cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Downward-Facing Saturated Boiling Heat Transfer by the Cold Spray Technique

Abstract In-vessel retention by passive external reactor vessel cooling under severe accident conditions is a viable approach for retention of radioactive core melt within the reactor vessel. In this study, a new and versatile coating technique known as “cold spray” that can readily be applied to operating and advanced reactors was developed to form a microporous coating on the outer surface of a simulated reactor lower head. Quenching experiments were performed under simulated in-vessel retention by passive external reactor vessel cooling conditions using test vessels with and without cold spray coatings. Quantitative measurements show that for all angular locations on the vessel outer surface, the local critical heat flux (CHF) values for the coated vessel were consistently higher than the corresponding CHF values for the bare vessel. However, it was also observed for both coated and uncoated surfaces that the local rate of boiling and local CHF limit vary appreciably along the outer surface of the test vessel. Nonetheless, results of this intriguing study clearly show that the use of cold spray coatings could enhance the local CHF limit for downward-facing boiling by > 88%.
Cytokines, Chronic Stress, and Fatigue

This article focuses on cytokines and their relation to chronic stress, fatigue, and disease processes. Cytokines are potent immunotransmitters that have multiple and systemic effects, not only within the immune system but also on central nervous system (CNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. We begin with a description of cytokines, including classification and measurement, and then briefly describe the interactions of cytokines with the CNS and HPA systems. We then build on this understanding to further describe the relationship of cytokines with deleterious psychosomatic states such as chronic stress and fatigue, explaining how the activity of cytokines within these states may provide a partial explanation for deleterious health outcomes as a result of chronic stress and persistent fatigue. We also discuss the relevance of pro-inflammatory cytokines within specific disease states often marked by persistent fatigue, such as cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. Finally, we conclude with suggestions for future research in this area, so that scientists and clinicians may be better equipped to alleviate troublesome symptomatology associated with increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine activity.
Dynamics of H2 and C2H4 Elimination in the Y + C2H6 Reaction

The reaction between ground-state atomic yttrium (a2DJ) and ethane (C2H6) has been studied in crossed molecular beams with 157 nm photoionization detection of products. Studies have been carried out at several collision energies, ranging from 〈Ecoll〉 = 16.1 kcal/mol to 〈Ecoll〉 = 29.8 kcal/mol. At 〈Ecoll〉 ≥ 18.1 kcal/mol, reactive scattering is observed, with both YH2 + C2H4 and YC2H4 + H2 products being formed. Detected products of the YH2 + C2H4 channel are found to exhibit very little translational energy, suggesting that there is little or no potential energy barrier above the final product energy to ethylene elimination from an (H)2Y(C2H4) intermediate. Translational energy distributions for the YC2H4 + H2 channel, resulting from elimination of H2 from a common intermediate, demonstrate that a slightly larger fraction of energy available to these products is channeled into translation. The YH2 + C2H4 channel is found to dominate the H2 elimination channel by greater than an order of magnitude, which s...
Turbulence called to order

Turbulence, a problem of classical macroscopic physics, has received renewed attention of late as a subject whose understanding can shed light on the fundamental physical laws governing systems. Turbulent fluid motion exhibits such a higher degree of complexity and unpredictability that it has been considered essentially random. On the other hand, experimental evidence suggests that a remarkable degree of coherence is also present. It is precisely this subtle mixture of order and disorder that lies at heart of the difficulty in achieving a comprehensive theoretical description. While some analytical approaches have succeeded in describing the mean properties of the disorder, the lack of a characterization of key dynamic and static features of the coherence (structures) has prevented a deep understanding of physical processes involved in turbulence dynamics.
A Ceramic-Membrane-Based Methane Combustion Reactor With Tailored Function of Simultaneous Separation of Carbon Dioxide From Nitrogen

Today, industry has become more dependent on natural gases and combustion processes, creating a tremendous pressure to reduce their emissions. Although the current methods such as chemical looping combustion (CLC) and pure oxygen combustion have several advantages, there are still many limitations. A ceramic membrane based methane combustion reactor is an environmentally friendly technique for heat and power generation. This work investigates the performance of a perovskite-type SrSc0.1Co0.9O3−δ (SSC) membrane reactor for the catalytic combustion of methane. For this purpose, the mixed ionic and electronic conducting SSC oxygen-permeable planar membrane was prepared by a dry-pressing technique, and the SSC powder catalyst was spray coated on the permeation side of the membrane. Then, the prepared SSC membrane with the catalyst was used to perform the catalytic combustion of methane. The oxygen permeability of the membrane reactor was studied. Also, the methane conversion rates and CO2 selectivity at various test conditions were reported.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Design and Applications of Metastable-State Photoacids

ConspectusProton transfer is one of the most common processes in nature, and many chemical, material, and biological processes are sensitive to proton concentration, from acid-catalyzed reactions to the activities of many enzymes. Photoacids that reversibly undergo proton dissociation upon irradiation promise remote spatial and temporal control over proton-sensitive processes and could provide a way to convert photoenergy into other types of energy. The recently discovered metastable-state photoacids can produce a large proton concentration with high efficiency and good reversibility. A reversible pH change of over 2 units has been demonstrated using an aqueous solution of a metastable-state photoacid. Additionally, moderate-intensity visible light, for example, from LEDs and sunlight, can be used to activate this type of photoacid. This photocontrolled proton release occurs in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions and in polymeric materials. Therefore, this type of photoacid can be conveniently incorporated i...
Stalinism and Russian and Ukrainian national identities

Abstract This article is the first comparative study of the policies taken by Russian and Ukrainian emigre’s, governments and intellectuals towards the legacy of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. The article analyses how these differing approaches have contributed to diverging national identities in Russia and Ukraine which preceded, and were reinforced by, the 2014 crisis in their relations and war between both countries. Stalinization was not a central question for Russian emigres and was supported by 50 out of 69 years of the USSR and since 2000 by the Russian state. Ukrainian emigres were more influential and the state actively supported de-Stalinization over the majority of 25 years of independent statehood that integrated de-Stalinisation with national identity and since 2015, de-communization.
Diabetes-related factors and abdominal aortic aneurysm events: the Atherosclerotic Risk in Communities Study.

Abstract Purpose To test the hypothesis that diabetes-related factors (metabolic syndrome [MetS], glucose, insulin, and leptin) are inversely associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) risk. Methods We followed 13,736 participants, aged 45–64 years, without prior AAA surgery at baseline (1987–1989), for AAA occurrence through 2011. Hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of AAA were calculated using Cox regression. Results During 275,054 person-years of follow-up, we identified 518 AAA events. Fasting serum glucose was associated inversely with AAA risk (HR [95% CI] per one unit increment in log2(glucose), 0.54 [0.36–0.80]), but fasting insulin was not associated with AAA. Plasma leptin was also associated inversely with AAA occurrence (HR [95% CI] per one unit increment in log2(leptin), 0.83 [0.71–0.98]). Compared with individuals without MetS, those with MetS had increased risk of AAA (HR [95% CI], 1.24 [1.04–1.48]). Among individuals with or without diabetes, the HRs increased monotonically with a greater number of non-glucose MetS components. Conclusions Diabetes, fasting glucose, and plasma leptin were inversely associated with risk of AAA. In contrast, the MetS was associated with increased risk of AAA, due to the influence of the non-glucose MetS components.
Semantics for Counterpossibles

The object of this paper is to examine two approaches to giving non-vacuous truth conditions for counterpossibles, counterfactuals with impossible antecedents. I first develop modifications of a Lewis-style sphere semantics with impossible worlds. I argue that this approach sanctions intuitively invalid inferences and is supported by philosophically problematic foundations. I then develop modifications of certain ceteris paribus conditional logics with impossible worlds. Tableaux are given for each of these in an appendix and soundness and completeness results are proved. While certain of the latter systems are shown to have similar problems to logics from the first approach, at least one relatively weak system appears to offer an adequate uniform semantics for counterpossibles and counterfactuals.
Best practices for promoting cycling amongst university students and employees

Abstract The benefits of active commuting (walking and biking to work) are well documented, though rates of participation remain low in the United States. University policies, programs and environments significantly influence student and employee's travel mode choice, though relatively little is known about appropriate strategies. Therefore, this study's purpose was to examine the best practices universities could implement in order to increase student and employee active commuting, focusing specifically on cycling. Universities designated as bicycle-friendly were interviewed to examine how they addressed engineering, encouragement, education, evaluation, and enforcement for cycling. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded. Universities (n = 17) ranged in size (small to large), bike-friendliness designation levels (bronze, silver, gold or platinum), and geographic location. Universities reported the following as promoting/facilitating cycling: quality bicycling infrastructure connecting campus and surrounding areas, various educational initiatives and resources, bike share accessibility, a written bike plan and regular transportation surveys, and secure bicycle storage areas and theft deterrents. The interaction between the university and community to support cycling on different levels was also noted as important. Findings provide a foundation for universities aiming to increase bike-friendliness for students and employees and inform future active commuting interventions on college campuses.
Code Sec. 1031 After the 2017 Tax Act

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 changed Code Sec. 1031 and other provisions that may affect Code Sec. 1031. This Article examines those changes. Code Sec. 1031 now applies only to real property, so taxpayers must consider whether exchange properties are real property and like kind. Code Sec. 1031 does not have an established definition of real property, so its scope will be uncertain until further guidance emerges. Until then, taxpayers may look to definitions of real property in other provisions of the Code. The Article presents a table comparing the various other definitions of real property, showing that tax law does not have a unified definition of real property. The new act also includes a deduction of qualified business income under section 199A, which is subject to a limit based upon the unadjusted basis of property held in a business. The Article examines how exchanges under Code Sec. 1031 may affect the computation of unadjusted basis of replacement property. Finally, the Article considers whether the repeal of technical terminations and the prohibition of exchanges of partnership interests may affect exchange structures.
Social Cognitive Factors in Emotion Regulation: Implications for Well-Being

Building on social cognitive theories, we argue that similar to other forms of self-regulation, emotion regulation is influenced by three social cognitive ­factors: first, beliefs about controllability and self-efficacy; second, values and goals; and, third, strategies and competencies. Whereas strategies and competencies have received considerable attention in the emotion regulation literature, this has not been the case for the other two factors. In this chapter, we argue that these factors nonetheless play a crucial role in emotion regulation, because they may determine whether and how people regulate their emotions. We propose that beliefs about the controllability of emotion and people’s sense of self-efficacy in emotion regulation influence whether people initiate emotion regulation. The extent to which people value certain emotions and the emotions they want to feel influence which emotions people decide to regulate and the direction in which they regulate them. Finally, the strategies used to regulate emotion and people’s emotion regulation skills influence the means with which people attempt to regulate their emotions and how successful they are. For each of these social-cognitive factors, we highlight several theoretical predictions, review related empirical research, and discuss implications for well-being. We conclude by highlighting relevant future directions.
Electronic and Structural Considerations in the Quest for Excitonic Polymeric Superconductors

The electrical resistivity of a metal decreases as one lowers the temperature following a behavior illustrated in Fig. 1.
Angiogenesis in Vitro: Cytokine Interactions and Balanced Extracellular Proteolysis

The blood vascular system is composed of a series of vessels of varying structural complexity. All blood vessels are lined by a monolayer of quiescent endothelial cells, which provide a structural and functional barrier between circulating blood and the surrounding tissues. In their simplest form, as represented by capillaries, blood vessels are surrounded by a basement membrane composed of type IV collagen, laminin, proteoglycans and other glycoproteins. A second cell type, namely the pericyte, is often associated with the capillary wall.
Predicting the location of the non-local contacts in α-synuclein

In this paper, the Sequential Collapse Model (SCM) for protein folding pathways is applied to investigate the location of the non-local contacts in the intrinsically disordered state of α-synuclein, a protein implicated in the onset and spreading of several serious neurodegenerative diseases. The model relies on the entropic cost of forming protein loops due to self-crowding effects, and the protein sequence to determine contact location and stability. It is found that the model predicts the existence of several possible non-local contacts, and the location of the non-local contacts is consistent with existing experimental evidence. The bearing of these findings on the pathogenic mechanism and its regulation is discussed.
Nonparasitic behavior of embedded triboluminescent sensor in multifunctional composites

Abstract Bio-inspired In situ Triboluminescent Optical Fiber (ITOF) sensors are embedded into the composites for real-time distributed damage monitoring. Real-time damage sensing in large composite structures is imperative to allow for necessary actions before catastrophic failure occurs. This article investigates how embedded ITOF sensors affect the tensile and flexural properties of composite laminates. ITOF sensors with diameters of 275, 570, and 1500 µm, were embedded into the carbon fibers/vinyl ester composite laminates. The ultimate tensile strength and the shear strength of composites with embedded 275 µm reduce by about 0.15% and 1.41%, respectively when embedded in 0° direction. Small-sized sensors have a moderate adverse effect on tensile properties of composite, particularly in the direction perpendicular to the ITOF sensor. Additionally, the ability of the varying ITOF sensors to monitor the low velocity impact damage in composites was assessed. Small-sized sensors demonstrate nonparasitic behavior in multifunctional composites when embedded in 0° direction.
The Ummah racial project: Arab satellite television, Islamic movements, and the construction of Spanish Moroccan identity

This article explores how non-western, transnational racial ideologies impact Muslim minority identity negotiation and construction in contemporary Spain. It argues that Spanish Moroccans are incre...
Enhancement of Harmonic Generation in Gases Using an all-Dielectric Metasurface

We design and fabricate a dielectric metasurface for enhancing harmonic generation from gases with mid-infrared pulses. We observe third-harmonic generation in Ar at pump intensities as low as $1.8\times 10^{12}\text{W}/\text{cm}^{2}$ © 2019 The Author(s)
Changes of space weather and space climate at Earth orbit: An Update

Abstract We present an update of the changes in space weather/space climate at Earth orbit using sunspot number (SSN) timeline (1700–2018), geomagnetic indices aa/Ap, solar polar magnetic field, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux in the stratosphere at high latitudes. The Cycle 24 is close to solar minimum, expected in 2020. The baseline of aa index increases monotonically from 1900 to 1986 and declines steeply afterwards, solar polar magnetic field decreases systematically for the last three cycles (22–24) as do SSNs at cycle peaks. Livingston and Penn (2009) note a long term weakening of maximum magnetic field in sunspots since 1992. They expect SSNs for the Cycle 25 to peak at 7 (a steep decline in solar activity) leading to Maunder-like minimum, in contrast to prediction of several colleagues of a Dalton minimum. The North-South asymmetry in solar polar field is pronounced for the decay phase of cycles 23, 24, itseems to change sign after the Cycle 21. GCR flux in the stratosphere is greater that in 1965 and increasing, pointing to an enhanced radiation exposure in future for the passengers on transpolar flights, the astronauts on the space station as well as those travelling to and staying on the Moon and the Mars on prolonged missions; the assets in space would have to be hardened for safety from increased radiation. We speculate about the connection between the Earth climate and changes in solar activity, inferring that the science of the Earth climate change is not settled yet.
Towards Smart Cities: Challenges, Components, and Architectures

Smart City is a new technology that is based on the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT). The rapid increase in population and urbanization worldwide have increased the basic ways to manage urbanization, with maximum impact on the environment and lifestyle of the occupants. The prior integration of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) into urban operations has promoted the concepts of digital cities. The design of the Internet of Things for Smart Cities resulted in ensuring smart cities’ goals with minimum human interactions. The smart city is provided as the best solution to face the challenges associated with the exponential increase in population and urbanization. However, in recent years, the concept of a smart city is still evolving and not being integrated into the world due to financial and technological hurdles. This document aims to provide a knowledge platform on the concept of the smart city. The work presents a brief overview of this concept, followed by its characteristics, architecture, composition, and implementation in the real world. Finally, we expose some challenges and opportunities during a literature review on smart cities.
Medical journals must tackle gender bias.

When women doctors and scientists face barriers to publication and journal leadership, the pace of discovery slows and critical perspectives are lost
Feasibility of a Group Telepsychological Intervention for Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis

Project CF Teen was designed to address the gap in specialized mental health care available to youth with cystic fibrosis (CF), providing care through group telepsychology. Six youth completed a modified version of the Child Illness and Resilience Program, a group-based cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention for youth with chronic illnesses. Measures were administered before and after the intervention to assess changes in mental health and health care utilization, as well as the feasibility of the intervention and treatment satisfaction. This intervention was associated with improved access to specialized pediatric psychological services, time and cost savings, and treatment satisfaction. While no changes in mental health were detected, participants’ physical activity decreased over the course of the intervention; a possible explanation for this finding may be related to the timing of the intervention over the summer. In addition to these findings supporting group telepsychology for youth with CF, various challenges were encountered throughout the intervention. This led to important lessons learned, including flexibility and planning ahead for time demands. Future directions have also been identified, including with respect to reimbursement and additional settings in which to facilitate similar interventions.
Variation and Disparities in Awareness of Myocardial Infarction Symptoms Among Adults in the United States.

Importance Prompt recognition of myocardial infarction symptoms is critical for timely access to lifesaving emergency cardiac care. However, patients with myocardial infarction continue to have a delayed presentation to the hospital. Objective To understand the variation and disparities in awareness of myocardial infarction symptoms among adults in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data from the 2017 National Health Interview Survey among adult residents of the United States, assessing awareness of the 5 following common myocardial infarction symptoms among different sociodemographic subgroups: (1) chest pain or discomfort, (2) shortness of breath, (3) pain or discomfort in arms or shoulders, (4) feeling weak, lightheaded, or faint, and (5) jaw, neck, or back pain. The response to a perceived myocardial infarction (ie, calling emergency medical services vs other) was also assessed. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence and characteristics of individuals who were unaware of myocardial infarction symptoms and/or chose not to call emergency medical services in response to these symptoms. Results Among 25 271 individuals (13 820 women [51.6%; 95% CI, 50.8%-52.4%]; 17 910 non-Hispanic white individuals [69.9%; 95% CI, 68.2%-71.6%]; and 21 826 individuals [82.7%; 95% CI, 81.5%-83.8%] born in the United States), 23 383 (91.8%; 95% CI, 91.0%-92.6%) considered chest pain or discomfort a symptom of myocardial infarction; 22 158 (87.0%; 95% CI, 86.1%-87.8%) considered shortness of breath a symptom; 22 064 (85.7%; 95% CI, 84.8%-86.5%) considered pain or discomfort in arm a symptom; 19 760 (77.0%; 95% CI, 76.1%-77.9%) considered feeling weak, lightheaded, or faint a symptom; and 16 567 (62.6%; 95% CI, 61.6%-63.7%) considered jaw, neck, or back pain a symptom. Overall, 14 075 adults (53.0%; 95% CI, 51.9%-54.1%) were aware of all 5 symptoms, whereas 4698 (20.3%; 95% CI, 19.4%-21.3%) were not aware of the 3 most common symptoms and 1295 (5.8%; 95% CI, 5.2%-6.4%) were not aware of any symptoms. Not being aware of any symptoms was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05-1.44;P = .01), Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.47-2.43;P Conclusions and Relevance Many adults in the United States remain unaware of the symptoms of and appropriate response to a myocardial infarction. In this study, several sociodemographic subgroups were associated with a higher risk of not being aware. They may benefit the most from targeted public health initiatives.
Smart Transportation Based Car Pooling System

Sharing of car is Carpooling, so that multiple number of people can travel in single car. the use of car pooling reduces single individuals Travelling cost , reduces the fuel cost and reduces the number of cars. Due to the growth in the population there is inadequate transportation through their own car . Rather than using different mode of Transportation. It results in increasing number of Traffic on roads also increases pollution and increases time to travel to there destination. So by Smart transportation using car pooling system the individual can travel and share there rides with different people of a same destination. In this paper we have carried outs survey. By reviewing various Literature papers on carpooling it aims to reduce the number of cars by sharing the rides.
Absence of central tolerance in Aire-deficient mice synergizes with immune-checkpoint inhibition to enhance antitumor responses.

The endogenous anti-tumor responses are limited in part by the absence of tumor-reactive T cells, an inevitable consequence of thymic central tolerance mechanisms ensuring prevention of autoimmunity. Here we show that tumor rejection induced by immune checkpoint blockade is significantly enhanced in Aire-deficient mice, the epitome of central tolerance breakdown. The observed synergy in tumor rejection extended to different tumor models, was accompanied by increased numbers of activated T cells expressing high levels of Gzma, Gzmb, Perforin, Cxcr3, and increased intratumoural levels of Cxcl9 and Cxcl10 compared to wild-type mice. Consistent with Aire’s central role in T cell repertoire selection, single cell TCR sequencing unveiled expansion of several clones with high tumor reactivity. The data suggest that breakdown in central tolerance synergizes with immune checkpoint blockade in enhancing anti-tumor immunity and may serve as a model to unmask novel anti-tumor therapies including anti-tumor TCRs, normally purged during central tolerance. Benitez et al. show that mice lacking the autoimmune regulator Aire, which is important for T cell central tolerance, show an improved anti-tumor response and expansion of T cell clones with high tumor reactivity after anti-PD1 antibody treatment compared to wild-type mice. This study suggests a path towards improved immunotherapy strategies.
Magical Modernism: Latin American Urbanisms and the Imaginary of Social Architecture

This article critically overviews the evolving portrayal of Latin American architecture and urban design, particularly by United States and European observers, as the realization of a modernist asp...
How Do Managers Delay the Revelation of Bad News? Evidence from a Coordinated Strategy using Accrual Choices and Management Forecasts

We provide evidence that some managers delay the revelation of bad news using a coordinated strategy involving both reported accruals and earnings forecasts. Specifically, we observe a correlated bias in contemporaneous accruals and management forecasts when both indicate higher, but not lower, future performance. Furthermore, this bias occurs in periods preceded by poor economic performance, where incentives to delay revealing the full extent of the bad news are greater. The joint use of inflated accruals and optimistic management forecasts is associated with optimism in analysts’ subsequent forecasts and with a decline in stock prices over the following year, suggesting that managers successfully delay the revelation of bad news using this strategy. Finally, evidence from financial statement misstatements (identified through subsequent restatements) is consistent with sample firm managers jointly issuing optimistic guidance and manipulating accruals using means outside of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.
Design Overview of the MIT 1.3-GHz LTS/HTS NMR Magnet with a New REBCO Insert

We present a design overview of the MIT 1.3-GHz LTS/HTS NMR magnet (1.3G) with a newly designed 835-MHz REBCO insert (H835) as a replacement for the 800-MHz REBCO insert (H800) that was damaged when it quenched during operation in 2018. The new H835 is designed to contribute 19.6 T in a background field of 10.93 T by an LTS NMR magnet that normally rated at 11.74 T (500 MHz): combined, 1.3G generates a total field of 30.53 T corresponding to a proton resonance frequency of 1.3 GHz. H835 is designed to operate stably while meeting 1.3G design constraints. We have also designed H835 to protect it from permanent damage in an improbable event like a quench. Key design features are: 1) a single-coil formation, composed of 38 stacked metal-co-wound no-insulation and 2 stacked no-insulation double-pancake coils, all with mechanically improved cross-over sections; 2) enhanced thermal stability; and 3) reduced current margin with a detect-and-heat method. This paper includes: 1) electromagnetic and mechanical design of H835; 2) cryogenics overview; 3) quench protection strategy; and 3) discussion on the next steps to successfully complete 1.3G.
Breaking Barriers: Evaluating a Pilot STEM Intervention for Latinx Children of Spanish-Speaking Families

STEM achievement gaps between Latinx and their non-Hispanic White (NHW) counterparts emerge in early childhood and persist through adulthood. Culturally relevant STEM interventions can help counter some of the Latinx higher attrition rates in STEM, especially if they are initiated in elementary school. This study assesses the feasibility, acceptability, and impact on STEM Career Interest of an evidence-based, after-school STEM Program for elementary school Latinx children from Spanish-speaking families. Twenty-three 3rd to 5th grade children in a dual-language school in Colorado participated in 8 weekly STEM lessons, a field trip, and a culturally relevant fair with Latinx STEM professional role models. The following measures were used: (1) attendance rates, (2) changes in a STEM Career Interest Survey, and (3) children and caregivers’ reported satisfaction with the program. Attendance and satisfaction with the program were high. Students’ STEM Career Interest showed a statistically significant increase between pre- and post-program; however, the subscales of the STEM Career Interest Survey did not show a significant increase. It was feasible to implement the STEM interest program at the center of this study with elementary school Latinx students, and the program demonstrated success in increasing students’ STEM Career Interest. Moreover, the program is novel in that it addresses a significant barrier to economic mobility in the Spanish-speaking Latinx community (i.e., the high attrition rates in STEM participation). With some adaptations (e.g., longer duration), this program can serve as a model for interventions in other schools or academic settings.
Examination of a distress screening intervention for rural cancer survivors reveals low uptake of psychosocial referrals.

To determine the impact of a telemedicine-delivered intervention aimed at identifying unmet needs and cancer-related distress (CRD) following the end of active treatment on supportive care referral patterns. We used a quasi-experimental design to compare supportive care referral patterns between a group of rural cancer survivors receiving the intervention and a control group (N = 60). We evaluated the impact of the intervention on the number and type of referrals offered and whether or not the participant accepted the referral. CRD was measured using a modified version of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer and Problem List. Overall, 30% of participants received a referral for further post-treatment supportive care. Supporting the benefits of the intervention, the odds of being offered a referral were 13 times higher for those who received the intervention than those in the control group. However, even among the intervention group, only 28.6% of participants who were offered a referral for further psychosocial care accepted. A nursing telemedicine visit was successful in identifying areas of high distress and increasing referrals. However, referral uptake was low, particularly for psychosocial support. Distance to care and stigma associated with seeking psychosocial care may be factors. Further study to improve referral uptake is warranted. Screening for CRD may be inadequate for cancer survivors unless patients can be successfully referred to further supportive care. Strategies to improve uptake of psychosocial referrals is of high importance for rural survivors, who are at higher risk of CRD.
(Still) Fighting the Financial Crisis of 2008: Ten Years Later

Set in the spring of 2018, the US Congress contemplated changes to the Dodd-Frank Act in an effort to improve financial regulation in the United States. The case offers details on the slow recovery from the financial crisis of 2008, on protest and political movements that ensued, on the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, and on 14 proposals for new financial regulation. As of 2018, Senator Elizabeth Warren and Representative Jeb Hensarling offer differing regulatory agendas for the financial services industry in the United States. Excerpt UVA-F-1838 Jul. 27, 2018 (Still) Fighting the Financial Crisis of 2008: Ten Years Later A decade after the financial crisis of 2008, Senator Elizabeth Warren and Representative Jeb Hensarling led continuing debates over the adequacy of laws and regulations to prevent or mitigate future financial crises. Senator Warren advocated tighter regulation; Representative Hensarling argued that regulations were ineffective, costly, and had retarded the recovery of the economy from the crisis of 2008. By 2018, the ongoing political ferment around financial crises revealed that anger about the crisis of 2008 had not yet subsided. Over a dozen new remedies commanded the consideration of public leaders. What problems were these proposals trying to fix? And from the vantage point of a decade later, which remedies seemed appropriate? Why? More generally, should the aim of regulation be to reduce the risk of future crises to zero? In 2010, Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Act (see Exhibit1) that imposed special stress tests and capital requirements on “significantly important financial institutions” (SIFIs), limited the ability of the US Federal Reserve (Fed) to respond as a lender of last resort, and created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to regulate new financial products. In signing the act, President Barack Obama said, “These reforms represent the strongest consumer financial protections in history…because of this law, the American people will never again be asked to foot the bill for Wall Street's mistakes.” In 2011, a commission chartered by Congress issued a report on the crisis that sparked controversy and recriminations about the causes of and responsibility for the crisis. In 2008, 2010, and 2012, the Fed pursued programs of “quantitative easing” (QE), massive asset purchases aimed at driving interest rates to historically low levels and stimulating the economy. Protests and new political movements met these and other government actions with hostility—and culminated in an especially polarizing presidential campaign in 2016. . . .
Kephart's Perceptual Motor Training Program

(1976). Kephart's Perceptual Motor Training Program. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 58-59.
Looking Below the Surface

Scanning tunneling microscopy can now be used to determine electronic properties of bulk materials.
Control of nuclear receptor function by local chromatin structure

Steroid hormone receptors regulate gene transcription in a highly tissue-specific manner. The local chromatin structure underlying promoters and hormone response elements is a major component involved in controlling these highly restricted expression patterns. Chromatin remodeling complexes, as well as histone and DNA modifying enzymes, are directed to gene-specific regions and create permissive or repressive chromatin environments. These structures further enable proper communication between transcription factors, co-regulators and basic transcription machinery. The regulatory elements active at target genes can be either constitutively accessible to receptors or subject to rapid receptor-dependent modification. The chromatin states responsible for these processes are in turn determined during development and differentiation. Thus access of regulatory factors to elements in chromatin provides a major level of cell selective regulation.
The Perils of Social Reading

Our law currently treats records of our reading habits under two contradictory rules: rules mandating confidentiality and rules permitting disclosure. Recently, the rise of the social Internet has created more of these records and more pressures on when and how they should be shared. Companies like Facebook, in collaboration with many newspapers, have ushered in the era of “social reading,” in which what we read may be “frictionlessly shared” with our friends and acquaintances. Disclosure and sharing are on the rise.This Article sounds a cautionary note about social reading and frictionless sharing. Social reading might have some appeal, but the ways in which we set up the defaults for sharing matter a great deal. Our reader records implicate our intellectual privacy — the protection of reading from surveillance and interference so that we can read freely, widely, and without inhibition. I argue that the choices we make about how to share have real consequences and that frictionless sharing is neither frictionless nor is it really “sharing,” at least as we typically understand the term. The sharing of our reading habits is special. Such sharing should be conscious and only occur after meaningful notice.The stakes in this debate are immense. We are quite literally rewiring the public and private spheres for a new century. Choices we make now — about the boundaries between our individual and social selves, between consumers and companies, and between citizens and the state — will have unforeseeable ramifications for the societies our children and grandchildren inherit. Even the setting of defaults we can opt out of will shape behavior and establish baselines of “normal” for our societies. We should make choices that preserve our intellectual privacy, not destroy it. This Article suggests practical ways to do just that.
Exhuming the Seemingly Moribund Declaration of War

Scholars and politicians insist that declarations of war are relics of the past. As proof, they note that in over two centuries the United States has declared war in a total of five ways and that the nation last declared war over sixty years ago. Perhaps because declarations seem so rare, relatively little scholarly attention has been paid to them. This Article considers the much neglected declaration of war, making two contributions. First, those who assert that Congress has not declared war in sixty years fundamentally misapprehend what it means to “declare war” under the Constitution and what constitutes a declaration of war. Whenever Congress authorizes or commands a war, it has issued a declaration of war, regardless of whether Congress uses the phrase “declare war.” This broader conception of what constitutes a declaration of war means that every war sanctioned by Congress in the past half century was a declared war, even though Congress never passed a formal declaration during that period. Second, congressional declarations of war need not be laconic documents that do no more than authorize warfare, leaving tremendous discretion to the Commander in Chief. Instead, Congress can enact detailed declarations, as was typical in the founding era. Among other things, war declarations may constrain the use of military force and may regulate the wartime rights of citizens and foreigners. By exhuming the declaration of war, we belatedly perceive that reports of its death are quite premature.
Learning Through Play, the Old School Way: Teaching Information Ethics to Millennials

Incorporating gaming and active learning elements into library instruction in academic libraries has proven to be an effective way to engage Millennials and increase their retention of knowledge. This article ties research on the learning preferences of Millennials to elements of active and game-based learning. The author describes the process of creating an innovative game based on Candy Land to teach undergraduates about information ethics and makes recommendations for creating non-digital games for instructional purposes based on this experience.
Masses of Supernova Progenitors

What stars become supernovae? To the observer, this question asks for the prior identities of stars that initiate recorded supernova (SN) outbursts. To the theoretician, this question asks for the nature of stellar models that explode with ejection of natter and a suitable flash of light. Aiming to strengthen the rather tenuous connections between these views, I shall discuss here how a variety of empirical clues bear upon some unsolved theoretical problems concerning the origins of SN. Resolution of these problems is of interest, because SN have been implicated in a wide range of astrophysical contexts, including nucleosynthesis, the origin of cosmic rays, dynamics of the interstellar medium, and the origin of pulsars and black holes.
Detection and Management of Cognitive Impairment in Primary Care: The Steel Valley Seniors Survey

OBJECTIVES: To identify characteristics of older primary care patients who were cognitively impaired and who underwent mental status testing by their physicians. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and retrospective analysis. SETTING: Seven small-town primary care practices. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,107 patients with a meanstandard deviation age of 76.3 � 6.6, screened us- ing the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); medical records reviewed. MEASUREMENTS: Demographics, MMSE, medical record information. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confi- dence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, sex, and education. RESULTS: Thirty-one percent of the sample had MMSE scores of less than 25. Among these patients, physicians documented memory loss in only 23% which was signi- ficantly more often than in the higher scoring group (OR 51.9, 95% CI 51.3-2.8), basic activity of daily living (ADL) impairment in 7.9% (OR 52.4, 95% CI 51.3-4.4), instrumental ADL (IADL) impairment in 6.7% (OR 52.2, 95% CI 51.1 54.2), dementia in 12.2% (OR 53.7, 95% CI 52.0-6.8), and prescription of cholinesterase inhibitors in 7.6% (OR 54.4, 95% CI 51.9-10.2). Physicians re- corded mental status testing largely in patients with re- search MMSE scores of 24 to 28, significantly more often when they also documented memory loss (OR 53.8, 95% CI 52.5-5.6) or impaired IADLs (OR 52.7, 95% CI 51.4-5.2), diagnosed dementia (OR 54.9, 95% CI 5 2.8-8.6), referred to specialists (OR 56.3, 95% CI 52.5 -16.2) or social services (OR 53.6, 95% CI 51.8-7.3), or prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors (OR 58.5, 95% CI 5 4.2-17.5). CONCLUSION: Physicians noted impairment in a minor- ity of impaired patients. They tested mental status in those with documented cognitive and functional difficulties, in very mildly impaired patients, and in those for whom they intervened. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:1668-1675, 2004.
Developmental Health of Infants and Children Subsequent to Foster Care

BACKGROUND: Every day, the United States child welfare system is entrusted with the care of over 400,000 children through foster care. The majority of children entering this social setting are infants, the most developmentally vulnerable. METHODS: Bronfenbrenner's human health ecology model and Bowlby's attachment theory are used to delineate the social setting of foster care and its impact on developmental health, and elucidates the relationship between childhood experiences and the overall continuum of health. Additionally, the notion of inherited genes and environmental influences or epigenetics toward gene expression will be explored. RESULTS: Research points out that what happens in childhood matters; the consequences of not addressing childhood adversity and the associated risk factors of foster care increase a child's risk for poor developmental health and other major illnesses noted later in life such as cardiac disease, depression, and even premature death. Healthcare providers and others charged with caring for this vulnerable population who understand the social setting of foster care and its impact on developmental health may help identify and treat developmental problems earlier, thus potentially reducing long-term effects of abuse and neglect. CONCLUSION: Improvement plans that promote best practice for child welfare must include those that directly address the unique developmental needs of all infants and children in foster care itself. Such plans will ensure that foster care as an intervention to protect vulnerable children at risk does not create more harm by reducing the associated risks and maximizing benefits while in foster care, and ensures that those born genetically vulnerable and disproportionately susceptible to poor outcomes in adversity are also protected and provided opportunities that promote optimal developmental health.
The kunitz protease inhibitor domain of protease nexin-2 inhibits factor XIa and murine carotid artery and middle cerebral artery thrombosis

Coagulation factor XI (FXI) plays an important part in both venous and arterial thrombosis, rendering FXIa a potential target for the development of antithrombotic therapy. The kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI) domain of protease nexin-2 (PN2) is a potent, highly specific inhibitor of FXIa, suggesting its possible role in the inhibition of FXI-dependent thrombosis in vivo. Therefore, we examined the effect of PN2KPI on thrombosis in the murine carotid artery and the middle cerebral artery. Intravenous administration of PN2KPI prolonged the clotting time of both human and murine plasma, and PN2KPI inhibited FXIa activity in both human and murine plasma in vitro. The intravenous administration of PN2KPI into WT mice dramatically decreased the progress of FeCl3-induced thrombus formation in the carotid artery. After a similar initial rate of thrombus formation with and without PN2KPI treatment, the propagation of thrombus formation after 10 minutes and the amount of thrombus formed were significantly decreased in mice treated with PN2KPI injection compared with untreated mice. In the middle cerebral artery occlusion model, the volume and fraction of ischemic brain tissue were significantly decreased in PN2KPI-treated compared with untreated mice. Thus, inhibition of FXIa by PN2KPI is a promising approach to antithrombotic therapy.
Residential investment and the current account

Abstract Residential investment is an important driving force in the current account. This paper first builds the model to show that residential investment, for the empirically relevant case where demand for housing services has nonzero income elasticity, is fundamentally different from nonresidential investment. Owing to this income effect, the dynamics of housing are subject to the additional integral constraint, as well as the standard stock adjustment and Euler equations. The model is used to examine the effects of changes in government purchases on the tradeable good, housing subsidies and productivity shocks on the current account.
Closure to “Ultimate Lateral Resistance to Piles in Cohesionless Soils” by Lianyang Zhang, Francisco Silva, and Ralph Grismala

The authors acknowledge and thank the discusser for the contribution of the Rutledge nomograph and using it to obtain the lateral resistance distribution found in Prasad and Chari (1999). They note, too, that such a contribution is a great help to the entire geotechnical profession in that it offers perspective and avoids 'reinventing the wheel.'