cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoelectron Microscopy for Visualization of Nanoparticles

Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) on a solid phase such as a carbon film is a fast and powerful way to detect and visualize surface antigens on nanoparticles by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Nanoparticles, in particular ones for medical applications, are often modified on the surface with soft materials to make them more soluble, less toxic, or targetable to cancerous tumors. Imaging the soft material on the surface of solid nanoparticles by electron microscopy is often a challenge. IEM can overcome this issue in cases where antibodies to any of the surface material are available, which is often the case for proteins, but also for commonly used materials such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). This effective procedure has been used traditionally for viruses and macromolecules, but it can be directly applied to nanoparticles.
What and whence 1I/`Oumuamua: a contact binary from the debris of a young planetary system?

The first confirmed interstellar interloper in our Solar System, 1I/`Oumuamua, is likely to be a minor body ejected from another star, but its brief flyby and faintness made it difficult to study. Two remarkable properties are its large (up to 2.5 mag) rotational variability and its motion relative to the Sun before encounter. The former suggests an extremely elongated shape (aspect ratio ~10) and the latter an origin from the protoplanetary disk of a young star in a nearby association. Against expectations, it is also not comet-like. 1I/`Oumuamua's variability can also be explained if it is a contact binary composed of near-equilibrium ellipsoidal components and heterogeneous surfaces, i.e. brighter, dust-mantled inner-facing hemispheres and darker, dust-free outer-facing poles. Such shapes are a plausible outcome of radiation, tides and collisions in systems where planets are clearing planetesimal disks. The probability that 1I/`Oumuamua has the same motion as a young (<~100 Myr) stellar association by coincidence is <1%. If it is young, its detection vs. more numerous, older counterparts could be explained as a selection effect due to darkening of surfaces by Galactic cosmic rays and loss of dust. 1I/`Oumuamua's apparent lack of ices can be explained if ejected rocky planetesimals are characteristically smaller and thus far more numerous than their icy counterparts: the Solar System may currently host several such objects captured by the combined gravity of Jupiter and the Sun.
A Review of “Scenescapes: how qualities of place shape social life“, edited by Daniel Aaron Silver and Terry Nichols Clark

According to Daniel Silver and Terry Clark, ‘scenes’ can be defined in three ways: (1) a shared activity, such as a city's ‘jazz scene’ or ‘coffee scene’; (2) features that define a neighborhood or...
Epioncogene Networks: Identification of Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Cooperation by Multi-omics Integration of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq Data

Next generation sequencing and systems biology have changed our understanding of oncogenesis. Master regulators at the transcriptional and epigenomic level have the ability to affect how an entire network of cancer genes behaves, and thereby taking on an oncogenic role. Further, epigenetic factors cooperate and team up with transcription factors to control specific gene target networks. Transcriptomics in combination with epigenomic profiling and measurement of chromatin accessibility enables global detection of epigenetic modifications and characterization of transcriptional and epigenetic footprints. Chromatin remodelers and transcription factors are in close communication via recognition of posttranslational histone modifications, DNA methylation marks, and sequence motifs to coordinate dynamic exchange of chromatin between open transcriptionally active conformations and compacted silences ones. Integration of complementary high-throughput sequencing platforms (HiC, DNAseI-Seq, MNase-Seq, FAIRE-Seq, ATAC-Seq, ChIP-Seq, ChIA-PET, TBS-Seq, WGBS-Seq, RNA-Seq, GRID-Seq) including chromatin higher-order structures, DNase hypersensitive sites, chromatin accessibility, histone modification, chromatin binding, and DNA methylation enables identification of cooperation and gene target networks. In cancer, due to the ability to team up with transcription factors, epigenetic factors concert mitogenic and metabolic gene networks claiming the role of a cancer master regulators or epioncogenes.
Airbnb and the Costs of Emotional Labor in Havana, Cuba

Private home rentals have been popular in Cuba since 1997, but the introduction of Airbnb in 2015 has changed many aspects of the tourism landscape; for example, how hosts are able to advertise their listings, or how neighbors experience tourism in their everyday lives. In this preliminary study, we draw on ethnographic methods from fieldwork in Havana to argue that a proliferation of Airbnb listings places pressure on locals in the city- hosts and nonhosts alike- to perform emotional labor in the interest of accommodating and welcoming tourists and guests. In this way, Airbnb intensifies and extends the working day by enrolling local Cubans into the work of emotional labor.
Welfare effects of nudges: The emotional tax of calorie menu labeling.

Traditionally, information has been assumed to never harm consumers, a notion recently challenged. Salience nudges have been argued to evoke negative emotions, therefore acting as â€œemotional taxesâ€ . I design a hypothetical restaurant meal experiment to analyze the emotional and short-term consumer welfare impact of a calorie salience nudge (calorie menu labeling) â€“ a policy implemented nationwide in the U.S. in 2018. I find that a calorie salience nudge may act as an emotional tax, but only for some â€“ there is considerable heterogeneity in the emotional response to the nudge. In particular, the nudge emotionally taxes people with low eating self-control, while it emotionally subsidizes those with higher levels of eating self-control. It therefore emotionally taxes the â€œrightâ€ people. However, people with lower levels of self-control may experience fewer benefits from the nudge â€“ the nudge causes them to adjust their high calorie meal consumption by less than do those with higher self-control. It is therefore unsurprising that consumers with lower self-control attach a lower (a negative) value to the calorie salience nudge. Overall, the calorie salience nudge positively affects consumer welfare, although heterogeneity over consumers is substantial â€“ the consumer value ranges from positive to negative. I find no distributional effects over income from the calorie salience nudge.
Trust fall: data breach perceptions from loyalty and non-loyalty customers

ABSTRACTDue to increased technological development in the service industry, protecting consumers’ personal data has become a critical concern. When companies’ information systems are attacked and c...
Partial order relations for classification comparisons

The Bayes classification rule offers the optimal classifier, minimizing the classification error rate, whereas the Neyman–Pearson lemma offers the optimal family of classifiers to maximize the detection rate for any given false alarm rate. These motivate studies on comparing classifiers based on similarities between the classifiers and the optimal. In this article, we define partial order relations on classifiers and families of classifiers, based on rankings of rate function values and rankings of test function values, respectively. Each partial order relation provides a sufficient condition, which yields better classification error rates or better performance on the receiver operating characteristic analysis. Various examples and applications of the partial order theorems are discussed to provide comparisons of classifiers and families of classifiers, including the comparison of cross‐validation methods, training data that contains outliers, and labelling errors in training data. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 48: 152–166; 2020 © 2019 Statistical Society of Canada
Prospective development of a prostate cancer risk calculator in a racially diverse population: The Kaiser Permanente Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator

Abstract Purpose To prospectively develop a prostate cancer (CaP) risk calculator in a racially diverse population. Materials and Methods All patients referred for prostate biopsy due to an elevated prostate-specific antigen or abnormal digital rectal exam in a 19-months period at Kaiser Permanente Northern California underwent a standardized systematic, ultrasound-guided biopsy scheme (14-cores for initial biopsy, 18–20 cores for repeat biopsy). All pertinent clinical variables were prospectively collected. The highest Gleason score for each patient was recorded for all positive biopsies. We used a split sample design to develop and validate 3 multivariable prediction models using multinomial logistic regression with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. All models included these core variables: age, race, prostate-specific antigen, prior biopsy status, body mass index, and family history of CaP. Model 1 included only the core variables, Model 2 added digital rectal exam, and Model 3 added digital rectal exam and prostate volume. We considered 3 outcomes: high-grade disease (Gleason score ≥7), low-grade disease (Gleason score = 6), and no cancer. Predictive discrimination was quantified using the c-statistic. Results Complete data were available for 2,967 patients. Cancer was found in 50% of patients: of these, 58% were Gleason score ≥7 and 42% were low grade. Compared to Caucasians, African Americans were at a higher risk while Asians and Hispanics were at a lower risk for overall and high-grade cancer detection. The number of prior negative biopsies was also protective for these outcomes. The c-statistics for Model 1, 2, and 3 to predict high-grade disease vs. low-grade or no cancer were 0.76, 0.79, and 0.85, respectively. The c-statistics for Model 1, 2, and 3 to predict any CaP vs. no cancer were 0.69, 0.70, and 0.79, respectively. All models were well calibrated for all outcomes. Conclusions In men with elevated PSA levels, our calculator provides useful information that may enhance the shared decision-making process regarding the need for biopsy.
Feshbach-Fano approach for calculation of Auger decay rates using equation-of-motion coupled-cluster wave functions. I. Theory and implementation

X-ray absorption creates electron vacancies in the core shell. These highly excited states often relax by Auger decay—an autoionization process in which one valence electron fills the core hole and another valence electron is ejected into the ionization continuum. Despite the important role of Auger processes in many experimental settings, their first-principles modeling is challenging, even for small systems. The difficulty stems from the need to describe many-electron continuum (unbound) states, which cannot be tackled with standard quantum-chemistry methods. We present a novel approach to calculate Auger decay rates by combining Feshbach–Fano resonance theory with the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster single double (EOM-CCSD) framework. We use the core–valence separation scheme to define projectors into the bound (square-integrable) and unbound (continuum) subspaces of the full function space. The continuum many-body decay states are represented by products of an appropriate EOM-CCSD state and a free-electron state, described by a continuum orbital. The Auger rates are expressed in terms of reduced quantities, two-body Dyson amplitudes (objects analogous to the two-particle transition density matrix), contracted with two-electron bound-continuum integrals. Here, we consider two approximate treatments of the free electron: a plane wave and a Coulomb wave with an effective charge, which allow us to evaluate all requisite integrals analytically; however, the theory can be extended to incorporate a more sophisticated description of the continuum orbital.
Welfare costs of travel reductions within the United States due to COVID-19

Using daily county-level travel data within the United States, this paper investigates the welfare costs of travel reductions due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for the period between 20 January and 5 September 2020. Welfare of individuals (related to their travel) is measured by their inter-county and intra-county travel, where travel costs are measured by the corresponding distance measures. Important transport policy implications follow regarding how policymakers can act to mitigate welfare costs of travel reductions without worsening the COVID-19 spread. © 2021 The Authors. Regional Science Policy & Practice © 2021 Regional Science Association International
Adsorption-based membranes for air separation using transition metal oxides

In this work, we use computational modeling to examine the viability of adsorption-based pore-flow membranes for separating gases when a purely size-based separation strategy is ineffective. Using molecular dynamics simulations of O2 and N2, we model permeation through a nanoporous graphene membrane. Permeation is assumed to follow a five-step adsorption-based pathway, with desorption being the rate-limiting step. Using this model, we observe increased selectivity between O2 and N2, resulting from increased adsorption energy differences. We explore the limits of this strategy, providing an initial set of constraints that need to be satisfied to allow for selectivity. Finally, we provide a preliminary exploration of some transition metal oxides that appear to satisfy those conditions. Using density functional theory calculations, we confirm that these oxides possess adsorption energies needed to operate as adsorption-based pore-flow membranes. These adsorption energies provide a suitable motivation to examine adsorption-based pore-flow membranes as a viable option for air separation.
Effect of fabrication parameters on morphology and drug loading of polymer particles for rosiglitazone delivery

Abstract For the past several decades, drug-encapsulated polymer particles have been investigated as locally-delivered, long-acting therapies. The most common method of producing such particles is the oil in water solvent extraction technique. Using this technique, we produced poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles encapsulating rosiglitazone, a small molecule anti-diabetic drug. We investigated the impact of modulating fabrication parameters, including choice of organic solvent, concentration of polymer, and speed of homogenization and centrifugation on particle morphology and drug loading. Additionally, we studied the ratio of air-water-interface area to the extraction bath volume, a previously unstudied fabrication parameter, and its impact on rosiglitazone loading when using dichloromethane as the organic solvent. Under the conditions tested, drug loading can be increased 5-fold by increasing this ratio, which may be achieved by simply selecting a larger extraction vessel. By changing the organic solvent from dichloromethane to ethyl acetate, we produced particles with 60% higher rosiglitazone loading. Interestingly, the particles made with ethyl acetate appeared phase dark under light microscopy suggesting the presence of internal pores. By increasing the proportion of organic phase in the emulsion we eliminated the aberrant morphology but did not alter drug loading. As a final step in the development of the particles, we established that rosiglitazone remained stable throughout the encapsulation process and its subsequent release from particles by demonstrating that rosiglitazone loaded particles enhanced adipocyte lipid storage and adiponectin secretion. Taken together, for this system, air-water-interface area to volume ratio of the extraction bath and organic solvent both arose as key parameters in maximizing rosiglitazone loading in PLG microparticles. This study of how fabrication parameters impact drug loading and particle morphology may be useful in other investigations to encapsulate small molecules in polymer particles for controlled release applications.
Bubble nucleation

The theory of bubble nucleation in cavitation, degassification, and boiling is reconsidered. As background material, the theory of droplet nucleation from the vapor phase is reviewed briefly. In both cases, prior treatments contain serious errors in describing the free energy of formation of the critical nucleus. The one exception known to us for the bubble case, is the work of Landau and Lifshitz, which is correct, but which contains a minor ambiguity in the definition of the pertinent thermodynamic potential. The previous formulations of nucleation rate expressions are corrected. Implications of the results are discussed.
A Framework for Multi-UAV Persistent Search and Retrieval with Stochastic Target Appearance in a Continuous Space

Groups of battery powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are effective in a variety of scenarios that require autonomous cooperation to achieve a goal. However, the complexity of modeling and analyzing UAV cooperation in situations with stochastic elements leads to unique challenges. This paper introduces a framework for one such problem domain, the multi-UAV persistent search and retrieval task with stochastic target appearances (PSR-STA), in which UAVs continuously search an area for stochastically appearing targets to retrieve and deliver them to collector locations. Design decisions are introduced for understanding how to successfully simulate multi-UAV PSR-STA. Common tools for analyzing search algorithm effectiveness through statistical and graphical methods are presented. A case study of multi-UAV park cleanup is implemented to demonstrate the framework, where algorithms for choosing the locations of collectors and charging stations based on stochastic target appearance models are proposed, methods for continuous multi-UAV operation over a long period time are demonstrated, and the differences in effectiveness between four coverage search patterns are analyzed.
Exact Calculations of Scattering from Moderately-Nonspherical Tn-Particles: Comparisons with Equivalent Spheres

We study extinction efficiency, absorption efficiency, and forward and backscatter efficiency for rotationally symmetric particles of the form r(θ) = ro[l +eTn(cos θ)]. Using the Extended Boundary Condition Method, as embodied in a computer code from Dr. Peter Barber, we have compared the various efficiencies, for T2- and T4-particles and 0 < e ≤ 0.2, with the corresponding results for equal-volume and equal-projected-area spheres. A range of 0 to 10 in equivalent Mie size parameter x was considered, and results are given for nose-on incidence, for random orientation, and for random orientation plus a running mean over a size interval Δx = 1.
The Structure–Performance Relationship in a Transitional Economy: An Empirical Study of Multinational Alliances in China

Abstract Building upon the theoretical foundations provided by industrial organization, foreign direct investment, and alliance/network literature, this study investigates the structure–performance relationship by focusing on the international strategic alliances (ISAs) in a transitional economy. After controlling ISAs' distinctive resource and discretionary managerial decision variables, the analysis of data obtained from the People's Republic of China during its pivotal time in the transitional stage finds that industry structure characteristics constitute an important source explaining variations of ISA performance. Different structural attributes, however, affect firm performance differently.
Protecting life and lives: putting gene research in context.

In their commentary “Protected to Death”, Hardy and Gwinn offer the opinion that current Institutional Review Board (IRB) procedures severely limit progress in research to discover new genes. They argue for a revaluation of current processes to free up investigators from “car rental”-length forms with “obscure legalese” constructed to protect institutions from legal repercussions that might stem from the machinations of selfish and overzealous researchers who hype the magic of genetic research. We agree with the authors that a broad social conversation should be encouraged about the optimal degree of subject protection, and particularly about the potentially deleterious effects of commercialization within the scientific profession. Without question, having informed IRBs is a critical part of the process. However, IRBs were originally established to reflect local knowledge and values, hence not organized nationally. Moreover, they have responsibility for research design and intellectual property because an ersatz study design and undisclosed conflicts of interest can alter the riskbenefit balance for participants. There is no arguing
Multivariate Analysis of Variance

The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is an extension of the univariate analysis of variance to multidimensional, or vector-valued, observations. The same experimental design or treatment layout applies to each of the observed response variables. The univariate assumption of a normal distribution is replaced by the multivariate normal distribution for the data vectors and the random error components in the mathematical model of the design. Keywords: covariance matrix; mean vectors; Roy's greatest root; Wilks' determinantal ratio; Lawley–Hotelling; Pillai trace; multivariate general linear model; union–intersection model
Instruments for Assessing Interest in STEM Content and Careers

Two new instruments created to assess perceptions of science, Technology, engineering, and Math (sTeM) disciplines and careers are analyzed and found to have respectable to excellent internal consistency reliability, as well as good content, construct, and criterion-related validity for the areas assessed. Cronbach’s alpha for the individual scales on the sTeM semantics survey and the sTeM Career interest Questionnaire ranged from .78 to .94 across the eight constructs represented. These scores were judged to be acceptable to assess anticipated changes resulting from Middle schoolers out to save the World (MsosW) iTesT project activities, and are believed to be worthy of use by other iTesT projects.
COPS: quality of service vs. any service at all

Todays networks are awash in illegitimate traffic: port scans, propagating worms, and illegal peer-to-peer transfers of materials [8]. This “noise” has created such a crescendo that legitimate traffic is starved for network resources. Essential network services, like DNS and remote file systems, are rendered unavailable. The challenge is no longer “quality of service” but rather “any service at all”. Techniques must be developed to identify and segregate traffic into good, bad, and suspicious classes. Quality of Service should now protect the good, block the bad, and slow the ugly when the network is under stress of high resource utilization. We discuss the research challenges and outline a possible architectural approach: COPS (Checking, Observing, and Protecting Services). It is founded on “Inspection-and-Action Boxes” (iBoxes) and packet annotations. The former are middlebox network elements able to inspect packets deeply while performing filtering, shaping, and labelling actions upon them. The latter is a new layer between routing and transport that tags packets for control purposes while also providing an in-band control plane for managing iBoxes across a network.
Numerical Analysis in Optimal Control

In this paper we explain and exemplify how one goes about analyzing the convergence of algorithms and discrete approximations in optimal control.
Islet implantation in a pocket

Exploiting the foreign body reaction creates a prevascularized space that accommodates and supports transplanted islets.
Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time 25th Anniversary Edition by Herbert J. Gans Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2004. 393 pp

(2005). Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time 25th Anniversary Edition by Herbert J. Gans Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2004. 393 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 113-114.
Photochemistry of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is composed of many individual steps that work together with high overall efficiency. The process can be divided three stages: the photochemical steps, electron transfer to which is coupled ATP formation, and the biochemical reactions involving the incorporation of CO 2 into carbohydrates. This chapter concerns primarily the first stage; however the second stage is also dealt with. The photochemical reactions, which are often referred to as the primary events of photosynthesis, lead to electron transfer along a sequence of molecules, resulting in the formation of NADPH and ATP. Photosynthesis is an extremely efficient energy conversion process considering all of the steps that are involved, each with its inherent energy loss. Nearly all of the enzymes involved in the synthetic reactions of photosynthesis are also found in nonphotosynthetic tissue. Therefore, the unique feature of photosynthesis is the conversion of radiant energy into chemical energy. This chapter emphasizes the light absorption and the excitation transfer aspects of photosynthesis, including the times of the various steps and the historical events involved in elucidating the properties of the two photosystems. It considers the structures and the absorption characteristics of the photosynthetic pigments and the means by which radiant energy is trapped, transferred, and eventually used. Thus, the emphasis is on the photo part of photosynthesis.
Fire, Grazing and the Dynamics of Tall-Grass Savannas in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, South India

Prescribed burning is often used to enhance forage availability for herbivores in rangelands worldwide. This study evaluated the utility of such prescribed burning as a management tool to improve herbivore habitat quality in the Mundanthurai plateau region of the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), south India. Currently, large tracts of the plateau are dominated by the unpalatable tall-grass species Cymbopogon flexuosus, and populations of mammalian herbivores and predators in the region are low. Responses of C. flexuosus communities to experimentally-imposed fire and grazing regimes were studied, and the effectiveness of fire in suppressing this tall-grass species assessed. Two years following burning, C. flexuosus cover in burnt plots was indistinguishable from unburned sites, suggesting that C. flexuosus individuals are fairly stable against perturbations by fire. On the other hand, clipping experiments which simulated a scenario of high intensity grazing indicate that C. flexuosus fares poorly under sustained grazing, suggesting the potential for grazer-control of this species. However, C. flexuosus is typically avoided by grazers except for short periods following burning. Although grazing in these communities was higher post-burn responses of plots experiencing 'natural' levels of grazing indicate that grazer densities at KMTR are presently too low to prevent C. flexuosus from quickly re-attaining competitive dominance following burning. Under the current conditions of low herbivore densities, prescribed burning, by itself, is therefore unlikely to significantly improve herbivore habitat in KMTR. For burning to be effective, it must be coupled with other parallel management strategies aimed at augmenting grazer densities in the reserve.
An Optimized Biological Taser: Electric Eels Remotely Induce or Arrest Movement in Nearby Prey.

Despite centuries of interest in electric eels, few studies have investigated the mechanism of the eel's attack. Here, I review and extend recent findings that show eel electric high-voltage discharge
GIV/girdin binds exocyst subunit-Exo70 and regulates exocytosis of GLUT4 storage vesicles

Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose uptake in response to insulin. The current paradigm for insulin signaling centers upon the insulin receptor (InsR) and its substrate IRS1; the latter is believed to be the chief conduit for post-receptor signaling. We recently demonstrated that GIV, a Guanidine Exchange Factor (GEF) for the trimeric G protein, Gαi, is a major hierarchical conduit for the metabolic insulin response. By virtue of its ability to directly bind the InsR, IRS1 and PI3K, GIV enhances the InsR-IRS1-Akt-AS160 (RabGAP) signaling cascade and cellular glucose uptake via its GEF function. Phosphoinhibition of GIV-GEF by the fatty-acid/PKCθ pathway inhibits the cascade and impairs glucose uptake. Here we show that GIV directly and constitutively binds the exocyst complex subunit Exo-70 and also associates with GLUT4-storage vesicles (GSVs) exclusively upon insulin stimulation. Without GIV or its GEF function, membrane association of Exo-70 as well as exocytosis of GSVs in response to insulin are impaired. Thus, GIV is an essential component within the insulin signaling cascade that couples upstream signal transducers within the InsR and G-Protein signaling cascade to downstream vesicular trafficking events within the exocytic pathway. These findings suggest a role of GIV in coordinating key signaling and trafficking events of metabolic insulin response.
The valence of thallium ions in liquid Tl2Te and Tl2Se

Abstract The valence of thallium ions in excess of the stoichiometric compositions of the liquid alloys Tl2Te and Tl2Se has been determined in past work by comparing the electrical properties with the results of doping with various third metals. We examine the pertinent equations and show that errors have occured in the original work on both of these systems. The thallium ions have a valence of one rather than three.
Cytologic findings after fertility-sparing radical trachelectomy.

BACKGROUND. Radical trachelectomy is a surgical procedure intended to preserve fertility in patients with early-stage cervical carcinoma in which the cervix is amputated in continuity with the parametrium and upper vagina, thereby sparing the uterus and adnexa. Follow-up is performed with periodic cytology specimens. The objective of the current study was to analyze the cytologic findings after this novel procedure. METHODS. Isthmic and vaginal Papanicolaou-stained ThinPrep cytology specimens taken from patients after radical vaginal and abdominal trachelectomy were reviewed. The specimens were also analyzed for the presence of benign endocervical cells, lower uterine segment glandular cells, endometrial stromal cells, and endometrial cells. The findings were correlated with the original diagnosis and follow-up, which included subsequent cytology specimens and biopsies. RESULTS. Cytology specimens (n = 223) from 44 patients were included in this study. An endometrial component was identified in 131 of the cases (59%). Twenty-eight cases were diagnosed as abnormal in the original cytology examination. Twenty of these cases and 5 additional cases that were diagnosed cytologically as benign had subsequent biopsies. The biopsies confirmed the presence of a lesion in only 4 of 25 biopsies (3 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and 1 adenosquamous carcinoma). All cases diagnosed as atypical glandular cells represented tubal metaplasia, lower uterine segment glandular cells, or endometrial stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS. Cytology specimens after trachelectomy frequently contain glandular cells from the lower uterine segment epithelium or endometrial stromal cells, which can lead to a misdiagnosis of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance. Tubal metaplasia is also a potential pitfall in these specimens. Pathologists and gynecologic oncologists should be aware of the potential pitfalls in the surveillance of smears after trachelectomy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Calcium Signals Tune the Fidelity of Transcriptional Responses

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Kar and Parekh (2015) reveal the remarkable intricacy and accuracy of Ca(2+) signals in differentially controlling the function of closely related transcription factors.
Respiration of avian embryos — A comparative analysis☆

All published values of the metabolic rates of avian embryos are brought together for analysis. A generalized pattern of O2 consumption during development of precocial eggs is determined and used to estimate the total amount of O2 consumed duirng development. The metabolic rates of avian eggs just prior to internal pipping (preIP MO2 is inversely proportional to the length of the incubation period. As in mammals, the mass specific metabolism of avian embryos is approximately equal to that of their parents, even though the parents are at least five times heavier. The total amount of O2 consumed per gram of fresh egg mass during development appears to be independent of egg mass and incubation period and averages 102 cm3 O2 . G-1. Calculated air cell O2 and CO2 tensions average 101 Torr and 40 Torr, respectively. Calculated air cell gas tensions are significantly correlated with egg mass but directly observed values are not, a discrepancy which remains to be resolved.
Driving AMPA Receptors into Synapses by LTP and CaMKII: Requirement for GluR1 and PDZ Domain Interaction

To elucidate mechanisms that control and execute activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptors (AMPA-Rs) with an electrophysiological tag were expressed in rat hippocampal neurons. Long-term potentiation (LTP) or increased activity of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) induced delivery of tagged AMPA-Rs into synapses. This effect was not diminished by mutating the CaMKII phosphorylation site on the GluR1 AMPA-R subunit, but was blocked by mutating a predicted PDZ domain interaction site. These results show that LTP and CaMKII activity drive AMPA-Rs to synapses by a mechanism that requires the association between GluR1 and a PDZ domain protein.
A nuclear export signal prevents Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp70 Ssb1p from stimulating nuclear localization signal-directed nuclear transport.

Hsp70 has been implicated in nuclear localization signal (NLS)-directed nuclear transport. Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains distinct SSA and SSBgene families of cytosolic Hsp70s. The nucleocytoplasmic localization of Ssa1p and Ssb1p was investigated using green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions. Whereas GFP-Ssa1p localized both to the nucleus and cytoplasm, GFP-Ssb1p appeared only in the cytosol. The C-terminal domain of Ssb1p contains a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) that is necessary and sufficient to direct nuclear export. The accumulation of GFP-Ssb1p in the nuclei ofxpo1-1 cells suggests that Ssb1p shuttles across the nuclear envelope. Elevated levels of SSA1 but not SSB1 suppressed the NLS-GFP nuclear localization defects of nup188-Δ cells. Studies with Ssa1p/Ssb1p chimeras revealed that the Ssb1p NES is sufficient and necessary to inhibit the function of Ssa- or Ssb-type Hsp70s in nuclear transport. Thus, NES-less Ssb1p stimulates nuclear transport innup188-Δ cells and NES-containing Ssa1p does not. We conclude that the differential function of Ssa1p and Ssb1p in nuclear transport is due to the NES-directed export of the Ssb1p and not to functional differences in their ATPase or peptide binding domains.
Polishing and local planarization of plastic spherical capsules using tumble finishing

Abstract A new method (a variant of tumble finishing) for polishing and achieving local planarization on precision spherical, plastic capsules is described. Such capsules have niche applications, such as ablators used in high-peak-power laser targets for fusion energy research. The as-manufactured ablators contain many shallow domes (many 100's of nm high and a few 10's of μm wide) on the outer surface which are undesirable due to contributions to instabilities during implosion. These capsules were polished (i.e., tumble finished) by rotating a cylindrical vial containing the capsule, many borosilicate glass or zirconia media, and an aqueous-based colloidal silica polishing slurry. During tumble finishing, the relative media/capsule motions cause multiple, random sliding spherical–spherical Hertzian contacts, resulting in material removal, and possibly plastic deformation, on the capsule. As a result, the domes were observed to locally planarize (i.e., converge to lower heights). Utilizing the correct kinematics (i.e., the characteristics of the media/capsule motions), as controlled by the vial rotation rate and the fill fraction of media and slurry, the high velocity downward circumferential media motions were avoided, preventing fracturing of the fragile capsules. Also, the resulting post-polished surface roughness on the capsule was found to scale with the initial media surface roughness. Hence, pre-polishing the media greatly reduced the roughness of the media and thus the roughness of the polished capsule. A material removal model is described based on the Preston model and spherical–spherical Hertzian contacts which shows reasonable agreement with measured average removal rates of 35 ± 15 nm/day and which serves as a valuable tool to scale the polishing behavior with changes in process variables. Narrow domes were observed to planarize more rapidly than wider domes. A local planarization convergence model is also described, based on the concept of workpiece–lap mismatch where the local pressure, and hence removal, varies with the gap at the interface contact. The calculated rate and shape evolution of various size isolated domes compares well with the experimental data.
Validity and Reliability of Using a Self-Lavaging Device for Cytology and HPV Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening: Findings from a Pilot Study

Self-sampling could increase cervical cancer screening uptake. While methods have been identified for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, to date, self-sampling has not provided adequate specimens for cytology. We piloted the validity and reliability of using a self-lavaging device for cervical cytology and HPV testing. We enrolled 198 women in New York City in 2008–2009 from three ambulatory clinics where they received cervical cancer screening. All were asked to use the Delphi Screener™ to self-lavage 1–3 months after clinician-collected index cytological smear (100 normal; 98 abnormal). Women with abnormal cytology results from either specimen underwent colposcopy; 10 women with normal results from both specimens also underwent colposcopy. We calculated sensitivity of self-collected cytology to detect histologically confirmed high grade lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN, 2+); specificity for histology-negative (CIN 1 or lower), paired cytology negative, or a third cytology negative; and kappa for paired results. One hundred and ninety-seven (99.5%) women self-collected a lavage. Seventy-five percent had moderate to excellent cellularity, two specimens were unsatisfactory for cytology. Seven of 167 (4%) women with definitive results had CIN2+; one had normal and six abnormal cytology results with the self-lavage (sensitivity = 86%, 95% Confidence Interval, CI: 42, 100). The kappa for paired cytology was low (0.36; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.47) primarily due to clinician specimens with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) coded as normal using Screener specimens. However, three cases of HSIL were coded as ASC-US and one as normal using Screener specimens. Seventy-three women had paired high-risk HPV tests with a kappa of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.49, 0.84). Based on these preliminary findings, a larger study to estimate the performance of the Screener for co-testing cytology and HPV or for HPV testing with cytology triage is warranted.
The dynamic stability of a pipe conveying a pulsatile flow

Abstract This investigation concern the small displacements of a pipe conveying a pressurized flow whose velocity possesses a harmonic fluctuation about a mean value. A new derivation of the fluid forces is used to obtain the partial differential equation of motion. General equations applicable to any set of boundary conditions are specialized for the case of a simply supported pipe and the Galerkin method is utilized to find solutions. An analysis of the case of steady flow shows that the pipe exhibits the divergence type of instability which is predictable by static structural theory. In the presence of pulsatile flow the pipe has regions of dynamic instability whose extent increases with increased amounts of fluctuation. The results have great similarity to those for beams carrying pulsating end forces.
Large-Eddy Turbulent Flow Simulation of an Industrial Helical Static Mixer

Viscous liquids have to be homogenized in continuous operations in many branches of processing industries; and therefore, fluid mixing plays a critical role in the success or failure of many industrial processes. Consequences of improper mixing include non-reproducible processing conditions and lowered product quality, resulting in the need for more elaborate downstream purification processes and increased waste disposal costs. The range of practical flow Reynolds numbers for helical static mixers in industry is usually from very small (Re ≈ 0) to moderate values (e.g. Re = 5,000). However, it has been found that the flow regime within helical static mixers is turbulent for relatively low Reynolds numbers, compared to the flow inside a pipe with no mixing elements present. This paper extends previous studies by the authors on the industrial helical static mixer. Its purpose is to present an improved understanding of the turbulent flow pattern for single-phase liquids through the mixer. Three-dimensional finite volume simulations are used to study the performance of the mixer using different turbulent models. Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) model is applied to the flow in an industrial helical static mixer to calculate the flow velocities, pressure drops, etc. Using a variety of predictive tools, the mixing results are obtained. Also, the accuracy and global performance of several different turbulent models are compared against the LES model.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Enhanced second harmonic generation from multilayered langmuir/blodgett films of dye

Abstract The first measurements of second harmonic generation (SHG) with multilayer enhancement in non-alternating layer Langmuir/Blodgett films of a hemicyanine dye is reported. The first observation of SHG in layers of a homogeneous mixture of hemicyanine and poly (methyl) methacrylate is also reported.
(+)-Discodermolide binds to microtubules in stoichiometric ratio to tubulin dimers, blocks taxol binding and results in mitotic arrest

Abstract Background: The marine natural product (+)-discodermolide has potent immunosuppressive activity. It inhibits proliferation of a wide range of human and murine cells, induces cell cycle arrest in the G2 or M phase and was recently shown to stabilize microtubules. Total synthesis of discodermolide has made it possible to generate variants of the compound to study its intracellular function in detail. Results: We have determined that (+)-discodermolide arrests MG63 cells at M phase, and has a stabilizing effect on microtubules. In vitro studies show that discodermolide induces polymerization of purified tubulin in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins, and that it binds to tubulin dimers in microtubules at 1:1 stoichiometry. Discodermolide binds taxol-polymerized microtubules at near stoichiometric level, whereas taxol binds discodermolide-induced microtubules poorly. Competition data show that the binding of microtubules by discodermolide and taxol are mutually exclusive; discodermolide binds with higher affinity than taxol. The results of binding assays carried out in vivo or in cell lysates also suggest that the microtubule network is discodermolide's cellular target. Condusions: (+)-Discodermolide causes cell cycle arrest at the metaphase-anaphase transition in mitosis, presumably due to its stabilizing effect on microtubules. In vitro , discodermolide polymerizes purified tubulin potently in the absence of MAPs. It binds microtubules at one molecule per tubulin dimer with a higher affinity than taxol, and the binding of microtubules by discodermolide and taxol are mutually exclusive. In total cell lysates discodermolide displays binding activity that is consistent with its effects on microtubules.
SPECTRAL AND TEXTURAL FEATURES TO CLASSIFY ELUSIVE LAND COVER AT THE URBAN FRINGE

Land-cover classification using only remotely sensed spectral features does not provide accurate information on all urban-fringe classes. Four texture measures used in conjunction with LANDSAT spectral features were empirically evaluated to determine their utility in Level II and III land-cover mapping. The contrast and high-frequency measures improved land-cover classification at the urban fringe. However, the decision to use texture measures should be weighed carefully because they yield only a small, yet important, increment in absolute classification accuracy and entail additional expense for data preprocessing.
A comparison of intestinal amino acid absorption in various avian and mammalian species.

Abstract 1. The intestinal absorption of amino acids in various avian species, the rat and the mouse was studied by a tissue-accumulation procedure. 2. The orders of initial (one-min) rates for methionine, lysine, proline, aspartic acid and glycine, as well as the methionine/lysine, proline/glycine and proline/aspartic acid ratios of rates varied between species and within breeds of the domestic fowl. 3. At one extreme, the methionine/lysine ratios were 11.4 and 10.5 in the tinamous and quail, respectively, and 1.46 and 1.92 in the turkey and mouse, at the other. 4. Proline/glycine ratios ranged from 1.0 in the chicken, turkey and quail to 2.06 in the mouse. 5. Proline/aspartic acid ratios ranged from 1.0 in the chicken, turkey and quail to 3.08 in the mouse. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the current models which assume uptake to be regulated at the gene level. 7. The observed absorption patterns and ratios probably reflect expression of specific genotypes found in the various species.
On the ozone hole in October

Concentration (by number) of magnetic spheroids recorded in 1967, 1969, and 1971 in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere at different longitudes and latitudes during the month of October may be associated with the formation of the ozone hole in the ozone layer during September and the first part of October. The flux of magnetic spheroids was found to increase from the North toward the South thus providing sufficient concentrations of particles around the South Pole capable of reacting chemically with ozone. The surfaces of magnetic spheroids consisted of FeO1.3 and sub-surfaces of FeO1.1 indicating that oxidation proceeded from the outside inward. The ozone hole in October in the Southern Hemisphere may be a natural phenomenon.
Ethanol-induced hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia and inhibition of the serum calcium-raising effect of parathyroid hormone in rats.

Previously, we reported that ethanol produces a fall in total serum calcium in rats. In this study we show that the rapid (30 min) fall in total plasma calcium from 5 to 4.59 mEq⁄1 after a single oral dose of ethanol (6 g⁄kg) was ssociated with a significant (p < 0.001) fall in plasma ionic calcium from 2.78 to 2.55 mEq⁄1. The percent changes from controls in both total calcium and ionic calcium were similar, being approximately 8% each. A significant (p < 0.001-0.005) rise in serum magnesium also was observed at 3.5 and at 4 hr after alcohol administration. The hypermagnesemia associated with the hypocalcemia was demonstrated both with a single oral dose of alcohol (6 g⁄kg) and with repeated administration of a smaller dose (0.2 g⁄kg) every 0.5 hr for 2 hr (total dose = 0.8 g⁄kg). In acutely thyroparathyroidectomized rats, the effects of parathyroid hormone and alcohol on serum calcium were antagonistic. The data suggested that in intact rats the calcium-raising effect of the parathyroid hormone, secrete...