cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional modulation of T follicular cells in vivo enhances antigen-specific humoral immunity

Abstract Generation of high-affinity IgG is essential for defense against infections and cancer, is the intended consequence of many vaccines, but can cause autoimmune and inflammatory diseases when inappropriately directed against self (Wang et al., 2018, Ludwig et al., 2017, Chinen et al., 2010). The interplay and balance of T follicular helper cells (TFH) and T follicular regulatory cells (TFR) is critical for production of high-affinity IgG (Wing et al., 2018). Here, we empowered TFH cells and improve antigen-specific IgG responses with two interventions intended to transiently diminish TFR influence. First, adult mice were administered an antibiotic cocktail (ABX) for an extended period to deplete the immunoregulatory intestinal microbiota (Belkaid and Harrison, 2017, Thaiss et al., 2016, Rooks and Garrett, 2016, Honda and Littman, 2016, Perruzza et al., 2017, Teng et al., 2016, Block et al., 2016, Proietti et al., 2014, Slack et al., 2014). This treatment skewed T follicular cell ratios, with increased TFH and reduced TFR numbers. TNP-KLH immunization resulted in higher affinity TNP-specific IgG in ABX mice compared to controls. In a model of IgG-driven inflammatory nephritis, ABX mice had significantly worse nephritis accompanied by higher affinity antigen-specific IgG, and enriched TFH cells compared to controls. Second, we sought to functionally manipulate TFH and TFH cells, which both express the checkpoint inhibitory molecule, PD-1 (Sage et al., 2013), by administration of α-PD-1 during immunization. This intervention enhanced the affinity of antigen-specific IgG and increased in TFH following TNP-KLH immunization and nephritis induction. These results suggest that altering TFH and TFR ratio during immunization is an appealing strategy to qualitatively improve IgG responses.
Low Temperature Direct Nitridation Reactions with Hydrazine

A Summary Report to The Electrochemical Society for a 1993 Department of Energy Research Summer Fellowship.
Between ‘automated geography’ and ‘geographies of automation’: three parables for thinking dialectically

In this article, we identify what appear to be two separate approaches to questions of automation within the discipline of Geography. One approach, which we call ‘Automated Geography', examines how...
Gender-based Barriers in the Advancement of Women Leaders in Emergency Medicine: A Multi-institutional Qualitative Study.

Introduction: Leadership positions occupied by women within academic emergency medicine have remained stagnant despite increasing numbers of women with faculty appointments. We distributed a multi-institutional survey to women faculty and residents to evaluate categorical characteristics contributing to success and differences between the two groups.Methods: An institutional review board-approved electronic survey was distributed to women faculty and residents at eight institutions and were completed anonymously. We created survey questions to assess multiple categories: determination; resiliency; career support and obstacles; career aspiration; and gender discrimination. Most questions used a Likert five-point scale. Responses for each question and category were averaged and deemed significant if the average was greater than or equal to 4 in the affirmative, or less than or equal to 2 in the negative. We calculated proportions for binary questions. Results: The overall response rate was 55.23% (95/172). The faculty response rate was 54.1% (59/109) and residents’ response rate was 57.1% (36/63). Significant levels of resiliency were reported, with a mean score of 4.02. Childbearing and rearing were not significant barriers overall but were more commonly reported as barriers for faculty over residents (P <0.001). Obstacles reported included a lack of confidence during work-related negotiations and insufficient research experience. Notably, 68.4% (65/95) of respondents experienced gender discrimination and 9.5% (9/95) reported at least one encounter of sexual assault by a colleague or supervisor during their career. Conclusion: Targeted interventions to promote female leadership in academic emergency medicine include coaching on negotiation skills, improved resources and mentorship to support research, and enforcement of safe work environments. Female emergency physician resiliency is high and not a barrier to career advancement.
Imaging in the Differential Diagnosis of Facial Paralysis

Until recently, high-resolution computerized tomography was the imaging study of choice in the evaluation of facial paralysis. The disadvantage of this technique was that it was difficult to image the extracranial and intracranial segments of the nerve. Evidence of pathology in its intratemporal course was inferential, being judged by changes in density of bone surrounding the fallopian canal. Magnetic resonance imaging offers the clinician an advantage in that the whole course of the nerve can be imaged, and contrast enhancement can be used to detect pathology, since normal cranial nerves do not enhance. Can paralysis due to specific pathological disorders be diagnosed using this new technology? To answer this question we studied patients with facial paralyses secondary to multiple sclerosis, chronic granulomas, sarcoidosis, facial neuromas (both traumatic and neoplastic), isolated glomus tumor arising from the facial nerve, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and cholesteatoma. On the basis of our experience, we conclude that when the information from imaging studies is combined with the clinical and electrophysiological data, an etiologic diagnosis can be achieved.
Remarks on Interpersonal Utility Theory

It seems doubly appropriate that I use this occasion to discourse theoretically on a topic in practical philosophy — or, perhaps more accurately: to discuss a theoretical problem which is important to the extent that it bears upon practice. The first reason is that Stig Kanger’s own work has often and interestingly straddled that boundary; the second is that the ideas reported here were the topic of a seminar which I gave at Uppsala some years ago, at Stig’s invitation, and they bear marks of his participation.
Studies on erythroblastosis due to ABO incompatibility.

Detailed clinical and laboratory data have been presented on 21 infants with erythroblastosis due to ABO incompatibility. A careful survey in one newborn service over a six-month period showed that there were 11 cases of erythroblastosis due to ABO incompatibility as compared to 7 cases of erythroblastosis due to Rh incompatibility, suggesting that the disease occurs with greater frequency than has been hitherto reported. No one test is available which can in every case be absolutely diagnostic of the disease. The criteria useful in suggesting the diagnosis are listed. Practically, the presence of a major blood group incompatibility between infant and mother with a negative Coombs9 test, clinical jaundice in the first 24 hours, and a serum bilirubin level of more than 10 mg./100 cc. at 24 hours or less is sufficient to make the diagnosis in the absence of manifest infection. The same criteria for treatment as applied to Rh erythroblastosis should be applied to erythroblastosis due to ABO incompatibility in the light of our present knowledge.
Environmental risk communication for the clinician

Although they are accustomed to discussing risks in the medical arena through the process of informed consent, primary care clinicians may have difficulty communicating with their patients and communities about environmental health risks. Clinicians are generally trusted and can play important roles as educators, alert practitioners, or even advocates talking about environmental health risks with individuals and groups. Communication of risk requires an understanding of how scientists and clinicians assess risk--the process of quantitative or qualitative risk assessment. Risk is never a purely scientific issue; risk is perceived differently depending on some well-understood characteristics of the hazard, the individual perceiving the risk, and the social context. Many low-income communities of color have faced and continue to face disproportionate environmental exposures and disease burdens. The issue of environmental justice can significantly affect the context of a discussion about a specific environmental risk. The essence of risk communication has been well described and requires careful evaluation of the science and the social context, honesty, listening to and partnering with the community, and a clear, compassionate team approach.
The effect of banthine on gastric secretion in man.

The use of Banthine in the treatment of peptic ulcer has aroused considerable interest. Hambourger1 and Longino et al. 2 ascribed to Banthine a blocking action at the parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings and possible anticholinergic properties at the synapses of the peripheral autonomic ganglia. Subsequent studied of the effect of Banthine upon gastric secretion have yielded variable results.3s The present study was undertaken to clarify this problem.
A multidimensional measure of work valences

Abstract Work valence is derived from expectancy-valence theory and the literature on children's vocational development and is presumed to be a general appraisal of work that emerges during the childhood period. Work valence serves to promote and inhibit the motivation and tasks associated with vocational development. A measure of work valence, composed of perceptions about future work experiences and affects, is developed and tested employing samples of high school and university students. Multi-group confirmatory factor models demonstrated that the Work Valence Scale (WVS) conformed to a hierarchical measurement model and may be employed to yield a general work valence construct or more specific positive and negative work valences. The WVS demonstrated metric invariance across the high school and university years. Criterion validity tests demonstrated that the general work valence was positively associated with work approach motivation and in-depth career exploration and negatively associated with work avoidance. Discriminant validity tests demonstrated that the positive and negative work valences and affectivities were only weakly correlated with general measures of affectivity.
Logical Design for Replacement of Rh with Co in a Synergistic Catalyst for the Reduction of NO with H2

Rhodium has been replaced in a synergistic Pt–Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for the reduction of NO with H2 with a less expensive transition metal (Co). Performance in activity and selectivity was still better than Pt alone, thus synergy was again obtained. The nanoparticles in the Pt–Co catalyst were designed and tailored to mimic the microstructure of the synergistic Pt–Rh nanoparticles. Rhodium has been replaced in a synergistic Pt–Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for the reduction of NO with H2 with a less expensive transition metal (Co), and synergy in activity and selectivity was still obtained. The nanoparticles in the Pt–Co catalyst were designed and tailored to mimic the microstructure of the synergistic Pt–Rh nanoparticles.
Lipid oxidation in meat and meat products—A review

Lipid oxidation is a major cause of deterioration in the quality of meat and meat products. Oxidation can occur in either the stored triglycerides or the tissue phospholipids. Ferric heme pigments have been implicated as the major prooxidants in tissue lipid oxidation. Pigment and lipid oxidation are interrelated, and ferric hemes are believed to promote lipid oxidation. The resulting oxidation destroys the hemes. Nonheme iron and ascorbic acid may also function as prooxidants in meat. Sodium chloride accelerates oxidation of the triglycerides, although the mechanism of salt catalysis is not completely known. Cooked meat undergoes rapid deterioration due to tissue lipid oxidation. The meat pigment in the cured pink ferrous form does not promote the rapid oxidation undergone by cooked uncured meat. Refrigerated and frozen fresh meats are also susceptible to lipid oxidation. Protein denaturation and cross-linking may result from lipid oxidation in stored freeze-dried meat. With increased consumption of prepackaged raw meat and precooked convenience meat items, control of oxidation has become increasingly important. Antioxidants and chelating agents are the most effective inhibitors of lipid oxidation.
Detecting molecules using a surface impedance imaging technique

We demonstrate here a surface impedance imaging technique based on the local surface charge density influencing the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurement. Three images are captured of the entire surface: a DC steady-state image, an AC intensity image and an AC phase image. The DC image gives the standard SPR information on thickness. The AC intensity and phase images display information related to the surface impedance. This allows for the surface charge modulation created by the electrochemical potential modulation to be imaged optically.
Site specific polarizabilities as predictors of favorable adsorption sites on Nan clusters

Abstract The adsorption of water and ammonia molecules to Na n ( n = 7, 18, and 25) clusters was studied using density functional theory calculations. Calculated adsorption energies are small (
The tectonic style of the northern Red Sea

Multichannel seismic reflection profiles recorded in the northern Red Sea show structures that we interpret to be a result of the intrusion of uppermost Miocene salt. We believe that the evaporites are underlaid by attenuated continental crust and the flow of salt is due to renewed faulting of basement in the Pliocene when sea floor spreading began between latitudes 21°N and 15°30°N.
Photoperiodic control of reproduction in the milkweed leaf beetle, Labidomera clivicollis

. Photoperiod significantly affected reproduction in a central Texas population of the milkweed leaf beetle Labidomera clivicollis (Kirby) (Chrysomelidae). Laboratory reared beetles responded to a critical photoperiod of LD 12.5: 11.5; longer photoperiods induced reproduction, while shorter photoperiods induced diapause. Both larval and adult stages exhibited sensitivity to photoperiod. Beetles exposed to long days as adults reproduced regardless of photoperiod experienced as larvae. However, exposure to long days, as larvae but short days as adults also induced reproduction in an intermediate portion of the population. No larval instar appeared to be more sensitive than the others, and the proportion of the population responding did not increase with cumulative larval exposure to long days. Larval sensitivity to photoperiod may be ecologically significant to central Texas populations because it permits a substantial portion of the autumn generation to initiate a third generation in favourable years.
The effects of iodine, perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate administration upon the iodide concentrating mechanism of the rat thyroid.

The thyroid gland of an animal chronically treated with a thiouracillike drug, although unable to manufacture thyroid hormone, manifests a remarkable ability to collect and concentrate the iodide ion (Vanderlaan and Vanderlaan, 1947; Taurog, Chaikoff, and Feller, 1947). About one hour after the subcutaneous administration of iodide in rats the thyroid exhibits an average concentration gradient of 250 over the serum. Taurog, Chaikoff, and Feller (1947) noted this ratio to be unchanged when 2 μg. or 100 μg. of iodide were given to adult rats. Vanderlaan and Vanderlaan (1947) found that the gradieni, remained constant when doses up to 100 ng. of potassium iodide were administered in young rats, but that when larger quantities were given it diminished progressively. However, even when 10,000 μg. were given the. gradient was not abolished completely, a concentration of 3 fold persisting in favor of the gland.
The Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) as a Subsurface Drill, Sampler and Lab-On-A-Drill for Planetary Exploration Applications

The search for existing or past life in the Universe is one of the most important objectives of NASA's mission. For this purpose, effective instruments that can sample and conduct in-situ astrobiology analysis are being sought. In support of this objective, a novel Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) based mechanism has been developed to probe and sample rocks, ice and soil. The USDC consists of an ultrasonic actuator that impacts a coring or drilling bit at sonic frequencies through the use of an intermediate free-mass. The USDC can produce both a core and powdered cuttings as well as emit elastic waves into the penetrated medium. For planetary exploration, this mechanism has the important advantage of requiring low axial force, virtually no torque, and can be duty cycled to require low average power. This low axial load advantage overcomes a major limitation of planetary sampling in low gravity environments and when operating from lightweight robots and rovers. The low average power operation produces a minimum temperature rise which is important for the acquisition of biologically meaningful samples. The development of the USDC is being pursued on various fronts ranging from analytical modeling to improvements of the mechanism while seeking a wide range of applications. In this paper, the latest status of the USDC development and applications that are underway is reviewed and discussed.
Complexes of the lower oxidation states of tungsten. II. Spectral data

The instability of the lower oxidation states of tungsten has been of considerable interest in recent investigations. One of the compounds which has been extensively investigated is K3[W2Cl9]. The present work was undertaken in order to determine the multiplicity of the tungsten-tungsten bond from infrared absorption and magnetic data.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like Function Is Shared by the Beta- and Gamma- Subset of the Conserved Herpesvirus Protein Kinases

The UL97 protein of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV, or HHV-5 (human herpesvirus 5)), is a kinase that phosphorylates the cellular retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor and lamin A/C proteins that are also substrates of cellular cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). A functional complementation assay has further shown that UL97 has authentic Cdk-like activity. The other seven human herpesviruses each encode a kinase with sequence and positional homology to UL97. These UL97-homologous proteins have been termed the conserved herpesvirus protein kinases (CHPKs) to distinguish them from other human herpesvirus-encoded kinases. To determine if the Cdk-like activities of UL97 were shared by all of the CHPKs, we individually expressed epitope-tagged alleles of each protein in human Saos-2 cells to test for Rb phosphorylation, human U-2 OS cells to monitor nuclear lamina disruption and lamin A phosphorylation, or S. cerevisiae cdc28-13 mutant cells to directly assay for Cdk function. We found that the ability to phosphorylate Rb and lamin A, and to disrupt the nuclear lamina, was shared by all CHPKs from the beta- and gamma-herpesvirus families, but not by their alpha-herpesvirus homologs. Similarly, all but one of the beta and gamma CHPKs displayed bona fide Cdk activity in S. cerevisiae, while the alpha proteins did not. Thus, we have identified novel virally-encoded Cdk-like kinases, a nomenclature we abbreviate as v-Cdks. Interestingly, we found that other, non-Cdk-related activities reported for UL97 (dispersion of promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and disruption of cytoplasmic or nuclear aggresomes) showed weak conservation among the CHPKs that, in general, did not segregate to specific viral families. Therefore, the genomic and evolutionary conservation of these kinases has not been fully maintained at the functional level. Our data indicate that these related kinases, some of which are targets of approved or developmental antiviral drugs, are likely to serve both overlapping and non-overlapping functions during viral infections.
Young and in Charge: Early-Career Community College Library Leadership

ABSTRACTAlthough young leaders and entrepreneurs have become prevalent in the business and technology industries, academic libraries remain much more traditional. Library administrator job advertisements often require seven to ten years of library experience in progressively responsible roles as well as supervisory experience. This article shares the experiences of an early-career community college library administrator working with different generations, provides suggestions to become a manager through intentional leadership, and explores how managers learn to lead. Additionally, the author encourages community colleges to consider younger and/or newer librarians that bring a different perspective to addressing the critical issues facing community college libraries today.
The relative contributions of predictiveness and salience in flavor aversion learning

Abstract Two experiments investigated the relative influence of cue predictiveness and stimulus salience on flavor aversion learning. In the first study experimental subjects experienced a nonsalient strawberry flavor and a different, more salient flavor prior to illness on each of the first three conditioning trials; the nonsalient strawberry and salient lemon were paired with illness on the fourth trial. This treatment resulted in a strong aversion to the strawberry flavor and on aversion to the lemon flavor. In contrast, animals which had experienced only a single pairing of strawberry, lemon, and illness acquired a strong aversion to lemon and no aversion to strawberry, while animals which had experienced only the pairing of different flavors and illness on each of the first three trials developed a strong aversion to both strawberry and lemon. Experiment 2 replicated the results of the experimental condition of the first study but also included a “blocking” condition in which subjects received three strawberry and illness pairings prior to a strawberry-lemon-illness pairing. Subjects in the blocking condition developed only a weak aversion to strawberry, and this aversion did not block the development of a strong lemon aversion. Apparently, in order for a nonsalient flavor cue to block the acquisition of an aversion to a more salient cue, the nonsalient flavor must not only be paired with illness but also be more predictive of illness than the more salient flavors also paired with illness. The data were discussed in terms of the R. A. Rescorla and A. R. Wagner's associative model (1972, in Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts), R. A. Rescorla's catalytic model (1982, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 8, 131–141), and N. J. Mackintosh's attentional model (1975, Psychological Review, 82, 276–298) of conditioning.
Noisiness of low‐frequency bands of noise

A study was performed to examine the relative noisiness of low‐frequency one‐third octave bands of noise. The frequency range investigated was bounded by the bands centered at 25 and 200 Hz, with intensities ranging from 50 to 95 dB SPL Thirty‐two subjects used a method‐of‐adjustment technique, producing comparison band intensities as noisy as 100‐ and 200‐Hz standard bands at 60 and 72 dB. The work resulted in contours of equal noisiness for one‐third octave bands, ranging in intensity from approximately 58 to 86 dB SPL. These contours were compared with the standard equal noisiness contours; in the region of overlap, between 50 and 200 Hz, the agreement was good.
A comparison of solution and membrane-bound DNA × DNA hybridization, as used to infer phylogeny

A new method of membrane-bound DNA × DNA hybridization was devised to accommodate the study of small quantities of DNA obtained from museum specimens for phylogeny reconstruction. Membranebound, single-stranded target genomic DNAs were competitively hybridized with a total genomic DNA probe to form hybrid duplexes required for the DNA dissociation experiments. We compared the thermal elution profiles derived from dissociating duplexes made with probes of whole genomic, single-copy, and repetitive DNA, as well as solution DNA × DNA hybridization using sc tracer. Quantitatively, pairwise indices of genetic distance derived from duplexes made with genomic probes depended entirely on hybridization of repetitive sequences, but a parallel set of experiments using repetitive and sc probes produced qualitatively similar results. The indices of genetic distance generated by the membrane-bound hybrids form an internally consistent, resolved tree which is in agreement with the solution DNA × DNA hybridization trials and traditional views of the phylogeny of the taxa under study.
Ability of Serum to Decrease Cellular AcylCoA:Cholesterol Acyl Transferase Activity Predicts Cardiovascular Outcomes

Background— We evaluated whether cholesterol efflux activity of serum is associated with the presence of angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and death. Methods and Results— We studied 168 men undergoing coronary angiography. Cholesterol efflux activity was measured in vitro by incubation of patient serum with human skin fibroblasts and defined as the ability of serum to decrease the pool of cholesterol available for esterification by the acylCoA:cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) reaction. We evaluated whether this activity was associated with the presence of CAD and the risk of MACE and death during a 4.5-year follow-up. Serum-induced changes in ACAT activity did not correlate with HDL levels or the presence of CAD. Patients in the highest tertile of change in ACAT activity had a significantly higher risk for MACE (HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.36 to 3.39; P =0.001) and death (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.26; P =0.01). These correlations were independent of other risk markers including LDL, HDL, and C-reactive protein levels. Conclusions— Serum-induced depletion of cellular cholesterol available for esterification by ACAT was a strong, independent predictor of MACE and death. We speculate that the ability of serum to decrease ACAT activity depends on ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)–mediated efflux. Furthermore, serum samples that induce larger changes in ACAT activity contain increased levels of HDL particles that preferentially interact with ABCA1 and that these particles accumulate in the serum of patients because of low activity of ABCA1 in vivo preventing or limiting the extent of apoA-I lipidation.
Global organizations and taxes: An analysis of the dividend, interest, royalty, and management fee payments between U.S. multinationals' foreign affiliates

Abstract We examine the effects of taxes on cross-border dividend, interest, royalty, and management fee payments between foreign affiliates of U.S. multinationals. Using 1990 tax return information on transfers totaling $22.8 billion and spanning 71 countries, we find dividend, royalty, and sometimes interest payments between foreign affiliates are negatively correlated with the net tax levied on cross-border transfers. We find no evidence management fees are structured to mitigate non-U.S. taxes. Thus, taxes affect the location of the supplier and the terms of the contracts for the provision of equity and intangible capital within the worldwide organization.
Intracellular analysis of effects of phencyclidine on rat neostriatal neurons recorded in vitro.

Abstract The effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on the synaptic and direct membrane properties of neostriatal neurons were assessed using intracellular recordings from 62 neurons in rat neostriatal slices. Electrophysiological measurements were obtained before, during and after bath application of PCP. At all concentrations (1–300 μM) PCP raised current thresholds for evoking synaptic potentials and reduced excitability (the firing rate of directly evoked action potentials). In a smaller number of cells PCP (50–300 μM) increased input resistance. These effects were long-lasting and neurons did not show reversal with washes as long as 75 min. Some neurons were injected with biocytin for identification. All were medium-sized spiny type I neurons typical of rodent neostriatum.
Transportation Costs and International Trade in the Second Era of Globalization

While the precise causes of postwar trade growth are not well understood, declines in transport costs top the lists of usual suspects. However, there is remarkably little systematic evidence documenting the decline. This paper brings to bear an eclectic mix of data in order to provide a detailed accounting of the time-series pattern of shipping costs. The ad-valorem impact of ocean shipping costs is not much lower today than in the 1950s, with technological advances largely trumped by adverse cost shocks. In contrast, air shipping costs have dropped an order of magnitude, and airborne trade has grown rapidly as a result. As a result, international trade has also experienced a significant rise in speed.
Environmental heat exposure on cattle plasma catecholamine and glucocorticoids.

Abstract Nonlactating Holstein cows were exposed for varying times to environmental heat to determine changes in plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids (principally hydrocortisone). Short heat exposures of 40 to 43C caused average increases of 45 and 42% in epinephrine and norepinephrine at 1hour. Maximal increases (at 4.5 hours) of 127 and 84% were observed for epinephrine and norepinephrine. Glucocorticoids increased 38% at 1hour and declined to the control at 4.5 hours. More moderate 3-day exposure to 35C increased epinephrine 70% at 6 hours and norepinephrine 35% at 2 hours, which persisted throughout the 72-hour exposure. Glucocorticoids increased 62% by the second hour of exposure, reached a peak of 120% at 4 hours, then declined gradually to values not different from normal at 48 hours and remained at this level for duration of exposure. Long heat exposure of 24 days showed epinephrine and norepinephrine means of 91 and 70% greater at 35 than at 18C. At 35C glucocorticoids were 13% higher than at 18C on the third day of exposure, then declined and were lower by day 24. These data show a high and sustained adrenosympathetic activity (indicated by increases in epinephrine and norepinephrine) during heat acclimation and a transient increase in plasma glucocorticoids, which then declined even though body temperatures remained elevated during long heat exposures.
Sensing external stress: watchdogs of the Escherichia coli cell envelope.

The Cpx and σE signaling systems monitor the cell envelope in Escherichia coli. When induced, each system triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the upregulation of factors needed to combat envelope damage. Although each system is distinct and can be uniquely induced by certain cues, they also share striking similarities. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in our understanding of the Cpx and σE systems and compare how both function to maintain the integrity of the cell envelope.
Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates acute alcohol-induced liver injury and inflammation in mice

Abstract Ethyl pyruvate dissolved in a calcium-containing balanced salt solution—Ringer's ethyl pyruvate solution (REPS)—ameliorates ileal mucosal hyperpermeability and decreases the expression of several proinflammatory genes when it is used instead of Ringer's lactate solution (RLS) to resuscitate mice from hemorrhagic shock. Herein, we sought to determine whether delayed treatment with REPS would be beneficial in a murine model of acute alcoholic liver injury associated with binge drinking. Mice were gavaged with 3 doses of ethanol (5 g/kg each dose) over a 12-hour period and then randomized to treatment with 3 intraperitoneal doses of REPS or RLS over 12 hours. Compared with sham-treated controls not subjected to alcohol intoxication, RLS-treated mice demonstrated histologic evidence of fatty change and piecemeal necrosis of hepatocytes in the liver, as well as a significant increase in the plasma concentration of alanine aminotransferase. Biochemical changes induced by alcohol administration included increased hepatic lipid peroxidation, nuclear factor-κB activation, and tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA expression. All of these alcohol-induced effects were ameliorated by treatment with REPS instead of RLS. These data support the view that treatment with REPS ameliorates the hepatic inflammatory response and decreases hepatocellular injury in mice subjected to acute alcohol intoxication.
A reaction to educational reform: Implications for educational psychologists

Issue is taken with Benton and Hoyt's (1990) study of three groups as to their agreement or disagreement with the Holmes Group report Tomorrow's Teachers (1986), and the Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy's Report, A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century (1986). The three groups studied were volunteer respondents from the initial Holmes Group, Division 15 of the American Psychological Association, and the Teacher Education Council for State Colleges and Universities. Questions are raised regarding the Benton and Hoyt study's general assumptions, selection of documents for study, selection of and generalization about group responses, and general implications for all educationists as well as educational psychologists.
Alkali-Treated Orchardgrass and Alfalfa: Composition and In Situ Digestion of Dry Matter and Cell Wall Components

Abstract The effect of varying levels of alkali treatment on composition and disappearance of DM and cell wall components of alfalfa and orchardgrass was measured. Three field replicates of first-cutting alfalfa (bud and midbloom) and orchardgrass (prehead and head) were treated at harvest with 0 (no solution applied or 100% water treatment), 2, 4, 6, or 8g NaOH/100g forage DM. Forages were hand cut, hand sprayed, and sun cured as hay. Alkali treatment decreased the NDF and ADF content of both maturities of orchardgrass; conversely, alkali treatment increased NDF concentration in both maturities of alfalfa. Regardless of maturity, CP content of alfalfa decreased as level of NaOH increased. After 72h of in situ digestion, NaOH increased potentially digestible DM in both maturities of orchardgrass. Disappearance of NDF in mature orchardgrass increased as NaOH increased. Alkali treatment increased the extent of ferulic acid disappearance in immature orchardgrass and increased the extent of p -coumaric acid disappearance in mature orchardgrass. Sodium hydroxide treatment linearly increased the potentially digestible DM and NDF fractions in both maturities of alfalfa. Alkali treatment decreased the rate of DM digestion in alfalfa, regardless of maturity. Alkali treatment altered chemical composition and increased cell wall utilization of both orchardgrass and alfalfa.
Inflammation and its Association with Glucose Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

This review article presents data to show that insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus are conditions associated with low-grade inflammation. It shows that inflammation pre-dates the detection of diabetes and predicts its occurrence. Furthermore, it discusses the inter-relationship between inflammation associated with insulin resistance and diabetes, and the inflammation associated with atherosclerosis, the main complication of insulin resistance and diabetes. These data provide a new paradigm for understanding how insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are related to one another. This paradigm also has the potential for opening up new areas of research and treatment.
Language in the End

The words we use to tell families their loved one is dying should strip all traces of modern medicine. They should be simple and raw. Death is universal in ways that ‘multi-system organ failure,’‘persistent hypoxemia,’and‘non-perfusing cardiac rhythm’ will never be. The death of a loved one is something modern medicine cannot claim to know better than those who came before us, time immemorial. At times, I’ve tried to use such words. One Monday evening in the intensive care unit, I called the brother and closest relative of one of my patients.
Epidemiology of injury and the impact of health disparities.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in understanding the epidemiology of pediatric trauma and the impact of health disparities on care of the injured child. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies examining outcomes for injury in children consistently demonstrate worse clinical and functional outcomes for minority children compared with white children, with African-American race being an independent predictor of mortality. Despite controlling for injury severity and insurance status (as a surrogate of socioeconomic status), these disparities persist. Significant racial differences in mortality were also identified when national data were compared with local institutional data for children with traumatic brain injury. Studies examining the effect of insurance status on care of the injured child have similarly uncovered unsettling inequities. Disparities in delivery of pediatric trauma care have been identified based on access to pediatric trauma centers. Other studies have sought to reduce disparities by use of guidelines. Finally, prevention studies have demonstrated racial disparities in the use of motor vehicle restraints, with improved restraint use in minority populations after implementation of culturally tailored prevention programs. SUMMARY: The cause of disparities in childhood trauma appears to be multifactorial and may include race, socioeconomic factors, insurance status, access, and healthcare provider biases. Multiple studies have confirmed that disparities exist, but it is difficult to tease out the reasons why they exist. Further work is necessary to identify causes of such disparities and formulate strategies to eliminate them. Language: en
Reclamation and reconciliation: land-use history, ecosystem services, and the Providence River

Throughout time, American cities have been consciously or unconsciously designed to provide efficient access to ecosystem services. The land-use history of the Providence River serves to illustrate this point. Transformed through land-filling in the nineteenth century, the construction of a hurricane barrier in the twentieth century, and a civic renaissance in the twenty-first century, the shifting landscape of downtown Providence, Rhode Island, reflects a shifting relationship with the land. The area that was once the Great Salt Cove has undergone numerous iterations in the past 400 years—each of these transformations based upon which ecosystem services were most-valued at the time. In this sense, land-use history can serve as a valuable tool in evaluating the societal relationship between nature and culture.
Thermoelectric Powered Wireless Sensors for Dry-Cask Storage

This paper describes using thermoelectric generators to power wireless sensors to monitor spent nuclear fuel during dry-cask storage. OrigenArp was used to determine the decay heat of the spent fuel at different times during the service life of the dry-cask. The Engineering Equation Solver computer program modeled the temperatures inside the dry-cask during its service life. The temperature distribution of a thermoelectric generator and heat sink was calculated using the computer program Finite Element Heat Transfer. From these temperature distributions the power produced by the thermoelectric generator was determined as a function of the service life of the dry-cask. To investigate the ability to provide wireless signal transmission using this power source, CST Microwave Studio was used to determine the scattering parameter S2,1 for a horizontal dry-cask. Important parameters that can influence the transmission of the signal are antenna orientation, antenna placement, and transmission frequency. This analysis estimates that a thermoelectric generator can produce enough power for a sensor to function and transmit data from inside the dry-cask throughout its service life.
Behavioral and physiological effects of the cholinesterase inhibitor carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate).

Abstract The anticholinesterase pesticide carbaryl was injected subcutaneously into rats lever-pressing for liquid reinforcement. During the test session a low intensity footshock accompanied each lever-press response with the carbaryl rats exhibiting a smaller response decrement due to the shock. In the second experiment, carbaryl injected rats displayed a higher behavioral threshold to footshock. These results appear to explain other studies in which animals given anticholinesterase agents show decreased efficiency in performing an avoidance response. Two additional experiments examined the effects of carbaryl on motivation for liquid. Rats lever pressing for liquid reinforcement on an FR-25 schedule were injected with carbaryl. It was found that the response onset after each reinforcement was significantly delayed in the carbaryl animals. This result, in addition to ad lib liquid consumption data, indicated a decreased drive for water in the carbaryl animals. Our findings, similar to results obtained using cholimolytics, presents an apparent discrepancy which we discuss in terms of (a) the necessity of having an optimum level of Acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain, (b) the possibility of a peripheral mechanism, or (c) the possibility of sympathomimetic effects of carbaryl.
The kid on the sandlot : Congress and professional sports, 1910-1992

As the role and influence of professional sports has increased in American life, so has the relationship between the U.S. Congress and the professional sports world. Since WW II, Congress has held dozens of investigations and debated hundreds of bills on subjects such as organized baseball s antitrust exemption, the NFL s television blackout policy, the role of organized crime in professional boxing, the league mergers in professional football and basketball, and franchise relocations. Lowe provides concise, interpretive narrative of Congress s involvement in professional sports. Testimony is included from such colorful figures as Jackie Robinson, Casey Stengel, Pete Rozelle, Muhammad Ali, Sonny Liston, and Don King. Leading congressmen and senators are also included."
Plant Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics: Remote, Real-Time and Automation

Combined cycle gas turbine plants are built and operated with higher availability, reliability, and performance than simple cycle in order to help provide the customer with capabilities to generate operating revenues and reduce fuel costs while enhancing dispatch competitiveness. The availability of a power plant can be improved by increasing the reliability of individual assets through maintenance enhancement and performance degradation recovery through remote efficiency monitoring to provide timely corrective recommendations. This paper presents a comprehensive system and methodology to pursue this purpose by using instrumented data to automate performance modeling for real-time monitoring and anomaly detection of combined cycle gas turbine power plants. Through thermodynamic performance modeling of main assets in a power plant such as gas turbines, steam turbines, heat recovery steam generators, condensers and other auxiliaries, the system provides an intelligent platform and methodology to drive customer-specific, asset-driven performance improvements, mitigate outage risks, rationalize operational patterns, and enhance maintenance schedules and service offerings at total plant level via taking appropriate proactive actions. In addition, the paper presents the components in the automated remote monitoring system, including data instrumentation, performance modeling methodology, operational anomaly detection, and component-based degradation assessment. As demonstrated in two examples, this remote performance monitoring of a combined cycle power plant aims to improve equipment efficiency by converting data into knowledge and solutions in order to drive values for customers including shortening outage downtime, lowering operating fuel cost and increasing customer power sales and life cycle value of the power plant.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Influence of sigmoid resection on progression of diverticular disease of the colon.

The surgeon is frequently confronted with the problem of how much colon to resect when operating on patients with colonic diverticulosis or diverticulitis. Two questions arise: 1) will diverticulosis progress in the proximal colon if only the sigmoid is removed, and 2) will diverticulitis recur in the more proximal diverticula? To evaluate these potential problems, the histories were reviewed of 61 patients who had elective sigmoid resection for diverticular disease and who had bariumenema examinations before operation, early during the postoperative period, and at least five years later. Progression of diverticulosis was noted in only nine (14.7 per cent) patients on repeat barium-enema examination five to nine years after resection; the progression was noted to be minimal in all nine. Seven patients (11.4 per cent) had signs and symptoms of recurrent diverticulitis. Only three patients demonstrated progression of diverticulosis and recurrent diverticulitis. We see no benefit in resecting all of the diverticula-bearing colon after adequate sigmoid resection, as there is minimal progression in the diverticular process and the risk of recurrence is low.
Neck Dissection Injury of a Brachial Plexus Anatomical Variant

We describe an unusual brachial plexus anatomical variant that renders it vulnerable to injury in radical or modified neck dissection. It is represented by a looping redundant course of the most cephalad cervical division contribution to the brachial plexus. Unless recognized during development of the inferior surgical plane by blunt dissection techniques, injury to this portion of the brachial plexus may occur. An awareness of this infrequent variation in brachial plexus anatomy should be maintained.
The simulation of shot processes

Shot processes may be used as models for a wide class of naturally occurring random processes ranging from non-Gaussian impulse processes to nearly Gaussian processes. This paper shows how shot processes with desired spectral properties may be simulated easily. Sev eral models are proposed for using shot processes as locally generated noise sources with statistical charac teristics which conform to many naturally occurring noise processes.More general models could be considered and the range of applicability can be extended beyond that men tioned in this paper. However, even the basic models treated can provide a much wider range of noise envi ronment than that usually considered in simulation tech niques.