cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupling isotachophoresis with affinity chromatography for rapid and selective purification with high column utilization, part 2: experimental study.

We present an experimental study of coupling of isotachophoresis (ITP) and affinity chromatography (AC) to effect rapid, selective purification with high column utilization and high resolution. We provide a detailed protocol for performing ITP-AC and describe the design of a buffer system to perform sequence specific separation of nucleic acids. We describe the synthesis and functionalization of our affinity substrate, poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) porous polymer monolith (GMA-EDMA PPM). This substrate allows easy immobilization of affinity probes, is nonsieving (even to macromolecules), and exhibits negligible nonspecific binding. We demonstrate ITP-AC with 25 nt, Cy5 labeled DNA target and a DNA probe and study the spatiotemporal dynamics using epifluorescence imaging. We make qualitative and quantitative comparisons between these data and the model presented in the first part of this two-paper series. We vary the target concentration from 1 pg μL–1 to 100 pg μL–1 and ITP veloci...
Seed: a user-friendly tool for exploring and visualizing microbial community data.

Summary: In this article we present Simple Exploration of Ecological Data (Seed), a data exploration tool for microbial communities. Seed is written in R using the Shiny library. This provides access to powerful R-based functions and libraries through a simple user interface. Seed allows users to explore ecological datasets using principal coordinate analyses, scatter plots, bar plots, hierarchal clustering and heatmaps. Availability and implementation: Seed is open source and available at https://github.com/danlbek/Seed. Contact: moc.liamg@keblnad Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The mortality of adults with down symdrome as a function of age

This study sought to test the hypothesis that adults with Down Syndrome may age faster than the general population by comparing the rate of increase in their mortality with age with that of the general population by the method originally described by Gompertz. The differences were not statistically significant. There is a striking difference in morbidity, the Down's adults being highly vulnerable. Alzheimer populations do not lend themselves readily to this type of analysis.
The cost of efficiency in energy metabolism

In a universe being dragged into disorder by the second law of thermodynamics, living cells must expend energy to maintain their complex organization. In addition to providing a carbon source for biosynthesis, the classical Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) and Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathways help to satisfy this energetic demand by generating ATP during glucose metabolism (1). Based on simple stoichiometry of reactants and products, the EMP pathway appears, at first blush, greatly preferable to the ED pathway, yielding twice as much ATP per glucose. If glucose breakdown and energy conservation are tightly coupled, why is the less-efficient ED pathway so prevalent? What has kept prokaryotic life in its entirety from casting off the ED pathway in favor of the more profitable EMP pathway? In PNAS, Flamholz et al. (2) address these questions by drawing on thermodynamics, enzyme kinetics, mathematical optimization, and genomics.
The effect of knee and ankle position on displacement of Achilles tendon ruptures in a cadaveric model. Implications for nonoperative management.

Using a cadaveric model, we evaluated the effect of knee and ankle position on the displacement of the severed ends of an Achilles tendon transected at three different points. In six cadaveric legs the Achilles tendon was severed transversely, then marked with radiopaque wire suture. The distance between the wire markers was measured on radiographs taken in different positions of ankle and knee flexion. Ankle plantar flexion had a statistically significant effect on decreasing the gap between the severed ends of the Achilles tendon. This effect was clinically significant as, on average, the tendon edges were separated more than 20 mm when the ankle was in the neutral position and were apposed when the ankle was in 60° of plantar flexion. With the ankle fixed in 60° of plantar flexion, knee position had no significant effect on the displacement of the severed ends of the Achilles tendon. Overall, the effect of knee flexion was neither statistically significant nor clinically significant, as the increase in...
Salt-Sensitive Hypertension Develops After Short-Term Exposure to Angiotensin II

Abstract —We hypothesized that short-term exposure to angiotensin II (Ang II) could result in structural and functional changes in the kidney that would favor sodium retention and the development of sustained hypertension. To test this hypothesis, rats were exposed to pressor doses (435 ng · kg −1 · min −1 ) of Ang II for 2 weeks. The infusion of Ang II was associated with acute hypertension, renal dysfunction, proteinuria, and focal tubulointerstitial and vascular damage. At sites of the tubulointerstitial damage, there was a reduction in peritubular capillary endothelial cell staining. By use of immunostaining, we found focal loss of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the peritubular capillaries at sites of injury and a generalized reduction in eNOS in collecting ducts, thin loops of Henle, and vascular bundles in the medulla. When the Ang II infusion ended, the rats became normotensive and renal function returned toward normal. However, exposure of the rats to high salt diet (4% NaCl) resulted in the redevelopment of hypertension after 3 to 4 weeks. Rats maintained on a high salt diet with no prior exposure to Ang II and rats placed on low salt diet (0.1% NaCl) after exposure to Ang II remained normotensive. Thus, we report a new model of salt-sensitive hypertension induced by transient exposure to pressor doses of Ang II. The mechanism may relate to microvascular injury with peritubular capillary loss coupled with functional changes, such as a loss in intrarenal nitric oxide formation, that could alter the ability of the kidney to excrete a salt load.
Diophantine approximation by continued fractions

Let ξ be an irrational number with simple continued fraction expansion be its ith convergent. Let Mi = [ai+1,…, a1]+ [0; ai+2, ai+3,…]. In this paper we prove that Mn−1 < r and Mn R imply which generalizes a previous result of the author.
Seismic wave velocities in westerly granite

A precision laboratory measurement of the principal wave velocities in a homogeneous material is presented as evidence that a closer agreement may be obtained between laboratory and field results than heretofore thought possible. The laboratory results differ from field quantities in a predictable direction. The method is an application of laboratory techniques in an imitation of field procedures to a scale model of field structures.
Functional Nanostructured Thin Films

Functional nanostructured surfaces comprised of spatially ordered features, like clusters, wires or thin films, are important in various applications, including nonlinear photonics, magnetic data storage and gas sensing. The primary challenge to realizing the potential of this area is to develop cost-effective fabrication techniques and reliable characterization of such nanostructures. In this chapter we discuss the potential towards controlling the spatial arrangement of surface structures by modification to thin film nucleation and growth processes during physical vapor deposition. We also review structures resulting from surface instabilities generated by energetic ion beam irradiation—another active research area that promises simple and reliable self-assembly of nanostructures. Careful characterization of spatial order and thin film morphological properties like size, shape and connectedness are very important towards understanding the role of processing parameters, as well as in structure-property correlations. In this regard, image analysis can be a simple but vital step. We review the techniques of Fourier analysis and Minkowski functional analysis to understand the length scales and morphologies of surface nanostructures. Finally, examples of applications from the areas of nonlinear optics, magnetism and gas sensing are provided which highlight the need for control of size and spatial order in nanostructures.
Economic Implications of Variable Technology Standards for Movie Piracy in a Global Context

Even if bandwidth on the Internet is limited, compression technologies have made online music piracy a foremost problem in intellectual copyright protection. However, due to significantly larger sizes of video files, movies are still largely pirated by duplicating DVDs, VCDs, and other physical media. In the case of DVDs, movie studios have historically maintained different technology codes or formats across various regions of the world, primarily to control the timing of theatrical releases in these parts of the world. This paper formulates an analytical model to study the implications of maintaining different or incompatible technology standards in DVD and other optical disc players on global pricing and piracy of movie discs. Our formulation develops two distinct piracy types, namely, regional and global piracy, signifying if consumers will pirate movies released for their own region or those meant for other regions. Our results find that maintaining separate technology standards is very critical when there is piracy, as losses from global piracy can be higher than when only regional piracy exists. Further, we observe that piracy is not a victimless crime, in that not only do producers suffer losses but consumers in regions with high willingness to pay for quality also stand to lose. In addition, we find that increasing homogeneity in consumer preferences for quality across regions may not be beneficial to digital product vendors unless there is also uniformity in copyright protection laws. We conclude with recommendations for research and practice for movie studios as well as producers for other goods that are dependent on copyright protection such as books and pharmaceuticals.
Quartz dissolution kinetics from 100–200°C as a function of pH and ionic strength

Of importance to geothermal energy development, oil, gas and mineral recovery, and waste storage is the characterization of the dissolution rate of host reservoir rock as a function of temperature, pressure and liquid-phase composition. As a major constitutive mineral in natural geologic systems, quartz was selected for study. Dissolution experiments were carried out in a continuous-flow, titanium autoclave reactor system at 100--200 C in various chemical environments. Acidification to pH 1.1 using nitric acid showed very little effect on the quartz dissolution rate. The effect of hydroxide ion concentration and ionic strength were evaluated in NaOH, NaOH/NaCl and NaOH/Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solutions. The fractional-order dependency of the quartz dissolution rate on hydroxide ion and sodium ion (or ionic strength) concentration was determined in NaOH/NaCl solutions. The results that extend the available range of kinetic data for quartz generally agree with previous work. The observed fractional-order kinetics were qualitatively described using classical adsorption isotherms. No significant variation in the apparent reaction order of the hydroxide ion with increasing temperature could be determined due to the scatter in the data. Quartz dissolution rates were slower by about 40% in NaOH/Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} solutions than in NaOH/NaCl solutions at sodium concentrations higher thanmore » 0.01 molal. The apparent activation energy from 100 to 200 C in NaOH/NaCl solutions up to 0.01 molal hydroxide ion and 0.1 molal sodium ion was estimated to be 72 ({+-}6) kJ/mol.« less
Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Mortalities at Wind Energy Facilities in the Contiguous United States

MORTALIDAD DE HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS Y AQUILA CHRYSAETOS EN INSTALACIONES DE ENERGIA EOLICA EN LA PARTE CONTINUA DE ESTADOS UNIDOS Han muerto individuos tanto de Haliaeetus leucocephalus como de Aquila chrysaetos en instalaciones de energia eolica en Estados Unidos. Encontramos un minimo de 85 aguilas muertas, incluyendo 6 individuos de H. leucocephalus y 79 de A. chrysaetos, en 32 instalaciones de energia eolica en 10 estados desde 1997 hasta el 30 de junio de 2012. Probablemente nuestros resultados sub-representan, quiza substancialmente, los numeros de aguilas muertas en Estados Unidos a causa de la produccion de electricidad generada por el viento.
Stability of Trichomonas vaginalis DNA in Urine Specimens

Trichomonas vaginalis is an important pathogen in both men and women. Culture is considered the diagnostic gold standard, although studies have shown that PCR is more sensitive than either culture or wet mount for the diagnosis of T. vaginalis infections. We sought to identify a simple method for stabilizing T. vaginalis DNA in urine samples that could be easily applied to molecular testing. The stability of T. vaginalis DNA in 40 urine samples was assessed by storage for various times at either 4°C or room temperature with or without the Becton Dickinson urine preservative transport (UPT) kit. Overall, there was better stability of T. vaginalis DNA when specimens were stored at 4°C than when they were stored at 20 to 22°C and when the UPT system was used. T. vaginalis DNA was stable in specimens stored without using the UPT at 4°C for about 3 days and at room temperature for only 1 day. For specimens placed in the UPT within 24 h (times of 1, 6, and 24 h) of collection, the DNA was stable for up to 30 days when stored at 4°C. For specimens stored at room temperature, the urine should be added to the UPT ideally within 1 hour of collection, and in this case the DNA remained stable for up to 30 days. When storing specimens at room temperature, a delay of 24 h prior to adding to UPT led to an unacceptably high loss of assay sensitivity.
The Economic Incentives for Sharing Security Information

Given that Information Technology (IT) security has emerged as an important issue in the last few years, the subject of security information sharing among firms, as a tool to minimize security breaches, has gained the interest of practitioners and academics. To promote the disclosure and sharing of cyber-security information among firms, the US federal government has encouraged the establishment of many industry based Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs). Sharing security vulnerabilities and technological solutions related to methods for preventing,detecting and correcting security breaches, is the fundamental goal of the ISACs. However, there are a number of interesting economic issues that will affect the achievement of this goal. Using game theory and IO, we develop an analytical framework to investigate the competitive implications of sharing security information and investments in security technologies. We find that security technology investments and security information sharing act as strategic complements in equilibrium. Our results suggest that information sharing is more valuable when product substitutability is higher, implying that such sharing alliances yield greater benefits in more competitive industries. We also highlight that the benefits from such information sharing alliances increase with the size of the firm. Importantly, we point out that the nature of the technology cost function plays a pivotal role in determining whether spillovers are beneficial or detrimental to firms' incentives to join an ISAC. Firms will benefit from joining an ISAC sequentially rather than simultaneously, since such sequentiality positively influences the levels of information sharing and technology investment. We compare the levels of information sharing and technology investments obtained when firms behave independently (Bertrand-Nash) to those selected by an ISAC which maximizes social welfare or joint industry profits. Our results help us predict the consequences of establishing centrally monitored organizations such as ISACs by the federal government.
Exchange Ideology as a Moderator of Job Attitudes-Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Relationships1

Following work on organizational citizenship behaviors (cf. Organ, 1988). the present study examined job satisfaction, perceptions of organizational support, and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors. Regression analyses on data collected from workers in a small tooling plant indicated that exchange ideology moderated the relationships between ratings of OCB's and organizational support scores. For tool workers whose attitudes and behaviors were more dependent on organization reinforcement, OCB ratings were positively related to organizational support. However, for those whose attitudes and behaviors were more independent of organization reinforcement. OCB ratings were considerably less related to organizational support scores. The pattern was similar for OCB ratings and job satisfaction scores. These data are consistent with those reported previously (e.g., Eisenberger. Huntington. Hutchinson, & Sowa, 1986) and suggest that the salience of job attitudes in the decision to manifest organizational citizenship behaviors may be influenced by the individual's exchange ideology.
Rayleigh and Raman Scattering from Individual Carbon Nanotube Bundles

Rayleigh scattering spectra and Raman spectra from single bundles of aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been obtained with dark field optical microscopy and Raman microscopy. Rayleigh scattering spectrum reveals resonance peaks due to the optically allowed interband transitions in SWNTs. The intensity of the resonance peaks was found to depend strongly on the incident light polarization. These resonance peaks are completely suppressed when the incident light polarization is perpendicular to the nanotube axis, suggesting that the interband transition dipole in SWNTs is orientated parallel to the tube axis. Polarized Raman measurements on aligned nanotubes in a single bundle show that the Raman scattering is polarized along the nanotube axis direction, and Raman scattering signal is strongest when the incident laser is polarized parallel to the tube axis. All strong Raman active modes behave as A1g. Tangential carbon stretching mode Raman scattering from semiconducting tubes shows very little...
Molecular evidence for zooplankton-associated nitrogen-fixing anaerobes based on amplification of the nifH gene

A fragment of the nifH gene was amplified from anaerobic microbial enrichments initiated with marine planktonic invertebrates, including copepods and euphausids. A number of the nifH sequences from these enrichments were phylogenetically related to Cluster III nifH sequences of Clostridium pasteurianum and Desulfovibrio gigas. nifH fragments were cloned and sequenced from strains of Desulfobacter curvatus, Desulfonema limicola, and Chromatium purpuratum in order to provide the basis for identifying nifH sequences amplified from uncultivated microorganisms in the enrichments. Nitrogenase genes from Desulfonema limicola and Desulfobacter curvatus clustered with the sequence from Desulfovibrio gigas. Some of the nifH gene sequences from the zooplankton-derived microbial enrichments clustered with these sequences as well as a number of previously reported sequences from marine microbial mats, termite guts and intact invertebrate zooplankton. Some of the nitrogen-fixing phylotypes in the enrichments appeared to be active, since nitrogenase activity was detected by the acetylene reduction technique in the enrichments. Multiple copies of nifH were amplified from the Desulfobacter curvatus culture, with one of the sequences clustering with non-vanadium second alternative anfH sequences, but no anfH sequences were recovered from the enrichments. The results demonstrate that there are nitrogen-fixing anaerobes associated with planktonic crustacea, and the identified nifH phylotypes could be important in oceanic nitrogen fixation.
Small isolated aspen stands enrich bird communities in southwestern ponderosa pine forests

Small aspen stands are disappearing from the landscape in the Southwest, so it is important to understand their contribution to the avian community. We sampled birds in 53 small, isolated aspen stands and 53 paired plots within the ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona, during the 1996 and 1997 breeding seasons. Bird species richness and abundance were higher in aspen than in pine. However, bird species richness and abundance did not vary with size of the aspen patch or isolation index. In addition, direct ordination of species distributions with habitat factors suggested no distinct avian communities. This suggests that aspen stands do not harbor separate populations, but rather are locations where the regional avifauna reaches high local density and richness and may be crucial to birds in years of resource scarcity. Thus it is important for avian conservation to maintain many aspen stands across the landscape, encompassing a diversity of vegetation structure and composition.
Eruption characteristics and cycles at Pavlof Volcano, Alaska, and their relation to regional earthquake activity

Abstract Pavlof Volcano (55° 25′N, 161° 54′W) exhibits two eruption styles: magmatic eruptions of one-to-two-days duration, and phreatic-phreatomagmatic activity lasting several days to two months. Thirty-four eruptions have occurred in historic times; of these the largest are Volcano Explosivity Index=3. Nine magmatic and 13 phreatomagmatic eruptions occurred between 1973–1983. All the magmatic eruptions occurred in the fall, between Sept. 9–Nov. 20. Four magmatic eruptions occurred during November 11–15, but in four different years. A 3-year-long period of eruptive activity between 1973–1976 bears striking resemblance to a period of activity between 1980–1983. No locatable shallow earthquakes ( 100 km) are clustered beneath Pavlof and several other volcanoes. Their T-axes show downdip tension within the slab. Deep teleseisms (> 160 km) mostly occurred between 1977–1979 when the volcano was not erupting. Catalogued volcanic activity throughout the Alaska/Aleutian arc shows a weak tendency to increase around the time of great ( M > 7.8) earthquakes.
Children's exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke carcinogens and toxicants in homes of hookah smokers.

Introduction: We examined homes of hookah-only smokers and nonsmokers for levels of indoor air nicotine (a marker of secondhand smoke) and indoor surface nicotine (a marker of thirdhand smoke), child uptake of nicotine, the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and the toxicant acrolein by analyzing their corresponding metabolites cotinine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-glucuronides (total NNAL) and 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid.
The genome structure of turnip crinkle virus.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) genomic RNA has been determined from cDNA clones representing most of the genome. Segments were confirmed using dideoxynucleotide sequencing directly from viral RNA, and the 3′ terminal sequence was confirmed by chemical sequencing of end-labeled genomic RNA. Three open reading frames (ORFs) have been identified by examination of the deduced amino acid sequences and by comparison with the ORFs found in the genome of carnation mottle virus. ORF 1 initiates near the 5′ terminus of the genome and is punctuated by an amber termination codon. Translation of ORF 1 would yield a 28-kDa protein and an 88-kDa read-through product. The read-through domain possesses amino acid sequence similarities with putative viral RNA polymerases. ORFs 2 and 3 encode products of 38 (coat protein) and 8 kDa, respectively, which are expressed from subgenomic mRNAs. The organization of the TCV genome suggests that TCV is closely related to carnation mottle virus and distinct from members classified in other small RNA virus groups, such as the tombus- and sobemoviruses.
Restatement of 404 Internal Control Opinions

This paper investigates internal control restatements, i.e., companies and their auditors restating Section 404 internal control (IC) opinions from clean to adverse, after announcing financial statement restatements. We compare IC restatement companies with both companies that issue adverse IC opinions originally (initial ICMW companies) and companies that do not restate their prior period clean IC opinions after a financial statement restatement (no-IC restatement companies). We find that IC restatement companies are associated with lower likelihood of CFO and auditor turnover than the initial ICMW and no-IC restatement companies. Our cross-sectional analyses show that the low CFO and auditor turnover is mainly driven by IC restatement companies remediating ICMWs promptly, having transparent reporting practices and low earnings management incentives. Our results indicate that it is important for studies examining IC issues to distinguish between IC material weaknesses disclosed through IC restatements from those disclosed through original IC opinions.
Experiential Profiles: An Instrument For Assessing The Efficacy Of Surrogates For IS Roles

Given both the need for IS professionals as experimental subjects in behavioral research and their limited availability, IS research would be served by determining a way to assess the efficacy of surrogates for IS professionals so that surrogates could be used where appropriate. Because a single monolithic ‘IS professional’ does not exist, and comparisons of experiential differences must account for how experience shapes a professional’s way of seeing and evaluating the world, the authors identified an instrument for comparing the experiential profile of CIOs to surrogates. The authors validated the instrument using a group shown in the literature to possess a significantly different experiential profile from CIOs.
Species-specific photosynthetic responses of symbiotic zoanthids to thermal stress and ocean acidification

Increasing sea-surface temperatures and ocean acidification (OA) are impacting physiologic processes in a variety of marine organisms. Many sea anemones, corals and jellies in the phylum Cnidaria form endosymbiotic relationships with Symbiodinium spp. (phylum Dinoflagellata) supply the hosts with fixed carbon from photosynthesis. Much work has focused on the generally negative effects of rising temperature and OA on calcification in Symbiodinium-coral symbioses, but has not directly measured symbiont photosynthesis in hospite or fixed carbon translocation from symbiont to host. Symbiodinium species or types vary in their environmental tolerance and photosynthetic capacity; therefore, primary production in symbiotic associations can vary with symbiont type. However, symbiont type has not been identified in a large portion of Symbiodinium−cnidarian studies. Future climate conditions and OA may favor non-calcifying, soft-bodied cnidarians, including zoanthids. Here we show that two zoanthid species, Palythoa sp. and Zoanthus sp., harboring different symbiont types (C1 and A4), had very different responses to increased temperature and increased partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), or dissolved CO2, and low pH. Thermal stress did not affect carbon fixation or fixed carbon translocation in the Zoanthus sp./A4 association, and high pCO2/low pH increased carbon fixation. In contrast, both thermal stress and high pCO2/low pH greatly inhibited carbon fixation in the Palythoa sp./C1 association. However, the combined treatment of high temperature and high pCO2 increased carbon fixation relative to the treatment of high temperature alone. Our observations support the growing body of evidence that demonstrates that the response of symbiotic cnidarians to thermal stress and OA must be considered on a host-specific and symbiont-specific basis. In addition, we show that the effects of increased temperature and pCO2 on photosynthesis may change when these two stressors are combined. Understanding how carbon fixation and translocation varies among different host−symbiont combinations is critical to predicting which Symbiodinium associations may persist in warm, acidified oceans.
Solar Resource Measurements in 1400 JR Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-07-254

Site-specific, long-term, continuous, and high-resolution measurements of solar irradiance are important for developing renewable resource data. These data are used for several research and development activities consistent with the NREL mission: Equipment will be used by Jackson State University for solar radiation data monitoring. This is a continuing effort of the Historically Black Colleges and Universities Solar Measurement Network; Provide high quality ground-truth data for satellite remote sensing validation; Support development of radiative transfer models for estimating solar irradiance from available meteorological observations; Provide solar resource information needed for technology deployment and operations. Data acquired under this agreement will be available to the public through NREL's Measurement & Instrumentation Data Center (MIDC) (www.nrel.gov/midc) or the Renewable Resource Data Center (RReDC ) (http://rredc.nrel.gov). The MIDC offers a variety of standard data display, access, and analysis tools designed to address the needs of a wide user audience (e.g., industry, academia, and government interests.
Energy-Aware Models for Warehousing Operations

There is a growing need in industries worldwide to become more sustainable and energy efficient. Due to rapid increase in demand of goods, there has been a rise in demand of logistics and operational services. This necessitates needs for a large number of warehouses and distribution centers to satisfy demand. It is imperative that warehouses follow the same sustainable development model practiced in other industries. This paper extends energy efficiency techniques suggested for manufacturing to warehousing. Specifically, warehouses are modeled as M/M/c queues where forklifts are servers and this model is used to evaluate performance of energy control policies. The model is then extended to general distribution queues. Experiments based on real-world data yield results that indicate that for system utilization values between 40% and 100%, as the number of servers in the system increases by a factor of 4, energy consumption increases by a factor of 3.78.
Non-Contact Measurement of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids by Acoustic and Electrostatic Levitation

The thermodynamic behavior of liquids in undercooled states is an area that has gained considerable importance in various applications. In nature, as well as with industrial situations such as liquid-metal spray deposition, liquid states are found to exist below the freezing point, especially if a pure liquid remains in a relatively undisturbed state. Since a disturbance can easily disrupt the undercooled state, measurements need to be carried out non-intrusively. Furthermore, the liquid sample has to be held without a container since most solid containers would promote heterogeneous nucleation at the freezing point. Therefore, electrostatic and acoustic levitation techniques are being employed. The measurement of viscosity and surface tension are being conducted by observing the response of initially deformed drops (acoustically and electrostatically) to more spherical shapes upon relaxation of the deforming force fields. The measurement of properties, such as thermal diffusivity, are conducted by the application of a thermal stimulus to a levitated liquid sample and the observation of the response from which such properties can be inferred. The effect of buoyancy-driven convection is suppressed by horizontally flattening the drop with an acoustic field, thus leaving a small gravitational force potential. This approach has been found to effectively reduce the flow to a thermoacapillary dominant type, accompanied by acoustic disturbances. This lends itself to measurements of the thermocapillary flows with minimal buoyancy interference even in a unit-gravity field.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The effects of sorbed moisture on resin-matrix composites

The effects of water absorption have been investigated on the diffusion behavior, moisture-induced expansion, and fracture properties of thermoset and thermoplastic resin-matrix composites. The composite materials were submerged in distilled water at temperatures from 45°C to 90°C for more than 8,000 h. Moisture saturation levels were considerably higher in the thermoset composites than in the thermoplastic composite. Moisture sorption in the graphite/epoxy composite exhibited both classical Fickian and non-Fickian diffusion behavior. Deviant, non-Fickian behavior was related to chemical modification and physical damage in the composite. Moisture sorption in thermoplastic resin composites follows Fickian diffusion rather closely. Anomalous moisture expansion behavior in graphite-epoxy composites was attributed to environmental-induced damage of the laminate. Sorbed moisture reduced the delamination fracture toughness (DFT) of a thermoset composite, whereas moisture sorption had virtually no effect on the DFT of a thermoplastic composite.
Indicator displacement assay using an in situ generated polymeric system in water: exploiting donor–acceptor interactions

Indicator displacement assays (IDAs) using an electron-rich polymer as the receptor for electron-deficient guests are described in this study. The electron-rich water-soluble polymeric system possesses hydrophobic pockets, which were generated by the reaction of 1 (a Michael donor) and 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, 5 (TAT, a Michael acceptor), in water at pH 8.2 in 2 min at 85oC. When electron-deficient fluorescent indicators are added to the polymeric systems, large changes in fluorescent intensity of the indicators occur. This donor–acceptor architecture between polymer and indicator was in turn explored for displacement of the indicator with electron-deficient analytes such as TNT.
Social geographies II Robots

This report examines how social geographers are engaging with the questions that robots and robotic technologies provoke. First, it discusses Marxist analyses of machines and troubles the role that robots play in social production and reproduction. Second, robots as actors in assemblages of sociospatial relations are interrogated for their role in state violence. Third, the dynamic change brought about by smart cities and their algorithmic subjects is discussed. The concluding section is speculative, discussing robots and the ethics of care. This report asks social geographers to reimagine their social geographies in relation to the role of robots in everyday life.
Ménière's disease

There now exists a vast literature on Meniere's disease. In this review, we examine closely the foundations of some of the current concepts regarding various aspects of the disorder, including definitions, clinical features, natural history, pathology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. We will highlight areas where the current state of knowledge is incomplete and also suggest some avenues for further research.
Ultrasound Appearance of Spontaneous Rupture of Renal Transplant

Abstract The ultrasound appearance in 2 cases of spontaneous rupture of renal transplants is described. In our experience an echogenic mass at the convex margin of the transplant with good demarcation is suggestive of this entity. In the proper clinical setting this finding should suggest the diagnosis, even in the absence of corroborating evidence by nuclear medicine.
Assessment of Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions in Clinical Drug Development

Drug interactions of a minor nature occur commonly. They are often of little clinical consequence because one or both interacting drugs have wide therapeutic margins for both efficacy and safety. However, clinically significant adverse events do occur as a consequence of drug interactions in small subsets of patients, chiefly older patients with pre-existing organ dysfunction receiving interactants having narrow therapeutic windows. Although clinically rare, these few significant drug interactions have major impact on modern drug development and drug labeling stategies. In the course of registering a new drug, the pharmaceutical industry conducts many drug-drug interaction studies in normal volunteers, and even occasionally in patients. The first layer of these volunteer trials is part of late Phase II, and examines the kinetic interactions which would be anticipated from known relationships of the chemical classes or metabolic pathways. A “Check-list” approach is often followed. More and more frequently, these studies serve several purposes including molecular modification to produce new compounds without the potential for interaction, and competitive marketing. One major issue, seldom addressed, is whether the interactions tested in normal volunteers are subsequently found in patients. There is no assurance that a statistically significant pharmacokinetic interaction in volunteers will reliably predict a clinically significant interaction in patients. This observation led us to examine the degree of pharmacokinetic alteration which might predict a clinically detectable interaction. With a narrow therapeutic index drug like theophylline, we have found that clinical interactions are rarely detectable until the interacting agent reduces theophylline clearance by 40–50%. The magnitude of pharmacokinetic change may need to be even greater in order to anticipate clinical interactions between drugs with wider safety margins than theophylline.
Cracks Appear in Kanemaru’s “Power Base”: Yamanashi Prefecture in 1991

Upset with elite indifference to environmental concerns (‘green” vs. “concrete”) and Tokyo’s political clout (national control vs. local control), Yamanashi citizens rejected Kanemaru’s candidate for governor (Sumio Ozawa) and instead elected Ken Amano in February 1991. Explicitly comparing theirgrassroots movement to that of the Eastern Bloc’s series of 1989 uprisings that brought the fall of the Berlin Wall, Yamanashi residents mobilized local support (bicycle caravans) against Kanemaru with slogans such as “stop top down.” Kanemaru lost a ‘pipeline” to his Yamanashi web of construction industry clients. Kanemaru also lost a trusted confidante when his wife, Etsuko, died unexpectedly in December 1991. Unlike most wives of Japanese politicians, Etsuko Kanemaru was not a political cipher but served as an advisor, proxy, and “gatekeeper” to her husband.
JSLocker: flexible access control policies with delimited histories and revocation

Providing security guarantees for software systems built out of untrusted components requires the ability to enforce fine-grained access control policies. This is evident in Web 2.0 applications where JavaScript code from different origins is often combined on a single page, leading to well-known vulnerabilities. This paper presents a security infrastructure which allows users and content providers to specify access control policies over delimited histories, subsets of JavaScript execution traces, allowing revocation of the history, and reversion to a safe state if a violation is detected. We report on an empirical evaluation of this proposal in the context of a production browser. We show examples of security policies which can prevent real attacks without imposing drastic restrictions on legacy applications. We have evaluated our proposal with two non-trivial policies on 50 of the Alexa top websites with no changes to the legacy JavaScript code. Between 72% and 84% of the sites were fully functional, and only 1 site was rendered non-functional. In term of performance overhead we observed a worst case 106% slowdown with a typical case closer to 10%.
The 2nd POMS Applied Research Challenge 2016 Awards

The 2nd POMS Applied Research Challenge (POMS ARC) took place at the annual POMS meeting in Orlando. The POMS ARC is a bi-annual initiative was launched in October 2012. Its objective is to encourage POMS members – faculty and students – to conduct rigorous applied research that is relevant and innovative. Applied research is understood as academic work that meets the following requirements: The work involves a real operation. The problem is new or not well-solved. The problem requires some innovative ideas to solve it. The study makes a convincing case of its relevance to practice; and. The study could eventually be published in a journal like POM or similar. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Business Strategy as Social Responsibility and as a Matter of Justice

Business ethics education has focused primarily on moral formation of individual leaders and managers in the context of ethical codes, organizational culture, and legal compliance. Important as this approach is, it fails to generate a sufficient level of business responsibility to satisfy legitimate social concerns regarding the use of natural resources, environmental sustainability, reasonable limitation of systemic risk in capital markets, and fair allocation of goods and services.
Extinction, Genealogy, and Institutionalization: Challenging Normative Values in Popular Endangered Language Discourse

ABSTRACTNews accounts of the recent discovery of Hawai’i Sign Language tell of the identification of a new language—one nearing extinction—and, ultimately, the happy ending of language preservation. By applying postcolonial and disability studies scholarship to the news coverage, we reframe marginalized languages through an alternative logic. We examine the narratives of extinction, genealogy, and institutionalization that underlie both colonial and ableist discourses in the articles. We argue that popular conceptions of endangered language and language purity obscure how normative values are applied to language communities and institutionalization, often at the expense of those very communities.
A Review of the Annual US-DOE CLEERS Conference: Trends in Real Driving Emissions, Novel Catalyst Technologies, and NOx Reduction

The annual conference on catalysis and emission-control technologies brought a number of experts together for three days. Intensive discussion on the latest developments in emissions control technologies followed; this article gives a brief overview. The main trends observed are the following: Real-world driving emissions and PEMS will be a game changer. Emissions need to be reduced for real drivers in real conditions; this is a major engineering challenge. The extensive research on SCR, LNT, DOC, and filter technologies is producing really solid basic understanding of the important mechanisms. Low-temperature catalysis remains a major challenge; some progress is reported. Integration of catalysts in filters is advancing rapidly—CDPF, SCRF, TWCF, and DPNR.
Kinematic Modeling of an Automated Laser Line Point Cloud Scanning System

Abstract This paper describes the geometric transformation of coordinates in the elements of an automated laser line scanning system caused by movements required for scanning a component surface. The automated scanning system elements are a laser line scanner mounted on a robot arm or a probe tip with coordinate measuring machine. A major challenge is determining the kinematic relationship between the elements of an automated laser scanning system that functions as a mechanical linkage in order to obtain a trajectory for scanning a surface. This paper solves the forward kinematic equations to get the validation pose for the elements of the system, derives the equation of component surface considering a spherical component, and uses inverse kinematics to characterize the movement of the entire automated scanning system on the point trajectory. The result is the position and orientation matrix for the laser line scanner beam and its movement on the trajectory in relation to a component surface. This kinematic chain of linkages and the obtained poses of point trajectory on the component surface is a starting point for future work that aims to develop optimal scan paths that can collect “best” point cloud datasets. The outcomes of this work contribute to enhancing the use of laser line scanners for inspection of component surfaces in manufacturing, remanufacturing, and reverse engineering applications.
Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Graphite Samples

1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 METHODS 2 2.1 ERROR ANALYSIS 3 2.1.1 ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SAMPLE LENGTH (DIAL CALIPER) 4 2.1.2 ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SAMPLE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA 4 2.1.3 UNCERTAINTY IN HEAT LOAD THROUGH SAMPLE 4 2.1.4 UNCERTAINTY IN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (THERMOCOUPLES) 5 2.1.5 UNCERTAINTY IN THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 5 2.1.6 ERROR ANALYSIS USED TO SELECT POWER & SAMPLE GEOMETRY 6 2.1.7 HEATING/COOLING PLATES 6 2.1.8 PUMP CURVE – COLD PLATE DESIGN 7 2.1.9 HEATERS – HOT PLATE DESIGN 7 2.2 THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE 8 2.3 FORCE/TORQUE APPLIED TO SAMPLE 8 2.4 ASSEMBLY 9 2.5 DATA COLLECTION METHODS 10 3.0 RESULTS/DISCUSSION 11 4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 12 5.0 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS 13
The association of unemployment from age 21 to 33 with substance use disorder symptoms at age 39: The role of childhood neighborhood characteristics.

Abstract Background This study examined whether duration of unemployment from ages 21 to 33 was associated with symptoms of alcohol use disorder, nicotine dependence disorder, and cannabis use disorder at age 39, after accounting for childhood and early adult involvement in substance use and other indicators of psychopathology. Analyses also investigated whether dimensions of perceived neighborhood characteristics during childhood and adolescence contributed to the link between unemployment and substance use disorder symptoms during adulthood. Potential gender differences were examined. Method Using life-course calendar data from a prospective longitudinal study ( N = 677), participants’ unemployment history was measured from ages 21 to 33. General childhood and substance use-specific neighborhood characteristics were assessed at ages 10–18. Results Findings from negative binomial regression models showed that duration of unemployment was associated with higher levels of alcohol use disorder and nicotine dependence symptoms, after adjusting for earlier involvement in substance use. Substance use-specific neighborhood factors during childhood were associated with symptoms of nicotine dependence and cannabis use disorder. Findings also suggest that the detrimental impact of unemployment on nicotine dependence symptoms was possibly stronger for women. Conclusions Findings suggest that unemployment may be an important risk factor for alcohol use disorder and nicotine dependence symptoms, indicating that public health efforts providing strategies to cope with unemployment, particularly for women who experience chronic unemployment, may be promising. Additionally, substance use-specific neighborhood characteristics during childhood should be considered as part of a prevention strategy to ameliorate adult nicotine and cannabis use problems.