cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of attention and inhibitory control in rodent developmental neurotoxicity studies

In designing screens to assess potential neurotoxicants, the paramount goal is that the selected assessment tools detect dysfunction if it exists. This goal is particularly challenging in the case of cognitive assessments. Cognition is not a unitary phenomenon, and indeed there is growing evidence that different aspects of cognitive functioning are subserved by distinct neural systems. As a result, if a particular neurotoxicant selectively damages certain neural systems but not others, it can impair some cognitive, sensory, or affective functions, but leave many others intact. Accordingly, studies with human subjects use batteries of cognitive tests, cognizant of the fact that no one test is capable of detecting all forms of cognitive dysfunction. In contrast, assessment of cognitive functioning in non-human animal developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) studies typically consists of a single, presumably representative, "learning and memory" task that is expected to detect all potential effects on cognitive functioning. Streamlining the cognitive assessment in these studies saves time and money, but these shortcuts can have serious consequences if the aspect of cognitive functioning that is impaired is not tapped by the single selected task. In particular, executive functioning - a constellation of cognitive functions which enables the organism to focus on multiple streams of information simultaneously, and revise plans as necessary - is poorly assessed in most animal DNT studies. The failure to adequately assess these functions - which include attention, working memory, inhibitory control, and planning - is particularly worrisome in light of evidence that the neural systems that subserve these functions may be uniquely vulnerable to early developmental insults. We illustrate the importance of tapping these areas of functioning in DNT studies by describing the pattern of effects produced by early developmental Pb exposure. Rats exposed to lead (Pb) early in development were tested on a series of automated attention tasks, as well as on a radial arm maze task. The lead-exposed rats were not impaired in this demanding radial arm maze task, despite conditions which tapped the limits of both working and long-term memory. In contrast, the automated tests designed to assess rodent executive functioning revealed selective and functionally important deficits in attention and regulation of emotion or negative affect (produced by committing an error or not receiving an expected reward). This example underscores the importance of including tasks to specifically tap executive functioning in DNT batteries. Such tasks are not only sensitive but can also shed light on the specific nature of the dysfunction, and they can implicate dysfunction of specific neural systems, information which can be used to design therapeutic interventions. Although the use of such tasks increases the time and effort needed to complete the battery, the benefits outweigh the cost, in light of the greater sensitivity of the battery and the more complete characterization of effects.
The Confidence of Community Health Nurses in Caring for Ethnically Diverse Populations

Community health nurses (N = 190) responded to a Likert-type cultural self-efficacy scale to determine their degree of confidence in caring for three distinct populations (blacks, Puerto Ricans and Southeast Asians). The highest confidence scores were reported for caring for the black population, the lowest ratings were reported for Southeast Asians, while Puerto Ricans fell between the other two groups. Low scores were observed on items that included knowledge of health beliefs and practices as well as beliefs about respect, authority and modesty. Higher scores were observed in using an interpreter correctly. In no instance did ratings reach even moderate levels of confidence. Results suggest that nurses do not feel confident about caring for any of the three major ethnic groups in our communities. Furthermore, this perceived weakness cuts across the three groups and across nurses' educational and demographic variables.
Effect of side‐chain hydrophobic bonding on the stability of homopolyamino acid α‐helices: Conformational studies of poly‐L‐leucine in water

The conformational properties of block copolymers of poly-L-leucine in water have been examined. The degree of polymerization of the poly-L-leucine block was 11 and 21, respectively, for samples prepared by the Merrifield procedure, and 56 for a sample prepared by the polymerization of leucine N-carboxyanhydride. The optical rotatory dispersion parameter b0 was used to obtain the helix content θh at various temperatures. Application of the Lifson-Roig theory gave the following parameters for the transition of a residue from a coil to a helical state: v = 0.05–0.011, ΔH = +100 cal/mole, ΔS = +0.70–1.00 e. u. These parameters, as well as those for other polyamino acids, are accounted for by hydrophobic bonds involving the nonpolar side chains in the helical and randomly coiled forms. From the data for poly-L-alanine and theoretical values of the thermodynamic parameters for hydrophobic bond formation, the parameters for formation of a polyglycine helix are computed. By separating the contributions of the backbone, it is possible to obtain a set of thermodynamic parameters for the side-chain contributions of a number of polyamino acids. Increased size of the nonpolar side chain (with a larger contribution from hydrophobic bonding) makes a larger contribution to the stability of the α-helix which is reflected, among other ways, in a higher helix content at given temperature.
Family conversations about organ donation.

Objective—To describe family conversations about organ donation and to examine interrelationships among the content and outcomes of these conversations, and attitudes toward organ donation.Design—Closed and open-ended survey questions.Participants—353 men and 488 women.Main Outcome Measures—Content analysis of reports of conversations and of reactions of family members to the conversations, as well as closed items assessing both those issues and attitudes toward donation.Results—Most respondents who were willing to donate their organs had not talked with their families about their donation wishes. Conversations that did occur were typically about the patient's donation wishes and moral and altruistic reasons for donation, or included a story about donation. These approaches, as well as talking about the reasons for wishing to donate, were associated with positive responses from family members, whereas discussing fears about being declared dead prematurely or about the medical establishment were associated...
Managing data access and voice service for remote workers

Many businesses today are no longer solely conducting business within the confines of their buildings. Today many businesses have employees who travel, who work in different geographic areas, or who occasionally work from home. These remote workers need access to the same type of data and voice services that their fellow internal employees have, and in some cases need it faster. This paper is geared to the business major and will discuss what a remote worker is, what types of data access and voice services a remote worker will need, different technologies to provide the remote worker with data access and voice service, and the security of this access.
Straightforward Self-Assembly of Porphyrin Nanowires in Water: Harnessing Adamantane/β-Cyclodextrin Interactions

A convenient approach for the self-assembly of well-defined porphyrin nanowires in water, wherein the individual monomers do not aggregate via π−π interactions, is disclosed. These unidirectional and heteromeric assemblies are instead composed of robust β-CD/adamantane host/guest interactions. A combination of surface microscopies and fluorescence energy transfer experiments were conducted on the nanowires demonstrating their stability and resistance to disassembly.
Abstract 4298: Nanomagnetic levitation based 3-D cultures of breast and colon cancer cells for high throughput drug screening and xenograft studies

Introduction. Drug discovery and development, disease models, and drug testing in various cell-based platforms demands a highly in vivo-like microenvironments for In Vitro applications. Advancement in cell culture methods from 2-D to 3-D is a big leap by demonstrating significant differences in cellular characteristics and behavior enabling the assessment of drug efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. However, use of 3-D scaffold materials such as standard (1%) hydro gel acts as a transport barrier within the tissue construct and impedes drug delivery to target cells. Thus nutrients are limited and metabolic waste accumulates in the gel. Description of Procedure. To overcome these problems, we developed breast cancer (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468) and colon carcinoma (HT-29, WiDr, SW 480) cell cultures by nanomagnetic levitation using carbon encapsulated cobalt magnetic nanomaterial( Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4298. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4298
Creep‐Recovery of Wheat Flour Doughs and Relationship to Other Physical Dough Tests and Breadmaking Performance

ABSTRACT Measurements of creep-recovery of flour-water doughs were made using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) in a compression mode with an applied probe force of 50 mN. A series of wheat flour and blend samples with various breadmaking potentials were tested at a fixed water absorption of 54% and farinograph optimum water absorption, respectively. The flour-water doughs exhibited a typical creep-recovery behavior of a noncross-linked viscoelastic material varying in some parameters with flour properties. The maximum recovery strain of doughs with a fixed water absorption of 54% was highly correlated (r = 0.939) to bread loaf volume. Wheat flours with a large bread volume exhibited greater dough recovery strain. However, there was no correlation (r = 0.122) between maximum creep strain and baking volume. The maximum recovery strain of flour-water doughs also was correlated to some of the parameters provided by mixograph, farinograph, and TA-XT2 extension.
Experimental myocardial ischemia. III. Protective effect of glucose on myocardial function

Abstract Glucose has been long known as an important substrate for muscle cells and a number of laboratories have demonstrated that carbohydrate metabolism can contribute significantly to energy production both in aerobic and anerobic heart muscle. It has been suggested that these findings may have additional application in localized myocardial ischemic and infarction. Accordingly, experiments were performed to determine the effect of glucose on the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Left ventricular pressure (LVP), left ventricular d p d t ( LVd p d t , left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and the incidence of ventricular premature beats (VPB) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) were determined before and after ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery in three different canine heart experimental models. Thirty minutes after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the mean left ventricular pressure and mean left ventricular d p d t in the control group had decreased by 85 ± 6% and 74 ± 5% respectively. Under similar conditions glucose treatment produces an increase in left ventricular pressure and left ventricular d p d t of 111 ± 5% and 123 ± 8% respectively. The simultaneously measured mean left ventricular end diastolic pressure was 7.2 ± 0.9 ml for the control group and 3.7 ± 1 for the glucose treated group. Eighty-three percent of the control dogs developed ventricular ectopic activity. Fifty-eight percent of the control hearts developed ventricular fibrillation. In contrast, only 10% of the glucose treated hearts demonstrated ventricular ectopic activity and only 10% developed ventricular fibrillation. Glucose, as a bolus, consistently improved myocardial contractility and prevented ventricular fibrillation even after serum osmolality and serum glucose levels had returned to normal. These results demonstrate that glucose has a protective effect on the electrical and mechanical function of the canine heart during acute segmental myocardial ischemia. These findings may have application in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction in man.
Adaptive Filtering With Correlation Cancellation Loops

AbstractTwo optical adaptive filter designs using correlation cancellation loops are described.The experimental results and performance evaluation of a time -domain implementation arepresented. They are encouraging, although limited by equipment. A frequency- domainarchitecture is described, and its projected performance is compared to that of the time -domain implementation.IntroductionAdaptive filtering, implemented by linear prediction, finds application in several areas,including spectral analysis, system modelling, and speech encoding1,2,3. Because of theirsimplicity, size, cost, parallelism, and bandwidth, optical processors are more advantageousfor some applications than electrical analog or digital processors. As a result, there isa desire for the development of an optically implemented adaptive filter.A feasibility study of an optical adaptive filter has been conducted. An alternateimplementation with different characteristics has been designed. They have a common basicbuilding block called a correlation cancellation loop (CCL)1.The CCL approach to linear prediction will be briefly described in the first section ofthis paper. An optical adaptive filter time -domain implementation (OAF) using the CCL isthen described. Experimental results, observations, and conclusions of the feasibilitystudy performed with a processor of this design follow. As will be seen, the experimentalresults were only marginally favorable, due primarily to a lack of appropriate equipmentrather than inherent architectural flaws. The paper then presents,the architecture for anoptical adaptive filter frequency- domain implementation (OAFF1) using the CCL concept.
A new estimate of the impact of OSHA inspections on manufacturing injury rates, 1998–2005†

BACKGROUND: A prior study indicated that the effect of OSHA inspections on lost workday injuries had declined from 1979 through 1998. This study provides an updated estimate for 1998-2005. METHODS: Injury data from the Pennsylvania workers' compensation program were linked with employment data from unemployment compensation records to calculate lost-time rates for single-establishment manufacturing firms with more than 10 employees. These rates were linked to OSHA inspection findings. The RAND Human Subjects Protection Committee determined that this study was exempt from review RESULTS: Inspections with penalties reduced injuries by an average of 19-24% annually in the 2 years following the inspection. These effects were not found for workplaces with fewer than 20 or more than 250 employees or for inspections without penalties. CONCLUSIONS: These findings should be generalizable to the 29 states where federal OSHA directly enforces standards. They suggest that the impact of inspections has increased from the 1990s. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Communication: Surface-to-bulk diffusion of isolated versus interacting C atoms in Ni(111) and Cu(111) substrates: A first principle investigation

Using first principle calculations, we study the surface-to-bulk diffusion of C atoms in Ni(111) and Cu(111) substrates, and compare the barrier energies associated with the diffusion of an isolated C atom versus multiple interacting C atoms. We find that the preferential Ni-C bonding over C–C bonding induces a repulsive interaction between C atoms located at diagonal octahedral voids in Ni substrates. This C–C interaction accelerates C atom diffusion in Ni with a reduced barrier energy of ∼1 eV, compared to ∼1.4-1.6 eV for the diffusion of isolated C atoms. The diffusion barrier energy of isolated C atoms in Cu is lower than in Ni. However, bulk diffusion of interacting C atoms in Cu is not possible due to the preferential C–C bonding over C–Cu bonding, which results in C–C dimer pair formation near the surface. The dramatically different C–C interaction effects within the different substrates explain the contrasting growth mechanisms of graphene on Ni(111) and Cu(111) during chemical vapor deposition.
Brain (PET) responses to vaginal-cervical self-stimulation in women with complete spinal cord injury: preliminary findings.

Our resent research provides evidence that women with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) at the midthoracic level show perceptual responses to vaginal and/or cervical self-stimulation (for example, pain suppression and sexual response, including orgasm). On the basis of studies in laboratory rats, we hypothesized that the vagus nerves provide a sensory pathway from the vagina, cervix, and uterus directly to the brain in women. To test this hypothesis, we performed a PET-MRI study on two women with complete SCI and 1 woman with no injuries. Whereas control foot stimulation of the women with SCI did not activate the somatosensory thalamus, cervical self-stimulation increased activity in the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract, which is the brainstem nucleus to which the vagus nerves project. These preliminary findings suggest that the vagus nerves can convey genital sensory input directly to the brain in women, completely bypassing SCI at any level.
MicroRNAs in skeletal muscle biology and exercise adaptation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important players in the regulation of gene expression, being involved in most biological processes examined to date. The proposal that miRNAs are primarily involved in the stress response of the cell makes miRNAs ideally suited to mediate the response of skeletal muscle to changes in contractile activity. Although the field is still in its infancy, the studies presented in this review highlight the promise that miRNAs will have an important role in mediating the response and adaptation of skeletal muscle to various modes of exercise. The roles of miRNAs in satellite cell biology, muscle regeneration, and various myopathies are also discussed.
Brachioplasty After Massive Weight Loss: A Simple Algorithm for Surgical Planning

Since 1954, when brachioplasty was first addressed in the literature [1], several different techniques have been described [2 8]. With the current trends in bariatric surgery, the subject has reemerged, and modifications to the techniques and accessory therapies, such as liposuction, have evolved. Doctor Cannistra and his team present an alternative approach to the management of upper extremity contour deformities. In the literature, Aly describes a similar technique, with comparable reference points, incision site, and configuration [4]. Nevertheless, this article focuses on providing a standard way of delineating landmarks for preoperative marking, thus facilitating this task, especially for the inexperienced surgeon. This method aims to reduce the risk of overcorrection, decrease complications, and conceal the scar. The described procedure is for cases of massive weight loss in which skin ptosis attributable to tissue lipodystrophy is the main component of the problem, and minimal excess lipomatous tissue exists, or has been previously liposuctioned. Using this technique, the marking follows a standardized pattern, avoiding asymmetry. It is a simple and straightforward demarcation, with clear reference points, creating a final straight closure line. This type of closure has been questioned in the past due to the contractile tendency of the scar, and some authors prefer sinusoidal incisions [5]. At the level of the axilla, a Z-plasty is advised. In our experience, the Z-plasty gives good results by addressing contraction, shaping of the area, and reducing axillary ptosis. An early preoperative liposuction is used, providing assessment of skin retraction capacity and selecting the patients with true indications for surgery while minimizing the dissection and skin resection. The liposuction approach and technique are not described, but would be of interest for clarification. We agree with early staged liposuction to reduce the risk of dehiscence and to enhance the final cosmetic result. Another point for remark is the scar location because this is a strongly debated point. In this case, the authors prefer to place the suture line posterior to the medial bicipital groove to hide the scar on the frontal view. Other surgeons prefer to place it in the bicipital groove. In the picture submitted with the article, the patient s scar and part of the Z-plasty are visible. This particular point should be thoroughly discussed preoperatively with the patient, and it is our opinion that the patient should be the one to decide the location of the scar because both locations have drawbacks. Brachioplasty scars can be wide, raised, and visible in short-sleeved clothing regardless of location. The authors present a good number of patients (n = 50) over 6 years of experience. Unfortunately, only one of the patients preand postoperative results were included. We agree that the described technique is a simple way to approach a brachioplasty after massive weight loss. The results are acceptable, as is the complication rate.
Amylin in pancreatic islets and pancreatic endocrine neoplasms

Amylin is a chief constituent of the amyloid present in insulinomas, and is colocalized in beta islet cells. By immunocytochemical staining, all four islet cells including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (SRIF) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells were positively stained for amylin. The strongly insulin-positive cells corresponded with the strongly amylin-positive cells, and glucagon cells appeared to be strongly positive for amylin, whereas SRIF and PP cells were weakly positive for amylin. Among 37 cases of pancreatic endocrine neoplasms, insulinomas were more stronger stained for amylin than other islet cell tumors; however, amylin staining was the same or weaker than insulin staining. Glucagonomas and PP-omas were weakly positive for amylin, whereas six of 11 gastrinomas were weakly positive for amylin. It is concluded that three orthoendocrine tumors including insulinomas, glucagonomas and PP-omas were all positive for amylin, whereas ectopic hormone secreting gastrinomas were positive for amylin in six of 11 cases (55%). This colocalization of amylin with insulin, glucagon and PP may support a structure-function relationship of amylin and pancreatic hormones. The lesser immunoreactive amylin in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms than in normal islet cells may contribute to autonomous hypersecretion of hormones by pancreatic endocrine neoplasms.
Sensor Fault Detection in Power Plants

This paper presents a sensor fault detection and diagnosis approach for industrial combustion processes. Clustering algorithms are applied to the measurements of controllable process variables involved in single-input-single-output feedback control loops. Current data points from the process are compared with the clusters to identify sensor faults. Once the measurements of controllable process variables are obtained, a decision-tree algorithm monitors response process variables based on the controllable and noncontrollable process variables as predictors (inputs). Test data and training data residuals generated by the decision-tree algorithm are analyzed with statistical process control limits to identify sensor faults. The proposed approach handles data from temporal processes by periodic updates of the knowledge base. An industrial boiler combustion process is used to test the ideas presented in this paper.
The unity of geography in the USA and the USSR

The discipline of geography, both ancient and “new”, is periodically subject to centrifugal tendencies, threatening its integrity and cohesion as a subject. From very different traditions, this question of philosophical “unity” has lain at the heart of many controversies and re-examinations of the value and “place” of geography in the Soviet Union and the United States in recent years, both as an academic subject and with respect to its practical applicability. This article attempts a comparative and personal view of what has happened to geography, mainly over the last quarter of a century, in these two countries, focussed on this “unity” question.
On One-Dimensional Stretching Functions for Finite-Difference Calculations

The class of one-dimensional stretching functions used in finite-difference calculations is studied. For solutions containing a highly localized region of rapid variation, simple criteria for a stretching function are derived using a truncation error analysis. These criteria are used to investigate two types of stretching functions. One is an interior stretching function, for which the location and slope of an interior clustering region are specified. The simplest such function satisfying the criteria is found to be one based on the inverse hyperbolic sine. The other type of function is a two-sided stretching function, for which the arbitrary slopes at the two ends of the one-dimensional interval are specified. The simplest such general function is found to be one based on the inverse tangent.
Reverse micellar synthesis of CdS nanoparticles and self-assembly into a superlattice

Abstract We report the synthesis of monodispersed CdS nanoparticles in AOT–water–isooctane microemulsion and their self-assembly into a superlattice under room temperature, atmospheric benchtop conditions, as opposed to the higher temperature, glove box conditions typically utilized in other studies. Cd(AOT) 2 was prepared by adding CdAc 2 ·2H 2 O to an ethanol solution of 1.0 M NaAOT followed by the addition of diethyl ether. The micellar solution resulted from the addition of isooctane and water to the powdered Cd(AOT) 2 . CdS nanoparticles were formed through the slow release of H 2 S from the hydrolysis of added thioacetamide in DMF, as opposed to a direct reactant derived from a sulfide solution.
Effect of White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Infestation on Sugarcane Yields

Yield losses caused by the white grub Ligyrus subtropicus Blatchley to a commercial sugarcane field planted with cultivar CP 65-357 were quantified. Mean numbers of grubs in areas of high and low infestations were 12.14 and 0.88/m of row, respectively. These population levels affected yields significantly, reducing tons of cane per ha and tons of sugar per ha by 28 and 39%, respectively. Surveys conducted with blacklight traps indicated that peak flight activity occurred in June, when 84.3% of the adults were caught.
SU‐FF‐T‐228: Factors Affecting IMRT QA

Purpose: We evaluate the impact of plan parameters and setup errors on IMRT QA results. Methods and Materials: Prostate (23MV, 5 field) and H& N (6 MV, 7 field) IMRT plans were exported to a cubic QA phantom. First, the magnitude of random errors in IMRT QA was estimated by repeating each measurement ten‐times. Next, the following parameters were independently adjusted: intensity levels (5 to 20), minimum MLC segments (0.5 to 1.5cm), phantom setup error (0.5cm), and their impact on IMRT QA was evaluated via ionization chamber and EDR film. Coronal plane film results were analyzed using γ‐index, dose difference, and distance to agreement. Results: Based on repeat QA measurements, the central axis ion chamber dose was found to be highly reproducible and in good agreement with planned dose (mean deviation, prostate: 1.79±0.10%; and HN H&N: 0.60±0.09). Varying the number of intensity levels and MLC segment size had a small effect on the central axis ion chamber dose (<1.2%). However, film results showed that mean γ‐index changed by 10% when minimum MLC segment size was increased from 0.5 to1.5cm. The number of intensity levels had a smaller effect on γ‐index. For a 0.5cm setup error in H&N plan, 3.8% deviation was noted in the measured dose, however this coincidentally improved QA results. No corresponding dose discrepancy was seen in a fiducial‐less film. Conclusions: For an accurately modeled linac,IMRT QA results show remarkable consistency and agreement with planned dose. Plan complexity tended to worsen QA results for H&N patients. Sub‐optimal IMRT plans with incorrect plan parameters and setup errors can have detrimental effect on patient treatment. However, IMRT QA does not always flag these errors, as their impact on QA results may not be large enough to be noticed.
Non-medical use and abuse of commonly prescribed medications.

ABSTRACTBackground: The steep escalation in non-medical use and abuse of prescription medications in recent years has begun to seriously affect public health, calling for increased clinician awareness. Effective action and collaborative efforts are required to reduce prescription drug abuse while ensuring that availability of needed prescription medications for the majority of patients who use them appropriately is not inadvertently diminished.Objective: To educate physicians, clinicians, and other healthcare providers about the scope of non-medical prescription drug abuse and effective clinical manage­ment strategies to reduce abuse and diversion of prescription medications.Research design and methods: Articles were identified through PubMed and PsycINFO searches (January 2000 to November 2007). Search terms included combinations of ‘prescription drug abuse’, ‘substance abuse’, and ‘non-medical use of prescription drugs’. Government agency Web sites were searched for additional references.Results: Data f...
Journey to a mature software process

Development process maturity is strongly linked to the success or failure of software projects. As the word “maturity” implies, time and effort are necessary to gain it. The Space Shuttle Onboard Software project has been in existence for nearly 20 years. In 1989 the project was rated at the highest level of the Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model. The high-quality software produced by the project is directly linked to its maturity. This paper focuses on the experiences of the Space Shuttle Onboard Software project in the journey to process maturity and the factors that have made it successful.
029 Differential Angiogenic Responses in Oral Mucosal and Cutaneous Wounds

Wound healing in adults is a multi-step process that concludes with scar formation. A common clinical observation is that intra-oral wounds demonstrate privileged healing when compared to wounds at extra-oral sites. Oral mucosa heals faster and with less scar formation than skin does. We have shown that oral mucosal wounds exhibit decreased inflammation and faster reepithelialization than skin wounds. The present study compares angiogenesis in oral mucosal and skin wounds, and examines in vitro VEGF production by oral and epidermal keratinocytes. Two 1 mm diameter excisional full-thickness wounds were placed on lateral sides of the tongue and on the dorsal skin of anesthetized BALB/C mice. At 0, 2, 4, 12, 24, 36 hours and 2, 3, 5, and 7 days after injury, wound tissue was harvested for analysis. VEGF and FGF-2 levels were measured by ELISA, and normalized for protein content. The level of VEGF in oral mucosal wounds was less than that of cutaneous wounds at all time points. At 24 hours, VEGF levels peaked in oral wounds, yet were much lower than comparable skin wounds (106.6 +/− 19 vs. 194.0 +/− 23.6 pg/mg protein, p < 0.001). At 36 hours, wound VEGF levels had declined in oral mucosa, while reaching peak levels in skin (82.7 +/− 8.9 vs. 374.2 +/− 27 pg/mg protein, p < 0.001). No differences in FGF-2 levels were seen. The relative increase in tissue vascularization during wound repair, analyzed by CD 31 immunostaining, was lower in oral mucosal wounds than in skin (3.4 +/− 0.2% vs. 11.5 +/− 0.5%, p < 0.001). For in vitro experiments, normal human epidermal and oral mucosal keratinocytes were grown for 12 h under hpoxic conditions. In response to hypoxia, VEGF protein production, determined by ELISA, increased 2.3-fold in oral keratinocytes vs. 3.3-fold in epidermal keratinocytes. RT-PCR analysis revealed that relative VEGF mRNA expression increased 2-fold in oral vs. 4-fold in epidermal keratinocytes. This study demonstrates that the differential repair of skin and oral mucosal wounds involves distinct patterns of angiogenesis, and that keratinocytes exhibit intrinsic site-specific differences in VEGF production.
Urinary incontinence volume patterns in elderly inpatient men.

Abstract Urinary incontinence is a costly and debilitating disease of theaged. Although the most common clinical finding is detrusor hyperreflexia on filling cystometry, the role of this urodynamic abnormality in the etiology of incontinence is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate elderly patients who have cystometric detrusor hyperreflexia and to determine the incontinence volume characteristics of these patients during regular daily activities. Ten patients with detrusor hyperreflexia during filling cystometry and an incontinence volume level above 1 L per day were evaluated according to the volume of urine loss per incontinence episode during a ten-day measurement period. All patients studied were found to have an irregular urinary incontinence volume distribution with a wide range of involuntary urine loss per incontinence episode. An irregular pattern of incontinence volume was found in each patient which suggests that detrusor hyperreflexia is manifest as an irregular involuntary loss of urine during daily activities of elderly inpatients. This unstable bladder activity relative to the volume of urine loss appears to be an important factor in the pathophysiology of urinary incontinence in aged inpatients.
Epicompletetion of archimedean l –groups and vector lattices with weak unit

In the category W of archimedean /-groups with distinguished weak order unit, with unitpreserving /-homomorphisms, let 3$ be the class of ^-objects of the form D(X), with X basically disconnected, or, what is the same thing (we show), the 3^-objects of the form M/N, where M is a vector lattice of measurable functions and TV is an abstract ideal of null functions. In earlier work, we have characterized the epimorphisms in 3T, and shown that an object G is epicomplete (that is, has no proper epic extension) if and only if G € 3§. This describes the epicompletions of a given G (that is, epicomplete objects epically containing G). First, we note that an epicompletion of G is just a "^-completion", that is, a minimal extension of G by a ^"-object, that is, by a vector lattice of measurable functions modulo null functions. (C[0,1] has 2 C non-equivalent such extensions.) Then (we show) the ^"-completions, or epicompletions, of G are exactly the quotients of the /-group B{Y(G)) of real-valued Baire functions on the Yosida space Y(G) of G, by ff-ideals / for which G embeds naturally in B(Y(G))/I. There is a smallest /, called N(G), and over the embedding G < B(Y(G))/N(G) lifts any homomorphism from G to a .^-object. (The existence, though not the nature, of such a "reflective" epicompletion was first shown by Madden and Vermeer, using locales, then verified by us using properties of the class 3S.) There is a unique maximal (not maximum) such /, called M(Y(G)), and B(Y(G))/M{Y{G)) is the unique essential ^"-completion. There is an intermediate a-ideal, called Z(Y(G)), and the embedding G < B(Y(G))/Z(Y(G)) is a CT-embedding, and functorial for cr-homomorphisms. The situation stands in strong analogy to the theory in Boolean algebras of free tr-algebras and ff-extensions, though there are crucial differences.
Clinical outcomes following 3D image-guided brachytherapy for vaginal recurrence of endometrial cancer.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate clinical outcomes for women with recurrent endometrial cancer treated with 3D image-guided brachytherapy Methods and materials 44 women, of whom 13 had received prior RT, received salvage RT for vaginal recurrence from 9/03 to 8/11. HDR or LDR interstitial brachytherapy was performed under MR or CT guidance in 35 patients (80%); 9 (20%) had CT-guided HDR cylinder brachytherapy. The median cumulative dose in EQD2 was 75.5Gy. Actuarial estimates of local failure (LF), disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated by Kaplan–Meier. Results Histologic subtypes were endometrioid (EAC, 33), papillary serous/clear cell (UPSC/CC, 5) and carcinosarcoma (CS, 6). The 2-year DFS/OS rates were 75%/89% for EAC and 11%/24% for UPSC/CC/CS (both p p p =0.1). Patients who had prior RT received lower cumulative doses at recurrence (66.5Gy vs. 74.4Gy, p p =0.1). Four patients (9%) experienced grade 3 late toxicity, including 3 of 13 (23%) in the re-irradiation setting and 1 of 31 (3%) with no prior radiotherapy. Discussion 3D image-guided brachytherapy results in excellent local control for women with recurrent endometrial cancer, particularly with cumulative EQD2 doses greater than 70Gy. Successful salvage of vaginal recurrence is related to tumor grade and histologic subtype.
Variations in physicians' advice for managing hypertension in women: a study using NHANES III.

Abstract Objective. To examine the pattern of physician advice-giving to individuals with hypertension and to determine if advice-giving and adherence to advice vary by race. Methods. Frequency of physician recommendations and patient adherence to such advice were analyzed using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 1988 to 1994. A total of 2066 women were included in the study. Results. The frequency of advice-giving and patient adherence to that advice varied as a function of the type of advice dispensed. Physician advice-giving and patient adherence also varied as a function of race; compared to Black women, White women were 60% less likely [OR (95% CI): 0.41 (0.25, 0.65)] to be told to take prescribed medicines and 56% less likely [OR (95% CI): 0.44 (0.26, 0.76)] to be told to exercise. Regarding patient adherence, compared to Black women, White women were 37% less likely [OR (95% CI): 0.63 (0.44, 0.91)] to use prescribed medicines, 59% less likely [OR (95% CI): 0.41 (0.26, 0.66)] to report reducing use of salt/sodium, and among overweight women, 50% less likely [OR (95% CI): 0.50 (0.31, 0.81)] to report efforts to control/lose weight. Conclusions. The variability of physician advice and patient adherence as a function of race warrants further study.
Surgical pearl: the use of the CoaguChek S system for the preoperative evaluation of patients taking warfarin ☆

T he risk of hemorrhagic complications for patients undergoing anticoagulated dermatologic operation is a controversial issue. Among 5 recent studies,1-5 4 of which were controlled, no increased risk of perioperative bleeding complications was found with the continued administration of anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors in patients who underwent cutaneous operation procedures. These studies concluded that the preoperative discontinuation of blood thinners is not necessary. Potential disadvantages of discontinuing blood thinners before operation include an increased risk of thromboembolic complications,6-9 and additional inconvenience and cost for the patient, who must often have laboratory tests monitored and coordinate extra visits with the primary care physician or cardiologist. A useful relationship between the risk of bleeding and the anticoagulant effect of warfarin can be expressed as the international normalized ratio (INR). Cutaneous operation in patients receiving warfarin therapy with an INR of 2 to 3.5 is considered safe and even recommended to prevent thromboembolic events such as stroke.5 Unfortunately, it may be difficult in some cases to measure INR preoperatively. Physicians may rely on the patient’s most recent INR to guide their decisions yet values may vary,10 particularly after dose adjustments. Some physicians operate on patients who are anticoagulated with no knowledge of the most recent INR,10 despite the fact that there is evidence that the risk of bleeding may increase exponentially with INR values greater than 3.5 and become dangerous once the INR approaches 5.0.11 The CoaguChek S System (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Ind, www.coaguchek.com) is a portable device that can perform a prothrombin time blood test on a fresh whole blood sample from a fingerstick. The prothrombin time is reported in seconds and INR units. This device allows the surgeon to quickly and easily measure the INR just before operation. The complete system is illustrated in Fig 1. A detailed instructional video is also included with the unit. The electronic and liquid quality controls insure that the system is working properly and providing accurate results. The CoaguChek S device is a CLIA-waived system. Waived testing requirements consist of two levels of electronic quality control or two levels of liquid quality control performed daily. In addition, each operator must, on a weekly basis, test two levels of liquid quality control and achieve results within the designated range.
A Reliable Reconfigurable Bus for Light Unmanned Aircraft

Rapid configuration and run-time reconfiguration is an attractive capability in unmanned aerial control systems that typically have strict weight, size and cost constraints and commonly employ commercial off the shelf (COTS) components. This paper presents our current work on developing the hardware/software infrastructure to support such systems. First, a small form factor processing node that is based on an 8051 variant microcontroller serves as the standard node in the distributed processing environment. These node processors were designed to meet the needs of light unmanned aerial vehicle and feature two robust broadcast networking technology interfaces: the controller area network (CAN) and Zigbee. Two software layers were further developed to interface the processing nodes to the reconfiguration capable application software. The lowest layer provides an API for task scheduling and inter-task data communication both locally and across the network. The higher layer performs the scheduling and unscheduling of task and manages all data routing. A full implementation of the system is currently being tested using both the wired CAN and the wireless Zigbee networks
Nutrition and Physical Activity Programs to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases: Program Strategies and Rationale

ABSTRACT The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) established the Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases (NPAO) with funding from the US Congress to help address the challenges posed by the obesity epidemic. In turn, the CDC issues a program announcement for a cooperative-agreement program with state health departments because of their qualifications to build statewide coalitions, to develop state plans and interventions, to evaluate efforts, and to disseminate evidence-based information throughout communities. The CDC chose to partner with state health departments because they are uniquely positioned to disseminate scientific evidence with relevant complementary evidence in communities throughout their respective states and thus help create change in local systems. By collaborating with state health departments, the CDC through the NPAO program strengthened state- and community-based health-promotion efforts, used evidence-based strategies that w...
Isolation, Culture, and Characterisation of MHC Class II-Positive Microvascular Endothelial Cells from the Human Heart

Abstract Immunological studies of human endothelial cells have been performed almost entirely on endothelial cells (EC) derived from foetal (umbilical vein) or adult (aorta) large vessels. Immunologically these EC have in common the fact that they are negative for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens (HLA-DR), in contrast to microvascular cells within the heart which are consitutively positive for HLA-DR antigens. Here we describe a simple method for isolating microvascular EC from chunks of adult human ventricle using antibody (anti-HLA-DR) orUlexlectin-coated magnetic beads. Cytospins of primary isolates reveal the majority of cells binding the beads are CD31+ve, CD36+ve, and HLA-DR+ve. After 14 weeks in culture, 19% of cells remained HLA-DR+ve but CD36 expression had disappeared. Cultures after 4–7 passages were analysed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemical staining of cytospins with mAbs against conventional endothelial antigens (EN4, PECAM-1, vWF, uptake of acetylated LDL) and nonendothelial antigens (CD45, cytokeratin, α-actin, desmin, MHC class I and class II). The observation that all the cells remained positive for CD31 and did not stain strongly for cytokeratin confirmed their endothelial origin. There was some persistent, albeit low level, expression of HLA-DR which was upregulated by interferon-γ, showing kinetics of induction similar to that found on large vessel EC. These microvascular cells should be very useful for those wishing to compare microvascular with macrovascular EC and for immunological studies of heart endothelial cells.
Migration of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus: energy sources,.

Abstract The origin and nature of the metabolic reserves of the monarch butterfly during its autumn migration through Missouri were examined. Information was obtained about the butterfly's protein, glycogen, lipid, and lipid-soluble pigment composition. The principal results showed that lipids, which made up ca. 45 per cent of the insect's dry weight, were the major reserve. Analyses of the lipid classes showed that triglycerides were the dominant class in each sex. Separate analyses of the thorax and abdomen showed that >90 per cent of the lipids were present in the massive fat body which is restricted to the abdomen. The adult female rapidly incorporated U-14C- d -glucose into abdominal glycerides. The role of larval reserves and nectar consumption in migration and ovarial maturation was discussed.
Sensitivity analysis of partial differential equations with application to reaction and diffusion processes

Abstract Methods for the computation of sensitivity coefficients for constant, spatially varying, and temporally varying parameters in parabolic partial differential equations characteristic of reaction and diffusion processes are developed. Computational requirements associated with the methods are estimated, and the methods are applied to the sensitivity analysis of atmospheric diffusion.
Relative Backwardness, Direct Foreign Investment, and the Transfer of Technology: A Simple Dynamic Model

The objective of this paper is to construct a simple dynamic model that hopefully captures some relevant and interesting aspects of the way in which the transfer of technology takes place, including the role of direct foreign investment. The paper is in three parts. The first puts forward the hypothesis that the rate of technological progress in a relatively ''backward'' region is an increasing function of the gap between its own level of technology and that of the ''advanced'' region which improves at a constant rate, and the degree to which it is open to direct foreign investment, measured by the proportion of foreign capital operating in the backward region to domestic capital in that region. The second section considers the determination of the relative growth rates of foreign and domestic capital. The last section combines these elements to form a simple dynamic model that determines the long-run steady-state ratio of technical efficiencies and of foreign to domestic capital and the stability of the path by which they are approached. The effects of changes in various parameters such as the tax rate on foreign profits are also worked out. 6 notes, 19 references.