cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking the History: Part II

The past history reveals a picture of the patient’s life experiences and behaviors from birth to the present. Not all of this information is relevant to diagnosis. In fact, most DSM-III-R diagnoses can be made with only token recourse to past history. Nevertheless, the past experiences do have a major influence on the patient’s current illness. Some experiences may be necessary or sufficient causes of current symptomatology. Other experiences foster the development of personality traits that influence the manner in which the patient deals with symptomatology and is influenced by treatment. At least some knowledge of the patient’s past learning experiences is essential to the successful utilization of most forms of psychotherapy.
ESEM Applications: From Cultural Heritage Conservation to Nano-Behaviour

The application of ESEM technology to the conservation of cultural heritage and other fields is reviewed. Several applications are presented with a focus on reaction kinetics and micro to nano-scale material behaviours, including time-lapse studies of reaction kinetics for NaCl and NaNO3; verification of the stone decay mechanism at the site of Copan, Honduras; and ESEM/EDS analysis of the first photograph (1826). A review of other ESEM applications reveals some important trends, especially in the materials science, electronics and biosciences fields, such as quantitative ESEM/EDS; 1.8 nm resolution imaging of extreme insulators in VP/ESEM; and ESEM analysis of emulsions and cells.
Developing profiles of postmenopausal women being prescribed estrogen therapy to prevent osteoporosis.

Postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency are at high risk for osteoporosis. Estrogen therapy has been shown to be effective in preventing postmenopausal bone loss and maintaining bone mineral density. The increasing number of women at risk for osteoporosis and the high cost of treating this condition emphasizes the importance of preventing osteoporosis. This study was designed to identify trends and predictors of estrogen use for osteoporosis prevention among postmenopausal women. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data (1997–1999). Women 35 years and older who had passed menopause or were currently going through menopause were identified from the states including the BRFSS module that asked questions about estrogen use. Results showed an increasing prevalence in estrogen use from 1997 to 1999 for osteoporosis prevention. In 1999, almost a third of the postmenopausal women surveyed used estrogen to prevent osteoporosis. Prevalence was higher among women 45–64 years of age, whites, and those with higher education levels. Physician counseling on the benefits and risks of estrogen therapy was the strongest predictor of estrogen use for prevention of osteoporosis. Insurance coverage and compliance with other preventive behaviors such as mammograms and Pap smears were also strongly associated with greater estrogen use. However, women who were at risk for acute drinking, not married, overweight or obese, and diabetic were all less likely to receive estrogen therapy for osteoporosis prevention. The relationships demonstrated between estrogen use and demographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors and health care access and utilization factors underline the importance of targeting specific groups of women for promoting its protective effect against osteoporosis.
A Vector Transform Solution Procedure for Solving Electromagnetic Problems in Cartesian Coordinates

Some vector transforms of importance to solving electromagnetic problems were introduced by Chew and Habashy in 1986. The primary advantage gained in the use of these transforms is that the analytical development of field solutions becomes streamlined by what amounts to a very powerful bookkeeping method. The aforementioned paper presents transforms for Cartesian, cylindrical, and elliptical geometries. A later paper by Weiss and Kahn demonstrated that these transforms emerge from careful consideration of the longitudinal components of the electric and magnetic fields. Applying the techniques to the Cartesian geometry, one finds a variation to the vector transform postulated by Chew and Habashy. This letter will discuss the analytical formulation of the variation and demonstrate its usefulness in the development of Green's functions for a planar stratified medium. The foundation of this variation to the well-established development in Chew and Habashy's work lies in obtaining it solely from consideration of the longitudinal electric and magnetic field components. This method then simplifies the derivations and necessary bookkeeping. Although demonstrated here for a simple geometry, the approach applies to multiple layers as effectively.
Role of Fc Gamma Receptors in Triggering Host Cell Activation and Cytokine Release by Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal bacterium that causes human Lyme disease, encodes numerous lipoproteins which have the capacity to trigger the release of proinflammatory cytokines from a variety of host cell types, and it is generally believed that these cytokines contribute to the disease process in vivo. We previously reported that low-passage-number infectious B. burgdorferi spirochetes express a novel lipidation-independent activity which induces secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by the mouse MC/9 mast cell line. Using RNase protection assays, we determined that mast cells exposed in vitro to low-passage-number, but not high-passage-number, B. burgdorferi spirochetes show increased expression of additional mRNAs representing several chemokines, including macrophage-inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and TCA3, as well as the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6. Furthermore, mast cell TNF-alpha secretion can be inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin and also by preincubation with purified mouse immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a, but not mouse IgG3, and by a mouse Fc gamma receptor II and III (FcgammaRII/III)-specific rat monoclonal antibody, suggesting the likely involvement of host FcgammaRIII in B. burgdorferi-mediated signaling. A role for passively adsorbed rabbit or bovine IgG or serum components in B. burgdorferi-mediated FcgammaR signaling was excluded in control experiments. These studies confirm that low-passage-number B. burgdorferi spirochetes express a novel activity which upregulates the expression of a variety of host cell chemokine and cytokine genes, and they also establish a novel antibody-independent role for FcgammaRs in transduction of activation signals by bacterial products.
Endovascular versus “Fast-Track” Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair:

Recent studies have shown that endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) has decreased costs, as well as decreased intensive care unit and total hospital length of stays when compared to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair using a retroperitoneal exposure. The authors hypothesized that the fast-track AAA repair, which combines a retroperitoneal exposure with a patient care pathway that includes a gastric promotility agent and patient-controlled analgesia, would have no differences when compared to EVAR. Records of 58 patients who underwent AAA repair between April 14, 2000, and July 12, 2002, were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic information, length of stay, intraoperative and postoperative complications, mortality, and costs were evaluated. Fifty-eight AAA repairs were performed with the EVAR (n=28) and fast-track (n=30) techniques. The EVAR group was slightly older (72 vs 68 years, p=0.04), had slightly smaller average aneurysm size (5.5 ±0.13 vs 6.1 ±0.17 cm, p=0.008), and had more p...
Understanding the digital individual

This special issue of The Information Society explores the emergent phenomenon of the digital individual. The digital individual is the form of social identity that individuals acquire as their activities become influenced by—and often mediated through— digital representations of themselves. The articles in the special issue describe numerous aspects of the digital individual, from its construction within organizations to its construction in relation to individual others, and from the potential for new forms of social domination to the potential for new forms of social action. This introduction describes the articles and outlines the various themes that draw them together.
Patterns of Richness and Abundance in a Tropical African Leaf-litter Herpetofauna1

I compared species richness and habitat correlates of leaf-litter herpetofaunal abundance in undisturbed and selectively logged forests, and an abandoned pine plantation in Kibale National Park, Uganda. I sampled 50 randomly located 25 m2 litter plots in each area during the wet and dry seasons in 1997. Ten anuran, five lizard, and three snake species were captured in plots over the study. Assemblage composition was most similar at logged and unlogged sites. The logged forest herpetofauna had higher species richness and abundance than the unlogged forest, but diversity was greater in the unlogged forest due to greater evenness. In contrast, the pine plantation site had the highest richness, abundance, and evenness of the three study sites, but species composition was distinct from the other areas. Herpetofaunal densities were significantly lower in all three areas during the dry season than in the wet season. During the dry season, soil moisture, litter mass, topography, shrub cover, and number of fallen logs were significant positive predictors of herpetofaunal presence in litter plots, but only soil moisture was significant in the wet season. The interaction of moisture and topography appears to be important in determining seasonal patterns of litter herpetofaunal distribution. Comparison of litter herpetofaunal studies across the tropics have shown that mid-elevation faunas generally support fewer species than lowland faunas. Compared with other tropical mid-elevation litter faunas, Kibale supports an intermediate number of species, but at lower densities than observed at any other mid-elevation site reported in the literature.
Effect of graphene layer thickness on effective modulus of 3D CNT/Graphene nanostructures

Three-dimensional CNT/Graphene nanostructure is consisted of vertically aligned carbon nanotube pillars grown directly on parallel graphene layers. The effect of graphene layer thickness on mechanical properties of the 3D nanostructure is analyzed. Overall, when the graphene layers experience the out-of-plane loading, the effective properties (Young's modulus, shear modulus, and major Poisson's ratio) of the 3D CNT/Graphene structure are significantly dependent upon the thickness of graphene layers. When the graphene layers experience the in-plane loading, the effective properties of the 3D CNT/Graphene structure depend upon the graphene thickness initially and then remain relatively unchanged as the thickness increases. It is found that the optimal performance of the 3D CNT/Graphene structure requires a minimum of thickness for the graphene layers, g/t > 5.
Kinetic Analysis of Cardiac β-Receptors in Perfused Working Rabbit Hearts

Myocardial adrenergic β-receptors were isolated and partially purified from the nonischemic perfused working rabbit hearts. Using highly radioactive β-receptor antagonist, dihydroalprenolol (DHA), properties of β-receptors were investigated by kinetic equilibrium analysis when the physiological function of the heart appeared to be normal. At the concentration of 10 nM DHA dissociation constant (Kd) was 14.9 nM and there were at least two distinctly different DHA binding sites, based on the analysis of the dissociation rate of DHA-receptor complex. Identification of the two distinctly different DHA binding sites was not obvious from the analysis of Scatchard plot.
Syncope Outcomes in a National Health Database: Low Risk Is Not No Risk

Much of what we know about syncope—its causes, investigation, outcome, and treatment—comes from selected populations in often quite atypical settings. These are usually academic, tertiary care referral centers, with local expertise and reputations in the assessment and treatment of syncope.
Influence of Mammary Tumor Progression on Phenotype and Function of Spleen and In Situ Lymphocytes in Mice

Peripheral immunity to an immunogenic chemically induced mouse mammary adenocarcinoma has been demonstrated in the syngeneic host, i.e., BALB/c mice, by several in vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immune assays. Analysis of the responsiveness of the immune cells within the in situ population may prove to be more indicative of the actual interactions between host and tumors. A centrifugal elutriation procedure was used to isolate tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. A fluorescence-activated cell sorter revealed that most in situ cells were of the T-cell lineage as determined by the absence of surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and the presence of the Thy 1.2 antigen on their surfaces, while in mice with large tumors there were 27.4% Thy 1.2+ and 47.9% sIg+ cells Further studies using fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal anti-Lyt 1 or anti-Lyt 2 antibodies revealed a decrease in the levels of Lyt 1+ cells and an increase in the percentage of Lyt 2+ lymphocytes in the spleens of mice bearing large tumors. Within the Thy 1.2+ population infiltrating mammary tumors, the proportion of lymphocytes presenting the Lyt 1 marker was decreased in comparison to that of spleens of normal mice (0.58 vs. 0.83). At the same time the relative proportions of Lyt 2+ cells within the Thy 1.2+ population was increased in the in situ population (0.50) compared to those of spleens of normal mice (0.28). Examination of the functional abilities of the in situ lymphocytes (ISL) revealed that ISL derived from small tumors responded to the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), although at lower levels than those of the splenocytes of the animals from which they were obtained. Responses to PHA were lost rapidly in ISL from large tumors, whereas Con A responses were more durable. In contrast to the spleen cells of tumor bearers, ISL failed to respond to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) at any stage of the disease. The changes in the subsets of T-cells in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice and in ISL may provide an explanation for the decreased activation of ISL by mitogens and for the lack of responsiveness to TAA observed in the splenocytes of mice with large tumors and in the ISL isolated from the mammary adenocarcinomas.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF GRAM-NEGATIVE PLEOMORPHIC BACILLI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A CASE OF HEMOPHILUS APHROPHILUS ENDOCARDITIS.

A study of a Gram-negative pleomorphic organism, Hemophilus aphrophilus, isolated from the blood of a patient with clinical bacterial endocarditis, presented a problem in identification. The literature on bacteriologic technic is replete with detailed methods for the isolation and identification of Grampositive cocci and Gram-negative enteric bacilli. However, little clear-cut information is given on the differentiation of Gram-negative pleomorphic organisms belonging to the genera Hemophilus, Pasteurella, Brucella, or Actinobacillus. Ordinarily these organisms have been thought of in relation to well defined clinical situations, i.e., Hemophilus influenzae from the nasopharynx or spinal fluid of an infant, or else to be of such rare occurrence, i.e., Pasteurella pestis, as not to present a problem in the routine hospital laboratory. Upon perusal of the recent literature, however, several reports of unusual types of human infection due to organisms of the Gram-negative pleomorphic type are noted. These reports cite the increased frequency of human infections caused by previously undescribed organisms, and refer to bacteria previously regarded as animal pathogens. Several articles contain statements affirming the ease with which these organisms may be confused with other bacteria and give complete morphologic, biochemical, and serologic characterization of the particular organism under discussion, but fail to indicate how these organisms might effectively be differentiated in the routine hospital laboratory. That this problem is not unique to our laboratory became apparent when we submitted the organism to other laboratories where similar difficulties were experienced. The organism in our case was finally identified by the staff of the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, Georgia.
Laser Communications with Mars Spacecraft

The technology of interplanetary laser communications has matured to the point that trunk-line links form spacecraft at Mars is possible for the first demonstration by 2020. A variety of link examples will be discussed.
Serum neutralization of distemper virus in chick embryos.

SummaryVirus-neutralization tests were carried out in embryonated hen's eggs employing the egg-adapted distemper virus and various samples of serum. Ferrets whose sera contained no demonstrable antibody at 1:40 dilution all succumbed to 100 MLD of ferret distemper virus, whereas ferrets showing antibody titer to 1:640 dilution of serum all survived the same challenge dose. The data presented demonstrate that the results of serum-neutralization tests in chick embryos have a definite correlation with ferret protection tests. Human gamma globulin and some samples of human serum have neutralizing substances in titers as high as those known to exist in immune ferret serum. On the other hand, samples of serum from normal premature infants did not show any neutralizing substances in 1:40 dilution of the serum.
Efficient surrogate method for predicting pavement response to various tire configurations

A computationally efficient surrogate model was developed based on artificial neural networks (ANN) to investigate the effect of the new generation of wide-base tires on pavement responses. Non-uniform tire contact stress measurements were obtained using a stress-in-motion instrument. The measured 3-D contact stresses were applied on two extreme 3-D flexible pavement finite element models representing low-volume (thin) and high-volume (thick) roads. Eleven critical pavement responses were modeled at two different material properties input levels--detailed and simplified--depending on data availability. The results rendered by the ANN surrogate models were highly accurate with average prediction error less than 5 % and R-square values higher than 0.95. In addition, two sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate the variables effect on pavement responses. It was found that the type of tire (wide-base vs. dual tire assembly) is more influential than the inflation pressure on pavement responses. However, the tire inflation pressure seemed to have a significant effect on near-surface responses. The developed models were incorporated into a tool to assist designers and engineers in investigating the effect of the pavement responses of wide-base versus dual tire assembly under typical loading conditions and pavement structures.
Introduction: The Mangled Miracle and the Alchemy of Finance

It was the best of times, getting even better – if that can happen – when things came crashing down in Asia. Nothing as dramatic as what happened in Asian financial markets in 1997 has occurred since the great crash of the 1930s. This is not mere hyperbole, but the sad truth about the Great Asian Crash of 1997. When economic historians look back they will mark not only Asia’s progress and unparalleled growth, but also its rapid descent into chaos within a few short months. But Asia was by no means an exception. In 1994, another crash had taken place in Mexico, and in 1998 Brazil and Russia also faced financial crises. Finally, in early 2002 Argentina descended into an economic and policy chaos that was not foreseen by the media pundits or many mainstream financial forecasters. At about the same time, starting with the Enron scandal, the serious misgovernance of several large US corporations came to light. Thus, as far as international finance and corporate governance are concerned, the twentieth century ended not with a bang, but with a whimper. While the twentieth-century crises may have been merely unfortunate, the twenty-first-century ones seem like stubborn recklessness. Is there a way of theorizing that will help us to explain these crises opening the way for better policy formulation in the future?
Magnetometer-Based Measurements of Stray Current Distribution on Cathodically Protected Gas Transmission Pipeline

Currents on gas pipelines are known to arise from intentional sources such as impressed current systems used for cathodic protection and from unintended and often unknown sources including local transit systems, power stations and a range of telluric sources. Under some conditions these stray currents can be large enough to present a potential threat to the integrity of the pipeline through accelerated local corrosion. This is even true for nominally cathodically protected systems if the magnitudes of the stray currents are sufficiently large.
Estimating tuition elasticities of resident and non-resident enrolments at south-eastern public universities

ABSTRACTDue to increased reliance on tuition revenue, universities must be cognizant of the impacts tuition changes have on enrolment. In economics, the law of demand indicates that price increases (tuition) cause quantity demanded (enrolments) to decrease. The impacts of tuition increases on revenue depend on the magnitude of these two changes. The contribution of this article is the methodology used to control for competitor pricing in enrolment elasticity models. For resident enrolment, we included other in-state, 4-year public universities. For non-resident enrolment, we used weighting schemes based on enrolment patterns by school and by state to incorporate competitors’ tuition rates and relevant economic and demographic information. We applied these methodologies to universities in the south-eastern U.S. from 2003 to 2010. We found that tuition elasticities of both resident and non-resident enrolments at 4-year public universities varied from inelastic resident enrolments to elastic non-resident enr...
One compiler: deoptimization to optimized code

A multi-tier virtual machine (VM) deoptimizes and transfers last-tier execution to the first-tier execution when a speculative optimization is invalidated. The first-tier target of deoptimization is either an interpreter or code compiled by a baseline compiler. Because such a first-tier execution uses a fixed stack frame layout, this complicates all VM components that need to walk the stack. We propose to use the optimizing compiler also to compile deoptimization target code, i.e., the non-speculative first-tier code where execution continues after a deoptimization. Deoptimization entry points are described with the same scope descriptors used to describe the origin of the deoptimization, i.e., deoptimization is a two-way matching of two scope descriptors describing the same abstract frame at the same virtual program counter. We evaluate this deoptimization approach in a high-performance JavaScript VM. It strictly uses a one-compiler approach, i.e., all frames on the stack originate from the same compiler.
Damming China’s Angry River: Vulnerability in a Culturally and Biologically Diverse Watershed

Of the 50,000 large dams that exist in the world today, nearly half of them are in China. They provide flood protection, supply water for irrigation, and produce hydroelectric power in a nation with a seemingly insatiable appetite for energy. The southwest region, on the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is home to the major share of China’s vast hydropower potential. Currently, a 13-dam hydropower development plan is underway on the region’s Nu River, in a remote corner of Yunnan Province that is renowned for its cultural and biological diversity. The dam project has a total hydropower potential of 21,000 megawatts (MW), which is slightly more than the mammoth Three Gorges Dam. Should all 13 dams in the cascade be built, it is estimated that more than 50,000 people will be displaced.
Case 9-2017. A 27-Year-Old Woman with Nausea, Vomiting, Confusion, and Hyponatremia.

A 27-year-old woman presented with nausea, vomiting, and confusion. She was unable to answer questions and had a blood pressure of 73/54 mm Hg; laboratory testing revealed a blood sodium level of 104 mmol per liter. Diagnostic tests were performed.
Correction of ankle and hind foot deformity in Charcot neuroarthropathy using a retrograde hind foot nail-The Kings' Experience.

Abstract Background Corrective fusion for the unstable deformed hind foot and mid foot in Charcot Neuroarthropathy (CN) is quite challenging and is best done in tertiary centres under the supervision of multidisciplinary teams. Methods We present a follow up to our initial report with a series of 42 hind foot corrections in 40 patients from a tertiary level teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. The mean patient age was 59 (33-82). 17 patients had type1diabetes mellitus, 23 had type 2. 23 feet in 22 patients had chronic ulceration despite offloading. 17 patients were ASA 2 and 23 were ASA grade 3. All patients had hind foot nail fusion performed through a standard technique by the senior author and managed perioperatively by the multidisciplinary team. Results At a mean follow up of 42 months (12-99) we achieved 100% limb salvage initially and a 97% fusion rate. One patient with persisting non-union of ankle and subtalar joint with difficulty in bracing has been offered below-knee amputation. We achieved deformity correction in 100% and ulcer healing in 83%. 83% patients are able to mobilize and manage independent activities of daily living. There were 11 patients with one or more complications including metal work failure, infection and ulcer reactivation. There have been nine repeat procedures including one revision fixation and one vascular procedure. Conclusion Single stage corrective fusion for hind foot deformity in CN is an effective procedure when delivered by a skilled multidisciplinary team.
Gender role expectations and the prevalence of women as assistant coaches

While the percentage of women head coaches of collegiate teams has consistently declined since 1972, the number of women assistant coaches continues to rise and currently represents the largest gro...
Harmonization: Top down, Bottom Up — And Now Sideways? The Impact of the IP Provisions of Megaregional Agreements on Third Party States

This chapter of Megaregulation Contested: Global Economic Ordering After TPP (Benedict Kingsbury, Richard Stewart, Paul Mertenskotter, and Thomas Streinz eds.) examines the impulse to include intellectual property within the scope of a megaregional trade agreement that is largely devoted to the promotion of a particular vision of economic ordering and to the adoption of a regional framework supportive of competition, investment and regulatory coherence. Using the TPP as an example, it argues that megaregional intellectual property agreements not only lead to changes in the law within member states, but can also have strong effects outside those states. The innovation sector within the region’s trading partners must adapt to the new regime of it wishes to continue to trade in the region. That can alter the intellectual property politics in these other countries. Furthermore, members of the epistemic community within the new regime influence those outside it. Finally, the law of the megaregion has an impact on the ability of the member states to negotiate future agreements with third countries and can also affect the way that existing agreements are interpreted. The last section of the chapter discusses the normative implications of megaregional spillover effects on third countries. While a megaregional exposes countries that had no role in the negotiation process to a changed legal landscape, it also creates a new way to harmonize intellectual property law, what I call “sideways” harmonization. Third countries can join at their own pace and in a manner that responsive to their own creative sectors. These agreements also offer an opportunity to experiment with transnational trade rules, such as rules on in transit seizure, parallel importation, and cross-border enforcement.
A pilot study comparing mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilages and various endogenous cartilages.

Abstract Background Mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage and a variety of endogenous cartilage were measured. The main goal was to evaluate if the tissue-engineered cartilage have similar mechanical characteristics to be replaced with rib cartilage in microtia reconstruction. Such study lays the foundation for future human clinical trials for microtia reconstruction. Method Atomic force microscopy and compression testing were used to measure the viscoelasticity of tissue-engineered cartilage (stem cell seeded on Poly lactic co-glycolytic acid nanofibers and Pellet) and endogenous cartilage: conchal bowl, microtic ears, preauricular remnants, and rib. Atomic force microscopy, calculates biomaterial elasticity through force-deformation measurement and Hertz model. Compression testing determines the stress relaxation by measuring slope of stress reduction at 10% strain. Finding Tissue-engineered cartilage demonstrated elasticity (4.6 kPa for pellet and 6.6 kPa for PLGA) and stress relaxation properties (7.6 (SD 1.1) kPa/s for pellet) most similar to those of native conchal bowl cartilage (31.8 (SD 18) kPa for the elasticity and 15.1 (SD 2.1) kPa/s for stress relaxation factor). Rib cartilage was most dissimilar from the mechanical characteristics of conchal cartilage and demonstrated the highest elastic modulus (361 (SD 372) kPa). Moreover, except preauricular cartilage samples, the level of elastic modulus increased with age. Interpretation The use of tissue-engineered cartilage developed via PLGA and Pellet methods, may be an appropriate substitute for rib cartilage in the reconstruction of microtic ears, however their mechanical characteristics still need to be improved and require further validation in animal studies.
White Trash and White Supremacy: An Analysis of the James Byrd Jr. and Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes

Using the deaths of James Byrd Jr. and Matthew Shepard as case studies, the authors analyze these two hate crimes through a content analysis of newspapers to explore white racial framing. They argue that Shepard was portrayed in the media by his whiteness and middle-class status, rather than his homosexuality. In contrast, Byrd was either ignored or demonized as a lower-class criminal. Furthermore, Shepard’s killers came to epitomize the lower class, while Byrd’s killers came to epitomize white supremacy—a lesser form of whiteness. With these transformations, the news media essentially asserted hegemonic whiteness, privileging Shepard’s class and whiteness. The authors conclude by suggesting future research on hate crimes.
Ocular Manifestations of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Study Objectives:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) incurs a host of systemic side effects. The eyes are particularly susceptible to both mechanical and vascular sequelae of the disease. This paper outl...
RISK-EU Method applied to the Algerian city of Arzew to assess exposure to earthquakes

Abstract In order To mitigate the adverse consequences of an earthquake, determining the vulnerability of buildings is imperative and crucial for saving human lives and buildings. So far, a good review / assessment of the RISK-EU method appears, as opposite to the other methods (more than a dozen) vulnerability assessment methods, to be by far the most suitable and applicable to the Context and seismographic configuration of Algeria, This tentative case study will review and evaluate, in particular, the RISK-EU method for Arzew city with due consideration to the following parameters: • Geographical position: North West of Algeria • Classified in Zone II, average seismicity area, in accordance with the Algerian seismic Rule - RPA99 version 2003- • The city suffered several earthquakes, the most recent one happened last Mars 21th, 2014 (Ms=4.3; equivalent to VI ≈ VII as per EMS 98), • The whole town is sitting on the rim between two tectonic plates and next to the Mediterranean Sea grand rifts This study is based on the results of a survey assessing the exposure of the Arzew city buildings with a cross check and comparison with results obtained through the use of another method, widely used in Algeria, named « CTC ». This latter method is based on the assessment of the extent of the damages. For clarity sake and better understanding of our results, we have included in this study a « seismic risk map » Such map has been developed using a « SIG method » (Geographical information system) This study contains proposals to enhance the protection of the Arzew city buildings and reduce the overall risk and exposure to the frequent seismic activity in the Mediterranean area.
Perspectives for the Study of the Galapagos Islands: Complex Systems and Human–Environment Interactions

Complexity theory and complex adaptive systems offer a theoretical framework to examine dynamic and coupled natural–human systems within a policy-relevant context. We advocate an Island Biocomplexity perspective that encompasses the coevolution and adaptive resilience of island ecosystems with a new island ecology that incorporates human impacts in coupled natural–human systems. Agent-based models (ABMs), as implementation tools, are described as an approach to examine “what-if” scenarios of change of linked social–ecological systems that involve heterogeneous agents (i.e., individuals and households), a dynamic environment, and exogenous forces and endogenous factors that combine in complex ways to alter social, terrestrial, and marine subsystems in the Galapagos Islands. Despite the fact that most of the new ABM advances are still experimental with few practical applications and few are being used in policy making, these frameworks offer a new way to understand the local interactions and regional patterns within the Galapagos Islands.
Correcting the Output of Approximate Graph Matching Algorithms

Approximate graph matching refers to the problem of finding the best correspondence between the node labels of two correlated graphs. The problem has been applied to a number of domains, including social network de-anonymization. Recently, a number of algorithms have been proposed for seeded graph matching, which uses a few seed matches between two graphs to determine the remaining correspondence. We adapt the ideas from seeded algorithms to develop a graph matching correction algorithm, which takes a partially correct correspondence as input and returns an improved correspondence. We show that this algorithm can correct all errors in graph matching for stochastic block model graphs with high probability. Finally, we apply our algorithm as a post-processing step for other approximate graph matching algorithms to significantly improve the performance of state-of-the-art algorithms for seedless graph matching.
Figuring out how I belong

I was confused. I knew what was expected in theory, but I couldn't seem to grasp the reality of it. As a recently appointed assistant professor applying for university funds to buy a new piece of equipment, for example, I proudly listed all of my collaborations with other departments, certain that
Data on whole length myosin binding protein C stabilizes myosin S2 as measured by gravitational force spectroscopy.

Abstract Data presented in this article relates to the research article entitled “Whole length myosin binding protein C stabilizes myosin subfragment-2 (S2) flexibility as measured by gravitational force spectroscopy.” (Singh et al., 2018) [1]. The data exhibits the purified skeletal myosin binding protein C (MyBPC) from rabbit back muscle was of slow skeletal type confirmed by chromatography and in unphosphorylated state based on its isoelectric point (pI) by chromatofocussing. The competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) data displayed the site specificity of polyclonal anti-S2 antibody to myosin S2. This polyclonal antibody binding site corresponds to a familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) point mutation hotspot on myosin S2 illustrated in a figure of compiled data.
Remembering Fictional History and Virtual War in EVE Online

The massively multiplayer game EVE Online relies on a complex fictional history to create the sense of a narratively cohesive universe. To support this history, EVE features sites that reflect the game’s emphasis on violence and war. Dark tourism in EVE Online allows players to explore these sites and connect to an uncertain collective history. In an unfamiliar virtual world, tourism is a familiar way to engage with a fluid, fictional past.
End-to-End Network Performance Monitoring for Dispersed Computing

With a growing demand for computationally intensive applications with widely distributed data sources, there is an increased need for dispersed computing systems that can schedule computation on cloud nodes across a network. A key challenge in dispersed computing is the need to characterize the end to end network performance for data transfer between compute points and measure it at run-time so that optimized computation scheduling decisions can be made. To address this challenge, we empirically study file transfer times between geographically dispersed cloud computing points using SCP (secure copy). We show, to our knowledge for the first time, that the end to end file transfer latency experienced by this widely-used protocol is better modelled to have a quadratic dependency on the file size (instead of a simple linear dependency that would be expected if the network were treated as an bit-pipe with a deterministic average bandwidth). We incorporate this observation into the design of a real-time network profiler for dispersed computing that determines best fit quadratic regression parameters between each pair of nodes and reports them to the scheduler node. Our end to end network quadratic latency profiler has been released as a key part of an open source tool dispersed computing profiler called DRUPE, and also as part of a DAG-based dispersed computing scheduling tool called CIRCE.
Interruptions and Multitasking in Nursing Care

Article-at-a-Glance Background The environment surrounding registered nurses (RNs) has been described as fast-paced and unpredictable, and nurses' cognitive load as exceptionally heavy. Studies of interruptions and multitasking in health care are limited, and most have focused on physicians. The extent and type of interruptions and multitasking of nurses, as well as patient errors, were studied using a natural-setting observational field design. The study was conducted in seven patient care units in two Midwestern hospitals—an academic medical center and a community-based teaching hospital. Methods A total of 35 nurses were observed for four-hour periods of time by experienced clinical nurses, who underwent training until they reached an interrater reliability of 0.90. Findings In the 36 RN observations (total, 136hours) 3,441 events were captured. There were a total of 1,354 interruptions, 46hours of multitasking, and 200 errors. Nurses were interrupted 10 times per hour, or 1 interruption per 6minutes. However, RNs in one of the hospitals had significantly more interruptions—1 interruption every 4 1/2minutes in Hospital 1 (versus 1 every 13.3minutes in Hospital 2). Nurses were observed to be multitasking 34% of the time (range, 23%–41%). Overall, the error rate was 1.5 per hour (1.02 per hour in Hospital 1 and 1.89 per hour in Hospital 2). Although there was no significant relationship between interruptions, multitasking, and patient errors, the results of this study show that nurses' work environment is complex and error prone. Discussion RNs observed in both hospitals and on all patient care units experienced a high level of discontinuity in the execution of their work. Although nurses manage interruptions and multitasking well, the potential for errors is present, and strategies to decrease interruptions are needed.
The Future of Psychology in Academic Health Care Centers

A promising opportunity exists to continue psychology's move beyond its traditional mental health emphasis into a general health care discipline. Abundant empirical evidence supports that psychologists treat a wide array of physical disorders as well as psychological components of medical problems. The immediate issues confronting psychology's full emergence into the health care world are discussed and recommendations are offered to assure the success of this initiative.
Whose Sexuality? Whose Tradition? Women, Experience, and Roman Catholic Sexual Ethics

This essay focuses on the position of women vis-a-vis “tradition” — the process by which a religious community hands on, from generation to generation, the wisdom of the past, in this case, wisdom concerning human sexuality. From my perspective as a woman, the materials concerning sexuality usually encompassed by the phrase “the Roman Catholic tradition” are a painful and sometimes repulsive collection. Misogyny, distrust of the body, and antipathy toward sexuality are found in too many classic Catholic theological sources. Reexamining the tradition from a perspective that affirms women’s struggles for sexual wholeness, I have gained a heightened sense of the scope, complexity, and ambiguity of my church’s moral memories.
Anti-aging Effects of Nutritional Modification: The State of the Science on Calorie Restriction

Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to retard the aging process and ward off diseases, extending the median and maximal lifespan in various models and species. Caloric restriction in humans has been studied through 1) observational studies including the Centenarians from Okinawa, the Biosphere 2 experiment, and the Cronies and 2) randomized clinical trials including the Vallejo Study and CALERIE Phase I. There is increasing evidence that CR improves metabolic and endocrine health, biomarkers of longevity, and decrease cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors even in non-obese humans without negative effects on mood, hunger, quality of life, or cognitive function. Despite the positive effects seen with CR on overall human health, more longitudinal research is needed to determine the ability of CR to increase longevity and lifespan in humans.
P60: Generating S-nitrosothiols from MetHb, nitrite and NO: Mechanisms, conformational dependence and physiological relevance

In vitro studies clearly show that Hb can react with nitrite to generate nitric oxide (NO) through a nitrite reductase (NR) reaction. In vivo studies indicate that Hb in combination with nitrite can be a source of NO bioactivity. The formation of NO through the NR reaction does not appear to be a plausible mechanism that can account fully for this activity since free NO is short lived especially within the red blood cell. Thus the exporting of NO bioactivity both out of the RBC and over a large distance requires an additional mechanism. A nitrite anhydrase reaction in which N2O3, a potent S-nitrosating agent, is produced through the reaction of NO with ferric heme bound nitrite has been proposed (Gladwin and Kim Shapiro and collaborators) as a possible mechanism for Hb generated NO bioactivity. There are however legitimate concerns that have been raised concerning this mechanism including: (i) the actual viability of the mechanism under low nitrite/low NO physiological conditions; and (ii) competition from reductive nitrosylation to yield the dead end ferrous NOHb species. Our recent results address these concerns as follows: (i) a stable intermediate with functional and spectroscopic properties consistent with a heme bound N2O3 Hb species has been identified; (ii) the intermediate can form from met Hb reacting with NO and nitrite in either binding sequence under near physiological conditions; (iii) l -cysteine can trigger the formation of the intermediate from met Hb and low levels of nitrite; (iv) the binding affinity of nitrite for ferric NO heme is much higher than for aquomet heme; (v) the R state conformation favors the formation of the intermediate whereas the T state favors the reductive nitrosylation pathway; and (vi) studies using HbE strongly implicate the redox potential as a factor controlling which pathway is favored. Overall, the results indicate that met heme can be functionally significant. This indication would be especially true for R state ferric hemes in a partially oxygenated Hb (produced from the NO dioxygenation reaction) in the presence of low levels of nitrite and NO. Under such conditions ferric heme could function as an N2O3 generator leading to the formation of S-nitrosothiols such as GSNO. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.
Why the Present Approach to Competing Risks Should be Abandoned

In the present approach to competing risks it is assumed that there corresponds to each of k causes of death a positive random variable Yi, called the ith potential survival time, that represents the age of death of an individual in the hypothetical condition that the ith cause is the only risk of death.
Logic as Science

Frege’s logicist program is a program of scientific unification of arithmetic and logic via the reduction of arithmetic to logic. Logic on this view is the prior science, indeed, the most fundamental of all sciences. The coherence of this picture has been questioned, based on the claim that the Basic Laws of logic are not justifiable as judgements. That Frege’s conception of logic suffers from this fatal flaw is incorrect, and in this paper I explore why. The discussion has three primary parts. The first explores Frege’s view of logic, distinguishing pure from applied logic. The second delves into Frege’s conception of science as applications of logic, and how arithmetic is understood as such an application. The third concerns Frege’s account of judgement, and how it carefully distinguishes a judgement from judging, the cognitive act of recognizing truths. The final section turns to how on Frege’s account of judgement, the Basic Laws of logic are in fact justified as judgements, and accordingly can serve as the axioms of the science of arithmetic. The paper concludes with reflections on Frege’s understanding of scientific unification and reduction, and its relation to his logical realism.
Occasionally stigmatized: how the frequency and context of use influence perceptions of intermittent smokers

Background: There is an established stigma against smoking in which smokers are less socially accepted and perceived as having more character flaws than nonsmokers. Yet all of the studies of antism...
Contextual Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Adolescent Suicide Attempts: A Multilevel Investigation

Multilevel research on whether and how contextual socioeconomic disadvantage affects adolescent suicidal behaviors is scarce. Using data from the first two waves (1994/95 and 1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 13,335; 49.63% girls; Mage = 15.02 years), this study examined (1) the association between area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and adolescent suicide attempts over and above individual-level socioeconomic factors, (2) the moderating role of gender, and (3) the mediating roles of contextually relevant stressors and available psychosocial resources. The results revealed that area-level socioeconomic disadvantage increased the risk of attempting suicide even after adjusting for individual-level socioeconomic status, especially for boys. Consistent with the stress process perspective, reports of exposure to violence and lack of safety explain this contextual effect. National suicidal behavior prevention strategies across the U.S. should recognize the strong association with the socioeconomic context, along with individual-level risk factors.