cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substrate Selection for Fundamental Studies of Electrocatalysts and Photoelectrodes: Inert Potential Windows in Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Electrolyte

The selection of an appropriate substrate is an important initial step for many studies of electrochemically active materials. In order to help researchers with the substrate selection process, we employ a consistent experimental methodology to evaluate the electrochemical reactivity and stability of seven potential substrate materials for electrocatalyst and photoelectrode evaluation. Using cyclic voltammetry with a progressively increased scan range, we characterize three transparent conducting oxides (indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide) and four opaque conductors (gold, stainless steel 304, glassy carbon, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) in three different electrolytes (sulfuric acid, sodium acetate, and sodium hydroxide). We determine the inert potential window for each substrate/electrolyte combination and make recommendations about which materials may be most suitable for application under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, the testing methodology provides a framework for other researchers to evaluate and report the baseline activity of other substrates of interest to the broader community.
Compact Infrared Radar Technology

Recent developments in the field of tactical infrared radars are reviewed. Experimental studies of imaging properties, weather penetration, and MTI operation are presented. The status of technology developments in the areas of compact CO2 lasers, telescope design, and fabrication and utilization of heterodyne detector arrays is discussed.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Movement of Kirkendall markers, second phase particles and the Type 0 boundary in two-phase diffusion couple simulations

Abstract Most earlier simulation work on diffusion couples containing dispersed phases was limited to one-dimensional models. The models assumed that all diffusion occurs in the matrix phase and that precipitates are point sources or sinks of solute. Microstructural evolution in the interdiffusion zone and its effect on diffusion kinetics were ignored. In this study, spatial and temporal evolutions of two-phase microstructures are treated explicitly by applying the phase field method. Using a two-phase diffusion couple as an example, it is shown that both precipitates and the so-called Type 0 boundary migrate as a result of the Kirkendall effect. The Type 0 boundary becomes diffuse spreading out over several rows of precipitates in the simulation. Accordingly, “horns” in the diffusion path are less sharp than seen in earlier work but are similar in that they point in the same direction. Also the initial slope of the diffusion path differs significantly from the earlier work. In addition, the phase field method provides a detailed picture of Kirkendall marker movement in a two-phase microstructure. The marker plane bends around precipitates and individual markers move along curved paths.
Family Unity Meetings: Decision Making and Placement Outcomes

ABSTRACT The sample consisted of all families (747) who were invited to receive a Family Unity Meeting from a Public Child Welfare Agency in a large urban county. Data was derived from the review of agency case files. The design was a retrospective case review with an embedded prospective study. This study describes factors that distinguish between CPS clients who accept an invitation to participate in a Family Unity Meeting (FUM) and those clients who decline to participate. The meeting process is described, and logistic regression is used to identify variables that predicted successful outcomes FUM meetings. Families with reunification as a goal were the most likely cases to agree to participate followed by Voluntary and Permanency Planning cases. Cases with severe neglect were the least likely group to participate in a meeting process. Approximately nine people attended an average meeting. Maternal relatives were more likely to attend than paternal relatives. Empirical evidence was found to support the...
Embracing the whole individual: Advantages of a dual-centric perspective of work and life

Abstract In today's often complicated and fast-paced world, individuals are pulled in many different directions. Balancing work and personal roles—including those of parent, spouse, caregiver, volunteer, and so forth—can be a daunting task. In the literature, identity theory speaks to the multi-faceted existence employees face, beyond that of just “worker.” The differing roles individuals occupy have traditionally been viewed as competing, implicitly suggesting that attention to one area of a person's life necessarily detracts from the others, and that juggling and managing multiple roles causes stress and emotional strain. To explore the verity of this notion we conducted a study, which is described herein. Of significance, 55% of our sample indicated that they were dual-centric; that is, individuals who value both their work and non-work roles equally. In this article, we build on extant research and find support for the belief that dual-centrics experience more overall satisfaction, greater work-life balance, and less emotional exhaustion. Given the seeming increase in employees’ dual-centric focus, it is rational to suggest that one way in which organizations can improve and enhance employee well-being is by embracing them as whole individuals. This article explores that notion, and provides innovative examples from Fortune magazine's “100 Best Companies to Work For” list regarding how this objective can be accomplished.
Wages, Flexible Exchange Rates, and Macroeconomic Policy

In an open economy with a floaLing exchange rate, the efficacy of fiscal and monetary policy depends fundamentally on the wage-setting pnxiess. In the canonical models of Mundell and Fleming, monetary expansion raises output via an exchange rate depreciation, while fiscal expansion has no output effect. These results hold only when real wages can be altered by exchange rate movements; if the real wage is fixed, the Mundell-Fleming ranking of policy is reversed. This paper explores the interaction of wages and policy in short- and long-run models, under the assumptions of perfect foresight and world capital mobility. After seven years of floating exchange rates, the implications of Hexible rates for countercyclical macroeconomic policy remain in douht. The traditional view, following the pioneering work of Mundell 1196;?) and Fleming [1962] (henceforth M-F), is that expansionary monetary policy, hy inducing depreciation ofthe real exchange rate, is effective in raising output in a small, underemployed economy. Fiscal policy, on the other hand, is seen as less effective. In the standard analysis, a rise in government spending leads to appreciation and crowding-out of net exports. An alternative view of flexihle rates, set forth in the full-employment models of glohal monetarism, maintains that a money supply expansion can change only the exchange rate and price level, but not output and employment. While an increase in money causes depreciation ofthe nominal exchange rate, the domestic price level rises to offset the competitive gain envisaged in the M-F model. The alternative view has had less to say on the effects of fiscal policy and on the general question of prolonged unemployment. Both views of monetary policy have adherents, and there is evidence, in different countries and at different times, to support each. Their appropriateness, I shall argue here, depends crucially on the nature of the wage-determination process. The M-F model (in an extended form) requires that nominal exchange-rate changes alter the real wage.^ Implicit is an underlying view, going hack to Keynes,
Mechanism of action of dioxin-type chemicals, pesticides, and other xenobiotics affecting nutritional indexes

The most consistent toxic effects of dioxin-type chemicals are hyperlipidemia, body weight loss (particularly body fat loss), anorexia, changes in carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid peroxidation. The biochemical systems particularly affected are lipoprotein lipases, low-density-lipoprotein receptors, glucose transporter proteins (GLUTs), vitamin C uptake, and insulin secretion. Some of these biochemical changes occur at very low doses, and some effects can last for long time periods. To provide a mechanistic explanation for such actions of dioxins, available experimental evidence has been reviewed. The most recent discovery indicates that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) directly acts with isolated cytosolic aryl-hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor under cell-free conditions even without the presence of the nucleus and is capable of activating key protein kinases that are involved in the growth factor signal-transduction pathway. The resulting activation of primary-response transcription factors in the nucleus appears to play a key role in coordinating vital cell program shifts, including lipid metabolism
Watchdog or Lapdog? A Behavioral View of the Media as a Corporate Governance Mechanism

This study begins to provide a behavioral view of the media and corporate governance by showing how firms enact largely symbolic governance changes with respect to board independence that essential...
Improvisational Provisioning in Disaster: The Mechanisms and Meanings of Ad Hoc Marketing Exchange Systems in Community

This article explores the logic underlying alternative marketing exchange systems in community and the conditions under which each operates. Through ethnographic work in a town impacted by a tornad...
Protective Role of Increased Myocardial Glycogen Stores in Cardiac Anoxia in the Rat

To determine whether increased glycogen stores might protect the heart against anoxia, experiments were performed in the isolated perfused rat heart. Marked differences in cardiac glycogen were produced by comparing hearts from rats previously treated with reserpine with hearts from control rats. Lesser differences in cardiac glycogen were produced in hearts by perfusing them for 15 minutes without glucose (0 mM glucose) or with 20 mM glucose. Both groups were then studied during a 5-minute anoxic cycle with 5 mM glucose as the exogenous substrate. Hearts from the reserpine-treated rats had higher left ventricular pressures, maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise, and lactate output after 2 minutes of anoxia than the hearts from control rats. Similar but less marked mechanical differences were observed between 0 mM glucose and 20 mM glucose hearts. The mechanical differences during anoxia between the two groups were not abolished by simultaneous L-norepinephrine administration. Hearts with greater initial glycogen stores had higher glycogenolytic rates, and proportionately more lactate was produced from glycogen than from glucose. Thus, anaerobic ATP production per mole of hexose was greater in hearts with higher glycogen stores. Calculated ATP production was also greater in hearts from the reserpine-treated rats than in those from control animals. These studies demonstrate that both marked and minor elevations in cardiac glycogen are associated with greater glycolytic reserve and improved mechanical resistance to anoxia. This appears to be mainly due to enhanced glycogenolysis and anaerobic ATP production.
A variational approach to constructivist learning for mobile robot navigation

In this paper, we present a constructivist approach for the learning by example problem, where control laws (or behaviors) are learned in order to approximate a training trajectory. The new behaviors are learned by systematically improving upon existing capabilities. Within this context, the learning problem is formulated as an optimal control problem, and variational arguments are used to obtain optimality conditions. Numerical algorithms that utilize the optimality conditions to attain a stationary solution are produced. A small-scale navigation example is discussed in order to highlight the operation of the proposed approach.
Turbulent Mixing in the Red Sea Outflow Plume from a High-Resolution Nonhydrostatic Model

Given the motivation that overflow processes, which supply source waters for most of the deep and intermediate water masses in the ocean, pose significant numerical and dynamical challenges for ocean general circulation models, an intercomparison study is conducted between field data collected in the Red Sea overflow and a highresolution, nonhydrostatic process model. The investigation is focused on the part of the outflow that flows along a long narrow channel, referred to as the ‘‘northern channel,’’ that naturally restricts motion in the lateral direction such that the use of a two-dimensional model provides a reasonable approximation to the dynamics. This channel carries about two-thirds of the total Red Sea overflow transport, after the overflow splits into two branches in the western Gulf of Aden. The evolution of the overflow in the numerical simulations can be characterized in two phases: the first phase is highly time dependent, during which the density front associated with the overflow propagates along the channel. The second phase corresponds to that of a statistically steady state. The primary accomplishment of this study is that the model adequately captures the general characteristics of the system: (i) the gradual thickening of the overflow with downstream distance, (ii) the advection of high salinity and temperature signals at the bottom along the channel with little dilution, and (iii) ambient water masses sandwiched between the overflow and surface mixed layer. To quantify mixing of the overflow with the ambient water masses, an entrainment parameter is determined from the transport increase along the slope and is expressed explicitly as a function of mean slope angle. Bulk Richardson numbers are estimated both from data and model and are related to the entrainment parameter. The range of entrainment parameter and its functional dependence on bulk Richardson number in this study are found to be in reasonable agreement with those reported from various laboratory experiments and that based on measurements of the Mediterranean overflow. The results reveal a complex dynamical interaction between shear-induced mixing and internal waves and illustrate the high computational and modeling requirements for numerical simulation of overflows to capture (at least in part) turbulent transports explicitly.
Dynamic Access Control for Ubiquitous Environments

Current ubiquitous computing environments provide many kinds of information. This information may be accessed by different users under varying conditions depending on various contexts (e.g. location). These ubiquitous computing environments also impose new requirements on security. The ability for users to access their information in a secure and transparent manner, while adapting to changing contexts of the spaces they operate in is highly desirable in these environments. This paper presents a domain-based approach to access control in distributed environments with mobile, distributed objects and nodes. We utilize a slightly different notion of an object’s “view”, by linking its context to the state information available to it for access control purposes. In this work, we tackle the problem of hiding sensitive information in insecure environments by providing objects in the system a view of their state information, and subsequently manage this view. Combining access control requirements and multilevel security with mobile and contextual requirements of active objects allow us to re-evaluate security considerations for mobile objects. We present a middleware-based architecture for providing access control in such an environment and view-sensitive mechanisms for protection of resources while both objects and hosts are mobile. We also examine some issues with delegation of rights in these environments. Performance issues are discussed in supporting these solutions, as well as an initial prototype implementation and accompanying results.
Amino acid transport and glutathione homeostasis: what is the mechanism for cysteine uptake from bile?

Transport of L-cysteine and a cysteine S-conjugate, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC) was investigated in rat liver canalicular plasma membrane (cLPM) vesicles. Cysteine uptake into an osmotically active intravesicular space was temperature sensitive and further enhanced by an inwardly directed Na+ gradient. Na+ -dependent and -independent L-cysteine uptake exhibited saturation kinetics with apparent Km of 53 ± 0.7 and 1300 ± 300 μM and Vmax of 95 ± 21 and 1600 ± 200 pmol ± mg protein−1; 10 sec−1 for the Na+ dependent components, and an apparent Km of 207 ± 48 μM and a Vmax of 355 ± 71 pmol ± mg protein−1 ± 10 sec−1 for the Na+ -independent component. Na+-dependent uptake was inhibited by L-alanine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine, whereas Na+-independent uptake was inhibited by L-phenylalanine, L-leucine and 2-amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid. Both Na+ -dependent and -independent L-cysteine transport processes were inhibited by several cysteine S-conjugates, with DCVC having the strongest effect. Inhibition of [35S]-cysteine uptake by DCVC was noncompetitive with a K, of 1.2 ± 0.1 mM. On the other hand, uptake of [35 S IDCVC by the rat cLPM vesicles was not stimulated by a Na+-gradient, but was inhibited by several other amino acids, including L-cysteine. Further investigation of [35SlDCVC uptake in rat cLPM vesicles indicated a saturable Na+ -independent process with an apparent K, of 155 f 42 μM, and a Vmax of 393 f 53 pmol mg protein −1 5 sec −1. Time-dependent nonspecific binding of DCVC to rat cLPM vesicles was diminished by addition of aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of cysteine conjugate β-lyase activity. These findings demonstrate that cysteine and DCVC uptake into cLPM vesicles occurs by both saturable and nonsaturable transport mechanisms. These transport pathways may function in vivo for uptake and recycling of biliary L-cysteine for glutathione turnover and some cysteine S-conjugates for intrahepatic mercapturic acid biosynthesis.
The β-Glucan Receptor Dectin-1 Activates the Integrin Mac-1 in Neutrophils via Vav Protein Signaling to Promote Candida albicans Clearance

Resistance to fungal infections is attributed to engagement of host pattern-recognition receptors, notably the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 and the integrin Mac-1, which induce phagocytosis and antifungal immunity. However, the mechanisms by which these receptors coordinate fungal clearance are unknown. We show that upon ligand binding, Dectin-1 activates Mac-1 to also recognize fungal components, and this stepwise process is critical for neutrophil cytotoxic responses. Both Mac-1 activation and Dectin-1- and Mac-1-induced neutrophil effector functions require Vav1 and Vav3, exchange factors for RhoGTPases. Mac-1- or Vav1,3-deficient mice have increased susceptibility to systemic candidiasis that is not due to impaired neutrophil recruitment but defective intracellular killing of C. albicans yeast forms, and Mac-1 or Vav1,3 reconstitution in hematopoietic cells restores resistance. Our results demonstrate that antifungal immunity depends on Dectin-1-induced activation of Mac-1 functions that is coordinated by Vav proteins, a pathway that may localize cytotoxic responses of circulating neutrophils to infected tissues.
Gleason 6 Prostate Cancer: Translating Biology into Population Health.

Purpose: Gleason 6 (3+3) is the most commonly diagnosed prostate cancer among men with prostate specific antigen screening, the most histologically well differentiated and is associated with the most favorable prognosis. Despite its prevalence, considerable debate exists regarding the genetic features, clinical significance, natural history, metastatic potential and optimal management.Materials and Methods: Members of the Young Urologic Oncologists in the Society of Urologic Oncology cooperated in a comprehensive search of the peer reviewed English medical literature on Gleason 6 prostate cancer, specifically focusing on the history of the Gleason scoring system, histological features, clinical characteristics, practice patterns and outcomes.Results: The Gleason scoring system was devised in the early 1960s, widely adopted by 1987 and revised in 2005 with a more restrictive definition of Gleason 6 disease. There is near consensus that Gleason 6 meets pathological definitions of cancer, but controversy abo...
Kinematic Assessment of Treadmill Running Using Different Body-Weight Support Harnesses:

Summary 10 male collegiate runners (M age = 21.4, SD = 1.5 yr.) ran on a treadmill with no body-weight support (BWS), 20% BWS, and 40% BWS conditions. In addition, they wore three different commercially available harnesses at the 20% and 40% BWS conditions. The aim was to run on the treadmill at a fast speed while maintaining an adequate step length. The purpose was to investigate how each harness changed running gait, and the differences in running gait between the harnesses with various body-weight support. Analysis of variance indicated significant restriction of upper body torso rotation between the harnesses at the 40% BWS conditions. Body-weight support resulted in a longer stride, decreased cadence, less vertical displacement of the center of mass, and diminished hip and ankle joint excursions. These changes indicated that increased body-weight support results in longer steps with the foot contacting the belt for a shorter period of time with less leg angular changes throughout the running cycling.
Theoretical sensitivity of direct-detection multilevel modulation formats for high spectral efficiency optical communications

Sensitivities of several direct-detection multilevel modulation formats, including M-ary differential phase-shift keying (M-DPSK), M-ary differential amplitude-phase-shift keying (M-DAPSK), and M-ary differential polarization-phase-shift keying (M-DPolPSK) are systematically calculated. The theory is based on a unified mathematical framework for direct-detection receivers using optical delay interferometers and balanced detectors. Results quantitatively elucidate the tradeoffs between these direct-detection multilevel modulation formats as well as the classic multilevel modulation format, M-ary amplitude-shift keying (M-ASK). Although the conventional bit error rate estimation method based on the eye Q-factor with Gaussian approximation is not accurate enough for DPSK and DQPSK, it is found to be reasonably accurate for M-DPSK with M>8 and in M-DPolPSK
Spectroscopy and the Elements in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Work of Sir William Crookes

Two imposing related problems confronted the chemical spectroscopist of the late nineteenth century. First, he lacked a criterion for judging the validity of claims for elemental discoveries; indeed, he possessed no satisfactory operational definition of the chemical element. Secondly, he felt the need for correlating the spectra of the elements to a conception of their ultimate constitution.
Mechanism of action of colchicine

Colchicine suppresses the development of carrageenan-induced edema in the rat with a minimum effective oral dose of 6.0 mg/kg. The slope of the dose-response regression line for colchicine differs significantly from that of indomethacin and phenylbutazone. Based on the dosages required to achieve a 50% suppression of this inflammation, colchicine is 0.6 and 1.5 times as potent as indomethacin and phenylbutazone, respectively. In the reversed passive Arthus reaction in the rat, the suppressive activity of colchicine is at least 50 times that of indomethacin and 100 times that of phenylbutazone. The possible significance of these results with regard to the unique effectiveness of colchicine in the treatment of gout is discussed.
Development of a Coupled Land Surface and Groundwater Model

Abstract Traditional land surface models (LSMs) used for numerical weather simulation, climate projection, and as inputs to water management decision support systems, do not treat the LSM lower boundary in a fully process-based fashion. LSMs have evolved from a leaky-bucket approximation to more sophisticated land surface water and energy budget models that typically have a specified bottom layer flux to depict the lowest model layer exchange with deeper aquifers. The LSM lower boundary is often assumed zero flux or the soil moisture content is set to a constant value; an approach that while mass conservative, ignores processes that can alter surface fluxes, runoff, and water quantity and quality. Conversely, groundwater models (GWMs) for saturated and unsaturated water flow, while addressing important features such as subsurface heterogeneity and three-dimensional flow, often have overly simplified upper boundary conditions that ignore soil heating, runoff, snow, and root-zone uptake. In the present stud...
An Epistemology for Phenomenology

There is a tendency to assimilate so called “consciousness studies” to studies of the phenomenology of experience, and it seems to me that this is a shame. It is a shame, I think, because there is no such thing as a legitimate phenomenology of experience whereas there certainly is such a thing as consciousness. So long as people assimilate studies of consciousness to studies of phenomenal experience, they are side stepping the real issues – the ones for another lifetime.
Developing an Energy Literacy Curriculum in Support of Sustainability

In the US, individual consumption choices will be a key determinant for improving energy sustainability and decreasing carbon emissions. While increasing the cost of energy does lead to reductions in energy consumption, this is a blunt weapon that causes hardship and disruption in the broader economy. Therefore non-economic mechanisms for encouraging sustainability must be developed. This paper will describe efforts to develop undergraduate curricula materials in support of Energy Literacy, defined as conceptual fluency with the economic and social components of energy use. The intention of this research is that an increase in Energy Literacy will result in more sustainable energy practices. These Energy Literacy materials have been developed and piloted over a two year period, and were included as coursework for five undergraduate sections. Students completed a pre- and post-course survey with questions regarding their sustainability attitudes and behaviors, based on the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) and Environmentally Responsible Behavior (ERB). An analysis of student comments, responses, and survey results suggests that discussions of sustainability with disaster themes can trigger anxiety and emotional withdrawal that is counterproductive and interferes with the development of ERB. In contrast, materials that emphasize the pragmatic necessity and benefits derived from sustainability are related to improvements in ERB. The implications of these findings are that mechanisms to mitigate anxiety aroused by sustainability themes need to be found, and that future sustainability curricula emphasize pragmatic motivations for changing energy consumption patterns.
School Choice Decision Making Among Suburban, High-Income Parents:

Parents’ decision making about whether to send their children to a traditional public or charter schools has been studied mostly in urban, low-income areas. Few studies have focused on the decisions of high-income, suburban families. In a sample of Core Knowledge charter schools in a predominantly White and socioeconomically advantaged set of suburbs in Denver, Colorado, we are able to examine both the closed- and open-ended responses of parents who reported the importance of various factors in the decision-making process. Similar to findings from urban, low-income areas, we find that parents rely on their social networks in choosing schools and report the importance of effective teachers, distance to school, and academic quality, which our open-ended responses reveal means different things to different parents. Contrasting previous research, we also find that high-income parents “do their research” on schools to which they are applying.
Science Signaling Podcast: 11 August 2015

This Podcast features an interview with Timothy Hla, author of a Research Article that appears in the 11 August 2015 issue of Science Signaling , about biased signaling by the lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Because it is not water-soluble, S1P circulates in complex with a protein chaperone, such as albumin or the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) component ApoM. Galvani et al . found that S1P elicited different signaling outcomes in vascular endothelial cells depending on whether it was bound to albumin or ApoM + HDL. S1P inhibited inflammation in cultured vascular endothelial cells when it was bound to ApoM + HDL, and S1P signaling suppressed atherosclerosis in mice. These observations suggest that, in addition to removing the excess cholesterol that promotes formation of atherosclerotic plaques, HDL may also promote vascular health by inhibiting the inflammation that contributes to plaque formation. Listen to Podcast
Design of an implantable artificial dural window for chronic two-photon optical imaging in non-human primates

Optical functional imaging methods such as calcium imaging have become a powerful tool for investigating neural activity in-vivo. Here, we present a design for a titanium implantable chamber with transparent silicone artificial dura which enables two-photon calcium imaging in non-human primates. This chamber accommodates imaging with high numerical aperture multiphoton objective lenses, and remains sealed, protecting the brain from the surrounding environment. In addition, we describe a tunable tissue stabilization system to apply gentle mechanical pressure to stabilize tissue during imaging. Our results suggest that two-photon calcium imaging may soon facilitate a new class of circuit and systems neuroscience experiments in non-human primates.
Multiple bifurcation trees of period-1 motions to chaos in a periodically forced, time-delayed, hardening Duffing oscillator

Abstract In this paper, bifurcation trees of periodic motions in a periodically forced, time-delayed, hardening Duffing oscillator are analytically predicted by a semi-analytical method. Such a semi-analytical method is based on the differential equation discretization of the time-delayed, nonlinear dynamical system. Bifurcation trees for the stable and unstable solutions of periodic motions to chaos in such a time-delayed, Duffing oscillator are achieved analytically. From the finite discrete Fourier series, harmonic frequency-amplitude curves for stable and unstable solutions of period-1 to period-4 motions are developed for a better understanding of quantity levels, singularity and catastrophes of harmonic amplitudes in the frequency domain. From the analytical prediction, numerical results of periodic motions in the time-delayed, hardening Duffing oscillator are completed. Through the numerical illustrations, the complexity and asymmetry of period-1 motions to chaos in nonlinear dynamical systems are strongly dependent on the distributions and quantity levels of harmonic amplitudes. With the quantity level increases of specific harmonic amplitudes, effects of the corresponding harmonics on the periodic motions become strong, and the certain complexity and asymmetry of periodic motion and chaos can be identified through harmonic amplitudes with higher quantity levels.
A Hemocoelic Candida Parasite of the American Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae)

An infection by a yeast in a colony of American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.), causes extreme paralysis that leads to death. Examination of hemolymph revealed the presence of ellipsoidal yeast cells that have been identified as a new Candida species. The pathogen has been given an accession number and made a part of the permanent USDA collection of yeasts. Electron microscopy of cockroach hemolymph containing the Candida cells indicated that of the two main cockroach hemocyte types, granulocytes are more susceptible to damage than plasmatocytes, and cytoplasmic disintegration proceeds much faster than that of the nucleus. Cockroach hemocytes respond to presence of the yeast by both phagocytosis and encapsulation. Consideration of the possibility of using the fungus in biological control of the cockroach is premature at this time because sibling species of Candida are human pathogens. Extensive toxicity and allergenicity tests are needed. Because not all cockroaches succumb to the Candida infection, further study of parasitic interactions are valuable in elucidating the nature of immunological responses in the American cockroach.
Effects of pheromone trap design, placement, and pheromone dispenser and load on male Platynota flavedana and P. idaeusalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) catches in Virginia apple orchards

The Pherocon lC trap baited with a rubber septum impregnated with 2.5 mg pheromone captured the greatest number of Platynota flavedana Clemens moths. Traps hung at 2.1 and 3.0 m captured the greatest number of P. flavedana . Trap heights of 1.2, 2.1, and 3.0 m caught the greatest number of P. idaeusalis (Walker) moths. The outsidethe-canopy trap position captured more P. flavedana moths, whereas the within-canopy trap location caught the greatest number of P. idaeusalis moths. Traps placed in the west portion of the tree captured the greatest number of P. flavedana moths. P. idaeusalis moth catches were not influenced by compass quadrants.
High Fidelity Computational Aeroelastic Analysis of a Plunging Membrane Airfoil

Simulation results and analysis of a plunging one-dimensional membrane (string) are presented. A well-validated sixth-order Navier-Stokes solver coupled to a finite element solution of a two degree of freedom nonlinear string model are coupled and used to perform high fidelity aeroelastic computations. A low Reynolds number of 10 consistent with MAV flight is chosen and the effect of the plunging Strouhal number and reduced frequencies along with the static angle of attack of plunging is examined. At the lowest angle of attack studied (2 degrees) and a plunging with reduced frequency of 5.0, for both a Strouhal number of 0.2 and 0.5, the vorticity shed at the leading edge due to dynamic stall did not convect downstream and hence had a minimal effect on the overall flow field over the surface of the wing. In contrast, when the plunging occured at a Strouhal number of 0.5 and a reduced frequency of 1.5, for each static angle of attack investigated the vortex shed from the leading edge during the downward portion of the plunging is convected approximately one half of a chord downstream before it then convects back upstream during the upward portion of the motion. The convection of this vortex significantly effects the airfoil surface pressure distribution. It was also found that at low angle of attack (2 degrees) and a Strouhal number of 0.2, only a plunging with reduced frequency of 0.5, the lowest studied here, produced lift which was larger than the non-plunging flexible airfoil case. At 2 degree angle of attack plunging at a Strouhal number of 0.5 produced increased lift and drag over the stationary case for each of the reduced frequencies investigated. Finally, for the cases studied, the lift coefficient normalized by the corresponding stationary value was a weak function of angle of attack when plunging with a Strouhal number of 0.5 and a reduced frequency of 1.5.
Investigation on occupational health status in ceramic enterprises of Quanzhou City

[Objective]To understand the occupational health status in ceramic enterprises of Quanzhou City,and explore the effective measures for the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases.[Methods]The unified questionnaire was adopted to investigate the occupational health status in 214 ceramic enterprises of 2010.[Results] In the ceramic enterprises of Quanzhou City,the exposure rate of productive dust was 28%,and the detection rate of dust concentration in workplace was 52%.Occupational health surveillance was carried out in 12.6% of the enterprises,the occupational health management,construction project evaluation and hygiene review were all at low levels.The detection rate of workplace dust concentration,the rate of occupational health surveillance,and the rate of occupational hazards assessment in construction project of large and medium-size enterprises were better than small enterprises,statistical significant differences were found.[Conclusion]Supervision of occupational health should be intensified in ceramic enterprises of Quanzhou city.Workplaces dustproof measures should be fully implemented.Moreover,it is necessary to strengthen the propaganda of occupational diseases prevention law,to protect the workers' health.
Analysis of surveillance results of viral hepatitis B in Yunfu city during 2013-2014

Objective To investigate the constitution of acute and chronic hepatitis B cases through establishing surveillance spots,in order to improve the classification and diagnostic accuracy of hepatitis B. Methods Information of all hepatitis B cases reported from 2013 to 2014 in the surveillance spots was collected and the laboratory determination was performed on the reported hepatitis B cases. Results A total of 1 178 hepatitis B cases were reported by surveillance spots during 2013-2014,with the gender rate of 2. 78∶1( male∶female). The average age was 43. 6. Most cases accured among the age of 20-65.Peasants,workers and house workers were the main contamination targets. Hepatitis B cases in surveillance sports,the persentages of acute,chronic and unclassification cases accounted for 4. 07%,95. 76% and 0. 17% respectively,which,in non-surveillance area,were 4. 66%,68. 92% and 26. 42%. The fill rate of 6 main information in surveillance area was higher than that of non-surveillance area except the one"the time of the first symptom appearance". Conclusion In current surveillance system,the majority of reported hepatitis B cases were chronic,and the classification accuracy of hepatitis B was higher than that of non-surveillance area. The proportion of un-classification cases decreased significantly. It is necessary to make laboratory diagnosis for improving the classification accuracy of hepatitis B.
Methodologic issues in palliative care psychosocial research.

The conduct of psychosocial research with palliative care patients or staff presents a major investigative challenge. The fragility of patients and their physical or cognitive limitations severely ...
Bond Index Numbers of Prestressed Concrete Reinforcement Wires and Their Relationships to Transfer Lengths and Pull-Out Forces

The purpose of this research is to establish mathematical models that predicts the bond strength of a reinforcement wire in prestressed concrete members, given the known geometrical features of the wire. A total of nineteen geometrical features of the reinforcement wire were measured and extracted by a precision non-contact profilometer. With these mathematical models, prestressing reinforcement wires can now be analyzed for their bond strength without destructive testing. These mathematical models, based upon a large collection of empirical data via prestressing reinforcement wires from various wire manufacturers in US and Europe, have the potential to serve as quality assessment tools in reinforcement wire and prestressed concrete member production. Most of these models are very simple and easy to implement in practice, which could provide insight into which reinforcement wires provide the greatest bond strength and which combinations of geometrical features of the reinforcement wire are responsible for providing the bond strength.Our various empirical models have shown that the indent side-wall angle, which is suggested by the ASTM-A881/A881M, may not be the only significant geometrical feature correlated to the transfer length and bond strengths. On the contrary, features such as the indent surface area, indent width, indent edge surface area, indent volume, and release strengths do have significant correlations with the ultimate transfer lengths of the prestressed concrete members. Extensive experiments and testing performed at the Structures Laboratory in Kansas State University, as well as field tests at Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) and one Prestressed Concrete Railroad Tie manufacturing facility, have been used to confirm the model predictions.In addition, our experimental results suggest that the maximum pull out force in the un-tensioned pullout testing has significant correlation with the ultimate transfer length. This finding could provide reinforcement wire manufactures with a quality assurance tool for testing their wires prior to the production.The resultant mathematical model relating the wire geometrical features to transfer length is referred to as the Bond Index Number (BIN). The BIN is shown to provide a numerical measure of the bond strength of prestressing steel reinforcement wire, without the need for performing destructive tests with the reinforcement wire. We believe that with the BIN and the maximal pull-out forces from the un-tensioned pull-out tests, one can have better insight into the optimal reinforcement wire design by testing the performance of wires before they are put into production lines.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Beta-MHC and SMLC1 transgene induction in overloaded skeletal muscle of transgenic mice

The hypertrophic responses of white fast-twitch muscle to mechanical overload has been investigated using transgenic mice. After 7 wk of overload, endogenous beta-myosin heavy chain (MHC) and slow ...
Anti-Zona Pellucida Activity in Human Sera

One hundred and twenty-five human sera from male and female fertile and infertile subjects were tested by fluorescent techniques against porcine and human zonae for autoantibodies to zona pellucida. A high incidence of positive sera was found in all groups examined, suggestive that all sera from females demonstrating such activity may not represent cases of autoimmunity to a specific zona component.
Bosonization in 2 + 1 dimensions without a Chern-Simons term

Abstract We perform the complete bosonization of 2+1 dimensional QED with one fermionic flavor in the Hamiltonian formalism. The fermion operators are explicitly constructed in terms of the vector potential and the electric field. We carefully specify the regularization procedure involved in the definition of these operators, and calculate the fermionic bilinears and the energy-momentum tensor. The algebra of bilinears exhibits the Schwinger terms which also appear in perturbation theory. The bosonic Hamiltonian density is a local polynomial function of A i and E i , and we check explicitly the Lorentz invariance of the resulting bosonic theory. Our construction is conceptually very similar to Mandelstam's construction in 1+1 dimensions, and is disimilar from recent bosonization attempts in 2+1 dimensions which hinge crucially on the existence of a Chern-Simons term.
Prenatal fetal adrenal suppression following in utero diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Abstract Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency can result in marked virilization of the external genitalia of affected female subjects. Theoretically, suppression of the fetal pituitaryadrenal axis with glucocorticoid during gestational weeks 9 to 17 should prevent the development of ambiguous genitalia in the female fetus. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be made on elevated amniotic fluid 17-hydroxyprogesterone and adrenal androgen concentrations, and HLA typing of cultured amniotic fluid cells. However, these tests cannot be completed before 16 to 17 weeks of gestation, and maternal therapy would have to be instituted before the exact genetic status of the fetus is known. Chorionic villus sampling during the first trimester provides an alternative to second trimester diagnosis in patients who are at risk for bearing offspring with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. We report the use of dexamethasone suppression at 8 weeks of gestation in a 34-year-old woman whose son had congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to severe salt-losing 21-hydroxylase deficiency and whose biopsy revealed a 46XX chromosomal pattern. Cultured cells from the biopsy confirmed the fetus to be of identical HLA haplotype to the previous affected sibling. At 41 weeks the patient delivered a female neonate with minimal prominence of the clitoris, mildly rugated labia, a single perineal opening and minimal posterior labial fusion. Postnatal tapering of maternal steroids was performed with no long-term sequelae.
The nucleon-nucleon interaction up to sixth order in the chiral expansion

We calculate the nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction up to sixth order (N5LO) of chiral perturbation theory. Previous studies extended only up to N3LO (fourth order) and typically showed a surplus of attraction, particularly, when the πN LECs from πN analysis were applied consistently. Furthermore, the contributions at N2LO and N3LO are both fairly sizeable, thus, raising concerns about the convergence of the chiral expansion. We show that the N4LO contribution is repulsive and, essentially, cancels the excessive attraction of N3LO. The N5LO contribution turns out to be considerably smaller than the N4LO one, hence, establishing the desired trend of convergence. The predictions at N5LO are in excellent agreement with the empirical phase shifts of peripheral partial waves.
Etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant for postpartum adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Study Objective To compare immediate postpartum insertion of the contraceptive implant to placement at the 6-week postpartum visit among adolescent and young women. Design Non-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Setting and Participants Postpartum adolescents and young women ages 14-24 years who delivered at an academic tertiary care hospital serving rural and urban populations in North Carolina. Interventions Placement of an etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant before leaving the hospital postpartum, or at the 4-6 week postpartum visit. Main Outcome Measures Contraceptive implant use at 12 months postpartum. Results Ninety-six participants were randomized into the trial. Data regarding use at 12 months were available for 64 participants, 37 in the immediate group and 27 in the 6-week group. There was no difference in use at 12 months between the immediate group and the 6-week group (30 of 37, 81% vs 21 of 27, 78%; P = .75). At 3 months, the immediate group was more likely to have the implant in place (34 of 37, 92% vs 19 of 27, 70%; P = .02). Conclusion Placing the contraceptive implant in the immediate postpartum period results in a higher rate of use at 3 months postpartum and appears to have similar use rates at 12 months compared with 6-week postpartum placement. Providing contraceptive implants to adolescents before hospital discharge takes advantage of access to care, increases the likelihood of effective contraception in the early postpartum period, appears to have no adverse effects on breastfeeding, and might lead to increased utilization at 1 year postpartum.
Arthroscopic lateral release and the lateral patellar compression syndrome.

An isolated arthroscopic lateral release can provide dramatic relief of anterior knee pain in a select group of patients. We believe this procedure is indicated for patients with lateral patellar compression syndrome without significant chondrosis who have not responded to nonoperative treatment. During the procedure, care must be taken to perform a complete release and to achieve hemostasis. The postoperative rehabilitation emphasizes control of swelling, patellar mobilization, and quadriceps strengthening. We strongly agree with Schonholtz et al who report that the "lateral retinacular release is not a minor procedure and should not be performed simply because it may help and it can't hurt."