cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microfabricated heavy metal ion sensor

Abstract A novel microfabricated electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection and measurement of heavy metal ions in aqueous media. The sensor consists of a silicon substrate, on which is fabricated an electrically interconnected, but diffusionally isolated, array of thin-film iridium microelectrodes upon which a thin film of mercury is electrodeposited. Square-wave anodic-stripping voltammetry is used for quantitative analysis. This method involves an initial preconcentration phase in which the array is held at a cathodic potential such that the metal ions are reduced and amalgamated into the mercury, followed by anodic stripping (re-oxidation) of the metal ions. The charge required to strip a given ionic species completely is proportional to its initial concentration in the test solution. Sensitivity in the parts per billion range has been demonstrated without the addition of supporting electrolytes, deoxygenation, agitation, or any other alterations to the water samples.
Analysis of material and capacity requirements with Q-GERT

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to report on research conducted to develop a simulation model which incorporates the basic MRP logic into the modelled production process. The objective of the modelling effort is to provide information necessary for planning and controlling of the material and capacity requirements of a production process that includes stochastic processes. The modelling and analysis procedure exploits the fact that the structure of the production process can be logically modelled as a network flow process. The technique employed to facilitate the network modelling is Q-GERT (Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique) modelling and simulation language. A case application is presented to demonstrate a prototype model, followed by a report of the simulation results. The model is designed to provide answers and insights to the following questions: (1) how long must each production centre operate to yield the specified quantities of finished products, (2) what is the expected lead time r...
Blood flow visualization with real time high speed ultrasound

A new method of acquiring and displaying high speed ultrasound images has been developed. To extract flow information from the low intensity reflections of moving blood in these high frame rate images, difference imaging was found to be a particularly applicable visualization technique. Difference imaging has been shown to suppress stationary targets while increasing the contrast of the moving blood. This time domain technique has been used to visualize flow in both the left and right ventricle of the heart as well as in peripheral vasculature such as the carotid artery and hepatic blood vessels.
Loudness perception for short-duration tones in masking noise.

The effect of masking noise on the temporal summation of loudness is investigated here by performing loudness balances between a standard 500-msec tone burst (1000 Hz at either 20-, 50-, or 80-dB S...
Assessment of Phytoplankton Nutrient Limitation in Productive Waters: Application of Dilution Bioassays

Excessive nutrient loads to aquatic systems can complicate otherwise predictable relationships between nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton biomass. We conducted six bioassays on surface phytoplankton assemblages collected from productive Lake Apopka, Florida, to measure the effect of nutrient reduction on phytoplankton growth and nutritional state. Lake water was mixed with one of three diluents to create a gradient of ambient nutrient concentrations; nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation at each level of dilution was evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial design. While the addition of N clearly increased the growth of phytoplankton in undiluted Lake Apopka water, the phytoplankton became more P limited with the reduction of particles (30–60% dilution). Regression of algal yields onto total P concentrations from our bottle experiments indicated that an 8 μg∙L−1 change in P leads to only a 1 μg∙L−1 change in chlorophyll yield, probably due to the high concentration of P in the lake. Because dilution inf...
Conformal MEMS-IDT gyroscopes and their comparison with fiber optic gyro

This paper presents the design, fabrication and evaluation of a conformal Radio Frequency (RF) MEMS Gyroscope, base don surface acoustic wave resonators (SAWR) and surface acoustic wave sensors (SAWS), with very high sensitivity and dynamic range. Most MEMS gyroscopes based on silicon vibratory sensors utilizes the energy transfer between the two vibratory modes suffers serious drawback in producing identical resonating modes and hence to attain a sub-degree per second is quite impractical. This 1 cm X 1 cm gyroscope is working based on the principles of surface acoustic wave (SAW) standing waves on a piezoelectric substrate. The SWAR creates standing wave inside the cavity and the particles at the anti-nodes of standing wave experience large amplitude of vibrations, which serves as the reference vibrating motion for this gyroscopes. Arrays of metallic dots are strategically positioned at the anti- node locations so that the effect of Coriolis force due to rotation will acoustically amplify the magnitude of the waves. The performance of this 74.2 MHz MEMS Gyroscope has been evaluated using geophone setup and rate table setup, which shows very high sensitivity and dynamic range, which is ideal for the conventional applications. Unlike other MEMS gyroscopes, this gyroscope has a planar configuration with no suspended resonating mechanical structures, thereby giving rise to inherent robustness and shock resistance. With its one layer planar configuration, this gyroscope can easily be implemented to the applications requiring conformal mounting on to a surface of interest.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Being Polite and Keeping MUM: How Bad News is Communicated in Organizational Hierarchies1

There are many ways to communicate bad news. The MUM effect (Tesser & Rosen, 1975), which is keeping mum and not transmitting the bad news at all, is only one of many possible approaches. Using P. Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory, an experimental study was conducted to address not whether bad news is being transmitted, but how bad news is being transmitted. The results show that most communicators tend to use politeness strategies when communicating bad news. Moreover, using politeness strategies to couch the message did not attenuate the informative value of the message. Focused contrasts revealed two strong interactions between gender and communication direction on strategy use. First, power differences more strongly predicted strategy use for men, whereas distance differences more strongly predicted strategy use for women. Second, men used most politeness strategies when the combined effect of power and distance was the highest (as the politeness theory would predict), but the trend was reversed for women. This finding suggests that politeness theory may not be an accurate model for describing female communicators.
What might the ideal electronic medical record for migraine headache look like

Electronic medical records (EMRs) have assumed a greater role in clinical practice and have the potential to improve clinical efficiency and documentation, reduce cost, and enhance clinical care. An EMR for migraine should allow customization to include fields important in migraine, such as migraine frequency and severity, weight, blood pressure, and outcome measures, such as the Migraine Disability Assessment. The physical examination should focus on common abnormalities, such as muscle spasm, allodynia, or papilledema, and allow free text to describe uncommon findings. Information from previous notes should be available for inclusion in the current visit, such as diagnoses and the plan from the previous visit. In the future, EMR will work with clinicians to recognize patterns of clinical features and medication responses within individual patients and across patients, assimilate that information with current best practices of evidence-based medicine, and suggest management considerations to improve outcomes.
Synthesis and evaluation of some pyridyl-substituted pyrimidines as copper-specific chromogenic reagents.

Abstract Preparation and metal-ion chromogenic properties of five new 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines containing pyridyl and methyl or phenyl groups are described. All five exhibit specific chromogenic reactions with copper(I), and two possess suitable characteristics for use as sensitive spectrophotometric copper reagents. The results obtained are also of interest in designing related chromogenic reagents
The Role of Participant Motivation in the Outcome of a Prevention/Early Intervention Program for Adolescent Substance Use Problems and Illegal Behavior

ABSTRACT The primary purpose of this study was to determine, for a court-adjudicated adolescent male sample (N = 160) mandated to a residential program setting, the degree to which their expressed motivation for getting help with their alcohol, illicit drug and illegal behavior problems was found to predict to the outcome of an early intervention treatment program. Results. Those subjects who had reported relatively more severe alcohol and drug problems at admission expressed a significantly greater degree of being “troubled” by having such problems, and that it was significantly more “important to get help and counseling” for these problems. However, no significant relationship was found between the degree of the illegal behavior problems and the degree of being “troubled” by having the problems, or the degree that it was considered important to obtain help for such problems. It is proposed that a possible explanation for this lack of concern regarding having committed serious illegal behavior is the lac...
Using project-based learning to teach object oriented application development

Project-based learning is a student-centered approach to instruction in which students work in teams to complete an open-ended project. It is ideally suited to the teaching of analysis, design and implementation, especially when using object-oriented analysis and design methods. This paper describes the use of project-based learning in a two course sequence on systems analysis, design and implementation and discusses the lessons learned from our experiences teaching these courses over the past five years.
Retrieval Strategies for Multi-tier Automated Carousel Conveyors with Multiple Robots

Carousel conveyors (also known simply as âcarouselsâ) are an important and well-known type of material handling system used in warehousing and manufacturing to store/retrieve small-to-medium-sized parts. A traditional multi-tier (or multi-level) carousel, which is powered by a single drive, rotates as a whole unit, and brings the items to the input/output point one at a time, since each level cannot be rotated independently. A special type of carousel (also known as a ârotary rackâ) uses a dedicated drive for each level of the carousel. This allows each level of the carousel to rotate independently of and concurrently with the other levels. It also allows a rotary rack to support multiple pickers (or robots) while a traditional carousel can support typically only one picker. Although rotary racks have been available for quite some time, questions about their performance and efficient use remain largely unanswered, especially in comparison with traditional carousels, which have been the subject of numerous studies. Assuming one or more picking robots, in this paper we use a simulation model to develop and analyze four retrieval strategies for a rotary rack. We compare the performance of the four strategies as a function of the input data and the number of robots in the system. We also address the question of the appropriate number of robots. As one would expect, the simulation results indicate that the throughput of the system increases with the number of robots. However, more robots also lead to more idle time per robot. We show the tradeoff between the expected time required to process an order and the expected idle time per robot.
Narrative Structure in Psychosis Schizophrenia and Disruptions in the Dialogical Self

There is nearly universal acceptance that persons with schizo-phrenia often experience a profound disruption in their basic sense of self. But what does this disruption in sense of self reflect? Is this the result of an internal catastrophe? If so, where and in what manner did this catastrophe occur? To address these issues this paper will review various perspectives on disruptions of self-experience in schizophrenia as well as literature regarding how sense of self among people in general normally develops out of dialogues both within the individual and between the self and others. Following this we will theorize that the subjective experience of personal incoherence in schizophrenia may reflect a collapse of the ability to maintain ongoing dialogue within the self, specifically arguing that as internal dialogues evaporate, self-experience and personal narrative can devolve into one of three forms: (a) a barren and empty self-organization; (b) internal cacophony; or (c) self constructions dominated by ri...
Imaging inflammation in mouse colon using a rapid stage-scanning confocal fluorescence microscope

Large area confocal microscopy may provide fast, high-resolution image acquisition for evaluation of tissue in pre-clinical studies with reduced tissue processing in comparison to histology. We present a rapid beam and stage-scanning confocal fluorescence microscope to image cellular and tissue features along the length of the entire excised mouse colon. The beam is scanned at 8;333 lines∕sec by a polygon scanning mirror while the specimen is scanned in the orthogonal axis by a motorized translation stage with a maximum speed of 7 mm∕sec. A single 1 × 60mm 2 field of view image spanning the length of the mouse colon is acquired in 10 s. Z-projection images generated from axial image stacks allow high resolution imaging of the surface of non-flat specimens. In contrast to the uniform size, shape, and distribution of colon crypts in confocal images of normal colon, confocal images of chronic bowel inflammation exhibit heterogeneous tissue structure with localized severe
Interpretations of optical observations of Mercury and the moon

Optical, thermal and radar remote-sensing measurements indicate that Mercury is covered with a relatively thick layer of soil similar in texture and thickness to lunar regolith. Photometric limb profiles measured by Mariner 10 imply that the small-scale slopes on Mercury are about half those on the moon, probably because of differing gravity. The differential photometric functions of Mercury and the moon have a latitudinal dependence which can be completely accounted for by shadowing in craters. The lack of polar darkening on Mercury in spite of the presence of a magnetic field implies that the dominant soil-darkening process on Mercury, and by extension, on the moon is not dependent on the solar wind, but probably is deposition of material evaporated by meteorite impacts. Recent measurements of Mercury's spectral reflectivity in the IR and vacuum UV are both consistent with the surface rocks of Mercury being lower in FeO than those of the moon. Based on laboratory experiments the average FeO content on the surface of Mercury is estimated to be between 3 and 6%.
In vivo expression of human ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (ATR) using recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) serotypes 2 and 8

Background Methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) is an autosomal recessive disease with symptoms that include ketoacidosis, lethargy, recurrent vomiting, dehydration, respiratory distress, muscular hypotonia and death due to methylmalonic acid levels that are up to 1000-fold greater than normal. CblB MMA, a subset of the mutations leading to MMA, is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (ATR). No animal model currently exists for this disease. ATR functions within the mitochondria matrix in the final conversion of cobalamin into coenzyme B12, adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl). AdoCbl is a required coenzyme for the mitochondrial enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM). Methods The human ATR cDNA was cloned into a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector and packaged into AAV 2 or 8 capsids and delivered by portal vein injection to C57/Bl6 mice at a dose of 1 × 1010 and 1 × 1011 particles. Eight weeks post-injection RNA, genomic DNA and protein were then extracted and analyzed. Results Using primer pairs specific to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/chicken β-actin (CBAT) promoter within the rAAV vectors, genome copy numbers were found to be 0.03, 2.03 and 0.10 per cell in liver for the rAAV8 low dose, rAAV8 high dose and rAAV2 high dose, respectively. Western blotting performed on mitochondrial protein extracts demonstrated protein levels were comparable to control levels in the rAAV8 low dose and rAAV2 high dose animals and 3- to 5-fold higher than control levels were observed in high dose animals. Immunostaining demonstrated enhanced transduction efficiency of hepatocytes to over 40% in the rAAV8 high dose animals, compared to 9% and 5% transduction in rAAV2 high dose and rAAV8 low dose animals, respectively. Conclusions These data demonstrate the feasibility of efficient ATR gene transfer to the liver as a prelude to future gene therapy experiments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Codon preference reflects mistranslational constraints: a proposal.

Abstract Following the observation of lysine for arginine misincorporation at the poor choice codon arg-AGA, a comparison of codon usage patterns for highly expressed mRNA's in E. coli provides a basis for the proposal that the major codon preference is subject to mistranslational constraints. In addition, the codons are utilized, as well as arranged, to provide a hydropathically conservative amino acid as the most probable replacement resulting from a mistranslational event.
Vapor-undersaturated experiments with Macusani glass+H 2 O at 200 MPa, and the internal differentiation of granitic pegmatites

Vapor-undersaturated fractional crystallization experiments with Macusani glass (macusanite), a peraluminous rhyolite obsidian, at 200 MPa yield mineralogical fabrics and zonation, and melt fractionation trends that closely resemble those found in zoned granitic pegmatites and other granitoids of comparable composition (typically peraluminous, Li-Be-Ta-rich deposits). The zonation from the edge of charges inward is characterized by: (1) fine-grained sodic feldspar-quartz border zones; (2) a fringe of very coarse-grained graphic quartz-feldspar intergrowths that flair radially toward melt and terminate with nearly monophase K-feldspar; (3) cores of very coarse-grained, nearly monominerallic quartz or virgilite (LiAlSi5O12)±mica; and (4) late-stage, fine-grained albite+mica intergrowths that are deposited from alkaline, Na-rich interstitial melt at vapor saturation. Similar experimental products have been observed in compositionally simpler, less evolved systems. Liquid lines of descent from initially H2O-undersaturated runs are marked by a decrease in SiO2, and increases in Na/K, B, P, F, H2O, and a variety of trace lithophile cations. These trends are believed to be governed by three factors: (1) disequilibrium growth of feldspars (±quartz) via metastable supersaturation; (2) fractionation of melt toward SiO2-depleted, Na-rich compositions due to increases in B, P, and F; and (3) changes in nucleation and growth rates, mostly as a function of the H2O content of melt (X w m ). In contrast, experiments that are cooled below the liquidus from the field of melt+aqueous vapor (London et al. 1988) fail to replicate pegmatitic characteristics in most respects. On the basis of these and other experiments, we suggest that the formation of pegmatite fabrics stems primarily from fractional crystallization in volatile-rich melts, and that enrichments in normally trace lithophile elements result from melt differentiation trends toward increasingly alkaline, silica-depleted compositions. Although vapor saturation at near-solidus and subsolidus conditions may promote extensive recrystallization, an aqueous vapor phase does not appear to be necessary for the generation of most of the salient characteristics of pegmatites.
Non-invasive assessment of rejection in pediatric transplant patients: serologic and echocardiographic prediction of biopsy-proven myocardial rejection.

Abstract Background: Cardiac allograft rejection is a multifocal immune process that is currently assessed using biopsy-guided histologic classification systems (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation). Cardiac troponin T and I are established serologic markers of global myocyte damage. The use of load-independent measures of contractility have also been shown to accurately assess the presence of ventricular dysfunction. Little is known about their utility in accurately predicting rejection in the pediatric age group. We undertook the present study to compare rejection grade with echocardiographic and serologic estimates of transplant rejection–related myocardial damage. Methods We compared histologic rejection grades (0 to 4) with patient characteristics, echocardiographic measurements, catheterization measurements, and biochemical markers for 86 evaluations in 37 transplant recipients at Children's Hospital. Results In univariate analyses, biopsy scores correlated ( p p ≤ 0.01) associated with rejection (SVI, p = 0.002, odds ratio=0.393; E wave, p = 0.0002, odds ratio=228). Most rejection episodes were associated with elevation of biochemical markers of myocardial injury. Although troponin I was weakly associated with differences between rejection grades ( p = 0.034), troponin T, creatine kinase–MB fraction, and C-reactive protein did not differ with biopsy-rejection scores. Serum markers had a poor predictive capacity for biopsy-detected rejection. Troponin T and I did correlate with increased left ventricular wall thickness and mass. Conclusion Progressively depressed left ventricular contractility and diastolic function are found with worsening pediatric heart transplant rejection–biopsy score; however, sensitive and specific serum markers do not correspond to the degree of active myocardial injury. The use of echocardiographic measures of contractility is associated with a specificity of 91.8% but low sensitivity of 66.7%. Overall we found poor concordance between serum markers and grade of rejection. It is unclear whether myocardial injury as assessed by serum markers, echocardiography, or histologic scoring is more important for assessment of acute rejection or long-term outcome, but it does not appear that serum and tissue markers of rejection can be used interchangeably.
Computation of Fusing Currents in Composite Conductors

Fusing currents in composite cables are calculated by coupling the non-linear heat equation with the calculation of the joules heating in a non-linear finite element process that includes conduction and radiation effects. The method is verified using analytical formulas available for simple copper cables. The method is useful in multi-material composite cables as well as in conductors of arbitrary cross section such as traces on printed circuit boards where analytic formulas are not available. It is also useful for the calculation of temperatures and temperature distributions in power lines or any other current-carrying conductor. For short fusing times, the effects of conduction and radiation are negligible, simplifying the solution.
SOLUBILIZATION AND STABILITY OF PHENOBARBITAL BY SOME AMINOALCOHOLS.

Four well-known surface-active aminoalcohols—namely, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine, N , N -dimethylethanolamine and N -methylglucamine—were found to be effective solubilizers for phenobarbital in water. Equimolar solubilization was possible only at extremely low concentrations. The relative stabilities of the resultant phenobarbital solutions at both autoclaving and room temperatures were generally comparable and in several cases even superior to aqueous solutions of the sodium salt of phenobarbital as stabilized by the inclusion of some polyhydric alcohols.
TU-FF-A1-04: Benchmarking a Flexible Monte Carlo (MC) Tool Based On the Dose Planning Method (DPM) for Use in Evaluating IMRT Treatment Planning Systems

Purpose: To benchmark a flexible Monte Carlo(MC) tool based on the Dose Planning Method (DPM) for use in evaluating Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy(IMRT)treatment planning systems. Method and Materials: A dose calculation tool based on a flexible machine model using the Dose Planning Method (DPM),a “fast” Monte Carlo((MC)computer code, is being developed. Initial benchmark testing included a simple 10cm × 10cm multileaf collimator(MLC)diamond shaped pattern, a 3D conformal lung plan with the MLCs fully retracted, and an IMRTlung plan. Irradiations were performed using a 6MV photon beam from a Varian linear accelerator. Measurements were made in slab and anthropomorphic phantom geometries using thermoluminescent detectors(TLDs) and radiochromic film. The DPM calculation was then compared to measurements and also the calculation from the Pinnacle treatment planning system. Results: Profile comparisons from the MLCdiamond pattern irradiation showed good agreement in the penumbra region where MLC inter and intra leaf transmission effects were present. The point dose comparisons between the DPM calculation and measurement of the tumor for the 3D conformal and IMRTlung plans where within 2%. For the heart and spinal cord, the calculation for the 3D conformal and IMRTlung plans where within 7.5% of measurement, except in the conformal plan where the calculated dose point to the heart was positioned in a steep dose gradient and was 25% lower than measurement. Dose profiles through the center of the tumor showed good agreement in the PTV region, penumbra, and low doselung regions. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the feasibility of a source model based the DPM computer code to calculate dose distributions as part of the quality assurance program for clinical trials. Conflict of Interest: This work supported by PHS CA010953, CA081647, and CA085181 awarded by NCI, DHHS.
Optical evaluation of barium sodium niobate

Abstract Single crystals of barium sodium niobate have been evaluated for use in optical devices. Passive tests were developed that would permit evaluation of the device potential of crystals prior to the final expensive fabrication and coating process. Optical microscopy can be used for the detection of gross defects; however, probing the crystal with a very small diffraction-limited laser beam shows even small index of refraction variations and scatter. These and other tests are correlated with growth conditions and with actual device performance.
Preventing Gun Deaths in Children

Pediatricians aim to protect children from all things that can harm them. In 2010, gun-related injuries accounted for 6570 deaths of U.S. children and young people — twice as many deaths as cancer, 5 times as many as heart disease, and 15 times as many as infections.
A Thermal Perception Scale for Use during Resting Exposure to Cold Air

The present investigation introduces a thermal perception scale (TS) for use during protracted resting cold exposure. The scale contains categories ranging consecutively from 0, i.e., Nothing at all, to 10, i.e., Very, very cold. Eight Caucasian men were randomly exposed to ambient air in a climatically controlled environmental chamber of 8°, 12°, and 27° C for 120 min. on 3 separate occasions and monitored for rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), ventilation (VE), and oxygen consumption (VO2). The terminal perceptual categories were anchored for 8 subjects and a standard set of instructions was presented prior to each trial. The anchor Temperature was the room air in the anteroom which was 27° C, representing 0, i.e., “Nothing at all,” to extend the scale so that subsequent judgments on the scale were expressed in relation to this category. In addition, the subjects were also asked to imagine the coldest that they have ever experienced and this was designed to anchor “Very, very cold.”...
Rare Tumors Through The Looking Glass: An Examination of Malignant Cutaneous Adnexal Tumors

Results: Ten-year OS and DSS rates were 54% and 97%, respectively. Unfavorable factors for OS were increasing age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.09; P .001), distant metastases (3.26; 2.344.53; P .001), no surgical procedure (1.27; 1.01-1.59; P=.04), grade IV tumors (1.97; 1.18-3.28; P=.009), nodal metastases (2.19; 1.40-3.43; P=.001), and T3 tumors (1.37; 1.00-1.87; P=.04). Favorable factors for OS were a wide surgical excision (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68-0.89; P .001), female sex (0.73; 0.65-0.82; P .001), malignant eccrine spiradenoma (0.72; 0.53-0.99; P=.04), and histologic findings of sweat duct carcinoma (0.63; 0.440.90; P=.01). Unfavorable factors for DSS included N1 status (HR, 6.77; 95% CI, 2.11-21.68; P .001), distant metastases (12.24; 6.03-24.85; P .001), histologic findings of malignant eccrine spiradenoma (5.62; 1.2525.34; P=.02), and no surgical procedure (2.81; 1.097.23; P=.03). Favorable factors for DSS included female sex (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.91; P=.02).
Nurses' Professional Concerns: Letters to the Editor for 1900–2005

The purpose of this qualitative study was to broaden the context for understanding nurses' professional concerns as voiced through letters to the editor of the American Journal of Nursing from 1900 to 2005. Two issues from each year were randomly selected. Line-by-line analysis was used to code, categorize, and analyze the data. The following five themes emerged: self-care versus self-sacrifice; nursing's emphasis on holistic care; educational and professional preparation; nurse–physician relationships; and the image of the nurse. The recurrent nature of these themes has important implications for nursing education, clinical practice, leadership, and research.
Treatment Integrity and Therapeutic Change: Commentary on Perepletchikova and Kazdin

Perepletchikova and Kazdin's (this issue) analysis of the treatment integrity literature should guide future research and practice on this vital issue facing clinical research and practice. This commentary considers the construct of treatment integrity and those factors that moderate the relationship between treatment integrity and treatment outcome. Specifically, this paper examines the three components of treatment integrity specified by Perepletchikova and Kazdin (treatment adherence, therapist competence, treatment differentiation), the relationship between treatment integrity and treatment outcome, and measurement and validation issues involving treatment integrity.
Health Care in the 1990s: Changes in Health Care Delivery Models for Survival

Changes in the health care environment are causing health care providers to review and re-engineer the provision of perinatal and women's health care. Expanded programs need to be developed using alternative levels of care. Employers, payers, and providers have a unique opportunity to band together in effecting changes in care from the traditional illness model to a more current wellness/health promotion/ prevention model. New areas to explore include life care partners/case managers and virtual health management.
Revisiting the estrogen receptor pathway and its role in endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer

Endocrine therapy (ET) is the most commonly administered first-line systemic therapy for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Manipulation of hormone levels was one of the earliest ET approaches. However, treatment modalities have since evolved with the growing understanding of estrogen biosynthesis and ER biology. The current armamentarium of ET includes selective estrogen receptor modulation, aromatase inhibition, and selective estrogen receptor downregulation. However, intrinsic or acquired resistance to ET is frequently observed. Significant strides have been made in recent years in our understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to ET, and several targeted approaches including inhibitors against the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) pathway and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) have shown great promise. The mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, is already in clinical use for the treatment of resistant ER+MBC. However, multiple levels of evidence indicate that ER signaling remains as an important therapeutic target even in the resistance setting, providing the rationale for sequencing multiple lines and combinations of ET. In addition, recurrent mutations in estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), the gene that encodes the ER, have been identified in the genomic studies of metastatic ER+ breast cancer. ESR1 mutations are an important mechanism for acquired resistance, and effective ER targeting in this setting is particularly important.
Note: Representations of disjoint unions of complete graphs

In this paper we will present some new bounds on representation numbers and dimensions of disjoint unions of complete graphs. These representations are closely related to mutually orthogonal sets of latin squares.
A Technique for pyrolysing or vaporizing Samples for Gas Chromatographic Analysis

A TECHNIQUE was recently reported where rapid heating by induction was used to sublime solid inorganic, organic, and metal complexes1. The fine powdered sublimate was collected on salt plates and infra-red spectra were determined. The results indicated that very small particle size was obtained, as well as very little decomposition even for organic compounds, although the sublimation technique consisted of heating a platinum dish containing the compound from room temperature to white heat in a few seconds.
Computer-assisted chemical structure analysis

The new generation of the CASE system described in this paper offers a promising approach to both spectrum interpretation and structure generation that allows for a natural linkage between them. The approach takes full advantage of the information contained in available spectral libraries, yet is not limited by the substructural deficiencies of these data bases.
Inhibitory Cerebello-Olivary Projections and Blocking Effect in Classical Conditioning

The behavioral phenomenon of blocking indicates that the informational relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is essential in classical conditioning. The eyeblink conditioning paradigm is used to describe a neural mechanism that mediates blocking. Disrupting inhibition of the inferior olive, a structure that conveys unconditioned stimulus information (airpuff) to the cerebellum prevented blocking in rabbits. Recordings of cerebellar neuronal activity show that the inferior olive input to the cerebellum becomes suppressed as learning occurs. These results suggest that the inferior olive becomes functionally inhibited by the cerebellum during conditioning, and that this negative feedback process might be the neural mechanism mediating blocking.
Occurrence of melanoma in "dysplastic" nevus spilus: report of case and analysis by flow cytometry.

We report a case of melanoma arising in a large nevus spilus. On histologic examination, the nexus spilus had diagnostic' features of melanocytic dysplasia. Further characterization by flow cytometry showed DNA-aneuploidy within the melanoma as well as in one of the darker pigmented papules within the nevus spilus. The significance of this finding and a review of melanomas originating in nevi spili are presented.
What is Quine's view of truth?

Two questions are raised about Quine's view of truth. He has recently said that ontology is relative to a translation manual: is this the same as relativizing it to a language? The same question may be asked about truth. Should we think there is one concept of truth which is relative to a language, or is there a separate concept for each language (or speaker)? The second question concerns Quine's repeated endorsements of the ‘disquotational’ account of truth. Does he think this account limits a truth predicate to application to a single language, or can translation (or Tarski's methods) allow us to apply a truth predicate in one language to sentences in other languages? If the latter, can Quine still contend that the disquotational account is a ‘full’ account of the concept of truth? The answer would tell us whether Quine can be counted among those who would deflate the concept of truth.
Mars Geologic History and Processes: ABSTRACT

The year-long observations of Mars by Mariner 9, combined with earlier spacecraft and ground-based data, have demonstrated a complex evolution for the Martian crust and a complex interaction between crustal and surficial processes that is still in progress. Volcanic, tectonic, and impact processes are prominent in the development of the crust; eolian, glacial, fluvial, and mass-wasting processes are paramount in surface modification. Maps of Mars prepared from television pictures can be correlated with the planetary shape from occultation data, pressure elevation mapping, ground-based radar, and gravity measurements. The southern hemisphere and equatorial zone are underlain by high standing "continental" rocks; the northern region by low-lying "oceanic" basins underlain by basaltic rocks. Based on these data, a history of the crust of Mars can be developed. The major events are (1) early differentiation of the crust and segregation into highlands and lowlands; (2) impact cratering; and (3) continued volcanic activity in the highlands and lowlands involving emplacement of basaltic and silicic rocks. Concurrent or later modification includes (1) formation of chaotic terrain by slumping; (2) formation of three types of fluvial channels in the equatorial belt; (3) formation of glacio-eolian deposits in the polar regions; and (4) regional eolian erosion and deposition. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1843------------
The mer receptor tyrosine kinase: expression and function suggest a role in innate immunity.

The mer receptor tyrosine kinase mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and modulates cytokine production; it is also required for prevention of systemic autoimmune disease. Using a mer-specific antibody, we have confirmed the presence of mer on macrophages and now report its expression on NK cells, NKT cells, and dendritic cells (DC). We found that DC do not require mer for ingestion of apoptotic cells, as DC from mer-deficient mice phagocytose apoptotic cells normally. Mer was observed in splenic sections on cells outside follicular areas, probably representing DC and macrophages. Mer apparently participates in NKT-cell antigen-induced signaling, as NKT cells from mer-deficient mice evinced much lower cytokine production after in vivo -galactosylceramide stimulation; this defect was intrinsic to the mer-deficient NKT cells. Taken together, these studies show mer expression on cells of the innate immune system. Mer, through its binding of lipid antigens, may not only mediate ingestion of apoptotic cells, but also signal events in NK cells, NKT cells, and DC.
Trying Not to “Shove Religion Down Their Throats”

AbstractThis article attempts two tasks. First, to clarify how the claim that colleges and universities may “shove religion down students’ throats” has a historical background. Second, to indicate how pedagogical strategies—like service learning, discussions, paper revisions, and “Just in Time Teaching” exercises—can be used in ways that both effectively teach theology and address the claim of students that classes in theology are coercive.
Evidence for Psychotropic Effects of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Alzheimer’s disease is a dementing illness, the risk of which increases markedly with age. It is estimated that it consumes $US90 billion annually. Alzheimer’s disease is marked by an expanding cholinergic deficit, with a direct relationship between the degree of cholinergic dysfunction and the cognitive impairment. Substantial research continues to be focused on the development of newer and better medications, in particular acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), to compensate for the cholinergic deficit. Trial observations over the past several years suggest that in addition to positive effects on cognitive function, AChEIs may be able to decrease and ameliorate the neuropsychiatric symptoms frequently associated with Alzheimer’s disease. These observations have also shown that the instrumentation used can significantly influence the interpretation and outcome of a study. Typically the individual subscores of the noncognitive component of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-noncog) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) scale have most consistently reflected the ability of AChEIs to improve the noncognitive behavioural problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Apathy and visual hallucinations are the symptoms that respond most positively to AChEIs. These agents may have the potential to decrease polypharmacy in this elderly population by achieving symptom reduction without additional use of antipsychotic medication.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Overactive Bladder (Non-Neurogenic) in Adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline Amendment

ABSTRACTPurpose:The purpose of this guideline is to provide a clinical framework for the diagnosis and treatment of non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB).Materials & Methods:The primary source of evidence for the original version of this guideline was the systematic review and data extraction conducted as part of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Evidence Report/Technology Assessment Number 187 titled Treatment of Overactive Bladder in Women (2009). That report was supplemented with additional searches capturing literature published through December 2011. Following initial publication, this guideline underwent amendment in 2014 and 2018. The current document reflects relevant literature published through October 2018.Results:When sufficient evidence existed, the body of evidence for a particular treatment was assigned a strength rating of A (high), B (moderate), or C (low). Such statements are provided as Standards, Recommendations, or Options. In instances of insufficient evidence, ...
Critical Pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom

This article describes the application of critical pedagogical principles in a first- and second-grade bilingual special day class for Latino children with limited English proficiency. Recommendations for translating critical pedagogy to classroom practice are given.
Tumor Suppressive Function of mir-205 in Breast Cancer Is Linked to HMGB3 Regulation

Identifying targets of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) will enhance our understanding of how altered miRNA expression contributes to the malignant phenotype of breast cancer. The expression of miR-205 was reduced in four breast cancer cell lines compared to the normal-like epithelial cell line MCF10A and in tumor and metastatic tissues compared to adjacent benign breast tissue. Two predicted binding sites for miR-205 were identified in the 3’ untranslated region of the high mobility group box 3 gene, HMGB3. Both dual-luciferase reporter assay and Western blotting confirmed that miR-205 binds to and regulates HMGB3. To further explore miR-205 targeting of HMGB3, WST-1 proliferation and in vitro invasion assays were performed in MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells transiently transfected with precursor miR-205 oligonucleotide or HMGB3 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Both treatments reduced the proliferation and invasion of the cancer cells. The mRNA and protein levels of HMGB3 were higher in the tumor compared to adjacent benign specimens and there was an indirect correlation between the expression of HMGB3 mRNA and patient survival. Treatment of breast cancer cells with 5-Aza/TSA derepressed miR-205 and reduced HMGB3 mRNA while knockdown of the transcriptional repressor NRSF/REST, reduced miR-205 and increased HMGB3. In conclusion, regulation of HMGB3 by miR-205 reduced both proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells. Our findings suggest that modulating miR-205 and/or targeting HMGB3 are potential therapies for advanced breast cancer.
A Collective Description of Electron Interactions: II. Collective vs Individual Particle Aspects of the Interactions

The behavior of the electrons in a dense electron gas is analyzed in terms of their density fluctuations. These density fluctuations may be split into two components. One component is associated with the organized oscillation of the system as a whole, the so-called "plasma" oscillation. The other is associated with the random thermal motion of the individual electrons and shows no collective behavior. It represents a collection of individual electrons surrounded by comoving clouds of charge which screen the electron fields within a distance of the order of magnitude of the Debye length. This split up of the density fluctuations corresponds to an effective separation of the Coulomb interaction into long-range and short-range parts; the separation occurs at roughly the Debye length.The relation between the individual and collective aspects of the electron gas is discussed in detail, and a general physical picture of the behavior of the system is given. It is shown that for phenomena involving distances greater than the Debye length, the system behaves collectively; for distances shorter than this length, it may be treated as a collection of approximately free individual particles, whose interactions may be described in terms of two-body collisions.This approach is used to study the interaction of a specified electron with the remainder of the electron gas. It is shown that the collective part of the response of this remainder to the field of the specified particle screens this field within a distance of the order of the Debye length; this furnishes a detailed description of the screening process. Moreover, if the specified particle moves with greater than the mean thermal speed, it excites collective oscillations in the form of a wake trailing the particle. The frequency of these collective oscillations and the energy emitted by the particle are calculated. A correspondence theoretical method is used to treat this phenomenon for the electrons in a metal. The results are in good agreement with the experiments of Ruthemann and Lang on the energy loss of kilovolt electrons in this metallic films.The generalization of these methods to an arbitrary interparticle force is carried out, and a criterion is obtained for the validity of a collective description of the particle interactions. It is shown that strong forces and high particle density favor collective behavior, while high random thermal velocities oppose it.
A rodent model of focally evoked self-sustaining status epilepticus.

Abstract We describe a novel model of status epilepticus produced by the focal application of bicuculline mcthiodidc into the deep prcpiriform cortex of rats prctreatcd with lithium chloride. Three out of eight rats pretrcated with one dose of lithium (3 mmol/kg) 24 h prior to induction of seizures by focal bicucullinc, and eight out of 12 rats pretrealed with two doses of lithium (at 24 and 48 h) prior to seizure induction, exhibited continual uninterrupted convulsive seizure activity (status epilepticus) lasting between 10 min and > 2 h. This status epilepticus which was manifest both behaviorally and elcetroencephalographically, was scnsilive to reversal by diazepam (5 mg/kg i.p.) given as long as 2 h after the onset of sustained status epilepticus. Pilocarpinc (25 mg/kg) prctrcatment also predisposed to status epilepticus in response to the focal application of bicuculline, but diazepam (5 or 10 mg/kg i.p.) was ineffective in suppressing the status epilepticus in the presence of pilocarpine.