cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selection of Optimal Solid Sorbents for CO2 Capture Based on Gas Phase CO2 composition

Abstract One method to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions is carbon capture via the separation of CO2 from gas streams that would otherwise be released to the atmosphere. In this work, we examine the applicability, performance, and desired material properties of solid sorbent materials to capture CO2 from gas streams with varying CO2 compositions. This paper focuses on optimizing material selection and process design for given applications and determines the effect on the calculated imposed load of performing carbon capture on various gas streams. For each gas stream for CO2 separation, an optimal separation material and operational process can be identified. Previous work on this topic has been focused on sorbent and process selection for CO2 separation from coal-derived flue gas [1] , [2] . In the current work, we expand the range of possible gas streams to include a wide range of CO2 concentrations from 1-99% CO2 with the balance N2. The purpose of this is not only to identify the sorbent materials that are energetically optimal for each application, but also to determine the effect of varying CO2 concentration on overall process performance. By quantifying the effect of increased CO2 concentration or partial pressure, trade-off curves can be calculated and the effect of combustion, pre-treatment, or recycle processes that can increase CO2 partial pressure can be analyzed. Further, this can provide a trade-off analysis between using process steps, such as recycling flue gas streams, to increase CO2 concentrations before carbon capture versus capturing CO2 directly from a lower concentration gas stream. Results include the range of materials that provide near-optimal energy performance for a given application and act as a guide for material developers.
Near field vector beam measurements at 1 THz

We have performed near-field vector beam measurements at 1.03 THz to characterize and align the receiver optics of a superconducting receiver. The signal source is a harmonic generator mounted on an X-Y translation stage. We model the measured two-dimensional complex beam pattern by a fundamental Gaussian mode, from which we derive the position of the beam center, the beam radius and the direction of propagation. By performing scans in the planes separated by 400 mm, we have confirmed that our beam pattern measurements are highly reliable.
In defence of proselytizing

In Ethics in the Sanctuary,' Margaret Battin argues that traditional evangelism, directed to promoting religious belief, practice, and affiliation, that is proselytizing, is morally questionable to the extent that it involves unwarranted paternalism in the interests of securing other-worldly benefits for potential converts. I argue that Christian evangelism is justified in order to make the this-worldly benefits of religious belief and practice available to everyone, to bring about an increase in religious affiliation for the purpose of providing a more supportive social environment for Christians, and to promote the survival of the institutional Church, which benefits Christians and nonChristians alike by maintaining church property, providing access to church buildings and doing liturgy visibly and publicly for the sake of all people.
Metal carcinogenesis: Mechanistic implications

Cancer epidemiology has identified several metal compounds as human carcinogens. Recent evidence suggests that carcinogenic metals induce genotoxicity in a multiplicity of ways, either alone or by enhancing the effects of other agents. This review summarizes current information on the genotoxicity of arsenic, chromium, nickel, beryllium and cadmium compounds and their possible roles in carcinogenesis. Each of these metals is distinct in its primary modes of action; yet there are several mechanisms induced by more than one metal, including: the induction of cellular immunity and oxidative stress, the inhibition of DNA metabolism and repair and the formation of DNA- and/or protein-crosslinks.
Engineering the Lymphatic System.

The recent advances in our understanding of lymphatic physiology and the role of the lymphatics in actively regulating fluid balance, lipid transport, and immune cell trafficking has been furthered in part through innovations in imaging, tissue engineering, quantitative biology, biomechanics, and computational modeling. Interdisciplinary and bioengineering approaches will continue to be crucial to the progression of the field, given that lymphatic biology and function are intimately woven with the local microenvironment and mechanical loads experienced by the vessel. This is particularly the case in lymphatic diseases such as lymphedema where the microenvironment can be drastically altered by tissue fibrosis and adipocyte accumulation. In this review we will highlight contributions that both engineering and mechanics have made to lymphatic physiology and will discuss areas that will be important for future research.
A Minsky Crisis

A model is developed to illustrate Hyman Minsky's financial crisis theories. A key assumption is that the level of wealth in the economy is determined mac-roeconomically, with the value of firms' assets responding to the state of confidence as reflected by discounted quasi rents on capital. The second assumption is that there is high substitutability between liabilities of firms and money in the public's portfolio. A downward shift in anticipated profits leads wealth to contract and the public to shift portfolio preferences toward money. Interest rates rise, leading to further dampening of expected profits, and a debt-deflation crisis can occur.
Outage Minimization and Fair Rate Allocation in Gaussian Interference Channels

We consider a memoryless narrowband Gaussian interference channel (GIC) where K single-antenna users communicate with their respective receivers using Gaussian code- books. Each receiver employs a successive group decoder with a specified complexity constraint, to decode its designated user. It is aware of the coding schemes employed by all other users and may choose to decode some or all of them only if it deems that doing so will aid the decoding of its desired user. For a GIC with predetermined rates for all users, we obtain the minimum outage probability decoding strategy at each receiver, which satisfies the imposed complexity constraint and reveals the optimal channel-dependent subset of interferers that must be decoded along with the desired user. We then consider the rate allocation problem over the GIC and design two distributed rate allocation algorithms which yield the symmetric fair rate allocation and the max-min fair rate allocation, respectively.
Dietary effects of the esters of butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids on food intake, weight gain, plasma glucose, and tissue lipid in the male white rat.

Eight saturated fatty acid esters were fed to male white rats for 30 days in a 1/81 fractional factorial experiment in which diets contained 12-38% of their total energy as lipid. Marked increases in food intake, feed efficiency, and weight gain were achieved when lipid provided 36% of diet energy, and when that lipid was more than half caproate, caprate, myristate, and/or stA©arate. Caproate was the only saturated fatty acid to increase the concentration of cholesterol in plasma and liver. Caproate also increased plasma glucose levels. The feeding of stA©arate or caprylate decreased plasma and liver cholesterol. Caprate increased liver fat. The short-chain fatty acids (butyrate to myristate) increased the concentration of fat in the carcass. J. Nutr. 105: 676-687, 1975.
Influence of abomasal carbohydrates on small intestinal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter activity and abundance in steers.

Most animals adapt readily to increased supplies of carbohydrate in the intestinal lumen by increasing enzymes for degradation and increasing glucose transporter activity. However, the extent of upregulation of Na + -dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) activity and content in response to increased delivery of carbohydrate to the small intestinal lumen of ruminants is unclear. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of glucose and starch hydrolysate on the activity and abundance of SGLT1 in the small intestine of steers. In a randomized complete block design, 40 crossbred beef steers (243 ± 2 kg BW) were fed 0.163 Mcal of ME/(kg BW 0.75 (d; W), 0.215 Mcal of ME/(kg BW 0.75 .d; 2M), or 0.163 Mcal ME/(kg BW 0.75 .d) and infused for 35 d into the rumen (R) or abomasum (A) with 12.6 g/(kg BW 0.75 .d) of starch hydrolysate (S) or into the abomasum with 14.4 g/(kg BW 0.75 .d) of glucose (G). Steers were slaughtered, and brush-border membrane vesicles were prepared from the small intestinal samples obtained from five equidistant sites along the intestine. Maltase activity in vesicles and homogenates differed with intestinal sampling site (quadratic, P < 0.001). Steers on the AG treatment yielded a greater intestinal maltase activity (38 nmol glucose.mg protein -1 .min -1 ) compared with the AS, RS, W, or 2M treatments (34, 26, 23, and 23 nmol glucose.mg protein - 1 .min -1 , respectively [SEM = 3; P = 0.02]). Sodium-dependent glucose uptake averaged 18.4 ± 3.94 pmol glucose/(mg protein.s) and was not affected by treatment, but uptake decreased distally along the intestine (P < 0.001). There was no effect of treatment on SGLT1 protein abundance, but SGLT1 protein abundance increased linearly from the duodenum to the ileum (P = 0.05). The inverse relationship between glucose uptake and SGLT1 abundance suggests that the regulation of brush border Na + -dependent glucose transport capacity is complex, involving factors other than the presence of luminal carbohydrate.
Perspective Taking, Gender, and Legal Instructions in a Sexual Harassment Case

We examined the roles of legal standards, perspective taking, and gender on sexual harassment judgments. Two-hundred and seventy-three undergraduates were randomly assigned to instruction and timing conditions in a 2 (participant sex) × 4 (legal standard/perspective-taking instruction) × 2 (timing of instructions) between-subjects factorial design. Perspective taking predicted verdicts and harassment ratings. Women more frequently found in favor of the female plaintiff than men, and these sex differences were mediated by perspective taking. Participants given instructions on reasonableness were less likely to find in favor of the plaintiff than those given no instructions on reasonableness, and timing of instructions impacted verdicts.
A novel high temperature optical probe

When a dielectric stack of 1/4 wave layers is deposited on an optical surface, a narrow band of wavelengths will be reflected. The peak reflection shifts with temperature change of the dielectric stack. This spectral shift is caused by the dn/dT and dL/dT of the film stack. Using a solid state spectrometer, the spectral shift can be traced to measure the temperature change. Currently, we can accurately measure temperatures from liquid nitrogen temperature to 1200/spl deg/C using a silica fiber. By depositing high temperature dielectric layers on a sapphire disc, we can measure temperature from the back reflected light of this disc, which can be mounted at the end of a small alumina tube. A collimation lens is used for illumination and collection of the reflected light signal from the disk. We have developed a sensitive algorithm for accurately tracing the spectral shift and converting this spectral shift into temperature.
Gibbs topological analysis for estimating phase equilibrium tie lines

A Gibbs topological analysis of the phase stability on a phase boundary is found to produce unique and physically meaningful equilibrium phase compositions, with no need for initial guesses and follow-up solution analyses. This alternative to the conventional flash is demonstrated for phase equilibria in binary and ternary mixtures.
Potential implication of the chemical properties and bioactivity of nitrone spin traps for therapeutics

Nitrone therapeutics has been employed in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The nitrone-based compound NXY-059, which is the first drug to reach clinical trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, has provided promise for the development of more robust pharmacological agents. However, the specific mechanism of nitrone bioactivity remains unclear. In this review, we present a variety of nitrone chemistry and biological activity that could be implicated for the nitrone’s pharmacological activity. The chemistries of spin trapping and spin adduct reveal insights on the possible roles of nitrones for altering cellular redox status through radical scavenging or nitric oxide donation, and their biological effects are presented. An interdisciplinary approach towards the development of novel synthetic antioxidants with improved pharmacological properties encompassing theoretical, synthetic, biochemical and in vitro/in vivo studies is covered.
Near-IR phosphorescent metalloporphyrin as a photochemical upconversion sensitizer.

The phosphorescent metalloporphyrin sensitizer PtTPTNP (TPTNP = tetraphenyltetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrin) has been successfully coupled with perylenediimide (PDI) or rubrene utilized as triplet acceptors/annihilators to upconvert 690 nm incident photons into yellow fluorescence through sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation at overall efficiencies in the 6–7% range while exhibiting exceptional photostability.
Acute aquatic treadmill exercise improves gait and pain in people with knee osteoarthritis.

Abstract Objective To examine the acute effects of aquatic and land treadmill exercise on gait kinematics as well as the level of disease-specific and movement-related pain for individuals with osteoarthritis. Design Quasi-experimental crossover design. Setting Biomechanics laboratory. Participants Participants (N=14; age, 43–64y) diagnosed with osteoarthritis at the knee (n=12), osteoarthritis at the knee and ankle (n=1), or osteoarthritis at the knee and hip (n=1). Interventions Participants performed 3 exercise sessions separated by at least 24 hours in 1 week for each mode of exercise (aquatic treadmill and land treadmill). Main Outcome Measures Gait kinematics and pain were measured before and after each intervention. Results The angular velocity gain score during stance for left knee extension was improved by 38% after aquatic treadmill exercise ( P =.004). Similarly, during swing, the gain scores for angular velocity were also greater for left knee internal rotation and extension by 65% and 20%, respectively ( P =.004, P =.008, respectively). During stance, the joint angle gain score for left hip flexion was 7.23% greater after land exercise ( P =.007). During swing, the angular velocity gain score for right hip extension was significantly greater for aquatic exercise by 28% ( P =.01). Only the joint angle gain score for left ankle abduction during stance was significantly higher after land exercise (4.72%, P =.003). No other joint angle gain scores for either stance or swing were significantly different for either condition ( P =.06–.96). Perceived pain was 100% greater after land than aquatic treadmill exercise ( P =.02). Step rate and step length were not different between conditions ( P =.31–.92). Conclusions An acute training period on an aquatic treadmill positively influenced joint angular velocity and arthritis-related joint pain. Acute aquatic treadmill exercise may be useful as a conservative treatment to improve angular speed of the lower-extremity joints and pain related to osteoarthritis.
“Building Better Men” The CCC Boy and the Changing Social Ideal of Manliness

In its nine-year existence, the Civilian Conservation Corps employed over 2.9 million young, unmarried men on a variety of conservation projects. Along with providing relief, the CCC, its supporters claimed, could literally “re-build” America's young working-class men, who many thought had become demoralized—emasculated, even—by the effects of the Great Depression. Through a program consisting of heavy manual labor, vocational and technological training, civic and political education, and an intensely homosocial living and working environment, the CCC sought to produce an economically independent, responsible, and above all, “manly” male working class. This paper examines the changing image of manliness publicized by the CCC, highlighting the shift from the athletic manual laborer of the early 1930s to the highly trained citizen-soldier of the immediate pre-World War II period. It then links this changing ideal of manhood to larger socio-economic, political, and cultural changes influencing American socie...
Underage Access to Online Alcohol Marketing Content: A YouTube Case Study

AIMS: With the proliferation of the Internet and online social media use, alcohol advertisers are now marketing their products through social media sites such as YouTube, Facebook and Twitter. As a result, new recommendations have been made by the Federal Trade Commission concerning the self-regulation of digital marketing strategies, including content management on social and digital media sites. The current study sought to determine whether alcohol companies were implementing the self-imposed mandates that they have developed for online marketing. Specifically, we examined whether alcohol companies were implementing effective strategies that would prevent persons under the minimum legal drinking age in the USA from accessing their content on YouTube. METHODS: We assessed 16 alcohol brands (beer and liquor) associated with the highest prevalence of past 30 day underage alcohol consumption in the USA. Fictitious YouTube user profiles were created and assigned the ages of 14, 17 and 19. These profiles then attempted to access and view the brewer-sponsored YouTube channels for each of the 16 selected brands. RESULTS: Every underage profile, regardless of age, was able to successfully subscribe to each of the 16 (100%) official YouTube channels. On average, two-thirds of the brands' channels were successfully viewed (66.67%). CONCLUSION: Alcohol industry provided online marketing content is predominantly accessible to underage adolescents. Thus, brewers are not following some of the self-developed and self-imposed mandates for online advertising by failing to implement effective age-restriction measures (i.e. age gates). Language: en
Oculogyric crisis in patients taking cetirizine.

Abstract Purpose To report oculogyric crisis in patients receiving cetirizine and inform clinicians on the characteristics of this drug-induced ocular side effect. Methods For this retrospective, observational case series, case reports were collected from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects (Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon). The World Health Organization Causality Assessment Guide of Suspected Adverse Reactions was used to categorize the cases. Results Nine cases were reported, with eight occurring in the pediatric age group. Dosage ranged from 5 to 10 mg orally and onset of symptoms ranged from 3 to 184 days. Six cases of oculogyric crisis had positive rechallenge data. Eight cases had complete neurologic consultation including radiographic studies. Conclusions Cetirizine can cause oculogyric crisis, especially in the pediatric age group. Extensive neurologic workups may be avoided if clinicians recognize this drug-induced ocular side effect.
Letter by Frydrychowicz and Markl Regarding Article, “Association Between Aneurysm Shoulder Stress and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Expansion: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study”

To the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Li et al,1 who present convincing data on the calculation of wall shear stress (WSS) in abdominal aneurysms based on computed tomography–derived vascular geometries and numeric simulations (computational fluid dynamics). They conclude that increased WSS at the aneurysm shoulder is associated with aneurysm expansion, which in turn, demographically, is associated with a higher risk of rupture. We believe that the authors have to be congratulated on these results, which point toward a more individualized patient-specific clinical management of aneurysms. Such modeled geometries …
The role of sodium/hydrogen exchange in the teratogenic response to acetazolamide

Administration of acetazolamide to pregnant rodents leads to postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly, generally right-sided, in the offspring. We previously postulated that this uniquely localized malformation was caused by a reduction of intracellular PH(pHi) in the embryonic limb bud cells. The hypothesis is supported by numerous lines of evidence including the exacerbation of forelimb ectrodactyly by co-administration of amiloride. One action of amiloride is to inhibit the activity of Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs), the major mechanism by which most eukaryotic cells regulate their internal pH. A mouse without this exchange mechanism should theoretically be hypersensitive to acetazolamide-induced postaxial forelimb ectrodactyly because the limb bud cells should be less able to recover from reduction of intracellular pH. To test this hypothesis we created a targeted knockout of NHE-1 (Na+/H+ Exchanger-1), to which we administered acteazolamide. The frequency and/or severity of forelimb ectrodactyly was no worse in NHE-1 null fetuses than in wild type or heterozygous littermates. We interpret this negative result to suggest that there are compensatory pathways by which embryonic cells can rid themselves of excess protons. We examined this idea by co-administration of acetazolamide and DIDS. This latter agent inhibits CI-/HCO3 exchange, a common mechanism for regulation of pHi against acidosis. Although malformation frequency and severity were high after this combination treatment, NHE-1 null embryos were not more affected with postaxial fore-limb ectrodactyly than their heterozygous and wild type littermates. We presume that embryonic limb bud cells possess another pathway through which they can regulate cytoplasmic proton concentration under acidotic conditions.
Hippocampal circuit abnormalities in MeCP2+/- mouse model of Rett syndrome

Rett syndrome (RTT) has a complex developmental course over childhood and adolescence. Patients with RTT often have a pre-symptomatic period with no or little outward signs of the disorder, followed by developmental arrest and regression. Following regression, the individual's condition is not static, as they often progress into defined stages with unique neurological symptoms. Similarly, the progression of RTT-like symptoms in female mice heterozygous for a null-mutation has a prodromal and symptomatic period. Change in functional local circuit connectivity was studied using hippocampal slices, assaying Schaffer evoked activity in area CA1 using fast voltage sensitive dye imaging. With this technique the local functional interactions between the excitatory and inhibitory components of the circuit can be characterized. The prodromal period was associated with a shift in extent of excitation into the stratum oriens of the hippocampus and reduced sensitivity to changes in divalent cation concentration. These data suggest that hyperexcitability of the hippocampus at the circuit level may contribute to the prodromal reduction in cognitive performance and the onset of developmental regression.
Islands and Non-islands in Native and Heritage Korean.

To a large extent, island phenomena are cross-linguistically invariable, but English and Korean present some striking differences in this domain. English has wh-movement and Korean does not, and while both languages show sensitivity to wh-islands, only English has island effects for adjunct clauses. Given this complex set of differences, one might expect Korean/English bilinguals, and especially heritage Korean speakers (i.e. early bilinguals whose L2 became their dominant language during childhood) to be different from native speakers, since heritage speakers have had more limited exposure to Korean, may have had incomplete acquisition and/or attrition, and may show significant transfer effects from the L2. Here we examine islands in heritage speakers of Korean in the U.S. Through a series of four formal acceptability experiments comparing these heritage speakers with native speakers residing in Korea, we show that the two groups are remarkably similar. Both show clear evidence for wh-islands and an equally clear lack of adjunct island effects. Given the very different linguistic environment that the heritage speakers have had since early childhood, this result lends support to the idea that island phenomena are largely immune to environmental influences and stem from deeper properties of the processor and/or grammar. Similarly, it casts some doubt on recent proposals that islands are learned from the input.
Hydrogenation and exfoliation of graphene using polyamine reagents

Abstract An efficient hydrogenation and exfoliation of graphene has been accomplished using polyamines as hydrogenation reagents. The source of graphene can be either chemical vapour deposition grown graphene, bulk graphite or highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Hydrogenation of graphite and HOPG is accompanied by exfoliation yielding suspensions of single-layer and few-layer hydrogenated graphene or graphane. Graphane nanoribbons with aspect ratios greater than ten are produced in abundance during the polyamine hydrogenation of pre-sonicated bulk graphite. Graphane samples have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunnelling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis.
Communication System of Guangdong Electric Power Emergency Disaster Relief

Based on the geographic location and meteorologic condition of Guangdong province,a solution scheme is proposed to Guangdong electric power emergency disaster relief communication system.That is to take advantage of the public communication network,such as optical cable and satellite communication,to improve the weak link of power communications network.The paper provides the performance testing results after completion of this system and a case study on its application is conducted.
Abstract IA01: Epigenetic mechanisms of tumor initiation and evolution

The paramount importance of epigenetic regulation in cancer is now well established by a convergence of data from cancer genome sequencing, epigenomics and the transcriptional and molecular characterization of tumors and models. Our laboratory research is focused on characterizing epigenetic mechanisms of tumor initiation, as well as on understanding how epigenetic changes and intratumoral heterogeneity contribute to drug resistance and tumor relapse. We are particularly interested in brain tumors as clinically compelling models for investigating epigenetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis. I will present two ongoing projects in this area. The first project is focused on genetic mutations that affect epigenetic regulators and processes, and are associated with gliomagenesis. Here I will discuss our progress towards delineating specific mechanisms, regulatory targets and programs that explain the tumorigenicity of individual mutations. The second project is focused on epigenetic mechanisms that enable glioblastoma stem cells to adapt to environmental stressors or drug pressures. Here we have identified a specific role for histone demethylases in resetting the epigenetic landscapes of glioblastoma stem cells, and thereby allowing them to transition to a more primitive and refractory state. These respective studies exemplify ongoing research in our lab as well as in the broader research community, and have general relevance for cancer biology, diagnosis and therapy. Citation Format: Bradley E. Bernstein. Epigenetic mechanisms of tumor initiation and evolution. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Sep 24-27, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA01.
Variations in the Nature of Triple Bonds: The N2, HCN, and HC2H Series.

The inertness of molecular nitrogen and the reactivity of acetylene suggest there are significant variations in the nature of triple bonds. To understand these differences, we performed generalized valence bond as well as more accurate electronic structure calculations on three molecules with putative triple bonds: N2, HCN, and HC2H. The calculations predict that the triple bond in HC2H is quite different from the triple bond in N2, with HCN being an intermediate case but closer to N2 than HC2H. The triple bond in N2 is a traditional triple bond with the spins of the electrons in the bonding orbital pairs predominantly singlet coupled in the GVB wave function (92%). In HC2H, however, there is a substantial amount of residual CH(a4Σ–) fragment coupling in the triple bond at its equilibrium geometry with the contribution of the perfect pairing spin function dropping to 82% (77% in a full valence GVB calculation). This difference in the nature of the triple bond in N2 and HC2H may well be responsible for the...
The Biogenesis of Organelles

How are intracellular structures formed, maintained, replaced? These processes, at the very heart of life, appear to be governed by the principle of self-assembly, namely, that the macromolecules of which organelles are composed contain within themselves the “information” that leads to their association and interaction with one another. The author describes numerous experiments that help demonstrate the truth of this principle.
Gathering Data while Respecting Participants

In 1997 I interviewed Julian Cho, the teacher from Belize to whom this book is dedicated. Our interviews were about the literacy of the Maya people and about his entwined views on education and politics;the interviews were long and intense. On my bus ride back to Belize City, I learned from an amiable seat mate that the humble teacher Cho was the official spokesperson for all the Maya people in Belize and was involved in charged discussions over land-rights issues with the Belizian government. In 1998 I organized a session at the Bordeaux International Literacy Conference, in part so that I might introduce Cho to other Indigenous educational leaders and advocates for their people from Australia, the USA, Nepal, and Canada. In the fall of 1999, Cho asked me to review his application to a prestigious US graduate school. He was finishing a land-rights initiative that was to meet with an initial success and wanted to put some temporary distance between himself and his tense homeland. Several weeks later, on November 11, 1999, a teacher at his school contacted me to let me know that the perfectly healthy Cho had died in “mysterious circumstances.”
The 1964 Federal Election Crisis

If the General Strike had deflected politics from the running ethnic and regional conflict to a fresh line of cleavage, this effect was shortlived. As the campaign for the Federal Election heated up during the second half of 1964, all of the energy of Nigerian politics was sucked into the vortex of ethnoregional conflict. Historic tensions between North and South and between the Igbos and their ethnic rivals now reasserted themselves with a vengeance. Vituperative rhetoric was joined by widespread violence and repression, as the main political parties — now polarised into two competing alliances — clashed head-on in a momentous ‘struggle for supremacy’ that would produce the worst political crisis in Nigerian history. Several elements of this crisis were foreshadowed in the Mid-West Regional Election of February 1964.
Student Evaluations of Teaching: Improving Teaching Quality in Higher Education.

ABSTRACTStudent evaluations of teaching (SET) are widely used in both North America and the UK as a means of documenting and improving teaching quality. This article discusses current research on SET administration and interpretation in both regions. Sections of the article are dedicated to various problems associated with SETs and how these may be addressed. Attention is focused on the underlying theme of engaging students to become active participants in improving teacher quality. Given the large investment in SETs and the strong likelihood that they will continue to be used to measure teaching effectiveness and learning outcomes, it is important to maximise the practical information gained from them.
Löst Brandoms Inferentialismus bedeutungsholistische Kommunikationsprobleme

Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit Brandoms in Making It Explicit (MIE) und Articulating Reasons (AR) entwickelte inferentialistische Semantik Probleme losen kann, die sich aus dem im Inferentialismus unter relativ unkontroversen Zusatzannahmen entstehenden und von Brandom bewusst zugrundegelegten Bedeutungsholismus ergeben. Aus dem Inferentialismus folgt mit Bedeutungsholismus eine perspektivische Bestimmung sprachlichen Gehalts, die wegen der damit angenommenen Idiolektbasis ein Kommunikationsproblem erzeugt. Brandom betrachtet dieses systematische Informationsgefalle als naturliche Motivation zur Kommunikation. Er erklart Kommunikation mittels eines Modells des „Navigierens zwischen Perspektiven“, das letztlich auf der Verfugbarkeit substitutioneller und anaphorischer Auserungsverknupfungen beruht. Semantisch entscheidend ist die These, dass anaphorische Ketten rein inferentieller, also referenzfrei semantisch bestimmter Natur sind, sowie die Behauptung, dass anaphorisch-inferentielle Mittel zu gegenseitig erfolgreicher „Informationsextraktion“ oder „Interpretation“ hinreichen. In diesem Aufsatz wird die These bestritten. Erstens lassen sich in Brandoms plausiblen Darstellungen anaphorischer Kommunikationsstrukturen systematische „Referenzinfiltrationen“ nachweisen. Dass dies die Behauptung unterminiert zeigt sich zweitens an einer Analyse der Durchfuhrbarkeit einer semantisch entscheidenden inneranaphorischen Unterscheidung (zwischen Initiator und Glied) im Rahmen kontextsensitiver Ausdrucksformen. Brandoms Semantik kann entweder fur Sprecher und Horer bestimmbare Gehalte annehmen, muss aber dann irreduzibel referenzielle semantische Normen unterstellen, oder aber sie lasst Gehalte systematisch unbestimmbar.
Religion and Spiritual Care in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Parental Attitudes Regarding Physician Spiritual and Religious Inquiry:

Objective:Parents of seriously ill children require attention to their spiritual needs, especially during end-of-life care. The objective of this study was to characterize parental attitudes regard...
Characterization of a Method for Inverse Heat Conduction Using Real and Simulated Thermocouple Data

It is often impractical to instrument the external surface of high-speed vehicles due to the aerothermodynamic heating. Temperatures can instead be measured internal to the structure using embedded thermocouples, and direct and inverse methods can then be used to estimate temperature and heat flux on the external surface. Two thermocouples embedded at different depths are required to solve direct and inverse problems, and filtering schemes are used to reduce noise in the measured data. Accuracy in the estimated surface temperature and heat flux is dependent on several factors. Factors include the thermocouple location through the thickness of a material, the sensitivity of the surface solution to the error in the specified location of the embedded thermocouples, and the sensitivity to the error in thermocouple data. The effect of these factors on solution accuracy is studied using the methodology discussed in the work of Pizzo, et. al.1 A numerical study is performed to determine if there is an optimal depth at which to embed one thermocouple through the thickness of a material assuming that a second thermocouple is installed on the back face. Solution accuracy will be discussed for a range of embedded thermocouple depths. Moreover, the sensitivity of the surface solution to (a) the error in the specified location of the embedded thermocouple and to (b) the error in the thermocouple data are quantified using numerical simulation, and the results are discussed.
Encouraging online engagement: The role of interdependent self-construal and social motives in fostering online participation☆

Abstract Developing and maintaining a user base that actively contributes to an online community is often essential to a website's success. For many online communities, developing such a user-base can be challenge for web designers. Working from a functionalist perceptive, two studies explored how the individual difference of interdependent self-construal was related to participation and engagement in the online community MovieLens.org . In the first study, we found that those individuals high in interdependent self-construal were particularly unlikely to contribute to the website. In an attempt to increase the online engagement of this type of user, we then created an interactive web feature that tapped into the social motives of those high in interdependent self-construal. This feature allows users to create Top Five movie lists that can be shared with other users. In the second study, we found that interdependent self-construal was associated with more use of the Top Five lists feature, that using this feature was associated with more interest in seeing others' lists, which in turn predicted more interest in MovieLens. Implications for web design and psychological theory are discussed.
Zoonotic pathogens from feral swine that pose a significant threat to public health

The natural fecundity of suids, great ability to adapt to new habitats and desire for local hunting opportunities leading to translocation of feral pigs to regions where they are not yet established have all been instrumental in the home range expansion of feral swine. Feral swine populations in the United States continue to expand, wreaking havoc on agricultural lands, further compromising threatened and endangered species, and posing a microbiological threat to humans, domestic livestock and companion animals. This manuscript thoroughly reviews zoonotic diseases of concern including brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, leptospirosis, enteric pathogens, both Salmonella spp. and shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and hepatitis E. These pathogens are not a comprehensive list of microbes that are capable of infecting both humans and feral swine, but rather have been selected as they are known to infect US feral swine, direct transmission between wild suids and humans has previously been documented, or they have been shown to be readily transmitted during processing or consumption of feral swine pork. Humans that interact directly or indirectly with feral swine are at much higher risk for the development of a number of zoonotic pathogens. Numerous case reports document transmission events from feral swine and wild boar to humans, and the resulting diseases may be mild and self-limiting, chronic or fatal. Individuals that interact with feral swine should take preventative measures to minimize the risk of disease transmission and all meat should be thoroughly cooked. Additionally, public health campaigns to increase knowledge of the risks associated with feral swine are imperative.
Two-Stage Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sweet Sorghum Biomass—Part II: Production of Upgraded Biocrude Oil

The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), followed by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin-rich biomass has a potential to improve the yield and the quality of upgraded biocrude oil. In this study, the lignin-rich biomass obtained from the low-temperature HTL (stage 1) of sweet sorghum bagasse was investigated to evaluate the biocrude oil yield and its compositions using catalytic high-temperature HTL-HDO (stage 2) and was compared with the conventional, whole-stage HTL-HDO process. Biocrude oil yield was achieved up to 38% during a high-temperature HTL, while 42% was obtained after catalytic (5% Ru/C) HDO process. Up to 96% hydrocarbon content of biocrude oil was achieved, which is twice as high as that of the conventional whole-stage HTL-HDO process. Aromatic hydrocarbons and long-chain alkanes were also dominant in the upgraded biocrude oil, which collectively accounted for 28% of the total hydrocarbons. From raw sweet sorghum bagasse, the hydrocarbons yield from second-stage HTL-HDO process (11%) was substan...
Ferroelectric Ceramics: Tailoring Properties for Specific Applications

Ferroelectric oxide ceramics are used in a very broad range of functional ceramics and form the materials base for the majority of electronic applications. These electronic applications account for more than 60% of the total high technology ceramics market worldwide (High Technology Ceramic News, 1990). It is the purpose of this tutorial paper to examine the range of physical properties which make the ferroelectrics attractive for electronic applications and the techniques which can be used to modify, control and optimize these families of properties.
Fate of Heptachlor

Abstract Since field ecosystems are so complex, a dynamic laboratory riverine microcosm was set up to observe the persistence and fate of heptachlor. The microcosm included aqueous, biotic, and sediment compartments capable of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Heptachlor, nutrients, and water were added to the system at a constant rate of 18.4 1/day while the dynamic processes of the system were studied. To extend this analysis to the prototype, a model is necessary. The fate of heptachlor in the microcosm is compared to the fate in the prototype as computed by the model, Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS), developed by the Environmental Protection Agency Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia. EXAMS is a compartmentalized model based on differential equations of the partitioning of five ionic species of heptachlor in waters, sediment, and biotic compartments, taking into account the dominant physical, chemical, and biological processes. The input parameters for EXAMS are obtained from and the literature compared with the laboratory microcosm. The results of this study show differences between fate predictions of the theoretical and laboratory modeling systems.
Existence of Gabor Frames

We have seen that discrete time-frequency representations can be formalized using the notion of frames. The numerical algorithms associated with frame theory can be pursued in their own right and, after a second discretization, turned into numerical recipes. Frames, however, shift the mathematical problems only to a different place.
At the Dawn of Tyranny

Uruk Mesopotamia & Its Neighbors Cross-Cultural Interactions in the Era of State Formation. Mitchell S. Rothman, Ed. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, 2001. 578 pp. $60. ISBN 1-930618-02-6. Paper, $24.95. ISBN 1-930618-03-4. James Currey, Oxford, 2002. £45. ISBN 0-85255-461-3. Paper, £16.95. ISBN 0-85255-460-5. The contributors consider the implications of recent data on economic, political, and social aspects of the period during which the first states emerged in Mesopotamia, long considered the model case for the evolution of complex societies.
Electronic Packaging for 5000 g Survival

One objective of NASA’s “Ranger” program is to make the first attempt by the United States to set operating instrumentation on the moon. The specifications as originally set forth called for a semihard lunar landing of the order of 5000 g. The landing package will contain a seismometer for the measurement of moonquakes and meteorite impacts. The seismometer electronics consist of a test-mark generating circuit, and although the Ranger specifications have been relaxed to a g level of 3000 g or less the design objective of 7000 g for the seismometer has been met.
Rapid population sex-ratio changes in the moss Ceratodon purpureus.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Sex-ratio variation occurs widely in dioecious plants, but the mechanisms of population sex-ratio bias are poorly understood. In bryophytes, sex ratios are often female biased, and little information is available about how and when bias forms. METHODS To test whether population sex-ratio variation can emerge during the gametophytic phase and is not purely a product of spore sex ratios, we created artificial populations of the moss Ceratodon purpureus, with male- and female-biased sex ratios, and placed half under a stress treatment. We hypothesized that male-majority populations would become female-biased and that stress would increase this transition. After 18 mo, when sporophytes were initially forming, we used sex-specific molecular markers to determine population sex ratios. KEY RESULTS Female-majority populations did not differ significantly from their original bias, whereas male-majority populations became significantly more female biased. The plants had only just produced their first spores, so these sex-ratio changes occurred during the gametophytic generation, as a result of sex-specific growth or survival. Sporophytes occurred only in populations with female-biased final sex ratios, which suggests that females in male-majority populations may have invested energy in ramets rather than in sporophyte production. The stress treatment was mild and had no effect on sex ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that female bias can be generated during the gametophytic generation, before plants reach sexual maturity. These results, combined with those of previous work, suggest that both the gametophytic and the sporophytic stages drive population sex ratios in C. purpureus, thus indicating that multiple mechanisms operate to create biased population sex ratios.
Safety and activity of hydroxychloroquine and aldesleukin in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A cytokine working group phase II study.

4573Background: Aldesleukin (recombinant human interleukin-2, IL-2) has been an FDA-approved treatment for mRCC since 1992 with a 5-10% rate of durable complete response. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) i...
Nature's Learning Rule: The Hebbian-LMS Algorithm

Hebbian learning is widely accepted in the fields of psychology, neurology, and neurobiology. It is one of the fundamental premises of neuroscience. The LMS (least mean square) algorithm of Widrow and Hoff is the world's most widely used adaptive algorithm, fundamental in the fields of signal processing, control systems, communication systems, pattern recognition, and artificial neural networks. These learning paradigms are very different. Hebbian learning is unsupervised. LMS learning is supervised. However, a form of LMS can be constructed to perform unsupervised learning and, as such, LMS can be used in a natural way to implement Hebbian learning. Combining the two paradigms creates a new unsupervised learning algorithm, Hebbian-LMS. This algorithm has practical engineering applications and provides insight into learning in living neural networks. A fundamental question is, how does learning take place in living neural networks? “Nature's little secret,” the learning algorithm practiced by nature at the neuron and synapse level, may well be the Hebbian-LMS algorithm.
Conducting a Reproducible Mendelian Randomization Analysis Using the R Analytic Statistical Environment

Mendelian randomization (MR) is defined as the utilization of genetic variants as instrumental variables to assess the causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome. By leveraging genetic polymorphisms as proxy for an exposure, the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome can be assessed while addressing susceptibility to biases prone to conventional observational studies, including confounding and reverse causation, where the outcome causes the exposure. Analogous to a randomized controlled trial where patients are randomly assigned to subgroups based on different treatments, in an MR analysis, the random allocation of alleles during meiosis from parent to offspring assigns individuals to different subgroups based on genetic variants. Recent methods use summary statistics from genome-wide association studies to perform MR, bypassing the need for individual-level data. Here, we provide a straightforward protocol for using summary-level data to perform MR and provide guidance for utilizing available software. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.