cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thomson and collisional regimes of in-phase coherent microwave scattering off gaseous microplasmas.

The total number of electrons in a classical microplasma can be non-intrusively measured through elastic in-phase coherent microwave scattering (CMS). Here, we establish a theoretical basis for the CMS diagnostic technique with an emphasis on Thomson and collisional scattering in short, thin unmagnetized plasma media. Experimental validation of the diagnostic is subsequently performed via linearly polarized, variable frequency (10.5-12 GHz) microwave scattering off laser induced 1-760 Torr air-based microplasmas (287.5 nm O2 resonant photoionization by ~ 5 ns, < 3 mJ pulses) with diverse ionization and collisional features. Namely, conducted studies include a verification of short-dipole-like radiation behavior, plasma volume imaging via ICCD photography, and measurements of relative phases, total scattering cross-sections, and total number of electrons [Formula: see text] in the generated plasma filaments following absolute calibration using a dielectric scattering sample. Findings of the paper suggest an ideality of CMS in the Thomson "free-electron" regime-where a detailed knowledge of plasma and collisional properties (which are often difficult to accurately characterize due to the potential influence of inhomogeneities, local temperatures and densities, present species, and so on) is unnecessary to extract [Formula: see text] from the scattered signal. The Thomson scattering regime of microwaves is further experimentally verified via measurements of the relative phase between the incident electric field and electron displacement.
Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV)-Induced Demyelination

Apoptosis, one aspect of programmed cell death, is initiated by cell death receptor-ligand interactions and in response to cellular stress. Environmental stressors, such as increased temperature, and intracellular stressors, such as viral infection, result in the activation of caspase cascades leading to cell death. Intracerebral inoculation of susceptible mouse strains with the picronavirus TMEV results in the chronic infection of the central nervous system white matter and concomitant demyelination. This review examines the evidence for TMEV-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.
Minimax: an incentive-driven pricing scheme in the electricity retail market

Reducing peak demand is critically important in smartgrid as a significant fraction of the electric grids capital and operational expenses is affected by the peak power demands. Time of Use (ToU) and Real Time Pricing (RTP) pricing schemes have been used by power system operators to incentivize cus- tomers to reduce their peak energy demands during peak hours. However, ToU only provides a weak incentive for customers and does not promote adoption at scale. Similarly, day-ahead Real- Time Pricing (RTP) scheme might create peaks in previoulsy off-peak periods and causes some ping-pong effect in next day prices. In this paper, we introduce a new incentive-driven scheme called Minimax which encourages customers to flatten their daily load profiles such that they can reduce their electricity bill and help lowering the aggregate peak power demands. Using two real life energy usage datasets, we show via simulations how the peak energy usage and load factor vary with different choices of parameter values we select for the Minimax scheme. In addition, we present our optimal scheduling policy which yields the minimum energy bill assuming a certain percentage of load demands is schedulable. Our results using energy usage data of 100 homes from the UMASS dataset show that customers can save 13-17% of their electricity bills if the Minimax scheme is used but only about 2-3% if RTP or TOU scheme is used. Furthermore, the power system operators see a 10% reduction in peak power demand if appropriate parameter values are used for the Minimax scheme while the peak demands increase by more than 70% using RTP or TOU schemes.
Chapter 15 Reversible Dementias

The causes of potentially reversible dementia syndromes are legion, as many perturbations of body chemistry can lead to dysfunction of higher cortical function, including the chemical interventions we call medication. It is vital for the cautious clinician to take a painstaking history to develop a differential diagnosis of potential causally related reversible phenomena. This, coupled with an extensive examination and a widecast net of serological, and when appropriate, cerebrospinal, electrophysiologic, and neuroimaging studies can increase the potential for discovering these mimics of the primary neurodegenerative dementias. While some cases of reversible dementia will be obvious from history and physical and only require a few confirmatory tests or even just a trial of treatment (or often, discontinuation of a suspect treatment), it is worthwhile to perform more extensive work-up in cases of dementia, as the costs to allowing our patients to remain in an incapacitated, possibly progressive, state of disability far outweigh the costs of ruling out reversible causes. This chapter provides a lengthy, though by no means exhaustive, review of etiologies and work-up for the currently recognized reversible dementias.
Peat characteristics and groundwater geochemistry of calcareous fens in the Minnesota River Basin, U.S.A.

Calcareous fens in Minnesota are spring-seepage peatlands with adistinctive flora of rare calciphilic species. Peat characteristics andgroundwater geochemistry were determined for six calcareous fens in theMinnesota River Basin to better understand the physical structure andchemical processes associated with stands of rare vegetation. Onset of peataccumulation in three of the fens ranged from about 4,700 to 11,000 14C yrs BP and probably resulted from acombination of climate change and local hydrogeologic conditions. Most peatcores had a carbonate-bearing surface zone with greater than 10%carbonates (average 27%, dry wt basis), an underlyingcarbonate-depleted zone with 10% or less carbonates (average4%), and a carbonate-bearing lower zone again with greater than10% carbonates (average 42%). This carbonate zonation washypothesized to result from the effect of water-table level on carbonateequilibria: carbonate precipitation occurs when the water table is above acritical level, and carbonate dissolution occurs when the water table islower. Other processes that changed the major ion concentrations inupwelling groundwater include dilution by rain water, sulfate reduction orsulfide oxidation, and ion adsorption or exchange. Geochemical modelingindicated that average shallow water in the calcareous fens during the studyperiod was groundwater mixed with about 6 to 13% rain water.Carbonate precipitation in the surface zone of calcareous fens could bedecreased by a number of human activities, especially those that lower thewater table. Such changes in shallow water geochemistry could alter thegrowing conditions that apparently sustain rare fen vegetation.
Antitumor efficacy of LBY135, an anti-DR5 monoclonal antibody, alone or in combination with chemotherapy in human colon tumor cell lines and xenografts

4874 TRAIL, and its functional receptors DR4 and DR5, are of particular interest in the development of cancer therapeutics as they preferentially mediate tumor cell apoptosis. A chimeric monoclonal antibody, LBY135 has been developed that specifically binds to DR5 and mimics TRAIL to induce cell death in tumor cells. LBY135 killed 50% of a panel of 40 human colon cancer cell lines with an IC50 of 10 nM or less. The tumor cell cytotoxicity was further enhanced by addition of 5-Flurouracil (5-FU), while 5-FU toxicity against normal cells was not increased by LBY135. The antitumor efficacy in vivo was evaluated in human colorectal tumor xenograft models in mice, as a single agent and in combination with 5-Fu. As a single agent, LBY135 was able to induce >70% regression of established Colo205 tumor xenografts. Neither LBY135 or 5-FU at its maximally tolerated dose induced regression of HCT116 xenografts; however, combinations of LBY135 and 5-FU induced regressions in this model as well. The data support the use of LBY135 in clinical trials of human colon cancer as either single agent or in combination with the 5-FU pro-drug, capecitabine.
An alkyl hydroperoxide reductase induced by oxidative stress in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli: genetic characterization and cloning of ahp.

Abstract The ahp genes encoding the two proteins (F52a and C22) that make up an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase were mapped and cloned from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Two classes of oxidant-resistant ahp mutants which overexpress the two proteins were isolated. ahp-1 was isolated in a wild-type background and is dependent on oxyR, a positive regulator of defenses against oxidative stress. ahp-2 was isolated in an oxyR deletion background and is oxyR independent. Transposons linked to ahp-1 and ahp-2 or inserted in ahp mapped the genes to 13 min on the S. typhimurium chromosome, 59% linked to ent. Deletions of ahp obtained in both S. typhimurium and E. coli resulted in hypersensitivity to killing by cumene hydroperoxide (an alkyl hydroperoxide) and elimination of the proteins F52a and C22 from two-dimensional gels and immunoblots. ahp clones isolated from both S. typhimurium and E. coli complemented the cumene hydroperoxide sensitivity of the ahp deletion strains and restored expression of the F52a and C22 proteins. A cis-acting element required for oxyR-dependent, rpoH-independent heat shock induction of the F52a protein was present at the S. typhimurium but not the E. coli ahp locus.
Spatially Differentiated Trade of Permits for Multipollutant Electric Power Supply Chains

In this paper, we consider electric power supply chain networks in which the power generators have distinct power plants and associated technologies and we develop a model of tradable pollution permits in the case of multiple pollutants and spatially distinct receptor points. We formulate the governing equilibrium conditions as a finite-dimensional variational inequality and demonstrate that, under the proposed multipollutant permit trading scheme, the environmental standards are achieved. Finally, we describe a computational procedure that exploits the structure of the problem. We also present numerical examples.
The Chameleon Effect as Social Glue: Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Nonconscious Mimicry

The "chameleon effect" refers to the tendency to adopt the postures, gestures, and mannerisms of interaction partners (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999). This type of mimicry occurs outside of conscious awareness, and without any intent to mimic or imitate. Empirical evidence suggests a bi-directional relationship between nonconscious mimicry on the one hand, and liking, rapport, and affiliation on the other. That is, nonconscious mimicry creates affiliation, and affiliation can be ex- pressed through nonconscious mimicry. We argue that mimicry played an impor- tant role in human evolution. Initially, mimicry may have had survival value by helping humans communicate. We propose that the purpose of mimicry has now evolved to serve a social function. Nonconscious behavioral mimicry increases af- filiation, which serves to foster relationships with others. We review current re- search in light of this proposed framework and suggest future areas of research.
Short-pulse radar wavelet recovery and resolution of dielectric contrasts within englacial and basal ice of Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A

Wavelets transmitted by short-pulse radar are recovered from continuous profiles and used to determine interfacial dielectric contrasts within the englacial and basal ice at the terminus area of Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A. The field studies were in the ablation region, where radar horizons could, at some point, be identified with interfaces between clear ice and air, water or basal ice, and were performed in early spring before drainage fully developed. The profiles used closely-spaced antennas with bandwidths centered near 50 and 400 MHz. Transmitted wavelets reflected from interfaces of known dielectric contrasts are used to establish a phase reference for other events from interfaces between unknown contrasts. Migration and Fourier-transform filtering are then applied to the profiles and shown to recover these wavelets from diffractions and reflections. Interfacial dielectric contrasts are determined from the relative phase of the wavelets. Near the terminus lake, some basal ice events above 8 m depth are interpreted as voids. Further up-glacier, most englacial events are interpreted as voids, but deeper localized reflectors and horizons to 90 m depth and within the basal zone are interpreted as voids, water or debris. Phase cannot be determined for the basal-substrate transition reflections. Recommendations are made for improving the wavelet recovery process and the quality of GPR migration.
Node-Link Mapping in Substance Abuse: Probationers' Ratings of Group Counseling.

ABSTRACT Node-link mapping is a method for visually representing ideas, feelings, and actions. Research has indicated that it can enhance outcomes from drug abuse counseling. The present study extends this research by examining counseling session evaluations collected from probationers participating in 26 group sessions at a residential substance abuse treatment facility (approximately 18 probationers in each session). Sessions were divided into those that involved a large amount of mapping (N = 13) and those that used little or no mapping (N = 13). Participants rated sessions involving more extensive mapping as significantly deeper and as involving more group participation.
Staging of esophageal cancer: TNM and beyond

Previous staging of esophageal cancer was based on a simple, orderly arrangement of increasing anatomic T, then N, then M classifications. This system is consistent with neither data nor cancer biology. Recent worldwide collaboration has provided data for unique, modern machinelearning analysis that has resulted in a new, data-driven staging system for cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. This new system is presented in the seventh editions of the AJCC and UICC Cancer Staging Manuals. It is more representative of and consistent with the clinical reality of survival of patients with esophageal cancer. Changes address problems of empiric stage grouping and lack of harmonization with stomach cancer. In addition, for the first time, nonanatomic cancer characteristics such as tumor location, histologic grade, and histopathologic cell type are incorporated. The new era of data-driven staging of esophageal cancer promises a bright future for staging of all cancers. However, more extensive worldwide collaboration is required to refine and broaden TNM classifications and identify cancer and patient characteristics that influence esophageal cancer stage and impact survival.
Characterization of acyl carrier protein and LytB in Babesia bovis apicoplast

The apicoplast is a highly specialized organelle that mediates required functions in the growth and replication of apicomplexan parasites. Despite structural conservation of the apicoplast among different parasite genera and species, there are also critical differences in the metabolic requirements of different parasites and at different stages of the life cycle. To specifically compare apicoplast pathways between parasites that have both common and unique stages, we characterized the apicoplast in Babesia bovis, which has only intraerythrocytic asexual stages in the mammalian host, and compared it to that of Plasmodium falciparum, which has both asexual intraerythrocytic and hepatic stages. Specifically focusing on the type II fatty acid (FASII) and isoprenoid (MEP) biosynthesis pathways, we searched for pathway components and retention of active sites within the genome, localized key components [acyl carrier protein (ACP) and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (LytB)] to the apicoplast, and demonstrated that the N-terminal bipartite signals of both proteins are required and sufficient for trafficking to the apicoplast lumen. Using specific pharmacologic inhibition, we demonstrated that MEP biosynthesis may be disrupted and its presence is required for intraerythrocytic growth of B. bovis asexual stages, consistent with the genomic pathway analysis and with its requirement in the asexual erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum. In contrast, FASII biosynthesis may or may not be present and specific drug targets did not have any inhibitory effect to B. bovis intraerythrocytic growth, which is consistent with the lack of requirement for P. falciparum intraerythrocytic growth. However, genomic analysis revealed the loss of FASII pathway components in B. bovis whereas the pathway is intact for P. falciparum but regulated to be expressed when needed (hepatic stages) and silent when not (intraerythrocytic stages). The results indicate specialized molding of apicoplast biosynthetic pathways to meet the requirements of individual apicomplexan parasites and their unique intracellular niches.
Power-Dependence and Reseller Influence on SMEs' Continued Use of Online Direct Sales Channels: An Empirical Study

A dual-channel model with a physical sales channel and an online direct sales channel (ODSC) frequently causes channel conflicts. Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) using such a model may be forced to suspend ODSC to ease conflicts and maintain traditional resellers. From a channel conflict perspective, this study investigates a few critical factors underlying SMEs' intention to continue with an existing ODSC. We develop a research model by integrating power-dependence theory and the technology acceptance model. Then we construct and administer a survey to a sample of US SMEs currently using the dual-channel model. Partial least squares regression is employed to analyze the data and evaluate the impact of four key factors on SMEs' continuance of ODSCs: perceived business value of ODSCs, perceived ease of continuance with ODSCs, reseller dependence, and reseller forceful actions. Findings of the study contribute to the understanding of supplier-reseller relationships and continued use of informatio...
THE USER COST AND CAPITAL BUDGETING

This study describes the relationship between the user cost of capital and capital budgeting processes and presents a formula for computing the user cost of an investment, accommodating the existence of taxes, inflation, and a nonconstant level of production. A project acceptability criterion assigning positive net present value when cash operating income exceeds user cost is discussed and applied to several examples. The test is shown to be useful and easy to apply.
Static scheduling for barrier MIMD architectures

In a SIMD or VLIW machine, conceptual synchronizations are accomplished by using a static code schedule that does not require run-time synchronization. The lack of run-time synchronization overhead makes these machines very effective for fine-grain parallelism, but they cannot execute parallel code structures as general as those executed by MIMD architectures, and this limits their utility.
Time Limitation for Early Breastfeeding

To prevent nipple soreness, mothers who are breastfeeding are counseled to limit the time their infant feeds in the early postpartum period. No evidence supports this method of prevention. To the contrary, nursing and medical literature report that this practice is not effective and that its use should be discontinued. Nursing interventions to prevent nipple problems are presented.
Associations Between Dispositional Mindfulness and Executive Function in Early Adolescence

Research on mindful awareness and executive function (EF) has increased in recent years, albeit mostly independently. Both having a unique role in the human capacity for higher-order cognitive processing, there is scientific and practical utility in examining the interrelationships between these cognitive constructs. The purpose of this study was to test associations between dispositional levels of mindfulness and EF in a diverse sample of 152 early adolescents (mean age = 12.9). Two analytic models were tested. The first tested the association between dispositional mindfulness and a latent factor consisting of three EF processes: inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. The second simultaneously tested associations between mindfulness and each EF to determine whether associations were specific to individual EF processes. Results demonstrated that mindfulness was significantly associated with higher scores on the latent EF factor. When associations between mindfulness and individual EF processes were tested, mindfulness was positively associated with inhibitory control and working memory, but not cognitive flexibility despite a significant bivariate correlation. Findings indicate that mindful awareness was positively associated with the executive function processes of working memory and inhibitory control in early adolescence.
Replacement therapy and plasma calcium concentration in hypophysectomized bullfrog tadpoles, Rana catesbeiana.

Abstract Hypophysectomy of bullfrog tadpoles, Rana catesbeiana, kept in low calcium and low sodium water caused significant hypocalcemia 1 week after the operation. Injections of tadpole pituitary homogenate (2 glands/animal/day) corrected the decrease in plasma calcium levels in hypophysectomized animals. Auto- or homotransplantation of the pituitary gland of the tadpoles tends to inhibit hypocalcemia after hypophysectomy. Furthermore, injection of a high dose of ovine or bovine prolactin (5 μg/g body weight in 5 μl) also partially restored the decrease in plasma calcium levels. A low dose of ovine prolactin (0.5 μg/g bw/5 μl) was ineffective. The pituitary gland is important in plasma calcium regulation of bullfrog tadpoles. Prolactin and possibly other pituitary hormones may participate in this regulation.
The Political Impact of Traditional Family Values

Abstract Five hundred residents of the Lynds's “Middletown” (Muncie, Indiana) were randomly selected to assess the impact of traditional family values on judgments of Bill Clinton one year after his election as President. A traditional family values perspective was found to be of greater importance in evaluating President Clinton one year after his election than it was during the election. Analyses further indicated that traditional family values had a more important role than economic conservatism in leading people to define themselves as political conservatives and that, unlike economic conservatism, which is mainly based on a person's socioeconomic position, holding traditional family values comes from a basic religious fundamentalism perspective. The impact of traditional family values for judging Clinton was also found to be mediated by the implications of traditional values for a person's stand on affirmative action programs.
Reliable architectures for next-generation broadband access networks (RANGBAN)

Future access network architectures should exhibit reliability while providing broadband Internet services. Progress on research and development of reliable wired and wireless access networks is discussed in this paper. Some emerging access network architectures and their reliability issues are explained.
Effects of habitat and growing season fires on resprouting of shrubs in longleaf pine savannas

The effects of habitat and timing of growing season fires on resprouting of shrubs were studied in second-growth longleaf pine savannas of the west Gulf coastal plain in the southeastern United States. Within the headwaters of three different drainages of the Calcasieu River in the Kisatchie National Forest in western Louisiana, replicated permanent transects were established that extended from xeric upland longleaf pine savannas into downslope hydric seepage savannas. All shrubs were mapped and tagged, and numbers of stems were counted prior to any fires. Replicated prescribed fires were set early (June) and late (August) during the 1990 growing season; maximum fire temperatures were measured within both upland and seepage habitats within each transect. Shrubs were relocated; stems were recensused two and twelve months after the fires. At least some shrubs of all species resprouted from underground organs; none regenerated solely from seed banks in the soil. There was no reduction in total numbers of stems one year after fires compared to before fires, either in the upland or in seepage savannas. In addition, there was no reduction in total numbers of stems one year after early or late growing season fires. Fire-related mortality was restricted to small shrubs (< 18 stems) and was not associated with high fire temperatures. The rate of resprouting varied among species and between habitats. Resprouting occurred more rapidly in seepage than upland savannas, but more resprouts were produced in upland than seepage savannas one year after fires. In contrast to other upland species, Vaccinium arboreum and V. elliottii delayed resprouting more than two months following fire. Stems of Rhus copallina and Pyrus arbutifolia, species with long rhizomes, increased more after fires in June than fires in August. We suggest that growing season fires may block further recruitment of shrubs into longleaf pine savannas, but reduction in numbers of large shrubs may require additional management.
653 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL LATE SEQUELAE OF HISTIOCYTOSIS

Prompted by clinical observations in several patients, a cross-sectional study of 18 long-term survivors of disseminated histiocytosis X was made to correlate clinical course, disease status, and extent and severity of neuropsychological disability. Evaluation is complete in 15 patients, 8 boys and 7 girls, ranging in age at diagnosis from 2 months to 12 years. Lahey scores at diagnosis ranged from 1-7 (median 3). No cases of solitary eosinophilic granuloma are included. Diabetes insipidus is present in 7 of 15 patients. Treatment consisted of steroids in 3 patients and multiple drugs sequentially or in combination in 12 patients; cranial irradiation (range 500-1500 rad) was given to 5 patients concomitantly. Current survival from diagnosis is 2-18 years (median 5 years). Thirteen of 15 patients are off therapy for periods of 1 month to 14 years (median 3½ years). Intellectual function was below average (I.Q. < 89) in 7 of 15 patients (.47) using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale or Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Results of the Wide Range Achievement Test revealed below average results in spelling and arithmetic, and average results in word recognition. In the 10 oldest children, results of either Halsted Children's or Reitan Battery indicated cortical dysfunction in 4, equivocal findings in 2, and no abnormality in 4 patients. Emotional difficulties, poor school performance, and delayed developmental milestones were common findings. Two children, surviving 2-4 years with Letterer-Siwe disease have evidence of extrahypothalamic CNS disease: truncal ataxia, pyramidal tract signs, and behavioral changes. We conclude that long-term survivors of histiocytosis X are at high risk for neuropsychological disability. Formal evaluation of the status and developmental progress of each patient should be a part of the longitudinal treatment plan. (Supported by NCI grants CA08480 CA21765 and ALSAC)
Gossypiboma (Retained Surgical Sponge) and Recurrent Bladder Neck Contracture After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy and Bilateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection

Retained foreign bodies after abdominal or pelvic surgery are rarely reported despite an estimated incidence of 1/1,500 cases.' While surgical removal is typically required, potential difficulties may not be appreciated and published guidelines are limited. We report on a patient with retained gauze sponges discovered incidentally 18 months after radical prostatectomy. CASE REPORT A 65-year-old white man presented with recurrent bladder neck contracture 18 months after radical retropubic prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection performed elsewhere for pathological stage T2cNOMO Gleason grade 3+2 adenocarcinoma. Bladder neck dilation was required 1 and 3 months postoperatively followed by cold knife incision of the bladder neck 13 months after surgery. Prostate specific antigen remained undetectable and biopsy of the bladder neck demonstrated only fibrosis. The patient was instructed to perform clean intermittent self-catheterization on a tapering schedule. A total of 18 months after prostatectomy the patient reported recurrent obstructive symptoms. Following urethral dilation to 20F with filiforms and followers, an 18F Foley catheter was inserted. A pelvic radiograph performed to screen for surgical clips near the bladder neck revealed radiopaque thread consistent with retained surgical sponges in the obturator fossae bilaterally (fig. 1). Radiopaque contrast material was instilled via the indwelling urethral catheter, and pelvic computerized tomography showed encapsulated masses of variable attenuation lateral to the bladder base bilaterally and extending proximally along the psoas muscles (fig. 2). Attenuation values were consistent with fluid filled cavities surrounding the foreign material, suggesting possible lymphoceles or sterile abscesses. Cystoscopy with the patient under anesthesia demonstrated moderately dense fibrosis at the bladder neck and a polypoid mass adjacent to the bladder neck that acted as a ball valve. Excisional biopsy revealed proliferative cystitis, including nephrogenic adenoma and "xanthogranulomatous inflammation with foreign body material." Exploratory laparotomy was performed via a midline infraumbilical incision. Moderately dense adhesions were noted in the space of Retzius and dissection was extended to the obturator fossae bilaterally with care taken to preserve
K L -Nucleus Total Cross Sections between 30 and 150 GeV: Quantitative Evidence for Inelastic Screening

We have obtained high-statistics, virtually systematics-free K/sub L/-nucleus total-cross section data for C, Al, Cu, Sn, and Pb from 30 to 150 GeV. These cross sections have an A/sup 0.84/ /sup + -/ /sup 0.01/ dependence over most of the momentum range, in agreement with the Glauber-Franco model. Their magnitudes are, however, not compatible with that model alone: The discrepancies are clearly resolved once one allows for inelastic screening within the nucleus. The data strongly support the theory of this latter effect as given by Karmanov and Kondratyuk.
Land value taxation and new housing development in Pittsburgh

Incentive and liquidity effects of Pittsburgh's land value tax system are hypothesized to encourage new housing development. To test this hypothesis, an econometric model is estimated using building permit data for the dependent variable and tax rates and other determinants of new housing demand and supply for the independent variables. For the case of new housing, it is shown that the incentive effect is significant but the liquidity effect is not. The incentive effect is found to encourage increases in the number of new units constructed in Pittsburgh rather than increases in the average cost of new units.
The effect of growth medium of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on pyrite flotation

The bacterium, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, has been used for the depression of pyrite during the flotation separation of coal particles from associated minerals. However, the utilization of T. ferrooxidans as a regulator in the differential flotation of sulfide minerals is yet to be established. The conventional reagent used for pyrite depression is cyanide which is toxic and in many cases nonselective. The objective of the present investigation is to determine if T. ferrooxidans can be used for the selective depression of pyrite. In view of this objective T. ferrooxidans was grown in a variety of culture media to render bacteria with different surface properties such as contact angle and zeta potential. The passivity of pyrite surface due to sulfur coating, which is formed by the oxidation of the mineral, was examined using AC Impedance Spectroscopy. The influence of bacterial surface properties on adhesion and subsequent hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the pyrite mineral surface with regard to flotation recovery was examined. The flotation response of pyrite was interpreted in terms of surface modifications induced by the adsorption of bacteria.
Measurements of the Turbulence Structure in the Vicinity of a 3-D Separation

The flow in the cross-flow separation region of a 6:1 prolate spheroid at 10 deg angle of attack, ReL = 4.20 × 106 , was investigated using a novel, miniature, 3-D, fiber-optic Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV). The probe was used to measure three simultaneous, orthogonal velocity components from within the model, from approximately y+ = 7 out to the boundary layer edge. Velocity, Reynolds stress, and velocity triple product measurements are presented. These measurements are used to calculate the skin friction and to examine the convection, production, and diffusion of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) about the three-dimensional separation. Comparisons of the measured production and diffusion of TKE in the cross-flow separation region—as well as in nonseparated regions of the flow—to the production and diffusion predicted by several models for these terms are shown.
The Macmillan's reader's report on Conrad's Almayer's Folly

(1978). The Macmillan's reader's report on Conrad's Almayer's Folly. English Studies: Vol. 59, No. 6, pp. 518-520.
Structurally altered substrates for DNA topoisomerase I. Effects of inclusion of a single 3'-deoxynucleotide within the scissile strand.

Abstract A partial DNA duplex containing a high efficiency topoisomerase I cleavage site was substituted singly at each of three sites with 3′-deoxyadenosine. Depending on the site of substitution, the facility of the topoisomerase I-mediated cleavage or ligation reactions was altered. Inclusion of the modified nucleoside at the 5′-end of the acceptor oligonucleotide diminished the rate of religation following substrate cleavage by the enzyme. This paper is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague, Prof. Tsujiaki Hata
Complex Systems Thinking and Current Impasses in Health Disparities Research

Complex systems approaches have received increasing attention in public health because reductionist approaches yield limited insights in the context of dynamic systems. Most discussions have been highly abstract. There is a need to consider the application of complex systems approaches to specific research questions. I review the features of population health problems for which complex systems approaches are most likely to yield new insights, and discuss possible applications of complex systems to health disparities research. I provide illustrative examples of how complex systems approaches may help address unanswered and persistent questions regarding genetic factors, life course processes, place effects, and the impact of upstream policies. The concepts and methods of complex systems may help researchers move beyond current impasse points in health disparities research.
The effects of aromatic and aliphatic maleimide crosslinkers on anti-CD5 ricin immunotoxins.

Abstract The aromatic maleimide crosslinkers m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS), succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl) butyrate (S-SMPB) and m-maleimidobenzoylsulfosuccinimide ester (S-MBS) and the aliphatic crosslinker N-γ-maleimidobutyryloxysuccinimide ester (GMBS) were used to make anti-CD5 intact ricin immunotoxins (IT). IT made with the various crosslinkers were compared under standard conjugation conditions for differences in yield, toxicity of the toxin moiety, binding of the antibody moiety, IT activity, and IT specificity. Our findings showed that IT yield was dramatically improved using crosslinkers with an aromatic, rather than an aliphatic configuration. Gel analysis showed that all IT were of similar, but not identical composition. Conjugation resulted in several IT species including antibody linked to one or two molecules of ricin. For MBS IT and S-SMPB IT, differences in amounts of IT in final fractions and IT in fractions after removal of IT species containing galactose binding sites showed that differences in yield may be attributable to the formation of IT species with obstructed galactose binding sites. All IT bound selectively by FACS analysis and blocking studies. The aliphatic GMBS crosslinker yielded the most toxic IT in cell-free translation assays as well as in shorter-term protein synthesis inhibition and mitogen assays. However, evaluation in the longer-term more sensitive clonogenic assay showed that at 1000 ng/ml there were no differences in potency between any of the IT. We conclude that the yield of intact ricin IT can be improved using aromatic maleimide crosslinkers without sacrificing IT potency.
Oxygen-17 n.m.r. of peptides.

Peptide-17O chemical shifts of linear dipeptides with and without protecting groups in H2O, CH3OH, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, CH3CN and DMSO were between 256-350 ppm downfield from external water. Increasing solvent H-bond donating ability correlated with shifts to higher field. The 17O resonance of several cyclic dipeptides appeared at higher field relative to comparable linear dipeptides (303-317 p.p.m. vs. 327-337 p.p.m.). Separate signals were simultaneously observed by 13C and 17O n.m.r. for cis and trans N-tert.-butyl-formamide in binary mixtures with H2O, (CH3)2CO, and CCl4. The differences in the 17O nuclear screening of the amide isomers and most probably for cis and trans peptides were independent of contributions from H-bonding at the amide or peptide linkage, apparently reflecting differences between geometric isomers in electron distribution and through space effects. Peptide-17O of Gly-Ala, Gly-Leu and Gly-Glu in aqueous solution experienced upfield shifts of 6-12 p.p.m. and 12-16 p.p.m. upon deprotonation of the C-terminal COOH and of the N-terminal NH3+ groups respectively. These observations were rationalized in terms of the attendant changes in substituent effects, especially on the pi electron donating ability of the N atom at the peptide linkage and increased partial negative charge on the peptide oxygen. Temperature studies of peptide-17O of Gly-Ala between pH 1.5-9.0 revealed a chemical shift coefficient of 0.08 p.p.m./degree K and similar behavior of T1 and T2 relaxation times. Ea for molecular rotation was 5 kcal/mol between 301-331 degrees K. Rotational correlation times, tau c, were within the range expected from the Stokes-Einstein relation.
Combustion Characteristics of Mechanically Alloyed Ultrafine-Grained Al-Mg Powders

The combustion characteristics of ultrafine Al-Mg alloy powder particles, produced by mechanical alloying methods, and sieved to well-defined size ranges (35 to 100 μm) were investigated. The ignition and burning times and their size-dependence were determined using time-resolved images of particles burned in the post-flame zone. It was observed that both the ignition and burning times increased with increasing particle size.
Air Emissions Due To Wind And Solar Power

Renewables portfolio standards (RPS) encourage large-scale deployment of wind and solar electric power. Their power output varies rapidly, even when several sites are added together. In many locations, natural gas generators are the lowest cost resource available to compensate for this variability, and must ramp up and down quickly to keep the grid stable, affecting their emissions of NOx and CO2. We model a wind or solar photovoltaic plus gas system using measured 1-min time-resolved emissions and heat rate data from two types of natural gas generators, and power data from four wind plants and one solar plant. Over a wide range of renewable penetration, we find CO2 emissions achieve ∼80% of the emissions reductions expected if the power fluctuations caused no additional emissions. Using steam injection, gas generators achieve only 30−50% of expected NOx emissions reductions, and with dry control NOx emissions increase substantially. We quantify the interaction between state RPSs and NOx constraints, find...
Continuous versus Borel reductions

We present some natural examples of countable Borel equivalence relations E, F with E ≤B F such that there does not exist a continuous reduction from E to F.
Resource oriented selection of rule-based classification models: An empirical case study

The amount of resources allocated for software quality improvements is often not enough to achieve the desired software quality. Software quality classification models that yield a risk-based quality estimation of program modules, such as fault-prone (fp) and not fault-prone (nfp), are useful as software quality assurance techniques. Their usefulness is largely dependent on whether enough resources are available for inspecting the fp modules. Since a given development project has its own budget and time limitations, a resource-based software quality improvement seems more appropriate for achieving its quality goals. A classification model should provide quality improvement guidance so as to maximize resource-utilization. We present a procedure for building software quality classification models from the limited resources perspective. The essence of the procedure is the use of our recently proposed Modified Expected Cost of Misclassification (MECM) measure for developing resource-oriented software quality classification models. The measure penalizes a model, in terms of costs of misclassifications, if the model predicts more number of fp modules than the number that can be inspected with the allotted resources. Our analysis is presented in the context of our Rule-Based Classification Modeling (RBCM) technique. An empirical case study of a large-scale software system demonstrates the promising results of using the MECM measure to select an appropriate resource-based rule-based classification model.
Sodium-Dependent Accumulation of Sugars by Isolated Intestinal Cells. Evidence for a Mechanism not Dependent on the Na+ Gradient

Having just learned that I would have an opportunity to make a formal statement when I walked in the room this morning I’m not quite sure even yet what I will say. I think it is perhaps best, however, if I begin with the data which led to my digression from what many of you consider the path of the righteous. In view of the religious overtones of this meeting which have been pointed out repeatedly this morning I’m sure that some of the things that I will say sound like heresy. I hasten to point out that there is no attempt on my part to be intentionally heretical. Therefore if I’m to be charged at the end of this talk, I trust the charge will not be mechanistic murder as there was no premeditation and then an attempt to obtain the data. Instead, we had the data in hand first and our ideas evolved from it. A few moments ago we heard a “confession” from Dr. Heinz. Perhaps the next hour should be considered as the morning’ s attempt at your “conversion”.
Pyrolysis—gas chromatography of normal human cells and amniotic fluid

Abstract Human cells derived from tissues and biological fluids have been characterized by pyrochromatography. Normal cells from the brain, kidney, liver and spleen of given individuals have been differentiated by their pyrochromatograms. Pyrochromatograms, are presented for cells from cultured skin fibroblasts which were obtained from cystic fibrotic individuals as well as those taken from disease-free individuals. Characteristic pyrochromatograms were also obtained from amniotic fluid.
Stress analysis for a nonlinear viscoelastic rubberlike material

Abstract A nonlinear creep and a cylinder problem are studied based on the approximate constitutive equation introduced by Lianis. These constitutive equations have been shown to be suitable for the characterization of rubberlike materials under finite deformation. Numerical solutions, evaluated by using the experimental data for styrene butadiene rubber, are obtained by means of a finite-difference technique. The effects of nonlinearity of material properties are discussed.
Sound Wave Velocity Change due to the Magnon-Phonon Interaction

A calculation is given of the sound wave velocity change, in a ferromagnetic dielectric, due to the magnon-phonon interaction. Results are given for a low temperature region. For a normal magnetoelastic ferromagnet, like YIG, the changes turn out to be too small to measure, and the changes are just measureable in highly magnetostrictive materials (like the rare earth iron garnets). The temperature dependence of the low temperature results, taken together with earlier, more general, work in regard to the sound wave attenuation due to the magnon-phonon attenuation, lead one to believe that a significant velocity change (Δv/v ≈ 10−2 %) should be seen in highly magnetostrictive materials at the higher temperatures, and a measureable change in YIG in the range 25 to 50 °K. The change should be separable from other changes, via its dependence on applied magnetic field. Es wird die durch Magnon–Phonon-Wechselwirkung hervorgerufene Geschwindigkeitsanderung von akustischen Wellen in einem ferromagnetischen Dielektrikum berechnet. Fur den Tieftemperaturbereich werden Ergebnisse angegeben. Fur normale magneto-elastische Ferromagnete, wie YIG ergeben sich zu geringe Anderungen fur eine Messung; die Anderungen werden gerade mesbar fur stark magnetostriktive Materialien (wie die Eisengarnete der Seltenen Erden). Die Temperaturabhangigkeit der Tieftemperaturergebnisse und fruhere mehr allgemeinere Arbeiten uber die Dampfung akustischer Wellen durch die Magnon–Phonon-Wechselwirkung, fuhren zu dem Schlus, das eine merkliche Geschwindigkeitsanderung (Δv/v ≈ 10−2 %) in stark magnetostriktiven Materialien bei hoheren Temperaturen beobachtbar sein sollte, und eine mesbare Anderung in YIG im Bereich zwischen 25 und 50 °K auftreten sollte. Die Anderung sollte durch ihre Abhangigkeit vom angelegten Magnetfeld von anderen Anderungen separierbar sein.
Size and shape of fine quartz in the clay fraction of soils and geological materials

Fine clay fractions of two soils and five geological materials including three formed in late Wisconsinan glacial rock flour were separated by decantation and centrifugation procedures. X-ray diffractograms (XRD) showed mica and chlorite as the main components. Pyrosulfate fusion which removed the phyllosilicates and iron oxides revealed presence of quartz and some feldspars. After dilute H2SiF6 treatment, blade-shaped, platy and sheroidal particles mainly of 0.2–0.1 μm size were observed by scanning electron microscope. Fine feldspars and quartz were found to be susceptible to the chemical treatments. On treatment with diluted H2SiF6 + HF + H3BO3, the crystallinity of fine quartz was considerably decreased as indicated by a very broad diffraction maximum at a spacing of about 4 A. Die Grose und Form von feinem Quarz in Tonfraktionen von Boden und geologischen Materialien Feintonfraktionen von zwei Boden und funf geologischen Materialien, einschlieslich drei Proben, die aus Gesteinsmehl der Spat-Wisconsin-Eiszeit entstanden, wurden durch Dekantieren und Zentrifugieren getrennt. Die Rontgenaufnahmen zeigten Glimmer und Chlorit als Hauptbestandteile. Der Pyrosulfat-Aufschlus, der die Schichtsilicate und Eisenoxide entfernte, enthullte die Anwesenheit von Quarz und Feldspaten. Nach der Behandlung mit verdunnter H2SiF6 wurden blattformige, plattige und spharoidische Teilchen, die vorwiegend der Fraktion 0,2–0,1 μm angehorten, durch das Raster-Elektronenmikroskop beobachtet. Feinfeldspate und Quarz waren empfindlich gegen die chemischen Behandlungen. Durch aufeinanderfolgende Behandlungen mit verdunnten Losungen von H2SiF6, HF und H3BO3 wurde der kristalline Ordnungsgrad von Feinquarz betrachtlich vermindert, wie durch ein sehr breites Beugungsmaximum bei d ≅ 4 A angezeigt wird.