cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale-Subtle Version: Using an Adapted Measure to Understand the Declining Rates of Rape Myth Acceptance.

Research in recent years has shown decreased rates of rape myth acceptance. This decrease may be due to an actual decline in attitudes, but it may also be fully or in part because such attitudes ha...
Neural Safeguards against Global Impacts of Memory Modification on Identity: Ethical and Practical Considerations.

In their article, Zawadzki and Adamczyk (2021) argue that erasing specific negative memories through the use of optogenetic memory modification can lead to disruption in personal narratives and ide...
High range resolution micro-Doppler analysis

This paper addresses use of the micro-Doppler effect and the use of high range-resolution profiles to observe complex targets in complex target scenes. The combination of micro-Doppler and high range-resolution provides the ability to separate the motion of complex targets from one another. This ability leads to the differentiation of targets based on their micro-Doppler signatures. Without the high-range resolution, this would not be possible because the individual signatures would not be separable. This paper also addresses the use of the micro-Doppler information and high range-resolution profiles to generate an approximation of the scattering properties of a complex target. This approximation gives insight into the structure of the complex target and, critically, is created without using a pre-determined target model.
Our Underachieving Colleges: A Candid Look at How Much Students Learn and Why They Should Be Learning More

Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1: The Evolution of American Colleges 11 CHAPTER 2: Faculty Attitudes toward Undergraduate Education 31 CHAPTER 3: Purposes 58 CHAPTER 4: Learning to Communicate 82 CHAPTER 5: Learning to Think 109 CHAPTER 6: Building Character 146 CHAPTER 7: Preparation for Citizenship 172 CHAPTER 8: Living with Diversity 194 CHAPTER 9: Preparing for a Global Society 225 CHAPTER 10: Acquiring Broader Interests 255 CHAPTER 11: Preparing for a Career 281 CHAPTER 12: Improving the Quality of Undergraduate Education 310 Notes 345 Index 395
American Political Economy in Global Perspective: Energy Policy and Performance

I am involved in mankind and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. John Donne (1624) To report the current consensus of climate scientists is to risk sounding alarmist. Only 25 or so years ago a substantial minority of serious scientists doubted that emissions of heat-trapping gases by human activity would lead to irreversible global warming. But not all alarms are false. And successive research reports by such agencies as the National Academy of Sciences, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Geological Survey, the International Energy Agency, NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have grown more urgent about an approaching tipping point. For instance, there is now agreement that when and if the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide – the principal heat-trapping gas emission – reaches 450 to 600 parts per million, up from about 385 ppm today, irreversible planetary damage will occur. Before the summer of 2007 scientists underestimated the speed with which warming temperatures would melt the polar regions’ permafrost that caps large deposits of methane, another potent greenhouse gas. So if we add methane emissions, the new tipping point may be even less than 450 ppm of CO 2 . Because of the way CO 2 persists in the atmosphere and in the oceans and the interaction of the two, the result will include rising seas that threaten coastal regions. Southern Europe, North Africa, the Southwestern United States, and West Australia could expect 10 percent less rainfall. That means reduced crop yields and fiercer storms alternating with Dust Bowl levels of drought (Solomon et al., 2009; Hansen et al., 2008). Too little discussed is a tsunami of climate refugees numbering perhaps one or two hundred million pouring into nations and regions on higher ground searching for water, food, shelter, and safety. Such migration would make the current flow from Mexico into the United States look like a trickle.
Multivariate Median and Rank Sum Tests

Univariate nonparametric procedures are extended to multivariate nonparametric procedures via the rank-permutation principle. Univariate nonparametric procedures, such as the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and ANCOVA, are reviewed. From this, expansion to the multivariate case is shown through emphasis on the rank-permutation principle. This principle, based on the assets of a conditional procedure that renders conditionally distribution-free properties, is applied to the multivariate case and allows for distribution-freeness of a large class of rank statistics, such as the median and rank sum tests. This then carries into the development of multivariate multisample median tests and multivariate rank sum tests, such as the multivariate signed-rank test. Furthermore, application of the principle is also used in the development of rank MANCOVA, the multivariate extension of ANCOVA. Keywords: nonparametric; univariate; multivariate; rank-permutation; Wilcoxon signed-rank test; Spearmann's rank correlation coefficient; rank MANCOVA; distribution-freeness
Federalism's Paradox: The Spending Power and Waiver of Sovereign Immunity

In the name of state sovereignty, the current Supreme Court has significantly limited Congress' power to enable individuals to vindicate their civil rights against the states. The Court has found that Congress cannot use the Commerce Power to abrogate sovereign immunity, and has greatly narrowed Congress' power to abrogate sovereign immunity pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment. These rulings create the danger that states will become virtually unaccountable for violating the civil rights of individuals.Yet even as it limits those powers of Congress, this Court continues to read Congress' Spending Power as virtually unlimited by state sovereignty. The Court's broad reading of the Spending Power creates a paradox: Congress may use its Spending Power to solicit a state's waiver of sovereign immunity and accomplish goals the Court found unconstitutionally intrusive on state sovereignty when attempted through the use of other means.So far, the Court has condoned this paradoxical use of the spending power. However, a recent Circuit Court ruling has created a Circuit split on this issue, and it is likely that the Court will re-evaluate its position soon. This article argues that using the Spending Power to enforce civil rights against states is justified by the power's protections for the sovereign dignity of states, the need to assure the supremacy of federal law, and the historic role of the federal government in enforcing civil rights.
Branching solutions and Lie series

Branching solutions of algebraic equations are treated using Lie series. A new method is proposed to derive Puiseux expansions. Newton's diagram is considered in the context of Lie series. An application of finding equilibrium points of a Hamiltonian system near resonances is also demonstrated.
Contemporary Analysis of MHC-Related Immunodominance Hierarchies in the CD8+ T Cell Response to Influenza A Viruses

Early studies of influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity indicated that the level of CTL activity associated with H2Db is greatly diminished in mice that also express H2Kk. Such MHC-related immunodominance hierarchies are of some interest, as they could lead to variable outcomes for peptide-based vaccination protocols in human populations. The influence of H2Kk on the H2Db-restricted response profile has thus been looked at again using a contemporary, quantitative, IFN-gamma-based flow cytometric assay. The depressive effect of H2Kk was very apparent for the influenza DbPA224 epitope and was also reproduced when CTL activity was measured for H2Db-expressing targets pulsed with the immunodominant NP366 peptide. The secondary CD8+IFN-gamma+ DbNP366-specific response was much greater in parental H2b than in H2kxbF1 mice, but the sizes of the CD8+ sets specific for KkNP50 and DbNP366 were essentially equivalent in the F1 animals. Thus, although the immunodominance profile associated with DbNP366 is lost when H2Kk is also present, the response is still substantial. A further, MHC-related effect was also identified for the KkNS1152 epitope, which was consistently associated with a greater CD8+IFN-gamma+ response in H2KkDb recombinant than in (H2KkDk x H2KbDb)F1 mice. The diminished DbPA224 response in H2kxbF1 mice was characterized by loss of a prominent Vbeta7 TCR responder phenotype, supporting the idea that TCR deletion during ontogeny shapes the available repertoire. The overall conclusion is that these MHC-related immunodominance hierarchies are more subtle than the early CTL assays suggested and, although inherently unpredictable, are unlikely to cause a problem for peptide-based vaccine strategies.
Constrained TSP and Low-Power Computing

In the precedence-constrained traveling salesman problem (PTSP) we are given a partial order on n nodes, each of which is labeled by one of k points in a metric space. We are to find a visit order consistent with the precedence constraints that minimizes the total cost of the corresponding path in the metric space. We give negative results on approximability by relating the problem to the Shortest Common Supersequence problem, helping to explain why there has been very little success in approximation algorithms for this problem. We also give approximation algorithms for a number of special cases, included cases appropriate for a problem in low-power computing; in the process, we show that algorithms for the k-server problem and the traveling salesman problem can be used to derive approximation algorithms for the PTSP. We give tight bounds on the approximation ratios achieved by natural classes of algorithms for this optimization problem (which include algorithms proposed and used in empirical studies of this problem). We briefly summarize results of experiments with several algorithms on a standard set of compiler benchmarks, comparing several known and new algorithms.
Enhanced Excitability of Sensory Neurons in Rats With Cutaneous Hyperalgesia Produced by Chronic Compression of the Dorsal Root Ganglion

Pain and hyperalgesia can occur when the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and its roots are deformed mechanically in association with injuries or diseases of the spine. To evaluate the electrophysiologic...
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES SUPPORTED BY NON-LETHAL LIFE HISTORY SAMPLING OF THE U.S. FEDERALLY LISTED ILLINOIS CAVE AMPHIPOD, GAMMARUS ACHERONDYTES

Abstract Many cave species exhibit k-selected life history characteristics, i.e., long life span, slow growth, and low reproductive effort, which can reduce their ability to survive rapid changes in environmental conditions and their potential for recovery from events that reduce their densities. In this study, we examined aspects of the life history, growth rate, and reproductive timing of the U.S. federally listed Illinois cave amphipod, Gammarus acherondytes, to assess its potential for recovery. Sampling between October 2003 to March 2005 with non-lethal techniques in Reverse Stream Cave, Illinois, U.S.A. showed that pre-juveniles and juveniles generally constituted > 50% of the population and thus strongly influenced fluctuations in population density. Except in September 2004, ovigerous females were collected every month, indicating that reproduction occurred year-round. Distinct peaks of pre-juveniles were observed from February to May and August to October. The seasonal recruitment of young appear...
Risk factors and implications of anastomotic complications after surgery for Crohn’s disease

Anastomotic complications occur more frequently in patients with Crohn’s disease leading to postoperative intra-abdominal septic complications (IASC). Patients with IASC often require re-operation or drainage to control the sepsis and have an increased frequency of disease recurrence. The aim of this article was to examine the factors affecting postoperative IASC in Crohn’s disease after anastomoses, since some risk factors remain controversial. Studies investigating IASC in Crohn’s operations were included, and all risk factors associated with IASC were evaluated: nutritional status, presence of abdominal sepsis, medication use, Crohn’s disease type, duration of disease, prior operations for Crohn’s, anastomotic technique, extent of resection, operative timing, operative length, and perioperative bleeding. In this review, the factors associated with an increased risk of IASC are preoperative weight loss, abdominal abscess present at time of surgery, prior operation, and steroid use. To prevent IASC in Crohn’s patients, preoperative optimization with nutritional supplementation or drainage of abscess should be performed, or a diverting stoma should be considered for patients with multiple risk factors.
Male leadership change in a free-ranging troop of Indian rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

The male leadership of a troop of rhesus living at the foot of the Kumaon foothills of India was studied from January to December of 1965. The troop, inhabiting a region of fields and forests, varied in size from a maximum of 20 after the birth season to a minimum of 14 in December during the breeding season. The troop initially contained two adult males with the occasional presence of a third, more peripheral male. This third male disappeared in March and was perhaps identical with the male who began to appear in August and succeeded in displacing the dominant male from the troop. The second initial male succeeded to the dominant position in September. During the breeding season various extra-troop males followed and occasionally penetrated the troop. The second male had difficulty in maintaining his position against one of these, who had perhaps been the peripheral male at the beginning of 1965.
Primary tracheal schwannoma (neurilemoma) in a 9-year-old girl

The authors report a case of primary tracheal schwannoma (neurilemoma) causing symptoms of airway obstruction in a 9-year-old girl. Computerized tomography scan showed a polypoid intratracheal mass obstructing 73% of the lumen. Partial tracheal resection with primary anastomosis was performed. Histologic analysis showed a benign neurogenic tumor of Schwann cell origin.
Novel Regulatory Small RNAs in Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus or GAS) is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that has shown complex modes of regulation of its virulence factors to cause diverse diseases. Bacterial small RNAs are regarded as novel widespread regulators of gene expression in response to environmental signals. Recent studies have revealed that several small RNAs (sRNAs) have an important role in S. pyogenes physiology and pathogenesis by regulating gene expression at the translational level. To search for new sRNAs in S. pyogenes, we performed a genomewide analysis through computational prediction followed by experimental verification. To overcome the limitation of low accuracy in computational prediction, we employed a combination of three different computational algorithms (sRNAPredict, eQRNA and RNAz). A total of 45 candidates were chosen based on the computational analysis, and their transcription was analyzed by reverse-transcriptase PCR and Northern blot. Through this process, we discovered 7 putative novel trans-acting sRNAs. Their abundance varied between different growth phases, suggesting that their expression is influenced by environmental or internal signals. Further, to screen target mRNAs of an sRNA, we employed differential RNA sequencing analysis. This study provides a significant resource for future study of small RNAs and their roles in physiology and pathogenesis of S. pyogenes.
Second sound in 3He - 4He solutions

Abstract The velocity of second sound in liquid 3 He - 4 He solutions should exhibit anomalous behaviour due to the attractive 3 He - 3 He interaction.
Cocaine addiction: psychology and neurophysiology

Cocaine was considered incapable of producing dependence in 1980 but was recently proclaimed the drug of greatest national health concern. Recent clinical and preclinical investigations demonstrate that cocaine produces unique abuse and withdrawal patterns that differ from those of other major abused drugs and suggest that long-term cocaine abuse produces neurophysiological alterations in specific systems in the central nervous system that regulate the capacity to experience pleasure. It will be necessary to develop clinically pertinent research models before these findings can be considered definitive, but these evolving ideas have already led to applications of promising experimental treatments for cocaine abuse.
Electrocardiographic Changes Reflecting Left Atrial Abnormality in Hypertension

To separate the effects of hypertension and atherosclerosis on the left atrium, the electrocardiograms of 76 hypertensive patients and 76 normal control subjects, matched for age and sex, were studied. Four established criteria for left atrial abnormality were used. One or more positive criteria were satisfied in 45 of the 76 patients and 28 had two or more positive criteria. In contrast, only four of the 76 normal subjects had one abnormal criterion; none had more than one. In 37 patients selective coronary cinearteriography was performed and five of these with abnormal P waves had no arteriographic evidence of atherosclerosis. Eleven of 45 patients with left atrial abnormality had repeated episodes of atrial arrhythmias, whereas only one of the 31 patients with normal P waves had an atrial arrhythmia, demonstrating that repeated atrial arrhythmias are more frequent in patients with left atrial abnormality. Left atrial abnormality was, therefore, a frequent finding in hypertension; it may occur even in t...
Aspects of nitrogen fixation in Sargassum communities off the coast of Florida

Abstract The magnitude and character of nitrogen fixation in Sargassum communities was studied for three different species, S. fluitans Borgesen, S. natans J. Meyen and S. filipendula C. Agardh. Nitrogen fixation activity was measured using the acetylene reduction technique. The character of epiphytic populations on the surface of Sargassum was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. All three species of Sargassum exhibited the potential for high levels of acetylene reduction. Mean rates of up to 7.1 μmol C 2 H 4 produced·g −1 ( Sargassum dry wt.)·h −1 were observed at one location. Nitrogen fixation activity was strongly light dependent. Saturation light intensity for nitrogen fixation was low, i.e. −2 ·s −1 , and no photoinhibition was observed under full sunlight intensity (i.e. photon flux of ≈ 2000 μE·m −2 ·s −1 ). Results indicated that cyanobacteria were responsible for nitrogen fixation. Both Calothrix and LPP type cyanobacteria were commonly represented on the surface of the Sargassum . Activity associated with the benthic species S. filipendula exhibited significant seasonal variability. Nitrogen fixation activity in pelagic samples was variable but high throughout the year. The contribution of nitrogen fixation to the nitrogen budget of Sargassum communities appears to be particularly pronounced in the pelagic environment.
Reproducibility of cervicovaginal ThinPrep® cellularity assessment

Criteria for judging the squamous cellularity adequacy of cervicovaginal ThinPreps using cell counts in representative fields have been proposed. We compared the interobserver reproducibility in the designation of ThinPreps as satisfactory (SAT), satisfactory but limited by (SBLB), or unsatisfactory (UNS) for interpretation. Three reviewers independently assessed 145 cervicovaginal ThinPreps accessioned from 1997-1999 at the University of Kentucky cytopathology laboratory. Scant specimens were retrieved by computer search and more cellular specimens were added to make 145. Adjacent fields on a diameter including center at 10x and 40x were counted for sufficiently preserved and unobscured cells. A specimen was designated UNS if four or more fields at 10x had less than 10 squamous cells, and SBLB if four or more fields at 40x had less than five squamous cells. All three observers agreed on the adequacy designation in 76% of cases and the overall kappa was 0.73 (near excellent). Complete interobserver agreement was present in 86% (63/73) of UNS cases, 79% (33/42) of SAT, but only 47% (14/30) of SBLB slides. When SBLB and UNS categories were combined, the discrimination from the SAT category was excellent (kappa = 0.87) with pairwise k-values of 0.94-0.97. In conclusion, adjacent field cell count methods to judge ThinPrep cellularity provide near excellent interobserver reproducibility. While we have designated both UNS and SBLB adequacy categories, criteria could easily be revised to set one threshold to separate SAT and UNS ThinPreps.
WIND/EPACT observations of anomalous cosmic rays

Abstract The Energetic Particles, Acceleration, Composition and Transport (EPACT) Experiment on the WIND spacecraft, and especially its large-geometry Low Energy Matrix Telescope (LEMT), is capable of sensitive measurements of ions of the anomalous cosmic-ray (ACR) component above 2 MeV/amu. We report on the energy spectra of He, C, N, O, Ne, S, and Ar and estimate element abundances at the acceleration site.
Clinical Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Brevoxyl® Gel and Benzamycin® Gel

30 patients with facial acne vulgaris completed an 11-week single-blind, parallel group comparison study of treatment with either Brevoxyl® gel or Benzamycin® gel twice daily. Overall, the products demonstrated very similar safety and efficacy profiles. Brevoxyl® gel provided a faster therapeutic response from weeks 2 to 5 and was as effective as Benzamycin® gel by the end of the 11-week period. The improved efficacy and reduced expected local irritation with Brevoxyl® gel was attributed to the dissolution of benzoyl peroxide in the hydrophase gel formulation.
Ravana: controller fault-tolerance in software-defined networking

Software-defined networking (SDN) offers greater flexibility than traditional distributed architectures, at the risk of the controller being a single point-of-failure. Unfortunately, existing fault-tolerance techniques, such as replicated state machine, are insufficient to ensure correct network behavior under controller failures. The challenge is that, in addition to the application state of the controllers, the switches maintain hard state that must be handled consistently. Thus, it is necessary to incorporate switch state into the system model to correctly offer a "logically centralized" controller.We introduce Ravana, a fault-tolerant SDN controller platform that processes the control messages transactionally and exactly once (at both the controllers and the switches). Ravana maintains these guarantees in the face of both controller and switch crashes. The key insight in Ravana is that replicated state machines can be extended with lightweight switch-side mechanisms to guarantee correctness, without involving the switches in an elaborate consensus protocol. Our prototype implementation of Ravana enables unmodified controller applications to execute in a fault-tolerant fashion. Experiments show that Ravana achieves high throughput with reasonable overhead, compared to a single controller, with a failover time under 100ms.
Regional cardiac tissue oxygenation as a function of blood flow and pO2: a near-infrared spectroscopic imaging study

Near-infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIRSI) is useful to assess cardiac tissue oxygenation in arrested and beating hearts, and it shows potential as an intraoperative gauge of the effectiveness of bypass grafting. The purpose of this study was to determine whether NIRSI can reliably differentiate among a range of cardiac oxygenation states, using ischemia and hypoxia models independently. An ischemia-reperfusion model was applied to isolated, beating, blood-perfused porcine hearts, in which the left anterior descending (LAD) artery was cannulated. LAD flow was decreased stepwise to approximately 50, 20, and 0% of normal flow and was completely restored between ischemic episodes. Upon completion of the ischemia-reperfusion protocol, the hearts were further subjected to periods of increasingly severe global hypoxia. Regional oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin (myoglobin) levels were derived from spectroscopic images (650 to 1050 nm) acquired at each step. Oxygenation maps vividly highlighted the area at risk for all degrees of ischemia. Oxygenation values differed significantly for different LAD flow rates, regardless of whether intermediate reperfusion was applied, and oxygenation values during progressive hypoxia correlated well with blood oxygen saturation. These results suggest that NIRSI is well suited, not only to identify ischemic or hypoxic regions of cardiac tissue, but also to assess the severity of deoxygenation.
Phosphorylation of ethanolamine, methylethanolamine, and dimethylethanolamine by overexpressed ethanolamine kinase in NIH 3T3 cells decreases the co-mitogenic effects of ethanolamines and promotes cell survival

Ethanolamine (Etn), as well as its N-methyl (MeEtn) and N,N-dimethyl (Me2Etn) analogues, were recently shown to potentiate the stimulatory effect of insulin on DNA synthesis in serum-starved NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. In the present work we assessed the impact of the co-mitogenic effects of Etn and its methyl analogues on cell proliferation and cell survival, and examined whether the cell growth regulatory effects of these ethanolamines involve an Etn-kinase-mediated phosphorylation step. For this purpose, NIH 3T3 sublines highly overexpressing Drosophila Etn kinase and an appropriate vector control line were utilized and the effects of Etn, MeEtn, Me2Etn, methylamine (MeNH2), and dimethylamine (Me2NH) were studied. 31P-NMR analysis of the water-soluble cell metabolites revealed that both MeEtn and Me2Etn, but not choline, are excellent substrates for the expressed Etn kinase. The methylated ethanolamines (MeEtn and Me2Etn) and methylamines (MeNH2, Me2NH) were used as Etn models that can or cannot be phosphorylated, respectively. In serum-starved vector control cells, both MeNH2 (1 mM) and Me2NH (1 mM) were more effective than Etn in enhancing insulin-induced DNA synthesis, and both were almost as effective as MeEtn and Me2Etn. However, in the Etn kinase overexpressor cells the potentiating effects of Etn, MeEtn and Me2Etn, but not those of MeNH2 and Me2NH, were significantly reduced. Moreover, in the overexpressor cells, lower concentrations of Etn (50-200 microM) inhibited the combined mitogenic effects of Me2NH (1 mM) and insulin. These data are consistent with a mechanism in which the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated ethanolamines are negative and positive regulators of insulin-induced mitogenesis, respectively. After incubating the cells for 13 days in serum-free medium in 96-well microplates, there was a steady decrease in cell numbers in both cell lines. However, between 6-13 days, 0.1-1 mM MeEtn and, particularly, Me2Etn provided significant protection against cell death in the Etn kinase overexpressor cells. In vector control cells, only Me2Etn in combination with insulin had similar effects on cell survival. The data suggest that phosphorylated ethanolamines may function as promoters of cell survival.
Adam Ferguson in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Roman Past and Europe's Future. By Iain McDaniel. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013. Pp. x, 276. $45.00.)

Contemporary intellectual history has had a particular fascination with the complexity of the eighteenth‐century Scottish Enlightenment. Initially, interest centered on the Scottish Enlightenment's...
A Memoir of the ADVANCE Project

The ADVANCE Project, conducted from 1990 through 1997, was one of the first attempts to undertake a large-scale field test of an emerging technology in the ITS field, specifically in the area of in-vehicle dynamic route guidance. It was also an early example of a public-private partnership involving a large corporation, two university research centers, state and federal governments, and other participants in more specific or minor roles. This memoir, initially written at the close of my involvement in the Project in early 1996, seeks to describe the many institutional difficulties of this undertaking, as well as some of the lessons I learned.
Advection of a Passive Scalar by a Vortex Couple in the Small-diffusion Limit

We study the advection of a passive scalar by a vortex couple in the small-diffusion (i.e. large Peclet number, Pe) limit. The presence of weak diffusion enhances mixing within the couple and allows the gradual escape of the scalar from the couple into the surrounding flow. An averaging technique is applied to obtain an averaged diffusion equation for the concentration inside the dipole which agrees with earlier results of Rhines & Young for large times. At the outer edge of the dipole, a diffusive boundary layer of width O(Pe−½) forms; asymptotic matching to the interior of the dipole yields effective boundary conditions for the averaged diffusion equation. The analysis predicts that first the scalar is homogenized along the streamlines on a timescale O(Pe−). The scalar then diffuses across the streamlines on the diffusive timescale, O(Pe). Scalar that diffuses into the boundary layer is swept to the rear stagnation point, and a finite proportion is expelled into the exterior flow. Expulsion occurs on the diffusive timescale at a rate governed by the lowest eigenvalue of the averaged diffusion equation for large times. A split-step particle method is developed and used to verify the asymptotic results. Finally, some speculations are made on the viscous decay of the dipole in which the vorticity plays a role analogous to the passive scalar.
Synthesis of bicyclic dipeptide mimetics for the cholecystokinin and opioid receptors

Abstract The cholecystokinin C-terminal octapeptide analogue H-Asp-Tyr-D-Phe-Gly-Trp-(N-Me)-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2 (SNF 9007) is a potent and selective ligand for both the CCK-B and δ-opioid receptors. To constrain the peptide into the biologically active conformation(s), bicyclic dipeptide mimetics for Nle-Gly and homoPhe-Gly were designed and synthesized from β-substituted aspartic acids. Alkylation of L -aspartic acid using lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LHMDS) in the presence of hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) gave β-substituted aspartic acids, with the major product being the (2S,3R) isomer. Additional isomers of Nle-Gly bicyclic dipeptide mimetic were obtained via the Kazmaier–Claisen rearrangement reaction. The stereochemistries of the bicyclic dipeptide mimetics were assigned by X-ray and NMR.
Reassignment of Four Species Currently in Herpetogramma Lederer (Spilomelinae) to Pyraustinae (Crambidae: Pyraloidea: Lepidoptera)

Abstract. During an ongoing study of Herpetogramma Lederer (Spilomelinae), four species, three from the Western Hemisphere and one from Japan, were discovered to be misplaced in the genus and the subfamily. Based on primary type material, the following new and revised combinations and transfers to the Pyraustinae are proposed: the male syntype of Pachyzancla nigripalpis Hampson is designated as the lectotype and is transferred to Pyrausta, and the female syntype of P. nigripalpis is transferred to Hahncappsia as a species of uncertain identity but closest to H. jaliscalis Capps. Pachyzancla straminea Hampson and Pachyzancla holochrysis Hampson are transferred to Pyrausta; Herpetogramma albipennis Inoue is transferred to Aglaops Warren. The adults, genitalia, and labels are illustrated for the first time.
Pretreatment neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is superior to platelet/lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of long-term mortality in breast cancer patients

The aim of our study was to assess the predictive value of platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in terms of survival in breast cancer patients. This is an observational study of 437 breast cancer patients treated between January 2004 and December 2006. Survival status was obtained from our cancer registry and Social Security Death Index. Survival analysis, stratified by NLR and PLR quartiles, was used to evaluate their prognostic values. Patients in the highest 4th PLR and NLR quartiles had higher 5-year mortality rate (30.4 and 40.3 %) compared to those in the lower three PLR and NLR quartiles (12.1 and 8.2 %), p < 0.0001. Multivariate hazard ratios of 4th PLR and NLR quartiles compared to first PLR and NLR quartiles were 3.68 (1.74–7.77, p = 0.001) and 3.67 (1.52–8.86, p = 0.004). Higher PLR only showed a trend of higher mortality in patients with normal lymphocyte count, whereas NLR continued to be statistically significant predictor of 5-year mortality in all lymphocyte count subsets. Pretreatment NLR is an independent predictor of long-term mortality in breast cancer patients, whereas pretreatment PLR was not superior to absolute lymphocyte count alone in predicting long-term mortality.
Formulation and Compaction of Nonfracturing Deformable Coated Beads

AbstractThere has been considerable interest in making tablets from spheronized bead rather than through encapsulation. It is obvious that the forces present during compaction may break a coating intended to control drug release. This effect may be moderated by cushioning agents incorporated into the bead formulation or situation between the beads. Our work describes the latter method.
Intervertebral disc height loss demonstrates the threshold of major pathological changes during degeneration

Quantitative MRI techniques were utilized to study intervertebral disc degeneration. Main focus was to develop a novel approach to quantify disc height loss associated with disc degeneration. Currently there is no universally accepted metric of degeneration based on measurement of disc height. Such quantitative imaging methods would complement qualitative visual assessment methods currently used and offer a valuable diagnostic tool. 51 adult participants took part in this MRI study. T2 weighted images were used to obtain disc height index (DHI) and also a semi-quantitative metric based on relative voxel intensities. For DHI, each disc was given a score based on standard deviations from the mean DHI of healthy discs. Diffusion Weighted MRI was used to assess morphological changes in the nucleus pulposus. Conventional Pfirrmann classification was used as the gold standard to assess these quantitative approaches. At deviations of up to 1.5σ below normative disc height, levels of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and normalized T2 intensity were maintained. Once disc compression reached 1.5σ, there was a massive drop in ADC and normalized T2 intensity. Pfirrmann degeneration scores also increased after the 1.5σ mark. This study provides new, unbiased quantitative imaging tools to assess disc degeneration. We observed that these quantitative MRI measures indicate a threshold beyond which major pathological changes take place concurrently. Combined information from DHI, ADC and T2 images construct a set of novel biomarkers that could be used to identify degenerating discs that are approaching the threshold and possibly intervene before major pathologic changes occur.
Multiple levels of gene regulation in the control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the regulation of expression of many of the enzymes for amino acid biosynthesis involves an interlinked general control system. Molecular and genetic analyses of this system reveal an underlying set of hierarchical transcriptional controls and a novel translational regulatory mechanism for governing expression of a key activator gene.
Effects of heavy metals on renal aspartate transport and the nature of solute movement in kidney cortex slices

Abstract 1. 1.|This paper explores effects of uranium poisoning and of p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) on renal amino acid transport in the rabbit. Characteristics of translocation of amino acids as well as of sugars are compared in vitro (cortical slices) and in vivo (double indicator dilution analysis of artery-to-vein transit kinetics, clearance studies) in order to evaluate the physiological significance of slice studies. 2. 2.|Dicarboxylic amino acids interact with the peritubular cell membrane in vivo by a specific mechanism which is sensitive to uranyl ions and PCMB. However, PCMB fails to depress tubular reabsorption of filtered aspartate; this makes it unlikely that the PCMB-sensitive process at peritubular cell membrane can form part of the reabsorptive process. 3. 3.|Aspartate uptake in vitro is inhibited by PCMB. It follows that uptake of aspartate by slices is a function of peritubular cell membrane, and not of the PCMB-insensitive reabsorptive mechanism. 4. 4.|Evidence is also presented for the occurrence of sugar transport across peritubular cell membrane in vivo. The specificity of this transport resembles that described for sugar uptake by slices. Activity at the peritubular membrane may suffice therefore to account for sugar accumulation in vitro. As suggested previously there is thus no need to invoke participation of luminal cell membranes in solute transfer by kidney cortex slices.
A Survey of Primary Care Physician Practices in the Diagnosis and Management of Women with Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome

Objectives To describe the practice patterns among primary care physicians' (PCPs) managing patients with symptoms suggestive of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS). Methods We developed a clinical vignette describing a woman with typical IC/PBS symptoms to elicit questions about etiology, management strategies, and familiarity with this syndrome. We mailed the questionnaire to 556 PCPs, including academicians and community physicians, in Boston, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Results We received 290 completed questionnaires (response rate, 52%). Nineteen percent of respondents reported they had "never" seen a patient like the one described in the vignette. Two-thirds of respondents correctly identified the hallmark symptom of IC/PBS (bladder pain/pressure). Regarding etiology, 90% correctly indicated that IC/PBS was a noninfectious disease, 76% correctly reported that it was not caused by a sexually transmitted infection, and 61% correctly indicated that it was not caused by a psychiatric illness. Common treatments included antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Referrals were often made to a specialist. Conclusions Although most PCPs indicate familiarity with IC/PBS, they manage the condition infrequently. They also appear to have significant knowledge deficits about the clinical characteristics of IC/PBS, and they indicate variable practice patterns in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Educational efforts directed at PCPs will likely improve the care of patients with IC/PBS.
Monte Carlo simulation of grain boundary pinning in the weld heat-affected zone

A methodology for obtaining a one-to-one correlation between Monte Carlo (MC) and real parameters of grain size and time is described. Using the methodology, and the MC grain growth algorithm, the grain structure in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a 0.5 Mo-Cr-V steel has been simulated. The simulations clearly show that the kinetics of grain growth can be retarded by the presence of steep temperature gradients in the weld HAZ. Additional pinning due to the formation of grain boundary liquid near the solidus temperature has also been simulated. It is shown that in order to accurately predict the observed grain size in the weld HAZ of the 0.5Cr-Mo-V steel, the retardation in growth kinetics due to temperature gradients as well as liquid pinning should be considered.
Characterization of functionally distinct lymphoid and myeloid cells from human blood and bone marrow. II. Separation by velocity sedimentation.

Abstract Velocity sedimentation in a zonal rotor using gradients of uniform osmolarity was used to separate leukocyte subpopulations from human blood and bone marrow. The separations were performed at high sedimentation rates having the advantage of rapidity over conventional unit gravity separations. Myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) and cells reactive with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), and in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) were separated and their sedimentation profiles obtained. CFU-C sedimented ahead of lymphoid cells and behind mature myeloid elements. Two distinct marrow subpopulations separated by velocity sedimentation were consistently stimulated by Con A, and variably stimulated by PHA and MLC reactions. Both large cells (predominantly myeloid) and small cells (predominantly lymphoid) from bone marrow were stimulated by Con A in [3H]thymidine incorporation assays. When separated subpopulations showing stimulation by Con A were mixed, inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation resulted.
Avian smooth muscle: Morphometric analysis and comparison of different types

Smooth muscle from the pigeon gizzard and intestine, and quail gizzard were investigated using ultrastructural morphometric analysis and compared on the basis of volume percent mitochondria, dense bodies, sarcoplasmic reticulum, number of mitochondria/Μm2, and fiber diameter. One-way analysis of variance tests showed significant differences in (1) volume percent mitochondria between pigeon intestine and quail gizzard and between pigeon and quail gizzards; (2) mitochondrial number between all three muscles; and (3) fiber diameter between pigeon gizzard and intestine and pigeon intestine and quail gizzard.
Deceivers and Emotion: The Relationships Among Deceptive Message Type, Relational Qualities, and Guilt and Shame

Research has identified emotions as key components of the deception process (Buller & Burgoon, 1996). Yet, examining emotions in conjunction with deception has been branded an under-researched area (Seiter & Bruschke, 2007). The goal of this study was to discover if relational qualities (commitment and satisfaction) and the type of deceptive message communicated (lie, evasion, overstatement, concealment, or collusion) related to feelings of guilt and shame following deception. Participants were asked to recall the most recent time they deceived their romantic partner, describe the lie, and complete relational quality and emotional response measures. Results indicate that the type of deceptive message communicated was not related to relational qualities. Further, feelings of guilt and shame did not differ based on type of deception. However, results indicate positive relationships between the emotional experiences of guilt and shame and relational qualities of commitment and satisfaction. Implications, lim...
Animal Models: Usefulness for Studies of Fungal Pathogenesis and Drug Efficacy in Aspergillosis

This review describes our experience during the past 8 years with an immunocompromised rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis. We have used the model to evaluate the efficacy of a variety of antifungal therapies, including amphotericin B-deoxycholate, a liposomal amphotericin B preparation, some of the newer azoles (i.e., fluconazole, saperconazole, and the experimental compound SCH 39304), and combination therapy with amphotericin B-deoxycholate plus fluconazole. The model provides a rigorous test of efficacy when animals receive a lethal challenge; permits studies of the kinetics of aspergillar antigenemia in response to therapy with each antifungal agent or regimen; allows comparison of the relation of antigenemia to the extent of disease in target organs; and is useful in correlating the timing of antifungal therapy with the success of treatment. These observations in our animal model may provide some insight into the treatment of invasive aspergillosis in humans.
Prenatal experience and neonatal responsiveness to vocal expressions of emotion.

Newborn differentiation of emotion and the relevance of prenatal experience in influencing responsiveness to emotion was tested by examining newborn responses to the presentation of a range of vocal expressions. Differential responding was observed, as indicated by an increase in eye opening behavior in response to the presentation of happy speech patterns. More importantly, differential responding was observed only when the infants listened to emotional speech as spoken by speakers of their maternal language. No evidence of discrimination was found in the groups of infants listening to the same vocal expressions in a novel language. The results suggest that as a consequence of prenatal exposure to the distinctive prosodic maternal speech patterns that specify different emotions and to the temporally related stimuli created by distinctive maternal physiological concomitants of emotion, the fetus learns to differentiate those emotional speech patterns typical of the infant's maternal language. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 35: 204–214, 1999
Magnetic Properties of Doped Semiconductors

Doped semiconductors, being a physical realization of an ensemble of one-electron (hydrogenic) atoms distributed randomly in space, are in a sense the simplest disordered system. Our current understanding of their magnetic properties is reviewed, for densities on both sides of a critical density nc at which the system undergoes a transition (at zero temperature) from an insulating phase (n nc). It is argued that the insulating phase is well modeled in terms of a disordered Heisenberg antiferromagnet, and quantitative agreement with experiment can be obtained. In contrast, the metallic phase just beyond nc, is not as well understood, and a number of possible candidate models are described. Finally, the issue of the effect of magnetic properties on the metal-insulator transition is addressed.
Successful Treatment of Systemic Exophiala dermatitidis Infection in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Exophiala dermatitidis, one of the saprophytic dematiaceous fungi, is a rare cause of human infection that, when invasive, is nearly always fatal. Besides the more common subcutaneous infection usually caused by traumatic inoculation, infection can also spread hematogenously, in which case the organism has a distinct neurotropism. A patient with autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease of childhood who was found to have a progressive pulmonary and central nervous system infection with E. dermatitidis responded to an aggressive, multifaceted therapeutic approach. Scanning electron microscopy of the cultured conidiogenous cells confirmed that the manner of conidiogenesis is typical of the genus Exophiala. We report the first successful treatment of an infection involving the lungs and central nervous system by a combination of surgical resection of the pulmonary source and medical therapy with amphotericin B, flucytosine or ketoconazole, and transfused white cells, followed by a prolonged course of fluconazole.
Emergency Respiratory Protection with Common Materials

The efficacy of readily available materials, such as cotton fabric, toweling, and a single-use respirator, for providing emergency respiratory protection was evaluated by determining the filtration efficiency as a function of particle size over the range of 0.4 to 5 µm diameter and performance against a reactive water soluble (I2) and unreactive vapor (CH3I). At a reasonable design face velocity (1.5 cm/s), the respirator mask used at double thickness could reduce particle concentrations a factor of 30 or more throughout the particle range tested, and a wetted towel four layers thick could provide a factor of five. Dry fabrics were ineffective in removing iodine vapor, but wetted sheeting or toweling reduced concentration by a factor often or more under design conditions, 1.5 cm/s face velocity and 50 Pa pressure drop (0.2 inches of water). The fabrics provided a statistically insignificant reduction in methyl iodide. In practice, any leaks around the seal to the face would lessen the protection offered b...
Small non-coding RNAs in animal development

Our understanding of the biological functions of small non-coding RNAs has been fostered by the analysis of genetic deletions of individual microRNAs (miRNAs) in mammals. These studies show that miRNAs are key regulators of animal development and are potential human disease loci.