cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracting similar terms from multiple EMR-based semantic embeddings to support chart reviews

Abstract Objective Word embeddings project semantically similar terms into nearby points in a vector space. When trained on clinical text, these embeddings can be leveraged to improve keyword search and text highlighting. In this paper, we present methods to refine the selection process of similar terms from multiple EMR-based word embeddings, and evaluate their performance quantitatively and qualitatively across multiple chart review tasks. Materials and methods Word embeddings were trained on each clinical note type in an EMR. These embeddings were then combined, weighted, and truncated to select a refined set of similar terms to be used in keyword search and text highlighting. To evaluate their quality, we measured the similar terms’ information retrieval (IR) performance using precision-at-K (P@5, P@10). Additionally a user study evaluated users’ search term preferences, while a timing study measured the time to answer a question from a clinical chart. Results The refined terms outperformed the baseline method’s information retrieval performance (e.g., increasing the average P@5 from 0.48 to 0.60). Additionally, the refined terms were preferred by most users, and reduced the average time to answer a question. Conclusions Clinical information can be more quickly retrieved and synthesized when using semantically similar term from multiple embeddings.
The isotopic spin of the η∗ (960 MeV) meson

Abstract A search for production of a negatively charged η∗ (I = 1) in the reaction K-n → Λo η∗- is reported. The results confirm the I = 0 assignment for the η∗.
Evolving Trends in Liver Transplantation: Listing and Liver Donor Allocation

The success of liver transplantation in the past three decades as a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage liver disease has led to the ever-increasing disparity between the demands for liver transplantation and the supply of donor liver organs. Donor allocation and distribution remains a challenge and a moral issue as to how these organs can be equitably distributed. This article reviews the evolution of the liver allocation policy and discusses in detail the challenges clinicians face today in this area of medicine.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Complex Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in approximately 8 of every 1000 live births, half of whom require surgical or other forms of treatment. Complex CHD has no precise acceptable definition. For the purposes of this chapter, we define complex CHD to include conotruncal anomalies and single-ventricle heart disease. Conotruncal anomalies refer to a group of congenital heart defects involving the outflow tracts of the heart and the great vessels. Single-ventricle heart disease refers to a heterogeneous group of anomalies in which one of the two ventricular sinuses is absent (anatomical single ventricle) or to hearts with complex anatomy in which biventricular physiology cannot be attained (functional single ventricle).
Public Defense Litigation: An Overview

In Gideon v. Wainwright, the Supreme Court held that all criminal defendants facing serious criminal charges are entitled to the assistance of counsel, regardless of whether they can afford an attorney. In the years since Gideon, however, the provision of public defense to those who cannot afford counsel has fallen far short of the ideal expressed in Gideon that “every defendant stands equal before the law.” The failure of public defense systems to provide adequate representation to indigent defendants is often caused by severe underfunding and has resulted in the chronic appointment of “incompetent or inexperienced” counsel; delays in the appointment of counsel and discontinuity of attorney representation; a lack of training and oversight for counsel representing indigent defendants; excessive public defender caseloads and understaffing of public defender offices; inadequate or nonexistent expert and investigative resources for defense counsel; and a lack of meaningful attorney-client contact. One response to these failings—as is often the case when constitutional violations are afoot—has been to challenge them in court. The focus of this short Article is on how the courts can address and have addressed the failings of underfunded and structurally flawed indigent defense systems. More specifically, it explores lawsuits that identify systemic failures—such as underfunding, excessive caseloads, and inadequate training and oversight—and seek system-wide remedies, capable of transforming the provision of defense services. This Article is intended to provide a brief, high-level overview of public defense litigation in the United States. Part I provides an overview of the legal basis for such lawsuits and the obstacles they often encounter. Part II provides an aggregate depiction of how such litigation efforts have fared in state and federal court and highlights several examples, illustrative of some of the points made in Part I. Finally, Part III concludes by pointing to suggestions that have been made to increase the scope and effectiveness of such litigation and an alternative basis for future litigation efforts.
Trauma and Neurodevelopmental Disorder: Assessment, Treatment, and Triage

In this chapter, we outline tips for gathering critical history and creating safety and trust during the assessment of a traumatized child with co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders. Particular emphasis is placed on balancing the science and craft of child assessment, using psychometrically sound and precise tools while also being attuned and sensitive to a child’s readiness to disclose and managing possible distress and posttraumatic re-experiencing during an evaluation.
Role Transition and Communication in Graduate Education: The Process

Abstract Transition from being a registered nurse to an advanced practice student is a complex process that can be aided by simulation. Advanced practice students must modify their thought process. Simulation within the advanced practice curriculum is beneficial for deciphering information provided by undergraduate student nurses while assisting the nurse in role transition, creating a provider mentality. Anecdotal responses from learners participating in simulation-based education related to communication were positive for both graduate and undergraduate students. Simulation can be an effective tool to improve communication between undergraduate and graduate students. Curriculum is enhanced with a mechanism in which intra-professional communication can be practiced.
Status of the Experimental Studies on DVMP and Transversity GPDs

The cross section of the exclusive $\pi^0$ and $\eta$ electroproduction reaction $ep\to e^\prime p^\prime \pi^0/\eta$ was measured at Jefferson Lab with a 5.75-GeV electron beam and the CLAS detector. Differential cross sections $d^4\sigma/dtdQ^2dx_Bd\phi$ and structure functions $\sigma_U = \sigma_T+\epsilon\sigma_L, \sigma_{TT}$ and $\sigma_{LT}$, as functions of $t$ were obtained over a wide range of $Q^2$ and $x_B$. At low $t$, both $\pi^0$ and $\eta$ are described reasonably well by Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) in which chiral-odd transversity GPDs are dominant. Generalized form factors of the transversity GPDs $\langle H_T \rangle^{\pi,\eta}$ and $\langle \bar{E}_T \rangle^{\pi,\eta}$ were directly extracted from the experimental observables. The combined $\pi^0$ and $\eta$ data opens the way for the flavor decomposition of the transversity GPDs. The first ever demonstration of this decomposition was done for the transversity GPDs $H_T$ and $\bar E_T$. GPD $\bar E_T$ is connected with the density of the polarized quarks in an unpolarized nucleon in the impact parameter space. The spin density of polarized $u$ and $d$-quarks was evaluated for different values of Feynman $x$ from the GPD model tuned to described the experimental data.
How common are acromial and scapular spine fractures after reverse shoulder arthroplasty?: A systematic review.

Aims Acromial fractures following reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) have a wide range of incidences in reported case series. This study evaluates their incidence following RSA by systematically r...
Islamic Finance, Consumer Protection and Public Policy

Islamic finance in its broadest sense has existed since the early years of Islam. While Islamic finance has much to offer with regard to financial management and ethical investing, it lacks cohesive and overarching regulatory structures. This chapter addresses these concerns by focusing on two central themes: (1) the importance of faith or religion for some people when it comes to financial decisions, and (2) the potential consumer protection concerns with respect to regulating what is or what is not “Islamic” in western financial markets. The chapter argues that Islamic finance, has much to offer to global finance, but its current practice falls far short of Islamic economic and ethical ideals.
On the similarity of hillslope hydrologic function: a process-based approach

Abstract. Hillslope similarity is an active topic in hydrology because of its importance to improve our understanding of hydrologic processes and enable comparisons and paired studies. In this study, we propose a holistic bottom-up hillslope similarity classification based on a region’s integrative hydrodynamic response quantified by the seasonal changes in groundwater levels. The main advantage of the proposed classification is its ability to describe recharge and discharge processes. We test the performance of the proposed classification by comparing it to seven other common hillslope similarity classifications. These include simple classifications based on the aridity index, topographic wetness index, elevation, land cover, and more sophisticated machine-learning classifications that jointly integrate all these data. We assess the ability of these classifications to identify and categorize hillslopes with similar static characteristics, hydroclimatic behaviors, land surface processes, and subsurface dynamics in a mountainous watershed, the East River, located in the headwaters of the Upper Colorado River Basin. The proposed classification is robust as it reasonably identifies and categorizes hillslopes with similar elevation, land cover, hydroclimate, land surface processes, and subsurface hydrodynamics (and hence hillslopes with similar hydrologic function). In general, the other approaches are good in identifying similarity in a single characteristic, which is usually close to the selected variable. We further demonstrate the robustness of the proposed classification by testing its ability to predict hillslope responses to wet and dry hydrologic conditions, of which it performs well when based on average conditions.
Is Trust in Media Decreasing? Evidence from the World Values Survey

Scholars and observers are increasingly concerned that trust in mainstream media is decreasing, which could undermine the democratic political process and make citizens more vulnerable to manipulation. Various surveys have documented dwindling media trust in the U.S. and other democracies, but so far this research has not established whether this decline is a global trend. I suggest a new, more robust approach using data from the World Values Survey to establish worldwide trends in attitudes. The resulting analysis shows there has been some decline in trust in media since the early 1990s, but there is no evidence of a decline among stable democracies. Trust in media has been decreasing instead in democratizing countries and other states that have undergone substantial political changes.
Accounting Certification in Transition Economies: Recent Development in Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Central Asia

The decline and fall of the Soviet empire has had profound effects on accounting and the accounting profession in the former Soviet republics. As the nations of the former Soviet Union have started to shift from central planning to a market economy they have encountered difficulties in adopting and implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards on Auditing (ISA). Accountants were not trained in IFRS and ISA and universities have only recently begun to add these subjects to their curriculum. Some national certification exams have started to test on these subjects but the national certifications do not have much credibility, especially in the international marketplace, because of corruption and the perception of poor quality. The market is solving this credibility problem by offering several internationally recognized and respected certifications in the English language. There is also a regional certification program that offers a series of credible exams in the Russian language. This paper reports on these certification programs.
Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Urban Forest Ecosystems

One of the first considerations in developing a strong and comprehensive urban forestry program is determining the desired outcomes from managing and maintaining vegetation in cities. Urban trees offer a wide range of potential benefits to the urban environment and society. However, there also are a wide range of potential costs and, as with all ecosystems, numerous interactions that must be understood if society is to optimize the net benefits from urban vegetation. Inadequate understanding of the wide range of benefits, costs, and expected outcomes of urban vegetation management designs and plans, as well as interactions among them, may drastically reduce the contribution of vegetation toward improving urban life and the environment.
Observations of Interstellar O VI Absorption at 3 Km/s Resolution

For studies of diffuse gases in the temperature range 105–106K, observations of O VI absorption in the spectra of background stars provide an important supplement to information from surveys of soft x-ray emission. We report here the first observations of O VI absorption recorded at a resolution of 3 km s−1 for the stars 15 Mon and HD 64760. Both stars are behind regions that are suspected to be old supernova remnants. The observations were made with the Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS) during its flight on the ORFEUS-SPAS II mission in late 1996.
Re-examining the Contributions of Faith, Meaning, and Peace to Quality of Life: a Report from the American Cancer Society’s Studies of Cancer Survivors-II (SCS-II)

Prior research on spirituality in cancer survivors has often failed to distinguish the specific contributions of faith, meaning, and peace, dimensions of spiritual well-being, to quality of life (QoL), and has misinterpreted mediation analyses with these indices. We hypothesized a model in which faith would have a significant indirect effect on survivors’ functional QoL, mediated through meaning and/or peace. Data were from the American Cancer Society’s Study of Cancer Survivors-II (N = 8405). Mediation analyses were conducted with the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp) predicting the mental component summary (i.e., mental functioning) as well as the physical component summary (i.e., physical functioning) of the SF-36. The indirect effect of faith through meaning on mental functioning, 0.4303 (95 % CI, 0.3988, 0.4649), and the indirect effect of faith through meaning and peace on physical functioning, 0.1769 (95 % CI, 0.1505, 0.2045), were significant. The study findings suggest that faith makes a significant contribution to cancer survivors’ functional QoL. Should future longitudinal research replicate these findings, investigators may need to reconsider the role of faith in oncology QoL studies.
Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis

Investigating organogenesis in utero is a technically challenging process in placental mammals due to inaccessibility of reagents to embryos that develop within the uterus. A newly developed ex vivo upright droplet culture method provides an attractive alternative to studies performed in utero. The ex vivo droplet culture provides the ability to examine and manipulate cellular interactions and diverse signaling pathways through use of various blocking and activating compounds; additionally, the effects of various pharmacological reagents on the development of specific organs can be studied without unwanted side effects of systemic drug delivery in utero. As compared to other in vitro systems, the droplet culture not only allows for the ability to study three-dimensional morphogenesis and cell-cell interactions, which cannot be reproduced in mammalian cell lines, but also requires significantly less reagents than other ex vivo and in vitro protocols. This paper demonstrates proper mouse fetal organ dissection and upright droplet culture techniques, followed by whole organ immunofluorescence to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The ex vivo droplet culture method allows the formation of organ architecture comparable to what is observed in vivo and can be utilized to study otherwise difficult-to-study processes due to embryonic lethality in in vivo models. As a model application system, a small-molecule inhibitor will be utilized to probe the role of vascularization in testicular morphogenesis. This ex vivo droplet culture method is expandable to other fetal organ systems, such as lung and potentially others, although each organ must be extensively studied to determine any organ-specific modifications to the protocol. This organ culture system provides flexibility in experimentation with fetal organs, and results obtained using this technique will help researchers gain insights into fetal development.
Organogold oligomers: exploiting iClick and aurophilic cluster formation to prepare solution stable Au4 repeating units

A novel synthetic method to create gold based metallo–oligomers/polymers via the combination of inorganic click (iClick) with intermolecular aurophilic interactions is demonstrated. Complexes [PEt3Au]4(μ-N3C2C6H5) (1) and [PPhMe2Au]4(μ-N3C2C6H5) (2) and {[PEt3Au]4[(μ-N3C2)2-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluorene]}n (8) have been synthesized via iClick. The tetranuclear structures of 1 and 2, induced by aurophilic bonding, are confirmed in the solid state through single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments and in solution via variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. The extended 1D structure of 8 is constructed by aurophilic induced self-assembly. 1H DOSY NMR analysis reveals that the aurophilic bonds in 1, 2, and 8 are retained in the solution phase. The degree of polymerization within complex 8 is temperature and concentration dependent, as determined by 1H DOSY NMR. Complex 8 is a rare example of a solution stable higher ordered structure linked by aurophilic interactions.
Construction of perfect reconstruction time-varying FIR multirate filter banks with overlaps

In this paper, we present a theory to construct perfect reconstruction (PR) time-varying FIR multirate filter banks with overlaps by using arbitrary FIR multirate PR filter banks in different time intervals. Numerical examples using discrete cosine transform and discrete wavelet transform in two different time intervals of different length are presented to illustrate the theory. >
An experimental diffraction grating study of the quasi-static hypothesis of the split hopkinson bar experiment

Abstract The determination of approximate dynamic stress-strain data from the split Hopkinson bar experiment requires that one make the theoretical assumption in advance that the uniform stress and strain distributions of quasi-static measurements apply during impact. Direct diffraction grating measurement of strain along the short bar specimens are described in this paper. Observed non-uniform finite strain distributions and observed nonlinear wave initiation, propagation, reflection, and interaction phenomena provide direct experimental evidence of the non-applicability of the quasi-static hypothesis in such ‘extended quasi-static’ impact tests.
Readiness for meaningful use of health information technology and patient centered medical home recognition survey results.

Objective Determine the factors that impact HIT use and MU readiness for community health centers (CHCs). Background The HITECH Act allocates funds to Medicaid and Medicare providers to encourage the adoption of electronic health records (EHR), in an effort to improve health care quality and patient outcomes, and to reduce health care costs. Methods We surveyed CHCs on their Readiness for Meaningful Use (MU) of Health Information Technology (HIT) and Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) Recognition, then we combined responses with 2009 Uniform Data System data to determine which factors impact use of HIT and MU readiness. Results Nearly 70% of CHCs had full or partial EHR adoption at the time of survey. Results are presented for centers with EHR adoption, by the length of time that their EHR systems have been in operation.
The R-CRAS and insanity evaluations: A re-examination of construct validity.

Insanity evaluations are characterized by continued professional debate and the paucity of empirical research. To address the latter, the construct validity of the Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Scales (R-CRAS; Rogers, 1984) was examined via an extensive re-analysis of 413 insanity cases. A series of six separate discriminant analyses was examined to address major components of insanity evaluations. These analyses yielded highly discriminating patterns (M hit rates of 94.3%) and accounted for substantial proportion of the variance (M=63.7%). In general, predicted relationships between individual variables and the discriminant functions were supported. We also addressed the usefulness of the R-CRAS additional variables for the assessment of insanity. We found that these variables contributed substantially to the determination of criminal responsibility. Finally, we pose important and polemical issues for forensic experts conducting evaluations of criminal responsibility.
Effect of testosterone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of pinealectomized and pineal-intact male rats.

Previous studies indicate that steroid hormones alter pineal biochemistry, and it has been suggested that at least part of the negative feedback effect of steroid hormones on pituitary gonadotropin release may be mediated by the pineal gland. In this study, pinealectomy did not alter the inhibitory effect of testosterone on neuroendocrine-gonadal activity in the male rat, suggesting that the pineal gland does not mediate the response of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary axis to testosterone.
Horizontal thermal structure of the mesosphere from observations of OH(8-3) band emissions

Abstract Two computerized tilting-filter photometers and a programmable dual axis mirror system have been used to produce maps of OH rotational temperature and intensity. Each map consists of a square array of 121 sky positions. Significant horizontal structure is not generally observed in mesospheric OH(8-3) rotational temperature at Arecibo. However, there is evidence for the occasional occurence of a thermal wave just after evening twilight.
Hemoperitoneum and disseminated intravascular coagulation in two neonates with congenital bilateral neuroblastoma

We report two neonates with anemia, hemoperitoneum, and bilateral palpable abdominal masses. Both developed bleeding: a hemoperitoneum in one and visceral hemorrhages secondary to disseminated intravascular coagulation in the other. Each child was thought to have an unusual complication of adrenal hemorrhage, as the masses were of mixed echogenicity. However, histological evaluation revealed neuroblastoma. These cases point out the diagnostic dilemma of a mixed echogenicity suprarenal mass in the neonatal period and emphasize that local and disseminated bleeding can occur as a major manifestation of neuroblastoma.
Modeling the head related transfer function for sound localization in normal hearing persons and bilateral cochlear implant recipients

Mathematical models can be very useful for understanding complicated systems, and for testing algorithms through simulations that would otherwise be difficult or expensive to implement. A model has been devised that simulates the sound localization performance of normal hearing persons, and that is being further refined for simulation of performance of hearing-impaired persons wearing two cochlear implants (CIs). The model is intended to be a tool in understanding the relative contribution of various factors involved in acoustic localization, and in developing new signal processing algorithms for neural encoding strategies. This presentation overviews the development of and results for the normal hearing model, and discusses modifications that are needed to simulate sound processing with binaural cochlear implants. The human head related transfer function (HRTF) is a critical component of the model, and provides the characteristics of head shadow, torso and pinna effects. It defines the temporal, intensity and spectral cues reaching each ear that are important for good localization ability. The model has been validated against published literature on HRTFs and localization in normal listeners, and is being further developed to account for differences in the signal pathway and sound reaching the CI user due to sound processing and microphone location effects.
The character and reactivation history of the southern extension of the seismically active Clarendon–Linden Fault System, western New York State

Abstract Integration of 11 types of data sets enabled us to determine the location, character and fault history of the southern extension of the Clarendon–Linden Fault System (CLF) in southwestern New York State. The data sets utilized include detailed stratigraphic and fracture measurements at more than 1000 sites, soil gas anomalies, seismic reflection profiles, well logs and lineaments on air photos, topographic maps, Landsat and SLAR images. The seismically active CLF consists of as many as 10 parallel, segmented faults across the fault system. The fault segments are truncated by NW-striking cross-strike discontinuities (CSDs). The faults of the CLF and intersecting CSDs form fault blocks that have semi-independent subsidence and uplift histories. East-dipping reflectors in the Precambrian basement indicate the southward continuation of thrusts of the intra-Grenvillian Elzevir–Frontenac Boundary Zone. These thrusts were reactivated during Iapetan rifting as normal (listric) growth faults. In Ordovician Black River to Trenton time, the southern CLF segments experienced a second phase of growth fault activity, with faults displaying a cumulative stratigraphic throw of as much as ∼170 m. Thrusting on the same east-dipping Precambrian reflectors typified the CLF in Taconic (post-Trenton) times. Detailed comparisons among the fault segments show that the fault activity in Silurian and Devonian times generally alternated between the western and central main faults. In Late Devonian time, the fault motion reversed from down-on-the-east to down-on-the-west about the time the Appalachian Basin axis passed across the CLF in its westward migration. The deep Precambrian faults of the CLF were thus reactivated as the Appalachian Basin developed in Acadian times. Finally, the CLF thrust fault imaged on seismic line CLF-1 offsets all bedrock (Devonian) units; thus, significant motion occurred along this fault during Late Acadian, or more likely, Alleghanian time.
Primary sequence of baboon CR1 demonstrates concerted evolution within the CR1 gene

Abstract Complement receptor type one (CR1) in primates has several remarkable structural features including a size polymorphism ( M r 190000, 220000, 250000 and 280000) in man, multiple size variants ( M r 55000–220000) among non-human primates, and a partial amino-terminal duplication (CR1-like gene) that appears to encode the short (55000–70000) forms expressed on primate erythrocytes. In general, these short CR1 forms, some of which are GPI anchored, are expressed on erythrocytes and the 220000 molecular weight CR1 form is expressed on PBMC, except in man, where only the 220000 molecular weight form has been detected. In addition, the M r 220000 human CR1 sequence carries several long internal repeats of up to 99% homology. It has been suggested that the highest homology is maintained by gene conversion and/or unequal crossover. To address further the evolutionary and biologic implications of these multiple forms, a 6 kb cDNA encoding baboon CR1 220 was identified by RTPCR using human CR1 primers. Its sequence contains the expected 30 complement control protein repeats (CCP) and demonstrates an overall homology to human CR1 of 95.4% at the nucleotide level and 93.2% at the amino acid level. As in human CR1, the first 28 CCP maintain the characteristic “seven CCP-long homologous repeats (LHR)” organization. Analysis of baboon CR1 220 indicates that horizontal or concerted evolution has maintained a high degree (>98%) of identity between corresponding CCP within the LHRs from CCP 4 to CCP 19, while this homology region extends from CCP 3 to CCP 18 in man. In contrast, substitutions occurring in other CCP are not propagated to the corresponding sites of other LHR. Sequence differences in CCP 1, 2 and 3 are likely to be related to the acquisition of enhanced C3b binding capability by this amino-terminal region of the protein. Thus, the sequence data strongly support the hypotheses that gene conversion and or unequal crossover events have driven the evolution of the protein in regions of high homology while selective forces, probably ligand binding requirements, have maintained the regions of divergence.
Global and Regional Spillovers to Pacific Island Countries

Regional integration of Pacific Island countries (PICs) with Australia, New Zealand, and emerging Asia has increased over the last two decades. PICs have become more exposed to the region's business cycles, and spillovers from regional economies are more important for PICs than from advanced economies outside the region. While strong linkages with Asia would help in the event of a global downturn, PICs remain particularly vulnerable to global commodity price shocks. In this paper, we use a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for each PIC to gauge the impact of global and regional growth spillovers. The analysis reveals that the impact on PICs' growth from an adverse oil shock would be substantial, and in some cases even larger than from a negative global demand shock. We also assess the spillovers to the financial sector from the deterioration of the global outlook. PICs should continue to rebuild policy buffers and implement growth-oriented structural reforms to ensure sustained and inclusive growth.
Bullying as a Longitudinal Predictor of Adolescent Dating Violence

Purpose: One suggested approach to preventing adolescent dating violence is to prevent behavioral precursors to dating violence, such as bullying. However, no longitudinal study has examined bullying as a behavioral precursor to dating violence. In this study, longitudinal data were used to examine (1) whether direct and indirect bullying perpetration in the sixth grade predicted the onset of physical dating violence perpetration by the eighth grade and (2) whether the associations varied by sex and race/ethnicity of the adolescent. Methods: Data were collected in school from sixth graders in three primarily rural counties and then again when students were in the eighth grade. Analyses were conducted with 1,154 adolescents who had not perpetrated dating violence at the sixth-grade assessment. The sample was 47% male, 29% black, and 10% of another race/ethnicity than black or white. Results: Direct bullying, defined as hitting, slapping, or picking on another kid in the sixth grade, predicted the onset of physical dating violence perpetration by the eighth grade, controlling for indirect bullying and potential confounders. Although indirect bullying, defined as spreading false rumors and excluding students from friendship groups, was associated with the onset of physical dating violence perpetration in bivariate analyses, it did not predict the onset of physical dating violence when controlling for direct bullying. None of the associations examined varied by sex or race/ethnicity of the adolescents. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that efforts targeted at preventing direct bullying may also prevent the onset of physical dating violence.
Increased production and utilization of circulating glucose during growth hormone regimen.

SummaryUsing C14 glucose to label the body glucose pool, it was found that growth hormone treatment for 4–5 days in the hypophysectomized dog, resulted in increased rate of glucose release by the liver and plasma glucose uptake by the tissues. The plasma glucose concentrations were also increased. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The Anatomic Relationship of Femoral Vein to Femoral Artery in Euvolemic Pediatric Patients by Ultrasonography: Implications for Pediatric Femoral Central Venous Access

Background: Knowledge of the femoral vein (FV) anatomy in pediatric patients is important in the selection of appropriate size central line catheters as well as the approach to central venous access. This knowledge may avoid potential complications during central line access. Objectives: To describe the relationship of the FV to the femoral artery (FA). To measure FV diameter and FV depth using ultrasonography (US) in newborns, infants, and children up to 9 years of age. Methods: This study was a prospective descriptive study at a tertiary care children’s hospital. A convenience sample of euvolemic children was enrolled aged 0–9 years presenting to an urban pediatric emergency department. All patients underwent a standardized US evaluation using a Sonosite Titan bedside machine by a single emergency physician. The FA and FV were identified by four criteria: relative positions, FV compressibility, FV enlargement by Valsalva maneuver, and absence of FV pulsatility. The position of the FV relative to the FA was described as being completely overlapped by the FA, having partial (<50%) overlap by the FA, and having no overlap by the FA. The FV depth was measured from the skin to the superior border of the vein using the US machine’s caliper function. Results: A total of 84 patients were studied. The FV was found to be completely overlapped by the FA in 8% of subjects and partially overlapped by the FA in 4% of subjects. The mean FV diameter ranged from 4.5 mm in young infants to 10.8 mm in patients 9 years of age. The mean FV depth ranged from 6.5 mm in neonates to 11.2 mm in patients 9 years of age. Conclusions: External landmarks were not always predictive of internal anatomy. The FV was completely or partially overlapped by the FA in 12% of cases. Thus, visualization of femoral vessels should be recommended prior to attempting pediatric femoral central venous access.
Density-dependent regulation of growth in somatic hybrids between normal Chinese hamster fibroblasts and V79-8 (G1−1) cells

The purpose of this work was to determine the relationship between the presence of a G1 period in the mitotic cycle and a cell's ability to respond to density-dependent regulation of growth (DDR). Somatic hybrids were obtained between normal fibroblasts from newborn Chinese hamsters, which show a strong response to DDR, and V79-8 Chinese hamster cells, which are insensitive to DDR. Two variant V79-8 sublines were used, one reported to lack a G1 period (G1-) and the other with a G1 period (G1+). Fourteen hybrid clones were isolated in selective medium and analysed for growth properties and cell cycle parameters; their hybrid nature was supported by chromosome counts. All hybrid clones, irrespective of whether a V79-8 G1- or G1+ cell was one of the parents, showed pronounced DDR and had G1 periods of various lengths. Previous experiments had shown the absence of G1 to be dominant in somatic hybrids between V79-8 G1- and G1+ cell lines. Our results may mean that the G1- property provided by V79-8 is unable to overcome the very long G1 of normal fibroblasts, or in cells that can be arrested in G1 in response to DDR, some function prevents the dominant effect of the G1- cell on at least part of the G1 period.
Deep-Ocean Bottom Pressure Measurements in the Northeast Pacific

Abstract Pressure transducers with quartz-crystal resonators are being used to measure deep-ocean bottom pressure in the northeast Pacific as part of a long-term monitoring program. In principal, instrument sensitivity is less than 1 mm for sea-level oscillations of periods greater than a few minutes; in practice, however, system resolution is limited by long-term sensor drift and background noise. Data are digitally recorded at a rate of 64 samples per hour but selectable intervals ranging from 4 to 128 samples per hour are possible. The field program has focused on the maintenance of five permanent stations in the northeast Pacific since 1986. During this time, phenomena over a wide range of time scales have been recorded, including tides and the seismic surface waves and tsunamis generated by three earthquakes in the Alaskan Bight.
Global attentional neglect of segmented lines in Parkinson’s disease

Global attention requires disengagement from focal elements of stimuli. Since people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may reveal impaired disengagement, this study attempted to learn if people with PD may be impaired at allocating global attention. Healthy adults and people with PD attempted to bisect lines of uniform thickness and lines composed of two segments of unequal thickness and length. When the longer line segment was to the right of the shorter segment, the group with PD demonstrated an increased deviation toward the longer segment, supporting the postulate that people with PD have an impaired ability to disengage focal attention and engage global spatial attention.
Mandibular kinematics represented by a non-orthogonal floating axis joint coordinate system.

Abstract There are many methods used to represent joint kinematics (e.g., roll, pitch, and yaw angles; instantaneous center of rotation; kinematic center; helical axis). Often in biomechanics internal landmarks are inferred from external landmarks. This study represents mandibular kinematics using a non-orthogonal floating axis joint coordinate system based on 3-D geometric models with parameters that are “clinician friendly” and mathematically rigorous. Kinematics data for two controls were acquired from passive fiducial markers attached to a custom dental clutch. The geometric models were constructed from MRI data. The superior point along the arc of the long axis of the condyle was used to define the coordinate axes. The kinematic data and geometric models were registered through fiducial markers visible during both protocols. The mean absolute maxima across the subjects for sagittal rotation, coronal rotation, axial rotation, medial–lateral translation, anterior–posterior translation, and inferior–superior translation were 34.10°, 1.82°, 1.14°, 2.31, 21.07, and 6.95 mm, respectively. All the parameters, except for one subject's axial rotation, were reproducible across two motion recording sessions. There was a linear correlation between sagittal rotation and translation, the dominant motion plane, with approximately 1.5° of rotation per millimeter of translation. The novel approach of combining the floating axis system with geometric models succinctly described mandibular kinematics with reproducible and clinician friendly parameters.
The law of treason and treason trials in later medieval France

This book presents a balanced account not only of the theoretical framework and legal complexities of the law of treason in later medieval France, but also of the extent and political context of that law's enforcement. By shedding some light on a larger issue - the interplay of law and politics, authority and power - the book contributes to our understanding of the French monarchy's efforts in the crucial fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to protect, extend and enforce its authority. The crown needed virtually all its judicial resources to cope with treason. Summary judgement and judgement by notoriety had largely given way by the fifteenth century to institutionalized procedures; special mention is made of trial by commission and the trial of peers. In the last five chapters the prosecution of treason is treated narratively to illuminate the policies of individual kings. Throughout the book comparisons are made with the English law.
A Comparative Femtosecond Coherence Study of the Unligated Monomeric Hemeproteins Myoglobin and Leghemoglobin

Impulsive optical excitation has been performed on wild type, unligated leghemoglobin for the first time to compare the induced vibrational coherence with that observed in myoglobin. Both proteins were excited at the Soret maxima and probed at red and blue edges of the Soret band. The resulting kinetic traces were modulated by low-frequency vibrations. Leghemoglobin shows a decrease in vibrational amplitude compared with myoglobin. The possible cause for the amplitude differences is discussed in terms of contributions from both ground- and excited-state vibrational coherences and ground-state heterogeneity.
Enediynes in 11-membered rings. Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of highly strained but unusually stable macrocycles.

The synthesis of two new aromatic cyclic enediynes 1a and 1b using a double Wittig condensation, followed by bromination and di-dehydrobromination, is reported. The structures were determined using X-ray crystallography. The observed C1−C6 distances of the enediyne moiety in the oxygen- and sulfur-containing eleven-membered rings are quite short with 3.44 and 3.50 A, respectively, indicating the highly strained nature of these compounds. Isodesmic calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory indicate a strain energy of 8.2 and 5.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Despite the highly strained ring system, the compounds were found to be stable under thermal, photochemical, and electron-transfer conditions. Using BLYP/6-311+G**/BLYP/6-31G* calculations, the origin of this unusual stability was traced to the high energy of the 1,4 benzyne diradicals formed via Bergman cyclization. For the radical cation, both the C1−C6 and the C1−C5 cyclization mode previously reported for acyclic analogues of 1 were found to be en...
Aggregating Personal Health Messages for Scalable Comparative Effectiveness Research

Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) is defined as the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of different prevention and treatment methods. This is becoming an important field in informing health care providers about the best treatment for individual patients. Currently, the two major approaches in conducting CER are observational studies and randomized clinical trials. These approaches, however, often suffer from either scalability or cost issues. In this paper, we propose a third approach of conducting CER by utilizing online personal health messages, e.g., comments on online medical forums. The approach is effective in resolving the scalability and cost issues, enabling rapid deployment of system to identify treatments of interests, and developing hypotheses for formal CER studies. Moreover, by utilizing the demographic information of the patients, this approach may provide valuable results on the preferences of different demographic groups. Demographic information is extracted using our high precision automated demographic extraction algorithm. This approach is capable of extracting more than 30% of users' age and gender information. We conducted CER by utilizing personal health messages on breast cancer and heart disease. We were able to generate statiatically valid results, many of which have already been validated by clinical trials. Others could become hypothesis to be tested in future CER research.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS FROM MURINE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR SIMIAN VIRUS 40 LARGE TUMOUR ANTIGEN

In this report we compare the immunoglobulin variable (IgV) region function and structure relationships of murine monoclonal antibodies that recognize simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumour antigen (T ag). Comparison of monoclonal antibody V region function is based on SV40 T ag epitope recognition and idiotype (Id) expression. Structural comparisons are based on V region gene sequence determination. The data presented herein, suggests that a high degree of homology within both the V kappa and VH regions, along with minor differences within V kappa complementarity determining regions (CDR) may result in the detection of similar SV40 T ag epitopes by the monoclonal anti-SV40 T ag preparations. The expression of a cross-reactive Id also appears to be based on the high degree of homology within both V kappa and VH regions and depends on conformational interactions imparted by both regions.
Reconstitution of the Mcm2-7p Heterohexamer, Subunit Arrangement, and ATP Site Architecture *

The Mcm2-7p heterohexamer is the presumed replicative helicase in eukaryotic cells. Each of the six subunits is required for replication. We have purified the six Saccharomyces cerevisiae MCM proteins as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli and have reconstituted the Mcm2-7p complex from individual subunits. Study of MCM ATPase activity demonstrates that no MCM protein hydrolyzes ATP efficiently. ATP hydrolysis requires a combination of two MCM proteins. The fifteen possible pairwise mixtures of MCM proteins yield only three pairs of MCM proteins that produce ATPase activity. Study of the Mcm3/7p ATPase shows that an essential arginine in Mcm3p is required for hydrolysis of the ATP bound to Mcm7p. Study of the pairwise interactions between MCM proteins connects the remaining MCM proteins to the Mcm3/7p pair. The data predict which subunits in the ATPase pairs bind the ATP that is hydrolyzed and indicate the arrangement of subunits in the Mcm2-7p heterohexamer.
A catastrophe model of organizational change

Change in an organizational practice may occur rapidly or slowly. Social scientists have paid little attention to rates of social change; yet the rate of an organizational change can be as important for an organization as its content. Drawing on catastrophe theory, a “cusp catastrophe” model of organizational change is developed deductively. This model relates an organization's choice of practice to the degree of pressure for change and resistance to change. Five conditions are identified which must be met in order for the model to hold. Two general ways of using the model are suggested: working within the model to affect the incidence and rapidity of change, and influencing the conditions upon which the model rests to produce alternative change dynamics. Methods of empirically testing the model and the applicability of the model to other system levels are considered.
Light scattering of mucins in concentrated solutions

Light scattering studies were performed on solutions of calcium slats of bovine submacillary mucin as a function of temperature and concentration. No critical concentration or critical temperature was found in either pure water or 0.155 M NaCl solutions. A steady aggregation process was observed with increasing concentration, and the solution went over to a soft gel structure without precipitation or phase separation. The relationship of bovine mucin aggregation to the aggregation and precipitation of human submaxillary saliva in patients with cystic fibrosis is discussed.
Purification of Metals by Gas Chromatography

THE use of chromatographic techniques for the separation of an alloy into its constituent elements or for the direct purification of metallic elements has not, to our knowledge, been reported. In order to test the feasibility of the separation a zinc–cadmium (8.4 per cent zinc) alloy was used. The advantages of this alloy system for this test are: (1) both elements have significant vapour pressures at temperatures which do not pose extremely difficult material problems; (2) they are chemically similar; (3) they are common metals; (4) their reactivity is small enough so that they pose no handling problems (as would the alkali metals).