cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Management of Traumatic Aortic Tear in the Multiply-Injured Patient

Patients with traumatic aortic tears and severe life-threatening associated injuries require early and expeditious evaluation and treatment in order to improve survival. Diagnostic and treatment priorities, however, are not clearly established in this subset of patients. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to help identify successful diagnostic and treatment priorities in this group of patients. Between 1979–1989 the medical records of all patients sustaining blunt chest trauma resulting in a traumatic aortic tear were reviewed. There were 11 patients with multiple injuries and this diagnosis was treated at Boston University Medical Center. Five patients had diagnostic peritoneal lavage or an exploratory laparotomy prior to a thoracotomy. Four patients had only a thoracotomy. Two patients in this series had a thoracotomy prior to treatment of suspected intraabdominal injuries. One of these two patients died. Our overall survival rate was 82%. This series suggests that the management sequence in patients with coexistent injuries should include treatment of severe associated injuries prior to treatment of the aortic injury and that initial treatment of traumatic aortic tears is appropriate if there is no evidence of severe life-threatening trauma.
Clustering Phenomena in the Nuclear Many-Body System

Fragmentary evidence for nuclear clustering phenomena has been found throughout the periodic table, from helium to uranium and from quarks to transient supernuclei. But we still face more questions than answers; the field is a dynamic and promising one. We understand the origin of alpha particle clustering in light nuclei and there is growing evidence for a new dipole collectivity in nuclei closely related to such clustering near closed shells; but we do not understand helion or triton clustering or indeed whether it even exists. We do not know to what excitations or to what angular momenta clustering persists even in the most carefully studied cases.
Model reductions with special CSP data

The model reduction methodology of computational singular perturbation (CSP) is enhanced for chemical kinetics problems. The leading order converged CSP-refined fast basis vectors are obtained analytically by exploiting the special format of the given reaction-specific chemical kinetics data. The leading order net reaction rates of the fast reactions (after they are exhausted) are also obtained analytically. Taking advantage of these leading order analytical results, a new model reduction strategy is advocated. The implementation of this new strategy is very straightforward, and extraction of general insights on the reaction system is also easier.
Using built-in self-test and adaptive recovery for defect tolerance in molecular electronics-based nanofabrics

We propose a built-in self-test (BIST) procedure for nanofabrics implemented using chemically-assembled electronic nanotechnology. Several fault detection configurations are presented to target stuck-at faults, shorts, opens, and connection faults in nanoblocks and switchblocks. We also present an adaptive recovery procedure through which we can identify defect-free nanoblocks and switchblocks in the nanofabric-under-test. The proposed BIST, recovery, and defect tolerance procedures are based on the reconfiguration of the nanofabric to achieve complete fault coverage for different types of faults. We show that a large fraction of defect-free blocks can be recovered using a small number of BIST configurations. We also present simple bounds on the recovery that can be achieved for a given defect density. Simulation results are presented for various nanofabric sizes, different defect densities, and for random and clustered defects. The proposed BIST procedure is well suited for regular and dense architectures that have high defect densities
Recurrent Selection on the Winters Sex-ratio Genes in Drosophila Simulans

Selfish genes, such as meiotic drive elements, propagate themselves through a population without increasing the fitness of host organisms. X-linked (or Y-linked) meiotic drive elements reduce the transmission of the Y (X) chromosome and skew progeny and population sex ratios, leading to intense conflict among genomic compartments. Drosophila simulans is unusual in having a least three distinct systems of X chromosome meiotic drive. Here, we characterize naturally occurring genetic variation at the Winters sex-ratio driver (Distorter on the X or Dox), its progenitor gene (Mother of Dox or MDox), and its suppressor gene (Not Much Yang or Nmy), which have been previously mapped and characterized. We survey three North American populations as well as 13 globally distributed strains and present molecular polymorphism data at the three loci. We find that all three genes show signatures of selection in North America, judging from levels of polymorphism and skews in the site-frequency spectrum. These signatures likely result from the biased transmission of the driver and selection on the suppressor for the maintenance of equal sex ratios. Coalescent modeling indicates that the timing of selection is more recent than the age of the alleles, suggesting that the driver and suppressor are coevolving under an evolutionary “arms race.” None of the Winters sex-ratio genes are fixed in D. simulans, and at all loci we find ancestral alleles, which lack the gene insertions and exhibit high levels of nucleotide polymorphism compared to the derived alleles. In addition, we find several “null” alleles that have mutations on the derived Dox background, which result in loss of drive function. We discuss the possible causes of the maintenance of presence–absence polymorphism in the Winters sex-ratio genes.
Liberty and Death: The French Revolution

This article explores recent developments in scholarship on the French Revolution and new strategies for teaching about it as a cauldron of both rights and violence. Historians have increasingly moved beyond the schools of Marxism, “revisionism,” and “political culture” that dominated earlier interpretations. Although individual approaches differ radically, they reveal several general trends. Scholars are rethinking the narrative of the Revolution, emphasizing unexpected turning points and previously neglected periods. Many insist that revolutionary politics and culture were always multi-vocal, even during the most repressive moments. Historians have also turned towards apparently marginal groups and actors, attempting to assess not only how the Revolution affected them, but also how their stories affect our understanding of the dynamics of historical change. These trends are intensified, and to some extent, challenged, by attempts to situate the French Revolution within comparative history.
Principles, feelings and reality:

Two of Susan Moller Okin’s articles are discussed:‘Reason and feeling in thinking about justice’, Ethics 99(2), 1989: 229-49 and ‘Mistresses of their own destiny: group rights, gender, and realistic rights of exit’, Ethics 112(2), 2002: 205-30. Her argument on the foundation necessary for Rawls’s original position is accepted and extended. Her argument on the handling of illiberal groups in a liberal society is largely accepted, but a question is raised on how to address First Amendment precedents.
Transanal anorectal stricturoplasty using the Heineke-Mikulicz principle: a novel technique.

Aim Current surgical options for the treatment of rectal stricture are either technically difficult or result in a high rate of recurrence. We describe the results of a simple and potentially effective technique of transanal stricturoplasty using the Heineke–Mikulicz principle. Method The medical records and a prospectively maintained database of patients with rectal stricture were searched. Those who underwent transanal stricturoplasty for an anorectal stricture from 2007 to 2013 were studied retrospectively. Morbidity, length of hospital stay and the rates of success and recurrence were recorded. Results Fifteen patients with a symptomatic rectal stricture who failed dilatation underwent transanal stricturoplasty. The types of stricture included strictures in Crohn's disease (n = 7) and anastomotic stricture after stapled ileoanal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis (n = 4), after stapled hemorrhoidopexy (n = 3) and after low anterior resection for rectal cancer (n =1). The median (range) distance of the stricture from the dentate line was 4 (0–6) cm. Recurrence of symptoms after anal dilatation occurred at a median of 3 (1–4) weeks. The median follow up after transanal stricturoplasty was 21 (6–88) months. Two patients had symptomatic recurrence at 12 months and both underwent a repeat transanal stricturoplasty, resulting in persistent patency of the strictured area at the time of the last follow up, 10 and 26 months, respectively, after repeat transanal stricturoplasty. The remaining 13 had a satisfactory result. Conclusion Despite the retrospective nature of this report and the small sample size and short follow up, the results strongly suggest that transanal Heineke–Mikulicz-type stricturoplasty is a promising treatment for this important condition. This operation is easy to perform and may result in success.
Consistent Crime Control Philosophy and Policy: A Theoretical Analysis

The primary objectives of this analysis are to: articulate clearly the central premises of each of the theories of punishment (retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation) and, to explore the policy implications that flow from each of the justifications. The differences among the theoretical justifications of punishment range from obvious to extremely subtle. This analysis clearly delineates the differing premises of the theories that underlie criminal justice. Attention then turns to the policies that would be pursued if any one of the justifications of punishment were used as the primary basis of the criminal justice system. The major conclusion is that the poli cies derived from the competing theories lead in divergent and often contradictory directions. Finally, bureaucratic accommodations such as plea bargaining are explored in terms of their relationship to the theories of punishment. It is contended that plea bargaining and failure to prosecute multiple charges tend to run counter t...
The Glycine-Glomus-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. IX. Nutritional, morphological and physiological responses of nodulated soybean to geographic isolates of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae,

Bethlenfalvay, G. J., Franson, R. L., Brown, M. S. and Mihara. K. L. 1989. The Glycirte-Glorrtus-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. IX. Nutritional, morphological and physiological responses of nodulated soybean to geographic isolates of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. - Physiol. Plant. 76: 226-232. The objective of the work was to determine differences in plant response to geographic isolates of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus, and to demonstrate the need for such determinations in the selection of desirable host-endophyte combinations for practical applications. Soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants were inoculated with Bradyrhizoblum japonlcum and isolates of the VAM-fungal morphospecies Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe, collected from an arid (AR), semiarid (SA) or mesic (ME) area. Inoculum potentials of the VAMfungal isolates were determined and the inocula equalized, achieving the same level of root colonization (41%, /'>0.05) at harvest (50 days). Plants of the three VAM treatments (AR, SA and ME) were evaluated against nonVAM controls. Significant differences in plant response to colonization were found in dry mass, leaf K, N and P concentrations, and in root/shoot, nodule/root, root length/leaf area and root length/ root mass ratios. The differences were most pronounced and consistent between the AR and all other treatments. Photosynthesis and nodule activity were higher (P<0.05) in all VAM treatments, but only the AR plants had higher (P<0.05) photosynthetic water-use efficiency than the controls. Nodule activity, evaluated by HT evolution and CjH, reduction, differed significantly between treatments. The results are discussed in terms of nutritional and non-nutritional effects of VAM colonization on the development and physiology of the tripartite soybean association in the light of intraspecific variability within the fungal endophyte.
Are knee mechanics during early stance related to tibial stress fracture in runners

Abstract Background Tibial stress fractures are a serious overuse injury in runners. Greater vertical loading rates and tibial shock have been found in runners with previous tibial stress fracture compared to controls. The timing of these variables occurs very early in the stance phase and suggests that conditions shortly after footstrike may be important in determining injury risk. The purpose of this study was to further investigate lower extremity mechanics in early stance in runners with a history of tibial stress fracture. In addition, the relationships between these variables were explored. Methods Twenty-three runners with a history of tibial stress fracture were investigated. They were compared with 23 age and mileage matched control subjects with no previous lower extremity bony injuries. Data were collected as subjects ran at 3.7 m/s. All variables of interest were computed over the period from footstrike to the impact peak of the vertical ground reaction force. Independent t -tests and effect sizes were used to assess the differences between the groups. Pearson Product Moment correlations were used to determine whether initial stance variables were related to tibial shock in the two groups. Findings Sagittal plane knee stiffness was significantly greater in the tibial stress fracture group. Stiffness was also positively correlated with shock. Knee excursion, knee angle at footstrike and shank angle at footstrike were not different between groups. Interpretation These findings provide further support for the relationship between mechanics during initial loading and tibial stress fractures in runners. This relationship may be important in terms of retraining gait to reduce the risk of stress fracture in runners.
A high performance position tracker for embedded paging, cellular telephone, and law enforcement applications

A highly compact and secure municipal area personnel tracking device is described. Position updates to a nominal accuracy of 20 meters for up to 1000 active users are required. Coverage over paging and cellular phone service areas, including most interior office space, is provided. The system is protected from unauthorized position monitoring and from jamming. Dependent tracking and independent tracking are considered. The selected tracking system uses a user beacon operating in the 900 MHz range, the signal emitted by each user consisting of 0.1-s bursts sent every 100 s. A time-bandwidth of 100000 is utilized to overcome high link attenuations and interference. To meet spoof and position-denial requirements, one-time bursts are used in each time slot. A custom all-digital signal correlation system was developed to meet the high processing gain and programmability requirements of master and remote monitor sites. Acquisition times are reduced by transmit time and time interval synchronization obtained over the existing paging or cellular-phone receive link. >
Heme oxygenase-1 is a cGMP-inducible endothelial protein and mediates the cytoprotective action of nitric oxide.

Abstract —Inducible heme oxygenase (HO-1) has recently been recognized as an antioxidant and cytoprotective gene. By use of Western blotting, cell viability analysis, and antisense technique, the present study investigates the involvement of HO-1 in endothelial protection induced by the clinically used nitric oxide (NO) donor molsidomine (specifically, its active metabolite 3-morpholinosydnonimine [SIN-1]) and the second messenger cGMP. In bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, SIN-1 and S -nitroso- N -acetyl-d,l-penicillamine (SNAP) at 1 to 100 μmol/L induced the synthesis of HO-1 protein in a concentration-dependent fashion up to 3-fold over basal levels. HO-1 induction by SIN-1 was inhibited in the presence of the NO scavenger phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide and the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3- a ]quinoxalin-1-one. 8-Bromo-cGMP (1 to 100 μmol/L) and dibutyryl cGMP (1 to 100 μmol/L) as well as the activator of particulate guanylyl cyclase atrial natriuretic peptide (1 to 100 nmol/L) produced increases in HO-1 protein similar to those produced by SIN-1. SIN-1 and 8-bromo-cGMP increased heme oxygenase activity (bilirubin formation). Cytoprotection by NO donors was abrogated in the presence of the heme oxygenase inhibitor tin protoporphyrin IX. Pretreatment of cells with a phosphorothioate-linked HO-1 antisense oligonucleotide prevented protection by SIN-1 or 8-bromo-cGMP against tumor necrosis factor-α cytotoxicity, whereas sense and scrambled HO-1 were without effect under these conditions. Our results show for the first time that HO-1 is a cGMP-sensitive endothelial gene and establish conclusively a causal relationship between HO-1 induction and endothelial protection by the NO/cGMP system. By targeting cytoprotective HO-1, NO donors may therefore be expected to induce antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Where Art Thou, Adam Smith?

The early years of the twenty-first century have not been good for global capitalism. An international credit crisis and a widespread recession, with all of their attendant anxieties and miseries, have unsurprisingly shaken public support for free-market processes—especially within many of capitalism's traditional strongholds. As a colorful token of this lost faith, The Socialist Economic Bulletin, published by London's leftist former mayor Ken Livingstone, reported in 2010 a “tenfold increase” in sales of Karl Marx's Das Kapital in Germany from the year prior. Meanwhile, from the other end of the ideological spectrum, in 2011 The Economist reported that public support for free-market economics actually fared relatively well in Marx's native Germany, where it drew the highest level of support among the 25 national populations surveyed (just edging out nominally communist China). Indeed, support in both Germany and China was strong compared to capitalism's depressed standing in the United States. The percentage of American respondents willing to give at least qualified assent (i.e., to choose “somewhat agree” or better) to the claim that it is the “best” economic system fell from a leading 80% early in the millennium to just 59% by 2010.
Severe Hypothyroidism Presenting as Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A 5-year-old child with Down syndrome (DS) diagnosed with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and subsequently found to have severe hypothyroidism is presented. Following 3 months of treatment with levothyroxine, she had full resolution of her OSA. This case underscores the importance of routine thyroid function screening in children with DS and demonstrates that OSA in children with DS can be caused by other underlying medical issues that themselves require therapy, such as the hypothyroidism in this child. Although empiric testing of thyroid function is not recommended as part of the routine workup of patients with OSA, when caring for children at higher risk for thyroid dysfunction, such as those with DS, it is important to establish whether or not it is present, as treating it may bring about partial or full resolution of the OSA, as was shown to occur in this patient.
The impact of cultural values on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in self-managing work teams: The mediating role of employee resistance.

Using a field survey of 461 self-managing work team members in four countries, we examined: (1) whether employee resistance to such teams mediated the relationships between employee cultural values and job attitudes and (2) whether the value-resistance relationships were stronger in some countries than in others. Results show that resistance mediated the cultural value-job attitude relationships, sometimes fully and sometimes partially, depending on which type of resistance (to teams or to self-management) and which type of cultural value was being examined. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Power Shifts Track Serial Position and Modulate Encoding in Human Episodic Memory

The first events in a series exert a powerful influence on cognition and behavior in both humans and animals. This is known as the law of primacy. Here, we analyze the neural correlates of primacy in humans by analyzing electrocorticographic recordings in 84 neurosurgical patients as they studied and subsequently recalled lists of common words. We found that spectral power in the gamma frequency band (28–100 Hz) was elevated at the start of the list and gradually subsided, whereas lower frequency (2–8 Hz) delta and theta band power exhibited the opposite trend. This gradual shift in the power spectrum was found across a widespread network of brain regions. The degree to which the subsequent memory effect was modulated by list (serial) position was most pronounced in medial temporal lobe structures. These results suggest that globally increased gamma and decreased delta–theta spectral powers reflect a brain state that predisposes medial temporal lobe structures to enhance the encoding and maintenance of early list items.
First-principles study of As interstitials in GaAs: Convergence, relaxation, and formation energy

Convergence of density-functional supercell calculations for defect formation energies, charge transition levels, localized defect state properties, and defect atomic structure and relaxation is investigated using the arsenic split interstitial in GaAs as an example. Supercells containing up to 217 atoms and a variety of $\mathbf{k}$-space sampling schemes are considered. It is shown that a good description of the localized defect state dispersion and charge state transition levels requires at least a 217-atom supercell, although the defect structure and atomic relaxations can be well converged in a 65-atom cell. Formation energies are calculated for the As split interstitial, Ga vacancy, and As antisite defects in GaAs, taking into account the dependence upon chemical potential and Fermi energy. It is found that equilibrium concentrations of As interstitials will be much lower than equilibrium concentrations of As antisites in As-rich, n-type, or semi-insulating GaAs.
Development of an integrated multi-grid 3D FDTD and finite-difference heat transfer code to simulate microwave drying in multimode cavities

In this paper, we describe the development of a unified code for simulating microwave processing of materials in multimode cavities. The integrated codes include a multi-grid 3D FDTD code and a finite difference heat transfer program. The code was used to simulate various feed options for the microwave cavity to help control and improve the uniformity of heating. The heat transfer code together with knowledge of the dielectric properties of materials as a function of temperature, which is also measured in our laboratory, provide significant information that help design controlled and high-yield microwave drying processes. Simulation results from both the multi-grid FDTD and the heat transfer codes are described, and suggestions for optimizing the drying uniformity discussed.
First Report of Organophosphate-resistant Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) within the United States

Abstract Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), collected from Starr County, Texas, were determined to be resistant to the organophosphorus acaricides coumaphos and diazinon. Initial bioassay results from wild-collected ticks produced a probit regression slope (SE) of 3.96 (0.22), which was different from that obtained from a susceptible reference population 6.97 (0.38). Resistance ratios (RRs) (95% CI) indicated that the population was resistant to coumaphos 3.6 (3.4–3.8), 5.0 (4.5–5.5), and 6.5 (5.4–7.7) at the LC50,90,99, respectively. A second collection of wild ticks made 12 d after all cattle in the infested pasture were treated with coumaphos produced a slope (SE) that was not significantly different from a susceptible laboratory reference population. A second bioassay found these ticks to be resistant to diazinon, RR (95% CI) = 7.1 (6.5–7.7), 11.7 (10.3–13.3), 17.7 (14.5–21.5) at the LC50,90,99, respectively. The slope (SE) generated from the diazinon bioassay with the resistant ticks was different tha...
A method to predict the impact of regulatory variants from DNA sequence

Most variants implicated in common human disease by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) lie in noncoding sequence intervals. Despite the suggestion that regulatory element disruption represents a common theme, identifying causal risk variants within implicated genomic regions remains a major challenge. Here we present a new sequence-based computational method to predict the effect of regulatory variation, using a classifier (gkm-SVM) that encodes cell type-specific regulatory sequence vocabularies. The induced change in the gkm-SVM score, deltaSVM, quantifies the effect of variants. We show that deltaSVM accurately predicts the impact of SNPs on DNase I sensitivity in their native genomic contexts and accurately predicts the results of dense mutagenesis of several enhancers in reporter assays. Previously validated GWAS SNPs yield large deltaSVM scores, and we predict new risk-conferring SNPs for several autoimmune diseases. Thus, deltaSVM provides a powerful computational approach to systematically identify functional regulatory variants.
Striking the Right Balance in Heart Failure.

Recent clinical trials found that, compared with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin-receptor blocker and neprilysin inhibitor combination therapy decreased cardiovascular morta...
Revealing Synergies, Tensions, and Silences Between Preservation and Planning

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Historic preservation and planning often operate together in the United States within local planning departments, sharing some common roots and a "fragile, uneasy alliance" (Birch & Roby, 1984). Over time, developments in both preservation and planning brought these disciplines and professions closer together, including shared concern for sustainability and common ground in community economic development, revitalization, land use planning, and urban design. Simultaneously, areas of tension and potential conflict emerged. Some preservation-oriented scholars and practitioners call for the expansion of preservation's sphere of influence and concern, while others caution of negative effects. In this literature review, I identify areas of confluence and friction, as well as silences and gaps, focusing especially on planning and preservation literature since the 1980s.Takeaway for practice: Few scholars have identified what planners and preservationists (and those who d...
Overcoming Implementation Challenges in Health Care: A Qualitative Study of What Project Leaders Do

Failed innovation implementation is prevalent in health care organizations. Several of the challenges that implementation leaders face are known, but little is known about strategies they use to ov...
The Missing Link: Surrogate Consumers in the Marketing Chain:

Though consumers commonly are assumed to be actively involved in important purchase decisions, the author proposes that consumers in fact often relinquish control to external experts, or surrogates...
Unsupervised learning of electrocorticography motifs with binary descriptors of wavelet features and hierarchical clustering

We describe a novel method for data mining spectro-spatiotemporal network motifs from electrocorticographic (ECoG) data. The method utilizes wavelet feature extraction from ECoG data, generation of compact binary vectors from these features, and binary vector hierarchical clustering. The potential utility of this method in the discovery of recurring neural patterns is demonstrated in an example showing clustering of ictal and post-ictal gamma activity patterns. The method allows for the efficient and scalable retrieval and clustering of neural motifs occurring in massive amounts of neural data, such as in prolonged EEG/ECoG recordings and in brain computer interfaces.
Modeling and Control of Feed Drive System for a Micro-Machining Platform With Nano-Resolution

The feed drive system plays a key role of increasing processing efficiency and improving machining quality of parts. The external disturbances, such as cutting forces and frictional nonlinearities seriously affect the machining quality. The feed drive system should be capable of rejecting such disturbances. In this paper, the feed drive system of a micro-machining platform with nano-resolution was modeled and controlled. A decoupled algorithm was implemented to linearly regulate flux-producing and force-producing currents of motor. The current controller was designed based on the electrical model of motor employing pole-zero cancellation method. The speed controllers, i.e., proportional-integral (PI) and sliding mode control (SMC) were designed and compared. The SMC exhibits the better property of rejecting the external disturbance compared to PI controller. The electromagnetic force produced by Linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (LPMSM) under SMC expresses the quicker response to external variations. The models will be further applied for the design of cross-coupling servo control for this five-axis reconfigurable micro-machining platform.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Influence of Various Gramineae on Weight Gains of Postdiapause Adults of the Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Hibernating beetles were field collected in September 1963 and were stored in a refrigerator, first at 40° and then at 32 °F. They were used in laboratory studies only after a sufficient time lapse (at least 30 days) to assure that diapause was broken. The beetles were weighed, then confined on different species of Gramineae, and were reweighed after 1 week and 2 weeks had passed. They accepted Hudson barley before Clintland 60 oats and fed on it slightly more; differences in feeding and acceptance between wheat and oats, and rye and oats, were not significant. They gained weight rapidly on barley, oats, wheat, or rye, and slowly on corn, but did not gain appreciably on tall fescue, Sudan grass, or orchard grass, though orchard grass was accepted as readily as oats. Their gain on a sorghum-Sudan hybrid was significantly lower than on oats. They lost weight on grain sorghum, giant foxtail, and pearl millet, and fed only slightly on these host plants. Their survival was high on all the small grains and on corn; moderate on orchard grass, tall fescue, and the sorghum-Sudan hybrid; and very low on grain sorghum, Sudan grass, and pearl millet.
Spatial Distribution of Neutral EL2 as Measured Optically for Thin Semi-Insulating GaAs Wafers, and Relevance to Device Parameters

Measurements are reported, for 0.5 mm thick semi-insulating (S.I.) GaAs wafers, of the neutral EL2 distribution, the pattern of dislocations, and of MESFET electrical parameters — these devices built on the same wafers. These results indicate that the device properties are more affected by EL2 non-uniformity than by dislocation density pattern.
Disability rights, social rights, and freedom:

In this essay, I seek to problematize the notion of rights as they have often been applied to persons with disabilities, and particularly in the framework of “social rights.” Although social rights...
Epidemic Characteristics of Measles in Zengcheng and the Prevention Measures

Objective To study the epidemic characteristics of measles,and to formulate a series of effective measures against measeles.Method Restrospective analysis of information from measles patients in Zengcheng(2001～2005) was conducted.Result There were 248 cases of measles in 2001～2005.The incidence of measles was between 1.08 and 12.5 per 100,000.Children of 0 year old was in the highest incidence group(20.16%).The incidence of occurrence tends to increase in the younger and elder groups.The occurrence of measles in developed and high density population areas was higher than the mountain areas.Since the launch of measles vaccination program in 2004,the incidence of measles was significantly decreased in our city.Conclusion In order to eradicate measles,it is important to manage the mobile population,especially for those without a vaccination record.
NutriBee Intervention Improves Diet and Psychosocial Outcomes by Engaging Early Adolescents from Diverse and Disadvantaged Communities.

Objective: NutriBee was the first clinical nutrition intervention designed to bring the Institute of Medicine recommendations for 20 hours of experiential nutrition-themed learning to grades 4–7 into club and camp settings. We piloted NutriBee to assess acceptability and impact among early adolescents in diverse and disadvantaged communities in order to evaluate its future potential as a group medical nutrition intervention.Methods: Nine communities across Guam, Maryland, Michigan, and New Mexico representing South Pacific Island, American Indian, urban African American, recently immigrated Hispanic, and rural Caucasian ethnic groups piloted NutriBee in nonclinical settings (clubs, schools, camps). The 6 club and camp pilots administered consenting NutriBee participants a 41-question pre–post survey assessing impact on food selection and the psychosocial parameters of intentions, outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and knowledge. Process measures included dose, fidelity, and acceptability questions.Resul...
Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses

Recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, have emerged to cause unusually severe respiratory disease in humans. Currently, there is a lack of effective antiviral treatment options or vaccine available. Given the severity of these outbreaks, and the possibility of additional zoonotic coronaviruses emerging in the near future, the exploration of different treatment strategies is necessary. Disease resilience is the ability of a given host to tolerate an infection, and to return to a state of health. This review focuses on exploring various host resilience mechanisms that could be exploited for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other respiratory viruses that cause acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
“Network Interference”: Policing Conversation and Political Discourse

Falero discusses the many ways the community at Television Without Pity was “managed” by discussion moderators, site-wide policies, and the corporation that eventually came to own the site. The technology used by the site, and the management of “infractions” through it, created real limitations on discussion. The labyrinth of rules that developed as the membership grew served to stifle discussion, particularly political speech. A study of the fringe spaces of Television Without Pity shows how vulnerable political discussion can be in online social platforms.
Introduction: The Diversity and Versatility of Biomaterials

This is an introduction to Section I.2, which includes chapters covering the fundamental principles of the many diverse materials used in a great variety of implants, extracorporeal medical devices, dermal and mucosal treatments and devices, drug delivery systems, sensors, and diagnostic assays.
Carbon monoxide attenuates the effects of snake venoms containing metalloproteinases with fibrinogenase or thrombin-like activity on plasmatic coagulation

Exposure of plasma to iron and carbon monoxide (CO) renders fibrinogen resistant to fibrinogenolytic or thrombin-like activity contained in pit viper venom. However, the direct effects of iron/CO on venom activity are unknown. Thus, we assessed if four different, metalloproteinase containing snake venoms exposed to iron/CO or CO alone could attenuate their fibrinogenolytic or thrombin-like activity. Venom (0–500 μg ml−1) was exposed to 0–10 μM FeCl3 and/or 0–100 μM carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2), or inactivated CORM-2 (iCORM-2) for 3 min at room temperature. Venom solution (0–8 μg ml−1 final concentration) was then placed in citrated human plasma containing tissue factor, followed by CaCl2 addition for commencement of coagulation. Data were determined with thrombelastography for 10–15 min at 37 °C. Iron had no effect on the first venom tested, so only CO was investigated subsequently. Exposure of venom to CO attenuated fibrinogenolytic or thrombin-like activity, and iCORM-2 did not affect the venom activities. Further investigation of the effect of CO exposure on similar venoms is justified.
Magnitude-based discrimination of man-made seismic events from naturally occurring earthquakes in Utah, USA

We investigate using the difference between local (ML) and coda/duration (MC) magnitude to discriminate manmade seismic events from naturally occurring tectonic earthquakes in and around Utah. For 6,846 well-located earthquakes in the Utah region, we find that ML-MC is on average 0.44 magnitude units smaller for mining induced seismicity (MIS) than for tectonic seismicity (TS). Our interpretation of this observation is that MIS occurs within near-surface low-velocity layers that act as a waveguide and preferentially increase coda duration relative to peak amplitude, while the vast majority of TS occurs beneath the near-surface waveguide. A second dataset of 3,723 confirmed or probable explosions in the Utah region also has significantly lower ML-MC values than TS, likely for the same reason as the MIS. These observations suggest that ML-MC is useful as a depth indicator and could discriminate small explosions and mining-induced earthquakes from deeper, naturally occurring earthquakes at local-to-regional distances.
A Servant Visionary for the Emergency Services

This chapter introduces the visionary responsibility of the emergency services leader. A leader’s vision becomes the map organizations follow in order to navigate a path towards success. The servant leader holds vision as a virtue. The characteristics that form the servant leader strengthen this visionary ability. Yet, vision is only the first step. To bring that vision to fruition followers have to be the ones that work towards its reality. The visionary leader is the leader that dreams, they are keenly aware of the world, they can conceptualize ideas, they have the foresight to see what does not yet exist. The servant leader is one who can persuade others to want to take the visionary journey and willingly make it in their own.
Autoimmunity Caused by Cell Type-Specific Deficiency in Apoptosis.

Abstract Apoptosis in the immune system is essential for maintaining self-tolerance. Defective apoptosis causes systemic autoimmune diseases in humans and mice. However, inhibition of apoptosis in lymphocytes alone does not induce significant autoimmune responses, indicating that impaired apoptosis in other cell types plays a critical role in the breakdown of self-tolerance. To study whether apoptosis in dendritic cells (DCs) regulates self-tolerance, we generated transgenic mice expressing a potent caspase inhibitor from baculovirus, p35, in dendritic cells (DC-p35). DC-p35 transgenic mice displayed defective apoptosis in DCs, leading to DC accumulation, chronic lymphocyte activation and systemic autoimmune manifestations resembling the phenotypes in Fas-deficient lpr mice. Our results suggest that apoptosis in DCs is critical for limiting lymphocyte activation and preventing autoimmunity.
Quantum Communication and Cryptography

Many of the applications covered in this book involve attempts to mitigate disturbances to an optical signal. Such disturbances may come from the propagation medium (dispersion and turbulence), from the optical instruments being used (aberration) or from random noise in the light source or detectors. However, there are disturbances that are inherent to any quantum system, which can not be eliminated or reduced beyond a fundamental limit; these stem from the Heisenberg uncertainty relations and from the inability to distinguish non-orthogonal states.
Axillary Versus Femoral Arterial Cannulation During Repair of Type A Aortic Dissection?: An Old Problem Seeking New Solutions

BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to compare early postoperative outcomes and actuarial-free survival between patients who underwent repair of acute Type A aortic dissection with axillary or femoral artery cannulation. METHODS A total of 305 patients from five academic medical centers underwent acute Type A aortic dissection repair via axillary (n = 107) or femoral (n = 198) artery cannulation between January 2000 and December 2010. Major morbidity, operative mortality, and 5-year actuarial survival were compared between groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of operative mortality, and Cox regression hazard ratios were calculated to determine predictors of long-term mortality. RESULTS Operative mortality was not influenced by cannulation site (16% for axillary cannulation vs. 19% for femoral cannulation, p = 0.64). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, hemodynamic instability (p 200 min; p = 0.05) emerged as independent predictors of operative mortality. Stroke rates were comparable between the two techniques (14% for axillary and 17% for femoral cannulation, p = 0.52). Five-year actuarial survival was comparable between the groups (55.1% for axillary and 65.7% for femoral cannulation, p = 0.36). In Cox regression analysis, predictors of long-term mortality were: age (p < 0.001), stroke (p < 0.001), prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time (p = 0.001), hemodynamic instability (p = 0.002), and renal failure (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The outcomes of femoral versus axillary arterial cannulation in patients with acute Type A aortic dissection are comparable. The choice of arterial cannulation site should be individualized based on different patient risk profiles.
Tumor Specific T Cells Modified to Secrete IL-12 Eradicate Systemic Tumors in the Absence of Prior Toxic Chemotherapy Conditioning Regimens

Abstract 3120 T cells may be genetically modified to target tumor-associated antigens through the retroviral transduction of genes encoding chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). We have previously generated a series of CARs specific to the CD19 antigen expressed on most B cell tumors. In xenotransplant models of disease we have shown that human T cells expressing CD19 targeted CARs successfully eradicate established B cell tumors in immune compromised SCID-Beige mice. To further our understanding of the in vivo biology of CAR modified T cells, we generated a more clinically relevant syngeneic, immune competent tumor model utilizing CD19 knock out (mCD19−/−) human CD19 knock in (hCD19+/−) C57BL6 transgenic mice (C57BL6(mCD19−/− hCD19+/−)) bearing systemic syngeneic EL4(hCD19+) thymoma tumors. Treatment of tumor bearing mice with syngeneic T cells modified to express the CD19 targeted 19m ζ CAR alone failed to either eradicate tumor or induce predicted B cell aplasias. However, prior lymphodepletion with cyclophosphamide followed by infusion of 19m ζ+ T cells successfully eradicated tumor in 83% of treated mice and induced long term B cell aplasias. Translation of this therapy to the clinic has also revealed that optimal responses require pre-conditioning regimens. Given the toxicity of pre-conditioning treatments, these therapies are largely restricted to younger, healthier patients able to tolerate such intensive regimens. To further understand the mechanisms of action of improved therapy following prior cyclophosphamide therapy, we demonstrated markedly enhanced serum levels of the IL-12 and IFN γ cytokines as well as a marked reduction of endogenous CD4+ regulatory T cells. We postulated that IL-12, which induces IFN γ secretion, may in part explain the enhanced anti-tumor efficacy following prior lymphodepletion, and may potentially obviate the need for toxic conditioning pre-treatments. To address this hypothesis, we modified CAR+ T cells to constitutively secrete IL-12. Subsequent adoptive therapy of EL4(hCD19+) tumor bearing C57BL6(mCD19−/− hCD19+/−) mice with hCD19 targeted IL-12 secreting T cells successfully eradicated disease in 75% of treated mice and induced predicted B cell aplasias in the absence of prior lymphodepletion. Significantly, we found that this enhanced hCD19 targeted T cell activity required the infusion of both CD4+ and CD8+ gene modified T cells, and was further dependent upon autocrine IL-12 stimulation of the modified tumor targeted T cells as well as modified T cell IFN γ secretion and stimulation. To our knowledge, this is the first time adoptive T cell transfer has been demonstrated to successfully eradicate tumor in the absence of prior conditioning regimens. Therefore, these data support the rapid translation of this adoptive T cell therapy to the clinic, as it may enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of this therapy and further expand the patient population eligible for adoptive T cells therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
David Friedman's Model of Privatized Justice

David Friedman employs mainstream economic tools to argue for a non-mainstream economic conclusion: the law and the legal system can and should be privatized. First we circumscribe Friedman’s model of privatized justice within the map of the anarchist schools of thought. Second, we present how the model would purportedly work in practice. Third, we describe the assumptions of the model. Since the normative force of the model depends on their limitations, when deemed suitable, we point out ways to support them. We sketch a normative defense that owes to Richard Posner, we show why a system of justice focused on efficiency peacefully corrects initial errors and suggest why a system of justice focused of revealed preferences only, gives an unbiased treatment to agents. Fourth, we call in Harold Berman and Stringham and Zywicki’s contribution to interpreting the early history of the Anglo-Saxon legal system and North, Wallis and Weingasts’ framework for understanding social order. An application of their framework is double-edged. One the one hand it adds weight to Tyler Cowen’s objection against the stability of the Friedman model. On the other, it makes a certain reading of history more plausible, namely, that according to which the dynamics of power between the Church and the state allowed for a system of privatized justice, albeit limited and non-transparent. If this reading is right, David Friedman’s model proves less utopian than we think.
“A community of common descent”: Planning the documentation of diaspora through the Electronic Irish Research Experience

ABSTRACTIn 2014, the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library at the University of Montana–Missoula was awarded a one-year National Leadership planning grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) to explore the development of EIRE, the Electronic Irish Research Experience. EIRE was conceived as a digital humanities project to address gaps in the scholarship on the Irish in the United States by bringing private and institutional archival collections together online. Throughout the planning year, the Mansfield Library and its partners refined the scope of EIRE, prioritized certain aspects of the project over others, and grappled with questions of sustainability, accessibility, and resource allocation. This article shares our vision, process, results, and lessons learned.