cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of plasma proteins on polyethylene oxide-modified lipid bilayers studied by total internal reflection fluorescence.

Abstract Distearoylphophatidylcholine (DSPC) mixed with various mole percentages of polyethylene oxide (number average molecular weight 2000)-grafted distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEO2000-DSPE) were deposited on DSPE-coated quartz surfaces by the Langmuir–Blodgett deposition. Structural transitions in PEO2000 from pancake to mushroom, and from mushroom to brush conformations were revealed from film balance experiments. Adsorption kinetics of proteins from 1% platelet-poor plasma (PPP) on the supported lipid bilayers were studied using intrinsic total internal reflection fluorescence. All the supported lipid bilayers exhibited over a magnitude reduction in adsorbed plasma proteins, compared with the quartz substrate. The increase of PEO2000-DSPE density in the mixed bilayers slightly increases the amount of adsorbed proteins on the bilayers.
The Exciton Model and the Circular Dichroism of Polypeptides

Exciton coupling of the 190 nm ππ* transition is an important factor in the CD spectrum of peptides and proteins. The CD spectrum of the α-helix is dominated by the exciton effect. The spectrum is sensitive to the direction of the ππ* transition dipole moment, especially for short helices. Exciton theory is much less successful in accounting for the CD spectrum of the poly(proline)II (PPII) conformation, an important conformer in collagen and in unordered peptides. Mixing of the ππ* transition with high-energy transitions in the peptide backbone and in side chains must be considered to explain the strong negative CD band near 200 nm of PPII.
Mirrors And Windows In Power Optics

High-energy laser (HEL) systems involve an optical train consisting of mirrors and windows, which may compromise the system's operation because of unavoidable irradiance-mapping aberrations resulting from the absorption of some fraction of the incident laser-beam energy. This paper describes an analytic investigation of relevant processes and discusses how laser-driven mirror/window distortions may affect the performance of HEL systems with regard to focal intensities and on-target fluences. An approximate expression for the brightness at the Gaussian focus is derived on the basis of the AFWL far-field degradation model and shown to be simple enough to allow HEL system designers to assess the capability of a contemplated optical train and to evaluate its behavior as a function of beam-power level and laser run-time. Two figures of merit are introduced for the purpose of characterizing the response of power-optics mirrors and windows in terms of thermally induced wavefront errors. On using these figures of merit (FoMm and FoMw), an important result emerges: If the window-pane and the mirror-faceplate material both have positive distortion coefficients, window lensing suppresses the steady-state mirror-related phase aberration at time tc = N (D /d)2 FoMW/FoMM, where N is the number of relay mirrors and D /d is the telescope magnification. In applying these considerations to a model system operating at chemical laser wavelengths, we find that CVD-ZnSe output windows can be quite beneficial in maximizing either the peak irradiance on target or the short-pulse energy delivery capability of contemporary HEL systems. © (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Formalism for the determination of structural isotope effects with neutrons

Abstract In general the analysis of neutron isotopic substitution experiments in terms of partial structure factors and partial pair distribution functions is based on the assumption that the structure of isotopic variants of a molecule is identical. This assumption is clearly only an approximation especially in the case of hydrogen bonding molecular liquids like liquid water and structural isotope effects have been measured with X-rays for more than 20 years. An analysis method of neutron isotope data is presented that avoids the necessity to assume structural equality and allows the determination of the isotope effect in the hydrogen–hydrogen partial structure factor of liquid water from neutron data. It is shown that a combination of X-ray and neutron scattering measurements allows in principle the determination of the isotope effects on all partial structure factors of liquid water.
Comment on “A Vestige of Earth's Oldest Ophiolite”

The claim by Furnes et al. (Reports, 23 March 2007, p. 1704) that Greenland metavolcanic rocks require Paleoarchean sea-floor spreading is incompatible with their own data. The purported sheeted dikes have the composition of pyroxenitic komatiite and could not have fed the adjacent ferroandesitic pillow lavas. Neither type has ophiolitic analogs, and both are likely ensialic.
AlInAs-GaInAs HEMT for microwave and millimeter-wave applications

The status of lattice-matched high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) and pseudomorphic AlInAs-GaInAs grown on In substrates is reviewed. The best lattice-matched devices with 0.1- mu m gate length had a transconductance g/sub m/=1080 mS/mm and a unity current gain cutoff frequency f/sub T/=178 GHz, whereas similar pseudomorphic HEMTs had g/sub m/=1160 mS/mm and f/sub T/=210 GHz. Single-stage V-band amplifiers demonstrated 1.3- and 1.5-dB noise figures and 9.5- and 8.0-dB associated gains for the lattice-matched and pseudomorphic HEMTs, respectively. The best performance achieved was a minimum noise figure of F/sub min/=0.8 dB with a small-signal gain of G/sub a/=8.7 dB. >
Diet selection by chicks

Seven experiments with 324 chicks tested their ability to select a nutritionally adequate diet from separate sources of purified casein and various supplements, including gelatin (a source of two amino acids), a gelatin-creatine mixture (a source of three amino acids), and fiber (nonnutritive bulk). Nonselecting controls consumed the basal purified-casein diet or a supplemented purified-casein diet. Chicks in all selection conditions composed diets that yielded normal intake, normal body temperature, normal activity, and the maximum growth possible for their intake. They also selected components in the same percentages as in premixed diets. In all instances, their selection was nonrandom and regulated. What chicks included in their diet depended on what else was available. Although the specific percentage taken from each dietary component varied across different selection alternatives, these differences affected neither intake nor growth. Selection, per se, incurred a caloric cost. Chicks selecting from fractions of a corn-and-soy diet offset this cost by increasing intake compensatorily, but chicks with a purified-casein fraction did not, suggesting that some unspecified property of casein placed a ceiling on its intake. These findings unequivocally demonstrate that immature chicks not only can self-select nutritionally adequate diets, but can do so with unexpected precision by exploiting different but equally successful strategies.
Correlation effects in the ab initio thermochemistry of benzene

Abstract Ab initio calculations of the energy of benzene in three large basis sets demonstrate that there is only a very small basis-set dependence of its resonance energy beyond 6-31G* at the SCF level and to second order in electron correlation.
Transistor analogs of emergent iono‐neuronal dynamics

Neuromorphic analog metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) transistor circuits promise compact, low-power, and high-speed emulations of iono-neuronal dynamics orders-of-magnitude faster than digital simulation. However, their inherently limited input voltage dynamic range vs power consumption and silicon die area tradeoffs makes them highly sensitive to transistor mismatch due to fabrication inaccuracy, device noise, and other nonidealities. This limitation precludes robust analog very-large-scale-integration (aVLSI) circuits implementation of emergent iono-neuronal dynamics computations beyond simple spiking with limited ion channel dynamics. Here we present versatile neuromorphic analog building-block circuits that afford near-maximum voltage dynamic range operating within the low-power MOS transistor weak-inversion regime which is ideal for aVLSI implementation or implantable biomimetic device applications. The fabricated microchip allowed robust realization of dynamic iono-neuronal computations such as coincidence detection of presynaptic spikes or pre- and postsynaptic activities. As a critical performance benchmark, the high-speed and highly interactive iono-neuronal simulation capability on-chip enabled our prompt discovery of a minimal model of chaotic pacemaker bursting, an emergent iono-neuronal behavior of fundamental biological significance which has hitherto defied experimental testing or computational exploration via conventional digital or analog simulations. These compact and power-efficient transistor analogs of emergent iono-neuronal dynamics open new avenues for next-generation neuromorphic, neuroprosthetic, and brain-machine interface applications.
STRUCTURAL CONTROL USING ACTIVE TUNED MASS DAMPERS

Passive tuned mass dampers (TMD) are being using for motion control of tall buildings. The possibility of enhancing TMD effectiveness in structural with added active control capability is studied in this paper. The problem of structural control using active TMD is fromulated using classical feedback control theory. Using simple numerical examples, it is shown that an addition of active control forces to TMD systems can lead to significant improvement in displacement and acceleration reductions. Furthermore, TMD stroke requirement can also be significantly reduced with added active control element.
Selective Catalytic C–H Alkylation of Alkenes with Alcohols

Alkenes and alcohols are among the most abundant and commonly used organic feedstock in industrial processes. We report a selective catalytic alkylation reaction of alkenes with alcohols that forms a carbon-carbon bond between vinyl carbon-hydrogen (C-H) and carbon-hydroxy centers with the concomitant loss of water. The cationic ruthenium complex [(C(6)H(6))(PCy(3))(CO)RuH](+)BF(4)(-) (Cy, cyclohexyl) catalyzes the alkylation in solution within 2 to 8 hours at temperatures ranging from 75° to 110°C and tolerates a broad range of substrate functionality, including amines and carbonyls. Preliminary mechanistic studies are inconsistent with Friedel-Crafts-type electrophilic activation of the alcohols, suggesting instead a vinyl C-H activation pathway with opposite electronic polarization.
Condensin II Promotes the Formation of Chromosome Territories by Inducing Axial Compaction of Polyploid Interphase Chromosomes

The eukaryotic nucleus is both spatially and functionally partitioned. This organization contributes to the maintenance, expression, and transmission of genetic information. Though our ability to probe the physical structure of the genome within the nucleus has improved substantially in recent years, relatively little is known about the factors that regulate its organization or the mechanisms through which specific organizational states are achieved. Here, we show that Drosophila melanogaster Condensin II induces axial compaction of interphase chromosomes, globally disrupts interchromosomal interactions, and promotes the dispersal of peri-centric heterochromatin. These Condensin II activities compartmentalize the nucleus into discrete chromosome territories and indicate commonalities in the mechanisms that regulate the spatial structure of the genome during mitosis and interphase.
Exclusion of meal periods from ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring May improve diagnosis of esophageal acid reflux

Distal esophageal pH less than 4 is frequently seen during meal ingestion in 24-hr ambulatory pH monitoring for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The characteristics of this meal-related apparent reflux without diet restriction was evaluated. Data from normal volunteers (N=21) and consecutive patients (N=66) referred with heartburn and/or chest pain were studied with ambulatory pH monitoring. The median percent times pH<4 in the distal esophagus were significantly greater in symptomatic patients than controls for total 24-hr, upright, and supine periods, and postprandial periods of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min (P values of 0.007–0.03). However, the median percent time pH<4 during the meal periods was the same for patients (4.4%) and for controls (6.6%) withP=0.23. Excluding the meal periods from analysis resulted in greater separation between controls and patients with abnormal acid exposure when compared to the conventional method. Patients should maintain their usual routine without diet restriction during 24-hr ambulatory pH studies in the clinical setting. Furthermore, exclusion of meal periods can eliminate meal-time pH variabilities without affecting postprandial acid exposure and improve the diagnosis of GERD.
Neovascularization of the iris (rubeosis iridis)

This is a review of neovascularization of the iris and the neovascular glaucoma that often follows. With the aging of our population, this has become a more frequent cause of blindness and enucleation of eyes. Iris neovascularization is never primary, but is always secondary to other ocular disorders. The pathology is described based on the study of 110 globes. Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment are discussed.
Single-parameter blackjack betting systems inspired by scatter search

This paper develops a new idea, traces, which speeds up the search for candidate Blackjack betting systems by >400X. We then use traces to enable a new application of scatter search, which identifies alternative betting systems that are statistically identical to the best professional ones and exceed others in mean betting returns in a study of 21 systems.
Linear Stability Analysis of Laser-Driven Spherical Implosions

A linear approximation method has been developed to study the stability of spherically symmetric hydrodynamic motion. Application of this technique to laser-driven spherical implosions indicates that the implosions are linearly unstable to perturbations at the ablating surface.
Model testing: examining parent satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to test a model predicting social–psychological determinants of parent satisfaction with children's mental health services. Model concepts were parents' characteristics, definition of situation, desired services, expectations, met desires, met expectations, and satisfaction. The sample included 120 parents of children, ages 3–18 years, admitted to one of five treatment programs. With minor changes, results of structural equation modeling indicated a good fit between the data and the proposed relationships. The strongest predictor of parent satisfaction was met expectations; however, inclusion of the desire concepts was essential in obtaining a strong, acceptable model fit.
Liquid-glass transition, a free-volume approach

The free-volume model, which has been useful for describing the behavior of the viscosity $\ensuremath{\eta}$ of dense liquids and glasses, is extended to account for their thermodynamic behavior as well. Experimental results for the heat capacity ${C}_{p}$ and the volume $\overline{v}$ show that the system falls out of complete, metastable thermodynamic equilibrium at the glass transition temperature ${T}_{g}$. As a first step in understanding these universal phenomena, a theory of the underlying metastable phase, the amorphous phase, is developed. Recent molecular-dynamic calculations demonstrating the existence of a cellular structure in liquids and the properties of the local free energy of the molecular cells permit us to formulate more precisely and justify in more detail the standard free-volume model. In particular, it is possible to define the free volume and distinguish solid-like and liquidlike cells. This leads to the introduction of percolation theory, which is used to describe the gradual development of the communal entropy of the amorphous phase. We then determine the probability distribution of the cellular volume as a function of the fraction of liquidlike cells, $p$. The equilibrium liquid-glass transition is associated with the increase of $p$ with temperature. This occurs via a phase transition which is most probably first order. The results of our theory give a generalized equation for the viscosity which agrees accurately with experimental results at all temperatures. Results for ${C}_{p}$ and $\overline{v}$ are also obtained. This equilibrium theory can provide the basis for a relaxation theory of the kinetic effects observed around and below ${T}_{g}$. The relationship between the entropy theory and the free-volume model is also clarified.
Endoscopic comparison of cimetidine and sucralfate for prevention of naproxen-induced acute gastroduodenal injury. Effect of scoring method.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced gastroduodenal mucosal damage observed endoscopically is usually categorized as hemorrhages, erosions, or ulcerations. We undertook this study to determine whether the injury produced by a commonly prescribed NSAID, naproxen, could be reduced by cotherapy with sucralfate or cimetidine and to determine how dependent the differences in the degree of protection against mucosal injury measured were on the scoring system used. Four groups of 20 healthy volunteers with endoscopically normal gastric and duodenal mucosa received naproxen (500 mg twice a day) plus cimetidine (300 mg four times a day or 400 mg twice a day), sucralfate (1 g four times a day), or placebo for seven days. After seven days of therapy, a second endoscopy was performed. Separate scoring systems were used for the presence of hemorrhages, erosions, and a combination of both types of injury. There were significantly fewer mucosal hemorrhages present when naproxen and cimetidine were administered than when naproxen was administered with placebo or sucralfate (placebo vs 300 mg cimetidine, P=0.04, and placebo vs 400 mg cimetidine, P=0.006, placebo vs sucralfate, P=0.26). Both cimetidine dosages resulted in significantly fewer hemorrhages than were present following cotherapy of naproxen and sucralfate (P<0.05). In contrast, there was no discernible difference in the mucosal injury between placebo and any drug or between any two active therapies when the injury was evaluated based on the presence of gastric erosions. Duodenal damage was infrequent and slight following naproxen administration; erosions were present in all drug treatment groups but were numerous in only 10% (two of 20) of naproxen-placebotreated subjects, and there was no significant difference between any two groups. The scoring system that used the combination of hemorrhages and erosions showed that the naproxen-placebo group had significantly more duodenal injury than either 400-mg cimetidine or sucralfate group (P<0.02, for each). We conclude that the coadministration of either H2-receptor antagonists or sucralfate fails to produce any clinically meaningful reduction in naproxen-induced acute gastroduodenal mucosal erosion or ulceration and that reliance on reductions in endoscopic damages scores either based on, or heavily influenced by, hemorrhages (or hemorrhages plus erythema) may provide misleading information to the clinician.
Learning to rank with a novel kernel perceptron method

While conventional ranking algorithms, such as the PageRank, rely on the web structure to decide the relevancy of a web page, learning to rank seeks a function capable of ordering a set of instances using a supervised learning approach. Learning to rank has gained increasing popularity in information retrieval and machine learning communities. In this paper, we propose a novel nonlinear perceptron method for rank learning. The proposed method is an online algorithm and simple to implement. It introduces a kernel function to map the original feature space into a nonlinear space and employs a perceptron method to minimize the ranking error by avoiding converging to a solution near the decision boundary and alleviating the effect of outliers in the training dataset. Furthermore, unlike existing approaches such as RankSVM and RankBoost, the proposed method is scalable to large datasets for online learning. Experimental results on benchmark corpora show that our approach is more efficient and achieves higher or comparable accuracies in instance ranking than state of the art methods such as FRank, RankSVM and RankBoost.
Superovulation and embryo transfer in cattle

About 17,000 bovine pregnancies were produced by superovulation and embryo transfer in North America in 1979. The major use of these techniques is to increase the reproductive rate of valuable cows. Other applications include circumventing infertility, exporting embryos, and testing potential carriers for Mendelian recessive alleles. Cryopreservation of embryos is beginning to be used commercially, and sexing embryos before transfer may soon become routine.
Surface-Linked Molecular Monolayers of an Engineered Myoglobin: Structure, Stability, and Function

The maintenance of active conformation and biological function is important for the development of solid substrate immobilized biomacromolecules for material applications. A protein monolayer was obtained on SiO2 substrates by chemically linking a site-directed mutant of sperm whale myoglobin, A126C, which has a unique and reactive cysteine residue on its surface, to a thiol specific functional group on the silane-derivatized substrates. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of this protein monolayer suggests that a native-like secondary structure is retained for the immobilized myoglobin. In addition, the immobolized myoglobin retains its ability to bind carbon monoxide. Structural changes in the surface-bound protein were examined under variation of temperature, pH, urea concentration, and ethanol content by UV−vis absorption spectroscopy. The densely packed protein, roughly 60% surface coverage of the substrate, is as resilient to high temperature, low-pH environment, and high concentration of...
Salt-Induced Aggregation of a Monoclonal Human Immunoglobulin G1

Physical stability is critical for any therapeutic protein's efficacy and economic viability. No reliable theory exists to predict stability de novo, and modeling aggregation is challenging as this phenomenon can involve orientation effects, unfolding, and the rearrangement of noncovalent bonds inter- and intramolecularly in a complex sequence of poorly understood events. Despite this complexity, the simple observation of protein concentration-dependent diffusivity in stable, low ionic-strength solutions can provide valuable information about a protein's propensity to aggregate at higher salt concentrations and over longer times. We recently verified this notion using two model proteins, and others have shown that this strategy may be applicable to antibodies as well. Here, we expand our previous study to a monoclonal human immunoglobulin G1 antibody and discuss both merits and limitations of stability assessments based on the diffusional virial coefficient kD. We find this parameter to be a good predictor of relative protein stability in solutions of different chaotropic salts, and a telling heuristic for the effect of kosmotropes. Both temperature and glycosylation are seen to have a strong influence on kD, and we examine how these factors affect stability assessments. Protein unfolding is monitored with a fluorescence assay to assist in interpreting the observed aggregation rates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:377–386, 2013
A stability criterion for feedback systems with one nonlinear element

The paper investigates the stability of feedback systems with one nonlinear element whose input-output characteristic is contained within a sector of the input-output plane. The results are applicable to any nonlinearity within a given sector and the conditions for global asymptotic stability are necessary if the exact analytic description of the nonlinearity is not available. The conditions for asymptotic stability are related to the Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria for linear systems.
Training, proctoring, credentialing in endoscopic surgery

SummaryAlthough the procedures of endoscopic surgery are in many ways, simply a new way of approaching old, familiar problems, certain technical aspects are sufficiently different enough from the common experience of the general surgeon so as to require special training and certification for competency. The introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy worldwide showed that many aspects of endoscopic surgery deserved emphasis in training. These include the unique instruments, equipment, and techniques associated with videoendoscopic procedures and, perhaps of even greater importance, the differences in anatomic exposure and perspective afforded by the laparoscope [1–4]. Surgeons used to working in a three-dimensional environment with extensive tactile sensation were forced to learn to operate at a distance from the target tissue using instruments that provided much less feel for the tissues. Direct visualization of the operative field was replaced by a narrow field of view and a magnified, two-dimensional ...
Optimal Use of Energy Storage Systems with Renewable Energy Sources

Abstract This article proposes a multi-period optimization to study the technical and economic effects of the placement and use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Energy Storage Systems (ESS) in an electrical network. As the RES penetrations increase, their inherent variability affects the actual amounts of energy dispatched, their contribution to decrease emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases, and the overall welfare effects they may have. Moreover, to better harness the energy from renewable sources, both new methodologies and technologies need to be adopted, counteracting the variability and uncertainty of these sources. A possible solution to the challenges of RES adoption is the coupling to energy storage sources, either as dedicated facilities on the supply side, or supporting the accommodation of loads to the available generation on the demand side. This paper suggests an algorithm for network dispatch, aimed at answering some of fundamental changes in the way the system is managed and discusses analytical characteristics of the optimal solution. The proposed methodology is applied to a case study. Four scenarios are analyzed in their dispatches, estimating the welfare effects on the participants in the wholesale market for a modified IEEE 30-bus network with wind energy as the RES in penetrations close to 15%. The policy implications from the results obtained prove that, first, ESS can decrease the ramping necessary for load following, but not necessarily increase the amount of wind energy used, and second, congestion patterns in the electrical network play a crucial role in the final effectiveness of the RES and ESS. These are important insights into an ongoing debate on how to direct storage and renewable energy investments for a low carbon economy.
A model for shape generation by strain and cell-cell adhesion in the epithelium of an arthropod leg segment

We present a model for the energetic factors determining the most stable shape of a tubular epithelium such as the hypodermis of an arthropod leg segment. The model uses the analysis by Steinberg (1963) of rearrangement of cells in aggregates under the influence of differential adhesion, combining this analysis with the assumption that the epithelium behaves as an elastic sheet. The epithelium is assumed to consist of blocks of cells with different adhesive affinities, which remain unmixed in a quilt pattern. Rearrangement of cells within each block can adjust the shape of the tube by changing the shapes of the blocks. By means of such rearrangements the tube develops that shape which minimizes a free energy. The free energy is the difference between the energy of mechanical strain due to bending of the epithelium and the work of adhesion among cells. Minimization of the free energy for a cylindrical segment yields a scaling relation involving the length and radius of the segment. Leg segments of Drosophila conformed approximately to this relation, with deviations which suggest that a whole-limb pattern of adhesive affinities modulates the shaping effects of an adhesive pattern repeated in each leg segment. The model also predicts a transient deformation in an epithelium following a grafting operation. For example, deleting a slab of tissue from a tubular segment and reuniting the cut ends should produce a constriction of the tube at the host-graft junction. We propose that patterns of strain and adhesion can provide positional information which regulates subsequent development. Local increases in strain or adhesive disparity may stimulate mitoses; the resulting changes in distribution of cells will affect morphogenesis.
Macroeconomists and Presidential Policy: a Review Essay

rT ^HE EMPLOYMENT ACT of 1946 formally institutionalized the association of professional economics and presidential policy making. The statute declared the "responsibility of the Federal Government to use all practicable means" to encourage "maximum employment, production, and purchasing power," given that such encouragement was consistent with other essential national purposes, was coordinated with industry, agriculture, labor, state and local government, and was undertaken in a "manner calculated to foster and promote free competitive enterprise and the general welfare." Along with increased responsibility, the Employment Act also created a new organ, a Council of Economic Advisers situated within the Executive Office of the President, which in turn further spawned complementary and competing centers of economic advice in the budget bureau, the Treasury, and in nearly every department and agency with a potential impact upon private market outcomes. The apparatus of American government has become infiltrated by economists, generous with their expertise and loyal to their discipline, seeking to guide public policies in the pursuit of overall efficiency, stability, and growth. Many of these economic advisers serve only temporarily, and upon returning to their home universities they often write of their experiences. This paper will review three such recent efforts. Hargrove and Morley's The President and the Council of Economic Advisers contains edited interviews with ten former CEA chairmen, covering the period 1949 through 1980. Herbert Stein was a Council member and later chairman under President Nixon. Paul Craig Roberts was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy during the first two years of the Reagan administration. There is much of intrinsic, historical interest in these insider accounts of Executive branch policy-making. There are, in addition, marked ideological contrasts across them: the Hargrove-Morley volume essentially chronicles the rise, triumph, and decay of the so-called Keynesian revolution in America;
Computer studies in particle modelling of fluid phenomena

Abstract A new, numerical approach is developed for modelling fluid phenomena. Unlike the continuum and statistical mechanics approaches, it uses relatively small sets of quasi-molecular particles which interact in accordance with classical, molecular-type formulas. Computer examples are described and discussed, as is the potential for modelling turbulent behavior.
Searching for an alternative form of life on Earth

Biologists tacitly assume that all life on Earth descended from a common origin. This assumption is based on biochemical similarities and gene sequencing, which enables organisms to be positioned on a common tree of life. However, most terrestrial organisms are microbes, and it is impossible to deduce their biochemical nature from morphology alone. The vast majority of microbes remain unclassified, leaving open the possibility that some of them might be an alternative form of life, arising either from an independent origin, or representing a hitherto overlooked very ancient branch of the known tree. Thus there may exist an extinct, or even extant, shadow biosphere. I discuss various research proposals for locating and identifying "alien" organisms on Earth, both ecologically separate and ecologically integrated.
A Tale of Two Thailands: A Minskyan Analysis of Growth in Different Regimes

This paper employs a Kaleckian/Minskyan analysis of profit flows to explain Thailand’s experiences of growth and crisis under different policy regimes. Specifically, the paper shows how profits were differently supported under the neoliberal policy regime of the day and a regime of less stable exchange rates and fiscal deficits. The analysis of the components of profit flows is helpful in explaining why capitalist economies oscillate between different types of monetary and fiscal interventions.JEL classification: F41, E60, E12
Personality Patterns of Public School Librarians and Teachers

Personality traits of 43 female public school librarians were compared to traits exhibited by 50 female public school teachers. Differences in personality structure were found to exist on four factors of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire: G and M (p < .05) and I and Q1 (p < .01). Personality of public school librarians and teachers should provide a meaningful variable for study of successful working interaction between the two groups. The implication is that in order to effect a smooth professional relationship between these two groups, school personnel should be aware that a heterogeneity of personality traits does exist.
Reifying communication at the application level

We describe an abstraction for reifying communication in information flow systems. Thus, our goal is not to hide communication, but to represent it explicitly as objects that the program can interrogate and manipulate. Moreover, these objects represent communication in application-level terms, not in terms of network or process implementation.
Error bound for the dynamic lot size model allowing speculative motive

This paper studies the dynamic lot size model with speculative motive for holding inventory being allowed, where speculative motive means that producing a unit in a period and holding it to a future period may be cheaper than producing it at the later time. In a rolling horizon environment, one usually makes decisions for the first few periods based on the forecast data for some fixed time horizon. This fixed time horizon may not be long enough, in the sense that information beyond that time horizon may affect decisions in the first few periods. Hence it is desirable to find a worst-case bound on the error induced by imposing a finite time horizon on the model. This paper shows how to adapt recently developed O(TlogT) algorithms for the model to find an attainable bound. Furthermore, a planning horizon theorem that is more general than that in the literature is also provided.
Tourism and DEVELOPMENTEvidence from Mexico

Abstract Few recent studies of tourism in the third world have explicitly adopted approaches drawing from contemporary theories of the political economy of development. Instead they have either turned away from political economy to alternative approaches or are mainly empirical in nature. This paper contends that some recent strands of development theory hold particular promise in this field and illustrates their use by examining tourism in Mexico over the past 30 years. Specifically, findings suggest that a statist approach, augmented by considerations of the structure of the international tourism industry, help explain both growth and distributional effects in Mexico over that period. ResumeTourisme et developpement: lexemple du Mexique. Peu detudes recentes du tourisme au tiers monde se sont inspirees de maniere explicite des theories contemporaines de leconomie politique de developpement. Elles se sont plutot eloignees de leconomie politique pour sorienter vers dautres champs de recherche, ou elles sont essentiellement empiriques. Cette analyse tente de demontrer que certaines hypotheses de la theorie de developpement sont particulierement utiles pour les etudes touristiques. Cette analyse se sert de ces hypotheses, prenant comme exemple le tourisme au Mexique pendant les trente dernieres annees. Des recherches suggerent quune telle approche etatiste, renforcee par des considerations sur la structure delindustrie touristique internationale, facilite la comprehension des effects du tourisme sur la croissance et la distribution au Mexique.
Statistical estimation of skeletal maturity.

Given a number of developing aspects of the skeletal system that may be used as indicators of maturity, some combination rule is required to produce a single numerical description of skeletal maturity from data on several such indicators. In the RWT system for estimation of skeletal maturity from indicators in the knee, a nonlinear statistical model for graded data is used for this purpose. In the application of a similar model in the FELS system for the hand-wrist, the estimation procedure was extended to include continuous as well as graded indicators. This paper describes the statistical estimation procedure used, with illustrations drawn from the hand-wrist system.
A Validation of Extraction Methods for Noninvasive Sampling of Glucocorticoids in Free‐Living Ground Squirrels

Abstract Fecal hormone assays provide a powerful tool for noninvasive monitoring of endocrine status in wild animals. In this study we validated a protocol for extracting and measuring glucocorticoids in free‐living and captive Belding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). We first compared two commonly used extraction protocols to determine which performed better with commercially available antibodies. We next verified the preferred extraction method by correlating circulating and fecal glucocorticoid measures from a group of individuals over time. For this comparison, we used both a cortisol and a corticosterone antibody to determine which had greater affinity to the fecal metabolites. Cortisol was the primary circulating glucocorticoid, but both hormones were present in well above detectable concentrations in the blood, which does not occur in other sciurids. In addition, the cortisol antibody showed greater binding with the fecal extracts than did the corticosterone antibody. Finally, we used ad...
The zinc finger protein A20 targets TRAF2 to the lysosomes for degradation

The zinc finger-containing protein A20 is a negative regulator of TNF-induced JNK (c-Jun-N-terminal kinase) and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) signaling. A20 is an unusual enzyme that contains both ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating activities. Although A20 is mostly localized in the cytosol, our recent studies reveal that a fraction of A20 can associate with a lysosome-interacting compartment in a manner that requires its carboxy terminal zinc fingers, but independent of its ubiquitin modifying activities. Whether the lysosome-associated A20 has a function in cellular signaling is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that A20 is capable of targeting an associated signaling molecule such as TRAF2 to the lysosomes for degradation. This process is dependent on the membrane tethering zinc finger domains of A20, but does not require A20 ubiquitin modifying activity. Our findings suggest a novel mode of A20 action that involves lysosomal targeting of signal molecules bound to A20.
Dressed-state resonant coupling between bright and dark spins in diamond.

Under ambient conditions, spin impurities in solid-state systems are found in thermally mixed states and are optically ‘‘dark’’; i.e., the spin states cannot be optically controlled. Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are an exception in that the electronic spin states are ‘‘bright’’; i.e., they can be polarized by optical pumping, coherently manipulated with spin-resonance techniques, and read out optically, all at room temperature. Here we demonstrate a scheme to resonantly couple bright NV electronic spins to dark substitutional-nitrogen (P1) electronic spins by dressing their spin states with oscillating magnetic fields. This resonant coupling mechanism can be used to transfer spin polarization from NV spins to nearby dark spins and could be used to cool a mesoscopic bath of dark spins to near-zero temperature, thus providing a resource for quantum information and sensing, and aiding studies of quantum effects in many-body spin systems.
Evolutionarily Divergent Type II Protein Arginine Methyltransferase in Trypanosoma brucei

Protein arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification that impacts cellular functions, such as RNA processing, transcription, DNA repair, and signal transduction. The majority of our knowledge regarding arginine methylation derives from studies of yeast and mammals. Here, we describe a protein arginine N-methyltransferase (PRMT), TbPRMT5, from the early-branching eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei. TbPRMT5 shares the greatest sequence similarity with PRMT5 and Skb1 type II enzymes from humans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, respectively, although it is significantly divergent at the amino acid level from its mammalian and yeast counterparts. Recombinant TbPRMT5 displays broad substrate specificity in vitro, including methylation of a mitochondrial-gene-regulatory protein, RBP16. TbPRMT5 catalyzes the formation of omega-N(G)-monomethylarginine and symmetric omega-N(G),N(G')-dimethylarginine and does not require trypanosome cofactors for this activity. These data establish that type II PRMTs evolved early in the eukaryotic lineage. In vivo, TbPRMT5 is constitutively expressed in the bloodstream form and procyclic-form (insect host) life stages of the parasite and localizes to the cytoplasm. Genetic disruption via RNA interference in procyclic-form trypanosomes indicates that TbPRMT5 is not essential for growth in this life cycle stage. TbPRMT5-TAP ectopically expressed in procyclic-form trypanosomes is present in high-molecular-weight complexes and associates with an RG domain-containing DEAD box protein related to yeast Ded1 and two kinetoplastid-specific proteins. Thus, TbPRMT5 is likely to be involved in novel methylation-regulated functions in trypanosomes, some of which may include RNA processing and/or translation.
Risk of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome/acute leukemia following high-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Background: Several recent reports have suggested that patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) who undergo autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) are at increased risk of developing therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (tMDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (tAML). Patients and methods: We analyzed 493 patients with NHL who underwent ASCT at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between January 1990 and August 1999. Results: With a median follow-up time of 21 months after HDT, 22 patients developed persistent cytopenia in at least one cell line with morphologic or cytogenetic evidence of tMDS or tAML. Univariate analysis identified prior fludarabine therapy, bone marrow involvement with lymphoma, and total body irradiation (TBI) as significant risk factors for the development of tMDS/tAML (P <0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TBI was independently associated with an increased risk of developing tMDS/tAML (P <0.01). Further analysis of the patients who received TBI revealed that patients receiving TBI in combination with cyclophosphamide and etoposide were more likely to develop tMDS/tAML than those who received TBI with cyclophosphamide or thiotepa (P <0.01). The median survival of patients developing tMDS/tAML was 7.5 months (range 0–32 months). Conclusions: TBI, especially when used in combination with cyclophosphamide and etoposide as the pretransplant conditioning regimen, is a significant risk factor for the development of tMDS/tAML.
D-Dimer Measurements Unhelpful for Ruling In DIC

Physicians often use D-dimer assay results to corroborate the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). We determined whether the results of this nonspecific assay helped to diagnose DIC in a group of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (a setting in which patients are often evaluated for this condition). We defined DIC in accordance with the following findings: systemic bleeding, prothrombin time (PT) more than 3 seconds above the reference range (or both); a fibrinogen level less than 150 mg/dL (1.5 g/L); and a platelet count less than 100 × 103/μL (100 × 109/L). For each patient, we calculated the Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score for illness and measured the PT, fibrinogen level, platelet count, and (semiquantitative) D-dimer level. The D-dimer result was positive in 31 of 50 patients (62%); for all 50 patients, the PT, fibrinogen level, and platelet count were within the reference ranges. None of these patients had clinical or laboratory evidence of DIC. We found no correlation between D-dimer results and (1) clinically observed deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus; and (2) PT, level of fibrinogen, or platelet count. The mean ± SD APACHE II scores of D-dimer–negative patients were lower than those of the D-dimer–positive patients (13.4 ± 1.4 vs 16.2 ± 1.1, P = .006) but did not correlate with the degree of D-dimer positivity. The mean ± SD fibrinogen level of the D-dimer–negative group (456 ± 295 mg/dL [4.6 ± 3.0 g/L]) was not significantly different from that of the D-dimer–positive group (393 ± 187 mg/dL [3.9 ± 1.9 g/L], P = .36). We conclude that D-dimer levels are elevated in most critically ill patients irrespective of their hemostatic or thrombotic symptoms. The D-dimer assay should not be used to diagnose DIC in this patient population because it adds no specificity; it should be used only to rule out DIC.
Bambi meets Godzilla: object databases for scientific computing

Object-oriented databases (OODBs) are in many ways a better match for scientific data management than conventional record-oriented database systems. User-defined datatypes reduce the encoding going from a scientific domain to the database. Direct support for complex objects is useful for capturing hierarchical structures, such as molecules. OODBs generally have collection types, such as lists and arrays, that are a better basis than sets for the dimensional data common in scientific applications. Their inherent extensibility seems a good match for handling new kinds of metadata, and having behavior definable in the database permits transparent access to existing data in multiple formats via a common object model. We describe our experiences with using BODBs for scientific data, in the domains of computational chemistry, and materials science. We deal with areas that need improvement for OODBs to support scientific applications. >
Performance of a combined magnetron pump-gauge at ultrahigh vacuum

Abstract This paper reports experimental results on 3 magnetron pump-gauges designed to combine the properties of UHV magnetron pumps and magnetron gauges into a single device with a portable (battery operated) power supply. The pump-gauges had a renewable cathode of Ti and were useful in the pressure range 7 × 10−9 to 1.5 × 10−4 Pa. As gauges, the sensitivities were about 1.5 × 10−2 A Pa−1. As pumps, the speeds were about 0.15 litre s−1 for Kr.