cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dark penguin shines light at colliders

Collider experiments are one of the most promising ways to constrain Dark Matter (DM) interactions. For several types of DM-Standard Model couplings, a meaningful interpretation of the results requires to go beyond effective field theory, considering simplified models with light mediators. This is especially important in the case of loop-mediated interactions. In this paper we perform the first simplified model study of the magnetic dipole interacting DM, by including the one-loop momentum-dependent form factors that mediate the coupling — given by the Dark Penguin — in collider processes. We compute bounds from the monojet, monophoton, and diphoton searches at the 8 and 14 TeV LHC, and compare the results to those of direct and indirect detection experiments. Future searches at the 100 TeV hadron collider and at the ILC are also addressed. We find that the optimal search strategy requires loose cuts on the missing transverse energy, to capture the enhancement of the form factors near the threshold for on-shell production of the mediators. We consider both minimal models and models where an additional state beyond the DM is accessible. In the latter case, under the assumption of anarchic flavor structure in the dark sector, the LHC monophoton and diphoton searches will be able to set much stronger bounds than in the minimal scenario. A determination of the mass of the heavier dark fermion might be feasible using the MT2 variable. In addition, if the Dark Penguin flavor structure is almost aligned with that of the DM mass, a displaced signal from the decay of the heavier dark fermion into the DM and photon can be observed. This allows us to set constraints on the mixings and couplings of the model from an existing search for non-pointing photons.
Valuation networks and conditional independence

Valuation networks have been proposed as graphical representations of valuation-based systems (VBSs). The VBS framework is able to capture many uncertainty calculi including probability theory, Dempster-Shafer's belief-function theory, Spohn's epistemic belief theory, and Zadeh's possibility theory. In this paper, we show how valuation networks encode conditional independence relations. For the probabilistic case, the class of probability models encoded by valuation networks includes undirected graph models, directed acyclic graph models, directed balloon graph models, and recursive causal graph models.
Sports in the Courts: the Role of Sports References in Judicial Opinions

In cases with no claims or defenses concerning sports, the Supreme Court and lower federal and state courts frequently publish opinions that draw analogies to the rules or terminology of sports familiar to broad segments of the American people. Sports analogies can help the court explain factual or legal points because today’s generation, including the lawyers and litigants who comprise the prime audience for written opinions, grew into adulthood amid an unprecedented saturation of professional and amateur sports in the broadcast and print media, and more recently on the Internet. This article surveys the broad array of sports whose references now lace written judicial opinions, and then discusses the use and misuse of these references. Sports references can help courts explain and resolve complexity, but may also implicate Rule 1.3 of the Model Code of Judicial Conduct by detracting unacceptably from the prestige indispensable to the judicial role. A sports reference remains incompatible with judging when a reasonable reader would conclude that the court invoked it primarily for the judge’s personal pleasure and not to facilitate the communication of ideas.
Correlation function of Schur process with application to local geometry of a random 3-dimensional Young diagram

Schur process is a time-dependent analog of the Schur measure on partitions studied in math.RT/9907127. Our first result is that the correlation functions of the Schur process are determinants with a kernel that has a nice contour integral representation in terms of the parameters of the process. This general result is then applied to a particular specialization of the Schur process, namely to random 3-dimensional Young diagrams. The local geometry of a large random 3-dimensional diagram is described in terms of a determinantal point process on a 2-dimensional lattice with the incomplete beta function kernel (which generalizes the discrete sine kernel). A brief discussion of the universality of this answer concludes the paper.
Radical Kinetics and Clocks

An overview of radical kinetics is presented, with an emphasis on competition kinetic methods that can be achieved in most laboratories without special equipment. Methods for indirect studies are described. Collections of various radical clocks that can be used in competition kinetic studies and their rate constants are presented. Kinetic tables for some of the more common radical reactions include those for hydrogen atom transfers from group 14 and group 16 hydrides to radicals, additions of radicals to substituted alkenes and other unsaturated systems, and fragmentations of substituted carbon radicals. Keywords: radical clock; competition kinetics; rate constants; hydrogen atom abstraction; addition; fragmentation; cyclization
Priority rewriting: semantics, confluence, and conditionals

Priority rewrite systems (PRS) are partially ordered finite sets of rewrite rules; in this paper, two possible alternative definitions for rewriting with PRS are examined. A logical semantics for priority rewriting is described, using equational formulas obtained from the rules, and inequations which must be assumed to permit rewriting with rules of lower priority. Towards the goal of using PRS to define data type and function specifications, restrictions are given that ensure confluence and encourage modularity. Finally, the relation between priority and conditional rewriting is studied, and a natural combination of these mechanisms is proposed.
Welfare changes associated with forest carbon offset credits in the United States

This paper analyzes forest carbon offset credits arising under a possible cap-and-trade system in the United States and its effect on net revenue and commodity prices. A real option model determines the optimal switching from agriculture to forestry under uncertainty in both activities. The key aspects of the model are uncertainty, endogenously determined commodity prices, and spatially explicit modeling in a real option framework. The model is calibrated to counties in the contiguous United States and includes nine major crops and pasture. We show that the highest increase in net revenue occurs in the Southeast and the Northwest with small increases in the Corn Belt. Switching from agriculture to forestry starts occurring early in counties with low crop yields but does not manifests itself immediately in the crop price which results in smaller impacts on commodity prices than previously estimated.
Cyclical Fluctuations in International Trade Volumes

In postwar time series data, the elasticity of cyclical fluctuations in import volumes to measures of economic activity is well over two. A large class of models of international trade predict this elasticity to be one. This presents a challenge to these models with otherwise well regarded cross-sectional implications for trade. In this paper, we document these facts and explore simple dynamic modifications of existing models and their ability to quantitatively replicate the high elasticity of imports with respect to domestic absorbtion measured in U.S. time series data. In particular, we focus on the joint effect of time-to-ship and trade financing frictions in their ability to resolve this puzzle.
A stochastic model for retinocollicular map development

Background We examine results of gain-of-function experiments on retinocollicular maps in knock-in mice [Brown et al. (2000) Cell 102:77]. In wild-type mice the temporal-nasal axis of retina is mapped to the rostral-caudal axis of superior colliculus. The established map is single-valued, which implies that each point in retina maps to a unique termination zone in superior colliculus. In homozygous Isl2/EphA3 knock-in mice the map is double-valued, which means that each point on retina maps to two termination zones in superior colliculus. This is because about 50 percent of cells in retina express Isl2, and two types of projections, wild-type and Isl2/EphA3 positive, form two branches of the map. In heterozygous Isl2/EphA3 knock-ins the map is intermediate between the homozygous and wild-type: it is single-valued in temporal and double-valued in the nasal parts of retina. In this study we address possible reasons for such a bifurcation of the map.
Moduli of suspension spectra

For a 1-connected spectrum E, we study the moduli space of suspension spectra which come equipped with a weak equivalence to E. We construct a spectral sequence converging to the homotopy of the moduli space in positive degrees. In the metastable range, we get a complete homotopical classification of the path components of the moduli space. Our main tool is Goodwillie's calculus of homotopy functors.
On the semi-Markov equivalence of causal models

The variability of structure in a finite Markov equivalence class of causally sufficient models represented by directed acyclic graphs has been fully characterized. Without causal sufficiency, an infinite semi-Markov equivalence class of models has only been characterized by the fact that each model in the equivalence class entails the same marginal statistical dependencies. In this paper, we study the variability of structure of causal models within a semi-Markov equivalence class and propose a systematic approach to construct models entailing any specific marginal statistical dependencies.
Rubber, Exploitation and War: the Configuration of National Borders and the Pillaging of Indigenous People in the Amazon

The border shared by the countries of the Amazon was reset in the republican period not without some difficulty due to its remoteness. Such reconfiguration was motivated by the private interests of farmers, exporters and businessmen, of which the most important one in the common border between Peru, Colombia and Brazil was the Casa Arana. The author reviews the case of the pillaging of indigenous groups in that geographical axis carried out by such company in places like La Pedrera, El Encanto and La Chorrera, and describes the related experiences of a uitoto woman. The war between Colombia and Peru is thus analysed from the perspective of this reconfiguration and the geopolitical context at the time. The final section highlights the need for an agenda for the justice and reparation of the indigenous groups that were victims of this genocide.
Accretion by Magnetic Neutron Stars

Many X-ray stars that exhibit periodic and quasi-periodic oscillations in intensity are thought to be magnetic neutron stars accreting matter from a close binary companion. These lectures provide an introduction to some of the concepts needed to understand this process. The capture of material from the wind or from the atmosphere or envelope of a binary companion star is described and the resulting types of accretion flows discusssed. The reasons for the formation of a magnetosphere around the neutron star are explained. The qualitative features of the magnetospheres of accreting neutron stars are then described and compared with the qualitative features of the geomagnetosphere. The conditions for stable flow and for angular and linear momentum conservation are explained in the context of neutron star accretion and applied to obtain rough estimates of the scale of the magnetosphere. Accretion from disk flows is then considered in some detail, including the structure of geometrically-thin Keplerian flows, the interaction of the disk with the magnetosphere, and models of steady disk flows. Accretion torques and the resulting changes in the pulse frequencies of accretion-powered pulsars are considered and the predicted behavior compared with observation. Finally, the beat-frequency magnetospheric model of quasi-periodic intensity oscillations (QPOs) is described and compared with observation.
Packet-Level Traffic Allocation for Real-Time Streaming over Multipath Networks

We address packet-level traffic allocation problem for real-time media streaming under multipath network environment. Based on an in-depth analysis of multipath real-time streaming model, also considering fluctuation of multipath network status as well as burst of media sending rate, we suggest that traffic load should be allocated to paths in proportion to the paths’ available bandwidths, which minimizes the overall bandwidth overload probability. Moreover, due to the smallest transmission unit is packet, in order to execute the traffic allocation policy exactly, weighted size-aware packet distribution algorithm is proposed to avoid the actual traffic deviation due to variance of packet sizes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other traditional algorithms, especially for reducing packet late arrivals, which has negative impaction in real-time transmission.
Organized Business, Political Regimes and Property Rights across the Russian Federation

This article explores the inter-relationship of collective action within the business community, the nature of the political regime and the security of firms’ property rights. Drawing on a pair of surveys recently administered in Russia, we present evidence that post-communist business associations have begun to coordinate business influence over state actors in a manner that is sensitive to regional politics. A firm’s ability to defend itself from government predation and to shape its institutional environment as well as its propensity to invest in physical capital are strongly related to both its membership in a business association and the level of democratization in its region. Of particular note, the positive effect of association membership on securing property rights increases in less democratic regions. The evidence, that is, suggests that collective action in the business community substitutes for democratic pressure in constraining public officials.
Chaos and complexity in astrophysics

Part I. Dynamical Systems - General: 1. Introduction to Part I 2. Astrophysical examples 3. Mathematical properties of dynamical systems 4. Properties of chaotic dynamics 5. Analysis of time series 6. Regular and irregular motion in Hamiltonian systems 7. Extended systems - instabilities and patterns Part II. Astrophysical Applications: 8. Introduction to Part II 9. Planetary, stellar and galactic dynamics 10. Irregularly variable astronomical point sources 11. Complex spatial patterns in astrophysics 12. Topics in astrophysical fluid dynamics References Index.
Synthesis and organization of zeolite-like materials with three-dimensional helical pores

The increasing demand for enantiomerically pure chemicals has stimulated extensive research into the preparation of heterogeneous chiral catalysts or separation media that combine both shape selectivity and enantioselectivity1. Helical pores in inorganic materials might be able to perform such functions, but their occurrence is rare1. Attempts have been reported to synthesize a specific enantiomorph of the chiral zeolite beta2, and chiral metal complexes have been used to assemble inorganic precursors into chiral frameworks3,4. Materials with a fully three-dimensional array of helical structural units are particularly rare, because helical structures (such as quartz) are commonly generated by a uni-dimensional symmetry element acting on an achiral structural subunit5,6. Here we report on a family of zeolite-type materials (which we call UCSB-7) that possess two independent sets of three-dimensional crosslinked helical pores, separated by a gyroid periodic minimal surface13. We have synthesized the UCSB-7 framework for various compositions (zinc and beryllium arsenates, gallium germanate) using either inorganic cations or amines as structure-directing agents. The helical-ribbon motif that we identify might be exploited more widely for developing useful chiral solid-state structures.
Reservation Price Announcement in Sealed Bid Auctions: Comment

This comment corrects some errors of analysis contained in a 1993 paper by Carey in the Journal of Industrial Economics.
Optimal Allocation Strategies for the Dark Pool Problem

We study the problem of allocating stocks to dark pools. We propose and analyze an optimal approach for allocations, if continuous-valued allocations are allowed. We also propose a modification for the case when only integer-valued allocations are possible. We extend the previous work on this problem to adversarial scenarios, while also improving on their results in the iid setup. The resulting algorithms are efficient, and perform well in simulations under stochastic and adversarial inputs.
Lessons about likelihood functions from nuclear physics

Least‐squares data analysis is based on the assumption that the normal (Gaussian) distribution appropriately characterizes the likelihood, that is, the conditional probability of each measurement d, given a measured quantity y, p(d|y). On the other hand, there is ample evidence in nuclear physics of significant disagreements among measurements, which are inconsistent with the normal distribution, given their stated uncertainties. In this study the histories of 99 measurements of the lifetimes of five elementary particles are examined to determine what can be inferred about the distribution of their values relative to their stated uncertainties. Taken as a whole, the variations in the data are somewhat larger than their quoted uncertainties would indicate. These data strongly support using a Student t distribution for the likelihood function instead of a normal. The most probable value for the order of the t distribution is 2.6±0.9. It is shown that analyses based on long‐tailed t‐distribution likelihoods ...
Photofission and electrofission

Recent experimental progress in the fields of photofission and electrofission of actinide nuclei is summarized. In particular, experimental results which throw light on the delineation of the characteristics of the giant resonances are highlighted. Measurements of especial interest in this regard include photofission cross-section studies with monoenergetic photons and electrofission yield and angular-distribution studies.
Lagrangian analysis, data covariance, and the impulse time integral

Lagrangian analysis is mathematical analysis of data derived from flow experiments in which embedded gauges move with the material motion (constant Lagrangian mass-point coordinate). With sufficient data, the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy are applied to the data in order to construct flow-variable fields, of particle velocity, stress, density, et cetera. Toward this end, a new Lagrangian analysis method has been constructed, that is centered upon a function, {alpha}, that incorporates conservation of mass and momentum into its definition. Further, the existence of {alpha} allows simultaneous, consistent, least-squares fitting of surfaces to all of the flow data. The method also incorporates a novel treatment of the data covariance effects resulting from gauge-to-gauge calibration uncertainty. Analysis of a synthetic data set illustrates the method. 8 refs., 8 figs.
An intelligent system for supporting personal creativity based on genetic algorithm

Creativity has long been recognized as vital to organizational success. IT (Information Technology) may play a supporting role to help organizations and groups in support of creativity. However idea generation inside the personal creative process is still a black box. This motivates us to propose an intelligent system for supporting personal creativity. This study proposes a human-machine interactive mechanism based on IGA (interactive genetic algorithm) for evolution process to help individuals' creativity. Chance discovery has been applied as the strategy in evolution process. It provides more efficient evolution. The intelligent system could bring individuals stimulus to improve personal creativity.
On the Rank Function of a Differential Poset

We study $r$-differential posets, a class of combinatorial objects introduced in 1988 by the first author, which gathers together a number of remarkable combinatorial and algebraic properties, and generalizes important examples of ranked posets, including the Young lattice. We first provide a simple bijection relating differential posets to a certain class of hypergraphs, including all finite projective planes, which are shown to be naturally embedded in the initial ranks of some differential poset. As a byproduct, we prove the existence, if and only if $r\geq 6$, of $r$-differential posets nonisomorphic in any two consecutive ranks but having the same rank function. We also show that the Interval Property, conjectured by the second author and collaborators for several sequences of interest in combinatorics and combinatorial algebra, in general fails for differential posets. In the second part, we prove that the rank function $p_n$ of any arbitrary $r$-differential poset has nonpolynomial growth; namely, $p_n\gg n^ae^{2\sqrt{rn}},$ a bound very close to the Hardy-Ramanujan asymptotic formula that holds in the special case of Young's lattice. We conclude by posing several open questions.
Approximating CSPs with global cardinality constraints using SDP hierarchies

This work is concerned with approximating constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) with additional global cardinality constraints. For example, Max Cut is a boolean CSP where the input is a graph G = (V, E) and the goal is to find a cut S ∪ S = V that maximizes the number of crossing edges, |E(S, S)|. The Max Bisection problem is a variant of Max Cut with a global constraint that each side of the cut has exactly half the vertices, i.e., |S| = |V|/2. Several other natural optimization problems like Min Bisection and approximating Graph Expansion can be formulated as CSPs with global cardinality constraints.In this work, we formulate a general approach towards approximating CSPs with global cardinality constraints using SDP hierarchies. To demonstrate the approach we present the following results:• Using the Lasserre hierarchy, we present an algorithm that runs in time O(npoly(1/e)) that given an instance of Max Bisection with value 1 − e, finds a bisection with value 1 − O(√e). This approximation is near-optimal (up to constant factors in O()) under the Unique Games Conjecture.• By a computer-assisted proof, we show that the same algorithm also achieves a 0.85-approximation for Max Bisection, improving on the previous bound of 0.70 (note that it is Unique Games hard to approximate better than a 0.878 factor). The same algorithm also yields a 0.92-approximation for Max 2-Sat with cardinality constraints.• For every CSP with a global cardinality constraints, we present a generic conversion from integrality gap instances for the Lasserre hierarchy to a dictatorship test whose soundness is at most integrality gap. Dictatorship testing gadgets are central to hardness results for CSPs, and a generic conversion of the above nature lies at the core of the tight Unique Games based hardness result for CSPs [Rag08].
Semantically-enabled large-scale science data repositories

Large heterogeneous online repositories of scientific information have the potential to change the way science is done today. In order for this potential to be realized, numerous challenges must be addressed concerning access to and interoperability of the online scientific data. In our work, we are using semantic web technologies to improve access and interoperability by providing a framework for collaboration and a basis for building and distributing advanced data simulation tools. Our initial scientific focus area is the solar terrestrial physics community. In this paper, we will present our work on the Virtual Solar Terrestrial Observatory (VSTO). We will present the emerging trend of the virtual observatory – a virtual integrated evolving scientific data repository – and describe the general use case and our semantically-enabled architecture. We will also present our specific implementation and describe the benefits of the semantic web in this setting. Further, we speculate on the future of the growing adoption of semantic technologies in this important application area of scientific cyberinfrastructure and semantically enabled scientific data repositories.
The Redshift Evolution of the 2-8 keV X-Ray Luminosity Function

The high angular resolution and sensitivity of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory has yielded large numbers of faint X-ray sources with measured redshifts in the soft-energy (0.5-2 keV) and hard-energy (2-8 keV) bands. Many of these sources show few obvious optical signatures of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We use Chandra observations of the Hubble Deep Field-North region, A370, and the Hawaii Survey fields SSA 13 and SSA 22, together with the ROSAT Ultra Deep Survey soft sample and the ASCA Large Sky Survey hard sample, to construct rest-frame 2-8 keV luminosity functions versus redshift for all the X-ray sources, regardless of their optical AGN characteristics. At z = 0.1-1, most of the 2-8 keV light density arises in sources with luminosities in the 1042-1044 ergs s-1 range. We show that the number density of sources in this luminosity range is rising, or is at least constant, with decreasing redshift. Broad-line AGNs are the dominant population at higher luminosities, and these sources show the well-known rapid positive evolution with increasing redshift to z ~ 3. We argue that the dominant supermassive black hole formation has occurred at recent times in objects with low accretion mass flow rates rather than at earlier times in more X-ray-luminous objects with high accretion mass flow rates.
Faith in the Algorithm, Part 2: Computational Eudaemonics

Eudaemonics is the study of the nature, causes, and conditions of human well-being. According to the ethical theory of eudaemonia, reaping satisfaction and fulfillment from life is not only a desirable end, but a moral responsibility. However, in modern society, many individuals struggle to meet this responsibility. Computational mechanisms could better enable individuals to achieve eudaemonia by yielding practical real-world systems that embody algorithms that promote human flourishing. This article presents eudaemonic systems as the evolutionary goal of the present day recommender system.
Access to Financial Services in Colombia : The “Unbanked” in Bogotá

The authors look at the depth of the financial sector in Bogota in terms of the financial exclusion of those, particularly poorer citizens, who operate without accounts in formal financial institutions - the unbanked. They begin with a review of the overall decline in financial intermediation from 1998 to 2003, which explains, in part, the high percentage of unbanked - 61 percent in a recent household survey in Bogota. The authors next look at the banking system today, concluding that the present challenge is to increase financial intermediation overall, especially with the poor. Their analysis shows that Colombia's banks provide costly services mainly catered toward high-income clients. Existing fees and costs of checking, savings, and loan services average 5-10 percent of a monthly minimum wage, making them hard to afford for low-income clients. The authors also explore the characteristics and impacts of financial exclusion associated with lower and more uncertain incomes, lower education, and closer links to the informal sector. They cite the household survey conducted in Bogota, showing that 70 percent of the unbanked earn less than one minimum wage per month, are three times more likely to be unemployed than the banked, and have lower education levels. The unbanked save and borrow largely in the informal sector, at greater risk and greater cost. At the same time, however, high home ownership rates show that the unbanked have the capacity to build assets, demonstrating that they have bankable characteristics. The authors conclude with recommendations for government and for the financial sector to broaden access for the benefit of public and private sectors, and for the unbanked.
International Trade and Institutional Change

This paper analyzes the impact of international trade on the quality of institutions, such as contract enforcement, property rights, or investor protection. It presents a model in which institutional dierences play two roles: they create rents for some parties within the economy, and they are a source of comparative advantage in trade. Institutional quality is determined as an equilibrium of a political economy game. When countries share the same technology, there is a \race to the top" in institutional quality: irrespective of country characteristics, both trade partners are forced to improve institutions after opening. On the other hand, domestic institutions will not improve in either trading partner when one of the countries has a strong enough technological comparative advantage in the good that relies on institutions. We test these predictions in a sample of 141 countries, using an extension of the geography-based methodology of Frankel and Romer (1999). Countries whose exogenous geographical characteristics predispose them to exporting in institutionally intensive sectors exhibit signicantly higher institutional quality.
Bridging and Fingerprinting: Epistemic Attacks on Route Selection

Users building routes through an anonymization network must discover the nodes comprising the network. Yet, it is potentially costly, or even infeasible, for everyone to know the entire network. We introduce a novel attack, the route bridging attack, which makes use of what route creators do notknow of the network. We also present new discussion and results concerning route fingerprinting attacks, which make use of what route creators do know of the network. We prove analytic bounds for both route fingerprinting and route bridging and describe the impact of these attacks on published anonymity-network designs. We also discuss implications for network scaling and client-server vs. peer-to-peer systems.
Bounded-contention coding for wireless networks in the high SNR regime

Efficient communication in wireless networks is typically challenged by the possibility of interference among several transmitting nodes. Much important research has been invested in decreasing the number of collisions in order to obtain faster algorithms for communication in such networks. This paper proposes a novel approach for wireless communication, which embraces collisions rather than avoiding them, over an additive channel. It introduces a coding technique called Bounded-Contention Coding (BCC) that allows collisions to be successfully decoded by the receiving nodes into the original transmissions and whose complexity depends on a bound on the contention among the transmitters. BCC enables deterministic local broadcast in a network with n nodes and at most a transmitters with information of l bits each within O(alogn+al) bits of communication with full-duplex radios, and O((alogn+al)(logn)) bits, with high probability, with half-duplex radios. When combined with random linear network coding, BCC gives global broadcast within O((D+a+logn)(alogn+l)) bits, with high probability. This also holds in dynamic networks that can change arbitrarily over time by a worst-case adversary. When no bound on the contention is given, it is shown how to probabilistically estimate it and obtain global broadcast that is adaptive to the true contention in the network.
Unification of the General Non-Linear Sigma Model and the Virasoro Master Equation

The Virasoro master equation describes a large set of conformal field theories known as the affine-Virasoro constructions, in the operator algebra (affinie Lie algebra) of the WZW model, while the einstein equations of the general non-linear sigma model describe another large set of conformal field theories. This talk summarizes recent work which unifies these two sets of conformal field theories, together with a presumable large class of new conformal field theories. The basic idea is to consider spin-two operators of the form L{sub ij}{partial_derivative}x{sup i}{partial_derivative}x{sup j} in the background of a general sigma model. The requirement that these operators satisfy the Virasoro algebra leads to a set of equations called the unified Einstein-Virasoro master equation, in which the spin-two spacetime field L{sub ij} cuples to the usual spacetime fields of the sigma model. The one-loop form of this unified system is presented, and some of its algebraic and geometric properties are discussed.
Distributed detection with mismatched sensors

Consideration is given to the problem of distributed detection based on a system of two sensors that transmit raw data to a central processor (fusion center) responsible for masking the final decision when the region jointly covered by the two sensors contains subregions that are blind spots to each of them. Preliminary assumptions include a known geometry of the visible and blind spots, symmetric coverage of the region by the two sensors and uniform distribution of a target in the coverage region. The authors formulate and compare three detection schemes. In the first scheme, the a priori information on the coverage factor along with the data from both sensors are used directly to detect the presence of the target with no attempt to estimate its position first. In the second scheme, a preliminary estimate of the target position is used to determine whether the target is visible by both sensors, one only, or none. In the third scheme, estimates of the most likely position of the target, if the target were present, are incorporated in the detection model and the presence of the target is detected by using a likelihood-ratio test. >
Identifying Users with Opposing Opinions in Twitter Debates

In recent times, social media sites such as Twitter have been extensively used for debating politics and public policies. These debates span millions of tweets and numerous topics of public importance. Thus, it is imperative that this vast trove of data is tapped in order to gain insights into public opinion especially on hotly contested issues such as abortion, gun reforms etc. Thus, in our work, we aim to gauge users’ stance on such topics in Twitter. We propose ReLP, a semi-supervised framework using a retweet-based label propagation algorithm coupled with a supervised classifier to identify users with differing opinions. In particular, our framework is designed such that it can be easily adopted to different domains with little human supervision while still producing excellent accuracy.
The Economics of Europe and the European Union

Part I. The Economics of the European Union: 1. Old Europe, new Europe: the role of the European Union 2. A dispute over origins: the European view vs. the American perspective 3. The customs union and the diversion of trade 4. The Common Agricultural Policy and reforms: feeding Europe and then some 5. The Euro: the ultimate currency reform? 6. The European Central Bank in action 7. The single market: from eliminating non-tariff barriers to enforcing competition 8. The single market in labor: from refugees to Schengen 9. The single market in capital: from Bretton Woods to Maastricht 10. The EU's regional policy and development policy 11. The EU and the US as economic superpowers compared Part II. The Economies of Europe: 12. The German economy: problems with reunification 13. The French economy: problems with assimilation 14. The British economy: after Thatcher, what next? 15. The Italian economy: political reform vs. economic reform 16. The small open countries: free trade or customs union? 17. The Scandinavian union: or separate ways? 18. The late-comers: lessons in preparation 19. The new-comers: building institutions 20. The future members: customs union as substitute or stage one for the EU.
Work Groups and Teams in Organizations

This review chapter examines the literature on work team effectiveness. To begin, we consider their nature, define them, and identify four critical conceptual issues—context, workflow, levels, and time—that serve as review themes and discuss the multitude of forms that teams may assume. We then shift attention to the heart of the review, examining key aspects of the creation, development, operation, and management of work teams. To accomplish objectives of breadth and integration, we adopt a life-cycle perspective to organize the review. Topics involved in the team life cycle include: (1) team composition; (2) team formation, socialization, and development; (3) team processes, effectiveness, and enhancements; (4) team leadership and motivation; (5) and team continuance and decline. We characterize representative theory and research, identify thematic limitations, and highlight work that is beginning to push the boundaries on our critical conceptual issues. We also address application concerns where possible. Finally, we close with a discussion that reflects back on the topics, considers the state of progress regarding our critical conceptual themes, and suggests directions for new research to foster continued progress and development. Keywords: team composition; team development; team effectiveness; team leadership; team motivation
Supply Chain and Network Performance: Metrics for Profitability, Productivity, and Efficiency

The architecture of the firm involves determination of a boundary that encompasses the functions managed by the firm. The past decade has seen substantial reorganization of firms where vertical or horizontal integration has been unbundled into weaker forms of collaborations including value chains and networks. This observation has forced a re-conceptualization of the boundaries of the firm to incorporate such collaborations. These collaborations are virtual and highly dynamic. They emerge and persist when two conditions are met. First, they must enable generation of greater value than might be attained through independent operation and anonymous transactions through markets. Second, the resulting growth must be shared with members in a way that retains their participation. Each of these conditions can be verified only if performance of the collaboration can be established. This paper recognizes the need for “metrics of performance” that are by necessity operationally feasible to measure. While conceptual approaches have been studied in the management literature, this paper considers from theoretic perspectives these issues and derives measures of the performance of the overall collaboration as well as of the participating enterprises. The paper presents a framework that can be applied to both vertical and horizontal collaborations as found in supply chains and networks. The paper offers suggestions on empirical methods for estimation of measures derived.
Which Exterior Powers are Balanced

A signed graph is a graph whose edges are given $\pm 1$ weights. In such a graph, the sign of a cycle is the product of the signs of its edges. A signed graph is called balanced if its adjacency matrix is similar to the adjacency matrix of an unsigned graph via conjugation by a diagonal $\pm 1$ matrix. For a signed graph $\Sigma$ on $n$ vertices, its exterior $k$th power, where $k=1,\ldots,n-1$, is a graph $\bigwedge^{k} \Sigma$ whose adjacency matrix is given by \[ A(\mbox{$\bigwedge^{k} \Sigma$}) = P_{\wedge}^{\dagger} A(\Sigma^{\Box k}) P_{\wedge}, \] where $P_{\wedge}$ is the projector onto the anti-symmetric subspace of the $k$-fold tensor product space $(\mathbb{C}^{n})^{\otimes k}$ and $\Sigma^{\Box k}$ is the $k$-fold Cartesian product of $\Sigma$ with itself. The exterior power creates a signed graph from any graph, even unsigned. We prove sufficient and necessary conditions so that $\bigwedge^{k} \Sigma$ is balanced. For $k=1,\ldots,n-2$, the condition is that either $\Sigma$ is a signed path or $\Sigma$ is a signed cycle that is balanced for odd $k$ or is unbalanced for even $k$; for $k=n-1$, the condition is that each even cycle in $\Sigma$ is positive and each odd cycle in $\Sigma$ is negative.
School-Based Management, School Decision-Making and Education Outcomes in Indonesian Primary Schools

This paper examines the key aspects of the practices of school-based management in Indonesia, and its effect on education quality. Using a conceptual framework of an accountability system of public service delivery, the paper explores the relations among Indonesian parents, school committees, schools, and government education supervisory bodies from three tenets: participation and voice; autonomy; and accountability. Using the data from a nationally representative survey of about 400 public primary schools in Indonesia, the paper finds that the level of parental participation and voice in school management is extremely low in Indonesia. While the role of school committees is still limited to community relations, school facilities, and other administrative areas of school management, school principals, together with teachers, are much more empowered to assert professional control of the schools. The accountability system has remained weak in Indonesia's school system, which is reflected by inadequate information flow to parents, as well as seemingly low parental awareness of the need to hold schools accountable. The accountability arrangement of the Indonesian school system currently puts more emphasis on top-down supervision and monitoring by government supervisory bodies. The findings show that although the scope of school-based management in Indonesia is limited, it has begun to help schools make the right decisions on allocation of resources and hiring additional (non-civil servant) teachers, and to create an enabling environment of learning, including increasing teacher attendance rates. These aspects are found to have significantly positive effects on student learning outcomes.
MRFalign: Protein Homology Detection through Alignment of Markov Random Fields

Sequence-based protein homology detection has been extensively studied and so far the most sensitive method is based upon comparison of protein sequence profiles, which are derived from multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of sequence homologs in a protein family. A sequence profile is usually represented as a position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM) or an HMM (Hidden Markov Model) and accordingly PSSM-PSSM or HMM-HMM comparison is used for homolog detection. This paper presents a new homology detection method MRFalign, consisting of three key components: 1) a Markov Random Fields (MRF) representation of a protein family; 2) a scoring function measuring similarity of two MRFs; and 3) an efficient ADMM (Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers) algorithm aligning two MRFs. Compared to HMM that can only model very short-range residue correlation, MRFs can model long-range residue interaction pattern and thus, encode information for the global 3D structure of a protein family. Consequently, MRF-MRF comparison for remote homology detection shall be much more sensitive than HMM-HMM or PSSM-PSSM comparison. Experiments confirm that MRFalign outperforms several popular HMM or PSSM-based methods in terms of both alignment accuracy and remote homology detection and that MRFalign works particularly well for mainly beta proteins. For example, tested on the benchmark SCOP40 (8353 proteins) for homology detection, PSSM-PSSM and HMM-HMM succeed on 48% and 52% of proteins, respectively, at superfamily level, and on 15% and 27% of proteins, respectively, at fold level. In contrast, MRFalign succeeds on 57.3% and 42.5% of proteins at superfamily and fold level, respectively. This study implies that long-range residue interaction patterns are very helpful for sequence-based homology detection. The software is available for download at http://raptorx.uchicago.edu/download/. A summary of this paper appears in the proceedings of the RECOMB 2014 conference, April 2–5.
Radiatively induced first-order phase transitions the necessity of the renormalization group

Abstract We advocate a (Wilson) renormalization-group (RG) treatment of finite-temperature first-order phase transitions, in particular those driven by radiative corrections such as occur in the standard model, and other spontaneously broken gauge theories. We introduce the scale-dependent coarse-grained free energy S Λ [ φ ] which we explicitly calculate, using the Wilson RG and a (4 − e)-expansion, for a scalar toy model that shares many features of the gauged case. As argued by Langer and others, the dynamics of the phase transition are described by S Λ [ φ ] with 1/Λ of order the bubble wall thickness, and not by the usual (RG-improved) finite-temperature effective action which is reproduced by S Λ [ φ ] for Λ → 0. We argue that for weakly first-order transitions (such as that in the he (4 − e)-expansion is necessary to control an inevitable growth of the effective scale-dependent coupling towards the strong-coupling regime, and that diagrammatic resummation techniques are unlikely to be appropriate.
The atmosphere of Titan.

The discovery that Titan had an atmosphere was made by the identification of methane in the satellite's spectrum in 1944. But the abundance of this gas and the identification of other major constituents required the 1980 encounter by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. in the intervening years, traces of C2H2, C2H4, C2H6 and CH3D had been posited to interpret emission bands in Titan's IR spectrum. The Voyager infrared Spectrometer confirmed that these gases were present and added seven more. The atmosphere is now known to be composed primarily of molecular nitrogen. But the derived mean molecular weight suggests the presence of a significant amount of some heavier gas, most probably argon. It is shown that this argon must be primordial, and that one can understand the evolution of Titan's atmosphere in terms of degassing of a mixed hydrate dominated by CH4, N2 and36Ar. This model satisfactorily explains the absence of neon and makes no special requirements on the satellite's surface temperature. The organic chemistry taking place on Titan today invites comparision with chemical evolution on the primitive Earth prior to the origin of life.
Potential Savings from Abolition of the Death Penalty in North Carolina

Despite the long-term decline in the number of death sentences and the lack of executions, the cost of the death penalty in North Carolina remains high. To document this cost, the empirical analysis here focuses on a recent two-year period, comparing actual costs associated with capital proceedings, with likely costs in the absence of the death penalty. The conclusion: the state would have spent almost $11 million less each year on criminal justice activities (including appeals and imprisonment) if the death penalty had been abolished. Additional criminal justice resources would have been freed up and available to be redirected to other cases.
THE LONG‐RUN PERFORMANCE OF COMPANIES THAT WITHDRAW SEASONED EQUITY OFFERINGS

We examine the long-run stock price and operating performance of companies that withdraw seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). Firms that withdraw an offering provide an opportunity to examine whether markets fully adjust to the information conveyed when managers announce the intent to issue shares, independent of any agency problems that might be intensified by the completion of the offering. As in completed seasoned equity offerings, long-horizon event-time operating and stock price performance in sample firms is substantially lower than what is observed among control firms. Underperformance is also observed in an equally weighted calendar-time analysis. Results are consistent with overpricing among small firms that attempt, but then withdraw, SEOs.