cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of foreign spleen reaction by inactivation of donor cells with recipient antigen.

C57BL mouse spleen cells incubated with (C57BL x 101) F/sub 1/ liver homogenate killed only 17% of sublethally irradiated (C57BL x 1O1)F/sub 1/ recipients, whereas when incubated with C57BL liver homogenate or injected without incubation such cells killed 100% of sublethally irradiated (C57BL x 1O1)F/sub 1/ recipients within 35 days. Although the immunologically inactivated spleen cells showed a decreased ability to kill, circulating donor-type erythrocytes were found in surviving recipients, indicating repopulation of the bone marrow by surviving graft-derived stem cells. From this, it is inferred that immunologic inactivation did not result from nonspecific destruction of all types of implanted cells.
Managing Foreign Exchange Risk

As the world continues to globalize, companies are increasingly exposed to consequences of changing exchange rates. What are the best ways to manage this risk? © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Affective Consequences of Minimizing Women's Body Image Concerns:

We propose that women regularly anticipate and receive messages from others that trivialize the severity of their body image concerns. Moreover, we suggest that these minimizing messages can height...
Use of nitrogen to phosphorus ratios in plant tissue as an indicator of nutrient limitation and nitrogen saturation

Summary 1Ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) in plant foliage have been used to assess nutrient limitation in wetland ecosystems and to indicate nitrogen saturation. Extension of this application to ecosystems other than wetlands remains to be evaluated. 2We compared published N:P ratios as thresholds of nutrient limitation with published accounts from nutrient-addition experiments and the N:P ratios of understorey vegetation (Acer spp., Dryopteris intermedia, Erythronium americanum, Lycopodium lucidulum, Oxalis acetosella and Viola macloskeyi) from the Catskill Mountains of New York State, USA. We also performed a nutrient-addition experiment to test the response of these understorey plant species to inputs of N and P. 3N:P ratios of Catskill understorey species indicated they were at or near P limitation relative to N:P ratios from other upland ecosystems. Our experiment supported this finding in that none of the species responded to N addition but all increased in P concentration and one increased in biomass with added P. Collectively, these results suggest that the understorey vegetation of the Catskill Mountains is not nitrogen limited, providing further evidence that hardwood forests in this area are nitrogen-saturated. 4Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates that N:P ratios can be effective predictors of nutrient limitation in upland ecosystems. Therefore N:P ratios can be used for management and monitoring purposes in considering the nutrient status of upland ecosystems with particular relevance to the continued deposition of elevated atmospheric N and to the diagnosis of nitrogen saturation.
On the Wiedemann-Franz ratio of liquid metals

It has been mentioned on a number of occasions that the available thermal conductivity data for liquid metals are not accurate. Recently, G. Busch and his colleagues have made a series of thermal conductivity measurements for which an unusually high accuracy is claimed. Their results appear to be universally accepted. We take exception to some of their basic assumptions, and show that in the absence of a detailed analysis of their method, their results are provisionary at best.
Discovery of a superconducting A-15 phase in the V-Re system

Abstract A superconducting A-15 type phase of a very unusual stochiometry has been discovered in the vanadium-rhenium system. The phase is stable only above 1500°C and exists over a very limited homogeneity range near 29 atom percent vanadium. The lattice parameters range from 4.8774 to 4.8802 A with the corresponding superconducting transition temperatures varying from 8.4 K to 7.6 K. X-ray diffraction shows that both Re and V atoms occupy the A-sites, only Re atoms are in the B-sites and there is no evidence of any superstructure. Specific heat measurements give values of γ = 4.03 mJ/g-atom K2, β = 0.0285 mJ/g-atom K4 and θD = 409 K.
A fiber-optic broadband CT/MR video communication system.

Our department operates three magnetic resonance (MR) and three computed tomography (CT) scanners that are located in three different buildings up to 2 km apart We have designed and implemented a multi-channel, fiber-optic broadband video communication system as a remote scanner monitoring network. This system consists of baseband and broadband fiberoptic transmitters, receivers, and multiplexers. The structure of the video network is supported by two strategically located headends (distributors) connecting local/remote scanners and monitoring stations. The system is capable of serving up to 5 km from each headend. The video signal from each scanner is sent through a baseband fiber-optic link to a headend, where it is frequency modulated, multiplexed with other scanner video signals, and distributed over broadband fiber-optic links to monitoring stations. Each receiver consists of a demodulator, a channel selectable tuner, and a video monitor. The current design provides up to 16 scanner channels and 16 remote monitoring station connections. Monitoring stations are placed in 14 clinical locations including the following reading rooms: thoracic, neuro, abdomen, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and pediatric radiology. A radiologist can use any of these 14 monitoring stations to view a patient’s CT/MR images in real-time as they appear on any of the six scanner consoles. By selecting the proper channel assigned to a patient’s scanner, the radiologist may monitor the examination white using the telephone to communicate with the technologist at the scanner site. This fiber-optic broadband video communication system has been integrated into daily clinical use for over 6 months.
Relative contributions of urine and anal-sac secretions in scent marks of large felids

SYNOPSIS. A hypothesis generated from field observations of lions and tigers was tested in a zoo setting. The presence of a whitish material in urine marks, detected by visual inspection, led to the surmise that analsac secretions were expelled along with urine. This hypothesis was evaluated by labelling anal-sac secretions of various felids with an inert dye. The animals were monitored thereafter for signs of dye in urine-marks, on feces or in their enclosures. The failure to find anal-sac secretions in urine or on feces led to a search for an alternate explanation for the whitish material. A likely answer was found in the confirmation of considerable lipid in the bladder urine of lions and tigers, which separates to form a visible, whitish layer. Relative levels of urinary lipid reflect general condition of an animal as they correlate with kidney fat reserves (Hewer et al. , 1948), so the amount of lipid in a scent mark could serve as an indicator of condition. Furthermore, because lipid retards the release of volatile compounds (Regnier and Goodwin, 1976), lipid in a scent mark will extend release time of a pheromonal message.
Gene Expression of Cellular Retinoid-Binding Proteins: Modulation by Retinoic Acid and Dexamethasone in Postnatal Rat Lung

Gene Expression of Cellular Retinoid-Binding Proteins: Modulation by Retinoic Acid and Dexamethasone in Postnatal Rat Lung
The effect of population size and number of influential neighbors on the emergent properties of fish schools

Abstract Fish schools and other animal aggregations are often highly coupled to “emergent properties” such as polarity, edges, and distinct shape. However, the relationship between an individual’s behavior and the resulting group patterns is complex and poorly understood. Many previous theoretical investigations have assumed that population size and the number of neighbors influencing individual movement decisions do not exert an over-arching influence on emergent properties —clearly an unrealistic assumption for larger populations that frequently occur in nature. To understand how group patterns are affected by population size, we used an individual-based simulation model of fish movement in three dimensions with many individuals. We conducted simulation experiments over populations of 1–128 individuals and varied the number of influential neighbors from 4 to 24. We quantified the resulting movement and spatial distributions of our model fish at the individual, group, and population levels using a variety of metrics. Our results show that all group properties examined are strongly influenced both by population size, and by the number of influential neighbors. We also found a very strong interaction between the two factors: when the factors were similar, each individual responded to the exact same set of other animals, and fish schools remained relatively static, milling about in a disorganized fashion. When the local population size far exceeded the number of influential neighbors, each fish took cues from a different set of neighbors, which resulted in more mobile schools. With too many influential neighbors, group structure broke down, presumably because individuals were unable to solve the spatial problem of too many competing influences. Our results demonstrate that examination of a large state space with a wide array of metrics can shed light on the strength and combination of parameters necessary to induce specific types of gregarious patterns. Furthermore, our results suggest that, by regulating the number of influential neighbors to which they react, fish may be able to modulate group properties such as group size, speed, and polarity.
Punishment of stuttering as a discriminative stimulus for reinforced fluency.

Abstract A model for stuttering is presented in which punishment for stuttering is viewed as a discriminative stimulus for reinforced fluency. Apparent paradoxical effects of punishment on stuttering behaviors may possibly be resolved by consideration of reinforcement variables surrounding fluent productions. Stuttering has often been typified as maladaptive because it does not produce obvious reinforcement. It is suggested that, from the stutterer's viewpoint, stuttering may not be maladaptive. Although stuttering behaviors may be punished, these behaviors and the associated punishment may be only the initial components of a behavior chain terminating with reinforcement for fluency.
Optimal multi-scale capacity planning for power-intensive continuous processes under time-sensitive electricity prices and demand uncertainty. Part I: Modeling

Time-sensitive electricity prices (as part of so-called demand-side management in the smart grid) offer economical incentives for large industrial customers. In part I of this paper, we propose an MILP formulation that integrates the operational and strategic decision-making for continuous power-intensive processes under time-sensitive electricity prices. We demonstrate the trade-off between capital and operating expenditures with an industrial case study for an air separation plant. Furthermore, we compare the insights obtained from a model that assumes deterministic demand with those obtained from a stochastic demand model. The value of the stochastic solution (VSS) is discussed, which can be significant in cases with an unclear setup, such as medium baseline product demand and growth rate, large variance or skewed demand distributions. While the resulting optimization models are large-scale, they can be solved within three days of computational time. A decomposition algorithm for speeding-up the solution time is described in part II.
Genetic variation in some plants of Florida scrub

Genetic diversity in three genera of perennial plants found in the sand pine, oak scrub in peninsular Florida was examined by allozyme electrophoresis. These plants vary greatly in terms of geographic range, population size, pollination ecology, and seed dispersal mechanisms. Ceratiola ericoides (Empetraceae) is a shrub that occurs throughout scrub and other sandy habitats in Florida and neighboring states. In contrast, Eryngium cuneifolium (Apiaceae) is a Federally endangered herbaceous perennial, limited to the southern end of the Lake Wales Ridge, site of a proposed National Wildlife Refuge that would be the first designed primarily to protect plant diversity. Four species of endangered woody perennial Dicerandra (Labiatae) are part of a monophyletic group endemic to Florida sand pine scrubs; Dicerandra frutescens and D. christmanii are found on the southern end of the Lake Wales ridge, D. cornutissima is found in north-central Florida, and D. immaculata occurs in a small area along Florida's Atlantic coast. Allozyme electrophoresis of 17 loci for C. ericoides indicated that 64.7% of
Effect of particle shape and size on the shrinkage of stainless steel compacts

Abstract The effects of particle size and shape on the shrinkage of commercial 316 L stainless steel compacts are evaluated. Emphasis is placed on the effect of changes in surface area and the anisotropy in inter-particle contacts brought about by the irregular powders. The effects of fine particle addition on this anisotropy and surface area are presented and plained. An empirical relationship is derived which can be used to predict changes in the axial, radial and volume shrinkage when spherical particles are substituted into a commercial blend. The effect of spherical particle substitution on the shrinkage ratio is also discussed. It is shown how the combined effects of fine particle additions and substitutions of spherical particles for irregular particles can be used to produce a compact which exhibits a shrinkage ratio (radial to axial shrinkage) of unity.
Binding of [125]insulin to specific receptors and stimulation of nucleotide incorporation in cells cultured from rat brain

Summary The occurrence of insuling receptors and biological responses to insulin has been investigated in trypsin-dissociated fetal rat brain cells maintained in culture for 8 days. Binding of [125]insulin to brain cells in culture was time- and pH-dependent and 85–90% specific. Porcine insulin competed for [125]insulin binding in a dose-dependent manner. Unrelated polypeptides, including angiotensin II, glucagon, bovine growth hormone, and bovine prolactin did not compete for [125]insulin binding. The half-life of [125]insulin dissociation from receptors at 24°C was 15 min and a plot of ln[B/Bo] vs time suggested two dissociation rate constants of2.7 × 10−4 sec−1 and5.0 × 10−5 sec−1. Scatchard analysis of the binding data gave a curvelinear plot which may indicate negative cooperativity or the occurrence of both high affinity(Ka = 2 × 1011M−1) and low affinity(Ka = 4 × 1010M−1) sites. Of the estimated total of 4.9 × 104 binding sites per cell, 28–30% appear to be high affinity sites. Incubation of cultures with insuling caused a time- and dose-dependent stimulation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]uridine incorporation into TCA-precipitable material. Maximum stimulation of thymidine incorporation (2–5-fold) occured 11 h after incubation with 167 nM insulin. The same concentration of insulin caused a 2.2-fold increase in [3H]uridine incorporation in 2 h. These results indicate that cells cultured from rat brain contain specific insulin receptors capable of mediating effects of insulin on macromolecular synthesis in the central nervous system.
Elective treatment of the neck in cancer of the oral tongue

Management of the clinically negative neck in patients with carcinoma of the oral tongue remains a complex and controversial subject. While statistical proof of the value of elective neck dissection in tongue cancer remains elusive, the high incidence of occult cervical metastases, even with small primary tumors, and the poor salvage rates and increased incidence of extracapsular spread in cases that have developed palpable adenopathy, provide a logical basis for treatment of the neck in a preclinical stage.
Resisting Globalization: The Politics of Protest in the Global Political Economy

The resistance movement against globalization is a response to threats posed by globalization to society, to some of its members, and/or to certain widely held values. This resistance has put liberal globalizers on the defensive. The movement is eclectic, diverse, decentralized, and mobilized around very broad ideological precepts; its advocates rely upon certain strategies of action via non-government organizations and global civil society. Despite some of its more utopian goals, the counter movement has affected the conduct of and the prospects for liberal economic integration. The movement faces challenges still, especially in the post-September 11 world.
Social Identity and Patterns of Interaction in the Sharia Court of Kastamonu (1740-44)

In this article I introduce quantitative techniques and procedures to analyze how various social groups in mid-18th-century Ottoman Kastamonu experienced the court process. By processing the information found in three Kastamonu court registers, I attempt to determine the group identities of court clients and to compare the choices made by different groups in various legal circumstances. I will identify the kinds of issues brought to court by different segments of the social hierarchy, and the legal adversaries and/or contracting parties brought to court by these court clients; and I will assess how these groups fared in their disputes. My analysis confirms the existence of diverse patterns of court use by various groups in 18th-century Kastamonu and the differential use of the court's services by clients with different social and economic backgrounds.
Screening by chest photofluorography in Los Angeles. The minifilm circa 1970.

Two decades ago, when extensive tuberculosis case-finding was underway, a minifilm of the chest was a high yield mass screening test. Today readings of “suspect tuberculosis” comprise a minority of significant minifilm findings, based upon the experience of the Breathmobile Project. Both a positive minifilm and a positive smoking history function as risk factors for questionnaire and spirometry evidence of early chronic respiratory disease. Two decades ago the variability of mini-film readings was the subject of several classical studies of screening techniques. Based upon an analysis of 26,000 Breathmobile minifilms, positive discordance continues to be a prominent phenomenon, the chest physicians and radiologists favoring different reading categories. A validity study of 837 minifilms showed dual readings had an average sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 96%, compared with single readings whose values were 52% and 98%, respectively.
Chromium-induced Inhibition of Insulin Secretion from Isolated Islets of Langerhans

CrCl3, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mmol/l inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion in a reversible and dose dependent manner. Cr also inhibited basal secretion of insulin in the presence of 5.5 mmol/l glucose and insulin secretion stimulated by 50 mmol/l K+ or 15 mmol/l L-leucine. When 2 mmol/l theophylline was employed to potentiate the stimulatory effect of 16.5 mmol/l glucose, the inhibitory effect of 1.5 mmol/l Cr was reduced and that of 0.5 mmol/l Cr virtually abolished. A similar reduction in the inhibitory effect of Cr was observed when the medium calcium concentration was increased from 2.5 to 5, 7.5 and 12.5 mmol/l. Cr did not alter the conversion of 14C-glucose to 14CO2 or 45Ca uptake by isolated islets. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of Cr on insulin secretion may be mediated through interference with an intracellular function of Ca++ in the beta cell.
Adenylate kinase from Rhodospirillum rubrum.

A partial purification and some properties of adenylate kinase from the photosynthetic bacteriumRhodospirillum rubrum are described.
Reduced-complexity bandwidth-constrained distributed estimation for wireless sensor networks

While elegant in form, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for heavily bandwidth-constrained distributed estimation in Gaussian noise is computationally expensive to implement. We consider an alternative estimator for this case which requires far less computational complexity, yet performs close to the MLE under the same operating conditions.
Friction and wear of Cu-Be and dispersion-hardened copper systems

Abstract Precipitation-hardened Cu-1.8wt.%Be alloys and copper dispersion hardened with Al 2 O 3 or Cu 2 O particles were tested on an LFW-1 sliding wear machine. A transfer layer of similar microstructure and hardness was observed on the surface of all sample materials. Microstructural, chemical and hardness measurements on debris particles indicate a close correlation between debris particles and transfer layers. The differences in friction, wear rate and debris particle morphology seem to be attributed to the different distribution and geometry of the transfer layer and to the hardness of the transfer material compared with the hardness of the sample material. These findings show that transfer material plays a significant role in both friction and wear for these systems.
Current Status of Imaging for Adrenal Gland Tumors

Adrenal glands are common sites of disease involved in a wide spectrum of pathology. Several imaging studies allow accurate diagnosis of adrenal masses, separating inconsequential benign masses from the lesions that require treatment. This article discusses contemporary adrenal imaging techniques, imaging appearance, and the optimal imaging algorithm for the workup of common adrenal masses.
Properties of the hcp phase of 4 He

The Green's-function Monte Carlo method is used to investigate the ground-state properties of the hcp phase of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ with the Lennard-Jones potential. Within the errors of the calculation, about 0.05 K, the equation of state of the hcp phase cannot be distinguished from that of the fcc phase reported earlier. Other properties are essentially the same as well. The significant discrepancies between the experimental and computed equations of state must be due to the Lennard-Jones potential.
Screening for sexually transmitted infections among economically disadvantaged youth in a national job training program

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate results of screening for syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia among youth in a federally funded job training program. Methods: Data were evaluated from medical records of 12,881 randomly selected students in 54 U.S. job training centers during 1996. The intake medical evaluation includes serologic testing for syphilis. The policy was for females to receive a pelvic examination with gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and for males to be first screened with a urine leukocyte esterase (LE) assay, with follow-up gonorrhea and chlamydia testing for those with positive LE results. Results: Adjusting for our sampling strategy, among females, an estimated 9.2% had a positive chlamydia test, 2.7% a positive gonorrhea test, and 0.4% had a positive syphilis test. Gonorrhea and chlamydia rates among females were highest in African-American followed by Native American students. Chlamydia infection was most common in younger women ≤17 years of age. An estimated 0.1% of males had a positive syphilis test, and 4.8% of males a positive urine LE test. Of 103 LE-positive males tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia, only 27 (26%) had a positive test for one of these STDs. Conclusions: Our study supports routine screening of adolescents for gonorrhea and chlamydia, including those youth from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. Because individuals from such backgrounds may not regularly interact with traditional clinical health care systems, screening and treatment should be offered in alternative settings, such as the job training program described in this study.
An oxalic acid decarboxylase of Myrothecium verrucaria

Abstract Extracts from spores and mycelium of Myrothecium verrucaria contain an oxalic acid decarboxylase similar to the one Shimazono found in a wood-rotting fungus. The enzyme is highly specific for oxalic acid having no activity on 13 other carboxylic acids including formic acid. The stoichiometry approached 1 mole of oxalic acid per mole of formic acid and carbon dioxide. However, the carbon dioxide yield was about 10% low and there was an average of 0.85 μmole of oxygen consumed per 20 μmoles of oxalic acid decomposed particularly in the later stages of the reaction. The enzyme was sensitive to several heavy metal and sulfhydryl inhibitors. It was inactive under anaerobic conditions and was inhibited by certain reducing agents. The inhibition was reversed by oxygen but not by other electron acceptors. It is suggested that reductive cleavage of certain disulfide bonds inactivates the enzyme and that this process is reversible.
A Spreadsheet Life Cycle Cost Model for System Modernization Studies

Abstract “The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policy, either expressed or implied, of the United States Government. This work was sponsored by the Electronic Systems Center (Air Force Materiel Command) at Hanscom AFB, Bedford, Massachusetts.”
Near-Real-Time Feature-Selective Modulations in Human Cortex

Summary For neural activity to be linked with cognitive function, information is needed about both the temporal dynamics and the content of neural codes. Traditionally, recording of single neurons in animals has been the primary means of obtaining high temporal resolution and precise information about neural tuning properties such as selectivity for different sensory features. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)studies inhumanshave beenabletomeasure feature selectivity within specific subregions of sensory cortex (e.g., orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex, or V1) [1, 2]. However, investigating the neural mechanisms that support cognitive processing—which often occurs rapidly on a subsecond scale—with a temporally insensitive method such as fMRI severely limits the types of inferences that can be drawn. Here, we describe a new method for tracking the rapid temporal evolution of feature-selective information processing with scalp recordings of electroencephalography (EEG). We generate orientation-selective response profiles based on the spatially distributed pattern of steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) responses to flickering visual stimuli. Using this approach, we report a multiplicative attentional modulation of these featureselective response profiles with a temporal resolution of 24‐120 ms, which is far faster than that achieved with fMRI. Finally, we show that behavioral performance on a discrimination task can be predicted based on the amplitude of these temporally precise feature-selective response profiles. This method thus provides a high-temporal-resolution metric that can be used to track the influence of cognitive manipulations on feature-selective information processing in human cortex.
In vitro PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION OF Herpes simplex VIRUS WITH SAPPHYRINS: 22 π-ELECTRON PORPHYRIN-LIKE MACROCYCLES

The photodynamic inactivation of HSV-1, a virus having a membranous envelope, with both a decaalkyl sapphyrin and its dicarboxy-substituted analog was studied. The decaalkyl sapphyrin was as efficient in the inactivation of HSV-1 on a per macrocycle basis as DHE, whereas the efficiency of the dicarboxy-substituted sapphyrin was approximately two orders of magnitude less. Fluorescence studies of sapphyrin's binding to liposomes and VSV suggested that the decaalkylsapphyrin bound monomerically to cholesterol-rich regions of the viral envelope, whereas its charged analog localized in a more polar environment.
NMR imaging of biocapsules for monitoring the performance of cell and tissue implants

The development of microtechnologies for the analysis of groups of cells is stimulating new approaches in the design of diagnostic or therapeutic treatments in medicine. Micropackaging of cells provides a means of directly regulating the biocompatibility and biological responsiveness of tissue implants (e.g. pancreatic islet cells for the treatment of diabetes). These devices must function independently within the body where they both protect the implant and support the normal physiological function of the entrapped cells. We are developing NMR tools that assess the cell environment within the microcapsule, which is non-invasive, and can provide direct chemical or physical information on cell function. In this paper we describe a new design for an biocapsule (silicone, 5 mm/spl times/6 mm/spl times/1.5 mm) that is integrated with a 2 mm planar RF spiral surface-coil tuned and matched to operate at 500 MHz. We conclude that NMR techniques (spectroscopy and microimaging) are able to analyze the physical and physiological statuses of the pancreatic insulinoma /spl beta/TC3 cells in a collagen gel that are loaded in a capsule, under implant conditions. This technology has the potential to be applied in vivo for periodic assessment of cell performance utilizing mutually-coupled NMR coils, which eliminate the need for direct electrical connections.
NIST gold nanoparticle reference materials do not induce oxidative DNA damage

AbstractOne primary challenge in nanotoxicology studies is the lack of well-characterised nanoparticle reference materials which could be used as positive or negative nanoparticle controls. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed three gold nanoparticle (AuNP) reference materials (10, 30 and 60 nm). The genotoxicity of these nanoparticles was tested using HepG2 cells and calf-thymus DNA. DNA damage was assessed based on the specific and sensitive measurement of four oxidatively-modified DNA lesions (8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine, 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyadenosine, (5´S)-8,5´-cyclo-2´-deoxyadenosine and (5´R)-8,5´-cyclo-2´-deoxyadenosine) using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Significantly elevated, dose-dependent DNA damage was not detected at concentrations up to 0.2 μg/ml, and free radicals were not detected using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. These data suggest that the NIST AuNPs could potentially serve as suitable negative-control nanoparticle r...
Gazing into the crystal ball: Critical HRD as a future of research in the field

Trying to predict the future of HRD is a bit like gazing into a crystal ball – any clouded images that you think you might see are open to interpretation. Indeed some would argue that there are no ...
Governors as Opportunists: Evidence from Disaster Declaration Requests

How do political forces shape the behavior of governors and the president as they interact after a natural disaster? Federal disaster aid provides dollars to states and potential votes for each ocial. We examine whether governors opportunistically leverage their states’ electoral importance to the president when requesting aid. We also consider if governors’ requests are inuenced by the partisanship of the president. Do governors avoid requesting aid from an
Spatial Heterogeneity in Habitat Selection: Nest Site Selection by Greater Prairie-Chickens

Ecological relationships of animals and their environments are known to vary spatially and temporally across scales. However, common approaches for evaluating resource selection by animals assume that the processes of habitat selection are stationary across space. The assumption that habitat selection is spatially homogeneous may lead to biased inference and ineffective management. We present the first application of geographically weighted logistic regression to habitat selection by a wildlife species. As a case study, we examined nest site selection by greater prairie-chickens at 3 sites with different ecological conditions in Kansas to assess whether the relative importance of habitat features varied across space. We found that 1) nest sites were associated with habitat conditions at multiple spatial scales, 2) habitat associations across spatial scales were correlated, and 3) the influence of habitat conditions on nest site selection was spatially explicit. Post hoc analyses revealed that much of the spatial variability in habitat selection processes was explained at a regional scale. Moreover, habitat features at local spatial scales were more strongly associated with nest site selection in unfragmented grasslands managed intensively for cattle production than they were in fragmented grasslands within a matrix of farmland. Female prairie-chickens exhibited spatial variability in nest site selection at multiple spatial scales, suggesting plasticity in habitat selection behavior. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for spatial heterogeneity when evaluating the ecological effects of habitat components. 2012 The Wildlife Society.
The removal of Pluto from the class of planets and homosexuality from the class of psychiatric disorders: A comparison

We compare astronomers' removal of Pluto from the listing of planets and psychiatrists' removal of homosexuality from the listing of mental disorders. Although the political maneuverings that emerged in both controversies are less than scientifically ideal, we argue that competition for "scientific authority" among competing groups is a normal part of scientific progress. In both cases, a complicated relationship between abstract constructs and evidence made the classification problem thorny.
A DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS FOR RHEOLOGICAL SOIL TESTING

SYNOPSIS A direct shear apparatus for determining the rheological properties of clay soil in simple shear is described. Tests on a remolded Kaolin show that the distribution of strain within the specimen is nearly uniform. The apparatus will be applicable to compacted or undisturbed cohesive soils.
Granulated round cell tumor of cats.

Morphologic and biologic features of five feline granulated round cell tumors were compared with those previously reported to be of globule leukocyte and large granular lymphocyte origin. The five cats ranged from 6 to 9 years of age and presented with nonspecific gastrointestinal signs. Four of the five cats were tested for feline leukemia virus and were negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The neoplastic process involved the abdominal cavity in all cases, with a predilection for the distal small intestine and mesentery. The liver and peripheral and thoracic lymphoid tissues were also sporadically affected. Neoplastic round cells contained 0.5–1.5-μm eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules that were difficult to discern on casual observation with hematoxylin and eosin stain but were deep blue and easily visualized when stained with phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin. In two cases, epithelium in the affected ileum and liver contained unusually large numbers of apparently normal globule leukocytes. Ultra...
Functional genomics: a time and place for every gene.

One benefit of studying mice is that most of their genes have counterparts in humans. Two groups have used this similarity to study when and where the genes found on human chromosome 21 are switched on.
Using Densely Distributed Soil Moisture Observations for Calibration of a Hydrologic Model

AbstractCalibration is a crucial step in hydrologic modeling that is typically handled by tuning parameters to match an observed hydrograph. In this research, an alternative calibration scheme based on soil moisture was investigated as a means of identifying the potentially heterogeneous calibration needs of a distributed hydrologic model. The National Weather Service’s (NWS) Hydrology Laboratory Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) was employed to carry out such a calibration, along with concentrated in situ soil moisture observations from the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field campaign in Iowa’s Turkey River basin. Synthetic, single-pixel experiments were conducted in order to identify parameters relevant to soil moisture dynamics and to test the ability of three calibration procedures (discharge, soil moisture, and hybrid based) to recapture prescribed parameter sets. It was found that three storage parameters of HL-RDHM could be consistently identified using soil moisture RMSE as the object...
A Decade of Fiscal Transition

Transition literature has emphasized stabilization and enterprise restructuring. Both cross-country analyses and country-specific studies have tended to focus on fiscal stabilization and its indicators, highlighting the importance of quantitative fiscal adjustment to stabilization outcomes. Less attention has been paid to the qualitative dimensions of fiscal adjustment in transition. The authors take stock of the extent to which fiscal adjustment has occurred during the first decade of transition in both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. They define quality as the extent to which: (1) pro-growth expenditure essential for creating future economic and social assets are maintained; (2) pro-poor expenditure, such as poverty-targeted transfers, necessary to ensure income for the poor and vulnerable are adequately provided; and (3) fiscal risks, impinging on both expenditure and revenue, are managed through transition. The authors conclude that while the quantitative magnitude of the fiscal adjustment was dramatic, the quality of this adjustment has compromised the social and economic objectives of transition, particularly in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). They draw four main conclusions: Investments in public services fell in both absolute and relative terms. Reduced spending on government transfers contributed to a sharp increase in income inequality in the CIS. Fiscal risks increased during the transition. Initial conditions allowed Central European and Baltic countries to maintain higher expenditures, which may have contributed to their faster economic recovery and political support for the reforms. The authors argue that the challenge today for fiscal policy in these countries is to facilitate the transition-particularly in reallocating resources from large state-owned enterprises to new small and medium-size firms, and providing priority public services and targeted transfers to assist those adversely affected by transition and reverse the deterioration in social outcomes. The interplay between fiscal policies and institutional arrangements is increasingly important as transition economies embark on their second decade of reforms. In particular, incentives embedded in the institutional arrangements for fiscal management needs to be strengthened so that policies, resources, and outcomes can be better aligned, and the fiscal adjustment is consistent with qualitative considerations.
Whole-brain cerebral blood flow mapping using 3D echo planar imaging and pulsed arterial tagging

Purpose To quantitate cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the entire brain using the 3D echo planar imaging (EPI) PULSAR (pulsed star labeling) technique. Materials and Methods The PULSAR technique was modified to 1) incorporate a nonselective inversion pulse to suppress background signal; 2) to use 3D EPI acquisition; and 3) to modulate flip angle in such a manner as to minimize the blurring resulting from T1 modulation along the slice encoding direction. Computation of CBF was performed using the general kinetic model (GKM). In a series of healthy volunteers (n = 12), we first investigated the effects of introducing an inversion pulse on the measured value of CBF and on the temporal stability of the perfusion signal. Next we investigated the effect of flip angle modulation on the spatial blurring of the perfusion signal. Finally, we evaluated the repeatability of the CBF measurements, including the influence of the measurement of arterial blood magnetization (a calibration factor for the GKM). Results The sequence provides sufficient perfusion signal to achieve whole brain coverage in ≈5 minutes. Introduction of the inversion pulse for background suppression did not significantly affect computed CBF values, but did reduce the fluctuation in the perfusion signal. Flip angle modulation reduced blurring, resulting in higher estimates of gray matter (GM) CBF and lower estimates of white matter (WM) CBF. The repeatability study showed that measurement of arterial blood signal did not result in significantly higher error in the perfusion measurement. Conclusion Improvements in acquisition and sequence preparation presented here allow for better quantification and localization of perfusion signal, allowing for accurate whole-brain CBF measurements in 5 minutes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:287–295. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessing meaning and meaning making in the context of stressful life events: Measurement tools and approaches

Theory and research on meaning has proliferated in recent years, focusing on both global meaning and processes of making meaning from difficult life events such as trauma and serious illness. However, the measurement of meaning constructs lags behind theoretical conceptualizations, hindering empirical progress. In this paper, we first delineate a meaning-making framework that integrates current theorizing about meaning and meaning making. From the vantage of this framework, we then describe and evaluate current approaches to assessing meaning-related phenomena, including global meaning and situational meaning constructs. We conclude with suggestions for an integrative approach to assessing meaning-related constructs in future research.
Refined PBPK model of aggregate exposure to methyl tertiary-butyl ether

Aggregate (multiple pathway) exposures to methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in air and water occur via dermal, inhalation, and oral routes. Previously, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been used to quantify the kinetic behavior of MTBE and its primary metabolite, tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA), from inhalation exposures. However, the contribution of dermal and oral exposures to the internal dose of MTBE and TBA were not characterized well. The objective of this study was to develop a multi-route PBPK model of MTBE and TBA in humans. The model was based entirely on blood MTBE and TBA measurements from controlled human exposures. The PBPK model consists of nine primary compartments representing the lungs, skin, fat, kidney, stomach, intestine, liver, rapidly perfused tissue, and slowly perfused tissue. The MTBE and TBA models are linked by a single metabolic pathway. Although the general structure of the model is similar to previously published models of volatile organic compounds, we have now developed a detailed mathematical description of the lung, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. This PBPK model represents the most comprehensive and accurate description of MTBE and TBA pharmacokinetics in humans to date. The aggregate exposure model application for MTBE can be generalized to other environmental chemicals under this framework given appropriate empirical measurement data.
Roughness measurements by spectroscopic ellipsometry.

The surface roughnesses of fifteen well-characterized aluminum roughness standards were studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry in the spectral range from 300 to 650 nm at 70° angle of incidence. It was found that the measured ellipsometric parameters ψ and Δ qualitatively discriminated between the rms roughnesses of the specimens. The rms local surface slopes (tanβ) were also calculated from the measured ellipsometric parameters Δ and ψ using the theory of Ohlidal and Lukes. All the ellipsometric results were compared with those obtained from total integrated scattering measurements. Good qualitative agreement was found.
Strategies for Controlled Placement of Nanoscale Building Blocks

The capability of placing individual nanoscale building blocks on exact substrate locations in a controlled manner is one of the key requirements to realize future electronic, optical, and magnetic devices and sensors that are composed of such blocks. This article reviews some important advances in the strategies for controlled placement of nanoscale building blocks. In particular, we will overview template assisted placement that utilizes physical, molecular, or electrostatic templates, DNA-programmed assembly, placement using dielectrophoresis, approaches for non-close-packed assembly of spherical particles, and recent development of focused placement schemes including electrostatic funneling, focused placement via molecular gradient patterns, electrodynamic focusing of charged aerosols, and others.
International Rotations during Residency: Spine Deformity Surgery in Ghana

International elective rotations are becoming increasingly common in residency training programs. These experiences offer a tremendous opportunity to help patients in medically underserved nations, and can enhance training by exposing participants to pathology not often encountered in developed countries. Additionally, there is emerging evidence that international training exposure develops a broader appreciation of cultural diversity in patient care, offers personal and professional development, and teaches residents to use limited resources more efficiently, giving them a unique perspective on the ordering of tests and delivery of care when they return. This paper highlights the author’s experience on a volunteer trip to Ghana that was focused on treating pediatric spinal deformity, and reviews notable international medical volunteers, and highlights the evidence supporting the benefits of international residency rotations.
Qualcomm Incorporated 2011 Update

Qualcomm in 2009 and 2010 experienced both the worst of times and the best of times. During the "great recession" of 2009, smartphones growth stalled, stalling Qualcomm's revenue, but in 2010 growth surged again, and was predicted to continue its upward trajectory in 2011. This brief case updates Qualcomm's struggles with FLO TV and BREW, while outlining the new opportunities for Qualcomm in emerging categories such as tablet computers, displays, and new operating systems for smartphones. Learning Objective: Update 2009 Qualcomm Case.
A high wavenumber poloidal scattering system for the NSTX Tokamak

The NSTX high-k scattering system employs a 282 GHz probe beam, with steerable reflective optics spanning scattering angles in the range of ±20°, with wavenumber coverage up to 30 cm−1 in k r and 7 cm−1 in k θ .1 This system has provided a wealth of physics data concerning electron gyroscale fluctuations in the NSTX core.2 UC Davis and PPPL propose to develop a new high-k system with expanded physics capabilities including increased sensitivity and a significantly enhanced wavenumber coverage.
Distributed algorithm for optimal power flow on an unbalanced radial network

The optimal power flow (OPF) problem is fundamental in power systems operation and planning. Large-scale renewable penetration calls for real-time feedback control, and hence the need for distributed solutions for the OPF problem. In this paper we propose a solution for an unbalanced radial distribution network. Our distributed algorithm is based on alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM). The main idea is to exploit the tree topology of distribution networks and decompose the OPF problem in such a way that the subproblems in each ADMM macro-iteration either have closed-form solutions or reduce to eigenvalue problems whose size remains constant as the network size scales up. We present simulations on IEEE 13, 34, 37 and 123 bus unbalanced distribution network to illustrate the scalability and optimality of the proposed algorithm.