cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GLT-1-Dependent Disruption of CNS Glutamate Homeostasis and Neuronal Function by the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii

The immune privileged nature of the CNS can make it vulnerable to chronic and latent infections. Little is known about the effects of lifelong brain infections, and thus inflammation, on the neurological health of the host. Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that can infect any mammalian nucleated cell with average worldwide seroprevalence rates of 30%. Infection by Toxoplasma is characterized by the lifelong presence of parasitic cysts within neurons in the brain, requiring a competent immune system to prevent parasite reactivation and encephalitis. In the immunocompetent individual, Toxoplasma infection is largely asymptomatic, however many recent studies suggest a strong correlation with certain neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Here, we demonstrate a significant reduction in the primary astrocytic glutamate transporter, GLT-1, following infection with Toxoplasma. Using microdialysis of the murine frontal cortex over the course of infection, a significant increase in extracellular concentrations of glutamate is observed. Consistent with glutamate dysregulation, analysis of neurons reveal changes in morphology including a reduction in dendritic spines, VGlut1 and NeuN immunoreactivity. Furthermore, behavioral testing and EEG recordings point to significant changes in neuronal output. Finally, these changes in neuronal connectivity are dependent on infection-induced downregulation of GLT-1 as treatment with the s-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone, rescues extracellular glutamate concentrations, neuronal pathology and function. Altogether, these data demonstrate that following an infection with T. gondii, the delicate regulation of glutamate by astrocytes is disrupted and accounts for a range of deficits observed in chronic infection.
The Landscape of Evolution: Reconciling Structural and Dynamic Properties of Metabolic Networks in Adaptive Diversifications

The network of the interactions among genes, proteins, and metabolites delineates a range of potential phenotypic diversifications in a lineage, and realized phenotypic changes are the result of differences in the dynamics of the expression of the elements and interactions in this deterministic network. Regulatory mechanisms, such as hormones, mediate the relationship between the structural and dynamic properties of networks by determining how and when the elements are expressed and form a functional unit or state. Changes in regulatory mechanisms lead to variable expression of functional states of a network within and among generations. Functional properties of network elements, and the magnitude and direction of evolutionary change they determine, depend on their location within a network. Here, we examine the relationship between network structure and the dynamic mechanisms that regulate flux through a metabolic network. We review the mechanisms that control metabolic flux in enzymatic reactions and examine structural properties of the network locations that are targets of flux control. We aim to establish a predictive framework to test the contributions of structural and dynamic properties of deterministic networks to evolutionary diversifications.
Sequence Scheduling With Genetic Algorithms

The application of genetic algorithms to sequence scheduling problems grew out of attempts to use this method to solve Traveling Salesman Problems. A genetic recombination operator for the Traveling Salesman Problem which preserves adjacency (or edges between cities) was developed; this operator proved to be superior to previous genetic operators for this problem [15]. Recently, a new enhancement to the edge recombination operator has been developed which further improves performance when compared to the original operator. Using this operator in the context of the GENITOR algorithm we obtain best known solutions for 30 and 105 city problems with considerable consistency. Our first test of this approach to scheduling was optimization of a printed circuit production line at Hewlett Packard[16). Success with this problem led us to apply similar methods to production scheduling on a sequencing problem posed by the Coors Brewing Co. This work has resulted in new findings regarding sequencing operators and their emphasis on adjacency, order, and position.
Modularity, Synchronization, and What Robotics May Yet Learn from the Brain

Although neurons as computational elements are 7 orders of magnitude slower than their artificial counterparts, the primate brain grossly outperforms robotic algorithms in all but the most structured tasks. Parallelism alone is a poor explanation, and much recent functional modeling of the central nervous system focuses on its modular, heavily feedback-based architecture, the result of accumulation of subsystems throughout evolution. In our earlier work, we have extensively discussed this architecture from a global stability and convergence point of view. In this article, we describe recent work which extends these ideas to synchronization as a model of computations at different scales in the nervous system. We also describe a simple condition for a general dynamical system to globally converge to a polyrhythm, i.e., a regime where multiple groups of fully synchronized elements coexist. Applications to some classical questions in robotics and systems neuroscience are discussed.
1925. “Atomic Theory and Mechanics”: From the Old Quantum Theory to Heisenberg’s Quantum Mechanics

This study follows the development of Bohr’s thinking concerning quantum phenomena and quantum mechanics, leading him to his interpretation of both, in part based on his concept of complementarity, introduced in the so-called Como lecture of 1927, which was also his first attempt to offer such an interpretation or, at least, to establish a framework for it.
Relative Study for Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Using Various Data Mining Techniques

2 Abstract: Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD) are most common but it sometimes pushes into the death stage. This disease development and progression are stimulated by environment and/or genetic factor. CAD is clinically relevant in symptomaticpatients, either acute or stable. Disease diagnosis is most important to every physician. But diagnosis is a study that suggests the several features and data collection about the patients for successful analysis. So informationminingabout the patient explores some of the hidden primary data on significant warehouses or datacenters. Mining tools expects future patterns and behavior of organizations for create knowledge driven choices. Automated analyses are now offering by the mining which is vast development in the field of medical. The scour databases have some hidden examples, discovering the prediction of disease that experts may miss the fact that it goeslies outside their desires. Manual checking is impossible to diagnose the disease. To predict heart disease several approaches have been carried out by physician and medical researchers. The survey of this comparative study provides a thorough analysis of various mining algorithms made towards heart disease prediction. Data mining and soft computing techniques are studied. At last, the study concludes that the performance of various algorithms, comparison of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.
The Amboseli Baboon Research Project: 40 Years of Continuity and Change

In 1963, Jeanne and Stuart Altmann traveled through Kenya and Tanzania searching for a baboon study site. They settled on the Maasai-Amboseli Game Reserve (later Amboseli National Park) and conducted a 13-month study that laid the groundwork for much future research. They returned for a short visit in 1969, and came again in July 1971 to establish a research project that has persisted for four decades. In July 1984 Susan Alberts joined the field team, later becoming a graduate student and eventually a director. Over the years, we have tackled research questions ranging from feeding ecology to behavioral endocrinology, from kin recognition to sexual selection, and from aging research to functional genetics. A number of our results have explicitly depended upon the longitudinal nature of the research. Without decades worth of individual-based data we would not have known, for instance, that the presence of fathers influenced the maturation rates of their offspring, that maternal dominance rank had pervasive effects on the physiology of sons, or that the social behavior of a female influenced her infants’ survival. Here we summarize the major research themes that have characterized each of the past four decades, and our directions for the future, emphasizing the scientific insights that the longitudinal nature of the study has made possible.
Construction of ntt-Type Metal–Organic Framework from C2-Symmetry Hexacarboxylate Linker for Enhanced Methane Storage

By using a shortened hexacarboxylate linker of C2-symmetry, a ntt-type metal–organic framework (UTSA-61) was constructed. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallographic analysis revealed that UTSA-61 features the connection of the organic linker with four Cu2 paddlewheels and one large -[Cu2(O2CR)4-H2O-Cu2(O2CR)4]- cluster. This work confirms that a dendritic hexacarboxylate linker may support two cuboctahedral cages close to each other in ntt-type frameworks. Moreover, removing two ethynyl groups from PCN-61 (the prototypical ntt-type MOF) leads to optimized T-Td/T-Oh cages in UTSA-61 and results in preferable methane uptake than those of previously reported ntt-type MOFs. The activated UTSA-61a therefore exhibits a high methane storage capacity of 244 cm3 (STP) cm–3 at 298 K and 65 bar, and a high working capacity of 176 cm3 (STP) cm–3 (between 5 and 65 bar). These results rank UTSA-61a as one of the very few MOFs with both high volumetric methane storage and working capacities, rendering UTSA-61a as a...
Dissipative Particle Dynamics: Foundation, Evolution, Implementation, and Applications

Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is a particle-based Lagrangian method for simulating dynamic and rheological properties of simple and complex fluids at mesoscopic length and time scales. In this chapter, we present the DPD technique, beginning from its original ad hoc formulation and subsequent theoretical developments. Next, we introduce various extensions of the DPD method that can model non-isothermal processes, diffusion-reaction systems, and ionic fluids. We also present a brief review of programming algorithms for constructing efficient DPD simulation codes as well as existing software packages. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of DPD to solve particle-fluid problems, which may not be tractable by continuum or atomistic approaches.
Vortex Loop Distribution Near a Superfluid Phase Transition

The distribution of thermally excited vortex loops near a superfluid phase transition is calculated. The number density of loops with a given perimeter is found to change from an exponential decay with increasing perimeter to algebraic decay as Tcis approached from below, in agreement with recent simulations of cosmic strings and of the high-Tcsuperconducting transition in zero field. The total line density is calculated and compared with the simulations. A different viewpoint of the Kibble-Zurek scenario for rapidly quenched transitions is proposed, and the role of vortices above the transition temperature is briefly discussed.
Androgens in women: Androgen-mediated skin disease and patient evaluation.

Androgens are produced throughout the body in steroid-producing organs, such as the adrenal glands and ovaries, and in other tissues, like the skin. Several androgens are found normally in women, including dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione. These androgens are essential in the development of several common cutaneous conditions in women, including acne, hirsutism, and female pattern hair loss (FPHL)—androgen-mediated cutaneous disorders (AMCDs). However, the role of androgens in the pathophysiology of these diseases is complicated and incompletely understood. In the first article in this Continuing Medical Education series, we discuss the role of the skin in androgen production and the impact of androgens on the skin in women. Specifically, we review the necessary but insufficient role that androgens play in the development of acne, hirsutism, and FPHL in women. Dermatologists face the challenge of differentiating physiologic from pathologic presentations of AMCDs in women. There are currently no dermatology guidelines outlining the indications for endocrinologic evaluation in women presenting with acne, hirsutism, or FPHL. We review the available evidence regarding when to consider an endocrinologic workup in women presenting with AMCDs, including the appropriate type and timing of testing.
Real-time PCR quantification of Fusarium avenaceum in soil and seeds

The pathogenic fungus Fusarium avenaceum infects a broad range of plant hosts across the globe. While primarily soilborne, F. avenaceum can colonize all plant tissues, including buds, seeds, fruits, stems, crowns, and roots, resulting in significant crop yield reductions and economic losses for growers. In addition to its impact on crop productivity, F. avenaceum produces toxic metabolites that can be transferred to humans and livestock through consumption of infected foods. The ability of F. avenaceum to cause seed decay may be utilized to deplete the weed seedbank in soil, an important integrated weed management strategy. We developed a SYBR Green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay to efficiently detect and quantify F. avenaceum in soil, wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seed caryopses, and wild oat seed hulls. The primer pair was designed from the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) gene. In silico and wet lab testing were done to assess the ability of the primers to bind TEF1 sequences from Fusarium spp. and common soil fungi. The findings indicated that the primers were specific to F. avenaceum, and also recognized GenBank TEF1 accessions annotated as F. arthrosporioides, which has been listed as a foliar pathogen of wheat in Oregon, and conspecific with F. avenaceum. Standard curves of F. avenaceum DNA diluted with soil, caryopsis, or hull extracts indicated primer amplification efficiency was not significantly affected by PCR inhibitors. This real-time PCR assay effectively assesses the presence and abundance of F. avenaceum and its close relative F. arthrosporioides, if present, in soil and seed tissues. The assay can be used for endpoint PCR as well.
Development of Chronic Sphenoid Sinusitis After Sellar Reconstruction with Medpor Porous Polyethylene Implant

Objective The Medpor porous polyethylene implant is reported to be safe and effective for sellar reconstruction after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). However, we have observed several cases of delayed chronic sphenoid sinusitis related to the implant. The purpose of this study is to describe the presentation and management of implant-related sphenoid sinusitis after sellar reconstruction. Methods This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent endonasal TSS with Medpor sellar reconstruction between December 2008 and January 2013 at a tertiary care institution. Patient demographics, initial surgical management, sinonasal symptoms, postoperative imaging, sinusitis management, and resulting outcomes were analyzed. Results From 2008–2013, 139 patients underwent sellar reconstruction using Medpor. Five patients (3.6%) presented between 8 and 60 months after surgery with chronic sphenoid sinusitis that required surgical management. All 5 patients presented as outpatients for management of headaches and nasal drainage, 4 patients experienced chronic nasal congestion, and 3 patients noted recurrent sinusitis. At the time of revision surgery, all 5 patients were found to have mucosal inflammation and edema surrounding the implant, and 4 of the 5 had an exposed or partially extruded implant that was removed. Conclusions Reconstruction of the sellar floor may be performed after TSS to prevent postoperative complications. Although porous polyethylene implants have previously been described as safe and effective for this purpose, surgeons should be aware of the risk of subsequent implant extrusion and chronic sphenoid sinusitis that can occur in a delayed manner.
Successful Aging and Resilience: Applications for Public Health, Health Care, and Policy

Last weekend, Albert celebrated his 78th birthday with his children, grandchildren, and a few of his closest friends. Two of his granddaughters presented a moving tribute to Albert and his lifelong friend Patricia, who was also in attendance. Patricia was beloved by Albert’s grandchildren; they were planning a big party for Patricia’s 80th birthday next year. The tribute of photos and videos set to Albert and Patricia’s favorite songs showed the striking differences in the challenges and successes Albert and Patricia had experienced over their years as friends.
Microtopographic differences in soil properties and microbial community composition at the field scale

Abstract Soil biogeochemical processes, such as soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, are highly variable in space and time, even in homogenously managed agricultural fields. Although soil properties which regulate biogeochemical processes are known to vary predictably with topographic position at the hillslope to watershed scale in landscapes with noticeable topographic relief, the role of microtopography in influencing field scale spatial variability in soil properties in relatively flat landscapes, such as the Midwest U.S., is poorly understood. Moreover, microtopographic effects on soil microbial community composition and its functional importance in mediating biogeochemical processes have previously received little attention. We, therefore, investigated the effect of microtopography on soil properties and microbial community composition which may regulate soil biogeochemical process rates. We sampled paired poorly-drained depressional and well-drained upslope areas in eight replicate maize fields in Champaign County, Illinois. We observed microtopographic differences in soil pH, HCl-extractable Fe(III) concentrations, and soil organic C concentrations (P
Thermal properties of charring plasticizers from the biobased alcohols, pentaerythritol and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid

To be converted into a useful commercial material, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) must generally be heavily plasticized. Owing to its high level of chlorine, PVC is not flammable (limiting oxygen index of 45). However, addition of a plasticizer usually imparts appreciable flammability. The plasticizer is often volatilized from the polymer when it is exposed to heat. In general, plasticizers burn readily and may be the source of the flammability of formulated polymers. This flammability might be controlled by using effective plasticizers that promote char formation at the surface of the burning polymer. Two series of charring compounds, pentaerythritol esters containing aromatic moieties and phosphorus esters of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoates, have been demonstrated to be effective plasticizers for PVC. The thermal degradation of both series of compounds has been examined using thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy. For both sets of esters, elimination of an acid is a major degradation process. For the degradation of pentaerythritol esters, a carboxylic acid is a primary degradation product. For the alkyl 3,5-(diphenylphosphato)benzoates, degradation may lead to the formation of either a carbon or a phosphorus acid depending on structure.
Adolescent Neurocognitive Development and School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment

Drug use often begins during adolescence and continues into adulthood. Adolescence is marked by several key development-related changes, including neurocognitive changes. Throughout adolescence, the brain is undergoing structural changes that are likely to correspond to the changes occurring in cognitive function. Cognitive abilities, particularly those associated with self-control and self-regulation, are not fully developed until late adolescence or early adulthood. Conversely, novelty-seeking tendencies seem to increase significantly during adolescence. Thus, due to higher levels of novelty seeking and poorer abilities to control impulses and make protective decisions, adolescents are vulnerable to initiate drug use or develop drug use dependence and co-morbid mental health disorders. Schools are a setting in which many adolescents can be reached with drug use prevention and treatment programs. In this chapter we highlight the relevance of schools as a setting for adolescent drug use prevention and treatment practices that attempt to address adolescents’ neurocognitive needs. We discuss some evidence from school-based as well as laboratory research that suggest that suitable training may improve the executive function of the adolescent brain, which may in turn have protective implications for adolescent drug use prevention and treatment. However, we note that a significant amount of future research is needed in order to refine such programs, incorporate them into school-based programming, and test their effects on neurocognition in large and diverse samples.
Analysis of TCIRG1 gene mutation in a Chinese family affected with infantile malignant osteopetrosis

Objective To detect potential mutation of the TCIRG1 gene in a boy with infantile malignant osteopetrosis. Methods Target sequence capture and next-generation sequencing were applied for the proband and his parents to identify the causative mutation, and Sanger sequencing was used to verify the suspected mutation. Results The proband manifested at 4 months of age with symptoms including anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and cephalus quadratus. X-ray revealed generalized increased bone density. A novel compound heterozygous mutation, c. 796G>T (p.E266X) and c. 1372G>A (p.G458S), were identified in the boy. His father and grandmother also carried the c. 796G>T (p.E266X) mutation, and his mother carried the c. 1372G>A (p.G458S) mutation. Neither mutation was found in the PubMed and ClinVar databases. Conclusion The novel compound heterozygous mutation c. 796G>T (p.E266X) and c. 1372G>A (p.G458S) probably underlies the disease in the proband. Above results may enrich the mutation spectrum of the TCIRG1 gene and provide new evidence for the molecular basis of infantile malignant osteopetrosis. Key words: Osteopetrosis; TCIRG1 gene; Gene mutation
Ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging reveals a shift in bound water that is sensitive to sub-clinical tendinopathy in older adults.

Use ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging to quantify bound water components of asymptomatic older Achilles tendons and investigate the relationship between UTE findings and imaging assessment of sub-clinical tendinopathy. Thirteen young (age 25 ± 4.8) and thirteen older (age 67 ± 4.7) adults were tested. A UTE sequence was used to quantify the transverse relaxation times of bound ( $$ {T}_{2,s}^{\ast } $$ ) and free ( $$ {T}_{2,l}^{\ast } $$ ) water and the bound water fraction (Fs) in the Achilles tendon. Anatomical images were collected and graded by a musculoskeletal radiologist to identify signs of sub-clinical tendinopathy. Two-sample t tests were used to compare $$ {T}_{2,s}^{\ast } $$ , $$ {T}_{2,l}^{\ast } $$ , and Fs between age groups and between adults with and without sub-clinical tendinopathy. Older tendons exhibited a 60% longer $$ {T}_{2,s}^{\ast } $$ (p = 0.004), similar $$ {T}_{2,l}^{\ast } $$ (p = 0.86), and 5% smaller Fs (p = 0.048) than young tendons. Seven older adult tendons exhibited tendon thickening and increased signal intensity indicative of sub-clinical tendinopathy. This subset of tendons exhibited a 7% smaller bound water fraction (p = 0.02) and significantly longer $$ {T}_{2,s}^{\ast } $$ (p < 0.001) than the normal tendons from young and older adults. Older adult tendons exhibited unique UTE signatures that are consistent with disruption of the collagen fiber network and changes in macromolecular content. UTE imaging metrics were sensitive to early indicators of tissue degeneration identified on anatomical images and hence could provide a quantitative biomarker by which to track changes in tissue health resulting from injury, disease, and treatment.
Parallel structures: André Leroi-Gourhan, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and the making of French structural anthropology:

This article reframes our understanding of French structural anthropology by considering the work of Andre Leroi-Gourhan alongside that of Claude Levi-Strauss. These two anthropologists worked at o...
First In-Human Burst Wave Lithotripsy for Kidney Stone Comminution: Initial Two Case Studies.

Purpose: To test the effectiveness (Participant A) and tolerability (Participant B) of urinary stone comminution in the first-in-human trial of a new technology, burst-wave lithotripsy (BWL). Mater...
Protecting America’s borders: Christian nationalism, threat, and attitudes toward immigrants in the United States:

Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policies are divisive issues in American politics. These attitudes are influenced by factors such as political orientation and religiousness, with religi...
Anoctamin 1 antagonism potentiates conventional tocolytic-mediated relaxation of pregnant human uterine smooth muscle

Currently available tocolytic agents are not effective treatment for preterm labor beyond 48 h. A major reason is the development of maternal side effects which preclude the maintenance of an effective steady-state drug concentration. One strategy that can mitigate these side effects is utilizing synergistic drug combinations to reduce the drug concentrations necessary to elicit a clinical effect. We have previously shown that three anoctamin 1 (ANO1) antagonists mediate potent relaxation of precontracted human uterine smooth muscle (USM). In this study, we aimed to determine whether a combination of sub-relaxatory doses of tocolytic drugs in current clinical use [the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) blocker, nifedipine (NIF); and the β2-adrenergic (β2AR) agonist, terbutaline (TRB)] will potentiate USM relaxation with two ANO1 antagonists [benzbromarone (BB) and MONNA (MN)]. This study sought to examine the synergistic potency and mechanistic basis of two ANO1 antagonists with currently available tocolytic drugs. Functional endpoints assessed included relaxation of pre-contracting pregnant human USM tissue, inhibition of intracellular calcium release, and reduction of spontaneous transient inward current (STIC) recordings in human uterine smooth muscle cells. Human myometrial strips and primary human USM cells were used in organ bath and calcium flux experiments with different combinations of sub-threshold doses of ANO1 antagonists and terbutaline or nifedipine to determine if ANO1 antagonists potentiate tocolytic drugs. The combination of sub-threshold doses of two ANO1 antagonists and current tocolytic drugs demonstrate a significant degree of synergy to relax human pregnant USM compared to the effects achieved when these drugs are administered individually. A combination of sub-threshold doses of VGCC blocker and β2AR agonist with ANO1 antagonists potentiates relaxation of oxytocin-induced contractility and calcium flux in human USM ex vivo. Our findings may serve as a foundation for novel tocolytic drug combinations.
Can Indian Health Service Referrals for Nonemergent Care Be Allocated Equitably

The Indian Health Service (IHS) administers health care services to American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in the United States. The agency funds referral care services through the Purchased/Referred Care (PRC) Program, which prioritizes its budget to pay for emergent care. This commentary responds to a case about a physician's disappointment that a referral for nonemergent care is deferred for payment by the PRC Program. Jonsen et al's 4-quadrant approach (a microethical case analysis model) is applied to suggest that deferring referrals is just only when the PRC Program operates fairly. This model, however, might inadequately account for structural inequities underlying referral care rationing by the IHS, a federal entity that is legally and ethically obligated to care comprehensively for AI/AN patients.
New International Arrangements in Intellectual Property and Competition Law

Intellectual property plays an increasingly important role in the international Intellectual Property1 (IP) law and antitrust law can no longer be viewed separately. Technology has become so important that IP incentives to research must be maintained in order to benefit the consumer. There will be no investment in research unless there is a chance of recouping the investment through supranormal profits, i.e. profits based on sales at prices above marginal cost. At the same time, this dynamic efficiency goal must be balanced against a more traditional static efficiency goal, in order to ensure appropriate allocation of non-research resources and to avoid the inflation of prices to the consumer. The balance between these dynamic and static goals must be reflected in the supporting bodies of IP and competition law. It may today be among the most important issues in antitrust law, both because of the growth in the scope of intellectual property, especially of patents,2 and because of the fundamental importance of technology to the future of the economy. If this is true domestically, it is even more true internationally. Because economic growth is heavily dependent on technology,3 encouragement of technology can only accelerate the global consumer benefits of free trade.4 Moreover, nations often attempt to compete through encouraging their technologically-advanced industries. By negotiating the TRIPS Agreement, the world has now chosen to recognize the importance of IP in world trade. At a static level, TRIPS implies that the developing nations will pay royalties to developed nations, who are the current leaders in technology. This, of course, is a broadly discussed phenomenon, particularly with respect to pharmaceuticals.5 But, of far greater importance to the future, the dynamics of the new system may be likely to favor the industries of developed nations. The IP rights which these developed-world industries hold may sometimes prove anticompetitive by enabling these industries to slow entry of others into the market and thus prolong their period of market dominance. Evaluation of this possibility requires a much deeper analysis of the way that intellectual property rights are used. A response to it is likely to require the definition of certain specific antitrust principles, and possibly their harmonization, as in the form of a World Trade Organization (WTO) Code.6 This paper explores three specific contexts in which IP rights may prolong developed-world market dominance, and generally describes the IP/competition law principles likely to be helpful. It concludes by exploring whether these principles need to be harmonized through an international code and defining first steps to be taken.7
Protein structure modeling and its applications to the mechanics of actomyosin interaction

Study and modeling of protein structures provides an opportunity to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of key biological processes, as well as interpret experimental data obtained by variety of physical methods. The main goal of my work was to develop computational algorithms for the analysis of protein structures, the docking of protein-protein interactions, the implementation of these algorithms and the correlation of protein structure analysis with the results of steady-state and kinetics fluorescence measurements. First, we developed and implemented algorithms for the decomposition of multicomponent protein fluorescence spectra and the correlation of these spectral parameters with protein structural properties. The implementation is available as on-line toolkit PFAST (Protein Fluorescence And Structural Toolkit) at http://pfast.phys.uri.edu/. The results of our work would allow researchers to extract important novel information about protein structure and dynamics, which is probed by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Next, we developed and implemented a mathematical model to analyze the kinetic fluorescence data, which reflects the interaction of myosin subfragment 1 with one and two monomers of F-actin. Myosin and actin are the major proteins of muscles and acto-myosin interaction is responsible for the force generation in biological systems. By fitting experimental spectral data we have shown that the sequential binding of the myosin head initially with one actin monomer and then with the second actin monomer in F-actin can play a key role in force generation by actinmyosin and their directed movement. Finally, we performed computational rigid body docking of the atomic structures of S1 and F-actin with two fixed points corresponding to the crosslinking sites and two distinct conformations of S1 on the F-actin surface. The minimization of the binding free energy of the generated complexes was done using an empirical method developed previously, and it allowed us to select the best actomyosin models: where the myosin neck was pointed toward the barbed (model A) or the pointed (model B) ends of F-actin. The complex of model B was twice less stable than the complex of model A, which led to the conclusion that the second actin, with which S1 interacts, is located in the same strand, closer to the barbed end of F-actin. We concluded that, the formation of the actomyosin complex proceeds in ordered sequence: i) S1 initially binds to one actin; ii) rotates toward the barbed end of F-actin and binds with the second actin. The sequential mechanism of formation of actomyosin interface starting from one end and developing towards the barbed end could play an important role in force generation and directional movement in actin-myosin system.
(1,5‐Cyclooctadiene)bis(methyldiphenylphosphine)iridium(I) Hexafluorophosphate

[38465-86-0] C34H38F6IrP3 (MW 845.81) InChI = 1S/2C13H13P.C8H12.F6P.Ir/c2*1-14(12-8-4-2-5-9-12)13-10-6-3-7-11-13;1-2-4-6-8-7-5-3-1;1-7(2,3,4,5)6;/h2*2-11H,1H3;1-2,7-8H,3-6H2;;/q;;;-1;+1/b;;2-1-,8-7-;; InChIKey = LXKHQEQLBSJJCO-JXNOXZOESA-N (reagent for isomerization of allylic alcohols and ethers;1 hydrogenation catalyst2) Physical Data: mp 236 °C (dec); 1H NMR (CD2Cl2) δ 1.78 (d, JHP = 8 Hz, PMePh2), 2.19 (m, CH2 of cod), 4.36 (CH of cod), 7.3–7.9 (ov m, PMePh2); conductivity 135 Ω−1 cm2 mol−1. Solubility: sol CH2Cl2; insol diethyl ether and hexanes. Form Supplied in: red crystalline solid; commercially available. Preparative Methods: to a suspension of [Ir(μ-Cl)(1,5-cod)]2 (0.2 g) in 10 mL of ethanol is added methyldiphenylphosphine (0.2 g) in ethanol. The mixture is stirred for ca. 10 min until the original suspension has dissolved. To this is added excess NH4PF6 in ethanol. After cooling to 0 °C the precipitate is filtered, washed with ethanol and then ether to give the title reagent (0.36 g) as red prisms.3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the dry solid is moderately air-stable.
Developing a new affordable DC motor laboratory kit for an existing undergraduate controls course

The aim of this research is to expand the access of hands-on controls education at the undergraduate level with an affordable laboratory kit. A kit was assembled for around $130 while replicating the educational functionality of a typical station in an introductory controls laboratory. The kit consists of a Raspberry Pi, a DC motor, and various circuits required for the lab exercises. Details of each of these components are explained. Additionally, the laboratory experiments tested with this kit are described. This kit replaces expensive equipment with an affordable alternative that can be easily shipped anywhere in the world and used by students who do not have a formal laboratory space to use. The kit greatly enhances the accessibility of the laboratory experience to students in budget-strapped campus laboratories and those participating in distance education.
Correlations between direct and indirect strength test methods

Abstract The difficulties associated with performing direct compression strength tests on rocks lead to the development of indirect test methods for the rock strength assessment. Indirect test methods are simple, more economical, less time-consuming, and easily adaptable to the field. The main aim of this study was to derive correlations between direct and indirect test methods for basalt and rhyolite rock types from Carlin trend deposits in Nevada. In the destructive methods, point load index, block punch index, and splitting tensile strength tests are performed. In the non-destructive methods, Schmidt hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests are performed. Correlations between the direct and indirect compression strength tests are developed using linear and nonlinear regression analysis methods. The results show that the splitting tensile strength has the best correlation with the uniaxial compression strength. Furthermore, the Poisson’s ratio has no correlation with any of the direct and indirect test results.
The heart as an endocrine source of metabolic vasodilators (1079.26)

During heightened cardiac work, O2 consumption by the heart increases. This increase benefits energy production via mitochondrial e¯ transport, but the process of e¯ transport is not perfect and some e¯ “leak” from respiratory chain and reduce O2. This reduction yields O2˙¯, which reacts with thiol groups, iron, and is rapidly metabolized into H2O2 by mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2). To understand the potential systemic effects of the metabolic dilator, H2O2, we studied mice with cardiac specific SOD2 overexpression, which would increase the amount of H2O2 produced by the heart. To determine if this enhanced production of H2O2 results in a humoral action, i.e., systemic vasodilation, we first evaluated the effectiveness of SOD2 overexpression to effectively remove O2˙¯ from the mitochondria (EPR). SOD2 transgenic mice produced less O2, and had lower redox activity. Mitochondria of SOD2-tg (vs WT) had lower GSSG concentration (decreased by 37.2±4.5%, GSH/GSSG ratio was increased by 66.7±6.8%). EP...
Non-stationary motion of purely supersonic wings

A general theory is presented for the calculation of the total forces acting on purely supersonic wings. The method applies to wings having an arbitrary downwash distribution (stationary or non-stationary) and is valid whenever all of the wing edges are supersonic. The general three-dimensional non-stationary problem is reduced to an equivalent two-dimensional problem. In the case of harmonic oscillations the aerodynamic coefficients are expressed in terms of known or tabulated functions. The specific example of an oscillating delta wing is considered and values of the aerodynamic coefficients for plunging, pitching, and rolling oscillations are calculated for two Mach numbers.
The management of pregnant women with heart disease

Abstract A series of 126 women with severely damaged hearts has been under observation and strict control during 192 pregnancies. No patient died during pregnancy or labor. One died six weeks postpartum from an acute bacterial endocarditis which developed after labor. One died nine months postpartum at the age of forty-five. No patient was delivered by cesarean section because of the heart condition. The most important factor in the care of these patients is the prevention of heart failure. In this effort the cooperation of an internist and an obstetrician, both of whom have had wide experience in observation of these patients, is invaluable. When heart failure is prevented during pregnancy, disaster during labor or in the postpartum period is a very rare occurrence. It has been our experience that in the absence of obstetric complications necessitating other procedures, delivery per vaginam produces results that are extremely gratifying.
On Gravity, Holography and the Quantum

The holographic principle states that the number of degrees of freedom describing the physics inside a volume (including gravity) is bounded by the area of the boundary (also called the screen) which encloses this volume. A stronger statement is that these (quantum) degrees of freedom live on the boundary and describe the physics inside the volume completely. The obvious question is, what mechanism is behind the holographic principle. Recently, 't Hooft argued that the quantum degrees of freedom on the boundary are not fundamental. We argue that this interpretation opens up the possibility that the mapping between the theory in the bulk (the holographic theory) and the theory on the screen (the dual theory) is always given by a (generalized) procedure of stochastic quantization. We show that gravity causes differences to the situation in Minkowski/Euclidean spacetime and argue that the fictitious coordinate needed in the stochastic quantization procedure can be spatial. The diffusion coefficient of the stochastic process is in general a function of this coordinate. While a mapping of a bulk theory onto a (quantum) boundary theory can be possible, such a mapping does not make sense in spacetimes in which the area of the screen is growing with time. This is connected to the average process in the formalism of stochastic quantization. We show where the stochastic quantization procedure breaks down and argue, in agreement with `t Hooft, that the quantum degrees of freedom are not fundamental degrees of freedom. They appear as a limit of a more complex process.
CVD diamond for cold cathode applications

Microcrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond coatings grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques are examined for their properties for applications as cold cathodes. Low-field electron field emission and high-yield secondary electron emission are promising properties of diamond and for applications to power modulators
Lockdown Legacy: A Qualitative Investigation of Incarceration, Re-Integration, and Faith Communities

Incarceration is often thought to be most relevant to the offender and the victim, yet the network of influence involves parents, children, significant others, and community members. Participants in this project viewed a pre-recorded play highlighting the ripple effects of incarceration, then engaged in a series of discussions sharing their own experiences and concerns. Content analysis of those discussions supported a variety of themes including a perceived lack of productive response from communities of faith. The themes are positioned in the framework of efficacy theory, demonstrating the ebb and flow of this sense of personal control in relation to encounters with incarceration.
PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF FOOD RECALLS AND PRODUCTION SAFETY: TWO SURVEYS OF THE AMERICAN PUBLIC

This study uses two national telephone surveys to assess the American public's response to major food recalls, including the 2009 peanut product recall and recalls in 2006–2008, such as spinach and ground beef. Many Americans are alerted to major food recalls (55–93%), but there are important gaps in their understanding of which foods are included in multiproduct recalls. A quarter of Americans (27%) believe that they did not have enough information to protect themselves and their families in the latest peanut product recall, although few (18%) sought out information. Nearly all Americans believe that food produced domestically is safe (96%), but many have little confidence in the food safety infrastructure. Furthermore, many believe that imported foods, particularly from China or Mexico, are not safe (56%; 47%). In general, racial/ethnic minorities are less likely to have information about recalls and less likely than White people to have confidence in the food safety infrastructure. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The findings of these two surveys suggest important improvements for future communication efforts concerning major food recalls. Future communications should focus more on providing actionable information about what products are included in a recall and how to identify them on store and kitchen shelves. The American public may also benefit from information provided through channels that do not require any extra effort on their part, like television and radio. Explicit encouragement to let friends and family know about recalls may also help get the message out. Communications efforts may need to restore public confidence in our food safety systems in order to ensure greater compliance to messages delivered at the time of an outbreak. Finally, it will be important to reach out actively to racial and ethnic minorities, particularly African-Americans (AA), with effective information about recalls and foodborne illness.
Emotion Management of Marriage and Fam ily Therapists: How is it Different for Women and Men?

Most schools of family therapy directly or indirectly recognize that personal qualities of the therapist influence therapy process. If personal qualities of therapists are associated with therapy process, it seems plausible that there would be some interaction between their personal relationships and therapy process. The present study examines the relationship between emotion management at home and emotion management at work to job satisfaction and marital satisfaction of marriage and family therapists. Results suggest that men and women experience a different interaction between emotion management, relationship satisfaction, and job satisfaction.
Soft error rate estimation and mitigation for SRAM-based FPGAs

FPGA-based designs are more susceptible to single-event upsets (SEUs) compared to ASIC designs. Soft error rate (SER) estimation is a crucial step in the design of soft error tolerant schemes to balance reliability, performance, and cost of the system. Previous techniques on FPGA SER estimation are based on time-consuming fault injection and simulation methods.In this paper, we present an analytical approach to estimate the failure rate of designs mapped into FPGAs. Experimental results show that this technique is orders of magnitude faster than fault injection method while is very accurate. We also present a high-reliable low-cost mitigation technique which can significantly improve the availability of FPGA-based designs. This technique is able to tolerate SEUs in both user and configuration bits of mapped designs.
Microwave spectrum of cyclopropyl methyl sulfide

Abstract The microwave spectrum of cyclopropyl methyl sulfide gives rotational constants (MHz) A = 8777.38(9), B = 2681.43(2), and C = 2280.94(2), consistent with a gauche conformation, displaced from the C 8 cis form by 105.3° rotation about the cyclopropyl CS bond. From Stark effect measurements, the magnitude of the dipole moment is 1.495(8) D , with a , b , and c components of 0.1(1) D, 1.481(4) D, and 0.457(1) D, respectively. Ground state A - E splittings give a methyl barrier, V 3 , of 1913(40) cal/mole.
The 5'-terminal ribonucleotide of an in vitro ColE1 transcript is not complementary to the DNA template

Abstract A set of overlapping promoters in ColEl DNA is identified using DNA and RNA sequencing methods. These promoters initiate a divergent pattern of in vitro transcription from a region near the colicin E1 promoter. A comparison of the 5'-terminal RNA sequences of the in vitro transcripts with the DNA sequence of the template indicates that one transcript initiates with a ribonucleotide (pppG) which is not complementary to the DNA template (a thymidylate residue is present on the coding strand at the designated transcription start point). A structural and functional counterpart for this phenomenon is suggested to exist near the opposite end of the colicin El gene.