cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on monitoring stress changes in situ

Abstract Data reduction formulas used for calculating the in situ principal stresses and their direction from borehole deformation measurements obtained by the stress relief technique are not generally applicable to the calculation of stress changes in situ. Formulas are derived that directly express the changes in the Cartesian components of stress in terms of the changes in borehole wall displacements. These include the determination of the in situ stresses as a special case.
Preparation of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching

A cross-sectional sample preparation technique is described that relies on lithographic and dry-etching processing, thus avoiding metallographic polishing and ion milling. The method is capable of producing cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples with a large amount of transparent area (1 micron x 2.5 mm) which allows the examination of many patterned test sites on the same sample from the same chip of a silicon wafer. An example of the application of the technique is given for localized oxidation through a mask.
Associative response bias and severity of thought disorder in schizophrenia and mania.

Studied severity of thought disorder related to putative, exaggerated tendency of schizophrenics to respond to associative intrusions. Three groups of patients, paranoid schizophrenics, nonparanoid schizophrenics, and manics, participated in the investigation. The findings were: (1) vulnerability to associative distractors is not specific to schizophrenia: (2) performance deficit is more related to severity of thought disorder than to a specific diagnosis; (3) degree of cognitive impairment was found to negatively influence verbal performance; (4) the three groups of patients manifested equivalent levels of cognitive impairment.
Pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in swine, studied by in-situ hybridization

Summary Eight 7-month-old pigs were inoculated intradermally with 10 3 plaqueforming units of foot-and-mouth disease virus, type O, and killed 24, 48, 72, or 96 h later. Numerous tissues from each animal were collected and examined histopathologically and by in-situ hybridization to determine the presence of virus and its correlation with lesion development. The probe for in-situ hybridization was a biotinylated 500-base negative-sense transcription product corresponding to a portion of the gene encoding polymerase. With this technique, virus was shown to be widely disseminated in all epidermal tissues, regardless of histologically apparent cellular disruption.
Effects of Convective Solute and Impurity Transport in Protein Crystal Growth

High-resolution optical interferometry was used to investigate the effects of forced solution convection on the crystal growth kinetics of the model protein lysozyme. Most experiments were conducted with 99.99% pure protein solutions. To study impurity effects, approx. 1% of lysozyme dimer (covalently bound) was added in some cases. We show that the unsteady kinetics, corresponding to bunching of growth steps, can be characterized by the Fourier components of time traces of the growth rate. Specific Fourier spectra are uniquely determined by the solution conditions (composition, temperature, and flow rate) and the growth layer source activity. We found that the average step velocity and growth rate increase by approx. I0% with increasing flow rate, as a result of the enhanced solute supply to the interface. More importantly, faster convective transport results in lower fluctuation amplitudes. This observation supports our rationale for system-dependent effects of transport on the structural perfection of protein crystals. We also found that solution flow rates greater than 500 microns/s result in stronger fluctuations while the average growth rate is decreased. This can lead to growth cessation at low supersaturations. With the intentionally contaminated solutions, these undesirable phenomena occurred at about half the flow rates required in pure solutions. Thus, we conclude that they are due to enhanced convective supply of impurities that are incorporated into the crystal during growth. Furthermore, we found that the impurity effects are reduced at higher crystal growth rates. Since the exposure time of terraces is inversely proportional to the growth rate, this observation suggests that the increased kinetics instability results from impurity adsorption on the interface. Finally, we provide evidence relating earlier observations of "slow protein crystal growth kinetics" to step bunch formation in response to nonsteady step generation.
Pd–Pt nanostructures on carbon nanofibers as an oxygen reduction electrocatalyst

A new oxygen reduction catalyst is made of Pd and Pt nanostructures (Pd–Pt) supported on a herring-bone arrangement of carbon nanofibers (NFs) and is synthesized in one pot by the sequential reduction of Pd2+ and Pt4+ in aqueous chloride solution with ethylene glycol and then adding the carbon NF to precipitate the catalyst. The exchange current density for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Pd–Pt is 1.44 × 10−4 mA cm−2 versus 1.41 × 10−4 mA cm−2 for pure Pt as determined using a thin-film rotating disk electrode (TF-RDE) method. A single cell hydrogen anode and oxygen cathode fuel cell in which the cathode is catalyzed with Pd–Pt gives a performance as good as or better than with a commercial Pt catalyst in the cathode for the same total metal loading, 0.5 mgmetal cm−2. This shows the catalyst made of Pd–Pt supported on carbon NF is a low cost alternative to Pt on carbon, because it gives the same or better activity with less Pt.
The resident researcher: An alternative career model centered on community

Considers the potential benefits and costs of an alternative career model for community researchers, one in which professionals specialize in the community where they live. By virtue of their local familiarity, resident researchers can make more informed judgments about research problems and methods. They can employ longitudinal designs to assess change and be available to assist in interpretation and implementation of research. Potential costs include the possibility of provincialism, unintended researcher effects, ethical dilemmas, the need to cultivate community relations, and role conflicts. Interdisciplinary training programs and research field stations can contribute to the development of the resident researcher role. Researchers in the community can help generate grass roots support for social science research.
Dipyridamole thallium 201 scintigraphy to detect coronary artery disease before abdominal aortic surgery

Dipyridamole thallium 201 scintigraphy (DTS) was used to screen 116 consecutive patients referred for aortic reconstructive surgery for coronary artery disease (CAD). Thallium redistribution was found to have the best statistical correlation with postoperative myocardial infarction (MI). No MIs occurred after aortic operations among 60 patients with normal scans compared with 8 of 31 patients with abnormal ones. The odds of a patient with abnormalities found by DTS having a postoperative MI were 12 times greater than for those with a normal scan. No symptom or combination of symptoms of CAD was as good as an abnormal DTS in identifying patients at risk. The incidence of MI was 7.0% for patients with symptomatic CAD and 8.5% for those who were asymptomatic. Cardiac complications gradually declined as surgeons gained confidence in the use of DTS, to the point where no postoperative MIs occurred during the final year of the study. DTS approaches the ideal preoperative test for CAD in patients with peripheral vascular disease. The test does not require exercise, is minimally invasive, safe, and of sufficient sensitivity to detect myocardial ischemia in the absence of symptoms. Furthermore, it is cost-effective; only those patients with an abnormal scan and an imperative need for aortic surgical treatment need further cardiac evaluation.
Hydroxylation of C-H bonds at carboxylate-bridged diiron centres.

Nature uses carboxylate-bridged diiron centres at the active sites of enzymes that catalyse the selective hydroxylation of hydrocarbons to alcohols. The resting diiron(III) state of the hydroxylase...
Realist-Expressivism: A Neglected Option for Moral Realism

Moral realism and antirealist-expressivism are of course incompatible positions. They disagree fundamentally about the nature of moral states of mind, the existence of moral states of affairs and properties, and the nature and role of moral discourse. The central realist view is that a person who has or expresses a moral thought is thereby in, or thereby expresses, a cognitive state of mind; she has or expresses a belief that represents a moral state of affairs in a way that might be accurate or inaccurate. The view of antirealist-expressivism is that such a person is in, or expresses, a conative state of mind, one that consists in a certain kind of attitude or motivational stance toward something, such as an action or a person. Realism holds that moral thoughts have truth conditions and that in some cases these truth conditions are satisfied so that our moral thoughts are true. Antirealist-expressivism holds, to a first approximation, that the distinctive moral content of a moral thought does not have truth conditions.
Drug-associated reversible granulomatous T cell dyscrasia: a distinct subset of the interstitial granulomatous drug reaction.

Background: A cutaneous T-cell infiltrate exhibiting cytologic and architectural atypia, an aberrant phenotypic profile and clonal restriction would fall under the rubric of a T-cell dyscrasia. Although such an infiltrate could represent a lymphoma, this constellation of findings can also be seen in drug-associated pseudolymphoma. Methods: In 2001, two of the authors (CMM and AEC) proposed the term reversible T-cell dyscrasia to describe atypical T-lymphocytic infiltrates that manifest a light microscopic, phenotypic and molecular profile that closely parallels cutaneous T-cell lymphoma but regress when the causal drug is withdrawn. Results: Herein we report our 10 cases of drug-associated pseudolymphoma resembling granulomatous mycosis fungoides. Conclusions: We term this reaction pattern drug-associated reversible granulomatous T-cell dyscrasia and consider it a distinct subset of the interstitial granulomatous drug reaction Magro CM, Cruz-Inigo AE, Votava H, Jacobs M, Wolfe D, Crowson A N Neil. Drug-associated reversible granulomatous T cell dyscrasia: a distinct subset of the interstitial granulomatous drug reaction.
Automated software and hardware evolution analysis for distributed real-time and embedded systems

Software evolution is critical to extending the utility and life of distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems. Determining the optimal set of software and hardware components to evolve that (1) incorporate cutting-edge technology and (2) satisfy DRE system resource constraints, such as memory, power, and CPU usage is an NP-Hard problem. This article provides four contributions to evolving legacy DRE system configurations. First, we present the Software Evolution Analysis with Resources (SEAR) technique for converting legacy DRE system configurations, external resource availabilities, and candidate replacement components into multiple-choice multidimension knapsack problems (MMKP). Second, we present a formal methodology for assessing the validity of evolved system configurations. Third, we apply heuristic approximation algorithms to determine low-cost, high value evolution paths in polynomial time. Finally, we analyze results of experiments that apply these techniques to determine which technique is most effective for given system parameters. Our results show that constraint solvers can only evolve small system configurations, whereas approximation techniques are needed to evolve larger system configurations.
Meiotic resumption and gap junction modulation in the cultured rat cumulus-oocyte complex

Intercellular communication within the ovarian follicle has been implicated in the control of meiotic arrest and maturation in the mammalian oocyte. We have shown that a rapid down-regulation of cumulus cell gap junctions is correlated temporally with meiotic resumption in the intact rat follicle [Larsen et al., Dev Biol, 113:517-521]. Here this relationship has been analyzed further by incubating isolated rat cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with agents known to influence germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) or that have been shown to modulate gap junction turnover in vitro. Quantitative freeze-fracture analysis revealed that cumulus cell gap junction membrane decreased significantly prior to the initiation of GVBD in COCs incubated in medium lacking serum or other additives. The addition of serum and follicle-stimulating hormone, an experimental condition that delayed GVBD, accelerated and augmented gap junction loss at both the cumulus cell and oocyte surface. The continuous elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, which stimulates gap junction formation in other systems, maintained meiotic arrest but did not interfere with gap junction loss. Conversely, the complete inhibition of junctional loss by a microfilament destabilizing agent, dihydrocytochalasin B, did not alter the course of GVBD normally seen in its absence. Subsequent freeze-fracture analysis and dye coupling experiments confirmed that cumulus and oocyte gap junctions in these preparations were intact and functional during the period of meiotic resumption. These findings suggest that factors other than cumulus and oocyte gap junction turnover are required for the control of meiotic arrest and maturation in the isolated COC. However, these results do support our earlier suggestion that gap junction loss within the cumulus oophorus is instrumental in isolating the oocyte from the regulatory influence of its underlying membrana granulosa cells during meiotic maturation in the intact preovulatory follicle [Larsen et al., Dev Biol, 122:61-71].
A Microprocessor-Controlled Echocardiographic Tracking System

A real-time echocardiographic tracking system (ETS) has been designed and implemented to provide continuous real-time information on the position and motion of cardiac structures such as the anterior and posterior left ventricula wall. The ETS is capable of tracking two separate cardiac structures simultaneously and simplifies the task of extracting the dynamic positional information from aln M-mode echocardiogram. A study has been performed to denonstrate the feasibility of analyzing and processing signals from the motion of the left ventricular septal and posterior wall on three normal adult male subjects. This study demonstrates that the ETS can provide reliable and useful information relative to the simltaneous motion of the endocardial surface of the anterior and posterior wails of the left ventride and of the mitral valve. From this infonnation, it will be possible to evaluate dynamic ventricular function in human subjects noninvasively and in real time.
Symmetrical fracturing of the skull from midline contact gunshot wounds: Reconstruction of individual death histories from skeletonized human remains

This paper reports a bilaterally symmetrical cranio-facial fracture pattern that is observed in self-inflicted, midline gunshot wounds. Five cases of self-inflicted gunshots wounds are presented as follows: two high-powered rifle cases, two shotgun cases, and one handgun case. In all five cases the remains were either decomposing or skeletonized and submitted to forensic anthropologists. Following identification, the main focus of the anthropological examination was the analysis of perimortem trauma to the skeleton. In each case, the skull was submitted in a highly fragmented state. Nevertheless, by focusing on the pattern of perimortem cranio-facial fractures, the anthropologists contributed key information regarding the circumstances of death. The observed symmetrical cranio-facial fracture patterns in the above cases are described in detail and interpreted. The specific location of the linear fractures is discussed, as well as the theoretical rationale behind the location in terms of skeletal architecture, such as buttresses, struts, and sutures. The interpretive framework provided by this paper may prove helpful to others who are faced with similar cases of cranio-facial fracturing.
Your Prodrug Releases Formaldehyde: Should You Be Concerned? No!

The title of this commentary contains a frequently asked question whenever someone presents or proposes a prodrug strategy that releases formaldehyde as a result of bioconversion of a prodrug to parent drug. Formaldehyde, a highly water-soluble one-carbon molecule, is endogenous to cells, tissues, and body fluids. Although formaldehyde is generated and incorporated into essential metabolic processes by the human body, exposure to large amounts of formaldehyde vapor can irritate the nasal mucosa and may potentially be carcinogenic. It also gives a positive Ames test. Metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous formaldehyde involves rapid oxidation to formic acid catalyzed by glutathione dependent and independent dehydrogenases in the liver and erythrocytes. Balancing this rapid detoxification pathway is endogenous formation from normal metabolic processes and exogenous formaldehyde input, resulting in approximately 0.1 mM systemic levels. The possibility that formaldehyde released upon bioconversion of prodrugs might induce toxicity has been repeatedly stated, but no convincing evidence for this perceived toxicity has been documented in experimental studies. Therefore, as pharmaceutical chemists and not as toxicologists, we present our perspective on the apparent concern with release of formaldehyde as a by-product of in vivo bioconversion of selective prodrugs, and suggest that in comparison to the total amount of daily endogenous formaldehyde production from metabolism, and exogenous exposure from food and the environment, the amount generated by prodrugs is minute and is unlikely to cause any systemic toxicity in humans. Such an argument does not preclude formaldehyde-based toxicity assessment of a prodrug. Instead, it reduces the risk that in vivo liberation of formaldehyde will cause undue toxicity.
A screen for inducers of p21(waf1/cip1) identifies HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors as neuroprotective agents with antitumor properties.

Abstract Preventing neuronal death is a priority for treating neurological diseases. However, therapies that inhibit pathological neuron loss could promote tumorigenesis by preventing the physiological death of cancerous cells. To avert this, we targeted the transcriptional upregulation of p21waf1/cip1 (p21), an endogenous tumor suppressor with neuroprotective and pro-regenerative activity. We identified potential p21 indcuers by screening a FDA-approved drug and natural product small molecule library against hippocampal HT22 cells stably expressing a luciferase reporter driven by the proximal 60 bp of the p21 promoter, and tested them for neuroprotection from glutathione depletion mediated oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines (DLD-1, Neuro-2A, SH-SY5Y, NGP, CHLA15, CHP212, and SK-N-SH) in vitro. Of the p21 inducers identified, only ciclopirox, a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-4-hydroxylase (HIF–PHD) inhibitor, simultaneously protected neurons from glutathione depletion and decreased cancer cell proliferation at concentrations that were not basally toxic to neurons. We found that other structurally distinct HIF–PHD inhibitors (desferrioxamine, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, and dimethyloxalyl glycine) also protected neurons at concentrations that killed cancer cells. HIF–PHD inhibitors stabilize HIF transcription factors, mediating genetic adaptation to hypoxia. While augmenting HIF stability is believed to promote tumorigenesis, we found that chronic HIF–PHD inhibition killed cancer cells, suggesting a protumorigenic role for these enzymes. Moreover, our findings suggest that PHD inhibitors can be used to treat neurological disease without significant concern for cell-autonomous tumor promotion.
A kinetic theorist's look at lattice gas cellular automata

Abstract The diffusion behavior of a number of Lorentz lattice gases is studied in its dependence on collision rules and its similarity to corresponding Lorentz gases that are continuous in space, but have the same discrete velocity space. The difference in behavior resulting from probabilistic or deterministic collision rules is discussed.
Double deception: Two against one in three-person games

This article examines deception possibilities for two players in simple three-person voting games. An example of one game vulnerable to (tacit) deception by two players is given and its implications discussed. The most unexpected findings of this study is that in those games vulnerable to deception by two players, the optimal strategy of one of them is always to announce his (true) preference order. Moreover, since the player whose optimal announcement is his true one is unable to induce a better outcome for himself by misrepresenting his preference, while his partner can, this player will find that possessing a monopoly of information will not give him any special advantage. In fact, this analysis demonstrates that he may have incentives to share his information selectively with one or another of his opponents should he alone possess complete information at the outset.
Population dynamics and theta rhythm phase precession of hippocampal place cell firing: a spiking neuron model.

O'Keefe and Recce ([1993] Hippocampus 68:317–330) have observed that the spatially selective firing of pyramidal cells in the CA1 field of the rat hippocampus tends to advance to earlier phases of the electroencephalogram theta rhythm as a rat passes through the place field of a cell. We present here a neural network model based on integrate-and-fire neurons that accounts for this effect. In this model, place selectivity in the hippocampus is a consequence of synaptic interactions between pyramidal neurons together with weakly selective external input. The phase shift of neuronal spiking arises in the model as a result of asymmetric spread of activation through the network, caused by asymmetry in the synaptic interactions. Several experimentally observed properties of the phase shift effect follow naturally from the model, including 1) the observation that the first spikes a cell fires appear near the theta phase corresponding to minimal population activity, 2) the overall advance is less than 360°, and 3) the location of the rat within the place field of the cell is the primary correlate of the firing phase, not the time the rat has been in the field. The model makes several predictions concerning the emergence of place fields during the earliest stages of exploration in a novel environment. It also suggests new experiments that could provide further constraints on a possible explanation of the phase precession effect. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In vitro selection of an RNA epitope immunologically cross-reactive with a peptide.

Abstract An antiserum raised against a peptide was used to select a unique RNA species from a degenerate pool of RNAs designed to resemble an autoantibody recognition site in U1 RNA. The peptide and the selected RNA epitope could compete for antibody binding, suggesting that both RNA and peptide epitopes occupy the same or overlapping antigen-combining sites. Thus, the RNA epitope functioned as a specific inhibitor of the antibody-antigen interaction. We demonstrate that the RNA epitope can be used to tag unrelated RNA molecules and also to detect the presence of the antibody. We propose that sequence-specific recognition of RNA by antibodies may involve protein-RNA contacts similar to those occurring in other nucleic acid-binding proteins. In addition, these findings are compatible with the suggestion that nucleic acid-binding autoantibodies may arise through immunological cross-reactivity between proteins and nucleic acids.
Competitive outcomes changed by evolution

When evolution plays a role, population dynamic models alone are not sufficient for determining the outcome of multi-species interactions. As an expansion of Maynard Smith's concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy, evolutionary game theory (EGT) combines population and evolutionary dynamics so that natural selection becomes a dynamic game with phenotypic traits as strategies. Using EGT, we show how evolution can change the outcome of the interaction between two competing species. We are particularly interested in situations where the interaction changes from one of competitive exclusion to one of coexistence and where the interaction changes from the exclusion of one species to the exclusion of the other. There are two crucial factors that determine whether or not such events can occur: the rate of evolution (which is proportional to the amount of variability in phenotypic traits within a species) and what we term the boxer effect, a phenomenon that concerns how the intensity of interspecies competit...
Specific and durable elimination of antibody to donor HLA antigens in renal-transplant patients.

Background. Donor-specific antibody (DSA) is the major barrier to success of kidney transplants. Attempts to deal with this problem have used plasmapheresis to remove antibodies or high-dose pooled immunoglobulin (IVIg) to down-regulate DSA. However, elimination of antibodies by these methods has been limited in duration or scope. Methods. We have confirmed the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody to one or more donor HLA antigens in 49 patients treated with alternate-day, single-volume plasmapheresis followed by low-dose cytomegalovirus (CMV) hyperimmune globulin (CMV-Ig) combined with quadruple immunosuppression. We examined the effect of the treatment protocol on antibodies to donor HLA, third-party HLA, and nominal antigens. Results. At the end of treatment, 63% of patients had lost antibody to donor HLA, whereas only 27% had lost antibody to third-party HLA (P<0.001). More strikingly, loss of antibody to donor and third-party HLA antigens occurred in 89% and 19%, respectively, of patients followed for 2 or more months after end of treatment (P<0.0001). No elimination of antiviral antibodies tested was seen. With one exception, elimination of DSA appeared to be independent of antibody titer or specificity, the number of different antibody specificities, or whether or not the target antigen was a repeat mismatch. The effect appears to be long lasting, with no return of DSA observed in patients followed for an average of 13 months. Conclusions. Plasmapheresis and low-dose CMV-Ig combined with traditional immunosuppression is effective in producing a specific and durable elimination of antibody to donor HLA.
Seismic Behavior of Spent Fuel Dry Cask Storage Systems

The U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is conducting a research program to investigate technical issues concerning the dry cask storage systems of spent nuclear fuel by conducting confirmatory research for establishing criteria and review guidelines for the seismic behavior of these systems. The program focuses on developing 3-D finite element analysis models that address the dynamic coupling of a module/cask, a flexible concrete pad, and an underlying soil/rock foundation, in particular, the soil-structure-interaction. Parametric analyses of the coupled models are performed to include variations in module/cask geometry, site seismicity, underlying soil properties, and cask/pad interface friction. The analyses performed include: 1) a rectangular dry cask module typical of Transnuclear West design at a site in Western USA where high seismicity is expected; 2) a cylindrical dry cask typical of Holtec design at a site in Eastern USA where low seismicity is expected; and 3) a cylindrical dry cask typical of Holtec design at a site in Western USA with medium high seismicity. The paper includes assumptions made in seismic analyses performed, results, and conclusions.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Evaluation of the equilibrium Eulerian approach for the evolution of particle concentration in isotropic turbulence

Abstract In the current work, the accuracy of the equilibrium Eulerian approach in evolving the particulate concentration field is evaluated by comparing it against the Lagrangian approach, for varying particle response time and terminal velocity. In particular, we compare the statistics of preferential accumulation and gravitational settling of particles in a cubic box of isotropic turbulence. Twelve simulations corresponding to four values of nondimensional particle response time, τp=0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and three values of nondimensional terminal velocity, | V s |=0.5,2,4 are considered. The equilibrium Eulerian approach obviates the need to solve additional governing equations for the particle velocity field. It, however, involves evolution of the particle concentration field using the equilibrium Eulerian velocity field. A spectral diffusion term is included in the particle concentration equation to provide an essentially non-oscillatory behavior to the solution. There is good agreement between the equilibrium Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics for small particles. With increasing particle size, the equilibrium Eulerian approach tends to somewhat overestimate particle preferential concentration in regions of excess strain-rate over rotation-rate compared to the Lagrangian approach. Over the entire range of parameters considered, the equilibrium approach provides a good approximation to the actual mean and rms fluctuating settling velocities of the particle.
The singularities of nonuniformly moving dislocations

Abstract The singularities in the solution for the radiation from nonuniformly moving dislocations are analyzed. Singular asymptotics of integrals are essential for obtaining the limiting behavior on the slip-plane, as well as the field near the current position of the dislocation.
Hardware Acceleration for Neuromorphic Vision Algorithms

Neuromorphic vision algorithms are biologically inspired models that follow the processing that takes place in the primate visual cortex. Despite their efficiency and robustness, the complexity of these algorithms results in reduced performance when executed on general purpose processors. This paper proposes an application-specific system for accelerating a neuromorphic vision system for object recognition. The system is based on HMAX, a biologically-inspired model of the visual cortex. The neuromorphic accelerators are validated on a multi-FPGA system. Results show that the neuromorphic accelerators are 13.8× (2.6×) more power efficient when compared to CPU (GPU) implementation.
Critical currents of in situ formed multifilamentary Cu-Nb3Sn composites

Critical current densities of in situ formed Cu-Nb3Sn composites with discontinuous filaments were measured as a function of superconducting volume fraction, matrix resistivity, area reduction ratio, and applied magnetic field. In agreement with recent modelling by Tinkham and co-workers, the effective superconducting volume fraction in a given composite was found to be field-dependent, necessitating the distinction between microstructural and electrical percolation. In composites with a low filament volume fraction, proximity effect coupling, controlled by matrix resistivity, was found to be the dominant factor determining both the composite remnant resistivity and the critical current density. For sufficiently high filament volume fractions and area reduction ratios, the remnant resistivities fall below the level of detection, as predicted by theory, and critical current densities become comparable to those of continuous filament composites. SEM, TEM, and STEM analysis reveal a dense distribution of submicron, ribbon-like Nb3Sn filaments in relatively pure Cu matrix. The microstructure of the filaments is equi-axed with an average grain size of ∼ 400A, ensuring effective flux pinning.
A meta-analysis of children's memories for own-sex and other-sex information

Gender schema theories predict that memories will be biased toward information associated with one's own sex. Meta-analyses were performed on the association between a child's sex and memories for (1) items depicting stereotypically masculine and feminine actions, characteristics, or objects, and (2) male and female characters. Same-sex biases were evident in memories for masculine and feminine items, especially after a delay and when the memory task was recall, and in memories for male and female characters. The same-sex bias in memory for male characters was larger when the characters were not engaged in gender-stereotyped activities. The implications of these results for gender schema theories and for the preparation of educational materials are discussed.
Near-Optimal Approximation Rates for Distribution Free Learning with Exponentially, Mixing Observations

This paper derives the rate of convergence for the distribution free learning problem when the observation process is an exponentially strongly mixing (α-mixing with an exponential rate) Markov chain. If {z k }∞ K=1 ={(x k , y k )}∞ k=1 ⊂ x × Y ≡ Z is an exponentially strongly mixing Markov chain with stationary measure ρ, it is shown that the empirical estimate f z that minimizes the discrete quadratic risk satisfies the bound E over z∈Zm (∥ f ρ − f z ∥ L2 (ρx)) ≤ C (lna over a)r over 2r+1 where E over z∈Zm (·) is the expectation over the first m-steps of the chain, f ρ is the regressor function in L2 (ρX) associated with ρ, r is related to the abstract smoothness of the regressor, ρX is the marginal measure associated with ρ, and a is the rate of concentration of the Markov chain.
Origins of differences in reactivities of alkenes, alkynes, and allenes in [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed (5 + 2) cycloaddition reactions with vinylcyclopropanes.

Rhodium dimer [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 efficiently catalyzes the intra- and intermolecular (5 + 2) reactions of vinylcyclopropanes with alkynes and allenes, but not alkenes. This difference in reactivity is attributed to the difficulty of reductive elimination for the alkene. The computed reductive elimination transition structures show that the participation of the second π-orbital in acetylene and allene reduces the barrier by 9∼15 kcal/mol, compared to ethylene, for which no such interactions are possible.
Use of Preadmission Criteria and Performance in the Doctor of Pharmacy Program to Predict Success on the North American Pharmacists Licensure Examination

Objective. To determine which student characteristics and performance criteria in the prepharmacy and doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program predict success on the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX). Methods. Transcripts and NAPLEX scores were reviewed for 432 graduates from the Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy between 2008 and 2011. Results. The preadmission variables that correlated with NAPLEX scores included math-science grade point average (GPA), cumulative GPA, student type (internal or transfer), and having no unsatisfactory grades (p<0.001). In the PharmD program, cumulative GPA, on-time graduation, and having no unsatisfactory grades in the prepharmacy and PharmD programs correlated with NAPLEX scores (p<0.001). Conclusion. Having no unsatisfactory grades in the prepharmacy program and a high cumulative GPA in the PharmD program were identified as significant predictors of success on the NAPLEX.
Cysteine conformation and sulfhydryl interactions in proteins and viruses. 3. Quantitative measurement of the Raman S-H band intensity and frequency.

The bond stretching vibration of the cysteine sulfhydryl (SH) group in a typical protein generates a Raman band in the spectral interval 2500–2600 cm-1, a region devoid of interference from any other fundamental mode of vibration of the protein. The relatively high Raman cross section associated with the S-H stretching vibration, the sensitivity of the vibrational frequency to hydrogen bonding interactions and side chain configurations, and the dependence of the Raman intensity on thiol-thiolate equilibria, combine to make the Raman SH band a potentially valuable marker of protein sulfhydryl interactions and a unique indicator of sulfhydryl participation in thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity. In order to exploit Raman spectroscopy for these purposes, accurate and precise measurements of Raman SH band profiles are required. We show here that the required precision and accuracy can be achieved by use of the Raman band corresponding to the stretching vibration of in situ nitrogen gas as a quantitative intensity and frequency standard. The Raman Q-branch center of the N2 band occurs at 2330.7 cm-1.
Diverse Trafficking Abnormalities of Connexin32 Mutants Causing CMTX

Abstract Mutations in GJB1, the gene encoding the gap junction protein connexin32 (Cx32), cause X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX). We compared the localization of CMTX mutants that affect different domains of Cx32, by expressing them in HeLa cells. Mutants were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (M34K, N205I, and Y211x), in the Golgi apparatus without reaching the cell membrane (M34T, V38M, A40V, R75Q, R75P, R75W, and C217x), in the Golgi apparatus but also forming rare small gap junction-like plaques (M34I, M34V, and V37M), or mainly on the cell membrane, forming gap junction-like plaques (V35M, I213V, R219C, R219H, R220G, R230C, R230L, R238H, L239I, and S281x). Selected mutants expressed in cultured rat Schwann cells showed localization similar to that in HeLa cells. Thus, many CMTX mutants have trafficking abnormalities, whereas the carboxy-terminus mutants reach the cell membrane and probably cause disease through other mechanisms.
Preoperative chemoradiation therapy after placement of a self-expanding metal stent in a patient with an obstructing rectal cancer: clinical and pathologic findings

GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 435 From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Division of Colorectal Surgery, the Department of Pathology, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota. Reprint requests: Todd H. Baron, MD, FACP, 200 First St., SW, Eisenberg 8A, Rochester, MN 55905. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 0016-5107/2002/$35.00 + 0 37/4/120108 doi:10.1067/mge.2002.120108 Preoperative chemoradiation therapy after placement of a self-expanding metal stent in a patient with an obstructing rectal cancer: clinical and pathologic findings
Laparoscopic Repair of Ureteral Transection

Injury to the ureter is a possible complication of laparoscopic surgery. Traditionally, it is repaired by laparotomy. During laparoscopic surgery for bilateral ovarian remnants in a 29-year-old woman, the left ureter was transected. The ureter was repaired by primary end-to-end anastomosis by laparoscopy. The patient recovered uneventfully, and postoperative intravenous puelogram confirmed the repair to be intact.
The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry

Climate change, rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, excess nutrient inputs, and pollution in its many forms are fundamentally altering the chemistry of the ocean, often on a global scale and, in some cases, at rates greatly exceeding those in the historical and recent geological record. Major observed trends include a shift in the acid-base chemistry of seawater, reduced subsurface oxygen both in near-shore coastal water and in the open ocean, rising coastal nitrogen levels, and widespread increase in mercury and persistent organic pollutants. Most of these perturbations, tied either directly or indirectly to human fossil fuel combustion, fertilizer use, and industrial activity, are projected to grow in coming decades, resulting in increasing negative impacts on ocean biota and marine resources.
Enzymic activities of endo-1,4-β-d-glucanases purified from Trichoderma viride

Abstract Endoglucanases II, III and IV (EC 3.2.1.4) from Trichoderma viride are highly active in degrading CM-cellulose or phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, and only slightly active on Avicel. The specific activities of the endoglucanases increase with the length of the cellooligosaccharide substrates. By rate and product analyses using high pressure liquid chromatography the mode of action of Endoglucanase III was differentiated from that of Endoglucanases II and IV. Endoglucanase III has a low affinity for cellobiose, reacts rapidly with cellotriose, and gradually increases in reactivity with cellooligosaccharides as degree of polymerization increases from four to six. In addition to cleaving internal glycosidic bonds of polymeric substrates, it preferentially cleaves cellobiosyl units from the non-reducing end of oligosaccharides. The cellobiosyl units are often, under initial reaction conditions, transferred to the substrate-acceptor. Endoglucanases II and IV show a preference for internal glycosidic bonds of cellooligosaccharides. The soluble products from the initial action of Endoglucanases II and IV on swollen cellulose are glucose, cellobiose, and cellotriose, which are slowly converted to glucose and some cellobiose.
California Protocol for Measuring 60 Hz Magnetic Fields in Residences

Abstract A measurement protocol to assess extremely low-frequency magnetic fields inside residences was developed and tested. The protocol was designed to provide measurements that could be used to compare or rank different residences on the basis of the magnitude of the alternating magnetic field. The recommended protocol has a structured component that consists of spot readings obtained at the center of frequently occupied rooms under normal power conditions. These readings are averaged together to give a summary measure for the home. The protocol also contains an optional unstructured component to assist in identifying local sources such as appliances and to map field profiles from distribution power-lines near residences. A pilot study was conducted to develop an easy but reliable sampling strategy for the spot measurements. A total of 252 measurements were collected in 14 San Francisco Bay Area residences under both normal-power and low-power conditions. Analysis of the results showed that difference...
Expression of a truncated form of yeast ribosomal protein L3 in transgenic wheat improves resistance to Fusarium head blight

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease that causes major economic losses in wheat and barley production worldwide. Contamination of food with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium is a major health concern for humans and animals because trichothecenes are potent cytotoxins of eukaryotic cells. Trichothecene mycotoxins inhibit translation by targeting ribosomal protein L3 at the peptidyltransferase center. We previously showed that expression of an N-terminal fragment of yeast L3 (L3Δ) in transgenic tobacco plants reduced the toxicity of DON. Here, we produced transgenic wheat plants that express the same yeast L3 (L3Δ) fragment and evaluated their susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum infection and their ability to accumulate DON. Following F. graminearum infection in greenhouse tests, two transgenic wheat lines expressing the highest levels of L3Δ showed reductions in disease severity and kernel DON levels, compared to non-transformed plants. In a field test, a transgenic wheat line with the highest L3Δ expression controlled by the maize Ubi1 promoter had significant reductions in visually scabby kernels and kernel DON levels. These results demonstrate that expression of a modified form of the ribosomal protein that is the target of DON can improve FHB resistance in wheat.
Effects of stimulus variation, ratio contingency, and intermittent extinction on a child's incidental play for perceptual reinforcement☆☆☆

Abstract A 5-year old boy (Binet IQ 152) played with an automated behavior-analysis toy in numerous “test” sessions as an incidental activity while his mother read stories to him in the family living room. She read only as long as he was interested in the stories. When she stopped reading, he stopped playing. The toy offered two response options, with concurrent independent reinforcement schedules, and a wide assortment of light-chime stimulus feedbacks. Data were recorded in 13 play-story sessions that ranged in length from 10 to 70 minutes. The boy made more than 8,800 responses and accumulated nearly 9,000 seconds of response duration in approximately 10 hours of play. His response record showed preference for the more varied feedback displays, a biphasic effect of ratio reinforcement, and rapid acquisition of stimulus control over response output during intermittent periods of extinction.
Changes in brain and sciatic nerve composition with development of the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta)

Summary We determined the composition of the brain and sciatic nerves of 135 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) ranging from 58 days gestational age to over 10 years. The period of most rapid increase in size is prior to birth, and at birth the brain is about 70% of adult size. The patterns of change in weight, protein, and DNA of the cerebellum indicate that this area matures later and grows more rapidly than the remainder of the brain. The concentrations (per gram wet weight) of protein increase at all sites in the brain, but those of DNA decrease during the period of most rapid growth. The concentrations of all lipids, particularly those most characteristic of myelin, were much higher in pons, cervical cord, and sciatic nerve than in cortical gray matter. The concentration of those lipids most typical of myelin were essentially absent from the pons at 100 days of gestation, reached more than one-half of adult values at birth, but continued to increase after one year. Cerebrosides and sulfatides most nearly followed that pattern in the pons. The concentrations of sphingomyelin, plasmalogen forms of phosphatidylethanolamine, and cholesterol were the next best indicators of myelination, whilst the concentrations of combined phospholipids, lecithin, phosphatidylserine, and diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine changed less than the first two classes of compounds.
Prospective comparison of 3-dimensional volume rendered computerized tomography and conventional renal arteriography for surgical planning in patients undergoing laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We prospectively assessed the accuracy of 3-dimensional (3-D) volume rendered computerized tomography (CT) and conventional renal arteriography to visualize renovascular anatomy in patients undergoing laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: A total of 60 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (left side in 46 and right side in 14) prospectively underwent 3-D CT and renal angiography. A short videotape of 3-D CT was prepared using volume rendering software that demonstrated the anatomical location, number, anomalies and spatial interrelationships of the renal arteries and veins. These 3-D videotapes and arteriogram findings were directly correlated with intraoperative surgical findings at laparoscopy and during ex vivo bench preparation of the harvested kidney. The perceived intraoperative value of 3D-CT to delineate renovascular anatomical detail was scored subjectively by the laparoscopic surgeon for each case on a 10-point scale of 0—completely inac...
Post-Fledging Movements of Juvenile Common Mergansers (Mergus merganser) in Alaska as Inferred by Satellite Telemetry

Abstract We implanted satellite transmitters into eight juvenile Common Mergansers to investigate post-fledging movements from their natal river in southcentral Alaska. Subsequently, they moved widely throughout portions of western and southcentral Alaska up to 750 km from their natal areas during fall and winter months. Transmitters of two birds (one male and one female) continued to send location data into their second year and allowed us to determine the location and timing of the flightless molt period for each bird. Overall, our data suggest that juvenile Common Mergansers range widely immediately after fledging, that second year males and females may differ in their movement patterns, and that these movements have implications for population genetic structure of this species.