cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Assembly of Mixed Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymers in Aqueous Solution

A 1:1 (weight ratio) mixture of two commercial amphiphilic triblock copolymers, F127 (E99P69E99) and B20-5000 (E45B14E45) in aqueous solution, was studied by using static light-scattering and dynamic light-scattering techniques. E, P, and B are oxyethylene, oxypropylene, and oxybutylene, respectively, with the subscript denoting the number of segment units in the block. Both triblock copolymers tend to self-assemble into starlike micellar structures in aqueous solution because of the poorer solubility of their middle blocks at room temperature. Due to the difference in their thermodynamic parameters of the micellization process and in their micellar sizes, the mixed block copolymer system provides a suitable model for studying the self-assembly behavior of mixed, miscible triblock copolymers in aqueous solution. At temperatures below 27 °C, the E45B14E45 block copolymer has a much lower cmc than that of E99P69E99. Therefore, the micelle formation of the mixed polymer solution was determined by the cmc of ...
Rheology for Better Sol-Gel Fiber and Film Formation

Flow behavior of a liquid or suspension depends on how stress varies with strain rate, strainrate rotation, and strain history, as well as the progress of evaporation, extent of reaction, and degree of aggregation in sol-gel systems. Rheological methods suitable for measuring flow behavior are summarized. Examples of measurements and microstructural observations by transmission electron microscopy made during gelation of four sol-gel systems are presented. The relation of rheological response to microstructure is discussed.
Correlates of Cyber Dating Abuse Among Teens

Recent advancements in technology (e.g., social networking, texting) have created new ways for dating youth to relate to one another, including in abusive ways via “cyber dating abuse.” Cyber dating abuse is a form of teen dating violence that overlaps with other types of abuse (e.g., psychological) but also has several unique characteristics. Given the phenomenon’s limited presence in dating violence literature, we focus on identifying how experiencing cyber dating abuse relates to youths’ individual behaviors and experiences (e.g., substance use, sexual activity), psychosocial adjustment, school connection, family relationships, and partner relationships. A total of 3,745 youth (52 % female, 74 % White) in three northeastern states participated in the survey and reported currently being in a dating relationship or having been in one during the prior year. We found that experiences of cyber dating abuse were most significantly correlated with being female, committing a greater variety of delinquent behaviors, having had sexual activity in one’s lifetime, having higher levels of depressive symptoms, and having higher levels of anger/hostility. Further, cyber dating abuse appeared somewhat more strongly related to depressive symptoms and delinquency than did other forms of teen dating violence and abuse.
Small scale ethanol production from corn — technology, energy efficiency and economics

Abstract This paper compares several options for small scale ethanol production systems (up to 800 000 1/year) in terms of technology, energy efficiency, and economics. Small scale plants in general are also compared with large scale plants. The options discussed for small scale plants are: batch distillation versus continuous feed distillation; packed distillation column versus perforated-plate column; by-product solids separation prior to distillation versus pumping solids into distillation column; vacuum distillation versus atmospheric distillation; and direct-fired reboiler and mash cooking tank versus separate boiler used to generate steam for heating them. These options are compared in the context of three types of systems which have been used or proposed for small scale ethanol production; batch-type reflux distillation system with the same vessel used as cooker, fermenter, and for distillation; continuous-feed, perforated-plate reflux distillation system, without solids separation, using a separate boiler for heat supply for distillation; continuous feed, packed, reflux distillation column, with a direct-fired reboiler and solids separation before distillation.
Characterization of upper comonotonicity via tail convex order

Abstract In this paper, we show a characterization of upper comonotonicity via tail convex order. For any given marginal distributions, a maximal random vector with respect to tail convex order is proved to be upper comonotonic under suitable conditions. As an application, we consider the computation of the Haezendonck risk measure of the sum of upper comonotonic random variables with exponential marginal distributions.
Chemotherapy of murine bladder cancer: in vitro and in vivo.

Animal tumor models have been the primary means for screening investigational compounds for their antineoplastic activity. Agents with acceptable toxicity, Ioundto be effective in inhibiting tumor growth in these animal models, have then been incorporated into human trials. 1 Until recently, there has been a paucity of data on the chemotherapy of human bladder cancer. In the early 1970's, the N-[4(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT)induced mouse bladder tumor (MBT) system was developed and has served as an animal model for human bladder cancer." Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (DDP) was found to be effective in this model, and subsequent clinical trials, partially based on this work, identified DDP to be the most effective single agent in bladder cancer.v' The results from clinical trials support the continued use of this animal model to screen prospective agents for their anti-tumor efficacy. Because animal models are both expensive and time-consuming, it is appropriate to evaluate simple methods for pre-screening agents that may be effective in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. An in vitro culture system has been developed that will support the clonal growth of a wide variety of human tumors." This tumor colony assay (TCA) has been used for anticancer drug testing, and several laboratories have demonstrated that this technique will predict clinical response or non-response to antineoplastic agents in man."
Reduction in open field-induced hyperthermia in the rat exposed to chlorpyrifos, an anticholinesterase pesticide

Abstract Rodents develop a marked elevation in core temperature (Tc) when they are placed in an open field environment (OFE). Open field-induced hyperthermia (OFH) involves activation of thermoregulatory systems that are quiescent under baseline conditions. Cholinergic stimulation arising from exposure to organophosphates (OP) is expected to modulate OFH; subtle effects of OPs may be observed during OFH that would not occur in the absence of stress. We have found that methyl scopolamine (MS), a peripheral muscarinic antagonist, attenuates stress-induced hyperthermia. To this end, we assessed if a low dose of the OP pesticide chlorpyrifos (CHP) would alter OFH with and without administration of MS. Tc and motor activity (MA) of male, Sprague-Dawley rats were monitored by telemetry while housed in their home cage at an ambient temperature of 22°C. At 9 AM the rats were gavaged with corn oil or 10 mg/kg CHP that resulted in a ∼40% inhibition in plasma cholinesterase activity. Tc and MA were the same in the control and CHP groups prior to OFE. The rats were then dosed IP with saline or 1.0 mg/kg MS at 12 noon and subjected to OFE (61×61×61 cm box) for 1 h while Tc and MA were monitored every 2 min. Tc of the corn oil/saline group increased by 1.2°C during OFE, whereas Tc of the CHP/saline group was significantly attenuated. Administration of MS attenuated the OFH in rats treated with corn oil and CHP. Overall, exposure to OFE exacerbated the effects of a relatively low dose of CHP that had no effect in the unstressed animal. In addition, the OFH response to MS suggests a peripheral (i.e., outside of CNS) cholinergic pathway is operative in the control of OFH.
Computed tomography of gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma

Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 6 patients with gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma. The characteristic CT findings were a large extraluminal mass, apparently mesenteric in location, with central areas of necrosis. These findings were present in 5 of the 6 patients. Enhancement of the rim of the tumor was seen in 2 of 3 patients who had scans before and after administration of intravenous contrast material. CT identified the site of origin of tumor in only 2 patients. The characteristic CT findings should suggest the diagnosis of gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma.
Meta-analysis of the validity of a verbal ability selection test with psychiatric aides.

This study demonstrated an application of Schmidt-Hunter meta-analysis procedures to cumulate validities from three studies with small samples of psychiatric aides obtained over time in a single organization. The mean correlation weighted for sample size between a verbal ability selection test and a job-relevant training criterion across samples (N = 320) was .62 (p < .01). The variance in the individual correlations was not significantly greater than that expected by chance, providing evidence that there was no true variation in obtained validities across samples.
Internal Magnetic Fields, Isomer Shifts, and Relative Abundances of the Various Fe Sites in FeSi Alloys

The "M\"ossbauer" technique was used to measure the internal magnetic fields and isomer shifts of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ atoms residing at various sites in the FeSi series. The relative abundances of the various sites present in a given alloy were obtained by measuring the relative intensities of the components in the resolved spectrum of the alloy. Alloys with Si content varying from 0 to \ensuremath{\sim}27 at.% were studied. In the disordered region (10 at.% Si) three different type sites were observed. These corresponded to Fe atoms having 8, 7, and 6 nearest-neighbor Fe atoms. The internal field decreased by $0.08 {H}_{\mathrm{Fe}}$ for each Si nearest neighbor. In the ordered region the alloys try to go into a ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$Al type structure. Sites having 8 through 3 nearest-neighbor iron atoms were observed. For $A$-type sites (4 nearest-neighbor Fe atoms and 4 nearest-neighbor Si atoms at 25 at.% Si), the internal field decreased by $0.14 {H}_{\mathrm{Fe}}$ for each Si nearest neighbor. Over the whole series the isomer shift indicated that there was progressively less electronic charge density at the origin as the number of nearest-neighbor Si atoms increased. A measure of the relative intensities of the various magnetic field components in the spectra of an alloy series is shown to give direct evidence on the type of ordering. No tendency to form intermediate compounds other than ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$Si was observed. An average internal magnetic field for each alloy could be obtained from the data. This average internal field does not vary in the same way as the magnetization on the FeSi series.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-quinazolinones as Rho kinase inhibitors

Rho kinase (ROCK) is an attractive therapeutic target for various diseases including glaucoma, hypertension, and spinal cord injury. Herein, we report the development of a series of ROCK-II inhibitors based on 4-quinazolinone and quinazoline scaffolds. SAR studies at three positions of the quinazoline core led to the identification of analogs with high potency against ROCK-II and good selectivity over protein kinase A (PKA).
An approach to dynamic optimizing control of the continuous process

Optimum performance of the multivariable continuous process under transient conditions is considered. A generalized performance criterion is formulated in terms of the cost of operation. Assuming that the essential process behavior is known and that the major disturbance variables may be measured, the necessary conditions for minimum cost of operation are derived by applying calculus of variations in conjunction with the Lagrange multiplers technique. In certain typical cases of process behavior and cost criteria, the resulting necessary conditions reduce to a form which will yield an analytical solution. In particular, by certain approximations of the system behavior in the vicinity of an operating point, the necessary condition for optimum performance is expressed in terms of an inhomogenous Wiener-Hopf integral equation of the second kind and the solution is obtained by spectral factorization. In general, the conditions to be satisfied for minimum cost of operation appear as a set of nonlinear integral equations. A method for handling the general case is suggested.
Concrete Assignments for Teaching NLP in an M.S. Program

The professionally oriented computer science M.S. students at Northern Illinois University are intelligent, interested in new ideas, and have good programming skills and a good math background. However, they have no linguistics background, find traditional academic prose difficult and uninteresting, and have had no exposure to research. Given this population, the assignments I have found most successful in teaching Introduction to NLP involve concrete projects where students could see for themselves the phenomena discussed in class. This paper describes three of my most successful assignments: duplicating Kernighan et al.'s Bayesian approach to spelling correction, a study of Greenberg's universals in the student's native language, and a dialogue generation project. For each assignment I discuss what the students learned and why the assignment was successful.
First-Generation RCA Direct Broadcast Satellites

In October 1982, the Satellite Television Corporation (STC), a subsidiary of the Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat), contracted with RCA Astro-Electronics to design, develop, and manufacture the first direct broadcast satellite for use in the United States. The contract is for two spacecraft with an early 1986 launch from either Kourou, Guiana, or Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The program is on schedule with all designs finalized, component qualification virtually complete, and the first spacecraft undergoing integration. Although the system will be implemented in phases, some recent design changes will permit the two collocated satellites to deliver six DBS channels to the entire conterminous United States (CONUS), three channels per satellite. Orbital location will be 110° W longitude, which is one of the eight orbit locations specified for the United States at the Regional Area Radio Conference (RARC) in 1983. Each channel is designed to generate 220 W of RF power in the 12.2-12.7 GHz band at the beginning of life; an allowance is made for TWTA efficiency degradation with life to provide 200 W of RF power at the end of life. The three channels per spacecraft are provided whenever the spacecraft is illuminated by the sun, with no requirement for eclipse operation. Each spacecraft has the capability to transmit in either of two different coverage configurations: it can provide coverage to CONUS or to half-CONUS at an increase in e.i.r.p. of approximately 3 dB. This provides additional margin should STC need the higher e.i.r.p. in the future or provides for a flexible time-zone coverage of the United States.
Membrane Populations of Bovine Choroid Plexus: Separation by Density Gradient Centrifugation in Modified Colloidal Silica

: The choroid plexus is intimately involved in the production and regulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Populations of surface membranes from this epithelial tissue were separated by density gradient centrifugation by use of modified colloidal silica (Percoll). A fraction of heavy microsomes (P3) containing plasma membranes was prepared by differential centrifugation. Membranes in fraction P3 were mixed with a given concentration of Percoll and density gradients generated during centrifugation. When fraction P3 was mixed with 20% (v/v) Percoll and centrifuged at 20,000 r.p.m. for 1 h in a 50.2 Ti fixed-angle rotor, membranes containing alkaline phosphatase (AP) were found at a density of 1.037 g/cm3 while those containing NaK ATPase were found at 1.047 g/cm3. With more shallow density gradients using 12% and 14% Percoll, a broad shoulder of AP activity became manifest at densities greater than 1.060 g/cm3 suggesting multiple populations of membranes containing AP. Membranes containing AP could also be separated from membranes containing γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP); this separation was most pronounced in 12% Percoll. The activity of γ-GTP could not be separated from activity of NaK ATPase. Total protein was distributed broadly throughout the gradients. Studies have been undertaken to compare the behavior of choroidal membranes in Percoll gradients with that of renal membranes because the biochemical anatomy of the kidney has been extensively studied. In contrast to choroidal membranes, renal membranes with NaK ATPase activity were found to have densities lower than those membranes with AP. Thus, the distribution of membrane-bound enzymes from kidney in a Percoll gradient was exactly the opposite of that observed for these same enzymes from choroid plexus. In addition, unlike the γ-GTP activity of choroid plexus, γ-GTP from kidney could be separated from the activities of both alkaline phosphatase and NaK ATPase. These marked differences in membrane populations between choroid plexus and kidney as defined by Percoll density gradient centrifugation analyses are presumably reflective of differences in the functions of the two epithelial tissues.
Methods of graphite exfoliation

For applications of two-dimensional graphene, commercially viable sources are necessary. Exfoliation from bulk, stacked graphite is the most economical way to achieve large quantities of single layer graphene. A number of methods have been developed to achieve exfoliation of graphite, each with advantages and disadvantages. In this review, we describe current exfoliation methods and techniques used to produce single layer materials from graphite precursors.
Testicular seminoma: A failure analysis and literature review

Purpose : A retrospective analysis of 74 patients with pure seminoma, treated at the University of Florida between 1964 and 1989, was undertaken. Methods and Materials : All patients received megavoltage irradiation, with chemotherapy reserved for salvage. At 10 years, the probability of relapse-free survival was 91% for Stage I, 93% for Stage IIA, 83% for Stage IIB, and 75% for Stage III patients. Results : There were seven recurrences, none of which occurred in irradiated areas. Only two of seven patients (29%) with recurrence were salvaged. Conclusion : A literature review revealed an increasing rate of mediastinal or supraclavicular recurrence, correlating with the size of the subdiaphragmatic disease, in Stage II patients who did not receive elective mediastinal irradiation. Recommendations are made regarding the role of elective mediastinal irradiation for Stage II disease. We conclude that patients with Stage I or II seminoma can have high cure rates when treated with radiotherapy alone. Patients with Stage III seminoma should be treated initially with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Visual perceptions of vertical and intrinsic longitudinal axes

The purpose of these experiments was to investigate whether visual perceptions of the earth-fixed vertical axis are more accurate than those of intrinsic body-fixed axes. In one experiment, nine neurologically normal young adult subjects’ abilities to position a luminescent rod vertically or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head or trunk were studied in four conditions: (1) earth-fixed – subjects stood erect with the head aligned to the trunk and visually aligned a hand-held rod to vertical; (2) earth – subjects aligned the rod to vertical as in 1, but the orientations of the head and trunk were varied in the sagittal and frontal planes on each trial; (3) head – frontal and/or sagittal plane orientation of the subject’s head was varied on each trial and the rod was aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head; (4) trunk – frontal and/or sagittal plane orientation of the subject’s trunk was varied on each trial and the rod was aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trunk. Note that in conditions 2, 3, and 4 the head and trunk were never aligned with each other. Also, each condition was carried out in normal light and in complete darkness. Perceptual errors were measured in both the frontal and the sagittal planes. The results showed that the variable errors were significantly lower when subjects aligned the rod to vertical rather than to the longitudinal axis of the head or trunk. Also, errors were similar in size in the two planes and were unaffected by vision of the surrounding environment. In a second experiment, subjects were seated and controlled the position of a luminescent rod held by a robot. They aligned the rod either to the longitudinal axis of their head or to the vertical in complete darkness, under three conditions similar to those described above: (1) earth-fixed, (2) earth, and (3) head. There was no possibility of use of kinesthetic information for controlling rod position in this experiment as in the first experiment. The results were similar to those of the first experiment, as subjects aligned the rod more accurately to vertical than to the longitudinal axis of the head. These results show convincingly that visual perceptions of earth-fixed vertical are more accurate than perceptions of intrinsic axes fixed to the head or trunk.
Automatic plan choice validation using performance statistics

The query optimizer models data distribution and access paths to make the optimal plan choice for a given query. Sometimes the plan selection is poor because of modeling limitations, outdated statistics, incorrect optimization heuristics, etc. Hence it is useful to examine the plan choice made by the optimizer from an execution perspective and to impose validation rules on the actual execution plan to evaluate plan suitability. This approach treats the optimizer as a black box. The plan validation is based on the queries and data instead of the optimizer implementation details.This paper describes {XPC}, a rule-based tool for Microsoft SQL Server [1] that helps users and developers achieve a better understanding of plan performance. We apply ideas similar to code profilers [2] to examine plan execution performance along with heuristic rules to the actual execution profile and probe for inefficiencies. This paper describes the overview and implementation of {XPC} and presents rules showing how {XPC} is useful in targeting plan performance issues.
Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and bioimpedance spectroscopy for monitoring fluid and body cell mass changes after gastric bypass surgery.

Summary Background & aims There is a growing need for clinically applicable body composition assessment tools for extremely obese individuals. The objective of this research was to evaluate several bioimpedance techniques for monitoring changes in fluid, particularly intracellular water (reflecting body cell mass) after bariatric surgery. Design Fifteen extremely obese women (body mass index: 48.9 ± 7.0 kg/m2; age: 48 ± 9 years) were assessed before (baseline; T1), and approximately 6 weeks after gastric bypass surgery (T2) by several multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis approaches (MFBIA; QuadScan 4000), a bioimpedance spectroscopy device (BIS; Hydra 4200), and multiple dilution. Results BIS provided intracellular water estimates that were comparable to criterion, based on mean comparisons, at both time points (T1: criterion: 24.2 ± 3.1 L, BIS: 24.0 ± 3.7 L; T2: criterion: 20.6 ± 3.7 L, BIS: 19.7 ± 3.2 L). MFBIA (with Deurenberg equations) provided comparable measures to criterion only at T2 (criterion: 20.3 ± 3.7 L, MFBIA: 20.6 ± 2.7 L). Both MFBIA (with QuadScan proprietary equations) and BIS produced estimates of intracellular water change that were comparable to dilution. There was substantial variability in individual volume measures. Conclusions Although MFBIA and BIS hold promise as convenient techniques for assessing fluid changes, individual variability in measurements makes them impractical for assessment of extremely obese patients in the clinical setting.
Cadmium Coordination by Cysteines Introduced in the BK Inner Pore and its Structural and Functional Implications

By opening and closing a potassium-selective ion permeation pathway in response to changes of transmembrane potential or intracellular Ca2+ concentration, the BK-type potassium channels serve key roles in many important physiological processes. To probe conformational changes associated with gating, we engineered two Cd2+ coordination sites by cysteine substitution of BK inner pore residues in the S6 inner helix. The first coordination site is formed by A316C, a pore lining residue located deep inside the BK inner pore region. Intracellularly applied Cd2+ binds to this site with modest state-dependence, suggesting that the cytosolic entrance of BK channel does not significantly occlude metal ion flow even in the closed state. The second Cd2+ coordination site is formed by V319C, which is in the middle of the YVP motif (equivalent to Kv PXP motif) near the cytosolic entrance of BK channel. State-dependence of Cd2+-V319C coordination is very weak, indicating that the structure of this coordination site remains stable during BK channel gating. More importantly, our results show that Cd2+-V319C coordination involves a native glutamate (E321) from same subunit, which suggests that the distance between the side chains of V319C and E321 is much shorter than that observed in Kv channel structures. This result suggests that the conserved proline in the YVP motif introduces a kink in BK S6 that is sharper than that observed in Kv channel structures.
Toughening of Cubic Silsesquioxane Epoxy Nanocomposites Using Core−Shell Rubber Particles: A Three-Component Hybrid System

This study explores the concept of composite construction simultaneously at nano- and macroscopic length scales. This approach promises to allow improvement of multiple properties coincidentally but independently. A model system was identified that allows us to test this concept by combining molecular level hybridization using a silsesquioxane epoxy nanocomposite with macroscopic modification using core−shell rubber particles (CSR). The objective here was to form an epoxy resin system with enhanced thermal stability, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness. The nanocomposite was made by reacting octa(dimethylsiloxyethylcyclohexyl epoxide)silsesquioxane (OC, 1.3 nm diameter) with diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). This resin offers excellent elastic moduli and thermal stabilities at the expense of poor fracture toughness. OC/DDM is a “single phase” hybrid nanocomposite that is used here as a matrix for ≈100 nm diameter CSR reinforcing particles. Characterization of OC/DDM/CSR composites shows that fracture toug...
Validity of Iodine and Copper Reduction Methods for Amylase

SummaryThe achromic iodine method, with several variations, has been investigated for its validity in determining amylase.The iodine method is not a valid quantitative procedure for the estimation of amylase. There are considerable differences in the quantities of enzyme required to digest different samples of soluble starch to the same end-point in the same time, under identical experimental conditions.The copper reduction method is a valid quantitative method for measuring the saccharogenic power of an amylase. Dextrin and 3 samples of soluble starch were found to be saccharified at the same rate.Apparently the disparities in digestibility which exist among different soluble starch samples are caused by varying relative amounts of amylopectin, amylose and dextrins.If a quantitative method for the determination of amylase be valid and practical, different samples of the substrate—soluble starch—must give similar and reproducible results.In a previous paper1 the Wohlgemuth and viscometric methods were inv...
The Effect of Allyl Acetone in the Treatment of Experimentally Induced Cecal Coccidiosis in Chickens

ABSTRACT Of a number of chemicals screened for the possible control of cecal coccidiosis, the writer found allyl acetone (CH2CH2·CH2COCH3) to be the most promising. The method used in conducting the preliminary test consisted of soaking unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella in the various chemicals for varying time limits. The oocysts were then washed in water and placed in a 2.5 percent solution of potassium dichromate for 48 hours to determine if sporulation would occur. If no sporulation occurred it was concluded that the chemical penetrated and killed the oocyst. In addition, these treated oocysts which failed to sporulate did not cause coccidiosis when fed to chicks. Because allyl acetone gave favorable results in the above screening experiment, its effectiveness was tested in reducing hemorrhage and mortality from coccidiosis. The present paper reports the activity of allyl acetone when medication was started at various times before and after infection. METHODS White . . .
Precise determination of oxygen and silicon in chondritic meteorites by 14-MeV neutron activation with a single transfer system

Abstract Improved methods for the determination of oxygen and silicon by 14-MeV neutron activation are described. A single-transfer system is employed to attain a precision approaching that of biaxial rotator systems. Analyses of six samples of the Allende chondrite are given and a correlation is found between oxygen and silicon abundances.
Arc fault and flash detection in DC photovoltaic arrays using wavelets

Arc faults have always been a concern for PV systems. Emerging safety standards will soon require PV system to include arc fault detection equipment. Arc faults can cause fires, shock hazard, and system failure. Existing techniques that rely on pattern recognition in the time domain, or amplitude detection in the frequency domain by using a Fourier Transform, don't work well for arcs because the signal to noise ratio is low and the arc signal is not periodic. Instead, wavelet transform analysis provides a time and frequency approach to analyze target signals with multiple resolutions. In this paper, a new approach using wavelet transform for arc fault detection in DC systems is proposed. Simulation models are established to study the theoretical results of the proposed methodology and traditional FFT analysis of arcing faults. Experimental data from an arcing AC system shows the efficacy is not limited to only dc power systems.
Fungal and bacterial N2O production regulated by soil amendments of simple and complex substrates

Abstract Fungal N2O production results from a respiratory denitrification that reduces NO3−/NO2− in response to the oxidation of an electron donor, often organic C. Despite similar heterotrophic nature, fungal denitrifiers may differ from bacterial ones in exploiting diverse resources. We hypothesized that complex C compounds and substances could favor the growth of fungi over bacteria, and thereby leading to fungal dominance for soil N2O emissions. Effects of substrate quality on fungal and bacterial N2O production were, therefore, examined in a 44-d incubation after soils were amended with four different substrates, i.e., glucose, cellulose, winter pea, and switchgrass at 2 mg C g−1 soil. During periodic measurements of soil N2O fluxes at 80% soil water-filled pore space and with the supply of KNO3, substrate treatments were further subjected to four antibiotic treatments, i.e., no antibiotics or soil addition of streptomycin, cycloheximide or both so that fungal and bacterial N2O production could be separated. Up to d 8 when antibiotic inhibition on substrate-induced microbial activity and/or growth was still detectable, bacterial N2O production was generally greater in glucose- than in cellulose-amended soils and also in winter pea- than in switchgrass-amended soils. In contrast, fungal N2O production was more enhanced in soils amended with cellulose than with glucose. Therefore, fungal-to-bacterial contribution ratios were greater in complex than in simple C substrates. These ratios were positively correlated with fungal-to-bacterial activity ratios, i.e., CO2 production ratios, suggesting that substrate-associated fungal or bacterial preferential activity and/or growth might be the cause. Considering substrate depletion over time and thereby becoming limited for microbial N2O production, measurements of soil N2O fluxes were also carried out with additional supply of glucose, irrespective of different substrate treatments. This measurement condition might lead to potentially high rates of fungal and bacterial N2O production. As expected, bacterial N2O production was greater with added glucose than with added cellulose on d 4 and d 8. However, this pattern was broken on d 28, with bacterial N2O production lower with added glucose than with added cellulose. In contrast, plant residue impacts on soil N2O fluxes were consistent over 44-d, with greater bacterial contribution, lower fungal contribution, and thus lower fungal-to-bacterial contribution ratios in winter pea- than in switchgrass-amended soils. Real-time PCR analysis also demonstrated that the ratios of 16S rDNA to ITS and the copy numbers of bacterial denitrifying genes were greater in winter pea- than in switchgrass-amended soils. Despite some inconsistency found on the impacts of cellulose versus glucose on fungal and bacterial leading roles for N2O production, the results generally supported the working hypothesis that complex substrates promoted fungal dominance for soil N2O emissions.
Acute Phosphate Depletion Dissociates Hormonal Stimulated Second Messengers in Osteoblast-Like Cells*

The acute effect (24 h) of either phosphate depletion or phosphate surfeit on hormonal stimulated signal transduction systems was studied in the osteoblastic cell line UMR-106. Elevation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]in), induced by different calciotropic hormones (PTH, prostaglandin E2, endothelin) was blunted by acute phosphate depletion, whereas at high inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations the rise in [Ca2+]in was augmented. Basal [Ca2+]in was not altered by either Pi depletion or Pi excess. The effect of acute phosphate depletion on hormonal mediated [Ca2+]in rise was not observed in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ suggesting that under these conditions, the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, is not affected. Also, nonhormonal calcium entry pathways such as depolarization-activated calcium channels or protein kinase C -activated Ca2+ channels were not affected by acute phosphate depletion. cAMP accumulation in the cells, either through receptor or nonreceptor- mediated mechanisms, increase...
Comparison of lipid composition ofAedes aegypti andAedes albopictus cells obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases of growth

The total lipids, total neutral lipids, and total phospholipids fromAedes aegypti andAedes albopictus cells cultivated in vitro in a medium containing fetal calf serum were analyzed. The mosquito cells were harvested in the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The fatty acid profiles of the lipids showed differences during the aging of the cells but not between species. There was an increase in chain elongation and unsaturation of the fatty acids in the stationary phase when compared with the logarithmic phase of growth. The major components of the fatty acid profiles of the cells were 16∶1, 16∶1, and 18∶1 fatty acids. Few similarities were found between the lipid analysis of the mosquito cells and the growth medium.
Use of community-based participatory research in primary care to improve healthcare outcomes and disparities in care

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has emerged to bridge the gap between research and primary-care practice through community engagement and social action to increase health equity. It is widely acknowledged that access to high-quality primary care services is important to the overall health of a community. Here, CBPR studies in a primary care setting are reviewed to assess the use of CBPR associated with common health problems seen in primary care such as access to care and disparities in chronic disease management across vulnerable populations. CBPR involves building relationships with local communities, determining areas of need and establishing priorities for health concerns. Studies showing improved access to care for a Hispanic population, reduced asthma symptoms and weight loss are highlighted.
Local error analysis for approximate solutions of hyperbolic conservation laws

We consider approximate solutions to nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. If the exact solution is unavailable, the truncation error may be the only quantitative measure for the quality of the approximation. We propose a new way of estimating the local truncation error, through the use of localized test-functions. In the convex scalar case, they can be converted
Neuroticism as a common dimension in the internalizing disorders

Results. Structural equation modeling showed that a single internalizing factor was common to lifetime diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders, and this internalizing factor was strongly correlated with neuroticism. Neuroticism had a stronger correlation with an internalizing factor (r=0.98) than with a substance use factor (r=0.29). Therefore, neuroticism showed both convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions. These results provide further evidence that neuroticism is a necessary factor in structural theories of mood and anxiety disorders. In this study, the correlation between internalizing psychopathology and neuroticism approached 1.0, suggesting that neuroticism may be the core of internalizing psychopathology. Future studies are needed to examine this possibility in other populations, and to replicate our findings.
Constrained optimal designs for regression models

An attempt of combining several optimality criteria simulaneously by using the techniques of nonliear programming is demonstrated. Four constrained D- and G-optimality criteria are introduced, namely, D-restrcted, Ds-restricted, A-restricted and E-restricted D- and G-optimality. The emphasis is particularly on the polynomial regression. Examples for quadratic polynomial regression are investigated to illustrate the applicability of these constrained optimality criteria.
Primal-target neural net heuristics for the hypergraph k-coloring problem

The hypergraph strong coloring problem (HC) is an NP-hard problem on hypergraphs arising naturally in applications involving conflict-free access of data in parallel memory systems. There has been much work on solving graph optimization problems using neural networks; however, almost none on solving hypergraph problems. Hypergraph problems present interesting challenges to neural networks because they involve higher-order structures than those in graphs In this paper we introduce a primal-target approach to solve hard combinatorial problems having inequality constraints. We consider the variant of HC,-the maximum induced subhypergraph strong k-coloring problem (HkC). We present two primal-target algorithms that map HkC onto a Hopfield network. The first algorithm uses a larger set of target variables which leads to a more elaborate search mechanism. Experiments showed that both algorithms, PT1 and PT2, were competitive, with a naive optimal algorithm on small instances of random hypergraphs, while being significantly faster. Algorithm PT1 scaled significantly better to larger hypergraphs than PT2, while PT2 ran faster than PT1.
Keyword translation accuracy and cross-lingual question answering in Chinese and Japanese

In this paper, we describe the extension of an existing monolingual QA system for English-to-Chinese and English-to-Japanese cross-lingual question answering (CLQA). We also attempt to characterize the influence of translation on CLQA performance through experimental evaluation and analysis. The paper also describes some language-specific issues for keyword translation in CLQA.
Macroergonomic Analysis and Design (MEAD) of Work System Processes

The MacroErgonomic Analysis and Design (MEAD) methodology can guide institutional data collection and analysis to determine the risks and causal factors leading to experiments that will help with n...
Electromagnetics in magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful new imaging method, which produces cross-sectional tomographic and three-dimensional images similar to those of x-ray computed tomography (CT). However, rather than relying on harmful ionizing radiation, MRT is based on the interaction between RF fields and certain atomic nuclei in the body, when they are in the presence of a strong magnetic field. An MRI system is one of the few complete systems in which the design relies heavily upon a knowledge of electromagnetics. We give a tutorial on the electromagnetic analysis and design of three key components of an MRI system, namely, the magnet, the gradient coil, and the radiofrequency (RF) coil. We also discuss the analysis and characterization of the interactions of RF electromagnetic fields with biological subjects.
The terrorist rhetorical style and its consequences for understanding terrorist violence

The linguistic content analyses systems used in the present special issue covered a large range of conceptual and methodological approaches from many of the major researchers in the field. Taking a broad view of this massive set of results, what can we learn about terrorist groups' rhetoric? We present here a summary set of analyses that suggests terrorist rhetoric (compared to non-terrorist control groups) was more social in nature, contained more rhetoric reflecting control and power, and was consistently lower on multiple measurements of rhetoric complexity. Further, analyses on automated systems suggested that the typical terrorist style of rhetoric became even more exaggerated among terrorist groups as an impending violent attack by their group neared. This study highlights the benefits of conducting linguistic content analyses of terrorist groups' public rhetoric. Applied rigorously, this method can contribute to our understanding of how these groups differ from their non-terrorist counterparts and ...
Epigenetics mechanisms in renal development

Appreciation for the role of epigenetic modifications in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases is fast gaining attention. Treatment of chronic kidney disease stemming from diabetes or hypertension as well as Wilms tumor will all profit from knowledge of the changes in the epigenomic landscapes. To do so, it is essential to characterize the epigenomic modifiers and their modifications under normal physiological conditions. The transcription factor Pax2 was identified as a major epigenetic player in the early specification of the kidney. Notably, the progenitors of all nephrons that reside in the cap mesenchyme display a unique bivalent histone signature (expressing repressive epigenetic marks alongside activation marks) on lineage-specific genes. These cells are deemed poised for differentiation and commitment to the nephrogenic lineage. In response to the appropriate inducing signal, these genes lose their repressive histone marks, which allow for their expression in nascent nephron precursors. Such knowledge of the epigenetic landscape and the resultant cell fate or behavior in the developing kidney will greatly improve the overall success in designing regenerative strategies and tissue reprogramming methodologies from pluripotent cells.
The evolutionary history of the corpus luteum.

The development and function of the corpus luteum in the evolutionary history of vertebrates is reviewed including the possible endocrine functions and reproductive events involved. Areas for experimental analysis into the physiology of the corpus luteum are suggested. The formation of the 2 types of corpus luteum--atresiac and ovulatory--is described in detail and their actions in different animals--Elasmobranchii Teleostei Amphibia and Reptilia--are traced and compared. It is concluded from this research that wherever follicular degeneration occurs the opportunity exists for the development of an endocrine organ. The function of this organ would depend mainly on hypothalamopituitary control the nature of which needs more research. A single evolutionary history of the corpus luteum is doubtful and similar structures have apparently developed different functions according to the species need.
Efficient algorithms for identifying privacy vulnerabilities

The automatic identification of privacy vulnerabilities in datasets is an important step in the privacy-preserving data publishing process, and an area of increased interest for commercial data masking products. In this paper, we propose two multi-threaded algorithms for discovering privacy vulnerabilities in datasets, in the form of combinations of attributes leading to few records. Our algorithms fully utilize the execution environment and outperform the state-of-the-art to the extent that we had to design a multi-threaded counterpart of the state-of-the-art method to form the baseline for our experiments. Through experimental evaluation on a large set of datasets, we show that our algorithms can analyze microdata consisting of millions of records in less than 10 minutes, when the baseline method required more than 3 hours.
Methods for the Identification and Characterization of Glycoproteins in Central and Peripheral Myelin

Myelin is formed as an extension of the surface membrane of the oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system and of the Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system. Cell surface membranes in general are known to contain a large number of integral glycoproteins. Therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that myelin would contain glycoprotein constituents. It is now well established that there are many glycoproteins in isolated myelin fractions. The glycoproteins found in purified central and peripheral myelin are summarized in Table 1. Two of these have been shown to be constituents of myelin sheaths in the tissue by direct immunocy-tochemical staining. The P0 glycoprotein is the major structural protein of peripheral myelin and is present throughout the layered structure of compact myelin (Trapp et al., 1979). The myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is not present in the tightly layered structure of compact myelin but is selectively localized in the sheath. It is found in the periaxonal part of central and peripheral sheaths (Sternberger et al., 1979) and also in Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, the lateral loops, and the outer mesaxon of peripheral sheaths (Trapp and Quarles, 1982). All of the locations of MAG in the peripheral nervous system are characterized by a 12- to 14-nm spacing of the extracellular leaflets of adjacent membranes in contrast to the 2-nm spacing in compact myelin, and it was hypothesized that the bulky MAG molecule is responsible for preventing closer apposition of these membrane surfaces. The periaxonal localization of MAG in central and peripheral myelin suggests that it is involved in glia-axon interactions in both branches of the nervous system.