cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stepped Broken-Gap Heterobarrier Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor for Ultralow Power and High Speed

The concept and the simulated device characteristics of ultralow-power and high-performance band-to-band tunneling field-effect transistors employing stepped broken-gap heterobarriers, HetTFETs, are presented. Abrupt switching is defined by the onset of a band overlap. High on-state currents are provided by narrow tunnel barriers defined by crystal growth rather than electrostatics. Sentaurus Device simulations exhibit current roll-offs by approximately 106 over ranges of ~ 15 meV down to a few millielectronvolts, depending on the prototype device structure, and approximately constant above-threshold transconductance values approaching current CMOS-like values.
Mesoscale to Submesoscale Transition in the California Current System. Part I: Flow Structure, Eddy Flux, and Observational Tests

In computational simulations of an idealized subtropical eastern boundary upwelling current system, similar to the California Current, a submesoscale transition occurs in the eddy variability as the horizontal grid scale is reduced to O(1) km. This first paper (in a series of three) describes the transition in terms of the emergent flow structure and the associated time-averaged eddy fluxes. In addition to the mesoscale eddies that arise from a primary instability of the alongshore, wind-driven currents, significant energy is transferred into submesoscale fronts and vortices in the upper ocean. The submesoscale arises through surface frontogenesis growing off upwelled cold filaments that are pulled offshore and strained in between the mesoscale eddy centers. In turn, some submesoscale fronts become unstable and develop submesoscale meanders and fragment into roll-up vortices. Associated with this phenomenon are a large vertical vorticity and Rossby number, a large vertical velocity, relatively flat horizontal spectra (contrary to the prevailing view of mesoscale dynamics), a large vertical buoyancy flux acting to restratify the upper ocean, a submesoscale energy conversion from potential to kinetic, a significant spatial and temporal intermittency in the upper ocean, and material exchanges between the surface boundary layer and pycnocline. Comparison with available observations indicates that submesoscale fronts and instabilities occur widely in the upper ocean, with characteristics similar to the simulations.
Structural Modifications of Drug Candidates: How Useful Are They in Improving PK Parameters of New Drugs? Part II: Drug Design Strategies

The prodrug approach has been widely used in drug design. Prodrugs most commonly use either oxidative or reductive activation. Considering the risks and costs of new drug development, it is critical to eliminate high-risk compounds as early as possible. The article discusses various factors related to structural modification and drug design strategies. Keywords: prodrug approach; oxidative activation; drug development; drug design; medicine–research
Atomic-scale simulations of cascade overlap and damage evolution in silicon carbide

In a previous computer-simulation experiment, the accumulation of damage in silicon carbide (SiC) from the overlap of 10 keV Si displacement cascades at 200 K was investigated, and the damage states produced following each cascade were archived for further analysis. In the current study, interstitial clustering, system energy, and volume changes are investigated as the damage states evolve due to cascade overlap. An amorphous state is achieved at a damage energy density of 27.5 eV/atom (0.28 displacements per atom). At low-dose levels, most defects are produced as isolated Frenkel pairs, with a small number of defect clusters involving only four to six atoms; however, after the overlap of five cascades (0.0125 displacements per atom), the size and number of interstitial clusters increases with increasing dose. The average energy per atom increases linearly with increasing short-range (or chemical) disorder. The volume change exhibits two regimes of linear dependence on system energy and increases more rapidly with dose than either the energy or the disorder, which indicates a significant contribution to swelling of isolated interstitials and antisite defects. The saturation volume change for the cascade-amorphized state in these simulations is 8.2%, which is in reasonable agreement with the experimental value of 10.8% in neutron-irradiated SiC.
Feature-based similarity search in graph structures

Similarity search of complex structures is an important operation in graph-related applications since exact matching is often too restrictive. In this article, we investigate the issues of substructure similarity search using indexed features in graph databases. By transforming the edge relaxation ratio of a query graph into the maximum allowed feature misses, our structural filtering algorithm can filter graphs without performing pairwise similarity computation. It is further shown that using either too few or too many features can result in poor filtering performance. Thus the challenge is to design an effective feature set selection strategy that could maximize the filtering capability. We prove that the complexity of optimal feature set selection is Ω(2m) in the worst case, where m is the number of features for selection. In practice, we identify several criteria to build effective feature sets for filtering, and demonstrate that combining features with similar size and selectivity can improve the filtering and search performance significantly within a multifilter composition framework. The proposed feature-based filtering concept can be generalized and applied to searching approximate nonconsecutive sequences, trees, and other structured data as well.
Decorrelator detection for quasi-synchronous multicarrier CDMA

A new multicarrier CDMA receiver is proposed for the reverse channel (mobiles to base) of a quasi-synchronous CDMA (QS-CDMA) system, which uses a decorrelator to demodulate the signal in each carrier. The advantage of the multicarrier CDMA system for quasi-synchronous operation is that the timing uncertainty interval can be progressively decreased by increasing the number of carriers and bits in the serial-to-parallel buffer. It has previously been shown that a modified decorrelator based on chip matched filter samples completely rejects undesired users with delays falling in the quasi-synchronous uncertainty interval. Here, it is also shown that the decorrelator rejects adjacent carrier undesired users, in contrast to the case of a system employing conventional matched filtering. Analytic BER results are presented for the decorrelator-based multicarrier CDMA system, under the conditions of Rayleigh frequency non-selective fading in each sub-band.
Creativity Is Life: A Commentary on the Special Issue

In this commentary on the papers in the special issue, I discuss how many of the standard questions and debates in the field of creativity research tend to focus on the individual creator. The welcome recent resurgence of interest in questions of context, interaction, culture, and audience—as on full display in this special issue—is cause to reflect not merely on these specific points but on how the deeper philosophy can resonate in how we study creativity and approach life itself.
The Nature of Rights at the American Founding and Beyond

Short book review essay of The Nature of Rights at the American Founding and Beyond (ed. Barry Shain, essays by Shain, Rogers Smith, Richard Primus, James H. Hutson, John Phillip Reid, Akhil Reed Amar, Jack N. Rakove, A. Gregg Roeber, Gordon S. Wood, Daniel T. Rodgers, Leif Wenar, Stephen Macedo).
Two-Sided Matching in the Job Market for Assistant Professors in Marketing

In the job market for entry-level assistant professors in marketing, hiring departments and job candidates jointly determine the final market outcome - who matches with whom. In this work, we investigate the effects of research field, research productivity and ranking status on these matching outcomes. This is accomplished by estimating a structural two-sided matching model that uncovers the joint productivity, or matching value, of the matches between departments and candidates. Our results show that a match between a candidate trained in a particular research field and a department with similarly trained faculty does not always generate the highest value. Moreover, publications in top marketing journals are most valuable in matches that involve top-ranked departments. However, this effect is moderated by the candidate’s field of research as well as the ranking of his or her degree-granting department. Finally, matches between top-ranked hiring departments and candidates from top-ranked degree-granting departments generate especially high matching value, suggesting that academic stratification exists within marketing academia. These insights are useful for candidates and departments in improving their matching outcomes in the entry-level job market.
The contributions of allergic sensitization and respiratory pathogens to asthma inception

Of the chronic diseases affecting grade-school children, asthma is the most common and accounts for the greatest number of school days missed. Moreover, it can influence family dynamics and function in other ways, and unfortunately, it can also be associated with mortality, particularly in the inner-city environments of the United States. Thus understanding factors that lead to its development in early life is essential in developing strategies aimed at primary prevention. Two risk factors that have been identified by a number of investigators include the development of allergic sensitization and wheezing respiratory tract illnesses caused by viruses and bacteria, either alone or in combination. Both of these factors appear to exert their influences within the first few years of life, such that asthma becomes established before the child enters grade school at age 5 to 6 years. Therefore, because both allergic sensitization and viral and bacterial illnesses can occur in children who do not have asthma, it is paramount to identify genetic and environmental factors that activate, interact with, and/or direct the immune system and components of the respiratory tract along pathways that allow asthma to become established and expressed clinically.
Autonomic function testing: an important diagnostic test for patients with syncope

Syncope is a common problem with a large differential diagnosis. The initial history and physical examination often provide initial clues; however, some cases warrant further testing to determine the underlying cause. Autonomic function testing is a safe way to evaluate patients with syncope further, and to assess their parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Autonomic testing can help to diagnose several conditions, including orthostatic hypotension, delayed orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome and neutrally mediated syncope. Thus, when the cause of syncope is unclear, autonomic testing can help to assess the autonomic nervous system, stratify the risk of future episodes and to guide treatment decisions.
Influence of Phloem Moisture on Brood Development of the Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Phloem of loblolly and shortleaf pine trees attacked by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, exhibited a characteristic drying followed by rehydration. Trees With initially higher phloem moistures retained relatively higher levels during drying following attack. Limited population estimates suggested that brood survival was lower in trees with high moisture. In the laboratory, rearing bolts which were waxed to maintain higher phloem moisture had lower beetle survival than unwaxed bolts. High phloem moisture was associated with the formation of long larval mines, instead of feeding chambers, which in turn led to lowered survival. Emergence of the survivors was positively correlated with phloem moisture, suggesting that high moisture was beneficial to larvae and pupae in the outer bark.
Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism in Egyptian Modern Art

Art in Egypt during the first half of the twentieth century has frequently been understood as closely tied to Egyptian nationalism, emerging suddenly in 1908 with the founding of the Cairo School of Fine Arts to provide the nation with visual representations. I look at art writing during the first half of the twentieth century in both the Arabic and French-language Egyptian press to show instead that a public discourse surrounding the fine arts emerged slowly over the course of several decades to constitute a locus for the negotiation of mutually constitutive cosmopolitan and national subject positions. Through their work, artists and critics positioned themselves, often ambivalently, in relation to the manifold claims of Egyptian, Arab, and European identity jostling for recognition within the context of the British occupation and the struggle for independence.
Clinical Analyse of Manual Rotation of Fetal Head with Postural Change on the Modification of Persistent Occiput Posterior Position

Objective:To analyze clinic effect of manual rotation of fetal head with postural change on the modification of persistent occiput posterior position.Methods:Two thousand twenty cases with persistent occiput posterior position were enrolled.The test group used methods of manual rotation of fetal head with postural change.The compare group used nothing.Results:The test group was significantly inferior to the compare group in the rate of forceps delivery and cesarean delivery (P0.05).The test group was significantly superior to the compare group in the rate of natural childbirth (P0.05).Conclusion:Manual rotation of fetal head with postural change on the modification of persistent occiput posterior position can significantly increase the rate of natural childbirth,decrease the rate of forceps delivery and cesarean delivery,decrease perinatal complications.
Service restoration of distribution network based on the branch exchange-particle swarm algorithm

To solve the premature issue of particle swarm optimization(PSO), this paper introduces the idea of simulated annealing into the dynamic inertia weight adjustment to make the inertia weight decrease with the increase in the number of iterations and avoid the algorithm falling into local optimization. And it uses population fitness variance to judge the particles' similarity in order to mutate the particle adaptively, i.e. control the mutation number "big then small" and select particles randomly and rebuild displacement. In order to improve the search speed of PSO algorithm, the PSO algorithm and branch exchange algorithm are combined, in which the particle displacement is just the contact switch connecting non-fault power-lossing area and normal area, as for the scheme of forming looped network, the branch exchange algorithm is used to determine the section switch to open. The combination of PSO and branch exchange could ensure the radial operation requirements of distribution grid, and make the network formed by a lower net loss. The example shows that the distribution network fault recovery based on branch exchange-PSO can quickly restore power supply of power failure area.
Improvement In Acute Management of Vaso-Occlusive Pain In Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease with Use of a Clinical Pathway

Abstract 2660 Background: Sickle cell disease causes considerable morbidity and mortality. Three guidelines exist for the management of vaso-occlusive pain, although studies have shown that these guidelines are not well followed and that there is considerable variation in care. Investigations of clinical pathways for pediatric sickle cell pain have not been published to our knowledge, but research in other pediatric conditions has shown that the implementation of clinical pathways can improve medical care. We initiated an investigation of the effects of a pain management pathway for sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis in the emergency department (ED) with the hypothesis that the introduction of a clinical pathway would improve the efficiency and efficacy of acute pain management. Methods: We conducted a prospective, cohort study from February 2009 to March 2010 in an urban, tertiary care ED. We collected data from patients aged 3–18 years old with sickle cell disease who presented to the ED with vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) pain. Baseline data was collected for five months prior to the introduction of the clinical pathway, followed by a four-week time interval in which the ED physicians and nurses were in-serviced on the pathway, followed by six months in which data was collected with the clinical pathway in place. Our pathway, which is in checklist format with instructions for triage, monitoring, medication administration, and timing of assessments and interventions, was developed by representatives from the divisions of Pediatric Hematology, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, and Pediatric Pain Medicine, Symptom Management and Palliative Care and based upon current standard-of-care guidelines. Results: Over the eleven month study period, 68 patients were enrolled. Random chart audits revealed a 75% capture rate. Significant improvement was demonstrated in time interval to first analgesic from 74 minutes to 42 minutes (p value 0.02), time interval to first opioid from 94 minutes to 46 minutes (p value Conclusions: Implementation of a pain management pathway for sickle cell VOC led to an improvement in the time interval to administration of first analgesic and time interval to pain re-assessment, bringing these aspects of patient management closer to accepted guidelines. Whether improvement can be made in admission rates, change in pain ratings, and patient satisfaction will require further study. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Companies as Policy Organs

Uses and Abuses of Companies The Introduction made the point that the members of Congress and others aim to model the Obama Bank on the European Investment Bank (EIB). Likewise, Secretary of Energy Steven Chu had, prior to his appointment, advocated the creation of a clean energy bank based on the United States Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im Bank) and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). Each is a public investment bank. While the EIB is a bank formed by several governments, both the Ex-Im Bank and OPIC are U.S. banks. Most countries are members of intergovernmental banks. Every fully industrialized country has its own public investment bank, as do a good number of emerging market countries. The most prominent public investment bank is the World Bank, which was created by the Allied Powers to promote development. Moreover, as we shall see in this chapter, the United States also promotes overseas projects through a range of additional domestic agencies that double as foreign affairs institutions. Proponents of basing the Obama Bank on these infrastructure banks do not seek to mimic their institutional design in its entirety. Instead, the appeal of these banks is essentially threefold. First, these banks are vehicles for promoting a range of public purposes. Second, banks also engage in cross-infrastructure sector planning, coordinating energy, transportation, and water policies, for instance. This planning typically aims to integrate regions comprising several sovereign territories. Third, although banks have historically pursued projects through a range of vehicles, within the United States, politicians, bankers, and private firms are interested in how the infrastructure banks pursue projects through public-private partnerships (P3s) or leveraging.
ANSI/NCSL Z540.3:2006: Requirements for the Calibration of Measuring and Test Equipment

This paper provides an introduction to the new ANSI/NCSL Z540.3 standard and its approach to prescribing requirements for a calibration system that controls the accuracy of the measuring and test e...
Enhanced survival of sickle erythrocytes upon treatment with glyceraldehyde.

Glyceraldehyde has been demonstrated to be an antisickling agent in vitro. In the present investigation, chromium-51 red cell studies were used to investigate the life span in vivo of sickle erythrocytes after treatment with glyceraldehyde in vitro. The mean survival (T1/2) of control cells was 5.8 +/- 1.6 days, whereas cells treated with 10 mmol/L or 20 mmol/L glyceraldehyde survived 9.0 +/- 1.4 (P less than .05) and 11.3 +/- 0.8 (P less than .002) days, respectively. The extent of modification by glyceraldehyde was 0.4 to 1.0 lysine residue per hemoglobin tetramer. These studies demonstrate not only a prolongation of the life span of sickle erythrocytes by treatment with glyceraldehyde but also the absence of any deleterious effects that would be revealed by this study.
Effect of repetitive administration of doxorubicin encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes on plasma kinetics, tissue/brain tumor drug deposition, and tumor vascular permeability in rats

648 Incorporation of drugs such as doxorubicin (DXR) in long-circulating liposomes (SSL-DXR) can alter pharmacology compared to the free drug. Differences in drug biodistribution, bioavailability, and tissue-specific metabolism may underlie the overall changes in pharmacology. Repetitive administration of SSL-DXR recently has been shown to alter vascular dynamics and permeability in the 9L gliosarcoma rat brain tumor model. The effect of repetitive administration of SSL-DXR on plasma kinetics and tissue/brain tumor deposition was investigated. Intracranial tumors were established by stereotaxic injection of 4x10 4 9L-72 cells into the caudate/putamen region of the brain in Fisher 344 rats. Free DXR and SSL-DXR were administered as weekly i.v. injections of 5.67 mg/kg, beginning 7 days after implantation. Drug concentrations in the plasma, brain tumor, brain, and other tissues were measured by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). A 35% decrease in the plasma elimination rate was observed for SSL-DXR upon repetitive administration. Concomitantly, SSL-DXR drug deposition increased 200-300% in brain tumors, but decreased in the liver (50%) and spleen (73%). No effect of repetitive administration was observed for SSL-DXR deposition in brain, heart and lung. Repetitive dosing of free DXR had no effect on the plasma kinetics or deposition in any of the tissues examined. Deposition of DXR in heart, an organ associated with dose-limiting toxicity, was approx. 3-fold greater with free DXR than with SSL-DXR, and repetitive dosing did not alter this relative difference. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to determine whether increased DXR tumor deposition arises from simple accumulation of repetitive doses or from alterations in tumor vascular permeability. The model suggests that accumulation alone cannot explain enhanced tumor deposition upon repetitive dosing, and incorporation of a 5-6 fold increase in the rate of tumor deposition best fits the experimental data. The model also suggests an increase of at least 170% in tumor exposure to drug upon repeat dosing. Thus, repetitive administration of SSL-DXR decreased the elimination rate of DXR from the plasma, increased DXR deposition in brain tumor, and decreased deposition in liver and spleen. The PK/PD model supports the hypothesis that the observed increase in DXR deposition in brain tumors is mediated by increased tumor vascular permeability.
Exam 2 Questions

1. A 54-year-oldmale presents to the emergency department with altered mental status and lethargy after being found down by his family. He is ultimately intubated for airway protection, and is now in the ICU. A non-contrast head CT is performed (see Image 1). Occlusion of which of the following vessels could explain this patient’s clinical presentation and CT findings? A. Artery of Adamkiewicz B. Artery of Drummond C. Artery of Heubner D. Artery of Percheron E. Artery of Samson
Reassessing emotion in climate change communication

Debate over effective climate change communication must be grounded in rigorous affective science. Rather than treating emotions as simple levers to be pulled to promote desired outcomes, emotions should be viewed as one integral component of a cognitive feedback system guiding responses to challenging decision-making problems.
What Deming Told the Japanese in 1950

This article attempts to clarify the role played by W. Edwards Deming at the beginning of the modern Japanese quality control movement by summarizing and analyzing the actual content of the series of quality control lectures he gave in Japan during the ..
Quantitative Anatomic Analysis of the Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Complex of the Elbow.

Background:A more detailed assessment of the anatomy of the entire medial ulnar collateral ligament complex (MUCLC) is desired as the rate of medial elbow reconstruction surgery continues to rise.P...
A Preliminary Study of Diversity in Extreme Learning Machines Ensembles

In this paper, the neural network version of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is used as a base learner for an ensemble meta-algorithm which promotes diversity explicitly in the ELM loss function. The cost function proposed encourages orthogonality (scalar product) in the parameter space. Other ensemble-based meta-algorithms from AdaBoost family are used for comparison purposes. Both accuracy and diversity presented in our proposal are competitive, thus reinforcing the idea of introducing diversity explicitly.
Evaluation of the Oceanic Niño Index as a decision support tool for winter wheat cropping systems in the Texas High Plains using SWAT

Abstract The semi-arid Texas High Plains has experienced decreasing well capacities due to decades of pumping with negligible recharge. Improvements in irrigation system efficiency and advances in drought tolerant crop varieties have improved water use efficiency. However, a gradual transition of irrigated lands to dryland management systems is expected for many areas in the region within the coming decades. Producers may elect to allocate more acreage to dryland crops such as winter wheat during this transition. Precipitation forecasting approaches may aid producers when considering planting acreage and additional inputs. Classifications of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) periods have been associated with seasonal fluctuations of precipitation in North America. In this study, the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI), used to classify El Nino and La Nina phases of the ENSO, was evaluated for predicting growing season precipitation for winter wheat using measured data from the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Laboratory (CPRL) for 1950–2015. Although not statistically significant, probability exceedance plots revealed a tenable correlation between precipitation and ONI classifications. Corresponding winter wheat yields were also simulated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model using both continuous and single-year scenarios designed to determine the effects of antecedent soil water resulting from inter-seasonal precipitation and residual soil water. The sporadic and uncertain nature of precipitation appeared to outweigh the ONI signal for prediction of precipitation for the winter wheat growing season in the Texas High Plains. However, simulated minimum yield values associated with El Nino phase classifications were nearly three times those of La Nina and phase neutral values, suggesting that ONI-based predictions of El Nino conditions have a lower probability of reduced yields. This finding in part supports the use of the ONI as a decision support tool for the planting of increased acreage and/or additional inputs for winter wheat crops in the Texas Panhandle. Additional analysis using long term precipitation data from multiple sites in the region would provide a more comprehensive determination of the efficacy of the ONI as a management tool.
Emotional and Cognitive Coping in Relationship Dissolution.

Romantic relationships are important for social development and can impact an individual’s functioning both positively and negatively, especially when the relationship breaks up. Emotional and cognitive coping strategies including emotion approach coping, avoidance, and rumination and variable response to expressive writing intervention were examined in relation to post-dissolution distress. Undergraduate participants randomized into two groups completed measures of cognitive and emotional coping variables and global distress, with the experimental group completing a three-session expressive writing protocol. Writing samples were rated for processing mode, or the degree of vague general statements. Avoidance and rumination demonstrated significant cross-sectional associations with Time 1 distress controlling for demographics and characteristics of the former relationship. Gender moderated the relationship between rumination and distress. Using a matched sub-sample, the groups did not differ on emotional coping variables or distress. Results demonstrate the importance of examining emotional coping strategies in conjunction with relationship dissolution.
1H FT NMR STUDIES OF THE Co3+-SUBSTITUTED HEXAMER: CHARACTERIZATION OF METAL ION BINDING TO THE GLU(B13) SITE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents results of the 1 H FT Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies of the Co 3+ -substituted hexamer for characterization of metal ion binding to the Glu(B13) site. In vivo , within the insulin secretory granules, crystalline insulin hexamers are formed and stabilized by the binding of Zn 2+ and Ca 2+ . These metal ions help hold the hexamer together by bonding across dimers. The Glu(B13) site has also been identified as a calcium binding site. When insulin is released into the bloodstream, the insulin crystals dissolve and hexamers must dissociate to monomers for insulin to become active. In this chapter, the 1 H NMR spectra of cobalt-substituted insulin, In 6 -Co 2 3+ and cobalt-substituted insulin derivatives, with Glu-(B13) bound calcium, In 6 Co 2 3+ , Ca 1 2+ , cadmium In 6 Co 2 3+ , Cd 1 2+ or lead In 6 Co 2 3+ Pb 3 2+ are presented. The resonance for His(B10) is easily identified (for once) as the very broad resonance at 8.53 ppm. When tripositive cobalt binds to the His(B10) sites, the His(B10) signals are shifted downfield to an uncommon extent and the rigidly bound cobalt increases the linewidth resulting in a broad, symmetrical peak.
Speeding Up Slow Deaths: Medical Sovereignty circa 2005

In this essay, I take up the question of the time of medicine in relation to two events in the U.S. from 2005—the Terri Schiavo case and Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath. I consider both cases as “mediatized medical events,” that is, as events in which the practices of medicine received considerable media attention at a particular historical moment; or, we might say, as events that brought a convergence between media and medical practices. I juxtapose these two events because, placed side by side, they help make visible two stories of catastrophe, as well as the many difficulties of telling stories of catastrophe. Bringing together these seemingly divergent events allows me to draw connections that I hope will expand our bioethical imaginary beyond the reductive approaches that tend to dominate the practice of bioethics today. I also juxtapose them to signal a bioethical tension at the heart of the neoliberal state’s response to catastrophe in general, what Foucault might have diagnosed as the difference between making live and letting die. In these two events, we glimpsed—if only fleetingly—the state’s operation of making live and letting die, and medicine’s central role in that operation, as well as the re-assertion of medical sovereignty in crisis events.
REGIONAL THERMOHYDROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN UNDERGROUND REPOSITORY FOR NUCLEAR WASTES IN HARD ROCK

The principal mechanism for underground migration of radionuclides is transport with groundwater. In the selection and assessment of suitable sites as potential repositories of nuclear wastes, it is important to predict the effects of heat generated by the wastes upon the water movement between the repository and the biosphere. With the absence of relevant engineering experience and the limitation on duration of in situ testing, simulation of global and long term thermal responses of the rock mass in hypothetical models is the main method for the understanding of the mechanism and the identification of the sensitive parameters controlling groundwater flow. This paper presents results of two sets of calculations: 1) Regional temperature effects are studied for different waste forms, repository dimensions and rock formations. The type of reprocessing treatment and the length of cooling period of the nuclear wastes before emplacement into the repository are found to be two of the more important factors. 2) Thermally induced fluid flow is calculated assuming a simple two-fracture system to make a “worst case” estimate of the transit time of water from repository to ground surface. Recharge capacity from the surrounding formation is found to be a controlling factor.
Designer mutants for behavioral genetics

Abstract One way of investigating the role of a gene or genomic locus in modulating a behavioral response is to examine those behavioral responses when that gene or genomic locus is not working properly due to a complete loss of function (null) or a partial loss of function (hypomorph) or a stronger or new role (gain-of-function). With recent advances in targeted gene editing, it is now possible to create null alleles or gene variants that are expected to have some altered function (for review, see Lee et al., 2016; Simone et al., 2018) and subsequently determine how those genetic changes impact an organism's ability to respond to stimuli in various behavioral assessments. When establishing a new edited allele in the genome for further analysis on behavioral responses, there are some important key considerations. First, will the editing method employed efficiently produce the desired change to the genome like a complete null or partial loss-of-function of the gene of interest? Second, how do we limit the impact of off-target (undesired alleles created by the editing strategy) or bystander (background alleles) mutations that may modify the behavior being observed by adhering to standard genetic principles? Third, how do we maintain genetically diverse stock without genetic bottleneck effects while deriving and establishing a desired mutant variant? This chapter briefly surveys various methods of targeted mutagenesis using programmable endonucleases and discusses ideal genetic practices that will aid in determining whether the programmed change is a key regulator of the observed phenotype or a result of off-target or bystander influences.
A new dual stainless steel cryogenic trap for efficient separation of krypton from argon and xenon

The elemental and isotopic abundances of krypton and xenon provide critical insights into processes ranging from stellar nucleosynthesis to volatile accretion and paleotemperatures on Earth. Accurate and precise determination of the krypton and xenon elemental abundance and isotopic ratios requires sample purification and noble gas separation to avoid interferences in the mass spectrometer. However, effective separation of krypton (Kr) from argon (Ar) and xenon (Xe) has remained challenging. Here, we present a new cryogenic instrument associated with a new protocol to achieve an efficient and effective separation of Kr from Ar and Xe. Using two electropolished stainless steel cryogenic traps on a single cold head, distillation of the noble gases from one trap onto the other and temperature cycling of the traps to reduce the effect of cryotrapping allows ≥98% of the Kr in a sample to be recovered with <0.5% of the Ar and <1% of the Xe abundances of the sample. Likewise, more than 99% of the Xe fraction can be recovered with <1% Kr. No variations in the isotopic ratios of the separated Kr and Xe fractions are observed as a function of the signal size for air standards. Moreover, we find that krypton isotopes can be fractionated during Ar–Kr separation. We suggest that more accurate krypton isotopic compositions can be obtained by maximizing the recovered krypton fraction instead of minimizing the argon fraction within krypton.
Communicating the components of informed treatment decision-making in patients with pancreatic cancer receiving preoperative therapy.

147Background: Preoperative therapy for localized pancreatic cancer represents an emerging treatment paradigm with the potential to provide significant benefits, yet with complex risks. Research is...
A Retrospective Study of Lymph Node Yield in Lateral Neck Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Objective:Lateral neck dissection (LND) is important in managing papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between lymph node yield (LNY) for LND and patien...
Ethics and Equity Considerations in Electronic Resources Work: An Introduction to Basic Resources and Practices to Support Librarians during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought innumerable changes to the lives of individuals and institutions across the country and around the world. In this uncertain time, access to information is crucial....
Experimental assessment of the impacts of ocean acidification and urchin grazing on benthic kelp forest assemblages

Abstract Ocean acidification (OA) is likely to differentially affect the biology and physiology of calcifying and non-calcifying taxa, thereby potentially altering key ecological interactions (e.g., facilitation, competition, predation) in ways that are difficult to predict from single-species experiments. We used a two-factor experimental design to investigate how multispecies benthic assemblages in southern California kelp forests respond to OA and grazing by the purple sea urchin , Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . Settlement tiles accrued natural mixed assemblages of algae and invertebrates in a kelp forest off San Diego, CA for one year before being exposed to OA and grazing in a laboratory experiment for two months. Space occupying organisms were identified and pooled into six functional groups: calcified invertebrates, non-calcified invertebrates, calcified algae, fleshy algae, sediment, and bare space for subsequent analyses of community structure. Interestingly, communities that developed on separate tile racks were unique, despite being deployed close in space, and further changes in community structure in response to OA and grazing depended on this initial community state. On Rack 1, we found significant effects of both pCO2 and grazing with elevated pCO2 increasing cover of fleshy algae, but sea urchin grazers decreasing cover of fleshy algae. On Rack 2, we found a ~ 35% higher percent cover of sediment on tiles reared in ambient pCO2 but observed ~27% higher cover of bare space in the high pCO2 conditions. On Rack 3, we found an average of 45% lower percent cover of calcified sessile invertebrates at ambient pCO2 than in high pCO2 treatments on Rack 3. Net community calcification was 137% lower in elevated pCO2 treatments. Kelp sporophyte densities on tiles without urchins were 74% higher than on tiles with urchins and kelp densities were highest in the elevated pCO2 treatment. Urchin growth and grazing rates were 49% and 126% higher under ambient than high pCO2 conditions. This study highlights consistent negative impacts of OA on community processes such as calcification and grazing rates, even though impacts on community structure were highly context-dependent.
American Politics in the Postwar Sunbelt: Conservative Growth in a Battleground Region

Introduction: what is the Sunbelt ... and why is it important? 1. Convergence, metropolitanization, and anticommunism 2. Race, rights, and the liberal consensus 3. Wars against liberalism 4. Southern, suburban, and Sunbelt strategies 5. Mobilizing the religious right in the politicized 'Bible Belt' 6. Reagan's Sunbelt, Reagan's America 7. Shades of red, shades of blue Epilogue. Sunbelt politics in the twenty-first century.
Transitions, Wellness, and Life Satisfaction: Implications for Counseling Midlife Women

A diverse sample of 224 women, aged 35 to 65, participated in a study to examine the relations among transitions, life satisfaction, and wellness, The Women's Midlife Transitions Survey, developed for this study, provided information on the timeliness, expectedness, and impact of common midlife transitions. Implications for mental health counselors include the need to help midlife women understand and cope with a variety of common life changes that individually and collectively help to define their midlife experience.
Poisson's Ratio in Linear Viscoelasticity – A Critical Review

Poisson's ratio is an elastic constant defined as the ratio of thelateral contraction to the elongation in the infinitesimal uniaxialextension of a homogeneous isotropic body. In a viscoelastic materialPoisson's ratio is a function of time (or frequency) that depends on thetime regime chosen to elicit it. It is important as one of the materialfunctions that characterize bulk behavior. This paper develops the linear theory of the time- orfrequency-dependent Poisson's ratio, and it reviews work on itsexperimental determination. The latter poses severe difficulties in viewof the high accuracy required. Thus, reliable information on theviscoelastic Poisson's ratio is as yet rather scanty. The paper also reports on attempts to measure the Poisson's ratioof a viscoelastic material as a function of temperature. Lateralcontraction in creep and at constant rate of extension receivesattention as well.
Folate cycle kinetics in human breast cancer cells.

Abstract A mathematical description of polyglutamated folate kinetics for human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) has been formulated based upon experimental folate, methotrexate (MTX), purine, and pyrimidine pool sizes as well as reaction rate parameters obtained from intact MCF-7 cells and their enzyme isolates. The schema accounts for the interconversion of highly polyglutamated tetrahydrofolate, 5-methyl-FH4, 5-10-CH2FH4, dihydrofolate (FH2), 10-formyl-FH4 (FFH4), and 10-formyl-FH2 (FFH2), as well as formation and transport of the MTX polyglutamates. Inhibition mechanisms have been chosen to reproduce all observed non-, un-, and pure competition inhibition patterns. Steady state folate concentrations and thymidylate and purine synthesis rates in drug-free intact cells were used to determine normal folate Vmax values. The resulting average-cell folate model, examined for its ability to predict folate pool behavior following exposure to 1 microM MTX over 21 h, agreed well with the experiment, including a relative preservation of the FFH4 and CH2FH4 pools. The results depend strongly on thymidylate synthase (TS) reaction mechanism, especially the assumption that MTX di- and triglutamates inhibit TS synthesis as greatly in the intact cell as they do with purified enzyme. The effects of cell cycle dependence of TS and dihydrofolate reductase activities were also examined by introducing G- to S-phase activity ratios of these enzymes into the model. For activity ratios down to at least 5%, cell population averaged folate pools were only slightly affected, while CH2FH4 pools in S-phase cells were reduced to as little as 10% of control values. Significantly, these folate pool dynamics were indicated to arise from both direct inhibition by MTX polyglutamates as well as inhibition by elevated levels of polyglutamated FH2 and FFH2.
Kinetic limitations on droplet formation in clouds

The 'indirect' radiative cooling of climate due to the role of anthropogenic aerosols in cloud droplet formation processes (which affect cloud albedo) is potentially large, up to -1.5 W m^(-2) (ref. 1). It is important to be able to determine the number concentration of cloud droplets to within a few per cent, as radiative forcing as a result of clouds is very sensitive to changes in this quantity, but empirical approaches are problematic. The initial growth of a subset of particles known as cloud condensation nuclei and their subsequent 'activation' to form droplets are generally calculated with the assumption that cloud droplet activation occurs as an equilibrium process described by classical Kohler theory. Here we show that this assumption can be invalid under certain realistic conditions. We conclude that the poor empirical correlation between cloud droplet and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations is partly a result of kinetically limited growth before droplet activation occurs. Ignoring these considerations in calculations of total cloud radiative forcing based on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations could lead to errors that are of the same order of magnitude as the total anthropogenic greenhouse-gas radiative forcing.
Aldehydes from Primary Alcohols by Oxidation with Chromium Trioxide: Heptanal

Aldehydes from primary alcohols by oxidation with chromium trioxide: heptanal intermediate: dipyridine chromium(VI) oxide reactant: 5.8 g. (0.050 mole) of 1-heptanol product: heptanal product: 2-methoxybenzaldehyde product: 4-nitrobenzaldehyde Keywords: oxidation, CH2OH CHO; dichloromethane (methylene chloride); dipyridine chromium (VI) oxide; chromium trioxide, mixing with pyridine; pyridine, poison
Teacher Expectations of Minority Exceptional Learners: Impact on “Accuracy” of Self Concepts

Minority exceptional learners confront multidimensional problems in schools and communities. One such problem is the issue of teacher expectation. Current laws require general and special educators to identify, assess, place, and instruct their students in a manner that does not label them or destroy their self-concepts. Ironically, these special education processes are loaded with presumptions and expectations that in themselves lead to discriminatory generalizations and illusory conclusions. In this article, I respond to this critical issue using pertinent cases that reveal the impact of teacher expectations on the “accuracy” or “inaccuracy” of self-concepts of minority exceptional learners. In addition, I discuss innovative techniques that reduce stereotypic labels and enhance “accurate” self-concepts.
Squeezed states in the de Sitter vacuum

We discuss the treatment of squeezed states as excitations in the Euclidean vacuum of de Sitter space. A comparison with the treatment of these states as candidate no-particle states, or alpha vacua, shows important differences already in the free theory. At the interacting level alpha vacua are inconsistent, but squeezed state excitations seem perfectly acceptable. Indeed, matrix elements can be renormalized in the excited states using precisely the standard local counterterms of the Euclidean vacuum. Implications for inflationary scenarios in cosmology are discussed.
Mastering failure: Technological and organisational challenges in British and American military jet propulsion, 1943–57

This essay undertakes a comparative review of radical innovation in the early Cold War, when UK jet propulsion development far outpaced any US efforts. British ingenuity created a series of jet engines which Americans adopted. One among these, which captures contrasting organisational formats for handling complexity and innovation, was the Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire, a tough, reliable propulsion system. The USAF’s licence assigned production to Curtiss-Wright, which had made piston engines for decades and which spectacularly botched the project, wasting millions. Eventually, the Pentagon shifted the J-65 American Sapphire to GM's Buick division, which finally fabricated adequate but obsolete engines in the mid-1950s.
Cation exchange resin therapy for hyperkalemia in infants and children

Summary Three cases of renal failure with associated hyperkalemia are presented. In each case the rectal administration of a sulfonated cation exchange resin (Kayexalate) was followed by a decrease in the serum potassium level and in the amplitude of the T waves in the electrocardiograms which were obtained. The clinical use of this resin is described and attention is directed to the potential dangers of such therapy. The literature on the use of ion exchange resins for hyperkalemia is briefly reviewed.