cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social search and need-driven knowledge sharing in Wikis with Woogle

Wikis have emerged as easy and flexible tools for accessing and sharing knowledge on the internet and within organizations. Due to their highly collaborative nature, users can typically modify and create content without any access restrictions since these are replaced by social practices. On the other hand, due to the lack of central guidance, knowledge sharing is driven by the individual choice of contributors. We claim that --- especially in enterprise settings --- the lack of guidance for content creation is a major problem. We therefore analyze search and knowledge sharing in current Wikis. To improve knowledge sharing, we present the Woogle concept, which introduces "Social Search" and "Need-driven Knowledge Sharing" into Wikis. We describe our prototype implementation Woogle4MediaWiki and results from initial evaluation studies.
The Promise and Practicality of Population Genomics Research with Endangered Species

Recent technological advances have dramatically reduced the cost of DNA sequencing. In addition, these methods require lower DNA quantities and qualities than did the previous generation of molecular techniques. As a result, genomic-scale studies of natural populations of endangered species, including those using noninvasively collected samples, are increasingly feasible. Such studies have the potential to advance our understanding of behavior, demography, evolutionary ecology, biogeography, and population history, and to contribute to the prioritization of conservation efforts. I point to a number of salient examples. However, there are also some current limitations and challenges associated with this scale of population genomics research in nonhuman, nonmodel species. Here, I describe the practicalities of the present state of this research while providing what is intended to be a straightforward walkthrough of the technology and methods involved.
Minimum-cost Ho-Kashyap associative processor for piecewise-hyperspherical classification

A synthesis algorithm is presented for generating a neural associative processor with piecewise-hyperspherical decision boundaries. Two important characteristics of the algorithm are that it represents each class with a near-minimum number of hyperspheres and that it has proven convergence properties. Classification results are presented for a three-class 3D distortion-invariant aircraft case study (invariant to changes in position, scale, and in-plane and out-of-plane rotation). The processor gives 98% accuracy. >
Memory management during run generation in external sorting

If replacement selection is used in an external mergesort to generate initial runs, individual records are deleted and inserted in the sort operation's workspace. Variable-length records introduce the need for possibly complex memory management and extra copying of records. As a result, few systems employ replacement selection, even though it produces longer runs than commonly used algorithms. We experimentally compared several algorithms and variants for managing this workspace. We found that the simple best fit algorithm achieves memory utilization of 90% or better and run lengths over 1.8 times workspace size, with no extra copying of records and very little other overhead, for widely varying record sizes and for a wide range of memory sizes. Thus, replacement selection is a viable algorithm for commercial database systems, even for variable-length records.Efficient memory management also enables an external sort algorithm that degrades gracefully when its input is only slightly larger than or a small multiple of the available memory size. This is not the case with the usual implementations of external sorting, which incur I/O for the entire input even if it is as little as one record larger than memory. Thus, in some cases, our techniques may reduce I/O volume by a factor 10 compared to traditional database sort algorithms. Moreover, the gradual rather than abrupt growth in I/O volume for increasing input sizes significantly eases design and implementation of intra-query memory management policies.
Unimpaired osmotic water permeability and fluid secretion in bile duct epithelia of AQP1 null mice.

The mechanisms by which fluid moves across the luminal membrane of cholangiocyte epithelia are uncertain. Previous studies suggested that aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is an important determinant of water mov...
A Return-Risk Evaluation of an Indexed Annuity Investment

This article focuses on a relatively new investment option, an indexed annuity account offered by at least one insurance company, which combines U.S. Treasury bonds with options on the S&P 500 Index that guarantees a minimum return of 2.7% per year and a maximum return (or cap return) equal to the 52-week percentage change in the S&P 500 Index following the date of purchase but no more than a return set by management which has been 8% or 9% in the past two years. (Contractually, the cap return cannot be less than 5% per year.) Using simulated investment results for 10-, 20-, and 30-year holding periods using actual rate-of-return data for the period 1946-2003, the author demonstrates that a hypothetical index annuity account does provide a relatively low-risk investment, although the cost, in terms of forgone returns on a pure equity investment, is relatively high. When the cap return was set at 9%, the index annuity account generally achieved higher returns and lower risk than did a long-term U.S. government bond investment.
Work in progress - effective student ink submissions in computer science courses

Topics in introductory computer science courses involve diagrams. Every data structure (e.g., stack, list, tree, or graph) is best understood when the definition is accompanied by a diagram. Demonstrating control flow within a method, or parameter passing from one method to another, are more easily explained using circles, boxes, and arrows. This paper describes our experiences with a Web-based tool called MessageGrid which facilitates interaction between instructor and students in the classroom. Focus is on the most recent MessageGrid feature: student submission using digital Ink. We provide examples of exercises we use and student responses. We summarize the results of a student survey evaluating this new technology. Finally, we draw conclusions and describe plans for the future.
VIP modulation of cultured glial cells of the rat retina

Cultured retinal glial cells from the rat are responsive to modulation by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP (IX 10−6M) elevated the intracellular cyclic AMP concentration from the basal level of (4.4–11.1) p mole/mg protein to (354–440) p mole/mg protein in threi minutes at 25oC. The half-maximal concentration is 4.8X10−8M, which is similar to that observed in the cultured retinal glial cells from the chick embryo.
Anion dependence of Ag(I) reactions with 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (bptz): isolation of the molecular propeller compound [Ag2(bptz)3][AsF6]2

The new compound [Ag2(bptz)3][AsF6]2, prepared from the reaction of bptz with Ag[AsF6] in CH3CN, is stable in solution as well as the solid-state and exhibits an unprecedented propeller arrangement of three bptz ligands spanning two Ag(I) ions with [AsF6]− anions located in the folds of the cation.
Error analysis for finite element methods for steady natural convection problems

We analyze the error in finite element methods in approximating, so-called, free or natural convection problems. We also include the effects of conducting solid walls in our analysis. Under a uniqueness condition on the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers (which we derive), we give direct, quasioptimal error estimates for “div-stable” finite element spaces for the fluid variables and general conforming finite element spaces for the temperature. At larger Rayleigh numbers, we give analogous, asymptotic error estimates, basing this analysis upon local uniqueness properties of the true solution (u p T), which we also establish.
Soliton quantization and internal symmetry.

We apply the method of collective coordinate quantization to a model of solitons in two spacetime dimensions with a global U(1) symmetry. In particular we consider the dynamics of the charged states associated with rotational excitations of the soliton in the internal space and their interactions with the quanta of the background field (mesons). By solving a system of coupled saddle-point equations we effectively sum all tree graphs contributing to the one-point Green's function of the meson field in the background of a rotating soliton. We find that the resulting one-point function evaluated between soliton states of definite U(1) charge exhibits a pole on the meson mass shell and we extract the corresponding $S$-matrix element for the decay of an excited state via the emission of a single meson using the standard Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann reduction formula. This $S$-matrix element has a natural interpretation in terms of an effective Lagrangian for the charged soliton states with an explicit Yukawa coupling to the meson field. We calculate the leading-order semiclassical decay width of the excited soliton states and discuss the consequences of these results for the hadronic decay of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ resonance in the Skyrme model.
Effect of Insurance Status on the Rate of Surgery Following a Meniscal Tear

Background: Uninsured and underinsured Americans face barriers to access to medical care. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of insurance status on whether patients with a torn meniscus proceed to elective arthroscopic knee surgery. Methods: The records from January 2003 through April 2006 at a single academic orthopaedic surgery institution in Massachusetts were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients diagnosed with a meniscal tear and to determine whether surgery had been performed within six months after the diagnosis. Six categories of insurance were identified: private insurance, Workers’ Compensation, Medicare, Medicaid, Uncompensated Care Pool, and self pay. A comparison of the proportions of insured and uninsured patients who underwent surgery was the primary outcome measure. Results: A total of 1127 patients were identified, and 446 (40%) of them underwent surgery within six months after an office visit. The patients with and without surgery had similar age and sex distributions. When patients were divided, according to their insurance status, into insured and uninsured groups, no significant difference was found in the rate of surgery (p = 0.23). However, subgroup analysis revealed significant differences among the six insurance categories. Logistic regression analysis showed that patients in the self-pay group had a lower rate of surgery than those with private insurance (odds ratio, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.75; p = 0.008), whereas patients receiving Workers’ Compensation (odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 3.55; p = 0.034) and those receiving Medicaid (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 2.42; p = 0.016) had higher surgical rates than those with private insurance. Conclusions: The rate of elective arthroscopic knee surgery for meniscal tears varied significantly for some insurance categories at this single academic institution in Massachusetts. Further work is necessary to clarify the patient and surgeon factors influencing these disparities in clinical decision-making. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A wide-band push-pull amplifier upgrades IP2

A novel design is described in which Lange coupler baluns, are used in a wideband push-pull amplifier to improve its second-order harmonic intercept point (IP2). Better than 10 dB of IP2 improvement has been demonstrated on a breadboard unit. The approach has potential applications for wideband high-efficiency power GaAs FET amplifiers. >
Hydrolysis and oxidation processes in the environment

Many kinds of chemical structures can undergo hydrolysis under conditions typically found in freshwater and marine systems with rates that are fast enough to make these reactions the dominant loss processes. Methods for estimating rate constants from structural activity relationships (SAR) and for measuring hydrolysis rate constants in the laboratory will be discussed as will limitations and complications in these procedures. Oxidations of organic structures by HO radical in the atmosphere and by RO2 and singlet oxygen in water are complex processes ultimately driven by sunlight. In air oxidation is the single most important loss process; in water only a few classes of organic structures are readily oxidized. The principles governing these photooxidations, SAR for estimating rate constants and available laboratory methods for their measurement will be discussed.
Protein backbone and sidechain torsion angles predicted from NMR chemical shifts using artificial neural networks.

A new program, TALOS-N, is introduced for predicting protein backbone torsion angles from NMR chemical shifts. The program relies far more extensively on the use of trained artificial neural networks than its predecessor, TALOS+. Validation on an independent set of proteins indicates that backbone torsion angles can be predicted for a larger, ≥90 % fraction of the residues, with an error rate smaller than ca 3.5 %, using an acceptance criterion that is nearly two-fold tighter than that used previously, and a root mean square difference between predicted and crystallographically observed (ϕ, ψ) torsion angles of ca 12o. TALOS-N also reports sidechain χ(1) rotameric states for about 50 % of the residues, and a consistency with reference structures of 89 %. The program includes a neural network trained to identify secondary structure from residue sequence and chemical shifts.
Assessing and Advancing Technology for the Noninvasive Measurement of Clinical Glucose

Noninvasive glucose sensing is an active area of research and development with many different approaches being explored since the 1980s. The promise of this approach is to provide a measure of the blood glucose concentration in a rapid, painless, and cost-effective manner so that people with diabetes can better maintain tight glycemic control, thereby reducing the complications of diabetes. This mini-review covers the major approaches to noninvasive glucose sensing and focuses on issues that must be resolved before a clinically useful device can be developed. A strong emphasis is placed on measurement selectivity, and methods to examine and characterize the selectivity of such a complex analytical problem are discussed.
Transdiagnostic heterogeneity, hierarchical dimensional models, and societal, cultural, and individual differences in the developmental understanding of psychopathology.

As the DSM’s explicit criteria became widely applied, it was found that many children (I use “children” to include adolescents) met criteria for multiple diagnoses. For example, studies found that 96 % of boys who met criteria for conduct disorder (CD) also met criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) [e.g., 2]. The term “comorbidity” became popular not only as a description, but also as an explanation for findings that children often met criteria for multiple diagnoses. Hundreds of publications reported comorbidity between various DSM-defined disorders, with the implication being that children meeting criteria for multiple disorders were actually suffering from each of the disorders for which they met criteria [e.g., 3].
CORR Insights(®): Is Age or Surgical Approach Associated With Osteonecrosis in Patients With Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip? A Meta-analysis.

T he study by Novais and colleagues examines two hotly debated questions: Are older patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) at greater risk for osteonecrosis when undergoing closed or open reduction, and does the surgical approach influence this risk? Traditional teaching on these topics is rooted as much in dogma as science, and most practicing clinicians likely follow the beliefs of their training programs. I believe that for hips undergoing open reduction, achieving concentric reduction with a stable hip and avoiding osteonecrosis likely are the main factors in accomplishing the best longterm hip function and radiographic results. Open reduction for hip dysplasia can be indicated in patients where there has been either a failure of early management or failure of hip screening (resulting in late detection). Sometimes open reduction is delayed until bone in the femoral head can be seen in a radiograph. There is a possibility that the hip is too fragile before this bone appears and that closed reduction may impair the growth of the hip. On the other hand, delaying this procedure until the child is older may result in stiffness and more abnormality of the hip joint, reducing the effects of treatment. Researchers cannot agree on whether waiting for this bone to appear helps protect the hip from damage during reduction. There is no way to know if damage to the blood supply of the hip or damage to the growth plate has occurred for at least 6 months after the closed reduction since one has to wait for the radiographic capital epiphysis to appear and monitor its growth to identify these findings. Surgical approach remains a matter of training and personal preference. Proponents of either approach (medial or anterior) purportedly have strong This CORR Insights is a commentary on the article ‘‘Is Age or Surgical Approach Associated With Osteonecrosis in Patients With Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip? A Meta-analysis’’ by Novais and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-0154590-5. The author certifies that he, or any member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/ licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR or The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. This CORR Insights comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-0154590-5. H. Hosalkar MD, MBMS (Orth), FCPS (Orth), DNB (Orth), FACS Paradise Valley Hospital, Tri-city Medical Center, Scripps and Sharp Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
Strategic Priorities: A Roadmap through Change for Library Leaders

In an era of constant technological, institutional and financial disruption, library leaders often need to reallocate resources or reengineer positions and services. How do they make these organizational changes effectively while maintaining services and resources and even innovating? This paper discusses that question by exploring the role of strategic priority-setting as a roadmap for successful change in libraries. Against the backdrop of the Great Recession, the author explored three academic libraries with published strategic priorities that weathered major changes, including severe budget reductions and planning for a new building, to see what role the priorities played in the decision-making of the leaders. Through interviews of key stakeholders and an analysis of documents, the author discovered that the library leadership and staff used the priorities to maintain the most important services and resources; innovate in some ways; and support employee morale.
Erythrocyte margination and sedimentation in skeletal muscle venules.

Previous studies in skeletal muscle of the dog and cat have shown that venous vascular resistance changes inversely with blood flow and may be due mainly to red blood cell aggregation, a phenomenon...
Fertility Research and Practice reviewer acknowledgement 2015

The editors of Fertility Research and Practice would like to thank all of our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 1 (2015).
Development of the Primary Care Quality-Homeless (PCQ-H) instrument: a practical survey of homeless patients' experiences in primary care.

Background Homeless patients face unique challenges in obtaining primary care responsive to their needs and context. Patient experience questionnaires could permit assessment of patient-centered medical homes for this population, but standard instruments may not reflect homeless patients' priorities and concerns.
Correlating Experimental Photophysical Properties of Iridium(III) Complexes to Spin–Orbit Coupled TDDFT Predictions

Ir(III) complexes are efficient phosphorescent emitters. The transition dipole moment between the triplet and singlet manifolds is formally spin forbidden. However, spin–orbit coupling (SOC), induced by the high angular momentum orbitals in Ir, efficiently mixes the triplet manifold with higher-energy singlets, increasing the transition probability. Spin–orbit coupled time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) calculations within the zero-order relativistic approximation (ZORA) are used to study nine complexes that have a range of emissions from 450 to 630 nm and quantum efficiencies of 0.1–0.9. We find that using the singlet ground-state geometry to calculate radiative rates produces the best correlation with experiment. We also show that the equal thermal population of the three sublevels in the triplet manifold is sufficient to understand rates at 300 K. We find that emission energies and radiative rates are best reproduced at the TD-B3LYP/TZP/DZP//BP86/TZ2P/TZP level of theory, where the larger basis s...
Binuclear ZrOCo Metal-to-Metal Charge-Transfer Unit in Mesoporous Silica for Light-Driven CO2 Reduction to CO and Formate

Oxo-bridged heterobinuclear units of the type Zr(IV)OCo(II) covalently anchored on the pore surface of mesoporous silica SBA-15 have been synthesized with high selectivity. The unit exhibits a visible light absorbing metal-to-metal charge-transfer absorption (MMCT) extending to about 550 nm. The oxo-bridged structure of the binuclear moiety is manifested by spectral blue-shifts of the optical Co(II) spin–orbit bands due to reduced π-electron donating ability of the bridging oxygen caused by the electron-withdrawing Zr center. EXAFS measurements of the Zr and Co K-edges and curve fitting analysis revealed a Zr to Co distance of 3.4 A. The coordination geometry of the Zr and Co metal centers in monometallic Zr and Co-SBA-15 samples is closely preserved in the ZrOCo unit. Illumination of the MMCT absorption at 420 nm and shorter wavelengths resulted in the reduction of CO2 to gas phase CO and HCO2–, the latter adsorbed on the silica pore surface. The branching between carbon monoxide and formate was found to...
Hard X-ray mirrors for Nuclear Security

Research performed under this LDRD aimed to demonstrate the ability to detect and measure hard X-ray emissions using multilayer X-ray reflective optics above 400 keV, to enable the development of inexpensive and high-accuracy mirror substrates, and to investigate applications of hard X-ray mirrors of interest to the nuclear security community. Experiments conducted at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility demonstrated hard X-ray mirror reflectivity up to 650 keV for the first time. Hard X-ray optics substrates must have surface roughness under 3 to 4 Angstrom rms, and three materials were evaluated as potential substrates: polycarbonates, thin Schott glass and a new type of flexible glass called Willow Glass®. Chemical smoothing and thermal heating of the surface of polycarbonate samples, which are inexpensive but have poor intrinsic surface characteristics, did not yield acceptable surface roughness. D263 Schott glass was used for the focusing optics of the NASA NuSTAR telescope. The required specialized hardware and process were costly and motivated experiments with a modified non-contact slumping technique. The surface roughness of the glass was preserved and the process yielded cylindrical shells with good net shape pointing to the potential advantage of this technique. Finally, measured surface roughness of 200 and 130 μm thickmore » Willow Glass sheets was between 2 and 2.5 A rms. Additional results of flexibility tests and multilayer deposition campaigns indicated it is a promising substrate for hard X-ray optics. The detection of U and Pu characteristics X-ray lines and gamma emission lines in a high background environment was identified as an area for which X-ray mirrors could have an impact and where focusing optics could help reduce signal to noise ratio by focusing signal onto a smaller detector. Hence the first one twelvetant of a Wolter I focusing optics for the 90 to 140 keV energy range based on aperiodic multilayer coating was designed. Finally, we conducted the first demonstration that reflective multilayer mirrors could be used as diagnostic for HED experiment with an order of magnitude improvement in signal-to-noise ratio for the multilayer optic compared a transmission crystal spectrometer.« less
Application of Multi-agents Consensus to Robot Formation Control

The consensus problem in directed networks of multi-agents under fixed topology is studied.A class of cooperative controller is applied to consensus seeking,moreover,the sufficient and necessary condition for the multi-agents under fixed networks topology to achieve global asymptotically is proved out.Considering the time-delay problems during the communicaton between multi-agents,a tight upper bound on the maximum fixed time-delay is proposed.Based on the consensus concept,formation control for multiple robots is studied.Simulation results show the validation of the method.
Analysis of serological results in suspected measles in fenghua in 2008

Objective:To understand prevalence of measles in 2008 in fenghua city to help supply reliable basis of its prevention and diagnosis.Methods:With the epidemiology and the materials of diagnosis,the IgM serological results of measles uncertain patients in 2008 was measured by ELISA.Results:A totle of 437 serums of measles uncertain patients were detected.And 185 were positive,252 were negative.The incidents of 0～8 month group and 21～40 age group were higher than other groups.Conclusion:We should be strengthened the vaccination of measles vaccine in 0～8 month group and the management of migrate worker and the routine immunization services in order to prevent and control mealse.
Bilateral mastectomy and the retreat from breast-conserving surgery

The purpose of this study is to assess the consequences for breast cancer patients of the trend away from breast conservation in favor of bilateral and contralateral mastectomy. The methods are followed from the review of the literature from 1991 to 2015. Breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy, introduced into mainstream practice in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively, are now the standard of care for early-stage breast cancer. Disruptive change has unexpectedly supervened in the guise of bilateral mastectomy for cancer or prophylaxis and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. These operations are now being resorted to at a rate which cannot be explained by any of the biological imperatives related to breast cancer and related diseases. This phenomenon extends across the Western world and beyond, driven by patients' cancer concern, a misunderstanding of what surgery can and cannot achieve and preserve, and the current popular media/cultural environment. These developments and their consequences for patients are reviewed. Surgical complications, especially those related to reconstruction, are unusually common. Of equal or greater concern are the physical, esthetic, psychosocial, psychosexual morbidities, and other adverse sequelae of these operations.
Probabilistic approaches of DNA mixture interpretations: Advantages and limitations

D mixture, defined as a DNA profile that contains multiple (2 or more) donors, is a common DNA evidence profile from many crime scenes. Identification (or narrowing down) of sources of contributors in a DNA mixture is a complex process, for which the present DNA community is progressively using a probabilistic approach, which involves two steps. First, the DNA mixture profile is deconvoluted into single-source individual profiles with the number of contributors assumed to be known. In the second step, the likelihoods of such deconvoluted sets of profiles are computed under two alternative hypotheses of sources of such a DNA mixture, from which the strength of involvement of (one or more) known persons are assessed. In contrast, interpretation of DNA mixtures without mixture deconvolution is a simpler approach, but in most scenarios yields a diminished strength of DNA evidence. This presentation will address the advantages of the probabilistic approaches of DNA mixture interpretation, explicitly enumerating the assumptions of the probabilistic approaches and parameters required to carry out such analyses. Limitations of these methods will also be specified, particularly in the context of allele sharing between contributors in a mixed DNA sample, uneven contributions of DNA from different donors, and presence of low copy number DNA from (one or more) contributors. Current experimental studies of validation of probabilistic approaches will be reviewed to comment on the safeguard of using probabilistic approaches of interpretation of DNA mixture for law and justice. Ranajit Chakraborty, J Forensic Res 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.S1.011
Projection Theorems for Harmonic Measure in NTA Domains

Suppose D is an NTA domain, E $$ \subseteq $$ D is any closed set, and P x 0(E) is the projection with respect to a point x 0∈D of the set E onto the boundary of D. The projection P x 0 satisfies certain geometric properties so that it is a generalization of the notion of radial projection with respect to a point x 0 onto a boundary of a domain. It is shown that the harmonic measure of ∂E with respect to the domain D∖E evaluated at the point x 0 is bounded below by a constant times the harmonic measure of the set P x 0(E) with respect to the domain D evaluated at the point x 0. The constant is independent of the set E but it may depend upon x 0.
QUASI-PERIODIC FLUCTUATIONS AND CHROMOSPHERIC EVAPORATION IN A SOLAR FLARE RIBBON OBSERVED BY HINODE/EIS, IRIS, AND RHESSI

The Hinode/Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) obtained rapid cadence (11.2 s) EUV stare spectra of an M7.3 flare ribbon in AR 12036 on 2014 April 18. Quasi-periodic (P approx. = 75.6 +/- 9.2 s) intensity fluctuations occurred in emission lines of O IV, Mg VI, Mg VII, Si VII, Fe XIV, and Fe XVI during the flare's impulsive rise, and ended when the maximum intensity in Fe XXIII was reached. The profiles of the O IV- Fe XVI lines reveal that they were all redshifted during most of the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, while the Fe XXIII profile revealed multiple components including one or two highly blueshifted ones. This indicates that the flare underwent explosive chromospheric evaporation during its impulsive rise. Fluctuations in the relative Doppler velocities were seen, but their amplitudes were too subtle to extract significant quasi-periodicities. RHESSI detected 25-100 keV hard-X-ray sources in the ribbon near the EIS slit's pointing position during the peaks in the EIS intensity fluctuations. The observations are consistent with a series of energy injections into the chromosphere by nonthermal particle beams. Electron densities derived with Fe XIV (4.6 x 10(exp 10) per cu cm) and Mg VII (7.8 x 10(exp 9) per cu cm) average line intensity ratios during the interval of quasi-periodic intensity fluctuations, combined with the radiative loss function of an optically thin plasma, yield radiative cooling times of 32 s at 2.0 x 10(exp 6) K, and 46 s at 6.3 x 10(exp 5) K (about half the quasi-period); assuming Fe XIV's density for Fe XXIII yields a radiative cooling time of 10(exp 3) s (13 times the quasi-period) at 1.4 x 10(exp 7) K.
Abstract 4125: SSA, a novel sulindac derivative, inhibits breast cancer cell invasion and migration

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as sulindac, have been reported for striking chemopreventive activity in various types of human cancer, including breast cancer. However, few studies have reported that sulindac is able to prevent tumor metastasis. In this study, we aim to study anti-metastatic activity of sulindac in breast cancer and explore the mechanistic basis responsible for this activity, which we hypothesize may involve a cyclooxygenase (COX) independent mechanism. Numerous studies have reported that the anticancer properties of sulindac might involve, at least partially, a non-COX mediated mechanism, which provides an insight into development of safer and more efficacious new derivatives. We have previously described a chemical derivative of sulindac, referred to as sulindac sulfide amide (SSA), which lacks inhibitory effect on COX-1 or -2, yet shows greater potency to inhibit tumor cell growth compared with sulindac sulfide (SS). Our results showed that SSA treatment at a sub-cytotoxic concentration (4μM) for 36 h significantly inhibits both migration and invasion of highly aggressive MDA-MB-231, BT-20 and SK-BR-3 breast tumor cells. When treating non-invasive breast MCF-7 cells with TGF-β1 to induce their motility, we found that SSA could significantly counteract the induced motility of these cells. These results indicate that SSA can suppress breast tumor cell invasion by modulation of TGF-β1 signaling. We further studied Smad-2/3 that are important downstream components in the TGF-β1 signaling pathway and found that SSA could inhibit Smad-2/3 phosphorylation and reduce their translocation to the nucleus. In addition, Smad-2/3 knockdown could mimic the anti-invasive effect of SSA in MDA-MB-231 cells, regardless of the presence of TGF-β1. In summary, we demonstrate that the non-COX inhibitory derivative, SSA can suppress breast cancer cell invasion and migration. These observations suggest that inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signaling is responsible for the inhibitory effect of SSA on breast tumor cell invasion and migration. Citation Format: Bin Yi, Xingling Feng, Ruixia Ma, Xiaoguo Zhang, Hong Chang, Hongyou Zhao, Ziping Liang, Xi Chen, Xiuhua Hu, Gary Piazza, Yaguang Xi. SSA, a novel sulindac derivative, inhibits breast cancer cell invasion and migration. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4125. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4125
Location Choice and Urban Growth in a Rent-Seeking Society

Gordon Tullock suggested that as rent-seeking becomes increasingly important, location choices and urban growth patterns will be affected. Resources should be diverted to cities where government units are most able to grant rents. The implications of this argument are expanded upon using principles of location theory and location-specific growth theory. An empirical test of an urban growth model provides support for Tullock's contentions. By considering rent seeking in the context of location and urban growth models, the implications of the rent-seeking paradigm are extended. Simultaneously, a more complete understanding of relative urban growth rates is gained.
Nasty Talk Online

The main question this chapter addresses is: Why are online discussions across social media and news site comment streams so susceptible to incivility? I argue that a lack of civility in public debate is not new, but online communication is particularly suited to turning nasty because it is so public and messages can go viral in seconds. So even one uncivil comment can spark a chain reaction that gets many people enraged rather quickly. Therefore, the attributes of the digital space that make it so suitable for engaging with other people also offer great opportunity for a legitimate topic of debate to turn into a violent, verbal melee with a lightning speed unknown in earlier days.
Mechanistic modeling of erosion–corrosion for carbon steel

Abstract Carbon steel materials are widely used in the oil and gas production industry because of its availability, constructability, and relatively low cost. However, there are limits to the longevity of carbon steel because of its low corrosion resistance. In particular, carbon steel tubing and piping are susceptible to erosion–corrosion damage due to the erosive and corrosive nature of the produced fluid or gas. The combined effect of sand erosion and corrosion can be very significant. One form of erosion–corrosion of carbon steels occurs when entrained sand particles impinge the wall and remove part or all of a protective iron carbonate (FeCO3) scale allowing corrosion rates to increase to bare metal rates. This limitation raises the need for reliable prediction tools to properly design production facilities in terms of cost savings and safety. This chapter provides an overview of research and development in the area of erosion–corrosion modeling. The chapter discuses two erosion–corrosion prediction models that account for CO2 corrosion under iron carbonate-scale-forming conditions in the presence of sand. The chapter also offers discussion on FeCO3 scale formation and erosion resistance.
Bone Margin Analysis for Osteonecrosis and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws

Bone margin analysis in cases of osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is a controversial topic. There is little evidence to guide treatment and the interpretation of bone margin results. This article examines the significance of margin status and any possible effect on progression of the disease process. A review of various treatment adjuncts used for intraoperative margin analysis during removal of affected tissue is provided. Literature on the role of imaging is also discussed with regards to treatment planning for surgical resection. The histology of the three separate entities including the approach to surgical and pathologic evaluation of margins is also discussed.
COMPARISON OF SPATIOTEMPORAL MAPPING TECHNIQUES FOR ENORMOUS ETL AND EXPLOITATION PATTERNS

Abstract. The need to extract, transform, and exploit enormous volumes of spatiotemporal data has exploded with the rise of social media, advanced military sensors, wearables, automotive tracking, etc. However, current methods of spatiotemporal encoding and exploitation simultaneously limit the use of that information and increase computing complexity. Current spatiotemporal encoding methods from Niemeyer and Usher rely on a Z-order space filling curve, a relative of Peano’s 1890 space filling curve, for spatial hashing and interleaving temporal hashes to generate a spatiotemporal encoding. However, there exist other space-filling curves, and that provide different manifold coverings that could promote better hashing techniques for spatial data and have the potential to map spatiotemporal data without interleaving. The concatenation of Niemeyer’s and Usher’s techniques provide a highly efficient space-time index. However, other methods have advantages and disadvantages regarding computational cost, efficiency, and utility. This paper explores the several methods using a range of sizes of data sets from 1K to 10M observations and provides a comparison of the methods.
Methods for Analyzing Steroid Receptors in Human Breast Cancer

For almost a century, it has been known that human breast cancer may respond favorably to ovariectomy(1) or other ablative endocrine treatments such as adrenalectomy.(2) Further understanding of this phenomenon, however, awaited the synthesis in about 1960 of high-specific-activity radioactive estrogens, [3H]hexestrol by Glascock and Hoekstra(3) and [3H]estradiol by Jensen and Jacobson.(4, 5) Almost immediately, it was reported by Folca et al. that four patients whose tumors contained excess [3H]hexestrol after in vivo injection responded to later ablative treatment, while six others whose tumors did not concentrate [3H]hexes-trol did not respond.(6) In vivo concentration of labeled estrogens by human breast tumors was also reported by others,(7–12) but the technique has obvious limitations.
Do Machines Have Prima Facie Duties

Which moral theory should be the basis of algorithmic artificial ethical agents? In a series of papers, Anderson and Anderson and Anderson (Proc AAAI, 2008[1]; AI Mag 28(4):15–26, 2007 [2]; Minds Mach 17(1)1–10, 2007 [3]) argue that the answer is W. D. Ross’s account of prima facie duties. The Andersons claim that Ross’s account best reflects the complexities of moral deliberation, incorporates the strengths of teleological and deontological approaches, and yet is superior to both of them insofar as it allows for “needed exceptions.” We argue that the Andersons are begging the question about “needed exceptions” and defend Satisficing Hedonistic Act Utilitarianism (SHAU). SHAU initially delivers results that are just as reflective, if not more reflective than, Ross’s account when it comes to the subtleties of moral decision-making. Furthermore, SHAU delivers the ‘right’ (that is, intuitively correct) judgments about well-established practical cases, reaching the same verdict as a prima facie duty-based ethic in the particular health-care case explored by the Andersons (a robot designed to know when to over-ride an elderly patient’s autonomy).
Screening for hepatitis D and PEG-Interferon over Tenofovir enhance general hepatitis control efforts in Brazil.

Background Hepatitis D virus (HDV), which requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), is a deadly yet neglected disease that rapidly leads to liver cancer and disease-induced mortality. This co-dependence creates complex transmission dynamics that make it difficult to predict the efficacy of interventions aimed at HBV and/or HDV control in endemic regions, such as certain municipalities of Brazil, where up to 65% of HBV-infected persons are co-infected. Methodology We created a mathematical model that captures the joint transmission dynamics of HBV and HDV, incorporating mother-to-child, sexual and household transmission. With an aim to minimize the number of total infections and disease-induced mortality in 2027, we then determined optimal strategies for Brazil and its sub-regions under a constrained budget, which was dynamically allocated among HBV and HDV screening, HBV and HDV treatment, HBV newborn and adult vaccination, and awareness programs. Three treatment options were considered, namely: Tenofovir, PEGylated-Interferon, and nucleic acid polymers (NAP). Results The additional cost of HDV screening and the use of a more expensive PEGylated-Interferon are offset by not wasting resources on treating co-infected persons with Tenofovir. The introductory price of NAP treatment must be less than $16,000 per course to become competitive with Tenofovir and PEGylated-Interferon in Brazil. Conclusion Additional screening for HDV is beneficial, even in a low HBV and HDV endemic regions of Brazil. We recommend PEGylated-Interferon, wherever possible, for both HBV and HDV. If PEGylated-Interferon is not available in abundance, PEGylated-Interferon for co-infections and 4-year Tenofovir treatment for mono-infections is recommended.
A strategy for defining the reference for land health and degradation assessments

Abstract Much of the confusion about the definition of reference conditions for land health and degradation assessments is due to differences in policy and management objectives. Selection of a historic reference where it is not necessary, such as in the definition of future land degradation neutrality, can add significant cost and uncertainty to land management projects that require some knowledge of the current status of the land relative to its potential. This paper (1) provides a review of conditions under which historic reference information is and is not required to meet management and policy objectives, (2) summarizes current approaches to defining the reference for land health and degradation assessments, and (3) presents a protocol, “Describing Indicators of Rangeland Health” (DIRH) for collecting and organizing data that can be used to define a historic reference. This protocol builds on the framework and indicators presented in the “Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health” (IIRH). IIRH uses a combination of scientific and local knowledge to generate soil- and climate-specific assessments of three attributes of land health. It is used in a number of countries. In the United States, data are aggregated over 30,000 locations to provide national assessments.
ABLATION FOR MANAGEMENT OF VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE HEART FAILURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER INCIDENCE OF HEART FAILURE READMISSIONS COMPARED TO MEDICAL THERAPY ALONE

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) and severe heart failure (HF) are highly morbid conditions that lead to frequent hospitalization when either is uncontrolled. We sought to evaluate whether there is a difference in subsequent hospital readmissions among severe HF patients with VT undergoing ablation (Abl
The economic and fiscal consequences of immigration: highlights from the National Academies report

The National Academies report The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration (Blau and Mackie 2017) summarizes recent trends in immigration numbers and characteristics, summarizes the theory of the impact of immigration on the economy, reaches consensus on central empirical issues, and performs original research on the impact of immigration on federal, state and local budgets. Immigrants are increasingly numerous and educated; increase GDP and GDP growth; have little effect on average native wages and employment; but create both winners and losers among natives. The long-term fiscal impact is positive at the federal level, though negative at the state level due to the costs of educating immigrant children.
Expressing and Characterizing Mechanosensitive Channels in Xenopus Oocytes

The oocytes of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) comprise one of the most widely used membrane protein expression systems. While frequently used for studies of transporters and ion channels, the application of this system to the study of mechanosensitive ion channels has been overlooked, perhaps due to a relative abundance of native expression systems. Recent advances, however, have illustrated the advantages of the oocyte system for studying plant and bacterial mechanosensitive channels. Here we describe in detail the methods used for heterologous expression and characterization of bacterial and plant mechanosensitive channels in Xenopus oocytes.
Operating room preparation by general surgery residents: A qualitative analysis

Abstract Background Surgical education is changing, with residents having less time to learn more procedures. We aim to explore how residents prepare for the operating room and what factors impact their preparation. Methods A qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. General surgery residents at one institution were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Each interview was recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then inductively examined to generate themes. Results Fourteen residents elected to participate. Six themes were identified: (1) All participants similarly defined preparation, (2) Residents learned through trial and error and co-residents, (3) Factors impacting preparation were time, attendings, autonomy, case complexity, and difficulty finding resources, (4) Resource use varied, (5) PGY level impacted preparation and, (6) Optimal resources were high yield. Conclusion Although surgical residents similarly defined operating room preparation, they use a variety of different resources to achieve this, which is often difficult and time consuming.
Who Uses Fact-Checking Sites? The Impact of Demographics, Political Antecedents, and Media Use on Fact-Checking Site Awareness, Attitudes, and Behavior:

This study examines audience relationships to fact-checking sites in the United States. Focus is placed on predictors of audience awareness of, attitudes toward, and visits to such sites within a s...