cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bio-Electro-Refinery: Conversion, Sustainability, and Policy

Abstract Conversion of waste streams generated in a biorefinery to useful products such as electricity, hydrogen, and chemicals can increase the efficiency of biomass to bioproduct generation, while increasing sustainability. Hydrogen is a significant requirement within biorefinery due to the high oxygen content of biomass, requiring hydrogenation, thus, fuel production via waste-derived hydrogen and water recycle are potential pathways to support sustainable biorefinery goals. The bio-electro-refinery concept aims to integrate bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) into the biorefinery for this purpose. This field is in its infancy, and very few products have been developed commercially using complex feed streams derived from biomass or waste feedstock. We provide an assessment of the current state of BES applications relevant to biorefinery process streams using hydrogen as an example. We focus on the microbial community requirements to handle the complexity of biomass-derived mixed substrates, the effect of process conditions on BES performance with insights into relative rates of fermentation versus exoelectrogenesis and mass as well as charge transfer issues relevant to the anodic process, which is fed by the biorefinery waste stream. Successful development of the integrated BES biorefinery technology will have significant implications for enhancing the viability and sustainability of advanced biofuel technologies by diverting lost carbon to a needed product while reducing freshwater and fossil fuel inputs to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the process as a whole. This chapter illustrates the various needs for development of bio-electro-refineries including electro-biocatalyst enrichment, mass and charge transfer processes, and sustainability issues such as water recycling, in the production of hydrogen in a bio-electro-refinery along with biofuel. A holistic framework to evaluate sustainability is presented via inclusion of social and economic factors in addition to environmental parameters to complete the development of the bio-electro-refinery concept. Finally, a brief overview of policy drivers for lignocellulosic biorefineries is outlined in context of the bio-electro-refinery.
Passed Along: Black Women Refect on the Long-Term Effects of Social Promotion and Retention in Schools

Biographies and personal narratives are important for helping us understand how individuals make sense of their experiences and lives. This article explores the educational life histories of two ad...
Interplay of spinal and vagal pathways on esophageal acid-related anterior cingulate cortex functional networks in rats.

These studies show that esophageal acid-induced brain functional connectivity changes are vagally mediated and suggest that signals transmitted through both the vagal nerve and spinal nerves play a...
Numerical Simulations of Lid-Driven Cavity Flows Using Multi-relaxation Time Lattice Boltzmann Method

Lattice Boltzmann method is implemented to study two and three dimensional flows in a square cavity. D2Q9 is used to predict the velocity field in a two dimensional cavity while both D3Q15 and D3Q19 lattice arrangements are employed to predict three dimensional flows in a cavity. The second order and non-equilibrium type of boundary conditions are used to discretize the conditions imposed on the velocity field at both moving and stationary walls. Multi-relaxation time method is applied for two dimensional lattice arrangements while single relaxation time method is employed for three dimensional arrangements. Multi relaxation time provides an accurate and stable simulations at high Re flows. The velocity field predicted here for both two and three dimensional cavity flows agrees well with those documented by previous investigators. It has been shown here that the Lattice Boltzmann method is an effective computational fluid dynamics tool to study high Re flows.
Animal models of primary brain tumors

Abstract Animal models have played a key role in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the occurrence, recurrence, and therapeutic treatment of primary brain tumors. In this chapter, we review the various types of human primary brain tumors, describe the general properties of the dominantly used animal model systems, and propose general guidelines to help optimize animal model creation. We also discuss the history and current uses of rodent models in the study of the pathologenesis and treatment of various important types of primary brain tumors, including adult and pediatric glioma, meningioma, medulloblastoma, and CNS lymphoma. Included is an analysis of the role of rodent models in the development of immune-based therapies for brain tumors. Lastly, we summarize the tradeoffs and limitations of currently existing animal models of primary brain tumors and discuss the current outlook for future developments.
An ABAQUS toolbox for soil-structure interaction analysis

Abstract It is well established that the soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects can bear important consequences under strong earthquakes, and their accurate quantification can become a critical issue in designing earthquake-resistant structures. In general, SSI analyses are carried out by means of either direct or substructure methods. In either option, the numerical models feature truncated and/or reduced-order computational domains. For truncation, boundary representations that perfectly absorb the outgoing waves and enable the consistent prescription of input motions are crucial. At the present time, the aforementioned capabilities are not broadly available to researchers and practicing engineers. To this end, we implement the so-called Domain Reduction Method (DRM) and Perfectly-Matched-Layers (PMLs) in ABAQUS, by computing and prescribing the effective nodal forces, and through a user-defined element (UEL) subroutine, respectively. We then verify the accuracy and stability of these implementations for both homogeneous and heterogeneous soil domains, vertical and inclined incident SV waves, and two- and three-dimensional problems. Finally, we present two useful application examples of using the implemented features—namely, the extraction of impedance functions, the response analysis of buried structures subjected to inclined plane waves. The implemented codes for both DRM and PML will be disseminated for broader use.
Theatricality and performativity: writings on texture from Plato’s cave to urban activism

In his book Theatricality and Performativity: Writings on Texture from Plato’s Cave to Urban Activism, author Teemu Paavolainen offers up metaphors of texture and weaving as poststructural rejoinde...
Understanding the work values of Gen Z business students

Abstract The next generation (i.e., post-Millennials/Gen Z) now represents a majority of our business students. Yet, there is limited empirical evidence of the career expectations of this emerging generation, thereby impeding our ability to effectively engage students both in the classroom and in the career development process. To overcome this gap, we surveyed business students at seven different U.S. universities to assess their career work expectations. The results show broad similarities between Gen Z and the prior Gen Y generation yet also highlight some meaningful, significant variations. Supporting and extending existing literature, the results depict a typical business student who focuses on a stable career by developing strong skillsets that allow them to advance quickly in the workplace. A follow up survey of business faculty and career service personnel reveals that both groups are relatively out of touch with such student expectations. Specific recommendations are subsequently provided to enable business faculty to enrich student interest in their courses as well as help academic programs and career services enhance the fit of these students with majors and careers.
Installing Everything You Need

Okay, so now that you are excited about all of the different software engineering concepts that you can learn with Scala, the first thing you will need to do is install… Java. Wait, what? It may seem a bit misleading, but Java Development Kit (JDK) is required for Scala since the Scala programming language is built off of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), so you will need to ensure that it is installed as a dependency before installing Scala.
Gauge Theorem for the Neumann Problem

Let D be a bounded domain in IRd and let (Δ/2 + q)u = 0 be Schrodinger’s equation on D. The Dirichlet problem for the equation was studied first in [2] for bounded q and then in [1] and [4] for q ∈ Kd (see below for definition). The gauge function for the Dirichlet problem is defined in [2] as $${\text{G(x)}}{\mkern 1mu} {\text{ = }}{\mkern 1mu} {{{\text{E}}}^{{\text{x}}}}[\exp (\int_{{\text{0}}}^{{{{\tau }_{{\text{D}}}}}} {{\text{q(}}{{{\text{B}}}_{{\text{S}}}}{\text{)}}} {\mkern 1mu} {\text{ds}})]$$ (1) , where B = {Bt, t ≥ 0} is the standard Brownian motion on and IRd and τD is the first exit time of D. One striking property of the gauge function proved in [2] and [4] is the following.
Antitrust in the Consumer Platform Economy: How Apple Has Abused its Mobile Platform Dominance

Consumer tech platforms such as Apple, Amazon, Google, and Facebook form indispensable parts of the modern economy. While their growing dominance increasingly threatens competition and consumer welfare, the outdated thinking behind current American antitrust law impedes enforcement against their abuse of power. The story of how Apple, which controls a critical gateway to the digital economy, has leveraged its dominance over the smartphone platform market to harm competition and deter the rise of future platforms provides salutary lessons and calls for special antitrust scrutiny for powerful tech platforms. This Note analyzes Apple’s violations of American antitrust law to inform ongoing litigation and investigations. It traces how Apple has abused its control of the App Store and the smartphone platform market through illegal tying and monopolistic refusal to deal, both hitherto under-studied issues. In forcing a supra-competitive 30% tax on third-party apps, blocking competitors, and favoring its own apps over rivals’, Apple’s anti-competitive practices have not only raised smartphone app prices and stunted innovation, but have also prolonged and expanded its monopoly by deterring future platforms from emerging. Using a Less Restrictive Alternative approach, the Note shows claimed benefits of Apple’s conduct are either pre-textual or unnecessarily restrictive. This Note also updates antitrust law by examining how the consumer platform economy has upended assumptions underlying traditional antitrust doctrines. Building on modern economics literature, it finds consumers and small businesses’ resource limitations, ecosystem lock-ins, and multi-layered networks create extraordinary information and switching costs, which give tech platforms immense power that their market share numbers belie. They also give platforms strong incentives to leverage their monopoly power outward, causing irreversible harm. These findings challenge traditional antitrust assumptions about rationality, market efficiency, and lack of entry barriers, which give an overly charitable view of dominant firms, and call for a rethinking of the current regime. The Note closes by proposing changes to current antitrust doctrines and enforcement. It is high time that courts reconsidered their hostility to monopoly leveraging and refusal to deal claims. Adjusting class action threshold to account for the diverse impacts of platform abuse of dominance will be critical to ensure private enforcement viability. Federal antitrust enforcement agencies will also need to step up with their resource and incentive advantages to aggressively push for evidence-finding, expanding antitrust doctrines, and helping small players where private plaintiffs fall short.
The Status Quo Theory of Depletion Does not Explain the Israeli Parole Decisions.

Danziger et al. (2011a) showed that the parole decisions of an Israeli court of parole are influenced by judicially extraneous factors such as the time of day the case is heard. It was suggested in the paper that the cyclical parole frequencies could be explained by a status quo theory of depletion, but it did not test the theory in the data. We first show that the statistical model used in Danziger et al. (2011a) can be interpreted as a behavioral model of a depletion process. Under this interpretation, the status quo theory is inconsistent with the reported results. The statistical model however imposes a restrictive assumption of depletion processes that are uniform across judges. Individual specific depletion processes, which is suggested by theory and supported by the data, affect the measurement of a key test statistic. Allowing for judge specific depletion processes, the evidence is more mixed, but we find overall little support for the status quo theory of depletion.
Societal heterogeneity contributes to complex dynamic patterns of the COVID-19 pandemics: insights from a novel Stochastic Heterogeneous Epidemic Model (SHEM)

After months of COVID-19 quarantine, businesses are reopening their doors and people are reentering society. Within the current COVID-19 data, after a slow-down of infection, a new peak in active cases is already forming. Here we developed a new Stochastic Heterogeneous Epidemic Model (SHEM) to investigate genesis of complex pandemic patterns with the focus on the role of heterogenous societal structure. Using this model with R0 of COVID-19, we simulated viral infection in different scenarios where isolated, communities surround the main cluster of the population. Depending on the parameters of heterogeneity and isolation period, our simulations generated a multimodal growth periods with multiple peaks, an extended plateau, a prolonged tail, or a delayed second wave of infection. We show that timing and magnitude of infection for previously unaffected isolated clusters of people, such as suburban neighborhoods, are critical aspects of these patterns. Our model can be applied to communities at any given scale of population described as a fractal-like structure, i.e. from the entire human population, to a country, down to a province or city levels with relevant societal heterogeneity structure. The current COVID-19 pandemic development worldwide and in the US follows a bimodal rise pattern, qualitatively similar to that in our simulations. We interpret our data to indicate that the secondary peak in the pattern is contributed by the states and counties in the US with late infection surges that are analogous to isolated suburbs in our model. Furthermore, the on-going early reopening, i.e. premature partial reopening in our model, is further accelerating the peak rise. This peak now reaches new heights, forcing many states in the US to reverse their policies and reestablish their quarantine measures. Our results support these timely and effective measures: we show that longer quarantine periods can reduce the number of deaths and transform the current trend into a substantially delayed (>1 year) second wave. If this scenario becomes a reality, it is important (i) to develop the vaccine and/or effective treatment before the second wave;(ii) to warn people living in suburbs that it is these isolated areas that may hold a false sense of security, but they should continue to take extra care for their public health.
Narrative review of pharmacotherapy for transthyretin cardiac amyloid

Treatment of cardiac amyloidosis is determined by the amyloid type and degree of involvement. Two types of amyloid commonly infiltrate the heart: immunoglobulin light-chain amyloid (AL), and transthyretin amyloid (ATTR), that encompasses other two forms, a hereditary form (hATTR), and a sporadic, age-related wild-type (wtATTR). The prevalence is expected to increase with aging population. The natural history of ATTR cardiomyopathy includes progressive heart failure (HF), complicated by arrhythmias and conduction system disease. New therapies options have been approved or are under investigation. We performed a narrative literature review, manually-searched the reference lists of included articles and relevant reviews. Treatment for cardiac ATTR should be directed towards alleviation of HF symptoms and to slow or stop progressive amyloid deposition. Conventional HF medications are poorly tolerated and may not alter the disease progression or symptoms, except perhaps with the administration of diuretics. There are three approaches of therapy for ATTR cardiomyopathy: tetramer stabilizers, inhibition of ATTR protein synthesis and clearance of deposited fibrils. Tafamidis diminishes the progression of cardiomyopathy, functional parameters, improves overall outcome in patients with early disease stages, irrespective of ATTR status and is well tolerated. Diflunisal has shown promising results in early studies, but at the expense of significant side effects. Two new agents, antisense oligonucleotides, patisiran and inotersen are under investigation in cardiac amyloidosis. Patisiran appears to be the most effective treatment for hATTR, although evidence is limited, with a relatively small cardiac subpopulation. Therapies considering clearance of amyloid fibrils from tissue remain experimental. In conclusion, tafamidis is the only approved agent for the treatment of ATTR cardiomyopathy although multiple other agents have shown promising early results and are undergoing clinical trials. Careful consideration of the type of ATTR, comorbidities and disease stage will be key in deciding the optimal therapy for ATTR patients.
Δ3- and δ4-1,2,3-Triazolines

Publisher Summary The chapter presents procedures for the synthesis of the Δ3 and Δ4-compounds. The sodium borohydride reduction of triazolium compounds5 and the vinyl azide additions to triazolinediones6 appear most promising for the formation of Δ3-triazolines. The preparation of Δ4-1,2,3-Triazolines involves the reaction of diazonium compounds of primary aromatic or heterocyclic mono- or diamines at pH 8–12 with inorganic acid esters of diethanolamines.2 When dialkylamines are used in place of the esters, l-alkyl-A4-triazolines are obtained. Both Δ3- and Δ4-1,2,3-triazolines have the 1H-structure. The ultraviolet spectrum of Δ4-1,2,3-triazoline-4,5-dicarboxylate is recorded. The infrared spectrum establishes the presence or absence of the NH function in the Δ3- and Δ4-triazolines; in the NH absorption appears at 3300 cm-1. They do not suffer nitrogen loss in the mass spectrum, and molecular ion peaks are reported for several related bicyclic Δ3-1,2,3-triazolines. The chemistry of Δ3- and Δ4-1,2,3-triazolines is still in its beginnings and few reactions are reported.
Reversible Inhibition of Tomato Fruit Ripening by Antisense ACC Synthase RNA

Ethylene is one of the simplest organic molecules with biological activity. Its effects on plant tissue are spectacular and commercially important (1,2). This hydrocarbon gas is generally considered to be the fruit ripening hormone (2,3). Because of its effects on plant senescence, large losses of fruits and vegetables are incurred annually in the U.S. The losses are much greater in third world countries because of the lack of sufficient refrigeration and transportation. Consequently, it has always been a goal of plant biologists and of postharvest physiologists, in particular, to be able to prevent or delay fruit ripening in a reversible manner by controlling ethylene action or production. Thus, an understanding of ethylene action and biosynthesis is of fundamental as well as of applied significance. This update summarizes the recent advances in manipulating key genes in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway to prevent ethylene production and fruit ripening.
Gangs, gang homicides, and gang loyalty:: Organized crimes or disorganized criminals

Gang members contribute disproportionately to homicide. This article examines gang homicide during its peak in the mid-1990s in St. Louis, a city with high homicide rates and large gang problems. The article addresses two related questions, the differences between gang and non-gang homicides, and the social organization of gang homicide. Marked differences between gang and non-gang homicides were found. These differences centered primarily on guns and the similarity of victim and offender characteristics. Gang homicides most often occurred within gang factions rather than between factions. Gangs were unable to organize homicides in an effective manner, which reflected the disorganized character of gangs and the neighborhoods in which they reside. The findings of this article raised important questions about the cohesiveness of gangs.
Cardiopulmonary effects of antimalarial drugs. II. Phenanthrenemethanols.

Abstract WR 33,063 has the chemical name: 6-bromo-α-(diheptylaminomethyl)-9-phenanthrenemethanol. It does not influence the cardiac output, blood pressure and pulmonary resistance in anesthetized dogs. It does not influence pulmonary resistance or blood pressure in anesthetized rabbits. The compound depresses the excitability of the heart of mice in response to inhalation of chloroform. There are no important changes in contents of biogenic amines in the lung, heart, and brain of mice and rabbits that receive doses less than 100 mg/kg of WR 33,063. The other phenanthrenemethanol which has been previously investigated in man is NIH 204; it has the following chemical name: α-(diamylaminomethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-phenanthrenemethanol. This compound produces an increase in pulmonary resistance in anesthetized rabbits and dogs. It also increases cardiac output in dogs by releasing catecholamines. The mechanism for the previously reported sympathomimetic effect of NIH 204 in man has been identified in the experiments in dogs; this compound causes a release of catecholamines.
Surface acoustic waves and devices

The purpose of this paper is to review the basic physics of surface wave propagation on piezoelectric substrates, and to survey the applications of these waves to various types of devices. Smooth, layered, and corrugated substrates will be considered. Methods of analysis will be reviewed, and general characteristics of the solutions (polarization, velocity, piezoelectric coupling, etc.) will be summarized. To conclude, a brief overview of the historical development of surface wave devices (delay lines, resonators, correlators, convolvers etc.) will be presented, and recent trends in applications will be described.
Cell Transformation Assays

Morphological transformation of mammalian cells following exposure to a chemical agent is frequently used as a preliminary screen for the carcinogenic potential of the agent. This unit describes a protocol using Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells to assay transformation.
Analysis of the response time compensation systems for Liquid Crystal Displays

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) has become a universal choice for television displays in the recent years. Due to the electro-optic nature of the LC materials the response time for gray to gray transitions is not fast enough for high quality video applications. The slow response time of the LCD results in motion artifacts, which are visible as blur of moving objects. In this paper we analyse this non-linear behavior of the LCD and suggest a method to compute the actual acceleration voltage based on the value of the current pixel, motion in the scene and LCD characteristics.
ROSE: An object-oriented database system for interactive computer graphics applications

In summary, the ROSE system has been designed to allow efficiency to be combined with fiexibility for support of interactive computer graphics applications. The object paradigm is exploited throughout all aspects of the ROSe system because it provides a natural data organization for graphical data, and because it leads to clustering ofdata in secondary storage to maximize the performance of data retrieval as demanded by high performance interactive computer graphics applications such as engineering design.
A 20GHz VCO with 5GHz tuning range in 0.25 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS

This paper presents a 20 GHz VCO with 5 GHz tuning range in 0.25 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS. A differential capacitive emitter degenerated structure is used as a negative resistance cell that has extremely low parasitic capacitance. The VCO core consumes 9 mW, and the measured phase noise at 1 MHz offset is -101.2 dBc/Hz.
Linking Environmental Citizenship and Civic Engagement to Public Trust and Environmental Sacrifice in the Asian Context

Despite the increasing interest in collaborative governance, existing literature on the subject focuses mostly on what government can do for citizens while ignoring the roles of citizens. Utilizing data from the 2010 International Social Survey Program on an environment this study builds on previous work on the link between citizen participation and public trust by comparing the effects of environmental citizenship and other methods of civic engagement on trust in government and on citizens’ willingness to sacrifice for environmental causes. The main findings suggest that while environmental citizenship is generally a consistent predictor of both public trust in government and citizens’ willingness to sacrifice for environmental causes, civic engagement experience was significantly associated only with enhancing willingness to sacrifice for environmental causes. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Theory of the coupling of quantum-critical fluctuations to fermions and d -wave superconductivity in cuprates

The quantum-critical fluctuations of the time-reversal breaking order parameter which is observed in the pseudogap regime of the cuprates are shown to couple to the lattice equivalent of the local angular momentum of the fermions. Such a coupling favors scattering of fermions through angles close to $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi}/2$ which is unambiguously shown to promote $d$-wave pairing. The right order of magnitude of ${T}_{c}$ and the zero temperature gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}/{T}_{c}$ are calculated using the same fluctuations which give the anomalous normal state properties for dopings near the quantum-critical value.
Dual Decomposition from the Perspective of Relax, Compensate and then Recover

Relax, Compensate and then Recover (RCR) is a paradigm for approximate inference in probabilistic graphical models that has previously provided theoretical and practical insights on iterative belief propagation and some of its generalizations. In this paper, we characterize the technique of dual decomposition in the terms of RCR, viewing it as a specific way to compensate for relaxed equivalence constraints. Among other insights gathered from this perspective, we propose novel heuristics for recovering relaxed equivalence constraints with the goal of incrementally tightening dual decomposition approximations, all the way to reaching exact solutions. We also show empirically that recovering equivalence constraints can sometimes tighten the corresponding approximation (and obtaining exact results), without increasing much the complexity of inference.
DNA damage produced by ionizing radiation in mammalian cells: identities, mechanisms of formation, and reparability.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a framework for understanding the way permanent heritable damage in cellular DNA results from exposure to ionizing radiation. If the processes that occur in the time between the initial radiation energy deposition and the formation of such damage can be described, then rationales can be developed for the modulation of radiation damage. For example, it may be possible to (1) devise a means of differentially modulating the amounts of radiation damage, for instance, in tumor versus normal tissue in radiotherapy, or (2) predict the effects of variations of several parameters on the biological consequences of a radiation dose. It has been concluded that the types and yields of damaged moieties produced in intracellular DNA by low LET ionizing radiation are consistent with the mechanisms of production that involve both OH radical attack and a direct ionization of the macromolecule. At the radiation-dose levels producing one lethal lesion per cell, the amounts of damage produced by ionizing radiation are several orders of magnitude lower than the amounts of damage required for equal kill by other agents. Individual damaged moieties are not biologically significant; they can easily be repaired using the undamaged DNA strand as a template. The lethal lesion produced in cellular DNA is a locally multiply damaged site.
Latinos and School Vouchers: Testing the “Minority Support” Hypothesis*

Objectives. Voucher proponents, as well as some researchers, argue that minorities and individuals of relatively low socioeconomic status (SES) particularly favor school vouchers. Little work has specifically explored Latino attitudes, with the focus typically on African-American opinions. This article will therefore examine whether Latinos hold unique attitudes toward vouchers. Methods. Ordinal probit regression analysis of a recent national survey of Latinos, African Americans, and Anglos (non-Latino whites). Results. In the aggregate, Latinos and African Americans are more likely than Anglos to support vouchers. The Latino population variable is statistically insignificant, however, while the African-American measure is significant and positive. When the aggregate Latino variable is disaggregated into four major Latino national-origin groups, Puerto Ricans are shown to hold uniquely favorable opinions about vouchers. In addition, there are no opinion differences by income and education. Conclusions. When Catholicism is taken into account, the voucher opinions of Latinos and Anglos are generally indistinct. This suggests that aggregate Latino support for vouchers may drop if Catholic affiliation further declines.
Structural transitions in epitaxial overlayers

We present a theory of epitaxial growth appropriate to overlayer materials that can adopt a bulk metastable crystal structure with a lattice constant significantly different from that of the stable ground state structure, as is common for metal epitaxy. This requires a generalization of the traditional Frank and van der Merwe theory to a regime where the overlayer responds nonlinearly to the large shear stress exerted by the substrate. New results are obtained for the commensurate-incommensurate transition (for thin layers) and the coherent-incoherent transition (for thick layers) that are presented in the form of a structural phase diagram as a function of epitaxial misfit and overlayer thickness. We predict that a crystallographic analog to spinodal decomposition can occur in certain ranges of large misfit. The nature of substrate-stabilized metastable epitaxy is clarified and a further analogy to martensitic phase transitions is exploided to predict the microstructure that must accompany the transformation of a metastable overlayer to the ground state structure for sufficiently thick overlayers Presentation d'une theorie de la croissance epitaxiale adaptee aux materiaux de surcouche pouvant adopter une structure cristallographique metastable volumique avec un parametre cristallin assez different de celui de la structure stable de l'etat fondamental
Negative-charge state of hydrogen in silicon

It is demonstrated that hydrogen can migrate in silicon as a negatively charged species (${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$). The evidence is the combined observation of a strong electric-field dependence in the rate of removal of PH complexes during bias-temperature stress of hydrogenated Schottky-barrier diodes and the resulting spatial redistribution of neutralized donors. The detection of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ establishes that, in addition to the previously determined deep-donor level, there also exists an acceptor level for hydrogen in the silicon band gap. The PH dissociation kinetics yield an activation energy of 1.18 eV, from which we estimate a binding energy in the range of 0.35 to 0.65 eV.
Libraries and Spatial Literacy: Toward Next-Generation Education

The role of the library is to assist citizens in skills development critical to national interest and empowerment as literacy ambassadors, in general. Specifically, the work by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (1994) indicates that spatial literacy is for every citizen and not just a set of workforce specialists. Hence, the use of maps in decision making and problem solving will become fundamental to all professions, including library professionals. Thus, a spatial literacy awareness and rationale for such as standard job ability is discussed as a future librarian workforce proficiency and knowledge transfer medium.
Genes influencing maturation of nervous system function.

Lines of mice selected for high and low caudal nerve conduction velocity at 45 days of age remain divergent at 70 and 120 days although conduction velocity by all animals increases substantially during this time. Lines selected for high velocity show largest increases from 45 to 70 days while those selected for low velocity increase more from 70 to 120 days. Thus, genetic correlations between function at different ages are apparently due, in part, to genetic variance for maturation of conduction velocity. Patterns of body weight change do not differ between lines so genetic variance for change in nervous system function seems to be independent of gene influence on morphological development.
Activation of GABAergic Neurons in the Interpeduncular Nucleus Triggers Physical Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms

Summary Background Chronic exposure to nicotine elicits physical dependence in smokers, yet the mechanism and neuroanatomical bases for withdrawal symptoms are unclear. As in humans, rodents undergo physical withdrawal symptoms after cessation from chronic nicotine characterized by increased scratching, head nods, and body shakes. Results Here we show that induction of physical nicotine withdrawal symptoms activates GABAergic neurons within the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Optical activation of IPN GABAergic neurons via light stimulation of channelrhodopsin elicited physical withdrawal symptoms in both nicotine-naive and chronic-nicotine-exposed mice. Dampening excitability of GABAergic neurons during nicotine withdrawal through IPN-selective infusion of an NMDA receptor antagonist or through blockade of IPN neurotransmission from the medial habenula reduced IPN neuronal activation and alleviated withdrawal symptoms. During chronic nicotine exposure, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing the β4 subunit were upregulated in somatostatin interneurons clustered in the dorsal region of the IPN. Blockade of these receptors induced withdrawal signs more dramatically in nicotine-dependent compared to nicotine-naive mice and activated nonsomatostatin neurons in the IPN. Conclusions Together, our data indicate that therapeutic strategies to reduce IPN GABAergic neuron excitability during nicotine withdrawal, for example, by activating nicotinic receptors on somatostatin interneurons, may be beneficial for alleviating withdrawal symptoms and facilitating smoking cessation.
Validation of a passive dynamic walker model for human gait analysis

While the dynamics and mathematics of passive dynamic walking (PDW) models have been extensively researched, it has not been until recently that they have been used for practical applications in rehabilitation and gait analysis. In this study, we evaluate the validity of using a two dimensional PDW for human gait analysis. Here, a PDW model is compared to recorded kinematic and kinetic walking data under normal conditions. We also study asymmetric gait by imposing a shank mass asymmetry and comparing it to a PDW model under the same asymmetric conditions. Kinematic and kinetic data for normal gait was taken from one subject using a motion capture system and a force plate, respectively. Gait under the asymmetric shank mass conditions was recorded by measuring the drifting radius of curvature from five participants walking blindfolded with a mass attached to their shank. While the PDW model lacks ankles (dorsiflexion), joint damping, and joint stiffness, the kinematics, kinetics, and gait asymmetry were comparable. Kinetic comparisons show agreement in general ground reaction force magnitude and profile. Kinematic results yield a good match in temporal and spatial gait characteristics. Asymmetric analysis of gait demonstrated that the PDW model can accurately predict the direction of step asymmetry.
Physiological changes in the bloodstream of chick embryos exposed to teratogenic doses of hypoxia.

Abstract Exposure of 5-day chick embryos to moderate hypoxia (10.5% for 5 hours) precipitates malformations. Most defects are caused by the “edema syndrome,” marked initially by a significant increase in all body fluids. A comprehensive analysis of the blood serum of normal and treated chicks was made, using a variety of microchemical techniques. In the serum from hypoxia-treated embryos, lactic acid, free amino acids, potassium, and carbon dioxide increase; sodium, calcium, chloride, and glucose decrease; protein and inorganic phosphate remain constant. Exposure to hypoxia causes radical changes in the composition of the serum. Nevertheless, the pH and osmotic pressure remain unchanged. The existence of strong differences in sodium, potassium, and water concentration between the blood stream and the fluids which surround the extraembryonic capillaries is interpreted as an indication of significant regulatory activity by some embryonic or extraembryonic organ, perhaps the yolk sac. Changes in the concentration of these factors in the blood stream after exposure to hypoxia are best explained as the result of interference with osmoregulatory activity. Moderate hypoxia produces fluid and electrolyte disturbances in the chick embryo which eventually lead to the development of malformations. A consideration of aspects of the fluid physiology of the embryo is helpful in understanding the mechanism of teratogenic action of hypoxia.
Elective extracorporeal support for complex tracheal reconstruction in neonates

Abstract Background Congenital obstructive anomalies of the trachea present unique challenges in reconstruction and perioperative airway management. Complications include anastomotic breakdown, leak and granulation formation related to the complexity of the repair, and difficulties with perioperative airway management. We describe our technique of elective intraoperative and postoperative extracorporeal support to improve surgical exposure and postoperative healing. Methods We have performed complex tracheal reconstructions in 4 newborns (2.2 to 4.3 kg) for long segment tracheal stenosis and complete tracheal rings, diagnosed with bronchoscopy and computerized tomography. Three of the 4 infants had other significant anomalies including complex congenital heart disease, hydrocephalus, encephalomalacia, left lung agenesis, facial anomalies, vertebral anomalies, and hand and hip anomalies. The repairs were performed through a median sternotomy using an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit for support. Venoarterial support was used for the sliding tracheoplasty reconstruction. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was converted to venovenous for postoperative "airway rest." After diuresis, the lungs were reexpanded and the 4 patients were ventilated and removed from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at 4, 5, 8, and 9 days postoperatively. Bronchoscopy was performed to evaluate the airway. Results All patients had excellent healing of the trachea without granulation tissue. There were no complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support or bleeding issues. All 4 patients survived the surgery and immediate postoperative period with 2 late deaths. The child with congenital heart disease expired after 8 weeks after having hepatorenal failure develop. The child with Goldenhar's syndrome and a single left lung died after 5 months in the hospital. The other 2 patients survived. Two of the infants required late tracheostomy for facial and laryngeal anomalies. Conclusions Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation provides an excellent environment for complex tracheal reconstruction and promotes postoperative healing by minimizing trauma to the reconstructed airway.
The Influence of Pb2+on Expression of Acetylcholinesterase and the Acetylcholine Receptor

This paper examines the influence of inorganic lead (Pb2+) on the presence of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) molecular forms and the acetylcholine receptor (AchR) in two types of excitable tissue, primary cultures of skeletal muscle and neural retina from embryonic chick. Treatment of skeletal muscle with Pb2+ is observed to cause reductions in the 5/7S and 19S but not the 11.4S molecular forms of AchE. The reductions are dose-dependent, requiring submicromolar concentrations, slow in onset, requiring incubation times greater than 24 hr, and tissue specific, being pronounced in skeletal muscle but absent from neural retina. Significantly, the reductions in AchE occur without corresponding reductions in amounts of AchR and without reduction in activity of protein kinase C (PKC). These studies illustrate a tissue-specific action of inorganic lead that is not mediated through PKC.
THE CAUSES AND DYNAMICS OF MINORITY ENTREPRENEURIAL ENTRY

This study examines the causes and dynamics in the creation of business ventures by minority nascent entrepreneurs. Minority business enterprises are an important source of job creation and innovation in the US economy, as well as economic development engines in their respective communities. However, little is understood about the unique motivations, business strategies and plans in the early stage of their venture formation. This paper utilizes the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) dataset in investigating black and Hispanic entrepreneurial entry as compared to white nascent entrepreneurs around three important dimensions: motivation, business strategy, and community resources. It is found that blacks are highly driven by a range of motivational factors while Hispanics value intergenerational inheritance and role models in business ownership. Both groups heavily focus on a niche market strategy by lowering prices, serving markets missed by others and locating close to customers. Contrary to expectation, their perceptions of community resources are not more favorable than whites. Public policy implications are discussed.
BENCHMARKING MANUFACTURING PERFORMANCE IN THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY

A methodology for benchmarking manufacturing practices in the worldwide semiconductor industry is presented. Several metrics for measuring semiconductor manufacturing performance are defined and discussed. Interviews conducted during site visits are used to identify the managerial, technical, and organizational practices underlying superior metric performance. Multivariate statistical analyses of the performance metric data indicate that these performance metrics measure independent aspects of performance and expose significant performance differences among fabs.
Molecule formation in tenuous media: Quantum effects in spontaneous radiative association

The semiclassical theory for the spontaneous radiative association coefficient is reviewed. The example of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ formation during a proton collision with a hydrogen atom is considered in both the Kramers and Ter Haar and the Bates versions of the semiclassical theory. These two semiclassical predictions are identical for $Tg50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$. Below this temperature range they differ and show the small-$T$ limiting behavior expected from asymptotic considerations. The quantum theoretical rate coefficient for the same process is also evaluated. For $500\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}32000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$, the quantum and semiclassical rates are in quantitative agreement. The quantum rate and the Bates version of the semiclassical rate show identical temperature dependence as $T$ becomes small, $O({T}^{0})$, but their magnitudes differ for $T\ensuremath{\le}500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$. The quantum rate always exceeds the Bates semiclassical rate in this temperature range, with the maximum difference being nearly an order of magnitude. This enhancement of the rate of molecule formation due to quantum effects is anticipated to be important in the context of the interstellar media.
Managing module dependencies to facilitate continuous testing

Developing large commercial software systems is complex. Techniques have been proposed to deal with such large-scale systems development. One approach that has had some success is the combination of continuous integration and unit testing. Large systems are often divided into modules based on an area of functionality with potentially different teams developing each module. Invariably these modules rely on and interact with each other. Problems arise when teams wishing to test their module depend on code from other teams that is in development or under modification during maintenance. This paper describes an approach to managing module dependencies that allows teams to test their code in isolation or in conjunction with other modules. This facilitates the ability to continually run tests without being negatively impacted by the state of other modules. An additional side-effect is that the approach exceeds the requirements of the GNU Lesser General Public License by allowing a software vendor to easily provide a limited amount of source code, rather than potentially releasing source code for large portions of their product suite, or allowing reverse engineering of potentially large portions of their proprietary product.
Design of priority schemes in CSMA/CD local area networks

This paper compares the performance of three message based priority protocols in CSMA/CD local area networks. The major thesis is that traffic loads and message ratios are critical factors in network system performance. Thus, a message based priority protocol should not be designed based on any assumption on traffic and ratios. Since the dynamic protocol, proposed by Shen and Liu [12], is traffic and ratio independent, we argued that it should outperform the other two protocols, given a wide range of traffic and ratios. We perform 600 experiments and the statistics indeed confirms our contention, with a chance of errors in most cases below only .01%.
The Powerlink system for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: six-year results.

Objective We compared the results of endovascular repair using the Powerlink endovascular graft with conventional open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair through a 6-year follow-up period. Methods Two hundred fifty-eight patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter trial and underwent endovascular repair (N = 192) or conventional open surgery (N = 66). All endovascular repairs were approached through a surgically exposed femoral artery and a percutaneously accessed femoral artery. Study endpoints included all-cause mortality and morbidity. Follow-up imaging consisted of contrast-enhanced CT scans and plain abdominal x-rays at 1, 6, 12 months, and annually postoperatively. Results Technical success was achieved in 97.9% of test patients, with four failed insertions (three early conversions because of deployment issues, one access failure). Mean follow-up was 4.1 ± 1.7 years (test group) and 3.1 ± 1.9 years (control group). Perioperative morbidity and mortality were significantly reduced in the test group compared with the control group ( P Conclusion Consistent with other reports, perioperative morbidity and mortality were significantly reduced in the endovascular group compared with the open repair group. Six-year follow-up of patients treated with the Powerlink system demonstrates the continued safety and efficacy of its treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm.