cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA damaging agent-induced autophagy produces a cytoprotective adenosine triphosphate surge in malignant glioma cells

Although autophagy enhances cell survival in nutrient-deprived cells by increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, it remains unclear if autophagy functions similarly in cells treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy agents. To address this issue, we measured both the ability of DNA damaging agents (Temozolomide, and Etoposide) to induce an autophagy-dependent production of ATP, and the effects of modulation of autophagy on drug-induced cell death. Both drugs induced an autophagy-associated increase in ATP production in multiple glioma cell lines. The drug-induced ATP surge could not be blocked by glucose starvation, but could be blocked by preincubation with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an siRNA targeting beclin 1, or the mitochondrial inhibitor oligomycin. Inhibition of autophagy-induced ATP production increased non-apoptotic cell death associated with micronucleation, while restoration of the 3-MA-inhibited ATP surge by addition of pyruvate suppressed cell death. These results show that DNA damaging agents induce an autophagy-associated ATP surge that protects cells and may contribute to drug resistance.
Sample Size for Logistic Regression with Small Response Probability

Abstract The Fisher information matrix for the estimated parameters in a multiple logistic regression can be approximated by the augmented Hessian matrix of the moment-generating function for the covariates. The approximation is valid when the probability of response is small. With its use one can obtain a simple closed-form estimate of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the maximum likelihood parameter estimates, and thus approximate sample sizes needed to test hypotheses about the parameters. The method is developed for selected distributions of a single covariate and for a class of exponential-type distributions of several covariates. It is illustrated with an example concerning risk factors for coronary heart disease.
A Polish AR-Space with no Nontrivial Isotopy

(1) Y admits no nontrivial isotopy with a continuum as the parameter set ; (2) Y admits a transitive action of a Polish group and , hence, Y is a coset space; (3) Y has the homeomorphism extension property for compacta (that is, Y is compactly homogeneous); (4) for any bijection Φ of Y with int(Fix(Φ)) = ∅ (in particular , by a result of van Mill [vM1], for any nonidentity homeomorphism of Y ), Y is countable dense homogeneous with respect to conjugates of Φ.
Estimación de edades mediante análisis dentales en individuos de Tayassu pecari y Pecari tajacu (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae)

Las edades de mamiferos se estiman en clases etarias, con la medicion y por la morfometria de estructuras anatomicas de crecimiento, y por el desgaste dental. Un metodo mas preciso, es el conteo de lineas de crecimiento del cementum de la raiz dental, que permite observar lineas claras y oscuras alternas correspondientes a estaciones del ano. Este trabajo estima las edades y la correlacion entre los metodos de desgaste dental y conteo de lineas de crecimiento de 106 individuos de Tayassu pecari y 29 de Pecari tajacu provenientes de la caceria de subsistencia del norte de la Tierra Comunitaria de Origen Takana-I, La Paz, Bolivia. Se analizo el desgaste de premolares y molares mediante una clave de 7 clases de edad anteriormente disenada. Para el conteo de lineas de crecimiento, se aplico la tecnica histologica en incisivos. Por el metodo de desgaste, las edades fueron de 1 a 12 anos, existiendo contradicciones de edad, en 12% de las muestras, por la variacion de erupcion del tercer molar entre individuos. Por el conteo de lineas de crecimiento, el 80% de las placas fueron exitosas y las edades fueron de 1 a 18 anos, siendo dificultoso diferenciar entre lineas contiguas, en pecaries viejos. Ambos metodos estuvieron significativamente correlacionados (T. pecari= 0.87; P. tajacu= 0.86, p< 0.05) y mayormente presentaron estimaciones similares entre 2 a 10 anos en T. pecari y entre 1 a 4 anos en P. tajacu.
Subvesical bile duct injury: an often missed cause of postcholecystectomy bile leak.

We report a case of postoperative bile leak originating from subvesical bile ducts. This anatomic variant of the bile duct is widely prevalent, often undiagnosed, and usually uncovered in the setting of iatrogenic biliary injury. Injury to these ducts during gallbladder surgery can be potentially av
Kapitza thermal resistance between a metal and a nonmetal

The thermal boundary conductance is derived for the heat flow between the electrons in a metal and the phonons in an ionic crystal. The image potential generated by the ion charges makes a regular pattern of surface charges on the surface of the metal. When the ions vibrate, these surface charges oscillate. Since the surface charges are the tails of the wave functions of the conduction electrons in the metal, the surface charges provide a matrix element between these electrons and the phonons in the insulator.
Die Rolle der Naturfaktoren bei Entstehung der Naturherde der Dermatomykosen

Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung der Naturfaktoren fur das Zustandekommen von Dermatomykosen last sich am Beispiel der keratinophilen Pilze, die frei im Erdboden leben und von dort aus Tier und Mensch befallen konnen, erklaren. Der Einflus von 4 Bodentypen auf Keratino-myces ajelloi, Trichophyton terrestre, Microsporum cookei und Microsporum gypseum ist graphisch dargestellt. Der tonig-lehmige Torfboden ist am pilzarmsten; im lehmig-sandigen Boden gedeiht am besten K. ajelloi, T. terrestre dagegen in Wiesenboden. Die vielseitigste Pilzflora findet sich im schwarzerdeartigen Feldboden; dies wirkt sich auf das Vorkommen der Infektionen entsprechend aus. Der Einflus ungunstigen Wetters, haufiger Regenfalle und Uberschwemmungen ist eben-falls graphisch dargestellt. Im Zusammenhang mit grosen Uberschwemmungen ist die Vernichtung und Regeneration der Mausefauna epidemiologisch von groser Bedeutung. Ebenso beeinfluste eine Tularamieepizootie durch Beeinflussung der Populationshaufigkeit der Nagetiere die Haufigkeit des Auftretens von T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum-lnfektionen beim Menschen.
Magnetoresistance and Fermi Surface Topology of Crystalline Mercury

The results of magnetoresistance experiments on a number of oriented single crystals of mercury are reported. Three distinct types of minima are observed in plots of magnetoresistance versus field direction, and these are attributed to open orbits normal to the planes {100}, ${0\overline{1}1}$, and {110}. A unique model of the Fermi surface, formulated in terms of the dimensions of the contact regions on the first zone, is derived to explain these data. An eight-plane-wave pseudopotential calculation including spin-orbit coupling is used to obtain a compensated Fermi surface in substantial agreement with this model and with the first-zone de Haas-van Alphen extremal areas.
Sound morality: Irritating and icky noises amplify judgments in divergent moral domains

Theoretical models and correlational research suggest that anger and disgust play different roles in moral judgment. Anger is theorized to underlie reactions to crimes against persons, such as battery and unfairness, and disgust is theorized to underlie reactions to crimes against nature, such as sexual transgressions and cannibalism. To date, however, it has not been shown that induction of these two emotions has divergent effects. In this experiment we show divergent effects of anger and disgust. We use sounds to elicit anger and disgust, and participants are then asked to consider moral vignettes. As compared to disgust and control condition, anger increases severity of judgments about crimes against persons, and disgust increases severity of judgments about crimes against nature, but not conversely.
Prenatal care: Will the past predict the future?

In three key areas, content, availability, and effectiveness, prenatal care has enjoyed unprecedented attention and activity in the past 10 years. With regard to content of prenatal care, new guidelines were released in 1989 by the Public Health Service Expert Panel on the Content of Prenatal Care.’ The panel recommended some radical changes in the way prenatal care is delivered in the United States. The recommendations characterized prenatal care as having broad objectives to promote the health and well-being of the pregnant woman, her fetus, the infant, and the family. The report also emphasized the importance of early and continuing risk assessment, health promotion, psychosocial interventions, and preconception care as integral parts of prenatal care. In addition, the panel asserted that the specific content and timing of prenatal visits should be determined by the individual risks of the woman and her fetus. The past decade has also witnessed changes in the availability of care. Access was addressed by the federal government through Medicaid expansions that allowed women with incomes up to twice as great as the federal poverty level to have prenatal care and deliveries supported by Medicaid. Nationwide, approximately 2.6 million pregnant women and children became newly eligible for Medicaid in the years 1988 through 1991 alone.’ Finally, research on the effectiveness of prenatal care interventions has been extensive. Important trials of preterm birth prevention programs, psychosocial interventions, and smoking cessation programs were launched and completed, while the Cochrane Collaboration was undertaking extensive meta-analyses of trials of the effectiveness of each specific component of prenatal care.3 All this activity and attention created a dizzying sensation of accomplishment-for awhile. But with the passage of time, we have produced results, and some of the results are quite sobering. Providers of prenatal care have been slow to adopt the more controversial psychosocial and preconception recommendations of the Expert Panel.* Increasing the availability of prenatal care to the poor does not seem to have generated improvements in the incidence of low birth weight overall.5 And although some research results (eg, effectiveness of smoking interventionsj6 have been promising, other trials, such as preterm birth prevention programs7r8 and home visiting interventions,‘-” have generated contradictory findings. Moreover, the Cochrane Collaboration studies have shown that although a number of components of prenatal care enjoy strong evidence of effectiveness, the effectiveness of many others is not known.
Predictors of complications after a prospective evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic endovascular procedures

Objective To prospectively evaluate complications after diagnostic and therapeutic endovascular procedures (DTEPs) and determine what factors are predictive. Methods From December 2002 to December 2003, all patients undergoing DTEPs performed by university vascular surgeons in a catheterization laboratory were prospectively evaluated. Medical demographics, procedure-related details, and type and severity of complications were recorded at the time of the procedure, during the first 24 hours, and at 2 to 4 weeks. Complications were classified as local vascular (LV), local nonvascular (LNV), systemic remote (SR), and major, minor, and nonsignificant. Results Three hundred-three DTEPs were performed (54.5% DEPs, 45.5% TEPs). At the time of DTEP, 28 complications occurred in 23 patients: 10 LV (3.3%), 15 LNV (5.0%), and 3 SR (1.0%). At 24 hours, 26 complications occurred in 25 patients: 5 LV (1.7%), 7 LNV (2.3%), and 14 SR (4.7%). At 2 to 4 weeks, 26 complications occurred 25 patients: 5 LV (1.7%), 7 LNV (2.3%), and 14 SR (4.7%). The combined major (7.3%) and minor (4.3%) complication rate attributed to DTEPs was 11.6%. Significant predictors (P Conclusion According to newly applied reporting standards, the prospective evaluation of DTEPs reveals that complications are uniformly distributed by type and follow-up period. Just over 1 in 10 patients will suffer either a major or minor complication. Potential predictors have been identified that may assist in patient selection and treatment plans to lower complications resulting from DTEPs.
Thermochemical investigations of hydrogen-bonded solutions Part 5. Development of predictive equations for the solubility of anthracene in binary alcohol + alcohol mixtures based upon mobile order theory

Abstract The unconventional solution model of Mobile Order which had previously been shown to provide a very accurate thermodynamic description of anthracene solubilities and chemical potentials in binary hydrocarbon + alcohol solvent mixtures is extended to binary solvent systems containing two self-associating alcohol co-solvents. Expressions are derived for predicting the solubility of crystalline solutes from a prior knowledge of the solubility in the two pure alcohol solvents. Applications and limitations of the newly derived equations are assessed using anthracene solubilities in binary 2-propanol+l-1-propanol 1-butanol + 1-propanol, 2-butanol + 1-propanol, 1-octanol + 1-propanol, 1-butanol + 2-propanol, 2-butanol + 2-propanol, and 1-octanol + 2-butanol mixtures which are measured as part of the present study. The two most successful expressions permit each individual alcohol co-solvent to form homogeneous hydrogen-bonded complexes. Both equations predict the experimental anthracene solubilities to within an average absolute deviation of about ± 2%. Inclusion of terms to account for heterogeneous complex formation between two dissimilar alcohols has little effect on the predicted values.
Ecological correlates of dietary consumption and nutritional status in highland and coastal Ecuador

This paper investigates the patterns of variation in food availability and nutritional status among small‐scale farmers from highland and coastal regions of Ecuador. Dietary adequacy is greater among households of the highland sample and appears to be associated with higher consumption of foods from subsistence production. Energy consumption is marginal in the coastal sample where farmers are involved in the production of coffee as a cash crop. Households on the coast rely on inexpensive market foods and obtain less than a quarter of their energy from home‐produced items. Early childhood growth is poor in both regions. In the highland sample, older children have relatively better nutritional status, whereas nutritional status declines in the older cohorts of the coastal sample. Children's nutritional status (weight‐for‐age and weight‐for‐height) is correlated with household dietary adequacy in the highland sample; in the coastal group, per capita income is the strongest correlate of nutritional status. Th...
Freud's dreams of reason: the Kantian structure of psychoanalysis

Freud (and later commentators) have failed to explain how the origins of psychoanalytical theory began with a positivist investment without recognizing a dual epistemological commitment: simply, Freud engaged positivism because he believed it generally equated with empiricism, which he valued, and he rejected "philosophy," and, more specifically, Kantianism, because of the associated transcendental qualities of its epistemology. But this simple dismissal belies a deep investment in Kant's formulation of human reason, in which rationality escapes natural cause and thereby bestows humans with cognitive and moral autonomy. Freud also segregated human rationality: he divided the mind between (1) an unconscious grounded in the biological and thus subject to its own laws, and (2) a faculty of autonomous reason, lodged in consciousness and free of natural forces to become the repository of interpretation and free will. Psychoanalysis thus rests upon a basic Kantian construction, whereby reason, through the aid of analytic techniques, provides a detached scrutiny of the natural world, i.e. the unconscious mental domain. Further, sovereign reason becomes the instrument of self-knowing in the pursuit of human perfection. Herein lies the philosophical foundation of psychoanalytic theory, a beguiling paradox in which natural cause and autonomous reason - determinism and freedom - are conjoined despite their apparent logical exclusion.
Trait and state anxiety reduce the mere exposure effect.

The mere exposure effect refers to an affective preference elicited by exposure to previously unfamiliar items. Although it is a well-established finding, its mechanism remains uncertain, with some positing that it reflects affective processes and others positing that it reflects perceptual or motor fluency with repeated items. Here we examined whether individual differences in trait and state anxiety, which have been associated with the experience of emotion, influence the mere exposure effect. Participants’ trait (Study 1) and state (Study 2) anxiety were characterized with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Greater trait and state anxiety correlated with greater negative affect and lesser positive affect. In both experiments, greater anxiety was associated with a reduced mere exposure effect. Measures of fluency (response times at study and test) were unrelated to the mere exposure effect. These findings support the role of affective processes in the mere exposure effect, and offer a new insight into the nature of anxiety such that anxiety is associated with a reduced experience of positive affect typically associated with familiarity.
Choanal atresia repair: The use of powered instrumentation

The use of endoscopes has added a new dimension to transnasal repair of choanal atresia (CA). Powered instrumentation with its protected blades and drills and continuous suction improves visualization and increases precision. The applications of powered instrumentation in CA repair are described.
Clutch size and the costs of incubation in the house wren

Trade-offs in the allocation of finite resources among different stages of a breeding attempt as well as between different reproductive events should shape the evolution of life-history traits. To investigate the effects of incubation effort on within-brood and between-brood trade-offs in house wrens (Troglodytes aedon), we manipulated the clutch size that females incubated. We isolated effects of incubation by reversing the manipulation at hatching to allow all parents to provision their natural brood sizes. Females that incubated enlarged clutches had longer incubation periods than control females, both early and late in the season, suggesting that the experimental treatment increased incubation effort. Contrary to predictions, however, increased incubation effort did not adversely affect the allocation of effort to nestling provisioning. Rather, in the early season, but not in the late season, females that incubated enlarged clutches appeared to allocate more effort to nestling provisioning, producing heavier and larger fledglings than control females. Although females with enlarged early-season clutches consequently lost more mass than control females, this was likely an adaptive response to reduce wing loading in anticipation of high provisioning demands. There were no treatment-related differences in fledgling mass or size, or in female mass loss, in the late season. Thus, elevated incubation demands negatively affected a fitness-related trait (duration of incubation) that may constrain clutch size but not the allocation of resources to subsequent stages of the same breeding event or to subsequent breeding events. We suggest that environmental conditions may mediate clutch-size effects on trade-offs in allocation of resources between incubation and nestling provisioning. Key words: clutch size, house wren, incubation, life history, trade-offs, Troglodytes aedon. [Behav Ecol]
Coherent Optical Phase-Modulation Link

We demonstrate and characterize a new class of radio-frequency (RF)-photonic link for the linear transport of analog RF signals. Simultaneous and separate detection and digitization of optical in-phase and quadrature-phase signals is employed for linear phase demodulation in the digital domain. This is shown to allow significantly larger tolerance to imperfect physical implementation of the phase demodulating receiver. Digitizer-limited spur-free dynamic range improvement >12 dBldrHz2/3 is observed in our baseband demonstration. Modulation depths significantly exceeding unity are allowed and demonstrated.
Existential heap abstraction entailment is undecidable

In this paper we study constraints for specifying properties of data structures consisting of linked objects allocated in the heap. Motivated by heap summary graphs in role analysis and shape analysis we introduce the notion of regular graph constraints. A regular graph constraint is a graph representing the heap summary; a heap satisfies a constraint if and only if the heap can be homomorphically mapped to the summary. Regular graph constraints form a very simple and natural fragment of the existential monadic second-order logic over graphs.One of the key problems in a compositional static analysis is proving that procedure preconditions are satisfied at every call site. For role analysis, precondition checking requires determining the validity of implication, i.e., entailment of regular graph constraints.The central result of this paper is the undecidability of regular graph constraint entailment. The undecidability of the entailment problem is surprising because of the simplicity of regular graph constraints: in particular, the satisfiability of regular graph constraints is decidable.Our undecidability result implies that there is no complete algorithm for statically checking procedure preconditions or postconditions, simplifying static analysis results, or checking that given analysis results are correct. While incomplete conservative algorithms for regular graph constraint entailment checking are possible, we argue that heap specification languages should avoid second-order existential quantification in favor of explicitly specifying a criterion for summarizing objects.
Cancer of the pharynx and larynx

Carcinoma of the head and neck is among the most debilitating forms of cancer. Survival rates for these tumors vary and depend on the presence of early symptoms, anatomic accessibility, and lymphatic supply. Despite advances in therapy and novel surgical approaches, early diagnosis remains the best predictor of survival. This article reviews the diagnosis, staging criteria, and treatment strategies for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hypopharyngeal carcinoma, and laryngeal carcinoma in an effort to heighten the clinical and endoscopic recognition of these lesions.
LOGICAL EMBEDDED PUSH-DOWN AUTOMATA IN TREE-ADJOINING GRAMMAR PARSING

This paper extends the “parsing as deduction” approach to tree-adjoining grammars by showing how a TAG recognition problem can be reduced to a Datalog deduction problem, and presents an SLD selection rule that makes the proof search correspond to a top-down parse using the original grammar. Just as in the DCG extension of context-free grammars, this approach permits nodes tn be labeled with first-order terms (rather than only atomic symbols). Finally the paper discusses implementation matters, and describes how the control rule can be efficiently implemented in Prolog.
Quantification of thickness and wrinkling of exfoliated two-dimensional zeolite nanosheets.

Two-dimensional sheets of zeolites can function as molecular sieves for applications such as membranes or as catalysts. Here, the authors demonstrate a method using electron diffraction patterns to accurately measure the thickness and wrinkles of thin zeolite nanosheets.
The growth of trade among the Igbo before 1880

THE growth of commerce in south-eastern Nigeria in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has been analysed in a number of recent works, which have concentrated on the coastal city-states.2 Though the entrepreneurial importance of these states was considerable, their success depended upon the supplies of slaves and palm oil which reached them from the inland markets, especially those among the Igbo. At the beginning of the nineteenth century two networks of trade dominated much of the commerce of this hinterland. The first of these was composed of the several trading states which co-operated in the management of the trade on the Niger River and the major riverain markets. The second network, directed by the Aro traders of Arochuku and its colonies, managed the most important trade of the eastern half of the Igbo territory. Although both of these networks were heavily influenced by the European demand at the coast, neither of them could have existed without a long history of internal development during the millenium prior to i8oo. It is to an examination of this historical background that this paper is directed. While knowledge of this area before the nineteenth century is extremely limited, it does seem possible to sketch the main lines of development even if specific relationships and chronology must remain vague. The evidence presently available for this topic falls primarily at the beginning and at the end of the period under examination. Recent excavations have unearthed a spectacularly rich material culture dating from the ninth century A.D. However, it is not until the second quarter of the nineteenth century that there are the first eye-witness accounts of trade on the Niger, and detailed descriptions of the economic life of the hinterland come only with the colonial era. One has then a 'tunnel' situation: detailed evidence at both ends with a rather murky millenium in between. It is the goal of this paper to direct a little light into that tunnel.
The Effects of Varying the Combustor-Turbine Gap

To protect hot turbine components, cooler air is bled from the high pressure section of the compressor and routed around the combustor where it is then injected through the turbine surfaces. Some of this high pressure air also leaks through the mating gaps formed between assembled turbine components where these components experience expansions and contractions as the turbine goes through operational cycles. This study presents endwall adiabatic effectiveness levels measured using a scaled up, two-passage turbine vane cascade. The focus of this study is evaluating the effects of thermal expansion and contraction for the combustor-turbine interface. Increasing the mass flow rate for the slot leakage between the combustor and turbine showed increased local adiabatic effectiveness levels while increasing the momentum flux ratio for the slot leakage dictated the coverage area for the cooling. With the mass flow held constant, decreasing the combustor-turbine interface width caused an increase in uniformity of coolant exiting the slot, particularly across the pressure side endwall surface. Increasing the width of the interface had the opposite effect thereby reducing coolant coverage on the endwall surface.
Vasopressin antagonists for patients with acute heart failure: interpreting new clinical and translational data.

Elevated levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) are associated with a worse prognosis and the development of hyponatremia in patients with heart failure (HF). This observation led to the development of AVP receptor antagonists for the treatment of HF patients. Although AVP receptor antagonists increase serum sodium, their overall benefits in patients with HF have been at best modest, and recent data raise concerns about their safety in patients with acute HF and low serum sodium. AVP interacts with three distinct but closely related G protein– coupled receptors: V1A-R, V1B (V3)-R, and V2-R. V1A-Rs are coupled to Gq and cause vasoconstriction and myocardial hypertrophy. Activation of the V2-R found on renal parenchymal cells is coupled to Gs and leads to reabsorption of free water and the development of hyponatremia—itself an independent predictor of both morbidity and mortality. Given the detrimental clinical sequelae of hyponatremia, both basic science investigations and drug development have focused in large part on the V2-R. The nonselective AVP-R antagonist conivaptan and the V2-selective AVP-R antagonist tolvaptan have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of patients with HF and hyponatremia despite the fact that neither improved survival nor decreased hospitalizations have been reported in clinical trials. 1 Recently, the selective V2-R antagonist lixivaptan has been evaluated in patients with hyponatremia and acute HF. The Treatment of Hyponatremia Based on Lixivaptan in NYHA Class III/IV Cardiac Patient Evaluation (BALANCE) study was a phase III trial that evaluated lixivaptan in patients with hyponatremia (Na <135 mEq/l) who were hospitalized with an acute exacerbation of HF. Doses of lixivaptan were adjusted on the basis of serum sodium levels and volume status during the 60-day study. The results have not been presented orally or published; however, they were presented to the Cardiovascular and Renal Advisory Panel of the Food and Drug Administration by the sponsor, Cornerstone Therapeutics, on 13 September
The development of monosomy 19 mouse embryos

In general, autosomal monosomy is lethal much earlier in mammalian development than autosomal trisomy. In an attempt to understand why monosomy is so deleterious, we have begun to characterize the development of mouse embryos monosomic for chromosome 19. A dramatic loss of monosomy 19 embryos was found to occur between days 3 and 4 of development. This loss occurred both in vivo and in vitro and with intact blastocysts or isolated inner cell masses. Experiments with inbred strains showed that this loss was not due to the expression of recessive lethal genes. While monosomic embryos were found to have fewer cells than normal and trisomic litter-mates beginning at the early morula stage, the ability to form blastocysts is not interfered with. Electron microscopy revealed no difference in the cellular ultrastructure of monosomic when compared with diploid embryos. Furthermore, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis did not reveal any differences in the proteins synthesized by monosomic, trisomic or diploid litter-mates when examined at day 3 of development. These results indicate a lack of gross genomic disturbances in monosomic embryos. When monosomy in equilibrium diploid chimaeras were made, viable monosomic cells were found in day-9 post-implantation embryos, well past the lethal period. Thus, in chimaeric embryos, the normal cells appear to be able to provide whatever is lacking, suggesting that monosomy 19 is not a cell lethal. Instead, death may be due to a dosage alteration in specific gene products needed during early development.
Translating knowledge into practice: passing the hot potato!

As important informatics interventions, clinical reminders (CRs) translate emerging knowledge into accessible advice at the point-of-care. In a timely fashion, CRs prompt clinicians to take specific actions that can improve or optimize patient care. To ensure that CRs achieve their desired impact, systems must deliver CRs to the clinicians most likely to act on them. Sadly, CRs many times pass from one clinician to another like a hot potato, in the hope that someone, somewhere will have the time, inclination, and ability to take action. Or the hot potato is dropped entirely. Both CRs and similar informatics interventions succeed when they are well-integrated into the clinical workflow processes that they must support. Use of models from sociotechnical systems theory and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) theory can facilitate CR-related research.1–4 These theoretical foundations identify common actors and processes as elements, including: a) individual users, b) interactions between users, c) technology, d) interactions between individuals and technology, e) tasks, f) specific contexts, and g) a developmental process that unfolds over time—e.g., users and technology mature as they interact over time. It is not sufficient to claim that a whole body of knowledge, say cognitive engineering, underpins a given study. Rather, researchers apply a theoretical work specifically to the problem at hand, to guide robust study design. Saleem and colleagues5 identified effective deployment of clinical reminders (a task) as something that could benefit from effective design of computer interfaces (a technology) for delivering clinical reminders to clinicians (the individuals ), as targeted for use in the Veterans' Health Administration (VHA) ambulatory settings (the context ). The authors examined prior evidence about problems that can interfere with CR implementation. The investigators believed that problems arising from nurse–physician communications and … Correspondence and reprints: Nancy Staggers, PhD, RN, Informatics Program, College of Nursing, University of Utah, 10S. 2000E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112; e-mail: .
Leading Constant Growth through Sustainable Social Cultures: Three Fundamental Conditions for Conflict Transformation and Collaborative Inclusion of Diversity

Social-psychological dynamics and negative emotions can inhibit constructive sustainable relationships. In today’s volatile and uncertain environment, resilient social fabric is key for people to feel included, grow and benefit from diversity and conflicts and for organizations to constantly make progress and maximize business results. Supportive social cultures can foster mindfulness of social-psychological dynamics and also provide the necessary environment where people can exercise better ways of connecting for all to grow and thrive. In this paper, I propose a framework of three conditions to foster healthy interactions: 1. The mode of relation guiding people in their interactions -- how a constructive mode of connections can be built? 2. The approach taken toward conflict -- what enables transforming differences and conflicts to a positive, growing experience? And 3. Identity-relational needs -- How mindful leaders and organizations are of the deeper human dimension that drives relationships and conflicts?Together, the simple and practical framework captures a multiplicity of mostly hidden emotional social-psychological dynamics to be mindful of in order to reduce the gap between the relationships people and leaders intend to build and what they actually produce. The framework can be used as an X-ray to examine and improve personal growth as well as inner and outer organizational connections. It is not only helpful in increasing mindfulness to the deep human dimension driving relations on the micro-skillful level, but suggests a systemic approach to apply on the macro-structural level where daily organizational routines and practices can be adjusted to accomplish the desired transformation in the way of being together. In light of the increasing importance of relational environments for growth and best business results, leadership’s role is rapidly changing. Focusing on building best environments for personal and relational development gradually replaces an earlier focus on individual aptitudes and the omnipotent top-down leader, who does it all for others.
The Establishment of the Pennsylvania State Board of Law Examiners, 1895-1902

This article reviews the Pennsylvania Bar Association's successful attempt to establish a board of law examiners in Pennsylvania through the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.
Full abstraction and the Context Lemma (preliminary report)

A general notion of rewriting system of the kind used for evaluating simply typed λ-terms in Scott's PCF is defined. Any simply typed λ-calculus with PCF-like rewriting semantics is shown necessarily to satisfy Milner's Context Lemma. A simple argument demonstrates that any denotational semantics which is adequate for PCF and in which certain simple Boolean functionals exist, cannot be fully abstract for any extension of PCF satisyfing the Context Lemma. An immediate corollary is that Berry's stable domains cannot be fully abstract for any extension of PCF definable by PCF-like rules. Thus, the idea of adding a combinator to PCF analogous to the “parallel-or” combinator which establishes full abstraction for the familiar cpo model cannot be generalized for models such as stable domains.
Effect of malathion on Indian meal moth egg production and time of deposition under warehouse conditions.

Our previous research (Soderstrom and Lovitt 1970), showed that under laboratory conditions of constant temperature and artificial light-dark cycles, the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), deposited its eggs in a circadian pattern. Malathion did not affect the time of peak deposition during each 24-hr period. However, it did change the day on which the greatest number of eggs was deposited.
Movements, overwintering, and mortality of hatchling Diamond-backed Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) at Jamaica Bay, New York

As with other turtles, the postemergent movements, overwintering behaviours, and survivorship of hatchling Dia- mond-backed Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepff, 1793)) are poorly known, but anecdotal reports suggest that they may spend more time on land than most aquatic turtles. We investigated this behaviour using drift fences with pitfall traps on the island of Ruler's Bar, Jamaica Bay, New York, fall 2006 to spring 2008. We captured 324 live hatchling Terrapins, 95 were recaptured at least once, and we found 43 dead. After emergence from nests in the fall, most hatchlings moved up- land away from the water; this pattern was reversed in the spring. Hatchling body sizes shrank during winter, probably ow- ing to desiccation, and hatchlings were more likely to move on warmer days and days without precipitation. We recaptured some hatchlings on land as long as 9 months after emergence. As a result, hatchling M. terrapin were seen on land from April to December, well outside fall and spring during which they emerge from nests, and we found strong evidence that hatchling M. terrapin overwinter on land outside their nests. One important nest predator (raccoons, Procyon lotor (L., 1758)) was also an important hatchling predator, as were Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)). Future work should investigate the terrestrial microhabitats used by hatchling M. terrapin, and management should protect hatchlings dur- ing this life stage.
Giving back or giving up: Native American student experiences in science and engineering

Native Americans are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers. We examine communal goal incongruence-the mismatch between students' emphasis on communal work goals and the noncommunal culture of STEM-as a possible factor in this underrepresentation. First, we surveyed 80 Native American STEM freshmen and found they more highly endorsed communal goals than individualistic work goals. Next, we surveyed 96 Native American and White American students in STEM and non-STEM majors and confirmed that both Native American men and women in STEM highly endorsed communal goals. In a third study, we conducted a follow-up survey and in-depth interviews with a subset of Native American STEM students in their second semester to assess their experiences of belonging uncertainty, intrinsic motivation, persistence intentions, and perceived performance in STEM as a function of their initial communal work goals. Results demonstrate the prominence of communal goals among incoming Native American freshman (especially compared with White male STEM majors) and the connection between communal goals and feelings of belonging uncertainty, low motivation, and perceived poor performance 1 semester later. The interview data illustrate that these issues are particularly salient for students raised within tribal communities, and that a communal goal orientation is not just a vague desire to "help others," but a commitment to helping their tribal communities. The interviews also highlight the importance of student support programs for fostering feelings of belonging. We end by discussing implications for interventions and institutional changes that may promote Native American student retention in STEM.
Evaluation of Arsenic Trioxide Potential for Lung Cancer Treatment: Assessment of Apoptotic Mechanisms and Oxidative Damage

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most lethal and common cancers in the world, causing up to 3 million deaths annually. The chemotherapeutic drugs that have been used in treating lung cancer include cisplatinpemetrexed, cisplastin-gencitabinoe, carboplatin-paclitaxel and crizotinib. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, its effects on lung cancer are not known. We hypothesize that ATO may also have a bioactivity against lung cancer, and its mechanisms of action may involve apoptosis, DNA damage and changes in stress-related proteins in lung cancer cells Methods: To test the above stated hypothesis, lung carcinoma (A549) cells were used as the test model. The effects of ATO were examined by performing 6-diamidine-2 phenylindole (DAPI) nuclear staining for morphological characterization of apoptosis, flow cytometry analysis for early apoptosis, and western blot analysis for stressrelated proteins (Hsp70 and cfos) and apoptotic protein expressions. Also, the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay was used to evaluate the genotoxic effect. Results: ATO-induced apoptosis was evidenced by chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies as revealed by DAPI nuclear staining. Cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing were observed at 4 and 6 μg/ml of ATO. Data from the western blot analysis revealed a significant dose-dependent increase (p < 0.05) in the Hsp 70, caspase 3 and p53 protein expression, and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the cfos, and bcl-2 protein expression at 4 and 6 μg/ml of ATO. There was a slight decrease in cytochrome c protein expression at 4 and 6 μg/ ml of ATO. Comet assay data revealed significant dose-dependent increases in the percentages of DNA damage, Comet tail lengths, and Comet tail moment. Conclusion: Taken together our results indicate that ATO is cytotoxic to lung cancer cells and its bioactivity is associated with oxidative damage, changes in cellular morphology, and apoptosis.
Numerical deflation of the transcendental eigenvalue problem

Abstract Structural dynamic analysis of continuous systems such as rods, beams or plates involves determination of eigenvalues of matrices with transcendental elements. Conventionally, the eigenvalues are found one-by-one with an iterative process where the initial guess governs the convergence to the individual solution. To find a range of eigenvalues it is necessary to repeat the process starting from different initial points in anticipation that new eigenvalues, which were not extracted previously, be found. However, convergence to such new eigenvalues may not be assured. It is shown that numerical deflation, in the form of adding singularities near the extracted eigenvalues, allows determination of a prescribed number of different eigenvalues from a fixed-point initial guess. The case of repeated eigenvalues where the process is ill conditioned is also analyzed. Examples demonstrate the various results.
Challenging the Academically Adrift: A New Decision-Making Tool to Help Improve Student Commitment to Academic Preparation.

This paper describes research in progress concerning the development and use of a newly created tool, the Decision-Making Grid, which was designed to teach undergraduate management students to develop and use metacognitive regulation skills to improve decision-making by requiring students to construct improved decision-making models in a boundedly rational manner. When students are required to use the metacognitive skills of planning, monitoring and evaluating focused on important and relevant decisioncriteria, students are better positioned to commit to appropriate academic preparation. The null hypothesis proposing that there would be no variance in means in the measure of commitment to academic preparation was rejected using data from three academic years of data. Qualitative analyses provide evidence that the Grid can help students commit to academic preparation.
Density dependence and changes in the carrying capacity of Alaskan seabird populations

Abstract Evidence for regulation of animal populations by negative density dependence is ubiquitous across the animal realm, and yet the dynamics of carrying capacity (K) are often overlooked. K acts as a threshold below which population size tends to increase and above which it tends to decrease. Documenting changes in this threshold is particularly important to population viability analysis (PVA). We reconstructed the population sizes of five long-lived seabird species in Alaska, USA, and analyzed their population dynamics from the past four decades: Black-legged (Rissa tridactyla) and Red-legged Kittiwakes (R. brevirostris), Common (Uria aalge) and Thick-billed Murres (U. lomvia) and Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata). We evaluated a set of models that allowed for either density independence or density dependence, with or without a time trend in K. The best approximating models indicated that these seabird populations behaved in a negative density-dependent fashion. K increased significantly for murres, and remained relatively stable for Red-legged Kittiwakes. It decreased significantly (> 40%) for Black-legged Kittiwakes and Tufted Puffins, particularly in the Gulf of Alaska, following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Although we have less confidence in the puffin data, our PVA suggests that, in the next 100 years, Tufted Puffins may become extirpated from the few colonies that are monitored in the Gulf of Alaska. Negative density dependence can help to prevent population crashes, but time lags and serial correlation in rates of change could suppress the recovery of contracted populations. Therefore, estimating the magnitude of population fluctuations around a changing carrying capacity is essential to managing and conserving declining populations.
Chemotherapy-Related Amenorrhea (CRA) among Premenopausal Patients Treated for Acute Leukemia.

Background: Little is known about the late effects of treatment for acute leukemia on ovarian function. We sought to evaluate the rate of long-term chemotherapy-related amenorrhea (CRA) among premenopausal women treated for acute leukemia. Methods: The Cleveland Clinic database of patients treated for acute leukemia between July 1994 and July 2005 was searched for patients aged 15–44 at diagnosis who were believed to be alive. Thirty of 69 identified patients were excluded due to active disease, on-going treatment or lost to follow-up. Questionnaires regarding menstrual and fertility history were mailed to the remaining 39 patients. Results: Twenty-five patients responded to the questionnaire, 4 of whom were excluded due to lack of menses at the time of diagnosis (n=2), use of Depo-provera at time of diagnosis (n=1) or use of Depo-provera at time of f/u (n=1). The median age of the remaining 21 patients was 30 (range 15 to 44). Thirteen patients had AML and 8 had ALL. Nine of the 21 had undergone myeloablative transplant, 8 allogeneic and 1 autologous. Median f/u time from treatment was approximately 43 months (range 9 to 141). Long-term CRA occurred in 8/21 patients (38%). Only 2/12 patients (17%) who received standard-dose chemotherapy alone had persistent CRA while 6/9 (67%) of those undergoing transplant had persistent CRA (p=0.032, Fisher’s Exact test). The incidence of CRA increased with age: 0/3 patients under age 18, 1/4 patients age 18–25, and 7/14 patients age 26–44 at treatment remained amenorrheic (p=0.042, 1-sided Cochran-Armitage test). Only 2 patients reported attempts at fertility following treatment. One patient reported delivering three children, the other patient was amenorrheic and was undergoing fertility treatment. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a substantial minority of young survivors of acute leukemia will experience premature ovarian failure. Increasing age at treatment and transplant are associated with a greater risk of long-term CRA.