cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone anchors – can you hitch up your wagon?

The purpose of this review was to address and understand the current status of mini-screw implants (MSI) that are used in orthodontics. Understanding the biologic adaptation of MSI to its adjacent bone is one of the critical factors to their success. The review explores factors that are associated with failure of MSI, with special focus on an understanding of osseointegration as it relates to MSI. The rationale and importance of measuring bone contact and dynamic bone remodeling in animal studies are outlined. The utility of microcomputed tomography (μCT) as a substitute for conventional histomorphometry is debated. Finally, alveolar physiology and rigidity of implants are explored to understand potential reasons for the high failure rate of MSI when compared to endosseous implants.
Nonlinear creep buckling analysis of initially imperfect shallow spherical shells

Abstract Creep deformations and creep buckling times are obtained for axisymmetric shallow spherical shells with and without initial imperfections. For nonlinear creeps, both strain-hardening and time-hardening rules are employed in the analysis; results indicate that strain-hardening yields better estimates of shell life than time-hardening. Results also show that the initial imperfection plays an important role in shortening shell creep buckling times. When compared with the experimental data of test specimens which possess very small departures from sphericity, it is observed that, in order to have a satisfactory prediction on both creep buckling times and creep deformations, in addition to fully taking into account the presence of initial imperfections, the analysis should adopt a mathematical creep model which includes not only the primary and the secondary creep but also the tertiary creep.
Central and peripheral catheter flow rates in “Pediatric” dogs

Several authors have reported flow rates for various catheters in vitro, but these studies may not reflect differences in vivo because of intravascular pressure, valves, and/or venous tortuosity, particularly in the small vessels of the child. We studied flow rates of four small-gauge catheters in a "pediatric" dog model. We found that flow rates were less in vivo than in vitro, less in peripheral than in central veins, and equal in hypovolemic and normovolemic dogs. Our data indicate that the results of in vitro studies cannot be extrapolated directly to predict achievable flow rates in clinical practice. In particular, a small-diameter catheter in the central circulation may allow delivery of fluid under pressure at a faster rate than does a catheter of larger diameter in a peripheral vein. Thus decisions about site, type, and size of catheter for fluid resuscitation should be based on data obtained in vivo.
EFFECT OF INTERTRIAL INTERVAL ON AVOIDANCE LEARNING IN RATS TRAINED UNDER BILATERAL SPREADING DEPRESSION

Groups of 10 rats were given one-way avoidance training under bilateral spreading depression (BSD) or Sham BSD (control) with ITIs of 30, 60, 120, or 240 sec.; shock side confinement was held constant at 20 sec. Results indicated BSD Ss were inferior to Sham BSD Ss; there was a significant ITI effect, the short ITIs resulting in slower learning.
Cavitation Properties of Liquids

A method of representing the thermal properties of liquids is offered such that cavitation behavior of centrifugal pumps handling any liquid—molten metal, hydrocarbons, cryogenics—can be accurately evaluated. Sufficient test data are available to illustrate the use of the method. The paper is a supplement to the article published earlier [1] by the author.
Spectrum efficient cellular mobile communications

The problem of spectrally efficient communication in a cellular mobile radio system is discussed. Information-theoretical bounds are derived for the spectral efficiency of cellular systems using the channel-reuse method, where each user has a distinct channel that is also reused elsewhere in the system; and for the code-division multiple-access system, where all users use the same spectrum simultaneously and signature sequences are used to distinguish them. It is shown that the CDMA (spread spectrum) bounds are uniformly higher than the channel reuse bounds. Results for practical signalling techniques are compared with the bounds, showing that a real potential for improvement exists using either scheme, but that the potential improvement using spread spectrum is much greater.
DicomBrowser: Software for Viewing and Modifying DICOM Metadata

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is the dominant standard for medical imaging data. DICOM-compliant devices and the data they produce are generally designed for clinical use and often do not match the needs of users in research or clinical trial settings. DicomBrowser is software designed to ease the transition between clinically oriented DICOM tools and the specialized workflows of research imaging. It supports interactive loading and viewing of DICOM images and metadata across multiple studies and provides a rich and flexible system for modifying DICOM metadata. Users can make ad hoc changes in a graphical user interface, write metadata modification scripts for batch operations, use partly automated methods that guide users to modify specific attributes, or combine any of these approaches. DicomBrowser can save modified objects as local files or send them to a DICOM storage service using the C-STORE network protocol. DicomBrowser is open-source software, available for download at http://nrg.wustl.edu/software/dicom-browser.
Mechanical fatigue as a mechanism of water tree propagation in TR-XLPE

The paper reports on an investigation of the fatigue failure of tree retardant cross-linked polyethylene (TR-XLPE) that is relevant to water tree development in underground cable insulation. Finite element calculations were used to estimate the stresses developed in cable insulation by di-electrophoretic forces; these stresses are in the low megaPascal range around inclusions (or water tree branches) that are long and thin. They are insufficient to bring about instantaneous failure of the insulation. However, these stresses might be sufficient to cause cyclic fatigue failure of the insulation, and, accordingly, fatigue measurements were carried out on samples from a commercial cable. The resulting fatigue failures, that occurred at cycle numbers achievable in practical work, suggest that fatigue might be an explanation for slow development of water trees over years of service in the ground. Cycle numbers at failure were found to be lower at higher mechanical stresses, at higher temperatures and in the presence of humic acid or ferric ions; however, the number of cycles to failure was larger in the presence of water.
Effect of cannabichromene on hepatic microsomal enzyme activity in the mouse.

1. Pretreatment with a Cannabis constituent, cannabichromene (CBC), i.p., had no effect on in vitro hepatic microsomal enzyme activity compared to a known inhibitor of these systems, SKF 525-A. 2. The results indicate that the previously reported CBC potentiation of CNS depressant-induced hypnosis is not mediated by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system.
Detection of sulfur in fixed and embedded rat peritoneal mast cell granules by X‐ray energy dispersive spectroscopy

Purified rat peritoneal mast cells contained 3.3 × 10−5 gm SO4 and 2.2 × 10−8 gm Ca/106 cells. The molar ratio of S/Ca in the whole cell was 600:1. Frozen thin sections of unfixed mast cells contained only sulfur (S) in the granules when examined by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Mast cells fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde and 1.5% formaldehyde in 75% ethanol (Et/Ald) or in mixed buffered aldehydes and embedded in Epon 812 or the low viscosity resin diepoxyoctane (DEO) contained S in all granules and Ca in some of the granules measured. Neither element was found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or resin. Isolated, Et/Ald fixed and embedded granules also contained S. The presence of Ca in the granules was artifactual in that the Ca was absorbed from water in the trough of the diamond knife and/or from the filter paper used to blot the sections dry. This phenomenon was investigated further. Sections of Et/Ald fixed and embedded mast cells were incubated with 5 × 10−6 to 10−2 M CaCl2. Ca was detectable in 100% of the granules incubated at concentrations ≥ 10−4 M and reached a constant S/Ca ratio of 2.0 at concentrations ≥ 10−3 M. Ca was not detectable in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or resin at 10−2 M. A plot of S versus Ca counts from the granules of cells incubated with 10−2 M CaCl2 was linear with a slope of 2.0 and a correlation coefficient of 0.88. Et/Ald fixed cells incubated with distilled H2O had fewer granules containing Ca, 10%, than unincubated cells, 77%. Further, H2O removed all Ca from Et/Ald fixed cells embedded in DEO. These studies show that S, which is present as SO4 on the proteoglycan heparin, is readily detectable by X-ray EDS in fixed and embedded cells. An artifact of the technique is that weak anionic sites, which are most probably carboxyl groups on the proteoglycan, can bind the divalent cation Ca and cause spurious localization.
Optical frequency stabilized coupled optoelectronic oscillator

An optical frequency stabilized, coupled optoelectronic oscillator(COEO) with 1000 finesse intracavity etalon is presented with 10.287 GHz optical comb separation, ≪1kHz optical linewidth and ≫121dBc/Hz RF supermode noise spur suppression.
DOA estimation of correlated sources using SMT

This paper uses a recently developed technique that relies on the Sparse Matrix Transform (SMT) [3,4] to estimate the covariance matrix of D signals received by M-elements linear antenna array, each signal is of length N (the number of snapshots is N where N < M). SMT based covariance estimation is particularly suited for singular covariance matrices and those with small eigenvalues. Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using the MUSIC algorithm relies on estimating the eigenvectors associated with the noise eigenvalues which are usually minimal. Also, when the sources impinging on an array are correlated, the covariance matrix is singular, and the performance of the MUSIC algorithm degrades significantly depending on the degree of correlation among sources. This makes SMT particularly suited for DOA estimation using MUSIC for partially or fully correlated sources, and especially scenarios where it is not practical to take a large number of snapshots (such as radar applications). This paper employs SMT in the MUSIC algorithm using real radar backscatter data as the sources. Limitations and benefits of SMT based DOA estimation are discussed.
The gradual path to cluster simplification

When a medial consonant cluster is simplified by deletion or place assimilation, the first consonant is affected, but never the second one: /patka/ becomes [paka] and not *[pata]; /panpa/ becomes [pampa] and not [panta]. This article accounts for that observation within a derivational version of Optimality Theory called Harmonic Serialism. In Harmonic Serialism, the final output is reached by a series of derivational steps that gradually improve harmony. If there is no gradual, harmonically improving path from a given underlying representation to a given surface representation, this mapping is impossible in Harmonic Serialism, even if it would be allowed in classic Optimality Theory. In cluster simplification, deletion or Place assimilation is the second step in a derivation that begins with deleting Place features, and deleting Place features improves harmony only in coda position.
Eosinophil-expressed galectin-3 regulates cell trafficking and migration

Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β galactoside-binding lectin, is implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation and allergen-challenged mice deficient in Gal-3 (Gal-3-/-) exhibit decreased airway recruitment of eosinophils (Eos). Gal-3 is expressed and secreted by several cell types and can thus function extracellularly and intracellularly to regulate a variety of cellular responses. We sought to determine the role of Eos-expressed Gal-3 in promoting Eos trafficking and migration in the context of allergic airway inflammation using bone marrow (BM)-derived Eos from wild-type (WT) and Gal-3-/- mice. Airway recruitment of Eos in acute (4 weeks) and chronic (8–12 weeks) allergen-challenged WT mice correlated with Gal-3 expression in the lungs. BM-derived Eos were found to express Gal-3 on the cell surface and secrete soluble Gal-3 when exposed to eotaxin-1. Compared to WT Eos, Gal-3-/- Eos exhibited significantly reduced rolling on vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and decreased stable adhesion on intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) under conditions of flow in vitro. Evaluation of cytoskeletal rearrangement demonstrated that relatively fewer adherent Gal-3-/- Eos undergo cell spreading and formation of membrane protrusions. In addition, cell surface expression of integrin receptor αM (CD11b) was lower in Gal-3-/- Eos, which is likely to account for their altered adhesive interactions with VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Gal-3-/- Eos also exhibited significantly decreased migration toward eotaxin-1 compared to WT Eos irrespective of similar levels of CCR3 expression. Further, eotaxin-induced migration of WT Eos remained unaffected in the presence of lactose, suggesting a role for intracellular Gal-3 in regulating Eos migration. Overall, our findings indicate that Gal-3 expression in the lungs correlates with Eos mobilization during allergic airway inflammation and signaling involving intracellular Gal-3 and/or secreted Gal-3 bound to the cell surface of Eos appears to be essential for Eos trafficking under flow as well as for migration.
Human and mouse macrophages collaborate with neutrophils to kill larval Strongyloides stercoralis.

Macrophages are multifunctional cells that are active in TH1- and TH2-mediated responses. In this study, we demonstrate that human and mouse macrophages collaborate with neutrophils and complement to kill the parasite Strongyloides stercoralis in vitro. Infection of mice with worms resulted in the induction of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMϕ) within the peritoneal cavity. These cells killed the worms in vivo and collaborated with neutrophils and complement during the in vitro killing process. AAMϕ generated in vitro killed larvae more rapidly than naive macrophages, which killed larvae after a longer time period. In contrast, classically activated macrophages were unable to kill larvae either in vitro or in vivo. This study adds macrophages to the armamentarium of immune components that function in elimination of parasitic helminths and demonstrate a novel function by which AAMϕ control large extracellular parasites.
Common pattern of CD44 isoforms is expressed in morphogenetically active epithelia.

CD44 is a widely distributed cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed as many isoforms arising from a single gene by alternative splicing. An important ligand for the widespread CD44 isoform, CD44s (standard form of CD44), is hyaluronan but ligands for the numerous variant isoforms are not as well characterized. Although it has been documented that CD44 is present at critical sites and stages of morphogenesis of several organs, the nature of the isoforms expressed and their precise localization have not been described. In this study we have determined the identity and distribution of CD44 isoforms expressed during development of several embryonic mouse organs by a combination of immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and DNA sequencing. As expected from previous studies, numerous CD44 variants are expressed by actively proliferating and invaginating epithelia at sites of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, e.g., in the developing tooth, nose and hair follicle. Our results show that most prominent amongst these variants at these sites are CD44(v3-v10), CD44(v4-v10), and CD44(v6-v10), as was also found previously in the apical ectodermal ridge of the developing limb (Yu et al. [1996]). The common pattern of expression of these three particular variants in active epithelia implies that they play an important role in morphogenesis. Also very prominent in morphogenetically active epithelia is CD44s; hyaluronan is uniformly absent from these epithelia and often also from associated mesenchyme with which they interact, supporting the previously documented role of CD44s in endocytic removal of hyaluronan.
Resource diversity and landscape-level homogeneity drive native bee foraging

Given widespread declines in pollinator communities and increasing global reliance on pollinator-dependent crops, there is an acute need to develop a mechanistic understanding of native pollinator population and foraging biology. Using a population genetics approach, we determine the impact of habitat and floral resource distributions on nesting and foraging patterns of a critical native pollinator, Bombus vosnesenskii. Our findings demonstrate that native bee foraging is far more plastic and extensive than previously believed and does not follow a simple optimal foraging strategy. Rather, bumble bees forage further in pursuit of species-rich floral patches and in landscapes where patch-to-patch variation in floral resources is less, regardless of habitat composition. Thus, our results reveal extreme foraging plasticity and demonstrate that floral diversity, not density, drives bee foraging distance. Furthermore, we find a negative impact of paved habitat and a positive impact of natural woodland on bumble bee nesting densities. Overall, this study reveals that natural and human-altered landscapes can be managed for increased native bee nesting and extended foraging, dually enhancing biodiversity and the spatial extent of pollination services.
Depth mapping using a low-cost camera array

Computer vision has the potential to discern a large amount of information about the environment. This intelligence can be used to make decisions on navigation and obstacle avoidance. One of the core problems in machine vision is determining the distance from the camera to different objects for a given scene. Stereo-vision is one technique for solving this problem. Typically, two cameras are used for this algorithm. Using more than two cameras, however, has the ability to provide even better results. Here, a low-cost array of cameras was used which was built from commonly available, inexpensive hardware. The information from the multiple cameras was combined to provide a dense real-time depth map of the environment. The results of single stereo camera pairs versus multiple stereo camera pairs were compared and it was found that using multiple pairs does provide a denser depth map over that of a single pair.
Rip1 mediates the Trif-dependent toll-like receptor 3- and 4-induced NF-{kappa}B activation but does not contribute to interferon regulatory factor 3 activation.

Rip1 is required for IκB kinase activation in response to tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and has been implicated in the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) response to double-stranded RNA. Cytokine production is impaired when rip1–/– cells are treated with TNF-α, poly(I-C), or lipopolysaccharide, implicating Rip1 in the Trif-dependent TLR3 and TLR4 pathways. To examine the role of Rip1 in the Trif-dependent TLR4 pathway, we generated rip1–/– MyD88–/– cells. Lipopolysaccharide failed to stimulate NF-κB activation in rip1–/–MyD88–/– cells, revealing that Rip1 is also required for the Trif-dependent TLR4-induced NF-κB pathway. In addition to activating NF-κB, TLR3/4 pathways also stimulate interferon regulatory factor 3 activation. However, we find that Rip1 expression stimulates NF-κB but not interferon regulatory factor 3 activity. In the TNF-α pathway, Rip1 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Traf2 and is modified by polyubiquitin chains. Upon TLR3 activation, Rip1 is also modified by polyubiquitin chains and is recruited to TLR3 along with Traf6 and the ubiquitin-activated kinase Tak1. These studies suggest that Rip1 uses a similar, ubiquitin-dependent mechanism to activate IκB kinase-β in response to TNF-α and TLR3 ligands.
Effect of dietary fat on fatty acid composition of mouse and rat mammary adenocarcinomas.

SummaryThe fatty acid composition of four mammary adenocarcinomas carried by C3H and BALB/c mice and one carried by the Fischer rat fed different dietary fats is presented. In general, the neoplastic tissue fatty acid profiles reflected those of the dietary fat in that those tumors taken from animals fed polyunsaturated fats contained greater amounts of linoleate and arachidonate than those fed a saturated fat or a fat-free diet. Mammary tumor fatty acid composition changed almost as rapidly as it did in host liver in response to alterations in the type of dietary fat. The rate of tumor growth could not be correlated with the levels of 20:4 found in all murine mammary adenocarcinomas.Although low levels (0.1%) of pure 18:0 and 18:2 had little effect on the fatty acid composition of tumor lipids, this level of 18:2 was sufficient to enhance tumor growth in BALB/c mice.The administration of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (TYA) to BALB/c mice retarded the increased growth of transplanted mammary tumors in m...
Optimists, Pessimists, and Theories of Nuclear Proliferation Management: Debate

I am indebted to Damon Coletta, Joseph Grieco, Ole Holsti, Peter Lavoy, David Welch, and especially Ben Frankel for their comments on earlier drafts.
Preclinical testing on insects predicts human haematotoxic potentials

The substitution of insects for laboratory animals in toxicity testing is likely to become a reality in the framework of prescreening. Haematotoxicological studies of newly developed chemicals, such as food components, drugs, etc. performed on insects can offer advantages in, for example, environmental toxicology. Reliable routine predictions should produce an increase in our knowledge of haemocyte physiology. Although the differences between human physiology and morphology and those of insects are great, the basic functions of insect haemocytes and mammalian leukocytes appear not to have changed during evolution. The use of insects in haematotoxicity assays represents a preclinical testing strategy which will lower costs, accelerate screening and offer ethical benefits.
Prenatal factors and infant feeding in relation to risk of benign breast disease in young women

Benign breast disease (BBD) is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, but little work has considered a girl's early life and her risk for BBD in adulthood. We investigated factors, from pre-conception through infant feeding practices, in relation to subsequent BBD risk in young women. The Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) includes 9032 females, born 1980-1987, who completed questionnaires annually from 1996 through 2001, then 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010, and 2013. In 1996, their mothers provided each participant's birth weight and length, gestational age, biological father's height, and infant feeding factors (e.g., breast-fed, type of formula). In 1999, their mothers reported maternal pre-pregnancy weight and weight gain during index pregnancy. Beginning in 2005, daughters (18 years+) reported whether they had ever been diagnosed with biopsy-confirmed BBD (n = 142 cases, through 2013). Logistic regression estimated associations between early life factors and biopsy-confirmed BBD. Girls whose mother's BMI prior to pregnancy was 20-25 kg/m(2) were at lower risk of BBD as young women (OR = 0.66, p = 0.04, vs. maternal pre-pregnancy BMI < 20). Girls whose mothers gained 20 + pounds (vs. <20 pounds) during pregnancy were at lower risk (among full-term singleton births: OR = 0.48, p = 0.007, if mother gained 20-35 pounds). However, neither birth weight nor BMI at birth were associated with subsequent BBD risk. We found no evidence that infant feeding practices were linked to BBD. A healthy maternal BMI before pregnancy and sufficient weight gain during pregnancy may produce daughters at lower risk for BBD as young women. Further examination of these findings is needed.
The Antisilencing Gene ASF1 is Required for Resistance to DNA Damage

Transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is associated with telomeres, cryptic mating type (HM) loci, and ribosomal DNA. Marker genes placed near telomeres, HML or HMR are efficiently silenced (Gottschling et al., 1990; Aparicio et al., 1991; Aparicio et al., 1994; Abraham et al., 1984; Ivy et al., 1986). HM silencing is extremely efficient and epigenetically stable, while telomere-silenced genes are subject to frequent switching of transcriptional states (Gottschling et al., 1990; Aparicio et al., 1991). Silencing at telomeres and HM loci requires the products of the SIR2, SIR3, and SIR4 genes (Ivy et al., 1986; Aparicio et al 1991). Mutation in any one of these genes causes a complete loss of silencing. In haploid cells this results in simultaneous expression of mating type a and mating type a information, and inability to mate. Sir2p, Sir3p, and Sir4p participate in a complex that interacts with a variety of other factors, including Raplp (Kyrion et al., 1993; Sussel and Shore, 1991) and Histones H3 and H4 (Hecht et al., 1995; Johnson et al., 1990), to form transcriptionally repressive heterochromatin. Silent heterochromatin at telomeres also requires Hdf1p, Hdf2p, and Cdc13p, and is important for telomere maintenance as well as silencing (Laroche et al., 1998; Boulton and Jackson 1998; Nugent et al., 1998; Nugent et al., 1996).
Improvements in bearing steel cleanliness and the effect on integral wheel bearing systems

Amelioration de la purete des aciers pour roulements et consequences pour la duree de vie des unites de paliers de roues de vehicules
Corporate Financial Reporting on Internet – A Study of Users’ Perception in Udaipur City

Apropos the media-saturated environment of present times, having access to an effective and efficient use of internet technology for corporate reporting is currently a well-established practice. Regulatory authorities may need to develop and establish effective strategies to ensure standard and consistent use of this channel of financial information communication for the benefit of all stakeholders. Internet has significantly impact on accounting practices and accounting communication in the world, many users are now utilizing the advantages of the web for disseminating financial information. There are considerable opportunities and challenges for all stakeholder parties in corporate communication and reporting by placing information on the company’s web page, users can easily access the financial information and can search, filter, download, and even compare and analyze data at low cost in a timely fashion. On the other hand, it is possible for companies to update their information continuously at low cost. Furthermore, placing financial and non-financial information on the internet offers equal access to all users and reduces the information advantages of some institutional investors and information intermediaries relative to individual investors.So, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate stakeholder’s and user’s perception as a channel for voluntary communication for corporate financial reporting on Internet. A sample size of 220 respondents involving stakeholders or users i.e., individual and institutional investors, analysts and academicians was chosen through random sampling to interpret and analyze the primary data. The conclusions drawn from the same concur that internet is a cost effective medium that is reachable to every person. The research reveals that although many of the issues relating to online financial reporting have been addressed by different standard setters worldwide, they have been overlooked in Udaipur and some of these issues need particular attention for continued development and further guidance in this area. Respondents are also think that internet reporting is reliable and give information in timely manner.
The effect of sex and irritable bowel syndrome on HPA axis response and peripheral glucocorticoid receptor expression

Background and aims Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been reported in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Enhanced HPA axis response has been associated with reduced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediated negative feedback inhibition. We aimed to study the effects of IBS status, sex, or presence of early adverse life events (EAL) on the cortisol response to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and on GR mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
Serum concentrations of lipids in rabbits infected with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

SummaryRabbits infected subcutaneously with E. coli developed hyperlipemia related to increased serum levels of free fatty acids early in the infection and later to increased levels of triglycerides. Rabbits challenged subcutaneously with S. aureus had normal levels of serum lipids during the acute febrile period but after 24 hr developed hyperlipemia related to hypertriglyceridemia.
The Effect of Surface Layers in Epitaxial N-Type Hg 1−x Cd x Te

The presence of low mobility surface electrons on n-Hg 1−1 Cd x Te is generally not apparent in the temperature dependence of the Hall Coefficient ( R H ) or the Hall mobility ( µ H ) of the layer. However, its influence is clearly seen in the magnetic field (B-field) dependence of R H . The B-field dependence of R H can be analyzed to extract the bulk and surface carrier concentrations and their respective mobilities. This diagnostic technique has been used for evaluating epitaxial Hg 1−x Cd x Te layers grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE), which have been converted to n-type by annealing in Hg overpressure. In addition, the effect of anodic sulfide passivation on the B-field dependence of Hall coefficient is also outlined.
Concise Synthesis of the Isothiourea Organocatalysts Homobenzotetramisole and Derivatives

A concise approach to the synthesis of homobenzotetramisole and derivatives is described. Our strategy features a one-pot acylation–cyclization of 2-aminobenzothiazole with α,β-unsaturated acid chlorides to afford annulated pyrimidones. Subsequent Grignard addition followed by acid-promoted dehydration and reduction provides good overall yields of the title compounds in three steps and in quantities up to 10 g. The synthesis employs low-cost and readily available starting materials and enables access to both optical antipodes of these increasingly useful nucleophilic catalysts following chiral separation.
Cord Serum Inflammatory Cytokines as Biomarkers of Cerebral Palsy

The relationship between 78 inflammatory protein mediators in cord serum and cerebral palsy (CP) in 41 term and preterm children was determined at the University of Oulu. Finland.
Vertical Nanopillars as Probes for in Situ Nuclear Mechanotransduction

The stability and deformability of the cell nucleus are important to many biological processes like migration, proliferation, polarization. When cells are exposed to mechanical force, the force will be transmitted via cytoskeleton to the nucleus, induce shape deformation of the nuclear envelopes, and even change the configurations of nucleoskeletons. However, current techniques for studying nuclear mechanics are limited for studying inducing the effects of subcellular force perturbation in live cells. Here we developed a novel assay of using vertical nanopillar arrays to study the mechanical coupling between cell nucleus and cytoskeleton in live cells. Our results showed that nanopillars can induce deformation of nuclear envelope. By changing the geometry of the nanopillars or the stiffness of the nucleus, we can control the degree of nuclear deformation. Also, cytoskeletons such as actin and intermediate filaments were showed to play important roles in inducing and preventing nuclear deformation, respectively. Furthermore, we showed that mechanical perturbation of the nuclear envelope can cause the reorganization of nuclear lamina, which give the clue that cell nucleus itself may be able to sense and respond to mechanical signals. Overall, vertical nanopillars provide a long-term and non-invasive force to create a subcellular nuclear perturbation, and can be used as a tool for studying nuclear mechanotransduction in live cells.
Insulation Coordination of ±800 kV Cascaded Multi-Terminal DC Transmission Project

Cascaded multi-terminal DC(MTDC) transmission technology,which is utilized as the typical connection mode for multi-terminal HVDC transmission projects,possesses good development prospect.Based on research results of overvoltage in ±800 kV cascaded MTDC transmission system,the insulation coordination for cascaded multi-terminal UHVDC transmission system is researched,and the obtained results are compared with that for conventional ±800 kV UHVDC transmission system.Comparison shows that except ±400 kV medium voltage lines in cascaded MTDC transmission system,the insulation coordination for the rest of substation equipments and lines can be complied with those for conventional ±800 kV MTDC transmission system..
Power-Ground Routing

This chapter explains how PI routes the power and ground wires.1 To begin, this chapter gives an overview of PI’s power-ground routing strategy, emphasizing how PI’s layout model strongly influenced this strategy. This chapter also explains two component algorithms of particular interest. The first is a novel heuristic for separating the power and ground wires in a single layer of metal; the second is a new technique for widening the power and ground wires to meet their electrical current requirements.
Building Swedish Embedded Liberalism

Swedish economic ideas were markedly different from their American counterparts. Yet, in spite of their different starting points, by 1943–4 both sets of ideas had converged to a remarkable degree. Unlike the United States, where a variety of economic ideas were deployed rather haphazardly, in Sweden the content and sequencing of economic ideas were remarkably clear-cut. The 1920s were, as Benny Carlson notes, “the decade of economic liberalism's gala performance.” Swedish academic economics dominated both popular and elite thinking about the nature of the economy and the role of the state. Unfortunately, given the manifest failure of classical liberal doctrines to actually halt the depression, a group of younger scholars based principally at the Stockholm School of Economics began to develop alternative ideas relating underconsumption and unemployment. Due to their institutional links to the Swedish Social Democratic Party, Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Arbetareparti (SAP), these new younger economists, many of whom were not Social Democrats, were able to turn these new ideas into state policy quickly. Before analyzing how such ideas effected Swedish institutional development, however, we must appreciate the different political developmental trajectories of Sweden and the United States. First, in contrast to every leading industrialized nation, the party of the democratic left, the SAP, has been in power in Sweden for over 80 percent of the time since the introduction of the franchise in December 1918.
Effect of recess length on DC and RF performance of gate-recessed AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

We present the effect of gate-recess length on DC and RF performance of AlGaN/GaN gate-recessed HEMTs. 0.15 /spl mu/m gate-length AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with varying gate-recess lengths were fabricated. DC and microwave performance did not exhibit significant dependence on the gate-recess length. We attribute these results to essentially identical series source resistances, so that all the gate-recessed HEMTs exhibited similar DC and RF performance. This conclusion is derived from the fact that the values of ohmic contact resistances dominated over the values of channel resistances. The nature of the breakdown in the HEMTs was also studied. The results of temperature-dependent breakdown voltage measurements suggest that the breakdown mechanism was mainly due to tunneling gate leakage currents via shallow traps.
Slow Equilibration between Spectroscopically Distinct Trap States in Reduced TiO2 Nanoparticles

Understanding the nature of charge carriers in nanoscale titanium dioxide is important for its use in solar energy conversion, photocatalysis, and other applications. UV-irradiation of aqueous, colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles in the presence of methanol gives highly reduced suspensions. Two distinct types of electron traps were observed and characterized by EPR and optical spectroscopies. The relative populations of the states depend on temperature, indicating a small energy difference, ΔH° = 3.0 ± 0.6 kcal/mol (130 ± 30 meV). Interconversion between the electron traps occurs slowly over the course of minutes to hours within the temperature range studied here, 0–50 °C. The slow time scale implies that interconversion involves changes in structure or stoichiometry, not just the movement of electrons. This occurrence of slow structural modification with changes in trap state occupancy is likely a general feature of reduced TiO2 systems at thermodynamic equilibria or photostationary states and should be conside...
A Striking New Species of Macrocopturus Heller, 1895 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae) from Panama: Raising the Question of Coloration

Abstract Macrocopturus richardpackeri Hespenheide, new species, is described from Panama and named in honor of Richard Roland Edward Packer. The possibility of mimicry and the necessity for an adaptive explanation are discussed for this and a complex of red-spotted species in several conoderine genera.
Validation of the Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH) prognostic score in 100 patients with advanced sarcoma enrolled in early phase clinical trials at a major cancer center.

10558 Background: Standard therapy refractory, metastatic and advanced sarcoma patients (pts) have few therapeutic options, and may benefit from enrollment in early stage clinical trials. The Royal...
Transaction surplus superiority in canonical market segments: Using the profit map to guide positioning and investment choices across price‐rivalry regimes

Research Summary: Strategy needs an “intermediate measure” of competitive strength easily linked to management choices. “Competitive advantage” fails to accomplish this because most formulations of it violate important criteria and because these formulations are so diverse. I show that one intermediate measure, transaction surplus superiority (TSS), potentially solves both problems. Critically, TSS is defined independently of prices and its usefulness is independent of the degree of price competition: In “canonical” market segments, firms with TSS always make superior segment profits (gross of sunk investments) compared to rivals. When combined with a restriction to “incentive‐compatible pricing behavior,” TSS limits or solves the theoretical problem of indeterminate rivalry among oligopolists. Finally, TSS allows precise explanation of when sunk investments to improve efficiency are stimulated or suppressed by the “spur of competition.” Managerial Summary: Executives need a conceptual “instrument panel”—“intermediate measures” of competitive strength—to help choose their products and processes. Profit itself is too causally remote from these choices to serve. “Competitive advantage” has been defined in ways that either just mean superior profits or that depend on strong assumptions about price competition that frequently don't apply. Transaction Surplus Superiority (TSS) solves these problems. In an important special case, a “profit map” completely describes each firm's profitability for any combination of price competition and TSS. For choices where sunk cost differences typically aren't important (e.g., product color or inventory policy), TSS is a universal guide to action. TSS helps decide whether to increase price competition to gain market share, and it largely determines whether a given investment in efficiency makes sense.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve acute ischemic stroke outcome.

To the Editor: Dr. Moonis and colleagues are to be congratulated on an important study that provides further insight into the usefulness of statins in improving ischemic stroke outcome.1 However, I disagree with the premise of the first sentence of the introductory section of their article, which reads as follows: “Prospective studies have demonstrated that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) reduce stroke recurrence by …
Social Support Provision: Perspective of Fathers With Preterm Infants.

Abstract Purpose Today's social support systems for parents of preterm infants tend to pay more attention to mothers than fathers. As a father also plays a critical role in caring for a preterm infant, there is a need to advance understanding of paternal concerns and needs about social supports that should better support fathers. Design and Methods Interviews were conducted with 18 parents of preterm infants (i.e., 10 mothers and 8 fathers) who have been discharged from the NICU to home. All interviews were audio-recorded and subsequently transcribed verbatim for analysis. Results The fathers' primary resources are healthcare professionals, their partners, and peer fathers of preterm infants. The fathers expressed various social support needs associated with informational, belonging, and emotional supports. Conclusions It is recommended that a social support system be customized accordingly to better accommodate paternal needs. Practice Implications Healthcare professionals may refer to the study results in designing the educational materials for fathers of preterm infants.
It's a Hard-Knock Life: Game Load, Fatigue, and Injury Risk in the National Basketball Association.

Context: National Basketball Association (NBA) athletes experience a high rate of injuries. Injury prevention requires identifying observable and controllable risk factors. Objective: To examine ...
Tone, segments, and their interaction in North Kyungsang Korean: A correspondence theoretic account /

ii Dedication : i v Acknowledgments v Vita ........ vii Publications vii Fields of Study v i i i List of Tables i x
Dematiaceous Fungal Infections

The dematiaceous fungal infections are caused by the so-called “black” (darkly pigmented) or dematiaceous fungi (1,2). The dematiaceous fungi are ubiquitous saprophytes in water, soil, and vegetation, and may be plant pathogens or airborne spores. They are characterized by the dark pigmentation of the mycelial structure, and most of them do not have a recognized mode of sexual reproduction (3). However, upon histopathologic or direct examination of pathologic material, in many cases only a few hyphae have been visibly pigmented and sometimes a specific melanin stain was necessary to detect the presence of the pigment.
A Scalable and Computationally Efficient Connected Vehicle-Based Signal Control Algorithm

This paper proposes a scalable traffic signal control algorithm that relies on information obtained from Connected Vehicles. The proposed framework utilizes a modified genetic algorithm to identify (near) optimal signal phase and timing plans that minimizes total vehicle delay at an isolated intersection. The phasing plans are completely flexible in terms of phase sequence and duration and thus the algorithm can respond well to changes in prevailing traffic conditions. The proposed algorithm is tested in a simulation environment and compared to an enumeration approach that has been previously used to solve a similar problem. The results show that significant efficiencies can be achieved in computational effort (over 95% shorter duration to obtain final signal timings) without sacrificing car delays (less than 1% increase in car delays) compared to the enumeration approach. Furthermore, the computation time required to run the algorithm can be set a priori by simply modifying the parameters of the genetic algorithm, which allows the proposed algorithm to be scalable with respect to the total input flow and the penetration ratio of connected vehicles while still being capable of running in realtime.
Skin bacterial transplant in atopic dermatitis: Knowns, unknowns and emerging trends

Dysbiosis is a key pathogenic factor in the cycle of skin barrier impairment and inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD). Skin microbial composition in AD is characterized by increased presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and decrease in microbial diversity and commensal bacterial species. Attenuation of S. aureus-driven inflammation aids in breaking the itch-scratch cycle via modulation of the cutaneous immune response. Skin bacterial transplant (SBT), a form of bacteriotherapy, is an intriguing treatment modality for restoration of a healthy skin microbiome in AD patients. Studies on the effects of topically-applied bacterial products, probiotics and SBT have yielded promising results in animal models and human studies of AD. This review discusses the rationale and evidence for SBT in AD and outlines future investigative directions for the clinical application of microbiome restoration in dermatology.
Evaluation of irrational dose assignment definitions using the continual reassessment method.

Background:This article studies the notion of irrational dose assignment in Phase I clinical trials. This property was recently defined by Zhou and colleagues as a dose assignment that fails to de-...
Longterm Follow Up of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Surgery in Locally Advanced Carcinoma of the Cervix

ABSTRACT Purpose Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cancer of the cervix has been tested for its efficacy over the last two decades. We evaluated the outcome of patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by surgery for locally advanced bulky cancer of cervix. Methods From July 2005 to August 2008 we treated 117 patients (median age 47 years, range 38 years to 70 years) of locally advanced or bulky cancer of the cervix (stage IB2 to IIB) at Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata. The majority of the patients were of stage IIB (52%, N = 117). Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histology (89%). All of them had undergone 2-3 cycles of platin-based chemotherapy (Inj paclitaxel 175mg/m2 + Inj Carboplatin AUC 5) repeated every 21 days. Response assessment was done 2 weeks after the 2nd cycle. Good responders were taken for surgery and the rest were given 1 more cycle. After the 3rd cycle they were assessed and good responders were taken for surgery and the rest were treated with chemoradiation. Results The overall response rate was 72.4%. The 5-year overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS), were 64.5% and 78%, respectively. DFS was better in NACT good responders (84% vs 68%, p = 0.04). No difference in survival (OS) was seen according to tumor size ( 8cm, p = 0.67) or disease stage ( FIGO IB2 vs IIA1 vs IIA2 vs IIB, p = 0.1). Chemotherapy related morbidity was seen in 37% patients, surgery was delayed due to chemo toxicity in 15% of patients. Wound healing complication was seen in 26% of patients. Conclusion Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery is an alternative treatment option in locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix with acceptable morbidity and should be tested in proper clinical trials against chemoradiation. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.