cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the flavin–protein interaction in L‐Lactate oxidase and old yellow enzyme by resonance inverse Raman spectroscopy

Resonance inverse Raman spectroscopy was used to examine the interactions between the flavin and surounding protein in L-lactate oxidase (from Mycobacterium smegmatis) and Old Yellow Enzyme (from brewer's bottom yeast). Spectra were taken of the enzymes both free and bound to various ligands. For L-lactate oxidase, the ligands consisted of substrate analogs (acetate, propionate) and inorganic anions (phosphate, sulfate and nitrate). For the inorganic anions, the expected attenuation with detuning was not observed for several bands which are associated with flavin rings II and III. This effect appears to be due to a disruption of ring stacking between the uracil–pyrazine end of the flavin moiety and an aromatic amino acid. A shift in the 1232 cm−1 band and changes in the bandwidths of bands in the 1450–1600 cm−1 region indicate minor reorganization of the hydrogen bonding structure around the isoalloxazine on ligand binding. For Old Yellow Enzyme, the ligand was chloride. Chloride caused a slight change to the Raman spectrum, indicative of decreased hydrogen bonding to the flavin.
An overview of the problems connected with theoretical calculations for hot plasmas

Abstract A brief description is given of the different quantum-mechanical models and approximations used in hot plasma calculations. The subject is elucidated by presentation of computed data for iron and astrophysical plasmas.
Volatile organic compounds inhibit human and rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The relative sensitivity of rats and humans to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as toluene (TOL) and perchloroethylene (PERC) is unknown and adds to uncertainty in assessing risks for human exposures to VOCs. Recent studies have suggested that ion channels, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), are targets of TOL effects. However, studies comparing TOL effects on human and rat ligand-gated ion channels have not been conducted. To examine potential toxicodynamic differences between these species, the sensitivity of human and rat nAChRs to TOL was assessed. Since PERC has similar effects, in vivo, to TOL, effects of PERC on nAChR function were also examined. Two-electrode voltage-clamp techniques were utilized to measure acetylcholine-induced currents in neuronal nAChRs (alpha4beta2, alpha3beta2, and alpha7) expressed in Xenopus oocytes. PERC (0.065 mM) inhibited alpha7 nAChR currents by 60.1 +/- 4.0% (human, n = 7) and 40 +/- 3.5% (rat, n = 5), and inhibited alpha4beta2 nAChR currents by 42.0 +/- 5.2% (human, n = 6) and 52.2 +/- 5.5% (rat, n = 8). Likewise, alpha3beta2 nAChRs were significantly inhibited by 62.2 +/- 3.8% (human, n = 7) and 62.4 +/- 4.3% (rat, n = 8) in the presence of 0.065 mM PERC. TOL also inhibited both rat and human alpha7, alpha4beta2, and alpha3beta2 nAChRs. Statistical analysis indicated that although there was not a species (human vs. rat) difference with PERC (0.0015-0.065 mM) or TOL (0.03-0.9 mM) inhibition of alpha7, alpha4beta2, or alpha3beta2 nAChRs, all receptor types were more sensitive to PERC than TOL. These results demonstrate that human and rat nACh receptors represent a sensitive target for VOCs. This toxicodynamic information will help decrease the uncertainty associated with animal to human extrapolations in the risk assessment of VOCs.
Ca2+ permeation and/or binding to CaV1.1 fine-tunes skeletal muscle Ca2+ signaling to sustain muscle function

Ca2+ influx through CaV1.1 is not required for skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling, but whether Ca2+ permeation through CaV1.1 during sustained muscle activity plays a functional role in mammalian skeletal muscle has not been assessed. We generated a mouse with a Ca2+ binding and/or permeation defect in the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel, CaV1.1, and used Ca2+ imaging, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, proximity ligation assays, SUnSET analysis of protein synthesis, and Ca2+ imaging techniques to define pathways modulated by Ca2+ binding and/or permeation of CaV1.1. We also assessed fiber type distributions, cross-sectional area, and force frequency and fatigue in isolated muscles. Using mice with a pore mutation in CaV1.1 required for Ca2+ binding and/or permeation (E1014K, EK), we demonstrate that CaV1.1 opening is coupled to CaMKII activation and refilling of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores during sustained activity. Decreases in these Ca2+-dependent enzyme activities alter downstream signaling pathways (Ras/Erk/mTORC1) that lead to decreased muscle protein synthesis. The physiological consequences of the permeation and/or Ca2+ binding defect in CaV1.1 are increased fatigue, decreased fiber size, and increased Type IIb fibers. While not essential for excitation-contraction coupling, Ca2+ binding and/or permeation via the CaV1.1 pore plays an important modulatory role in muscle performance.
Membrane Receptors for Steroid Hormones: A Case for Specific Cell Surface Binding Sites for Vitamin D Metabolites and Estrogens☆

Steroid hormones, including vitamin D metabolites and estrogens, activate target cells through specific receptors that discriminate among ligands based upon recognition of distinct structural features. For both classes of ligands, cell surface and nuclear receptors co-exist in many target cells. Upon ligand binding, these receptors generate both rapid and long lasting responses. While the structure of the nuclear receptors and their function as transcriptional activators of specific target genes is generally understood, the identity of the membrane receptors remains elusive. Using pharmacological, functional and biochemical approaches, new insights are being gained into nature of the cell surface receptors for both vitamin D metabolites and estrogens.
A novel role for autologous tumour cell vaccination in the immunotherapy of the poorly immunogenic B16-BL6 melanoma.

Abstract The growth of immunogenic tumours stimulates the generation of tumour-sensitized, but not functional, pre-effector T cells in the draining lymph nodes. These pre-effector cells can mature into effector cells upon in-vitro stimulation with anti-CD3 and IL-2. In the current study, using a defined, poorly immunogenic tumour, B16-BL6 melanoma, the pre-effector cell response was not evident during progressive tumour growth but was elicited by vaccination with irradiated tumour cells admixed with Corynebacterium parvum . After anti-CD3/IL-2 activation, these cells were capable of mediating the regression of established pulmonary metastases. The efficacy of the vaccine depended on the doses of both tumour cells and the adjuvant. While higher numbers of tumour cells were more effective, an optimal dose (12.5 μg) of C. parvum was required. The dose of irradiation was not a critical factor. After vaccination, kinetic studies revealed that the pre-effector cell response was evident 4 days later and declined after 14 days. These observations illustrate the potential role of active immunization in the cellular therapy of cancer.
Interventionism in Statistical Mechanics

I defend the idea (“Interventionism”) that the fact that no system is entirely isolated can be used to explain the successful use of the microcanonical distribution in statistical mechanics. The argument turns on claims about what is needed for an adequate explanation of this fact: I argue in particular that various competing explanations do not meet reasonable conditions of adequacy, and that the most striking lacuna in Interventionism – its failure to explain the ‘arrow of time’ – is no real defect.
Supporting Military Parent and Child Adjustment to Deployments and Separations With Filial Therapy

Parental deployment can have a significant impact on children's psychological, behavioral, and physical well-being. Although most children are resilient, researchers agree that long periods of separation might be a significant source of stress for parents and children in military families. This paper provides a review of the literature of the effects of parental military deployment on child well-being and the parent-child relationship. The authors examine several major parent-child interventions implemented nation-wide during the past five years and provide a rationale for the use of filial therapy, an empirically validated intervention, with military parents and children.
Isodual constacyclic codes

This paper determines the constacyclic codes over F q (of length prime to q) that are isometric to their dual via a multiplier. This class of codes includes all negacyclic self-dual codes and some well-known Hermitian self-dual and maximum distance separable codes.
The effect of enzyme and substrate levels on the specific hydrolysis rate of pretreated poplar wood

The hydrolysis of pretreated poplar wood was carried out with initial concentrations of 1.26, 2.52, 5.04 mg proteinJmL of GC123Trichoderma reesei. cellulase and substrate concentrations of 2.5% wJv, 5% w/v, and 10% wJv at pH 4.8 and 40°C. The concentration of enzyme protein remaining in solution, the glucose concentration, and the total potential glucose concentrations were measured as a function of time during the hydrolysis. The enzyme rapidly adsorbed initially, reaching a maximum in about 30 min. About 55–75% of the cellulase returned to solution as the remaining cellulose was hydrolyzed. Dilution of the unhydrolyzed residue, largely lignin, did not cause additional desorption of the cellulase. The specific hydrolysis rate (i.e., the rateJamount of adsorbed enzyme) declined significantly with increased conversion, even when corrected for glucose inhibition. At a given initial substrate concentration, the specific rate was found to be largely independent of the total enzyme concentration. However, at a given fractional conversion, the specific rate was found to be reduced by increased substrate concentration.
Optical Interconnections Between Integrated Circuit Chips

A major limitation to achieving significant speed increases in VLSI lies in the metallic interconnects. They are costly not only from the charge transport standpoint but also from capacitive loading effects. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, in pursuit of fifth generation supercomputing, is investigating alternatives to the VLSI metallic interconnects, especially the use of optical techniques to transport the information between chips or between boards. As the on‐chip performance of VLSI continues to improve via the scale‐down of the logic elements, the problems associated with transferring data off and onto the chip become more severe. The use of optical carriers to transfer the information within the computer is very appealing from several viewpoints. Besides the potential for gigabit propagation rates, the conversion from electronics to optics conveniently provides a decoupling of the various circuits from one another. Significant gains will also be realised in reducing cross‐talk between the metallic routings, and the interconnects need no longer be constrained to the plane of the VLSI chip. In addition, optics can offer an increased programming flexibility for restructuring the interconnect network.
EFFECTS OF WAR ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LEBANESE PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: Influence of Home Environment and Family Functioning

To investigate the psychological effects of armed conflict on children, the behavior of preschool Lebanese children exposed to heavy shelling two years prior to data collection was compared to that of Lebanese children who had experienced no direct shelling. Although the quality of the home environment was similar in the two groups, children who lived in the area of heavy shelling had significantly more behavioral problems than did those not exposed to shelling. For children in the shelled area, negative sequelae appear to have been buffered by a positive home environment and what the mother perceived as a more functional family.
Fusion of heavy nuclei

Cross sections for evaporation residue formation following complete fusion of $^{81}\mathrm{Br}$+$^{90,94}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}$, and $^{104}\mathrm{Ru}$ and $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$+$^{90,94}\mathrm{Zr}$ have been measured over a broad range of energies from far below to well above the classical Coulomb barrier. We observe large changes of slope and magnitude among the excitation functions for these systems at all energies. There are pronounced structural variations at sub-barrier energies, less rapid than expected increases in evaporation residue formation at near-barrier energies and declining evaporation residue formation as the systems become heavier at still higher energies.
Between transnationalism and state power: the development of Russia's post-Soviet environmental movement.

Transnational linkages are generally considered advantageous for environmental activists who face an unsympathetic government at home. Since the early 1990s, Russia's environmentalists have developed a number of transnational ties that have increased their leverage over the Russian government. However, transnational support interacts with domestic constraints on mobilisation in unpredictable ways, generating obstacles as well as opportunities. The recentralisation of state power in Russia has presented environmentalists with a dilemma as they attempt to engage constructively with state bodies that prioritise security and economic growth and have little tolerance for autonomous public mobilisation or transnationalism. A comparison of environmental mobilisation on the extraction of petroleum resources, climate change and forestry illustrates the power and limits of transnational influence on Russia's environmental movement in a context of renewed state authority and economic globalisation. Thus far, Russian...
Analysis and design of LDPC codes for time-selective complex-fading channels

Pilot-symbol-assisted (PSA) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are analyzed using density evolution techniques for a frequency-nonselective, time-selective fading channel where the fading affects both the amplitude and the phase of the transmitted signal. The performance of several message-passing estimation/decoding receivers is investigated, and the optimal energy allocation between pilot and coded symbols is evaluated. Several message-passing estimation/decoding receivers are shown to fall under a single unifying description which leads to significant simplification of the analysis and design of the PSA LDPC codes and receivers. The immediate surprising result is that for the described class of receivers, the best codes for the case of perfect channel state information (CSI) at the receiver are also the best codes when no CSI is available at the receiver, regardless of the channel dynamics. A class of more elaborate receivers that perform iterative joint decoding/estimation is also presented and it is shown that codes designed specifically for these receivers provide an additional performance gain.
Soluble receptor inhibits leptin transport

Evidence both from mice and cultured cells suggests an important role of soluble leptin receptors in obesity and leptin signaling. However, the direct effects of soluble receptors on leptin uptake by cells are not clear. This study shows that soluble leptin receptors antagonize the permeation of leptin across the mouse blood-brain barrier by reducing the binding and endocytosis of leptin. This is illustrated by analysis of radioactively labeled and fluorescent-tagged leptin in normal mice and in cultured cells overexpressing various forms of leptin receptors. Three constructs of soluble leptin receptors were generated in this study: ObRe (805 aa), ObR839, and ObR852. (125)I-leptin was injected intravenously and its influx rate from blood to brain determined by multiple-time regression analysis. Pre-incubation with ObR839 caused a significant reduction of leptin influx across the blood-brain barrier. Endocytosis assays and fluorescent image analysis further showed that ObRe, ObR839, and ObR852 failed to mediate leptin internalization and trafficking within the cells. Instead, these soluble receptors inhibited surface binding and endocytosis of leptin. Thus, we provide novel direct evidence both in vivo and in vitro that soluble receptors of leptin serve as antagonists of the transport of leptin.
A biosensor for theophylline based on fluorescence detection of ligand-induced hammerhead ribozyme cleavage

Recently, Breaker and coworkers engineered hammerhead ribozymes that rearrange from a catalytically inactive to an active conformation upon allosteric binding of a specific ligand. To monitor cleavage activity in real time, we have coupled a donor‐acceptor fluorophore pair to the termini of the substrate RNA of such a hammerhead ribozyme, modified to cleave in trans in the presence of the bronchodilator theophylline. In the intact substrate, the fluorophores interact by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The specific FRET signal breaks down as the effector ligand binds, the substrate is cleaved, and the products dissociate, with a rate constant dependent on the concentration of the ligand. Our biosensor cleaves substrate at 0.46 min ‐1 in 1 mM theophylline and 0.04 min ‐1 without effector, and discriminates against caffeine, a structural relative of theophylline. We have measured the theophyllinedependence profile of this biosensor, showing that concentrations as low as 1 mM can be distinguished from background. To probe the mechanism of allosteric regulation, a single nucleotide in the communication domain between the catalytic and ligand-binding domains was mutated to destabilize the inactive conformation of the ribozyme. As predicted, this mutant shows the same activity (0.3 min ‐1 ) in the presence and absence of theophylline. Additionally,
CardioWest temporary total artificial heart.

Background: The CardioWest temporary total artificial heart (TAH-t) replaces both native ventricles of the heart and is more beneficial for a select group of patients than most other typical ventricular assist devices (VADs). This review will expand on the current literature and highlight the chronology of this device. The CardioWest TAH-t has been implanted in over 715 patients at 30 multiple institutional centers worldwide as a bridge-to-transplant (BTT) since 1993. The mechanical flow dynamics of the device are manufactured and designed differently from other traditional VADs, allowing increased outputs and normal filling pressures, allowing for sufficient organ and tissue perfusion and dramatic recoveries, allowing patients to return to an almost normal quality of life. Results: There was a 79% survival to transplant achievement in the protocol group who received the TAH-t versus a 46% in the control group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a 70% survival rate at one year in the protocol group versus...
Citric acid production by Candida lipolytica Y 1095 in cell recycle and fed-batch fermentors.

The effect of dissolved oxygen on citric acid production and oxygen uptake by Candida lipolytica Y 1095 was evaluated in cell recycle and fed-batch fermentation systems. The maximum observed volumetric productivity, which occurred at a dilution rate of 0.06 h−1, a dissolved oxygen concentration of 80%, and a biomass concentration of 5% w/v, in the cell recycle system, was 1.32 g citric acid/L · h. At these same conditions, the citric acid yield was 0.65 g/g and the specific citric acid productivity was 24.9 mg citric acid/g cell · h. In the cell recycle system, citric acid yields ranged from 0.45 to 0.72 g/g. Both the volumetric and specific citric acid productivities were dependent on the dilution rate and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the fermentor. Similar productivities (1.29 g citric acid/L · h) were obtained in the fed-batch system operated at a cycle time of 36 h, a dissolved oxygen concentration of 80%, and 60 g total biomass. Citric acid yields in the fed-batch fermentor were consistently lower than those obtained in the cell recycle system and ranged from 0.40 to 0.59 g/g. Although citric acid yields in the fed-batch fermentor were lower than those obtained in the cell recycle system, higher citric:isocitric acid ratios were obtained in the fed-batch fermentor. As in the cell recycle system, both the volumetric and specific citric acid productivities in the fed-batch fermentor were dependent on the cycle time and dissolved oxygen concentration. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Will the health care home help to reduce the health cost for drug users in Medicaid

Aims: U.S. prescription drug use is common, second only to marijuana use. Kentucky continues with high rates of non-medical prescription use, particularly prescription opioids in Appalachian Kentucky. Prescription opioid abuse is associated with increasing arrests. However, there is little systematic examination of prescriptionopioiduse in criminal justice settings. The aimof this study is to examine prescription opioid use levels among Kentucky prisoners to understand other drug use and related behavior. Methods: The ASSIST and TCU Drug Screeners were administered to 337 prisoners. After consent, subjects entered protocols as part of the NIDA CJDATS 2 cooperative agreement. Analysis examined past 3 month drug use and problem behaviors for 3 levels of prescription opioid use: daily (n=86), some (n=91) and none (n=160). ANCOVA and logistic regressions were performed controlling for group differences in age, gender, race, and rural residence. Results: Daily prescription opioid users were younger (34.2), more female (39.5%), more white (90.7%) and more rural (58.5%). Daily users significantly reported more use of prescription sedatives (71.3% vs. 56% and 15%, p=< .000) than those in the no use or some use categories. There were no differences in other drug use patterns except for those who reported some use of prescription stimulants (p=< .003) and hallucinogens (p=< .035). Daily users weremore likely to inject drugs, rate their druguse asmore serious, rate themselves asmore dependent on drugs, and report that treatment is important. However, there was no difference in previous treatment history. Conclusions: Findings suggest that daily users of prescription opioids in the criminal justice system are at greater risk for additional substanceuseand relatedproblems. Theyarealsomore likely to report the importance of treatment. Implications for treatment planning, community re-entry and treatment will be discussed. Financial support: CJDATS 2 is funded by NIDA in collaboration with SAMSHA and DOJ.
A software based approach to achieving optimal performance for signature control flow checking

The authors present a software-based approach that uses run-time program behavior to minimize the performance overhead in signature control flow checking. In general, for both RISC (reduced-instruction-set-computer) and CISC (complex-instruction-set-computer) architectures, it is found that using run-time information can reduce the performance overhead by 50%. For the MC68000, the performance overhead for adding justifying and reference signatures to the program code is approximately 2.8%. In addition to optimizing the performance, the authors' approach does not increase the hardware complexity of the monitor. Furthermore, an O(N/sup 2/) algorithm which inserts justifying signatures on the arcs of the program control flow graph with N nodes is presented. It is shown that the algorithm complexity of previous schemes which insert justifying signatures in the program nodes is exponential. >
How does a multiwalled carbon nanotube atomic force microscopy probe affect the determination of surface roughness statistics

Through statistical analysis of atomic force micrographs of sputtered-silicon films, we examine the determination of surface roughness parameters, and how this determination is affected by probe characteristics, such as sharpness and aspect ratio. We compare values for the roughness exponent, a, and the lateral correlation length, n, calculated from micrographs obtained with multiple standard atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes in contact and noncontact modes, as well as from micrographs obtained with a multiwalled-nanotube-enhanced AFM probe. The sharper, loweraspect-ratio nanotube probe is expected to provide a truer picture of the roughness parameters for these films. Using the nanotube probe, we obtained a ¼ 0:61 � 0:02, as compared to a � 0:83 obtained with conventional probes. We have also found the nanotube probe is able to detect a smaller lateral correlation length compared to that of the conventional AFM probes. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Damping mechanisms in dynamic mode atomic force microscopy applications

We consider the cantilever beam model proposed in the seminal paper of Sader [1], where fluid damping effects on an oscillating cantilever are modeled. We show that in Sader's model, the transfer function of base-to-tip displacement fails to display high-frequency roll-off. It turns out that this is also true for the widely-used viscous damped beam model. We further demonstrate that the addition of Voigt damping to Sader's model creates the high frequency roll-off expected of a realistic model.
Synthesis of sulfosucrose derivatives for evaluation as regulators of fibroblast growth factor activity

Abstract Based on X-ray crystallographic studies on sucrose octasulfate in complex with fibroblast growth factor and its receptor, three analogs of sucrose octasulfate were regioselectively synthesized for biological evaluation as regulations of cell proliferation and differentiation.
RR19. A Longitudinal Comparison of Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms in the US Medicare Population

vascular LLC, TriVascular Inc, CardioMEMS,Research GrantsW.L. Gore and Associates Inc,,HonorariumOrganogenesis Inc,Speaker’s bureau; P. S. Paty: Abbott Vascular Inc, Terumo Cardiovascular Systems Corporation, Aptus Endosystems Inc, Canyon Pharmaceuticals Inc, Medtronic Vascular Inc, Bolton Medical Inc, ev3 Endovascular Inc, W.L. Gore and Associates Inc, Cordis Corporation, Harvest technologies Corp, LeMaitre Vascular Inc, Lombard Medical Technologies Inc, MAQUET Cardiovascular LLC, TriVascular Inc, CardioMEMS,Research Grants; S. P. Roddy: Abbott Vascular Inc, Terumo Cardiovascular Systems Corporation, Aptus Endosystems Inc, Canyon Pharmaceuticals Inc, Medtronic Vascular Inc, Bolton Medical Inc, ev3 Endovascular Inc, W.L. Gore and Associates Inc, Cordis Corporation, Harvest technologies Corp, LeMaitre Vascular Inc, Lombard Medical Technologies Inc, MAQUET Cardiovascular LLC, TriVascular Inc, CardioMEMS,Research GrantsW.L. Gore and Associates Inc,Honorarium; D. M. Shah: Abbott Vascular Inc, Terumo Cardiovascular Systems Corporation, Aptus Endosystems Inc, Canyon Pharmaceuticals Inc, Medtronic Vascular Inc, Bolton Medical Inc, ev3 Endovascular Inc, W.L. Gore and Associates Inc, Cordis Corporation, Harvest technologies Corp, LeMaitre Vascular Inc, Lombard Medical Technologies Inc, MAQUET Cardiovascular LLC, TriVascular Inc, CardioMEMS,Research Grants; Y. Sternbach: Abbott Vascular Inc, Terumo Cardiovascular Systems Corporation, Aptus Endosystems Inc, Canyon Pharmaceuticals Inc, Medtronic Vascular Inc, Bolton Medical Inc, ev3 Endovascular Inc, W.L. Gore and Associates Inc, Cordis Corporation, Harvest technologies Corp, LeMaitre Vascular Inc, Lombard Medical Technologies Inc, MAQUET Cardiovascular LLC, TriVascular Inc, CardioMEMS,Research GrantsW.L. Gore and Associates Inc,Honorarium; J. B. Taggert: Abbott Vascular Inc, Terumo Cardiovascular Systems Corporation, Aptus Endosystems Inc, Canyon Pharmaceuticals Inc, Medtronic Vascular Inc, Bolton Medical Inc, ev3 Endovascular Inc, W.L. Gore and Associates Inc, Cordis Corporation, Harvest technologies Corp, LeMaitre Vascular Inc, Lombard Medical Technologies Inc, MAQUET Cardiovascular LLC, TriVascular Inc, CardioMEMS, Research Grants.
The more things change ... the more things change: developmental plasticity of tumor-initiating mammary epithelial cells

In our haste to find and eliminate breast cancer stem cells, it appears as though we may have missed something. Contrary to current thought, a recent paper by Meyer and colleagues demonstrates developmental plasticity of breast cancer cells with respect to the CD24 cell surface marker, such that CD44pos; CD24pos and CD44pos; CD24low/- cells are able to give rise to one another in an activin/nodal-dependent manner, and that cells derived from single cells of either phenotype are capable of forming tumors as xenografts. If confirmed clinically, these data imply that simply targeting the CD44pos; CD24low/- breast cancer stem cell for breast cancer treatment may be destined to fail unless this plasticity is taken into account and prevented.
Bell's inequality, the Pauli exclusion principle and baryonic structure

Bell’s inequality has been traditionally used to explore the relationship between hidden variables and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. In this paper, another use is found. Bell’s inequality is used to derive a coupling principle for elementary particles and to give a deeper understanding of baryonic structure. We also give a derivation of the Pauli exclusion principle from the coupling principle. Pacs: 14.20-c, 12.90+b, 3.65.Bz, 12.40.Ee
CONSEQUÊNCIAS DO USO DO CRACK PARA A GESTANTE E SEU RECÉM-NASCIDO: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DE LITERATURA.

Revisao integrativa de literatura com abordagem qualitativa, cujos objetivos foram desvelar o que tem sido publicado em periodicos cientificos sobre as consequencias do uso do crack para a gestante e seu recem-nascido. Foram identificadas consequencias fisicas e psicossociais, sugerindo a necessidade de capacitacoes mais ostensivas aos profissionais.
Accurate bit-error-ratio computation in nonlinear CRZ-OOK and CRZ-DPSK systems

An efficient, accurate method to compute the bit-error ratio in nonlinear chirped return-to-zero on-off keying (CRZ-OOK) and CRZ differential phase-shift-keying (DPSK) systems is presented. The accumulated optical noise at the receiver is modeled as additive nonwhite Gaussian noise. At high signal powers, phase adjustment is employed to maintain the validity of the Gaussian noise model. Results are presented for 10-Gb/s single-channel CRZ-OOK and CRZ-DPSK systems propagating over 8000 km.
Antagonism of suxamethonium-induced jaw muscle contracture in rats.

Masseter muscle rigidity (MMR) induced during general anaesthesia by suxamethonium is a clinical problem that may interfere with tracheal intubation. We have investigated the relation between twitch tension and contracture response to suxamethonium in rats. Rats were anaesthetized with 1% halothane (1.35 MAC). Jaw muscle temperature was maintained at either 37 or 41 degrees C while rectal temperature was kept at 37 degrees C by radiant heat. Twitch tension was produced by nerve stimulation at 0.2 Hz. Rats were pretreated with either a low dose of vecuronium (0.03 mg kg-1) or dantrolene (0.8 mg kg-1). Thereafter suxamethonium 750 micrograms kg-1 was administrated i.v. Low-dose vecuronium pretreatment significantly (90%) decreased suxamethonium-induced jaw muscle contracture (JMC) with minimal (3%) twitch block during local hyperthermia. Low-dose dantrolene pretreatment also reduced JMC (81% at 37 degrees C and 82% at 41 degrees C) while decreasing twitch by 30% at 37 degrees C and 31% at 41 degrees C. Both vecuronium and dantrolene at doses that minimally depressed the twitch response antagonized suxamethonium-induced JMC. We speculate that pretreatment with low-dose vecuronium decreases suxamethonium-induced MMR clinically.
Trajectory scheduled missile autopilot design

An alternate approach to the design of gain-scheduled controllers is given. Standard gain-scheduling typically relies on the instantaneous value of the scheduling variable to update the control gains. This approach has the drawbacks of being limited to slow transitions between operating points and requiring a number of possibly tedious point-by-point designs. The present approach is to have the controller gains dynamically evolve according to the scheduling variable's history, rather than its instantaneous value. At the cost of increased order of the controller, this approach allows rapid transitions between operating conditions and alleviates the need for several point-by-point designs. The approach is demonstrated via a stabilizing control design for a longitudinal missile model. >
Characteristics of sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence influence sexual risk behavior in adulthood

Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse has been associated with subsequent (adult) sexual risk behavior, but the effects of force and type of sexual abuse on sexual behavior outcomes have been less well-studied. The present study investigated the associations between sexual abuse characteristics and later sexual risk behavior, and explored whether gender of the child/adolescent moderated these relations. Patients attending an STD clinic completed a computerized survey that assessed history of sexual abuse as well as lifetime and current sexual behavior. Participants were considered sexually abused if they reported a sexual experience (1) before age 13 with someone 5 or more years older, (2) between the ages of 13 and 16 with someone 10 or more years older, or (3) before the age of 17 involving force or coercion. Participants who were sexually abused were further categorized based on two abuse characteristics, namely, use of penetration and force. Analyses included 1177 participants (n=534 women; n=643 men). Those who reported sexual abuse involving penetration and/or force reported more adult sexual risk behavior, including the number of lifetime partners and number of previous STD diagnoses, than those who were not sexually abused and those who were abused without force or penetration. There were no significant differences in sexual risk behavior between nonabused participants and those who reported sexual abuse without force and without penetration. Gender of the child/adolescent moderated the association between sexual abuse characteristics and adult sexual risk behavior; for men, sexual abuse with force and penetration was associated with the greatest number of episodes of sex trading, whereas for women, those who were abused with penetration, regardless of whether the abuse involved force, reported the most episodes of sex trading. These findings indicate that more severe sexual abuse is associated with riskier adult sexual behavior.
Uniform Flow Over a Bi-axial Stretching Surface

The uniform flow over a bi-axial stretching surface is studied by similarity transform of the Navier–Stokes equations and an efficient numerical integration of the resulting ordinary differential equations. The uniform flow induces a net shear stress (and drag), which is increased by lateral stretching. Heat transfer from the surface is also determined.
Female discrimination against heterospecific mates does not depend on mating habitat

Environmental differences can cause reproductive isolation to evolve. Distinct habitats can be particularly important for the evolution of genetically based sexual isolation, which occurs when divergent preferences and mating traits reduce mating between species. Yet, we know little about environmental effects on the potentially plastic expression, and thus the current maintenance, of sexual isolation. This is especially intriguing in the context of reverse speciation, where previously isolated taxa begin hybridiz ing and merge. Environmental change could weaken reproductive isolation underlain by plastic traits even before any genetic change occurs. Her e, we examine how differences in mating habitats affect the expression of both female discrimination between species and male tr aits that underlie sexual isolation. We used 2 species pairs of threespine stickleback Þsh ( Gasterosteus spp.): an intact species pair and a formerly distinct but now hybridizing species pair, where habitat change presumably triggered reverse speciation. The expression of female discrimination was fairly insensitive to habitat, despite the central importance of habitat differences to the init ial evolution of sexual isolation. Only the ecotype being subsumed by hybridization showed habitat sensitivity, suggesting this plasticity may have contributed to reverse speciation either as a cause or consequence of gene sow. Also, we found plasticity in male courtship across habitats that could further erode sexual isolation. Thus, environmental differences may play different roles in the genetic ev olution versus plastic maintenance of sexual isolation, with implications for the forward versus reverse processes of speciation.
How To Build a Better Testbed: Lessons From a Decade of Network Experiments on Emulab

The Emulab network testbed provides an environment in which researchers and educators can evaluate networked systems. Available to the public since 2000, Emulab is used by thousands of experimenters at hundreds of institutions around the world, and the research conducted on it has lead to hundreds of publications. The original Emulab facility at the University of Utah has been replicated at dozens of other sites.
Electric field calculations by boundary element method for a 230 kV composite bushing

Composite polymer bushings provide technical and safety advantages over other types of bushings. The US Navy is making an attempt to use composite bushings of two different diameters (24" and 30") in their applications. The composite bushings are made of a fiberglass tube surrounded by silicone rubber sheds as housing. The high voltage cylindrical conductor runs through the centre of the bushing. There are aluminum flanges at the two ends. The bushings are filled with gases like SF/sub 6/ at a certain pressure. A study of potential and electric field is an important index in determining the limits of corona free operation. Corona is detrimental to polymer materials. Potential and electric field calculations for a 230 kV composite bushing are presented. An electric field solver package, COULOMB/sup /spl copy//, has been used for the analysis. The role of field shaping elements in relieving electric stress is discussed.
REGULATION OF MILK PROTEIN GENE EXPRESSION

Studies using both transgenic mice and transfected mammary epithelial cells have established that composite response elements containing multiple binding sites for several transcription factors mediate the hormonal and developmental regulation of milk protein gene expression. Activation of signal transduction pathways by lactogenic hormones and cell-substratum interactions activate transcription factors and change chromatin structure and milk protein gene expression. The casein promoters have binding sites for signal transducers and activators of transcription 5, Yin Yang 1, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, and the glucocorticoid receptor. The whey protein gene promoters have binding sites for nuclear factor I, as well as the glucocorticoid receptor and the signal transducers and activators of transcription 5. The functional importance of some of these factors in mammary gland development and milk protein gene expression has been elucidated by studying mice in which some of these factors have been deleted.
Teenagers Participate in Tobacco Promotions

In 1993, the US tobacco industry spent US$600 million providing promotional items such as t-shirts to customers and prospective customers. These items were often distributed by redemption of proofs of purchase through catalogs for brands such as Marlboro and Camel. Several small, US community-based surveys in 1992 showed high rates of promotional item ownership by both smoking and nonsmoking youth under age 18. To learn more about this phenomenon, we conducted a nationwide survey among 12-24 year olds.
The relationships of external fat to physical education activities and fitness tests.

(1947). The Relationships of External Fat to Physical Education Activities and Fitness Tests. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 123-134.
Carcass Type Affects Local Scavenger Guilds More than Habitat Connectivity

Scavengers and decomposers provide an important ecosystem service by removing carrion from the environment. Scavenging and decomposition are known to be temperature-dependent, but less is known about other factors that might affect carrion removal. We conducted an experiment in which we manipulated combinations of patch connectivity and carcass type, and measured responses by local scavenger guilds along with aspects of carcass depletion. We conducted twelve, 1-month trials in which five raccoon (Procyon lotor), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus spp.) carcasses (180 trials total) were monitored using remote cameras in 21 forest patches in north-central Indiana, USA. Of 143 trials with complete data, we identified fifteen species of vertebrate scavengers divided evenly among mammalian (N = 8) and avian species (N = 7). Fourteen carcasses (9.8%) were completely consumed by invertebrates, vertebrates exhibited scavenging behavior at 125 carcasses (87.4%), and four carcasses (2.8%) remained unexploited. Among vertebrates, mammals scavenged 106 carcasses, birds scavenged 88 carcasses, and mammals and birds scavenged 69 carcasses. Contrary to our expectations, carcass type affected the assemblage of local scavenger guilds more than patch connectivity. However, neither carcass type nor connectivity explained variation in temporal measures of carcass removal. Interestingly, increasing richness of local vertebrate scavenger guilds contributed moderately to rates of carrion removal (≈6% per species increase in richness). We conclude that scavenger-specific differences in carrion utilization exist among carcass types and that reliable delivery of carrion removal as an ecosystem service may depend on robust vertebrate and invertebrate communities acting synergistically.
E-061 Towards the Pre-Surgical Treatment Planning of Cerebral Aneurysms Using High Fidelity Simulations

Over the last decade, advances in medical imaging have led to a 75% increase in early diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms (CAs) along with a growing arsenal of medical devices that can now treat a wider range of CA cases. Endovascular treatment planning has shown limited progress. Current treatment planning is driven by prior training, convention and experience. Despite the best of plans, the process can involve an element of trial and error during treatment that increases procedural time, treatment costs, and the risk of procedural complications. Further, treatment planning can be unsuccessful in many cases with recurrence rates as high as 21.9% and retreatment rates of 11.0%. Therefore, there is a critical need to improve endovascular treatment planning. Here we present a novel simulation algorithm that enhances clinical capabilities for personalised pre-surgical treatment planning. In the first step of the algorithm, a computational anatomy is generated from MR or CT image data. Next, the computational anatomy is used to simulate treatment using novel device-specific finite element (FE) models that consider the structural properties of the treatment device, its mechanics, and the clinical deployment strategy. Changes in blood flow are then simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Lastly, mechanical and fluid dynamic simulation results are used to evaluate the outcomes of different treatment options. The simulation algorithm was validated against in-vitro deployments of embolic coils, stents, and the Pipeline embolization device in 3 idealised and 2 anatomical CA models. Results showed excellent agreement between FE device simulations and physical device deployments. Fluid dynamics were also compared between CFD simulations and in-vitro flow velocity and pressure measurements in the treated CA models. Results showed good agreement in mean aneurysmal velocity magnitude and intra-aneurysmal pressure. Detailed 3D structural validations against microCT data will also be presented. The value of the simulation algorithm for treatment planning is demonstrated for 3 patient cases. In case 1, stent-assisted coiling (Figure 1a) and flow diverter treatment options (Figure 1b) are evaluated for a wide-neck posterior communicating artery (PCA) aneurysm (Figure 1). In case 2, the simulation algorithm is used to predict changes in fluid dynamics after 12 coil deployments in a large basilar-tip aneurysm. Clinical and simulations results of that case showed a persisting flow jet into the aneurysmal sac after treatment. In case 3, the simulation algorithm is used to compare stent-assisted coiling and coiling-alone in a basilar tip aneurysm. Disclosures B. Chong: 1; C; Mayo Clinic Center for Individualised Medicine, Arizona State University. 4; C; Endovantage LLC. H. Babiker: 4; C; Endovantage LLC. D. Frakes: 4; C; Endovantage, LLC. J. Ryan: 5; C; Endovantage LLC. F. Gonzalez: 4; C; Endovantage LLC.
Music and Social Institutions: al-Maʾlūf and al-Āla

Music is not only an art form defined by certain formal elements, such as rhythmic and melodic modes. It is also a cultural form that implies significant social interaction. Music naturally evokes deeply felt emotions and can touch upon important social identities, because it helps people to experience feelings and express insights into their own lives. Moreover, the fact that it is performed situates any given musical genre within a specific set of sociocultural frames. Unpacking the social, economic, and political contexts surrounding musical genres can deepen our understanding of larger processes at work. An obvious North African example is Rai music, whose explosion in popularity in the 1980s underscored very important social and economic transformations taking place in Algeria and among migrant Algerian communities in France.
The Population Consequences of Polygyny in the Ant Leptothorax curvispinosus

In colonies of the ant, Leptothorax curvispinosus Mayr, the number of eggs in the standing crop appears to increase principally with the number of queens, but the number of larvae, and hence the colony growth rate, is independent of the number of queens, depending instead primarily on the size of the worker population. Hence the average reproductive potential of individual queens falls off linearly with an increase in their number. On the other hand, the presence of supernumerary queens lengthens the survival time of colonies. The latter circumstance alone, if combined with a higher degree of genetic relatedness among coexisting queens, counteracts the lowered per-queen reproductive potential and could be sufficient to favor polygyny in natural selection.
Simultaneous fluorocardiography and recording of intracardiac pressure.

SummarySimultaneous fluorocardiograms of the right auricle and ventricle and tracings of intracardiac pressure reveal a precise temporal coincidence between the waves of the two records. Therefore, a further proof is given of the accuracy of fluorocardiography.
Effects of the Oleanolic Acid on Insulin and Liver Glycogen Store in Diabetic Rats

Objective:To study the effects of oleanolic acid on insulin and liver glucogen store on diabetic rat and to evaluate the hypoglycemie activity of oleanolic acid and the mechanism.Methods:FBG,FINS and liver glycogen store were measured and PSA staining was observed,and the hypoglycemic effect of oleanolic acid was evaluate.Results:Oleanolic acid significantly reduced FBG(P0.01),elevated liver glycogen store and FINS(P0.05).PSA observation:oleanolic acid purple glycogen increased significantly than that in model group.Conclusion:Oleanolic acid may be through increasing glycogen content and serum levels of insulin to lower blood sugar.