cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Averaging multiclimate model prediction of streamflow in the machine learning paradigm

Abstract Climate change continues to change the course of streamflow regimes. River basins around the world are experiencing frequent floods and/or droughts due to climate change. To carry out robust water management, climate models are increasingly being used to simulate the low and high flow regimes. However, due to inherent parametric differences among the models, climate models often produce different predictions. The model selection has been used to select the best performing climate model. Besides model selection, model averaging has also been adopted in order to take advantage of the relative strengths of the respective climate models. The climate models’ streamflow is averaged in different paradigms such as Bayesian frameworks and machine learning paradigms. The objective of this chapter is to synthesize the recent application of the machine learning paradigm in averaging climate model–based streamflow simulation. The machine learning paradigms considered include the neural networks and the support vector regression models.
A novel 915 MHz, RFID-based pressure sensor for glaucoma using an electrically small antenna

The design and development of a radio frequency identification based pressure-sensing system to increase the range of current intra-ocular pressure sensing systems is described. Most current systems use near-field inductive coupling for the transfer of energy and data, which limits the operational range to only a few centimeters and prevents continuous monitoring. Increasing the powering range of the telemetry system offers continuous monitoring capability since the reader can be attached to a waist belt or put on a night stand when sleeping. The system operates at ultra-high frequencies and uses the electromagnetic far field to transfer energy and data, which increases the potential range of operation and allows for the use of smaller antennas. The system uses a novel electrically small antenna (ESA) to receive the incident RF signal. A four stage Schottky diode circuit rectifies and multiplies the received RF signal and provides DC power to a Colpitts oscillator. The oscillator is connected to a pressure sensor and provides an output signal frequency that is proportional to the change in pressure. The system was fabricated using a mature, inexpensive 0.5 μm CMOS process. The performance of the system compares well with current state of the art, but uses a smaller antenna and a less expensive fabrication process. The system was powered over a range of at least 6.4 cm when the ESA with a ka value of 0.096 was used as the receiving antenna for the pressure sensing system.
Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data

Abstract Self-report data collections, particularly through online measures, are ubiquitous in both experimental and non-experimental psychology. Invalid data can be present in such data collections for a number of reasons. One reason is careless or insufficient effort (C/IE) responding. The past decade has seen a rise in research on techniques to detect and remove these data before normal analysis (Huang, Curran, Keeney, Poposki, & DeShon, 2012; Johnson, 2005; Meade & Craig, 2012). The rigorous use of these techniques is valuable tool for the removal of error that can impact survey results (Huang, Liu, & Bowling, 2015). This research has encompassed a number of sub-fields of psychology, and this paper aims to integrate different perspectives into a review and assessment of current techniques, an introduction of new techniques, and a generation of recommendations for practical use. Concerns about C/IE responding are a factor any time self-report data are collected, and all such researchers should be well-versed on methods to detect this pattern of response.
Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) and the Spread of Drug Resistant Malaria

Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) is a malaria control strategy in which vulnerable asymptomatic individuals are given a full curative dose of an antimalarial medication at specified intervals, regardless of whether they are infected with malaria or not. A mathematical model is developed to explore the effect of IPT use on the malaria prevalence and control under different scenarios. The model includes both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of the parasite as well as interactions between human hosts and mosquitoes. The basic reproduction numbers for both strains and the invasion reproduction numbers are computed and used to examine the role of IPT on the development of resistant infections. Numerical simulations are performed to examine the effect of treatment of symptomatic infections and IPT on the prevalence levels of both strains. The model results suggest that the schedule of IPT may have an important influence on the prevalence of resistant infections as well as the total infections of both strains. Moreover, the extent to which IPT may influence the development of resistant strains depends also on the half-life of the drug used. A sensitivity and uncertainty analysis indicates the model outcomes are most sensitive to several model parameters including the reduction factor of transmission for the resistant strain, rate of immunity loss, and the clearance rate of sensitive infections.
A fuzzy web intelligence application: web-based fuzzy expert agents for online learning evaluation

Fuzzy Expert Agents (FEAs) are used in different applications based on soft reasoning (not classical hard decision) methods similar to human approximate reasoning. Fuzzy Web Intelligence (FWI) techniques are introduced based on fuzzy theory and Web technology. The Web-based FEA using FWI techniques can assist in determination of whether a child has a learning problem. Javaservlets, JDBC, and Oracle are used to implement the Web-based FEA successfully.
4Mb DRAM Circuit Features

An experimental 4Mb CMOS DRAM is described. Technology evolution, coupled with innovative circuit techniques, has led to a dense high-performance design. This paper illustrates some of the technology trade-offs and circuit features that were incorporated to facilitate fabrication on an existing manufacturing line.
A simple method for preparation of cultured cardiac fibroblasts from adult human ventricular tissue

Cardiac fibroblasts constitute greater than 90% of non-myocyte cells in the heart. Because they are responsible for synthesis of components of the extracellular matrix, growth factors and cytokines in the myocardium, they play an important role in normal and pathologic performance of the heart. An understanding of their biology requires in depth studies in a stable and reliable system in which the biological responses of cardiac fibroblasts to various stimuli can be determined. With the exception of few, all studies have been performed on cardiac fibroblasts obtained from rodent hearts. We present a method for isolation and subsequent culture of viable cardiac fibroblasts from ventricular tissue of adult human. This method allows rapid and reliable isolation and subsequent culture of cardiac fibroblasts from adult heart tissue without the need for cumbersome isolation techniques and complex nutrient-enriched and hormone-supplemented culture media for maintenance.
Survey of the sensitivity of microorganisms to aflatoxin.

Among the 329 microorganisms tested for aflatoxin sensitivity were 30 genera of bacteria, 34 genera of fungi, 4 genera of algae, and 1 protozoan. Twelve species of the genus Bacillus, a clostridium, and a streptomycete were inhibited when 30 μg/ml of crude aflatoxin (36% pure) was incorporated into the growth substrate. A strain of Bacillus brevis and two of B. megaterium were most sensitive to aflatoxin, being inhibited at 10 and 15 μg/ml, respectively.
Roentgenologic diagnosis of placenta previa

Abstract A complete report of our experience with our roentgenologic method of diagnosis of placenta previa is presented herewith. We have now applied this type of study in 35 cases with abnormal uterine bleeding during the third trimester of pregnancy. Careful clinical observations were made, so that an accurate correlation between clinical and roentgenologic findings could be established. A routine technic has been found desirable, and we are giving the details of the procedure since we consider them essential to avoid possible errors in interpretation. The anatomic relations and roentgenologic findings on which we base our conclusions are presented, and these are illustrated by case reports and numerous figures. 1. 1. The roentgenologic diagnosis of placenta previa can be made with a high degree of accuracy. 2. 2. The roentgenologic interpretation should be in agreement with the findings of the abdominorectal examination. If a discrepancy exists, it may be necessary to repeat both examinations. 3. 3. If the interpretation is based on sufficient experience, it will invariably corroborate the clinical findings, provided that these also have been made by an experienced observer. 4. 4. The greatest value of this method lies in the fact that it permits an accurate diagnosis without producing contamination of the genital tract.
Generalized fixed channel assignment with hand-off priority in micro-cellular communication systems

Overlapping coverage areas of nearby base stations arise naturally in cellular communication systems, especially in small-cell high-capacity micro-cellular configurations. A generalized fixed channel assignment scheme with priority for hand-off calls is considered. An analytically tractable model is developed for a linear array of cells, such as those that might be used along a highway. A suitable state characterization is identified which allows the problem to be treated in the framework of multi-dimensional birth-death processes. The effects of shadow fading are included. Overall performance characteristics that are computed account for both signal availability and channel availability. Theoretical performance characteristics show blocking probability, forced termination probability, carried traffic and hand-off activity.
Exploring Factors That Affect Score Reliability and Variability in the Ways of Coping Questionnaire Reliability Coefficients: A Meta-Analytic Reliability Generalization Study

One instrument cited in the literature as an effective measure of approaches to coping is the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WAYS; Folkman & Lazarus, 2005). This study is a reliability generalization (RG) study of the WAYS that strives to further distill psychometric properties of the scores generated by this measure. Results from this meta-analytic investigation of 130 previously published research studies indicate that the Confrontive Coping and Distancing subscales generate the most variable reliability coefficients across studies. Regression analyses suggest that the variables type of scoring, sample size, population type, sample source, gender homogeneity, and racial homogeneity were most important in determining reliability estimates on the Seeking Social Support, Escape-Avoidance, Planful Problem Solving, and Positive Reappraisal subscales. Implications for the use of the WAYS are offered.
Effects of irritant gases on avoidance/escape performance and respiratory response of the baboon.

Abstract The major toxicants in smoke are generally categorized as asphyxiants (hypoxia-producing agents) and irritants. Although the rodent appears to be an adequate model for evaluating the toxic effects of asphyxiant gases in man, the suitability of the rodent for evaluating the effects of irritant gases has not been established. In a study of the effects of irritant gases on escape performance of the baboon, exceedingly high concentrations of neither acrolein nor hydrogen chloride (HCl) prevented performance of the behavioral task; however, severe irritant effects were evident, even at lower concentrations. In a subsequent study of the respiratory response of the baboon to HCl, 15-min exposures to 5000 and 10,000 ppm (nominal concentrations) produced severe hypoxemia with a concentration-related increase in respiratory rate and minute volume. The difference between the rodent and the nonhuman primate in response to irritant gases suggests that the rodent may be an inadequate model for evaluating the toxicity of irritant gases to man and, therefore, the use of results of laboratory combustion tests to predict the toxicity of smoke in humans may lead to erroneous conclusions.
Optical functions of silicon determined by two-channel polarization modulation ellipsometry

Abstract The optical properties of ( 100 ), ( 111 ), and ( 110 ) silicon have been determined from 234 to 840 nm ( 5.30 to 1.48 eV ) at room temperature using two-channel polarization modulation ellipsometry. The results are tabulated in terms of the refractive index n and extinction coefficient k, including the propagated errors, and are compared with previously published spectroscopic ellipsometry data.
Psychological processes in perceiving reality

Little attention has been paid to the mental processes and the story elements that influence perceived reality judgments of media stories. People often lack the motivation or ability to be thoughtful about perceived reality judgments. This is particularly true when the stimulus controls the pace of the story (e.g., television). It is possible that people use the typical and atypical elements of a story as a heuristic for making simple judgments about perceived reality of media narratives. In 2 studies, the careful manipulation of atypical and typical information in a soap opera and a news story predicted about half the variance in perceived reality. As the typicality of the stories increased, so did the participants' ratings of the perceived reality of the stories. In a 3rd study, while viewing entertainment television shows, participants used dials to continuously rate the selected programs for perceived reality, typicality, interest, and liking. Results indicate that viewers can make moment-to-moment re...
The phytochrome photoreceptor in the green alga Mesotaenium caldariorum: implication for a conserved mechanism of phytochrome action

Chloroplast movement in the unicellular green alga Mesotaenium caldariorum is one of the earliest documented photomorphogenetic responses in plants. Photobiological studies have established that this response is under the control of phytochrome, whose rigid association with the plasma membrane and/or cytoskeleton enables the algal cells to orientate the chloroplast in response to the direction and intensity of light from the environment. While many of the key components of the algal phytochrome signalling pathway have been elucidated (i.e. Ca 2+ , calmodulin, actin and myosin), the primary biochemical mechanism of algal phytochrome action is unknown. To begin to address this important question, phytochrome and its corresponding genes have been isolated and characterized in this alga. These studies reveal that Mesotaenium cells contain a single type of phytochrome which is encoded by a small family of highly related genes. On the basis of its biochemical properties, primary structure and ability to interfere with the photoregulatory activity of phytochrome in transgenic plant seedlings, it appears likely that the primary mechanism of phytochrome action has been conserved throughout its evolution.
Hoarseness after metastatic colon cancer treatment.

Awoman in her 60s presented to the otolaryngology clinic with a 1-month history of hoarseness. Her medical history was significant for metastatic colon cancer for which she had received primary surgical therapy in 1999. She subsequently developed lungmetastases and was treated by her oncologist with different combinations of capecitabine, irinotecan, fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin. Following progression despite use of these agents, she received fluorouracil plus bevacizumab, an anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody. One week after her third cycle of anti-VEGF treatment, she reported new-onset, rapidly progressive hoarseness. On examination, she exhibited severe dysphonia and flexible transnasal laryngoscopy revealed bilateral, symmetric, white membranous true vocal fold lesions sparing the anterior commissure (Figure). Vocal fold mobility was unaffected, but videostroboscopy demonstrated near-complete loss of bilateral mucosal waves. The patient was never a smoker, did not drink alcohol, and had no other symptoms indicative of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Empirical treatment with systemic antifungal therapy had no effect. What is your diagnosis? A B
How Does Stigma “Get Under the Skin”? The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation

Stigma is a risk factor for mental health problems, but few studies have considered how stigma leads to psychological distress. The present research examined whether specific emotion-regulation strategies account for the stigma-distress association. In an experience-sampling study, rumination and suppression occurred more on days when stigma-related stressors were reported than on days when these stressors were not reported, and rumination mediated the relationship between stigma-related stress and psychological distress. The effect of social support on distress was moderated by the concealability of the stigma: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) respondents reported more isolation and less social support than African American respondents subsequent to experiencing stigma-related stressors, whereas African Americans reported greater social support than LGB participants. Social isolation mediated the stigma-distress association among LGB respondents. In a second experimental study, participants who ruminated following the recall of an autobiographical discrimination event exhibited prolonged distress on both implicit and explicit measures relative to participants who distracted themselves; this finding provides support for a causal role of rumination in the stigma-distress relationship.
Chromatic difference steps of moderate size measured along theoretically critical axes

A new method of measuring chromatic discrimination steps is described where obsercers must indicate in which direction a change has occurred, as well as the fact of its occurrence. This procedure seems to stabilize the subject’s critcrion c,fdifjr,rence and yields step sizes more akin to those of‘ Wright’s “dashes” than MacAdam’s ellipses. Tests Iiuw been niade along two critical dimensions of variation: (1 ) the tritan axis, where discriminations depend initially on1.v on rariutions in blue-cone (B) excitation and (2) the red grcrn uxis, where discriminations depend on the .siih.~titirtion of red-cone (R) excitation for that of green cones (G), or oice versa. Discriminations dependent on blue cones uro ajJected by the level of B-cone excitation but are indeprndcnt of R /G. After indioidual dfferences are taken into uccount by a simple scaling factor, an equation of the JOrtii AB f B + Bo = K accounts well for the data. Bluecone discriniination is found to be independent of the ratio (?f’ red-to-green-cone excitation, with an optimal Weber Jruction of about 18%. Discriminations dependent on the i~xchongr ofred- and green-cone excitation yield an optiniul Wthir fraction of about 2%. This rutio is increased, though not greatly, by an imbulance of the red-green ratio rclutirr to LI nrirtral condition, and by increasing the leoel (?f blur-cwnr excitation. At I20 td, the ratio between a Muc~ArJuni step and ours is approximately constant at uhoiit 13:l.
CURRENT-TEMPERATURE PHASE DIAGRAM OF LAYERED SUPERCONDUCTORS

The behavior of clean layered superconductors in the presence of a finite electric current and in zero-magnetic field behavior is addressed. The structure of the current temperature phase diagram and the properties of each of the four regions will be explained. We will discuss the expected current-voltage and resistance characteristics of each region as well as the effects of finite-size and weak disorder on the phase diagram. In addition, the reason for which a weakly non-Ohmic region exists above the transition temperature will be explained.
Acute renal failure associated with the retinoic acid syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukemia

All-trans-retinoic acid is an effective agent to induce remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Unlike conventional chemotherapy, this drug exerts its effect by inducing differentiation of immature leukemic cells. A distinctive clinical syndrome characterized by fever, dyspnea, effusions, weight gain, and organ failure (the "retinoic acid syndrome") can occur during treatment with this drug. Postmortem studies have shown extensive organ infiltration by leukemic cells, and the early administration of corticosteroids can result in prompt resolution of symptoms. We describe a patient with APL in whom acute renal failure developed during treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid. Transient renal enlargement during a period of leukocytosis and a beneficial response to treatment with dexamethasone suggest that renal failure in this patient was probably related to the retinoic acid syndrome.
Coupled Evolution of Load Distribution and Wear on Lead Screw Threads

To prescribe simulative contact pressures in benchtop wear tests on materials and lubricants for threads of lead screws, it is necessary to understand how applied load is distributed over those threads. While in threaded fasteners it is known that the first engaged nut thread carries the greatest load and experiences the highest contact pressure, in a lead screw application with considerable sliding this most heavily nut thread will correspondingly wear most rapidly. This suggests instead an eventually uniform steady-state load distribution over the nut threads that should be considered in arriving at a lower contact pressure for simulative wear testing. A model is therefore developed for this coupled evolution of thread load distribution and wear.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Re-targetability in software tools

Software tool construction is a risky business, with uncertain rewards. Many tools never get used. This is a truism: software tools, however brilliantly conceived, well-designed, and meticulously constructed, have little impact unless they are actually adopted by real programmers. While there are no sure-fire ways of ensuring that a tool will be used, experience indicates that retargetability is an important enabler for wide adoption. In this paper, we elaborate on the need for retargetability in software tools, describe some mechanisms that have proven useful in our experience, and outline our future research in the broader area of inter-operability and retargetability.
Recent advances in olefin metathesis by molybdenum and tungsten imido alkylidene complexes

Abstract Recent advances in olefin metathesis studies include the preparation of catalysts “in situ,” supported catalysts, and tungsten-based catalysts, and observation of molybdacyclobutane complexes, molybdacyclopentane complexes, base-free methylene complexes, and ethylene complexes such as Mo(N-2,6-Cl2C6H3)(CH2CH2)[rac-Biphen](Et2O).
Activation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray induces airway smooth muscle relaxation

In this study, we examined effects of chemical stimulation of the ventrolateral region of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (vl PAG) on airway smooth muscle tone. We observed that in anesthetized, p...
QR–SCMEH–MO calculations on NdO and UO

Electronic structures and chemical bonding within the NdO and UO molecules have been studied computationally via the QR–SCMEH–MO (quasirelativistic–self-consistent modified extended Huckel–molecular orbital) method. This is a non-ab initio, self-consistent, nonempirical routine that accounts for correlation in an approximate way. It also incorporates other features so as to account for all electron interactions. Both molecules were found to be bonding [contrary to a report based on ab initio density functional theory (DFT)–SCF relativistic calculations on UO]. The covalency in UO is somewhat greater than that of NdO, which for all practical purposes is mostly electrostatic. Good agreement between calculated and observed bond dissociation energies and ionization potentials have been obtained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
The effects of CTLA-4Ig on acute lung allograft rejection: a comparison of intrabronchial gene therapy with systemic administration of protein.

Background. Blockade of T-cell costimulation by local delivery of an adenoviral vector encoding for CTLA-4Ig and systemic administration of the protein are compared in a rat lung allograft model. Methods. Left lungs of Brown Norway rats (RT1 n ) were transplanted into Lewis (RT1 1 ) recipients in four groups of six animals each: 1) no treatment; 2) intrabronchial transduction of donor lung with adenovirus encoding mCTLA-4Ig (adeno-mCTLA-4Ig); 3) intrabronchial transduction with empty adenovirus; and 4) intraperitoneal injection of mCTLA-4Ig. Grading of rejection, mCTLA-4Ig measurement in serum and bronchial washings, RT-PCR for virally encoded transcripts, and immunohistochemistry for mCTLA-4Ig were carried out 4 days later. Results. Intrabronchial transduction with adeno-mCTLA-4Ig resulted in detectable transgene expression in graft tissue and bronchial fluid but not in serum. Significant reduction in rejection grade (from grade 3 to 2) occurred after systemic mCTLA-4Ig but not adeno-mCTLA-4Ig transduction. Conclusion. Local expression of immunomodulatory proteins can be achieved within lung allografts by intrabronchial delivery of adenoviral vector but may not significantly modify acute rejection.
Co(II) sorption at the calcite-water interface: I. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study

The mechanisms of Co uptake from solution by calcite surfaces have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and sputter depth profiling. Two types of calcite samples were examined (finely powdered and individual {104} cleavage surfaces) as a function of pH (7.3–8.9), reaction time (0.9–168 h), and starting aqueous Co concentration (0.01–0.1 mM). In all cases, solutions were saturated with respect to calcite. No evidence was found for oxidation of Co2+ upon sorption for either type of sample. Chemical shift and Auger parameter assessment of the sorbed Co2+ species indicate that it is most likely present in the form of a (Ca,Co) carbonate solid solution under most conditions tested, although there is some evidence from XPS depth profiling experiments and scanning electron microscopy on the high pH sorption sample that a Co-carbonate or hydroxy carbonate precipitate is also present in minor amounts. More detail on the identity of the sorption reaction products from these experiments can be found in our companion X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study (Xu et al., 1996). Results of XPS-depth profiling experiments suggest that the distribution of Co2+ is controlled by pH and solution saturation state. For samples where the pH was adjusted during Co/calcite interaction, Co2+ was found to be more concentrated in the near-surface region of sorption samples produced by slow pH adjustments (from 8.2 to 8.5, never exceeding 8.6) than in samples produced by rapid pH adjustment (from 8.2 to 8.9 after initial excursion to 10.9). When pH was held constant (7.3 or 8.5) during Co/calcite interaction, Co is more concentrated in the near-surface region of the sorption sample produced at higher pH (8.5) than in the sample produced at lower pH (7.3). Cobalt was found to decrease with depth in calcite for the higher pH sample, but was relatively constant with depth for lower pH samples. XPS measurements on Co/calcite sorption samples as a function of time after solution exposure indicate that solid-state diffusion of Co is not the dominant mechanism of Co incorporation into calcite in the short time frame of our experiments (up to one week). Nevertheless, our results point towards a dynamic calcite surface, even when there appears to be no net Ca-carbonate deposition, as Co is found down to and below the 50–100 A sputtering range of our experiments even after solution exposure of only 0.9 h with an aqueous Co concentration of 0.02 mM at pH 7.4.
Non-linear aerothermoelastic modeling and behavior of a double-wedge lifting surface

The design of the re-entry space vehicles and high-speed aircraft structures requires special attention to the non-linear thermoelastic and aerodynamic instabilities. The thermal effects are important since temperature environment influences significantly the static and dynamic behaviors of flight structures in supersonic/hypersonic regimes. The dynamic behavior of a double-wedge lifting surface with combined freeplay and cubic stiffening structural nonlinearities in both plunging and pitching degrees-of-freedom (DOF) operating in supersonic/hypersonic flight speed regimes has been analyzed. In addition a third order piston theory aerodynamics (PTA) is used to evaluate the non-linear unsteady aerodynamic loads applied to the wing section. Loss of torsional stiffness that may be incurred by lifting surfaces subjected to axial stresses induced by aerodynamic heating is also considered. The aerodynamic heating effect is estimated based on the adiabatic wall temperature due to high speed airstreams. It is demonstrated that serious losses of torsional stiffness may occur in such lifting surfaces; the influence of various parameters such as flight condition, thickness ratio, freeplays and pitching stiffness nonlinearity are discussed.
Ligand Exchange Reactions Yield Subnanometer, Thiol-Stabilized Gold Particles with Defined Optical Transitions

A convenient preparation is reported for a series of functionalized, thiol-stabilized gold particles with subnanometer core diameters (dCORE = 0.8 ± 0.2 nm). The preparation produces previously inaccessible materials through ligand exchange reactions of a phosphine-stabilized precursor, Au11(PPh3)8Cl3, with ω-functionalized alkanethiols. Convenient access to these new materials is a prerequisite to the detailed study of the electronic and optical properties of subnanometer particles and the investigation of the utility of these building blocks in nanoscale devices. Preliminary investigations of the optical properties of these new materials by UV−vis spectroscopy revealed that the particles have defined optical transitions. These results confirm the presence of discrete energy levels in the electronic structure of these materials that might be expected due to quantum size effects. Initial studies also suggest that the optical properties depend on the nature of the stabilizing ligand shell. The ligand excha...
Development of guanylylimidodiphosphate-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase by glucagon in the neonatal rat heart.

Extract: The basal adenylate cyclase activity of the rat heart increases with the age of the animal. By itself, 10−5 M glucagon activates only adenylate cyclase activity from adult rat hearts. In contrast, 10−5 M glucagon in the presence of 10−4 M 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP) clearly activates adenylate cyclase activity in the 14-day-old rat heart, with some activation being evident in hearts of 7-day-old animals. GMP-PNP, 10−4 M, activates adenylate cyclase activity by itself at ages of 14 days and older, but to a far lesser degree than in combination with 10−5 M glucagon. Activity elicited by NaF increases throughout the neonatal period. The ratio of NaF-stimulated activity to basal activity increases from 6.3 at 2 days to 10.0 in the adult, a change which is not statistically significant. We conclude that a cardiac receptor for glucagon is present early in neonatal period of the rat, but this receptor cannot effect activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase in heart rate, or depletion of glycogen. Even in the presence of 10−4 GMP-PNP, the response to glucagon by cardiac adenylate cyclase depends on the age of the rat. In heart cells from a 7-day-old rat, the response is barely measurable but the magnitude of the response increases each week. Speculation: This study demonstrates that GMP-PNP, an analog of GTP, facilitates the activation of adenylate cyclase by glucagon in the neonatal rat heart. It remains to be determined whether GMP-PNP facilitates glucagon binding per se or the interaction of glucagon with adenylate clyclase. The effect of the naturally occurring GTP on newborn cardiac adenylate cyclase activity is unknown.
Extreme hyperpyrexia with cervical spinal cord injury: Survival using an external pad based hypothermia protocol

Abstract Background Extreme hyperpyrexia (T > 41.5 °C [106.7 °F]) represents an unusual challenge in critical care medicine, which has historically resulted in 100% mortality when it is secondary to the thermal dysregulation seen in “quad fever.” Purpose A novel approach to this disorder, utilizing a protocol driven external cooling device for therapeutic hypothermia to reestablish normothermia, and survival is described. Patient sample We present the case of a 20 year old male who developed quad fever with extreme hyperpyrexia (T = 42.1 °C [107.8 °F]). Results He was successfully treated, and survived utilizing an external cooling device based hypothermia protocol. The current literature on this topic is reviewed. Conclusion While “quad fever” has an extremely high mortality, with the success in this pilot case, early, aggressive use of an external cooling device based hypothermia protocol is advocated.
Cyclopentadienylkomplexe der Actinoide: Bindungsverhältnisse und Elektronenstruktur

Kurz nach der Entdeckung von Ferrocen zeigten Reynolds und Wilkinson, das die Actinoide Organometallverbindungen mit Cyclopentadienylliganden (Cp) bilden konnen. Sie berichteten uber [Cp3UCl], den ersten von vielen Organoactinoidkomplexen, die Cp- und substituierte Cp-Liganden enthalten. 1968 synthetisierten Streitwieser und Muller-Westerhoff Uranocen [(C8H8)2U], ein Molekul, dessen Existenzmoglichkeit schon funf Jahre zuvor R. D. Fischer vorausgesagt hatte. Die Synthese von Uranocen, das in der Ubergangsmetallchemie keine Analoga hat, belebte das Interesse an der Chemie der Organoactinoidverbindungen und an Vergleichen mit der Chemie der Organoubergangsmetallverbindungen. Seit dieser Zeit sind Cp- und substituierte Cp-Liganden wie Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp *) die wichtigsten und flexibelsten Liganden der Organometallchemie der Actinoide geworden. Insbesondere in den letzten 15 Jahren wurden die Bindungsverhaltnisse zwischen Cp-Liganden und Actinoiden haufig experimentell und auch theoretisch untersucht. Beim Vergleich der Bindungsverhaltnisse zwischen Cp-Liganden und den f-Elementen sowie Cp-Liganden und den Ubergangsmetallen zeigen sich ausgepragte Parallelen wie auch bemerkenswerte Unterschiede.
Morphine as a discriminative cue: effects of amine depletors and naloxone

Abstract Male Wistar rats were trained to escape a painful shock in a 3-compartment chamber contingent upon their ability to discriminate between 2 drug states, viz. morphine, 20 mg/kg and saline. Maintenance of this discrimination task (State-dependent behavior; StD) was tested after brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and brain norepinephrine (NE) levels were reduced by the amine synthesis inhibitors, p-chlorophenylalanine and α-methyl-p-tyrosine. The results of this experiment showed that discrimination was dependent upon the integrity of brain 5-HT systems, but not upon brain NE systems. It was also observed that morphine discrimination could also be antagonized by naloxone, a narcotic antagonist.
When are semantic targets detected faster than visual or acoustic ones

Three experiments explored G. Cohen’s (1970) finding that semantic targets can be detected faster than visual or acoustic ones when searching through meaningful prose. In all three experiments, the subject searched a sentence for a target defined visually, acoustically, or semantically. In Experiment I, the subject detected semantic targets faster than visual- or acoustic-syllable targets, regardless of whether he was instructed to read the sentence for meaning or simply scan it. Experiments II and III showed that this advantage of semantic targets over visual or acoustic ones was greatly reduced when all three types of targets were words. The results were interpreted as indicating that when words are presented in context, either: (a) the unit of word perception is the entire word, or (b) the unit of identification or awareness is at least as large as the entire word.
Duality theory for the matrix linear programming problem

Multiple objective linear programming, also known as the linear vector maximization problem, has been studied by a number of authors. In particular, its duality theory has been considered by Philip [9], Isermann [7], Gray and Sutherland [5], Brumelle [ 11, and Ponstein [lo]. Neither the symmetry nor all the relationships of the duality theory of conventional linear programming, however, have been obtained in previous work. Such results are developed in this paper, which is most directly related to [7], by regarding the variables to be matrices. Previous work on matrix linear programming [3] has been restricted to a scalar objective function and differs substantially from that presented here. The notation R,,, will denote the real inner product space of all real m x n matrices A = [ai,], and as usual R, will be written for R, x 1. R Lx,, will be the set of matrices in R,,, with all nonnegative elements and @E Rnlxn the matrix consisting entirely of zeros with its order apparent from context. For A, B E Rmxn wewriteA A)ifB-AER i,,\{ 0). The relation < is obviously a partial order on R, x n. Let S be a subset of R m x n. The point Z* E S is said to be a maximal element (or upper efficient point) of S if there does not exist Z E S for which Z* < Z. Similarly Z* E S is a minimal element (or lower efficient point) of S if there does not exist Z E S for which Z < Z*. The set of all maximal elements of S is denoted by max S and minimal elements by min S.
Prescription for successful new inflation

The conditions on the effective (de Sitter space) scalar potential that are required to obtain a successful new-inflationary-Universe scenario are codified into a general prescription. These conditions ensure that sufficient inflation, density fluctuations of an acceptable magnitude, and reheating to a high enough temperature to produce the astrophysically observed baryon asymmetry result. We exemplify our prescription for a quartic potential and show that if the scalar field is a gauge singlet, then it is possible to tune the parameters of the potential to satisfy the conditions we have prescribed.
Dichotic Ear Preference for C-V-C Words in Wernicke's and Broca's Aphasias

Abstract A dichotic listening task was administered to subjects with a relatively distinct Broca's aphasia, subjects with a relatively distinct Wernicke's aphasia, and normal subjects. The dichotic stimuli consisted of C-V-C words differing in initial consonant only. Subjects were instructed to respond only to the stimulus of which they were most sure by pointing to a picture representing the dichotic stimuli or foils. While normal subjects demonstrated the usual right ear effect, both the Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia groups demonstrated left ear effects. One salient explanation for these results was that any severe defect in the language systems of the left hemisphere affects the way that the left hemisphere processes linguistic information. It was postulated that left ear stimuli, which arrive at the left hemisphere later, disrupt the processing of right ear stimuli in subjects with aphasia. However, a more definitive explanation requires further research.
Frequency modulation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone stimulation can alter the effectiveness of direct androgen feedback on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-induced luteinizing hormone release.

A previous study in phenobarbital-treated male rats (1) indicated that both orchidectomy and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment could act directly on the pituitary to modify LH release in response to infused LHRH. These feedback effects did not modify the initial phase of the response to LHRH but became evident during the phase of augmented LH release which began between 60–120 min after the onset of the LHRH stimulus, presumably as a result of LHRH self-priming during the first hour. The present study was done to determine whether similar results would be obtained if LHRH was administered as a series of pulses instead of by continuous infusion. Male rats with iv cannulae were given phenobarbital, then castrated, and immediately given DHT or control implants sc. Three hours later, each rat was given the first of a series of hourly or half-hourly LHRH injections via the cannula. As with LHRH infusion, the initial responses to LHRH were not modified by the presence or absence of DHT. Development of augment...
DEAFFERENTATION REMOVES CALRETININ IMMUNOPOSITIVE TERMINALS, BUT DOES NOT INDUCE DEGENERATION OF CALBINDIN D-28K AND PARVALBUMIN EXPRESSING NEURONS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULT RATS

Unilateral combined transections of the fimbriafornix and angular bundle in adult Fischer 344 rats were used to study the effects of deafferentation on hippocampal expression of calretinin, calbindin D-28k, and parvalbumin. Reflecting the widespread degeneration of synaptic contacts, immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein 6 days after the lesions was increased in lacunosum-molecular and oriens layers of CA1, 2, and 3 in ipsi- and contralateral hippocampus and in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus outer molecular layer. At 21 days the immunoreactivity had decreased to control levels except for a still slightly increased signal in the oriens layer of CA1-3. At 6 and 21 days after the combined lesions the numbers of hippocampal neurons containing calretinin, parvalbumin, and calbindin D-28k was unaltered. The combined lesions abolished calretinin containing terminals in the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer on the deafferentated side. This could be reproduced by single unilateral fimbria-fornix transections, suggesting that the axons of these calretinin positive terminals project to the hippocampus through the fimbria-fornix. The most likely origin of the calretinin positive terminals are neurons in the supramammillary hypothalamic nucleus. Our findings demonstrate that the extensive lesion-induced synaptic rearrangements in the adult hippocampus do not induce degeneration of hippocampal neurons expressing calretinin, calbindin D-28k, and parvalbumin, but do remove calretinin containing terminals which reach their targets in the hippocampus through the fimbria-fornix. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Contacts to ZnO

Abstract A review is given of Ohmic and Schottky contacts to n- and p-type ZnO. It is relatively straightforward to form high-quality Ohmic contacts to n-type ZnO, with specific contacts resistivity in the range 10 −6 Ω cm 2 even for unnannealed contacts on strongly n-type layers, while recent work has also shown good results (10 −5 –10 −6 Ω cm 2 ) for Au or Ni/Au annealed at 300–600 °C. Schottky contacts to both n- and p-type ZnO are much lower than expected from the metal work function and the electron affinity of ZnO, suggesting that surface states are important in determining the effective barrier height. The Schottky contacts also show poor thermal stability. For transparent transistors based on ZnO, this suggests that oxide gates are more suitable than metal gates.
Gynodioecy to dioecy: are we there yet?

Background The 'gynodioecy-dioecy pathway' is considered to be one of the most important evolutionary routes from hermaphroditism to separate sexes (dioecy). Despite a large accumulation of evidence for female seed fertility advantages in gynodioecious species (females and hermaphrodites coexist) in support of the first step in the gynodioecy-dioecy pathway, we still have very little evidence for the second step, i.e. the transition from gynodioecy to dioecy. Scope We review the literature to evaluate whether basic predictions by theory are supported. To establish whether females' seed fertility advantage and frequencies are sufficient to favour the invasion of males, we review these for species along the gynodioecy-dioecy pathway published in the last 5 years. We then review the empirical evidence for predictions deriving from the second step, i.e. hermaphrodites' male fertility increases with female frequency, selection favours greater male fertility in hermaphrodites in gynodioecious species, and, where males and hermaphrodites coexist with females (subdioecy), males have greater male fertility than hermaphrodites. We review how genetic control and certain ecological features (pollen limitation, selfing, plasticity in sex expression and antagonists) influence the trajectory of a population along the gynodioecy-dioecy pathway. Conclusions Females tend to have greater seed fertility advantages over hermaphrodites where the two coexist, and this advantage is positively correlated with female frequency across species, as predicted by theory. A limited number of studies in subdioecious species have demonstrated that males have an advantage over hermaphrodites, as also predicted by theory. However, less evidence exists for phenotypic selection to increase male traits of hermaphrodites or for increasing male function of hermaphrodites in populations with high female frequency. A few key case studies underline the importance of examining multiple components of male fertility and the roles of pollen limitation, selfing and plasticity, when evaluating advantages. We conclude that we do not yet have a full understanding of the transition from gynodioecy to dioecy.
Candidate selection, timing of listing, and choice of procedure for lung transplantation.

Lung transplant recipients face innumerable challenges posed by surgery, immunosuppression, drug toxicities, and rejection. To maximize the likelihoodof a successful outcome,candidates selected to undergo this arduous procedure ideally must be free of significant medical comorbidities and sufficiently fit to handle these insults. Because of the inherent risks involved, it is also essential that patients are not listed prematurely, but only at a time when living with their underlying disease poses even greater risk. This strategy requires an appreciation of the natural history of lung disease to determine when the disease has entered an advanced and imminently life-threatening stage. Uniquetolungtransplantation,decisionsmustoften bemadeaboutwhethertoreplace1orbothorgans. This review discusses the decision process leading up to the transplant surgery. These decisions(patient selection, timing of listing,andchoice of procedure type) are critically important steps in optimizing the outcome of lung transplantation.
A rule-plus-exception model for classifying objects in continuous-dimension spaces.

The authors propose a rule-plus-exception (RULEX) model for how observers classify stimuli residing in continuous-dimension spaces. The model follows in the spirit of the discrete-dimension version of RULEX developed by Nosofsky, Palmeri, and McKinley (1994). According to the model, observers learn categories by forming simple logical rules along single dimensions and by remembering occasional exceptions to those rules. In the continuous-dimension version of RULEX, the rules are formalized in terms of linear decision boundaries that are orthogonal to the coordinate axes of the psychological space. In addition, a similarity-comparison process governs whether stored exceptions are used to classify an object. The model provides excellent quantitative fits both to averaged classification transfer data and to distributions of generalizations observed at the individual-participant level. The modeling analyses suggest that, when multiple rules are available for solving a problem, averaged classification data often represent a probabilistic mixture of idiosyncratic rule-plus-exception strategies.