We evaluate our approach on documents from different domains including conference management, education, and healthcare. Our methodology effectively identifies policy sentences with an average recall and precision of 90% on all datasets, which bested the state-of-the-art by 5%.
Modernizing the Common Rule: Public Trust and Investigator Accountability.

One explicit goal of the 5-year effort to revise the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, or Common Rule, which culminated on January 19, 2017, was to “modernize” the Common Rule to...
Prescribing Oxygen for Cluster Headache: A Guide for the Provider

Background Oxygen is the standard of care for acute treatment of cluster headache. CMS, the US Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services, has made the indefensible decision to not cover oxygen for cluster headache for patients with Medicaid and Medicare insurance, despite the evidence and professional guidelines. Commercial insurance generally covers oxygen for cluster headache. Objective This is a “how-to” guide for successfully prescribing oxygen in the US. Summary Prescription information is provided that can be incorporated as dot phrases, smart sets, or other standard templates for prescribing oxygen for cluster patients. In many states, oxygen is affordable and can be prescribed for Medicaid and Medicare patients who wish to pay cash. Welding or nonmedical grade industrial oxygen is almost the same cost as medical oxygen. However, it is less pure, lacks the same inspection of tanks, and is delivered without regulators to provide appropriate flow rates. Patients who pay cash should be strongly encouraged to buy medical oxygen.
Wartime Latvia: Viktors Arājs, Hell’s Plowman

After establishing a brief history of Latvia and its relationship to Germany, Russia, and the Jewish minority in the country, this chapter reconstructs and analyzes the actions of the Arajs Kommando and the historical context both deep and immediate in which they occurred, the collective biography of the unit, and the various hypothetical motives of its members. It aims to help account for their volunteerism in the Nazis’ project to exterminate the Jews even though, as Latvians, they emerged from a culture that was at most only mildly anti-Semitic. Chief among a variety of posited factors is a militant and traumatized anti-Soviet sentiment gained through the first year of the USSR’s occupation of Latvia and misdirected by the Nazis against Jews.
Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 2 Vector–Mediated Reintroduction of microRNA-19b Attenuates Hepatic Fibrosis

Fibrotic liver injury is a significant healthcare burden in the United States. It represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality for which there are no effective Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment strategies. Fibrosis is considered a disruption of the normal wound healing responses mediated by fibroblastic cells, which are triggered and sustained by pro-fibrotic cytokines such as transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). TGF-β1-mediated trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) from quiescent to activated myofibroblasts is a pivotal event in the development of fibrosis. Activation is accompanied by global changes in microRNA (miR) expression. It has been previously reported that miR19b is decreased in activated HSCs and contributes to increased expression of TGF-β receptor II and connective tissue growth factor, both confirmed targets of miR19b. An adeno-associated virus serotype 2 vector (AAV2) with a miR19b transgene downstream of enhanced green fluorescent protein under the murine collage alpha 1(I) promoter was developed specifically to target HSCs. Male Sprague Dawley rats (250 g) underwent sham or bile-duct ligation (BDL) surgery. Directly after BDL, rats received AAV2-miR19b, AAV2-control, or vehicle normal saline (NS) by portal-vein injection. After 2 weeks, the animals were euthanized, and blood was collected for alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, total and direct bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase. Tissue was collected for RNA and protein extraction and histology. Fibrosis and measures of hepatic injury were significantly reduced in AAV2-miR19b-treated rats in combination with significant improvements in total and direct bilirubin. Histological analysis of collagen by PicroSirius Red staining revealed a ∼50% reduction compared to AAV2-control or NS-injected animals. Pro-fibrotic markers, smooth-muscle alpha-actin, TGF-β receptor II, and collagen alpha 2(I) mRNA and protein were significantly decreased compared to AAV2-control and NS groups. AAV2-mediated reintroduction of miR-19b, specifically expressed in HSCs, improved liver function, inhibited fibrosis, and improved measures of hepatic injury in a BDL model.
Towards Opportunistic Resource Sharing in Mobile Social Networks: an Evolutionary Game Theoretic Approach

In mobile social networks, the success of resource sharing depends on a high level of cooperations. The motivation of this work is to seek conditions under which cooperation prevails without additional incentive mechanisms such as credit and reputation-based schemes. We apply the Evolutionary Game Theory framework to investigate the formation of cooperation in opportunistic resource sharing. First, we extend the existing Small World In Motion mobility model to preserve real-world localized mobility patterns. On top of the mobility model, a game theoretic model tailored for resource sharing is developed. Preliminary simulation results show that high user cooperation rate emerges when the cost of resource sharing is sufficiently small, even if the Nash Equilibrium of the resource sharing game is non-cooperation. Moreover, we discovered that heterogeneous user mobility patterns promote cooperation.
Hopelessness Depression in Depressed Inpatient Adolescents

The hopelessness theory of depression hypothesizes the existence of a hopelessness subtype of depression, characterized by its specific cause, symptoms, course, therapy, and prevention. Data from depressed inpatient adolescents (N = 160) were used to evaluate (a) the relation between hopelessness and the hypothesized symptoms of hopelessness depression; and (b) the latent structure of the relation between hopelessness and the symptoms of hopelessness depression, to test for a hopelessness depression taxon (i.e., subtype). Results suggest that hopelessness was related to the hypothesized symptoms of hopelessness depression, treated singly and in combination. However, results from the application of Meehl and Yonce's (1994) MAMBAC taxometric analytic procedure, using hopelessness and the symptoms of hopelessness depression as taxonic indicators, did not support the existence of a hopelessness depression latent taxon. These results suggest that hopelessness depression may best be conceptualized as a dimension or continuum versus a category or subtype.
Search algorithms for bi-sequential machines

Abstract Searches are fundamental to most nonnumerical data processing. Recent interest in developing very large bis-sequential parallel processors and very large relational database machines points to the importance of such searches. In this paper we first classify a number of frequently encountered searches and establish their complementary and converse relationships. A number of basic bis-sequential searches are then developed based on a simple machine organization. Some rules are developed for achieving other searches through their complementary and converse relations. Upper bounds for these searches are summarized. Another approach to developing search algorithms is then presented and, again, algorithmic rules for developing complementary and converse searches are described. Finally, a method for achieving multiple-equal-to searches is given. Each algorithm presented here can be shown to require a minimum or near minimum number of logic operations.
Keynote speech: underexplored research topics from the commercial world

Active research in the spatio-temporal database domain is approaching fifty years of age, beginning with the early research by Waldo Tobler at Michigan, Roger Tomlinson on CGIS, Edgar Horwood at Washington, Howard Fisher at Harvard, and Donald Cooke at Census. Very significant progress has been made during this period, with spatial data now becoming ubiquitous with the current generation of web applications, imbedded mapping, smartphones, and location-based services. However, many of the most challenging problems being faced by industry in the spatio-temporal domain remain relatively unaddressed by the research community. Many of these problems are related to the development of technology and applications primarily intended for the defense and intelligence worlds. This domain generally involves: • Prohibitively large quantities of data, • Real time data fusion, • Remote sensing (including video and multispectral), • Large-scale automated and semi-automated feature extraction, and • Geostreaming, including real-time/continuous analysis and geoprocessing.
Combined endorectal advancement flap with Alloderm graft repair of radiation and cryoablation-induced rectourethral fistula.

Rectourethral fistula is a potentially devastating disease for the patient and difficult management problem for the physician. We report a case of radiation and salvage cryoablation-induced rectourethral fistula for treatment of prostate cancer successfully repaired with a combined endorectal advancement flap with Alloderm® graft. The surgical technique is described in detail. The patient is now one year post-repair with no evidence of recurrence.
Multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging

Purpose To implement and evaluate an efficient multiple-point MR acoustic radiation force imaging pulse sequence that can volumetrically measure tissue displacement and evaluate tissue stiffness using focused ultrasound (FUS) radiation force. Methods Bipolar motion-encoding gradients were added to a gradient-recalled echo segmented EPI pulse sequence with both 2D and 3D acquisition modes. Multiple FUS-ON images (FUS power > 0 W) were interleaved with a single FUS-OFF image (FUS power = 0 W) on the TR level, enabling simultaneous measurements of volumetric tissue displacement (by complex subtraction of the FUS-OFF image from the FUS-ON images) and proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry (from the OFF image). Efficiency improvements included partial Fourier acquisition, parallel imaging, and encoding up to 4 different displacement positions into a single image. Experiments were performed in homogenous and dual-stiffness phantoms, and in ex vivo porcine brain. Results In phantoms, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 5 s to 10 s for a 2D slice, and 60 s for a 3D volume, using parallel imaging and encoding 2 displacement positions/image. In ex vivo porcine brain, 16-point multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps could be acquired in 20 s for a 3D volume, using partial Fourier and parallel imaging and encoding 4 displacement positions/image. In 1 experiment it was observed that tissue displacement in ex vivo brain decreased by approximately 22% following FUS ablation. Conclusion With the described efficiency improvements it is possible to acquire volumetric multiple-point magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging maps, with simultaneous proton resonance frequency shift MR thermometry maps, in clinically acceptable times.
Clearer sentences—Part 2

My last column began a two-part series on clearer sentences based on Joseph M. Williams' vade mecum STYLE Toward Clarity and Grace . Part 1 introduced and developed Williams' first two principles of clear writing: subjects=characters and verbs=their actions. In clear sentences, the subjects and verbs overlay the characters and actions. There are many types of characters. The most important and clearest are direct agents, the obvious source of the action: We initiated this project … Sometimes the subjects name a means by which an unstated character performs an action: Studies of fault traps show that … which really means: People who study fault traps, find that … (“Studies” takes the role of a character and that's clear enough). In poor sentences, however, characters are typically not explicit, and a review is required to bring them to light. In extreme cases, the characters may be so deeply buried below the surface that only the authors can revise and extract them from obscurity. The reconstruction of these sentences is the bane of all reviewers and editors. “Action” means more than physical movement; it includes mental processes, feeling, relationships, etc. The following four-sentence progression becomes clearer as the verbs become more specific. Note also the improved clarity when the subject aligns with the character. There has been …
Scattering amplitudes of massive spin-2 Kaluza-Klein states grow only as O ( s )

Author(s): Chivukula, R Sekhar; Foren, Dennis; Mohan, Kirtimaan A; Sengupta, Dipan; Simmons, Elizabeth H | Abstract: We present the results of the first complete calculation of the tree-level $2\to 2$ high-energy scattering amplitudes of the longitudinal modes of massive spin-2 Kaluza-Klein states, both in the case where the internal space is a torus and in the Randall-Sundrum model where the internal space has constant negative curvature. While individual contributions to this amplitude grow as ${\cal O}(s^5$), we demonstrate explicitly that intricate cancellations occur between different contributions, reducing the growth to ${\cal O}(s)$, a slower rate of growth than previously argued in the literature. These cancellations require subtle relationships between the masses of the Kaluza-Klein states and their interactions, and reflect the underlying higher-dimensional diffeomorphism invariance. Our results provide fresh perspective on the range of validity of (effective) field theories involving massive spin-2 KK particles, with significant implications for the theory and phenomenology of these states.
A Trigeminal Schwannoma Masked by Solely Vestibulocochlear Symptoms

Background Intracranial schwannomas are most commonly associated with the vestibulocochlear nerve, often leading to hearing loss, tinnitus, and vestibular dysfunction. Much less often, a schwannoma can arise from the trigeminal nerve which can lead to facial pain, numbness, and weakness. Purpose We explored a case of a patient with an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-confirmed trigeminal schwannoma that was mistaken for a vestibulocochlear schwannoma because of a myriad of ipsilateral vestibulocochlear symptoms. Research Design This is a retrospective chart review and case study, with no statistics applied. Results This diagnostic error led to clinical confusion and inaccurate medical record-keeping. Radiologists and radiation oncologists deemed the patient's symptoms to be unrelated to the asymptomatic trigeminal schwannoma, and she was referred to an otolaryngologist following complaints of ear fullness, ear pain, and hearing loss. The patient's audiogram showed ipsilateral, asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss, and she was diagnosed with concurrent Meniere's disease. Alternative explanations, such as an additional schwannoma or external compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve, were considered, but not apparent on MRI. Conclusions From this case, we see that symptoms do not always concur with imaging results and that multiple etiologies, especially when one is rare, can confuse a clinical picture.
Low-energy collisions of D + with D and He 2 + with He

Quantum-mechanical calculations for differential cross sections and various transport cross sections describing the thermal-energy collisions of ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ with D and ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ with He are presented. Lowest-order Viehland-Mason theory is used to calculate mobility of ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ in D. The zero-field mobility at 77, 303, and 10000 K is, in units of ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, 10.5, 7.0, and 2.1, respectively.
Destape: sex, democracy, and freedom in postdictatorial Argentina

Argentina has a rich history of participatory politics in a constant struggle for democracy and sexual politics did not stray from that tradition. Natalia Milanesio uses Wilhelm Reich’s equation of...
Global Dynamics of Singularly Perturbed Hodgkin-Huxley Equations

In their well-known work, Hodgkin and Huxley considered the following model for nerve impulse transmission across an axon: $$ \frac{{\partial V}}{{\partial t}} - \frac{{{\partial ^2}V}}{{\partial {x^2}}} = {g_{Na}}{m^3}h\left( {{V_{Na}} - V} \right) + {g_K}{n^4}\left( {{V_K} - V} \right) + {g_L}\left( {{V_L} - V} \right) $$ (1) $$ \frac{{\partial m}}{{\partial t}} = \left( {{m_\infty } - m} \right)/{T_m} $$ (2) $$ \frac{{\partial h}}{{\partial t}}=\left({{h_\infty}-h}\right)/{T_h} $$ (3) $$\ \frac{{\partial n}}{{\partial t}} = \left( {{n_\infty } - n} \right)/{T_n} $$ (4)
Calculating RF current condensation with consistent ray-tracing and island heating

By exploiting the nonlinear amplification of the power deposition of RF waves, current condensation promises new pathways to the stabilization of magnetic islands. We present a numerical analysis of current condensation, coupling a geometrical optics treatment of wave propagation and damping to a thermal diffusion equation solver in the island. Taking into account the island geometry and relativistic damping, previous analytical theory can be made more precise and specific scenarios can be realistically predicted. With this more precise description, bifurcations and associated hysteresis effects could be obtained in an ITER-like scenario at realistic parameter values. Moreover, it is shown that dynamically varying the RF wave launching angles can lead to hysteresis and help to avoid the nonlinear shadowing effect.
Sex-Related Differences in the Incidence, Severity, and Recovery of Concussion in Adolescent Student-Athletes Between 2009 and 2019:

Background:The sex of an athlete is thought to modulate concussion incidence; however, the effects of sex on concussion severity and recovery are less clear.Purpose:To evaluate sex differences in c...
A Chinese patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) carrying a TRPM3 gene mutation: a paediatric case report

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a heterogeneous group of chronic encephalopathies characterized by epilepsy with comorbid intellectual disability that are frequently associated with de novo nonsynonymous coding variants in ion channels, cell-surface receptors, and other neuronally expressed genes. Mutations in TRPM3 were identified as the cause of DEE. We report a novel patient with DEE carrying a de novo missense mutation in TRPM3, p.(S1202T); this missense mutation has never been reported. A 7-year and 2-month-old Chinese patient who had recurrent polymorphic seizures was clinically diagnosed with DEE. A de novo missense mutation in TRPM3, which has not yet been reported, was identified in this case. The patient had a clinical phenotype consistent with previous reports. These findings could expand the spectrum of TRPM3 mutations and might also support that de novo substitutions of TRPM3 are a cause of DEE.
CT pectoralis muscle area is associated with DXA lean mass and correlates with emphysema progression in a tobacco-exposed cohort.

INTRODUCTION Muscle loss is an important extrapulmonary manifestation of COPD. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the method of choice for body composition measurement but is not widely used for muscle mass evaluation. The pectoralis muscle area (PMA) is quantifiable by CT and predicts cross-sectional COPD-related morbidity. There are no studies that compare PMA with DXA measures or that evaluate longitudinal relationships between PMA and lung disease progression. METHODS Participants from our longitudinal tobacco-exposed cohort had baseline and 6-year chest CT (n=259) and DXA (n=164) data. Emphysema was quantified by CT density histogram parenchymal scoring using the 15th percentile technique. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) and appendicular skeletal mass index (ASMI) were calculated from DXA measurements. Linear regression model relationships were reported using standardised coefficient (β) with 95% CI. RESULTS PMA was more strongly associated with DXA measures than with body mass index (BMI) in both cross-sectional (FFMI: β=0.76 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.86), p<0.001; ASMI: β=0.76 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.86), p<0.001; BMI: β=0.36 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.47), p<0.001) and longitudinal (ΔFFMI: β=0.43 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.57), p<0.001; ΔASMI: β=0.42 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.57), p<0.001; ΔBMI: β=0.34 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.46), p<0.001) models. Six-year change in PMA was associated with 6-year change in emphysema (β=0.39 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.56), p<0.001) but not with 6-year change in airflow obstruction. CONCLUSIONS PMA is an accessible measure of muscle mass and may serve as a useful clinical surrogate for assessing skeletal muscle loss in smokers. Decreased PMA correlated with emphysema progression but not lung function decline, suggesting a difference in the pathophysiology driving emphysema, airflow obstruction and comorbidity risk.
Applied simulation as a decision support system tool: the design of a new internal medicine facility

Over two-thirds of the US economy is based in the service sector and by some estimates close to ninety percent of the new jobs created since WWII have occurred in service industries. Yet due to the dynamic and complex nature of service systems, the application of decision support tools for the planning, modeling and analysis of these systems has lagged behind traditional manufacturing practices. One such service industry where the financial and strategic implications of proper decision making is especially critical is healthcare systems. The paper presents the application of a decision support system in the form of an applied simulation for designing a new internal medicine facility. Using an original simulation as the decision support system tool, the internal medicine group was able to evaluate various scheduling algorithms; patient queuing disciplines; throughput and productivity metrics; and general system optimization measures of the facility and its operation before construction even took place. In this way, changes to system processes and design were made and analyzed a priori, thus reducing risk and providing all system participants with a better understanding of this healthcare delivery system's complexity.
Listening to the Interracial Canary: Contemporary Views on Interracial Relationships Among Blacks and Whites

In 1967, the award-winning film Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, fresh on the heels of the much referenced U.S. Supreme Court decision in Loving v. Virginia,1 wrestled with how an older white couple handled their daughter bringing home a black fiance.2 While the film ended with the white father offering his support, he lamented the “unimaginable opposition” that his white daughter and her black fiance would face in the larger society. Fast forward to 2005, and mainstream popular films such as Guess Who and Something New paint a different picture of interracial relationships and societal responses, with black women dating white men to the chagrin of black families and communities.3 In Guess Who, whose title implies the connection to Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, the film offers a comedic take on a young black woman bringing her white fiance home to her black family; however, the black family and community are now the ones with the problem. These two movies are noteworthy in that they reflect how interracial relationships are represented differently and raise the question of just how much the contemporary racial landscape and views on interracial marriage have changed. In contemporary American society, black-white couples are often heralded as a sign that racial barriers have disappeared, and crossing racial borders is no longer taboo. In Interracial Intimacies: Sex, Marriage, Identity, and Adoption, Randall Kennedy argues, “Americans are becoming increasingly multiracial in their tastes, affections, and identities. The rates of interracial dating, marriage, and adoption are inching, and in some places rocketing, upward. This trend is, in my view, a positive good. It signals that formal and informal racial boundaries are fading.”4 Media reports also herald interracial marriage as a sign of racial progress and celebrate what
Analytical Design of Two-Revolute Open Chains

This paper deals with determining the dimensions of open chains composed of two moving links connected in series by means of revolute joints. Many manipulators, mechanical hands, walking machine legs and other mechanical devices contain this basic configuration. Equations are presented which can be used to numerically determine linkage dimensions according to specific design requirements. The design specifications treated by these methods can be on position, orientation, error sensitivity, velocity, acceleration, and force transmission characteristics. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the basic theory.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase Structure-Activity Relationships

Substituent constants and regression analysis have been employed in a study of the structure-activity relationship of binding and inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase with small molecules. Using this technique, it is possible to separate the hydrophobic, electronic, and steric roles of substituents in the interaction of the small molecules with the enzyme. It is shown that electron-withdrawing substituents decrease interaction of amides and alcohols. Substituents on the α carbon atom of amides and acids do not show a steric effect. From these two facts it is concluded that the carbonyl function attaches to the enzyme via the oxygen atom rather than the carbon atom. The dependence of interaction on the hydrophobic character of the substituents is found to be similar to that of many other sets of congeners acting on simple proteins and enzymes. Although there is some evidence that interaction is related parabolically to lipophilic character of the organic compounds, insufficient results are in hand to define sharply the relationship. The results of this study show that data from different laboratories using different types of compounds can be quantitatively compared and from such comparisons a self-consistent picture emerges.
1-(1-Naphthyl)ethylamine

(±) [42882-31-5] C12H13N (MW 171.26) InChI = 1S/C12H13N/c1-9(13)11-8-4-6-10-5-2-3-7-12(10)11/h2-9H,13H2,1H3 InChIKey = RTCUCQWIICFPOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+) [3886-70-2] InChI = 1S/C12H13N/c1-9(13)11-8-4-6-10-5-2-3-7-12(10)11/h2-9H,13H2,1H3/t9-/m1/s1 InChIKey = RTCUCQWIICFPOD-SECBINFHSA-N (−) [10420-89-0] InChI = 1S/C12H13N/c1-9(13)11-8-4-6-10-5-2-3-7-12(10)11/h2-9H,13H2,1H3/t9-/m0/s1 InChIKey = RTCUCQWIICFPOD-VIFPVBQESA-N (chiral reagent used for resolution of carboxylic acids,1 alcohols,2 and lactones;3 a chiral derivatization agent used for chromatographic resolution of carboxylic acids4 and alcohols;5 can serve as a chiral solvating agent6) Alternate Name: NEA. Physical Data: (±) form: bp 156 °C/15 mmHg; d 1.063 g cm−3. Oxalate: mp 221 °C (dec). (S)-(−) isomer: bp 153 °C/11 mmHg; d 1.060 g cm−3; [α]25 −80.8° (neat); [α]20 −59° (c = 5, MeOH). Oxalate: mp 232 °C (dec). (R)-(+) isomer: bp 153 °C/11 mmHg; d 1.060 g cm−3; [α]25 +82.8° (neat); [α]20 +60° (c = 5, MeOH). Oxalate: mp 240 °C. Solubility: sol alcohol, ether; insol H2O. Form Supplied in: clear liquid; both enantiomers and the racemate are all widely available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: the enantiomeric purity of the reagent can be determined by either NMR or HPLC analysis of derivatives produced from α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl isocyanate,7 α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl acid chloride,8 or 2′-methoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-carboxylic acid chloride.9 Preparative Methods: racemic 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine can be resolved with camphoric acid,10 tartaric acid,11 l-menthyl hydrogen phthalate,11 di-O-isopropylidene-2-ketogulonic acid,11, 12 and (S)-(−)-(2-phenylcarbamoyloxy)propionic acid.13 These procedures can also be used to enhance the enantiomeric purity of the reagent. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: use in a well-ventilated fume hood.
TOASTING AND HEXANE:ETHANOL EXTRACTION OF DEFATTED SOY FLAKES Flavor of Flours, Concentrates and Isolates

Flours and protein concentrates, prepared from defatted soybean flakes steamed up to 20 min before or after extraction with hexane:ethanol azeotrope 82/18 v/v, were presented to a 15-member trained taste panel. Flavors and odors were described and rated for intensity on a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 is strong and 10 is bland. Azeotropic extraction for 6 hr by itself significantly affected flavor of flours and of concentrates so that they scored 7.4 and 6.8, respectively, compared to 4.0 for raw, hexane-defatted, soy flour. Toasting after azeotropic extraction raised flavor scores of flours and protein concentrates to 7.9, a value which compares favorably with 8.1 for wheat flour. Toasting is also necessary to inactivate trypsin inhibitors and other antinutritional factors in azeotropio-extracted soybean flakes. A protein isolate from toasted, azeotropio-extracted flakes scored 7.3 compared to 8.0 for sodium caseinata Yields of protein isolates are good if the heatprocessed fiakes are extracted with hot water at 74°C and pH 7.2.
Assessments of the Home Environment and Early Adolescents' Intentions to Smoke Cigarettes

This study examined the relationship between the home environment and early adolescents' intentions to smoke cigarettes. Data were obtained from 177 middle school students and one parent of each early adolescent. Variables included in the analyses were the parents' assessments of the dimensions of the home environment, the adolescents' perceptions of their relations with their parents, commitment to school, and associations with friends who smoke. Multiple regression analyses indicated that adolescents who were less committed to school and whose family environments were characterized by change and a weak emphasis on educational pursuits were more likely to have had friends who smoked and intended to use cigarettes themselves. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of the utility of using data both from parents and adolescents.
Measurement of Via Currents in Printed Circuit Boards Using Inductive Loops

Understanding the AC current flowing through BGA package pins is critical to create accurate models of the power distribution network. We show that these currents can be experimentally measured by inserting small induction loops next to the vias carrying the pin currents. Small induction loops were constructed which gave a measurement upper cutoff frequency of 2 GHz, and a sensitivity of about 0.14 mV/mA/ns This system allowed us to measure currents with an average accuracy of about 10% and a dI/dt as small as 6 muA/ns with averaging when measuring calibrated test structures
Breakdown of perturbation theory for the deformation potential polaron

By comparing variational forms of weak and strong coupling we show that the crossover point is near $\ensuremath{\alpha}K\ensuremath{\approx}1$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the coupling constant and $K$ is the largest allowed (dimensionless) wave vector. Analysis of the perturbation series gives a leading term of the form ${K}^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{b}_{n}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{n}$, which contains no indication that when $\ensuremath{\alpha}Kg1$ the ground state is better described by strong coupling. It is suggested that when $\ensuremath{\alpha}Kg1$ the perturbation series approximates a metastable state of the system.
Bond-selective control of a heterogeneously catalyzed reaction.

Energy redistribution, including the many phonon-assisted and electronically assisted energy-exchange processes at a gas-metal interface, can hamper vibrationally mediated selectivity in chemical reactions. We establish that these limitations do not prevent bond-selective control of a heterogeneously catalyzed reaction. State-resolved gas-surface scattering measurements show that the ν 1 C-H stretch vibration in trideuteromethane (CHD 3 ) selectively activates C-H bond cleavage on a Ni(111) surface. Isotope-resolved detection reveals a CD 3 :CHD 2 product ratio > 30:1, which contrasts with the 1:3 ratio for an isoenergetic ensemble of CHD 3 whose vibrations are statistically populated. Recent studies of vibrational energy redistribution in the gas and condensed phases suggest that other gas-surface reactions with similar vibrational energy flow dynamics might also be candidates for such bond-selective control.
The pressure and temperature dependence of carbon dioxide solubility in tholeiitic basalt melts

The solubility of carbon dioxide in tholeiitic melt (1921 Kilauea basalt ) was determined under experimental conditions of 1 kbar, 1200°C; 10 and 15 kbar and 1300–1600°C. We examined the solubility at pressure and temperature conditions intermediate to those reported in previous studies, and, in particular, we addressed the effect of temperature on carbon dioxide solubility. Two different carbon sources were used in the experiments, silver oxalate and a mixture of carbonate minerals, to examine the effects of dissolved silver on carbon dioxide solubility. Three analytical methods were employed to measure accurately and precisely the dissolved carbon in the run products: ( 1 ) Fourier transform micro-infrared spectroscopy, ( 2 ) secondary ion mass spectrometry, and ( 3 ) bulk carbon analysis with a Perkin Elmer Elemental Analyzer. The first two methods are micro-beam techniques which allowed for assessment of sample homogeneity. Consistent with previous solubility studies, infrared analyses showed that carbon is dissolved in basaltic melt in the form of carbonate. However, our experimental results differ from the previous solubility study in that we demonstrate carbon dioxide solubility is temperature independent. At 1 kbar and 1200°C, carbon dioxide solubility is 543 ppm; at 10 kbar and 1300, 1400, and 1500°C, carbon dioxide solubility is approximately 0.77 ± .07 wt%; and at 15 kbar and 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, and 1600°C, the solubility is approximately 1.21 ± .13 wt%. Dissolved silver does not appear to affect the solubility. These results invalidate previous models for carbon dioxide solubility. We have developed a new model which describes the pressure and temperature dependence of carbon dioxide solubility for tholeiitic basalts. Regression of the solubility data for the reaction CO2vapor + O2−melt = CO32−melt gives a heat of solution (ΔH0 at 1 kbar and 1473 K) of 5.20 ± 4.30 kJ/mol and the change in partial molar volume ΔV0[CO32−melt− O2−melt of 23.14 ± 1.03 cm3/mol. Application of this model suggests that fluid-saturated partial melting of the MORB source region cannot be supported.
A soluble model of a variational calculation with correlations

Abstract The monopole-monopole interaction λr 2 (1) r 2 (2) is used both to get a Hartree potential and to obtain 1p-1h and 2p-2h correlations. The resulting variational problem is not difficult to solve. It is shown that although the optimum value of the oscillator parameter ħω changes in such a way as to increase the mean square radius, the 1p-1h correlations resist this change to a large extent. The energy of the breathing mode is obtained both microscopically and macroscopically.
Bilateral Granular Cell Tumors of the Posterior Mediastinum

Granular cell tumors are uncommon and generally benign lesions that are commonly accepted to be of Schwann cell origin. These tumors occur most frequently in the skin and oral cavity and are generally asymptomatic. However, when signs and symptoms occur, they are relative to the organ or site involved. The histological features are distinct. Surgical resection is curative in almost all cases, with only rare local recurrences. We report a case of symptomatic bilateral granular cell tumors arising in the posterior mediastinum.
Aggressive behavior in normal and deviant members of intact versus mother-only families.

Single-parent families have been identified as using more coercion and aggression to elicit compliance than intact families. The present study compared 9 mother-only and 15 intact families from a referred clinical sample to 9 mother-only and 16 intact nonreferred “normal” families using a family behavioral observation code. Clinical families emitted higher rates of aggressive behavior than normals, and mother-only emitted higher rates than intact. However, mother-only normals had lower rates than intact clinical families. The intact versus mother-only factor appears to be less important in understanding aggression than do the specific interactional patterns of family members.
REWRITING SYSTEMS AND ORDERINGS ON ARTIN MONOIDS

In this paper we introduce a complete rewriting system on any large-type Artin monoid. The rewriting system stems from a well-ordering defined by Burckel on the related class of braid monoids. As a consequence of our rewriting system's existence we will recover the fact that certain large-type monoids are well-orderable, and we will discern finer detail regarding the structure of this associated ordering.
Epistemic game for answer making in learning about hydrostatics

Previous research into problem solving in physics resulted in researchers introducing six epistemic games to describe the organizational structures of locally coherent resources. We present a new epistemic game—the ‘‘answer-making epistemic game’’—which was identified in this paper through the analysis of interviews carried out to validate a survey focusing on students’ understanding of Archimedes’ principle and Pascal’s law. In the game, the ultimate goal is a solution to a problem posed by the survey. Students may remember or intuit an answer, then use conceptual and/or mathematical reasoning to justify it. Alternately, they may use conceptual and/or mathematical reasoning to generate an answer. We demonstrate how students generate their solutions using these two different paths and discuss some implications for instruction.
The Role of SK Calcium-Dependent Potassium Currents in Regulating the Activity of Deep Cerebellar Nucleus Neurons: A Dynamic Clamp Study

We used the method of dynamic current clamping to determine the properties and function of the SK calcium-dependent K(+) current in neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). As previously reported, block of SK current with apamin leads to bursting of DCN neurons and a steepening of the f-I curve. We show here that the properties of the slow spike afterhyperpolarization are fully controlled by SK current and we derive kinetic properties of this current that explain its action on DCN neurons. Overall, the SK current provides an effective mechanism to tune the regularity of spiking and the f-I curve of DCN neurons.
Expected Particle Size Distributions of Crystals Produced from Nonisothermal Recrystallization

It is shown, using oxalic acid dihydrate as a model, that nonisothermal recrystallization of powders gives rise to particle size distributions which approach log-normality in many cases. The number of particles formed is, primarily, a function of the nucleation rate constants and the particle size distribution, i.e., the mean diameter and standard deviation are functions of the growth kinetic parameters.
Robust consensus tracking for an integrator-type multi-agent system with disturbances and unmodelled dynamics

In this article, a robust consensus tracking problem for a multi-agent system with integrator-type dynamics has been addressed in the presence of disturbances and unmodelled dynamics. The desired trajectory to be tracked is only provided to a small group of team members. An identifier is developed to estimate the unknown disturbances and unmodelled dynamics. A consensus controller is developed based on this identifier to achieve asymptotic consensus tracking using the local information obtained from neighbouring agents. The closed-loop stability is proved using the Lyapunov-based analysis and an invariance-like theorem. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed robust consensus controller.
The structure of personality judgments: comments on Kuusinen's paper and further evidence.

Kuusinen (1969) compared the factor structures of individual subjects' ratings of their peers with the structure of peer ratings made by a group of subjects. He concluded that the group structure adequately represented the individual structures and that inter-individual differences were unimportant. This conclusion is challenged in the present paper. It is argued that the between-subject differences in Kuusinen's results were too pronounced to be dismissed as negligible. Data are also presented from a study in which subjects made personality ratings of stereotypic role figures. The factor structure underlying each subject's ratings was determined and compared with that of each other subject. The degree of congruence between the factor structures of pairs of subjects varied and in general only moderate convergence was observed. Implications of these individual differences for the concept of implicit personality theories were discussed.
Concepts in biology

Mason discusses his work in attempting to leach concepts in biology to primary grade children. As a key to the understanding of these concepts he sees a need for filling the vacuum that lies between mathematics and the material world. Results obtained from working with children in terms of applying mathematics to biology are encouraging.
Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced Molybdenum Oxides with Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride in Aqueous Solutions

Abstract Reduction of ammonium molybdate, (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 ·4H 2 O, with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. NH 2 OH·HCl, at ambient temperature in aqueous solutions results in amorphous MoO 3 · n H 2 O oxide. Subsequent heat treatment of this oxide yields Mo 1− δ O 2 or a hydrogen molybdenum bronze, H x MoO 3 ( x ≅1), both crystalline in nature. The samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and galvanostatic electrochemical characterization.
Electronic spectroscopy of the OH–CO reactant complex

Abstract A broad and relatively unstructured electronic excitation spectrum has been observed for the OH–CO reactant complex in the OH A–X (1,0) region by laser-induced fluorescence and fluorescence depletion methods. The electronic spectrum spans from 33 500 to 36 050 cm −1 and peaks near 34 600 cm −1 . Fluorescence depletion methods have been employed to demonstrate that the broad electronic spectrum originates from the same linear, hydrogen-bonded OH–CO complex that gives rise to a rotationally resolved infrared spectrum. The electronic spectrum is consistent with a Franck–Condon mapping of the ground state radial distribution on a strongly attractive excited state potential that undergoes rapid decay dynamics.
Efficient production of biologically active human salivary cystatins in Escherichia coli

Abstract Different Escherichia coli expression systems were used for expression of cDNA clones encoding the human salivary cysteine proteinase (CysP) inhibitors, cystatins SN and S (CsnSN and CsnS). These included pOTSNco 12 that expresses foreign sequences as authentic (nonfusion) proteins, and pGEX-2T that directs the synthesis of foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). The pOTS vector produced low levels of recombinant CsnSN (reCsnSN) that was localized in the soluble fraction, but not easily purified. The pGEX vector, on the other hand, produced much higher yields of the fusion protein, GST::CsnSN, that was localized almost entirely in the insoluble protein fraction. Solubilized and refolded GST::CsnSN inhibited the CysP, papain, more efficiently than chicken egg white Csn, indicating that the recombinant product was biologically active and that the GST carrier did not interfere with the biological activity. The pGEX-2T vector was subsequently used for the large-scale production of reCsnSN and reCsnS that were cleaved from the GST by thrombin and purified by DE-52 cellulose chromatography. ReCsnSN inhibited papain almost as efficiently as salivary CsnSN, while the reCsnS showed lower inhibitory activity as compared to both salivary CsnS and reCsnSN.
Hybrid maximum a posteriori estimation under communication constraints

We consider the problem of joint-state estimation for mobile wireless sensor networks (WSN) using noisy analog observations from spatially-distributed sensors. Due to communication bandwidth constraints, sensors can transmit only quantized observations. As opposed to existing estimators that process either only quantized or only analog observations, we develop a Maximum A Posteriori-based hybrid estimation framework that enables each sensor to utilize its own local analog observations as well as quantized observations received from other sensors to improve estimation accuracy.
The Cost of Intraparty Competition: The Single, Nontransferable Vote and Money Politics in Japan

Many scholars have argued that money politics in Japan has been driven in part by the imperatives of intraparty competition under the single, nontransferable vote (SNTV) system used for lower house...