cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF HYPERSPECTRAL THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER (HYTES) DATA FOR HYSPIRI OPTIMAL BAND POSITIONING TO CHARACTERIZE SURFACE MINERALS

Abstract. This study aimed to characterize surface minerals from high dimensional HyTES (Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer) data comprised of 256 spectral bands between 7.5 and 12 μm (i.e., TIR domain of the electromagnetic spectrum). The HyTES is across-track imager and can image 512 pixels with spatial resolution varies between 5 to 50 m depending upon aircraft flying height. HyTES is developed to support the HyspIRI (Hyperspectral Infrared Imager) mission by acquiring TIR data at much higher spectral and spatial resolutions in-order to define the optimum band positions for the TIR instrument of HyspIRI. For earth compositional mapping, the HyTES images of Cuprite and Death Valley regions were acquired in summer 2014 and spectral emissivities of fifteen minerals classes were extracted from regions of known mineral compositions and were randomly divided into training and testing sets (each mineral class com-prised of 100 spectra). These extracted emissivity signatures were then used for categorizing minerals and for finding HyspIRI's optimal band positions for earth composition mapping using Genetic Algorithm (GA) coupled with Spectral angle mapper (SAM). The GA-SAM was trained for fifteen mineral classes and the algorithms were run iteratively 40 times. High calibration (> 95 %) and validation (> 90 %) accuracies were achieved with limited numbers (seven) of spectral bands selected by GA-SAM. Knowing the important band Positions will help scientist of HyspIRI group to place spectral bands at regions were accuracies of Earth compositional mapping can be enhanced.
Next-generation fast algorithms for electromagnetics-based design and analysis of high-performance integrated circuits, packages, and boards

The fast and large-scale design automation of next-generation IC, packages, and boards calls for a continuous reduction of the computational complexity of electromagnetic solvers. In general, to solve problems with N parameters, the optimal computational complexity is linear complexity O(N). State-of-the-art fast computational methods rely on iterative matrix solutions to solve large-scale problems. The optimal complexity of an iterative solver is O(NN it N rhs ) with N being matrix size, N it the number of iterations and N rhs the number of right-hand sides. How to invert or factorize a dense matrix or a sparse matrix of size N in O(N) (optimal) complexity has been a challenging research problem, but of critical importance to the continual advancement of computational electromagnetics and electronic design automation. In this talk, I will present recent progresses in developing both direct finite element solvers and integral equation-based solvers of optimal complexity for fast and large-scale electromagnetics-based analysis and design of integrated circuits and systems.
Can individual and integrated water, sanitation, and handwashing interventions reduce fecal contamination in the household environment? Evidence from the WASH Benefits cluster-randomized trial in rural Kenya

Author(s): Pickering, Amy; Swarthout, Jenna; Mureithi, MaryAnne; Mboya, John; Arnold, Benjamin; Wolfe, Marlene; Dentz, Holly; Lin, Audrie; Arnold, Charles; Rao, Gouthami; Stewart, Christine; Ram, Pavani; Clasen, Thomas; Colford, John; Null, Clair | Abstract: Combined water, sanitation, and handwashing (WSH) interventions have the potential to reduce fecal pathogens along more transmission pathways than single interventions alone. We measured Escherichia coli levels in 3909 drinking water samples, 2691 child hand rinses, and 2422 toy ball rinses collected from households enrolled in a two-year cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating single and combined WSH interventions. Water treatment alone reduced E. coli in drinking water, while a combined WSH intervention improved water quality by the same magnitude but did not affect levels of fecal indicator bacteria on child hands or toy balls. The failure of the WSH interventions to reduce E. coli along important child exposure pathways is consistent with the lack of a protective effect from the interventions on child diarrhea or child growth during the trial. Our results have important implications for WSH program design; the sanitation and handwashing interventions implemented in this trial should not be expected to reduce child exposure to fecal contamination in other similar settings.
Retropalatal Cross-Sectional Area Is Predictive of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With Syndromic Craniosynostosis:

Objective:There is a high rate of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis (SCS). Little is known about the airway anatomy in this population. The purpose of this s...
Sociology and evolutionary biology: A troubled past, a promising future:

The New Evolutionary Sociology offers a comprehensive review of the history of evolutionary analysis in sociology that demonstrates its present value ‘once old biases and prejudices are mitigated a...
Predicting Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus from Left Atrial Volume and Confirmation by Computed Tomography with Delayed Enhancement.

Assessing thromboembolic risk is crucial for proper management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Left atrial volume is a promising predictor of cardiac thrombosis. To determine whether left atrial volume can predict left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation, we conducted a prospective study of 73 patients. Left atrial and ventricular volumes were evaluated by cardiac computed tomography with retrospective electrocardiographic gating and then indexed to body surface area. Left atrial appendage thrombus was confirmed or excluded by cardiac computed tomography with delayed enhancement. Seven patients (9.6%) had left atrial appendage thrombus; 66 (90.4%) did not. Those with thrombus had a significantly higher mean left atrial end-systolic volume index (139 ± 55 vs 101 ± 35 mL/m2; P =0.0097) and mean left atrial end-diastolic volume index (122 ± 45 vs 84 ± 34 mL/m2; P =0.0077). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, left atrial end-systolic volume index (per 10 mL/m2 increase) was significantly associated with left atrial appendage thrombus (odds ratio [OR]=1.24; 95% CI, 1.03-1.50; P =0.02); so too was the left atrial end-diastolic volume index (per 10 mL/m2 increase) (OR=1.29; 95% CI, 1.05-1.60; P =0.02). These findings suggest that increased left atrial volume increases the risk of left atrial appendage thrombus. Therefore, patients with atrial fibrillation and an enlarged left atrium should be considered for cardiac computed tomography with delayed enhancement to confirm whether thrombus is present.
Implications of the Use of Algorithmic Diagnoses or Medicare Claims to Ascertain Dementia.

Introduction Formal dementia ascertainment with research criteria is resource-intensive, prompting the growing use of alternative approaches. Our objective was to illustrate the potential bias and implications for study conclusions introduced through the use of alternate dementia ascertainment approaches. Methods We compared dementia prevalence and risk factor associations obtained using criterion-standard dementia diagnoses to those obtained using algorithmic or Medicare-based dementia ascertainment in participants of the baseline visit of the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS), a Health and Retirement Study (HRS) sub-study. Results Estimates of dementia prevalence derived using algorithmic or Medicare-based ascertainment differ substantially from those obtained using criterion-standard ascertainment. Use of algorithmic or Medicare-based dementia ascertainment can, but does not always, lead to risk factor associations that substantially differ from those obtained using criterion-standard ascertainment. Discussion/conclusions Absolute estimates of dementia prevalence should rely on samples with formal dementia ascertainment. The use of multiple algorithms is recommended for risk factor studies when formal dementia ascertainment is not available.
Toward a Standard Practice to Quantify von Willebrand Factor Degradation During Left Ventricular Assist Device Support.

BACKGROUND Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) cause degradation of von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers and bleeding. Multiple techniques exist to characterize VWF deficiency. However, a standard methodology has not been established in LVAD patients. Toward this goal, we evaluated 4 methods to quantify VWF multimers. METHODS We collected paired blood samples from patients (n = 48) before and after 1 week of LVAD support. After 652 ± 59 days of support, patients were classified as bleeders (≥1 bleeding episode) or nonbleeders. VWF multimers were resolved with electrophoresis and immunoblotting, the gold-standard to evaluate VWF multimers. We evaluated 4 quantification methods. RESULTS Each method demonstrated significant VWF degradation during LVAD support vs a paired, pre-LVAD sample (method 1, VWF length: 48 of 48 patients, -10% ± 1%, P < .0001; method 2, VWF density: 40 of 48, -34% (interquartile range, -46% to -8%), P < .0001; method 3, pre-LVAD to LVAD ratio: 46 of 48, 17 ± 5: 10 ± 1, P < .0001; method 4, LVAD/pre-LVAD index: 46 of 48, 57% (interquartile range, 50% to 73%), P < .0001). Bleeding occurred in 27 of 48 patients. Method 1 demonstrated significantly fewer VWF multimers in bleeders compared with nonbleeders (-11% ± 1% vs -8% ± 1%; P = .01). Other methods did not demonstrate this potentially important clinical relationship. CONCLUSIONS A standardized methodology is needed to quantify VWF multimer degradation with mechanical circulatory support devices. Novel method 1 successfully quantified the patient-specific change in VWF multimer length during LVAD support and demonstrated a difference in VWF multimers between bleeders and nonbleeders. Adoption of consensus methodology will assist to standardize patient-specific bleeding risk, inform anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy, and evaluate LVAD hemocompatibility.
The generalizability crisis.

Most theories and hypotheses in psychology are verbal in nature, yet their evaluation overwhelmingly relies on inferential statistical procedures. The validity of the move from qualitative to quantitative analysis depends on the verbal and statistical expressions of a hypothesis being closely aligned-that is, that the two must refer to roughly the same set of hypothetical observations. Here I argue that many applications of statistical inference in psychology fail to meet this basic condition. Focusing on the most widely used class of model in psychology-the linear mixed model-I explore the consequences of failing to statistically operationalize verbal hypotheses in a way that respects researchers' actual generalization intentions. I demonstrate that whereas the "random effect" formalism is used pervasively in psychology to model inter-subject variability, few researchers accord the same treatment to other variables they clearly intend to generalize over (e.g., stimuli, tasks, or research sites). The under-specification of random effects imposes far stronger constraints on the generalizability of results than most researchers appreciate. Ignoring these constraints can dramatically inflate false positive rates, and often leads researchers to draw sweeping verbal generalizations that lack a meaningful connection to the statistical quantities they are putatively based on. I argue that failure to take the alignment between verbal and statistical expressions seriously lies at the heart of many of psychology's ongoing problems (e.g., the replication crisis), and conclude with a discussion of several potential avenues for improvement.
Acute Kidney Injury After CT in Emergency Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Propensity Score-matched Analysis.

Author(s): Kene, Mamata; Arasu, Vignesh A; Mahapatra, Ajit K; Huang, Jie; Reed, Mary | Abstract: Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) after intravenous contrast administration for computed tomography (CT) occurs infrequently, but certain patients may be susceptible. This study evaluated AKI incidence among emergency department (ED) patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing CT exams.Methods: This retrospective cohort study in an integrated healthcare system included ED patients previously diagnosed with CKD stages 3-5 (estimated glomerular filtration rate l60 milliliters per minute per 1.73 meters squared over at least three months), undergoing CT exams with or without intravenous contrast, from January 1, 2013–December 31, 2017. We excluded patients with CT prior to (30 days) or following (14 days) index CT and missing serum creatinine (sCr) measurements. We applied propensity score matching, and then multivariable regression adjustment for post-CT ED disposition and ED diagnosis, to calculate adjusted risk of AKI. Secondary patient-centered outcomes included 30-day mortality, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) diagnosis, and dialysis initiation.Results: Among 103,573 eligible ED patients undergoing CT, propensity score matching yielded 5,589 pairs. Adjusted risk ratio (ARR) for AKI was higher overall for contrast-enhanced CT (1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-1.79). However, secondary outcomes were infrequent: 19/5,589 non-contrast vs 40/5,589 contrast patients with new dialysis initiation at 30 days (adjusted risk 0.3% vs 0.7%; adjusted risk reduction 0.4%; 95% CI, 0.1%-0.7%).Conclusion: In ED patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing CT, intravenous contrast was associated with higher overall adjusted risk of AKI, but patient-centered secondary outcomes were rare. The clinical significance of transient kidney injury after CT is unclear, although patients with advanced chronic kidney disease appear to have elevated risk.
Nanostructure Engineering of Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Electrochemical Applications.

Graphitic carbon nitride with ordered two-dimensional structure displays multiple properties, including tunable structure, suitable bandgap, high stability, and facile synthesis. Many achievements ...
Software Modeling and Design: UML, Use Cases, Patterns, and Software Architectures

This book covers all you need to know to model and design software applications from use cases to software architectures in UML and shows how to apply the COMET UML-based modeling and design method to real-world problems. The author describes architectural patterns for various architectures, such as broker, discovery, and transaction patterns for service-oriented architectures, and addresses software quality attributes including maintainability, modifiability, testability, traceability, scalability, reusability, performance, availability, and security. Complete case studies illustrate design issues for different software architectures: a banking system for client/server architecture, an online shopping system for service-oriented architecture, an emergency monitoring system for component-based software architecture, and an automated guided vehicle for real-time software architecture. Organized as an introduction followed by several short, self-contained chapters, the book is perfect for senior undergraduate or graduate courses in software engineering and design, and for experienced software engineers wanting a quick reference at each stage of the analysis, design, and development of large-scale software systems.
Legal Services and the Doha Round Dilemma

This article examines the nexus between two international topics, namely, trade negotiations, and regulation of the cross-border practice of law. Admittedly, this nexus is not found at a conventional crossroads. Legal services lie somewhat at the periphery of international trade measured in terms of the global value of goods, services and investment used to define major international economic relationships, or to define priorities in the formulation of national and transnational economic policies. Moreover, trade negotiators hardly figure amongst the principal regulators having responsibility for the professional conduct of individuals and firms engaged in the practice of law. Notwithstanding the somewhat peripheral nature of legal services in the overall calculation of balances of trade, and notwithstanding the traditional disjunction between responsibility for formulating trade policy and responsibility for supervising legal practitioners, the interaction of trade and legal services, carefully examined, can provide a useful analysis of its two components: of efforts to advance international trade in legal services, and of proposals to develop rules designed to facilitate cross-border legal practice. Such an analysis can prove instructive for policy-makers and interested participants not only in these two areas, but also in the broader context of formulating global rules governing trade and investment generally.
Resolving open questions on the λ∗-envy free criterion

Abstract A new equity criterion was introduced in Diamantaras and Thomson (1990). Two important open questions were also posed. Is the criterion ‘essentially’ single valued, and does it ‘equalize’ envy? We resolve these questions negatively, even in the case of pure exchange.
A Review of “Freeing Charles: The Struggle to Free a Slave on the Eve of the Civil War”

The subtitle of Scott Christianson's Freeing Charles suggests a rather narrow study of New Yorkers’ 1860 effort to prevent the re-enslavement of Charles Nalle, identified in a federal warrant as “a...
Retinal docosahexaenoic acid, age-related diseases, and glaucoma

Publisher Summary Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are the most abundant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the human body. DHA synthesis, uptake, and metabolism display unique features reflected in the selective enrichment of DHA in excitable membranes of the retina and brain. This contrasts with the more even distribution of AA in all organs of the human body. Because of the high functional relevance of DHA in the retina, this chapter illustrates studies on (a) dynamic interactions between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors in terms of DHA acquisition, supply to photoreceptors, and conservation, (b) DHA polarized trafficking in photoreceptors and functional significance, and (c) DHA-derived messenger generation via enzymatic and nonenzymatic generation of oxidized metabolites and docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA). The chapter discusses the possible involvement of docosanoids in glaucoma.
Living Healthy and Living Long: Valuing the Nonpecuniary Loss from Disability and Death

This analysis uses three valuation approaches—risk–risk tradeoff, paired risk–dollar comparison, and utility function estimation—to estimate the nonpecuniary cost associated with disability in late life. In addition, we obtain an estimate of the value of life using a paired risk–dollar comparison. The data were obtained from interviews with 548 persons using an iterative computerized questionnaire. Respondents reported a median value of life of $12 million. They were willing-to-pay .7–1.4 million to avoid disability in late life or approximately $47–$95 thousand for each year of disability over age 62. The results were robust to the valuation technique employed.
Control Charts and Process Capability

Statistical process control (SPC) charts play a very important role in the determination of process capability. It is important that SPC be achieved via the use of appropriate control charts before process capability indices are calculated, so that the indices reflect the long-term capability of a process to produce product within specification. A significant portion of the theoretical research dedicated to process capability indices has focused on those index estimators that utilize a pooled estimator of process variance, but data collected in subsamples from an in-control SPC chart, most likely an X − R or X − s chart, is preferred in practice for index estimation to insure process stability. This article is focused on the significant work published to date on process capability indices estimated using subsamples, including confidence bounds and hypothesis testing procedures for the primary indices Cp, Cpk, and Cpm. Keywords: process capability; control charts; subsample data; statistical quality control; Six Sigma; process capability indices
Fukuyama Is Right about Measuring State Quality: Now What?

Much has recently been written about how to best measure governance or “state quality.” Should we evaluate government performance by looking at what government achieves (outputs) as Robert Rotberg and Craig Boardman recently suggested? Or should we focus on measuring state capacity and bureaucratic autonomy, as Francis Fukuyama concludes? This commentary argues in support of Fukuyama's approach by using a public administration lens to disaggregate the public sector into two domains: upstream bodies at the center of government and downstream delivery bodies that deliver, commission, or fund services under the policy direction of government. It goes further by recommending a measurement framework that focuses on identifying indicators that are behavioral and action worthy in relation to five public management systems ultimately owned and operated by the central, upstream agencies.
Music to My (Deaf) Ears: The Installation Work of Joseph Grigely

The installations of artist and literary theorist Joseph Grigely compose memories, mannerisms, messages, (mis)communications, and music to explore the perceptions of and interfaces between deaf and non-deaf worlds. Grigely has been deaf since the age of ten. His visual and literary works exhibit memory and communication as multi-sensual and fragmented, while they deconstruct stereotypes of deafness.
Effect of heating time on volatile composition of canned pork meat

Abstract Volatiles from samples of ground pork meat, subject to 10, 20, 30 and 40 min heating at 121°C, were isolated by trapping on Tenax GC and Porapak Q. Essences were compared on wall-coated open-tubular glass capillary columns and analysed by glass capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Low molecular weight alcohols, many with branched-chain skeletons, mercaptans and cyclic products, were among the compounds identified. The amount of volatiles present appeared to correlate well with the heating time to which the sample had been subjected.
Forward error correction with buffer management in multimedia ATM networks

Conventional data reliability techniques such as retransmission-based error recovery schemes can result in intolerable storage requirements and data delay when used in high bandwidth delay-product networks. In this case forward error correction (FEC) can be used. FEC allows the destination to reconstruct missing data packets by using redundant parity packets that the source adds to each block of data packets. This pager uses simulation to study the loss behaviour of an output buffered cell multiplexer for different traffic scenarios. We add intelligence to various space priority buffer algorithms in order to disperse missing packets among many blocks, thereby reducing the block loss rate and the required coding complexity. We then investigate the effectiveness of FEC schemes together with buffer management algorithms for different traffic scenarios.
Carbohydrate Level and Growth of Tomato Plants: II. The Effect of Irradiance and Temperature.

The growth response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) to temperature and irradiance may be related to carbohydrate concentration. Plants in the exponential phase of vegetative growth were grown under temperatures ranging from 9 to 36°C and under low or high irradiances of approximately 110 or 370 microeinsteins per square meter per second photosynthetically active radiation for a 12 hour photoperiod. The relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, net assimilation rate and whole plant carbohydrate levels were measured. At high irradiance, relative growth rate was 43% faster and total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration was 41% greater than at low irradiance. The change in carbohydrate with irradiance could explain the growth response. Plant growth was fastest at 25°C and decreased parabolically at lower and higher temperatures with a half-maximal rate at 13 and 36°C. Total nonstructural carbohydrate decreased between 13 and 23°C and remained constant at higher temperatures. Soluble sugar concentrations varied little with temperature above 13°C except for sucrose, whose level rose above 30°C. The change in carbohydrate with temperature could not explain the growth response. Above 23°C tomato plants appeared to regulate growth rate to maintain a relatively constant nonstructural carbohydrate concentration.
A Course Surveying the Discipline of Psychology from a Mexican Perspective.

(1983). A Curse Surveying the Discipline of Psychology from a Mexican Perspective. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 171-172.
Superfluid transition in 4He films on hydrogen and its effect on the film-vapor coupling.

We have measured the 2D $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ superfluid density ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{s}}$ on hydrogen using a high-Q Al oscillator. We find that only 1/2 layer of helium remains normal well below the transition on hydrogen as opposed to 4 layers on bare Al. For transition temperatures ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ below 0.9 K we find that ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{s}}$(${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ as predicted by Kosterlitz-Thouless theory. For transitions above 1 K, where there is significant vapor damping, we see a striking suppression of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{s}}$(${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$) and find clear evidence for the appearnace of excess gas-atom slip in the superfluid phase.
Quantum stability of chameleon field theories.

Chameleon scalar fields are dark-energy candidates which suppress fifth forces in high density regions of the Universe by becoming massive. We consider chameleon models as effective field theories and estimate quantum corrections to their potentials. Requiring that quantum corrections be small, so as to allow reliable predictions of fifth forces, leads to an upper bound $ml0.0073(\ensuremath{\rho}/10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{)}^{1/3}\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ for gravitational-strength coupling whereas fifth force experiments place a lower bound of $mg0.0042\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. An improvement of less than a factor of two in the range of fifth force experiments could test all classical chameleon field theories whose quantum corrections are well controlled and couple to matter with nearly gravitational strength regardless of the specific form of the chameleon potential.
Another Balkan humpty‐dumpty: Putting Albania back together

In early 1997, Albania collapsed into anarchy and virtual civil war. Foreign troops arrived, new elections were held, a new government was formed, and international assistance is helping rebuild th...
Ideological and Political Roots of American Inequality

Can we devise a consistent and convincing case against severe income inequality? It is more difficult than one thinks. The author offers an impressive economic and philosophical analysis of the case against income inequality.
Treatment of earlobe keloids with carbon dioxide laser excision: a report of 16 cases.

A technique for treating keloids of the earlobes using a focused carbon dioxide laser and postoperative intralesional steroids with partial healing by secondary intention is described.
An overview of surfactant applications in drilling fluids for the petroleum industry

ABSTRACT Surfactants are increasingly being used in an ever-expanding variety of applications for drilling fluids. In oil-based drilling fluids, the most well-known applications of surfactants are as emulsifiers and wetting agents. In water-based drilling fluids, there is a continually-growing variety of applications that include: oil-in-water emulsification in base fluid formulations; shale-swelling inhibitors to prevent wellbore instabilities; detergency to prevent cuttings sticking to drill bit (adhesion of clay to metal parts); prevention of differential sticking; dispersants to inhibit flocculation of clay particles; foaming additives, to generate high gas/water ratio foam used as drilling fluids for low-pressure reservoirs and hard-rock drilling; defoaming additives to eliminate undesirable foam in water-based fluids; surfactant-polymer complexes for enhanced properties in fluids for low-pressure reservoirs. This review describes historical and modern applications of surfactant technology in drillin...
Contrasting the distribution of chloroplast DNA and allozyme polymorphism among local populations of Silene alba: implications for studies of gene flow in plants.

Abstract The distribution of chloroplast DNA (cp-DNA) length variants was analyzed within and among 10 local populations of Silene alba, a dioecious angiosperm. The populations displayed considerable allele frequency variation, resulting in an estimate of Wright's Fst of 0.67 over a 25 x 25 km portion of the species' range. By contrast, a concurrent analysis of the genetic structure of these same populations based on seven polymorphic allozyme loci yielded an estimate of Fst of 0.13. The two Fst estimates are significantly different from one another when their respective confidence limits are estimated by jackknifing. The results of a breeding study were consistent with maternal inheritance of the cpDNA variants. With maternal inheritance the genetic structure of the cpDNA should reflect seed movement, whereas the genetic structure of the nuclear-encoded allozyme loci should reflect the movement of both seeds and pollen. Comparison of the two markedly different Fst estimates in the context of recent models of the population genetics of organelles suggests that the movement of both seeds and pollen contributes significantly to gene flow.
Predictive simulation of nonlinear ultrasonics

Most of the nonlinear ultrasonic studies to date have been experimental, but few theoretical predictive studies exist, especially for Lamb wave ultrasonic. Compared with nonlinear bulk waves and Rayleigh waves, nonlinear Lamb waves for structural health monitoring become more challenging due to their multi-mode dispersive features. In this paper, predictive study of nonlinear Lamb waves is done with finite element simulation. A pitch-catch method is used to interrogate a plate with a "breathing crack" which opens and closes under tension and compression. Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) used as transmitter and receiver are modeled with coupled field elements. The "breathing crack" is simulated via "element birth and death" technique. The ultrasonic waves generated by the transmitter PWAS propagate into the structure, interact with the "breathing crack", acquire nonlinear features, and are picked up by the receiver PWAS. The features of the wave packets at the receiver PWAS are studied and discussed. The received signal is processed with Fast Fourier Transform to show the higher harmonics nonlinear characteristics. A baseline free damage index is introduced to assess the presence and the severity of the crack. The paper finishes with summary, conclusions, and suggestions for future work.
Risks in the Design of the Modern Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

: Since 1967 neonatal intensive care units have incorporated Yale's “large room concept” of design. Many environmental problems of NICUs result, including the reducing of parents to occasional observers and overwhelming them with the sight of many sick babies, machinery and staff. The large room concept also plays a role in the risks of 24-hour intense fluorescent lighting, noise, electromagnetic hazards, ionizing radiation, and outgassing of surface materials. An alcove design is suggested, which would reduce these risks, and provide graded exposure of parents to the sick infants. As the infants recover, an alcove design would allow for parents to assume full care of their baby and even rooming-in.
Cross phase modulation measured in optical fibers.

Les spectres d'emission d'impulsions laser sont mesures pour differentes valeurs d'energie. Il ressort que ce type de modulation joue un role important, et peut etre une source de bruit, dans les communications et les applications de traitement du signal
Maximizing system availability through joint decision on component redundancy and spares inventory

Abstract For a repairable k-out-of- n : G system consisting of line-replaceable units, its operational availability depends on component reliability, its redundancy level, and spare parts availability. As a result, it is important to consider redundancy allocation and spare parts provisioning simultaneously in maximizing the system’s operational availability. In prior studies, however, these important aspects are often handled separately in the areas of reliability engineering and spare parts logistics. In this paper, we study a collection of operational availability maximization problems, in which the component redundancy and the spares stocking quantities are to be determined simultaneously under economic and physical constraints. To solve this type of problem, continuous-time Markov chain models are developed first for a single repairable k-out-of- n : G system under different shut-off rules, and some important properties of the corresponding operational availability and spare parts availability are derived. Then, we extend the models to series systems consisting of multiple repairable k-out-of- n : G subsystems. The related optimization problems are reformulated as binary integer linear programs and solved using a branch-and-bound method. Numerical examples, including a real-world application of automatic test equipment, are presented to illustrate this integrated product-service solution and to offer valuable managerial insights.
Determining particle concentration by statistics

Abstract It is possible to determine the mean concentration of particles within a sample volume through the mean and mean square signal of the measuring system. This determination is possible for particles of an unknown size or when the instrument response is uncalibrated. The results, which will be obtained when there are two independent particle distributions within the same volume, are given and the conditions under which one of the distributions may be neglected are discussed.
Re-envisioning the training and practice of clinical psychologists: preserving science and research orientations in the face of change.

We argue for preservation of an expectation of psychologists that approach human problems from an evidence-based perspective. Acquisition of the requisite knowledge, skills, and practical experience require access to resources outside of graduate psychology programs. Whether adhering to a scientist–practitioner or practitioner–scholar model, psychologists must be “scientifically literate.” Deficiencies are noted in the training of scientist–practitioner psychologists for the conduct of clinical trials and the dissemination and sustained implementation of evidence-based interventions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Thyroid hormone effects on the State IV proton motive force in rat liver mitochondria.

In order to further investigate the mechanisms regulating the control of mitochondrial respiration by thyroid hormone, the proton motive force was measured during State IV respiration in liver mitochondria isolated from euthyroid, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid and T3-treated hypothyroid rats. The proton motive force was significantly higher in the hyperthyroid group due to an increased ΔpH. The proton motive force of hypothyroid mitochondria was lower than controls due to a decreased membrane potential. The proton motive force for the T3-treated hypothyroid group did not differ from the euthyroid group due to negating changes in the pH gradient and the membrane potential. The intramitochondrial volume was decreased in the hyperthyroid group and unchanged in the other groups. The results indicate that the thyroid status alters the proton motive force in State IV through individual changes in the pH and membrane potential components of the force. The component that changes in hyperthyroid mitochondria is different from that changing in hypothyroid mitochondria.
Differential complementation of ΔtolA Escherichia coli by a Yersinia enterocolitica TolA homologue

The Tol system is an interactive set of envelope proteins that includes both outer and cytoplasmic membrane proteins. Central to this system is TolA, which spans the periplasmic space to communicate with residents of each membrane. To identify motifs involved in the protein/protein interactions through which TolA acts, the ability of a phylogenetically distinct TolA protein from Yersinia enterocolitica to function in the Tol system of Escherichia coli was examined. Although at least 59 codons shorter and only c. 67% identical to its E. coli homologue, the Y. enterocolitica gene encoded a protein that supported the physiological function of the Tol system in E. coli, and conferred sensitivity to the TolA-dependent colicins A, K, and E1, but interestingly, not to colicin N. The correlation of conferred phenotype with sequence similarities and differences provides a first step in defining essential structural motifs and their specific contributions to function.
Barbiturate-induced expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat cerebellum.

Abstract Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is known to share some structural and functional similarities with the cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase system. Unlike P450, it does not require a second enzyme, reductase, to transfer electrons. This characteristic is similar to P450 BM-3 of Bacillus megaterium . P450 BM-3 and certain mammalian subfamilies of P450, such as P4502B, are known to be induced by phenobarbital (PB), and these P450s share a consensus sequence called the Barbie box. Because of the similarities nNOS shares with P450 BM-3 and other mammalian P450s, we have examined whether nNOS also responds to PB treatment. We have used semi-quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, a functional assay, and immunohistochemistry in order to answer this question. These data show a threefold increase in nNOS mRNA expression, more modest nNOS protein and activity induction, and no discernible changes in localization of nNOS within the cerebellum following PB treatment.
Perioperative Integrative Nursing Therapy Program

The purpose of the Perioperative Integrative Nursing Therapy Program is to utilize the integrative techniques of Reiki and music therapy to reduce stress and create a healing environment for patients, families and staff. In the perioperative arena, patients experiencing fear, anxiety, and stress related to surgery may require analgesics and anxiolytic medications causing less participation in their healing process which may result in an increased length of stay. Family members also experience elevated levels of fear, anxiety, and stress, especially when witnessing their loved one’s in distress. If fear, anxiety and stress continue, insomnia, poor appetite, depression and potential health risks can result. Stressors for health care providers in the perioperative area may include high patient volume and rapid patient turn around which may increase the incidence of errors; lend to development of compassion fatigue, burn out; and high staff turnover and vacancy rates. The Perioperative Integrative Nursing Therapy Program is comprised of three critical relationships including the care provider’s relationship with patients and their families, with self, and with their colleagues. This fits well with our institution’s care delivery model (RelationshipBased Care). The three components of the program offered in the Perioperative area are: Healing from the Heart; Music from the Heart; and Reiki from the Heart. Healing from the Heart uses music and Reiki therapy to reduce stress by creating a soothing and relaxing environment for patients. Music from the Heart uses recorded and live musical performances in our surgical waiting area for family enjoyment. Reiki from the Heart uses Reiki therapy for staff to reduce stress. FAMILY VISITATION IN THE PACU: IT WORKS! Margaret Farr Young, BSN, MDiv, RN, CPAN, Dorrien M. Smith, BSN, RN Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
T2-weighted imaging of the prostate: Impact of the BLADE technique on image quality and tumor assessment.

To retrospectively compare standard and BLADE T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) sequences of the prostate in terms of image quality and tumor assessment. 49 prostate cancer patients (64 ± 6 years) who underwent 3 T phased-array coil MRI before prostatectomy were included. T2WI was acquired using standard rectilinear and BLADE techniques. Two readers (R1, R2) independently localized the dominant lesion using T2WI alone and using multi-parametric imaging; recorded presence of extraprostatic extension (EPE) in each lobe; and scored lesion conspicuity and absence of motion artifact (1–5 scale; 5 = highest quality). A third reader, unblinded to pathology, placed ROIs to record tumor-to-peripheral-zone contrast. Standard and BLADE T2WI were compared using paired Wilcoxon tests. BLADE showed a trend toward improved motion artifact for R1 (3.4 ± 1.3 vs. 2.9 ± 1.5; p = 0.054) but not R2 (4.0 ± 1.0 vs. 3.9 ± 1.1; p = 0.880). Dominant lesions showed significantly lower conspicuity using BLADE for R1 (2.8 ± 2.0 vs. 3.2 ± 2.0; p = 0.011) but not R2 (2.3 ± 1.6 vs. 2.4 ± 1.7; p = 0.353), and significantly lower tumor-to-peripheral-zone contrast using BLADE (0.35 ± 0.13 vs. 0.42 ± 0.15; p ≤ 0.001). R1 and R2 correctly localized four and three fewer dominant tumors, respectively, using BLADE than standard T2WI, although both correctly localized a similar fraction of dominant tumors using multi-parametric sequences. While R1 detected EPE in 10 of 11 patients using both sequences, R2 detected EPE in 3 more patients using BLADE. BLADE may help reduce motion artifact of prostate T2WI and assist EPE detection, although at expense of reduced image contrast. In practice, BLADE may be useful in patients in whom initial T2WI is degraded by motion.
Henry's Law coefficients of chloropicrin and methyl isothiocyanate

Abstract Henry's Law coefficients were measured for the first time for chloropicrin and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) at 25 °C in deionized water, in 0.10 M NaCl, in 0.20 M NaCl, and in pH 4.0 and 8.0 buffered solutions. For chloropicrin, the Henry's Law coefficient was 2.1±0.3 atm M−1, and did not show significant pH dependence or dependence on ionic strength. For MITC, the coefficient was much smaller, 0.06±0.05 atm M−1. The Henry's Law coefficient for MITC did show dependence on ionic strength, increasing to 0.14±0.05 atm M−1 at 0.20 M, but did not appear to depend on pH. MITC has a much stronger tendency to remain in solution than chloropicrin. The transport of chloropicrin from solution to the atmosphere is likely to be significant environmentally, while MITC shows a much lower rate of volatilization. When transferred to the atmosphere, oxidation and photochemical reactions are likely to dominate the transformation of both chloropicrin and MITC, rather than heterogenous reactions.
The shifting and Allegorical Rhetoric of “neoclassical” economics

Postmodern Moments in Modern Economics. By David F. Ruccio and Jack Amariglio. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2003. A Lakatosian protective belt in economics has kept the cul...
The application of the fast Fourier transform algorithm to the estimation of spectra and cross-spectra

Abstract Alternative methods for the estimation of spectra are described and compared. Some of these methods have only become practicable with the advent of the fast Fourier transform algorithm although all of them benefit from the computational speed and accuracy of the algorithm. Topics discussed in relation to these methods for estimating spectra are spectral windows and bias in the estimates, general questions of statistical variability, the use of regression methods to smooth the periodogram, and use of time sectioning of the data to either smooth or to investigate non-stationarities in the data. The use of these methods and the fast Fourier transform algorithm for estimating cross-spectra is discussed briefly.
Optimal design for non-Newtonian flows using a topology optimization approach

We study non-Newtonian effects on the layout and geometry of flow channels using a material distribution based topology optimization approach. The flow is modeled with the single-relaxation hydrodynamic lattice Boltzmann method, and the shear dependence of viscosity is included through the Carreau-Yasuda model for non-Newtonian fluids. To represent the viscosity of blood in this model, we use non-Newtonian similarity. Further, we introduce a scaling to decrease the effects of the non-Newtonian model in porous regions in order to stabilize the coupling of the LBM porosity and non-Newtonian flow models. For the resulting flow model, we derive the non-Newtonian sensitivity analysis for steady-state conditions and illustrate the non-Newtonian effect on channel layouts for a 2D dual-pipe design problem at different Reynolds numbers.
Electron diffraction from laser-aligned beams of large hydrated molecules

We consider X-ray or electron diffraction from a molecular beam of hydrated proteins. These are aligned by the polarized field of a powerful continuous infrared laser. The laser power, temperature and molecular size needed to obtain sufficient alignment accuracy for sharp diffraction patterns is estimated using a thermal average, and the resulting Dawson integral compared with the estimate based on equipartition used in our previous work. The conditions determined allow sub-nanometer resolution charge-density maps to be reconstructed from phased diffraction patterns, so that the secondary structure of the proteins can be observed.
On the angular size-redshift test for double radio sources

The origin of discrepancy between the observed redshift dependence of the angular size of double radio sources and the relation expected for constant diameter objects in homogenous relativistic cosmologies is reconsidered. A correlation between absolute magnitude and projected linear separation for the sources could account for this discrepancy by observational selection without requiring cosmological evolution of the entire source population. We conclude that it is premature to use the θ-z test as support either for astrophysical models of double radio source evolution, or for particular cosmological models.
Immune Modulation in Melanoma and Advanced Cancer Therapy

Two fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), tremelimumab and ipilimumab, are in clinical development for the treatment of advanced cancers. The investigational agents enhance T-cell activation and are hypothesized to generate antitumor immunity. Clinical data have shown that treatment with an anti-CTLA4 mAb is tolerable in most patients. In addition, enhanced antitumor activity was observed in some patients. As expected with an agent that enhances the immune response, immune-related adverse events are observed frequently in treated patients. The immune-related adverse events are not observed with standard chemotherapy agents, so many nurses may be unfamiliar with their management. Early recognition and management of immune-related adverse events by oncology nurses is an essential component of effective treatment with an anti-CTLA4 mAb. As immunomodulatory agents such as anti-CTLA4 mAbs are introduced in oncology treatment, nurses will need a greater understanding of the complexities associated with the therapies. Knowledge of immune system functions and how altering the functions may affect the development of side effects will enhance safety and quality of care for patients receiving anti-CTLA4 mAbs.