cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design study and cost assessment of straight, zigzag, S-shape, and OSF PCHEs for a FLiNaK–SCO2 Secondary Heat Exchanger in FHRs

Abstract This study focused on designing a cost-effective heat exchanger for a 20-MW FLiNaK–SCO 2 Secondary Heat Exchanger in Fluoride salt-cooled High-temperature Reactors. Specific Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger geometries were investigated for those cases where Fanning factor and Nusselt number correlations were available. Straight, S-shape, Offset Strip Fin, and zigzag 52° channels were considered for the SCO 2 side while straight, zigzag 15°, rectangle OSF 7.565 mm, and rectangle OSF 2.40 mm channels were considered for the FLiNaK side. Thermal-hydraulics, mechanical aspects, and corrosion rate were taken into account. A cost analysis was performed to combine the effects of heat transfer performance and pressure drop in heat exchangers. Single banking and double banking were also considered. Finally, the best PCHE channel configurations on SCO 2 and FLiNaK sides were proposed.
POSSIBLE ROLE OF LEUCOCYTE GRANULES IN THE SHWARTZMAN AND ARTHUS REACTIONS.

ConclusionPreparation of the skin of rabbits by intradermal injection of the granule fraction obtained from peritoneal granulocytes, followed by intravenous injection of endotoxin, results in lesions of hemorrhagic necrosis which resemble the local Shwartzman phenomenon. An injection of granules into the skin enhances the reactivity of this area to the reversed passive Arthus phenomenon, and makes it possible to elicit this reaction in leucopenic animals. It is suggested that one or more of the acid hydrolases contained in granules may be implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular damage in the Shwartzman and Arthus reactions.
Interspecific transformation in Hemophilus: a possible index of relationship between H. influenzae and H. aegyptius.

SummaryOn the premise that the degree of reactivity of donor DNA with the heredity determinants of the recipient cell is a reflection of the degree of homology of the genome of donor and recipient cells, it has been proposed that transformation may serve as a valid criterion for bacterial taxonomy. If the use of a single genetic marker, SM-resistance, provides a valid basis for comparison, H. aegyptius may be a member of the H. influenzae group.
Great vein of Galen malformations in infancy.

Four female infants with large cerebral great vein of Galen malformations were examined at the Cleveland Clinic between 1979 and 1982. All patients had a loud intracranial bruit and pulmonary flow murmurs with bounding peripheral pulses. Computed tomography (CT) scanning with contrast was diagnostic in all cases. A staged surgical procedure was performed in 3 of the 4 patients, and one patient died before surgery could be performed. Arterial feeders were clipped during two staged operative procedures with no surgical mortality. At follow-up 2 infants are developmentally normal. One infant, who had suffered preoperative intracerebral bleeding, continues to have evidence of hemiparesis and developmental delay. Awareness of the clinical signs of great vein of Galen malformations and rapid neurosurgical intervention with the use of a staged surgical approach may result in higher surgical survival rates than previously reported.
Improvement of Living Ability of Patent s with Acute Stroke with Early Rehabilitation

Objective:To observe the effect on the living ability of acute stroke patients with early rehabilitation.Methods:46 patients were randomly divided into two groups.Early rehabilitation group consisted of 26 patients and were nursed with rehabilitation method.Control group had 20 patients who were instructed to rehabilitate only once.The two groups were assessed by the modified Barthelindex(MBI).Results:The scores of the MBI demonstrated:there were no difference between two groups before treatment(P 0.05),improved significantly(P 0.01) between pretraining and posttraining in the two groups,but the degree of improvement in the early rehabilitation group was significantly higher than that of the control group.Conclusions:Early rehabilitation could facilitate the recovery of living ability.
ASL-LEX: A lexical database of American Sign Language

ASL-LEX is a lexical database that catalogues information about nearly 1,000 signs in American Sign Language (ASL). It includes the following information: subjective frequency ratings from 25-31 deaf signers, iconicity ratings from 21-37 hearing non-signers, videoclip duration, sign length (onset and offset), grammatical class, and whether the sign is initialized, a fingerspelled loan sign, or a compound. Information about English translations is available for a subset of signs (e.g., alternate translations, translation consistency). In addition, phonological properties (sign type, selected fingers, flexion, major and minor location, and movement) were coded and used to generate sub-lexical frequency and neighborhood density estimates. ASL-LEX is intended for use by researchers, educators, and students who are interested in the properties of the ASL lexicon. An interactive website where the database can be browsed and downloaded is available at http://asl-lex.org .
An empirical examination of e-learning design: The role of trainee socialization and complexity in short term training

Abstract Using data from 143 individuals, this study examined how pre-training socialization and task complexity affected learning in an online environment. A controlled laboratory experiment, using a 3 (socialization) × 2 (complexity) between subjects design was conducted. Participants were assigned to either more or less complex training and received either face-to-face, online, or no socialization before beginning the training. Results indicated that those who received face-to-face socialization performed better than those who received either online socialization or no socialization. There was no learning difference between the online and no socialization condition. Those who received simpler training performed better than those who received more complex training. Socialization and complexity were not interactively related. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Keys to Successful Materials Synthesis: Goldschmidt Crystallochemical Theory and Edisonian Experimentation. No Cray Needed.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the real first principles of materials synthesis, based on the work of V.M. Goldschmidt, have proved to be very successful. By combining such principles with Edison's methodology of careful observation, precise experimentation and rapid feedback, thousands of new phases have been, and continue to be made, producing dozens of useful, widely commercialized materials. There are two radically different approaches to make new materials. Synthesis is the domain of the chemist. For nearly one hundred years, chemical science has succeeded admirably in creating tens of thousands of new organic materials. The other approach is a more recent attempt by theoretical physicists to “calculate” the structure of a phase of a given composition – usually extremely simple compositions–and hope or guess that it has certain desirable properties. These approaches are compared. In contrast, in spite of seventy years of trying, the “first principles” calculations have utterly failed to actually predict and synthesize a single new material or add anything to the deep and reliable insights of well known chemical theories. It is clear that what students and researchers in contemporary materials synthesis need most is a thorough grounding in crystal chemistry and phase equilibria.
Comparing the symptom experience of cancer patients and non-cancer patients.

Symptom burden is an established concept in oncology encompassing the presence and severity of symptoms experienced by cancer patients. Few studies have examined differences in symptom burden between cancer patients and non-cancer patients. This study seeks to examine the differences in symptom burden between cancer patients (CP) and non-cancer patients (NCP) in order to better understand symptom burden in both populations. Two groups of patients completed the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale: 301 patients from a general medical clinic and 558 cancer patients from a cancer tumor registry. Participants provided demographic information—age, race/ethnicity, and sex and completed the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. Medical comorbidity was also measured. Most symptoms were more common in CP, except for pain, which was more prevalent in the NCP (45% of CP vs. 54% of NCP, p < .05). There was no difference in prevalence for the following symptoms: dry mouth, mouth sores, feeling nervous, worry, cough, and dizziness. The CP had greater mean MSAS Total scores (0.53 vs. 0.43, p < .01), number of symptoms (9.11 vs. 6.13, p < .01), and psychological subscale scores (0.77 vs. 0.64, p < .05). There was no difference by group in the physical nor the GDI subscale scores. The results of this study support the perception that cancer patients have greater symptom burden. There were some unexpected results, particularly in terms of pain, which was more common in NCP and other symptoms that were experienced equally in both patient populations.
The Role of Economic Development and Perceived Growth Opportunities in Employee Reactions to M&As: A Study of the Merger Syndrome Across 29 Countries

We draw on the economic institutions literature and on transactional stress theory to explain differences in employee reactions to mergers and acquisitions (M&As) across 29 nations. Using a sample ...
“The Heirloom Tomato is ‘In’. Does It Matter How It Tastes?”

AbstractA resurgence of interest in more traditional, authentic and distinctive foods is reflected in the popularity of farmers’ markets, with the premise that locally grown produce is superior in flavor and other sensory and culturally valued characteristics to similar fare from the global marketplace. In this arena, heirloom tomatoes (heirlooms) are increasingly popular with their diverse appearances and tastes. But heirlooms are also idiosyncratic, with splits, cracks, irregular shapes and sizes, and uneven flavors and textures that create production obstacles for growers and selection challenges for shoppers. Through online surveys and telephone and in-person interviews with Massachusetts farmers’ market consumers and vendors, we explored the relative importance of organoleptic properties, particularly flavors and mouthfeel, that influence consumer selection and farmers’ production priorities for heirlooms. Results, reported as attribute rankings and related preference indicators, suggest that shopper...
Rethinking Trade Exposure: The Incidence of Environmental Charges in the Nitrogenous Fertilizer Industry

AbstractThe imposition of environmental regulations to domestic manufacturing traditionally creates concerns over the impacts of those regulations on international competition and downstream product prices. The US nitrogen fertilizer industry has been considered by conventional metrics to be one of the most vulnerable to such effects. Since 2010 the industry has undergone increased concentration of producers and a dramatic reduction in natural gas prices. Our research establishes that the pass-through of changes in prices to domestic natural gas declined from 80% prior to 2010 to effectively zero through 2014. One implication of this change in pricing dynamics is that the imposition of greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations on producers of nitrogen fertilizers would have little impact on fertilizer prices. Within the context of a GHG cap-and-trade program, the allocation of emissions allowances would likely result in a transfer to fertilizer producers on the order of hundreds of millions of dollars with no impa...
Protein-protein interactions between the multifunctional protein CAD and protein phosphatase 1 in breast cancer

2732 CAD is a multifunctional protein that catalyzes the first three reactions in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, a pathway essential for cell division and proliferation. Uncontrolled cell proliferation, a hallmark of cancer, is invariably associated with CAD activation. CAD is up-regulated by Erk1/2 MAP kinase, and down-regulated by protein kinase A (PKA). The protein is phosphorylated by MAP kinase just prior to the S phase of the cell cycle and is simultaneously translocated into the nucleus. Interestingly, CAD found in malignant MCF-7 cells is persistently phosphorylated by ERK1/2 and is resistant to phosphorylation by PKA, leading to continuous activation of pyrimidine biosynthesis. The levels of CAD in the nucleus are also much higher in MCF-7 cells as compared to cells from the immortalized MCF-10A line. The mechanisms that control the timing of these events are not well understood. For example, the phosphorylation of CAD by MAPK does not coincide with the activation of the kinase, but is delayed until just before the onset of DNA synthesis. Our hypothesis is that the timing of the activation and nucleocytoplasmic dynamics of CAD is controlled by signaling complexes with kinases and phosphatases. The formation of a stable complex between CAD and PP1 has been demonstrated by far-western analysis, co-immunoprecipation and pull down experiments. Interestingly, the sole consensus sequence for PP1 targeting proteins is located immediately adjacent to Thr456, the residue phosphorylated by MAP kinase, suggesting that the binding of PP1 would mask the MAP kinase phosphorylation site. Conversely, phosphorylation of Thr456 might be expected to impair the binding of PP1. To test this idea, a polypeptide was synthesized corresponding to residues 444-460 of CAD that encompasses both the PP1 consensus sequence and Thr456, as well as two mutant peptides in which Thr456 was replaced with Ala or Asp. The wild type peptide and Ala mutant bind to PP1 while the Asp mutant, which mimics phosphorylated CAD, does not. Moreover, PP1 assays have shown that the CAD peptide effectively competes with the PP1 inhibitor, I-2, for a common binding site on PP1. In contrast, the Asp mutant peptide does not impede the binding of I-2 to PP1. Fluorescence microscopy of mammalian cells transfected with full length CAD, Thr456Ala, or Thr456Glu mutants suggest that PP1 colocalizes with wild type CAD and the Ala mutant but not with the Glu mutant. A plausible interpretation of these results is that the association with PP1 may block the premature activation of CAD in the cytoplasm until it is translocated into the nucleus, whereupon PP1 dissociates and CAD is activated by MAP kinase. Understanding the control mechanisms that are involved in the up and down regulation of the pathway may lead to the development of more efficacious chemotherapeutic drugs that target specific signaling complexes rather than the individual pathway enzymes.
Analysis of Energy Saving Impacts of New Residential Energy Codes for the Gulf Coast

At the request of the Government Accountability Office (GAO), DOE’s Building Energy Codes Program performed an analysis of the energy savings and cost impacts associated with the use of newer and more efficient residential building energy codes in the states of Louisiana and Mississippi.
Envisioning Limitations: How Vision Restrains Strategic Decision Making

Prior research has focused on the advantages of fast strategic decision making in order to repeatedly recognize, pursue, and capture fleeting opportunities for revenue at a higher rate than competi...
Experimentation: An Empirical Review

Experimentation is often promoted by both academics and practitioners as an important element of organizational innovation, adaptation and performance. In this paper, I review literature on experimentation–a deliberate activity undertaken to test a proposition or assumption–in the context of new product development, innovation, and strategy formulation in organizations. I separate the experimentation literature into two broad streams: work on the antecedents of experimental behavior and the outcomes of firm experimentation. I conclude with promising avenues for future work.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NOVEL GENES IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: NOT WITHOUT STRONG INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Summary - The historical basis of patents is reviewed, along with the development of intellectual property rights as they pertain to plants and biotechnology. The thesis is advanced that patents and licensing will not inhibit research and development, but actually promote research development amid the free exchange of information and materials. This is a world-wide concept that applies equally to developed and developing countries.
Nuclear and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and its Application to Biology

Electron spin resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance both involve the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency range. They may be considered as extensions of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectroscopy. They comprise a unque branch of spectroscopy in that one can vary the absorption energy levels at will, instead of having to use the energy levels nature has given. This advantage arises from the fact that one can vary the strength of the applied magnetic field and thus vary the spacing of the electronic and nuclear magnetic energy levels. No fundamental new truths have been demonstrated in biology by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance. Electron spin resonance measurements are beginning to give information from which one can construct a detailed picture of the nature of some biochemical reactions, such as reactions involving one-electron oxidation-reduction reactions or the so-called free radical reactions. The discovery by electron spin resonance of these free radicals in living material, and their correlation with biological activity, helps confirm what previously was only a hypothesis on certain types of enzymatic reactions. Studies to date employing electron spin resonance or nuclear magnetic resonance are reviewed. (91 references.) (C.H.)
Exploring the Relationship Between Patient Activation, Treatment Satisfaction, and Decisional Conflict in Patients Approaching End-Stage Renal Disease.

Background Patients approaching end-stage renal disease (ESRD) experience a high level of decisional conflict because they are often not provided with sufficient support and information regarding different treatment options prior to renal failure. Decisional conflict is an important correlate of treatment satisfaction, as it is associated with disease- and treatment-related knowledge that can inform decision-making. Patient activation, the willingness and ability to independently manage one's own health and healthcare, is an individual difference factor that may have important mitigating effects on decisional conflict. Purpose To identify modifiable factors that may enhance the decision-making process in patients approaching ESRD by exploring potential mediational effects between decisional conflict, treatment satisfaction, and patient activation. Methods Sixty-four patients approaching ESRD completed self-report measures (32% response rate). Measures included the Decisional Conflict Scale, the Kidney Disease Treatment Questionnaire, and the Patient Activation Measure Short Form. Results There was a high level of self-reported decisional conflict in this sample. Linear regressions revealed main effects among treatment satisfaction, patient activation, and decisional conflict. These variables were entered into PROCESS to assess a mediational pattern. Results showed that higher chronic kidney disease-related treatment satisfaction predicted lower decisional conflict through higher patient activation in a statistical mediational relationship. Conclusions While the link between treatment satisfaction and decision-making is well established, these results suggest this relationship might be partially explained by patient activation, a potentially modifiable process in patients approaching ESRD. Therefore, interventions that encourage patients to become actively involved in their care could also reduce decisional conflict among patients approaching ESRD.
Benign Esophageal Disease

Benign esophageal disease comprises many different diseases and disease pathology including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), hiatal hernia, and achalasia. There are many approaches to treating these diseases including medical and surgical options. The most common symptoms of patients presenting to the primary care doctor include heartburn, dysphagia for solids and/or liquids, regurgitation, chest pain, cough, hoarseness, voice change, and/or weight loss. Multiple studies exist to diagnose these diseases including endoscopy, a 24-hour esophageal ph-metry, esophageal manometry, barium swallow, CXR, real-time video swallow studies, and/or CT scan with oral contrast. Not all studies are needed, and the choice depends on the patient and surgeon preference. Treatment options exist including minimally invasive surgical techniques to reduce a hiatal hernia, fundoplication (Nissen 360°; Toupet 270°; Dor 180°), and/or Heller myotomy. Most patients tolerate these procedures well with high success rates, minimal postoperative pain, short hospital stays, and a quick return to daily activities. In symptomatic patients, surgery offers an excellent option for definitive therapy in appropriately selected patients.
Wind and solar PV deployment after tax credits expire: A view from the standard scenarios and the annual energy outlook

Abstract The Production Tax Credit (PTC) and the Investment Tax Credit (ITC) are currently set to phase down and it is unclear how wind and PV deployment will be impacted by the phase down. This work draws from 14 scenarios of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s 2018 Standard Scenarios Report and 32 scenarios from the Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook 2018 to explore wind and PV deployment following the tax credit expiration.
Access to assistive technology (AT) information in Spanish on state and territory program websites: United States, 2018.

Abstract Background Compared to non-Hispanic white individuals, assistive technology (AT) utilization is lower among Hispanic individuals.1–7 In the US, Spanish is the 2nd most frequently spoken language. Greater than one-fifth of Spanish-speaking households are limited English proficiencty (LEP) households (i.e., all individuals over age 14 in the household speak English less than "very well").8 Availability of AT materials in Spanish is one factor influencing knowledge about and utilization of AT among Spanish-speakers. Objective To examine the availability of Spanish-language AT information on state AT program websites and to assess the relationship between availability and state demographic and linguistic characteristics. Methods In 2018, we evaluated 56 state and territory AT program websites for the availability of AT information in Spanish. We calculated 4 measures (US Hispanic population in the state/territory; Hispanic individuals as a proportion of state population; overall Spanish-speaking households, and Spanish-speaking, limited English proficient households) from the 2016 American Community Survey and created ranked lists for each measure. Point biserial (rpb) correlations were calculated to test associations between each measure and availability of AT information in Spanish on each program’s website. Results Sixteen program websites (15 states, 1 territory) provided access to Spanish-language AT information. None of the 4 measures were strongly associated with this outcome (rpb ranged from 0.30 to 0.42). For any of the 4 measures, no more than half of states in the top 10 ranks offered online access to AT information in Spanish. Conclusions Improving the online availability of AT information in Spanish is necessary to increase equity in AT utilization among Spanish-speaking people with disabilities.
A Semi-Boosted Nested Model With Sensitivity-Based Weighted Binarization for Multi-Domain Network Intrusion Detection

Effective network intrusion detection techniques are required to thwart evolving cybersecurity threats. Historically, traditional enterprise networks have been researched extensively in this regard. However, the cyber threat landscape has grown to include wireless networks. In this article, the authors present a novel model that can be trained on completely different feature sets and applied to two distinct intrusion detection applications: traditional enterprise networks and 802.11 wireless networks. This is the first method that demonstrates superior performance in both aforementioned applications. The model is based on a one-versus-all binary framework comprising multiple nested sub-ensembles. To provide good generalization ability, each sub-ensemble contains a collection of sub-learners, and only a portion of the sub-learners implement boosting. A class weight based on the sensitivity metric (true-positive rate), learned from the training data only, is assigned to the sub-ensembles of each class. The use of pruning to remove sub-learners that do not contribute to or have an adverse effect on overall system performance is investigated as well. The results demonstrate that the proposed system can achieve exceptional performance in applications to both traditional enterprise intrusion detection and 802.11 wireless intrusion detection.
Exposure-Safety Analyses of Talazoparib in Patients With Advanced Breast Cancer and Germline BRCA1/2 Mutations in the EMBRACA and ABRAZO Trials.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, such as talazoparib, may affect hematopoiesis. This analysis characterized the relationship between talazoparib exposure and the most common grade ≥ 3 hematopoietic adverse events (AEs) leading to dose modification in the phase 2 (ABRAZO) and phase 3 (EMBRACA) trials. The relationship between time-varying average talazoparib concentration (Cavg,t ), along with other baseline variables, and grade ≥ 3 anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia were evaluated both by graphical examination and using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. The results indicated that higher Cavg,t was associated with a higher risk of anemia and thrombocytopenia. A trend toward an association between higher Cavg,t and neutropenia was observed, although not statistically significant. Higher risk of all tested safety end points was associated with lower baseline hemoglobin. Higher risk of neutropenia was associated with lower baseline absolute neutrophil count and lower body weight. These findings support the proposed management of AEs through talazoparib dosing modification.
Linewidth Broadening Induced by Fundamental Thermal Fluctuations in Metallo-Dielectric Nanolasers

We demonstrate that the fundamental thermal fluctuations can induce significant linewidth broadening effect in metallo-dielectric nanolasers through numerical simulation. Broader linewidths are observed with the decrease of resonator dimensions and the increase of ambient temperatures.
Association of continuous positive airway pressure adherence with complications in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Objectives: To explore the association of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence with clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea in a real-wo...
Scattering and Diffraction

The electron is a low mass, negatively charged particle. As such, it can easily be deflected by passing close to other electrons or the positive nucleus of an atom. These Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions cause the electron scattering which is the process that makes TEM feasible. We will also discuss how the wave nature of the electron gives rise to diffraction effects. What we can already say is that if the electrons didn’t scatter, then there would be no mechanism to create TEM images or diffraction patterns and no source of spectroscopic data. So it is essential to understand both the particle approach and the wave approach to electron scattering in order to be able to interpret all the information that comes from a TEM. Electron scattering from materials is a reasonably complex area of physics, but it isn’t necessary to develop a detailed comprehension of scattering theory to be a competent microscopist.
Fatigue Crack Growth Paths in Al-Si-Mg Cast Alloys

Fatigue crack growth of long and small cracks was investigated forhypoeutectic and eutectic Al-Si-Mg cast alloys. Crack growth behavior in the nearthresholdregime and Regions II and III was related to microstructural constituents namelyprimary α-Al dendrites and volume fraction and morphology of eutectic Si. Long cracksthresholds reflect combined closure effects of global residual stress andmicrostructure/roughness. The small crack threshold behavior is explained through closureindependent mechanisms, specifically through the barrier effects of characteristicmicrostructural features specific to each alloy. In Regions II and III changes in fracturesurface roughness are associated with different crack growth mechanisms at themicrostructural scale. The extent of the plastic zone ahead of the crack tip was successfullyused to explain the observed changes in crack growth mechanisms.
Prenatal and Postnatal Craniofacial Development

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the prenatal and postnatal craniofacial development. The embryo of 3–4 weeks of age in the prenatal development does not have a face; the head is composed of a brain covered with a membrane. The eyes are the lateral aspects of the head. It is only in the latter part of this period of embryonic growth that nasal pits develop. At the embryonic age of 5 to 6 weeks, the general shape of the face begin to develop. The frontonasal process is prominent; the nasal pits form laterally. In the subsequent weeks of embryonic life, the structures take on human configurations. The postnatal growth of the face of the infant is diminutive compared with the calvaria. The proportion of facial mass to cranial mass, viewed laterally, is 1 to 3. Subsequent growth in childhood alters this proportion, so that the ratio becomes about 1:2.5, whereas in adolescents and adults the proportion becomes 1:2. This chapter concludes with a remark that Mapping and identification of the genes associated with craniofacial abnormalities will eventually elucidate the biochemical, cytochemical, and molecular mechanisms that control the development of a human face.
The Science of Qualitative Research: Archaeology, Genealogy, Ethics

[The task] consists of not – of no longer – treating discourses as groups of signs (signifying elements referring to contents or representations) but as practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak. Of course, discourses are composed of signs; but what they do is more than use these signs to designate things. It is this more that renders them irreducible to language ( langue ) and to speech. It is this “more” that we must reveal and describe. Foucault, 1969/1972, p. 49 The third approach to critical inquiry we shall consider is that of Michel Foucault (1926–1984). Foucault developed a form of critical inquiry that explored knowledge, power, and human being itself as products of history and culture. His work throws light on the central aspects that define a form of life, as well as how investigation itself always arises in a form of life. Foucault reversed Kant’s critique: whereas Kant had claimed to show how seemingly contingent aspects of human experience, such as causality, are actually necessary and universal, Foucault aimed to show how apparent necessities are actually contingent. Unlike Habermas, he didn’t view language as a transcendental or quasi-transcendental domain. Unlike Bourdieu, he didn’t view science as a field that produces knowledge that can transcend its circumstances. Indeed, Foucault’s historical critique was directed especially at the “universal truths” of the modern biological, psychological, and social sciences. These turn out, in his analysis, to be outcomes of contingent historical events. But we shall see that Foucault did not consider truth to be indistinguishable from opinion, politics to be merely the play of power, or ethical judgments to be culturally relative. Whereas Habermas focuses on individual know-that, on reflection and decision making, and Bourdieu emphasized know-how, the embodied knowledge of habitus, Foucault recognized both formal knowledge and informal practical know-how and explored the relationship between them, as well as their relation to the acting knower.
Testimony of J. Richard (Dick) Harvey, Jr. Before the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations May 21, 2013

Apple is an iconic US multinational corporation. In addition to demonstrating excellence in designing, building, and selling consumer products, Apple has been very successful at minimizing its global income tax burden. This expert testimony describes how Apple:• allocates approximately two-thirds of its global income to Ireland, a country where only 4% of its employees and 1% of its customers are located,• minimizes Irish tax by creating an Irish entity that is managed and controlled in the US, and• avoids the US Subpart F rules.More generally, the testimony illustrates techniques used by US MNCs to shift income overseas and avoid the US Subpart F rules designed to tax passive income.Finally, the testimony makes several tax policy recommendations.Expert Witness Testimony Submitted on May 21, 2013 for the US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.
Space situational awareness in Europe: The fractures and the federative aspects of European space efforts

Space is a strategic sector, integral to virtually every facet of life in Europe, thus protection of this vital European space infrastructure is critical. No European organization, however, is able to provide a sufficiently independent assessment of the space environment. Efforts, therefore, are being pursued to develop an integrated Space Situational Awareness (SSA) capability in Europe. This article reviews the undertaking of SSA in Europe and the roles played by the European Union (EU) and the European Space Agency (ESA). It examines some of the obstacles ESA has faced in implementing its SSA efforts, challenges which range from budgetary limitations to the refusal of member states to share their military facilities, with the result being that ESA focuses on space weather and near-Earth objects rather than the more controversial and national security aspects of SSA, space surveillance and tracking (SST). The article also assesses the European Commission’s proposal for establishing a SST support program...
Spreading the Gospel of Good Health: Assessing Mass Women's Magazines as Communication Vehicles to Combat Health Disparities Among African Americans

A burgeoning interest and curiosity in spirituality and religion among the general and minority populations in the United States has led many health communication scholars to consider the implications these factors have on communicating health risk. Mass magazines, a popular source of health information among women and minorities, are well positioned to reach these targeted audiences and assist health communicators achieve their communication objectives. However, results from this pilot study suggest these vehicles are largely untapped channels to disseminate this type of culturally targeted health information. Content analyses of consumer mass magazines reveal Essence, an ethnic magazine, does incorporate some spiritual and religious factors; however, general readership magazines do not. Given the current spiritual landscape, health communicators can utilize not only ethnic magazines but also other women's mass magazines as health promotion channels to communicate health risk among African American women.
The metrics of the physician brain drain.

methods Data on the countries of origin, based on countries of medical education, of international medical graduates practicing in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia were obtained from sources in the respective countries and analyzed separately and in aggregate. With the use of World Health Organization data, I computed an emigration factor for the countries of origin of the immigrant physicians to provide a relative measure of the number of physicians lost by emigration. results International medical graduates constitute between 23 and 28 percent of physicians in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, and lower-income countries supply between 40 and 75 percent of these international medical graduates. India, the Philippines, and Pakistan are the leading sources of international medical graduates. The United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia draw a substantial number of physicians from South Africa, and the United States draws very heavily from the Philippines. Nine of the 20 countries with the highest emigration factors are in sub-Saharan Africa or the Caribbean. conclusions Reliance on international medical graduates in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia is reducing the supply of physicians in many lower-income countries.
Mathematical Analysis of a Layer Extraction Method for Separating Clay-Size Material from Soils

This paper presents a layer extraction method for obtaining a representative sample of clay-size material from a soil suspension. This method is especially advantageous in preparing a sample of relatively large size, and the procedure is simpler than that of the decantation method, a comparable method of extraction.
Stomach dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: emerging technology and pharmacology.

Gastroparesis and other types of gastric dysfunction result in substantial morbidity in diabetes patients. The pathophysiology of these disorders is incompletely understood. This article reviews techniques applicable to the assessment of gastric function in diabetes patients, including the measurement of emptying, accommodation, and contractility. Available treatment options are also reviewed, including novel yet unapproved serotonin 5-HT4 agonist pharmacological treatments, as well as the role of endoscopic, surgical, and device treatments of gastroparesis.
Controlling the Morphology of Polymeric Precursor‐Derived ZnO Flower‐Like Structures

The study of the mechanisms of formation and growth of ZnO nanostructures is crucial as they have the potential to find applications in opto-electronic devices. ZnO nanostructures of different morphologies have been synthesized using a low-temperature polymeric precursor process. Controlling the Zn cation and nitric acid concentrations, flower-like morphology of the ZnO nanostructures could be synthesized with excellent reproducibility. Besides chemistry, the effects of spin-coating variables on morphology were also investigated. The results show that the morphology of the flowers is controlled by Zn2+ ion concentration, whereas spin speed and film thickness are responsible for the size variations. All obtained ZnO structures reveal a polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure and strong UV photoluminescence along with lattice defects. Polar surfaces of ZnO promoting multilayer Volmer–Weber growth play a crucial role in the development of these flower-like structures. Possible mechanisms for variations of morphology with synthesis parameters are discussed.
Deposition of Diamond-Like Carbon Films using Plasma Based Ion Implantation with Bipolar Pulses

Plasma based ion implantation (PBII) with bipolar high voltage pulses has been proposed to improve a dose uniformity in an ion implantation on a three-dimensional target. A pulsed glow discharge plasma is produced around the target by a positive high-voltage pulse, and then ions are implanted into the target from all sides by the subsequent negative high-voltage pulse. A time resolved plasma density and the spatial profiles of the pulsed glow discharge plasma are measured by a Langmuir probe in a boxcar mode, and diamond like carbon (DLC) films are deposited under optimal conditions of the pulsed plasma. It is shown that the PBII with bipolar pulses is a useful method in depositing DLC films on the three-dimensional target. A carbon ion implantation procedure results in the enhanced adherence of DLC coating to the target, and the enhanced adhesion is due to a graded carbon interface produced by carbon implantation.
Structure of the GAF domain, a ubiquitous signaling motif and a new class of cyclic GMP receptor.

GAF domains are ubiquitous motifs present in cyclic GMP (cGMP)‐regulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, certain adenylyl cyclases, the bacterial transcription factor FhlA, and hundreds of other signaling and sensory proteins from all three kingdoms of life. The crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YKG9 protein was determined at 1.9 A resolution. The structure revealed a fold that resembles the PAS domain, another ubiquitous signaling and sensory transducer. YKG9 does not bind cGMP, but the isolated first GAF domain of phosphodiesterase 5 binds with K d = 650 nM. The cGMP binding site of the phosphodiesterase GAF domain was identified by homology modeling and site‐directed mutagenesis, and consists of conserved Arg, Asn, Lys and Asp residues. The structural and binding studies taken together show that the cGMP binding GAF domains form a new class of cyclic nucleotide receptors distinct from the regulatory domains of cyclic nucleotide‐regulated protein kinases and ion channels.
Analysis of passive infrared imaging system with IR stimulable phosphor

Abstract A passive i.r. imaging system based on an i.r. stimulable phosphor is analyzed. An analytic expression for the noise equivalent temperature (NET) or display signal to noise ratio (SNRD) is obtained for two characteristic photoionization cross-sections of shallow centers in semiconductors. The analysis indicates thermal resolutions in the range 0·1 ΔT K may be realized in a practical system. Some phosphors such as ZnS:Cu,Al and ZnTe;O,I have been found to have the required material characteristics.
Centralized and decentralized cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: A novel approach

In this paper, the cooperative spectrum sensing is probabilistically modeled as a mixture of two Gaussian distributions and EM algorithm is applied for learning the parameters and classifying these two classes. Also, in order to exploit the dependencies of the states of the primary user in time, a Hidden Markov Model is used to improve the performance of the centralized spectrum sensing. Furthermore, a new decentralized cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm is proposed. In this case, the local information of secondary users are appropriately combined to guarantee a reliable communication. Our simulation results indicate the remarkable performance of the proposed cooperative sensing algorithms even in very low signal to noise ratios.
STABILITY OF SALTS OF N-CARBOXY-, N-THIOCARBOXY-, AND N-DITHIOCARBOXYGLYCINE1

Abstract Salts of N-carboxy-, N-thiocarboxy-, and N-dithiocarboxyglycine (1–3) have been prepared and their stability in aqueous solution investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Salts of N-carboxyglycine (1) undergo partial hydrolysis in aqueous solution, giving the same equilibrium mixtures as those formed in the reaction of glycine with carbonate. Salts of N-dithiocarboxyglycine (2) are stable in aqueous solution. even at 100°C. The disodium salt 2d, which has often been employed as a reaction intermediate but never adequately characterized, has been synthesized by several independent methods. Salts of N-thiocarboxyglycine (3) are stable in aqueous solution at 25°C but not at 100°C.
Impact of smoking on disease phenotype and postoperative outcomes for Crohn's disease patients undergoing surgery

Whether smoking affects disease distribution, phenotype, and perioperative outcomes for Crohn’s disease (CD) patients undergoing surgery is not well characterized. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of smoking on disease phenotype and postoperative outcomes for CD patients undergoing surgery Prospectively collected data of CD patients undergoing colorectal resection were evaluated. CD patients who were current smokers (CS) were compared to nonsmokers (NS) and ex-smokers (ES) for disease phenotype, anatomic site involved, procedures performed, postoperative outcomes, and quality of life using the Cleveland Global Quality of Life instrument (CGQL). Of 691 patients with a diagnosis of CD requiring surgery 314 were classified as CS, 330 as NS, and 47 as ES. CS and ES in comparison to NS were significantly older at diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (mean, 29.3 vs. 29.2 vs. 26.3 years) (P = 0.001) and older at the time of primary surgery (mean, 42.9 vs. 48.4 vs. 39 years) (P = 0.001) with a greater frequency of diabetes. In all groups requiring surgery, there was a significant change in disease phenotype from the time of diagnosis to surgical intervention. The predominant phenotype at diagnosis was inflammatory which changed to stricturing and penetrating as the dominant phenotypes at time of surgery. All groups had a significant improvement in CGQL scores post-surgery with the greatest benefit observed in NS. Postoperative complications and 30-day readmission rates were similar between all groups. The findings of this study show that in patients with CD, disease phenotype changes over time. This occurs independent of smoking. Smoking does not appear to predispose to complications for CD patients undergoing surgery. CS and ES have a persistently reduced quality of life in comparison to NS post-surgery.
A Statistical Method to Obtain Material Properties From the Orientation Distribution Function for Short-Fiber Polymer Composites

Material behavior of short-fiber composites can be found from the fiber orientation distribution function, with the only widely accepted procedure derived from the application of orientation/moment tensors. The use of orientation tensors requires a closure, whereby the higher order tensor is approximated as a function of the lower order tensor thereby introducing additional computational errors. We present material property expectation values computed directly from the fiber orientation distribution function, thereby alleviating the closure problem inherent to orientation tensors. Material properties are computed from statistically independent unidirectional fiber samples taken from the fiber orientation distribution function. The statistical nature of the distribution function is evaluated with Monte-Carlo simulations to obtain approximate stiffness tensors from the underlying unidirectional composite properties. Examples are presented for simple analytical distributions to demonstrate the effectiveness of expectation values and results are compared to properties obtained through orientation tensors. Results yield a value less than 1.5% for the coefficient of variation and suggest that the orientation tensor method for computing material properties is applicable only for the case of non-interacting fibers.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Bone growth during daily or intermittent calcitriol treatment during renal failure with advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Calcitriol is a standard therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. We evaluated whether the effect of daily or intermittent calcitriol administration is more efficient in enhancing bone growth in renal failure with advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism in weanling 5/6 nephrectomized rats loaded with phosphorus to induce severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. The animals were treated daily or three times weekly with calcitriol for 4 weeks but the total weekly dose of calcitriol was the same. Although calcitriol increased the serum calcium, it did not lower parathyroid hormone (PTH) or improve tibia and body length. Animals with renal failure and advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism had decreased PTH/PTHrP, which was accompanied by an increase in the cyclin kinase inhibitor p57 Kip2 . Calcitriol treatment upregulated the PTH/PTHrP receptor but also increased inhibitors of cell proliferation such as p21 Waf1/Cip1 , IGFBP3, and FGFR3. Calcitriol also enhanced markers of chondrocyte differentiation, such as IGF1, Vitamin D receptor, FGF23, and bone morphogenetic protein-7. Receptor activator of nuclear factor- κβ ligand levels improved with calcitriol treatment but without changes in osteoprotegerin suggesting an enhancement of osteo/chondroclastogenesis and mineralization. Overall, both daily and intermittent calcitriol had similar effects on endochondral bone growth in phosphorus-loaded rats with renal failure.