cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geographical variability of monoterpenes from Abies balsamea and A. fraseri

Abstract Nearly 300 trees of Abies balsamea and A. fraseri from 29 locations covering the entire ranges of these species were examined for composition of their cortical monoterpenes. Eastern A. balsamea was intermediate in terms of most of its monoterpenes, with A. fraseri and western A. balsamea representing two opposite chemical extremes. Both A. fraseri and the westernmost populations of A. balsamea were found to possess poorer genetic pools than the eastern populations of A. balsamea . These findings were interpreted on the basis of available paleobotanical evidence as suggestive of long-time separation of the western and eastern A. balsamea in Rocky Mountain and Appalachian glacial refugia, respectively, with A. fraseri evolving from the eastern A. balsamea by gene-loss during the xerothermic period.
Prespore gene expression in Dictyostelium requires concomitant protein synthesis.

Abstract It has been established previously that the maintenance of expression of prespore specific genes of Dictyostelium discoideum is prevented by the translational inhibitor cycloheximide. The drug had no effect upon the level of transcripts of the other genes examined, prestalk-specific or cell type non-specific (Mehdy, M., Ratner, D. and Firtel, R., (1983) Cell 32, 763–771). We have now characterized the cellular specificity and temporal profiles of mRNA accumulation of additional Dictyostelium cDNA clones. Other inhibitors of in vivo protein synthesis have been examined, with emetine shown to be a particularly effective but reversible agent. Four structurally and mechanistically distinct translational inhibitors each prevented the reaccumulation of prespore transcripts in cyclic AMP-primed disaggregated amoebae. These results establish a role for protein synthesis in the transcription or transcript stability of prespore genes.
International assessment of medical students: Should it matter anymore where the school is located?

With assessment systems that are adequate, robust, comprehensive, as well as responsive to local and regional needs, should the location of the medical education institution be irrelevant? Adequate assessment is determined by local needs, along with accepted minimum global standards of practice. If an assessment system is robust, it should be able to predict future behavior and performance to some degree. A comprehensive system would include assessment of all relevant competencies. In order to achieve comprehensiveness, new approaches are needed to demonstrate mastery of competencies that is now inferred from medical school and graduate medical education participation. These are likely to require a novel approach to assessment – gathering natural, real world data longitudinally rather than only through point-in-time tests. Increasingly the world of assessment may be able to provide tools and data that offer individualized assurances of competence.
Genetically tailored atrial natriuretic factor-dependent guanylate cyclase Immunological and functional identity with 180 kDa membrane guanylate cyclase and ATP signaling site

Biochemical and immunological studies have established that one of the signal transducers of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a 180 kDa membrane guanylate cyclase (180 kDa mGC), which is also an ANF receptor; obligatory in the transduction process is an intervening ATP-regulated step, but its mechanism is not known. GCα is a newly discovered member of the guanylate cyclase family whose activity is independent of the known natriuretic peptides, and the enzyme is not an ANF receptor. The genetically tailored GCα, GCα-DmutGln338 Leu364, however, is not only a guanylate cyclase but also an ANF receptor and is structurally and functionally identical to the cloned wild-type ANF receptor guanylate cyclase, GC-A. We now report that the ANF-dependent guanylate cyclase activity in the particulate fractions of cells transfected with GCα-DmutGln338 Leu364 was inhibited by the 180 kDa mGC polyclonal antibody, and with this antibody probe it was possible to purify the 130 kDa expressed receptor; the hormone-dependent cyclase activity of this receptor was exclusively dependent upon ATP; and through site-directed mutational studies with GCα mutants, the signaling sequence that defines ATP binding site was identified. We thus conclude that 180 kDa mGC and the mutant protein are immunologically similar; both proteins are linked to the ANF signal in the generation of cyclic GMP synthesis; and in both the ligand binding and catalytic activities are bridged through a defined ATP binding module.
Computational approaches to molecular recognition.

Abstract Recent advances in the computation of free energies have facilitated the understanding of host—guest and protein—ligand recognition. Rigorous perturbation methods have been assessed and expanded, and more approximate techniques have been developed that allow faster treatment of diverse systems.
Kinetic modeling of microbially-driven redox chemistry of subsurface environments : coupling transport, microbial metabolism and geochemistry

This paper deals with the treatment of subsurface environments as reactive biogeochemical transport systems. We begin with an overview of the effects of microbial activity on the chemical dynamics in these environments. Then, after a review of earlier modeling efforts, we introduce a one-dimensional, multi-component reactive transport model that accounts for the reaction couplings among the major redox and acid–base elements, O, C, H, N, S, Mn, Fe and Ca. The model incorporates kinetic descriptions for the microbial degradation pathways of organic matter, as well as for the secondary redox reactions and mineral precipitation–dissolution reactions. Local equilibrium only applies to fast homogeneous speciation reactions and sorption processes. The model is used to simulate the distributions of chemical species and reaction rates along flow paths in two subsurface environments. In the first case, waters containing moderate levels of natural soil-derived organics supply a regional groundwater system. In the second case, a pristine aquifer is contaminated by an organic-rich leachate from a landfill. In both environments, the microbial oxidation of organic matter causes the disappearance of dissolved and solid oxidants and the appearance of reduced species, albeit over very different spatial scales. In the second case, a pronounced reaction front develops at the downstream edge of the contaminant plume. The reactivity, or biodegradability, of the organic matter is shown to be a major factor governing the biogeochemical dynamics in the plume. The simulations predict different distributions of the biodegradation pathways, depending on whether the organics of the leachate have uniform or variable reactivity. The secondary reactions also have a significant impact on the concentration profiles of inorganic species and the spatial distributions of the biodegradation pathways. Within the downstream reaction front, large fractions of O2, Mn(IV), Fe(III) and SO2−4 are reduced by secondary reactions, rather than being utilized in the oxidative degradation of leachate organics. Overall, the model simulations emphasize the strong coupling between subsurface heterotrophic activity and an extensive network of secondary reactions.
Redirected growth of pyramidal tract axons following neonatal pyramidotomy in cats

After the pyramidal tract at the pontomedullary junction in neonatal cats had been cut and the ipsilateral frontoparietal cortex injected with intra-axonal markers at 40 to 74 days of age, cortical axons were labeled in aberrant pathways that descended into the caudal medulla and spinal cord. Some labeled axons from the damaged pyramidal tract crossed the midline, descended with fibers in the intact pyramidal tract through the pyramidal decussation, and entered the lateral corticospinal tract. Another group of aberrant projections descended bilaterally along the ventrolateral edge of the medulla and either ended in the lateral reticular nuclei or continued into the spinal cord. Finally, some axons descended individually through the central medullary tegmentum and ended bilaterally in the spinal trigeminal, dorsal column, and lateral reticular nuclei. Although these findings suggest that pyramidal tract axons regenerate after injury, the findings from a second series of experiments refute this conclusion. In 2- to 5-day-old cats, the fluorescent dye Fast Blue was injected into the spinal cord, and 7 to 8 days later the contralateral pyramidal tract was cut. In these animals, there were never any cortical neurons retrogradely labeled with Fast Blue in the frontoparietal cortex ipsilateral to the pyramidotomy, although numerous neurons were labeled contralaterally. Control experiments confirmed that the interval between the Fast Blue injections and the pyramidotomies was long enough for retrogradely labeling cortical neurons, that the spinal cord injections did not adversely affect the retrogradely labeled cortical neurons, and following axotomy dying cortical neurons could be demonstrated directly using silver impregnation techniques. We conclude that neonatal pyramidotomy causes the death of all axotomized cortical neurons in kittens, and, therefore, the aberrant cortical projections seen caudal to the lesion must be redirected, late-developing, and undamaged cortical axons, and not regenerated axons.
On Ericksen’s Theorem for Unconstrained Hyperelastic Materials

After reviewing the proof of Ericksen’s theorem for the set of unconstrained, homogeneous, isotropic, hyperelastic materials, Ericksen’s result is sharpened to cover the subset of materials that possess a natural configuration and satisfy the empirical inequalities.
Effect of brimonidine on optic nerve blood flow in rabbits.

Abstract PURPOSE: Brimonidine is a highly selective α 2 -adrenoreceptor agonist that lowers intraocular pressure. The aim of the present study was to analyze in vivo the vasomotor effects and the influence of brimonidine on blood flow within the optic nerve, by means of intraluminal microvascular corrosion casting technique and intravascular injection of colored microspheres. METHODS: New Zealand white rabbits received either brimonidine tartrate 0.2% or placebo (vehicle) topical drops in one eye for 4 weeks. Intraocular pressures were measured at baseline and 4 weeks. The anterior optic nerve microvasculature of four rabbits was examined with corrosion castings for regions of focal vasoconstriction. Optic nerve blood flow was determined in 16 rabbits by means of nonradioactive colored microspheres. RESULTS: The vasoconstriction values of the short posterior ciliary arterial branches in the brimonidine eyes were 16.7% ± 3.7%. In the fellow untreated eyes, the mean vasoconstriction was 16.6% ± 2.4%. In the placebo-treated eyes, the average constriction was 15.9% ± 3.2%; the fellow eyes showed a mean constriction value of 16.1% ± 5.3%. There was no statistical difference between any of the groups ( P = .2). The optic nerve blood flow in the brimonidine-treated rabbits was 0.18 ± 0.06 ml/mg/min and 0.17 ± 0.04 ml/mg/min in the treated and the fellow eyes, respectively. The difference between the optic nerve blood flow in the brimonidine-treated eyes and the optic nerve blood flow in all of the untreated eyes (0.19 ± 0.06 ml/mg/min) also was not statistically different ( P = .82). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term application of brimonidine 0.2% does not affect the blood flow or vasomotor activity of the anterior optic nerve.
Studies on sodium-potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase. IV. Correlation with cation transport sensitive to cardiac glycosides.

A systematic study was made of the occurrence in tissues with a cardiac glycoside-sensitive cation transport system of the enzyme sodium-potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase (NaK ATPase), which has been shown to function in the active transport of sodium and potassium in erythrocytes and to be specifically inhibited by cardiac glycosides. The enzyme was found to be present in significant quantities in all 21 tissues from 10 species studied. The activities ranged from 1.24 in human erythrocytes to 1825 in guinea pig brain, expressed in millimoles of adenosine triphosphate split/kg. wet weight of tissue/hr. at 37 °C. In 8 out of 12 tissues, where the cardiac glycoside-sensitive cation exchange rate could be calculated, a qualitative correlation was found between the cation exchange rate and the NaK ATPase activity. Inhibition curves were determined for the NaK ATPases of four different tissues from four species as a function of ouabain concentration. The slopes of the curves differed considerably, and the half-maximal inhibition concentrations varied over a 17-fold range. There was both a species effect and a tissue effect. The results were discussed from the point of view of the in vivo use of cardiac glycosides for the demonstration of NaK ATPase involvement in a physiological process. The distribution of NaK ATPase activity in centrifugal fractions of rat liver and brain homogenates was determined. In liver almost all activity was present in the “nuclear” fraction, while in brain the activity was spread over all three particulate fractions. No activity was found in the supernatant fractions. This pattern is consistent with predominant localization of the enzyme in the cell membranes of both tissues.
Psychopharmacology of pediatric bipolar disorder: a review.

Rationale Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric illness. It is associated with many short-term and long-term complications including poor academic and social performance, legal problems and increased risk of suicide. Moreover, it is often complicated by other serious psychiatric disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and substance use disorders. For these reasons, there is a need for effective treatment for PBD.
Large-eddy simulation of nonlinear evolution and breakdown to turbulence in high-speed boundary layers

The nonlinear evolution and laminar-turbulent breakdown of a boundary-layer flow along a cylinder at Mach 4.5 is investigated with large-eddy temporal simulation. The results are validated using the direct numerical simulation data of Pruett and Zang. The structure of the flow during the transition process is studied in terms of the vorticity field. The subgrid scales are modeled dynamically, where the model coefficients are determined as part of the solution from the local resolved field. In the numerical simulation the dynamic-model coefficients are obtained by using both the strain-rate contraction of Germano et al. and the least-squares contraction of Lilly; they produced some differences in the details of the vorticity structure inside the transition region. A new dynamic model that utilizes the second-order velocity structure function is used to parametrize the small-scale field. The evolution to turbulence is successfully simulated with dynamic subgrid-scale modeling at least in terms of average quantities as well as vorticity fields. This is achieved with one-sixth of the grid resolution used in direct numerical simulation.
Camel's back excitons in GaP

Abstract The influence of the recently proposed camel's back structure of the GaP conduction band edge on the exciton spectrum is investigated theoretically. The results are in good agreement with differential absorption data and strongly support a camel's back structure, with a 4 meV central hump. The computed exciton binding energy is 18.5 meV, and when combined with recent experimental data, indicates a binding of about 32 meV for the electron-hole liquid.
A Role for the C-Terminus of Calcitonin in Aggregation and Gel Formation: A Comparative Study of C-Terminal Fragments of Human and Salmon Calcitonin☆

Abstract Calcitonin is used in therapy for osteoporosis and Paget's disease. In vitro, human calcitonin forms thick gels which limits its usefulness as a therapeutic, and consequently salmon calcitonin which is less prone to aggregate is commonly used instead. In order to probe the role of the C-terminal region of the molecule in association and gel formation we have prepared a set of three peptides corresponding to the C-terminal regions of salmon calcitonin, human calcitonin and a mutant of human calcitonin in which Pro-23 is substituted with Ala. The peptides are largely disordered in their monomeric state as judged by CD and FTIR. All three peptides aggregate and form gels. Both human peptides form a gel much faster than the salmon peptide and the proline to alanine mutant forms a gel faster than the wildtype human peptide. Gel formation by all three peptides is slower than for intact human calcitonin. CD indicates a difference in conformation for the human fragment but not for the salmon fragment between the monomeric state and the gel state. FTIR experiments suggest the presence of β-structure in the gel derived from the human peptide but not in the gel derived from the salmon peptide. These results show that there are clear differences in the association properties of the peptides and point to a potential role for the C-terminal region of calcitonin in controlling aggregation/gel formation.
Cytologic distinction between bronchioalveolar carcinoma and reactive/reparative respiratory epithelium : A cytomorphometric analysis

Cytologically, the distinction between bronchioalveolar carcinoma and reactive/reparative processes of respiratory epithelium can be difficult. Retrospectively, we have identified 11 consecutive cases of bronchioalveolar carcinoma from the cytology files of University Missouri-Kansas City/Truman Medical Center. On average, a combined 5.71 cytologic/histologic procedures were performed before reaching a definitive diagnosis for this group. An additional seven random cases of reactive/reparative respiratory cases of adult respiratory distress syndrome patients were used as a control. Cytomorphometric analysis was performed. The mean average nuclear diameter for the carcinoma group was 13.76 microns and for the reactive/reparative group was 13.29 microns. There was no statistical difference between the two groups (paired student t test, P > .05). It appears from our data that mean nuclear diameter is not a discriminator for the cytologic distinction between bronchioalveolar carcinoma and reactive/reparative respiratory epithelium and that the accepted cytologic parameters of for bronchioalveolar carcinoma are more valid.
Beyond migration: Dlx1 regulates interneuron differentiation

A new paper shows that the transcription factor Dlx1, known to be involved in neuronal migration, is also necessary for interneuron survival. Mice lacking Dlx1 show subtype-specific loss of interneurons, a reduction in inhibitory currents and generalized seizures.
Autonomous Self Organized UAV Swarm Systemis

Interest in Self-Organized (SO) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) systems is increasing because of their flexibility, versatility and economics. Many countries and industries are developing autonomous and swarming UAVs for reconnaissance, surveillance, intelligence gathering, and target engagement and neutralization. The processes for effectively developing these systems are still in their infancy. Currently, little effort is focused on building simple agent rules with low-level SO systems communication in order to facilitate emergent behaviors. Note that only with the use of effective control structures can the full potential of these systems realized. Presented is an innovative new paradigm for developing SO-based autonomous vehicles. Using a formal design model, the Interactive Partially Observable Markov Decision Process, a full understanding of this SO domain is possible. With this design model and a focused effort on the minimization of computational and informational complexity, emergent entangled control hierarchies allow the SO rules to operate efficiently and effectively. This work extends the formal model decomposition technique, and in doing so ties in the information theoretic optimization to develop emergent structures. Preliminary computational results reflect limited success.
The autogenous tissue heart valve: current status.

Abstract Residual antigenicity of xenograft tissue after glutaraldehyde tanning may be a factor that determines calcification and durability of bioprostheses. We have pursued the concept of a nonantigenic, noncalcifying, more durable bioprosthesis. We previously described a technique for rapid intraoperative fabrication of an autogenous tissue heart valve (ATHV). That technique has been modified to improve reliability and ease of learning. With the modified technique, a geometrically perfect trileaflet valve can be made in 5 minutes. Although any suitable tissue can be used, the pericardial ATHV is the subject of this report. Autogenous pericardium immersed for 5 minutes in glutaraldehyde has proven satisfactory for valve construction. In vitro testing in the pulse duplicator and accelerated life tester has shown that the stent assembly is capable of function beyond 800,000,000 cycles without failure. In vivo testing has been performed in the juvenile sheep model as described by the National Institutes of Health group. Five sheep were maintained for 5 months postimplant before sacrifice. Explanted valves showed no tissue thickening or shrinkage, problems seen with earlier valves made with untreated autogenous tissue, and the leaflets remained pliable, free of the degenerative changes usually seen in the sheep model.
Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology.

Significant events in history do not occur at random. They occur because individuals confront problems and have the ingenuity and motivation to find solutions. This is the story of how Dr. Christian Lambertsen developed closed-circuit O2 diving for the U.S. military. It was a small episode in World War II, but ultimately significant for environmental physiology and hyperbaric medicine. More importantly, it illustrates how practical problems can inspire fundamental understanding. Much of the military part of the story was classified until the mid1990s, when Sergeant Brian Danis, U.S. Army, brought it to light through the Freedom of Information Act.
Money Statistics of New England, 1785–1837

This paper brings together the existing commercial bank balance sheets for New England for the period 1785â€“1837. Approximately 79 percent of all balance sheets issued have been found, and data from these are presented in aggregated form. Data compiled from available statements were then used to estimate the balance sheets of missing banks and the missing items on individual balance sheets. The variables used in estimating included authorized capital stock, a time trend, age of bank, city population, paid-in capital, deposits, loans and discounts, bank notes in circulation, and reserves. The actual and estimated balance sheets are then combined and presented.
Neural mechanisms of planning: A computational analysis using event-related fMRI

To investigate the neural mechanisms of planning, we used a novel adaptation of the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) task and event-related functional MRI. Participants were trained in applying a specific strategy to an isomorph of the five-disk TOH task. After training, participants solved novel problems during event-related functional MRI. A computational cognitive model of the task was used to generate a reference time series representing the expected blood oxygen level-dependent response in brain areas involved in the manipulation and planning of goals. This time series was used as one term within a general linear modeling framework to identify brain areas in which the time course of activity varied as a function of goal-processing events. Two distinct time courses of activation were identified, one in which activation varied parametrically with goal-processing operations, and the other in which activation became pronounced only during goal-processing intensive trials. Regions showing the parametric relationship comprised a frontoparietal system and include right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [Brodmann's area (BA 9)], bilateral parietal (BA 40/7), and bilateral premotor (BA 6) areas. Regions preferentially engaged only during goal-intensive processing include left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44). The implications of these results for the current model, as well as for our understanding of the neural mechanisms of planning and functional specialization of the prefrontal cortex, are discussed.
Sample Purity and the N.Q.R. of Cl35 in KClO3 at 0° C.

It is shown that careful preparation is necessary to achieve a consistent value for the Cl35 nuclear quadrupole resonance frequency in KClO3 samples at 273.16 °K (the triple point of water). This is illustrated by measurements on a number of samples. It is suggested that the N.Q.R. frequency of Cl35 in KClO3 at 273.16 °K and atmospheric pressure is 28,213,372 ±2 Hz. This value is compared with measurements made by previous workers which show a considerable spread.
2-amino-2,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-DL-ribitol: an amino sugar derivative having nitrogen in the ring

Abstract A direct, high-yielding route for synthesis of a pyrrolidine analog of a 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose is reported. The synthesis involves modification of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid by reduction followed by a hydroxylation step. The structure and stereochemistry of 2,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-2-p-toluenesulfonamido- DL -ribitol (5a) was established by chemical transformations and by 13C n.m.r. data.
SORTILIN: many headed hydra.

Human genome-wide association studies have yielded a cornucopia of novel genetic loci that are associated with lipoprotein levels and coronary artery disease. However, a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms has for the majority proven elusive. A notable exception may be a widely replicated coronary artery disease locus at the chromosome 1p13 locus: the major alleles at this locus are present in ≈65% to 80% of whites, and homozygosity of the major alleles, as opposed to homozygosity of the minor alleles, is associated with a 20% to 40% increase in the risk of myocardial infarction and ≤16 mg/dL higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels.1–3 The minor allele single nucleotide polymorphism with strongest association creates a functional C/EBPα binding site that increases the expression of SORT1 in human hepatocytes.3 Studies in mice have shown that increased hepatic expression of human SORT1 reduces the secretion of very LDL (VLDL) and increases the uptake of LDL into hepatocytes by a non-LDL receptor (LDLR)–mediated pathway, thus lowering LDL levels (Figure).3,4 Studies in obese mice have revealed that Sort1 is regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress, which decreases hepatic Sort1 expression and consequently increases ApoB and VLDL secretion.5,6 Figure. SORTILIN regulates ApoB and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion by the liver and LDL uptake in the liver and macrophages. In the basal state, hepatic SORTILIN is cleaved in the Golgi and then acts as a chaperone for VLDL/apoB secretion. At higher levels of expression, the cleavage capacity of the enzymes in the Golgi is exceeded, and SORTILIN transports VLDL/apoB from the Golgi to the lysosome for degradation. In plasma, VLDL is …
The Incidence of Circulating Antibodies at the Time of Pathology Defined Antibody-Mediated Rejection after Heart Transplantation

Purpose The diagnosis of antibody mediated rejection (AMR) is standardized based on the ISHLT pAMR grading scale which stratifies biopsies based on the presence or absence of histological and immunological changes. By this scale, pAMR1 is defined as the presence of histological or immunological changes on biopsy, and is termed “suspicious” for AMR, while pAMR2 requires both histological and immunological changes and is termed “positive” for AMR. Severe changes merit a diagnosis of pAMR3. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of circulating antibodies in patients with pAMR1versus pAMR2 and pAMR3. Methods and Materials We evaluated 191 biopsies graded according to the new ISHLT AMR grading scale. Biopsies were pAMR 0 (n=127), pAMR 1 (n=53), pAMR 2 (n=8), pAMR 3 (n=3). The presence of circulating antibodies was assessed within 2 weeks of the biopsy sample. Subsequent 1 year survival following the pAMR on biopsy was assessed. Results Nonspecific antibodies and donor specific antibodies (DSA) were more commonly associated with pAMR2 and pAMR3 on biopsy. Left ventricular function and subsequent 1 year survival did not differ among groups ( Table ). Conclusions Circulating antibodies, including DSA, are more common with pAMR 2 and pAMR 3 versus pAMR1 and pAMR0. These findings suggest that pAMR2/3 is a distinct entity from pAMR1 and supports the distinction between pAMR 2/3 and pAMR1 in the new ISHLT pAMR grading scale. Pub #: 33 Order: 1 pAMR Endpoints pAMR 0 (n=127) pAMR 1 (n=53) pAMR 2 (n=8) pAMR 3 (n=3) Mean Time to pAMR, Days ± SD - 24 ± 54 72 ± 126 216 ± 197* Positive PRA within 2 weeks of pAMR, n (%) 25/92 (27.2%) 19/51 (37.3%) 8/8 (100%)*,** 3/3 (100%)*,** DSA within 2 weeks of pAMR (%) 11/92 (12.0%) 10/51 (19.6%) 6/8 (75.0%) 3/3 (100%)*,** Subsequent 1 Year Survival, n (%) 122/127 (96.1%) 51/53 (96.2%) 7/8 (87.5%) 3/3 (100%) Mean Subsequent 1 year LVEF, % LVEF ± SD 58% ± 7% (n=80) 59% ± 7% (n=31) 59% ± 2% (n=3) 60% (n=2) *p
The Novel F-Box Protein Mfb1p Regulates Mitochondrial Connectivity and Exhibits Asymmetric Localization in Yeast

Although it is clear that mitochondrial morphogenesis is a complex process involving multiple proteins in eukaryotic cells, little is known about regulatory molecules that modulate mitochondrial network formation. Here, we report the identification of a new yeast mitochondrial morphology gene called MFB1 (YDR219C). MFB1 encodes an F-box protein family member, many of which function in Skp1-Cdc53/Cullin-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complexes. F-box proteins also act in non-SCF complexes whose functions are not well understood. Although cells lacking Mfb1p contain abnormally short mitochondrial tubules, Mfb1p is not essential for known pathways that determine mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Mfb1p is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial surface. Coimmunoprecipitation assays reveal that Mfb1p interacts with Skp1p in an F-box–dependent manner. However, Mfb1p does not coimmunoprecipitate with Cdc53p. The F-box motif is not essential for Mfb1p-mediated mitochondrial network formation. These observations suggest that Mfb1p acts in a complex lacking Cdc53p required for mitochondrial morphogenesis. During budding, Mfb1p asymmetrically localizes to mother cell mitochondria. By contrast, Skp1p accumulates in the daughter cell cytoplasm. Mfb1p mother cell-specific asymmetry depends on the F-box motif, suggesting that Skp1p down-regulates Mfb1p mitochondrial association in buds. We propose that Mfb1p operates in a novel pathway regulating mitochondrial tubular connectivity.
The Clinical Utility of Glycemic Index in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and one of its risk factors, obesity, are increasing at rapid rates in all age groups. Good glycemic control has been proven to reduce debilitating complications. Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) in the United States focuses on encouraging “complex” over “simple” carbohydrates and the quantity of carbohydrates consumed. In a number of countries worldwide, a quality marker for carbohydrates, the glycemic index, is promoted. This glycemic index (GI) quantifies a carbohydrate's expected impact on the blood glucose response postprandially. Lack of agreement exists among scientists in the United States as to the clinical benefits and patients' ability to comprehend GI. Many factors alter GI, including processing, ripening, and plant varieties. Modest clinical benefits on lipid and glucose levels have been documented. There are simple or complex approaches to enhance individualized MNT with GI in the management of this chronic disease.
Issues in integrating reusable Ada 9X objects into distributed real-time systems

A rapid prototyping tool for distributed real-time systems relies on a repository of reusable software components (or objects) to support application development. The goal is to quickly generate systems that meet hard real-time constraints. The components in the repository must be retrievable, easily reusable, and possess attributes that facilitate scheduling analysis. Components written in Ada 9X with appropriate attributes and structure enhance the methodology. >
Back-gated field effect in a double heterostructure modulation-doped field-effect transistor

An Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As/GaAs/Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As double heterojunction field-effect transistor has been fabricated, the novel feature being a pn junction back gate. A device with 2 mu m channel length has yielded a change in transconductance by a factor of 2 for a change in back gate voltage of 1 V. The performance of this device shows that this approach could be used in realising novel devices, such as velocity modulation transistors. Also, the change in threshold voltage with back gate bias could be useful in implementing digital circuits.
Combined tall cell carcinoma and Hürthle cell carcinoma (collision tumor) of the thyroid.

Abstract Tall cell carcinoma and Hurthle cell carcinoma are 2 aggressive forms of differentiated follicular-derived thyroid carcinomas. We present a case where these malignant tumors of thyroid coexisted. The tumor originated in the thyroid as a mixed tumor and metastasized as a tall cell tumor to the lymph nodes and as a Hurthle cell carcinoma to lungs. The coexistence of these tumor types is rare and sheds light on the histogenesis of Hurthle cell tumors and the metastatic behavior of combined tumors.
Walker receives the Flinn Award

Raymond Walker was awarded the Edward A. Flinn III Award at the AGU Fall Meeting Banquet on December 17, 1996, in San Francisco, California. The Flinn Award is awarded to recognize those individuals who personify the Union's motto “unselfish cooperation in research” through their facilitating, coordinating, and implementing activities. This award is given not more often than annually. The award citation and Walker's response are given here.
Levels of Obedience among U.S. and East African Children on an Experimental Task

Eighteen peri-urban East African (Kikuyu) and twenty suburban middle-class U.S. children aged five to nine were tested for obedience. Within each sample, every child was directed to carry out both a prescriptive and a proscriptive task by his own mother and by another sample child's mother. No differences were found for the proscriptive task (not touching toys), and all but two children in each sample were fully obedient. However, on the prescriptive task (picking up of blocks), a significantly larger proportion of the East African children were fully obedient, and, as a group, they obeyed at a significantly faster rate than the U.S. children. The finding corroborates expectations, based on ethnographic evidence, about the strong compliance training to which sub-Saharan societies subject their children.
Prediction and perception: Defensive startle modulation

Previous research indicates that predictive cues can dampen subsequent defensive reactions. The present study investigated whether effects of cuing are specific to aversive stimuli, using modulation of the blink startle reflex as a measure of emotional reactivity. Participants viewed pictures depicting violence, romance/erotica, or mundane content. On half of all trials, a cue (color) predicted the content of the upcoming picture; on the remaining trials, scenes were presented without a cue. Acoustic startle probes were presented during picture viewing on trials with predictive cues and trials without a cue. Replicating previous studies, blink reflexes elicited when viewing violent pictures that had not been preceded by a cue were potentiated compared to uncued mundane scenes, and reflexes were attenuated when viewing scenes of erotica/romance that had not been cued. On the other hand, reflex potentiation when viewing scenes of violence (relative to mundane scenes) was eliminated when these pictures were preceded by a predictive cue, whereas scenes of romance prompted reliable reflex attenuation regardless of whether pictures were cued or not. Taken together, the data suggest that cuing elicits an anticipatory coping process that is specific to aversive stimuli.
AN ANALYSIS OF DELIVERY-PERIOD BASIS DETERMINATION FOR LIVE CATTLE*

Because level and variability of the basis at the for arbitragers, and arbitrage will force the basis time a hedge is lifted affects level and variability of toward an absolute value equal to or less than returns from hedging [1, 4], an understanding of the transaction costs. determination of basis values is important both to The hypothesis that the absolute value of the hedgers and to those with regulatory responsibilities. par-delivery-point basis does not exceed transaction This analysis focuses on the determination of par- costs during delivery periods for live-cattle contracts delivery-point basis values during the delivery period is examined in the following section. Then, a general of a live-cattle futures contract; i.e., on determination model of par-delivery-point cash price and basis of the difference between futures price and cash price determination in the delivery period is developed and for a lot of live cattle that meets all futures contract analyzed. Next, an estimable reduced-form equation specifications (including place and time of delivery). is derived for the equilibrium par-delivery-point basis Results of the analysis suggest that, during the in the delivery period. Results obtained by estimating delivery period, par-delivery-point basis values for live this equation are presented and discussed. Finally, cattle frequently differ from zero by more than the some conclusions and policy recommendations are transaction costs associated with arbitrage, and that offered. fluctuations in basis values may be partly explained by trader expectations and by risk associated with returns to arbitrage. returns to arbitrage.
Bisphosphonates promote apoptosis in murine osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo

Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and are therapeutically effective in diseases of increased bone turnover, such as Paget's disease and hypercalcemia of malignancy. The mechanisms by which they act remain unclear. Proposed mechanisms include inhibition of osteoclast formation from precursors and inhibitory or toxic effect on mature osteoclasts. We have developed a new in vitro model to study osteoclast survival and in this paper present in vitro and in vivo evidence that may explain both the observed reduction in osteoclast numbers and in bone resorption by mature osteoclasts, namely that bisphosphonates induce programmed cell death (apoptosis). Three bisphosphonates (risedronate, pamidronate, and clodronate) caused a 4- to 24-fold increase in the proportion of osteoclasts showing the characteristic morphology of apoptosis in vitro. This observation was confirmed in vivo in normal mice, in mice with increased bone resorption, and in nude mice with osteolytic cancer metastases, with similar-fold increases to those observed in vitro. Of the three compounds, risedronate, the most potent inhibitor of bone resorption in vivo, was the strongest inducer of osteoclast apoptosis in vitro. Osteoclast apoptosis may therefore be a major mechanism whereby bisphosphonates reduce osteoclast numbers and activity, and induction of apoptosis could be a therapeutic goal for new antiosteoclast drugs.
Analysis of left ventricular hemodynamics in physiological hyperspace

Our laboratory has previously shown that it is possible to elucidate novel physiological relationships by analyzing the left ventricular pressure (P) contour in the phase [time derivative of P (dP/dt) vs. P] plane (Eucker SA, Lisauskas JB, Singh J, and Kovacs SJ, J Appl Physiol 90: 2238-2244, 2001). To further characterize cardiac physiology, we introduce a method that combines P-volume (V) and phase plane-derived information in physiological hyperspace. From four-dimensional (P, V, dP/dt, time derivative of V) hyperspace, we consider three-dimensional embedding diagrams having dP/dt, P, and V as coordinate axes. Our method facilitates analysis of physiological function independent of inotropic state and permits assessment of P-V-based relationships in the phase plane and vice versa. To test feasibility, the method was applied to murine hemodynamic data. As predicted from first principles, the area of the P-V loop (ventricular external work) correlated closely (r = 0.97) with phase plane limit cycle area (external power). The P-V plane-derived linear (r = 0.99) end-systolic P-V relationship (maximum elastance) appeared linear in the phase plane (r = 0.85). We conclude that analysis of data in physiological hyperspace is generalizable: it facilitates quantitative characterization of ventricular systolic and diastolic function and can guide discovery of novel physiological relationships.
Current state and future of joint replacements in the hip and knee.

Joint replacements of the hip and knee are among the most clinically successful operations. According to figures compiled by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the number of primary total hip replacements performed in the USA was 220,000 in 2003. This was 38% more than in 1996 and this number is expected to rise to 572,000 (plus another 97,000 revisions) by 2030. The number of primary total knee replacements performed in 2003 was approximately 418,000 and is expected to rise exponentially with the increasing numbers of baby boomers and the aging population. Current research focuses not only on extending implant longevity, but also on improving function to meet the increased demands of today’s patients, who are likely to be younger and more active than their predecessors two decades ago. Potential advancements in arthroplasty surgery include new, more wear-resistant bearing surfaces, porous metals to enhance osseointegration and replace lost bone stock, a clearer understanding of the biological processes associated with periprosthetic osteolysis, minimally invasive surgery and computer assisted surgery. Long-term studies are needed to establish the efficacy of these new technologies.
Skin Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disease that affects the intestinal tract via an inflammatory process. Patients who suffer from IBD often have diseases that affect multiple other organ systems as well. These are called extraintestinal manifestations and can be just as, if not more debilitating than the intestinal inflammation itself. The skin is one of the most commonly affected organ systems in patients who suffer from IBD. The scientific literature suggests that a disturbance of the equilibrium between host defense and tolerance, and the subsequent over-activity of certain immune pathways are responsible for the cutaneous disorders seen so frequently in IBD patients. The purpose of this review article is to give an overview of the types of skin diseases that are typically seen with IBD and their respective pathogenesis, proposed mechanisms, and treatments. These cutaneous disorders can manifest as metastatic lesions, reactive processes to the intestinal inflammation, complications of IBD itself, or side effects from IBD treatments; these can be associated with IBD via genetic linkage, common autoimmune processes, or other mechanisms that will be discussed in this article. Ultimately, it is important for healthcare providers to understand that skin manifestations should always be checked and evaluated for in patients with IBD. Furthermore, skin disorders can predate gastrointestinal symptoms and thus may serve as important clinical indicators leading physicians to earlier diagnosis of IBD.
Study of Repellent Finish of Filtration Ability of Surgical Face Masks

A surgical face mask is an important medical device used to protect both surgical patients and operating room personnel from the transfer of microorganisms, body fluids and particulate material. In this research, the effect of repellent finish on filtration ability of surgical face masks was studied. In determining the filtration ability of surgical face masks, a technique using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) was used to determine particle capture. Small particles present on/in nonwoven fabrics of the face masks were located using LSCM. Then, image analysis was used to quantify the small particles by total area to evaluate the filtration ability. The results showed that the filtration layer was the primary contributor to the barrier effectiveness of the surgical face mask. Statistical analysis was performed and the results showed that although repellent finish decreased the filtration ability of the cover layer, it did not affect the filtration ability of the filtration layer.
LOP1: a gene involved in auxin transport and vascular patterning in Arabidopsis

We have taken a genetic approach to understanding the mechanisms that control vascular patterning in the leaves of higher plants. Here we present the identification and characterization of the lop1 mutant of Arabidopsis which is defective in basipetal transport of IAA. Mutant leaf midveins show disoriented axial growth, and bifurcation into twin veins that are frequently rotated out of the normal dorsal/ventral axis of the leaf. Mutant plants also display abnormal patterns of cell expansion in the midrib cortex and in the epidermis of the elongation zone of lateral roots. Lateral roots show abnormal curvature during initiation, sometimes encircling the primary root prior to growth in a normal downward direction. Mutant seedlings have normal levels of free IAA, and appear normal in auxin perception, suggesting that transport is the primary lesion. The abnormalities in vascular development, lateral root initiation and patterns of cell expansion observed in the lop] mutant are consistent with a basic disruption in basipetal transport of IAA.
The Effect of Emergency Medicine Residents on Clinical Efficiency and Staffing Requirements

Objectives The effect of emergency medicine (EM) residents on the clinical efficiency of attending physicians is controversial. The authors hypothesized that implementing a new EM residency program would result in an increase in relative value units (RVUs) generated per hour by attending physicians and decrease staffing requirements. Methods This was a retrospective observational analysis of an emergency department before, during, and after the establishment of a new EM residency program. We analyzed the change in RVUs billed, patients seen, and hours worked by attending physicians, midlevel providers (MLPs), and residents, and addressed potential confounding factors. Results The clinical efficiency of attending physicians increased by 70%, or 4.98 RVUs/hour (from 7.12 [SD ± 1.4] RVUs/hour to 12.1 [SD ± 2.2] RVUs/hour, p < 0.001) with the implementation of an EM residency program. Overall, net department RVU generation rose by 32%, even as attending physician coverage decreased by 6.3% (p < 0.05), and MLP coverage dropped by 60% (p < 0.05). We estimated that the implementation of the residency saved 4,860 hours of attending physician coverage and 5,828 hours of MLP coverage per year. This represents an estimated $1,741,265 in annual staffing savings, comparable to the residency program's annual operating cost of $1,821,108. Conclusions The implementation of an EM residency program had a positive effect on the clinical efficiency of attending physicians and decreased staffing requirements.