cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A frequency agile 40 Gb/s half rate linear phase detector for data jitter measurement

A 40 Gb/s half-rate linear phase detector IC for NRZ data, implemented in a 200 GHz f/sub T/, InP DHBT process, with a novel architecture, is described. The IC can be used for clock recovery or jitter measurement. The new architecture has less critical internal timing, and better speed and linearity than previous phase detectors. Half rate operation doubles the allowable propagation delay. Dual outputs alternate in time and combine linearly, allowing overlap without error, resulting in greater linear range. Operation at any rate is possible because no rate-specific delay lines are used. The intrinsic jitter for a 40 Gb/s 2/sup 31/-1 PRBS pattern is 50 mUl pk-pk in a 320 MHz bandwidth.
Designing motion guides for ergonomic collaborative manipulation

Manual materials handling of heavy loads is a common cause of low back disorders. The manual manipulation of a heavy load may be made more comfortable by constraining the load to move along a guide. If the load is constrained the human operator can provide forces in directions that are comfortable while the frictionless guide directs the motion of the load to the goal configuration. We study the design of such motion guides for ergonomic materials handling. We formulate the problem and provide some example guides for planar manipulation. The motion guides may be implemented by fixed rail systems or by programmable constraint machines (cobots).
New sensor network design and retrofit method based on value of information

Traditionally, the sensor network design procedure was based on positioning sensors so that certain network monitoring capabilities (e.g., observability, redundancy, and error detectability) of key variables are assured at minimum sensors cost. We present a new approach that is based on maximizing economic value of information minus cost instead of the traditional approach that requires the satisfaction of performance targets. This article presents the conceptual aspect and computation issues of this new approach: the connection between the new approach and the traditional minimum-cost approaches is explored and the computational methods to solve the proposed problem are presented. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Equivalence between minimal generative model graphs and directed information graphs

We propose a new type of probabilistic graphical model, based on directed information, to represent the causal dynamics between processes in a stochastic system. We show the practical significance of such graphs by proving their equivalence to generative model graphs which succinctly summarize interdependencies for causal dynamical systems under mild assumptions. This equivalence means that directed information graphs may be used for causal inference and learning tasks in the same manner Bayesian networks are used for correlative statistical inference and learning.
Experimental Wounds: Science and Violence in Mid‐Century America

This paper explores the scientific production of experimental wounds, suggesting that these scientific research programs illuminate the consequences of the historical relationship between technical knowledge production and the state's monopoly on violence. Language: en
Enhanced Th17 Differentiation and Aggravated Arthritis in IEX-1–Deficient Mice by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Signaling

CD4(+) Th1 and Th17 cells both can cause autoimmune diseases, either alone or collaboratively, if left unchecked. However, what determines the dominant Th effector phenotype in a specific autoimmune disease remains poorly understood. Our present investigation shows that null mutation of IEX-1 promotes differentiation of Th17 cells but compromises the survival of Th1 cells. The differential effect gave rise to a greater number of Th17 cells, a higher level of IL-17 production, and more severe arthritis in IEX-1 knockout mice than in wild-type mice after immunizations with collagen. IEX-1 deficiency-facilitated Th17 cell differentiation was mediated by the increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at mitochondria following T cell activation, as suggested by marked inhibition of Th17 induction with ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine or mitoquinone, a specific inhibitor for mitochondrial ROS production. Mitochondrial ROS augmented the expression of B cell-activating transcription factor, which may contribute to increased IL-17 production in the absence of IEX-1, in light of its importance in IL-17 transcription. The results demonstrate that mitochondrial ROS contribute significantly to the dominant Th effector phenotype in autoimmunity in addition to the cytokine milieu.
On the development and utilization of assays for biological transmethylation involving S-adenosylmethionine.

For many years, there has been considerable interest in the chemistry and pharmacology of biological transmethylation in the field of neurophsychiatry. This interest was largely stimulated by the fact that many of the natural or synthetic substances which produce hallucinations or other features of psychotic illness are methylated amines — see (5). As early as 1952, Osmond and Smythies reported (73) a suggestion of the biochemist Har-ley-Mason that abnormal transmethylation of an endogenous amine, possibly dopamine, might produce a psychotomimetic compound like mescaline (3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl-ethylamine). More direct evidence consistent with this hypothesis was the observation that methionine, uniquely among several amino acids, and especially when combined with an inhibitor or monoamine oxidase, led to striking but transient exacerbations of the psychotic symptoms of chronic schizophrenic patients (75). This clinical phenomenon is unique among biochemical findings in schizophrenia in that it has been confirmed by several groups and so far contradicted by none (1, 2,15, 21, 41, 49, 74, 86; see also 27, 29).
71-Year-Old Woman With Abdominal Pain.

Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Jacksonville, FL (G.F.S., S.P.S.); Advisor to residents and Consultant in Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (M.S.H.). A 71-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain of 6 days’ duration. She described the pain as being severe, crampy, nonradiating, and in the left lower quadrant. The pain was associated with nausea and fevers. She had decreased appetite but no episodes of vomiting, tenesmus, rectal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, melena, or dysuria. Her medical history was notable for constipation, an episode of diverticulitis treated with antibiotics, an incarcerated ventral hernia that was repaired with biologic mesh, and an appendectomy. Her medications included sertraline and a multivitamin. The patient was allergic to penicillin and was intolerant of metronidazole. On physical examination, her temperature was 37.2 C, heart rate was 98 beats/min, blood pressure was 156/89 mm Hg, and respiratory rate was 18 breaths/min. She was alert, oriented, slightly anxious, and in no acute distress. Her lungs were clear on auscultation. Her cardiovascular examination results were unremarkable. Her abdomen was soft and nondistended without rebound or rigidity, but she reported tenderness in the left lower quadrant. She had a large ventral hernia with palpable fascial margins and easily reducible contents. She had no costovertebral angle tenderness. Laboratory studies revealed the following (reference ranges provided parenthetically): hemoglobin, 13.5 g/dL (12.0-15.5 g/dL); white blood cell count, 15.8 10/L (3.5-10.5 10/L); platelet count, 319 10/L (150-450 10/L); total bilirubin, 0.8 mg/dL ( 1.2 mg/dL); direct bilirubin, 0.2 mg/dL (0.0-0.3 mg/dL); alkaline phosphatase, 120 U/L (55-142 U/L); alanine aminotransferase, 15 U/L (7-45 U/L); aspartate aminotransferase, 19 U/L (8-43 U/L); and lipase, 18 U/L (10-73 U/L). Results of a comprehensive metabolic panel were unremarkable. Urinalysis revealed a small amount of leukocyte esterase, trace proteins, 4 white blood cells per high-power field, 3 red blood cells per high-power field, and the presence of bacteria.
Assessment of donor/recipient ratios in permethrin transfer studies with Reticulitermes virginicus Banks

Abstract Crowding of termites may influence observed recipient mortality in donor-recipient toxicant transfer studies. It was hypothesized that if crowding were important, any termiticide (particularly repellent termiticides, which were not thought to transfer) could be transferred by contact among termites when the donor complement was sufficient. Termiticide transfer donor-recipient studies were performed with 5 ppm permethrin (a repellent termiticide; 30 min exposure time) in donor: recipient ratios of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50 using 4 colonies of Reticulitermes virginicus Banks. Recipient mortality at 14 d was significantly different between treatments and controls in the 30:70 ratio for 3 colonies. Treatments and controls were significantly different for recipient mortality of one colony each in the 40:60 and 50:50 donor: recipient ratios. These results demonstrated that a repellent termiticide could be transferred by contact among termites with high donor percentages; they suggest that t...
Toddlers’ Judgments of Media Character Source Credibility on Touchscreens:

In three experiments, 32-month-old children (n = 40 for Experiment 1, n = 36 for Experiment 2) and 24-month-old children (n = 33 for Experiment 3) were asked to judge the credibility of information presented on a touchscreen device. The information was delivered by a familiar and an unfamiliar media character. Two app conditions varied on which character was accurate in naming familiar fruits. Then both characters labeled four novel fruits with nonsense words. Feedback about the accuracy of the characters’ labels of the familiar fruits was provided in Experiments 1 and 3, but no such feedback was provided in Experiment 2. Children were more likely to endorse the accurate character as the correct labeler of the novel fruits, regardless of prior familiarity with the character, the feedback presented in the touchscreen application, or the age of the child. Parent scaffolding affected only the 24-month-old children. The results reveal that very young children can make relatively sophisticated judgments about ...
Engineering efficient thermoelectrics from large-scale assemblies of doped ZnO nanowires: nanoscale effects and resonant-level scattering.

Recent studies focusing on enhancing the thermoelectric performance of metal oxides were primarily motivated by their low cost, large availability of the component elements in the earth’s crust, and their high stability. So far, these studies indicate that n-type materials, such as ZnO, have much lower thermoelectric performance than their p-type counterparts. Overcoming this limitation requires precisely tuning the thermal and electrical transport through n-type metal oxides. One way to accomplish this is through the use of optimally doped bulk assemblies of ZnO nanowires. In this study, the thermoelectric properties of n-type aluminum and gallium dually doped bulk assembles of ZnO nanowires were determined. The results indicated that a high zT of 0.6 at 1000 °C, the highest experimentally observed for any n-type oxide, is possible. The high performance is attributed to the tailoring of the ZnO phase composition, nanostructuring of the material, and Zn-III band hybridization-based resonant scattering.
Severe Asthma in Pediatric Patients. Pathophysiology and Unmet Needs

Recent statistics have shown that asthma deaths and hospitalizations are decreasing, but there are unmet challenges in the management of severe asthma in children. Current asthma management is focused on achieving asthma control through an effort to minimize asthma impairment via specifically addressing factors that affect day-to-day symptoms, and minimizing the risk of future asthma-related events, such as asthma exacerbations, disease progression, and adverse effects to medications. New targeted medications have been developed for which therapeutic responses have been correlated with specific biomarkers; for example, sputum or blood eosinophil count with anti-IL-5 therapy and serum periostin with anti-IL-13 therapy. These drugs hold great promise, but will likely be expensive alternatives to traditional asthma therapy. There is a growing need to address the age-specific challenges in the management of subjects with asthma from the young to the very old. In the future, it will be important to develop strategies to prevent the development of asthma and, in children with the disease, to maximize the appropriate use of, and adherence to, the available medications before considering more expensive alternatives. To do this, we will need to standardize and harmonize medical care, while improving communication and setting up systems of collaboration. If executed effectively, this effort should have a marked impact on reducing the prevalence of asthma in the future and the consequent burden of asthma on society.
Cellular interactions in neurological disease: nonlinear optics for in vivo studies

Multiple cell types contribute to neurodegeneration. Multiphoton microscopy and femtosecond laser ablation enable imaging and lesioning at the cellular scale in vivo. Using more fluorophores enables the dynamics of complex cell-cell interactions to be investigated.
Privacy, Security, and Patient Engagement: The Changing Health Data Governance Landscape.

Context: The rapid emergence of new technologies support collection and use of a wide variety of data from clinical, genomic, social and behavioral, environmental, and financial sources, and have a great impact on the governance of personal health information. Papers in the special issue: The papers in this special issue on governance touch on the topic from a variety of focuses, including leadership perspectives, local and federal case studies, and the future importance of patient engagement. Themes: This special issue focuses on three major themes—that data governance is growing in importance and presenting new challenges that must be addressed, that health care organizations must prioritize governance design, implementation, and functions as a priority, and that governance seems to be naturally converging on an archetype as described by this set of papers. Future State of Governance: In order to deal with issues such as data de- and re-identification, data governance must be studied as its own field.
Analyzing Students who are Absent from School due to Illnesses in a Yinchuan Middle School

Objective This paper presents a study of overall health of the student population in No.9 senior high school and factors bringing diseases to this particular group.Methods The survey is conducted under the specific norms prescribed and it is found that among the major factors giving rise to absence are flu,gastric diseases and injuries.Results Of the sampled students affected by these factors,76.30% goes to flu,8.15% to gastric diseases and 4.07% to injuries.Of the students who are absent from school due to illnesses,most of them are found among grade two senior highs with a percentage as high as 54.48,compared with the other two grades.Conclusion The author of the paper,thinks that the causes of diseases among the students have become a problem which calls for attention of not only medical personnel but also the school,the faculty,the students and their parents.
Clinical Significance of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Children's Infection of Central Nervous System

Objective:To study the clinical significance of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)in children's infection of central nervous system.Methods:TNF in serum and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)was determined with ELISA in42children with acute infection central nervous system,among them there were20cases with germs meningitis and22cases with virus meingitis or encephalitis.Sixteen healthy children served as controls.Results:The levels of TNF of germs meningitis group in serum(0.236±0.105μg/L)and in CSF(0.211±0.094μg/L)were markedly higher than those of virus meningitis group in serum(0.125±0.030μg/L)and in CSF(0.109±0.032μg/L)and those of control group in serum(0.125±0.039μg/L)and in CSF(0.109±0.032μg/L).The TNF level in virus encephalitis group was obviously higher than that in control group.In germs meningitis group,a significant correlation was observed between the levels of TNF in serum and CSF(r=0.935,t=7.67,P0.01).Conclusion:The level of TNF in CSF can be used as an important index for the bacterial meningitis's diagnosis.The levels of TNF in serumn and CSF were of important significance for differential diagnosis of bacterial menigitis and virus meningitis.In pathologic state,the level of TNF in serumn can reflect the variety of TNF level in CSF and can provide a basis for clinical application of anti-TNF antibody in infectious disease.
Clinical value of Down's syndrome screening results analysis in the second trimester of pregnancy

Objective To compare the positive rates of abnormal chromosome karyotype in high risk population of Down's syndrome and 18-trisomy syndrome,and analyze the high risk compositions of 115 cases of chromosome abnormal foetuses in the hospital,so as to improve the analysis level of prenatal screening results and maximize the decrease of birth of fetus with chromosomal abnormality. Methods The prenatal screening results of the 115 pregnant mothers in the middle of pregnancy were retrospectively analyzed in the past 3 years. Results There were significant statistical differences among the positive rates of different abnormal chromosome karyotypes in both two groups of high risk population,which was also found in positive rates of abnormal chromosome karyotypes between the two groups of high risk population. The positive rates of 18-trisomy syndrome and other chromosome abnormalities in 18-trisomy high risk population were higher than those in high risk group of Down's syndrome. It was prompted that there were 93 high risk cases of Down syndrome and 31 high risk cases of 18-trisomy syndrome in 115 abnormal chromosome cases. Conclusion Prenatal screening can prompt the high risk of Down's syndrome and 18-trisomy syndrome,as well as the risk of the abnormality of the other chromosome number and structure.
An Evaluation of Photographic Activity Schedules to Increase Independent Playground Skills in Young Children with Autism

We used photographic activity schedules to increase the number of play activities completed by children with autism during unstructured time on the playground. All 3 participants engaged in more playground activities during and after training, and they continued to complete activities when novel photographs were introduced.
From the Classroom to the Living Room: Eroding Academic Inequities through Home Visits.

This article illustrates the experiences of teachers who conducted home visits as a way to cultivate sustainable avenues of school–home communication with families from an immigrant and/or language...
Pennsylvanian Bairdiidae (Ostracoda) from the Appalachian Basin

Bairdiid ostracodes are commonly present in the Pennsylvanian marine zones in the Appalachian basin. Thirty-one taxa are recognized representing the genera Bairdia McCoy, 1844; Orthobairdia Sohn, 1960; Cryptobairdia Sohn, 1960; Rectobairdia Sohn, 1960; Bairdiolites Croneis and Gale, 1939; and Bairdiacypris Bradfield, 1935. Two questionable bairdiid genera, Entmema new genus and Hastacypris Croneis and Gutke, 1939, are included. Seven new taxa, Bairdia cuspidis, Rectobairdia absidata, R. apiculata, R. levis, R. sohni, Entmena distenta, and Hastacypris acutula, are described. Fabalicypris Cooper, 1946, is considered a junior synonym of Bairdiacypris Bradfield, 1935. The diversity of bairdiids is significantly lower in the Appalachian basin than in the Eastern Interior and Western Interior basins.
Protein-Losing Conditions

Protein-losing conditions can result from infectious, autoimmune, hypersensitivity, inflammatory, and mechanical etiologies. While various complications, such as edema, nutritional deficits, and end-organ disease, result from protein loss from the circulation, infectious complications that are noted in humoral immunodeficiency usually are not increased to the same extent, despite sometimes profound hypogammaglobulinemia. When properly diagnosed and managed, protein-losing conditions can be significantly ameliorated with both laboratory and clinical improvement.
Formal Instruction on the Development of Interactive Video Courseware

Abstract A description of three different formats used in formal instruction on the development of computer aided interactive video (C.A.I.V.). These formats are: 1) a two-week workshop for primary, secondary, and tertiary teachers; 2) a semester long class for university graduate students; and 3) an option within a graduate class on instructional analysis and design. Each format is analyzed and critiqued within the following framework: institutional setting, hardware and software employed, participant characteristics, instructor expectations, C.A.I.V. design process employed, participant achievements, problems encountered, and solutions devised. Advantages and disadvantages of each format are considered. The three formats are deemed suitable for formal instruction on the development of C.A.I.V. courseware.
Influence of neighbourhood socioeconomic position on the transition to type II diabetes in older Mexican Americans: the Sacramento Area Longitudinal Study on Aging

Objective To examine the influence of neighbourhood socioeconomic position (NSEP) on development of diabetes over time. Design A longitudinal cohort study. Setting The data reported were from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, a longitudinal study of the health of 1789 older Latinos. Participants Community-dwelling older Mexican Americans residing in the Sacramento Metropolitan Statistical Area. Main outcome Multistate Markov regression were used to model transitions through four possible states over time: 1=normal; 2=pre-diabetic; 3=diabetic; and 4=death without diabetes. Results At baseline, nearly 50% were non-diabetic, 17.5% were pre-diabetic and nearly 33% were diabetic. At the end of follow-up, there were a total of 824 people with type 2 diabetes. In a fully adjusted MSM regression model, among non-diabetics, higher NSEP was not associated with a transition to pre-diabetes. Among non-diabetics, higher NSEP was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (HR=1.66, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.42) and decreased risk of death without diabetes (HR: 0.56, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.96). Among pre-diabetics, higher NSEP was significantly associated with a transition to non-diabetic status (HR: 1.22, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.50). Adjusting for BMI, age, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, medical insurance and nativity did not affect this relationship. Conclusions Our findings show that high NSEP poses higher risk of progression from normal to diabetes compared with a lower risk of death without diabetes. This work presents a possibility that these associations are modified by nativity or culture.
The Terror of Decolonization: Exploring French India’s “Goonda Raj”

The colonial archives are filled with documents detailing incidents of arson, beatings, shootings, robberies and harassment that occurred along the contours of the numerous borders that separated French India from India following the departure of the British in 1947. The framing of these years as a period of terror wrought by “goondas” covered an underlying anxiety about the future of the nation-state and national citizenship at the moment of decolonization. India, though a newly independent nation-state, was in the midst of convincing an enormous body of diverse peoples, including the still separate Princely States, as well as the Portuguese possessions, that they should come together under one national flag. The notion that a group of people, ostensibly ethnic Indians, would choose, by a vote mandated by the constitution of the French Fourth Republic, to be a part of the French Union instead of merging with India was a real possibility that the Indian government took very seriously. This essay argues bo...
State-of-the-Art Medical Treatment of the Adult Patient with IBD: The Biological Therapies

Three biological therapies targeting TNFα are currently marketed with similar efficacies and risks for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. To date, only infliximab is approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Natalizumab, a humanized antialpha4 integrin is effective for the treatment of Crohn’s disease but compromised by a risk of progressive multifocal encephalopathy. Induction and regularly scheduled maintenance therapy optimizes clinical results for all biological agents. Immunogenicity is an important factor for all biologicals and can be reduced by high-dose induction and regularly scheduled maintenance therapy. Concomitant immunosuppression reduces immunogenicity but does not improve efficacy for patients with refractory disease but may improve therapeutic efficacy for patients who are immunosuppressive naive. Infectious complications are increased in patients on concomitant corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants. Dose modification is needed in many patients to maintain remissions. Switching between anti-TNF agents is effective for patients who develop immunogenicity but is less effective for patients who lose response in the presence of circulating biological concentrations. The ultimate positioning of biological agents will be determined by future ­studies assessing comparative effectiveness of different therapeutic strategies in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
359. Targeted Genome Editing Using TALENs to Correct a Mouse Model of Methylmalonic Acidemia (MMA)

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, in which the body is unable to oxidize valine and isoleucine as well as odd chain fatty acids. Approximately 60 percent of MMA cases are caused by mutations in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT), the enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. Current treatments for MUT class MMA include dietary protein restriction and cofactor supplementation; however patients continue to exhibit severe morbidity and high rates of mortality. A murine model of MMA was created by knocking out exon 3 of the Mut gene and exhibits the severest clinical phenotype of MMA, neonatal lethality. Gene therapy treatments using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors to treat mice with MMA have proven effective, however long-term follow-up of mice treated as neonates revealed genotoxicity caused by AAV integrations, leading the mice to develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Programmable nucleases such as TALENs should make it possible to correct at the MUT locus, ameliorate disease symptoms and reduce the effects of off-target integration by precise genome modification. Furthermore, AAV-mediated delivery of TALENs with an HR cassette carrying a rescue cDNA for the Mut gene in a disease model of MMA should enable in vivo correction in the liver, and ameliorate the MMA phenotype. We have designed TALENs that target intron 2 of the Mut gene and a partial rescue cassette that contains codon-optimized exons 3 to 13 of the Mut gene to restore Mut expression in the exon 3 knock out model of MMA after successful homologous recombination. The TALENs are expressed under the control of the liver-specific thyroxine binding globulin promoter to ensure cleavage in hepatocytes, and delivered using a hepatotropic AAV serotype 8 capsid. To restore expression and achieve targeted integration, the rescue cassette is preceded by a splice acceptor site and flanked by homology arms around the TALEN cleavage site. Integration of the rescue cassette will restore Mut expression at the locus, using the endogenous promoter and exons 1 and 2 of the Mut gene to reconstitute a functional Mut gene. AAV packaging limitations necessitate two AAV vectors for delivery of the TALENs, which are 4kb per pair, and required regulatory elements, as well as a third vector for delivery of the Mut homologous recombination rescue cassette. All three vectors will be delivered systemically in the neonatal period. We hypothesize that in vivo editing at the Mut locus with subsequent HR will provide sufficient Mut enzyme activity to improve the clinical and biochemical phenotypes of the MMA mice, with minimal off-target integration, thereby decreasing the risk of genotoxicity associated with AAV gene therapy.
Identifying Linguistic Features of Medical Interactions: A Register Analysis

Although medical discourse has been explored from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives since the 1980s, there have been few corpus-based linguistic analyses of doctor-patient and nurse-patient interactions. Such analyses are useful both to identify the linguistic features characteristic of medical interaction and their functions within the health care context, and also to provide insight into language needed for teaching and training medical providers. This chapter will explore the use of linguistic features associated with medical discourse in two contexts: nurse-patient interaction and doctor-patient interaction. In order to identify distinctive features of spoken medical discourse, the nurse-patient and doctor-patient interactions will be compared to casual face-to-face conversation. Lexico-grammatical features that have been identified as important to effective medical encounters, such as stance devices (e.g., modals), narrative structures (e.g., past tense), personal pronouns, and questions will be investigated across three corpora. The functions of the linguistic features will be interpreted in relation to the situational characteristics of each register, including the speaker’s role in the interaction. The results show similar patterns across the two medical contexts in comparison with conversation. This lends support to previous research that has compared nurse-patient interactions with conversation (Staples and Biber, Corpus analysis for descriptive and pedagogical purposes: ESP perspectives, 2014). However, there are also important distinctions between the two medical contexts, which are related to the speaker role (doctor vs. nurse) and the setting of the interaction (primary care clinic vs. hospital). The findings have implications for the sociolinguistic study of health care communication as well as the teaching and training of both native speaking and non-native speaking English medical providers. In particular, many of the linguistic features are associated with patient-centered care and the building of patient rapport.
Intrauterine exposure to tobacco and executive functioning in high school.

Abstract Background Executive functioning (EF), an umbrella construct encompassing gradual maturation of cognitive organization/management processes, is important to success in multiple settings including high school. Intrauterine tobacco exposure (IUTE) correlates with negative cognitive/behavioral outcomes, but little is known about its association with adolescent EF and information from real-life contexts is sparse. We evaluated the impact of IUTE on teacher-reported observations of EF in urban high school students controlling for covariates including other intrauterine and adolescent substance exposures. Methods A prospective low-income birth cohort (51% male; 89% African American/Caribbean) was followed through late adolescence (16–18 years old). At birth, intrauterine exposures to cocaine and other substances (52% cocaine, 52% tobacco, 26% marijuana, 26% alcohol) were identified by meconium and/or urine assays, and/or maternal self-report. High school teachers knowledgeable about the student and unaware of study aims were asked to complete the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Teacher Form (BRIEF-TF) annually. Results Teachers completed at least one BRIEF-TF for 131 adolescents. Multivariable analyses included controls for: demographics; intrauterine cocaine, marijuana, and alcohol exposures; early childhood exposures to lead; and violence exposure from school-age to adolescence. IUTE was associated with less optimal BRIEF-TF Behavioral Regulation scores (p Conclusions IUTE is associated with offspring’s less optimal EF. Prenatal counseling should emphasize abstinence from tobacco, as well as alcohol and illegal substances.
Table algebras with central fusions

ABSTRACTThe character theory of table algebras is not as good as the character theory of finite groups. We introduce the notion of a table algebra with a central-fusion, in which the character theory has better properties. We study conditions under which a table algebra (A,B) has a central-fusion, and its central-fusion is exactly isomorphic to the wreath product of the central-fusion of a quotient table algebra of (A,B) and another table algebra. As a consequence, we obtain a complete characterization of table algebras with exactly one irreducible character whose degree and multiplicity are not equal. Applications to association schemes are also discussed.
A Role for Mitochondrial Translation in Promotion of Viability in K-Ras Mutant Cells.

Summary Activating mutations in the KRAS oncogene are highly prevalent in tumors, especially those of the colon, lung, and pancreas. To better understand the genetic dependencies that K-Ras mutant cells rely upon for their growth, we employed whole-genome CRISPR loss-of-function screens in two isogenic pairs of cell lines. Since loss of essential genes is uniformly toxic in CRISPR-based screens, we also developed a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) library targeting essential genes. These approaches uncovered a large set of proteins whose loss results in the selective reduction of K-Ras mutant cell growth. Pathway analysis revealed that many of these genes function in the mitochondria. For validation, we generated isogenic pairs of cell lines using CRISPR-based genome engineering, which confirmed the dependency of K-Ras mutant cells on these mitochondrial pathways. Finally, we found that mitochondrial inhibitors reduce the growth of K-Ras mutant tumors in vivo, aiding in the advancement of strategies to target K-Ras-driven malignancy.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features of Iris Racemose Hemangioma in 4 Cases.

Importance Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) allows visualization of iris racemose hemangioma course and its relation to the normal iris microvasculature. Objective To describe OCTA features of iris racemose hemangioma. Design, Setting, and Participants Descriptive, noncomparative case series at a tertiary referral center (Ocular Oncology Service of Wills Eye Hospital). Patients diagnosed with unilateral iris racemose hemangioma were included in the study. Main Outcomes and Measures Features of iris racemose hemangioma on OCTA. Results Four eyes of 4 patients with unilateral iris racemose hemangioma were included in the study. Mean patient age was 50 years, all patients were white, and Snellen visual acuity was 20/20 in each case. All eyes had sectoral iris racemose hemangioma without associated iris or ciliary body solid tumor on clinical examination and ultrasound biomicroscopy. By anterior segment OCT, the racemose hemangioma was partially visualized in all cases. By OCTA, the hemangioma was clearly visualized as a uniform large-caliber vascular tortuous loop with intense flow characteristics superimposed over small-caliber radial iris vessels against a background of low-signal iris stroma. The vascular course on OCTA resembled a light bulb filament (filament sign), arising from the peripheral iris (base of light bulb) and forming a tortuous loop on reaching its peak (midfilament) near the pupil (n = 3) or midzonal iris (n = 1), before returning to the peripheral iris (base of light bulb). Intravenous fluorescein angiography performed in 1 eye depicted the iris hemangioma; however, small-caliber radial iris vessels were more distinct on OCTA than intravenous fluorescein angiography. Conclusions and Relevance Optical coherence tomography angiography is a noninvasive vascular imaging modality that clearly depicts the looping course of iris racemose hemangioma. Optical coherence tomography angiography depicted fine details of radial iris vessels, not distinct on intravenous fluorescein angiography.
The unfairness of being prosocial.

A new study shows that brain responses to unfairness during economic decision-making can predict current and future depression indices. Neural response patterns in the amygdala related to inequity tracked indices of depression, particularly for prosocial individuals who tend to be most self-sacrificing.
Picture This: The Influence of Emotionally Valenced Images, On Attention, Selection, and Sharing of Social Media News

Social media platforms have become the primary conduits to news for many consumers, yet little is known about how the content in social media posts is viewed and evaluated by consumers or how it sh...
Controlled Selective CVD Growth of ZnO Nanowires Enabled by Mask‐Free Fabrication Approach using Aqueous Fe Catalytic Inks

Fabrication process that enables selective growth of vertically oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) via chemical vapor deposition method and mask-free patterning approach is reported. It is shown that synthesis of high-quality ZnO nanowires in various architectures is achievable by optimizing the growth conditions and by precise patterning of catalytic ink precursors. Parallel direct-write patterning method is utilized to fabricate arrays of different architectures on Si/SiO2 substrates and directly on devices at preselected locations. The production of high-quality, crystalline ZnO NWs is demonstrated using aqueous iron catalytic inks. The composition of the ink and the lateral size of the patterns deposited on substrates are shown to affect the resulting nanowires and thus, allowing to control the geometry (length and diameter) of the individual ZnO NWs in the patterned assemblies. The results indicate that our protocols are tailored to the fabrication of ZnO NWs with specific surface geometries and interface functionalities for variety of targeted device applications.
APPLICATION OF GASEOUS-DIFFUSION THEORY TO MEASUREMENT OF DENITRIFICATION

Denitrification in laboratory soil columns and a cropped field plot maintained near water saturation was determined from direct measurement of N 2 and N 2 O gases within the soil after applying nitrate enriched with 15 N. Gas-concentration gradients and measured soil gas-diffusion coefficients were used to calculate fluxes of 15 N 2 and 15 N 2 O from the soil surface. Residual soil N, plant uptake, and leaching were measured in order to calculate denitrification by difference. For the laboratory columns, the amount of denitrification determined directly agreed closely with that determined by difference. For the field plot, the amounts of denitrification determined from gas fluxes and by difference was respectively 45 and 57% of the N applied. The flux of 15 N 2 at the surface of the field profile was 16 times the flux of 15 N 2 O. Statistical analyses of the uncertainties associated with measurements of each of the parameters for calculating denitrification demonstrated considerable uncertainty in both the direct and difference methods. The greatest uncertainty in the direct method arose from the variability in measuring gas-concentration gradients within the soil profile. Uncertainties in determining denitrification by difference resulted primarily from sampling variability of the residual soil N and leaching components of the N balance.
Sensing and capture of toxic and hazardous gases and vapors by metal–organic frameworks

Toxic and hazardous chemical species are ubiquitous, predominantly emitted by anthropogenic activities, and pose serious risks to human health and the environment. Thus, the sensing and subsequent capture of these chemicals, especially in the gas or vapor phase, are of extreme importance. To this end, metal–organic frameworks have attracted significant interest, as their high porosity and wide tunability make them ideal for both applications. These tailorable framework materials are particularly promising for the specific sensing and capture of targeted chemicals, as they can be designed to fit a diverse range of required conditions. This review will discuss the advantages of metal–organic frameworks in the sensing and capture of harmful gases and vapors, as well as principles and strategies guiding the design of these materials. Recent progress in the luminescent detection of aromatic and aliphatic volatile organic compounds, toxic gases, and chemical warfare agents will be summarized, and the adsorptive removal of fluorocarbons/chlorofluorocarbons, volatile radioactive species, toxic industrial gases and chemical warfare agents will be discussed.
PARP Inhibition to Enhance Response to Chemotherapy

Abstract The inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes is a relatively new anticancer therapeutic strategy designed to impair the ability of tumor cells to repair DNA damage. PARP inhibitors induce synthetic lethality in cells lacking the ability to repair DNA breaks through homologous recombination, such as those with mutations in BRCA1/2 genes. Furthermore, the combination of DNA-damaging chemotherapies with PARP inhibitors may potentiate the DNA damage caused by these agents and lead to enhanced antitumor activity. An additional mechanism of action of PARP inhibitors, known as PARP trapping, has been shown to result in double-strand breaks in DNA, further expanding the potential of these drugs in causing DNA damage accumulation and ultimately apoptosis. While clinical trials testing the combination of PARP inhibitors with chemotherapeutic agents have been challenging due to enhanced toxicity, a number of studies have demonstrated clinical benefits using this strategy. This chapter will review the current status of PARP inhibitor development and discuss the lessons that have been learned from novel chemotherapy combination studies.
An Evaluation of Technologies for Knowledge Base Population

Previous content extraction evaluations have neglected to address problems which complicate the incorporation of extracted information into an existing knowledge base. Previous question answering evaluations have likewise avoided tasks such as explicit disambiguation of target entities and handling a fixed set of questions about entities without previous determination of possible answers. In 2009 NIST conducted a Knowledge Base Population track at its Text Analysis Conference to unite the content extraction and question answering communities and jointly explore some of these issues. This exciting new evaluation attracted 13 teams from 6 countries that submitted results in two tasks, Entity Linking and Slot Filling. This paper explains the motivation and design of the tasks, describes the language resources that were developed for this evaluation, offers comparisons to previous community evaluations, and briefly summarizes the performance obtained by systems. We also identify relevant issues pertaining to target selection, challenging queries, and performance measures.
Genetic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease in subjects with and without hypertension.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the interplay of multiple genetic and non-genetic factors. Hypertension is one of the AD risk factors that has been linked to underlying pathological changes like senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles formation as well as hippocampal atrophy. In this study, we investigated the differences in the genetic architecture of AD between hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects in four independent cohorts. Our genome-wide association analyses revealed significant associations of 15 novel potentially AD-associated polymorphisms (P < 5E−06) that were located outside the chromosome 19q13 region and were significant either in hypertensive or non-hypertensive groups. The closest genes to 14 polymorphisms were not associated with AD at P < 5E−06 in previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Also, four of them were located within two chromosomal regions (i.e., 3q13.11 and 17q21.2) that were not associated with AD at P < 5E−06 before. In addition, 30 genes demonstrated evidence of group-specific associations with AD at the false discovery rates (FDR) < 0.05 in our gene-based and transcriptome-wide association analyses. The chromosomal regions corresponding to four genes (i.e., 2p13.1, 9p13.3, 17q12, and 18q21.1) were not associated with AD at P < 5E−06 in previous GWAS. These genes may serve as a list of prioritized candidates for future functional studies. Our pathway-enrichment analyses revealed the associations of 11 non-group-specific and four group-specific pathways with AD at FDR < 0.05. These findings provided novel insights into the potential genetic heterogeneity of AD among subjects with and without hypertension.
Diets of sympatric Lahontan cutthroat trout and nonnative brook trout: implications for species interactions

Nonnative brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) have been implicated in declines of stream-living Lahontan cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi ), a threatened trout endemic to the Lahontan Basin of northeastern California, southeastern Oregon, and northern Nevada. Brook trout may displace Lahontan cutthroat trout through 2 mechanisms: interspecific predation and competition for food. To evaluate the evidence for these alternatives, we examined stomach contents of 30 trout of each species captured in the North Fork Humboldt River, northeastern Nevada, to compare number, size, and taxonomic composition of prey. Taxonomic dietary overlap was high (81.4%) between brook and Lahontan cutthroat trout. Both species were nonselective in their feeding habits. Lahontan cutthroat trout consumed over 2.5 times as many prey on average, but brook trout consumed significantly larger prey. No trout of either species occurred in fish diets. Only a single fish, a Paiute sculpin ( Cottus beldingi ), was found in stomachs, and the majority (>90%) of prey consisted of insect taxa. Size and number of prey consumed were positively related to fish size for Lahontan cutthroat trout, but not for brook trout. These results do not provide compelling evidence to suggest feeding by Lahontan cutthroat trout is limited by presence of large numbers of brook trout in the North Fork Humboldt River. However, fundamental differences in each species utilization of food in this system indicate that a better understanding of observed differences may help to explain the variable success of brook trout invasions across stream habitats in the Lahontan Basin and their potential effects on Lahontan cutthroat trout.
Characterization methods in porous materials for the rational design of multi-step processing in the context of a paper microfluidic phenylalanine test

A promising application of paper microfluidics is the translation of gold-standard multi-step laboratory tests to a disposable paper-based format for decentralized diagnostic or therapeutic testing. This often entails conversion of bench-top processing of macro-volume samples to the processing of micro-volume samples within a porous matrix, and requires detailed characterization of fluid and reagent interactions within the porous material(s) of the device. The current study focuses on rational device design through the characterization of fluid and reagent interactions in polysulfone and glass fiber substrates for multi-step sample processing. Specifically, we demonstrate how the characterization of fluidic compatibility between substrates, chemical compatibility between reagents and substrates, sample pH, and sample transport can be used to inform device design in the context of a two-reaction detection scheme for phenylalanine in porous materials. Finally, we demonstrate detection of phenylalanine from human whole blood, and discuss the multiple strengths of the current design over a previous version.