cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Size-dependent reactivity in open shell metal-ion polar solvent clusters: spectroscopic probes of electronic-vibration coupling, oxidation and ionization

This review considers the spectroscopy and structure of clusters formed by stepwise addition of polar solvent molecules such as NH3, H2O, and CH3OH to effective one-electron chromophores that include the singly-charged alkaline earth cations Mg+, Ca+, and Sr+; atomic sodium; and the Rydberg molecule NH4. The absorption of photons by such species results in initial electronic excitation, followed by energy transfer to vibrational degrees of freedom, ultimately leading to dissociation. Experimental data are presented to support this electronic-to-vibrational energy transfer mechanism. Wavelength-dependent photodissociation signals for all of these species exhibit a similar size-dependence in which large spectral red shifts are observed as the first solvation shell fills. An examination of ab initio calculations on a number of related systems, as well as theoretical models for charge transfer, suggests that non-covalent interactions of solvent molecules with the single valence electron of the cluster core le...
Enhancing the Legitimacy of Local Government Pandemic Influenza Planning through Transparency and Public Engagement

Ethical issues in an influenza pandemic often require local government officials to make unprecedented, complex decisions. Effective planning with significant input from key community stakeholders is required well ahead of time in order to anticipate and mitigate a serious health crisis. The author evaluates the pandemic plans of 28 large cities across the United States using criteria derived from guidelines issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The analysis reveals that planning legitimacy can be enhanced by wider transparency and civic engagement, greater opportunities for the inclusion of all stakeholders in decision making, mock community-wide exercises and drills, as well as more public access to comprehensive emergency planning information.
Estimating the parameters of rare events

Abstract In this paper the estimation of certain parameters of the extreme order statistics of stationary observations is considered in a general framework. These parameters are resulted from dependence, and hence their inference is substantially different from similar considerations in the i.i.d. context. Variants of estimators that are functionals of the empirical ‘cluster size’ distribution are proposed, and such properties as consistency and asymptotic normality are studied. Special emphasis is given to estimating the extremal index.
Ethnic identity in everyday life: the influence of identity development status.

The current study explores the intersection of ethnic identity development and significance in a sample of 354 diverse adolescents (mean age 14). Adolescents completed surveys five times a day for 1 week. Cluster analyses revealed four identity clusters: diffused, foreclosed, moratorium, and achieved. Achieved adolescents reported the highest levels of identity salience across situations, followed by moratorium adolescents. Achieved and moratorium adolescents also reported a positive association between identity salience and private regard. For foreclosed and achieved adolescents reporting low levels of centrality, identity salience was associated with lower private regard. For foreclosed and achieved adolescents reporting high levels of centrality, identity salience was associated with higher private regard.
An Application of a New Test of Prima Facie Causality to Livestock Markets

A new methodology of inference testing is posited and applied to the issue of causality in livestock markets. This methodology is distinct from that of Granger-Sims. It involves a procedure that is independent of the scale of measurement of the variables, robust with respect to the distribution of the disturbances, capable of discovering relatively weak causal relationships and computationally simple. Les auteurs decrivent une nouvelle methode d'analyse par inference appliquee a la question de causalite sur les marches des bestiaux. Cette methode se distingue de la methode Granger-Sims en cela qu'elle est independante de l'echelle de mesure des variables et qu'elle n'est pas sensible a la distribution des erreurs. En outre, elle est capable de deceler des relations causales relativement faibles, et enfin elle est facile a calculer.
Cooperation and the two cultures: Response to Labinger

surprised that dramatic statements (especially if they make nice soundbites) play a disproportionate role in how his work is perceived. 67. Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993). I think that's what he calls for, but I am not yet (and perhaps never will be) sufficiently adept at SCS to claim any deep understanding of Latour's writings. 68. Karin Knorr-Cetina, 'Strong Constructivism from a Sociologist's Point of View: A Personal Addendum to Sismondo's Paper', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23 (1993), 555-63.
Paper chromatography in benzene—acetic acid—water as an aid in estimating free hydroxyl groups in phenolic compounds

Abstract The RF values of 86 phenols, phenolic acids, coumarins, phenolic aldehydes and acetophenones have been determined experimentally in the benzene—acetic acid—water (125:72:3, by vol.) solvent system, and the resulting values have been studied as a means of estimating free hydroxyl groups in these compounds. The results indicate that his solvent system is applicable for the estimation of the number of free phenolic hydroxyl groups present in many different types of phenolic compounds. The color reactions and fluoroscence of many of these compounds have also been recorded.
Transition states of some acyl transfer reactions in acetonitrile 1

Abstract β-Deuterium isotope effect (β-DIE) studies of acyl transfer from aryl acetates to acetate ion in acetonitrile indicate the degree of tetrahedral character at the transition state (TS) to be small, and the same as in protic solvents.
Is software engineering graduate-level material?

Abstract Since the first software engineering degree programs began to appear in the late 1970's, the subject has largely been taught at the graduate level, with an increasing number of one- and two-term introductory courses offered for upperdivision undergraduate students. The last curriculum suggested by the Association for Computing Machinery in 1978 for undergraduate computer science degree programs designates such a course as an elective, and most degrees are granted to students who have not taken it. Therefore, many persons employed today as de facto software engineers gain knowledge of software engineering either through trial and error on the job, or use that “method” coupled with part-time graduate study if they are lucky enough to work near a university offering such a program. Since there are so few schools that explicitly structure their undergraduate courses to incorporate software engineering principles and techniques, the existence of software engineering at the graduate level is thus essentially by default, since such courses taken by post-bachelors need to be at the graduate level for them to receive “proper credit.”
Age-related changes in potentiation of evoked responses in CA1 pyramidal cells from the hamster hippocampus.

Abstract Hippocampal responses were compared in 16 old (15–22 month) and 14 young (2–5 month) Syrian hamsters to determine if this species showed age-dependent changes in potentiation. Population spike amplitude increased following tetanus by 84.1±20.0% in slices from young animals and by 51.1±6.3% in slices from old animals ( P P
A comparison of progressive ratio schedules versus behavioral economic measures: Effect of an alternative reinforcer on the reinforcing efficacy of phencyclidine

Alternative non-drug reinforcers have been demonstrated to decrease drug-reinforced behavior by both decreasing relative reinforcing efficacy and substituting for the drug reinforcer. The effect of saccharin on responding maintained by orally delivered phencyclidine (PCP) was examined in this study using concurrent progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement and a behavioral economic analysis of demand. Seven adult male rhesus monkeys self-administered PCP (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/ml) and either concurrent water or saccharin (0.03% wt/vol) from two drinking spouts under concurrent independent PR schedules. During daily sessions the response requirements (lip contacts on automatic drinking spouts) increased across 15 levels, from 8 to 4096. Each successful ratio completion resulted in the availability of 40 liquid deliveries under an FR 1 schedule and a subsequent increment in the PR. Concentrations of PCP were presented in a non-systematic order and presentation of the concurrent liquid, saccharin or water, was counterbalanced across subjects. All behaviors maintained by PCP were significantly greater than those maintained by water. Replacement of water with saccharin served to significantly decrease PCP-maintained responding and break points (BP) across the range of PCP concentrations; however, saccharin did not significantly decrease deliveries of PCP. Saccharin maintained significantly greater responding, BPs and deliveries compared to either PCP or water, across all PCP concentrations. The use of BP as a measure of reinforcing efficacy suggests that saccharin decreased the relative reinforcing efficacy of PCP. Furthermore, behavioral economic analyses suggested that saccharin decreased maximal PCP-maintained responding (Pmax) in a similar fashion, suggesting that BP and Pmax may be analogous measures of reinforcing efficacy.
Nitric oxide: actions and roles in arthritis and diabetes

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) plays physiological and pathophysiological roles as vasodilator, neurotransmitter, anti-microbial effector molecule, and immunomodulator. Of interest to podiatric medicine is the growing evidence implicating NO in inflammation, arthritis, diabetes, vascular complications and wound healing. Release of NO and formation of peroxynitrite in chronic inflammation have been linked to destruction of chondrocytes, endothelium and pancreatic islet cells. NO may be a potential target for pharmacologic intervention and gene therapy.
High-pressure phase transformation of silicon nitride

We provide evidence for a high-pressure phase transformation (HPPT) in the ceramic material silicon nitride. This HPPT is inferred by a high-pressure diamond anvil cell, Raman spectroscopy, scanning/transmission electron microscopy, and optical and acoustic microscope inspection. In the case of silicon nitride, the HPPT involves a ductile or metallike behavior that is observed in severe deformation processes, such as nanoindentation and micromachining. This pressure-induced plasticity is believed to be similar to that found in silicon and germanium with its origin in the high-pressure metallic β-Sn phase formation.
The Influence of Accelerator Science on Physics Research

We evaluate accelerator science in the context of its contributions to the physics community. We address the problem of quantifying these contributions and present a scheme for a numerical evaluation of them. We show by using a statistical sample of important developments in modern physics that accelerator science has influenced 28% of post-1938 physicists and also 28% of post-1938 physics research. We also examine how the influence of accelerator science has evolved over time, and show that on average it has contributed to a physics Nobel Prize-winning research every 2.9 years.
A GPU-Accelerated Network Traffic Monitoring and Analysis System

Data center networks are evolving toward the use of 40GE between access and aggregation layers, and 100GE at the core layer. With such high data rates, network traffic monitoring and analysis applications, particularly those involved in traffic scrutiny on a per-packet basis, require both enormous raw compute power and high I/O throughput. Many monitoring and analysis tools are facing extreme performance and scalability challenges as 40GE/100GE network environments emerge. Recently, GPU technology has been applied to accelerate general purpose scientific and engineering computing. The GPU architecture fits well with the features of packet-based network monitoring and analysis applications. At Fermilab, we have prototyped a GPU-accelerated architecture for network traffic capturing, monitoring, and analyzing. With a single Nvidia M2070 GPU, our system can handle 11 million+ packets per second without packet drops. In this paper, we will describe our architectural approach in developing a generic GPU-assisted packet capture and analysis capability.
Resolution limits of photorefractive MQW devices

Summary form only given. Photorefractive multiple-quantum-well (MQW) devices, attractive for two-dimensional optical information processing systems, have shown poor resolution, mostly due to lateral drift. Adding traps throughout the MQW layer improves the resolution. This paper demonstrates that low-temperature (LT) grown quantum wells can reach the fundamental resolution limit, which we have theoretically derived. Furthermore, because traps reduce the diffraction efficiency by reducing longitudinal transport, we have also investigated geometries that utilize conductive MQW with several localized trapping layers. The devices are based on a p-i-n structure grown on a Bragg reflector, with an intrinsic layer that contains MQW sandwiched between LT AlGaAs cladding layers.
Preparation, Properties, and Chemical Reactivity of α-Nitrosulfoximines, Chiral Analogues of α-Nitrosulfones

Racemic N-methyl-S-(nitromethyl)-S-phenylsulfoximine (2) was prepared in 87% yield via alkaline nitration of N,S-dimethyl-S-phenylsulfoximine. Optically active N-methyl-S-(nitromethyl)-S-phenylsulfoximine (both enantiomers) was prepared in similar fashion. Reaction of racemic 2 with p-chlorophenyl isocyanate and a catalytic quantity of triethylamine in the presence of furan afforded dihydrofuroisoxazole 5, the product of nitrile oxide cycloaddition, in 42% yield (65:35 diastereomer ratio). Reaction of the dihydrofuroisoxazole 5 with phenyllithium and methyllithium afforded replacement of the sulfoximine group by phenyl and methyl, respectively. Reaction of racemic 2 with aromatic isocyanates and potassium carbonate afforded C-acylation products in 70−78% yield which existed as the ylide tautomers 9a,b. Methylation of racemic 2 afforded the C-alkylate N-methyl-S-(1-nitroethyl)-S-phenylsulfoximine (13), existing as the neutral tautomer.
Cost issues related to American healthcare policy.

Topic Diverse issues that affect current and future healthcare costs. Purpose To review the historical, present, and future cost issues related to American healthcare policy. Sources Nursing journals, public policy Web sites, and health policy literature. Conclusions Any real change in health care will be hard to make because it always comes down to "Who pays?" Productive and sensible policy reform is preferable to the risk we now run of a healthcare system disconnected from any values except those of the marketplace.
Middle school children's use of the ARTEMIS digital library

A case study of middle school student's interaction within a digital library, the differential use of interface features by students, and the issues of representation and retrieval obstacles are examined. A mechanism for evaluating user's search terms and questions is explained. Findings of a current case study indicate that student's interaction with the system varied between individual classes and between different achievement levels. Terms used by the system to represent the resources do not adequately represent the user groups' information needs.
The Effectiveness of Using Real-Time Eye Scanning Information for Pilot Training

A study to evaluate the idea of providing pilots feedback on their scan behavior as an instrumentional training aid was conducted jointly by NASA, Piedmont Aviation, and Old Dominion University. The study used Langley's oculometer system to provide a real-time display of the trainee's scan to the instructor pilot in the aft part of the Boeing 737 training simulator at Piedmont. The trainees' scan behavior was also video-taped for viewing by the instructor and trainee after each training session. Based on qualitative data obtained during the study, scan behavior feedback was an effective tool for pilot training.
Effect of Silicon Carbide Reinforcement on the Properties of Combustion‐Synthesized Titanium Silicide

The formation of various phases in self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of titanium silicide with 15 wt% SiC was studied. It was observed that the addition of SiC as a reinforcing agent significantly influences the thermodynamics and kinetics of the combustion process when compared with the combustion synthesis of titanium silicide alone. Hardness and fracture toughness of this composite were directly obtained from the porous compact by using micro-indentation technique and the fracture toughness of this composite was found to be significantly enhanced with the addition of SiC.
Radio Studies and Twentieth Century Literature: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Remediation

This article provides an overview of the history of radio studies as it intersects with 20th-century literary studies, and outlines recent research trends in the field. Beginning with the earliest theorists and practitioners of radio (including Hilda Matheson, Rudolf Arnheim, and Lance Sieveking), the article considers how mid-20th-century attitudes to radio as a medium of cultural expression varied among Marxist thinkers (Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, and Bertolt Brecht), sociologists (Paul Lazarsfeld and Hadley Cantril), and media theorists (Marshall McLuhan and Walter Ong). The article then examines how two recent scholarly developments – the expanded conception of modernist culture under the name of the “new modernist studies” and the growth of sound studies as an interdisciplinary field with both aesthetic and historical implications – have, since the mid-1990s, inaugurated a new wave of literary radio scholarship. These distinct but related developments have fostered newly integrated approaches to the study of radio as a medium that intersects not only with literature but with other media; the article therefore provides a summary of recent works that approach radio through a lens of remediation (the mutual influence and interpenetration of various media), as well as works that consider the aesthetic and ethical potential of the medium. The article closes by noting important avenues still to be explored, including questions of cultural hierarchy and “the middlebrow,” transnational broadcasting, and the cultural life of radio in the age of television and beyond.
Low loss multilayer frequency selective surface negative index metamaterials for the mid-infrared

In this work, the low-loss negative index metamaterial (NIM) design methodology that uses two cascaded frequency selective surface (FCC) screens are extended to design multilayer FSS metamaterial that can be fabricated without the need for alignment between fabrication layers. A metamaterial structure using five cascaded FSS screens was proposed and optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA) to have an index of refraction of -1 with low absorption and mismatch losses in the mid-IR. Measured dielectric and metallic properties incorporated into the model provide confidence that the periodic finite element boundary integral (PFEBI) predictions are accurate. Extension of the design to six screens indicates that the effective properties are approaching those of a bulk material. Efforts are currently underway to fabricate and test a multilayer FSS NIM.
Advanced MEMS for photonics

Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) is a key enabling technology for many new all optical network elements in next-generation photonic networks. With intensive efforts from industry in the last five years, many of these new photonic MEMS components have now moved from research laboratories into commercial reality. Examples include 2D and 3D MEMS optical switches, and wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) optical add-drop multiplexers (OADM). In the meantime, research laboratories continue to develop newer photonic MEMS components and technologies. In this talk, we review the state of the art of photonic MEMS components and systems, and describe the development of new photonic MEMS research at UCLA.
Oral Cephalosporins in Perspective

The isolation of the basic cephalosporin nucleus has enabled pharmaceutical manufacturers to produce a range of orally active agents with diverse antimicrobial, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. These agents have been arbitrarily classified into first, second or third ‘generations’ on the basis of differences in their spectra of antimicrobial activity (usually versus Gram-negative organisms) rather than the time of their introduction.
Cross-national comparison of technology assessment processes

Objectives: To compare methods and results among four health technology assessment organizations in different countries.Methods: All assessment reports published between 1999 and 2001 by VATAP (United States), NICE (United Kingdom), CCOHTA (Canada), and AETS (Spain), were reviewed. Detailed information about the organization, the technology assessed, the methods used, and the recommendations made were collected. A descriptive analysis of the variables, as well as comparisons of means and proportions, was performed.Results: Sixty-one reports assessing seventy-six technologies were published: nine (11.8 percent) by VATAP, thirty-nine (51.3 percent) by NICE, twenty (26.3 percent) by CCOHTA, and eight (10.5 percent) by AETS. A total of 64.5 percent of the technologies assessed were related to a high prevalence disease in the corresponding country. Most of the assessments addressed treatments (73.7 percent) and were mostly drugs (56.6 percent) and devices (23.7 percent). Most organizations used reviews of effectiveness and economic evaluations (64.5 percent), systematic reviews (21.1 percent), and original economic evaluations (36.7 percent). In 38.1 percent, the technology was recommended; the rest of the cases had no formal recommendations.Conclusions: Critical issues for future technology assessment efforts are making assessment processes more consistent, transparent, and evidence-based; formalizing the inclusion of economic and ethical considerations; and making more explicit the prioritization process for selecting technologies for assessment and reassessment.
Some critical experiments on the strain-rate sensitivity of nanocrystalline nickel

Systematic experiments have been performed to investigate the rate sensitivity of deformation in fully dense nanocrystalline Ni using two different experimental techniques: depth-sensing indentation and tensile testing. Results from both types of tests reveal that the strain-rate sensitivity is a strong function of grain size. Specifically microcrystalline and ultra-fine crystalline pure Ni, with grain size range of 1 µm and 100–1000 nm, respectively, exhibit essentially rateindependent plastic flow over the range 3 × 10 4 to 3 × 10 1 s 1 , whereas nanocrystalline pure Ni with a grain size of approximately 40 nm, exhibits marked rate sensitivity over the same range. A simple computational model, predicated on the premise that a rate-sensitive grain-boundary affected zone exists, is shown to explain the observed effect of grain size on the rate-dependent plastic response.  2003 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Linear and nonlinear propagation in negative index materials

We analyze linear propagation in negative index materials by starting from a dispersion relation and by deriving the underlying partial differential equation. Transfer functions for propagation are derived in temporal and spatial frequency domains for unidirectional baseband and modulated pulse propagation, as well as for beam propagation. Gaussian beam propagation is analyzed and reconciled with the ray transfer matrix approach as applied to propagation in negative index materials. Nonlinear extensions of the linear partial differential equation are made by incorporating quadratic and cubic terms, and baseband and envelope solitary wave solutions are determined. The conditions for envelope solitary wave solutions are compared with those for the standard nonlinear Schrodinger equation in a positive index material.
Anticoagulant effects of inhaled unfractionated heparin in the dog as determined by partial thromboplastin time and factor Xa activity.

Objective To evaluate the anticoagulant effects of inhaled heparin in dogs. Design This study was conducted in 3 phases. In phase 1, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) was collected to generate an in vitro calibration curve to relate heparin concentration to the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). In phase 2, heparin was administered via nebulization to determine the threshold dose needed to prolong systemic aPTT. In phase 3, the local anticoagulant activity of inhaled heparin was determined by measurement of BALf anti-Xa activity and aPTT. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Six healthy intact female Walker Hounds were used in this study. Two dogs were used for each phase. Interventions Inhaled unfractionated sodium heparin was administered in doses ranging from 50,000 to 200,000 IU. Results In vitro addition of heparin to BALf caused a prolongation in aPTT. Inhaled heparin at doses as high as 200,000 IU failed to prolong systemic aPTT, and a threshold dose could not be determined. No significant local anticoagulant effects were detected. Conclusions Even at doses higher than those known to be effective in people, inhaled heparin appears to have no detectable local or systemic anticoagulant effects in dogs with the current delivery method.
Parasites hinder monarch butterfly flight: implications for disease spread in migratory hosts

Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are parasitized by the protozoan Ophryocystis elektroscirrha throughout their geographical range. Monarchs inhabiting seasonally fluctuating environments migrate annually, and parasite prevalence is lower among migratory relative to non-migratory populations. One explanation for this pattern is that long-distance migration weeds out infected animals, thus reducing parasite prevalence and transmission between generations. In this study we experimentally infected monarchs from a migratory population and recorded their long-distance flight performance using a tethered flight mill. Results showed that parasitized butterflies exhibited shorter flight distances, slower flight speeds, and lost proportionately more body mass per km flown. Differences between parasitized and unparasitized monarchs were generally not explained by individual variation in wing size, shape, or wing loading, suggesting that poorer flight performance among parasitized hosts was not directly caused by morphological constraints. Effects of parasite infection on powered flight support a role for long-distance migration in dramatically reducing parasite prevalence in this and other host‐pathogen systems.
The influenza A virus PB2, PA, NP and M segments play a pivotal role during genome packaging

The genomes of influenza A viruses consist of eight negative-strand RNA segments. Recent studies suggest that influenza viruses are able to specifically package their segmented genomes into the progeny virions. Segment-specific packaging signals of influenza virus RNAs (vRNAs) are located in the 5′ and 3′ noncoding regions, as well as in the terminal regions, of the open reading frames. How these packaging signals function during genome packaging remains unclear. Previously, we generated a 7-segmented virus in which the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments of the influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus were replaced by a chimeric influenza C virus hemagglutinin/esterase/fusion (HEF) segment carrying the HA packaging sequences. The robust growth of the HEF virus suggested that the NA segment is not required for the packaging of other segments. In this study, in order to determine the roles of the other seven segments during influenza A virus genome assembly, we continued to use this HEF virus as a tool and analyzed the effects of replacing the packaging sequences of other segments with those of the NA segment. Our results showed that deleting the packaging signals of the PB1, HA, or NS segment had no effect on the growth of the HEF virus, while growth was greatly impaired when the packaging sequence of the PB2, PA, nucleoprotein (NP), or matrix (M) segment was removed. These results indicate that the PB2, PA, NP, and M segments play a more important role than the remaining four vRNAs during the genome-packaging process.
Temporal association of stress sensitivity and symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.

BackgroundIncreased sensitivity and exposure to stress are associated with psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and its risk states, but little is known about the co-evolution of stress sensitivity and exposure with positive and other symptoms in a clinical high-risk (CHR) cohort.MethodA combined cross-sectional and longitudinal design was used to examine the associations over time of stress sensitivity and exposure (i.e. life events) with ‘prodromal’ symptoms in a cohort of 65 CHR patients assessed quarterly for up to 4 years, and at baseline in 24 healthy controls similar in age and gender.ResultsImpaired stress tolerance was greater in patients, in whom it was associated over time with positive and negative symptoms, in addition to depression, anxiety and poor function. By contrast, life events were comparable in patients and controls, and bore no association with symptoms. In this treated cohort, there was a trajectory of improvement in stress tolerance, symptoms and function over time.ConclusionsImpaired stress tolerance was associated with a wide range of ‘prodromal’ symptoms, consistent with it being a core feature of the psychosis risk state. Self-reported life events were not relevant as a correlate of clinical status. As in other treated CHR cohorts, most patients improved over time across symptom domains.
An evaluation of the assembly of an approximately 15-Mb region on human chromosome 13q32-q33 linked to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Abstract The human 13q32–q33 region has been linked to both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Before completion of the draft sequences, we developed an ∼15-Mb comprehensive map for the region extending from D13S1300 to ATA35H12. This map was assembled using publicly available mapping data and sequence-tagged site (STS)-based PCR confirmation. We then compared this map with the NCBI, Celera Genomics, and UCSC Golden Path data in February, June, and September 2001. All data sets showed gaps, misassignment of STSs, and errors in orientation and marker order. Surprisingly, the completed sequences of many bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) had been truncated. Of 21 gaps that were detected, 4 were present in both the NCBI and Celera databases. All gaps could be filled using 1–2 BAC clones. A total of 39 loci mapped to additional sites within the human genome, providing evidence of segmental duplications. Additionally, 61 unique cDNA clones were sequenced to increase available transcribed sequence, and 11,353 reference single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with an average density of 1 SNP/3720 bases were identified. Overall, integration of the data from multiple sources is still needed for complete assembly of the 13q32–q33 region.
Interaction Between Cytomegalovirus and Newcastle Disease Virus as Mediated by Intrinsic Interference

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was demonstrated to induce intrinsic interference to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in human fibroblast cells under noncytopathic conditions. This interference is unique in that (i) cytomegalovirus is the first DNA virus demonstrated to have this property and (ii) the state of interference was transient and progressively lost as the condition of the cells changed with the development of cytopathic effect. These observations are consistent with the view that the newly formed protein responsible for interference with NDV has a limited half-life and is no longer made when cytopathic conditions are produced by CMV.
Wall-layer structure and drag reduction

When drag-reducing additives are confined entirely to the linear sublayer of a turbulent channel flow of water, both the spanwise spacing and bursting rate of the wall-layer structure are the same as those for a water flow and there is no evidence of drag reduction. Drag reduction is measured downstream of the location where the additives injected into the sublayer begin to mix in significant quantities with the buffer region (10 y + The superscript + denotes a dimensionless quantity scaled with the kinematic viscosity ν and the wall shear velocity v * = (τ w /ρ) ½ . of the channel flow. At streamwise locations where drag reduction does occur and where the injected fluid is not yet uniformly mixed with the channel flow, the dimensionless spanwise streak spacing increases and the average bursting rate decreases. The decrease in bursting rate is larger than the corresponding increase in streak spacing. The wall-layer structure is like the structure in the flow of a homogeneous, uniformly mixed, drag-reducing solution. Thus, the additives have a direct effect on the flow processes in the buffer region and the linear sublayer appears to have a passive role in the interaction of the inner and outer portions of a turbulent wall layer.
A CAD tool for system-on-chip placement and routing with free-space optical interconnect

A wiring model for system-on-chips utilizing flexible free space optical interconnects is introduced In this paper, we develop a CAD tool for physical placement of modules in system-on-chips manufactured using the optical interconnect technology. The tool also determines which of the interconnect are routed electrically and which are routed optically without exceeding the routing capacity of the optical interconnect while minimizing electrical wire length. About 50% reduction in largest delay of electrical wires is obtained through the use of optical interconnect (Performance improvement by a factor of 2).
The zygotic control of Drosophila pair-rule gene expression. II. Spatial repression by gap and pair-rule gene products.

We examined gene expression patterns in certain single and double pair-rule mutant embryos to determine which of the largely repressive pair-rule gene interactions are most likely to be direct and which interactions are probably indirect. From these studies we conclude that: (i) hairy+ and even-skipped (eve+) regulate the fushi tarazu (ftz) gene; (ii) eve+ and runt+ regulate the hairy gene; (iii) runt+ regulates the eve gene; but, (iv) runt does not regulate the ftz gene pattern, and hairy does not regulate the eve gene pattern. These pair-rule interactions are not sufficient, however, to explain the periodicity of the hairy and eve patterns, so we examined specific gap gene mutant combinations to uncover their regulatory effects on these two genes. Our surprising observation is that the hairy and eve genes are expressed in embryos where the three key gap genes hunchback (hb), Kruppel (Kr), and knirps (kni) have been removed, indicating that these gap genes are not essential to activate the pair-rule genes. In fact, we show that in the absence of either hb+ or kni+, or both gap genes, the Kr+ product represses hairy expression. These results suggest that gap genes repress hairy expression in the interstripe regions, rather than activate hairy expression in the stripes. The molecular basis of pair-rule gene regulation by gap genes must involve some dual control mechanisms such that combinations of gap genes affect pair-rule transcription in a different manner than a single gap gene.
Feasibility of 24-Hr Urine Collection for Measurement of Biomarkers in Community-Dwelling Older Adults:

Biologic markers are becoming a key part of gerontological research, including their measurement at multiple intervals to detect changes over time. This report examined the feasibility and quality of 24-hr urine collection to measure neuroendocrine biomarkers in a community-based sample of older caregivers and non-caregivers. At each interview, participants were instructed on the correct method to collect and store the sample. As incentives, participants selected a day for urine collection within 5 days of the interview, received a reimbursement, and study staff travelled to their home to retrieve the specimen. Between 2008 and 2013, 256 participants were enrolled; all but two participants (99%) provided a baseline urine specimen, of which 93% were considered adequate. Urine collection and quality remained high over three annual follow-up interviews and did not vary by caregiver status or perceived stress level. Our results indicate that 24-hr urine collection is feasible in active, community-dwelling older adults.
Heterointerface Engineering of Broken-Gap InAs/GaSb Multilayer Structures

Broken-gap InAs/GaSb strain balanced multilayer structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and their structural, morphological, and band alignment properties were analyzed. Precise shutter sequence during the MBE growth process, enable to achieve the strain balanced structure. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy exhibited sharp heterointerfaces, and the lattice line extended from the top GaSb layer to the bottom InAs layer. X-ray analysis further confirmed a strain balanced InAs/GaSb multilayer structure. A smooth surface morphology with surface roughness of ∼0.5 nm was demonstrated. The effective barrier height -0.15 eV at the GaSb/InAs heterointerface was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and it was further corroborated by simulation. These results are important to demonstrate desirable characteristics of mixed As/Sb material systems for high-performance and low-power tunnel field-effect transistor applications.
Preliminary Discussion on Urban Community Fire Control

According to China's present situation,this article analyses the urban communities' fire control system,discusses the establishment of the management,education and the service of the community.
Torque method for adjusting balance based on dynamic simulation of the pumping unit

Taking the pumping unit as a research target,taking geometrical dimension,quality and connecting way of double cranks,multi balance block,double connecting rods into account,I-DEAS software is adopted to establish 3D entity mechanism's dynamic simulation model of CYJ10-3-53 HB.Based on rotating speed and dynamometer card,the torque of the crank is obtained by simulation calculation,and the technique of torque method to adjust equilibrium has been derived.Through application in three wells,balance rates of torque method is almost consistent to that of the electric current method,the relative error being under 5.5%,providing the adjusting equilibrium technique of the dynamometer card at every moment for beam pumping unit.
Gender Classification of Weblog Authors.

In this paper, we present a Naive Bayes classification approach to identify genders of weblog authors. In addition to features employed in traditional text categorization, we use weblog-specific features such as web page background colors and emoticons. Our results in progress, although preliminary, outperform the chosen baseline. They also suggest room for significant improvement once more advanced functionalities of the classifier are implemented.
Revisiting the Tense Relationship Between the U.S. Supreme Court, Administrative Procedure, and the National Environmental Policy Act

This Article questions whether courts should engage in a more searching review of whether agencies, in fact, have given any weight to the environmental consequences or alternatives of their proposed actions. In other words, might giving zero weight to environmental factors in practice, despite their inclusion in the decision-making documents, violate the arbitrary and capricious standard of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA)? The piece further examines the tension between the role of the APA and the U.S. Supreme Court's NEPA jurisprudence, and concludes that - despite the Supreme Court's crippling of NEPA - an agency's failure to give any weight to project alternatives and environmental concerns in the decision-making process would be unreasonable under the APA, and suggests indicators for determining whether such a failure has taken place.
Hydration of a Binding Site with Restricted Solvent Access: Solvatochromic Shift of the Electronic Spectrum of a Ruthenium Polypyridine Complex, One Molecule at a Time

We report the electronic spectra of mass selected [(bpy)(tpy)Ru-OH2]2+·(H2O)n clusters (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, tpy =2,2':6'2″-terpyridine, n = 0-4) in the spectral region of their metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands. The spectra of the mono- and dihydrate clusters exhibit partially resolved individual electronic transitions. The water network forming at the aqua ligand leads to a rapid solvatochromic shift of the peak of the band envelope: addition of only four solvent water molecules can recover 78% of the solvatochromic shift in bulk solution. The sequential shift of the band shows a clear change in behavior with the closing of the first hydration shell. We compare our experimental data to density function theory (DFT) calculations for the ground and excited states.
Pyroelectric films synthesized by low-temperatures and laser-processed for uncooled infrared detector applications

Infrared (IR) photon detectors based on III-V semiconductor quantum structures such as type-II superlattices [1] and quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) [2] require atomically flat interfaces, which are achieved through expensive, high-vacuum growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). These structures are fabricated into detector arrays which are bump-bonded to Silicon (Si) Read-Out Integrated Circuits (ROICs). IR detector applications involving high resolution and fast refresh rates use highly sensitive photon detectors which require external cooling; making them bulky, expensive, and therefore impractical for equipping each soldier on the battlefield [3]. Uncooled thermal detectors tend to be lower cost, but the challenge is in developing materials that are thermally compatible with Si readout electronics. Thermal detectors convert incident radiation to heat. When a pyroelectric material is subjected to a temperature change, a dipole is induced, which sets up an electric potential. The resulting pyroelectric current can be read by the Si electronics. IR detectors based on perovskite oxides such as Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are of interest in part because of their lack of need for cryogenic cooling, which makes them relatively more affordable and operationally simpler than cooled photon detector systems. Using a biologically-inspired low-temperature nanoparticle deposition technique, direct-write laser phase conversion, and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques, we are working towards an uncooled IR focal plane array (FPA) process compatible with monolithic integration of the detector pixels directly onto ROICs.
Multiinstitutional Analysis of Thyroid Nodule Risk Stratification Using the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System

OBJECTIVE. Guidelines for managing thyroid nodules are highly dependent on risk stratification based on sonographic findings. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk stratification system used by the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Patients with thyroid nodules who underwent sonography and fine-needle aspiration were enrolled in a multiinstitutional study. The sonographic nodule features evaluated in the study were composition, echogenicity, margins, and echogenic foci. Images were reviewed by two radiologists who were blinded to the results of cytologic analysis. Nodules were assigned points for each feature, and the points were totaled to determine the final TIRADS level (TR1–TR5). The risk of cancer associated with each point total and final TIRADS level was determined. RESULTS. A total of 3422 nodules, 352 of which were malignant, were studied. The risk of malignancy was closely associated with the composition, echogeni...
Studies of the Drosophila norpA phototransduction mutant. II. Photoreceptor degeneration and rhodopsin maintenance.

ThenorpA H44 phototransduction mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster, an allele that, on eclosion, does not exhibit a receptor potential was found, at later ages, to undergo light and temperature dependent degeneration of its photoreceptors as well as decreases in rhodopsin concentration. Pseudopupil measurements and light and electron microscopy were used to monitor the structure of the photoreceptors. WhennorpA H44 flies were maintained exclusively in the dark, no changes in structure or rhodopsin concentration were observed. When maintained on a 12 h light-12 h dark cycle, structural changes were first observed at 6 days of age for flies maintained at 24 °C or at 12 days of age for flies maintained at 19 °C. When the light-dark cycle was initiated after 10 days in the dark there was a more rapid loss of rhodopsin concentration and pseudopupil. The data suggest that even in the dark, although no obvious changes in structure or rhodopsin concentration were observed, certain processes that support these components had been affected.NorpA P12 , an allele that exhibits small receptor potential amplitudes, also displayed age- and light-dependent photoreceptor degeneration and decreases in rhodopsin concentration, whereas no degeneration or decreases in rhodopsin were observed innorpA P16 , an allele that exhibits receptor potential amplitudes similar to those of wild-type. The data suggest that the processes that affect phototransduction, such as the phosphatidylinositol cycle, have a long-term role in the maintenance of rhodopsin concentration and photoreceptor integrity.
INSTITUTIONAL OWNERSHIP AND EARNING MANAGEMENT BY BANK HOLDING COMPANIES

We explore the role of institutional investors as a source of market discipline in mitigating earning management (EMGT) by bank holding companies (BHCs). We propose that ownership by monitoring institutions (institutional investors with large and long-term stakes and independence from managers) is associated with less EMGT because they have greater incentives/skills for monitoring their investees than other shareholders. We find that EMGT by BHCs is negatively associated with ownership by monitoring institutions for larger and riskier banks and for the post-SunTrust decision period. Nonmonitoring institutional ownership is unassociated or in some cases weakly or even positively associated with EMGT. Our findings suggest that regulators should facilitate ownership by monitoring institutions as a complement to regulation.
Fireblight of Apple and Pear

The history of fireblight is a significant story. This was the first plant disease for which the causal organism was proved to be a bacterium—Edwinia amylovora. Beginning in 1878, Burrill, of Illinois, published a series of papers reporting his studies which demonstrated the relationship of bacteria to the disease.
Glyphosate monitoring in water, foods, and urine reveals an association between urinary glyphosate and tea drinking: A pilot study

Glyphosate is the most widely used agricultural herbicide in the world and in the United States. In this study, we measured glyphosate levels in water, foods, and human urine samples. We also specifically examined possible correlations between urinary glyphosate levels and physiological, dietary, or behavioral factors. The results show that water samples obtained from both Lake Erie and tap water contained nondetectable or very low levels of glyphosate (≤0.08 ppb). On the other hand, food samples showed various levels of glyphosate contamination. In particular, tea products (40–728 ppb in five samples), coffee powder (11 and 26 ppb in two samples), and honey (20 ppb) had higher glyphosate concentrations in comparison to other foods. Glyphosate was also detected in human urine samples, in particular at elevated levels (~2 fold) from participants who consumed tea in the past 24 h.