cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Design: The Importance of Construction and Post-Construction Phases in Green Developments

Green developments are becoming a popular land use planning concept that attempts to accommodate growth while minimizing impacts on natural resources. Various policies encourage conservation designs that usually translate into the clustering of homes and the conservation of some percentage of open space. However, the success of a design is determined by what happens during the construction and post-construction phases of a subdivision project. These two phases are often ignored in land use planning and given only minimal attention by built environment professionals. As a result, green developments may not be functioning as originally intended. This essay discusses the importance of construction and post-construction and a way forward to create functional, sustainable communities. Construction activities and decisions, such as impacts from earthwork machines, improper protection of conserved open spaces and trees, the choice of plants used for yards and common areas, and the storage of construction material all can lead to severe impacts on natural areas both within and surrounding a development site. During post-construction, a variety of improper management practices by homeowners can compromise the sustainability of a development. Developers and associated environmental consultant teams could implement approaches that would engage contractors and residents, such as environmental construction covenants and the installment of a neighborhood, environmental education program. To increase the adoption of relevant construction and post-construction practices, appropriate policies need to be created. However, the shift will only occur once the planning and built environment community acknowledges that design is only the first step towards sustainability. Academic design studios and continuing education courses can help with this culture shift by including construction and post-construction considerations within their curriculum.
Risk of serious bacterial infection in children with fever without a source in the post-Haemophilus influenzae era when antibiotics are reserved for culture-proven bacteremia.

Objective To determine the rate of serious bacterial infection in children aged 2 to 36 months with fever without a source in the post–Haemophilus influenzaeera, when antibiotic therapy is reserved until blood culture results turn positive. Design and Setting Retrospective review of emergency department, urgent care center, and hospital medical records from an urban children's hospital. Participants Eligible participants were identified from hospital medical record and microbiology laboratory databases. Immunocompetent individuals aged 2 to 36 months with fever without a source were eligible for enrollment. Exclusion criteria were temperature less than 39.0°C, identifiable focus of infection, current or recent antibiotic use, and hospital admission. Interventions and Outcome Measures Enrolled participants were assigned to group 1 (blood culture obtained) or group 2 (no blood culture) and did not receive empiric antibiotic treatment in the emergency department, in the urgent care center, or for home use. Demographic and outcome data were collected on all enrolled patients. Results During the study, 9241 febrile children were identified; 2641 (29%) met the enrollment criteria. Blood cultures (group 1) were performed on 1202 patients (46%), and 37 (3%) had culture-proven occult bacteremia (95% confidence interval, 2.2%-4.2%).Streptococcus pneumoniaewas the most prevalent organism (84%). The mean ± SD time for reporting a positive blood culture finding was 17.5 ± 8.5 hours. Two patients (0.08%; 95% confidence interval, 0.009%-0.27%) developed serious bacterial infection, and both recovered completely. Conclusion Reserving antibiotic therapy for culture-proven occult bacteremia was not associated with increased risk of developing serious bacterial infection compared with previously published data.
Strengthening local government budgeting and accountability

In many developing and middle-income countries, decentralization reforms are promoting changes in governance structures that are reshaping the relationship between local governments and citizens. The success of these decentralization reforms depends on the existence of sound public financial systems both at the central and local levels. This paper focuses on the role of budgeting as a critical tool in reform efforts, highlighting problems that might impede successful local government budget development and implementation. The attainment of effective local government accountability and transparency is not an end itself, but rather it represents the means to support better decision-making on national and local budgeting. Community based schemes for enhancing local government accountability need to combine legal, political, and administrative mechanisms with proactive community involvement. Of particular importance are the legal and budgetary instruments that require input from local community members on certain local government decisions and instruments that increase accessibility for the press or the general public at large to information on government activities.
Estimating the Value of Brand-Image Associations: The Role of General and Specific Brand Image

Abstract The authors present a Bayesian simultaneous choice factor model that measures consumers' willingness to pay for brand-image associations. Previous research has found that general brand effects influence a brand's scores on specific image dimensions. To investigate the value of general versus specific brand image, the authors specify a higher-order factor model in which a set of correlated factor scores arise from a general brand factor and a set of orthogonal residual scores that measure the specific dimensions of brand image. The general brand factor is consistent with the concept of a halo effect, which theory ascribes to either an overall evaluative effect or errors in cognition. The authors apply the model to stated preference data on branded midsized sedans accompanied by data on consumer brand-image associations. The authors find that there is substantial value for the specific dimensions of brand image, but only after controlling for the general brand effect with the higher-order factor de...
Interactions of CNS Drugs — Hypnotics and Sedatives

The physicochemical properties of the barbiturates and a brief review of microsomal enzyme induction introduces this literature review of the interactions of sedative and hypnotic drugs. Food has been shown to delay absorption of barbiturates; barbiturates, in turn, may interfere with the absorption of griseofulvin, dicumarol, and folic acid. Barbiturate-produced enzyme induction may result in interactions with the oral anticoagulants, the anticonvulsants, vitamin D, bilirubin, digitoxin, doxycycline, and perhaps other drugs. The problem of additive central nervous system depression and the relative lack of documented evidence is considered. Finally, the interactions of nonbarbiturate hypnotics, such as glutethimide, chloral hydrate, and others are reviewed.
PSYCHOMOTOR AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC SEQUELAE OF COCAINE DEPENDENCE

In conclusion, there appears to be strong evidence from these studies supporting the existence of a postcocaine abuse syndrome. The general hypothesis stated that cocaine-dependent patients would exhibit impaired performance on tests of motor system functioning. It was further hypothesized that these impairments would be more severe and persistent than impairments in other areas. These hypotheses were confirmed. Cocaine-dependent, patients were found to exhibit a statistically significant resting hand tremor, which did not remit despite 3 months of verified abstinence. In contrast, alcohol-dependent patients exhibited an enhanced action tremor and enhanced body sway that remitted after 1 week. Cocaine-dependent, but not alcohol-dependent, patients also exhibited slower reaction times than controls during a protracted vigilance tasks and during simpler tasks requiring visual or auditory divided attention. The reaction time slowing was substantial (approximately 50 to 75 ms), task independent, and, like resting tremor, did not remit after 3 months of abstinence. The demonstration of smooth pursuit eye movement irregularities in the cocaine-dependent group further reinforced the motor system hypothesis. During visual tracking of an oscillating pendulum, the tracking accuracy of cocaine-dependent patients was superior to that of controls at all three time points. Studies that have administered acute amphetamine to normal, nondrug-dependent individuals have reported a similar finding. Collectively, these findings suggest that chronic cocaine use may induce a hyperexcitability of the smooth pursuit eye movement control system, which persists into abstinence. Evidence for EEG abnormalities among recovering cocaine-dependent patients was provided by a variety of experiments. In a new and ongoing experiment, cocaine-dependent patients exhibit reduced P300b ERPs to rare stimuli, which they must acknowledge with a motor response. Evidence for a nonmotor CNS dysfunction was provided by examining EEG responses to a simple flickering light. However, the nature of the dysfunction was complex. EEG responses to square wave modulated light revealed diminished reactivity among both cocaine-dependent and alcohol-dependent patients at all three time points. In contrast, EEG responses to sine wave modulated light revealed enhanced reactivity among the cocaine-dependent patients only. The coexistence of diminished or enhanced EEG reactivity and diminished or enhanced motor system functioning implies that cocaine dependence can simultaneously depress and enhance different aspects of brain function in the same individual. The diversity of cocaine's EEG and psychomotor effects may have an analog in demonstrations of the simultaneous development of sensitization and tolerance among animals chronically exposed to cocaine. Language: en
Genetic Variation in the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter: Preliminary Associations With Cognitive Outcomes After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently results in impaired cognition, a function that can be modulated by monoaminergic signaling. Genetic variation among monoaminergic genes may affect post-TBI cognitive performance. The vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) gene may be a novel source of genetic variation important for cognitive outcomes post-TBI given VMAT2's role in monoaminergic neurotransmission. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between VMAT2 variability and cognitive outcomes post-TBI. METHODS We evaluated 136 white adults with severe TBI for variation in VMAT2 using a tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (tSNP) approach (rs363223, rs363226, rs363251, and rs363341). We show genetic variation interacts with assessed cognitive impairment (cognitive composite [Comp-Cog] T-scores) to influence functional cognition (functional independence measure cognitive [FIM-Cog] subscale] 6 and 12 months postinjury. RESULTS Multivariate analyses at 6 months postinjury showed rs363226 genotype was associated with Comp-Cog (P = .040) and interacted with Comp-Cog to influence functional cognition (P < .001). G-homozygotes had the largest cognitive impairment, and their cognitive impairment had the greatest adverse effect on functional cognition. DISCUSSION We provide the first evidence that genetic variation within VMAT2 is associated with cognitive outcomes after TBI. Further work is needed to validate this finding and elucidate mechanisms by which genetic variation affects monoaminergic signaling, mediating differences in cognitive outcomes.
Theory of natural Raman optical activity

A complete theory of natural circular polarization Raman optical activity (ROA) is presented that, for the first time, includes explicit dependence on the polarization and propagation vectors of the incident and scattered photons. The general theory directly yields Raman and ROA intensity expressions for incident, scattered and dual circular polarization (ICP, SCP and DCP) ROA measurements depending analytically on the polar and azimuthal scattering angles and on the orientation angle of an analysing or incident linear polarizer. For the case of chiral molecules, randomly oriented in an optically isotropic phase, two distinct sets of Cartesian Raman and ROA tensors are employed: the isotropic and anisotropic tensor invariants and the set first introduced in the original formulation of (ICP) ROA. In the general theory ten complex ROA invariants are present in any complete tensor set. It is found, however, that only the imaginary parts of six independent invariant combinations may be obtained by natural cir...
Learning Rate Constant in Relationship to Number of Stimuli and Number of Alternatives

A 3×3 factorial design was used to assess the effects of number of stimuli and of number of response alternatives in paired-associate learning upon the learning rate constant as determined by a duo-process paired-associate learning model. An increase in number of stimuli significantly decreased the learning rate constant while no significant relationship between number of alternatives and the learning rate constant was found.
The Researching Method of CRM For The Carbon Dioxide in Nitrogen

The experiment method and result of preparing the CRM of blending carbon dioxide in nitrogen was introduced in this paper. We researched the whole process of standard gas though the uniformity and stability. The CRM of the method by researching chromatograph's comparison of analysis and condition was given. The uncertainty of preparing reference gas though analyzing method was evaluated. And then the synthesis' s uncertainty was obtained.
Challenging Feminist Literary Criticism's Misreading of Specific American Novels from the First Half of the Twentieth Century

This paper responds to specific questions raised in the author’s previous research on five American novels from the first half of the twentieth century which concern sexuality, abortion, and male-female relationships: Pearl Doles Bell’s Gloria Gray, Love Pirate (1914); Floyd Dell’s Janet March (1923); Vina Delmar’s Bad Girl (1928); Christopher Morley’s Kitty Foyle (1939); and Nancy Hale’s The Prodigal Women (1942). The paper concludes that interpretations of the characters’ religious, moral, and sexual lives from a standard feminist perspective are insufficient to account for the works’ larger didactic purposes. Moreover, the paper asserts that an application of the more comprehensive Judeo-Christian approach to sexuality and related topics would assist twenty-first century readers to appreciate the works.
Letter Regarding Article, "Electrocardiogram in a Patient with Takotsubo Syndrome and Cardiogenic Shock".

I read with interest the paper by Yoo et al.,1) published in the March, 2016 issue of the Journal, about the 41-year-old previously healthy woman, who suffered Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) complicated by cardiogenic shock, necessitating resuscitation and invasive supportive means of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation, with eventual full recovery of her heart function. The patient's first electrocardiogram (ECG) (Fig. 1A) recorded on her 2nd visit to the hospital, showed low QRS complexes, in keeping with a recent report,2),3) associating transient attenuation of the ECG QRS complexes (attQRS) and TTS. It is difficult to compare this ECG with the one recorded 1month after discharge (Fig. 1B), since the upper panel of the figure has half of the height of the lower panel, but it appears that there was decrease in QRS voltage in all ECG leads of the admission ECG. This transient attQRS has been attributed to myocardial edema (ME),2) as diagnosed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI).4),5) Unfortunately there was no cMRI in this case, early during the clinical course corresponding to the ECG in Fig. 1A, but much later, a month after admission,1) which of course showed no ME. I will be grateful to the authors if they provide us with information about subsequent ECGs during the patient's follow-up, or ECGs recorded before her admission with TTS (unlikely in a previous healthy young woman), regarding the amplitude of the QRS complexes in those ECGs, in comparison with the ECG of Fig. 1A. Fig. 1 Electrocardiographic findings revealed sinus tachycardia with ST segment elevation in precordial leads at initial admission (A) and normalized ST segment on follow up electrocardiogram at 1 month after discharge (B).
Brain Benzodiazepine Receptor Characteristics in Canine Narcolepsy

A regional analysis of brain benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors was conducted in narcoleptic and normal dogs to determine whether these sites are altered in narcolepsy. It was postulated that BDZ receptors play a role in the excessive sleepiness of narcolepsy because activation of these sites in freely behaving normal animals is hypnogenic. [3H]Flunitrazepam binding sites were assessed in 11 discrete areas of the forebrain and brainstem. No consistent or statistically significant group differences in either receptor densities (Bmax) or binding affinities (Kd) were found. These findings do not support the assertion that BDZ receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of canine narcolepsy.
From Process Stabilization to Plant Network Performance: Pfizer’s Journey to Operational Excellence

Pfizer is one of the world’s leading research-based pharmaceutical companies; discovering, developing, manufacturing and marketing innovative medicines. The company was founded in 1849, and by 2012 it had grown into a $59 billion global enterprise with more than 88,000 employees and an annual R&D spending of $7.9 billion.
Intelligent Scheduling of Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Storage Capacity in a Parking Lot for Profit Maximization in Grid Power Transactions

This paper proposes an intelligent method for scheduling usage of available energy storage capacity from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and electric vehicles (EV). The batteries on these vehicles can either provide power to the grid when parked, known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept or take power from the grid to charge the batteries on the vehicles. A scalable parking lot model is developed with different parameters assigned to fleets of vehicles. The size of the parking lot is assumed to be large enough to accommodate the number of vehicles performing grid transactions. In order to figure out the appropriate charge and discharge times throughout the day, binary particle swarm optimization is applied. Price curves from the California ISO database are used in this study to have realistic price fluctuations. Finding optimal solutions that maximize profits to vehicle owners while satisfying system and vehicle owners constraints is the objective of this study. Different fleets of vehicles are used to approximate varying customer base and demonstrate the scalability of parking lots for V2G. The results are compared for consistency and scalability. Discussions on how this technique can be applied to other grid issues such as peaking power are included at the end.
22. Post-Exposure Vaccination by Capsid-Modified AdC7 Vector Expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF in Chronic P. aeruginosa Lung Infection

Chronic infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a common problem in cystic fibrosis and other chronic lung diseases associated with bronchiectasis. With antimicrobial resistance of P. aeruginosa becoming more common, alternate prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are needed. Despite extensive efforts, a vaccine against P. aeruginosa is not yet available. A post-exposure vaccine that eliminates already established P. aeruginosa from the respiratory tract, could be useful in the management of chronic P. aeruginosa colonization. Replication-deficient adenoviral (Ad) vectors are an attractive platform for vaccines against respiratory pathogens. We have previously found that, in addition to circumvent pre-existing anti-human Ad immunity, a non-human primate-based AdC7 vector expressing outer membrane protein F (OprF) of P. aeruginosa (AdC7OprF) was more potent in inducing lung mucosal and protective immunity compared to a human Ad5-based vector. In addition, genetic modification of the AdC7 fiber to display an integrin-binding arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence can further enhance mucosal protective immunogenicity of AdC7OprF. In this study we investigated if post-exposure vaccination by AdC7OprF. RGD can clear the already established P. aeruginosa in a mouse model. Intratracheal inoculation of P. aeruginosa (clinical strain RP73) encapsulated in agar beads (10^6 cfu/mouse) was used to establish persistent infection. Intranasal immunization of P. aeruginosa infected mice with AdC7OprF. RGD (10^10 pu/mouse) induced significantly high serum anti-OprF IgG antibodies as early as 1 week of immunization that further increased to higher levels after 2 week of immunization compared to AdC7Null or PBS inoculated mice (p<0.05; all comparisons). In addition to robust humoral response, immunization with AdC7OprF. RGD induced OprF-specific T-cell responses, as indicated by the higher secretion of IFN-γ or IL-4 from the OprF-stimulated cultured splenocytes compared to AdNull or PBS inoculated mice (p<0.05; all comparisons). Importantly, the AdC7OprF. RGD immunized mice showed significantly higher clearance of P. aeruginosa from the infected lungs after 1 week or 2 weeks of immunization (p<0.05; all comparisons). In fact, after 2 weeks of immunization, 50% of AdC7OprF. RGD immunized mice (3 out of 6) completely cleared the P. aeruginosa from the infected lungs. These data suggest that immunization with AdC7OprF. RGD induced robust humoral and cellular anti-P. aeruginosa immunity that could clear established pulmonary P. aeruginosa infections.
Time, Truth, Actuality, and Causation: On the Impossibility of Divine Foreknowledge

In this essay, my goal is, first, to describe the most important contemporary philosophical approaches to the nature of time, and then, secondly, to discuss the ways in which those different accounts bear upon the question of the possibility of divine foreknowledge. I shall argue that different accounts of the nature of time give rise to different objections to the idea of divine foreknowledge, but that, in addition, there is a general argument for the impossibility of divine foreknowledge that is independent of one’s account of the nature of time.
Composites Formed from Thermoresponsive Polymers and Conductive Nanowires for Transient Electronic Systems

The disintegration of transient electronic systems after a preprogrammed time or a particular stimulus (e.g., water, light, or temperature) is fundamentally linked to the properties and behavior of the materials used for their construction. Herein, we demonstrate that polymers exhibiting lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior can work as thermoresponsive substrates for circuitry and that these materials can be coupled with conductive nanowires to form a transient electronics platform with unique, irreversible temperature-responsive behavior. The transient systems formed from composites of LCST polymers and conductive nanowires exhibit stable electrical performance in solution (Tsolution > LCST) for over 24 h until a cooling stimulus triggers a rapid (within 5 min) and gigantic (3–4 orders of magnitude) transition in electrical conductance due to polymer dissolution. Using a parylene mask, we are able to fabricate thermoresponsive electrical components, such as conductive traces and parallel-p...
Movement and Habitat Use of Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) Following Population Augmentation

Abstract With amphibian declines at crisis levels, translocations, including population augmentations, are commonly used for amphibian conservation. Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) have declined to low densities in many areas of their range, making them ideal candidates for population augmentation. Both wild adults and captive-reared juveniles have been used for augmentations, but their suitability has never been directly compared. Herein, we use radio telemetry with Eastern Hellbenders to examine patterns of site fidelity, movement, and habitat use over a 2-yr period for adult residents, wild adult translocates, and captive-reared juvenile translocates. We used generalized linear models and generalized linear mixed models to identify temporal trends and explore the effects of residential status (resident vs. translocate) and origin/age (captive-reared juveniles vs. wild adults) on various ecological and behavioral traits relating to habitat. Site fidelity was high in adul...
Epidemiologic, prognostic, and treatment factors in sinonasal diffuse large B -cell lymphoma

OBJECTIVES To further characterize the epidemiology, prognostic disease-specific factors, and treatment outcomes-including newly available chemotherapy data-for patients with sinonasal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry was queried from 1973 to 2015 for patients with DLBCL of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Demographic and disease parameters were collected. Prognostic disease-specific survival and overall survival factors were evaluated with univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis. Significant variables were analyzed with multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 1,273 cases of DLBCL of the sinonasal tract were identified. Significant differences in age of diagnosis between men (65.3) and women (71.1) existed (P < .01). Most common primary sites of DLBCL were maxillary sinus (36.1%) and nasal cavity (34.5%), with nasal cavity more common among Asian/Pacific Islands (43.4%) and maxillary sinus more common for Caucasians (36.3%) and African Americans (42.1%). Overall survival was 70% at 2 years, 54% at 5 years, and 38% at 10 years. Disease-specific survival was 81%, 73%, and 67%, respectively. Chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.551; P < .001) and radiation therapy (HR: 0.818; P = .012) were associated with improved prognosis, whereas higher Ann Arbor stage worsened prognosis (HR: 1.21; P < .001). Surgical intervention did not significantly impact survival. CONCLUSION This is the first study to include chemoradiation therapy in population-based analysis of sinonasal DLBCL. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy use significantly improve survival in these patients, whereas Ann Arbor staging is significantly associated with poorer outcomes. The mainstay of treatment for DLBCL should remain combination chemoradiation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:1259-1264, 2019.
SSCMSD - Single-Symbol Correction Multi-symbol Detection for DRAM Subsystem

As DRAM technology continues to evolve towards smaller feature sizes and increased densities, faults in DRAM subsystem are becoming more severe. Current servers mostly use CHIPKILL based schemes to tolerate up-to one/two symbol errors per DRAM beat. Multi-symbol errors arising due to faults in multiple data buses and chips may not be detected by these schemes. In this paper, we introduce Single Symbol Correction Multiple Symbol Detection (SSCMSD) - a novel error handling scheme to correct single-symbol errors and detect multi-symbol ones. Here, we use a hash in combination with ECC to avoid silent data corruptions (SDCs). We employ 32-bit Spookyhash along with Reed-Solomon code to implement SSCMSD for a x4 based DDRx system. Our simulations show that the proposed scheme effectively prevents SDCs in the presence of multiple symbol errors. For this design, we need 19 chips per rank (storage overhead of 18.75 percent), 76 data bus-lines and additional hash-logic at the memory controller.
Teaching Population Health and Community Health Assessment to Undergraduate Medical Students

Over the past four decades, undergraduate medical students at the Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education/CUNY Medical School have taken two linked and evolving courses designed to equip them with the knowledge and specific techniques necessary to measure and understand community and population health status, to guide their anticipated future primary care practices. The first course, community health assessment, is an examination of the student’s own zip code of residence, using the structured approach of community-oriented primary care and combining “shoe leather” inspection of key health-related structures with detailed analysis of US Census, demographic, and health data. The students then conduct a similar examination of population health status in a high-poverty zip code in New York City. Next, fieldwork in community medicine provides an 8-week placement in a community health center or community-based social service agency serving a high-poverty population, in which students apply their data gathering and analytic skills to their contact with individual patients and the delivery of health-related interventions. Both courses are designed to facilitate student discovery of the nature and meaning of the social determinants of health and their application to patient-centered community-oriented primary care. Currently, the community health assessment course utilizes a problem-based learning model with intensive small group workshops, planned and directed by peer teaching assistants. Student evaluations have consistently been extremely high, and graduates now practicing in poor and disease-burdened communities have reported that the skills learned years earlier in these courses continue to shape their approaches to practice.
Cascading, Colliding, and Mediating: How Teacher Preparation and K-12 Education Contexts Influence Mentor Teachers’ Work:

In this conceptual article, we present a theoretical framework designed to illustrate the many contexts and factors that interact and shape the work of mentor teachers. Drawing on the literature on...
Communities Creating Healthy Environments to Combat Obesity: Preliminary Evaluation Findings From Two Case Studies

While there is growing faith in community organizing to influence policy as a way to improve the built environment and increase food or recreational equity, relatively little research is available examining the successes and challenges of community organizing in Latino communities attempting to reduce obesity. Using process and outcome evaluation data, we present preliminary findings from a study of two community-based organizations that are making efforts to increase access to physical activity and access to healthy foods in predominantly Latino areas. The organizations are part of Communities Creating Healthy Environments (CCHE), a national initiative of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) to prevent childhood obesity. Both community-based organizations were able to achieve redistribution of public resources to advance their CCHE objectives. We discuss the study’s implications, including the need for public policy research around obesity that examines community organizing as an intervention.
5.5 Effect of Substrate Modulus on Cell Function and Differentiation

During development, tissue-specific stiffness arises from changes in the extracellular environment, notably the density, composition, and cross-linking of the protein network, called the extracellular matrix, that surrounds cells. All these parameters influence the Young׳s modulus, that is, ‘stiffness,’ of this matrix, and cells ‘feel’ these changes by contracting against the material. Importantly, mechanosensitive proteins in the cell cause it to respond and adapt to matrix stiffness, affecting important cell processes and functions. Here we provide a succinct review of how one measures and manipulates stiffness in both biological and synthetic materials. We also provide a description of how different types of cells respond to stiffness: for example, stem cells can differentiate into a specific cell type when matrix stiffness closely mimics the appropriate physiological stiffness for that lineage. We conclude by giving some perspective on the how the stiffness-related findings from traditional two-dimensional cultures are now applied to more physiologically appropriate three-dimensional materials.
Enshi sulfur dioxide residues in food risk assessment

From 2012 to 2019, the risk monitoring of food chemical contaminants and harmful factors in Enshi Prefecture found that the sulfur dioxide residues in food exceeded the standard seriously, and the sample exceeded the standard rate of 8.16%-17.7%, including pickled vegetables, edible starch, and dried vegetables. Among them, the sulfur dioxide content exceeded the standard rate of 63.64%, 48.00%, 30.09%, and the risk quotient (HQ) was 0.464, 0.075, and 0.527, respectively. Due to the low consumption of dried vegetables, pickled vegetables, edible starch and edible fungus products, they are still at a safe level, but the cumulative effect of sulfur dioxide residues in the diet may pose health risks to consumers.
Racial Variation in the Association between Childhood Depression and Frontal Pole Volume among American Children.

Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with an altered structure and function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). There is more to find out about how this association differs among diverse racial groups. Aim This study was performed to investigate racial differences in the association between MDD and frontal pole volume in 9/10-year-old children in the U.S. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Then an analytical sample included 10185 American children between the ages of 9 and 10. The independent variable was current MDD, measured using K-SADS. The primary outcome was frontal pole volume, measured using the structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI). Race was the moderator. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results In the overall sample, MDD was associated with a smaller frontal pole volume among children. Race showed a statistically significant interaction with MDD on children's frontal pole volume, indicating stronger effects on White children compared to Black children. Conclusion The inverse association between MDD and frontal pole volume is steeper in Black than White American children. White American children with and without MDD show more similar frontal pole volume, while Black children with and without MDD differ more when it comes to the frontal pole volume. It is unknown whether or not the stronger association between frontal pole volume and MDD in Black children is due to a poor access to treatment or to a higher chronicity of MDD in Black communities.
Impact of the influenza vaccine on COVID-19 infection rates and severity.

Background With a unique influenza season occurring in the midst of a pandemic, there is interest in assessing the role of the influenza vaccine in COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, patients receiving a laboratory test for COVID-19 were identified. The primary outcome was comparison of positive COVID-19 testing in those who received the influenza vaccine versus those who did not. Secondary end points in patients testing positive for COVID-19 included mortality, need for hospitalization, length of stay, need for intensive care, and mechanical ventilation. Results A total of 27,201 patients received laboratory testing for COVID-19. The odds of testing positive for COVID-19 was reduced in patients who received an influenza vaccine compared to those who did not (odds ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.86; P Conclusion Influenza vaccination is associated with decreased positive COVID-19 testing and improved clinical outcomes and should be promoted to reduce the burden of COVID-19.
Evaluation of Protocolized Cytomegalovirus Intravenous Immune Globulin in High Risk Lung Transplant Recipients on Development of CMV-Viremia

Purpose Cytomegalovirus Intravenous Immune Globulin (CMV-IVIG) is approved for prophylaxis of CMV disease after transplant due to its ability to provide antibodies against cytomegalovirus. The use of CMV-IVIG has been restricted at many transplant centers due to cost, resources, and limited data supporting CMV-IVIG efficacy beyond that provided by valganciclovir. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of CMV-IVIG prophylaxis in high risk lung transplant recipients. Methods This retrospective single-center cohort study reviewed patients who developed post-transplant CMV viremia. High risk patients received CMV-IVIG 150 mg/kg/dose IV every two weeks for 7 doses in addition to standard valganciclovir prophylaxis for 12 months post-transplant. The primary endpoint, time to CMV viremia, was analyzed in those who received CMV-IVIG compared to those who did not. Results We reviewed 156 lung recipients transplanted from January 2016 to July 2020. Of these, 58 patients developed CMV, 38 (66%) high risk patients and 20 (34%) non-high risk patients. Median time to viremia for the CMV-IVIG group was 15.9 months versus 11.8 months for the control group on viral prophylaxis only (p=0.21). The CMV-IVIG group had a higher mean peak viral load of 22,259 IU/mL compared to the control group with 2,120 IU/mL (p=0.005). Conclusion High risk patients who received prophylactic CMV-IVIG had higher CMV viral load and lacked statistical improvement in time to viremia. Though biased by baseline high risk status, overall the prophylactic use of CMV-IVIG may not have significant long-term benefit in delaying onset of CMV viremia. Larger retrospective cohort and prospective, randomized studies are needed to better assess the efficacy of CMV-IVIG for prophylaxis in these high risk patients.
Reddening and the Shape of the Variable Component of the Continua of Active Galactic Nuclei From the Optical to the Far Ultraviolet. I

We analyze the photometric variability of over 6,000 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stripe 82. We recover the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the variable flux as a function of wavelength. For rest wavelengths longer than $\sim 2200$ Angstroms we find that the SED of the variable component of the bluest AGNs is in agreement with the $F_{\nu} \propto \nu^{+1/3}$ spectrum predicted for an externally-illuminated accretion disc. We confirm there is some residual variable emission corresponding to the "small blue bump" and other broad-line region variability. We interpret steeper optical spectra of the variable component as being due to intrinsic reddening. This is supported by the correlation of the Balmer decrement with the colour excess of the variable component. We find that the median reddening of the SDSS AGNs in Stripe 82 is $E(B-V) \thickapprox 0.17$ in agreement with the reddening derived from the Balmer decrement.
Social Stigma and Childbearing for Women Living With HIV/AIDS

As more women become infected with HIV, the issue of childbearing becomes increasingly salient. A more nuanced understanding of women's situations is needed to provide high-quality and relevant services and support. We examined reproductive decision making among 20 women living with HIV through in-depth interviews. These women made decisions within situations of chaos, instability, and trauma, which often limited their ability to make truly informed choices about their lives and childbearing. Despite their HIV, many of the women wanted children, but experienced stigmatization related both to their HIV and to their decisions to have children. This stigmatization came from multiple sources, including health care providers, some of whom encouraged their patients to abort pregnancies because of their HIV. Participants, however, demonstrated resistance to stigmatization, through building supportive communities and developing trusting relationships with HIV providers. These results support the need for specialized HIV care for women of childbearing age.
Development of an Interactive Wave Drag Capability for the OpenVSP Parametric Geometry Tool

Minimizing wave drag is critical to successful and efficient transonic and supersonic flight. Whitcomb area ruling has been used for decades to manage zero-lift wave drag. Existing computer tools that implement this method have limitations on availability and geometries. In this work, an interactive wave drag tool was created for the OpenVSP parametric geometry tool. OpenVSP allows users to create three-dimensional models using familiar aircraft parameters. The geometry engine of OpenVSP generates the information needed for an embedded wave drag calculator. A two-dimensional plotting capability was also added to OpenVSP to permit visualizing results.
How Many Robots? Group Size and Efficiency in Collective Search Tasks

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the tradeoffs between group size and efficiency in collective search tasks that considers both the time-sensitive nature of search completion and the system operating cost. First, the search task is defined and a performance metric is presented that can account for all of the costs associated with the task. Next, for both random and coordinated search strategies, analytical expressions are derived that can be used to predict optimal system performance bounds given a particular task description, and the performance benefit of using coordinated search is shown to be dependent on the relative values of the different cost components. Finally, an embodied computer simulation is used to support the analytical results, suggesting that the assumptions involved in their derivation are sound.
A proposal for valuing information and instrumental goods

This essay offers a framework for valuing information process capital by combining ideas from economics and computer science. Drawing a distinction between data and procedures, it augments the traditional Bayesian model that treats information as a change in uncertainty with elements that permit information to be treated as reusable instructions. It then applies the standard hedonic methods—used in marketing to value tangible goods —to information goods. This leads to a generalized method for ascribing value that can be applied both to procedural information such as software, blueprints, and production know-how as well as to arbitrary resources that have instrumental qualities, that is, they represent tools for effecting outcomes. This approach has the added advantage of supporting efficient information transfers since consumers need not always see the information they are about to buy.
Two New Blind Snakes of the Typhlops ater Species Group from Papua New Guinea (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)

Two new blind snake species of the Typhlops ater group are described from low elevations of southeastern Papua New Guinea. Typhlops mcdowelli closely resembles T. depressiceps , differing in total middorsals, rostral shape, lateral snout profile, length/width ratio, tracheal lung type, and form of terminal spine. Typhlops fredparkeri is most similar externally to T. oligolepis and internally to T. inornatus ; it differs from all other members of the T. ater group (except T. oligolepis ) in possessing only 16 longitudinal scale rows. The internal anatomy is described for two paratypes of T. mcdowelli and the holotype of T. fredparkeri . An identification key to fourteen species of the T. ater group is presented and visceral data for 10 members are summarized. A key is provided for the thirteen species of the Typhlopidae currently known to inhabit Papua New Guinea.
A Review of: “Pat Arneson (Ed.), Perspectives on Philosophy of Communication.”

The absence of an article in the title of this book is instructive. This edited volume is not about the philosophy of communication, but about a philosophy of communication: one defined early on as...
Making Marriage Work: A History of Marriage and Divorce in the Twentieth-Century United States. KristinCelello. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

Making Marriage Work: A History of Marriage and Divorce in the Twentieth-Century United States. Kristin Celello. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. Kristin Celello's Making Marriage Work is a noteworthy addition to a growing field of historical scholarship on American marriage. Whereas its extended title suggests a broad study of the institutions of marriage and divorce, the book focuses more narrowly on the messages that a set of twentieth-century marital "experts" conveyed to the public about the paths to matrimonial success. Celello examines advice literature, film, fiction, and television and radio broadcasts to identify these marital prescriptions. Through her meticulous investigation of experts' advice, she argues that while the messengers changed through the decades, their underlying message remained the same: a successful marriage requires hard work and personal sacrifice, particularly on the part of women. From University of North Carolina sociologist Ernest Groves's 1930s college courses in marriage, to relationship therapist John Gray's 1992 bestseller, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus, experts have encouraged wives to commit themselves to maintaining healthy marriages, with or without the participation of their husbands. Whereas many have embraced this "marriage as work" formula as a piece of timeless wisdom, the idea of marital work did not emerge until the early twentieth century. Concerned about rising divorce rates and the growing tendency among white, middle-class women to delay marriage, reformers like Groves sought to deflect what they perceived to be a "marriage crisis." The 1920s and '30s witnessed the development of a lucrative marriage counseling industry, which warned of the damages that divorce inflicted upon families. Early marriage experts popularized the belief that marital success required outside aid; they simultaneously suggested that couples not pursuing help from counselors, advice columns, and marriage manuals were less invested in their nuptials than those who utilized such tools. Although many of these self-proclaimed experts lacked the academic credentials that they claimed, their repeated assertions about the necessity of marital work encouraged husbands, but especially wives, to strive for matrimonial bliss in subsequent decades. Experts pushed newlywed World War II-era wives to devote themselves to their marriage vows, whereas their husbands served in the military, and to preserve marital harmony once their husbands returned from combat. A decade later, marriage experts informed women of their continued responsibility to promote their families' physical and psychological well being, encouraging disenchanted housewives to endure abuse, infidelity, and alcoholism in the name of familial unity. …
View invariant activity recognition with manifold learning

Activity recognition in complex scenes can be very challenging because human actions are unconstrained and may be observed from multiple views. While progress has been made in recognizing activities from fixed views, more research is needed in developing view invariant recognition methods. Furthermore, the recognition and classification of activities involves processing data in the space and time domains, which involves large amounts of data and can be computationally expensive to process. To accommodate for view invariance and high dimensional data we propose the use of Manifold Learning using Locality Preserving Projections (LPP). We develop an efficient set of features based on radial distance and present a Manifold Learning framework for learning low dimensional representations of action primitives that can be used to recognize activities at multiple views. Using our approach we present high recognition rates on the Inria IXMAS dataset.
Words That Testify of God: The Theology of the Old Testament by Walter Brueggemann:

Walter Brueggemann crafts a First Testament theology around the organizing principle of Israel's speech about God. He discusses the themes of First Testament thought in four categories: Israel's Co...