cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alteration of human placental lactogen by mammary gland

Human placental lactogen was prepared in high purity and in good yield applying a minimum of purification steps. The isolated hormone was characterized with respect to isoelectric and electrophoretic properties, molecular size (estimated mol. wt. 23 000) and stability to heat, pH and organic solvents. Investigation of in vitro interaction between placental lactogen and mammary gland (mouse, rat) revealed a rapid alteration of hormone with loss of immunoreactivity resulting. The target organ as a selective alteration site of placental lactogen was suggested by a lack of similar action on the hormone by a number of other tissues tested, including liver, kidney and lung. The reaction involving hormone alteration by mammary gland was localized to a particulate-bound enzyme, sedimentable at 10 000 X g and undissociated by sonication in 0.5% Triton X-100. Examination of the reaction products revealed hormone degradation with formation of diffusible components and loss of original electrophoretic identity as well as immunoreactive properties. The reaction characteristics included: pH optimum between 7.5 and 8.0, an absolute salt requirement (NaCl, KCl, at concentration greater than 0.15 M for maximal activation), inhibition by Cleland's reagent and lack of reaction interference by pituitary prolactin.
Computational Microscopy & amp; Endoscopy

A microscope add-on is described that measures phase and amplitude in a single shot. The technique is quantitative, light efficient, and works with incoherent illumination. We apply this technique to dynamic biological imaging.
A study on torsion of a non-linear viscoelastic slab about non-coincident axes

Abstract In this work, the torsion of a non-linear viscoelastic slab between two infinite plates about non-coincident axes, where the top and the bottom boundary surfaces are bounded to rigid plates, is studied. The boundary-initial value problem is formulated and is solved numerically, with deformation prescribed at boundaries. The numerical procedure is such that at each time step, the problem is equivalent to a system of three coupled non-linear partial integro-differential equations for time and the displacement functions.
Asymmetric acetylcholinesterase is assembled in the Golgi apparatus

Abstract The synthesis, assembly, and processing of the multiple molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AcChoEase; acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) in quail muscle cultures was studied by using lectins to distinguish enzyme molecules residing in different subcellular compartments. Special emphasis was given to the assembly of asymmetric AcChoEase molecules because these appear to be the predominant, if not unique, forms of AcChoEase at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. All cell surface and secreted AcChoEase forms bind to immobilized wheat germ agglutinin, ricin, and concanavalin A, indicating that they have complex oligosaccharides. After treatment of muscle cells with a membrane-permeable irreversible AcChoEase inhibitor, there is a rapid reappearance of the globular monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric AcChoEase forms. However, the collagen-tailed asymmetric form does not appear until about 90 min after treatment. Analysis of the AcChoEase oligosaccharides with lectins indicates maturation to complex forms over a 90-min period. A large fraction of the intracellular globular AcChoEase molecules bind only to concanavalin A, indicating that they are assembled in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, all intracellular asymmetric AcChoEase binds to wheat germ agglutinin, and a significant fraction binds to ricin, indicating that this unique AcChoEase form is assembled from subunits that have previously acquired complex sugars. I conclude that assembly of asymmetric AcChoEase, hence acquisition of information specifying basal lamina localization, occurs in the Golgi apparatus.
Skin involvement as the presenting sign of internal carcinoma

From tumor registry data of 7316 cancer patients, we found 367 cases (5.0%) with skin involvement. Skin involvement was present at the time of presentation in 92 patients (1.3%), only 26 of whom had remote metastases. Skin involvement was the first sign of cancer in 59 patients (0.8%); 22 had direct extension of their tumor into the skin, 20 had local metastases, and 17 had distal metastases. Direct invasion was most common with breast cancer and second most common with oral cavity cancer. Local metastases were also most frequently caused by breast cancer but occurred in surgical scars in three women with pelvic cancer and in perianal abscesses in one patient with rectal carcinoma as well. Except for metastases from unknown primary sites, distant metastases were rare as presenting signs, and their origins were widely distributed. Our data show that internal cancer uncommonly presents with skin involvement. Nevertheless, an index of suspicion should be maintained and biopsy performed, particularly for nonhealing ulcers, persistent indurated erythema, and unexplained skin nodules.
Recognition of Faces: Own-Race Bias, Incentive, and Time Delay1

The ability of whites and blacks to correctly identify previously-seen faces of each race was assessed in a factorial design varying the length of time between inspection and recognition phases (immediate, 2 days, or 7 days) and incentive (possibility of monetary reward for accurate recognition). Recognition of faces of males was poorer after the longer time delays, but no comparable delay over time occurred for pictures of females. Subjects' criteria for responding became more lax after the longer time delays. Incentive had no significant direct impact on recognition accuracy or on subjects' criterion levels. A significant degree of own-race bias in recognition accuracy occurred, but only among whtte subjects. An own-race bias in response criteria occurred with subjects of both races. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Evolutionary and structural analyses of alpha-papillomavirus capsid proteins yields novel insights into L2 structure and interaction with L1

Background PVs (PV) are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that have been identified as the primary etiological agent for cervical cancer and their potential for malignant transformation in mucosal tissue has a large impact on public health. The PV family Papillomaviridae is organized into multiple genus based on sequential parsimony, host range, tissue tropism, and histology. We focused this analysis on the late gene products, major (L1) and minor (L2) capsid proteins from the family Papillomaviridae genus Alpha-papillomavirus. Alpha-PVs preferentially infect oral and anogenital mucosa of humans and primates with varied risk of oncogenic transformation. Development of evolutionary associations between PVs will likely provide novel information to assist in clarifying the currently elusive relationship between PV and its microenvironment (i.e., the single infected cell) and macro environment (i.e., the skin tissue). We attempt to identify the regions of the major capsid proteins as well as minor capsid proteins of alpha-papillomavirus that have been evolutionarily conserved, and define regions that are under constant selective pressure with respect to the entire family of viruses.
Quality assurance in gynecologic cytology. The value of cytotechnologist-cytopathologist discrepancy logs.

We describe a simple method for displaying and evaluating the concordance or discordance between cytotechnologists (CTs) and cytopathologists (CPs) on gynecologic cases. The provisional diagnoses made by the CTs and the final diagnoses of the CPs are captured by the laboratory information system; data generated for specified periods are displayed as a 10 × 10 matrix that classifies each possible diagnosis made by the CT and CP into 1 of 10 major categories. Matrices are generated for the entire laboratory and for individual CTs; individual CTs are evaluated based on their deviation from the laboratory average. Three statistical measures are generated: percentage of discordant diagnoses, a kappa statistic, and a weighted measure. During a 2.5-year period, approximately 4,200 cases were referred to a CP for review every 6 months. The median discordance in diagnoses increased during 2 years from 21% to 34%, and the kappa value fell from 0.69 to 0.38. This was attributed primarily to 1 CT, whose performance, as well as that of the entire laboratory, improved after remedial action. Measures of CT-CP diagnostic concordance are a useful and efficient measure of CT performance and can be incorporated into mandatory semiannual performance evaluations. The review of Papanicolaou (Pap) tests by a cytotechnologist (CT) involves screening (detection) and interpretation. The screening ability of the CT governs the sensitivity of the Pap test and is understandably the focus of much of the quality assurance activity of the laboratory. Efforts to minimize and quantify false-negative results are paramount. At least 10% of cases interpreted as negative are rescreened by another CT. This rescreening identifies false-negative results and permits the calculation of a false-negative fraction, which can be used to evaluate and compare the screening perfor
Computer rejection of EEG artifact. II. Contamination by drowsiness

Abstract As part of an effort to automatically measure a background EEG baseline against which changes due to therapy or experimental manipulations may be measured, algorithms to detect EEG patterns associated with drowsiness have been developed and objectively evaluated. The decision of drowsiness is tentatively based upon changes in simple signal features, including increased ratios of both delta-band to alpha-band and theta-band to alpha-band spectral intensity as compared to thresholds automatically determined from a waking calibration period. Several heuristic criteria are then required to reach a final decision. Thirty-one normal and abnormal, 3-minute, 8-channel clinical EEG recordings containing drowsiness were scored by 5 expert scorers. Out of a total of 106 events labeled drowsy by at least one judge, 85 were found by a consensus of 3 or more of the 5 experts. On the 20 recordings not used for training the decision thresholds (testing data set), the system found 84% for the 85 episodes found by the consensus, and 89% of the episodes found by all 5 scorers. Only one event was found by the system which was not found by any scorer, or which did not border on a consensus-defined episode of drowsiness. This performance is adequate to justify inclusion of these algorithms into a previously described real time EEG analysis system, ADI-EEG, allowing integration of the decisions of the separate subsystems for detection of artifact, sharp transients and drowsiness.
Childless Women’s Time With Children A Focus on Educational Differences

This study examines time with children among women who remain childless in young to middle adulthood. The authors identify biologically childless women aged 25 to 44 years in the June 2004-2008 Current Population Survey, and use their subsequent time use diaries in the 2004-2009 American Time Use Survey to measure their time with children. The authors pay particular attention to time with children who are not one’s “own” (by adoption or marriage) and to differences across educational groups of childless women. It is found that childless women frequently spend time with children, and childless women with no 4-year college degree are almost twice as likely to spend time with children as childless women with a 4-year degree. The authors also show how educational differences in childless women’s time with children are mediated by work patterns, residential arrangements, and especially union status. The findings suggest large class differences in how women experience the boundary between childlessness and pare...
The Elusive Promise of Social-Ecological Approaches to Rangeland Management

Abstract Resilience-based frameworks for social-ecological systems (SES) are prominent in contemporary scientific literatures, but critics suggest these approaches may promise more than they deliver. A fundamental premise underlying the SES approach is that, because of the scope of human activities worldwide, we cannot separate ecological and human elements of nature when tackling our biggest challenges. Proponents argue that managers should not seek optimal solutions, but instead build capacity to adapt and transform systems to thrive within unpredicted or novel ecological states. If the range profession is to take advantage of resilience ideas, we need better tools and concepts for understanding interconnected systems. SES research and management strategies will pose practical difficulties, most notably finding ways to bridge differences between the methods of social and natural sciences. Also needed are institutions that involve scientists, managers, and stakeholders in analysis and informed governance...
From Colonialism to Denial of California Genocide to Misrepresentations : Special Issue on Indigenous Struggles in the Americas

Indigenous peoples’ complex analytical issues include historical misrepresentation, struggles over sovereignty and autonomy, and Euro-American “conquest” including invasion, genocide, culturicide, and coercive assimilation, ranging over half a millennium of invasion and colonization. Perhaps the most critically contentious of these issues is genocide. We review historical construction of racial formation and cultural domination, focus on California genocide of Native peoples, and present articles in this special issue as means of understanding these processes and proposing future directions for indigenous studies.
Differential lineage restriction of rat retinal progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo.

To identify and characterize the lineage potential of rat neural retina progenitor cells (NRPCs) in vitro and engrafted into rats with retinal degeneration, NRPCs were isolated from neural retinas of embryonic day 17 Long Evans rats and cultured in serum-free or serum-containing media with fibroblast growth factor 2 and neurotrophin 3. After expansion, cellular differentiation was initiated by the withdrawal of these growth factors. Despite forming primary neurospheres, NRPCs cultured in serum-free medium survived poorly after passage. In contrast, NRPCs cultured in serum-containing medium could be expanded for up to 12 passages and differentiated into glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive glial cells and retina-specific neurons expressing rhodopsin, S-antigen, calbindin, recoverin, and calretinin. For in vivo analysis, passage 1 (P1) undifferentiated NRPCs were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), implanted into the subretinal space of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, and analyzed immunohistochemically 4 weeks postgrafting. The grafted NRPCs showed extensive glial differentiation, irrespective of their topographic localization. A few BrdU-labeled grafted NRPCs expressed protein kinase C, a marker for bipolar and amacrine interneuron-specific differentiation. Other retina-specific or oligodendrocytic differentiation was not detected in the grafted cells. Although NRPCs are capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation in vitro, they developed mostly into glial cells following engraftment into the adult retina. These data suggest that the adult retina retains epigenetic signals that are either restrictive for neuronal differentiation or instructive for glial differentiation. Induction of lineage-specific cell differentiation of engrafted NRPCs to facilitate retinal repair will likely require initiation of specific differentiation in vitro prior to grafting and/or modification of the host environment concomitantly with NRPC grafting.
A folic acid method involving permanganate oxidation.

A chemical method for the determination of folic acid in pharmaceutical products is presented. The method involves digesting the folic acid in a mildly alkaline, buffered solution (3% K 2 HPO 4 ) followed by splitting with KMnO 4 , diazotizing the resulting PABA, and coupling with the Bratton-Marshall reagent ( n -1-naphthyl)-ethylene-diamine dihydrochloride. In the presence of extraneous colored substances, as may be found in some pharmaceutical preparations, the chromogenic compound is extracted into isobutyl alcohol with no diminution in intensity of color, or change in wavelength of maximal absorption (550 mμ). Ferrous compounds and ascorbic acid do not interfere in the method as they are found to do in the NH 4 OH digestion-zinc reduction method. The assay time with the proposed method is less because of the shorter time required to cleave folic acid by oxidation. The results are reproducible, and good folic acid recoveries are obtained.
Doctors, Borders, and Life in Crisis

The politics of life and death is explored from the perspective of Doctors Without Borders (Medecins sans frontieres [MSF]), an activist nongovernmental organization explicitly founded to respond to health crises on a global scale. Following the work of Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben, I underline key intersections between MSF's operations that express concern for human life in the midst of humanitarian disaster and the group's self-proclaimed ethic of engaged refusal. Adopting the analytic frame of biopolitics, I suggest that the actual practice of medical humanitarian organizations in crisis settings presents a fragmentary and uncertain form of such power, extended beyond stable sovereignty and deployed within a restricted temporal horizon.
Medicare essential: an option to promote better care and curb spending growth.

Medicare’s core benefit design reflects private insurance as of 1965, with separate coverage for hospital and physician services (and now prescription drugs) and no protection against catastrophic ...
Influence of dust and sulfate aerosols on ocean color spectra and chlorophyll a concentrations derived from SeaWiFS off the U.S. east coast

[1] The influence of two dominant aerosol species on satellite ocean color retrievals is examined off the U.S. East Coast in the western Sargasso subtropical gyre. Waters of very low chlorophyll concentration have normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) spectra highest in blue and decreasing monotonically with increasing wavelength. For water with chlorophyll concentrations less than 0.13 mg m−3 we compared the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) nLw spectra for different aerosol conditions (clear, dust-dominated, and sulfate-dominated) over 1 year between March 1999 and March 2000. With appropriate atmospheric correction, satellite-derived nLw spectra should be insensitive to the presence of atmospheric aerosols, but we found the SeaWiFS spectra to be sensitive to the species and optical thickness of aerosols. The SeaWiFS bio-optical chlorophyll algorithms use nLw(λ)/nLw(555) band ratios (where λ = 443, 490, or 510 nm): any biases in the band ratios result in incorrect chlorophyll concentration estimates. When aerosols were negligible, nLw spectra were consistent with in situ reference data between 443 and 510 nm. With increasing aerosol optical thickness during dust events, most common during summer, the nLw spectra were lowered between 412 and 510 nm, decreasing nLw(λ)/nLw(555) band ratios and resulting in artificially high chlorophyll a estimates. Sulfate-dominated pixels were associated with elevated nLw spectra between 412 and 555 nm. Increasing sulfate optical thickness corresponded to decreases of the bio-optical band ratios because of the increase at 555 nm, which also biased the chlorophyll a estimates high. The effect of sulfate upon ocean color retrievals is more problematic than dust off the U.S. east coast because of the nearly constant presence of sulfate along with commonly colocated pollutant aerosols that confound atmospheric correction algorithms.
Motor evoked potentials recorded from external anal sphincter by cortical and lumbo-sacral magnetic stimulation: normative data.

Abstract Electrophysiological activation of the motor pathways can be obtained by electrical or magnetic stimulation. The latter has the great advantage of being painful and able to stimulate deeply situated nervous structures. Only a few reports describe responses obtained from pelvic floor muscles and external anal sphincter (EAS) by transcranial and lumbo-sacral magnetic stimulation. Our purpose is to present normative data of motor evoked responses from EAS in a group of healthy subjects (age range 19–80 years) using a standardized protocol of magnetic stimulation. Nine females and 7 males, with a mean age of 52.63 years, were included in this study. They had no known neurological and gastrointestinal disease. Magnetic shocks were delivered by a Magstim 200 (Novametrix) and a circular coil, centered on the vertex and on the lumbo-sacral region. Electromyographic recordings were taken from EAS using needle electrodes. The cortical magnetic stimulation was performed in two conditions: at rest and during a mild contraction of pelvic floor muscles. The mean values of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) latencies after cortical stimulation were 26.92±3.01 ms at rest and 23.31±2.70 ms during facilitation. Motor latency after lumbo-sacral root stimulation was 6.09±1.43 ms. The MEPs from EAS are easily obtained and stably reproducible in normal subjects. It can be suggested also as a useful adjunct in the assessment of faecal incontinence.
Anders Breivik: Extreme Beliefs Mistaken for Psychosis

The case of Anders Breivik, who committed mass murder in Norway in 2011, stirred controversy among forensic mental health experts. His bizarrely composed compendium and references to himself as the "Knights Templar" raised concerns that he had a psychotic mental illness. Beliefs such as Mr. Breivik's that precede odd, unusual, or extremely violent behavior present a unique challenge to the forensic evaluator, who sometimes struggles to understand those beliefs. Psychotic disorder frequently is invoked to characterize odd, unusual, or extreme beliefs, with a classification that has evolved over time. However, the important concept of overvalued idea, largely ignored in American psychiatry, may better characterize these beliefs in some cases. We discuss the definitions of delusion and overvalued ideas in the context of Anders Breivik's rigidly held extreme beliefs. We also review the British definition of overvalued idea and discuss McHugh's construct, to introduce the term "extreme overvalued belief" as an aid in sharpening the forensic evaluator's conceptualization of these and similar beliefs.
Cytological Diagnosis of Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma before and after the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology.

Background: The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) is the second most common subtype of papillary carcinoma after the classical variant. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) has been introduced to standardize the practice of thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) reporting. We evaluated the impact of TBSRTC on the FNA interpretation of histologically proven FVPTCs. Method: Cytology reports of 455 histologically proven FVPTCs were reviewed. The rate of each TBSRTC category was compared between pre- and post-TBSRTC eras. Results: The distribution of FNA diagnoses for pre-TBSRTC cases included suspicious for follicular neoplasm (SFN; n = 51, 28.7%), papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC; n = 47, 26.4%), suspicious for malignancy (SFM; n = 32, 18%), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS; n = 23, 13%), benign (n = 18, 10.1%), and nondiagnostic (ND; n = 7, 4%). Post-TBSRTC diagnoses were: AUS (n = 68, 24.6%), PTC (n = 64, 23.1%), SFM (n = 50, 18%), SFN and benign (n = 42, 15.2%) and ND (n = 11, 4%). SFN rate decreased significantly from 28.7 to 15.2% (p = 0.001) and AUS increased from 12.9 to 24.5% (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Following implementation of TBSRTC, the frequency of AUS diagnoses on FNA prior to surgical resection increased. Given that the rate of FVPTC diagnoses on thyroidectomy increased over the same period, this suggests that the use of AUS has resulted in greater surgical resection of FVPTC.
Simulation of alternative designs of a cardiovascular risk reduction program for the U.S. Air Force.

A screening and intervention program, soon to be implemented by the U.S. Air Force, will screen personnel for cardiovascular risk and treat those at highest risk. Design alternatives were analyzed relating to the organization and method of delivery of this health service program. A simulation model was devised to aid the analysis. It includes the effect of turnover of personnel, the effect of treatment on the therapy group, and the effect of aging on blood pressure and cholesterol level. The model determines how the overall incidence of cardiovascular disease in the U.S. Air Force may be expected to change each year through a 20-year period under each of several design policies. Results are given to justify the choice of several design options, and the scope of future improvements in the simulation are outlined. It appears possible to achieve a reduction of one-third in the calculated risk of cardiovascular disease, and this more than justifies the risk reduction program, based on a cost-effectiveness study performed earlier. All design decisions have not been made but will await the result of a demonstration implementation. The demonstration will produce more accurate data on initial distribution of risk factors and effect of therapy, which in turn will permit a sharpening of the analyses presented here.
This is Not a Pencil: A Deleuzoguattarian Re-Imagining of the Classroom Milieu

This article presents an examination of the classroom milieu as a means to engage with children's (nomads') becomings in alliance with associated milieus of others - objects and persons. In the milieu of the classroom the child is becoming student/nomad, and the adult is becoming teacher/ State. As the child is nomad in this milieu, it follows that s/he would resist the restrictive implications of shifting identity from child to student (especially the 'good' student), manifesting a nomadic penchant for creating lines of flight and resisting the restrictive techniques of power that the school- State serves to impose. The child co-creates and then resists a dynamic milieu especially via situated and moving objects/markers: the school desk/seat, the carpet, and especially the pencil. The classroom as a Deleuzoguattarian place concept is always changing and mutating, and this article is a sort of nomadography revealing and constructing alternative lines of flight that will provoke us to re-imagine the classroom in enlightening and productive new ways.
National Trends in Short-term Outcomes Following Non-emergent Surgery for Diverticular Disease

Introduction Elective surgery for diverticulitis has evolved over the last decade. We aimed to evaluate the impact of changing practice patterns on postoperative outcomes. We hypothesized that the increased use of laparoscopy, and other management changes, would correlate with a decrease in postoperative complications.
Enterovirus 71 nucleic acid detected from throat swab specimens of a pair of mother-daughter

Objective:To determine whether a child with hand-foot-and-mouth disease(HFMD) is caused by enterovirus 71 infection and the patient′s mother is also tested with the same measure.Methods:The throat swab specimens of a 4-year-old girl with HFMD and her mother were examined with reverse transcription-PCR.Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to determine the amplified products.Results:The mother-daughter′s throat swab specimens were all positive for EV 71 nucleic acid.Combining clinical features,the child′s illness diagnosed as mild HFMD due to EV71 infection,and the mother was asymptomatic.Conclusion:Intrafamilal transmission of EV71 should be consided.More careful disease surveillance is needed during EV71-associated HFMD prevalence.
Laboratory Data Analysis System: Section IV—Multivariate Diagnosis

A preliminary investigation into a new realm of machine consultation which is able to provide diagnostic information through a retrospective study of patient care as well as a prospective study of normal values is described. The process is called “multivariate classification” and matches each set of simultaneous observations for a patient against a catalog of known disease entities. The computer then calculates the group to which the patient is most likely to belong and can provide this information for clinical decision making. The process has produced excellent classification with a limited source of information and could be greatly improved with simple technical changes in the data base. The process is interrelated to a Laboratory Data Analysis System and functions in the system as the third of four levels of data processing.
Third-order optical nonlinearities of bis-phthalocyanines

The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of phthalocyanines was recently reported to be large.1 The third-order susceptibility of some related materials, the metal bis-phthalocyanines (MPc2) is reported. These include YPc2 and the lanthanide bis-phthalocyanines, NdPc2, GdPc2, and LuPc2. The susceptibility of the anion LuPc 2 − was also measured and compared with the neutral LuPc2. All these bis-phthalocyanines are sandwich compounds with two interacting phthalocyanine rings per metal ion.
Weyl group actions

One main purpose of the Local Structure Theorem for full heaps (Theorem 2.3.15) is to enable the construction of various familiar algebraic objects using full heaps as a starting point. We explain in Section 3.1 how to associate linear operators with full heaps; these linear operators will act on vector spaces whose bases are indexed by ideals of the heap itself. The most important linear operators for our purposes will be the operators X p , Y p , H p , S p and T p, q , all of which are defined in Section 3.1. In Chapter 3, we will concentrate on the operators S p and T p,q , which will give rise to representations of the associated Weyl group (Theorem 3.2.27) and Hecke algebra (Theorem 3.1.13) respectively. The operators X p , Y p and H p will reappear later in the construction of Lie algebras. It turns out to be more convenient to consider the action of the linear operators on a subset of the ideals of the full heap. These are the so-called “proper ideals”: an ideal is proper if its intersection with each vertex chain of the original heap is both proper and nonempty, considered as a set. Section 3.2 develops the theory of proper ideals, and also introduces the key concepts of the “content” of a finite heap and the “relative content” of a pair of proper ideals. The action of the Weyl group on the root system emerges naturally from these concepts and gives rise to Theorem 3.2.21, which gives a precise connection between the action of the Weyl group on the proper ideals and the action on the root system.
Adsorption of III/V ions (In(III), Ga(III) and As(V)) onto SiO2, CeO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles used in the semiconductor industry

The semiconductor industry annually uses thousands of tons of nanoparticles (NPs) in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes. When III/V materials are processed with CMP, the NPs and In(III), Ga(III) and As(V) ions (i.e., III/V ions) coincide and end up in wastewater from electronics fabrication lines. CMP NPs (colloidal SiO2 (C-SiO2), fumed SiO2 (F-SiO2), CeO2 and Al2O3) may interact with III/V ions (e.g. In(III), Ga(III) and As(V)) and facilitate their transport in aquatic systems. Across a range of pH levels, we found that appreciable adsorptions of In(III) ions onto CeO2 or Al2O3 NPs, Ga(III) ions onto C-SiO2, F-SiO2, CeO2 or Al2O3 NPs, and As(V) ions onto CeO2 or Al2O3 NPs occur. We determined the intrinsic surface complexation constant (KC,intr) between the ions and NPs by fitting the experimental data with a surface complexation model (SCM). We then extended the SCM to calculate adsorption as a function of NP size. As size increases, surface site density (SSD) increases, whereas specific surface area (SSA) decreases; both eventually reach a plateau where the bulk material stands. Nonetheless, mass site density (MSD), i.e. the site number per mass, increases with size reduction, indicating that smaller particles give higher adsorption capacity based on the same mass. Upon a 1 nm size reduction of C-SiO2 NPs, the model predicts that the MSD increases 100 nm and >10% for sizes <10 nm. For C-SiO2 NPs adsorbing Ga(III) ions, the model predicts that decreasing the NP size enhances the adsorption efficiency the most in the pH ranges of 2.5–3 and 8.5–11. This work represents the first SCM capable of incorporating size-dependent NP properties to predict adsorption of environmentally relevant ions.
Large Sample Theory of Estimation in Parametric Models

The main focus of this chapter is the asymptotic Normality and optimality of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), under regularity conditions. The Cramer–Rao lower bound for the variance of unbiased estimators of parametric functions is shown to be achieved asymptotically by the MLE. Also derived are the asymptotic Normality of M-estimators and the asymptotic behavior of the Bayes posterior.
Psychological Distress and Enrollment in Medicaid

Adults with poor mental health may want and need insurance to obtain care, but symptoms may impede enrollment into public health insurance. This study compares Medicaid enrollment responses to eligibility expansions by mental health status using a sample of non-elderly adults in both the 2000–2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the National Health Interview Survey (N = 27,494). The impact of Medicaid income eligibility thresholds (defined as the maximum family income level allowed in each state to be considered eligible for Medicaid) on Medicaid enrollment was estimated from linear regression models allowing for differential enrollment responses by mental and physical health status. Increasing income eligibility thresholds by 100% of the federal poverty level (FPL) was associated with a five-percentage-point increase in the probability of Medicaid enrollment in the non-disabled population under 300% FPL. The enrollment response to Medicaid expansions prior to the Affordable Care Act was stronger for adults symptomatic of psychological distress compared with adults without distress and compared to adults with chronic physical health problems.
Congenital Lactic Acidosis: PET and MRS Studies

Positron emission tomography (PET) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) identified an increase in rate of cerebral glycolysis (PET) and cerebral lactate (MRS) in 2 children with defective mitochondrial respiration and congenital lactic acidosis studied at the Universitat zu Koln, Germany, and the University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Quality of Life following Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Single and Multiple Brain Metastases.

Background Given the neurological morbidity and poor prognosis associated with brain metastases, it is critical to deliver appropriate therapy while remaining mindful of patient quality of life (QOL). For many patients, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) effectively controls intracranial disease, but QOL outcomes have not been characterized. Objective To determine the effect of number of brain metastases upon QOL preservation following SRS. Methods The EuroQol 5 Dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D) and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 instruments were prospectively collected from a cohort of patients undergoing SRS for brain metastasis between 2008 and 2015. These instruments served as measures of overall QOL and depression. QOL deterioration exceeding the minimum clinically important difference was considered failure. Freedom from 12-month EQ-5D index failure was the primary outcome. Results One hundred and twenty-two SRS treatments (67 patients, 421 lesions) were eligible for inclusion. Intracranial failure (local or distant) occurred following 61% of treatments. Among 421 lesions, 8% progressed locally. Median follow-up was 12 months. Conclusions Among patients with brain metastasis, QOL preservation must remain paramount as multimodality therapy continues to improve. In the present investigation, 12-month QOL preservation was 79%. However, patients with more than 3 brain metastases were at significantly greater risk for QOL decline.
Imaging of the urachus: Anomalies, complications, and mimics

Urachal anomalies are more common than previously thought, with more cases discovered incidentally, because of the increased use of cross-sectional imaging. Although an abnormal persistence of an embryologic communication between the bladder and the umbilicus is often recognized and managed in childhood, it may persist into adulthood, with a greater risk of morbidity. Congenital urachal anomalies that are detected early can benefit from an optimized management including surgical approach with a complete resection of the urachal remnant in cases when spontaneous resolution or medical management has failed. At imaging, the different types of urachal anomalies have a distinct appearance. A patent urachus is recognized as an elongated patent connection between the bladder and the umbilicus. An umbilical-urachal sinus is depicted as a blind focal dilatation at the umbilical end, whereas a vesicourachal diverticulum is a focal outpouching at the vesical end. Urachal cysts are visualized as midline fluid-filled sacs most frequently located near the bladder dome. Complications of urachal anomalies have nonspecific clinical findings and can mimic other abdominal and pelvic processes. Potential complications, such as infection and tumors, should be recognized early to ensure optimal management. Understanding of the embryonic development of the urachus is necessary for the radiologist to diagnose the wide variety of urachal disease. ©RSNA, 2016.
Transgenerational Inheritance: Perpetuating RNAi

Reversible changes in gene expression independent of the genetic code can be transmitted from one generation to the next via poorly understood mechanisms. In worms, a histone-modifying enzyme is necessary to keep small RNA-guided transgenerational gene silencing in check.
Abstract 9304: Chain Length and Saturation of Primary Dietary Fats Mediate Impaired or Preserved Triglyceride Dynamics and Contractility in Decompensated Hearts

Oxidation of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) provides approximately 70% of ATP in the heart. Alternatively, LCFAs incorporate into the endogenous lipid pool as triacylglyceride (TAG). The dynamic process of TAG turnover, a source of LCFA for beta-oxidation and nuclear receptor activation, is reduced in cardiac hypertrophy. The current study tested the hypothesis that LCFA storage kinetics are influenced by acyl chain composition by comparing incorporation of two major plasma LCFAs, palmitate (16-carbon, saturated) and oleate (18-carbon, monounsaturated), into the TAG pool of sham operated control (SHAM) and hypertrophied (HYP) rat hearts. Isolated hearts were perfused with buffer containing 5 mM glucose, 1 mM lactate and 0.4 mM of either 13C-palmitate or 13C-oleate. Sequential 13C NMR of intact hearts and endpoint LC/MS enabled quantitation of TAG dynamics. With palmitate, HYP hearts contained 48% less TAG vs SHAM (P
What we left behind in our race to the top: Education reform goes metaformative

As a K–12 educator and scholar, I am deeply interested in how drama and theatre as pedagogical methods affect change in classrooms and other learning contexts. Through this work, I have repeatedly engaged in conversations and debates around connections between arts-based education, change, and performance.
Critical Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway in Apoptosis and Drug Resistance

The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway plays a critical role in the transmission of signals from growth factor receptors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Components of this pathway (e.g., Ras and B-Raf) are frequently mutated in human cancer. Mutations at upstream receptors (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] and Flt-3) and chimeric chromosomal translocations (e.g., BCR-ABL), which transmit their signals through the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK cascade were also frequently observed in human cancer. This pathway also interacts with other signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K/PTEN/Akt) to regulate cell growth. In some cells, mutation of PTEN may contribute to suppression of Raf/MEK/ERK because of the ability of Akt to phosphorylate and inactivate Raf-1. Other regulatory components of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway (e.g., the Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein, RKIP) may display altered expression during metastasis, which lead to activation of the pathway. This chapter describes the roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in signal transduction, prevention of apoptosis and induction of drug resistance.
Accessing Behavioral Health Services: Introduction to a Special Issue of Research, Policy, and Practice

There is an urgency to improve accessibility of behavioral health services for children and families given both an increasing need and decreasing support. This special issue aims to advance our understanding of what works to make behavioral health services for children accessible through a collection of articles that examine the issue from research, policy, and practice perspectives. The five research articles included in this special issue examine the organizational and contextual features necessary to improve the accessibility of children’s behavioral health services, thus building upon the growing literature that can inform practice and policy. In addition, the special issue also includes three articles describing the practices and outcomes of innovative state and local community partnerships, with the goal of using practice to inform research and policy. The interconnectedness of research, policy, and practice—coupled with the need for ongoing communication in the arena of children’s behavioral health services—is further examined in the commentary that concludes this special issue. Taken together, the collection advances our understanding of how children’s behavioral health services can be more accessible to all, and provides a model for future integration across research, policy, and practice efforts.
Case 58: The One-Eyed Patient

A 78-year-old female is scheduled for a right upper lobectomy under general anesthesia. She is 54 kg and 5 feet 10 inches. Her weight has been steady for as long as she can remember. Her past history is significant for hypertension, a 50-year smoking history and an enucleation of the right eye for tumor 10 years previously. She is unsure what the tumor was. She has a glass eye but prefers to wear a large black (pirate) eye patch that covers the whole orbit including the eyebrows. Otherwise her medical history and physical exam are unremarkable. She has a class 2 airway.
Evaluation of Myocardial Disease in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory

Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by cardiac enlargement, and left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction, usually resulting in congestive heart failure (CHF). Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by diastolic dysfunction, resulting in impaired ventricular filling. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is myocardial hypertrophy in a nondilated ventricle, often including the interventricular septum. Endomyocardial biopsy may be helping in identifying diagnosis in patients with myocarditis, systemic disease processes involving the heart, including amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, and hemachromatosis; in distinguishing restrictive from constrictive pericarditis; in identifying rejection in the transplanted heart; in identifying cardiac toxicity from Adriamycin and similar agents; and in identifying cardiac tumors.
Correlate Resin Properties to the Cryogenic Impact Performance of Medical Containers

This chapter indicates that the data generated by the dynamic mechanical analysis of the PVC resins and instrumented impact testing of the films can be correlated to the impact performance of the medical containers. The results from this study suggest that the cryogenic impact performance of medical containers can be predicted from the outcomes of the lab testing of the PVC resins and its corresponding films. The usage of medical containers in many cases is simultaneously subject to sub-ambient temperature and mechanical stress. For example, to harvest platelet from human whole blood, flexible plastic containers are subject to centrifugation at 4°C and high gravity forces. The chapter also reviews the hypothesis that the cryogenic impact performance of medical containers can be correlated and predicted from the testing results of the resin and its corresponding film. The data can be generated by three methods: dynamic mechanical analysis of the PVC resins, instrumented impact testing of the films, and performance testing of the products.
Emerging Topics and Innovative Methodologies in Cannabis Research.

Aims And Scope:Cannabis use is ascendant in our society, affecting the health of our citizens, our social norms and social structures, and our economies. This special issue brings together a divers...
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Demineralized Bone Matrix and rhBMP-2 versus Autologous Iliac Crest Bone Grafting in Alveolar Cleft Patients.

BACKGROUND The standard of care for patients with alveolar cleft deformities is autologous bone grafting using iliac crest bone graft (ICBG). The combination of demineralized bone matrix with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (DBX/rhBMP-2), as a substitute for ICGB, has been shown to have similar bony incorporation within the maxilla without donor-site morbidity. It has been argued that one of the drawbacks of using DBX/rhBMP-2 is the higher cost. The aim of this study was to compare the cost, operative time, and hospital length of stay associated with these two treatment modalities. METHODS A chart review was conducted for 71 patients who underwent secondary alveolar cleft reconstruction. Forty patients received ICBG and 31 patients underwent reconstruction using DBX/rhBMP-2. Operative costs, operative time, and hospital length of stay were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The average total operative cost was $6892 in the ICBG surgery population versus $4836 in the DBX/rhBMP-2 population (p < 0.01). Statistically significant decreases in anesthesia, pharmacy, and operating room costs were found in patients who underwent the DBX/rhBMP-2 surgery. Operative time decreased from an average of 97.3 minutes to 67.0 minutes (p < 0.01), and length of inpatient stay decreased from an average of 29.8 hours to 9.3 hours (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION In the treatment of alveolar cleft deformities, operative material costs were greater in the DBX/rhBMP-2 group but-secondary to decreased hospital, anesthesia, pharmacy, and operating room costs-DBX/rhBMP-2 was more cost-effective than ICBG.
Recent Work on Mock Theta Functions

The work of Ramanujan has had a wide ranging impact in many branches of mathematics. Among many fields of research influenced by Ramanujan, few are as currently vibratingly active as the area of mock theta functions. In this chapter, we provide a brief and incomplete account of this activity. We have already discussed at the end of Chapter 12 many of the extensive contributions of B. Gordon and R. McIntosh [145, 146, 147] jointly and McIntosh [201, 202, 203, 204, 205] individually.
Score-Group Framing Negatively Impacts Peer Evaluations

How does group membership framing affect the feedback students provide learners? This paper presents two between-subjects experiments investigating the effect of Ingroup/Outgroup membership on effort spent in peer evaluations, and whether the group membership criterion type affects quality and stringency of evaluation. Two peer-review assignments were implemented in two separate classes. In the first study, students were nominally grouped by location they sat in class and non-nominally grouped by current class score; each was asked to review an Ingroup and Outgroup peer assignment. A second study randomly assigned students to one of four group types (random, score, motivation, and location); student reviewed two Ingroup assignments. In both studies, score-grouped students graded their peers more stringently than students grouped by location. These studies illustrate for system designers the impacts of group framing - and the disclosure of that-in peer review tasks.