cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blue-on-yellow perimetry with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope: small alterations in the central macula with aging.

The sensitivity of short-wavelength-sensitive (SWS) cone pathways was measured in the central fields of 74 normal subjects, aged 17–86 yr, with healthy maculas. The new fundus perimetry technique used a research scanning laser ophthalmoscope with a small entrance pupil to present blue static perimetry targets on a bright yellow background. Simultaneous infrared imaging aided target positioning and rapid assessment of potential pathology in elderly subjects. Targets were positioned peripheral to fixation, avoiding both the SWS-cone-free area and the peak macular pigment, determined in 11 subjects. Sensitivity declined 0.019 log unit per decade, while intraindividual variability across loci increased. The nasal–temporal asymmetry remained constant. Sensitivity of older subjects was relatively less for the most central targets but was unrelated to transmission through macular pigment. Retinal changes with age occur to differing extents or at differing rates and are readily detectable in the central macula.
Decoupled predictions of radiative heating in air using a particle simulation method

A particle simulation technique with decoupled radiation is used to estimate the radiative emission along the stagnation streamline and the radiative heating at the stagnation point of a blunt-nosed vehicle entering the earth's atmosphere at hypersonic speed. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is used to compute the fluid mechanics of the weakly ionized flow. The radiative emission is computed using the NEQAIR computer code with the radiation decoupled from the flowfield solution. It is concluded that the new models make it possible to decrease the predicted total radiative heating at the stagnation point of the vehicle by a factor of 15. A comparison of the DSMC approach with a continuum flow model shows that the total predicted radiative heating estimates agree within a factor of 2.
Molecular association of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and surface phospholipids in the development of colitis in rats

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mucosal hydrophobicity contributes to the barrier property of the stomach. This study examined the effect of 2,4,6- trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) on colonic mucosal hydrophobicity and its relationship with developing inflammation. METHODS: After the initial study, which suggested that TNBS can chemically react with zwitterionic phospholipids, contact-angle analysis of the colonic mucosa was performed after the luminal exposure of everted sacs of rat colon to TNBS. In vivo, rats were given TNBS, TNBS in ethanol, or TNBS coupled with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine by enema. On the 11th day, mucosal hydrophobicity damage score, colon weight, and myeloperoxidase activity were measured. RESULTS: TNBS acutely (5 minutes) reduced the contact angle of the rat colonic mucosa in vitro as well as in vivo when administered in 50% ethanol. Surface mucosal hydrophobicity was significantly reduced 11 days after intracolonic inoculation with TNBS in ethanol and appeared to be associated with colonic inflammation. The ability of TNBS to decrease mucosal hydrophobicity and induce colitis was attenuated if the hapten was coupled with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. CONCLUSIONS: TNBS may reduce mucosal hydrophobicity by reacting with the surface-active phospholipids of the colonic mucosa. Reduced hydrophobic integrity of the colonic mucosa may contribute to TNBS-induced colonic inflammation. (Gastroenterology 1996 Mar;110(3):780-9)
Ion exchange and trace element surface complexation reactions associated with applied recharge of low-TDS water in the San Joaquin Valley, California

Abstract Stable isotope data, a dissolved gas tracer study, groundwater age dating, and geochemical modeling were used to identify and characterize the effects of introducing low-TDS recharge water in a shallow aerobic aquifer affected by a managed aquifer recharge project in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The data all consistently point to a substantial degree of mixing of recharge water from surface ponds with ambient groundwater in a number of nearby wells screened at depths above 60 m below ground surface. Groundwater age data indicate that the wells near the recharge ponds sample recently recharged water, as delineated by stable O and C isotope data as well as total dissolved solids, in addition to much older groundwater in various mixing proportions. Where the recharge water signature is present, the specific geochemical interactions between the recharge water and the aquifer material appear to include ion exchange reactions (comparative enrichment of affected groundwater with Na and K at the expense of Ca and Mg) and the desorption of oxyanion-forming trace elements (As, V, and Mo), possibly in response to the elevated pH of the recharge water.
On the structure of nonsooting counterflow ethylene and acetylene diffusion flames

The structures of ethylene/oxygen/nitrogen and acetylene/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames in the counterflow configuration were investigated experimentally and computationally. The temperature and major species concentration profiles were measured with spontaneous Raman scattering. The experimental situations were computationally simulated with detailed reaction mechanisms and transport properties. The kinetic mechanism was based on GRI-Mech, with modifications to predict more closely the adiabatic flame speeds of ethylene/air and acetylene/air mixtures, and with additional description of higher hydrocarbon formation and oxidation up to C6 species. The numerical predictions were found to be in reasonably good agreement with the experiment. Both experimental and computational results indicate that acetylene is the major intermediate species in the ethylene flame, having a significant influence on the heat release, overall fuel destruction, and molecular mass growth. The reaction pathways leading to benzene formation in these flames were examined computationally, with the goal of achieving a better understanding of soot nucleation in diffusion flames.
Notch Signaling Modulates Sleep Homeostasis and Learning after Sleep Deprivation in Drosophila

Summary The role of the transmembrane receptor Notch in the adult brain is poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that bunched , a negative regulator of Notch , is involved in sleep homeostasis. Genetic evidence indicates that interfering with bun c hed activity in the mushroom bodies (MBs) abolishes sleep homeostasis. Combining bunched and Delta loss-of-function mutations rescues normal homeostasis, suggesting that Notch signaling may be involved in regulating sensitivity to sleep loss. Preventing the downregulation of Delta by overexpressing a wild-type transgene in MBs reduces sleep homeostasis and, importantly, prevents learning impairments induced by sleep deprivation. Similar resistance to sleep loss is observed with Notch spl-1 gain-of-function mutants. Immunohistochemistry reveals that the Notch receptor is expressed in glia, whereas Delta is localized in neurons. Importantly, the expression in glia of the intracellular domain of Notch , a dominant activated form of the receptor, is sufficient to prevent learning deficits after sleep deprivation. Together, these results identify a novel neuron-glia signaling pathway dependent on Notch and regulated by bunched . These data highlight the emerging role of neuron-glia interactions in regulating both sleep and learning impairments associated with sleep loss.
MipZ: One for the Pole, Two for the DNA

In this issue of Molecular Cell,Kiekebusch et al. (2012) show that a novel regulatory mechanism of the ATPase cycle of MipZ, together with nonspecific DNA binding, generates the MipZ gradient that spatially regulates Z ring formation in Caulobacter crescentus.
Kinesin-1 and dynein at the nuclear envelope mediate the bidirectional migrations of nuclei

Kinesin-1 and dynein are recruited to the nuclear envelope by the Caenorhabditis elegans klarsicht/ANC-1/Syne homology (KASH) protein UNC-83 to move nuclei. The mechanisms of how these motors are coordinated to mediate nuclear migration are unknown. Time-lapse differential interference contrast and fluorescence imaging of embryonic hypodermal nuclear migration events were used to characterize the kinetics of nuclear migration and determine microtubule dynamics and polarity. Wild-type nuclei display bidirectional movements during migration and are also able to roll past cytoplasmic granules. unc-83, unc-84, and kinesin-1 mutants have severe nuclear migration defects. Without dynein, nuclear migration initiates normally but lacks bidirectional movement and shows defects in nuclear rolling, implicating dynein in resolution of cytoplasmic roadblocks. Microtubules are highly dynamic during nuclear migration. EB1::green fluorescence protein imaging demonstrates that microtubules are polarized in the direction of nuclear migration. This organization of microtubules fits with our model that kinesin-1 moves nuclei forward and dynein functions to move nuclei backward for short stretches to bypass cellular roadblocks.
Genetic variation and phylogeny of Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea based on ribosomal DNA sequence analysis

The nuclear rDNA regions of the two internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S rRNA gene from 52 field isolates ofSpongospora subterranea f.sp.subterranea obtained from the British Isles and North America were polymerase chain reaction-amplified, sequenced, and assessed for genetic variation. Two genetically distinct groups (I and II) were identified based on the ITS sequence diversity among the isolates, representing 34.6% and 65.4% of the isolates, respectively. British Isles isolates occurred in groups I and II, whereas North American isolates belonged only to group II. The British Isles groups ofS. subterranea were associated with particular potato cultivars. The full-length small-subunit rRNA gene ofS. subterranea was sequenced and analyzed by both neighbor-joining and parsimony methods to clarify the taxonomic position of this pathogen. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed thatS. subterranea grouped together with other species of plasmodiphorids, and this group clustered with the phylum Cercozoa, an assemblage of filose and reticulose amoebae and phylogenetically related zooflagellates. The recognition of the existence of different genetic groups withinS. subterranea will be important for the design of plant-breeding programs and in testing for plant resistance.
Seasonal carbohydrate dynamics and growth in Douglas-fir trees experiencing chronic, fungal-mediated reduction in functional leaf area.

Stored non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) could play an important role in tree survival in the face of a changing climate and associated stress-related mortality. We explored the effects of the stomata-blocking and defoliating fungal disease called Swiss needle cast on Douglas-fir carbohydrate reserves and growth to evaluate the extent to which NSCs can be mobilized under natural conditions of low water stress and restricted carbon supply in relation to potential demands for growth. We analyzed the concentrations of starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose in foliage, twig wood and trunk sapwood of 15 cooccurring Douglas-fi r trees expressing a gradient of Swiss needle cast symptom severity quantified as previous-year func tional foliage mass. Growth (mean basal area increment, BAI) decreased by ~80% and trunk NSC concentration decreased by 60% with decreasing functional foliage mass. The ratio of relative changes in NSC concentration and BAI, an index of the relative priority of storage versus growth, more than doubled with increasing disease severity. In contrast, twig and foliage NSC concentrations remained nearly constant with decreasing functional foliage mass. These results suggest that under disease-induced reductions in carbon supply, Douglas-fir trees retain NSCs (either actively or due to sequestration) at the expense of trunk radial growth. The crown retains the highest concentrations of NSC, presumably to maintain foliage growth and shoot extension in the spring, partially compensating for rapid foliage loss in the summer and fall.
Congenital adrenal hypoplasia and isolated gonadotropin deficiency

Abstract Congenital adrenal hypoplasia with gonadotropin deficiency is a rare X-linked recessive disorder that usually manifests with symptoms of adrenal insufficiency early in infancy. Adequate replacement therapy with glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and salt has resulted in an increased survival. Slow growth and failure to undergo sexual maturation during the adolescent years usually ensues, secondary to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia locus has been mapped to region Xp21.3-p21.2. Interstitial deletions of the X chromosome overlapping this region have been observed to cause complex clinical problems, with adrenal hypoplasia as a prominent component. Within a family segregating the disease, there is a 50% risk of having an affected male and a 50% risk of having a carrier female; considerations of genetic heterogeneity, possible chromosomal abnormalities, and prenatal diagnostic studies warrant medical genetic evaluations. The following case presentations illustrate the clinical spectrum of this condition.
Minimizing Shear and Compressive Stress During Pancreaticojejunostomy: Rationale of a New Technical Modification

The failure of the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis remains an important and potentially lethal postoperative complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy. During the pancreaticojejunostomy, creation of compressive and shear forces during suture placement and knot tying may cause deformation of and cutting through the fragile pancreatic parenchyma. We sought to understand the mechanics of needle-pancreas interaction and make adjustments to our pancreaticojejunostomy technique so that the creation of shear and compressive stress could be minimized. We provide a detailed description, a mathematical model, and analysis of the outcomes of our new technical modifications.
How cholesterol regulates endothelial biomechanics

As endothelial cells form the barrier between blood flow and surrounding tissue, many of their functions depend on mechanical integrity, in particular those of the plasma membrane. As component and organizer of the plasma membrane, cholesterol is a regulator of cellular mechanical properties. Disruption of cholesterol balance leads to impairment of endothelial functions and eventually to disease. The mechanical properties of the membrane are strongly affected by the cytoskeleton. As Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is a key mediator between the membrane and cytoskeleton, it also affects cellular biomechanical properties. Typically, PIP2 is concentrated in cholesterol-rich microdomains, such as caveolae and lipid rafts, which are particularly abundant in the endothelial plasma membrane. We investigated the connection between cholesterol and PIP2 by extracting membrane tethers from bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) at different cholesterol levels and PIP2 conditions. Our results suggest that in BAEC the role of PIP2, as a mediator of membrane-cytoskeleton adhesion, is regulated by cholesterol. Our findings confirm the specific role of cholesterol in endothelial cells and may have implications for cholesterol-dependent vascular pathologies.
Angiographic identification of extrahepatic perfusion after hepatic arterial pump placement: implications for surgical prevention

Background Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) chemotherapy is an effective treatment for patients with liver malignancy. Extrahepatic perfusion (EHP) after HAI pump placement requires correction prior to starting chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to define the origin of arterial branches causing EHP in order to determine if alterations in surgical technique during pump placement might prevent EHP.
TRAIL/DR5 Plays a Critical Role in NK Cell-Mediated Negative Regulation of Dendritic Cell Cross-Priming of T Cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in initiating immune responses by cross-priming of tumor Ags to T cells. Previous results showed that NK cells inhibited DC-mediated cross-presentation of tumor Ags both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, enhanced Ag presentation was observed in draining lymph nodes in TRAIL(-/-) and DR5(-/-) mice compared with that of wild-type mice. NK cells inhibit DC cross-priming of tumor Ags in vitro, but not direct presentation of endogenous Ags. NK cells lacking TRAIL, but not perforin, were not able to inhibit DC cross-priming of tumor Ags. DCs that lack expression of TRAIL receptor DR5 were less susceptible to NK cell-mediated inhibition of cross-priming, and cross-linking of DR5 receptor led to reduced generation of MHC class I-Ag peptide complexes, followed by attenuated cross-priming of CD8(+) T cells. In addition, key molecules involved in the TRAIL/DR5 pathway during DC/NK cell interactions were determined. In summary, these data indicate a novel alternative pathway for DC/NK cell interactions in antitumor immunity and may reflect homeostasis of both DCs and NK cells for regulation of CD8(+) T cell function in physiological conditions.
Micropipette motion detection by using optical fiber sensors

A novel noncontact sensing device is developed to detect the tip displacements of a glass pipette. The preliminary results are presented for the conceived technique.
Linking dietary energy and skeletal development in the horse

Athletic production is what is sought from the horse. As mammary development is important to the dairy cow, skeletal development is important to horses meeting their production goals. As any integrative physiologist will appreciate, the variables that come together to result in optimal skeletal development are complex. Nutrition is one of these, and it contains two broad variables; the supply of dietary nutrients and energy. This presentation will focus on dietary energy and its links with skeletal development. I propose that it is not simply the amount of dietary energy, but the way and from that that energy is supplied that impacts skeletal development. Through an understanding of how dietary energy impact skeletal development, more precise feeding management strategies can be developed to reduce the risk of skeletal abnormalities and even potentially improve skeletal integrity.
Ex situ evaluation of nanometer range gold coating on stainless steel substrate for automotive polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell bipolar plate

Abstract The bipolar plate in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell helps to feed reactant gases to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and collect current from the MEA. To facilitate these functions, the bipolar plate material should exhibit excellent electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance under fuel cell operating conditions, and simultaneously be of low-cost to meet commercialization enabling targets for automotive fuel cells. In the present work, we focus on the benchmarking of 10 nm gold coated SS316L (a.k.a. Au Nanoclad ® ) bipolar plate material through ex situ tests, which is provided by Daido Steel (Japan). The use of nanometer range Au coatings help to retain the noble properties of gold while significantly reducing the cost of the bipolar plate. The area specific resistance of the flat sample is 0.9 mΩ cm 2 while that for the formed bipolar plate is 6.3 mΩ cm 2 at compaction force of 60 N cm −2 . The corrosion current density was less than 1 μA cm −2 at 0.8 V/NHE with air sparge simulating cathodic conditions. Additionally, gold coated SS316L showed anodic passivation of SS316L, thereby exhibiting robustness towards coating defects including surface scratches that may originate during the manufacturing of the bipolar plate. These series of ex situ tests indicate that 10 nm gold coated SS316L has good potential to be considered for commercial bipolar plates in automotive fuel cell stack.
Analog circuit synthesis for performance in OASYS

Mechanisms needed to meet stringent performance demands in a hierarchically structured analog circuit synthesis tool are described. Experiences with adding a high-speed comparator design style to the OASYS synthesis tool are discussed. It is argued that design iteration (the process of making a heuristic design choice, following it through to possible failure, then diagnosing the failure and modifying the overall plan of attack for the synthesis) is essential to meet such performance demands. Examples of high-speed comparators automatically synthesized by OASYS are presented. Designs competitive in quality with manual expert designs, e.g. with response time of 6 ns and input drive of 1 mV, can be synthesized in under 5 seconds on a workstation. >
Suppression of grating lobes in stepped-frequency train

For uniform frequency stepped pulse trains, there can be undesirable peaks of the autocorrelation function, known as "grating lobes". In this paper we address this issue, using an approach, which allows us to suppress grating lobes below a desired threshold level in the case of appropriately chosen, stepped frequency waveforms, i.e., sequences of narrowband pulses that span the desired bandwidth. We discuss in detail how to choose relevant parameters in order to produce such waveforms with small grating lobes, and give examples of waveforms with small overlap ratio. We also discuss the issue of high sidelobes in the vicinity of the main lobe, which are inevitable in a train of LFM waveforms, and show that it is possible to suppress these, as well as the grating lobes, by means of phase modulation.
A Social Psychology Perspective on the Study of Culture: An Eye on the Road to Interdisciplinarianism

This article deals with segregation among the social sciences, an especially dysfunctional state of affairs for those disciplines committed to understanding culture and social behavior through comparative research. A necessary condition to reduce barriers is a dialogue in which disciplines define their identities and perspectives on theory and research. The article initiates such a self-analysis in social psychology. First, a historical overview of major theoretical systems and schools maps the territory of social psychology, its mission and method. Then, an examination of the strategy, design of experiments, and the interpretation of findings reveals specific sources of resistance to theorizing about cultural influences and conducting theory-driven cross-cultural research. Finally noted are barriers in ethnographic research, including restrictive definitions of culture that inhibit inquiry into mass cultures, a body of phenomena that defines a common meeting ground for fruitful exchange.
Democracy’s Orphans: Rights, Responsibility, and the Role of the State in the Lives of Incarcerated Youth

Transition to adulthood is increasingly complex, extended, and challenging. Working-class Brown and Black young men face very difficult transitions, as they are overrepresented in the justice system, poverty, foster care, special education, and among victims of violence. What effects do these developments have on young people’s places in free democratic society and on the contours and possibilities of youth citizenship? Specifically, how do incarcerated young men view the breadth and limits of democratic citizenship? This article analyzes voices of 25 incarcerated youth and those working with them—recorded through interviews, autobiography, and taped youth club meetings. Findings reveal that incarcerated young men experience expanding responsibilities, notably, criminal penalties; contracting rights and protections; and institutions and systems oriented to their expected failure. Voices presented critique the role of the democratic state (via the justice, educational, and other youth-serving systems) in p...
Einstein’s Investigations of Galilean Covariant Electrodynamics Prior to 1905

Einstein learned from the magnet and conductor thought experiments how to use field transformation laws to extend the covariance to Maxwell’s electrodynamics. If he persisted in his use of this device, he would have found that the theory cleaves into two Galilean covariant parts, each with different field transformation laws. The tension between the two parts reflects a failure not mentioned by Einstein: that the relativity of motion manifested by observables in the magnet and conductor thought experiment does not extend to all observables in electrodynamics. An examination of Ritz’s work shows that Einstein’s early view could not have coincided with Ritz’s on an emission theory of light, but only with that of a conveniently reconstructed Ritz. One Ritz-like emission theory, attributed by Pauli to Ritz, proves to be a natural extension of the Galilean covariant part of Maxwell’s theory that happens also to accommodate the magnet and conductor thought experiment. Einstein's famous chasing a light beam thought experiment fails as an objection to an ether-based, electrodynamical theory of light. However it would allow Einstein to formulate his general objections to all emission theories of light in a very sharp form. Einstein found two well known experimental results of 18th and19th century optics compelling (Fizeau’s experiment, stellar aberration), while the accomplished Michelson-Morley experiment played no memorable role. I suggest they owe their importance to their providing a direct experimental grounding for Lorentz’ local time, the precursor of Einstein’s relativity of simultaneity, and do it essentially independently of electrodynamical theory. I attribute Einstein’s success to his determination to implement a principle of relativity in electrodynamics, but I urge that we not invest this stubbornness with any mystical prescience.
Characterististics of plage fragments with photospheric network properties

Using data taken with the multi-channel magnetograph at KPNO, we demonstrate that plage regions surrounding a sunspot have thermal properties found in the photospheric network. These network-like regions existed up to the edge of the penumbra of the sunspot. Temperature gradients inferred from equivalent width fluctuations in our data do not conflict with the requirements of the theory (Parker, 1978) for flux tubes to exist at subphotospheric levels.
Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core between the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, central Nepal

The metamorphic core of the Himalaya in the Kali Gandaki valley of central Nepal corresponds to a 5-km-thick sequence of upper amphibolite facies metasedimentary rocks. This Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) thrusts over the greenschist to lower amphibolite facies Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) along the Lower Miocene Main Central Thrust (MCT), and it is separated from the overlying low-grade Tethyan Zone (TZ) by the Annapurna Detachment. Structural, petrographic, geothermobaro- metric and thermochronological data demonstrate that two major tectonometamorphic events charac- terize the evolution of the GHS. The first (Eohimalayan) episode included prograde, kyanite-grade metamorphism, during which the GHS was buried at depths greater than c. 35 km. A nappe structure in the lowermost TZ suggests that the Eohimalayan phase was associated with underthrusting of the GHS below the TZ. A c. 37 Ma 40Ar/39Ar hornblende date indicates a Late Eocene age for this phase. The second (Neohimalayan) event corresponded to a retrograde phase of kyanite-grade recrystallization, related to thrust emplacement of the GHS on the LHS. Prograde mineral assemblages in the MCT zone equilibrated at average T=880 K (610°C) and P=940 MPa (=35 km), probably close to peak of meta- morphic conditions. Slightly higher in the GHS, final equilibration of retrograde assemblages occurred at average T=810 K (540°C) and P=650 MPa (=24 km), indicating re-equilibration during exhumation controlled by thrusting along the MCT and extension along the Annapurna Detachment. These results suggest an earlier equilibration in the MCT zone compared with higher levels, as a consequence of a higher cooling rate in the basal part of the GHS during its thrusting on the colder LHS. The Annapurna Detachment is considered to be a Neohimalayan, synmetamorphic structure, representing extensional reactivation of the Eohimalayan thrust along which the GHS initially underthrust the TZ. Within the upper GHS, a metamorphic discontinuity across a mylonitic shear zone testifies to significant, late- to post-metamorphic, out-of-sequence thrusting. The entire GHS cooled homogeneously below 600-700 K (330-430°C) between 15 and 13 Ma (Middle Miocene), suggesting a rapid tectonic exhumation by movement on late extensional structures at higher structural levels.
Dissociation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity and leg vascular resistance in humans

We examined the hypothesis that the increase in inactive leg vascular resistance during forearm metaboreflex activation is dissociated from muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). MSNA (microneurography), femoral artery mean blood velocity (FAMBV, Doppler), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were assessed during fatiguing static handgrip exercise (SHG, 2 min) followed by posthandgrip ischemia (PHI, 2 min). Whereas both MAP and MSNA increase during SHG, the transition from SHG to PHI is characterized by a transient reduction in MAP but sustained elevation in MSNA, facilitating separation of these factors in vivo. Femoral artery vascular resistance (FAVR) was calculated (MAP/MBV). MSNA increased by 59 +/- 20% above baseline during SHG (P < 0.05) and was 58 +/- 18 and 78 +/- 18% above baseline at 10 and 20 s of PHI, respectively (P < 0.05 vs. baseline). Compared with baseline, FAVR increased 51 +/- 22% during SHG (P < 0.0001) but returned to baseline levels during the first 30 s of PHI, reflecting the changes in MAP (P < 0.005) and not MSNA. It was concluded that control of leg muscle vascular resistance is sensitive to changes in arterial pressure and can be dissociated from sympathetic factors.
Emtricitabine, a New Antiretroviral Agent with Activity against HIV and Hepatitis B Virus

Emtricitabine (FTC) is a new nucleoside agent that has activity against both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. It is very similar to lamivudine (3TC) with respect to its activity, convenience, and safety and resistance profile. Indeed, with the exception of the longer intracellular half-life of triphosphate FTC, there is little to distinguish between the 2 drugs. Clinical trials comparing FTC with 3TC as part of a triple-drug regimen have demonstrated their equivalence, whereas a study comparing activity of FTC with that of stavudine demonstrated FTC's superiority. In clinical practice, the choice of 3TC versus FTC will most likely be made in the context of drugs coformulated with them. Although FTC is not formally approved for use in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis B virus, it is often a preferred choice for such patients when combined with tenofovir, which also has anti-hepatitis B virus activity. Recent treatment guidelines for the treatment of HIV infection by both the International AIDS Society-USA and US Department of Health and Human Services have placed FTC in combination with tenofovir, didanosine, or zidovudine in the preferred category of nucleoside backbone regimens for patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.
Job satisfaction and career development of men in nursing

Background: Men are a growing minority in nursing. A deeper understanding of their motivation, career paths, and job satisfaction is needed to target recruitment and retention efforts. Currently the largest male cohort entering nursing is by second career. This study examines if job satisfaction differs for men who choose nursing as their first choice of career, as a convenience after exploring other options, or as a second career. Methods: This mixed-method study examined the relationship between men entering nursing by choice, convenience or second career and their resultant job satisfaction. A convenience sample of 238 men answered an online survey. Entry path, current practice position, and future career plans in five years was by self report. Job satisfaction was measured using Lester’s instrument. Results: Second career men were significantly more likely to work in specialty practice and more likely to aspire to advanced practice than those entering by choice or convenience early in their careers. No significant differences in job satisfaction were found between entry paths. Conclusions: These data raise provocative issues relating to recruiting men and the impact of men on the profession of nursing. Despite the steady but slow growth in the percent of men in nursing, its image remains overwhelmingly female. This survey does not identify substantial differences in job satisfaction between men who enter through different career paths or substantial differences with other studies of male and female nurses.
Critical Path Analysis

The sections in this article are 1 Algorithmic Transformations and Retiming 2 State of the Art in Transformation Approaches for High-Level Synthesis 3 Extending the ERB Technique to High-Level Synthesis 4 The ERB-Based Algebraic Speedup Algorithm 5 Experimental Results 6 Future Work and Conclusions
Leases, debt and value

When analyzing or the value of a firm, there are three basic questions that we need to address: How much is the firm generating as earnings? How much capital has been invested in its existing investments? How much has the firm borrowed? In answering these questions, we depend upon accounting assessments of earnings, book capital and debt. We assume that the reported operating income is prior to any financing expenses and that all debt utilized by the firm is treated as such on the balance sheet. While this assumption, for the most part, is well founded, there is a significant exception. When a firm leases an asset, the accounting treatment of the expense depends upon whether it is categorized as an operating or a capital lease. Operating lease payments are treated as part of operating expenses, but we will argue that they are really financing expenses. Consequently, the stated operating income, capital, profitability and cash flow measures for firms with operating leases have to be adjusted when operating lease expenses get categorized as financing expenses. This can have far reaching implications for profitability, financial leverage and assessed value at firms.
Masked Queries for Search Accuracy in Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Systems

Peer-to-peer file-sharing systems suffer from the over-specification of query results due to the fact that queries are conjunctive and the descriptions of shared files are sparse. Ultimately, longer queries, which should yield more accurate results, actually do the opposite. The judicious masking of query terms circumvents the shortcomings of conjunctive query processing, significantly improving query accuracy.
USING PARTITIONED MAHALANOBIS D2(K) TO FORMULATE A GIS-BASED MODEL OF TIMBER RATTLESNAKE HIBERNACULA

Abstract Mahalanobis Distance (D2) Statistic is a multivariate statistical method that has been used to model habitats occupied by wildlife and plant species. The output, whether standardized squared distance or probability values, represents the similarity of a given set of values with those of an optimum habitat configuration defined exclusively by sites where the species of interest is known to occur. Typically, all principal components with nonzero eigenvalues are used to calculate D2 values. We partitioned D2 into contributions from individual principal components (PCs) and selected PCs corresponding to relatively invariant aspects of the environment across all use sites to formulate D2(k). Partitioned Mahalanobis D2(k) represents the similarity of a given set of values with those of “minimum” habitat requirements of the species as defined by occupied sites using the k subset of principal components. We created a GIS-based model of the habitat surrounding 39 confirmed timber rattlesnake hibernacula o...
The Evolution of Higher Education in Russia

Understanding the effects of politics on the development of higher education in Russia is one key to understanding the development of organic chemistry in that nation. Since secular education in Russia went from high levels of autonomy to rigid central control as the monarch and policies changed, it behooves us to briefly look at the political events of the nineteenth century, and to see how these events affected the growth of the universities in Russia. As we shall see, this centralization of power in education tended to swing wildly from being very beneficial to the universities, permitting the innovations that would facilitate to the development of organic chemistry, to being a major impediment to innovation.
C12(d, pγ) proton-gamma angular correlations

Abstract The C 12 (d, pγ)C 13 angular correlations through the second and third excited states of C 13 have been measured at reaction angles near the stripping maximum with bombarding energies of 2.80, 3.23, and 3.70 MeV. Both correlations have the angular symmetries of direct reactions. The energy dependence of these correlations, which involve negative Q value reactions, is much less than that of positive Q value (d, pγ) reactions measured in this energy region. The p 2 -γ angular correlation has been measured in the azimuthal plane and at several different proton angles in the reaction plane to determine the extent of applicability of the distorted wave stripping theory. The stripping character of both the C 12 (d, p 2 ) and C 12 (d, p 3 ) reactions appears to be modified by compound nucleus formation. Tentative multipole mixtures assigned are Γ (E2)/ Γ γ ≲ 5% for the 3.68 MeV radiation and Γ (E3)/ Γ γ ≲2% for the 3.85 MeV radiation.
Refractory Hypotension after Liver Allograft Reperfusion: A Case of Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction.

Abstract Hypotension after reperfusion is a common occurrence during liver transplantation following the systemic release of cold, hyperkalemic, and acidic contents of the liver allograft. Moreover, the release of vasoactive metabolites such as inflammatory cytokines and free radicals from the liver and mesentery, compounded by the hepatic uptake of blood, may also cause a decrement in systemic perfusion pressures. Thus, the postreperfusion syndrome can materialize if hypotension and fibrinolysis occur concomitantly within five minutes of reperfusion. Treatment of the postreperfusion syndrome requires the administration of inotropes, vasopressors, and intravenous fluids to maintain hemodynamic stability. However, the occurrence of the postreperfusion syndrome and its treatment with inotropes and calcium chloride, may lead to dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, precipitating refractory hypotension. Expedient diagnosis of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with transesophageal echocardiography is extremely vital in order to avoid potential cardiovascular collapse during this critical period.
Generating stable tractor beams with dielectric metasurfaces

Propagation-invariant beams that pull objects towards a light source are commonly known as tractor beams. Here, an efficient, linearly polarized tractor beam with improved stability is introduced. The beam consists of a superposition of transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarized Bessel beams of orders $m=+1$ and $m=\ensuremath{-}1$. It is shown that this beam can stably pull a wide range of dielectric microparticles arbitrarily long distances, independent of ambient conditions. Next, a straightforward method of generating these high-performance beams is proposed. A Si metasurface transforms an incident linearly polarized Gaussian beam into the desired tractor beam. Full-wave simulations demonstrate that it is possible for this simple geometry to pull a polystyrene sphere a distance equal to the nondiffracting range of the Bessel beam. The simplicity of the setup and the robust performance of the proposed tractor beam significantly enhance the ability to manipulate matter with light.
Fault Detection Based on Wavelet De-noise and CVA-ICA

In order to handle the problem of fault diagnosis for industrial processes,an improved fault detection method was proposed based on wavelet de-noise integrated with canonical variable analysis( CVA) and independent component analysis( ICA). The wavelet transform was used for de-noising,and the CVA algorithm wass used to calculate the canonical variable of the data,and then,the ICA algorithm was used to decompose the canonical variable. The fault detection was performed by means of Hotellingand. A case study of Tennessee Eastman( TE) process shows that the proposed algorithm is feasible and efficient.
Nutritional considerations for the newborn requiring intensive care.

Management of the premature and critically ill newborn infant presents complicated problems requiring special expertise, frequently involving nutritional factors.
Perceptions and Possibility in A Midsummer Night’s Dream

A Midsummer Night’s Dream uses early modern notions of vision to alter and confound the ways playgoers see the play. The initial conflict arises from Hermia’s insistence that she cannot possibly “choose love by another’s eyes” (1.1.140). Like many of the characters in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, she insists that her own visual perceptions are trustworthy and immutable. In this play, the frequent mention of the word “eyes,” the importance of the visual tricks, and the characters’ misperceptions of other characters’ actions belong to a world made of different ways of seeing.1 I shall take up sight in the play specifically as it relates to the ways early modern playgoers understood vision to function and then explore how characters see: see events, see themselves, see other characters, and “see” in the more abstracted sense of understand. This exploration opens the possibility of examining afresh what playgoers see when watching the play; it also offers an answer to the question, how do these framings of characters’ sensory experiences alter or even produce playgoers’ understanding of the play? Obviously, not all playgoers react in the same fashion, experience the play similarly from their respective vantage points, or necessarily visually comprehend the play in the terms that I set out here. However, this reading outlines a system of visual markers that exists within the narrative organization of the play and that intrinsically connects to early modern notions of sight.
The essence of helping: significant others and nurses in action draw men into nursing.

Background: Nurses are ageing placing nursing workforce sustainability under threat. An untapped potential resource of men in nursing exists within Australia. Objective: The aim of the first phase of this longitudinal study was to investigate why men choose nursing. Design: Qualitative methodological approach used interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Research question: “What are the experiences of male graduate nurses regarding their career choice?” Method: The IPA method focused on personal subjective experience where the participants’ own sense-making is important. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a format relevant to IPA. Participants: Purposeful snowball sampling recruited nine nurses. Findings: The “essence of helping” permeated the key theme through significant others and career choice triggers impacting on their decision to enter nursing. Conclusion: Exposure to nurses in action is purported to enhance the awareness of nursing as a career option fo...
Investigation of constraints on few-neutron forces in neutron matter by empirical information on the neutron skin of Ca 48 and Pb 208

The neutron matter equation of state is calculated from two-neutron forces up to fifth order of the chiral expansion, and the order-by-order convergence of the predictions is investigated. Based on these equations of state, the binding energies and the neutron and proton density distributions in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ are derived, with particular attention paid to the neutron skins, the focal point of this paper. Anticipating future experiments which will provide reliable information on the weak charge density in nuclei, the theoretical uncertainties and the possibility of constraining the size of few-neutron forces in neutron matter are discussed.
Beyond the Gym: There Is More to Physical Education than Meets the Eye

In this article, the author describes the experiences that shaped his personal philosophy as an educator, and the importance of promoting and teaching a type of physical education that will lead to a society in which healthy, active lifestyles are the norm rather than the exception.
Migration's Contribution to Trade: State-Level Evidence on the Importance of Destination Geographic Proximity

I empirically analyze the importance of differing levels of geographic proximity, providing the first results of the migrant-trade nexus at the state level for both places of destination and origin. Relying on a unique dataset allowing the mapping of Mexican-born migrants' US states of residence to Mexican states of origin, I ensure a precise measurement of migrant networks and other potential determinants of international trade, including the distance and mass variables fundamental to any gravity model. Furthermore, I unmask distinct levels of geographic proximity that a single migration estimate disguises, estimating statistically significant elasticities of exports to in-state, and neighboring-state migration. These figures are not only qualitatitvely but also quantitatively important, corresponding to partial contributions of $1984 (in-state) and $538 (neighboring-state) to annual exports between respective US and Mexican states associated with each average additional migrant.
Can an app help identify psychomotor function impairments during drinking occasions in the real world? A mixed-method pilot study.

Background: Being able to measure the acute effects of alcohol consumption on psychomotor functions in natural settings could be useful in injury prevention interventions. This study examined the f...
The Determinants of Businessperson Political Candidacy

Why do some businesspeople run for political office, while others do not? Sending directors into elected office is one of the most powerful but also resource- intensive ways firms can influence pol...
Defining an “ideal” continuous dose-volume constraint curve using literature recommended individual dose-volume thresholds for reducing rectal toxicity from external beam prostate radiation therapy

We postulated that a contiguous rectal dose-volume threshold curve obtained via a best mathematical fit of the toughest literature recommended dose-volume thresholds could be deemed as “safe” related to the risk of rectal toxicity. The practicality of restricting rectal doses to such ideal volume thresholds in clinical practice was tested by comparing data collected from a pool of prostate patients treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in our institution. Available rectal dose-volume constraint recommendation in prostate EBRT was collected. At each dose level, the toughest recommended volume limit was identified and an ideal dose-volume threshold curve was generated using a best mathematical fit. Rectal dose-volume data on 105 prostate patients treated to 75.6 Gy dose with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in our institution were retrospectively reviewed. The “ideal” rectal dose-volume threshold curve is defined by V 75 ≤ 7%, V 70 ≤ 11%, V 65 ≤ 15%, V 60 ≤ 20%, V 50 ≤ 30%, V 40 ≤ 43%, and V 30 ≤ 60%. At doses larger or equal to 65 Gy, our patient averaged dose-volume histograms (DVHs) for all groups converged with the ideal curve. At intermediate and low doses (less than 60 Gy), higher volumes of rectum were irradiated than described by the hypothetical curve, with pelvic group receiving more rectal dose than prostate only group respectively. Rectal mean dose correlated strongly with V 40 values (R 2 = 0.84). Our “ideal” rectal dose-volume curve generated from literature dose-volume thresholds in the most stringent manner is realistic and achievable at high doses (≥60 Gy) and not realistic at intermediate and low doses (≤50 Gy). Standardizing rectal definition and dose-volume metrics will make published analyses and dose-volume constraint recommendations easier to follow.