cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
118-LB: Glucose Variability throughout the Menstrual Cycle on Closed-Loop Control in Type 1 DM

Many women with type 1 DM report change in glucose (GLU) control and insulin (INS) dosing throughout the menstrual cycle (MC). No trials have reported the effect of closed loop control (CLC) on INS delivery across the MC. Women enrolled in Phase 1 of the IDCL hybrid CLC trial logged MCs to estimate late luteal and early follicular dates. Data from 64 MC across 27 women (13 CLC), 7 using hormonal contraception, aged 28±11 years, weight 67 kg (IQR: 61-80) was analyzed for diurnal GLU control and CLC INS delivery. MC phase did not impact trends toward increased time in range with CLC. There were no differences in GLU and INS variables. While median CLC INS delivery did not change across the MC, there was intrasubject variability across the MC. CLC has the potential to elucidate individual dosing variability and may mitigate reported change in GLU control across the MC. Disclosure C.J. Levy: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. Employee; Spouse/Partner; Allergan. G. OMalley: None. S.A. Brown: Research Support; Self; Ascensia Diabetes Care, Dexcom, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care. D. Raghinaru: None. Y.C. Kudva: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. Other Relationship; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care. E. Dassau: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., DreaMed Diabetes, Ltd., Insulet Corporation, Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care, Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Roche Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; ModAGC. B. Kovatchev: Advisory Panel; Self; Sanofi. Board Member; Self; TypeZero Technologies, Inc. Consultant; Self; Sanofi, Tandem Diabetes Care. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Dexcom, Inc. Stock/Shareholder; Self; TypeZero Technologies, Inc. Other Relationship; Self; Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi. S. Anderson: Research Support; Self; Medtronic MiniMed, Inc. Funding National Institutes of Health
Interactive Coding for Interactive Proofs.

We consider interactive proof systems over adversarial communication channels. We show that the seminal result that IP = PSPACE still holds when the communication channel is malicious, allowing even a constant fraction of the communication to be arbitrarily corrupted.
Abstract 019: Gut Microbiome Governs Independent Risks for Hypertension Comorbid With Depression, Hypertension Without Depression, and Depression Without Hypertension in Human Subjects

Objective: Our hypothesis is that human patient gut microbiome dysbiosis determines independent risks for 1) comorbid hypertension plus depression, 2) hypertension without depression, or 3) depress...
Experimental characterization of liquid-gas slip in high-pressure, swirl-stabilized, liquid-fueled combustors

This paper implements a recently developed technique to conditionally analyze the liquid vs gaseous phase velocity vectors in a high-pressure, liquid-fueled, swirl-stabilized combustor. The technique consists of joint analysis of high repetition rate stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (s-PIV) and fuel planar laser-induced fluorescence (fuel PLIF). The s-PIV measurement is conducted simultaneously on the gas and liquid phases by seeding the gas with titanium dioxide flow tracers. The liquid fuel spray serves as its own flow tracer. A fuel PLIF measurement is used to distinguish the vectors that represent liquid fuel velocities from the vectors that represent gas-phase velocities. This technique provides two useful capabilities to the combustion diagnostics community. First, it enables the removal of bias error that the larger, high Stokes number fuel droplets can introduce to the gas-phase velocity measurements due to gas–liquid slip. Second, it enables the simultaneous study of gas- and liquid-phase velocity fields where there may be liquid–gas slip. In the present study, the results show that the liquid fuel spray is a reasonable flow tracer for the time-averaged flow. However, this study does identify regions in the time-averaged flow that contain sufficiently high accelerations and sufficiently large droplets to introduce liquid–gas slip.
Considering the Private Animal and Damages

Since 2018, private law damages claims seeking to place animals in the role of plaintiffs have, in dramatic fashion, moved from academic debate to high-profile litigation. Focusing on two recent cases, this short article asserts that lawsuits seeking to make animals plaintiffs in damages actions are much more than flashy news fodder; they raise profound policy issues that courts will struggle with into the foreseeable future. The most recent prominent case, Justice v. Vercher, is ongoing litigation seeking to designate a severely neglected horse as the plaintiff in a tort damages lawsuit against the horse’s owner. The second case, Naruto v. Slater, unsuccessfully sought to designate a monkey as the plaintiff in a copyright infringement lawsuit. Both cases illuminate significant implications in seeking to designate animals as plaintiffs in private law damages lawsuits. Thankfully, societal concern over animal welfare is rapidly increasing, and more needs to be done to protect animals. But efforts like Vercher and Naruto represent a societally harmful approach to animal protection. Such cases will probably continue to fail in the short term, but analogous lawsuits are nevertheless likely to proliferate over time because the stakes are so high – success could be a back door to breaking down legal barriers between humans and animals. Further, as societal views regarding animals quickly evolve, the potential for misguided rulings creating dangerous animal legal personhood through such lawsuits is real.
Synergistic interactions between Cajal bodies and the miRNA processing machinery

Cajal bodies (CBs) are subnuclear domains involved in the formation of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) including small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs). CBs associate with specific gene loci, which impacts expression and provides a platform for the biogenesis of the nascent transcripts emanating from these genes. Here we report that CBs can associate with the C19MC microRNA (miRNA) gene cluster, which suggests a role for CBs in the biogenesis of animal miRNAs. The machinery involved in the formation of miRNAs includes the Drosha/DGCR8 complex, which processes primary-miRNA to precursor miRNA. Further processing of precursor miRNA by Dicer and other components generates mature miRNA. To test if CBs influence the expression and formation of miRNAs, we examined two representative miRNAs (miR-520 h and let-7a) in conditions that disrupt CBs. CB disruption correlates with alterations in the level of primary and mature miRNA and the let-7a mRNA target, HMGA2. We have also found that the processing of some small CB-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) is directly mediated by the Drosha/DGCR8 complex. ScaRNAs form scaRNPs, which play an important role in snRNP formation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that CBs and the miRNA processing machinery functionally interact and together contribute to the biogenesis of miRNAs and snRNPs.
Families are More Popular than Feminism: Exploring the Greater Judicial Success of Family and Medical Leave Laws

Workers do not exist in a vacuum; they have families and medical needs. Many employees struggle with caring for themselves and loved ones within the rigid confines of the work week. Congress passed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ("FMLA") in order to ameliorate this problem, but the statute has proven to be an incomplete solution. Recently, federal legislators have proposed laws to enhance the existing leave rights under the FMLA. Similarly, a number of states and municipalities have passed laws to expand employees' ability to take leave from work in order to care for family or medical issues. Given the momentum and interest in legal reform, it is appropriate to ask whether expanded leave laws will be effective in changing the lives of actual workers. More specifically, will the new leave laws survive the inevitable encounter with a judiciary that has a markedly poor history of enforcement in other employment law contexts. In the clearest example of this judicial resistance, claims brought under federal anti-discrimination laws such as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII") have a distinctly low success rate in comparison to other civil actions. In contrast, claims brought under the FMLA fare significantly better, with nearly double the Title VII rate of successful outcomes for plaintiffs. This Article uses three theoretical frameworks, political, psychological, and institutional to evaluate and understand the greater success of leave laws. Political science theories suggest that the FMLA is more successful because the statute is less controversial and inspires a weaker ideological response in judges than anti-discrimination laws. The theory of cultural cognition suggests that the FMLA is more successful because it does not trigger the strong unconscious resistance associated with discrimination claims. Finally, theories of institutional inequality indicate that the FMLA is more successful because it can undermine the traditional norms of the ideal worker in ways that the anti-discrimination laws cannot. Overall, all three theories point to a consistent explanation for why FMLA claims have better outcomes. Namely, leave laws such as the FMLA have many of the characteristics of a neutral benefit statute, in contrast to anti-discrimination laws' focus on protected classes such as race or gender. Ultimately, understanding what differentiates the outcomes between these related statutes will shed light on judicial decision-making in employment law and will suggest avenues for advocates seeking to change women's work life for the better.
Outcomes of translumbar embolization of type II endoleaks following endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Objective Presence of an endoleak can compromise aneurysm exclusion after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). Type II endoleaks (T2Es) are most common and may cause sac expansion. We report outcomes of translumbar embolization (TLE) of T2Es following EVAR. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with T2E after EVAR treated with TLE from 2011 to 2018 at a single academic institution. Treatment indications were the presence of persistent T2E and aneurysm growth ≥5 mm. Sac stabilization was defined as growth ≤5 mm throughout the follow-up period. Results Thirty consecutive patients were identified. The majority were men (n = 24), with a mean age of 74.3 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 70.9-77.6 years). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (83.3%) and coronary artery disease (54.0%). The mean maximal sac diameter at T2E discovery was 5.8 cm (95% CI, 5.4-6.2 cm). The mean time to intervention from endoleak discovery was 33.7 ± 28 months with a mean growth of 0.84 cm (95% CI, 0.48-1.2 cm) during that time period. The mean follow-up time after TLE was 19.1 months (95% CI, 11.1-27.2 months). Twenty-eight patients were treated with cyanoacrylate glue (CyG) alone, and two were treated with CyG plus coil embolization (CE). There was immediate complete endoleak resolution as assessed intraoperatively, and sac stabilization in 15 cases (50.0%). Eleven patients (36.7%) had evidence of persistent T2E on initial imaging after the embolization procedure; additional follow-up revealed eventual sac stabilization at a mean of 21.3 ± 7.2 months, and therefore, these patients did not require further intervention. In the remaining four cases (13.3%), there was persistent T2E after the initial TLE, requiring a second intervention. Repeat TLE stabilized growth in three of these four patients after a mean of 17.6 ± 12.9 months. One patient required open sacotomy and ligation of lumbar vessels due to continued persistence of the T2E and continued aneurysm growth. There were no ischemic complications related to the embolization procedures. Factors associated with persistent endoleak after initial embolization were larger aneurysm diameter at the time of initial endoleak identification (P Conclusions TLE of T2E is a safe and effective treatment option for T2E with aneurysm growth following EVAR. Patients taking antiplatelet medication and those with larger aneurysms at the time of endoleak identification appear to be at increased risk for persistent endoleak and need for subsequent procedures following initial TLE. These patients may require more intensive monitoring and follow-up.
Balancing interfacial reactions to achieve long cycle life in high-energy lithium metal batteries

The rechargeable lithium metal battery has attracted wide attention as a next-generation energy storage technology. However, simultaneously achieving high cell-level energy density and long cycle life in realistic batteries is still a great challenge. Here we investigate the degradation mechanisms of Li || LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 pouch cells and present fundamental linkages among Li thickness, electrolyte depletion and the structure evolution of solid–electrolyte interphase layers. Different cell failure processes are discovered when tuning the anode to cathode capacity ratio in compatible electrolytes. An optimal anode to cathode capacity ratio of 1:1 emerges because it balances well the rates of Li consumption, electrolyte depletion and solid–electrolyte interphase construction, thus decelerating the increase of cell polarization and extending cycle life. Contrary to conventional wisdom, long cycle life is observed by using ultra-thin Li (20 µm) in balanced cells. A prototype 350 Wh kg−1 pouch cell (2.0 Ah) achieves over 600 long stable cycles with 76% capacity retention without a sudden cell death. The development of Li metal batteries requires understanding of cell-level electrochemical processes. Here the authors investigate the interplay between electrode thickness, electrolyte depletion and solid–electrolyte interphase in practical pouch cells and demonstrate the construction of high-energy long-cycle Li metal batteries.
The Mean State of the Troposphere

The mean state of the troposphere on broad scales in space and time is described in this chapter. Emphasis is placed on the climate of the Southern Hemisphere (SH), although global maps will be presented and some relevant comparisons with the Northern Hemisphere (NH) will be made. General descriptions of the seasonal mean distributions of many atmospheric variables will be given, while the following chapters will present discussions on topics including the variability of the SH circulation and the dominant processes that maintain the general circulation.
Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar concentration forming hydrophobic cores surrounded by hydrophilic shells in aqueous environments. The core of these micelles can be utilized to load hydrophobic, poorly water soluble drugs like docetaxel (DTX) and everolimus (EVR). Systematic characterization of the micelle structure and drug loading capabilities are important before in vitro and in vivo studies can be conducted. The goal of the protocol described herein is to provide the necessary characterization steps to achieve standardized micellar products. DTX and EVR have intrinsic solubilities of 1.9 and 9.6 µg/ml respectively Preparation of these micelles can be achieved through solvent casting which increases the aqueous solubility of DTX and EVR to 1.86 and 1.85 mg/ml, respectively. Drug stability in micelles evaluated at room temperature over 48 hr indicates that 97% or more of the drugs are retained in solution. Micelle size was assessed using dynamic light scattering and indicated that the size of these micelles was below 50 nm and depended on the molecular weight of the polymer. Drug release from the micelles was assessed using dialysis under sink conditions at pH 7.4 at 37 (o)C over 48 hr. Curve fitting results indicate that drug release is driven by a first order process indicating that it is diffusion driven.
The Credibility of Threats to Breach

This paper argues that enforcement of modifications, reached under threats to breach, should be conditioned solely on the credibility of the threat. When a credible threat exists, enforcement of the modification promotes both social welfare and the interests of the threatened party. If modifications backed by credible threats were not enforceable, the threatening party would not bother to demand a modification, and would simply breach the contract - to the detriment of the threatened party. The doctrine of duress, which predominantly controls modification cases, only hurts the "coerced" party. By denying enforcement in cases where a credible threat exists, duress doctrine preludes the threatened party from making the commitment that is necessary to avert breach. Paradoxically, it is in those circumstances where a threatened party has no alternative options nor adequate remedies that, under duress doctrine, she cannot escape breach. The analysis in this paper suggest that, in dealing with agreements reached under threats to breach, courts should replace the duress methodology with a credibility inquiry. It discusses factors that would be relevant under such inquiry. Finally, it demonstrates some of the applications of this approach in the context of leading cases.
Getting the Funding You Need to Support Your Research: Navigating the National Institutes of Health Peer Review Process

Publisher Summary A thorough understanding of the peer review process that National Institutes of Health (NIH) uses to inform funding decisions will help both new and established clinical investigators become more competitive in applying for research funds. This chapter provides an overview of the mission and organization of NIH and the NIH peer review process, suggestions for writing more competitive grant applications, and brief descriptions of some of the many different types of NIH grant programs that are available for clinical researchers at various stages of their careers. An institute's extramural program is generally organized into a number of specific scientific areas, each of which may provide research funding through grants, contracts, and/or cooperative agreements. There are three different mechanisms though which NIH supports extramural research and development: grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements. The chapter further summarizes the relationship between NIH and the awardees in each of these general funding mechanisms.
Heidegger, Art, and Postmodernity: Heidegger's Critique of Modern Aesthetics

Aesthetics is for the artist as ornithology is for the birds. Barnet Newman (famous witticism) The essence of art is not the expression of lived experience …. Nor does this essence consist in the artist depicting reality more accurately and precisely than others, or producing ([that is,] representing) something that gives pleasure to others, that provides enjoyment of a higher or lower type …. But in order to understand what the work of art and poetry are as such, philosophy must first break the habit of grasping the problem of art as one of aesthetics. Heidegger (ET 47/GA34 63–4) INTRODUCTION: HEIDEGGER – AGAINST AESTHETICS, FOR ART Heidegger is against the modern tradition of philosophical “aesthetics” because he is for the true “work of art” which, he argues, the aesthetic approach to art eclipses. Heidegger's critique of aesthetics and his advocacy of art thus form a complementary whole, as I shall show in the next two chapters. Here in Chapter 2, section 1 orients the reader by providing a brief overview of Heidegger's philosophical stand against aesthetics, for art . Sections 2 and 3 explain Heidegger's philosophical critique of aesthetics, showing why he thinks aesthetics follows from modern “subjectivism” and leads to late-modern “enframing,” historical worldviews Heidegger seeks to transcend from within – in large part by way of his phenomenological interpretations of art. In Chapter 3, sections 1 and 2 develop this attempt to transcend modern aesthetics from within, focusing on the way Heidegger seeks to build a phenomenological bridge from a particular (“ontic”) work of art by Vincent van Gogh to the ontological truth of art in general.
Controversies in the use of antimicrobials for the prevention and treatment of Lyme disease

Unanswered questions in the management of patients with Lyme disease or those who have had Ixodes tick bites include: Is antimicrobial therapy effective in preventing Lyme disease during the incubation period of the infection? Which oral agents are most effective in treatment of Lyme disease? Are macrolides efficacious? And, for how long a time period should antimicrobial therapy be given? Potentially useful insights into these questions can be gained by examining experience with other spirochetal infections. Using this information, in conjunction with existing data from recent studies on Lyme borreliosis, tentative answers to these questions can be formulated. Based on this analysis, it would be anticipated that a short course of antibiotic therapy, perhaps even a single dose, will be effective in preventing Lyme disease after a tick bite. Beta-lactam antibiotics such as amoxicillin, and tetracycline preparations, such as doxycycline, are the mainstays of oral therapy for treatment of active infection. Macrolides are less effective, but their utility is likely to be improved if they are given in maximal dosage. There is no convincing evidence for extending treatment of early Lyme disease beyond 14 days. There is also no evidence that longer therapy is more efficacious for other manifestations of Lyme disease, although this issue deserves further study.
Estimating the Cost of Security for COTS Software

This paper describes enhancements being made to the University of Southern California's COnstructive COTS (COCOTS) integration cost model to address security concerns. The paper starts by summarizing the actions we have taken to enhance COCOMO II to model the impact of security on development effort and duration. It then relates the COCOMO II approach to the COCOTS estimating framework so that the enhancements proposed can be incorporated into the COCOTS model. After summarizing the team's progress in developing counterpart COCOTS security cost drivers and expert-consensus cost driver parameter values, the paper points to the steps that will be taken to validate the findings and calibrate the model.
Non-Linear Boundary-Layer Receptivity Due to Distributed Surface Roughness

The process by which a laminar boundary layer internalizes the external disturbances in the form of instability waves is known as boundary-layer receptivity. The objective of the present research was to determine the effect of acoustic excitation on boundary-layer receptivity for a flat plate with distributed variable-amplitude surface roughness through measurements with a hot-wire probe. Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) mode shapes due to surface-roughness receptivity have also been determined, analyzed, and shown to be in agreement with theory and other experimental work. It has been shown that there is a linear relationship between the surface roughness and receptivity for certain roughness configurations with constant roughness wavelength. In addition, strong nonlinear receptivity effects exist for certain surface roughness configurations over a band where the surface roughness and T-S wavelength are matched. The results from the present experiment follow the trends predicted by theory and other experimental work for linear receptivity. In addition, the results show the existence of nonlinear receptivity effects for certain combinations of surface roughness elements.
SRSF2 Is Essential for Hematopoiesis, and Its Myelodysplastic Syndrome-Related Mutations Dysregulate Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of neoplasms characterized by ineffective myeloid hematopoiesis and various risks for leukemia. SRSF2, a member of the serine/arginine-rich (SR) family of splicing factors, is one of the mutation targets associated with poor survival in patients suffering from myelodysplastic syndromes. Here we report the biological function of SRSF2 in hematopoiesis by using conditional knockout mouse models. Ablation of SRSF2 in the hematopoietic lineage caused embryonic lethality, and Srsf2-deficient fetal liver cells showed significantly enhanced apoptosis and decreased levels of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Induced ablation of SRSF2 in adult Mx1-Cre Srsf2(flox/flox) mice upon poly(I):poly(C) injection demonstrated a significant decrease in lineage(-) Sca(+) c-Kit(+) cells in bone marrow. To reveal the functional impact of myelodysplastic syndromes-associated mutations in SRSF2, we analyzed splicing responses on the MSD-L cell line and found that the missense mutation of proline 95 to histidine (P95H) and a P95-to-R102 in-frame 8-amino-acid deletion caused significant changes in alternative splicing. The affected genes were enriched in cancer development and apoptosis. These findings suggest that intact SRSF2 is essential for the functional integrity of the hematopoietic system and that its mutations likely contribute to development of myelodysplastic syndromes.
Selective concentration of amines from aqueous solutions by a gas purging technique.

Abstract Amines are removed from heated, basic solutions saturated with salt by inert gas stripping and selectively trapped as coordination complexes on columns containing copper(II) salts coated on an inert support. An estimate of the amine concentrations at ppm levels can be made by measuring the length of the trapping column colored by the complexes. Concentrations of amines in ppb 1 can be determined by eluting this column with potassium hydroxide and determining the amines in the effluent directly by gas chromatography. The procedure allows amines to be concentrated by a factor of 200 and removes potentially interfering substances from the sample.
Stopped-flow kinetic, 1H, and 31P NMR analysis of the intercalation of ethidium with poly d(G-C)·d(G-C)

Abstract In a low salt buffer (0.011 M Na + ) stopped-flow kinetic results for the SDS driven dissociation of an ethidium-Poly d(G-C)·d(G-C) complex are 8.7, 23, and 58.5 s −1 at 20, 30, and 40°C, respectively. These results predict that in NMR experiments at high field strengths, ethidium should be in slow exchange among polymer binding sites. This has been found to be the case for both 31 P (109 MHz) and 1 H (imino proton spectra in H 2 O at 270 MHz) experiments. At higher salt, and/or higher temperature, and/or lower field, the bound and free peaks are no longer resolved in the NMR spectra. Good agreement is obtained between the stopped-flow kinetic results and the coalescence temperature observed in NMR experiments. Imino protons in base pairs on both sides of the intercalated ethidium are shifted approximately one ppm upfield while only the phosphate groups at the intercalation site experience large chemical shifts.
Domain swapping and retroviral assembly.

Abstract Ivanov et al. (2005) recently reported the structure of a mammalian SCAN domain. The molecule is a structural homolog of the HIV-1 capsid protein and forms a domain-swapped dimer in solution. The authors propose a similar domain-swapping event facilitates HIV-1 assembly, providing a new model for protein-protein interactions underlying viral particle formation.
Motion-compensated scan conversion of interlaced video sequences

When an interlaced image sequence is viewed at the rate of sixty frames per second, the human visual system interpolates the data so that the missing fields are not noticeable. However, if frames are viewed individually, interlacing artifacts are quite prominent. This paper addresses the problem of deinterlacing image sequences for the purposes of analyzing video stills and generating high-resolution hardcopy of individual frames. Multiple interlaced frames are temporally integrated to estimate a single progressively-scanned still image, with motion compensation used between frames. A video observation model is defined which incorporates temporal information via estimated interframe motion vectors. The resulting ill- posed inverse problem is regularized through Bayesian maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation, utilizing a discontinuity-preserving prior model for the spatial data. Progressively- scanned estimates computed from interlaced image sequences are shown at several spatial interpolation factors, since the multiframe Bayesian scan conversion algorithm is capable of simultaneously deinterlacing the data and enhancing spatial resolution. Problems encountered in the estimation of motion vectors from interlaced frames are addressed.
Lineshape Analysis of Second-Order Molecular Beam Transitions

Abstract In a molecular beam electric resonance spectrometer, as used to examine hyperfine spectra of linear molecules, the transitions observed are not allowed to first order so that they must be treated in second order. The quantum mechanics of these second-order transitions, including the related dc and ac Stark shifts, is worked out analytically. This approach converts a second-order process to an equivalent first-order process, removing the restriction that the Stark shifts be small compared with the hyperfine interactions. The resulting lineshape is used to fit the observed spectral lines in LiF, providing in the process physically meaningful information about the strength of the oscillating electric field and the number and velocity distribution of the molecules in the beam.
From the Ground Up II: Sky Glow and Near-Ground Artificial Light Propagation in Flagstaff, Arizona

We present panoramic sky brightness measures in the Johnson V band made at the US Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station. We find that these measures show much less sky glow from Flagstaff than expected using the total light output and unshielded fraction determined recently by Luginbuhl et al. and Garstang's 1991 modeling approach. We suggest the difference arises principally from the diminution of upward-directed light after emission from light fixtures and reflection from the ground due to interaction with structures and vegetation. This interaction not only reduces the effective albedo, it also disproportionately reduces flux emitted upward at angles near the horizontal. We explore the size and consequences of this factor in light pollution modeling, and propose a modified upward angular distribution function to account for this effect.
Chemistry of electrophilic metal centres coordinated by silox (tBu3SiO), tritox (tBu3CO) and related binfunctional ligands

Abstract Bulky siloxide and alkoxide ligands, notably silox ( t Bu 3 SiO), and tritox ( t Bu 3 CO), have been employed as ancillary ligands in the chemistry of low-coordinate early transition metal complexes. Related sterically hindered difunctional ligands (e.g., alkoxyalkylphosphines) are utilized to link disparate early and late transition metal centres together in a quest for cooperative reactivity. This review focuses on our group's efforts in this area over the past 14 years. Emphasis is placed on the rationale for using bulky, hard, anionic donor ligands, and the synthesis and reactivity studies of this class of compounds.
TAME stabilizes the cortex and mitotic apparatus of the sea urchin egg during isolation.

Abstract The synthetic substrate p -tosyl- l -arginine methyl ester (TAME) has been included in buffered EGTA media used for the isolation of the mitotic apparatus from clam eggs and also for the isolation of the cortex from sea urchin eggs. In the course of an investigation of the role of actin-fascin and actin-myosin interactions in cytokinesis, the isolation of the sea urchin egg cortex was re-examined and the stability of the cortex to lysis in a buffered EGTA medium near neutrality found to depend directly on the presence of TAME. Lysis of eggs at metaphase in this medium yielded a mixture of cortices and mitotic apparatuses (MA); MA stability under these conditions also required the presence of TAME, although a reduced pH allowed MA isolation in its absence. The action of TAME in stabilizing the actin-based structure of the cortex and the microtubule-based structure of the MA is not duplicated by other proteolysis inhibitors and this compound will also induce actin polymerization and gelation in extracts of the soluble cytoplasmic proteins of the egg under conditions where these are normally inhibited.
The impact of orbitofrontal dysfunction on cocaine addiction

Cocaine addiction is characterized by poor judgment and maladaptive decision-making. Here we review evidence implicating the orbitofrontal cortex in such behavior. This evidence suggests that cocaine-induced changes in orbitofrontal cortex disrupt the representation of states and transition functions that form the basis of flexible and adaptive 'model-based' behavioral control. By impairing this function, cocaine exposure leads to an overemphasis on less flexible, maladaptive 'model-free' control systems. We propose that such an effect accounts for the complex pattern of maladaptive behaviors associated with cocaine addiction.
Sublethal Cytotoxic Effects of Mercuric Chloride on the Ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis

SYNOPSIS. The behavior and ultrastructure of Tetrahymena pyriformis was assessed after exposure to dosages of 8 and 16% of the lethal concentration of HgCl2 (TLm 96 hr). The lower dosage caused no abnormal changes in cell motility, activity of the water explusion vesicles, or cell shape; the higher dosage caused deleterious changes in these parameters. The higher sublethal HgCl2 concentration (0.50 mg/liter) elicited damage of several cell structures. This damage persisted and accumulated with time up to 24 hr. At the lower HgCl2 dosage (0.25 mg liter) there were extensive changes after 1-hr exposure involving primarily mitochondria; however, all major changes were repaired after 24 hr of constant exposure to the HgCl2, indicating adaptation to the toxicant. Based solely on cytotoxic evidence an attempt is made to apply the findings defining what constitutes a “safe'’concentration of HgCl2 in the cell's environment.
CEREBRAL AUTOREGULATION IS A NONLINEAR TYPE CONTROL SYSTEM

Introduction. In neonates, low frequency (LF) cerebral blood flow velocity oscillations (CBFV-O) are commonly attributed to an underdampened immature cerebral autoregulation (AR). Peri-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is linked to this ‘instability’. In contrast to linear type control systems, nonlinear type systems express a regular periodicity as a fundamental part of their stable function. Aims. To classify the AR, and to identify factors possibly responsible for PIVF by investigating the relationship between CBFV-O, heart rate variability (HR-V), and intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Methods. In 5 preterm neonates (GA 26 to 30 w) we serially Doppler-traced arterial CBFV continuously for 12 min every 3 to 7 days between days 1 and 49 of life. Another 5 preterms (GA 26 to 35 w) were traced sporadically. The time series of both CBFV and HR were subjected to spectral analysis. Results. 46/47 tracings showed LF CBFV-0 (p<0.0001, one sample z-test). For HR, cycling was observed in only 15/47 tracings. LF cycling in HR was not a prerequisite for LF CBFV-O. All patients with < 30 % of total power in the LF band of CBFV-O were on the ventilator. Three of these patients demonstrated a shift of spectral power from LF to a frequency equal or harmonic to the ventilator rate in the sense of entrainment. The range of entrainment encompassed 12 to 25/min stimuli. Conclusion. In analogy to thermo- and blood pressure regulation, CBFVO and entrainment classify the AR as a nonlinear system. HR-V has no direct impact on CBFV-O, whereas respiration acts on both HR-V and CBFV-O. We discuss that periodic high-amplitude stimuli (i.e. IPPV in RDS) may challenge the regulatory capacity of the CBF control system as reflected by entrainment. While fragile vascular matrix elements, severe central blood pressure changes, and high pCO2 are prerequisites, entrainment of CBFV-O might be one key event for cerebral damage.
Focus-shifting patterns of OSS developers and their congruence with call graphs

Developers in complex, self-organized open-source projects often work on many different files, and over time switch focus between them. Shifting focus can have impact on the software quality and productivity, and is thus an important topic of investigation. In this paper, we study focus shifting patterns (FSPs) of developers by comparing trace data from a dozen open source software (OSS) projects of their longitudinal commit activities and file dependencies from the projects call graphs. Using information theoretic measures of network structure, we find that fairly complex focus-shifting patterns emerge, and FSPs in the same project are more similar to each other. We show that developers tend to shift focus along with, rather than away from, software dependency links described by the call graphs. This tendency becomes weaker as either the interval between successive commits, or the organizational distance between committed files (i.e. directory distance), gets larger. Interestingly, this tendency appears stronger with more productive developers. We hope our study will initiate interest in further understanding of FSPs, which can ultimately help to (1) improve current recommender systems to predict the next focus of developers, and (2) provide insight into better call graph design, so as to facilitate developers' work.
Power and robustness of jackknife and likelihood-ratio tests for grouped heteroscedasticity

Abstract The jackknife technique is used to develop robust tests for heteroscedasticity in regression analysis. Consistent with time-series cross-sectional studies, the variance is assumed constant within subgroups of observations, but may vary from group to group. We also consider the likelihood-ratio (LR) test, and develop a number of modified LR statistics similar to those of Bartlett. Each test is developed in the context of regression where the vector of coefficients may be constant for all groups or may vary between groups. A number of sampling experiments reveal that if the disturbance terms are normally distributed, Bartlett's test is slightly more powerful than either of the jackknife tests. However, in nonnormal situations JACK2, the test based on jackknifing the regression, is very robust (under H 0 ) and has substantial power against a number of alternative hypotheses.
Lee-side vortices on delta wings at hypersonic speeds.

A fluid-dynamic investigation was carried out to determine the cause of intense heating observed on the lee meridian of hypersonic delta wings and also to derive means for its suppression. Several experimental techniques were combined with analysis of extensive heat-transfer measurements at a freestream Mach number of six in a range of Reynolds number to acquire a general description of the lee-flow structure. With attached leading-edge flow on the delta wings, the dominant feature is a pair of embedded vortices on the lee meridian whose interaction with the boundary-layer is responsible for the observed local heating. On the basis of flow visualization results and heat-transfer correlations, a qualitative vortex flow model is proposed which differs essentially from the conventional inboard separation vortex model.
Improvements in the spectral difference method for measuring ultrasonic attenuation

The accuracy of the spectral difference method for measuring ultrasonic attenuation has been investigated using tissue-mimicking phantoms. Attenuation coefficients of the phantom materials were measured using a narrow-band substitution technique and compared with the results of the spectral difference method. Agreement within ±10 percent was typical for measurements in homogeneous materials. The best agreement between the spectral difference and substitution techniques was obtained when effects due to transducer beam diffraction were taken into account in the analysis. This was found for two types of homogeneous tissue-mimicking materials, both having speed of sound and attenuation properties similar to human liver but each with different backscatter properties. The effects of inhomogeneous tissues interposed between the transducer and the interrogated volume were also studied by simulating these conditions in phantoms. Experimental techniques which minimize the effects of perturbations introduced by these inhomogeneities are suggested.
STUDY OF IN-FLIGHT REPLANNING DECISION AIDS

A four-stage conceptual model of the in-flight replanning decision process is presented. The four stages, termed Monitor, Assess, Formulate, and Modify, are discussed along with their interrelationships. Information elements used in each stage are defined and grouped into three modes: supplemental, thresholded, and guidance. Each mode describes the manner in which automation processes and presents the information to the pilot. Additionally, results from a survey of pilot preferences and decisionmaking behavior are summarized. From the survey, weather information is cited as the most common element consulted during replanning. A case study from the survey is also described in which the effect of pilot reports of turbulence on pilot decision-making is examined.
A justification of the theory of martensitic thin films in the absence of an interfacial energy

In the framework of Nonlinear Elasticity, the asymptotic behavior of the free energy of a martensitic material is studied as the height of the sample tends to zero. The effective thin film energy is identified in terms of parametrized probability measures, which allows for a justification of the kinematic compatibility conditions proposed in Bhattacharya and James' theory of thin films of martensitic materials, in the absence of higher order interfacial energy contributions to the three-dimensional bulk energy.
Comparative Analysis of MHD and Plasma Methods of Scramjet Inlet Control

The paper is devoted to analysis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) control of forebody flow compression, shock incidence, and air mass capture increase in scramjet inlets for vehicles that would fly at Mach 5-10. Due to the low static temperature, nonequilibrium electrical conductivity is created by electron beams injected into the gas along magnetic field lines. Two-dimensional inviscid steady-state flow equations are solved jointly with equations describing electron beam-induced ionization profiles, plasma kinetics, and MHD equations. Several scenarios are considered, based in part on earlier work by the present authors. The scenario with an on-ramp MHD accelerator that should increase mass capture at Mach numbers lower than the design value has only disadvantages, since the MHD device consumes high power, reduces total pressure, and actually decreases mass capture due to Joule heating and thermal expansion of the gas. A modest increase in mass capture can in principle be accomplished in a Faraday MHD generator mode, if the magnetic field has components both parallel and orthogonal to the flow. However, this scenario involves very large volumes of strong magnetic fields, and the mass capture increase is due mostly to a nonuniform gas heating. In a new “virtual cowl” scenario, a localized off-body energy addition is used to increase mass capture at Mach numbers lower than the design value, while also even increasing total pressure at the inlet. The principal focus of this paper is on inlet control at flight Mach higher than the design value. The shocks that would otherwise enter the inlet can be moved back to the cowl lip by placing an MHD generator at one of the compression ramps. Calculations and qualitative arguments show that the best performance of such a device (minimal losses of total pressure) is achieved with a very short MHD region in conjunction with high-current ionizing electron beam; the MHD region should be placed as far upstream (close to the vehicle nose) as possible. An MHD energy bypass scenario with on-ramp MHD generator for inlet control is briefly discussed.
Thermomechanical modeling of molten metal droplet solidification applied to layered manufacturing

Abstract Transient and steady-state distributions of temperature and stress along the centerline of a single, initially molten metal droplet deposited onto a comparatively large substrate are examined. After investigating droplet deposition onto a room temperature substrate, the effect of substrate preheating on residual thermal stresses is quantified. Also, deposition of a second droplet is modeled and the effect on residual stresses of localized preheating by the first deposited droplet is assessed. Temperature-dependent conductivity, specific heat and density are used in coupled thermal models of droplet and substrate domains. Mechanical models include temperature-dependent Young's modulus, linear expansion coefficient and creep. Two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric thermal and mechanical results are compared to one-dimensional (1D) results which approximate conditions along the droplet/substrate centerline. It is found that the more computationally efficient 1D models aid in interpreting the 2D results and provide reliable estimates of maximum stress magnitudes. Methods and results from this investigation are relevant to processes in which molten superheated metal contacts solid metal, such as welding processes. The specific application of interest in this work is droplet-level thermal and mechanical modeling of the microcasting stage of shape deposition manufacturing, which is a layered manufacturing process for the automated manufacture of complex three-dimensional metal parts.
O-021 Hospitalization costs for endovascular and surgical treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in the USA are substantially higher than medicare payments

Background and Purpose Endovascular and surgical options are both available for the treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Knowledge of the costs for hospitalization of these patients is important to understanding economic impact of these patients on hospitals. Methods Using the National Inpatient Sample, hospitalizations for clipping and coiling of unruptured cerebral aneurysms from 2001 to 2008 were identified by cross-matching ICD-9 codes for diagnosis of unruptured aneurysm with procedure codes for clipping or coiling of cerebral aneurysms, and excluding all patients with diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage. Hospital costs for 2008 were correlated with age, gender, and discharge status, and compared to Medicare payments. Results Costs of both clipping and coiling have increased from 2001 to 2008. The median 2008 hospital costs were US$23 574 (IQR 18233–29941) for clipping and US$25 734 (IQR 17436–35846) for coiling without complication, which were higher than the average Medicare payment of US$12 599. The median hospital costs were US$36 188 (IQR 21831–55308) for clipping and US$40 502 (IQR 24289–50108) for coiling treatments complicated by major morbidity, and US$68 165 (IQR 32972–100211) for clipping and US$56 020 (IQR 00000–00000) for coiling treatments complicated by mortality, which were higher than the average Medicare payments for patients with major complications and comorbidities of US$22 946. In multivariate analysis, female gender was associated with higher costs for coiling (p=0.02), and poor discharge status was associated with higher costs for both clipping (p Conclusions Hospitalization costs for patients undergoing clipping and coiling of unruptured cerebral aneurysms are substantially higher than Medicare payments.