cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing AACs for People with Aphasia Dining in Restaurants

There is a growing need to design augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices that focus on supporting quality of life goals, such as increased social participation in leisurely activities. Yet, designing AAC applications that support leisurely activities is difficult, as the activity might require novel and specific language in a timely manner. Through observations and contextual interviews with people with aphasia, their social partners, and speech-language therapists, we characterize the important but challenging nature of supporting one specific leisure activity: meal ordering in restaurants. Based on our observational and interview data, we design and explore three prototype AAC systems to support people with aphasia in ordering meals in restaurants. Each prototype integrates a different AI technology, contributing insights into how AI may enhance AAC usage and design. The study opens up questions of designing accessible restaurant experiences for neurodivergent people and the role of AI in AAC devices more broadly.
Evaluating the utility of Rapid Response EEG in emergency care.

Background Timely management of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is critical to improving patient outcomes. However, NCSE can only be confirmed using electroencephalography (EEG), which is either significantly delayed or entirely unavailable in emergency departments (EDs). We piloted the use of a new bedside EEG device, Rapid Response EEG (Rapid-EEG, Ceribell), in the ED and evaluated its impact on seizure management when used by emergency physicians. Methods Patients who underwent Rapid-EEG to rule out NCSE were prospectively enrolled in a pilot project conducted at two ED sites (an academic hospital and a community hospital). Physicians were surveyed on the perceived impact of the device on seizure treatment and patient disposition, and we calculated physicians’ sensitivity and specificity (with 95% CI) for diagnosing NCSE using Rapid-EEG’s Brain Stethoscope function. Results Of the 38 patients enrolled, the one patient with NCSE was successfully diagnosed and treated within minutes of evaluation. Physicians reported that Rapid-EEG changed clinical management for 20 patients (53%, 95% CI 37% to 68%), primarily by ruling out seizures and avoiding antiseizure treatment escalation, and expedited disposition for 8 patients (21%, 95% CI 11% to 36%). At the community site, physicians diagnosed seizures by their sound using Brain Stethoscope with 100% sensitivity (95% CI 5% to 100%) and 92% specificity (95% CI 62% to 100%). Conclusion Rapid-EEG was successfully deployed by emergency physicians at academic and community hospitals, and the device changed management in a majority of cases. Widespread adoption of Rapid-EEG may lead to earlier diagnosis of NCSE, reduced unnecessary treatment and expedited disposition of seizure mimics.
On Misspecified Parameter Bounds with Application to Sparse Bayesian Learning

The sparse vector recovery problem can lead to a combinatorial search of prohibitive computations. Hence, reformulations amenable to convex optimization strategies have been considered. Alternatively, Bayesian inference approaches can curtail computations such as variational Bayesian methods (VBM). VBM, however, intentionally introduces a misspecified model to improve the efficiency of computational requirements. This talk will review the theory of misspecified parameter bounds and extensions to the Bayesian framework. Additionally, it will be shown that misspecified bounds can provide tight prediction of sparse Bayesian learning approaches, and thus can be used to tune the hyperparameters of VBM for improved performance. The VBM gains in computational efficiency, however, come at the cost of increased mean squared error (MSE) when compared to the perfectly specified model case. Examples will be shown that quantify this MSE increase and illustrate the apparent tradespace.
Information Embedding in Additive Manufacturing through Printing Speed Control

Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly developing, and new applications are continuously emerging. While AM is increasingly becoming integral to many industries, including aerospace, automotive, and biomedical, it has opened a host of unique security concerns, from theft of technical data to process sabotage and counterfeiting. In this work, we present a method to address the counterfeiting problem by embedding information in additively manufactured parts through controlling printing process parameters. Variations in printing speed, the encoding parameter in this work, introduce subtle localized height differences on parts' surfaces, which are readable using an optical profilometer. The profilometry data is captured after printing, and this data is processed to predict the intended bit response for each embedding region on the surface of the part. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme for embedding and reading the information in 3D printed parts and show that it achieves 80% accuracy for a 53 mm/s difference in printing speed between the encoded bits. Finally, we characterize the performance of the proposed scheme, measured as the accuracy in decoded messages, as a function of the difference in printing speed used to perform the embedding.
Cervical Epidural Spinal Analgesia for Acute Management of Severe Unilateral Forelimb Lameness: Case Report

A 20-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was presented with severe right forelimb lameness (5/5 AAEP Lameness Scale) due to a tear of the superficial digital flexor muscle which was diagnosed via palpation of swelling and ultrasonography revealing major muscle fiber disruption and hematoma formation. When traditional systemic therapy (non-Steroidal anti-inflammatories) did not restore clinically acceptable comfort and the risk of supporting limb laminitis became a reasonable concern, a cervical epidural catheter was placed between the first and second cervical vertebrae in the standing, sedated patient using ultrasound guidance. The gelding was treated with epidural morphine (0.1 mg/kg every 24 h then decreased to 0.05 mg/kg every 12 h) and was pain-scored serially following treatment. Spinal analgesia was provided for 3 days. Pain scores significantly decreased following each treatment with morphine, and the gelding was successfully managed through the acutely painful period without any adverse effects associated with the C1-C2 epidural catheter placement technique, the epidural morphine, or contralateral limb laminitis. At the 2-month follow-up, the gelding was walking sound with no complications seen at the catheter insertion site. In this case, spinal analgesia using epidural morphine administered via a cervical epidural catheter was an effective and technically achievable option for pain management associated with severe forelimb muscle injury in a horse.
Open Transabdominal Sacrocolpopexy

Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition with an estimated 19 % lifetime risk for undergoing a surgical procedure for treatment. Although transvaginal and minimally invasive techniques have been developed, transabdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC) is the gold standard for treatment of apical prolapse. Surgical preparation for ASC begins with a thorough history and physical examination culminating in an earnest discussion between the patient and the surgeon regarding treatment options and goals of therapy. Open ASC requires the pelvic surgeon to have technical prowess in abdominal surgery, a familiarity with pelvic anatomy, and synthetic graft materials. Long-term surgical outcomes for ASC are durable and efficacious with acceptably low rates of complications and recurrence. Although ASC has been around since the 1960s in its modern form, the technique has continued to evolve and controversies such as concomitant anti-incontinence procedures are addressed.
Matrix-Free Convex Optimization Modeling

We introduce a convex optimization modeling framework that transforms a convex optimization problem expressed in a form natural and convenient for the user into an equivalent cone program in a way that preserves fast linear transforms in the original problem. By representing linear functions in the transformation process not as matrices, but as graphs that encode composition of linear operators, we arrive at a matrix-free cone program, i.e., one whose data matrix is represented by a linear operator and its adjoint. This cone program can then be solved by a matrix-free cone solver. By combining the matrix-free modeling framework and cone solver, we obtain a general method for efficiently solving convex optimization problems involving fast linear transforms.
Fleet Experience Using Three Blends of Ethanol and Unleaded Gasoline

The Savannah River Plant, which is operated by Du Pont for the Department of Energy, has successfully operated automotive and nonautomotive gasoline-powered equipment on three different blends of ethanol and unleaded gasoline. The conventional gasohol blend of 10% ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline (10/90) has been used in addition to 15/85 and 20/80 blends. By October 1980, close to ten million miles will have been driven and almost one million gallons of gasohol consumed.
Brain damage and recovery.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the author's personal retrospective about research in the area of recovery after damage to the brain and spinal cord and highlights some of the conceptual and practical issues related to brain recovery. It is now accepted that functional recovery after a traumatic injury to the brain can be obtained once the cascade of injury processes that accompanies trauma is properly controlled. Much is known about the mechanisms of injury-induced neuronal sprouting. The problem is to figure out what do and when to do it. The chapter examines the specific molecular and anatomic variables that can be manipulated to enhance recovery.
Population Health for Children With Asthma: Time to Let Some Fresh Air In

I must confess that as a primary care pediatrician, treating asthma often feels stale: same old medications, same old conversations about the importance of daily controllers, same old preventable emergency department visits and hospitalizations. But in this issue of Pediatrics , Beck et al1 present a novel ecologic analysis that sheds new light on the topic, linking the asthma medication ratio (AMR; the ratio of asthma controller prescriptions filled to all asthma prescriptions filled) measured at the level of individual community pharmacies with pediatric asthma exacerbations within the census tract in which the pharmacy is located. The magnitude of the association was substantial, with a decrease of nearly 10 asthma exacerbations per 1000 children per year for each 0.1 increase in the pharmacy-level AMR. This central finding suggests that a low community-level AMR highlights a “hot spot” in which untoward asthma events are likely to occur at an increased rate relative to other areas with better community AMRs, even after adjustment for known confounders. Although ecologic … Address correspondence to Louis Vernacchio, MD, MSc, Pediatric Physicians’ Organization at Children’s, 77 Pond Ave, Suite 205C, Brookline, MA 02445. E-mail: louis.vernacchio{at}childrens.harvard.edu
The hydrogen atom without external fields

1. Separation of SchrOdinger’s equation in spherical polar coordinates. Angularly dependent eigenfunctions and the angular momentum matrix. SchrOdinger’s equation3 in c.g.s. units for an electron in the field of a nucleus of charge Ze and of infinite mass is $$\Delta u+\frac{2m}{h^2}\left ( E+\frac{Ze^2}{r} \right )u=0$$ , and in Hartree’s atomic units (see Introductory Remarks) is $$\Delta u+2\left ( E+\frac{Z}{r} \right )u=0$$ .
Replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA. Examination of variants containing double origins and observation of a bias in directionality.

Abstract Bacteriophage λ variants have been constructed that possess two λ ori sites. Replicative intermediates resulting from infection with these phages have been investigated. We find that initiation of replication from the ori site on an Eco RI fragment (containing all the DNA sequences from within the red gene to the middle of gene O ) cloned in the inverted orientation is predominantly bidirectional but occurs at a decreased frequency. Double initiations were observed at low frequency. However, a second cloned ori fragment (carrying two large deletions and a small insertion) cloned in the normal orientation demonstrated insignificant levels of replication from the cloned site unless the normal ori had already initiated. A bias in directionality of λ replication has been observed. Molecules that replicate unidirectionally propagate to the right more often than to the left. If the cloned ori -containing Eco RI fragment is inserted with reversed polarity, then the bias is towards the left. Bidirectional λ replicative intermediates also appear to show a similar bias but this is superimposed on a large, apparently random, effect that results in asymmetric growing-point propagation.
Gendered Encounters: Challenging Cultural Boundaries and Social Hierarchies in Africa

Gendered Encounters: Challenging Cultural Boundaries and Social Hierarchies in Africa. Maria Grosz-Ngate and Omari H. Kokole. eds. New York: Routledge, 1997 254 pp.
A TDDFT description of the low-energy excited states of copper and zinc metalloenediynes.

Time-dependent density functional theory shows that the photoreactivities of copper and zinc metalloenediynes derive from multi-configurational excited states involving the enediyne and pyridine π systems.
SyNAPSE: Jun Sawada

Since its invention, the digital computer improved significantly in performance and storage capacity. However, it remains to be machinery-although very complex one- that has to be programmed in every detail by programmers. Even though parallel systems have become popular, majorities of processor cores remain sequential in nature. Comparatively, the human brain can perform complex tasks rapidly and accurately using energy as little as 20 watts without being programmed. And it is fundamentally a parallel computer. Making sense of real-time input flowing in at a dizzying rate is a Herculean task for today's computers, but would be natural for a brain-inspired system. By reproducing the structure and architecture of the brain-the way its elements receive sensory input, connect to each other, adapt these connections, and transmit motor output-the cognitive computing systems could potentially emulate the brain's computing efficiency, size and power.
The Cruelest Honor: The Relics of Francis Xavier in Early-Modern Asia

This article examines the body of Francis Xavier, preserved whole since its exhumation in 1553, through the lens of material history. It traces the corpse’s translation from the China coast to the Malay peninsula and onward to its final resting place in Goa. Historical sources relating to the many examinations of the body are discussed, as well as the devotional traditions that emerged as a result of the miraculous preservation of the body in the tropic heat of Western India. Testimony from late-sixteenth- and seventeenth-century visitors sheds light on how early-modern Asian Catholics understood the relic.
Because I'm Worth It? Understanding Inequality in a Performance‐Based Pay System*

How do workers understand pay inequality? Every organizational field has a taken-for-granted compensation system that shapes understandings of rewards. Using data from 76 Wall Street professionals, I analyze how individuals interpret, understand, and justify inequality in a performance-based reward system where pay is supposed to be based on merit. A majority of securities workers believed that the performance-based pay system produced equitable rewards. But a substantial minority challenged the procedural and/or distributive justice of this pay system, producing counterinstitutional accounts. These accounts took three general forms: accounts of arbitrariness, accounts of misinformation, and accounts of discrimination. All of these counterinstitutional accounts pointed to nonmerit influences on bonuses. I argue that these challenges might undermine the legitimacy of the pay system, but most men and women who challenged the system exited their firms or the industry, so that their challenges did little to destabilize Wall Street's pay practices. Wall Street appears to maintain its legitimacy in part through the self-selection of dissenters out of the system.
Rook Theory andt-Cores

Iftis a positive integer, then a partition of a non-negative integernis at-core if none of the hook numbers of the associated Ferrers?Young diagram is a multiple oft. These partitions arise in the representation theory of finite groups and also in the theory of class numbers. We prove that ift=2, 3, or 4, then two differentt-cores are rook equivalent if and only if they are conjugates. In the special case whent=4, sincec4(n)=12h(?32n?20) when 8n+5 is square-free, the above result suggests a new method of approaching Gauss' class number problem for these discriminants. Unlike the cases where 2?t?4, it turns out that whent?5 there are distinct rook equivalentt-cores which are not conjugates. In fact, we conjecture that for all sucht, there exists a constantN(t) for which every integern?N(t) has the property that there exists a pair of distinct rook equivalentt-cores ofnwhich are not conjugates.
αv and β1 integrins regulate dynamic compression–induced proteoglycan synthesis in 3D gel culture by distinct complementary pathways

Summary Objective Our goal was to test the hypothesis that specific integrin receptors regulate chondrocyte biosynthetic response to dynamic compression at early times in 3D gel culture, during initial evolution of the pericellular matrix, but prior to significant accumulation of further-removed matrix. The study was motivated by increased use of dynamic loading, in vitro , for early stimulation of tissue engineered cartilage, and the need to understand the effects of loading, in vivo , at early times after implantation of constructs. Methods Bovine articular chondrocytes were seeded in 2% agarose gels (15×10 6 cells/mL) and incubated for 18h with and without the presence of specific integrin blockers (small-molecule peptidomimetics, function-blocking antibodies, and RGD-containing disintegrins). Samples were then subjected to a 24-h dynamic compression regime found previously to stimulate chondrocyte biosynthesis in 3D gel as well as cartilage explant culture (1Hz, 2.5% dynamic strain amplitude, 7% static offset strain). At the end of loading, proteoglycan (PG) synthesis ( 35 S-sulfate incorporation), protein synthesis ( 3 H-proline incorporation), DNA content (Hoechst dye 33258) and total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content (dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) dye binding) were assessed. Results Consistent with previous studies, dynamic compression increased PG synthesis and total GAG accumulation compared to free-swelling controls. Blocking αvβ3 abolished this response, independent of effects on controls, while blocking β1 abolished the relative changes in synthesis when changes in free-swelling synthesis rates were observed. Conclusions This study suggests that both αvβ3 and β1 play a role in pathways that regulate stimulation of PG synthesis and accumulation by dynamic compression, but through distinct complementary mechanisms.
Lightning transient suppression circuit design for avionics equipment

Aircraft manufacturers are increasingly choosing to use Carbon Composite material for the design of their airframes due to its obvious advantage of reducing the weight of the aircraft. However, a disadvantage of this decision is the large increase in the lightning indirect effect levels to which avionics equipment are exposed. The typical method of protecting avionic interfaces from these transients is to clamp the transient using a suppression device such as: metal oxide varistors (MOV), transient voltage suppressors (TVS), or gas discharge tubes (GDT). Higher transient levels typically results in larger components, but aircraft manufacturers demand that the avionics equipment does not increase in physical size. This presents a major challenge to avionics manufacturers. This paper presents some techniques used to meet this challenge.
Eliminating cultural bias in nursing examinations

Abstract Nursing program's enrollment reflects greater numbers of students for whom English is a second language. According to the National League for Nursing, approximately 32% of nursing students are from minority groups (National League of Nursing, 2012). The language diversity within the nursing student body provides challenges for the nursing faculty when developing nursing examinations. This article will discuss the need for nursing faculty to be mindful of the language used when creating nursing examinations that may lead to confusion for culturally diverse students. Focus should be placed on developing examinations that test discipline-specific concepts that do not rely on a student's familiarity with "colloquiums" and "expressions" to be successful. This article will provide recommendations for the development of testing committees composed of nursing faculty who are culturally sensitive and aware of cultural bias that may be present in nursing examinations. Case study exemplars and examples of culturally biased questions will be provided, and recommendations will be made to develop culturally neutral, discipline-specific examination.
Trapping of electrons by hydrocarbons and polar solutes

Abstract Using the techniques of pulse radiolysis the rates for electron transfer from the anion of biphenyl to various electron acceptors have been measured in cyclohexane at room temperature. In the cases where electron transfer did take place the reaction rates were diffusion controlled. At 193 K in liquid 3-methylhexane solvated electrons have been observed; reaction rates for these solvated electrons have also been measured. Although no spectra of trapped electrons have been observed in the pulse radiolysis of pure liquid hydrocarbons at room temperature, addition of small concentrations of polar solutes such as alcohols or ethers results in a small observable yield of solvated electrons. The spectra and yields of these trapped electrons have been measured as a function of solute concentration. These results have been discussed with reference to the current theories of electron trapping and electron mobility in liquid hydrocarbons.
Symmetry of Laser-Driven Implosions

A perturbation method is developed for nearly spherical heat and fluid flow. It shows that electron thermal conduction may be sufficiently symmetrizing to allow laser-driven fusion with a single beam.
70 Measuring Relative Quality and Resource Use for Congenital Heart Surgery

Objective: Tto develop a composite mesure reflecting both quality and resource use for pediatric heart surgery and to examine regional variation for this measure.
Natural History of Squeaking after Total Hip Arthroplasty

Background In recent years, a number of alternative bearing surfaces, such as ceramic on ceramic, are being used in THA. Squeaking after THA is a recently recognized complication; however, its incidence is unknown.
Stimulation of formation of adenosine 3',5'-phosphate by histamine in myenteric ganglia isolated from guinea-pig small intestine.

Abstract Effects of histamine and related agonists and antagonists on formation of cAMP were determined for enzymatically dissociated ganglia from the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. Formation of cAMP was stimulated by histamine in both dose- and time-dependent manners. The stimulatory action of histamine was suppressed by the histamine H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine. The histamine H1 receptor antagonists, tripelennamine or pyrilamine also suppressed the stimulatory action of histamine, but only at concentrations 3–4 orders higher than required for cimetidine. Formation of cAMP was stimulated dose-dependently by the histamine H2 receptor agonist, dimaprit. The histamine H1 receptor agonist, 2-methyl-histamine, also stimulated cAMP production, but required a threshold concentration 4–5 orders higher than dimaprit. We conclude that histamine acts at the histamine H2 receptor subtype to stimulate adenylate cyclase and the formation of cAMP in myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig small bowel.
Effect of temperature on hemostasis: A cold-tolerance test

A quantitative bleeding time test (cold-tolerance test) is described in which the bleeding site is exposed to different temperatures. No difference in bleeding time and blood loss was seen between 33° C and 25° C. When the temperature of the wound was decreased to 16° C or below, bleeding increased significantly in all normal persons and in those with coagulation abnormalities, except for two patients withvon Willebrand's disease in whom bleeding actually dimniished. Patients with congenital deficiencies of factor VIII, IX, or X had normal Ivy bleeding times but remarkably prolonged bleeding times at 16°C. After transfusion of cryoprecipitate into one patient with classic hemophilia, the bleeding time at 16° C returned to normal. Abnormal bleeding times at 16°C also were found in one patient taking aspirin and in one taking phenobarbital.
Advances in wind profiling by means of lidar and video imagery of clouds and aerosols

This paper describes ongoing research on wind lidar techniques and measurements. Joint work between Utah State University and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center has led to several field campaigns over the last three years involving the HARLIE holographic lidar and its use to determine vertical profiles of the horizontal wind. New data analysis methods have been developed at the Space Dynamics Laboratory for remote sensing of the wind speed and direction as functions of altitude. The third stage of HARLIE analysis is now automated to the extent that manual curve matching is optional. Automation has also been developed for analyzing the video images of overhead clouds, so that their motions can be compared with wind data from HARLIE and other instruments. Refinements and multi-sensor cross-checks of the data analysis methods will continue, as new campaigns are being planned. The long term goal of this work is to achieve a robust, non-Doppler wind sensing capability for use in the Calibration/Validation program for airborne and space-borne wind lidar instruments.
hnRNP F Complexes with Tristetraprolin and Stimulates ARE-mRNA Decay

The tristetraprolin (TTP) family of zinc-finger proteins, TTP, BRF1 and BRF2, regulate the stability of a subset of mRNAs containing 3′UTR AU-rich elements (AREs), including mRNAs coding for cytokines, transcription factors, and proto-oncogenes. To better understand the mechanism by which TTP-family proteins control mRNA stability in mammalian cells, we aimed to identify TTP- and BRF1-interacting proteins as potential TTP-family co-factors. This revealed hnRNP F as a prominent interactor of TTP and BRF1. While TTP, BRF1 and hnRNP F are all RNA binding proteins (RBPs), the interaction of hnRNP F with TTP and BRF1 is independent of RNA. Depletion of hnRNP F impairs the decay of a subset of TTP-substrate ARE-mRNAs by a mechanism independent of the extent of hnRNP F binding to the mRNA. Taken together, these findings implicate hnRNP F as a co-factor in a subset of TTP/BRF-mediated mRNA decay and highlight the importance of RBP cooperativity in mRNA regulation.
Perioperative complications and adverse events of the MONARC transobturator tape, compared with the tension-free vaginal tape.

Objective The objective of the study was to compare the incidence of perioperative complications of the MONARC transobturator tape with the tension-free vaginal tape in women undergoing surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence. Study design A retrospective review of all patients undergoing either a transobturator tape or tension-free vaginal tape between January 2003 and August 2005 was performed. The incidence of intraoperative and postoperative (6 weeks or less) complications was compared between groups. Results Two hundred five women underwent a transobturator tape and 213 women underwent a tension-free vaginal tape during the study period. Tension-free vaginal tape resulted in a significantly higher rate of bladder perforation than did transobturator tape (11 of 213 [5%] versus 0 of 205 [0%], P P = .026) and more likely to use anticholinergic medications (adjusted odds ratio 2.1 [95% confidence interval 1.02 to 4.70], P = .046) than those who received a transobturator tape. Conclusion Transobturator tape is associated with a lower rate of bladder injury, a decreased incidence of postoperative anticholinergic medication use, and fewer urethrolyses for postoperative voiding dysfunction or urinary urgency than tension-free vaginal tape.
Chromosome distribution, molecular motors and the claret protein

Abstract Recently, proteins have been identified that are required for proper distribution of chromosomes in melosis and mitosis. Unexpectedly, several of these are microtubule motor proteins. This finding has prompted further investigation into the basis of meiotic and mitotic chromosome movement. The claret protein, or ncd, is one of the new motor proteins that may perform several functions in melosis and early mitosis in Drosophila.
Water-borne Fluoride and Cortical Bone Mass: A Comparison of Two Communities

This study investigated the relationship between cortical bone mass in an older female population and their ingestion of fluoride from community water supplies. The study was conducted among lifelong female residents in Lordsburg (3.5 ppm fluoride) and Deming (0.7 ppm fluoride), NM. A total of 151 postmenopausal women ranging in age from 39 to 87 years took part; 69 were residents of the optimal-fluoride community, while the remaining 82 were residents of the high-fluoride community. Although bivariate analyses showed no difference in cortical bone mass between women in the two communities, with multiple regression analyses, significant predictors of bone mass (p less than 0.05) were weight, years since menopause, current estrogen supplementation, diabetes, and fluoride exposure status. Based on a model containing all of these variables, women living in the high-fluoride community had a bone mass ranging from 0.004 to 0.039 g/cm2 less than that of similar women living in the optimum-fluoride community. These results suggest that lifelong ingestion of water containing 3.5 ppm fluoride, compared with water containing 0.7 ppm fluoride, does not increase cortical bone mass in women of similar age, weight, and menopausal status. Under the conditions of this study, cortical bone mass might be reduced in a high-fluoride area.
Does suburban residence mean better neighborhood conditions for all households? Assessing the influence of nativity status and race/ethnicity

Abstract Suburban residence is considered symbolic of the American dream. Despite growth in suburban minority and immigrant populations, the question of whether access to high quality residential environments is available to all households has gone largely unexplored. This paper helps fill this gap by evaluating nativity-status and racial/ethnic differences in a range of neighborhood conditions for both suburban and central city residents. The study relies on data from the 2001 panel of the American Housing Survey and focuses on a range of neighborhood conditions, including indicators of social disorder, measures rarely examined in studies of locational attainment. Contrary to expectations based on spatial assimilation theory, we find that many foreign-born households reside in significantly better neighborhoods than their native-born counterparts. In addition, when nativity-status differences are in the favor of native-born households, suburban location does not necessarily attenuate them. With respect to the effect of race/ethnicity, we find that it is generally a more consistent predictor than nativity status of households’ neighborhood conditions.
Removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutants from a synthetic wastewater using a membrane-coupled bioreactor.

Two modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE)-type membrane-coupled bioreactors (MBRs) were investigated in this study for the purpose of removing both nitrogenous and carbonaceous pollutants from a synthetic wastewater. During the first MBR experiment, removal efficiencies were high (>90%) for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia, but total nitrogenous pollutant removal efficiency was poor (~25%). Bacterial community analysis of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) by a nested PCR-DGGE approach detected two Nitrosomonas-like populations and one Nitrosospira-like population. During the initial portion of the second MBR experiment, COD and ammonia removal efficiencies were similar to the first MBR experiment until the COD of the influent wastewater was increased to provide additional electron donors to support denitrification. Total nitrogen removal efficiencies eventually exceeded 90%, with a hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 24 h and a recirculation ratio of 8. When the HRT of the MBR experiment was decreased to 12 h, however, ammonia removal efficiency was adversely affected. A subsequent increase in the HRT to 18 h helped improve removal efficiencies for both ammonia (>85%) and total nitrogenous compounds (~70%). Our research demonstrates that MBRs can be effectively designed to remove both carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollutants. The ability of the microbial community to switch between anoxic (denitrifying) and oxic (nitrifying) conditions, however, represents a critical process constraint for the application of MLE-type MBR systems, such that little benefit is gained compared to conventional designs.
Automated aortic calcification detection in low-dose chest CT images

The extent of aortic calcification has been shown to be a risk indicator for vascular events including cardiac events. We have developed a fully automated computer algorithm to segment and measure aortic calcification in low-dose noncontrast, non-ECG gated, chest CT scans. The algorithm first segments the aorta using a pre-computed Anatomy Label Map (ALM). Then based on the segmented aorta, aortic calcification is detected and measured in terms of the Agatston score, mass score, and volume score. The automated scores are compared with reference scores obtained from manual markings. For aorta segmentation, the aorta is modeled as a series of discrete overlapping cylinders and the aortic centerline is determined using a cylinder-tracking algorithm. Then the aortic surface location is detected using the centerline and a triangular mesh model. The segmented aorta is used as a mask for the detection of aortic calcification. For calcification detection, the image is first filtered, then an elevated threshold of 160 Hounsfield units (HU) is used within the aorta mask region to reduce the effect of noise in low-dose scans, and finally non-aortic calcification voxels (bony structures, calcification in other organs) are eliminated. The remaining candidates are considered as true aortic calcification. The computer algorithm was evaluated on 45 low-dose non-contrast CT scans. Using linear regression, the automated Agatston score is 98.42% correlated with the reference Agatston score. The automated mass and volume score is respectively 98.46% and 98.28% correlated with the reference mass and volume score.
The mandibular subperiosteal implant denture: A prospective survival study

Follow-up, maintenance, and treatment of complications of 81 mandibular subperiosteal implants placed at the University of Southern California Advanced Prosthodontic Clinic were recorded for periods up to 21 years. Few patients were lost to follow-up, but a significant number of patients died before termination of the study. A 10-year survival rate of 79% was calculated for 63 patients, and a 15-year survival rate of 60% was calculated for 34 patients. It was found that subperiosteal implants have a low long-term survival rate, and the rate of loss of subperiosteal implants increases over time without reaching a steady state. However, subperiosteal implant therapy did provide function for patients who otherwise could not use dentures.
“A Slightly New Shade of Lipstick”: Gendered Mediation in Internet News Stories

Grounded in frame theory and the gendered mediation thesis, this study examines the use of gendered descriptive language, metaphors, status and power designations as well as personal detail in Internet news stories. One hundred sixty-eight lead stories appearing on CNN.com, FoxNews.com, and NYT.com were examined. The findings reveal that Internet stories rely on gendered language and male metaphors and analogies. Moreover, they are more likely to include personal information on females while simultaneously omitting information related to females' status and power. These findings provide evidence that major Internet news outlets place more emphasis on the male sphere of influence than the female sphere, thereby reinforcing the notion that the male standard is the norm in society with females presented as outside of that norm.
THE RENAL RESPONSE TO CHRONIC ALKALI LOADING IN INFANTS

The present observations were undertaken to establish the response of infants to the chronic alkali loading for the interpretation of the abnormalities in the maintenance of acid-base homeostasis in renal tubular alkalosis. Twelve normal infants aged 3-12 months were studied before and during 5 days of NaHCO3 administration, 157,0 mM/1,73 m2/day. The blood acid-base parameters during alkalization showed the mild compensated metabolic alkalosis. Fractional Na reabsorption/TNa/FNa/providing the indirect evaluation of the degree of ECF volum expansion remained unchanged during the alkali loading period. Urinary pH values increased to 7,278 ± 0,202 concomitantly with the increase of the mean fractional HCO3− excretion FEHCO3−. The changes of the means of fractional HCO3− reabsorption from the control values Δ THCO3−/Δ FHCO3− were 95,1% in the first day and decreased to 69,9 and 65,2% in the 3th and 5th loading day resp. The renal excretion of H+ in both forms as TA and NH4+ decreased during alkali loading from the mean control value of 119,5±21,9 to 56,8±12,5 uM/Ccr.100. The renal acid-base parameters interacted with the urinary excretion of the citric acid cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate. Uα&GV varied inversely with the UH+V. The index of the mean values of αKGV/UH+V rosed from 0,39 ± 0,12 in control to 2,80 ± 0,25% in alkali loading period. The presented results showed the measure of the normal efficiency with which the kidney protected the organism against accumulation of excess base during chronic NaHCO3 administration in infants.
Zeeman-switched optical free induction decay in YLiF4:Er3+

Heterodyne detection of optical free induction decay signals is accomplished for the first time through the application of a uniform, pulsed magnetic field which rapidly shifts the ion transition frequency. The technique is demonstrated in YLiF 4 :Er 3+ where it is used to determine the high field magnetic moment differences between the ground and metastable crystal field components of the 4 F 9/2 excited state. The temperature dependence of the homogeneous linewidth for several transitions is also discussed
The transactions trust demand for money: The money rate of interest in a one period exchange economy

An exchange economy using gold as a means of payment is considered where it is possible to borrow gold in a money market. A positive money rate of interest is encountered as the shadow price of the capacity constraint in an economy without enough gold. The meaning of enough gold and the role of the default penalty are noted in the determination of the interest rate.
Electron-beam sensitivity in inorganic specimens

Abstract An energetic electron beam is not a benign probe but can seriously degrade the intensity of samples being examined by electron microscopy. Biologists accept this fact as a commonplace, as their organic films sizzle into a hydrocarbon sludge in the intense ionization field of the electron beam. A surprising number of inorganic specimens are similarly affected by an ionizing field, though the degradation mechanisms may be very different. Nearly all specimens suffer non-trivial atomic displacements from direct knock-on processes induced by the 300–400 keV electrons of intermediate-voltage instruments. This contribution summarizes in abbreviated form what is known about both radiolytic and displacive irradiation damage in the electron microscope and what can be done to check or slow its inexorable progress.
OLD PEOPLE IN CONTEMPORARY NOVELS: A STUDY OF STYLE AND CONTENT

The relation of fiction to society may be interpreted from several points of view. As any other medium of mass communication, fiction is a source of information and attitudes, and an indicator of popular perspectives. In addition, fiction responds to its own rules. Necessities and conventions of representation in a particular form lead to certain combinations that are attributable neither to reflections of the situation nor to the intention to influence. This paper examines the place of the aged in novels published in the United States during the years 1931‐1970. Because of the different ingredients that go into the creation of characters in novels, no simple relationship of contact with social conditions or attempted influence by an author can be discerned. A realistic picture of the presentation cannot concentrate on the status of old heroes and heroines, but on the manner in which old people become part of the general scene or setting within a whole presentation of a novel. One can contrast this approa...
The algebra of norms and expanding maps on groups

Normed linear spaces and algebras equipped with norms are a familiar part of the mathematical landscape. Normed groups have achieved less prominence. This may be due to the comparative youth of the subject; it was only twenty years ago that Milnor and others recognized that some of the geometry of manifolds could be captured by metric properties of the fundamental group. Much of the subsequent interest has been centered on the word-length norm (which we shall return to) and growth properties. This paper takes a retrospective view of some results about normed groups and endomorphisms initially proved in the context of global and harmonic analysis. We ask whether the same results can be established using abstract algebraic techniques. The model for this sensibility is found, of course, in the many elegant arguments devised by Yitz to “explain” theorems about operators. The exposition at hand, alas, fails to possess the clarity and polish which an appropriate tribute demands. Silhouettes and speculations will have to suffice. When I began working on normed groups, I despaired that there was not enough structure to get my hands on. Thanks to helpful clues provided by my colleagues Marge Murray and Bill Floyd, I now lament that I cannot possibly master enough mathematics to understand the subject. If my analysis and geometry are not up to snuff, I request the indulgence of my readers. By a norm on a group we shall mean a non-negative real-valued function 1.1, whose domain is the group G, which satisfies
The empirical basis for adopting a civic rationale for internationalization

While considerable consensus exists regarding the importance of internationalizing postsecondary education, little is known about whether distinct forms of internationalization influence civic engagement. This study estimates the degree to which study abroad and internationalization at home (IaH) are associated with international volunteerism among undergraduate alumni at research universities in the United States (n = 93). Results from a multiple regression analysis revealed that extensive IaH—reflected by both the presence of internationalized general education and a high concentration of international students—and the institutional study abroad rate were both positively associated with international volunteerism, operationalized as participation in the Peace Corps. Limited forms of IaH were not predictive of international volunteerism. Regression models explained between 29 and 38% of the variance in international volunteerism. The findings suggest that institutions can better prepare students for the challenges of global civic engagement by increasing participation in study abroad and implementing an extensive and systematic IaH strategy.
An electrosensory area in the telencephalon of the little skate, Raja erinacea

On the basis of evoked potential and multiple unit responses we identified a pallial electrosensory area that extends throughout the central one-third of the skate telencephalon. This electrosensory area coincides in its mediolateral and rostrocaudal extent with an area of visual responsiveness. Throughout the area peak visual activity is 250–500 μm superficial to the maximum electrosensory responses. However, both electrosensory and visual areas appear to be located within the same pallial cell group. The depth and proximity of this pallial area to the lateral ventricle and medial forebrain bundle suggest that it is a subdivision of the medial pallium. Injection of HRP into the area from a glass microelectrode following recordings revealed retrogradely labeled cells in 3 separate diencephalic nuclei, the largest of which, the lateral posterior nucleus, also is responsive to electrosensory stimuli.
Directly administered antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected individuals in opioid treatment programs: results from a randomized clinical trial.

Background Data regarding the efficacy of directly administered antiretroviral therapy (DAART) are mixed. Opioid treatment programs (OTPs) provide a convenient framework for DAART. In a randomized controlled trial, we compared DAART and self-administered therapy (SAT) among HIV-infected subjects attending five OTPs in Baltimore, MD. Methods HIV-infected individuals attending OTPs were eligible if they were not taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) or were virologically failing ART at last clinical assessment. In subjects assigned to DAART, we observed one ART dose per weekday at the OTP for up to 12 months. SAT subjects administered ART at home. The primary efficacy comparison was the between-arm difference in the average proportions with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL during the intervention phase (3-, 6-, and 12-month study visits), using a logistic regression model accounting for intra-person correlation due to repeated observations. Adherence was measured with electronic monitors in both arms. Results We randomized 55 and 52 subjects from five Baltimore OTPs to DAART and SAT, respectively. The average proportions with HIV RNA <50 copies/mL during the intervention phase were 0.51 in DAART and 0.40 in SAT (difference 0.11, 95% CI: −0.020 to 0.24). There were no significant differences between arms in electronically-measured adherence, average CD4 cell increase from baseline, average change in log10 HIV RNA from baseline, opportunistic conditions, hospitalizations, mortality, or the development of new drug resistance mutations. Conclusions In this randomized trial, we found little evidence that DAART provided clinical benefits compared to SAT among HIV-infected subjects attending OTPs. Trial Registration ClinicalTrails.gov NCT00279110 NCT00279110qtermhehNCT00279110reh1