cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE STRUCTURE SENSITIVITY OF CYCLOHEXANE DEHYDROGENATION AND HYDROGENOLYSIS CATALYZED BY PLATINUM SINGLE CRYSTALS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

LBL-10576 Preprint Submitted to the Journal of Catalysis THE STRUCTURE SENSITIVITY OF CYCLOHEXANE DEHYDROGENATION AND HYDROGENOLYSIS CATALYZED BY PLATINUM SINGLE CRYSTALS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE R. K. Herz, W. D. Gillespie, E. E. Petersen, and G. A. Somorjai April 1980 I.J.o,WHENCE G TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This Is a Library Circulating Copy which may borrowed two weeks. a copy, call Tech. Info. Division~ Ext. 6782. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48
The effects of early lead exposure on auditory function in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Thirty-one female rhesus monkeys were randomly assigned to three lead exposure conditions (none, birth to 1 year, and birth to 2 years). Blood lead levels were maintained at 35–40 μg/dl beginning shortly after birth and continuing for 1 or 2 years postnatally. Auditory function was assessed in these monkeys at least 1 year after exposure to lead. The outcome measures included tympanometry to assess middle ear function, otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) to assess cochlear function, and auditory brainstem-evoked responses (ABRs) to assess the auditory nerve and brainstem pathways. There were no significant differences among the three experimental groups for any of the tympanometric variables measured suggesting no effect of lead exposure on middle ear function. Suprathreshold and threshold distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs) were comparable among the three groups. Finally, the auditory-evoked response at levels from the auditory nerve to the cerebral cortex did not significantly differ as a function of lead exposure. The lead exposure in this study had little effect on auditory function.
Mathematics goes ballistic: Benjamin Robins, Leonhard Euler, and the mathematical education of military engineers

Efforts to understand the trajectory of cannonballs are an interesting example of the tensions between practical and theoretical knowledge. Although Galileo's 1638 parabolic trajectory was an important theoretical step forward, field gunnery practice was guided by Tartaglia's 1537 ‘mixed motion’ model until the eighteenth century. In 1742, Benjamin Robins published New principles of gunnery, and revolutionized the study of ballistics by suggesting the projectile's initial velocity—not its range—was the appropriate parameter to consider in accounting for air resistance. In 1745, Leonard Euler produced a German translation of New principles, adding his own extensive commentary. Euler's annotated translation quickly became a standard text—Napoleon Bonaparte studied ballistics from the French version—thereby influencing the education of artillery officers and, eventually, of all engineers. This paper surveys the contributions of Robins and Euler to mathematical ballistics theory, examines the influence of the...
Dynamics of porous silicon formation by etching in HF + V2O5 solutions

Formation of porous silicon by etching of silicon wafers with vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) dissolved in hydrofluoric acid (HF) has been studied with infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. V2O5 creates in solution, which initiates the reaction by injecting holes into the silicon valence band. Much is known about the mechanism of etching that leads to flat Si surfaces; however, the transition to pore formation is not well understood. The rate of film growth depends linearly on the V2O5 concentration in aqueous solutions but has a nonlinear dependence on the formal HF concentration. Addition of ethanol greatly decreases the etch rate and changes the pore morphology from a mixture of {100} + {110} planes to predominantly {100} planes. A plot of thickness versus etch time evolves from a quadratic to a linear dependence, whereas the surface area depends linearly on the etch depth. These observations are consistent with a model in which pores with a uniform diameter nucleate randomly then lengthen linearly ...
High-contrast energy modulation of electron beams for improved microbunching and coherence of free-electron radiation sources

High-contrast energy modulation (HCM) of high-brightness electron bunches, made possible by recent experimental or conceptual advancements in ultra-short-pulse terawatt IR/visible/UV laser and storage ring-based insertion device technologies, makes it possible to consider schemes for generating ultra-short radiation pulses based on the highly non-linear bunching induced by the modulation. In prior publications, the single-particle interaction with the laser and insertion device fields was analyzed and shown to lead to the appropriate initial conditions for bunching. In the present paper we report on continuing studies of the collective (i.e., multi-particle) dynamics of the modulated bunch region. In addition, we describe preliminary analyses that indicate that the coherent power generated by HCM sources could be made comparable to or greater than that of corresponding single-pass, gain-saturated Free Electron Lasers (FELs). Selected differences between the dynamics and performance of conventional high-harmonic FELs and Optical Klystrons (OKs) and the analyzed high-contrast modulation/bunching system are discussed. Some possible applications of HCM to the flexible tailoring of particle beam phase space parameters are mentioned.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Influence of fabrication history on stress-oriented hydrides in zircaloy tubing

Abstract The stress orientation of hydride platelets and crystalline textures of seamless Zircaloy tubing were related to the fabrication history. Stress-induced changes in preferred hydride orientations were measured with applied tensile and compressive stresses in the three major tubing directions. Changes in preferred hydride orientations were determined from frequency distributions of individual hydride platelets as measured with specially designed equipment. The susceptibility to stress-orientation of the hydrides was very high for the hot-reduced tube; essentially 100% of the hydrides were reoriented at moderate stress levels. In contrast, the stress-orientation susceptibility was lower and very similar for all cold-reduced tubing, i.e., tubing fabricated by reducing the diameter at ambient temperature. Thus, susceptibility to stress-orientation of the hydrides appeared to be a characteristic of the type of reduction, i.e., hot-reduced or cold-reduced, and was not dependent on the amount of reduction in diameter or wall thickness during fabrication. On this basis, the susceptibility to stress orientation of hydride platelets that was observed for these cold-reduced tubes can be applied to a first approximation to other cold-reduced tubes. Hydride-orientation distributions and stress-orientation susceptibilities could not be related to Zircaloy texture. Habit planes for the hydrides are discussed.
Toxicity of oxyanions of selenium and of a proposed bioremediation intermediate, dimethyl selenone

The relative toxicity of selenate, selenite, and dimethyl selenone were assessed by determining growth inhibition and growth rate inhibition of Pseudomonas fluorescens K27 and using the Microtox® bioassay method at varying concentrations of these three selenium species. The results of EC50 vary depending on the organism tested and the method used; for P. fluorescens K27, EC50 increased in the order of dimethyl selenone < selenate < selenite. However, for Vibrio fisheri, EC50 increased in the order of selenite < dimethyl selenone < selenate. The possibility that different reduction mechanisms may dominate the remediation of the two selenium oxyanions with different oxidation states by P. fluorescens K27 is discussed, as is whether dimethyl selenone is a possible intermediate in selenium reduction and methylation.
The treatment of lung cancer: Perspectives and critique

Future improvements in the therapy of lung cancer most probably will result from new treatment approaches that combine all existing modalities. This paper discusses the applications and, in particular, the shortcomings of present knowledge in surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combinations of these modalities as they relate to the growing problem of treatment in lung cancer.
Top-down and bottom-up mass spectrometric characterization of human myoglobin-centered free radicals induced by oxidative damage.

In an effort to determine the utility of top-down mass spectrometric methodologies for the characterization of protein radical adducts, top-down approaches were investigated and compared to the traditional bottom-up approaches. Specifically, the nature of the radicals on human myoglobin induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide and captured by the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) was investigated. The most abundant ion observed in the electrospray mass spectrum of this reaction mixture corresponds in mass to the human myoglobin plus one DMPO molecule. In addition, a second ion of lower abundance is observed, which corresponds to a second DMPO molecule being trapped on myoglobin. Top-down analyses using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry can be used to characterize proteins and, thus, were performed on several different charge-state ions of both the native and the mono-DMPO nitrone adduct of human myoglobin. Data produced from the top-down analyses are very comp...
Demographic implications of the Russian mortality crisis

Abstract The Russian mortality crisis of 1990–1995 represents the most precipitous decline in national life expectancy ever recorded in the absence of war, oppression, famine, or major disease. Using standard demographic techniques, we develop a model Russian mortality schedule. Applying this schedule, we estimate that there were 1.36 to 1.57 million premature deaths during 1990–1995, equivalent to between 14 and 16% of all deaths recorded in Russia during that period. The deaths were distributed unevenly among the population, with approximately 70% occurring among men, and a disproportionate number among working-age individuals. Overall, the 1990–1995 crisis cost between 25 and 34 million person-years lived, an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding figure for US casualties in the Vietnam War and roughly three times the number of forgone person-years lived due to AIDS mortality in the United States during 1990–1995. The repercussions of the 1990–1995 mortality crisis in Russia and its aftermath will be felt for decades to come. We estimate that Russia's population will be about 7.5 million less in 2025 than it would have been had the crisis not occurred. The male/female ratio will also be reduced, particularly among the elderly. Perhaps the only silver lining of the crisis is that it will dampen the expected increase in Russia's elderly dependency ratio, thereby decreasing the burden on the public pension system.
Net changes in aboveground woody carbon stock in western juniper woodlands, 1946–1998

[1] Although regional increases in woody plant cover in semiarid ecosystems have been identified as a worldwide phenomenon affecting the global carbon budget, quantifying the impact of these vegetation shifts on C pools and fluxes is challenging. Challenges arise because woody encroachment is governed by ecological processes that occur at fine spatial resolutions (1–10 m) and, in many cases, at slow (decadal-scale) temporal rates over large areas. We therefore analyzed time series aerial photography, which exhibits both the necessary spatial precision and temporal extent, to quantify the expansion of western juniper into sagebrush steppe landscapes in southwestern Idaho. We established upper and lower bounds of aboveground woody carbon change across the landscape via two-dimensional spatial wavelet analysis, image texture analysis, and field data collection. Forty-eight 100-ha blocks across a 330,000-ha region were stratified by topography, soil characteristics, and land stewardship for analyses. Across the area we estimate aboveground woody carbon accumulation rates of 3.3 gCm−2yr−1 and 10.0 gCm−2yr−1 using the wavelet and texture method, respectively, during the time period 1946–1998. Carbon accumulation rates were significantly affected by soil properties and were highly dependent on the spatial and temporal scales of analysis. For example, at a 100-ha scale the aboveground carbon accumulation varied from −1.7 to 9.9 gCm−2yr−1, while at the 1-ha scale the range of variability increased to −11 to 22 gCm−2yr−1. These values are an order of magnitude lower than those previously suggested due to woody encroachment, highlighting the need for examining multiple spatial scales when accounting for changes in terrestrial carbon storage.
A critical review of water purification technology appropriate for developing countries: Northern Ghana as a case study

AbstractA wide range of technologies are commercially available for water purification. However, not all of these technologies are suitable for use in rural, underdeveloped regions. Here, I present a systematic method for selecting the most appropriate technology for a particular community, using rural Ghana as a case study. In Ghana, over half of the population lives in rural areas, and two-thirds of these residents lack access to safe drinking water. Ghana has made significant strides using innovative water treatment techniques; however, there are still many hurdles. Simple and inexpensive, on-site water filtration technologies are a promising method for removing protozoans and other micro-organisms that pose significant health risks in underdeveloped, rural areas. In this review, several of these commercially available on-site water filtration technologies are assessed based on the following factors: effectiveness, cost, energy consumption, environmental impacts, and waste generated. This analysis sugg...
Phosphorylation of CPI17 and myosin binding subunit of type 1 protein phosphatase by p21-activated kinase

CPI17 and myosin binding subunit of type 1 protein phosphatase (MBS) are the regulators of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP). The function of both regulators is controlled by phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of CPI17 at Thr38 significantly enhances the inhibitory activity of CPI17 and the phosphorylation at Thr641 of MBS decreases the MLCP activity. Here, we found that p21-activated protein kinase (PAK) phosphorylates both CPI17 at Thr38 and MBS at Thr641. For CPI17, PAK specifically phosphorylated at Thr38, since the mutation of Thr38 to Ala completely abolished the phosphorylation. On the other hand, PAK phosphorylated Thr641 but not Thr799 of MBS, the site phosphorylated by Rho kinase. Because PAK phosphorylates MBS more than 1 mol/mol, it is anticipated that PAK also phosphorylates other sites in addition to Thr641. CPI17 phosphorylation induced by PAK significantly enhanced the inhibitory activity of CPI17. On the other hand, the phosphorylation of MBS by PAK also decreased the MLCP activity. These results raise the possibility that the PAK pathway plays a role in MLCP regulation.
Prediction of survival in stage iv colorectal cancer by a computed tomographic scoring system for hepatic metastasis

Abstract To assess the relation between the burden of hepatic metastasis on initial CT scan and survival. A simple scoring system to quantify the degree of hepatic involvement was utilized by a single staff radiologist who retrospectively reviewed the CT scans obtained on admission of 48 patients who presented to the study institution with stage IV colon and rectal cancer between 1991 and 1998. The radiologist was blinded to the clinical presentation and survival of the patients. The scoring system separated patients into five groups depending on the radiologist’s visual calculation of the hepatic involvement by metastatic disease: 0% (stratum 1), 1–25% (stratum 2), 25–50% (stratum 3), 50–75% (stratum 4) and more than 75% (stratum 5). (Patients with 0% hepatic involvement had known metastatic disease at another site.) The results of this scoring system were then correlated with survival data. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated a statistically significant difference in survival between the different groups (p = 0.02). During the first four months after presentation, 91% (95% CI: 59%–100%) of patients in stratum 1 survived and 87% (95% CI: 60–98%) of patients in stratum 2 survived, while only 43% (95%:CI 10–82%), 40% (95% CI: 10–82%) and 22% (95% CI: 3–60%) of patients in Strata 3, 4 and 5 survived, respectively. Kruskal-Wallis testing also showed a significant difference across the five groups (p = 0.007). Strata 1 and 2, with lower hepatic tumor burdens, showed longer survival times with median survival of 312 days [IQR:143–739] and 293 days [IQR: 225–706]. As the amount of hepatic involvement increased, the median survival decreased with strata 3, 4, and 5 demonstrating a progressive decrease in survival time with median values of 100 days [IQR:38–375], 54 days [IQR:43–139] and 22 days [IQR:11–56], respectively. We have developed a simple anatomical CT-based scoring system which significantly correlates with survival of stage IV colorectal cancer patients. Most clinically important, a significant difference in survival was seen in the first few months after presentation. Assessing the volume of hepatic involvement is a useful adjunct to the clinician in providing optimal care to patients with advanced colon and rectal cancer.
Results and Complications of Adolescent Varicocele Repair With Intraoperative Sodium Morrhuate Sclerotherapy

Purpose: Adolescent varicocele has been shown to affect spermatogenesis and correlate with decreased ipsilateral testicular volume, prompting treatment in a select population. We report our experience with 3 varicocele ligation procedures in concordance with sclerotherapy in adolescent patients.Materials and Methods: A total of 120 males underwent varicocele surgery at our institutions during an 8-year period. Sodium morrhuate sclerotherapy was used in 91 patients and 73 adolescent males fulfilled the 6-month followup criteria. The 73 males who were 9 to 17 years old underwent a total of 75 (bilateral in 2) procedures for varicocele treatment. Of the patients 23 underwent subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy (group 1), 9 underwent loupe assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy (group 2) and 41 underwent loupe assisted inguinal varicocelectomy (group 3). All patients received intraoperative sclerotherapy using sodium morrhuate injection. Outcome measures included recurrence, complications and catch-up growt...
A model of child support and the underground economy

We develop and estimate a model of the informal and formal employment decisions of American noncustodial fathers who have never married the mother of their child, as well as the paternity establishment decisions of the mothers. Fathers may evade child support payment through informal child support payments to induce the mother not to cooperate with the child support authorities or through underground work. To estimate the model, we use data drawn from the Fragile Families dataset and a discrete model of no work, part-time work and full-time work in both sectors, as well as paternal child support payment. Simulation results indicate that an increase in the order amount leads to small but statistically significant decreases in formal child support, as well as an increase in underground work.
Neo-republicanism, freedom as non-domination, and citizen virtue

This article discusses Philip Pettit’s neo-republicanism in light of the criterion of self-sustenance: the requirement that a political theory be capable of serving as a self-sustaining public phil...
Cleaning behavior is riskier and less profitable than an alternative strategy for a facultative cleaner fish

Cleaning symbioses on coral reefs involve small cleaner fish or shrimps picking ectoparasites from the exterior surfaces of larger client organisms. These mutualisms are thought to evolve in part because the cleaner receives a reliable source of profitable prey items and immunity from predation. However, the benefits of cleaning behavior have never been measured relative to those of alternative, non-cleaning strategies. This study examined these costs and benefits in the sharknose goby, Elacatinus evelynae, a facultative cleaner fish, at the Caribbean island of St. Croix. Sharknose gobies are found on coral heads, where they maintain cleaning stations, and on basket sponges, where they spend little time cleaning and feed predominantly on nonparasitic copepods. For immature gobies that are not allocating energy to reproduction, hindcast otolith growth rates (a reliable proxy for somatic growth) were significantly higher for non-cleaning sponge-dwellers than for coral-dwellers. Furthermore, tagging large, competitively dominant gobies on sponges and corals revealed that mortality rates were higher for coral-dwelling gobies. These unexpected results provide further evidence that cleaning mutualisms are context dependent: far from being a uniformly profitable life history strategy, cleaning may be a suboptimal choice at some times and places.
Asparagine-linked glycosylation in the yeast Golgi

The Golgi complex is the site where the terminal carbohydrate modification of proteins and lipids occurs. These carbohydrates play a variety of biological roles, ranging from the stabilization of glycoprotein structure to the provision of ligands for cell-cell interactions to the regulation of cell surface properties. Progress in our understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of glycoconjugates has been accelerating at a rapid pace. Recent advances in the field of yeast glycobiology have been particularly impressive. This review focuses on glycosylation of proteins in the Golgi of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with emphasis on the candidate mannosyltransferases that participate in the synthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides. Current views on how these enzymes may be regulated and how glycosylation relates on other cellular processes are also discussed.
A mixed-signal calibration technique for low-voltage CMOS 1.5-bit/stage pipeline data converters

A mixed analog/digital calibration technique for low-voltage CMOS pipeline A/D converters is presented. It provides high linearity over a large full-scale voltage range while operating at low power supply voltages. Extensive HSPICE simulation results are used to characterize the nonlinearity of a typical CMOS folded-cascode operational amplifier, and the new correction algorithm is validated using MATLAB behavioral simulations. A 10-bit converter requires only two additional calibration stages and achieves a full-scale range of 1.5V/sub pp/ using a single 1.8V power supply. The simulated DNL and INL values are 0.67LSB and 0.58LSB, respectively, and the effective number of bits is 9.6.
The effects of finite electron temperature and diffraction on lower hybrid wave propagation

In this paper we show that the commonly used cold plasma dispersion relation for plasma waves in the lower hybrid range of frequencies (LHRF) produces a wave trajectory that is notably different than when thermal corrections to the Hermitian part of the dielectric tensor are retained. This is in contrast to the common implementation in LH simulation codes in which thermal effects are retained only for the anti-Hermitian part of the dielectric tensor used for damping calculations. We show which term is the critical one to retain in the dielectric tensor and discuss implications for modeling of LHRF waves in present day and future devices. We conclude with some observations on the effects of diffraction that may be isolated once thermal effects are retained in both ray tracing and full-wave approaches.
The scale bandwidth of visual search

Abstract Observers were asked to locate a target in a brief, two-scale display. Accuracy of locating the target was measured as a function of the ratio between the two scales. At each scale ratio, the probability of locating the target as a function of the number of elements is well fit by the idea that the observer accurately monitors only a “critical” number of elements. The dependence of critical number on scale ratio is well accounted for by a model that assumes that the observer's decision is based on an evenly spaced array of samples. The sample spacing is under attentional control, but is always uniform.
Investigation of Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer Under Multiple Transmitters

We derive the upper bound for wireless power transfer in the near-field region under the multiple-transmitter scenario. It is found that a stable region in power transfer efficiency (PTE) can be created for sufficiently close spacing between two transmitters, in contrast to the monotonic decay of the single-transmitter case. We next demonstrate through simulation and measurement that such a bound can be approached by using efficient, electrically small, folded cylindrical helix dipoles. The measurement shows a 17% PTE value over a 0.3λ region between the two transmitters, corroborating the theory and simulation. Results from the four-transmitter case show that the stable PTE region can be extended to two-dimensional space.
Partial discharge pattern recognition for cast-resin current transformer

The applications of genetic algorithm (GA) and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering approach to recognize partial discharge (PD) patterns of cast-resin current transformer (CRCT) are proposed in this paper. The PD patterns are collected by a PD detecting system in the laboratory. Several statistical methods are used on the phase-related distributions in this paper to extract the features for clustering. After the feature extraction procedure, we employ GA for selection of optimal feature combination. Based on the optimal features selected by GA, the PD pattern represented by feature vectors are clustered through the FCM scheme with reasonable discrimination. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique, the experimental results and the analysis using 250 sets of field-test PD patterns from five artificial defect types of CRCTs are used in this paper. It has been shown that through the features extraction and optimal vector selection procedure, the extracted statistical featuring vectors can significantly reduce the size of the PD pattern database. Also, the FCM based PD pattern recognition scheme is very effective for clustering the defects of CRCT.
Defensive Internality and Attribution of Responsibility

Previous research involving the Rotter I-E Scale indicates that incongruency between observed behavior and verbalized external expectancies is related to a defensive attributional process. It is also positively associated with the disjunction between the expectancy for obtaining a particular reinforcement and the value attached to it. This investigation explored these relationships for internal scorers. As predicted, a positive relationship between discrepancy and disjunction was found for internal scorers and suggests that the scale is a useful measure in clinical assessment. Predictions regarding attribution of responsibility for failure of outcomes were also supported. In general, confirmation was found for the theoretical constructs in Rotter's social learning theory; the construct of internal discrepancy received validational support.
Fast Neutron Induced Nuclear Counter Effect in Hamamatsu Silicon PIN Diodes and APDs

Neutron induced nuclear counter effect in Hamamatsu silicon PIN diodes and APDs was measured by irradiating fast neutrons from a pair of 252Cf sources directly to these devices. It was found that the entire kinetic energy of these neutrons may be converted into electron signals in these devices, leading to anomalous signals of up to a few million electrons in a single isolated calorimeter readout channel. Signals of such amplitude represent equivalent energy of several hundred GeV and a few GeV for PWO and LSO/LYSO crystals respectively assuming the corresponding light yields of 4 and 800 p.e./MeV. The overall rate of the neutron induced nuclear counter effect in APDs is found to be more than an order of magnitude less than that in PIN diodes. Increasing the APD gain was also found to reduce the neutron induced nuclear counter effect. An intelligent front-end chip capable of selecting un-contaminated signal is proposed to eliminate completely the nuclear counter effect without significant cost increase.
Building Leadership Capacity via School Partnerships and Teacher Teams

Abstract Universities and schools are struggling with the critical issues surrounding teacher quality, student learning, and the gap between research and practice. This study employed a collective case-study design to explore the impact of leadership teams and school-university partnerships on teacher leadership, professional development, and overall participant dispositions of three grant-funded projects connected by their approach to implementing school reform. Analysis of interviews, focus groups, observations, and project documents yielded three primary themes: transformation of teacher roles, improved meaningful professional development, and increased collective efficacy. Discussion of the findings addresses implications regarding teacher leadership, professional development, and school-university partnerships, especially as they impact teaching and learning.
On the non-local geometry of turbulence

A multi-scale methodology for the study of the non-local geometry of eddy structures in turbulence is developed. Starting from a given three-dimensional field, this consists of three main steps: extraction, characterization and classification of structures. The extraction step is done in two stages. First, a multi-scale decomposition based on the curvelet transform is applied to the full three-dimensional field, resulting in a finite set of component three-dimensional fields, one per scale. Second, by iso-contouring each component field at one or more iso-contour levels, a set of closed iso-surfaces is obtained that represents the structures at that scale. The characterization stage is based on the joint probability density function (p.d.f.), in terms of area coverage on each individual iso-surface, of two differential-geometry properties, the shape index and curvedness, plus the stretching parameter, a dimensionless global invariant of the surface. Taken together, this defines the geometrical signature of the iso-surface. The classification step is based on the construction of a finite set of parameters, obtained from algebraic functions of moments of the joint p.d.f. of each structure, that specify its location as a point in a multi-dimensional 'feature space'. At each scale the set of points in feature space represents all structures at that scale, for the specified iso-contour value. This then allows the application, to the set, of clustering techniques that search for groups of structures with a common geometry. Results are presented of a first application of this technique to a passive scalar field obtained from 512 3 direct numerical simulation of scalar mixing by forced, isotropic turbulence (Re λ = 265). These show transition, with decreasing scale, from blob-like structures in the larger scales to blob- and tube-like structures with small or moderate stretching in the inertial range of scales, and then toward tube and, predominantly, sheet-like structures with high level of stretching in the dissipation range of scales. Implications of these results for the dynamical behaviour of passive scalar stirring and mixing by turbulence are discussed.
Turner syndrome: A fresh look

Introduction of improved therapy for a disease often prompts a closer look and results in revision of previous concepts. The availability of biosynthetic human growth hormone (GH) has stimulated interest in a variety of growth disorders. There are two particularly important areas for clinical investigation: More complete information is needed as to which disorders respond to GH and what are the long-term beneficial and adverse effects. It is no less important to enhance our understanding of the psychological effects of short stature and its treatment. The ultimate goal of GH treatment is not to make the child taller, but to improve his or her well-being in the critical areas of family, school, and social life. It follows then that the efficacy of GH therapy cannot be evaluated by auxological measures alone. It is necessary to have a far better understanding than we now have of the impact of short stature on well-being in childhood and adult life. Biological parameters such as height do not affect the person in a direct way, but interact in a complex way to affect quality of life. It is particularly important to develop a better understanding of the effect of improving height in children with multiple anomalies or handicaps. Such children make up a large proportion of those followed in pediatric subspecialty clinics. The large-scale studies that are in progress should considerably enhance our knowledge of these important matters. The proceedings of the Turner symposium presented here are a valuable contribution toward a comprehensive understanding of one such syndrome comprised of multiple abnormalities. It represents a unique
Measurement of pose repeatabilty of stewart platform

Manufacturing tolerances, installation errors, link offsets, and controller errors effect the positioning repeatability of serial and parallel manipulators. A variety of measurement methods have been proposed and used to measure the repeatability of serial manipulators. However, these methods might not be suitable for parallel manipulators due to limited instrumentation accessibility and the large structure involved. This article describes two measurement procedures by which the position of a target point in three-dimensional space can be determined using a single theodolite that is used to collect two sets of measurements taken from two arbitrary locations. The required hardware needed for the implementation of this method is two standard measuring tapes installed vertically at two arbitrary locations, or one horizontal bar. If the target points are located on the end effector of a manipulator, its repeatability can be measured. The procedure that uses two vertical tapes was used to measure the repeatability of a Stewart Platform and experimental results are provided. © 2995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multifocal angiosarcoma of the scalp: a case report and review of the literature.

Multifocal angiosarcoma of the scalp is uncommon. Its risk factors include a history of radiotherapy and possibly sun exposure. Angiosarcoma is an aggressive tumor with a high propensity for both l...
Stimulus–response correspondence in go–nogo and choice tasks: Are reactions altered by the presence of an irrelevant salient object?

In 2-choice tasks, responses are faster when stimulus location corresponds to response location, even when stimulus location is irrelevant. Dolk et al. (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 39:1248–1260, 2013a) found this stimulus–response correspondence effect with a single response location in a go–nogo task when an irrelevant Japanese waving cat was present. They argued that salient objects trigger spatial coding of the response relative to that object. We examined this claim using both behavioral and lateralized readiness potential (LRP) measures. In Experiment 1 participants determined the pitch of a left- or right-positioned tone, whereas in Experiment 2 they determined the color of a dot within a centrally located hand pointing left, right, or straight ahead. In both experiments, participants performed a go–nogo task with the right-index finger and a 2-choice task with both index fingers, with a left-positioned Japanese waving cat present or absent. For the go–nogo task, the cat induced a correspondence effect on response times (RT) to the tones (Experiment 1) but not the visual stimuli (Experiment 2). For the 2-choice task, a correspondence effect was evident in all conditions in both experiments. Cat’s presence/absence did not significantly modulate the effect for right and left responses, although there was a trend toward increased RT and LRP for right responses in Experiment 1. The results imply that a salient, irrelevant object could provide a reference frame for response coding when attention is available to process it, as is likely in an auditory task (Experiment 1) but not a visual task (Experiment 2).
Invoking "Tato Vasco": Vasco de Quiroga, eighteenth-twentieth centuries.

Beyond a century, however, tradition is of no value. The pre-Hispanic Tarascans and those of a few generations ago are merged into “antepasados” and unless an historically known event is referred to, it is difficult to know to what period a tradition refers. —Ralph L. Beals, Pedro Carrasco, and Thomas McCorkle, 1944 This article examines the emergence and transformation of the legendary Vasco de Quiroga from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. It argues that from the mid-eighteenth century onward Vasco de Quiroga has been transformed into a humanist icon due to the shifting needs of various “historical presents.” Today Vasco de Quiroga is remembered for the utopian communities he dreamed of establishing among the “Indians” of Michoacan, where he served as the first bishop from 1536-1565. However, the traditional image of Vasco de Quiroga as a saintly father figure who understood and was beloved by his Indian charges is best understood as an after-the-fact reconstruction rooted more in colonial discourse, creole perceptions and the formation of modern Mexican nationalism than the sixteenth-century past.
Vanishing Hull

Vanishing points are valuable in many vision tasks such as orientation estimation, pose recovery and 3D reconstruc-tion from a single image. Many methods have been pro-posed to address the problem, however, a consistent framework to quantitatively analyze the stability and ac-curacy of vanishing point estimation is still absent. This paper proposes a new concept, vanishing hull, which solves the problem. Given an edge error model, the range of a true edge can be modeled using a fan region. The intersection of all these fan regions is a convex hull, which is called vanishing hull. A vanishing hull gives the region of a true vanishing point, and its distribution determines the probability of the vanishing point. The expectation of the vanishing hull is the optimal solution of the vanishing point, its variance defines the accuracy of the estimation, and its shape determines the stability of the vanishing point. Hence, we can quantita-tively analyze the stability and accuracy of the vanishing point estimation using vanishing hull. Simulation results show that our method is significantly better than one state-of-the-art technique, and real data results are also promising.
Thomas I. Emerson: Brave During the Scare

There’s no shortage nowadays of sober-minded lawyers and law professors, steeped in the culture and values of their increasingly cynical and self-centered professions, who scoff at idealistic law students who come to the profession hoping to change the world for the better. Even worse, many of them try to be “helpful” by disabusing these young people of the goals that brought them to law school in the first place. Whenever these idealists are inclined to lose hope, they should look to the career of Thomas I. Emerson.
Parasite-Prey Ratios Among Alfalfa Weevil Larvae of Northern Utah

Annual counts of alfalfa weevils, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), were made from 1963 to 1973. About 50 fields were studied during the 11 years. These fields were untreated with insecticides or were from untreated check plots associated with insecticide studies. All fields were located in Cache County and northeastern Box Elder County, within 30 miles of Logan, Utah. The number of fields varied from year to year.
Buckyplates and buckybowls: examining the effects of curvature on π-π interactions.

π–π interactions are integral to many areas of chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. Here we use electronic structure theory to analyze how π–π interactions change as the π-systems are curved in model complexes based on coronene and corannulene dimers. Curvature redistributes electronic charge in the π-cloud and creates a dipole moment in these systems, leading to enhanced intermolecular electrostatic interactions in the concave-convex (nested) geometries that are the focus of this work. Curvature of both monomers also has a geometric effect on the interaction by decreasing the average C–C distance between monomers and by increasing the magnitude of both favorable London dispersion interactions and unfavorable exchange-repulsion interactions. Overall, increasing curvature in nested π–π interactions leads to more favorable interaction energies regardless of the native state of the monomers, except at short distances where the most highly curved systems are less favorable as exchange repulsion ter...
Fixed-Income Indexes and ETFs

Given the lack of dependable and consistent streams of income commonly associated with fixed-income packaged products, including exchange-traded funds (ETFs), those accounts with growth as the primary objective may find bond ETFs worthy of consideration, more so than for those accounts with current and sustainable income as the primary objective. For growth-oriented portfolios, exchange-traded products (ETPs), including both ETFs and exchange-traded notes, may offer suitable ways to access different categories of fixed-income exposure in a diversified manner, provided that adequate due diligence be completed before any investment decision is made. The transparency, costs, and liquidity of index-tracking bond ETFs can be vital in today’s market environment. Understanding how bond ETPs work, and how some of the underlying indexes are structured, is arguably more important than ever before, as investors continue to re-position their portfolios to account for the current secular bull market and the impending rising interest rate environment.
Government Action and Enterprise Action in Engrgy Saving of Coastal Area——Based on Guangdong Province

The author analyzes different characteristics and mechanism and makes a conclusion that government action should focus on adjustment and service and stick to the unity of market and social guide,and policy should base on industrial development and enterprise ought to improve energy saving rate.
On Meng Jiao's Ingenious Poetic Style

Meng Jiao, a poet of "Xian Guai" poetic school in the mid Tang Dynasty, is famous for refined creation in poetry, which leads to an ingenious style in his poetry. The style is demonstrated through his ingenious conception, marvelous lyricism, unique imagery, and wonderful poetic diction.
Clinical management of hiatus hernias and gastroesophageal reflux.

For clinical purposes, hernias should be classified as paraesophageal or axial. Each may be associated with reflux, a rather unusual complication in either, in fact. In the absence of reflux, axial hernias usually have no importance.
The meaning of 'integrity' in the health professions.

This issue of The Rhode Island Medical Journal calls out a conflict in our concept of the integrity of health professions. The typical construction of integrity of health professionals – Primum non nocere (first, do no harm – an expression of the ethical precept of nonmalfeasance) – dates from the pre-scientific age, before the association of science, health and public health was understood. Primum non nocere was likely the mid-nineteenth century Latinization of the Greek promise, ἐπὶ δηλήσeι δὲ καὶ ἀδικίῃ eἴρξeιν (to abstain from doing harm). Set in the context of the Hippocratic Oath, that promise helped professionals and the public understand that there were activities that were carried on for the profit of the professional but which might pose risk to patients, and created the first professional obligation to put the good of patients and public health above self interest. In the pre-scientific age, before welldesigned double-blinded clinical trials (that incorporate appropriate endpoints and statistical power), much of what professionals did was as likely to be harmful as it was beneficial, and only the ethical professional, who had years of experience, could tell the difference. The location of the principal of non-malfeasance in an oath, overseen, at least theoretically, by a higher power, created a sacred space around health professionalism, and made it clear that health professionalism stood apart from the activities of the marketplace. The marketplace exists for the profit of individuals. Health professionalism, the Oath seemed to say, exists for the common good, even though the Oath was created when there was no way to establish what that good represented. But since the beginning of scientific medicine and scientific public health, beneficence, another ethical principle, has been understood to be important to the notion of integrity in health professionalism, and to be part of the meaning of medicine as a profession itself. Beneficence, or un-self-interested advocacy, suggests that health professionals have an ethical obligation to effect affirmative good, instead of just refraining from doing measurable harm, and is a construct that has become meaningful only during the scientific age of medicine and public health, an age in which we have tools for measuring the personal and public health impact of what we do. In order for the health professions to be beneficent, we need to be able to show how our activities create measurable benefits to individuals and the society itself. The principle of beneficence, then, requires a science This image of the Hippocratic Oath was used by the 3rd General Assembly of the World Medical Association in 1949 in London, when it adopted the international code of medical ethics. U S N A T IO N A L L IB R A R Y O F M E D IC IN E
The Empirical Foundations of Teleradiology and Related Applications: A Review of the Evidence.

Abstract Introduction: Radiology was founded on a technological discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. Teleradiology also had its roots in technology dating back to 1947 with the successful transmission of radiographic images through telephone lines. Diagnostic radiology has become the eye of medicine in terms of diagnosing and treating injury and disease. This article documents the empirical foundations of teleradiology. Methods: A selective review of the credible literature during the past decade (2005–2015) was conducted, using robust research design and adequate sample size as criteria for inclusion. Findings: The evidence regarding feasibility of teleradiology and related information technology applications has been well documented for several decades. The majority of studies focused on intermediate outcomes, as indicated by comparability between teleradiology and conventional radiology. A consistent trend of concordance between the two modalities was observed in terms of diagnostic accuracy and reli...
COMMUNICATING WITH OLDER ADULTS IN HEALTH CARE SETTINGS: CULTURAL AND ETHNIC CONSIDERATIONS

The numbers and proportions of ethnic and minority aged are increasing more rapidly than their age cohorts among nonminorities. This is particularly true among the old‐old, where increasing incidences of frailty and functional dependence increase the demand for health care services. In these circumstances the need for health care professionals to develop sensitivity to cultural and ethnic factors that impinge the health care of the aged is compelling. Barriers to effective cross‐cultural communication are discussed, and guidelines for culturally sensitive communication are provided.