cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age Effects on Central Nervous System Activity Reflected in the Olfactory Event‐Related Potential: Evidence for Decline in Middle Agea

: A series of studies in this laboratory using the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) have examined the underlying central nervous system activity associated with age-related changes in olfactory functioning. Early (sensory) components of the OERP showed reduced amplitude and longer latency in elderly subjects, with larger effects in males. Amplitudes are already decreased in middle age. The late cognitive component, P3, showed a longer latency as well as a decreased amplitude in the elderly, with effect sizes for age significantly larger for the late component than for the early components. We report here the significantly longer latency, particularly for the P3, in middle-aged persons, suggesting age-related slowing of olfactory information processing as early as the 50s. Results suggest that the elderly brain, and indeed, the middle-aged brain shows smaller responses to odors, is less able to allocate attentional resources and slows in its olfactory cognitive processing. The OERP is a potent reflection of these changes.
Transforming local e-government services: the use of application service providers

Abstract This study examines the potential of application service providers (ASPs) to transform electronic government (e-government) services at the local level. The ASP model helps local governments overcome barriers to offering next wave e-government services such as a shortage of skilled IT staff and limited financial resources. The realization of full potential, however, requires first the adoption of an ASP model. Five conditions that favor the decision to use an ASP are (1) strong top management support, (2) promise of large efficiency gains, (3) enough IT capability on the part of the government unit to identify key piece of technology, (4) less burdensome outsourcing rules and procedures, and (5) a variety of high quality and reliable ASPs from which to choose locally. To ensure the success of an ASP project, local governments need to build in-house IT capability to evaluate an ASP and to develop proper performance measures. Management should focus on serving citizens and businesses and develop the capability to negotiate as well as manage service-level contracts with ASPs. Continual top management support is necessary for dealing with possible initial resistance and ensuring interdepartmental communication and cooperation.
Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility M. tuberculosis in native Paraguayans.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant health problem for most of the world's populations, and prevalence among indigenous groups is typically higher than among their nonindigenous neighbors. Native South Americans experience high rates of TB, but while research in several other world populations indicates that susceptibility is multifactorial, polygenic, and population-specific, little work has been undertaken to investigate factors involved in Native American susceptibility. We conducted a family-based association study to examine immunologically relevant polymorphisms of a candidate gene, the vitamin D receptor, in conjunction with three measures of TB status in two Native Paraguayan populations, the Ache and the Ava. This is the first large-scale genetic analysis of Native South Americans to examine susceptibility to both infection and disease following exposure to M. tuberculosis. These two types of susceptibility reflect differences in innate and acquired immunity that have proven difficult to elucidate in other populations. Our results indicate that among the Ache, the FokI F allele protects individuals from infection, while the TaqI t allele protects against active disease but not infection. In particular, FF homozygotes are 17 times more likely to test positive for exposure to TB, but no more likely to have ever been diagnosed with active TB. TT individuals are 42 times less likely to mount a delayed-type hypersensitivity response, and the T allele was significantly more likely to have been transmitted to offspring who have been diagnosed with active TB. This ongoing research is of vital importance to indigenous groups of the Americas, because if there is a population-specific component to TB susceptibility, it will likely prove most effective to incorporate this into future treatment and prevention strategies.
Tempering influence on oxygen and water vapor transmission through a stearyl alcohol film

Stearyl alcohol was layered on a filter paper support and tested for resistance to O2 and water vapor transmission following tempering. Tempering at 48C for 14 or 35 days caused the resistance to O2 and water vapor transmission to increase. The resistance to O2 and water vapor transport was increased 80% and 50% respectively, after 35 days. Likely mechanistic explanations include the healing of crystal imperfections and the development of a more extensive and betterlinked arrangement of lipid crystalline platelets.
Comment on the effect of internal energy on the rate of formation of NO+ by the reaction of O++N2

Abstract The effects of translational and vibrational energy on the rate of formation of NO + are compared using the translational and vibrational excitation functions. The effects of simultaneous variation of translational, rotational and vibrational energy are assessed by comparing rates as a function of total reactant center of mass energy.
First-Offer Disadvantage in Zero-Sum Game Negotiation Outcomes

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study contrasts the success rates of negotiators making the first offer with negotiators making a counter offer during high-stake, zero-sum game bargaining sessions. Methodology/Approach: The empirical study analyzed negotiators' first and counter offer overall success rates and the success rates on each of the ten separate negotiations. The bargainers were involved in a series of ten high-stakes, zero-sum game negotiations. A total of 1,621 separate negotiations were examined. Findings: The results for the overall negotiations indicate the person making the initial offer was significantly less successful than the person making the counter offer. For each negotiation in the series, the only negotiation in which the first offer was more successful than the counter offer was the first of the ten negotiations. Research Implications: A number of studies in negotiation literature indicate a negotiator's first offer may influence counteroffers with the effect labeled anchoring. The result...
Variational principle applied to hyperfine pressure shifts

The multiconfiguration-variation approach to the problem of the hyperfine pressure shift for interacting atoms is analyzed with respect to some recent criticisms. (auth)
Demystifying sample-size calculation for clinical trials and comparative effectiveness research: the impact of low-event frequency in surgical clinical research.

Background Type II error, or not meeting sample-size requirement, has been identified as an issue in the surgical literature. The root of this problem is the low frequency of events in the majority of surgical clinical research. This exponentially increases the sample size needed to achieve statistical significance.
A perturbational analysis of Norton-type constant-resistance networks

Abstract It is shown that in order that a Norton high-pass, low-pass complementary ladder network be a constant resistance, all its reactive elements must be linear. The proof requires a novel perturbational analysis of nonlinear networks which gives precise bounds, in terms of the input, of the effect of the nonlinearities. This type of perturbational analysis can be considered to be a contribution to the identification problem.
Free-Marketing Science

The Economic Laws of Scientific Research. TERENCE KEALEY. St. Martin's, New York, 1997. xii, 382 pp. $75, ISBN 0-312-12847-9; paper, $19.95, ISBN 0-312-17306-7. Published in the UK by Macmillan. £47.50, ISBN 0-333-56045-0; paper, £16.99, ISBN 0-333-65755-1.
An Eye-Movement Analysis of Ambiguity Resolution: Beyond Meaning Access.

The research reported here addresses the status of the unselected meaning of a lexically ambiguous word in developing the larger meaning of the text by independently manipulating lexical and discourse-level variables in the text. In a series of 3 eye-movement experiments, participants read passages that contained 2 occurrences of an ambiguous word. The meaning of the ambiguous word either switched from 1 encounter to the next (Experiments 1 and 2) or remained consistent across encounters (Experiments 1 and 3), and the authors manipulated whether the second occurrence of the ambiguous word referred to the same discourse entity or a different entity. Facilitation was observed in initial processing time on ambiguous words when the meaning was consistent from first to second encounter, regardless of referential relations. Switching the meaning between encounters did not influence how accessible the initially unselected meaning was, but it did produce processing difficulty in the post-target region. These resu...
Social Issues of the Alzheimer’s Patient and Family

Families caring for a person with Alzheimer's disease (AD) soon discover that it is unlike any other illness. Coping with a degenerative brain disease is much different than dealing with a physical disability. AD is more disruptive to, and has greater impact on, the family than other chronic diseases. AD caregiving carries with it a high financial, social, and emotional price. Families must work toward effectively coping with the disease, decreasing the harmful effects on the family, and keeping family conflicts to a minimum. Support groups can provide families with much-needed information on the disease, emotional and practical support, and an expressive or advocacy outlet. Formal services can help relieve some of the burden of caring for an AD patient. Family members must remember that there is no "right" way to care for a person with AD, and each family must determine, with the help of the appropriate professionals and services, how to best meet its own needs. Given the burdens of care, however, even small interventions may translate into improvements in the quality of life or confidence of the caregiver.
Time-dependence of appropriate implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.

Introduction: Little is known about the risk of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy outside the context of controlled clinical trials where routine practice patients are followed for longer durations and questions of device replacement frequently arise. We assessed the incidence and time-dependence of appropriate ICD therapy in a routine clinical practice primary prevention population with prior myocardial infarction (MI) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Methods and Results: Patients with prior MI and LVEF ≤35%, who received an ICD at our institution (1995–2005) for primary prevention, were identified. Incidence and time-dependence of first appropriate ICD therapy for ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and rapid VA (cycle length ≤260 ms) were determined. Of 525 ICD recipients for primary prevention, 115 (22%) had appropriate ICD therapy. Incidence of first appropriate ICD therapy was highest in the first year postimplant (20%), decreased to 12% in year 2, and remained at 6–11% yearly thereafter. A similar trend was observed with rapid VA, a higher risk in the first year (6%), and a lower but persistent risk thereafter (3.8% in year 7). Conclusion: In a routine clinical practice primary prevention population with prior MI and LVEF ≤35%, the incidence of first ICD therapy for VA, including potentially life-threatening VA, is highest in the first year postimplant, and persists for up to seven years thereafter. Risk of first appropriate ICD therapy persists over time, and thus replacement of ICDs appears to be indicated for all patients.
Uterine contractile activity in mares during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy

Transrectal ultrasonography was used to quantitate uterine contractile activity during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in pony mares (nonbred, n = 9; pregnant, n = 16). Continuous 1-min scans of longitudinal sections of the uterine body were videotaped, and uterine activity scores (1=minimal activity, 5=maximal activity) were assigned to each tape segment. There was a tendency (P<0.06) for a main effect of reproductive status (nonbred versus pregnant), a main effect of day (P<0.0001), and a reproductive status by day interaction (P<0.006). Uterine activity scores were higher (P<0.05) in pregnant mares on Days 1, 11, 12, and 17 (Day 0=day of ovulation) than in nonbred mares. Maximal activity in pregnant mares occurred on Days 11 to 14 during the reported period of maximal embryo mobility. Activity scores decreased (P<0.05) between the day prior to and the day of fixation (mean = Day 15) of the embryonic vesicle. Activity scores were maintained at an intermediate level for several days following fixation before declining to minimal levels by 7 d postfixation. A postovulatory decrease (P<0.04) in activity scores was observed in nonbred mares, but not in pregnant mares, between Days 0 and 1 followed by a progressive increase (P<0.03) between Days 2 and 4. Maximal activity in nonbred mares occurred during the late luteal phase (Days 13 to 14), corresponding temporally to the reported onset of luteolysis.
Estimation of Surface Roughness and Elastic Modulus Degradation of Nanoindented Surfaces Using Finite Element Method

The surface roughness influences the mechanical properties of materials, such as elastic modulus, hardness, tensile and yield strengths and ductility. Previous studies have shown the behavior of hardness changes by surface roughness of the material using spherical indenters on the spherical surfaces. The effect of the elastic modulus changes with the roughness, but this has not been truly investigated. The main purpose of this study is to develop a computational methodology to estimate the behavior of elastic modulus and hardness of the material on different surfaces. The models used in this study are developed using the Msc Patran and simulated by a finite element analysis code LS-DYNA. In this study, four models have been developed with different surfaces to estimate the behavior of elastic modulus and hardness by nano-indentation using a sharp tip conical indenter. The change in modulus and roughness are estimated by nano-indentation using the Oliver and Pharr’s theory. The penetration depths are normalized as the change in roughness scale on the material and also as the change in radius of the indenter. The study shows that as the roughness of a surface increases, the hardness increases from the actual hardness at various depths, and it carries on a first order model of roughness with a fractal surface material by nano-indentation method. Not only the roughness influences the material properties but also when the material has damage, it also influences the material properties. For this, the models are developed by placing some voids in the material, and the behavior of elastic modulus and hardness of material with and without damage are estimated. Finally, the penetration depth estimated from nano-indentation is compared using the classical macro-scale Hertzian theory, and interestingly found that this theory can also be used for nano-indentation of metals and solids. The results from this research can be utilized to estimate roughness and modulus degradation caused by nano-indentation.© 2011 ASME
Measurement of the nonlinear coefficient profile of quasi-phase-matched gratings using iterative error-reduction algorithms

It is theoretically well known that the measurement of the second-harmonic power generated by a quasi-phasematched (QPM) grating as a function of the frequency detuning parameter yields the Fourier transform (FT) magnitude of the complex nonlinear coefficient profile along the QPM device. This measurement can be achieved by tuning either the wavelength of the fundamental laser beam or the temperature of the QPM grating. However, without the FT phase, the magnitude of the FT cannot be unambiguously inverted to uniquely recover the nonlinear coefficient profile of the QPM grating. In this work, we demonstrate that this ambiguity can be completely lifted by placing a stronger and thinner nonlinear sample against the input (or output) of the QPM device of interest and measuring the detuning curve of this composite assembly. The crux of this method is that by construction, the nonlinear profile of this assembly has a sharp peak due to the thinner sample, followed by the weaker, broader profile of the QPM grating, which essentially constitutes a minimum-phase function. As such, its FT phase can be simply and exactly calculated from its measured FT magnitude, for example by applying to the FT amplitude the logarithmic Hilbert transform or an error-reduction algorithm. The nonlinear coefficient profile of the QPM device can thus be fully recovered by processing the measured tuning curve with a fast and simple iterative error-reduction algorithm. In this paper, we demonstrate with numerical simulations that this powerful new technique can accurately recover the period , envelope , and chirp parameters of any QPM grating.
In Search of the Growth Coalition: American Urban Theories and the Redevelopment of Berlin

The author considers the relevance of American urban theories, particularly regime approaches, to an understanding of development politics cross-nationally. Studying recent developments in Berlin, she suggests that both political and cultural characteristics influence the nature of local coalition building. In Berlin, patterns of federal support, the nature of the state bureaucracy, and the weak organization of the private sector have all shaped the city's approach to redevelopment. In addition, architects and architectural debates have historically carried great weight in Berlin's planning culture.
POSTPARTUM INVERTED TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY

Stress-induced, or Takotsubo, is a cardiomyopathy typically seen in the setting of acute medical illness or emotional/ physical stress. In classical Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, the most important echocardiographic feature is apical ballooning involving all left ventricular (LV) walls with a
Tritium breeding analysis of a tokamak magnetic fusion production reactor

With three-dimensional modeling and neutron transport analysis, a tokamak with a low technology blanket containing beryllium was found to have a tritium breeding ratio of 1.54 tritons per DT neutron. Such a device would have a net tritium production capability of 9.1 kg/yr from 450 MW of fusion power at 70% capacity factor.
Data Collection and Tracking of Radioactive Waste at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Plutonium Facility

The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is one of two design laboratories in the United States Department of Energy’s weapons complex, with over 60 years of experience in handling radioactive materials, and, consequently, in managing radioactive waste. Actinide research and development is conducted at the Plutonium Facility, which has been in operation since 1978 and is the major source of radioactive waste at LANL. The Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) Division is responsible for operating the Plutonium Facility and has a dedicated group of personnel who manage radioactive and hazardous waste, and address environmental regulations. The NMT Division also oversees analytical support operations in the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Facility. Operations at these two nonreactor nuclear facilities generate a wide variety of waste that may be generally classified as sanitary, hazardous, radioactive, and mixed (both radioactive and hazardous). The expedient, cost-effective, and regulatory-compliant management of radioactive waste has been a challenging task, given the propensity for rapid change in the regulatory environment. One major asset is the availability of information on waste generation and characteristics in electronic form. To do so, the Waste Inventory Tracking system (WITS) was developed 6 years ago to collect and store this information. To record waste information in the field, technicians use handheld Palm Pilots®. These units are then docked with personal computers to transfer the data to WITS. The primary use of WITS is the automated generation of waste package data reports, which are used to demonstrate compliance with waste acceptance criteria and gain acceptance for waste disposal. The WITS data are also used to evaluate various aspects of waste generation and handling, and to track performance indicators. The WITS is a fundamental part of waste management in the NMT Division.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Telecommunications and Alternative Work Schedules: Options for Managing Transit Travel Demand

Transit agencies are currently facing a multitude of problems, including declining ridership, reduced government subsidies, and increased operating costs. Rather than focus exclusively on investments and options that change the characteristics of transportation system supply, agencies can explore options that change the characteristics of the travel market, then trim service to accommodate the resulting, more efficient demand patterns. The effect of two demand management options—alternative work schedules and telecommunications systems—are described from the perspective of travel, employer, employee, and societal impacts. Recommendations for collaboration between the public and private sector are proposed to stimulate and guide the use of these options.
Primary Lung Sarcoma Treated With CyberKnife Radiosurgery

SESSION TITLE: Cancer Student/Resident Case Report Posters II SESSION TYPE: Medical Student/Resident Case Report PRESENTED ON: Tuesday, October 29, 2013 at 01:30 PM 02:30 PM INTRODUCTION: We present an unusual case of primary lung sarcoma diagnosed promptly and managed with CyberKnife Radiosurgery as a curative treatment option. CASE PRESENTATION: An 85-year-old male lifetime non-smoker, presented with sudden onset of shortness of breath. His past medical history was significant for Multiple Myeloma diagnosed 10 years ago. Physical examination revealed temperature of 98.1 F, respiratory rate 18/min, heart rate 72/min and blood pressure 135/84 mmHg. His lungs were clear to auscultation. Remainder of the physical examination was within normal limits. Chest radiography revealed a right upper lobe ill-defined dense opacity. A CT scan of the chest, which followed, revealed a 2 cm right upper lobe nodule. An FDG-PET/CT demonstrated a 2 cm hypermetabolic nodule with SUV of 7.0, small foci of uptake in each hilum with SUV of 2.7 on the left and 2.4 on the right. Needle biopsy of the nodule revealed cells that were diffusely positive for vimentin but negative for multiple keratin immunostains, which was most consistent with primary pulmonary sarcoma. The patient had an elective outpatient endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) of hilar lymph nodes, which were negative for malignant cells. Considering his age, patient refused surgical intervention and opted for stereotactic radiosurgery. Following his CyberKnife Radiosurgery, he is asymptomatic pending CT scan of his chest in 3 months. DISCUSSION: Primary lung sarcomas account for <1% of all lung malignancies. They are very aggressive and metastasize hematogenously. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in early stages. In advanced stages use of Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been reported in few case reports. Considering his age, our patient chose a different approach, CyberKnife Radiosurgery, which is a noninvasive alternative to surgery for the treatment of his primary lung sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: CyberKnife Radiosurgery is a viable non-invasive alternative to surgery for both cancerous and noncancerous tumors in different parts of the body, including the lungs. Reference #1: Etienne-Mastroianni B, Falchero L, Chalabreysse L, Loire R, Ranchere D, Souquet PJ, Cordier JF. Primary sarcomas of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Lung Cancer. 2002 Dec; 38(3): 283-9. Reference #2: Julius P. Janssen, MD, Jef J.S. Mulder, MD, Sjoerd S. Wagenaar, PhD, Hans R.J. Elbers, PhD, Jules M.M. FREE TO VIEW
Homodimerization and Binding of Specific Domains to the Target DNA Are Essential Requirements for HlyU To Regulate Expression of the Virulence Gene rtxA1, Encoding the Repeat-in-Toxin Protein in the Human Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus

The virulence gene rtxA1, encoding the repeat-in-toxin protein, plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus infections. Expression of this gene is controlled by the HlyU regulator by direct contact of the DNA upstream of the rtxA1 toxin operon acting as a derepressor of the H-NS protein. The crystal structure suggests that HlyU forms a homodimer in vitro. However, knowledge of the biological implications of these findings in vivo is limited. In this work, we endeavored to dissect, using genetic and biochemical approaches, the domains of this protein that are essential for homodimer formation and the interaction of HlyU with the target DNA. We identified that residues L18, N22, R25, S54, Q55, L57, W59, R61, K70, and Y77 are essential for the HlyU protein binding to the DNA and that amino acids L17 and L91 are important for HlyU dimerization. We also determined that HlyU homodimer formation is an essential requirement for binding to the upstream region of the rtxA1 operon and is the key feature in relieving the H-NS repression of rtxA1 transcription.
The condition number of the Schur complement in domain decomposition

It is shown that for elliptic boundary value problems of order 2m the condition number of the Schur complement matrix that appears in nonoverlapping domain decomposition methods is of order \(d^{-1}h^{-2m+1}\), where d measures the diameters of the subdomains and h is the mesh size of the triangulation. The result holds for both conforming and nonconforming finite elements.
Cytochrome c biogenesis System I: An intricate process catalyzed by a maturase supercomplex?

Cytochromes c are ubiquitous heme proteins that are found in most living organisms and are essential for various energy production pathways as well as other cellular processes. Their biosynthesis relies on a complex post-translational process, called cytochrome c biogenesis, responsible for the formation of stereo-specific thioether bonds between the vinyl groups of heme b (protoporphyrin IX-Fe) and the thiol groups of apocytochromes c heme-binding site (C1XXC2H) cysteine residues. In some organisms this process involves up to nine (CcmABCDEFGHI) membrane proteins working together to achieve heme ligation, designated the Cytochrome c maturation (Ccm)-System I. Here, we review recent findings related to the Ccm-System I found in bacteria, archaea and plant mitochondria, with an emphasis on protein interactions between the Ccm components and their substrates (apocytochrome c and heme). We discuss the possibility that the Ccm proteins may form a multi subunit supercomplex (dubbed "Ccm machine"), and based on the currently available data, we present an updated version of a mechanistic model for Ccm. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 18th European Bioenergetic Conference.
Computing with prepositions: Syntax

Prepositional phrase attachment has been explored as a source of both ambiguity and (not unrelated) processing errors. To date, the approaches to resolve this problem in syntactic parsing have been crisp and/or probabilistic, though some approaches look promising for the integration of fuzzy processing. Prepositions, as function words, can be described in syntactic terms, but their interactions with fuzzier content words open them up to fuzziness in use. In order to describe this fuzziness, such that we can compute with it, a set of fuzzy sets and membership functions is presented. The proposed sets and functions describe considerations in prepositional phrase attachment ambiguity, and are discussed in terms of their potential use in a computational parsing system.
Failure Behavior of Filament-wound Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite Tubes Under Axial Compression

The behavior of filament-wound carbon fiber/epoxy composite tubes under axial compression is not widely understood. Although experiments have been conducted on short tubes, there is still not a fundamental understanding of the response of longer tubes in compressive loading. The primary objective of this study was to determine the general strengths and dominant modes of failure in such tubes, as well as to analyze the effects of three important input variables on this behavior: Tube length, Fiber orientation, and Displacement Rate (strain rate). In particular, attention was paid to the effects of the above variables on the following: Load versus displacement response, Compressive strength, Overall compressive displacement, Modes of failure, and Extent of failure. Using the process of computer-controlled filament winding, tubes of two different lengths, and four different lay-up configurations were manufactured. They were then tested under compressive load between two converging metal platens. These tests were conducted at two different crosshead speeds (speed, at which the platens close together) to observe the effect of strain rate on the behavior of these tubes.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The toxicity and biotransformation of single doses of acetaminophen in dogs and cats

The biotransformation of single oral doses of acetaminophen (APAP) was studied in dogs an cats. Each animal received APAP at a no-effect (low), mildly toxic (medium), and severely toxic (high) dosage; dosages for each species were selected to produce similar clinical effects at each respective dosage. For dogs, these dosages were 100, 200, and 500 mg APAP/kg, while for cats, the similar effective dosages were 20, 60, and 120 mg APAP/kg. Plasma half-lives in dogs remained constant at the lower two dosages, but nearly tripled at the high dosage. The plasma half-lives in cats rose with increased dosage. Although the cats were given lower APAP dosages than the dogs, the plasma half-lives of cats were greater than those of the dogs at the medium and high dosages. Both species excreted about 85% of the administered single dose within the first 24 hr. APAP-glucuronide was the principal metabolite excreted in the urine of dogs; its fraction of the total metabolites excreted in urine remained constant at the three dose levels. In cats, APAP-sulfate was the major metabolite in urine at all three dosage levels, but the fraction of the total urinary metabolites represented by APAP-sulfate decreased as the dosage increased. Hepatic centrilobular pathology was seen in dogs, while cats had more diffuse liver pathologic changes. The results indicate that the cat is at increased risk from APAP exposure because of impaired glucuronidation and saturation of its sulfate conjugation pathway.
Acid–base disturbances in intensive care patients: etiology, pathophysiology and treatment

Acid-base disturbances are very common in critically ill and injured patients as well as contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. An understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders is vital to their proper management. This review will discuss the etiology, pathophysiology and treatment of acid-base disturbances in intensive care patients--with particular attention to evidence from recent studies examining the effects of fluid resuscitation on acid-base and its consequences.
Influence of stuttering variation on talker group classification in preschool children: preliminary findings.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate whether variations in disfluencies of young children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS) significantly change their talker group classification or diagnosis from stutterer to nonstutterer, and vice versa. Participants consisted of seventeen 3- to 5-year-old CWS and nine 3- to 5-year-old CWNS, with no statistically significant between-group difference in chronological age (CWS: M = 45.53 months, S.D. = 8.32; CWNS: M = 47.67 months, S.D. = 6.69). All participants had speech, language, and hearing development within normal limits, with the exception of stuttering for CWS. Both talker groups participated in a series of speaking samples that varied by: (a) conversational partner [parent and clinician], (b) location [home and clinic], and (c) context [conversation and narrative]. The primary dependent measures for this study were the number of stuttering-like disfluencies (SLD) per total number of spoken words [%SLD] and the ratio of SLD to total disfluencies (TD) [SLD/TD]. The results indicated that significant variability of stuttering did not exist as a result of conversational partner or location. Changes in context, however, did impact the CWS, who demonstrated higher SLD/TD in the conversation sample versus a narrative sample. Consistent with hypotheses, CWS and CWNS were accurately identified as stutterers and nonstutterers, respectively, regardless of changes to conversational partner, location or context for the overall participant sample. Present findings were taken to suggest that during assessment, variations in stuttering frequency resulting from changes in conversational partner, location or context do not significantly influence the diagnosis of stuttering, especially for children not on the talker group classification borderline between CWS and CWNS. Learning outcomes: Readers will be able to: (1) Describe the role of variability in stuttering frequency for young children who stutter; (2) Identify three fundamental measurements of the frequency of stuttering-like and nonstuttering-like disfluencies; (3) Describe the effects of stuttering variation on talker group classification of stuttering or nonstuttering.
The removal and metabolism of prostaglandin E1 by rabbit lung

In isolated rabbit lung preparations perfused with tritiated PGE-1, it was found that, (1) PGE-1, is rapidly and almost completely metabolized during perfusion through rabbit lung. (2) During perfusion, there is no net uptake of PGE-1. (3) The process of metabolism of PGE-1 in the rabbit lung is inhibited by hypothermia.
Housing and child development

Abstract This article presents a critical review of recent research on the role of housing in children’s development, including physical health; social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes; and schooling, achievement, and economic attainment. We focus on six features of housing that are central to housing policy and have generally received the most research attention: (1) physical housing quality; (2) crowding; (3) residential mobility; (4) homeownership; (5) subsidized housing; and (6) unaffordability. The strongest evidence is provided for the deleterious associations between environmental toxins/hazards and crowding with children’s health, and for residential mobility with children’s short-term academic, social and emotional problems. The findings on assisted housing are mixed, and homeownership and affordability are not linked to children’s outcomes. More methodologically rigorous and conceptually focused research is needed. Despite fundamental knowledge gaps, the results have implications for housing policies focused on homeownership, subsidies and land use regulations.
Variable links within perceived police legitimacy? Fairness and effectiveness across races and places

This work examines connections between two threads of community residents’ perceptions of local police legitimacy, effectiveness and procedural fairness, and how those links depend on race, place, and race/place combinations. Previous works have connected these two threads, but have failed (a) to explore the variability of that connection by race, place, and race/place combinations across communities spanning the urban to suburban to rural continuum or (b) to model mutual influence. An extension of the group position thesis and
Early experience effect on dendritic branching in normally reared kittens.

Abstract The neural modifications induced in somatosensory cortex by a simple avoidance procedure in developing kittens were studied by mapping receptive fields of single cells on the skin, thereby building a body map and measuring branching patterns of dendrites of stellate and pyramidal cells. Kittens were trained daily to tasks in which they had to maintain flexion of one of the forelegs to avoid a mild shock on the dorsal aspect of the forearm. Training took place during the 4th through 10th week of life. Recordings from single cells in somatosensory cortex were used to define peripheral receptive field types and sizes and also to construct a representational map of the body with special attention to that part dedicated to the forearm. Results indicate that the representation of the trained forearm was much larger than the untrained one. Golgi Cox techniques were used to examine the effects of the training procedure on branching patterns of dendrites. We found an increase in approximately 30% of the number of dendritic intersections, indicating a generally enhanced growth of the dendritic trees in the cortex corresponding to the enlarged representation. An ordering analysis revealed that much of the growth was concentrated in the basal dendrites. As previous studies showed that the effects of early experience are permanent, we have every reason to believe that apparently minor early experiences may have lasting effects on adult behavior.
Suppression of intrachannel dispersion-managed pulse interactions by distributed amplification

Nonlinear intrachannel interactions in a transmission system with strong periodic dispersion management and distributed amplification are studied. When average dispersion is negligible, distributed amplification provides significant suppression of timing shift and energy transfer caused by the intrachannel pulse interactions, as compared with lumped amplification for the same value of path average signal power.
Strategies and policies for improving energy efficiency programs : Closing the loop between evaluation and implementation

Program implementers often use evaluation results to improve the performance of their programs, but, as described in this paper, this is not always the case. Based on a review of the literature, participation in workshops, and interviews with over 50 program implementers, evaluators, and regulators in the United States and Canada, the utilization of evaluation results is investigated by asking the following questions: (1) How are program evaluation results used by program implementers and other stakeholders? (2) How are program evaluation results communicated to program implementers and other stakeholders? (3) Are the needs of program implementers being met by program evaluation? (4) What is the role of the utility regulator in facilitating the use of program evaluation results? (5) What other mechanisms can facilitate the use of program evaluation results? While there is some consensus on the answers to these questions, the type of interest in and use of evaluation varies by functional role (e.g., evaluator versus implementer), maturity of the energy efficiency market, institutional context (e.g., evaluation and implementation conducted inside the same organization, or evaluation and implementation conducted by separate entities), and by regulatory demands and evaluation interests.
Atrazine induction of cytochrome P450 in Chironomus tentans larvae

Cytochrome P450-dependent aldrin epoxidation was characterized in third instar lar- vae of the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans. Optimal in vitro assay conditions for the epoxidase were pH 7.6 and 31°C. Activity was linear up to 40 min of incubation time and 0.5 mg microsomal protein per incubation. The activity was concentrated in the mic rosomal fraction of whole body homogenates and was NADPH-dependent. The effect of atrazine exposure on aldrin epoxidase was measured to determine if this herbicide induces cytochrome P450-dependent activity. Compari- sons of control and atrazine-exposed midges indicated increased epoxidase activity as a result of atrazine exposure, and a 45 kDa protein of increased intensity was observed after SDS-PAGE of microsomal protein. The molecular weight of this protein was similar in size to cytochrome P450 enzymes reported for other insects. Heme staining of SDS-PAGE gels and immunochemical stud- ies using a Drosophila melanogaster anti-P450 polyclonal antiserum, further support the cyto- chrome P450 nature of this inducible 45 kDa protein.
Incrementalism in Financial Strategic Planning

I propose the integration of incremental (adaptive) strategic planning into the financial planning model. The model proposed to overcome the weaknesses of comprehensive planning is an incremental behavioral one, and it is supplemented by an incremental budgeting model.
A Problem-Oriented Independent Studies Programme in Basic Medical Sciences.

Summary An independent studies programme (ISP) in the basic medical sciences has been developed at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry which involves-sixteen students as a learning team working with ten medtcal teachers as a teaching team. The teachers serve as guides to learning rather than as sources of expert information and function as generalists their educational roles. The programme, which is preferred by some students, has provided an alternative to the lecture-laboratory-conference format of the traditional curriculum. Some of the advantages of such an ISP are discussed and its effectiveness assessed.
Voltage calibration systems using Josephson junction arrays

The realization of the SI definition of the volt depends on experiments that relate the primary electrical units to mechanical units of length, force, and power. The development of large arrays of Josephson junctions is allowing an ever increasing number of laboratories (currently 25) to maintain intrinsic Josephson voltage standards at an accuracy near 0.05 ppm. The fundamentals of Josephson voltage standards and how computer control makes these standards simple to use in a variety of applications are reviewed. The accuracy and stability of voltage standards based on the Josephson effect far surpass those of all other voltage-standard devices. The voltage generated is independent of environmental and material characteristics because it is based on a fundamental constant, the ratio of the elementary charge to Planck's constant. International agreement on the value of this constant ensures uniformity and reproducibility throughout the world. >
Safety of DSAEK in pseudophakic eyes with anterior chamber lenses and Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.

Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) has recently gained popularity as the procedure of choice in the management of corneal endothelial disease. The advantages of DSAEK over penetrating keratoplasty (PK) include the avoidance of open sky surgery, minimal induced postsurgical astigmatism and faster visual rehabilitation.1 2 Ongoing innovations in the surgical technique have significantly improved the most important outcome, which is, of course, donor endothelial survival.3 Most surgeons currently recommend, in cases of endothelial disease with the presence of an anterior chamber (AC) intraocular lens (IOL), the removal of the implant and the use of scleral fixated or iris fixated IOLs prior or simultaneous to the DSAEK in order to improve the endothelial survival. IOL exchange is associated with significant complications that include infections, haemorrhage, expulsive haemorrhage, cystoid macular oedema, iritis and late dislocations. We report three cases of DSAEK successfully …
How to reconcile physical theories with the idea of free will: From analysis of a simple model to interval and fuzzy approaches

Most modern physical theories are formulated in terms of differential equations. As a result, if we know exactly the current state of the world, then this state uniquely determines all the future events - including our own future behavior. This determination seems to contradict the intuitive notion of a free will, according to which we are free to make decisions - decisions which cannot be determined based on the past locations and velocities of the elementary particles. In quantum physics, the situation is somewhat better in the sense that we cannot determine the exact behavior, but we can still determine the quantum state, and thus, we can determine the probabilities of different behaviors - which is still inconsistent with our intuition. This inconsistency does not mean, of course, that we can practically predict our future behavior; however, in view of many physicists and philosophers, even the theoretical inconsistency is somewhat troubling. Some of these researchers feel that it is desirable to modify physical equations in such a way that such a counter-intuitive determination would no longer be possible. In this paper, we analyze the foundations for such possible theories, and show that on the level of simple mechanics, the formalization of a free will requires triple interactions - while traditional physics is based on pairwise interactions between the particles.
Archaeological Horizons in Central California

ARCHAEOLOGICAL HORIZONS IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA By ROBERT F. HEIZER and FRANKLIN FENENGA INTRODUCTION present to the archaeological T HE the lower paper is an attempt The define of this discussion is situation in Sacramento Valley. aim to sum­ marize a threefold culture sequence called here Early, Middle and Late, and to place it within the general scheme of California prehistory as we understand it at the present time. Until quite recently California culture has been widely cited as endowed with an unique uniformity and unchange­ ableness, persisting in its simple, specific form for thousands of years. We now know this to be incorrect. Wherever intensive, planned archaeological work has been prosecuted in California, cultural differences have obtruded themselves. 1 Our type section and largest sampling is from the Mokelumne-Cosumnes river region, with additional data from the upper Sacramento valley (site 1) and the Sacramento-San Joaquin river Delta region (sites 138, 139). The Cosumnes river sites are 107,6, 120, 126, 127; the Mokelumne river sites 68, 66, 142. Site 60 on the Sacramento river is geographically intermediate as is site 99 on the lower American river. Map 1 shows the location of these sites. 2 Schenck and Dawson published, in 1929, a volume on the archaeology of the northern San Joaquin valley.3 They concluded that in this region (called Stockton-Lodi), certain sites could be differentiated by character­ istic cultural forms, and that these cultural divergences reflected temporal differences. But Schenck was very hesitant in offering this interpretation, and when in 1933 the Sacramento Junior College instituted an archaeolog­ ical program under the direction of President J. B. Lillard, it was with the main idea of gaining a general insight into the archaeology of their area, and not of a specific search for cultural sequence. Two Cosumnes river sites (126, 127) yielding the same culture were successively investigated. The third, site 107,4 soon showed itself to be stratified, the topmost level agreeing with the culture disclosed in sites 126 and 127, the bottom level something entirely different. Intermediate in this site between these two divergent cultures was a manifestation apparently of a transitional phase. In 1936 Lillard and Purves published a bulletin on the basis of this trio I See Rogers, M. 1929; Olson, 1930; Rogers, D.B. 1929. • See Schenck. and Dawson (1929; 293-305) for a good geographical description of the area. I Schenck and Dawson, 1929. , Lillard's sites 1, 2, and 3 are respectively our 127, 126, 107.