cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Right to Improvise in Low Wage Work

The resurgence of strikes in the non-union fast food and retail sectors has created unprecedented momentum for increases in state, local, and company-specific minimum wages. The once fantastical demand for a $15 an hour wage floor has been legislated into life in two states, four major cities, and counting. Early work, drawing from organizational studies, identified “improvisation” as the theoretical engine of the walkouts, and while that strategy remains, the ground has since shifted. Today’s strikes are no longer just about McDonald’s or Walmart but low wage jobs generally, from child care, to adjunct teaching, to security, and beyond. The article tracks this ambitious next step and asks the critical question of whether improvised resistance can play a truly foundational and widespread role in workplace advocacy. The answer is “yes” — but only if the law lets it. Workers improvise when they trust each other, and they trust each other when they can talk to each other in relaxed settings. At work, and under longstanding labor law, that means break time. But work changed and the law did not. Today’s low wage service economy is nothing like the post-War industrial age when the main law governing workplace relationships was established. A prime consequence is the end of opportunities to informally hang out on the job — that means less talk, less trust, and a much diminished potential that improvisation will arise organically. This article argues that protecting the right to improvise in low wage work requires reform of the labor law super-principle that “working time is for work” and nothing else. In 2016 working time is often the only time, so workers must be empowered to interact freely right there and then. Two specific changes are proposed. First, workers should be allowed to chit-chat — about any topic — in the midst of assigned tasks. While allowing talking while working might seem like a productivity menace, multitasking research suggests the opposite. Second, labor law should carve out space for workers to take “micro-breaks,” short concerted worktime stoppages that impact production only modestly. Both changes are possible through existing precedent and without amendment to the National Labor Relations Act.
Transition Metals and Virulence in Bacteria

Transition metals are required trace elements for all forms of life. Due to their unique inorganic and redox properties, transition metals serve as cofactors for enzymes and other proteins. In bacterial pathogenesis, the vertebrate host represents a rich source of nutrient metals, and bacteria have evolved diverse metal acquisition strategies. Host metal homeostasis changes dramatically in response to bacterial infections, including production of metal sequestering proteins and the bombardment of bacteria with toxic levels of metals. In response, bacteria have evolved systems to subvert metal sequestration and toxicity. The coevolution of hosts and their bacterial pathogens in the battle for metals has uncovered emerging paradigms in social microbiology, rapid evolution, host specificity, and metal homeostasis across domains. This review focuses on recent advances and open questions in our understanding of the complex role of transition metals at the host-pathogen interface.
Evolution of the Technique of Combination Therapy for Staghorn Calculi: A Decreasing Role for Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

AbstractPercutaneous nephrostolithotomy with or without extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) has been extensively used in the management of staghorn calculi, with stone-free rates varying from 23 to 86%. Explanations for the variability of such results include differences in stone burden, differences in percutaneous techniques and an overreliance on ESWL. The results and changing trends in the relative roles of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and ESWL in the management of staghorn calculi at the Methodist Hospital of Indiana were examined. We reviewed 343 cases of staghorn calculi (partial and complete) with adequate followup data, which were managed with initial percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. Cases were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (252 cases) from 1984 to 1987 when access was performed by a radiologist and group 2 (91 cases) from 1988 to 1990 when access was performed by a urologist.Although stones in group 2 tended to be larger, a decreasing dependence on ESWL was noted (64.7% in group 1 c...
Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Observe Diffusion of Hydrogen in Metals

Utilization of measured NMR relaxation rates and diffusion coefficients are described. With the recent availability in the literature of lattice-specific calculations relating relaxation rates to mean residence times, details of the diffusion process of H in metals can be deduced. None of the lattice-specific theories predicts the asymmetry in the temperature dependences of relaxation rates observed in some hydrides. Observed and theoretical frequency dependences of relaxation rates on the high and low temperature sides of T1 minmima are compared.
Gendered Organizations: How Human Resource Management Practices Produce and Reproduce Administrative Man

Despite the increasing number of women in the workforce, the norms surrounding division of labor in the domestic sphere and work/life balance have not changed. Structural theory predicts that balancing work and family demands will improve as the proportion of women reaches critical mass, because women will advocate on behalf of such changes. But work/life balance remains elusive. Gendered organizations theory predicts that norms and practices based on stereotyped male and female workers will persist, regardless of the composition of the workforce. Employing an explicitly transformative framework, we argue that human resources management (HRM) practices produce and reproduce outdated gender norms and frustrate the efforts of all workers to achieve work/life balance. No amount of flextime or on-site daycare programs will produce workplace equity without addressing the underlying reasons why organizations are gendered. We submit several propositions to guide further research and conclude with a call for publ...
Impairment in the achievement domain in bipolar spectrum disorders: role of behavioral approach system hypersensitivity and impulsivity.

Aim. Research indicates that bipolar disorder is characterized by both high levels of impairment and high levels of achievement. A critical, and yet largely unexamined question, is: what psychological mechanisms promote high accomplishment (and low impairment) among bipolar spectrum individuals? The aim of this study was to examine this question. The Authors also conceptually explore how the answer to this question can enhance the development of intervention and prevention strategies for adolescents with a bipolar spectrum condition. Methods. Academic transcript data were obtained for 120 college students who had either a bipolar spectrum disorder (N=54) or no major psychopathology (N=66). Results. Bipolar spectrum individuals obtained a lower cumulative grade point average (GPA, t=-2.9, P=0.005) and dropped more classes (t=2.1, P<0.04) than normal controls. The findings also have relevance to the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory of bipolar disorder, as well as research on impulsivity among bipolar individuals. Specifically, follow-up analyses revealed that bipolar individuals exhibiting a combination of high BAS drive and low impulsivity earned higher GPAs than the remaining bipolar individuals. Thus, high BAS sensitivity, when paired with low impulsivity, may not be impairing and may contribute to the high achievement sometimes observed among bipolar individuals. Conclusion. Such information is important for the development of prevention and intervention programs designed adolescents that lower risk for bipolar impairment without decreasing achievement.
Production and Presentation of Chemokines by Endothelial Cells

Recruitment of leukocytes at sites of tissue injury is governed by a complex network of cellular adhesion molecules, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators. Chemokines (a contraction of chemotactic cytokines) play a prominent role in this process by attracting specific subsets of leukocytes [1-4]. Members of the chemo-kine family share common structural motifs, most notably conserved cysteine residues that form characteristic intramolecular disulfide bridges. There are at least four subfamilies of chemokines, defined by the presence and positioning of the two most amino-proximal cysteine residues. In the CXC subfamily, these two residues are separated by an intervening amino acid; in CC chemokines, the cysteine moieties are located immediately adjacent to one another. More recently, chemokine-like molecules have been cloned in which the cysteine residues are separated by three amino acids (CX3C subfamily) [5] or in which only one of the two amino-proximal cysteine residues is present (C subfamily) [6]. More than 40 human chemokines have been identified so far, and searches of expressed sequence tag databases are rapidly adding to this number. An up-to-date listing of chemokines is available through the Cytokine Family cDNA Database web site http://cytokine.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/CFC/CK/Chekomine.html.
RPS19 Deficiency Leads to GATA1 Downregulation through TNF-Mediated p38 MAPK Activation

Abstract Diamond-Blackfan Anemia (DBA) is a rare inherited bone marrow failure disorder, characterized by defects in erythropoiesis, congenital abnormalities, and predisposition to cancer. Approximately 25% of DBA patients have a mutation in RPS19, which encodes a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. While several studies have found that the tumor suppressor protein p53 contributes to DBA pathogenesis, and that certain GATA1 mutations can give rise to DBA, the link between ribosomal protein mutations and erythroid defects is not well understood. To investigate the molecular pathways downstream of RPS19 deficiency, we infected human cord blood CD34+ cells with RPS19 shRNA lentivirus and observed that RPS19 knockdown resulted in decreased GATA1 mRNA and protein expression, resulting in defective erythropoiesis. We also detected increased TNF-α levels in RPS19 knockdown cells, and in zebrafish that have been treated with RPS19 morpholino. TNF-α was primarily upregulated in the non-erythroid population of RPS19 deficient cells, while its receptor, TNFR1, showed increased expression on the surface of erythroid cells. To understand the relationship between GATA1 and TNF-α, we treated primary hematopoietic CD34+ cells with TNF-α or its inhibitor etanercept. Our results demonstrated that TNF-α treatment reduced GATA1 expression, and that this effect could be rescued by the addition of etanercept. Treatment of RPS19 deficient cells with etanercept improved their erythroid differentiation, and increased GATA1 expression. Additionally, etanercept treatment successfully reversed the anemia phenotype observed in RPS19 deficient zebrafish. To study pathways downstream of TNF-α, we examined phosphorylation of signaling pathways such as p38 MAPK, NFκB, ERK, STAT1, and STAT5 in RPS19 deficient erythroid cells using phospho-flow cytometry. Among these pathways, we found a significant increase in phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but not ERK, NFκB, STAT1, or STAT5, suggesting that p38 MAPK activation by TNF-α contributes to decreased GATA1 expression in RPS19 cells. We suggest a novel mechanism for the erythroid defects observed in DBA, in which RPS19 deficiency leads to increased TNF-α production in non-erythroid cells, and activation of p38 MAPK, followed by decreased GATA1 expression, in erythroid cells. Our data also suggest that TNF-α inhibitors, such as etanercept, may be beneficial in treating patients with DBA. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Leisure and Work: Interdependent Facets of Human Flourishing

Human flourishing is a principal goal of therapeutic recreation (TR) services so therapeutic recreation specialists (TRSs) must be well versed in all aspects of flourishing. Two critical aspects are leisure and work. Leisure’s contributions to flourishing have been studied and reported but the same cannot be said for work. Therefore, this article explores two conceptualizations of work. One conceptualization is based on Marx’s philosophical anthropology and one is based on MacIntyre’s notion of practices. In addition, the relationships of these views to leisure and human flourishing are highlighted. The article concludes by discussing potential consequences emanating from accepting the premise that work and leisure are interdependent facets of human flourishing. Possible consequences for TR include incorporating different work perspectives into the preparation, credentialing and continuing education of professionals; addressing work related issues with TR services; and broadening professionals’ purview to encompass work aspirations of service recipients. Subscribe to TRJ
“An authentic ghost story”: manipulating the gothic in Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Perhaps the most memorable—and almost certainly the most harrowing—portions of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin occur during Tom’s time at the Legree plantation: a narrative plunge into the horrors of slavery in the Deep South, and a stylistic plunge into the realm of the Gothic. This study seeks to engage this section of Uncle Tom’s Cabin within the context of the Gothic genre, and, in so doing, reveal Stowe’s Gothic turn to be not, as some scholars have suggested, merely superficial appropriation, but rather a sophisticated manipulation of genre that culminates in a Christianization of the Gothic. By exploring Stowe’s use of Gothic figures and devices—the setting of the crumbling Louisiana plantation, the threefold Gothic female represented by Cassy, and the “haunting” of Legree—in the light of both European and American Gothic fiction, this study demonstrates how the trappings of the Gothic genre can be used to refresh and further Stowe’s progressive Christian narrative, one which ultimately refutes the Gothic by seeding it in a universe where peace, freedom, and Christian redemption are possible. This article is published as part of a collection on Gothic and horror.
Les Scories de Forge du Pays Dogon (Mali): Entre Ethnoarchéologie, Archéologie Experimentale et Archéométrie

This highly original study is – as the subtitle implies – hard to classify. On the one hand it provides very detailed documentation of variation in iron forging practices among some rural Dogon bla...
Coupled Physics Simulation of Expansive Reactions in Concrete with the Grizzly Code

The Grizzly code is being developed under the US Department of Energy’s Light Water Sustainability program as a tool to model aging mechanisms and their effects on the integrity of critical nuclear power plant components. An important application for Grizzly is the modeling of aging in concrete structures, which can be due to a number of mechanisms. Initial focus in this area has been on modeling expansive reactions due to alkali-silica reactions or radiation-induced volumetric expansion. Grizzly is an inherently multiphysics modeling platform that naturally permits including the effects of multiple coupled physics in a simulation. Models have been developed for transport of heat and moisture in concrete, and these have been coupled and used as inputs to models for expansive reactions. This paper summarizes this capability, and demonstrates it on a representative structure.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of hot pressed submicron TiB2 powders

Abstract This paper studies the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot pressed submicron TiB 2 powders obtained from a special carbon coated precursors method. With the hot press temperature increasing from 1500 °C to 1800 °C, the relative density increases and the sample maintains a single TiB 2 phase. The powders are able to be sintered to a relative density of ~94.5% at the temperature of 1800 °C. For the first time, unique elongated platelike grain structure, which has only been observed from transient liquid phase or reaction sintered borides, also forms at the sintering temperature of 1800 °C. In addition, the sample sintered at 1800 °C has a fine microstructure (elongated grain of ~0.3–3 µm) and high mechanical properties (hardness of ~27.6 ± 2.3 GPa, flexural strength of ~560 ± 49 MPa, and fracture toughness of ~6.5 ± 0.2 MPa m −1/2 ). Correlations between mechanical properties and microstructure are further discussed.
Targeting toll‐like receptor 4 signalling pathways: can therapeutics pay the toll for hypertension?

The immune system plays a prominent role in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension. The innate immune system, via toll-like receptors (TLRs), identifies distinct signatures of invading microbes and damage-associated molecular patterns and triggers a chain of downstream signalling cascades, leading to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and shaping the adaptive immune response. Over the past decade, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response, particularly via TLR4, has been suggested to support a chronic inflammatory state in hypertension, inducing deleterious local and systemic effects in host cells and tissues and contributing to disease progression. While the underlying mechanisms triggering TLR4 need further research, evidence suggests that sustained elevations in BP disrupt homeostasis, releasing endogenous TLR4 ligands in hypertension. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of hypertension and whether targeting this receptor and its signalling pathways could offer a therapeutic strategy for management of this multifaceted disease. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
Human Nature and Destiny

According to the Aristotelian canons of definition to which Aquinas subscribed, a complete definition of something necessarily involves an articulation of its final cause. The final cause of a being is its end or telos in the sense of what it would be if it were to become fully realized, perfected, or completed according to its kind or nature. Understood as such, the final cause of a being is essentially connected to its formal cause because it expresses what it would mean for the form to realize its capacity for development into a perfected instance of its kind. In the light of this logic, it can be easily seen why the question of human nature is inextricably connected to the question of human destiny: it is impossible to understand what human nature is without knowing what it it is meant to become when fully realized. And since Aquinas’s overarching perspective is explicitly theocentric and theological, this means that considerations of human nature and human destiny must be set within the context of creation. In this light, what human nature is can only be understood in the light of what God the Creator intends as its end.
Analysis of immune deviation elicited by antigens injected into the subretinal space.

PURPOSE. To determine whether the subretinal space supports the induction of deviant immune responses to cell-associated and soluble antigens and to elucidate factors influencing the immunologic properties of the subretinal space. METHODS. P815 mastocytoma cells were used as cell-associated antigens and were inoculated into the anterior chamber (AC), the vitreous cavity (VC), the subretinal space, and subconjunctivally in H2-compatible, but minor H-incompatible, BALB/c mice. Ovalbumin, as a soluble antigen, was similarly injected into eyes, after which recipient animals were immunized with ovalbumin and complete Freund's adjuvant. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was assessed by ear challenge. To alter the conditions in the subretinal space, the outer blood-retinal barrier was disrupted by compromising retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with a systemic injection of sodium iodate. Immune privilege in the AC was abolished by mild corneal cauterization. RESULTS. Antigen-specific DTH did not develop in mice in which alloantigenic tumor cells or ovalbumin was injected into the AC, the VC, or the subretinal space, and the mice's spleens contained lymphocytes capable of suppressing DTH when adoptively transferred into naive mice. When RPE cells were compromised with sodium iodate, tumor cells or ovalbumin injected into the subretinal space or the VC did not induce immune deviation. although the AC of these eyes still promoted AC-associated immune deviation. By contrast, when immune privilege in the AC was abolished by corneal cauterization, neither tumor cells nor ovalbumin injected into the subretinal space or the VC of eyes elicited immune deviation. CONCLUSIONS. The subretinal space supports immune deviation for histoincompatible tumor cells and soluble protein antigens by actively suppressing antigen-specific DTH. Acute loss of immune privilege in the subretinal space and the VC does not cause loss of privilege in the AC, but abolition of immune privilege in the AC eliminates the capacity of the subretinal space and the VC to support immune deviation to antigens injected locally.
IgA Nephropathy: Pathogenesis of the Most Common Form of Glomerulonephritis

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is being recognized increasingly as a common form of glomerulonephritis with progressive potential (17, 29, 42). Our initial goal here is briefly to consider the definition, clinical features, and major clinical problems of IgAN, and the special characteristics of the secretory immune system, the major source of IgA in the body. Then follows a critical discussion of experimental and clinical observations which provide a conceptual framework for a scheme of pathogenesis based on distinctive features of immunity in mucous membranes and altered regulation of mucosal immune responses due to a defect in mucosal IgG/IgM tolerogenesis. We believe that, in the main, IgAN is an immune complex disease resulting from a poorly controlled mucosal immune response to environmental antigens to which the host is chronically subject. The deposited IgA is likely antibody to viral or dietary antigen. Evidence exists for other mechanisms, which we consider less likely.
Age-stratified prevalence, treatment status, and associated factors of hypertension among US adults following application of the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline.

The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults reduced the systolic/diastolic blood pressure thresholds to define hypertension, including recommendations about treatment initiations and goals. We estimated the age-stratified prevalence, treatment status, and factors associated with hypertension among US adults aged ≥ 20 years based on this guideline. This cross-sectional study used the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The primary outcomes were the presence and treatment status of hypertension. Among 16,103 participants, the proportions (95% confidence interval) of hypertensive, treatment-indicated, untreated individuals among treatment-indicated, and treatment goals not met among treated for hypertension by age groups were, respectively, 17.4% (15.8–19.1), 6.9% (6.1–7.8), 67.6% (61.0–73.5), and 58.6% (46.1–70.2) among 20–34 years; 39.2% (37.0–41.5), 24.4% (22.4–26.5), 41.8% (37.7–46.0), and 50.4% (44.7–56.1) among 35–49 years; 62.3% (60.1–64.6), 51.4% (49.0–53.8), 31.0% (28.2–34.0), and 51.9% (47.6–56.1) among 50–64 years; 77.7% (75.3–79.8), 77.0% (74.7–79.2), 27.0% (24.3–29.8), and 63.1% (59.4–66.5) among ≥ 65 years; and 46.8% (45.4–48.3), 36.9% (35.4–38.5), 33.2% (30.9–35.5), and 56.7% (54.1–59.3) among overall population. Despite some dissimilarities, the prevalence, treatment eligibility, and odds of hypertension were higher among non-Hispanic blacks and among people with high cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, increased body weight, and low leisure-time physical activity in all age strata. The prevalence and treatment eligibility were high among adults from all age groups; however, a significant proportion of participants, especially those who were younger, had blood pressure levels above the treatment goals or were untreated. Addressing the associated characteristics from a younger age may help prevent the complications of hypertension.
Minnow: a principled framework for rapid simulation of dscRNA-seq data at the read level.

Summary With the advancements of high-throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing protocols, there has been a rapid increase in the tools available to perform an array of analyses on the gene expression data that results from such studies. For example, there exist methods for pseudo-time series analysis, differential cell usage, cell-type detection RNA-velocity in single cells, etc. Most analysis pipelines validate their results using known marker genes (which are not widely available for all types of analysis) and by using simulated data from gene-count-level simulators. Typically, the impact of using different read-alignment or unique molecular identifier (UMI) deduplication methods has not been widely explored. Assessments based on simulation tend to start at the level of assuming a simulated count matrix, ignoring the effect that different approaches for resolving UMI counts from the raw read data may produce. Here, we present minnow, a comprehensive sequence-level droplet-based single-cell RNA-sequencing (dscRNA-seq) experiment simulation framework. Minnow accounts for important sequence-level characteristics of experimental scRNA-seq datasets and models effects such as polymerase chain reaction amplification, cellular barcodes (CB) and UMI selection and sequence fragmentation and sequencing. It also closely matches the gene-level ambiguity characteristics that are observed in real scRNA-seq experiments. Using minnow, we explore the performance of some common processing pipelines to produce gene-by-cell count matrices from droplet-bases scRNA-seq data, demonstrate the effect that realistic levels of gene-level sequence ambiguity can have on accurate quantification and show a typical use-case of minnow in assessing the output generated by different quantification pipelines on the simulated experiment. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Efficacy of increasing discharge to reduce tow-mediated fish passage across an electric dispersal barrier system in a confined channel

Abstract The Electric Dispersal Barrier System (EDBS) in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC) was built to limit the interbasin transfer of aquatic invasive species between the Mississippi River Basin and the Great Lakes Basin. Commercial barge traffic, or tows, moving downstream through the EDBS can facilitate the upstream passage of small fish through the barrier by reducing the voltage gradient of the barrier and causing localized upstream return currents. This study tested whether it is possible to prevent upstream passage of small fish across the barrier by preventing upstream return currents. Measurements of water velocity, voltage gradient, and tow speed, as well as sonar-based observations of resident fish, were made as a tow transited the EDBS moving downstream. The results indicate that upstream return currents can be prevented for typical flow conditions in the CSSC (ambient velocity = 0.15 to 0.23 m/s) when tow speeds are
Effect of Finite-time DS Controllers on Disturbance Rejection for Planar Bipeds

For many planar bipedal models, each step is divided into a finite time single support period and an instantaneous double support period. During single support, the biped is typically underactuated and thus has limited ability to reject disturbances. The instantaneous nature of the double support period prevents control during this period. However, if the double support period is expanded to finite time, this introduces an overactuated period into the model which may improve disturbance rejection capabilities. This paper derives and compares the performance of two finite-time double support controllers. The first controller uses time to drive the progression of the double support period and controls the joint angles. The second controller uses a time-invariant phase variable to drive the progression of the double support period and controls the joint velocities since it is not possible to control the joint positions. The disturbance rejection capabilities of both controllers are then quantified using simulations. The instantaneous double support model is also simulated for comparison. The instantaneous double support model can recover from the largest disturbances but it requires the greatest number of steps to do. The time-based double support controller can recover from the smallest range of disturbances but requires the fewest number of steps for a given perturbation size.
Developmental changes in mindful awareness during adolescence

Despite abundant research on the benefits of dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness-based interventions, little is known about the naturally occurring developmental course of mindful awareness. ...
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a 76-year-old woman with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is commonly diagnosed in the elderly. Treatment of AML frequently requires hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), which is associated with significant treatment-related toxicity and is considered to be too intense for older patients. However, with the development of reduced intensity conditioning, patients of increasing age are now considered for HSCT. We present a case of relapsed AML in a 76-year-old woman who was successfully treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. She endured the process without significant complications and achieved a durable treatment response, demonstrating the feasibility of allogeneic HSCT in patients with very advanced age.
FROM SOCIAL DISTANCING" TO "CARE IN CONNECTING": AN EMERGING ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH AGENDA FOR TURBULENT TIMES"

As an antidote to the prejudice, isolation, and hopelessness that may be associated with social distancing during the pandemic, organizations large and small have been implementing practices that i...
Sons of freedom: the forgotten American soldiers who defeated Germany in World War I: by Geoffrey Wawro, New York, Basic Books, 2018, 596 pp., $35.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-4650-9391-5

This book analyzes the contribution that the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) made to defeating the German army on the western front in 1918. Wawro argues that Germany nearly won the war with it...
Seasonal Patterns Contribute More Towards Phyllosphere Bacterial Community Structure than Short-Term Perturbations

Phyllosphere microorganisms are sensitive to fluctuations in wind, temperature, solar radiation, and rain. However, recent explorations of patterns in phyllosphere communities across time often focus on seasonal shifts and leaf senescence without measuring the contribution of environmental drivers and leaf traits. Here, we focus on the effects of rain on the phyllosphere bacterial community of the wetland macrophyte broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia) across an entire year, specifically targeting days before and 1, 3, and 5 days after rain events. To isolate the contribution of precipitation from other factors, we covered a subset of plants to shield them from rainfall. We used targeted Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to characterize phyllosphere community composition. Rain events did not have a detectable effect on phyllosphere community richness or evenness regardless of whether the leaves were covered from rain or not, suggesting that foliar microbial communities are robust to such disturbances. While climatic and leaf-based variables effectively modeled seasonal trends in phyllosphere diversity and composition, they provided more limited explanatory value at shorter time scales. These findings underscore the dominance of long-term seasonal patterns related to climatic variation as the main factor influencing the phyllosphere community.
Communication Efficient and Byzantine Tolerant Distributed Learning

We develop a communication-efficient distributed learning algorithm that is robust against Byzantine worker machines. We propose and analyze a distributed gradient-descent algorithm that performs a simple thresholding based on gradient norms to mitigate Byzantine failures. We show the (statistical) error-rate of our algorithm matches that of Yin et al., 2018, which uses more complicated schemes (like coordinate-wise median or trimmed mean). Furthermore, for communication efficiency, we consider a generic class of δ-approximate compressors from Karimireddy et al., 2019, that encompasses signbased compressors and top-k sparsification. Our algorithm uses compressed gradients and gradient norms for aggregation and Byzantine removal respectively. We establish the statistical error rate of the algorithm for arbitrary (convex or non-convex) smooth loss function. We show that, in certain regime of δ, the rate of convergence is not affected by the compression operation. We have experimentally validated our results and shown good performance in convergence for convex (least-square regression) and non-convex (neural network training) problems.
22. PARENTHOOD DURING RESIDENCY AND IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY-FRIENDLY BENEFITS

Background Pediatric residents have many roles beyond their training, including parenthood. Little is known about residents who have a child during training and importance of family-friendly benefits in programs and future jobs. Objective Examine experiences of pediatric residents with children during training and importance of family-friendly benefits in residency programs and post-graduate job selection. Methods A random sample of 1000 US residency graduates were surveyed as part of the 2019 AAP Annual Survey of Graduating Residents and asked about children, family-friendly residency benefits and their importance in program selection and future jobs. Chi-square analyses compared responses by the presence of children and by gender. Results 504 (51%) responded; 74% were female. 123 residents (25%) had children; 85% of these had or adopted a child during training. Most programs offered maternity leave (77%), lactation rooms (76%), and electives allowing new parents to stay home longer (64%). Among female residents who birthed or adopted a child during residency, 84% used maternity leave with a mean length of 7 weeks for women and 2 weeks for men. 73% of women and 100% of men were paid for their entire leave. 89% of women and 23% of men used some or all their vacation time. Less than 50% of all residents rated these benefits as very important in program selection; flexibility for time off was rated as very important by 46% of women with children, 44% of men with children, and 31% of residents without children (p Conclusion 25% of residents have a child by the end of residency, with most doing so during residency. Most programs offer benefits for parents. Parental status plays a role in residency program and future job choice and may be a factor in recruiting trainees.
Repurposing of Drugs-The Ketamine Story.

An intranasal formulation of esketamine, the S enantiomer of ketamine, in conjunction with an oral antidepressant, has been approved by the FDA for treating treatment-resistant major depressive dis...
Effects of medical comorbidities on Parkinson Disease patients’ quality of life (P6.056)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent medical comorbidities in Parkinson Disease(PD) patients influence their quality of life(QoL). BACKGROUND: Understanding what contributes to QoL in PD patients has focused mostly on how the disease affects motor and psychological experiences. Despite the fact that PD patients have higher than average rates medical conditions such as arthritis and heart disease, no studies have examined their effects on PD patients’ QoL. DESIGN/METHODS: Data were obtained from a multi-center, cross-sectional survey study conducted by the National Parkinson Foundation Quality Improvement Initiative(NPF-QII). One-point in time data were obtained from 4714 participants. Quality of life was measured by the 39-item Parkinson Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). The survey asked whether the participant had heart disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, and/or other neurological disorders. It also asked whether the participant had recently been to the ER or been admitted for various reasons, including injury, infection, pneumonia or altered mental status. Univariate analyses determined which comorbidities were significantly correlated with PDQ-39. The significant comorbidities (p<0.05) were included in a multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: The multivariate model showed heart disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, arthritis and/or recent falls are significantly correlated with decreased QoL for PD patients. Having a fall was associated with a 7.047 increase in PDQ-39 score. Among medical comorbidities, arthritis and respiratory disease had the worst effect on quality of life, increasing the PDQ-39 by 3.47 and 3.13, respectively. Having an ER visit, but not hospital admissions (except for AMS), increased PDQ-39 by 1.55. CONCLUSIONS: There should be increased awareness among neurologists and generalists that heart disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, arthritis and falls significantly affect PD patients’ QoL. Study Supported by: NPF Disclosure: Dr. Fulton has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pagan has nothing to disclose.
Leases and Over-investment

What factors enhance investment efficiency in leased assets, and what incentives give rise to over-investments? If firms over-invest in leases, what economic consequences arise? We develop a model of expected investment in leased assets, and use the residuals from the model as proxies for inefficient investments. We find that, in contrast to investments in capital expenditures, leasing appears to be a mechanism for over-investment even among firms with high reporting quality and negative free cash flows. Examining economic consequences, we predict and find that over-investments in leased assets trigger increasing future sales growth but declining future earnings growth for as long as three years ahead. We also find a negative relation with contemporaneous stock returns, suggesting investors view over-investments in leases as value destructive. Finally, despite negative earnings and returns consequences, we find that over-investments in leases are associated with higher CEO compensation driven primarily by future sales growth. Our results should inform investors, board members, and researchers interested in investment efficiency, corporate governance, and leases.
Robust Fish Enumeration by Multiple Object Tracking in Overhead Videos

In this paper, we design a framework called detection-tracking fish counting (DTFC) for overhead videos of fish moving in shallow water. DTFC includes three steps, fish tracking, counting zone generation and fish counting. In this work, we adopt two deep learning framework FasterRCNN and DeepSORT as our detector and tracker, respectively. Conventional fish counting methods need to predefine the counting zone, and as a result, they become very inefficient. In DTFC, we use the tracking to refine the generated trajectories and automatically generate the counting zone. For the detection of small objects, we divide the overhead image into four sub-images and enlarge the sub-images for detector training. Our experimental results show that DTFC is very suitable for fish tracking and counting, and may provide a valuable resource for fisheries management.
Gender Differences in Patterns and Correlates of Continued Substance Use among Patients in Methadone Maintenance Treatment.

Continued substance use is common during opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment. There are still inconsistencies in how continued substance use and concurrent patterns of substance use among patients ...
Uneven decline in food system inequality

An assessment of global inequality in agriculture, food and health indicators between 1970–2010 reveals that significant progress has been made in some countries, but more is needed to achieve a truly equitable food system that delivers for the diets, nutrition and health of all people.
Assessing Interests in the Twenty-First-Century Workforce: Building on a Century of Interest Measurement

Recent research has re-emphasized the importance of vocational interests for understanding workplace attitudes and behavior. As a result, there is a renewed interest in the assessment of vocational...
The use of molecularly tagged P elements to monitor spontaneous and induced frequencies of transposon excision and transposition.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the sensitive and reproducible assay systems permitting the identification of chemicals (transposagens) promoting P-element transposition. The mobilization frequency of tagged P elements is known to be a function, in part, of the size of the inserted tag, as well as the chromosomal integration site. In the experiments described in the chapter a P element has been employed marked with the wild-type white+(w+) gene (designated as P[w+]), which is inserted on the X chromosome. This element is mobilized in trans by functional helper elements, but at a reduced rate relative to that of a native P element. Using the X-linked P[w+] element, a simple genetic system was devised that permits detection of both losses of P[w+], recoverable as phenotypically white-eyed males, as well as transpositions of P[w+] from its resident site on the X chromosome to an autosome, recoverable as w+ females. The genetic test systems presented provide good control of spontaneous P-element transposition; losses are less amenable to genetic regulation and may be ambiguous end points for assays designed to identify transposagenic chemicals. Preliminary testing with model chemicals suggests that Drosophila P elements may be mobilized by mutagenesis.
A digit-serial algorithm for the discrete logarithm modulo 2/sup k/

We introduce as our main result a digit-serial residue arithmetic algorithm for computing the discrete logarithm modulo 2/sup k/ (dlg). "Digit inheritance" is presented as a fundamental property common to the primitive operations modulo 2/sup k/ of addition, multiplication, multiplicative inverse, exponentiation and discrete logarithm. Our main algorithm computes dlg using binary arithmetic with 3 as the logarithmic base and has a critical path containing one modulo 2/sup k/ multiplication operation for each of its k iterations. Extensions of the algorithm to other logarithmic bases and computations using digits in a higher radix 2/sup r/ are also described.
Characterization of Metarhizium species and varieties based on molecular analysis, heat tolerance and cold activity

Aims: The genetic relationships and conidial tolerances to high and low temperatures were determined for isolates of several Metarhizium species and varieties. Methods and Results: Molecular-based techniques [AFLP and rDNA (ITS1, ITS2 and 5·8S) gene sequencing] were used to characterize morphologically identified Metarhizium spp. isolates from a wide range of sources. Conidial suspensions of isolates were exposed to wet heat (45 ± 0·2°C) and plated on potato dextrose agar plus yeast extract (PDAY) medium. After 8-h exposure, the isolates divided clearly into two groups: (i) all isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Ma-an) and Metarhizium from the flavoviride complex (Mf) had virtually zero conidial relative germination (RG), (ii) Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Ma-ac) isolates demonstrated high heat tolerance (c. 70–100% RG). Conidial suspensions also were plated on PDAY and incubated at 5°C for 15 days, during which time RGs for Ma-an and Ma-ac isolates were virtually zero, whereas the two Mf were highly cold active (100% RG). Conclusions: Heat and cold exposures can be used as rapid tools to tentatively identify some important Metarhizium species and varieties. Significance and Impact of the Study: Identification of Metarhizium spp. currently relies primarily on DNA-based methods; we suggest a simple temperature-based screen to quickly obtain tentative identification of isolates as to species or species complexes.
Model and Characterization of ${\rm VO}_{2}$ Thin-Film Switching Devices

This paper investigates and models the dc behavior of thin-film-based switching devices. The devices are based on sputtered vanadium dioxide thin films that transition from 200 kΩ/□ at room temperature to 390 Ω/□ at temperatures above 68°C, with the transition occurring over a narrow temperature range. The device resistance is characterized over temperature and under current- and voltage-sourced electrical bias. The finite-element model predicts the device's nonuniform switching behavior. Electrothermally heated devices show the same transition ratio and switching behavior as externally heated devices suggesting a purely electrothermal switching mechanism.
Logical mobility and locality types

We present a type theory characterizing the mobility and locality of program terms in a distributed computation. The type theory of our calculus is derived from logical notions of necessity (□A) and possibility ($\lozenge A$) of the modal logic S4 via a Curry-Howard style isomorphism. Logical worlds are interpreted as sites for computation, accessibility corresponds to dependency between processes at those sites. Necessity (□A) describes terms of type A which have a structural kind of mobility or clocation-independence. Possibility ($\lozenge A$) describes terms of type A located somewhere, perhaps at a remote site. The modalities □ and $\lozenge$ are defined in a clean, orthogonal manner, leading to a simple account of mobility and higher-order functions. For illustration, we assume an execution environment with each location distinguished by a mutable store. Here modal types ensure that store addresses never escape from the location where they are defined, eliminating a source of runtime errors. We speculate as to other advantages or trade-offs of this disciplined style of distributed programming.
Analysis of distributed pore closure in gas‐solid reactions

The recent random-pore model (Bhatia and Perlmutter, 1980, 1981a; Gavalas, 1980) is further developed to account for distributed pore reaction in gas-solid systems. Numerical solutions for the resulting equations are presented for the case when the reaction is accompanied by an increase in volume of the solid phase. It is shown that in such situations pore closure begins with the smaller pores and progresses to the larger ones. For certain pore size distributions seemingly incomplete conversion is found even when sufficient initial porosity exists so that complete pore closure cannot occur.
Rapidly Re-Configurable Mold Manufacturing of Free-Form Objects

This paper describes geometric algorithms for manufacturing freeform objects using a re-configurable mold system. The proposed process involves a mold block, with n faces, in which the mold cavity is formed. Each face of the mold block holds a uniform grid of pins, which are used to approximate the part surfaces. The geometric algorithms presented in this paper analyze the part and determine the face of mold block from which the part model is approximated best using the pins from that face. By moving these pins in and out of the mold block, the shape of the mold cavity can be configured dynamically to suit the changes in the part geometry. Since the proposed process approximates free-form objects with discrete pins, a surface-error calculation method is also developed to control the accuracy. Computer implementation and examples are also provided in this paper.Copyright © 2003 by ASME