cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method to measure 32P incorporation into phosphorylated metabolites in cultured cells☆

Abstract Orthophosphate is rapidly transported into cultured cells and subsequently incorporated into numerous compounds. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method that enables the measurement of 32Pi incorporation into acid-soluble metabolites in cultured cells treated with exogenous 32Pi is described. Baseline resolution and quantitative recovery of 12 ribonucleotides are accomplished in less than 75 min. In cultured, beating rat heart cells, the concentration and extent of labeling by 32Pi of most phosphorylated metabolites were unchanged in cells treated with the anesthetic halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane). The method is generally applicable to the investigation of phosphate transport and incorporation by numerous cell types under various experimental conditions.
[A comparison of the effect of lidocaine or sodium bicarbonate mixed with rocuronium on withdrawal movement, mean arterial pressure and heart rate during rocuronium injection].

Purpose: This study was performed to find out the effects of lidocaine or 8.4% sodium bicarbonate mixed with rocuronium on mean arterial pressure, heart rate and withdrawal movement. Methods: Data collection was performed from December 15, 2006 through May 31, 2007. Seventy-five patients with American Society Anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status I & II, under general anesthesia, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: R group (RG) received rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg; RL group (RLG), rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg mixed with 2 mL of 2% lidocaine; RS group (RSG), rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg with the same volume of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate and withdrawal movement were observed from its injection until 5 min after endotracheal intubation. Results: The incidence of withdrawal movement with its corresponding injections was 72%, 40% and 4% in RG, RLG and RSG, respectively (p<.001). Score of withdrawal movement was the lowest in RSG of all groups (p<.001). While mean arterial pressure (p=.011) in RSG decreased significantly, and heart rate (p=.003) in RG increased more with its injection than before induction of anesthesia. Conclusion: Administration of the equivalent volume of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate with rocuronium is more effective than that of lidocaine with rocuronium compared with rocuronium only, in preventing withdrawal movement and in stabilizing mean arterial pressure and heart rate.
Impact of horizontal resolution on simulation of precipitation extremes in an aqua-planet version of Community Atmospheric Model (CAM3)

One key question regarding current climate models is whether the projection of climate extremes converges to a realistic representation as the spatial and temporal resolutions of the model are increased. Ideally the model extreme statistics should approach a fixed distribution once the resolutions are commensurate with the characteristic length and time scales of the processes governing the formation of the extreme phenomena of interest. In this study, a series of AGCM runs with idealized ‘aquaplanet-steady-state’ boundary conditions have been performed with the Community Atmosphere Model CAM3 to investigate the effect of horizontal resolution on climate extreme simulations. The use of the aquaplanet framework highlights the roles of model physics and dynamics and removes any apparent convergence in extreme statistics due to better resolution of surface boundary conditions and other external inputs. Assessed at a same large spatial scale, the results show that the horizontal resolution and time step have strong effects on the simulations of precipitation extremes. The horizontal resolution has a much stronger impact on precipitation extremes than on mean precipitation. Updrafts are strongly correlated with extreme precipitation at tropics at all the resolutions, while positive low-tropospheric temperature anomalies are associated with extreme precipitation at mid-latitudes.
Effects of price premium and product type on the choice of cause‐related brands: a Singapore perspective

This exploratory study investigates whether product type, utilitarian versus hedonic, affects consumers' likelihood of choosing a brand linked to a cause. The sample consists of 128 young Chinese Singaporeans. Unlike prior research done in Western countries, the respondents in this study were more likely to buy cause‐linked brands for practical than for hedonic products. They were also more likely to pay a price premium for cause‐linked practical products. This difference is attributed to the Confucian values that are espoused by the Chinese. Additionally, finds that specifying the amount donated to the cause increases the likelihood of purchasing cause‐linked brands that are priced at 10 to 25 percent premiums over comparable alternatives. Discusses implications for marketers and future research directions.
Reinforcement and Helping Behavior1

A study was conducted to determine the effects of reinforcement following helping in one situation on subsequent helping behavior. It was predicted that helping behavior would increase following positive reinforcement and decrease following negative reinforcement. It was also predicted that the attractiveness of the dispenser of reinforcement would affect subsequent helping. The study was conducted using a 3 × 2 × 2 design with the variables bemg nature of reinforcement, attractivcness of the confederate, and sex of S. The data indicated that subsequent to negative reinforcement, helping responses decrease. There were no differences between the positive, neutral or control conditions. Sex of S interacted with reinforcemcnt condition, with mcn helping more than women following negative reinforcement. Malcs and females also differcd in quality of help given, with men offering more physical help than women, particularly following neutral reinforcement.
Time Resolved Photoluminescence of Yb in InP

Time resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements of the internal 4f-4f transitions of Yb3+ have been carried out in InP and GaP. In InP a nonexponential component is observed in the PL decay, and is interpreted in terms of carrier capture by nonequilibrium Yb3+. At low temperatures the exponential component is found to be much faster (∼ 12.5 jisec) than expected, and is tentatively associated with a weak coupling to resonant valence band states. As the temperature is increased, the PL intensity and the exponential component of the excited state lifetime are quenched with a thermal activation energy of ∼ 0.1 eV. This is interpreted as being due to the emission of a hole into the valence band by the neutral Yb acceptor.
The relation of role taking to the development of moral judgment in children.

SELMAN, ROBERT L. The Relation of Role Taking to the Development of Moral Judgment in Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 79-91. In order to explore the relationship in middle childhood between two socialcognitive processes, role-taking ability and moral reasoning, 60 middle-class children (10 boys and 10 girls each at ages 8, 9, and 10) were administered Kohlberg's (1963) moral-judgment measure, two role-taking tasks, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, a conventional measure of intelligence. Results indicated that at this age range, with intelligence controlled, the development of reciprocal role-taking skills related to the development of conventional moral judgment. Results of a reexamination 1 year later of 10 subjects whose role-taking and moral-judgment levels were low in the original study supported the hypothesis that the development of the ability to understand the reciprocal nature of interpersonal relations is a necessary but not suficient condition for the development of conventional moral thought.
Towards a real time public transport awareness system: case study in dublin

In this paper we discuss our experience with the design of a public transport awareness application developed for the city of Dublin. The application is capable to ingest, analyze and visualize in real-time high volumes of traffic data coming from a variety of sources. We address the challenges encountered during the design of the application and propose novel solutions to tackle those challenges.
Effects of Saturated and Degassed Solutions on Flow Through a Hydrophobic Microchannel

This work examines the effects of soluble gasses and absolute pressure on fluid slip in a hydrophobic microchannel. Previous experiments with hydrophobic surfaces have indicated the presence of an apparent fluid slip. Tretheway and Meinhart (Phys. of Fluids 16 , 1509) proposed a mechanism responsible for the apparent fluid slip observed by Pit. et. al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., 85 , 980–983), Zhu and Granick (Phys. Rev. Lett., 87 , 096105), and Tretheway and Meinhart (Phys. of Fluids, 14 , L9-L12). Tyrell and Attard (Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 176104) observed the presence of nanobubbles on a hydrophobic surface. Tretheway and Meinhart (Phys. of Fluids 16 , 1509) modeled these nanobubbles as a thin gas layer and solved for the velocity profile between two infinite parallel plates, which yields an apparent fluid slip consistent with the experimentally observed results. As the slip length is highly dependent on the nanobubble or gas layer thickness, varying the soluble gas concentration or absolute pressure should increase and decrease the apparent fluid slip. This work explores the proposed mechanism by measuring velocity profiles and calculating slip lengths for various saturated and degassed solutions and a range of absolute pressures.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Detection of human papillomavirus in laryngeal lesions by in situ hybridization.

Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with human neoplasms of squamous epithelium. Squamous papillomas and verrucous carcinomas are two types of squamous neoplasms of the larynx that present difficult problems in differential diagnosis. Using in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA probes, we examined benign squamous papillomas and verrucous squamous carcinomas of the larynx for the presence of HPV. Forty-two biopsy specimens from 18 patients with laryngeal papillomas and 11 biopsy specimens from seven patients with verrucous carcinomas were obtained from the files of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA. Tissue sections were hybridized with an HPV DNA cocktail. The HPV-positive cases then were subtyped further with DNA probes specific for HPV subtypes 611, 1618, and 31/33/35. All benign squamous papillomas (42 of 42) were positive for HPV subtype 611. None of the verrucous carcinomas contained demonstrable HPV (none of 11). Some of the squamous papillomas were recurrences, which shows the persistence of the virus. These results indicate that laryngeal papillomas may be related to HPV, but verrucous carcinomas are not.
Two Sphagnum Sect. Cuspidata, New to the Western Conterminous United States

Abstract. Sphagnum jensenii from Wyoming and S. obtusum from Washington and Colorado are reported as new to the western conterminous United States. Both are extraordinary disjuncts in the Rocky Mountains and seem clearly to be part of a pattern of relict species left from previously more continuous tundra vegetation.
Variability in overseas travel by Americans, 1820–2000

There were substantial fluctuations in the number of American overseas travelers, especially before World War Two. These fluctuations in travel around the long-term upward trend are the focus of this paper. We first identify those fluctuations in the data and then try to explain the patterns. We show that, despite the impact of a myriad of episodic events, fluctuations in travel can be explained to a large extent by changes in the direct price of travel, changes in per capita GDP and wealth in the United States, and by periods of armed conflict.
Multi-channel Liquid Crystal Cell Parameter Measurement Technique

We propose a novel multi-channel liquid crystal cell parameter measurement system, which combines the spectroscopic ellipsometry technique with the hyperspectral imaging spectrograph for the multi-point measurement. This system is based on PSA setup (polarizer-sample-analyzer) to measure normalized transmission spectrum for analyzing properties of homogeneous cell and MVA cell. We also develop a theoretical method to simplify the calculation of the orientation angle of liquid crystal cells for speeding up the measurement. The liquid crystal cell gap can be calculated by the measured retardation and the given refractive indices of specified wavelength. The pretilt angle is also analyzed by multi-channel measurement system. We present the analysis of hyperspectral imaging spectrograph and the orientation angle measurement by direct calculation method for high speed on-line multi-channel liquid crystal cell parameter measurement.
Gray-scale and color flow sonography of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Purpose Current sonographic technology has enhanced imaging. This study analyzes the sonographic findings in a large series of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Methods The sonograms of 62 patients with pathologically confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. Results Tumors were an average of 4.5 × 3.5 cm in cross section. The largest lesion was 14.0 × 9.0 cm, and the smallest was 1.8 × 1.1 cm. Forty-three tumors (69%) were located in the head of the pancreas, 1 (2%) at the junction of the head and body, and 16 (26%) in the body or tail; 2 lesions (3%) were diffuse. Tumors were ovoid or spherical in 37 patients (60%) and irregular in 25 (40%). Forty tumors (65%) markedly deformed the shape of the gland. Six lesions (10%) caused no glandular contour abnormality and were visualized only because tumor echogenicity differed from that of the normal pancreas. Thirty-four tumors (55%) were homogeneously hypoechoic compared with the normal pancreas, 2 (3%) were homogeneously hyperechoic, 1 (2%) was iso-echoic, and 25 (40%) had heterogeneous echotextures. Many of the heterogeneous tumors were predominantly hypoechoic with areas of varied echogenicity. Calcifications were noted in 4 patients (6%) and small intratumoral cystic areas in 9 patients (15%). Postobstructive pseudocysts were found in 4 patients (6%). Color Doppler flow information was available for 19 patients; internal flow was detected in only 1 tumor (5%). Vascular occlusion was found in 3 patients and circumferential vascular encasement in 8; the tumors in these patients were unresectable. Tumors were noted to touch vessels in another 6 patients. Conclusions Current sonographic equipment allows the demonstration of new findings in pancreatic carcinoma. Color Doppler sonography can define tumor involvement of blood vessels and potentially affect clinical staging and treatment decisions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound25: 473–480, 1997.
Comparative Utility of Barona Formulae, Wtar Demographic Algorithms, and WRAT-3 Reading for Estimating Premorbid Ability in a Diverse Research Sample

Various Barona formulae, a WTAR algorithm based on demographic data, and WRAT-3 oral reading methods of estimating premorbid ability were compared in a diverse research sample of 119 subjects. These methods were correlated with one another and with a modified version of the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices. Descriptive data are provided to illustrate advantages and disadvantages of various methods of estimating premorbid ability when no formal intellectual testing is available. While predicting premorbid ability for individual subjects involves varying degrees of error, we found that the revised Barona formula was superior to the original formula for subjects at the upper end of ability level. When researchers have screened out learning disability and have subject samples with few individuals likely to be of superior premorbid intelligence, oral reading scores are a reasonable measure of premorbid ability. Otherwise, researchers are advised to use both demographic and oral reading methods to estimate p...
Transcriptional analysis of Lactobacillus brevis to N-butanol and ferulic acid stress responses.

Background The presence of anti-microbial phenolic compounds, such as the model compound ferulic acid, in biomass hydrolysates pose significant challenges to the widespread use of biomass in conjunction with whole cell biocatalysis or fermentation. Currently, these inhibitory compounds must be removed through additional downstream processing or sufficiently diluted to create environments suitable for most industrially important microbial strains. Simultaneously, product toxicity must also be overcome to allow for efficient production of next generation biofuels such as n-butanol, isopropanol, and others from these low cost feedstocks.
“I’m Not a Retard”: Intellectual Disability and Human Community in Cormac McCarthy's THE ROAD

Cormac McCarthy's postapocalyptic novel The Road follows a father and son as they travel south through the barren and charred landscape of the former United States. Late in the novel, as the boy is...
Compact electrochemical bifunctional NOx/O2 sensor with metal/metal oxide internal reference electrode for high temperature applications

Abstract Simultaneous measurement of total NOx and O2 using two electrochemical methods are demonstrated using metal/metal oxide internal oxygen reference electrode-based sensors at high temperatures. The Pd/PdO-containing reference chamber was sealed within a stabilized zirconia superstructure by a high pressure/temperature plastic deformation bonding method exploiting grain boundary sliding between the ceramic components. Amperometric and potentiometric NOx sensing devices were assembled on the outside of the sensor. Pt-loaded zeolite Y was used to obtain total NOx capability. Both the amperometric and potentiometric type sensors showed total NOx response, with the potentiometric device showing better NOx/O2 signal stability and lower NOx–O2 cross-interference. Since these sensors do not require plumbing for reference air, there is more flexibility in the placement of such sensors in a combustion stream.
Cloning and expression of an avian metallothionein-encoding gene.

Abstract The chicken metallothionein gene (cMT), isolated from a chicken genomic DNA phage λ library, was found to be approximately 1.5 kb in length and to consist of three exons, separated by two intervening sequences. The number and placement of the introns in the cMT gene is precisely the same as that in the mammalian metallothionein-coding genes. S1 nuclease mapping indicated a prominent transcription start point (tsp) 62 bp 5' to the translation start codon. The promoter region analyzed (623 bp) contained three regions of homology (at −47, −488, and −577 bp relative to the tsp) with the metal regulatory element (MRE) consensus sequence, and three potential Sp1 binding sites. Two of the putative MREs (−47, −577) were 12 to 14-bp palindromes, which suggests that they are binding sites for trans-acting proteins. The intact cMT gene was functional in mammalian cells, and the cMT promoter could confer metal responsiveness on the firefly luciferase cDNA (Luc) in transient expression assays. Deletion mutagenesis established that 107 bp of 5'-flanking sequence, containing the proximal MRE and a putative Sp 1-binding site, were sufficient for transient expression and metal induction of the cMT promoter-Luc fusion gene.
Predicting change in average vehicle ridership on the basis of employer trip reduction plans

Artificial neural network (ANN) models are described, and efforts to build a model to predict changes in average vehicle ridership using about 7,000 employer trip reduction plans from three cities are highlighted. The development of the application is summarized; the neural network model performance is compared with other analytical approaches; and the results of the field test are summarized. Researchers at the Center for Urban Transportation Research combined the three data sets, identified model inputs and outputs from the data, and built the neural network model. This step also included building alternative models using regression and discriminant analysis to measure relative ANN performance. These models were compared with the FHWA's transportation demand management model. The ANN model built only with data from Los Angeles was validated using a separate data set and evaluated according to the model's ability to classify the change in average vehicle ridership (AVR) within an acceptable range. The fi...
Synthesis, structure, and reactions of a three-coordinate nickel-carbene complex, [1,2-Bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ethane]Ni=CPh(2).

The three-coordinate nickel-carbene complex (dtbpe)Ni=CPh2 (3) was prepared from the thermolysis of the diphenyldiazoalkane complex (dtbpe)Ni(N,N':eta2-N2CPh2) (2) (dtbpe = 1,2-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ethane). Complex 3 was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods (Ni-C = 1.836(2) A). Complex 3 reacts with 2 equiv of CO2 to afford (dtbpe)Ni{OC(O)CPh2C(O)O} (4), with diphenylketene to give (dtbpe)Ni{OC(=CPh2)CPh2} (5), with excess CO to transfer the carbene fragment and generate diphenylketene and (dtbpe)Ni(CO)2 (6), with sulfur dioxide to give the metallasulfone (dtbpe)Ni{C,S:eta2-S(O)2CPh2} (7), and with the Bronsted acid [HNMe2Ph][B(C6F5)4] to give the alkyl cation [(dtbpe)Ni(CHPh2)][B(C6F5)4] (8). Complexes 4, 5, and 7 have also been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
Design of a real-time unskeletonized autostereoscopic display system enabled by new technology

The design of a 3D display system that is simultaneously autostereoscopic, look-around, raster-filled, and dynamic and that is enabled by new digital micromirror device technology is discussed.
The impact of mild stroke on meaningful activity and life satisfaction.

Patients with mild stroke are assumed to achieve full recovery with little or no intervention. However, recent studies suggest that such patients may experience persistent disability and difficulty with complex activities. We prospectively assessed the impact of mild stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score ≤ 5) with standard assessments of function, health-related well-being, activity participation, and stroke-specific quality of life. Of 771 patients admitted over 12 months, 377 had an NIHSS score of ≤ 5; of these, 244 met additional inclusion criteria, and 219 were assessed 6 months after stroke onset. Despite full independence in basic activities of daily living, many patients (87%) reported residual stroke-related changes. On average, 7 (standard deviation [SD] = 6.21) stroke-related problems (SD = 6.21) were reported on the Stroke-Adapted Sickness Impact Profile (SA-SIP). Changes in work, driving, and recreational activities were reported. Motor impairment as measured by the NIHSS or the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor subscale did not influence scores on outcome measures. Regression analysis predicting life satisfaction ( R 2 = .62) was computed. Our results indicated that SA-SIP score, emotional well-being, and activity participation were significant, but age, race, sex, NIHSS score, and FIM motor and cognitive scores were not significant. In our sample, the determinants of life satisfaction after mild stroke differed from those reported after more severe stroke. Given the mild motor impairments in our sample, other, more subtle consequences of stroke, such as depression, impaired executive function or attention, or other neurologic impairments, may play more important roles in life satisfaction.
Annular modes and Hadley cell expansion under global warming

[1] Projections of 21st century climate from the latest state-of-the-art climate models consistently call for a poleward expansion of the tropical Hadley cell (HC) and subtropical dry zones (SDZ) in response to increasing levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. We find that approximately half of the model-simulated HC and SDZ expansion during the next hundred years can be explained by positive trends in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere annular modes (NAM and SAM), implying a close connection between changes in the tropical and extratropical atmospheric circulation. The link between NAM and SAM variability and the SDZ expansion suggests that future changes in the hydrologic cycle are likely to be strongly influenced by atmospheric dynamics.
Determination of the Field of Local Displacements by the Digital Speckle Correlation Method with Adaptive Segmentation of the Images

We propose a digital speckle correlation method based on the adaptive segmentation of the images of rough surfaces into fragments of any shape with regard for the structure and sizes of all speckles appearing in these images. The method is used for the determination of the fields of displacements of the surface of a duralumin beam containing a lateral fatigue crack under three-point loading.
Analytical applications and effective properties of a second gradient isotropic elastic material model

Recently, the works by Toupin, Mindlin, Sokolowski and Germain have been developed following two research streams. In the first one, higher-order gradient continuum models were developed based on the Cauchy tetrahedron argument (see, e.g., dell’Isola and Seppecher in Comptes Rendus de l Academie de Sciences 17 Serie IIb: Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Astronomie 321:303–308, 1995, Meccanica 32:33–52 1997, Zeitschrift fr Angewandte Mathematik und Physik 63(6):1119–1141, 2012). In the second one, the structure of higher-order gradient models is developed with a view to the applications. In particular in the model of linear isotropic solids proposed by Dell’Isola, Sciarra and Vidoli (DSV), the main constitutive equation is obtained for the case of second gradient models. This model introduces in addition to the two well-known Lame’s elastic constants five constitutive constants. The practical applications of this model remain in its infancy since the issue of determining the new moduli it introduces is not yet completely addressed. Also, analytical solutions of simple boundary value problems that can be helpful to grasp some of the physical foundations of this model are missing. This paper aims to address these two issues by providing the analytical solutions for two model problems, a spherical shell subjected to axisymmetric loading conditions and the circular bending of a beam in plane strain, both the beam and the shell obeying the DSV second gradient isotropic elastic model. The solution of the circular bending of a beam has served to grasp some of the physical soundness of the model. A framework based on homogenization under inhomogeneous boundary conditions is also suggested to determine the unknown constitutive constants, which are provided in the particular case of elastic porous heterogeneous materials.
Factors associated with interest in subspecialty training among neurology residents.

Phenomenon: Previous studies have not explored factors associated with decisions among neurology residents to pursue subspecialty training within neurology. Understanding career choices among neurology residents, particularly decisions regarding subspecialty training, is critical, as neurologists with specialized knowledge can help meet the needs of patients with specific disease conditions. This study addresses the knowledge gap about subspecialty training decisions by examining factors associated with neurology residents' interest in pursuing subspecialty training and the types of subspecialty training neurology residents consider. Approach: We surveyed a geographically stratified sample of neurology residents in U.S. training programs using a two-stage survey design. In Stage 1, we randomly sampled half of the accredited neurology residency programs stratified by U.S. census region; Stage 2 involved a survey of neurology residents within these programs. Findings: The majority (approximately 81%) of res...
Optimal Tariff Analysis of India's Apple Import Restrictions

Abstract When government policy makers, particularly in a developing country, impose a tariff on imports, they generally select an arbitrary tariff rate or a rate proposed by domestic interest groups such as producers. Such a tariff rate generally does not maximize welfare gain or minimize welfare loss, that is, it is not an optimal tariff. In this study we investigate whether India's ad valorem tariff of 50% on apple imports is optimal, and estimate the optimal tariff and welfare impacts. Our findings show that the Indian government policy is not only welfare reducing but is harmful if the excess supply is elastic. The findings underscore the importance of conducting economic studies and determining the optimal policy parameters as opposed to selecting them arbitrarily to meet the needs of a particular group.
Clustered service rank in support of web service discovery

Service registries are overwhelmed by the ever-increasing number of Web services. The scale of Web services pose challenges to Web service discovery and composition. To address the above challenges, we propose a method called Clustered Service Rank (CSR) that combines spectral clustering and popularity analysis of networks of Web services in this paper. Specifically, CSR applies Fidler vector to cluster the network of Web services and uses Page Rank to identify the service importance in each cluster. Using user ratings as ground truth, we evaluated the performance of CSR in service ranking by comparing it against that of basic PageRank method. Our preliminary results show that CSR provides a better match to users' functional requirements and less the network traversal than basic PageRank does.
BARLEY GROWING IN ENGLAND, 1952

An assessment has been made of the percentage of the total cultivated land (including hill-grazing) which is devoted to barley, the results being shown for the individual English counties both in tabular form and diagrammatically; the distribution of the more popular barley varieties is similarly shown. Greatest production is in East Anglia and the East Midlands, and the highest proportion of long-strawed varieties is found in the eastern half of the country. The advancing popularity of the Scandinavian barleys is emphasized and its implications are critically discussed. Recent developments include the attempted production of new hybrids combining favourable characters of the Archer and Scandinavian types and the increasing use of sprays which, properly applied, must be considered advantageous. An apparent increase in stock-keeping in barley-growing areas is noted with favour.
Retinoic acid-induced duplication of the zebrafish retina

Abstract Exogenous treatment of zebrafish embryos with retinoic acid induces a duplication of the retinas during development. These effects occur only when retinoic acid is applied within a 2-hr period prior to and during the initial formation of the optic primordia, and they are concentration-dependent. Light microscopic examination reveals that the second retina derives from cells in the ventral region of the developing eyecup that normally become pigment epithelial cells. Two distinct ganglion cell fields are usually observed in eyes with duplicated retinas. Bundles of axons from each ganglion cell field join as they leave the eye and innervate the contralateral tectum.
Invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus terreus: an emerging opportunistic infection with poor outcome independent of azole therapy

Objectives: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) caused by Aspergillus terreus is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with haematological malignancy (HM). Very few data are available in this patient population to differentiate IA patients with A. terreus from those with non-terreus species of Aspergillus to compare outcomes. Weretrospectivelyinvestigated513HMpatientswhoweretreatedforeitherdefiniteorprobableIAbetweenJune 1993 and August 2012 in a cancer centre. Methods: We compared baseline characteristics, antifungal therapies and outcomes between patients infected with A. terreus (n¼96, 18.7%) and those infected with non-terreus Aspergillus species (n ¼335, 65.3%). Eightyone patients with mixed or unspecified Aspergillus infections were excluded. Results: Breakthrough infections occurred more frequently in the A. terreus group (91% versus 77%, P ¼0.009). A. terreus infection was associated with a lower rate of final response to antifungal therapy (21% versus 38%, P ¼0.0015) and a higher rate of IA-associated mortality (51% versus 30%, P,0.001). Multivariate analyses showed that these associations were independent of patients’ clinical characteristics and the antifungal regimens they received. Factors independently associated with final response included treatment with azoles (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9‐5.0, P,0.0001) and Aspergillus species (A. terreus versus non-terreus Aspergillus species) (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3‐0.98, P¼0.043). Additionally, Aspergillus species and treatment with azoles were independently associated with IA-associated mortality. Conclusions: A. terreus IA in HM patients was associated with worse outcome than IA caused by non-terreus Aspergillus species. Poor prognosis in patients with invasive A. terreus infections is independent of antiAspergillus azole-based treatment.
High-level ab initio predictions of the energetics of mCO2·(H2O)n (n = 1-3, m = 1-12) clusters.

Electronic structure calculations at the correlated molecular orbital theory and density functional theory levels have been used to generate a reliable set of clustering energies for up to three water molecules in carbon dioxide clusters up to n = 12. The structures and energetics are dominated by Lewis acid–base interactions with hydrogen-bonding interactions playing a lesser energetic role. The actual binding energies are somewhat larger than might be expected. The correlated molecular orbital MP2 method and density functional theory with the ωB97X exchange–correlation functional provide good results for the energetics of the clusters, but the B3LYP and ωB97X-D functionals do not. Seven CO2 molecules form the first solvent shell about a single H2O with four CO2 molecules interacting with the H2O via Lewis acid–base interactions, two CO2 interacting with the H2O by hydrogen bonds, and the seventh CO2 completing the shell. The Lewis acid–base and weak hydrogen bond interactions between the water molecules...
A comparison of three interactive media formats in an RTV/DVI computer-mediated lesson

Abstract This paper describes a pilot study conducted to compare the relative effectiveness of three interactive media formats in a DVI/RTV (Digital Video Interactive/Real Time Video) computer-mediated instructional lesson. The first of four hypotheses maintained that a full motion video coach would be selected more often than an audio or text coach. Analysis revealed that audio coaching was selected more often than the other two formats. The second hypotheses asserted that learners viewing video coaching would achieve the greatest post-test gains. Analysis revealed that this group achieved the second highest post-test gains. The third hypotheses stated that audio coaching would achieve the least post-test gains. Analysis revealed that this group achieved the greatest post-test gains. The fourth hypothesis declared that a learner's preference for an instructional modality would affect the selection frequency of a media-specific instructional option. Analysis of selection frequencies and instructional ratings revealed a tentative correlation between these variables. The data suggest that video and audio modalities elicit the greatest behavior of interest on the part of the learner. The data indicate that the learner may take more time to complete the lesson due to viewing video and audio options. Furthermore, the data suggest that video and audio options may be selected more often, and therefore may provide additional opportunities to present information. The data also suggest that the learner may view text coaching as less than adequate for delivering optional instructional coaching material. The author argues that alternate channel input for a coaching strategy may affect the learner's perception of the adequacy of the information presented.
Information Learned from Animal Models of Atrial Fibrillation

Animal models of atrial fibrillation have taught us about mechanisms of this common disease. A variety of animal models exist, including models of lone atrial fibrillation and models of atrial fibrillation in the setting of heart failure, aging, or pericardial inflammation. This article reviews these various models.
Transistor Fabrication by the Melt-Quench Process

A small cylindrical germanium crystal doped with donor and acceptor impurities of different segregation coefficients is partly melted, then caused to freeze rapidly. Due to the impurity segregation effect a p-n junction is formed at the stopping level of the liquid-solid interface. As the freezing process is accelerated, quenching occurs and impurity segregation can no longer take place. This produces a second p-n junction very close to the first junction. It is shown that most of the heat is dissipated by conduction through the crystal. Neglecting convection and radiation losses, the freezing rate in a typical structure can be greater than 0.85 cm/ sec. It is found that the whole structure remains a single crystal after such a treatment.
Stationary Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows¶in Channel-like and Pipe-like Domains

This paper is concerned with stationary non-Newtonian fluid in an unbounded domain which geometrically is channel-like in two dimensions or axisymmetric pipe-like in three. The flow satisfies no-slip boundary conditions, and behaves as Poiseuille flow at infinity. Existence and uniqueness are proved under the assumption of a large kinematic viscosity. The results apply to a family of models including second-order, Maxwell and Oldroyd-B fluids. For second-order fluids, the existence and uniqueness results are extended to the case when the boundary has corner points.
The nature of foreign language anxiety in elementary immersion program graduates

This mixed methods study approached the issue of foreign language (FL) anxiety in a unique population of students in the U.S.: English-dominant students who had attended French or Spanish elementary immersion schools. One hundred thirty-one students from five immersion schools responded to surveys, and 33 of those students were interviewed. Data analysis procedures included a statistical analysis of the surveys, a theme analysis of the interviews, and an integrated consideration of the findings. It was found that the immersion students did experience some FL anxiety, but it was largely dependent on the situation and mediated by other aspects of being language learners. Their FL anxiety did not correlate with their decision whether or not to continue with the immersion program. Implications include a need to reexamine the importance of extracurricular learning experiences in immersion education, and a suggestion to expand FL anxiety research to different educational and methodological contexts.
Lapping of Semiconductor Wafers: An Experimental Investigation on Subsurface Damage

Semiconductor substrate wafers are used to manufacture a variety of semiconductor devices. Lapping is an important process to obtain flat wafer surfaces. Subsurface damage, however, is unavoidably generated during the lapping process and has vital effects on wafer quality. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of several lapping parameters on subsurface damage in semiconductor substrate wafers, such as abrasive grain size, abrasive material, lapping pressure, and slurry concentration. It was found that abrasive grain size and abrasive material have significant effects on subsurface damage. Effects of lapping pressure and slurry concentration on subsurface damage were less significant.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Patterns of tropomyosin and troponin-T isoform expression in jaw-closing muscles of mammals and reptiles that express masticatory myosin.

SUMMARY We recently reported that masticatory (‘superfast’) myosin is expressed in jaw-closing muscles of some rodent species. Most mammalian limb muscle fibers express tropomyosin-β (Tm-β), along with fast-type or slow-type tropomyosin-β (Tm-β), but jaw-closing muscle fibers in members of Carnivora express a unique isoform of Tm [Tm-masticatory (Tm-M)] and little or no Tm-β. The goal of this study was to determine patterns of Tm and troponin-T (TnT) isoform expression in the jaw-closing muscles of rodents and other vertebrate species that express masticatory myosin, and compare the results to those from members of Carnivora. Comparisons of electrophoretic mobility, immunoblotting and mass spectrometry were used to probe the Tm and fast-type TnT isoform composition of jaw-closing and limb muscles of six species of Carnivora, eight species of Rodentia, five species of Marsupialia, big brown bat, long-tailed macaque and six species of Reptilia. Extensive heterogeneity exists in Tm and TnT isoform expression in jaw-closing muscles between phylogenetic groups, but there are fairly consistent patterns within each group. We propose that the differences in Tm and TnT isoform expression patterns between phylogenetic groups, which share the expression of masticatory myosin, may impart fundamental differences in thin-filament-mediated muscle activation to accommodate markedly different feeding styles that may require high force generation in some species (e.g. many members of Carnivora) and high speed in others (e.g. Rodentia).
Small bowel resection rates in Crohn's disease and the indication for surgery over time: experience from a large tertiary care center.

Background: Our primary aim was to determine if the rate of small bowel resection (SBR) has declined over time among Crohn's disease (CD) patients seen at a single academic institution. A secondary aim was to establish whether the indication for surgery has changed. Methods: Patients with a primary or secondary ICD-9 code for CD (555.0–555.9) who underwent SBR at the University of Pittsburgh were included. Patients were divided into 4 separate time periods based on when they had surgery: 1995–1998 (Period 1), 1999–2001 (Period 2), 2002–2004 (Period 3), and 2005–2007 (Period 4). Medical records were reviewed for the 6 months preceding surgery. Use of 5-ASAs, immunomodulators (IMs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists, and corticosteroids were noted. Disease behavior was defined as nonstricturing, nonpenetrating (B1), stricturing (B2), and penetrating (B3). Proportions of patients undergoing SBR were calculated according to calendar cohort and these rates were examined for time trends. Results: In all, 227 unique patients were analyzed for a total of 236 surgeries. The rates of 5-ASA, IM, and corticosteroid use were similar across the 4 time periods. By contrast, TNF antagonist usage progressively increased over time (0%, 18%, 34%, 35%; P = 0.0002). The annual rate of SBR per period did not change (1.6%, 1.9%, 1.6%, 1.9%; P = 0.93). Similarly, the disease behavior did not change over time. Conclusions: While the frequency of TNF antagonist use in CD at the University of Pittsburgh has increased over time, the rate of SBR and indication for surgery has remained unchanged. These findings may be explained by long-standing, complicated disease refractory to medical therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009
Automatic consistency assessment for query results in dynamic environments

Queries are convenient abstractions for the discovery of information and services, as they offer content-based information access. In distributed settings, query semantics are well-defined, e.g., they often satisfy ACID transactional properties. In a dynamic network setting, however, achieving transactional semantics becomes complex due to the openness and unpredictability. In this paper, we propose a query processing model for mobile ad hoc and sensor networks suitable for expressing a wide range of query semantics; the semantics differ in the degree of consistency with which results reflect the state of the environment during execution. We introduce several distinct notions of consistency and formalize them. A practical contribution of this paper is a protocol for query processing that automatically assesses and adaptively provides an achievable degree of consistency given the state of the operational environment throughout its execution. The protocol attaches an assessment of the achieved guarantee to returned query results, allowing precise reasoning about a query with a range of possible semantics.
Implicit Cognition and Dissocative Experiences as Predictors of Adolescent Substance Use

The present study evaluated the mediating role of implicit cognitive processes in the prediction of alcohol and marijuana use and examined the relationships between dissociative experiences, implicit processes, and sensation seeking in models of drug use and problem experiences. Participants were 467 diverse at-risk adolescents in California. Results from latent variable models revealed that implicit cognition independently predicted alcohol and marijuana use and mediated the predictive effects of sensation seeking on drug use. Dissociative experiences did not predict implicit cognition or drug use in this sample, though this factor was a significant predictor of problem experiences and was positively correlated with sensation seeking. This research provides further evidence suggesting that implicit, associative memory processes are influential in drug-use motivation.
Modern Human Origins in the Levant and Western Asia: The Fossil and Archeological Evidence

Upper Pleistocene human fossil and archeological evidence from the Levant and western Asia indicates continuity over the Middle/Upper Paleolithic transition and the transition from archaic to modern Homo sapiens. It also indicates that these transitions did not coincide with each other in time. Both data sets are examined in light of recent claims from molecular biology invoked by replacement advocates in support of the position that morphologically modern humans develop (or arrive) first in the Levant, coexist with archaic Homo sapiens, and then displace or extirpate archaic Homo sapiens. Replacement models that assume no admixture are not supported by the archeological or the human paleontological evidence. Those who would argue for replacement without gene flow must show how it could have occurred without leaving traces of disjunction in the typological and technological aspects of Levantine archeological assemblages, in those aspects of the archeofaunal record that monitor subsistence, and in the evidence from settlement pattern studies.
External Monitoring-Induced Pacemaker-Driven Tachycardia: A Case Report

A 55-year-old African-American woman with a history of end-stage renal disease secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus, dual-chamber pacemaker placement secondary to sick sinus syndrome, and a previous subarachnoid hemorrhage presented via ambulance to our Emergency Department (ED) from an outside hospital with the report of altered mental status, hyperkalemia, and hypoglycemia. In the ED, the patient's initial physical examination revealed a stable, normal heart rate. Reassessment after placement of external monitoring devices found the patient to be tachycardic at approximately 132-135 beats/min, with minimal variation in rate. The patient was also tachypneic during this episode, up to a respiratory rate of 38 breaths/min. When misplaced external monitoring device leads were removed during pacemaker interrogation, the patient's heart rate dropped to the 70s. Reapplication of the external monitoring leads replicated the tachycardia. With permanent repositioning of the leads in the ED, the tachycardia did not return. The placement of the leads was determined to have caused a plethysmography-induced pacemaker-driven tachycardia.