cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Burali-Forti Paradox

In the system presented by Quine in his book Mathematical logic , one can derive the Burali-Forti Paradox. It is the purpose of this paper to present the details of this derivation. For the derivation, only familiarity with Quine's book is assumed. The present derivation is based on the derivations given by Hobson and by Whitehead and Russell. In both these sources, the primary interest is the theory of ordinals, and the Burali-Forti Paradox is of interest only as something to be avoided. In the present paper the primary interest is the Burali-Forti Paradox, so that much of the theory of ordinals is absent from this paper and only those details remain which are relevant to the derivation of the paradox.
Noah Porter versus William Graham Sumner

In January 1879 William Graham Sumner, Professor of Political and Social Science at Yale, assigned as a textbook the popular work by Herbert Spencer, The Study of Sociology . In a letter to the trustees in June 1880, the president of the college, Noah Porter, objected to the use of the volume. He suggested that Spencer's atheistic materialism would intellectually, morally and religiously harm immature students and bring notoriety to be the institution. Instead, of course, Noah Porter acquired the notoriety in this early and widely publicized case of academic freedom. William Graham Sumner was judged to be a bold and heroic spokesman for professional prerogatives, an uncompromising teacher of the new discipline of sociology. And Noah Porter served the sentence of historical disrepute that the supporters of Sumner passed on him.
[(2R,5R,6S,9R)-6-Isopropyl-9-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro-[4.5]decan-2-yl]methyl 4-bromo-benzoate.

The title compound, C20H27BrO4, a 4-bromo­benzoyl derivative of a stereoisomer of glycerol menthonide, synthesized as part of a study of 3-carbon stereochemical moieties, crystallizes with two crystallographically independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, the two mol­ecules differing only in one of the C—O—C—C torsion angles around the ester O atom [−106.5 (7) and 146.1 (6)°]. The two mol­ecules are crystallographically related by a pseudotranslation along the (011) diagonal of the unit cell, emulating a primitive monoclinic cell of half the volume. The translational symmetry is broken by the 4-bromo­benzoate groups. The crystallographic assignment of the absolute stereochemistry is consistent with having started with (−)-menthone, the acetal C atom is R and the secondary alcohol is R. This brings the bromo­benzoate into approximately the same plane as the menthyl ring and cis to the isopropyl group. The glycerol menthonide sections of the molecules interact with each other via C—H⋯O interactions, leading to the formation of chains either A or B molecules that stretch parallel to [010], forming column-shaped double chains. Interactions between neighboring columns are limited to van der Waals contacts.
Breeding and Development of the Columbian Ground Squirrel

It has long been well known that it is difficult to induce wild animals to breed in captivity. This difficulty seems general and has been referred to by Darwin, in his "Origin of Species by Natural Selection." chapter 1, page 10: "Many facts clearly show how eminently susceptible the reproductive system is to very slight changes in surrounding conditions. Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement." In the extensive and long-continued investigations recorded in this paper only four Columbian ground squirrels (Citellus columbianus) were successfully bred, and the data accompanying the rearing of their broods secured. The equipment necessary for the securing of such data must of necessity be of such nature as to give the animals under observation the utmost freedom. In securing the data here recorded very ample yards were enclosed and in them were the original dens of the wild squirrels to be studied. So ample and free-ranging were these yards, that the animals were practically at liberty to come and go as they desired; yet at all times they were under the absolute control of the investigator. Into these yards squirrels which were carefully branded, weighed, and recorded were turned, segregated according to sex; and here they lived a life of comparative freedom. In fact, they were so nearly under normal conditions that they never became very tame, but always darted into the holes as wild squirrels do when approached. Shortly after coming from hibernation they showed signs of a desire to breed, thus enabling us to take the first steps in determining the gestation period. Branding system. The convenience of a branding system was at once apparent. It became necessary to recognize with the binoculars, instantly, definitely, and without disturbance, from the quiet of the cabins, any squirrel running at liberty in the yards. This necessity led to the development of a double system of brands known as temporary and permanent. The temporary brand was made by singeing
Inventory turns and finite-horizon Little’s Laws

Over the past 30 years managers have increasingly focused on improving inventory management both within their own firms and across the supply chain. To this end, inventory turns metrics have been adopted as a popular tool for measuring flow velocity through the inventory and the efficiency of inventory-related asset utilization. There are multiple computational methods thereof currently used by practitioners, but each has some flaws. In particular, consensus is lacking as to (1) how to measure inventory flow and (2) how to measure the inventory level. Clearly, high-quality accounting information is essential for an accurate assessment of all inventory performance metrics. Unfortunately, when comparing efficiencies across firms or diagnosing and correcting intra-firm inefficiencies, choices of specific accounting rules and distortions between fair market values and corresponding accounting book values can lead to potentially misleading results. This paper presents finite-horizon versions of Little’s Law and elucidates their connection to inventory turns and restricted sojourn times in inventory, defined as the portion of the full sojourn time that falls within a prescribed time period. In particular, it explains when the reciprocal of sample inventory turns coincides with the sample average of restricted sojourn times. As such, the paper provides a unified prescriptive model for correctly relating inventory turns to sojourn times through an inventory system, thereby facilitating more accurate intra-firm and cross-firm comparisons.
Evaluation on the Information Quality of Direct Network Report of Infectious Diseases in Fengcheng City from 2005 to 2009

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the information quality of direct network report of infectious diseases from 2005 to 2009 in Fengcheng City and improve the timeliness,sensitivity and veracity of the case report.Methods: Report cards of the all notifiable infectious diseases in Fengcheng City were obtained from the subsystem–"Information Management System of Disease Surveillance and Report".The Excel database was derived from the system and was treated and statistically analyzed.Results: A total 14018 cases of infectious diseases were reported from 2005 to 2009.The timely-reporting rate of infectious disease increased from 39.70% to 100%3.25,the timely-examining rate increased from 80.04% to 100%.The direct report rate covered all the hospitals at county except 2005 and that from county's health centers increased from 87.10% to 100%.Report cards were mainly from general hospitals(55.27%).From 2005 to 2009,the average report time of was 1.44d,1.36d,0.70d,0.60d and 0.21d respectively,from report to verification 0.21d,0.07d,0.06d,0.03d and 0.07d.Conclusion: Network reporting system in Fengcheng City is gradually improving and operating well overall.The timely-reporting rate and the timely-examining rate increased greatly.The time from diagnosis to report was the major factor that influences the report timeliness most.There should be regular quality evaluations of the direct network reporting and the analysis of the key parts that influence the report quality,so as to find out the problems in the management of direct reporting systems and direct the future work of the case report system.
ASSESSING CHILD DEVELOPMENT

The family practitioner has an important role in the detection of infants and young children with developmental delays. The physician may be the first or only professional in regular contact with infants and young children. Interpretation of a child's developmental status is best done with a clear understanding of the child's family and social environment, and the family practitioner is in a unique position to possess this knowledge by virtue of his or her established relationship with the family.
The Effect of Rapid Mannitol Infusion on Cerebral Blood Volume

Mannitol therapy has been well documented to be effective in reducing elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) (Pollay et al. 1983, Wise and Chater 1962). This reduction in ICP is dependent on reversal of the blood/brain osmotic gradient. However it has been observed that too rapid an infusion rate may give rise to an early transient increase in ICP prior to a subsequent decrease (Ravussin et al. 1986, Roberts et al. 1987). This study was undertaken to evaluate the possible mechanism (s) by which this transient increase in ICP occurs.
Justice and Health Care: A Theological Review

Ethical concepts such as justice may also be theological ones. Religion has played a major role in health care throughout the long history of Western society. It has both motivated its adherents to provide health care institutions and contributed to the shaping of these institutions. In some respects, love or benevolence has been the dominant religious motif that has motivated and shaped the institutions of health care, in other respects it has been religious concepts of justice that have performed this role. It therefore seems appropriate to the purposes of this volume to provide a review of the bearing of theological concepts of justice upon health care.
Critical moments in career construction counseling

Abstract An important research need concerns identifying and describing factors that promote reflexivity and change in life-design career interventions. Career construction counseling, a primary life-design intervention, uses narrative methods in an interpersonal process of helping people design a work life through reflexive action. Using Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR), the present study examined what prompts reflexivity and change in career construction counseling. A single case analysis method involving a 24-year old Caucasian woman examined one client's experience of processes that prompted change and reflection about her current career transition. Post-counseling IPR with the client of her videotaped career construction counseling session indicated five major themes: (a) role models prompt identity reflection, (b) early recollections foster cohesion, (c) follow-up questions add depth to the story, (d) counselor as audience provides clarity and validation, and (e) career construction interview questions illuminate perspective and need for action. Results support prior research indicating the usefulness of career construction counseling for promoting reflexive action in life design.
Annual performance comparison between tracking and fixed photovoltaic arrays

In this paper a performance comparison is conducted between a new grid-tied PV tracking system and a fixed mounting grid-tied PV system with identical solar panels as well as the same rated powers in one-year period. These systems were installed at Florida Atlantic University (FAU) in Boca Raton, Florida, started operating in August 2014. First, an overview of the entire system is presented followed by the description of system architecture design. A detailed statistical comparison is done for four months in four seasons. At the end, the annual energy output of tracker and non-tracker units is extracted and analyzed. Two important performance factors such as annual power production of each array and the amount of system CO 2 emission reduction are calculated. It is concluded from final results that the single axis tracker, which continuously tracks the sun from east to west during daytime, works moderately in south Florida region and therefore it requires more thorough researches to improve the system efficiency.
A Novel Stopped-Flow Assay for Quantitating Carbonic-Anhydrase Activity and Assessing Red-Blood-Cell Hemolysis.

We report a novel carbonic-anhydrase (CA) assay and its use for quantitating red-blood-cell (RBC) lysis during stopped-flow (SF) experiments. We combine two saline solutions, one containing HEPES/pH 7.03 and the other, ~1% CO2/44 mM HCO3−/pH 8.41, to generate an out-of-equilibrium CO2/HCO3− solution containing ~0.5% CO2/22 HCO3−/pH ~7.25 (10C) in the SF reaction cell. CA catalyzes relaxation of extracellular pH to ~7.50: HCO3− + H+  CO2 + H2O. Proof-of-concept studies (no intact RBCs) show that the pH-relaxation rate constant (kΔpH)—measured via pyranine fluorescence—rises linearly with increases in [bovine CAII] or [murine-RBC lysate]. The y-intercept (no CA) was kΔpH=0.0183 s−1. Combining increasing amounts of murine-RBC lysate with ostensibly intact RBCs (pre-SF hemolysis0.4%)—fixing total [hemoglobin] at 2.5 M in the reaction cell to simulate hemolysis from ostensibly 0% to 100%—causes kΔpH to increase linearly. This y-intercept (0% lysate/100% ostensibly intact RBCs) was kΔpH=0.0820 s−1, and the maximal kΔpH (100% lysate/0% intact RBCs) was 1.304 s−1. Thus, mean percent hemolysis in the reaction cell was ~4.9%. Phenol-red absorbance assays yield indistinguishable results. The increase from 0.4% to 4.9% presumably reflects mechanical RBC disruption during rapid mixing. In all fluorescence studies, the CA blocker acetazolamide reduces kΔpH to near-uncatalyzed values, implying that all CA activity is extracellular. Our lysis assay is simple, sensitive, and precise, and will be valuable for correcting for effects of lysis in physiological SF experiments. The underlying CA assay, applied to blood plasma, tissue-culture media, and organ perfusates could assess lysis in a variety of applications.
A stochastic flow-capturing model to optimize the location of fast-charging stations with uncertain electric vehicle flows

Abstract We develop a model to optimize the location of public fast charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs). A difficulty in planning the placement of charging stations is uncertainty in where EV charging demands appear. For this reason, we use a stochastic flow-capturing location model (SFCLM). A sample-average approximation method and an averaged two-replication procedure are used to solve the problem and estimate the solution quality. We demonstrate the use of the SFCLM using a Central-Ohio based case study. We find that most of the stations built are concentrated around the urban core of the region. As the number of stations built increases, some appear on the outskirts of the region to provide an extended charging network. We find that the sets of optimal charging station locations as a function of the number of stations built are approximately nested. We demonstrate the benefits of the charging-station network in terms of how many EVs are able to complete their daily trips by charging midday—six public charging stations allow at least 60% of EVs that would otherwise not be able to complete their daily tours without the stations to do so. We finally compare the SFCLM to a deterministic model, in which EV flows are set equal to their expected values. We show that if a limited number of charging stations are to be built, the SFCLM outperforms the deterministic model. As the number of stations to be built increases, the SFCLM and deterministic model select very similar station locations.
Trust in the workplace: A multifoci meta-analytic investigation

Employees differentiate among multiple social exchange partners in the workplace - organization as a whole, immediate supervisors, and their coworkers. Moreover, in spite of the important role of t...
Comparison of direct-conversion a-Se and CsI scintillator-based CMOS FFDM/DBT flat-panel detectors using an anthropomorphic breast phantom with embedded microcalcification signals

Digital flat-panel detectors (FPD) used in x-ray breast imaging [full field digital mammography (FFDM) or digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT)] utilize semiconductor-based sensors, which directly convert incident x-ray photons into charge pulses, or scintillator-based sensors which, first, absorb x-rays and then re-radiate the energy in a form of optical light, which is subsequently collected by photodiodes. Direct conversion detectors lack the optical light stage and, hence, potentially allow for better spatial resolution, which can be beneficial for imaging of small signals, like microcalcifications. Some of the recent scintillator detectors use columnar CsI to contain optical photon dispersion, by using total internal reflection inside the columns. In this study we test two detectors, an amorphous Selenium (a-Se) direct-conversion FPD with a pixel size of 85 μm, integrated in a number of FFDM and DBT systems, and a new CsI columnar scintillator detector with a 49.5 μm pixel and CMOS active pixel readout technology. Detectors were evaluated, using 1) linear assessment methods, i.e. modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE); 2) a human observer reader study in which microcalcification signals were detected in FFDM images of an anthropomorphic breast phantom.
Seasonal-Scale and Decadal-Scale Sediment-Vegetation Interactions on the Subaqueous Susquehanna River Delta, Upper Chesapeake Bay

Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) have been a prominent feature on the Susquehanna Flats, the shallow, subaqueous delta of the Susquehanna River, Maryland. SAV were absent from the Flats between 1972 and 2000, but have since recovered. While it is well established that SAV can improve water quality by promoting sediment and nutrient retention, it is not well understood how SAV on the Flats modulate sediment input from the Susquehanna River into the Upper Chesapeake Bay over different timescales. This study evaluates sedimentation on the Flats over seasonal to decadal timescales, using naturally occurring radioisotopes (7Be, 210Pb) within the context of SAV biomass and Flats geomorphology. Results indicate that sedimentation on the Flats is both spatially and temporally variable. Although this variability cannot be explained by relationships with grain size and SAV biomass, river discharge, sediment supply, and geometry over the SAV bed likely control sedimentation in this system. Decadal-scale sedimentation is influenced by both flood events and changes in SAV biomass abundance. Average annual sediment accumulation was higher when SAV were present than when SAV were absent. SAV bed area was strongly correlated with average annual accumulation rate. These results suggest that a positive feedback between SAV abundance and accumulation rate exists; however, sediment supply and transport pathways are also important factors.
Effect of growth interruption in 1.55 μm InAs/InAlGaAs quantum dots on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy

We report the effect of growth interruptions on the structural and optical properties of InAs/InAlGaAs/InP quantum dots using molecular beam epitaxy. We find that the surface quantum dots experience an unintended ripening process during the sample cooling stage, which reshapes the uncapped InAs nanostructures. To prevent this, we performed a partial capping experiment to effectively inhibit structural reconfiguration of surface InAs nanostructures during the cooling stage, revealing that InAs nanostructures first form quantum dashes and then transform into quantum dots via a ripening process. Our result suggests that the appearance of buried InAs/InAlGaAs nanostructures can be easily misunderstood by surface analysis.We report the effect of growth interruptions on the structural and optical properties of InAs/InAlGaAs/InP quantum dots using molecular beam epitaxy. We find that the surface quantum dots experience an unintended ripening process during the sample cooling stage, which reshapes the uncapped InAs nanostructures. To prevent this, we performed a partial capping experiment to effectively inhibit structural reconfiguration of surface InAs nanostructures during the cooling stage, revealing that InAs nanostructures first form quantum dashes and then transform into quantum dots via a ripening process. Our result suggests that the appearance of buried InAs/InAlGaAs nanostructures can be easily misunderstood by surface analysis.
Metabolism of Molybdenum by Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria

The role of molybdenum in nitrogen fixation has been studied for many decades but only now is it being understood at the molecular level. This paper focuses on the use of mutant strains to understand molybdenum metabolism and its role in nitrogenase.
Effects of variation in drug elimination on five methods for assessing zero-order drug absorption rates.

The area function method for assessing zero-order (k o) drug absorption rates was compared to four other methods under conditions where variation occurs in the plasma concentration data and in the elimination rate constant (k el or k 10) for one- or two-compartment models. For deviant k el values of a one-compartment model, the most accurate recovery of k o occurred with the area function method and nonlinear least-squares regression, followed by the Wagner–Nelson and moment analysis methods. With deviant k 10 values for a two-compartment model, the order of superiority of the methods was: area function ≈ nonlinear regression > Loo-Riegelman > moment analysis. Moment analysis should generally be reserved for use as an estimation rather than calculation technique. The area function procedure offers particular advantages in ease of data analysis and accuracy of recovered parameters.
Transactional or Transformational? Leadership Preferences of Division III Athletic Administrators

Leadership research within sport management has yielded inconsistent results when examining transactional and transformational leadership. In addition, there has been a paucity of research comparing leadership behaviors between men and women based on leadership style. Therefore, this study examined whether leadership style (transactional, transformational) led to more positive perceptions of organizational outcomes in intercollegiate athletic administration and whether gender of the leader influenced these perceptions of leaders. Ninety-eight Division III athletic directors evaluated either a male or female transactional leader or a male or female transformational leader on extra effort, effectiveness, and satisfaction. Findings indicated transformational leadership was related to more positive organizational outcomes, specifically extra effort and satisfaction. However, gender of the leader did not influence these perceived outcomes.
Comparing differences in support needs as perceived by parents of adult offspring with down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and cerebral palsy.

Background Parents often face many barriers when taking care of their offspring with disabilities. In childhood, support needs vary with families of children with Down syndrome often reporting less caregiving challenges. However, it is unclear whether support needs vary in adulthood. This study compared parents of adults with Down syndrome (DS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebral palsy (CP) regarding support needs of their offspring with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and their families. Method Data were collected via a national survey in the United States with 189 parents of adults with IDD. Results Across the quantitative and qualitative analyses, parents of adults with DS (versus CP and ASD) reported significantly greater recreational, natural supports, more formal services and less future planning barriers. Conclusion The results indicate that the DS advantage may persist in adulthood regarding support needs. More research is needed to understand different types of support needs.
Treatment of Low Back Pain With Opioids and Nonpharmacologic Treatment Modalities for Army Veterans.

Background In the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) there is growing interest in the use of nonpharmacologic treatment (NPT) for low back pain (LBP) as pain intensity and interference do not decrease with opioid use. Objectives To describe overall and facility-level variation in the extent to which specific NPT modalities are used in VHA for LBP, either alone or as adjuncts to opioid medications, and to understand associations between veterans' clinical and demographic characteristics and type of treatment. Research design This retrospective cohort study examined use of opioids and 21 specific NPT modalities used by veterans. Subjects VHA-enrolled Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who utilized care in ("linked" to) 130 VHA facilities within 12 months after their separation from the Army between fiscal years 2008-2011, and who were diagnosed with LBP within 12 months after linkage (n=49,885). Measures Measures included per patient: days' supply of opioids, number of visits for NPT modalities, and pain scores within one year after a LBP diagnosis. Results Thirty-four percent of veterans filled a prescription for opioids, 35% utilized at least 1 NPT modality, and 15% used both within the same year. Most patients with LBP receiving NPT, on average, had moderate pain (36%), followed by low pain (27%), severe pain (15%), and no pain (11%). Eleven percent had no pain scores recorded. Conclusions About 65% of VHA patients with a LBP diagnosis did not receive NPT, and about 43% of NPT users also were prescribed an opioid. Understanding utilization patterns and their relationship with patient characteristics can guide pain management decisions and future study.
History of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Every year, thousands of people around the country are diagnosed with a blood cancer. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is a potentially lifesaving treatment for more than 70 different diseases, including leukemia, lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndrome, inherited immune deficiency disorders, and others. The history of HSCT began in the wake of the first atomic bomb explosions and led to landmark observations about mice being protected from the lethal effects of ionizing radiation on the bone marrow by shielding their spleens with lead. Subsequent experiments allowed for further development of this revolutionary treatment modality and ultimate success in efforts to treat patients with hematological diseases which have previously been inevitably lethal. The history of HSCT is a timeline of many groundbreaking discoveries, and numerous scientific lessons learned in the early days of HSCT are still relevant today. Although much has been learned over the last decades, use of old and new insights in HSCT will continue to be combined to identify the most effective treatment options.
High-Dose Thiotepa-Cyclophosphamide (TT/Cy) Results in Superior Outcomes Compared with Total Body Irradiation-Cyclophosphamide (TBI/Cy) in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Advanced Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and High-Grade Myelodysplasia (MDS) Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HCT)

Background TT/Cy has been reported as a well-tolerated conditioning regimen in patients with a variety of advanced leukemias undergoing allogeneic HCT (Blood 1996, 88:353-7). While other TT-containing regimens have been investigated, outcomes with TT/Cy, specifically, in a more uniform population have not been reported. Here, we report the outcome of TT/Cy in patients with myeloid malignancies undergoing allogeneic HCT, and compare the results with TBI/Cy. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 149 consecutive patients with AML (n=101), advanced CML (n=29), and high-grade MDS with >5% blasts (n=19) who received either TBI/Cy (TBI >13.5 Gy; Cy 120 mg/kg) or TT/Cy (TT 15 mg/kg; Cy 120 mg/kg) and allogeneic HCT from HLA-matched sibling or 10/10 or 9/10 HLA-matched volunteer unrelated donors (VUD) between 2007-2016 at Indiana University. Results Sixty-seven patients received TBI/Cy and 82 received TT/Cy. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different. TBI/Cy resulted in significantly higher grades 3-4 toxicity, including mucositis (64% vs. 48%, P=0.048), acute respiratory failure (22% vs. 10%, P=0.04), transaminase elevation (24% vs. 9%, P=0.01), acute renal failure (16% vs. 5%, P=0.02), and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (16% vs. 0%, P=0.0001). Cumulative incidence of 100-day grades 2-4 acute GVHD (TBI/Cy 15.0% ± 4.4%, TT/Cy 20.7% ± 4.5%; P=0.15) and extensive stage chronic GVHD at 1-year (TBI/Cy 35.3% ± 6%, TT/Cy 43.6% ± 5.6%; P=0.27) were not significantly different. The cumulative incidence (CI) of non-relapse mortality (NRM) was higher following TBI/Cy (Fig 1A, P 5 were both associated with a higher hazard of death (P=0.02 and P=0.004). Conclusion TT/Cy is an effective conditioning regimen in patients with myeloid malignancies undergoing allogeneic HCT and is associated with lower NRM compared with TBI/Cy. Future studies should assess whether addition of other agents to TT and Cy improve outcomes or simply increase toxicity.
Magnetorheological elastomer panels with reconfigurable magnetic mass for acoustic wave absorption

Lightweight metamaterials based elastomeric panels are used for sound absorption of low-frequency noise. It is beneficial to tune the resonant frequency of the metamaterial, by varying the stiffness of the panel, to enable use over a broader frequency range. The stiffness of magnetorehological elastomeric (MRE) panels, composed of iron particles embedded in a PDMS matrix, can be tuned by exposure to a magnetic field. This work represents an experimental realization and theoretical understanding of a magnetic mass decorated MRE metamaterial, which allows for tunable stiffness and easy reconfiguration of the masses applied to the panel. The circular panels are clamped at the rim, outfitted with neodymium magnets, and installed in an acoustic impedance tube, where they act as an acoustic barrier between the transmit and receive sides of the tube. There are three competing mechanisms that affect the sound transmission across the panel: (1) the mass increase associated with the magnetic masses, (2) the stiffening of the panel due to the magnetic field of each mass, and (3) the increased reflection from the placed masses. The experimental results demonstrate significant sound absorption by a thin metamaterial panel over a large frequency range through careful placement of magnetic masses.
A Maker Studio Model for High School Classrooms: The Nature and Role of Critique in an Electronic Textiles Design Project:

Background/ContextThough the maker movement has proliferated in out-of-school settings, there remains a design challenge of how to effectively integrate maker activities into K–12 classrooms. In ot...
Wearable Sensors for Estimation of Parkinsonian Tremor Severity during Free Body Movements.

Tremor is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) that reduces the quality of life. Tremor is measured as part of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III. However, the assessment is based on onsite physical examinations and does not fully represent the patients’ tremor experience in their day-to-day life. Our objective in this paper was to develop algorithms that, combined with wearable sensors, can estimate total Parkinsonian tremor as the patients performed a variety of free body movements. We developed two methods: an ensemble model based on gradient tree boosting and a deep learning model based on long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The developed methods were assessed on gyroscope sensor data from 24 PD subjects. Our analysis demonstrated that the method based on gradient tree boosting provided a high correlation (r = 0.96 using held-out testing and r = 0.93 using subject-based, leave-one-out cross-validation) between the estimated and clinically assessed tremor subscores in comparison to the LSTM-based method with a moderate correlation (r = 0.84 using held-out testing and r = 0.77 using subject-based, leave-one-out cross-validation). These results indicate that our approach holds great promise in providing a full spectrum of the patients’ tremor from continuous monitoring of the subjects’ movement in their natural environment.
Further studies on hemoglobin C. I. A description of three additional families segregating for hemoglobin C and sickle cell hemoglobin.

Three families are described in which there occur one or more children with sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease. Additional data are presented concerning two previously described families.
The Oft-Overlooked Massively Parallel Reporter Assay: Where, When, and Which Psychiatric Genetic Variants are Functional?

Neuropsychiatric phenotypes have been long known to be influenced by heritable risk factors. The past decade of genetic studies have confirmed this directly, revealing specific common and rare genetic variants enriched in disease cohorts. However, the early hope for these studies-that only a small set of genes would be responsible for a given disorder-proved false. The picture that has emerged is far more complex: a given disorder may be influenced by myriad coding and noncoding variants of small effect size, and/or by rare but severe variants of large effect size, many de novo. Noncoding genomic sequences harbor a large portion of these variants, the molecular functions of which cannot usually be inferred from sequence alone. This creates a substantial barrier to understanding the higher-order molecular and biological systems underlying disease risk. Fortunately, a proliferation of genetic technologies-namely, scalable oligonucleotide synthesis, high-throughput RNA sequencing, CRISPR, and CRISPR derivatives-have opened novel avenues to experimentally identify biologically significant variants en masse. These advances have yielded an especially versatile technique adaptable to large-scale functional assays of variation in both untranscribed and untranslated regulatory features: Massively Parallel Reporter Assays (MPRAs). MPRAs are powerful molecular genetic tools that can be used to screen tens of thousands of predefined sequences for functional effects in a single experiment. This approach has several ideal features for psychiatric genetics, but remains underutilized in the field to date. To emphasize the opportunities MPRA holds for dissecting psychiatric polygenicity, we review here its applications in the literature, discuss its ability to test several biological variables implicated in psychiatric disorders, illustrate this flexibility with a proof-of-principle, in vivo cell-type specific implementation of the assay, and envision future outcomes of applying MPRA to both computational and experimental neurogenetics.
Assembling and Validating Bioinformatic Pipelines for Next-Generation Sequencing Clinical Assays.

Context.— Clinical next-generation sequencing (NGS) is being rapidly adopted, but analysis and interpretation of large data sets prompt new challenges for a clinical laboratory setting. Clinical NGS results rely heavily on the bioinformatics pipeline for identifying genetic variation in complex samples. The choice of bioinformatics algorithms, genome assembly, and genetic annotation databases are important for determining genetic alterations associated with disease. The analysis methods are often tuned to the assay to maximize accuracy. Once a pipeline has been developed, it must be validated to determine accuracy and reproducibility for samples similar to real-world cases. In silico proficiency testing or institutional data exchange will ensure consistency among clinical laboratories. Objective.— To provide molecular pathologists a step-by-step guide to bioinformatics analysis and validation design in order to navigate the regulatory and validation standards of implementing a bioinformatic pipeline as a part of a new clinical NGS assay. Data sources.— This guide uses published studies on genomic analysis, bioinformatics methods, and methods comparison studies to inform the reader on what resources, including open source software tools and databases, are available for genetic variant detection and interpretation. Conclusions.— This review covers 4 key concepts: (1) bioinformatic analysis design for detecting genetic variation, (2) the resources for assessing genetic effects, (3) analysis validation assessment experiments and data sets, including a diverse set of samples to mimic real-world challenges that assess accuracy and reproducibility, and (4) if concordance between clinical laboratories will be improved by proficiency testing designed to test bioinformatic pipelines.
Mortality during Hurricane Sandy: the effects of waterfront flood protection on Staten Island, New York

Hard defenses, such as levees or land berms, are often considered the most effective approach to reduce flood risk. This study reveals a potential increase in mortality when hard protections cannot defend a location against low-probability, extreme flood events. Staten Island, New York, suffered devastating damage from Hurricane Sandy, including 23 fatalities, of which 18 occurred in the neighborhoods along the island’s eastern shore. This study demonstrates that the elevated berm along the eastern shore may have contributed to the concentration of fatalities in the area by increasing the speed at which seawater rose, causing some people to be trapped in places where they could not escape rising waters. The study uses a hydrodynamic model to simulate Hurricane Sandy flood conditions, providing water depth, rise rate, and velocity. Statistical analyses show that water rise rate influences mortality, while other flood characteristics and several demographic and socioeconomic factors do not. A model experiment that qualitatively examines flood conditions in the presence of a lower discontinuous berm that historically existed at the location in Midland Beach finds that the increased height and continuity of the berm increased probability of mortality by worsening the water rise rate during Sandy by about 50%. The potential increase in mortality needs to be taken into account when designing coastal protections. If a protection strategy does not prevent low-probability, extreme floods, then there is a trade-off between protection against more frequent floods and increased risk of mortality during extreme floods.
The effect of antiretroviral therapy guideline change on health outcomes among youth living with HIV in Uganda.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are the primary cause of HIV-related morbidity and mortality. To reduce the risk, the ART eligibility criteria were revised to start treatment before advanced disease...
Surveillance of high-risk individuals for pancreatic cancer with EUS and MRI: A meta-analysis.

Abstract Background/objectives Consensus guidelines recommend surveillance of high-risk individuals (HRIs) for pancreatic cancer (PC) using endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study aims to assess the yield of PC surveillance programs of HRIs and compare the detection of high-grade dysplasia or T1N0M0 adenocarcinoma by EUS and MRI. Methods The MEDLINE and Embase (Ovid) databases were searched for prospective studies published up to April 11, 2019 using EUS and/or MRI to screen HRIs for PC. Baseline detection of focal pancreatic abnormalities, cystic lesions, solid lesions, high-grade dysplasia or T1N0M0 adenocarcinoma, and all pancreatic adenocarcinoma were recorded. Weighted pooled proportions of outcomes detected were compared between EUS and MRI using random effects modeling. Results A total of 1097 studies were reviewed and 24 were included, representing 2112 HRIs who underwent imaging. The weighted pooled proportion of focal pancreatic abnormalities detected by baseline EUS (0.34, 95% CI 0.30–0.37) was significantly higher (p = 0.006) than by MRI (0.31, 95% CI 0.28–0.33). There were no significant differences between EUS and MRI in detection of other outcomes. The overall weighted pooled proportion of patients with high-grade dysplasia or T1N0M0 adenocarcinoma detected at baseline (regardless of imaging modality) was 0.0090 (95% CI 0.0022–0.016), corresponding to a number-needed-to-screen (NNS) of 111 patients to detect one high-grade dysplasia or T1N0M0 adenocarcinoma. Conclusions Surveillance programs are successful in detecting high-risk precursor lesions. No differences between EUS and MRI were noted in the detection of high-grade dysplasia or T1N0M0 adenocarcinoma, supporting the use of either imaging modality.
The Role of Fault in Contract Law: Unconscionability, Unexpected Circumstances, Interpretation, Mistake, and Nonperformance

It is often asserted that contract law is based on strict liability, not fault This assertion is incorrect Fault is a basic building block of contract law, and pervades the field. Some areas of contract law, such as unconscionability, are largely fault based. Other areas, such as interpretation, include sectors that are fault based in significant part. Still other areas, such as liability for nonperformance, superficially appear to rest on strict liability, but actually rest in significant part on the fault of breaking a promise without sufficient excuse. Contract law discriminates between two types of fault: the violation of strong moral norms, such as the prohibition of deception, and the violation of somewhat weaker moral norms, such as the requirement of due care. In some areas of contract law, one type of fault dominates. Where both types of fault are relevant, one party* s violation of a strong moral norm will normally override the other party's violation of a weaker moral norm. Fault is pervasive in contract law because it should be. One part of the human condition is that we hold both policy and moral values; law cannot escape this condition. Moreover, if moral obligation and fault were removed from contract law, the contracting system would be much less efficient. The efficiency of the contracting system rests on a tripod whose legs are legal remedies, reputational effects, and the internalization of social norms in particular, the moral norm of promise keeping. All three legs are necessary to ensure the reliability, and therefore the efficiency, of the contracting system.
Dichaete, a Sox2 homologue, prevents activation of cell death in multiple developmental contexts

Precisely regulated cell death plays a critical role in normal development and is controlled by the balance of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals. In Drosophila, transcription of the clustered cell death activators grim and reaper is turned on in the developing nervous system to eliminate neural stem cells at the end of embryonic development. This transcription is activated by a pulse of the Hox gene abdominal-A. We show here that the Sox2 homologue Dichaete inhibits neural stem cell death when overexpressed, and loss of Dichaete promotes premature neural stem cell death. The anti-apoptotic activity of Dichaete opposes the pro-apoptotic factors abdominal-A, as well as the transcription factor grainyhead. The function of all three genes impinge on an enhancer that regulates the transcription of grim and reaper. Furthermore, we find that the balance between abdominal-A and Dichaete is likely to regulate the death of other cells during development, including cells in the developing midline, the developing hindgut, and in the early abdominal epidermis. Loss of Dichaete results in premature death in these tissues. This death can be rescued by the deletion of the enhancer region between grim and reaper. These data suggest that Dichaete functions to inhibit cell death activated by abdominal-A in multiple developmental contexts.
Oncogenic KRAS is dependent upon an EFR3A-PI4KA signaling axis for potent tumorigenic activity

The HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS genes are collectively mutated in a fifth of all human cancers. These mutations render RAS GTP-bound and active, constitutively binding effector proteins to promote signaling conducive to tumorigenic growth. To further elucidate how RAS oncoproteins signal, we mined RAS interactomes for potential vulnerabilities. Here we identify EFR3A, an adapter protein for the phosphatidylinositol kinase PI4KA, to preferentially bind oncogenic KRAS. Disrupting EFR3A or PI4KA reduces phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, phosphatidylserine, and KRAS levels at the plasma membrane, as well as oncogenic signaling and tumorigenesis, phenotypes rescued by tethering PI4KA to the plasma membrane. Finally, we show that a selective PI4KA inhibitor augments the antineoplastic activity of the KRASG12C inhibitor sotorasib, suggesting a clinical path to exploit this pathway. In sum, we have discovered a distinct KRAS signaling axis with actionable therapeutic potential for the treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers. The lipid composition of the plasma membrane defines the localisation of KRAS and its oncogenic function. Here the authors show that EFR3A binds to active KRAS to recruit PI4KA and alters the lipid composition of the plasma membrane to promote KRAS oncogenic signalling and tumorigenesis.
Computational Compensatory Mutation Discovery Approach: Predicting a PARP1 Variant Rescue Mutation

The prediction of protein mutations that affect function may be exploited for multiple uses. In the context of disease variants, the prediction of compensatory mutations that reestablish functional phenotypes could aid in the development of genetic therapies. In this work, we present an integrated approach that combines coevolutionary analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to discover functional compensatory mutations. This approach is employed to investigate possible rescue mutations of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) variant, PARP1 V762A, associated with lung cancer and follicular lymphoma. MD simulations show PARP1 V762A exhibits noticeable changes in structural and dynamical behavior compared with wild type PARP1. Our integrated approach predicts A755E as a possible compensatory mutation based on coevolutionary information, and molecular simulations indicate that the PARP1 A755E/V762A double mutant exhibits similar structural and dynamical behavior to WT PARP1. Our methodology can be broadly applied to a large number of systems where SNPs have been identified as connected to disease and can shed light on the biophysical effects of such changes as well as provide a way to discover potential mutants that could restore wild type-like functionality. This can in turn be further utilized in the design of molecular therapeutics that aim to mimic such compensatory effect. Significance StatementDiscovering protein mutations with desired phenotypes can be challenging due to its combinatorial nature. Herein we employ a methodology combining gene SNP association to disease, direct coupling analysis and molecular dynamics simulations to systematically predict rescue mutations. Our workflow identifies A755E as a potential rescue for the PARP1 V762A mutation, which has been associated with cancer. This methodology is general and can be applied broadly.