cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is intuition embodied? A phenomenological study of clinical intuition in somatic psychotherapy practice

Intuition in psychotherapy practice is often confused with terms such as emotional insight, body language, gut feeling and psychic ability. These terms generalise a common experience, yet do not adequately describe the lived experience of intuitive phenomena. This phenomenological study explored intuition in clinical practice from an embodied perspective based on two questions: (i) How, if at all, is intuition embodied? (ii) What is the role of non-verbal expressions while describing clinical intuitive phenomena? Purposive sampling was used to recruit somatic psychotherapists who claimed to experience intuition during clinical practice. An original methodology was created by synthesising a body-focused interview with descriptive analysis. Findings (i) challenged the current parameters of embodiment by expanding upon the experience of intuition beyond ‘gut feelings’, and (ii) suggested that gestures reveal implicit information regarding the ways in which intuition arrives into consciousness. Further studie...
Mortality and pulmonary embolism after fracture in the elderly

Hip fracture has repeatedly been associated with increases in the risks of death and pulmonary embolism (PE), but few studies have considered whether other fractures are also associated with these adverse outcomes. The authors estimated the 90-day risks and relative risks of mortality and PE after fractures, and the longer-term relative risks of mortality, for each of ten fracture sites. Using the 5% US standard sample of the Medicare population, we identified 81,181 fractures of the pelvis, patella, and long bones occurring between July 1, 1986, and June 30, 1990, among beneficiaries aged 65 years or older. The fractures were randomly matched by sex, race, and year of birth with a beneficiary who did not suffer that particular fracture, to form ten control cohorts. All patients were followed up until December 31, 1990. The 90-day risk of death was greater than 9% after hip, nonhip femur, and pelvic fractures, with risks relative to their matched control cohorts of 4.7 to 6.7. For white patients with these three fracture types these relative risks decreased substantially with age. White patients who had a hospitalization in the 2 years before hip fracture were more likely to die in the first 90 days than those who had no hospitalization before the hip fracture, but this effect, too, decreased with age. Patients who survived 1 year after most fracture types had no clinically significant excess mortality compared with their surviving controls. For patients with hip, nonhip femur, and pelvis fractures, however, there remained an elevated risk of 1.6 to 1.8, and for patients with proximal humerus fractures the risk ratio was 1.4. All lower-limb fractures carried a higher risk of PE than any upper-limb fracture.
Living within the Mundo Maya Project: Strategies of Maya Handicrafts Vendors

Mundo Maya (Maya World) tourism promotional materials prominently feature female Maya vendors because they are the Mayas most visible and accessible to outsiders. However, these vendors do not dire...
Gonadotropin responses to synthetic LRF: dose-response relationship in men.

A dose-response relationship between circulating gonadotropin levels and synthetic LRF has been established in 10 adult males for iv doses ranging from 1–450 μg. Though both serum LH and FSH concentrations increased with dose, the responses in FSH were much smaller and occurred later than those of LH. A statistically significant increase in LH was observed in response to the 10 μg dose and the mean responses increased from 1 to 150 μg. In contrast, a statistically significant increase in FSH response was observed only at the 150 μg and 450 μg doses. Maximum serum levels were observed at a median time of 25 min following LRF administration for LH as compared to 45 min for FSH. The great variability in response among subjects (which was not related to age or body surface area) demonstrates the importance of serial studies in the same individuals.
Exciton interaction between cyanine dyes and porphin

Copper porphins with cyanine dyes on the methine bridges show shifts compared to unsubstituted copper porphin of up to 0.5 electron volts of the near ultraviolet “Soret” absorption band. They show smaller shifts of the weaker visible band. This effect is explained as being due to an excitonic interaction with the cyanine dyes rather than the electron attracting or withdrawing effect of the dyes.
A two population model of prion transport through a tunnelling nanotube.

This article develops a two prion population model that simulates prion trafficking between an infected dendritic cell and a neuron. The situation when the two cells are connected by a tunnelling nanotube (TNT) is simulated. Two mechanisms of prion transport are considered: lateral diffusion in the TNT membrane and active actin-dependent transport inside endocytic vesicles that are propelled by myosin Va molecular motors. Analytical solutions describing prion concentrations and fluxes are obtained. Numerical results are compared with those predicted by a single prion population model that relies on a single reaction–diffusion equation and accounts for the two modes of prion transport in an effective way.
Mechanics of carbon nanotubes: applicability of the continuum-beam models

Ranges of validity for the continuum-beam models, the length-scale effects and continuum assumptions are analyzed in the framework of scaling analysis of NT structure. Two coupled criteria for the applicability of the continuum models are presented. Scaling analysis of NT buckling and geometric parameters (e.g., diameter and length) is carried out to determine the key non-dimensional parameters that control the buckling strains and modes of NT buckling. A model applicability map, which represents two classes of NTs, is constructed in the space of non-dimensional parameters. In an analogy with continuum mechanics, a mechanical law of geometric similitude is presented for two classes of beam-like NTs having different geometries. Expressions for the critical buckling loads and strains are tailored for the distinct groups of NTs and compared with the data provided by the molecular dynamics simulations. Implications for molecular dynamics simulations and the NT-based scanning probes are discussed.
Improving the stability of photochromic fluorinated indolylfulgides

Abstract Fluorinated indolylfulgides are a class of photochromic organic compounds. It is possible to consider potential applications of these compounds in optical devices such as switches and memory. Two novel fulgides, a deuterated trifluoromethyl indolylfulgide and a trifluoromethyl dicyclopropyl indolylfulgide, were designed based on prior mechanistic studies to have greater thermal stability and potentially greater photochemical stability. The absorption spectra, thermal stabilities in both toluene and polymer films, and photochemical fatigue resistances of both fulgides were measured. The cyclizable Z -form of the dicyclopropyl fulgide displayed a significant red shift of the absorption maximum compared to any other fulgide. Deuteration led to greater thermal stability of the fluorinated fulgide. Moreover, the Z -form of the dicyclopropyl fulgide showed excellent durability in PMMA at 80 °C. The solution-based study of the dicyclopropyl fulgide demonstrated only E – Z -isomerization after prolonged treatment (380 h) at 80 °C in toluene. In addition, the trifluoromethyl dicyclopropyl indolylfulgide is the most photochemically stable yet reported; it underwent 10,000 photochemical cycles, coloration followed by bleaching, before degrading by 13%.
Reversible inhibition by phosphonoacetic acid of human B lymphocyte transformation by Epstein-Barr virus.

Abstract B lymphocytes purified by immunoabsorbent chromatography from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of adults provide highly effective targets for infection and transformation by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Using this system, the kinetics of DNA synthesis induction due to EBV infection have been characterized. The kinetics show two phases: an early phase, lasting 3 to 4 days, the rate and absolute level of which are dependent upon multiplicity of infection; and a later phase, representing normal exponential growth, the level but not rate of which is dependent upon multiplicity of infection. The induction of DNA synthesis begins at a time (24 hr) which agrees well with the published times for the appearance of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA). Absorption and penetration of the cells by EBV appear to require 1 to 2 hr. The induction of DNA synthesis proceeds normally during the first phase in the presence of phosphonoacetic acid (PAA; 200 μg/ml). Thereafter, DNA synthesis remains at a plateau. Blast-transformed EBNA-positive cells may be isolated from these cultures. Removal of PAA at any time up to 28 days postinfection results in resumed proliferation and outgrowth. These cells express four phenotypic properties of transformation by EBV: (1) induction of DNA synthesis, (2) EBNA expression, (3) blast transformation, and (4) immortalization (survival for at least 28 days). However, they cannot grow out. It is therefore proposed that the phenomenon of EBV infection in the presence of PAA may be termed “abortive transformation.”
Effects of ion damage on IBICC and SEU imaging

The effect of displacement and ionizing dose damage on ion-beam-induced-charge-collection (IBICC) and single-event-upset (SEU) imaging are explored. IBICC imaging is not affected by ionizing dose damage, and its dependence on displacement damage is a complex function of the structure of the samples used in this study. Degradation of the IBICC signal is controlled by displacement damage that occurs at different rates in the heavily doped substrate and lightly doped epitaxial silicon layer, leading to a non-linear dependence of inverse degradation versus ion fluence. The effect of ion exposure on the electrical performance of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) static random access memories (SRAMs) is solely related to ionizing dose effects in the transistor oxides. With SEU imaging, we found that an additional region became sensitive to upset with ion fluence probably as a result of ionizing dose effects on the restoring transistors. Finally, SEU during IBICC imaging resulted in charge collection from both p-drains of a memory cell. Implications of damage on the use of these microbeam techniques are discussed.
An efficient rhythmic component expression and weighting synthesis strategy for classifying motor imagery EEG in a brain-computer interface.

The recognition of mental states during motor imagery tasks is crucial for EEG-based brain–computer interface research. We have developed a new algorithm by means of frequency decomposition and weighting synthesis strategy for recognizing imagined right- and left-hand movements. A frequency range from 5 to 25 Hz was divided into 20 band bins for each trial, and the corresponding envelopes of filtered EEG signals for each trial were extracted as a measure of instantaneous power at each frequency band. The dimensionality of the feature space was reduced from 200 (corresponding to 2 s) to 3 by down-sampling of envelopes of the feature signals, and subsequently applying principal component analysis. The linear discriminate analysis algorithm was then used to classify the features, due to its generalization capability. Each frequency band bin was weighted by a function determined according to the classification accuracy during the training process. The present classification algorithm was applied to a dataset of nine human subjects, and achieved a success rate of classification of 90% in training and 77% in testing. The present promising results suggest that the present classification algorithm can be used in initiating a general-purpose mental state recognition based on motor imagery tasks.
Performance of local area network protocols for hard real-time applications

Simulation experiments show that the token ring protocol gave a lower average message delay at low transfer rates, but the token bus protocol gave a better overall performance for applications where only average delay is of interest. On the other hand, in hard real-time systems, the criterion of importance is not the average message delay, but the maximum message delay and the ability to meet deadlines. Slotted ring in this case is a much better protocol than the others because of its low maximum message delay and more predictable message delay. Because of this, and because the average performance of the slotted ring remains good as the size or the transfer rate of the network increases, the slotted ring protocol is preferred over the token ring and token bus protocols for hard real-time systems. >
Lagrangian Similarity Modeling of Vertical Diffusion from a Ground-Level Source

Abstract The crosswind-integrated concentrations of a diffusing tracer were calculated from Lagrangian similarity theory and compared to field data at distances from 50–3200 m downwind of the ground-level tracer sources. The agreement between theory and data is good, supporting the usefulness of Lagrangian similarity theory for the prediction of ground-level concentrations to a dimensionless downwind distance of at least x/Z0=2×105. The comparison also demonstrates that 1) the eddy diffusivity of passive contaminants corresponds more closely to that of heat than that of momentum and 2) the effect of atmospheric stability on the ground-level concentrations may be closely predicted by altering the vertical scale of the diffusion without changing the form of the vertical distribution.
A novel approach to sequence validating protein expression clones with automated decision making

Background: Whereas the molecular assembly of protein expression clones is readily automated and routinely accomplished in high throughput, sequence verification of these clones is still largely performed manually, an arduous and time consuming process. The ultimate goal of validation is to determine if a given plasmid clone matches its reference sequence sufficiently to be "acceptable" for use in protein expression experiments. Given the accelerating increase in availability of tens of thousands of unverified clones, there is a strong demand for rapid, efficient and accurate software that automates clone validation. Results: We have developed an Automated Clone Evaluation (ACE) system – the first comprehensive, multi-platform, web-based plasmid sequence verification software package. ACE automates the clone verification process by defining each clone sequence as a list of multidimensional discrepancy objects, each describing a difference between the clone and its expected sequence including the resulting polypeptide consequences. To evaluate clones automatically, this list can be compared against user acceptance criteria that specify the allowable number of discrepancies of each type. This strategy allows users to re-evaluate the same set of clones against different acceptance criteria as needed for use in other experiments. ACE manages the entire sequence validation process including contig management, identifying and annotating discrepancies, determining if discrepancies correspond to polymorphisms and clone finishing. Designed to manage thousands of clones simultaneously, ACE maintains a relational database to store information about clones at various completion stages, project processing parameters and acceptance criteria. In a direct comparison, the automated analysis by ACE took less time and was more accurate than a manual analysis of a 93 gene clone set. Conclusion: ACE was designed to facilitate high throughput clone sequence verification projects. The software has been used successfully to evaluate more than 55,000 clones at the Harvard Institute of Proteomics. The software dramatically reduced the amount of time and labor required to evaluate clone sequences and decreased the number of missed sequence discrepancies, which commonly occur during manual evaluation. In addition, ACE helped to reduce the number of sequencing reads needed to achieve adequate coverage for making decisions on clones.
Spinacia oleracea L. Leaf Stomata Harboring Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts: a Potential Threat to Food Safety

Cryptosporidium parvum is a cosmopolitan microscopic protozoan parasite that causes severe diarrheal disease (cryptosporidiosis) in mammals, including humans and livestock. There is growing evidence of Cryptosporidium persistence in fresh produce that may result in food-borne infection, including sporadic cases as well as outbreaks. However, drinking and recreational waters are still considered the major sources of Cryptosporidium infection in humans, which has resulted in prioritization of studies of parasite etiology in aquatic environments, while the mechanisms of transmission and parasite persistence on edible plants remain poorly understood. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy together with fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies, C. parvum oocysts were found to strongly adhere to spinach plants after contact with contaminated water, to infiltrate through the stomatal openings in spinach leaves, and to persist at the mesophyll level. These findings and the fact that this pathogenic parasite resists washing and disinfection raise concerns regarding food safety.
Distribution of Digoxin-reducing, Oxalate-degrading, and Total Anaerobic Bacteria in the Human Colon

Samples of the mucosal surface of the caecum and sigmoid colon were obtained from 33 colonoscopy subjects for microbiol studies using a microbiology brush system. Faecal samples and caecal lumen aspirates were also obtained. Estimated numbers of digoxin-reducing, oxalate-degrading and total anaerobic bacteria from the caecal brush samples correlated significantly with the respective concentrations of these organisms from the sigmoid area. The concentrations of oxalate-degrading bacteria and total anaerobes, but not those of digoxin-reducing organisms, were greater in the caecum than in the sigmoid colon. Eight of 23 subjects given an oral dose of digoxin excreted reduced metabolites of digoxin in the urine; high concentrations of digoxin-reducing bacteria were found in caecal and sigmoid samples from each of them. Equally high concentrations or such bacteria were found in caecal and sigmoid specimens from six subjects who did not metabolize digoxin in vivo . Caccal brush concentrations of digoxin-reducing and oxalate-degrading organisms correlated significantly with the concentrations of these bacteria in faeces. The predominant genera of bacteria cultured from caecal and sigmoid brush specimens appeared to be similar. Mean molar percentage distributions of short-chain fatty acids were similar in the caecal aspirates and stool samples. Keywords: Digoxin-reducing bacteria; Oxalate-degrading bacteria; Anaerobic bacteria; Colon; Short-chain fatty acids.
POWs: The Hidden Reason for Forgetting Korea

Abstract Despite recent attention, the Korean War (1950–53) remains underappreciated and further explanation of its ‘forgottenness’ is needed. Korea originally faded to gray because there was no satisfying victory. National security planners had ample reason to try and rehabilitate the war in the mind of the public, but had little success. This was because a primary accomplishment of the second half of the war – forcing the enemy to accept so-called voluntary repatriation of POWs (prisoners of war) – was semi-secret and never declared as a major war aim. Since the nation was never united around securing voluntary repatriation, there was little raw material for creating a memory of success.
An Update On Budgetary Participation, Locus Of Control, And The Effects On Mexican Managerial Performance And Job Satisfaction

This study examines the effects of budgetary participation, and the personality variable, locus of control, on the performance and job satisfaction of Mexican managers working for US controlled maquiladoras on the US/Mexican border and within interior Mexico. This study follows the methodology employed by Frucot and Shearon (1991), finds similar empirical results, but reaches quite different interpretations and conclusions. While Frucot and Shearon interpreted their results as suggesting caution in the use of participative budgeting by US companies operating in Mexico, we find that Mexican managers working for US controlled maquiladoras in Mexico may exhibit cultural values much like their US counterparts and that the performance of these Mexican managers may benefit from budgetary participation.
Continuous Primary Care Is Central to Comprehensive Cancer Care: Are We Ready to Meet Growing Needs?

Primary care engagement is essential to meet the need for high-quality, comprehensive, long-term cancer care. Primary care currently serves an integral role as the point of care for preventive and surveillance cancer screenings. As cancer prevalence rises, primary care will increasingly serve a growing need for care continuity as patients transition between screening, active treatment, and continued follow-up care.
Randomized Throughput-Optimal Oblivious Routing for Torus Networks

In this paper, we study the problem of optimal oblivious routing for 1D and 2D torus networks. We introduce a new closed-form oblivious routing algorithm called W2TURN that is worst-case throughput optimal for 2D torus networks. W2TURN is based on a weighted random selection of paths that contain at most two turns. Restricting the maximum number of turns in routing paths to just two enables a simple deadlock-free implementation of W2TURN. In terms of average hop count, W2TURN outperforms the best previously known closed-form worst-case throughput optimal routing algorithm called IVAL [CHECK END OF SENTENCE]. When the network radix is odd, W2TURN achieves the minimum average hop count that can be achieved with 2-turn paths while remaining worst-case throughput optimal. When the network radix is even, W2TURN comes very close to achieving the minimum average hop count while remaining worst-case throughput optimal, within just 0.72 percent on a 12\times 12 torus. We also describe another routing algorithm based on weighted random selection of paths with at most two turns called I2TURN and show that I2TURN is equivalent to IVAL. However, I2TURN eliminates the need for loop removal at runtime and provides a closed-form analytical expression for evaluating the average hop count. The latter enables us to demonstrate analytically that W2TURN strictly outperforms IVAL (and I2TURN) in average hop count. Finally, we present a new optimal weighted random routing algorithm for rings called Weighted Random Direction (WRD). WRD provides a closed-form expression for the optimal distribution of traffic along the minimal and nonminimal directions in a ring topology to achieve minimum average hop count while guaranteeing optimal worst-case throughput. Based on our evaluations, in addition to being worst-case throughput optimal, W2TURN and WRD also perform well in the average case, and outperform the best previously known worst-case throughput optimal routing algorithms with closed-form descriptions in latency and throughput over a wide range of traffic patterns.
Toughening Mechanisms in Al/Al-SiC Laminated Metal Composites

The fracture toughness of laminated metal composites consisting of alternating layers of a metal matrix composite (Al6090/SiC/25p) and a monolithic aluminum alloy (Al5182) has been studied as a function of the volume fraction of the component materials. Finite element simulations of the fracture toughness tests have been used to study the mechanisms of crack growth and extrinsic toughening. The mechanisms responsible for toughening in laminated metal composites are described.
Thermal analysis and dilatometry of glasses formed under elevated pressure

Densified glasses, formed from the liquid state by cooling at 5°C/hr under elevated pressures of up to 517 MN/m2, were studied by thermal analysis and dilatometry at ambient pressure. The materials studied were polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), phenolphthalein, sucrose, and a 1 : 1 mixture by weight of potassium and calcium nitrate. Enthalpies of the densified glasses were found to be up to 2–6 J/g greater than the enthalpies of the glasses formed at atmospheric pressure. The major enthalpy and volume relaxation on heating the densified glasses was found to be not correlated The upper temperature limit of the glass-transition region remained constant for all glasses cooled at various pressures, while the lower temperature limit of the polymeric glasses decreased up to 55°C with increasing pressure. The interpretation of the data suggests that an additional, significant volume relaxation occurred on depressurization at room temperature for all glasses analyzed.
Quantitative analysis of the working area and angle of attack for the retrosigmoid, combined petrosal, and transcochlear approaches to the petroclival region

Object The authors quantitatively assessed the working areas and angles of attack associated with retrosigmoid (RS), combined petrosal (CP), and transcochlear (TC) craniotomies. Methods Four silicone-injected cadaveric heads were bilaterally dissected using three approaches progressing from the least to the most extensive. Working areas were determined using the Optotrak 3020 system on the upper and middle thirds of the petroclivus and brainstem. Angles of attack were studied using the Elekta SurgiScope at the Dorello canal and the origin of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). The TC approach provided significantly greater (p < 0.001) working areas at the petroclivus (755.6 ± 130.1 mm2) and brainstem (399.3 ± 68.2 mm2) than the CP (354.1 ± 60.3 and 289.7 ± 69.9 mm2) and RS approaches (292.4 ± 59.9, 177.2 ± 54.2 mm2, respectively). The brainstem working area associated with the CP approach was significantly larger (p < 0.001) than that associated with the RS route. There was no difference in th...
A Single Amino Acid Difference Distinguishes Resistant and Susceptible Alleles of the Rice Blast Resistance Gene Pi-ta

The rice blast resistance ( R ) gene Pi-ta mediates gene-for-gene resistance against strains of the fungus Magnaporthe grisea that express avirulent alleles of AVR-Pita . Using a map-based cloning strategy, we cloned Pi-ta , which is linked to the centromere of chromosome 12. Pi-ta encodes a predicted 928‐amino acid cytoplasmic receptor with a centrally localized nucleotide binding site. A single-copy gene, Pi-ta shows low constitutive expression in both resistant and susceptible rice. Susceptible rice varieties contain pi-ta ‐ alleles encoding predicted proteins that share a single amino acid difference relative to the Pi-ta resistance protein: serine instead of alanine at position 918. Transient expression in rice cells of a Pi-ta 1 R gene together with AVR-Pita 1 induces a resistance response. No resistance response is induced in transient assays that use a naturally occurring pi-ta ‐ allele differing only by the serine at position 918. Rice varieties reported to have the linked Pi-ta 2 gene contain Pi-ta plus at least one other R gene, potentially explaining the broadened resistance spectrum of Pi-ta 2 relative to Pi-ta . Molecular cloning of the AVR-Pita and Pi-ta genes will aid in deployment of R genes for effective genetic control of rice blast disease.
Role of CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 Pathway in Renal Ischemic Injury

Chemokines play a major role in the recruitment of leukocytes in inflammation and in the regulation of T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 immune responses. These mechanisms have been recognized to be important in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The interaction of the CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) receptor with its ligands is a key pathogenic pathway in promoting inflammation and in enhancing Th1 immune responses. After the induction of ischemia in the mouse model of renal ischemia, an increase in intrarenal expression of CXCR3 and its ligands was observed. Compared with the wild-type (WT) mice, CXCR3-deficient mice (CXCR3-/-) had significantly lower serum creatinine levels, better survival rate, and significantly less acute tubular necrosis and cellular infiltrates. In the kidney, intracellular staining of infiltrating cells that were recovered from kidneys revealed a lower percentage of CD4+IFN-gamma+ cells in the CXCR3-/- mice compared with the WT mice. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of WT CD3+ cells into CXCR3-/- mice before induction of I/R injury abrogated the protection of CXCR3-/- mice from I/R injury. It is concluded that CXCR3 plays an important role in orchestrating the recruitment of Th1 cells to the ischemic kidney and in mediating I/R injury and therefore may serve as a novel target for the therapy of I/R injury.
Similarity of climate control on base flow and perennial stream density in the Budyko framework

Abstract. Connection between perennial stream and base flow at the mean annual scale exists since one of the hydrologic functions of perennial stream is to deliver runoff even in low flow seasons. The partitioning of precipitation into runoff and evaporation at the mean annual scale, on the first order, is captured by the ratio of potential evaporation to precipitation (EP/P called climate aridity index) based on Budyko hypothesis. Perennial stream density (DP), which is obtained from the high resolution National Hydrography Dataset, for 185 watersheds declines monotonically with climate aridity index, and an inversely proportional function is proposed to model the relationship between DP and EP/P. The monotonic trend of perennial stream density reconciles with the Abrahams curve since perennial stream density is only a small portion of the total drainage density. The correlation coefficient between the ratio of base flow to precipitation (Qb/P), which follows a complementary Budyko type curve and perennial stream density is found to be 0.74. The similarity between Qb/P and DP reveals the co-evolution between water balance and perennial stream network.
Autonomic Molecular Transport by Polymer Films Containing Programmed Chemical Potential Gradients

Materials which induce molecular motion without external input offer unique opportunities for spatial manipulation of molecules. Here, we present the use of polyacrylamide hydrogel films containing built-in chemical gradients (enthalpic gradients) to direct molecular transport. Using a cationic tertiary amine gradient, anionic molecules were directionally transported up to several millimeters. A 40-fold concentration of anionic molecules dosed in aerosol form on a substrate to a small region at the center of a radially symmetric cationic gradient was observed. The separation of mixtures of charged dye molecules was demonstrated using a boronic acid-to-cationic gradient where one molecule was attracted to the boronic acid end of the gradient, and the other to the cationic end of the gradient. Theoretical and computational analysis provides a quantitative description of such anisotropic molecular transport, and reveals that the gradient-imposed drift velocity is in the range of hundreds of nanometers per se...
Brine shrimp larval photoresponses involved in diel vertical migration: Activation by fish mucus and modified amino sugars

Photoresponses involved in the descent phase of nocturnal diel vertical migration of brine shrimp ( Artemia franciscana) naupliar larvae were measured in a laboratory system that mimicked the underwater angular light distribution. The test hypothesis was that kairomones from fish that activate photoresponses involved in DVM include degradation products of polysaccharides in their external mucus. Studies focused on the glycosaminoglycans heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, and hyaluronic acid and their repeating disaccharide units. Active molecules were identified by their activation of the descent photoresponse. Mucus from the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) activated photoresponses at concentrations down to 10 25 g wet weight of mucus L 21 . Water that had previously contained this species had (1) active molecules that were ,10 kDa in size, (2) polysaccharides in the .10-kDa, ,30-kDa fraction that could be acted upon by heparinase and chondroitinase to produce active molecules, and (3) enzymes in the .30-kDa, ,100-kDa fraction that acted on heparin and chondroitin sulfate polysaccharides to produce active molecules. The repeating disaccharide subunits of heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, and hyaluronic acid-induced photoresponses. The disaccharide subunit of hyaluronic acid was the most potent disaccharide, as it activated photoresponses at concentrations as low as 10 29 M. Tests with different subunits found that compounds with the most potent biological activity were disaccharides with either a sulfamino or acetylamino group on carbon 2 of the hexoseamine. Collectively, the results support the hypothesis and indicate that enzymatic degradation products of sulfated and acetylated fish mucus can serve as kairomones. Nocturnal diel vertical migration (DVM) is commonly observed among zooplankton and is characterized by a single daily ascent with minimum depth reached between sunset and sunrise and maximum depth attained during the day (Forward 1988). The most accepted hypothesis for function
Immunosuppressive activity of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures and congeners : nonadditive (antagonistic) interactions

Abstract Immunosuppressive Activity of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixtures and Congeners: Nonadditive (Antagonistic) Interactions. Harper, N., Connor, K., Steinberg, M., and Safe, S. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 27, 131-139. The dose-response inhibition of the splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) response and serum IgM units to the antigen, trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide, was determined for several polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures and congeners in female B3C3F1 mice. The ED50 values for Aroclor 1260-, 1254-, 1248-, and 1242-induced immunotoxicity varied by less than twofold from 355 to 699 mg/kg. The range of ED50 values for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentaCB, 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexaCB, 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentaCB, 2,3′,4,4′,5-pentaCB, 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexaCB, 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptaCB, 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5-heptaCB, and 2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-heptaCB were 4.6 to 4.9, 134 to 245, 4.7 to 7.0, 6.9 to 11.1, 88,000 to 121,000, 122,000 to 132,000, 99,000 to 157,000, 89,000 to 129,000, 117,000 to 240,000, and 132,000 to 238,000 μg/kg, respectively. The immunotoxicity-derived toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for these congeners could be calculated from the ED50 (TCDD)/ED50 (congener) ratios and the TEF values were within the range of those previously determined for other aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated responses. Based on the known concentrations of these congeners in the PCB mixtures, TCDD or toxic equivalents (TEQs) in the mixture were calculated [i.e., TEQ = Σ (PCBcongener × TEF)] using the immunotoxicity-derived TEFs (plaque-forming cells/106 viable cells). TEQ values for Aroclors 1260, 1254, 1248, and 1242 were 16.0, 54.4, 260.4, and 197 ppm, respectively. Based on the ED50 value for the immunosuppressive activity of TCDD (4.8 μg/kg), the calculated ED50 values for immune suppression by Aroclors 1260, 1254, 1248, and 1242 were 300, 88, 18, and 24 mg/kg, respectively. The ED50 (observed)/ED50 (calculated) ratios were 1.2, 5.9, 21, and 22.0 for Aroclors 1260, 1254, 1248 and 1242, respectively. Thus, for Aroclors 1254, 1248, and 1242, the high ED50 (observed)/ED50 (calculated) ratios (i.e., 5.9 to 22.0) indicate that the TEF approach overestimates the toxicity of these mixtures due to nonadditive (antagonistic) interactions of the PCBs. In contrast, the TEF approach was useful in determining the immunotoxicity of the Aroclor 1260 mixture.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF TURBULENT FLOWS IN THE PRESENCE OF ROTATION AND CURVATURE

A generalized eddy viscosity model that is formulated using the rotation modified energy spectrum is applied for the prediction of rotating flows. The model directly incorporates rotation and mean shear effects and is not limited by the use of local equilibrium hypothesis. The model is shown to reproduce the dominant effects of rotation on turbulence in rotating homogeneous shear flows and turbulent channel flows subject to spanwise rotation. The general applicability of the model and its implications are also addressed.
The Brilliance of Children

Capturing and appreciating the brilliance of children as they share their unique insights has been a focus for researchers, educators, theorists, and humorists. Appreciating what that means and recapturing the effort may well be the challenge for the 21st century in education. Assigning children roles as co-collaborators in the educational process may be the only successful response to reversing the current path of education that makes children the objects of actions, and adults the agents of the action. Children’s agency is derived from their parallel participation in learning, when their understanding is equally important to that of the teacher.
Mental Retardation and Learning Disability

To discuss the pharmacological treatment of learning disabilities and mental retardation simultaneously is a difficult task. Even though both have in common learning difficulties, these two conditions are quite different, having distinct diagnostic characteristics, treatment approaches, and outcomes. Whereas the mentally retarded child functions below his or her chronological age in many areas of development because of impaired ability, the learning-disabled child underachieves in school despite normal or above-normal intelligence. On the other hand, in both conditions, pharmacological intervention, when used, is aimed at treating the underlying or associated psychiatric, emotional, or behavioral problems. In other words, medications may be used either to suppress undesired behaviors or to facilitate and enhance desired behaviors and, incidently, to facilitate learning.
Attitude Change on Same-Sex Marriage in the United States, 1988-2013: A Paradigm Shift or a Demographic Change?

This article focuses on five research questions: 1) Has support for same-sex marriage reached permanent majority status? 2) What factors influence attitudes toward same-sex marriage? 3) Have the factors influencing attitudes toward same-sex marriage changed over time? 4) Is the change in attitude largely the result of demographic changes in population composition or does it reflect attitudinal change across population groups? 5) Do attitudes toward the origins of homosexuality and direct experience with gays and lesbians have a significant impact on attitudes? The data for this analysis come from 41 surveys with more than 57 thousand respondents conducted by the National Opinion Research Center and the Pew Research Center (1988-2013). The current research suggests that support for same-sex marriage increased steadily from 1988 to 2013 and reached majority status in June 2011, despite the culture wars from 2003 to 2010. The factors that influenced attitudes in the period from 1988 to 2013 remained remarkably stable. In general, Southerners, rural residents, Protestants (especially born-again), Catholics, those with more church attendance, those 65 and over, married individuals, and African-Americans had lower levels of support for same-sex marriage. Women, those with college degrees, those with high income, Democrats, and liberals all had higher levels of support. The conflict over same-sex marriage has increasingly become characterized by differences in religious intensity, partisanship, and ideology. Moreover, the increases occurred across red, battleground, and blue states and across two major population groupings, although the rates of increase were slower in red states and among Protestants. This suggests that attitude change on same-sex marriage reflected a paradigm shift that affected all demographic, economic, religious, and political groups in American society, although change was slower among Protestants and conservatives and across red states. The belief that homosexuality is genetic and having close relationships with gays and lesbians has expanded significantly support for same-sex marriage. Attitudes about the origins of homosexuality are closely linked to ideology, religiosity, and lifestyle.
Fx Strategies in 2005: U.S. Dollar Versus Euro

Riding the early morning Metro North train from Grand Central to Greenwich in late December 2004, the euro dominated Luke Anthonys thoughts. After bottoming out at about 0.85 $/¬, in 2000 and 2001, the euro had appreciated sharply and now stood at 1.35 $/¬ (Exhibit 1). Luke, an FX Strategist at a hedge fund, had to form a view about the likely path of the euro going forward. The evidence was in no way clear cut. Of the traditional factors, some were pointing toward further euro appreciation, but others seemed to favor the dollar. And there were a host of "new" factors to sift through. Sorting through the evidence would require both relatively standard thinking about forex markets and the more recent emphasis on prospective capital flows. And Luke had only this quiet week between Christmas and New Years to form a cohesive plan for early 2005.
The two systems of differential equations

Let us recall the dual equations: if qi<∞, $$ p'_{ij} \left( {s + t} \right) = \sum\limits_k {p'_{ik} } \left( s \right)p_{ij} \left( t \right); $$ (3.5 bis) and if q i <∞, $$ p'_{ij} \left( {t + s} \right) = \sum\limits_k {p_{ik} } \left( t \right)p'_{kj} \left( s \right); $$ (3.11 bis) both valid for s > 0, t ≧ 0. The limiting cases for s = 0 may be written as $$ p'_{ij} \left( t \right) = - q_i p_{ij} \left( t \right) + \sum\limits_{k \ne i} {q_{ik} } p_{kj} \left( t \right); $$ (1ij) $$ p'_{ij} \left( t \right) = - p_{ij} (t)q_j + \sum\limits_{k \ne i} {p_{ik} } (t)q_{kj} ; $$ (2ij)
Inference-based geometric modeling for the generation of complex cluttered virtual environments

As the use of simulation increases across many different application domains, the need for high-fidelity three-dimensional virtual representations of real-world environments has never been greater. This need has driven the research and development of both faster and easier methodologies for creating such representations. In this research, we present two different inference-based geometric modeling techniques that support the automatic construction of complex cluttered environments. The first method we present is a surface reconstruction-based approach that is capable of reconstructing solid models from a point cloud capture of a cluttered environment. Our algorithm is capable of identifying objects of interest amongst a cluttered scene, and reconstructing complete representations of these objects even in the presence of occluded surfaces. This approach incorporates a predictive modeling framework that uses a set of user provided models for prior knowledge, and applies this knowledge to the iterative identification and construction process. Our approach uses a local to global construction process guided by rules for fitting high quality surface patches obtained from these prior models. We demonstrate the application of this algorithm on several synthetic and real-world datasets containing heavy clutter and occlusion. The second method we present is a generative modeling-based approach that can construct a wide variety of diverse models based on user provided templates. This technique leverages an inference-based construction algorithm for developing solid models from these template objects. This algorithm samples and extracts surface patches from the input models, and develops a Petri net structure that is used by our algorithm for properly fitting these patches in a consistent fashion. Our approach uses this generated structure, along with a defined parameterization (either user-defined through a simple sketch-based interface or algorithmically defined through various methods), to automatically construct objects of varying sizes and configurations. These variations can include arbitrary articulation, and repetition and interchanging of parts sampled from the input models. Finally, we affirm our motivation by showing an application of these two approaches. We demonstrate how the constructed environments can be easily used within a physically-based simulation, capable of supporting many different application domains.
A novel technique to retrieve a maldeployed vascular closure device.

Purpose: To report a novel technique for endovascular retrieval of a maldeployed vascular closure device, obviating the need for a femoral cutdown. Technique: To remove a 6-F Angio-Seal device that embolized to the superficial femoral artery, the contralateral common femoral artery was accessed, and an 8-F, 65-cm-long sheath was inserted just proximal to the embolus. A second semistiff 0.035-inch buddy wire was advanced past the lesion along the sheath. A 0.014-inch wire was advanced past the embolus, and a SpiderFX embolic protection device was deployed 1 cm past the embolized Angio-Seal device. The sheath was advanced so as to push the embolus into the filter. The sheath and the filter containing the Angio-Seal device were then removed. Conclusion: Endovascular retrieval of an embolized Angio-Seal device can be done using an embolic filter device, restoring arterial flow to the limb.
Host Selection, Sex Allocation, and Host Feeding by Metaphycus helvolus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Saissetia oleae (Homoptera: Coccidae) and Its Effect on Parasitoid Size, Sex, and Quality

Black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier), growth ceased following parasitization by Metaphycus helvolus (Compere). With insectary-parasitized hosts, both male and female parasitoid size increased with increasing host size. Average host size in a laboratory study was larger and no clear host-parasitoid size relationship resulted. The observed secondary sex ratio from the laboratory study was 0.18 (male :total), whereas the mean secondary sex ratio of offspring from hosts parasitized in a commercial insectary was 0.48. For both laboratory and insectary-parasitized hosts, host scale size from which male offspring emerged was significantly smaller than those from which females emerged. The effect of parasitoid size on several measures of progeny reproductive fitness was examined under laboratory conditions. Larger parasitoids of both sexes had longer life spans, with male longevity more strongly affected by size than female longevity. Four-day egg complement was correlated with parasitoid size, with large females producing approximately twice as many eggs as small females. Under competitive conditions (with 2 virgin males and 1 virgin female), large male parasitoids were 3 times as likely to contact the female first as were small males, and were 5 times as successful in copulating with the female. No significant difference existed between large and small males in the number of times they failed to copulate with a virgin female.
Identification of 5-Hydroxytryptophol as a Serotonin Metabolite In Man.

Summary5-Hydroxytryptophol has been isolated, identified, and measured in urine of subjects with carcinoid tumors. In the urine of normal subjects and of patients with carcinoid tumors who ingested 5-HT-C14, 2.3% of the excreted C14 was attributable to 5-HTOH and its conjugates and 82.3% to 5-HIAA. These data show that 5-HTOH is a 5-HT metabolite in man as well as in animals.
Students Perceptions Of Cheating And Plagiarism In Higher Institutions

There is a growing body of evidence that cheating and plagiarism are prominent problems in many universities. In informal conversations, it seems that different students perceive plagiarism differently. In this paper, we conducted a survey at Howard University to examine or to follow up with this growing trend. Specifically, team leaders in school of business were surveyed early in the Spring Semester of 2010 at a meeting and Freshmen were given the same survey at the end of the semester after their final examination. From the data generated in this survey, we determined the prevalence of cheating and the reasons why students cheat. This report is of great importance because it exposes the extent of academic dishonesty and, if successfully implemented, it could provide resources that would aid universities in solving the cheating problem.