cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transitions from Ferromagnetism to Antiferromagnetism in Iron-Aluminum Alloys. Theoretical Interpretation

Complicated magnetic properties of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-phase iron-aluminum alloys are successfully described from a theory with a few simple assumptions concerning the magnetic interaction between iron atoms. Two interactions are considered: the direct exchange interaction between nearest neighboring iron atoms and the indirect superexchange interaction between iron atoms separated by an aluminum atom. The model also leads to a reinterpretation of the neutron diffraction data. In view of the success of this model, it is to be concluded that the direct exchange interaction between nearest neighbor iron atoms is mainly responsible for the ferromagnetism of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-iron.
A Nano Quasi-Solid Electrolyte With Modified Nano-Clay Applied to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The gel electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been reported recently. Such electrolytes have their own liquid electrolyte properties and a quasi-solid electrolyte morphology. In this paper, nano-clay was chosen as gelator and mixed with liquid electrolytes to form clay type nanocomposite gel. This gel electrolyte consists of liquid electrolytes and surface modified nano-clay. The surface modifier makes nano-clay disperse well in liquid electrolytes. Nano-clay mixed with electrolyte will increase its viscosity and it is believed to be helpful in fabricating flexible DSSC. In general, an increase in viscosity will decrease ionic mobility and decrease photovoltaic conversion efficiency. The ionic conductivity was determined by the viscosity of the nano-clay gel with different surface modifiers. The ionic transfer rate of the nano-clay gel electrolyte is controlled by the diffusion and exchange reaction. The clay type gel electrolyte has higher ionic conductivity. Finally, the electrochemistry properties and the DSSC performances for the nano-clay type gel electrolyte have been discussed in this paper.
The Spillover Effects of Restrictive Abortion Laws

Prior research has consistently found that state laws which restrict the access and the availability of abortion services directly reduce abortion demand. This study examines whether these laws also have a spillover effect on abortion demand due to the increase in the price of an abortion that may result from the higher costs imposed on abortion providers as a result of complying with these laws. The empirical results find that the enforcement of a parental notification law and a mandatory counseling law causes an increase in the price charged by abortion providers by over 13% and 9%, respectively. Based on previous estimates of the price elasticity of abortion demand, this implies that the spillover effect of a parental notification law and a mandatory counseling law is to reduce the demand for abortion, through their increase on the price of an abortion, by between 9.4% and 13.6% for a parental notification law and between 6.5% and 9.4% for a mandatory counseling law.
The similarity and diversity of semantic relations

There is a rich variety of semantic relations in natural languages. Subjects’ perceptions of similarities among relations were studied for a wider variety of relations than had been used in previous studies. Forty subjects sorted 31 cards bearing five example pairs of each of 31 semantic relations. Subjects were able both to distinguish the relations and to perceive their similarities. A hierarchical clustering analysis of the sorting data indicated that the subjects perceived five families of semantic relations (contrasts, class inclusion, similars, case relations, and part-wholes). The five families were distinguished in terms of three properties of semantic relations: contrasting/noncontrasting, logical/pragmatic, and inclusion/noninclusion. Within each family, relations also were sorted in ways consistent with their defining properties. Relations were therefore viewed not as unanalyzable primitives, but in terms of the relational properties that distinguished them.
Femtosecond Pump−Probe Studies of Dichlorine Monoxide in Solution

The first femtosecond pump−probe studies of ClOCl photochemistry in solution are presented. Following 266-nm photoexcitation of ClOCl dissolved in perfluorohexane, the resulting evolution in optical density is monitored at seven wavelengths ranging from 266 to 400 nm. A depletion in optical density consistent with ground-state ClOCl photolysis is observed, followed by increases in optical density at 266 and 315 nm assigned to the production of ClO and ClClO, respectively. Kinetic analysis of the temporal evolution in optical density establishes that photoproduct appearance occurs on the ∼10-ps time scale. Later time decay of the optical density at 315 nm is mirrored by a corresponding increase in optical density at 266 nm consistent with thermal decomposition of ClClO to produce ClO and Cl on the ∼100-ps time scale. The quantum yields for photoproduct formation are determined through analysis of the absolute change in optical density. This analysis establishes that the quantum yields for ClClO and ClO pro...
An Analysis of the Impact of Economic Wealth and National Culture on the Rise and Fall of Software Piracy Rates

A number of studies have investigated and found a significant relationship among economic wealth, Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, and software piracy rates (SPR). No study, however, has examined the relationship between economic wealth, culture, and the fact that national SPRs have been declining steadily since 1994. Using a larger sample than has previously been available (57 countries), we confirm the expected negative relationship between economic wealth, culture (individualism and masculinity) and levels of software piracy. The rate of decline in software piracy, however, is found to be a cultural phenomenon, with two factors (power distance (PDI) and uncertainty avoidance (UAI)) working in opposition. Similar results are found for a subset of 37 relatively poor countries. This suggests that, while the rise in economic wealth seen for most countries should lead to a reduction in software piracy, the rate of decline is determined by cultural factors. Global strategies for dealing with software piracy are discussed.
Envisioning Cognitive Robots for Future Space Exploration

Cognitive robots in the context of space exploration are envisioned with advanced capabilities of model building, continuous planning/re-planning, self-diagnosis, as well as the ability to exhibit a level of 'understanding' of new situations. An overview of some JPL components (e.g. CASPER, CAMPOUT) and a description of the architecture CARACaS (Control Architecture for Robotic Agent Command and Sensing) that combines these in the context of a cognitive robotic system operating in a various scenarios are presented. Finally, two examples of typical scenarios of a multi-robot construction mission and a human-robot mission, involving direct collaboration with humans is given.
Characteristics and origins of haze in the continental United States

Abstract Estimates of visibility under natural conditions, spatial and temporal trends in atmospheric aerosol, and extinction are examined at a national level. It is found that the best visibility is in the inner mountain west, while the poorest visibility is east of the Mississippi River and in the urban areas of California. Aerosol concentrations' spatial trends generally follow this East-West trend, and fine mass concentrations are about a factor of four greater in the East than West, with sulfates and organics being the largest constituents. Sulfates are the largest single contributor to visibility degradation, with nitrates and organics contributing significantly in some regions of the country. In both the East and the West, historical changes in visibility show a high degree of correlation with increases in sulfur dioxide emissions. Source receptor modeling shows that in the Southwest, southern California, copper smelters in southern Arizona, and large sulfur dioxide sources along the Gulf Coast of Mexico contribute to elevated sulfate levels. A coal fired power plant and wood processing facilities contribute to elevated sulfate in the Northwest, while a nickel smelter in Canada and coal fired power plants in the New York and Philadelphia area are the cause of high sulfate concentrations in the Northeast. Coal fired power plants along the Ohio River Valley are one of the single largest contributors to elevated sulfate in both Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks.
Trends in the general surgery workforce

While the US population continues to grow, the number of graduating general surgery (GS) residents has remained static. The changing nature of the workforce, preference for a controllable lifestyle, increasing workload due to an aging population, and declining work hours represent a challenge to maintaining an adequate GS workforce. Furthermore, only 20–25% of board-certified general surgeons are carrying out the full range of GS procedures. Flexible working hours, taking advantage of retirees and part-time surgeons, funding of additional residency positions through a public–private partnership, loan forgiveness, and easier visa access for international medical graduates choosing GS offer some potential solutions.
Leapfrog and critical care: evidence- and reality-based intensive care for the 21st century

In 2000, the Business Roundtable published its Leapfrog report, which contained suggestions for improving administration of critical care. The Leapfrog Group intends to influence health care policy by pressuring insurers and hospitals to implement its guidelines, and both internists and intensivists are likely to be affected if these recommendations are realized. This article outlines the Leapfrog standards for critical care and examines critically the evidence used to justify them. Aside from the guideline that all critically ill patients should be cared for by intensivists, Leapfrog's standards for critical care are based either on weak or no scientific evidence. Rather, most of the guidelines are grounded in common sense and rational extrapolation of the data; as such, they are a reasonable starting point for debate by physicians and policymakers about optimal methods of achieving intensivist-guided care of critically ill patients.
Mantle-cell lymphoma of colon.

and the pelvis demonstrated no specific findings. At colonoscopy, the ileocecal valve showed an ulcerated growth extending to adjacent cecal wall. This growth showed multiple, irregular, marginated shallow ulcerations (A and B). The histopathology of the biopsied tissue from the ileocecal growth revealed a proliferation of large, atypical lymphoid cells with ovoid vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli (C; H&E, orig. mag. !400). Immunohistochemistrywas positive for CD20 andnegative for CD3. Examination of a peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy specimen revealed no specific findings. A diagnosis was made of malignant lymphoma, diffuse, large, B-cell type. The patient underwent resection of the tumor and adjuvant chemotherapy. Hae Jung Song, MD Bong Min Ko, MD Young Koog Cheon, MD Chang Beom Ryu, MD Joon Seong Lee, MD Moon Sung Lee, MD Chan Sup Shim, MD Institute for Digestive Research Digestive Disease Center Soon Chun Hyang University College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
Flame spreading over the surface of igniting solid rocket propellants and propellant ingredients.

Flame spreading over surface of igniting solid rocket propellants at different pressures, and oxygen-nitrogen mixtures
Targeting HIV latency: pharmacologic strategies toward eradication.

The latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells remains a major barrier to HIV-1 eradication, even though highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can successfully reduce plasma HIV-1 levels to below the detection limit of clinical assays and reverse disease progression. Proposed eradication strategies involve reactivation of this latent reservoir. Multiple mechanisms are believed to be involved in maintaining HIV-1 latency, mostly through suppression of transcription. These include cytoplasmic sequestration of host transcription factors and epigenetic modifications such as histone deacetylation, histone methylation and DNA methylation. Therefore, strategies targeting these mechanisms have been explored for reactivation of the latent reservoir. In this review, we discuss current pharmacological approaches toward eradication, focusing on small molecule latency-reversing agents, their mechanisms, advantages and limitations.
Effect of high protein diets on size and activity of the adrenal cortex in the albino rat.

AREVIEW of the literature of adrenal hypertrophy (Tepperman, Engel and Long, 1943) revealed that many of the circumstances in which - such hypertrophy occurs are characterizied by either a relative or absolute increase in the rate of protein catabolism. This fact recurred so insistently that the reviewers have classified the ‘causes’ of adrenal hypertrophy according to the characteristics of their nitrogen economy. On the basis of this suggestion, and in the light of the hypothetical chemical sites of action of the cortical steroids of the corticosterone type, experiments were devised to test the effect of high protein diets on adrenal size. This study was undertaken in an effort to determine whether or notevidence of increased adrenal cortical activity could be secured in animals which were forced to derive a large proportion of their carbohydrate from protein. In addition to morphologic evidence of increased cortical activity
Whole field computation using Monte Carlo method

Monte Carlo methods are generally known for solving field problems one point at a time, unlike other numerical methods such as the finite difference and finite element methods which provide the solution at all the grid nodes simultaneously. This paper provides a Monte Carlo technique for obtaining the solution everywhere at once. The technique uses absorbing Markov chains to obtain the transition probabilities for all of the grid nodes at once. The procedure is illustrated with some examples for homogeneous and inhomogeneous, rectangular and axisymmetric solution regions, and is found to be accurate. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Left Ventricular Structure and Function in Children Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The Prospective P2C2 HIV Multicenter Study

Background—The frequency of, course of, and factors associated with cardiovascular abnormalities in pediatric HIV are incompletely understood. Methods and Results—A baseline echocardiogram (median age, 2.1 years) and 2 years of follow-up every 4 months were obtained as part of a prospective study on 196 vertically HIV-infected children. Age- or body surface area–adjusted z scores were calculated by use of data from normal control subjects. Although 88% had symptomatic HIV infection, only 2 had CHF at enrollment, with a 2-year cumulative incidence of 4.7% (95% CI, 1.5% to 7.9%). All mean cardiac measurements were abnormal at baseline (decreased left ventricular fractional shortening [LV FS] and contractility and increased heart rate and LV dimension, mass, and wall stresses). Most of the abnormal baseline cardiac measurements correlated with depressed CD4 cell count z scores and the presence of HIV encephalopathy. Heart rate and LV mass showed significantly progressive abnormalities, whereas FS and contrac...
Novel Gd nanoparticles enhance vascular contrast for high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging

Background: Gadolinium (Gd), with its 7 unpaired electrons in 4f orbitals that provide a very large magnetic moment, is proven to be among the best agents for contrast enhanced MRI. Unfortunately, the most potent MR contrast agent based on Gd requires relatively high doses of Gd. The Gd-chelated to diethylene-triamine-penta-acetic acid (DTPA), or other derivatives (at 0.1 mmole/kg recommended dose), distribute broadly into tissues and clear through the kidney. These contrast agents carry the risk of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF), particularly in kidney impaired subjects. Thus, Gd contrast agents that produce higher resolution images using a much lower Gd dose could address both imaging sensitivity and Gd safety. Methodology/Principal Findings: To determine whether a biocompatible lipid nanoparticle with surface bound Gd can improve MRI contrast sensitivity, we constructed Gd-lipid nanoparticles (Gd-LNP) containing lipid bound DTPA and Gd. The Gd-LNP were intravenously administered to rats and MR images collected. We found that Gd in Gd-LNP produced a greater than 33-fold higher longitudinal (T1) relaxivity, r1, constant than the current FDA approved Gd-chelated contrast agents. Intravenous administration of these Gd-LNP at only 3% of the recommended clinical Gd dose produced MRI signal-to-noise ratios of greater than 300 in all vasculatures. Unlike current Gd contrast agents, these Gd-LNP stably retained Gd in normal vasculature, and are eliminated predominately through the biliary, instead of the renal system. Gd-LNP did not appear to accumulate in the liver or kidney, and was eliminated completely within 24 hrs. Conclusions/Significance: The novel Gd-nanoparticles provide high quality contrast enhanced vascular MRI at 97% reduced dose of Gd and do not rely on renal clearance. This new agent is likely to be suitable for patients exhibiting varying degrees of renal impairment. The simple and adaptive nanoparticle design could accommodate ligand or receptor coating for drug delivery optimization and in vivo drug-target definition in system biology profiling, increasing the margin of safety in treatment of cancers and other diseases.
On Probabilistic Models of Consumer Search for Information

I. Introduction, 38. — II. Review and development of Stigler's original model, 39. — III. The effect of dependence among the prices offered, 44. — IV. The sequential rule for Stigler's model, 45. — V. Implications and comments, 49.
Route to high-dimensional chaos

We present a route to high-dimensional chaos, that is, chaos with more than one positive Lyapunov exponent. In this route, as a system parameter changes, a subsystem becomes chaotic through, say, a cascade of period-doubling bifurcations, after which the complementary subsystem becomes chaotic, leading to an additional positive Lyapunov exponent for the whole system. A characteristic feature of this route, as suggested by numerical evidence, is that the second largest Lyapunov exponent passes through zero continuously. Three examples are presented: a discrete-time map, a continuous-time flow, and a population model for species dispersal in evolutionary ecology.
Salvation: Its Forms and Dynamics in the New Testament

: Salvation takes several forms in the New Testament, including earthly-historical saving acts by the earthly Jesus and eschatological salvation by God's saving work in Christ. The dynamics of salvation can be considered from both anthropocentric and theocentric approaches. In the former salvation is by works, faith, or grace, but issues can be raised about each. In the latter salvation is spoken of as the act of God in Christ (a theopractic approach) or by the act of Christ on God's behalf (a Christopractic approach). Issues arise concerning canonical contexts, whether something happened at the cross effective for humanity and the cosmos, and the scope of redemption.
Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity among Four Secondary Schools in a Predominantly Mexican-American Low Socioeconomic Population in South Texas

Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity among Four Secondary Schools in a Predominantly Mexican-American Low Socioeconomic Population in South Texas
Isolation and Molecular Cloning of Wortmannin-sensitive Bovine Type III Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinases

Agonist-sensitive phosphoinositide pools are maintained by recently-identified wortmannin (WT)-sensitive phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase(s) (Nakanishi, S., Catt, K. J., and Balla, T. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 5317-5321). Two loosely membrane-associated WT-sensitive type III PI 4-kinases were isolated from bovine adrenal cortex as [3H]WT-labeled 110- and 210-kDa proteins. Based on peptide sequences from the smaller enzyme, a 3. 9-kilobase pair (kb) cDNA with an open reading frame encoding a 90-kDa protein was isolated from a bovine brain cDNA library. Expression of this cDNA in COS-7 cells yielded a 110-kDa protein with WT-sensitive PI 4-kinase activity. Northern blot analysis of a human mRNA panel showed a single approximately 3.8-kb transcript. Peptide sequences obtained from the 210-kDa enzyme corresponded to those of a recently described rat 230-kDa PI 4-kinase. A 6.5-kb cDNA containing an open reading frame of 6129 nucleotides that encoded a 230-kDa protein, was isolated from brain cDNA. Northern blot analysis of human mRNA revealed a major 7.5-kb transcript. The molecular cloning of these novel WT-sensitive type III PI 4-kinases will allow detailed analysis of their signaling and other regulatory functions in mammalian cells.
International Education Issues: a perspective on the practice of neurology in northern Kenya.

While in residency, both my husband (a physical medicine and rehabilitation resident) and I were able to experience an international elective which has enhanced our clinical training and perspective. This elective was organized with resources from the international health program at our institution as well as World Medical Mission (WMM)/Samaritan’s Purse, a nonprofit organization that places physicians in areas of need around the world. After months of preparation and endless communications with the staff of WMM, we worked at the Maua Methodist Hospital (MMH), in northern Kenya, for 1 month. MMH is a medical center 6 hours north of Nairobi that serves the needs of approximately 600,000 people in the surrounding villages where the prevailing languages are English, Kiswahili, and Kimeru. Of the many patients encountered, approximately 1/3 had neurologic manifestations of their disease, most often unrecognized by the local physicians. MMH was started by British missionaries approximately 80 years ago. The hospital has grown in size and currently has approximately 300 inpatient beds which are divided into three wards (one pediatric, one medical, and one surgical). There is also an outpatient complex that serves hundreds of patients on a daily basis. The most common admitting diagnoses included HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. By my estimation, nearly one in four hospitalized patients was HIV-positive. The hospital fees are nominal, however, most people in Maua …
Robust sketched symbol fragmentation using templates

Analysis of sketched digital ink is often aided by the division of stroke points into perceptually-salient fragments based on geometric features. Fragmentation has many applications in intelligent interfaces for digital ink capture and manipulation, as well as higher-level symbolic and structural analyses. It is our intuitive belief that the most robust fragmentations closely match a user's natural perception of the ink, thus leading to more effective recognition and useful user feedback. We present two optimal fragmentation algorithms that fragment common geometries into a basis set of line segments and elliptical arcs. The first algorithm uses an explicit template in which the order and types of bases are specified. The other only requires the number of fragments of each basis type. For the set of symbols under test, both algorithms achieved 100% fragmentation accuracy rate for symbols with line bases, ›99% accuracy for symbols with elliptical bases, and ›90% accuracy for symbols with mixed line and elliptical bases.
Depositional setting and regional relationships of basinal assemblages: Pershing Ridge Group and Fencemaker Canyon sequence in northwestern Nevada

Basinal and platformal rocks of the northern part of the Mesozoic marine province of northwestern Nevada are juxtaposed along the curvilinear trace of the late Mesozoic Fencemaker thrust fault. The allochthonous rocks form a belt of basin-facies deposits that accumulated in upper- to mid-submarine fan environments that parallel the trace of the regional thrust. Lower submarine-fan or basin-floor facies are recognized but consistently are west of the more proximal deposits and lie in structurally higher positions within the Fencemaker allochthon. The thrust fault apparently follows the transitional zone between the basinal rocks composing the upper plate and the easterly parautochthonous platformal rocks. The basin facies sediments were derived from two sources in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic periods. One source supplied siliciclastic debris, whereas the other contributed sporadic but copious amounts of shallow-marine carbonate debris. The two sources operated independently and simultaneously supplied sediments to different parts of the basinal environment. The platform assemblage was dominated by deltaic and carbonate reef and continental shelf environments. The site of deltaic sedimentation migrated with time, producing compositional differences in the detritus being fed into the adjacent basinal areas to the west. Sedimentation rates within the basinal environment exceeded subsidence, causing the basin to fill and shoal with time. The basin facies rocks are gradationally overlain by westward-prograding platform carbonate rocks and rocks representing prodeltaic environments. Early to Middle Jurassic synorogenic sediments derived both from local sources and from probable cratonic sources dominated the final episode of deposition. The synorogenic sediments accumulated in shallow-marine to subaerial environments localized by structures associated with regional extension.
Studies on allogeneic inhibition. Iii. Inhibition of mouse tumor cell colony formation in vitro by contact with lymphoid cells containing foreign h-2 antigens.

A colony inhibition (CI) technique was used to demonstrate that lymphocytes and lymphoma cells derived from allogeneic or “semi-syngeneic” F1 hybrid hosts decreased the plating efficiency ofhomozygous mouse tumor cells in comparison to lymphoid cells of the syngeneic type. Phytohemagglutinin was present in all experiments. Syngeneic lymphocytes and lymphoma cells also reduced plating efficiencies compared to untreated controls, if they were added in high ratios, but this effect was significantly smaller than with allogeneic and F1 hybrid cells. The data strongly indicate that allogeneic inhibition of mouse tumor cells is due to their exposure to foreign H-2 isoantigens or to cellular material closely associated with these antigens. They also support the postulate that cellbound immunity reactions, as studied with mouse cells in vitro, are partly due to exposure of the target cells to foreign H-2 isoantigens of the added lymphoid cells.
The relation between depression and appreciation: The role of perceptions of emotional utility in an experimental test of causality

The present research examined the potential role of perceived utility of appreciation in depressive symptoms. In a between-subjects design, participants were induced to increase their experience of appreciation or their perceived usefulness of appreciation. Self-reported perceptions of emotional utility, actual experience of emotion, as well as depression scores gathered from semi-structured interviews, were obtained at baseline and post-induction. As predicted, although participants in both groups evidenced lower levels of depressive symptoms at post-induction than at baseline, there was a greater decrease among participants in the appreciation-utility condition than among those in the appreciation-experience condition. Further, perceived utility of appreciation was an important mediator in moderated mediation models.
Performance and dependability of structured peer-to-peer overlays

Structured peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks provide a useful substrate for building distributed applications. They map object keys to overlay nodes and offer a primitive to send a message to the node responsible for a key. They can implement, for example, distributed hash tables and multicast trees. However, there are concerns about the performance and dependability of these overlays in realistic environments. Several studies have shown that current P2P environments have high churn rates: nodes join and leave the overlay continuously. This paper presents techniques that continuously detect faults and repair the overlay to achieve high dependability and good performance in realistic environments. The techniques are evaluated using large-scale network simulation experiments with fault injection guided by real traces of node arrivals and departures. The results show that previous concerns are unfounded; our techniques can achieve dependable routing in realistic environments with an average delay stretch below two and a maintenance overhead of less than half a message per second per node.
Distribution of ingested phosphorus in bone and teeth of a dog, shown by radioactive isotope.

SummaryThe uptake of radioactive phosphorus was greater in spongy than in dense diaphyseal bone when salts of the element were administered orally to a dog. In dentine the amounts of radioactive phosphorus were constant for the various teeth and of the same order as that present in dense diaphyseal bone. No more than traces of P∗ were found in the enamel.
The Effects of B, K10, and AR Chromosomes on the Resistance of Maize to Viral Infection.

Studies were conducted to determine if accessory (B) chromosomes, the abnormal tenth (KIO) chromosome or the aberrant ratio (AR) phenomenon of maize (Zea mays L.) affect the resistance of the plants to viral infection. Genetically similar stocks of maize with and without these elements were compared to determine what effect they would have on the plants response to Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV), Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV), Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV) and Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus (BSMV).The test results with BSMV were not found to be conclusive. With BMV and MDMV, neither the B orKIO chromcsomes were found to alter infections; however, these chromosomes were found to affect the resistance of the plants to WSMV infection. The B chromosomes were found to delay the onset of leaf necrosis by 15%, while the KIO chromosome was found to increase the susceptibility to necrosis by 100%. The AR phenomenon was not found to alter the resistance of maize to BMV infection. However, it was found to increase the susceptibility of maize to MDMV infection by 36% and to decrease the SUSceptibility of maize to WSMV infection by 92%.
Facilitation of lordosis in ovariectomized rats by intracerebral progesterone implants

Abstract Ovariectomized female rats were estrogen-primed by subcutaneous injection and two days later were tested for sexual receptivity 6 h following bilateral implants of crystalline progesterone or cholesterol combined with a subthreshold injection of progesterone administered systemically. Cannulae were located in either the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) or the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) in different groups of females. Significant facilitation of estrous behavior was induced by brain progesterone in females whose cannulae were located in the MBH. Intracerebral progesterone was not effective in females with MRF cannulae. Within the MBH the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei appeared most responsive to the estrus-facilitating actions of progesterone. The possibility that the behavioral effects of implanted progesterone were mediated by entry of hormone into the ventricular system or general circulation is considered unlikely. It is suggested that progesterone facilitates lordosis behavior via a facilitatory rather than an inhibitory effect on MBH neurons.
Congruences for a restricted m -ary partition function

Abstract We discuss a family of restricted m -ary partition functions b m,j (n) , which is the number of m -ary partitions of n with at most i+j copies of the part m i allowed. We then use generating function dissections to prove the following family of congruences for k⩾2 and 1⩽t⩽m−k+1 : b m,m−1 (m k+t n+m k+t−1 +m k+t−2 +⋯+m k )≡0 ( mod 2 t−1 k).
Natural Mereology and Classical Mereology

Two apparently opposing philosophical views on mereological issues are contrasted, and a device is suggesting for assessing the extent to which their difference is terminological, rather than substantial. According to the view associated with Classical Mereology, the part-whole relation is guaranteed, a priori, to have a particular and neat algebraic structure. According to a more naturalistic view, the global structure of the part-whole relation turns instead on how things in nature happen to be organized. The main technical idea of the paper is that there is a non-arbitrary way to transform any relation into one that obeys the axioms of Classical Mereology. The main philosophical idea is that if we apply the transformation to the ontology and structure the naturalistic philosopher believes in, the resulting Classical relational structure may be ontologically acceptable to the naturalistic philosopher, and the relation that relates the objects in the structure might be sufficiently “natural” that the naturalistic philosopher ought to acknowledge that it deserves the label “part-whole relation.” Thus, in the most dramatic case, the naturalistic philosopher might hold a view that turns out to be merely terminologically different from that of the Classical Mereologist. Sets, or pluralities, of the original naturalistic objects will typically be “added,” by the transformation, to the original ontology to which it is applied. This raises questions, only briefly addressed here, about the place of such entities in the study of part-whole relations.
What Does ‘GIS’ Mean?

Many definitions of ‘GIS’ have been proposed, but they are rarely discussed in the peer-reviewed literature. Most definitions in active use have serious limitations. Recent literature includes a variety of proposals to redefine GIS by changing the third word. This paper proposes an extended definition accompanied by a condensed form that contains the key concepts: ‘Geographic Information System (GIS) – Organized activity by which people measure and represent geographic phenomena then transform these representations into other forms while interacting with social structures.’
OBSERVATIONS ON ATTEMPTS TO PRODUCE ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN MONKEYS

No evidence was found to support the idea that vaccine virus placed in the cisterna magna is capable of producing an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with perivascular demyelination either in normal or in partially immune monkeys. A testicular extract (Reynals' factor) did not induce vaccine virus to cause an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys. Repeated intramuscular injections of brain extracts and brain emulsions into eight monkeys were followed in two instances by an inflammatory reaction, accompanied by demyelination, in the central nervous system. The exact relation of the injections to the disease of the nervous system is not clear. The combined action of vaccine virus and an emulsion of fresh rabbit brain did not lead to the production of an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in monkeys that had received repeated intramuscular injections of emulsions and alcohol-ether extracts of normal rabbit brains.
Newer sequences for spinal MR imaging: smorgasbord or succotash of acronyms?

With the tremendous technical advances in MR imaging of the brain, such as perfusion, diffusion, and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional imaging, and contrast-enhanced MR angiography, the continued advances in MR imaging of the spine unfortunately may be overlooked. Nevertheless,
A Murine Model of K-RAS and β-Catenin Induced Renal Tumors Expresses High Levels of E2F1 and Resembles Human Wilms Tumor

Purpose: Wilms tumor is the most common renal neoplasm of childhood. We previously found that restricted activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway in renal epithelium late in kidney development is sufficient to induce small primitive neoplasms with features of epithelial Wilms tumor. Metastatic disease progression required simultaneous addition of an activating mutation of the oncogene K-RAS. We sought to define the molecular pathways activated in this process and their relationship to human renal malignancies.Materials and Methods: Affymetrix® expression microarray data from murine kidneys with activation of K-ras and/or Ctnnb1 (β-catenin) restricted to renal epithelium were analyzed and compared to publicly available expression data on normal and neoplastic human renal tissue. Target genes were verified by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry.Results: Mouse kidney tumors with activation of K-ras and Ctnnb1, and human renal malignancies had similar mRNA expression signatures and were associated with activat...
Dissociation between the processivity and total activity of γ-secretase: implications for the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease-causing presenilin mutations.

The amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is produced from the amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) through consecutive proteolysis by β- and γ-secretases. The latter protease contains presenilin as the catalytic component of a membrane-embedded aspartyl protease complex. Missense mutations in presenilin are associated with early-onset familial AD, and these mutations generally both decrease Aβ production and increase the ratio of the aggregation-prone 42-residue form (Aβ42) to the 40-residue form (Aβ40). The connection between these two effects is not understood. Besides Aβ40 and Aβ42, γ-secretase produces a range of Aβ peptides, the result of initial cutting at the e site to form Aβ48 or Aβ49 and subsequent trimming every three or four residues. Thus, γ-secretase displays both overall proteolytic activity (e cutting) and processivity (trimming) toward its substrate APP. Here we tested whether a decrease in total activity correlates with decreased processivity using wild-type and AD-mutant presenilin-containing protease complexes. Changes in pH, temperature, and salt concentration that reduced the overall activity of the wild-type enzyme did not consistently result in increased proportions of longer Aβ peptides. Low salt concentrations and acidic pH were notable exceptions that subtly alter the proportion of individual Aβ peptides, suggesting that the charged state of certain residues may influence processivity. Five different AD mutant complexes, representing a broad range of effects on overall activity, Aβ42:Aβ40 ratios, and ages of disease onset, were also tested, revealing again that changes in total activity and processivity can be dissociated. Factors that control initial proteolysis of APP at the e site apparently differ significantly from factors affecting subsequent trimming and the distribution of Aβ peptides.
The Fama-French factors as proxies for fundamental economic risks

This paper provides an economic interpretation for the book-to-market (HML) and size (SMB) factors in the Fama-French model using data from ten developed countries. We show that part of the information in these factors that is priced in equity returns, refers to news about future GDP growth. However, a model that includes only the market factor and news about future GDP growth cannot explain asset returns as well as the Fama-French model does. Our tests reveal that HML and SMB also contain important information about the current default premium. A model that includes the information in HML and SMB about the default premium and news about future GDP growth, together with the market factor, can successfully replicate the performance of the Fama-French model in the US. Our results suggest that HML and SMB summarize information about two state variables: the current default premium and news about future GDP growth.
Treatment of Metastatic Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer with Ketoconazole, Hydrocortisone, and Cyclophosphamide

Objective: Patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer have a poor overall survival rate. Newer agents have shown promise in slowing disease progression but are mostly ineffective in improving the overall survival rate, are toxic, and require intravenous administration. In an attempt to maintain treatment efficacy, but to minimize toxicity and improve ease of use, we conducted a pilot trial of an oral regimen consisting of ketoconazole, hydrocortisone, and cyclophosphamide combination therapy. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer were treated with an oral regimen of ketoconazole, 400 mg tid, and hydrocortisone, 20 mg qam and 10 mg qpm, on Days 1–28. Cyclophosphamide, 100 mg/m2, was added on Days 1–14. Treatment was recycled every 28 days. Progression of disease was defined by a progressively rising prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, new lesions as seen on bone scans, or progression of soft-tissue disease. Patient age ranged from 57 to 87 years. Performance status (PS; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale) was 0–2. Pretreatment PSA values ranged from 5.8 ng/mL to 3400 ng/mL (median 68). Results: Twenty-one (78%) of 27 patients with elevated PSA levels demonstrated a ≥50% decline in PSA level for 3 consecutive months. Of the remaining six patients (22%), two progressed within 3 months, two withdrew from the study due to toxicity, and two responded with 96 months, with a median response duration of 9 months. Twenty-two (81%) of 27 patients experienced no significant toxicity, 4 of 27 patients experienced Grade I–III gastrointestinal toxicity, and 1 of 27 patients experienced Grade III hematologic toxicity. Conclusions: The combination of ketoconazole, hydrocortisone, and cyclophosphamide is a well-tolerated oral regimen for the treatment of patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer with significant disease activity, and it warrants further investigation.
Cross-Layer Survivability in WDM-Based Networks

In layered networks, a single failure at a lower layer may cause multiple failures in the upper layers. As a result, traditional schemes that protect against single failures may not be effective in cross-layer networks. In this paper, we introduce the problem of maximizing the connectivity of layered networks. We show that connectivity metrics in layered networks have significantly different meaning than their single-layer counterparts. Results that are fundamental to survivable single-layer network design, such as the Max-Flow Min-Cut theorem, are no longer applicable to the layered setting. We propose new metrics to measure connectivity in layered networks and analyze their properties. We use one of the metrics, Min Cross Layer Cut, as the objective for the survivable lightpath routing problem, and develop several algorithms to produce lightpath routings with high survivability. This allows the resulting cross-layer architecture to be resilient to failures.
A wafer-level corrosion susceptibility test for multilayered metallization

A wafer-level test for chlorine-induced corrosion is presented for VLSI multilayered metallization. The intrinsic corrosion rate for an arbitrary metallization can be determined by monitoring the electrical resistance rise when the test structure is stored in a fixed corrosive environment. The corrosion activity (rate constant) is found to be directly proportional to the amount of chlorine present on the slice and therefore can be used as an effective in-line process monitor for chlorine-based Al-alloy dry etches. The temperature dependence of the corrosion rate is described by an Arrhenius relationship with an activation energy of 0.3-0.4 eV. The corrosion activity is observed to be time-dependent, i.e. very low initially but rising rapidly to a maximum value, from which it decays slowly with time. >
The Role of ROS in Ionizing Radiation-Induced VLA-4 Mediated Adhesion of RAW264.7 Cells to VCAM-1 Under Flow Conditions

Alteration of adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells has a direct connection with ionizing radiation-induced atherosclerosis, which is an adverse effect observed after radiotherapy. However, minimal attention has been given to monocytes/macrophages role in atherosclerosis development, which are exposed to the radiation at the same time. Under flow conditions using a parallel plate flow chamber to mimic physiological shear stress, we demonstrate here that the avidity between very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) of RAW264.7 cells and its ligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), was increased after low dose (0.5 Gy) irradiation, but was reduced after higher dose (5 Gy) treatment of ionizing radiation despite the fact that the surface expression of VLA-4 was up-regulated at 5 Gy of ionizing radiation. Treating the cells with free radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine had no effect on VLA-4 expression, but did reduce the avidity between RAW264.7 cells and VCAM-1 to a similar level, independent of ioni...
War and the Food Quest in Small-Scale Societies: Settlement-Pattern Formation in Contact-Era New Guinea

Although anthropologists and archaeologists recognize that both military and resource-exploitation considerations influence settlement patterns, there has been very little theoretical work on the former and how it interacts with the latter. Using data on about a hundred egalitarian and trans-egalitarian communities from contact-era New Guinea, this chapter investigates these interactions in small-scale societies. The processes involved are relatively straightforward: polity size, territorial area, mobility, and the level of residential nucleation result from a trade-off between the defensive value of military strength and the costs of the food quest that are required to support it. The specific manifestations of this trade-off, however, differ quite markedly depending on resource productivity, population density, and the military implications of the terrain. Of particular interest, the analysis presented here shows that, at densities above about 40 people/km2, polity size and territorial area are constrained not by the food quest but instead by military constraints.
Distributions of taurine, glutamate, and glutamate receptors during post-natal development and plasticity in the rat brain

In summary, taurine and glutamate distributions seemed to be related spatio-temporally during development in the hippocampus and cerebellum and during plasticity of the adult dentate gyrus. In some cases, the amino acids appeared to be setting up adult localizations, while others involved a change in distribution from early development to adulthood that may indicate a related role for taurine and glutamate in dendritic outgrowth and synapse formation. Further elucidation of the subcellular localizations should provide some insight into the functions of taurine and glutamate during these critical periods in development. In addition, there appeared to be developmental patterns of decreased density of kainate and Met2 glutamate receptors that may be worth exploring in terms of interrelationships with taurine.
ApoE2 and Alzheimer's disease: time to take a closer look.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly. It currently affects approximately 5.1 million Americans, a number predicted to triple by 2050. AD is clinically manifested as progressive loss of memory and cognitive function, and is characterized pathologically by the formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Since its discovery in 1906, extensive research has been undertaken to define AD pathogenesis and to develop treatments; however, the cause of AD remains largely unknown and no therapeutic success has been achieved in over 200 AD drug trials conducted in the past decade (Cummings et al., 2014). These challenges underscore the need for increased research focus to better understand AD risk mechanisms that would allow for the development of strategies aimed at AD prevention and early intervention.