cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embolic mycotic encephalitis in a cow following Mortierella wolfii infection of a surgery site

A 5-y-old Holstein dairy cow had surgery for a suspected displaced abomasum 10 d postpartum, developed acute neurologic signs at day 19, and was found dead 21 d postpartum. At autopsy, there was a peri-incisional intramuscular abscess that communicated with the peritoneal cavity, as well as hemorrhage and malacia involving the brain, and multiple nodules in the liver, kidneys, and lungs. Fungal hyphae were seen histologically at the surgery site, on the surface of the liver, and in lesions of severe necrotizing vasculitis in the lungs, kidneys, brain, and liver. The uterus was free of fungal organisms. Pan-fungal PCR and DNA sequencing identified the fungus as Mortierella wolfii. Previously reported deaths from M. wolfii have been related to abortion, but in this case, there was no histologic evidence of fungal organisms in the uterus, calving was routine, and there was a several week delay between calving and development of neurologic signs. The findings suggested a unique case of surgical site infection with subsequent embolic mycosis.
Actor Network Theory and STEPWISE: A Case Study on Learning About Food Justice with Plants

In this chapter I use the context of a school community garden to analyze the potential and limitations of the STEPWISE framework. Drawing on work I have done with 7th and 8th grade science students, teachers, and communities I examine the pedagogical implications of using nonhuman plants as pedagogical actors. Specifically this chapter looks at how plant actors can offer an alternative epistemological standpoint from which to learn about socioscientific issues (SSI) controversies such as genetically engineered food. One question this chapter poses is how learning from plants such as corn provides/creates an actor network approach to teaching and learning in food desert communities. Along these same lines, I ask whether an actor network approach can potentially lead to effective STSE action for students around social movements such as food justice in their communities. Finally, the chapter explores how situating teaching and learning alongside plant actors can help achieve one of the primary goals of the STEPWISE framework which is to “develop more realistic conceptions about relationships among fields of STSE”. Moving toward more “realistic conceptions” about STSE controversies, I suggest, requires students, teachers and communities to map the constellation of actors (e.g., GE food corporations, governmental actors, agricultural laws, food systems, etc.) in biocapitalist society that shape our everyday experiences with actors such as corn laden food products.
A computer system for making inferences about natural language

The paper describes the way in which a Preference Semantics system for natural language analysis and generation tackles a difficult class of anaphoric inference problems : those requiring either analytic(conceptual) knowledge of a complex sort, or requiring weak inductive knowledge of the course of events in the real world. The method employed converts all available knowledge to a canonical template form and endeavors to create chains of non-deductive inferences from the unknowns to the possible referents. Its method for this is consistent with the overall principle of "semantic preference" used to set up the original meaning representation.
Glycosyl Cross-Coupling of Anomeric Nucleophiles: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications in the Synthesis of Aryl C-Glycosides

Stereoselective manipulations at the C1 anomeric position of saccharides are one of the central goals of preparative carbohydrate chemistry. Historically, the majority of reactions forming a bond with anomeric carbon has focused on reactions of nucleophiles with saccharide donors equipped with a leaving group. Here, we describe a novel approach to stereoselective synthesis of C-aryl glycosides capitalizing on the highly stereospecific reaction of anomeric nucleophiles. First, methods for the preparation of anomeric stannanes have been developed and optimized to afford both anomers of common saccharides in high anomeric selectivities. We established that oligosaccharide stannanes could be prepared from monosaccharide stannanes via O-glycosylation with Schmidt-type donors, glycal epoxides, or under dehydrative conditions with C1 alcohols. Second, we identified a general set of catalytic conditions with Pd2(dba)3 (2.5 mol%) and a bulky ligand (JackiePhos, 10 mol%) controlling the β-elimination pathway. We demonstrated that the glycosyl cross-coupling resulted in consistently high anomeric selectivities for both anomers with mono- and oligosaccharides, deoxysugars, saccharides with free hydroxyl groups, pyranose, and furanose substrates. The versatility of the glycosyl cross-coupling reaction was probed in the total synthesis of salmochelins (siderophores) and commercial anti-diabetic drugs (gliflozins). Combined experimental and computational studies revealed that the β-elimination pathway is suppressed for biphenyl-type ligands due to the shielding of Pd(II) by sterically demanding JackiePhos, whereas smaller ligands, which allow for the formation of a Pd-F complex, predominantly result in a glycal product. Similar steric effects account for the diminished rates of cross-couplings of 1,2-cis C1-stannanes with aryl halides. DFT calculations also revealed that the transmetalation occurs via a cyclic transition state with retention of configuration at the anomeric position. Taken together, facile access to both anomers of various glycoside nucleophiles, a broad reaction scope, and uniformly high transfer of anomeric configuration make the glycosyl cross-coupling reaction a practical tool for the synthesis of bioactive natural products, drug candidates, allowing for late-stage glycodiversification studies with small molecules and biologics.
Consensus Decoding of Recurrent Neural Network Basecallers

There is an extensive literature using probabilistic models, such as hidden Markov models, for the analysis of biological sequences. These models have a clear theoretical basis, and many heuristics have been developed to reduce the time and memory requirements of the dynamic programming algorithms used for their inference. Nevertheless, mirroring the shift in natural language processing, bioinformatics is increasingly seeing higher accuracy predictions made by recurrent neural networks (RNN). This shift is exemplified by basecalling on the Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ sequencing platform, in which a continuous time series of current measurements is mapped to a string of nucleotides. Current basecallers have applied connectionist temporal classification (CTC), a method originally developed for speech recognition, and focused on the task of decoding RNN output from a single read. We wish to extend this method for the more general task of consensus basecalling from multiple reads, and in doing so, exploit the gains in both accelerated algorithms for sequence analysis and recurrent neural networks, areas that have advanced in parallel over the past decade. To this end, we develop a dynamic programming algorithm for consensus decoding from a pair of RNNs, and show that it can be readily optimized with the use of an alignment envelope. We express this decoding in the notation of finite state automata, and show that pair RNN decoding can be compactly represented using automata operations. We additionally introduce a set of Markov chain Monte Carlo moves for consensus basecalling multiple reads.
Naive preference and filial imprinting in the domestic chick: a neural network model

Filial imprinting in domestic chicks is of interest in psychology, biology, and computational modeling1,2 because it exemplifies simple, innately programmed learning. Horn et al.3 have recently found a naive tendency to approach heads and necks, which develops over the course of the first three days of life. It is not species-specific; chicks respond to heads and necks of ducks and chickens equally4. This preference interacts interestingly with filial imprinting, or learning to recognize a parent. Chicks can still learn about (and imprint on) other objects even in the presence of this predisposition, and the predisposition can override previously learned preferences5. These interactions are reminiscent of other systems which rely on naive preferences and learning, not least human language acquisition, as well as human babies’ preference for human faces6.
Career Histories and Managerial Performance of Healthcare Chief Executive Officers

Organizational studies widely acknowledge the importance of the relationship between CEO’s career histories and managerial performance. Although healthcare management literature largely explores th...
Statutory Interpretation, Administrative Deference, and the Law of Stare Decisis

This Article examines three facets of the relationship between statutory interpretation and the law of stare decisis: judicial interpretation, administrative interpretation, and interpretive methodology. In analyzing these issues, I emphasize the role of stare decisis in pursuing balance between past and present. That role admits of no distinction between statutory and constitutional decisions, calling into question the practice of giving superstrong deference to judicial interpretations of statutes. The pursuit of balance also suggests that one Supreme Court cannot bind future Justices to a wide-ranging interpretive methodology. As for rules requiring deference to administrative interpretations of statutes and regulations, they are articulated at high levels of generality, cut across numerous contexts, and dictate the inferences that future Justices must draw from congressional and administrative ambiguity. Taken in combination, these factors give rise to a strong argument that deference regimes like the Chevron and Auer doctrines fall outside the bounds of stare decisis.
Fetal exposure to maternal inflammation interrupts murine intestinal development and increases susceptibility to neonatal intestinal injury

Fetal exposure to chorioamnionitis can impact the outcomes of the developing fetus both at the time of birth and in the subsequent neonatal period. Infants exposed to chorioamnionitis have a higher incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) pathology, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC); however, the mechanism remains undefined. To simulate the fetal exposure to maternal inflammation (FEMI) induced by chorioamnionitis, pregnant mice (C57BL/6J, IL-6−/−, RAG−/− or TNFR1−/−) were injected intraperitoneally on embryonic day (E)15.5 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 µg/kg body weight). Pups were delivered at term, and reared to postnatal day (P)0, P7, P14, P28 or P56. Serum and intestinal tissue samples were collected to quantify growth, inflammatory markers, histological intestinal injury, and goblet and Paneth cells. To determine whether FEMI increased subsequent susceptibility to intestinal injury, a secondary dose of LPS (100 µg/kg body weight) was given on P5, prior to tissue harvesting on P7. FEMI had no effect on growth of the offspring or their small intestine. FEMI significantly decreased both goblet and Paneth cell numbers while simultaneously increasing serum levels of IL-1β, IL-10, KC/GRO (CXCL1 and CXCL2), TNF and IL-6. These alterations were IL-6 dependent and, importantly, increased susceptibility to LPS-induced intestinal injury later in life. Our data show that FEMI impairs normal intestinal development by decreasing components of innate immunity and simultaneously increasing markers of inflammation. These changes increase susceptibility to intestinal injury later in life and provide novel mechanistic data to potentially explain why preterm infants exposed to chorioamnionitis prior to birth have a higher incidence of NEC and other GI disorders.
Prevalence and correlates of sleep apnea among US Veterans with chronic kidney disease

The prevalence and correlates of sleep apnea (SA) among Veterans with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a population at high risk of both SA and CKD, are unknown. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 248 Veterans (18-89 years) selected only for presence of moderate to severe CKD. All participants underwent full, unattended polysomnography, measurement of renal function and a sleepiness questionnaire. Logistic regression with backward selection was used to identify predictors of prevalent SA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI, ≥15 events/hr] and prevalent nocturnal hypoxia [NH, % of total sleep time spent at <90% oxygen saturation]). The mean age of our cohort was 73.2 ± 9.6 years, 95% were male, 78% were Caucasian and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.3 ± 4.8 kg/m2 . The prevalence of SA was 39%. There was no difference in daytime sleepiness among those with and without SA. In the final model, older age, higher BMI and diabetes mellitus (DM) were associated with higher odds of SA, after controlling for age, BMI, race and sex. Higher BMI, DM, unemployed/retired status, current smoking and higher serum bicarbonate level were associated with prevalent NH. To sum, SA was common among Veterans with moderate to severe CKD. Although some traditional risk factors for SA were associated with SA in this population, sleepiness did not correlate with SA. Further study is needed to validate our findings and understand how best to address the high burden of SA among Veterans with CKD.
Passive anti-C acquired in the setting of Rh immune globulin administration following Rh mismatched apheresis platelet transfusion: A case series.

Rh immune globulin (RhIG) may be administered to Rh(D)-negative recipients of Rh(D)-positive platelet (PLT) transfusions to mitigate anti-D alloantibody formation. We report a series of seven patients in which anti-C was detected as a result of RhIG administered as immunoprophylaxis following Rh-mismatched apheresis PLT transfusion, persisting for a range of 27 to 167 days post-RhIG. The passively transferred anti-C antibodies created complexities for subsequent transfusion support. Based on these challenges, in combination with emerging evidence supporting an extremely low anti-D alloimmunization risk following Rh-mismatched apheresis PLTs, we have changed our practice and now limit RhIG immunoprophylaxis in this setting to women of reproductive age. In summary, the blood bank and apheresis communities should be aware that passive transfer of non-D antibodies is possible following RhIG administration. This phenomenon represents a compelling reason to consider the risk/benefit ratio of RhIG and to limit its use to situations in which it is clinically necessary.
Current trends in the management of lacrimal gland tumors: A National Cancer Database study.

e18573Background: Lacrimal Gland (LG) tumors are rare with data limited to very few comparative trials. The original treatment is Orbital Exenteration followed by Radiotherapy (RT). Contemporary st...
Magda Portal as Peruvian Poet, Radical, and Reformer

In August of 1923, Magda Portal stood backstage at Lima’s Municipal Theater, awaiting what must surely have been the crowning glory of her young life. At the age of twenty-three, she had just won the Juegos Florales (Tournament of Flowers), the national poetry competition that was one of the highlights of Lima’s artistic season—an extraordinary accomplishment not just because of her age, but because she would be the first woman in history to earn this accolade. Before the award ceremony could begin, which would include a recitation of her winning poem, a ripple of activity surged through the crowd—Augusto Leguia, the president of the nation, had just entered the auditorium, another unprecedented event. Rather than adding to the moment, however, Leguia’s arrival created a problem—once a reformer, he had seized power in a coup four years earlier, and like most dictators, he had shown intolerance for dissent. Indeed, just a few weeks prior, there had been a brutal crackdown on protestors marching against his policies, which included favoritism toward foreign, particularly U.S., capital and a warm relationship with the Catholic Church. The audience was well aware of all of this and was filled with people who were sympathetic to the protestors. As the mood of the audience thus turned from anticipation to resentment, Portal was invited onto the stage. However, instead of proceeding with the ceremony, Portal once again did something unprecedented—in a voice loud enough to be heard from the audience, she said, “No, I don’t want to greet Leguia, even out of courtesy. I renounce the prize.” This surprising act of defiance prompted warm applause from the audience, and thus began Portal’s career, not only as a prominent figure in Peruvian literature, but also as one of the most important political leaders in her nation’s history. As a poet and novelist, her work remains influential to this day. As a political leader, she led the way as an advocate for women’s rights, particularly the right to vote, as well as a defender of the rights of workers and Native Americans.
Review: Comics and Philosophy: by Chris Gavaler and Nathaniel Goldberg, Iowa City, IA, University of Iowa Press, 2019, 221 pp., US$22.50 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-60938-655-9

Graphic novels as philosophy, edited by Jeff McLaughlin, Jackson, MS, University Press of Mississippi, 2017, viii + 218 pp., US$65.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-4968-1327-5 What can academic philosoph...
Corneal Neurotization and Novel Medical Therapies for Neurotrophic Keratopathy

Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) is a degenerative corneal disease characterized by decreased corneal sensibility and impaired corneal healing. In this article, we review surgical techniques for corneal neurotization (CN) and novel medical therapies for the treatment of NK. In recent decades, there has been a paradigm shift in the treatment strategies for NK. New minimally invasive direct and indirect CN approaches have demonstrated efficacy at improving best-corrected visual acuity and central corneal sensation while decreasing surgical morbidity. In addition, several targeted medical therapies, such as recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF), regenerating agents (RGTA), and nicergoline, have shown promise in improving corneal epithelial healing. Of these options, cenegermin (Oxervate®, Dompe), a topical biologic medication, has emerged as an approved medical treatment for moderate to severe NK. NK is a challenging condition caused by alterations in corneal nerves, leading to impairment in sensory and trophic function with subsequent breakdown of the cornea. Conventional therapy for NK depends on the severity of disease and focuses primarily on protecting the ocular surface. In recent years, numerous CN techniques and novel medical treatments have been developed that aim to restore proper corneal innervation and promote ocular surface healing. Further studies are needed to better understand the long-term efficacy of these treatment options, their target populations, and the potential synergistic efficacy of combined medical and surgical treatments.
Rapid Referral for Iron Infusion in Gynecological Patients

Study Objective An IV iron rapid referral pathway (IVIRRP) was established as an electronic-medical record (EMR)-based protocol in collaboration with Hematology, to expedite delivery of IV iron to anemic patients undergoing benign hysterectomy. We evaluated the effect of the IVIRRP on the rates of preoperative anemia, referrals for IV iron, rates of transfusion, and time from referral to infusion. Design Quality improvement intervention study Setting Academic medical center Patients or Participants 278 patients in the pre- and 250 patients in the post-intervention cohort. Interventions Gynecologic surgeons were provided with guidelines for implementing the IVIRRP. Referrals were reviewed by a hematologist who coordinated IV iron infusion. Measurements and Main Results Baseline anemia, defined as a hemoglobin (Hb) Conclusion Implementation of an EMR- based, multidisciplinary, rapid referral protocol for anemic patients pre-operatively increases the rate of referral for IV iron, expedites delivery of IV iron, and results in increased pre-operative hemoglobin and decreased rates of transfusion.
High temperature nanomechanical properties of sub-5 nm nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon using nanoindentation and finite element analysis

Nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon (NDLC) is a candidate protective coating in state-of-the-art heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) media. To ensure the robustness of the media particularly at higher temperature applications, mechanical properties of ultra-thin sub 5-nm NDLC coatings are of great interest. Due to instrument limitations and very shallow films, it is very challenging to accurately measure sub-5 nm NDLC films and other HAMR components from experiments without substrate effects. In this study, very shallow nanoindentations were performed, and the results were fitted with finite element analysis using a modified indenter geometry to predict the elastic modulus and yield strength of NDLC films of two different thicknesses (3.5 and 4.5 nm) and other components without any substrate effect. Results showed that higher NDLC film thickness led to better elastic modulus and yield strength at 25 °C before and after heating and at 300 °C. Hardness to yield strength ratio (H/Y) for NDLC films was also determined and found within the range of 2.2–2.8, which is higher than the H/Y ratio of DLC films from earlier studies. This implied the dependence of H/Y ratio on the thickness, temperature conditions, and chemical structure of NDLC films. Results also showed that the yield strength of FeCo metal layer and glass substrate in HAMR media decreased at 300 °C, but almost fully recovered to their initial properties after removal of heat.
Using social rank as the lens to focus on the neural circuitry driving stress coping styles.

Abstract Social hierarchy position in humans is negatively correlated with stress-related psychiatric disease risk. Animal models have largely corroborated human studies, showing that social rank can impact stress susceptibility and is considered to be a major risk factor in the development of psychiatric illness. Differences in stress coping style is one of several factors that mediate this relationship between social rank and stress susceptibility. Coping styles encompass correlated groupings of behaviors associated with differential physiological stress responses. Here, we discuss recent insights from animal models that highlight several neural circuits that can contribute to social rank–associated differences in coping style.
Socioeconomic status, financial stress, and glucocorticoid resistance among youth with asthma: Testing the moderation effects of maternal involvement and warmth.

Abstract Objectives Children who grow up in more socioeconomically disadvantaged homes experience greater levels of inflammation and worse asthma symptoms than children from more advantaged families. However, recent evidence suggests that certain family-level factors can mitigate health disparities associated with socioeconomic status (SES). In a sample of youth with asthma, we investigated the potential buffering effects of maternal involvement and warmth on SES disparities in asthma-related immune responses, assessed via glucocorticoid resistance (GR) of immune cells. Methods One hundred and forty-three youth (10–16 years of age) with asthma completed measures of maternal involvement and warmth, and their primary caregivers reported their levels of education, income, and financial stress. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from youth’s blood were isolated, cultured, and assayed to determine mitogen-stimulated (PMA/INO + Etho) and mitogen/hydrocortisone-stimulated (PMA/INO + Cort) levels of two Th-2 cytokines (i.e., interleukin-5, interleukin-13) and one Th-1 cytokine (i.e., interferon-γ). GR was calculated by subtracting log-transformed cytokine concentration in the PMA/INO + Etho samples from log-transformed cytokine concentration in the PMA/INO + Cort samples. Results Both maternal involvement and warmth moderated the indirect pathway from family SES to GR of Th-2 cytokines via financial stress. Specifically, we found that low family SES was associated with elevated GR of Th-2 cytokines via increased financial stress among youth reporting low levels of maternal involvement and warmth, but not among those reporting high levels of maternal involvement or warmth. Conclusions These results highlight the protective role of maternal involvement and warmth in health-related biological processes modulated by family SES among youth with asthma.
Anything Goes

What sorts of sequent-calculus rules succeed in specifying a legitimate piece of vocabulary? Following on Arthur Prior’s discussion of the connective tonk, there have been a flurry of criteria offered. Here, I step back a bit, examining the role of structural rules in an inferentialist theory of meaning, and sketch a theory on which any way at all of giving left and right sequent rules for a piece of vocabulary is ok. Tonk, among other things, is a full citizen of coherent-idea-land.
Combating the Joy of Destruction with Pro-social Behavior

In this experiment we examine the impact of hugs (a pro-social behavior) upon behavior in the Joy of Destruction (JoD) game. Previous research on JoD indicates that up to 40% of experimental participants will choose to lower another participantâ€™s earnings even in the absence of any incentive to do so. Building upon previous work indicating that touch causes an emotional response, and emotions impact decision-making, we hypothesize that hugging, as a form of positive touch, will reduce the spiteful behavior typically exhibited in the JoD. We find evidence to support this hypothesis. We also examine the role of personality, and find no correlation between scores on either the Big Five Inventory or the Mach-IV Inventory and behavior in the JoD.
Intelligent Ultrasonic Systems for Material Texture Recognition using Data-Efficient Neural Networks

Material texture recognition nondestructively by estimating the grain size using ultrasonic inspection has been extensively used for the characterization of material microstructures. Artificial intelligence, such as neural networks, can automate and recognize material textures accurately. However, training and deploying neural networks with high recognition accuracy is time-consuming. This limits the performance of ultrasonic applications. In this study, we investigate using several data-efficient neural networks to classify material textures using ultrasonic images. An ultrasonic testbed platform is assembled to acquire 3D ultrasonic data to train the neural networks for texture analysis. The DEUTR (Data-Efficient Ultrasonic Texture Recognition) Transformer Neural Network (TNN), is proposed to recognize material textures with high accuracy and data efficiency. The TNN utilizes a simple network architecture that replaces the convolutions and recurrence entirely with the attention mechanism resulting in reducing training and execution time. For performance comparison, several data-efficient Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN): NasNetMobile, MobileNet, Xception, were trained with Transfer Learning (TL) to learn grain scattering features using ultrasonic images. By training these neural networks, we obtained the average training and testing accuracy of 99.47% and 98.04% to recognize material textures and the highest image throughput of 148 images/seconds using the DEUTR transformer neural network on testing. We aim to build an intelligent ultrasonic system to recognize material textures with high accuracy at the microstructural level for data-efficient NDE applications.
Disentangling racial/ethnic and income disparities of food retail Environments: Impacts on adult obesity prevalence

Abstract This research aims to assess county food retail environment (FRE) with multifaceted measurements and disentangle how racial/ethnic and income disparities contribute to geographic variations in obesity rates via FRE. County obesity rates, racial/ethnic and income factors, as well as the data of food stores, restaurants, and stores in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) were obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. FRE was assessed with availability (density), healthfulness (ratio of healthy to unhealthy stores), and accessibility (proximity to healthy stores measured by population-weighted distance). Obesity rates and FRE indicators were compared with t-test among 3,107 counties stratified by racial/ethnic vs. income factors. We used Varying Coefficient Models to quantify the influences of racial/ethnic and income factors on the FRE and obesity association. Our analysis indicates narrowing disparities in availability but persisting inequalities of healthfulness and accessibility between low- and high-income counties with low and high percentages of racial/ethnic minority populations. Furthermore, racial/ethnic and income factors play essential roles in shaping the obesity and FRE relationship. Among three indicators, healthfulness exhibits relatively consistent relationships with obesity rates as the income or the racial/ethnic factor changes.
Emergency Medicine Simulation Workbook: A Tool for Bringing the Curriculum to Life

List of contributors, vii Foreword, xi James A. Gordon 1 Introduction: How to use this book, 1 Traci L. Thoureen and Sara B. Scott 2 Vascular emergencies, 3 Sarah B. Dubbs and Traci L. Thoureen 3 Resuscitation emergencies, 28 Albert T. Nguyen, Dustin D. Smith, T. Kent Denmark, Andrew Bard, and James W. Rhee 4 Gastrointestinal emergencies, 53 Corey R. Heitz and Raymond P. Ten Eyck 5 Renal/electrolyte emergencies, 85 Sara B. Scott and Catherine Pettit 6 Endocrine emergencies, 107 Sarah Farris 7 Environmental emergencies, 129 Moira Davenport 8 Obstetric emergencies, 154 Torrey A. Laack 9 Pulmonary/critical care emergencies, 178 Heather Mahoney and Ani Aydin 10 Toxicologic emergencies, 203 Rodney Omron, Harry E. Herverling, and Andrew I. Stolbach 11 Pediatric emergencies, 226 Jacqueline Nemer and Sandrijn van Schaik 12 Medical error/interpersonal communication, 253 T. Kent Denmark, Andrew Bard, Albert Nguyen, James W. Rhee, and Dustin D. Smith 13 Trauma emergencies, 280 Traci L. Thoureen and Sara B. Scott Index, 309
Possible phase separation in square and honeycomb Hubbard model: A variational cluster study

The VCA ground state of the 2D Hubbard model is examined for possible phase separation under hole doping manifested by spatial inhomogeneities of coexisting different electron densities at equilibrium. Phase separation is accompanied by spectral weight loss and first Brillouin zone boundary deformation. Such an instability is observed in square structures and it is absent in honeycomb lattices. To our knowledge, no previous publications have revealed relationship between a Fermi surface instability and phase separation. Our VCA calculations provide strong support for this spontaneous instability, driven by electron correlations in specific lattice geometries, proposed in our earlier publications using exact quantum cluster calculations.
Governing Civil Society in Contemporary China: Adapting Revolutionary Methods to Serve Post-Communist Goals

As China’s civic sector has grown in size and influence over the reform period, considerable research has been conducted on state policy towards the sector, seeking to determine whether it will foster the development of an autonomous civil society or a corporatist form of interest intermediation. To this point, most attention has been focused on the legal structure that has evolved to establish, register and regulate civic organizations. Often overlooked, however, is the way in which such regulations are actually implemented. This paper, based on primary research, shows that the policy implementation process is as important in shaping the civic sector as the regulations themselves. 'Clean-up and Reorganization' reviews have been extensively used to implement policy changes for the civic sector. Bearing strong continuities with Maoist-era mass campaigns, these reviews create considerable uncertainty for civic organizations and provide the state with an effective means for selectively asserting political control. The paper traces the impact of these implementation methods over the reform period, showing that they have constrained the overall growth of the sector and changed its composition.
The efficacy and complications of laparoscopic presacral neurectomy in pelvic pain.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and complications of laparoscopic presacral neurectomy in pelvic pain. Methods: We reviewed records of 655 patients receiving laparoscopic conservative surgery and laparoscopic presacral neurectomy for diagnoses including adenomyosis with dysmenorrhea (n = 55), moderate and severe endometriosis with dysmenorrhea (n = 127), minimal and mild endometriosis with dysmenorrhea (n = 208), primary dysmenorrhea (n = 99), and chronic pelvic pain with or without pathologic disease (n = 166). Pain relief was evaluated at least 12 months postoperatively. Results: Pain relief was evaluated in 527 patients. Significant pain relief (no pain or mild pain requiring no medication) was found in 22 (52%) of 42 women with adenomyosis, in 75 (73%) of 103 with moderate to severe endometriosis with dysmenorrhea, in 123 (75%) of 164 with minimal to mild endometriosis with dysmenorrhea, in 64 (77%) of 83 with primary dysmenorrhea, and in 84 (62%) of 135 with chronic pelvic pain. There were four major complications (0.6%) that required further surgery, including injury of the right internal iliac artery (n = 1) and chylous ascites (n = 3). Three cases (0.5%) had laceration of the middle sacral vein controlled during laparoscopy. In addition, 485 (74%) of the 655 patients complained of constipation after laparoscopic presacral neurectomy, which was relieved easily by medication. Conclusion: Presacral neurectomy can be performed safely and efficiently by laparoscopy and is a valuable alternative treatment for pelvic pain.
Infusion Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

This report reviews the introductory aspects of electrospray ionization coupled with mass spectrometry and highlights those aspects of electrospray that play an important role in its application to analyzing real-world samples. Following a discussion of matrix effects, factors that affect analyte response and sensitivity, and the flow rate factors of the spray solvent, the relative benefits of on-line HPLC or UPLC are contrasted with an infusion electrospray sample introduction approach, which, of course, precludes any aspects of chromatographic separation. The introduction of samples via infusion bypasses the need for a chromatographic system, including its pumps, autosampler, separation column, and the compromise of a mobile phase, which must accomplish the chromatographic separation while also allowing the electrospray ionization process to occur. Thus, infusion sample introduction is in principle much easier to accomplish. However, there are clear benefits to employing HPLC for the analysis of complex samples. So, how can infusion sample introduction be worthwhile? It can be worthwhile because nanoelectrospray, or electrospray at 20–500 nL/min solvent flow rates, provides some unique benefits over the higher flow rate regime that has been customarily used. Thus, nanoelectrospray provides improved sensitivity, reduced matrix suppression, and normalized response from differing analytes and conserves precious samples if this is an issue. This review overviews these principles and provides several successful examples of published work where infusion nanoelectrospray experiments have merit. Keywords: electrospray; nanoelectrospray; infusion; Lc/Ms; mass spectrometry
The role of income and health risk in the choice of health insurance: Evidence from Australia

Abstract Health insurance choice is investigated using individual data from Australia where all people faced a common limited set of possible health insurance policies. The data cover two separate regimes: one in which insurance choice was for a more generous level of coverage; and one in which the choice was a more dramatic one between insurance and no insurance coverage. In determining health insurance choice, the results indicate a major role for income; a major role for premium, notably in the first regime; and a minor role for observed factors related to health risk, aside from age and sex.
THE TWO TYPES OF ATMOSPHERE OF JUPITER AND SATURN

Shapes and motions of Jovian clouds are discussed on the basis of spin-scan imaging during the flyby missions of Pioneers 10 and 11. There is the part of the atmosphere, between +45° and −45° latitude, that has a regime of large-scale atmospheric dynamics seen as zones and belts. The second type of atmosphere occurs at the polar regions, where these large-scale features are missing and the atmosphere has great optical depth (that is, great transparency for visible light). The situation appears to be similar on Saturn.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Number Theory

The unreasonable effectiveness of number theory in physics, communication, and music by M. R. Schroeder The reasonable and unreasonable effectiveness of number theory in statistical mechanics by G. E. Andrews Number theory and dynamical systems by J. C. Lagarias The mathematics of random number generators by G. Marsaglia Cyclotomy and cyclic codes by V. Pless Number theory in computer graphics by M. D. McIlroy.
Teach network class over Internet using browser-based technologies

The author has developed a data communications and communication networks class for online offering over the Internet. The password protected class Web site contains all the teaching materials including the syllabus, assignments, simulation software, multimedia documents and Powerpoint lecture notes. The instructor led the class discussions with the students and answered their questions on the Internet either asynchronously through the bulletin board, email, file transfer, remote login and HTML/CGI forms; or synchronously through the chat rooms using multimedia software tools with a video camera. Students have had a flexible learning environment with a browser-based interface. The author believes that this course has provided both the instructor and students a much-needed platform to study and explore the pedagogy of the online teaching on the Internet.
Magneto-modulation of reflectivity of diluted magnetic semiconductors

Abstract The large sp-d exchange-enhanced g-factors, characteristic of the excitonic transitions of the II–VI diluted magnetic semiconductors, can be exploited in modulating the reflectivity spectra with applied alternating magnetic field. The magneto-modulated reflectivity spectrum thus obtained shows strong signatures in the vicinity of the excitonic transition, whose line-shape is the first derivative of the reflectivity spectrum. This technique has been demonstrated by applying it to bulk Cd1−xMnxTe and Cd1−xMnxSe and to a Zn 1−x Cd x Se Zn 1−y Mn y Se superlattice.
Cell surface and cytoskeletal changes associated with epidermal stratification and differentiation in organ cultures of embryonic human skin

Abstract Embryonic and fetal human epidermis differentiates in organ culture in an age dependent, though accelerated, manner. The older the specimen the less time is required for epidermal differentiation. Morphological markers of epidermal differentiation, including the different epidermal strata, keratohyalin granules, lamellar granules, and cornified cell envelopes, are formed in a manner that is faithful to development in vivo . The high molecular weight, “differentiation specific” (67 and 56.5 kDa) keratins are also expressed in these cultures, even in the absence of morphological evidence for keratinization. Unstratified, embryonic epidermis was found to stratify overnight in culture. The time course of cell surface changes, detected by lectin binding, and cytoskeletal changes, detected by expression of the high molecular weight keratins, was followed in these cultures. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding sites appeared overnight in culture coincidently with epidermal stratification while expression of the 67 and 56.5 kDa keratins was not detected until the third day of culture. The possible significance of these results is discussed.
Reassessing ideological bias in campaign participation

Until 1964, ideological conservatives tended to participate in presidential campaign activities at higher rates than liberals. Since then, Beck and Jennings (1980, 1984) have shown the variable nature of the participation-ideology relationship, arguing that ideologically extreme candidates have successfully mobilized their followers in particular elections. In this paper, we explain the “anomaly” of the 1980 election in which strong liberals participated at higher rates despite a very strong conservative on the Republican side. Using data collected over time in 1980 by the University of Michigan's Center for Political Studies (CPS/NES), we broaden the Beck-Jennings model to include participation during the primary season and hypothesize that mobilization of ideological groups may result from ideological candidatesand the competitiveness or closeness of a nomination contest. We find that the ideological candidate model explains general election participation to a significant degree, while competitiveness considerations are more important for mobilization during the primaries.
On Distance-Transitive Graphs

On suppose que Γ est un graphe non oriente connexe de genre fini g et G est un sous-groupe de aut(Γ) tel que pour chaque sommet x, G(x) est fini et agit transitivement sur l'ensemble des s-chemins (x 0 ,…,x s ) avec x 0 =x. Soit M un entier positif avec M≡3 (mod 8) et soit m=(M+9)/4 et n=max(2m+4,14). Si s≥2(m−1) et s≥(g−M)/2 alors Gm(x 0 ,…,x n )=1 pour chaque n-chemin (x 0 ,…,x n )
Steroid 5α-reductase activity in endothelial cells from human umbilical cord vessels

The metabolism of radiolabeled progesterone and androstenedione was evaluated in endothelial cells from human umbilical cord vein and arteries maintained in culture. The predominant metabolite of progesterone was 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and that of androstenedione was 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. Thus, the major pathway of progesterone and androstenedione metabolism within these cells is via steroid 5 alpha-reductase. The rate of formation of 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione from progesterone by venous endothelial cells was linear with incubation time up to 4 h and with cell number up to 1.6 X 10(6) cells/ml. The apparent Km of 5 alpha-reductase for progesterone was 0.4 microM; and, the Vmax was 55 pmol 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione formed/mg protein X h. The rate of 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione formation from androstenedione also was linear with incubation time up to 4 h. In addition to 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione, the metabolism of androstenedione by either venous or arterial cells resulted in the formation of various minor metabolites, including testosterone and 5 alpha-reduced steroids, viz. 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, isoandrosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol, and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol. Estrogens (i.e. estradiol-17 beta and estrone) were not detected as products of androstenedione metabolism. The formation of these metabolites are indicative that the steroid-metabolizing enzymes present in endothelial cells are: 5 alpha-reductase, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase.
Medium and hard‐core pornography: A comparative analysis∗

There have been few serious attempts to study literary pornography in an objective fashion. We know something about sexual differentials in the exposure and response to pornography and its uses among incarcerated populations, but our knowledge of its contents, particularly in its recent forms, is limited. Given the fact that this type of literature has been the source of much controversy, both in legal circles and in the society at large, it clearly deserves more attention than it has received. What follows is a discussion of a form of literary pornography which has become widely distributed in the United States.
Application of matrix methods to the linear least squares synthesis of multivariable systems

Abstract The class of systems treated in this paper is that characterized by a multiplicity of inputs and outputs. For such linear multivariable systems subject to continuous stochastic inputs with arbitrary self- and cross-correlations, a derivation is made of the equations to be satisfied by the optimum transfer-function matrix. The criterion of performance which is used is the minimization of the sum of the mean-square errors between the set of actual outputs and a set of desired outputs. The analysis divides the multivariable problem into two principal parts. In the first, designated the filter case, are included those systems in which the only restriction on the linear transfer-function matrix to be realized is that of physical realizability. Included in the second, the control case, are those systems in which a controlled matrix or plant is specified which imposes additional restrictions on the over-all performance of the system. The results of the analysis are presented compactly in matrix form. For signal power spectra and plant matrices satisfying prescribed conditions, explicit matrix solutions to the minimization equations are obtained.
Helping Homeless Individuals with Co-occurring Disorders: The Four Components

Homeless individuals with co-occurring disorders (CODs) of severe mental illness and substance use disorder are one of the most vulnerable populations. This article provides practitioners with a framework and strategies for helping this client population. Four components emerged from a literature review: (1) ensuring an effective transition for individuals with CODs from an institution (such as a hospital, foster care, prison, or residential program) into the community, a particularly important component for clients who were previously homeless, impoverished, or at risk of homelessness; (2) increasing the resources of homeless individuals with CODs by helping them apply for government entitlements or supported employment (3) linking homeless individuals to supportive housing, including housing first options as opposed to only treatment first options, and being flexible in meeting their housing needs; and (4) engaging homeless individuals in COD treatment, incorporating modified assertive community treatment, motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy, contingency management, and COD specialized self-help groups.
Survivin Is a Transcriptional Target of STAT3 Critical to Estradiol Neuroprotection in Global Ischemia

Transient global ischemia causes selective, delayed death of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in humans and animals. It is well established that estrogens ameliorate neuronal death in animal models of focal and global ischemia. However, the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and its target genes in estradiol neuroprotection in global ischemia remains unclear. Here we show that a single intracerebral injection of 17β-estradiol to ovariectomized female rats immediately after ischemia rescues CA1 neurons destined to die. Ischemia promotes activation of STAT3 signaling, association of STAT3 with the promoters of target genes, and STAT3-dependent mRNA and protein expression of prosurvival proteins in the selectively vulnerable CA1. In animals subjected to ischemia, acute postischemic estradiol further enhances activation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 and STAT3-dependent transcription of target genes. Importantly, we show that STAT3 is critical to estradiol neuroprotection, as evidenced by the ability of STAT3 inhibitor peptide and STAT3 shRNA delivered directly into the CA1 of living animals to abolish neuroprotection. In addition, we identify survivin, a member of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis family of proteins and known gene target of STAT3, as essential to estradiol neuroprotection, as evidenced by the ability of shRNA to survivin to reverse neuroprotection. These findings indicate that ischemia and estradiol act synergistically to promote activation of STAT3 and STAT3-dependent transcription of survivin in insulted CA1 neurons and identify STAT3 and survivin as potentially important therapeutic targets in an in vivo model of global ischemia.