cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gravitational Properties of Antimatter

In classical gravitational physics a particle couples to the local gravitational potential with a strength known as its “gravitational mass”(1 2). In principle, the gravitational mass is physically distinct from the inertial mass, which is a kinematic property of the particle. Together they determine the particle’s gravitational acceleration. There would be no violation of CPT-symmetry if a particle and its antiparticle should fall with different accelerations in the same gravitational potential. (By “gravity” we mean all forces other than the strong, electromagnetic and weak ones of macroscopic range and gravitational strength.) Specifically, CPT-symmetry equates the gravitational acceleration of a particle towards a particular source with that of its antiparticle towards an “anti-source”. That is, a proton falls towards the earth with the same acceleration that an antiproton has towards an “anti-earth”. CPT does not tell us how an antiproton falls towards our earth. However, a different behavior of an antiproton from a proton in the earth’s gravitational field would violate the weak equivalence (3) principle of classical physics.
Equilibrium, Force and Acceleration

In the previous reading selection, Galileo demonstrated that the distance traveled by a uniformly accelerating body during a given time interval is equal to the distance traveled by a body in uniform motion whose speed is the average speed of the accelerating body. This is known as the mean speed theorem. If, as Galileo claims, falling bodies are undergoing uniform acceleration, then the mean speed theorem can be readily employed to find a relationship between the time of fall and the distance fallen. In particular, this implies that the distance fallen is proportional to the square of the time of fall. For example, a body travels nine times farther during a 3 s fall than during a 1 s fall. But do falling bodies, in fact, undergo uniform acceleration? To test his hypothesis Galileo measured the time it took for balls to roll down smooth ramps of various inclinations. He found that they did experience uniform acceleration, but that their accelerations were less than that of the same body falling straight down. What, then, is the relationship between the acceleration of a rolling body and the slope of the inclined plane?
Coulomb excitation of Yb nuclei

Multiple Coulomb excitation measurements have been performed with $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ projectiles on $^{168,170,172,174,176}\mathrm{Yb}$, Measured $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray yields were compared to the Winther-deBoer calculations in order to extract $B(E2)$ and $B(E3)$ values to vibrational and rotational states. The ${2}^{+}$ member of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-vibrational band was observed in all the nuclei, the ${4}^{+}$ member in three cases, and excited ${0}^{+}$ states in $^{168,170,172,174}\mathrm{Yb}$. The $B(E2;{0}^{+\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{2}^{+})$ values from ${0}^{+}$ states at 1228 keV in $^{170}\mathrm{Yb}$ and 1154 keV in $^{168}\mathrm{Yb}$ are in excess of one single-particle unit, the first such cases observed in Yb nuclei. $B(E3)$ values to octupole states were deduced for $^{172,174}\mathrm{Yb}$. Members of the ground state rotational band up to $I=8$ were excited in each nucleus. The measured yield of the ${8}^{+}$ state relative to that of the ${6}^{+}$ level is compared to calculations and discussed for the five nuclei studied.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{168,170,172,174,176}\mathrm{Yb}$($^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$), $E=58\ensuremath{-}62$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$. $^{168,170,172,174,176}\mathrm{Yb}$ deduced levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $B(E2)$, $B(E3)$. Enriched targets; Ge(Li) detector.
Engineering efficient xylose metabolism into an acetic acid-tolerant Zymomonas mobilis strain by introducing adaptation-induced mutations

The impact of the two adaptation-induced mutations in an improved xylose-fermenting Zymomonas mobilis strain was investigated. The chromosomal mutation at the xylose reductase gene was critical to xylose metabolism by reducing xylitol formation. Together with the plasmid-borne mutation impacting xylose isomerase activity, these two mutations accounted for 80 % of the improvement achieved by adaptation. To generate a strain fermenting xylose in the presence of high acetic acid concentrations, we transferred the two mutations to an acetic acid-tolerant strain. The resulting strain fermented glucose + xylose (each at 5 % w/v) with 1 % (w/v) acetic acid at pH 5.8 to completion with an ethanol yield of 93.4 %, outperforming other reported strains. This work demonstrated the power of applying molecular understanding in strain improvement.
Racial and socioeconomic differences in psychiatric symptoms in nursing home residents: a minimum data set-based pilot study.

Background Little research has explored racial and socioeconomic differences in the presence, detection, and treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing home residents. Objective To evaluate racial and socioeconomic differences on mood and behavior Minimum Data Set (MDS) recorded symptoms, MDS recorded psychiatric diagnoses, and MDS identified psychotropic medication use. Methods Data were obtained through a cross-sectional review of MDS data of 290 African-American and white residents of 2 nursing homes. The association between age, gender, race, and pay status with mood and behavior patterns, psychiatric diagnoses, and use of psychotropic medication was evaluated. Results White residents were more likely than African American residents to have MDS recorded psychiatric diagnoses (odds ratio, OR = 3.24), but there were no significant racial differences in recorded mood or behavior symptomatology or in the pharmacologic treatment of mental illness. Medicaid recipients were more likely than nonrecipients to have behavior symptoms (OR=2.09), have a psychiatric diagnosis (OR=2.91), and receive psychotropic medications in the absence of a psychiatric diagnosis (OR=3.62). Conclusion Pay status was associated with recorded symptoms, diagnoses, and medications, but racial differences were found only for recorded diagnoses.
Deception in Business Networks: Is It Easier to Lie Online?

This article synthesizes research presented in several models of unethical behavior to develop propositions about the factors that facilitate and mitigate deception in online business communications. The work expands the social network perspective to incorporate the medium of communication as a significant influence on deception. We go beyond existing models by developing seven propositions that identify how social network and issue moral intensity characteristics influence the probability of deception in online business communication in comparison to traditional communication channels. Remedies to detect and discourage deception in online business networks are also offered, as well as limitations and future research directions.
Mutations to the piRNA pathway component aubergine enhance meiotic drive of segregation distorter in Drosophila melanogaster.

Diploid sexual reproduction involves segregation of allelic pairs, ensuring equal representation of genotypes in the gamete pool. Some genes, however, are able to “cheat” the system by promoting their own transmission. The Segregation distorter (Sd) locus in Drosophila melanogaster males is one of the best-studied examples of this type of phenomenon. In this system the presence of Sd on one copy of chromosome 2 results in dysfunction of the non–Sd-bearing (Sd+) sperm and almost exclusive transmission of Sd to the next generation. The mechanism by which Sd wreaks such selective havoc has remained elusive. However, its effect requires a target locus on chromosome 2 known as Responder (Rsp). The Rsp locus comprises repeated copies of a satellite DNA sequence and Rsp copy number correlates with sensitivity to Sd. Under distorting conditions during spermatogenesis, nuclei with chromosomes containing greater than several hundred Rsp repeats fail to condense chromatin and are eliminated. Recently, Rsp sequences were found as small RNAs in association with Argonaute family proteins Aubergine (Aub) and Argonaute3 (AGO3). These proteins are involved in a germline-specific RNAi mechanism known as the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway, which specifically suppresses transposon activation in the germline. Here, we evaluate the role of piRNAs in segregation distortion by testing the effects of mutations to piRNA pathway components on distortion. Further, we specifically targeted mutations to the aub locus of a Segregation Distorter (SD) chromosome, using ends-out homologous recombination. The data herein demonstrate that mutations to piRNA pathway components act as enhancers of SD.
A search for hard X-ray microflares near solar minimum

Near solar maximum, hard X-ray microflares with peak 20 keV fluxes of ≳10−2 (cm2 s keV)−1, more than ten times smaller than for typical flares and subflares, can occur at the rate of about once every five minutes. We report here on a search for hard X-ray microflares made on a long duration balloon flight in February 1987 near solar minimum, at a time when no active regions were on the Sun. No microflares were observed over a total observing time of 16.5 hours spread over three days, implying a statistical upper limit to their rate of occurrence about a factor often lower than observed near solar maximum. Thus hard X-ray microflaring appears to be an active region phenomenon, and apparently not associated with flaring of soft X-ray bright points.
Helium diffraction from metal surfaces: Elimination of a class of potentials

For helium diffraction from surfaces, Esbjerg and Norskov proposed a helium-atom potential proportional to the surface electronic charge density V(r) = ..cap alpha..rho(r). This potential, however, has been unable to explain the experimental Ni(110) corrugations. We consider possible modifications to this potential, changing the proportionality constant, nonlinearity, and nonlocality (gradient terms). Combining these modifications, we derive a potential of the form V(r) = E(rho)+..beta..del/sup 2/rho which accurately describes experiential helium--rare-gas potentials in the diffraction region. However, calculations for Ni(110) show that the modified potential is also unable to explain the helium Ni(110) potential corrugations or helium physisorption well depths.
Characterization of a polyimide siloxane by thermal analysis

Abstract Films of a polyimide siloxane copolymer in a thickness of 20 × 10−3 in have been characterized using thermal analysis. The thermal stability and the kinetics of decomposition have been investigated by thermogravimetry. The activation energy of decomposition was calculated to be about 1.7 eV. The approximate lifetime of the copolymer at different elevated temperatures was also estimated. The glass transition has been mutually examined by differential scanning calorimetry, thermomechanical analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. It was found that the glass transition temperature depends not only on heating rates but also on loading conditions. It can be derived that the mechanism of the glass transition in this copolymer involves two interconnected steps, namely, volume change and phase ordering.
A new galactose test for differentiation of obstructive from parenchymatous jaundice

1. An intravenous galactose clearance test is offered as a relatively accurate measure of the glycogenic function of the liver. 2. This test proved in our experience to be of great diagnostic value in distinguishing between extrahepatic obstructive jaundice and intrahepatic parenchymatous jaundice. Repeated tests were of prognostic value especially in acute hepatitis. 3. The galactose clearance test consistently demonstrated impaired liver function in hepatic cirrhosis, but showed little or no functional impairment in carcinoma of the liver. 4. Galactose clearance was normal in most cases of uncomplicated diabetes but was markedly impaired in cases characterized by “insulin resistance.” 5. The galactose clearance was normal, or nearly normal, in most cases of hyperthyroidism even when the post-absorptive galactose blood values were very high. 6. A comparison of the intravenous galactose clearance test with other liver function tests (the icterus index, the rose bengal test, the oral hippuric acid test, and the prothrombin level) was made in obstructive jaundice, in acute hepatitis and in cirrhosis of the liver.
Effect of protein content of the diet on scent marking and over-marking behavior in meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus

Summary Differences in the protein content of individuals may affect their response to signals produced by opposite-sex conspecifics and how opposite-sex conspecifics respond to the individual’s own signals. Many terrestrial mammals use over-marks to communicate with potential mates. In this study, we determined whether over-marking behavior is affected by the protein content of the top- and bottom-scent donors of an over-mark. We tested two hypotheses by performing two experiments on meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in which the top- or bottomscent donors of an over-mark were fed a diet containing either 9, 13, or 22% protein; these protein concentrations are similar to those that voles may consume in free-living populations. In experiment 1, we varied the protein content of the top-scent voles but not that of the bottom-scent donor. We tested the hypothesis that top-scent donor voles fed a diet high in protein content deposit more scent marks and more over-marks than do top-scent donor voles fed diets lower in protein content. In experiment 2, the top-scent voles were fed a 22% protein diet but the protein content of the diet of the bottom-scent donor varied. We tested the hypothesis that the top-scent donor will deposit more scent marks if the bottom-scent vole was fed a diet high in protein content than if it was fed a diet lower in protein content. Protein content of the top-scent vole’s diet did not affect the number of scent marks and over-marks it deposited. Likewise, the protein content of the bottom-scent vole did not affect the number of scent marks and over-marks deposited by the top-scent vole.
An Inquiry into Inquiries and a Representation of Representations

We far too often assume that, in the normal relation between states and group identities, a state wishing to treat persons as neutral individuals is confronted by the historical residue of extra-state identities. In fact, virtually all states are deeply implicated in the perpetual reinvention of categories that organize, hierarchize, and divide their populations. A relatively benign example close to home is the optional ethnicity survey mailed out to prospective job applicants in connection with affirmative action policies. The survey confronts me with the options of throwing it in the wastebasket (which seems uncooperative), declaring my ethnicity to be "white" (which I regard as absurd), and writing in the category "Jewish" (which will probably make my response statistically irrelevant). Sometimes I choose the first course and sometimes the third; in any case the impact on my career or on academic hiring policies is minimal. In other situations, and in other parts of the world, the state imposes identities or defines the available options in ways that have greater, often devastating, impact on peoples' lives. Recent books by Adam Ashforth and Virginia Dominguez deal with two such situations, in the process charting new territory for critical social research.
Development of a Fastener Structural Element Test for Certifying Navy Fastener Materials

New materials intended for use in critical U.S. Navy applications are evaluated by a Fracture Toughness Review Process (FTRP) for acceptability. In addition to developing data on the mechanical properties, fatigue life, and fracture toughness, the FTRP requires that a representative structural element test be performed to verify that the material can withstand plastic deformation at high loading rates in the presence of a detectable flaw. A Fastener Structural Element Test (FSET) has been developed to certify fastener materials such that the results of fracture mechanics testing on candidate alloys can be verified. The testing required the development of a suitable specimen that best represented a fastener, flaw seeding, and pre-cracking techniques, load and displacement measurement techniques suitable for high loading rates, and material performance acceptance criteria. The complete results of the testing on titanium alloy Ti-5AI-1Sn-1Zr-1V-0.8Mo (a.k.a. Ti-5111) and a Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-Al-Fe alloy will be presented along with the test methodology, data acquisition, and analysis details. The challenges encountered and areas that require further refinement will also be discussed.
The Formation of Highly Soluble Oligomers of α-Synuclein Is Regulated by Fatty Acids and Enhanced in Parkinson's Disease

Accumulation of misfolded proteins as insoluble aggregates occurs in several neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), alpha-synuclein (alpha S) accumulates in insoluble inclusions. To identify soluble alpha S oligomers that precede insoluble aggregates, we probed the cytosols of mesencephalic neuronal (MES) cells, normal and alpha S-transgenic mouse brains, and normal, PD, and DLB human brains. All contained highly soluble oligomers of alpha S whose detection was enhanced by delipidation. Exposure of living MES neurons to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased alpha S oligomer levels, whereas saturated FAs decreased them. PUFAs directly promoted oligomerization of recombinant alphaS. Transgenic mice accumulated soluble oligomers with age. PD and DLB brains had elevated amounts of the soluble, lipid-dependent oligomers. We conclude that alpha S interacts with PUFAs in vivo to promote the formation of highly soluble oligomers that precede the insoluble alpha S aggregates associated with neurodegeneration.
A Shallow BTEX and MTBE Contaminated Aquifer Supports a Diverse Microbial Community

Microbial communities in subsurface environments are poorly characterized and the impacts of anthropogenic contamination on their structure and function have not been adequately addressed. The release of contaminant(s) to a previously unexposed environment is often hypothesized to decrease the diversity of the affected community. We characterized the structure of microbial communities along a gradient of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) contamination, resulting from a petroleum spill, within a shallow sandy aquifer at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in Lompoc, CA. Differences in microbial community composition along the contaminant plume were assessed via a combinatorial approach utilizing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning and sequencing, intergenic transcribed spacer analysis (ITS), and comparative phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequences. Substantial bacterial sequence diversity, similar levels of species richness, and similar phylo-groups (including the Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroidetes group and numerous members of the α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and e-groups of the proteobacteria) were observed in both uncontaminated and contaminated regions of the aquifer. High-resolution measures (ITS fingerprinting and phylogenetic inference) readily separated communities impacted by the original petroleum spill (in source zone) from those in other parts of the aquifer and indicated that communities exposed to MTBE only were similar to communities in uncontaminated regions. Collectively, these data suggest that petroleum contamination alters microbial community structure at the species and subspecies level. Further study is required to determine whether these changes have an impact on the functioning of this subsurface ecosystem.
The year's work in international librarianship: 1969

International librarianship has become increasingly important for librarians and library science educators who, by now, should become aware of current developments in librarianship all over the world. A review of international librarianship such as this, should begin with outlining UNESCO’s objectives and programmes for improved library service throughout the world. UNESCO’s efforts in the field of cultural co-operation have been increasing every year in spite of financial difficulties. Only $77,413,500 was allocated by the delegates from 125 member states to execute UNESCO’s programmes for 19691970. In spite of this limited financing to promote culture, education and science in the world community, UNESCO’s programmes for documentation, libraries and archives for 1969-1970 include many ambitious and progressive plans. Among these plans are: the development of documentation and library services for developing countries; mechanization of documentation and library services; and training for librarians and documentalists. Other programmes include : the development of archives in developing countries as a basis for economic and social development; promoting exchange of publications; stimulating book production and distribution in Asia and Africa; and collecting, analysing and publishing statistical data on education, culture, communication, science and technology.
Generalization of the Pati-Salam model

The Pati-Salam model for unified lepton-hadron symmetry is extended to incorporate $\mathrm{SU}{(2l)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2l)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(4)$ gauge symmetry in order to include models containing 4, 6, or more fractionally charged quarks. A symmetry-breaking scheme for the $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(4)$ subgroup containing all known interactions is developed for arbitrary values of $l$. The symmetry-breaking procedure leads to the Weinberg theory of weak interactions in a natural way. The Weinberg angle is expressed in terms of the coupling constants and dimensionality $l$ of the theory. Implications of embedding the $\mathrm{SU}{(2l)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2l)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(4)$ group in a universal gauge group are discussed. In such a model ${{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}}_{W}=\frac{3}{8}$ independent of $l$.
“Over The Shoulder” Guidewire Manipulation Through An Angulated Stenosis Adjacent To A Coronary Aneurysm During High Risk Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty

Angioplasty in the setting of poor left ventricular function may involve coronary anatomy with special challenges to the technique of the operator and the safety of the patient. Spontaneous coronary aneurysms involve a disruption of the tissue of the vessel and the linear geometry of the lumen. This case reports the dilatation of a stenosis traversing a large spontaneous aneurysm in a patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Using a novel guidewire technique to traverse the lesion and a perfusion balloon catheter to slowly dilate it, an excellent angiographic and clinical result was achieved. (J Interven Cardiol 1992; 5:232–330)
Laser neurosurgery: Past, present, and future

The incorporation of the laser into the neurosurgical armamentarium was surprisingly late in comparison to its use in other precise fields, such as ophthalmology and otolaryngology. Since its arrival, however, a veritable revolution in neurological surgery has taken place. The uses of this instrument, present and future, are discussed in their historical perspective. The author proposes an "ideal" laser for neurosurgery.
Side-Jump Mechanism for the Hall Effect of Ferromagnets

The center of mass of a wave packet undergoes a discontinuous and finite sideways displacement on scattering by a central potential, in the presence of spin-orbit interaction. This is the main Hall-effect mechanism (${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{H}\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}$) for Fe, Ni, and their alloys above 100 K, while asymmetric scattering dominates below 100 K. Displacement $\ensuremath{\Delta}y$ per actual collision is calculated by partial waves. In the case of Born expansion, the leading term of $\ensuremath{\Delta}y or \frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{H}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}}$ is of zero order in the scattering potential. The magnitude is predicted correctly ($\ensuremath{\Delta}y\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ m) when using the effective spin-orbit Hamiltonian derived by Fivaz from spin-orbit interband mixing. The calculation of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{H}$ is extended to arbitrary ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}\ensuremath{\tau}$ for compensated and un-compensated metals. Other nonclassical physical mechanisms proposed by Karplus and Luttinger and by Doniach and by Fivaz are spurious for the dc Hall effect.
Environmental policies and issues surrounding holden mine tailings: A case study of an orphaned mine☆

Abstract Holden Mine is an “orphan” mine site in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State. Between 1937 and 1957, $66.5 million in silver, gold, copper, and zinc were extracted from the mine, and 8 million tons of mill tailings were deposited on 90 acres of National Forest land. Studies conducted in 1975 showed these tailings were causing severe pollution of local air, soil, and water. As of 1988, conditions are much the same. In this paper, we examine the environmental conditions at Holden, the laws which should both prevent the recurrence of another Holden situation and require mitigation of the existing problem, and the institutional problems which have allowed the Holden site to go unreclaimed for over 30 years. We show that while strong policy tools exist which could be used to prevent situations like Holden's from occurring again, agencies with environmental responsibilities may be unwilling or unable to use them due to a lack of resources.
Formation of Protocell-like Vesicles in a Thermal Diffusion Column

Many of the properties of bilayer membranes composed of simple single-chain amphiphiles seem to be well-suited for a potential role as primitive cell membranes. However, the spontaneous formation of membranes from such amphiphiles is a concentration-dependent process in which a significant critical aggregate concentration (cac) must be reached. Since most scenarios for the prebiotic synthesis of fatty acids and related amphiphiles would result in dilute solutions well below the cac, the identification of mechanisms that would lead to increased local amphiphile concentrations is an important aspect of defining reasonable conditions for the origin of cellular life. Narrow, vertically oriented channels within the mineral precipitates of hydrothermal vent towers have previously been proposed to act as natural Clusius−Dickel thermal diffusion columns, in which a strong transverse thermal gradient concentrates dilute molecules through the coupling of thermophoresis and convection. Here we experimentally demonst...
Effects of competetive and non-competetive NMDA receptor antagonists in spinal cord injury

Abstract The potential role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury was examined in rats by comparing the effects of the non-competitive NMDA antagonist dextrorphan and the competitive NMDA antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) of the behavioral and anatomical consequences of impact trauma to the spinal cord. Treatment with either dextrorphan or CPP, administered intrathecally 15 min after trauma, significantly improved chronic (4 weeks) behavioral recovery. Treatment with CPP, but not dextrorphan, limited the decline in serotonin below the injury zone, as shown by both immunocytochemistry and high performance liquid chromatography. Beneficial effects of CPP were dose-dependent. Dextrorphan treatment also improved behavioral outcome when the drug was administered intravenously. These studies implicate NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxins in tissue damage following spinal cord trauma and suggest that NMDA antagonists may be of value in the treatment of acute, clinical spinal cord injury.
THE IMPACT OF MANAGED CARE SYSTEMS ON RELAPSE PREVENTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

Abstract In general clinical practice relapse rates for patients with schizophrenia are worse than well-controlled studies suggest are achievable. This paper discusses the reasons for this shortfall and suggests that properly delivered “managed care” could reduce the gap between theory and practice. Shortsighted attempts to limit expenditure can lead to overall increases in expenditure on the care of patients with severe mental illness, as has happened in New Hampshire, where reducing expenditure on psychiatric drugs led to an increase in other costs that exceeded the savings on drugs by seventeen-fold. Other studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia can be managed in the community, and that the provision of proper community-based support services reduces the overall costs of caring for these patients. An analysis of the overall costs of medial care before and after the introduction of risperidone has also revealed that total health care expenditure fell, even though expenditure on medication increased. Proper managed care should ensure that services are integrated and that the appropriate level is provided for patients with severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia. Drugs, such as risperidone, which have wider therapeutic spectrums than the older conventional neuroleptics, are likely to enable these co-ordinated services to provide better and more comprehensive care of patients with schizophrenia.
Dislocations in deformed and annealed niobium single crystals

Abstract Dislocation configurations in deformed and annealed niobium single crystals were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Grown-in dislocations were observed to act as sinks for interstitials; this action retarded climb during annealing and possibly made the dislocations immobile during deformation. Three dimensional walls of dislocation tangles formed early in the deformation process and surrounded cells relatively free of dislocations. During the initial annealing stages, dislocations in the cell walls rearranged themselves to form well-defined small-angle boundaries between adjacent cells. After 1 hr at 700°C a few recrystallized grains, rotated 20–30 deg about [111] from the surrounding cell structure, were observed. Nucleation and growth of these particular recrystallized grains probably occurred because of the partial coincidence of lattice sites between them and the unrecrystallized material. Growth slowed down appreciably as the grains grew into material which did not bear this special orientation relationship with the recrystallized grain. Regions in which these grains were not nucleated recrystallized without a change in orientation by the gradual sweeping out of dislocations.
Extensions of the Maximum Principle for Vector-Valued Analytic and Harmonic Functions

Abstract A complex Banach space X is complex strictly convex if and only if X-valued analytic functions on the open unit disc in the complex plane satisfy a certain mean growth condition. This extends the Thorp-Whitley maximum modulus theorem. A corresponding characterization of strict convexity in real Banach spaces in terms of a mean growth condition of vector-valued harmonic functions is also obtained.
Role of nuclear binding in the EMC effect

Abstract We reexamine the role of nuclear binding in the EMC effect. With the correct average single-particle energy and the proper light-cone normalization of the vertex functions, it is shown that the nuclear binding and the Fermi motion in the convolution model of the nucleons account for about 20% of the EMC effect in the mid- x region. Q 2 - and x -rescaling are used to make up the difference.
Coronal inflows during the interval 1996-2014

We extend our previous counts of coronal inflows from the 5 yr interval 1996-2001 to the 18 yr interval 1996-2014. By comparing stackplots of these counts with similar stackplots of the source-surface magnetic field and its longitudinal gradient, we find that the inflows occur in long-lived streams with counting rates in excess of 18 inflows per day at sector boundaries where the gradient exceeds 0.22 G rad{sup –1}. These streams are responsible for the high (86%) correlation between the inflow rate and the longitudinal field gradient. The overall inflow rate was several times larger in sunspot cycle 23 than it has been so far in cycle 24, reflecting the relatively weak source-surface fields during this cycle. By comparison, in cycles 21-22, the source-surface field and its gradient had bursts of great strength, as if large numbers of inflows occurred during those cycles. We find no obvious relation between inflows and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on timescales of days to weeks, regardless of the speeds of the CMEs, and only a 60% correlation on timescales of months, provided the CMEs are fast (V > 600 km s{sup –1}). We conclude that most of the flux carried out by CMEs is returnedmore » to the Sun via field line reconnection well below the 2.0 R {sub ☉} inner limit of the LASCO field of view, and that the remainder accumulates in the outer corona for an eventual return at sector boundaries.« less
Kinetics of Oxidation of Ammonia in Solutions Containing Ozone with or without Hydrogen Peroxide

This research investigates the kinetics of traditional ozonation and peroxone oxidation of ammonia in alkaline solutions. The ozonation reaction is governed by the direct oxidation of ammonia with ozone molecules, and the overall kinetics is second order, with first order each in ozone and ammonia. The reaction rate increases slightly with temperature, and at 25 °C, the overall rate constant varies from 12.3 to 27.0 1/Ms as the pH increases from 8 to 10. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the peroxone oxidation is controlled mainly by the formation of hydroxyl radical and its subsequent radical reactions. The depletion rate of ozone is first order with respect to both concentrations of ozone and hydrogen peroxide but is nearly independent of the ammonia concentration. The overall rate constant increases from 5860 to 133 000 1/Ms in the pH range of 8−10 at 25 °C, indicating that the rate increases with the hydroxyl ion concentration of the exponent of 0.71. The destruction rate of ammonia depends on con...
Chemisorption of H2O on GaN(0001)

Abstract The chemisorption of H 2 O on the clean Ga-polar GaN(0001) surface near room temperature has been studied using mainly synchrotron ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. H 2 O adsorbs dissociatively, with a total sticking probability of ≥0.45, up to a saturation coverage of ca. 0.46 monolayers. In contrast O 2 exposure gives about the same saturation coverage but with a total sticking probability of ∼2.7×10 −3 . Surface states at the valence band maximum are removed with, however, only a small apparent reduction in upward band bending (which may be influenced by surface photovoltage). An additional density of states, extending into the gap, is not removed by exposure to H 2 O or O 2 and may be derived from bulk defects. Changes in the valence band and in the electron affinity suggest that annealing at ∼200°C decomposes adsorbed OH to form O and, presumably, H. The resulting surface appears to be essentially the same as that formed by O 2 exposure at room temperature. Further annealing (to ∼500°C) of the surface with chemisorbed O, from either OH decomposition or O 2 chemisorption, causes additional changes in the spectra which may represent the conversion of chemisorbed O to an oxide-like phase. Evidence is found for a small (∼0.1 eV) surface photovoltage effect on band bending for the clean surface which increases to ∼0.33 eV for the H 2 O-exposed surface after annealing.
Marketing Departments on the World Wide Web: State of the Art and Recommendations:

The World Wide Web has become an important communications tool for businesses and universities alike. This article details the kind of information being presented on department of marketing Web sites and provides recommendations for improvements in content and organization. A brief look at future trends concludes the article.
Sidewall Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Hydroxyl Group-Terminated Moieties

Single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with the OH group-terminated moieties (“hydroxyl nanotubes”) have been prepared by fluorine displacement reactions of fluoronanotubes with a series of diols and glycerol in the presence of alkali, LiOH, NaOH, or KOH or with amino alcohols in the presence of Py as a catalyst. The “hydroxyl nanotubes” were characterized by optical spectroscopy (Raman, ATR-FTIR, UV−vis−NIR), electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and thermal degradation (TGA and VTP-MS) materials characterization methods. The degree of sidewall functionalization in the prepared SWNT derivatives was estimated to be in the range of 1 in 15 to 25 carbons, depending on derivatization method and alcohol reagent used. The hydroxyl nanotubes form stable suspension solutions in polar solvents, such as water, ethanol, and dimethylformamide, which facilitate their improved processing in copolymers and ceramics nanofabrication and provide for compatibility with biomaterials.
The Forum: Second Thoughts on Presidential Politics

In this essay, we confront the "conventional wisdoms" promoted throughout this long presidential campaign. By conventional wisdoms, we mean the common knowledge of politics - the things that commentators and analysts forward as taken-for-granted assertions and beliefs. We will revisit just a few of the campaign season's conventional wisdoms and review them with a sociological eye. In so doing, we find that in politics, as in most other areas, conventional wisdom can be a risky source of knowledge.
Multiple gonococcal pilin antigenic variants are produced during experimental human infections.

Abstract Gonococcal pilin variation is thought to allow immune evasion and change the adherence properties of the pilus. We have examined the process of pilin antigenic variation in human volunteers inoculated with strain FA1090. Our data show that pilin variation occurred throughout the process of infection, that at each time sampled after inoculation multiple pilin variants were present, and that later pilin variants appear to be recombinants between previously expressed genes and the silent storage pilin copies. Thus, during infection a large repertoire of proteins are available to the population to help avoid immune responses, to provide pili with varying functions, and to transmit to a new host.
Synthesis of low oxygen concentration molybdenum nitride films

Abstract Polycrystalline, small grain size, 15 μm thick Mo x N ( x =1 and 2) films containing ≈60 at.% γ -Mo 2 N and ≈40 at.% δ -MoN and void of Auger detectable concentrations of molybdenum oxides, have been prepared on 50-μm thick nitrided Ti substrates via programmed reaction and subsequent anneal at 750°C for 2 h of the precursor MoO 3 films with NH 3 . The latter films were prepared via liquid spray pyrolysis of an MoCl 5 /methanol mixture in air at 500°C. By contrast, residual MoO 2 occurred near the film–substrate interface in Mo x N films produced using the same programmed reaction but where MoO 3 had been deposited on bare Ti substrates. The change in density of MoO 3 ( ρ =4.69 g cm −3 ) to γ -Mo 2 N ( ρ =9.50 g cm −3 ) and δ -MoN ( ρ =9.05 g cm −3 ), as well as the nature of the topotactic conversion, produced grains which had a calculated average size of 10 nm and which exhibited good adhesion to the substrate. Variations in the conversion heating rates and the NH 3 flow rates also affected both the phase composition and the average grain size of the intermediate and the final reaction products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the Mo x N films revealed a highly porous surface morphology.
REAL‐TIME REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR DETECTION OF VIABLE SHIGA TOXIN‐PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN FOOD

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly E. coli O157:H7, have been associated with food-related outbreaks and have become a global health concern. Detection of low numbers of viable STEC in food is undoubtedly challenging. The present study demonstrated that 7 × 102 to 7 × 103 cfu E. coli O157:H7 cells in 50 mL of inoculated food samples including apple juice, lettuce and ground beef could be concentrated through a two-step filtration technique. Bacterial RNA was effectively isolated from the concentrated E. coli O157:H7 cells with the combination of Trizol Max Bacterial RNA Isolation Enhancement Reagent and TriReagent®. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with seven sets of primers targeting virulence and serotype genes of E. coli O157:H7 specifically detected the bacterial RNA representing 1 × 102 to 1 × 103 cfu viable bactersial cells. The total detection time from sampling to measurement was approximately 4 h. This study provides a rapid and specific detection method for viable STEC in food. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Rapid detection of viable STEC including Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells in food has been difficult, especially when present in low numbers. This study has shown that 7 × 102 to 7 × 103 cfu E. coli O157:H7 in 50 mL of inoculated food samples, i.e., 14–140 cfu/mL bacterial cells, could be readily concentrated and the bacterial RNA could be detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a relatively short time. Use of seven primer sets makes this method very specific for real-time PCR detection of E. coli O157:H7.
Failure of 17 alpha-ethyl-19-nortestosterone to effect plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and ACTH responsiveness in man.

ConclusionsIn 5 subjects receiving clinically effective oral doses of Nilevar, there was no alteration in adrenocortical function as measured by plasma 17-OHCS levels before and after intravenous ACTH.
The a subunit ala-217 --> arg substitution affects catalytic activity of F(1)F(0) ATP synthase.

A large number of mutations affecting the F(0) sector of Escherichia coli F(1)F(0) ATP synthase have been constructed and characterized. A subset of the missense mutations resulted in fully assembled enzyme complexes blocked in proton translocation and displaying marked decreases in ATP hydrolysis activity. The catalytic activities of one such mutant enzyme, a(ala-217-->arg), have been determined using both multisite and unisite catalysis conditions. As expected, the V(max) of the a(ala-217-->arg) enzyme was reduced under conditions of saturating substrate concentration. However, the F(0) sector amino acid substitution did not affect nucleotide occupancy of the noncatalytic sites. Moreover, the microscopic rate constants measured using unisite methods yielded no significant differences between the intact wild type F(1)F(0) ATP synthase and the a(ala-217-->arg) mutant enzyme. In general, the values for unisite activities in both preparations were very similar to numbers reported in the literature for E. coli F(1)-ATPase. The results suggest that the a(ala-217-->arg) substitution resulted in a defect in catalytic cooperativity and most likely altered the enzyme by inhibiting the rotational mechanism of F(1)F(0) ATP synthase.
Distortion of Subjective Probabilities as a Reaction to Uncertainty

I. Observation of slanted probabilities and computation of the correction factor, 670. — II. The question of rationality, 677. — III. Two small experiments, 686.
Abstract 4662: Genetic predictors of clinical outcomes for patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Background: Emerging evidence has shown that genetic factors can interact with host factors to influence patient9s clinical outcomes. Inflammatory biomarkers have been identified as prognostic factors independent of tumor stage. To test the hypothesis that genetic variants in inflammation-related genes may modulate clinical outcome in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, we conducted a three-stage study, including an initial discovery phase and two validation phases. Methods: In the discovery phase, we analyzed the association between 19,458 SNPs in inflammation-related genes and SNPs from GWAS risk analysis, and clinical outcomes in 1,408 NSCLC patients. In the validation phases, the significant SNPs (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4662. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4662
Effects of male and female scent on reproductive maturation in young female Tenebrio molitor.

Abstract In the first 7–10 days after emergence from the pupal cuticle, oocyte length and emission of sex attractant increase in female mealworm beetles. Shortly after ecdysis, females were isolated and exposed to one of three airstreams containing: (1) unscented air, (2) scent of mature males, and (3) scent of mature females. Within 3 days, females exposed to male scent exhibited greater growth of their terminal oocytes and a higher level of sex pheromone emission than either of the other two groups. At 3 days, females exposed to female scent emitted significantly more sex attractant than those females in unscented air, but only at 7 days were significant effects of female scent reflected in oocyte growth of isolated females. Apparently both male and female scents contain primer pheromones.
Speech production and second language acquisition

Speech production and second language acquisition, by Judit Kormos, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006, xxvii+221 pp., US$59.95 (hardback), ISBN 0-8058-5657-9; US$29.95 (paperback), ISBN 0-8058-565...
Thermal strain in thin lead films III: Dependences of the strain on film thickness and on grain size

The effects of film thickness h or of average grain size g on strains e33' due to the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients were studied by an X-ray diffraction technique for thin lead films 0.03–1.0 μm thick evaporated onto silicon substrates. Films with the same average grain size and with different film thicknesses were prepared by a sputter-etch-thinning technique after the film depositions had been completed. Films with small grain sizes were prepared by deposition at liquid nitrogen temperature or by seeding a very thin layer of gold or palladium before the lead deposition. These films were cooled from 300 ro 4.2 K using a cold stage attached to an X-ray diffractometer. For films with h g/5 the critical grain size gc was determined to be about 1 μm. When g >gc the e33' levels decreased with increasing g. When g < gc the e33' values were found to be independent of g and also of h. However, e33' did not reach the calculated maximum strain value. We propose that the difference between the calculated strain and the measured strain was due to an absorption of the strain at grain boundaries. The fact that gc was about six times larger than hc means that g exerted a stronger effect than h did on the inhibition of strain relaxation during cooling to 4.2 K. It was found that the intermetallic compounds Pb3Au or Pb2Pd which were formed in the binary films did not greatly affect the inhibition of strain relaxation. The e33' levels in these binary films were also determined by the grain sizes.