cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sublattice Magnetization in Yttrium and Lutetium Iron Garnets

The temperature dependence of the $a$ and $d$ sublattice magnetization in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) and lutetium iron garnet (LuIG) has been observed by means of the NMR of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ between 4 and 373\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, with special emphasis on the temperature range where the spin-wave theory is expected to hold. An analysis of these results in terms of the spin reversals due to acoustical and optical spin-wave modes has been carried out. From a comparison of theory and experiment in YIG, the value of the dispersion parameter $D=30.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is obtained. A resonable estimate of the separate exchange parameters is ${J}_{\mathrm{ad}}=22.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${J}_{\mathrm{dd}}=2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and ${J}_{\mathrm{aa}}=0.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, subject to the constraint that their linear combination gives $D=30$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The agreement between experiment and theory is improved when a small transferred hyperfine interaction from the $d$ sites to the $a$ sites (and vice versa) is postulated. For LuIG one obtains a value $D=27.3$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The values of $D$ and of the exchange parameters ${J}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ for YIG and LuIG are compared with those from other experiments. In YIG, the magnetic field dependence of the sublattice magnetizations has been observed up to 10 kG at 63 and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and there is good agreement with the results from spin-wave theory. It is believed that this is the first such investigation in a ferrimagnet. In the course of these experiments, the gyromagnetic ratio of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ was determined to be $\frac{\ensuremath{\gamma}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}=137.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ Hz/G. In LuIG a broad spectrum of resonances between about 40 and 76 MHz was observed at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This is attributed to the resonance of ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ and ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{176}$ in a transferred hyperfine field (\ensuremath{\sim}100 kG) broadened by quadrupole interaction. In ${\mathrm{Y}}^{89}$ in YIG, this transferred field seems to be smaller than \ensuremath{\sim}10 kG, from NMR and specific-heat evidence.
Simple liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of 5-aminosalicyclic acid and its degradation product

Abstract 5-Aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA, mesalamine) is an antiinflamatory agent used in the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A simple LC method was developed and validated for the analysis of 5-ASA. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase, C 8 column with UV detection at 290 nm. This isocratic system was operated at ambient temperature and required 8 min of chromatographic time. The mobile phase consisted of methanol-phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (20:80, v/v). The flow-rate was maintained at 1.0 ml/min. Standard curves were linear over the concentration range of 10 to 200 μg ml −1 . Intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations ranged from 1.1–3.5% and 1.2–4.6% respectively. This method was used to: (1) quantify 5-ASA in pharmaceutical formulations without any complex sample extraction procedure, and (2) study the stability of 5-ASA in Sorensen's phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), Sorensen's phosphate buffer containing 5 mg% (w/v) of Carbopol, and in pharmaceutical formulations.
On the use of pilot estimators in bandwidth selection

Many data based methods for choosing the bandwidth of a kernel density estimator depend on unknown constants associated with auxiliary bandwidths which arise at the functional estimation stages. These constants are typically replaced by the corresponding constants for some reference distribution, or they are estimated.In this paper, it is argued that at least some stage of estimation for the constants is preferable to simply using the Normal reference without any estimation at all.Furthermore, it is seen that it is not enough to have only consistent estimates of the needed quantities.Sufficient rates of convergence for estimation of these constants to have negligible asymptotic effect are given.However, it is also noted that higher stages of estimation do not always give an improvement.
Suppressive effects of soluble histocompatibility antigens on the in vitro generation of cytotoxic T cells to D-end alloantigens.

Abstract Murine histocompatibility antigens were solubilized from the spleens and lungs of C57BL/6 ( H-2 b ) animals with hypertonic salt (3 M KCl). Aggregate-free soluble antigens were incubated with nonadherent lymph node cells from BALB/c ( H-2 d ) mice for 18 hr prior to their use as responder cells in the mixed-lymphocyte reaction (MLR). It was found that the generation of cytotoxic cells was suppressed while the proliferative response was not affected. The observed suppression was not due to a shift in the kinetics of the generation of cytotoxicity as determined throughout a 10-day culture period. The suppression was specific in that the response in MLR to unrelated H-2 f stimulator cells and the subsequent generation of cytotoxic cells were unchanged. Using various H-2 recombinant strains as target cells in the assay of cell-mediated lympholysis, suppression of cytotoxicity was observed when the D end, but not the K end, was shared with the C57BL/6 strain from which the antigens were derived.
Update on the biology and treatment options for hairy cell leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an uncommon chronic leukemia of mature B cells. Leukemic B cells of HCL exhibit a characteristic morphology and immunophenotype and coexpress multiple clonally related immunoglobulin isotypes. Precise diagnosis and detailed workup is essential, because the clinical profile of HCL can closely mimic that of other chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders that are treated differently. Variants of HCL, such as HCLv and VH4-34 molecular variant, vary in the immunophenotype and specific VH gene usage, and have been more resistant to available treatments. On the contrary, classic HCL is a highly curable disease. Most patients show an excellent long-term response to treatment with single-agent cladribine or pentostatin, with or without the addition of an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody such as rituximab. However, approximately 30-40 % of patients with HCL relapse after therapy; this can be treated with the same purine analogue that was used for the initial treatment. Advanced molecular techniques have identified distinct molecular aberrations in the Raf/MEK-ERK pathway and BRAF (V600E) mutations that drive the proliferation and survival of HCL B cells. Currently, research in the field of HCL is focused on identifying novel therapeutic targets and potential agents that are safe and can universally cure the disease. Ongoing and planned clinical trials are assessing various treatment strategies, such as the combination of purine analogues and various anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, recombinant immunotoxins targeting CD22 (e.g., moxetumomab pasudotox), BRAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib, and B-cell receptor signaling inhibitors, such as ibrutinib, which is a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This article provides an update of our current understanding of the pathophysiology of HCL and the treatment options available for patients with classic HCL. Discussion of variant forms of HCL is beyond the scope of this manuscript.
The emersed double layer

Abstract The process of removing an electrode hydrophobically from its electrolyte is discussed. The double layer remains with the electrode and is unchanged from its structure in solution over a wide range of conditions. The amount of free electrolyte removed with the double layer is almost nil, making the total thickness about that of the interphase out to the shear plane. The emersed double layer can now be studied by many ex situ techniques. Included here are work function monitoring results for several different types of electrode and some ESCA (XPS) results for emersed gold electrodes.
Anisotropic Nanomechanics of Boron Nitride Nanotubes: Nanostructured "Skin" Effect

The stiffness and plasticity of boron nitride nanotubes are investigated using generalized tight-binding molecular dynamics and ab initio total energy methods. Due to boron nitride ~BN! bond rotation effect, compressed zigzag BN nanotubes are found to undergo anisotropic strain release followed by anisotropic plastic buckling. The strain is preferentially released toward N atoms in the rotated BN bonds. The tubes buckle anisotropically toward only one end when uniaxially compressed from both. A ‘‘skin-effect’’ model of smart nanocomposite materials is proposed, which localizes the structural damage toward the skin or surface side of the material.
Relations between Speech and Psychology: Accomplishment and Aspiration

In the Preface of this book I indicated that I expected Learning Theory and the Symbolic Processes (1960b) to be my “last will and testament” as far as the psychology of language was concerned. The present paper, written the same year that Symbolic Processes appeared, also attempts a kind of “summing up,” but in briefer compass, and suggests certain further developments that could be anticipated in the decades immediately ahead. Considerable optimism seemed justified at that time, since there then existed a general theory of learning which accommodated the psychology of language better than prior learning theories had done. And whereas speech and psychology had, up to this point, been relatively independent disciplines, both administratively and conceptually, it now seemed likely that they would draw closer, at least conceptually. In other words, new syntheses and integrations seemed imminent.
ULTRAFAST REFRACTIVE NONLINEARITY DISPLAYED BY ORGANIC MONOMODE FIBRE WAVEGUIDES

This paper reports an investigation of the nonlinear properties of monomode fibre waveguides consisting of glass capillaries (bore radius ~1 µm) filled with organic liquids. We demonstrate, for the first time, ultrafast (<1 ps response) refractive nonlinearity, and the effective use of organic materials engineered to provide a large electronic refractive nonlinearity.
Invertebrate recolonization of small patches of defaunated hyporheic sediments in a Sonoran Desert stream

SUMMARY. 1 Fine mesh (63 nm) traps filled with defaunated sediment and open to recolonization from upstream, downstream or below were buried 30 cm deep in the hyporheic zone of a gravel run in a desert stream and recovered after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 27 days. Temporal changes in organic matter and faunal composition and abundance were compared among treatments and with those in completely closed ‘control’ traps. 2 Closed traps consistently contained tittle detritus (<30mg AFDM per 5000 cm3). Traps facing upstream accumulated significantly more organic matter than those facing below or downstream, indicating downstream hyporheic transport of fine particulate detritus. 3 Upstream-facing traps also captured significantly greater numbers of taxa and individuals. Low numbers of most taxa recolonized from all three directions within 1 day; total densities of individuals in the traps increased before levelling off after 2 weeks. 4 The prediction that taxa with planktonic epigean relatives (e.g. cyclopoid copepods) would predominate in upstream facing traps was unsupported, nor did unpigmented, blind phreatic forms preferentially colonize traps from below. Two closely related taxa exhibited major differences in recolonization dynamics, illustrating the risk of masking such trends when pooling data for more than one taxon. 5 Experimental manipulations such as this supplement the predominantly descriptive studies of the hyporheos, and demonstrate the complex dynamics of organic matter and biota in the hyporheic zone that must be considered in analyses of most stream ecosystems.
Teaching Control Engineering VVith a Preventive Ethics Slant

The control engineer is responsible for the control of the high energy content variables of engineering systems, such as pressures, temperatures, speeds, forces, voltages, currents, etc., that, if not property controlled, lead to catastrophic results. He thus has a particular share in engineers' professional responsibility to protect the public's safety and welfare. It is the responsibility of those who teach control to make sure that students are made aware of their professional responsibilities and obligations to the public. An ethical overview is given, followed by a discussion of the concept of preventive ethics, a presentation on systems engineering and ethical responsibilities, some thoughts on different models of professional responsibility.
Distinguishing among tallgrass prairie cover types from measurements of multispectral reflectance

The heterogeneity in surface cover caused by management practices or natural events complicates monitoring the conditions of grasslands and assessing their productivity by remote sensing techniques. Statistical procedures were sought that would allow different grassland surface cover types (bare soil, senescent vegetation, and green vegetation) to be distinguished by using measurements of grassland multispectral reflectance. Two procedures, discriminant analysis and canonical discriminant analysis, were found suitable for achieving this objective. Linear classification functions and canonical variables were derived, which distinguish between the three cover types. A comparison between two sensor systems, a Barnes multiband radiometer and an Exotech radiometer that simulates the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) and multispectral scanner (MSS) bands, respectively, showed that the separability among the three cover types was substantially improved by the additional and improved spectral features of the Barnes radiometer.
Chemisorption of small molecules on palladium in terms of local density functional calculations

The d8 transition metals are important industrial catalysts for a number of reactions. In this work we focus on palladium catalysts in order to explain the difference in their behavior between the dissociation of methanol and ethanol. As a first step toward understanding those systems, we investigate the electronic origins of chemisorption using first principle electronic structure theory. Through the modeling of Pd clusters with adsorbates, mechanisms for chemisorption are proposed. We also speculate that s-hybridization promotes the formation of a more stable π-complex, and that alloying may be useful in the development of dissociation catalysts for ethanol.
Continuum and lattice theories of influence of electromechanical coupling on capacitance of thin dielectric films

Abstract In this paper, it is suggested that an anomaly, observed by C.A. Mead in measurements of the capacitance of thin dielectric films, may be due to an electromechanical effect not accounted for in the classical, continuum theory of piezoelectricity. A solution of equations that include the additional effect is shown to be capable of accommodating the experimental data. It is demonstrated that the augmented equations, rather than the classical ones, are a continuum approximation to the equations of a lattice of shell-model atoms. Analogous equilibrium solutions of the lattice and continuum equations are almost identical.
PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING SEPARATE SET AND CONTENT COMPONENTS OF A TEST SCORE1

Using two distinct models, several formulas for obtaining separate set and content components of a test score have been derived. Comparisons among the methods are made algebraically and through their application to a set of test data apparently affected by response sets.
Rapid solid solution hardening in B.C.C. iron and LiF

Abstract The force vs. distance curve for an edge dislocation interacting with an interstitial impurity in b.c.c. iron is calculated. Similar calculations have been carried out previously for an impurity vacancy pair and a screw dislocation in LiF. It is shown that calculating for an edge dislocation rather than for a screw dislocation leads to better agreement between theory and experiment for LiF.
Trends in the adsorption of mono‐end‐capped polystyrenes onto polar substrates: Theoretical predictions and experimental observations

Predictions of the influence of the solvent quality (X), the segment-substrate interaction parameter (xps), the chain length (N), and the end cap-substrate interaction parameter (A) on the equilibrium-adsorbed amount from a dilute solution of end-functionalized homopolymers (r) onto a solid substrate, when both the end cap and polymer segments compete for sites on the surface, were made through application of the self-consistent-field (SCF) theory. These predictions were tested and evaluated through measurement of the equilibrium-adsorbed amount, from a dilute solution of single-end-functionalized custom synthesized relatively monodisperse polystyrenes, possessing an end group (X) chosen to interact with a mildly acidic inorganic substrate (Aerosil 130) and a mildly basic inorganic substrate (aluminum oxide C) through dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen-bonding interactions, and specific acid-base interactions, as a function of X, Xps, Δ, and N. A protocol was developed for the numerical estimation of Δ through the establishment of dimensionless ratios of the type Γ X /Γ H , by experiment and through SCF calculation, as a function of A, for polymer/solvent/ substrate systems characterized by specific combinations of X, Xps, and N.
Evidence for one essential tryptophan residue at the active site of relaxin.

Abstract The hormone relaxin, which is responsible for the rapid widening of the birth channel in mammals prior to parturition, was purified from hog ovarian extracts and shown to be homogeneous by exclusion chromatography in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and SDS gel electrophoresis. Of the two disulfide-linked chains that comprise relaxin, the larger chain was shown to contain two tryptophan residues, one of which could be completely oxidized in native relaxin without measurable effect on its biological activity. Oxidation of the second residue completely inactivated the hormone. Modifications of lysine side chains or carboxymethylation of a single methionine residue at low pH did not impair the effectiveness of relaxin.
Acute Inhalation Toxicity of T-2 Mycotoxin in the Rat and Guinea Pig

In this study, concentration-response parameters were determined for rats and guinea pigs systematically exposed to an aerosol of T-2 toxin. The LC50 for a 10-min exposure to T-2 toxin aerosol was 0.02 mg T-2/liter air for rats and 0.21 mg T-2/liter air for guinea pigs. Data from total T-2 deposition in rats and guinea pigs exposed to their respective LC50 aerosol concentration gave an LD50 of 0.05 mg T-2/kg body weight for the rat and 0.4 mg T-2/kg body weight for the guinea pig. These data show that inhaled T-2 toxin is approximately 20 times more toxic to the rat (0.05 mg T-2/kg body wt inhaled vs 1.0 mg T-2/kg body wt ip) and at least twice as toxic to the guinea pig (0.4 mg T-2/kg body wt inhaled vs 1-2 mg T-2/kg body wt ip) than ip administered T-2 toxin. Histopathologic examination of major organs in both the rat and guinea pig after respiratory exposure to T-2 toxin indicated that lesions were similar to those described after systemic administration of the toxin. Gross and microscopic alterations of respiratory tract tissue after T-2 aerosol exposure were minimal and could not account for the increase in toxicity.
Solving makespan minimization problems with Lagrangean decomposition

Abstract The problem of minimizing makespan in a single stage manufacturing process with parallel machines and multiple job types can be decomposed into as many simple plant location problems as there are job types and as many constrained 0–1 knapsack problems as there are machines. None of these subproblems has the integrality property, therefore the Lagrangean dual bound obtained is stronger than the LP relaxation bound as well as the associated Lagrangean relaxation bounds. We show on an example that the bound can indeed be stronger.
Optical Designs Of Special Interest In The I-R

Some of the familiar Rinds of optical designs for the visual region of the spectrum take on new meaning when applied to infra-red problems. The availability of high indices of refraction, for example, accentuates by-ways of optical design in the visual into quite u -usual results in the infrared. As a first example, the Rbsch combination of catadioptric system derived from the Schmidt telescope leads to a kind of wide-field system of low a perture-ratio and low obscuration, although at a sacrifice of compactness. In another such instance, it is feasible to design an optical system in the I-R that can illuminate some appropriate form of detector from a major fraction of a 4-pi solid angle over a field of view of appreciable size. Similarly, it is possible to design a form of retro-reflector for the I-R that has a 4-pi field of view, as for the Luneberg sphere. Further examples of special design for the infrared are discussed, including all-refractive, all-reflective and catadioptric combinations. The author reviews some of these useful facets of optical design where appropriate infrared materials can be employed and suggests how some of these forms may be applied to infra-red problems.
The Effect of the Thermal Boundary Condition on Heat Transfer From a Cylinder in Crossflow

This paper reports on a present work to provide low-turbulence, low-blockage, and high-resolution measurements of heat transfer on a cylinder in crossflow using a uniform heat flux boundary condition. These measurements are for comparison to earlier measurements in the same wind tunnel under identical conditions except with a uniform wall temperature. This comparison is made in order to demonstrate the effect of the thermal boundary condition. The measurements presented have a lower free-stream turbulence, a long cylinder, less blockage, and provide a higher spatial resolution and lower uncertainty than the earlier cylinder measurements of Papell and those of O'Brien et al.
Bounding the L1 Distance in Nonparametric Density Estimation

Let X1, X2, ..., Xn be i.i.d. random variables with common unknown density function f. We are interested in estimating the unknown density f with bounded Mean Integrated Absolute Error (MIAE). Devroye and Győrfi (1985, Nonparametric Density Estimation: The L1 View, Wiley, New York) obtained asymptotic bounds for the MIAE in estimating f by a kernel estimate fn. Using these bounds one can identify an appropriate sample size such that an asymptotic upper bound for the MIAE is smaller than some pre-assigned quantity w > 0. But this sample size depends on the unknown density f. Hence there is no fixed sample size that can be used to solve the problem of bounding the MIAE. In this work we propose stopping rules and two-stage procedures for bounding the L1 distance. We show that these procedures are asymptotically optimal in a certain sense as w → 0, i.e., as one requires increasingly better fit.
Nucleate boiling of FC-72 and HFE-7100 on porous graphite at different orientations and liquid subcooling

Abstract FC-72 and HFE-7100 dielectric liquids are favored for immersion cooling applications of computer chips. This paper reports the results of series of experiments that systematically investigated nucleate boiling of both FC-72 and HFE-710 on a plain porous graphite surface measuring 10 × 10 mm. The obtained values of the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux (CHF), at different surface orientations, 0° (upward facing) to 180° and liquid subcooling up to 30 K are compared. In addition to the absence of temperature excursions prior to boiling incipience, the CHF increases linearly with increased liquid subcooling but at a rate that is ∼10% higher for HFE-7100 than that for FC-72. The CHF for HFE-7100 is typically 10% to 15% higher than that for FC-72, however, the maximum nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient, occurring at or near the end of the fully developed nucleate boiling region, is ∼57% higher for FC-72 than that for HFE-7100 and increases also linearly with increased liquid subcooling. The CHF correlation developed accounts for the effects of surface characteristics (smooth, porous, or micro-porous), liquid properties and subcooling, and surface inclination and fits present and reported values by other investigators to within ±10%.
Time-resolved optical tomography using short-pulse laser for tumor detection

Our objective is to perform a comprehensive experimental and numerical analysis of the short-pulse laser interaction with a tissue medium with the goal of tumor-cancer diagnostics. For a short-pulse laser source, the shape of the output signal is a function of the optical properties of the medium, and hence the scattered temporal optical signal helps in understanding the medium characteristics. Initially experiments are performed on tissue phantoms embedded with inhomogeneities to optimize the time-resolved optical detection scheme. Both the temporal and the spatial profiles of the scattered reflected and transmitted optical signals are compared with the numerical modeling results obtained by solving the transient radiative transport equation using the discrete ordinates technique. Next experiments are performed on in vitro rat tissue samples to characterize the interaction of light with skin layers and to validate the time-varying optical signatures with the numerical model. The numerical modeling results and the experimental measurements are in excellent agreement for the different parameters studied. The final step is to perform in vivo imaging of anesthetized rats with tumor-promoting agents injected inside skin tissues and of an anesthetized mouse with mammary tumors to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique for detecting tumors in an animal model.
Objective comparison of complications resulting from laparoscopic bariatric procedures.

Background Several surgical treatment options for morbid obesity exist. Currently, there are no studies that objectively compare complication rates after laparoscopic bariatric operations performed at a single institution. We objectively classify and compare complications resulting from laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LABG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) with duodenal switch (DS). Study design A retrospective review of a prospective database of all patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric operation was performed. Complications were categorized according to severity score using a well-described classification system and compared between procedures. Results From September 2000 to July 2003, 780 laparoscopic bariatric operations were performed: 480 LAGB, 235 RYGB, and 65 BPD±DS. There was one late death. Total complication rates were: 9% for LAGB, 23% for RYGB, and 25% for BPD±DS. Complications resulting in organ resection, irreversible deficits, and death (grades III and IV) occurred at rates of 0.2% for LAGB, 2% for RYGB, and 5% for BPD±DS. LAGB group had a statistically significant lower overall complication rate, both by incidence and severity, as compared with other groups (p Conclusions Bariatric operation complication rates range from 9% to 25%; very few complications are serious. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding is the safest operation in terms of complication rate and severity when compared with laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or laparoscopic malabsorptive operations.
Therapeutic procedures in the emergency department patient with acute myocardial infarction

Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and other peri-infarct complications are often unexpected and commonly present with little warning. The therapeutic procedures reviewed often require immediate implementation and should be second nature to any physician involved in the management of patients with an AMI.
Weight of evidence for underlying dynamics of yellow perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron

Yellow perch in Inner Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, can be difficult to manage because they exhibit wide variation in abundance and individual growth rates over time, therefore continuously changing their role in the ecosystem and their fishery value. Our study objective was to identify the processes (recruitment, survival and fecundity) that most likely determine observed dynamics of Saginaw Bay yellow perch so biologists can better understand how the population changes over time. We developed 23 separate models that each parameterized one or more age-specific process. The best models were identified with Akaike Information Criteria (AIC). AIC was an effective way to prioritize population processes because it selected the most important process models as those that best fit the data with the greatest parsimony. We found a perturbation in 1990 and compensatory survival rate to be the most important processes. The perturbation was a necessary component of all models, suggesting CPUE was strongly influenced by high mortality across all age classes in a single year. Some uncertainty about the role of compensatory survival rate exists as it was difficult to differentiate compensatory survival rate from constant rate models.
Brain metabolite concentrations and redox states in rats fed diets containing 1,3-butanediol or ethanol

Abstract Both ethanol and its dimer 1,3-butanediol (BD) are substrates for alcohol dehydrogenase in liver and thus have many similar effects upon metabolite concentrations and redox states in that organ. Although the mechanism by which ethanol exerts its effects on the brain is not known, it must differ from that in liver since brain contains insignificant amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase. The effects of BD, which does not produce intoxication, and ethanol upon brain were compared in an attempt to determine which changes in metabolite content are related to depression of the CNS. Diets containing 47% of calories as ethanol, BD, or glucose were pair-fed to rats for 62 days. The brains were then removed and frozen with a new apparatus which prevents postmortem changes, and concentrations of metabolites were determined. Substitution of BD for glucose in the diet caused a decrease in the brain content of glucose, lactate and α-oxoglutarate and an increase in glutamate and citrate. Substitution of ethanol for glucose caused only a decrease in the brain content of glucose and an increase in citrate. The ethanol diet, as compared with the BD diet, caused an elevation of the brain content of glucose and a decrease in glutamate. Both BD and ethanol caused a decrease in the free cytoplasmic [ NADP + ] [ NADPH ] ratio in brain without changing the [ NAD + ] [ NADH ] of cytoplasm or mitochondria. Except for the differences in effect upon glucose and glutamate, BD and ethanol appear to act similarly on the metabolite content of rat brain. It is therefore concluded that the brain is resistant to changes of the measured metabolites during the process of chronic ethanol ingestion. It is further suggested that the small changes observed in the cytoplasmic [ NADP + ] [ NADPH ] ratio after ethanol feeding are not related to the depression of CNS activity associated with ethanol ingestion since they also occur after feeding BD.
The reduced minus oxidized difference spectra of cytochromes a and a3.

Abstract We have re-investigated the reduced minus oxidized difference spectra of the two heme centers of cytochrome oxidase, cytochromes a and a 3 . In contrast to data obtained in an earlier study (Vanneste, W.H. (1966) Biochemistry 5, 838–848), we find that the spectrum for cytochrome a 3 agrees with that found with a 5-coordinate high-spin heme A model compound. Small but significant additional differences are noted for both heme centers.
Dynamical instabilities and the transition to chaotic Taylor vortex flow

We have used the technique of laser-Doppler velocimetry to study the transition to turbulence in a fluid contained between concentric cylinders with the inner cylinder rotating. The experiment was designed to test recent proposals for the number and types of dynamical regimes exhibited by a flow before it becomes turbulent. For different Reynolds numbers the radial component of the local velocity was recorded as a function of time in a computer, and the records were then Fourier-transformed to obtain velocity power spectra. The first two instabilities in the flow, to time-independent Taylor vortex flow and then to time-dependent wavy vortex flow, are well known, but the present experiment provides the first quantitative information on the subsequent regimes that precede turbulent flow. Beyond the onset of wavy vortex flow the velocity spectra contain a single sharp frequency component and its harmonics; the flow is strictly periodic. As the Reynolds number is increased, a previously unobserved second sharp frequency component appears at R/Rc = 10·1, where Rc is the critical Reynolds number for the Taylor instability. The two frequencies appear to be irrationally related; hence this is a quasi-periodic flow. A chaotic element appears in the flow at R/Rc ≃ 12, where a weak broadband component is observed in addition to the sharp components; this flow can be described as weakly turbulent. As R is increased further, the component that appeared at R/Rc= 10·1 disappears at R/Rc = 19·3, and the remaining sharp component disappears at R/Rc = 21·9, leaving a spectrum with only the broad component and a background continuum. The observance of only two discrete frequencies and then chaotic flow is contrary to Landau's picture of an infinite sequence of instabilities, each adding a new frequency to the motion. However, recent studies of nonlinear models with a few degrees of freedom show a behaviour similar in most respects to that observed.
Child-Directed Interaction Training for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Parent and Child Outcomes

This study examined the efficacy of the Child-Directed Interaction Training (CDIT) phase of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Thirty mother-child dyads with children ages 3-7 years with a diagnosis of ASD participated in this randomized controlled study. Following manualized CDIT, statistically significant and meaningful improvements in child disruptive behavior and social awareness as well as maternal distress associated with child disruptive behavior occurred. Across 8 sessions, mothers learned to provide positive attention to their children's appropriate social and play behaviors. Both child and parent changes were maintained at 6-week follow-up. A relatively brief, time-limited, and accessible intervention may be efficacious for improving child and parent behaviors in families of young children with ASD. By decreasing child disruptive behaviors, CDIT may also help to prepare children to benefit further from future interventions.
Notes on the specification of "meaning" in Schutz

"Meaning" is surely the central expression in Alfred Schutz's oeuvre. At the same time, it is specified in a variety of ways, sometimes somewhat implicitly. While a full explication might fill a volume, a few remarks may be of value for the interpretation and critique of his thought and in research inspired by it.
Succession dynamics in a maritime forest following Hurricane Hugo and fuel reduction burns

Abstract In 1989, Hurricane Hugo devastated the maritime forest communities on Bull Island, SC, where a system of permanent plots was established. This catastrophic disturbance and subsequent fires provided an opportunity to study secondary succession following interacting disturbances. This study quantifies the effects of the disturbances on woody vegetation and investigates potential long-term community change using TWINSPAN. Overstory live oak ( Quercus virginiana Miller) remained relatively intact, whereas old-growth loblolly pines ( Pinus taeda L.) and stands of the exotic tallow tree ( Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.) were destroyed. Aggressive recruitment by S. sebiferum , unfavorable conditions for loblolly growth, and broad changes in sapling community composition indicate that successional trajectories in some sites may have been changed by severe disturbances.
Amdahl’s law for multithreaded multicore processors

Abstract In this paper, we conduct performance scaling analysis of multithreaded multicore processors (MMPs) for parallel computing. We propose a thread-level closed-queuing network model covering a fairly large design space, accounting for hardware scaling models, coarse-grain, fine-grain, and simultaneous multithreading (SMT) cores, shared resources, including cache, memory, and critical sections. We then derive a closed-form solution for this model in terms of speedup performance measure. This solution makes it possible to analyze performance scaling properties of MMPs along multiple dimensions. In particular, we show that for the parallelizable part of the workload, the speedup, in the absence of resource contention, is no longer just a linear function of parallel processing unit counts, as predicted by Amdahl’s law, but also a strong function of workload characteristics, ranging from strong memory-bound to strong CPU-bound workloads. We also find that with core multithreading, super linear speedup, higher than that predicted by Amdahl’s law, may be achieved for the parallelizable part of the workload, if core threads exhibit strong cache affinity and the workload is strongly memory-bound. Then, we derive a tight speedup upper bound in the presence of both memory resource contention and critical section for multicore processors with single-threaded cores. This speedup upper bound indicates that with resource contention among threads, whether it is due to shared memory or critical section, a sequential term is guaranteed to emerge from the parallelizable part of the workload, fundamentally limiting the scalability of multicore processors for parallel computing, in addition to the sequential part of the workload, as dictated by Amdahl’s law. As a result, to improve speedup performance for MMPs, one should strive to enhance memory parallelism and confine critical sections as locally as possible, e.g., to the smallest possible number of threads in the same core.
Introduction to the Special Issue, Pathways Between Genes, Brain, and Behavior

In the past 10 years or so, with the sequencing of the human genome and rapid advances in the development of high throughput techniques, the field of behavior genetics has increasingly moved toward the detection of actual genes and environmental factors. However, the field is still in the relatively early stages of understanding some of the basic facts about the complex genetic underpinnings of brain structure and function and their relationship to behavior. The 15 articles in this special issue were selected to represent the diversity of methodologies applied to the complexity of pathways linking genes, brain, and behavior. While providing strong evidence for the role of genes in individual differences in brain structure and function, these papers also demonstrate that environmental experiences alter neurobiological pathways, and that genetic factors may further moderate the impact of environmental experience. Most importantly, the breadth of studies proves that in order to be able to trace the pathways between genes, brain, and behavior, we need experts in genetics, neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry.
A sharp lower bound for the Hausdorff dimension of the global attractors of the 2D Navier-Stokes equations

For a special class of the Navier-Stokes equations on the two-dimensional torus, we give a lower bound in the formG2/3 (whereG is the Grashof number) for the Hausdorff dimension of its global attractor which is optimal up to a logarithmic term.
VARIATIONS IN VALSALVA LEAK POINT PRESSURE WITH INCREASING VESICAL VOLUME

AbstractPurpose: Although leak point pressure testing is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of female stress urinary incontinence, little standardization in methodology exists. We examined the effect of vesical volume on leak point pressure to assess the need for determining an optimal volume for leak point pressure testing.Materials and Methods: Video urodynamic testing was performed in 52 consecutive women with a mean age of 52 years who presented with stress urinary incontinence. By fluoroscopic criteria stress urinary incontinence was type I in 12 patients, type II in 20 and type III in 20. Leak point pressure determined at 50 cc volume increments was correlated with fluoroscopic criteria.Results: Women with type I stress urinary incontinence had high leak point pressure, which remained high at increasing vesical volumes, and those with type III had low leak point pressure, which remained low at increasing volumes. In patients with type II incontinence initially high leak point pressure decreased signif...
Comparative ReOs, SmNd and RbSr isotope and trace element systematics for Archean komatiite flows from Munro Township, Abitibi Belt, Ontario

Abstract A series of komatiite flows from Munro Township, Ontario, have Re and Os concentrations that range from 0.545 to 1.27 ppb and 1.00 to 2.20 ppb, respectively. The187Re/186Os in the suite range from 14.05 to 52.37 and the187Os/186Os range from 1.49 to 3.22, giving a crystallization age of2726 ± 93Ma and an of initial187Os/186Os of0.873 ± 0.035. This age is in good agreement with the crystallization ages that have been reported for these rocks using other isotopic systems. The Re Os isochron indicates that the system was resistant to the low grade metamorphism that altered the rocks. The initial Os isotopic composition is consistent with the derivation of the melts from a mantle source(s) that originated with a chrondritic (187Os/186Os)i and evolved with an approximately chondriticRe/Os. Sm Nd data for the same suite cluster about aneNd value at 2.72 Ga of +2 to +3. Rb Sr isotope data indicate significant mobilization of these elements by the greenschist-grade metamorphism that has altered the rocks. Comparisons of Re and Os concentrations with those of MgO, FeO, Ni, Cr and S suggests that Re was incompatible (D 1). Os concentrations were likely controlled by the presence or precipitation of trace metallic or sulfide phases both during melting and crystallization, and not by the modally predominant silicate minerals.
Aspiration of oral feedings in patients with tracheostomies

Oral feeding aspiration can be a threat to positive outcomes for patients with tracheostomy who require mechanical ventilation. A review of current literature reveals a high incidence of aspiration in this population. Silent aspiration is particularly common, meaning that beside evaluations of swallowing function often are unreliable. Advanced practice nurses who are aware of the risk factors for aspiration may be able to improve outcomes for this population. This article presents a review of the literature on oral feeding aspiration in patients with tracheostomies, suggests areas of additional research, and provides nursing implications for the safe care of these patients.
LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY: TRANSFORMING THE RELATIVE INTO THE INSENSIBLE: A REPLY TO CLARKE ET AL.1

I should like to respond to Clarke et al. concerning their recent paper entitled “Gender Perception in Arabic and English” which appeared in your journal, Language Learning, vol. 31, no. I , 1981. In this paper, the authors appear to have erred in several directions regarding logically and intuitively inappropriate interpretations of their data and offering an incorrect reading of the conclusion reached in Guiora et al. (1980) concerning the Michigan Personality and Language Research Group’s position on the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis. Over a number of years, the Michigan Personality and Language Research Group has investigated two distinct questions bearing on the relationship between grammatical structure and psychological phenomena: T o what extent does the amount of gender loading in a language affect (a) the age of gender identity attainment (see Guiora et al. 1981 and Paluszny et al. 1973) and (b) the assignment of meaning to essentially asexual objects (see Guiora and Sagi 1978 and Guiora et al. 1980). It is obvious that Clarke et al. have confused these two series of studies by stating, “The results of those studies indicated that adult speakers of English, Finnish, and Hebrew categorized object/concepts in essentially the same fashion regardless of the native language”(p. 159). N o Finnish subjects were ever used in the assignment of meaning studies, but only in the gender identity studies. The reader is referred to the original studies for a correct summary of the conclusions. The results from these two series of studies have shown that the age of gender identity attainment is affected by gender loading in the language while assignment of meaning to asexual objects/concepts is not. This has led to a modified reinterpretation of the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis which states that linguistic features may have an effect o n the rate of some
Enhancing Search Engine Performance using Expert Systems

Search engines of today do a great job of sifting through billions of pages of Internet content and returning search results highly relevant to user queries. However, in localized implementations (a local university search or an intranet search of a private company), the same search engine technology usually has less than satisfactory performance. The technology that works well on billions of pages of general content doesn't work well on a much smaller scale of closely related content. In this paper, we analyze the performance problem in localized search engine implementations and identify specific performance issues through examining search logs. Our proposed solutions to those issues are based on utilizing an expert system where the fixes to the search issues are defined as a set of rules. We conduct experiments with California State University, Sacramento web site, and the preliminary results indicate that when applying those rules to search engine queries and search results, search engine performance and user satisfaction are improved.
Anger responses to psychosocial stress predict heart rate and cortisol stress responses in men but not women.

While previous research has suggested that anger and fear responses to stress are linked to distinct sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stress responses, little is known about how these emotions predict hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. Further, earlier research primarily relied on retrospective self-report of emotion. The current study aimed at addressing both issues in male and female individuals by assessing the role of anger and fear in predicting heart rate and cortisol stress responses using both self-report and facial coding analysis to assess emotion responses. We exposed 32 healthy students (18 female; 19.6±1.7yr) to an acute psychosocial stress paradigm (TSST) and measured heart rate and salivary cortisol levels throughout the protocol. Anger and fear before and after stress exposure was assessed by self-report, and video recordings of the TSST were assessed by a certified facial coder to determine emotion expression (FACS). Self-reported emotions and emotion expressions did not correlate (all p>.23). Increases in self-reported fear predicted blunted cortisol responses in men (β=0.41, p=.04). Also for men, longer durations of anger expression predicted exaggerated cortisol responses (β=0.67 p=.004), and more anger incidences predicted exaggerated cortisol and heart rate responses (β=0.51, p=.033; β=0.46, p=.066, resp.). Anger and fear did not predict SNS or HPA activity for females (all p>.23). The current differential self-report and facial coding findings support the use of multiple modes of emotion assessment. Particularly, FACS but not self-report revealed a robust anger-stress association that could have important downstream health effects for men. For women, future research may clarify the role of other emotions, such as self-conscious expressions of shame, for physiological stress responses. A better understanding of the emotion-stress link may contribute to behavioral interventions targeting health-promoting ways of responding emotionally to stress. Language: en