cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fully discrete, kinetic energy consistent finite-volume scheme for compressible flows

A robust, implicit, low-dissipation method suitable for LES/DNS of compressible turbulent flows is discussed. The scheme is designed such that the discrete flux of kinetic energy and its rate of change are consistent with those predicted by the momentum and continuity equations. The resulting spatial fluxes are similar to those derived using the so-called skew-symmetric formulation of the convective terms. Enforcing consistency for the time derivative results in a novel density weighted Crank-Nicolson type scheme. The method is stable without the addition of any explicit dissipation terms at very high Reynolds numbers for flows without shocks. Shock capturing is achieved by switching on a dissipative flux term which tends to zero in smooth regions of the flow. Numerical examples include a one-dimensional shock tube problem, the Taylor-Green problem, simulations of isotropic turbulence, hypersonic flow over a double-cone geometry, and compressible turbulent channel flow.
Crack tip opening displacement in micro-cracked concrete by an embedded optical fiber sensor

Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) is an important parameter that is often employed in characterization of fracture in engineering materials. Due to inherent difficulties in direct determination of CTOD, the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) has been measured during fracture tests of concrete beams and then related to CTOD. Analytical schemes are used for the determination of CTOD from the measured crack mouth opening displacements, which leads to the determination of other fracture parameters of importance. The research presented here describes development of an experimental technique for direct determination of CTOD based on embedded fiber optic sensors. The transduction mechanism is based on the correlation between the applied strain and the light intensity variation of speckle patterns generated at the output end of the multimode optical fiber due to mode redistribution.The measured displacements, CTOD, and CMOD, are compared and the validity of analytical schemes in estimation of CTOD is evaluated.
Ambiguous Missionaries: Rural Teachers and State Facades in Guerrero, 1930-1950

This article analyses the role of rural teachers in state formation in Guerrero, from revolutionary reconstruction through Cardenista reform projects to the dawn of the postrevolutionary political system. It examines the ideological construction of the maestro rural as a reformist opponent of caciques and the poverty they were held to perpetuate; traces the cacical practices of many teachers in Guerrero; and questions teachers9 efficacy as agents of rational/bureaucratic state expansion. In conclusion, the author considers the relevance of the history of education in Guerrero to broader assessments of education and state formation in modern Mexico. Este artiiculo analiza el papel de los profesores rurales en la formacioon estatal en Guerrero, desde la reconstruccioon revolucionaria a travees de la reforma cardenista, hasta el inicio del sistema poliitico postrevolucionario. Examina la construccioon ideoloogica del maestro rural como un opositor reformista de caciques y la pobreza que estaban sometidos a perpetuar; traza las praacticas cacicales de muchos profesores en Guerrero; y cuestiona la eficacia de los maestros como agentes de expansioon estatal racional/burocraatica. Para concluir, el autor considera la relevancia de la historia de la educacioon en Guerrero para ampliar la valoracioon de la educacioon y formacioon estatal en el Meexico moderno.
Autoactivation of Avian Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) A NOVEL MODE OF INITIATION OF THE uPA/PLASMIN CASCADE

In contrast to mammalian urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which is produced and maintained in zymogen form, avian uPA is found in the active two-chain form in cultures of normal and transformed chicken cells in the absence of plasmin, the putative natural activator of pro-uPA. Recombinant chicken uPA (ch-uPAwt) synthesized in two distinct expression systems also presents in the active two-chain form. In addition, conversion to the active uPA in both natural and recombinant expression systems could be prevented by uPA-specific inhibitors including a monoclonal antibody that uniquely inhibits the catalytic activity of ch-uPA. Most significantly, an active site mutant of avian uPA (ch-uPAS353A) that lacks catalytic activity is produced and maintained in single-chain form. Furthermore, the single-chain ch-uPAS353A mutant can be converted to the two-chain form by purified active ch-uPAwt. These results strongly indicate an autocatalytic mechanism of activation of ch-uPA. Autoactivation appears to be an intrinsic property of ch-uPA and may be the initiating molecular event in uPA-mediated proteolytic cascades.
Spectroscopic test of CEF theory applied to one-dimensional ferromagnet—RbFeCl3

Abstract We report our far-infrared study of the temperature dependence of the lowest-lying excitation in RbFeCl 3 . Although the T = 0 position of the energy agrees well with the prediction of the correlated effective field theory (CEF), there is no indication of the predicted energy shift as the temperature is increased.
Myoglobin's ultrafast dynamics measured with vibrational echo experiments

Abstract Ultrafast infrared (IR) vibrational echo experiments, which are used to examine the ultrafast dynamics of myoglobin and myoglobin mutants are described. Like the NMR spin echo and other NMR pulse sequences, the vibrational echo can extract dynamical and spectroscopic information that cannot be obtained from a vibrational absorption spectrum. The vibrational echo measures the homogenous vibrational linewidth even if the absorption line is massively inhomogeneously broadened. When combined with pump-probe (transient absorption) experiments, the homogeneous pure dephasing (energy level fluctuations) is obtained. Conducting these experiments as a function of temperature provides information on dynamics and intermolecular interactions. The nature of the method and the experimental procedures are outlined. The dynamics of the CO ligand bound at the active site of the protein myoglobin are examined and compared with that in myoglobin mutants. The results provide insights into protein dynamics and how protein structural fluctuations are communicated to a ligand bound at the active site.
A Response to Eric Hutton’s Review

I would first like to thank Eric Hutton for his careful review, and the editors of Dao for offering me this opportunity to respond. As a general strategy, Hutton weighs the persuasiveness of my coherence argument for a constructivist interpretation of Xunzi against a hypothetical coherence argument for a realist interpretation, and he finds the hypothetical argument more convincing. I am not sure I find that very convincing. It is perhaps too much to really expect to convince “someone inclined to a kind of ‘realist’ interpretation of Xunzi” to change his view, especially by providing a coherence argument. If my book did not convince, I can hardly hope this short response to do so. However, I can at least try to provide enough details to explain why I think his critique is off the mark. Hutton writes, “The ‘realist’ view comprises a variety of elements, but the two most important ones for Hagen are apparently the claims that Xunzi believes (1) there is a single correct standard for morality and (2) this standard is not man-made, but rather exists independently of humans” (emphasis added). However, Hutton claims, some of those I have categorized as realist interpreters actually would deny claim (2); they hold that although there is a single correct standard-for-morality (Dao), it is in fact man-made. Specifically, Hutton cites the fact that P. J. Ivanhoe and T. C. Kline “talk of the sages as ‘creating’ the Way or ‘concluding’ the process of its ‘evolution’.” Hutton concludes that “neither Ivanhoe nor Kline think of it as completely independent of human beings.” However, this simply conflates the standard itself with the implementation of that standard. Consider a Platonic way of looking at this. Plato would admit, of course, that people institute government institutions—how could he deny that? However, on Plato’s view, there is an independent, antecedently existing, Form of Justice, to which the institution we “create” ought to conform. Now, Plato, of course, is a realist par excellence. However, Ivanhoe’s interpretation seems to be analogous to Plato’s. The quotation that Hutton supplies confirms rather than undermines this conclusion. Here is the telling part of Ivanhoe’s statement again: “[Xunzi] clearly believed that the sages had brought the process to a successful conclusion and that the Confucian Way provided the unique solution which would be Dao (2007) 6:441–443 DOI 10.1007/s11712-007-9029-6
Cultural Construction Zones

In working with preparatory teachers, we have tried to “place diversity front and center” to help students “see culture” as a prerequisite for culturally responsive teaching. The language arts meth...
Code reusability in the large versus code reusability in the small

As a general rule, the goals of software engineering involve the development of techniques for improving software development productivity. It is no surprise, then, that a lot of attention has been focused on facilitating the reuse of program code. However, most of this attention has been directed with only shortsighted and self-supporting goals, and has thus condemned code reuse techniques to limited areas of success. This paper brings to light some of the issues involving code reusability, which include technical, social, economic, and psychological considerations. Code reusability "in the large" is contrasted with code reusability "in the small," and methods for improving code reusability are examined.
Hydrogen Corrosion of Plutonium: Evidence for fast grain-boundary reaction and slower intragrain reaction

Abstract Infrared pyrometer measurements of reaction-site dimensions and temperature profiles during growth of single hydrogen corrosion sites after exposure of Pu to H 2 are consistent with a multi-step reaction sequence for hydride formation. The observed temperature increases within the reaction sites are less than predicted by a thermal model which assumes complete hydriding within the corrosion area. Those results and observation of low average H/Pu ratios imply that initial products are mixtures of PuH 2 and metal grains dislodged by grain-boundary hydriding. Such mixtures are formed by fast grain-boundary reaction and slower intragrain reaction as hydrogen corrosion advances into Pu metal. Emissivities of plutonium hydride and oxide-coated metal are reported. The differences in reaction rates induced by variation in Pu mounting orientations, where hydride products either fell free from the substrate or were retained on the surface, are also described.
ASSIGNING MANAGERS ON THE BASIS OF THE LIFE CYCLE

The idea of assigning corporate managers on the basis of the product life cycle is rapidly gaining currency. The practice is likely to work better in some corporations than others. While the PLC assignment method may work in homogeneous companies, the author contends that all organizations may be better off trying the alternative approach he suggests.
Investigation of the preparation of pyrimidine isocyanates

Uracil-5-yl isocyanate and 1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl isocyanate were prepared from the corresponding new carboazides. 1,3-Dimethyluracil-5-ylmethyl isocyanate obtained from the chloro compound and silver cyanate, was polymerized with an anionic initiator to the cyclic trimer. Attempts to isolate uracil-6-yl isocyanate, 1,3-dimethyluracil-6-yl isocyanate, pyrimidinyl-4-isocyanate, and 2,6-dichloropyrimidinyl-4-isocyanate were unsuccessful. Ethyl carbamate derivatives were made from all new azides and isocyanates. Other new pyrimidine derivatives included N,N'-bis(pyrimidine-4-carbonyl)hydrazine, N,N'-bis(1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl)urea, N,N'-bis(1,3-dimethyluracil-6-yl)urea and N,N'-bis(2,5,6-trichloro-4-pyrimidinyl)oxamide.
Causes, cost consequences, and risk implications of accidents in US hazardous liquid pipeline infrastructure

Abstract In this paper the causes and consequences of accidents in US hazardous liquid pipelines that result in the unplanned release of hazardous liquids are examined. Understanding how different causes of accidents are associated with consequence measures can provide important inputs into risk management for this (and other) critical infrastructure systems. Data on 1582 accidents related to hazardous liquid pipelines for the period 2002–2005 are analyzed. The data were obtained from the US Department of Transportation’s Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS). Of the 25 different causes of accidents included in the data the most common ones are equipment malfunction, corrosion, material and weld failures, and incorrect operation. This paper focuses on one type of consequence–various costs associated with these pipeline accidents–and causes associated with them. The following economic consequence measures related to accident cost are examined: the value of the product lost; public, private, and operator property damage; and cleanup, recovery, and other costs. Logistic regression modeling is used to determine what factors are associated with nonzero product loss cost, nonzero property damage cost and nonzero cleanup and recovery costs. The factors examined include the system part involved in the accident, location characteristics (offshore versus onshore location, occurrence in a high consequence area), and whether there was liquid ignition, an explosion, and/or a liquid spill. For the accidents associated with nonzero values for these consequence measures (weighted) least squares regression is used to understand the factors related to them, as well as how the different initiating causes of the accidents are associated with the consequence measures. The results of these models are then used to construct illustrative scenarios for hazardous liquid pipeline accidents. These scenarios suggest that the magnitude of consequence measures such as value of product lost, property damage and cleanup and recovery costs are highly dependent on accident cause and other accident characteristics. The regression models used to construct these scenarios constitute an analytical tool that industry decision-makers can use to estimate the possible consequences of accidents in these pipeline systems by cause (and other characteristics) and to allocate resources for maintenance and to reduce risk factors in these systems.
Early gestational gene transfer with targeted ATP7B expression in the liver improves phenotype in a murine model of Wilson's disease

The ideal gene therapy for metabolical liver disorders would target hepatocytes before the onset of disease and be durable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic. Early gestational gene transfer can achieve such goals. Here, we demonstrate that prenatal gene transfer of human Atp7b reduces liver pathology and improves biochemical markers in Atp7b(-/-) mice, a murine model of Wilson's disease (WD). Following prenatal injection of lentivirus vector containing the human Atp7b gene under the transcriptional control of a liver-specific promoter, the full-length ATP7B was detectable in mouse livers for the entire duration of experiments (20 weeks after birth). In contrast to a marked pathology in non-injected animals, livers from age-matched treated mice consistently demonstrated normal gross and histological morphology. Hepatic copper content was decreased in the majority of treated mice, although remaining copper levels varied. Improvement of hepatic copper metabolism was further apparent from the presence of copper-bound ceruloplasmin in the sera and normalization of the mRNA levels for HMG CoA-reductase. With this approach, the complete loss of copper transport function can be ameliorated, as evident from phenotypical improvement in treated Atp7b(-/-) mice. This study provides proof of principle for in utero gene therapy in WD and other liver-based enzyme deficiencies.
The effects of DL-amphetamine and reserpine on runway performance.

Rats, 23 1/2 hrs. hungry, were trained to run a 5-ft. straight alley for food reward. After extensive training, they were tested for speed of response at varying doses of dl-amphetamine and reserpine. Both drugs produced decrements in performance of the response.
A Functionally Coupled μ3-Like Opiate Receptor/Nitric Oxide Regulatory Pathway in Human Multi-Lineage Progenitor Cells

Ongoing studies from our group support the existence and biological importance of a distinct cellular signaling pathway involving endogenously synthesized, chemically authentic, l-morphine, its cognate mu(3) opiate receptor subtype, and constitutive NO synthase. Based on prior studies indicating evolutionary conservation and adaptation of morphinergic/NO-coupled signaling to mediate autocrine/paracrine control of cellular functions, our goal was to determine whether a functionally competent mu(3) opiate receptor/NO-coupled regulatory pathway exists in human multilineage progenitor cells (MLPC) prepared from umbilical cord blood. Real-time PCR analysis indicated significant expression of mu(3) opiate receptor-encoding RNA by undifferentiated human MLPC, in the absence of traditional mu(1) opioid receptor-encoding RNA expression. Unpredictably, confirmatory RT-PCR analyses indicated cellular expression of a splice variant of the previously characterized mu(3) opiate receptor-encoding mRNA. Pharmacological analyses provided critical validating evidence of functional mu(3)-like opiate receptor/NO-coupled signaling within primary cultures of undifferentiated human MLPC via morphine-evoke real-time release of NO. Control analyses indicated that morphine-stimulated NO release was markedly inhibited by prior treatment with the opiate antagonist l-naloxone or the constitutive NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and unresponsive to stimulation by the opioid peptide methionine enkephalin. Complementary microarray analysis demonstrated that traditional mu(1), delta, and kappa opioid receptor gene expression is not detected in both undifferentiated and differentiated MLPC. Chemical differentiation of MLPC into neuronal progenitor cells effected significant phenotypic expression of a variety of neurally-associated genes. Our data provide compelling evidence in support of both the evolutionary primacy and primordial regulatory role of mu(3)-like opiate receptor/NO signaling in embryogenesis.
Isolation and partial characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi inner and outer membranes by using isopycnic centrifugation.

In order to characterize the protein composition of the outer membrane of Borrelia burgdorferi, we have isolated inner and outer membranes by using discontinuous sucrose density step gradients. Outer and inner membrane fractions isolated by this method contained less than 1 and 2%, respectively, of the total lactate dehydrogenase activity (soluble marker) in cell lysate. More importantly, the purified outer membranes contained less than 4% contamination by the C subunit of F1/F0 ATPase (inner membrane marker). Very little flagellin protein was present in the outer membrane sample. This indicated that the outer membranes were relatively free of contamination by cytoplasmic, inner membrane or flagellar components. The outer membrane fractions (rho = 1.19 g/cm3) contained 0.15 mg (dry weight) of protein per mg. Inner membrane samples (rho = 1.12 g/cm3) contained 0.60 mg (dry weight) of protein per mg. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy revealed that the outer membrane vesicles contained about 1,700 intramembranous particles per micron 2 while inner membrane densities for inner and outer membranes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and nonequilibrium pH gel electrophoresis-SDS-PAGE analyses of inner and outer membrane samples revealed several proteins unique to the inner membrane and 20 proteins that localized specifically to the outer membrane. This analysis clearly shows that the inner and outer membranes isolated by this technique are unique structures. Images
Economic realities and the health plight of Americans.

Advair 100/50 193 210 234 259 274 Advair 250/50 240 262 291 321 340 Advair 500/50 316 344 383 422 448 Symbicort 80/4.5 199 212 229 247 267 Symbicort 160/4.5 228 242 262 283 305 Dulera 100/5 226 237 251 288 309 Dulera 200/5 226 237 251 288 309 Nexium 20 195 207 226 268 284 Nexium 40 195 206 226 268 284 repeats itself countless times. People are finding it difficult to catch their breath. They feel hungry for air. They have trouble completing even the smallest, simplest task. Much of their waking time is spent worrying and imagining how they might breathe better given that their medicines are unaffordable. The cost of living invariably increases over time. That said, medication prices have increased at an exorbitant and alarming rate during the past several years. Take the example seen with combination inhaler therapy (longacting b-agonist and corticosteroid), the first choice to treat moderate to severe asthma.1 There are no generic alternatives. The 3 branded combination options, Advair, Symbicort, and Dulera, have seen their average wholesale prices increase 34% to 42% from 2010 through 2014 (Table 1).2 In contrast, during the same period, the consumer price index (commonly estimated as 3% per year) increased only a total of 10%.3 Thus, the reality of medication pricing far exceeds the forces of inflation alone. Why do drug prices increase so much? Isn’t there the expectation that in a free marketplace, one with multiple competitors, prices would be driven down, not up? Economic theory teaches that if demand exceeds supply, then prices reasonably might increase. (The demand for breathing medicines is not inelastic; the need for the medicinemight be). Otherwise, competition is a prerequisite to lower prices, right? For these 3 asthma drugs, the reality is counterintuitive. Consider 3 gas stations at an intersection, locally owned competitors, cater-cornered across the street from one another. Commonly, to increase business, 1 gas station would lower prices to gain business. However, prices of individual drugs have dramatically increased, not decreased, in parallel with one another. This trend is not limited to asthma medication but is seen with other branded medications such as proton pump inhibitors used to treat gastrointestinal reflux (Table 1). Moreover, prices may be even more grossly exaggerated for specialty drugs and generics, many of which report price increases exceeding 1,000% during short intervals.4
Salt marshes and eutrophication: An unsustainable outcome

Most plant production by emergent coastal marshes occurs belowground. This belowground production adds to the accumulation of organic matter sustaining salt marshes as sea level rises, thus preventing excessive flooding, eventual plant death, and habitat loss. The ubiquitous nutrient enrichment of coastal salt marshes stimulating aboveground plant growth may result in higher rates of inorganic matter accumulation that compensates for marsh flooding caused by sea level rise. Results from several short-term experiments, however, demonstrate that root and rhizome biomass and carbon accumulation is reduced with nutrient enrichment, suggesting that eutrophication of coastal waters may not be a compensatory counterbalance to the effects of global sea level rise on salt marshes. We show that the net effects of 36 yr of nutrient enrichment in replicated field experiments do not lead to higher organic or inorganic accumulation. Enrichment reduces organic matter belowground and may result in a significant loss in marsh elevation equivalent to about half the average global sea level rise rates. Sustaining and restoring coastal emergent marshes is more likely if they receive less, not more, nutrient loading.
Protein turnover as a component in the light/dark regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein-serine kinase activity in C4 plants.

Abstract Maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase [PEPC; orthophosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (phosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.31] protein-serine kinase (PEPC-PK) phosphorylates serine-15 of its target enzyme, thus leading to an increase in catalytic activity and a concomitant decrease in malate sensitivity of this cytoplasmic C4 photosynthesis enzyme in the light. We have recently demonstrated that the PEPC-PK activity in maize leaves is slowly, but strikingly, increased in the light and decreased in darkness. In this report, we provide evidence that cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, when fed to detached leaves of C4 monocots (maize, sorghum) and dicots (Portulaca oleracea) in the dark or light, completely prevents the in vivo light activation of PEPC-PK activity regardless of whether the protein kinase activity is assessed in vivo or in vitro. In contrast, chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein synthesis in chloroplasts, has no effect on the light activation of maize PEPC-PK. Similarly, treatment with cycloheximide did not influence the light activation of other photosynthesis-related enzymes in maize, including cytoplasmic sucrose-phosphate synthase and chloroplast stromal NADPH-malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate, Pi dikinase. These and related results, in which detached maize leaves were treated simultaneously with cycloheximide and microcystin-LR, a potent in vivo and in vitro inhibitor of the PEPC type 2A protein phosphatase, indicate that short-term protein turnover of the PEPC-PK itself or some other essential component(s) (e.g., a putative protein that modifies this kinase activity) is one of the primary levels in the complex and unique regulatory cascade effecting the reversible light activation/seryl phosphorylation of PEPC in the mesophyll cytoplasm of C4 plants.
Tobacco Smoke, Indoor Air Pollution and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Tobacco smoking, passive smoking, and indoor air pollution from biomass fuels have been implicated as risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) infection, disease, and death. Tobacco smoking and indoor air pollution are persistent or growing exposures in regions where TB poses a major health risk. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the association between these exposures and the risk of infection, disease, and death from TB. Methods and Findings We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals on how tobacco smoking, passive smoke exposure, and indoor air pollution are associated with TB. We identified 33 papers on tobacco smoking and TB, five papers on passive smoking and TB, and five on indoor air pollution and TB. We found substantial evidence that tobacco smoking is positively associated with TB, regardless of the specific TB outcomes. Compared with people who do not smoke, smokers have an increased risk of having a positive tuberculin skin test, of having active TB, and of dying from TB. Although we also found evidence that passive smoking and indoor air pollution increased the risk of TB disease, these associations are less strongly supported by the available evidence.
A procedure that differentiates unintentional from intentional overdose in opioid abusers

Objective The purpose of this study is to develop a procedure for assessing unintentional overdose (OD) in opiate abusers that differentiates it from intentional OD, and provides reliable information about the incident.
Connecting near-field and far-field earthquake triggering to dynamic strain

triggering at dynamic strain amplitudes down to 3 × 10 −9 , orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported. This threshold appears to be an observational limit and shows that extremely small dynamic strains can trigger faults that are sufficiently near failure. Using a probabilistic model to transform measured interevent times to seismicity rate changes, we find that triggering rates in the far field scale with peak dynamic strain. This scaling, projected into the near field, accounts for 15%–60% of earthquakes within 6 km of magnitude 3–5.5 earthquakes. Statistical seismicity simulations validate the interevent time method and show that the data are consistent with the number of far‐field triggered earthquakes being linearly proportional to peak dynamic strain. We interpret the additional near‐field component as reflecting either static stress triggering, more effective dynamic triggering at higher frequencies, or a concentration of aftershock nucleation sites very near main shocks.
From Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to Global Health

The author reviews the history of the Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. In 1912, Dr. Creighton Wellman published a groundbreaking paper entitled “The New Orleans School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,” outlining a clear plan for a new independent school of public health. He became the founding dean of the Tulane School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Dr. Wellman had spent 9 years practicing medicine in Angola and graduated from the London School of Tropical Medicine before launching a career in tropical medicine in the United States. Tulane already had a formal course of hygiene established as early as 1881. The founding of Tulane School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine was made possible by a gift from Samuel Zemurray, who would become the president of the United Fruit Company. In January of 1914, Dr. Wellman abruptly left New Orleans to live in Brazil. The school lost its independence in 1919 and again became part of the School of Medicine until 1967. The school initiated by Dr. Wellman is the foundation on which today’s Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine is built. anniversaries and special events; history; history of medicine; hygiene; New Orleans; schools, public health; tropical medicine
Built-in self-test of logic blocks in FPGAs (Finally, a free lunch: BIST without overhead!)

We present a new approach for Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) testing that exploits the reprogrammability of FPGAs to create Built-In Self-Test (BIST) logic only during off-line test. As a result, BIST is achieved without any area overhead or performance penalties to the system function implemented by the FPGA. Our approach is applicable to all levels of testing, achieves maximal fault coverage, and all tests are applied at-speed. We describe the BIST architecture used to test all the programmable logic blocks in an FPGA and the configurations required to implement our approach using a commercial FPGA. We also discuss implementation problems caused by CAD tool limitations and limited architectural resources, and we describe techniques which overcome these limitations.
Sensitivity of Energy Simulation Models to Occupancy Related Parameters in Commercial Buildings

Commercial buildings are responsible for 19 percent of the total energy consumption in the United States (US) and are projected to expand their share of energy use at increasing rates. Saving energy in the commercial building sector has therefore become the focus of many governmental initiatives. The first step towards more energy efficient buildings is improving design. Optimizing the sizing of mechanical and electrical systems is particularly important as it highly affects the buildings’ life-cycle energy use. Consequently, designers and engineers are using energy modeling and simulation to compare different systems and predict building performance. Large discrepancies are however being observed between predicted and actual building performances. In order to improve these predictions, the sensitivity of energy models to different input parameters needs to be evaluated. Although proven to significantly affect energy use, occupancy related parameters have rarely been evaluated. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis study performed on the occupancy parameters of the most typical commercial building type encountered in the United States (US). Results indicate that occupancy chosen building temperature set points have the highest impact on energy use, while the influence of building schedule and after-hours equipment/lighting use is also significant, particularly in hot weather climates.
In-class active learning and frequent assessment reform of nuclear reactor theory course

We substituted a 10-15 minute quiz followed by active-learning problem-solving activities in place of inclass lectures in a senior level nuclear reactor theory course taken by 32 students in Spring 2004. In-class lectures were replaced by online multimedia streaming video eTEACH presentations that included self-assessment exercises that the students viewed in their own time and place. Our primary goal was to measure the effect of enhanced time-on-task strategies on student attitudes and learning outcomes. The in-class quizzes encouraged students to keep up with the mathematically challenging material and to view the online lectures `before' coming to class. The self-assessment exercises in the lectures encouraged students to immediately reflect on the depth to which they understood the material. In-class problem solving gave the faculty opportunities to directly guide students in problem-solving strategies. Student response was measured by a formal evaluation with early and end-of-the-semester surveys
Angiogenesis in esophageal and gastric cancer: a paradigm shift in treatment.

Introduction: Esophageal and stomach cancers are leading cause of cancer death worldwide, killing more than 1 million people each year. In unscreened population, patients’ symptoms will trigger diagnostic workup. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced stage and their disease is not amenable to surgical resection. The disease is aggressive in nature and mostly even those patients who have early stage disease will eventually succumb to recurrence after definitive therapy. Patients with advanced esophageal and stomach cancers have very limited options for target agents and conventional chemotherapy has remained the standard of care.Areas covered: Since its discovery, antiangiogenesis continues to be the repeating theme of cancer therapy of the modern era. However, although successful in other tumor types, the data from highly anticipated antiangiogenic agents from both the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies for esophageal and gastric cancers had been disappointing. Many at...
α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists : Novel therapy for pituitary adenomas

Pituitary tumors are common and cause considerable morbidity due to local invasion and altered hormone secretion. Doxazosin (dox), a selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, used to treat hypertension, also inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation. We examined the effects of dox on murine and human pituitary tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. dox treatment inhibited proliferation of murine pituitary tumor cells, induced G0-G1 cell cycle arrest, and reduced phosphorylated retinoblastoma levels. In addition, increased annexin-fluorescein isothiocyanate immunoreactivity and cleaved caspase-3 levels, in keeping with dox-mediated apoptosis, were observed in the human and murine pituitary tumor cells, and dox administration to mice, harboring corticotroph tumors, decreased tumor growth and reduced plasma ACTH levels. dox-mediated antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions were not confined to α-adrenergic receptor-expressing pituitary tumor cells and were unaffected by cotreatment with the α-...
International Perspective on Water Resources Management and Wastewater Reuse – Appropriate Technologies

The unabated urbanization and industrialization process in many arid and semi-arid countries leads to increasing demand for municipal and industrial water supply, often in direct competition with irrigation demand. In such cases wastewater reclamation and reuse should be an integral component of water resources management strategies. National reuse policies should be developed and implemented taking into account local conditions and based on affordable approaches that ensure safe reuse practice. This paper describes research and development carried out in several developing countries on appropriate technologies for implementing reuse, as well as coordinated international efforts to provide recommended guidelines and policies for safe wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture.
Burst scheduling for differentiated services in optical burst switching WDM networks: Research Articles

Optical burst switching (OBS) is one of the most important switching technologies for future optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks and the Internet. The model of differentiated services has been proposed to support quality of service (QoS) in the IP-based Internet. It is also very important to have differentiated service support in OBS networks. When the burst scheduling in an OBS network is set up appropriately, network can support differentiated services. In this paper, we proposed a new burst scheduling scheme, called differentiated scheduling with identical priority offset time (DSIPO). In DSIPO, the same priority offset time is used for all the bursts destined to the same edge node regardless of their priorities. Differentiated services in terms of burst loss probability are achieved by processing the control packets of higher priority class bursts, thus reserving resources for their data bursts, more promptly upon their arrival than those of lower priority class bursts. Each intermediate (core) node can adjust the burst loss probabilities of various burst classes by choosing its own differentiated processing delay value for each priority class or its own differentiated processing delay difference value between any pair of adjacent priority classes. We model and analyse DSIPO in terms of the burst loss probability for each priority class with simulation validation. The performance of DISPO is evaluated by simulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threats from the past: Barbados green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) fear leopards after centuries of isolation

Ability to recognize and differentiate between predators and non-predators is a crucial component of successful anti-predator behavior. While there is evidence that both genetic and experiential mechanisms mediate anti-predator behaviors in various animal species, it is unknown to what extent each of these two mechanisms are utilized by the green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus). Green monkeys on the West Indies island of Barbados offer a unique opportunity to investigate the underpinnings of anti-predator behaviors in a species that has been isolated from ancestral predators for over 350 years. In the first experiment, monkeys in two free-ranging troops were presented with photographs of an ancestral predator (leopard, Panthera pardus) and a non-predator (African Buffalo, Syncerus caffer). Relative to non-predator stimuli, images of a leopard elicited less approach, more alarm calls, and more escape responses. Subsequent experiments were conducted to determine whether the monkeys were responding to a leopard-specific feature (spotted fur) or a general predator feature (forward facing eyes). The monkeys showed similar approach to images of an unfamiliar non-predator regardless of whether the image had forward facing predator eyes or side facing non-predator eyes. However, once near the images, the monkeys were less likely to reach for peanuts near the predator eyes than the non-predator eyes. The monkeys avoided an image of spotted leopard fur but approached the same image of fur when the dark spots had been removed. Taken together, the results suggest that green monkey anti-predator behavior is at least partially mediated by genetic factors.
Comments on Look-Back Periods and Eventual Bar Passage Rates

In its current review of the ABA Standards and Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law Schools, the Standards Review Committee (SRC) had decided against proposing substantive changes to minimum Bar-passage standards for law schools. At its July 2012 meeting, the SRC indicated that it may be reconsidering the five-year “look-back” period for eventual Bar passage rates (over multiple attempts). In these Comments, I oppose cutting the look-back period. First, the “eventual” passage rate for the most-recent calendar year is primarily a first-time rate. A two-out-of-three-year standard, which some had proposed, would really be a two-out-of-two year standard. Second, the SRC is relying, at best, on overall national rates. Overall rates measure the average performance of law students, and are not appropriate for setting minimum standards for law schools. Overall rates also do not respond to concerns about the effect on minorities and on historically black law schools. Overall national rates also do not account for widely varying state minimum passing (“cut”) scores, which is especially important in setting an absolute, rather than a state-relative, eventual Bar passage rate standard.
Model for maximum crossbar size based on input driver impedance

Memristor crossbars are capable of implementing learning algorithms in a much more energy and area efficient manner compared with traditional systems. However, no results have been published that describe how large a neuromorphic memristor crossbar could theoretically become before it is inoperable. Furthermore, the input drivers to the crossbar are not typically studied in these neuromorphic system simulations. Presented is a model for determining the maximum memristor crossbar size relative to the input driver impedance. This is a powerful tool that can be used by a memristor system designers to quickly determine the trade-offs between maximum crossbar size, resistance, energy, and write speed. This information can then be used to determine how many independent crossbar circuits are required for a given neuromorphic application.
Societal Adaptation: A New Challenge for Marketing:

Is a marketing system that maximizes individual choice and stresses individual satisfaction anachronistic in a world with growing awareness of its limited environmental resources? The author believ...
The role of the Oregon State University Endophyte Service Laboratory in diagnosing clinical cases of endophyte toxicoses.

The Oregon State University Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Sciences instituted the Endophyte Service Laboratory to aid in diagnosing toxicity problems associated with cool-season grasses in livestock. The endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophalum) present in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) produces ergopeptine alkaloids, of which ergovaline is the molecule used to determine exposure and toxicity thresholds for the vasoconstrictive conditions "fescue foot" and "summer slump". Another vasoconstrictive syndrome, "ergotism," is caused by a parasitic fungus, Claviceps purpurea, and its primary toxin, ergotamine. "Ryegrass staggers" is a neurological condition that affects livestock consuming endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii)- infected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with high levels of lolitrem B. HPLC-fluorescent analytical methods for these mycotoxins are described and were used to determine threshold levels of toxicity for ergovaline and lolitrem B in cattle, sheep, horses, and camels. In addition, six clinical cases in cattle are presented to illustrate diagnosis of these three diseases.
Life Testing and Reliability Behavior of Gan/Ingan/Aigan Light-Emitting Diodes

Our studies of device lifetime and the main degradation mechanisms in Nichia blue LEDs date back to Spring 1994. Following the initial studies of rapid failures under high current electrical pulses, where metal migration was identified as the cause of degradation, we have placed a number of Nichia NLPB-500 LEDs on a series of life tests. The first test ran for 1000 hours under normal operating conditions (20 mA at 23 °C). As no noticeable degradation was observed, the second room temperature test was performed with the same devices but with a range of currents between 20 and 70 mA. After 1600 hours, some degradation in output intensity was observed in devices driven at 60 and 70 mA, but it was still less than 20%. The subsequent tests included stepping up the temperature by 10 °C in 500 h intervals up to a final temperature of 95 °C using the same currents applied in the second test. This work reviews the failure analysis that was performed on the degraded devices and the degradation mechanisms that were identified.
Effects of Team Identification on Social and Emotional Adjustment in Higher Education

Students who highly identify with a team are likely to share a personal self-concept with larger groups in higher education. The improved self-worth is positively associated with the adjustment to college life, and is considered one of the significant predictors to achieve students’ educational goals. However, little research has been conducted to scrutinize the effects of team identification on school adjustment. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine direct and indirect relationships among team identification, personal self-esteem, and school adjustment. A total of 254 undergraduate students at a FBS institution in the southeastern region of the United States participated in the study. The results revealed that the higher team identification students possess, the higher personal worth they feel. In addition, team identification and personal self-esteem led to social adjustment while personal self-esteem and social adjustment had a positive impact on emotional adjustment. By understanding t...
Implications of mechanistic modeling of drought effects on growth and competition in forest landscape models

The incidence of drought is expected to increase worldwide as a factor structuring forested landscapes. Ecophysiological mechanisms are being added to Forest Landscape Models (FLMs) to increase their robustness to the novel environmental conditions of the future (including drought), but their behavior has not been evaluated for mixed temperate forests. We evaluated such an approach by assessing the ability of physiological mechanisms to predict susceptibility to tree mortality as a function of drought in the upper Midwest (USA) through controlled site-level drought simulation experiments using the PnET-Succession extension of the LANDIS-II FLM. We also conducted a landscape-level experiment to study landscape response to drought treatments in the presence of the spatial processes of seed dispersal and stand-replacing disturbance. At the site level we found that net photosynthesis and carbon reserves showed a clear negative response to both the length of drought and the alternating pulses of normal precipitation and drought events, with soils holding more water moderating this response. The effect of the drought treatments varied somewhat depending on the assemblage of competitors and their specific life-history traits such as ability to compete for light, maximum photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency. A large diversity of assemblages were simulated at the landscape level, and species abundance generally sorted by photosynthetic capacity (foliar nitrogen) and life form (deciduous vs. evergreen), with faster growing species and deciduous species suffering less decline because of drought. Soil type also had an impact on total productivity (biomass), with soils having higher available water being more productive through time. We conclude that (1) the mechanistic, first principles approach is advantageous for global change research because the combination of life-history traits of competitors interact to cause a site-specific dynamic response to fundamental drivers (e.g., precipitation, temperature), and these site-level responses interact spatially to create landscape responses that are complex and difficult to project with less mechanistic approaches, and (2) published findings that increasing drought length (rather than severity) increases tree mortality in the upper Midwest are clearly consistent with a mechanism of acute photosynthetic depression resulting in increased likelihood of carbon starvation as droughts lengthen.