cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal Horizon: Modulation by Smoking Status and Gender

Abstract Recently, delay discounting has been argued to be conceptually consistent with the notion of temporal horizon [Bickel, W.K., Yi, R., Kowal, B.P., Gatchalian, K.M., 2008. Cigarette smokers discount past and future rewards symmetrically and more than controls: is discounting a measure of impulsivity? Drug Alcohol Depend. 96, 256–262]. Temporal horizon refers to the temporal distance over which behavioral events or objects can influence behavior. Here we examine the results on two putative measures of temporal horizon, future time perspective (FTP) and delay discounting, collected over three separate studies ( n = 227), to determine the influence of smoking and gender on temporal horizon. By comparing the results on these temporal horizon measures we address our population of interest: women who smoke. One of the measures of FTP indicates that smoking women have a shorter temporal horizon than their nonsmoking counterparts. Additionally, the story completion measures of FTP are positively correlated with delay discounting. In contrast, results of delay discounting measures showed no difference between smoking women and nonsmoking women, while results of delay discounting measures indicated smoking men have a shorter temporal horizon than non-smoking men. Additionally, the results of the FTP story completion measure indicated that lower third income earners had a shortened temporal horizon compared to upper third income earners. A possible explanation for these results is explored, and the implications of the modulation of temporal horizon by gender and smoking are discussed.
Molecular beam epitaxy growth of HgCdTe for high performance infrared photon detectors

Abstract Significant progresses have been made in the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of HgCdTe for high performance infrared photon detectors with the aid of in situ and ex situ characterization techniques. Superlattice interfacial layers compensate in part for the influence of non-ideal CdZnTe substrates and hence improved the material quality as well as yield. They result in photoconductive carrier recombination lifetimes approaching theoretical limits set by the intrinsic radiative and Auger recombination mechanisms for 8–14 μm long-wavelength infrared HgCdTe. Very high composition and thickness uniformities have also been achieved. However, the Urbach tail energy, which is associated with structural disorder, was found to be non-uniform for both large wafer (up to 20 × 20 mm 2 ) and very small area (down to 200 × 200 μm 2 ). After several years of improvements in MBE HgCdTe growth techniques, substrates once again have become a bottleneck to further improvements.
The Sudan Transport Study

The Sudan, population 18.2 million, in area the largest country in Africa is traversed by the White and Blue Niles meeting at Khartoum and blessed with rain. It has the potential to be a breedbasket for Africa and the Middle East. Of an estimated 200 million agricultural acres, only 17 million are now cultivated---4 million irrigated. Essential expansion is needed of an existing sparse and far-flung transport system to develop agricultural areas and bring food to population centers and export outlets. The ADAR Corporation developed an adaptive matter transport plan under direction of the author, based on Wharton econometric models of the economy under four scenarios: the Reference Projection, Agriculture for Export, Balanced Regional Growth, and Arab African Interface. Using an emerging operations research theory of hierarchies and priorities, the scenarios were combined to generate a Composite Scenario. UN Food and Agriculturists estimated Sudan's supply and demand under Composite Scenario assumptions with 4.3%, 6%, and 7.3% GNP rates. Air, road, rail, river, and port transport projects 103 in all were identified and prioritized, satisfying economic, social and political constraints. Investment is currently under way along the lines suggested by the plan, with nearly $6 billion committed for transport and agricultural projects by several agencies including the Kuwait Fund, the Arab Fund, the World Bank, the Saudi Government, and the newly formed Arab Authority for Development and Agricultural Investment, a group of Arab investing countries.
Ground-state alternation and excitation energy of S=(1/2) linear Heisenberg antiferromagnets.

The ground-state energy per site, \ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\delta}), and the singlet-triplet gap, \ensuremath{\Delta}(\ensuremath{\delta}), of the linear spin-(1/2) alternating Heisenberg antiferromagnet are found by extrapolation of direct solutions to N\ensuremath{\le}26 sites for even rings and N\ensuremath{\le}21 sites for odd rings, whose orbital degeneracy leads to qualitatively different critical behavior. The \ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\delta}) accuracy of ${l10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ (in units of J) decisively rules out power-law behavior for any alternation \ensuremath{\delta}g0.001 and is consistent with ${\ensuremath{\delta}}^{4/3}$/\ensuremath{\Vert}ln\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\Vert} for \ensuremath{\delta}l0.05. The gap \ensuremath{\Delta}(\ensuremath{\delta}) is slightly sublinear in \ensuremath{\delta}. Direct ground-state solutions are found via diagrammatic valence-bond methods and provide sensitive tests for theoretical approaches to linear spin systems.
Impact of segmental left ventricle lead position on cardiac resynchronization therapy outcomes.

Background The optimal pacing site for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is along the left ventricle (LV) lateral or posterolateral wall. However, little is known about the impact of segmental pacing site on outcomes. Objective We assessed the impact of segmental LV lead position on CRT outcomes. Methods Patients (n = 115) undergoing CRT were followed prospectively. Segmental LV lead position along the longitudinal axis (apical, midventricle, or basal) was determined retrospectively by examining coronary sinus (CS) venograms and chest X-rays. The primary outcome was a combined endpoint of heart failure hospitalization, cardiac transplantation, or all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included change in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and degree of LV reverse remodeling. Results Patients were divided into two groups based on LV lead position: apical (n = 25) and basal/midventricle (n = 90). The apical group was older (72.9 ± 8.9 vs. 66.5 ± 13.3 years; P = .010) and more likely to have ischemic cardiomyopathy (77% vs. 52%, P P = .006). The adverse impact of apical lead placement remained significant after adjusting for clinical covariates: HR 2.3 (95% CI 1.1–4.8, P = .03). The apical group also experienced less improvement in NYHA functional class and less LV reverse remodeling. Conclusions Apical LV lead placement is associated with worse CRT outcomes. Preferential positioning of LV leads in the basal/midventricle segments may improve outcomes.
Perceived Importance of Parenting Behaviors as Reported by Inmate Mothers: An Exploratory Study.

Abstract This study addresses a major neglect in correctional research — inmate mothers' attitudes about parenting behaviors and how they compare with those of noncriminal mothers. It includes a sample of 120 incarcerated mothers and a matched pair group of 120 noncriminal mothers. A discriminant analysis was used to determine statistical differences between the groups' attitudes. It explained 15.4 percent of the variance between the incarcerated and nonincar-cerated mothers. Implications of this study are discussed, including the need to provide meaningful vocational training and follow-up services for mothers in prison and on parole.
Critical exponents for NMR and ESR linewidths in a two-dimensional antiferromagnet

Abstract The exponent p in ΔH ∝ (T/TN−1)-p is derived both for NMR and ESR linewidths ΔH in a two-dimensional antiferromagnet. The approach is based on Kawasaki's dynamical equations. Comparison is made with experiments on K2NiF4 and K2MnF4.
MECHANISMS OF EXOCYTOSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates a study analyzing mechanisms of exocytosis. Exocytosis is a method of discharge of secretory products in which there is selective release of granule-bound material. Other forms of secretion may cause nonselective release of cellular constituents. In the adrenal medulla, for instance, elevated pH causes the release not only of catecholamines but also of a cytoplasmic marker, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). This is probably indicative of cell damage. Reserpine can release catecholamines without discharge of other soluble granule constituents. This represents another mechanism of catecholamine release and is also different from exocytosis. Evidence that exocytosis occurs in the adrenal medulla in response to the physiological transmitter, acetylcholine, and other drugs have been reviewed. This chapter discusses some of the factors believed to be involved in exocytisis in the adrenal medulla. The chapter highlights that inhibitors of ATP synthesis increase the spontaneous release of catecholamines from the adrenal gland, while inhibiting the evoked release. These findings have been interpreted along with the evidence that ATP activates calcium uptake by cell organelles and that ATP can release catecholamines from isolated chromaffin granules.
Simulation of the passive infrared spectral signatures of bioaerosol and natural fog clouds immersed in the background atmosphere.

At first glance, an examination of the bulk refractive indices for the 8–12 μm waveband of various bioaerosols suggests differentiation with respect to common background aerosols based upon the spectral characteristics of the absorption. The question of whether there is a spectral signature of bioaerosol clouds when those clouds are immersed in a typical atmosphere, including the boundary layer background aerosols, has been addressed in a simulation using the Weather and Atmospheric Visualization Effects for Simulation (WAVES) suite of codes. Using measured values of the refractive index for common bacterial spores, and their typical size distributions, the single-scattering, ensemble-averaged optical properties such as extinction/absorption coefficients, albedo, and the scattering phase function was computed for bioaerosol clouds at a resolution of 1 cm-1. WAVES was then used to calculate the radiative transfer for a finite sized cloud immersed in background. Results of this simulation indicate that, for a passive remote sensing measurement, it is unlikely that bioaerosol clouds can be identified from the spectral signature alone.
The elemental analyzer sample carousel: loading an autosampler made easy

A newly developed device for loading samples into an autosampler attached to an elemental analyzer is described and evaluated. The purpose of the device is to reduce the time and number of errors experienced when loading samples into an autosampler. Tests show that the new device saves time when loading samples and, more importantly, reduces the chance of losing samples. In addition to analyzing the elemental components (e.g. % carbon and % nitrogen) and the elemental ratios (e.g. C/N) of a sample, the stable isotopic composition (e.g. δ13C and δ15N) can also be determined when an EA is attached to a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plane elastostatic analysis of V-notched plates

Solutions are given for several plane elastostatic problems of plates having a V-notch on one edge, and subjected to a variety of boundary conditions. The effect of the magnitude of the V-notch angle and specimen geometry on stress intensity factors KI and KII are obtained for unloaded notch surfaces. There is less than one percent difference in opening mode I stress intensity factor in going from a zero degree notch angle to a 30 degree notch angle.
Interferometric Sensing of Biomolecular Binding Using Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide Templates

We have demonstrated the feasibility of sensing adsorption of untagged molecular analytes in an electrochemically fabricated porous aluminum oxide template with regular nanometer dimension pores by monitoring reflectivity spectra. Combining this with chemistry to functionalize Al2O3 with DNA oligonucleotides, we are able to sense 2 nmol/cm2 of complementary DNA as a 3.4 nm shift in a spectral minimum. We have modeled the change in reflection spectrum versus uptake of analytes to quantify binding. This technique can achieve subpicomole sensitivity in straightforward fashion with 0.1 mm probe spots.
Team-level goal orientation: an emergent state and its relationships with team inputs, process, and outcomes

Building on recent efforts to extend the concept of goal orientation to teams, we identify team-level goal orientation as an emergent state, distinct from static trait goal orientations of team members. We reinforce this distinction by developing and testing hypotheses about team inputs, processes, and outcomes as determinants of the development of team goal orientation over time. We test our hypotheses with longitudinal data from 230 participants on 64 teams engaged in a management simulation. We find that team members’ trait goal orientations affect the team’s state goal orientation, but only in the early stages of team functioning. Team process and interim outcomes drive changes in team state goal orientation.
Technical Note-An Inequality for the Variance of Waiting Time under a General Queuing Discipline

We show that the expected value of any convex function of the waiting time such as the variance in a general queuing system under any queuing discipline independent of the service times does not exceed that under the last-come-first-served discipline, and is not less than that under the first-come-first-served discipline.
An enhanced sensitivity of alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers to electron irradiation through the incorporation of a sulfide entity into the alkyl chains

A possibility to influence the response of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of alkanethiolates (AT) to low-energy electron irradiation through the incorporation of specific molecular groups into the...
Childhood Onset Schizophrenia: High Rate of Visual Hallucinations

Objective To document high rates and clinical correlates of nonauditory hallucinations in childhood onset schizophrenia (COS). Method Within a sample of 117 pediatric patients (mean age 13.6 years), diagnosed with COS, the presence of auditory, visual, somatic/tactile, and olfactory hallucinations was examined using the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). We also compared hallucination modality membership (presence/absence) groups on gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age of onset (of psychosis), Full Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, and clinical severity (Children's Global Assessment Scale [CGAS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms [SANS]). Results A total of 111 COS patients (94.9%) had auditory and 94 patients (80.3%) had visual hallucinations. Somatic/tactile (60.7%) and olfactory (29.9%) hallucinations occurred almost exclusively in patients who also had visual hallucinations. Children who had visual hallucinations had lower IQ, earlier age of onset, and more severe illness relative to children who did not have visual hallucinations. Conclusions In this study, we observed that patients with COS have high rates of hallucinations across all modalities. An increased rate of visual hallucinations is associated with greater clinical impairment and greater compromise in overall brain functioning. Somatic and olfactory hallucinations reflect an additive rather than alternative symptom pattern.
On the computational utility of posynomial geometric programming solution methods

Ten codes or code variants were used to solve the five equivalent posynomial GP problem formulations. Four of these codes were general NLP codes; six were specialized GP codes. A total of forty-two test problems was solved with up to twenty randomly generated starting points per problem. The convex primal formulation is shown to be intrinsically easiest to solve. The general purpose GRG code called OPT appears to be the most efficient code for GP problem solution. The reputed superiority of the specialized GP codes GGP and GPKTC appears to be largely due to the fact that these codes solve the convex primal formulation. The dual approaches are only likely to be competitive for small degree of difficulty, tightly constrained problems.
Neutron-scattering measurements of spin excitations in LaFeAsO and Ba(Fe(0.953)Co(0.047))(2)As(2): evidence for a sharp enhancement of spin fluctuations by nematic order.

Inelastic neutron scattering is employed to investigate the impact of electronic nematic order on the magnetic spectra of LaFeAsO and $\mathrm{Ba}({\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.953}{\mathrm{Co}}_{0.047}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$. These materials are ideal to study the paramagnetic-nematic state, since the nematic order, signaled by the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic transition at ${T}_{S}$, sets in well above the stripe antiferromagnetic ordering at ${T}_{N}$. We find that the temperature-dependent dynamic susceptibility displays an anomaly at ${T}_{S}$ followed by a sharp enhancement in the spin-spin correlation length, revealing a strong feedback effect of nematic order on the low-energy magnetic spectrum. Our findings can be consistently described by a model that attributes the structural or nematic transition to magnetic fluctuations, and unveils the key role played by nematic order in promoting the long-range stripe antiferromagnetic order in iron pnictides.
Convergence Analysis of a Fourier-Based Solution Method of the Laplace Equation for a Model of Magnetic Recording

When engineers model the magnetostatic fields applied to recording heads of computer hard drives due to a magnetic recording medium, the solution of Laplace's equation must be found. A popular solution method is based on Fourier analysis. However, due to the geometry of the read head model, an interesting mathematical problem arises. The coefficients for the Fourier series solution of the desired magnetic potential satisfy an infinite system of linear equations. In practice, the infinite system is truncated to a finite system with little consideration for the effect this truncation has on the solution. The paper will provide a proper understanding of the underlying problem and a formal analysis of the effect of truncation.
Young children's reading strategies as they read self-selected books in school

Abstract An ethnographic investigation was conducted to examine beginning readers' strategies as they read self-selected texts in the reading center of their first-grade, whole language classroom. Observations occurred from the first day of school through February, a time when most of these children emerged as conventional readers. The talk, actions, and books the children read were documented through observations and audiotaping. Patterns of reading behaviors show a general movement from a focus on pictures to a focus on print. The strategies were not developmentally linear across the 7-month period, they were recursive, as children often used more than one strategy to read one book. Several of the strategies, such as reading the text from memory, were indicative of the contextual environment, including the materials the children read as well as the instruction which emphasized oral language as the basis for learning written language.
Meningothelial hamartoma of the scalp: two case reports and literature review

Meningothelial hamartomas are rare congenital scalp lesions composed of an admixture of cells including the meningothelial cell type. Histologically they are characterized as lesions with proliferative connective tissue, epitheloid cells forming interanastamosing vascular channels, and meningothelial elements. Lopez first described these lesions in 1974 and since that time a total of 32 cases have been reported [3]. In previous reports, they have been referred to as hamartomas with ectopic meningothelial elements, sequestered or rudimentary meningocele, and ectopic meningioma [1, 3, 5]. Two additional cases of meningothelial hamartomas are discussed as to their clinical presentation, work up, pathological findings at excision, and outcome. A persistent connection with the central nervous system remains a primary concern and mandates adequate preoperative testing to exclude this possibility.
Competing reactions for poly(aryl ether ketone) synthesis: 2. Preparationof high molecular weight polymer from hydroquinoneand 1,3-bis(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzene

Abstract High molecular weight semicrystalline poly(aryl ether ketone)s have been prepared from hydroquinone and 1,3-bis(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzene in diphenylsulfone and anhydrous potassium carbonate with or without toluene. The use of this solvent system, instead of a combination of dimethylacetamide, diphenylsulfone and toluene, results in the elimination of SR,,I (radical nucleophilic, unimolecular substitution) processes and the formation of high molecular weight polymer takes place entirely via SNAR (nucleophilic aromatic substitution) reactions.
In vitro anti-proliferative activities of ellagic acid.

The potential cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities of ellagic acid (a naturally occurring bioactive compound in berries, grapes, and nuts) was evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), normal human lung fibroblast cells HEL 299, Caco-2 colon, MCF-7 breast, Hs 578T breast, and DU 145 human prostatic cancer cells. Ellagic acid at concentration in the range 10‐100 mol/L did not affect the viability of normal fibroblast cells during a 24-hour incubation. An increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence of approximately 18‐21% was observed in normal cells incubated with ellagic acid. In contrast, ellagic acid at 1‐100 mol/L dosedependently inhibited HUVEC tube formation and proliferation on a reconstituted extracellular matrix and showed strong anti-proliferative activity against the colon, breast, and prostatic cancer cell lines investigated. The most sensitive cells were the Caco-2, and the most resistant were the breast cancer cells. Ellagic acid induced cancer cell death by apoptosis as shown by the microscopic examination of cell gross morphology. Ellagic acid induced reduced cancer cell viability as shown by decreased ATP levels of the cancer cells. After 24 hours incubation of 100 mol/L of ellagic acid with Caco-2, MCF-7, Hs 578T, and DU 145 cancer cells, ellagic acid suppressed fetal bovine serum (FBS) stimulation of cell migration. The apoptosis induction was accompanied by a decreased in the levels of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (pro-MMP-2 or gelatinase A), pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 (pro-MMP-9 or gelatinase B), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) in conditioned media. The results suggest that ellagic acid expressed a selective cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity, and induced apoptosis in Caco-2, MCF-7, Hs 578T, and DU 145 cancer cells without any toxic effect on the viability of normal human lung fibroblast cells. It was also observed that the mechanism of apoptosis induction in ellagic acid‐treated cancer cells was associated with
TU-C-BRD-01: Image Guided SBRT I: Multi-Modality 4D Imaging

Motion management is one of the critical technical challenges for radiation therapy. 4D imaging has been rapidly adopted as essential tool to assess organ motion associated with respiratory breathing. A variety of 4D imaging techniques have been developed and are currently under development based on different imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, PET, and CBCT. Each modality provides specific and complementary information about organ and tumor respiratory motion. Effective use of each different technique or combined use of different techniques can introduce a comprehensive management of tumor motion. Specifically, these techniques have afforded tremendous opportunities to better define and delineate tumor volumes, more accurately perform patient positioning, and effectively apply highly conformal therapy techniques such as IMRT and SBRT. Successful implementation requires good understanding of not only each technique, including unique features, limitations, artifacts, imaging acquisition and process, but also how to systematically apply the information obtained from different imaging modalities using proper tools such as deformable image registration. Furthermore, it is important to understand the differences in the effects of breathing variation between different imaging modalities. A comprehensive motion management strategy using multi-modality 4D imaging has shown promise in improving patient care, but at the same time faces significant challenges. This session will focuses on the current status and advances in imaging respiration-induced organ motion with different imaging modalities: 4D-CT, 4D-MRI, 4D-PET, and 4D-CBCT/DTS. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the need and role of multimodality 4D imaging in radiation therapy. 2. Understand the underlying physics behind each 4D imaging technique. 3. Recognize the advantages and limitations of each 4D imaging technique.
Discoloration of PV encapsulants

Discoloration of EVA encapsulants with accompanying module power loss was observed in the 1990s. Detailed analyses of the failure modes and recommendations on minimizing the effects have been published. Recent studies, however, indicate that the discoloration has not been eliminated in fielded photovoltaic (PV) modules and is still a major contributor to power degradation in crystalline silicon PV modules. Recent changes in the PV industry and its supply chain make it likely that this phenomenon could be a more significant problem (with significant relearning) in the future. This paper will review the past work on EVA discoloration, present and explain the new results on long-term degradation, and make recommendations on how to limit encapsulation discoloration going forward.
Updated Experience With the Monti Catheterizable Channel

OBJECTIVES The Monti catheterizable channel is used as an integral part of continent bladder reconstruction in children. We have updated our ongoing experience at Riley Children's Hospital with 199 patients. METHODS We identified 199 patients for retrospective review, including all patients for whom a Monti ileovesicostomy was created from January 1997 to August 2004. We assessed the complications, surgical procedures, and stomal continence. RESULTS At mean follow-up of 28 months, we found that 194 of 199 patients (97.5%) continued to use their Monti catheterizable channel for bladder drainage. Early surgical complications occurred in 7 patients (3.5%), usually in those who had undergone simultaneous bladder augmentation (5 of 7). Revision was required in 16 patients (8%) for stomal stenosis (n = 11), prolapse (n = 2), or superficial stomal problems (n = 3). Of the 199 patients, 17 (8.5%) required 19 bladder or channel revisions. The primary indications were related to elongation and angulation of the channel in 7 and deficient tunnel length in 8. Minor difficulty with catheterization was noted in 16 patients (8%), and endoscopy with minor procedures was required in 4 patients (2%). Leakage from the channel was uncommon, occurring in only 4 of 115 patients (3.5%). CONCLUSIONS With increasing demand for simultaneous appendicocecostomy for stool continence at bladder reconstruction, we continue to use the Monti ileovesicostomy for bladder drainage. Our experience with nearly 200 patients has demonstrated the durability and success of this technique.
Modified full abundance-constrained spectral unmixing

Abundance fully constrained least squares (FLCS) method has been widely used for spectral unmixing. A modified FCLS (MFCLS) was previously proposed for the same purpose to derive two iterative equations for solving fully abundance-constrained spectral unmixing problems. Unfortunately, its advantages have not been recognized. This paper conducts a comparative study and analysis between FCLS and MFCLS via custom-designed synthetic images and real images to demonstrate that while both methods perform comparably in unmixing data, MFCLS edges out FCLS in less computing time.
Pluripotential Mechanisms of Cardioprotection with HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor Therapy

Treatment with hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors has been accompanied by a reduced risk of cardiovascular events. Rapid onset of clinical benefit and weak correlations between plasma low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and coronary lumen change or cardiovascular events indicates that nonlipid mechanisms are involved in this beneficial effects with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Furthermore, more rapid onset of clinical benefit with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndromes or acute myocardial infarction than in those with stable coronary heart disease suggest that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors facilitate repair of ruptured or ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque, facilitate plaque stabilization and/or reduce thrombus formation on ruptured plaques. Treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improved endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypercholesterolemia and this improvement in endothelial function was not correlated with reduction in total serum cholesterol levels. Similarly, reduction in endothelial pre-proendothelin mRNA expression and endothelin synthesis and blood pressure lowering with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors occurred independent of lipid-lowering. Finally, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors increased endothelial nitric oxide levels i.e. upregulated endothelial nitric oxide synthetase expression via post-transcriptional mechanisms and prevented its down-regulation by oxidized LDL-C. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to modulate the immune response by inhibiting activation of immune-competent cells such as macrophages, and antigen presentation to macrophages by T cells. Treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors can reduce expression, production and circulating levels of chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factoralpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1beta]. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduced inflammation in human atheroma: significantly fewer macrophages and T cells, less oxidized LDL-C and higher collagen content. In addition, treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor led to decreased cell death within the atheroma. Treatment with these agents also reduced expression of inducible cellular adhesion molecules, decreased secretion of metalloproteinases by macrophages, reduced vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Lastly, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors appear to have important effects on the thrombogenesis: reduced expression of tissue factor production and activity; increased production of tissue factor package inhibitor; decreased platelet thrombus formation and improved fibrinolysis as a result of lowered plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. As the pluripotential cardioprotective mechanisms of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are further elucidated, it is envisaged that treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors will be initiated earlier and more frequently in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Cytomegalovirus infection in the liver transplant recipient. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical management.

The effects of cytomegalovirus (CMV) on the liver transplant patient can be divided into two general categories: the direct infectious disease effects (e.g. CMV mononucleosis, hepatitis, pneumonitis, GI infection) and the indirect effects that are mediated by cytokines elaborated as a consequence of the infection. These indirect effects include an immunosuppressive effect that contributes to the development of superinfection with fungi, bacteria, and Pneumocystis carinii; a role in the pathogenesis of allograft injury; and a role in the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. The two key steps in the pathogenesis of CMV infection-reactivation of the virus from latency and systemic spread-are modulated by the immunosuppressive therapy administered. New antiviral programs, primarily those involving ganciclovir, have resulted in considerable progress in the prevention and treatment of CMV disease among liver transplant recipients.
Phase coexistence in Ti6Sn5 intermetallics

Abstract Here we report the structural characterization of a complex Ti–Sn intermetallic compound, Ti 6 Sn 5 . From X-ray diffraction, the resulting compound was observed to exist in both orthorhombic and hexagonal phases. Analysis by electron microscopy revealed that “planar-like” defects form throughout the material. Atomic resolution aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that these “planar-like” defects represent the coexistence of the orthorhombic and hexagonal phases within single grains. The resulting interwoven phases range in thickness from a fraction to multiple unit cells and exhibit coherent phase boundaries with the matrix grain.
A result about the incident edges in the graphs M k

Abstract Let M k be a graph which is obtained by successive substitutions of k vertices of the complete graph K n , ( k ⩽ n ), by isomorphic copies of the cycle C n −1 . We prove that ‘ M k is hamiltonian’.
Structural and biological properties of a monoclonal auto-anti-(anti-idiotype) antibody

Several studies illustrating idiotype network-directed regulation of the immune response1 have demonstrated that heterologous anti-(anti-idiotype) antibodies (1) share variable (V) region antigenic determinants with idiotype-bearing antibodies2–5, (2) lack antigen-binding activity3–6 and (3) alter the clonal profile of an immune response by stimulating/suppressing regulatory lymphocyte clones of anti-idiotype specificity2–4,6. However, the existence and significance of anti-(anti-idiotype) antibody in natural immunological responses has been questioned because of the artificial immunization procedures used to induce these antibodies. Here we describe a monoclonal mouse anti-(anti-idiotype) antibody generated in physiological conditions by immunizing BALB/c mice with a pneumococcal vaccine that elicits a humoral anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) response dominated by the T15 idiotype7. This antibody recognized an idiotope on a monoclonal anti-T15 antibody, failed to bind PC, did not exhibit detectable idiotypic cross-reactivity with T15+ immunoglobulins, utilized VH and VL genes distinct from the T15 V gene group8, and exerted a suppressive effect on the in vivo response to PC in syngeneic mice.
The reaction of the octachlorodirhenate(III) ion with methyl isocyanide giving the pentachloro(methylisocyano)rhenium(IV) ion

Abstract Methyl isocyanide reacts rapidly with (NBu n 4 ) 2 Re 2 Cl 8 in ethanol at 25 °C give a green product, shown by X-ray crystallographic study to be (NBu n 4 ) [ReCl 5 (CNCH 3 )]. The [ReCl 5 (CNCH 3 )] − ion is essentially octahedral, with all cis Re-Cl distances in the range 2.316(7) A to 2.336(7) A and the trans ReCl distance equal to 2.343(6), thus indicating little or no structural trans effect by the isocyanide ligand. The failure to find any simple substitution product, such as Re 2 Cl 6 (CNCH 3 ) 2 , is consistent with other observations where strongly π-acid ligands cause degradation of MM multiple bonds, although we cannot entirely rule out the formation of a small amount of such a product, nor is the identity of the oxidizing agent that converts Re III to Re IV known. The compounds crystallizes in space group P2 1 /c with a = 11.255(3) A , b = 14.651(6) A , c = 16.274(6) A , β = 93.82(6)°, V = 2677(3) A 3 , and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.065 and R 2 = 0.076 using 1558 reflections with I > 3σ(I) and corrected for absorption.
Influence of Slightly Soluble Organics on Aerosol Activation

[1] This paper examines the effects of slightly soluble organics on aerosol activation in a parcel of air rising adiabatically. Slightly soluble organics can affect aerosol activation by three mechanisms: lowering surface tension, altering the bulk hygroscopicity, and delaying the growth of particles because of their lower solubilities. The first and second mechanisms have already been addressed in a previous paper. Here we address the third mechanism by simulating the activation process of aerosol particles modeled using a single lognormal size distribution and consisting of an internal uniform chemical mixture of adipic acid (representing slightly soluble organics having extremely low solubility as a worst-case scenario) and ammonium sulfate. The simulations were carried out using measured solubility of adipic acid spanning a wide range of physical and dynamical parameters. The same conditions were resimulated but assuming fully soluble aerosols. Results of the simulations show that although the low solubility of the adipic acid alters Kohler curves and increases critical supersaturation of the smaller particles (Kohler curves of the larger particles are not affected because these particles are completely dissolved at the initial supersaturation of zero), low solubility has minimal to no effect on the parcel supersaturation except for particles consisting of more than 95% adipic acid. Furthermore, since aerosols in realistic atmospheric conditions do not contain more than 90% organics, we should be only interested in smaller concentrations (less than 90% by mass). Accordingly, we conclude that the slightly soluble organics can be assumed to be fully soluble for the purpose of predicting the fraction of activation and the maximum supersaturation with negligible error and it is not necessary to retune the previously developed parameterization of aerosol activation.
Cellular Transformation of Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts in the Absence of Activator E2Fs

ABSTRACT The E2F family of transcription factors, broadly divided into activator and repressor E2Fs, regulates cell cycle genes. Current models indicate that activator E2Fs are necessary for cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis and are also required to mediate transformation induced by DNA tumor viruses. E2Fs are negatively regulated by the retinoblastoma (RB) family of tumor suppressor proteins, and virus-encoded oncogenes disrupt the RB-E2F repressor complexes. This results in the release of activator E2Fs and induction of E2F-dependent genes. In agreement, expression of large tumor T antigens (TAg) encoded by polyomaviruses in mammalian cells results in increased transcriptional levels of E2F target genes. In addition, tumorigenesis induced by transgenic expression of simian virus 40 (SV40) TAg in choroid plexus or intestinal villi requires at least one activator E2F. In contrast, we show that SV40 TAg-induced transformation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts is independent of activator E2Fs. This work, coupled with recent studies showing that proliferation in stem and progenitor cells is independent of activator E2Fs, suggests the presence of parallel pathways governing cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. IMPORTANCE The RB-E2F pathway is altered in many cancers and is also targeted by DNA tumor viruses. Viral oncoprotein action on RBs results in the release of activator E2Fs and upregulation of E2F target genes; thus, activator E2Fs are considered essential for normal and tumorigenic cell proliferation. However, we have observed that SV40 large T antigen can induce cell proliferation and transformation in the absence of activator E2Fs. Our results also suggest that TAg action on pRBs regulates both E2F-dependent and -independent pathways that govern proliferation. Thus, specific cell proliferation pathways affected by RB alterations in cancer may be a factor in tumor behavior and response to therapy.
Imaging electron waves

One can image the coherent flow of electron waves through a quantum point contact (QPC) into a two-dimensional electron gas by using scanning probe microscopy. A negatively charged tip depletes the electron gas below, backscatters electron waves, and reduces the QPC conductance. By raster scanning the tip over the sample, an image of electron flow is obtained. Images at liquid He temperatures show the individual quantum modes of the QPC. At greater distances, the electron flow forms narrow branches caused by small-angle scattering. Interference fringes in the images demonstrate the coherence of electron flow. An electron interferometer that acts as a quantum phase shifter was constructed by adding a gate to reflect electron waves back to the QPC, producing a V-shaped path for interfering electron waves with the apex at the QPC. When the length of one leg of the V is altered by changing the reflector gate voltage, the fringes at the other end of the V, under the tip, shift by the same distance. The interferometer is sensitive to transit time differences as small as ∼0.1 ps between the two electron paths. These observations are in good agreement with theoretical simulations of electron flow.
Application of Genomic and Molecular Methods to Fundamental Questions in Canine and Feline Reproductive Health

Contents Molecular tools are becoming increasingly available to investigate the genetic basis of reproductive disorders in dogs and cats. These were first successful in identifying the molecular basis of diseases inherited as simple Mendelian traits, and these are now being applied to those that are inherited as complex traits. In order to promote similar studies of reproductive disorders, we need to understand how we can play a proactive role in accumulating sufficient case material. We also need to understand these mutation discovery tools and identify collaborators who have experience with their use. The candidate gene and genomic approaches to mutation discovery in dogs are presented, including new sequencing methods and those used to confirm that a mutation has a role in disease pathology. As the final goal is to use our study results to prevent inherited disorders, we need to consider how we can promote efficiency in obtaining DNA test results and providing genetic counselling.
Studies of lead exposure and the developing central nervous system: a reply to Kaufman

Kaufman's critique of the lead-cognition hypothesis is a reiteration of well worn and weary claims raised many times in the past, primarily by spokespersons for the lead industry. They have been fully rebutted in the literature. The essence of these claims is that those studies showing an association between lead and IQ are flawed by uncontrolled confounding, multiple comparisons, and errors in measurement. Any effect of lead, Kaufman asserts, if present, is small. This response examines each of these issues and shows that they lack substance. Lead's negative impact on IQ persists in most modern studies after confounding has been controlled in many different statistical models. At least three metaanalyses have confirmed an effect of lead at low dose. Animal studies in which lead is given systematically, and the issue of confounding thereby avoided, demonstrate an unequivocal lead effect at similar doses to the human studies. The criticism of multiple comparisons similarly does not withstand examination. Measurement errors are nonsystematic and nondifferential. They are, therefore, null biasing. The actual size of the lead effect has been shown to be substantial, and to be found most prominently at the ends of the distribution. Kaufman says that lead requires study of diverse dimensions of intellect, but he restricts his scope to a sample of studies of lead and IQ, ignoring recent high quality studies that show a clear lead effect, and in those studies that he critiques he ignores data that contradict his position. His article adds nothing to the dialogue on lead neurotoxicity.
THE REFRACTORY STATE PRODUCED BY ADRENAL EXTRACT1

I THAS BEEN reported previously that single injections of large amounts of IT adrenal extract will cause marked changes in electrolyte excretion in the normal man (i) and the normal dog (2, 3). This effect is differential, the ex† cretion of sodium and chloride being decreased and that of potassium and ammonia increased. The total base excreted remains essentially unchanged because the differential action is compensatory. In a recent report (3) from this laboratory it was shown that repeated intravenous injections of adrenal extract eventually produce a condition in which there is no response. However, Harrop and Thorn (2) failed to ob†serve the development of a refractory state following repeated subcutaneous injections of adrenal extract. In the present investigation we sought to determine the conditions necessary for the development of the refractory state. We have found that it is developed by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection but not by sub†cutaneous injection; moreover, we have observed that ...
Diurnal rhythm of rat liver glycogen synthetase

Summary The activity of glycogen synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme for hepatic glycogen deposition, undergoes changes which follow a daily rhythm, as does the level of hepatic glycogen. The increase in the enzyme activity is the result of new protein synthesis and is not due to the transformation of the D-form to the I-form which is the case for insulin-mediated glycogen deposition.
Difference in severity of porcine circovirus type two-induced pathological lesions between Landrace and Pietrain pigs

Anecdotal information from the field suggests that there are host genetic differences in sus- ceptibility to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associ- ated disease among Landrace and Pietrain breeds. The objective of this study was to determine if a difference exists in PCV2 susceptibility between Landrace and Pi- etrain pigs under experimental conditions. Thirty-nine Landrace pigs and 39 Pietrain pigs were blocked by breed, sire, dam, and litter and randomly divided into the following 4 groups: Landrace noninoculated nega- tive control (Landrace-NEG; n = 13), Pietrain nonin- oculated negative control (Pietrain-NEG; n = 13), Lan- drace-PCV2 (n = 26; Landrace), and Pietrain-PCV2 (n = 26; Pietrain). After waning of passively acquired anti- PCV2 antibodies, Landrace-PCV2 and Pietrain-PCV2 groups were inoculated with PCV2 isolate ISU-40895. The Landrace-NEG and Pietrain-NEG groups were housed in a separate room, remained noninoculated, and served as negative controls. All pigs in all groups were necropsied at 21 d post PCV2-inoculation. Onset of seroconversion and concentrations of anti-PCV2-IgM, anti-PCV2-IgG, and anti-PCV2 neutralizing antibod- ies were similar in Landrace-PCV2 and Pietrain-PCV2 groups. Furthermore, the amount of PCV2 DNA and cytokine concentrations in serum and plasma samples were not different between the 2 PCV2-inoculated groups. The severity of PCV2-associated microscopic lesions was different between Landrace and Pietrain pigs; Landrace-PCV2 pigs had significantly (P < 0.05) more severe lymphoid lesions than the Pietrain-PCV2 pigs. Although the pigs originated from the same farm where their dams were commingled, passively acquired anti-PCV2-antibodies waned in Pietrain pigs by ap- proximately 12 wk of age, whereas the majority of the Landrace pigs remained PCV2 seropositive until 18 wk of age and beyond. The results from this study indicate that a genetic difference exists between these 2 breeds of pigs in susceptibility to PCV2-associated lesions.
Unexplained hemolysis in patients undergoing ECMO: beware of hypertriglyceridemia

Hemolysis is a common complication of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support and is associated with increased mortality. Frequent monitoring of markers of hemolysis is performed at ECMO centers. We report two cases of spurious hemolysis caused by hypertriglyceridemia in patients undergoing ECMO support. Critically ill patients, including those receiving ECMO, may be at risk of developing medication-induced hypertriglyceridemia. The interference of lipids with the measurement of plasma free hemoglobin, a marker of hemolysis, should be recognized. Our cases highlight the importance of investigating hypertriglyceridemia as part of the assessment of unexplained hemolysis in patients supported with ECMO.