cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of Ion Transport Across Human Sweat Gland in Health and Disease

The primary function of the sweat gland is to regulate body temperature through evaporative cooling during heat exposure or physical activity. Understanding the fundamentals of electrolyte transport by the sweat glands is essential due to their pivotal role in thermoregulation. Furthermore, knowledge gained in the process will significantly enhance our understanding of the two major epithelial functions that are common to most exocrine glands, namely “absorption” and “secretion” of electrolyte fluid that play a critical role in numerous exocrine functions. In addition, epithelial cells of the sweat gland employ transport elements such as Na+/K+ pump, basolateral K+ channels, amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC), the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel, and the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter that find common expression among relatively inaccessible internal epithelial organs such as the kidneys, airways, pancreas, intestine, and salivary glands. Therefore, the sweat glands provide an important model system for investigating the electrophysiological principles involved in epithelial ion-transport processes in both secretion and absorption. This chapter is primarily focused on the fundamentals of ion-transport mechanisms involved in both secretion and absorption of electrolyte fluid by two morphologically distinct regions of the sweat gland, namely the secretory coil and the reabsorptive duct, in health and disease.
Research on obstacle factors in innovation diffusion of“Three Controls”Nutrient Management Technology for paddy rice

【Objective】The paper was made for analyzing the obstacles in the diffusion of "Three Controls" Nutrient Management Technology for paddy rice(TCNM) in order to improve the diffusion effect of the current agricultural technology in China. 【Method】Six typical villages from different regions under varied economic development in Guangdong were chosen for implementing TCNM. Also the technology provider and research-extension experts were taken as research objects. 【Result】TCNM had wide adaptability and stable effects, which would be extended more smoothly with project support and incentives of administrative measures. The smaller the spatial distance was, the more convenient the transport was, and the smoother the communication was, the stronger the extension initiative of the technicians would be.The more educated the farmer was, and the younger the farmer was, the larger the paddy rice planting area was, the bigger the possibility of adopting the technology would be. 【Suggestion】We should encourage technology diffusion source implementation main body and elaborate their initiative, narrow the technology gap between different levels and develop training and guidance in different forms, support good infrastructure facilities, encourage scale management, promote the establishment of farmer cooperative economy organization, in order to promote agricultural technology diffusion effect.
A Jump-Diffusion Process for Asset Price with Non-Independent Jumps

A market recovery model, defined as a jump-diffusion model for the asset price where the jumps and the diffusion are not independent, is proposed. In this model a jump will be triggered when there is an unusually large downward movement over a certain time interval, and the jump size is correlated to this downward drop. We show that the market data supports such a model and parameter estimates based on market data is discussed. An explicit formula for the risk-neutral drift will be presented so that the option prices based on this model can be computed through Monte-Carlo simulation of the asset price. The characteristic function for the asset price is derived, through which the option prices can be computed by numerical integration. The volatility of asset classes in this model, defined by the variance swap (VIX) equation, is analyzed. A sensitivity study of the volatility with respect to jump parameters is performed. Results are compared to other well-known jump models.
- Abl: c-Abl protein-tyrosine kinase (vertebrates)

Ab1 was originally identified as v-Ab1, a partner in the Gag-Ab1 fusion protein of the Abelson murine leukemia virus. The cellular protein, c-Ab1, was subsequently found to be fused to the Bcr protein in Philadelphia chromosome-positive human leukemias. Normal c-Ab1 is a negative regulator of cell growth. Ab1 is a monomer. Two isoforms exist because of differential splicing of alternative first exons designated Type 1a and 1b in human, type 1 and 4 in mouse. The 1b isoform contains a site for myristoylation. The C-terminal region is encoded by a single exon and contains a nuclear localization signal, DNA-binding domain, and multiple serine and threonine phosphorylation sites for Cdc2 and PKC. Ab1 may be assayed by autophosphorylation. There is evidence for a cellular inhibitor of c-Ab1 PTK activity but this inhibitor has not been isolated.
A multinominal logit analysis of the influence of policy variables and board experience on FOMC voting behavior

Previous studies have used probit or logit models to analyze two states of monetary policy (tighter or looser). In this paper we employ multinominal logit to permit Federal Reserve monetary policy to assume one of three alternative states (tighter, looser, or no change) as a function of three independent economic variables (unemployment, real growth, and inflation) and the amount of experience of the Board of Governors. The results indicate that the Federal Reserve reacted differently under Burns, Miller and Volcker and between Volcker's two operating procedures in the formulation of monetary policy.
Karhunen-Loeve based model order reduction of nonlinear systems

Despite continual advances in computing power and the emergence of very efficient algorithms, rigorous analysis of many electrodynamic devices is still often computationally prohibitive. To help overcome these obstacles, a considerable amount of research into so-called "model order reduction" (MOR) methods has been conducted in both the circuit and electromagnetic communities. Traditionally, nonlinearities are dealt with by partitioning the system into linear and nonlinear sub-blocks, and applying MOR techniques to the linear sub-blocks. In systems where the nonlinearity is distributed, however, this is not possible. A method for accomplishing MOR in such cases is described. The theoretical basis for the method is discussed, choices which must be made in implementation are highlighted, and the analysis of a pulse-compression nonlinear transmission line is carried out to demonstrate the capability of the scheme.
Random Cayley Graphs with O(log[G]) Generators Are Expanders

Let G be a finite group. Choose a set S of size k uniformly from G and consider a lazy random walk on the corresponding Cayley graph ?(G,S). We show that for almost all choices of S given k = 2alog2 |G|, a > 1, we have Re?1 ? 1-1/2a. A similar but weaker result was obtained earlier by Alon and Roichman (see [4]).
Broadband circular polarized antenna for 915MHz RFID systems using miniaturized bow-tie loop elements

In this work a new broadband circularly-polarized antenna is presented for ultrahigh frequency (UHF) RFID systems. The antenna is designed to simultaneously cover the European and American RFID/ISM band (860–868 MHz and 902–928 MHz, respectively). The simulated data shows a 10 dB return loss bandwidth covering the frequency range from 846 MHz up to 959 MHz, making the antenna suitable for RFID systems. Furthermore, reductions in length of 31% and occupied footprint of 53% for a single antenna element is achieved. The bowtie element was implemented in a four element circular polarized (CP) design for operation in the 915 MHZ band, fed by a 180 power splitter and 90 degree phase shifters to achieve circularly polarized radiation. Initial measurements show good performance in the 902–928 MHz band, with an axial ratio of 0.72 dB at 915 MHz. Due to the broadband performance of the designed antenna, operation in the European ISM band can be easily achieved by simply replacing the feed and matching network components.
Commercial Real Estate Loan Delinquency and Real Estate Market Performance

This study seeks to investigate the dynamic impact of commercial real estate loan delinquency (CRELD) rate on the real estate market performance proxied by REIT returns. The results from the analysis of quarterly data from 1991 Q1 to 2011 Q4 show that the value-weighted REIT returns significantly drop immediately following CRELD rate shock. CRELD rate Granger-causes the decline in REIT returns. The reverse causation from REIT returns to CRELD rate is not evident. The variance decomposition results show that CRELD rate forecasts about 14% of REIT returns from the two-quarter to eight-quarter horizons.
The use of acid-decreasing medication in veteran patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder with and without Barrett's oesophagus.

Summary Aim To examine use of acid-decreasing medications, especially proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) with and without Barrett’s oesophagus (BO) in a large-scale study. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed BO (ICD-9 code 5302) and patients with GERD and no BO (ICD-9 53081, 5301) in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) databases. Filled prescriptions for oral PPI and histamine2-receptor antagonists (H2RA) were identified in the VA Pharmacy Benefit Management database during 365 days following diagnosis. Groups with or without PPI or H2RA were compared in unadjusted and adjusted regression analyses. Chart review was used to validate diagnoses in a subset of patients with and without BO. Results We evaluated 7732 patients with BO and 13 457 with GERD and no BO diagnosed between 1/2000 and 12/2002. At least one PPI prescription was filled during the first year following diagnosis in 91.5% of BO and 61.4% of non-BO patients (P < 0.0001), and one H2RA in 31.7% of BO and 59.4% of non-BO patients (P < 0.0001), respectively. However, 6.1% of BO patients were prescribed neither. Median duration for PPI filled prescriptions was twice as long for BO (221.7 vs. 106.9 days) compared with non-BO patients. The ratio of PPI or H2RA filled prescription days to available follow-up days among BO subjects was 0.66 (122.8 days were not covered with prescription for either), and 0.55 in GERD patients with no BO (165.0 days on neither). Conclusions Veterans Affairs patients with BO are 50% more likely to be prescribed a PPI than patients with GERD and no BO. However, on average, PPI prescriptions cover only 60% of follow-up time for BO patients.
The American Story of Meat: Discursive Influences on Cultural Eating Practice

L'A. examine les influences discursives sur l'aliment culturel principal des Americains des Etats-Unis, la viande. Afin de mettre a jour le systeme des significations symboliques qui sous-tendent la pratique alimentaire carnee des Americains, elle considere les influences rhetoriques qui s'enracinent dans des antecedents historiques-culturels - l'ideologie de la destinee manifeste, la mythologie du cowboy, la domination humaine et la sexualisation de la consommation de viande - et la maniere dont ces antecedents ont ete alteres dans le discours contemporain. Selon l'A., la consommation carnee, aux Etats-Unis, s'inscrit profondement dans le systeme economique et philosophique du capitalisme, du consumerisme et du libre arbitre. Les Americains considerent les animaux comme devant etre domines afin de maintenir la securite et l'ordre. Les animaux non-humains et d'autres formes de vie sont consideres comme des ressources qui repondent aux besoins et desirs humains. S'inscrivant dans une philosophie anthropocentree et une comprehension historique des pratiques alimentaires carnees, l'alteration de ce recit alimentaire a en meme temps assure la permanence et le changement de la signification du regime alimentaire americain.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: upregulation, age-related effects and associations with drug use

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that exogenously bind nicotine. Nicotine produces rewarding effects by interacting with these receptors in the brain's reward system. Unlike other receptors, chronic stimulation by an agonist induces an upregulation of receptor number that is not due to increased gene expression in adults; while upregulation also occurs during development and adolescence there have been some opposing findings regarding a change in corresponding gene expression. These receptors have also been well studied with regard to human genetic associations and, based on evidence suggesting shared genetic liabilities between substance use disorders, numerous studies have pointed to a role for this system in comorbid drug use. This review will focus on upregulation of these receptors in adulthood, adolescence and development, as well as the findings from human genetic association studies which point to different roles for these receptors in risk for initiation and continuation of drug use.
Results from recent hydrogen pellet acceleration studies with a 2-M railgun

A 3.2-mm-diameter, two-stage, fuseless, plasma-arc-driven electromagnetic railgun has been designed, constructed, and successfully operated to achieve a record velocity of 2.67 km/s for a 3.2-mmD*4-mmL solid hydrogen pellet. The first stage of this hydrogen pellet injector is a combination of a hydrogen-pellet generator and a gas gun. The second state is a 2-m-long railgun which serves as a booster accelerator. The gas gun accelerates a frozen hydrogen pellet to a medium velocity and injects it into the railgun through a perforated coupling piece, which also serves as a pressure-relieving mechanism. An electrical breakdown of the propellant gas, which follows the pellet from the gas gun into the railgun, forms a conducting plasma-arc armature immediately behind the pellet, allowing for fuseless operation of the railgun. Studying the pressure profile and the behavior of the plasma-arc armature inside the railgun bore led to eliminating spurious arcing, which prevents operation of the railgun at high voltages (and, therefore, at high currents). A timing circuit that can automatically measure the pellet input velocity and allows for accurate control of arc initiation behind the pellet helps prevent pellet disintegration and mistriggering of the arc initiation circuit. Results from the recent cryogenic operation of the two-stage pellet acceleration system are reported. >
Differences in survival outcome between stage I and stage II glottic cancer: A SEER-based analysis

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the cause-specific survival (CSS) of stage I (tumor [T]1 node [N]0 metastasis [M]0) versus stage II (T2N0M0) glottic cancer in a large population cohort. Study Design We analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 database from 1973 to 2009, comprising patients diagnosed with T1N0M0 or T2N0M0 squamous cell glottic cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, and competing-risks survival regression were used for statistical analysis. Results There were 4,422 patients who met all inclusion criteria. The 36-month CSS was 93.9% for stage I verus 86.5% for stage II, with P < 0.0001. Stage II status conferred a 2.494 hazard ratio for increased risk of cause-specific death compared to stage I. Conclusions Stage II glottic cancers have a significantly worse prognosis and may need a different approach to management than stage I tumors. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:2093–2098, 2015
A Framework for Resilient Online Coverage in Sensor Networks

We consider surveillance applications in which sensors are deployed in large numbers to improve coverage fidelity. Previous research has studied how to select active sensor covers (subsets of nodes that cover the field) to efficiently exploit the redundant node deployment. Little attention was given to studying the tradeoff between fault tolerance and energy efficiency in sensor coverage. In this work, our objective is to rapidly restore coverage of the field under unexpected node failures. For this purpose, we explore different adaptable coverage strategies. We then propose design guidelines for applications employing distributed cover-selection algorithms to control the degree of redundancy at local regions in the field and achieve energy-efficient coverage. In addition, we develop a new distributed technique to facilitate switching between active covers without the need for node synchronization. Distributed cover selection protocols can be integrated into our framework (referred to as "resilient online coverage" (ROC)). We evaluate the effectiveness of ROC through analysis and extensive simulations.
Regulating the working properties of porcelain slip

It was decided to introduce changes in the recipe of the clay part of the raw material to provide a reduction in the density and a restoration of the Prosyyanovsk kaolin (PK) slip's fluidity, the volume of the PK batch would be maintained, and the working properties of the body could be insured within the same limits as prevailed before recipe of the stone materials and the chemical composition of the porcelain would be left unchanged. The results indicate the effectiveness of using the analytical method for clay suspensions for operational assessment of the technical properties of raw materials and regulating the working properties of the body. The method of filtration analysis and determination of the elastic properties of the suspension can also be recommended for use in benefication combines. The advantage of the methods consists in the rapidity of carrying out the analysis which means where necessary can operationally intervene in the technological process.
An in situ, time-resolved analyzer for aerosol organic and elemental carbon

An in situ carbon analyzer has been developed to investigate the aerosol chemistry of organic carbon. Uncertainties because of sample handling and loss of organic carbon during storage were eliminated by combining the sampling and analysis functions into a single instrument which could operate on a time cycle as short as 90 minutes. Carbon analysis was accomplished with a thermal-optical method with corrections made for the vapor adsorption artifact and for pyrolytic conversion of organic to elemental carbon during the carbon analysis. Total aerosol carbon uncertainties are 3.1% with detection limits of 0.2 μg of carbon. The in situ carbon analyzer was operated during the Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study in Glendora, California, in the summer of 1986. Concentrations of total, organic, and elemental carbon showed strong diurnal variations with peaks occurring during the daylight hours. Comparison of the diurnal profile of organic carbon with those of elemental carbon, a tracer for primary comb...
Estimations of a threshold parameter in cox regression

Therneau et al (1990) used martingale residual plots to study the threshold effect of some covariates in a proportional hazard regression model for survival data subject to right censoring. We show that the maximum partial likelihood estimate provides an asymptotically consistent estimator for the unknown threshold. This procedure is illustrated by applying it to a data set from a cohort of patients with B-lineage leukemia treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.
Effects of livestock grazing on aboveground insect communities in semi-arid grasslands of southeastern Arizona

Despite the importance of invertebrates in grassland ecosystems, few studies have examined how grassland invertebrates have been impacted by disturbances in the southwestern United States. These grasslands may be particularly sensitive to one common disturbance, livestock grazing, because they have not recently evolved in the presence of large herds of bison, an important mammalian herbivore. This study examined how livestock grazing influenced vegetation-associated insect communities in southeastern Arizona. Insect abundance, richness, diversity, community composition, and key environmental variables were compared between sites on active cattle ranches and sites on a 3160 ha sanctuary that has not been grazed by cattle for over 25 years. Vegetation-associated insect communities were found to be sensitive to livestock grazing. Overall abundance of these insects was lower on grazed grasslands, and certain insect orders appeared to be negatively affected by livestock grazing; beetles were less rich, flies were less diverse, and Hymenoptera were less rich and diverse on grazed sites. Conversely, Hemiptera were more diverse on grazed sites. Species composition of vegetation-associated insect communities also differed and was significantly correlated with percent vegetation cover and number of shrubs. Insect species responsible for these differences were taxonomically diverse, and included herbivores and predators/ parasites. When compared to other studies conducted in areas of the United States that fall within the historic range of bison, this study suggests that invertebrates in areas outside this range may be more sensitive to grazing pressure.
Molecular Determinants of Lipid Domain Shape

We examined domains formed by two different lipids to investigate the influence of molecular structure on domain shape. In particular, we addressed the question as to whether domains of different lipids can exhibit a common form while maintaining their distinctive shapes. We chose dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine because they share a common head group and differ only in the length of their hydrocarbon tails. Our results show that their domains do indeed exhibit a common form despite variations in detail imposed by the difference in chain length.
Library Quality and Impact: Is There a Relationship between New Measures and Traditional Measures?

Traditional measures of quality are no longer adequate to reflect library excellence and impact. Analysis of an Association for Research Libraries data set showed that there was a relationship between the ARL Index and services; between the number of undergraduate students and services; and between instructional presentations and operating expenditures.
Chromophore Doped Glasses as Scintillator Materials

A family of low melting temperature tin fluorophosphate glasses that can incorporate certain organic compounds has been under investigation. The glasses are comprised principally of SnF2, SnO, and P2O5; the addition of small amounts (< 5%) of Pb improves chemical durability. These materials are dense, reasonably water durable, and easily fabricated. Photoluminescence properties of glasses doped with pyrene, POPOP, stilbene 420 and several other organic molecules were studied. All of the doped glasses exhibited intense photoluminescence. Pyrene doped glass was found to have monomer-triplet and dimer-excimer pyrene species present, depending on the dopant concentration. Scintillation properties of the glasses were also investigated. Generally a very fast (~1 ns or less) but weak luminescence was observed. Results of these studies suggest that higher concentrations of the dyes must be incorporated into the glass and more efficient energy transfer from the glass host to the organic fluor must be attained for these materials to be useful as fast scintillators.
Estrogen can protect splenocytes from the toxic effects of the environmental pollutant 4-tert-octylphenol.

Four-tert-octylphenol (OP), an environmental pollutant, exerts apoptotic effects on cultured mouse splenocytes. Although OP binds to estrogen receptors, these apoptotic effects are not exerted by 17β-estradiol (E). It remained possible that OP might bind to estrogen receptors and subsequently exert apoptotic effects not exerted by E after it binds to the same receptors. It also remained possible that E-primed splenocytes might respond to OP differently than splenocytes not exposed to E. Thus, we investigated OP and E interactions on the viability of mouse splenocytes in culture. The total number of splenocytes (cells stained and not stained with trypan blue) was not altered or altered slightly after incubation with any agent for 24 h. Incubation of splenocytes in medium containing 5×10−5 or 5×10−7 M OP decreased the percentage of viable cells by approx 47% and 25%, respectively. The addition of 0.8×10−5 to 0.8×10−9 M E to cultures was without effect or decreased the percentage of viable cells by only approx 5%. The addition of these concentrations of E simultaneously with or at 2 h after the addition of 5×10−5 M or 5×10−7 M OP to cultures did not interfere with the OP-induced decreases in cell viability. By contrast, incubation of splenocytes in medium containing E for 2 h prior to the subsequent addition of either dose of OP blocked the OP-induced decreases in cell viability in a dose-response manner. There was a marked reduction in the percentage of viable cells (70%) when splenocytes were incubated with 0.5×10−5 M dexamethasone. The addition of 0.8×10−5 M E at 2 h prior to the addition of dexamethasone did not prevent the decreased cell viability. Incubation of cells in medium with 0.8×10−5 M testosterone caused a small decrease in splenocyte viability similar to that observed with E. However, unlike E, the addition of testosterone at 2 h prior to the addition of 5×10−5 M OP did not prevent the OP-induced decrease in cell viability. These data suggest the presence of estrogen receptors in some splenocytes. They also suggest that if OP binds to these estrogen receptors or other receptors in the absence or initial presence of E, the resulting effect is toxic to the cells. By contrast, exposure of splenocytes to E prior to their exposure to OP can prevent the toxicity of OP.
Black Solidarity and Racial Context An Exploration of the Role of Black Solidarity in U.S. Cities

This article explores the concept of solidarity among Blacks in a majority Black and White context. Although past studies have shown the influence of Black solidarity, recent studies have concluded...
Studies of the mechanical properties of TiB2-6%TaB2-1%CoB-x%mZrO2

Abstract Mechanical properties of TiB2-6%TaB2-1%CoB-x%mZrO2 (x = 0, 20, 30, 40%) have been studied. The toughening mechanism, which is due to ZrO2 dispersion, includes energy-absorbing stress-induced transformation and micro-cracking about the crack tip. A metal boride such as TaB2 with the same crystal system is added in order to limit the TiB2 grain growth by forming a solid solution. The fracture toughness has been determined with the SENB (Single Edge Notched Beam) and IF (Indentation Fracture) methods so that we could choose the more convenient one for our samples. Anisotropy was observed in the case of samples containing a low percentage of monoclinic zirconia because of the influence of the residual stress induced by hot-pressing.
Measurement of particle size in polymer gel dosimeters using spectrophotometry

Polymer gel dosimeters have proven to be useful for three-dimensional radiation dosimetry in clinical radiation therapy. However, more study and development work is needed to quantify and further understand the dose response mechanism, with the goal of improving the dosimeters. In this work we seek to determine the diameter of the polymer particles formed upon irradiation, for a range of irradiation dose rates. It is expected that this information will be used to further understand the actual formation of polymer in the gelatin matrix, and how it affects the relaxation of water in the dosimeter as measured with magnetic resonance imaging or optical methods.
Defusing the Power Play by Playing Inadequate, Playing Good.

This column provides aforum wtithin which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have invented or adapted and find successful in counseling with couples andfamilies. If it works wellforyou, it may be that others can adapt it to work wellfor them too. Please submit manuscripts of 6-12 double-spaced typed pages (in the format of the technique that follows) to Robert Sherman, 154-23A RiversideDrive, Beechhurst, NY 1135 7-1339.
Reliability of asic devices

Abstract The use of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) has become widespread; from use in sophisticated telecommunications equipment through to children's toys. However, aspects of design, fabrication and testing may not be as rigorous as for the standard components that they are replacing. ASICs by their nature are usually low volume components and tend to be fabricated using the latest technology. However, the additional substantial costs involved with comprehensive reliability and quality assessment mean that testing is often less exhaustive, resulting in a product of uncertain reliability. Conventional wisdom states that fewer components will mean greater reliability; however if the devices are replaced by one of uncertain reliability, this will not necessarily be the case. This paper presents some considerations that should to be taken into account when contemplating the use of ASICs in place of conventional components. These are highlighted with specific examples seen at Telecom Austra...
MAPPING PROPERTIES OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS ON THE UNIT DISK

Let f be analytic on the unit disk D with f(0) = 0. In 1989, D. Marshall conjectured the existence of the universal constant r 0 > 0 such that f(r 0 D) C D M := {w: |w < M} whenever the area, counting multiplicity, of a portion of f(D) over D M is < πM 2 . Recently, P. Poggi-Corradini (2007) proved this conjecture with an unspecified constant by the method of extremal metrics. In this note we show that such a universal constant r 0 exists for a much larger class consisting of analytic functions omitting two values of a certain doubly-sheeted Riemann surface. We also find a numerical value, r 0 =.03949..., which is sharp for the problem in this larger class but is not sharp for Marshall's problem.
Strategies and problem representations: Implications for models of changing cognitive structure. Commentary on “Learning new problem-solving strategies leads to changes in problem representation” by M.W. Alibali, K.M. Ockuly and A.D. Fischer

Abstract In an accompanying study, Alibali et al. [Alibali, M. W., Ockuly, K. M., Fischer, A. D. (2009) Learning new problem-solving strategies leads to changes in problem representation. Cognitive Development, 24, 89–101.] present an important experimental result: introducing a new strategy can affect conceptual aspects of children's problem representation. In this commentary, we briefly explore implications of this finding for theories of the development of mathematical cognition and of the development of cognitive structures, more generally. We argue that Alibali et al.’s results, taken in the context of previous findings, imply that children's actions during mathematical problem solving affect their subsequent understanding of the problem. We further suggest that results such as these may be best accommodated by reconceptualizing how cognitive structures achieve both stability and flexibility.
Inflammatory and immune cell function in psoriasis: II. Monocyte function, lymphokine production.

We have previously confirmed that subjects with psoriasis have a alteration of cell-mediated immune responses. We now report a possible in vitro corollary; the amount of lymphokine (lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor) released by both antigen-stimulated and control lymphocytes is decreased in psoriatic subjects; 61% of similar values for normal subjects. Monocyte migration to complement-derived chemotactic factors is reported to directly correlate to skin tests; however, in psoriasis the relation is inverse, i.e., a 200% increase in complement factors and 136% increase to lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor in monocyte migration is noted in psoriatic subjects when compared with normal subjects. This increased migration does not correlate with amount of disease and is still present in "disease-free" subjects. Culturing monocytes from psoriatic subjects in media alone demonstrates they reduce more (205%) nitroblue tetrazolium than do monocytes of normal subjects. These data demonstrate that monocytes from subjects with psoriasis are altered and suggest and apparent inherent metabolic disorder.
Comparison of visual and computerized interpretation of nonstress test results in a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objective: This study tested the null hypothesis that the number of fetal surveillance tests and perinatal outcomes would not differ statistically between pregnancies randomized to visual or computerized interpretation of antepartum nonstress test results. Study Design: A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted, which required a sample size of 404 patients. By using a random-number table with assignment codes concealed in opaque envelopes, half of the patients were randomized to computerized interpretation of nonstress test results and half to standard visual interpretation of nonstress test results. The amount of antepartum testing and the perinatal outcome were measured and compared between the groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to control for maternal risk factors while morbidity differences between the 2 groups were assessed. Results: The 2 randomized groups were similar at baseline, but the computerized interpretation group had significantly fewer biophysical profiles compared with the visual interpretation group (1.3 ± 1.8 vs 1.9 ± 2.1; P = .002). The patients in the computerized interpretation group spent less time per test than patients in the visual interpretation group (12 vs 20 minutes; P = .038). After the 5 pregnancies with congenital anomalies were excluded, the overall perinatal outcome was similar in the 2 groups. The computerized interpretation group, however, had a slightly lower proportion of infants who required ≥2 days of neonatal intensive care (7.4% vs 12.4%; P = .086; odds ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-1.09). The average number of neonatal intensive care days was also slightly lower in the computerized interpretation group (0.4 vs 0.9; P = .105). Neither of these variables was statistically significant. Conclusions: Computerized interpretation of nonstress test results is associated with fewer additional fetal surveillance examinations, less time spent in testing, and a similar length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit compared with standard visual interpretation. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1254-8.)
THE ARMY EXPERIMENT IV (AE4) SIMULATION/C4I EXPERIMENTS

This paper provides a discussion on the challenges associated with linking simulations and C4I systems. This discussion is based on the results of the Army Experiment IV (AE4) experiments which were executed 4 August through 5 September 1997. During the AE4 experiments, interfaces between various simulations and Army Battle Command Systems (ABCSs) were evaluated. Three separate experiments were performed to study various challenges for using simulations to stimulate fielded Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C4I) systems: A Corps Battle Simulation (CBS) experiment, a Corps Level Computer Generated Forces (CLCGF) experiment, and a Dismounted Battlespace Battle Lab (DBBL) experiment. These experiments overlapped sufficiently to provide "two way" information flow from division down to individual soldier level. Discussion of several interfaces between simulations and ABCSs is provided within the paper. Points of discussion include: the benefits of perceived data (over ground truth data) for supporting C4I training applications, and a discussion of how perceived data can be obtained; the benefits for utilizing a C4I/simulation based laboratory for providing controlled test environments; and the benefits of designing fielded C4I systems with training in mind. In addition technical challenges that require resolution is discussed as well as potential opportunities for "follow-on" work. Overview U.S. Army Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command's (STRICOM's) Advanced Distributed Simulation Technology (ADST) II contract was utilized to support Army Experiment 4 (AE4) coordination, integration, and some development activities.
Virtual surgical planning for treatment of severe mandibular retrognathia with collapsed occlusion using contemporary surgical and prosthodontic protocols.

Purpose To meet functional and esthetic needs in an older adult for treatment of complex skeletal and dentoalveolar deformities using contemporary surgical and prosthodontic protocols. Methods An older adult with dentoalveolar complex and skeletal deformity (mandibular retrognathia) was treated by a combination of virtual planning and current surgical and prosthodontic protocols. Treatment planning steps and sequencing are presented. Results Skeletal, soft tissue, and dental harmonies were attained without biological or mechanical complications. Definitive oral rehabilitation was completed with a maxillary complete denture and a mandibular metal ceramic fixed implant-retained prosthesis. Conclusions A surgical and prosthodontic team approach in combination with technologic advances can predictably optimize esthetic and functional outcomes for patients with complex skeletal and dentoalveolar deformities.
Policy structure for discrete time Markov chain disorder problems

Abstract Markov chain disorder problems are partially observed Markov decision problems where the decision maker must formulate a policy of response to an unobservable transition to an ‘undesirable state’. This paper introduces a structural property for policies—the likelihood consistency property. For certain varieties of Markov chain disorder problems, policies which minimize the expected discounted present cost possess the likelihood consistency property. This extends the list of known policy structure results for partially observed Markov decision processes, and introduces a class of policies which can be used when the ‘optimal’ policy is unattainable or undesirable.
Electrophoretic behavior of protein dodecyl sulfate complexes in the presence of various amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Abstract This report describes the relationship between the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate present in a sample solution and the electrophoretic mobility of the protein-dodecyl sulfate complexes. In order to determine the extent of any conformational changes in the proteins and to establish a correlation between any of these structural changes and the electrophoretic behavior, visible absorption spectra and circular dichroism spectra were obtained for heme proteins in the presence of the same amounts of surfactants as used in electrophoresis. From the results obtained, it is apparent that the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate present in the sample solution must be taken into consideration when performing a separation. Optimum experimental conditions are chosen for attaining enhanced separation and a maximized linear range of molecular weights of proteins that can be accurately determined.
Inhibition of calcium-dependent spike after-hyperpolarization increases excitability of rabbit visceral sensory neurones.

1. Conventional intracellular recordings were made from rabbit nodose neurones in vitro. Prostaglandins D2 and E2, but not F2 alpha, produced a selective, concentration-dependent (1-100 nM) inhibition of a slow, Ca2+-dependent spike after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.). Block of the slow a.h.p. was accompanied by an increased membrane resistance and a small (less than 10 mV) depolarization of the membrane potential. Inhibition of the slow a.h.p. produced no change in the voltage-current relationship other than the increased membrane resistance. 2. In C neurones with slow a.h.p.s, trains of brief depolarizing current pulses (2 ms duration, 0.1-10 Hz) could not elicit repetitive action potentials without failure at rates above 0.1 Hz. By contrast, C neurones without slow a.h.p.s could respond at stimulus frequencies up to 10 Hz. The frequency-dependent spike firing ability of slow a.h.p. neurones was eliminated by inhibition of the slow a.h.p. 3. Action potentials were also evoked by intrasomatic injection of paired, depolarizing current ramps (1 nA/10 ms, 0.1-5 s inter-ramp interval). For neurones without a slow a.h.p., the current threshold and number of evoked spikes were the same for both ramps, and the ramps were nearly superimposable. In neurones with a slow a.h.p., the current threshold for the first spike in the second ramp was greatly increased (300-500%) and the number of evoked spikes was reduced. Following inhibition of the slow a.h.p., the current threshold and number of evoked spikes was the same for both ramps. 4. Forskolin, a direct activator of the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase, also produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the slow a.h.p., with 50% block at 30 nM. Prostaglandin D2 and forskolin produced identical enhancement of excitability in C neurones and neither substance produced any effect on C neurones that could not be attributed to inhibition of the Ca2+-dependent K+ conductance associated with the slow a.h.p. We propose that, in some visceral sensory neurones, the level of excitability is regulated by cyclic AMP-mediated control of the slow a.h.p.
The evolution of 850nm VCSELs from 10Gb/s to 25 and 56Gb/s

VCSELs are now being commercially deployed in applications up to 28Gbps. This paper will present a review of current VCSEL and PD capability and explore the technology development required to extend operation to even higher data rates.
The Development of a Multidimensional Instrument for the Measurement of Affective Responses to Music

A measurement device for the assessment of the feelingful, emotional state developed by listeners in response to musical stimuli was developed. Ninety-nine affect terms were rated by 2,057 subjects in response to three musical excerpts. Principal component factor analytic techniques identified nine dimensions of affect to occur in 75 per cent or more of the analyses. These were named: Evil, Sensual, Potency, Humour, Pastoral, Longing, Depression, Sedative, and Activity dimensions. Forty-one terms loading highly on these factors were organised into a device for measuring affective response, the 9-Affective Dimensions (9-AD). Results of factor comparison techniques and reliability analyses indicated the viability of the instrument for researchers who require the measurement of feelingful, emotional responses on homogeneous yet discrete dimensions of musical affect.
Train Planning on a Single Track Shared-Use Passenger and Freight Corridor With Demand Considerations

While the train scheduling problem has been investigated for an extended period of time, shared passenger and freight corridor planning and capacity analysis have gained growing attention recently, due largely to the emergence of higher speed rail lines in the US. This study proposes an integrated, hypergraph-based approach that considers constraints from infrastructure supply as well as passenger demand in solving the train scheduling problem on a passenger-freight shared rail corridor. Two approaches are proposed to capture different policies which could be implemented in real world. The first, sequential approach considers passenger train priority in schedule planning, and then develop freight trains schedules given the fixed schedule of passenger trains. In the second approach, we minimize the total costs of freight and passenger trains simultaneously. Our results indicates that the marginal cost increase for freight railroad due to considering passenger train priority is larger than the associated marginal cost reduction for passengers. We also find that using high resolution time units in the mathematical formulation does not significantly improve the solution, meanwhile causing substantial increase in computation time. Therefore we suggest choosing coarser a time unit to first generate an approximate solution, which is subsequently used to reduce the search space for feasible train schedules using a finer-grained time unit. We show that this considerably saves computational effort.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A `Good Business Climate' as Bad Economic News?

Abstract One common concern about strong environmental regulations is that they will detract from one area's “business climate,” limiting or driving away economic growth. Ironically, although the usual assumption is that businesses focus more narrowly on economic factors than do persons holding environmental concerns, it appears that little if any systematic attention has been devoted to the logic or the facts behind such “business climate” claims. The connections have generally been assumed, not demonstrated. Systematic, national‐level ratings of state “business climates” have now been available for more than a decade. Using the upper midwest state of Wisconsin as a reference point, this paper examines the predictive validity of three of the best‐known ratings. On average, “good” business climate ratings actually predicted worse economic outcomes; the states named as having “bad” business climates actually had better economic performance (growth in jobs and incomes) over subsequent 5‐ and 10‐year periods...
Antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus does not impact sensitivity to human beta defensin 4.

Antibiotic usage is essential for infection control but hastens emergence of antibiotic resistant microbes. In particular, Acinetobacter baumannii is an important pathogen because of its heightened ability to acquire drug resistance. The need for novel antibacterial agents led us to evaluate the sensitivity of drug-resistant bacteria to the antimicrobial activity of human beta defensin 4 (HBD-4). Clinical isolates of A. baumannii (N = 14), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N = 15), and Staphylococcus aureus (N = 20), including 10 methicillin-resistant (MRSA) isolates, were examined. All bacterial strains were susceptible to HBD-4 antimicrobial activity, with no correlation between antibiotic resistance and HBD-4 sensitivity. The results demonstrate that antibiotic resistant microorganisms, including MRSA, can be inhibited by HBD-4, which may represent an effective therapeutic agent for infections involving drug-resistant microorganisms.
Interactive generation of integrated schemas

Schema integration is the problem of creating a unified target schema based on a set of existing source schemas that relate to each other via specified correspondences. The unified schema gives a standard representation of the data, thus offering a way to deal with the heterogeneity in the sources. In this paper, we develop a method and a design tool that provide: 1) adaptive enumeration of multiple interesting integrated schemas, and 2) easy-to-use capabilities for refining the enumerated schemas via user interaction. Our method is a departure from previous approaches to schema integration, which do not offer a systematic exploration of the possible integrated schemas.The method operates at a logical level, where we recast each source schema into a graph of concepts with Has-A relationships. We then identify matching concepts in different graphs by taking into account the correspondences between their attributes. For every pair of matching concepts, we have two choices: merge them into one integrated concept or keep them as separate concepts. We develop an algorithm that can systematically output, without duplication, all possible integrated schemas resulting from the previous choices. For each integrated schema, the algorithm also generates a mapping from the source schemas to the integrated schema that has precise information-preserving properties. Furthermore, we avoid a full enumeration, by allowing users to specify constraints on the merging process, based on the schemas produced so far. These constraints are then incorporated in the enumeration of the subsequent schemas. The result is an adaptive and interactive enumeration method that significantly reduces the space of alternative schemas, and facilitates the selection of the final integrated schema.