cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of anesthesia, postanesthetic state, and restraint on superior mesenteric arterial flow in normal rats

To exclude possible confounding effects of anesthesia on splanchnic hemodynamics, two different awake postanesthetic models (PAM), restrained and unrestrained, have been used. However critical analysis of the splanchnic hemodynamic state in these models is not available. We conducted experiments using chronically implanted pulsed-Doppler flow probes on the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in ketamine-anesthetized and in postanesthetic restrained and unrestrained normal rats. Baseline values of mean SMA flow were compared with those under anesthesia (30 min), PAM (restrained or unrestrained at 90 and 150 min), and reanesthesia. Sham-anesthetized unrestrained animals provided control values. The same animals (n = 7) underwent the restrained, unrestrained, and control experiments at least 5 days apart. Ketamine anesthesia did not significantly alter mean SMA flow (89 +/- 9% of baseline) compared with sham-anesthetized controls (99 +/- 9%). Mean SMA flow in both PAM, restrained and unrestrained, had a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease at 90 min (78 +/- 8 and 83 +/- 12%) and at 150 min (68 +/- 14 and 78 +/- 14%) when compared with baseline and control. Reanesthesia returned SMA flows to baseline values (91 +/- 16%). The variability of mean SMA flow was significantly increased in both PAM. Maximum variability was observed in the restrained model (69 +/- 32%). These results indicate 1) that ketamine anesthesia does not significantly alter SMA flow and 2) that both the restrained and unrestrained PAM exhibit significant alterations of the splanchnic circulation for at least 2 h after complete recovery from anesthesia. Thus, in the absence of critical evaluation, results of splanchnic hemodynamic studies with these models should be questioned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fuel Cells for Space Science Applications

Fuel cell technology has been receiving more attention recently as a possible alternative to the internal combustion engine for our automobile. Improvements in fuel cell designs as well as improvements in lightweight high-pressure gas storage tank technology make fuel cell technology worth a look to see if fuel cells can play a more expanded role in space missions. This study looks at the specific weight density and specific volume density of potential fuel cell systems as an alternative to primary and secondary batteries that have traditionally been used for space missions. This preliminary study indicates that fuel cell systems have the potential for energy densities of greater than 500 W-hr/kg, greater than 500W/kg and greater than 400 W-hr/liter, greater than 200 W/liter. This level of performance makes fuel cells attractive as high-power density, high-energy density sources for space science probes, planetary rovers and other payloads. The power requirements for these space missions are, in general, much lower than the power levels where fuel cells have been used in the past. Adaptation of fuel cells for space science missions will require down-sizing the fuel cell stack and making the fuel cell operate without significant amounts of ancillary equipment.
Image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: Dose constraints for the anterior rectal wall to minimize rectal toxicity.

Abstract Rectal adverse events (AEs) are a major concern with definitive radiotherapy (RT) treatment for prostate cancer. The anterior rectal wall is at the greatest risk of injury as it lies closest to the target volume and receives the highest dose of RT. This study evaluated the absolute volume of anterior rectal wall receiving a high dose to identify potential ideal dose constraints that can minimize rectal AEs. A total of 111 consecutive patients with Stage T1c to T3a N0 M0 prostate cancer who underwent image-guided intensity-modulated RT at our institution were included. AEs were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. The volume of anterior rectal wall receiving 5 to 80 Gy in 2.5-Gy increments was determined. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to identify cut points in these volumes that led to an increased risk of early and late rectal AEs. Early AEs occurred in most patients (88%); however, relatively few of them (13%) were grade ≥2. At 5 years, the cumulative incidence of late rectal AEs was 37%, with only 5% being grade ≥2. For almost all RT doses, we identified a threshold of irradiated absolute volume of anterior rectal wall above which there was at least a trend toward a significantly higher rate of AEs. Most strikingly, patients with more than 1.29, 0.73, or 0.45 cm3 of anterior rectal wall exposed to radiation doses of 67.5, 70, or 72.5 Gy, respectively, had a significantly increased risk of late AEs (relative risks [RR]: 2.18 to 2.72; p ≤ 0.041) and of grade ≥ 2 early AEs (RR: 6.36 to 6.48; p = 0.004). Our study provides evidence that definitive image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IG-IMRT) for prostate cancer is well tolerated and also identifies dose thresholds for the absolute volume of anterior rectal wall above which patients are at greater risk of early and late complications.
Increase in Metabolic Syndrome-Related Hospitalizations in Relation to Environmental Sources of Persistent Organic Pollutants

Evidence from cell studies indicates that persistent organic pollutants (POP) can induce insulin resistance, an essential component of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We hypothesized that residential proximity to environmental sources of POP would be associated with the MetS in the population. The present study examined the association between residency in a zip code containing or abutting environmental sources of POP and MetS-related hospitalization rates. Hospitalization data were obtained from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. Relative risks (RR) were calculated as hospitalization rate ratios. Adjusted RR and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by multivariable Poisson regression. A higher proportion of African Americans resided in POP zip codes compared to Caucasians (25.9% and 24.3%, respectively, p < 0.01). Residence in POP zip codes was associated with a statistically significant 39.2% increase in MetS-related hospitalization rates, adjusted for race, gender, and age (adjusted RR = 1.392, 95% CI: 1.032–1.879, p = 0.030). Increase in age was independently associated with higher MetS-related hospitalization rates (p for trend < 0.001). Our findings contribute to the body of evidence supporting the hypothesis of POP constituting an environmental risk factor for the MetS. Further studies investigating exposure to POP and insulin resistance are warranted.
Characteristics of troponin C binding to the myofibrillar thin filament: extraction of troponin C is not random along the length of the thin filament

Troponin C (TnC) is the Ca(2+)-sensing subunit of troponin responsible for initiating the cascade of events resulting in contraction of striated muscle. This protein can be readily extracted from myofibrils with low-ionic-strength EDTA-containing buffers. The properties of TnC extraction have not been characterized at the structural level, nor have the interactions of TnC with the native myofibrillar thin filament been studied. To address these issues, fluorescein-labeled TnC, in conjunction with high-resolution digital fluorescence microscopy, was used to characterize TnC binding to myofibrils and to determine the randomness of TnC extraction. Fluorescein-5-maleimide TnC (F5M TnC) retained biological activity, as evidenced by reconstitution of Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase activity in extracted myofibrils and binding to TnI in a Ca(2+)-sensitive manner. The binding of F5M TnC to highly extracted myofibrils at low Ca2+ was restricted to the overlap region under rigor conditions, and the location of binding was not influenced by F5M TnC concentration. The addition of myosin subfragment 1 to occupy all actin sites resulted in F5M TnC being bound in both the overlap and nonoverlap regions. However, very little F5M TnC was bound to myofibrils under relaxing conditions. These results suggest that strong binding of myosin heads enhances TnC binding. At high Ca2+, the pattern of F5M TnC binding was concentration dependent: binding was restricted to the overlap region at low F5M TnC concentration, whereas the binding propagated into the nonoverlap region at higher levels. Analysis of fluorescence intensity showed the greatest binding of F5M TnC at high Ca2+ with S1, and these conditions were used to characterize partially TnC-extracted myofibrils. Comparison of partially extracted myofibrils showed that low levels of extraction were associated with greater F5M TnC being bound in the nonoverlap region than in the overlap region relative to higher levels of extraction. These results show that TnC extraction is not random along the length of the thin filament, but occurs more readily in the nonoverlap region. This observation, in conjunction with the influence of rigor heads on the pattern of F5M TnC binding, suggests that strong myosin binding to actin stabilizes TnC binding at low Ca2+.
Identification of a novel series of 3-piperidinyl-5-sulfonylindazoles as potent 5-HT6 ligands.

Abstract Cognitive dysfunction is a characteristic of various forms of dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and a core feature of schizophrenia. As part of our continuing efforts to develop agents for cognitive enhancement, we have been focused on the 5-HT 6 receptor—one of the emerging therapeutic targets in this area. Herein, we report the identification of a novel series of 3-piperidinyl-5-sulfonylindazole derivatives as potent 5-HT 6 antagonists. The synthesis and SAR of this class of compounds are reported.
Mass spectrometric sequencing of peptides and proteins

Mass spectrometry had been demonstrated to be a useful technique for the determination of the amino acid sequence in oligopeptides. The extension to the sequencing of polypeptides and proteins is a complex problem involving chemical degradation and conversion techniques, separations, collection of the mass spectral information and the interpretation thereof. Partial acid hydrolyzates of primary degradation peptides (consisting of about 50 amino acids) of proteins are converted to O-TMS-polyamino alcohols which are analyzed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry to identify all the peptides formed in the hydrolysis. From this information the original structure is then reassembled. The method is illustrated with a cyclic peptide, with the N-terminal sequence of δ repressor and the structure of the sweet protein monellin.
Information capacity of the corticospinal tract recordings as a neural interface.

Recording the motor output of the central nervous system from the cervical spinal cord was investigated as a method of generating voluntary command signals, potentially to be used in quadriplegic individuals. Corticospinal volleys evoked by motor cortex stimulation were recorded from the spinal cord surface with multicontact electrodes in anesthetized cats. The multicontact recordings were analyzed for their information-carrying capacity as a neural interface. Neural signals resulting from the stimulation of various points in the motor cortex were considered as symbols of an alphabet that were sent through a discrete information channel. The information capacity of this channel at the thermal noise level of the electrode contacts was calculated. The maximum information rate was 1.57 bits in a trial for a 4-symbol alphabet. The background noise that reduces the information rate to 50% of its maximum theoretical value was defined as the half-bitrate–noise–tolerance (HBR-NoiseTol) and used as a measure of symbol distinguishability. The HBR-NoiseTol for all trials on average was 24 ± 12%, 18 ± 10%, and 15 ± 9% for interfaces with 2-, 3-, and 4-symbol alphabets (n = 11 trials). The average peak-to-peak amplitude of the neural volleys was 13.5 ± 6.7 μV (n = 11). These results suggest that the corticospinal signals can be recorded with spatial selectivity from the spinal cord surface and thus warrant further investigation of their potential use for a spinal cord–computer interface.
THYROTOXIC PERIODIC PARALYSIS IN A PATIENT ABUSING THYROXINE FOR WEIGHT REDUCTION

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis is a rare endocrine disorder most prevalent among individuals of Asian descent that presents as proximal muscle weakness, hypokalemia, and signs of hyperthyroidism. We present an unusual patient with previous normal thyroid function who had abused thyroxine as antiobesity pills and developed periodic paralysis affecting the upper and lower limbs.
Computer-aided manufacturing planning for mass customization: part 1, framework

This paper introduces a comprehensive system for the production planning of the mass customization of non-rotational parts. Combined features are defined based on the concept of part families. The process parameters are associated with the feature parameters so that rapid production planning can be achieved for product design changes. Setup planning is carried out based on both the best practice knowledge in industry and the algorithmic generation of setups. Manufacturing resource, fixture design, and tolerance issues are considered in the production planning. The system also estimates cycle times and generates standard documentation.
Post-bauckling and Vibration of Heavy Beam on Horizontal or Inclined Rigid Foundation

A slender, straight beam resting on a flat, rigid foundation does not buckle when subjected to a compressive load, since the load cannot overcome the effect of the beam’s weight. However, it buckles if its ends are moved toward each other. Post-buckling of such a beam is examined, both theoretically and experimentally, for horizontal and inclined foundations. The beam is modeled as an elastica, and equilibrium states with large deflections are computed, including cases in which self-contact occurs. Frequencies and mode shapes for small vibrations about equilibrium are also determined. Agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is very good.
Echoes of a hidden valley at hadron colliders

Abstract We consider examples of “hidden-valley” models, in which a new confining gauge group is added to the standard model. Such models often arise in string constructions, and elsewhere. The resulting (electrically-neutral) bound states can have low masses and long lifetimes, and could be observed at the LHC and Tevatron. Production multiplicities are often large. Final states with heavy flavor are common; lepton pairs, displaced vertices and/or missing energy are possible. Accounting for LEP constraints, we find LHC production cross-sections typically in the 1–100 fb range, though they can be larger. It is possible the Higgs boson could be discovered at the Tevatron through rare decays to the new particles.
Spectral Representations in Perturbation Theory. II. Two-Particle Scattering

In this paper a particular term in the perturbation expansion for the two-particle scattering amplitude is examined. We consider the real plane defined by the square of the total four-momentum and the square of the momentum transfer, and show that the scattering amplitude is an analytic function of both variables in a certain connected region in this plane. The precise boundary of the region is found. The purpose of this work is to find some conditions that integral representations of the scattering amplitude must satisfy, with the hope that such examples may aid the study of such integral representations in general.We also apply our general result to some particular cases of physical interest.
Transcriptional profiling of ectoderm specification to keratinocyte fate in human embryonic stem cells.

In recent years, several studies have shed light into the processes that regulate epidermal specification and homeostasis. We previously showed that a broad-spectrum γ–secretase inhibitor DAPT promoted early keratinocyte specification in human embryonic stem cells triggered to undergo ectoderm specification. Here, we show that DAPT accelerates human embryonic stem cell differentiation and induces expression of the ectoderm protein AP2. Furthermore, we utilize RNA sequencing to identify several candidate regulators of ectoderm specification including those involved in epithelial and epidermal development in human embryonic stem cells. Genes associated with transcriptional regulation and growth factor activity are significantly enriched upon DAPT treatment during specification of human embryonic stem cells to the ectoderm lineage. The human ectoderm cell signature identified in this study contains several genes expressed in ectodermal and epithelial tissues. Importantly, these genes are also associated with skin disorders and ectodermal defects, providing a platform for understanding the biology of human epidermal keratinocyte development under diseased and homeostatic conditions.
Communication power optimization in a sensor network with a path-constrained mobile observer

We present a procedure for communication power optimization in a network of randomly distributed sensors with an observer (data collector) moving on a fixed path. The key challenge in using a mobile observer is that it remains within communication range of any sensor for a brief duration, and inability to transfer data in this duration leads to data loss. We establish that the process of data collection can be modeled by a queue with deadlines, where arrivals correspond to the observer entering the range of a sensor and a missed deadline means data loss. The queuing model is then used to identify the combination of system parameters that ensures adequate data collection with minimum power. The results obtained from the queuing analogy take a simple form in the asymptotic regime of dense sensor networks. Additionally, for sensor networks that cannot tolerate data loss, we derive a tight bound on minimum sensor separation that ensures that no data will be lost on account of mobility. We present two examples to illustrate our results, from which it is seen that power reduction by two orders of magnitude or more is typical relative to a static sensor network. The scenarios chosen for power comparisons also provide guidelines on the choice of path, if such a choice is available.
The Infrared and Raman Spectra of α- and β-Pinenes

The liquid phase infrared and Raman spectra of α-pinene (2,6,6-trimethyl bicyclo[3.1.1] hept-2-ene) and β-pinene (6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene bicyclo [3.1.1] heptane) have been scanned between 100 and 4000 cm−1 and the vapor phase infrared spectra of both compounds between 625 and 4000 cm−1. A number of the 72 allowed modes of the C10H16 isomers can be assigned on the basis of group frequencies.
Electrochemical and Spectral Characterization of Iron Corroles in High and Low Oxidation States: First Structural Characterization of an Iron(IV) Tetrapyrrole π Cation Radical

The electrochemistry and spectroscopic properties of three iron corroles were examined in benzonitrile, dichloromethane, and pyridine containing 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate or tetra-n-ethylammonium hexafluorophosphate as supporting electrolyte. The investigated compounds are represented as (OEC)Fe(IV)(C(6)H(5)), (OEC)Fe(IV)Cl, and (OEC)Fe(III)(py), where OEC is the trianion of 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylcorrole. Each iron(IV) corrole undergoes two one-electron reductions and two or three one-electron oxidations depending upon the solvent. Under the same solution conditions, the iron(III) corrole undergoes a single one-electron reduction and one or two one-electron oxidations. Each singly oxidized and singly reduced product was characterized by UV-vis and/or EPR spectroscopy. The data indicate a conversion of (OEC)Fe(IV)(C(6)H(5)) and (OEC)Fe(IV)Cl to their iron(III) forms upon a one-electron reduction and to iron(IV) corrole pi cation radicals upon a one-electron oxidation. The metal center in [(OEC)Fe(III)(C(6)H(5))](-) is low spin (S = (1)/(2)) as compared to electrogenerated [(OEC)Fe(III)Cl](-), which contains an intermediate-spin (S = (3)/(2)) iron(III). (OEC)Fe(III)(py) also contains an intermediate-spin-state iron(III) and, unlike previously characterized (OEC)Fe(III)(NO), is converted to an iron(IV) corrole upon oxidation rather than to an iron(III) pi cation radical. Singly oxidized [(OEC)Fe(IV)(C(6)H(5))](*)(+) is the first iron(IV) tetrapyrrole pi cation radical to be isolated and was structurally characterized as a perchlorate salt. It crystallizes in the triclinic space group Po with a = 10.783(3) A, b = 13.826(3) A, c = 14.151(3) A, alpha = 78.95(2) degrees, beta = 89.59(2) degrees, and gamma = 72.98(2) degrees at 293 K with Z = 2. Refinement of 8400 reflections and 670 parameters against F(o)(2) yields R1 = 0.0864 and wR2 = 0.2293. The complex contains a five-coordinated iron with average Fe-N bond lengths of 1.871(3) A. The formulation of the electron distribution in this compound was confirmed by Mossbauer, X-ray crystallographic, and magnetic susceptibility data as well as by EPR spectroscopy, which gives evidence for strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the iron(IV) center and the singly oxidized corrole macrocycle.
A Place to Call Home: Identification With Dwelling, Community, and Region

The concept of place identity has been the subject of a number of empirical studies in a variety of disciplines, but there have been relatively few attempts to integrate this literature into a more general theory of identity and environment. Such endeavors have been limited by a lack of studies that simultaneously examine identification with places of different scale. This article addresses this critical omission by analyzing how residents of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, develop a sense of home with respect to dwelling, community, and region. Our results suggest that different social and environmental factors discriminate identification across place loci: specifically, that demographic qualities of residents and interpretive residential affiliations are critical to dwelling identity; that social participation in the local community is essential for community identity; and that patterns of intercommunity spatial activity promote a regional identity. Such understandings, we propose, are important to constructin...
Temperature control in interstitial laser cancer immunotherapy

Positive results of Laser-Assisted Cancer Immunotherapy (LACI) have been reported previously in the irradiation of superficial tumors. This paper reports the effect of LACI using laser interstitial therapy approach. We hypothesize that the maximum immuno response depends on laser induced tumor temperature. The measurement of tumor temperature is crucial to ensure necrosis by thermal damage and immuno response. Wister Furth female rats in this study were inoculated with 13762 MAT B III rat mammary adinocarcinoma. LACI started seven to ten days following inoculation. Contrary to surface irradation, we applied laser interstitial irradiation of tumor volume to maximize the energy deposition. A diode laser with a wavelength of 805 nm was used for tumor irradiation. The laser energy was delivered inside the tumor through a quartz fiber. Tumor temperature was measured with a micro thermocouple (interstitial), while the tumor surface temperature was controlled with an IR detector. The temperature feedback demonstrates that it is possible to maintain the average tumor temperature at the same level with reasonable accuracy in the desired range from 65°C-85°C. In some experiments we used microwave thermometry to control average temperature in deep tissue for considerable period of time, to cause maximum thermal damage to the tumor. The experimental set-up and the different temperature measurement techniques are reported in detail, including the advantages and disadvantages for each method.
Growth and characterization of PECVD semi-insulating polysilicon films and resistors

Semi-insulating polycrystalline (SIPOS) films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) were investigated. The films were deposited using monosiane, nitrous oxide and argon at 300° C in a parallel-plate plasma reactor. Rapid thermal annealing was shown to restructure and densify the films with an activation energy of 0.7 eV. Nitrogen was found to be incorporated into the as-deposited films but not in annealed films. It was found that the resistivity of PECVD SIPOS was less sensitive to temperature and an order of magnitude lower than the values reported for LPCVD SI-POS. The differences are thought to be due to the more amorphous nature of PECVD material because of the lower deposition temperature of 300° C.
In - Line And Transverse Forces, On Cylinders In Oscillatory Flow At High Reynolds Numbers.

The design of structures for the marine environment requires the prediction of the forces generated by waves and currents. This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental investigation of the in-line and transverse forces acting on smooth and rough circular cylinders placed in oscillatory flow at Reynolds numbers up to 700,000, Keulegan-Carpenter numbers up to 150, and relative roughness from 0.002 to 0.02. The drag and inertia coefficients have been determined through the use of the Fourier analysis and the least squares method. The transverse force (lift) has been analyzed in terms of its maximum, semi peak-to-pe and root-mean-square values. In addition, the frequency of vortex shedding and the Strouhal number have been determined.
Intelligence quotient and Neuropsychological profiles in patients with schizophrenia and in normal volunteers

Abstract Background: The objective of this study was to examine neuropsychological performance at different intelligence quotient (IQ) levels in schizophrenia. Methods: Thirty-six patients with schizophrenia were matched with 36 normal control subjects in two IQ groups: low average (81–94) and average (95–119). Performance level (IQ group main effects) and profile shape (IQ group × function interactions) were compared. Results: Current IQ was lower than estimated premorbid intellectual ability in both patient groups. Patients also displayed poorer neuropsychological function than same-IQ control subjects, suggesting neuropsychological dysfunction beyond their already compromised IQ. Patients had different profile shapes than control subjects, but profile shapes were consistent within patients and control subjects at each IQ level. Patients at both levels had higher verbal and lower performance IQ than control subjects. Abstraction-executive function was one of the lowest neuropsychological scores in both patient groups. Average IQ patients had nonsignificantly better overall neuropsychological performance than low average control subjects, but the effect size (.43) was quite small relative to the IQ difference (effect size = 2.57). Conclusions: Neuropsychological patterns in schizophrenia tend to be consistent at different IQ levels. Even schizophrenia patients with normal current IQs manifest substantial neuropsychological compromise relative to their level of general intellectual ability. The results strengthen the argument that neurocognitive deficits are core deficits of schizophrenic illness.
Electronic properties of CuO2 planes

We study a 3-band model of CuO2 with “bare bones” interactions: hopping from copper ions to nearest-neighbor oxygenstpd only, a two-body interaction on the copper ionsUdd only, and an overlap copper-oxygen parameter λpd. In the limittpd ∝Udd1/2→∞, t*=tpd2/2Udd is the unit of energy with 8λpd2 as the only parameter of significance. If the two-body interaction is invariant under particle-hole interchange, the low-lying states (energy O(t*)) can be described by conserved particles and can all be classified. They are quite distinct from the high-lying states (energies O(Udd)). The dynamics of the conserved fermion-like elementary particles are well described by a modifiedt-J model with extended hopping and nearest-neighbor superexchange attraction. This is a scenario known to be favorable to high-temperature superconductivity, but it must be noted that both the hopping range and the exchange are functions of 8λpd2. Moreover, if the Hamiltonian isnot invariant under particle-hole interchange the dynamics becomes much more complex and possibly more inimical to high-temperature superconductivity. This may provide an explanation for the deleterious effect on superconductivity of very small concentrations of certain impurities.
Extent, duration and speed of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake imaged by the Hi-Net array

Two studies published this week view the earthquake that caused the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of last December from a distance. Data from Japan's Hi-Net seismic array show that the rupture propagated in one direction, taking 8 minutes to travel 1,300 km north at 2.8 km per second. The calculations are based on the first seismic waves to reach the array; this monitoring system could in future be used to profile large earthquakes within minutes of their occurrence. Data from the German Regional Seismic Network, 9,000 km from the event, suggest that the rupture propagated at between 2.4 and 2.8 km per second initially, before slowing as it turned north. The disastrous Sumatra–Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 was one of the largest ever recorded. The damage potential of such earthquakes depends on the extent and magnitude of fault slip. The first reliable moment magnitude estimate1 of 9.0 was obtained several hours after the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, but more recent, longer-period, normal-mode analyses have indicated that it had a moment magnitude of 9.3, about 2.5 times larger2. Here we introduce a method for directly imaging earthquake rupture that uses the first-arriving compressional wave and is potentially able to produce detailed images within 30 min of rupture initiation. We used the Hi-Net seismic array in Japan as an antenna to map the progression of slip by monitoring the direction of high-frequency radiation. We find that the rupture spread over the entire 1,300-km-long aftershock zone by propagating northward at roughly 2.8 km s-1 for approximately 8 minutes. Comparisons with the aftershock areas of other great earthquakes indicate that the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake did indeed have a moment magnitude of ∼9.3. Its rupture, in both duration and extent, is the longest ever recorded.
A novel viral oncogene with structural similarity to phospholipase C.

Numerous oncogenes have been isolated from acutely transforming retroviruses. To date, the products of these viral oncogenes have been protein kinases, nuclear proteins, growth factors, or GTP-binding proteins1,2. We have cloned the previously uncharacterized avian sarcoma virus CT10 and sequenced its genome. This virus encodes a protein, p47gag-crk, that has blocks of sequence similarity to the amino-terminal, non-catalytic region of the non-receptor class of tyrosine kinases. In addition, the structure of p47gag-crk has striking similarity to a 180-amino acid region of bovine brain phospholipase C. Biochemical data suggest that p47gag-crk activates one or several endogenous tyrosine kinases.
Stability of 70% alcohol solutions in polypropylene syringes for use in ethanol-lock therapy

Purpose. The stability of 70% alcohol solutions in two diluents stored at 23–25 °C over 14 days in two brands of polypropylene syringes was studied. Methods. A 70% alcohol solution was aseptically prepared by adding Dehydrated Alcohol Injection, USP, to Sterile Water for Injection, USP (SWI), in an evacuated i.v. bag. This process was repeated with Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP (BWI). Identical 3-mL samples of each of the two solutions were drawn into 10-and 12-mL syringes (each a different brand) and stored at 23–25 °C. The stability of the samples was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography immediately after preparation and at 3, 7, and 14 days. Results. At least 96% of the initial concentration of alcohol remained throughout the 14-day study period in all syringes. There were no detectable changes in color or volume and no visible evidence of precipitation or microbial growth in any sample. Conclusion. Extemporaneously prepared 70% alcohol solutions in SWI or BWI were stable for at least 14 days at 23–25 °C in two brands of polypropylene syringes.
Theory of Indirect Exchange Interactions in Rare-Earth Metals

Liu has recently considered the effect of nonzero atomic orbital angular momentum on the exchange interactions between a localized magnetic moment and conduction electrons. By expanding a part of the band wave functions in spherical harmonics, he found that the leading term gave rise to the familiar scalar product interaction between conduction electron spin and total atomic angular momentum J. In the present paper, we derive Liu's result by a simpler calculation, and obtain the first correction term in a similar expansion. Our main motivation in doing the latter is to investigate the validity of the common use of the leading term only, doubt being raised, a priori, by the fact that the Fermi wave vector times the radial extent of the $4f$ function is not \ensuremath{\ll}1. We then investigate, in second-order perturbation theory, the magnetic interaction between atoms $n$ and $m$. The leading term is, of course, an isotropic Heisenberg-type interaction $A_{\mathrm{nm}}^{}{}_{}{}^{(0)}{\mathbf{J}}_{n}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathbf{J}}_{m}$ corresponding to Liu's result. The first correction term gives rise to anisotropic interactions including pseudodipolar forces and an unconventional interaction which is quartic in the J's. An estimate for rare-earth metals, based on free conduction electrons and screened hydrogenic localized functions, suggests that the comparative importance of the correction term is very sensitive to the number of $4f$ electrons and also to the lattice structure. For Tb through Er, it appears that the leading term does dominate, the correction being roughly 10%; for Tm metal the correction term is \ensuremath{\sim}30%, whereas for a single pair of ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ ions it is \ensuremath{\cong}80%. The leading term is also considered using the same type of one-electron functions. This gives roughly the right order of magnitude for the Curie temperature and the correct signs for first- and second-neighbor interactions; also the ratio of the latter interactions is in rough agreement with experiment.
Cell-specific regulation of protein synthesis in the sea urchin gastrula: A two-dimensional electrophoretic study

Abstract Protein synthesis in the two cell types of echinoid early gastrulae was analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Epithelial cells and primary mesenchyme cells were isolated from early gastrulae as described by M. A. Harkey and A. H. Whiteley, 1980 (Wilhelm. Roux's. Arch. 189, 111–112). Newly synthesized proteins were labeled with [3H]valine, extracted in SDS buffer, and analyzed electrophoretically. Of the 454 labeled proteins analyzed, 58 incorporated [3H]valine at markedly different relative rates in the two cell types, and 69 were labeled exclusively in one or the other cell type. The most rapidly synthesized proteins in gastrula cells constituted a class which exhibited a much higher degree of cell specificity than the total protein population. Several of these rapidly synthesized proteins were analyzed individually. Among those that were synthesized preferentially in primary mesenchyme cells, two low-molecular-weight, acidic proteins, designated PM28 and PM32, accounted for 9–14% of the total protein synthesis in primary mesenchyme cells but were barely detectable in epithelial cells. Those proteins that were synthesized preferentially in the epithelial cells included several low-molecular-weight species, probably histones, and the cytoskeletal proteins, actin and tubulin. These data indicate that the primary mesenchyme and epithelium of the early gastrula differ profoundly with respect to the synthesis of specific proteins.
Influence of sulfur content on the impact strength of electroformed nickel

Abstract The influence of sulfur content on the notch sensitivity of electroformed nickel was determined by Charpy impact tests. Specimens containing greater than 200 ppm sulfur exhibited severe embrittlement and therefore are highly notch sensitive. A modified Izod test specimen containing the same joint configuration as the plated part described in the report was designed and evaluated. Results showed that this test could serve as an indicator of the notch sensitivity of the joint and that it could be used for product certification. As additional benefits, the Izod specimen gives assurance that the plated bonds comprising the joint are sound and that no planes of weakness exist. Because hardness is a direct function of sulfur content, a rough approximation of the sulfur content in deposits can be made by checking hardness.
Chaotropic effects on 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Previous research in our laboratory investigated the effectiveness of a common agrochemical, urea used as a chaotropic agent to facilitate 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) removal by vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.). Chaotropic agents disrupt water structure, increasing solubilization of hydrophobic compounds (TNT), and enhancing plant TNT uptake. Our findings showed that urea significantly enhanced TNT uptake kinetics by vetiver. We hypothesized that the beneficial effect of urea on the overall TNT uptake by vetiver grass was not plant-specific. We explored this hypothesis by testing the ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in removing TNT from aqueous media in the presence of urea. Results showed that untreated (no urea) wheat exhibited a slow, kinetically limited TNT uptake that was nearly half of the urea-treated wheat TNT capacity (250 mg kg−1). Chaotropic effects of urea were illustrated by the significant (P < 0.001) increase in the TNT second-order reaction rate constants over those of the untreated (no urea) controls. Plant TNT speciation showed that TNT and several of its metabolites were detected in both root and shoot compartments of the plant, allowing for 110 and 36% recovery for the untreated and 0.1% urea treated plants. The lower % recovery of the urea-treated plants was attributed to a number of unknown polar TNT metabolites.
Heterogeneous uptake and reactivity of formic acid on calcium carbonate particles: a Knudsen cell reactor, FTIR and SEM study

The heterogeneous uptake and reactivity of formic acid (HCOOH), a common gas-phase organic acid found in the environment, on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles have been investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR measurements show that the adsorption of formic acid on the surface of calcium carbonate results in the formation of calcium formate. Besides calcium formate, carbonic acid is also a reaction product under dry conditions (<1% RH). Under dry conditions and at low pressures, the initial uptake coefficient of formic acid on CaCO3 particles is measured to be 3 ± 1 × 10−3 and decreases as the surface saturates with adsorbed products. The maximum surface coverage of formic acid under dry conditions is determined to be (3 ± 1) × 1014 molecules cm−2. Under humidified conditions (RH >10%), adsorbed water on the surface of the carbonate particles participates in the surface reactivity of these particles, which results in the enhanced uptake kinetics and extent of reaction of this organic acid on CaCO3 as well as opens up several new reaction pathways. These reaction pathways include: (i) the water-assisted dissociation of carbonic acid to CO2 and H2O and (ii) the formation of calcium formate islands and crystallites, as evident by SEM images. The results presented here show that adsorbed water plays a potentially important role in the surface chemistry of gas-phase organic acids on calcium carbonate particles.
Translation Templates to Support Strategy Development in PVS

In presenting specifications and specification properties to a theorem prover, there is a tension between convenience for the user and convenience for the theorem prover. A choice of specification formulation that is most natural to a user may not be the ideal formulation for reasoning about that specification in a theorem prover. However, when the theorem prover is being integrated into a system development framework, a desirable goal of the integration is to make use of the theorem prover as easy as possible for the user. In such a context, it is possible to have the best of both worlds: specifications that are natural for a system developer to write in the language of the development framework, and representations of these specifications that are well matched to the reasoning techniques provided in the prover. In a tactic-based prover, these reasoning techniques include the use of tactics (or strategies) that can rely on certain structural elements in the theorem prover's representation of specifications. This paper illustrates how translation techniques used in integrating PVS into the TIOA (Timed Input/Output Automata) system development framework produce PVS specifications structured to support development of PVS strategies that implement reasoning steps appropriate for proving TIOA specification properties.
Minimizing Operating Costs of Vapor Compression Equipment with Optimal Service Scheduling

Dynamic programming was used to obtain optimal service schedules and costs for cleaning the condensers and evaporators of air-conditioning equipment. Results were obtained for a range of service and energy costs, characteristic fouling times, and equipment sizes for a single building and location. Minimum operating costs were compared with regular service intervals (representative of current practice) and a strategy where service is only performed when a constraint is violated (e.g., a comfort violation). It was found that optimal service scheduling reduced lifetime operating costs by as much as a factor of two over regular service intervals, and by 50% when compared to constrained only service. For practical implementation, a simple near-optimal algorithm for estimating optimal service scheduling was developed that does not require on-line forecasting or numerical optimization and is easily implemented within a micro-controller. Over the wide range of cases tested, the near-optimal algorithm gave operati...
Introduction to the Workshop

Public health administrators are forced to consider efficiency as a criterion in their choice of preventive programs because of the numerous programs to choose from, restricted budgets, and declining caries experience in children. Interest in cost effectiveness in dental prevention has risen considerably since the initial conference on this issue at the University of Michigan in 1978. This article introduces the goals of the workshop, the nature of the work groups, and the data they will use.
Creating windows of opportunity for policy change: incorporating evidence into decentralized planning in Kenya

PROBLEM: Because researchers and policy-makers work in different spheres, policy decisions in the health arena are often not based on available scientific evidence. APPROACH: We describe a model that illustrates the policy process and how to work strategically to translate knowledge into policy actions. Several types of activity - agenda-setting, coalition building and policy learning - together can create a window of opportunity for policy change. LOCAL SETTING: Activities were undertaken as part of the Kenyan Ministry of Health's new decentralized planning-process. The objective was to ensure that the results of a national assessment of health services were used in the preparation of district-level health plans. RELEVANT CHANGES: Following the intervention, 70 district-level, evidence-based work plans were developed and approved by the Kenyan Ministry of Health. LESSONS LEARNED: Substantial investment and effort are needed to bring stakeholders together to work towards policy change. More in-depth evaluation of these efforts can aid understanding of how systematic approaches to policy change can be replicated elsewhere.
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN COMBINED BUOYANCY-INDUCED AND FORCED FLOW IN A VERTICAL OPEN SHAFT

The laminar buoyancy and pressure-induced flaw in a vertical enclosure, which models the elevator shaft of a multistoried building, has been numerically investigated to determine the underlying physical processes and mechanisms for the spread of smoke and hot gases produced by a fire. At the shaft inlet, a flow of hot gases is imposed and the walls are assumed to be adiabatic except for the ceiling, where a convective boundary condition is employed. The shaft is considered to be with or without a side vent. The effects of the important governing parameters on the flow and thermal fields are investigated in detail. Of particular interest in the study are the time taken by the flow from the inlet to the exhaust, the temperature at the exhaust, and the escape of gases through the side vent. The results obtained indicate that the hot gases flow upward over the entire cross section of the shaft when the Grashof number Gr is small. However, a thin boundary layer is formed along the wall containing the inlet and...
Simultaneous Effects on Topography, Composition and Texture in Ion Assisted Deposition of Thin Films

Ion bombardment during deposition may simultaneously affect thin film topography, composition and crystallographic texture. Ion etching can produce periodic ripples that depend on the angle of ion incidence and surface temperature. When applied during deposition, ion bombardment can produce in-plane crystallographic orientation in polycrystalline materials for specific angles of incidence. In addition, ion bombardment changes the composition of multicomponent thin films according to the local angles of ion incidence and ion/atom ratios. Therefore, these three mechanisms may be linked under certain deposition conditions to generate novel topographically patterned materials with locally controlled composition and texture. Examples include metal alloys, oxides and nitrides, and recommendations for specific nanoscale structures are given.
Combining pharmacotherapy with psychotherapy in the treatment of anxiety disorder

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent than any other mental health problem in the USA, but afflicted patients are often untreated or treated only by a primary care physician. Anxiety disorders can be understood in the context of the interplay of biological, psychosocial, and behavioral factors. Psychiatry has defined effective treatment that integrates education, psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. A combination of treatment approaches may be beneficial. Anxiety related symptoms, other than a true anxiety disorder, may be precipitated by normal stresses of daily life. These patients may also benefit from treatments used in anxiety disorders. Anxiety can also occur secondary to medical disorders and medications, as well as being present as part of other psychiatric syndromes. Diagnosis requires a history, physical examination and laboratory tests. Anxiety disorders, although common, are easily overlooked because patients may present with somatic complaints rather than admit to having emotional problems. Anxiety disorders are divided into seven categories in DSM IV, with each allowing for a differential treatment approach. Non-pharmacological treatments are the first line of treatment, and may include behavior therapy and cognitive therapy. The physician-patient relationship is itself a powerful treatment tool. Key areas in which the psychiatrist can help the patient cope are outlined. Benefits and risks of drug treatment for anxiety disorders are discussed.