cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lessons for Critical Care Nurses on Caring for the Dying

Members of the general public think that patients who die in an intensive care unit die in a flurry of code blue situations. Critical care nurses know better. Approximately 40% of patients in an intensive care unit die after care is withdrawn. 1 Recently, I was given a new assignment, and it has turned out to be a wonderful opportunity! In my role as clinical nurse specialist/care manager, I added the patients and staff in a combined palliative care and hospice unit to my responsibilities. This new assignment has been the perfect addition to my experience in critical care nursing. Working with experts in the care of the dying has enabled me to increase my knowledge and skills. I would like to share some of what I have learned. ■ Death is an acceptable outcome if the patient and the patient’s family are able to cope effectively with the event. In the critical care unit, staff frequently view deaths as “negative events.” Deaths are interpreted as failures, and people don’t take pride in what they could not accomplish. In the hospice/palliative care unit, success is defined by the quality of the process, not by the outcome. Successes happen often, as patients come to accept death with peace and without fear. Successes happen repeatedly, as families are able to accept death by mourning their loss while valuing the comfort that they and the staff provided during the dying process. ■ The most needed skills in caring for dying patients are listening and talking. Many critical care professionals are skilled at listening and talking about treatment options. In an American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Online Quick poll, 88% of the respondents reported that they are “comfortable talking with patients and families about advance directives.” 2 But talking about advance directives is not the same as caring for the dying. In the journey toward death, patients need to relieve their anger; they need to talk about their fear of dying, their unfinished relationships, and their family’s future without them. Nurses must give patients opportunity and active encouragement to talk these things out. As I spoke with a critical care nurse manager about my new experiences, she said, “I have lots of nurses who can do the technical things but not enough who can do nothing but be there.” A skilled nurse is a component essential to the success of the death in the critical care unit. ■ The needs of a patient’s family are just as important as the needs of the patient. Sometimes we can do even more for family members than we can for the patient. A patient can be admitted for “palliative care” so that nurses can work with the patient’s family to accept that death is coming. To become a “hospice” patient, the patient and the patient’s family must develop a concrete plan to deal with the process of dying. The plan is an acknowledgment of where the patient is going and a general time frame for that journey. Sometimes developing the plan is
The Impact of Service-Learning among Other Predictors for Persistence and Degree Completion of Undergraduate Students.

THE IMPACT OF SERVICE-LEARNING AMONG OTHER PREDICTORS FOR PERSISTENCE AND DEGREE COMPLETION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University By Kelly Smith Lockeman, Ph.D. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012 Major Director: James H. McMillan, Ph.D., Professor Foundations of Education, School of Education College completion is an issue of great concern in the United States, where only 50% of students who start college as freshmen complete a bachelor's degree at that institution within six years. Researchers have studied a variety of factors to understand their relationship to student persistence. Not surprisingly, student characteristics, particularly their academic background prior to entering college, have a tremendous influence on college success. Colleges and universities have little control over student characteristics unless they screen out lesser qualified students during the admissions process, but selectivity is contrary to the push for increased accessibility for under-served groups. As a result, institutions need to better understand the factors that they can control. High-impact educational practices have been shown to improve retention and persistence through increased student engagement. Service-learning, a pedagogical approach that blends meaningful community service and reflection with course content, is a practice that is increasing in popularity, and it has proven beneficial at increasing student learning and engagement. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether participation in
Financial Markets and Investment Externalities

This address explores the link between financial market shocks, investment choices, and various externalities that can arise from these choices. My analysis, which emphasizes differences between shocks to debt and equity markets, provides insights about some stylized facts from the macro finance literature. These insights are illustrated with a discussion of the technology boom and bust in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and the housing boom and bust in the mid-2000s.
Missing ecology: integrating ecological perspectives with the social-ecological system framework

The social-ecological systems framework was designed to provide a common research tool for interdisciplinary investigations of social-ecological systems. However, its origin in institutional studies of the commons belies its interdisciplinary ambitions and highlights its relatively limited attention to ecology and natural scientific knowledge. This paper considers the biophysical components of the framework and its epistemological foundations as it relates to the incorporation of knowledge from the natural sciences. It finds that the mixture of inductive and deductive reasoning associated with socially-oriented investigations of these systems is lacking on the ecological side, which relies upon induction alone. As a result the paper proposes the addition of a seventh core sub-system to the social-ecological systems framework, ecological rules, which would allow scholars to explicitly incorporate knowledge from the natural sciences for deductive reasoning. The paper shows, through an instructive case study, how the addition of ecological rules can provide a more nuanced description of the factors that contribute to outcomes in social-ecological systems.
Accurate morphology of the semispinalis capitis muscle (915.13)

The semispinalis capitis muscle is found in the posterior neck. The majority of anatomy textbooks and atlases depict this muscle as containing two bellies of muscle with a linear intervening white tendinous band that neatly separates the muscle into upper and lower parts. We dissected the posterior neck and upper back of sixteen cadavers to isolate this muscle and gain better clarification of this muscle’s appearance. Instead of what is commonly depicted in most anatomy books, we found that its intervening tendon is not linear. The tendon consists of multiple distinct parts that are commonly disconnected and lie either superior or inferior to each other.
Rapid progression of littoral cell angioma of the spleen in a man with multiple infections

Littoral cell angioma is an uncommon primary vascular neoplasm of the spleen. It frequently follows a benign course, but cases with aggressive behavior have been described. We present a case of this rare disease highlighting radiological examinations showing a rapid increase in the size of the spleen as well as an increase in the number and size of existing nodules. We also discuss the relationship of this disorder to chronic infections and its possible association with Epstein Barr virus.
Photometry of resolved galaxies. IV - Holmberg I and Holmberg II

Colors and magnitudes are presented for 279 resolved stars in the Holmberg I dwarf galaxy and 468 resolved stars in Holmberg II. Both systems are Magellanic type dwarf members of the M81-NGC 2403 Group, which lies at approximately 3 Mpc from the Local Group. The photometry was done in the GRI passbands using CCD detectors. Color-magnitude diagrams and luminosity functions are constructed; these are compared with results for several Local Group galaxies and with theoretical work. Holmberg I is found to have a low present star formation rate, while Holmberg II is very active at present.
Entanglement spectrum and Wannier center flow of the Hofstadter problem

We examine the quantum entanglement spectra and Wannier functions of the square lattice Hofstadter model. Consistent with previous work on entanglement spectra of topological band structures, we find that the entanglement levels exhibit a spectral flow similar to that of the full system's energy spectrum. While the energy spectra are continuous, with cylindrical boundary conditions the entanglement spectra exhibit discontinuities associated with the passage of an energy edge state through the Fermi level. We show how the entanglement spectrum can be understood by examining the band projectors of the full system and their behavior under adiabatic pumping. In so doing we make connections with the original work by Thouless, Kohmoto, Nightingale, and den Nijs (TKNN) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 405 (1982)] on topological two-dimensional band structures and their Chern numbers. Finally, we consider Wannier states and their adiabatic flows and draw connections to the entanglement properties.
The role of negative affect management in postpartum relapse to smoking

The aim of this study was to explore the role of affect management in postpartum relapse to smoking. Between January and October 2005, 65 women who smoked prior to pregnancy but not during the last month of pregnancy were recruited from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, MA, and followed for 24 weeks. Surveys administered at baseline, 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks postpartum assessed smoking status and symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI) and anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI). Qualitative interviews were conducted when women relapsed or achieved an elevated BDI or BAI score. Elevated BDI or BAI scores did not predict relapse, suggesting that symptoms that make women vulnerable to relapse may not be fully captured by these instruments. Women described feelings of anger or frustration as part of the relapse experience. Women with elevated BDI or BAI scores who did not relapse were more likely to normalize their mood symptoms as part of the postpartum experience and described more adaptive and active coping strategies. Interventions designed to prevent postpartum relapse to smoking may need to target a broader range of negative affect and mood management strategies to increase the likelihood of efficacy.
Peripapillary Vasoconstriction in the Glaucomas and the Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathies

Proximal constriction (retinal arteries narrower near the disk than further down the stream in the retina) was present in 96 of 226 eyes (42%) with classic glaucoma or normal-tension glaucoma, but it was present in only 11 of 206 eyes (5%) that were normal, had ocular hypertension, or had retinal disease not affecting the optic nerve. In cases of glaucoma with proximal constriction over only part of the disk circumference, its location corresponded to the sector with the greatest cupping in 60 of 66 cases (91%) and likewise corresponded to the sector in which the peripapillary zone of absent retinal pigment epithelium was widest in 48 of 55 cases (87%). Proximal constriction was also present in 16 of 45 eyes (36%) with nonischemic types of nonglaucomatous optic atrophy. The nonarteritic form of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy had proximal constriction in 19 of 28 eyes (68%), which was more frequent than in those with glaucoma (P = .017). Only one of nine eyes with the arteritic form of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy had proximal constriction, which was a lower prevalence than in those with glaucoma (P = .066). General arterial narrowing (throughout the retinal course) was present in 111 of 204 (54%) of those with moderate optic nerve damage and 100 of 128 (78%) of those with severe optic nerve damage in all categories, compared with 29 of 208 (14%) of the controls with no optic nerve damage. Unlike proximal constriction, the generalized narrowing was related to severity of optic nerve damage and not to the disease category.
Particulate emission rates from light-duty vehicles in the South Coast Air Quality Management District

This paper presents the results of a particulate emission rate study conducted on 129 light-duty gasoline and 19 light-duty diesel vehicles for the Coordinating Research Council's (CRC's) Project E-24-2. Total particulate emission rates for newer gasoline vehicles were low (<3 mg/mi) with modest increases with vehicle age and older technology. Average FTP particulate emission rates as a function of model year for gasoline vehicles were found to be 2.5 mg/mi for 1991 and newer models, 14.4 mg/mi for 1986−1990 models, 49.0 mg/mi for 1981−1985 models, and 33.8 mg/mi for 1980 and older models. High gaseous emitters were found to have approximately 5−10 times the particulate emission rates of normal emitters. The diesel vehicles had an average particulate emission rate of 561 mg/mi. It should be noted that the light-duty diesel vehicles were predominantly older, pre-1985 vehicles; the 1985 and newer diesel vehicles had substantially lower particulate emissions, i.e., less than 100 mg/mi. Emission inventory est...
Oxidation of (hydroxyethyl)ferrocene by [2-pyridylmethylbis(2-ethylthioethyl)/amine]copper(II)

A kinetic study of the oxidation of (hydroxyethyl)ferrocene (HEF) by [2-pyridylmethylbis(2-ethyl-thioethyl)ainine]copper(II) (Cu(pmas)2+) is reported, with the objective of documenting the influence of the two thioether sulfur ligands on the electron transfer rate. Both reactants exhibit a first-order dependence at pH 6, I = 0.1 M(NaNO3); k(25°C) = 1.3 × 104M−1sec−1, ΔH‡ = 10.1 kcal/mole, ΔS‡ = −6 eu. The apparent Cu(pmas)2+/+ self-exchange electron transfer rate constant calculated from this reaction on the basis of relative Marcus theory (4.7 × 101M−1 sec−1) agrees well with previous findings on ferrocytochrome c, Fe(CN)64−, and Ru(NH3)5py2+ oxidations. Spectrophotometric titrations of Cu(pmas)2+ and Cu(tmpa)2+ (tmpa = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) with azide ion showed that both Cu(pmas)N3)+ (Kf1 = 3.1 × 103M−1) and Cu(pmas)(N3)2 (Kf2 = 3.5 × 101M−1) but Cu(tmpa)(N3)+ (Kf = 6.6 × 102M−1) are formed up to 0.15 M N3− (25°C, pH 6, I = 0.2 M), suggesting that a thioether sulfur atom is displaced in the uptake of a second N3− ion by Cu(pmas)(N3)+. The effect of thioether sulfur displacement by azide ion on the HEF-Cu(pmas)2+ reaction rate may be understood entirely through the tendency of N3− to shift the position of the redox equilibrium towards the reactant side, without invoking any special role for the sulfur ligand in promoting electron transfer reactivity.
Multi-turn all-reflective optical gyroscope.

We use calculation and simulation to characterize an all-reflective monolithic gyroscopic structure that supports 3 sets of orthogonal, spatially dense and continuous helical optical paths. This gyroscope differs from current fiber optic and ring laser gyroscopes primarily in the free space multi-turn nature of the optical path. The design also creates opportunities for introducing gain while minimizing spontaneous emission noise from those gain regions. The achievable angular measurement precision for each axis, given ideal components and no gain, is calculated to be ~0.001°/hr for a structure of ~6.5 cm diameter, ~1 watt average optical power, and a wavelength of 0.5 µm. For fixed power, the uncertainty scales as the reciprocal cube of the diameter of the structure. While the fabrication and implementation requirements are challenging, the needed reflectivities and optical surface quality have been demonstrated in more conventional optics. In particular, the low mass, compact character, and all reflective optics offer advantages for applications in space.
Chitosan-calcium carbonate composites by a biomimetic process

The crystal growth of calcium carbonate on a chitosan substrate was achieved using a supersaturated calcium carbonate solution, by using various additives, such as 6-aminocaproic acid (6AA) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). Polyacrylic acid modified the chitosan-film surface and promoted the nucleation of calcium carbonate crystals. In the absence of polyacrylic acid, sporadic nucleation and crystallization was observed via optical microscopy. By introducing polyacrylic acid into the systems, positively charged protonated nitrogen and negatively charged carboxylate ions were produced by reaction between the amino group in the chitosan and carboxyl group in polyacrylic acid, which were detected by ATR-IR and XPS techniques. These charges induced the nucleation of the calcium carbonate crystals, calcite and vaterite, on the chitosan-film surface. In this case, the crystals showed spherical morphology, which consisted of a large number of small particles with a diameter of about 0.2 μm. The calcium carbonate crystals growing on the rigid chitosan-film surfaces are uniform.
Chemical studies of H chondrites. II: Weathering effects in the Victoria Land, Antarctic population and comparison of two Antarctic populations with non-Antarctic falls

Abstract We report RNAA data for 14 siderophile, lithophile and chalcophile volatile/mobile trace elements (Ag, Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, U, Zn) in interior portions of 45 different H4–6 chondrites (49 samples) from Victoria Land, Antarctica and 5 H5 chondrites from the Yamato Mts., Antarctica. Relative to H5 chondrites of weathering types A and B, all elements are depleted (10 at statistically significant levels) in extensively weathered (types B/C and C) samples, probably by leaching on the ice sheet surface. Contents of 8 elements in extensively weathered samples may provide a qualitative ranking for terrestrial surface residence. Chondrites of weathering types A and B seem compositionally uncompromised and as useful as contemporary falls for trace-element studies. When data distributions for these 14 trace elements in non-Antarctic H chondrite falls and unpaired samples from Victoria Land and from the Yamato Mts. (Queen Maud Land) are compared statistically, numerous significant differences are apparent. Concentrations of 8 elements differ significantly in the Victoria Land and non-Antarctic H5 chondrite populations. Essentially the same compositional differences and 53 Mn content and shock history differences appear when H4–6 populations are compared. Contents of 8 elements differ when Queen Maud Land and Victoria Land populations are compared and 5 for the Queen Maud Land/non-Antarctic comparison. These and other differences give ample cause to doubt that the various sample populations derive from the same parent population. The observed differences do not reflect weathering, chance or other trivial causes: a preterrestrial source must be responsible. The least unlikely of these involves a temporal variation in the source regions from which meteoroids derive.
Unique microenvironmental responses to PDGF stimulation in brain and spinal cord gliomas determine tumor phenotype

Injection of a PDGF-B expressing retrovirus into the subcortical white matter of adult rats induces the rapid formation of brain tumors that have the histological features of glioblastoma. In contrast, when the same retrovirus is injected into the spinal cord of adult rats the resulting tumors are more indolent and display a unique histology characterized by nests of tumor cells separated by a dense vascular network without areas of necrosis. To study whether these differences are determined by the tumor cell of origin or due to microenvironmental influences, we conducted a series of transplantation experiments. Cells were independently isolated from PDGF-induced brain and cord tumors then subsequently transplanted into naive rat forebrains and spinal cords. The resulting tumors were characterized by histological analysis, marker expression profiling, PDGFR subtyping, and latency to tumor-induced morbidity. Tumor phenotypes were found to be consistently predicted by the tissue into which they were transplanted rather than by the tissue of origin. These results suggest that tumor microenvironment rather than the tumor cell of origin may be the primary determinant of glioma phenotype in the model presented.
Evolution of the notion of time in hydrogeology

The AGU Hydrology Section sponsored a special session on History and Heritage of Hydrology between 8:30 A.M. and 12 noon on Monday, December 9, 1985, during the Fall Meeting at San Francisco. The session was chaired by T. N. Narasimhan of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (Berkeley, Calif.). The attendance of between 100 and 120 for each talk was indicative of a healthy interest among researchers on matters related to history. The first part of the session focused attention on the theme “The Evolution of the Notion of Time in Hydrogeology.” The last two speakers addressed topics outside of this theme. Simon Ince (University of Arizona, Tucson) presented a historical account of the contributions of 19th century French scientist Barre de Saint-Venant to transient flow of water in open channels. Olaf H. Pfannkuch (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) presented a historical account of the Cult of Saint Barbara and the mining profession of medieval Europe. The following summary is restricted to an overview of those presentations that dealt with the evolution of the notion of time in hydrogeology.
The experiences and concerns of young adults (18-40 years) living with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).

Background: Although the implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a widely accepted life-saving technology, adjusting to life after ICD implantation may vary according to the recipient's age. Few studies have investigated how young adults manage life with an ICD and there are no studies describing their concerns or experiences of living with an ICD.Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the experiences and concerns of young adults (18–40 years) living with an ICD.Methods: Qualitative descriptive methodology was chosen incorporating interviews and written narrative responses to investigate twenty young adult's experiences of living with an ICD.Results: There were four descriptive categories: psychosocial, developmental, physical, and economical. Themes in the psychosocial category were: returning to normal, mood disturbances, and body image concerns. Themes in the developmental category were unique to young adults: childbearing and childrearing, while themes in the physical category were expectatio...
Chloroplast biogenesis 84: solubilization and partial purification of membrane-bound [4-vinyl]chlorophyllide a reductase from etiolated barley leaves.

Abstract [4-Vinyl] Chlorophyllide a reductase (4VCR) is a key enzyme of the chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthetic pathway. It catalyzes the conversion of divinyl chlorophyllide (Chlide) a to monovinyl Chlide a by reduction of the vinyl group at position 4 of the macrocycle to ethyl. 4VCR is a membrane-bound enzyme, embedded in etioplast and etiochloroplast membranes. A study of the regulation and properties of this enzyme is mandatory for a comprehensive understanding of the biosynthetic heterogeneity of Chl biosynthesis. Solubilization and partial purification of 4VCR are described for the first time. The enzyme was solubilized with 5 mM Chaps and was partially purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and Cibacron Blue 3GA-1000 agarose. An overall 20-fold purification was achieved. The partially purified enzyme was stable for several months at −80°C.
Complications associated with the overfeeding of infected animals.

The effect of overfeeding on survival from peritoneal infection as well as changes in protein metabolism was evaluated. Rats were randomly divided into two groups and given for 6 days different quantities of a liquid diet containing 18% of the energy supplied as protein and 82% as carbohydrate and lipid via an implanted gastric tube. The control group received 301 ± 4 kcal/kg/day which was equivalent to their mean voluntary intake and the overfeeding group received 528 ± 8 kcal/kg/day (P < 0.001). Following 6 days of enteral feeding, all rats received a jugular vein cannulation and cecal ligation with enterotomies. The overfeeding group showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality rate to experimental peritonitis, a 24% lower leucine incorporation into whole body protein (P < 0.05), and a 28% lower fractional synthetic rate of serum albumin (P < 0.05). Although overfeeding in the rat increased body weight gain and was associated with significantly (P < 0.001) greater nitrogen balance before infection, it can be concluded that such diets increase mortality to peritonitis and reduce whole body protein and serum albumin synthesis in response to such infections.
Quantum phase noise reduction in soliton collisions and application to nondemolition measurements

We show that soliton collisions can reduce propagation-induced quantum phase noise. This effect originates from a negative correlation between self- and cross-phase-modulation-induced phase fluctuations. Furthermore, we show how this effect can be applied directly to improve the quality of soliton-based quantum nondemolition measurements, simply by adjusting the parameter regime in which the measurement is performed. Optimal implementation, which we show to be technologically feasible, favors short propagation distances, small wavelength separation between solitons, and approximately equal soliton amplitudes.
Application of Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging for the Development and Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Models of the Rat Respiratory System

Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models of the respiratory system provide a quantitative basis for extrapolating the localized dose of inhaled materials and improving human health risk assessments based upon inhalation studies conducted in animals. Nevertheless, model development and validation have historically been tedious and time-consuming tasks. In recognition of this, we previously reported on the use of proton (1H) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for visualizing nasal-sinus passages in the rat, and for speeding computational mesh generation. Here, the generation and refinement of meshes for rat nasal airways are described in more detail and simulated airflows are presented. To extend the CFD models to the complete respiratory tract, three-dimensional (3D) 1H MR imaging of rat pulmonary casts was also utilized to construct pulmonary airway meshes using procedures developed for the nasal airways. Furthermore, the feasibility of validating CFD predictions with MR was tested by imaging hyperpolarized ...
Family gauge symmetry from a composite model

Abstract A family gauge symmetry SUF(2) could emerge from a composite model of quarks and leptons under some assumptions of chiral hyperflavor symmetry-breaking pattern. Possible dynamical mechanisms which break the family and electroweak gauge group and produce quark-lepton masses are indicated and their phenomenologies are discussed qualitatively.
The case for JavaScript transactions: position paper

Modern Web applications combine and use JavaScript-based content from multiple untrusted sources. Without proper isolation, such content can compromise the security and privacy of these Web applications. Prior techniques for isolating untrusted JavaScript code do so by restricting dangerous constructs and inlining security checks into third-party code.This paper presents a new approach that extends the JavaScript language to make isolation a language-level primitive. We propose to extend the language using a new transaction construct that allows a Web application to speculatively execute untrusted code and isolate its changes. The Web application can then inspect these speculative actions and commit them only if they comply with the application's security policies. We discuss use-cases that can benefit from JavaScript support for transactions, present a formalization of JavaScript transactions and conclude with implementation considerations.
A comparison of injector flow and spray characteristics of biodiesel with petrodiesel

Abstract Performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engines depend strongly on inner nozzle flow and spray behavior. These processes control the fuel air mixing, which in turn is critical for the combustion process. The differences in the physical properties of petrodiesel and biodiesel are expected to significantly alter the inner nozzle flow and spray structure and, thus, the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. In this study, the inner nozzle flow dynamics of these fuels are characterized by using the mixture-based cavitation model in FLUENT v6.3. Because of its lower vapor pressure, biodiesel was observed to cavitate less than petrodiesel. Higher viscosity of biodiesel resulted in loss of flow efficiency and reduction in injection velocity. Turbulence levels at the nozzle orifice exit were also lower for biodiesel. Using the recently developed KH-ACT model, which incorporates the effects of cavitation and turbulence in addition to aerodynamic breakup, the inner nozzle flow simulations are coupled with the spray simulations in a “quasi-dynamic” fashion. Thus, the influence of inner nozzle flow differences on spray development of these fuels could be captured, in addition to the effects of their physical properties. Spray penetration was marginally higher for biodiesel, while cone angle was lower, which was attributed to its poor atomization characteristics. The computed liquid lengths of petrodiesel and biodiesel were compared with data from Sandia National Laboratories. Liquid lengths were higher for biodiesel due to its higher boiling temperature and heat of vaporization. Though the simulations captured this trend well, the liquid lengths were underpredicted, which was attributed to uncertainty about the properties of biodiesel used in the experiments. Parametric studies were performed to determine a single parameter that could be used to account for the observed differences in the fuel injection and spray behavior of petrodiesel and biodiesel; fuel temperature seems to be the best parameter to tune.
RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN PRETRIAL RELEASE DECISIONS AND OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON OF HISPANIC, BLACK, AND WHITE FELONY ARRESTEES*

The present study uses data on the processing of felony defendants in large urban courts to examine Hispanic, black, and white differences at the pretrial release stage. The major finding is that Hispanic defendants are more likely to be detained than white and black defendants. And, racial/ethnic differences are most pronounced in drug cases. In fact, Hispanic defendants suffer a triple burden at the pretrial release stage as they are the group most likely to be required to pay bail to gain release, the group that receives the highest bail amounts, and the group least able to pay bail. These findings are consistent with a focal concerns perspective of criminal case processing that suggests Hispanics as a newly immigrated group are especially prone to harsher treatment in the criminal case process.
Pharmacological effects of 2-aminotetralins, octahydrobenzo[f]quinolines and clonidine on the isolated guinea pig ileum.

Abstract The ability of derivatives of 2-aminotetralins (2AT), cis- or trans-isomers of octahydrobenzo[ f ]quinolines (BfQ) and clonidine to modulate acetylcholine release was studied using field-stimulated guinea pig ilea (GPI). Antihistaminic and antiacetylcholine activities were also determined using isolated superfused segments of GPI. Hydroxylated 2AT, BfQ and clonidine inhibited field stimulation-induced contractions through α-adrenoceptor mechanisms which were antagonized by phentolamine. In contrast, the inhibition produced by nonhydroxylated 2AT was not attenuated by α-adrenoceptor antagonism. 2AT, trans-7,8-dihydro-BfQ and cis-8,9-dihydroxy-BfQ inhibited contractions induced by nicotine bitartrate using superfused GPI. Clonidine was inactive as an antinicotinic agent and there was no correlation between a compound's ability to inhibit contractions induced by field stimulation and its antinicotinic activity. Various 2AT derivatives demonstrated weak antimuscarinic and/or antihistaminic activities on superfused ileal segments. These data demonstrate that these agents posses a spectrum of pharmacological activity.
Multigrid elliptic equation solver with adaptive mesh refinement

In this paper, we describe in detail the computational algorithm used by our parallel multigrid elliptic equation solver with adaptive mesh refinement. Our code uses truncation error estimates to adaptively refine the grid as part of the solution process. The presentation includes a discussion of the orders of accuracy that we use for prolongation and restriction operators to ensure second order accurate results and to minimize computational work. Code tests are presented that confirm the overall second order accuracy and demonstrate the savings in computational resources provided by adaptive mesh refinement.
Interoperability of functions in environmental models-a case study in hydrological modeling

The monolithic structure of process-based environmental models has become a major obstacle in dealing with complex environmental problems. Interoperability is the inevitable direction for future generations of models. This article discusses the identification of equation functions for interoperable environmental models. These equations represent environmental processes that are implemented as algorithms in the models. The identification of common equations in existing models helps develop equation components that can be assembled to form customized models. In the context of a semantic reference system, formal concept analysis is used to decompose existing models, extract the common equations embedded in them, and organize these equations in a hierarchy of a concept lattice. The hierarchical structure of the lattice helps identify the relationships between equations across different levels and within the same level. Insights drawn from the concept lattice provide valuable information for the framework design of customized models and the adaptation of algorithms from existing models for the development of equation components. An important hydrological process, surface runoff, is used as an example of an environmental process to illustrate the analysis. To support the discussion, a customized surface runoff model is built using three components extracted from several existing hydrological models to predict surface runoff of a watershed.
My ten favorite "practical theory" papers

As the saying goes, "In theory there is no difference between theory and practice. But, in practice, there is." Networking research has a wealth of good papers on both sides of the theory-practice divide. However, many practical papers stop short of having a sharp problem formulation or a rigorously considered solution, and many theory papers overlook or assume away some key aspect of the system they intend to model. Still, every so often, a paper comes along that nails a practical question with just the right bit of theory. When that happens, it's a thing of beauty. These are my ten favorite examples. In some cases, I mention survey papers that cover an entire body of work, or a journal paper that presents a more mature overview of one or more conference papers, rather than single out an individual research result. (As an aside, I think good survey papers are a wonderful contribution to the community, and wish more people invested the considerable time and energy required to write them
Without Having Seen: Faith, the Future, and the Final American Frontier

The popularization of the science of space exploration in America after World War II has its roots in the nineteenth century. Mid-twentieth-century calls to “conquer” space were reanimations of nineteenth-century exhortations to “conquer” the American West in the name of God and to fulfill America’s manifest destiny. Magazine articles, television specials, and films such as Destination Moon (1950) explicitly connected the ephemeral space frontier to the historical Western frontier. In each medium, “space proselytizers,” like artist Chesley Bonestell, engineer Wernher von Braun, and writer Willy Ley, made clear connections between the American frontiersman of the previous century and the twentieth century’s space pioneer. This link is especially apparent in a series of articles on the emerging science of space exploration that ran in Collier’s magazine from 1952 until 1954. Space is viewed as “our new frontier,” and is championed through Bonestell’s paintings and von Braun’s invocation of the material fron...
Proximal Phalanx Osteotomy for the Surgical Treatment of Hallux Rigidus

This study reviewed 17 patients (24 great toes) treated by a single surgeon for hallux rigidus with a dorsal-closing wedge osteotomy of the proximal phalanx in conjunction with a moderate cheilectomy. The average age of patients was 47 years (range, 20-69 years). The minimum follow-up was 1 year (range, 1-16 years; median follow-up, 30 months), and all but five patients were studied for 2 years or more. Ninety-six percent of patients affirmed their decision to have surgery if they had to make the choice again. Subjectively, all patients improved. Preoperatively, 67% of the cases had severe pain by American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society criteria. Postoperatively, 58% had no pain and 42% had mild pain. There was 100% union rate of the osteotomy. Seven of 10 women and 1 of 7 men still had some restrictions on footwear options postoperatively. Recovery time from the patients' perspective was 2 to 12 months (average, 5.6 months). Based on the results of this study, the authors suggest that the addition of a dorsal-closing wedge osteotomy of the proximal phalanx increases patient satisfaction, compared with their review of patients treated by cheilectomy alone. The procedure provides good pain relief and has few complications.
Interpolation and multipliers on besov and sobolev spaces

In this note, analogues of the Carleson interpolation theorems for the Hardy spaces are proven for Besov spaces and Sobolev spaces of holomorphic functions on the unit disk.
Xanthogranuloma: Report on Clinical and Histologic Findings in 64 Patients

Although xanthogranulomas are frequently encountered by pediatricians and dermatologists, data on the course of this tumor are restricted to several series with limited follow-up. We report on our experience with 64 patients whom we were able to identify from the surgical files. Our data support the currently held view that xanthogranulomas are generally benign, self-limited lesions. They may persist or continue to erupt for years, however, particularly in individuals who develop the first lesion after age 20 years.
Near-ultraviolet absorption annealing in hafnium oxide thin films subjected to continuous-wave laser radiation

Hafnium oxide (HfO2) is the most frequently used high-index material in multilayer thin-film coatings for high-power laser applications ranging from near-infrared to near-ultraviolet (UV). Absorption in this high-index material is also known to be responsible for nanosecond-pulse laser-damage initiation in multilayers. In this work, modification of the near-UV absorption of HfO2 monolayer films subjected to irradiation by continuous-wave (cw), 355-nm or 351-nm laser light focused to produce power densities of the order of ∼100 kW/cm2 is studied. Up to a 70% reduction in absorption is found in the areas subjected to irradiation. Temporal behavior of absorption is characterized by a rapid initial drop on the few-tens-of-seconds time scale, followed by a longer-term decline to a steady-state level. Absorption maps generated by photothermal heterodyne imaging confirm the permanent character of the observed effect. Nanosecond-pulse, 351-nm and 600-fs, 1053-nm laser-damage tests performed on these cw laser–irradiated areas confirm a reduction of absorption by measuring up to 25% higher damage thresholds. We discuss possible mechanisms responsible for near-UV absorption annealing and damage-threshold improvement resulting from irradiation by near-UV cw laser light.
Uses and abuses of the Langevin equation for chemical reactions in condensed phases

The Langevin and Fokker-Planck equations are useful in the description of many classical and quantum mechanical systems. However, these equations are justifiable from molecular considerations under very restricted conditions. These conditions include weak coupling, Brownian motion, and systems with special Hamiltonians. The application of these equations to chemical reactions in condensed phases is fraught with peril, particularly for fluid systems. We examine the molecular derivations of these equations and describe the conditions under which they are justifiable. It is, of course, possible that the equations are useful under other conditions.
Oncogenic Vav1 induces Rac-dependent apoptosis via inhibition of Bcl-2 family proteins and collaborates with p53 deficiency to promote hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation.

Vav1 is an hematopoietic-specific Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor coupling tyrosine kinase receptors and Rac GTPases, and has been implicated in transformation of fibroblasts and pancreas. To determine the biologic effect and oncogenic potential of Vav1 in hematopoietic lineages, we stably express oncogenic mutant of Vav1 in primary bone marrow cells using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Contrary to the growth stimulatory effects observed in fibroblasts, oncogenic Vav1 inhibits hematopoietic stem cell/progenitor engraftment in vivo and progenitor cell expansion in vitro via inducing apoptosis. The oncogenic Vav1-induced apoptosis is associated with reduced expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins and effectively suppressed by transgenic overexpression of Bcl-2, suggesting Vav1-mediated signaling via Bcl-2 in apoptosis. Also, oncogenic Vav1 stimulates sustained activation of Rac GTPases and the biologic effects of oncogenic Vav1 are Rac-dependent. Further, when expressed in the p53-deficient cells, which express elevated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and are resistant to the apoptosis, oncogenic Vav1 enhances both proliferation and self-renewal of hematopoietic progenitor cells. These results demonstrate clear phenotypic differences between wild-type and p53−/− hematopoietic cells expressing oncogenic Vav1, and suggest oncogenic potential of Vav1-mediated pathways in primary hematopoietic cell when they collaborate with additional genetic hits that affect the p53 pathway.
Measurement of the real part of the forward scattering amplitude in K±p elastic scattering at 10.4 and 14 GeV/c☆

Abstract The differential cross section for K ± p elastic scattering has been measured in the very low t region (0.003 t 2 ) in a wire chamber spectrometer experiment at 10.4 and 14 GeV/ c . The interference effect observed between the Coulomb and the nuclear interaction has been used to determine α, the ratio of real to imaginary part of the forward scattering amplitude. At 10.4 GeV/ c we measure α (K + p) = −0.21 ± 0.06 and α (K − p = 0.08 ± 0.04, and at 14 GeV/ c , α (K + p) = − 0.13 ± 0.03 and α (K − p) = 0.000 ± 0.04 in agreeement with the predictions of dispersion theory calculation.
The Thunen Model and the New Economic Geography as a Paradigm for Rural Development Policy

The Thunen model and kindred recent work labeled "the new economic geography" supplies a plausible paradigm for a coherent rural development policy. The paradigm implies that being rural is being remote, that economies of agglomeration are strong, and that with remoteness comes serious inherent economic problems. In this paper, I sketch the paradigm and explore possibilities for using the paradigm to evaluate policy strategies for rural economic development.
Toll-like receptor signaling in neural plasticity and disease

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune system receptors that respond to pathogen-derived and tissue damage-related ligands. TLR signaling in immune cells, glia and neurons can play roles in the pathogenesis of stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent findings suggest that TLR signaling also influences multiple dynamic processes in the developing and adult central nervous system including neurogenesis, axonal growth and structural plasticity. In addition, TLRs are implicated in the regulation of behaviors including learning, memory and anxiety. This review describes recently discovered and unexpected roles for TLRs in neuroplasticity, and the implications of these findings for future basic and translational research studies.
CIRCULAR POLARIZATION VARIABILITY IN EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES ON TIME SCALES OF MONTHS TO DECADES

We present previously unpublished circular polarization (cp) measurements at 4.8 and 8.0 GHz made with the University of Michigan 26-meter prime focus telescope during 1978-1984 and results of a new observational program during the past two years. Based on the preliminary analysis of our recent data, eight sources were detected at 4.8 GHz with average degrees of cp ranging from ≤ 0.1% to ≥ 1%. The results are compared with observations at other frequencies and with linear polarization and total flux density variability in the sources. The behavior of the cp variability observed to date is consistent with stochastic variations produced by mode conversion in transient, opaque emitting regions in the sources. The observed sign changes observed between different epochs and different frequencies are not consistent with the hypothesis that sources maintain a fixed handedness of cp.
Realizing the potential of clinical judgment: a real-time strategy for predicting outcomes and cost for medical inpatients

Abstract PURPOSE: We sought to determine whether illness severity and anticipated level of function, as evaluated at the time of admission, were associated with outcomes and costs of care for patients admitted to the medical service. METHODS: All 1,759 patients admitted to the medical service at a large urban academic medical center between July 1, 1997, and September 30, 1997 (excluding those admitted directly to the intensive care units or for protocol chemotherapy), were evaluated and categorized by the admitting intern by illness severity (not ill, mildly ill, moderately ill, severely ill, or moribund) and anticipated level of function at discharge (excellent, good, fair, or poor) as part of their routine sign-out process. Interns' ratings were always available within 24 to 28 hours of admission. In-hospital mortality, length of stay, cost of hospitalization, and anticipated billing revenue were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients who were more severely ill had significantly greater in-hospital mortality. For example, mortality was 1.1% (11 of 972) among those who were not ill or mildly ill, 3.6% (26 of 724) among those who were moderately ill, and 15% (9 of 60) among those who were severely ill. Illness severity ( P = 0.003) and anticipated functional status ( P P CONCLUSION: Physicians' estimates of patients' illness severity and anticipated function at the time of discharge, as made by interns using a system designed to help them sign out to their colleagues, predict outcomes and costs of hospitalization. Such a system may be useful in developing new approaches to management strategies based on prognosis.