cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further studies of the rate affected synergic solvent extraction of Fe(III)-TTA—I: The effect of tri-n-octylphosphine oxide on the solvent extraction of iron(III) with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone

Abstract The extraction of iron(III) from aqueous perchloroc acid into a solution of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in benzene is known to be very slow. The system does not reach equilibrium within a practical contact time of the two phases. The rate and percent of iron(III) extraction was found to increase considerably upon the addition of tributyl phosphate (TBP). An increase in temperature of 10°C results in further increase in the rate and percent of iron(III) extraction by a factor of 1·5. From the results of detailed investigation, the reason for this effect is considered to be the replacement of a slow step (the direct formation of the iron(III)-TTA complex in the aqueous phase) by a series of fast reactions (the formation of an iron(III) TBP complex in the aqueous phase, the extraction of the iron-(III)-TBP complex to the organic phase, and the replacement of TBP by TTA in the organic phase). All the observations in this system are readily explained by the previously demonstrated kinetic effect.
Volumetric Relationships of Symbiotic Zoochlorellae to Their Hosts

SYNOPSIS. Zoochlorellae of 7 ciliates from 3 different localities around Madison, Wisconsin, were identified from live and stained preparations. A relationship was worked out between volume of zoochlorellae and volume of their hosts. The zoochorellae which occupied the highest percentage of the space of the host cell were those in Holosticha viridis; the range in the 7 ciliates was 10–56%. There appeared to be some correlation between the locality of collection and density of the Chlorella population in the host.
BACE1 Suppression by RNA Interference in Primary Cortical Neurons

Extracellular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates in the brain represents one of the histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ peptides are generated from proteolysis of the amyloid precursor proteins (APPs) by β- and γ-secretases. β-Secretase (BACE1) is a type I integral membrane glycoprotein that can cleave APP first to generate C-terminal 99- or 89-amino acid membrane-bound fragments containing the N terminus of Aβ peptides (βCTF). As BACE1 cleavage is an essential step for Aβ generation, it is proposed as a key therapeutic target for treating AD. In this study, we show that small interfering RNA (siRNA) specifically targeted to BACE1 can suppress BACE1 (but not BACE2) protein expression in different cell systems. Furthermore, BACE1 siRNA reduced APP βCTF and Aβ production in primary cortical neurons derived from both wild-type and transgenic mice harboring the Swedish APP mutant. The subcellular distribution of APP and presenilin-1 did not appear to differ in BACE1 suppressed cells. Importantly, pretreating neurons with BACE1 siRNA reduced the neurotoxicity induced by H2O2 oxidative stress. Our results indicate that BACE1 siRNA specifically impacts on β-cleavage of APP and may be a potential therapeutic approach for treating AD.
Some problems in the determination of total residual “chlorine” in chlorinated sea-water

In the determination of residual chlorine in sea-water by the amperometric titrimetric method, potassium iodide must be added to the sample before the addition of the pH 4 buffer, and the addition of these two reagents should not be more than one minute apart. Serious analytical error may arise if the order of the addition of the reagents is reversed. There is no evidence suggesting the formation of iodate by the reaction between hypobromite and iodide. For concentrations of residual chlorine below one mg 1−1, iodate, which occurs naturally in sea-water, may cause serious analytical uncertainties. In sea-water, the preferred concentration unit of residual chlorine is μM. The unit, mg 1−1, must be used with care and clear definition. The unit, ppm, should be avoided.
Therapeutic prevention of ischemia following intraarterial barbiturate injection

Abstract By using a method of grading angiograms, we have been able to quantify the degree of vascular injury following intraarterial barbiturate injection. We established that intraarterial heparin is a very effective means of therapy in the prevention of vascular injury and tissue loss following intra-arterial barbiturate injection. Intraarterial heparin as well as systemic heparin decreased tissue necrosis from a 65% loss of the extremity with no therapy to only 25% following intraarterial heparin therapy.
Learning and representation in speech and language

Infants learn language with remarkable speed. By the end of their second year they speak in sentences with an 'accent' typical of a native speaker. How does an individual acquire a specific language? While acknowledging the biological preparation for language, this review focuses on the effects of early language experience on infants' perceptual and perceptual-motor systems. The data show that by the time infants begin to master the higher levels of language--sound-meaning correspondences, contrastive phonology, and grammatical rules--their perceptual and perceptual-motor systems are already tuned to a specific language. The consequences of this are described in a developmental theory at the phonetic level that holds promise for higher levels of language.
Overestimation of acute angles.

Fisher (1769) noted that absolute judgments of angle subtension produce overestimation of acute angles, whereas construction of an angle produces underestimation, at least between 20" and 90'. The data help to explain why Jastrow's reconstruction procedure led him to conclude that acute angles are underestimated rather than overestimated. Fisher also presented data to show that horizontally oriented angles are overestimated both absolutely and relative to vertically oriented angles. He rejects the explanation for the overestimation of acute angles derived from illusory effects of experienced lengthening in the vertical dimension of the Schumann figure and concludes that the effect results from some undetermined influence on the isolated angular components. Maclean and Stacey (1971) confirmed Fisher's findings but did get overestimates of angles between 8" and 47", using a method of matched reproduction. They also discovered a larger difference between matched reproduction and verbal estimation with horizontally oriented angles than with vertical ones. The implications were that something besides response mode influenced estimates of horizontally displayed angles. Ross (1972) noted overestimation of acute angles in an ecological study of angle parking of cars when he used a variation of Jastrow's reconstruction technique. Both Ross's study and Fisher's require further clarification as to the reason for overestimates of acute angles. Wallace (1966) suggested that acute angles may be interpreted as 90" angles confused in depth. It would follow from Fisher's comparison of vertical and horizontal angles that horizontal angles should suggest a corner seen in depth more than vertical angles, for that would explain the tendency to overestimate the actual angle being experienced. Procedure.-Ss were 22 men and women in a general psychology section. In class, they were given a sheet of paper containing instructions and eight stimulus angles. Instructions were: "Below are eight 45" angles. 1 would like you to look at all of them, and then evaluate them with respect to how much they suggest to you a corner seen in depth. Below each angle is a box; put a numeral 1 in the one which best suggests depth, and an 8 in the one which least suggests depth. Please order all those which fall between the two extremes. In the case of two which seem about alike, force yourself to decide in favor of one of the two." Immediately below the instructions grouped closely together were the eight 45" angles. Four would be bisected by the Cartesian axes, i.e., they were symmetrical around imaginary Cartesian axes with vertices pointing in up, down, left, and right orientations. Four other 45" angles had one side in a vertical or horizontal orientation with vertices pinted up, down, left, and right.
Modulations of KDV wavetrains

Abstract This lecture summarizes some work on the modulational theory of Korteweg de Vries wave trains which was done by H. Flaschka, G. Forest, and D.W. McLaughlin during the past year.
Biocompatibility of components of a female controlled drug delivery system

A female controlled drug delivery system (FcDDS) containing sodium dodecyl sulfate as a microbicide, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a synergistic microbicide, and lactic acid as a pH modulator was developed as an intravaginal barrier device against sexually transmitted diseases. The host response of the vagina to the FcDDS was evaluated through biocompatibility tests including cell viability, estrogenicity, and cytotoxicity assays on HeLa cervical cells and NIH:Ovcar-3 ovarian cells. Gel electrophoresis and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays on HeLa cervical cell lines were also performed to elucidate the effects of EDTA on the expression of particular proteins of interest. The results of the cell viability test showed no significant difference in viability of cells upon exposure to EDTA at concentrations less than 0.035% that was reported to exert spermicidal activity. EDTA at concentrations less than 0.035% did not cause any cytotoxicity. The results of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that EDTA induced the expression of a 67-kDa protein in HeLa cells, which was identified as elastin binding protein (a part of the elastin receptor complex). This work has demonstrated that FcDDS containing EDTA is biocompatible and safe to be used as an intravaginal barrier device.
Exposure to smoking-relevant cues: Effects on desire to smoke and topographical components of smoking behavior

The effects of exposure to two classes of smoking-relevant cues (environmental; negative affect) on desire to smoke and smoking topography were evaluated. Sixty chronic smokers were randomly assigned to one of six groups in a two-way ANOVA design in which the salience of environmental cues and presence of negative affective cues were manipulated. This was followed by a 20-minute interval during which ad libitum smoking was videotaped in an unobtrusive manner. Results indicated that the experimental manipulations differentially influenced ratings of desire and topographical components of smoking behavior. Implications are raised regarding the role of cue reactivity in the maintenance of smoking behavior.
Energy expenditure in the extremely low-birth weight infant.

Information about energy requirements of extremely low-birth weight infants is sparse, despite the rapidly improving survival rates of this population. Metabolizable energy intake can be estimated from energy balance studies and the percentage of caloric intake that is actually absorbed by these infants is approximately 87%. Data on energy expenditure in extremely premature infants is limited; however, energy expenditure has been shown to increase with postnatal age. Because both intake and expenditure are affected by multiple factors, there is significant variability in estimates of the energy requirements in extremely low-birth weight infants. At present, no valid recommendations can be made regarding optimal energy requirements for the extremely low-birth weight infant, except that their requirements probably exceed those of stable, growing very low-birth weight infants, currently estimated at 105 to 135 kcal.kg-1d-1.
2-Change for k-connected networks

We consider the problem of designing a k-connected network at minimum weight. We show that a 2-change transformation can always be applied when k is even. As a result, for k even, no two edges of a minimum weight k-connected network are crossing when the vertices are points in the Euclidean plane. A similar result for a linear programming relaxation of this network design problem is shown to be valid for all k.
A rapid method for microdetermination of halogen in organic compounds

Abstract A rapid, simple but precise procedure for microdetermination of halogen in organic compounds is described. This procedure consists of Schoniger's flask combustion technique with an improved method of mercurimetric titration for determination of the halogen. The improvement involves the use of alcohol-water mixture as the solvent in which the discernibility of the endpoint is greatly enhanced. Such enhancement will make the mercurimetric titration suitable for microdetermination. This procedure is just as reliable as the conventional methods, but by its simplicity and rapidity in operation the proposed method has a decided advantage over the more conventional ones.
Rapid technique to cross-calibrate satellite imager visible channels

Rapid and accurate calibrations of satellite imager sensors are critical for remote sensing of surface, cloud and radiative properties. A post-launch technique has been developed to routinely cross calibrate and normalize the imager visible (VIS) channel on-board operational geostationary (GEO) and low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites. As a reference calibration source, this simple approach uses the self-calibrating sensor from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS) to calibrate other GEO and LEO satellites. The VIRS sensors have been found to be a stable and reliable reference source. This technique uses VIRS to calibrate the eighth Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-8) VIS sensor using collocated data with similar viewing zenith, solar zenith, and relative azimuth angles. GOES-8 is then used as a transfer medium to cross calibrate other GEO and LEO satellites. Post-launch VIS (~0.65 µm) calibration coefficients for GOES-8, -9, -10, -12, Meteosat-7, -8, and NOAA-14 AVHRR satellites are presented. GOES-8 had a non-linear degradation rate of 11% the first year of operational service and 4% in last year before it was decommissioned. GOES-9 degraded linearly at 7.9% per year during 1995-1998. GOES-10 degraded 12% the first year and 1.6% less each year after that. GOES-12 degraded 6% per year. The VIRS visible channel calibration is in good agreement with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on-board the Terra and Aqua satellites supporting its use as a reference.
Wear processes in sliding systems

Abstract A sequence of events involved in sliding wear is outlined. Local contacts cause large plastic strains in either or both solid components. The plastic deformation changes the near-surface microstructure in ways which make the material unstable to local shear. This in turn produces transfer of pieces of deformed material which are further deformed and mixed with counterface material and/or environmental components to produce ultrafine-grained material. The very fine microstructure in this transfer material is stabilized by the mixing in (mechanical alloying) of a second phase. The relative hardness of the transfer material and the adjacent substrate material affects the surface topography, the smoothness of sliding and the nature of the wear debris. Loose debris is commonly derived from the transfer material. This picture has been developed with the aid of analysis of experiments on unlubricated systems, but it is expected to be at least partly relevant to many “lubricated” systems as well.
The Moral Community and Immigration

In “Which American Dream Do You Mean?” David Stoll never justified his assumption that Guatemalans who want to immigrate to America have a moral claim on our attention. The “conversation” he describes really involves only Americans as only they are held responsible for immigration. Some advocates justify immigration on the basis of rights while others appeal to compassion, but both assign all responsibility to rich Americans and none to the sending societies. A huge moral asymmetry separates the West, which is assumed capable of achieving civic values from the non-West, which is not. Americans hunger for a more candid conversation about how to distribute the responsibility for immigration. That is essential to legitimizing immigration policy and preserving the civic character of American society.
Identification of flavone aglycones and glycosides in soybean pods by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

High-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to identify flavone aglycones and glycosides in soybean pods. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS and MS-MS-MS) and photodiode array detection were also utilized in flavone characterization. A total of seven flavone aglycones and glycosides were identified. Among them three flavone aglycones--apigenin, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, and luteolin--and two flavone glycosides--apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, and luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside--were unambiguously identified based on their abundant (M+H)+ ions, UV spectra, retention time, and tandem mass spectrometric analysis compared with authentic standards. The tentative identification of two flavone glycosides as 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside-6"-O-malonate was based on UV spectra, (M+H)+ ions, and tandem mass spectrometry. This is the first report identifying flavone aglycones and glycosides in soybean pods.
Ice-Shelf Tidal Flexure and Subglacial Pressure Variations

We develop a model of an ice shelf-ice stream system as a viscoelastic beam partially supported by an elastic foundation. When bed rock near the grounding line acts as a fulcrum, leverage from the ice shelf dropping at low tide can cause significant (approx 1 cm) uplift in the first few kilometers of grounded ice.This uplift and the corresponding depression at high tide lead to basal pressure variations of sufficient magnitude to influence subglacial hydrology.Tidal flexure may thus affect basal lubrication, sediment flow, and till strength, all of which are significant factors in ice-stream dynamics and grounding-line stability. Under certain circumstances, our results suggest the possibility of seawater being drawn into the subglacial water system. The presence of sea water beneath grounded ice would significantly change the radar reflectivity of the grounding zone and complicate the interpretation of grounded versus floating ice based on ice-penetrating radar observations.
Does Computer Use Promote the Mathematical Proficiency of ELL Students

The study explored the effects of computer use on the mathematical performance of students with special attention to ELL students. To achieve a high generalizability of findings, the study used a U...
Narrowing of the palladium-hydrogen miscibility gap in nanocrystalline palladium.

In situ x-ray-diffraction studies of the hydriding behavior of coarse-grained and nanocrystalline palladium samples at ambient temperature are descibed. A previously observed narrowing of the miscibility gap in nanocrystalline palladium was reproduced. The present results, however, demonstrate that this change in the palladium-hydrogen phase diagram for nanocrystalline material is not related to an inability to form the hydride phase in highly disordered grain boundary regions as previously proposed. Instead, the entire volume of nanocrystalline samples was observed to transform to [beta]-PdH upon exposure to hydrogen. This behavior indicates that the entropy and/or enthalpy of mixing for the palladium-hydrogen system differs in nanocrystalline and coarse-grained materials. Because of these changes in thermodynamic quantities, the phase boundary of the palladium-hydrogen miscibility gap is predicted to be shifted to lower temperatures for nanocrystalline samples.
Reply to comment by Shlomo P. Neuman on “Spatial correlation of permeability in cross‐stratified sediment with hierarchical architecture”

] We appreciate the commentary by Neuman [2006]and the opportunity for discussion and further clarificationof our article [Ritzi et al., 2004]. In his commentary,Neuman expounds upon his derivation of a model for thepermeability semivariogram [Neuman, 2003, equation (53)]and describes aquifer architecture that would be representedby such a model. As requested by the Associate Editor, ourreply focuses on illustrating the distinctions between thetypes of architecture represented by Neuman [2006] andRitzi et al. [2004].[
Suppression of Mitochondrial Biogenesis through Toll-Like Receptor 4–Dependent Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling in Endotoxin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Although disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and biogenesis (MB) is a widely accepted pathophysiologic feature of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), the molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are unknown. In this study, we examined the signaling pathways responsible for the suppression of MB in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI. Downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of MB, was noted at the mRNA level at 3 hours and protein level at 18 hours in the renal cortex, and was associated with loss of renal function after LPS treatment. LPS-mediated suppression of PGC-1α led to reduced expression of downstream regulators of MB and electron transport chain proteins along with a reduction in renal cortical mitochondrial DNA content. Mechanistically, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) knockout mice were protected from renal injury and disruption of MB after LPS exposure. Immunoblot analysis revealed activation of tumor progression locus 2/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (TPL-2/MEK/ERK) signaling in the renal cortex by LPS. Pharmacologic inhibition of MEK/ERK signaling attenuated renal dysfunction and loss of PGC-1α, and was associated with a reduction in proinflammatory cytokine (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-1β) expression at 3 hours after LPS exposure. Neutralization of TNF-α also blocked PGC-1α suppression, but not renal dysfunction, after LPS-induced AKI. Finally, systemic administration of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α alone was sufficient to produce AKI and disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis. These findings indicate an important role for the TLR4/MEK/ERK pathway in both LPS-induced renal dysfunction and suppression of MB. TLR4/MEK/ERK/TNF-α signaling may represent a novel therapeutic target to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and AKI produced by sepsis.
The evaluation of V(ud) and its impact on the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa quark-mixing matrix

The determination of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix element Vud is reviewed. Data from 0+ → 0+ superallowed beta decay in nuclei, neutron decay, beta decay of odd-mass mirror nuclei and pion beta decay are considered. Theoretical radiative and isospin-symmetry breaking corrections are applied. The most precise result comes from the nuclear 0+ → 0+ decays, which yield a recommended value of |Vud| = 0.974 25(22). We further summarize the data leading to the CKM matrix element Vus: Kl3 decays, Kl2 decays, hyperon decays and hadronic tau decay. Again SU(3)-symmetry breaking corrections (from lattice QCD) and radiative corrections are applied. We adopt values from Kl3 decay of |Vus| = 0.2246(12) and from Kl2 decay of |Vus/Vud| = 0.2319(14). From the three data just cited, a least squares fit determines two CKM matrix elements: |Vud| = 0.974 25(22) and |Vus| = 0.225 21(94). Data leading to the third member of the top row of the CKM matrix, Vub, are summarized as well but, being of order 10−3, that matrix element contributes negligibly to the unitarity sum, |Vud|2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|2. We find this sum to be 0.999 90(60) showing unitarity to be satisfied to a precision of 0.06%. We discuss the constraints this result places on selected extensions to the standard model.
Ionization nonequilibrium induced by neutral chemistry in air plasmas

The present numerical study of air plasma kinetics yields the unexpected result that,as electron recombination occurs primarily via fast two-body dissociative recombination,ionizational nonequilibrium is caused under certain circumstances by slow neutral recombination.
GAS doesn't “turn the engine” when states are sequential or context-dependent

Selection theory requires multiple, simultaneously-actualized states. In cognition, each thought changes the “selection pressure” against which the next is evaluated; they are not simultaneously selected amongst. Cognitive change occurs not through selection among discrete “neural configurations,” but through interaction between conceptual web and context. This introduces a non-Kolmogorovian probability distribution, hence a classical formalism (e.g., selection theory) cannot be used.
Fiber laser beam combining and power scaling progress: Air Force Research Laboratory Laser Division

Numerous achievements have been made recently by researchers in the areas of fiber laser beam combining and power scaling. Industry has demonstrated multi-kW power from a single fiber amplifier, and a US national laboratory has coherently combined eight fiber amplifiers totaling 4 kW. This paper will survey the recent literature and then focus on fiber laser results from the Laser Division, Directed Energy Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). Progress has been made in the power scaling of narrow-linewidth fiber amplifiers, and we are transitioning lessons learned from PCF power scaling into monolithic architectures. SBS suppression has been achieved using a variety of techniques to lower the Brillioun gain, including acoustically tailored fiber, laser gain competition resulting from multitone seeding and inducing a longitudinal thermal gradient. We recently demonstrated a 32-channel coherent beam combination result using AFRL's phaselocking technique and are focused on exploring the limitations of this technique including linewidth broadening, kW-induced phase nonlinearities and auto-tuning methods for large channel counts. Additionally, we have recently refurbished our High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office-sponsored 16-amplifier fiber testbed to meet strict PER, spatial drift, power stability and beam quality requirements.
The Relationship of Isokinetic Torque at Two Speeds to the Vertical Jump

Abstract The relationship between the ability to develop leg torque and performance in the vertical jump was investigated in 29 female athletes. Each subject's leg flexion, leg extension, and foot plantar flexion peak torque was determined isokinetically on a Cybex at angular velocities of 30 degrees/second and 180 degrees/second. The vertical jump was determined for each subject and correlations among the measures of torque and the vertical jump were calculated. Although the ability to produce leg power as exemplified by the vertical jump was significantly correlated with peak torque at the fast angular velocity but was not significantly correlated with peak torque at the slow angular velocity, the correlations were so low it was concluded that there was little if any relationship between torque at a fast or slow angular velocity and the ability to vertically jump.
High power CW 264 GHz tunable Extended Interaction Oscillator

A novel model of the compact high power 264 GHz CW Extended Interaction Oscillator has been developed by CPI Canada. By combination of mechanical tuning and electronic switching between two operating modes, this EIO provides over 1 W of power in the range of 258 to 270 GHz. Liquid cooling is used to stabilize RF circuit temperature and prevent frequency detuning. Further development is ongoing to support THz operation with enhanced output power, which is currently limited by vacuum window capability.
5 (or 4) −[3,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazeno] imidazole-4(or 5)-carboxamide: A Titrimetric Determination of Its v-Triazolinium Transformation Product and Studies of Its Stability

The transformation product, a v-triazolinium salt, of 5(or 4)-[3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazeno]imidazole-4(or 5)-carboxamide (I, NSC-82196) is sufficiently acidic to be titrated with standard base. Titrations of typical specimens of the triazene (I) indicate that they contain 2.5-4.2% of the transformation product. The titration method was used to estimate the rate of change of I to its transformation product in methanol and aqueous methanol solutions; for example, in 60% methanol at 25° the half-life of I is estimated to be about 25 min.
Trust without touch: jump-start trust with social chat

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is thought to be inadequate when one needs to establish trust. Rocco [4] found, for example, that discussions about agreements conducted over email were far less successful in engendering trust than those conducted face-to-face. But, if the participants met and did a team building exercise before the real task, trust was shown in spite of only having email to talk during the task. Here we show that if participants do not meet beforehand but rather engage in a text chat where they are told to "get to know each other" for a brief period, they show the same kinds of trust that you find when they meet beforehand face-to-face.
Work function measurements in gas ambient

Abstract A simple, practical method for making work function measurements in gas ambient is presented. The method makes use of a Kelvin probe that has been calibrated using a clean solution surface of an electrochemical half-cell. We find that the outer potential of a typical half-cell solution is constant and reproducible, much more so even than gold in air. It is suggested that the concept and definition of work function be extended to electrochemical half-cells.
Hemodynamic investigation of congenital heart disease in infancy and childhood

Abstract Hemodynamic investigations of the infant and child with congenital heart disease encompasses accurate determinations of blood flow, pressure, ventricular and atrial volumes, and cardiac muscle function. Measurements of blood flow, pressure, and volume can provide reliable indicators of cardiac function as a pump as well as estimates of the myocardial and systemic adaptation to a congenital lesion. In addition, investigations of cardiac muscle function with the use of high fidelity pressure and dPdt measurements can add a valuable dimension to the overall evaluation of the patient with heart disease.
Catecholamines and development of cardiac pacemaking: An intrinsically intimate relationship

A generation ago, a melding of imagination and experimental evidence led to the hypothesis that catecholamines were essential in establishing basal cardiac pacemaking rhythm. Subsequent discoveries of depolarizing "pacemaker" currents and viable adult catecholamine-deficient animals raised serious doubts about the necessity of catecholamines in pacemaking. However, the findings that catecholamines are produced in pacemaking regions prior to innervation, and that they are required for embryonic survival during a defined "critical period" of embryonic development have revitalized the original hypothesis. Recent results have further suggested that intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cells can differentiate into pacemaking myocytes, and that protein kinase A, a prominent downstream mediator of beta-adrenergic signaling, is required for pacemaking activity. Here, we discuss how catecholamines and the intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cells that produce them may influence ontological development of cardiac pacemaking.
O2 sensing in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: the mitochondrial door re-opens

The identity of the O2 sensor underlying the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) response has been sought for more than 50 years. Recently, the mitochondria have again come into sharp focus as the cellular organelle responsible for triggering the events that culminate in pulmonary artery constriction. Studies from different laboratories propose two disparate models to explain how mitochondria react to a decrease in PO2. One model proposes that hypoxia slows or inhibits mitochondrial electron transport resulting in the accumulation of reducing equivalents and a decrease in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is proposed to activate a redox-sensitive pathway leading to pulmonary vasoconstriction. A second and opposing model suggests that hypoxia triggers a paradoxical increase in mitochondrial ROS generation. This increase would then lead to the activation of an oxidant-sensitive signaling transduction pathway leading to HPV. This article summarizes the potential involvement of mitochondria in these two very different models.
Dietitians' Changes Following Continuing Education on Nutrition Management of Hospitalized Elderly

Abstract Dietitians who work with hospitalized elderly persons need specialized training to assess nutritional needs and develop appropriate, cost-effective interventions for their patients. We evaluated “Nutrition and Aging: Implications for Hospital-Based Care,” a five-contact-hour continuing education program designed to help participants make plans to implement and adhere to selected evidence-based nutritional recommendations for the elderly hospitalized population. Seventynine out of 85 registered dietitians participating in two course offerings made “Commitments to Change.” Evaluation of the commitments assessed whether participants' plans were reasonable and were implemented, and what barriers interfered. Three months post-course, they estimated actual implementation of intended changes and identified obstacles to success. Of 170 commitments, 0% and 100% progress were reported on 48 (28%) and 46 (27%) commitments, respectively. Mean implementation rate was 52%. After removing responses reporting 0%...
A Complete Theory of Natural, Rational, and Real Numbers

The purpose of the present paper is to construct a fragment of number theory not subject to Godel incompletability. Originally the system was designed as a metalanguage for classical mathematics (see section 10); but it now appears to the author worthwhile to present it as a mathematical system in its own right, to serve however rather as an instrument of computation than of proof. Its resources in the latter respect seem very extensive, sufficient apparently for the systematic tabulation of every function used in any but the most recondite physics. The author intends to pursue this topic in a later paper; the present one will simply present the system, along with proofs of consistency and completeness and a few metatheorems which will be used as lemmas for future research.Completeness is achieved by sacrificing the notions of negation and universal quantification customary in number-theoretic systems; the losses consequent upon this are made good in part by the use of the ancestral as a primitive idea. The general outlines of the system follow closely the pattern of Fitch's “basic logic”; however the latter system uses combinatory operators in place of the variables used in the present paper, and if variables are introduced into Fitch's system by definition their range of values will be found to be much more extensive than that of my variables. The present system K is thus a weaker form of Fitch's system.It is apparently not known whether or not Fitch's system is complete.
Effects of Feeding Whole Cottonseed on Composition of Milk

Complete mixed diets containing 0, 10, 15, or 20% whole cottonseed were fed to 12 cows in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Cows were assigned to the Latin square by production status resulting in one square each for cows in early first lactation and older cows either in early or late lactation. Diets were fed for ad libitum intake, and periods were 21 days. Percentages of milk fat and total solids increased, and protein percentage decreased with cottonseed feeding. Milk casein nitrogen decreased from .387 to .375% with cottonseed feeding. Nitrogen in whey remained unchanged, and nonprotein nitrogen increased. Proportion of total nitrogen in casein and whey fractions was not altered, but proportion of nonprotein nitrogen increased. Cottonseed decreased proportions of short-chain fatty acids (carbon-6 to carbon-16) in milk and increased stearic and oleic acids. Actual yield of milk was not affected by cottonseed feeding, but yields of fat-corrected milk and milk fat were increased. Production status affected milk composition with older cows in early lactation producing milk of lower fat, total solids, and protein content compared with cows in other groups. Casein nitrogen was highest for first-lactation and lowest for older, high-producing cows. Whey nitrogen was highest for older, low-producing cows. First-lactation cows had the highest proportion of nitrogen in the casein fraction, and older, low-producing cows had the lowest. Milk fatty acid composition changed little with status.
Degenerate Carbonium Ions

Carbonium ions are called “degenerate” when they rearrange through finite energy barriers to give products whose gross structures are identical with those of the starting ions. In such degenerate rearrangements (“automerizations”), individual atoms and groups become mixed but the overall structure is conserved. Automerizations can be observed by noting the dispersal of isotopic labels, the loss of optical activity, or the temperature dependence of NMR spectra. In certain cases, a combination of well-known rearrangement processes results in complete mixing of all atoms, C or H. The 2-norbornyl and 9-barbaralyl cations are examples of fully degenerate systems; conditions can be found where both give but single-line NMR spectra.
Isolation of isodihydroquinamine from Isertia hypoleuca

Abstract A new dihydroindole alkaloid, isodihydroquinamine, has been isolated from the leaves of Isertia hypoleuca Benth. Chemical and spectroscopic data show it to be a stereoisomer of dihydroquinamine, which was previously isolated from the same plant.
Grammatik V: A Review

Grammatik V is a program that will proofread text for basic errors in grammar, style, usage, and punctuation. It has several features that make it attractive for psychologists. The program allows the instructor to modify existing rules, create new rules specific for psychology, and edit the help and advice screens. When the program detects a potential error, it provides advice for remedying the problem and allows the user to edit the problem. This program is a useful adjunct for helping students learn APA editorial style and prepare written assignments for their courses.
Age-related macular degeneration: Clinical features in a large family and linkage to chromosome 1q

Objectives To identify the chromosomal location of a disease-causing gene and to describe the clinical characteristics of a large family with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Methods An ARMD pedigree was identified, and the disease state of family members was documented by stereoscopic fundus photography and was classified using a modified version of the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. A genome-wide screen at approximately 6-centimorgan spacing using a DNA-pooling strategy combined with shared-segment analysis was used to identify likely chromosomal regions. The entire family was then screened at each likely locus, and 1 positive locus was refined by screening with markers at an average density of 0.5 centimorgan and subjected to parametric linkage analysis. Results In the 10 affected family members, ARMD was manifest by the presence of large, soft, confluent drusen accompanied by varying degrees of retinal pigment epithelial degeneration and/or geographic atrophy. Age-related macular degeneration segregated as an autosomal-dominant trait, with the disease locus mapping to chromosome 1q25-q31 between markers D1S466 and D1S413 , with a multipoint lod score of 3.00. Conclusion Age-related macular degeneration localized to chromosome 1q25-q31 (gene symbol, ARMD1 ) as a dominant trait in a large family with a predominantly dry phenotype. Clinical Relevance Identification of ARMD genes will facilitate early diagnosis and aid in understanding the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms of ARMD. This knowledge will contribute to the development of preventive and improved treatment strategies.
AE2 Cl-/HCO3- exchanger is required for normal cAMP-stimulated anion secretion in murine proximal colon.

Anion secretion by colonic epithelium is dependent on apical CFTR-mediated anion conductance and basolateral ion transport. In many tissues, the NKCC1 Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter mediates basolateral...
Integrating Experimental and Social Constructivist Social Psychology: Some of Us Are Already Doing It

I concur with Jost and Kruglanski (this issue) that the rift between social constructivist and experimental social psychology is bigger than it need be. I do so by showing that many social-psychological theories predict why we have the rift that we do. I use this method to point out that self-reflexivity is possible and desirable. This is especially the case when we try to consider how our own political and historical context influences our work. I give examples from my teaching of social psychology, and of contemporary research that has been informed by both social constructivist criticisms and by knowledge of experimental methods.
Prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: overview of randomized trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Objective To analyse evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and to identify areas where evidence is lacking. Methods The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and PubMed were searched for RCTs and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and PubMed were searched for meta-analyses and systematic reviews, both from inception to 31 December 2012. Findings Overall, 258 RCTs were found on American trypanosomiasis, Buruli ulcer, dengue, geohelminth infection, leishmaniasis, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, rabies, schistosomiasis or trachoma. No RCTs were found on cysticercosis, dracunculiasis, echinococcosis, foodborne trematodes, or human African trypanosomiasis. The most studied diseases were geohelminth infection (51 RCTs) and leishmaniasis (46 RCTs). Vaccines, chemoprophylaxis and interventions targeting insect vectors were evaluated in 113, 99 and 39 RCTs, respectively. Few addressed how best to deliver preventive chemotherapy, such as the choice of dosing interval (10) or target population (4), the population coverage needed to reduce transmission (2) or the method of drug distribution (1). Thirty-one publications containing 32 systematic reviews (16 with and 16 without meta-analyses) were found on American trypanosomiasis, dengue, geohelminths, leishmaniasis, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis or trachoma. Together, they included only 79 of the 258 published RCTs (30.6%). Of 36 interventions assessed, 8 were judged effective in more than one review. Conclusion Few RCTs on the prevention or control of the principal NTDs were found. Trials on how best to deliver preventive chemotherapy were particularly rare.
Parameter estimation for superimposed chirp signals

Parameter estimation for superimposed chirp signals is a difficult signal processing problem that shows up in many applications. Cramer-Rao lower bounds are derived here for the error variance in the parameter estimates. The approach reported uses global Hankel rank reduction to estimate instantaneous frequencies followed by total least squares fitting to obtain initial estimates of the parameters. These estimates are used to initialize a search for the maximum likelihood estimates. Results on synthetic data are compared with the Cramer-Rao lower bounds. >
Fast Accurate Tests for Multi-Carrier Transceiver Specifications: EVM and Noise

Production testing of digitally modulated transceivers such as those based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become challenging, particularly in the context of measuring specifications such as error-vector-magnitude (EVM) which require the use of precision test equipment with digital modulation capability and low noise floor. Moreover, test time is an issue due to the need to transmit and receive a large number of data bits for accurate test measurement. In this paper, a multi-tone based test method is presented for accurately measuring the EVM and noise specifications of a wireless device. We present the theory behind the proposed approach along with simulation results. The proposed test method is low-cost, and has the potential to significantly reduce EVM test time under production test conditions.
Recalculation of Some Reactivity Ratios

Abstract In attempting to improve the evaluation of Q and e values, some 900 reactivity ratios were recalculated.
Relational aggression, overt aggression, and friendship

This study (n = 315 9-12-year-olds) was conducted to assess whether the social problems that relationally and overtly aggressive children typically experience in the peer group context are also exhibited in the dyadic, friendship context. The qualities of children's friendships (e.g., levels of intimacy) and of the importance of those qualities (e.g., the importance of intimacy) were assessed with self-report instruments adapted from past research. Results indicated that the friendships of relationally aggressive children were characterized by relatively high levels of intimacy, exclusivity/jealousy, and relational aggression within the friendship context. In contrast, the friendships of overtly aggressive children were characterized by engaging together in aggressive acts toward those outside the friendship. In addition, overtly aggressive children placed relatively high importance on these coalitional acts and on companionship with their friends. Implications for our understanding of aggressive children and for our knowledge of children's friendships are discussed.
Conceptualizing and Re-Evaluating Resilience Across Levels of Risk, Time, and Domains of Competence

This article examines potential theoretical constraints on resilience across levels of risk, time, and domain of outcome. Studies of resilience are reviewed as they relate to the prevalence of resilience across levels of risk (e.g., single life events vs. cumulative risk), time, and domains of adjustment. Based on a thorough review of pertinent literature, we conclude that resilience, as a global construct, appears to be rare at the highest levels of risk, and that resilience may benefit from a narrower conceptualization focusing on specific outcomes at specific timepoints in development. The implication of this conclusion for future research and intervention efforts is then discussed.
Pharmacologic and mechanical methods of discontinuing extracorporeal circulation in patients with heart failure.

Abstract Separation from EC requires simultaneous optimal manipulation of heart rate and rhythm, loading conditions, afterload, and contractility. Patients with preexisting ventricular dysfunction will have alterations in β-adrenergic receptors and responsiveness to catecholamines, but patients with previously normal ventricular function can also develop ventricular dysfunction. Catecholamines, by stimulating β-adrenergic receptors, decrease systolic function to allow separation from EC. The phosphodiesterase inhibitors provide both inotropic support and vasodilation, to improve both systolic and diastolic function. When administered in combination, catecholamines and cyclic-AMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors can have additive effects to restore β1-adrenergic responsiveness. Combination therapy provides an important support during biventricular dysfunction and facilities separation from EC. Finally, mechanical support provides a therapeutic option when pharmacologic therapy is ineffective.