cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologic approaches for the management of symptoms and cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea in adults.

Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by intermittent hypoxemia, arousals from sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Accumulating evidence indicates that hypoxemia and sleep disruption contribute to the development of cardiovascular abnormalities in OSA. OSA is effectively treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy that splints open the airway during sleep. Studies have shown that CPAP therapy improves daytime sleepiness and attenuates cardiovascular abnormalities in patients with OSA. However, not all patients with OSA tolerate or adhere to CPAP therapy. Even patients who regularly use CPAP therapy may have a few hours each night exposed to the negative effects of untreated OSA. As a result, complementary pharmacologic therapies that can be used with CPAP therapy have the potential to reduce symptoms and consequences of OSA.
A Multidimensional Computer Adaptive Test Approach to Dyspnea Assessment

Abstract Norweg A, Ni P, Garshick E, O'Connor G, Wilke K, Jette AM. A multidimensional computer adaptive test approach to dyspnea assessment. Objectives To develop and test a prototype dyspnea computer adaptive test (CAT). Design Prospective study. Setting Two outpatient medical facilities. Participants A convenience sample of adults (N=292) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure We developed a modified and expanded item bank and CAT for the Dyspnea Management Questionnaire (DMQ), an outcome measure consisting of 4 dyspnea dimensions: dyspnea intensity, dyspnea anxiety, activity avoidance, and activity self-efficacy. Results Factor analyses supported a 4-dimensional model underlying the 71 DMQ items. The DMQ item bank achieved acceptable Rasch model fit statistics, good measurement breadth with minimal floor and ceiling effects, and evidence of high internal consistency reliability (α=.92–.98). With the use of CAT simulation analyses, the DMQ-CAT showed high measurement accuracy compared with the total item pool ( r =.83–.97, P r =–.61 to –.80, P P ≤.001). Conclusions The DMQ-CAT reliably and validly captured 4 distinct dyspnea domains. Multidimensional dyspnea assessment in COPD is needed to better measure the effectiveness of pharmacologic, pulmonary rehabilitation, and psychosocial interventions in not only alleviating the somatic sensation of dyspnea but also reducing dysfunctional emotions, cognitions, and behaviors associated with dyspnea, especially for anxious patients.
Multi-agent system design principles for resilient operation of future power systems

Recently, the academic and industrial literature has coalesced around an enhanced vision of the electric power grid that is intelligent, responsive, dynamic, adaptive and flexible. One particularly emphasized “smart-grid” property is that of resilience where healthy regions of the grid continue to operate while disrupted and perturbed regions bring themselves back to normal operation. Multi-agent systems have recently been proposed as a key enabling technology for such a resilient control scheme. While the power system literature has often addressed multi-agent systems, many of these works did not have resilience as the central design intention. This paper now has a two-fold purpose. First, it seeks to identify a set of multi-agent system design principles for resilient coordination and control of future power systems. To that end, it draws upon an axiomatic design for large flexible engineering systems model which was recently used in the development of resilience measures. From this quantitative model, a set of design principles are easily distilled. Second, the paper assesses the adherence of existing multi-agent system implementations with respect to these design principles. The paper concludes that while many multi-agent systems have been developed for power grids, they have been primarily intended as the decentralization of a particular decision-making/control algorithm. Thus many of the works make only limited contributions to power grid resilience.
Coaching Early Career Teachers in Urban Elementary Schools: A Mixed-Method Study

Coaching for urban early career teachers (ECTs) offers promise and aligns with features of effective professional development to support the implementation of evidence-based practices. However, the functional components and key elements of coaching and coach supervision are not well specified in the literature. The goal of the current study was to examine adherence and feasibility of a coaching intervention designed to provide urban ECTs with concentrated support in classroom management and engaging learners—two instructional domains that are robust predictors of attrition (Ingersoll and Strong in Rev Educ Res 81:201–233, 2011). Coaches (n = 6) worked with ECTs (n = 15) in three urban, high-poverty elementary schools during the 2-year intervention. A mixed-method design was employed, such that qualitative data (i.e., semi-structured interviews) and quantitative data (i.e., adherence measures) were collected concurrently, remained independent during analyses, and were integrated during interpretation (Creswell and Clark in Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2007). Findings revealed that ECTs generally received the intended frequency and duration of coaching but with fewer opportunities for post-conferences. Coach supervision, on average, was delivered with intended frequency, with variability across coaches. Thematic analyses highlighted coach provision of emotional and instrumental support, emphasized consistent coaching as critical, and that time was a significant barrier to ECT participation in coaching. Supervision promoted social support among coaches and provided opportunities to adapt the model to ECT needs.
A device for the continuous measurement of algal photosynthetic response to light

Abstract A device is described for continuously monitoring the photosynthetic response to light of phytoplankton in eutrophic waters. Water is pumped from the system being monitored, and flows in parallel into 8 chambers that are placed in a light gradient. Dissolved oxygen is measured periodically at the inflow and outflow of each chamber. Solution of the dynamic mass balance equation for a well mixed system provides an estimate of net photosynthetic oxygen evolution as a function of light intensity. The last chamber is darkened with opaque plastic thereby providing a continuous estimate of community dark respiration. The assumptions made in design of the system are verified by tracer studies. The utility of the system is demonstrated by comparison with in situ incubations, and by results of monitoring phytoplankton growth in turbid waters.
Measuring Economic Welfare: Is Theory a Cookbook for Empirical Analysis?

Welfare economics is first and foremost a policy science. In his classic treatise, A.K. Sen says, "Welfare economics is concerned with policy recommendations." Gunnar Myrdal, in discussing the economist and the politician, proposes that "the politician may reasonably expect from the economist that he should explain the actual situation and state the effects of different modes of action in relation to the same initial situation." Empirical welfare economics should provide guidance to policy makers in evaluating actual policies in real markets using available data and reasonable methods. Real markets are characterized by multimarket spillovers, dynamic responses to economic policy, uncertainty, and incomplete market structures. While theoretical models
Research on Field Management of Relay Protection Device Based on RFID Technology

In consideration of the slow development of informatization level of relay protection device system business process handling at present, upon the request of relay protection device full life cycle management, this text has put forward the anti-metal RFID technical system for relay protection device field management on the basis of RFID technology, covering the lectotype of tags and read-write device, tag encapsulation, safety protection method. which contributes to settle the problems in relay protection device management, avoid waste of resources, save the economic cost, significantly raise the relay protection management level and working effects, and improve the power grid running performance.
20/20 Foresight: Crafting Strategy in an Uncertain World

The article reviews the book "20/20 Foresight: Crafting Strategy in an Uncertain World," by Hugh Courtney.
Antiviral Prescriptions to U.S. Ambulatory Care Visits with a Diagnosis of Influenza before and after High Level of Adamantane Resistance 2005–06 Season

Background Rapid emergence of influenza A viruses resistance to anti-influenza drugs has been observed in the past five years. Our objective was to compare antiviral prescription patterns of ambulatory care providers to patients with a diagnosis of influenza before and after the 2005–2006 influenza season, which was temporally concordant with the emergence of adamantane resistance. We also determined providers' adherence to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2006 interim treatment guidelines for influenza after the dissemination of guidelines. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a multi-year cross-sectional analysis using 2002–2006 data from the national representative ambulatory care surveys, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Our main outcome measure was prescription of any anti-influenza pharmaceutical medication, including amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir. Analyses were performed using procedures taking into account the multi-stage survey design and weighted sampling probabilities of the data source. Overall, there were 941 visits to U.S. ambulatory care providers for which the diagnosis of influenza was made, representing 12,140,727 visits nationally. Antiviral drugs were prescribed in 21.7% of visits. Even though prescription rates were not significantly different by influenza season (2001–02: 26.4%; 2002–03: 11.2%; 2003–04: 16.5%; 2004–05: 18.0%; 2005–06: 35.8%; 2006–07: 46.5%, p = 0.061), significantly higher prescription rates were observed in the high adamantane resistance period (18.7% versus 37.0%, p = 0.023), and after the announcement of the 2006 guidelines (18.5% versus 38.8%, p = 0.032). Use of adamantanes decreased over time, in that they were commonly used during influenza seasons 2001–03 (60.1%), but used much less frequently during seasons 2003–05 (31.9%), and used rarely after high adamantane resistance emerged (2.2%) (p<0.001). Adherence to 2006 guidelines was 97.7%. After March 2006, no prescriptions for adamantanes were given to patients with a diagnosis of influenza. Conclusions/Significance In this nationally representative study of U.S. ambulatory care visits, we found a complete absence of the use of adamantanes in all ambulatory care settings after March 2006, closely corresponding to release of the 2006 CDC interim guidelines. Adherence to such practice is an essential element for control and prevention of influenza, especially during the era of emergence of resistance to anti-viral drugs.
Pathologic and molecular aspects of soft tissue sarcomas.

Soft tissue tumors represent a highly heterogeneous group of lesions that are classified according to their overall microscopic appearance, tissue differentiation pattern, distinctive clinical presentation, and biologic potential. In general, they are classified into several major histogenetic categories according to their exclusive or dominant lineage differentiation pattern. Within each major histogenetic category, the lesions are further separated into benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors have limited local growth potential. They typically grow in a noninvasive expansile fashion and most tumors can be eradicated by conservative excision. In contrast, malignant soft tissue tumors are at least locally aggressive and grow in an invasive, destructive fashion. Clinical behavior of these tumors is characterized by continuous growth with multiple local recurrences and sometimes distant metastasis. Some of the malignant soft tissue tumors are only locally aggressive and are characterized by multiple local recurrences whereas others may metastasize. As a group, sarcomas are characterized by a high incidence of distant bloodborne metastases primarily to the lungs, but some of them may initially metastasize to regional lymph nodes. Soft tissue sarcomas are relatively rare compared with epithelial malignancies and comprise fewer than 1% of human cancers. From 1973 to 1987, 19,684 sarcomas were reported to the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results Program and more than half of these sarcomas (10,034) arose in soft tissue [1]. The incidence rates calculated from these data show gradual increases in relation to age. The overall age-adjusted incidence rate is 2.4 and 1.6 per 100,000 individuals for men and women, respectively. Malignant fibrous histocytoma 20% of all soft tissue sarcomas) is the most frequently diagnosed sarcoma followed by liposarcoma (18.3%), leiomyosarcoma (8.8%), fibrosarcoma (8.0%),
A CLOSED-FORM SOLUTION OF A BERNOULLI-EULER BEAM ON A VISCOELASTIC FOUNDATION UNDER HARMONIC LINE LOADS

Fourier transform is used in this paper to solve the problem of steady state response of a beam on a viscoelastic foundation subjected to a harmonic line load. The solution is constructed in the form of the convolution of the Green function of the beam. The theorem of residue is employed to evaluate the generalized integral such that a closed-form solution can be achieved. All the different combinations of damping and vibration frequency are discussed and analytical solutions are presented. As a special case, the solution of the beam on a Winkler foundation is also discussed. The validation of the solution is verified by considering the static solution of the beam and comparing the degraded solution to a well-known result. The closed-form expression of the result can be used to construct algorithms for the inverse problems of non-destructive testing of pavement structures using vibration devices.
Finite element calculation of viscoelastic flow in a journal bearing: II. Moderate eccentricity

Abstract Finite element calculations of two-dimensional flows of viscoelastic fluids in a journal bearing geometry reported in an earlier paper (J. Non-Newt. Fluid Mech. 16 (1984) 141-172) are extended to higher eccentricity (ρ = 0.4); at this higher eccentricity flow separation occurs in the wide part of the gap for a Newtonian fluid. Calculations for the second-order fluid (SOF), upper-convected Maxwell (UCM), and the Giesekus models are continued in increasing Deborah number for each model until either a limit point is reached or oscillations in the solution make the numerical accuracy too poor to warrant proceeding. No steady solutions to the UCM model were found beyond a limit point De c , as was the case for results at low eccentricities. The value of De c was moderately stabel to mesh refinement. A limit point also terminated the calculations with a SOF model, in contradiction to the theorems for uniqueness and existence for this model. The critical value of De increased drastically with increasing refinement of the mesh, as expected for solution pathology caused by approximation error. Calculations for the Giesekus fluid with the mobility parameter α ≠ O showed no limit points, but failed when irregular oscillations destroyed the quality of the solution. The behavior of the recirculation region of the flow and the load on the inner cylinder were very sensitive to the value of α used in the Giesekus model. The recirculation disappeared at low values of De except when the mobility parameter α was so small that the viscosity was almost constant over the range of shear rates in the calculations. The recirculation persisted over the entire range of accessible De for the UCM fluid, the limit of α = O of the Giesekus model. The behavior of the recirculation is coupled directly to the viscosity by calculations with an inelastic fluid with the same viscosity predicted by the Giesekus model.
Equilibrium binding of spermine and histamine to salmon sperm DNA and poly(dGdC).

— Studies using the solute-enhanced phase partition technique demonstrate that the endogenous amines histamine and spermine bind to both salmon sperm DNA and poly(dGdC) in a markedly cooperative fashion. Both compounds exhibited DNA sequence-dependence effects in their mode of binding. The linear aliphatic spermine molecule binds more strongly than histamine to both DNA types.
A Comparison of Serum Creatinine-Based Methods for Identifying Chronic Kidney Disease in Hypertensive Individuals and Their Siblings

Background The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation is often used to determine an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from serum creatinine. This study compared kidney disease as defined by reduced eGFR, elevated serum creatinine, or elevated urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Methods As part of the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy study, a community-based sample was ascertained through sibships having at least two members with essential hypertension. Kidney disease was defined by reduced eGFR ( 97.5th percentile for sex-specific normal individuals), or elevated ACR (>95th percentile for sex-specific normal individuals). Results The sample (n = 2653) was 65% female, 61% African American, and 77% hypertensive, with a mean (± SD) age of 61 ± 10 years. There was greater agreement between kidney disease defined by elevated ACR and an elevated serum creatinine level (κ = 0.19) than between kidney disease defined by elevated ACR and a reduced eGFR (κ = 0.07). The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of kidney disease for male versus female sex was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.75 to 1.12) by reduced eGFR, but was 2.08 (95% CI, 1.62 to 2.67) by elevated serum creatinine and 2.11 (95% CI, 1.63 to 2.74) by elevated ACR. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of kidney disease for subjects of African American versus white ethnicity was 0.27 (95% CI, 0.22 to 0.33) by reduced eGFR but was 1.17 (95% CI, 0.91 to 1.51) by elevated serum creatinine and 3.87 (95% CI, 2.89 to 5.25) by elevated ACR. Conclusion In a predominantly hypertensive population, kidney disease identified by elevated ACR was more concordant with elevated serum creatinine than with reduced eGFR. The MDRD equation, derived using kidney disease patients, may misrepresent the gender- and ethnicity-specific risk of kidney disease.
The origin of Phobos grooves from ejecta launched from impact craters on Mars: Tests of the hypothesis

Abstract The surface of the martian moon Phobos is characterized by parallel and intersecting grooves that bear resemblance to secondary crater chains observed on planetary surfaces. Murray (2011) has hypothesized that the main groove-forming process on Phobos is the intersection of Phobos with ejecta from primary impact events on Mars to produce chains of secondary craters. The hypothesis infers a pattern of parallel jets of ejecta, either fluidized or solidified, that break into equally-spaced fragments and disperse uniformly along-trajectory during the flight from Mars to Phobos. At the moment of impact with Phobos the dispersed fragments emplace secondary craters that are aligned along strike corresponding to the flight pattern of ejecta along trajectory. The aspects of the characteristics of grooves on Phobos cited by this hypothesis that might be explained by secondary ejecta include: their observed linearity, parallelism, planar alignment, pitted nature, change in character along strike, and a “zone of avoidance” where ejecta from Mars is predicted not to impact ( Murray, 2011 ). To test the hypothesis we plot precise Keplerian orbits for ejecta from Mars (elliptical and hyperbolic with periapsis located below the surface of Mars). From these trajectories we: (1) set the fragment dispersion limits of ejecta patterns required to emplace the more typically well-organized parallel grooves observed in returned images from Phobos; (2) plot ranges of the ejecta flight durations from Mars to Phobos and map regions of exposure; (3) utilize the same exposure map to observe trajectory-defined ejecta exposure shadows; (4) observe hemispheric exposure in response to shorter and longer durations of ejecta flight; (5) assess the viability of ejecta emplacing the large family of grooves covering most of the northern hemisphere of Phobos; and (6) plot the arrival of parallel lines of ejecta emplacing chains of craters at oblique incident angles. We also assess the bulk volume of ejecta from martian impact events and the number of events that are necessary to supply sufficient bulk densities of secondary impactor fragments. On the basis of our analysis, we find that six major predictions of the Murray hypothesis are not consistent with a wide range of Mars ejecta emplacement models and observations as follows: (1) To emplace families of parallel grooves as observed in the most common features (grooves that manifest virtually no positional defects), and to reach the maximum geographic extent of Phobos, grid patterns of ejecta fragments must be produced with nearly identical diameters (often tens of thousands in number) and must launch with virtually zero rates of dispersion (
Effect of deformation path sequence on the behavior of nanoscale copper bicrystal interfaces

Molecular dynamics calculations are performed to study the effect of deformation sequence and history on the inelastic behavior of copper interfaces on the nanoscale. An asymmetric 45 deg tilt bicrystal interface is examined, representing an idealized high-angle grain boundary interface. The interface model is subjected to three different deformation paths: tension then shear, shear then tension, and combined proportional tension and shear. Analysis shows that path-history dependent material behavior is confined within a finite layer of deformation around the bicrystal interface. The relationships between length scale and interface properties, such as the thickness of the path-history dependent layer and the interface strength, are discussed in detail.
Small scale acoustical, biological and environmental integrated study

Two acoustic assessment cruises were carried out (February, 2010 and January,2011) in three, 10 by 10 nautical mile exploratory oil blocks, previously to the start of the drilling operation, within a sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) fishing area. Biological data were collected with zooplankton and mid water trawl hauls. Hydroacoustics with echo-integration were conducted day and night along the whole block areas to detect zooplankton and fish spatial and vertical distribution. Hydroacoustic data were obtained with an echo sounder SIMRAD EK 500 connected to two, 38 and 120 kHz, split-beam transducers. The surveys were performed along 11 parallel transects in each block, where 9 CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth profiler) stations were done. The echo-integration method estimates the acoustic density of the organisms along the water column and within a given area, such density is proportional to the biological density. The method is based on the amount of backscattered energy, integrated within the acoustic beam sampling volume and for a given sampling distance. These values are converted to the parameter NASC (Nautical Area Scattering Coefficient). Average NASC values were similar and relatively low for the two cruises, with no fish schools being detected. However, we observed differences in the NASC values, with the highest densities of organisms associated with specific sectors. The CTD data revealed the presence of the shallower and warmer TW (Tropical Water) and the deeper and colder SACW (South Atlantic Central Water). Surprisingly we detected internal and significant differences in the spatial temperature distribution within each block, in the 2010 cruise. Satellite images showed that the north block (in Campos Basin) was under the effect of a front and the south blocks (in Santos Basin) under the effect of a cyclonic vortex. Local topography and the abrupt change in the coast line orientation favor the generation of meanders and vortices by the Brazil Current (BC) in the area. These structures induce upwellings along the shelf break, pushing SACW to shallower depths, approaching the lower temperature isotherms to surface. Also, cold water is pushed towards the coast and shelf water, offshore. In 2010 the highest NASC values were found in the west part of Campos Basin block, occupied by the relatively cooler waters. Two other cruises were carried on (May and September, 2012) and preliminary analyses indicate temperature gradient of up to 4°C in the Campos Basin block, in the 40 m stratum, in May cruise. Considering block dimensions and the features detected in at least two out of four cruises we can speculate that the oceanographic fronts we detected within the blocks are part of vortexes which operate in larger scales and that those features must be more common in the region than previously assumed. Also, as higher acoustic densities showed association with cold water we suggest that these vortices and meanders may affect sardine eggs and larvae survivorship in the region if shelf water is advected offshore.
Direct digital intratracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation

Summary The technique of digital introduction of endotracheal tubes for neonatal resuscitation is easy to learn, requires simple and dependable equipment, and has few dangers and limitations. Proficiency in the method allows the unaided physician quickly and easily to establish and use a patent airway for neonatal resuscitation
The psychology of making ethical decisions: What affects the decision?

Individuals engage in an ethical decision-making process to solve ethical dilemmas. This empirical study of Navy chaplains explored the process of ethical decision making and the extent to which the characteristics of the moral situation influence the decision-making process. The results of the study are visually displayed in a model that pictures the steps in ethical decision making, which could be used as a teaching and training tool for professionals.
The anemia of chronic disorders: experimental abscess, spleen transplantation, and red cell iron reutilization.

Studies of Fe59 incorporation into blood, liver, and spleens utilizing ‘cooked’ red blood cells labeled with 59-ferrous citrate were undertaken to evaluate iron reutilization. Intraperitoneal transplantation of intact spleens was performed from mice both with and without turpentine abscess to similarly prepared mice. Presence or absence of abscess in the recipient mouse determined ‘compartmentalization’ of reutilizable iron between the recipient reticuloendothelial system (spleen and liver) and blood. Reduced iron reutilization induced by chronic inflammation seems to be predominantly due to alteration of reticuloendothelial system function as measured by Fe59 incorporation into blood from labeled ‘cooked’ red blood cells. The model studied shows that chronic inflammation is sufficient systemic cause for reduced iron reutilization and thereby a major contributor to the anemia of chronic diseases.
Unresponsiveness of pial precapillary vessels to catecholamines and sympathetic nerve stimulation.

A systematic analysis of the possible existence of neurogenic control of precapillary pial vessels was made in three species (cat, dog, and rabbit). In all of these animals, pial vessels failed to respond to externally applied isoproterenol or norepinephrine in high concentrations (up to 100 µg/ml), although the vessels did dilate in response to externally applied histamine. Adrenergic nerve endings on the pial vessels were demonstrated by fluorescent histochemical techniques specific for catecholamines. However, in the absence of changes in arterial blood pressure and arterial blood carbon dioxide tension, pial precapillary vessels showed no change in caliber in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. These results show that pial precapillary vessels are not subject to vasoconstriction probably because they lack sufficient receptors for the catecholamine neurotransmitter.
A management framework for systems users

Abstract Many business managers today are in need of practical guidance in determining which information systems management practices are appropriate for their particular organization. Of central importance is the management of the information systems development process. A field research study was conducted at five major U.S. corporations to determine those information systems development management practices that had proved successful. The research method consisted of in-depth interviews with managers and technical people at each company. In addition, the reputation of each company as a successful manager of the information systems function was validated using a set of organizational performance criteria developed by a panel of prominent information systems professionals. The results of the research are presented in the form of a planning and control framework of successful management practices. The framework describes and classifies those practices common to all companies and clearly differentiates those practices which varied significantly among the companies studied. The framework is designed to enable management to readily identify those information system development practices that have proved successful and to select from among them those most appropriate to the local situation. It can also serve as a guide for self-study on the part of the individual manager.
The determination of α-keto acids and oxalic acid in sea-water by reversed phase liquid chromatographic separation of fluorescent quinoxilinol derivatives

Abstract A sensitive technique for the analysis of α-keto acids and oxalic acid in seawater is described. Preliminary results are reported for Scripps Institution of Oceanography Pier water and several coastal stations off California and Peru. Although standard recoveries are moderate to low, these measurements represent the first attempt to measure these compounds in seawater.
Neurokinin 1 receptor signaling mediates sex differences in μ and κ opioid-induced enhancement of contact hypersensitivity

Abstract Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a type of cutaneous inflammation that is exacerbated by neurogenic factors. Both μ- and κ-opioids enhance CHS to a greater extent in females than males. It was hypothesized that potentiated neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor signaling following opioid treatment accounts for sex differences in the magnitude of CHS. Following morphine or spiradoline treatment the NK1 receptor antagonist SR140,333 significantly attenuated the magnitude of CHS in females but not males. By contrast, the NK2 antagonist SR48968 had no effect on morphine modulation of CHS. Taken together, these data indicate that NK1 receptor signaling is a key mediator of sex differences in opioid-induced enhancement of CHS.
The Force–Restore Model for Surface Temperatures and Its Generalizations

Abstract Atmospheric general circulation models require efficient approximation procedures for including the vertical diffusion or heat into an underlying soil. The most effective procedure for diurnal heating—the “force-restore” approach—uses a prognostic equation for temperature that reproduces exactly the response to periodic heating and uniform thermal properties. Errors result from the neglect of higher harmonies in time in the forcing and from inhomogeneous thermal properties of the underlying soil. Neglect of higher harmonics is tolerable, in part because the response decreases with an increased forcing frequency. Neglect of vertical variation of thermal conductivity and specific heat can introduce major errors in the force-restore treatment, a possibility illustrated by the response to diurnal periodic surface forcing with a snow layer overlying a soil layer. A generalization of the force-restore procedure is developed for inhomogeneous thermal properties and illustrated for a snow layer overlying...
Posterior dislocation in total knee replacement: a price for deep flexion?

Introduction Post-cam dislocation in TKA is a rare complication after posterior stabilized TKA.
Analysis of Topology Algorithms for Commercial Airborne Networks

Civilian Airborne Networks capable of providing network connectivity to users onboard aircraft and users on the ground may soon be viable. We propose a novel airborne network architecture consisting of commercial aircraft and ground station gateways inter-connected with Free-Space Optical Communications (FSOC) links to form a high-bandwidth mesh network. The use of directional FSOC links necessitates explicit topology control, where a protocol must manage which links will point at one another to form connections. The algorithm used by the topology control protocol to form topologies must have low computation time, and must compute topologies that are robust, inclusive, and contain short paths between nodes. We use FAA flight path data for the aircraft en route within the continental United States during a 24-hour period to analyze the properties of airborne mesh networks, and compare candidate topology algorithms. In our simulation an airborne network with ground stations was able to continuously connect over 98% of the air-craft into a mesh network using FSOC links. We propose two new topology algorithms (DCTRT and DCKruskal+Long) which are extensions to existing algorithms. DCKruskal+Long appears to perform best for the metrics measured.
Testing the Role of Meander Cutoff in Promoting Gene Flow across a Riverine Barrier in Ground Skinks (Scincella lateralis)

Despite considerable attention, the long-term impact of rivers on species diversification remains uncertain. Meander loop cutoff (MLC) is one river phenomenon that may compromise a river’s diversifying effects by passively transferring organisms from one side of the river to the other. However, the ability of MLC to promote gene flow across rivers has not been demonstrated empirically. Here, we test several predictions of MLC-mediated gene flow in populations of North American ground skinks (Scincella lateralis) separated by a well-established riverine barrier, the Mississippi River: 1) individuals collected from within meander cutoffs should be more closely related to individuals across the river than on the same side, 2) individuals within meander cutoffs should contain more immigrants than individuals away from meander cutoffs, 3) immigration rates estimated across the river should be highest in the direction of the cutoff event, and 4) the distribution of alleles native to one side of the river should be better predicted by the historical rather than current path of the river. To test these predictions we sampled 13 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA from ground skinks collected near three ancient meander loops. These predictions were generally supported by genetic data, although support was stronger for mtDNA than for microsatellite data. Partial support for genetic divergence of samples within ancient meander loops also provides evidence for the MLC hypothesis. Although a role for MLC-mediated gene flow was supported here for ground skinks, the transient nature of river channels and morphologies may limit the long-term importance of MLC in stemming population divergence across major rivers.
Purification of fusaproliferin from cultures of Fusarium subglutinans by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography

Thirty-six Fusarium strains were grown on cracked yellow corn and evaluated for optimum fusaproliferin production, with Fusarium subglutinans E-1583 producing the highest levels (1600 microg/g). Three solvent systems were tested for extracting fusaproliferin from the cultures of F. subglutinans E-1583. Methanol gave the highest fusaproliferin recovery, followed by methanol/1% aqueous NaCl (55:45, v/v) and acetonitrile/methanol/H(2)O (16:3:1, v/v/v). Hexane partitioning was effective in removing many impurities from the crude fusaproliferin extracts prior to the liquid chromatography step. Fusaproliferin samples were further purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a C18 preparatory column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/H(2)O (80:20, v/v). The purity of the fusaproliferin was verified by analytical HPLC, GC/MS, (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization (ESI) MS. The isolated fusaproliferin was shown to be free of impurities and can be used as a standard for routine analysis. Fusaproliferin was shown to be temperature-sensitive when samples were stored at room temperature (20-24 degrees C) for more than several days. After 30 days at 4 degrees C, approximately 8% of the fusaproliferin had been transformed to deacetyl-fusaproliferin; however, samples stored at -20 degrees C for 1 year contained only trace amounts of the deacetylated form.
A piecewise-deterministic Markov model of freeway accidents

This article develops a piecewise-deterministic Markov process (PDMP) for modeling freeway traffic dynamics due to random incidents. The random uncertainties in the occurrence and clearance of freeway accidents are modeled as stochastic transitions between a set of discrete modes. For a given accident location, the transition rates from an accident mode are determined by state-dependent congestion level. The impact of an accident is captured as reduced capacity at the location of the accident. The macroscopic traffic state within each accident mode evolves according to the nonlinear cell transmission model (CTM). The resulting stochastic switched system admits an intra-modal representation, where the nonlinear dynamics can be represented as piecewise-linear dynamics. This piecewise linear dynamics naturally leads to a PDMP representation. Some qualitative properties of a two-cell example are studied. Finally, a few design implications for control of accident-prone freeways are discussed.
Implementing a grid state indicator for responsive retail demand

Historically, wholesale and retail electricity markets have been designed and maintained as separate markets, without any mechanisms for interactions between participants in the distinct marketplaces. Growing interest in developing responsive demand brings into question the logic of this separation, as retail customers could begin to play a role in maintaining a stable power grid and market price. With this in mind, the California ISO has proposed a price-based signal - the grid state indicator - that would be initiated by the CAISO, updated by distribution system operators, and sent to responsive demand. Thus the signal will allow retail customers to respond to the state of the wholesale market and high voltage grid. In this paper, an electricity price signal model consistent with the proposed CAISO electricity grid state indicator is developed. A customer-agent model applying Q-learning, a form of reinforcement learning, is designed to predict electricity load reduction based on price-responsive demand. Results based on data from the New York ISO assess potential savings, as well as load reduction to smooth out demand, from implementing the proposed grid state signal.
ACS chemical neuroscience molecule spotlight on Fanapt.

The new mixed dopamaine D2/serotonin 5-HT2A antagonist, Fanapt (iloperidone), was approved by the FDA on May 6th, 2009 for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.
Ice Adhesion to Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces

Abstract The adhesional shear strength has been determined for ice formed against polished steel, monolayers adsorbed on steel and thin plastic coatings painted on metal surfaces. The adsorbed monolayers reduced the shear strength to about one-third of that for ice on clean steel. The monolayers also had the effect of changing the character of the breaks from clearly cohesional to apparently adhesional failure. The shear strength from the plastic coatings ranged from values equal to that of ice against clean steel to values 70 to 80% lower. The reduction in shear strength did not correlate with the water contact angle on the coatings but was usually found to be due either to air entrapment at the ice/coating interface or to cohesive failure of the coating itself. The ice separated from the various substrates was examined microscopically by forming plastic replicas of the ice surface. These studies helped determine the mechanism of failure and, since one of the replicating solutions was also an ice etchant...
Laser-Induced Instabilities and Anomalous Absorption in Dense Plasmas

In the last three years or so, the subject of radiation-induced parametric instabilities in plasmas has become an exceedingly active field of research. These instabilities have been observed in many experiments. High power transmitting antennas can excite these instabilities in the F-layer of the ionosphere where the resulting enhanced wave fluctuations are observed by radar backscatter techniques. Numerous laboratory experiments using Q-machines, DP devices and discharges and employing radiation sources in the radio-frequency to microwave regime have studied these instabilities. Many detailed theoretical predictions have been verified by these experiments, but at this early point there also remain many unanswered questions. Perhaps the most exciting but least understood application of these effects is toward the heating of laser produced plasmas for laser-induced fusion.
A Principled Account of the Older Adult in ACT-R: Age-Specific Model Human Processor Extensions in a Mobile Phone Task

In previous research, Jastrzembski & Charness (2007) estimated weighted mean values for nine information processing parameters for older adults using the Card, Moran, & Newell (1983) Model Human Processor (MHP) model, and successfully validated a subset of those parameters with age-specific GOMS models for two mobile phone tasks across two mobile phone devices. The current research extends the mapping of MHP parameters to the ACT-R cognitive architecture (e.g., Anderson, 2007), and transitions age-specific MHP parameters into theoretically-plausible ACT-R models of older adult performance. We argue that the incorporation of theoretically-motivated MHP parameters into ACT-R will produce better fits to empirical data than default ACT-R parameters, and the use of those theoretically-principled parameter values will provide designers with more precise insight concerning why hardware/software designs/devices work or fail as a function of age. We test these hypotheses in the same mobile phone domain used to val...
Molecular detection of native and invasive marine invertebrate larvae present in ballast and open water environmental samples collected in Puget Sound

Non-native marine species have been and continue to be introduced into Puget Sound via several vectors including ship's ballast water. Some non-native species become invasive and negatively impact native species or near shore habitats. We present a new methodology for the development and testing of taxon specific PCR primers designed to assess environmental samples of ocean water for the presence of native and non-native bivalves, crustaceans and algae. The intergenic spacer regions (IGS; ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S) of the ribosomal DNA were sequenced for adult samples of each taxon studied. We used these data along with those available in Genbank to design taxon and group specific primers and tested their stringency against artificial populations of plasmid constructs containing the entire IGS region for each of the 25 taxa in our study, respectively. Taxon and group specific primer sets were then used to detect the presence or absence of native and non-native planktonic life-history stages (propagules) from environmental samples of ballast water and plankton tow net samples collected in Puget Sound. This methodology provides an inexpensive and efficient way to test the discriminatory ability of taxon specific oligonucleotides (PCR primers) before creating molecular probes or beacons for use in molecular ecological applications such as probe hybridizations or microarray analyses. This work addresses the current need to develop molecular tools capable of diagnosing the presence of planktonic life-history stages from non-native marine species (potential invaders) in ballast water and other environmental samples.
Parametric variation in subordinate evaluative negation: Korean/Japanese versus others

The main claim of this paper is that a general theory of what has been called “expletive” negation in subordinate clauses should allow for the possibility of it occurring without being licensed by negative predicates, and more crucially that, contrary to the traditional term “expletive”, this type of negation is not semantically void. Thus I propose to term this type of negation Evaluative Negation (EN). I show that EN in Korean and Japanese instantiates this option. The newfound positive context for EN is extremely surprising since it challenges the widely accepted previous assumption regarding negative licensers for subordinate EN, hence the negativity-related analyses. Instead, subordinate EN will be analyzed as a subspecies of subjunctive mood marker which creates an additional attitudinal meaning on a separate layer of doxastic states. This gives the correct interpretation of EN structures by assuming that the semantic effects are parameterized into two types of subjunctive-like properties, unlikelihood and undesirability. Hence the new term evaluative negation intends to indicate the main characteristics of EN—by means of which an epistemic or buletic subject expresses an evaluative attitude toward the proposition in terms of likelihood or desirability. The effects are achieved by application of the semantics of an evaluative component as EN is the vehicle of an ordering relation. This proposal has two important consequences: First, the analysis accounts for the cross-linguistic variation in subordinate EN between Japanese/Korean and other languages. Second, it opens the possibility of systematically characterizing EN in other environments such as exclamatives, questions, certain temporal conjunctions, and comparatives, hence capturing cross-contextual variation, as proposed in Yoon (‘Not’ in the mood: the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of evaluative negation. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 2011a).