cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a Chlorophyll Meter at the Early Dent Stage of Corn to Evaluate Nitrogen Sufficiency

A late-season chlorophyll meter test for corn (Zea mays L.) could provide growers with a convenient evaluation of that year's N management program, along with information useful for N fertilizer rate decisions in subsequent growing seasons. Chlorophyll meter (SPAD 502) readings were taken late in the growing season on corn ear leaves in replicated plots of 357 N treatments from 93 N-response experiments conducted in Pennsylvania. At sites not affected by severe late-season drought or disease, chlorophyll meter readings taken at the 1/4 milk line stage separated N-deficient from N-sufficient treatments with 93% accuracy using a critical level of 52.0 SPAD units. If meter readings were normalized at each site by comparison with a site-specific high-N reference reading, chlorophyll meter readings of ear leaves made from the late milk to the middent stage of corn could separate N-deficient from N-sufficient treatments with 92% accuracy using a relative SPAD reading critical level of 0.93. For treatments with meter readings below the critical level, relative grain yields and the additional N that would have been needed for economic optimum grain yield were correlated with chlorophyll meter test values. For treatments with a meter reading above 52.0 SPAD units, the amount of excess N that may have been applied could not be accurately predicted. For corn tested at the 1/4 milk line stage, we suggest an N-sufficiency range of 52.0 to 56.0 SPAD units, above which there is a 70% probability of an excess of >50 kg N ha -1 having been applied.
Hypnosis in Dermatology

Background Hypnosis is an alternative or complementary therapy that has been used since ancient times to treat medical and dermatologic problems. Objective To describe the various uses for hypnosis as an alternative or complementary therapy in dermatologic practice. Methods A MEDLINE search was conducted from January 1966 through December 1998 on key words related to hypnosis and skin disorders. Results A wide spectrum of dermatologic disorders may be improved or cured using hypnosis as an alternative or complementary therapy, including acne excoriee, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, dyshidrotic dermatitis, erythromelalgia, furuncles, glossodynia, herpes simplex, hyperhidrosis, ichthyosis vulgaris, lichen planus, neurodermatitis, nummular dermatitis, postherpetic neuralgia, pruritus, psoriasis, rosacea, trichotillomania, urticaria, verruca vulgaris, and vitiligo. Conclusion Appropriately trained clinicians may successfully use hypnosis in selected patients as alternative or complementary therapy for many dermatologic disorders.
Impact of Oil-in-Water Emulsion Composition and Preparation Method on Emulsion Physical Properties and Friction Behaviors

Emulsions have been used as a model food system for many studies on food behavior, including tribological studies. Several studies have examined the effect of fat content and emulsifier on emulsion friction behavior; however, other emulsion parameters such as ionic strength, pH, and homogenization pressure have received little attention in the literature. Additionally, emulsion friction measurements are generally compared to sensory data rather than physical property data. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of various emulsion parameters on emulsion physical properties and rheological and friction behavior. Emulsion salt content, pH, and homogenization pressure all affected friction behavior, with specific effects dependent on the emulsifying protein. All emulsions showed reduced friction coefficient with increased fat content. Emulsion rheological behavior was not strongly impacted by changes in the emulsion parameters. Changing emulsion pH had the strongest effect on emulsion physical properties. The results of this study suggest that tribology may be used to develop a “fingerprint” for emulsions prepared using different parameters, allowing improved differentiation of these emulsions compared to traditional rheometry.
Generative Paradox in Learner-Centered College Teaching.

The discussion identifies six contradictions that characterize the emergent learner-centered teaching role: (a) control/flow, (b) facilitator/evaluator, (c) teacher learning/student learning, (d) subject expert/teaching expert, (e) caring for students/caring for self, and (f) individual mentor/group leader. Key concepts are presented (conflict, compartmentalized paradox, and generative paradox) which represent points on a continuum of the degree to which college teachers have successfully integrated these fundamental contradictions in the learner-centered teaching role. This article extends an ongoing discussion of integrity in learner-centered teaching by providing a conceptual paradigm and examples for developing consistently productive responses to these six fundamental contradictions in learner-centered teaching.
Patient based computational fluid dynamic characterization of carotid bifurcation stenosis before and after endovascular revascularization.

Introduction Hemodynamic forces play a critical role in determining the molecular phenotype of the endothelial cell and in influencing vascular remodeling. A lesion based computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling approach is presented to understand the complex spatial and temporal hemodynamic changes that prevail in carotid stenosis (CS) in patients with critical CS undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS). Methods High resolution three-dimensional rotational angiography volumetric datasets were acquired before and after treatment in eight patients, segmented and used to generate a high quality structured hexahedral computational mesh with boundary layer refinement. CFD analysis was carried out using a time dependent laminar flow model implementing non-Newtonian realistic blood viscosity for blood, and used to compute wall shear stress (WSS) and its gradient (WSSG). Results CAS restored fully or near laminar flow in all cases in our series. In addition, WSS was found to decrease in the stented region in all cases, reduced to near normal levels of 34±14 dyn/cm2 with significant blunting of the extreme pretreatment WSSG to levels lower than 1000 dyn/cm3. Conclusions In this series of patients with symptomatic CS, CFD simulation enabled estimation of the hemodynamic effect of CAS, leading to reversal of abnormal flow patterns and wall shear forces around the arterial stenosis, with normalization of flow laminarity and wall shear spatiotempotal patterns known to be associated with adverse endothelial cell function.
Learning Vicariously From Failure: The Case of Major League Soccer and the Collapse of the North American Soccer League

Organizations are often encouraged to learn from the failures of others. However, failures can be extremely complicated and multifaceted, defying clear cause attribution. Learning organizations face challenges in adopting and implementing the lessons of such failures and many times are unable to appropriately correct the root causes. Using a grounded theory approach, the authors present a learning case by Major League Soccer (MLS) from its failed predecessor—the North American Soccer League (NASL), depicting patterns of learning in four aspects: control, foreign players, media relationships, and financial viability. The authors propose a two-stage process model of vicarious learning from failure based on two fundamental processes: cause attribution and lesson implementation.
A Structurally-Detailed Finite Element Human Head Model for Brain-Electromagnetic Field Simulations

Early studies on the modeling of electromagnetic (EM) field interactions with the human head have shown that induced current densities in the brain depend on both tissue geometry and its conductive properties. However, no head model of sufficient complexity for studying the physics of induced brain activation has been developed which provides well-defined smooth boundaries between tissues of different conductivities and orientations. In our study, we generated a detailed finite element model of the head that includes structural details to the level of cerebral gyri and sulci as well as axonal fiber tracts by combining different imaging modalities, namely computed tomography, magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging. The anisotropic properties of brain tissues accompanying these details have also been included.
A Welfare Analysis of Long-Term Forest Products Price Stabitization

The prospective welfare and market impacts offederal efforts to stabilize prices of wood products are examined for two alternative strategies involving manipulating Forest Service harvest levels. Generally, these stabilization strategies yield substantial net benefits. Consumers consistently gain, while losses by stumpage producers and by end product suppliers in the South are largely offset by gains in the West.
Field-oriented controllers with rotor deep bar compensation circuits (induction machines)

A rotor deep bar effect compensation circuit for field-oriented controllers is derived from the transient equations of a double-cage induction machine. Torque and flux are decoupled with respect to the airgap flux. Accurate tuning of the field-oriented controller is possible both for steady-state and high-frequency conditions in the rotor. Consequently, an extended static stability region and improved torque dynamics are obtained with the deep bar effect compensated induction motor drive. >
Biophysical Modeling of the Physiology of Acupuncture

It has been more than two decades since reports of acupuncture anesthesia used during surgery in China captured the Western imagination. Since then, some 4000 publications on the topic of acupuncture have been listed in the MEDLINE database. Basic research indicates that acupuncture stimulates neural pathways, and ultimately modulates a variety of neurotransmitter systems, particularly the opioid (endorphin) systems. Clinical research has produced more ambiguous results, suggesting that while acupuncture may have useful effects, they are generally mild. Taken as a whole, this body of work has failed to convince the general mainstream Western medical community that acupuncture is clinically useful. This situation is partly the product of differences between Eastern (prescientific philosophy-based) and Westem (nonholistic mechanistic-based) understandings of acupuncture, which on careful examination, are largely illusory. More promising clinical applications may lie in areas that Western medicine does not c...
Dismembering Bodies for Display: A Bioarchaeological Study of Trophy Heads from the Wari Site of Conchopata, Peru

Human trophy heads from the Wari site of Conchopata (AD 600–1000) are examined to evaluate if recently deceased persons or old corpses were used to make trophy heads and determine if the modifications are standardized. Similarly styled trophy heads may suggest state oversight that ensured uniform modifications, while different styles may suggest that various factions or kin groups prepared them to their own specifications. Other studies often interpret trophy heads as either enemies or ancestors; so, this study addresses that debate by documenting aspects of their identity as revealed through demographic, paleopathological, and trauma data. Results show that “fresh” bodies, not old corpses, were used to make trophies, as evidenced by cutmarks indicating intentional removal of soft tissues. Trophy heads are remarkably standardized; 89% display a hole on the superior of the cranium, apparently a design feature that displays the trophy head upright and facing forward when suspended by a cord. Of the 31 trophy heads, 24 are adolescents/adults and 7 are children, and of the 17 sexed adults, 15 are male and 2 are female. This suggests that adult men and children were favored as trophies. Among 19 observable adult trophy heads, 42% exhibit cranial trauma, suggesting that violence was common among this group. Complementary data on Wari iconography shows warriors wearing trophy heads and Wari deities holding captives and trophy heads. Thus, it is likely that captives (or just their heads) were taken in battles and raids—either secular or ritual—and eventually transformed into trophy heads. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TD-UTD slope diffraction for a perfectly conducting curved wedge

A time domain version of the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (TD-UTD) has been developed for a curved wedge. The excitation here can be a general astigmatic pulsed wave polarized transverse to its propagation path. This development is made possible via the utilization of an analytic signal representation of the electromagnetic fields when transforming the corresponding frequency domain UTD solution into the time domain (TD). The TD-UTD for a perfectly conducting curved wedge is extended to include the higher order slope diffraction term. The TD-UTD slope diffraction term is necessary when the incident field on the edge is varying rapidly (in space) just as in the frequency domain UTD. This result should be useful in the analysis of pulsed antennas radiating fields with rapid spatial variation near edged bodies.
Spread of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Hospital After Exposure to a Health Care Worker with Chronic Sinusitis

A dramatic increase in the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a teaching hospital was documented to be due to three factors: a hospital-wide outbreak of 32 cases caused by an epidemic strain, an increase in the number of nosocomial cases caused by several other strains, and an increase in the number of patients admitted carrying strains acquired at other institutions. Case patients with the epidemic strain were significantly more likely than control patients to have had previous exposure to a respiratory therapist (P = .005) who had chronic sinusitis due to the epidemic strain. The plasmid DNA of isolates from the implicated respiratory therapist and affected patients yielded the same patterns on restriction endonuclease digestion. Implementation of general control measures and eradication of the respiratory therapist's sinusitis and nasal carriage terminated the epidemic. Establishing the importance of the infected health care worker by epidemiological methods led to control of the outbreak without the institution of wide-scale culture of specimens from personnel and the environment or other expensive and labor-intensive measures.
Triple grating polychromator for Thomson scattering.

A high rejection, high transmission, triple grating polychromator with crossed dispersion has been designed and constructed for Thomson scattering plasma diagnostics. Identical gratings, collimating, and field lenses were used for all three stages. A mechanically convenient arrangement was made possible by using the field lenses to adjust the dispersion of the second stage to the required design value. The transmission in the passband for light polarized perpendicular to the rulings of the grating was measured at 33% for the instrument itself, and at 15% through the instrument and 1.8 m of attached fiber optics. With the 30-nm passband set 4–34-nm wavelengths away from the ruby laser line, the order of 10−11 of 694-nm light incident in the input slit was present in each 3-nm wide output channel, giving a relative rejection factor of 10−10.
Delivering high quality, secure speech communication through low data rate 802.15.4 WPAN

IEEE 802.15.4 is a wireless personal area network (WPAN) for low data-rate and duty-cycle applications. How this simple network can also be used for high quality, secure speech communication is described in this paper. The key to achieve this lies in how the various features can be packed into the low bandwidth structure that has been allocated in this protocol. A low bandwidth high quality speech vocoder such as the advanced multiband excitation (AMBE) from DVSI has been found suitable to be used in our evaluation. Guaranteed time slot (GTS) has been reserved in the superframe structure to ensure continuous and uninterrupted audio streaming. For high security, the inherently 802.15.4 built in advanced encryption standard (AES128) and message integrity code (MIC) 128 bits algorithms are utilized. At the end of the paper, a methodology to channel speech more efficiently by forming GTS dynamically is proposed.
Sexual Double Standards and Sexually Transmitted Illnesses: Social Rejection and Stigmatization of Women

This study investigated the influence of sexual double standards on perceptions of targets experiencing illness. Sexual transmission was predicted to result in greater stigmatization. A Target Gender X Illness Transmission interaction was hypothesized, such that female targets with sexually transmitted illness (e.g., STI) would be stigmatized and social rejected more than male STI targets or targets with nonsexual illness (e.g., NSI). Undergraduate students from the southeastern United States (n = 151) read descriptions of targets diagnosed with an illness transmitted nonsexually or sexually. Results confirmed sexual transmission led to more negative perceptions of the illness and target; a Target Gender X Illness Transmission interaction influenced social rejection. Qualitative data demonstrated participant gender and illness transmission mode affected anticipated emotional and social reactions.
Replication Fidelity of the supF Gene Integrated in the Thymidine Kinase Locus of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Recombinant viruses were constructed to have an Escherichia coli replicon containing a mutagenesis marker, the supF gene, integrated within the thymidine kinase locus ( tk ) of herpes simplex virus type 1. These viruses expressed either wild-type or mutant DNA polymerase (Pol) and were tested in a mutagenesis assay for the fidelity of their replication of the supF gene. A mutation frequency of approximately 10 −4 was observed for wild-type strain KOS-derived recombinants in their replication of the supF gene. However, recombinants derived from the PAA r 5 Pol mutant, which has been demonstrated to have an antimutator phenotype in replicating the tk gene, had three- to fourfold increases in supF mutation frequency ( P supF gene was induced to replicate as episomal DNA (Y. T. Hwang, B.-Y. Liu, C.-Y. Hong, E. J. Shillitoe, and C. B. C. Hwang, J. Virol. 73:5326-5332, 1999). Thus, the PAA r 5 Pol mutant had an antimutator function in replicating the tk gene and was less accurate in replicating the supF gene than was the wild-type strain. The spectra of mutations and distributions of substituted bases within the supF genes that replicated as genomic DNA were different from those in the genes that replicated as episomal DNA. Therefore, the differences in sequence contents between the two target genes influenced the accuracy of the Pol during viral replication. Furthermore, the replication mode of the target gene also affected the mutational spectrum.
3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl exhibits antiestrogenic and antitumorigenic activity in the rodent uterus and mammary cells and in human breast cancer cells

3,39,4,49-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (tetraCB) binds to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and several reports have demonstrated that AhR agonists exhibit antiestrogenic and antitumorigenic activities in human breast cancer cells, the rodent uterus and breast. In contrast, a recent study showed that 3,39,4,49-tetraCB bound the estrogen receptor (ER) and exhibited ER agonist activities, and we therefore have reinvestigated the estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of 3,39,4,49-tetraCB. Our results showed that 3,39,4,49tetraCB and a structurally related analog, 3,39,4,49,5-pentaCB, did not bind the mouse uterine or human ER, did not induce proliferation of MCF-7 or T47D human breast cancer cells or induce reporter gene activity in cells transfected with E2-responsive constructs derived from the creatine kinase B (pCKB) or cathepsin D (pCD) gene promoters. Moreover, 3,39,4,49-tetraCB and 3,39,4,49,5-pentaCB did not induce an increase in uterine wet weight, peroxidase activity or progesterone receptor binding in the 21‐25-day-old female B6C3F1 mouse uterus. In contrast, both compounds inhibited 17b-estradiol (E2)-induced cell proliferation and transactivation in MCF-7/T47D cells and uterine responses in B6C3F1 mice; surprisingly inhibition of E2-induced reporter gene activity was not observed in T47D cells transfected with pCKB, and this was observed as a cell-specific response with other AhR agonists. Additionally, 3,39,4,49-tetraCB significantly inhibited mammary tumor growth in female Sprague‐Dawley rats initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene. Our results indicate that 3,39,4,49-tetraCB does not exhibit ER agonist activity but exhibits a broad spectrum of antiestrogenic responses consistent with ligand-mediated AhR‐ER crosstalk.
Absence of P-Glycoprotein Transport in the Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of the Herbicide Paraquat

Genetic variation in the multidrug resistance gene ABCB1, which encodes the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), has been associated with Parkinson disease. Our goal was to investigate P-gp transport of paraquat, a Parkinson-associated neurotoxicant. We used in vitro transport models of ATPase activity, xenobiotic-induced cytotoxicity, transepithelial permeability, and rhodamine-123 inhibition. We also measured paraquat pharmacokinetics and brain distribution in Friend leukemia virus B-type (FVB) wild-type and P-gp-deficient (mdr1a−/−/mdr1b−/−) mice following 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg oral doses. In vitro data showed that: 1) paraquat failed to stimulate ATPase activity; 2) resistance to paraquat-induced cytotoxicity was unchanged in P-gp-expressing cells in the absence or presence of P-gp inhibitors GF120918 [N-(4-[2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-isoquinolinyl)ethyl]-phenyl)-9,10-dihydro-5-methoxy-9-oxo-4-acridine carboxamide] and verapamil—37.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 33.2–41.4], 46.2 (42.5–50.2), and 34.1 µM (31.2–37.2)—respectively; 3) transepithelial permeability ratios of paraquat were the same in P-gp-expressing and nonexpressing cells (1.55 ± 0.39 and 1.39 ± 0.43, respectively); and 4) paraquat did not inhibit rhodamine-123 transport. Population pharmacokinetic modeling revealed minor differences between FVB wild-type and mdr1a−/−/mdr1b−/− mice: clearances of 0.47 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42–0.52] and 0.78 l/h (0.58–0.98), respectively, and volume of distributions of 1.77 (95% CI: 1.50–2.04) and 3.36 liters (2.39–4.33), respectively; however, the change in clearance was in the opposite direction of what would be expected. It is noteworthy that paraquat brain-to-plasma partitioning ratios and total brain accumulation were the same across doses between FVB wild-type and mdr1a−/−/mdr1b−/− mice. These studies indicate that paraquat is not a P-gp substrate. Therefore, the association between ABCB1 pharmacogenomics and Parkinson disease is not attributed to alterations in paraquat transport.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: do they increase cardiovascular risk?

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists have a significant role on glucose and fat metabolism. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are predominantly PPAR <path id="x1D6FE" d="M478 372q0 -39 -31 -97t-61 -98t-78 -98q-45 -55 -73 -102q-13 -79 -13 -197q-11 -11 -43.5 -25.5t-53.5 -15.5l-15 17q5 35 26 101.5t47 123.5q8 72 -1.5 174.5t-37.5 178.5q-14 37 -29 37q-20 0 -67 -65l-25 21q37 60 73 90.5t63 30.5q47 0 72 -112q13 -56 17.5 -141.5 t0.5 -143.5h2q155 193 155 297q0 26 -12 47q-5 8 -5 15q0 16 12.5 27t29.5 11q21 0 34 -21t13 -55z" /> agonists, and their primary benefit appears to be the prevention of diabetic complications by improving glycemic control and lipid profile. Recently, the cardiovascular safety of rosiglitazone was brought to center stage following meta analyses and the interim analysis of the RECORD trial. Current evidence points to rosiglitazone having a greater risk of myocardial ischemic events than placebo, metformin, or sulfonylureas. This review article discusses the mechanism of action of PPAR agonists and correlates it with clinical and laboratory outcomes in the published literature. In addition, this review article attempts to discuss some of the molecular mechanisms regarding the association between TZDs therapy and the nontraditional cardiovascular risks.
Effects of enhanced shortwave absorption on coupled simulations of the tropical climate System

Abstract The effects of enhanced shortwave absorption on coupled simulations of the tropical climate have been tested using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Climate System Model. The enhancement in cloudy-sky shortwave absorption is consistent with several recent intercomparisons of models and observations. The primary reasons for introducing enhanced absorption are to improve the fidelity of the modeled shortwave fluxes in comparison with observations, to improve the simulation of sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific, and to reduce or eliminate transient behavior in the model associated with compensating errors between latent heat fluxes and surface insolation. The simulations incorporate a new method to increase shortwave absorption in cloudy atmospheres. In previous studies, adjustments to cloud optical properties or modifications to the shortwave radiative transfer were used to increase shortwave cloud absorption. In the new “generic” implementation, the in-cloud shortwave flux ...
Heat-Induced Aggregation of XRCC5 (Ku80) in Nontolerant and Thermotolerant Cells

Abstract Beck, B. D. and Dynlacht, J. R. Heat-Induced Aggregation of XRCC5 (Ku80) in Nontolerant and Thermotolerant Cells. Radiat. Res. 156, 767–774 (2001). XRCC5 (also known as Ku80) is a component of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), existing as a heterodimer with G22P1 (also known as Ku70). DNA-PK is involved in the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, and kinase activity is dependent upon interaction of the Ku subunits with the resultant DNA ends. Nuclear XRCC5 is normally extractable with non-ionic detergent; it is found in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction after nuclear isolation with Triton X-100. In this study, we found that heating at 45.5°C causes a decreased extractability of XRCC5 from the nuclei of human U-1 melanoma or HeLa cells. Such decreases in extractability are indicative of protein aggregation within nuclei. Recovery of extractability of XRCC5 to that of unheated control cells was observed after incubation at 37°C after heat shock. ...
Operation and Maintenance of Fermilab’s 300 kW Helium Screw Compressors after Two-Million Hours of Operation

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory uses 34 identical compressor systems connected to a common header to supply high pressure gas to the 24 satellite refrigerators of the Tevatron. These compressor packages consist of a two-stage oil injected Mycom helium screw compressor with associated oil removal system. This report summarizes (after 2,000,000 hours of operation) the problems, modifications and experiences associated with the operation of these compressor systems.
Obesity: The Role of Diet

Overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent and widespread, are associated with numerous comorbidities, and are risk factors for several of the leading causes of death. The foundation of treatment has been diet, exercise, and behavioral modification. There are more than 1000 published weight loss diets. Many of these diets eliminate one or more of the essential food groups or recommend consumption of one type of food at the expense of other foods with little to no supporting evidence. However, there are diets that are based on sound scientific evidence and follow contemporary principles of weight loss.
Solitary social belief

Many contemporary accounts of social belief are committed to the view that social beliefs can only be held by a plurality of individuals. Gilbert (in Schmitt (ed.) Socializing metaphysics, 2003) characterizes “joint commitments” as the “social atoms” of social belief and other forms of social intentionality, and Tuomela (in The philosophy of sociality: The shared point of view, 2007) maintains that social belief and other forms of social intentionality are bound by a “collectivity condition.” Such theorists thus rule out the possibility of solitary social belief, that is, a social belief held by an individual that is not socially shared by members of a social group. Such theorists also reject Searle’s account of social intentionality as being too individualistic, but I argue that the same kind of solitary social intentions that can arise on Searle’s account can also arise on the accounts offered by Gilbert and Tuomela (and Michael Bratman). This is a consequence of the fact that neither Gilbert nor Tuomela hold that social intentionality is a supra-individual form of intentionality that is different in kind from the intentionality of individuals who comprise and constitute plural subjects and social groups. I also argue for the possibility of solitary social belief by providing a characterization of social beliefs that is independent of their relation to collective action, and provide two illustrative real-life examples. While no doubt rare, the reality of solitary social beliefs is a consequence of the dynamical nature of social beliefs, namely their orientation to the represented, or, in the case of solitary social beliefs, misrepresented beliefs of members of a social group.
The Relationship between Purchase Intentions and Recommend Intentions in Assessing Market Potential for Graduate Degree Programs: Uncollapsed and Collapsed Recommend Intentions

The Net Promoter ScoreÂ® (NPS) system measures recommend intentions on an 11-point scale that is then collapsed into three ranges: 0 â€“ 6 (Detractors), 7 â€“ 8 (Passives), and 9â€“10 (Promoters). With a five-point scale, the equivalent pooling scheme is 1-3 = Detractors, 4= Passives, and 5= Promoters. Questions can be raised about the strength of the predictive ability of the recommend intention and the method of pooling of ratings. In two market potential studies for proposed graduate programs, five-point recommend intentions and purchase intentions were used to gauge interest. The recommend intentions were collapsed into the unbalanced NPS categories and into a more conventional balanced scheme (1-2, 3, 4-5). In each data set, the uncollapsed (five-point) recommend intention and the two collapsed (three-point) recommend intention ratings were then correlated with the five-point purchase intention. All correlations were low, which points to non-redundancy between recommend and purchase intentions, and suggests the need for both metrics in studying market potential. The NPS-style collapse did not improve the magnitude of the association.
The influence of certain commonly used drugs on the rate of gastric emptying in the normal human subject as determined by an intubation technique

The gastric emptying curve of five normal human subjects as obtained by repeated aspiration, measurement and reinjection of a test solution was essentially unaltered by clinical doses of atropine sulphate, amphetamine sulphate, prostigmine, nitroglycerine, “Syntropan,” acetyl-B-methylcholine chloride, ergotamine tartrate or sodium bicarbonate. Morphine sulphate produced a delayed inhibition of gastric emptying in each of five experiments.
Solution of some elasticity problems by the random walk method

A local method for solving deterministic partial differential equations of interest in solid mechanics is developed in this paper. The method is local because it delivers the solution of these equations at a single point directly rather than extracting it from the field solution.
The development of entrustable professional activities for internal medicine residency training: a report from the Education Redesign Committee of the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine.

Purpose The Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine charged its Education Redesign Committee with the task of assisting internal medicine residency program directors in meeting the challenges of competency-based assessment that were part of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s (ACGME’s) Next Accreditation System. Method Recognizing the limitations of the ACGME general competencies as an organizing framework for assessment and the inability of the milestones to provide the needed context for faculty to assess residents’ competence, the Education Redesign Committee in 2011 adopted the work-based assessment framework of entrustable professional activities (EPAs). The committee selected the EPA framework after reviewing the literature on competency-based education and EPAs and consulting with experts in evaluation and assessment. The committee used an iterative approach with broad-based feedback from multiple sources, including program directors, training institutions, medical organizations, and specialty societies, to develop a set of EPAs that together define the core of the internal medicine profession. Results The resulting 16 EPAs are those activities expected of a resident who is ready to enter unsupervised practice, and they provide a starting point from which training programs could develop assessments and curricula. The committee also provided a strategy for the use of these EPAs in competency-based evaluation. Conclusions These EPAs are intended to serve as a starting point or guide for program directors to begin developing meaningful, work-based assessments that inform the evaluation of residents’ competence.
CT imaging is invaluable in diagnosing emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN): a rare urological emergency.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is an acute, fulminant and potentially fatal necrotising process with varying clinical presentations and a radiological classification. Most cases occur in diabetics with poor glycaemic control, while a minority are due to urinary tract obstruction. Early CT imaging is vital in diagnosing highly morbid EPN, with mortality rates of up to 69% described, and can necessitate nephrectomy.1 ,2 A 79-year-old woman, with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus presented with confusion, fever, rigours and diffuse abdominal pain. Laboratory tests revealed …
Effects of CO2 enrichment on the photosynthetic light response of sun and shade leaves of canopy sweetgum trees (Liquidambar styraciflua) in a forest ecosystem

To investigate whether sun and shade leaves respond differently to CO 2 enrichment, we examined photosynthetic light response of sun and shade leaves in canopy sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) trees growing at ambient and elevated (ambient + 200 μl l −1 ) atmospheric CO 2 in the Brookhaven National Laboratory/Duke University Free Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment. The sweetgum trees were naturally established in a 15-year-old forest dominated by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Measurements were made in early June and late August 1997 during the first full year of CO 2 fumigation in the Duke Forest FACE experiment. Sun leaves had a 68% greater leaf mass per unit area, 63% more leaf N per unit leaf area, 27% more chlorophyll per unit leaf area and 77% greater light-saturated photosynthetic rates than shade leaves. Elevated CO 2 strongly stimulated light-saturated photosynthesis of sun and shade leaves in June and August; however, the relative photosynthetic enhancement by elevated CO 2 for sun leaves was more than double the relative enhancement of shade leaves. Elevated CO 2 stimulated apparent quantum yield by 30%, but there was no interaction between CO 2 and leaf position. Daytime leaf-level carbon gain extrapolated from photosynthetic light response curves indicated that sun leaves were enhanced 98% by elevated CO 2 , whereas shade leaves were enhanced 41%. Elevated CO 2 did not significantly affect leaf N per unit area in sun or shade leaves during either measurement period. Thus, the greater CO 2 enhancement of light-saturated photosynthesis in sun leaves than in shade leaves was probably a result of a greater amount of nitrogen per unit leaf area in sun leaves. A full understanding of the effects of increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations on forest ecosystems must take account of the complex nature of the light environment through the canopy and how light interacts with CO 2 to affect photosynthesis.
Recent Efforts to Broaden Informal Computer Science Education

This chapter describes some examples of recent efforts to broaden informal computer science education. The first half of the chapter discusses efforts targeted primarily at young people. Three organizations are profiled here: the Computer Science Collaboration Project (funded by the National Science Foundation), GoldieBlox (a construction toy intended to inspire interest in science and engineering among young girls), and Black Girls Code (an organization bringing technology education to African-American girls aged 7–17). The second half of the chapter concerns entrepreneurial efforts to teach computing to college-age and adult women. We present four examples: Geek Girl, Girl Develop It, PyLadies, and she++. They are all small, agile, entrepreneurial organizations created by small groups of people – mostly from the professional community. The skills that are taught here are mostly basic programming skills or the ability to use off-the-shelf technologies. Thus, these experiences represent not only an alternative path to formal education, but they emphasize a lower and less conceptual skill set that can be learned and put into practice quickly.
The effects of n-3 fatty acids on atherosclerosis and the vascular response to injury.

The potentially beneficial effects of dietary fatty acids on vascular disease continues to generate intense clinical and investigative interest throughout the world. In particular, attention has focused on the highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids found in marine and certain plant oils in the prevention of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. This article will review the impact of these fatty acids on vascular disease in epidemiologic studies, in animal models of atherosclerosis and vascular injury, and in human clinical trials of restenosis following angioplasty. Some of the more specific cellular effects of n-3 fatty acids will also be discussed
Multi-method modeling and simulation of a face detection robotic system

Robotic systems are currently going through changes at an unprecedented pace. Although the final goal of robotic systems will necessarily focus on real world robots, it is often useful to perform simulation prior to investigation with actual robots. Modeling and Simulation of robotic applications enable evaluation of different robotic system designs prior to implementation. The present work provides a Multi-Method Modeling and Simulation study of a human-robot environment for face and skeleton detection. The study is divided in three areas that include: i) the development of the user interface for testing the face detection algorithm and collecting the appropriate data for the simulation study; ii) the physical experimental design for data collection and analysis; and iii) the simulation of the human-robot environment. Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio, Visual Studio, Kinect Sensor, and AnyLogicTM were used for defining the robotic tasks, creating the application interface, detecting the human face, and modeling and simulating the system, respectively. Agent-based, discrete event and system dynamics simulation methods were combined for the simulation of the robotic system model. The simulation model includes some of the critical variables that were not included during physical experimentation. The two major findings of this simulation study consisted of the evaluation of the impact of those critical variables on the performance of the face detection algorithm prior to the construction of the actual robot and a simulation model that demonstrates this impact.
Response at the State and Local Level

Chapter 11 covers the convergence of agencies from all levels of government to the scene of a biological event. In fact, many agencies from the federal level will respond to a chemical, biological, radiological/nuclear, and explosive incident, providing necessary resources. Planners within local jurisdictions need to maintain a list of the agencies, the contact numbers, and the resources available from each. State and local governments must be fully compliant with the National Incident Management System, which includes the adaptation of the Incident Command System. Unified or area command is an essential element in domestic incident management in which multiple jurisdictions and agencies are involved. It provides guidelines to enable agencies with different legal, geographic, and functional responsibilities to effectively coordinate, plan, and interact. Unified or area command removes much of the inefficiency and duplication of effort that can occur when agencies from different functional and geographic jurisdictions or agencies at different levels of government operate without a common system or organizational framework.
Cardiac-deleterious role of galectin-3 in chronic angiotensin II-induced hypertension

Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the β-galactoside lectin family, has an important role in immune regulation. In hypertensive rats and heart failure patients, Gal-3 is considered a marker for an unfavorable prognosis. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of Gal-3 action in hypertension-induced target organ damage are unknown. We hypothesized that, in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension, genetic deletion of Gal-3 prevents left ventricular (LV) adverse remodeling and LV dysfunction by reducing the innate immune responses and myocardial fibrosis. To induce hypertension, male C57BL/6J and Gal-3 knockout (KO) mice were infused with ANG II (3 μg·min-1·kg-1 sc) for 8 wk. We assessed: 1) systolic blood pressure by plethysmography, 2) LV function and remodeling by echocardiography, 3) myocardial fibrosis by histology, 4) cardiac CD68+ macrophage infiltration by histology, 5) ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression by Western blotting, 6) plasma cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 7) regulatory T (Treg) cells by flow cytometry as detected by their combined expression of CD4, CD25, and FOXP3. Systolic blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy increased similarly in both mouse strains when infused with ANG II. However, hypertensive C57BL/6J mice suffered impaired ejection and shortening fractions. In these mice, the extent of myocardial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration was greater in histological sections, and cardiac ICAM-1, as well as plasma IL-6, expression was higher as assessed by Western blotting. However, all these parameters were blunted in Gal-3 KO mice. Hypertensive Gal-3 KO mice also had a higher number of splenic Treg lymphocytes. In conclusion, in ANG II-induced hypertension, genetic deletion of Gal-3 prevented LV dysfunction without affecting blood pressure or LV hypertrophy. This study indicates that the ANG II effects are, in part, mediated or triggered by Gal-3 together with the related intercellular signaling (ICAM-1 and IL-6), leading to cardiac inflammation and fibrosis.
A Set of Six: Marionettes

Except for ‘The Brute’, the six stories in A Set of Six (1908) address the subject matter of the three major political novels: revolution, class struggle, the cost of political activity, and how individuals may become caught in the web of history. Written in the 1905–7 period after Nostromo and either immediately before or after The Secret Agent, the five political stories stress how human impulses for love and tenderness are stifled by political ideology, arbitrary traditions, and established customs. In all six tales, Conrad explores the psyche and values of idiosyncratic personalities; except for ‘The Brute’ these personalities are defined by their political position, even if as in ‘The Duel’ that position takes the form of commitment to an anachronistic code of honour. Most of these stories examine the kind of fanatical and irrational behaviour which is at the heart of political activity in Nostromo, The Secret Agent, and Under Western Eyes. Throughout the volume, Conrad’s tone is one of ironic detachment. In the Preface to The Shorter Tales, he wrote: ‘The volume called A Set of Six … is very different in its consistent mood of clear and detached presentation from any other volume of short stories I have published before or after.’1 But Conrad was adamant that detachment did not imply cynicism: ‘The fact is that I have approached things human in a spirit of piety foreign to those of humanity who would like to make of life a sort of Cook’s Personally Conducted Tour—from the cradle to the grave’ (28 Aug. 1908; LL, vol. ii, p. 82). In the same letter, he takes umbrage at ‘those who reproach me with the pose of brutality, with the lack of all heart, delicacy, sympathy—sentiment—idealism’.
Role of the Food Chemicals Codex in Lowering Dietary Lead Consumption: A Review.

Because chemicals used in the production of food constitute a significant portion of the U.S. diet, reducing lead levels in them is one of the long-term objectives of the Committee on Food Chemicals Codex, a committee of the Food and Nutrition Board within the Institute of Medicine. The Committee recommends limits for lead, as well as for other heavy metals, arsenic, and other potentially hazardous constituents in chemicals used in food production. Food Chemicals Codex specifications often become legal standards for food chemical purity in the United States and other countries throughout the world. The Committee plans to lower lead limits for food chemicals based on their level of consumption or reported use. Data regarding food chemical use are available from the 1987 Poundage and Technical Effects Update of Substances Added to Food. Because of their high level of consumption, sweeteners constitute a group of food chemicals in which lower lead limits could reduce dietary lead intake. A test method capable of measuring lead at lower levels in certain sweeteners has been published in the third supplement to the Food Chemicals Codex, 3rd edition. The Committee's objective is to ensure that the substances listed in the Food Chemicals Codex do not contribute significant amounts of lead to the diet.
Estimate of Cases of Food- and Waterborne Illness in Canada and the United States

Reports of outbreaks of food- and waterborne disease in Canada and the United States were searched for data on the number of cases of illness initially reported to health and food protection agencies. These were compared to the number of cases identified by thorough epidemiological investigations or to the number estimated. For a total of 51 outbreaks of bacterial, viral, and parasitic disease, the median ratio of the estimated cases to initially reported cases was 25:1. Based on this ratio and the systems of data transmission from the first level of reporting to national reporting agencies, the estimates of annual food and waterborne disease cases for 1974 to 1975 were from 150,000 to 300,000 in Canada and 1,400,000 to 3,400,000 in the United States. For a total of 26 outbreaks of salmonellosis, the median ratio of estimated cases to initial buman isolations of Salmonella was 29.5. Based on this ratio and reported isolations of Salmonella from 1969 to 1978, the estimates of all cases of human salmonellosis were 150,000 in Canada and 740,000 in the United States, annually.