cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moulding Future Soldiers and Mothers of the Iranian Nation: Gender and Physical Education under Reza Shah, 1921–41

This article discusses the development of male and female physical education and scouting in early twentieth-century Iran and the construction of ideal gender images through the process of implementation. Utilizing articles from various Iranian periodicals, it argues that physical education constituted an important medium for the state and its new middle class supporters to convey two major messages, which internally circulated among themselves and reinforced their distinct class consciousness. While the press presented images of equality between moral, healthy, and productive boys and girls as civic partners in working to bring the Iranian nation back to prosperity, it also made sure by discrediting such counter images as masculine women and consumer women that Iranian girls would not deviate from proper motherhood. The paper also suggests that Iran's experience was influenced by developments in other parts of the world.
Citizen perceptions of community policing: are attitudes toward police important?

This study assessed citizen attitudes toward police performance and their perceptions of policing strategy in a small, northwestern town. At the neighbourhood‐level, significant differences in attitudes toward police performance (i.e. officer demeanour and citizen‐police relations) were revealed; however, variations in perceptions of community policing initiatives (i.e. collaborative police‐community partnerships) were not observed. At the individual‐level, results showed that attitudes toward police performance were not significant determinants of citizen perceptions of community policing. This evidence suggested that citizens were receptive to the idea of co‐production of order, and specifically of partnerships between residents and the police to address neighbourhood crime‐related issues. As such, these findings call into question the long standing assumption that positive attitudes toward police are a necessary precursor to the establishment of meaningful, co‐operative ties between citizens and the police.
Use of W-boson longitudinal–transverse interference in top quark spin-correlation functions: II

This continuation of the derivation of general beam-referenced stage-two spin-correlation functions is for the analysis of top–antitop pair-production at the Tevatron and at the Large Hadron Collider. Both the gluon-production and the quark-production contributions are included for the charged-lepton-plus-jets reaction pp or \(p\bar{p}\rightarrow t\bar{t}\rightarrow(W^+b)(W^-\bar{b})\rightarrow(l^+\nu b)(W^-\bar{b})\). There is a simple 4-angle beam-referenced spin-correlation function for determination of the relative sign of or for measurement of a possible non-trivial phase between the two dominant \(\lambda_b=-1/2\) helicity amplitudes for the \(t\rightarrow W^+b\) decay mode. There is an analogous function and tests for \(\bar{t}\rightarrow W^-\bar{b}\) decay. This signature requires use of the \((t\bar{t})_{\text{c.m.}}\) energy of the hadronically decaying W-boson, or the kinematically equivalent cosine of the polar angle of \(W^\mp\) emission in the antitop (top) decay frame. Spinors and their outer-products are constructed so that the helicity-amplitude phase convention of Jacob and Wick can be used throughout for the fixing of the signs associated with this large W-boson longitudinal–transverse interference effect.
Flow-induced conformational change of von Willebrand Factor multimer: Results from a molecular mechanics informed model

Abstract The von Willebrand Factor (vWF) is a large multimeric protein that aids in blood clotting. Hydrodynamic forces trigger conformational changes of vWF that regulate its binding to clotting agents in the blood. A coarse grain molecular model is proposed for the vWF multimer that incorporates observed mechanical properties of vWF monomers. Each monomer is represented by a finitely extensible nonlinear elastic (FENE) spring connecting two beads. The FENE spring represents the A2 domain in the central region of vWF monomers and it permits extensive elongation to mimic domain unfolding. The beads at each end of the FENE spring represent relatively rigid domains adjacent to A2 in vWF monomers. The spring constant and maximum extended length of the FENE spring are optimized to reproduce force-extension experimental data for the A2 domain in vWF monomers. Multimers in the model are formed by connecting beads on adjacent monomers via a stiff harmonic spring. The bead–bead interaction parameters are optimized to reproduce observed packing of vWF globules in poor solvent at zero flow experimental conditions. Brownian dynamics simulations using this model are performed to understand vWF multimer response to shear flow in both free-draining (FD) and hydrodynamic interactions (HI) cases. Results from the new model are in excellent agreement with available experimental data as well as previous coarse grain modeling predictions for vWF response to shear flow. Unique to this work, the conformation of the model A2 domains (i.e. the FENE springs) are examined in response to flow. For dimensionless Wiessenberg number Wi 10, the model A2 domain size increases with increasing shear rate and this effect is greater for smaller N. This N dependence is opposite to what is observed for the conformation of the vWF multimer, where the increase in molecular extension with shear rate is more pronounced for larger N. The inverse N dependence for model A2 domain response to increasing flow is due to greater overall molecular alignment with the flow direction for larger N; increased molecular alignment manifests forces that cause less intra-monomer elongation. Fluctuations in model A2 domains were shown to increase significantly at high flow, including periodic complete extension of the domain.
KING WHEAT IN SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA: A CASE STUDY OF PIONEER AGRICULTURE

THE historical geographer is as interested as the geographer of modern agriculture in the extent and duration of changing crop patterns. The significance of crop acreages for the recognition of agricultural patterns was brought out in John C. Weaver's studies of agriculture in the Midwest. While it is true that studies of small areas may not always result in a "meaningful perspective of broader reference,"'1 it is felt that this investigation of pioneer agriculture in a small region of southeastern Minnesota has a bearing on problems in nineteenth-century agriculture elsewhere, at least in many portions of the Midwest.
Analysis of fluconazole effect on Candida albicans viability during extended incubations

Fluconazole is an azole agent with primarily fungistatic activity in standard in vitro susceptibility tests. However, recent work has demonstrated that this drug can reduce Candida albicans viability during prolonged incubations under non-growing conditions. The present study was undertaken to examine more closely some of the parameters of this killing activity. Fungicidal effects of 1·0 μg ml-1 of fluconazole were found during 7–14-day exposures in each of two media that prevented proliferation, distilled water and metal-depleted RPMI 1640 tissue-culture medium. Fluconazole appeared to be stable after being incubated at 37 °C for either 7 or 14 days. Strains of C. albicans resistant to fluconazole in standard short-term growth-inhibition assays were also found to be resistant to fluconazole's effect on viability in prolonged culture, suggesting similar mechanisms of action for these effects. C. albicans yeast cellspre-incubated for 7 days in distilled water were not more sensitive to the drug in short-te...
Life Cycle Analysis of Diamond Coating of Machining Tools

To begin to identify the environmental impacts of coated cutting tools, lathe cutting inserts were coated with a thin film of diamond. To assess the environmental impacts of the coating process on the life cycle analysis (LCA) of a cutting tool, all chemical processes, including pre- and post-deposition processes and energy expenditures were monitored and recorded for entry into SimaPro LCA software. For the conditions evaluated, the primary deposition process was found to have a carbon footprint of 6.6 equivalent kilograms of carbon dioxide, and the etching process was found to be responsible for 96.8 equivalent grams of carbon dioxide.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Construction of a high resolution microscope with conventional and holographic optical trapping capabilities.

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular organelles 2,3, as well as for high spatial and temporal resolution readout of their position relative to the center of the trap. The system described herein has one such "traditional" trap operating at 980 nm. It additionally provides a second optical trapping system that uses a commercially available holographic package to simultaneously create and manipulate complex trapping patterns in the field of view of the microscope 4,5 at a wavelength of 1,064 nm. The combination of the two systems allows for the manipulation of multiple refractive objects at the same time while simultaneously conducting high speed and high resolution measurements of motion and force production at nanometer and piconewton scale.
The competitive bidding process: Beyond probability models

Abstract In this article, the author reviews various approaches to competitive bidding. He then goes on to describe the results of a study of factors important to general construction contractors in developing a bidding strategy. These factors are synthesized into a general view of strategic bidding that emphasizes a wide range of information flows and describes the final bid outcome as a function of company objectives, costs, risk and desirability of the job.
Molecular mapping determines that Hessian fly resistance gene H9 is located on chromosome 1A of wheat

Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] is one of the major insect pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Hessian fly resistance gene H9 was previously reported to condition resistance to Hessian fly biotype L that is prevalent in many wheat-growing areas of eastern USA and an RAPD marker, OP005 1000 , linked to H9 in wheat was developed using wheat near-isogenic lines (NILs). However, marker-assisted selection (MAS) with RAPD markers is not always feasible. One of the objectives in this study was to convert an RAPD marker linked to the gene H9 into a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker to facilitate MAS and to map H9 in the wheat genome. The RAPD fragment from OP005 1000 was cloned, sequenced, and converted into a SCAR marker SOPO05 909 , whose linkage relationship with H9 was subsequently confirmed in two F 2 populations segregating for H9. Linkage analysis identified one sequence tagged site (STS) marker, STS-Pm3, and the eight microsatellite markers Xbarc263. Xcfa2153, Xpsp2999, Xgwm136, Xgdm33, Xcn176, Xcn117 and Xwmc24 near the H9 locus on the distal region of the short arm of chromosome 1A, contrary to the previously reported location of H9 on chromosome 5A. Locus Xbarc263 was 1.2 cM distal to H9, which itself was 1.7 cM proximal to loci Xcfa2153, Xpsp2999 and Xgwm136. The loci Xgwm136, Xcfa2153 and SOPO05 909 were shown to be specific to H9 and not diagnostic to several other Hessian fly resistance genes, and therefore should be useful for pyramiding H9 with other Hessian fly resistance genes in a single genotype.
Identification of Three Protein Targets for Reactive Metabolites of Bromobenzene in Rat Liver Cytosol

The hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene and many other simple organic chemicals is believed to be associated with covalent binding of chemically reactive metabolites to cellular proteins. Recently, a rat liver microsomal esterase was shown to be targeted by bromobenzene metabolites formed in vitro [Rombach, E. M., and Hanzlik, R. P. (1998) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 178−184]. To identify protein targets for bromobenzene metabolites in cytosol, we incubated liver microsomes and glutathione-depleted liver cytosol from phenobarbital-treated rats with [14C]bromobenzene in vitro. In a separate experiment, we intraperitoneally injected a hepatotoxic dose of [14C]bromobenzene to phenobarbital-treated rats. The cytosol fractions from both experiments were recovered and analyzed for protein-bound radioactivity. Under the conditions that were used, 2.6 and 3.9 nmolar equiv of bromobenzene/mg of cytosolic protein was bound in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of these cytosolic p...
A biophysically based mathematical model for the kinetics of mitochondrial calcium uniporter.

Sodium-calcium antiporter is the primary efflux pathway for Ca2+ in respiring mitochondria, and hence plays an important role in mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. Although experimental data on the kinetics of Na+-Ca2+ antiporter are available, the structure and composition of its functional unit and kinetic mechanisms associated with the Na+-Ca2+ exchange (including the stoichiometry) remains unclear. To gain a quantitative understanding of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, a biophysical model of Na+-Ca2+ antiporter is introduced that is thermodynamically balanced and satisfactorily describes a number of independent data sets under a variety of experimental conditions. The model is based on a multistate catalytic binding mechanism for carrier-mediated facilitated transport and Eyring's free energy barrier theory for interconversion and electrodiffusion. The model predicts the activating effect of membrane potential on the antiporter function for a 3Na+:1Ca2+ electrogenic exchange as well as the inhibitory effects of both high and low pH seen experimentally. The model is useful for further development of mechanistic integrated models of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling and bioenergetics to understand the mechanisms by which Ca2+ plays a role in mitochondrial signaling pathways and energy metabolism.
Hyperbaric oxygen in neurological diseases.

(2007). Hyperbaric oxygen in neurological diseases. Neurological Research: Vol. 29, HBO for Neurology, pp. 113-115.
Rapid determination of metallic zirconium and of oxygen in zirconium-oxygen alloys by the hydrogen evolution method

The amount of metallic or free zirconium in zirconium-oxygen alloys can be calculated from the volume of hydrogen developed by the alloys if dissolved in hydrofluoric acid. The amount of oxygen (present in the form of ZrO2) is computed from the difference in hydrogen volume developed by the alloy as compared to that of purest zirconium. Although these oxygen determinations produce results about 0.3% higher than those obtained by the combustion method, they are more reliable and a single analysis can be completed within one hour. The precision of the method was checked using 8 samples containing up to 6% b.w. of oxygen within the α-solid solution region.
A case of late epidural hematoma in a patient on clopidogrel therapy postoperatively: when is it safe to resume antiplatelet agents?

Abstract Background context The use of antiplatelet agents after coronary artery stent placement is currently recommended to prevent coronary stent obstruction. These patients may have concurrent disabling spinal stenosis and require spinal decompression. Resuming antiplatelet agents as soon as possible after spinal surgery is recommended. Purpose To describe a unique case of late postoperative epidural hematoma occurring with the use of clopidogrel. Study design A case report and review of the literature. Methods The hospital chart, history, physical examination, and imaging of a single patient were reviewed. Results A 59-year-old man underwent spinal decompression and fusion for neurogenic claudication with lumbar spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis while managed on clopidogrel for prevention of thrombosis after cardiac stent placement. He developed a symptomatic epidural hematoma 12 days postoperatively, well outside the usual time frame for this complication. The patient was closely monitored, and lumbar radiculopathy resolved over the ensuing days. Conclusion After spinal surgery and resumption of antiplatelet therapy, the physician needs to maintain vigilance in observing patients for late postoperative complications such as epidural hematoma, which could have catastrophic consequences if not recognized in a timely manner.
A Photoluminescence Detected Magnetic Resonance (PLDMR) Study of C70 Films, Glasses and Photopolymerized and Oxidized Fullerenes

The X-band PLDMR of C70 films and C70 molecules isolated in a toluene/polystyrene glass matrix (C70:T/PS) is described. The PLDMR of C70:T/PS strikingly differs from that observed in C60:T/PS due to much longer triplet lifetimes. The PLDMR of C70 films indicates that the delocalized triplet is distorted by intermolecular interactions and shows a half-field resonance due to triplet-triplet fusion. In addition, a broader powder pattern and a narrow enhancing line at g=2.0029 are observed. The former is attributed to a localized triplet exciton of size similar to a 5- or 6-membered ring. The latter is believed to result from enhanced polaron recombination. The PLDMR of oxidized and photopolymerized films quenches the localized triplet and reveals the possibility of an even more delocalized exciton.
Counting paths in digraphs

Say a digraph is k-free if it has no directed cycles of length at most k, for [email protected]?Z^+. Thomasse conjectured that the number of induced 3-vertex directed paths in a simple 2-free digraph on n vertices is at most (n-1)n(n+1)/15. We present an unpublished result of Bondy proving that there are at most 2n^3/25 such paths, and prove that for the class of circular interval digraphs, an upper bound of n^3/16 holds. We also study the problem of bounding the number of (non-induced) 4-vertex paths in 3-free digraphs. We show an upper bound of 4n^4/75 using Bondy's result for Thomasse's conjecture.
Film Selection Considerations For Video Photography

Obtaining hard copy images from computerized medical imaging devices generally involves photographing video displays, often with a multi-image camera. Appropriate film selection for video photography with a negative type film requires considerations of the characteristics of the cathode ray tube (CRT) being photographed and the properties of a video image. Of particular importance is the contrast transfer characteristic of the CRT. In this paper we discuss the CRT characteristics and their effect on film selection. The significant film parameters are reviewed and their effects on film image quality are discussed. Our results indicate that a film for video photography should have high contrast (G = 2.5 to 3.0), relatively high speed, be orthochromatically sensitized and be single emulsion. Appropriate camera adjustment and quality control techniques are of major importance in achieving optimum film images, the former is briefly discussed.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Delayed sequelae of head injury

The evaluation of delayed sequelae of head injury is greatly facilitated by CT. This non-invasive technique provides us with the opportunity to evaluate the head trauma patients sequentially to detect the development and clinical significance of post-traumatic sequelae like delayed intracerebral hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and post-traumatic atrophy.
Behavioral responses of the coastal copepod Acartia hudsonica (Pinhey) to simulated dinoflagellate bioluminescence

Abstract Light pulses were used to mimic dinoflagellate bioluminescence and test its effects on the swimming behavior of Acartia hudsonica (Pinhey). The horizontal swimming patterns of the copepod were tracked and described using a video-computer system. Single flashes of light of 60 ms duration, with a wavelength of peak emission of 475 nm and an intensity of 2 μE · m −2 · s −1 caused a “startle” response consisting of a short burst of high speed swimming. A series of these flashes repeated every 5 s resulted in higher average swimming speed, more swimming speed bursts, and straighter paths. These behavioral changes are similar to those previously found for A. hudsonica in the presence of bioluminescent dinoflagellates. The effects of altering the intensity, duration, and color of the simulated dinoflagellate flash were also tested. Our results support the hypothesis that dinoflagellate bioluminescence is a highly evolved adaptation for repelling nocturnal grazers.
Molecular complexity of sexual development and gene regulation in Plasmodium falciparum

The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has a complex life cycle which alternates between the vertebrate host and the invertebrate vector. Various morphological changes as well as stage-specific transcripts and gene expression profiles that accompany parasite's asexual and sexual life cycle suggest that gene regulation is crucial for the parasite's continual adaptations to survive the changing environments as well as for pathogenesis. Development of sexual stages is crucial for malaria transmission and relatively little is known about the role of specific gene products during asexual to sexual differentiation and further development. Therefore, in order to have a full understanding of the biology of the malaria parasite, gene regulation on a genome-wide global level must be understood, an area remaining to be elucidated in P. falciparum. Parasite features, such as A-T bias, difficulties in cloning, labor-intensive culture and purification of specific stages of the parasite, all contribute to the difficulties to investigate many aspects of parasite biology. However, despite these challenges, limited studies have revealed a number of parallelisms with eukaryotic transcription. For example, the parasite's genes are organised in a similar fashion, contain promoter elements and upstream activation sequences, as shown by structural searches and functional assays, and some of the basal machinery and general transcription factors have been found in Plasmodium. The completion of the full genome sequence of P. falciparum and other species of Plasmodium has resulted in the search for specific transcription factors through genome mining. Although genome mining may identify some of the factors, search for these factors solely by primary sequence homology would result in a non-comprehensive list for transcription factors present in the genome. Here, we present further discussion on putative transcription factors like activities detected in the asexual and sexual stages of P. falciparum.
Higgs Models and Other Stories about Mass Generation

The paper studies the topography of the model landscape of the physics in the Higgs sector both within the Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics (SM) and beyond (BSM) in the months before the discovery of a SM Higgs boson. At first glance, this landscape appears fragmented into a large number of different models and research communities. But it also clusters around certain guiding ideas, among them supersymmetry or dynamical symmetry breaking, in which representative and narrative features of the models are combined. These models do not stand for themselves, waiting to be experimentally confirmed and elevated to the status of theory. Rather do they, quite in the sense advocated by Morgan and Morrison, enjoy a far-reaching autonomy. Typically models in the Higgs sector entertain three types of mediating relationships. First, they mediate between the SM and the data in those instances where the SM contains some uncertainty in the values of its basic parameters. Second, they mediate between BSM physics and the data by instantiating the core ideas behind these often speculative generalizations of the SM as stories—in Hartmann’s sense—that motivate or justify the respective model. Third, the fact that Higgs models within BSM physics reproduce the SM predictions in the low-energy limit functions as a consistency constraint that does not involve any additional autonomy. Due to the second type of mediating relationship, the representative features of Higgs models BSM are complex.
Substantia nigra pars reticulata is a highly potent site of action for the behavioral effects of the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 in the rat.

Rationale: Considerable evidence indicates that dopaminergic drugs, including drugs that act on D1 receptors, exert their effects by actions on forebrain dopamine terminal regions. Nevertheless, anatomical studies also have demonstrated that there is a high concentration of D1 receptors in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). The D1 receptors in SNr are located largely on the terminals of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic striatonigral neurons. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 was effective if locally injected into SNr and to compare the results of SNr injections with those obtained from other brain sites. Fixed ratio 5 (FR5) lever pressing and open-field locomotion were used as the behavioral tests because these tasks are sensitive to systemic SCH 23390. Methods: Rats received bilateral implantations of guide cannulae into either nucleus accumbens, neostriatum, SNr, or control sites in the cortex or brainstem. Rats in the FR5 study were trained prior to surgery. All rats received one of the following local injections (0.5 µl per side): vehicle, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 µg SCH 23390. Results: In the FR5 study, the SNr was by far the most potent site for suppression of lever pressing, with an ED50 (dose that produces half maximal response) of 0.33 µg per side. Nucleus accumbens and neostriatum injections were less potent than those in SNr, but more potent than injections into the control regions. With open-field locomotion, the SNr, nucleus accumbens, and neostriatum were approximately equipotent sites, and all three were more potent than the control sites. Conclusions: SNr was a very potent site for suppression of lever pressing and open-field locomotion. These data suggest that D1 antagonists have multiple sites of action, including not only the forebrain dopamine terminal regions but also the SNr. It is possible that blockade of SNr D1 receptors modulates GABA release from striatonigral neurons.
INFLUENCE OF FORWARD SCATTERING ON NONEQUILIBRIUM TRANSPORT OF ELECTRONS IN COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS

Influence of forward scattering, including ionized‐impurity and polar optical‐phonon scattering, on electron transport phenomena in a 3‐valley n‐type GaAs model subjected to a rapid change in field is studied. It is shown that the macroscopic effective mass of electrons in a nonparabolic band structure is smaller than the energy‐dependent effective mass, which is usually assumed for modeling of GaAs devices, during the interval of velocity overshoot when strong forward scattering is involved. As a consequence, the hydrodynamic transport model, where the macroscopic effective mass is assumed energy dependent, leads to a smaller overshoot velocity.
Energy systems and comparative systems: a reply to Ryding

In response to the Ryding comparison of combined heat and power (CHP) in Moscow with CHP systems in Scandinavia, West Germany, and Britain, the author agrees that centrally-planned economies fail to realize the full benefits because of institutional factors, but disagrees with the conclusion that localization is better able to promote CHP than central planning. Citing instances where Ryding may have misinterpreted data, he concludes that the higher prevalence of CHP in the Soviet Union is due to its fostering by the centralized approach. 4 references. (DCK)
Progress down below

NEWS AND VIEWS transcription, this is not a prerequisite for induction because diptericin is still induci— ble in dorsal mutants. Obviously, there must be some redundancy in the system. Furthermore, dorsal does not bind to the cecropin promoter. But the mammalian Rel proteins are believed to form various homo- or heterodimers with slightly dif- ferent sequence specificities; so Dif and dorsal may conceivably form similar com- plexes, with each other or with other factors in the Drosophila cells, to form the transcription factors that activate the im- mune response in vivo. Why a similar (perhaps even the same) system is used for immunity and for the formation of the dorsoventral body axis remains a mystery. Ip et al. argue that the induction of innate immune responses is the original function of the Rel proteins. One may speculate that when insects evolved eggshells as an adaptation for a terrestrial lifestyle, the immune system may have been recruited for the com- munication between the embryo and its immediate surroundings, to ensure that the main axes of the embryo are properly aligned with those of the eggshell. The discovery of this ancient immune system in Drosophila could be of much wider significance. It may give us a key to unravel the mechanisms and evolutionary roots of our own innate immunity. [:1 Dan Hu/tmark is in the Department of Molecular Biology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 1. Ip, Y. T. etal. Ce/I75, 753—763 (1993). 2. Reichhart, J.-M. eta/. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la vie/Life Sci. 316, 1218-1224 (1993). 3. Hultmark, D. Trends Genet. 9, 178-183 (1993). 4. Sun,S.-C.,Lindstrom,l.,Lee,J.-Y.F&#39;°’.°‘:q.‘*’.&#39;°!q 117
A critique of the special status assigned by brindley to “psychophysical linking hypotheses” of “Class A”

Abstract The special status assigned by Brindley in his book Physiology of the Retina and the Visual Pathway ( Brindley , 1960 ) to “Class A” observations and to a particular “difficult to doubt” psychophysical linking hypothesis is examined and found wanting. On the basis of this analysis, it is proposed that Brindley's dichotomy of ‘Class A” vs . “Class B” psychophysical observations be expanded to include six categories.
Some electrical properties of lipid bilayer membranes

Abstract A membrane of bimolecular thickness composed of egg phosphatidyl choline and n-tetradecane, can be formed in a 0.10 M NaCl aqueous phase by a process analogous to the formation of “black” soap films. The physical properties of this structure are remarkably similar to the corresponding properties of the plasma membranes of some cells and the membranes of some subcellular organelles. The lipid bilayer membrane has a specific resistance between 0.2 and 4.0 megohms cm.2 determined under an impressed potential of 20 mv. A nonohmic current-voltage relationship is exhibited by the membrane with dielectric breakdown occurring about 200 mv. Membrane conductance is proportional to the alkali metal chloride concentration in the external aqueous phase. Transference numbers of alkali metal cations in the membrane are higher than in free solution whereas the hydrogen ion transference number in the bi-layer is lower than the free solution value. The results of these experiments suggest that conduction in the bilayer is electrolytic and that the conducting medium of the bi-layer may be of relatively low dielectric constant compared to bulk water.
EXAFS Smoothline Determination Using Splines: Finding the Optimal Smoothline and Fast Computation

The feasibility of the PC IMSL cubic spline smoothing routine CSSMH (ICSSCU in the mainframe edition) for numerical determination of the EXAFS smoothline (μo) is discussed. Examination of the cubic spline algorithm employed suggests that a relatively simple coding modification results in a considerably more efficient algorithm for use in EXAFS. The rudimentatary code already exists in the literature. This allows incorporation of the modified code into current programs without the large memory overhead necessary when IMSL is being used. The degree of flexibility is determined by a parameter which can have values in the range 0 to 1. The EXAFS smoothline requires that the algorithm be used at one extreme end of this range of flexibility. At the other end of this range the routine can be used for interpolation. A suggested path for finding the optimal smoothline, based on the use of coarse and fine smoothing parameters, is discussed.
A methodology for obtaining and using toxic potency data for fire hazard analysis

A comprehensive methodology has been developed for obtaining and using smoke toxicity data for fire hazard analysis. This description of the methodology comprises (1) determination that the post-flashover fire is the proper focus of smoke inhalation deaths; criteria for a useful bench-scale toxic potency (LC50) measurement method; (2) a method which meets these criteria, especially validation against real-scale fires; (3) a computational procedure for correcting the results from the bench-scale test for the CO levels observed in real-scale post-flashover fires; (4) procedures for reducing the usage of animals and broadening the applicability of data by interpreting gas measurement data using the N-Gas Model; and (5) a procedure for identifying whether a product produces smoke within the ordinary range of toxic potency for postflashover fires.
What constitutes a good integrated resource plan

Abstract Integrated resource planning helps utilities and state regulatory commissions to consistently assess a broad range of demand and supply resources to meet customer energy-service needs cost-effectively. Key characteristics of this planning approach include: explicit and fair treatment of a wide variety of demand and supply options; consideration of the environmental and other social costs of providing energy services; public participation in the development of the resource plan; and analysis of the uncertainties associated with different external factors and resource options. This paper (based on a review of about 50 resource plans) presents suggestions to utilities on how to conduct such planning, and what to include in their resource-planning reports. The suggestions are also useful to staff at regulatory commissions who review utility plans. The suggestions cover four broad topics, which are detailed in this paper: the technical competence with which the plan was developed; the adequacy, detail and consistency (with the longterm plan) of the short-term action plan; the extent to which the interests of various stakeholders were considered; and the clarity and comprehensiveness of the utility's report on its plan. A plan that meets the guidelines developed here is likely to provide a solid foundation for meeting the future energy-service needs of the utility's customers.
On the offshore dispersal of the Amazon's Plume in the North Atlantic: Comments on the paper by A. Longhurst, “Seasonal cooling and blooming in tropical oceans”

Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) satellite images show extensive plumes of discolored water extending from South America into the western tropical Atlantic. The most conspicuous plumes originate at the mouths of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers, and plumes originating at smaller rivers can also be seen from space. In a recent paper by Longhurst (1993), the plume associated with the Amazon River was attributed to phytoplankton blooms stimulated by nutrients supplied via eddy upwelling. We revisit the argument that this plume is of riverine origin, and offer evidence that material present near continental margins can be advected offshore and trace circulation patterns in the adjacent ocean.
Impartiality and Disability Discrimination

Cost-effectiveness analysis is the standard analytical tool for evaluating the aggregate health benefits of treatments and health programs. According to a common objection, however, its use may lead to unfair discrimination against people with disabilities. Since the disability discrimination objection is seldom articulated in a precise way, I first provide a formulation that avoids some implausible implications. Then I turn to the standard defense of cost-effectiveness analysis and argue that it does not succeed. But this does not settle the question of whether the use of cost-effectiveness analysis leads to unfair discrimination. Rather, it shows that the controversy should be approached in a different way. Thus, I conclude by outlining an alternative strategy for answering the question.
Monomeric Indium(I) and Silver(I) Complexes of a Polyfluorinated Tris(pyrazolyl)borate.

A highly fluorinated tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand has been used in the stabilization of a monomeric, In(I) species, [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]In. The stability of [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]In can be attributed primarily to the electronic effects of the fluorinated ligand.
Responsible to whom? Seed innovations and the corporatization of agriculture

In this paper, I use historical description to trace the processes by which hybrid seed innovations and their successors – genetically engineered (GE) seed systems – were co-produced with a techno-scientific infrastructure favoring chemical corporations and productivist farming at the expense of small farmers and alternative ways of organizing rural life. Using a discourse analysis method, I also shed light on why historical shifts in seed innovation were largely unmarked by controversy. I retrace the road to GE's success as a cultural enterprise, exploring the likelihood that this success was paved not just with the co-production of technologies and corporate interests but also with cultural descriptions of seeds and farming. Looking at Canadian seed innovation through the lenses of technopolitics as well as cultural studies, as this paper does, serves to underscore the importance of attending to the responsibility of innovations in their design – before the politics of technologies get fixed into materi...
The Effects of Morphology, Confluency, and Phenotype on Whole-Cell Mechanical Behavior

Emerging evidence indicates that cellular mechanical behavior can be altered by disease, drug treatment, and mechanical loading. To effectively investigate how disease and mechanical or biochemical treatments influence cellular mechanical behavior, it is imperative to determine the source of large inter-cell differences in whole-cell mechanical behavior within a single cell line. In this study, we used the atomic force microscope to investigate the effects of cell morphological parameters and confluency on whole-cell mechanical behavior for osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells. For nonconfluent cells, projected nucleus area, cell area, and cell aspect ratio were not correlated with mechanical behavior (p ≥ 0.46), as characterized by a parallel-spring recruitment model. However, measured force-deformation responses were statistically different between osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells (p < 0.001) and between confluent and nonconfluent cells (p < 0.001). Osteoblastic cells were 2.3–2.8 times stiffer than fibroblastic cells, and confluent cells were 1.5–1.8 times stiffer than nonconfluent cells. The results indicate that structural differences related to phenotype and confluency affect whole-cell mechanical behavior, while structural differences related to global morphology do not. This suggests that cytoskeleton structural parameters, such as filament density, filament crosslinking, and cell–cell and cell–matrix attachments, dominate inter-cell variability in whole-cell mechanical behavior.
Beyond Global Convergence: Conflicts of Legitimacy in a Chinese Lower Court

This article examines the localization of global legal institutions by the case study of a lower court in China's Hebei Province. Using data on the changes in the formal organizational structure, the composition of personnel, the case docket, and case dispositions in this court between 1978 and 2000, the author demonstrates that global legal institutions have survived in China's judicial practice by adapting to indigenous social and political demands and becoming localized. The day-to-day judicial work of Chinese lower court judges is only loosely coupled with their formal roles, and the judicial decision-making process is contingent upon the historical origin of the judiciary, administrative influence, and the legal consciousness of local communities. The underlying reason for the localization process is the complexity of legitimacy at the local level. Global prescription, economic pressure, political influence, and local social order all require certain types of legitimacy from the legal institutions. As a result, beyond the symbolic functions of global convergence, the practical meanings of the legal institutions are socially constructed in the judicial practice to reconcile the conflicts between global and local sources of legitimacy.
An Unusual Cause of Duodenal Obstruction

Introduction Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) compression of the duodenum is well described, but duodenal obstruction caused by extrinsic compression from an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occurs rarely. Report This case report describes a patient who presented with nausea and bilious vomiting and was found to have SMA syndrome due to an 8.6 cm suprarenal AAA. He declined an open aneurysm repair, but elected to have an enteric bypass procedure for symptomatic relief. Discussion SMA syndrome is caused by compression of the third portion of the duodenum between the aorta and the SMA, resulting in complete or partial duodenal obstruction. Only 22 cases of SMA syndrome caused by an AAA have been reported in the literature; usually there is an inflammatory process involved with the aneurysm or there is an infrarenal aortic neck. Definitive treatment consists of open aneurysm repair or decompress the aneurysm sac; other options are enteric bypass, duodenal transposition or duodenal mobilization and caudal displacement (Strong's procedure).
The molecular structure of human antibodies specific for the human immunodeficiency virus

The molecular structure of human antibodies that are specific for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) are of increasing interest as AIDS research progresses toward passive immunotherapeutics in the maintenance and prevention of infection. In recent years a number of human, HIV-specific hybridomas and EBV-transformed B cell lines, as well as a combinatorial library, have been developed and characterized at the molecular level. These sources have provided valuable information on the immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain variable-region gene usage and the extent and appearance of somatic mutation in a disease where the immune system is under constant stimulation over a long period of time. In this article we review the current data available on the molecular structure of these antibodies.
Structure and electrochemical properties of activated polyacrylonitrile based carbon fibers containing carbon nanotubes

Abstract Solution spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN), PAN/multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and PAN/single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) fibers containing 5 wt.% carbon nanotubes were stabilized in air and activated using CO 2 and KOH. The surface area as determined by nitrogen gas adsorption was an order of magnitude higher for KOH activated fibers as compared to the CO 2 activated fibers. The specific capacitance of KOH activated PAN/SWCNT samples was as high as 250 F g −1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Under the comparable KOH activation conditions, PAN and PAN/SWCNT fibers had comparable surface areas (BET surface area about 2200 m 2 g −1 ) with pore size predominantly in the range of 1–5 nm, while surface area of PAN/MWCNT samples was significantly lower (BET surface area 970 m 2 g −1 ). The highest capacitance and energy density was obtained for PAN/SWCNT samples, suggesting SWCNT advantage in charge storage. The capacitance behavior of these electrodes has also been tested in ionic liquids, and the energy density in ionic liquid is about twice the value obtained using KOH electrolyte.
Cognitive Correlates of Explanatory Writing Skill: An Analysis of Individual Differences

Explaining difficult ideas to lay readers is an important and frequently needed writing skill. When explaining, writers must recognize and overcome the confusions that lay readers may experience in learning abstract concepts. To date, there has been little study of this demanding writing skill. Consequently, this article identifies a particular class of explanatory discourse and proposes working hypotheses about the types of knowledge likely to be associated with skill in this genre. These hypotheses are explored through a study of individual differences in explanatory writing skill among 169 college students. The results of the study showed that variations in the accuracy and adaptiveness of the students' explanations were partially accounted for by measures of topic knowledge, social cognition, and discourse knowledge. A discourse knowledge index and a topic knowledge index were correlated with explanatory writing skill. Cognitive complexity, a measure of social cognition, was associated with adaptivene...
Neutron-powder-diffraction study of nuclear and magnetic structure in YBa2Cu3-xCoxO7+y with x=0.84 and y=0.32.

Neutron powder diffraction has been used to study the crystal structure and magnetic ordering of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3-//sub x/Co/sub x/O/sub 7+//sub y/ with x = 0.84 and y = 0.32. Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure was carried out at 295 K (space group P4/mmm,a = 3.888 A,c = 11.636 A) and showed in particular that Co substitutes in the Cu(1) position of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-//sub y/. Long-range, three-dimensional antiferromagnetism was observed up to a Neel temperature of about 405 K. All five detected magnetic peaks could be indexed on a wave vector ((1/2 1) / 2( 1/2) with h,k,l all odd, indicating a body-centered tetragonal magnetic unit cell with a/sub mag/ = a ..sqrt..2, c/sub mag/ = 2c. At 9 K the proposed magnetic structure has moments parallel to c antiferromagnetic ordering within both Cu and Co layers. Adjacent moments in neighboring Cu layers are antiparallel whereas the small moments found in the Co layers are parallel to their adjacent moments in the neighboring Cu layers. The ordered moment was 0.87..mu../sub B/ for the Cu layers and 0.16..mu../sub B/ in the Co layers, respectively. With increased temperature the ordered moments in the Co layers decrease faster than thosemore » in the Cu layer. At room temperature the ordered moment was (0.65(7))..mu../sub B/ for the Cu layers with no detectable ordered moment in the Co layers.« less
Prevalence of minisatellite and microsatellite instability in radiation-induced post-Chernobyl pediatric thyroid carcinomas

Exposure to ionizing radiation induces different forms of genomic instability in cultured cells and experimental animals. A higher rate of germline mutations at human hypervariable minisatellite loci was reported in children born from parents exposed to radiation after Chernobyl, implicating genome destabilization as a possible mechanism responsible for late radiation effects in humans. To test if radiation-induced carcinogenesis in the thyroid gland may be associated with somatic minisatellite instability or microsatellite instability, we utilized a PCR-based approach to study normal and tumor DNA from 17 pediatric post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid carcinomas for mutations at three different minisatellite loci (D1S80, D17S30, ApoB), and 27 microsatellite loci of di-, tri-, or tetranucleotide repeats. Minisatellite instability was found in three (18%) tumors, with one of them exhibiting mutations in all three minisatellite loci, whereas two others showed mutations in one of two informative markers. By contrast, none of 20 sporadic thyroid cancers from patients with no history of radiation exposure was positive for minisatellite instability. Microsatellite analysis of post-Chernobyl tumors revealed a mutation in one (6%) tumor only at the locus of D10S1412, whereas all other 26 microsatellite markers showed identical patterns in each normal/tumor pair. Our results suggest that somatic cell microsatellite instability does not contribute to radiation-induced thyroid carcinogenesis. However, somatic minisatellite mutation events are present in a subset of radiation-induced, but not sporadic, thyroid cancers, suggesting that this type of genomic instability may play a role in radiation-induced tumorigenesis in the thyroid gland.