cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Researching ICT-Based Enterprise in Developing Countries: Analytical Tools and Models

This paper provides a guide for those researching ICT-based enterprises in developing countries. Examples of such enterprises would include telecentres, cybercaf�s, mobile phone shops, Internet service providers, software companies, IT training firms, IT consultancies, hardware assemblers, data entry operators, and so forth. This may also be called the IT or ICT sector, or the digital or knowledge economy.The paper offers a series of "lenses" ? i.e. analytical frameworks ? through which to investigate these enterprises. They move from basic classificatory models to those that can analyse competitive strategy, impact, context and the enterprise lifecycle. In each case, the paper provides an explanation of basic concepts, and a sense of what research using the particular framework would offer.
Brush border vesicle transport effects of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3.

Evidence has accumulated from investigations performed in this laboratory and in others that the renal tubular effect of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25 D3), the active form of the vitamin, is to increase phosphate reabsorption by the kidney (1–3). We recently reported that the infusion of 2.5 ng of 1,25 D3 per hour along with 0.2 U of PTH/hr. for six hours resulted in an antiphosphaturia in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX), vitamin D-deficient (−D) rats (3). This dose of the metabolite has been considered to be in the physiological range, and was not effective unless given with the non-phosphaturic “permissive” dose of PTH. The development of the brush border vesicle (BBV) transport technique (4) provided us with an opportunity to study the locus of this antiphosphaturic action of the metabolite. Furthermore, glucose metabolism has been reported to be linked to phosphate (Pi) transport events; Rasmussen and his coworkers have reported (5) that parathyroid hormone (PTH), a substance which diminishes phosphate uptake by brush border vesicles (4), increases gluconeogenesis (GNG). Accordingly, we examined the effect of the antiphosphaturic agent 1,25 D3, on BBV Pi uptake and on GNG.
Die Unternehmung als organisationsloses Gebilde

Die erste Entwicklung ist durch eine vollige Ignoranz der Organisation und damit eine Ignoranz der von der Organisation ausgehenden Beschrankungen auf andere Forschungsergebnisse gekennzeichnet. Die Unternehmung wird als ein „organisationsloses” Gebilde betrachtet. Es wird unterstellt, das kein Einflus von der Organisation auf die unternehmerischen Entscheidungen ausgeht. Vielmehr wird angenommen, das die Entscheidungen so ausgefuhrt werden konnen, wie sie getroffen wurden2). Als typisches Beispiel dient die Entwicklung in der Produktions- und Kostentheorie, die eine optimale Kombination der Produktionsfaktoren anstrebt, wobei die Produktionsfaktoren als inaktiv unterstellt werden und der Produktionsprozes unabhangig von der Organisation einer Losung zugefuhrt wird.
Discursive entanglements, diffractive readings: Weight-loss-surgery narratives of Girth & Mirthers

ABSTRACTBuilding on Barad’s (2007) discursive entanglements, we explore discussions about weight-loss surgery among Girth & Mirthers, a nationwide social club of big gay men ostracized from the larger gay community because of their size. They promote size acceptance, but are suspicious of surgeons promising social normality through gastric bypass. In interviews, they revealed positions regarding weight-loss surgery such as respect for others’ personal choices, soft opposition to invasive surgery, comparison to sadomasochism, and matters of attraction. Their positions coincide somewhat with those of feminist fat activists. Their live-and-let-live attitude can also be understood as a claim of control over one’s own body.
Queen Attractiveness to Workers in the Polygynous Form of the Ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

We found that queens in laboratory colonies of the polygynous form of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, are aggregated. No fighting or competitive behavioral interactions between queens were observed. We then examined the response of workers to individual queens in an effort to determine if queens within the same colony were equal in worker attractiveness. When queens were separated and workers were allowed to choose among them, 1 queen generally attracted >70% of the workers and brood. However, the difference in worker numbers attracted to remaining queens in the colony was not significant. The difference in queen's attractiveness to workers might be the result of a quantitative variation of queen pheromone. Increasing the number of queens and size of the colonies still resulted in most workers consistently responding to one of the queens. When the queen that attracted >70% of the workers was removed, >70% of the workers responded to another queen. When the removed queen was returned to the colony, she was again chosen by >70% of the workers.
A Legendre Spectral Finite Element Implementation of Geometrically Exact Beam Theory

This paper considers Legendre spectral finite elements (LSFEs) for linear and nonlinear elastic deformation of composite beams. LSFEs are high-order Lagrangian-interpolant finite elements with nodes located at the Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre quadrature points. Geometrically exact beam theory (GEBT) is adopted as the theoretical framework, where coupling effects (which usually exist in composite structures) and geometric nonlinearity are taken into consideration. Preliminary results are shown for two example problems. In the first example, the planar linear deflection and natural frequencies of a tapered beam are calculated with LSFEs and with first-order finite elements found in a commercial code. In the second example, the planar nonlinear deflection of a beam subjected to a tip moment is examined with LSFEs and first-order finite elements. For both cases, the LSFEs exhibit exponential convergence rates and are dramatically more accurate than low-order finite elements for a given model size.
A new method to evaluate the thermal stability of magnet wire by means of viscoelastic behavior

The outstanding points in this test for evaluating the thermal stability of dual coated magnet wire by viscoelastic behavior are as follows: 1. For dual coated magnet wire, it will be possible to estimate the thermal class of undercoated film and overcoated film from the temperature at which the tan δ curve rises before heat aging, and also the ratio of the film thickness from the peak of the tan δ curve. 2. The heat aging process is made clear by the tan δ curves of the tubed films obtained after heat aging. 4. The activation energies versus X as an end point of heat aging are also obtained. The activation energies of heat aging vary according to the material combinations, and as the film thickness of polyamideimide increases, the activation energy also increases.
M/G/k with staggered setup

Abstract We consider the M / G / k / staggered -setup, where idle servers are turned off to save cost, necessitating a setup time for turning a server back on; however, at most one server may be in setup mode at any time. We show that, for exponentially distributed setup times, the response time of an M / G / k / staggered -setup approximately decomposes into the sum of the response time for an M / G / k and the setup time, where the approximation is nearly exact. This generalizes a prior decomposition result for an M / M / k / staggered -setup.
Ureteral Reconstruction With Ileum: Long-term Follow-up of Renal Function

Objective To assess long-term renal preservation and surgical outcomes in patients undergoing ureteric substitution with ileum. This has been a mainstay of reconstruction options for lengthy ureteral defects. Methods Consecutive patients aged 18 or older undergoing ileal ureters at our institution were retrospectively reviewed (from 1989 to June 2013). Patients with Results Of the 108 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, 86 (79.6%) had single-renal unit reconstruction and 22 had bilateral reconstruction. Eighty-four (77.8%) had radiation-induced stricture and 24 had iatrogenic or trauma-induced strictures. The median follow-up was 51 months (interquartile range: 22-112). Short-term complications included Clavien grade I (16 [14.8%]), Clavien grade II (3 [2.8%]), Clavien grade III (9 [8.3%]), and Clavien grade IV (3 [2.8%]). Long-term complications included fistula in 6 patients (5.6%), renal failure requiring dialysis in 2 patients (1.9%), hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in 4 patients (3.7%), and incisional hernia in 11 patients (10.2%). Nine patients (8.3%) had small-bowel obstructions; 3 (2.8%) required adhesiolysis. Four patients (3.7%) had an anastamotic stricture. Nineteen patients (17.6%) had worsening renal function. Cox proportional hazards regression found that those with bilateral repair were at 3.7 times increased risk of worsening renal function ( P = .02). Conclusion Ureteral substitution with ileum provides an effective and versatile long-term reconstructive option with minimal renal function compromise in properly selected patients. Bilateral reconstruction may contribute to worse long-term renal function.
Resonator-QWIPs for 10.6 micron detection

We designed R-QWIP devices for narrowband 10.6 μm detection. Despite the low doping of 0.2 and 0.3 × 1018 cm-3 and thin absorbing layer thickness of 1 μm, the observed QE is 29% and 26%, respectively. This level of QEs, combined with the large photoconductive gain in a thin layer, produces large conversion efficiencies of 20% and 15% for large photocurrents. The high photocurrent and low dark current brought by low doping thus allow the QWIPs to be BLIP at 65 K with an 11 μm cutoff. The projected NETD is 20 mK at 60 K, demonstrating the high performance of R-QWIPs.
Behavioral Programming: Enabling a "Middle-Out" Approach to Learning and Intelligent Systems

Abstract Motivated by biology and a study of complex systems, intelligent behavior is typically associated with a hierarchical structure, where the lowest level is usually characterized by continuous-variable dynamics and the highest by a logical decisionmaking mechanism. Consistent with biological findings, we instantiate a particular version of such a hierarchy: a “Middle-out Architecture.” Significant there is the plasticity of circuits on both layers, as well as plasticity in their interactions. Intelligent systems must accomplish two broad tasks within this architecture. Based on experience, they must tune their lower-level, continuous, sensorimotor circuits to produce local behaviors that are viable and robust to slight environmental changes. Predicated on focus of attention on sensory input, they must modulate and coordinate these local behaviors to maintain situational relevance and accomplish global goals. Hence, if we are to understand learning and intelligent systems, we must develop ways of behavioral programming (taking symbolic descriptions of tasks and predictably translating them into dynamic descriptions that can be composed out of lower-level controllers) and co-modulation (simultaneously tuning continuous lower-level and symbolic higher-level circuits and their interactions). Herein, we begin the study of the first of these problems,
How do parents choose schools, and what schools do they choose? A literature review of private school choice programs in the United States

I review the literature on how parents select schools when participating in private choice programs in the United States. I address two sub-questions. First, do parents have the incentives and moti...
Radiation Safety for Pregnant Workers at a Proton Facility

Purpose To quantify radiation exposure of radiation therapy technologists (RTTs) in a proton treatment facility in comparison with a photon therapy facility, to inform and establish these specialized occupational safety guidelines. Methods and Materials Two groups of RTTs, consisting of 12 full-time passive scattering proton RTTs and 18 full-time conventional photon RTTs, wore an additional dosimetry badge at the waist for a period of 14 weeks. The 2 groups of RTTs were given identical instructions on the proper use of the badges. To compare exposures between passive scatter and scanning beam systems, exposure rates from activated equipment in both systems were measured. Results Over the 14-week period, the mean and standard deviation background-corrected dose for the passively scattered proton RTTs was 39.9 ± 5.4 mrem. The mean and standard deviation background-corrected dose for the conventional photon RTTs was similar at 39.9 ± 9.0 mrem ( P = .6). Exposure rates were lower in equipment activated in a scanning beam system in comparison with those from a passive scatter system. Conclusions Radiation dose to passively scattered proton and photon radiation therapy technologists was similar when measured with a dosimeter worn at the waist over a period of 14 weeks. On the basis of these data, the departmental policy permits pregnant radiation workers to work in proton treatment areas, and the policy for pregnant workers does not differ between proton and photon radiation workers or between passive scatter and scanning beam systems. All employees are encouraged to limit time near and proximity to activated equipment.
Using Chemical Synthesis To Study and Apply Protein Glycosylation.

Protein glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications and can influence many properties of proteins. Abnormal protein glycosylation can lead to protein malfunction and serious disease. While appreciation of glycosylation’s importance is growing in the scientific community, especially in recent years, a lack of homogeneous glycoproteins with well-defined glycan structures has made it difficult to understand the correlation between the structure of glycoproteins and their properties at a quantitative level. This has been a significant limitation on rational applications of glycosylation and on optimizing glycoprotein properties. Through the extraordinary efforts of chemists, it is now feasible to use chemical synthesis to produce collections of homogeneous glycoforms with systematic variations in amino acid sequence, glycosidic linkage, anomeric configuration, and glycan structure. Such a technical advance has greatly facilitated the study and application of protein glycosylation....
Maintaining and widening the M25 motorway, UK: a private finance case study

The M25 motorway around London, UK, is one of the busiest in Europe. The current contract for maintaining the route, including widening some sections, was awarded in 2009 under a private finance in...
Presence of undertriage and overtriage in simple triage and rapid treatment

Objective: We evaluated the use of the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) method by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and hypothesized that EMS can categorize patients using the START algorithm accurately. Design: Retrospective Chart Review. Setting: Inner-city Tertiary-Care Institutional Emergency Department (ED). Participants: Patients ≥ 18 years transported by EMS with a START color of Red, Yellow, or Green during the state triage tag exercise, October 9-15, 2011. Interventions: EMS assigned each patient a START triage tag. Chart review of the electronic EMS run sheets was performed by investigators to determine a START color. Main Outcome Measures: START triage colors were re-categorized as Red = 1, Yellow = 2, and Green = 3. The difference between the investigators’ color and EMS color were coded as: 0 for agreement in triage, -1 for undertriage by one category, -2 for undertriage by two categories, 1 for overtriage by one category, 2 for overtriage by two categories. Results: Of 224 participants, START triage colors were: Red = 7.1 percent, Yellow = 19.2 percent, Green = 73.7 percent. The mean difference in triage categories was 0.228 (95% CI: 0.114-0.311, p<.001). 71.0 percent of patients were triaged to the same category, 5.8 percent undertriaged by one category, 0 percent undertriaged by two categories, 17.9 percent overtriaged by one category, and 5.4 percent overtriaged by two categories. Conclusion: EMS was more likely to overtriage using START. All patients who were overtriaged by two categories were ambulatory at the scene, which implies other findings not in START may affect triage.
An Infectious Pig Model of Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND Over the last several years, we have demonstrated that intestinal lymphangitis and lymphatic obstruction are fundamental lesions in Crohn's disease, for which no therapy is currently available. There is an infectious enteritis of young pigs that offers an opportunity to understand how the lymphangitis of CD may have been initiated. The pathology of chlamydial enteritis was described earlier, from 1987 to 2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue blocks and hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides from Chlamydia suis-inoculated young pigs were provided by D. Rogers and F. Guscetti. Experimental animals, gnotobiotic and conventional, had been autopsied 4, 7, and 10 days postinoculation. Serial sections of intestine were immunostained with a Chlamydia trachomatis antibody, which cross-reacted with C. suis antigen, and compared with hematoxylin and eosin preparations. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed antigen in villous epithelial cells of jejunum and ileum and in the endothelium of lacteals and lymphatics by day 4. This was accompanied by lymphatic endothelial necrosis, lymphangitis, and inflammatory lymphatic obstruction, through several layers of the affected intestinal segments, days 4 through 10. CONCLUSIONS Although the original authors documented lesions to define the porcine disease, here the author characterizes the lymphangitis as a model for understanding Crohn's disease and suggests a chlamydial origin for the latter.
Chapter 6 – Lattice gauge theory

The chapter discusses some important symmetries in the field theory that lead to the QCD Lagrangian. A method of reliably calculating thermodynamic quantities in the nonperturbative regime of QCD, necessary to determine the order of the phase transition and critical temperature, is needed. The Lagrange equation for the fermion field is the Dirac equation for the adjoint field. In the field theory, Noether's theorem states that for a system described by a Lagrangian, any continuous symmetry transformation that leaves the action invariant implies a conserved current. Lattice gauge theory reformulates QCD on a lattice of discrete space-time points. The spacing among lattice points provides a finite distance scale. This lattice spacing gives a minimum distance and thus also a maximum momentum scale that acts as a momentum cut-off in the integrations. The interaction term employs finite difference techniques to discretize the derivative in terms of the link variables required to connect the fermion field to its conjugate.
ETA Expressions for the High Frequency Impedance of a Uniformly Pulsating Submerged Torus

The present abstract was motivated by the search for clean yet nontrivial benchmark problems for wave propagation and scattering in an infinite acoustic medium. The submerged sphere, cylinder and disk illustrate important aspects of scattering and radiation while admitting complete analytical solutions. These three classical configurations are thus indispensable part of any set of benchmark problems.
Red meat consumption and metabolic syndrome in the Costa Rica Heart Study

Several epidemiologic investigations have found associations between the consumption of red meat and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Very few studies have looked at populations undergoing the nutrition transition with smaller levels of red meat consumption than those in Westernized countries. In this population-based cross-sectional study, we examined the association between red meat consumption and MetS in Costa Rican adults, a population with comparably lower consumption of red meat. Prevalence ratios (PRs) of MetS across quintiles of total, unprocessed, and processed red meat consumption were estimated with log-binomial regression models among 2058 adults from the Costa Rican Heart Study. Least-squares mean values of individual components of MetS across quintiles of red meat consumption were estimated with linear regression models. We observed a significant positive association between total red meat consumption and MetS (PR for highest compared to lowest quintile: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.42; P for trend = 0.0113) but not for unprocessed or processed red meat consumption when analyzed separately after mutual adjustments. We additionally observed a significant positive association between total, unprocessed, and processed red meat consumption and abdominal obesity. In this Hispanic population undergoing the nutrition transition, total red meat intake may have an impact on MetS. Based on the relatively low consumption of red meat in Costa Rica compared to other Westernized countries, we hypothesize that a “threshold effect” may exist for unprocessed and processed red meat.
Are Readmissions After Total Knee Arthroplasty Preventable

Readmission within 90 days following total joint arthroplasty has become a central quality measure of reimbursement initiatives; however, the validity of readmission rates as a measure of hospital care quality and the proportion of readmissions that are preventable are unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine if readmissions within 30 and 90 days after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were related to orthopaedic or medical etiology and identify if these readmissions were preventable. We retrospectively reviewed 1,625 elective TKAs performed between 2011 and 2014 at our institution. Readmissions within 30 and 90 days were categorized into orthopaedic and medical etiologies and an expert research panel determined if readmissions were potentially preventable based on objective criteria from national or peer-reviewed consensus guidelines. Out of the 1,625 TKAs performed during the study period, there were a total of 79 (4.8%) readmissions within 90 days of surgery, of which 17 (22%) were of orthopaedic etiology and 62 (78%) were of medical etiology. Fifty-two (66%) of the 79 readmissions occurred within 30 days, with 11 (21%) of orthopaedic and 41 (80%) of medical etiology. Only 2 of 79 (3%) readmissions within 90 days were deemed potentially preventable, and neither of them were orthopaedic in nature. Hospital readmissions after total joint arthroplasty are inevitable; however, only a small percentage (3%) of readmissions to our health care system was potentially preventable. Orthopaedic readmissions constituted a minority of the proportion of readmissions at 30 or 90 days, and none were deemed preventable.
Incorporating Biological Knowledge with Factor Graph Neural Network for Interpretable Deep Learning

While deep learning has achieved great success in many fields, one common criticism about deep learning is its lack of interpretability. In most cases, the hidden units in a deep neural network do not have a clear semantic meaning or correspond to any physical entities. However, model interpretability and explainability are crucial in many biomedical applications. To address this challenge, we developed the Factor Graph Neural Network model that is interpretable and predictable by combining probabilistic graphical models with deep learning. We directly encode biological knowledge such as Gene Ontology as a factor graph into the model architecture, making the model transparent and interpretable. Furthermore, we devised an attention mechanism that can capture multi-scale hierarchical interactions among biological entities such as genes and Gene Ontology terms. With parameter sharing mechanism, the unrolled Factor Graph Neural Network model can be trained with stochastic depth and generalize well. We applied our model to two cancer genomic datasets to predict target clinical variables and achieved better results than other traditional machine learning and deep learning models. Our model can also be used for gene set enrichment analysis and selecting Gene Ontology terms that are important to target clinical variables.
Electrospinning Polymer Nanofibers With Controlled Diameters

Rapidly growing needs for large-scale industrial production of polymer nanofibers produced by electrospinning require better control of electrospinning. In this paper, the capability of electrospinning polymer nanofibers with desired diameter and morphology was demonstrated. Concentration of the polymer solution, together with electrical conductivity and surface tension of the polymer solution, were adjusted to control the diameter and morphology of electrospun nanofiber. Nanofibers of polyacrylonitrile and polyvinylidene fluoride were successfully electrospun, with average diameters in the range from 100 to 400 nm. Real-time optical and electrical observations of electrospinning phenomena and adjustments of experimental variables in an electrospinning process contribute to a feedback system for online controlled electrospinning, which requires a multidisciplinary approach including chemistry, electrical engineering, and material science.
Postoperative complications in combined gynecologic, plastic, and breast surgery: An analysis from National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

Patients undergoing the addition of a contralateral prophylactic mastectomy with unilateral breast cancer have an increased and potentially doubled post-operative complication rate. One documented detriment from post-operative complications is the potential delay in initiating adjuvant therapy. To determine if the addition of a gynecologic and/or plastic reconstructive procedure to breast surgery results in an increased risk of postoperative complications and re-admissions, we evaluated outcomes in patients undergoing single vs multi-site surgery in a large national surgical database. We utilized the National Surgery Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database to identify patients who underwent breast surgery between 2011 and 2015. We extracted patients who underwent prophylactic oophorectomy with or without hysterectomy as a comparison group. Chi square analysis was used to assess postoperative outcomes including complications, readmission, and reoperation. All statistics were performed in SPSS v. 24. During the study timeframe, 77 030 patients had a solitary or combined breast surgical procedure and a second cohort of 124 patients underwent gynecologic surgery. Breast cancer patients who did not have a simultaneous reconstruction or gynecologic procedure were older with more comorbidities. Patients undergoing coordinated procedures had a significantly longer length of stay, higher complication, readmission, and reoperation rates (P < 0.001 for all) as compared with patients who underwent single site surgery. Patients with surgery for breast cancer, either with a plastic or gynecologic procedure, have greater postoperative complications. Higher complication rates for those with coordinated operations may lead to delays in adjuvant therapy and discussions regarding the indications for simultaneous surgery are recommended.
A Group-Theoretic Approach to Computational Abstraction: Symmetry-Driven Hierarchical Clustering

Abstraction plays a key role in concept learning and knowledge discovery; this paper is concerned with computational abstraction. In particular, we study the nature of abstraction through a group-theoretic approach, formalizing it as symmetry-driven---as opposed to data-driven---hierarchical clustering. Thus, the resulting clustering framework is data-free, feature-free, similarity-free, and globally hierarchical---the four key features that distinguish it from common data clustering models such as $k$-means. Beyond a theoretical foundation for abstraction, we also present a top-down and a bottom-up approach to establish an algorithmic foundation for practical abstraction-generating methods. Lastly, via both a theoretical explanation and a real-world application, we illustrate that further coupling of our abstraction framework with statistics realizes Shannon's information lattice and even further, brings learning into the picture. This not only presents one use case of our proposed computational abstraction, but also gives a first step towards a principled and cognitive way of automatic concept learning and knowledge discovery.
A new mechanism for translational control in plants

In unstressed conditions, the cap-binding protein, eIF4E, binds the 5' cap structure (m7G) on mRNA and recruits other translation initiation factors to bring the ribosome to the mRNA. Bruns et al. show that, in plants, phosphorylation of eIF4E by the master metabolic regulatory protein, sucrose nonfermenting-related kinase 1 (SnRK1), reduces translation globally. This negative regulation of translation inhibits geminivirus infection and is speculated to be a response to various abiotic stresses.
Defining a spectrum of integrative trait‐based vegetation canopy structural types

Vegetation canopy structure is a fundamental characteristic of terrestrial ecosystems that defines vegetation types and drives ecosystem functioning. We use the multivariate structural trait composition of vegetation canopies to classify ecosystems within a global canopy structure spectrum. Across the temperate forest sub-set of this spectrum, we assess gradients in canopy structural traits, characterise canopy structural types (CST) and evaluate drivers and functional consequences of canopy structural variation. We derive CSTs from multivariate canopy structure data, illustrating variation along three primary structural axes and resolution into six largely distinct and functionally relevant CSTs. Our results illustrate that within-ecosystem successional processes and disturbance legacies can produce variation in canopy structure similar to that associated with sub-continental variation in forest types and eco-climatic zones. The potential to classify ecosystems into CSTs based on suites of structural traits represents an important advance in understanding and modelling structure-function relationships in vegetated ecosystems.
Impact of stimulus frequency and recording electrode on electrocochleography in Hybrid cochlear implant users.

Abstract This report explores the impact of recording electrode position and stimulus frequency on intracochlear electrocochleography (ECoG) responses recorded from six Nucleus L24 Hybrid CI users. Acoustic tone bursts (250 Hz, 500 Hz, 750 Hz, and 1000 Hz) were presented to the implanted ear via an insert earphone. Recordings were obtained from intracochlear electrodes 6 (most basal), 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 (most apical). Responses to condensation and rarefaction stimuli were subtracted from one another to emphasize hair cell responses (CM/DIF) and added to one another to emphasize neural responses (ANN/SUM). For a fixed stimulus frequency, the CM/DIF and ANN/SUM magnitudes increased as the recording electrode moved apically. For a fixed recording electrode, as the stimulus frequency was lowered, response magnitudes increased. The CM/DIF and ANN/SUM response phase were generally stable across recording electrodes, although substantial phase shifts were noted for a few conditions. Given the recent interest in ECoG for assessing peripheral auditory function in CI users, the impact of stimulus frequency and recording electrode position on response magnitude should be considered. Results suggest optimal ECoG responses are obtained using the most apical recording electrode and a low frequency acoustic stimulus (250 Hz or 500 Hz).
Nonlinear wave propagation in media with attenuation and dispersion modeled using a superposition of relaxation mechanisms

Michael Buckingham has long held interest in modeling wave propagation in media with nontraditional attenuation and dispersion, especially unconsolidated marine sediments exhibiting power-law attenuation [Buckingham, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138, 2871 (2015)]. The present authors have examined the implications of power-law attenuation and single relaxation mechanisms for modeling nonlinear propagation of compressional and shear waves [Cormack and Hamilton, Wave Motion 85, 13 (2019)]. Reported here are results for media that are modeled using multiple relaxation mechanisms. Below the lowest relaxation frequency, attenuation increases as frequency squared, and above the highest relaxation frequency, attenuation is constant. In between, the superposition may be tailored to approximate power-law attenuation that increases in proportion to frequency raised to an exponent between 0 and 2. Regardless of the source frequency and the number of relaxation mechanisms incorporated, there exists a critical source amplitude above which the mathematical model is incapable of offsetting nonlinear waveform distortion sufficiently to stabilize shock formation beyond the distance where an infinite gradient first appears in the waveform. Results are presented for birelaxing media corresponding to seawater and atmosphere, followed by models based on multiple relaxation mechanisms that approximate power-law attenuation over limited frequency ranges in sediment and tissue.Michael Buckingham has long held interest in modeling wave propagation in media with nontraditional attenuation and dispersion, especially unconsolidated marine sediments exhibiting power-law attenuation [Buckingham, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138, 2871 (2015)]. The present authors have examined the implications of power-law attenuation and single relaxation mechanisms for modeling nonlinear propagation of compressional and shear waves [Cormack and Hamilton, Wave Motion 85, 13 (2019)]. Reported here are results for media that are modeled using multiple relaxation mechanisms. Below the lowest relaxation frequency, attenuation increases as frequency squared, and above the highest relaxation frequency, attenuation is constant. In between, the superposition may be tailored to approximate power-law attenuation that increases in proportion to frequency raised to an exponent between 0 and 2. Regardless of the source frequency and the number of relaxation mechanisms incorporated, there exists a critical source amplitude...
Shared Histories: The Feminist and Gay Liberation Movements for Freedom in Public

This Symposium on the fiftieth anniversary of the Stonewall Rebellion presents the opportunity to evaluate the regulation and deregulation of gender and sexuality in public space. In 1969, LGBTQ people erupted against policing, harassment, and exclusion in public spaces. That same year, the growing feminist movement also launched protests for women's equality in public accommodations. Our essay analyzes two case studies, from New Jersey in the late 1960s and California in the mid-1980s, to show what we might learn by integrating the histories of LGBTQ and feminist public accommodations activism. These case studies offer two lessons. First, the regulation of cisgender women and LGBTQ people stemmed from common sources of both law and custom. Public authorities and private businesses limited the access of unescorted heterosexual women, gay people, and gender nonconformists to public accommodations and surveilled their gathering in public space. For each of these groups, such policing was justified by fears of sexuality perceived to threaten the hetero-patriarchal family. Second, feminist and LGBTQ people's respective fights for equality in public reinforced one another. Before 1969, no city, state, or federal law prohibited sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity discrimination in public accommodations. Beginning in the 1960s, the LGBTQ and feminist movements pursued court battles and legal reforms. They ensured that liquor licensing no longer targeted cisgender women and LGBTQ people. Over the course of the 1970s and ‘80s, virtually all states came to adopt public accommodations laws prohibiting sex discrimination, and cities and states slowly began to explicitly include sexual orientation as well. Feminist and LGBTQ legal victories evolved in an interdependent rather than isolated manner.
Mystery Solved: Why Smoke Extract Worsens Disease in Smokers with Crohn's Disease and Not Ulcerative Colitis? Gut MAP!

Cigarette smoke (CS) exacerbates symptoms in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients while protecting those with ulcerative colitis (UC). CD has been associated with immuno-dysregulation, mucosal dysfunction, and infection. Among the CD-debated pathogens are Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The mechanism of how CS modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-α7 (α7nAChR) and elicits inflammatory response in CD-like macrophages is unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of CS/nicotine on macrophages infected with CD-associated pathogens. We measured apoptosis, bacterial viability, macrophage polarization, and gene expression/cytokine levels involved in macrophage response to nicotine/CS extracts from Havana-Leave extract (HLE-nicotine rich) and germplasm line of Maryland tobacco (LAMD-nicotine less). Nicotine (4 µg/mL) and HLE extracts (0.18%) significantly favored anti-inflammatory response in macrophages (increased CD-206 (M2) and IL-10, and decreased M1/M2 ratio; p < 0.05). While macrophages infected with MAP or treated with LPS promoted pro-inflammatory response. Further treatment of these macrophages with nicotine or HLE extracts caused higher inflammatory response (increased iNOS (M1), TNF-α, IL-6, and M1/M2 ratio, p < 0.05), increased MAP burden, and decreased apoptosis. Pre-conditioning macrophages with nicotine ahead of infection resulted in lower pro-inflammatory response. Blocking α7nAChR with an antagonist voided the effect of nicotine on macrophages. Overall, the study provides an insight toward understanding the contradictory effect of nicotine on Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients and about the mechanistic role of α7nAChR in modulation of macrophages in tobacco smokers.
Floquet engineering flat bands for bosonic fractional quantum Hall with superconducting circuits

The quest to realize novel phases of matter with topological order is an important pursuit with implications for strongly correlated physics and quantum information. Utilizing ideas from state-of-the-art coherent control of artificial quantum systems such as superconducting circuits, we present a proposal to realize bosonic fractional quantum Hall physics on small lattices by creating nearly flat topological bands using staggered flux patterns. Fingerprints of fractionalization through charge pumping can be observed with nearly perfect quantization using as few as 24 lattice sites (two photons). We suggest an implementation using a finite lattice of superconducting qubits with cylindrical connectivity on both triangular and square lattices.
High-Order Harmonic Source for Time- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Based on Nonlinear Compression of a Yb:KGW Laser

We have developed an experimental setup for ultrafast angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy based on high-order harmonic generation from a Yb:KGW laser. Using nonlinear compression, we show that the time resolution can be improved to ∼30 fs.
Somatic embryogenesis is an effective strategy for dissecting chimerism phenomena in Vitis vinifera cv Nebbiolo

The tendency of somatic embryogenesis to regenerate plants only from the L1 layer, associated with the spread of chimerism in grapevine, must be carefully considered in the framework of biotechnological improvement programmes. Grapevine is an important fruit crop with a high economic value linked to traditional genotypes that have been multiplied for centuries by vegetative propagation. In this way, somatic variations that can spontaneously occur within the shoot apical meristem are fixed in the whole plant and represent a source of intra-varietal variability. Previously identified inconsistencies in the allelic calls of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) suggested that the Vitis vinifera ‘Nebbiolo’ CVT185 clone is a potential periclinal chimera. We adopted the somatic embryogenesis technique to separate the two genotypes putatively associated with the L1 and L2 layers of CVT185 into different somaclones. Despite the recalcitrance of ‘Nebbiolo’ to the embryogenic process, 58 somaclones were regenerated and SNV genotyping assays attested that the genotype of all them differed from that of the mother plant and was only attributable to L1. The results confirmed that L2 has low or no competence for differentiating somatic embryos. After one year in the greenhouse, the somaclones showed no phenotypic alterations in comparison with the mother plant; however further analyses are needed to identify potential endogenous sources of variation. The tendency of somatic embryogenesis to regenerate plants only from L1 must be carefully considered in the framework of biotechnological improvement programmes in this species.
Weight loss and weight gain in Parkinson disease.

Abstract Introduction Parkinson disease (PD) has been associated with both weight loss and gain in different stages of the disease. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence and associations with weight change over two years based on 3% and 5% weight change. Methods In this longitudinal analysis, weight at baseline and follow-up was used to classify patients into groups of weight loss, stable, and weight gain. Differences between these groups at baseline and then with change over time were tested. Results The sample was 668 patients with mean(SD) age 66.1(10) and disease duration 5.3(5.4) years. Using 3% weight change criteria: 32.6% lost, 23.1% gained, and 55.7% had stable weight. Using 5% criteria: 22.6% lost, 15.7% gained, and 61.7% had stable weight. Age was associated with both 3% and 5% change in weight. Other associations with 5% weight change were disease duration, Total and Motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Older Americans Resource and Services disability, and Hoehn & Yahr staging. The effects of 3% weight loss on Motor UPDRS, IADLs, and depression, and the effects of 5% weight loss on IADLs remained statistically significant when controlling for baseline differences in age, levodopa use, and Total UPDRS. Conclusion PD patients are more likely to experience 3% than 5% weight change and this lower threshold of weight change was associated with greater disease severity and disability over time. Attention to more subtle weight change may help identify those at greater risk of disability.
Impact of Momentary Cessation on Sub-cycle Dynamics in Grid-Connected Solar PV Systems

Recently, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) has reported that the unintended loss of solar generation occurred in Southern California over a large geographic area. One of the major reasons for this generation loss is the tripping of solar generators due to the overvoltage in a less than one cycle time frame (i.e., sub-cycle overvoltage) experienced by solar PV inverters when the grid suffers voltage drop following the transmission-level disturbances. Moreover, the sub-cycle dynamics become more complicated when solar PV inverters enter the momentary cessation operation mode in response to abnormal grid conditions. In this paper, solar PV systems with detailed inverter models that consider inverter switching dynamics and momentary cessation function are constructed for RTDS-based real-time electromagnetic simulations to explore the impact of momentary cessation on sub-cycle dynamics. It is found that undesired sub-cycle transient events not only occur when momentary cessation starts to cease energy injection but also happen when momentary cessation restart to inject energy into the system during the restoration process. Furthermore, the undesired sub-cycle transient events become more significant when increasing the number of solar PV inverters or under weak grid operating conditions. On the other hand, the severity of sub-cycle transient events can be reduced by increasing the diversity in the recovery time of solar PV inverters during the restoration process after momentary cessation.
Conditional-GAN Based Data Augmentation for Deep Learning Task Classifier Improvement Using fNIRS Data.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique used for mapping the functioning human cortex. fNIRS can be widely used in population studies due to the technology's economic,non-invasive, and portable nature. fNIRS can be used for task classification, which is a crucial part of functioning with Brain-Computer Interfaces(BCIs). fNIRS data are multidimensional and complex, making them ideal for deep learning algorithms for classification. Deep Learning classifiers typically need a large amount of data to be appropriately trained without over-fitting. Generative networks can be used in such cases where a substantial amount of data is required. Still, the collection is difficult due to various constraints. Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (CGAN) can generate artificial samples of a specific category to improve the accuracy of the deep learning classifier when the sample size is insufficient. The proposed system uses a CGAN with a CNN classifier to enhance the accuracy through data augmentation. Based on the fNIRS data patterns, the system can determine whether the subject's task is a Left Finger Tap, Right Finger Tap, or Foot Tap. The authors obtained a task classification accuracy of 96.67% for the CGAN-CNN combination.
Children who don't want to live : understanding and treating the suicidal child

1. Children Who Don't Want to Live: Two Cases. 2. Adult Suicide: What Can It Tell Us About Suicide Among Children? 3. Suicide Among Children: Attempts, Threats, and Messages. 4. Children at Risk: Exploring the Links to Personality Traits. 5. Suicidal Behavior as a Response to Life Circumstances. 6. What Children Know and Feel About Death. 7. How Family Life Contributes to Child Suicide. 8. An Adolescent's Suicide: Family Dynamics and Childhood Origins. 9. Explaining Child Suicide: Several Theoretical Perspectives. 10. Attraction and Repulsion of Life and Death: A New Way of Understanding Suicidal Behavior. 11. What We Can Do for Suicidal Children: Assessment and Therapy.
Electrical and Thermal Transport in Inhomogeneous Luttinger Liquids

We study the transport properties of long quantum wires by generalizing the Luttinger liquid approach to allow for the finite lifetime of the bosonic excitations. Our theory accounts for long-range disorder and strong electron interactions, both of which are common features of experiments with quantum wires. We obtain the electrical and thermal resistances and thermoelectric properties of such quantum wires and find a strong deviation from perfect conductance quantization. We cast our results in terms of the thermal conductivity and bulk viscosity of the electron liquid and give the temperature scale above which the transport can be described by classical hydrodynamics.
THE HISTORY OF VITAMIN B6. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

Publisher Summary Vitamin B 6 was first defined and delineated as a distinct entity in the vitamin B 2 complex. Lepkovsky first reported the isolation of pure crystalline vitamin B 6 . Vitamin B 6 was the second vitamin for which occurrence in bound form was demonstrated. It had been shown for riboflavin, as the first of vitamins, that it acts not only as a vitamin, but also as a proenzyme, as a prosthetic group of the flavoenzymes. The yellow pigment isolated previously by Warburg and Christian from their “yellow” enzyme was a photo derivative of riboflavin and was inactive as a vitamin. The intimate relation of all water-soluble, and probably also of fat-soluble, vitamins to enzymatic reactions was first demonstrated for in riboflavin and vitamin B 6 and is now generally recognized.