cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ripples at Edges of Blooming Lilies and Torn Plastic Sheets

Abstract Ripples arise at edges of petals of blooming Lilium casablanca flowers and at edges of torn plastic sheets. In both systems, ripples are a consequence of excess length along the edge of a sheet. Through the use of both time-lapse videos of blooming lilies and still images of torn plastic sheets, we find that ripples in both systems are well-described by the scaling relationship , where a is amplitude, w is wavelength, and L is arc length. By approximating that the arc length is proportional to the wavelength, we recover a phenomenological relationship previously reported for self-similar ripple patterns, namely ⟨a⟩ ∝ ⟨w⟩. Our observations imply that a broad class of systems in which morphological changes are driven by excess length along an edge will produce ripples described by . Significance Statement Early in the blooming process of Lilium casablanca flowers, large ripples appear in the edges of their petals. As blooming progresses, smaller ripples arise on top of the original ones. All ripples are characterized by three variables, an amplitude, a wavelength, and an arc length. Here, we derive an equation that relates these variables. To test the equation, we collect movies of blooming lilies. We find that the equation quantitatively describes single ripples in the petals. The equation is general, so it applies to all systems in which ripples arise by the same mechanism. To illustrate this point, we show that the equation holds for single ripples that appear at the edges of torn plastic sheets.
Intranational Home Bias: Some Explanations

Wolf demonstrates that trade within the United States appears substantially impeded by state borders. We revisit this finding with improved data. We show that much intranational home bias can be explained by wholesaling activity. Shipments by wholesalers are much more localized within states than shipments from manufacturing establishments. Controlling for relative prices and the use of actual, rather than imputed, shipment distances also reduces home bias estimates.
A Sustainable Oxalate Process for Recovery of Metals from LiCoO 2 : Experimental and Modeling Study

Green and sustainable recycling of lithium-ion batteries is an important problem that requires immediate attention to meet the rapid growth in critical materials demand for the electric vehicle (EV) market. In this work, a holistic study is presented to develop a closed-loop Li and Co metal recovery and separation process for LiCoO2 electrode materials using oxalate chemistry. More than 97% of Co and Li extraction and almost complete separation between these metals were found in the digestion using oxalic acid at a concentration of 0.46 M, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 15 g/L, agitator speed of 600 rpm, and a temperature of 100 °C. An optimum pH of about 2.5 was identified to achieve efficient extraction and separation between Li and Co. A novel oxalic acid regeneration process using ion-exchange resins is proposed to recover oxalate, reduce waste production, and lower the overall cost of the process. The experimental results are supported with a chemical speciation study and a shrinking core model based kinetic study to develop a deeper understanding of the interfacial processes.
All-Digital Closed-Loop Unified Retention/Wake-Up Clamp in a 10nm 4-Core x86 IP

A 10nm 4-core x86 IP with multiple low-power states including C1 (clock-gated core), C6 (power-gated core) and a new state called C1LP where the core voltage is lowered to its retention voltage (V RETENTION ) is presented. All-digital closed-loop unified retention clamp for C1LP and wake up for C6 shows power savings of 33%/28% for core/IP, with 120ns wake up latency while addressing impact of PVT variations.
Design and Implementation of an Agitation Code Response Team in the Emergency Department

Study objective Agitation, defined as excessive psychomotor activity leading to violent and aggressive behavior, is becoming more prevalent in the emergency department (ED) amidst a strained behavioral health system. Team-based interventions have demonstrated promise in promoting de-escalation, with the hope of minimizing the need for invasive techniques, like physical restraints. This study aimed to evaluate an interprofessional code response team intervention to manage agitation in the ED with the goal of decreasing physical restraint use. Methods This quality improvement study occurred over 3 phases, representing stepwise rollout of the intervention: (1) preimplementation (phase I) to establish baseline outcome rates; (2) design and administrative support (phase II) to conduct training and protocol design; and (3) implementation (phase III) of the code response team. An interrupted time-series analysis was used to compare trends between phases to evaluate the primary outcome of physical restraint orders occurring during the study period. Results Within the 634,578 ED visits over a 5-year period, restraint use significantly declined sequentially over the 3 phases (1.1%, 0.9%, and 0.8%, absolute change −0.3% between phases I and III, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.4% to 0.3%), which corresponded to a 27.3% proportionate decrease in restraint rates between phases I and III. For the interrupted time-series analysis, there was a significantly decreasing slope in biweekly restraints in phase II compared to phase I (slope, −0.05 restraints per 1,000 ED visits per 2-week period, 95% CI −0.07 to −0.03), which was sustained in an incremental fashion in phase III (slope, −0.05, 95% CI −0.07 to −0.02). Conclusion With the implementation of a structured agitation code response team intervention combined with design and administrative support, a decreased rate of physical restraint use occurred over a 5-year period. Results suggest that investment in organizational change, along with interprofessional collaboration during the management of agitated patients in the ED, can lead to sustained reductions in the use of an invasive and potentially harmful measure on patients.
Achievements, Status and Challenges in Food Protein Processing

Searches for new crops for farmers, and an era of intensive chemurgic research funded by federal and private sources preceded development of concentrated soybean (Glycine max) food proteins in the United States. Food applications often followed earlier, allied, industrial extraction and utilization technologies. Development of new industrial uses stopped at the beginning of World War II, and was deterred by availability of lower-cost petroleum raw materials until rebirth of chemurgic research in the early 1990s. High values of edible oil and meals accelerated world production of soybeans, resulting in reliable supplies of feed and food proteins, but at the same time out-priced industrial uses except for paper coatings.
The role of the bone/cartilage interface in osteoarthritis

In osteoarthritis (OA), changes to both the bone and the articular cartilage have been described. Exactly how bony changes relate to cartilage changes is still a matter of discussion. Bony changes are important to the pathology. For example, in end-stage disease in knee OA in patients with knee pain, only six out of 10 had relief of pain with intra-articular injection of local anesthesia [1],meaning bone could be the source of pain. In end-stage knee osteoarthritis, the pain may come from bony lesions detected by MRI. Bony lesions occurred in 72% of the group with pain as compared to 30% with knee OA, but no pain [2].The bony lesions detected by MRI maybe caused by bone marrow edema, but why it is painful is unclear.
On round-efficient argument systems

We consider the problem of constructing round-efficient public-coin argument systems, that is, interactive proof systems that are only computationally sound with a constant number of rounds. We focus on argument systems for NTime(T(n)) where either the communication complexity or the verifier’s running time is subpolynomial in T(n), such as Kilian’s argument system for NP [Kil92] and universal arguments [BG02,Mic00]. We begin with the observation that under standard complexity assumptions, such argument systems require at least 2 rounds. Next, we relate the existence of non-trivial 2-round argument systems to that of hard-on-average search problems in NP and that of efficient public-coin zero-knowledge arguments for NP. Finally, we show that the Fiat-Shamir paradigm [FS86] and Babai-Moran round reduction [BM88] fails to preserve computational soundness for some 3-round and 4-round argument systems.
Vascularity of the Central Nervous System

Unlike other body tissues, the nervous system has a limited capacity to store some of the material essential for normal function, glucose and oxygen in particular. Compromise of the delivery of oxygenated and glucose carrying arterial blood to nervous tissue results in malfunction of the region deprived of nourishment, and ultimate tissue death if the situation prevails for a long enough time.
The application of the brönsted concept to the calculation of pH in systems involving two acid-base couples

Abstract The BRONSTED concept has been applied to the derivation of a single equation for the calculation of hydronium ion concentrations in solutions containing two dependent acid-base couples. Dependent acid-base couples are defined as couples which involve a common ampholyte, which acts as the base in one couple and as the acid in the second couple. A few specific examples of the application of this equation to practical problems have been discussed.
Ethnicity and Health Disparities in Alcohol Research

Recent advances in alcohol research continue to build our understanding of alcohol consumption and related consequences for U.S. ethnic minority groups. National surveys show variations across ethnicities in drinking, alcohol use disorders, alcohol problems, and treatment use. Higher rates of high-risk drinking among ethnic minorities are reported for Native Americans and Hispanics, although within-ethnic group differences (e.g., gender, age-group, and other subpopulations) also are evident for ethnicities. Whites and Native Americans have a greater risk for alcohol use disorders relative to other ethnic groups. However, once alcohol dependence occurs, Blacks and Hispanics experience higher rates than Whites of recurrent or persistent dependence. Furthermore, the consequences of drinking appear to be more profound for Native Americans, Hispanics, and Blacks. Disparities in alcohol treatment utilization are most apparent for Hispanics. Explanations for these differences are complex, likely affected by risky drinking behaviors, immigration experiences, racial/ethnic discrimination, economic and neighborhood disadvantage, and variations in alcohol-metabolizing genes. Research must maintain a systematic, strong, and growing focus on ethnic minorities. A more complete understanding of these effects for ethnic minority groups is needed to enable researchers to face the challenges of reducing and ultimately eliminating health disparities in the alcohol field.
Compulsory voting and the dynamics of partisan identification

Compulsory rules are known to have far-reaching effects beyond boosting electoral participation rates. This article examines the relationship between compulsory voting and partisan attachments. A theory of attachment formation and strength is engaged that argues that compulsory voting boosts the likelihood that one will identify with a party and, in turn, the strength of party attachments among identifiers. The statistical model accounts for both the hierarchical structure of the data (individuals in elections) and the dual nature of the dependent variable (individuals report a strength of attachment only for the party with which they identify). Using data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, it is demonstrated that compulsory voting does indeed increase both the incidence and the strength of partisanship.
Electromagnetic interference simulations of power electronic modules

At higher frequencies, EMI emissions of a power electronic module largely depend on the layout and area of the current conduction paths. In this paper, EMI simulations are compared between a coplanar module and a three-dimensional (3D) module. The EMI simulations were performed using 3D EM simulation software. The EMI emission, in terms of DC-bus bar capacitances, of a balanced and unbalanced power electronic module is investigated. It is concluded that a three-dimensional multilayer approach is more suitable for addressing the issue, both in terms of reducing parasitic inductance and minimizing EMI effects. Also, care should be taken to design balanced bus bars to minimize EMI noise.
Intercameral Bargaining and Intracameral Organization in Legislatures

We argue that chambers have an incentive to create committees unrepresentative of themselves. In a bicameral setting, a committee within a chamber has two roles: as policy advisor for the parent chamber, and an additional role, less often recognized in the literature, as an agent for bargaining with the other chamber. In the former role, sound advice requires that the committee be representative of the chamber’s preferences. In the latter role, a committee can be an effective bargaining agent if it is willing to reject proposals that the chamber cannot commit to reject. But this requires the committee to be unrepresentative of the chamber. Optimal committee design reflects a tension between the chamber’s desire for a trustworthy (and therefore representative) advisor and a “tough” (and therefore unrepresentative) bargaining agent. Thus intercameral interactions can affect optimal intracameral arrangements; therefore, unicameral theories of legislative organization may overlook important factors.
Computationally Efficient Steady-State Solution of the Bloch Equations for Rapid Sinusoidal Scans Based on Fourier Expansion in Harmonics of the Scan Frequency

A rapid-scan electron paramagnetic resonance has been shown to improve the signal-to-noise ratio relative to conventional continuous wave spectroscopy. Equations are derived for the steady-state solution to the Bloch equations as a Fourier expansion in the harmonics of the scan frequency. This simulation method is about two orders of magnitude faster than time-domain numerical integration.
Evaluation of the Time-Derivative Coupling for Accurate Electronic State Transition Probabilities from Numerical Simulations.

Spikes in the time-derivative coupling (TDC) near surface crossings make the accurate integration of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations a challenge. To address this issue, we present an approximation to the TDC based on a norm-preserving interpolation (NPI) of the adiabatic electronic wave functions within each time step. We apply NPI and two other schemes for computing the TDC in numerical simulations of the Landau-Zener model, comparing the simulated transfer probabilities to the exact solution. Though NPI does not require the analytical calculation of nonadiabatic coupling matrix elements, it consistently yields unsigned population transfer probability errors of ∼0.001, whereas analytical calculation of the TDC yields errors of 0.0-1.0 depending on the time step, the offset of the maximum in the TDC from the beginning of the time step, and the coupling strength. The approximation of Hammes-Schiffer and Tully yields errors intermediate between NPI and the analytical scheme.
Global Climate Change: Predictions and Observations

There are only three certainties concerning the current issue of global climate change: (a) trace gases which absorb longwave infrared radiation in the earth's atmosphere are increasing due to anthropogenic activities; (b) increases in absorption of longwave radiation are likely to alter the earth's energy balance, leading to warming of the earth's surface; and (c) global surface air temperature are rising. Beyond these three incontrovertible statements, uncertainties multiply as to causality of observed warming, magnitude and rate of change of potential warming, effects on the hydrological cycle, regional specification of change, and, finally, impacts of the projected changes on biological, physical, and economic systems.
Imported fire ant (IFA) sensitivity: IFA-specific levels of serum IgG and IgG4

Abstract Imported fire ant (IFA) whole body extract (WBE) and venom (V)-specific IgG and IgG4 antibodies and specific IgE antibodies were evaluated in sera from 56 IFA-sensitive individuals (18 undergoing immunotherapy with IFAWBE and 38 individuals not being treated) and 44 nonatopic and atopic control subjects with no history of IFA allergy. Although there was no difference in the level of IFAWBE- or IFAV-specific IgG between treated and untreated patients, both groups had higher levels of IFAWBE- and IFAV-specific IgG ( p p p p p p
Effect of prostaglandin E2 on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury

Abstract In a series of experiments using a canine chambered stomach preparation, the effect of intravenous 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 (dmPGE 2 ) on the alterations in hydrogen-ion (H + ) permeability and potential difference (PD) induced by 5 m N aspirin (ASA) were assessed. This analogue was found to effectively prevent, in a dose-related manner, the increase in H + permeability and the decrease in PD elicited by the topical application of ASA to the canine gastric mucosa. The most effective protective doses were 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 μg/kg intravenously. Since doses of dmPGE 2 1 and 10% of the ED 50 for antisecretion (0.1 μg/kg) offered comparable protection against mucosal damage to that of the antisecretory dose, it is concluded that the mechanisms of protection and antisecretion are distinct and independent of each other.
Preparation of a 24-Nor-1,4-dien-3-one Triterpene Derivative from Betulin: A New Route to 24-Nortriterpene Analogues1

A new route to 24-nortriterpene derivatives with 2-hydroxy-Δ1,4-cyclohexadien-3-one A-rings from triterpene precursors has been demonstrated beginning with betulin to prepare derivatives of betulin...
Knowledge of preventive healthcare in an inner city obstetric population: a survey study

Abstract We sought to assess the knowledge and behavior of disadvantaged gravidas regarding selected aspects of preventive healthcare including drug and tobacco abuse, seat belt and folic acid usage, and breastfeeding. An anonymous questionnaire was completed by 688 women during their first obstetric visit. Data collected included age, education, parity, race, survey site, and attendance at prenatal classes. Although 65% of participants felt breastfeeding was better for the infant than bottlefeeding, only 26% intended to breastfeed. Caucasian race and college education were independently associated with an intention to breastfeed, with odds ratios of 2.8 (confidence interval [CI], 1.8–4.5) and 3.9 (CI, 1.6–9.4), respectively. Overall, 57% of survey participants thought vitamins could prevent birth defects, and 24% of respondents reported taking them before conception. College education and residence in Baton Rouge were independently associated with the knowledge that vitamins prevent birth defects, with odds ratios of 2.5 (CI, 1.1–5.3) and 1.8 (CI, 1.2–2.7), respectively. Although 92% of women thought that pregnant women should always wear a seat belt, only 63% identified the correct way to position a lap and shoulder belt. We concluded that knowledge of the benefits of folic acid among inner city obstetric patients is improving, and educational posters may increase this knowledge. Significant gaps in knowledge of preventive healthcare remain. Knowledge does not necessarily explain behavior of disadvantaged gravidas.
Comparison of MPEG encryption algorithms

Abstract Over the last three years, several encryption algorithms, applied to MPEG video streams, emerged. Most of the algorithms tried to optimize the encryption process with respect to the encryption speed due to the temporal properties of video retieval and display process. In this paper, we will describe, evaluate, and compare five representative MPEG encryption algorithms, Naive Algorithm , Selective Algorithm , Zig–Zag Permutation Algorithm , Video Encryption Algorithm , and Pure Permutation Algorithm , with respect to not only their encryption speed metric, but also their security level and stream size metrics. We will show that there are trade-offs among these metrics and the choice of encryption algorithm will depend on security requirements of the considered multimedia applications.
Improving systems through the use of improvement and safety science: A case study in pain pump and patient transfer processes

Introduction : Using a pain pump or patient controlled analgesia (PCA) has been shown to be an effective method of pain control. The goal for the bedside nurse is to maintain patient safety while allowing patient autonomy for pain control. Healthcare organizations define established processes, protocols and standards that are relevant to the safe performance of actionable tasks. This case study describes an opportunity for improvement in process variation associated with the use of pain pumps/PCAs and patient transport. Methods : In this case study, a perceived process variation was identified in the transport of hospitalized inpatients to different locations with pain pumps. A systematic approach to mitigating process variation was implemented using an inter-professional team approach including the use of a team charter, defined methodological framework incorporating the Model for Improvement, Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle, microsystem analysis, indirect event review, and evidence appraisal. Results : Process variation in the management of patients with a pain pump being transported throughout the healthcare organization was the result of system gaps in communicating and managing organizational policies and procedures. The results of the analysis of the pain pump transfer project highlighted the following: system-based improvement, leadership accountability, and education-practice partnerships. Conclusions : Managing the transport of patients with a pain pump within a healthcare organization is a process that should be standardized, communicated and well understood by all providers. From a broader perspective, this case study highlighted an organizational need to develop a standardized process for learning from process variation, but also for developing tools and competencies within the organization for this work.
Biomechanical analysis of the knee extension exercise.

Abstract A mathematical analysis of knee extension and flexion exercise is presented to determine effectiveness in strengthening the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. A quantitative relationship between the quadriceps force and the hamstring force is obtained for several variations of the exercises. The theoretical results are supplemented with experimental studies performed on subjects exercising with the Tekdyne Incentive Dynamometer.
Context-specific Enhancement of Glutamate Transmission by Cocaine

The repeated injection of cocaine causes an increase in the capacity of a subsequent acute injection to elevate extracellular glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens, and the present study sought to determine if the elevation in extracellular glutamate is regulated by the pairing of environmental stimuli with drug administration. Three treatment groups were injected daily for seven days with saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip); 1) injection of saline in the home cage, 2) injection of cocaine in the home cage (cocaine-unpaired), and 3) injection of cocaine in the test apparatus (cocaine-paired). Three weeks following the last daily injection dialysis probes were placed into the nucleus accumbens and all rats were injected with saline followed by cocaine. Basal levels of extracellular glutamate were significantly reduced in the cocaine-paired treatment group. Moreover, only in the cocaine-paired group did the cocaine injection elevate extracellular glutamate. Repeated administration of cocaine also produces an enduring increase in the motor stimulant response to an acute cocaine injection and it was previously found that administration of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainic acid glutamate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione inhibited the sensitized, but not the acute motor, response to cocaine. In this study it was found that the motor stimulant response elicited by cocaine was blunted by pretreatment of the nucleus accumbens with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione only in animals receiving daily cocaine injections in the paired environment. In contrast, the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist R-(-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid did not significantly affect cocaine-induced motor activity in any treatment group. These data support a hypothesis that environmental stimuli previously associated with daily cocaine administration can modulate glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens in a manner affecting cocaine-induced behavior.
Observers for systems characterized by semigroups

The theory of observers is generalized from finite dimensional linear systems to abstract linear systems characterized by semigroups on Banach spaces. Sufficient conditions are given for both identity and reduced-order observers to exist for the abstract system. It is shown that the spectrum of a closed-loop control system using an observer is the union of the spectrum of the observer and the spectrum of the closed-loop system with state feedback. The observer theory for the abstract system is used to show that observability is a sufficient condition for the existence of an observer for a system modeled by a linear functional differential equation.
An analysis of the association between topic avoidance and dissatisfaction: comparing perceptual and interpersonal explanations

There is consistent evidence that individuals tend to be dissatisfied with their relationships if they report that topics are frequently avoided in those relationships. The extant literature contains two plausible general explanations for such findings: perceptual processes (e.g., the perceptions that the relational partner avoids are unrelated to the partner's actual avoidance but adversely influence relational satisfaction) and interpersonal processes (e.g., one individual's topic avoidance diminishes the counterpart's satisfaction because the counterpart accurately detects that avoidance). The current study compared the utility of these two explanations with data gathered from two separate samples, one including 100 heterosexual dating couples and the other including 114 parent-child dyads. Findings indicated that both perceptual processes and interpersonal processes help account for the association between topic avoidance and dissatisfaction. For example, the interpersonal explanation was consistent w...
Comparative revision rates of inflatable penile prostheses using woven Dacron® fabric cylinders.

Purpose: American Medical Systems (AMS) CX and LGX penile prostheses use woven Dacron® fabric to produce girth, and length and girth expansion, respectively. Cylinder expansion, while desirable, can result in wear of the material which, over time, may lead to device failure. Therefore, we compared girth and length expanding vs girth expanding cylinder survival rates. In addition, we determined the impact of parylene coating on penile prosthesis revision performed for mechanical reasons.Materials and Methods: All patient information forms from AMS 700™ CX and LGX/Ultrex penile prosthesis implantation performed in the United States from January 1997 through August 2008 were retrospectively analyzed (55,013). Device failure was defined as time to first revision. Survival rates of the 2 groups were analyzed and compared, and survival curves were generated.Results: AMS 700 Ultrex/LGX parylene and CX parylene devices demonstrated equivalent estimated survival rates (88.7% vs 89.5%, respectively, log rank p = 0....
The relationship between dissociative-like experiences and sensation seeking among social and problem gamblers

The present study examined the relationships between dissociative experiences, sensation seeking scores, and gambling behavior. On the basis of the frequency of their gambling behavior and responses to the Gamblers Anonymous Twenty Questions, subjects were designated as either problem gamblers (N=30) or social gamblers (N=30). Those designated as problem gamblers responded “yes” to an average of 12.17 questions on the Gamblers Anonymous Twenty Questions as compared to the social gamblers who averaged 1.90 “yes” responses. Responses on the Twenty Questions correlated strongly with the frequency of gambling behavior and dissociative experiences. Problem gamblers reported a significantly greater number of dissociative experiences than social gamblers (p<.01). Problem gamblers scored significantly higher than social gamblers on the Total Sensation Seeking Scale, and the Boredom Susceptibility, Experience Seeking, and Disinhibition subscales. Clinical implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis

Methamphetamine (METH) is a frequent drug of abuse in U.S. populations and commonly associated with psychosis. This may be a factor in frequent criminal justice referrals and lengthy treatment required by METH users. Persecutory delusions and auditory hallucinations are the most consistent symptoms of METH-associated psychosis (MAP). MAP has largely been studied in Asian populations and risk factors have varied across studies. Duration, frequency and amount of use as well as sexual abuse, family history, other substance use, and co-occurring personality and mood disorders are risk factors for MAP. MAP may be unique with its long duration of psychosis and recurrence without relapse to METH. Seven candidate genes have been identified that may be associated with MAP. Six of these genes are also associated with susceptibility, symptoms, or treatment of schizophrenia and most are linked to glutamatergic neurotransmission. Animal studies of pre-pulse inhibition, attenuation of social interaction, and stereotypy and alterations in locomotion are used to study MAP in rodents. Employing various models, rodent studies have identified neuroanatomical and neurochemical changes associated with METH use. Throughout this review, we identify key gaps in our understanding of MAP and suggest potential directions for future research.
The compound lens eye of Strepsiptera: morphological development of larvae and pupae

Abstract Adult males of the insect order Strepsiptera have unusual eyes that combine design principles from compound and single-lens eyes. Each unit potentially functions as an independent, image-forming eyelet that contributes a partial image of the visual field. This peculiar organization has led to conflicting views on the origin of strepsipteran eyes, regarding whether their derivation involves ocelli, stemmata or eucone-faceted eyes. This paper investigates the morphological development of strepsipteran eyelets and their neuropils. It suggests that the strepsipteran eye is most likely an adaptation of the compound eye and that strepsipteran eyelets likely have evolved from facets. The strongest evidence derives from similarities in the sequence of eyelet development. This includes the posterior-to-anterior order of maturation of units across the eye, as well as the fact that retinula cell axons follow the innervation of the larval eye. Furthermore, both eye types are characterized by a developmental shift of the lamina and medulla, relative to each other. It is hypothesized that strepsipteran eye evolution involved a reduction in the number of facets, however it remains unclear if eyelets evolved by enlarging individual facets or by the fusion of several facets.
Improved calculation of the isospin-symmetry-breaking corrections to superallowed Fermi β decay

We report new shell-model calculations of the isospin-symmetry-breaking correction ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{C}$ to superallowed ${0}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}^{+}$ nuclear \ensuremath{\beta} decay. The most important improvement is the inclusion of core orbitals, which are demonstrated to have a significant impact on the mismatch in the radial wave functions of the parent and daughter states. We determine which core orbitals are important to include from an examination of measured spectroscopic factors in single-nucleon pickup reactions. In addition, where new sets of effective interactions have become available since our last calculation, we now include them; this leads to small changes in ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{NS}}$ as well. We also examine the new radiative-correction calculation by Marciano and Sirlin and, by a simple reorganization, show that it is possible to preserve the conventional separation into a nucleus-independent ``inner'' radiative term, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{R}^{V}$, and a nucleus-dependent ``outer'' term, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{R}^{'}$. We tabulate the new values for ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{C},{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{NS}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{R}^{'}$ for 20 superallowed transitions, including the 13 currently well-studied cases. With these new correction terms, the corrected $\mathcal{F}t$ values for the 13 cases are statistically consistent with one another, and the anomalousness of the $^{46}\mathrm{V}$ result disappears. These new calculations lead to a lower average $\overline{\mathcal{F}t}$ value and a higher value for ${V}_{\mathrm{ud}}$. The sum of squares of the top-row elements of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix now agrees exactly with unitarity.
Database inferencing for decision support

Abstract The use of databases for management decision support requires flexible inferencing mechanisms. The use of logic programming for these purposes is explored. To be flexible, however, this requires the logical decomposition of the database into elementary predicates.
Worst case analysis of a graph coloring algorithm

Abstract In this paper, we show that a graph coloring heuristic developed by Brelaz may use n colors to color a 3-colorable graph with O( n ) vertices.
T cell activation markers and African mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups among non-hispanic black participants in AIDS clinical trials group study 384

Introduction: Mitochondrial function influences T cell dynamics and is affected by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation. We previously reported an association between African mtDNA haplogroup L2 and less robust CD4 cell recovery on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in non-Hispanic black ACTG 384 subjects. We explored whether additional T cell parameters in this cohort differed by mtDNA haplogroup. Methods: ACTG 384 randomized ART-naive subjects to two different nucleoside regimens with efavirenz, nelfinavir, or both. CD4 and CD8 memory and activation markers were available at baseline and week 48 on most subjects. mtDNA sequencing was performed on whole blood DNA, and haplogroups were determined. We studied non-Hispanic black subjects with HIV RNA ,400 copies/mL at week 48. Analyses included Wilcoxon ranksum test and linear regression. Results: Data from 104 subjects were included. Major African mtDNA haplogroups included L1 (N=25), L2 (N=31), and L3 (N=32). Baseline age, HIV RNA, and CD4 cells did not differ between L2 and non-L2 haplogroups. Compared to non-L2 haplogroups, L2 subjects had lower baseline activated CD4 cells (median 12% vs. 17%; p=0.03) and tended toward lower activated CD8 cells (41% vs. 47%; p=0.06). At 48 weeks of ART, L2 subjects had smaller decreases in activated CD4 cells (24% vs. 211%; p=0.01), and smaller CD4 cell increases (+95 vs. +178; p=0.002). In models adjusting for baseline age, CD4 cells, HIV RNA, and naive-to-memory CD4 cell ratio, haplogroup L2 was associated with lower baseline (p=0.04) and 48- week change in (p=0.01) activated CD4 cells. Conclusions: Among ART-naive non-Hispanic blacks, mtDNA haplogroup L2 was associated with baseline and 48-week change in T cell activation, and poorer CD4 cell recovery. These data suggest mtDNA variation may influence CD4 T cell dynamics by modulating T cell activation. Further study is needed to replicate these associations and identify mechanisms.
Ninety years after The Magic Mountain: world literature inspired by a misdiagnosis, a tribute to Christian Virchow.

SETTING: A suburban teaching hospital in a tuberculosis (TB) prevalent area. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the proportion of pulmonary TB among patients hospitalised with suspected community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and to develop a diagnostic index for identifying TB among these patients. DESIGN: TB cases confirmed using 1) sputum culture, or 2) both sputum acid-fast bacilli smear and polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, were compared with non-tuberculous CAP by demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiographic information. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors for TB were identified. A diagnostic index was developed by summing up their simplified regression coefficients. Its performance was checked using c-statistic. RESULTS: TB was the second leading cause of CAP (37/528, 7.0%). Risk factors were initial symptoms >7 days, serum albumin <3.5 g/dl, cavitary/nodular infiltrates and upper lobe involvement (1 point for each). The c-statistic of the index was 0.856 (95%CI 0.789-0.923), and for bootstrapping samples of 1000 repetitions it was 0.856 (95%CI 0.791-0.921). For scores ≥2, sensitivity and specificity were respectively 81.1% and 75.8%. CONCLUSION: TB is one of the leading causes of CAP in TB-prevalent areas. Our diagnostic index may help clinicians identify TB immediately from CAP and initiate appropriate isolation and optimal treatment.
A survey of the service needs of caregivers of Alzheimer patients in Maryland's capital area

This study is based on a pilot survey of 24 caregivers of community-based Alzheimer's disease patients in Montgomery County and Prince Georges County, Maryland. Service needs indicated by the data are-affordable, reliable respite care, companion programs and homemaker services; available residential care and housing for those not requiring custodial care; legal assistance; policies to alleviate financial burden; day care; transportation assistance; knowledgeable, understanding and sympathetic physicians; and a centralized effort to coordinate services and provide guidance to caregivers in need of assistance.
Enhancing Reactivity via Structural Distortion

To examine how small structural changes influence the reactivity and magnetic properties of biologically relevant metal complexes, the reactivity and magnetic properties of two structurally related five-coordinate Fe(III) thiolate compounds are compared. (Et,Pr)-ligated [Fe(III)(S2Me2N3(Et,Pr))]PF6 (3) is synthesized via the abstraction of a sulfur from alkyl persulfide ligated [Fe(III)(S2Me2N3(Et,Pr))-Spers]PF6 (2) using PEt3. (Et,Pr)-3 is structurally related to (Pr,Pr)-ligated [Fe(III)(S2Me2N3(Pr,Pr))]PF6 (1), a nitrile hydratase model compound previously reported by our group, except it contains one fewer methylene unit in its ligand backbone. Removal of this methylene distorts the geometry, opens a S−Fe−N angle by ∼10°, alters the magnetic properties by stabilizing the S = 1/2 state relative to the S = 3/2 state, and increases reactivity. Reactivity differences between 3 and 1 were assessed by comparing the thermodynamics and kinetics of azide binding. Azide binds reversibly to both (Et,Pr)-3 and (Pr...
Using the National Digital Forecast Database for model-based building controls

Abstract An accurate short-term weather forecast enhances the performance of model-based control strategies for a building. Most existing short-term forecast methods and models are based on historical archives of weather variables observed about an individual building. This practice leads to ask: 1) Does a short-term forecast model based on a collection of the past data have sufficient potential to predict future behavior, which is inherently random?; 2) If historical data is not available, or if only a limited number of weather variables is available, what are the other alternatives?; and 3) Would it be possible to derive a relevant weather data set from an incomplete historical data-driven model? The National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) XML may answer these questions. This paper discusses an applicability of the NDFD XML for model-based building control solutions. It also presents a simplified, easily implementable, and reliable method to predict hourly global horizontal solar radiation. The short-term weather forecast method using the NDFD XML shows an outstanding performance of forecasting erratic and sporadic characteristics of weather, particularly when compared to the historical data-driven method. However, its forecast performance is not always accurate due to the inherent irregularity of weather. In order to increase robustness of model-based controls, we recommend that short-term weather forecasts should be considered as possessing scenario uncertainty . Including multiple scenarios into formulation of control problem can effectively describe scenario uncertainty when part of scenarios account for such erratic nature.
The Influence of Perceived Importance of an Ethical Issue on Moral Judgment, Moral Obligation, and Moral Intent

The study extends and tests the issue contingent four-component model of ethical decision-making to include moral obligation. A web-based questionnaire was used to gauge the influence of perceived importance of an ethical issue on moral judgment and moral intent. Perceived importance of an ethical issue was found to be a predictor of moral judgment but not of moral intent as predicted. Moral obligation is suggested to be a process that occurs after a moral judgment is made and explained a significant portion of the variance in moral intent.
Extracranial Internal Carotid and Vertebral Artery Fibrodysplasia

Arterial fibrodysplastic lesions involving the extracranial internal carotid and vertebral arteries were encountered among 15 women ranging in age from 21 to 79. Concomitant renal artery dysplasia was noted in five patients, including three with associated lesions involving the celiac or superior mesenteric vessels. Multiple intracranial aneurysms were found in seven patients. Rupture of these aneurysms with subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred in four patients and was the cause of death in three. Cerebral ischemic symptoms in certain instances may result from extracranial cerebrovascular fibrodysplasia. Considerable caution was used in selection of patients for surgery. Graduated intraluminal dilation of the internal carotid artery was performed on five occasions in this series. The pathogenesis of this disease is unknown. Hormonal influences and traction-stretch stresses to the vascular wall are implicated in the evolution of fibrodysplastic carotid and vertebral artery lesions.
The case for a Martian origin of the shergottites. II - Trapped and indigenous gas components in EETA 79001 glass

Abstract Analysis of nitrogen and light noble gases in a large sample of glass (lithology C) from the antarctic shergottite EETA 79001 yields a minimum δ 15 N > +300‰ for the isotopic composition of nitrogen trapped in the glass. The new data fall on the mixing line through the martian atmospheric composition defined by δ 15 N vs. 40 Ar/ 14 N for two smaller samples analyzed previously. The results from all three samples are consistent with a two-component nitrogen system in which ∼ 84 ppb of trapped martian atmospheric N is mixed in variable proportions with another, more thermally labile N component during stepped heating. This second component, which appears to be indigenous to the glass rather than adsorbed from air and is present in amounts that vary by more than a factor of 3 from sample to sample, may represent volatiles from the martian interior. Data from crystalline phases of several SNC meteorites indicate that the indigenous gas may have δ 15 N and 36 Ar/ 14 N≲ 3 × 10 −6 , similar to the enstatite chondrites. Neon compositions in EETA 79001 glass samples suggest an earth-like value of ∼ 10.1 ± 0.7 for the unknown 20 Ne/ 22 Ne ratio in the martian atmosphere. The nitrogen-argon correlation systematics yield trapped 40 Ar/ 36 Ar= 2260 ± 200 , within error of the Viking value. There is evidence that 36 Ar/ 38 Ar in the martian atmosphere is 4.1 ± 0.2 , strikingly different from terrestrial or typical chondritic ratios near 5.3. Attribution of this low value to excess 38 Ar generated over martian history by galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) spallation of surface materials would be difficult for a number of reasons, among them the excessive GCR fluences required and the absence of a corresponding 21 Ne excess.
‘Where are your intelligent mothers to come from?’: marriage and family in the scientific career of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale FRS (1903–71)

Although she was one of the most successful female scientists in twentieth-century Britain, the X-ray crystallographer Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale (190371) has received relatively little attention fr...
FAYETTEVILLE GREEN LAKE, NEW YORK. II. PRECIPITATION AND SEDIMENTATION OF CALCITE IN A MEROMICTIC LAKE WITH LAMINATED SEDIMENTS1

The activities of calcium and carbonate in Fayetteville Green Lake were estimated from detailed seasonal measurements of pH, calcium, and titration alkalinity. By comparison of observed ion activity products (IAP) for Ca2+ and CO32− with the calcite equilibrium activity product (Kcq), the water column was found to be supersaturated throughout the year. In the surface waters of the mixolimnion, the ratio IAP: Keq increased from 2 to 4 in winter to 6 to 8 during late May through October. Precipitation of calcite was confirmed by collection of crystals in the water column by filtration, identification by X-ray diffraction, and quantitative measurement by a gas chromatographic technique. Maximal crystal loads of 35 g CaCO3 m−2 in the water column occurred in June and July (1965–1967), while calcite loads in fall, winter, and early spring were reduced by an order of magnitude. From isopleths of suspended calcite, settling rates of 2–4 in day−1 were estimated for spring, which was close to values predicted from Stokes’ Law. About 90% of the total sedimentation occurred from June through October, and 80% of this mass was calcite. The laminae occurring in monimolimnetic sediments were regarded as annual couplets resulting from seasonal sedimentation of calcite, with deposition of organic matter throughout the year. The sedimentation rate derived from sediment trap data was 300 g dry matter m−2 yr−1. From the chemical composition of these samples, sedimentation rates were derived for CaCO3, acid insoluble organic carbon, acid insoluble nitrogen, and total nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, and iron.
A review of some species of Chaetanaphothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Abstract Some of the older species of the genus Chaetanaphothrips Priesner are reviewed and full supplemental descriptions of them are provided. Reviewed are Chaetanaphothrips fasciatus Moulton, C. theiperdus (Karny), and C. taiwanus Sakimura, new species; Danothrips theifolil (Karny) and D. theivorus (Karny), both new combinations; and Tusothrips aureus (Moulton) (= Mycterothrips pseudosetiprivus Ramakrishna and Margabandhu), new combination and new synonymy. Some changes and additions become apparent for the generic criteria and common characters among the congeners of both genera Chaetanaphothrips and Danothrips Bhatti.
Lipolysis of olive oil and tallow in an emulsifier-free two-phase system by the lipase from oat seeds ( Avena sativa L. )

Lipase activity from whole oat seeds is dependent upon calcium ion in a two phase olive oil-water system. No other tested ion can substitute for calcium. The lipolysis of melted tallow at 46°C was successfully conducted in the presence of calcium ion; the fatty acid fraction contained predominantly oleic acid.