cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of preconditioning and isolation conditions on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) protoplast yield for shoot regeneration and electroporation

Abstract To obtain consistently high yields of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) protoplasts for regeneration and electroporation, the effects of dark pretreatment, Ca 2+ and glycine were investigated. Plant growth conditions, such as water, temperature, irradiance and fertilizer and plant treatments prior to or during isolation were important factors for potato protoplast yield. Transferring plants into a second low irradiance environment and dark pretreatment of plant materials were prerequisite steps for successful protoplast isolation. Detaching leaves 2 days before isolation decreased protoplast yields. Pre-incubating stem cuttings with Ca 2+ increased protoplast yield, but directly adding Ca 2+ to the enzyme digestion medium did not. Glycine, 0.2 M, in combination with sucrose, increased protoplast yields. Higher protoplast yields generally resulted in higher regeneration efficiency. Successful electroporation, as measured by chloramphenical acetyl transferase (CAT) activity, required high yields of protoplasts capable of regeneration. Optimal CAT activity was observed at 125 V/cm for three salt concentrations tested. There was no shift in voltage optimum as salt concentration increased.
Ultra Fast Micropumping by Reaction Enhanced AC Electrothermal Effect

AC electrothermal effect generates temperature gradients in the fluids, consequently inducing free charges that move in electric fields, and produce microflows in microchannel. This paper reports dramatic improvements in flow rate over conventional ac electrokinetic micropumps by exploiting asymmetry in electric potentials over the electrodes. A micropump consisting of planar asymmetric electrode array was tested using AC signals with and without a DC bias. The pumping velocity is much faster with a DC voltage, in some cases by an order of magnitude, reaching 3.2 mm/sec linear velocities with only 9 Vrms. Our hypothesis attributes the increase of ACET force to the ion generation near electrode by reactions and the resulting high conductivity gradient. The discovery presents an exciting opportunity for microfluidics, and further improvement can be anticipated with some optimization.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The synthesis of 3‐deazapyrimidine nucleosides related to uridine and cytidine and their derivatives

Condensation of 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)pyridine (1) with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide (2) gave 4-hydroxy-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridone (3). Deblocking of 3 gave 4-hydroxy-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2-pyridone (3′-deazauridine) (4). Treatment of 4 with acetone and acid gave 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene-3-deazauridine (6). Reaction of 4 with diphenylcarbonate gave 2-hydroxy-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-4-pyridone-O22′-cyclonucleoside (7) which established the point of gylcosidation and configuration of 4. Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of 7 gave 4-hydroxy-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-pyridone (3-deazauracil arabinoside) (12). Fusion of 1 with 3,5-di-O-p-toluyl-2-deoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl chloride (5) gave the blocked anomeric deoxynucleosides 8 and 10 which were saponified to give 4-hydroxy-1-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2-pyridone (2′-deoxy-3-deazauridine) (11) and its α anomer (9). Condensation of 4-acetamido-2-methoxypridine (13) with 2 gave 4-acetamido-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridone (14) which was treated with alcoholic ammonia to yield 4-acetamido-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2-pyridone (15) or with methanolic sodium methoxide to yield 4-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2-pyridone (3-deazacytidine) (16). Condensation of 13 and 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-D-arabinofuranosyl chloride (17) gave the blocked nucleoside 22 which was treated with base and then hydrogenolyzed to give 4-amino-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-pyridone (3-deazacytosine arabinoside) (23). Fusion of 13 with 5 gave the blocked anomeric deoxynucleosides 18 and 20 which were deblocked with methanolic sodium methoxide to yield 4-amino-1-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2-pyridone (2′-deoxy-3-deazacytidine) (21) and its a anomer 19. The 2′-deoxy-erythro-pentofuranosides of both 3-deazauracil and 3-deazacytosine failed to obey Hudson's isorotation rule but did follow the “quartet”-“triplet” anomeric proton splitting pattern in the 1H nmr spectra.
Lovesick: immunological costs of mating to male sagebrush crickets

A growing body of evidence suggests that resources invested in reproduction often come at the expense of the ability to mount an immune response. During mating, female sagebrush crickets, Cyphoderris strepitans, consume the ends of the male's hind wings and ingest his haemolymph. Previous research has shown that this behaviour impairs the ability of males to secure additional matings. One hypothesis to account for this effect is that wing wounding triggers an energetically costly immune response, such that nonvirgin males are unable to sustain the costly acoustical signalling needed to attract additional females. To test this hypothesis, we injected virgin males with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to provoke an immune response, and monitored their mating success in the field. LPS-injected virgin males took significantly longer to mate than sham-injected virgin males, and spent significantly less time calling. We also compared virgin, nonvirgin and experimentally wing-wounded virgin males with respect to: (1) their ability to encapsulate a foreign invader via the accumulation of haemocytes and deposition of melanin and (2) baseline levels of phenoloxidase (PO), a key enzyme in the biochemical cascade leading to the production of melanin. Although encapsulation ability did not differ with reproductive experience, virgin males had significantly higher levels of PO than either nonvirgin or experimentally wing-wounded virgin males. These results suggest that wing-wounding alone is sufficient to impair male immunity, and that males trade-off investment in reproduction and immunity.
Validating Annotations for Uncharacterized Proteins in Shewanella oneidensis

Abstract Proteins of unknown function are a barrier to our understanding of molecular biology. Assigning function to these “uncharacterized” proteins is imperative, but challenging. The usual approach is similarity searches using annotation databases, which are useful for predicting function. However, since the performance of these databases on uncharacterized proteins is basically unknown, the accuracy of their predictions is suspect, making annotation difficult. To address this challenge, we developed a benchmark annotation dataset of 30 proteins in Shewanella oneidensis. The proteins in the dataset were originally uncharacterized after the initial annotation of the S. oneidensis proteome in 2002. In the intervening 5 years, the accumulation of new experimental evidence has enabled specific functions to be predicted. We utilized this benchmark dataset to evaluate several commonly utilized annotation databases. According to our criteria, six annotation databases accurately predicted functions for at leas...
Microwave Determination of Electron Concentrations in Flame Gases Used as a Spectroscopic Light Source

Direct determinations of the concentration of electrons in flame gases were needed to justify the method, described in the preceding paper, to eliminate the distortion of intensity-density curves due to ionization of the metallic flame additives. Measurements of the attenuation of a microwave beam upon crossing a column of flame gases were performed, and electron concentrations in an acetylene-air flame (T = 2500°K) containing one or mixtures of two alkali elements were obtained. The results indicate that the ionization of the metallic flame additives is thermally equilibrated in the flame zone chosen for the optical line-intensity measurements.
Effects of phospholipase A2 and its products on structural stability of human LDL: relevance to formation of LDL-derived lipid droplets

Hydrolysis and oxidation of LDL stimulate LDL entrapment in the arterial wall and promote inflammation and atherosclerosis via various mechanisms including lipoprotein fusion and lipid droplet formation. To determine the effects of FFA on these transitions, we hydrolyzed LDL by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), removed FFA by albumin, and analyzed structural stability of the modified lipoproteins. Earlier, we showed that heating induces LDL remodeling, rupture, and coalescence into lipid droplets resembling those found in atherosclerotic lesions. Here, we report how FFA affect these transitions. Circular dichroism showed that mild LDL lipolysis induces partial β-sheet unfolding in apolipoprotein B. Electron microscopy, turbidity, and differential scanning calorimetry showed that mild lipolysis promotes LDL coalescence into lipid droplets. FFA removal by albumin restores LDL stability but not the protein conformation. Consequently, FFA enhance LDL coalescence into lipid droplets. Similar effects of FFA were observed in minimally oxidized LDL, in LDL enriched with exogenous FFA, and in HDL and VLDL. Our results imply that FFA promote lipoprotein coalescence into lipid droplets and explain why LDL oxidation enhances such coalescence in vivo but hampers it in vitro. Such lipid droplet formation potentially contributes to the pro-atherogenic effects of FFA.
Adrenaline-cocaine gel topical anesthetic for dermal laceration repair in children

Study objective: To evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of a gel form of adrenaline-cocaine topical medication for minor dermal laceration repair. Design: Unblinded, prospective. Setting: An urban pediatric emergency department. Type of participants: Thirty-five children aged 20 months to 18 years with lacerations of the face, outer lip, and scalp. Interventions: All received adrenaline-cocaine gel made by mixing 1.5 mL of conventional adrenaline-cocaine liquid (adrenaline, 1:2,000; cocaine, 11.8%) with 0.15 g of methylcellulose powder (an inert emulsifying agent). Measurements and main results: Lacerations were located on the face or outer lip in 25 patients and on the scalp in ten patients. Larger lacerations (length of more than 5 cm and/or depth of more than 5 mm) occurred in nine patients. The average dose of adrenaline-cocaine gel applied per laceration was 0.35 mL (containing 40 mg cocaine). One hundred ninety-five sutures were placed (175 cutaneous, 20 subcutaneous); 192 (98.5%) were placed without eliciting any pain. There were no observed adverse reactions with adrenaline-cocaine gel administration or reported complications of wound healing in any patient. Conclusion: Adrenaline-cocaine gel preparation provides excellent anesthetic efficacy for minor dermal lacerations in children. Compared with conventional adrenaline-cocaine liquid, adrenaline-cocaine gel may be advantageous in reducing the total cocaine requirement and may diminish the risk for adverse reactions that can result from runoff of liquid medication onto mucosal or ocular surfaces.
Solubility of methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide in a Mobil Fischer—Tropsch wax and in n-paraffins

Abstract The solubility of methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide in a Mobil Fischer—Tropsch wax has been measured at pressures up to 50 atm and temperatures of
Attenuating Wave Analysis of Heat Flow in Crystal Lattices

A direct approach to the detailed analysis of the thermal relaxation and conduction processes in crystal lattices in the classical-temperature range is presented in terms of the mechanical energy transported by attenuating lattice waves. A second-order classical perturbation procedure, formulated in terms of time- and space-dependent normal coordinates, is used to solve for the dynamics of a slightly imperfect, nonlinear general crystal lattice model under the influence of an applied temperature gradient. Only the use of a random-phase assumption for initial wave amplitudes at $t=0$ and statistical averaging of the subsequent dynamical response are required for the direct determination of the accepted lattice relaxation times from the time dependence of the stored mechanical-energy density (for first- and second-order perturbation terms). In addition, the well-known anharmonic, mass-fluctuation, and force-fluctuation components of the high-temperature thermal conductivity are found directly from the steady-state mechanical-power density within the lattice. No use is made of the Boltzmann transport equation or standard phonon scattering theory, although the results obtained are wholly consistent with their use. Finally, a brief discussion is given on the extension of this attenuating-wave technique to the corresponding quantum treatment of low-temperature heat flow in crystal lattices.
Polymerase chain reaction amplification of culture supernatants for rapid detection of Borrelia burgdorferi

A combination of culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was employed to detectBorrelia burgdorferi in in vitro cultures of skin biopsy specimens. Spirochetes were observed by microscopic examination in 56 % (20/36) of the cultures from patients with erythema migrans who had not received prior antibiotic treatment. No growth ofBorrelia burgdorferi was detected in control cultures or those from patients who had received antibiotics. PCR analysis of culture supernatants agreed with microscopic evaluation in 50/51 evaluable cultures tested (both positive and negative). At two weeks of incubationBorrelia burgdorferi could be detected by PCR in 19/20 cultures (95 %) compared to 14/20 (70 %) by visual inspection. This study indicates that a combined culture-PCR test for detection ofBorrelia burgdorferi is more rapid and specific than culture alone.
Oxygen atom exchange in reactions of OH radicals with NO and ClO

Abstract Oxygen atom exchange between OH and (NO, ClO) has been investigated by ab initio molecular orbital methods. Reactants and transition states were fully optimized with second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation and coupled-cluster methods using the 6-311G(3df,3pd) basis set. Theoretical results predicted at these levels of theory suggest that the reaction between OH and NO should exchange rapidly because the barrier to isomerization is significantly less than the O–N bond dissociation energy of the HONO adduct. For the OH + ClO reaction, the barrier to isomerization is estimated to be 3.1 kcal mol −1 above the O–Cl bond dissociation energy of the HOClO adduct.
Potassium-induced secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the melanotrophs of the neurointermediate lobe of the lizard Anolis carolinensis.

Secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) from the melanotrophs of the neurointermediate lobe (NIL) of the lizard Anolis carolinensis was studied to investigate the role of membrane potential and extracellular calcium ions in the control of secretion in this species. MSH secretion was monitored from perifused NILs which had been in organ culture for 7–14 days prior to experiment to allow the nerve terminals present in the tissue to degenerate. Elevation of the K+ concentration in the perifusate induced a marked increase in MSH secretion. Perifusion of the cultured NILs with a nominally Ca-free solution did not reduce basal MSH secretion but blocked K-induced secretion. Moreover, nimodipine, an antagonist of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, inhibited K-induced secretion, whereas BAY K 8644, a Ca2+ channel agonist, potentiated it; but neither drug affected basal secretion. High [K+] perifusate also stimulated MSH secretion from freshly excised (acute) NILs. Furthermore, in these preparations nominally Ca-free solution reduced basal secretion by 40% in addition to blocking K-induced secretion. As in the cultured NILs, nimodipine blocked and BAY K 8644 potentiated K-induced secretion in the acute NILs while not affecting basal secretion. The results from the cultured NILs are consistent with the hypothesis that stimulated MSH secretion from the melanotrophs of the anole is dependent upon Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels. The qualitatively similar results obtained from the acute NILs in response to high [K+], nimodipine, and BAY K 8644 suggest that, for the most part, what is being observed are the direct effects of these substances on the melanotrophs. Basal secretion of MSH in cultured NILs is significantly less than that in the acute preparations. The calcium-sensitive fraction of basal secretion present in acute NILs may require the presence of nerve terminals.
Pregnant teenagers and teenage mothers: how much they really know about the risks to children's health associated with smoking during and after pregnancy?

In the children of teenage mothers prenatal and postnatal tobacco exposure has been associated with reduced birth weight miscarriages sudden infant death syndrome asthma and other respiratory problems. Despite all the information available some teenage mothers continue smoking during pregnancy; some expose babies to secondhand smoke. Little is known about how much pregnant teenagers and teenage mothers understand about the risks associated with smoking during and after pregnancy. During a school district citywide event for teenage mothers and pregnant teenagers (75% Hispanics) held in El Paso TX we asked teenage mothers (n = 98) and pregnant teenagers (n = 81) to respond to a brief questionnaire (n = 179) about their knowledge of the risks to their baby associated with smoking during and after pregnancy. The studys goals were to (1) determine whether respondents felt they were informed about risks (2) identify the sources of information on smoking and (3) determine how knowledgeable respondents were about risks of smoking during pregnancy and after pregnancy. (excerpt)
On natural language based computer systems

Some of the arguments that have been given both for and against the use of natural languages in question-answering and programming systems are discussed. Several natural language based computer systems are considered in assessing the current level of system development. Finally, certain pervasive difficulties that have arisen in developing natural language based systems are identified, and the approach taken to overcome them in the REQUEST (Restricted English QUESTion-Answering) System is described.
Reconfiguration algorithms for mobile robotic networks

For a deployed mobile robotic network to function usefully, the robots should have the capability to adjust their positions, while maintaining the network connectivity. In this paper, we present algorithms that allows a robot to decide when it is feasible for it to move to a desired point by adjusting its own positions (and the positions of some other robots in the network), while maintaining all the network connectivity constraints. Under the assumption of a disc model of communication, we show that the problem can be formulated as a convex optimization (or feasibility) problem (actually a second order cone program). Thus, the problem can be solved in polynomial time by centralized interior point algorithms. However, this requires the robot to have knowledge of the position of all the nodes in the network. Our main contribution is the development of an incremental algorithm, that solves the feasibility problem (of whether the robot can move to its desired goal) by obtaining the information about the position of the robots and their immediate neighbors only if they are required to move. We present simulation results comparing the performance of the centralized algorithm with the incremental algorithm for randomly generated networks. From simulation results, we observe that the time required by the incremental algorithm to solve the feasibility problem is relatively independent of the size of the network.
Developmental changes in infants' attention to function and form-function correlations

Abstract Three experiments used an object-examining task to explore infants' attention to function and form-function correlations. In Experiment 1, 10- and 14-month-old infants were familiarized with a single object and were tested with an object that differed from the first in form, in function, or in both form and function. Ten-month-old infants responded only to differences in form, but 14-month-old infants responded to differences in form or function. Experiments 2 and 3 examined infants' sensitivity to the correlation between form and function. In these two experiments, 10-, 14-, and 18-month-old infants were familiarized with two objects in which a consistent form-function relationship was maintained. Infants then were tested with a correlated object which maintained the familiar form-function relationship, an uncorrelated object which violated this relationship, and a novel object. The 10- and 14-month-old infants increased attention only to the novel object, but the 18-month-old infants increased attention to the uncorrelated object as well to the novel object. The results suggest a developmental progression from attending only to the form of objects, to attending to form and function as separate properties, and finally to attending to the relationship between form and function.
F430 MODEL CHEMISTRY. AN INVESTIGATION OF NICKEL COMPLEXES AS CATALYSTS FOR THE REDUCTION OF ALKYL HALIDES AND METHYL COENZYME-M BY SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE

The ability of nickel(II) macrocycle and coordination complexes 1−8 to mediate the reductive dehalogenation of cyclohexyl bromide and the CH3−S bond cleavage of methyl CoM by sodium borohydride in diglyme/alcohol, DMF/alcohol, or acetonitrile/alcohol was investigated. Methyl CoM, or CH3SCH2CH2SO3-, is the cofactor that carries the methyl group in the final step of methanogenesis in methanogenic bacteria. Because of the potential for production of the heterogeneous catalyst nickel boride during these reactions, the activities of several nickel salts that afford nickel boride when reduced with borohydride were examined for purposes of comparison. Complexes 1−8 homogeneously catalyze the dehalogenation of cyclohexyl bromide by sodium borohydride. The facility of the reaction varies markedly with the structure of the ligands and the solvent composition. Nickel boride is a moderately active heterogeneous catalyst for the dehalogenation of cyclohexyl bromide and produces small yields of methane from methyl CoM ...
‘Shark repellents’: How to avoid hostile takeovers

Abstract Defensive measures againts the increasing merger trend in business are discussed. The purpose of the paper is to examine the types of measures that can be taken in the interests of top management and of shareholders. It takes no stand on whether mergers are themselves a good or bad phenomenon but discusses all the options available to enable managers and shareholders to effect their own decisions.
Results of Vertical Scanning Interferometry (VSI) of Dissolved Borosilicate Glass: Evidence for Variable Surface Features and Global Surface Retreat

Two disparate reaction mechanisms have been invoked to explain the reactivity of glass in contact with aqueous solution. One model is based on arguments from Transition State Theory (TST), which postulates that glass dissolution rates are surface reaction controlled. Alternatively, the second model argues that release of elements from glass to solution is governed by diffusion through an altered layer that forms on the surface of glass. Vertical Scanning Interferometry (VSI) is a new technique that allows one to observe surface features of specimens exposed to solution and may, potentially, be used to distinguish between competing models. We performed a series of dissolution experiments with a suite of glass compositions from chemically simple (sodium borosilicate) to complex (sixteen component borosilicate). Dissolution rates were determined using single-pass flow-through (SPFT) apparatus at 90oC and pH = 9 and over a solution saturation interval. Upon termination of the experiments, glass coupons were examined by VSI techniques. Effluent chemistry and VSI measurements indicate a nearly constant rate of 2.2 to 3.4 g m-2 d-1 over the solution interval; rates calculated from both methods are identical within experimental uncertainty. We argue that this glass is phase separated, and propose a model for dissolution based onmore » the relative rates of dissolution of the two glass compositions. The data are consistent with a modified version of TST and indicate the potency of VSI methods to elucidate glass reaction mechanisms.« less
A simple method for quantitative, semiquantitative, and qualitative assay of protein

Abstract A simple protein determination method is described which gives a linear response from 0.05 to 3–4 mg/ml (or more) of protein and is suitable for dilute (
Splicing of the Muscle‐Specific Plasma Membrane Ca2+‐ATPase Isoform PMCA1c Is Associated with Cell Fusion in C2 Myocytes

The regulation of intracellular calcium is essential for proper muscle function. Muscle cells have several mechanisms for dealing with the rapid and large changes in cytosolic calcium level that occur during contraction. Among these is the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA), which pumps calcium from the cytosol to the extracellular space. We have previously shown that in human fetal muscle the PMCA1 isoforms present are PMCA1a-d, with PMCA1b and c predominating. Alternative splicing of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in muscle contraction is common in developing muscle. Therefore, we examined the expression of muscle-specific PMCA mRNAs in pre- and postfusion mouse C2 myoblasts. The housekeeping form of the CA(2+)-ATPase, PMCA1b, was found at all times and under all conditions. However, the other predominating isoform found in muscle, PMCA1c, was expressed on myotube formation. Simple cell-cell contact was not sufficient to induce PMCA1c expression, as cells plated at confluence but harvested before myotubule formation did not express PMCA1c. The induction of this muscle-specific Ca(2+)-ATPase at myotube formation suggests that it may play an important role in muscle function.
Needs assessment for campus-wide network services at Brigham Young University Hawaii using IEEE 802.16 wireless network infrastructure

Wireless technology continues to improve as technology advances throughout the world. Brigham Young University Hawaii (BYUH) is approaching the point where it will be sufficiently mature technologically to benefit from a campus-wide wireless network. In preparation of this, a survey was conducted to determine the trend of mobile computing and wireless communication among members of the BYUH community and the need for a campus-wide IEEE 802.16, "WiMax," network. In this paper, we discuss the survey results as it relates to readiness of the campus and the need for a campus-wide wireless network. In addition, security issues as they relate to IEEE 802.16 are addressed. Security is a primary concern for a campus-wide network. Finally, a campus needs assessment is presented. This needs assessment will be used to encourage BYUH as well as other universities to prepare for the next generation of wireless networks using 802.16.
Biomass and biomass production of heterotrophic bacteria along 140°W in the equatorial Pacific: Effect of temperature on the microbial loop

Abstract Biomass and biomass production of heterotrophic bacteria were measured from 12°N to 12°S along 140°W during the El Nifio-affected months of February and March and also in August and September 1992. Although particulate primary production was highest in equatorial waters (2°N to 2°S) even during El Nifio, bacterial production was not significantly higher in these waters compared to elsewhere along the transect. Consequently, the ratio of bacterial production to primary production (BP: PP) varied from a maximum of 0.3 at 12°N and 12°S to a minimum of about 0.12 in equatorial waters. Relatively low bacterial production at the equator seemed to be due to low bacterial biomass, not low growth rates. In August-September, bacterial growth rates were significantly higher in equatorial waters than elsewhere along the transect whereas bacterial numbers and biovolumes were somewhat lower. In contrast to the lack of correlation between bacteria and phytoplankton along the transect, bacterial production increased with primary production, even though water temperatures decreased when the 1992 El Nifio momentarily waned in August and September. Temperature affected bacterial production in short-term bottle experiments, and temperature effects on production should have been measurable in situ, but increases in primary production, not temperature, accounted for the increase in bacterial production from February-March to August-September. These data suggest that large scale changes in bacterial production are controlled by the supply of dissolved organic matter which is coupled somehow to primary production and that primary production, not temperature, is most important in determining the movement of carbon and energy through the microbial loop.
Control of Vortical Lift on Delta Wings by Tangential Leading-Edge Blowing

An experiment has been performed to examine the feasibility of vortex control by tangential mass injection at the leading edge of a 60 deg delta wing. The initial results indicate that direct control of the primary separation allows significant control of the vortex flow up to angles of attack of 60 deg. At lower angles of attack, the vortical flow may be removed entirely from the surface of the wing, recovering the fully attached flow case. The effects of the mass injection have been shown to be decoupled from the geometric angle of attack, allowing the possibility for controlling lift without changing attitude. Nomenclature b =wing semispan c =wing root chord Cg' = spanwise sectional rolling moment coefficient CL' = wing rolling moment coefficient Cn = spanwise sectional normal force coefficient CN = wing normal force coefficient Cp = pressure coefficient CM = bio wing momentum coefficient CM * = crossflow blowing momentum coefficient h = slot height Vj =jet velocity Fw = freestream velocity ae = effective angle of attack oig = geometric angle of attack e = wing semi apex angle
The Price of Poverty: Money, Work, and Culture in the Mexican American Barrio

The Price of Poverty: Money, Work, and Culture in the Mexican American Barrio. Daniel Dohan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. 314 pp.
Double crystal topographic investigations of PbTe grown by the travelling heater method (THM)

THM-grown PbTe and PbTe: Tl were examined near the (n, - n)-position by means of X-ray double crystal arrangement. The half-width of the rocking curves of Tl doped PbTe is larger than that of undoped PbTe by factor two. Long range and local lattice plane distortions, as well as disturbances induced during preparation, in the from of dislocation slip lines and greatly disoriented areas were observed.
Simple model for decay of superdeformed nuclei

Recent theoretical investigations of the decay mechanism out of a superdeformed nuclear band have yielded qualitatively different results, depending on the relative values of the relevant decay widths. We present a simple two-level model for the dynamics of the tunneling between the superdeformed and normal-deformed bands, which treats decay and tunneling processes on an equal footing. The previous theoretical results are shown to correspond to coherent and incoherent limits of the full tunneling dynamics. Our model accounts for experimental data in both the $A\ensuremath{\sim}150$ mass region, where the tunneling dynamics are coherent, and in the $A\ensuremath{\sim}190$ mass region, where the tunneling dynamics are incoherent.
Acoustic measurement of intake and grazing behaviour of cattle

Acoustic analysis of grazing behaviour was found to allow accurate identification of chewing and biting, and estimation of intake by cattle. Four steers grazed six types of turves, three were short (14, 16 and 20 cm tall), leafy turves from mowed Setaria lutescens with high application of N fertilizer, and three were tall (36, 49 and 62 cm tall), mature turves from uncut areas with low application of N fertilizer. Each animal grazed ten bites from each turf type while behaviour was videotaped and grazing sounds were recorded with a wireless microphone taped to the animal’s forehead. The intake was measured by the difference in pre- and post-grazing turf weight, corrected for water loss. Chews and bites differed in acoustic characteristics, with bites producing more output in the 3–8 kHz frequency band. Discriminant analysis of the acoustic characteristics correctly classified chews and bites with 94% accuracy. Intake was predicted with a high degree of accuracy by total energy flux density (fJ m–2) in chewing sounds (EFDC), EFDC per chew and average intensity of chewing sound in the 1–2 and 2–3 kHz bands (R2=0·90, CV=3·6%). Although bite mass ranged from 1·37 to 4·50 g, EFDC per g of intake (CV=0·015) was not affected by treatments or animals. Chewing sounds carried more information about intake than biting sounds and chews per bite. Analysis of grazing sounds has the potential to overcome many of the problems associated with the measurement of grazing intake.
Kimchi: Spicy Science for the Undergraduate Microbiology Laboratory

Undergraduate microbiology courses offer a perfect opportunity to introduce students to historical food preservation processes that are still in use today. The fermentation of vegetables, as occurs in the preparation of sauerkraut and kimchi, uses an enrichment step to select for the growth of naturally occurring lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This is an active learning exercise in which students learn a food preparation skill and basic microbiological terms such as selection and enrichment. When performed in conjunction with cultured fermentations, such as yogurt making, students can see the difference between fermentations by naturally occurring microorganisms versus inoculated microorganisms. Additionally, this exercise introduces students to concepts of food safety, intrinsic factors influencing microbial growth such as pH, and cultural uses of fermentation to preserve locally available foods.
Spectral dependence of single molecule fluorescence enhancement

The fluorescence from a single molecule can be strongly enhanced near a metal nanoparticle acting as an optical antenna. We demonstrate the spectral tunability of this antenna effect and show that maximum enhancement is achieved when the emission frequency is red-shifted from the surface plasmon resonance of the particle. Our experimental results, using individual gold and silver particles excited at different laser-frequencies, are in good agreement with an analytical theory which predicts a different spectral dependence of the radiative and non-radiative decay rates.
Flux-based anisotropic diffusion applied to enhancement of 3-D angiogram

We present a new approach to anisotropic diffusion based on a multidirectional diffusion flux. The diffusion flux is decomposed in an orthogonal basis, effectively enabling enhancement of contours as well as diffusion along the contours. To this end, we have selected a three-dimensional basis that depicts the directions of principal curvature and has an interesting interpretation in the context of the vessels. The diffusion function associated to each vector of the basis depends on the first-order derivative of the intensity in this direction, instead of the traditional norm of the smoothed gradient. Accordingly, we present the results of a restoration of computed tomography data of the liver.
A prototype volume conduction platform for implantable devices

An implantable device system has been made which utili es volume conduction for energy transfer and communication. The actual implantable device uses relatively low power and can be recharged with a "stick-on" "energy pad." A handheld controller is used to easily communicate with the implant. The system demonstrates the feasibility of volume conduction technology as a platform for future applications such as drug delivery devices and body networks.
Local control of multiple module dc-dc converters

This paper introduces local control as applied to multiple module dc-dc converters. Local control is a form of distributed control that emphasizes each module's local information when making basic control decisions. There is no central controller or master controller. The design of simple, modular, and cooperative power converters is a primary motivating factor of this work. The challenges and opportunities of this control paradigm are placed in the context of other approaches. Simulation and experimental results for an input-series, output-parallel converter are included as an example of local control.
Self-efficacy, neighborhood walking and fall history in older adults

This cross-sectional study examined the association of self-efficacy with neighborhood walking in older adult (M age = 76.1, SD = 8.34) fallers (n = 108) and nonfallers (n = 217) while controlling for demographic characteristics and mobility. Hierarchical multiple regression indicated that the full model explained 39% of the variance in neighborhood walking in fallers (p Language: en
The relationship of Chironomus riparius larval Se body burden and body concentration to larval dry mass and effects on sensitivity to selenium

Selenium as selenite was added to laboratory cultures of Chironomus riparius. In two sets of cultures, substrate-bound Se concentrations were typically 103 times dissolved Se concentrations, while in the other set dissolved Se concentrations were about 10 to 50 times substrate-bound Se concentrations. Body burdens of individual second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae and eviscerated fourth-instar larvae were measured. Regressions of Se body burden on larval dry mass found evidence for separate intercepts but common slopes for each instar, and Se body concentrations were diluted by growth. The derivation of body concentration from body burden as a function of larval dry mass was used to derive a model of body burden and body concentration as a function of instar. Toxicity tests were performed to check for a change in sensitivity to Se as a function of culture Se concentration. Larval Se concentrations were highly correlated with dissolved Se concentrations but not with substrate-bound Se concentrations. Increases in Se in substrate caused no sensitization, while increases in dissolved Se caused desensitization. We concluded that covariates such as larval dry mass should be incorporated when deriving water quality criteria.
The UN and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: What has been Learned in 25 Years?

The obvious answer, of course, is that "the UN" has failed. This is not the place to reopen the question of the nature of the UN: whether it can be an actor (and therefore "fail") or only a stage for national actors.2 Nor is this the place to belabor the point that the conflict goes on. The more important search, beyond the obvious, is for threads of meaning in the labyrinth of documentation and diplomatic experience over the past decades. Has the UN tried to socialize the primary parties in the conflict into certain dispositions toward the issues? And, if so, are these themes likely to have any impact on the parties? This review thus centers on a pre-theory of political socialization through
Silicon molding techniques for integrated power MEMS inductors

Abstract Monolithic integration of DC–DC converters with on-chip inductors has emerged as a viable means to reduce size and increase transient performance for portable electronics. MEMS techniques have been used to integrate power inductors on chip, but those MEMS inductors have low power handling capability due to high DC resistance, high core loss or small saturation current. This paper reports a unique silicon-molding technique that is capable of embedding thick electroplated metal layers (both Cu and permalloy) into the silicon substrate, in which through-wafer silicon trenches are used as the electroplating molds. These silicon trenches are coated with SU-8 to enhance electrical isolation and relax the thermal stress. The thickness of the embedded metals is up to that of the silicon substrate which ranges from 200 μm to 500 μm, leading to small DC resistance. Two thick magnetic plates are fabricated on the both sides of the silicon substrate, which are connected by through-wafer magnetic vias to achieve high inductance. A pot-core inductor with a low-frequency inductance of 134 nH, a DC resistance of 9.1 mΩ and over 1 A saturation current has been demonstrated.
Curcumin, a nutritional supplement with antineoplastic activity, enhances leiomyoma cell apoptosis and decreases fibronectin expression

Objective To determine if curcumin has an antiproliferative effect on leiomyoma cells via apoptosis induction and whether curcumin impacts extracellular matrix (ECM) production by assessing the fibronectin expression in leiomyoma cells treated with curcumin. Design Tissue culture study of immortalized human leiomyoma and patient-matched myometrial cells treated with curcumin. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) Immortalized leiomyoma and myometrial cells from patients with symptomatic leiomyomata. Intervention(s) Tissue culture, followed by proliferation studies, RNA, and protein analysis. Main Outcome Measure(s) Cell proliferation, alteration in apoptotic signaling pathways. Result(s) Curcumin demonstrated an antiproliferative effect on leiomyoma cell lines (IC50 = 20 μM). Importantly, no statistically significant inhibition of growth was observed when patient-matched myometrial cells were exposed to equivalent concentrations of curcumin. Curcumin stimulated caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression while inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK 1), ERK 2, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), suggesting regulation of leiomyocyte apoptosis. Finally, curcumin inhibited expression of fibronectin in leiomyoma cells. Conclusion(s) Our findings demonstrate that curcumin inhibited uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation via regulation of the apoptotic pathway, and inhibited production of the ECM component fibronectin. Curcumin provides a novel direction for leiomyoma therapies.
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Milling and Automotive Catalysis Aging: A Novel Approach for the Direct Observation of Interfacial and Sub-Surface Chemical and Structural Properties Relevant to Catalyst Aging and Functionality

The combined focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FIB/SEM/EDX) system is a novel tool for the automotive catalysis field. Automotive emissions such as SOx, NOx, and particulate matter (PM) are regulated to various extents throughout the world, requiring the use of multiple aftertreatment components such as the diesel particulate filter (DPF), diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), three-way catalytic converter (TWC), Lean NOx trap (LNT) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). While these aforementioned aftertreatment components are generally multifunctional and robust in design, thermal and chemical aging over the components’ useful lifetimes results in significantly degraded performance leading to increased engine emissions levels and decreased fuel economy. While the component sizes themselves are generally large (10s of cm to ≈1/2 m), component aging mechanisms usually dominate on the nm-µm scales. In particular, this study has used the FIB/SEM/EDX system to investigate the aging of the diesel particulate filter (DPF) due to engine lubricant-derived inorganic ash accumulation. The FIB/SEM/EDX system has been used in the automotive aftertreatment field for the first time with many surprising and significant findings. Although the samples used in this study are quite different to those typically found in FIB studies, the authors have shown that the FIB/SEM/EDX system is a valuable tool in this research area, especially for the investigation of µm-size intra-particle structure and nm-µm interfacial/sub-surface details around the aged catalyst surface.
FIRST RECOGNITION OF THE CHEIRAGONIDAE (DECAPODA) IN THE FOSSIL RECORD AND COMPARISON OF THE FAMILY WITH THE ATELECYCLIDAE

Abstract Newly recovered fossils from the Eocene Hoko River Formation of western Washington, USA, constitute the first recognized occurrence of the Cheiragonidae Ortmann in the fossil record. The Cheiragonidae are recognized as a distinct family and are clearly distinguished from the Atelecyclidae Ortmann based on numerous characteristics of the dorsal carapace, appendages, sternum, and chelipeds. The genus Montezumella Rathbun is removed from the Atelecyclidae and placed within the Cheiragonidae. The reassignment of Montezumella to the Cheiragonidae extends the known occurrence of the family into the late Eocene. Montezumella eichhorni n. sp., Trichopeltarion granulosa n. sp. are recognized from Tertiary rocks of Washington, and Trichopeltarion merrinae n. sp. is recognized from late Miocene rocks of New Zealand.
Flehmen Behavior and Vomeronasal Organ Function

The flehmen or lip-curl behavior displayed by males of most ungulate and felid species is a prominent, but poorly understood, aspect of sociosexual behavior. The behavior is sexually dimorphic in that it is seen much more frequently in males than females during sexual encounters. Also it appears to be under gonadal androgen control since it occurs most frequently during the rutting season and castration reduces the occurrence of flehmen. Males typically display the behavior following olfactory investigation of the anogenital area or freshly voided urine of females. Most theories, and the experimental information available regarding flehmen, have related the behavior to the role of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in chemosensory detection of estrus.
Amidine-Mediated Zwitterionic Polymerization of Lactide

The ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide with DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec-7-ene) is described. Room temperature polymerization using the neutral amine catalyst DBU in the absence of any other initiator produces polymers with narrow polydispersities and shows a linear relationship between molecular weight and conversion. The resulting polymers were characterized and determined to be cyclic. DFT calculations support a mechanistic hypothesis involving a zwitterionic acyl amidinium intermediate.
Raman Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers

Raman gain is optically-pumped optical amplification. We discuss the discovery of the Raman effect and Raman amplification. Relevant fiber properties are introduced along with an overview of different approaches to Raman amplification. Applications as lasers and lightwave system amplifiers are shown.
A simplified liquid-liquid extraction method for analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water

Le dosage des trihalogenomethanes dans l'eau potable est base sur leur extraction liquide liquide par agitation vigoureuse d'un melange pentane-eau suivie de l'analyse chromatographique en phase gazeuse de l'extrait organique
Cardiac failure in adults: signs and symptoms.

Heart failure does not directly cause symptoms, but does produce physical cardiac abnormalities. Symptoms occur from secondarily altered organs such as lungs, liver and kidneys. Careful examination of heart, arteries and veins is important to find abnormalities of myocardial dysfunction before congestion develops in other organs. Heart failure can be diagnosed from the history, physical examination, and chest x-ray, without highly technical studies. Electrocardiograms do not aid diagnosis.
The Process of Electric Dehydration study on ASP Flooding Produced Liquid

Because the content of the ASP flooding produced liquid is complex,it make the produced liquid has large conductivity,and if the condition become worse,the short circuit between the two pole of the electric dehydrator would happen.Then the electric dehydrator would not work more normally.This article analyzed the difficulties and the causes of the above discussed technology,mainly introduced the efforts on this difficult problem made by our scientific researcher in recent years,such as the study on the effective chemical demulsification and the study on the function alternation of the electric dehydrator.And in this paper the development direction of the electric dehydration technology on ASP flooding produced liquid is discussed.