cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improperly Terminated, Unpolyadenylated mRNA of Sense Transgenes Is Targeted by RDR6-Mediated RNA Silencing in Arabidopsis

RNA silencing can be induced by highly transcribed transgenes through a pathway dependent on RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6 (RDR6) and may function as a genome protection mechanism against excessively expressed genes. Whether all transcripts or just aberrant transcripts activate this protection mechanism is unclear. Consistent RNA silencing induced by a transgene with three direct repeats of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) open reading frame (ORF) is associated with high levels of truncated, unpolyadenylated transcripts, probably from abortive transcription elongation. Truncated, unpolyadenylated transcripts from triple GUS ORF repeats were degraded in the wild type but accumulated in an rdr6 mutant, suggesting targeting for degradation by RDR6-mediated RNA silencing. A GUS transgene without a 3′ transcription terminator produced unpolyadenylated readthrough mRNA and consistent RDR6-dependent RNA silencing. Both GUS triple repeats and terminator-less GUS transgenes silenced an expressed GUS transgene in trans in the wild type but not in the rdr6 mutant. Placing two 3′ terminators in the GUS transgene 3′ reduced mRNA 3′ readthrough, decreased GUS-specific small interfering RNA accumulation, and enhanced GUS gene expression. Moreover, RDR6 was localized in the nucleus. We propose that improperly terminated, unpolyadenylated mRNA from transgene transcription is subject to RDR6-mediated RNA silencing, probably by acting as templates for the RNA polymerase, in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Physiological, Growth, and Immune Responses of Japanese Quail Chicks to the Multiple Stressors of Immunological Challenge and Lead Shot

Exposure to the combination of a contaminant and an immunological challenge during development may greatly increase the impact of either or both of these stressors on an individual. This study investigated the interacting effects of a nonpathogenic immunological challenge and lead shot exposure early in the development of a precocial species. Seventy-one quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks orally received either one #9 lead shot (0.05 g), four lead shots (0.2 g), or no lead at the age of 8 days. A third of each of these groups of chicks were intraperitoneally injected with either 0.075 ml of 10% chukar (Alectoris graeca) red blood cells (CRBCs), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), or a placebo oil vaccine at 13 and 35 days of age. There was no difference in the survival between any of the lead or antigen treatment groups. Lead concentrations in blood were greater for the lead-dosed groups on day 49 but not on day 128. Growth curves were approximated by Weibull functions; growth parameters did not differ between lead-treated and antigen-treated birds. CRBC antigen increases fluctuating asymmetry (FA) for primary feather five, while NDV reduced FA. Lead did not affect antibody production or cell-mediated immune response. White blood cell numbers increased 7 days after antigen injection on days 27 and 49 of age. Granulocyte numbers were significantly higher for the lead-treated quail than the control quail, and both antigen-treated groups had lower granulocyte numbers than control quail. The treatment groups of combining NDV and lead shot had an average plasma protein 14% lower than other groups. Lead shot in the highest of these doses lowered asymptotic weights, increased hematocrits, lowered plasma protein, and increased granulocyte numbers of quail.
Midterm cost and effectiveness of thoracic endovascular aortic repair versus open repair.

Background Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) has been rapidly introduced as a primary treatment modality for thoracic aortic diseases with limited data available on midterm to late-term outcomes. Methods A retrospective single institution study comparing hospital and midterm outcomes and costs for TEVAR versus open elective repair of descending thoracic aneurysms was conducted. Fifty-seven patients were included between 2005 and 2007 (TEVAR = 28; open=29) and were followed until May 2010. Results Patients in the TEVAR group were older (73.2 versus 62.3 years; p p = 0.611). There was no statistical difference in stroke, paraparesis or paralysis, sepsis, or renal failure; however, a composite major adverse event variable showed a higher complication with open repair versus TEVAR (37.9% versus 14.3%; p = 0.043). Mean follow-up was 42.6 months for open repair versus 26.9 for TEVAR ( p = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the initial survival benefit for TEVAR was lost in less than 6 months; however, the difference did not reach statistical significance during follow-up (log-rank test p = 0.232). Mean surveillance imaging costs for a TEVAR patient were $1,800.38 higher than for an open patient at 2 years. Compliance of TEVAR patients with follow-up imaging was 78%, 64%, 50%, and 42% at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively, and was even lower in those not registered in device trials. Conclusions Patients in the TEVAR group had favorable early outcomes; however, midterm survival was reduced secondary to comorbidities. This study raises concern for the ongoing costs of surveillance imaging in TEVAR as well as patient compliance with follow-up.
Dynamic Malleability in Iterative MPI Applications

Malleability enables a parallel application's execution system to split or merge processes modifying granularity. While process migration is widely used to adapt applications to dynamic execution environments, it is limited by the granularity of the application's processes. Malleability empowers process migration by allowing the application's processes to expand or shrink following the availability of resources. We have implemented malleability as an extension to the PCM (process checkpointing and migration) library, a user-level library for iterative MPI applications. PCM is integrated with the Internet operating system (IOS), a framework for middleware-driven dynamic application reconfiguration. Our approach requires minimal code modifications and enables transparent middleware- triggered reconfiguration. Experimental results using a two-dimensional data parallel program that has a regular communication structure demonstrate the usefulness of malleability.
Images and reflections from Mayo Clinic heritage.

This quotation is derived from “Foundation life goal, Dr. Mayo tells senators,” which appeared in the Minneapolis Morning Tribune on March 23, 1917. Supplementary information came from Clapesattle H. The Doctors Mayo. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1941. This article is part of a series of vignettes presented by Dr Habermann as Mayo Clinic Department of Internal Medicine Grand Rounds on October 4, 2000. The vignettes are drawn from numerous original source documents and photographs, many of which have not been published before.
The phase error and beam-pointing error in coupled oscillator beam-steering arrays

The random phase error caused by a statistical free-running frequency distribution in a coupled oscillator array is studied. Analysis shows that the array phase error is closely related to the departure of free-running frequencies of individual oscillators. Phase error is also related to the array size. A closed-form solution to the beam-pointing error in a one-dimensional (1-D) array is derived. Result shows that, for 1-D arrays, the beam-pointing error increases with array size. An analytical solution is also obtained for the side-lobe level of radiation patterns from 1-D arrays.
Contractile protein mutations and heart disease

Abstract Mutations in several muscle structural proteins (the myosin heavy chain, α tropomyosin, cardiac troponin T and myosin binding protein C) result in a genetically dominant heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Biochemical data from studies of mutant myosin suggest a dominant—negative mechanism for inheritance of this disease. The most likely primary defect is sarcomere dysfunction, which is followed by the major clinical symptoms.
Equation of State for PdH by a New Tight Binding Approach

We present an extension of a newly proposed tight-binding method of calculating total energies and related quantities to the study of binary compounds. As an example, we discuss the equation of state of the palladium-hydrogen system.
Hydraulic formula for the calculation of the cross-sectional area of the mitral valve during regurgitation.

T HE introduction of the cardiac catheter by Cournand and Ranges’ made available a new method for the detection of auriculoventricular valvular regurgitation in man. Bloomfield and associates? first reported on the altered right atria1 pressure pulse in tricuspid regurgitation, while the authors3,” pointed out the changes in the form of the pulmonary “capillary” pressure tracing in mitral regurgitation. Except for Keys and Friedell’ss Fick and roentgenkymographic studies of cardiac output, there have been no attempts to evaluate the quantitative aspects of valvular insufficiency. It was decided, therefore, to apply hydraulic principles to the regurgitant valve in a fashion similar to that used previously for the stenotic valve6 in order to evaluate two unknowns: the anatomic cross-sectional area of the regurgitant valve defect and the amount of blood regurgitating through that defect.
Sensitivity to Tumor Microvasculature Without Contrast Agents in High Spectral and Spatial Resolution MR Images

Contrast-enhanced (CE)-MRI is sensitive to cancers but can produce adverse reactions and suffers from insufficient specificity and morphological detail. This research investigated whether high spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) MRI detects tumor vasculature without contrast agents, based on the sensitivity of the water resonance line shape to tumor blood vessels. HiSS data from AT6.1 tumors inoculated in the hind legs of rats (N = 8) were collected pre- and post-blood pool contrast agent (iron-oxide particles) injection. The waterline in small voxels was significantly more asymmetric at the tumor rim compared to the tumor center and normal muscle (P < 0.003). Composite images were synthesized, with the intensity in each voxel determined by the Fourier component (FC) of the water resonance having the greatest relative image contrast at that position. We tested whether regions with high contrast in FC images (FCIs) contain vasculature by comparing FCIs with CE-MRI as the "gold standard" of vascular density. The FCIs had 75% +/- 13% sensitivity, 74% +/- 10% specificity, and 91% +/- 4% positive predictive value (PPV) for vasculature detection at the tumor rim. These results suggest that tumor microvasculature can be detected using HiSS imaging without the use of contrast agents.
The relation between ovulation frequency and the incidence of follicular atresia following surgical operations in the domestic hen.

THE REPORTS in the literature dealing with follicular atresia in the ovary of the bird have been largely confined to morphological descriptions of the process (Davis, 1942; Pearl and Boring, 1918; Dubuisson, 1906) and to mention of some of the agents which bring it about. Examples of these are environmental disturbances, (Stieve, 1918); injections of various steroids (Dunham and Riddle, 1942), subovulatory doses of pituitary preparations (Fraps and Dury, 1942), dried tissue preparations and egg white, proteins, and protein derivatives (Fraps and Neher, 1945); and operations on the ovary (Rothchild and Fraps, 1944). In none of these studies, however, was the incidence of atresia shown to be related to any of the variables within the population of birds treated with one of these agents. The present communication will attempt to do this, and will show that one of the most important factors which determines the incidence of atresia after abdominal operations is the birds’ frequency of ovulation preceding oper...
Subcutaneous tissue mechanical behavior is linear and viscoelastic under uniaxial tension.

Subcutaneous tissue is part of a bodywide network of “loose” connective tissue including interstitial connective tissues separating muscles and surrounding all nerves and blood vessels. Despite its...
Natal Dispersal by Pygmy Rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis)

Multiple factors likely influence natal dispersal behavior of juvenile mammals, which is typically male-biased. Because of their small body size and specific habitat requirements, pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) are expected to exhibit limited dispersal. We predicted that dispersal would be male-biased, that juveniles born later in the year would disperse farther, and that juveniles would be more likely to disperse away from areas of higher habitat saturation. We used radiotelemetry to study dispersal of 61 juvenile pygmy rabbits (31 males and 30 females) from shortly after emergence from natal burrows (April‐July) to the beginning of the next breeding season (mid-March) during 2004‐2006. Juveniles dispersed before 12 weeks of age, and typically completed dispersal movements within 1 week. Both sexes exhibited a high rate of dispersal (males ¼ 90%; females ¼ 80%); however, juvenile females settled more than 3 times farther from their natal areas than males. Median natal dispersal distances for males and females were 1.0 km (range ¼ 0.03‐6.5 km) and 2.9 km (range ¼ 0.02‐11.9 km), respectively. Dispersing juveniles crossed gravel roads and perennial streams; however, rabbits tended to initiate dispersal movements away from nearby streams. Mortality rates for male and female juvenile rabbits were 69.2% and 88.5%, respectively, and were highest during the first 2 months after emergence from the natal burrow. We found no evidence that date of emergence, body condition, or habitat saturation influenced dispersal frequency or distance in juvenile pygmy rabbits. Results indicate that pygmy rabbits are capable of dispersing long distances and suggest that their conservation will require land management at broader spatial extents.
Toxicokinetics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Congeners 47, 99, 100, and 153 in Mice

The congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human and wildlife samples are dominated by brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154, all of which are components of the commercial pentaBDE mixtures commonly used in a variety of flammable consumer products. Very little information is available on the toxicokinetics of these congeners and no studies are available directly comparing these BDE congeners in mice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of BDEs 47, 99, 100 and 153. Female C57BL/6 mice were administered a single dose of BDE (1 mg/kg: 2.1, 1.9, 1.9, and 1.8 mumol/kg, respectively) intravenously. Excretion was monitored daily, and terminal tissue disposition was examined 5 days following exposure. All BDE congeners in this study distribute with similar patterns into lipophilic tissues; however, tissue concentrations 5 days following exposure were much higher for BDE-153 than for 100, 99, and 47, respectively. Excretion rates were inversely related to tissue concentrations as BDE-47 was the most rapidly excreted congener, followed by BDE-99, -100, and -153. Differences in tissue concentrations were largely driven by congener-specific urinary elimination rates which were associated with protein binding in the urine. While the overall rate of metabolism appeared to be low, analysis of metabolites in daily feces samples revealed that BDE-99 was the most rapidly metabolized congener in this study. The results of this study demonstrate that congener substitution plays a role in the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of PBDEs in mice and it is therefore important to consider the differential toxicokinetic parameters associated with each congener when assessing the risk to human health from these PBDE congeners.
Setting up the Pediatric Endoscopy Unit

As pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy continues to develop and evolve, pediatric gastroenterologists are more frequently called on to develop and direct a pediatric endoscopy unit. Lack of published literature and focused training in fellowship can render decision making about design, capacity, operation, equipment purchasing, and staffing challenging. To help guide management decisions, we distributed a short survey to 18 pediatric gastroenterology centers throughout the United States and Canada. This article provides practical guidance by summarizing available expert opinions on the topic of setting up a pediatric endoscopy unit.
Simulation of Satellite Visible, Near-Infrared, and Shortwave-Infrared Measurements

Abstract In this chapter, we describe and discuss satellite-measured radiance spectra over global open oceans and coastal and inland waters. Specifically, radiance contributions from atmosphere—i.e., radiance contributions from air molecules (Rayleigh scattering) and aerosols and ocean surface—as well as from ocean waters (both Case-1 and Case-2 waters) will be discussed in detail. This chapter also describes modeling for the normalized water-leaving radiance by accounting for ocean surface and in-water bidirectional effects, the radiance contribution that interacted with the atmosphere and the water surface (the so-called path radiance), including modeling of the aerosol optical properties and of the atmospheric diffuse transmittance. Furthermore, this chapter provides simulated results for sensor-measured top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance spectra, and through histogram data analysis, typical TOA radiance spectra over ocean from ultraviolet to visible, near-infrared, and shortwave-infrared wavelengths are derived. The simulated TOA radiance values are compared with those derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite. In addition, an extensive list of references related to various topics discussed in this chapter is provided. Interesting readers are encouraged to read proper references for further details.
Transport of Viruses through Organic Soils and Sediments

A black organic sediment (l5.5% organic carbon) retained only 60% and 75% of virus suspended in secondary effluent and ground water, respectively. When some of the water-soluble humic materials were leached from the sediment, the sorptive capacity was increased. Further investigation of the interfering capacity of these humic substances revealed that they interfered significantly with the adsorption capacity of poliovirus to a sandy soil. The addition of CaCl 2 to humic solutions was shown to restore the sorptive capacity of the soil. Molecular weight fractionation by ultrafiltration showed that the decrease in virus adsorption was due to fractions with a molecular weight below 50,000. An organic muck soil (45.4% organic carbon) was found to retain 92% and 82% of the applied virus suspended in ground water and sewage effluent, respectively. It was concluded that organic soils are not particularly suitable for the application of sewage effluent.
Quantum-dot-conjugated graphene oxide as an optical tool for biosensor

We have demonstrated a novel platform of quantum dots (QDs) core-shell conjugated graphene oxide (GO) biosensor for effective protein detection. The advantage in making core shell nanostructure allows preserving stable QDs, by improving quantum yield, and lowering the toxicity of the core. Both QDs and GO are efficient nanoparticle systems that can potentially be used for drug delivery, diagnosis, and biosensors scaffolds. However, our study indicates that the conjugation between these two nanoparticle systems makes their properties even more effective. The change in fluorescent intensity through fluorescence resonance energy transfer from quantum dots to GO produced a novel method for detection of the target and allows for the optimization of the recognition limit of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) due to efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer as observed through time resolved relaxation spectroscopy. It is observed that the quenching of photoluminescence peak of QDs due to GO shell produced an applicable strategy and could be conveniently extended for detection of other biomolecules. We obtained significantly enhanced spectral signal through successful conjugation of GO with CdSe/CdS core shell, which can potentially be used for the detection of biomolecules with high sensitivity and selectivity. Our study underlines the efficiency of QD conjugated GO core shell in spectral detection of proteins even at very low concentration (0.25 mmol).
Brown adipose tissue and nuclear medicine imaging.

During the last 2 years, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has received considerable attention in the field of nuclear medicine. BAT has been shown to accumulate 18F-FDG ([1][1]–[4][2]), metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) ([5][3],[6][4]), and tetrofosmin ([7][5]). The first description of BAT is, however,
Exergy Based Assessment of the Production and Conversion of Switchgrass, Equine Waste, and Forest Residue to Bio-Oil Using Fast Pyrolysis

The resource efficiency of biofuel production via biomass pyrolysis is evaluated using exergy as an assessment metric. Three feedstocks, important to various sectors of U.S. agriculture, switchgrass, forest residue, and equine waste, are considered for conversion to bio-oil (pyrolysis oil) via fast pyrolysis, a process that has been identified as adaptable to on- or near-farm application. Biomass and biofuel production pathways are defined, material flows are determined, and exergy in- and outflows associated with biomass production and conversion are computed, including the depletion of exergy from its natural state (cumulative exergy demand, CExD). Sources of exergy depletion are quantified and categorized by energy carriers, e.g., electricity and diesel fuel, and materials, e.g., fertilizer, as well as renewable and nonrenewable resources. Yields for biomass to bio-oil conversion by fast pyrolysis are determined experimentally. Breeding factors, a measure of exergy production (the ratio of the chemical...
Electrochemical Properties of the Double Layer of an Ionic Liquid Using a Dimer Model Electrolyte and Density Functional Theory

Most theoretical studies of the properties of an electrolyte, including an ionic liquid, treat the electrolyte as a mixture of charged hard spheres in a solvent modeled as a dielectric continuum. However, ionic liquids generally consist of nonspherical ions that are not dissolved in a solvent. A simple extension of the primitivel model of electrolytes is to represent an ionic liquid as a mixture of charged hard spheres (negative monovalent ions in our case) and nonspherical ions consisting of a dimer of two touching hard spheres, one of which is charged (monovalent and positive in our case) and the other is neutral. This simple model has been used previously by Federov et al. and by ourselves. Here, we use the classical density functional theory to study the interfacial properties of the model ionic liquid over a range of electrode charges and two electrolyte concentrations. For simplicity, all of the spheres have the same diameter. In contrast to the simulations of Federov and Kornyshev, we find that a p...
Technology and Soviet Foreign Trade: On the Political Economy of an Underdeveloped Superpower

This paper investigates how the USSR's trade in foreign technologies reflects its position as an 'underdeveloped superpower' within the capitalist worldeconomy. As a part of the world-system, the Soviet Union's political economy is reconceptualized here, using Wallerstein's world-systems theory, as the most core-like semi-peripheral economy in the world capitalist system. These concepts are used to explain how the Soviet economy has successfully escaped the networks of 'financial-industrial' dependency that characterized the Tsarist economy, while, at the same time, becoming caught in a new kind of 'technological-industrial' dependency in many areas of advanced technological production. Even though basic Soviet science is very sophisticated, the investigation concludes that political contradictions within the Soviet state and economic policies based upon the USSR's essentially semi-peripheral niche prevent Soviet producers from generating the industrial and technological infrastructure of a more highly developed superpower. The relative sophistication of Soviet vis-'a-vis Western technology is a growing concern of many academics, military analysts, and policymakers in the major OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) states. The comprehensive campaigns being mounted by Soviet military, industrial and state intelligence to obtain more Western technology is a serious cause celebre in many NATO capitals.' Yet, the purposes behind most studies of East-West technology transfer are one-sided. One group seeks to prove that technology transfer only augments Soviet military capabilities. Another circle looks at whether or not technical inputs from abroad promote or retard Soviet economic reforms. Other interests examine how Western technological imports might enable the USSR to seize a share of global hightechnology markets. Still others ask whether technological goods from the West qualitatively or quantitively improve Soviet industrial productivity and output. In this study I examine the broader context of East-West technology transfer, namely what Soviet trade in foreign technology reveals about the place of the USSR within the world economic system.
Ceramic Fiber Composites for Electronic Packaging: Thermal Transport Properties

The thermal diffusivities and specific heats of several polymer matrix composites containing ceramic Fiber FP [1] and AIN fibers were measured between 20 K and 300 K. The anisotropic thermal conductivities inferred are related to specific fiber geometries and the thermal conductivities of the composite components. The high in-plane conductivities at 125K suggest possible applications for high-Tc, superconductor electronic packaging.
Kinetics of Butene Isomer Methylation with Dimethyl Ether over Zeolite Catalysts

The systematic investigation of 1-butene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene, and isobutene methylation with dimethyl ether (DME) over acidic zeolites FER, MFI, MOR, and BEA at low conversions ( 15:1) showed linear rate dependencies on butene pressure and no dependence on DME pressure. Such dependencies are consistent with the zeolite surface being predominantly covered by DME-derived species, which either directly reacts with butene species in the rate-determining step or through the formation and subsequent degradation of a coadsorbed complex. A comparison of rate constants for butene methylation across isomers over MFI and BEA shows that, in the absence of hydride shift, a 10-fold increase is observed for reactants capable of forming more substituted carbenium ion-like transition states, as predicted for carbocation mediated mechanisms. High cis-2-butene pressure experiments over BEA show linear dependencies of the butene methylation rate on butene pressure for olefin to DM...
Mental Health and HIV

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the distinction between mental-health problems that existed prior to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and those with post-HIV onset. Pre-existing problems are conceptualized as producing or contributing to risk behavior and thus to HIV infection; postinfection mental-health problems may also interfere with treatment for HIV and contribute to infection of others. The mental health and HIV/AIDS literature, some studies of older adults, the West-central Florida Older Adult project findings, treatment issues, and suicide factors are reviewed. Considering the tremendous number of stressors that people living with HIV (PLWHIV) must deal with and the high prevalence of mood disorders, suicide is a reasonable concern with this population. Psychiatric morbidity, alcohol and drug abuse, and behavioral disorder have also been viewed as risk factors for suicide. There is no disagreement that mental-health problems, disorders, and psychological distress are highly prevalent among both PLWHIV and people at risk for HIV infection. Even though suicide rates among PLWHIV are not clear, this issue is a serious concern for a variety of reasons. The chapter lists recommendations and encourages increased investment of resources in the prevention programs.
On the Multi-Colored Ramsey Numbers of Paths and Even Cycles

In this paper we improve the upper bound on the multi-color Ramsey numbers of paths and even cycles. More precisely, we prove the following. For every $r\geq 2$ there exists an $n_0=n_0(r)$ such that for $n\geq n_0$ we have $$R_r(P_n) \leq \left( r - \frac{r}{16r^3+1} \right) n.$$ For every $r\geq 2$ and even $n$ we have $$R_r(C_n) \leq \left( r - \frac{r}{16r^3+1} \right) n + o(n) \text{ as }n\rightarrow \infty.$$ The main tool is a stability version of the Erdős-Gallai theorem that may be of independent interest.
Behavior Change and Nutrition Counseling

The process of changing eating patterns is one that can be challenging for health providers and patients alike. However, adopting healthy habits around food provides significant benefits for individuals, communities, and health care systems. The potential rewards of effectively counseling patients about nutrition include improved hemoglobin A1c, decreased blood pressure, improved weight management, increased self-confidence, and increased personal satisfaction. Whenever healthy habits are the subject of a research project, diet is one of the main components of the investigation. For example, the Nurses’ Health Study [1] examined five healthy factors: (1) maintaining a healthy BMI, (2) exercising regularly, (3) eating a healthy diet, (4) not smoking, and (5) drinking alcohol only in moderation.
Cover crop root contributions to soil carbon in a no-till corn bioenergy cropping system

Crop residues are potential biofuel feedstocks, but residue removal may reduce soil carbon (C). The inclusion of a cover crop in a corn bioenergy system could provide additional biomass, mitigating the negative effects of residue removal by adding to stable soil C pools. In a no-till continuous corn bioenergy system in the northern US Corn Belt, we used 13CO2 pulse labeling to trace plant C from a winter rye (Secale cereale) cover crop into different soil C pools for 2 years following rye cover crop termination. Corn stover left as residue (30% of total stover) contributed 66, corn roots 57, rye shoots 61, rye roots 50, and rye rhizodeposits 25 g C m−2 to soil. Five months following cover crop termination, belowground cover crop inputs were three times more likely to remain in soil C pools than were aboveground inputs, and much of the root-derived C was in mineral-associated soil fractions. After 2 years, both above- and belowground inputs had declined substantially, indicating that the majority of both root and shoot inputs are eventually mineralized. Our results underscore the importance of cover crop roots vs. shoots and the importance of cover crop rhizodeposition (33% of total belowground cover crop C inputs) as a source of soil C. However, the eventual loss of most cover crop C from these soils indicates that cover crops will likely need to be included every year in rotations to accumulate soil C.
Infection Risk Associated with Daratumumab

Background Daratumumab is an IgG kappa monoclonal antibody (mAB) against CD38 which is expressed on myeloma cells. It has recently been approved for treatment of patients with relapsed refractory multiple myeloma. Our objective was to identify the potential infectious complications associated with daratumumab use.
Relational Victimization and Maladjustment Among Hispanic Early Adolescents: Moderating Effects of Social Support

Relational victimization can have negative implications for early adolescents; yet, few studies have examined relational victimization among Hispanic early adolescents. This study examined (a) the ...
Prenatal and early-life triclosan and paraben exposure and allergic outcomes

Background In cross-sectional studies triclosan and parabens, ubiquitous ingredients in personal care and other products, are associated with allergic disease. Objectives We investigated the association between prenatal and early-life triclosan and paraben exposure and childhood allergic disease in a prospective longitudinal study. Methods Subjects were enrollees in the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial. Triclosan, methyl paraben, and propyl paraben concentrations were quantified in maternal plasma samples pooled from the first and third trimesters and urine samples from children at age 3 or 4 years. Outcomes were parental report of physician-diagnosed asthma or recurrent wheezing and allergic sensitization to food or environmental antigens based on serum specific IgE levels at age 3 years in high-risk children. Results The analysis included 467 mother-child pairs. Overall, there were no statistically significant associations of maternal plasma or child urine triclosan or paraben concentrations with asthma or recurrent wheeze or food or environmental sensitization at age 3 years. A trend toward an inverse association between triclosan and paraben exposure and allergic sensitization was observed. There was evidence of effect measure modification by sex, with higher odds of environmental sensitization associated with increasing paraben concentrations in male compared with female subjects. Conclusions We did not identify a consistent association between prenatal and early-life triclosan or paraben concentrations and childhood asthma, recurrent wheeze, or allergic sensitization in the overall study population. The differential effects of triclosan or paraben exposure on allergic sensitization by sex observed in this study warrant further exploration.
Ligand-free, palladacycle-facilitated Suzuki coupling of hindered 2-arylbenzothiazole derivatives yields potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors

A similarity search and molecular modeling study suggested the 2'-aryl-2-arylbenzothiazole framework as a novel scaffold for the design of COX-2-selective inhibitors. Conventional Suzuki coupling conditions did not furnish the designed compounds in good yield from 2'-bromo-2-arylbenzothiazole as the starting material. A novel ligand-free Suzuki-Miyaura coupling methodology was developed for sterically hindered 2'-bromo-2-arylbenzothiazoles. The reaction depends on the coordination properties of the benzothiazole ring nitrogen, which is involved in the formation of a palladacyclic intermediate that was synthesized independently and converted to the final product. The new method provides good to excellent yields (up to 99%) with favorable functional group tolerability. Six compounds had potencies in the submicromolar range against COX-2 and higher selectivity for COX-2 vs. COX-1 compared to the currently used drug celecoxib. Molecular modeling was used to investigate the possible binding mode with COX-2.
Calcium, vitamin D, and risk of adenoma recurrence (United States)

Objective: Few data exist regarding the association between calcium intake and adenoma recurrence, and no data exist for vitamin D. We investigated the role of dietary and supplemental sources of calcium and vitamin D in the etiology of adenoma recurrence. Methods: Analyses were conducted among 1304 male and female participants in the Wheat Bran Fiber (WBF) trial of adenoma recurrence. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: In the fully adjusted multivariate model, the OR for participants with dietary calcium intake above 1068 versus those with intake below 698 mg/day was 0.56 (95% CI = 0.39–0.80; p-trend = 0.007). Calcium supplementation at doses above 200 mg/day did not affect risk of recurrence. Although a borderline inverse association between dietary vitamin D and recurrence was observed after adjustment for age and gender, the association weakened in the fully adjusted model (OR = 0.78 for individuals in the upper compared to the lower quartile; 95% CI = 0.54–1.13). No association was shown for supplemental sources of vitamin D. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate that a higher intake of calcium decreases the risk of adenoma recurrence by approximately 45%, whereas vitamin D has no significant effect on recurrence rates.
The time-bandwidth limit in optical nanostructures and its relation to nonreciprocity

The time-bandwidth limit refers to the trade-off between the time-delay that can be applied to a signal and the signal bandwidth. Recently, there have been several studies showing that this bound can be broken in nonreciprocal nano-structures, including nonreciprocal cavities and terminated unidirectional waveguides. Here, we clarify the nature of these claims and the physical mechanisms involved in such structures.
Bacterial, Fungal, Parasitic, and Viral Colitis

Knowledge of various infectious proctocolitides is essential to the surgeon's practice. The growing prevalence of these diseases mandates an understanding of their diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews selected bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral proctocolitides.
Using Assistive Technology to Generate Social Skills Use for Students with Emotional Behavior Disorders.

Researchers have demonstrated the positive outcomes of using video self-modeling (VSM) with students with emotional behavior disorders (EBDs). VSM typically refers to teacher-created videos demonst...
Total syntheses via cyclopropanols

Abstract Cyclopropanols are readily available via the Kulinkovich cyclopropanation, the Simmons-Smith reaction, and other synthetic methods. Due to their intrinsic ring stains, cyclopropanols and their derivatives are highly reactive and can be converted to different structural scaffolds which are frequently found in many natural products. In this review, we highlight the applications of various cyclopropanol ring opening/expansion/fragmentation reactions in the total syntheses of natural products.
A polynomial-time algorithm for simple temporal problems with piecewise constant domain preference functions

In this paper, we provide a polynomial-time algorithm for solving an important class of metric temporal problems that involve simple temporal constraints between various events (variables) and piecewise constant preference functions over variable domains. We are given a graph G = (χ, e) where χ = {X0, X1... Xn} is a set of events (X0 is the "beginning of the world" node and is set to 0 by convention) and e = (Xi, Xj) ∈ e. annotated with the bounds [LB(e), UB(e)], is a simple temporal constraint between Xi and Xj indicating that Xj must be scheduled between LB(e) and UB(e) seconds after Xi is scheduled (LB(e) ≤ UB(e)). A family of stepwise constant preference functions F = {fxi (t) : R → R} specifies the preference attached with scheduling Xi at time t. The goal is to find a schedule for all the events such that all the temporal constraints are satisfied and the sum of the preferences is maximized. Our polynomial-time algorithm for solving such problems (which we refer to as extended simple temporal problems (ESTPs)) has important consequences in dealing with limited forms of disjunctions and preferences in metric temporal reasoning that would otherwise require an exponential search space.
Proposed Best Practices for Collaboration at Cross-disciplinary Observatories

Abstract. Interdisciplinary science affords new opportunities but also presents new challenges for biogeosciences collaboration. Since 2007, we have conducted site-based interdisciplinary research in central PA, USA at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory. Early in our collaboration, we realized the need for some best practices that could guide our project team. While we found some guidelines for determining authorship on papers, we found fewer guidelines describing how to collaboratively establish field sites, share instrumentation, share model code, and share data. Thus, we worked as a team to develop a best practices document that is presented here. While this work is based on one large team project, we think many of the themes are universal and we present our example to provide a building block for improving the function of interdisciplinary biogeoscience teams.
Simple models of error spectra for planetary gravitational potentials as obtained from a variety of measurement configurations

Abstract Planetary gravity fields are measured by various means. The accuracy of the recovered gravitational potential model depends, of course, on the number and accuracy of the measurements, and in non-trivial ways upon the measurement configuration and orbit geometry. We derive and present simple analytic expressions which yield estimates of the resulting error spectra, with reasonable accuracy. Actual recovery of gravity models from the relevant data requires much more rigorous analysis, but these models are expected to be helpful in early mission planning activities. We present results of an application to Vesta, used as a validation exercise, and show possible future results for Mars and Venus.
Evaluation of pharmacy resident perceived impact of natural disaster on stress during pharmacy residency training

Abstract Introduction Natural disasters present unique challenges for healthcare training programs. Limited literature has been published regarding the impact of natural disasters on pharmacy residency training. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of perceived impact natural disasters have on pharmacy resident stress and which factors contribute to any perceived change in stress. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted via a survey distributed to pharmacy residents whose program was located in an area potentially affected by natural disaster in the first six months of the 2017–2018 resident year. A modified Likert scale utilizing a 10-point scale was used to assess resident stress. Potential sources of stress were assessed via multiple-choice questions. The primary outcome was the degree of change in resident perceived stress compared to baseline during and after the natural disaster. Results One hundred twenty-nine pharmacy residents completed the survey. Stress increased from baseline during the natural disaster and remained elevated after compared to baseline. Main sources of stress were increased residency workload, natural disaster preparation and recovery, and concerns regarding friends and family. Half of residents reported their residency program did not have an established natural disaster policy in place. Conclusions Improved planning and communication regarding workload expectations may minimize stress among residents balancing increased personal responsibilities during times of natural disaster.
Outcomes of a Safety and Health Educational Intervention in Auto Body and Machine Tool Technologies Vocational College Programs: The Technical Education Curricula for Health and Safety (TECHS) Study

Technical Education Curricula for Health and Safety (TECHS) is a research collaboration between safety and health professionals and vocational instructors in three Minnesota colleges. Curriculum materials, including full and refresher modules with of classroom presentations, lab activities, homework, and quizzes, were developed for auto body collision technology (ABCT) and machine tool technology (MTT) programs. Curricula were implemented during the 2015-2018 academic years. Graduates' safety-related knowledge, skills, work practices, and workplace safety climate were assessed 1 year postgraduation using an electronic survey. Responses were received from 71 ABCT and 115 MTT graduates. Classroom presentations were used consistently throughout the study. Instructors cited a lack of time as the main barrier to using other materials (lab activities, homework, and quizzes). Graduates with TECHS instruction had significantly greater safety-related knowledge overall (both trades) as well as in two topic areas: eye and respiratory protection (ABCT) and hearing protection and machine guarding (MTT). Our data confirm that nearly all graduates consistently engage in practices such as use of safety glasses, hearing protection, and respirators, use of machine guards, material handling strategies. At 1 year postgraduation, MTT graduates' work practices related to machine guarding improved significantly. Graduates with TECHS instruction had improved in about half of the work practices, but statistical significance was not achieved. Graduates' self-reported work practices were not significantly correlated with their knowledge or skills. Work practices variability was best explained by graduates' attitudes toward safety rules and their rating of the workplace safety climate. TECHS findings confirm that classroom instruction alone has little impact on graduates' work practices. We propose institutions formalize their commitment to safety and health education by ear-marking teaching time for this subject and providing assistance to instructors to facilitate curricula integration. Instructors would benefit from learning more about trade-specific safety and health, and adult education teaching methods. Additional research is needed to understand how students' attitudes toward safety change during vocational college attendance and the first year of employment in the trade, explore implementation supports and barriers at institutional and instructor levels, and assess educational effectiveness beyond the end of the academic program. The entire curricula are available on the study website www.votechsafety.net.
The head of the nominal is N, not D: N-to-D Movement, Hybrid Agreement, and conventionalized expressions

The DP Hypothesis has recently come under intense criticism (Bruening 2009, Bruening et al. 2018). In the face of this criticism, several responses have been offered. This paper addresses three such responses and shows that they are without force. First, N-to-D movement is not necessary in Shona, as Carstens (2017) claims. Second, patterns of hybrid agreement in Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian do not require the DP Hypothesis, as Salzmann (2018) claims. Third, patterns of conventionalized expressions show that there is a close syntactic relation, possibly selection, between a selecting head and N, contra Salzmann (2018). The patterns of conventionalized expressions are incompatible with the DP Hypothesis and require that the head of the nominal is N, not any functional head. Functional heads inside nominals have to be dependents of the head N, not vice versa.
Identification and Characterization of Plant-Interacting Targets of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Silencing Suppressor.

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus) is an economically important plant virus that infects multiple horticultural crops on a global scale. TSWV encodes a non-structural protein NSs that acts as a suppressor of host RNA silencing machinery during infection. Despite extensive structural and functional analyses having been carried out on TSWV NSs, its protein-interacting targets in host plants are still largely unknown. Here, we systemically investigated NSs-interacting proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana via affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) analysis. Forty-three TSWV NSs-interacting candidates were identified in N. benthamiana. Gene Ontology (GO) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were carried out on their closest homologs in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The results showed that NSs preferentially interacts with plant defense-related proteins such as calmodulin (CaM), importin, carbonic anhydrase and two heat shock proteins (HSPs): HSP70 and HSP90. As two major nodes in the PPI network, CaM and importin subunit α were selected for the further verification of their interactions with NSs via yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening. Our work suggests that the downstream signaling, transportation and/or metabolic pathways of host-NSs-interacting proteins may play critical roles in NSs-facilitated TSWV infection.