cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Fish and the Commercial Marine Harvest on the Ocean Iron Cycle

Although iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, bioavailable iron limits marine primary production in about one third of the ocean. This lack of iron availability has implications in climate change because the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by phytoplankton requires iron. Using literature values for global fish biomass estimates, and elemental composition data we estimate that fish biota store between 0.7–7×1011 g of iron. Additionally, the global fish population recycles through excretion between 0.4–1.5×1012 g of iron per year, which is of a similar magnitude as major recognized sources of iron (e.g. dust, sediments, ice sheet melting). In terms of biological impact this iron could be superior to dust inputs due to the distributed deposition and to the greater solubility of fecal pellets compared to inorganic minerals. To estimate a loss term due to anthropogenic activity the total commercial catch for 1950 to 2010 was obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Marine catch data were separated by taxa. High and low end values for elemental composition were obtained for each taxonomic category from the literature and used to calculate iron per mass of total harvest over time. The marine commercial catch is estimated to have removed 1–6×109 g of iron in 1950, the lowest values on record. There is an annual increase to 0.7–3×1010 g in 1996, which declines to 0.6–2×1010 g in 2010. While small compared to the total iron terms in the cycle, these could have compounding effects on distribution and concentration patterns globally over time. These storage, recycling, and export terms of biotic iron are not currently included in ocean iron mass balance calculations. These data suggest that fish and anthropogenic activity should be included in global oceanic iron cycles.
Heart rate variability and physiological arousal in men exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields

In previous research, intermittent exposure to sinusoidal 60 Hz magnetic fields at a resultant flux density of 28.3 μT was found to alter heart rate variability (HRV) in men during night sleep. When the 24 men in the present study were exposed under similar conditions, HRV was not altered. The previous studies included the hourly collection of blood samples via an indwelling venous catheter, while the present study did not. This may account for the observed differences in results. Further research is needed to determine if field exposure interacts with physiological arousal mechanisms to alter autonomic nervous system control over cardiac rhythms. Bioelectromagnetics 21:480–482, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and physical properties of sulfonamide-containing oligonucleotides

Abstract Sulfonamide-linked thymidine dimers have been prepared and incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides. Oligos containing up to four sulfonamide linkages have been tested for their ability to form duplexes with complementary DNA.
A flow injection analysis technique for the determination of chloride using reflectance detection

A flow injection (FI) determination for chloride has been developed using the light reflectance of the precipitate formed by the reaction of chloride with silver(I) as the method of detection rather than turbidimetry, as in the previous FI method using this reaction. The dynamic range of the analysis is increased to 0-10 mM chloride with a 10 mM silver(I) reagent and to 0-50 mM chloride with a 50 mM silver(I) reagent by using this mode of detection. The ability to select the injected reagent from an option of two concentrations via the control program is incorporated into the FI system, enhancing the versatility of the analysis. The dynamic range is further extended to 100 mM chloride by measuring the signal levels at the trailing portion of the response curve. The consumption of reagent is kept to a minimum by merging injected zones of sample and reagent instead of using a constant reagent stream.
The determination of network structures in anhydride-cured butanediol diglycidal ether using 13C-NMR

The static and dynamic structures of butanediol diglycidal ether (BDGE) cured with phthalic anhydride are determined using high resolution solid state 13C-NMR. Crosslink and junction point resonances are identified by varying the cure state and confirmed using chemical shift calculations. As crosslinking increases, the variety of structures creates a broad distribution of chemical shifts and thus a single broad resonance for the crosslink region. The crosslinking also influences the dynamic structures of the network as indiated by the changes in the various relaxation times of the system. Motions in both the megahertz and kilohertz regimes decrease with cure due to the increasing motional restrictions imposed by the crosslinks.
Predicting Behavior During Interracial Interactions: A Stress and Coping Approach

The social psychological literature maintains unequivocally that interracial contact is stressful. Yet research and theory have rarely considered how stress may shape behavior during interracial interactions. To address this empirical and theoretical gap, the authors propose a framework for understanding and predicting behavior during interracial interactions rooted in the stress and coping literature. Specifically, they propose that individuals often appraise interracial interactions as a threat, experience stress, and therefore cope—they antagonize, avoid, freeze, or engage. In other words, the behavioral dynamics of interracial interactions can be understood as initial stress reactions and subsequent coping responses. After articulating the framework and its predictions for behavior during interracial interactions, the authors examine its ability to organize the extant literature on behavioral dynamics during interracial compared with same-race contact. They conclude with a discussion of the implicatio...
Coincidence experiments in inelastic electron scattering from highly excited states

Abstract The present status and future possibilities of studying fundamental modes of excitation by electrons are discussed.
An O(NP) sequence comparison algorithm

Abstract Let A and B be two sequences of length M and N respectively, where without loss of generality N ⩾ M , and let D be the length of a shortest edit script (consisting of insertions and deletions) between them. A parameter related to D is the number of deletions in such a script, P= 1 2 D− 1 2 (N−M) . We present an algorithm for finding a shortest edit distance of A and B whose worst-case running time is O( NP ) and whose expected running time is O( N + PD ). The algorithm is simple and is very efficient whenever A is similar to a subsequence of B . It is nearly twice as fast as the O( ND ) algorithm of Myers, and much more efficient when A and B differ substantially in length.
An electrocardiographic and morphologic study of changes following ligation of the left coronary artery in human beings: a report of two cases.

Abstract Two patients with rheumatic heart disease with mitral stenosis are reported, both of whom were operated upon for the purpose of performing a mitral valvuloplasty. Both patients were closely followed electrocardiographically. During the operation, surgical emergency therapy resulted in the ligation of the left coronary artery. The pattern of acute myocardial infarction appeared in both cases. It proceeded to rapid death in one case and regressed in the other. At post-mortem examination, both showed the suspected ligation, and the histological picture of an infarcted myocardium of the appropriate age was found. The cases are discussed with respect to (1) possible influence of shock and hemorhage, (2) electrocardiographic pattern and time relationships, (3) the pathology involved, and (4) possible explanations of the reversion of the electrocardiographic pattern in the second case.
Communications, innovation, and territory: the production network of Swift Meat Packing and the creation of a national US market

Abstract This study is an historical and theoretical account of how market territory, configured from flows of production and trade, gets reshaped by the innovative behavior of business firms. The research for this study focuses on the production network developed in the late nineteenth century by the American firm of G.F. Swift & Company. The central theme of this case is how businesses reorganize their strategies, routines and structure as transport and communications technology changes, and how the innovations in production networks engineered by firms as part of this reorganization, become territorially embedded and reconfigure the space for economic activity. The production network pioneered by Swift from railroad and telegraph technology, created long-distance production and trade linkages in the economy that widened the boundaries of formerly-localized markets, and established the foundations of a more geographically-extended, nationally-oriented market space. As it widened market boundaries, however, the network of Swift concentrated economic activity in new places. The essay builds a theoretical framework of the route from the ‘communications revolution,’ to the process of innovation in the firm, to the production network, to territorial transformation. This framework reveals how the railroad and telegraph revolution enabled firms in the US to develop innovations in production networks on the basis of vertically-integrated, geographically-dispersed enterprises organized over a national market space. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Substance P Diminishes Lipopolysaccharide and Interferon-γ-Induced TGF-β1 Production by Cultured Murine Macrophages

Abstract Recent evidence has demonstrated the importance of substance P and its receptor in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. While previous studies have shown that substance P can augment proinflammatory monokine production, little is known about the effects of this neuropeptide on the production of monokines that might limit inflammation. In the present study we have investigated the effect of substance P treatment on the production of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in cultured murine macrophages. We report that, while substance P agonist alone elicited increases in TGF-β1 mRNA expression and modest increases in TGF-β1 secretion, substance P dramatically diminished LPS- or IFN-γ-induced TGF-β1 production. These results suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism where substance P may act as a proinflammatory mediator by limiting the production of excessive levels of TGF-β1 by LPS- or IFN-γ-activated macrophages.
Phospholipase Cβ 3 Mediates the Scratching Response Activated by the Histamine H1 Receptor on C-Fiber Nociceptive Neurons

Summary Phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) isozymes represent a family of molecules that link G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to an intracellular signaling network. Here, we investigated the function of PLCβ isozymes in sensory neurons by using mutant mice deficient for specific PLCβ family members. Expression analysis indicated that PLCβ3, one of the four isoforms, is predominantly expressed in a subpopulation of C-fiber nociceptors. A subset of these neurons expressed the histamine H1 receptor. Ca 2+ imaging studies revealed that PLCβ3 specifically mediates histamine-induced calcium responses through the histamine H1 receptor in cultured sensory neurons. In line with this, we found that PLCβ3 −/− mice showed significant defects in scratching behavior induced by histamine; histamine-trifluoromethyl-toluidine (HTMT), a selective H1 agonist; and compound 48/80, a mast cell activator. These results demonstrate that PLCβ3 is required to mediate "itch" sensation in response to histamine acting on the histamine H1 receptor in C-fiber nociceptive neurons.
Marketing and Distributing Heroin: Some Sociological Observations

(1975). Marketing and Distributing Heroin: Some Sociological Observations. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 331-353.
Quality of life in cancer: definition, purpose, and method of measurement.

Over the past 20 years, changes within medicine and Society have encouraged an expansion in conceptualizing and evaluating the goals and important outcomes of medical treatments. In evaluating the care of people with cancer and other chronic illnesses, a major part of the expansion has been the inclusion of means to assess the quality of life in addition to the quantity of life associated with various treatments. This paper presents a review of the current literature on quality-of-life assessment in oncology research and practice. The review is organized around current thinking about the definition of quality of life, the purpose of quality-of-life measurement, the method of assessment, and the competing advantages and disadvantages of disease-specific versus general health outcome measurement. Recommendations for proceeding with quality-of-life measurement in oncology are provided to encourage increased attention to the need to remain closely tied to a theoretical construct.
Pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital and thiamylal as combined anesthetics in sheep.

Short, C.R., Kappel, L.C., Ruhr, L.P. & Baggot, J.D. Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital and thiamylal as combined anesthetics in sheep. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 8, 234–245. This study was performed to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying prolongation of anesthesia times in sheep caused by the sequential administration of thiamylal and pentobarbital. Sodium thiamylal was injected as an intravenous bolus dose (13.2 mg/kg) followed in 7 min by sodium pentobarbital (14.3 mg/kg) by the same route to seven sheep. Separate studies were conducted for each of the two drugs administered separately to the same animals at the same doses. Mean anesthesia times (to the return of the palpebral reflex) were 7.89 min (thiamylal), 5.39 min (pentobarbital) and 34.1 min (the sequential combination). The kinetic parameters Vd(area), Vd(ss), t1/2s, and ClB for either drug were not affected by the other when given in combination. The t1/2α was shorter, and the Vc was smaller, for pentobarbital when administered with thiamylal, while there were no changes in thiamylal disposition for the combination regimen. Computer-generated curves, associated with the two-compartment open model showing the fraction of dose in each compartment as a function of time, illustrated that pentobarbital rapidly achieved higher concentrations in the peripheral compartment after prior thiamylal administration. Protein-binding studies showed that this could not be attributed to displacement of pentobarbital from plasma albumin by thiamylal. Calculation of total and free drug concentrations at the time of awakening showed that, when the drugs were combined, the concentration of each drug was less than half of that observed at awakening when they were studied separately. It can be concluded that the prolonged sleeping times associated with the sequential combination of the two agents were not due to an alteration in kinetic parameters of either drug caused by the other, but rather to an additive effect of the subanesthetic concentrations of the two drugs when combined. The fact that sleeping times were supra-additive is attributed to a shift of awakening time from the distribution (α) phase, when given independently, to the elimination (s) phase when administered in combination. Charles R. Short, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, U.S.A.
Nano- to microscale wear and mechanical characterization using scanning probe microscopy

Abstract Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques, specifically so-called atomic force/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM) are increasingly used for tribological studies of engineering surfaces at scales ranging from atomic and molecular to microscales. AFMs with suitable tips are being used to study microscratching, microwear and nanowear and nano/picoindentation behavior of solid surfaces and thin films. AFMs have also been used for nanofabrication/nanomachining purposes. Scratch and wear properties of a variety of materials have been measured. Mechanisms of material removal on the microscale are studied. Wear precursors can be detected at early stages of wear using localized surface potential measurements. Localized surface elasticity maps of composite materials with penetration depths of less than 100 nm can be obtained. Nanoindentation hardness and Young’s modulus of elasticity can be measured with a depth of indentation as low as 1 nm. Scratching and indentation on the nanoscale are powerful ways to screen for adhesion and resistance to deformation of ultrathin coatings. These studies provide insight into failure mechanisms of materials and thin coatings. Finally, in situ surface characterization of local deformation of materials and thin coatings helps to develop better understanding of failure mechanisms.
SU-E-T-159: Evaluation of a Patient Specific QA Tool Based On TG119

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of a 3D patient specific QA tool by analysis of the results produced from associated software in homogenous phantom and heterogonous patient CT. Methods: IMRT and VMAT plans of five test suites introduced by TG119 were created in ECLIPSE on a solid water phantom. The ten plans -of increasing complexity- were delivered to Delta4 to give a 3D measurement. The Delta4's “Anatomy” software uses the measured dose to back-calculate the energy fluence of the delivered beams, which is used for dose calculation in a patient CT using a pencilbeam algorithm. The effect of the modulated beams' complexity on the accuracy of the “Anatomy” calculation was evaluated. Both measured and Anatomy doses were compared to ECLIPSE calculation using 3% - 3mm gamma criteria.We also tested the effect of heterogeneity by analyzing the results of “Anatomy” calculation on a Brain VMAT and a 3D conformal lung cases. Results: In homogenous phantom, the gamma passing rates were found to be as low as 74.75% for a complex plan with high modulation. The mean passing rates were 91.47% ± 6.35% for “Anatomy” calculation and 99.46% ± 0.62% for Delta4 measurements.As for the heterogeneous cases, the rates were 96.54%±3.67% and 83.87%±9.42% for Brain VMAT and 3D lung respectively. This increased error in the lung case could be due to the use of the pencil beam algorithm as opposed to the AAA used by ECLIPSE.Also, gamma analysis showed high discrepancy along the beam edge in the “Anatomy” calculated results. This suggests a poor beam modeling in the penumbra region. Conclusion: The results show various sources of errors in “Anatomy” calculations. These include beam modeling in the penumbra region, complexity of a modulated beam (shown in homogenous phantom and brain cases) and dose calculation algorithms (3D conformal lung case).
Spectrophotometric investigation of the nature and stability of silver(II) in acidic sulphate media

Abstract A spectrophotometric study of silver(II) in sulphuric acid solution indicates the formation of two sulphate complexes, in the range 4–18 M H 2 SO 4 , with absorbance peak maxima at 361 and 260 mμ, respectively. In 15 M H 2 SO 4 the molar absorptivity of silver(II) is 3.11 × 10 4 at 361 mμ. Kinetic studies of the reduction of silver(II) by the solvent suggest a rate-determining step first order in silver(II) and yield a pseudo first-order rate constant of 1.9 × 10 −1 min −1 . Further studies as a function of H 2 SO 4 concentration show that the specific decomposition rate of the two complexes is identical and that changes in H 2 SO 4 concentration only serve to shift the concentration equilibrium between the two complexes.
Depressive Symptoms, Including Lack of Future Orientation, as Mediators in the Relationship between Adverse Life Events and Delinquent Behaviors

The present study provided a cross-sectional examination of associations among adverse life events, depressive symptoms, and delinquency in a community sample of 123 early adolescent boys and girls. We also examined whether depressive cognitions, including hopelessness, differentially mediated the relations between exposure to adverse events and delinquent behaviors. Depressive cognitions, especially lack of future orientation, were associated with delinquent behaviors and partially mediated the relationship between adverse events and delinquent behaviors. Findings highlight the importance of future orientation among adversity-exposed youth, and suggest that interventions for trauma should focus on instilling optimism and hope as a means of reducing risk for negative outcomes, including delinquency.
Ab initio calculations of the π Hamiltonian of trans-butadiene including electron correlations

Abstract Fully correlated ab initio calculations are performed for the π hamiltonian of butadiene. The calculated true integrals are compared with those of Pariser—Parr—Pople theory. Ab initio evidence is given for the existence of more than one π hamiltonian.
Polymer-bound dirhodium tetracarboxylate films for fluorescent detection of nitric oxide.

A polymer-bound dirhodium complex, [{Rh2(O2CCH3)3(Ds-pip)}n(O2C−P)], was prepared via ligand exchange of [Rh2(O2CCH3)4] with the side chains of a methyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer (O2C−P) followed by axial coordination of the fluorophore, N-dansylpiperazine (Ds-pip). Emission from Ds-pip is quenched when coordinated to the dirhodium complex but can be restored upon displacement by analytes. Exposure of [{Rh2(O2CCH3)3(Ds-pip)}n(O2C−P)] films to aqueous nitric oxide (NO) evokes a 2.2-fold increase in integrated emission. The polymer matrix excludes potentially interfering analytes including reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, which cannot readily permeate the film.
Correction to “Compact group actions that raise dimension to infinity”

Abstract For every prime p and each n =2,3,…,∞, we constructed in [A.N. Dranishnikov, J.B. West, Topology Appl. 80 (1997) 101–114] an action of G =∏ ∞ i =1 ( Z / pZ ) on a two-dimensional compact metric space X with n -dimensional orbit space. The argument of [A.N. Dranishnikov, J.B. West, Topology Appl. 80 (1997) 101–114] had a gap in Lemma 15 which affected the main lemma of the paper (Lemma 16). In this note we present corrected versions of Lemmas 15 and 16.
Helplessness in hippocampectomized rats: Response perseveration?

In a test for learned helplessness, hippocampectomized rats, cortical controls and unoperated controls were given shock-escape training after being subjected to a series of noncontingent shocks. During these preshock treat!llents, the ~ame amount of gross body activity was elicited in all three groups. Compared to rats that dId not receIve the preshock treatments, all the preshocked animals performed poorly in shock escape; that is, hippocampals, cortical controls, and normals all exhibited learned helplessness. The fact that hippocampectomy resulted in the most marked learned helplessness is contrary to the response-perseveration interpretation of hippocampal function. The behavioral changes following damage to the hippocampus are only slightly more numerous than the theories postulated to account for hippocampal function. Alterations in behavior attributed to hippocam pal destruction include memory deficits (e.g., Milner, 1968), changes in response perseveration (Douglas, 1967; Kimble, 1968), and specific as well as nonspecific disturbances in motivation (Jarrard, 1973). One reason for the numerous, conflicting theories of hippocampal function is the problem associated with different amounts and localization of damage within hippocampus, the importance of which has gone unnoticed until fairly recently (Jarrard, 1973). Another reason for the theoretical imbroglio lies in the insensitivity and inappropriateness of many behavioral measures used following surgical intervention. While observations from simple runway and leverpress experiments frequently may provide insight into the functions of the physiological substrate, such studies are often not sensitive to the different aspects of behavioral change that can result from the experimental manipulation of hippocampus. Indeed, many currently popular testing procedures are unable, in their standard form, either to control for, or parcel out, confoundings such as the different levels of reactivity and integrity of memory that may arise from hippocampal intervention. Other areas of experimental psychology have been successful in determining the aftereffects of a behavioral test by observing how experience in that test influences the behavior in a second test (e.g., Postman, 1971). Thus, with appropriate control procedures, it is possible to submit an organism to one task and then examine his behavior in a second situation-presumably, the behavior
Research Studies and Their Implications for Social Work Practice in a Multidisciplinary Center for Lupus Care

The complexity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its psychosocial impact creates management challenges that require a multidisciplinary team approach for optimal patient care and outcomes. This article provides a brief report on current lupus-related research studies at the Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Care at Hospital for Special Surgery. Studies and their social work implications highlight a comprehensive, integrated model for research, education, and patient care emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration. Both basic science and clinical research are discussed, with a focus on the role of social workers as an integral part of the health care team in providing assessments and interventions and as support for patients in research studies.
Embedding locally convex spaces in nearly exotic spaces

It is proved that every locally convex space is linearly homeomorphic to a subspace of a space which admits no non-trivial continuous linear functionals.
Bony incorporation of soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament grafts in an animal model: autograft versus allograft with low-dose gamma irradiation.

Background:The effect of low-dose gamma irradiation on healing of soft tissue allografts remains largely unknown.Hypothesis:The authors hypothesized that soft tissue allograft healing to bone would be delayed compared with that of autograft tissue and that low-dose (1.2 Mrad) gamma irradiation would not affect the healing response of allograft tissue after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Forty-eight New Zealand White rabbits underwent bilateral ACL reconstructions with semitendinosus tendon graft. Sixteen rabbits were reconstructed with autografts and the remainder with allografts. The 32 allograft rabbits each received 1 irradiated allograft (1.2 Mrad), with the contralateral leg receiving a nonirradiated allograft. Animals were euthanized at 2 weeks or 8 weeks postoperatively. Tensile stiffness, maximum load, and displacement at maximum load were measured. Tibial and femoral segments were sectioned perpendicular to the tunnel axis allowing...
Production of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid by Burkholderia cepacia from wood extract hydrolysates

(R)-hydroxyalkanoic acids (R-HAs) are valuable building blocks for the synthesis of fine chemicals and biopolymers because of the chiral center and the two active functional groups. Hydroxyalkanoic acids fermentation can revolutionize the polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHA) production by increasing efficiency and enhancing product utility. Modifying the fermentation conditions that promotes the in vivo depolymerization and secretion to fermentation broth in wild type bacteria is a novel and promising approach to produce R-HAs. Wood extract hydrolysate (WEH) was found to be a suitable substrate for R-3-hydroxybutyric acid (R-3-HB) production by Burkholderia cepacia. Using Paulownia elongate WEH as a feedstock, the R-3-HB concentration in fermentation broth reached as high as 14.2 g/L after 3 days of batch fermentation and the highest concentration of 16.8 g/L was obtained at day 9. Further investigation indicated that the composition of culture medium contributed to the enhanced R-3-HB production.
Geriatrician input into nursing homes reduces emergency hospital admissions.

Abstract Nursing home residents are often very dependent, very frail and have complex care needs. Effective partnerships between primary and secondary care will be of benefit to these residents. We looked at 1954 admission episodes to our Trust from April 2006 to March 2009 inclusive. 3 nursing homes had the highest number of multiple admissions (≥4). Four strategies to reduce hospital admissions were used at these nursing homes for 3 months. An alert was also sent to the geriatrician if one of the residents was admitted so that their discharge from hospital could be expedited. The project was then extended for another 4 months with 6 nursing homes. The results showed that geriatrician input into nursing homes had a significant impact on admissions from nursing homes (χ2(2) = 6.261, p
Kainate Receptor-Mediated Modulation of Hippocampal Fast Spiking Interneurons in a Rat Model of Schizophrenia

Kainate receptor (KAR) subunits are believed to be involved in abnormal GABAergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus (HIPP) in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder. Postmortem studies have shown changes in the expression of the GluR5/6 subunits of KARs in the stratum oriens (SO) of sectors CA2/3, where the basolateral amygdala (BLA) sends a robust projection. Previous work using a rat model of SZ demonstrated that BLA activation leads to electrophysiological changes in fast-spiking interneurons in SO of CA2/3. The present study explores KAR modulation of interneurons in CA2/3 in response to BLA activation. Intrinsic firing properties of these interneurons through KAR-mediated activity were measured with patch-clamp recordings from rats that received 15 days of picrotoxin infusion into the BLA. Chronic BLA activation induced changes in the firing properties of CA2/3 interneurons associated with modifications in the function of KARs. Specifically, the responsiveness of these interneurons to activation of KARs was diminished in picrotoxin-treated rats, while the after-hyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude was increased. In addition, we tested blockers of KAR subunits which have been shown to have altered gene expression in SO sector CA2/3 of SZ subjects. The GluR5 antagonist UBP296 further decreased AP frequency and increased AHP amplitude in picrotoxin-treated rats. Application of the GluR6/7 antagonist NS102 suggested that activation of GluR6/7 KARs may be required to maintain the high firing rates in SO interneurons in the presence of KA. Moreover, the GluR6/7 KAR-mediated signaling may be suppressed in PICRO-treated rats. Our findings indicate that glutamatergic activity from the BLA may modulate the firing properties of CA2/3 interneurons through GluR5 and GluR6/7 KARs. These receptors are expressed in GABAergic interneurons and play a key role in the synchronization of gamma oscillations. Modulation of interneuronal activity through KARs in response to amygdala activation may lead to abnormal oscillatory rhythms reported in SZ subjects.
Consideration of Geography and Wetland Geomorphic Type in the Development of Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Bird Indicators

We examined how geographic distribution of birds and their affinities to three geomorphic wetland types would affect the scale at which we developed indicators based on breeding bird communities for Great Lakes coastal wetlands. We completed 385 breeding bird surveys on 222 wetlands in the US portion of the basin in 2002 and 2003. Analyses showed that wetlands within two ecoprovinces (Laurentian Mixed Forest and Eastern Broadleaf Forest) had different bird communities. Bird communities were also significantly different among five lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) and among three wetland types (lacustrine, riverine, barrier-protected). Indicator values illustrated bird species with high affinities for each group (ecoprovince, lake, wetland type). Species with restricted geographic ranges, such as Alder and Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax alnorum and E. traillii), had significant affinities for ecoprovince. Ten bird species had significant affinities for lacustrine wetlands. Analyses on avian guild metrics showed that Lake Ontario wetlands had fewer long-distant migrants and warblers than other lakes. Numbers of short-distant migrants and total individuals in wetlands were higher in the Eastern Broadleaf Forest ecoprovince. Number of flycatchers and wetland obligate birds were not different among provinces, lakes, or wetland type. One potential indicator for wetland condition in Great Lakes wetlands, proportion of obligate wetland birds, responded negatively to proportion of developed land within 1 km of the wetland. We conclude that, although a guild approach to indicator development ameliorates species-specific geographic differences in distribution, individual species responses to disturbance scale will need to be considered in future indicator development with this approach.
Clinical guidelines: Expert recommendations for NSAID use: a user-friendly model?

Although tens of millions of individuals worldwide use NSAIDs daily, balancing the competing risks and benefits of these agents continues to be a challenge. Evidence-based treatment guidelines and expert opinions have been promulgated, but will they actually translate to improved patient care? A new web-based tool could aid physicians' treatment decision-making.
Cost-benefit analysis of reducing crime through electronic monitoring of parolees and probationers

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to estimate the benefits and costs of using electronic monitoring (EM) and home detention to reduce crime committed by parolees and probationers. Method Data from a national survey of state prison inmates was adjusted and used to estimate the number of crimes that would have been committed by all parolees and probationers over the course of one year in the absence of EM and home detention. The data were analyzed in combination with existing analyses of the effectiveness and costs of EM and home detention and the economic costs of crime to estimate the benefit-cost ratio of nationwide implementation of EM and home detention with all parolees and probationers. Results EM plus home detention could avert an estimated 781,383 crimes every year. The social value of the annual reduction in crime is $481.1 billion. Society would gain $12.70 for every dollar expended on the proposed intervention. Conclusion EM plus home detention could be an effective deterrent to crime and could have enormous social benefits, especially if it is applied early and saves what would otherwise be habitual offenders from a life of crime.
Boundary layer control on convective available potential energy: Implications for cumulus parameterization

[1] Convective available potential energy (CAPE), frequently regarded as an indicator of the potential intensity of deep convection, is strongly controlled by the properties of the planetary boundary layer (BL). Variations in CAPE observed during field experiments in midcontinent North America, the tropical east Atlantic, and the tropical west Pacific, can be accounted for mostly by changes in the temperature and humidity in the BL. The coupling between CAPE and the BL holds for both convective and nonconvective conditions. The coupling under conditions of deep convection implies a constraint on the intensity of deep convection which can be used as a closure for cumulus parameterization. This constraint requires equilibrium in the environment of the parcel used as a basis for calculating CAPE. Over many cases, parcel-environment equilibrium is observed to hold more robustly than equilibrium of CAPE itself. When observational uncertainties are considered, it is uncertain whether quasi-equilibrium, in which the rate of change of CAPE is substantially less than the rate at which mean advection and BL fluxes change CAPE, holds at subdiurnal timescales in the eastern Atlantic and the western Pacific. Quasi-equilibrium is a poor approximation at subdiurnal timescales in midcontinent North America. At timescales approaching diurnal, quasi-equilibrium holds in all cases. Cumulus parameterizations based on quasi-equilibrium may be limited in their ability to model diurnal cycles as a result. CAPE fluctuations related to large, subdiurnal variations in surface fluxes are much sharper than CAPE fluctuations related to changes in mean advection above the BL, especially over land. The strong BL control on CAPE indicates that deep convection does not equilibrate rapid, high-amplitude variations in CAPE originating there. (Less)
Biological codes for stretch

The molecular behavior of mechanically activated ionic channels is compared with the cellular behavior of stretch receptor neurons. Both systems have a pulse-code-modulated output and both can be modeled, to a degree, as leaky integrators. The model states that stretch, represented by m(t) along with a random function x(t), is integrated by the closed 1 state of the channel. The interval between bursts is determined by threshold, T. Thus the channel transduces stretch through a closed state and encodes it through an open state. >
Low-power dual-element memristor based memory design

Recently, the emerging memristor device technology has attracted significant research interests due to its distinctive hysteresis characteristic, which potentially can enable novel circuit designs for future VLSI circuits. In particular, characteristics such as non-volatility, non-linearity, low power consumption, and good scalability make memristor one of the most promising emerging memory technologies. Some important design parameter, however, such as speed, energy consumption, and distingushiablility, are mainly determined by the memristor's physical characteristics. In this paper, a key observation of memristor's asymmetric energy consumption is made by the detailed analysis of the transient power consumption. Based on this observation, we propose a dual-element memory structure in which each memory cell consists of two memristors. By constantly writing complement bits into the two elements within a cell, the dual-element is flexible to satisfy design constraints which are usually difficult to be satisfied with one-cell memory structure. Design space of the dual-element memory cell is studied and it shows that the trade-offs among the energy, speed, and distingushiablility should be explored for different design objectives. In particular, we show that under the energy-driven optimization, the proposed dual-element memory achieves the same programming speed and distinguishability as conventional single-element memory but the energy consumption can be reduced by up to 80%.
Polymer encapsulation of fine particles by a supercritical antisolvent process

Coating and encapsulation of fine particles with polymer using a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) coating process was investigated in this research. Synthesized submicron silica particles were used as host particles and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), a biodegradable polymer used for controlled release of drugs, was chosen as the coating material. In the SAS coating process a suspension of silica particles in an acetone–polymer solution was sprayed through a capillary nozzle into supercritical (SC) CO2, which acts as an antisolvent for the acetone. A rapid mutual diffusion between the SC CO2 and the acetone causes supersaturation of the polymer solution, leading to nucleation and precipitation of the polymer to encapsulate the silica particles. The operating parameters that have an effect on the coating process, such as polymer to particle weight ratio, polymer concentration, temperature, pressure, flow rate of polymer solution, and the addition of a SC CO2 soluble surfactant, were systematically studied. It is shown that the polymer to silica ratio and the polymer concentration are critical for the successful encapsulation of silica particles with minimum agglomeration. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 440–455, 2005
On name resolution in peer-to-peer networks

An efficient name resolution scheme is the cornerstone of any peer-to-peer network. The name resolution scheme proposed by Plaxton, Rajaraman, and Richa, which we hereafter refer to as the PRR scheme, is a scalable name resolution scheme that also provides provable locality properties. However, since PRR goes to extra lengths to provide these locality properties, it is somewhat complicated. In this paper, we propose a scalable, locality-aware, and fault-tolerant name resolution scheme which can be considered a simplified version of PRR. Although this new scheme does not provide as strong locality guarantees as PRR, it exploits locality heuristically yet effectively.
Charmed hadron asymmetries from intrinsic charm

We discuss charm production anomalies at large xF in the context of the intrinsic charm model. In particular, we focus on recent data on charm meson and baryon asymmetries.
The Interplay Between Adolescent Needs and Secondary School Structures: Fostering Developmentally Responsive Middle and High School Environments Across the Transition

Understanding the developmental responsiveness of secondary school environments may be an important factor in supporting students as they make the transition from one school to the next. Students’ needs may or may not be met depending on the nature of the fit between their basic and developmental needs and secondary school structures at the middle and high school levels (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Eccles & Midgley, 1989; Eccles & Roeser, 2011; Eccles et al., 1993). Continued research on secondary school structures and how middle and high school environments support students’ needs is warranted (Caskey, 2011). Specifically, there is a need for research that investigates students for an extended period of time across school contexts to gain a more detailed understanding of how their needs are met within structured and unstructured aspects of both environments. Listening to the voices of those intimately involved in the middle-to-high-school transition, including students along with their teachers and school administrators, may help to extend the literature on how such environments are responsive to the needs of today’s adolescents. The current qualitative, constructivist, multi-site case study focused on how students’ needs are met within school environments as they make the transition from middle school to high school.
Quarks and Gluons in Hadrons and Nuclei

These lectures discuss (1) the particle-nuclear interface — a general introduction to the ideas and application of colored quarks in nuclear physics, (2) color, the Pauli principle, and spin flavor correlations — this lecture shows how the magnetic moments of hadrons relate to the underlying color degree of freedom, and (3) the proton’s spin — a quark model perspective. This lecture reviews recent excitement which has led some to claim that in deep inelastic polarized lepton scattering very little of the spin of a polarized proton is due to its quarks. Lecture (4) discusses the distribution functions of quarks and gluons in nucleons and nuclei, and how knowledge of these is necessary before some quark—gluon plasma searches can be analyzed.
Methadone treatment providers’ views of drug court policy and practice: a case study of New York State

Background Specialized drug treatment courts are a central part of drug-related policy and programs in the United States and increasingly outside the U.S. While in theory they offer treatment as a humane and pragmatic alternative to arrest and incarceration for certain categories of drug offenses, they may exclude some forms of treatment–notably methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). We sought to understand from the perspective of treatment providers whether this exclusion existed and was of public health importance in New York State as a case example of a state heavily committed to drug courts and with varying court-level policies on MMT. Drug courts have been extensively evaluated but not with respect to exclusion of MMT and not from the perspective of treatment providers.
Difluoromethyl)diphenylphosphine Oxide

[129932-29-2] C13H11F2OP (MW 252.20) InChI = 1S/C13H11F2OP/c14-13(15)17(16,11-7-3-1-4-8-11)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10,13H InChIKey = BWWJPRJTQKEZQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (utilized for the synthesis of 1,1-difluoro olefins (CF2) from carbonyl compounds) Physical Data: white crystalline solid, mp 93–94 °C.1 Solubility: soluble in THF, CH2Cl2, and ethyl acetate. Preparative Methods: prepared by the lithation of commercially available diphenylphosphine oxide [Ph2P(O)H] with n-BuLi in THF at a low temperature followed by alkylation with chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2).1 column chromatography (flash silica, 2:1 toluene– ethyl acetate), recrystallization.
Central Forces and Two-Particle Systems

The simple laws of force studied in Chapter 3 are said to be phenomenological laws, which is to say that they are only ad hoc or approximate descriptions of real forces in nature. As a rule, they describe resultants of forces exerted by a very large number of particles. A fundamental force law describes the force exerted by a single particle. The simplest candidates for such a law are central forces with the particle at the center of force. This is reason enough for the systematic study of central forces in this chapter. And it should be no surprise that the results are of great practical value.
Tricarbon­yl(2-methyl-2-η6-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane)chromium(0)

The structure of the title compound, [Cr(C10H12O2)(CO)3], is presented. The distorted piano-stool geometry features an off-center Cr(CO)3 fragment which reduces contact with the dioxolane ring. The dioxolane ring, in twisted conformation, is syn-oriented towards the Cr(CO)3 moiety.
A quantum repeater using short atomic memories and telecommunication-compatible photons

We will outline our program on the use of atomic ensembles as an interface for quantum information transfer and the prospects for long distance quantum networks. Article not available.
Using the VARK: A Writing Department’s Commitment to “Turning the Light Bulbs On”

Writing faculty at Saint Louis University have developed a teaching approach which is tailored to fit the learning styles of their students.
Design of 3D Hologram Emitting Optical Phased Arrays

We demonstrate the design of optical phased arrays that emit 3D holograms. The design concept utilizes back propagation of desired image planes superimposed at the phased array. Improvements are shown utilizing random curved phase fronts.