cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historic Patterns of Soft Racism, Symbolic Violence, and Dignified Disdain for Blacks

Chapter 3 offers an exploration of the history of racism in Missouri and the covert ways that it was expressed. This history allows for an understanding of how racial attitudes that were framed long before the 1970s affected supporters and opponents of school desegregation policies. The chapter begins with a look at slave history in Missouri and then uses German immigration as a case study to show the inconsistency with which Missourians accepted different groups. Missourians navigated very delicate expressions of racism that produced the same results as the more overt forms. Missourians resisted equality by avoiding the trappings of using racist language and violence that made racism easy to discern. This chapter will establish how those covertly racist patterns developed and subsequent chapters will tie these historical patterns to contemporary behaviors that illuminate the racist nature of the school desegregation fight in St. Louis.
Changes in Dorsiflexion and Dynamic Postural Control After Mobilizations in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis assessing the effectiveness of joint mobilizations for improving dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) and dynamic postural control in ind...
History and Film: A Tale of Two Disciplines: ELEFTHERIA THANOULI, 2018, London, Bloomsbury, pp. 296, bibliography, index, £27.99

One of John Ford’s best films is his late ‘chamber Western’ (photographed, as it is, almost entirely on interior sets, even when the action is supposed to be taking place outdoors): The Man Who Sho...
Mouse models and strain-dependency of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome-associated neurologic dysfunction.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a lethal disorder caused by mutations in the LYST gene that involves progressive neurologic dysfunction. Lyst-mutant mice exhibit neurologic phenotypes that are sensitive to genetic background. On the DBA/2J-, but not on the C57BL/6J-background, Lyst-mutant mice exhibit overt tremor phenotypes associated with loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Here, we tested whether assays for ataxia could measure this observed strain-dependency, and if so, establish parameters for empowering phenotype- and candidate-driven approaches to identify genetic modifier(s). A composite phenotypic scoring system distinguished phenotypes in Lyst-mutants and uncovered a previously unrecognized background difference between wild-type C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Accelerating rotarod performance also distinguished phenotypes in Lyst-mutants, but at more advanced ages. These results establish that genetic background, Lyst genotype, and age significantly influence the severity of CHS-associated neurologic deficits. Purkinje cell quantifications likewise distinguished phenotypes of Lyst-mutant mice, as well as background differences between wild-type C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. To aid identification of potential genetic modifier genes causing these effects, we searched public datasets for cerebellar-expressed genes that are differentially expressed and/or contain potentially detrimental genetic variants. From these approaches, Nos1, Prdx2, Cbln3, Gnb1, Pttg1 were confirmed to be differentially expressed and leading candidates.
On Being a Good Expert Witness in a Criminal Case

It is essential for the forensic scientist to understand what the criminal justice system expects of the expert witness. By the very nature of the word forensic (“belonging to courts of justice” [1]) [2], the expert must realize that any tests, examinations, observations, or experiments he performs may require testimony in the courtroom regardless of the results. Preparation for this responsibility begins the first day the expert enters the laboratory.
How to support secondary school students’ consideration of uncertainty in scientific argument writing: A case study of a High-Adventure Science curriculum module

Incorporating scientific uncertainty as part of science teaching means acknowledging that there may be incomplete or potentially limited scientific information when scientists draw conclusions. In ...
Definitions of “Metadata”: A Brief Survey of International Standards

A search on the term “metadata” in the International Organization for Standardization's Online Browsing Platform (ISO OBP) reveals that there are 96 separate ISO standards that provide definitions of the term. Between them, these standards supply 46 different definitions—a lack of standardization that we might not have expected, given the context. In fact, if we make creative use of Simpson's index of concentration (originally devised as a measure of ecological diversity) to measure the degree of standardization of definition in this case, we arrive at a value of 0.05, on a scale of zero to one. It is suggested, however, that the situation is not as problematic as it might seem: that low cross‐domain levels of standardization of definition should not be cause for concern.
Association between Public Reporting of Outcomes and the Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock.

Risk-averse behavior has been reported among physicians and facilities treating cardiogenic shock in states with public reporting. Our objective was to evaluate if public reporting leads to a lower use of mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock. We conducted a retrospective study with the use of the National Inpatient Sample from 2005 to 2011. Hospitalizations of patients ≥18 years old with a diagnosis of cardiogenic shock were included. A regional comparison was performed to identify differences between reporting and nonreporting states. The main outcome of interest was the use of mechanical circulatory support. A total of 13043 hospitalizations for cardiogenic shock were identified of which 9664 occurred in reporting and 3379 in nonreporting states (age 69.9 ± 0.4 years, 56.8% men). Use of mechanical circulatory support was 32.8% in this high-risk population. Odds of receiving mechanical circulatory support were lower (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.43–0.57; ) and in-hospital mortality higher (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.06–1.34; ) in reporting states. Use of mechanical circulatory support was also lower in the subgroup of patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock in reporting states (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.51–0.72; ). In conclusion, patients with cardiogenic shock in reporting states are less likely to receive mechanical circulatory support than patients in nonreporting states.
Patriotism, Courage, & Sacrifice: Warren County's Response to WW II

Review of: "Patriotism, Courage, & Sacrifice: Warren County's Response to WW II" by Jerry K. Beatty
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders

Gastrointestinal symptoms are experienced by pediatric patients with a range of chronic illnesses, as well as by children and adolescents who do not have a primary medical diagnosis but are encountered in mental health clinics, schools, and pediatric primary care settings. In particular, functional abdominal pain disorders (irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, and functional abdominal pain—not otherwise specified) are common among youth and best understood from a biopsychosocial perspective. This chapter describes the utility of cognitive behavioral case conceptualization and interventions in addressing functional gastrointestinal symptoms and the impact of these symptoms on daily functioning.
Reducing High-Dose Opioid Prescribing: State-Level Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose Policies, 2007–2017

Objective To describe current state-level policies in the United States, January 1, 2007-June 1, 2017, limiting high morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) prescribing. Methods State-level MEDD threshold policies were reviewed using LexisNexis and Westlaw Next for legislative acts and using Google for nonlegislative state-level policies. The websites of each state's Medicaid agency, health department, prescription drug monitoring program, workers' compensation board, medical board, and pharmacy board were reviewed to identify additional policies. The final policy list was checked against existing policy compilations and academic literature and through contact with state health agency representatives. Policies were independently double-coded on the categories: state, agency/organization, policy type, effective date, threshold level, and policy exceptions. Results Currently, 22 states have at least one type of MEDD policy, most commonly guidelines (14 states), followed by prior authorizations (four states), rules/regulations (four states), legislative acts (three states), claim denials (two states), and alert systems/automatic patient reports (two states). Thresholds range widely (30-300 mg MEDD), with higher thresholds generally corresponding to more restrictive policies (e.g., claim denial) and lower thresholds corresponding to less restrictive policies (e.g., guidelines). The majority of policies exclude some groups of opioid users, most commonly patients with terminal illnesses or acute pain. Conclusions MEDD policies have gained popularity in recent years, but considerable variation in threshold levels and policy structure point to a lack of consensus. This work provides a foundation for future evaluation of MEDD policies and may inform states considering adopting such policies.
Visuospatial performance in patients with statistically-defined mild cognitive impairment.

Introduction: The Oblique Effect denotes superior performance for perceiving horizontal or vertical rather than diagonal or oblique stimuli. The current research investigated responding to oblique ...
WhatsApp as a medium to collect qualitative data among adolescents: lessons learned and considerations for future use

In the field of adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH), candid youth perspectives are necessary for understanding the nuances surrounding contraceptive access and use. Methods of data collection leveraging technological solutions may provide avenues for increased privacy for adolescents. With the use of WhatsApp and other smartphone-based messaging applications as platforms for qualitative methodologies, public health researchers may find increased access to adolescents through utilizing mediums that adolescents already engage with in their daily lives. This article describes the use of WhatsApp as a data collection methodology with adolescents in Malawi. In June 2018, VillageReach used WhatsApp to conduct focus group discussions (FGD) to collect qualitative data on contraceptive use from Malawian youth. WhatsApp FGD participants were male and female adolescents, aged 15-19 representing rural and urban populations across three geographic regions of Malawi (northern, central and southern). Youth researchers (YR), aged 22-25, were trained and facilitated fifteen WhatsApp FGDs, as in-person (12) and remote (3) sessions. WhatsApp FGDs consisted of a YR sharing fictitious but contextually realistic ASRH scenarios, and managing the virtual discussion with questions and probing. Youth indicated comfort using WhatsApp to express their opinions and experiences related to contraceptive use and preferences. Based on the data collected, the researchers felt that use of the technology may increase willingness to provide additional levels of information during anonymized WhatsApp FGDs vis a vis traditional, in-person FGDs. Using WhatsApp as a methodological tool to facilitate FGDs has practical implications for data collection, data quality and data analysis. This paper reports lessons learned as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using WhatsApp to conduct FGDs in a low-resource setting. It also calls for developing guidelines and an ethical code of conduct for the future use of mobile applications for conducting qualitative research with vulnerable populations.
Return to sport after surgical treatment for posterior shoulder instability: a systematic review.

Purpose To report the rate of return to sport after surgical treatment for posterior shoulder instability among athletes. Methods A systematic review of the literature regarding rate of return to sport after surgical treatment for posterior shoulder instability was undertaken. The primary outcome measure was return to sport. The secondary outcome measures included rate of return to sport to preinjury level, time to return to sport, injury type, reoperations after primary surgery, and objective patient-reported outcome data. Data is summarized with ranges and tables. Results A total of 23 studies met inclusion criteria. The rate of return to sport ranged from 57.9%-100%. The rate of return to sport to the preinjury level ranged from 47.4%-100%. Time to return to sport ranged from 4.3-7.7 months. Furthermore, 66% of subjects had an acute traumatic injury and 34% were of insidious onset. The most commonly reported outcome measures were American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES) scores and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores. At a minimum of 1-year follow-up, ASES and VAS pain scores improved. Revision rates ranged from 0%-36.8%. Conclusion The systematic review demonstrated high rates of return to sport and relatively high rates of return to preinjury level of sport among all athletes who underwent surgical treatment for posterior shoulder instability. Objective patient-reported outcome metrics improved postoperatively whereas revision rates remained low.
Elastic and failure characteristics of additive manufactured thin wall lattice structures with defects

Abstract The design and realization of lightweight thin wall lattice structures assisted by additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential for a broad range of engineering applications. Due to the more pronounced material and feature defects that commonly occur with AM lattice structures, the application of these structures are currently hindered by the lack of adequate understanding of the effects of material defects on various structural performance, including the fracture characteristics. In this work, an analytical modeling-based analysis was carried out with two types of lattice designs, including the re-entrant auxetic and the diamond structures, in order to understand the effect of material defects on the elastic and fracture characteristics of these structures. The material defect characteristics were represented by introducing material property variability (strength and elastic modulus) functions using stochastic normal distribution functions, which were experimentally established in this study. The models provided good predictions of various fracture characteristics of the lattice structures fabricated by laser powder bed fusion AM (L-PBF-AM) process. Furthermore, the models were employed to investigate the effect of varying material property variabilities on the fracture characteristics of the two types of lattice structures. The results showed that the existence of material property variability not only result in reduced initial fracture strength, but also lead to some unexpected characteristics such as the increase of retaining strength and the divergence of fracture patterns. In addition, it was found that the auxetic and diamond structures exhibit significantly different sensitivities to material property variabilities, which translates into various implications for their use in different potential applications.
The Mechanism of Steroid-Hormone Regulation of Transcription of Specific Eukaryotic Genes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that growth and differentiation is a complex process that requires an integrated synthesis of DNA along with transcription of a full complement of RNA and expression of protein for each new cell type. Differentiation can refer either to morphological changes or to the appearance of a new biochemical function. In a variety of eukaryotic model systems, tissue growth and differentiation can be induced with specific chemical effectors. Initiation of active metabolism in cell division of these tissues allows a precise temporal analysis of the biochemical events that result in the differentiation response. Thus, these responses are specific for either embryonic or immature tissues. The effect of glucocorticoids on the differentiation of chick embryo retinal cells provides one example of hormone-dependent biochemical differentiation. The decidual cell reaction in the uterus in response to progesterone is manifested by proliferation of cells similar to that occurring on implantation of a blastocyst. It also reviews that steroid hormones are capable of stimulating prematurely the appearance of new proteins and target cell functions under well defined conditions. Moreover, these events are a primary part of the normal adult response during maturation and presumably are under the direction of the endogenous hormones.
Timing of thrust activity in the High Zagros fold‐thrust belt, Iran, from (U‐Th)/He thermochronometry

[1] Apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He cooling ages are used to quantify the timing of exhumation associated with thrust faulting in the High Zagros fold-thrust belt. Single-grain cooling age data were collected from (1) Cambrian sandstone in various thrust sheets, (2) sandstone and basement clasts derived from structurally controlled salt plugs or fault-bounded slices, and (3) syntectonic Neogene siliciclastics strata. In the northwestern (Kuhrang) and central (Kuh-e Lajin) High Zagros, apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) ages range from ∼26.7 to ∼0.38 Ma. Most cooling and exhumation occurred in the early to middle Miocene, constrained by AHe ages ∼19–15 Ma from the High Zagros thrust sheet, localized faults, and reset cooling ages from Bakhtiyari deposits. In the southeastern High Zagros (Kuh-e Dinar), cooling occurred later with AHe ages ranging from ∼16.5 to ∼0.79 Ma. Here most cooling and exhumation occurred in the late Miocene, constrained by AHe ages ∼12–8 Ma from the High Zagros fault, and exhumed Paleozoic clasts in synorogenic strata. Zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) ages from bedrock samples across the High Zagros are reflective of the precollisional thermal history. The preservation of precollisional ZHe ages limits the pre-Miocene maximum burial temperature of the exhumed strata to < 180°C, and indicate < 7–9 km of maximum exhumation in the central Zagros. This study shows that thrust activity in the High Zagros and continental suturing along the Zagros suture was underway by at least 19 Ma, and initiated no later than latest Oligocene to early Miocene time (∼23 Ma).
Gene-Induced Chondrogenesis of Primary Mesenchymal Stem Cells in vitro

Abstract Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into various connective tissues such as cartilage and bone following stimulation with certain growth factors. However, less is known about the capacity of these cells to undergo chondrogenesis when these proteins are delivered via gene transfer. In this study, we investigated chondrogenesis of primary, bone marrow-derived MSCs in aggregate cultures following genetic modification with adenoviral vectors encoding chondrogenic growth factors. We found that adenoviral-mediated expression of TGF-β1 and BMP-2, but not IGF-1, induced chondrogenesis of MSCs as evidenced by toluidine blue metachromasia and immunohistochemical detection of type II collagen. Chondrogenesis correlated with the level and duration of expressed protein and was strongest in aggregates expressing 10–100 ng/ml transgene product. Transgene expression in all aggregates was highly transient, showing a marked decrease after 7 days. Chondrogenesis was inhibited in aggregates modified to express >100 ng/ml TGF-β1 or BMP-2; however, this was found to be partly due to the inhibitory effect of exposure to high adenoviral loads. Our findings indicate that parameters such as these are important functional considerations for adapting gene transfer technologies to induce chondrogenesis of MSCs.
Corey–Chaykovsky reaction

The Corey–Chaykovsky reaction entails the reaction of a sulfur ylide, either dimethylsulfoxonium methylide 1 (Corey’s ylide) or dimethylsulfonium methylide 2, with electrophile 3 such as carbonyl, olefin, imine, or thiocarbonyl, to offer 4 as the corresponding epoxide, cyclopropane, aziridine, or thiirane.
Inconsistency of Feynman rules derived via path integration.

We show that the Feynman rules in the covariant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ gauge, the Coulomb gauge, and the axial gauge, in the generally adopted form derived via the Faddeev-Popov formalism, are inconsistent with one another. We suggest that they be replaced by the canonically derived ones, which are consistent. In particular, the Feynman rules in the Coulomb gauge contain the contribution of the anomalous Coulomb interaction, and the Feynman rules in the axial gauge with the principal-value prescription contain the contribution of ghost loops.
Comparison of hyperlipidemia in dialysis patients, renal transplant recipients, and steroid treated nonrenal patients.

Scrim lipids were studied in 25 stable renal transplant recipients 3–60 months after transplantation, 25 stable patients maintained on hemodialysis, and 16 steroid-treated patients with normal renal functions. Lipid abnormalities were found in 72% of the transplant patients and 52% of dialysis patients. The mean scrum triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the transplant and the dialysis group than age and sex matched controls, but were not significantly elevated in the steroid-treated patients with normal renal function. The mean cholesterol levels were normal for the transplant and steroid-treated groups, but significantly reduced in the dialysis group. There was a significant correlation between the triglyceride levels and the reciprocal of creatinine clearance suggestive of a possible etiologic relationship.
Relationship of strain magnitude to morphological variation in the primate skull.

In a comparative study of variation in primate skulls, Wood and Lieberman ([2001] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 116:13–25) proposed that a predictable relationship exists between in vivo bone-strain magnitudes and the extent of morphological variation in skeletal structures. They hypothesized that regions subject to high strains are prone to enhanced levels of variation. Three questions are posed with respect to the plausibility of this hypothesis. First, does the proposed relationship hold at different levels of analysis (e.g., for more restricted anatomical regions in which large strain gradients are present)? Second, is the biomechanical rationale for the hypothesis sound, given the current understanding of bone biology? Third, is the hypothesis obviated by consideration of the functional matrix concept of skull development, in which osseous growth is posited to be governed by surrounding soft tissues (e.g., muscle and tendon) and developing spaces (e.g., the nasal capsule)? The different perspectives explored by these questions suggest that the validity of the hypothesis, despite having a defensible theoretical rationale, is likely to be context-specific. A direct role for strain magnitude in conditioning morphological variation is difficult to demonstrate either comparatively or theoretically, and it is unlikely that a single strain threshold or interval can be directly associated with elevated variation in the skeleton. The conceptual framework of the functional matrix (which allows for independent growth among different regions of the skull) conceivably contravenes the premise of a uniform relationship of strain magnitude to morphological variability. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of hypoxia induced by Na2S2O4 on intracellular calcium and resting potential of mouse glomus cells.

Isolated and cultured glomus cells, obtained from mouse carotid bodies, were superfused with Ham's F-12 equilibrated with air (mean PO2, 119 Torr; altitude 1350 m). [Ca2+]o was 3.0 mM. In one experimental series, dual cell penetrations with microelectrodes measured intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and the resting potential (Em). In another series, [Ca2+]i was measured with Indo-1/AM, dissolved in DMSO. Normoxic cells had a mean Em of -42.4 mV and [Ca2+]i was about 80 nM (measured with both methods). The calculated calcium equilibrium potential (ECa) was 137+/-0.74 mV. Hypoxia, induced by Na2S2O4 1 mM, reduced pO2 to 10-14 Torr. This effect was accompanied by cell depolarization to -19.1 mV. Hypoxia increased [Ca2+]i to 231 nM when detected with Ca-sensitive microelectrodes, but only to 130.2 nM when measured with Indo-1/AM. Calcium increases were preceded by decreases in [Ca2+]i, which also were more pronounced with microelectrode measurements. CoCl2 1 mM blocked the hypoxic [Ca2+]i increase and exaggerated the decreases in [Ca2+]i. Correlations between DeltaEm and Delta[Ca2+]i during hypoxia were significant (p<0.05) in 19% of the cells. But, in 29% of them significance was at the p<0.1 level. In the rest (52%), there was no correlation between these parameters. Thus, voltage-gated calcium channels are rare in mouse glomus cells. Their activation by depolarization cannot explain the two to threefold increase in [Ca2+]i seen during hypoxia. More likely, [Ca2+]i increase may be due to hypoxic inactivation of a Ca-Mg ATPase transport system across the cell membrane. The blunting of hypoxic [Ca2+]i increase, seen in Indo-1/AM experiments, is probably due to its solvent (DMSO), which also depresses hypoxic cell depolarization.
The Frank scalar atrial vectorcardiogram in normal children

Abstract High-gain recordings of the Frank scalar atrial vectorcardiogram were obtained with conventional vectorcardiographic apparatus in 115 normal subjects. Forty measurements of time intervals, scalar voltages, and spatial voltages, which were expected to most likely reflect patterns of depolarization found in the experimental laboratory, were selected for analysis. The atrial vectorcardiogram was found to relate well to patterns of right and left atrial depolarization previously described in dogs. Right atrial activity was reflected in leftward, inferior, and anterior forces, while left atrial depolarization began later and was reflected in leftward, inferior, and more posterior forces. Normal values of selected parameters are presented. The study indicates that high-gain recordings of the scalar atrial vectorcardiogram can be easily obtained as a part of a routine vectorcardiographic procedure. Readily determined parameters reflect differential depolarization of the right atrium and of the left atrium.
A DYNAMIC LAGRANGIAN, FIELD-SCALE MODEL OF DUST DISPERSION FROM AGRICULTURE TILLING OPERATIONS

Dust exposure in and near farm fields is of increasing concern for human health and may soon be facing new emissions regulations. Dust plumes of this nature have rarely been documented due to the unpredictable nature of the dust plumes and the difficulties of accurately sampling the plumes. This article presents a dynamic random-walk model that simulates the field-scale PM10 (particle diameter <10 µm) dust dispersion from an agriculture disking operation. The major improvements over traditional plume models are that it can simulate moving sources and plume meander. The major inputs are the friction velocity (u*), wind direction in the simulation period, atmospheric stability, and source strength (µg s-1). In each time step of the model simulation, three instantaneous wind velocities (x, y, and z directions) are produced based on friction velocity, mean wind speed, and atmospheric stability. The computational time step is 0.025 times the Lagrangian time scale. The resulting instantaneous wind vectors transport all the individual particles. The particle deposition algorithm calculates if a particle is deposited based on the particle settling speed and vertical wind velocity when it touches the ground surface. The particle mass based concentration in 3-D can be obtained at any instant by counting the particle numbers in a unit volume and then converting to mass based on the particle size and density. Simulations from this model are verified by comparison with dust dispersion and plume concentrations obtained by an elastic backscatter LIDAR. The simulated plume spread parameters (s y, s z) at downplume distances up to 160 m were within ±73% of those measured with a remote aerosol LIDAR. Cross-correlations between a modeled plume and LIDAR measurements of the actual plume were as high as 0.78 near the ground and decreased to 0.65 at 9 m above ground, indicating close pattern similarity between the modeled and measured plumes at lower heights but decreasing with elevation above the ground.
Heavy metal outputs from a cement kiln co-fired with hazardous waste fuels

Measured data from a kiln equilibration test are analyzed for heavy metal outputs from a cement kiln co-fired with hazardous waste fuels. Metal outputs from stack emissions, cement kiln dust and cement clinker are considered. Equations are derived for predicting all three metal outputs at any hazardous waste feed rate under steady state conditions. Through analysis of two steady state conditions, at the beginning and end of the equilibration test, essentially the same ratios of metal feed rates are found to be distributed to the kiln dust at either high or low metal feed rates. Applying the same distribution ratios in the derived equations, metal concentrations of wasted kiln dust are predicted when the kiln is not using hazardous waste fuels. Measured concentrations of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and lead in wasted kiln dust, at the highest intended hazardous waste feed rates to the kiln, are 68, 10, 72, 18, and 68 times those predicted for feed rates with no hazardous waste. In addition, the intermediate, non-steady state segment of the equilibration test is analyzed. If metals are assumed not to accumulate in the kiln, the intermediate metal concentrations in cement clinker are predicted to be substantially higher than those at the final steady state.
Observations of predation by corvids at a Marbled Murrelet nest

Unlike other alcids, Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) typically nest solitarily on large platforms in the upper canopy of old-growth coniferous trees. Although Marbled Murrelets exhibit characteristics that minimize the risk of predation, habitat fragmentation has likely increased the risk of nest predation by corvids. Using a video camera at a nest in northern California, we observed nest fates for 4 yr (2002–2005). These recordings revealed two cases of egg predation by a Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) and a Common Raven (Corvus corax), respectively. In both instances, the egg was carried from the nest site, leaving no evidence that nesting had occurred. Our observations revealed (1) the need to be conservative in estimates of nesting attempts and nesting success of Marbled Murrelets based only on the presence or absence of eggshell fragments or feces, (2) that not all predation attempts were successful, and (3) that murrelets may be more susceptible to predation early in the incubation period when adults may be less attentive to eggs and, after hatching, when young are less than 14 d old. We encourage efforts to minimize anthropogenic activities that may increase local corvid densities or disturb murrelets during the early incubation period. SINOPSIS Contrario a otros alcidos, la uria (Brachyramphus marmoratus), anida comunmente, de forma solitaria en grandes plataformas en el docel de bosques maduros de coniferos. Aunque estas aves exhiben caracteristicas que minimizan el riesgo de depredacion, la fragmentacion de habitat ha incrementado el mismo, particularmente por parte de corvidos. Utilizando una camara de video en un nido en el norte de California,observamos el fracaso de nidos por cuatro anos (2002–2005). Las grabaciones revelaron dos casos de depredacion de huevos por parte de Cyanocitta stelleri y Corvus corax, respectivamente. En ambos casos, los huevos fueron cargados, y no se dejo evidencia de depredacion. Nuestras observaciones revelan: (1) la necesidad de ser conservador cuando hace estimados de intentos de anidamiento y exito de anidamiento de urias basado en la presencia o ausencia de fragmentos de cascarones o heces fecales, (2) que no todos los intentos de depredacion fueron exitosos, y (3) que el ave estudiada pudiera ser mas suceptibles a la depredacion temprano en el periodo de incubacion, cuando los adultos pudieran darle menor atencion a los huevos, y luego del eclosionamiento, cuando los pichones tienen menos de 14 dias. Fomentamos los esfuerzos para minimizar actividades antropogenicas que puedan incrementar las densidades locales de corvidos o el disturbio de urias durante las etapas tempranas de incubacion.
Comparison of antisera to various gonadotropins as they effect the mouse vaginal cycle.

SummaryAntisera to 6 different gonado-tropins were given to young adult female mice and daily vaginal changes followed. Anti-sera to sheep luteinizing hormone virtually halted vaginal cycling. At comparable dose levels antisera to sheep FSH, HCG, and crude sheep pituitary extract failed to have this effect. It was concluded that there had been a cross-reaction between antibodies to the sheep luteinizing hormone and endogenous mouse pituitary hormones.
Possible effects of inappropriate action of catecholamines in burns and their counteraction

Abstract Catecholamines have been noted to be increased in all forms of stress. The way in which high levels of catecholamines can produce adverse effects in burnt patients is discussed, including the shock situation. Confirmation of high levels in burns as previously noted is confirmed and in the associated trial reported, levels are noted to be related to the Burns Index up to eleven times normal, higher than in most other stress situations, a blockage in selected burns cases may help to reduce mortality by reducing skin anoxia, bowel ischaemia with associated anoxia, ulceration, pulmonary congestion, and maintaining liver (including reticuloendothelial) function, reducing capillary pressure and fluid loss into the interstitial space, and maintaining renal perfusion.
Properties of Dense PLZT Piezoelectrics

Perovskite PZT and PLZT ceramics have been hot- forged to densification > 98 % of their theoretical values. The piezoelectric d33 coefficient in the PLZT dense ceramics exceeds 650 pC/N compared to 550 pC/N for conventionally sintered ceramics. In addition, the microstructure in these samples is much improved, and a substantial amount of grain orientation is observed. This combination of properties results in a substantial increase in fatigue life, and we expect the hot-forging technique to extend the fatigue life to over 109 cycles.
Content and Context of a Research Registry for Community-Based Research

There is a dearth of evidence relative to the identification and the variability between the prevalence of chronic conditions in the greater geographic community and the prevalence of these chronic conditions reported through community-based primary care practices. Described is the content and context of a research registry and the variation in panels given the means of recruitment. Patients complete a medical form that includes their self-reported demographics, current and past medical conditions, current medications, family history of selected medical conditions, and a release for full access to their medical records. Two panels were examined, those patients served by community-based primary care practices and assessment of those citizens living in the greater underserved population. These results suggest that the recorded frequency of conditions is similar to those found in the most frequent diagnostic clusters reported in literature for primary care visits. Despite the equity of the demographic and geographical area for recruitment, the identified chronic conditions of those recruited from medical practices differed significantly than the participants from community venues. These findings are provocative in that they have an impact on the understanding of the content and context of a primary care community-based research registry, but also the possible variations in panels given the means of recruitment into a registry. These data are relevant not only as a measure of prevalence of conditions seen in primary care, but perhaps more importantly as a measure of the prevention of chronic diseases that disproportionately affect the underserved.
The norm of the Lp-Fourier transform III compact extensions

Abstract A theorem of Hausdorff Young type is proved for integral operators in the setting of gage spaces. This theorem is used to show that the norm of the L p -Fourier transform on unimodular groups is stable under compact extension.
The role of angiotensin in thirst

Abstract A relatively large literature has described the motivated drinking behavior produced by angiotensin, which occurs even in normally hydrated animals. Many investigations have attempted to relate angiotensin to a “regulatory” thirst drive, i.e., drinking in response to an osmotic or volume stimulus. A review of this literature is difficult because there are unclarities in various aspects of regulatory thirst. Therefore, this review is divided into two sections. The first section briefly discusses the nature and location of receptors and anatomic sites for osmotic and volume thirst and some methodological considerations. The second section describes angiotensin thirst and it's potential significance.
Monolithic integration of high efficiency III-nitride LEDs and high breakdown Schottky barrier diodes

Integration of III-nitride light emitting diodes (LEDs) and Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have been proposed for various applications, such as electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection and alternating current-LEDs (AC-LEDs) with on-chip bridge rectifiers. Nevertheless, it is generally perceived that the dry etching-induced nitrogen vacancies in GaN lattice render a high surface concentration of defect donors, and lead to poor SBD performance in terms of high saturation current and very low breakdown voltage.
Satellite Detection of Upwelling in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico

Abstract The daily acquisition of thermal infrared imagery from the NOAA-2 satellite permitted the delineation and monitoring of a series of upwellings in the Gulf of Tehuantepec during December 1973. Following the upwelling, a large anticyclonic gyre was detected in the imagery as the coastal currents returned to their historical positions.
Hydrogen bonding in crystalline arylazonaphthols

Abstract The electronic and vibrational spectra of trans -hydroxyazoaromatics show profound differences between the preferred species in solution and those prevalent in the cyrstalline solids. The hydrazone ⇌ azo tautomers dominate the respective electronic spectra of neutral solutions of these compounds. On the other hand, the lowest energy electronic transition of crystalline hydroxyazo compounds is strongly red-shifted (≈ 1000 A) relative to that for the dissolved species. Support for the thesis that this anomalous absorption characteristics of crystalline azo compounds has its origin in intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded hydrazone-like aggregates is found in infrared and Raman spectroscopic studies of the solids, in electronic spectroscopy of solutions in acidic media, and comparison spectra of the amorphous solid compounds.
Measurements of combustion properties in a microwave enhanced flame

Abstract Microwave induced flame speed enhancement is quantified in a laminar, premixed CH4/air wall stagnation flat flame. Experiments were performed in a high Q microwave cavity with the cavity tuned so that the maximum microwave field is located in the vicinity of a flat flame front. Equivalence ratios were varied between 0.6 and 0.8. When the flame is radiated by a continuous wave microwave field of approximately 5 kV/cm, the flame front is observed to move towards the burner exit and stabilize at a standoff distance corresponding to a flame speed increase of up to 20%. No microwave discharge is observed, indicating that the enhanced flame speed arises from microwave energy deposited directly into the reaction zone through coupling to the weakly ionized gas in that region. Laser diagnostics were performed to quantify temperature increase, the laminar flame speed enhancement, and changes in the OH radical concentration through filtered Rayleigh scattering, particle image velocimetry, and planar laser induced fluorescence, respectively. These measurements indicate that microwave radiation may prove to be an effective means to non-invasively control and enhance flame stability in combustors.
CBCL clinical scales discriminate ADHD youth with structured-interview derived diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

Objective: To evaluate the association between the clinical scales of the child behavior checklist (CBCL) and the comorbid diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in a large sample of yout...
Tumor necrosis factor and alcoholic liver disease

Increased levels of hepatic and serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been documented in animal models of alcoholic liver disease and in human alcoholic liver disease. This dysregulated TNF metabolism has been postulated to play a role in many of the metabolic complications and the liver injury of alcoholic liver disease. One potential therapy for alcoholic liver disease may be agents that downregulate TNF production or block TNF activity. Indeed, agents such as prostaglandins and glucocorticoids (both inhibit TNF production) have been used in both human liver disease and experimental models of liver injury, and anti-TNF antibody has recently been shown to attenuate the hepatotoxicity in an animal model of alcoholic-related liver disease. In this study, we demonstrate that a simple ex vivo system can be used to initially assess potential efficacy of anticytokine agents when administered to humans. Both prednisone and a prostaglandin analog were effective in downregulating TNF and interleukin-8 production. The liver is normally resistant to TNF cytotoxicity. Sensitivity to TNF cytotoxicity is thought to occur when there is inadequate production of hepatic protective factors. In this study, we showed that, when patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis were matched with trauma patients for serum levels of interleukin-6, they had similar depressions in the negative acute phase protein, albumin, but markedly different increases in the major acute phase protein, C reactive protein. Patients with alcoholic hepatitis had a very blunted response. We also showed that inhibiting activation of the redox sensitive transcription factor NFkappaB sensitizes to TNF-induced hepatocyte death in vitro. This transcription factor is important for the production of both cytokines and many acute phase protective factors. Several hepatic protective factors are induced by TNF. One possible mechanism for liver injury in alcoholic hepatitis may be inadequate generation of hepatic protective factors. Our future understanding of mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease will involve understanding the balance between noxious and protective factors in the liver, and this should lead to rational therapy for this disease process.
Conjugacy and rigidity for nonpositively curved manifolds of higher rank

Abstract Let M and N be compact Riemannian manifolds with sectional curvature K ⩽ 0 such that M has dimension ⩾ 3 and rank ⩾ 2. If there exists a C 0 conjugacy F between the geodesic flows of the unit tangent bundles of M and N , then there exists an isometry G : M → N that induces the same isomorphism as F between the fundamental groups of M and N .
Error correction in CORC: the Cornell Computing Language

CORC, the Cornell Computing Language, is an experimental compiler language developed at Cornell University. Although derived from FORTRAN and ALGOL, CORC has a radically simpler syntax than either of these, since it was designed to serve university students and faculty. Indeed, most of the users of CORC are "laymen programmers," who intermittently write small programs to solve scientific problems. Their programs contain many errors, as often chargeable to fundamental misunderstandings of the syntax as to "mechanical errors." A major objective of CORC is to reduce the volume of these errors. This objective has been achieved to the following extent: the average rate of re-runs for 4500 programs submitted during the fall semester of 1962 was less than 1.1 re-runs/program.
An Equivalent Circuit of a Bolometer

Regarding a bolometer as an active four-terminal network which connects the heat-flow circuit to the electrical circuit, the equivalent circuit of a bolometer is obtained. By means of this equivalent circuit a physical meaning of the dynamic impedance of a bolometer is made clear. Also, the stability considerations of a bolometer circuit is given.
A conversation with Andreas Acrivos.

For a video of this interview, please visit the Annual Reviews YouTube channel, or proceed to the full text of the article, which includes a transcript.
Combined acid additives and the MC catalyst for the autoxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid

Abstract The autoxidation of p -xylene (pX) was carried out with the Co(OAc) 2 /Mn(OAc) 2 /Br − catalyst in the presence of a strong acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) and p -toluenesulfonic acid. The initial reaction rates, measured by the rate of oxygen uptake, and the yields of terephthalic acid were used to compare the effectiveness of acid additives. All the acid additives improved significantly the effectiveness of the catalyst at their low concentrations. The autoxidation reaction increased with the Mn(OAc) 2 concentration. The reaction involves the formation of manganese(III) salts of strong acids, which are more powerful oxidizing agents than manganese(III) acetate. Thus, the cycles of free-radical chain reactions that involve formation of dibromide radical take place rapidly. Dibromide radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from the methyl group of p -xylene to form ArCH 2 , and then the sequence progresses through alcohol, aldehyde and carboxylic acid. Manganese(III) salts of strong acids also directly react with p -xylene. This was confirmed by studying the reaction between Mn(OAc) 3 and p -xylene in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid.
The effects of motor and sensory disruptions on speech: a description of articulation.

Eleven spondee words produced by six dysarthric and two sensory-deprived speakers were phonetically transcribed in order to determine whether motor and sensory dysfunctions result in distinctive ar...
Pulmonary Hypertension and Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract Pulmonary hypertension occurs in patients with congenital heart disease and may be caused by increased volume of pulmonary blood flow or by anatomical changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Therefore, the determination of pulmonary vascular resistance expresses the status of the pulmonary vascular bed more accurately than does the level of the pulmonary artery pressure alone. Knowledge of the anatomical changes in pulmonary vessels is important in assessing surgical indications and operative risks.
Convergence and divergence in the informal sector debate: A focus on Latin America, 1984–92

Abstract Over the years, the “informal sector debate” has increased its complexity and expanded its ambit. For this reason, academics, policy makers, and practitioners frequently have difficulty understanding a phenomenon referred to by a term used in different ways and supported by data produced through a variety of methods to fit competing agendas. The objective of the present paper is to explain the debate, particularly for 1984–1992 as applied to the informal sector in Latin America. The paper identifies the approaches/perspectives and personalities involved in the debate, assesses points of agreement or divergence, and clarifies policy implications.