cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P2-07-01: Copy Number Variants in Early-Onset-Breast Cancer.

Background: Copy number variants (CNVs) are known to contribute to the risk for development of immune diseases, neurological disorders and to a lesser extent cancer. Many CNVs do not directly involve gene sequences. CHL1, a cell adhesion molecule with homology to L1CAM, is down-regulated in a large proportion of breast cancer. A deletion CNV immediately 5’ of the CHL1 transcriptional start site has been described. The CHL1 CNV9s role in breast cancer risk has not previously been explored. Material and Methods: 50 research subjects recruited to the Washington University/Siteman Cancer Center Young Women9s Breast Cancer Program (YWBCP) were selected for a CNV discovery study. These women were diagnosed breast cancer Results: aCGH data analysis has been completed for 25 YWBC trios (patients and parents). 247 differences in copy number in the breast cancer cases relative to their parents were identified (1-18 putative de novo CNVs per case). 91% of the observed changes were deletions and 9% were amplifications. One proband showed an 11,560 bp deletion 5’ of the CHL1 gene that was not seen in her parents. Conventional PCR confirmed a homozygous deletion of a ∼3 kb region in the patient, in the region of a known CNV with a reported frequency of ∼3%. Testing an additional 368 early-onset breast cancer cases for the CHL1 deletion revealed 25 additional homozygous deletions (6.8%). The deletion was present in 9 of 197 controls (4.5%). qPCR studies revealed the parents of the patient with the CHL1 deletion each carried a single copy of the CNV, making de novo copy number change in the proband very unlikely. Deletion specific assays for the CHL1 CNV are being used to test CNV genotypes in an extended case-control study. Discussion: CHL1 expression has previously been shown to be down-regulated in primary breast tumors. Our preliminary analysis of YWBC cases and controls indicates the CHL1 regulatory region CNV is unlikely to be associated with risk for early-onset breast cancer. Additional candidate de novo copy number changes seen in the genomes of patients with early-onset breast cancer are being evaluated to determine their roles as genetic risk factors. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-07-01.
How to Collaborate Through Teams

AbstractTeachers are spending more of their time and making more decisions within teams. Effective teacher-based teams provide academic and behavioral support for students as well as professional development for teachers. Learn how the best teams function.
Seasonal abundance and parasitism of the sunflower beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on cultivated sunflower in the Northern Great Plains

Postdiapause adults of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (F.), appeared in plots of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., between 28 May and 9 June and were present until mid-July 1985-1987. Peak density of adults occurred between 13 and 23 june when plants had 6-15 leaves. Eggs were present on plants for approximately 1 mo (June) with maximum egg densities occurring between 13 and 26 June. Larvae were initially observed between 10 and 19 June when plants had 5-12 leaves and were present an average of 53 d before entering the soil to pupate. There were four larval instars. New-generation (prediapause) adults emerged from the soil at the end of july or the beginning of August. By late September, all prediapause adults had left the plants and entered the soil to overwinter. Although population densities varied, life history patterns were similar among the 3 yr. There was one generation per year. The parasitoid Erixestus winnemana Crawford (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was reared from sunflower beetle eggs, but egg parasitism was extremely low (1985, 0.1%; 1986, 1.9%; 1987, 0.4%). Doryphorophaga macella Reinhard (Diptera: Tachinidae) was the only larval parasitoid recovered. Larval parasitization varied between 0 and 14.8% in 1985, 35.7 and 66.7% in 1986, and 0 and 100% in 1987. The life history of D. macella showed good synchrony with its host; sunflower beetle larvae were parasitized during the entire period they were present. The tachinid parasitoid Myiopharus sp. was recovered from prediapause adult sunflower beetles in 1987, but its rate of parasitization was only 1.7%. Parasitism by D. macella may have contributed to the reduction in sunflower field infestations by the sunflower beetle during recent years.
Social preference in the guinea pig as a function of social rearing conditions and age at separation from the mother

To determine the effects of social rearing conditions and age at separation from the mother upon later social preferences, 120 guinea pigs were divided at birth into two basic groups, communals and isolates. Within the communal conditions, five groups of Ss remained with other guinea pigs throughout the experiment, but the mother was removed when Ss were 0, 4, 8, 16, or 30 days of age. Within the isolate condition, Ss were separated from both the mother and other guinea pigs at 0, 4, 8, 16, or 30 days of age and remained isolated throughout the experiment until testing. At 135 days of age, social preference was tested in a tilt-cage apparatus for 6 consecutive days, 15 min daily. One end of the tilt cage contained another guinea pig, while the other end was empty. Results showed that preference for another guinea pig was reliably greater for the communally reared Ss than for those beginning isolation at any age. The age at separation from the mother had little effect upon social-preference scores for either rearing condition.
Does animal protein factor occur in green plants

SummaryA postweaning growth inhibition in the offspring of rats on a well fortified all-plant ration has been described. While this is corrected by a factor in liver, neither alfalfa leaf meal, dried grass nor young fresh grass have such an effect.
Solution-Stable Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles via Surfactant-Free, Hyperbranched Polyglycerol-b-polystyrene Unimolecular Templates

Hyperbranched polyglycerol-block-polystyrene copolymers, denoted HPG-b-PS, are synthesized and employed as a new and effective unimolecular template for synthesizing colloidal gold (Au) nanoparticles. The coordination of noble metal precursors with polyether within the inner HPG core and subsequent in situ reduction enables the formation of well-dispersed and stable PS-capped Au nanoparticles. The inner HPG core is produced via ring opening multibranching polymerization (ROMBP) and subsequently converted into atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) macroinitiators for the controlled growth of polystyrene (PS) arms possessing low polydispersity (PDI < 1.31). An initial investigation into the templating parameters of HPG-b-PS was undertaken by producing templates with different arm numbers (98 and 117) and different PS chain lengths (i.e., molecular weight = 3500–13400 g/mol). It was found that the PS chain length and solvent conditions affect the quality of the resulting PS-capped colloidal Au nanopart...
Discrete-Time Switching Circuits

All electronic circuits and systems perform two basic functions: signal generation and detection. Hence their performance or resolution are evaluated by the accuracy signal is handled at a certain speed. Therefore, the objective of all analog designs is to meet specified accuracy and speed requirements with constraints such as supply voltage, power, noise, or signal swing over process, voltage, and temperature variations. As CMOS is scaled down to the nanometer range, a new analog design style that relies on switching techniques has emerged and gained momentum. Fundamental concepts on key standard switching circuits such as comparator, latch, dynamic amplifier, and sampled-data circuit are elaborated in terms of transient noise, distortion, hysteresis, metastability, jitter, BER, and DC wandering.
Laser and light-based treatments of acne and acne scarring

The treatment of acne and acne scarring with lasers and light-based and energy-based technologies has become an integral component of our therapeutic arsenal. Lasers including infrared wavelengths and pulsed dye lasers; light devices including blue light, red light, and broadband light; and photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid and methylaminolevulinic acid have been shown to be effective in the treatment of acne vulgaris. The optimal outcomes are achieved with photodynamic therapy combined with medical therapy. Acne scarring has been best treated with lasers, including nonablative infrared lasers, fractional nonablative and ablative laser resurfacing, and most recently needle-based radiofrequency devices.
Chapter 7 Image-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration and Core Needle Biopsy of Neck Lymph Nodes: Techniques, Pearls, and Pitfalls

Image-guided percutaneous biopsy of cervical lymph nodes is a minimally invasive method performed for the characterization of abnormal lymph nodes, staging, and for the detection of regional tumor recurrence. When performed with proper technique and by a skilled proceduralist, this technique offers a very high diagnostic yield and can potentially save the patient from more invasive procedures. Its diagnostic role in different disease processes and the variations in technique as well as its potential risks and pitfalls will be discussed in this article.
Irrigation Technology, Institutional Innovation, and Sustainable Agriculture

We are now in the third wave of social concern about the relationship between natural resources and sustainability of improvements in human well being. If we are successful in putting into place the policies and institutions needed to resolve current efficiency and equity concerns in Western water resource use we will be in a better position to respond to the more uncertain changes that will emerge as a result of future global climate change.
Implantation of multiple suprachoroidal electrode arrays in rabbits

Abstract Purpose Epiretinal and subretinal prosthesis have been shown to be a valid way to provide some vision to patients with advanced outer retinal degeneration and profound vision loss. However, the field of vision for these patients is markedly limited by the area occupied by the electrode array. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of implantation of multiple suprachoroidal electrode arrays in a single eye in order to increase the field of vision in patients implanted with retinal prosthesis. Methods The right eye of seventeen Dutch rabbits (age range, 5–6 months) was used for the study. Multiple inactive custom-made electrode arrays were inserted into the suprachoroidal space (SCS) and animals were followed up for up to 6 months using fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography (FA). Results It was possible to surgically implant up to 8 electrode arrays in a single eye. None of the rabbits showed any major complications. The electrodes were well tolerated and remained in position in all rabbits. There was no evidence of retinal damage on follow-up exams and FA throughout the study. Conclusion Multiple suprachoroidal electrode array implantation is feasible and may provide a novel approach to increase the field of vision in subjects implanted with retinal prosthesis.
Integrated Thin-film Lithium-Niobate Waveguides on Silicon for Second-Harmonic Generation Pumped at 1875 nm

A thin-film periodically-poled lithium niobate (PPLN) on silicon wavelength converter is demonstrated for application in carrier-envelope offset stabilization. Supercontinuum generation, amplified at about 1900 nm wavelength, is used to generate second harmonic generation.
Metabolic Causes of Arrhythmias in the Critically Ill Patient

Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring with prompt interpretation and therapeutic response remains one of the most important techniques in the care of the critically ill patient. Although originally recommended for patients with acute myocardial infarction, experience has shown that such monitoring is an effective and sensitive method for identifying abnormalities in a wide variety of clinical situations. A recent patient followed in our intensive care unit emphasizes the value of such monitoring.
The Colfax Massacre a Forgotten Chapter of Violence

On April 13, 1873, hundreds of armed, white men laid siege to the county courthouse in Colfax, Louisiana. A smaller group of African American men defended the courthouse, asserting their claim that Republicans were the legitimate victors in highly contested 1872 state election. The white paramilitary forces attacked the courthouse on Easter Sunday, slaughtered many of the defendants, and executed dozens of prisoners. Known today as the Colfax Massacre, it is one of the largest mass murders to ever occur on American soil. Although as many as a hundred and no fewer than sixty-two black men were killed at Colfax, it is disregarded in traditional narratives of Reconstruction. This is due to the fact that many people would prefer to think that the violence that shook the United States during the Civil War came to an end with the defeat of the Confederacy. Omitting Colfax from the narrative also omits the paramilitary patterns of reconstruction violence, allowing racial violence to be relegated to a few isolated incidents. This promotes the view that the failure of Reconstruction was due to shortcomings of the North and an inability of the freedmen to manage their freedom and citizenship. My paper attempts to show why understanding the Colfax Massacre, and the violence it inspired, is central to explaining how white southerners were able to so effectively combat African Americans’ political power during Reconstruction. It also forces us to confront the role that violence played in Reconstruction and the legacy of white supremacy.
Analysis of recurrence patterns in acral versus non-acral melanoma: Should histologic subtype influence treatment guidelines?

9052 Background: Current surgical treatment of primary melanoma is uniform for all histo-subtypes, although certain types of melanoma, such as acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM), are biologically dis...
Evaluation of Rheological Properties and Cytotoxicity of Bioinks

We summarize the advantages and disadvantages of some of the most commonly used bioinks. We have probed the mechanical and cytotoxicity properties of Cellink and designed our own bioink from gelatin and Xanthan gum.
Role of Food Allergy Education: Measuring Teacher Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs.

IntroductionAlmost 6 million children suffer from food allergies with roughly 2 affected per classroom. Deficiencies in knowledge and discrepancies in attitudes within school staff when addressing ...
Evaluation of hard red spring wheat lines derived from wild Emmer for agronomic traits

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a major field crop grown worldwide. The quantity and composition of protein determine baking and nutritional properties of wheat. This study was conducted to: i) evaluate three hard red spring recombinant inbred (RI) populations (ND683/Bergen, Glupro/Keene, and Glupro/Bergen) for grain protein concentration (GPC), plant height, and days to heading; ii) examine the association of GPC with plant height and days to heading; and iii) estimate heritability of GPC in these populations. ND683 and Glupro are derived from crosses of wild Emmer (Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides) in a three way combination and are high in GPC. In all the populations, mean GPC and days to heading of the RI lines was greater than the low protein parents, Bergen and Keene. In both the ND683/Bergen and Glupro/Bergen populations, mean plant height of the RI lines was significantly taller than Bergen. Correlation coefficients between GPC and other traits (plant height and days to heading) ranged from 0.28 to 0.52 (P<0.01). The heritability estimate for GPC ranged from 0.37 to 0.43 (P<0.01). Results indicate selection for high GPC in these populations should be more effective in advanced generations.
Drag lifts birds to the skies

![Graphic][1] Birds are impressive and agile fliers. To remain airborne, they must produce forward thrust and upward lift forces while overcoming gravitational and drag forces on their body and wings. Thrust drives a bird forward, while lift forces support weight and drag forces act against
A New Interaction Integral Method for Analysis of Cracks in Orthotropic Functionally Graded Materials

This paper presents two new interaction integrals for calculating stress-intensity factors (SIFs) for a stationary crack in two-dimensional orthotropic functionally graded materials of arbitrary geometry. The method involves the finite element discretization, where the material properties are smooth functions of spatial co-ordinates and two newly developed interaction integrals for mixed-mode fracture analysis. These integrals can also be implemented in conjunction with other numerical methods, such as meshless method, boundary element method, and others. Three numerical examples including both mode-I and mixed-mode problems are presented to evaluate the accuracy of SIFs calculated by the proposed interaction integrals. Comparisons have been made between the SIFs predicted by the proposed interaction integrals and available reference solutions in the literature, generated either analytically or by finite element method using various other fracture integrals or analyses. An excellent agreement is obtained between the results of the proposed interaction integrals and the reference solutions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Introduction: Starting the Journey to a Sustainable Ecosystem and Healthy People

This book is about the intersection between the food system, the condition of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem, and the health of the people that live there. It takes a historical approach examining how the food system developed from early colonial times to the present. The book introduces the reader to the basic science governing the estuary and human health. It then examines the issues of exploitation of key animal populations, effects of industrial/chemical agriculture on the ecosystem, diet driven human health outcomes, pollution from the food system, economics and ethics of the food system, current policy environment, and the nexus between the food system and climate change in the Chesapeake Bay Region. The Standard American Diet (SAD) is examined from the perspectives of the impacts on the health of the ecosystem that produces it and the people that consume it. The authors introduce the concept that the food system drives eutrophication of people as well as ecosystems. The book presents evidence for the efficacy of replacing the SAD with a food system restructured to produce a whole foods plant based diet. It is written with social context that addresses issues of gender and race as they pertain to the food system and health outcomes. It also notes particular contribution made by women and people of color.
Catholic Saints and Scholars: Nostra Aetate and Islam

Nostra Aetate marks a shift in the Church’s attitude toward Muslims from one of suspicion and rivalry to one of fraternity and esteem. If the pastoral change was dramatic, the doctrinal advances were incremental. That Muslims and Christians worship the one God who speaks in history is affirmed, and Muslim devotions and morality are praised. However, Nostra Aetate remains silent with respect to Muhammad and the Qur’an and cautious vis-a-vis Islam’s Abrahamic credentials. It is sometimes said that those silences represent rejections of the bolder propositions of the French, Catholic scholar of Islam Louis Massignon (1883–1962), who died just as the Council opened but whose influence was exerted through his writings and relationships with key periti and even Pope Paul VI. However, if those silences are better interpreted as questions left open to further deliberation, then it makes sense to return to Massignon’s ideas and to explore how they have been developed by sympathetic thinkers in the post-Nostra Aetate era. After reviewing Massignon’s judgments regarding the Qur’an, Muhammad, and Islam’s Abrahamic status, this article emphasizes Massignon’s interiorist method (via al-Hallaj) and theological creativity as essential for responding to Nostra Aetate’s call for Muslim–Christian mutual understanding. The article highlights the example of Blessed Christian de Cherge as having critically appropriated Massignon’s vision in his theological reflection and personal witness. His work sheds light on potential developments of Nostra Aetate’s teachings‚ motivated by what he called his “burning curiosity” about Islam’s place in the divine plan.
Toward the democratization of knowledge: Using photovoice, social biography, and the "five whys" in YPAR with children.

Objectives: We assessed if using a biographical method, social biography, alongside photovoice, and the Five Whys could facilitate critical dialogue in a youth participatory action research (YPAR) context. Method: In a YPAR program, we added social biography to photovoice and the Five Whys during the problem definition phase. We coded ethnographic fieldnotes to examine the quality of critical discourse. Participants were six 10-11 year old Latinx children, some from mixed-status families. Results: Social biography enlivened critical dialogue when children defined the problem for their project: the accountability of la migra, or Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Conclusions: Social biography is a valuable tool for democratizing knowledge production with children through a liberatory framework. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Grating Lobe Mitigation in Wide and Near Horizon Scanning Linear Arrays with One-Wavelength Element Spacing

This paper addresses the grating lobe issue in linear, wide-angle scanning phased array antennas with one-wavelength element spacing by exciting two higher order modes in the element level. The antenna element is a dual–mode circular microstrip patch antenna operating at the TM 21 and TM 31 modes with conical radiation patterns. By properly combining these modes, a radiation-matched element pattern, well suited for the wide scanning angles up to ±85°, is realized that can effectively reduce the grating lobes to well below -30 dB.
Finite Elements and Spectral Graphs: Applications to Modal Analysis and Identification

There have been several studies developing calculus on graph domains, defining and generalizing the concepts of differential and integral operators on discrete domains. This chapter considers potential applications for such ideas in the field of modal analysis and identification. The thesis of the chapter lies in generalizing the “weak form” integral equations of the wave equation on a weighted graph domain using said developments (graph operations, Lebesgue integrals, etc.), leading to the definition of a parametric finite element model with sufficient flexibility to allow for model identification. There exist several results in the mathematical discipline of graph theory with regard to the physical interpretations of graphs and its subsets based on the relative weight distributions of the graph members (nodes and edges). The chapter will consider if there is merit for considering such ideas in the context of structural dynamics, specifically modal testing.
QUD sensitivity in the computation of scalar implicatures in second language acquisition

This study aims to investigate adult L2 speakers’ use of different types of information in the comprehension of pragmatic inferences by examining L1-Mandarin Chinese L2-English speakers’ sensitivit...
Neuropsychology of Attention: Synthesis

A fundamental premise underlies the neuropsychological approach within this book that attention and other cognitive functions are biophysical phenomena that can be operationalized, empirically studied and ultimately characterized and understood. A monistic perspective is assumed such that (1) reality is a unified whole, (2) all of its manifestations can be accounted for by empirical study and ultimately a single system of knowledge, and (3) the mind and body (or more broadly all physical matter) originate from and are reducible to the same substance and common laws and principles. The framework fits most closely with neurophilosophy and with epistemologies that reject dualistic conception of the mind and body as distinct entities, such that the mind is not knowable through the study of physical phenomena. On the other hand, it also assumes that there are multiple paths by which cognition and other “mental” experiences can be studied.
A Semiclassical Approach to the Strong Coupling Physics of QCD

Over the past few years, a reasonably simple picture of the workings of QCD has emerged: It assigns different physics to different distance scales via an effective coupling, g(d), governing the quantum fluctuations of scale size d. At short distances, g(d) is small, and the theory resembles a simple weak-coupling perturbation theory. The effective coupling grows with increasing d and eventually becomes large enough that the fluctuations resemble those of a strong coupling lattice theory (the value, dc, of d at which this happens is presumably roughly equal to the size of a typical hadron). The strong coupling limit of lattice QCD is almost as simple as perturbation theory: confinement is automatic and the physics is completely characterized by the energy per unit length, o, of the flux tube which connects static charges.
Frog Virus 3 DNA Replication

Frog virus 3 (FV3) is a large icosahedral virus belonging to the Iridoviridae family. The genome is double—stranded, linear DNA with a molecular weight of 100 x 106 (Kelly and Avery, 1974; Murti et al., 1982). Among animal viruses, FV3 was the first demonstrated to contain a circularly permuted and terminally redundant genome (Goorha and Murti, 1982; Murti et al., 1982). Another unusual feature of FV3 DNA is its high degree of methylation; over 20% of deoxycytidine residues are methylated at 5-carbon position (Willis and Granoff, 1980). In this paper, I discuss FV3 DNA replication and how the novel features of the FV3 genome, i.e., high degree of methylation and circular permutation, impact on the strategy of DNA replication.
WE‐A‐304‐02: Strategies and Technologies for Cranial Radiosurgery Planning: Gamma Knife

The high fractional doses, stringent requirements for accuracy and precision, and surgical perspective characteristic of intracranial radiosurgery create considerations for treatment planning which are distinct from most other radiotherapy procedures. This session will introduce treatment planning techniques specific to two popular intracranial SRS modalities: Gamma Knife and MLC-based Linac. The basic treatment delivery characteristics of each device will be reviewed with a focus on how those characteristics determine the paradigm used for treatment planning. Basic techniques for treatment planning will be discussed, including considerations such as isodose selection, target and organ-at-risk definition, quality indices, and protection of critical structures. Future directions for SRS treatment planning will also be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Introduce the basic physical principles of intracranial radiosurgery and how they are realized in the treatment planning paradigms for Gamma Knife and Linac radiosurgery. 2. Demonstrate basic treatment planning techniques. 3. Discuss metrics for evaluating SRS treatment plan quality. 4. Discuss recent and future advances in SRS treatment planning. D. Schlesinger receives research support from Elekta, AB
Minimal Shared Information for Concurrent Reading and Writing

While there have been many register construction algorithms in the recent years, results establishing the intrinsic complexity of such constructions are scarce. In this paper, we establish the minimum shared memory necessary to construct an atomic single-writer, single-reader, N-bit register A from single-writer, single-reader, single bit safe registers. The write operation on A is wait-free, but the read operation is not. We also provide constructions that match our lower bounds.
Isolation and characterization of the hemichrome-stabilized membrane protein aggregates from sickle erythrocytes. Major site of autologous antibody binding.

Because the interaction of denatured hemoglobins (i.e. hemichromes) with the red cell membrane has been associated with several abnormalities commonly observed in hemichrome-containing erythrocytes, we have undertaken to isolate and characterize the hemichrome-rich membrane protein aggregates from sickle cells. The aggregates were isolated by two procedures: one at low ionic strength by centrifugation of detergent-solubilized spectrin-depleted inside-out vesicles, and the other at physiological ionic strength by detergent solubilization of whole cells followed by cytoskeletal disruption and centrifugation. The extensively washed aggregates obtained by both methods yielded similar results. These insoluble complexes were found to be highly cross-linked by predominantly intermolecular disulfide bonds; however, other nonreducible covalent linkages were also observed. Both in the presence and absence of reducing agents, the aggregate disintegrated when the hemichromes were removed by high ionic strength, suggesting that the aggregate depended heavily on the cohesive properties of the hemichromes for stability. Protein assays demonstrated that the aggregates comprised approximately 1.3% of the total membrane protein, roughly two-thirds of which appeared to be globin chains. Other major components identified in the aggregate were band 3, ankyrin, bands 4.1, 4.9, and 5, glycophorins A and B, and autologous IgG. Quantitative analysis of the IgG content demonstrated that three-fourths of the surface-bound IgG on washed sickle cells was clustered at these aggregate sites, representing an enrichment of approximately 250-fold over nonaggregated regions of the membrane. Since clustered cell surface IgG is thought to trigger removal of erythrocytes from circulation, the hemichrome-induced membrane reorganization at these aggregate sites may be an important cause of the greatly shortened life span of sickle cells.
Smoke-Free Policies in Multiunit Housing: Smoking Behavior and Reactions to Messaging Strategies in Support or in Opposition

Introduction Given the high proportion of US adults living in multiunit housing (MUH) and the related risks of secondhand smoke, we examined correlates of having smoke-free MUH policies, level of support for such policies, and reactions to related messaging among a quota-based nonprobability sample of US adults.
The United States, the International Court of Justice, and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations: Introductory Note to Medellin v. Texas

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2008 that the ICJ decision in Avena was not directly enforceable in the United States as domestic law, and that the President lacked power to direct state courts to implement Avena. This introductory note will apear in volume 47 of International Legal Materials. It sets forth the background of Avena and other VCCR cases before the ICJ. It also discusses an advisory opinion from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights not cited by the U.S. Supreme Court. Some cases after Medellin are identified, as well as Mexico's most recent June 2008 request for an interpretation of Avena and an indication of provisional measures to prevent the execution of Mexican nationals named in the Avena judgment.
PRIMARY PULMONARY VASCULAR OBSTRUCTION IN CHILDREN.

1. Nine patients with primary pulmonary vascular obstruction observed at the Children9s Hospital Medical Center between 1953 and 1963 are presented. 2. The clinical profile is quite uniform and corresponds well with the 26 pediatric patients reported in the literature. Symptoms begin predominately under 3 years of age and consist principally of consequences of low cardiac output, including fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and syncope. Signs are those of pulmonary artery hypertension leading to right-sided congestive failure. Death, often instantaneous, occurs usually within 1 year after onset of symptoms. 3. Findings at cardiac catheterization consist of pulmonary artery hypertension (exceeding systemic pressures), low cardiac output, pulmonary vascular obstruction, and a normal pulmonary capillary mean pressure. There are no left to right shunts present; a small right to left shunt at the atrial level (patent foramen ovale at autopsy was seen once. 4. Etiologic clues were not discovered. Detailed family histories are compatible with the possibility of a recessive trait. Familial incidence is reported. 5. No effective therapy is available.
Observed and Modeled Relationships Among Arctic Climate Variables

[1] The complex interactions among climate variables in the Arctic have important implications for potential climate change, both globally and locally. Because the Arctic is a data-sparse region and because global climate models (GCMs) often represent Arctic climate variables poorly, significant uncertainties remain in our understanding of these processes. In addition to the traditional approach of validating individual variables with observed fields, we demonstrate that a comparison of covariances among interrelated parameters from observations and GCM output provides a tool to evaluate the realism of modeled relationships between variables. We analyze and compare a combination of conventional observations, satellite retrievals, and GCM simulations to examine some of these relationships. The three climate variables considered in this study are surface temperature, cloud cover, and downward longwave flux. Results show that the highest correlations between daily changes in pairs of variables for all three data sets occur between surface temperature and downward longwave flux, particularly in winter. There is less variability in GCM output, in part, because there is greater spatial averaging. Although the satellite products can be used to examine some of these relationships, additional work may be needed to ensure consistency between changes in radiative components of the energy budget and other retrieved quantities. The GCM's relationships between variables agree well with in situ observations, which provides some confidence that the GCM's representation of present-day climate is reasonable in high northern latitudes.
Factors from multiple scales influence the distribution and abundance of an imperiled fish – mountain sucker in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA

An understanding of the factors associated with the distribution of fishes is fundamental to stream ecology, and can be used to assess and prioritize conservation areas. Mountain sucker Catostomus platyrhynchus is generally stable across its range in Western North America, but recent studies have documented declines at finer spatial scales near the periphery of its range, including the Black Hills of South Dakota. Despite its wide-ranging distribution, little information exists on mountain sucker autecology or community dynamics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hierarchical influence of physical and biological variables on the distribution and abundance of mountain sucker in streams of the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA. We evaluated the support for candidate models that incorporated multiple spatial scales and potential biotic interactions to model mountain sucker presence and abundance using an information theoretic approach. Mountain sucker presence was best explained by a combination of reach-scale habitat and fish assemblage variables, including a negative influence of trout abundance. Mountain sucker abundance increased with periphyton coverage, a food resource. These models increase understanding of mountain sucker ecology, can be used to assess and prioritize areas of conservation interest for this native fish in the Black Hills, and can identify management actions that will provide the most effective conservation strategies for this species.
Computing the limits of risk aversion

Abstract Utility theory can be used to model the decision process involved in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of systems that protect against a risk to assets. A key variable in the model is the coefficient of relative risk aversion (or simply “risk-aversion”) which reflects the decision maker's reluctance to invest in such safety systems. This reluctance to invest is the scaled difference in expected utility before and after installing the safety system and has a minimum at some given value of risk-aversion known as the “permission point”, and it has been argued that decisions to sanction safety systems would be made at this point. As the cost of implementing a safety system increases, this difference in utility will diminish. At some point, the “point of indiscriminate decision”, the decision maker will not be able to discern any benefit from installing the safety system. This point is used to calculate the maximum reasonable cost of a proposed safety system. The value of the utility difference at which the decision maker is unable to discern any difference is called the “discrimination limit”. By considering the full range of accident probabilities, costs of the safety system and potential loss of assets, an average risk-aversion can be calculated from the model. This paper presents the numerical and computational techniques employed in performing these calculations. Two independent approaches to the calculations have been taken, the first of which is the derivative-based secant method, an extension of the referred derivative method employed in previous papers. The second is the Golden Bisection Method, based on a Golden Section Search algorithm, which was found to be more robust but less efficient than the secant method. The average risk-aversion is a function of several key parameters: the organisation's assets, the probability and maximum cost of an incident, and the discrimination limit. An analysis of the sensitivity of the results to changes in these parameters is presented. An average risk-aversion of 0.8–1.0 is found for a wide range of parameters appropriate to individuals or small companies, while an average risk-aversion of 0.1 is found for large corporations. This reproduces the view that large corporations will be risk neutral until faced with risks that pose a threat to their viability.
The rationality debate: Look to ontogeny before phylogeny

Subjects have a rich history of decision making which would be expected to affect reasoning in new tasks. For example, averaging, a strategy that is effectively used in many decisions, may help explain the conjunction fallacy. Before resorting to accounts based on phylogeny, more parsimonious accounts in terms of ontogeny should be explored.
Connected Through Crisis: Emotional Proximity and the Spread of Misinformation Online

During crises, the ability to access relevant information is extremely important for those affected. Previous research shows that social media have become popular for rapid information exchange between members of the online community after crisis events. This study focuses on the effects of proximity to a crisis on information sharing behaviors. Using constructivist grounded theory to guide our inquiry, we conducted interviews with eleven people who used social media in the aftermath of the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombings. Salient themes emerging from this study suggest that both physical and emotional proximity to a crisis influence online information seeking and sharing behaviors. Additionally, speed of information sharing and information access renders social media especially useful during crisis and particularly susceptible to the spread of misinformation. We view the latter as a consequence of the inevitable sensemaking process that occurs as individuals attempt to make sense of incomplete information.
Gender-specific effects of HIV protease inhibitors on body mass in mice

Protease inhibitors, as part of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), have significantly increased the lifespan of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. Several deleterious side effects including dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy, however, have been observed with HAART. Women are at a higher risk of developing adipose tissue alterations and these alterations have different characteristics as compared to men. We have previously demonstrated that in mice the HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir, caused a reduction in weight gain in females, but had no effect on male mice. In the present study, we examined the potential causes of this difference in weight gain. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) null mice or wild-type C57BL/6 mice, were administered 15 μg/ml ritonavir or vehicle (0.01% ethanol) in the drinking water for 6 weeks. The percent of total body weight gained during the treatment period was measured and confirmed that female LDL-R gained significantly less weight with ritonavir treatment than males. In wild type mice, however, there was no effect of ritonavir treatment in either sex. Despite the weight loss in LDL-R null mice, ritonavir increased food intake, but no difference was observed in gonadal fat weight. Serum leptin levels were significantly lower in females. Ritonavir further suppressed leptin levels in (p < 0.05). Ritonavir did not alter serum adiponectin levels in either gender. To determine the source of these differences, female mice were ovariectomized remove the gonadal sex hormones. Ovariectomy prevented the weight loss induced by ritonavir (p < 0.05). Furthermore, leptin levels were no longer suppressed by ritonavir (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that gonadal factors in females influence the hormonal control of weight gain changes induced by HIV protease inhibitors in an environment of elevated cholesterol.
Errors in reporting seropositivity for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Excerpt To the Editor:The reversion of results from tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from positive to negative has been occasionally reported in persons with the acquired ...
A potential treatment of heat conduction in water vapor with temperature-dependent spectrum

Abstract The heat transfer by combined infrared-radiation and conduction in a layer of water vapor is analyzed by using a potential method and measured values of spectral absorption coefficient in the temperature range between 600 and 3000°K. It is found that the problem with the temperature-dependent spectrum can be treated, with good approximation, as one with the spectral absorption coefficient evaluated at a constant reference temperature. Thus, an approximate method of solution for the general problem is established, at least for water vapor. Calculations are also made for a fictitious gas having a very narrow single-band of absorption-emission. Various approximations which have been discussed by previous investigators are re-examined.
Hypertension, orthostatic hypotension and the microvascular complications of diabetes.

Abstract Prevalences of hypertension and orthostatic hypotension and their relationship to the microvascular complications of diabetes were assessed in 702 individuals aged 18–74 years, who had been selected as a representative sample of surviving patients with diabetes diagnosed at the Joslin Clinic between 1939 and 1965. In diabetes of short, long and very long duration, hypertension was 1.7, 1.9 and 2.1 times more frequent, respectively, than in the white U.S. population, regardless of gender. The excess frequency of hypertension in short duration diabetes suggests that some etiologic factor is shared by both conditions, while the magnification of the excess with increasing duration could be explained by an effect of diabetes on the kidney. Hypertension without accompanying proteinuria was not associated with retinopathy. Orthostatic hypotension was observed in 12% of the males and 13% of the females. The magnitude of the fall in systolic blood pressure was correlated with age, postprandial blood glucose, supine diastolic blood pressure, and the presence of retinopathy. Patients with proliferative retinopathy had the largest fall in systolic blood pressure.
Relative Uptake and Translocation of Potassium and Cesium in Barley

The relative rates of uptake of potassium and cesium by excised roots and by intact plants of barley from solutions have been measured by K/sup 42/ and Cs/sup 137/. The results have been expressed as the observed ratio (O.R.): O.R. = (Cs/sup 137//K/sup 42/ plant)/(Cs/sup 137//K/sup 42/ solution). In excised roots, in external concentrations of potassium up to 1.0 meq/l, the O.R. was in the range of 0.15 to 0.25. At a higher concentration (10 meq/U, the O.R. was approximately 0.4, thus indicating a lower selectivity for potassium at this level. In the transfer from root to shoot, a marked effect of potassium concentration on the O.R. was observed. At a concentration of 0.1 meq/l, K/sup 42/was transferred at 10 to 20 times the rate of Cs/sup 137/ (mean O.R. = 0.06). At 10 meq/l, K/sup 42/ was transferred at only twice the rate of Cs/sup 137/ (O.R. = O.5). When the proportions of added stable potassium and cesium in the medium were varied over a very wide range, the O.R. was affected by a factor of less than two. When the rate of potassium uptake was low or when water movement was restricted, the O.R. in the shoots wasmore » greater than unity, showing a greater transference of Cs/sup 137/. (auth)« less
PS2-42: All-cause Mortality is Decreased in Women Undergoing Annual Mammography Screening Before Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Background/Aims Annual mammogram screening for the early detection of breast cancer in women is recommended by most professional organizations beginning at the age of 40. However, the efficacy of annual mammography screening related to decreasing mortality remains an area of debate due to concerns regarding risk versus benefit. The potential for harm as a result of over-diagnosis of cancers that may not have been clinically significant extends beyond the extensively analyzed breast cancer-specific mortality. Therefore, we sought to examine screening mammography frequency and all-cause mortality in breast cancer patients.
Scattered Lyα Radiation around Sources before Cosmological Reionization

The spectra of the first galaxies and quasars in the universe should be strongly absorbed shortward of their rest-frame Lyα wavelength by neutral hydrogen (H I) in the intervening intergalactic medium. However, the Lyα line photons emitted by these sources are not eliminated but rather scatter until they redshift out of resonance and escape owing to the Hubble expansion of the surrounding intergalactic H I. We calculate the resulting brightness distribution and the spectral shape of the diffuse Lyα line emission around high-redshift sources before the intergalactic medium was reionized. Typically, the Lyα photons emitted by a source at zs ~ 10 scatter over a characteristic angular radius of ~15'' around the source and compose a line that is broadened and redshifted by ~103 km s-1 relative to the source. The scattered photons are highly polarized. Detection of the diffuse Lyα halos around high-redshift sources would provide a unique tool for probing the neutral intergalactic medium before the epoch of reionization. On sufficiently large scales, where the Hubble flow is smooth and the gas is neutral, the Lyα brightness distribution can be used to determine the cosmological mass densities of baryons and matter.