cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new approach to secure logging

The need for secure logging is well-understood by the security professionals, including both researchers and practitioners. The ability to efficiently verify all (or some) log entries is important to any application employing secure logging techniques. In this article, we begin by examining the state of the art in secure logging and identify some problems inherent to systems based on trusted third-party servers. We then propose a different approach to secure logging based upon recently developed Forward-Secure Sequential Aggregate (FssAgg) authentication techniques. Our approach offers both space-efficiency and provable security. We illustrate two concrete schemes—one private-verifiable and one public-verifiable—that offer practical secure logging without any reliance on online trusted third parties or secure hardware. We also investigate the concept of immutability in the context of forward-secure sequential aggregate authentication to provide finer grained verification. Finally we evaluate proposed schemes and report on our experience with implementing them within a secure logging system.
Oxygen reclamation from metabolic carbon dioxide.

In a closed cabin, the carbon dioxide partial pressure must be kept at a reasonably low level to prevent physiological stress. Additionally, on long .duration missions, the carbon dioxide should be made available for subsequent reclamation of oxygen. This paper is addressed to the problems of maintenance of a low carbon dioxide partial pressure, the maintenance of purity of the carbon dioxide transferred from the concentration apparatus, and the reduction of carbon dioxide to obtain water for subsequent electrolysis. The integration of carbon dioxide concentration systems with a reduction reactor and an electrolysis cell are discussed. A minimum weight system for a four-man crew with a cabin CO2 partial pressure of 3.8 mm Hg weighs about 200 Ib and requires about 1700 electrical w. For this system CO% is concentrated in a Carbonation cell and reduced with hydrogen in a Bosch reactor.
Network access techniques: a review

The computer industry's ability to serve a diverse and expanding user community is evidenced by the rapid growth of computer network services. Computer service providers design and market their own offerings as they deem best, given their own market and their own set of resources. This has led to a proliferation of similar resources requiring different user access procedures. With emphasis on currently operating and planned systems that assist users in accessing available network services, this paper identifies the techniques used in network access devices. By examining these devices, the trend toward improving the interface between the user and the computer is brought more clearly into focus and up to date.
The Dynamics of the Merging Galaxy Cluster System A2256: Evidence for a New Subcluster

We present 236 new radial velocities of galaxies in the cluster A2256 measured with the WIYN Hydra Multi-Object Spectrograph. Combined with the previous work of Fabricant, Kent, & Kurtz, we have velocities for a total of 319 galaxies, of which 277 are cluster members. In addition to the new radial velocities, we present a 3 × 3 image mosaic in the R band of the central 19' × 19' region of A2256, from which we obtained photometry for 861 galaxies. These data provide strong evidence for a merger event between two groups. In addition, we present evidence for the presence of a third group, on the outer reaches of the system, that is just now beginning to merge with the system.
An Unusually Slow Self-Assembly of Inorganic Ions in Dilute Aqueous Solution

A combination of static and dynamic laser light-scattering techniques was used to monitor an unusual slow self-assembly of giant polyoxomolybdate-based molecules into vesicle structures in dilute aqueous solution. Contrary to the behavior of common inorganic ions, these giant molecules need months to reach an equilibrium state. The process is an endothermic process and roughly follows the rule of a first-order reaction. The possible reasons for such a slow solution process are also discussed.
Medical Privacy and the Public's Right to Vote: What Presidential Candidates Should Disclose

We argue that while presidential candidates have the right to medical privacy, the public nature and importance of the presidency generates a moral requirement that candidates waive those rights in certain circumstances. Specifically, candidates are required to disclose information about medical conditions that are likely to seriously undermine their ability to fulfill what we call the "core functions" of the office of the presidency. This requirement exists because (1) people have the right to be governed only with their consent, (2) people's consent is meaningful only when they have access to information necessary for making informed voting decisions, (3) such information is necessary for making informed voting decisions, and (4) there are no countervailing reasons sufficiently strong to override this right. We also investigate alternative mechanisms for legally encouraging or requiring disclosure. Protecting the public's right to this information is of particular importance because of the documented history of deception and secrecy regarding the health of presidents and presidential candidates.
Kinetically controlled phenomena in dynamic combinatorial libraries

Dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) are collections of structurally related compounds that can interconvert through reversible chemical reaction(s). Such reversibility endows DCLs with adaptability to external stimuli, as rapid interconversion allows quick expression of those DCL components which best respond to the disturbing stimulus. This Tutorial Review focuses on the kinetically controlled phenomena that occur within DCLs. Specifically, it will describe dynamic chiral resolution of DCLs, their self-sorting under the influence of irreversible chemical and physical stimuli, and the autocatalytic behaviours within DCLs which can result in self-replicating systems. A brief discussion of precipitation-induced phenomena will follow and the review will conclude with the presentation of covalent organic frameworks (COFs)—porous materials whose synthesis critically depends on the fine tuning of the crystal growth and error correction rates within large DCLs.
The Value of Segmenting the Milk Market into bST-Produced and Non-bST-Produced Milk

This article discusses the value to milk producers and consumers of segmenting the milk market into bovine Somatotropin- (bST) produced milk and non-bST-produced milk markets, versus losing milk consumption from consumers who will not consume bST-produced milk. Results indicate that both bST-using producers and non-bST-using producers benefit from a segmented market when compared to losing milk markets. Even if market loss does not occur, segmenting the market benefits producers not able to effectively use bST, and may even benefit bST users if the use of bST significantly shifts the supply curve for milk. Non-bST-consuming consumers benefit from the availability of non-bST milk, and consumers who are indifferent to the use of bST pay about the same price in a segmented market.
Old Galaxies at High Redshift and the Cosmological Constant

In a recent striking discovery, Dunlop et al. (1996) observed a galaxy at redshift z = 1.55 with an estimated age of 3.5 Gyr. This is incompatible with age estimates for a flat matter-dominated universe unless the Hubble constant is less than 45 km s-1 Mpc-1. While both an open universe and a universe with a cosmological constant alleviate this problem, I argue here that this result favors a nonzero cosmological constant, especially when it is considered in light of other cosmological constraints: (1) for the favored range of matter densities, the constraint is more stringent than the globular cluster age constraint, which already favors a nonzero cosmological constant; (2) the age-redshift relation for redshifts of order unity implies that the ratio between the age associated with redshift 1.55 and the present age is also generally larger for a cosmological constant-dominated universe than for an open universe; (3) structure formation is generally suppressed in low-density cosmologies, arguing against early galaxy formation. The additional constraints imposed by the new observation on the parameter space of h versus Ωmatter (where H = 100 h km s-1 Mpc-1) are derived for both cosmologies.
Computer Use and the Demand for Female Workers.

Using data from the March and October CPS, the author investigates the effect of computers on the demand for female workers. A model illustrates that computers, by changing skill requirements and the conditions of work—de-emphasizing physical skill—should favor women even if women have no advantage over men in using computers or in acquiring computer skills. Decompositions of the growth in women's employment and cross-industry-occupation regressions indicate that increases in computer use can account for over half of the growth in demand for female workers. Consistent with the hypothesis that differences in the physical requirements of jobs are responsible for these effects, increases in computer use have the greatest effect among skilled blue-collar workers and workers with less than a college education. The increase in computer use may contribute to an apparent substitutability between highly skilled women and less skilled men found in other research.
Public Sector Science And The Strategy Of The Commons

We model the conditions under which incumbent firms may purposefully create an intellectual property (IP) commons such that no firm has the incentive to invest in new product development, despite the potential profitability of a public sector invention. The strategy of spoiling incentives to innovate by eliminating exclusive IP rights—the strategy of the commons—is motivated by a fear of cannibalization and supported by a credible threat. We show how the degree of potential cannibalization is related to this market failure and characterize the subgame perfect equilibrium in which the strategy of the commons is played. †We are grateful to Jim Brander, Iain Cockburn, Jerry Thursby, and participants of theNBERproductivityworkshop for thoughtful comments, and to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Grant No. 410-2004-1770) as well as the Mellon Foundation for generous financial support.
Optical Studies Of X-Ray Sources With The MASCOT-A Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)-Based Astronomical Instrument

The performance levels achieved by the MASCOT (MIT Astronomical Spectrometer/Camera for Optical Telescopes) on the 1.3-m telescope at the McGraw-Hill observatory in March 1981 are discussed along with preliminary data obtained in searches for optical counterparts to four 'empty-field' X-ray sources. In the W band (4000-7000 A), the MASCOT achieved a sky-limited sensitivity of +24.4 mag per sq arcsec in an 1800 s integration. The ability to flatten pictures to a level consistent with (sky + source) photon statistics and readout noise was demonstrated. For the four sources observed, an optical counterpart was established for one source (1413+13) based on positional coincidence (better than 1.8 arcsec), four possible candidates were detected in the error box of another source (1009?35) and upper sensitivity limits were established for optical counterparts in the error boxes for the other two sources (0920+39 and 0931-11).
Shape variables for the doubly-charmed B decays☆

Abstract We propose to use the hadronic shape variables to test the assumption of “local duality” in the doubly-charmed B decays, B → X c c s . We compute these shape variables at leading order in parton model, and discuss how they can be compared with the experimental values.
A cyclobutanone-based tandem free radical rearrangement

Abstract Free radical reaction of endo-haloalkylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-7-ones 1 and 11 leads to sequential rearrangement and formation of the novel, bridged tricyclic ketones 2 and 13 . A mechanism for this unusual transformation is proposed.
An Efficient, Second-Generation Synthesis of the Signature Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Core of (+)-Sorangicin A and Elaboration of the (Z,Z,E)-Triene Acid System

An efficient, second-generation synthesis of the signature dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core of (+)-sorangicin A (1), in conjunction with an effective, stereocontrolled protocol to arrive at the requisite (Z,Z,E)-triene acid system has been developed. Highlights of the core construction entail a three-component union, a KHMDS-promoted epoxide ring formation−ring opening cascade, a Takai olefination, and a chemoselective Sharpless dihydroxylation. Assembly of the triene acid system was then achieved via Stille cross-coupling with the ethyl ester of (Z,Z)-5-tributylstannyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid, followed by mild hydrolysis preserving the triene configuration.
Application of energy and angular momentum balance to gravitational radiation reaction for binary systems with spin-orbit coupling

We study gravitational radiation reaction in the equations of motion for binary systems with spin-orbit coupling, at order (v/c)7 beyond Newtonian gravity, or O(v/c)2 beyond the leading radiation reaction effects for non-spinning bodies. We use expressions for the energy and angular momentum flux at infinity that include spin-orbit corrections, together with an assumption of energy and angular momentum balance, to derive equations of motion that are valid for general orbits and for a class of coordinate gauges. We show that the equations of motion are compatible with those derived earlier by a direct calculation.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of organometallic cis-dichloro(enamine)(amine) platinum(II) complexes

A series of organometallic enamine complexes of platinum(II) have been synthesized and their antitumor activity in vitro have been evaluated against L1210 murine leukemia cells. Preliminary results indicate that this class of complexes have good in vitro cytotoxicity against L1210 murine leukemia cells.
Extraction of Impulse Response Data via Wavelet Transform for Structural System Identification

This paper presents a wavelet transform-based method of extracting the impulse response characteristics from the measured disturbances and response histories of linear structural dynamic systems. The proposed method is found to be effective in determining the impulse response functions for systems subjected to harmonic (narrow frequency-band) input signals and signals with sharp discontinuities, thus alleviating the Gibbs phenomenon encountered in FFT methods. When the system is subjected to random burst input signals for which the FFT methods are known to perform well, the proposed wavelet method performs equally well with a fewer number of ensembles than FFT-based methods. For completely random input signals, both the wavelet and FFT methods experience difficulties, although the wavelet method appears to perform somewhat better in tracing the fundamental response modes.
Mapping gravel bed river bathymetry from space

[1] Understanding river form and behavior requires an efficient means of measuring channel morphology. This study evaluated the potential to map the bathymetry of two clear-flowing, shallow (<3 m deep) gravel bed rivers <60 m wide from 2 m-pixel WorldView2 satellite images. Direct measurements of water column optical properties were used to quantify constraints on depth retrieval. The smallest detectable change in depth was 0.01–0.04 m and the maximum detectable depth was 5 m in green bands but <2 m in the near-infrared; lower sensor radiometric resolution yields less precise estimates over a smaller range. An algorithm for calibrating a band ratioX to field measurements of depth d proved effective when applied to spectra extracted from images (R2 = 0.822 and 0.594 for the larger and smaller stream, respectively) or measured in the field (R2 = 0.769 and 0.452). This procedure also identified optimal wavelength combinations, but different bands were selected for each site. Accuracy assessment of bathymetric maps produced using various calibration approaches and image types indicated that: 1) a linear d vs. Xrelation provided depth estimates nearly as accurate as a quadratic formulation; 2) panchromatic and pan-sharpened multispectral images with smaller 0.5 m pixels did not yield more reliable depth estimates than the original images; and 3) depth retrieval was less reliable in pools due to saturation of the radiance signal. This investigation thus demonstrated the feasibility, as well as the limitations, of measuring the bathymetry of clear, shallow gravel bed rivers from space.
GLOWING GOLD RINGS : SOLVOLUMINESCENCE FROM PLANAR TRIGOLD(I) COMPLEXES

Abstract Colorless crystals of the cyclic trigold(I) complex, Au 3 (CH 3 OCNCH 3 ) 3 , that have previously been irradiated with low energy ultraviolet light, emit bright flashes of yellow light when they make contact with a solvent such as chloroform or acetone. Spectroscopic data as well as information on solvoluminescence for this trinuclear complex are presented herein. The origin of the solvoluminescence is considered in the context of the solid state structure of the complex which shows that these triangular complexes pack to form extended trigonal prismatic columns.
Total Convergence or General Divergence¶in Small Divisors

We study generic holomorphic families of dynamical systems presenting problems of small divisors with fixed arithmetic. The characteristic features are delicate problems of convergence of formal power series due to Small Divisors. We prove the following dichotomy: We have convergence for all parameter values, or divergence everywhere except for an exceptional pluri-polar set of parameters. We illustrate this general principle in different problems of Small Divisors. As an application we obtain new richer families of non-linearizable examples in the Siegel problem when the Bruno condition is violated, generalizing and extending to higher dimension previous results of Yoccoz and the author.
Project 8: Using Radio-Frequency Techniques to Measure Neutrino Mass

The shape of the beta decay energy distribution is sensitive to the mass of the electron neutrino. Attempts to measure the endpoint shape of tritium decay have so far seen no distortion from the zero-mass form. Here we show that a new type of electron energy spectroscopy could improve future measurements of this spectrum and therefore of the neutrino mass. We propose to detect the coherent cyclotron radiation emitted by an energetic electron in a magnetic field. For mildly relativistic electrons, like those in tritium decay, the relativistic shift of the cyclotron frequency allows us to extract the electron energy from the emitted radiation. As the technique inherently involves the measurement of a frequency in a non-destructive manner, it can, in principle, achieve a high degree of resolution and accuracy.
Progestin alone as primary treatment of endometrial carcinoma in premenopausal women. Report of seven cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND The standard treatment for endometrial carcinoma is staging laparotomy with total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. In an attempt to preserve childbearing potential, selected patients with endometrial carcinoma were treated with progestin alone as primary therapy. METHODS Patients were identified through searches of tumor registries and solicitation of consulting gynecologic oncologists at the affiliated institutions of the University of California-Los Angeles Center for the Health Sciences. Only those patients with a diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma treated with progestin alone as primary therapy were included in the study. Independent pathologic review was performed by a recognized expert gynecologic pathologist to exclude cases of endometrial hyperplasia. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify reports of similarly treated patients. RESULTS Seven patients were treated with progestin alone for endometrial carcinoma at the study institution. Fourteen additional patients were identified through the literature search. Combining the data for all patients, 13 of 21 patients (62%) had an initial response to progestins. Three initial responders later developed recurrent disease, one of whom was found to have extrauterine disease at laparotomy. Eight of 21 patients (38%) did not respond to progestins and underwent more definitive treatment. None of these patients later developed recurrent disease. Six viable infants were delivered of three patients after therapy. Nineteen of 21 patients were alive without evidence of disease at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that premenopausal women with endometrial carcinoma may be treated successfully with progestin therapy alone as primary therapy to preserve childbearing potential. Cancer 1997; 79:320-7. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Implicit nonlinear complementarity: A new approach to contact dynamics

Contact dynamics are commonly formulated as a linear complementarity problem. While this approach is superior to earlier spring-damper models, it can be inaccurate due to pyramid approximations to the friction cone, and inefficient due to lack of convexity coupled with a large number of auxiliary variables. Here we propose a new approach: implicit complementarity. Instead of treating contact velocities and forces as independent variables subject to explicit complementarity constraints, we express them as functions of a minimal set of unconstrained variables, and design these functions so that the complementarity constraints are automatically satisfied. We then solve the equations of motion via a non-smooth Gauss-Newton method augmented with an original linesearch procedure which exploits the problem structure. This enables us to represent the friction cone exactly and to reduce the number of unknowns by about a factor of 3. Numerical tests suggest that, in usage scenarios typical for robotics, the solver takes only about 5 iterations even without warm starts. More extensive tests and side-by-side comparisons remain to be done, but nevertheless the potential of the new approach is clear.
Foreign corrupt practices act: A legal and moral analysis

The author examines the categories of bribes that are prohibited under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act from the perspective of three significant moral theories: utility, rights and justice. He concludes that the Act does not go too far in demanding ethical behaviors from U.S. business people doing business in foreign markets, therefore, it is not in need of a major revision. With regard to accounting provisions, movement from a reasonableness standard to one of materiality would be appropriate however.
FILAMENTATION INSTABILITY OF INTERACTING CURRENT SHEETS IN STRIPED RELATIVISTIC WINDS: THE ORIGIN OF LOW SIGMA?

I outline a mechanism, akin to Weibel instabilities of interpenetrating beams, in which the neighboring current sheets in a striped wind from an oblique rotator interact through a two stream-like mechanism (a Weibel instability in flatland), to create an anomalous resistivity that heats the sheets and causes the magnetic field to diffusively annihilate in the wind upstream of the termination shock. The heating has consequences for observable unpulsed emission from pulsars.
HIGH-VALENT OXOMANGANESE CLUSTERS : STRUCTURAL AND MECHANISTIC WORK RELEVANT TO THE OXYGEN-EVOLVING CENTER IN PHOTOSYSTEM II

Abstract Recent years have seen a considerable interest in bioinorganic chemistry; in particular, the structural and functional modeling of active sites of metalloproteins. The oxomanganese tetramer in the O 2 -evolving center (OEC) in photosystem II (PS II) of plants is thought to be the site of water oxidation to dioxygen. In conjunction with biophysical studies on the enzyme, inorganic chemists are trying to understand the structural and mechanistic aspects of the OEC by studying oxomanganese clusters. A number of such clusters, varying in nuclearity, ligation, and type and number of oxo-bridges, have been synthesized and characterized. Chemical, electrochemical and magnetic properties of these clusters have given much insight into the structure and function of the native enzyme. Here, we review recent efforts in inorganic model complex chemistry towards modeling the tetramanganese active site of PS II.
RVSAO 2.0: Digital Redshifts and Radial Velocities

RVSAO is a set of programs to obtain redshifts and radial velocities from digital spectra. RVSAO operates in the IRAF environment. The heart of the system is xcsao, which implements the cross-correlation method and is a direct descendant of the system built by Tonry & Davis. emsao uses intelligent heuristics to search for emission lines in spectra, and then fits them to obtain a redshift. sumspec shifts and sums spectra to build templates for cross-correlation. linespec builds synthetic spectra given a list of spectral lines. bcvcorr corrects velocities for the motion of the Earth. We discuss in detail the parameters necessary to run xcsao and emsao properly. We discuss the reliability and error associated with xcsao-derived redshifts. We develop an internal error estimator, and we show how large, stable surveys can be used to develop more accurate error estimators. We also develop a new methodology for building spectral templates for galaxy redshifts, using the new templates for the FAST spectrograph as an example. We show how to obtain correlation velocities using emission-line templates. Emission-line correlations are substantially more efficient than the previous standard technique, automated emission-line fitting. Using this machinery, the blunder rate for redshift measurements can be kept near zero; the automation rate for FAST spectra is ∼95%. We use emsao to measure the instrumental zero-point offset and instrumental stability of the Z-Machine and FAST spectrographs. We compare the use of RVSAO with new methods, which use singular value decomposition and x 2 fitting techniques, and conclude that the methods we use are either equal or superior. We show that a two-dimensional spectral classification of galaxy spectra can be developed using our emission- and absorption-line templates as physically orthogonal basis vectors.
Carbon doping of superconducting magnesium diboride

Abstract We present details of synthesis optimization and physical properties of nearly single phase carbon doped MgB2 with a nominal stoichiometry of Mg(B0.8C0.2)2 synthesized from magnesium and boron carbide (B4C) as starting materials. The superconducting transition temperature is ≈22 K (≈17 K lower than in pure MgB2). The temperature dependence of the upper critical field is steeper than in pure MgB2 with H c2 (10 K )≈9 T. Temperature dependent specific heat data taken in different applied magnetic fields suggest that the two-gap nature of superconductivity is still preserved for carbon doped MgB2 even with such a heavily suppressed transition temperature. In addition, the anisotropy ratio of the upper critical field for T/Tc≈2/3 is γ≈2. This value is distinct from 1 (isotropic) and also distinct from 6 (the value found for pure MgB2).
Separating Direct and Indirect Turbofan Engine Combustion Noise Using the Correlation Function

A previous investigation on the presence of direct and indirect combustion noise for a full-scale turbofan engine using a far-field microphone at 130 o is extended by also examining signals obtained at two additional downstream directions using far-field microphones at 110 o and 160 o . A generalized cross-correlation function technique is used to study the change in propagation time to the far-field of the combined direct and indirect combustion noise signal as a sequence of low-pass filters are applied. The filtering procedure used produces no phase distortion. As the low-pass filter frequency is decreased the travel time increases because the relative amount of direct combustion noise is reduced. The indirect combustion noise signal travels more slowly because in the combustor entropy fluctuations move with the flow velocity, which is slow compared to the local speed of sound. The indirect combustion noise signal travels at acoustic velocities after reaching the turbine and being converted into an acoustic signal. The direct combustion noise is always propagating at acoustic velocities. The results show that time delays measured at each angle are fairly consistent with one another for a relevant range of operating conditions and demonstrate source separation of direct and indirect combustion noise. The results may lead to a better idea about the acoustics in the combustor and may help develop and validate improved reduced-order physics-based methods for predicting turbofan engine core noise.
The role of Monte Carlo within a diagonalization/Monte Carlo scheme

Abstract We review the method of stochastic error correction which eliminates the truncation error associated with any subspace diagonalization. Monte Carlo sampling is used to compute the contribution of the remaining basis vectors not included in the initial diagonalization. The method is part of a new approach to computational quantum physics which combines both diagonalization and Monte Carlo techniques.
Rolling-Element Fatigue Lives of Through-Hardened Bearing Materials

Rolling-element fatigue tests were run with eight through-hardened bearing materials at 150 F. One-half in. dia balls of each material were run in five-ball fatigue testers. Care was taken to maintain constant all variables known to affect rolling-element fatigue life. The longest lives at 150 F were obtained with AISI 52100. Ten-percent lives of the other materials ranged from 7 to 78 percent of that obtained with 52100. A trend is indicated toward decreased rolling-element fatigue life with increased total weight percent of alloying elements. Three groups of 120-mm bore ball bearings made from AISI M-1, AISI M-50, and WB-49 were fatigue tested at an outer-race temperature of 600 F. The 10-percent lives of the M-50 and M-1 bearings exceeded the calculated AFBMA life by factors of 13 and 6, respectively. The bearings with WB-49 races showed lives less than AFBMA life. The results of the bearing tests at 600 F correlate well with the results of the five-ball fatigue data at 150 F.
An HI Survey of Actively Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxies

We present the results of H I 21 cm observations of 139 actively star-forming dwarf galaxies obtained with the 305 m radio telescope at Arecibo Observatory. Our sample consists of all objects cataloged in objective-prism surveys for UV-excess or emission-line galaxies published prior to the start of the survey that have luminosities below MB = -17.0 and that are located within the declination limits of the Arecibo telescope. Galaxies from the Markarian, Michigan, Case, Wasilewski, Haro, and Zwicky lists are included. The sample spans a wide range of both H I gas content and star formation levels. A total of 122 objects (88%) were detected; 82 galaxies have been observed for the first time in H I. The median velocity width for our sample is 88 km s-1, and the median H I gas mass is 3.0 × 108 M⊙. In general, the sample galaxies are gas-rich, with an average MH I/LB = 1.3 after correcting for the luminosity enhancement due to the starburst. The progenitors of many of the star-forming dwarfs have higher MH I/LB than typically seen in samples of nearby "normal" galaxies, emphasizing their distinct nature.
ε-VOPO4: Electrochemical Synthesis and Enhanced Cathode Behavior

e-VOPO 4 was synthesized from the monoclinic and tetragonal forms of H 2 VOPO 4 by the electrochemical de-intercalation of the protons in both nonaqueous and aqueous electrolytes, as well as by the thermal decomposition ofH 2 VOPO 4 . The e-VOPO 4 so formed readily and reversibly reacts with up to two lithium ions. The e-VOPO 4 from the tetragonal precursor has a reversible capacity exceeding 130 mAh/g on its higher voltage plateau, and even at a 2 mA/cm 2 cycling rate has a capacity of 95 mAh/g comparable to that of the spinel LiMn 2 O 4 . The electronic conductivity of the e-VOPO 4 is 1 X 10 - 6 S.cm - 1 and the lithium chemical diffusion coefficients is in the range of 1 X 10 - 1 1 to 5 X 10 - 9 cm 2 s - 1 depending on composition. The structure changes little during hydrogen removal and lithium intercalation, and the changes are reversible.
The role of incubator organizations in the founding of growth-oriented firms☆

Abstract The role of incubator organizations, those organizations where entrepreneur work before starting their own firms, is examined. Using a sample of 161 new, growth-oriented firms, the relationships of the new companies to their incubator organizations are considered, as well as the characteristics of the incubator organizations. ¶The findings have implications for prospective entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs in most industry categories do not change geographic location and, in most technical industries, usually start businesses related to what they did before. An individual's decision to join a particular organization results in a particular geographic location and in knowledge about a particular industry. The would-be founder located in an unpromising geographic area and getting experience in an industry offering few opportunities for company start-ups is unlikely to be able to start a growth-oriented technical firm, regardless of personal motivation. However, the prospective founder of a nontechnical firm appears to be less tied to the experience gained in an incubator organization. There are also implications for regional economic development. Because technically oriented start-ups are tied closely to the business of their incubator organizations and because most entrepreneurs don't move when starting, the possibilities for high-technology start-ups may be very limited in many geographic regions. There have been no studies, to date, on why some founders move when starting. Programs to attract entrepreneurs at the time of start-up may have promise, but, at least to date, there is not much evidence of entrepreneurs being mobile at this stage of their careers. Local and regional programs to attract branch facilities of larger corportions have a long history. The emphasis is usually upon attracting facilities that will offer the maximum number of blue-collar jobs. In contrast to this traditional approach, it might be beneficial to shift the emphasis to those facilities most likely to function as incubators. The greatest benefits might come from laboratories or divisions that would “seed” a region with people learning about promising technologies or industries. The role of universities in this process appears to be less direct than is often assumed. Based upon our sample, it appears that software and biotechnology/medical firms often have spun-off from universities or hospitals. However, in other industry categories, it is business firms that have primarily served as incubators. There are currently many experiments underway to create university-affiliated innovation centers or incubator centers intended to help aspiring entrepreneurs. Whether these will enable universities to function more effectively as incubators, spinning off students and faculty who start growth-oriented firms, remains to be seen.
High maternal choline consumption during pregnancy and nursing alleviates deficits in social interaction and improves anxiety-like behaviors in the BTBR T + Itpr3tf/J mouse model of autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Choline is a fundamental nutrient for brain development and high choline intake during prenatal and/or early postnatal periods is neuroprotective. We examined the effects of perinatal choline supplementation on social behavior, anxiety, and repetitive behaviors in the BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse model of autism. The BTBR or the more "sociable" C57BL/6J (B6) strain females were fed a control or choline-supplemented diet from mating, throughout pregnancy and lactation. After weaning to a control diet, all offspring were evaluated at one or two ages [postnatal days 33-36 and 89-91] using open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), marble burying (MB), and three-chamber social interaction tests. As expected, control-diet BTBR mice displayed higher OF locomotor activity, impaired social preference, and increased digging behavior during the MB test compared to control-diet B6 mice. Choline supplementation significantly decreased digging behavior, elevated the percentage of open arm entries and time spent in open arms in the EPM by BTBR mice, but had no effect on locomotion. Choline supplementation did not alter social interaction in B6 mice but remarkably improved impairments in social interaction in BTBR mice at both ages, indicating that the benefits of supplementation persist long after dietary choline returns to control levels. In conclusion, our results suggest that high choline intake during early development can prevent or dramatically reduce deficits in social behavior and anxiety in an autistic mouse model, revealing a novel strategy for the treatment/prevention of autism spectrum disorders.
Low‐Temperature Sol–Gel Synthesis of NaZr2P3O12

The NZP family of new low-expansion materials has attracted wide interest for its potential in advanced technological applications. NaZr{sub 2}P{sub 3}O{sub 12}, which is the parent composition of this family, has been synthesized by the solution sol-gel method using special precursor solutions, which led to its formation (although poorly crystalline) at temperatures as low as 120{degrees}C. The lowest temperature of formation of a single phase of NaZr{sub 2}P{sub 3}O{sub 12} with a high degree of crystallinity was found to be 600{degrees}C.
Photographic spectrophotometry of selected bright B and Be Stars

Coude spectra taken in the red region of 49 bright B and Be stars were examined for the behaviour of Hα and the He I λλ 5876 and 6678 line profiles. 51 per cent of the stars were found to show Hα emission to some degree and 22 per cent showed helium emission. Evidence is presented for the existence of drastic changes in the line profile and the radial velocity in some of the stars on a time scale of fractions of a day.
Scaling of High-Aspect-Ratio Current Limiters for the Individual Ballasting of Large Arrays of Field Emitters

We report the fabrication and characterization of high-aspect-ratio silicon pillar current limiters [vertical ungated field-effect transistors (FETs)] for ballasting individual field emitters within field-emitter arrays (FEAs). Dense (1- $\mu\hbox{m}$ pitch) FEAs that are individually ballasted by 100-nm-diameter and 10- $\mu\hbox{m}$ -tall current limiters were fabricated, resulting in an emitter tip radius under 10 nm. When characterized without field emitters, the vertical current limiters (ungated FETs) show current-source-like behavior, with saturation currents up to 15 pA/FET. When the current limiters are incorporated into large arrays of field emitters, the current–voltage characteristics of the FEA show evidence of current limitation at high extraction gate voltages. Emission current densities of over 200 $\mu\hbox{A/cm}^{2}$ were obtained from 1.36 million emitter arrays with 5- $\mu\hbox{m}$ pitch.
Fabrication of antenna-coupled transition edge sensors for polarimeter applications

In this paper we describe the progress in the development of polarization sensitive superconducting, bolometric detector arrays targeted at cosmic microwave background (CMB) studies. Our implementation takes advantage of superconducting technology to reduce the complexity of the typical CMB bolometer focal plane by incorporating as many of the required elements as necessary on the detector itself. Each pixel in the array consists of a distributed dual-polarization beam forming antenna, a band pass filter, and power splitter/combiner delivering detected power to four separate superconducting transition edge sensors. This combination of elements detects the polarization of the incoming light uniquely while eliminating a large part of the cooled mass of the focal plane including feed horns, polarizers, and band pass filters. Of course this increases the fabrication complexity of the bolometric detector itself over previous implementations. We will describe our fabrication process consisting of eight front side mask levels and one back side layer designed to produce whole wafer array tiles suitable for CMB polarimeters.
A Solar Receiver-Reactor with Specularly Reflecting Walls for High-Temperature Thermoelectrochemical and Thermochemical Processes

A new kind of receiver-reactor for high temperature solar furnaces is proposed. The main body of the receiver component is an ellipsoid of revolution with specularly reflecting inner walls. The reactor component, a crucible, is placed at one focal point and the aperture at the other. With this arrangement, substantially all of the incident radiation from the concentrator should reach the reactor directly or after one reflection from the cavity walls. An analysis of the radiative exchange among the surfaces is presented. The analysis provides a tool for a parametric study and optimization of the design. It is found that, in contrast to that of conventional well-insulated cavity receivers, its collection efficiency is not very sensitive to the size of its aperture.
Vapor–Solid Growth of High Optical Quality MoS2 Monolayers with Near-Unity Valley Polarization

Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are atomically thin direct-gap semiconductors with potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and electrochemical sensing. Recent theoretical and experimental efforts suggest that they are ideal systems for exploiting the valley degrees of freedom of Bloch electrons. For example, Dirac valley polarization has been demonstrated in mechanically exfoliated monolayer MoS2 samples by polarization-resolved photoluminescence, although polarization has rarely been seen at room temperature. Here we report a new method for synthesizing high optical quality monolayer MoS2 single crystals up to 25 μm in size on a variety of standard insulating substrates (SiO2, sapphire, and glass) using a catalyst-free vapor–solid growth mechanism. The technique is simple and reliable, and the optical quality of the crystals is extremely high, as demonstrated by the fact that the valley polarization approaches unity at 30 K and persists at 35% even at room tempe...
OPTIMAL IV ESTIMATION OF SYSTEMS WITH STOCHASTIC REGRESSORS AND VAR DISTURBANCES WITH APPLICATIONS TO DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

This paper considers the general problem of Feasible Generalized Least Squares Instrumental Variables (FGLS IV) estimation using optimal instruments. First we summarize the sufficient conditions for the FGLS IV estimator to be asymptotically equivalent to an optimal GLS IV estimator. Then we specialize to stationary dynamic systems with stationary VAR errors, and use the sufficient conditions to derive new moment conditions for these models. These moment conditions produce useful IVs from the lagged endogenous variables, despite the correlation between errors and endogenous variables. This use of the information contained in the lagged endogenous variables expands the class of IV estimators under consideration and thereby potentially improves both asymptotic and small-sample efficiency of the optimal IV estimator in the class. Some Monte Carlo experiments compare the new methods with those of Hatanaka (1976). For the DGP used in the Monte Carlo experiments, asymptotic efficiency is strictly improved by th...
A white-light trap for Bose–Einstein condensates

We propose a novel method for trapping Bose-condensed atoms using a white-light interference fringe. Confinement frequencies of tens of kilohertz can be achieved in conjunction with trap depths of only a few microKelvin. We estimate that lifetimes of the order of 10 s can be achieved for small numbers of atoms. The tight confinement and shallow depths involved permit tunnelling processes to be used for studying interaction effects and for quantum-information applications.
A Rigorous Analysis of the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt Inequality Experiment When Trials Need Not be Independent

The Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) inequality is a constraint that local hidden variable theories must obey. Quantum Mechanics predicts a violation of this inequality in certain experimental settings. Treatments of this subject frequently make simplifying assumptions about the probability spaces available to a local hidden variable theory, such as assuming the state of the system is a discrete or absolutely continuous random variable, or assuming that repeated experimental trials are independent and identically distributed. In this paper, we do two things: first, show that the CHSH inequality holds even for completely general state variables in the measure-theoretic setting, and second, demonstrate how to drop the assumption of independence of subsequent trials while still being able to perform a hypothesis test that will distinguish Quantum Mechanics from local theories. The statistical strength of such a test is computed.
Efficient, balanced, transmission line RF circuits by back propagation of common impedance nodes

We present a new, efficient strategy for designing fully balanced transmission line RF circuits for solid state NMR probes based on back propagation of common impedance nodes (BPCIN). In this approach, the impedance node phenomenon is the sole means of achieving mutual RF isolation and balance in all RF channels. BPCIN is illustrated using a custom double resonance 3.2 mm MAS probe operating at 500 MHz ((1)H) and 125 MHz ((13)C). When fully optimized, the probe is capable of producing high homogeneity (810°/90° ratios of 86% and 89% for (1)H and (13)C, respectively) and high efficiency (γB1=100 kHz for (1)H and (13)C at 70 W and 180 W of RF input, respectively; up to 360 kHz for (1)H). The probe's performance is illustrated by 2D MAS correlation spectra of microcrystals of the tripeptide N-f-MLF-OH and hydrated amyloid fibrils of the protein PI3-SH3.
Reuse It Or Lose It: More Efficient Secure Computation Through Reuse of Encrypted Values

Two-party secure-function evaluation (SFE) has become significantly more feasible, even on resource-constrained devices, because of advances in server-aided computation systems. However, there are still bottlenecks, particularly in the input-validation stage of a computation. Moreover, SFE research has not yet devoted sufficient attention to the important problem of retaining state after a computation has been performed so that expensive processing does not have to be repeated if a similar computation is done again. This paper presents PartialGC, an SFE system that allows the reuse of encrypted values generated during a garbled-circuit computation. We show that using PartialGC can reduce computation time by as much as 96% and bandwidth by as much as 98% in comparison with previous outsourcing schemes for secure computation. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with two sets of experiments, one in which the garbled circuit is evaluated on a mobile device and one in which it is evaluated on a server. We also use PartialGC to build a privacy-preserving ``friend-finder'' application for Android. The reuse of previous inputs to allow stateful evaluation represents a new way of looking at SFE and further reduces computational barriers.