cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requirement for different Ca2+ pools in the activation of rabbit platelets II. Phospholipase activity.

Abstract The effects of extracellular Ca 2+ concentration and the putative antagonist of intracellular Ca 2+ movement, 8-( N , N -diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) on platelet phospholipase activity and thromboxane B 2 synthesis were examined in rabbit platelets stimulated by platelet activating factor, thrombin and ionophore A23187. TMB-8 markedly inhibited the platelet activating factor-induced decrease in [ 14 C]arachidonate content in platelet phsophatidylacholine and phosphatidylinositol, while showing minimal effects on thrombin-induced phospholipase activation. A23187 stimulation of these processes was inhibited to an intermediated degree by TMB-8. In contrast, extracellular Ca 2+ removal inhibited phospholipase activity to a similar degree with all three stimuli. Moreover, the threshold concentration of extracelullar Ca 2+ for phospholiphase activation, as measured by thromboxane B 2 synthesis, was similar for platelet activating factor- and thrombin-stimulated platelets. The data provide evidence that, while platelet activating factor and thrombin may, to some extent, have similar requirements for extracellular Ca 2+ , they utilize a TMB-8 sensitive step to different degrees during activation of platelet phospholipase.
Varistor-controlled liquid-crystal displays

A new method of constructing multiplexed reflective liquid-crystal displays is described. A passive nonlinear control layer is formed by applying appropriate conductor and insulator layers to a slab of ZnO varistor material which forms the rear wall of the liquid-crystal cell, thereby, placing a varistor in series with each display element. The sharp nonlinearity of the varistor I-V characteristics allows matrix displays with a very large number of lines (∼ 1000), while achieving the same optical performance as a nonmultiplexed display. Resolution limits and drive requirements are also discussed.
Levels of erythropoietin in patients with the anemias of chronic diseases and liver failure

Two mechanisms are felt to be responsible for the production of anemia in patients with chronic diseases. The first is failure to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin (EP), and the second is failure to deliver iron to the bone marrow in amounts sufficient to support normal erythropoiesis. In order to evaluate these hypotheses we studied urine and serum EP levels and levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in normal subjects, in patients with the anemia of chronic diseases, in patients with chronic liver disease, and in patients with a variety of other anemias. Based on the results, we propose first that insufficient production of EP is one of the major mechanisms responsible for anemia in patients with chronic diseases. Second, insufficient production of EP is, in part, responsible for anemia seen in patients with chronic liver disease. Third, serum and urine EP levels decrease with aging, and this correlates with the fall of hemoglobin levels seen in older normal subjects.
GIS method for characterizing fire flow capacity

Abstract There are numerous methods currently used to calculate required water flow rates for sprinklered and non-sprinklered buildings. The aim of this study is provide a flexible automated procedure for indentifying locations lacking adequate fire flow. To accomplish this objective, this research uses a GIS procedure to determine the spatial relationships between fire hydrants and historical fire incidences, and integrates the recommended hydrant spacing and building type specifications from the International Fire Code. This method was tested in two communities in eastcentral Michigan, USA. The results indicate an ability to define clusters of fires, determine the availability of hydrants, and assess the suitability of the available fire flow, including areas of potential extra capacity. Using these same data, additional GIS analyses can optimize hydrant location, ascertain the frequencies of different categories of fires, and identify the patterns of building types prone to fires.
THE RESTRUCTURING OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCALE: COALESCENCE AND FRAGMENTATION OF THE NORTHERN CORE REGION*

In order to understand the dimensions and significance of contemporary regional restructuring and in order to provide a coherent basis for a "new regional geography," it is vital to tackle the question of scale. We hypothesize in this paper that the scale at which economic regions are constituted is periodically transformed, and we attempt to demonstrate this with respect to the coalescence in the postwar period of a single region comprising the Northern Core. A coalescence index is devised to measure levels of coalescence in experiences of manufacturing employment, service employment, value added, number of manufacturing establishments, and unemployment rates. The pattern which emerges might be interpreted in several ways, but it seems that the coalescence of a relatively homogeneous Northern Core by the mid-1970s has been superseded by a more fragmented pattern in the 1980s. While suggestive of complex changes in the regional scale, this inquiry also points toward further empirical research.
ENHANCED HOST DEFENSE MECHANISM WITH PHENYL-IMIDOTHIOZOLE

Phenyl-imidothiazole (PIT), an immunologic stimulant, was studied in newborn Wistar rats to evaluate its effectiveness in modifying infection induced by challenge with bacterial pathogens. PIT (0.03 mg in 0.03 ml of sterile H2O) or a placebo (0.03 ml sterile H2O) was given (s.c.) on the 2d, 3d, and 4th days of life. On the 3d day of life Staphylococcus aureus (106CFU) or group A beta hemolytic streptococci (103CFU) was injected (s.c.) at a different site. Survival in animals pretreated with PIT challenged with Staphylococci was 41/45; it was only 3/59 in those with the placebo (P=<.001). Survival in animals pretreated with PIT and challenged with Streptococci was 11/12; and 2/13 in those that had received the placebo (P=<.005). 20 of 20 PIT controls survived. Delay in PIT administration until challenge on day 3 showed no protection (2/18). PIT was not effective in vitro. Nonpretreated animals died with cellulitis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue extending rapidly from the injection site. Pretreated animals thrived while developing a localized subcutaneous abscess which healed leaving a small scar at the injection site. Pretreatment with PIT obviously potentiates the primary inflammatory response providing protection against bacterial challenge in this newborn animal model. It may have some clinical application in management of patients at high risk to bacterial pathogens of this nature.
Stripes and superconductivity in cuprates

Abstract Holes doped into the CuO2 planes of cuprate parent compounds frustrate the antiferromagnetic order. The development of spin and charge stripes provides a compromise between the competing magnetic and kinetic energies. Static stripe order has been observed only in certain particular compounds, but there are signatures which suggest that dynamic stripe correlations are common in the cuprates. Though stripe order is bad for superconducting phase coherence, stripes are compatible with strong pairing. Ironically, magnetic-field-induced stripe order appears to enhance the stability of superconducting order within the planes.
Our Last Issue

After six years, this is our last issue of the legal affairs section in this Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. Next year we will be transitioning to our own independent journal, the Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, becoming the 31st journal of ASCE. We have enjoyed being a part of Professional Issues all these years and are indeed indebted to that journal for housing us. Our profound thanks are extended to the Board Publications Committee, Editor Emeritus Brian Brenner, and former Director of Journals Johanna Reinhart for starting us off in the Journal of Professional Issues. We have seen ourselves grow step by step with each passing year. Of course, our primary gratitude is to the authors, who felt impelled to write on legal affairs and dispute resolution, since without them there could be no journal. I am also immensely grateful to those who have been our corresponding editors for these past few years—Richard Allen, Hazel Beh, Evan Caplicki, Sai On Cheung, Mike Loulakis, Paul Lurie, Robert Rubin, and Justin Sweet—for they are our real backbone. We hope to continue to serve multiple constituents from our new position: authors, readers, practitioners, CEOs, owners, engineers, and contract administrators. In these six years 5.75 years to be precise! , we have published 127 articles, including seven special issues. Our sincerest thanks extend to the guest editors who focused on multiple legal issues, thus exhibiting the wide variety of topics in legal affairs and dispute resolution in engineering and construction. To acknowledge their contribution, a list of all special issues published follows in Table 1. Legal affairs and dispute resolution has become a pervasive topic that has seeped into engineering design and consulting from construction. No more can we hope for a successful project and effective design without some use of legal affairs and dispute resolution. Indeed, a subject that was once thought distant from engineering education is entering its mainstream. Disputes are everywhere. However, it is probably infinitely easier to start a dispute than resolve one. Thus, our engineers must now learn how to relate effectively to business and contracting groups from a
Stable isotopic detection of ammonium and nitrate assimilation by phytoplankton in the Waquoit Bay estuarine system

We measured concentration and d15N of chlorophyll a (Chl a), NO 2 , and NH þ along a salinity gradient in Childs River, Massachusetts, in winter, spring, and summer. We used the d15N of Chl a as a proxy for the phytoplankton d15N to minimize potential ambiguities from other material in seston. NO 2 concentration ranged from 0 to 50 mmol L21 and NH þ from 0 to 8 mmol L21; both forms decreased with increasing salinity. NO 2 concentration was generally higher than NH þ . Chl a concentrations ranged between 1 and 15 mg m23 in winterspring and had a summer midestuarine peak of 95 mg m23. The d15 No f NO 2 and NH þ ranged from –10% to +7% and –3% to +13%, respectively, and decreased approximately linearly with increasing salinity. The d15 No f NO 2 reflected the predominance of groundwater as the source of NO 2 to the estuary, whereas the d 15 No f NH þ indicated that regeneration was the main NH þ source. Throughout the estuary, NO 2 was isotopically lighter than NH þ . Phytoplankton d15N increased from winter to summer and was relatively invariant with salinity, in contrast to the d15N of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. A comparison of the d15N of phytoplankton, NO 2 , and NH þ indicated that phytoplankton in Childs River derived 53% to 97% of their N from NH þ . Phytoplankton acquired their stable nitrogen isotopic ratio upstream, then maintained that ratio during downstream transport. The fractionation factor for phytoplankton NH þ uptake was +4.0% 6 0.6%, which was in the lower range of other estimates, indicating that phytoplankton might have been N limited.
A non-oxidative approach toward chemically and electrochemically functionalizing Si(111).

A general method for the non-oxidative functionalization of single-crystal silicon(111) surfaces is described. The silicon surface is fully acetylenylated using two-step chlorination/alkylation chemistry. A benzoquinone-masked primary amine is attached to this surface via Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (“click” chemistry). The benzoquinone is electrochemically reduced, resulting in quantitative cleavage of the molecule and exposing the amine terminus. Molecules presenting a carboxylic acid have been immobilized to the exposed amine sites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and contact angle goniometry were utilized to characterize and quantitate each step in the functionalization process. This work represents a strategy for providing a general platform that can incorporate organic and biological molecules on Si(111) with minimal oxidation of the silicon surface.
ATMOSPHERIC PHASE NOISE AND APERTURE SYNTHESIS IMAGING AT MILLIMETER WAVELENGTHS

We analyze data obtained with the Hat Creek interferometer at 86 GHz to estimate the atmospheric phase noise on spatial scales of 6m to 846m, and time scales of 1 second to 10 hours. We find a phase structure function with a power law index, Beta between 0.6 and 1.7. A slope close to the Kolmogorov 2D value 0.67 is obtained for longer baselines and stable weather conditions; the slope approaches the Kolmogorov 3D value 1.67 only on short baselines and in turbulent weather. The rms phase at 1 km baseline is 1mm, with a variation by a factor 4 over a few days even during good weather conditions. The mean elevation dependence is sinelevation-0.7 ± -0.2. The variation of Beta and the elevation dependence with baseline length are consistent with turbulent regions 100-300 m thick. The resolution and dynamic range of millimeter wavelength aperture synthesis images is limited by atmospheric turbulence. Observing techniques and data analysis procedures to correct for atmospheric seeing are discussed in some detail.
Gain, directionality, and noise in microwave SQUID amplifiers: Input-output approach

We present a new theoretical framework to analyze microwave amplifiers based on the dc SQUID. Our analysis applies input-output theory generalized for Josephson junction devices biased in the running state. Using this approach, we express the high-frequency dynamics of the SQUID as a scattering between the participating modes. This enables us to elucidate the inherently nonreciprocal nature of gain as a function of bias current and input frequency. This method can, in principle, accommodate an arbitrary number of Josephson harmonics generated in the running state of the junction. We report detailed calculations taking into account the first few harmonics that provide simple semiquantitative results showing a degradation of gain, directionality, and noise of the device as a function of increasing signal frequency. We also discuss the fundamental limits on device performance and applications of this formalism to real devices.
Geomagnetic noise analysis and suppression from Next Generation Autonomous Systems 2009 Sea trials

A prominent area of research promoted by naval groups throughout the world involves the advancement of wireless, acoustically-linked, total-field magnetic sensors. In 2009, a Next Generation Autonomous Systems (NGAS) sea trial took place which tested the capabilites of a field of such sensors. During this trial, ambient geomagnetic noise was recorded in an effort to provide an improved understanding of the noise induced on these magnetic sensing systems. Results from the analysis of the NGAS noise data set are presented in this paper. Four categories of magnetic noise are presented including: acoustic-modem induced noise, clock-drift induced noise, geomagnetic background fluctuations, and geomagnetic ULF pulsations. A robust method for eliminating clock-drift induced noise is presented, which yields over 20 dB improvement in noise suppression. The statistical and diurnal properties of the geomagnetic background fluctuations are shown. Interestingly, the hourly noise variance was found to reach minimums at around 1 AM UTC each day that were 15 dB lower than the rest of the day. Additionally, the results of applying two noise-suppression techniques are presented. Finally, the effects of ULF pulsations on a single-sensor detection system are discussed.
Conformations of trypsin-bound amidine inhibitors of blood coagulant factor Xa by double REDOR NMR and MD simulations.

Double rotational-echo double resonance (double REDOR) has been used to investigate the bound conformations of 13C,15N,19F-labeled factor Xa inhibitors to bovine trypsin. Carbon−fluorine dipolar couplings were measured by 13C{19F} REDOR with natural-abundance background interferences removed by 13C{15N} REDOR. The conformations of the bound inhibitors were characterized by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of binding restrained by double REDOR-determined intramolecular C−F distances. A symmetrical bisamidine inhibitor and an asymmetrical monoamidine−monoamine inhibitor of the same general shape had distinctly different conformations in the bound state. According to the MD models, these differences arise from specific interactions of the amidine and amine groups with the active-site residues of trypsin and nearby water molecules.
A rare case of Neisseria bacilliformis native valve endocarditis

Neisseria bacilliformis has most often been associated with infections of the oral cavity and the respiratory tract. We report a case of N. bacilliformis mitral valve endocarditis in a previously healthy adult which required valve replacement, thus confirming the opportunistic nature and pathogenic potential of this novel organism.
An Infectious Clone of Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B Virus

Members of the Hepadnaviridae family have been isolated from birds, rodents, and primates. A new hepadnavirus isolated from the woolly monkey, a New World primate, is phylogenetically distinct from other primate isolates. An animal model has been established for woolly monkey hepatitis B virus (WMHBV) by using spider monkeys, since woolly monkeys are endangered. In this study, a greater-than-genome length construct was prepared without amplification by using covalently closed circular DNA extracted from the liver of an infected woolly monkey. Transfection of the human liver cell line Huh7 with WMHBV DNA resulted in the production of viral transcripts, DNA replicative intermediates, and secreted virions at levels similar to those obtained with an infectious human HBV clone, demonstrating that the host range restriction of WMHBV is not at the level of genome replication. WMHBV particles from the medium of transfected cultures initiated an infection in a spider monkey similar to that obtained with virions derived from woolly monkey serum. In an attempt to adapt the virus for higher levels of replication in spider monkeys, immunosuppressed and newborn animals were inoculated. Neither procedure produced persistent infections, and the level of viral replication remained several logs lower than that observed in persistently infected woolly monkeys. These data demonstrate the production of an infectious clone for WMHBV and extend the characterization of the spider monkey animal model.
The stress protein response in cultured neurons: Characterization and evidence for a protective role in excitotoxicity

Abstract We used purified cultures of cerebellar granule cells to investigate the possible protective role of stress proteins in an in vitro model of excitotoxicity. Initial experiments used one-and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to confirm the induction of typical stress protein size classes by heat shock, sodium arsenite, and the calcium ionophore A23187. Immunoblot analysis and immunocytochemistry verified the expression of the highly inducible 72 kd heat shock protein (HSP72). Granule cell cultures exposed to glutamate showed evidence of cellular injury that was prevented by the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist MK-801, yet glutamate did not induce a detectable stress protein response. Nonetheless, preinduction of heat shock proteins was associated with protection from toxic concentrations of glutamate. These results imply that the HSP72 expression observed in in vivo models of excitotoxicity may not be directly related to the effects of excitatory amino acids. However, the ability of stress protein induction to protect against injury from glutamate may offer a novel approach toward ameliorating damage from excitotoxins.
Maintaining and enhancing gingival architecture in fixed prosthodontics

The long-term success of fixed prosthodontic restorations is greatly dependent upon the health and stability of the surrounding periodontal structures. This article deals with the interrelationship between fixed prosthodontic procedures and the stability and health of the periodontium. The commonly encountered problem of alterations in gingival architecture is examined in relation to tooth preparation as well as soft tissue preparation. In addition, the ability of the provisional restoration to guide soft tissue form is discussed as well as the role of the final restoration in providing long-term tissue maintenance. Key factors such as margin placement, tissue damage during tooth preparation, the role of the provisional restoration, tissue injury during impression procedures, crown contour, pontic design, and embrasure design are covered in detail.
Visual attraction of the walnut husk fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to color rectangles and spheres.

Similar to that of other Rhagoletis species, color response of the walnut husk fly, R. completa Cresson, varies with the shape of an object. Yellow was the preferred color when combined with a rectangular trap shape. Green rectangles were also quite attractive. When given a choice of yellow, green, red, and blue spheres, husk flies preferred green spheres, especially those whose reflectance pattern matched that of the walnut husk. Yellow spheres were as attractive as green spheres but only during the first weeks of fly emergence when reproductive activity was still low. The response of R. completa to green spheres can be explained in relation to its reproductive behavior. Green spheres apparently mimic the nuts, which are the mating as well as the oviposition site for the husk fly. No difference was detected in color response between male and female husk flies. Ammonia odor, generally considered a feeding-type olfactory stimulus, enhanced the response to yellow rectangles and green spheres several fold but at a loss of selectivity. This research supports the use of yellow rectangles and green spheres for monitoring.
Query optimization in large databases using association rule mining

In this paper, we describe an architecture to show how data mining techniques like association rule mining, based on the semantic knowledge of the database, can be used to partition data into views, which can then aid in the query optimization process.
Predictors of functional capacity changes in a US population of Medicare home health care (HHC) patients with heart failure (HF).

Abstract Purpose Functional capacity is widely recognized as a key factor in maintaining the ability of older people to live independently and safely at home. Promoting functional capacity is an important priority particularly in HHC. The purpose of the study was to examine predictors of functional capacity change among HHC patients with HF. Materials and methods Clinical and administrative data from 2005 from the Medicare Chronic Conditions Warehouse were linked at the population level for HHC patients with a primary diagnosis of HF. The primary outcome was change in functional capacity score from HHC admission to HHC discharge. Results Over the course of the episode (M = 44 days), most (70%) patients improved, 15.6% stayed the same, and 14.4% declined in activities of daily living (ADL) scores. The mean change score was modest (mean = −0.74, SD = 1.11) with a median change of −0.58. Multivariate analyses (R2 = 0.23) showed that the largest influence was the admission ADL score followed by receiving any physical therapy (PT), admission ability to manage oral medications, cognitive functioning, rehabilitation prognosis, and urinary incontinence. Discussion There is a modest rate of improvement from admission to discharge that likely represents the progressive nature of HF and/or the short time frames over which HHC is provided. Providers may want to use the predictive factors to identify patients most at risk for functional decline.
Toward adequate online privacy safeguards

The author is concerned with the disclosure of information that might make a student vulnerable to everything from simple spam to criminal harassment or worse. Computing professionals working in a university environment have an opportunity to ensure that universities respect the personal privacy of students.
Particles and Peregrinations

A Tale of Two Continents. A Physicist's Life in a Turbulent World. ABRAHAM PAIS. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1997. xvi, 511 pp. + plates. $35 or £25. ISBN 0-691-01243-1.
Effects of Cage Size on Cage Layer Fatigue

Abstract Cage layer fatigue is a condition that occurs in pullets kept in individual cages. Couch (1955) described the disease as a type of leg trouble. Hartman and King (1956) reported the condition occurring in the Southern States but unknown to occur in California. Grumbles (1956) included cage layer fatigue in a list of current disease problems in Texas, and Francis (1957) confirmed the appearance of the disease in New Mexico. In flocks showing this condition, usually not more than 3 percent of the flock was affected. It occurred mainly during the first 2 months of the laying year. The leg weakness disappeared when the affected birds were removed from the cages and placed on litter floors (Couch, 1955; Francis, 1957; and Hartman and King, 1956). A high percentage of recovery depended on early detection and removal from the cage. Francis (1957) reported the incidence also varied according to strain. While…
Determination of Calcium-Binding Sites in Rat Brain Calbindin D28K by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry†

Calbindin D28K, a member of the troponin-C superfamily of calcium-binding proteins, contains six putative EF-hand domains. Calcium-binding studies of the protein by different groups of investigators have yielded discordant results with respect to the stoichiometry of calcium-binding. It has been suggested that the protein binds anywhere from 3−6 mol of calcium/mol of protein. We used negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in order to definitively determine the exact calcium-binding stoichiometry of calbindin D28K and two mutant forms of the protein, one lacking EF-hand 2 (Δ2) and the other lacking EF-hands 2 and 6 (Δ2,6). The full-length protein bound 4 mol of calcium/mol of protein, while both of the deletion mutants bound 3 mol of calcium. Since terbium has been used extensively as a probe for the determination of the calcium-binding stoichiometries of calcium-binding proteins, we also examined the binding of terbium to the three proteins under the same conditions. Full-length calbindin ...
Sapphire-fiber-based intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer.

A sapphire optical fiber intrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric sensor is demonstrated. A length of multimode sapphire fiber that functions as a Fabry–Perot cavity is spliced to a silica single-mode fiber. The interferometric signals of this sensor are produced by the interference between the reflection from the silica–sapphire fiber splice and the reflection from the free end face of the sapphire fiber. This sensor has been demonstrated for temperature measurement. A resolution of 0.2°C has been obtained over a measurement range of 310°C to 976°C.
Evidence for mycorrhizal races in a cheating orchid

Disruptive selection on habitat or hostspecificity has contributed to the diversification of several animal groups, especially plantfeeding insects. Photosynthetic plants typically associate with a...
Virulence and In-Vitro Characteristics of Four Mutants of Newcastle Disease Virus

The relation between virulence and plaque morphology was studied in four clones of Newcastle disease virus. Virulence was correlated with size but not with clarity of a plaque. Virulent Herts L, the large-plaque mutant, was characterized by a rapid rate of absorption to cells and a short lag phase, factors which might facilitate dissemination of the virus in nature. Differences in the rate of release of virus from cells were not correlated with distinctions in viral pathogenicity, nor was interferon related to the virulence of these clones. Increased activity of neuraminidase of Herts L was correlated with unstable attachment of virus to cells. However, a difference in the rate of release of virus from cells infected with mutants of Milano red and clear plaques was not correlated with enzymatic activity. In chick-embryo cells, the mutation rate from red to clear plaque and large to small plaque was 3.3 X 10-6 and 1 X lO-7 per particle per generation, respectively. The red to clear plaque mutation appeared to be reversible, while no revertants to large-plaque size could be demonstrated in the small-plaque population of Herts S. Loss of capacity to form large plaques and a low rate of mutation from small to large plaque may be associated with strain attenuation in nature.
Team Optimal Control of Stochastically Switched Systems With Local Parameter Knowledge

This paper considers the optimal decentralized control of linear systems with stochastically switched cost and system matrices depending on local parameters. Two types of dynamic switched problems are considered, with partially nested and one-step delayed sharing information structures. For the former case, parameters and measurements follow a partially nested structure with the parameters possibly being correlated across all stages. For the latter case, parameters are assumed to be Markov processes, with their values along with measurements available instantaneously to local controllers, but with a one time step delay to others. The solution to both these problems rely on the optimal solution to a static (one-stage) stochastic-parameter problem with local type dependent Gaussian measurements, and for this purpose the static quadratic team problem is examined in some generality. Using an operator theoretic framework, it is shown that the sequential update scheme always converges to the team optimal strategy for general static quadratic team setups. This, when applied to the static stochastic-parameter problem, yields the team optimal strategy. The corresponding strategy is affine in the measurements with the parameter dependent coefficients obtained by solving a set of linear equations. These equations are immediately solvable when the total number of parameter values is finite. However, for the case of infinite parameter values, the update scheme also provides a mechanism to determine an approximation to the team optimal strategy.
Simulation of Proton Transfer Reaction Rates: The Role of Solvent Electronic Polarization

A simulation method suitable for the prediction of the rate of a proton transfer reaction of the form A--H−B → A-−H--B+, where -- denotes a hydrogen bond, is presented. The method is based on a golden rule formulation, where the coupling between the two proton states is obtained by solution of Schrodinger's equation for the proton states in a double-well potential whose shape is determined, in part, by the solvent's electronic polarization. The reaction activation energy is determined by solvent fluctuations, as well as flanking group (A and B) vibrational motion. The surfaces for the AB vibrational motion with the proton in its initial and final states are also modified by the coupling to the solvent's electronic polarization. Consequently, the matrix elements of the proton coupling between the AB vibronic states with the proton in its initial and final state, as well as the reaction's activation energy, are dependent upon the coupling to the solvent's electronic polarization. The rate constant for proto...
Frontonasal process-specific disruption of AP-2α results in postnatal midfacial hypoplasia, vascular anomalies, and nasal cavity defects

A majority of the bones of the vertebrate cranial vault and craniofacial complex develop via intramembranous ossification, and are separated by fibrous sutures that undergo osteogenic differentiation in response to growth stimuli. Craniosynostosis is a common human birth defect that results from the premature bony fusion within skull sutures, and causes a myriad of complications including mental retardation and craniofacial anomalies. Synostosis of facial sutures has been reported to cause midfacial hypoplasia in some craniosynostosis cases, but most studies focus on cranial vault sutures. In this study, we have generated a mouse model of frontonasal suture synostosis and midfacial hypoplasia through the tissue-specific elimination of the AP-2alpha transcription factor. We report here the generation AP-2CRE, a frontonasal process (FNP)- and limb-specific CRE recombinase allele that is directed by human AP-2alpha promoter and enhancer elements. We used the AP-2CRE line in combination with the conditional AP-2alpha line to produce a new frontonasal knockout (FKO) mutant that lacks AP-2alpha in the FNP and limbs. FKO mice exhibit shortened snouts and wide-set eyes that become apparent at postnatal day 15. The most prominent defects in FKO snouts are (1) a lack of growth within the frontonasal sutures, and (2) a reduction in the snout vasculature. Additional defects are observed in the FKO nasal bones and sutures, the nasal cavity cartilage and bony projections, and the olfactory epithelium. The characteristics of the FKO mouse model are a unique combination of midfacial growth anomalies, and provide the first evidence that AP-2alpha is essential for appropriate postnatal craniofacial morphogenesis.
Management Characteristics and Employee Stress and Burnout as Reported in the Periodical Literature of Business

Abstract In an attempt to determine the role and responsibility of management as it relates to employee stress or burnout, the co-authors performed a content analysis on 106 articles published during the period, 1970 to 1994. Both Business Periodicals Index and ABI INFORM were examined. Frequencies of articles were recorded with respect to journal title, types of authorship, audience, purpose, and year of publication as well as for their message or treatment of management as a cause and/or solution to the problem of employee burnout. The managerial responsibility is shown to be prominent in both respects. The results are similar to those of an earlier study of the literature of librarianship.
Human Monoclonal Antibodies Neutralizing Varicella-Zoster Virus

Hybridomas secreting human monoclonal antibodies to varicella-zoster virus were produced by fusing B cells of a patient recovering from acute varicella infection with a human-mouse cell line. Two hybrid lines have continued to secrete IgG1, one with kappa and the other with lambda chains, for at least 12 months. Each antibody neutralizes virus infectivity between 1-5 micrograms of partially purified immunoglobulin/ml, each shows a different pattern of immunofluorescent staining of virus-infected cells, and one identifies three viral proteins with molecular weights of 60,000, 95,000, and 97,000.
Azolla fern lectins that specifically recognize endosymbiotic cyanobacteria

Lectins were extracted from whole fern grindings ofAzolla pinnata (AP) andAzolla filiculoides (AF) by precipitation with ammonium sulfate to 20% of saturation. At high pH both lectins dissociate into inactive subunits (5000 mol wt) which reassociate into active aggregates (>500,000 mol wt) following concentration by ammonium sulfate precipitation or freezing and thawing. Although amino sugars inhibited hemagglutinating activity of both AP and AF lectins,d-fructose was inhibitory only to the AP lectin hemagglutinating activity, andd-galactose was slightly inhibitory to the AP lectin but not to the AF lectin. Both lectins exhibited specificity for freshly extracted cyanobionts from homologous fern species: AP lectin agglutinated cyanobiont filaments from AP, but not from AF; AF lectin agglutinated cyanobiont filaments from AF, but not AP. Neither lectin reacted with cultured cyanobionts from either fern species. Hemagglutinating titers were likewise reduced by adsorption of these lectins to homologous cyanobiont cells. This report provides strong suggestive evidence for specificity in this N-fixing symbiosis between aquatic fern and cyanobacterium.
Transition to turbulence in rotating-disk boundary layers—convective and absolute instabilities

This work is an experimental study of mechanisms for transition to turbulence in the boundary layer on a rotating disk. In one case, the focus was on a triad resonance between pairs of traveling cross-flow modes and a stationary cross-flow mode. The other was on the temporal growth of traveling modes through a linear absolute instability mechanism first discovered by Lingwood (1995, J Fluid Mech 314:373–405). Both research directions made use of methods for introducing controlled initial disturbances. One used a distributed array of ink dots placed on the disk surface to enhance a narrow band of azimuthal and radial wave numbers of both stationary and traveling modes. The size of the dots was small so that the disturbances they produce were linear. Another approach introduced temporal disturbances by a short-duration air pulse from a hypodermic tube located above the disk and outside the boundary layer. Hot-wire sensors primarily sensitive to the azimuthal velocity component, were positioned at different spatial (r,θ) locations on the disk to document the growth of disturbances. Spatial correlation measurements were used with two simultaneous sensors to obtain wavenumber vectors. Cross-bicoherence was used to identify three-frequency phase locking. Ensemble averages conditioned on the air pulses revealed wave packets that evolved in time and space. The space–time evolution of the leading and trailing edges of the wave packets were followed past the critical radius for the absolute instability, r c A . With documented linear amplitudes, the spreading of the disturbance wave packets did not continue to grow in time as r c A was approached. Rather, the spreading of the trailing edge of the wave packet decelerated and asymptotically approached a constant. This result supports the linear DNS simulations of Davies and Carpenter (2003, J Fluid Mech 486:287–329) who concluded that the absolute instability mechanism does not result in a global mode, and that linear-disturbance wave packets are dominated by the convective instability. In contrast, wave-number matching between traveling cross-flow modes confirmed a triad resonance that lead to the growth of a low azimuthal number (n = 4) stationary mode. At transition, this mode had the largest amplitude. Signs of this mechanism can be found in past flow visualization of transition to turbulence in rotating disk flows.
Carbohydrate involvement in cellular interactions in sea urchin gastrulation

The sea urchin embryo is a model for studying cellular interactions that occur in higher organisms because of its availability, transparency, and accessibility to molecular probes. In previous studies, we found that the mannose/glucose-binding lectin Lens culinaris agglutinin entered living sea urchin embryos, bound to specific cell types and caused exogastrulation, when the developing gut (archenteron) falls out of the embryo proper. We have proposed that the lectin bound to sugar-containing ligands, thus preventing attachment of the archenteron to the blastocoel roof, resulting in exogastrulation. Here, we have continued our study of cellular interactions in this model using Lytechinus pictus sea urchin embryos, and have found that inhibitors of glycoprotein/proteoglycan synthesis, tunicamycin and sodium selenate, and the specific glycosidases, beta-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and alpha-mannosidase, all inhibit archenteron organization, elongation, and attachment to the blastocoel roof in viable swimming embryos. We also show that single cells obtained by disaggregation of 32-h-old sea urchin embryos bind to L. culinaris agglutinin- and concanavalin A-derivatized beads; the binding is blocked by alpha-methyl mannose, but not l-fucose. These cells also bind to beads derivatized with mannan. These results provide evidence for a role of carbohydrate-containing molecules in cellular interactions in sea urchin gastrulation. In a second set of experiments, we found that the supernatant obtained by disaggregation of 24-32-h-old L. pictus embryos in calcium- and magnesium-free sea water contains molecules that cause exogastrulation, archenteron disorganization, inhibition of archenteron elongation and inhibition of archenteron attachment to the blastocoel roof in viable swimming embryos. We propose that the supernatant contains ligands and/or receptors that mediate archenteron development and attachment to the blastocoel roof and are released when embryos are disaggregated into single cells. These studies may lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of mechanisms that control cellular interactions during development.
Prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations varies by race and ethnicity

Abstract Background Congenital cardiovascular malformations (CCVMs) are the most common forms of congenital defects, contributing to morbidity and mortality in neonates but information on the association of CCVMs and race is limited. This study aims to determine prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations (CCVMs) in the Hudson Valley Region (HVR) of NY State (NYS) by race and ethnicity. Methods NYS Department of Health Vital Statistics and Congenital Malformations Registry data were obtained by race and ethnicity (1992–2001) across the HVR. Live-birth cases that were diagnosed up to 2 years of age were included in year-of-birth registration. Prevalence was calculated using race/ethnic specific births. Poisson regression models, adjusting for number of live births by race, time and county, as specified were used for analysis. Results There were 3075 CCVMs of 2303 children from a birth population of 235,230. Overall prevalence of CCVMs was highest for Non-Hispanic White (NHW; 14.4/1000 live births) followed by Non-Hispanic Black (12.8/1000 live births), Others (12.5/1000 live births), and then Hispanics (8.8/1000 live births). Similarly, the risk ratio of all CCVMs was lowest for Hispanics. Hispanics had a lower risk as compared to NHW in each CCVM category except with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and patent ductus arteriosus. There were minimal temporal and regional differences. Conclusions In the HVR, all CCVMs and specific anomalies have the highest prevalence in NHW with Hispanics consistently maintaining a lower risk.
Kinetic Network Study of the Diversity and Temperature Dependence of Trp-Cage Folding Pathways: Combining Transition Path Theory with Stochastic Simulations

We present a new approach to study a multitude of folding pathways and different folding mechanisms for the 20-residue mini-protein Trp-Cage using the combined power of replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations for conformational sampling, transition path theory (TPT) for constructing folding pathways, and stochastic simulations for sampling the pathways in a high dimensional structure space. REMD simulations of Trp-Cage with 16 replicas at temperatures between 270 and 566 K are carried out with an all-atom force field (OPLSAA) and an implicit solvent model (AGBNP). The conformations sampled from all temperatures are collected. They form a discretized state space that can be used to model the folding process. The equilibrium population for each state at a target temperature can be calculated using the weighted-histogram-analysis method (WHAM). By connecting states with similar structures and creating edges satisfying detailed balance conditions, we construct a kinetic network that preserves t...
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODY TO BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN AS DEMONSTRATED BY HEMAGGLUTINATION

Rabbit antibovine serum albumin antisera were fractionated by zone electrophoresis on starch, zone ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients, and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography, and were assayed by the passive HA technique. Antisera had at least two antibodies: one associated with a fraction characterized as a gamma-2 globulin with a sedimentation rate of 7.3S and low anionic binding (fraction I), and one associated with a fraction characterized as a gamma-1 globulin (or beta-globulin) with a sedimentation rate of 20.4S and high anionic binding (fraction IV). The HA titers of fractions I and IV of early sera were approximately equal. On prolonged antigenic stimulation fraction IV agglutinin decreased in concentration and the relative concentration of fraction I agglutinin increased. Chromatographic analysis of hyper-immune sera yielded 2 additional HA fractions with intermediate anionic binding. These results indicated that rabbits synthesize anti-BSA antibodies similar to rabbit anti-cellular antibodies. Rabbit anti-BSA precipitin migrated mainly as a gamma-2 globulin and the agglutinin migrated with gamma- and beta-globulins. The evidence suggested that the HA method might measure antibody not measured by the quantitative precipitin technique.
Sex Objects, Athletes, and Sexy Athletes: How Media Representations of Women Athletes Can Impact Adolescent Girls and College Women

In contrast to the large body of research examining the negative effects of idealized media images on girls' and women's body image, little research has investigated whether media images can positi...
Optimization of Properties of Photoconductive Oxide Glasses

Using as a base the Cd0-B2O3-Si02 photoconducting glass previously found, various systematic substitutions and additions were made to determine their influence on the photoresponse of these glasses. Complete substitution of GeO2 for SiO2 led to the highest photocurrents observed in these glasses and to a shift of the spectral response into the visible region.
A quantitative histologic study of bone turnover in young adult beagles.

Thirty-six regions of trabecular bone from two 18-month-old beagles and transilial biopsies of 25 female beagles aged 28–52 months were studied following in vivo double tetracycline labeling. Turnover rate varied from about 20% per year to 200% per year among the 36 regions. It was highest in the vertebral bodies and the proximal humerus, and lowest in the proximal ulna and foot-bones. The mineral apposition rate varied from 0.35 to 1.02 μm/day, with a mean of about 0.7 μm/day, tending to be lower in areas of lower turnover. The specific surface varied from 10.9 to 23.8 mm/mm2 with a mean of 17.5 mm/mm2, tending to be higher in areas of high turnover. Specific surface varied only about twofold around the skeleton, while turnover varied by one order of magnitude. The average annual turnover rate for all trabecular bone in the young adult beagle is estimated at 140% per year. The accuracy of this estimate would be improved by knowing the exact mass of trabecular bone at each site. The annual turnover rate in the ilium of 25 female beagles was 134 ± 94% per year. The iliac trabecular bone turnover rate is two to three times faster in young adult female beagles than in young adult female humans. Using a human to beagle ratio of 1:2.5, the average annual turnover rate for all trabecular bone in the young adult human could be estimated at 40–55% per year. The beagle may be an appropriate model for certain experiments involving the adult bone remodeling system, because it may show a quicker response than humans to various experimental conditions and drugs, due to its faster turnover rate.
Keyword extraction from abstracts and titles

Keywords are very important for any academic paper. We propose the Perceptron Training Rule for keyword extraction from titles and abstracts. We present a system for generating keywords which relies on weights of words in a sentence. The system generates keywords from academic research articles by selecting the most relevant keywords. We compare the keywords generated by our system and those generated by cluster analysis to the keywords given by the authors and analyze the results based on full-keyword matches, partial-keyword matches and no-keyword matches.