cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a Wide-Area File Transfer Performance Predictor: An Empirical Study

Wide-area data transfer is central to geographically distributed scientific workflows. Faster delivery of data is important for these workflows. Predictability is equally (or even more) important. With the goal of providing a reasonably accurate estimate of data transfer time to improve resource allocation & scheduling for workflows and enable end-to-end data transfer optimization, we apply machine learning methods to develop predictive models for data transfer times over a variety of wide area networks. To build and evaluate these models, we use 201,388 transfers, involving 759 million files totaling 9 PB transferred, over 115 heavily used source-destination pairs (“edges”) between 135 unique endpoints. We evaluate the models for different retraining frequencies and different window size of history data. In the best case, the resulting models have a median prediction error of \(\le \)21% for 50% of the edges, and \(\le \)32% for 75% of the edges. We present a detailed analysis of these results that provides insights into the cause of some of the high errors. We envision that the performance predictor will be informative for scheduling geo-distributed workflows. The insights also suggest obvious directions for both further analysis and transfer service optimization.
Examining the Preparation of School Human Resource Officers on Developing a Racially Diverse Educator Workforce Post Brown.

Given the rapid decline of teachers and school leaders after the Brown v. Board of Education decision, there has been an increased conversation on diversifying the educator workforce. Furthermore, ...
Depression and anxiety in children with epilepsy and other chronic health conditions: National estimates of prevalence and risk factors.

Abstract Objective This study estimates the national prevalence of depression and anxiety among children with epilepsy and determines which demographic variables and comorbidities increase the risk of these psychopathologies. We also compare the rates of depression and anxiety in pediatric epilepsy with those of other chronic health conditions in childhood. Methods We used the 2009–2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs to identify children with epilepsy with and without depression and anxiety. We assessed demographic factors and comorbidities associated with depression and anxiety using weighted multivariable logistic regressions. The rates of psychiatric comorbidity in children with chronic conditions other than epilepsy were also determined. Results The final sample included 1042 children over the age of five with epilepsy. After applying the sampling weights, we estimated that 283,000 children between 5 and 17 years of age have epilepsy in the United States (U.S.). Among these children, 25% have depression and/or anxiety. This figure was not significantly different from the rates seen among children with asthma (16.5%) or allergies (21.6%) but was significantly lower than the rate seen among children with migraines (43.2%). In our analyses of children with epilepsy, low-income children (regardless of race) and children whose needs for specialist care were unmet (relative to those whose needs were met) were more likely to have depression. Low-income black children were less likely to have anxiety than high-income white children. Gender, age, and epilepsy severity were unrelated to depression or anxiety. Conclusions One in four U.S. children with epilepsy has depression and/or anxiety. Therefore, physicians should consider the various factors that are related to depression and anxiety in children with epilepsy so that at-risk children can be screened and managed appropriately.
Beverage Consumption and Longitudinal Changes in Lipoprotein Concentrations and Incident Dyslipidemia in US Adults: The Framingham Heart Study

Background Limited data are available on the prospective relationship between beverage consumption and plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Two major sources of sugar in the US diet are sug...
Modeling to Evaluate Conventional Procedures

Using the newer perspective based on the data presented in the last five chapters, this chapter reviews the conventional procedures for the external nose and the nasal valve. Each traditional procedure is analyzed using the dynamic prism mode. With the understanding that the framework layer is pivotal in functional and aesthetic outcomes, looking at procedures from commercial devices to various types of grafts sheds new light on their utility.
BEFORE BIFURCATION AND NONLINEARITY: SOLUTIONS OF THE LINEAR PROBLEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a few solutions of the linear problem. It presents a uniform numerical theory to deal with prebifurcation and prenonlinearity problems, that is, self-adjoining problems on Hilbert spaces. The chapter discusses computer programs that solve second-order equations such as L(x) = (rx′)′ + px = 0 or the associated eigenvalue problem L(x) = (rx')' + px − λqx = 0. The methods discussed in the chapter are numerical solutions of the appropriate extremal problems, and are being applied to higher order differential equations and partial differential equations. The chapter presents, as a by-product, new theoretical and numerical results for symmetric banded matrices. Trial results indicate that the programs are more accurate and faster, and require significantly less storage than more conventional numerical methods.
Princely Education in Early Modern Britain

In the sixteenth century, Erasmus of Rotterdam led a humanist campaign to deter European princes from vainglorious warfare by giving them liberal educations. His prescriptions for the study of classical authors and scripture transformed the upbringing of Tudor and Stuart royal children. Rather than emphasising the sword, the educations of Henry VIII, James VI and I, and their successors prioritised the pen. In a period of succession crises, female sovereignty, and minority rulers, liberal education played a hitherto unappreciated role in reshaping the political and religious thought and culture of early modern Britain. This book explores how a humanist curriculum gave princes the rhetorical skills, biblical knowledge, and political impetus to assert the royal supremacy over their subjects' souls. Liberal education was meant to prevent over-mighty monarchy but in practice it taught kings and queens how to extend their authority over church and state.
Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alginate That Protect against Infection by Both Mucoid and Nonmucoid Strains

Two fully human mAbs specific for epitopes dependent on intact carboxylate groups on the C6 carbon of the mannuronic acid components of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate were found to promote phagocytic killing of both mucoid and nonmucoid strains as well as protection against both types of strains in a mouse model of acute pneumonia. The specificity of the mAbs for alginate was determined by ELISA and killing assays. Some strains of P. aeruginosa did not make detectable alginate in vitro, but in vivo protection against lethal pneumonia was obtained and shown to be due to rapid induction of expression of alginate in the murine lung. No protection against strains genetically unable to make alginate was achieved. These mAbs have potential to be passive therapeutic reagents for all strains of P. aeruginosa and the results document that alginate is a target for the proper type of protective Ab even when expressed at low levels on phenotypically nonmucoid strains.
Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex

Human ability to attend to visual stimuli based on their spatial locations requires the parietal cortex. One hypothesis maintains that parietal cortex controls the voluntary orienting of attention toward a location of interest. Another hypothesis emphasizes its role in reorienting attention toward visual targets appearing at unattended locations. Here, using event-related functional magnetic resonance (ER-fMRI), we show that distinct parietal regions mediated these different attentional processes. Cortical activation occurred primarily in the intraparietal sulcus when a location was attended before visual-target presentation, but in the right temporoparietal junction when the target was detected, particularly at an unattended location.
Prophecy as Expertise

At the beginning of his "Tractatus," Baruch Spinoza encounters a dilemma of prophecy, that one must have prophetic knowledge in order to know with certainty who it is that has prophetic knowledge. He escapes, or believes he escapes, this dilem- ma by asserting a democracy of knowledge, that all men have adequate knowledge of the divine, at least of the two attributes of the divine about which men have, in prin- ciple, equal knowledge and which form what we know as natural knowledge. Later in the "Tractatus," however, Spinoza implicitly acknowledges that natural knowledge is democratic in principle only, not in fact, and that the dilemma of prophecy recurs as a dilemma of expertise. It is Maimonides, not Spinoza, who is able to establish a true de- mocracy of knowledge untroubled by any of these dilemmas and in so doing transforms prophecy into philosophy and science.
Potential for TRAIL as a therapeutic agent in ovarian cancer.

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to induce apoptosis, otherwise known as programmed cell death, in many malignant cells without any known detrimental effects to normal cells. These aspects of TRAIL indicate the potential of TRAIL as a therapeutic agent in cancer. Ovarian cancer remains the deadliest gynecologic malignancy and is the fourth leading cause of death due to cancer in women. However, it has been shown in studies that ovarian cancer cells are sensitive to TRAIL-induced cell death when treated with TRAIL alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. TRAIL signals through two death receptors, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2, to induce apoptosis. TRAIL also binds to two other cell surface receptors, TRAIL-R3 and TRAIL-R4, which do not have intracellular death domains and therefore do not transmit the apoptotic signal upon ligation with TRAIL. It has been shown that a chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8), may play a role in ovarian tumor progression due to its elevated presence in the fluid surrounding ovarian cancer tissues. Possible roles for IL-8 in ovarian tumorigenesis include angiogenesis and metastasis. Because the mechanism of regulation for TRAIL-induced apoptosis needs to be clarified, the role of IL-8 in TRAIL-induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells was studied. Results showed that the presence of IL-8 regulates cell-surface expression of TRAIL receptors in ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro. There may be a role for the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in TRAIL-induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cell.
Effects of a Citrate Buffer System on the Solid-State Chemical Stability of Lyophilized Quinapril Preparations

Purpose. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a citric acid-citrate buffer system on the chemical instability of lyophilized amorphous samples of quinapril hydrochloride (QHCl).
Preventive care: Female cancer screening, 1996–2000

Abstract Background Low-income and uninsured women have lower odds of receiving age-appropriate cancer screens that can detect cancers earlier and reduce morbidity/mortality. A key question is whether federal/state public health programs aimed at increasing screening and other public policies (e.g., welfare reform, managed care) have affected their receipt of these preventive services. Methods Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to estimate the effects of public programs, income, and insurance status on the odds that women received mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE), or Papanicolaou (Pap) smears from 1996 to 2000. State fixed-effects models are estimated. Effects of the age (measured in years) of states' National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Programs (NBCCEDPs) and level of federal funding are presented. Results Adjusted odds of uninsured women reporting female cancer screens were lower than for those privately insured, and did not change between 1996 and 2000 despite welfare reform and increasing numbers of uninsured. The age of states' NBCCEDPs were associated with increased odds of mammography, CBE, and Pap smear screens for non-elderly women. For example, the aging of a state's program from 0 to 5 years was associated with an increase in the percentage of women receiving mammography from 52.7% to 55.1%. Conclusions Despite efforts to increase screening among low-income uninsured women, their average rates remain below those with higher incomes and/or insurance. However, initiation and maintenance of the states' NBCCEDPs over long periods is associated with increased screening. After accounting for program age, increased federal dollars are associated with slight increases in screening for women aged >65.
Vagueness as probabilistic linguistic knowledge

Consideration of the metalinguistic effects of utterances involving vague terms has led Barker [1] to treat vagueness using a modified Stalnakerian model of assertion. I present a sorites-like puzzle for factual beliefs in the standard Stalnakerian model [28] and show that it can be resolved by enriching the model to make use of probabilistic belief spaces. An analogous problem arises for metalinguistic information in Barker's model, and I suggest that a similar enrichment is needed here as well. The result is a probabilistic theory of linguistic representation that retains a classical metalanguage but avoids the undesirable divorce between meaning and use inherent in the epistemic theory [34]. I also show that the probabilistic approach provides a plausible account of the sorites paradox and higher-order vagueness and that it fares well empirically and conceptually in comparison to leading competitors.
Is Getting an Uber-Lyft from a Sidecar Different from Hailing a Taxi? Current Dynamic Ridesharing Controversy

Ridesharing has a long, storied history, beginning as carsharing clubs during World War II and evolving into the current technologically savvy communities. Ridesharing has traditionally enjoyed the support of public agencies at all levels of government because of the potential gains in congestion relief and environmental sustainability. However, the most recent incarnation of ridesharing, dynamic ridesharing, has the taxi industry and the taxi regulatory agencies crying foul. They allege that dynamic ridesharing companies engage in unfair and deceptive practices, compete unfairly by skirting regulatory requirements, make false representations, and interfere with protected contractual relationships. This paper examines the central question in this controversy, Is dynamic ridesharing just a taxi in ridesharing’s clothing? The examination of ridesharing history and modal characteristics such as service provided, travel patterns and routes, financial compensation, and physical characteristics produces a negat...
Optimal Partitioning for Efficient I/O in Spatial Databases

It is desirable to design partitioning techniques that minimize the I/Oti me incurred during query execution in spatial databases. In this paper, we explore optimal partitioning techniques for spatial data for different types of queries, and develop multi-disk allocation techniques that maximize the degree of I/Opa rallelism obtained during the retrieval. We show that hexagonal partitioning has optimal I/Ocost for circular queries compared to all possible non-overlapping partitioning techniques that use convex regions. For rectangular queries, we show that although for the special case when queries are rectilinear, rectangular grid partitioning gives superior performance, hexagonal partitioning has overall better I/Oc ost for a general class of range queries. We then discuss parallel storage and retrieval techniques for hexagonal partitioning using current techniques for rectangular grid partitioning.
Helicon waves in theory and experiment

Summary form only given, as follows. The use of helicon waves to produce high density plasmas for semiconductor chip fabrication tools is by now well known in that industry. Basic research on helicon discharges in the last ten years has greatly improved our understanding of how these plasma sources work. At high magnetic fields, the wave fields have been carefully measured and found to agree well with the classical theory of helicon waves. The theory has been extended to low magnetic fields by including the coupling to cyclotron waves. Experiments in this range have also been done. The transition to zero magnetic field turns out to be nontrivial and rather interesting; this is a region in which many industrial plasma sources operate. As a result of efforts by several groups, numerical computations that include the effects of damping, plasma inhomogeneity and antenna coupling can now be made on a simple computer. Unfortunately, the very nonuniform magnetic fields in production tools still require extensive modeling. We are now in a position to answer several intriguing questions that have puzzled experimentalists for many years: 1) What is the rf absorption mechanism that makes helicon discharges so efficient? 2) Why is the m=-1 azimuthal mode so much harder to excite than the m=+1 mode? 3) What causes the discontinuous jumps in density as the magnetic field or rf power is increased? 4) What fields are generated under and near the antenna? Experimental and theoretical data that bear on these questions will be shown.
Multiple root solutions, wedge paradoxes and singular stress states that are not variable-separable

The focus of this study is the review of a class of solutions associated with the Williams (ASME J. Appl. Mech., 1952, 19, 526–528) eigenexpansion of the stress state in a composite wedge, that are not variable-separable. These ‘wedge paradox’ solutions, which cannot be expressed as a single function of the radial coordinate multiplied by a single function of the angular coordinate, are readily obtained in this linear analysis by standard mathematical procedures associated with multiple roots from a constant coefficient, linear differential equation. The stress state resulting from these ‘non-separable’ solutions is not self-similar, in that the angular dependence of the stresses is a function of the radial coordinate. Such behavior will complicate both stress analysis, and the application of a linear solution to the failure analysis of an inherently nonlinear problem. In the first part of the paper all appropriate variable-separable solutions of the Airy stress function in polar coordinates are obtained, including four solutions associated with non-separable stresses with terms proportional to r−ωln(r) for ω=0, 1 and 2, as well as the well-known, non-self-similar eigensolution corresponding to complex eigenvalues. In the second part of the paper, non-separable Airy stress solutions are obtained associated with ω=0, 1 and 2, and values of ω that correspond to the transition from real to complex eigenvalues. After providing the form of these non-separable solutions, examples are given that show how frequently they occur, how the solutions are obtained, the behavior of the associated coefficients or stress intensity factors at and near the special circumstances where they occur, and another look at both the concentrated force problem and the Sternberg–Koiter (ASME J. Appl. Mech., 1958, 4, 575–581) problem of a wedge with a concentrated couple. In addition to providing a thorough review of the problem and solution procedure, these linear results are important to consider when solving the related nonlinear problem where standard superposition procedures for multiple roots cannot be applied.
360° subconjunctival silicone oil after unsutured 23-gauge vitrectomy.

Sutureless vitrectomy techniques gained widespread acceptance recently, and their indications have expanded. We describe a case in which silicone oil in an eye leaked out through unsutured sclerotomies and caused widespread conjunctival scarring.
A Novel A/T-Rich Element Mediates ANF Gene Expression During Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy

Abstract Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (1997) 29 , 515–525. The induction of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene during α 1 -adrenergic stimulation of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes has served as a model for gene expression during cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy. This study describes and identifies a single regulatory element that mediates expression of the ANF gene. Deletional mutations were generated in a 639-bp fragment of the ANF promoter that confers α 1 -adrenergic inducibility to a luciferase reporter gene in transient transfection assays in ventricular myocytes. The results of gel mobility shift and diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) interference studies with nuclear cardiac cell extracts identified the nucleotide contract points for a novel A/T-rich element (ANF-AT) at positions −582/−575 that partially mediates α 1 -adrenergic inducibility. Mutations in the ANF-AT element reduced α 1 -adrenergic inducibility of an ANF-TK-luciferase fusion gene in cardiac cells by 35%, but had no effect on expression in other muscle and non-muscle cells tested. Gel mobility supershift assays with antibodies directed against the MEF-2 protein, the homeobox protein MHox, or the zinc finger protein HF-1b, document that these factors are not major components of the endogenous ANF-AT binding activity in cardiac muscle cells. The current study provides evidence for a role for a novel A/T-rich element in the regulation of ANF gene expression in cardiac ventricular myocytes.
Design of CMOS constant switching current flip-flop

A novel flip-flop that has constant switching current profile is proposed. The proposed flip-flop contributes no pattern dependent current consumption compared to a conventional sense amplifier-based flip-flop. It can be useful for supplying noise-sensitive analogue circuits or adopted in smart cards or cryptographic processors, which can secure sensitive data from differential power analysis.
Smart switchable glazing for solar energy and daylight control

The exciting field of chromogenic materials for smart windows and other large-area applications is discussed. A selection of switchable glazing devices that change color electrically are detailed. The types of devices covered are the electrochromic which change color electrically, covering electrochromic, dispersed liquid crystal and dispersed particle glazing that switch under an applied electric field. Device structures and switching characteristics are compared. The status of prototype and commercial devices from commercial and university labs through out the world are covered. A discussion of the future of this technology is made including areas of necessary development for the realization of large area glazing in excess of 1m2.
Teacher assignment, hiring, and preparation: Minority teachers in New York City

This article examines issues related to minority teachers in New York City. Although increasing proportions of teachers hired in the last decade are black, Hispanic, or Asian, the gap between proportions of pupils and teachers remains due to increases in minority pupils. There are strong correlations between proportions of teachers and pupils in districts within racial and ethnic groups. The converse is also true; there are strong negative correlations between black and Hispanic teachers, for example, and percent of white and Asian pupils. Districts with larger proportions of minority pupils tend to have more “emergency” new teachers, fewer fully certified teachers, and fewer experienced teachers. Only 58% of the new black or Hispanic teachers, compared with 82% of white teachers, indicated they intend to remain in teaching after five years. Interviews with personnel directors suggest there are no systematic constraints on selection processes. New minority teachers queried about their job-search practices suggest somewhat more frustration with the process and less use of local leads than white teachers. Together these data suggest that the ability to increase the number of minority teachers is a more complex problem than recruitment and training. Moreover, minority pupils do not appear to have equal access to experienced and fully qualified teachers.
A cellular automaton method to simulate the microstructure and evolution of low-enriched uranium (LEU) U–Mo/Al dispersion type fuel plates

Abstract Low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel plates for high power materials test reactors (MTR) are composed of nominally spherical uranium–molybdenum (U–Mo) particles within an aluminum matrix. Fresh U–Mo particles typically range between 10 and 100 μm in diameter, with particle volume fractions up to 50%. As the fuel ages, reaction–diffusion processes cause the formation and growth of interaction layers that surround the fuel particles. The growth rate depends upon the temperature and radiation environment. The cellular automaton algorithm described in this paper can synthesize realistic random fuel-particle structures and simulate the growth of the intermetallic interaction layers. Examples in the present paper pack approximately 1000 particles into three-dimensional rectangular fuel structures that are approximately 1 mm on each side. The computational approach is designed to yield synthetic microstructures consistent with images from actual fuel plates and is validated by comparison with empirical data on actual fuel plates.
Determination of Macromolecular Folding and Structure by Synchrotron X-Ray Radiolysis Techniques

Radiolysis of water by synchrotron X-rays generates oxygen-containing radicals that undergo reactions with solvent accessible sites of macromolecules inducing stable covalent modifications or cleavage on millisecond time scales. The extent and site of these reactions are determined by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. These data are used to construct a high-resolution map of solvent accessibility at individual reactive sites. The experiments can be performed in a time-resolved manner to provide kinetic rate constants for dynamic events occurring at individual sites within macromolecules or can provide equilibrium parameters of binding and thermodynamics of folding processes. The application of this synchrotron radiolysis technique to the study of lysozyme protein structure and the equilibrium urea induced unfolding of apomyoglobin are described. The Mg2+-induced folding of Tetrahymena thermophila group I ribozyme shows the capability of the method to study kinetics of folding.
Modes of Tropical Variability under Convective Adjustment and the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Part II: Numerical Results

Abstract Convective interaction with dynamics (CID) dictates the structure and behavior of the eigenmodes of the tropical atmosphere under moist convective adjustment (MCA) when the convective adjustment time scale, τc, is much smaller than dynamical time scales, as examined analytically in Part I. Here, the modes are reexamined numerically to include the effects of finite τc, again for a primitive equation model with the Betts-Miller MCA parameterization. The numerical results at planetary scales are consistent with the analytical approach, with two well-separated classes of vertical modes: one subset evolves at the cumulus time scale, while the other subset evolves at a time scale set by the large-scale dynamics. All modes are stable for homogeneous basic states in the presence of simple mechanical damping effects. Thus, there is no CISK at any scale under MCA. However, the finite τc effect has the property of selectively damping the smallest scales while certain vertical modes at planetary scales decay...
Extreme-value statistics for laser speckle patterns observed through finite-size scanning apertures

Extreme-value statistics of the maximum intensity of a laser speckle pattern observed through a finite-size scanning aperture are evaluated. It is shown that, in most circumstances, a recording medium able to record intensities some 3–5 times the average extreme-value intensity should be adequate for recording all measurements.
tRNA as an active chemical scaffold for diverse chemical transformations

During protein synthesis, tRNA serves as the intermediary between cognate amino acids and their corresponding RNA trinucleotide codons. Aminoacyl-tRNA is also a biosynthetic precursor and amino acid donor for other macromolecules. AA-tRNAs allow transformations of acidic amino acids into their amide-containing counterparts, and seryl-tRNASer donates serine for antibiotic synthesis. Aminoacyl-tRNA is also used to cross-link peptidoglycan, to lysinylate the lipid bilayer, and to allow proteolytic turnover via the N-end rule. These alternative functions may signal the use of RNA in early evolution as both a biological scaffold and a catalyst to achieve a wide variety of chemical transformations.
Excluded-volume effects on the stacking of RNA base pairs.

We validate the implementation of a path-integral formalism to compute the thermodynamics of stacking of RNA base pairs, restricting the analysis to intramolecular interactions. We estimate the effective contact volume, an empirical parameter that determines the excluded-volume effects. This is done by comparing the analytical result with the energetics of duplex growth that takes place after a loop closure or nucleation event. As an illustrative example, the derivation is specialized to the polymer (CG${)}_{\mathit{n}}$, n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} (C denotes cytosine, G denotes guanosine) in the limit of infinitely long tails.
Elastoplastic notch root strains - Measurements versus finite-element predictions

A study intended to experimentally and computationally probe the nature of the elastoplastic strain fields created by notches with various levels of constraint is presented. An interferometric strain/displacement gage is used to measure both the axial and lateral strain at the center of a machined and polished notch. The monotonic response of various notches is determined using 3D finite-element calculations.
Secretomic and proteomic analysis of potential breast cancer markers by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis.

The transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell has been correlated with alterations in gene regulation and protein expression. To identify altered proteins and link them to the tumorigenesis of breast cancer, we have distinguished normal breast cells (MCF-10A) from noninvasive breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and invasive breast cancer cells (MB-MDA-231) to identify potential breast cancer markers in transformed breast cells. Using the 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF MS techniques, we quantified and identified differentially expressed extracellular secreted proteins and total cellular proteins across MCF7, MB-MDA-231 and MCF-10A. The proteomic analysis of the secreted proteins identified 50 unique differentially expressed proteins from three different media. In addition, 133 unique differentially expressed proteins from total cellular proteins were also identified. Note that 14 of the secreted proteins and 51 of the total cellular proteins have not been previously reported in breast cancer research. Some of these unreported proteins have been examined in other breast cancer cell lines and have shown positive correlations with 2D-DIGE data. In summary, this study identifies numerous putative breast cancer markers from various stages of breast cancer. The results of this study may aid in developing proteins identified as useful diagnostic and therapeutic candidates in research on cancer and proteomics.
Wear-induced changes in the Raman, infrared, and fluorescence spectra of silicon nitride surfaces

Commercial α-silicon nitride plates and balls used in simulated sliding bearing tests were found to fluoresce under 514.5-nm argon-ion laser excitation after heating to above 350 °C in a stream of argon. Wear track areas fluoresced much more intensely than their surroundings. When small concentrations of ethylene or other carbonaceous gas were added to the argon stream, carbonaceous deposits formed primarily in the wear track in amounts roughly paralleling the fluorescence intensity. Some of the deposits were lubricating carbon and some nonlubricating silicon oxycarbide. Continuous high-temperature lubrication was possible by balancing deposit removal by wear with surface-chemical deposit formation rates. Raman, infrared, fluorescence, and other spectroscopies helped explain the process. Defect energy states within the large silicon nitride energy gap and dangling bonds appear to play a role.
Comparison of twitch force and calcium handling in papillary muscles from right ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy in weanling and juvenile ferrets.

Objective: The aim was to compare differences in peak twitch force occurring despite similar degrees of right ventricular hypertrophy in ferrets with pulmonary artery banding at either weanling or juvenile age. Methods: After inducing pressure overload hypertrophy by banding the pulmonary artery of weanling and juvenile age ferrets, mechanical function (that is, isometric twitch force and passive stiffness), intracellular [Ca2+] using the calcium indicator aequorin, markers of myocardial energy supply, and quantified connective tissue content were studied. Results: It was previously found that there was a reduced peak isometric twitch force despite normal [Ca2+]i in juvenile banded ferrets age 10–12 weeks with right ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy (POHj). In the present study we report findings in banded weanling ferrets (POHw) age 7 weeks. POHw animals showed a similar degree of hypertrophy to that found in the POHj. However, there was a greater peak twitch force in hypertrophied muscles at higher [Ca2+]o. There was no difference in peak [Ca2+]i: −3.1(SEM 0.1) v −3.1(0.3) (log fractional luminescence) at 16 mM [Ca2+]o for control and POHw, respectively. Connective tissue content for control animals was 10(1)% versus 10(2)% in POHw. Despite a lack of quantitative change in connective tissue content or resting [Ca2+]i in POHw, passive stiffness in papillary muscles was increased. Retrospective analysis of tissue from POHj revealed a connective tissue content of 24(6.8)% (P ⪡ 0.001). Thus the decreased peak twitch force reported in POHj might in part be due to an increase in fibrous connective tissue. In this study, lactate dehydrogenase was significantly higher (38%) in POHw animals. In contradistinction, total creatine kinase activity and total creatine content were significantly less (22%) in hearts from POHj animals, indicating differences in myocyte remodelling despite similar degrees and durations of hypertrophy. Conclusions: Comparison of POHw and POHj showed that, when there is restructuring of the extracellular space in terms of increased fibrosis, there is also molecular remodelling in the myocyte, as demonstrated by a decrease in the creatine kinase system.
TIMBER MARKETS AND FUEL TREATMENTS IN THE WESTERN U.S.

We developed a model of interrelated timber markets in the U.S. West to assess the impacts of large-scale fuel reduction programs on these markets, and concomitant effects of the market on the fuel reduction programs. The linear programming spatial equilibrium model allows inter- state and international trade with western Canada and the rest of the world, while accounting for price effects of intro- ducing softwood logs to the market. The model maximizes area treated, given fire regime-condition class priorities, max- imum increases in softwood processing capacity, maximum rates of annual treatments, prohibitions on exports of U.S. and Canadian softwood logs from public lands and a fixed annual treatment budget. Results show that the loss to U.S. private timber producers is less than the gains for timber consumers (mills). Effects on Canadian private producers and Canadian timber consumers depend on wildland-urban interface con- straints and condition class treatment priorities. States re- ceiving the greatest amount of treatments include California, Oregon, Washington and New Mexico, due to their concen- tration of stands with relatively low treatment costs.
Fish assemblage shifts and species declines in Alabama, USA streams

Abstract – Recognition of faunal changes requires long-term monitoring, which is lacking for all but a very few streams. Fish surveys are often focused on single, often imperiled, species. While such studies meet the goals of monitoring single species, assemblage-based data are required for detection of assemblage change and declines in common species, and yet these studies are relatively rare. Assemblage-based data may be important in identifying potential ecosystem problems before the loss of ecosystem function that results from catastrophic biodiversity decline. In 2005–2006, we sampled fishes in three streams in the Chattahoochee River drainage, Alabama in order to assess fish assemblage persistence and individual species declines. To achieve these comparisons we used historic data from two time periods, 1970s and 1995. Although comparisons to historical collections were used conservatively, we found dramatic assemblage shifts over time, even using conservative metrics. Examination of individual species persistence over time in these watersheds uncovered species losses at both the site and stream scale. Metrics of similarity, persistence, and Spearman’s rank correlation indicated low similarity of fish assemblages and high species turnover over time. Specifically, cyprinid species have been lost and have been replaced with more cosmopolitan species. Comparison of three time periods allowed the estimation of when assemblages changed through time. Changes in land use, increases in the human population and less overall water availability may be agents of habitat degradation partially responsible for fish faunal changes.
Corn volatiles as attractants for northern and western corn rootworm beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae:Diabrotica spp.).

Synthetic corn volatiles and selected analogs were tested in commercial corn fields for attractiveness to feral northern (NCR,Diabrotica barberi) and western corn rootworm beetles (WCR,D. virgifera virgifera). Two new attractants, geranylacetone and α-terpineol, were identified among corn terpenes and compared at four stages in crop development with the phenylpropanoid standards cinnamyl alcohol and 4-methoxy-cinnamaldehyde, with each component at 30 mg/trap. Dose-response relationships (0.1–100 mg/trap) and efficacy of two-component blends (30 mg/component) were also examined. More beetles were captured on traps baited with (+)- than (−)-α-terpineol, but the difference was statistically significant only for WCR. Captures with geranylacetone or (+)-α-terpineol were directly proportional to the logarithm of the attractant dose. WCR females were attracted to as little as 0.1 mg of either compound. WCR males required ≥ 1.0 mg of (+)-α-terpineol and were not attracted to geranylacetone at any dose. NCR required ≥0.3 mg of either attractant and showed less marked response differences between the sexes than did WCR. Geranylacetone and cinnamyl alcohol were equally effective attractants, whereas (+)-α-terpineol was significantly less attractive to WCR but more attractive to NCR than was 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde. Corn terpenes and phenylpropanoid standards produced similar seasonal response patterns in that captures tended to rise in each case as the season progressed, except during silking when no compound was attractive. Mixing corn terpenes or phenylpropanoid standards synergized responses of WCR females, but (+)-α-terpineol suppressed attraction of NCR females to geranylacetone.
Doping density striation effects in studies of the metal-nonmetal transition in heavily doped semiconductors

Abstract Significant oscillatory doping density inhomogeneities - striations - are reportedly a commonplace phenomenon in germanium and silicon crystals. Schottky barrier tunneling data on heavily doped and irradiation compensated silicon are presented which are consistent with the presence of such striations. The need for considering striations in studies of the metal-nonmetal transition is emphasized.
Modeling energy consumption and CO2 emissions at the urban scale: Methodological challenges and insights from the United States

Abstract Local policy makers could benefit from a national, high-resolution inventory of energy consumption and related carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions based on the Vulcan data product, which plots emissions on a 100 km 2 grid. We evaluate the ability of Vulcan to measure energy consumption in urban areas, a scale of analysis required to support goals established as part of local energy, climate or sustainability initiatives. We highlight the methodological challenges of this type of analytical exercise and review alternative approaches. We find that between 37% and 86% of direct fuel consumption in buildings and industry and between 37% and 77% of on-road gasoline and diesel consumption occurs in urban areas, depending on how these areas are defined. We suggest that a county-based definition of urban is preferable to other common definitions since counties are the smallest political unit for which energy data are collected. Urban counties, account for 37% of direct energy consumption, or 50% if mixed urban counties are included. A county-based definition can also improve estimates of per-capita consumption.
The Initiation of Epigenetic Silencing of Active Transposable Elements Is Triggered by RDR6 and 21-22 Nucleotide Small Interfering RNAs

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile fragments of DNA that are repressed in both plant and animal genomes through the epigenetic inheritance of repressed chromatin and expression states. The epigenetic silencing of TEs in plants is mediated by a process of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Two pathways of RdDM have been identified: RNA Polymerase IV (Pol IV)-RdDM, which has been shown to be responsible for the de novo initiation, corrective reestablishment, and epigenetic maintenance of TE and/or transgene silencing; and RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase6 (RDR6)-RdDM, which was recently identified as necessary for maintaining repression for a few TEs. We have further characterized RDR6-RdDM using a genome-wide search to identify TEs that generate RDR6-dependent small interfering RNAs. We have determined that TEs only produce RDR6-dependent small interfering RNAs when transcriptionally active, and we have experimentally identified two TE subfamilies as direct targets of RDR6-RdDM. We used these TEs to test the function of RDR6-RdDM in assays for the de novo initiation, corrective reestablishment, and maintenance of TE silencing. We found that RDR6-RdDM plays no role in maintaining TE silencing. Rather, we found that RDR6 and Pol IV are two independent entry points into RdDM and epigenetic silencing that perform distinct functions in the silencing of TEs: Pol IV-RdDM functions to maintain TE silencing and to initiate silencing in an RNA Polymerase II expression-independent manner, while RDR6-RdDM functions to recognize active Polymerase II-derived TE mRNA transcripts to both trigger and correctively reestablish TE methylation and epigenetic silencing.
SIMULATING ENHANCED MESHES, WITH APPLICATIONS

The purpose of this paper is to present non-trivial lower bounds for two classes of enhanced meshes. To achieve this goal we present efficient simulations of these two classes of enhanced meshes on the CREW-PRAM and Common-CRCW. From this, known computational lower bounds for the PRAM are transferred to the enhanced meshes. Our approach of transferring lower bounds from the PRAM to enhanced meshes is novel. Specifically, we show that any computation that takes O(t(n)) steps on an n-processor mesh with multiple broadcasting can be performed in O(t(n)) steps on an n-processor CREW-PRAM with O(n) extra memory. Similarly, with α standing for the inverse Ackermann function, we show that any computation that takes O(t(n)) computational steps on an n-processor basic reconfigurable mesh can be performed in O(α(n)t(n)) computational steps on an n-processor Common-CRCW with O(n) extra memory. We also show that some of the lower bounds that we derive are tight by providing matching upper bounds; as an example, we sh...
Iron and Cobalt Oxide and Metallic Nanoparticles Prepared from Ferritin

Metallic Fe and Co and Fe- and Co-based oxide nanoparticles were prepared by a novel method utilizing the biologically relevant protein ferritin. In particular, iron and cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoparticles were assembled within horse spleen and Listeria innocua derived ferritin, respectively, in the aqueous phase. Ferritin containing either Fe or Co oxide was transferred and dried on a SiO2 support where the protein shell was removed during exposure to a highly oxidizing environment. It was also shown that the metal oxide particles could be reduced to the respective metal by heating in hydrogen. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the composition of the particles and atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the size of the nanoparticles. Depending on the Fe or Co loading and/or type of ferritin used, metallic and oxide nanoparticles could be produced within a range of 20-60 A.
Measurement of the acoustic properties of a nerve-muscle preparation as a function of physiologic state.

Abstract Nerve-muscle preparations of Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to low dosage ultrasound. The objectives were to measure the velocity of propagation and attenuation of ultrasonic energy in both the relaxed and contracted states. A tension-measuring system and associated ultrasonic instrumentation were designed to measure the tension developed in stimulated muscle and its corresponding acoustic parameters, ie the attenuation coefficient, α (db cm -1 ) and the velocity of propagation, c (ms -1 ). Each test was performed at ultrasonic frequencies 3.1, 5.35, and 7.68 MHz and with the preparation maintained at 23 ± 0.5° C. Attenuation of ultrasonic energy was observed to increase by 10 ± 0.5% in the active state from its value in the relaxed state. The relation between the attenuation and the acoustic frequency was found to be approximately linear over the frequency range tested. The velocity of propagation in the active state did not change appreciably from its value in the relaxed state and was observed to be independent of the acoustic frequency in the range used.
Two Threats to the Common Good: Self-Interested Egoism and Empathy-Induced Altruism

In each of two experiments, some participants chose between allocation of resources to the group as a whole or to themselves alone (egoism condition); some chose between allocation to a group or to a group member for whom they were induced to feel empathy (altruism condition); and some chose between allocation to a group or to a member for whom empathy was not induced (baseline condition). When the decision was private, allocation to the group was significantly - and similarly - lower in the egoism and altruism conditions compared to the baseline. When the decision was public, allocation to the group was significantly lower only in the altruism condition. These results indicated, first, that both egoism and altruism can be potent threats to the common good and, second, that anticipated social evaluation is a powerful inhibitor of the egoistic but not the altruistic threat.
The impact of induced stress upon selective attention in multiple object tracking.

The ability to filter distracting information and selectively attend to relevant information is critical to effective performance on the battlefield. In addition to the cognitive processing burden ...