cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Measurements of Biomolecular Arrays

Originally published in: Protein Microarray Technology. Edited by Dev Kambhampati. Copyright © 2004 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-30597-1 The sections in this article are Introduction Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Surface Attachment Chemistries SSMCC Attachment Chemistry SATP Attachment Chemistry SPR Imaging Experiments Using Photopatterned Arrays DNA–DNA Hybridization Mismatch Binding Protein, MutS Bacterial Response Regulators, OmpR and VanR SPR Imaging Experiments of Arrays Created by Microfluidic Stencils 1-D Peptide Array for Antibody Binding Measurements 2-D DNA Array for RNA Hybridization 2-D Peptide Array for Antibody Binding Measurements 2-D Protein Array Conclusions Acknowledgments Keywords: surface plasmon resonance imaging; DNA; RNA; protein; biomolecular arrays; photopatterned arrays; hybridization; microfluidic stencils; antibody
Morphologic Variation in Isolated Neonatal and Adult Mouse Cardiac Myocytes 117

Studies of cardiac cellular physiology in transgenic mouse models have been limited in part by an inability to use a single technique that yields freshly isolated neonatal and adult cardiac myocytes. The goal of this project is to develop a uniform cell isolation technique applicable to mice from all age groups for studies of single cell morphology, contractility, and electrophysiology. Excised, intact hearts, harvested from two-day-old and adult mice, are perfused via an aortic cannula using a modification of the Langendorff technique. Hearts are perfused with enzyme solution containing collagenase L and protease, and washed free of enzyme by perfusion with 0.1mM calcium Tyrode's solution before separation of the cells. Trypan blue staining indicates 70% viability for neonatal cells and 85% viability for adult cells. Two populations of neonatal cells, both spindle and round shaped, are apparent; adult cells are uniformly rod shaped. Electrical field stimulation of the myocytes results in consistent cell contractions and release of intracellular calcium stores in both the neonatal and adult cardiac myocytes. Field stimulation-induced calcium transients are present in both spindle and round shaped neonatal myocytes. Thus, this single technique provides high-yield, physiologically-intact, isolated cardiac myocytes from both neonatal and adult mouse heart. In contrast to previous reports using minced tissue preparations, our perfusion technique results in the isolation of a population of elongated neonatal cardiac myocytes. This technique provides a means for future studies of cardiac myocyte morphology and physiology using transgenic mouse models.
Importance of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus to biological nutrient cycling

Abstract Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) are large and important fractions of oceanic nutrient pools, especially in euphotic zones. Their inclusion with nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4) to form total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved phosphate improves the Redfield argument linking organism N:P values with NO3:PO4 values. DON and dissolved organic carbon have minimum concentrations of about 1.3 and 30 μM, respectively, suggesting the ubiquitous occurrence of a slowly degradable, ‘inert’ dissolved organic component. The labile fractions of DON could be important nutrient sources in oligotrophic waters, even at degradation rates calculated to be
Some Effects of Crowding in a Prison Environment1

Inmates at a federal correctional institution were examined for their criterion of what constitutes overcrowding. In general, inmates who were housed under highly crowded conditions exhibited less tolerance of overcrowding than did those who were housed under relatively less crowded conditions. Higher crowding also yielded more negative affective responses to the physical environment. This relationship existed only with respect to a social-density measure of crowding and not for a spatial-density measure.
High-resolution line-scanning optical coherence microscopy.

An optical coherence microscopy system based on line illumination and detection is demonstrated. The system uses a Linnik-type interferometer illuminated by a broadband Ti:sapphire laser and detected by a high-speed, line-scan CCD camera. This approach is less sensitive to incoherent scattering and sample motion than full-field imaging. Spatial resolutions of ∼2 μm×∼3 μm(transverse×axial) are achieved. The sensitivity of the system is 93 dB with averaging over 30 line scans. En face real time, cellular-level imaging of biological tissues is demonstrated at ∼2 frames/s.
Perspectives on power

There are many contrasting and seemingly incompatible concepts of power: the three dimensions of power, subjective and objective power, power‐to and power‐over, power as ability, power as influence, etc. I will argue that the best way to understand the unity of these notions of power is to consider power from the internal perspective of an agent deliberating about how to exercise power. But not all internal perspectives on power are equally illuminating: the conceptually richest perspective on power is the internal perspective of morally conscientious agents who seek to exercise power responsibly. Our analysis of power ought to track the distinctions and considerations of those who deliberate responsibly about the exercise of power. This internal and practical perspective on power will illuminate many theoretical puzzles about power.
Effects of antibodies to Torpedo acetylcholine receptor on the acetylcholine receptor-lonic channel complex of Torpedo electroplax and rabbit intercostal muscle

Abstract An electrophysiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural study of the acetylcholine (ACh) receptor-ionic channel complex was undertaken in electric organ membranes from the electric ray, Torpedo ocellata , and intercostal muscle of the rabbit. Rabbits immunized with receptor purified from Torpedo ocellata were paralyzed as is characteristic of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Incubation of Torpedo membranes with antisera from six paralyzed rabbits, but not control rabbits, resulted in inhibition of [ 3 H]ACh and [ 125 I]α-BGT binding by 19 to 95% and 43 to 86%, respectively, and did not significantly affect the binding of [ 3 H]H 12 -HTX. Anti-ACh-receptor antibodies bound to Torpedo microsacs were identified in electron micrographs by specific binding of ferritin-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibodies. Treatment of Torpedo microsacs with ACh-receptor antisera from rabbits inhibited their carbamylcholine-induced 22 Na efflux, which would suggest direct effect of the antibodies on Torpedo ACh-receptor function. However, addition of the same anti- Torpedo -ACh-receptor antisera for 240 min to inter-costal muscles of rabbits produced only a small reduction in the amplitude of the response to microiontophoretically applied ACh, miniature end-plate potentials, and end-plate potentials. It is suggested that the muscle weakness observed in rabbits immunized with Torpedo ACh-receptor protein may be due to time-requiring action on receptors such as their accelerated degradation, and the amount of antimuscle receptor in rabbit antisera against Torpedo receptor may be too small.
Modelling anisotropic material property of cerebral aneurysms for fluid–structure interaction simulation

Cerebral aneurysms (CAs) are a kind of brain illnesses caused by the dilation of blood vessels with weakened walls and high health risks. The shape of CAs could be investigated by computed tomography angiography. Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulation is a useful tool to estimate the wall stress distribution and predict the rupture risk of a CA based on the shape. Accurate simulation is important to assist the treatment of CAs. Although the accuracy has been increased in recent years, the process still remains physically non-reasonable with most simulation studies relying on a uniform wall thickness and constant isotropic material property because the wall thickness and material directions are difficult to obtain in vivo. To address this issue, we present an anisotropic material property modelling scheme with a non-uniform wall-thickness distribution for patient-specific CAs in this article. The non-uniform wall-thickness distribution and material anisotropy are obtained through deforming the mesh o...
Pancreatic polypeptide secreting tumors – an ins- titutional experience and review of the literature

Objectives: We present a retrospective analysis of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) who have had Pancreatic Polypeptide testing in an attempt to better define Pancreatic Polypeptide producing tumors as an entity and the role of Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) as a biomarker. To our knowledge, this is the first single center comprehensive review of Pancreatic Polypeptide producing tumors. Methods: A retrospective study of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors seen at our institution from 1980 to 2011. All patients that have had PP concentrations measured at least once were evaluated. Data relating to diagnosis, pathology, surgery, liver directed therapies, chemotherapy and survival outcome were noted. Results: 71 patients with PNETs fulfilled the inclusion criteria (8 PPomas, 22 PP producing tumors and 41 non -PP producing tumors). We identified a trend towards better survival for patients with PP producing tumors vs. non- PP producing tumors ( p =0.19). There was no correlation between survival and a diagnosis of PPoma in relation to other PP producing tumors or non-PP producing tumors. There was a borderline significant positive correlation of PP in association with Chromogranin A in a postoperative setting ( p =0.061). Conclusions: Pancreatic Polypeptide is a biomarker that is worth prospective investigation and a standardized assay. Our analysis investigating Pancreatic Polypeptide as a prognostic and or predictive biomarker reveals a trend towards showing these characteristics. Using a standardized test and investigating this biomarker prospectively could lead to the validation of Pancreatic Polypeptide as a biomarker.
Nano-indentation of copper thin films on silicon substrates

The authors present here experimental results on the nano-indentation of polycrystalline Cu thin films, of three different thicknesses but with approximately the same grain size and texture, on Si substrates. Care was taken to ensure that the indentation response was solely that of the film, with the deformation field of indentation confined fully within the film thickness, and that the results interpreted from such experiments are not influenced by the specific tip radius of the indentor. Copper was chosen as the material for the thin film in view of its recent emergence as the interconnect material of choice in microelectronic devices.
MORSE: Multi-objective reconfigurable self-optimizing memory scheduler

We propose a systematic and general approach to designing self-optimizing memory schedulers that can target arbitrary figures of merit (e.g., performance, throughput, energy, fairness). Using our framework, we instantiate three memory schedulers that target three important metrics: performance and energy efficiency of parallel workloads, as well as throughput/fairness of multiprogrammed workloads. Our experiments show that the resulting hardware significantly outperforms the state of the art in all cases.
How do components of real cloud water affect aqueous pyruvate oxidation

Abstract Chemical oxidation of dissolved volatile or semi-volatile organic compounds within fog and cloud droplets in the atmosphere could be a major pathway for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This proposed pathway consists of: (1) dissolution of organic chemicals from the gas phase into a droplet; (2) reaction with an aqueous phase oxidant to yield low volatility products; and (3) formation of particle phase organic matter as the droplet evaporates. The common approach to simulating aqueous SOA (aqSOA) reactions is photo-oxidation of laboratory standards in pure water. Reactions leading to aqSOA formation should be studied within real cloud and fog water to determine whether additional competing processes might alter apparent rates of reaction as indicated by rates of reactant loss or product formation. To evaluate and identify the origin of any cloud water matrix effects on one example of observed aqSOA production, pyruvate oxidation experiments simulating aqSOA formation were monitored within pure water, real cloud water samples, and an aqueous solution of inorganic salts. Two analysis methods were used: online electrospray ionization high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-ToF-MS), and offline anion exchange chromatography (IC) with quantitative conductivity and qualitative ESI-HR-ToF-MS detection. The apparent rate of oxidation of pyruvate was slowed in cloud water matrices: overall measured degradation rates of pyruvate were lower than in pure water. This can be at least partially accounted for by the observed formation of pyruvate from reactions of other cloud water components. Organic constituents of cloud water also compete for oxidants and/or UV light, contributing to the observed slowed degradation rates of pyruvate. The oxidation of pyruvate was not significantly affected by the presence of inorganic anions (nitrate and sulfate) at cloud-relevant concentrations. Future bulk studies of aqSOA formation reactions using simplified simulated cloud solutions and model estimates of generated aqSOA mass should take into account possible generation of, or competition for, oxidant molecules by organic components found in the complex matrices typically associated with real atmospheric water droplets. Additionally, it is likely that some components of real atmospheric waters have not yet been identified as aqSOA precursors, but could be distinguished through further simplified bulk oxidations of known atmospheric water components.
Crystal structure of YjeQ from Thermotoga maritima contains a circularly permuted GTPase domain

We have determined the crystal structure of the GDP complex of the YjeQ protein from Thermotoga maritima (TmYjeQ), a member of the YjeQ GTPase subfamaily. TmYjeQ, a homologue of Escherichia coli YjeQ, which is known to bind to the ribosome, is composed of three domains: an N-terminal oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold domain, a central GTPase domain, and a C-terminal zinc-finger domain. The crystal structure of TmYjeQ reveals two interesting domains: a circularly permutated GTPase domain and an unusual zinc-finger domain. The binding mode of GDP in the GTPase domain of TmYjeQ is similar to those of GDP or GTP analogs in ras proteins, a prototype GTPase. The N-terminal oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold domain, together with the GTPase domain, forms the extended RNA-binding site. The C-terminal domain has an unusual zinc-finger motif composed of Cys-250, Cys-255, Cys-263, and His-257, with a remote structural similarity to a portion of a DNA-repair protein, rad51 fragment. The overall structural features of TmYjeQ make it a good candidate for an RNA-binding protein, which is consistent with the biochemical data of the YjeQ subfamily in binding to the ribosome.
Approaches for Scale-Up of Microwave-Promoted Reactions

In this report, we look at a range of classes of reaction involving microwave heating and show how different processing techniques can be used to address scale-up needs. We look at both batch and c...
Incorporation of glycine into the proteins of explanted chick embryos.

Abstract 1. 1. The uptake of glycine-1-C14 into the proteins and the total protein glycine content of explanted chick embryos and of the extra embryonic membranes was determined. 2. 2. During an explantation period of 8 hr., no significant change in the total protein glycine was observed, but a marked incorporation of the tracer glycine was found to occur. 3. 3. The tracer uptake into the proteins of embryos explanted at the 4–7 somite stage was found to be significantly higher than in embryos explanted at the 11–13 somite stage. 4. 4. No significant release of tracer glycine from the embryonic proteins was observed during an incubation period of 6 hr. after transfer of the labeled embryos to a medium containing nonradioactive glycine. 5. 5. The possible interpretations of these results, based on determinations of the specific activities in the medium and in the nonprotein glycine of the embryo, are discussed.
Obesity Hypertension: The Regulatory Role of Leptin

Leptin is a 16-kDa-peptide hormone that is primarily synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue. One of the major actions of this hormone is the control of energy balance by binding to receptors in the hypothalamus, leading to reduction in food intake and elevation in temperature and energy expenditure. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that leptin, through both direct and indirect mechanisms, may play an important role in cardiovascular and renal regulation. While the relevance of endogenous leptin needs further clarification, it appears to function as a pressure and volume-regulating factor under conditions of health. However, in abnormal situations characterized by chronic hyperleptinemia such as obesity, it may function pathophysiologically for the development of hypertension and possibly also for direct renal, vascular, and cardiac damage.
Design and methods of a double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of extended-release naltrexone for alcohol dependent and hazardous drinking prisoners with HIV who are transitioning to the community.

Abstract Background HIV-infected prisoners have a high prevalence of alcohol use disorders and commonly relapse to alcohol soon after release to the community which is linked to high morbidity, poor antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and increased sexual risk-taking behaviors. Extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) effectively reduces relapse to alcohol in alcohol dependent persons, yet it remains unexamined among criminal justice system (CJS) populations transitioning to the community. Methods A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of XR-NTX to improve HIV treatment outcomes via reducing relapse to alcohol use after prison release for HIV-infected hazardous drinking and alcohol dependent prisoners is discussed. Results Acceptability of study participation is high with 86% of those referred who met eligibility criteria and 85% of those who were able to receive injections prior to release accepted injections, yet important implementation issues are identified and addressed during the study and are discussed in this paper. Conclusion Medication-assisted therapies for prevention of relapse to alcohol use for CJS populations transitioning to the community, especially for HIV-infected patients, are urgently needed in order to reduce alcohol relapse after release and improve HIV treatment outcomes and contribute to improved individual and public health.
Clinical evaluation of Parkinson's-related dysphonia.

Objectives: Nearly one third of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) cite dysphonia, characterized subjectively as causing a harsh and breathy voice, as their most debilitating deficit. Medical or behavioral treatments may lead to voice improvement. The purpose of this study was 1) to determine whether vocal fold injection of Cymetra (micronized form of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans; Lifecell Co.) is associated with changes in dysphonic voice characteristics in subjects with IPD, as judged perceptually using a standard instrument Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V), and (2) which acoustic and aerodynamic measurements of voice are most reflective of any observed perceptual changes in voice. Study Design: Prospective clinical evaluation of patients with Parkinson's-related dysphonia (PRD). Methods: Six patients with PRD were evaluated before treatment for the presence of dysphonia and glottal gap. All subjects underwent transoral vocal fold collagen injection using topical anesthesia in the otolaryngology clinic as part of their clinical care. At the initial clinic visit, and 10 to14 days after vocal fold collagen injection, patients were asked to complete the Voice Handicap Index (VHI), a questionnaire concerning voice-related quality of life, and perceptual analyses of voice quality were performed. In addition, patients underwent acoustic (pitch/loudness range, maximum phonation time [MPT], and aerodynamic phonation threshold pressure [PTP]) voice analysis. Results: Five of six subjects had self-perceived improvements in voice after treatment, as determined by the VHI (range, +8 to -24). All five subjects who completed testing demonstrated decreased PTP (range, -1.3 to -2.7, P = .002). Five of six subjects demonstrated statistically significant improvements in MPT (range, -2-16 s, P = .05). Five of six subjects had improved pitch range (-26-343 Hz), whereas all subjects had increased intensity range (0.6-23 db) after injection. Conclusions: Transoral collagen injection in patients with PRD is safe, well tolerated, and is an effective temporary method of subjectively improving voice and speech in selected patients with IPD. Reduction of glottal gap with collagen improves MPT and subglottal PTP. The resulting gain of vocal efficiency may reduce vocal fatigue and provide a useful adjunct to voice therapy for PRD.
Promoter melting by an alternative σ, one base at a time.

Housekeeping σ factors are initiation factors for the bacterial RNA polymerase at most promoters, whereas alternative σs direct focused responses to specific environmental conditions. Structural and functional analysis of an alternative σ complexed with its cognate −10 motif elucidates the mechanism for initiation of strand opening, highlighting two critical properties: why alternative σs, compared to housekeeping σs, recognize so few promoters and how their promoter-recognition strategy was diversified during evolution.
Myosin Va plays a key role in nitrergic neurotransmission by transporting nNOSα to enteric varicosity membrane

Nitrergic neurotransmission at the smooth muscle neuromuscular junctions requires nitric oxide (NO) release that is dependent on the transport and docking of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) α to the me...
Adolescent Alcohol Use Self-Report Stability: A Decade of Panel Study Data.

This study analyzed six waves of panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). These analyses were conducted to test the stability of self-reported lifetime use and age of onset. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated that the stability of age of onset reports decreased with longer time frames between follow-ups. The percentage of youths who had discrepancies in self-reported ever use of alcohol at two-year follow-up ranged from 15% to 35%. Higher discrepancy rates were found for males and younger respondents. Differences in report stability as a function of race/ethnicity were minimal. Questions related to lifetime use and age of onset have implications for the study of lifetime trajectories of use and the timing of prevention programs.
Cleavage of TRPM7 Releases the Kinase Domain from the Ion Channel and Regulates Its Participation in Fas-Induced Apoptosis

Summary Transient receptor potential melastatin-like 7 (TRPM7) is a channel protein that also contains a regulatory serine-threonine kinase domain. Here, we find that Trpm7 −/− T cells are deficient in Fas-receptor-induced apoptosis and that TRPM7 channel activity participates in the apoptotic process and is regulated by caspase-dependent cleavage. This function of TRPM7 is dependent on its function as a channel, but not as a kinase. TRPM7 is cleaved by caspases at D1510, disassociating the carboxy-terminal kinase domain from the pore without disrupting the phosphotransferase activity of the released kinase but substantially increasing TRPM7 ion channel activity. Furthermore, we show that TRPM7 regulates endocytic compartmentalization of the Fas receptor after receptor stimulation, an important process for apoptotic signaling through Fas receptors. These findings raise the possibility that other members of the TRP channel superfamily are also regulated by caspase-mediated cleavage, with wide-ranging implications for cell death and differentiation.
Congenital Heart Diseases of Puppies and Kittens

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is defined as a morphologic defect of the heart or associated great vessels present at birth. Abnormalities are caused by alterations or arrests in particular phases of embryonic development of the fetal heart. The term congenital does not imply that the defect was inherited, and the defect may have occurred spontaneously or secondary to a drug or toxin. By studying families of animals with specific CHDs, many defects have also been shown to be heritable.Additionally, if the defect was caused by a spontaneous de novo mutation,that individual has the potential to transmit the mutation to offspring. The diagnosis of CHD is important not only to the health of the patient but to eliminate affected individuals from the breeding pool.
Surgical Resident Education: What Is the Department's Price for Commitment?

Objective The current recession has impacted all aspects of our economy. Some residency programs have experienced faculty salary cuts, furlough days, and cessation of funding for travel to academic meetings. This milieu forced many residency programs to reevaluate their commitment to resident education, particularly for those expenses not provided for by Direct Medical Education (DME) and Indirect Medical Education (IME) funds. The purpose of this study was to determine what price a Department of Surgery pays to fulfill its commitment to resident education. Design A financial analysis of 1 academic year was performed for all expenses not covered by DME or IME funds and is paid for by the faculty practice plan. These expenses were categorized and further analyzed to determine the funds required for resident-related scholarly activity. Setting A university-based general surgery residency program. Participants Twenty-eight surgical residents and a program coordinator. Results The departmental faculty provided $153,141 during 1 academic year to support the educational mission of the residency. This amount is in addition to the $1.6 million in faculty time, $850,000 provided by the federal government in terms of DME funds, and $14 million of IME funds, which are distributed on an institutional basis. Resident presentations at scientific meetings accounted for $49,672, and program coordinator costs of $44,190 accounted for nearly two-thirds of this funding. The departmental faculty committed $6400 per categorical resident. Conclusions In addition to DME and IME funds, a department of surgery must commit significant additional monies to meet the educational goals of surgical residency.
School Violence: An Overview.

School violence is a growing area of concern for school nurses across the nation. Recent national data and a compilation of risk factors for youth violence and school shootings are presented as a general guide to identifying students who may be in need of assistance. The nurse's role in multidisciplinary planning and developing violence prevention strategies in the school and the community are examined.
DYNAMIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE FEMALE PELVIS: THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE QUANTIFICATION STAGING SYSTEM

Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to determine anatomical correlations with respect to physical examination using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) staging system. In addition, the standard POP staging system was analyzed to obtain normative data and determine any risk factors for prolapse.Materials and Methods: A total of 52 continent women 19 to 67 years old participated in our study. Pelvic MRI was performed at 1.5 Tesla. The vagina, bladder and rectum were opacified. Subjects performed pelvic floor contraction, relaxation and straining maneuvers for T1-weighted imaging. One-way analysis of variance, Fisher’s exact test and multinomial logistic regression were used to analyze the data.Results: POP stage is quantified from 0 to IV. Stage was 0 to II in 56%, 27% and 17% of cases. POP stage was not significantly influenced by the number of cesarean sections (p = 0.64) or smoking (p = 0.91) but the number of vaginal deliveries significantly correlated with stage. Women with 1 vaginal de...
Transient kinetics during the isothermal reduction of NO by CO on Rh(111) as studied with effusive collimated molecular beams

The transient kinetics of the reaction between NO and CO on clean Rh(111) surfaces have been studied using molecular beams in conjunction with mass spectrometry detection. The changes in the partial pressures of the reactants (CO and NO) and products (N2 and CO2) as a function of time have been used as a measure of the evolution of the uptake and desorption rates, respectively, for temperatures between 350 and 1000 K and for NO:CO mixture ratios between 4:1 and 1:99. Post-mortem temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and CO titration experiments were also performed in order to estimate the surface coverages of atomic nitrogen and oxygen left on the Rh(111) surface by the gas mixture. Systematic variations were observed during the transition from the clean surface to the steady-state catalytic regime that correlate well with the overall reaction rates in the latter. Specifically, there is a time delay in the production of molecular nitrogen because of the need to build up a threshold atomic nitrogen cover...
Internal waves of tidal character

Measurements of temperature and salinity at various depths in the ocean have shown the existence of periodic variations with the same periods as those of the tidal forces. It has been argued that these oscillations cannot be true internal waves generated by the tidal forces because the periods of free oscillations at internal discontinuities are much longer than those of the tidal forces so that the necessary resonance conditions would not seem satisfied. The argument is re-examined here, and it is shown that because of the Earth's rotation, which had not been considered previously, the periods of long internal waves are much shorter and their velocities much larger than was assumed previously. Consequently the resonance conditions for oscillations at internal surfaces of discontinuity are much more favorable than was supposed heretofore. The effect of such internal waves on the turbulent processes in the interior of the fluid is discussed.
On-Line Monitoring of the Buffer Capacity of Particleboard Furnish by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

This paper reports on a study of on-line monitoring of the buffer capacity of particleboard furnish using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis models (chemometrics). The buffer capacity of wood furnish is known to affect the quality of polymerization and the curing rates of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, which may affect the mechanical properties of manufactured panel. The first phase of the study consisted of building multivariate calibration and validation models from NIR spectroscopy data to predict the buffer capacity of particleboard furnish in a laboratory environment. During this phase, a spectrometer (Ocean Optics USB2000) operating in the 550–1100 nm spectral range was evaluated. The second phase of the study took place at a North American particleboard plant over several weeks. Several multivariate calibration models were constructed and tested on-line during a four-day test period. The on-line root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the coefficient of variation (CV) for buffer capacity predictions ranged from 3.45 to 0.92 and 22.4% to 5.8%, respectively.
Cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in streptozotocin induced diabetic Fischer 344 (F344) rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine if cephaloridine nephrotoxicity is attenuated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Fischer 344 (F344) rats (205–250 g) were given a single injection (i.p.) of STZ (27–35 mg/kg) or citrate buffer. The nephrotoxicity of (750 mg/kg) cephaloridine (i.p.) was then compared with normoglycemic and 14-day diabetic rats. Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels as well as diminished renal cortical slice accumulation of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and lactate-stimulated p-aminohippurate (PAH) were measured (P < 0.05) in normoglycemic rats 48 h after cephaloridine administration. Cephaloridine failed to alter BUN levels and organic ion accumulation in diabetic rats. Diabetes did not totally protect against cephaloridine toxicity since kidney weights were elevated in normoglycemic and diabetic rats 48 h after administration of 750 mg/kg cephaloridine. A series of experiments also measured BUN levels, kidney weight and renal cortical slice uptake of PAH and TEA 24, 48 and 72 h after (1500 mg/kg) cephaloridine administration. Cephaloridine increased (P < 0.05) kidney wt and decreased PAH and TEA uptake (P < 0.05) in the normoglycemic group at 24–72 h. No change in kidney wt, PAH or TEA uptake was observed in the diabetic rats. These data indicate diabetes reduces cephaloridine nephrotoxicity.
Phase refinement from a partially known structure using linear prediction filtering

A significantly improved electron-density map can be calculated from an incomplete, approximate structure using linear prediction filtering (LPF). The filtering procedure is not based on constraining the electron density to be positive, but, instead, rests on a linear relation of the structure factor. In two examples, one based on theoretical data and the other based on experimental data, these new LPF maps have lower background noise and improved quality than do the more conventional 2Fo – Fc technique. The recovered electron-density profile from atoms initially absent is clearer, allowing for easier identification in any subsequent model building and least-squares refinement.
The Fast Exact Closure for Jeffery’s equation with diffusion

Abstract Jeffery’s equation with diffusion is widely used to predict the motion of concentrated fiber suspensions in flows with low Reynold’s numbers. Unfortunately, the evaluation of the fiber orientation distribution can require excessive computation, which is often avoided by solving the related second order moment tensor equation. This approach requires a ‘closure’ that approximates the distribution function’s fourth order moment tensor from its second order moment tensor. This paper presents the Fast Exact Closure (FEC) which uses conversion tensors to obtain a pair of related ordinary differential equations; avoiding approximations of the higher order moment tensors altogether. The FEC is exact in that when there are no fiber interactions, it exactly solves Jeffery’s equation. Numerical examples for dense fiber suspensions are provided with both a Folgar–Tucker (1984) [3] diffusion term and the recent anisotropic rotary diffusion term proposed by Phelps and Tucker (2009) [9] . Computations demonstrate that the FEC exhibits improved accuracy with computational speeds equivalent to or better than existing closure approximations.
The plasma transistor: A microcavity plasma device coupled with a low voltage, controllable electron emitter

A microplasma transistor has been realized by injecting electrons into the sheath of a rare gas plasma with a low voltage (|Vb|<25 V), controllable electron emitter. Integrating a solid state emitter with a 500 μm diam. cylindrical microcavity plasma yields a three terminal current-controlled device capable of modulating the conduction current and light intensity generated by the microplasma. For an emitter voltage of Vb=−10 V, the rms charge carried by the conduction current of a Ne microplasma is tripled relative to the value measured for no current injection. Similarly, the wavelength-integrated visible emission is increased by 2.7 and 4 dB for Vb=−5 and −25 V, respectively. From the continuity equation for charged particle flux in the sheath, the electron density at the edge of the sheath is determined to be ns=(3±1)×1012 cm−3 for an electron temperature in the 1–5 eV range. Energizing the electron emitter is estimated to reduce the ratio of the ion to electron number densities at the cathode surface ...
Interpretation of PIV autocorrelation mesurements in complex particle-laden flows

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure instantaneous and average particle velocity fields near the stagnation zone of a particle-laden impinging air jet. The results were compared with Lagrangian particle tracking measurements. Ensemble averages from the two methods agree well except in regions where particles have different histories, and a specific trajectory is dominant but not exclusive. The PIV autocorrelation method loses information regarding non-dominant particle trajectories. Thus, although instantaneous PIV measurements yield the dominant particle velocities correctly, the averaged measurements are biased in some regions.
Analysis of non-destructive current simulators of flux compression generators

Development and evaluation of power conditioning systems and high power microwave components often used with flux compression generators (FCGs) requires repeated testing and characterization. In an effort to minimize the cost and time required for testing with explosive generators, non-destructive simulators of an FCG's output current have been developed. Flux compression generators and simulators of FCGs are unique pulsed power sources in that the current waveform exhibits a quasi-exponential increasing rate at which the current rises. Accurately reproducing the quasi-exponential current waveform of a FCG can be important in designing electroexplosive opening switches and other power conditioning components that are dependent on the integral of current action and the rate of energy dissipation. Three versions of FCG simulators have been developed that include an inductive network with decreasing impedance in time. A primary difference between these simulators is the voltage source driving them. It is shown that a capacitor-inductor-capacitor network driving a constant or decreasing inductive load can produce the desired high-order derivatives of the load current to replicate a quasi-exponential waveform. The operation of the FCG simulators is reviewed and described mathematically for the first time to aid in the design of new simulators. Experimental and calculated results of two recent simulators are reported with recommendations for future designs.
In the Watches of the Night: Life in the Nocturnal City, 1820–1930. By Peter C. Baldwin. (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2012. Pp. 296. $40.00.)

This study engages in a captivating cultural dialogue on how nineteenth‐century urban Americans shaped the culture of night amidst technological changes ranging from gas lamps to incandescent light...
Narrativity and enaction: the social nature of literary narrative understanding

This paper proposes an understanding of literary narrative as a form of social cognition and situates the study of such narratives in relation to the new comprehensive approach to human cognition, enaction. The particular form of enactive cognition that narrative understanding is proposed to depend on is that of participatory sense-making, as developed in the work of Di Paolo and De Jaegher. Currently there is no consensus as to what makes a good literary narrative, how it is understood, and why it plays such an irreplaceable role in human experience. The proposal thus identifies a gap in the existing research on narrative by describing narrative as a form of intersubjective process of sense-making between two agents, a teller and a reader. It argues that making sense of narrative literature is an interactional process of co-constructing a story-world with a narrator. Such an understanding of narrative makes a decisive break with both text-centered approaches that have dominated both structuralist and early cognitivist study of narrative, as well as pragmatic communicative ones that view narrative as a form of linguistic implicature. The interactive experience that narrative affords and necessitates at the same time, I argue, serves to highlight the active yet cooperative and communal nature of human sociality, expressed in the many forms than human beings interact in, including literary ones.
How Is a Computerized Attention Test Used in the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder

Abstract The computerization of attention tasks has allowed clinicians to incorporate objective data into evaluations for ADD/Hyperactivity. These measures require the subject to cope with demands for self-control and sustained attention. Clinicians should consider practicality, reliability, and robustness of standardization in selecting a computerized test. A well-researched approach to computerized assessment, the Gordon Diagnostic System (GDS), is described. Case histories are presented which illustrate the contribution of GDS data to the evaluation and treatment monitoring of children referred for ADD/Hyperactivity.
VCSELs Advances and Future Prospects

Semiconductor diode lasers pervade our society in both the telecom and consumer electronics industry. A particular kind of laser diode — a verticle-cavity surface-emitting laser — is revolutionizing the capabilities of these tiny structures and their potential markets.
Predictability of Output Growth and Inflation: A Multi-Horizon Survey Approach

We develop an unobserved-components approach to study surveys of forecasts containing multiple forecast horizons. Under the assumption that forecasters optimally update their beliefs about past, current, and future state variables as new information arrives, we use our model to extract information on the degree of predictability of the state variable and the importance of measurement errors in the observables. Empirical estimates of the model are obtained using survey forecasts of annual GDP growth and inflation in the United States with forecast horizons ranging from 1 to 24 months, and the model is found to closely match the joint realization of forecast errors at different horizons. Our empirical results suggest that professional forecasters face severe measurement error problems for GDP growth in real time, while this is much less of a problem for inflation. Moreover, inflation exhibits greater persistence, and thus is predictable at longer horizons, than GDP growth and the persistent component of bot...
Gene profiling of laser-microdissected brain regions and sub-regions.

The application of transcriptomics and proteomics approaches to accurately dissected anatomically-defined brain regions and sub-regions remains a central focus of current neurobiological investigations as well as a necessary step towards single-neuron neurogenomics and neuroproteomics. A protocol is described for the simple, rapid, and reproducible laser microdissection of brain regions and sub-regions for microarray-based gene expression analyses from individual rats or mice using two rounds of in vitro transcription (IVT). The results presented also demonstrate that the current Affymetrix GeneChip® arrays are well suited for this experimental design with high reproducibility and limited effects of the shortening of target RNA caused by the double IVT approach.
Effect of cyclic stress on enthalpy relaxation in polycarbonate

Possible effects of cyclic stress on physical aging in polycarbonate were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. When the enthalpy overshoot by DSC of specimens of different previous thermophysical aging histories is measured as a function of the cyclic stress amplitudes, two characteristic regimes are observed. By correlating with optical microscopic observations, these regimes are identified as the incubation and crazing stages (denoted regimes I and II, respectively). The enthalpy relaxation behavior in Regime I is similar to thermophysical aging, indicating that the glassy structure as a whole is initially shifted to one where molecular mobility is retarded by relatively low amplitude cyclic stress. A strong interaction is also seen between the enthalpy overshoot and previous physical aging. That is, the more the material is previously aged, and the shorter the incubation period, the longer the crazing region is. As a result, brittle failure occurs over a wider load range compared with less aged specimens.
Reml and best linear unbiased prediction in state space models

This article takes a hierarchical model approach to the estimation of state space models with diffuse initial conditions. An initial state is said to be diffuse when it cannot be assigned a proper prior distribution. In state space models this occurs either when fixed effects are present or when modelling nonstationarity in the state transition equation. Whereas much of the literature views diffuse states as an initialization problem, we follow the approach of Sallas and Harville (1981,1988) and incorporate diffuse initial conditions via noninformative prior distributions into hierarchical linear models. We apply existing results to derive the restricted loglike-lihood and appropriate modifications to the standard Kalman filter and smoother. Our approach results in a better understanding of De Jong's (1991) contributions. This article also shows how to adjust the standard Kalman filter, the fixed inter- val smoother and the state space model forecasting recursions, together with their mean square errors, ...
Regulation of virulence by members of the MarR/SlyA family

Virulence gene regulators RovA, SlyA and PecS comprise a subset of the MarR/SlyA family of transcriptional regulators, which has been shown to be involved in the regulation of virulence genes. These regulators have all been shown to both positively and negatively regulate the expression of multiple genes, involving several different mechanisms. One of the conserved mechanisms of regulatory control among these proteins appears to be competition for binding sites with other proteins. SlyA negatively regulates its own expression by interfering with the binding of RNA polymerase, whereas RovA appears to interfere with the progression of RNA polymerase from its promoter and to compete for binding with the heat-stable nucleoid-structural protein (H-NS), a global transcriptional silencer. PecS represses transcription by competing for binding with cAMP receptor protein, a global activator. RovA, SlyA and PecS have all been shown to act as derepressors by competing for binding sites with repressors. Recently, RovA also was found to enhance transcription through interaction with RNA polymerase.
Drainage Efficiency with Dual Versus Single Catheters in Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Background Little is known about the efficacy of single versus dual extraventricular drain (EVD) use in intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), with and without thrombolytic therapy.
Thermal stability of a long-acting analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (D-trp6-pro9-NEt-LHRH)

The stability of solutions of a long-acting analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (D-trp6-pro9-NEt-LHRH [LHRHa] after heating to 60C for 5 days, after repeated freezing and thawing, and after refrigeration at 4C for 8 days has been examined. None of the treatments caused a detectable alteration in the HPLC profile, and none caused a significant change in biological activity in vivo. It is concluded that D-trp6-pro9-NEt-LHRH can withstand mild heating, repeated freezing and thawing, and short-term refrigeration without apparent change in HPLC profile or biological activity. It is also concluded that the results obtained with the HPLC method correlate well with the results from the in vivo bioassay.