cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarization and efficiency in magnetic holography

Reconstruction effects in a magnetic hologram can easily be interpreted if one assumes a linearly polarized plane wave readout beam. The field transmitted through or reflected off the hologram is rotated via the Faraday or Kerr effect. By decomposing the emerging field into two orthogonal components, one can define separate transmission functions for each polarization. The diffracted field and the efficiency of the magnetic grating are readily computed from these transmission functions. For a binary magnetic grating all diffraction orders, with the exception of zeroth order, are polarized orthogonally to the incoming polarization. For a sinusoidal magnetic grating, the various diffraction orders alternate in polarization with the zeroth order polarized in the same direction as the incoming polarization.
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE IN PLANNING AND RELATED POLICY PROFESSIONS

Ethical principles in professions can be related either to ends or to means. This article explores attitudes about the ethics of means among urban planners. A variety of means are classified into a hierarchy, from the most to the least ethical, and differences in responses to this hierarchy are explored. Implications for other public policy fields are also discussed.
Area query processing based on gray code in wireless sensor networks

Area query processing is significant for various applications of wireless sensor networks since it can request information of particular areas in the monitored environment. Existing query processing techniques cannot solve area queries. Intuitively, centralized processing on Base Station can accomplish area queries via collecting information from all sensor nodes. However, this method is not suitable for wireless sensor networks with limited energy since a large amount of energy is wasted for reporting useless data. This motivates us to propose an energy-efficient in-network area query processing scheme. In our scheme, the monitored area is partitioned into grids, and a unique gray code number is used to represent a Grid ID (GID), which is also an effective way to describe an area. Furthermore, a reporting tree is constructed to process area merging and data aggregations. Based on the properties of GIDs, subareas can be merged easily and useless data can be discarded as early as possible to reduce energy consumption. For energy-efficiently answering continuous queries, we also design an incremental update method to continuously generate query results. In essence, all of these strategies are pivots to conserve energy consumption. With a thorough simulation study, it is shown that our scheme is effective and
The structure of yeast glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase and modeling of its interaction with tRNA.

Eukaryotic glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS) contains an appended N-terminal domain (NTD) whose precise function is unknown. Although GlnRS structures from two prokaryotic species are known, no eukaryotic GlnRS structure has been reported. Here we present the first crystallographic structure of yeast GlnRS, finding that the structure of the C-terminal domain is highly similar to Escherichia coli GlnRS but that 214 residues, including the NTD, are crystallographically disordered. We present a model of the full-length enzyme in solution, using the structures of the C-terminal domain, and the isolated NTD, with small-angle X-ray scattering data of the full-length molecule. We proceed to model the enzyme bound to tRNA, using the crystallographic structures of GatCAB and GlnRS–tRNA complex from bacteria. We contrast the tRNA-bound model with the tRNA-free solution state and perform molecular dynamics on the full-length GlnRS–tRNA complex, which suggests that tRNA binding involves the motion of a conserved hinge in the NTD.
Intermolecular DNA interactions stimulated by the cohesin complex in vitro: Implications for sister chromatid cohesion

The establishment of sister chromatid cohesion during S phase and its dissolution at the metaphase-anaphase transition are essential for the faithful segregation of chromosomes in mitosis [1-4]. Recent studies in yeast genetics and Xenopus biochemistry have identified a large protein complex, cohesin, that plays a key role in sister chromatid cohesion [5-10]. The cohesin complex consists of a heterodimeric pair of SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) subunits and at least two non-SMC subunits. This structural organization is reminiscent of that of condensin, another major SMC protein complex that drives chromosome condensation in eukaryotic cells [11]. Condensin has been shown to reconfigure and compact DNA in vitro by utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis [12]. Very little is known, however, about how cohesin works at a mechanistic level. Here we report the first set of biochemical activities associated with an intact cohesin complex purified from HeLa cell extracts. The cohesin complex binds directly to double-stranded DNA and induces the formation of large protein-DNA aggregates. In the presence of topoisomerase II, cohesin stimulates intermolecular catenation of circular DNA molecules. This activity is in striking contrast to intramolecular knotting directed by condensin [13]. Cohesin also increases the probability of intermolecular ligation of linear DNA molecules in the presence of DNA ligase. Our results are consistent with a model in which cohesin functions as an intermolecular DNA crosslinker and is part of the molecular "glue" that holds sister chromatids together [14].
Cyclic Behavior of Class U Wheel Steel

In order to evaluate the material properties of Class U wheel steel under cyclic loading, low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted at room temperature of specimens taken from the rim of the wheel. The test results show that Class U wheel steel experiences significant cyclic softening at lower strains, but cyclically hardens at larger strain levels. Due to the cyclic softening at lower strain levels, the steel will plastically deform, even at stresses of about one-half of the monotonic yield strength. Quantitative fatigue properties, which can then be used to predict accurate fatigue lives of various components of wheels under complex service environments, are also obtained from the low-cycle fatigue tests.
Integration is Not Synonymous with Flexibility

Like productivity in the 1970s and quality in the 1980s, flexibility will be the popular operations and production management theme in the 1990s. Contrary to much of what is being written, warns that flexibility is not necessarily achieved through computer integration. Enthusiasm to embrace flexibility in order to achieve competitive advantage often leads to integration projects which are inadequately planned and under designed. Such projects do not result in true flexible integration but rather in what the author terms hard integration. Similar to the tooling in a hard automated system, the information interfaces in a hard integrated system are linked in a fixed and rigid manner. Hard integration reduces, not enhances, flexibility.
The Bias Function of the Maximum Likelihood Estimate of Ability for the Dichotomous Response Level.

Samejima has recently given an approximation for the bias function for the maximum likelihood estimate of the latent trait in the general case where item responses are discrete, generalizing Lord's bias function in the three-parameter logistic model for the dichotomous response level. In the present paper, observations are made about the behavior of this bias function for the dichotomous response level in general, and also with respect to several widely used mathematical models. Some empirical examples are given.
Simultaneous vibration-vibration and vibration-translation transitions in H2 + D2 at high collision energies

Abstract The coupling between VV and VT transitions in H2(2) + D2(0) → H2(1) + D2(1) and D2(2) +H2(0) → D2(1) + H2(1) at high collision energies is investigated by use of the solution of the Schrodinger equation of motion. The coupling is sufficiently important that the energy exchange processes cannot be described by the VV mechanism alone.
Predicting chemical species in spark-ignition engines

Abstract The unsteady motion of chemical species in the intake and exhaust ducts of spark-ignition internal combustion (I.C.) engines is studied numerically by employing a finite-difference-based engine simulation code. The time-dependent mass fractions of six dominant products (CO 2 , H 2 O, CO, H 2 , O 2 , N 2 ) combined with five additional minor species (H, NO, O, OH, N) are computed in the combustion chamber and tracked throughout the breathing system for wide-open-throttle as well as part-load operating conditions. The property calculations employ the NASA database to determine the composition. The effect of the number of product species on the engine performance and dynamic quantities, including pressure and temperature in the breathing system, is also investigated.
Mode of sugar phosphorylation inClostridium thermocellum

Clostridium thermocellum uses cellobiose as a favored carbon source. After growth in cellobiose, cells cannot grow on glucose or fructose until they mutate to glucose or fructose utilization (1). This usually requires 180–200 h. One explanation for the initial lack of cell growth on monosaccharides is that cellobiose uptake and metabolism occur by a different phosphorylative mechanism than that for glucose or fructose, and the cells require a mutation to activate the new type of system. Our results show that there is no difference in the mode of phosphorylation of the three sugars. They all use an adenosine triphosphate-dependent mechanism rather than the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ΔRD1 ΔpanCD: A safe and limited replicating mutant strain that protects immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice against experimental tuberculosis

The global epidemic of tuberculosis (TB), fueled by the growing HIV pandemic, warrants the development of a safe and effective vaccine against TB. We report the construction and characterization of an unlinked double deletion mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv that deletes both the primary attenuating mutation of BCG (ΔRD1) and two genes required for the synthesis of pantothenate (ΔpanCD). The M. tuberculosis ΔRD1 ΔpanCD (mc26030) mutant undergoes limited replication in mice, and yet is both significantly safer than BCG in immunocompromised mice and also safe in guinea pigs. Additionally, the mc26030 strain does not reactivate in a mouse chemo-immunosuppression model. Importantly, long-lived protective immune responses following immunization with the mc26030 strain prolong the survival of wild type mice, and CD4-deficient mice against an aerosol challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis. Given its overall safety and effectiveness, the mc26030 live attenuated strain should be considered as a human vaccine candidate for protecting both healthy and HIV-infected individuals against TB.
Corporal grafting for severe hypospadias - a single institutional experience with three different techniques

Purpose Correction of severe chordee by corporal body grafting has been successfully performed using a variety of grafts and biomaterials. To date there has been no large single institutional experience comparing the various techniques. We report our outcomes comparing small intestinal submucosa (SIS), tunica vaginalis (TV), and dermal grafts (DG) used for correcting chordee at the time of first stage hypospadias repair. Materials and methods A retrospective chart review was conducted including all patients that underwent two stage hypospadias repair from 1985 to 2006 with corporal body grafting at the first stage. Age at time of surgery, residual chordee at the time of the second stage, and the need for additional placation or chordee correction at the second stage was recorded. Results A total of 71 patients were identified, with a median age at initial corporal grafting of 10 months, and median time between first and second stage of 7.6 months. DG were used in 29, TV in 21, and SIS in 20 patients. One patient had both SIS and TV grafts placed. Complications requiring corporal plication at the time of the second stage occurred with one DG and one SIS graft for minor residual ventral chordee. One patient that had 4-ply SIS developed severe fibrosis required graft excision and regrafting with TV. No single layer SIS grafts had complications. No patient has demonstrated residual chordee after second stage hypospadias repair. Conclusions In a large group of children requiring corporal grafting for severe chordee associated with proximal hypospadias we have demonstrated successful outcomes with SIS, tunica vaginalis or dermal grafts with no significant differences in results.
Hemagglutination test for detection of Candida albicans antibodies in rabbit antiserum.

SummarySaline washings from Candida albicans yeast cells have been found to yield an active hemagglutinating substance which does not appear to be protein in nature. A Candida yeast cell antigen cross reacted with Saccharomyces rabbit antiserum. On the other hand, a Candida hemagglutinating antigen, equally effective in the homologous test, eliminated the cross reaction with Saccharomyces rabbit antiserum.
Relation between hypothalamic heat production and intra- and extracranial circulatory factors.

Summary o 1. Studies were carried out on unrestrained cats to determine the temperature and blood flow patterns in the preoptic region and posterior hypothalamus during paradoxical sleep, and compare them with extracranial changes. 2. A marked temperature rise and blood flow increase were maintained in the hypothalamus during paradoxical sleep. The temperature of the extracranial rete also rose in parallel, but the subcutaneous temperature of the face fell inversely, although these extracranial temperature changes were not a constant sign of paradoxical sleep. 3. A selective temperature rise in the brain without temperature change in the extracranial rete and facial subcutaneous tissue was elicited by strong stimulation of the narcotized cat, and conversely a selective temperature rise in the extracranial rete was elicited by strong stimulation of the intensely alert cat. In the brain, the temperature response in the preoptic region and hypothalamus were not strictly parallel and did not correlate with the blood temperature of the common carotid artery. These results suggest that brain temperature is not greatly modified by extracranial temperature during such brief experiments. 4. An influence of local blood flow on brain temperature was indicated by an inverse correlation between the hypothalamic blood flow increase and temperature drop in response to arousal, which occurred only in the intensely alert cat in which background neural activity is probably at maximum level. Under different conditions a blood flow increase with arousal accompanied a parallel temperature rise. Thus, the metabolic heat production due to increased neural activity can be assumed to be much higher than the circulatory heat loss. 5. It is concluded that the temperature rise during paradoxical sleep was also mainly determined by metabolic heat production, and that the blood flow increase resulted from release of metabolic products.
Effects of Altered Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression on Cardiovascular Disease

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a multifunctional protein with the ability to not only regulate fibrinolysis through inhibition of plasminogen activation, but also cell signaling events which have direct downstream effects on cell function. Elevated plasma levels of this protein have been shown to have profound effects on the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. However, results from a number of studies, especially those using PAI-1 deficient mouse models, have demonstrated that its function is ambiguous, with evidence of both preventing and enhancing various disease states. A number of lifestyle changes and pharmacological reagents have been identified that can regulate PAI-1 levels or function. Those reagents that target function are focused on its ability to regulate plasmin formation, and have been studied in vivo models of thrombosis. Further investigations involving regulation of cell function could potentially resolve paradoxical issues associated with the function of this protein in regulating cardiovascular disease.
Increased gastrointestinal permeability as a possible factor in parathyroid tetany.

ConclusionIn a previous publication we have called attention to the possibility that our completely parathyroidectomized animals may on occasion show convulsive seizures indistingtlishable from grand ma1 attacks of idiopathic epilepsy seen in man. The same factors which predispose to such attacks in man favor the convulsive attacks in such dogs. Indiscretions of diet particularly in infants are likely to induce convulsive seizures with definite clinical indications of a gastritis and enteritis. Whereas it is desirable to prevent constipation in epileptics and promote intestinal evacuation following any dietary indiscretion, it is obvious, on the basis of the results just described, that too drastic catharsis may be more harmful than beneficial in that any violent cathartic may for reasons advanced rather induce convulsive seizures than prevent them.
How Can Sport Biomechanics Contribute to the Advance of World Record and Best Athletic Performance

Modern history has evidence that sport biomechanics provide valuable contribution in the pursuit of “faster, higher, and stronger.” In this article, the contribution of sport biomechanics to the Olympic Games has been divided into three different categories: improve the physical capacity of the athletes, develop innovative techniques in a given sport, and help athletes interact with the environment more effectively. Those avenues will continue to be the paths that biomechanics contributes to the world of sports. Readers concerned about injury prevention should seek sources elsewhere, since it is not the focus of the authors in this article.
Differential information and timing ability

This paper discusses performance evaluation when the analyst has access to the composition of the portfolio. In the U.S., master trustees and custodians have this information. With this assumption the paper derives techniques for evaluating superior performance. The techniques unlike conventional measures can detect superior performance even when the manager is attempting to market time.
Phase III chemotherapy trials in small cell lung cancer

Introduction Several phase III trial designs have been employed to assess optimal treatment approaches to chemotherapy management of small cell lung cancer. Studies of duration of treatment, dose intensity, alternation or sequential use of two potentially non-cross-resistant combinations, timing of drug administration, addition of new agents to an established combination (including use of biochemical modulation), and simple direct comparison of two active singleor multi-drug regimens have all been pursued. Separate reviews of dose intensity, alternating versus continuous schedules, and duration of therapy trials have been presented by others as part of this workshop. This manuscript will therefore focus on trials utilizing several of the other strategies which have been tested in this disease.
Political Content in Social Work Education as Reported by Elected Social Workers.

As a profession, social work has encouraged its members to run for public office to translate the values and ethics of social work into public policy. This study of 416 elected social workers around the country provides insight into the experiences of these elected social workers in their social work education. The classes, skills, activities, field content, and information that can prepare social workers for practice in the political arena are described. Based on these findings, suggestions for political content in social work education that can prepare social workers for this arena of practice and future research in this area are discussed.
Nonlinear computation of wing-body-vertical tail-wake flows at low supersonic speeds

A numerical method based on the conservation form of the full potential equation has been applied to the problem of three-dimensional supersonic flows with embedded subsonic regions. The governing equation is cast in a nonorthogonal coordinate system, and the theory of characteristics is used to accurately monitor the type-dependent flow field. A conservative switching scheme is employed to transition from the supersonic marching procedure to a subsonic relaxation algorithm and vice versa. The newly developed computer program can handle arbitrary geometries with fuselage, wing, vertical tail and wake components at combined angle of attack and sideslip. Results are presented for a low supersonic Mach numbers flow over the Shuttle orbiter (including the OMS pods and vertical tail), and for flows over a realistic fighter type configuration. Comparisons with experimental data are shown to be in good agreement for various cases.
bcc arsenic at 111 GPa: An x-ray structural study.

The crystal structure of arsenic has been studied in a diamond anvil cell by energy dispersive x-ray diffraction with a synchrotron source to 122 GPa, where V/${\mathit{V}}_{0}$=0.513. The phase sequence on compression is: \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}sc\ensuremath{\rightarrow}As(III)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}bcc. As(III) may have the \ensuremath{\alpha}-Np structure. The equilibrium transformation pressures, ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{e}}$, between sc/As (III) and As(III)/bcc are 48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}11 and 97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}14 GPa, respectively. There is no measurable volume discontinuity between the phases. The equation of state was measured and the BE2 parameters are in good agreement with literature values.
Signaling of Gα12 Family of G Proteins Through a Tyrosine Kinase and a Ras-GAP

G(12) heterotrimeric G proteins transduce signals from a number of receptors involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function. Recently, it has been discovered that these G proteins regulate the activity of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and Ras-GAP1(m) through a conserved PH-BM domain. These findings provide new insights into the signaling pathways initiated by G(12), which regulate cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation and cardiovascular function.
Hyperoxia for management of acid-base status during deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest

Abstract Background . Which blood gas strategy to use during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest has not been resolved because of conflicting data regarding the advantage of pH-stat versus α-stat. Oxygen pressure field theory suggests that hyperoxia just before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest takes advantage of increased oxygen solubility and reduced oxygen consumption to load tissues with excess oxygen. The objective of this study was to determine whether prevention of tissue hypoxia with this strategy could attenuate ischemic and reperfusion injury. Methods . Infants who had deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (n = 37) were compared retrospectively. Treatments were α-stat and normoxia (group I), α-stat and hyperoxia (group II), pH-stat and normoxia (group III), and pH-stat and hyperoxia (group IV). Results . Both hyperoxia groups had less acidosis after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest than normoxia groups. Group IV had less acid generation during circulatory arrest and less base excess after arrest than groups I, II, or III ( p Conclusions . Hyperoxia before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with α-stat or pH-stat strategy demonstrated advantages over normoxia. Furthermore, pH-stat strategy using hyperoxia provided superior venous blood gas values over any of the other groups after circulatory arrest.
A note on the acoustic radiation from point-forced elastic beams

Abstract An exact expression for the acoustic power radiated by a point-excited damped bar is derived through direct integration of the theoretical surface acoustic intensity distribution. The effects of structural damping and wavenumber ratio on the power are presented. Expressions are obtained for the contributions to the total acoustic power arising from the propagating portion of the vibratory response and the non-propagating or flexural near field portion of the vibratory response, separately. It is shown that as the ratio of the acoustic wavenumber to the flexural wavenumber increases above 0·1, the power radiated by the propagating response increases while that radiated by the non-propagating response decreases by the same amount, so that the net power remains unchanged. When the ratio exceeds approximately 0·5, however, the propagating response power dominates. At the critical frequency, the portion of the total power contributed by the flexural near field is a minimum but begins to increase above the critical frequency. In a qualitative sense, these relative effects increase with increasing structural damping.
LeuT: a prokaryotic stepping stone on the way to a eukaryotic neurotransmitter transporter structure.

Ion-coupled secondary transport is utilized by a broad range of integral membrane proteins to catalyze the energetically unfavorable movement of solute molecules across a lipid bilayer. Members of the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family, present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, are sodium-coupled symporters that play crucial roles in processes as diverse as nutrient uptake and neurotransmitter clearance. The crystal structure of LeuT, a bacterial member of this family, provided the first atomic-level glimpse into overall architecture, pinpointed the substrate and sodium binding sites and implicated candidate helices and residues in the “gating” conformational changes that accompany ion binding and release. The structure is consistent with a wealth of elegant biochemical data on the eukaryotic counterparts and has for the first time permitted the construction of accurate homology models that can be directly tested experimentally. Sequence identity is especially high near the substrate and sodium binding site...
Theoretical modelling of fluorocarbons

Abstract New development in theory and software coupled with the availability of supercomputers now make it possible to reliably calculate many important properties of fluorinated materials, including molecular structures, dynamic behaviour, infrared vibrational modes, and free energies of formation. This presentation will illustrate how numerical simulations based on molecular orbital theory can be used to compliment experiment in prediction the properties and behaviour of fluorocarbons ranging from small chlorofluorocarbons to high molecular weight fluoropolymers. Examples where theory both augments experiment, as in the visualization of vibrational motion in fluoropolymer chains, the corrects experiment, as in the revision of heats of formation for CFCl 3 and CF 2 Cl 2 , will be presented. Theoretical studies of chain conformations that relate to the helicity of polytetrafluorothylene, , the piezoelectric behaviour of polyvinylidene fluoride, , and the electronic properties of polyfluoracetylenes, and , also will be described. The challenges and prospects of using the computer to ultimately predict bulk physical properties and to design new materials will be addressed.
Approaches to Children's Literature: A Multi‐Purpose Collection

In the most recent edition of Children and Books, Susan Steinfirst points to a dilemma in children's literature, a conflict implied in the very name of the discipline. On one hand children's literature is the field of the child specialist, educator and psychologist; on the other, children's literature is the province of the English scholar and literary historian. As a dual discipline shared by both the social scientist and humanist, children's literature has always been subject to two divergent sets of research methods and goals. The purpose of this bibliography is to provide the librarian with selected tools for meeting the needs of both approaches.
Parallel wavelet transform based wideband Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) on multicore/GPU

In most of the signal processing applications, main interest is to obtain an accurate estimation of the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of a received signal. Computation of Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) based on Wavelet transform and other techniques are available in the literature. This work is an improved work of our previously parallel implementation of DOA. In this work, Parallel Haar Wavelet Transform (PHWT) is proposed for use in wideband DOA algorithm. This algorithm has been parallelized and implemented on Intel Nehalem Quad Core processor and NVidia GeForce GTX 260 GPU. The algorithm uses data level and instruction level parallelism for faster execution. The parallel algorithm is developed in C# using .Net framework 4.0 for Multi-Core. It uses combination of C and CUDA for its implementation on GPU. This brings the significant performance on a consumer level PC without any extra cost.
Ligand Displaces Heat Shock Protein 90 from Overlapping Binding Sites within the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand-binding Domain

Hsp90 (heat shock protein of 90 kDa) is often found associated with functional domains of client proteins, including those for ligand binding, dimerization, DNA binding, and enzymatic activity. Although Hsp90 can maintain the conformation of functionally important domains prior to activation of the client protein, its specific binding site and the mechanism(s) of Hsp90 dissociation during activation are unknown. Here, we have identified and characterized residues involved in Hsp90 binding within the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand-binding domain and demonstrate that they overlap with those involved in ligand binding. In agreement with this spatial model, ligand binding results in Hsp90 dissociation from the AhR Per-ARNT-Sim B fragment. Interestingly, whereas Hsp90-binding residues within the ligand-binding domain were not involved in Hsp90-dependent AhR protein stability, several of these residues are important for ligand-dependent AhR activation, and their mutation resulted in conversion of two AhR antagonists/partial agonists into full AhR agonists. These studies reveal co-localization of a tentative Hsp90-binding site with that for AhR ligand binding and provide the first molecular mechanism for Hsp90 dissociation in the activation of a client protein.
Fiscal Policy and Long-Run Growth

This paper discusses in a systematic and comprehensive way the existing literature on the relationship between the growth of countries` economies and various public finance instruments, such as tax policy, expenditure policy, and overall budgetary policy, from the perspectives of allocative efficiency, macroeconomic stability, and income distribution. It reviews both the conceptual linkages between each of the instruments and growth and the empirical evidence on such relationships. It broadly concludes that fiscal policy could play a fundamental role in affecting the long-run growth performance of countries.
Immune complex systems in the nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus

At present there is considerable evidence that the pathologic processes in the nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) are mediated at least in part by immunological mechanisms [1–7]. The deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli in this disease and the subsequent injury that ensues bear a resemblance to the nephritis in the experimental serum sickness animal models. The immunological and phlogistic events following the injection of a single foreign antigen have been defined to a considerable degree in these models. However, it is well known that marked variations in the frequency of induction and severity of the nephritis occur in different animals because of individual variations in the immune response [8, 9]. The situation inhuman systemic lupus erythematosus is considerably more complex since in man the immune response is certainly no less variable, and it now appears that several antigen-antibody systems are involved in the pathogenesis of the renal lesion.
Cholinesterase inhibitors ameliorate behavioral deficits induced by MK-801 in mice.

Enhancing cholinergic function has been suggested as a possible strategy for ameliorating the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors in mice treated with the noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, which has been suggested as an animal model of the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. Three separate experiments were conducted to test the effects of physostigmine, donepezil, or galantamine on deficits in learning and memory induced by MK-801. In each experiment, MK-801 (0.05 or 0.10 mg/kg) or saline was administered i.p. 20 min prior to behavioral testing over a total of 12 days. At 30 min prior to administration of MK-801 or saline, one of three doses of the AChE inhibitor (ie physostigmine—0.03, 0.10, or 0.30 mg/kg; donepezil—0.10, 0.30, or 1.00 mg/kg; or galantamine—0.25, 0.50, or 1.00 mg/kg) or saline was administered s.c. Behavioral testing was performed in all experimental animals using the following sequence: (1) spatial reversal learning, (2) locomotion, (3) fear conditioning, and (4) shock sensitivity. Both doses of MK-801 produced impairments in spatial reversal learning and in contextual and cued memory, as well as hyperlocomotion. Physostigmine and donepezil, but not galantamine, ameliorated MK-801-induced deficits in spatial reversal learning and in contextual and cued memory in a dose-dependent manner. Also, physostigmine, but not donepezil or galantamine, reversed MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion. Galantamine, but not physostigmine or donepezil, altered shock sensitivity. These results suggest that AChE inhibitors may differ in their capacity to ameliorate learning and memory deficits produced by MK-801 in mice, which may have relevance for the cognitive effects of cholinomimetic drugs in patients with schizophrenia.
The effect of pH and temperature on the kinetics of native and altered glycogen phosphorylase.

Abstract Data on the effect of pH and temperature on the kinetics of rabbit muscle phosphorylases a and b and reduced phosphorylase b (α-1,4-glucan:orthophosphate glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1) with glycogen as the saturating and inorganic phosphate the variable substrate are presented. The kinetic profiles as a function of pH are similar for these enzyme species except that the positions of the pH-maximal velocity profiles for reduced phosphorylase b are relatively invariant in the 15 °–30 ° range, whereas the “native” phosphorylases exhibit a substantial shift of the lower pH limb of the profile toward the acid side when the temperature is lowered from 30 to 15 °C. It is proposed that a group with a pK near 6.0 at 30 °C determines the acid limb of maximal velocity profiles. The phosphoryl moiety of enzyme bound pyridoxal 5′-phosphate is suggested for this group. A conformational transition in the protein, which is somehow modified when the aldimine bond between protein and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate is reduced, is invoked to account for the large decrease of this acid side apparent pK for the ternary complex of native phosphorylases when the temperature is lowered. A group with a pK near 7.1 and a heat of ionization of about 8000 cal/mol determines the alkaline limb of maximal velocity profiles at 30 °C. An imidazoyl ring ionization of an enzyme histidyl group is proposed to account for this behavior. In the enzyme-glycogen binary complex, the apparent heat of ionization of this group has an anomalous value of about −10,000 cal/ mol. It is suggested that a neighboring amino or arginyl guanidinium group is able to interact with the imidazoyl ring in the absence of bound inorganic phosphate to cause this anomalous behavior. The effect of pH on Km for inorganic phosphate is simply explained by a group with a pK of 6.56 and low heat of ionization. The data are interpreted to indicate that the dianion of inorganic phosphate is the true substrate for all forms of phosphorylase. The kinetic results of this report are closely compared with other kinetic data in the literature on mammalian, plant, and bacterial α-glucan phosphorylases and general overall similarity is demonstrated. Various methods for analyzing pH-kinetic data for enzymes are briefly discussed, and the crucial difference in conclusions the choice of method can make is demonstrated with our data.
Microwave radar response to canopy moisture, leaf-area index, and dry weight of wheat, corn, and sorghum☆

Abstract Microwave radar can penetrate cloud cover; and because it carries its own illumination source, it can be used day or night, which makes it a potential remote sensing tool for agriculture. But first the relationships between the scattering coefficient (the measured radar cross section in m 2 divided by the area illuminated in m 2 ) and crop parameters must be determined. The scattering coefficient has been related to soil moisture, crop classification, and plant moisture. In the spring and summer of 1979 Kansas State University collaborated with the University of Kansas Remote Sensing Laboratory to assess the microwave response to canopy moisture, leaf-area index, and dry weight of wheat, corn, and sorghum using a truck-mounted microwave radar unit. The approximately weekly scans were taken at four frequencies (8.6, 13.0, 17.0, and 35.6 GHz), three angles from nadir (30°, 50°, and 70°), and three polarizations (HH, HV, and VV). The highest correlations of the scattering coefficient with canopy moisture (millimeters of water divided by plant height) and leaf-area index occurred at 30°. At higher angles the radar was less responsive as it looked more through the side of the canopy. Plant dry weight's highest correlation with the scattering coefficient was at 70°, indicating that dry weight is related to surface roughness. Leaf-area index and dry weight were modeled as functions of the scattering coefficient, spectral reflectance ratios, and canopy temperature. Diurnal readings of the scattering coefficient were found to be unresponsive to windspeed or leaf water potential.
Compiled code simulation of analog and mixed-signal systems using piecewise linear modeling of nonlinear parameters: A case study for ΔΣ modulator simulation

This paper presents a methodology for fast time-domain simulation of analog systems with nonlinear parameters. Specifically, the paper focuses on @[email protected] analog-to-digital converters (ADC). The method creates compiled-code simulators based on symbolic analysis. Code is optimized using loop invariant elimination and constant folding, well-known compiler optimization methods. Circuits are described as structural macromodels. Nonlinear parameters are expressed using piecewise linear (PWL) models. The paper presents a technique for automatically creating PWL models through model extraction from trained neural networks. As compared to existing behavioral simulation methods for @[email protected] ADC, this technique is more systematic and accurate. In our experiments, compiled-code simulation was significantly faster than numerical simulation. Hence, the methodology is very useful in analog and mixed-signal system synthesis, which is known to require a large number of simulation steps.
Circle networks of probabilistic transducers

Consider a circle of devices, each characterized by a one-bit output which is statistically correlated with the outputs of its right and/or left neighbor at the preceding time period. It is shown that, provided no input-output relation is deterministic, this system will eventually become completely disorganized in the sense that it will behave like a collection of independent parts with completely unpredictable behavior. The rate at which this disorganization occurs under various conditions is calculated. A concrete version of this model is a sequential circuit of imperfect relays. A possible application to the determination of certain reliability parameters is given. The relation to a similar model for statistical mechanics by Kac is shown.
Increased capabilities of the Langley Mach 7 Scramjet Test Facility

An experimental research program which explored the potential for expanding the operating range of NASA Langley's Mach 7 Scramjet Test Facility is described. The facility uses electric arc-heated air as the test gas and is configured for testing airframe-integrated scramjet engine models at conditions duplicating flight velocities and temperatures. Previous scramjet testing in this facility was limited to a single simulated flight condition of Mach 6.9 at 115,300 ft. altitude. The present arc heater research demonstrated that the facility can be used for scramjet testing at simulated flight conditions from Mach 4 (at altitudes from 77,000 to 114,000 ft.) to Mach 7 (at altitudes from 108,000 to 149,000 ft.). Flow quality was established from the uniformity of measured total temperature profiles. In addition, nitrogen oxide levels in the test stream were determined for relating engine test data to expected flight performance. The test frequency and reliability of the facility were also improved by a novel redesign of the heater downstream electrode and by defining limits for stable arc operation.
Comparison of Surface Wind and Temperature Analyses from an Ensemble Kalman Filter and the NWS Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis System

AbstractOperational, high-resolution analyses are a vital part of the National Weather Service (NWS) forecasting process. Currently, the Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis (RTMA) system fills this need by providing hourly analyses using a two-dimensional variational assimilation scheme. While success has been shown with the RTMA, an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approach should outperform the RTMA, since the EnKF utilizes purely flow-dependent covariances during assimilation. The purpose of this study is to compare surface wind and temperature analyses from an EnKF to those of the RTMA to determine the relative skill of each approach. To reveal the influence of complex terrain, comparisons are performed for both the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Midwest. As expected, EnKF analysis increments reveal structures that align with the instantaneous flow, particularly regarding the wind field, for which the EnKF produces superior analyses. The EnKF is no better than the RTMA in strongly varying terrain, which may be a re...
Synthesis of methyl 5-S-alkyl-5-thio-D-arabinofuranosides and evaluation of their antimycobacterial activity.

Abstract The emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis necessitates a search for new antimycobacterial compounds. The antigen 85 (ag85) complex is a family of mycolyl transferases involved in the synthesis of trehalose-6,6′-dimycolate and the mycolated hexasaccharide motif found at the terminus of the arabinogalactan in mycobacterium. Enzymes involved in the synthesis of cell wall structures like these are potential targets for the development of new antiinfectives. To potentially inhibit the ag85 complex, methyl 5- S -alkyl-5-thio-arabinofuranoside analogues were designed based on docking studies with ag85C derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The target arabinofuranosides were then synthesized and the antibacterial activity evaluated against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468. Two of the compounds, 5- S -octyl-5-thio-α- d -arabinofuranoside ( 8 ) and 5- S -octyl-5-thio-β- d -arabinofuranoside ( 11 ), showed MICs of 256 and 512 μg/mL, respectively. Attempts to directly evaluate acyltransferase inhibitory activity of the arabinofuranosides against ag85C are also described. In conclusion, a new class of antimycobacterial arabinofuranosides has been discovered.
Long and Short Line Radio Influence Characteristics

Data automatically recorded for 6 months were used to evaluate the radio noise performance of a short test section and an operating transmission line of the same construction. The distribution of noise levels was compared to determine the extent to which test line data would represent long line performance.
Journalism in Indian Country: Story Telling That Makes Sense

Despite its importance, Native American journalism is rarely included in histories of Native peoples or in most histories and analyses of American journalism. This article applies Carey's theory of journalism as a state of consciousness to Native American journalism. It explores approaches early Native American journalists took to apprehending and experiencing the cataclysmic changes taking place in their worlds, establishing written identities for their own communities and among their non-Indian neighbors, and adopting and adapting accepted conventions of American journalism. Further, it examines current Native media that work in and expand on the traditions that began in the early 19th century and amid some of the same challenges experienced then.
Functional disability in adolescents with orthostatic intolerance and chronic pain.

A retrospective review identified 99 adolescents (79% female) referred to a tertiary care center to evaluate the relationship between symptoms of orthostatic intolerance and chronic pain. Regressio...
Ultrafast carrier dynamics near the Si(100)2×1 surface

We present a time-resolved photoemission study of carrier dynamics near the Si(100)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface. It is found that the dominant contribution to the photoemission process originates from defect states on the Si(100)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface. Enhanced optical absorption is observed for these defect states and carrier exchange between these states and the bulk is observed. The electron density near the surface and the shape of the electron energy distribution are found to change on a very fast time scale. A simple theoretical model is established to extract transport parameters from the observed electron energy distribution.
A biomechanical comparison of fan-folded, single-looped fascia lata with other graft tissues as a suitable substitute for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial biomechanical properties of a fan-folded, single-loop construct of fan-folded fascia lata allograft in comparison to other graft tissues currently being used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods Eighteen fascia lata specimens were harvested from 11 donors and fan folded through a proprietary process. Bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB), tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and peroneus longus tendons were harvested from 4 additional donors. All soft-tissue grafts were tested to failure in an MTS machine (MTS Systems, Eden Prairie, MN) in a single-looped fashion. BPTB grafts were similarly clamped in freeze grips. The ultimate load to failure and stiffness were calculated for each graft type tested. Results The mean ultimate load to failure was 3,266 N and stiffness was 414 N/mm for the single-looped fascia lata grafts (n = 18). There was no significant difference for ultimate load to failure and stiffness between the fascia lata and tibialis anterior (3,012 N and 342 N/mm, respectively), tibialis posterior (3,666 N and 392 N/mm, respectively), and peroneus longus (3,050 N and 346 N/mm, respectively) tendons. The fascia lata grafts performed significantly better ( P Conclusions A single-loop construct of fan-folded fascia lata allograft has, on biomechanical testing, initial ultimate tensile strength (3,266 N) and stiffness values equivalent to or better than several other graft tissues currently used in ACL reconstruction, including BPTB (1,403 N), tibialis anterior (3,012 N), tibialis posterior (3,666 N), and peroneus longus (3,050 N). Clinical Relevance In the face of potential allograft tissue shortages and increasing constraints on health care expenditures, the use of fascia lata has the potential to be a readily available graft for ACL reconstruction that performs as well as other grafts and at a comparable or lower cost.