cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Environmental Legacy of James Madison: Pursuing Stability in a World of Limits

James Madison was the quintessential liberal. He believed humans have inherent rights, but he also feared that human passion would make the security of those rights fragile. The solution was to use Constitutional checks to afford some safety for human rights. There were, however, environmental prerequisites for this bureaucratic steadiness. Forcing compromise as the only means to achieve effective policy required an ever-expanding outlay of goods, services, property, and the other spoils for which individuals contend. But Madison had read and grasped the full implications of Malthus’ 1798 Essay on the Principles of Population. Humans live in a world of limits, and all attempts to overcome those limits were mere “palliatives” that could only postpone the day of reckoning when exponentially increasing economic production, human populations, or territorial expansion must cease. Always the perennial pessimist, Madison understood that all his Constitution did was to buy time for America.
Chromatin-modifying genetic interventions suppress age-associated transposable element activation and extend life span in Drosophila

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements, highly enriched in heterochromatin, that constitute a large percentage of the DNA content of eukaryotic genomes. Aging in Drosophila melanogaster is characterized by loss of repressive heterochromatin structure and loss of silencing of reporter genes in constitutive heterochromatin regions. Using next-generation sequencing, we found that transcripts of many genes native to heterochromatic regions and TEs increased with age in fly heads and fat bodies. A dietary restriction regimen, known to extend life span, repressed the age-related increased expression of genes located in heterochromatin, as well as TEs. We also observed a corresponding age-associated increase in TE transposition in fly fat body cells that was delayed by dietary restriction. Furthermore, we found that manipulating genes known to affect heterochromatin structure, including overexpression of Sir2, Su(var)3–9, and Dicer-2, as well as decreased expression of Adar, mitigated age-related increases in expression of TEs. Increasing expression of either Su(var)3–9 or Dicer-2 also led to an increase in life span. Mutation of Dicer-2 led to an increase in DNA double-strand breaks. Treatment with the reverse transcriptase inhibitor 3TC resulted in decreased TE transposition as well as increased life span in TE-sensitized Dicer-2 mutants. Together, these data support the retrotransposon theory of aging, which hypothesizes that epigenetically silenced TEs become deleteriously activated as cellular defense and surveillance mechanisms break down with age. Furthermore, interventions that maintain repressive heterochromatin and preserve TE silencing may prove key to preventing damage caused by TE activation and extending healthy life span.
Altered hippocampal neurogenesis during the first 7 days after a fluid percussion traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating disorder causing negative outcomes in millions of people each year. Despite the alarming number of brain injuries and the long-term detrimental outcomes that can be associated with TBI, treatment options are lacking. Extensive investigation is underway, in hopes of identifying effective treatment strategies. Among the most state-of-the-art strategies is cell replacement therapy. TBI is a seemingly good candidate for cell replacement studies because there is often loss of neurons. However, translation of this therapy has not yet been successful. It is possible that a better understanding of endogenous neurogenic mechanisms after TBI could lead to more efficacious study designs using exogenous cell replacement strategies. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the number and migration of immature neurons at 1 and 7 d after a fluid percussion TBI. The results show that the number of immature neurons increases from 7 d after a fluid percussion injury (FPI), and there is ectopic migration of doublecortin (DCX+) immature neurons into the hilar region of the dentate gyrus. These results add important data to the current understanding of the endogenous neurogenic niche after TBI. Follow-up studies are needed to better understand the functional significance of elevated neurogenesis and aberrant migration into the hilus.
The β-Agostic Structure in (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 Sc(CH 2 CH 3 ): Solid-State NMR Studies of (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 Sc−R (R=Me, Ph, Et)

Multinuclear solid-state NMR studies of Cp*2 Sc-R (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; R=Me, Ph, Et) and DFT calculations show that the Sc-Et complex contains a β-CH agostic interaction. The static central transition 45 Sc NMR spectra show that the quadrupolar coupling constants (Cq ) follow the trend of Ph≈Me>Et, indicating that the Sc-R bond is different in Cp*2 Sc-Et compared to the methyl and phenyl complexes. Analysis of the chemical shift tensor (CST) shows that the deshielding experienced by Cβ in Sc-CH2 CH3 is related to coupling between the filled σC-C orbital and the vacant πSc⋯HC* orbital.
Phospholipase A2 Secretion During Intestinal Graft Ischemia

The time-dependent appearance of phospholipaseA2 (PLA2) activity in thepreservation media of ischemic rat intestinal grafts isdescribed. In controls, Ca2+-dependent,secretory PLA2 activity accumulated rapidly during the first 6 hr of ischemia,followed by a linear increase for up to 48 hr. LDHlevels, by contrast, increased linearly throughout the48 hr of ischemia. Addition of inhibitors ofPLA2, cyclooxygenase, and lipooxygenase blocked accumulation ofPLA2, but not LDH. PX-13, a novelPLA2 inhibitor, was most effective: 40 μMinhibited release by 86%, while 25 μM indomethacin(cyclooxygenase blocker) or nordihydroguiaretic acid (lipooxygenaseblocker) inhibited 41 and 36%, respectively. Thatappearance of PLA2 activity, but not LDH, isattenuated by inhibitors of the eicosanoid cascadesuggests a secretory event rather than leakage from dying cells. Thesecreted PLA2 is most likely theproinflammatory sPLA2 that has beenimplicated as a stress-induced protein and priming agentin ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Genetic Inactivation of ZCCHC6 Suppresses Interleukin-6 Expression and Reduces the Severity of Experimental Osteoarthritis in Mice

Objective Cytokine expression is tightly regulated posttranscriptionally, but high levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) indicate that regulatory mechanisms are disrupted in this disorder. The enzyme ZCCHC6 (zinc-finger CCHC domain-containing protein 6; TUT-7) has been implicated in posttranscriptional regulation of inflammatory cytokine expression, but its role in OA pathogenesis is unknown. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether ZCCHC6 directs the expression of IL-6 and influences OA pathogenesis in vivo. Methods Human and mouse chondrocytes were stimulated with recombinant IL-1β. Expression of ZCCHC6 in human chondrocytes was knocked down using small interfering RNAs. IL-6 transcript stability was determined by actinomycin D chase, and 3'-uridylation of microRNAs was determined by deep sequencing. Zcchc6-/- mice were produced by gene targeting. OA was surgically induced in the knee joints of mice, and disease severity was scored using a semiquantitative grading system. Results ZCCHC6 was markedly up-regulated in damaged cartilage from human OA patients and from wild-type mice with surgically induced OA. Overexpression of ZCCHC6 induced the expression of IL-6, and its knockdown reduced IL-6 transcript stability and IL-1β-induced IL-6 expression in chondrocytes. Reintroduction of Zcchc6 in Zcchc6-/- mouse chondrocytes rescued the IL-1β-induced IL-6 expression. Knockdown of ZCCHC6 reduced the population of micro-RNA 26b (miR-26b) with 3'-uridylation by 60%. Zcchc6-/- mice with surgically induced OA produced low levels of IL-6 and exhibited reduced cartilage damage and synovitis in the joints. Conclusion These findings indicate that ZCCHC6 enhances IL-6 expression in chondrocytes through transcript stabilization and by uridylating miR-26b, which abrogates repression of IL-6. Inhibition of IL-6 expression and significantly reduced OA severity in Zcchc6-/- mice identify ZCCHC6 as a novel therapeutic target to inhibit disease pathogenesis.
TRIPS' Rebound: How the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (

Recently, scholars and commentators around the world have reexamined the role intellectual property rights (IPRs) play in hindering or helping developing countries. These scholars have questioned the theory that IPRs help developing countries by promoting economic development, increasing foreign direct investment, stimulating domestic innovation, and improving access to new technologies, and have concluded that imposing "Western-style" intellectual property regimes (e.g., the U.S. patent regime) on developing countries harm those countries. In particular, such regimes fail to create the purported benefits, while they impose many costs, including preventing people from obtaining life-saving drugs. This Article argues that it is not IPRs themselves that cause these problems but that it is the increased focus of intellectual property regimes on private interests rather than public interests. The Article examines the historical role that intellectual property has played in the United States and its contrasting role in the world community, as evidenced by the international intellectual property treaty (TRIPS). Though the traditional role of U.S. intellectual property policy was to advance the public interest, while the new role, now advanced by the United States, is primarily to advance private interests. This is perhaps understandable due to the shift to a more advanced, interdependent global economy. Nevertheless, the new role severely distorts the traditional balance between public and private interests and should be reexamined to determine whether the intellectual property system still promotes the public good. The Article reviews the scholarship concerning the harmful effects of this new role on TRIPS and developing countries, and posits that the new role will have a rebound effect and harm the United States by, among other things, stifling innovation and withholding rather than disseminating knowledge. The rebound effect results from two factors. The first is that TRIPS will constrain the United States' ability to tailor its intellectual property laws because TRIPS impinges upon U.S. sovereignty in this area. The second factor is that, as mentioned, TRIPS is inconsistent with traditional U.S. policy. The Article concludes by examining the harms caused to the United States and the causes of such harms.
Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute on Voting Rights

The Constitution leaves the regulation of about voting procedures to individual states, but also recognizes that individuals have rights to equal representation without discrimination. The tensions between these two principles have arisen several times in recent constitutional controversies, especially regarding the continued constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Husted addresses the state of Ohio’s decision to purge voter rolls of infrequent voters. Is this a legitimate regulation or a veiled attempt to disenfranchise minority citizens? The 5-4 decision in Husted raises further barriers to citizen claims that voting rights have been violated.
Temperature-dependent carrier transport: Low-complexity model for the infrared optical and radiative properties of nickel

We propose a framework for modeling the temperature-dependent infrared optical and radiative properties of metals exhibiting nonideal free-carrier dynamics. In order to do so, we derive a parsimonious model that possesses both multivariate (in temperature and wavelength) and single variate (in wavelength) components. The model is realized as the complex-valued relative permittivity and is applicable to optically smooth media. A procedure is outlined for regressing both components of the model under an appropriate set of physical constraints that preclude superfluous degrees of freedom. The procedure is demonstrated by applying the model to nickel, a transition metal of technical significance that possesses nontrivial valency. The resulting model yields practically accurate results for eight data sets spanning four separate studies, representing the approximate wavelength ( λ) bandwidth between 1 and 16 μ m and the approximate temperature ( T) range between 0 and 1400 K. The proposed model framework retains phase information and can, therefore, be directly interfaced with more complex Fresnel frameworks, such as those commonly used for modeling systematically or randomly roughened surfaces.We propose a framework for modeling the temperature-dependent infrared optical and radiative properties of metals exhibiting nonideal free-carrier dynamics. In order to do so, we derive a parsimonious model that possesses both multivariate (in temperature and wavelength) and single variate (in wavelength) components. The model is realized as the complex-valued relative permittivity and is applicable to optically smooth media. A procedure is outlined for regressing both components of the model under an appropriate set of physical constraints that preclude superfluous degrees of freedom. The procedure is demonstrated by applying the model to nickel, a transition metal of technical significance that possesses nontrivial valency. The resulting model yields practically accurate results for eight data sets spanning four separate studies, representing the approximate wavelength ( λ) bandwidth between 1 and 16 μ m and the approximate temperature ( T) range between 0 and 1400 K. The proposed model framework ...
The fine structure of motile cells in the genera Ulvaria and Monostroma , with special reference to the taxonomic position of Monostroma oxyspermum ( Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta )

The zoospores and isogametes ofUlvaria obscura var.blyttii, the isogametes ofMonostroma bullosum, and the anisogametes ofM. grevillei have a flagellar apparatus with counterclockwise absolute orientation and terminal caps, and therefore belong to theUlvophyceae. On the basis of the absence or presence of body scales and the morphologies of certain flagellar apparatus components,Ulvaria obscura var.blyttii is retained in theUlvales, whileM. bullosum, M. grevillei andM. oxyspermum are referred to theUlotrichales. Differences in scale morphology, certain flagellar apparatus components, and early thallus ontogeny support the transfer ofM. oxyspermum to the genusGayralia. Mating structures and their positional relationships within the cell are described from the gametes examined. A plasmalemma-associated plaque that may be a degenerate mating structure occurs in someG. oxysperma motile cells.
Split Hopf algebras, quasi-shuffle algebras, and the cohomology of ΩΣX

Abstract Let A and B be two connected graded commutative k–algebras of finite type, where k is a perfect field of positive characteristic p. We prove that the quasi–shuffle algebras generated by A and B are isomorphic as Hopf algebras if and only if A and B are isomorphic as graded k–vector spaces equipped with a Frobenius (pth–power) map. For the hardest part of this analysis, we work with the dual construction, and are led to study connected graded cocommutative Hopf algebras H with two additional properties: H is free as an associative algebra, and the projection onto the indecomposables is split as a morphism of graded k–vector spaces equipped with a Verschiebung map. Building on work on non–commutative Witt vectors by Goerss, Lannes, and Morel, we classify such free, ‘split’ Hopf algebras. A topological consequence is that, if X is a based path connected space, then the Hopf algebra H ⁎ ( Ω Σ X ; k ) is determined by the stable homotopy type of X. We also discuss the much easier analogous characteristic 0 results, and give a characterization of when our quasi–shuffle algebras are polynomial, generalizing the so–called Ditters conjecture.
Cash-based maternal health interventions can improve childhood vaccination-Evidence from India.

Childhood vaccination has lagged in countries like India, despite its demonstrated positive effects on health outcomes like infant mortality. At the same time, many conditional cash transfer programs have been effective in improving health outcomes. We estimate the effect of the world's largest maternal health program, Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY, maternal protection scheme), on childhood vaccination in India. We exploit exogenous variations in the expansion of the policy around the country and the fact that some key vaccines are given at or near birth to identify the effects of cash-based maternal health policy on infant immunization. We find that JSY increased the probability of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus toxoid (DPT) vaccination among newborns and infants. However, we find almost no significant effects on the measles vaccine, which is administered several months after birth.
Quantification of Seven Terpenes in Human Serum by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Terpenes are a class of volatile organic hydrocarbons commonly produced by vegetation and released into the atmosphere. These compounds are responsible for the scents of pine forests, citrus fruits...
The Role of Ex-vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) in Lung Transplantation

For patients with end-stage lung disease, there is no cure though lung transplantation is an effective treatment. Unfortunately, the number of viable donor lung allografts is woefully low and does not meet the need for clinical lung transplantation. Furthermore,donor lung utilization rates are less than 20%. Ex-vivo lung perfusion is a technique that has been developed to address this donor lung shortage whereby marginal organs are retrieved, reconditioned and re-evaluated prior to transplantation, thus increasing donor lung utilization and extending the life saving gift of transplantation.
Assessment of the Shock Patient and Hemodynamic Monitoring

Cardiogenic shock is a multifaceted syndrome that presents with acute impairment in myocardial function resulting in poor distal end organ perfusion and hypoxia. It is a challenging disease to manage despite innovation in therapeutic options. Revascularization, vasopressor and inotropic support, and mechanical circulatory support are processes commonly used for shock management, however there is limited success in affecting long term outcomes. The impact on long term results may rely on protocols emphasizing early intervention in those presenting with advanced stages of cardiogenic shock. Classifying cardiogenic shock can indeed provide practical, clinically relevant risk stratification to implement appropriate therapies. In this chapter we will review the underlying causes and diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, hemodynamic markers to assess disease severity, establish the indications for mechanical circulatory support and discuss the shock team approach to improve outcomes.
"OPTIONS-DC", a feasible discharge planning conference to expand infection treatment options for people with substance use disorder.

Serious bacterial infections associated with substance use often result in long hospitalizations, premature discharges, and high costs. Out-of-hospital treatment options in people with substance use disorder (SUD) are often limited. We describe a novel multidisciplinary and interprofessional care conference, “OPTIONS-DC,” to identify treatment options agreeable to both patients and providers using the frameworks of harm reduction and patient-centered care. We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients who had an OPTIONS-DC between February 2018 and July 2019 and used content analysis to understand the conferences’ effects on antibiotic treatment options. Fifty patients had an OPTIONS-DC during the study window. Forty-two (84%) had some intravenous (IV) substance use and 44 (88%) had an active substance use disorder. Participants’ primary substances included opioids (65%) or methamphetamines (28%). On average, conferences lasted 28 min. OPTIONS-DC providers recommended out-of-hospital antibiotic treatment options for 34 (68%) of patients. OPTIONS-DC recommended first line therapy of IV antibiotics for 35 (70%) patients, long-acting injectable antibiotics for 14 (28%), and oral therapy for 1 (2%). 35 (70%) patients that had an OPTIONS-DC completed an antibiotic course and 6 (12%) left the hospital prematurely. OPTIONS-DC expanded treatment options by exposing and contextualizing SUD, psychosocial risk and protective factors; incorporating patient preferences; and allowing providers to tailor antibiotic and SUD recommendations. OPTIONS-DC is a feasible intervention that allows providers to integrate principles of harm reduction and offer patient-centered choices among patients needing prolonged antibiotic treatment.
Zona Pellucida Genes and Proteins: Essential Players in Mammalian Oogenesis and Fertility

All mammalian oocytes and eggs are surrounded by a relatively thick extracellular matrix (ECM), the zona pellucida (ZP), that plays vital roles during oogenesis, fertilization, and preimplantation development. Unlike ECM surrounding somatic cells, the ZP is composed of only a few glycosylated proteins, ZP1–4, that are unique to oocytes and eggs. ZP1–4 have a large region of polypeptide, the ZP domain (ZPD), consisting of two subdomains, ZP-N and ZP-C, separated by a short linker region, that plays an essential role in polymerization of nascent ZP proteins into crosslinked fibrils. Both subdomains adopt immunoglobulin (Ig)-like folds for their 3-dimensional structure. Mouse and human ZP genes are encoded by single-copy genes located on different chromosomes and are highly expressed in the ovary by growing oocytes during late stages of oogenesis. Genes encoding ZP proteins are conserved among mammals, and their expression is regulated by cis-acting sequences located close to the transcription start-site and by the same/similar trans-acting factors. Nascent ZP proteins are synthesized, packaged into vesicles, secreted into the extracellular space, and assembled into long, crosslinked fibrils that have a structural repeat, a ZP2-ZP3 dimer, and constitute the ZP matrix. Fibrils are oriented differently with respect to the oolemma in the inner and outer layers of the ZP. Sequence elements in the ZPD and the carboxy-terminal propeptide of ZP1–4 regulate secretion and assembly of nascent ZP proteins. The presence of both ZP2 and ZP3 is required to assemble ZP fibrils and ZP1 and ZP4 are used to crosslink the fibrils. Inactivation of mouse ZP genes by gene targeting has a detrimental effect on ZP formation around growing oocytes and female fertility. Gene sequence variations in human ZP genes due to point, missense, or frameshift mutations also have a detrimental effect on ZP formation and female fertility. The latter mutations provide additional support for the role of ZPD subdomains and other regions of ZP polypeptide in polymerization of human ZP proteins into fibrils and matrix.
Eleven years since the Kampala world cup bombings: what we remember and why

July 11th, 2021 marked eleven years since the twin bombings in Kampala killed at least 74 people (BBC News 2010). The bombings in the Ugandan capital were conducted by Somali extremist group al-Sha...
11.12 – Tools and techniques: gravitational method

The gravitational method is used to investigate density variations within the subsurface at depths of several meters to tens of meters, as in depth-to-bedrock investigations, or at depths of several kilometers, as in sedimentary basin thickness investigations. This chapter covers fundamental relations, densities of Earth materials, instruments, field procedures, data reduction, filtering, forward modeling, inversion, and field examples. The focus is on near-surface investigations as distinct from the solid Earth studies found elsewhere in this treatise. The gravitational method is often used in conjunction with other geophysical methods, such as the magnetic method or the seismic method, which target similar physical properties at similar depths.
Michael Psellos: Rhetoric and Authorship in Byzantium

Introduction Part I. The Professional Rhetor and Theory of Authorship: 1. The philosopher's rhetoric 2. The rhetor as creator: Psellos on Gregory of Nazianzos 3. The return of the poet: mimesis and the aesthetics of variation Part II. Self-Representation: 4. Aesthetic charm and urbane ethos 5. The statue's smile: discourses of Hellenism 6. Female voice: gender and emotion Conclusion: from rhetoric to literature Appendix: books and readers in the reception of Psellos.
Special session - writing: an active learning tool for majors and non-majors

The educational benefits of adapting a writing approach in the classroom have been widely documented. Writing can serve as a tool to improve the quality of teaching as well as to promote deeper and more meaningful student learning. In this workshop we will explore various strategies in which writing can be used to enhance student understanding in introductory physics and engineering classrooms by summarizing three unique projects designed to address the role of writing in terms of the assessment of student learning. Goal of the session is to introduce people to the value of using writing as a teaching tool in science and engineering
Present Status of the Postural Origins Theory

Abstract In 1987, MacNeilage et al. argued that evidence of population-level handedness was evident in nonhuman primates, a claim that stood in strong contrast to the prevailing scientific view. Based on this paper, MacNeilage et al. went on to propose the postural origin of handedness theory. Since 1987, a plethora of studies have been conducted in nonhuman animals, notably primates. This chapter updates the extant data on handedness in nonhuman primates as it relates to the Postural Origins theory of handedness and argues that many aspects of the original theory are still supported by the new findings.
Fundamentals of Wind-Tunnel Design

Wind tunnels offer an effective tool to rapidly obtain data associated with flow over scaled or full-scale models. Given their ubiquitous nature and utility, a wind-tunnel design project is a fairly common yet complex exercise. We therefore review in this article the fundamentals of low-speed wind-tunnel design. The research goals and the specific measurement requirements are discussed, as well as the various space, budget, and power constraints that guide the tunnel design. Design guidelines are provided for the most common wind-tunnel components, including flow conditioners, contraction, test section, diffuser, drive, and other optional components. Finally, facility characterization procedures are briefly summarized, including flow uniformity, turbulence intensity, and background noise and vibration levels. Keywords: wind tunnel; fluid dynamics; aerodynamics; experimental methods
The effect of prostaglandin F2α on the placental progesterone level in midtrimester abortion

Abstract A gas chromatograph method has been used for the determination of placental progesterone levels in 14 patients aborted at midtrimester by intra-amniotic instillation of prostaglandin F 2α , also from a control group (five patients) aborted surgically by dilatation and suction. The results showed that the mean ± S.E. of placental progesterone in the prostaglandin group was 1.45 μg ± 0.09 per 1 Gm. of placental tissue, whereas the mean ± S.E. of the placental progesterone in the surgically aborted group was 5.22 ± 0.31 μg per 1 Gm. of placental tissue. The difference between the two groups was significant: P=0.0001. This low level of placental progesterone in the prostaglandin abortion group could explain the sharp decline of the progesterone levels in the peripheral blood during abortion by intra-amniotic instillation of prostaglandin F 2α , as observed by our group 1, 2 and others. 3–5
Light Propagation in a Clumpy Universe

The propagation of light in an inhomogeneous universe is a long standing problem. Its resolution requires, first, a realistic description of the geometry of a clumpy universe and, second, solutions to the null geodesic equations given the metric of such a universe. The Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric has become the standard description of the large scale geometry of the universe. However, the observable universe today is manifestly inhomogeneous. The weakly perturbed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is often used to describe such a universe. But its validity is only guaranteed for a weakly inhomogeneous universe, where, for instance, overdensities are small \((\delta \rho /{\bar\rho}\ll 1)\), which is not true for sufficiently small scales in the universe today. It is well known, however, that the metric perturbations can still be small even if the overdensity is not small, given the right conditions and coordinates. However, spatial gradients of metric perturbations are not necessarily small any more. Here we estimate whether the secondorder corrections involving them can affect significantly the expansion of the universe or the light propagation in it.
Subjective Reasoning in Dynamic Games

A unified framework is developed for representation of, and reasoning about dynamic games. A game is described by the subjective knowledge of players at hypothetical situations - the epistemic game form. Subjective knowledge - termed confidence - allows us to replace objective reasoning about hypothetical events with reasoning about the confidence of hypothetical identities, i.e., the subjective reasoning of players in hypothetical situations. This leads to an endogenous definition for players' action sets. Applying subjective reasoning to the "Bear-Quiche" signaling game, the "Burning Money" game and others, provides a characterization of the dynamic reasoning by players that leads to the suggested solutions for these games. For perfect information games, rationality and common confidence of future rationality imply backward induction, although common confidence of rationality can logically contradict the definition of the game.
Synthesis of 4,5-Dimethyl-1,3-Dithiol-2-One

O-Isopropyl S-3-Oxobutan-2-yl dithicarbonate 2-Butanone Potassium O-isopropylxanthate 4,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dithiol-2-one Keywords: 1,3-dithiol-2-one; tetrathiafulvalenes; palladium catalyst; radical-initiated reaction; distillation; bromine addition
HPLC Determination of Propofol-Thiopental Sodium and Propofol-Ondansetron Mixtures

Abstract High performance liquid chromatography procedures have been developed for the assay of propofol-thiopental sodium and propofol-ondansetron mixtures. The separation and quantitation of propofol-thiopental sodium were performed on a stable bond phenyl column at ambient temperature using a mobile phase of 55:45 v/v aqueous 0.01 M monobasic postassium phosphate pH 4 - acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, with detection set at 235 nm. The separation was achieved within 20 min. Propofol and thiopental sodium were linear in the 12.7 - 38 and 31.4 - 94 μ/mL ranges, respectively. Accuracy and precision were in the range 0.2 - 2.6 and 0.2 - 3.2%, respectively, for the two analytes and the limits of detection for propofol and thiopental sodium were 1210 and 317 ng/mL, respectively, based on a signal to noise ratio of 2 and a 20 μL injection. The separation and quantitation of the propofol-ondansetron mixture was achieved on a 10 μm particle size phenyl column., using a mobile phase of 50:50 v/v aqueous ...
Influence of cholera toxin on the regulation of adenylate cyclase by GTP.

Abstract In the presence of NAD+, cholera toxin activates adenylate cyclase in membranes of S49 mouse lymphoma cells. The following evidence supports the hypothesis that the toxin acts by inhibiting a specific GTPase associated with a guanyl nucleotide regulatory component of hormone-responsive cyclase: 1. GTP alone markedly stimulates cyclase activity in toxin-treated, but not in untreated membranes; 2. The poorly hydrolyzable GTP analog, guanosine 5′-(β,γ-imino) triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), stimulates cyclase equally well in toxin-treated and untreated membranes; 3. Cyclase activation by isoproterenol plus GTP persists in toxin-treated membranes, but not in controls, after addition of propranolol; 4. GTP is a more potent competitive inhibitor of the irreversible activation of cyclase by Gpp(NH)p in toxin-treated than in untreated membranes.
A retrospective analysis of the cost-effectiveness of dental sealants in a children's health center☆

A retrospective patient record analysis was conducted to study the cost-effectiveness of dental sealants placed under routine, unrestricted practice condition in a fluoridated community. The 26 dentists who provided care at the clinic over the period of the study used their own clinical judgement to determine sealant placement or alternative treatment. Dental services for 275 patients at a children's dental clinic for low-income families were evaluated. All children had at least 3 years between their first and last dental visit (mean = 5.8 years). A lifetable analysis was conducted to compare the probability of survival (restoration-free tooth years) and costs incurred to first molars of children who did not receive sealants, received any sealants, or received sealants on all first molars. Among the children with sealants, comparisons were also made between sealed and unsealed teeth in children who did and did not have a first molar restoration prior to sealant placement. Costs included the costs of sealants and restorative treatments for these teeth over time. Depending on the conditions under which sealants were placed, cost-savings or improving cost-effectiveness with time were found. A strategy of identifying children with prior restorations and sealing the remaining molars showed cost-savings within 4-6 years. For other comparisons, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios became more favorable over time.
Effects of nadolol β‐blockade on blood pressure in hypertension

Nadolol, a nonselective beta adrenoceptor antagonist, was evaluated in 9 normal sybjects with essential hypertension for ability to inhibit exercise-induced changes in double-product (systolic pressure x heart rate). Propranolol and placebo were included as positive and negative controls. The beta antagonists were administered orally in single doses at 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg on a crossover basis. Both nadolol and propranolol induced comparable dose-related inhibition of double-product. Duration of beta receptor blockade was greater with nadolol than with propranolol; significant inhibition of double-product occurred 24 hr after a single 80-mg dose of nadolol. The antihypertensive effect of nadolol was evaluated in another series of 46 subjects with essential hypertension. The dose of nadolol ranged from 80 to 320 mg once daily. Consistent decreases in supine heart rate (20%) and diastolic blood pressure (9%) from baseline were observed. During steady state, the oral daily dose of nadolol was proportional to the minimum steady-state serum concentration (Cmin) of nadolol (r = 0.75, p less than 0.001) obtained just before the next dose of nadolol. Statistically significant correlation was observed between the antihypertensive effect and the Cmin for nadolol (r = 0.45, p less than 0.05).
Mesoporous glass films supported on α-Al2O3

Glass–alumina composites were developed for possible use as membrane supports. Preparation involved dip-coating of α-Al_2O_3 tubes with a suspension of borosilicate glass particles (9.1% Na_2O–29.7% B_2O_3–61.2% SiO_2), sintering to convert the particle layer into a nonporous layer of phase separated glass, and leaching the glass with a strong acid to remove the soluble phase and obtain the final porous layer of about 10 μm thickness. In some preparations a 10% α-Al_2O_3 powder was added to the initial suspension. The composite supports were characterized by SEM, EDAX and EPMA for elemental composition, XRD for crystalline phase content, nitrogen adsorption for surface area and pore size distribution, and by permeation measurements with single gases and mixtures. After leaching the glass layers had pore size 1–4 nm, and contained varying amounts of boron, sodium, and aluminum oxides, in addition to silica. The nitrogen permeance of the composite supports was 10–100 times higher than that of standard porous Vycor tubing.
The New Political History: Progress and Prospects

The "new" history is no longer a minor deviation from the norm of historical studies. In the past decade the volume of such works has grown enormously, as evidenced in frequent bibliographic reviews1 and the annual bibliographies appearing in this journal. More noteworthy are the new questions and topics which these works consider. Demographic and mobility studies have emerged as staples of social history, and the mere mention of Time on the Cross brings to mind a virtual industry of writing about the economics of slavery.2 The rather sudden growth of interest in these fields has somewhat overshadowed
Constructing the narrative of women's friendship: Margaret Atwood's reflexive fictions

(1995). Constructing the narrative of women's friendship: Margaret Atwood's reflexive fictions. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 6, Margaret Atwood, pp. 197-212.
The Influence of Endogenous or Exogenous Calcitonin on Daily Urinary Calcium Excretion1

The effect of removal of the thyroids, and of calcitonin (CT) infusion, on urinary calcium values was studied in the rat. Calcium infusion into thyroidectomized rats bearing functional parathyroid transplants (PTT-TX) resulted in urine calcium values 10–20-fold greater than those following similar infusion to normal rats or to PTT-TX rats also infused with CT. Daily renal excretion of calcium was determined in PTT-TX rats fed normal or restricted amounts of laboratory rat chow, and compared to that of normal rats and of rats with intact thyroid glands and transplanted parathyroid glands. The absence of the thyroid glands resulted in a daily renal excretion of calcium which was approximately 0.5 mg greater than control values. Injection of salmon CT into PTT-TX rats during the period of active feeding reduced the urinary calcium excretion to normal for the first 24 h collection period. Continued daily injections of this hormone, however, reversed this effect, and by the third day, caused an increased renal...
Persian Ear Rings and ‘Fragments of a Vessel’: Transformation and Fidelity in Hammer-Purgstall’s Translation of Two Ghazals by Hafiz

The ideal literary translation, as it has been articulated by various thinkers in early nineteenth century, including Wilhelm von Humboldt, Friedrich Schleiermacher, and Goethe, strives to retain the 'otherness' or 'foreignness' of the 'original' text. This article examines the practice of such a theoretical paradigm based on the translation of two ghazals of the fourteenth-century Persian poet Hafiz by the nineteenth-century Austrian diplomat-scholar Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall. The article offers an elaborate analysis of both adaptation and transformation of formal and semantic aspects of textual transfer. Walter Benjamin's notion of 'mode of signification' constitutes the conceptual framework for evaluating the relationship between the Persian poems and their German translation as to determine tendencies of 'fidelity' and transformation. In considering instances of formal adaptation in translation, the article shows how translation affords the possibility of new compositional forms and plays a significant role both in increasing the expressivity of language and flexibility of thought.
Cardiopulmonary bypass time does not affect cerebral blood flow

Abstract Background . A time-dependent decline in cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been reported in cardiac surgical patients despite stable pump flows and arterial carbon dioxide tension. Other studies have failed to support these hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) results, showing preservation of CBF during CPB. The purpose of the study was to define the influence of mildly hypothermic CPB duration on CBF. Methods . Cerebral blood flow was measured using xenon-133 washout and alpha-stat blood gas management during nonpulsatile CPB. Cerebral blood flow measurements were made after the initiation of CPB and near the end of bypass during pump flows of 2.4 L · min −1 · m −2 . Results . Fifty-two coronary artery bypass patients were studied. The average time between CBF measurements was 54 ± 20 minutes (mean ± standard deviation), with a range of 10 to 100 minutes. Temperature and arterial carbon dioxide tension were controlled: after the initiation of CPB, temperature was 35.5° ± 0.4°C and carbon dioxide tension was 37 ± 2.8 mm Hg; whereas near the end of bypass temperature was 35.6° ± 0.5°C and carbon dioxide tension was 36 ± 2.3 mm Hg. We found no correlation between CBF and time on CPB ( p = 0.47; r = 0.101), in contrast to other studies suggesting that CPB duration may intrinsically affect CBF. Conclusions . Our experimental results include the following: (1) during mildly hypothermic bypass, CBF does not decrease in relation to time and (2) cerebral flow-metabolism coupling is intact at 35°C.
The Reconciliation of Art and Psychology

The disciplines of art and experimental psychology share a number of interesting areas of overlap which are unknown and/or unconsidered by many. This purpose of this article is to elucidate topics that are of interest to both artists and psychologists in an attempt to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations. It is only on rare occasions that artists and psychologists engage in collaborative research efforts, however; here I discuss a number of topics in psychology (e.g. attention, expertise, object perception and mental representations) that would be of interest to both disciplines. The concepts that are often taught in the art studio can provide unique insight into perceptual processes that play a role in the creation and evaluation of art. However, collaborative research efforts are necessary better to understand these perceptual processes. Thus, the product of collaborative research in such areas can inform art education and psychology to mutual benefit. This article discusses topics of interest for art and psychology and poses possible research questions that can be investigated via artist–psychologist collaborations.
Monotherapy treatment of paruresis with gabapentin

Paruresis, the difficulty or inability to urinate in the presence of others, is a highly prevalent (7-32%) social anxiety subtype that is both chronic and pervasive. Paruresis negatively impacts quality of life. Treatment strategies have focused on psychological interventions. To date, standard social anxiety pharmacotherapies utilized in the treatment of paruresis have shown minimal efficacy. A PUBMED search revealed no references to paruresis treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or gabapentin. This case report presents the first instance of successful monotherapy treatment of paruresis with gabapentin. The patient's relative medicine noncompliance resulted in an on-off-on treatment design with a dose-dependent response. Efficacy persisted throughout a 7-month treatment course. Gabapentin should be studied further for its potential use in the treatment of paruresis.
Clonal diversity of basic protein specific T cells in Lewis rats recovered from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Abstract T cell lines selected from Lewis rats recovered from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) respond not only to the immunodominant 72–89 epitope of basic protein (BP), but also to secondary epitopes including the I-A restricted 43–67 region of guinea pig (Gp) BP and the I-E restricted 87–99 sequence of rat (Rt) BP. The current study demonstrates at the clonal level the diversity of T cell responses to Gp- and Rt-BP in EAE-recovered rats. As predicted from the response pattern of BP-selected T cell lines, T cell clones from the lines responded to both the dominant and secondary epitopes of BP. In addition, a new majority clonal type was identified that responded to whole BP but not to epitopes represented on enzymatic cleavage fragments or synthetic peptides spanning the BP molecule. Clones representative of each of the three types of Gp-BP responses were characterized for phenotype, major histocompatibility complex restriction, and biologic activity in vivo. All of the clones were strongly CD4 + and co-expressed CD8 at modest levels as measured by both immunofluorescence and Northern blots. All three T cell specificities were I-A restricted. However, only the 72–89 responsive clone could transfer clinical EAE, due most likely to its unique ability to respond to Rt-BP. In contrast, the Gp-BP 43–67 reactive T cell clone transferred protection against EAE, whereas the whole Gp-BP reactive clone transferred delayed-type hypersensitivity response but was neither encephalitogenic nor protective. Thus, the recovery process from EAE is distinguished by an increased diversity of protective clones as well as innocuous clones that may be spawned as encephalitogenic T cells are regulated.
A simple beam theory for the buckling of symmetric composite beams including interaction of in-plane stresses

A theory for symmetrically laminated, doubly-symmetric composite beams including the effects of anticlastic curvature is presented. Verification of the theory is demonstrated through comparisons with classical plate theory on the buckling loads for eight-layer symmetric angle-ply laminates caused by uniform compression and linearly distributed stress (lateral-torsional buckling). A significant reduction in buckling load is observed when the beams have many layers that are oriented between 25 and 60°. Closed-form approximations for the new theory for rectangular beams are also presented and the theory is applied to box and I beams. These results show a reduction in the buckling load as compared to other beam theories for the box beams and for strong axis buckling of the I beams when there are many layers with lamination angles between 25 and 60°.
Resources and Well-being Among Arab-American Elders

This study addresses diversity of aging experiences by examining the associations among immigrant status, religious affiliation, and resources in the form of both human and social capital with the well-being of Arab-American elders. Data were drawn from a face-to-face survey of 101 Arab-American men and women aged 56 and over living in the metropolitan Detroit area. Correlations demonstrate that religious affiliation is not associated with well-being. Multiple regression analyses reveal that U.S. born Arab Americans reported less frequent feelings of depression and greater life satisfaction than did immigrants, but this variation appears to be accounted for by human capital indicators including education level and language. Social capital including perceptions of the ability to confide in child and relationship quality with spouse is significantly associated with well-being, yet does not constitute a pathway to well-being for Arab-American elders. Human and social capital represent valuable resources and their distribution within this immigrant/ethnic group is associated with noteworthy variations in well-being.
Evaluating the fatigue resistance of notched specimens of polyethylene

The fatigue life of a linear low density polyethylene was measured as a function of stress, notch depth., and temperature under plane strain conditions. The fatigue life was precisely related to the stress intensity. The temperature dependence of the fatigue life corresponded to an activation energy of 72.5 KJ which was independent of stress level. A general equation for the fatigue lifetime was proposed for polyethylenes in terms of the material parameters, the mechanical parameters such as stress intensity, stress amplitude, frequency, and waveform.