cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-plane and Interlaminar Shear Strength of a Unidirectional Hi-nicalon Fiber-reinforced Celsian Matrix Composite

In-plane and interlaminar shear strength of a unidirectional SiC fiber-reinforced (BaSr)Al2Si2O8 celsian composite were measured by the double-notch shear test method between room temperature and 1200 C. The interlaminar shear strength was lower than the in-plane shear strength at all temperatures. Stress analysis, using finite element modeling, indicated that shear stress concentration was not responsible for the observed difference in strength. Instead, the difference in layer architecture and thus, the favorable alignment of fiber-rich layers with the shear plane in the interlaminar specimens appears to be the reason for the low strength of this composite. A rapid decrease in strength was observed with temperature due to softening of the glassy phase in the material.
Computer simulations of the OmpF porin from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the structure and dynamics of the Escherichia coli OmpF porin, which is composed of three identical 16-stranded beta-barrels. Simulations of the full trimer in the absence of water and the membrane led to significant contraction of the channel in the interior of each beta-barrel. With very weak harmonic constraints (0.005 kcal/mol A2/atom) applied to the main-chain C alpha atoms of the beta-barrel, the structure was stabilized without alteration of the average fluctuations. The resulting distribution of the fluctuations (small for beta-strands, large for loops and turns) is in good agreement with the x-ray B factors. Dynamic cross-correlation functions showed the importance of coupling between the loop motions and barrel flexibility. This was confirmed by the application of constraints corresponding to the observed temperature factors to the barrel C alpha atoms. With these constraints, the beta-barrel fluctuations were much smaller than the experimental values because of the intrinsic restrictions on the atomic motions, and the loop motions were reduced significantly. This result indicates that considerable care is required in introducing constraints to keep proteins close to the experimental structure during simulations, as has been done in several recent studies. Loop 3, which is thought to be important in gating the pore, undergoes a displacement that shifts it away from the x-ray structure. Analysis shows that this arises from the breakdown of a hydrogen bond network, which appears to result more from the absence of solvent that from the use of standard ionization states for the side chains of certain beta-barrel residues.
Protein degradation in bacteria.

Summary 1. Under aerobic conditions which permit growth of Escherichia coli , the rate of protein degradation, as measured by loss of labeled arginine from the acid-insoluble fraction of the culture, is at least 8 ± 2% per 30 hr. 2. When such cells grown in a synthetic medium are transferred to a secondary medium containing a complete amino acid mixture as opposed to a secondary medium containing arginine and ammonium ion, there is a stimulation of the rate of protein degradation during both the growth phase and the quasi-stationary phase of the culture. 3. The mechanism responsible for the degradation of bacterial protein depends not only on the medium in which the cells are suspended but also on the medium in which the inoculum was grown. 4. For a given culture, the extent of protein degradation does not appear to be correlated with the extent of net bacterial growth. However, among a series of cultures, conditions permitting a more rapid growth rate at low cell densities also are accompanied by a comparatively more rapid rate of protein degradation. 5. Some of the products of protein degradation are free amino acids, but the formation of products other than free amino acids has not been excluded. Decarboxylation or oxidation of some of the protein arginine to carbon dioxide has been observed.
Spatiotemporal Changes in Tornado Hazard Exposure: The Case of the Expanding Bull’s-Eye Effect in Chicago, Illinois

AbstractExposure has amplified rapidly over the past half century and is one of the primary drivers of increases in disaster frequency and consequences. Previous research on exposure change detection has proven limited since the geographic units of aggregation for decennial censuses, the sole measure of accurate historical population and housing counts, vary from one census to the next. To address this shortcoming, this research produces a set of gridded population and housing data for the Chicago, Illinois, region to evaluate the concept of the “expanding bull’s-eye effect.” This effect argues that “targets”—people and their built environments—of geophysical hazards are enlarging as populations grow and spread. A collection of observationally derived synthetic violent tornadoes are transposed across fine-geographic-scale population and housing unit grids at different time stamps to appraise the concept. Results reveal that intensifying and expanding development is placing more people and their possession...
Environmental Control of Cold Hardiness in Woody Plants

The development of cold hardiness in 2 woody plant species ( Acer negundo and Viburnum plicatum tomentosum ) was shown to be independent of the induction of bud dormancy. Substantial hardiness levels were obtained under controlled conditions with long days and certain low temperatures—without dormancy development as a prerequisite. Low temperatures given during the dark period with long days induced hardiness to a level not significantly different from that of short days. Giving plants continuous 10° temperatures under long days forced plants to harden as if they were under short days, even though they were not dormant. Development of hardiness was shown to be a photoperiodic response. Increasing weeks of short days, followed by a low temperature hardening period in darkness, brought about a progressive increase in hardiness. The short day stimulus could be reversed by long days. Following 6 weeks of short days, the rate of hardening in darkness at 5° was over twice that of plants previously exposed to long days.
Chemotactic response of nerve fiber elongation to nerve growth factor

Abstract These studies seek to determine whether the locomotory behavior of the extending tip of growing nerve fibers exhibits chemotaxis to nerve growth factor (NGF). Sensory neurons from dissociated dorsal root ganglia of chick embryos were cultured within semisolid agar matrices containing concentration gradients of NGF which diffused from an adjacent source. A preferential orientation of approximately 60% of the tips of nerve fibers and an enhanced extension of fibers up NGF gradients were observed. The initiation sites of nerve fibers on cell bodies were not consistently oriented by these NGF gradients. Orientation of nerve fiber extension toward the NGF source was observed in chambers with NGF sources ranging from 25 to 1000 ng/ml of β-NGF and from 400 to 5000 ng/ml of 7 S NGF, but no orientation was observed when the concentration of the NGF source was 15000 ng/ml of β-NGF. This oriented response apparently is not a concentration-dependent trophic response to NGF. The evidence supports the notion that chemotaxis is a regulatory factor in neuronal morphogenesis.
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: Biopsy or Treatment?

Excerpt To the editor: The article by Barza and Pauker (1) on the decision to biopsy, treat, or wait in patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis is a simulating guide to decision making ...
Epidemic Behavior of Negative Users in Online Social Sites

With the increasing popularity of user-contributed sites, the phenomenon of "social" pollution, the presence of abusive posts has become increasingly prevalent. In this paper, we describe a novel approach to explain and predict negative behavior spreading dynamics in online social networks by using well-known epidemic models. We show how using pure and hybrid models, it is possible not only to explain the phenomenon of abusiveness in certain online commentaries, but also that it is possible to predict these behavioral patterns with properly defined hybrid models. We summarize our results on a large set of experiments on Youtube commentaries, and show how the different epidemic patterns of behavior are tied to specific interaction patterns among users.
Discrete-event simulation—a timley problem

In this paper we discuss an exercise that is used in a first-year workshop to illustrate the main issues of discrete-event simulation programming. The problem is to make a program that determines all the times of the day at which a clock's hands form a straight angle.
Comparison of initial yields of DNA-to-protein crosslinks and single-strand breaks induced in cultured human cells by far- and near-ultraviolet light, blue light and X-rays.

Abstract The initial yields of DNA-to-protein crosslinks (dpc) caused by ionizing and nonionizing radiations were compared, with emphasis upon values within the biological dose ranges (D0). Induction of dpc in cold (0–0.5°C) human P3 teratocarcinoma cells was measured by using alkaline elution techniques after exposure to monochromatic UVC (254 nm), UVB (313 nm), UVA (365 and 405 nm), and blue light (434 nm). UVC and UVB light induced detectable numbers (about 100 dpc per cell per D0). Monochormatic UVA radiations produced yields about 8 times higher than UVC or UVB (for 365 nm, about 1500 dpc per cell per D0) Similar results at low does were obtained for measurements of single-strand breaks induced by the different radiations. The action spectra for dpc were closely similar. The biological significance of these relatively high numbers of DNA lesions caused by environmental nonionizing radiation that readily penetrates into human skin is not understood.
Notch and PKC Are Involved in Formation of the Lateral Region of the Dorso-Ventral Axis in Drosophila Embryos

The Notch gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved cell surface receptor that generates regulatory signals based on interactions between neighboring cells. In Drosophila embryos it is normally expressed at a low level due to strong negative regulation. When this negative regulation is abrogated neurogenesis in the ventral region is suppressed, the development of lateral epidermis is severely disrupted, and the dorsal aminoserosa is expanded. Of these phenotypes only the anti-neurogenic phenotype could be linked to excess canonical Notch signaling. The other phenotypes were linked to high levels of Notch protein expression at the surface of cells in the lateral regions indicating that a non-canonical Notch signaling activity normally functions in these regions. Results of our studies reported here provide evidence. They show that Notch activities are inextricably linked to that of Pkc98E, the homolog of mammalian PKCδ. Notch and Pkc98E up-regulate the levels of the phosphorylated form of IκBCactus, a negative regulator of Toll signaling, and Mothers against dpp (MAD), an effector of Dpp signaling. Our data suggest that in the lateral regions of the Drosophila embryos Notch activity, in conjunction with Pkc98E activity, is used to form the slopes of the opposing gradients of Toll and Dpp signaling that specify cell fates along the dorso-ventral axis.
Exaggerated affect-modulated startle during unpleasant stimuli in borderline personality disorder.

Background Excessive emotional responding is considered to be a hallmark of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The affect-modulated startle response is a reliable indicator of emotional processing of stimuli. The aim of this study was to examine emotional processing in BPD patients (n = 27) and healthy control subjects (n = 21). Methods Participants viewed an intermixed series of unpleasant, borderline-salient (e.g., “hate”), and neutral (e.g., “view”) words and were instructed to think about the meaning of the word for them personally while eyeblink responses were assessed. Results The BPD patients exhibited larger startle eyeblink during unpleasant but not neutral words, indicating exaggerated physiological affect. This finding remained significant when we controlled for comorbid diagnoses, including generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Greater symptom severity was associated with greater affective-startle difference scores (unpleasant-neutral). Conclusions Consistent with the symptom of affective dysregulation, these results suggest an abnormality in the processing of unpleasant emotional stimuli by BPD patients.
Convergence of the diagonal operator-valued Padé approximants to the Dyson expansion

The diagonal operator-valued Pade approximants formed from the Dyson expansion to the Schrodinger time-evolution operator are shown to converge everywhere in the complex plane, except on a certain subset of the real axis.
The role of the right hemisphere in the control of speech prosody in propositional and affective contexts

Sixteen right-handed adult males with localized insult to either the right or left hemisphere and five control subjects without brain damage read aloud target sentences embedded in paragraphs, while intoning their voices in either a declarative, interrogative, happy, or sad mode. Acoustical analysis of the speech wave was performed. Right-anterior (pre-Rolandic) and right-central (pre- and post-Rolandic) brain-damaged patients spoke with less pitch variation and restricted intonational range across emotional and nonemotional domains, while patients with right posterior (post-Rolandic) damage had exaggerated pitch variation and intonational range across both domains. No such deficits were found in patients with left posterior damage, whose prosody was similar to that of normal control subjects. It is suggested that damage to the right hemisphere alone may result in a primary disturbance of speech prosody that may be independent of the disturbances in affect often noted in right-brain-damaged populations.
Intermodulated fluorescence spectroscopy of caf A2Π-X2Π+

Abstract The A 2 Π-X 2 ∑ + 0-0 transition of CaF has been examined by the technique of intermodulated fluorescence spectroscopy (“Lamb dip”). The hyperfine structure due to 19 F and the spin-rotation fine structure of the X 2 ∑ + state was determined. Parameter values of b = 104.0 (9) MHz, c = 58(6) MHz and γ = 38.6(2) MHz were found for v = 0 of X 2 ∑ +
Heterotrophic bacteria of the freshwater neuston and their ability to act as plasmid recipients under nutrient deprived conditions.

Significantly higher numbers of Gram-negative heterotrophic bacteria were present at the air-water interface (neston) of freshwater lakes than in the bulk water. Neuston bacteria were distinguished as a population distinct from bacteria in the bulk water by a higher incidence of pigmented colony types and significantly greater levels of multiple resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. The incidence of plasmids in 236 neuston and 229 bulk water strains were similar (14 and 16.2%, respectively). Nine of 168 plasmid-free strains and 2 of 14 plasmid carrying strains, isolated from both bulk water and neuston, acted as recipients of plasmid R68.45 in plate matings with aPseudomonas aeruginosa donor strain PAO4032 at 21°C, but at frequencies below that of matings with a restriction-minus recipient strain ofP. aeruginosa, strain PAO1168. In a model system composed of nutrient-free synthetic lake water, plasmid R68.45 was shown to transfer betweenP. aeruginosa strains at frequencies between 10−3 and 10−5. Transconjugants were detected about 100 times more frequently at the interface than in the bulk water, which in part reflected a greater enrichment of the donor at this site. None of the aquatic isolates were able to act as recipients of plasmid R68.45 in this model system with strain PAO4032 as donor. The results suggest that under nutrient deprived conditions, the spread of plasmid R68.45 and similar plasmids by lateral transfer into this particular aquatic population would be a rare event.
The host response of CD28-deficient mice to Pneumocystis infection

Abstract Pneumocystis infection leads to a life threatening pneumonia in susceptible individuals. While depletion or dysfunction of CD4+T cells is a key determinant of susceptibility to Pneumocystis, the host response that leads to resolution of infection or lung injury is less well understood. We had previously shown that mice deficient in the T cell costimulatory molecule CD28 are susceptible to infection with Pneumocystis. A detailed analysis revealed that they clear Pneumocystis with delayed kinetics. This is associated with an influx of naive CD8+T cells. Depletion of CD8+T cells did not alter organism burden, suggesting these cells are not responsible for clearance. Analysis of the cytokine milieu demonstrated a consistent increase in mRNA for IL-10 and IFN-γ in the CD28-deficient mice. These data suggest that CD28 function in important in the efficiency of the host response to Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Transient outwardly rectifying A currents are involved in the firing rate response to altered CO2 in chemosensitive locus coeruleus neurons from neonatal rats

The effect of hypercapnia on outwardly rectifying currents was examined in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in slices from neonatal rats [postnatal day 3 (P3)-P15]. Two outwardly rectifying currents [4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-sensitive transient current and tetraethyl ammonium (TEA)-sensitive sustained current] were found in LC neurons. 4-AP induced a membrane depolarization of 3.6 ± 0.6 mV (n = 4), while TEA induced a smaller membrane depolarization of 1.2 ± 0.3 mV (n = 4). Hypercapnic acidosis (HA) inhibited both currents. The maximal amplitude of the TEA-sensitive current was reduced by 52.1 ± 4.5% (n = 5) in 15% CO2 [extracellular pH (pHo) 7.00, intracellular pH (pHi) 6.96]. The maximal amplitude of the 4-AP-sensitive current was reduced by 34.5 ± 3.0% (n = 6) in 15% CO2 (pHo 7.00, pHi 6.96), by 29.4 ± 6.8% (n = 6) in 10% CO2 (pHo 7.15, pHi 7.14), and increased by 29.0 ± 6.4% (n = 6) in 2.5% CO2 (pHo 7.75, pHi 7.35). 4-AP completely blocked hypercapnia-induced increased firing rate, but TEA did not affect it. When LC neurons were exposed to HA with either pHo or pHi constant, the 4-AP-sensitive current was inhibited. The data show that the 4-AP-sensitive current (likely an A current) is inhibited by decreases in either pHo or pHi. The change of the A current by various levels of CO2 is correlated with the change in firing rate induced by CO2, implicating the 4-AP-sensitive current in chemosensitive signaling in LC neurons.
Normal pregnancy: mechanisms underlying the paradox of a ouabain-resistant state with elevated endogenous ouabain, suppressed arterial sodium calcium exchange, and low blood pressure.

Endogenous cardiotonic steroids (CTS) raise blood pressure (BP) via vascular sodium calcium exchange (NCX1.3) and transient receptor-operated channels (TRPCs). Circulating CTS are superelevated in ...
Precipitate shape evolution under applied stress—Thermodynamics and kinetics

The influence of an external stress field on the growth and morphological evolution of a coherent precipitate is examined within the context of the thermodynamics of crystalline solids and interfaces. Equilibrium interfacial concentrations are obtained that are shown to be strong functions of position along the precipitate-matrix interface. These variations in concentration may be larger than the usual capillarity term and are a result of elastic considerations and not a result of changes in the local interfacial curvature. The interfacial concentrations directly influence the precipitate growth rate and result in changes in the precipitate morphology. Depending upon the signs and magnitudes of the coherency strains, the applied stress field and the elastic inhomogeneity of the system, the shape evolution may be approximated by ellipsoids of revolution.
Economic Reform and the Military: China, Cuba, and Syria in Comparative Perspective

This article examines the involvement of the military in the economy during processes of economic reform and liberalization in non-democratic systems. The hypothesis is that the nature of this involvement is guided by regime survival strategies. Specifically, under dire economic conditions that necessitate liberalization measures, regimes will attempt to promote military loyalty and political survival by minimizing or offsetting the negative effects of economic reform while maximizing positive dividends. The article examines military economic involvement in China, Cuba, and Syria, and emphasizes the need for more cross-regional studies.
Retrieval of aerosol optical properties from multi-angle satellite imagery

The authors have been investigating a novel method for retrieving atmospheric aerosol optical properties over land. The described method makes use of the presence of spatial contrasts, within the imagery, and compares the spatial Fourier transforms of the multiangle images at zero and nonzero spatial frequencies. An initial guess for the aerosol properties is made and the Fourier components of the surface reflectance distribution are retrieved at zero and nonzero frequencies. A comparison of the angular shape of the retrieved functions is then used to establish whether the initial guess for the aerosol parameters was correct. Other than the need to define a relationship between the angular variation of the Fourier transform of the intrinsic surface angular reflectance at the zero and nonzero frequencies, the method assumes no prior knowledge about the aerosols or surface characteristics. The authors discuss sensitivities to various aerosol properties. >
A review on surface control of thermal radiation by paints and coatings for new energy applications

Abstract Emission of thermal radiation from a surface can be controlled spectrally and spatially, and the polarization and coherence of the radiation field can be modified. Of the various methods available for altering the radiation properties from a surface, paint and coatings possess a clear advantage regarding the cost, ease of application and simplicity. In this paper, we comprehensively review the capabilities of paint and coating technologies for emission control and for possible new energy-related applications. We also present an overview of the involved theories, common design and fabrication methods and possible future research opportunities to optimize these paints and coatings for spectral selectivity for specific applications.
Variational calculations for resonance oscillationsof inhomogeneous plasmas

The electrostatic resonance properties of an inhomogeneous plasma column are reported by application of the Rayleigh-Ritz method. A description of the rf equation of motion and pressure term that expresses the system of equations in Euler-Lagrange form is presented. The Rayleigh-Ritz procedure is applied to the corresponding Lagrangian to obtain approximate resonance frequencies and eigenfunctions. An appropriate set of trial coordinate functions is defined, which leads to frequency and eigenfunction estimates.
EXISTENCE OF STRONG SOLUTIONS AND UNIQUENESS IN LAW FOR STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS DRIVEN BY FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN MOTION

In this paper we establish the existence of pathwise solutions and the uniqueness in law for multidimensional stochastic differential equations driven by a multi-dimensional fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H > 1/2.
The Lived Experience of Health in the Oldest Old: A Phenomenological Study

In the United States and in many other parts of the world, the fastest growing age group is 80 years and over. It is precisely in this oldest old age cohort that very little is known about the experience of health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experience of health for the oldest old within the community through the use of the phenomenological method. While there has been some research on the personal experience of health, the meaning of these experiences has not been studied in the oldest old, community dwelling elderly. Findings reveal that for this age group, health is an abiding vitality emanating through moments of rhapsodic reverie in generating fulfillment. There are many implications for further research and practice based on the meaning of health as described by the oldest old.
Special issue on computer simulations of mechanobiology

One of today's most challenging applications of computational modelling is certainly the area of biomechanics, a widely recognised, rapidly growing but not yet clearly defined field that is undoubt...
Experimental characterization and analysis of wet belt friction and the vibro-acoustic behavior

Abstract The robustness and noise warranty costs of rubber belts used for power transmission are directly affected by the frictional properties under varying environmental conditions. This paper presents an experimental characterization and analysis of the friction and vibro-acoustic behavior of automotive ribbed rubber belts under wet conditions. The experimental results show that the static friction under wet condition is higher than the corresponding kinetic friction by 40%–1040% for different belts; and the wet static friction is also much higher than the dry static friction. The wet kinetic friction is lower than the dry kinetic friction by about 30–40%. The occurrence of wet static friction is associated with the strong noise of the belt system. The spectrogram analysis of recorded sound demonstrates that the sound exhibits an impulsive sound pattern with broadband frequency extending to 20 kHz. In this study, the belt vibration is also measured and the spectrum results correlated with those of the sound measurement. The capillary effect, dry adhesive effect and the boundary lubrication effect are discussed based on adhesion models, which are used to correlate with experimental results and to interpret the effects of relevant parameters. The presented results are based on the start-up running of a newly developed belt–pulley test rig, which are different from some published results based on SAE Standard J2432. The test rig based on SAE Standard J2432 is actually operated as water lubricated coast-down, which is not applicable to characterizing the friction properties of belt in wet start-up running.
Modifying Masculinity, Forging Femininity: Male Feminist Discourse and the Manifestation of an Independent Female Idenity

This article uses male feminist discourse surrounding rape culture as a platform for analyzing the relationships between masculinity and femininity and the theoretical manifestations of each. By deconstructing this discourse with a methodology inspired by bell hooks’s writings on race, the essay interrogates the possibility that specific discussions about sexual assault from a male feminist perspective may risk marginalizing femininity. The conclusion of the article outlines a “feminist femininity” that speaks back to male feminist discourse.
Steady Secondary Momentum and Enthalpy Streaming in the Pulse Tube Refrigerator

Our study investigates the steady secondary momentum and enthalpy streaming that occurs in the pulse tube refrigerator. The linearized mass, momentum and energy conservation laws that are described by N. Rott1 are applied to a pulse tube, with the phase and amplitude of the axial velocity boundary conditions treated as independent parameters. Heat transfer between the gas and the tube wall is included. Heat transfer is shown to affect enthalpy flow by modifying the dynamic temperature amplitude and the temperature phase angle of the gas. We also calculate the steady mass flow circulation due to Reynolds stresses in the pulse tube. The length scale of the circulation is shown to be of the order of the tube length. Mass flow circulation is a loss mechanism because it results in a direct convection of enthalpy between the cold and hot ends.
Utilizing Soybean Hulls and Rice Hulls to Remove Textile Dyes from Contaminated Water

In this study we investigated the capacities of soybean hulls and rice hulls to remove various textile dyes [Safranin T (ST), Remazol Brilliant Blue R (BB), and Direct Violet 51 (DV)] from aqueous solutions. Both hull types were mixed with the dyes and analyzed for dye removal using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Parameters such as sample dose, particle size, and contact time were also examined. The results demonstrate that all samples worked well at removing the ST and DV dyes (85–98 % removal). The soybean hulls worked well at removing the BB dye (72–87 % removal), while the rice hulls did not (14–35 % removal). The optimum sample dose to textile dye ratio was 3 g of sample mixed with 50 mL of dye solution. Sample particle size did not effect on the soybean hulls’ capacities to remove the dyes. However, rice hull samples with smaller particle sizes removed slightly more DV and BB dye than rice hull samples with larger particle sizes. Contact time did not have a significant impact on either hull’s capacity to remove the ST dye. However, contact time did affect the rice hulls’ capacity to remove the DV dye. Desorption results show the possibility of recycling the textile dyes. Both hull types have demonstrated the ability to be reused multiple times for textile dye removal. Therefore, soybean hulls and rice hulls may possibly be suitable media for remediating water polluted with textile dyes. Using both hull types for this purpose is feasible and will convert these waste products into value-added products.
Partial Dosage Compensation in Strepsiptera, a Sister Group of Beetles

Sex chromosomes have evolved independently in many different taxa, and so have mechanisms to compensate for expression differences on sex chromosomes in males and females. Different clades have evolved vastly different ways to achieve dosage compensation, including hypertranscription of the single X in male Drosophila, downregulation of both X’s in XX Caenorhabditis, or inactivation of one X in female mammals. In the flour beetle Tribolium, the X appears hyperexpressed in both sexes, which might represent the first of two steps to evolve dosage compensation along the paths mammals may have taken (i.e., upregulation of X in both sexes, followed by inactivation of one X in females). Here we test for dosage compensation in Strepsiptera, a sister taxon to beetles. We identify sex-linked chromosomes in Xenos vesparum based on genomic analysis of males and females, and show that its sex chromosome consists of two chromosomal arms in Tribolium: The X chromosome that is shared between Tribolium and Strepsiptera, and another chromosome that is autosomal in Tribolium and another distantly related Strepsiptera species, but sex-linked in X. vesparum. We use RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) to show that dosage compensation along the X of X. vesparum is partial and heterogeneous. In particular, genes that are X-linked in both beetles and Strepsiptera appear fully dosage compensated probably through downregulation in both sexes, whereas genes on the more recently added X segment have evolved only partial dosage compensation. In addition, reanalysis of published RNA-seq data suggests that Tribolium has evolved dosage compensation, without hypertranscribing the X in females. Our results demonstrate that patterns of dosage compensation are highly variable across sex-determination systems and even within species.
A hierarchical mapping scheme for mobile agent systems

MESSENGERS is a system for general-purpose distributed computing based on the principles of mobile agents. Its underlying infrastructure consists of a collection of daemon processes, whose task it is to receive incoming agents, provide the necessary environment for their execution, and send them on to their next destinations as dictated by their behaviors. The structure of the daemon processes and their mapping onto the physical network is the main subject of this paper. Given the autonomous nature of each computation, the mapping problem is very different from those implemented for systems of communicating processes. At the same time, it offers new opportunities for solving the problems of load balancing, dynamic resource utilization, and trade-offs between computation granularity and communication overhead.
The Optical Properties of Nuclei at Very Short Wavelengths

If you will allow me to use some rather archaic language, I would describe the topic of this conference as the passage of highly energetic radiation through the atomic nucleus. Surely electromagnetic radiation is the most familiar of these, and it is therefore fitting that we examine what is now known about the optical properties of nuclei in the regime of very short wavelengths. According to current theoretical ideas these properties are actually quite strange and unexpected. Several elegant experiments have been completed in recent weeks to test these startling predictions of the theory. Here I shall sketch this theory and describe the present experimental situation.
Are Oaks Locally Adapted to Serpentine Soils

Abstract Serpentine soils are extreme habitats known to be involved in processes of local adaptation and speciation of plants. Here I use a greenhouse reciprocal-transplant experiment to compile baseline data for describing patterns of serpentine local adaptation in Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Holm Oak). I also tested the role of mycorrhizal fungi on the establishment and growth of seedlings on serpentine and non-serpentine soil. Non-serpentine seedlings grew more than serpentine seedlings in all treatments. Plants grew more on non-serpentine soil and mycorrhizal fungi positively influenced seedling growth. I did not find evidence of better seedling performance in their home environment, suggesting the absence of local adaptation. However, I document significant growth differences between serpentine and non-serpentine seedlings, which suggest physiological differences between seedlings from these two soil origins.
The host microenvironment influences prostate cancer invasion, systemic spread, bone colonization, and osteoblastic metastasis

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Most PCa deaths are due to osteoblastic bone metastases. What triggers PCa metastasis to the bone and what causes osteoblastic lesions remain unanswered. A major contributor to PCa metastasis is the host microenvironment. Here, we address how the primary tumor microenvironment influences PCa metastasis via integrins, extracellular proteases, and transient epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote PCa progression, invasion, and metastasis. We discuss how the bone-microenvironment influences metastasis; where chemotactic cytokines favor bone homing, adhesion molecules promote colonization, and bone-derived signals induce osteoblastic lesions. Animal models that fully recapitulate human PCa progression from primary tumor to bone metastasis are needed to understand the PCa pathophysiology that leads to bone metastasis. Better delineation of the specific processes involved in PCa bone metastasize is needed to prevent or treat metastatic PCa. Therapeutic regimens that focus on the tumor microenvironment could add to the PCa pharmacopeia.
Implementation and performance modeling of deterministic particle transport (Sweep3D) on the IBM Cell/B.E.

The IBM Cell Broadband Engine (BE) is a novel multi-core chip with the potential for the demanding floating point performance that is required for high-fidelity scientific simulations. However, data movement within the chip can be a major challenge to realizing the benefits of the peak floating point rates. In this paper, we present the results of implementing Sweep3D on the Cell/B.E. using an intra-chip message passing model that minimizes data movement. We compare the advantages/disadvantages of this programming model with a previous implementation using a master-worker threading strategy. We apply a previously validated micro-architecture performance model for the application executing on the Cell/B.E. (based on our previous work in Monte Carlo performance models), that predicts overall CPI (cycles per instruction), and gives a detailed breakdown of processor stalls. Finally, we use the micro-architecture model to assess the performance of future design parameters for the Cell/B.E. micro-architecture. The methodologies and results have broader implications that extend to multi-core architectures.
Detection and isolation of prostate cancer cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow.

Abstract Objectives To detect and isolate disseminated prostate cancer cells because significant effort has been directed toward defining the characteristics of the primary tumor that predict progression, but little progress has been made on evaluating the disseminated prostate cancer cell. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results in the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) of men with prostate cancer suggest many have disseminated cancer cells. Methods Disseminated epithelial cells were isolated from the BM and PB using Miltenyi antibody-coated paramagnetic microparticle technology. In the two-step selection process, anti-CD45 and anti-CD61 were used for negative selection, and anti-human epithelial antigen was used for positive selection. Cells were then stained for Ber-EP4 (a distinct epitope of the human epithelial antigen) and PSA. PSA reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed on an enriched aliquot. Results The normal controls were negative. Before prostatectomy, PSA-expressing epithelial cells were detected in 54% of BM and 24% of PB samples. At a median of 4 months after prostatectomy, PSA-expressing cells were detected in 33% of BM and 9% of PB specimens from men without evidence of disease. In men more than 5 years after prostatectomy, PSA-expressing cells were detected in the BM of 4 (29%) of 14, 2 of whom subsequently developed evidence of disease recurrence. Conclusions The findings suggest that dissemination of cells is an early event in prostate cancer that is insufficient for the development of metastases. Isolation will allow interrogation of the phenotype and genotype of the cells.
Enhancing Community Resilience: Opportunities and Challenges

The concepts of vulnerability and resilience have drawn much attention from hazards managers and researchers, including intensive scrutiny of their meaning and scope. Some consider them to be separate issues while others view them as interrelated. Even the tasks of reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience have been described as opposite sides of the same coin. Either way, most agree that identifying areas of vulnerability is simply not enough --we need to use that information to make meaningful changes that will improve the situation for future events.
Cultural Neuroscience: Biology of the Mind in Cultural Contexts

This article provides a review of how cultural contexts shape and are shaped by psychological and neurobiological processes. We propose a framework that aims to culturally contextualize behavioral, genetic, neural, and physiological processes. Empirical evidence is presented to offer concrete examples of how neurobiological processes underlie social behaviors, and how these components are interconnected in larger cultural contexts. These findings provide some understanding of how the meanings shared by cultural experiences trigger a neurobiological, psychological, and behavioral chain of events, and how these events may be coordinated and maintained within a person. The review concludes with a reflection on the current state of cultural neuroscience and questions for the field to address.
An Analysis of Managerial Helping Responses Based on Social Role Theory

Social role theory suggests that how managers respond to employees seeking help depends on the manager's gender. Consistent with social role theory, we found that women managers tended to use significantly more gender-consistent helping behaviors, such as understanding, and less masculine-related behaviors, such as evaluating, than their male counterparts. On the other hand, when helping behavior was examined within each sex group, we found that both men and women managers tended to rely less on understanding and more on evaluating, suggesting that the managerial role plays a greater part in shaping helping behavior.
Global localization using odometry

This paper presents a global localization technique for a robot with only linear and angular odometers. The robot, whose configuration is composed of its position and orientation, moves in a fully-known environment by alternating rotations and forward translations. We pose the problem as a discrete-time planning problem in the robot's information space, which encapsulates the uncertainty in the robot's configuration. Our contribution is to show that in any simply-connected, bounded polygonal environment, localization by odometry alone is possible, but only up to the symmetries in the environment
Should Everolimus-Eluting Stents Be Preferred in Patients With Acute and Stable Coronary Syndromes?⁎

Drug-eluting stents (DES) were first approved in the United States in 2003 on the basis of improvement in angiographic and clinical restenosis. The first 2 DES, now referred to as “first-generation” DES, were the sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) (Cypher, Cordis Corporation, Miami Lakes, Florida;
Occupant behavior modeling for smart buildings: a critical review of data acquisition technologies and modeling methodologies

At the outset, there is no question that building energy use is largely influenced by the presence and behavior of occupants. Among other, the key to realize energy use reduction while still maintaining occupant comfort is to seamlessly integrate occupant behavior in energy simulation tools with capabilities that would optimally manage building energy systems. This paper provides an in-depth survey of occupant behavior modeling state-of-the-art technologies employed to gather relevant data and modeling methodologies to reduce energy use. Several novel technologies that have been utilized for data collection are discussed in this paper. For the purposes of this review paper, occupant behavior modeling has been organized based on their underlying methodologies namely, statistical analysis; agent-based models; data mining approaches; and stochastic techniques. After providing a thorough review of state-of-the-art research work in the field of occupant behavior modeling for smart, energy efficient buildings, this paper discusses potential areas of improvement.
Aspiration in pediatric anesthesia: is there a higher incidence compared with adults?

Purpose of reviewRecent data in both adults and children have suggested that the incidence and severity of the pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents has declined. Previous studies have indicated that aspiration is more common in children than in adults. This review will examine the available data
The Application of Neutron Topography to the Study of X-ray Sensitive Organic Crystals - a Possible Alternative to X-ray Topography.

Neutron topography has been carried out on organic single crystals of varying Xray sensitivity, in order to test the feasibility of the technique as an alternative to X-ray topography for the study of the influence of defects on the solid state reactivity of X-ray sensitive single crystals. Specimens studied include the diacetylene PTS, and Pyrene. A comparison of the strain sensitivity and spatial resolution of the neutron and X-ray based techniques is made. Preliminary results of dynamic neutron topographic studies of the UV induced polymerization in PTS are presented. These results are compared to those obtained from similar X-ray topographic studies. Results indicate that the neutron technique can be a useful ally technique to the analogous X-ray techniques in studies of the influence of defects on reactivity in specimens of moderate X-ray sensitivity. In cases of extreme sensitivity, the neutron technique is the only one available for studies of this nature.
Health Care Resources and Mental Health Service Use Among Suicidal Adolescents

Developing policies and interventions that increase rates of mental health service use for suicidal adolescents is crucial for suicide prevention. Data from a sample of suicidal youth (n = 1356) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were analyzed to examine whether type of insurance, receipt of routine medical care, and access to school-based mental health treatment predicted mental health service use cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Rates of mental health service use were low in cross-sectional analyses at all three waves (∼11%-30%), despite the fact that respondents were at high risk for suicide attempts and depression. With demographic factors and symptom severity controlled, only receipt of a routine physical predicted an increased likelihood of mental health service use at wave I and in longitudinal analyses. Implications discussed include the utility of universal suicide screenings and integrated behavioral health care as potential intervention strategies for this population.
Pathologic Evaluation of Tissues Obtained by Interventional Radiology Techniques

Advancements in radiological techniques in the past two decades have facilitated the accurate detection of abnormalities in different organ systems in the body. Current imaging modalities can unequivocally document the presence of abnormalities, even when clinical manifestations are not apparent. Because of overlapping imaging features among different disease entities, pathological tissue evaluation is mandatory to establish a definite tissue diagnosis and initiate treatment. Tissue can be obtained via fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) or core needle biopsy (CNB) under imaging guidance with sonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or fluoroscopy. This chapter outlines handling and processing of the biopsy sample by the pathology department.
Measuring Similarity Similarly: LDA and Human Perception

Several intelligent technologies designed to improve navigability in and digestibility of text corpora use topic modeling such as the state-of-the-art Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). This model and variants on it provide lower-dimensional document representations used in visualizations and in computing similarity between documents. This article contributes a method for validating such algorithms against human perceptions of similarity, especially applicable to contexts in which the algorithm is intended to support navigability between similar documents via dynamically generated hyperlinks. Such validation enables researchers to ground their methods in context of intended use instead of relying on assumptions of fit. In addition to the methodology, this article presents the results of an evaluation using a corpus of short documents and the LDA algorithm. We also present some analysis of potential causes of differences between cases in which this model matches human perceptions of similarity more or less well.
The Triangulation of Manifolds: Topology, Gauge Theory, and History

A mostly expository account of old questions about the relationship between polyhedra and topological manifolds. Topics are old topological results, new gauge theory results (with speculations about next directions), and history of the questions.