cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical models for the reflection coefficients of lossy dielectric half-spaces with application to transient responses of chirped pulses

Reflection coefficients are found at normal incidence for a large class of homogeneous lossy half-spaces with a one-dimensionally inhomogeneous or stratified lossy layer on top. Solutions are in terms of Hankel functions of complex argument to decrease cancellation error at high frequencies. One special case is that of layers on a homogeneous half-space where the dielectric constant in each layer may vary in a quite general manner. A Wronskian is used to insure the critical computations are correct. The reflection of chirped pulses is considered. Solutions are obtained by applying the fast Fourier transform. It is found that for a typical relatively long normalized "long" pulse the power reflected as a function of time is essentially the power reflection coefficient for the frequencies swept out, whereas for a relatively short "long" pulse, with the same relative change in frequency and the same number of oscillations there is only the uniform attenuation by the power reflection coefficient of the center frequency. By a "long" pulse we mean a pulse whose spatial length is long compared to the thickness of the reflecting layer.
Auxin Effects on the Aggregation and Heat Coagulability of Cytoplasmic Proteins and Lipoproteins

The kinetics of induction of heat stability of cytoplasmic proteins and lipoproteins by auxin (2,4,-D) were determined for basal sections of soybean hypocotyl. Maximum heat stabilization occurred after 4 h of tissue incubation with 10-5M 2,4-D. The effect was less pronounced or absent with longer incubations. Membrane fractions sedimenting between 10,000 and 100,000 g and proteins of the 100,000 g supernatant were most affected. The auxin-induced protein aggregation response varied among experiments. With many tissue lots, the response was small or absent even though the tissue responded to the auxin uniformly by increased growth. The magnitude of response was proportional to the logarithm of auxin concentration but with low 2,4-D the portion of the homogenate protein coagulated by heat was increased and with supraoptimal concentrations it was decreased relative to the control. The smallest auxin-induced change in heat coagulability was observed at the auxin concentration nearest the optimum for growth. No direct correlation was found between the auxin-induced protein and lipo-protein aggregation phenomenon and total protein, chloroform-extractable lipid, residual lipid, growth or tissue deformability. Total sulfhydryl equivalent of the homogenates, however, did correlate with auxin effects on aggregation. This result, plus experiments where homogenates were exposed to oxidizing or reducing conditions, suggests that heat stabilization and associated protein aggregation phenomena are related to conversion of protein sulfhydryl to intramolecular disulfide bonds. No significance is attached to heat stabilization of cytoplasmic proteins as a requisite of auxin-induced growth.
Within‐plant distribution of a galling adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae): the consequences of conflicting survivorship, growth, and reproduction

. 1. Adelges cooleyi (Gil.) was rarely found in the top-most whorl of shoots in its host plant Engelmann spruce. 2. The survivorship of the few Adelges fundatrices which did colonize the top whorl was at or near zero for the 3 years in which survivorship was assessed, while survivorship in the bottom whorls was at least 60%. 3. In contrast, when an Adelges fundatrix did survive in the top whorl, her growth and reproductive output, and the growth of her progeny, the gallicolae, were at least double that of bottom whorl fundatrices. 4. The distribution of fundatrices within spruce trees was strongly correlated (R2=0.934) with fundatrix fitness (=survivorship × fecundity × growth). 5. We hypothesize that the vigorous growth of top whorl shoots promotes Adelges growth and fecundity, but the earlier growth of these shoots results in low temperature mortality of fundatrices.
Fibers from polyurethanes based on halogen-substituted bisphenols

Fibers were prepared on an experimental scale by wet and dry spining from eight, nonelastomeric polyurethanes based on halogen-substituted bisphenols. The fibers had properties suited to clothing textile uses. They were examined primarily for their potential in wash and wear fabrics. The fibers had moderate water absorption, low shrinkage in hot water, modest lowering of tensile properties under wet conditions, high tensile and work recoveries, and good stability to ultraviolet light. The polyurethanes from piperazines and 2,2-bis (4-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl) propane bischloroformate had unusually high thermal transitions and good solubility combined with ease of orientation and crystallization in fiber form. Fibers from the 2-methylpiperazine and homopiperazine urethanes were converted to fabrics. These fabrics exhibited a silklike handle, good wash wrinkle recovery, resistance to soil and bleach, stability to ironing at 200°C, and very low flammability.
Closure to “Wind Directionality Factors for Nonhurricane and Hurricane-Prone Regions” by Filmon Habte, Arindam Gan Chowdhury, DongHun Yeo, and Emil Simiu

Filmon Habte; Arindam Gan Chowdhury, M.ASCE; DongHun Yeo, M.ASCE; and Emil Simiu, F.ASCE Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International Univ., Miami, FL 33199. E-mail: fhabt003@fiu.edu Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International Univ., Miami, FL 33199. E-mail: chowdhur@fiu.edu Research Structural Engineer, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (corresponding author). E-mail: donghun.yeo@nist.gov NIST Fellow, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899. E-mail: emil.simiu@nist.gov
Rearing Temperature Influences Adult Response to Changes in Mating Status

Rearing environment can have an impact on adult behavior, but it is less clear how rearing environment influences adult behavior plasticity. Here we explore the effect of rearing temperature on adult mating behavior plasticity in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, a species that has evolved two seasonal forms in response to seasonal changes in temperature. These seasonal forms differ in both morphology and behavior. Females are the choosy sex in cohorts reared at warm temperatures (WS butterflies), and males are the choosy sex in cohorts reared at cooler temperatures (DS butterflies). Rearing temperature also influences mating benefits and costs. In DS butterflies, mated females live longer than virgin females, and mated males live shorter than virgin males. No such benefits or costs to mating are present in WS butterflies. Given that choosiness and mating costs are rearing temperature dependent in B. anynana, we hypothesized that temperature may also impact male and female incentives to remate in the event that benefits and costs of second matings are similar to those of first matings. We first examined whether lifespan was affected by number of matings. We found that two matings did not significantly increase lifespan for either WS or DS butterflies relative to single matings. However, both sexes of WS but not DS butterflies experienced decreased longevity when mated to a non-virgin relative to a virgin. We next observed pairs of WS and DS butterflies and documented changes in mating behavior in response to changes in the mating status of their partner. WS but not DS butterflies changed their mating behavior in response to the mating status of their partner. These results suggest that rearing temperature influences adult mating behavior plasticity in B. anynana. This developmentally controlled behavioral plasticity may be adaptive, as lifespan depends on the partner’s mating status in one seasonal form, but not in the other.
A STUDY OF NON- DARCY FLOW SIMULATION IN FRACTURED GAS WELLS

The resistance to flow of low viscosity gas in fractured wells with high conductivity fractures decreases and flow velocity rapidly increases, non-darcy flow near wellborn occurs. There is a big gap between the production performance prediction on the fractured wells using the typical curves developed by darcy flow law and practice. On the basis of the non-darcy flow factor, this paper presents the non-darcy flow mathematical model of real gas in the reservoir and fracture. The corresponding numerical model and solution methodology is derived by the finite difference method and the numerical algorithm of non-darcy flow factor is derived. The pressure performance at buttonhole, formation and propped fractures and non-darcy factors in the fractured gas well production are simulated and calculated. The results show the non-darcy flow exited in the fractured wells has much effect on the pressure and production performance. The effect has more notable in the lower conductivity or higher productivity well. The model and methodology can be applied to the performance prediction in a fractured well.
DCC: Double Capacity Cache Architecture for Narrow-Width Values

Modern caches are designed to hold 64-bits wide data, however a proportion of data in the caches continues to be narrow width. In this paper, we propose a new cache architecture which increases the effective cache capacity up to 2X for the systems with narrow-width values, while also improving its power efficiency, bandwidth, and reliability. The proposed double capacity cache (DCC) architecture uses a fast and efficient peripheral circuitry to store two narrow-width values in a single wordline. In order to minimize the latency overhead in workloads without narrow-width data, the flag bits are added to tag store. The proposed DCC architecture decreases cache miss-rate by 50%, which results in 27% performance improvement and 30% higher dynamic energy efficiency. To improve reliability, DCC modifies the data distribution on individual bits, which results in 20% and 25% average static-noise margin (SNM) improvement in L1 and L2 caches respectively.
A parallel and comparative study on detection of leptospirosis in different samples

Objective:To evaluate and compare the value of serum and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) samples in diagnosis of leptospirosis and to understand the prevalence of leptospirosis in patients.Methods: Both serum and CSF samples were collected from patients and tested for leptospira by microscopic agglutination test(MAT).Results: The overall positive rate in serum samples was 35.07%(47/134),including a strong positive rate of 11.19%(15/134) and a weak positive rate of 23.88%(32/134);while the positive rate in CSFs was only 2.24%(3/134).The difference of positive rates in serum and CSF samples was statistically significant(χ2=24.01,P0.01).The prevalence of leptospira was significantly different between serum and CSF samples(χ2=5.68,P0.05).Conclusion: In acute samples,CSFs gave a positive MAT result only when the MAT titer in sera reached 1:1600,indicating the detection rate in sera was higher than that in CSFs.Furthermore,serum samples have the advantages over CSFs that they are easier to obtain and less traumatic,and therefore serum is the suitable sample in diagnosis of leptospirosis.
Analysis and Monitoring of Adverse Events IUD Recommendations

Intrauterine device monitoring and reporting adverse events related to China's family planning work and the general physical and mental health of women of childbearing age in recent years,the number of reported adverse events IUD showed a rising trend.As a Drug authorities should enhance their understanding,a clear self-responsibility,really firmly,grasping small,grasping in place,the majority of women of childbearing age to ensure safe and effective use of firearms.
Research and Development of Wind Power Generation Monitoring System Based on Object-Oriented Modeling

To implement the interconnection and intercommunication among equipments in wind farm, IEC drafted the IEC61400-25 to propose a unified standard for information model and monitoring system of intelligent wind farm. Analyzed the history and current situation of wind farm monitoring systems home and abroad, the principle and method for IEC61400-25 based wind farm information model and information exchange model are presented in the viewpoint of object-orientation, and five communication protocols that IEC61400-25 supports are compared. According to the intelligent renovation requirement of a certain wind farm that is put into operation, the manufacturing message specification(MMS) is chosen as the communication mapping protocol for the informatization modeling of wind farm and the informatization modeling of intelligent electronic devices(IED) for wind power generator units, besides the key details and concrete configuration method during the modeling are discussed. A method of how to add communication protocol dispatchers is put forward and the processes of implementing the switch between different messages and address mapping in the communication protocol dispatcher as well as the configuring way for the configuration file are emphatically presented to implement the coordination and communication among three different types of IEDs from two manufacturers. In addition, the structural framework of wind farm monitoring system containing communication protocol dispatchers is explained to offer a transitional scheme of intelligent renovation in future for wind farms that would have been put into operation.
The Human in Flight: From Kinesthetic Sense to Cognitive Sensibility

Publisher Summary Technological advances since the early days of flight have significantly transformed the aircraft cockpit and have altered the relationships among the human pilot, the aircraft, and the environment. Consistent with technological advances in aviation, the role of the pilot has evolved from one characterized by sensory, perceptual, memory, and motor skills to one characterized primarily by cognitive skills. This chapter aims: (1) to trace the technological evolution of the aircraft cockpit and of the flying task; (2) to describe issues inherent in the naturalistic side of the hybrid ecology, the need for correspondence, or accuracy in perception and judgment, in dealing with external environmental factors such as ambiguity and probabilism of cues, and the dangers of errors in correspondence; (3) to describe issues inherent in the electronic side of the hybrid ecology, including the need for analytical and consistent use of information, the need for coherence, or rational use of data and information in dealing with the internal, electronic environment, and the dangers of coherence errors; and (4) to discuss the integration of the two sides of the hybrid ecology and challenges for the design of Next Generation (NextGen) aircraft.
Repurposing FDA-approved drugs for anti-aging therapies.

There is great interest in drugs that are capable of modulating multiple aging pathways, thereby delaying the onset and progression of aging. Effective strategies for drug development include the repurposing of existing drugs already approved by the FDA for human therapy. FDA approved drugs have known mechanisms of action and have been thoroughly screened for safety. Although there has been extensive scientific activity in repurposing drugs for disease therapy, there has been little testing of these drugs for their effects on aging. The pool of FDA approved drugs therefore represents a large reservoir of drug candidates with substantial potential for anti-aging therapy. In this paper we employ FINDSITEcomb, a powerful ligand homology modeling program, to identify binding partners for proteins produced by temperature sensing genes that have been implicated in aging. This list of drugs with potential to modulate aging rates was then tested experimentally for lifespan and healthspan extension using a small invertebrate model. Three protein targets of the rotifer Brachionus manjavacas corresponding to products of the transient receptor potential gene 7, ribosomal protein S6 polypeptide 2 gene, or forkhead box C gene, were screened against a compound library consisting of DrugBank drugs including 1347 FDA approved, non-nutraceutical molecules. Twenty nine drugs ranked in the top 1 % for binding to each target were subsequently included in our experimental analysis. Continuous exposure of rotifers to 1 µM naproxen significantly extended rotifer mean lifespan by 14 %. We used three endpoints to estimate rotifer health: swimming speed (mobility proxy), reproduction (overall vitality), and mitochondria activity (cellular senescence proxy). The natural decline in swimming speed with aging was more gradual when rotifers were exposed to three drugs, so that on day 6, mean swimming speed of females was 1.19 mm/s for naproxen (P = 0.038), 1.20 for fludarabine (P = 0.040), 1.35 for hydralazine (P = 0.038), as compared to 0.88 mm/s in the control. The average reproduction of control females in the second half of their reproductive lifespan was 1.08 per day. In contrast, females treated with 1 µM naproxen produced 1.4 offspring per day (P = 0.027) and females treated with 10 µM fludarabine or 1 µM hydralazine produced 1.72 (P = <0.001) and 1.66 (P = 0.001) offspring per day, respectively. Mitochondrial activity naturally declines with rotifer aging, but B. manjavacas treated with 1 µM hydralazine or 10 µM fludarabine retained 49 % (P = 0.038) and 89 % (P = 0.002) greater mitochondria activity, respectively, than untreated controls. Our results demonstrate that coupling computation to experimentation can quickly identify new drug candidates with anti-aging potential. Screening drugs for anti-aging effects using a rotifer bioassay is a powerful first step in identifying compounds worthy of follow-up in vertebrate models. Even if lifespan extension is not observed, certain drugs could improve healthspan, slowing age-dependent losses in mobility and vitality.
Association of Parkinson's disease with hospitalization for traumatic brain injury

Purpose: The goal of our study was to determine if patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are more susceptible to hospitalization for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: The US Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was queried (2004–2011) to identify cohorts of patients with PD (N = 1 047 656) and without PD (N = 115 95 173). The age range of the study population was 60–89 years. The incidence of TBI among patients with PD was compared to the incidence of TBI in patients without PD. A multivariate logistic regression model, adjusted for all covariates that significantly differed in the bivariate analyses, was used to determine if PD was an independent predictor of TBI hospitalization. Results: The incidence of TBI hospitalization was significantly higher (relative risk: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.73–1.80) in the PD cohort. The PD cohort with TBI had fewer comorbidities and risk factors for falls/TBI compared to the non-PD cohort with TBI. The multivariable analysis, adjusting for other TBI risk factors, revealed t...
dot-app: a Graphviz-Cytoscape conversion plug-in

dot-app is a Cytoscape 3 app that allows Cytoscape to import and export Graphviz (.dot, .gv) files, also known as DOT files due to the .dot extension and their conformance to the DOT language syntax. The DOT format was originally created in the early 2000s to represent graph topologies, layouts and formatting. DOT-encoded files are produced and consumed by a number of open-source graph applications, including Graphviz, Gephi, Tulip, and others. While DOT-based graph applications are popular, they emphasize general graph layout and styling over the topological and semantic analysis functions available in domain-focused applications such as Cytoscape. While domain-focused applications have easy access to large networks (10,000 to 100,000 nodes) and advanced analysis and formatting, they do not have as many styling options as the Graphviz software suite. dot-app enables the interchange of networks between Cytoscape and DOT-compatible applications so that users can benefit from the features of both. dot-app was first deployed to the Cytoscape App Store in August 2015, has since registered more than 1,200 downloads, and has been highly rated by more than 20 users.
In vitro generation of renal tubular epithelial cells from fibroblasts: implications for precision and regenerative medicine in nephrology

Prior efforts to generate renal epithelial cells in vitro have relied on pluripotent or bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells. A recent publication in Nature Cell Biology describes the generation of induced tubular epithelial cells from fibroblasts, potentially offering a novel platform for personalized drug toxicity screening and in vitro disease modeling. This report serves as a promising proof of principle study and opens future research directions, including the optimization of the reprogramming process, efficient translation to adult human fibroblasts, and the generation of highly specific functional renal cell types.
Factors associated with antibiotic prescriptions for the viral origin diseases in office-based practices, 2006-2012.

ObjectiveTo test the potential association between time spent with a doctor and antibiotic overprescriptions in case of the common cold, runny nose, bronchitis, chest colds, flu, sore throats, and fluid in the middle ear.DesignCross-sectional studySettingOffice-based physicians in the US.ParticipantsA total of 261,623 patient visits recorded to office-based physicians in the US.Main outcome measuresThe interest outcome was unnecessary antibiotic prescription.ResultsThe analysis revealed five significant predictors of antibiotic prescriptions for suspected viral infections: length of doctor–patient encounter time, patient gender, spending time with a family medicine doctor, type of insurance, and the rate of antibiotic prescriptions per physician. For every additional minute a patient spent with a physician during a visit, the mean predicted probability of receiving unnecessary antibiotics decreased by 2.4%.ConclusionsThis study provided evidence that physicians continue to prescribe antibiotics in avoidab...
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a dog

Abstract A 2-year-old male intact Belgian Malinois was presented for exercise intolerance. A grade III/VI left basilar systolic murmur was detected. Echocardiography revealed moderate right atrial and ventricular dilation and increased pulmonic outflow velocity. Thoracic radiographs showed right heart enlargement and a dilated caudal vena cava. In addition, on the left lateral projection, an enlarged aberrant right cranial pulmonary lobar vein was suspected to be diverging ventrally from the course of the right cranial lobar bronchus and inserting more ventrally than normal in the region of the right atrium. A left-to-right pulmonary vascular shunt was suspected, and the patient underwent further diagnostics under general anesthesia. An agitated saline study was positive, suggestive of a concurrent right to left shunt. A right heart catheterization was performed. Angiography was inconclusive. Oximetry testing revealed an increase in oxygen saturation within the right atrium at the level of the caudal cava supportive of a left-to-right shunt in this region. Computed tomography angiography revealed a large single pulmonary vein that anomalously entered into the caudolateral aspect of the right atrium (left-to-right shunt) and was suspicious for a small arteriovenous malformation between the right caudal pulmonary artery and the right pulmonary vein returning to the left atrium (right to left shunt). The patient was diagnosed with a partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection and a possible arteriovenous malformation.
Papillae Formation on Trichome Cell Walls Requires the Function of the Mediator Complex Subunit Med25

Glassy Hair 1 (GLH1) gene that promotes papillae formation on trichome cell walls was identified as a subunit of the transcriptional mediator complex MED25. The MED25 gene is shown to be expressed in trichomes. The expression of the trichome development marker genes GLABRA2 (GL2) and Ethylene Receptor2 (ETR2) is not affected in the glh1 mutant. Presented data suggest that Arabidopsis MED25 mediator component is likely involved in the transcription of genes promoting papillae deposition in trichomes. The plant cell wall plays an important role in communication, defense, organization and support. The importance of each of these functions varies by cell type. Specialized cells, such as Arabidopsis trichomes, exhibit distinct cell wall characteristics including papillae. To better understand the molecular processes important for papillae deposition on the cell wall surface, we identified the GLASSY HAIR 1 (GLH1) gene, which is necessary for papillae formation. We found that a splice-site mutation in the component of the transcriptional mediator complex MED25 gene is responsible for the near papillae-less phenotype of the glh1 mutant. The MED25 gene is expressed in trichomes. Reporters for trichome developmental marker genes GLABRA2 (GL2) and Ethylene Receptor2 (ETR2) were not affected in the glh1 mutant. Collectively, the presented results show that MED25 is necessary for papillae formation on the cell wall surface of leaf trichomes and suggest that the Arabidopsis MED25 mediator component is likely involved in the transcription of a subset of genes that promote papillae deposition in trichomes.
Content Area Literacy in Ensemble Music Education: The Before-During-After Instructional Framework:

Teacher licensure policies and state standards for English/language arts have made content area literacy a necessary component for most music teacher education programs. Unlike teachers in other ar...
Abstract 16641: Post Admission Variability in OHCA Survival Outcomes in Pennsylvania

Background: Interhospital variability in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival outcomes have suggested the need for regionalizing care to tertiary centers. To date, no studies have explored variability in post-resuscitation outcomes across hospitals in Pennsylvania (PA). Objective: To examine inter-hospital variation in OHCA survival outcomes and assess key hospital characteristics associated with favorable survival in PA. Methods: Utilizing PA data from the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival, we analyzed outcomes among adult non-traumatic OHCA events. Analysis included hospitals with ≥ 30 cases during the study period who arrived to the ED with sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survived to hospital admission. Primary outcome was percent of patients with a favorable cerebral performance category score (CPC) of 1 or 2. Demographic and arrest care data were compared between the lowest and highest quartiles for favorable CPC. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess for correlation of indicators with outcomes. Results: Between Jan 2013 and Dec 2015, 1,699 OHCA from 47 hospitals were analyzed. Mean patient age was 62.5 ± 17.5 y. 43% were female, and 35% had a shockable initial rhythm. Hospital arrest volume ranged from 30 to 130 cases in the study period. Hospitals were grouped into quartiles based on percent of patients with a favorable discharge CPC. Significant variability existed when comparing lowest and highest quartiles (18.6% vs 50.3%, p Conclusions: These results demonstrate marked variability in favorable neurological outcomes across these 47 hospitals in PA. Frequency of post-arrest interventions such as angiography and TTM were not associated with favorable outcomes, suggesting that other unmeasured variables contribute to post-arrest care quality and outcomes, requiring further investigation.
Finding the Right Fit: Helping Students Apply Theory to Service-Learning Contexts.

Background: Although past studies of service-learning focus on assessing student growth, few studies address how to support students in applying theory to their service-learning experiences. Yet, t...
Fast ion transport at solid–solid interfaces in hybrid battery anodes

Carefully designed solid-electrolyte interphases are required for stable, reversible and efficient electrochemical energy storage in batteries. We report that hybrid battery anodes created by depositing an electrochemically active metal (for example, Sn, In or Si) on a reactive alkali metal electrode by a facile ion-exchange chemistry lead to very high exchange currents and stable long-term performance of electrochemical cells based on Li and Na electrodes. By means of direct visualization and ex situ electrodeposition studies, Sn–Li anodes are shown to be stable at 3 mA cm−2 and 3 mAh cm−2. Prototype full cells in which the hybrid anodes are paired with high-loading LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2(NCA) cathodes are also reported. As a second demonstration, we create and study Sn–Na hybrid anodes and show that they can be cycled stably for more than 1,700 hours with minimal voltage divergence. Charge storage at the hybrid anodes is reported to involve a combination of alloying and electrodeposition reactions. Solid-electrolyte interphases (SEI) play important roles in battery operations. Here, the authors report hybrid anodes by forming a Sn overlayer on alkali metal electrodes, leading to a robust SEI and consequently improved electrochemical performance.
Thermoresponsive Polymeric Assemblies and Their Biological Applications

Thermoresponsive polymeric assemblies are fabricated from thermoresponsive polymers based on the soluble to insoluble transition at the phase transition temperature. The architecture of the self-assemblies lies in the molecular level and influenced by the structural change of the thermoresponsive polymers. The formed nanoassemblies endow excellent biofunctions for biomedical applications. Typical thermoresponsive polymers are reviewed in this chapter. The design concept and key factors to influence the thermal behavior are also discussed and summarized. As the sprouting and promising field, in vivo self-assembled thermoresponsive polymeric assemblies are also discussed in this chapter.
Parasympathetic regulation in cognitive and emotional challenge contexts differentially predicts specific aspects of children's emotional functioning.

Parasympathetic regulation has been consistently linked with better emotional functioning in childhood, but it is still not clear if parasympathetic regulation serves as a transcontextual marker of adaptive emotional functioning or if this link is context-specific. This study tested this by examining the specificity of the relation between parasympathetic regulation in distinct types of challenge tasks and different aspects of children's emotional functioning. Emotional functioning included parent-reported emotional reactivity, parent-reported general emotion regulation ability, and child-reported emotion regulation strategy knowledge. One hundred and forty-four 4- to 9-year-olds (M = 6.88 years; SD = 1.80; 52% girls) participated in a cognitive (inhibitory control) and two discrete emotional (disappointing, fear-eliciting) challenges. Resting and reactive indices of respiratory sinus arrhythmia quantified parasympathetic regulation. Emotional reactivity was predicted by parasympathetic regulation during the cognitive challenge, general emotion regulation was predicted by regulation during the fear-eliciting task, and emotion regulation strategy knowledge was predicted by regulation during the disappointment task. Results highlight the importance of considering task context in investigations of how parasympathetic regulation relates to children's functioning.
The Joan of Arc Trial: Selected Links

This is a brief bibliography of websites providing links to primary texts, books, plays, movies, artwork, and quotes attributed to Joan of Arc who burned at the stake by the English after rallying French forces during the Hundred Years War. It also includes links to the full texts of Joan's "examination" and her trial translated into English as well as the historical context of the Hundred Years War, including the English perspective.
A national overview of surgical misadventures in head and neck surgery: "Oh No, You Cut It".

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To examine the risk and prevalence of accidental intraoperative injury reported during head and neck surgeries and the associated outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional analysis. METHODS An analysis utilizing the Nationwide Readmissions Database, 2010 to 2014. Adult patients with a reported accidental intraoperative injury were compared to controls without such injuries. RESULTS A total of 173 cases and 105,659 controls were included. Most cases were reported in surgeries of the mouth/tonsils (29.4%) and maxillofacial bones/mandible (22.5%). The remaining cases were reported in surgeries of the pharynx/larynx (17.5%), nose/paranasal sinuses (15.4%), salivary glands and ducts (6.2%), thyroid/parathyroid (5.2%), and ear (3.8%). The multivariate logistic regression model demonstrated that surgeries of the pharynx/larynx were associated with the highest risk of injuries compared to other site surgeries (odds ratio [OR]: 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49, 4.25, P < .001]. Concomitant neck dissection was also independently associated with the risk of injury (OR: 4.07, 95% CI: 2.05, 8.09, P < .001]. Compared to controls, cases were not associated with an increased risk of mortality (P = .63) or readmission (P = .29); however, those cases had a significantly longer hospital stay on average by 3.64 ± 0.95 days/case (P < .001) and a higher cost of treatment on average by $13,478 ± 119.42/case (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study reports on the prevalence and outcomes of accidental intraoperative injuries reported in head and neck surgeries. The prevalence is relatively low, and the annual trend appears stable; however, it is associated with a significant burden on the health system. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:918-924, 2020.
Effects of phosphorus and ectomycorrhizas on the carbon balance of loblolly pine seedlings

(...) Both phosphorus fertilization and mycorrhizal development caused a substantial increase in the net rate of photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation, but neither treatment resulted in significant changes in shoot-root allocation of dry matter or shoot dark respiration. At low and medium levels of mycorrhizal development, the net photosynthetic response to mycorrhizal formation appeared to be due to enhanced P nutrition. However, at high levels of mycorrhizal development, as much as 17% of the total increase in the net photosynthetic rate that resulted from mycorrhizal development, may be attributed to mechanisms other than enhanced phosphorus nutrition. (...)
A Global Summary of Local Residents’ Attitudes toward Protected Areas

One proxy for measuring the prevalence of positive park-people relationships is people’s attitudes toward protected areas. In this paper, I summarize 83 studies that capture local communities’ attitudes toward 132 protected areas resulting in 117 cases that capture people’s attitudes toward protected areas. In 84% of the cases, the majority of respondents had positive attitudes toward the protected area. In 56% of the cases, more than 75% of respondents had positive attitudes toward the protected area. People were most positive toward protected areas in Latin America and Africa, followed by Asia and Europe. Although not significant, people were more positive toward larger, older, less strictly protected, and sub-nationally managed protected areas. The preponderance of positive attitudes suggests that we should not underestimate people’s support for protected areas and their potential willingness to participate in conservation efforts.
Regulations and Policy Regarding On-Site Wastewater Disposal Systems

There are no Federal Environmental Protection Agency regulations regarding the design of on-site wastewater systems in the United States. In 1957 the U.S. Public Health Service published a document entitled “Manual of Septic Tank Practice” (1) which represented the first major compilation of post-World War II research. Prior to that time the states had administered a wide variety of codes, almost as many and varied as the number of states involved in their administration. The Manual of Septic Tank Practice (MSTP) had such an influence on the various codes that by 1971, a study of state septic tank-soil absorption system (ST-SAS) codes showed that modal values for ST-SAS design were identical to the MSTP (2). However, as the next decade unfolded, an unofficial survey of state codes revealed that all but three of the responding 47 states had revised their conventional ST-SAS regulations (3). This discussion will focus on the trends apparent in the changes in state regulations and their interpretation in light of recent research studies following a brief overview of how these regulations are administered.
Theory Amid Policy and Practice: A Typology of Theory Use in Educational Leadership Scholarship:

In the field of educational leadership, there is some work around the preferred theories of scholars, but little to no research on how the chosen theories are subsequently applied. Better understan...
Utility of HAS-BLED and CHA2DS2-VASc Scores Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Imaging Evidence of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy.

Abstract Objective To determine the utility of the HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile international normalized ratio, Elderly, Drugs/alcohol concomitantly) and CHA2DS2-VASc (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes, previous Stroke/transient ischemic attack–VAScular disease) scores among patients on anticoagulation (AC) therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF) who have evidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Patients and Methods Patients older than 55 years with a diagnosis of AF who had a nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) while on AC therapy between 1995 and 2016 were identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project Database. Medical records were reviewed, including imaging of the brain, to identify baseline characteristics, AC use, and outcomes. Results A total of 65 patients were identified (mean age, 81.3 years); 35 (53.8%) had evidence of possible/probable CAA. Mean HAS-BLED score in the CAA group was significantly lower (2.1) than that of the non-CAA group (2.9; P Conclusion HAS-BLED scores were lower in patients who had evidence of CAA compared with those without, suggesting underestimation of ICH risk in patients with CAA. CHA2DS2-VASc scores did not affect resumption of AC therapy. ICH recurrence was higher in patients with CAA than their HAS-BLED scores predicted. Current risk assessment scoring systems do not accurately account for CAA in patients with AF on AC.
HIV post-exposure prophylaxis in the emergency department: An updated assessment and opportunities for HIV prevention identified.

Abstract Objectives Research suggests nonoccupational post exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) is under prescribed for people seeking treatment within 72 h of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposures in the emergency department (ED). This study is an assessment of ED prescribers' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding administration of HIV nPEP. Methods This was an anonymous survey based on literature review and modified Delphi technique. We approached 153 ED participants at work over a 4-month period from 5 hospital-based and 2 freestanding EDs. There were 152 completed surveys: 80 attendings, 27 residents, and 44 physician assistants. Results The majority of those surveyed (133/149, 89.3%) believe it is their responsibility to provide HIV nPEP in the ED. Although 91% (138/151) and 87% (132/151) of participants are willing to prescribe nPEP for IV drug use and unprotected sex, respectively, only 40% (61/152) of participants felt they could confidently prescribe the appropriate regimen. Only 25% (37/151) of participants prescribed nPEP in the last year. Participants considered time (27%), connecting patients to follow-up (26%), and cost to patients (23%), as barriers to prescribing nPEP. Conclusions This study identified perceived barriers to administration of nPEP and missed opportunities for HIV prevention in the ED. Although most ED prescribers were willing to prescribe nPEP and felt it is their responsibility to do so, the majority of prescribers were not confident in prescribing it. The most commonly cited barriers to prescribing nPEP were time and access to follow-up care.
Hetero-oligomerization of Rho and Ras GTPases Connects GPCR Activation to mTORC2-AKT Signaling.

Summary The activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) leads to the activation of mTORC2 in cell migration and metabolism. However, the mechanism that links GPCRs to mTORC2 remains unknown. Here, using Dictyostelium cells, we show that GPCR-mediated chemotactic stimulation induces hetero-oligomerization of phosphorylated GDP-bound Rho GTPase and GTP-bound Ras GTPase in directed cell migration. The Rho-Ras hetero-oligomers directly and specifically stimulate mTORC2 activity toward AKT in cells and after biochemical reconstitution using purified proteins in vitro. The Rho-Ras hetero-oligomers do not activate ERK/MAPK, another kinase that functions downstream of GPCRs and Ras. Human KRas4B functionally replace Dictyostelium Ras in mTORC2 activation. In contrast to GDP-Rho, GTP-Rho antagonizes mTORC2-AKT signaling by inhibiting the oligomerization of GDP-Rho with GTP-Ras. These data reveal that GPCR-stimulated hetero-oligomerization of Rho and Ras provides a critical regulatory step that controls mTORC2-AKT signaling.
Persistence During Childhood Problem-Solving as a Predictor of Active Suicidal Ideation During Adolescence.

Clarifying longitudinal, behavioral predictors for adolescent suicidality could enhance prediction and treatment efforts. We examined whether childhood attentional focusing, persistence, and problem-solving behavior are associated with risk for adolescent suicidal ideation. Participants were 116 twins, 40 of whom endorsed active suicidal ideation (i.e., probands), probands’ cotwins, and matched controls. Higher scores on a composite measure derived at mean age 7.7 years of (1) effort and work duration during two childhood problem-solving tasks (untangling yarn and attempting to solve an unsolvable puzzle), (2) mother reported attentional focusing, and (3) observer reported persistence predicted decreased risk for suicidal ideation at mean age 14.4 years. This prediction held when comparing probands with controls (B = -1.01, SE = 0.38, p = 0.01, OR = 0.37) and with their cotwins (B = -0.86, SE = 0.38, p = 0.02, OR = 0.42). Our findings indicate that childhood problem-solving behavior relates meaningfully to risk for suicidal thoughts approximately 7 years later, on average. These results underscore how longitudinal behavioral risk factors could enhance prediction and treatment of adolescent suicidal ideation.
Creating a Market for Education

Much of the failure of the accountability framework introduced in the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) and continued under the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) can be attributable to lofty goals and lack of sufficient mechanisms to achieve those goals. NCLB set about to guarantee access, funding, and governance to high-performing schools for all. The threat of sanction and the ability for parents to opt out of the failing neighborhood public school were designed to achieve accountability, representatives, and equality; however, it proved little incentive for widespread improvement in the public schools. Unfortunately, there were no better schools available for students to choose, and in most cities, government remained the exclusive provider and near-exclusive producer of education services. Accountability through high-stakes testing did increase accountability to some degree as it shed light on poor-performing schools. As a result, parents discovered that far too many schools were failing to provide a quality education. The final chapter in this text develops a model for an open and competitive market for education. Key elements are discussed as well as the role of an accreditation framework for accountability.
Improving the theoretical description of Ln(III)/An(III) separation with phosphinic acid ligands: a benchmarking study of structure and selectivity.

The efficient separation of trivalent lanthanides from minor actinides with soft-donor ligands, while showing experimental promise, has theorists continuing to search for suitable approaches for describing and interpreting selectivity. To remedy this, we employ several computational methods in describing the structure of model M(H2PX2)3 complexes, with M = Eu and Am, and X = O, S, Se, and Te, and predicting the selectivity of model phosphinic acid ligands in Eu(III)/Am(III) separation. After first establishing a set of MP2 and CCSD(T)-DKH3 results as benchmarks, we evaluate several density functionals and descriptions of valence shells for their accuracy with respect to metal–ligand bonding and selectivity. We find that commonly employed functionals with a 0–27% range of exact exchange used with small-core effective core potentials or with an explicit treatment of the relativistic effects (DKH2) incorrectly predict a decrease in the metal–ligand bond distance in going from Eu(III) to Am(III) and completely fail to track a selectivity trend, even giving a wrong sign for some or all ligands. Surprisingly, when these functionals are used in conjunction with an f-in-core description of metal ions, the correct trend in selectivity is recovered, though Am–X distances are overestimated in relation to Eu–X. Functionals with high components of exact exchange (50%) and double-hybrid functionals are reasonably aligned with benchmark results, pointing to the problems of DFT with small exact exchange fractions to handle f-electrons. Natural bond orbital analyses reveal that these poorly performing functionals disproportionately overpopulate outer f orbitals in the model complexes. We anticipate that recommendations resulting from this work will lead to more accurate theoretical descriptions of lanthanide/actinide selectivity with soft-donor chalcogen-based ligands in the future.
Sodium 4-Phenylbutyrate Reduces Ocular Hypertension by Degrading Extracellular Matrix Deposition via Activation of MMP9

Ocular hypertension (OHT) is a serious adverse effect of the widely prescribed glucocorticoid (GC) therapy and, if left undiagnosed, it can lead to glaucoma and complete blindness. Previously, we have shown that the small chemical chaperone, sodium-4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), rescues GC-induced OHT by reducing ocular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the exact mechanism of how PBA rescues GC-induced OHT is not completely understood. The trabecular meshwork (TM) is a filter-like specialized contractile tissue consisting of TM cells embedded within extracellular matrix (ECM) that controls intraocular pressure (IOP) by constantly regulating aqueous humor (AH) outflow. Induction of abnormal ECM deposition in TM is a hallmark of GC-induced OHT. Here, we investigated whether PBA reduces GC-induced OHT by degrading abnormal ECM deposition in TM using mouse model of GC-induced OHT, ex vivo cultured human TM tissues and primary human TM cells. We show that topical ocular eye drops of PBA (1%) significantly lowers elevated IOP in mouse model of GC-induced OHT. Importantly, PBA prevents synthesis and deposition of GC-induced ECM in TM. We report for the first time that PBA can degrade existing abnormal ECM in normal human TM cells/tissues by inducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 expression and activity. Furthermore, inhibition of MMPs activity by chemical-inhibitor (minocycline) abrogated PBA’s effect on ECM reduction and its associated ER stress. Our study indicates a non-chaperone activity of PBA via activation of MMP9 that degrades abnormal ECM accumulation in TM.