cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing domain decomposition for problems with large jumps in coefficients

The Balancing Domain Decomposition algorithm uses in each iteration solution of local problems on the subdomains coupled with a coarse problem that is used to propagate the error globally and to guarantee that the possibly singular local problems are consistent. The abstract theory introduced recently by the first-named author is used to develop condition number bounds for conforming linear elements in two and three dimensions. The bounds are independent of arbitrary coefficient jumps between subdomains and of the number of subdomains, and grow only as the squared logarithm of the mesh size h. Computational experiments for two- and three-dimensional problems confirm the theory.
Pathways of nucleoprotein assembly on 5S RNA genes in a Xenopus oocyte S-150 extract

Abstract Conditions for transcription and nucleosome assembly of plasmids bearing Xenopus 5S RNA genes have been monitored in the whole oocyte S-150 extract (1). We find that the optimal conditions for transcription differ substantially from optimal conditions for nucleosome assembly. DNA molecules bearing as few as 50% of the native density of nucleosomes are transcriptionally inert. Although the 5S gene-specific transcription factor TFIIIA is in excess in this extract, these nucleosome reconstitutes do not exhibit TFIIA-like DNase footprints nor do these reconstitutes bind exogenous TFIIIA. We have also examined the nucleotide requirement for DNA supercoiling and for generation of 5S gene transcription complexes. Supercoiling associated with nucleosome assembly does not require ATP; however, nucleotide hydrolysis is required for establishment of active complexes. Phosphorylation of a 200 kdalton protein occurs in a 5S DNA-dependent manner concurrent with the generation of primed transcription complexes. Results of nondenaturing gel electrophoresis coupled with a second dimension of SDS gel electrophoresis suggest that the 200 kD protein may be a component of the 5S RNA gene transcription complex.
Anabolic/androgenic steroid administration during adolescence and adulthood differentially modulates aggression and anxiety

Anabolic/androgenic steroid (AAS) use remains high in both teens and adults in the U.S. and worldwide despite studies showing that AAS use is associated with a higher incidence of aggression and anxiety. Recently we showed that chronic exposure to AAS through adolescence increases aggression and decreases anxious behaviors, while during AAS-withdrawal aggression is lowered to species-normative levels and anxiety increases. AAS exposure is known to differentially alter behaviors and their underlying neural substrates between adults and adolescents and thus the current study investigated whether exposure to AAS during adulthood affects the relationship between aggression and anxiety in a manner similar to that previously observed in adolescents. Male hamsters were administered a moderate dose of AAS (5.0mg/kg/day×30days) during adolescence (P27-56) or young adulthood (P65-P94) and then tested for aggression and anxiety during AAS exposure (i.e., on P57 or P95) and during AAS withdrawal (i.e., 30days later on P77 or P115). Adolescent exposure to AAS increased aggressive responding during the AAS exposure period and anxiety-like responding during AAS withdrawal. Neither behavior was similarly influenced by adult exposure to AAS. Adult AAS exposure produced no difference in aggressive responding during AAS exposure (P95) or AAS withdrawal (P115); however, while AAS exposure during adulthood produced no difference in anxiety-like responding during AAS exposure, adult hamsters administered AAS were less anxious than vehicle control animals following AAS withdrawal. Together these data suggest that the aggression and anxiety provoking influence of AAS are likely a developmental phenomenon and that adult exposure to AAS may be anxiolytic over the long term.
Reoxygenation-Derived Toxic Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species Modulate the Contribution of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells to Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction

Background The core region of a myocardial infarction is notoriously unsupportive of cardiomyocyte survival. However, there has been less investigation of the potentially beneficial spontaneous recruitment of endogenous bone marrow progenitor cells (BMPCs) within infarcted areas. In the current study we examined the role of tissue oxygenation and derived toxic species in the control of BMPC engraftment during postinfarction heart remodeling. Methods and Results For assessment of cellular origin, local oxygenation, redox status, and fate of cells in the infarcted region, myocardial infarction in mice with or without LacZ+ bone marrow transplantation was induced by coronary ligation. Sham-operated mice served as controls. After 1 week, LacZ+ BMPC-derived cells were found inhomogeneously distributed into the infarct zone, with a lower density at its core. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry showed that pO2 in the infarct recovered starting on day 2 post–myocardial infarction, concomitant with wall thinning and erythrocytes percolating through muscle microruptures. Paralleling this reoxygenation, increased generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species was detected at the infarct core. This process delineated a zone of diminished BMPC engraftment, and at 1 week infiltrating cells displayed immunoreactive 3-nitrotyrosine and apoptosis. In vivo treatment with a superoxide dismutase mimetic significantly reduced reactive oxygen species formation and amplified BMPC accumulation. This treatment also salvaged wall thickness by 43% and left ventricular ejection fraction by 27%, with significantly increased animal survival. Conclusions BMPC engraftment in the infarct inversely mirrored the distribution of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Antioxidant treatment resulted in increased numbers of engrafted BMPCs, provided functional protection to the heart, and decreased the incidence of myocardial rupture and death.
SOME TRENDS IN THE DELIVERY OF AMBULANCE SERVICES

A composite description of present (1973) and planned emergency ambulance systems is provided based on information from 179 applicants to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for grants for regional emergency medical systems. The data indicate that only 11.1 percent of the ambulance services are now provided by funeral homes and 34.5 percent are provided by local government agencies. Local government agencies operate 28.9 percent of all emergency vehicles and volunteer agencies operate 19.2 percent. Most ambulance services are provided primarily by small agencies, with minimal coordination. A great deal of confusion surrounds telephone numbers for emergency services, but centralized systems are being initiated in a number of communities. Some obstacles remain to the installation of 911 emergency numbers across State or service boundaries. The advantages and disadvantages of a centralized command and control system of dispatching ambulances for several ambulance agencies are weighed and several configurations are proposed. Analysis of the time between dispatch of the ambulance and its arrival show a median of four minutes for urban areas and up to 25 minutes in rural areas. The 1973 level of ambulance attendant training shows that many areas depend on personnel with little or no training for providing initial emergency care. Training courses developed by the United States Department of Transportation for emergency medical technicians and dispatchers appear acceptable as reasonable goals for implementation within two years.
Characterization of 8 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the neotropical ant-garden ant, Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius)

Camponotus femoratus is an abundant and behaviorally dominant ant in lowland Amazonian rainforests, where this species participates in a complex and obligate seed-dispersal mutualism. C. femoratus typically cohabits with another ant species Crematogaster levior in an apparently amiable but poorly understood interaction. Despite these outstanding characteristics, the population genetics and dispersal patterns of C. femoratus are unknown. We isolated eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for C. femoratus from a genomic library enriched for di-, tri-, and tetra-nucleotide repeats. We detected 2 to 17 alleles per locus, with levels of observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.286 to 0.714.
A polarization-sensitive geometrical theory of diffraction technique for numerical evaluation of radar targets

Two-dimensional scalar geometrical theory of diffraction techniques are extended to provide a polarization-sensitive method to evaluate three-dimensional complex targets. The method tracks field strength and polarization separately, providing the monostatic radar return in terms of the spatial field distribution that represents the target depth. The technique numerically evaluates a geometrically complex object with perfectly conducting surfaces that is surrounded by an isotropic homogeneous medium. Expressions are developed to emphasize the diffraction-induced phase shift as well as the spatial distribution's correspondence to the depth of target. >
Application of time-domain airborne electromagnetic induction to hydrogeologic investigations on the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico, USA

We conducted a time-domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey of part of the semiarid Pajarito Plateau of northern New Mexico to determine depths and lateral extent of perched aquifers in the vadose zone and depths and pathways of infiltration to the regional aquifer. The electrical resistivity of the plateau ranged over three orders of magnitude ( 2000 Ωm ) to a depth of at least 300 m . Borehole and surface-derived data allow the correlation of resistivity images with the hydrogeology of the plateau. As expected, water exerts a significant control on resistivity. However, the presence of large amounts (up to 90%) of clay in some units, in conjunction with water, also has a significant effect, lowering resistivity (to ≤30 Ωm ) more than the presence of clay-free saturated zones alone. Because of the resulting low resistivity, we are able to better delineate a large,known volume of clay-altered volcaniclastic rock and postulate the presence of another. Resistivity values of 100–300 Ωm cor-relat...
Developing Country Interests in the Forthcoming WTO Negotiations

This paper reviews the main issues in the forthcoming WTO negotiations, including: a review of the accomplishments of the Uruguay Round and the multilateral negotiations that have since followed; identification and analysis of Uruguay Round built-in agenda issues and new issues that may possibly be considered in a new round; alternative negotiating modalities, including sectoral and broadly based negotiations and possible cross-issue linkages; dovetailing multilateral and regional negotiations; and interestgroup alignments. In preparing for a new negotiating round, individual developing countries need to design with care their negotiating strategies and options. Countries have to decide what they want most to achieve from the negotiations and what they are willing to offer in return.
Three energy variables predict ant abundance at a geographical scale

Energy theory posits three processes that link local abundance of ectotherms to geographical gradients in temperature. A survey of 49 New World habitats found a two order of magnitude span in the abundance (nests m(-2)) of ground nesting ants (Formicidae). Abundance increased with net primary productivity (r2=0.55), a measure of the baseline supply of harvestable energy. Abundance further increased with mean temperature (r2=0.056), a constraint on foraging activity for this thermophilic taxon. Finally for a given mean temperature, ants were more abundant in seasonal sites with longer, colder winters (r2 = 0.082) that help ectotherm taxa sequester harvested energy in non-productive months. All three variables are currently changing on a global scale. All should be useful in predicting biotic responses to climate change.
Observations of Ozone Formation in Power Plant Plumes and Implications for Ozone Control Strategies

Data taken in aircraft transects of emissions plumes from rural U.S. coal-fired power plants were used to confirm and quantify the nonlinear dependence of tropospheric ozone formation on plume NO(x) (NO plus NO(2)) concentration, which is determined by plant NO(x) emission rate and atmospheric dispersion. The ambient availability of reactive volatile organic compounds, principally biogenic isoprene, was also found to modulate ozone production rate and yield in these rural plumes. Differences of a factor of 2 or greater in plume ozone formation rates and yields as a function of NO(x) and volatile organic compound concentrations were consistently observed. These large differences suggest that consideration of power plant NO(x) emission rates and geographic locations in current and future U.S. ozone control strategies could substantially enhance the efficacy of NO(x) reductions from these sources.
Schistosoma mansoni Soluble Egg Antigens Enhance Listeria monocytogenes Vector HIV-1 Vaccine Induction of Cytotoxic T Cells

Vaccines are an important public health measure for prevention and treatment of diseases. In addition to the vaccine immunogen, many vaccines incorporate adjuvants to stimulate the recipient's immune system and enhance vaccine-specific responses. While vaccine development has advanced from attenuated organism to recombinant protein or use of plasmid DNA, the development of new adjuvants that safely increase immune responses has not kept pace. Previous studies have shown that the complex mixture of molecules that comprise saline soluble egg antigens (SEA) from Schistosoma mansoni eggs functions to promote CD4(+) T helper 2 (Th2) responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that coadministration of SEA with a Listeria vector HIV-1 Gag (Lm-Gag) vaccine would suppress host cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and T helper 1 (Th1) responses to HIV-1 Gag epitopes. Surprisingly, instead of driving HIV-1 Gag-specific responses toward Th2 type, we found that coadministration of SEA with Lm-Gag vaccine significantly increased the frequency of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing Gag-specific Th1 and CTL responses over that seen in mice administered Lm-Gag only. Analysis of the functionality and durability of vaccine responses suggested that SEA not only enlarged different memory T cell compartments but induced functional and long-lasting vaccine-specific responses as well. These results suggest there are components in SEA that can synergize with potent inducers of strong and durable Th1-type responses such as those to Listeria. We hypothesize that SEA contains moieties that, if defined, can be used to expand type 1 proinflammatory responses for use in vaccines.
A two-stage pole-zero predictor

A two-stage pole-zero predictor is proposed which is capable of predicting minimum phase Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) processes accurately with a reduced number of parameters. This is achieved by cascading the classical predictor (lst stage), and the pole-zero recursive-like structure (2nd stage). The constraint on the order of the first stage is relaxed since the unknown process is actually represented by the parameters of the second stage. Computer simulations for both low- and high-order ARMA processes are given to demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed technique.
Logic Programming with Recurrence Domains

In this paper we present a formalism for finitely representing infinite sets of terms. This formalism, called ω-terms, enables us to reason finitely about certain recursive types. We present an extension of Horn logic programs, called ω-Prolog, which allows a finite schematization of infinitely many clauses via predicates with ω-terms as arguments. We show that for every ω-Prolog program there is an equivalent Horn logic program. That is, incorporating ω-terms into first order logic programming does not change its denotational semantics. Computationally, however, ω-Prolog has the advantages of (1) representing infinitely many answers finitely, (2) avoiding repetition in computation and thus achieving better efficiency, (3) allowing infinite queries, and (4) avoiding certain non-termination of Prolog programs. The ω-terms play a similar role as regular-trees [MR85] and sort-expressions [Com90] in explicitly defining abstract data types. It differs from the others in that it allows us to define certain non-regular-tree languages such as {(a n , b n , c n ) : n e N}. We present a finite and complete algorithm for unification between ω-terms, with which we can also compute the intersection of the languages defined by ω-terms.
Loss of Shp2-Mediated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Müller Glial Cells Results in Retinal Degeneration

Extensive studies have identified many growth factors and intracellular pathways that can promote neuronal survival after retinal injury, but the intrinsic survival mechanisms in the normal retina are poorly understood. Here we report that genetic ablation of Shp2 (Ptpn11) protein phosphatase resulted in progressive apoptosis of all retinal cell types. Loss of Shp2 specifically disrupted extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in Muller cells, leading to Stat3 activation in photoreceptors. However, neither inactivation of Stat3 nor stimulation of AKT signaling could ameliorate the Shp2 retinal degeneration. Instead, constitutively activated Kras signaling not only rescued the retinal cell numbers in the Shp2 mutant but also functionally improved the electroretinogram recording (ERG). These results suggest that Shp2-mediated Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK) signaling plays a critical role in Muller cell maturation and function, which is necessary for the survival of retinal neurons.
Carbon isotope fractionation during gas-water exchange and dissolution of CO2

Abstract The kinetic and equilibrium fractionation effects for 13C during CO2 gas transfer (ek and eag−g) have been measured in acidified distilled water. The equilibrium fractionation effects between bicarbonate and carbonate and gaseous C02 (eHCO3−g and eCO3−g) have been measured in NaHC03 and NaHC03 + Na2C03 solutions, respectively, from 5° to 25°C. The measured fractionations, except eCO3−g, agreed with earlier work to within 0.2‰. eCO3−g was about 2‰ smaller than most values previously reported. The temperature dependence of the fractionation for 13C between bicarbonate and carbonate and gaseous CO2 was found to be eHCO3−g = −(0.141 ± 0.003)T(°C) + 0.05)‰ and eCO3−g = −(0.052 ± 0.03) T(°C)E+ (7.22 ± 0.46)‰ respectively. The fractionation during gas dissolution was eCO3−g = −0.03)T(°C) + (1.31 ± 0.06%. and the kinetic effect during gas transfer, ek, was −0.81 ± 0.16‰ at 21°C and −0.95 ± 0.20‰ at 5°C. The equilibrium fractionation between total DIC in seawater and CO2 in air (eDIC−g) was measured and compared with that calculated from the concentration of aqueous CO2, HC03− and CO3= and individual fractionations between the three C species and CO2 gas. The measured and calculated results showed a significant difference of up to 0.2‰. We hypothesize that carbonate ion complexes likely complicate the calculation of eDIC−g from individual C species. We obtain the following empirical function of eDIC−g in seawater vs. temperature and the carbonate fraction (fCO3), eDIC−g = (0.014 ± 0.01) TfCO3 − (0.105 ± 0.002) T + (10.53 ± 0.05)%., when 0.05
A Critique of Quentin Smith's Atheistic Argument from Big Bang Cosmology

L'A. critique l'argument atheiste que Q. smith developpe dans son ouvrage «Theism, Atheism and Big Bang cosmology», selon lequel la theorie cosmologique du Big Bang ne permet pas de prouver l'existence de Dieu. Fonde sur quelques confusions que L. W. Craig ne releve pas, cet argument peut etre modifie en faveur d'une approche theiste qui fournit la preuve de la compatibilite de la cosmologie du Big Bang et de l'existence de Dieu
The origins and limits of metal–graphene junction resistance

A high-quality junction between graphene and metallic contacts is crucial in the creation of high-performance graphene transistors. In an ideal metal-graphene junction, the contact resistance is determined solely by the number of conduction modes in graphene. However, as yet, measurements of contact resistance have been inconsistent, and the factors that determine the contact resistance remain unclear. Here, we report that the contact resistance in a palladium-graphene junction exhibits an anomalous temperature dependence, dropping significantly as temperature decreases to a value of just 110 ± 20 Ω µm at 6 K, which is two to three times the minimum achievable resistance. Using a combination of experiment and theory we show that this behaviour results from carrier transport in graphene under the palladium contact. At low temperature, the carrier mean free path exceeds the palladium-graphene coupling length, leading to nearly ballistic transport with a transfer efficiency of ~75%. As the temperature increases, this carrier transport becomes less ballistic, resulting in a considerable reduction in efficiency.
Feasibility and advantages of using flattening filter-free mode for radiosurgery of multiple brain lesions.

Abstract Purpose The 6-MV flattening filter-free mode (6F) of the Varian TrueBeam (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) enables faster dose delivery and shortens treatment time, which are especially beneficial for stereotactic radiosurgery. This study is to evaluate the feasibility and advantages of using 6F in stereotactic radiosurgery treatment of multiple brain lesions in comparison with regular 6-MV mode (6X). Materials and Methods Ten patients having 2-12 brain metastases treated by intensity modulated stereotactic radiosurgery were selected for this study. For each patient, 2 RapidArc (RA; Varian Medical Systems) plans were generated: one using the 6F mode with a dose rate of 1400 monitor units (MU)/minute and another using the regular 6X mode of 600 MU/minute for a Varian TrueBeam linac. For each patient, both plans employed the same beam arrangement and optimization process. Results The dosimetric parameters of homogeneity, conformity, and gradient indices were calculated and found to be comparable in the 6F and 6X plans for each patient. The mean dose to the normal brain and maximal doses to brainstem, chiasm, eyes, and optical nerves were also comparable in both RA plans using either 6F or 6X. The total number of MUs in the RA plans using 6F was 10%-20% more than that in the RA plan using 6X, but the beam-on-time was much less if 6F was used for planning and dose delivery (50% less). Conclusions The fast delivery of the 6F beam is not only beneficial in stereotactic radiosurgery of a single brain lesion, but also for treating multiple brain lesions (2-12 lesions in this study group). Due to the beam falloff away from the central axis for large field sizes, more MUs are needed for 6F beams as compared with 6X. However, for the 6F mode with 1400 MU/minute, the delivery times are still much shorter compared with the 6X mode, thus greatly shortening the treatment time.
Hedged learning: regret-minimization with learning experts

In non-cooperative multi-agent situations, there cannot exist a globally optimal, yet opponent-independent learning algorithm. Regret-minimization over a set of strategies optimized for potential opponent models is proposed as a good framework for deciding how to behave in such situations. Using longer playing horizons and experts that learn as they play, the regret-minimization framework can be extended to overcome several shortcomings of earlier approaches to the problem of multi-agent learning.
Community clusters of tsunami vulnerability in the US Pacific Northwest

Many coastal communities throughout the world are threatened by local (or near-field) tsunamis that could inundate low-lying areas in a matter of minutes after generation. Although the hazard and sustainability literature often frames vulnerability conceptually as a multidimensional issue involving exposure, sensitivity, and resilience to a hazard, assessments often focus on one element or do not recognize the hazard context. We introduce an analytical framework for describing variations in population vulnerability to tsunami hazards that integrates (i) geospatial approaches to identify the number and characteristics of people in hazard zones, (ii) anisotropic path distance models to estimate evacuation travel times to safety, and (iii) cluster analysis to classify communities with similar vulnerability. We demonstrate this approach by classifying 49 incorporated cities, 7 tribal reservations, and 17 counties from northern California to northern Washington that are directly threatened by tsunami waves associated with a Cascadia subduction zone earthquake. Results suggest three primary community groups: (i) relatively low numbers of exposed populations with varied demographic sensitivities, (ii) high numbers of exposed populations but sufficient time to evacuate before wave arrival, and (iii) moderate numbers of exposed populations but insufficient time to evacuate. Results can be used to enhance general hazard-awareness efforts with targeted interventions, such as education and outreach tailored to local demographics, evacuation training, and/or vertical evacuation refuges.
Parallel discrete event simulation: a modeling methodological perspective

The field of parallel discrete event simulation is entering a period of self-assessment. Fifteen years of investigation has seen great strides in techniques for efficiently executing discrete event simulations on parallel and distributed machines. Still, the discrete event simulation community at large has failed to recognize much of these results. One reason for this is perhaps a disagreement in the focus and purpose of the parallel discrete event simulation research community (primarily computer scientists) and the discrete event simulation community (a widely diverse group including operations researchers, statisticians, as well as computer scientists). An examination of the parallel discrete event simulation problem from a modeling methodological perspective illustrates some of these differences and reveals potentials for their resolution.
The Neuroscience of Social Decision-Making

Given that we live in highly complex social environments, many of our most important decisions are made in the context of social interactions. Simple but sophisticated tasks from a branch of experimental economics known as game theory have been used to study social decision-making in the laboratory setting, and a variety of neuroscience methods have been used to probe the underlying neural systems. This approach is informing our knowledge of the neural mechanisms that support decisions about trust, reciprocity, altruism, fairness, revenge, social punishment, social norm conformity, social learning, and competition. Neural systems involved in reward and reinforcement, pain and punishment, mentalizing, delaying gratification, and emotion regulation are commonly recruited for social decisions. This review also highlights the role of the prefrontal cortex in prudent social decision-making, at least when social environments are relatively stable. In addition, recent progress has been made in understanding the neural bases of individual variation in social decision-making.
Looking for Friends, Fans, and Followers? Social Media Use in Public and Nonprofit Human Services

This article uses interviews and Internet data to examine social media use among nonprofit organizations and county departments involved in the delivery of human services in a six-county area in south-central New York State. Social media use was modest, with nonprofit organizations much more likely to use it than county departments. Organizations used social media primarily to market organizational activities, remain relevant to key constituencies, and raise community awareness. Most organizations either had a narrow view of social media's potential value or lacked a long-term vision. Barriers to use included institutional policies, concerns about the inappropriateness of social media for target audiences, and client confidentiality. Findings build on recent research regarding the extent to which nonprofit organizations and local governments use social media to engage stakeholders. Future research should investigate not only the different ways organizations use social media but also whether organizations use it strategically to advance organizational goals.
Fish, Macroinvertebrate and Epifaunal Communities in Shallow Coastal Lagoons with Varying Seagrass Cover of the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Coastal lagoons are ubiquitous along coastlines worldwide. Here, we compare the abundance of epifauna, seagrass-associated macroinvertebrates, and small fish across a gradient of seagrass cover in shallow coastal lagoons of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Two of the lagoons had little or no seagrass cover (0–18.8 %), and four had high cover (83.8–97.5 %). All of the lagoons were partially covered with fringing marsh. We hypothesized that, due to habitat redundancy between seagrass beds and fringing marshes, seagrass-associated fish and macroinvertebrates would not be largely reduced despite the large differences in seagrass cover among the lagoons. Our results support this hypothesis. For most sampling dates, we did not find significant differences in fish and macroinvertebrate abundance among the lagoons and, when we did, several highly vegetated lagoons did not have larger abundances than sparsely vegetated lagoons. The extreme shallowness of the lagoons studied (<1 m) may also provide further protection from large predatory fishes in the absence of seagrasses. Our results also suggest that marsh detritus, by providing habitat for epifauna and helping maintain prey availability, may further temper reductions in seagrass-associated fishes and macroinvertebrates following seagrass decline. The results highlight the importance of marsh-bordered, shallow lagoons as habitat for small fish and macroinvertebrates regardless of seagrass cover. This study contributes to the characterization of habitat redundancy in coastal ecosystems and pinpoints the importance of considering all habitats in concert for the proper understanding and management of coastal ecosystems.
Some Geometrical Concepts Arising in Harmonic Analysis

That geometric considerations enter in a decisive way in many questions of harmonic analysis is by now a well-known fact. In explicit form such ideas arose first in the estimation of the Fourier transform of surface-carried measure; they have since played a key role in averages over lower-dimensional varieties, restriction theorems, in connection with the study of oscillatory integrals and Fourier integral operators, and in application to linear and non-linear dispersive equations.
FEEDING SPECIALIZATIONS AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS.

The feeding mechanism of the salamanders has never been discussed comparatively. While a detailed review must await a more complete knowledge of the morphology, ecology, and behavior of these animals, certain broad generalizations are now possible. These have direct bearing upon the classification of salamanders, and are attempted here. Salamander families with terrestrial representatives, the Hynobiidae, Ambystomatidae, Plethodontidae, and Salamandridae, each contain species which undergo transformation from an aquatic to a terrestrial existence. Both aquatic and terrestrial life forms have structural modifications correlated with their specific habitat. Thus one must discuss not only the phylogeny of functional shifts in feeding structures, but their ontogeny as well. The present discussion emphasizes the interaction of the tongue and palatal teeth. Minimal mention will be made of paedomorphic evolutionary pathways, notorious in salamanders. This is best handled elsewhere and at appropriate length. The result is a certain amount of taxonomic generalization. THE GENERAL PATTERN OF ADAPTATION Structural Progression of Tongue Types
Food Consumption by Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Reduced After Parasitization by Microplitis demolitor or M. croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae that were parasitized by Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson or by M. croceipes (Cresson) consumed significantly less artificial diet than unparasitized larvae, The greater proportion of feeding by unparasitized larvae occurred after they reached the fourth instar, whereas feeding by parasitized larvae remained at a low level. Results indicated that larvae parasitized before reaching the fifth instar by either Microptitis spp, may cause considerably less damage to the host plant than unparasitized larvae. The fifth instar apparently is suitable only for development of M. croceipes ,
Treatment of lateral canthal rhytides with a medium depth chemical peel with or without pretreatment with onabotulinum toxin type A: a randomized control trial

Background Combination therapies used to treat the photoaged skin have become more popular as studies demonstrate greater efficacy and improved clinical outcomes compared to single treatment modalities.
Practicing DIYBiology In An HCI Setting

Alongside an expanding community of non-professional biologists, DIYbio is beginning to emerge as a fledgling sub- domain of HCI. However, this emerging subdomain is yet to be in the focal point of a long-term investigation to identify the challenges and opportunities of designing interactive systems and tools to facilitate biological practices outside of professional setups. As the first step towards this direc- tion, we carried out an autoethnographic study to practice DIYbiology, by setting up a functional DIYbio space inside our HCI design studio. In this paper we reflect on our auto- biographical experiences in practicing DIYbiology inside our lab space and discuss the challenges and opportunities for further HCI research in this particular subdomain.
Reappraising Objects of Desire Through Practices of Devotion: A Cognitive Historiographical Approach to Religious Claims in Medieval India

Desires for mundane objects have been a central problem of soteriological concern in the development of many Indian traditions. Accordingly, they developed various methods for regulating and preventing them. But why would these practices be effective? To answer this question, I focus on the theology of the early Gaudiya Vaisnava tradition, a sixteenth and seventeenth century Hindu path of devotion that innovatively adopted and adapted practices of devotion commonly practiced in India. Drawing on desire-regulation and schema theory research, I argue that many of these practices would help prevent and minimize unwanted desires for mundane objects because they help one learn to reappraise mundane objects in terms of the Gaudiya worldview with increasing cognitive efficiency. In so doing, they are likely to increase one's ability to delay gratifying unwanted desires, minimize and prevent their emergence, reduce reflective and automatic positive evaluations and increase devaluations of mundane objects of desire and regulate response behavior in desirable ways.
Clinical Presentation of Atypical Femur Fractures

Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) appear to be a separate entity from osteoporotic hip fractures and have several characteristics in their clinical presentation that distinguish them as such. Atypical fractures are characterized by the presence of minimal to no trauma, such as walking or stepping off a curb. They also frequently present with prodromal pain in the affected thigh or groin prior to fracture. Contralateral symptoms may be present in as many as one in five patients, and bilateral (both sequential and simultaneous) fractures are common. Lastly, they may be associated with comorbidities such as rheumatoid arthritis and/or the administration of certain medications, such as glucocorticoids, estrogen, and most notably, bisphosphonates.
Normothermic caval inflow occlusion: Application to operations for congenital heart disease

The technique of normothermic caval inflow occlusion was introduced primarily for relief of pulmonary valve stenosis and continues to be used for this purpose with excellent results. However, the technique may also be applied to a number of other lesions such as aortic valve stenosis in neonates and infants, for placement of outflow patches or valve excision for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, for atrial septectomy in children with restrictive atrial septum, and for other conditions wherein a period of up to 2 minutes of intracardiac exposure is sufficient. This report examines the early and long-term results in 140 children who underwent normothermic caval inflow occlusion at The Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, over the past 11 years. Ninety-four children underwent pulmonary valvotomy (early mortality 0%), 21 had aortic valvotomy (19%), 10 with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum underwent various procedures (50%), 11 had atrial septectomy (9%), and there were four miscellaneous procedures (50%). Apart from avoiding many of the potential complications of cardiopulmonary bypass, inflow occlusion has provided as good or better short-term and long-term results as those obtained with cardiopulmonary bypass, particularly in infants and neonates, and also has proved more cost effective.
Nonaccidental Injuries in Children

“CALL DR” is a mnemonic for the key steps in the emergency department “pathway” for nonaccidental injury.
The Hilbert–Johnson Synthesis of Pyrimidine Nucleosides: 1-(2-Deoxy-β-d-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)thymine

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Hilbert–Johnson synthesis of pyrimidine nucleosides. The Hilbert–Johnson synthesis is a classic yet excellent method for the preparation of pyrimidine nucleosides. It involves the condensation of a dialkoxypyrimidine—diethoxy or dimethoxy derivatives are most commonly employed—with an O-acylglycosyl halide to give the unsubstituted pyrimidine nucleoside after removal of the protecting groups. With the more reactive per-O-acyl-2-deoxyglycosyl halides, the synthesis gives superior results; indeed, it is the method of choice because basic conditions, which tend to eliminate the elements of hydrogen halide from such halides, are avoided. In most cases involving 2-deoxy- d -hexoses, the synthesis is highly stereoselective, with the reaction occurring readily at room temperature to afford almost exclusively the β- d -anomers in good yield.
Flow of Blue Glacier, Olympic Mountains, Washington, U.S.A. *

Velocity and strain-rate patterns in a small temperate valley glacier display flow effects of channel geometry, ice thickness, surface slope, and ablation. Surface velocities of 20–55 m/year show year-to-year fluctuations of 1.5–3 m/year. Transverse profiles of velocity have the form of a higher-order parabola modified by the effects of flow around a broad bend in the channel, which makes the velocity profile asymmetric, with maximum velocity displaced toward the outside of the bend. Marginal sliding rates are 5–22 m/year against bedrock and nil against debris. Velocity vectors diverge from the glacier center-line near the terminus, in response to surface ice loss, but converge toward it near the firn line because of channel narrowing. Plunge of the vectors gives an emergence flow component that falls short of balancing ice loss by about 1 m/year. Center-line velocities vary systematically with ice thickness and surface slope. In the upper half of the reach studied, effects of changing thickness and slope tend to compensate, and velocities are nearly constant; in the lower half, the effects are cumulative and velocities decrease progressively down-stream. Where the slope increases down-stream from 7° to 9°, reflecting a bedrock step, there is localized longitudinal extension of 0.03 year^(–1) followed by compression of 0.08 year^(–1) where the slope decreases. Marginal shear (up to 0.5 year^(–1)) is strongly asymmetric due to flow around the bend: the stress center-line, where one of the principal axes becomes longitudinal, is displaced 150 m toward the inside of the bend. This effect is prominently visible in the crevasse pattern. Ice fluxes calculated independently by “laminar” flow theory and by continuity disagree in a way which shows that internal deformation of the ice is controlled not by local surface slope but by an effective slope that is nearly constant over the reach studied.
The effect of operating conditions on theperformance of soil slurry-SBRs

Biological treatment of a silty clay loam with aged diesel fuel contamination was conducted in 8 L Soil Slurry-Sequencing Batch Reactors (SS-SBRs). The purpose was to monitor slurry conditions and evaluate reactor performance for varying solids concentration (5%, 25%, 40%, 50%), mixing speed(300 rpm, 700 rpm, 1200 rpm), retention time (8 d, 10 d, 20 d), and volume replaced per cycle (10%, 50%, 90%). Diesel fuel was measured in slurry and in filtered aqueous samples. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was monitored. Aggregate size was measured with sieve analyses. Biosurfactant production was quantified with surface tension measurements. Increasing solids concentration and decreasing mixing speed resulted in increased aggregate size, which in turn increased effluent diesel fuel concentrations. Diesel fuel removal was unaffected by retention time and volume replaced per cycle. Biosurfactant production occurred with all operating strategies. Foam thickness was related to surfactant concentration and mixing speed. OUR, surfactant concentration, and foam thickness increased with increasing diesel fuel added per cycle.
Anatomy of the Internal Iliac Vein: Implications for Uterine Transplant

Study Objective Uterine transplantation has proven feasible since the first live birth reported in 2014. To enable attachment of the uterus in the recipient, long vascular pedicles of the uterine and internal iliac vessels were obtained during donor hysterectomy, which required a prolonged laparotomy to the living donors. To assist further attempts at uterine transplantation, our video serves to review literature reports of internal iliac vein anatomy and demonstrate a laparoscopic dissection of cadaver pelvic vascular anatomy.
Is the Positive Illusory Bias Common in Young Adolescents with ADHD? A Fresh Look at Prevalence and Stability Using Latent Profile and Transition Analyses.

The goal of this study was to use novel approaches that do not require the use of arbitrary cut-points (i.e., latent profile/transition analysis) to evaluate the prevalence and stability of the positive illusory bias (PIB) in young adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Participants were 326 middle-school students diagnosed with ADHD (Mage = 12.26 years, 71% male, 77% Caucasian). The Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) was completed by participants and their parents at baseline and again 12 and 18 months later. Cross-sectional results revealed four subgroups based on SPPC responses. Only a small subset (18.4%) of youth with ADHD exhibited a global PIB, across the behavioral, scholastic, and social domains, with an additional 29% displaying a PIB in the scholastic domain only. Additionally, average parent/adolescent-rated competence within each subgroup was in line with an objective measure of scholastic competence (i.e., grades). When examined longitudinally, only a PIB in the social domain was stable across the 18-month study period and only for half of the sample. These findings suggest that the PIB is not ubiquitous in youth with ADHD, with many young adolescents rating themselves accurately relative to their parents and their grades. Further, when stability across time is considered, the PIB may be specific to social functioning, as opposed to a global, cross-domain phenomenon. Implications for the future measurement of the PIB are discussed.
The dimensional structure of psychopathology in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

Abstract Background 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is one of the strongest known genetic risk factors for developing schizophrenia. Individuals with 22q11.2DS have high rates of neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood, while in adulthood ∼25% develop schizophrenia. Similar to the general population, high rates of comorbidity are common in 22q11.2DS. Employing a dimensional approach where psychopathology is examined at the symptom-level as complementary to diagnostic categories in a population at such high genetic risk for schizophrenia can help gain a better understanding of how psychopathology is structured as well as its genetic underpinnings. This is the first study to examine the dimensional structure of a wide spectrum of psychopathology in the context of a homogeneous genetic etiology like 22q11.2DS. Methods We evaluated 331 individuals with 22q11.2DS, mean age (SD) = 16.9(8.7); 51% males, who underwent prospective comprehensive phenotyping. We sought to replicate previous findings by examining a bi-factor model that derives a general factor of psychopathology in addition to more specific dimensions of psychopathology (i.e., internalizing, externalizing and thought disorder). Results Psychopathology in 22q11.2DS was divided into one ‘general psychopathology’ factor and four specific dimensions (i.e., ‘anxiety’, ‘mood’, ‘ADHD’ and ‘psychosis’). The ‘psychosis’ symptoms loaded strongly on the ‘general psychopathology’ factor. Conclusions The similarity of the symptom structure of psychopathology between 22q11.2DS and community and clinical populations without the deletion indicate that 22q11.2DS can provide a model to explore alternative approaches to our current nosology. Our findings add to a growing literature indicating the need to reorganize current diagnostic classification systems.
The influences of an experienced instructor's discussion design and facilitation on an online learning community development: A social network analysis study

Abstract Instructors' discussion design and facilitation have critical influences on online learning community development. Emerging network analysis methods were used to examine the development of an online learning community within a graduate-level course, the variations of an experienced instructor's discussion design, and the dynamics of her discussion facilitation. Results indicated that students gradually formed an interactive online learning community. The instructor, overall, played a facilitator role in this community; yet her participatory roles varied within different discussions during different time frames. Her participatory role evolved from a guide in the first class discussion, to varying roles, i.e., a facilitator, an observer, and a collaborator within different group discussions at the middle stages of the course, and to an observer in the course's later stages. Methodological implications for using social network analysis in online learning community research, and practical implications for designing and facilitating discussions that foster online learning communities were proposed.
PyXRF: Python-based X-ray fluorescence analysis package

We developed a python-based fluorescence analysis package (PyXRF) at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) for the X-ray fluorescence-microscopy beamlines, including Hard X-ray Nanoprobe (HXN), and Submicron Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy (SRX). This package contains a high-level fitting engine, a comprehensive commandline/ GUI design, rigorous physics calculations, and a visualization interface. PyXRF offers a method of automatically finding elements, so that users do not need to spend extra time selecting elements manually. Moreover, PyXRF provides a convenient and interactive way of adjusting fitting parameters with physical constraints. This will help us perform quantitative analysis, and find an appropriate initial guess for fitting. Furthermore, we also create an advanced mode for expert users to construct their own fitting strategies with a full control of each fitting parameter. PyXRF runs single-pixel fitting at a fast speed, which opens up the possibilities of viewing the results of fitting in real time during experiments. A convenient I/O interface was designed to obtain data directly from NSLS-II’s experimental database. PyXRF is under open-source development and designed to be an integral part of NSLS-II’s scientific computation library.