cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A BASIC program for the generation of Latin squares

I~ experimental research, it is oftendesirableto expose subjects to more than one stimulus or experimentalconditionto provide for the greaterpowerinherent in repeated measures designs, the economical use of available subjects, or the within-subjects test thatconceptual hypotheses may specifically require. A potential problemin thesedesignsis thepossibility of carryovereffects or the influence of a particular order of presentation. One popular counterbalancing strategy involves the selection of k orders from all possible orders by construction of a Latinsquare, with subjects assigned randomly to one of the k orders. The advantage of the Latinsquareis thata relatively small number of orders is required (i.e., k) and that the orders are selected in such a way as to guarantee the existence of ce~in features. Specifically, each stimulus appears once m every ordinal position, and the set selected is cho~en randomly from among all possible Latin squares of size k. Furthermore, specific statistical analyses have been developed for Latinsquaredesigns, whichallowfor the testingof certain order effects (see, e.g., Kirk, 1968; Myers, 1972; Winer, 1971). Cons~ction of a Latinsquarerequires four basic steps: (1) selection of a standard square of size k, (2) random reordering of the columns of the standard square, ~3) random reordering of the rows of the square result109 from steps I and 2, and (4) random shufflingof the numerical indicators (e.g., Myers, 1972). The resulting rows (or columns) of the final square constitute the k orders, to which each subject in the study is randomly assigned. . The ~jor drawback.to usingthe Latinsquareapproach IS that It can be very tIme-consuming to implement. As k increases, the number of standard squares increases dramatically, and one square must be chosen at random as the startingpoint for the reorderingof rows, columns, and indicators (eachstandard squaregivesrise to a unique subset of all possible Latin squares). For example, although there isonly I standard squarefor k=2 andk=3, and only 4 standard squares for k=4, there are 56 standard squares for k=5, 9,408 standard squares for k=6,
Disturbed soil characterization workshop: post-meeting summary

Disturbance of ground surfaces can arise from a variety of processes, both manmade and natural. Burying landmines, vehicle movement, and walking are representative examples of processes that disturb ground surfaces. The nature of the specific disturbance process can lead to the observables that can aid the detection and identification of that process. While much research has been conducted in this area, fundamental questions related to the remote detection and characterization of disturbed soil surfaces remain unanswered. Under the sponsorship of the Army Research Office (ARO), the Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD), and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineering Research and Development Center (ERDC), Georgia Tech hosted a workshop to address Remote Sensing Methods for Disturbed Soil Characterization. The workshop was held January 15-17, 2008 in Atlanta. The primary objective of this workshop was to take a new look at the disturbed soil problem in general as well as its relation to buried explosive detection and other manmade disturbances. In particular, the participants sought to outline the basic science and technology questions that need to be addressed across the full spectrum of military applications to fully exploit this phenomenon. This presentation will outline the approach taken during the workshop and provide a summary of the conclusions.
Dissociation of recollection-related neural activity in ventral lateral parietal cortex

fMRI responses to recognition memory test items in two regions of ventral lateral parietal cortex-the angular gyrus and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)-are enhanced when recognition is accompanied by recollection. According to the 'episodic buffer' hypothesis, ventral parietal recollection effects reflect processes involved in maintaining or representing recollected information. According to the 'attention to memory' hypothesis, however, the effects reflect attentional re-orienting to the products of recollection. The present experiment addressed the question whether these operations map on to the angular gyrus and TPJ, respectively. Subjects were scanned during a memory test that required a Remember/Know/New and a source memory judgment, allowing recollected items to be segregated by amount of contextual information recollected. Angular gyrus activity tracked amount of recollected information, whereas activity in the TPJ was enhanced for items endorsed as recollected, but was insensitive to amount of information recollected. Thus, the two regions likely support functionally dissociable processes.
Moving Towards Engagement: Promoting Persistence Among Latino Male Undergraduates at an Urban Community College

Latinos are being educated in American colleges and universities in greater numbers than ever before. Yet, despite the increases in population growth, Latinos are still falling behind. Little attention has been given to the experiences of Latino males enrolled at the community college. However, research shows that it is the community colleges in which a large portion of the college-going Latino population is enrolled. The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine how community colleges can increase Latino male engagement in the quest to promote their academic persistence. Findings suggest these 12 Latino men are faced with unique circumstances (familial commitment, employment, peers) both on and off campus that impedes their involvement. Institutions of higher education are encouraged to be more supportive by offering opportunities for engagement that are sensitive to lifestyle of these participants in order to maintain their enrollment.
Alexander von Humboldt and the General Physics of the Earth

As scientists are celebrating the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his On the Origin of Species , Darwin's ideas continue to shape and enrich the sciences ( 1 ). 4 May 2009 marks the 150th anniversary of the death of another 19th-century figure—Alexander von Humboldt—whose scientific legacy also flourishes in the 21st century. Humboldt helped create the intellectual world Darwin inhabited, and his writings inspired Darwin to embark on H.M.S. Beagle . More pertinent to our time, Humboldt established the foundation for the Earth system sciences: the integrated system of knowledge on which human society may depend in the face of global climate change.
Postoperative pain control with methadone following lower abdominal surgery

Abstract Study Objectives: To describe a technique for the use of methadone during and following lower abdominal surgery that integrates its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties with the objective of postoperative analgesia; to compare methadone with morphine for postoperative pain control. Design: Randomized prospective clinical trial. Patients were not told which. agent they received (single-blind). Setting: Department of anesthesia and gynecology surgical service at a university medical center. Patients: Forty women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy (n = 39) or mymectomy (n = 1). Interventions: Patients received either methadone (Group 1) or morphine (Group 2) 20 mg intravenously (IV),following induction o f anesthesia, additional IV opioid in the recovery room, and subsequent opioid as needed (PRN) intramuscularly (IM) on the postsurgical wards. Measurements and Main Results: Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Respiratory rate, .sedation, and hemodynamics were assessed frequently (at least every 4 hours). Patients were studied for 72 hours following recovery room discharge. Patients required less methadone than morphine in. the recovery room (2.0 ± 2.9 mg vs 4.4 ± 2.9 mg). Patients requested less methadone than morphine for pain relief on the wards (4.5 ± 4.2 rug vs 42.3 ± 14.3 rug). Patients in the methadone group reported lower pain intensity by VAS (1.9 ± 0.3 vs 3.4 ± 0.6). These differences are statistically significant ( p ). Conclusion: Sustained analgesia with methadone i's predicted by its pharmacokinetics. Patients who received 22 ± 2.9 mg of IV methadone (combined intraerative and recovery room doses) reported less pain and required minimal additional analgesic over the next 72 hours than did patients who received morphine. This is consistent with sustained therapeutic plasma levels due to methadone's long plasma half-life (54 ± 20 hours). Use of methadone in this manner is an effective therapy for postoperative pain control and is not associated with toxicity or notable side effects.
PROTEIN PHENOTYPE VARIATION IN LABORATORY POPULATIONS OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS

Abstract 1. 1. Variant electrophoretic patterns were observed for proteins representing five of an estimated twenty-one gene loci in population samples of rats of three substrains. 2. 2. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase differed in Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats. 3. 3. Alkaline phosphatase exhibited three different phenotypes in rats of the Long-Evans sublines. 4. 4. Sixteen esterases varied in tissue distribution and in substrate specificities. One was found only in females; a second was active in some and inactive in other individuals; a third, which was very active in cardiac muscle, exhibited three different phenotypes in the population sample.
Frequent Detection of Pancreatic Lesions in Asymptomatic High-Risk Individuals

Background & Aims The risk of pancreatic cancer is increased in patients with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer or a predisposing germline mutation. Screening can detect curable, noninvasive pancreatic neoplasms, but the optimal imaging approach is not known. We determined the baseline prevalence and characteristics of pancreatic abnormalities using 3 imaging tests to screen asymptomatic, high-risk individuals (HRIs). Methods We screened 225 asymptomatic adult HRIs at 5 academic US medical centers once, using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). We compared results in a blinded, independent fashion. Results Ninety-two of 216 HRIs (42%) were found to have at least 1 pancreatic mass (84 cystic, 3 solid) or a dilated pancreatic duct (n = 5) by any of the imaging modalities. Fifty-one of the 84 HRIs with a cyst (60.7%) had multiple lesions, typically small (mean, 0.55 cm; range, 2–39 mm), in multiple locations. The prevalence of pancreatic lesions increased with age; they were detected in 14% of subjects younger than 50 years old, 34% of subjects 50–59 years old, and 53% of subjects 60–69 years old ( P Conclusions Screening of asymptomatic HRIs frequently detects small pancreatic cysts, including curable, noninvasive high-grade neoplasms. EUS and MRI detect pancreatic lesions better than CT.
Growth and characterization of III-N ternary thin films by plasma assisted atomic layer epitaxy at low temperatures

Abstract We report the growth and characterization of III-nitride ternary thin films (AlxGa1 − xN, InxAl1 − xN and InxGa1 − xN) at ≤ 500 °C by plasma assisted atomic layer epitaxy (PA-ALE) over a wide stoichiometric range including the range where phase separation has been an issue for films grown by molecular beam epitaxy and metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The composition of these ternaries was intentionally varied through alterations in the cycle ratios of the III-nitride binary layers (AlN, GaN, and InN). By this digital alloy growth method, we are able to grow III-nitride ternaries by PA-ALE over nearly the entire stoichiometry range including in the spinodal decomposition region (x = 15–85%). These early efforts suggest great promise of PA-ALE at low temperatures for addressing miscibility gap challenges encountered with conventional growth methods and realizing high performance optoelectronic and electronic devices involving ternary/binary heterojunctions, which are not currently possible.
A BOUNDARY INTEGRAL METHOD FOR ACOUSTIC SOURCE LOCALIZATION IN A WAVEGUIDE WITH INCLUSIONS

In this paper, we continue our study on combining the matched field processing with the boundary integral equation (BIE) method of scattering theory to solve a sound source localization problem in a shallow ocean with a large inclusion which has a rigid boundary. We consider an enviroment where continuous waves (CW) are produced by a sound source, scattered by the inclusion, and then received by a hydrophone array. The symmetry of the waveguide is destroyed by the existence of the inclusion, and a proper procedure is therefore required to avoid the mismatching. We present a numerical scheme which makes use of the separation of the source and the detection array, and a BIE method. The separation greatly reduces the computation load. The BIE method preserves a certain accuracy on one hand and minimizes arithmetic operations on the other. Some numerical simulations using this scheme are presented.
Robotics for port security

The capacity through the use of robots with on board visual, NBC and HAZMAT sensors to rapidly and continuously screen convoys and staged exposed assets would be a force multiplier and measurably improve base and force protection at both inbound and outbound DOD and commercial facilities. This paper chronicles our experiment with the ODIS robot at the Ports of Los Angeles (POLA) and Long Beach (POLB) in July of 2003. POLA & POLB are responsible for moving over 30% of the United States trade goods. Queues of 54" container trucks routinely exceed 100 trucks, extending for over a mile from the port entrances. Spotted equipment and convoys at staging areas are a high visibility and value assets to a terrorist incident. The POLA/POLB scenario is also representative of TRANSCOM operations at the port of Basra during current operation in Iraq. The California Highway Patrol is responsible for physically inspecting these vehicles for roadworthiness and contraband, a dangerous and dirty job. We will also discuss the use of ODIS robots for this task.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PRESENCE OF ELEVATED ANTIBODY TITRES TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS BEFORE HODGKIN'S DISEASE

Sera taken 12 and 21 months before the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease in two patients showed higher antibody levels to several Epstein-Barr-virus (EBV) antigens than did sera from eight matched controls. In one case the titres of all EB antibodies except that to nuclear antigen were raised in a serum sample obtained 45 months after the diagnosis was made. Antibody levels to herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, and varicella zoster viruses were normal in both cases. A third patient with histiocytic lymphoma had normal EBV and other herpes antibody titres in a serum sample taken 40 months before diagnosis.
Looking at Behavior

It is argued that social psychologists have paid insufficient attention to means and frequencies and thus have failed to establish the necessary data base for valid theories of social behavior. The link between this type of data and issues of history, relevance and theory is discussed.
In situ fluorescence labeling of sheep lung microvascular endothelium

Endothelial cells are intimately involved in a variety of biological processes such as inflammatory disorders, wound healing, and tumor invasion. The finding of endothelial heterogeneity in various tissues has led to major efforts to isolate and culture microvascular endothelial cells in human and animal tissue. In this report we have used phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE)-labeled liposomes to fluorescently label the sheep lung microvasculature in situ. Using normotensive perfusion pressure, the PE-labeled liposomes did not extravasate into extravascular lung tissue. Mechanical and enzymatic digestion of the lung tissue demonstrated that the PE-labeled liposomes provided a stable label of the vascular lining cells during ex vivo processing. After digestion, the overwhelming majority of the fluorescent label appeared in cellular aggregates. Approximately 80% of these cells demonstrated an in vitro phenotype consistent with microvascular endothelium. A novel monoclonal antibody selective for sheep endothelial cells was developed to confirm the presence of lung endothelium in the fluorescently labeled cellular aggregates. We conclude that in situ fluorescence labeling of vascular lining cells provides an anatomic marker for relevant vascular lining cells and an opportunity to study these cells in vitro.
Multiresolution offsetting and loose convex hull clipping for 2.5D NC machining

Abstract A complex curve can be decomposed using wavelet-based multiresolution analysis into lower resolution curves. In this paper B-spline wavelet theory is applied to NC machining of contoured 2D objects. High-resolution curves are used close to the object boundary, while lower resolution curves are used farther away from the object boundary. This reduces tool path length and sharp corners are smoothed out thereby reducing uncut areas. The wavelet curves are clipped against a loose convex hull of the 2D object contour to further improve the efficiency of the generated tool paths. Simulation results indicate that the wavelet based tool paths and clipping improves machining efficiency.
A computationally efficient procedure for modeling the first step in the alkaline hydrolysis of esters

A computationally efficient procedure for modeling the alkaline hydrolysis of esters is proposed based on calculations performed on methyl acetate and methyl benzoate systems. Extensive geometry and energy comparisons were performed on the simple ester methyl acetate. The effectiveness of performing high level single point ab initio energy calculations on the geometries obtained from semiempirical and ab initio methods was determined. The AM1 and PM3 semiempirical methods are evaluated for their ability to model the transition states and intermediates for ester hydrolysis. The Cramer/Truhlar SM3 solvation method was used to determine activation energies. The most computationally efficient way to model the transition states of large esters is to use the PM3 method. The PM3 transition structure can then be used as a template for the design of haptens capable of inducing catalytic antibodies. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Decay of intact messengers in bacteria

Experiments with β -galactosidase of Escherichia coli and alkaline phosphatase of Bacillus subtilis lead to the conclusion that, after repression of messenger RNA synthesis, there can be detected preformed messengers which code for the synthesis of complete polypeptide chains. It is further suggested that the lability of these intact messengers is about the same as that of messengers as a whole, and that intact messengers can be protected from decay during anaerobic incubation.
Transcriptional Scaffolds for Heterochromatin Assembly

Heterochromatin is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle and in response to developmental signals. Recent findings from diverse systems suggest an extensive role for transcription in the assembly of heterochromatin, highlighting the emerging theme that transcription and noncoding RNAs can provide the initial scaffold for the formation of heterochromatin, which serves as a versatile recruiting platform for diverse factors involved in many cellular processes.
Improving Reading through Training to Listen

This study was designed to assess the effect of training in listening on reading by 60 children who were assigned randomly to structured, passive, and control groups. The structured group was given lessons from the SRA Listening Skills Program. The Passive Listening Group listened to stories read by the teacher. Analysis showed that the listening activities, whether structured or passive, improved scores on reading. It is recommended that a certain part of the school day be set aside for providing instruction in listening skills.
Mapping the Unexplored Area: Developing New Courses and Coherent Programs in Technical Communication

Teachers new to technical writing must understand that “Technical Writing” is not one course. Rather it is a whole variety of courses distinguished from one another primarily by differences in objectives and only secondarily by differences in subject matter. To identify needed technical writing courses and to define coherent sets of courses, teachers of technical writing and program administrators need “a mapping procedure” to help them consider alternatives systematically in terms of objectives. This paper proposes such a mapping procedure.
Production of leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA and protein by malignant and immortalized bone cells

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a recently characterized glycoprotein with complex biologic activities on bone cells. We tested various rodent and human immortalized and malignant bone cell lines and primary osteoblast-enriched cell cultures from fetal rat calvarial digests for expression of LIF mRNA and LIF protein. Both human and rodent immortalized and malignant cells expressed a single 4.4 kb mRNA transcript that hybridized to a human LIF cDNA probe in Northern blots. LIF mRNA was undetectable in unstimulated rodent osteoblast-like cells lines MC3T3-E1 and Py1a. However, treatment with LPS (10 micrograms/ml), TGF-beta (1 ng/ml), TNF-alpha (100 ng/ml) or inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide, emetine, puromycin, and anisomycin) induced the expression of LIF message in these cells. In contrast, primary osteoblast-enriched cells did not express LIF mRNA in Northern blot assays either constitutively or after treatment with TNF-alpha or cycloheximide. The human osteosarcoma cells lines U-2 OS and Saos-2 constitutively expressed LIF mRNA and did not respond to LPS treatment. However, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C, was a potent stimulator of LIF message in Saos-2 but not U-2 OS cells. The effects of PMA (0.5 ng/ml) on LIF mRNA in Saos-2 cells were detectable at 1 h and maximal at 6 h. TNF-alpha (100 ng/ml) and inhibitors of protein synthesis also increased LIF mRNA in both Saos-2 and U-2 OS cells. LIF protein was also detected constitutively in the conditioned medium from both Saos and U-2 OS cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimization of small-particle plasma-sprayed alumina coatings using designed experiments

Statistically designed experiments and multiple regression analysis have been used to determine the effects of processing parameters on three properties of small particle plasma sprayed alumina coatings – permeability, hardness, and thickness. First, an initial screening study was conducted with six variables at two levels each. Based on the results from this preliminary set, a second set of experiments was then conducted to probe the effects of four variables at three levels each. Multiple regression analysis was used to create models describing the effects of the variables on the three coating properties. The models were then used to identify the optimum conditions for producing coatings with the desired properties. It was found that the optimum conditions for low permeability did not correlate with those for high hardness due to defect structures that formed in the hardest coatings. The morphology of the defect structures was such that they did not affect indentation measurements, but did affect permeability. These defect structures formed as a result of copious splashing during splat formation and correlated to coatings that had high surface roughness.
A new activity for an old enzyme: Escherichia coli bacterial alkaline phosphatase is a phosphite-dependent hydrogenase

Genetic analysis indicates that Escherichia coli possesses two independent pathways for oxidation of phosphite (Pt) to phosphate. One pathway depends on the 14-gene phn operon, which encodes the enzyme C-P lyase. The other pathway depends on the phoA locus, which encodes bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP). Transposon mutagenesis studies strongly suggest that BAP is the only enzyme involved in the phoA-dependent pathway. This conclusion is supported by purification and biochemical characterization of the Pt-oxidizing enzyme, which was proven to be BAP by N terminus protein sequencing. Highly purified BAP catalyzed Pt oxidation with specific activities of 62–242 milliunits/mg and phosphate ester hydrolysis with specific activities of 41–61 units/mg. Surprisingly, BAP catalyzes the oxidation of Pt to phosphate and molecular H2. Thus, BAP is a unique Pt-dependent, H2-evolving hydrogenase. This reaction is unprecedented in both P and H biochemistry, and it is likely to involve direct transfer of hydride from the substrate to water-derived protons.
Reconstruction of surface profiles using optical differentiation and confocal microscopy

This paper presents a technique for producing accurate surface profile measurements using optical differentiation and confocal microscopy. An experimental system based on this technique has been constructed for the purpose of surface profiling. Experimental results are presented and compared to measurements from other systems. Theoretical transfer functions are also presented to characterize system performance.
Methodologies for ex ante projections of adoption rates for agbiotech products: Lessons learned from rBST

Pre- and post-release adoption studies for rBST are evaluated for insights into improving ex ante projection methodologies. The conclusion is drawn that user surveys can provide reasonable projections, but the following factors require consideration. The sigmoid curve fits the data well, but the standard experiential learning justification needs reconsideration. Attitudinal variables can enhance the discrimination among users and nonusers, but useful attitudinal questions are not well developed at this point. Rents are a major determinant of use, but projecting rents and shares a priori is a difficult task. Management requirements are a significant factor in use, so that proxies for management quality need improvement. And finally, anti-biotech attitudes can be most effective if products are labeled so that labeling becomes a key element in forecasting use. [EconLit cites: Q160, Q130] © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oscillation Measurements with Calorimeters: Why does NuINT Matter?

This document briefly describes the primary goals of the next generation of oscillation experiments to use calorimetric detectors, and why a precise understanding of neutrino interactions is important for them to correctly interpret their data.
Development of hard white winter wheats for a hard red winter wheat region

Hard white winter wheat (HWWW) occupies a very limited area of the USA, but its purported advantages suggest that its production in the major hard red winter wheat (HRWW) region may be feasible. Objectives of our investigations were to develop experimental HWWW lines that combined desirable attributes-grain yield, functional grain quality, and resistance to preharvest sprouting-in single genotypes for comparison with popular cultivars in the major US RHWW region. Forty-four lines from seven parental combinations were tested in randomized complete block designs at three Kansas locations during the 1981–82 and 1982–83 seasons. Agronomic traits, grain yield, grain quality, and preharvest sprouting were measured. Plant characteristics and grain yield were similar in the HWWW experimental lines and the HRWW check cultivar, Newton. Mean grain SDS-sedimentation value and grain protein content of most experimental lines equaled or exceeded that of the check. Dough mixing times frequently were shorter for the experimental lines than for the check cultivar, whereas loaf volumes were greater. Falling number usually was similar in all geneotypes, but α-amylase was higher in field-harvested grain of white lines than the check; both measures were more favorable than grain trade standards. We concluded that production of high yielding, high quality hard white winter wheat genotypes is feasible in the US ‘breakbasket’.
Low stress packaging of a micromachined accelerometer

A packaging study of an acceleration microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor is presented. The sensor consists of two silicon chips: a surface micromachined capacitive transducer (g-cell), which converts acceleration into signals of capacitance variation, and a microprocessor control unit (MCU) for signal conditioning. The two chips are die-bonded into a single piece of leadframe, connected via wire bonding, and finally molded with an epoxy compound. The primary goals of this paper are to provide insight and guidance for designing a package with low stress and low deformation. In particular, two die-bonding schemes: full die attach and four-dot die attach are presented in detail and their impact on performance of the transducer is discussed. Both the numerical simulation and testing data indicated that the four-dot-die-attach process results in a significantly lower packaging stress to the transducer, and is appropriate for stress-sensitive MEMS devices.
Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation

Consumers today have more choices of products and services than ever before, but they seem dissatisfied. Firms invest in greater product variety but are less able to differentiate themselves. Growth and value creation have become the dominant themes for managers. In this paper, we explain this paradox. The meaning of value and the process of value creation are rapidly shifting from a product- and firm-centric view to personalized consumer experiences. Informed, networked, empowered, and active consumers are increasingly co-creating value with the firm. The interaction between the firm and the consumer is becoming the locus of value creation and value extraction. As value shifts to experiences, the market is becoming a forum for conversation and interactions between consumers, consumer communities, and firms. It is this dialogue, access, transparency, and understanding of risk-benefits that is central to the next practice in value creation.
Neonatal age and period of estrogen exposure affect porcine uterine growth, morphogenesis, and protein synthesis.

To determine whether neonatal age and estrogen exposure affect uterine growth, morphogenesis, and protein synthesis, crossbred gilts were randomly assigned at birth (Day O) to receive either corn oil vehicle (CO) or estradiol-17[ valerate (EV; 50 Flg/kg BW/day). Gilts were treated for 7 days, chosen to coincide with specific periods of uterine development, prior to hysterectomy on Day 7, 14, or 49. Uteri were weighed, and tissues were fixed for histology or explanted with L-4,5-[H]leucine ( 5 H-leu) for 24 h. Endometrial and myometrial thicknesses were measured in uterine wall cross sections. Radiolabeled proteins produced by uterine wall tissues from 3H-leu and released into explant medium were identified by fluorography of two-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels. Proteins for which fluorographic spot intensities were consistently affected by age and/or treatment were excised from gels, and associated radioactivity was quantified. Normal growth and histogenesis were observed in uteri from COtreated gilts. Exposure to EV increased (p < 0.01) uterine wet weight on all days examined, although effects were most pronounced on Day 49 (day x treatment, p < 0.01). Histologically, uteri of EV-treated gilts exhibited precocious or altered patterns of development of endometrial glands and folds. Endometrial thickness was greater (p < 0.01) in EV-treated gilts, and response was most pronounced on Day 49 (day x treatment, p < 0.01). Treatment with EV increased (p < 0.01) myometrial thickness on Day 49 only. Twenty-five uterine proteins were identified to be affected consistently by neonatal age, EV, or both. Production of four of these proteins was affected by age alone, while six were affected exclusively by treatment with EV alone, and 15 were affected differentially by both age and EV. Treatment with EV affected production of three of these 25 proteins on Day 7, 8 of 25 on Day 14, and 14 of 25 on Day 49. Results indicate that uterine growth and development of the porcine uterine wall during early neonatal life are accompanied by predictable alterations in patterns of uterine protein synthesis. Data also demonstrate that the neonatal porcine uterus is estrogen-sensitive and that both physical and biochemical responses of uterine tissues to estrogen vary with period of exposure. It is suggested that EV may be useful as a tool with which to induce developmental lesions in neonatal porcine uterine tissues. Identification of EV-induced lesions in adult uterine tissues and of the neonatal periods associated with their induction will represent an important step toward identification of developmental determinants of porcine uterine capacity.
Optimal design of turbines with an attached mass

We minimize, with respect to shape, the moment of inertia of a turbine having the given lowest eigenfrequency of the torsional oscillations. The necessary conditions of optimality in conjunction with certain physical parameters admit a unique optimal design.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury in Current Military Populations A Critical Analysis

Background: The use of unconventional weaponry combined with decreased mortality rates and servicemembers being exposed to intense ground combat during multiple deployments has increased the risk of servicemembers living with the consequences of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and combat operational stress. Objective: The purpose of this article is to perform a critical analysis of the literature to identify current rates of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and TBI in military and veteran populations who have served in Iraq or Afghanistan and their combined effects on persistent postconcussive symptoms. Design: A search of the literature with military and veteran populations published after 2001 in Pubmed, OVID/Medline, Cochran Database, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsychInfo was conducted using keywords. Results: Twenty studies met inclusion criteria. The literature search yielded mixed results for rates of PTSD, TBI, and comorbid conditions. Conclusions: There is some evidence that comorbid PTSD and TBI result in greater reports of postconcussive symptomology than either condition alone. Limitations include lack of consistency of measurements, sampling biases, and lack of experimental design, and these warrant further exploration. Future research is needed to decrease variability in study findings and elucidate relationships between these disorders and their effects on persistent postconcussive symptomology. Language: en
The Limits of Social Media: What Social Media Can Be, and What We Should Hope They Never Become

Social media are among many tools that people use to articulate culture. However, it must be remembered that social media are websites that afford community building regardless of the morality, soc...
Design and Fabrication of Ultralight Weight, Adjustable Multi-electrode Probes for Electrophysiological Recordings in Mice

The number of physiological investigations in the mouse, mus musculus, has experienced a recent surge, paralleling the growth in methods of genetic targeting for microcircuit dissection and disease modeling. The introduction of optogenetics, for example, has allowed for bidirectional manipulation of genetically-identified neurons, at an unprecedented temporal resolution. To capitalize on these tools and gain insight into dynamic interactions among brain microcircuits, it is essential that one has the ability to record from ensembles of neurons deep within the brain of this small rodent, in both head-fixed and freely behaving preparations. To record from deep structures and distinct cell layers requires a preparation that allows precise advancement of electrodes towards desired brain regions. To record neural ensembles, it is necessary that each electrode be independently movable, allowing the experimenter to resolve individual cells while leaving neighboring electrodes undisturbed. To do both in a freely behaving mouse requires an electrode drive that is lightweight, resilient, and highly customizable for targeting specific brain structures. A technique for designing and fabricating miniature, ultralight weight, microdrive electrode arrays that are individually customizable and easily assembled from commercially available parts is presented. These devices are easily scalable and can be customized to the structure being targeted; it has been used successfully to record from thalamic and cortical regions in a freely behaving animal during natural behavior.
Body Temperature and Tumor Growth

In the spring of 1924 the effect of fever upon transplanted neoplasms was investigated in a number of mice and rats because it is known that a rather large proportion of the spontaneous cures recorded in man have followed acute febrile attacks—104°-105° for forty-eight to ninety-six hours without remission (Rohdenburg, 1). It seemed at the time not impossible that the chemical activity responsible for neoplastic growth should be adversely affected by temperatures which would not seriously damage the remainder of the body, and there was some encouragement in the fact that Rohdenburg and Prime (2) had been able to inflict the same amount of damage upon animal tumors by diathermy in vivo with low degrees of heat (41°) as with high (46°), provided only that the former were applied for sufficiently long periods. As the outcome was entirely negative, the experiment was not reported at the time. Now, however, that short-wave therapy has come into prominence, and there exists some doubt whether these waves exert effects over and above those due to mere heating of the tissues (Reiter, 3), or whether their action is to be ascribed entirely to the raised temperature (Schereschewsky, 4, bibliography), a short note may be of some value.
The Effect of Financial Analysts' Strategic Behavior on Analysts' Forecast Dispersion

ABSTRACT: Financial analysts' forecast dispersion has been used in a variety of contexts in accounting and finance studies. In this study, we provide large sample evidence on the cross-sectional de...
Factors affecting temporal fluctuations in damaging storm activity in the United States based on insurance loss data

Insured weather losses in the US reached record highs in the early 1990s, leading to major concerns in the insurance industry about the causes, including the possibility of climate change due to global warming. Several studies addressing the interpretation of the record high losses used historical insurance data sets, those for crop-hail losses and others based on the catastrophic events to the property insurance industry, both covering the 1949–1995 period. The past loss values were adjusted by insurance experts for shifting coverage, inflation, and evolving construction practices. The resulting adjusted values of crop loss and costly catastrophes to property both showed similar distributions for 1949–1995, with losses being high in the 1950s and again in the early 1990s. This distribution was found to have a weak relationship with extra-tropical cyclone activity in the US, but most of the recent increase in weather losses to insured property was found to be related to shifting societal factors that have put ever more property at risk in storm-prone areas, including coastal areas and large metropolitan areas. The low property and crop storm losses of the 1966–1985 period had created an incorrect perception of the weather risk in the insurance industry, which did not understand nor appreciate the existence of the decadal-scale fluctuations that exist in climate conditions. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Human homologue of Drosophila CNK interacts with Ras effector proteins Raf and Rlf

Connector enhancer of KSR (CNK) is a multidomain protein that participates in Ras signaling in Drosophila eye development. In this report we identify the human homologue of CNK, termed CNK2A, and a truncated alternatively spliced variant, CNK2B. We characterize CNK2 phosphorylation, membrane localization, and interaction with Ras effector molecules. Our results show that MAPK signaling appears to play a role in the phosphorylation of CNK2 in vivo. CNK2 is found in both membrane and cytoplasmic fractions of the cell. In MDCK cells, full-length CNK2 is localized to the lateral plasma membrane. Consistent with previous reports, we show CNK2 interacts with Raf. CNK2 interaction was mapped to the regulatory and kinase domains of Raf, as well as to the carboxyl-terminal half of CNK2. CNK2 also interacts with the Ral signaling components, Ral GTPase, and the RalGDS family member Rlf. CNK2 interaction was mapped to the GEF domain of Rlf. The ability of CNK2 to interact with both Ras effector proteins Raf and Rlf ...
Alcohol-Related Infractions among College Students: Associations with Subsequent Drinking as a Function of Sensitivity to Punishment

Problematic alcohol use on college campuses is a significant concern. Violations of campus alcohol policies can lead to disciplinary action from the university. These and other alcohol-related legal infractions may be a sign of significant alcohol-related problems. However, few studies have focused on determining predictors of alcohol-related infractions among college students. Likewise, the role of infractions in reducing future use is unclear. In the present study, we tested whether alcohol-related infractions were associated with decreased alcohol use, and whether the effect of the infraction varied as a function of initial drinking levels, sensitivity to punishment (SP), and sensitivity to reward (SR) in a 6-month prospective design. Alcohol use, grade point average, and SR were significantly associated with receiving an alcohol-related infraction. For heavier drinkers, receiving an infraction was associated with decreased drinking at follow-up, and this decrease was most pronounced among those with higher sensitivity to punishment. SP appeared to increase responsiveness to the infraction, resulting in greater attenuation of drinking at follow-up.
The Effects of Mesoscale Surface Heterogeneity on the Fair-Weather Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract Large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to examine the impact of heterogeneity in the surface energy balance on the mesoscale and microscale structure of the convective atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). A long (16 or 32 km) and narrow (5 km) domain of the convective ABL is forced with an imposed surface heat flux consisting of a constant background flux of 0.20 K m s−1 (250 W m−2) added to a sinusoidal perturbation of 16 or 32 km and whose amplitude varies from 0.02 to 0.20 K m s−1 (25–250 W m−2). The output is analyzed using a spatial filter, spectral analyses, and a wave-cutoff filter to show how the mesoscale and microscale components of the ABL respond to surface heterogeneity. The ABL response is divided by amplitude of heterogeneity into oscillatory and nonoscillatory mesoscale flows, with amplitudes of 0.08 K m s−1 (100 W m−2) and greater being oscillatory. Although mean ABL structure is disturbed relative to the homogeneous case for all heterogeneous cases, the microscale structure of the ABL...
Peakflow responses to forest practices in the western cascades of Oregon, USA

The effects of clearcut silviculture (road building, clearfelling, cable logging, and site preparation) were evaluated using long-term peakflow records for three small watersheds (60–101 ha) and six large basins (62–640 km2) in the western Cascades of Oregon, USA. After a calibration period, two of the small watersheds were treated while the third remained untreated (control). Analysis indicated that peakflow increases following treatments were dependent upon peakflow magnitude. Peakflow increases averaged approximately 13–16% after treatment for 1-yr recurrence interval events, and 6–9% for 5-yr recurrence interval events. For the six large basins, multiple linear regression analyses of peakflows relative to: (1) peakflow magnitude; and (2) difference in percent area harvested provided mixed results. While significant (p<0.05) relationships were found in half of the analyses, the explained variance (Δr2) due to harvesting was generally small (1–7%).
On the appropriateness of commodity operating systems for large-scale, balanced computing systems

In the past five years (1997-2002), we have been involved in the design and development of Cplant/spl trade/. An important goal was to take advantage of commodity approaches wherever possible. In particular, we selected Linux, a commonly available operating system, for the compute nodes of Cplant/spl trade/. While the use of commodity solutions, including Linux, was critical to the success of Cplant/spl trade/, we believe that such an approach will not be viable in the development of the next generation of very large-scale systems. We present our definition of a balanced system and discuss several limitations of commodity operating systems in the context of balanced systems. These limitations are categorized into technical limitations (e.g., the structure of the virtual memory system) and social limitations (e.g., the kernel development process). While our direct experience is based on Linux, issues we have identified should be relevant to all commodity operating systems.
8Gb/s differential simultaneous bidirectional link with 4mV 9ps waveform capture diagnostic capability

Differential simultaneous bidirectional I/O circuits in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS operate up to 8 Gb/s with BER better than 10/sup -11/ using 32 b LFSR. The cell area is 0.13 mm/sup 2/ and the dissipation is 120 mW. On-die diagnostic measurement of individual I/O link performance is enabled with a variable offset comparator and clock phase interpolator with resolution of 4 mV and 9 ps.
What Does It Mean? Exploring the Myths of Multicultural Education.

This article, based on an ethnographic study in a predominantly White working-class middle school in the South, critically examines why a literature-based multicultural curriculum failed to get "st...
Graciela Iturbide as Anthropological Photographer

This article is a reflection on the images of Mexican photographer Graciela Iturbide. Focusing on her portraits of indigenous peoples of Mexico (particularly the Seri, Isthmus Zapotec, and Mixtec), the author addresses the anthropological value of a body of visual material that is artistic, rather than documentary, in conception and execution. The article inquires into whether and to what extent the images of a professional photographer such as Iturbide can be considered ethnographic. In essence, the author argues, Iturbide may be thought of as an anthropological photographer, given that her work is of educational and inspirational value to ethnographers of Mexico.
Simultaneous spatial frequency modulation imaging and micromachining with a femtosecond laser

A Ti:Al2O3 chirped-pulse amplification system is used to simultaneously image and machine. By combining simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF) with spatial frequency modulation for imaging (SPIFI), we are able to decouple the imaging and cutting beams to attain a resolution and a field-of-view that is independent of the cutting beam, while maintaining single-element detection. This setup allows for real-time feedback with the potential for simultaneous nonlinear imaging and imaging through scattering media. The novel SSTF machining platform uses refractive optics that, in general, are prohibitive for energetic, amplified pulses that might otherwise compromise the integrity of the focus as a result of nonlinear effects.