cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Amazing Infant

1. How we conduct infancy research. 2. Being a fetus (Prenatal Growth and Development. 3. Coming into the world (The Perinatal Period). 4. Being in tune with the world (The Early Senses). 5. Body-Talk with Parents and Others (Social Development). 6. Being Emotional and Temperamental (Emotional and Personality Development). 7. Moving Around in the World and Making Objects Do Things and Things Happen (Motor and Cognitive Development). 8. Finally Using Words (Language Development). 9. Taking Turns with Peers (More Social Development). My Diary on Tory's First Year. Glossary on Infant Caregiving. References.
Unitary IPSPs enhance hilar mossy cell gain in the rat hippocampus.

Mechanisms that control neuronal gain allow for adaptive rescaling to synaptic inputs of varying strengths or frequencies. Here, we show that unitary IPSPs (uIPSPs) modulate gain and unitary EPSP (uEPSP)-action potential coupling in mossy cells (MCs) from rat hippocampal slices. Mossy fibre-evoked uEPSCs were large, facilitated and were suppressed by the group II metabotropic glutamate agonist LY354740. Conversely, uIPSCs were smaller, depressed and were not affected by LY354740, but exerted strong inhibitory control over uEPSP-action potential coupling. The IPSC reversal potential was determined by gramicidin perforated patch recordings to be −65.3 ± 5.0 mV, lying between the resting membrane potential (−75.3 ± 1.1 mV) and the action potential threshold (−56.5 ± 2.4 mV). When applied at theta frequency (10 Hz), uIPSPs increased the offset of the MC input–output response to depolarizing current injection, but also increased gain, maximal firing rate and the slope of the depolarization preceding action potentials. These effects were unchanged by the Ca2+ and HCN channel blockers mibefradil and ZD7288, respectively. The height and maximal slope of MC action potentials during tonic depolarization were also increased by uIPSPs, and the decay of uIPSP conductances injected by dynamic clamp at subthreshold membrane potentials was prolonged by TTX. Application of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine mimicked the effect of IPSPs on MC maximal firing rate, and action potential height and slope, and this was reversed by the GABAA antagonist gabazine. Thus, uIPSPs can increase neuronal gain under hyperexcitable conditions, and this effect is probably due to the de-inactivation of a TTX-sensitive voltage-dependent Na+ conductance.
Neurotoxin treatments for urinary incontinence in subjects with spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of effectiveness and adverse effects.

Background/Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of neurotoxin treatments of urinary incontinence (UI) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS).M...
Promoting Change Through Paradoxical Therapy

Originally published in 1985 and now revised and updated, this work presents the seminal theory that has led to the use of paradoxical techniques in different systems of therapy. Dr. Weeks, a pioneer in the field, has gathered well-known therapists to address key issues such as structure and process of paradoxical therapy; theories of health, dysfunction, and change; ethical implications of working paradoxically; and effectiveness of paradoxical interventions. Selected case studies shed light on basic questions such as whether to work paradoxically and how to establish treatment goals and termination procedures.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Relation to Suppression of Growth of Listeria monocytogenes by Guinea Pig Macrophages

Abstract Prototypes of delayed hypersensitivity (tuberculin allergy, graft rejection immunity, and contact dermatitis) were established in guinea pigs. The macrophages from peritoneal exudates of such animals were examined for their capacities to suppress the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vitro. Only the macrophages from animals sensitized to BCG clearly exhibited this property.
Reconsideration of the central nervous system pharmacology of amphetamine

Abstract Doses of amphetamine were selected from the polyphasic mortality response curves for interaction studies with drugs representative of various pharmacologic groups that could be expected to interact with amphetamine. The results of these studies suggest that the interaction of a test drug with amphetamine is more fully described by employing several dosages of amphetamine in both the grouped and isolated situation rather than a single grouped and a single isolated dose. A difference in the amphetamine-drug interaction was found to exist not only in the grouped vs. the isolated situation but also between different dosages of amphetamine in the same situation. The indices employed for studying the interaction effects were gross behavior and the cumulative and total lethality counts. The results also indicate that one cannot extrapolate from the activity of a given pharmacologic agent against amphetamine lethality to other members of the same class.
PHOTOSPHERIC AND CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELDS

Research on small-scale and large-scale photospheric and coronal magnetic fields during 1987-1990 is reviewed, focusing on observational studies. Particular attention is given to the new techniques, which include the correlation tracking of granules, the use of highly Zeeman-sensitive infrared spectral lines and multiple lines to deduce small-scale field strength, the application of long integration times coupled with good seeing conditions to study weak fields, and the use of high-resolution CCD detectors together with computer image-processing techniques to obtain images with unsurpassed spatial resolution. Synoptic observations of large-scale fields during the sunspot cycle are also discussed. 101 refs.
Menstrual Cycle Length and the Calculation of Gestational Age

The method of estimating gestational age that is most commonly employed by epidemiologists calculates age as the time between the first day of the last menstrual period and the date of birth. The method assumes an invariant 28-day menstrual cycle with ovulation occurring at midcycle. Data from 5,688 mothers and their infants who were enrolled in the Boston sector of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project from 1959 through 1965 were used to study whether this is a valid assumption by examination of the association between gestational age and cycle length. In addition, two methods for adjusting gestational age for cycle length were explored: 1) the Ogino-Knaus adjustment which assumes that the postovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle is a constant 14 days long, and 2) an empirically derived approach. Cycle length was grouped into five categories. With the last menstrual period method, the proportion of postterm (more than 42 weeks) and postdate (more than 40 weeks) births increased with longer cycle lengths (from 0 to 14.6% for postterm and from 21.0 to 53.7% for postdate). With the Ogino-Knaus correction, the trend was weaker and in the opposite direction (10.5 to 2.4% for postterm and 57.9 to 22.0% for postdate). With the empirically derived method, these trends were virtually eliminated (5.3 to 9.8% for postterm and 36.7 to 36.5% for postdate). The results suggest that the previously reported tendency for the last menstrual period method to yield a high proportion of postdate and postterm deliveries may, in part, be due to misclassification of gestational age in women with long menstrual cycles. The Ogino-Knaus method appears to overcorrect for cycle length. The empirically derived method needs further validation; however, it does suggest potential directions to be explored.
Oviposition-Deterring Pheromone System of Apple Maggot Flies

In a recent review (Prokopy, 1981), I discussed examples from the literature which suggest that in many phytophagous insects, there is a range within which the density of individuals on an exhaustible unit of food resource is optimal, with selection favoring a high degree of individual fitness and full exploitation of the benefits of the resource, but not overcrowding. I proceeded to survey literature indicating that a considerable number of phytophagous insects—spanning at least 6 orders, 16 families, and 33 pestspecies—release epideictic pheromones which elicit dispersal of arriving conspecifics away from food resources already occupied atdensities near or above the upper end of the optimal range. Insome species, such pheromones deter conspecifics from landing or feeding, while in others, they deter oviposition. I suggested thatuse of synthetic epideictic pheromones to disrupt landing, feeding, or oviposition behavior might eventually occupy a place alongside of pheromones which disrupt mating behavior as a selective, effective technique in the management of certain phytophagous insect pests. Such a technique could be especially valuable as a complement to techniques aimed at pest management through mass trapping or disruption of mating behavior.
An Adaptive, Intelligent Control System for Slag Foaming

Slag foaming is a steel-making process that has been shown to improve the efficiency of electric arc furnace plants. Unfortunately, slag foaming is a highly dynamic process that is difficult to control. This paper describes the development of an adaptive, intelligent control system for effectively manipulating the slag foaming process. The level-2 intelligent control system developed is based on three techniques from the field of computational intelligence (CI): (1) fuzzy logic, (2) genetic algorithms, and (3) neural networks. Results indicate that the computer software architecture presented in this paper is suitable for effectively manipulating complex engineering systems characterized by relatively slow process dynamics like those of a slag foaming operation.
A Comparison of the Optimal Costs of Two Canonical Inventory Systems

We compare two inventory systems, one in which excess demand is lost and the other in which excess demand is backordered. Both systems are reviewed periodically. They experience the same sequence of identically and independently distributed random demands. Holding and shortage costs are considered. The holding cost parameter is identical; however, the cost of a lost sale could be different from the per-period cost of backlogging a unit sale. When these costs are equal, we prove that the optimal expected cost for managing the system with lost sales is lower. When the cost of a lost sale is greater, we establish a relationship between these parameters that ensures that the reverse inequality is true. These results are useful for designing inventory systems. We also introduce a new stochastic comparison technique in this paper.
New CsI(Na) hodoscope array for the S800 spectrograph at NSCL

Abstract A scintillator based hodoscope array was recently constructed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University. The hodoscope will be used to measure the total kinetic energy of fragments in the focal plane of the large S800 magnetic spectrometer at the NSCL to provide atomic charge-state identification. The array consists of 32 closely packed 7.6 cm ×7.6 cm ×5.1 cm CsI(Na) crystals each coupled to a photomultiplier. All of the crystals were characterized with a γ -ray source prior to installation in the focal plane of the spectrometer. The hodoscope was then tested with a mono-energetic 76Ge primary beam as well as heavy ions from fragmentation reactions. The array is currently in place and has already been used in several recent experiments. The results of characterization of the properties of the crystals are presented here.
Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery.

Objectives. To evaluate the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of infants who underwent cardiac surgery and required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, and to examine variables that predict death or disability in these patients. Methods. We studied all infants who had congenital heart disease and were supported postoperatively with ECMO from 1990 to 2001 at our institution (n = 53). Medical records were reviewed retrospectively to obtain clinical variables. Neurologic and age-appropriate developmental examinations occurred at ages 1, 1.5, 2.5, and 4.5 years. Median age at follow-up was 55 months (9–101). Cognitive outcome was defined as suspect when scores were between 1 and 2 SD below the mean for age and abnormal when scores were >2 SD below mean for age. Neuromotor outcome was defined as suspect when the patient manifested clumsiness, tremor, or mild tone and reflex changes without functional limitations, and abnormal when there were functional limitations. Results. In-hospital survival was 17 (32%) of 53. Of survivors, 14 (88%) of 16 are living and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. Of the 53 patients, 7 survived completely intact (13%). Seven (50%) of 14 patients had a normal cognitive outcome, 3 (21%) had a suspect cognitive outcome, and 4 (29%) were abnormal. Ten (72%) of 14 patients had a normal neuromotor outcome, 1 (7%) patient had a suspect neuromotor outcome, and 3 (21%) were abnormal. No survivor with an aortic cross-clamp time >40 minutes had a normal cognitive outcome. Nonsurvivors were more likely than survivors to have had cardiac arrest as an indication for ECMO (31% vs 6%), to have had a longer aortic cross-clamp time (mean 73 minutes vs 32 minutes), and to have required continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (78% vs 35%). The age and weight at cannulation, gender, cardiac diagnosis, interval from surgery to ECMO, cardiopulmonary bypass time, diagnosis of sepsis or mediastinitis, and duration of ECMO were not significantly associated with survival. Conclusions. Although mortality was 68% in infants who had congenital heart disease and were treated with ECMO postoperatively, of those who survive to hospital discharge, 75% have a normal neuromotor outcome and 50% have a normal cognitive outcome. These high rates of mortality and disability suggest that increased attention be paid to neuroprotection in these complex disorders.
C. elegans Rb, NuRD, and Ras regulate lin-39-mediated cell fusion during vulval fate specification

The tumor suppressor Rb and the NuRD (nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation) complex have been implicated in transcriptional repression during cell cycle progression and cell fate specification. The Rb/E2F complex physically interacts with and thus recruits the NuRD complex to actively repress transcription. Caenorhabditis elegans counterparts of Rb, E2F/DP, and some NuRD complex components appear to function in a common class B synthetic Multivulva (synMuv) pathway to antagonize RTK/Ras signaling during vulval fate specification. Therefore, it has been suggested that they function together in a single complex to repress vulva-specific gene transcription. However, little is known about the in vivo interactions between these class B synMuv genes and their relationships with other pathways in specific cellular processes during vulval development. We show that C. elegans Rb/E2F and NuRD complexes antagonize Ras activity by controlling a lin-39 Hox-mediated cell fusion event that regulates the competence of vulval cells. Interestingly, Rb/E2F and NuRD complexes exhibit very different genetic properties. While the NuRD complex negatively regulates lin-39 Hox activity, likely by downregulating its expression, RB/E2F appears to play dual roles in regulating lin-39: a negative role in controlling its activity and a previously uncharacterized positive role in regulating its expression.
Approximation of the Linear Boltzmann Equation by the Fokker-Planck Equation

In general, transformation of the linear Boltzmann integral operator to a differential operator leads to a differential operator of infinite order. For purposes of mathematical tractability this operator is usually truncated at a finite order and thus questions arise as to the validity of the resulting approximation. In this paper we show that the linear Boltzmann equation can be properly approximated only by the first two terms of the Kramers-Moyal expansion; i.e., the Fokker-Planck equation, with the retention of a finite number of higher-order terms leading to a logical inconsistency.
Nutrient Attenuation in Agricultural Surface Runoff by Riparian Buffer Zones in Southern Illinois, USA

Nutrients in overland flow from agricultural areas are a common cause of stream and lake water quality impairment. One method of reducing excess nutrient runoff from non-point sources is to restore or enhance existing riparian areas as vegetative buffers. A field scale study was conducted to assess the ability of remnant giant cane (Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.) and forest riparian buffer zones to attenuate nutrients in agricultural surface runoff from natural precipitation events. Two adjacent, 10.0 m wide riparian buffers were instrumented with 16 overland flow collectors to monitor surface runoff for nitrate, ammonium, and orthophosphate. Measurements were taken at 3.3 m increments within each buffer. The forest buffer significantly reduced incoming dissolved nitrate-N, dissolved ammonium-N, total ammonium-N, and total orthophosphate masses in surface runoff by 97, 74, 68, and 78 , respectively within the 10.0 m riparian buffer. Nutrient reductions within the cane buffer were 100 for all three nutrients due to relatively high infiltration rates. Significant reductions of total ammonium- N and total orthophosphate were detected by 3.3 m in the cane buffer and at 6.6 m in the forest buffer. Results suggest that both giant cane and forest vegetation are good candidates to incorporate into riparian buffer restoration designs for southern Illinois as well as in other regions within their native range with similar climatic and physiographic conditions.
The formation of wall-like envelopes by isolated tomato-fruit protoplasts

Formation of a new cell wall around tomato protoplasts was confirmed by optical microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This wall is composed of three layers; (a) an outer ring, which seems to be composed of diffuse, amorphous material, (b) an intermediate space, crossed by radial fibers, (c) a thicker, inner band composed of dense, highly consolidated material which may have sub-layers within it. Occasionally, cells are observed with only the dense consolidated layer about them. The origin of this wall and its component layers is not yet understood.
Novolac‐Based photoresists combining chemical amplification and dissolution inhibition

This paper concerns a more in-depth examination of the different components which make up positive photoresists based on the combined principles of chemical amplification and dissolution inhibition. Included is a discussion of the requirements for materials to be used as dissolution inhibitors in this scheme as well as an example of an optimum compound-t-butyl-cholate. Also considered are the effects of onium salt counteranions on resist performance including gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) analyses of the changes in novolac molecular weight distribution which can occur during irradiation and postbake.
A classroom timeout procedure for retarded children

Abstract Timeout from positive reinforcement was investigated as a punishment procedure for the disruptive behavior of mentally retarded children in a classroom setting. Timeout was defined as the interruption of an ongoing reinforcement system, for a fixed time period, contingent upon the emission of inappropriate behavior. Rewards were distributed on a predetermined, random time schedule as the means for establishing the necessary reinforcement environment. Within a reversal and multiple baseline design, timeout from positive reinforcement was found to be an effective and relatively specific reinforcer.
Effectiveness of mobile and internet intervention in patients with obese type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Purpose The present study evaluated whether an intervention using the SMS by personal cellular phone and internet would improve the levels of plasma glucose of obese type 2 diabetes at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Methods This is a quasi-experimental design with pre- and follow-up tests. Participants were recruited from the endocrinology outpatient department of tertiary care hospital located in an urban city of South Korea. Eighteen patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group and 16 to a control group. The goal of the intervention was to decrease body weight and keep blood glucose concentrations close to the normal range. Patients were requested to record their blood glucose level in a weekly diary on the website by personal cellular phones or computer internet. The researcher sent optimal recommendations to each patient, by both the cellular phone and the Internet weekly. The intervention was applied for 1 year. Results Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1 c) decreased 1.22 percentage points at 3 months, 1.09 percentage points at 6 months, 1.47 percentage points at 9 months, and 1.49 percentage points at 12 months compared with baseline in the intervention group (all time points, p p Conclusion This web-based intervention using SMS of personal cellular phone and Internet improved HbA 1 c and 2HPPT at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in patients with obese type 2 diabetes.
Mechanical properties of carbon—carbon composite components determined using nanoindentation

Abstract The near-surface mechanical properties of the individual components (fiber, resin char, and CVD carbon) within several carbon—carbon composites are reported from the analysis of nanoindentation data. These near-surface properties (elastic modulus, stiffness, and hardness) are important parameters in thermal and mechanical models of friction processes occurring in carbon—carbon composite brakes.
A characterization of inverse limits of Q-bundle maps

Abstract In this paper we prove that a surjection between metric compacta is a hereditary shape equivalence if and only if it is an inverse limit of trivial Q -bundle maps. This result was conjectured by T.B. Rushing. Near-homeomorphisms are instrumental to the proof.
Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Aromatic Compounds: Effects of Metal Sulfide Deposits Formed in Commercial Residuum Hydroprocessing

A Ni−Mo/Al2O3 hydroprocessing catalyst that was used for a year in a continuous commercial process for the hydroprocessing of Arabian Light and Arabian Heavy petroleum residua underwent deactivation associated with deposits of nickel and vanadium sulfides and coke. The used (spent) catalyst and a regenerated catalyst formed by burning off the coke deposits in the spent catalyst were tested for hydroprocessing of naphthalene, dibenzothiophene, or quinoline in a batch reactor at 350 °C and 165 atm. The conversion data were analyzed to determine approximate reaction networks, and the pseudo-first-order rate constants in these networks were determined for each reactant, for the fresh, spent, and regenerated catalysts. The spent catalyst, which contained 1.1 wt % Ni and 2.7 wt % V (based on the mass of the fresh catalyst) retained only very little of its initial activity, and most of the activity loss is attributed to coke deposits, as the activity of the regenerated catalyst was only slightly less than that o...
An Experimental Study of Mist Film Cooling With Fan-Shaped Holes on an Extended Flat Plate: Part 1 — Heat Transfer

Motivated by the need to further improve film cooling in terms of both cooling effectiveness and coolant coverage area, the mist/air film cooling scheme is investigated through experiments using fan-shaped holes over an extended downstream length in this study. Both an existing wind tunnel and test facility, used in previous work, have been retrofitted. The first modification was extending the length of the flat plate test section to cover longer distances downstream of the injection holes, up to X/D = 100, in order to investigate whether mist cooling can be harnessed farther downstream where single-phase film cooling is not effective. The second modification was to incorporate a fan-shaped diffusion hole geometry in order to investigate whether mist can further enhance the film cooling performance of the already highly effective fan-shaped holes. A Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) system is employed to measure droplet size, velocity, and turbulence information. An infrared camera and thermocouples are both used for temperature measurements. Part 1 is focused on the heat transfer result on the wall, and Part 2 is focused on the two-phase droplet multiphase flow behavior. Three blowing ratios are investigated.The results show that, at low blowing ratios when the film is attached to the surface, the enhancement of the mist film cooling effectiveness, compared to the air-only case, on the centerline of the hole ranges from 40% in the near hole region to over 170% at X/D = 100. Due to the diffusive nature of the fan-shaped hole, the laterally-averaged enhancement is on par with that on the centerline. The significant enhancement over the extended downstream distance from X/D = 40–100 is attributed to the evaporation time needed to evaporate all of the droplets. Each droplet acts as a cooling sink and flies over a distance before it completely vaporizes. This “distributed cooling” characteristic allows controlled cooling by manipulating the size distribution of the water droplets to extend the cooling effects of the droplets farther downstream from the injection location. At higher blowing ratios, when the cooling film is lifted off from the surface, the cooling enhancement drops below 40%. Although the enhancement in the near hole region X/D < 40 is about 20% lower than that achieved by using the cylindrical holes, the magnitudes of the mist adiabatic film cooling effectiveness using fan-shaped holes are still much higher than those of the cylindrical holes.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Measurement of powder flow constitutive model parameters using a cubical triaxial tester

Abstract A true (cubical) triaxial tester was built to study the three-dimensional load response of dry cohesionless and cohesive food powders at low pressures. The cubical triaxial tester was calibrated and used to load samples of wheat flour along isotropic, deviatoric and mean effective stress paths. Using results from isotropic, i.e., hydrostatic triaxial compression (HTC), tests, the critical state parameters were evaluated, namely, the modified Cam clay constitutive parameters λ (loading slope) and κ (unloading-reloading slope). Deviatoric and mean effective stress test results were used to evaluate the slope of the critical state line, M . Test results yielded λ = 0.046, κ = 0.011 and M = 0.98. The modified Cam clay constitutive model was verified by comparing the model predicted stress-strain behavior of powder with the cubical triaxial tester experimental data. The mean average relative difference (ARD) and mean absolute difference between measured and predicted curves for: (i) deviatoric stresses under conventional triaxial compression (CTC) stress path were 20.7% and 6.1 kPa, respectively; (ii) volumetric strains under CTC stress path were 50.3% and 1.2%, respectively; (iii) deviatoric stresses under mean effective stress (MES) test path were 15.7% and 5.6 kPa, respectively; (iv) volumetric strain under MES test path were 22.4% and 0.4%, respectively; and (v) voids ratio under HTC test path were 0.07% and 7 × 10 −4 , respectively
Radiative corrections to low-energy ππ scattering

Abstract Radiative corrections to low-energy ππ scattering are calculated. A chiral SU(2) × SU(2) Lagrangian is used to describe low-energy scattering. This strong interaction Lagrangian is modified in the presence of the electromagnetic field in a gauge invariant way. It is found that photons do not probe the strong vertex. Corrections to the cross sections are calculated to O(α). All the ultra-violet divergences cancel, and the results are independent of cut-off parameters. Corrections to the Weinberg scattering lengths of the order of 1% are defined by removal of the Coulomb pole terms. The field theoretic calculation is compared with a potential theory approach. It is argued that the potential theory calculation of radiative corrections is more reliable.
Automated Load Balancing Invocation Based on Application Characteristics

Performance of applications executed on large parallel systems suffer due to load imbalance. Load balancing is required to scale such applications to large systems. However, performing load balancing incurs a cost which may not be known a priori. In addition, application characteristics may change due to its dynamic nature and the parallel system used for execution. As a result, deciding when to balance the load to obtain the best performance is challenging. Existing approaches put this burden on the users, who rely on educated guess and extrapolation techniques to decide on a reasonable load balancing period, which may not be feasible and efficient. In this paper, we propose the Meta-Balancer framework which relieves the application programmers of deciding when to balance load. By continuously monitoring the application characteristics and using a set of guiding principles, Meta-Balancer invokes load balancing on its own without any prior application knowledge. We demonstrate that Meta-Balancer improves or matches the best performance that can be obtained by fine tuning periodic load balancing. We also show that in some cases Meta-Balancer improves performance by 18% whereas periodic load balancing gives only a 1.5% benefit.
What is the sex ratio of harpacticoid copepods in the deep sea

The sex ratios of deep-sea harpacticoids have been thought to be greatly skewed toward females. The representation of males is notably more equitable (approximately 1:2) at three deep-sea sites (San Diego Trough: 32°52.4′N, 117°45.5′W, 1 050 m, January 1987; Porcupine Seabight: 51°36.85′N, 12°57.30′W, 1 369 m, August 1984; northwest Atlantic, 40°27′N, 62°20′W, 4 820 m, July 1982, June 1983). This ratio conceals extensive variation at the species level. For some species, males are unknown. For other species, males are more numerous than females. Sampling bias against males can occur and may explain the more extreme reports of male rareness in the literature.
Effect of feeding benzpyrene on reproduction in the rat.

Lorsque des rats sont soumis a une diete riche en benzopyrene, leurs embryons peuvent degenerer et etre resorbes. Le placenta et les membranes fetales ont une fluorescence bleue. Normalement, ces memes tissus ont une fluorescence rouge.
Influence of early variables in traumatic brain injury on functional independence measure scores and rehabilitation length of stay and charges

Abstract Objective: To determine the relationship between early variables (initial Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores, computed tomography [ct]findings, presence of skeletal trauma, age, length of acute hospitalization) and outcome variables (Functional Independence Measure [FIM] scores, rehabilitation length of stay [LOS], rehabilitation charges) in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Inception cohort. Setting: University tertiary care rehabilitation center. Patients: 91 patients with TBI. Interventions: Inpatient rehabilitation. Main Outcome Measures: FIM, rehabilitation LOS, and rehabilitation charges. Results: Patients in the severely impaired (GCS = 3 to 7) group showed significantly lower ( p = .01) mean admission and discharge motor scores (21.26, 39.83) than patients in the mildly impaired (GCS = 13 to 15) group (38.86, 55.29). Cognitive scores were also significantly lower ( p p p p = .05) scores, and significantly higher ( p = .01) rehabilitation charges. Patients with CT findings of intracranial bleed with skull fracture had longer total LOS (70.88 vs 43.08 days; p p p p = .002; p = .04 after regression analysis) FIM cognitive scores on admission (48.30 vs 27.28) and discharge (64.74 vs 45.78) than those without a fracture. Finally, data available on rehabilitation admission were used to predict discharge outcomes. The percentage of explained variance for each outcome variable is as follows: discharge FIM motor score, 69.5%; discharge FIM cognitive score, 71.2%; rehabilitation LOS, 54.1%; rehabilitation charges, 61.1%. The most powerful predictor of LOS and charges was the admission FIM motor score ( p p = .02) and age ( p = .04). Conclusion: Information readily available on rehabilitation admission, particularly the FIM motor score, may be useful in predicting discharge FIM scores as well as utilization of medical rehabilitation resources. Earlier transfer to rehabilitation may result in higher functional status and lower rehabilitation charges, as well as lower acute hospitalization charges. The presence of extremity fractures encountered during a motor vehicle crash is associated with a more favorable outcome in TBI as evidenced by higher discharge FIM cognitive scores.
Rhodium(I) catalysis of cycloprop[a]acenaphthylene isomerizations

Abstract Cycloprop [a] acenaphthylene was found to rearrange to phenalene in the presence of rhodium dicarbonyl chloride dimer. Deuterium labeling of this molecule at C(7) (both exo and endo), at C(8), at C(7) (exo) and C(8) and at C(7) (exo), C(8), and C(8') indicated that the C(7) (exo) deuterium was migrating stereospecifically. Furthermore, all of the isotopic label present in the cycloprop[a]acenaphthylene was found statistically distributed over positions 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 of the phenalene product. Control experiments established the need of the catalyst, the inability to achieve rearrangement of the exo-7-methyl derivative, and the susceptibility of a monodeuterated phenalene for extensive isotopic scrambling in its own right when exposed to rhodium(I). These results have been interpreted on the basis of oxidative addition by rhodium(I) into the central bond of cycloprop[a]acenaphthylene from above the “flap”, followed by shifting of the C(7) (exo) hydrogen (or deuterium) to give a η3-allylrhodim-(III) complex. The experimental data further support a mechanism involving subsequent rearrangement of this intermediate around the periphery of the phenalene ring. This process which is otherwise degenerate is thought to be facilitated by the special electronic features of the phenalenyl system.
Platinum-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydrohydrazination: Evidence for Alkene Insertion into a Pt−N Bond

Dicationic (bpy)Pt(II) complexes were found to catalyze the intramolecular hydrohydrazination of alkenes. Reaction optimization revealed Pt(bpy)Cl2 (10 mol %) and AgOTf (20 mol %) in DMF-d7 to be an effective catalyst system for the conversion of substituted hydrazides to five- and six-membered N-amino lactams (N-amino = N-acetamido at 120 °C, N-phthalimido at 80 °C, −OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate). Of the four possible regioisomeric products, only the product of 5-exo cyclization at the proximal nitrogen is formed, without reaction at the distal nitrogen or 6-endo cyclization. The resting states were found to be a 2:1 Pt-amidate complex (25, for N-acetamido) of the deprotonated hydrazide and a Pt-alkyl complex of the cyclized pyrrolidinone (20 for N-phthalimido). Both complexes are catalytically competent. Catalysis using 25 as the precatalyst shows no rate dependence on added acid (HOTf) or base (2,6-lutidine). The available mechanistic data are all consistent with a mechanism involving N−H activation...
Posttranslational modification and regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase by the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.

Abstract 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is a lipid peroxidation product formed during oxidative stress that can alter protein function via adduction of nucleophilic amino acid residues. 4-HNE detoxification occurs mainly via glutathione (GSH) conjugation and transporter-mediated efflux. This results in a net loss of cellular GSH, and restoration of GSH homeostasis requires de novo GSH biosynthesis. The rate-limiting step in GSH biosynthesis is catalyzed by glutamate–cysteine ligase (GCL), a heterodimeric holoenzyme composed of a catalytic (GCLC) and a modulatory (GCLM) subunit. The relative levels of the GCL subunits are a major determinant of cellular GSH biosynthetic capacity and 4-HNE induces the expression of both GCL subunits. In this study, we demonstrate that 4-HNE can alter GCL holoenzyme formation and activity via direct posttranslational modification of the GCL subunits in vitro. 4-HNE directly modified Cys553 of GCLC and Cys35 of GCLM in vitro, which significantly increased monomeric GCLC enzymatic activity, but reduced GCL holoenzyme activity and formation of the GCL holoenzyme complex. In silico molecular modeling studies also indicate these residues are likely to be functionally relevant. Within a cellular context, this novel posttranslational regulation of GCL activity could significantly affect cellular GSH homeostasis and GSH-dependent detoxification during periods of oxidative stress.
Turbine Engine Reconfigurable Control Systems for Aircraft Propulsion Performance Improvement

Artificial intelligent technologies are being investigated for development of advanced adaptation and reconfiguration algorithms for turbine engine distributed control systems. Adding adaptation and reconfiguration feature to the control systems is expected to improve engine performance and provide more efficient aircraft operations. The benefits of transitioning from the existing centralized supervisory control, the Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC), of turbine engines to distributed control architecture have been well articulated in the literature. The major benefits are summarized as; weight reduction, cost saving, and damage tolerant turbine engines. However, consideration of advanced intelligent technologies in the design and operation of distributed control systems has been a challenging task and requires further investigation. This paper describes research activities to address the above stated challenge leading to fully reconfigurable distributed control systems for turbine engines of the future aircrafts. The goal of the research work is to accelerate the development and implementation of disturbed control systems in aircrafts propulsion controls and its integration with distributed diagnostics and prognostics algorithms. This will be achieved by means of using artificial intelligent technologies to design adaptation and reconfiguration algorithms and integrate it with a set of engine decentralized controllers. Fuzzy inference concept will be used to develop and implement the proposed adaptation and reconfiguration algorithms. Finally, the integrated reconfiguration algorithms with the control system will be tested and verified on publicly available turbine engine simulation software.© 2013 ASME
A free boundary problem for higher order elliptic operators

Let be a domain in and suppose, locally, there exists a function which, in the sense of distributions, solves the problem where is the unit ball in and is a fourth order elliptic operator, i.e. for With no sign assumption on and by using blow-up techniques we will prove that is in
Electronic structure of C60 within the tight-binding approximation.

We study the electronic states of the molecule C{sub 60}, with truncated icosahedral structure, using a simple tight-binding approximation. We compare our results for the energy levels with those obtained from a band-structure calculation within the local-density approximation (LDA). We find that using a value for the carbon-to-carbon electron-hopping matrix element {ital t}{sub {pi}}=2.50 eV, many of the features of the LDA calculation of the {pi} electrons can be reproduced. We also study the effects of bond dimerization on the molecule's electronic spectrum and on the degeneracy of states near the molecular Fermi level.
Asymptotic behavior of orthogonal polynomials corresponding to measure with discrete part off the unit circle

Abstract For a positive measure μ on the unit circle (Γ) in the complex plane, m points z j off Γ and m positive numbers A j , j = 1, 2,..., m , we investigate the asymptotic behavior of orthonormal polynomials Φ n ( z) corresponding to d μ/2π + Σ m j =1 A j δ z j , where δ z denotes the unit measure supported at point z . Our main result is the relative asymptotics of Φ n ( z ) with respect to the orthonormal polynomial corresponding to d μ/(2 π) off and on Γ.
Effects of changes in cellular composition following neuronal degeneration on amino acids in brain

Summary The effects of denervation on the free GABA, glutamine, glutamic and aspartic acid concentration of the dorsal lateral geniculate body (and the superiod colliculus) of the rabbit brain were studied. Unilateral ablation of the visual cortex or combined enucleation of an eye and cortical ablation led to almost complete disappearance of neurons and reactive gliosis in the dorsal lateral geniculate on the denervated side. This was accompanied by an increased GABA concentration (30–33%) and a decreased concentration of glutamic acid (16% with cortical ablation alone and 34% with the combined lesion) in the affected nuclei. With enucleation and cortical ablation, leading to the greatest loss of neuronal material, the glutamine and aspartic acid concentrations increased (by 50 and 13%, respectively). The alterations in concentration of the individual amino acids were found to occur in the presence of an unchanged total concentration in the denervated nuclei. The incorporation of [14C]glutamic acid into GABA was not affected by nearly complete neuronal depletion of the dorsal lateral geniculate, while incorporation into glutamine, and glutamic-aspartic transaminase activity, showed significant decreases. The findings are discussed in relation to the observed alterations in cell populations and with regard to their implications for the neuronal or glial localization of the amino acids studied.
Involvement of three mechanisms in the alteration of cytokine responses by sodium methyldithiocarbamate

AbstractSodium methyldithiocarbamate (SMD) is the third most abundantly used conventional pesticide in the U.S. We recently reported that it altersthe induction of cytokine production mediated though Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 at relevant dosages in mice. Its chemical properties and evidencefrom the literature suggest thee potential mechanisms of action for this compound. It could either act as a free radical scavenger (by means of itsfree S - group) or promote oxidation by breaking down to form methylisothiocyanate, which can deplete glutathione. It is a potent copper chelatorand may affect the availability of copper to a number of copper-dependent enzymes (including some signaling molecules). SMD induces aclassical neuroendocrine stress response characterized by elevated serum corticosterone concentrations, which could affect cytokine production.Although each of these mechanisms could potentially contribute to altered cytokine responses, direct evidence is lacking. The present study wasconducted to obtain such evidence. The role of redox balance was investigated by pretreating mice with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which increasescellular glutathione concentrations, before administration of SMD. NAC exacerbated the SMD-induced suppression of IL-12 and the SMD-induced enhancement of IL-10 in the serum. The role of copper chelation was investigated by comparing the effects of SMD with an equimolardose to SMD that was administered in the form of a copper chelation complex. Addition of copper significantly decreased the action of SMD onIL-12 production but not on IL-10 production. The role of the stress response was investigated by pretreating mice with antagonists ofcorticosterone and catecholamines. This treatment partially prevented the action of SMD on IL-10 and IL-12 in the peritoneal fluid. The resultssuggest that all of the proposed mechanisms have some role in the alteration of cytokine production by SMD.© 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Abstract 4829: Evaluation prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) using multiplexed gold nanoparticles in patients with head and neck cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Detection, quantification, and molecular characterization of CTCs may aid physicians in optimizing treatment. However, current approaches for CTC detection, including CellSearch (FDA approved CTC detection method) rely on a single biomarker, whic may not be appropriate for heterogeneous tumors. Methods: We developeda multiplexed single-tube assay using two targeting Surface-Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles for directdetection of CTCs in blood sample. The two SERS nanoparticles were distinguished with unique spectral signatures were targeted for simultaneous detection of the biomarkers epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). The correlation of CTC level detected by two biomarkers with clinical characteristics was evaluated and compared. Results: CTCs were present in 60.9% of patients (39 of 64 patients) with a range of 5-1751 cells per ml of whole blood. CTC levels detected by EGFR-tag (CTC-EGFR) and EpCAM-tag (CTC-EpCAM) were strongly cross-correlated (P<0.001). CTC levels detected by both biomarkers correlated significantly with the presence of disease (P=0.005 and P<0.0001 for CTC-EGFR and CTC-EpCAM, respectively). In univariate analysis, CTC level detected by both biomarkers associated significantly with disease free survival (hazard ratio: 2.135; 95%CI: 1.028 to 4.435; P=0.042 for CTC-EGFR, and hazard ratio: 6.028; 95%CI: 2.294 to 12.84; P=0.0003 for CTC-EpCAM). In multivariate analysis, CTC level detected by EpCAM-tag but not by EGFR-tag was significant prognostic factor for disease free survival (hazard ratio: 6.771; 95%CI: 2.069 to 22.151; P=0.0016). Thus, the CTC level detected by EpCAM-tag has stronger association with disease free survival than that by EGFR-tag. Conclusions: We have developed two SERS nanoparticles, allowed the simultaneous detection of EGFR or EpCAM on CTCs from one blood sample. CTC levels detected by both biomarkers associated significantly with disease statue and disease free survival. CTC level detected by EpCAM-tag but not by EGFR-tag was significant prognostic factor for disease free survival. Our technique based on two biomarkers, compared with those relying on a single biomarker, may improve CTC assessment in clinical settings. (This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute awards 5 P50 CA128613 and U54CA119338-04). Citation Format: Xu Wang, Ximei Qian, Jonathan J. Beitler, Jun Zhang, Hyunseok Kang, Zhuo (Georgia) Chen, Kelly R. Magliocca, Xiaojing Wang, Zhengjia Chen, Shuming Nie, Dong M. Shin. Evaluation prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) using multiplexed gold nanoparticles in patients with head and neck cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4829. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4829