cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biodeuteration of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)

The formation of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, by Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Alcaligenes eutrophus was studied using the following carbon sources and solvents: (1), acetate in H 2 O; (2), D 3 -acetate in H 2 O; (3), acetate in 90 to 92% D 2 O; and (4), D 3 -acetate in 90 to 92% D 2 O. The growth of Rb. sphaeroides cultured under condition (2) showed no apparent deuterium isotope effect, while considerably slowed growth in the presence of D 2 O was observed under conditions (3) and (4). In all cases, the PHB produced under deuterium enriched conditions was of high molecular weight. Interestingly, comparatively high volumetric formation of partially deuterated PHB was obtained using culture condition (4) for A. eutrophus . Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-i.r.), pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PGC-m.s.), and nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) were used to establish the extent and distribution of deuterium in the PHB samples produced. Partially deuterated PHB was obtained in each case, using a deuterium enriched culture. Considerable differences in the extent and distribution of deuterium were found between micro-organisms and culture conditions.
Distinguishing among strong decay models.

Two competing models for strong hadronic decays, the $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{0}$ and $^{3}$${\mathit{S}}_{1}$ models, are currently in use. Attempts to rule out one or the other have been hindered by a poor understanding of final state interactions and by ambiguities in the treatment of relativistic effects. In this article we study meson decays in both models, focusing on certain amplitude ratios for which the relativistic uncertainties largely cancel out (notably the S/D ratios in ${\mathit{b}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\omega} and ${\mathit{a}}_{1}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rho}), and using a quark Born formalism to estimate the final state interactions. We find that the $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{0}$ model is strongly favored. In addition, we predict a P/F amplitude ratio of 1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 for the decay ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rho}. We also study the parameter dependence of some individual amplitudes (as opposed to amplitude ratios) in an attempt to identify a ``best'' version of the $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{0}$ model.
HELIUM ISOTOPE EFFECT IN SOLUTION IN WATER AND SEAWATER.

The isotope effect in the solution of helium in water from 0° to 40°C has been determined by microgasometric measurements of the solubilities of pure helium-3 and helium4. At 0°C helium-3 is less soluble than helium-4 in both distilled water and sea-water by 1.2 percent. The observed fractionation factor is 0.988±0.002 at 0°C and appears to decrease with increasing temperature at the rate of 0.0001 per degree Centigrade, although the existence of this trend is of limited statistical certainty. The measured isotope effect is in agreement with the ratio of helium-3 to helium-4 in surface ocean water reported by Clarke, Beg, and Craig.
Quantitative adjustment of the influence of depression on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire

Upper extremity specific disability as measured with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire varies more than expected based upon variations in objective impairment influenced by depression. We tested the hypothesis that adjusting for depression can reduce the mean and variance of DASH scores. Five hundred and sixteen patients (352 men, 164 women) with an average of 58 years of age (range, 18–100) were asked to simultaneously complete the DASH and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scores at their initial visit to a hand surgeon. Pearson's correlations between each of the DASH items and the CES-D score were obtained. The DASH score was then adjusted for the influence of Depression for women and men using ordinary least-squares regression and subtracting the product of the regression coefficient and the CES-D score from the raw DASH score. The average DASH score was 24 points (SD, 19; range, 0–91), and the average CES-D score was 10 points (SD, 8; range, 0–42). Thirteen of the 30 items of the DASH demonstrated correlation greater than r = 0.20. Adjustment of these DASH items for the depression effect led to significant reductions in the mean (5.5 points; p < 0.01) and standard deviation (0.8 points; p < 0.01) of DASH scores. Adjustment for depression alone had a significant but perhaps clinically marginal effect on the variance of DASH scores. Additional research is merited to determine if DASH score adjustments for the most important subjective and psychosocial aspects of illness behavior can improve correlation between DASH scores and objective impairment.
Further effects of the pole and zero locations on the step response of fixed, linear systems

An extension is made to a method of evaluating the effect of the pole and zero locations on the unit step response of fixed, linear systems originally devised by Mulligan.1 This extension permits a rapid determination of the points at which the step response crosses the final value line for many systems. The first such point is the rise time from zero to the final value.
A Fast Photoisomerization Method for the Preparation of Tritium-Labeled 9-cis-Retinoic Acid of High Specific Activity

Abstract A method is described by which tritium-labeled all-trans retinoic acid of high specific activity (up to ∼51 Ci/mmol corresponding to 85% of theoretical) is converted photolytically within a fraction of a second to a mixture of retinoic acid stereoisomers. One of these isomers, 9-cis-retinoic acid, was obtained in high radiochemical purity by reverse-phase HPLC of the stereoisomer mixture. This fast photolysis was obtained by using a high-pressure 100-W mercury lamp operated at 86 ± 2 W. A copper sulfate solution was used as a light filter to eliminate short-wave ultraviolet radiation as well as much of the infrared radiation. The geometry of the experimental set-up allowed a maximal amount of the light output of the lamp to reach the retinoic acid solution. Reverse-phase HPLC of the photolytically generated retinoic acid stereoisomer mixture provided pure 9-cis-retinoic acid in 4.5% yield after irradiation for 0.6 s. A steady-state equilibrium of retinoic acid stereoisomers was reached when the irradiation time was extended to a total of 4-6 s (10-11% yield of 9-cis retinoic acid).
Fe-promotion of supported Rh catalysts for direct conversion of syngas to ethanol

Abstract The influences of support (silica or titania) and loading of Fe promoter on the activity and selectivity of Rh-based catalysts for the direct synthesis of ethanol from syngas were explored. The reaction was performed in a fixed-bed reactor system typically operating at 543 K, 20 atm, WHSV of 8000 cm 3 g −1 cat h −1 and H 2 :CO ratio of 1:1. Characterization by H 2 chemisorption and electron microscopy indicated that rhodium was very highly dispersed on the supports and was in direct contact with the Fe promoter. Although little ethanol was produced over 2 wt% Rh on silica, a similar loading of Rh on titania was active for this reaction. Promotion of 2 wt% Rh/SiO 2 by 1 wt% Fe produced a catalyst that exhibited a 22% selectivity to ethanol, with methane being the primary side-product. Addition of Fe to 2 wt% Rh/titania also improved the selectivity to ethanol with the highest selectivity being 37% for a sample with 5 wt% Fe. The effects of temperature, pressure and H 2 :CO ratio on the performance of 2 wt% Rh/TiO 2 and 2 wt% Rh–2.5 wt% Fe/TiO 2 were also studied. Although the influence of pressure and H 2 :CO ratio was moderate, higher temperatures clearly increased methane production at the expense of ethanol and methanol. Adsorption and thermal desorption of CO in Ar or H 2 were also studied by DRIFTS spectroscopy on 2 wt% Rh/TiO 2 and 2 wt% Rh–2.5 wt% Fe/TiO 2 . The gem-dicarbonyl species that was the primary species on these catalysts at room temperature after exposure to CO was more thermally stable on the Fe-promoted catalyst.
Involving the Library and Campus Community in Institutional Repository Projects

ABSTRACT College and university libraries invest a significant amount of funding and staff time in institutional repository projects with the goal of collecting, preserving, and disseminating the intellectual output of their communities. Institutional repositories are often built without an expressed need for such a service; for this reason, libraries must actively promote them, educate users, and liaise with faculty to ensure success. Technical services and public services librarians have equally important roles in instituting and ensuring the success of institutional repositories in their communities.
Real-time endovascular guidewire position simulation using shortest path algorithms.

Purpose Treatment of vascular disease often involves endovascular interventions which use the vascular system for delivering treatment devices via a previously inserted guidewire to the diseased site. Previous studies show relative reproducibility of guidewire position after insertion, indicating that the guidewire position is constrained and could be represented by an energy minimization approach. Such representation would support the surgeon’s decision process in guidewire selection.
Nonlinear optical properties of multipyrrole dyes

The nonlinear optical properties of a series of pyrrolic compounds consisting of BODIPY and aza-BODIPY systems are investigated using 532 nm nanosecond laser and the Z-scan technique. Results show that 3,5-distyryl extension of BODIPY to the red shifted MeO2BODIPY dye has a dramatic impact on its nonlinear absorption properties changing it from a saturable absorber to an efficient reverse saturable absorbing material with a nonlinear absorption coefficient of 4.64 × 10−10 m/W. When plotted on a concentration scale per mole of dye in solution MeO2BODIPY far outperforms the recognized zinc(II) phthalocyanine dye and is comparable to that of zinc(II) tetraphenylporphyrin.
Structured light sensory basis for reactive telerobotic manipulation of a circular saw

SUMMARYAND CONCLUSION As an effort to support reactive teleoperation, perceptual basis is proposed based on structured light system. The perceptual basis is implemented to support motor behaviors for the circular saw operation, which is a commonly adoptedto D&D of nuclear facilities. The perception consists of two processes: generation of long-term memory tool path, and generation of instantaneous sensory information. In practice, these sensory basis can effectively aid teleoperation by providing the reactive autonomous motion and visually displaying the task. Combined with the projection of structured light, it was possible to provide simple and effective perceptual agents dedicated to tool specific motor behaviors — circular saw. The devised perceptual paradigms are expected to serve as useful building blocks in composing a sensorybasis for semi-autonomous teleoperation, which require compound motor behaviors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was sponsored by the Environmental Management Science Program of the Office of Environmental
Nonlinear magneto-optical properties of quantum wires

This paper presents a review of our theoretical work on non- linear magneto-optical properties of semiconductor quantum wires. We have studied both second- and third-order non- linearities. The former arises from dipole transitions within the quantized magneto-electronic subbands in a quantum wire, and the latter arises from phase-space filling and saturation of the excitonic state followed by the formation of biexcitons. A magnetic field causes non-zero second-order non-linearity in a geometrically symmetric quantum wire by breaking inversion symmetry and inducing forbidden transitions between electronic subbands. It also enhances third-order non-linearity by adding magnetostatic confinement to the spatial and dielectric confinement of excitons and biexcitons, thereby further constricting the phase space for these entities. Additionally, we find that a magnetic field can be used to modulate the non-linear differential refractive index and absorption coefficient of quantum wires thus allowing efficient polariton transport, optical waveguiding without a concomitant high absorption or insertion loss, and the possibility to realize magneto- optical devices such as frequency modulators, tunable couplers, limiters and mixers.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modification of surface properties of yttria stabilized zirconia by ion implantation

Abstract In order to determine in what ways ion implantation and subsequent heat treatment can be used to improve mechanical properties of ceramics, (110) yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was implanted with Al+ or Zr+ ions and heat treated at a series of temperatures. Ion doses from 1016 to 4 × 1017 ion cm 2 were used, with annealing temperatures up to 1575°C. In Al+ implanted samples, many small precipitates formed at temperatures of about 1200δC, while at higher temperatures, the alumminum was precipitated as micro-sized alumina crystallites with 10–20% increases in hardness and fracture toughness. However, by allowing sufficient time for the nucleation of a large number of precipitates in the 1150 to 1250°C range, a new nucleation controlled microstructure (NCM) was formed, consisting of interlocking zirconia and alumina phases which exhibited improvements of 50% in fracture toughness and 25% in hardness.
Weather harmonisation: Contributions of the FAA's NNEW program, and lessons learned

• Standards-based approaches tend to be vetted by broad community, and are more general solutions as a result • Fundamental basis of sitational awareness and interoperability among FAA, US and international partners - FAA Towers, TRACONs, etc - Airline, DoD and NWS - Eurocontrol, SESAR partners • Avoids vendor lock-in: mixture of COTS and open implementations often available, or become available over time • Facilitates development and adoption of common data access and support services • Reduces time, cost, and complexity of new data integration, for both producers and consumers
Methods for the solution of boundary-value problems for weakly nonlinear integro-differential equations with parameters and restrictions

We establish conditions for the existence of solutions of boundary-value problems for weakly nonlinear integro-differential equations with parameters and restrictions. We also substantiate the applicability of iterative and projection-iterative methods for the solution of these problems.
Environmental influence on interface interactions and adhesion of Au/SiO2

Abstract The mode I interfacial adhesion energy for as-deposited Au/SiO 2 was measured using a stressed overlayer test, and ranged from 0.39 ± 0.09 J/m 2 for spontaneous blisters to 0.37 ± 0.17 J/m 2 for indentation-induced blisters. After these films were heated to 100 °C and 300 °C for 1 h, the interfacial fracture energies increased, to 0.9 J/m 2 and 9.9 J/m 2 , respectively. This was consistent with Au/SiO 2 films aged over an 8-year period, which had a mode I interfacial fracture energy between 1.2 J/m 2 and 1.9 J/m 2 . The blister delamination was monitored over the course of over a year, and exhibited growth after an initial stabilization period. Subsequent testing of delaminations with controlled humidity reproduced this growth mechanism. Changes in interfacial adhesion energies are discussed in light of changes in interfacial chemistry and the exposure of an interfacial crack tip to humidity.
Microparticle types for delivering nutrients to marine fish larvae

Development of artificial diets for the total replacement of live feeds for rearing marine fish larvae has not been achieved despite many years of research effort. The types of microparticles used to deliver nutrients to larvae need to be carefully evaluated and improved. Losses of water-soluble nutrients from microparticulate diets may be more rapid than is generally appreciated, resulting in less nutritious diets and fouling of the culture medium. Microbound and cross-linked protein-walled capsules may provide a means of delivering lipids and high-molecular weight, water-soluble nutrients to larvae, such as proteins and carbohydrates. Lipid-walled capsules, lipid spray beads and liposomes are potentially useful in delivering low-molecular weight, water-soluble nutrients, such as amino acids and water-soluble vitamins. Nutrient losses due to leakage should be determined to compare the effectiveness of different particle types for delivery of nutrients to larvae.
Direct optimization method for estimation of supersonic flow turbinestator profiles

An iterative technique for generating approximate wall contours of the diverging portions of a supersonic turbine stator flow passage is described. A pattern-search optimization method is used to minimize the difference between desired nozzle exit conditions and those exit conditions calculated with specified polynomial wall contours. Nozzle exit conditions are characterized by wall-to-wall distributions of flow angularity and flow Mach number. Results are compared with so-called "perfect" nozzle contours calculated with assumed uniform throat mass flux conditions. Calculations are then extented to two simple models of nonuniform throat mass flux conditions, one of which is symmetric about the throat centerline and one of which is skewed toward a passage wall. Good matches of desired exit conditions and calculated exit conditions are obtained for each case. Flow angularity (deviations from the overall throughflow direction) appear to be more sensitive to the optimization procedure than Mach number, and care must be taken to insure sufficient downstream flow angle uniformity.
Helicopter Vibration Reduction Using Fixed-System Auxiliary Moments

Reductions in helicopter rotor hub vibratory loads that can be obtained through the introduction of steady auxiliary pitching and rolling moments in the fixed system are examined. The auxiliary moments allow changes in vehicle attitude and rotor pitch control inputs, such that vibrations can be minimized, while vehicle equilibrium is still satisfied. Because auxiliary moments can be generated by variation of the pitch of the right and left halves of the horizontal tail, the weight penalty, complexity, and performance losses associated with auxiliary lift and thrust (conventional compounding) would be alleviated. A comprehensive rotorcraft aeroelastic analysis was modified to include the fixed system auxiliary moments in the trim equations, and vibration reductions were examined for two different cases: 1) a light BO-105 type helicopter with a four-bladed hingeless rotor at high flight speeds (advance ratio of 0.35) and 2) a medium-weight UH-60 type helicopter with a four-bladed articulated rotor at a more moderate flight speed (advance ratio of 0.25). For the BO-105 type aircraft, a nosedown auxiliary pitching moment and a roll-left auxiliary rolling moment could reduce the in-plane vibratory hub forces by 20-30% when used individually and by 90% when used in combination. For the UH-60 type aircraft, a nosedown auxiliary pitching moment and a roll-right auxiliary rolling moment produced reductions in the range of 15-65% in all components of vibratory hub loads. For both aircraft, the nosedown auxiliary pitching moment increased the nosedown pitch attitude of the aircraft and reduced the rotor longitudinal cyclic flapping and the longitudinal cyclic pitch input. For the BO-105, the roll-left auxiliary moment increased the leftward shaft tilt and no longer required the tip path plane to tilt left relative to the hub plane. This decreased the lateral cyclic pitch input. However, for the UH-60, the roll-right auxiliary moment actually reversed the roll attitude of the aircraft (shaft now tilting right). This required a large leftward tilt of the tip path plane relative to the hub plane and increased the lateral cyclic pitch requirement. When implementation of the auxiliary moments through collective and differential pitch inputs to the horizontal tail was examined, it was observed that the expected reductions in vibration were indeed achieved, but that the auxiliary roll moment generated was smaller than expected due to one-half of the horizontal tail being stalled.
Plant centromere organization: a dynamic structure with conserved functions

Although the structural features of centromeres from most multicellular eukaryotes remain to be characterized, recent analyses of the complete sequences of two centromeric regions of rice, together with data from Arabidopsis thaliana and maize, have illuminated the considerable size variation and sequence divergence of plant centromeres. Despite the severe suppression of meiotic chromosomal exchange in centromeric and pericentromeric regions of rice, the centromere core shows high rates of unequal homologous recombination in the absence of chromosomal exchange, resulting in frequent and extensive DNA rearrangement. Not only is the sequence of centromeric tandem and non-tandem repeats highly variable but also the copy number, spacing, order and orientation, providing ample natural variation as the basis for selection of superior centromere performance. This review article focuses on the structural and evolutionary dynamics of plant centromere organization and the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for the rapid changes of centromeric components.
Can scientifically useful hypotheses be tested with correlations

Historically, interesting psychological theories have been phrased in terms of correlation coefficients, which are standardized covariances, and various statistics derived from them. Methodological practice over the last 40 years, however, has suggested it is necessary to transform such theories into hypotheses on covariances and statistics derived from them. This complication turns out to be unnecessary, because the methodology now exists to test hypotheses on latent structures of correlations directly. Two examples are given. Limitations of correlation structures are also noted.
Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed

Seeing like. State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. James C. Scott. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. xiv. 445 pp., illustrations, notes, index.
Impact of Climate Change on Flood Frequency Using Different Climate Models and Downscaling Approaches

AbstractThe analysis of the climate change impact on flood frequency represents an important issue for water resources management and flood risk mitigation. However, for small/medium catchments ( 40,000 km2) and downscaling procedures are required. In this paper, two different GCMs selected among the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 models, the Hadley Center Coupled Model, the Parallel Climate Model, and two statistical downscaling approaches, (1) delta change, and (2) quantile mapping, are compared. For the generation of long hourly time series of rainfall, temperature, and discharge, stochastic weather generators coupled with a continuous rainfall-runoff model are employed. Therefore, the frequency of annual maxima rainfall and discharge is projected for the future period 2070–2099 over three small subcatchments in the Upper Tiber River Basin, central Italy. Results reveal that both the GCMs...
Does Paternal Occupational Lead Exposure Increase the Risks of Low Birth Weight or Prematurity

The relation between patemal occupational lead exposure and low birth weight/prematurity was examined in a retrospective cohort study. Birth weight and gestational age (1981-1992), obtained from New York State birth certificates, were compared between lead-exposed and nonexposed workers. The exposed group (n = 4,256) consisted of births to male workers of reproductive age reported to the New York State Heavy Metals Registry. The control group (n = 2,318) consisted of the offspring of a random sample of male bus drivers, frequency matched by age and residence. There were no statistically significant differences in birth weight or gestational age between the exposed and the control groups. However, workers who had elevated blood lead levels for more than 5 years had a higher risk of fathering a child with low birth weight (risk ratio = 3.85, 95% confidence interval 1.5-9.88) or prematurity (risk ratio = 2.45, 95% confidence interval 1.03-5.84) than did controls after adjustment for paternal age, low maternal education, race, residence, gravidity, maternal spontaneous abortion history, perinatal complications, adequacy of prenatal care, and infant gender . The risks of low birth weight and prematurity increased with the duration of exposure to lead. Our results were limited by the inability to control for some potential confounders, such as pregravid underweight and maternal nutrition status.
A Wideband Method for the Rigorous Low-Impedance Loadpull Measurement of High-Power Transistors Suitable for Large-Signal Model Validation

This paper presents a rigorous method for low impedance loadpull measurements using a 6-section Tschebyscheff transforming water-cooled pre-matching test fixture. The transformers were designed to be able to accurately determine S-parameters that represent each fixture half at the fundamental frequency of operation fo and its second and third harmonics, 2fo and 3fo. A two-tier non-50 ? TRL calibration technique was used to establish the measurement reference planes. In order to accurately establish the calibrated system impedance, a simulated Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique was employed. The calibration of the loadpull system was confirmed by calculating the difference between the measured and calculated transducer gain (?Gt). This difference provides a measure of the measurement uncertainty. The largest uncertainty, in areas of interest on the Smith chart, was found to be 0.25 dB. The fixture was successfully utilized to measure the loadpull performance of one of Motorola's LDMOS, 90 Watt, 1.9 GHz high power transistors.
Adverse effect of excess methionine or methionine hydroxy analog on feed consumption in cattle.

Abstract The toxicity of DL -methionine and methionine hydroxy analog infused into the rumen or abomasum was gauged by relative feed consumption. A continuous intraruminal infusion of at least 3 days' duration of DL -methionine equivalent to about 2.5% or more of dietary dry matter intake was required to reach a toxic amount. This was approximately four times the amount necessary when it was infused into the abomasum. Methionine hydroxy analog equivalent to about 1% or more of dietary dry matter intake was toxic when infused into either rumen or abomasum. This is in large excess of suggested amounts of analog supplementation. Reduced palatability is likely to occur in advance of reduced intake due to toxicity.
A comprehensive model for the formation of interface traps in MOS devices

Abstract We propose a comprehensive model for the generation of interface traps in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices during stressing by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling (FNT) injection. Depending upon the FNT injection fluence, we observe several different interface trap distributions (Dit) which we assign to different mechanisms of interface trap generation. We find that interface traps are generated either by hole trapping near the SiSiO2 interface, which dominates Dit spectra at fluences below 0.002 Coul/cm2, or by hydrogen depassivation (SiH + H → Si + H2), which dominates at larger fluences.
The Role of the Science Dean.

Leadership at the divisional level helps to form and frame a sense of community that breaks down disciplinary boundaries, encourages the joint pursuit of a research-rich learning environment, and fosters the scholarly career of each member of the faculty in the context of serving broader institutional goals.
Science policy and politics: will the recent past preface the future?

Science is never far from government policymaking. Throughout history, scientists have been rewarded or punished depending on whether their scientific views sup ported the policies preferred by the people in power. When science and the enlightenment that science fosters do not support politically favored policies, science suffers. During the last 4 years, we in the United States have observed a notable clash between science and an administration that believes it can make policy without open scientific debate. Now there are warnings from the White House of retribution against the science community that has challenged this ad ministration. Will the next 4 years be different? Will the Bush administration change its politicized approach to science or will it continue to attack, suppress, and misrepresent science to the public? Will distortion of science for policymaking be limited to domestic decisions, or will it impinge on programs beyond our borders-in other countries and in international organizations? The Bush administration has united the scientific com munity in protest over the way this administration has de meaned the integrity of science and scientists. Scientists' opposition to this administration is, in my memory, unprec edented. Scientists, new to bringing their scientific concerns into the public debate, have proceeded with caution and carefully reasoned analyses. Emanating from every scientific quarter, opposition to the administration's policies departs radically from the usually mild discontent with government science policy that is not uncommon in our country. Perhaps scientists perceive the very integrity of science to be in jeopardy. Surely, it is not surprising that epidemiologists are speaking out early. Epidemiologic research (which, among other things, assesses the human health consequences of exposures) has often experienced nasty political pressure. From the start, the administration opened a broad cam paign against science-based public health and environmental regulation. This administration has reversed science-based policy decisions on global warming,' arsenic in drinking water,2 ergonomics in the workplace,3 and diesel exhaust particulates in underground mines.4 The administration sub stituted policies that offended many advocates (and probably pleased others). More important, the process itself alarmed scientists because of its disregard for science. A more sys tematic attack on science policymaking has followed.
Digital holographic storage system incorporating optical fixing.

Digital holograms have been written in stoichiometric Pr:LiNbO3 in a two-color recording scheme, demonstrating what is to our knowledge the first all-optical nondestructive readout of digital data. Using writing light at 800 nm and gating light at 476 nm, we stored and retrieved 256-kbit digital data pages with a raw bit-error rate BER of <10-4.
Biological predictors and co-morbidity of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in extremely low birthweight infants at school.

Objective: To examine biological predictors and co-morbidity of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and associated academic and social impairment in a cohort of extremely low birthweight of (ELBW) children attending school. Methodology: Eight seven (70%) of 125 ELBW children born between 1977 and 1986 were followed prospectively. Neonatal and biological data including cranial ultrasound for 62% of children, formal developmental assessment at 4 or 6 years of age, teacher and parent ADHD questionnaire, parental rating of health status and social impairment and school teacher rating of academic performance was recorded. Results: Apart from grades 3 or 4 intraventricular haemorrhage in a minority of children, there was no evidence to suggest an association between ADHD and perinatal adversity in ELBW children. Social impairment, academic difficulty and atopic symptoms were significantly related to ADHD. Conclusions: Extremely low birthweight children presenting with symptoms of ADHD are likely to suffer social and learning impairment and these, rather than perinatal risk factors, should be the focus of clinical attention.
A Paired-Vehicle Recourse Strategy for the Vehicle-Routing Problem with Stochastic Demands

This paper presents a paired-vehicle recourse strategy for the vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands (VRPSD). In the VRPSD, a fleet of homogeneous capacitated vehicles is dispatched from a terminal to serve single-period customer demands, which are known in distribution when planning, but only revealed with certainty upon vehicle arrival. While most existing research for this problem focuses on recourse strategies where each vehicle operates independently, this paper alternatively considers a strategy in which vehicles may be coordinated in pairs. A tabu search heuristic is developed to find good solutions to VRPSD instances with homogeneous customer demand distributions given this alternative recourse strategy. Finally, a computational study on a set of test problems with a variety of demand distributions reveals that the paired-recourse strategy may lead to expected travel cost savings of 3% to 25% on problems with 50 or more customers.
An Improved Total Synthesis of PET HSV‐tk Gene Reporter Probe 9‐(4‐[18F]Fluoro‐3‐hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG)

Abstract An improved total synthesis of [18F]FHBG starting from triethyl‐1,1,2‐ethanetricarboxylate and 2‐amino‐6‐chloropurine is reported. [18F]FHBG was prepared by nucleophilic substitution of the appropriate precursor with [18F]KF/Kryptofix 2.2.2 followed by a quick deprotection reaction and purification with a simplified Silica Sep‐Pak solid‐phase extraction (SPE) method in 20–25% radiochemical yield.
Correlation of histologic architectural and cytoplasmic features with nuclear atypia in atypical (dysplastic) nevomelanocytic nevi

Abstract The dysplastic nevus in nonfamilial melanoma is a clinicopathologic entity consistently demonstrating an eightfold or greater association with malignant melanoma. The present report quantifies the relationship between nuclear atypia and 16 architectural and cytoplasmic features in 153 pigmented nevi removed from a similar number of patients with newly diagnosed nonfamilial melanoma. All lesions were evaluated by one dermatopathologist, and most lesions were reviewed by a second dermatopathologist. Nuclear atypia of nevomelanocytes was defined as at least three of the following: nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, and prominent nucleoli easily observed throughout each lesion. Seventeen percent of the total nevi had such atypia. On univariate analysis, 11 parameters (lentiginous hyperplasia of the epidermis, basal melanocytic hyperplasia, junctional nest disarray, fusion [bridging] of theques, suprabasal melanocytes, lymphoid response, prominent vascularity, fibroplasia, abundant cytoplasm, “dusty” cytoplasm, and large melanin granules) showed an association with nuclear atypia (P
Investigation of switch from ATM to ATR signaling at the sites of DNA damage induced by low and high LET radiation.

Abstract Upon induction of DNA damage by ionizing radiation (IR), members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like kinase family of proteins namely ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-PKcs, and ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) maintain genomic integrity by mounting DNA damage response (DDR). Recent reports suggest that activation of ATM and ATR are oppositely regulated by the length of single stranded overhangs generated during end processing by nucleases at the break sites. These stretches of single stranded overhangs hold the clue for the transition from ATM to ATR signaling at broken DNA ends. We investigated whether differential processing of breaks induced by low and high LET radiation augments the phenomenon of switching from ATM to ATR kinase and hence a concomitant NHEJ to HR transition at the sites of DNA damage. 82-6 human fibroblasts were irradiated with 1 or 2 Gy of γ-rays and particle radiation of increasing LET in order to increase the complexity and variability of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) structures. The activation kinetics of ATM and ATR kinases along with their downstream substrates were determined utilizing Western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques. Our data provide evidence of a potential switch from ATM to ATR kinase signaling in cells treated with γ-rays at approximately 2 h post irradiation, with induction and completion of resection denoted by Rad51 foci resolution kinetics and observed with a significant decline of phosphorylated ATR kinase 8 h after IR. On the other hand, irradiation with high LET 600 MeV/u 56Fe (180 keV/μm) and 170 MeV/u 28Si (99 keV/μm) particles show a similar Rad51 foci decay kinetics, however, exhibiting prolonged resection, evident by the persistent phosphorylated ATM and ATR kinase until 24 h post irradiation. This residual effect, however, was significantly reduced for 250 MeV/u 16O particles of moderate LET (25 keV/μm) and absent for γ-rays. Hence, our results support the hypothesis that the transition from ATM to ATR signaling at DNA break sites is extended for longer periods of time, indicated by sustained resection due to the complex type of damage induced, a hallmark of high LET radiation, which may contribute to its increased biological effectiveness.
Population of high-L sulfur Rydberg levels by ion-Rydberg-atom charge exchange.

A fast beam of sulfur Rydberg atoms is formed by charge exchange from an 11-keV beam of S[sup +] ions in a crossed thermal rubidium beam, laser-excited to the 10[ital F] or 8[ital F] levels. Population of specific [ital n]=9,10 sulfur Rydberg levels is studied by selective excitation with a Doppler-tuned CO[sub 2] laser followed by field ionization. Complete spectral resolution of levels with [ital L][ge]4 allows a direct study of the populations in specific [ital nL] levels and reveals distinctly nonstatistical distributions of population in [ital L]. The results are compared with predictions of a classical Monte Carlo three-body collision theory, revealing some similarities, but also clear differences.
The Pathways Commission on Accounting Higher Education: Charting a National Strategy for the Next Generation of Accountants

T he Pathways Commission on Accounting Higher Education was created by the American Accounting Association (AAA) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) to study the future structure of higher education for the accounting profession and develop recommendations for educational pathways to engage and retain the strongest possible community of students, academics, practitioners, and other knowledgeable leaders in the practice and study of accounting. This charge is, by design, expansive in its scope and open to much interpretation. Accordingly, the Commission began its work by developing a number of fundamental principles on which to focus its study, outreach, and the process used to make its recommendations. This introduction highlights some of those principles as a prelude to the summary of recommendations that follow. Pathways Commission participants, including leading accounting practitioners and educators, sought input from a variety of stakeholders over the last 18 months to investigate ways to enhance the opportunities and relevance of the accounting education experience in its broadest sense. This document serves solely as an executive summary of the much more comprehensive report of the Pathways Commission; we encourage readers to explore the full report. To achieve the Pathways Commission’s charge, it was important to explore a wide range of perspectives on current and future challenges and opportunities for the profession. For instance, the amount and complexity of information accountants are charged with interpreting, processing, reviewing, and reporting is continuously increasing. While technological advances can surely enable a profession to better address change and meet new challenges, technological change offers
Geometry compression for ASCII scenes

The most popular way of distributing 3D content on the Web is in form of a textual representation of the scene such as VRML and its variants. The advantage of such a description is that it is very author friendly in the sense of being meaningful to the human reader. A scene represented in a textual format can be viewed, understood, and modified with any text editor (see Figure 1). Most importantly, anyone can do this, even without knowledge about the specific software package that generated the 3D content.
Beyond Microscopic Reversibility: Are Observable Nonequilibrium Processes Precisely Reversible?

Although the principle of microscopic reversibility has been studied for many decades, there remain ambiguities in its application to nonequilibrium processes of importance to chemistry, physics, and biology. Examples include whether protein unfolding should follow the same pathways and in the same proportions as folding and whether unbinding should likewise mirror binding. Using continuum-space calculations which extend previous kinetic analyses, we demonstrate formally that the precise symmetry of forward and reverse processes is expected only under certain special conditions. Approximate symmetry will be exhibited under a separate set of conditions. Exact, approximate, and broken symmetry scenarios are verified in several ways: using numerical calculations on toy and molecular systems; using exact calculations on kinetic models of induced fit in protein–ligand binding; and based on reported experimental results. The analysis highlights intrinsic challenges and ambiguities in the design and the analysis...
Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Osteoarthritis in 49 Dogs

Although osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and debilitating condition in the canine patient, few data are available on OA of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints. Review of medical records of 49 dogs with a radiographic diagnosis of MCP or MTP OA presented over a 7-year period demonstrated that OA was an "incidental finding" for the majority of animals (n=35), while 14 dogs were identified as clinically lame as a result of MCP or MTP OA. Dogs that were clinically lame as a result of MCP or MTP OA were significantly more likely to have visible swelling over the affected digits. Five times as many dogs were diagnosed with MCP OA than with MTP OA, and the majority of dogs had radiographic changes on multiple digits. Review and scoring of radiographs (n=44 dogs) for six radiographic signs of OA followed by logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the two lateral digits of the front limb were significantly more likely to have osteophytosis and enthesophytosis than the two medial digits. Osteoarthritis of MCP and MTP joints has unique radiographic features that are not seen in the stifle, hip, shoulder, or elbow; these features can complicate accurate diagnosis, particularly differentiation from primary bone neoplasia. These data underscore the clinical relevance of this condition and provide useful information detailing which and how many digits are most commonly affected, potentially assisting discrimination between OA and neoplasia.
Traffic control: adaptor proteins guide dynein–cargo takeoff

The precise movement of intracellular components requires active transport by molecular motors along the filamentous tracks of the cytoskeleton. While yeast cytoplasmic dynein can walk for some distance along microtubules, mammalian dynein is non-processive. This has raised the question of how this motor can transport cargo. In two recent papers by the Carter, Bullock and Vale labs, mammalian dynein processivity has now been successfully reconstituted in vitro in the presence of adaptor proteins.
Enhancing Student Engagement Using the Flipped Classroom

The flipped classroom is an innovative pedagogical approach that focuses on learner-centered instruction. The purposes of this report were to illustrate how to implement the flipped classroom and to describe students' perceptions of this approach within 2 undergraduate nutrition courses. The template provided enables faculty to design before, during, and after class activities and assessments based on objectives using all levels of Bloom's taxonomy. The majority of the 142 students completing the evaluation preferred the flipped method compared with traditional pedagogical strategies. The process described in the report was successful for both faculty and students.
Restrictive dieting vs. “undieting”: Effects on eating regulation in obese clinic attenders

This study tested predictions from restraint theory [Herman & Polivy (1984). A boundary model for the regulation of eating. In: A. J. Stunkard, & E. Stellar (Eds.), Eating and its disorders (pp. 141-156) New York: Raven Press.] and the three-factor model of dieting [Psychol. Bull. 114 (1993) 100.] using an eating regulation paradigm. Participants were 42 obese, nonbinge eaters assigned to either a weight loss group (restrictive dieters or RDs) or a group designed to eliminate dieting ("undieters" or UDs). Participants took part in an ostensible ice cream taste test with or without a preload, both before and after the weight control intervention. At pretest, restraint theory's prediction that participants would engage in counter-regulatory eating was not supported. At posttest, after 8 weeks of the dieting interventions, RDs increased and UDs decreased their intake following a preload, a pattern most consistent with the predictions of restraint theory. This counter-regulatory trend was observed in spite of a significant decrease in RDs' Disinhibition scale scores following treatment. Implications of these findings for restraint theory, the three-factor model of dieting, and relapse in obesity treatment were discussed.
Estimating Absorbed Radiation And Phytomass From Multispectral Reflectance Of Corn And Soybeans

Spectral reflectance data of corn and soybeans were highly correlated with leaf area index and absorbed photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR). Above ground phytomass and grain yields were predicted with absorbed PAR cumulated during the growing season. spectral and meteorological data represents a viable approach for assessing vegetation and forecasting phytomass and grain production. The concept of merging
Stability analysis of pulse-width-modulated feedback systems with type 2 modulation

In this paper the author presents new Lyapunov and Lagrange stability results for pulse-width-modulated (PWM) feedback systems with type 2 modulation. The linear plant considered herein is assumed to be Hurwitz stable. An optimization procedure is incorporated that improves the stability bounds significantly. The applicability of the present results is demonstrated by means of two specific examples.
Early Inhabitants of the Amazonian Tropical Rain Forest: A Study of Humans and Environmental Dynamics

Early Inhabitants of the Amazonian Tropical Rain Forest:. Study of Humans and Environmental Dynamics. Santiago Mora. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003. 211 pp.
Tight bounds on transition to perfect generalization in perceptrons

“Sudden” transition to perfect generalization in binary perceptrons is investigated. Building on recent theoretical works of Gardner and Derrida (1989) and Baum and Lyuu (1991), we show the followi...