cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hex-repair: a new approach to hexagonal array reconfiguration

Presents a new approach to the reconfiguration problem for regular hexagonal arrays that find numerous applications in VLSI and WSI designs such as multipliers, signal processing circuits, etc. Efficient heuristics are used to obtain a fast solution that has excellent fault-coverage characteristics even in the presence of multiple faults. >
Hospital management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often complicated by episodes of acute worsening of respiratory symptoms, which may lead to escalation of therapy and occasionally emergency department visits and hospitalization. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) have a negative impact on quality of life and hasten the decline of lung function. They also significantly contribute to the direct and indirect healthcare costs of this disease. Severe exacerbations (those leading to hospital admission) have been associated with significant poor outcomes including an increased risk of readmissions and mortality. COPD is currently the fourth leading cause of hospital readmission in the United States. In this review, we will provide a broad overview on the etiology, assessment, management, discharge planning, and follow-up care of patients hospitalized with AECOPD. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:328–339. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
A second order solution for an oscillating, two-dimensional, supersonic airfoil

One part of this paper is concerned with the development of a linearized (or first-order) velocity potential, which is of suitable form for use in the iteration procedure. This velocity potential is developed as a power series approximation, in frequency, to the exact linearized solution. The first six terms of this series are shown to be within a few per cent of the complete linearized solution when the reduced frequency (co = o)C/(3v0) is less than 1.3.
A nomograph method for assessing body weight

The ratio of weight/height emerges from varied epidemiological studies as the most generally useful index of relative body mass in adults. The authors present a nomograph to facilitate use of this relationship in clinical situations. While showing the range of weight given as desirable in life insurance studies, the scale expresses relative weight as a continuous variable. This method encourages use of clinical judgment in interpreting "overweight" and "underweight" and in accounting for muscular and skeletal contributions to measured mass.
Values and volunteers: axiology of altruism in a crisis center.

The present study examined the values of volunteers for a crisis center “hotline” telephone service. The volunteers (19 males, 23 females) were compared to an aggregately sex-matched control group ...
Alternative methods to predict actual evapotranspiration illustrate the importance of accounting for phenology – Part 2: The event driven phenology model

Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) flux constitutes a major component of both the water and energy balances at the land surface. Among the many factors that control evapotranspiration, phenology poses a major source of uncertainty in attempts to predict ET. Contemporary approaches to ET modeling and monitoring frequently summarize the complexity of the seasonal development of vegetation cover into static phenological trajectories (or climatologies) that lack sensitivity to changing environmental conditions. The Event Driven Phenology Model (EDPM) offers an alternative, interactive approach to representing phenology. This study presents the results of an experiment designed to illustrate the differences in ET arising from various techniques used to mimic phenology in models of land surface processes. The experiment compares and contrasts two realizations of static phenologies derived from long-term satellite observations of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) against canopy trajectories produced by the interactive EDPM trained on flux tower observations. The assessment was carried out through validation of predicted ET against records collected by flux tower instruments. The VegET model (Senay, 2008) was used as a framework to estimate daily actual evapotranspiration and supplied with seasonal canopy trajectories produced by the EDPM and traditional techniques. The interactive approach presented the following advantages over phenology modeled with static climatologies: (a) lower prediction bias in crops; (b) smaller root mean square error in daily ET – 0.5 mm per day on average; (c) stable level of errors throughout the season similar among different land cover types and locations; and (d) better estimation of season duration and total seasonal ET.
Nickel Germanosilicide contacts formed on heavily boron doped Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ source/drain junctions for nanoscale CMOS

Formation of source/drain junctions with a small parasitic series resistance is one of the key challenges for CMOS technology nodes beyond 100 nm. A new source/drain technology based on selective deposition of heavily in situ doped Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ layers was recently developed in this laboratory. This paper presents formation and structural characterization of self-aligned nickel germanosilicide contacts formed on heavily boron doped Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ alloys. The results show that thin NiSi/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ contacts with a resistivity of /spl sim/25 /spl mu//spl Omega/-cm can be formed on Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ alloys at temperatures as low as 350/spl deg/C. However, the low resistivity and the structural integrity of the NiSi/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ films can be maintained up to a maximum temperature of 450/spl deg/C. At higher temperatures, Ge out-diffusion from NiSi/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ grains results in interface roughening and NiSi spikes. If the maximum processing temperature is kept within 400/spl deg/C, p/sup +/-n junctions with excellent leakage behavior can be formed. A minimum contact resistivity of 2/spl times/10/sup -8/ /spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ is demonstrated for Ge concentrations above /spl sim/40%, which can be linked to the smaller semiconductor bandgap and high boron activation under the metal contact. The results suggest that NiSi/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ contacts formed on Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ junctions have the potential to satisfy the contact resistivity requirements of future CMOS technology nodes.
The measurement of speech in the classroom

(1958). The measurement of speech in the classroom. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 309-319.
Linking Racial Identity, Ethnic Identity, and Racial-Ethnic Socialization: A Tale of Three Race-Ethnicities

The relationship between racial and ethnic identity, as well as that between racial-ethnic socialization and racial and ethnic identity development, has become increasingly important to researchers as the proportion of children and young adults of color grows in the U.S. population. Parents’ racial-ethnic socialization messages are important for the ways in which children and young adults develop a sense of self as members of their racial or ethnic group. This article examined the racial identity, ethnic identity, and racial-ethnic socialization of 90 African American, 224 Asian American, and 216 Latino American college students. There were many strong associations between the measures of racial identity and ethnic identity as well as between racial-ethnic socialization and each measure of identity. Different patterns of relationships emerged among the three groups depending on whether the outcome variable was racial identity or ethnic identity. In the majority of instances where the three groups were not...
Modeling multiple stage manufacturing systems with generalized costs and capacity issues

This study introduces one modeling methodology that describes a broad range of multiple stage production planning issues, including multiple limited resources with setup times and joint fixed cost relationships. An existing production system is modeled in this fashion, creating a new set of 1350 highly generalized benchmark problems. A computational study is conducted with the 1350 benchmark problems introduced in this paper and 2100 benchmark problems, with more restrictive assumptions, from the existing literature. The relative merits of a decomposition-based algorithm and a neighborhood search technique known as NIPPA, or the Non-sequential Incremental Part Period Algorithm, are assessed. NIPPA is generally the more successful of the two techniques, although there are specific instances in which the decomposition-based algorithm displayed a distinct advantage. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
Finite element modeling the influence of edge roundness on the stress and temperature fields induced by high-speed machining.

High-speed machining (HSM) may produce parts at high production rates with substantially higher fatigue strengths and increased subsurface micro-hardness and plastic deformation, mostly due to the ploughing of the round cutting tool edge associated with induced stresses, and can have far more superior surface properties than surfaces generated by grinding and polishing. Cutting edge roundness may induce stress and temperature fields on the machined subsurface and influence the finished surface properties, as well as tool life. In this paper, a finite element method (FEM) modeling approach with arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) fully coupled thermal-stress analysis is employed. In order to realistically simulate HSM using edge design tools, an FEM model for orthogonal cutting is designed, and solution techniques such as adaptive meshing and explicit dynamics are performed. A detailed friction modeling at the tool–chip and tool–work interfaces is also carried out. Work material flow around the round edge cutting tool is successfully simulated without implementing a chip separation criterion and without the use of a remeshing scheme. The FEM modeling of the stresses and the resultant surface properties induced by round edge cutting tools is performed for the HSM of AISI 4340 steel. Once FEM simulations are complete for different edge radii and depths of cut, the tool is unloaded and the stresses are relieved. Predicted stress fields are compared with experimentally measured residual stresses obtained from the literature. The results indicate that the round edge design tools influence the stress and temperature fields greatly. An optimization scheme can be developed to identify the most desirable edge design by using the finite element analysis (FEA) scheme presented in this work.
Investigation of characteristic measures for the analysis and synthesis of precision-machined surfaces

Abstract Error prediction and control are key factors in precision machining. These factors rely on the development of formal approaches for analyzing and characterizing error sources in manufacturing. One such approach is the development of mathematical measures of precision, where precision, in this context, is defined as surface variations of manufactured part profiles. In this paper, we discuss a novel investigation of four mathematical measures. These four methods, namely the autocorrelation function, the Fourier spectrum, a fractal-wavelet representation, and the Karhunen-Loeve expansion, are applied to surfaces produced from grinding processes. The first two methods provide a basis for the investigation, as they are commonly used in the literature for qualitative signal characterization of manufacturing surfaces. However, the fractal-wavelet method and Karhunen-Loeve expansion have never been applied to the analysis and synthesis of surface variations. While other fractal methods have been used to characterize surface-finish variations, a wavelet formalism is a new approach, especially at the scales of both surface finish and tolerances. A combination of the first three techniques is shown to give a proper minimum set of characteristic precision measures for representing grinding surfaces. This combination is a clear contribution to the field of analysis of surface characteristics. It is also shown that the Karhunen-Loeve technique is a novel alternative to represent surface errors. The existence of characteristic measures of surface precision should aid designers in choosing process and design parameters and in comparing the precision between competing machining processes.
Hyperspectral fluorescence tomography of quantum dots using the simplified spherical harmonics equations

The proposed image reconstruction method exploits the spectrally dependent absorption properties of biological tissue and quantum dots for recovering the three-dimensional reporter distribution. Only a single light source with macro-illumination needs to be used for the purpose of light emission stimulation and image reconstruction. The light propagation in strongly absorbing tissue is modeled with the simplified spherical harmonics (SPN) equations.
An overview of preliminary studies on the development of doubled haploid protocols for nutraceutical species

There is very little activity underway to improve the genetics of herbs, spices, and nutraceutical crops. Much of the industry relies on the harvest of “wild” plants; therefore, the potential for variability in performance and active ingredients is high. This presents significant challenges for an industry that is striving to achieve market credibility and meet current regulatory standards. Uniform varieties would also be beneficial for use in clinical trials. The development of plants performing consistently in cultivation under various environmental conditions and producing a stable quality and quantity of desired active ingredients cannot solely rely on traditional plant breeding, but must be supported by the development of tissue culture methods targeted to the species of interest.
Environmental distraction and interpersonal judgements

Two studies tested whether environmental distraction (primarily noise) would cause people to make ill-considered judgements of others. The first study showed that distracted subjects made more extreme judgements of a target person and, while continuing to be extreme, changed those judgements across repeated administrations of the questionnaire. The possibility of future interaction with the target person did not affect this pattern of judgements. A second study replicated these findings and ruled out several possible artifactual explanations of the first study's results. The results of the studies are discussed in relation to several models of environmental effects, but seemed most consistent with the idea that distraction and noise interfere with information integration.
Acute ascending myelitis and encephalopathy after intrathecal cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate in an adolescent boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A 14-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed acute ascending myelitis followed by encephalopathy after intrathecal administration of methotrexate 15 mg and cytosine arabinoside 50 mg. The patient had none of the risk factors noted previously in other patients with intrathecal therapy (IT) induced neurotoxicity. The doses administered were within the standard scales, and toxicity developed in the second boost of IT 20 days after the first one. There may not be any parameters to predict the occurrence of such severe and rare form of CNS neurotoxicity attributed to IT.
Digital Periarterial Sympathectomy for Ischaemic Digital Pain and Ulcers

Digital periarterial sympathectomy was performed on 11 digits in three patients with chronic digital ischaemia which was a manifestation of either Raynaud's disease, C.R.E.S.T. syndrome or traumatic ulnar artery thrombosis. Before operation, all patients had pain in the affected fingers and five digits had ulcers, two of which were infected. Using the operating microscope, the adventitia was stripped circumferentially over the distal 2 cm. of the common digital arteries, the bifurcation and the proximal 1 cm. of the proper digital arteries distal to the bifurcation. The same procedure was repeated, at the wrist level, for the ulnar artery and/or the radial artery and its dorsal branch. Follow-up ranged from three to 16 months. After two weeks, all patients reported relief of pain and the ulcers were progressively healing. By three months, all ulcers had healed.
A Large Scale Laboratory Cage Trial of Aedes Densonucleosis Virus (AeDNV)

ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) the primary vector of dengue viruses (DENV1–4), oviposit in and around human dwellings, including sites difficult to locate, making control of this mosquito challenging. We explored the efficacy and sustainability of Aedes Densonucleosis Virus (AeDNV) as a biocontrol agent for Ae. aegypti in and among oviposition sites in large laboratory cages (>92 m3) as a prelude to field trials. Select cages were seeded with AeDNV in a single oviposition site (OPS) with unseeded OPSs established at varied distances. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to track dispersal and accumulation of AeDNV among OPSs. All eggs were collected weekly from each cage and counted. We asked: (1) Is AeDNV dispersed over varying distances and can it accumulate and persist in novel OPSs? (2) Are egg densities reduced in AeDNV treated populations? AeDNV was dispersed to and sustained in novel OPSs. Virus accumulation in OPSs was positively correlated with egg densities...
The Place of Religion in the Training of Pastoral Counselors

A teacher of mine once said to a class, "Do not depend on just one source of human knowledge to support your professional work in depth psychology. Psychoanalytic theory is not even a century old and cannot possibly contain all of human wisdom." But people who are trained in a religious tradition as well as the procedures of psychotherapy do have access to a large source of wisdom, the wisdom gathered through the centuries by men and women reflecting on their experience of God. These people are professionals. Thus they must ask themselves whether their openness to religious tradition affects their professional work as pastoral counselors and what place religious experience occupies in their lives. We all know the horror that comes from making an idol out of the procedures involved in getting healthy?the special horror of seeing mental health as the absolute goal in life. One cannot maintain a decent conversation with a person who sees psychoanalytic implications everywhere and telegraphs their hidden presence with a raised eyebrow, an obvious mental cataloguing of the other person's defensive system, possible childhood trauma, degree of resistance, etc. Worst of all, every human dialogue with such a mental-health enthusiast is punctuated by repeated pauses as he notes "where my feelings are," "how my feelings are," "what my feelings are." When we take our training in psychotherapy as the only source and resource we have for wisdom, we easily fall into a tyranny of mental health, setting new standards of punitive judgment against ourselves and others. * For example, we find ourselves charting our "progress" on a scale that stretches from "infantile" to "mature." We label too quickly and too disparagingly any resting place in our growth as a point of "fixation." And some of us compulsively scan our dreams on waking each morning to tally how much of our material is archetypal and how much merely personal. When those of us who are trained in religion as well as psychotherapy think of
Geochronology of Precambrian rocks in the Laramie Range and implications for the tectonic framework of Precambrian southern Wyoming

Abstract From Casper Mountain; at its northern end, to the northwestern margin of the Laramie anorthosite—syenite complex, in its central parts, the Laramie Range is underlain by granite and granitic gneiss that has a minimum age of 2.54 ± 0.04 Ga (Rb/Sr whole-rock isochron) and by metasedimentary rocks, including marble and quartzite, that appear to overlie the granitic gneiss nonconformably (minimum age: 1.7 Ga based on several horn-blende K/Ar dates). Southward from the anorthosite—syenite complex into Colorado, the Range is underlain chiefly by the Sherman Granite (1.41 Ga; Peterman and Hedge, 1968) and scattered patches of gneiss that are not dated, but are tentatively correlated wit similar gneiss in the southern Medicine Bow Mountains and in the Colorado Front Range, where they are dated as ⩾ 1.7 Ga (Peterman and Hedge, 1968). The Laramie anorthosite—syenite complex (minimum age: ⩾ 1.42 Ga or ⩾ 1.51 Ga if a hornblende K/Ar date is accepted) apparently intruded the suture separating the old (⩾ 2.5 Ga) continental edge from younger (⩾ 1.7 Ga) geosynclinal rocks. The suture, which manifests itself as the Mullen Creek—Nash Fork shear zone in the Medicine Bow Mountains, also is the boundary between ensialic and ensimatic geosynclinal deposition that occurred during the interval 1.7–2.5 Ga ago. K/Ar dates on biotite and muscovite from rocks north of the anorthosite—syenite complex grade from 2.5 Ga on Casper Mountain down to 1.38 Ga near the complex. Near its northern tip, the Laramie Range is crossed by a geochronologic front, separating 2.5 Ga old gneiss whose K/Ar dates were not lowered by subsequent metamorphism from 2.5 Ga old gneiss whose mica dates were reset between 1.4 and 1.6 Ga ago.
La re-escritura de la novela romántica argentina del siglo XIX: de Lucio V. Mansilla a Florencia Bonelli en Indias blancas

Contemporary Latin American retro-foundational or neo-romantic narratives allow scholars to reanalyze the nineteenth century's hegemonic discourse. They also provide an opportunity to rethink how social classes, ethnicities, and genders interacted during the past. Argentinean writers are rewriting some novels by authors of previous eras to raise points about national identity and historiography. Indias blancas and Indias blancas: La vuelta del ranquel by Florencia Bonelli are based on Una excursion a los indios ranqueles by Lucio Victorio Mansilla. Mansilla's provocative and long forgotten novel was brought to a new life through the re-examination of the Conquest/s of the Desert, during which the native population of the Argentinean Pampa was gradually exterminated. Although Bonelli's work presents some similar scenarios and themes as Mansilla's novel, the two volumes of Indias blancas parody the epoque representation of the virginal, flimsy, powerless, and self-denying Creole women and the vicious savage...
The new millennium program's Mars microprobe mission

Abstract The second deep-space advanced technology validation mission in NASA's New Millennium Program will demonstrate planetary micropenetrator technologies. Two microprobes, each consisting of a very low-mass aeroshell and penetrator system, are planned to launch in January 1999 and arrive at Mars in December, 1999. The 2 kg probes ballistically enter the martian atmosphere and passively orient themselves to meet peak heating and impact requirements. Upon impacting the martian surface, the probes will punch through the entry aeroshell and separate into a fore and aftbody system. The forebody will reach a depth of 0.5 to 2 meters, while the aftbody will remain on the surface for communications. Each penetrator system includes a suite of highly miniaturized components needed for future micropenetrator networks: primary batteries, power electronics, control and data handling microelectronics, telecommunications equipment, an antenna, and a science payload package. This paper will summarize key features of the microprobe mission and system design, as well as discuss the technologies proposed for flight.
Effects of ferulic acid, an allelopathic compound, on net P,K, and water uptake by cucumber seedlings in a split-root system

Since distribution of allelopathic compounds in soils is highly variable, injurious effects by such compounds should be related to the frequency of contact with roots. Experiments were conducted to determine how P, K, and water uptake of cucumber seedlings were affected as the fraction of roots in contact with ferulic acid (FA) was increased. Seedlings were grown in Hoagland's nutrient solution for 14 days and then transferred to 0.5 mM CaSO4 solution for 24 hr before being placed into a split-root culture system. The containers in the system were filled with 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4 and CaSO4 or 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4, CaSO4, and ferulic acid (FA). Net uptake of P by seedlings (milligrams per seedling) decreased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of K (milligrams per seedling) and water (milliliters per seedling) by seedlings decreased linearly as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of P, K, and water by seedlings was reduced 57, 75, and 29%, respectively, when the whole root system was exposed to FA. Net P and K uptake of roots (milligrams per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA decreased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively, as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. Net P and K uptake of roots in contact with ferulic acid increased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively. Net water uptake of roots (milliliters per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA increased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the frequency of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net water uptake of roots in contact with FA did not show a trend. Transpiration (milliliters per square centimeter) was reduced in a linear manner as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. A very slight compensation by roots not in contact with FA for roots in contact with FA was observed for net water uptake rates. No compensation for P and K uptake rates was observed.
Influence of diet on growth, condition and reproductive capacity in Newfoundland and Labrador cod (Gadus morhua) : Insights from stable carbon isotopes (δ13C)

Abstract Cod populations in Newfoundland and Labrador waters have shown differing growth, condition and recruitment since near-universal declines in these properties during the cold period of the late 1980s and early 1990s. To assess the influence of variable prey communities on these parameters, we compared cod energetics and diet in populations off Labrador and the northeast and south coasts of Newfoundland. Many properties were highest in the southern group(s) and lowest in the northern group(s), including growth, somatic condition, liver index and age-at-maturity. Most differences could be explained by variations in diet, as measured by stomach contents and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). The diet of Labrador cod consisted almost entirely of northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis), and these cod displayed the most benthic δ13C signatures. Northeast cod had a more varied diet that included capelin and other fish, but still had mostly benthic δ13C signatures, suggesting the importance of benthic prey like shrimp in this population. South coast cod exhibited the most varied diet, including capelin (Mallotus villosus), zooplankton, crabs and other fish, and had the most pelagic δ13C signatures. Among and within populations, the benefits of a more pelagic diet in medium-sized (30–69 cm) cod included higher somatic condition, higher liver index (lipid stores) and greater spawning potential (decreased incidence of atresia). It is hypothesized that major rebuilding of Newfoundland and Labrador cod stocks will require a return to a system that supports mostly pelagic feeding (i.e. capelin) in cod.
Development of a growth medium suitable for exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus RR

Abstract Complex media are commonly used in studies examining exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. However, quantification of exopolysaccharide in complex medium can be complicated by interference due to carbohydrate polymers contained in media components. This study was undertaken to identify components of MRS, a common medium for cultivation of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, that interfere with exopolysaccharide quantification, to develop a medium for production of exopolysaccharide that provides for growth of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus strain RR similar to MRS, and to demonstrate exopolysaccharide production by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus RR grown in the newly developed medium. Phenol-sulfuric acid determinations were conducted on uninoculated MRS broth with and without yeast extract, beef extract and proteose peptone #3. These three ingredients accounted for 94% of the total background exopolysaccharide-equivalent in MRS broth. Based on these results, a semi-defined medium (SDM) providing minimal interference was developed using yeast nitrogen base® and Bacto casitone®. Growth of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus RR at 42°C in semi-defined medium and MRS was evaluated, and generation times did not differ significantly (0.94 h in MRS and 0.85 h in SDM). Exopolysaccharide production by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus RR during growth in semi-defined medium was evaluated at 30 and 40°C. The rate of exopolysaccharide production was lower at 30°C (8.04 (mg/l-h) than at 40°C (11.95 (mg/l-h), but the maximal concentration of exopolysaccharide produced was similar at both temperatures.
Bond Graph Sign Conventions

The lack of arbitrariness in the choice of bond graph sign conventions is established. It is shown that an unoriented bond graph may have no unique meaning and that with certain choices of orientation a bond graph may not correspond to any lumped parameter system constructed from the same set of elements. Network interpretations of these two facts are given. Defining a bond graph as an oriented object leads to the consideration of equivalence classes of oriented bond graphs which represent the same system. It is also shown that only changes in the orientation of bonds connecting O-junctions and 1-junctions can lead to changes in the observable properties of a bond graph model. (9 figures) (auth)
Meeting Highlights American Heart Association 68th Scientific Sessions, Anaheim, California, November 13 to 15, 1995

Dr Elliott Antman, of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, presented the results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 9B study at a Satellite Symposium sponsored by George Washington University immediately prior to the American Heart Association Meetings in Anaheim, California, in November 1995. The TIMI 9 trial was a randomized, double-blind study conducted in 150 clinical centers that was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous heparin versus the direct-acting thrombin inhibitor hirudin in patients with acute myocardial infarction (<12 hours from onset) treated with a thrombolytic agent (streptokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator [TPA], at the discretion of the treating physician). The TIMI 9A study (n=757) was suspended in April 1994 because of excessive bleeding in both the heparin and hirudin groups. The TIMI 9B trial was restarted in May 1994 with lower doses of both heparin and hirudin; enrollment (n=3002) continued through August 1995. The primary end point of the study was the 30-day incidence of death, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and shock. At 30 days, there was no significant difference in the primary end point between heparin (11.8%) and hirudin (12.8%) and no difference in the incidence of death and myocardial infarction (9.3% in the heparin group, 9.6% in the hirudin group). Similarly, there was no significant difference in major bleeding events (including intracranial hemorrhage) between treatment groups. The TIMI 9 Investigators concluded that hirudin was equally effective as but not superior to heparin with respect to either clinical outcome or bleeding risk in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving thrombolytic therapy. Also at the George Washington University Satellite Symposium, Dr Eugene Braunwald, of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, presented the results of the TIMI 10A phase I trial. TIMI 10A is an …
Fluoride-modified zirconium oxide as a biocompatible stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Previously we found that porous microparticulate zirconium oxide strongly adsorbs fluoride from aqueous solutions. The adsorption is due in large part to a Lewis acid-base interaction between coordination sites on the zirconium oxide surface and fluoride. The resulting complex is very stable relative to many other species and therefore fluoride is hard to displace. The chromatographic properties of small molecules and proteins on zirconium oxide particles when fluoride is present in the mobile phase is investigated in this work. In the presence of fluoride, zirconium oxide is a very biocompatible adsorbent, the selectivities of which are analogous to those of calcium hydroxyapatite. The effect of fluoride is very reproducible even after the adsorbed fluoride is stripped by strong base and regenerated in fluoride buffer.
Thermal Conductivity of Fluid He 3 and He 4 at Temperatures between 1.5 and 4.0° K and for Pressures up to 34 atm

Measurements of the thermal-conductivity coefficient $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ are reported for liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ I between 1.77 and 3.95\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, for fluid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ between 1.5 and 3.95\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, both at pressures up to 34 atm, and for gaseous ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ between 1.5 and 3.95\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at \ensuremath{\sim}10 Torr. Special attention is given the liquid-vapor critical region of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-transition line of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. Corrections for effects of thermal boundary resistance and convection are discussed for the fixed-separation parallel-plate apparatus used for these experiments. Taking into account these corrections, the over-all accuracy of the data is considered to be better than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3%, though the precision is better than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1%. Away from the singular regions ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\kappa}}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})}_{P}$ is anomalously positive and increases with pressure for both ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. Isobars of $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ for ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ I pass through shallow minima and then rise sharply as the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ line is approached from higher temperature. Isotherms of $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ for ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in the neighborhood of the critical point display distinct cusps. Scaling laws predict that near the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ temperature ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ the coefficient $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ should be proportional to ${(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$, and near the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ it should be proportional to ${|T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}|}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{2}{3}}$; other theories predict $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ to be proportional to ${|T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}|}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ near ${T}_{c}$. The experimental data are found to agree qualitatively, but not quantitatively, with these predictions.
Diabetic microangiopathy, genetics, environment, and treatment

As the major cause of disability and death in insulin-dependent diabetes, microangiopathy is obviously of major concern to diabetologists. Unlike macroangiopathy, which can readily be prevented by means that are currently on hand, the origin and treatment of microangiopathy remain far more problematical. The complexity of this lesion is indicated by the findings in this laboratory that hyperglycemia induced by the rodenticide, vacor, can cause microangiopathy independent of genetic diabetes, yet significant microangiopathic lesions can be detected in genetic diabetic patients before the appearance of hyperglycemia. Further, there is now intriguing evidence based both on basement membrane measurements from our laboratory and on clinical studies showing that significant microangiopathy only rarely occurs prior to the onset of puberty. The evidence that control or even normalization of blood glucose levels does not influence the course of established microangiopathy is becoming increasingly convincing. Five prospective, randomized studies over the past five years have shown that strict regulation of glucose has no consistent benefit on, and in some studies may, at least transiently, accelerate, the retinopathy of diabetes. Moreover, the first controlled study of successful pancreatic transplantation to achieve normalization of blood glucose levels has again demonstrated that established retinopathy is neither prevented nor even delayed by normal glucose levels. This review, therefore, emphasizes that, though hyperglycemia is required for clinically significant microangiopathy to occur, clearly other factors, genetic, environmental, or both, must play major roles in determining the course of microangiopathy. It is toward these nonglycemic factors in the development of diabetic microangiopathy that future research should increasingly be directed.
Biology of sepsis: Its relevance to pediatric nephrology

Because of its multi-organ involvement, the syndrome of sepsis provides clinical challenges to a wide variety of health care providers. While multi-organ dysfunction triggered by sepsis requires general supportive critical care provided by intensivists, the impact of sepsis on renal function and the ability of renal replacement therapies to modulate its biologic consequences provide a significant opportunity for pediatric nephrologists and related care providers to impact outcomes. In this review, we aim to highlight newer areas of understanding of the pathobiology of sepsis with special emphasis on those aspects of particular interest to pediatric nephrology. As such, we aim to: (1) review the definition of sepsis and discuss advances in our mechanistic understanding of sepsis; (2) review current hypotheses regarding sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and describe its epidemiology based on evolving definitions of AKI; (3) review the impact of renal failure on the immune system, highlighting the sepsis risk in this cohort and strategies that might minimize this risk; (4) review how renal replacement therapeutic strategies may impact sepsis-induced AKI outcomes. By focusing the review on these specific areas, we have omitted other important areas of the biology of sepsis and additional interactions with renal function from this discussion; however, we have aimed to provide a comprehensive list of references that provide contemporary reviews of these additional areas.
Statistical method for the prediction of matching results in spectral file searching

In file-search techniques, the distribution of mismatches quantitatively measures the fit of a particular unknown against a given library. A simple theoretical method is developed to predict, a priori, this distribution. With this procedure, for any unknown code and library, the mean number of mismatches can be calculated exactly. For a given library and coding scheme, the mismatch distribution for most unknown codes closely follows a common curve which is easily calculated from statistical properties of the library. When this common curve is normalized to a constant mean, the observed matching behavior is well predicted. The theory should permit the user to more clearly assess the effects of errors on file search performance and suggest techniques by which recognition performance may be optimized.
Fluid absorption during forward roll coating of porous webs

Abstract Forward roll coating is a common process to deposit thin liquid films onto a continuous web. When the web is porous, some amount of the fluid is forced into the web in the nip. This removal of fluid, along with the deformation of the backing material, influences transfer in the nip as well as operational issues such as misting and coating defects. While much has been reported on forward roll coating for non-porous webs, little has been done when the web is porous. A laboratory roll coating device is used to characterize the pressure profile, the rubber deformation, and the film thickness as the fluid is in contact with a porous web. A pressure transducer is used to record the pressure profile in the nip. The film thickness on the steel roll surface and the gap between the rolls are measured with capacitance probes. Silicone oils, with three different viscosities, are used as test fluids. Three different papers are used in these tests. A model is proposed to describe the pressure profile, rubber deformation, and absorption in a forward roll coating device. The differential equations are solved to describe the nip behavior. A simplified model is also proposed, using an average nip pressure and Darcy's law, to predict penetration in the nip. The proposed models compare well with the experimental results and predict the dependence on viscosity, nip load, and paper permeability. The experimental results with low viscosity fluids show some speed dependence that is not captured by the model, but the high viscosity fluid behavior agrees well with model predictions.
Conflict management across cultural boundaries: a case analysis from a multinational bank

Business today is increasingly being impacted by international considerations. This international impact is felt in areas such as locating the various sources of raw materials, coordinating production schedules with plants around the globe, selecting marketing strategies to be employed in various cultures, determining which financial decisions need to be made in a world market, and also how to best utilize a workforce rich in diversity of talents, backgrounds, and communication styles. This paper addresses the last of these considerations: namely, how to effectively manage a diverse workforce. In particular, this work is directed toward helping managers to deal with conflict in the workplace, and to effectively manage that conflict across cultural boundaries. A case situation involving a multinational bank with a diverse workforce is presented. The nature of conflict is discussed, and contributors to conflict explored. A variety of conflict management techniques is reviewed and discussed. Finally, a proposed nine‐step model for managing conflict is presented. The proposed model is then applied to the case situation to illustrate its practical applicability to business today.
Chemical vapor deposition of fine-grained equiaxed tungsten films

Abstract A method is described whereby fine-grained equiaxed tungsten films can be deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Special techniques are required to obtain the equiaxed grain structure and are generally not known. The method described here consists of a high velocity jet of reactant gases directed at the substrate from close proximity. The equiaxed structure results from gas phase formation of tungsten particles which are impinged on and become part of the depositing surface. These particles become the renucleation sites which are necessary to avoid the more common columnar grain structure. The grain size as measured by scanning electron microscopy ranges from 0.04 to 5 μm depending on deposition conditions and is equiaxed. Aerosol capture theory has been applied to this process and predicts correctly the velocity gradient at which the process becomes effective at producing equiaxed films.
Large solar wind disturbances during late May and early June 1991

Solar wind data from the Ames experiment aboard the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, coincident with a period of unprecedented solar activity that began at the end of May, 1991, within the highly active earlier portion of 1991, are summarized and discussed. Some comparison is made with corresponding data from Earth. Some particularly large, strong shocks and solar ejecta were observed at Venus. The solar longitude of Venus, relative to associated flares, varied over a wide range, for a series of flares that produced X-rays that saturated the GOES X-ray counters. Some of the disturbances at Venus must be due to CMEs with longitudinal extents up to ∼40–50 deg.
Elevated D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in dopaminergic and dopaminoceptive regions of the rat brain in response to morphine

Abstract As opiates increase dopamine transmission, we measured the effects of morphine on dopamine-related genes using a real-time optic PCR assay that reliably detects small differences in mRNA in discrete brain regions. Tissue from dopaminoceptive and dopaminergic brain regions was collected from rats injected twice daily for 7 days with saline or increasing doses of morphine. Tissues were assayed for D1, D2 and D3 dopamine receptor mRNAs (D1R, D2R and D3R), as well as for mRNAs for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the dopamine transporter (DAT). The neuron-associated mRNAs for SNAP-25 and synaptophysin, as well as the glial-associated mRNA for S100-β and three ‘housekeeping’ mRNAs, were also measured. As reported previously by others, there was no alteration in D1R mRNA and a 25% decrease in D2R mRNA in the caudate-putamen, 2 h after the final morphine injection. Importantly, in the same RNA extracts, D3R mRNA showed significant increases of 85% in the caudate-putamen and 165% in the ventral midbrain, including the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. There were no other significant morphine effects. Mapping of brain regions in saline control rats agreed with previous studies, including showing the presence of low abundance TH mRNA and the absence of DAT mRNA in the caudate-putamen. The finding that chronic, intermittent injections of morphine caused an increase in D3R mRNA extends our understanding of the ability of D3R agonists to reduce the effects of morphine.
Radiobiologic implications of the microscopic distribution of energy from radionuclides

A significant increase in our understanding of the dosimetry and therapeutic potential of various types of radioactive decay has augmented the possibility of utilizing specific radiolabeled carriers in tumor therapy. At least three types of radioactive decay lend themselves to this approach. Most fastidious in their distribution requirements are the Auger electron emitters whose radiotoxicity can only be realized with their intranuclear localization. Alpha emitters irradiate regions of several cell diameters. Beta emitters are less stringent as far as proximity to the total tumor mass, but doses to normal tissues can be high. The advantages and the limitations of each type of decay are presented.
Economies of scale for large school districts: A national study with local implications

Abstract Beginning in the 1930s American school districts began to consolidate under the premise that larger school districts would achieve better performance at a lower cost due to economies of scale and specialization. Before significant evidence emerged contradicting this assumption, many American school districts had transitioned from small adaptive affiliations to large sluggish bureaucracies. The purpose of this paper is to assess the economies of scale in large school districts using cost and production functions along with linear regression. Based upon the benefits proposed by modern supporters of consolidation, the analysis assumes that larger school districts result in reduced costs per student and improved academic achievement. The analysis uses cross-sectional data from the 99 largest school districts in America for the 1999–2000 school year. The results of the analysis indicate that none of the hypotheses proposed are valid. Instead, the data indicates that significant inefficiencies exist in large districts. While the results confirm the findings of most previous research, they are unique in that they are based upon a nationwide sample.