cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and simulation of cloverleaf TWT slow wave structure

AFRL is designing an S-band MW-class TWT amplifier. Cold test simulations using ICEPIC have mapped out dispersion characteristics of the fundamental TM 01 and the next higher TM 11 modes inside the cloverleaf slow wave structure. The cold (no beam) fractional bandwidth, Δf/f, of the slow wave structure is >17%. ICEPIC cold test simulations indicate interaction impedance of 91Ω and electric field amplitudes inside the slow wave structure well below the Kilpatrick breakdown limit at MW-class power levels. ICEPIC hot (beam included) test simulations indicate a problem with parasitic π-mode oscillations which overwhelm the amplified RF signal. A combined pitch- and impedance-taper at the end of the slow wave structure is being used to suppress π-mode oscillations. Couplers for insertion and extraction of RF into and out of the slow wave structure were designed with CST Microwave Studio. The couplers use an adjustable tuning ring and inductive doors to minimize return loss across a broad bandwidth. Our couplers have |S 11 |<−17 dB over a fractional bandwidth of ∼11%.
Preoperative Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Injection Versus Preoperative Autologous Blood Donation in Patients Undergoing Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

Abstract Objectives In an effort to avoid allogeneic transfusions, many patients scheduled for radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) participate in preoperative autologous donation (PAD) programs. Yet, PAD programs are costly, time-consuming, and not without risks. Perioperative administration of recombinant human eryth-ropoietin (Epoetin alfa) also has been shown to reduce patient exposure to allogeneic transfusion. This study sought to compare the costs and transfusion rates associated with either PAD or perioperative Epoetin alfa in patients undergoing RRP. Methods The study population consisted of 120 men randomized to one of two treatment groups. Patients in group 1 donated up to 3 U of autologous blood preoperatively, provided that their hematocrit (HCT) was 33% or higher. Patients in group 2 received 600 II/kg of Epoetin alfa on days −14 and −7 preoperatively, provided that their HCT was 46% or lower. Results Overall, 107 (89%) of 120 patients underwent RRP. In group 1, 5 (9.6%) of 52 patients received a total of 12 U of allogeneic blood (0.23 U/patient). In group 2, 5 (9.6%) of 52 patients received a total of 10 U of allogeneic blood (0.19 U/patient). Three patients in group 1 but no patients in group 2 experienced an adverse event. The average costs related to PAD and pharmacologic administration per patient were $540 in group 1 and $657 in group 2. Participation in PAD required an average of 5 hours more per patient compared with Epoetin alfa administration. Conclusions Preoperative Epoetin alfa therapy is safe, well tolerated, and equally effective as PAD in reducing allogeneic blood transfusion requirements. Epoetin alfa therapy also is comparable in cost to PAD and offers patients greater convenience and less of a time commitment.
Innate regeneration in the aging heart: healing from within.

The concept of the heart as a terminally differentiated organ incapable of replacing damaged myocytes has been at the center of cardiovascular research and therapeutic development for the past 50 years. The progressive decline in myocyte number as a function of age and the formation of scarred tissue after myocardial infarction have been interpreted as irrefutable proofs of the postmitotic characteristic of the heart. However, emerging evidence supports a more dynamic view of the heart in which cell death and renewal are vital components of the remodeling process that governs cardiac homeostasis, aging, and disease. The identification of dividing myocytes in the adult and senescent heart raises the important question concerning the origin of these newly formed cells. In vitro and in vivo findings strongly suggest that replicating myocytes derive from lineage determination of resident primitive cells, supporting the notion that cardiomyogenesis is controlled by activation and differentiation of a stem cell compartment. It is the current view that the myocardium is an organ permissive of tissue regeneration mediated by exogenous and endogenous progenitor cells.
Definition der trigonometrischen Funktionen eines spitzen Winkels

Wir wahlen auf dem einen Schenkel eines spitzen Winkels ∝ (Abb. 1) beliebige Punkte B, B 1 B 2... und fallen von ihnen Lote BC, B 1 C 1, B 2 C 2... auf den anderen Schenkel. Die dadurch entstandenen rechtwinkligen Dreiecke ABC, AB 1 C 1, AB 2 C 2... sind ahnlich. Daher sind die Quotienten aus den Langen gleichliegender Seiten fur alle Dreiecke gleich. Es ist also $$ \begin{gathered} \frac{{BC}} {{AB}} = \frac{{{B_1}{C_1}}} {{A{B_1}}} = \frac{{{B_2}{C_2}}} {{A{B_2}}} \hfill \\ \frac{{BC}} {{AC}} = \frac{{{B_1}{C_1}}} {{A{C_1}}} = \frac{{{B_2}{C_2}}} {{A{C_2}}} \hfill \\ \frac{{AC}} {{AB}} = \frac{{A{C_1}}} {{A{B_1}}} = \frac{{A{C_2}}} {{A{B_2}}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ .
Exceedance Frequency Analysis of Contaminants in Streams Under Dry-Weather Conditions in Denton, Texas

Percentages of dry-weather stream samples exceeding water quality criteria for ten parameters were compiled for mixed land use watersheds in north-central Texas. Most problematic were total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus and copper. Nutrients had much higher exceedance frequency at a sampling station impacted by wastewater discharge. Whereas, TSS and TDS exceedance frequency was highest in predominantly agricultural and rangeland watersheds, and urbanized watersheds respectively. Total dissolved solids was most often exceeded in urbanized watersheds. For several parameters, especially TDS, TSS, ammonia and copper, median concentrations were below water quality thresholds in most watersheds, but exceedance frequency was high. For example, median TSS was less than its threshold in every watershed, but exceedance frequency was higher than 10 % in four of five watersheds - and nearly 43 % in one watershed. This pattern reflects the skewed nature of water quality data; often times, many observations cluster around the lowest values, causing the median to be relatively low, but several (high) outliers form the right-hand tail of the distribution. Results of this study indicate a need to examine exceedance frequency in addition to traditional descriptive measures to better understand dry-weather stream quality in watersheds.
Active and Passive Suicidal Ideation in Older Prisoners

Abstract. Background: Older prisoners are the fastest growing incarcerated population with high suicide rates, yet limited information is available to inform best practices for their early risk detection and suicide prevention. Aims: The present study sought to determine the current prevalence of and factors associated with active suicidal ideation (ASI) and passive suicidal ideation (PSI) in older prisoners, and to determine if ASI and PSI were similarly associated with depression and lifetime suicide attempt – markers of subsequent suicide. Method: ASI, PSI, current major depressive episode (MDE), lifetime suicide attempt, and participant characteristics were assessed during interviews with 124 prisoners aged 50 years and older. Participants were assigned to one of three mutually exclusive groups: no SI, PSI only, and ASI. Results: Past alcohol dependence and fair/poor self-rated health were associated with SI. Compared with those with no SI, older prisoners with PSI (10%) and ASI (11%) were more likely...
Exchanges, Listless?: The Disintermediation of the Listing Function

This contribution to the Wake Forest Law Review’s Symposium on the Future of Disintermediation explores the continuing relevance of exchange listing. As the traditional intermediary for secondary market trading, securities and derivatives exchanges have historically exercised self-regulatory authority in three interrelated spheres: regulation of trading practices, regulation of the business conduct of their broker-dealer members, and regulation of listed companies. Within the past decade, competition among demutualized, for-profit exchanges and other trading venues has triggered a series of regulatory reforms that has eroded this self-regulatory authority in the first two spheres. Exchanges, however, have managed to retain their formal authority over admission to listing under both U.S. and EU capital markets legislation, even as such legislation increasingly uses listing as a factor in calibrating the costs and benefits of public company regulation and in assuring the integrity of benchmark derivatives. This contribution seeks both to describe the regulatory and commercial pressures to disintermediate listing and to speculate as to the future of the listing function.
Characterization of a specific drug binding site of human serum albumin.

The rapid reaction of p-nitrophenyl acetate with human serum albumin is stoichiometrically inhibited by the binding of ligands in a specific apolar anion binding site. Inhibition of the reaction by certain ligands, incbuding many drugs, thus affords a convenient and sensitive means to detect and study their interactions with that site. Procedures for the general qualitative and quantitative characterization of interactions of ligands with the p-nitrophenyl acetate reactive site are described and preliminary results obtained with six well known drugs are presented.
When surveys lie and people tell the truth : How surveys oversample church attenders : Church attendance in the United States

cal Report #35. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center. . 1992. "Discrepancies between Men and Women in Reporting Number of Sexual Partners: A Summary from Four Countries." Social Biology 39:203-1 1. Stolzenberg, Ross M., Mary Blair-Loy, and Linda Waite. 1995. "Religious Participation in Early Adulthood: Age and Family Life Cycle Effects on Church Membership." American Sociological Review 60:84-103.
Histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis (Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease) of axillary lymph nodes

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) or histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis is a rare entity, occurring most commonly in young Asian adults. KFD is characterised by fever with tender lymph node enlargement. The cervical group of lymph nodes is most commonly involved, and the diagnosis is conclusively made by lymph node biopsy and histopathology. KFD is a self-limiting condition, which usually resolves over 1–4 months. Symptomatic treatment with antipyretics and/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is recommended. Here we describe an uncommon presentation of KFD in a young woman in which only the axillary lymph nodes were enlarged.
The Policy Argument for Healthcare Workforce Diversity

This perspectives article considers the potential implications an affirmative action ban would have on patient care in the US. A physician’s race and ethnicity are among the strongest predictors of specialty choice and whether or not a physician cares for Medicaid and uninsured populations. Taking this into account, research suggests that an affirmative action ban in university admissions would sharply reduce the supply of primary care physicians to Medicaid and uninsured populations over the coming decade. Our article compares current conditions to the potential effect of an affirmative action ban by projecting how many future medical students will become primary care physicians for Medicaid and uninsured patients by 2025. Based on previous evidence and current medical student training patterns, we project that a ban could deny primary care access for 1.25 million of our nation’s most vulnerable patients, considerably worsening existing healthcare disparities. More broadly, we argue that the effects of eliminating affirmative action would be fundamentally contrary to the Association of American Medical Colleges’ stated goal of medical education—“to improve the health of all.”
The Effect of Smoking Status on Successful Arthrodesis After Lumbar Instrumentation Supplemented with rhBMP-2.

Objective The primary objective of this study is to examine the effects smoking status on rhBMP-2 supplementation in spinal fusion constructs. Methods Patient records were reviewed retrospectively for a consecutive set of patients who underwent first-time posterolateral, instrumented fusion of the lumbar spine for degenerative spinal disease. All operations included arthrodesis supplementation with rhBMP-2. All patients were followed for at least 2 years. The primary endpoint of this study was reoperation for pseudarthrosis, instrumentation failure, or adjacent segment disease. After a rigorous sensitivity analysis, the measure of association was calculated with a multivariable logistic regression controlling for smoking, age, and number of spinal levels fused. Results Of the 110 patients in the study population, 82 (74.6%) were nonsmokers and 28 (25.5%) were smokers. Among perioperative predictors, smokers were younger in age (53.9 ± 9.6 vs. 61.1 ± 13.1 years; P = 0.008) and had shorter length of inpatient hospital stay (4.1 ± 1.8 vs. 5.3 ± 3.0; P = 0.039). After a mean follow-up of 59 months, the 32% incidence of reoperation for pseudarthrosis, instrumentation failure, or adjacent segment among smokers was statistically significantly higher than the 13.4% incidence in nonsmokers ( P = 0.027). Following multivariable logistic regression, the odds of reoperation among smokers was 4.75-fold higher than for nonsmokers ( P = 0.009; 95% confidence interval, 1.48–15.24). Conclusions While rhBMP-2 supplements arthrodesis of instrumented lumbar fusion constructs, smoking status ascertains the strongest predictor of reoperation for pseudarthrosis, instrumentation failure, and adjacent segment.
School Based Continuing Professional Development: The Role of School Principals.

At school level, processes that affect teacher professional growth are associated with management or staff development perspective. School principals are expected to coordinate professional progression of their staff and also manage the learning community as a whole. Their leadership is crucial in providing working conditions that offer learning opportunities. The principals work together with parents, teachers, and community members as a community of practice to ensure quality teaching and positive classroom achievement. However, existing Continuing Professional Development initiatives in Sub Saharan Africa have not successfully addressed the needs of the teachers as they appear to be far removed from the learning contexts. Using interviews, document analysis and observations, this study looked into the role of head teachers in promoting professional development opportunities of their teachers, challenges they face and possible intervention strategies. Findings reveal that despite the existence of policy documents that support Continuing Professional Development of teachers, the structures required to translate theory to practice are lacking. Attempts to introduce or strengthen school-based staff development programmes are faced with inadequate school level supervisory capacity and teacher resentment.
Formation of Organic Alloys in Ternary-Blend Solar Cells with Two Acceptors Having Energy-Level Offsets Exceeding 0.4 eV

Recent studies demonstrated that with proper selection of chemically compatible constituents the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of ternary-blend solar cells can be tuned across the composition window of the active layer. In this study, we probed the limit of the offset between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the two acceptors in ternary blends containing one donor and two acceptors. We demonstrate, for the first time, that ternary-blend active layers with two acceptors having an energy-level difference between their LUMO levels exceeding 0.4 eV can still result in solar cells exhibiting composition-dependent open-circuit voltage (Voc). Our results suggest strong electronic interactions between the acceptors, with the electron wave function delocalized over multiple molecules. These findings have broadened the library of possible candidates for active layers of ternary-blend solar cells with tunable Voc and established guidelines for the design of next-generation materials for e...
Review: In older patients with chronic disease, transitional care reduces mortality and readmissions

Source Citation Le Berre M, Maimon G, Sourial N, Gueriton M, Vedel I. Impact of transitional care services for chronically ill older patients: a systematic evidence review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;6...
The case of dr. Anna pou-physician liability in emergency situations.

Review of the circumstances surrounding the death of nine patients stranded in Memorial Hospital by Hurricane Katrina and the indictment of Dr. Anna Pou for second-degree murder in connection with those deaths. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
3 Optimal crossover designs

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on optimal crossover designs. The principal idea associated with crossover designs is to use a number of available units for several measurements at different occasions. One possible motive for using a crossover design is that a crossover design requires fewer subjects for the same number of observations. This can obviously be an important consideration when subjects are scarce and when including a large number of subjects in the experiment can be prohibitively expensive. Another possible motive for using crossover designs is that these designs provide within subject information about treatment differences. In many applications, the different subjects would exhibit large natural differences, and inferences concerning treatment comparisons based on between subject information—available if subject effects are assumed to be random effects—would require a much larger replication of the treatments to achieve the same precision as inferences based on within subject information.
THE ATOM PROBE – A DIRECT TECHNIQUE FOR KINETIC MEASUREMENTS*

The atom probe field-ion microscope has proven to be a very effective instrument for studying the kinetics and microchemistry of phase transformations in metals. The very high spatial resolution of the microscope allows the fine-scale microstructures which form as a result of continuous phase transformations to be directly resolved in real space. In particular the technique of field evaporation enables the topological properties of a material to be studied by building a three-dimensional view of a microstructure with near-atomic resolution. The atom probe has been used to study the phase transformations occurring within the low-temperature miscibility gaps in Fe-Cr and Fe-Cr-Co alloys. The morphology of the two-phase microstructure resulting from phase separation deep within the miscibility gaps was found to be highly interconnected and characteristic of an isotropic spinodal reaction. The characteristic dimensions of the microstructure and the changes in composition were measured as a function of aging. The coarsening of the network structures could be fitted with a power law with time exponents that were significantly less than the classical Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner value of one-third.
Sum, Product and Ratio for the Normal and Student’s t Random Variables

The distributions of the sum \(X+Y\), product \(XY\), and ratio \(X/Y\), when \(X\) and \(Y\) are independent random variables and belong to different families, are of considerable importance and current interest. These have been recently studied by many researchers, (among them, Nadarajah (2005b, c, d) for the linear combination, product and ratio of normal and logistic random variables, Nadarajah and Kotz (2005c) for the linear combination of exponential and gamma random variables, Nadarajah and Kotz (2006d) for the linear combination of logistic and Gumbel random variables, Nadarajah and Kibria (2006) for the linear combination of exponential and Rayleigh random variables, Nadarajah and Ali (2004) for the distributions of the product \(XY\) when \(X\) and \(Y\) are independent Laplace and Bessel random variables respectively, Ali and Nadarajah (2004) for the product and the ratio of t and logistic random variables, Ali and Nadarajah (2005) for the product and ratio of t and Laplace random variables, Nadarajah and Kotz (2005b) for the ratio of Pearson type VII and Bessel random variables, Nadarajah (2005c) for the product and ratio of Laplace and Bessel random variables, Nadarajah and Ali (2005) for the distributions of \(XY\) and \(X/Y\), when \(X\) and \(Y\) are independent Student’s and Laplace random variables respectively, Nadarajah and Kotz (2005a) for the product and ratio of Pearson type VII and Laplace random variables, Nadarajah and Kotz (2006a) for the product and ratio of gamma and Weibull random variables, Shakil, Kibria and Singh (2006) for the ratio of Maxwell and Rice random variables, Shakil and Kibria (2007) for the ratio of Gamma and Rayleigh random variables, Shakil, Kibria and Chang (2007) for the product and ratio of Maxwell and Rayleigh random variables, and Shakil and Kibria (2007) for the product of Maxwell and Rice random variables, are notable). This chapter studies the distributions of the sum \(X+Y\), product \(XY\), and ratio \(X/Y\), when \(X\) and \(Y\) are independent normal and Student’s t random variables respectively.
Voltage transients In neuronal dendritic trees

An analytical method is outlined for calculating the passive voltage transient at each point in an extensively branched neuron model for arbitrary current injection at a single branch. The method is based on a convolution formula that employs the transient response function, the voltage response to an instantaneous pulse of current. For branching that satisfies Rail’s equivalent cylinder constraint, the response function is determined explicitly. Voltage transients, for a brief current injected at a branch terminal, are evaluated at several locations to illustrate the attenuation and delay characteristics of passive spread. A comparison with the same transient input applied to the soma shows that the ratio of voltage peaks at two different input sites is, in general, not equal to the ratio of the input resistances. Also for a branch terminal input, the fraction of input charge dissipated by various branches in the neuron model is illustrated. These fractions are independent of the input time course. For transient synaptic conductance change at a single branch terminal, a numerical example demonstrates the nonlinear effect of reduced synaptic driving potential. The branch terminal synaptic input is compared with the same synaptic conductance input applied to the soma on the basis of excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude at the soma and charge delivered to the soma.—Rinzel, J. Voltage transients in neuronal dendritic trees. Federation Proc. 34: 1350–1356, 1975.
Access to Antihypertensive Medicines at the Household Level: A Study From 8 Counties of Kenya.

Abstract Background Estimates of hypertension prevalence in Kenya range from 12.3% to 50.1% nationally. Of those diagnosed, only 1 in 5 were taking medication. Objectives This study aims to describe the access to antihypertensive medicines at the household level in 8 counties of Kenya, including factors associated with the location of purchase. Methods A household survey was conducted asking individuals with a diagnosis and prescription of antihypertensive medicines about the location of diagnosis and purchase of medicines, the availability of medicines at home, and the costs of medicines per month. A logistic regression model explores the relationship between patient characteristics and the probability that patients bought medicines at a public facility. Results Of 445 individuals diagnosed and prescribed medicines for hypertension, 20.9% were also diagnosed with another noncommunicable disease , including diabetes or asthma. The majority of study subjects received their diagnosis at a public hospital (67.5%) but the most common place of medicine purchase was a retail pharmacy (33.6%). Some study subjects bought their medicines at a public hospital (21.1%). The most frequent answer for not having medicines at home was that they could not afford their medicines (50.0%). Purchase in the public sector was associated with being less wealthy, having >1 noncommunicable disease, and living in urban areas. Conclusions Affordability remains an important barrier to hypertension treatment access in Kenya. Programs to promote access to affordable treatment need to take into account that diagnosis of disease and choice of medicines takes place largely in the public sector, whereas the private sector is the gatekeeper for purchase of medicines.
Integrated Lagrangian and Eulerian 3D microstructure-explicit simulations for predicting macroscopic probabilistic SDT thresholds of energetic materials

Computational predictions of measures for macroscopic material attributes from the microstructure scale is a fundamental challenge in materials science. Data transfer across scales and physics-based models plays a central role in this highly material-specific process. Here, we present an approach for computationally establishing the probabilistic shock-to-detonation transition (SDT) threshold or “pop plot” (PP, the relation between run-to-detonation distance and applied pressure) of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) from three-dimensional (3D) simulations. The approach takes respective advantages of multiphysics Lagrangian and Eulerian modeling frameworks. The combined Lagrangian and Eulerian simulations provide an explicit account of 3D heterogeneous material microstructure at sizes up to tens of mm, mechanisms for the development of hotspots, and the coupled mechanical-thermal-chemical-transport processes which underlie the behaviors being predicted. Data transfers in the form of hotspot intensity fields from the Lagrangian simulations to the Eulerian simulations link the two frameworks. To capture the fundamental nature of the multiphysics processes, the source, and the propagation of the stochastic variations in material behavior, a 3D statistically equivalent microstructure sample set (SEMSS) is designed and used. The approach facilitates an efficient quantification of the probabilistic macroscopic detonation thresholds, leading to an analytical expression for the PP that accounts for both the microstructure effects and uncertainties. The material system modeled tracks the properties of PBX 9501 and the loading conditions studied involve shock pressure Ps in the range of 11–15 GPa. The results are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Deformation, rupture and sliding of fiber coatings in ceramic composites

Abstract We examine the mechanics of shear deformation, rupture and frictional sliding of fiber coatings in ceramic composites through a combination of experiments, modeling and computational simulations. The work includes fiber push-in tests in several prototypical SiC-SiC composites with BN coatings on the fibers, using an established model of brittle interface fracture and subsequent sliding to interpret the data. The test results reveal two distinct behaviors: one in which a crack appears to form suddenly within the coating or at one of the interfaces with neighboring phases, followed by interface sliding (in accord with the established model), and another in which yielding of the BN occurs first, followed by rupture and sliding. Deficiencies in the existing brittle interface model are addressed through extensions of the model that account for coating plasticity prior to rupture. An analytical model based on shear lag analysis is developed and validated by finite element calculations and subsequently used in the interpretation of the test data. The work provides a new framework for interpreting fiber push-in results, including ways to ascertain the mechanism that governs the stress for push-in initiation and for extracting pertinent coating properties. It also highlights the important role of plasticity in the design and performance of fiber coatings for ceramic composites.
Discriminating Fake From True Brain Injury Using Latency of Left Frontal Neural Responses During Old/New Memory Recognition.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern that affects sixty-nine million individuals each year worldwide. Neuropsychologists report that up to 40% of individuals undergoing evaluations for TBI may be malingering neurocognitive deficits for compensatory reward. The current memory recognition test of malingering detection is effective but can be coached behaviorally. We developed a method measuring latency of neural responses in milliseconds for discriminating true TBI from malingerers who fake brain injury. We test the hypothesis that decision making of malingered memory recognition deficits prolongs neural responses during memory recognition. To test this hypothesis, latencies of memory-related brain potentials were compared among true patients with moderate or severe TBI, healthy age-matched individuals who were assigned either to be honest or faking memory deficit. Scalp signals of electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded with a 32-channel cap during an Old/New memory recognition task in three age- and education- matched groups: honest (n=16), malingering (n=16), and brain injured (n=15) individuals. An event-related potential (ERP) component P3 during memory recognition was analyzed using EEGLAB. Bilateral P3 fractional latencies of frontal scalp sites were compared among the three groups under both studied (Old) and New memory recognition conditions. Results show a significant difference in P3 fractional latencies during recognition of studied items in malingerers (averaged latencies = 396 ms) when compared to true brain injured subjects (mean = 312 ms) in bilateral frontal sites. Significant delayed P3 latencies were also found during recognition of studied items in malingerers when compared to honest subjects in bilateral frontal electrodes. There was no significant difference in any group for recognition of New items. These results, along with previous reported delay in reaction times (Vagnini et al., 2008), indicate that additional processing time in frontal activity of malingering individuals are measurably different from those of actual patients with brain injury.
Copolymerization of an aryl halide and elemental sulfur as a route to high sulfur content materials

High sulfur-content materials (HSMs) have been investigated for a plethora of applications owing to a combination of desirable properties and the low cost of waste sulfur as a starting monomer. Whereas extended sulfur catenates are unstable with respect to orthorhombic sulfur (S8 rings) at STP, oligomeric/polymeric sulfur chains can be stabilized when they are confined in a supporting matrix. The vast majority of reported HSMs have been made by inverse vulcanization of sulfur and olefins. In the current case, a radical aryl halide–sulfur polymerization (RASP) route was employed to form an HSM (XS81) by copolymerizing elemental sulfur with the xylenol derivative 2,4-dimethyl-3,5-dichlorophenol (DDP). XS81 is a composite of which 81 wt% is sulfur, wherein the sulfur is distributed between cross-linking chains averaging four sulfur atoms in length and trapped sulfur that is not covalently attached to the network. XS81 (flexural strength = 2.0 MPa) exhibits mechanical properties on par with other HSMs prepared by inverse vulcanization. Notably, XS81 retains mechanical integrity over many heat-recast cycles, making it a candidate for facile recyclability. This is the first report of an HSM comprising stabilized polymeric sulfur that has been successfully prepared from a small molecular comonomer by RASP. Preparation of XS81 thus demonstrates a new route to access HSMs using small molecular aryl halides, a notable expansion beyond the olefins required for the well-studied inverse vulcanization route to HSMs from small molecular comonomers.
The Role of Effort in Shifting Preference for Feedback Stimuli

Researchers have examined preference for the format of delivery of feedback, however little research has examined strategies to increase feedback and praise desirability. The current study aimed to...
Energy of the Bose Laughlin quantum Hall state of few electrons at half filling of the lowest Landau level

Abstract We report exact analytical results for the energy of the Bose Laughlin state of small systems of electrons at half filling factor of the lowest Landau level. The results apply to a disk geometry and the number of particles in the system consists of up to four electrons immersed in a neutralizing jellium background. Exact calculation of various forms of energy becomes feasible after one transforms all the quantities of interest in terms of Jacobi coordinates. Analytical results of this nature serve as excellent benchmarks to test the accuracy of various computational methods and approaches used in the field.
Entrepreneurial School Psychologist

From the rolling bluegrass fields of Kentucky to the politically - charged atmosphere of Washington, DC, from the sunny beaches of California’s Pacific coast, to the cotton fields of Georgia and then home again to where it all began, Dr. Ronda Talley’s career spans 47 years. Trained as an educator, a school psychologist, and a public health expert, Dr. Talley’s unique knowledge base, creative spirit, and divergent thinking skills led her to become an entrepreneurial school psychologist. Taking the road less traveled, Dr. Talley utilized her organizational development and leadership abilities to focus national attention on some of the most critical psychological issues of our time.
Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Shoulder Pain: Anatomic Review and Assessment of the Current Clinical Evidence.

Background The shoulder region is a common area for pain. The shoulder has the largest range of motion and the most complex mechanical anatomy. The shoulder girdle and related tendons allow for numerous painful disorders to occur. Also, given the overall use of the shoulder, arthritic deformities are all too common. Finally, pain from more complex states such as poststroke shoulder pain and status post total shoulder arthroplasty pain have always been a difficult diagnosis to treat with effectiveness. The innervation to the shoulder predominantly comes from the suprascapular and axillary nerves. Both nerves relatively follow an expected anatomic course and whereby they can be targeted with ultrasound or fluoroscopy. Recently, there has been an increase in evidence that suggests peripheral nerve stimulation can make a difference in these patients with shoulder pain. Objectives To provide a basic overview of peripheral nerve stimulator placement targeting the axillary and suprascapular nerves. Furthermore, to demonstrate the suggested implantation and current evidence of peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of shoulder pain. Study design Anatomic clinical review. Methods A comprehensive review was performed regarding the available literature through targeting articles reporting on the use of peripheral nerve stimulation to treat pain of the shoulder region. Results We compiled and discuss the current evidence available in treating shoulder pain utilizing peripheral stimulation. The strongest evidence currently is for peripheral nerve stimulation targeting either the axillary or suprascapular nerve, as well as placement targeting the motor points of the deltoid. The most common treated pathology is poststroke shoulder pain. Limitations Peripheral nerve stimulation has been trialed and is promising for several shoulder pain pathologies; however, there remains a need for large-scale, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials to further evaluate the efficacy of most treatments. Much of the current data relies on case reports without randomization or placebo controls. Conclusions Overall there is fair to moderate evidence for peripheral nerve stimulation to treat shoulder pain in hemiplegic poststroke patients. There is limited evidence when treating other shoulder pain etiologies. Utilizing ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance, the procedure has proven to be safe allowing proper placement of the electrodes near the target nerves. Considering the high prevalence of shoulder pain from degenerative conditions and overuse, future studies are undoubtedly warranted to evaluate whether peripheral nerve stimulation can modify our treatment algorithm for management of these conditions.
Academic affect shapes the relationship between racial discrimination and longitudinal college attitudes

Underrepresented racial minority college students attending predominantly White institutions disproportionately experience school-based racial/ethnic microaggressions, which can impede college satisfaction and college graduation rates. This study examines the longitudinal implications of school-based racial/ethnic microaggressions on college attitudes (e.g., college satisfaction and graduation expectations). The study also compares the mediating roles of academic achievement (GPA) and academic affect (feelings toward academic experiences). Among a sample of 437 Black and Latinx college students attending five universities in the Midwestern United States, results indicated that academic affect, but not academic achievement, mediated the relationship between school-based microaggressions and graduation expectations. Additionally, school-based discrimination indirectly predicted lower college satisfaction through a negative impact on academic affect. Overall, more frequent exposure to school-based discrimination in college led to lower academic affect, which in turn, predicted lower graduation expectations and lower college satisfaction. These findings highlight the powerful role of academic affect in explaining how racial discrimination impairs graduation expectations and college satisfaction over time. Implications and policy recommendations regarding the impact of racial discrimination on underrepresented minority college students are further discussed.
Immigration Advocacy as Labor Advocacy

[Excerpt] In this Article, we call for a comprehensive analytical framework that views immigration advocacy as labor advocacy. This framework has implications for the existing scholarship described above and for doctrinal analyses of legal cases relating to employees.’ immigration advocacy efforts.
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior: Goal Engagement, Life, and Death

Hope makes us live. (Haitian proverb) It is wonderful to have a plan. A plan can make the whole future rosy. … To have a plan is like having a little canoe and even the fiercest rapids can be negotiated. (Stephen Dobyns, The Wrestler's Cruel Study ) He is not busy being born is busy dying. (Bob Dylan, It's Alright Ma [I'm Only Bleeding ]) This book has focused on a particular way of thinking about how people live their lives. Although a few complexities came up along the way, the underlying idea is pretty simple: People live life by identifying goals and moving toward them, and by identifying anti-goals and staying away from them. Some goals reflect biological programming; others stem from conscious weighing of alternatives; others arise from dreams and fantasies and even from a self-organizing process of bootstrapping. Whatever their origins, these values are the constellations people use to guide their journey through life. In this closing chapter we extend this way of thinking a step further, with the assertion that goal engagement is a necessity of life. There must be goals, striving toward one end or another, for life to continue. Without goal engagement, life ceases. As has been true more than once in this book, this assertion follows a path blazed by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram (1960).
The addition of CpG to alum-adjuvanted vaccines provides a bystander effect that reduces the severity of peanut allergy in mice. (HYP7P.311)

Rationale: The “hygiene hypothesis” predicts that a “clean” environment increases the risk of developing allergic disease while endotoxin exposure is protective. The vaccine adjuvant alum may alter immune responses to enhance the induction or severity of allergic disease. A mouse model of peanut allergy was utilized to determine if endotoxin or alum exposure influence the severity of allergic disease. Methods: C3H/HeN mice were housed in high or low endotoxin environments. Mice received three biweekly ovalbumin (Ova) immunizations adjuvanted with alum or alum combined with MPL or CpG 1826. Peanut sensitization was achieved by gastric gavage of peanut and cholera toxin weekly for 4 weeks beginning one day after immunization with Ova + adjuvants. One week after the last immunization all mice were challenged with peanut and monitored for hypothermia and allergy clinical symptoms. Results: Mice immunized with Ova + Alum + CpG exhibited mild allergic symptoms after peanut challenge (-2.0°C and 1.8 score) that did not statistically differ from challenged unsensitized mice (0.68°C and 0 score). All other immunization groups exhibited severe allergic symptoms after challenge ( 2.5 score) and were significantly different when compared to challenged unsensitized mice. Conclusion: Endotoxin and alum exposure did not increase the severity of peanut allergy. The addition of CpG 1826 to the Ova + Alum vaccine reduced the severity of peanut-specific allergic disease.
Subunit structure and chemical characteristics of pig heart citrate synthase.

Abstract Pig heart citrate synthase has been estimated to have a molecular weight of 96,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 6.2 S. The presence of two similar subunits is indicated by sedimentation equilibrium studies and viscosity measurements in 7.0 m guanidine containing 0.1 m mercaptoethanol. Further evidence for two similar subunits has been obtained from the number of peptides produced by tryptic digestion of the enzyme. The pure enzyme, specific activity of 180 units per mg of protein, has an absorbance index (E1 cm1% at 280 nm) of 17.8. The turnover number has been calculated to be 17,000 moles of citrate formed per min per mole of enzyme. The amino acid composition of this protein is presented.
Management of intrauterine fetal death with prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories

The recent Food and Drug Administration's approval of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) vaginal suppositories provides the clinician with a technique for the immediate management of missed abortion and intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). During a 4-year period at our institution, 78 of 80 patients with gestations ranging from 13 to 42 weeks had pregnancy successfully terminated with PGE2 suppositories with a dose schedule of 20 mg every 2 hours. The mean interval from induction to delivery of the fetus was 8.9 hours. Fifty percent of the patients spontaneously expelled the placenta; active intervention to remove the placenta within 2 hours of delivery of the fetus is recommended to avoid excessive vaginal bleeding. The most frequently encountered side effect was a temperature elevation, which was managed by less frequent administration of the prostaglandin. Gastrointestinal side effects were minimized by premedication with antidiarrheal and antiemetic agents, which also were administered during the induction period when indicated by the patient's symptoms. A concomitant oxytocin infusion was utilized in 38 patients. In gestations of less than 24 weeks the oxytocin was administered via intravenous drip at a rate of 10 U/hour. In the case of a patient with IUFD and a gestation of 24 weeks or more, oxytocin should be administered only with a constant-rate infusion pump starting at a dose schedule of 1 mU/minute with careful titration of the dose against the monitored uterine activity. The availability of the vaginal PGE2 suppositories for missed abortion and IUFD makes it important for the clinician to fully acquaint himself with the drug, its administration, effects, and side effects.
The Adult and the Curriculum

INTRODUCTION Among Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s enduring legacies has been the equation of student-centered education with child-centered education; implicitly, the “student” in most student-centered education has been understood as “the child.” While the assumption of student childlikeness may take any number of forms — in teacher education programs at the university level, for example, it can be seen in our tendency to treat undergraduates not as experienced learners but as inexperienced teachers, as “kids” — the most troubling expression of that assumption is the valorization of social ignorance as innocence. All too often, student-centered education has been understood in terms of a kind of preservation of or return to innocence.
Stochastic analyses and Monte Carlo simulations of nonergodic solute transport in three‐dimensional heterogeneous and statistically anisotropic aquifers

[1] Stochastic analyses and Monte Carlo simulations were conducted for nonergodic transport of a nonreactive solute plume in three-dimensional heterogeneous and statistically anisotropic aquifers under uniform mean flow along the x axis. The hydraulic conductivity, K(x), is modeled as a random field which is assumed to be lognormally distributed with an anisotropic exponential covariance. The simulation model is validated with good comparison of the simulated and theoretical variogram model of the log K field, small mass balance errors, and a large number of Monte Carlo (MC) runs. The ensemble averages of the second spatial moments of a solute plume about its center of mass, Zii, and the plume centroid variances, Rii, (i = 1, 2, 3) of 1600 MC runs were simulated for three degrees of heterogeneity and a line source of three different lengths along the y or z axis. At least 800 MC runs are needed to stabilize the simulated moments even for the mildly heterogeneous aquifers of σY2 ≤ 0.5, and the ergodic condition is far from reaching for a line source with the initial dimension of several integral scales of log K field. The first-order theories predict well the longitudinal Z11 and R11 (thus the one-particle displacement variance, X11 = Z11 + R11), significantly overestimate the horizontal transverse Z22 and R22 (thus X22), and overestimate the vertical transverse Z33 but underestimate R33.
Cohomology of groups with metacyclic Sylow -subgroups

We determine the cohomology algebras H* (G; Fp) for all groups G with a metacyclic Sylow p-subgroup. The complete p-local stable decomposition of the classifying space BG is also determined.
New tricks for old dogs: Large alphabet probability estimation

We develop on prior results on probability estimation obtained in [1]. We specialize the results to uniform distributions in order to obtain sampling rules for support size estimation. We consider text classification, and show that the estimators developed for probability estimation can improve current state of the art techniques.