cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orexin/Hypocretin Modulates Response of Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neurons to Prefrontal Activation: Diurnal Influences

Recent studies show that glutamate and orexin (ORX, also known as hypocretin) inputs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) cell region are essential for conditioned behavioral responses to reward-associated stimuli. In vitro experiments showed that ORX inputs to VTA potentiate responses of DA neurons to glutamate inputs, but it has remained unclear which glutamate inputs are modulated by ORX. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a good candidate, given its role in processing complex stimulus-response information and its reciprocal connections with VTA DA neurons. Here we used in vivo recordings in anesthetized rats to investigate the responses of VTA DA neurons to mPFC stimulation, and how these responses are modulated by ORX. We demonstrate that mPFC stimulation evokes short- and long-latency excitation and inhibition in DA neurons. Maximal short-latency excitatory responses originated from stimulation sites in ventral prelimbic/infralimbic cortex, and were significantly more frequent during the active than during the rest period of the diurnal cycle. Application of ORX onto VTA DA neurons increased baseline activity and augmented or revealed excitatory responses to mPFC stimulation independent of changes in baseline activity, and without consistently affecting inhibitory responses. Moreover, orexin-1 receptor antagonism decreased tonic DA cell activity in active- but not rest-period animals, confirming a diurnal influence of ORX. These results indicate that ORX potently influences DA neuron activity, in part by modulating responses to mPFC inputs. By regulating prefrontal control of DA release, ORX projections to VTA may shape motivated behaviors in response to conditioned stimuli.
Myocardial protection during ischemia by prior feeding with the creatine analog: cyclocreatine.

Abstract The ability of 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine), a synthetic creatine analog, to protect myocardium during global ischemia was assessed in isovolumic rat hearts using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Wistar rats were fed a 1 % cyclocreatine diet. After 2 weeks, cyclocreatine-fed (n = 8) and control (n = 7) rats were anesthetized, the heart was excised and retrograde perfusion was begun at 10 ml/min per g with 37°C, phosphate-free buffer containing glucose and oxygen. Hemodynamic and spectroscopic data were obtained during baseline, ischemia and recovery periods (each 24 min). During ischemia, the heart of control rats developed a rigor-like increase in tonic pressure (ischemic contracture) not seen in the heart of cyclocreatine-fed rats (22 versus 1 mm Hg, p Prior feeding with cyclocreatine preserves myocardial adenosine triphosphate during ischemia, delays the development of acidosis and ischemic contracture and improves recovery of mechanical function on reperfusion.
Oblivious routing with limited buffer capacity

Abstract The problem of oblivious routing in fixed connection networks with a limited amount of space available to buffer packets is studied. We show that for an n processor network with a constant number of connections and a constant number of buffers any deterministic pure source-oblivious strategy realizing all partial permutations requires Ω( n ) time. The consequence of this result for well-known networks is discussed.
Escapism and luck

I argue that the problem of religious luck posed by Zagzebski poses a problem for the theory of hell proposed by Buckareff and Plug, according to which God adopts an open-door policy toward those in hell. Though escapism is not open to many of the criticisms Zagzebski raises against potential solutions to the problem of luck, escapism fails to solve the problem: it merely pushes luck forward into the afterlife. I suggest a hybrid solution to the problem which combines escapism and the claim that God gives enough grace to those in hell to cancel out any bad moral luck.
Utilizing occupational complexity levels in vocational interest assessments: Assessing interests for STEM areas.

Abstract With an aim to improve vocational interest assessments geared toward the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) areas, we developed a new assessment by incorporating occupational complexity levels. Occupations which correspond to Holland's realistic and investigative themes were identified together with their complexity levels using the information in the Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes. How the required skills, abilities, and work activities differ in occupations with different complexity levels was identified using the Occupational Information Network. Two studies ( N = 691 total) were conducted to assess reliability and validity of a measure of STEM Interest Complexity assessing the level of interests for STEM, which was developed based on the information obtained from these occupation databases. Construct validity was demonstrated with factor analyses and based on associations with traditional interest assessments, cognitive abilities, and theoretically-related constructs. Concurrent criterion-related validity was demonstrated based on associations with attachment to STEM, intentions to persist in and further pursue a STEM field, intentions to choose a complex occupation, college major satisfaction, and STEM-related GPA. Dominance analyses indicated that the relative contribution of the STEM Interest Complexity measure exceeded that of traditional interest assessments in the prediction of criteria. The usefulness of integrating a dimension of level and consulting occupation information databases in developing vocational interest assessments are discussed.
Current controversies in Niemann-Pick C1 disease: steroids or gangliosides; neurons or neurons and glia.

There has been a recent explosion in research on Niemann–Pick type C disease. Much of the work has used mouse models or cells in culture to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in the phenotype of the disease. This work has generated several contrasting views on the mechanism, which are labeled ‘controversies’ here. In this review, two of these controversies are explored. The first concerns which stored materials are causative in the disease: cholesterol, gangliosides and sphingolipids, or something else? The second concerns which cells in the body require Npc1 in order to function properly: somatic cells, neurons only, or neurons and glia? For the first controversy, a clear answer has emerged. More research will be needed in order to definitively solve the second controversy.
Improving Achievement for Linguistically and Culturally Diverse Learners through an Inquiry-Based Earth Systems Curriculum.

This report describes an inquiry-based Earth systems curriculum and strategies for teaching diverse students, which were embedded in the curriculum. The curriculum was implemented with 5th-grade students with varied linguistic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds in five schools in a large, southeastern U.S., urban school district. At the end of the school year, all schools showed statistically significant improvement on two assessments: (1) an Earth systems unit test and (2) a sample of National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) items. Students’ perspectives regarding the cognitive and affective domains of the curriculum are discussed as are implications of the findings and recommendations for future research.
Transient Intermediates in Enzymology, 1964–2008

I was born to John and Inez Frey in Plain City, Ohio, on November 14, 1935, and I received primary and secondary education in the local public schools. My father worked in seasonally complementary trades as a sheep shearer and painting contractor. He hired me in the contracting business during school breaks through junior and senior high school and college. He instilled in me the values of hard work and uncompromising honesty, which have served me well. My mother managed the local office of the General Telephone Company. I have been happily married to Carolyn Scott Frey since 1961. We have two daughters, Suzanne and Cynthia, and three granddaughters, Samantha, Carrie, and Bonnie. I served in the United States Army (1954–1956), and I was educated in chemistry at The Ohio State University (B.S., 1959). I was a chemist in the United States Public Health Service in 1960–1963. I did graduate work at the University of Cincinnati Evening College until 1964 and then at the University of Michigan and Brandeis University. I received my Ph.D. degree in biochemistry from Brandeis University under Robert H. Abeles in 1968. I was a postdoctoral fellow in chemistry at Harvard University under Frank H. Westheimer in 1968. Professor Abeles inspired me to become a biological chemist; he and Professor Westheimer trained me to address significant problems by critical and imaginative methods. I established my research program at The Ohio State University in 1969 as an assistant professor of chemistry and progressed to professor of chemistry in 1979. In 1981, I moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison as a professor of biochemistry and the Institute for Enzyme Research. I retired in 2008.
Needs assessment survey of psychocutaneous medicine.

Background Psychocutaneous medicine studies the boundaries between skin and mind, and takes the unique approach of examining the patients in their biopsychosocial context. It can help patients with chronic skin problems cope with anxiety and the social stigma of their disease. Decreased psychologic stress can contribute to better treatment outcomes and be an important key to patient care1. In addition, some primary psychiatric disorders may be expressed in the skin, such as delusions of parasitosis. A psychocutaneous specialist is well placed to treat these disorders. Methods To assess the need for psychocutaneous medicine in dermatology, eighty-five attendees of the Wisconsin Dermatological Society (WDS) meeting were asked to complete a needs assessment survey. Results Forty-two percent of respondents felt that 30% of their patients would benefit from psychiatric interventions. In addition, 43% of respondents did not routinely inquire about mental health issues. When they did recognize psychiatric needs in a patient, 83% of responders did not feel comfortable prescribing psychotropic medications. Conclusion Our data showed that about one-half of the members of WDS attending the meeting believed that a high percentage of their patients would benefit from psychocutaneous intervention. Moreover, it was found that the training during medical school and dermatology residency was insufficient for professionals to confidently prescribe psychotropic medications. Considering the fact that studies have shown psychiatric comorbidity in 30% of dermatologic diseases2,3, and that many of the respondents who felt that their patients would not benefit from psychocutaneous intervention did not inquire about psychologic effects of skin disease in their patients, we conclude that psychocutaneous medicine is an under-recognized field in dermatology. Further evaluation of the demand for psychocutaneous clinics and their integration into daily dermatologic practices and residency training programs is needed.
Whole-Brain Morphometric Study of Schizophrenia Revealing a Spatially Complex Set of Focal Abnormalities

Context Neuroanatomic abnormalities in schizophrenia may underlie behavioral manifestations. Characterization of such abnormalities is required for interpreting functional data. Frontotemporal abnormalities have been documented by using predetermined region-of-interest approaches, but deformation-based morphometry permits examination of the entire brain. Objectives To perform whole-brain analyses of structural differences between patients with schizophrenia and controls, to examine sex and medication effects, and to apply a high-dimensional nonlinear pattern classification technique to quantify the degree of separation between patients and controls, thereby testing the potential of this new technique as an aid to diagnostic procedures. Design Whole-brain morphologic analysis using high-dimensional shape transformations. Setting Schizophrenia Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center. Participants Neuroleptic-naive and previously treated patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia (n = 69) and sociodemographically matched controls (n = 79). Main Outcome Measures Gray matter, white matter, and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid volumes in the brain. Results Magnetic resonance images showed reduced gray matter and increased ventricular cerebrospinal fluid volumes in patients with schizophrenia in the whole brain and in specific foci: the hippocampus and adjacent white matter, the cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex, the frontotemporal and parietotemporal areas, and the occipital areas near the lingual gyrus. The classifier had a mean classification accuracy of 81.1% for men and women combined (82% for women and 85% for men, when each group was treated separately), determined via cross-validation. Conclusions This study confirms previous findings of reduced frontotemporal volumes and suggests new hypotheses, especially involving occipital association and speech production areas. It also suggests finer localization of volume reduction in the hippocampus and other limbic structures and in the frontal lobe. Pattern classification showed high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of schizophrenia, suggesting the potential utility of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic aid.
Development of natural conditions in constructed wetlands: Biological and chemical changes

Abstract The main objectives of this study were to determine the biogeochemical changes taking place in wetlands constructed on coal mine spoil, and to determine the rate at which these constructed wetlands would develop the ecological characteristics of natural wetlands. In 1992 a multicell wetland was constructed. The cells were lined with two coal mine spoil types and one topsoil. In 1993, the cells were planted with cattail ( Typha latifolia ), maidencane ( Panicum hemitomon ), pickerelweed ( Pontederia lanceolota ), and soft stem bulrush ( Scirpus validus ). Pickerelweed spread most rapidly followed by maidencane and bulrush. Cattail did not establish uniformly but spread in an irregular manner. There was no difference in plant establishment between the topsoil or the two mine spoils. The pH of the most acidic spoil increased by more than one unit after flooding. Organic matter content fluctuated in all three substrates from year to year. The concentration of the nutrient and metal elements increased after flooding. Extractable Al, Fe, and Mn increased more than other elements. The data presented here indicate that, except for organic matter accumulation, these constructed wetlands have taken on the botanical and biogeochemical characteristics of natural wetlands within 3–4 years.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae) wildflowers

Members of the Ipomopsis aggregata species complex in the phlox family (Polemoniaceae) often hybridize when they occur in sympatry, and thus have been extensively studied to examine processes involved in plant speciation. I developed 12 microsatellite loci in I. aggregata that are also polymorphic in closely related Ipomopsis tenuituba, producing an average of eight alleles per locus in test populations of 12 individuals per species. Several of these markers also successfully amplified in other Ipomopsis species and more distant members of the Polemoniaceae, suggesting they should prove useful for a broad range of evolutionary studies in this widely distributed system.
Toward a Triangular Theory of the Communication and Relationships of In-Laws: Theoretical Proposal and Social Relations Analysis of Relational Satisfaction and Private Disclosure in In-Law Triads

This paper proposes a Triangular Theory of the Communication and Relationships of In-laws, drawing upon theory related to triadic relationships and research on family interaction, communication, and in-law relationships. A Social Relations Model was used in an initial test of the theoretical propositions. Ninety-eight triads composed of a newlywed couple and a parent of one spouse participated in a study measuring each triad member's relational satisfaction with the other two members, as well as disclosure from the parent (and other family members) to the child-in-law. Results provided partial support for the theory. The unique dyadic relationship explained less variance in satisfaction for the in-law dyad than for the marital and familial dyads. Dyadic reciprocity of satisfaction was greater for the marital than the familial dyad. Finally, disclosure of family information to the child-in-law had complex relationships with satisfaction within the triad.
A Constructivist Learning Approach to Income Inequality, Poverty and the “American Dream”

In the constructivist approach to economic education, an understanding of economic reality is built on the student’s own economic experiences. The process results in active and engaged learning. This paper reports on in-class experiments aimed at developing a learning module focused on income inequality and poverty. How much income is required to maintain a modest, middle income, poverty line or “American Dream” living standard?
Ordinary and Generalized Bethe-Salpeter Equations in the Unequal-Mass Case

The Bethe-Salpeter equation in the unequal-mass case is investigated in the Wick-Cutkosky model. It is emphasized that there are several qualitative differences between the equal-mass case and the unequal-mass case. The normalization properties of Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes are analyzed in detail. It is pointed out that the scattering Green's function has multiple poles at the energy which equals the mass difference of the two particles. The corresponding generalized Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes are discussed in connection with the ordinary ones.
Real-time decision making for high-throughput screening applications

ABSTRACT An overlooked need of High-Throughput-Screening (HTS) technologies is the ability to rapidly classify incoming eventsin real-time. Proper real-time classification of events frequently requires more than simple threshold, or even multiple-threshold, gating logic. Usually for HTS the desired event is ultra-rare and requires more complex decision-making thansimple gating on raw parameters. Otherwise, the number of false-positives can lead to unacceptable results. Similarly, thenumber of false-negatives can lead to unacceptable loss of ultra-rare events. Storage of all data for off-line analyses can leadto requirements for huge off-line storage capabilities with the need to still "replay" all ofthe data.A better approach is a real-time, multiqueuing, multistage decision-making process that keeps up with the incoming datastream and stores only data of probable interest. A multistage classification system permits faster simpler decisions in earlystages leaving more time for more sophisticated decision-making at later stages when the remaining event data stream rate ismuch slower. Complex linear and nonlinear mathematical and multivariate statistical classifier systems can be implementedin real-time using linked lookup tables operating at memory speeds. Overall event classifications rates in excess of 100,000events per second can be achieved for HTS ofbillions oftotal events.
Isolated distal radial metaphyseal fractures with an intact ulna: risk factors for loss of reduction

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for loss of reduction in patients with an isolated distal radius fracture and intact ulna.
Subsets of ambulatory myocardial ischemia based on heart rate activity. Circadian distribution and response to anti-ischemic medication. The Angina and Silent Ischemia Study Group (ASIS)

BACKGROUNDIdentification of whether episodes of ambulatory ischemia are caused by increases in myocardial oxygen demand or to episodic coronary vasoconstriction in patients with stable coronary disease may be important to guide selection of optimal anti-ischemic therapy and to gain insight into mechanisms responsible for adverse cardiac events.METHODS AND RESULTSMean minute heart rate activity during ambulatory ECG (AECG) monitoring was determined for 50 patients treated with propranolol, diltiazem, nifedipine, or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Periods of heart rate increases of various magnitudes and durations and starting at various baseline heart rates on each therapy were identified throughout each 48-hour AECG recording, and the proportion of these periods associated with an ischemic episode was determined. The circadian variation of ischemic episodes categorized by the presence or absence of an increase in heart rate was analyzed. Eighty-one percent of ischemic episodes were...
Fontaine rings and local cohomology

Abstract We use a construction due to Fontaine to construct rings with almost vanishing local cohomology from rings of mixed characteristic and discuss the question of using this method to construct almost Cohen–Macaulay algebras over the original ring. We also show that the existence of almost Cohen–Macaulay algebras implies the Monomial Conjecture and give an example to show how this procedure can be carried out in a nontrivial case.
The route less taken: pulmonary models of enteric Gram‐negative infection

Many pathogens are capable of causing a fulminant infection in pulmonary tissues of mammals. Animal models have provided an extensive understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis as well as host immune response in the lungs. Many clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria are host-restricted. Thus, the powerful, informative tools of mouse models are not available for study with these organisms. However, over the past 30 years, enterprising work has demonstrated the utility of pulmonary infection with enteric pathogens. Such infection models have increased our understanding host-pathogen interactions in these organisms. Here, we provide a review and comparison of lung models of infection with enteric, Gram-negative bacteria relative to naturally occurring lung pathogens.
Randomized clinical trial of behavioral and nutrition treatment to improve energy intake and growth in toddlers and preschoolers with cystic fibrosis.

Objective. To conduct a randomized clinical trial comparing a behavioral and nutrition intervention (BEH) with a usual care control condition (CTL) for children (ages 18 months to 4 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency. This trial was designed to (1) evaluate a randomized comparison of BEH with CTL over 8 weeks, (2) provide a replication of the impact of BEH by inviting the CTL group to receive BEH after 8 weeks, and (3) examine the maintenance of BEH at 3- and 12-month follow-up. Methods. Of 14 eligible children, 10 were randomly assigned and initiated treatment (71% recruitment rate). Four participants were randomly assigned to BEH, and 6 were assigned to CTL (5 of whom chose to crossover to BEH). BEH included nutrition counseling to increase energy intake (via types of foods and addables/spreadables) and child behavioral management training to teach parents differential attention and contingency management skills. CTL was consistent with the 2002 CF Foundation Consensus Conference Guidelines for nutritional care. Results. BEH led to greater increases in energy intake pre- to posttreatment than CTL as measured by calories per day (842 kcal/day vs −131 kcal/day change). On receiving BEH, the change in energy intake was replicated with the CTL group (892 kcal/day change). At 3- and 12-month follow-up, energy intake was maintained (672 kcal/day increase from baseline and 750 kcal/day increase from baseline, respectively). Children in this study met or exceeded normal weight and height velocities from pretreatment to the 3-month follow-up (mean weight: 1.4 kg/6 months; mean height: 5.1 cm/6 months) and from posttreatment to the 12-month follow-up (mean weight: 2.5 kg/12 months; mean height: 8.3 cm/12 months). Conclusions. Toddlers and preschoolers who have CF and received BEH were able to meet the energy intake recommendations for this disease and maintain these gains up to 12 months after treatment. In addition, these children demonstrated weight and height velocities from pretreatment to 12-month follow-up, consistent with the goal of normal growth. BEH is a promising, evidence-based, early nutritional intervention for children with CF. An upcoming multisite clinical trial will test BEH versus an attention control condition using a larger sample ( N = 100), providing additional evidence about the efficacy of this treatment for energy intake and growth in young children with CF.
N = 2 no-scale supergravity

N = 2 extended supergravity is discussed and an assessment is made of the problems encountered in applying it to the construction of phenomenological models of particle physics. A specific class of so-called no-scale models is discussed, in which the two supersymmetries are spontaneously broken in flat space-time, with naturally vanishing cosmological constant and the scale of supersymmetry breaking undetermined at the classical level. Supergravity-induced supersymmetry breaking generates effective mass terms for spin-12 components of the vector gauge multiplets and spin-0 components of the scalar matter multiplets. For finite globally supersymmetric models, this supersymmetry breaking preserves the finiteness. Possible connections of N = 2 no-scale supergravity with superstrings and finite range antigravity are mentioned.
Leading Men to Violence and Creating Spaces for their Emotions

With this paper, I advocate an approach to violence in film that elaborates what Gilles Deleuze calls ‘preverbal intelligible content’. I focus on leading men and cinematic contrivances between emotions and violence with intent, ultimately, on saying something about how masculinities are differentiated spatially. I argue that masculinity is far from unassailable and I use filmic manifestations of leading men's emotions and violence to explore the contestable boundaries of that manliness. To demonstrate differentiated affective spaces, I use three movies that cast leading men in violent roles—Braveheart (1995), Pulp Fiction (1994) and Mystic River (2003)—as a foil against which larger theoretical issues find form. This offers insight into how spatiality and difference are inherent parts of film viewing, and how repetition invites multiple angles for engaging masculinities. Guiando los hombres a violencia y creando espacios para sus emociones Con este articulo, propongo un enfoque en la violencia en el cine...
An experimental analysis of generalization in assertive training

Abstract Unassertive psychiatric patients matched on age, diagnosis, and self-reported assertiveness were assigned to one of five conditions, with 10 subjects in each group: Test-Retest, Practice-Control, Practice-Control with Generalization Instructions, Modeling and Instructions, Modeling and Instructions with Generalization Instructions. All subjects were videotaped (Pre- and Post-Test) while responding to ten interpersonal situations requiring assertive responses. Following the Pre-test, subjects in the experimental groups received training on five of the ten situations (training scenes). On the remaining five situations subjects received no training (generalization scenes). Results indicated that the Modeling and Instructions groups effected the greatest changes on seven of the eight components for the training scenes but on only five of the eight components for the generalization scenes. No differences were found between either of the two Practice-Control groups and the the Test-Retest group. Although transfer of training effects were obtained on the generalization scenes, these effects were minimal on an independent in vivo test of generalization. Moreover, an instructional set designed to facilitate generalization to different situations was only partially effective.
Crystal structures of the DNA-binding domain of Escherichia coli proline utilization A flavoprotein and analysis of the role of Lys9 in DNA recognition

PutA (proline utilization A) from Escherichia coli is a 1320-amino-acid residue protein that is both a bifunctional proline catabolic enzyme and an autogenous transcriptional repressor. Here, we report the first crystal structure of a PutA DNA-binding domain along with functional analysis of a mutant PutA defective in DNA binding. Crystals were grown using a polypeptide corresponding to residues 1–52 of E. coli PutA (PutA52). The 2.1 A resolution structure of PutA52 mutant Lys9Met was determined using Se-Met MAD phasing, and the structure of native PutA52 was solved at 1.9 A resolution using molecular replacement. Residues 3–46 form a ribbon–helix–helix (RHH) substructure, thus establishing PutA as the largest protein to contain an RHH domain. The PutA RHH domain forms the intertwined dimer with tightly packed hydrophobic core that is characteristic of the RHH family. The structures were used to examine the three-dimensional context of residues conserved in PutA RHH domains. Homology modeling suggests that Lys9 and Thr5 contact DNA bases through the major groove, while Arg15, Thr28, and His30 may interact with the phosphate backbone. Lys9 is shown to be essential for specific recognition of put control DNA using gel shift analysis of the Lys9Met mutant of full-length PutA. Lys9 is disordered in the PutA52 structure, which implies an induced-fit binding mechanism in which the side chain of Lys9 becomes ordered through interaction with DNA. These results provide new insights into the structural basis of DNA recognition by PutA and reveal three-dimensional structural details of the PutA dimer interface.
Using information technology and community-based research to improve the dental health-care system.

It is commonly acknowledged that the United States’ health-care system produces some of the finest care in the world for some people but fails to meet the needs of others. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued six aims for a redesigned health-care system, that it be: safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable. The purpose of this paper is to use an ongoing community-based study to illustrate current problems in the provision of oral health services that could be addressed through information technology. Appropriate use of information technology can assist dental schools and clinics in community-based clinical outcomes research needed to assemble the evidence base for improving oral health care. This conference serves as an important steppingstone to establish a means for information technology to improve the community’s oral health.
Dose Rate Effects in Linear Bipolar Transistors

Dose rate effects are examined in linear bipolar transistors at high and low dose rates. At high dose rates, approximately 50% of the damage anneals at room temperature, even though these devices exhibit enhanced damage at low dose rate. The unexpected recovery of a significant fraction of the damage after tests at high dose rate requires changes in existing test standards. Tests at low temperature with a one-second radiation pulse width show that damage continues to increase for more than 3000 seconds afterward, consistent with predictions of the CTRW model for oxides with a thickness of 700 nm, the thickness of the oxide over the emitter-base junction of pnp transistors in this process.
Probe dependence of correlation times in heme-free extrinsically labeled human hemoglobin.

Abstract Human heme-free hemoglobin was labeled at β93 with either N-iodoacetylaminoethyl-5-naphthalene-1-sulfonate (AEDANS) or fluoresceiniodoacetamide (FIA), at β1 with pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) and at the heme pocket with anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS). The correlation times associated with these probes ranged from approximately 12 ns for FIA and AEDANS to nearly 20 ns for ANS and PLP. This indicates the presence of internal flexibility in apohemoglobin with librational motions dominated by the mobilities of the monomeric subunits and of the entire dimeric molecules, variously weighted by the different probes. It was not possible to detect motions characterized by correlation times of about 5 ns such as were present in AEDANS-labeled oxyhemoglobin.
Mitochondrial NADH oxidase activity of adult Hymenolepis diminuta (cestoda)

1. Mitochondria from adult Hymenolepis diminuta displayed a membrane-associated, rotenone-sensitive NADH oxidase and NADH-dependent fumarate reductase system. 2. Both the H. diminuta oxidase and fumarate reductase were relatively insensitive to antimycin A. potassium cyanide and sodium azide, at concentrations which significantly inhibited the NADH oxidase system of rat liver. 3. Malonate effectively depressed the mitochondrial NADH oxidase activity of both H. diminuta and adult Ascaris suum (Nematoda). 4. An involvement of Mn2+ ion, in NADH utilization by the H. diminuta oxidase, was apparent. 5. The utilization of NAD(P)H by H. diminuta, mitochondrial membranes resulted in hydrogen peroxide formation. Succinate utilization also resulted in peroxide accumulation but at a much slower rate than that found for NAD(P)H.
Progress in development of a Navier-Stokes solver for evaluation of iced airfoil performance

A method is being developed for evaluation of the flow field behavior about an airfoil with significant ice accretion on the leading edge. The computer code, being evaluated for this purpose, solves the Navier-Stokes equations in a body-fitted curvilinear coordinate system. This requires the use of a grid generation code to transform the x-y coordinates of the physical space into xi-eta coordinates of the computational space. Evaluation of the suitability of these two codes for predicting iced airfoil performance is presently being carried out in anticipation of use in an overall icing analysis effort. Results of this evaluation to date indicate good correlation with known information on clean airfoils. Preliminary results for rime and glaze, iced airfoil shapes are also presented.
The chromosomal constitution of wine strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A general procedure is described for determining the chromosomal constitution of industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on analysis of segregation frequencies for input markers among random spore progeny of industrial-laboratory strain hybrids. The multiply auxotrophic haploid testers used carried a dominant erythromycin-resistance marker, allowing hybrids to be selected in mass matings with spores produced by the wild-type industrial strains. Analysis of a number of independent crosses between the haploid testers and an unselected population of spores of each wine strain distinguished between disomic, trisomic and tetrasomic chromosomal complements in the parents. Possible explanations for a significant class of aberrant segregation frequencies are discussed. Results of the analysis indicate that UCD Enology 522 (Montrachet) is diploid and possibly trisomic for chromosome VII; 522X is diploid; UCD Enology 505 (California Champagne) is disomic for chromosome XVI, trisomic for chromosomes I, II, III, VI, VIII, IX, X, XII, XV, tetrasomic for chromosomes IV, XI, XIII, XIV and either trisomic or tetrasomic for chromosomes V and VII; and that UCD Enology 595 (Pasteur Champagne) is disomic for chromosomes I, II, III, IX, XVI, trisomic for chromosomes IV, VI, X, XII, XIV, XV, tetrasomic for chromosomes V, VIII, XI, XIII and either disomic or tetrasomic for chromosome VII.
Toluene Solubility in Water and Organic Partitioning from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel into Water at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures

A simple and reliable system for determining the solubility and partitioning behavior of liquid fuel components in liquid water up to 250 °C has been developed. The system shows good agreement with literature values at ambient temperature for the solubility of toluene and for fuel/water partitioning coefficients (Kfw). Toluene solubility increased ∼23-fold by raising the temperature from ambient to 200 °C but was not affected at ambient temperature by changing the pressure from 1 to 50 bar. The increases in partitioning of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and naphthalene from gasoline into liquid water with increasing temperature ranged from 10-fold for benzene to 60-fold for naphthalene when the temperature was raised from ambient to 200 °C. Similarly, the increases in partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel fuel into liquid water ranged from ∼130-fold for naphthalene to 470-fold for methylnaphthalene when the temperature was raised from ambient to 250 °C. The effect of tempe...
A Review of: “Marc Sageman. Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century.”

Since the tragedy of 9/11, the anti-terrorism industry has exploded. Academic and journalistic publications have flooded the market. Amongst the many sensationalist approaches, there have only been...
Do we know enough about controlling sediment to mitigate damage to stream ecosystems

Stream and river ecosystems have suffered extensive degradation, and billions are expended annually on restoration efforts. However, few of these projects are monitored, and restoration effectiveness is often unknown. Consequently, there is a poor scientific foundation for restoration designs. Since many stream restoration efforts are at least partially targeted at controlling erosion of channel banks and beds, the effects of a large-scale, long-term stream erosion control effort in six Mississippi watersheds was assessed using 10–16 years of suspended sediment and water discharge records. Flow-adjusted suspended sediment concentrations showed no trends in five of the watersheds and a slight downward trend in one watershed, which was treated with small reservoirs as well as bed and bank erosion protection. Results indicate the inability of orthodox stream management structures (weirs and bank protection) to reduce watershed sediment yield and the need for a stronger scientific basis for stream restoration. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Analysis of changes in minimal and maximal fluorescence yields with irradiance and O2 level in tobacco leaf tissue

The responses of minimal and maximal fluorescence yields of chlorophyll a to irradiance of actinic white light were determined by pulse modulated fluorimetry in leaf discs from tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, at 1.6, 20.5, and 42.0% (v/v) O2. Steady-state maximal fluorescence yield (Fm′, measured during a saturating light pulse) declined with increasing irradiance at all O2 levels. In contrast, the steady-state minimal fluorescence yield (Fo′, measured during a brief dark interval) increased with irradiance relative to that recorded for the fully dark-adapted leaf (Fo) or that observed after 5 minutes of darkness (Fo*). The relative magnitude of this increase was somewhat greater and extended to higher irradiances at the elevated O2 levels compared with 1.6% O2. Suppression of Fo′ was only observed consistently at saturating irradiance. The results are interpreted in terms of the occurrence of photosystem II units possessing exceedingly slow turnover times (i.e. “inactive” units). Inactive units play an important role, along with thermal deactivation of excited chlorophyll, in determining the response of in vivo fluorescence yield to changes in irradiance. Also, a significant interactive effect of O2 concentration and the presence or absence of far red light on oxidation of photosystem II acceptors in the dark was noted.
Lie Groups II: Differential-Geometric Properties

This chapter discusses how a natural extension of the concept of directional derivatives in Rn can be defined for functions on Lie groups. This “Lie derivative” is closely related to the differential geometric properties of the group. Functions on a Lie group can be expanded in a Taylor series using Lie derivatives. Explicit expressions for these Lie derivatives in a particular parametrization can be easily obtained for Lie groups using the appropriate concept of a Jacobian matrix as defined in the previous chapter.
Satellite laser ranging using pseudonoise code modulated laser diodes

Techniques for satellite laser ranging have historically employed high-energy pulsed lasers as the optical transmitter. The output power currently available from laser diodes and laser diode arrays makes them a viable alternative to the pulsed laser for ranging applications. We examine the modulation of a laser diode by a pseudonoise code which produces a cw ranging signal with equivalent average power to that of current pulsed systems. A maximum-likelihood receiver for estimating signal arrival time using ideal rectangular pulses is shown to be a correlation receiver. A Cramer-Rao bound on the range error is derived for a ranging system with Gaussian code pulses and a correlation receiver. Ranging performance is evaluated for a single cube-corner retroreflector and a tilted flat diffuse target. It is shown that range accuracy of the order of 1 cm is feasible.
Characterization of a whole body imaging technique for PET

An investigation of rapid whole-body PET (positron emission tomography) scanning was performed with a view towards its eventual use in screening for metastatic lesions with /sup 18/F-fluoride ion or /sup 18/F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Longitudinal images of the body were formed using three techniques. Simple 2-D projection images were formed by resorting the sinogram data. The images were created for a set of angles covering a full 180 degrees to facilitate viewing in a cine format. The effects of summing over a number of angles per view and filtering to reduce noise were investigated. Limited-angle backprojection images were formed using a small range of angles and no reconstruction filter. The resulting volume was then sliced coronally to give planar images as a function of depth. Coronal images were also obtained after reconstruction with a standard filtered backprojection technique, but with no attenuation correction. All three processes provided surprisingly good images of diagnostic quality, which were obtainable in practical scan times. >
Reconfigurable control of a free-flying space robot using neural networks

An experimental demonstration of a new, reconfigurable neural-network-based adaptive control system is presented. The system under control is a laboratory model of a free-flying space robot whose position and attitude are controlled using eight on-off air thrusters. The neural-network controller adapts in real-time to account for multiple destabilizing thruster failures. The adaptive control system is similar in structure to a conventional indirect adaptive control system. While a system identification process builds a model of the robot, a neural controller is trained concurrently using backpropagation to optimize performance using this model. The active controller is updated every few seconds, yielding quick adaptation. Stability is restored within 4 seconds, system identification is complete within 48 seconds, and near-optimal performance is achieved within 2 minutes.
Rapid 3D Extrusion of Synthetic Tumor Microenvironments

The spatial positioning of 3D tumor-mimetic microenvironments, containing multiple cell types, is controlled with a simple concentric flow device in a single step. A range of geometric architectures are demonstrated, and the migration of segregated tumor cells and macrophages is explored using drugs that inhibit heterotypic interactions.
“I Don't Want to Pay for What I Don't Watch”: The Cultural Politics of à la Carte Cable Television and the Cultural Life of Communication Policy

This article explores the recent campaign for a la carte delivery of cable channels on U.S. television. Although the campaign presented “channel choice” as a commonsense economic right, I read policy arguments as a scene of struggle among normative and formative discourses about the viewer. Rather than offering a simple economic freedom, the campaign implicates the viewer and the system of television within a specific cultural politics. I try to synthesize a theoretical and methodological framework for recovering a “cultural life” of communication policy making. Following Foucauldian cultural policy studies and actor-network theory, I emphasize the symbolic, performative, and processual dimensions of media regulation as well as the contingency of the viewer's political and economic identity within regulated media systems.
Organoboranes: LI. Convenient procedures for the recovery of pinanediol in asymmetric synthesis via one-carbon homologation of boronic esters☆

Abstract Matteson's asymmetric synthesis via a one-carbon homologation of the pinanediol boronic esters with (dichloromethyl)lithium at −100°C results in the insertion of a chloromethyl group into the carboncarbon bond with > 99% diastereoselectivity. This procedure makes possible the asymmetric synthesis of the chiral moiety, RR′CH ★ B(OR″) 2 , providing an alternative route to chiral hydroboration for these valuable chiral intermediates. Unfortunately, this method suffers from the remarkable difficulty encountered in the recovery of the pinanediol chiral auxiliary, making this asymmetric synthesis impractical. Fortunately, a systematic study of the problem has uncovered convenient procedures for the recovery of pinanediol from pinanediol boronate esters.
Image feature analysis and computer-aided diagnosis in digital radiography: Automated analysis of sizes of heart and lung in chest images

We are developing an automated method for determining a number of parameters related to the size and shape of the heart and of the lungs in chest radiographs. In order to obtain standard patterns of the cardiac shadow as "gold standards," four radiologists traced their best estimates of the entire contour of the heart, including the largely invisible inferior margin, on 11 radiographs. These contours were analyzed by Fourier transform, and the results were used as a guide to obtain a shift-variant cosine function which was applied to the prediction of the cardiac contour by fitting a limited number of detected heart boundary points. These points were obtained from analysis of edge gradients in two orthogonal directions. A simple observer study indicated that the contours of the heart shadows computed for 60 chest radiographs were generally acceptable to radiologists for estimation of the size and area of the projected heart. We also detected the rib cage and the edges of the diaphragm, which enabled us to determine the projected thoracic area. From these results, we calculated the cardiothoracic ratio and other parameters, such as the ratio of the projected heart area to the projected thoracic area.
Private Security Companies and the Laws of War

The use of contractors employed by private security companies (PSCs) has exploded in recent years, outpacing efforts to assess the consequences of increased reliance on PSCs for international humanitarian law (IHL). This matters both for the states that hire these companies and for the employees of PSCs on or near battlefields. This article examines the legal status of PSCs under the existing IHL framework, focusing on activities where PSC employees carry weapons and how the presence of PSCs in asymmetric conflicts increases the challenge of determining what actions are appropriate within the laws of war. In most cases, PSC employees cannot be accorded combatant status under IHL. However, the actions of private contractors may put their protection as civilians under IHL at risk, and this is particularly true in asymmetric conflicts. I argue that changing the status of PSCs on the battlefield under IHL to take into account the tasks they are performing is not the answer. Rather, bearing IHL in mind, states need to rethink the tasks that PSCs conduct on their behalf, even if this means reducing reliance on PSCs or limiting state military activities. Notably, the USA should re-evaluate its reliance on PSCs to conduct tasks in situations where PSC employees are likely to be pulled into hostilities.