cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments on the Behavior of an Ionized Gas in a Magnetic Field

Measurements with probes in a plasma of helium ions and electrons in the afterglow of an induction-excited discharge in a toroidal tube with a toroidal magnetic field reveal an oscillatory probe current which is presumably indicative of fluctuations in the ion density. The space distribution of these fluctuations and the dependency of their amplitude and frequency on the pressure and magnetic field are consistent with the assumption that plasma waves, similar to the magnetohydrodynamic type described by Alfv\`en, exist in this toroid. Measurements of electron density by a microwave method in another toroidal tube, which is in the form of a microwave resonant cavity, show that in this tube the degree of diffusion control in helium at low pressures is apparently orders of magnitude less than one would calculate from the classical theory of ambipolar diffusion of ions and electrons in a magnetic field. The measurements show a marked minimum in the diffusion coefficient as a function of magnetic field at about 600 gauss. An attempt is made to explain this minimum and the lack of diffusion control in terms of plasma waves. Experimental evidence that plasma waves exist in this toroid in a magnetic field has been seen in oscillations which appear on the rf envelope of the exciting pulse from the magnetron.
Commitment issues: linking positive selection signals and lineage diversification in the thymus

Summary: The thymus is responsible for the production of CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, which constitute the cellular arm of the immune system. These cell types derive from common precursors that interact with thymic stroma in a T-cell receptor (TCR)-specific fashion, generating intracellular signals that are translated into function-specific changes in gene expression. This overall process is termed positive selection, but it encompasses a number of temporally distinct and possibly mechanistically distinct cellular changes, including rescue from apoptosis, initiation of cell differentiation, and commitment to the CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell lineage. One of the puzzling features of positive selection is how specificity of the TCR controls lineage commitment, as both helper and cytolytic T cells utilize the same antigen-receptor components, with the exception of the CD4 or CD8 coreceptors themselves. In this review, we focus on the signals required for positive selection, particularly as they relate to lineage commitment. Identification of genes encoding transcriptional regulators that play a role in T-cell development has led to significant recent advances in the field. We also provide an overview of nuclear factors in this context and, where known, how their regulation is linked to the same TCR signals that have been implicated in initiating and regulating positive selection.
Rapid method for measuring the mechanical properties of pharmaceutical compacts

Abstract A rapid technique to measure the mechanical properties of pharmaceutical tablets is presented. The Young's modulus of elasticity and Poisson ratio are determined by fitting the measured transient force, generated by the impact of tablets with a dynamic load cell, by the theoretical force predicted from a Hertzian spring-dashpot model. Results of the method applied to a series of pharmaceutical compacts having different porosities and prepared from different excipient blends, demonstrate good agreement between the calculated force and the measured force. In particular, the Young's modulus and Poisson ratio calculated for a 22% porous microcrystalline cellulose compact are 3.5 GPa and 0.34, respectively. As the total measurement time is less than 100 μs, the technique can be used as an in-line process measurement for manufacturing process control.
Labor problems and labor economics: The roots of an academic discipline

(1968). Labor problems and labor economics: The roots of an academic discipline. Labor History: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 239-261.
Gender differences in visual habit formation in 3-month-old rhesus monkeys.

The rate of learning concurrent visual discriminations with 24-hr intertrial intervals, a measure of habit formation, was assessed in infant monkeys of both sexes and compared with the rate of learning in adults. In two separate series of animals, 3-month-old male monkeys learned an initial set of discriminations (but not later sets) more slowly than 3-month-old females. This gender difference was absent in 6-month-old monkeys and in adults, both of which learned the initial set at the same rate. Determination of plasma gonadal hormone levels at the time of testing revealed a significant correlation (rs = 0.95) between testosterone levels and learning scores on the initial set in the 3-month-old male monkeys (i.e., the higher the level the poorer the score). No such correlation was found in the 3-month-old female monkeys or in the 6-month-olds of either sex. These results suggest that high testosterone levels found perinatally in male monkeys temporarily slows maturation of the neutral system underlying visual habit formation.
Mutational analysis of 39 residues of vaccinia DNA topoisomerase identifies Lys-220, Arg-223, and Asn-228 as important for covalent catalysis

Abstract Vaccinia DNA topoisomerase, a 314-amino acid type I enzyme, catalyzes the cleavage and rejoining of DNA strands through a DNA-(3′-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate. To identify amino acids that participate in the transesterification reaction, we introduced alanine substitutions at 39 positions within a conserved 57amino acid segment upstream of the active-site tyrosine. Purified wild type and mutant proteins were compared with respect to their activities in relaxing supercoiled DNA. The majority of mutant proteins displayed wild type topoisomerase activity. Mutant enzymes that relaxed DNA at reduced rates were subjected to kinetic analysis of the strand cleavage and religation steps under single-turnover and equilibrium conditions. For the wild type topoisomerase, the observed single-turnover cleavage rate constant (kcl) was 0.29 s−1 and the cleavage-religation equilibrium constant (Kcl) was 0.22. The most dramatic mutational effects were seen with R223A; removal of the basic side chain reduced the rates of cleavage and religation by factors of 10−4.3 and 10−5.0, respectively, and shifted the cleavage-religation equilibrium in favor of the covalently bound state (Kcl = 1). Introduction of lysine at position 223 restored the rate of cleavage to 1/10 that of the wild type enzyme. We conclude that a basic residue is essential for covalent catalysis and suggest that Arg-223 is a constituent of the active site. Modest mutational effects were observed at two other positions (Lys-220 and Asn-228), at which alanine substitutions slowed the rates of strand cleavage by 1 order of magnitude and shifted the equilibrium toward the noncovalently bound state. Arg-223 and Lys-220 are conserved in all members of the eukaryotic type I topoisomerase family; Asn-228 is conserved among the poxvirus enzymes.
The Robotics Community [IFRR Update]

In the early 1980s, robotics was entering a new era in its development following the earlier successes in industrial applications. With much energy and excitement, the pioneers of robotics launched a number of initiatives, which came to shape what became our field. In 1982, Mike Brady, Richard Paul, and their colleagues established the first journal entirely devoted to robotics, International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR), which was followed by the organization in 1983, of the first International Symposium of Robotics Research (ISRR). The intent was to foster the notion of robotics as a distinct scientific field and to create a broad community of robotics. It was in the pursuit of these aims that the International Foundation of Robotics Research (IFRR) was later formally founded in 1986. The year 1984 brought a host of other major developments in robotics with the establishment of IEEE Robotics & Automation Council (RAC), led by George Saridis, the organization of the first IEEE Conference on Robotics (John Jarvis and Richard Paul), the launching of the IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation (George Bekey), and RAC Newsletter (Wesley Snyder). The transformation of the council into our IEEE Robotics & Automation Society (RAS) was formally accomplished in 1989. In the pursuit of a broad community of robotics, the same pioneering researchers who established IFRR were also part of the effort for the creation of the RAS. Devoted to the robotics community, IFRR members have continued in the years since to serve in many capacities in the activities of both organizations, as conference chairs, transactions editors, Administrative Committee (AdCom), and Technical Committee (TC) members, Society presidents, or technical contributors.
Correlates of food competition behavior.

Random-bred mice from a five-way cross of inbred strains were tested in the open field, running wheel, and food competition tests, various measures were intercorrelated to determine the associations between these behaviors. The results indicated that food competition behavior was positively associated with early running wheel activity, negatively correlated with open-field defecation, and negatively correlated with body weight measures. There was no association between open-field activity and food competition. It was suggested that food competition behavior is partly determined by general activity and emotionality.
The cardiovascular response of normal rats to dual lesion of the subfornical organ and area postrema at rest and to chronic losartan.

Abstract The subfornical organ (SFO) and the area postrema (AP), two of the sensory circumventricular organs (CVO), are known to play a role in the chronic central control of blood pressure. In previous studies in which these regions were independently lesioned, the chronic hypotensive effects of the AT1 receptor blocker losartan (10 mg/kg/day) were attenuated by ~ 15 mm Hg. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effect of concurrent lesion of both the SFO and the AP on the cardiovascular effects of chronic losartan infusion in order to test the hypothesis that a greater attenuation of the hypotensive effects of losartan would be observed in rats with dual lesions. To do so, arterial pressure and heart rate responses to 10-day infusion of losartan were compared in sham rats and those with dual lesions of the AP and SFO. Two important findings resulted from this study. First, dual lesion rats exhibited a sustained and significant decrease in resting blood pressure (83 ± 1 mm Hg vs. 104 ± 1 mm Hg, respectively) and heart rate (356 ± 3 bpm vs. 398 ± 6 bpm, respectively) compared to sham animals. Secondly, rats with concurrent lesion of both the AP and the SFO demonstrated a significantly attenuated response to losartan compared to sham animals but showed no greater attenuation of losartan's chronic hypotensive effects than animals with lesion of either the SFO or the AP (∼ 15 mm Hg). Although these results do not support the stated hypothesis, they do suggest redundancy and compensatory roles of the AP and SFO in basal cardiovascular control.
The Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy: An Overview of Controversial Issues.

Abstract The field of epilepsy and behavior is rich with controversial issues. In anticipation of an upcoming new feature of Epilepsy & Behavior called Controversial Issues in Epilepsy and Behavior, several highly debated issues are reviewed in this article. These include whether epilepsy is a neuropsychiatric disorder, the relationship between epilepsy and depression and the possible “bidirectional” interaction between the two disorders, and the differences in clinical expression of depression and psychotic disorders in epileptic and nonepileptic patients and the associated implications with respect to diagnosis and treatment. In addition, forced normalization and the very limited involvement of psychiatrists in the evaluation and management of patients with epilepsy are discussed.
Gröbner Techniques for Low-Degree Hilbert Stability

We give a method for verifying, by a symbolic calculation, the stability or semistability with respect to a linearization of fixed, possibly small, degree m, of the Hilbert point of a scheme having a suitably large automorphism group. We also implement our method and apply it to analyze the stability of bicanonical models of certain curves. Our examples are very special, but they arise naturally in the log minimal model program for . In some examples, this connection provides a check of our computations; in others, the computations confirm predictions about conjectural stages of the program.
Oilfields of the United States

THE modern petroleum industry in the United States of America dates from the drilling of the first commercial oil well in 1859. Up to the present, about a million wells have been drilled for oil and gas, and the total production of petroleum has been 22,452,498,000 barrels, which has been contributed by twenty-three of the forty-eight States.
Analysis and modeling of microburst precipitation

Observations from a recent rocket experiment that measured electrons over the energy range of 1–300 keV shows that microburst temporal structures exist from about 20 keV to >120 keV. Simultaneous observations at five different pitch-angles (0°–90°) show the distribution is nearly isotropic during the bursts, while at low activity (quiet times and the valleys between microbursts) the distribution is anisotropic with higher fluxes at larger pitch-angles. The energy spectra were reasonably fit with a Maxwellian, with an e-folding energy Eo≈6–9 keV for α=0°, which increases to ≈ 10 keV at 67°. A modeling of electron spectra using the theory of pitch-angle diffusion can reproduce the observed spectra, suggesting pitch-angle scattering of electrons due to a wave-particle interaction is the primary mechanism responsible for microbursts.
Management of cardiac anomalies associated with velocardiofacial syndrome

Abstract Deletion of chromosome 22q11 is associated with the majority of cases of DiGeorge anomaly, velocardiofacial syndrome, and conotruncal anomaly face syndrome. This group of syndromes shares similar phenotypic characteristics related to abnormal neural crest development, including dysmorphic facial features, palatal abnormalities, thymic deficiency, hypocalcemia and conotruncal cardiac anomalies. The cardiac defects most frequently associated with chromosome 22q11 deletion include interrupted aortic arch type B, truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. Management of these patients depends on their clinical presentation, which may vary greatly. In this review, we will describe important issues related to the medical and surgical management of the cardiac anomalies most frequently seen in association with the 22q11 deletion phenotype.
Gauge-invariant multipole expansion scheme for heavy-quark systems in quantum chromodynamics

Separation of short-distance and long-distance dynamics for heavy-quark--antiquark systems interacting with color gluons is investigated through a classification of gluons according to their ranges. A gauge-invariant double multipole expansion scheme is constructed which takes into account color fluctuation of heavy-quark systems. Hadronic transitions between heavy-quark--antiquark bound states as well as the static quark-antiquark potential are studied within this framework.
15 Early Bird Specials for a Basketball Unit

(1999). 15 Early Bird Specials for a Basketball Unit. Strategies: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 9-12.
Bandwidth and threshold calculations for angle-tuned parametric oscillators

The bandwidth of angle-tuned optical parametric oscillators, in some cases, is limited by the noncolinear interaction of the pump, signal, and idler beams, which results when the non-linear material is rotated relative to the pump beam. The decreased beam overlap reduces the parametric gain and increases the pump power threshold. To determine this bandwidth, a theoretical expression for the threshold is derived in the near field limit taking into account double refraction for a noncolinear interaction. Angle tuning can be done by 1) rotating the crystal and mirrors as a unit, or by 2) rotating the crystal only. Expressions for determining the tuning rate and threshold increase for both tuning methods are derived. Angle tuning about the 90° phase-matching axis in LiNbO 3 (the low-threshold design) is shown to be not practical. A combination of step temperature tuning and voltage fine tuning is found to be most practical in this case. A wide-band oscillator with a small threshold increase is shown to be possible by angle tuning about an axis not parallel to a crystal axis. The threshold increases very little if the oscillator is tuned by rotating only the crystal inside an optical cavity made of one curved and one flat mirror.
Predicting performance potential of modern DSPs

High-level development tools for digital signal processors (DSPs) remain unable to extract optimal performance from them without the designer's in-depth knowledge of the architecture. In this paper we describe our approach to Retargetable Estimation and show how and why it can be effective in quickly predicting and guiding toward hand-optimized performance of moderns DSPs for a given application described in a high-level language. We also contrast the advantages of this scheme with those of a full-featured optimizing compiler.
Traditional waveform based spike sorting yields biased rate code estimates

Much of neuroscience has to do with relating neural activity and behavior or environment. One common measure of this relationship is the firing rates of neurons as functions of behavioral or environmental parameters, often called tuning functions and receptive fields. Firing rates are estimated from the spike trains of neurons recorded by electrodes implanted in the brain. Individual neurons' spike trains are not typically readily available, because the signal collected at an electrode is often a mixture of activities from different neurons and noise. Extracting individual neurons' spike trains from voltage signals, which is known as spike sorting, is one of the most important data analysis problems in neuroscience, because it has to be undertaken prior to any analysis of neurophysiological data in which more than one neuron is believed to be recorded on a single electrode. All current spike-sorting methods consist of clustering the characteristic spike waveforms of neurons. The sequence of first spike sorting based on waveforms, then estimating tuning functions, has long been the accepted way to proceed. Here, we argue that the covariates that modulate tuning functions also contain information about spike identities, and that if tuning information is ignored for spike sorting, the resulting tuning function estimates are biased and inconsistent, unless spikes can be classified with perfect accuracy. This means, for example, that the commonly used peristimulus time histogram is a biased estimate of the firing rate of a neuron that is not perfectly isolated. We further argue that the correct conceptual way to view the problem out is to note that spike sorting provides information about rate estimation and vice versa, so that the two relationships should be considered simultaneously rather than sequentially. Indeed we show that when spike sorting and tuning-curve estimation are performed in parallel, unbiased estimates of tuning curves can be recovered even from imperfectly sorted neurons.
A Simple Prepayment Model of Commercial Mortgages

Abstract Prepayment behavior of single family mortgages has been intensively researched over the past 10 years. This knowledge is essential for valuing the uncertain cash flows of publicly traded mortgage-based securities. A similar need in the much smaller commercial mortgage market remains unfilled. Commercial data to support empirical research are generally unavailable, while results from the single family market are not readily transferable since commercial contracts are different, often including a lockout or yield maintenance provision, and commercial borrowers are believed to behave more “ruthlessly” than single family borrowers. This paper reports prepayment data and presents the results from a simple prepayment model, using a sample of 7,800 multifamily mortgages owned by Freddie Mac and originated over the period 1984 to 1990. The empirically estimated model follows the current literature in relying primarily on the spread between the book value and the market value of the mortgage to measure the prepayment incentive. The Wall Street characterization of commercial mortgages being “fast prepays” is assessed by comparing these model results with a Foster and Van Order single family specification.
Combined stimulation of enterocyte proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis maximally enhances intestinal adaptation

Introduction. Following massive small bowel resection (SBR), there is an important adaptive response in the remnant ileum characterized by augmented enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis. This study tests the hypothesis that combined stimulation of enterocyte proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis would enhance adaptation to a greater extent than either perturbation alone. Methods. Bax-null mice in which postresection apoptosis is not induced and wild-type (WT) littermates underwent 50% proximal SBR or Sham operation (bowel transection with reanastomosis). Mice from both groups were then randomized to receive administration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) a stimulator of enterocyte proliferation or saline, which served as a control. Roughly 3–5 mice per group were studied. After 3 days alterations in morphology (villus height, crypt depth) and enterocyte turnover (proliferation − % uptake BrdU; apoptosis − # apoptotic bodies identified by TUNEL immunostaining) were measured. Results. Adaptation after SBR occurred normally in WT and bax-null mice. Treatment with EGF resulted in an expected greater adaptation response in the WT mice. In bax-null mice EGF amplified the adaptation response even further (Figure). Conclusion. The magnitude of resection-induced adaptation is dependent upon a tight balance between rates of enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis. This study suggests that a dual therapeutic strategy directed at increasing enterocyte proliferation coupled with preventing apoptosis is better than either approach alone. These findings offer a new treatment paradigm as a means to encourage a maximal adaptation response following the acute loss of significant intestinal length. Download full-size image
Water chemistry effect on the wear of stainless steel in nuclear power plant

A specific tribometer equipped for electrochemical measurements in pressurized high temperature water (PHTW) is being used to study the effect of the water chemistry on the wear rate of a stainless steel. First results indicate that a slightly acidic pH increases drastically the wear rate compared to slightly alkaline pH. However, this result could not be correlated to an oxidation process due to a lower current value measured during friction. Some hypothesis are presented on the influence of short-length attractive forces in the contact.
A least squares finite element formulation for plane elasto-statics based on p-version with applications to laminated composites

Abstract This paper presents a weighted p-version least squares finite element formulation (LSFEF) for two-dimensional plane elasto-statics and its application for simulating linear static behavior of laminated composites. The second order partial differential equations of equilibrium in displacements are recast into a series of first order coupled partial differential equations using stresses as auxiliary variables. The primary (displacements: u and v) and the secondary (stresses: σxx, τxy and σyy) variables are interpolated using equal order, C0 continuity, p-version hierarchical approximation functions. The p-version hierarchical approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variable operators are derived directly from the Lagrange family of interpolation functions by first constructing the one dimensional p-version hierarchical approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variable operators for three node equivalent configurations in the ξ and η directions and then taking their products. The least squares procedure yields a system of linear, symmetric simultaneous algebraic equations. The formulation provides inter-element continuity of displacements as well as stresses. Even though the element approximation is of type C0, in the limit when the error functional I converges to zero (i.e., when I → 0) the formulation behaves more like a C1 type. In addition, for an inadequate mesh with an inadequate order of approximation for the elements, the element error functional values provide a mechanism for h and/or p-adaptive refinements. This is a unique feature of the LSFEF as compared to variational based formulations. Many other unique features of the formulation are discussed and illustrated in the paper. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the formulation in simulating accurate inter-lamina stress behavior as well as accurate stress values and stress gradients at and near singularities. The results obtrained from the present formulation are compared with the results obtained from the p-version variational formulation and with those reported in the literature.
Effect of short-time subpasteurization treatments on the destruction of Staphylococcus aureus in milk for cheese manufacture.

Abstract In-line samples of raw milk, heated milk, milk from filled cheese vats, and cheese curd were obtained from four cheese plants and examined for the presence of staphylococci. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was influenced by the heat treatment used. Staphylococci were not detected in milk that had received heat exposures equal to or greater than pasteurization. Subpasteurization treatments of 147 to 150F for 16 to 21sec also resulted in staphylococcus-free milk. However, cheese samples from such milk were not free of staphylococci, suggesting contamination at the vat. Analyses of the cheese during ripening showed in the majority of samples a decrease in numbers to less than 100 organisms per gram in 120 days. The heat resistance of 236 S. aureus isolates obtained during the cheese plant study was determined in raw milk using a tubular high-temperature short-time heat exchanger. Approximately 46% of the 236 contained viable cells after a heat treatment of 147F with a 21-sec total exposure time. Forty-six of these 108 cultures contained survivors after they had been heated at 150F for 21sec. Only three of these 46 cultures contained viable cells after a heat treatment of 152F for 21 sec. In addition, the heat resistance of several enterotoxigenic strains of S aureus were determined. Heat treatments ranging from 141 to 149F with a 22.5-sec total exposure were required to reduce the initial populations used to levels which could not be detected in 55.5ml of milk.
Role of echinoderms in benthic remineralization in the Chukchi Sea

The role of large, epibenthic organisms in carbon cycling at high latitudes is difficult to assess using standard ship-board collection techniques. We used a remotely operated vehicle equipped with video imaging to examine the distribution and abundance of epibenthic organisms in the northeast Chukchi Sea during June 1998. At each of 11 sites, we collected between 25 and 50 images from a minimum of 20 min of video. We observed 15 different epibenthic taxa, with the echinoderms (Ophiura sarsia, O. maculata, Ophiopholis aculeata, Stegophiura nodosa, and Echinarachinus parma) overwhelmingly dominating the epibenthos. Echinoderm density was highly variable, ranging from 0.2 to 256.6 individuals m–2 (median=16.3), and echinoderm biomass varied between <0.5 and 4,988 mg C m–2 (median=737). The highest biomass of ophiuroids recorded (3,388 mg C m–2) is 30% higher than the highest previously reported from an Arctic shelf. Using a relationship between biomass and respiration developed for deep-sea organisms living at cold temperatures, we estimated respiration rates from <0.1 to 15.0 mg C m–2 day–1 (median=1.9). Respiration rates measured on board were several orders of magnitude higher than those obtained from the predictive equation. Further work is needed to assess echinoderm respiration rates accurately under in situ conditions. Even with calculated minimal values for respiration rates, a comparison of epifaunal and infaunal respiration at four stations revealed that echinoderm respiration accounted for as much as 25% of total respiration. High epifaunal respiration rates and biomass values are likely supported by high concentrations of particulate organic carbon carried by Bering Sea water flowing through the eastern Chukchi Sea. Our observations support observations from the Eurasian Arctic that echinoderms dominate the epibenthos of Arctic shelves and that the role of these organisms in carbon remineralization must be considered if we are to generate accurate models of carbon cycling in the Arctic.
Dosimetric effect of respiratory motion in external beam radiotherapy of the lung

Abstract Background and purpose To study the effect of breathing motion on gross tumor volume (GTV) coverage for lung tumors using dose-volume histograms and relevant dosimetric indices. Patients and methods Treatment plans were chosen for 12 patients treated at our institution for lung carcinoma. GTV volumes of these patients ranged from 1.2 to 97.3 cm 3 . A margin of 1–2 cm was used to generate the planning target volume (PTV). Additional margins of 0.6–1.0 cm were added to the PTV when designing treatment portals. For the purposes of TCP calculation, the prescription dose was assumed to be 70Gy to remove the effects of prescription differences. Setup error was incorporated into the evaluation of treatment plans with a systematic component of σ RL =0.2cm, σ AP =0.2cm, and σ SI =0.3cm and a random component of σ RL =0.3cm, σ AP =0.3cm, and σ SI =0.3cm. Breathing motion was incorporated into these plans based on an independent analysis of fluoroscopic movies of the diaphragm for 7 patients. The systematic component of breathing motion ( σ RL =0.3cm, σ AP =0.2cm, and σ SI =0.6cm) was incorporated into the treatment plans on a slice by slice basis. The intrafractional component of breathing motion ( σ RL =0.3cm, σ AP =0.2cm, and σ SI =0.6cm) was incorporated by averaging the dose calculation over all displacements of the breathing cycle. Each patient was simulated 500 times to discern the range of possible outcomes. The simulations were repeated for a worst case scenario which used only breathing data with a large diaphragmatic excursion, both with and without intrafractional breathing motion. Results Dose to 95% of the GTV ( D 95), volume of the GTV receiving 95% of the prescription dose ( V 95), and TCP changed an average of −1.4±4.2, −1.0±3.3, and −1.4±3.8%, respectively, with the incorporation of normal breathing effects. In the worst case scenario (heavy breathers), D 95 and V 95 changed an average of −9.8±10.1 and −8.3±11.3%, respectively, and TCP changed by −8.1±9.1%. GTVs with volumes greater than 60 cm 3 showed stronger sensitivity to breathing especially if the shape was non-ellipsoidal. In the normal breathing case, the probability of a decrease in D 95, V 95, or TCP of a magnitude greater than 10% is less than 4%, and in the worse case scenario this probability is approximately 30–40% with intrafractional breathing motion included, and less than 10% with intrafractional breathing motion not included. Conclusions With the PTV margins routinely used at our center, the effects of normal breathing on coverage are small on the average, with a less than 4% chance of a 10% or greater decrease in D 95, V 95, or TCP. However, in patients with large respiration-induced motion, the effect can be significant and efforts to identify such patients are important.
The Potential for Military Diets to Reduce Depression, Suicide, and Impulsive Aggression: A Review of Current Evidence for Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT The current burden of psychological distress and illness poses as a significant barrier to optimal force efficacy. Here we assess nutrients in military diets, specifically highly unsaturated essential fatty acids, in the reduction of risk or treatment of psychiatric distress. Moderate to strong evidence from several meta-analyses of prospective cohort trials indicate that Mediterranean diet patterns reduce risk of clinical depressions. Specific nutrients and foods of biological interest in relation to mental health outcomes are then discussed and evaluated. Moderate evidence indicates that when fish consumption decreases and simultaneously omega-6 increases, the risk of clinical depressive symptoms are elevated. One meta-analysis examining tissue compositions provides moderate to strong evidence that higher levels of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) are associated with decreased risk of clinical depressions. Ot...
Stereometric Description And Analysis Of Skull Growth In P. Cynocephalus Anubis (Olive Baboon)

Biosterometric techniques have demonstrated advantages over traditional craniometric methods in describing and analyzing irregular biological forms and form-changes. This paper demonstrates how data obtained with a simple stereoplotting craniostat can be used to precisely describe growth-related changes observed in a cross-sectional collection of olive baboon (Papio cynocephalus anubis) skulls. Data obtained from this extremely prognathic primate species are analyzed using principles of stereographic projections. Demonstrations are made showing how readily understandable representations of otherwise complex multidimensional shapes and shape changes associated with the skull can be made.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The design and calibration of particular geometry piezoelectric acoustic emission transducer for leak detection and localization

Pipeline leak detection using an acoustic emission (AE) method requires highly sensitive transducers responding to less attenuative and dispersive wave motion in order to place the discrete transducer spacing in an acceptable approach. In this paper, a new piezoelectric transducer geometry made of PZT-5A is introduced to increase the transducer sensitivity to the tangential direction. The finite element analysis of the transducer geometry is modeled in the frequency domain to identify the resonant frequency, targeting 60 kHz, and the loss factor. The numerical results are compared with the electromechanical characterization tests. The transducer response to wave motion generated in different directions is studied using a multiphysics model that couples mechanical and electrical responses of structural and piezoelectric properties. The directional dependence and the sensitivity of the transducer response are identified using the laser-induced load function. The transducer response is compared with a conventional thickness mode AE transducer under simulations and leak localization in a laboratory scale steel pipe.
Analysis of Lymphomas by Flow Cytometry Current and Emerging Strategies

The standard style for reporting results of immunophenotype analysis of lymphocytes by FCM is in the form of percentages of antigen-expressing cells. This procedure does not fully exploit the capabilities of FCM and is not always applicable to neoplastic samples. An alternative procedure for data analysis consists of a visual examination of the graphical displays of antibody binding patterns and size distribution without considering the actual fraction of fluorescent (positive) cells. Although it requires visual training and detailed examination of the data, this "pattern recognition" strategy offers unique diagnostic information that cannot be derived from simple percentages. Furthermore, the use of multiple labels, combined with interactive gating based on changes in cell size or intensity of antigen expression, provides high levels of sensitivity in detection of neoplastic cells and is an invaluable strategy in cases of minimal tumor involvement.
Effect of experimenter attire and sex on participant productivity

The experimental environment is complex and many subtle variables can influence the research findings. We investigated whether the sex of experimenter, the formality of experimenter attire, and the sex of participant affected respondents’ productivity when asked to describe a business executive. The results revealed a significant interaction between experimenter sex and attire. Participants generated more terms and took longer to describe the business executive when the female experimenter was dressed casually and when the male experimenter was dressed professionally.
Iron in Skin of Mice with Three Etiologies of Systemic Iron Overload

In human hemochromatosis, tissue toxicity is a function of tissue iron levels. Despite reports of skin toxicity in hemochromatosis, little is known about iron levels in skin of individuals with systemic iron overload. We measured skin iron and studied skin histology in three mouse models of systemic iron overload: mice with a deletion of the hemochromatosis ( Hfe ) gene, mice fed a high iron diet, and mice given parenteral injections of iron. In Hfe –/– mice, iron content in the epidermis and dermis was unexpectedly the same as in Hfe +/+ mice, and there were no histological abnormalities detected after 30 wk. A high iron diet produced increased iron in the epidermis of both normal and Hfe –/– animals; a high diet increased iron in the dermis only in Hfe –/– mice. Increased skin iron was not associated with other histological changes, even after 19 wk. Parenteral administration of iron produced increased iron in the epidermis and dermis, and gave the skin a bronze hue. These results show that the amount and distribution of iron in the skin depends on the etiology of iron overload. It appears that neither Hfe deletion nor elevated skin iron alone can account for cutaneous manifestations reportedly seen in humans with hereditary hemochromatosis.
The role of basalt weathering in the Sr isotope budget of the oceans

Abstract Using a coupled fluid flow–mass transfer model to calculate the Sr flux resulting from the weathering of the young Columbia River basalts, it can be shown that the dissolution of the reactive phases in the extensive continental flood basalt could have caused the significant inflection in the marine Sr isotope record that occurred approximately 15 million years ago. The results of our model demonstrate the important and often overlooked role that the weathering of large igneous provinces can play in geochemical cycles. Furthermore, by approaching the question of continental Sr fluxes to the ocean using a mass transfer model, we are able to establish a quantitative relationship between the marine Sr record, chemical weathering rates and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The CO2 drawdown rates that we calculate for the weathering of the Columbia River basalt suggest that, on a several million-year timescale, the formation of large igneous provinces represents a net sink for atmospheric CO2. The removal of CO2 via the rapid dissolution of the Columbia River basalts represents an alternative explanation for the glacial period believed to have followed its formation. We also consider the potential role that basalt weathering could play in the evolution of the 87 Sr / 87 Sr ratio of the oceans since the early Cretaceous. Rapid Sr release during basalt dissolution combined with variations in the relative exposure of young vs. old lithologies could explain changes in the 87 Sr / 86 Sr ratio of the oceans without calling on dramatic increases in the continental Sr flux over that time period. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for changes in the relative exposure of different lithologies when considering the nature of global geochemical cycles in the geologic past.
The improved syntheses of 5-substituted 2'-[18F]fluoro-2'-deoxy-arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives ([18F]FAU, [18F]FEAU, [18F]FFAU, [18F]FCAU, [18F]FBAU and [18F]FIAU) using a multistep one-pot strategy

Abstract Introduction We and others have previously reported a four-step radiosynthesis of a series of 2′-deoxy-2′-[ 18 F]fluoro-5-substituted-1-β- d -arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives including [ 18 F]FAU, [ 18 F]FEAU, [ 18 F]FFAU, [ 18 F]FCAU, [ 18 F]FBAU and [ 18 F]FIAU as thymidine derivatives for tumor proliferation and/or reporter gene expression imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Although the radiosynthesis has been proven to be reproducible and efficient, this complicated multistep reaction is difficult to incorporate into an automated cGMP-compliant radiosynthesis module for routine production. Recently, we have developed a simple and efficient one-pot method for routine production of [ 18 F]FMAU. In this study, we studied the feasibility of radiosynthesizing [ 18 F]FAU, [ 18 F]FEAU, [ 18 F]FFAU, [ 18 F]FCAU, [ 18 F]FBAU and [ 18 F]FIAU using this newly developed method. Methods Similar to the radiosynthesis of [ 18 F]FMAU, 5-substituted 2′-[ 18 F]fluoro-2′-deoxy-arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives ([ 18 F]FAU, [ 18 F]FEAU, [ 18 F]FFAU, [ 18 F]FCAU, [ 18 F]FBAU and [ 18 F]FIAU) were synthesized in one-pot radiosynthesis module in the presence of Friedel–Crafts catalyst TMSOTf and HMDS. Results This one-pot radiosynthesis method could be used to produce [ 18 F]FAU, [ 18 F]FEAU, [ 18 F]FFAU, [ 18 F]FCAU, [ 18 F]FBAU and [ 18 F]FIAU. The overall radiochemical yields of these tracers varied from 4.1%±0.8% to 10.1%±1.9% (decay-corrected, n =4). The overall reaction time was reduced from 210 min to 150 min from the end of bombardment, and the radiochemical purity was >99%. Conclusions The improved radiosyntheses of [ 18 F]FAU, [ 18 F]FEAU, [ 18 F]FFAU, [ 18 F]FCAU, [ 18 F]FBAU and [ 18 F]FIAU have been achieved with reasonable yields and high purity using a multistep one-pot method. The synthetic time has been reduced, and the reaction procedures have been significantly simplified. The success of this approach may make PET tracers [ 18 F]FAU, [ 18 F]FEAU, [ 18 F]FFAU, [ 18 F]FCAU, [ 18 F]FBAU and [ 18 F]FIAU more accessible for preclinical and clinical research.
Incapacitating pain of chronic pancreatitis: a surgical perspective of what is known and what needs to be known

In a select population of patients with established chronic pancreatitis, incapacitating, overwhelming, truly intractable pain develops that markedly alters quality of life and prevents ability to function productively in society (i.e., maintain employment or homemaking duties). Attempts to control the pain by pharmacologic means, such as oral pancreatic enzymes, nonnarcotic analgesics, psychopharmacologic agents, or celiac plexus blocks may prove untenable, leading to a vicious circle of ever-increasing needs for narcotic analgesics and the secondary physical and psychosocial problems of chemical addiction. Although the role of the surgeon is to treat the complications of chronic pancreatitis (i.e., hemorrhage; GI, biliary, or vascular obstruction; selected patients with pseudocyst disease; and severe pain), this article will focus specifically on surgical approaches in the patient with incapacitating, medically intractable pain from chronic pancreatitis. Three unique situations will be addressed: (1) small duct chronic pancreatitis (main pancreatic ductal diameter 7 mm), and (3) inflammatory mass in the head of the gland. Discussion will center on controversies in anatomic and nonanatomic parenchymal resections (pancreatectomy), ductal drainage/gland “decompression” procedures, and selective neurotomies (greater splanchnic neurotomy) or chemical neuroablative procedures (celiac plexus blocks). The outline will address what is known, what is not known, and our opinion about which studies are needed.
The biochemical and histological effects of artificial ligament wear particles: In vitro and in vivo studies

Growing evidence suggests that biochemical mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Cartilaginous wear particles have been shown to induce destructive enzymes and cytokines. To assess the biocompatibility of artificial ACL replacements, the effects of wear particles from the following ligaments were analyzed biochemically and histologically: GORETEX, Stryker Dacron Ligament Prosthesis, Versigraft carbon, Kennedy LAD, Xenograft, Leeds-Keio, and human patellar tendon allograft. Ligaments were frozen and ground to produce wear particles similar to those seen clinically and were added to lapine synovial cell cultures. The resulting conditioned medium was analyzed for collagenase, gelatinase, and chondrocyte activating factor (CAF) production. All of the ligaments induced significantly elevated enzyme and CAF production by the synoviocytes, with Xenograft and carbon inducing significantly higher enzyme levels than those of the other five ligaments. Five milligrams of wear particles were injected into the knees of 4 kg to 5 kg rabbits that were analyzed histologically after 14 weeks. Wear particles accumulated in the periarticular synovial folds and induced modest to severe macrophage infiltration in the synovium. A hypothetical model explaining the role of artificial ligament wear particles in the pathogenesis of arthritis is presented.
English Workers’Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look*

T he politically charged debate over workers' living standards during the Industrial Revolution' deserves renewal with the appearance of fresh data or new perspectives. This paper mines an expanding data base and emerges with a far clearer picture of workers' fortunes after I750. While optimists and pessimists can both draw support from the enterprise, the pessimists' case emerges with the greater need for redirection and repair. The evidence suggests that material gains were even bigger after I 820 than optimists had previously claimed, even if the concept of material well-being is expanded
Accelerated RF life Testing of Gan Hfets

This work reports the results of the first three temperature accelerated RF life test on millimeter-wave GaN heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs) at 10 GHz. 2times100 mum transistors were stressed at 2 dB compression with a pre RF bias condition of Ids = 100 mA/mm and Vds = 25 V. The three channel temperatures used in study were 285 degC, 315 degC and 345 degC. An activation energy of 1.80 eV was extracted giving a MTTF at Tch = 125 degC of 3.5times109 hours.
A comprehensive model for evaluating innovative nutrition education programs

Abstract This article describes a model that we developed to ameliorate problems encountered in traditional evaluations of nutrition education programs. The model, which is designed to be used throughout the development stages of nutrition education programs, focuses on the interdependence among preconditions participants bring to the learning process, elements of program delivery, and educational outcomes.