cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of aggressive phenotypes in zebrafish: interactions of age, experience and social status

Aggression is important in the life history of most vertebrate species and influences ecological and social relationships by regulating the dynamics of territoriality, hierarchy, predation and resource utilization. The expression of aggressive behaviour develops as an individual ages and is often shaped by social experience. Even though the heritability of traits that yield dominant–subordinate relationships is high, strong environmental influences also shape the expression of these individual behaviours. In this study we present evidence for the first time of a necessary interplay between factors that generate behavioural phenotypic plasticity in zebrafish. Select presumptively genetic and environmental elements interacted developmentally to produce the behavioural phenotypes necessary for dominant–subordinate relationships in dyads. Aggressive and submissive acts increased in focus and intensity and were correlated with social rank during development, but decreased with duration of the paired interaction.
The synthesis of oligosaccharide-L-asparagine compounds. Part VI. Di-N-acetylisochitobiose-L-asparagine, 2-acetamido-6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-N-(L-aspart-4-oyl)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosylamine

Abstract The crystalline intermediate 2-acetamido-6- O -(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl)-3,4-di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl azide ( 5 ), obtained by condensation of 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl bromide with either 2-acetamido-3,4-di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl azide or its 6- O -triphenylmethyl derivative, was reduced in the presence of Adams' catalyst to give a disaccharide amine. Condensation with 1-benzyl N -(benzyloxycarbonyl)- L -aspartate afforded crystalline 2-acetamido-6- O -(2-acetamido-3,4 6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl)-3,4-di- O -acetyl-1- N -[1-benzyl N -(benzyloxycarbonyl)- L -aspart-4-oyl]-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosylamine ( 9 ). Catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of palladium-on-charcoal was followed by saponification to give 2-acetamido-6- O -(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl)-1- N -( L -aspart-4-oyl)-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosylamine ( 11 ) in crystalline form. From the mother liquors of the reduction of 5 , a further crystalline product was isolated, to which was assigned a bisglycosylamine structure ( 12 ).
Impacts of surface spins and inter-particle interactions on the magnetism of hollow γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles

A comparative study of the static and dynamic magnetic properties of polycrystalline hollow γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with two distinctly different sizes of 10.3 ± 1.3 nm and 14.8 ± 0.5 nm has been performed. High-resolution TEM images confirmed the crystalline structure and the presence of the shell thickness of 2.17 ± 0.28 nm and 3.25 ± 0.24 nm for the 10 nm and 15 nm particles, respectively. Quantitative fits of the frequency dependent ac susceptibility to the Vogel-Fulcher model, τ = τo exp[Ea/k(T − To)], show stronger inter-particle interactions in the 15 nm nanoparticles than in the 10 nm nanoparticles. A systematic analysis of the room-temperature magnetic loops using the modified Langevin function indicates a stronger effect of disordered surface spins in the 10 nm hollow particles as compared to the 15 nm hollow particles. Our study suggests that while the effect of disordered surface spins dominates the magnetic behavior of the 10 nm hollow particles, both the disordered surface spins and inter-part...
Simulation of the electron acoustic instability in the polar cusp

A computer simulation of the beam-driven electron acoustic instability in the polar cusp is used to investigate the temporal evolution of typical cusp electron distribution functions in self-consistently generated wave fields. The simulation results are compared with linear, second-order, and nonlinear theory. The behavior of the instability over a range of plasma parameters, such as beam speed and the cold electron density, is shown. The saturation mechanism of the instability is examined, and the relevance of the results for observations of cusp hiss are discussed.
A REVISED STRUCTURE AND HYDROGEN-BONDING SYSTEM IN CELLULOSE II FROM A NEUTRON FIBER DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS

The crystal and molecular structure and hydrogen bonding system in cellulose II have been revised using new neutron diffraction data extending to 1.2 {angstrom} resolution collected from two highly crystalline fiber samples of mercerized flax. Mercerization was achieved in NaOH/H{sub 2}O for one sample and in NaOD/D{sub 2}O for the other, corresponding to the labile hydroxymethyl moieties being hydrogenated and deuterated, respectively. Fourier difference maps were calculated in which neutron difference amplitudes were combined with phases calculated from two revised X-ray models of cellulose II. The revised phasing models were determined by refinement against the X-ray data set of Kolpak and Blackwell, using the LALS methodology. Both models have two antiparallel chains organized in a P2{sub 1} space group and unit cell parameters: a = 8.01 {angstrom}, b = 9.04 {angstrom}, c = 10.36 {angstrom}, and {gamma} = 117.1{degree}. One has equivalent backbone conformations for both chains but different conformations for the hydroxymethyl moieties: gt for the origin chain and tg for the center chain. The second model based on the recent crystal structures of cellotetraose, has different conformations for the two chains but nearly equivalent conformations for the hydroxymethyl moieties. On the basis of the X-ray data alone, themore » models could not be differentiated. From the neutron Fourier difference maps, possible labile hydrogen atom positions were identified for each model and refined using LALS. The second model is significantly different from previous proposals based on the crystal structures of cellotetraose, MD simulations of cellulose II, and any potential hydrogen-bonding network in the structure of cellulose II determined in earlier X-ray fiber diffraction studies. The exact localization of the labile hydrogen atoms involved in this bonding, together with their donor and acceptor characteristics, is presented and discussed. This study provides, for the first time, the coordinates of all of the atoms in cellulose II.« less
Nasal MRSA colonization: impact on surgical site infection following spine surgery.

Abstract Background Prior studies published in the cardiothoracic, orthopedic and gastrointestinal surgery have identified the importance of nasal (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) MRSA screening and subsequent decolonization to reduce MRSA surgical site infection (SSI). This is the first study to date correlating nasal MRSA colonization with postoperative spinal MRSA SSI. Objective To assess the significance of nasal MRSA colonization in the setting of MRSA SSI. Methods A retrospective electronic chart review of patients from year 2011 to June 2013 was conducted for patients with both nasal MRSA colonization within 30 days prior to spinal surgery. Patients who tested positive for MRSA were put on contact isolation protocol. None of these patients received topical antibiotics for decolonization of nasal MRSA. Results A total of 519 patients were identified; 384 negative (74%), 110 MSSA-positive (21.2%), and 25 (4.8%) MRSA-positive. Culture positive surgical site infection (SSI) was identified in 27 (5.2%) cases and was higher in MRSA-positive group than in MRSA-negative and MSSA-positive groups (12% vs. 5.73% vs. 1.82%; p = 0.01). The MRSA SSI rate was 0.96% (n = 5). MRSA SSI developed in 8% of the MRSA-positive group as compared to only in 0.61% of MRSA-negative group, with a calculated odds ratio of 14.23 (p = 0.02). In the presence of SSI, nasal MRSA colonization was associated with MRSA-positive wound culture (66.67 vs. 12.5%; p Conclusion Preoperative nasal MRSA colonization is associated with postoperative spinal MRSA SSI. Preoperative screening and subsequent decolonization using topical antibiotics may help in decreasing the incidence of MRSA SSI after spine surgery. Nasal MRSA+ patients undergoing spinal surgery should be informed regarding their increased risk of developing surgical site infection.
Improved All-Silicon Microcantilever Heaters With Integrated Piezoresistive Sensing

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of improved all-silicon microcantilever heaters with integrated piezoresistive sensing. The fabricated microcantilever heaters with piezoresistors are made solely from single crystal silicon with selective doping. Detailed characterization was performed to test the devices' electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The performance of and crosstalk between heater and piezoresistor elements were thoroughly tested. The resistive heater could reach temperatures of > 600degC, and its temperature coefficient of electrical resistance was (2.01 plusmn 0.04) times 10-3 Omega/Omega ldr degC. When biased at 2 V in a Wheatstone bridge, the deflection sensitivity of the piezoresistor was (4.25 plusmn 0.05) times 10-4 V/V ldr mum and remarkably, the heater circuit had a measurable deflection sensitivity of (7.9 plusmn 0.5) times 10-5 V/V ldr mum. Both the piezoresistor and the resistive heater were interfaced with a commercial atomic force microscope system to measure their sensitivities during topography imaging. The sensitivity of the thermal reading was much greater than that of piezoresistive reading. Noise-limited resolution of thermal reading was better than 0.46 plusmn 0.03 nm/radicHz and piezoresistive reading was better than 3.4 plusmn 0.4 nm/radicHz. This is the first experimental comparison between thermal and piezoresistive topographic sensing, both of which can replace optical lever sensing. Four cantilevers in an array demonstrated parallel topographic sensing with both the heater and the piezoresistor.
Analog CMOS integration and experimentation with an autoadaptive independent component analyzer

In this paper we explore a combination of above-and-subthreshold CMOS circuit techniques for the implementation of analog neuromorphic network processing. The implemented network embodies a blind signal separation algorithm performing an independent component analysis. It is essentially a continuous time recursive linear adaptive filter that uses a non-linear adaptation rule. Analog I/O interface, weight coefficients and adaptation blocks are all integrated on the chip. A test 2-neuron-2-synapse network as well as a small 5-neuron-20-synapse network were fabricated in a 2 micron n-well double-polysilicon, double-metal CMOS process. Circuit designs at the transistor level yield area efficient implementations for synapses and the adaptation blocks. We present experimental results from testing the systems with sinusoidal signals and noise and report on its performance as a blind separator of mixed speech signals. >
Control of underwater robotic vehicles

Underwater robotic vehicles have been very attractive for scientific survey, construction, and maintenance in hazardous environment such as ocean and nuclear plant. The development of advanced vehicle technologies is accelerated by the demand for an underwater robotic vehicle with high performance and efficient operation in terms of time and cost. Most vehicle control systems based on the simplified vehicle model often fail to provide desired performance because of the vehicle's nonlinear and time-varying dynamics in nature. This paper describes two vehicle controllers: nonlinear controller and adaptive controller considering the effect of thruster dynamics. Results of the controllers tested for the pitch and altitude motion are presented.
Fatigue crack initiation and multiplication of unnotched titanium matrix composites

Abstract Fatigue crack initiation and multiplication of the unnotched SCS-6 silicon carbide fiber-reinforced titanium matrix composites with different matrix and interfacial properties have been investigated experimentally and analytically. Ti–15V–3Al, Ti–6Al–4V, and Ti–22Al–23Nb were chosen as matrix materials. The initiation and propagation of each individual matrix crack as a function of fatigue cycles and applied stress levels were carefully monitored. The statistical distribution of crack growth rates in each composite has been constructed and analyzed. The evolution of normalized matrix crack density and stiffness reduction of these composites under fatigue loading also has been characterized. A modified shear-lag model, coupled with the strain-life equation and a fiber bridging model were used to predict the fatigue crack initiation life, matrix crack growth rate, normalized matrix crack density, and residual stiffness of the composites. The predicted fatigue properties correlated well with experimental results.
Attribute Transformations on Numerical Databases. Applications to Stock Market and Economic Data

The effects of attribute transformations on numerical data mining are investigated. Theoretical examples from classical mathematics are used to illustrate its critical-ness. The simplest kind of attribution transformations, linear transformations, is applied to stock market and economic data. Some useful "predictive" rules are generated. Here "predictive" is used in the sense that the logical patterns involve time elements.
Neuromuscular junction as Achilles' heel: yet another autoantibody?

Every contraction of skeletal muscle entails the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the motor nerve terminal, its passage across a submicroscopic space, and combination with the postsynaptic ACh receptors (AChRs), which in turn triggers the events of muscle contraction. This tiny movement of ACh across a 70-nM gap not only is highly complex but is vulnerable to a wide variety of attacks or errors that may cause weakness or paralysis. Some examples include bacteria (8 different botulinum toxins, tetanus toxin), plants (curare), snakes (cobratoxin, bungarotoxin), black widow spiders (latrotoxin), frogs (histrionicotoxin), and, of course, humans (anti-cholinesterase war gases sarin, tabun).
Distinct Regions of Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with the Controlled Retrieval and Selection of Social Information

Research in social neuroscience has uncovered a social knowledge network that is particularly attuned to making social judgments. However, the processes that are being performed by both regions within this network and those outside of this network that are nevertheless engaged in the service of making a social judgment remain unclear. To help address this, we drew upon research in semantic memory, which suggests that making a semantic judgment engages 2 distinct control processes: A controlled retrieval process, which aids in bringing goal-relevant information to mind from long-term stores, and a selection process, which aids in selecting the information that is goal-relevant from the information retrieved. In a neuroimaging study, we investigated whether controlled retrieval and selection for social information engage distinct portions of both the social knowledge network and regions outside this network. Controlled retrieval for social information engaged an anterior ventrolateral portion of the prefrontal cortex, whereas selection engaged both the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction within the social knowledge network. These results suggest that the social knowledge network may be more involved with the selection of social information than the controlled retrieval of it and incorporates lateral prefrontal regions in accessing memory for making social judgments.
Experimental Localization of Kv1 Family Voltage-Gated K+ Channel α and β Subunits in Rat Hippocampal Formation

In the mammalian hippocampal formation, dendrotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channels modulate action potential propagation and neurotransmitter release. To explore the neuroanatomical basis for this modulation, we used in situ hybridization, coimmunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry to determine the subcellular localization of the Kv channel subunits Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.4, and Kvbeta2 within the adult rat hippocampus. Although mRNAs encoding all four of these Kv channel subunits are expressed in the cells of origin of each major hippocampal afferent and intrinsic pathway, immunohistochemical staining suggests that the encoded subunits are associated with the axons and terminal fields of these cells. Using an excitotoxin lesion strategy, we explored the subcellular localization of these subunits in detail. We found that ibotenic acid lesions of the entorhinal cortex eliminated Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 immunoreactivity and dramatically reduced Kv1.2 and Kvbeta2 immunoreactivity in the middle third of the dentate molecular layer, indicating that these subunits are located on axons and terminals of entorhinal afferents. Similarly, ibotenic acid lesions of the dentate gyrus eliminated Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 immunoreactivity in the stratum lucidum of CA3, indicating that these subunits are located on mossy fiber axons. Kainic acid lesions of CA3 dramatically reduced Kv1.1 immunoreactivity in the stratum radiatum of CA1-CA3, indicating that Kv1.1 immunoreactivity in these subfields is associated with the axons and terminals of the Schaffer collaterals. Together with the results of coimmunoprecipitation analyses, these data suggest that action potential propagation and glutamate release at excitatory hippocampal synapses are directly modulated by Kv1 channel complexes predominantly localized on axons and nerve terminals.
Editorial on "A simple, assumption-free, and clinically interpretable approach for analysis of modified Rankin outcomes".

See related article, p 664. The perfect stroke outcome scale remains the holy grail of our field—ever-elusive and sorely needed. Fifty years ago, Dr. John Rankin, working in a rehabilitation setting, devised a simple 6-point scale that made intuitive sense to all users; later, a category was added for death, resulting in a modified Rankin scale (mRS) as used today.1 Despite the simplicity and intuitive sense of the scale, the mRS was used little until it was rediscovered for many stroke therapy trials 15 years ago. Notably, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Stroke trial used the mRS as 1 of 4 outcomes; the success of that trial catapulted the mRS to the forefront of stroke clinical trial design, and it has been ubiquitous ever since.2 In approaching the mRS for use in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Tissue Plasminogen Activator for …
Nalidixic Acid and Hydroxynalidixic Acid Analysis in Human Plasma and Urine by Liquid Chromatography

A high pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the assay of nalidixic acid and hydroxynalidixic acid in human plasma and urine. This procedure measures both compounds in the same sample. The lower limits of detection for nalidixic acid and hydroxynalidixic acid were 0.25 mcg./ml. of each in plasma and 2.5 mcg./ml. of each in urine. Correlation coefficients for the analysis of nalidixic and hydroxynalidixic acids in urine of humans medicated with two different tablet formulations were 0.83 and 0.94 in comparison with a microbiological assay.
Development of a low-density-solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of tetrabromobisphenol-A from dust.

The development of an alternative dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction protocol utilizing a low-density extraction solvent, toluene, is described here for the extraction of the brominated flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol-A, from dust prior to selected ion monitoring analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Method parameters of dispersive solvent type and extraction solvent type were optimized. Excellent recovery (88.9%; n = 5 spike replicates) with good precision was achieved in a spike and recovery study. This developed method was utilized to survey tetrabromobisphenol-A concentrations in dust sampled from a local electronics recycling facility from the ambient environment and 20 computer towers undergoing recycling. Concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol-A from dust in computer towers ranged from not detected (n = 2) up to 64 μg/g with a mean value of 11 μg/g and median of 4.1 μg/g tetrabromobisphenol-A. A composite sample of dust collected from the ambient indoor environment was analyzed with a resulting concentration of 36 μg/g. This is the first application of this novel green method for pre-concentrating flame retardants from dust and the first report of tetrabromobisphenol-A concentrations at a U.S.-based electronics recycling facility.
Evolution and Disruption in Network Processing for the Internet of Things: The Internet of Things (Ubiquity symposium)

Between prophecies of revolutions and inertiae of legacies, the Internet of Things (IoT) has already become the brand under which light processing units communicate over complex networks. Network processing is caught between demands for computation, raised by the growing complexity of the networks, and limitations imposed by performance of lightweight devices on processing. In this contribution the potential for disruptive changes against the scaling of existing technologies is discussed, specifically three main aspects of the IoT that impact network protocols and their processing: the reversal of the client/server architectures, the scavenging of spectral bands, and the federation of Internet gateways.
18F-FDG PET/CT for Monitoring of Treatment Response in Breast Cancer

Changes in tumor metabolic activity have been shown to be an early indicator of treatment effectiveness for breast cancer, mainly in the neoadjuvant setting. The histopathologic response at the completion of chemotherapy has been used as the reference standard for assessment of the accuracy of (18)F-FDG PET in predicting a response during systemic treatment. Although a pathologic complete response (pCR) remains an important positive prognostic factor for an individual patient, a recent metaanalysis could validate pCR as a surrogate marker for patient outcomes only in aggressive breast cancer subtypes. For establishment of the clinical application of metabolic treatment response studies, larger series of specific breast cancer subtypes-including hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, and triple-negative breast cancers-are necessary. In addition, thresholds for relative changes in (18)F-FDG uptake to distinguish between responding and nonresponding tumors need to be validated for different systemic treatment approaches, with progression-free survival and overall survival as references. A PET-based treatment stratification is applicable clinically only if valid alternative therapies are available. Of note, patients who do not achieve a pCR might still benefit from neoadjuvant therapy enabling breast-conserving surgery. In the metastatic setting, residual tumor metabolic activity after the initiation of systemic therapy is an indicator of active disease, whereas a complete resolution of metabolic activity is predictive of a successful treatment response.
Aiming to Preserve Pulmonary Valve Function in Tetralogy of Fallot Repair: Comparing a New Approach to Traditional Management.

Pulmonary valve (PV) incompetence following transannular patch (TAP) repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) results in long-term morbidity and mortality. Valve-sparing repairs have recently gained recognition; however, they may be associated with residual pulmonary stenosis (PS) in patients with small PV z scores. We sought to determine whether a repair that increases the PV annulus and augments the valve leaflet with a biomaterial would result in annular growth and in longer duration of valve competence compared with TAP. Eighty patients (median age 136 days, range 4–350) who underwent surgical repair of TOF between 2010 and 2014 were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups based on the PV intervention: balloon dilation/valvotomy (n = 29), valve-sparing transannular repair (VSTAR) (n = 19) and TAP (n = 32). Intraoperative, early postoperative and midterm follow-up echocardiographic data (median 19 months, range 1–59) were obtained. The primary outcomes were the presence and severity of pulmonary regurgitation and/or PS. Compared with TAP, VSTAR patients demonstrated significantly less severe PR with 100 % freedom of severe PR immediately post-op (vs. 0 % in TAP), 60 % at 6 months and 20 % at 20 months. There were no differences in PS between VSTAR and TAP at follow-up. A subgroup analysis of the VSTAR group was performed. PV z scores were calculated and fit to a random effects model. Patient data fit the model closely, predicting a reproducible increase in valve annulus size over time. With better short-term and comparable midterm results, VSTAR may be appropriate for TOF repair in patients with small PV that would conventionally require a TAP.
The Age of Models: Economic Lessons in Real-Time Computer Strategy Games

The paper lists economic concepts and processes simulated in a real-time computer strategy video game, and examines their treatment and presentation. Economic material found in the game ranges from basic ideas appropriate for elementary students to formal concepts normally taught at the tertiary level. While the literature has not explored these ideas in real-time video games, the paper demonstrates the efficiency and power of learning while playing in an immersive, interactive environment, which makes internalizing economic concepts both intuitive and fun, and thus increase the chances of understanding and retaining the material.
Dynamically achieved active site precision in enzyme catalysis.

ConspectusThe grand challenge in enzymology is to define and understand all of the parameters that contribute to enzymes’ enormous rate accelerations. The property of hydrogen tunneling in enzyme reactions has moved the focus of research away from an exclusive focus on transition state stabilization toward the importance of the motions of the heavy atoms of the protein, a role for reduced barrier width in catalysis, and the sampling of a protein conformational landscape to achieve a family of protein substates that optimize enzyme–substrate interactions and beyond.This Account focuses on a thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase for which the chemical step of hydride transfer is rate determining across a wide range of experimental conditions. The properties of the chemical coordinate have been probed using kinetic isotope effects, indicating a transition in behavior below 30 °C that distinguishes nonoptimal from optimal C–H activation. Further, the introduction of single site mutants has the impact of either e...
Development and verification of air balance gas primary standards for the measurement of nitrous oxide at atmospheric levels.

The Gas Metrology Group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) became active in developing primary standards at ambient levels of N2O in the 1980s, and this has continued through to the present. In recent years, interest in NIST-traceable standards has increased—not only at the ambient level of approximately 325 nmol mol–1 (ppb) but at micromole per mole (ppm) levels as well. In order to support two in-process dry whole air standard reference materials (SRMs 1720 and 1721) and the NIST Traceable Reference Materials (NTRM) program, a project was implemented in the Gas Metrology Group to produce a complete suite of new primary standard materials (PSMs) of N2O with synthetic air (O2/N2) as the balance gas. Six levels of dilution, approximately 1 order of magnitude apart, were gravimetrically prepared and verified. Each level serves as the “parent mix” for the next level. This discussion describes the process of producing each level and then verifying its amount-of-substance fraction. Ex...
Menopausal hormone therapy has risks and benefits during the intervention and poststopping phase

Commentary on: Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA 2013;310:1353–68.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Earlier studies have presented the outcomes of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), which enrolled women aged 50–79 years and included a trial of conjugated equine oestrogens (CEE) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and a CEE-alone trial.1,2 Most participants stopped hormone therapy at the end for the formal trial with less than 4% continuing therapy. Most of the data reflects a median of 5.6 years of exposure for CEE+MPA and 7.2 years of exposure for CEE. This report summarises the previous WHI reports alongside 13 years of follow-up in 81.1% of surviving participants. Some selection bias may have occurred in the postintervention phase due to occurrences in the intervention phase. Women were recruited from 1993 … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.volume%253D310%26rft.spage%253D1353%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.2013.278040%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24084921%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.2013.278040&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24084921&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F3%2F105.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000325098100021&link_type=ISI
Research on measurement method of dielectric loss for water cooling stator winding of large generator

According to the problem of high voltage and measuring dielectric loss for water cooling stator winding of large generator, the new method for measuring dielectric loss of the stator winding was proposed. Through changing the way of connection, the method can shield ideally the infection of cooling water,and parameter can be measured in 50 Hz rated voltage. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the new method is accurate and reliable to measure dielectric loss and capacitance, and can solve the difficult problem of measuring dielectric loss of stator winding in rated voltage and with cooling water, and work efficiency can be improved greatly.
Book Review, Warlords: Strong-Arm Brokers in Weak States. Kimberly Marten. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012. ISBN-13:978-0801450761 (Cloth) ISBN-10:0801450764

Kimberly Marten’s pioneering work, Warlords, is a fine piece of scholarship on the phenomenon of warlordism, a subject that has been under-studied and under-theorized by political scientists to date. Marten sets modest goals for her book, i.e. “to lay the foundation for a framework that can guide future scholarship on warlords and states, and to provide a reference for policy makers who choose (or are forced) to work with warlords in practice in the future.” In contrast to scholars of war who are wont to ask big questions such as what makes the war clock tick and gloss over almost all countries around the world, she chose to close in on an aspect of war and to ask small, but down-to-earth questions concerning warlordism in the context of four states. Nor does she have a deductive hypothesis to test or a particular dataset based on which to make a regression analysis. Animated by public policy concerns, she engages in an academic exercise in inductive-theory-generation and hypotheses-construction the primary purpose of which is to counter the received opinion that warlords can become statebuilders when they see taxation as more profitable than pillage.
Division of Urban Influenced Regions of Baoji City Based on Weighed Voronoi Diagram

The computation of influenced region is one of the main research fields in urban system. By choosing factors which are relative to society, economy and population to compute urban influenced regions, using principal component analysis and combining with breaking point theory, the integrated scale intensity of 11 urban units in Baoji city are obtained. Based on that, using weighed Voronoi diagram to get the 3-year-influenced regions both on population and integrated scale of the 11urban units. The results proved that the influenced regions based on population changed little, but influenced regions based on integrated scale intensity changed a lot, which represents the evolvement trend of the urban distribution.
Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in relation to disease progression in children.

OBJECTIVE To compare patterns of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions over time in the V1V2 and C2V3 regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) env and in a conserved segment of pol in HIV-1-infected children with varying rates of CD4+ T-cell decline. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Longitudinal study of HIV-1 genetic variants sampled from peripheral blood of 3 children affected with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 4 children with slow disease progression. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect HIV-1 genetic material in plasma-derived virions and cellular DNA. Sequence variants were enumerated by screening cloned PCR products using heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) or single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and nucleotide sequencing. Frequencies of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions within sampling points and the accumulation rate of nucleotide substitutions over the period of observation were calculated. RESULTS In the C2V3 region, higher rates of accumulation of nonsynonymous substitutions were associated with more precipitous declines in CD4+ cell numbers. In the V1V2 region, rates of accumulation of nonsynonymous substitutions were comparable with those in the C2V3 region, but similar rates were observed in AIDS-affected children and children with slow disease progression. The rate of accumulation of nonsynonymous substitutions in the pol region was lower than that in the C2V3 and V1V2 regions. CONCLUSIONS Rates of accumulation of nucleotide substitutions vary across the HIV-1 genome and differ in relation to disease progression in children. The finding of greater rates of nonsynonymous substitution in the immunodominant C2V3 region in children whose disease progressed rapidly is consistent with a vigorous but inadequate immune response in children who are unable to control HIV-1 infection.
Catheter-based treatment of atherosclerosis. Options for effective percutaneous intervention are plentiful.

PREVIEWHopes for successful utilization, minimal complications, and improved patient comfort ride on interventional cardiology. A variety of devices are available or in development for percutaneous treatment of atherosclerotic disease. Here, Dr Khalil reviews devices with a long history in cardiology as well as newer arrivals and discusses their best-use parameters and appropriate application. He also summarizes the outcome data on their use.
Local Wind Dynamics Influence the Distribution and Abundance of Chrysaora quinquecirrha in North Carolina, USA

Sea nettles, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, have been observed annually in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), an area of substantial recreation in North Carolina. The purpose of this study was to evaluate what environmental factors may affect jellyfish abundance at NRE recreational sites. Jellyfish were counted and abiotic variables were measured bi-weekly at six recreation sites from May to August, 2011 and 2012. The relationship between wind (magnitude and direction) and jellyfish abundance was also investigated, as circulation within the NRE is primarily a function of wind. The 2 years differed in stream flow, salinity, and temperature, with drought conditions prevalent in 2011. Wind speed and direction did not differ between the 2 years; however, the number of high-speed wind events (±1.4 standard deviation of daily mean speed) did differ across years. A total of 3241 jellyfish were observed, with peak counts in July and minimum counts in August. There were significant differences in mean sea nettle counts between sites, specifically between north and south shorelines. Northeast-east and southeast-southwest wind events were correlated to sea nettle abundance (m−3) when a lag period was included. We concluded that NRE wind dynamics are one of the factors influencing jellyfish-human interactions at the six recreational sites in the NRE. The relatively strong influence of wind, compared to the abiotic variables temperature and salinity, suggests that prediction of sea nettle abundances at these sites subsequent to wind events is possible.
Development of a Clinical Performance Assessment Tool for an Occupational Therapy Teaching Clinic

Health professional education is experiencing increased accountability from higher education and professional accrediting bodies to produce professionals who are prepared to meet the demands of the complex, fast-paced, ever changing health-care environment. Using competency-based assessment methods to evaluate a student’s performance can assist to decrease the gap between education and practice and ease the critical transition from the classroom to the clinic. A variety of assessment methods that use a CompetencyBased Medical Education (CBME) framework to assess student performance and competency can be found throughout the health professions literature. Because of the lack of literature about the assessment of student performance in occupational therapy education, and because of the inability to find an appropriate assessment tool for the on-site teaching clinics in the author’s program, the author developed a new assessment tool to measure student competency and performance in the clinical education setting. This paper discusses each phase of development; the professional literature used; and the reasoning for domain, item, and scoring selection. The final assessment includes a 5-point rating scale to score 42 items in six domains in order to assess student performance and competency during an occupational therapy teaching clinical education experience.
Mechanisms of the uricosuric effect of the diuretic tienilic acid (Ticrynafen) in man.

1. We have studied the effects of the diuretic tienilic acid (Ticrynafen) upon renal tubular transport of urate, in 11 healthy volunteers on a constant dietary intake. 2. Daily administration of tienilic acid for 10 days to six subjects reduced the mean body weight from 67·1 ± 4·7 kg to 64·5 ± 4·7 kg and a reversible fall in serum urate from a mean value of 0·34 ± 0·04 to 0·16 ± 0·01 mmol/l. Fractional urate excretion in the six subjects on the first day of therapy was 30·3 ± 5·6% and then fell to reach a new steady-state mean value of 17·4 ± 2·0%. 3. To evaluate the mechanism of the uricosuria, studies were performed during acute sustained water diuresis in five subjects to assess the effects of tienilic acid, pyrazinamide, probenecid and their combinations. 4. Fractional urate excretion increased markedly with tienilic acid from 11·2 ± 1·3% to 47·5 ± 5·7%. Pyrazinamide, 24·4 mmol (3 g) orally, decreased urate excretion to 5·1 ± 0·7% and markedly blunted the uricosuric effects but not the natriuresis of tienilic acid. Probenecid increased urate excretion to 26 ± 6·0 % and when given with tienilic acid increased urate excretion to 66·4 ± 2·6%. Addition of pyrazinamide to this combination decreased urate excretion to 19·6 ± 4·0%, which was greater than the effect with pyrazinamide alone. 5. We suggest that tienilic acid increased urate excretion by inhibiting reabsorption of both filtered and secreted urate. We have used our results to construct semi-quantitative estimates of the various components of urate transport in man.
Force Irregularity Following Maximal Effort: The After-Peak Reduction.

Irregularities in force output are present throughout human movement and can impair task performance. We investigated the presence of a large force discontinuity (after-peak reduction, APR) that ap...
Bottom-up synthesis of vertically oriented two-dimensional materials

Understanding nucleation and growth of two-dimensional (2D) and layered materials is a challenging topic due to the complex van der Waals interactions between layers and substrate. The morphology of 2D materials is known vary depending on experimental conditions. For the case of MoS2, the morphology has been shown to vary from rounded (molybdenum rich) domains to equilateral triangular (sulfur rich) domains. These different morphologies can result in drastically different properties, which can be exploited for applications in catalytic reactions, digital electronics, optoelectronics, and energy storage. Powder vaporization (PV) synthesis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) can yield vertical domains, however, these domains are often ignored when the morphology evolution of MoS2 is discussed, thereby completely omitting a major part of the impact of the Mo:S ratio to the growth mode of MoS2 during PV. Combining experimental and numerical simulation methods, we reveal a vertical-to-horizontal growth mode transition for MoS2 that occurs in the presence of a molybdenum oxide partial pressure gradient. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the growth of vertical MoS2 results from initial seeding of single crystalline molybdenum dioxide, followed by sulfurization from the substrate upward to form vertically oriented MoS2 domains.
Dermatology Medications in Older Adults: Common Medications and Considerations

Medication management in the elderly population is a common challenge for dermatologists. This review aims to discuss clinical considerations when using common dermatologic classes of drugs in the elderly population. A review of the relevant dermatologic and geriatric literature was conducted. Drug classes discussed include H1-antihistamines, antimicrobials, and immunosuppressive medications with focus on systemic corticosteroids and methotrexate. The review examines the possible side-effects and drug interactions of these medications in the context of physiologic changes and comorbidities present in the elderly.
Integrated Health Care for Latino Immigrants and Refugees: What Do They Need?

As the health care sector moves toward the integration of health and mental health care, service providers are posed to improve care for highly vulnerable immigrants and refugees. This chapter explores the tensions and misunderstandings that arise when immigrants engage with health care systems and institutions designed for English speakers familiar with American culture and systems of care. Such structures affect the quality of care immigrants and refugees receive, and overtime, contribute to health disparities for individuals, families, and communities. To counter language and cultural barriers, this chapter presents a vision for integrated health care that attends to variations in immigrant health care needs based on levels of acculturation, pre- and post-migration experiences, citizenship status, and settlement context. Finally, we discuss the role of integrated health and mental health care in leveraging immigrants’ strengths while mitigating their vulnerabilities.
Data Assimilation and Predictability of Tropical Cyclones

Hurricanes are one of deadliest and costliest natural hazards, with total losses topping $100 billion for the first time in 2005 (Pielke et al., 2008). Accurate predictions of hurricanes, therefore, have enormous economic value, and demand is increasing for more accurate forecasts with longer lead times and more precise warnings to minimize losses due to hurricane preparation and evacuation as well as to destruction. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in short-range (up to five days) track forecasts of tropical cyclones. The current day average 48-h forecast position is as accurate as a 24-h track forecast 10 yr ago (Franklin, 2004).
How libraries can enhance customer service by implementing a customer value mindset

Libraries have a rich tradition of solid customer service. Good service today, however, is often not good enough. Libraries can improve the customer experience by understanding what it means to truly deliver outstanding value. Implementing customer-centric marketing and the latest technology can increase the perceived value of library usage before, during, and after service delivery. The evolving library experience framework explains how library administrators can prepare for current challenges and future changes to enhance customer service. A customer value-based services perspective will help libraries strengthen overall user experiences to keep a larger “share of customer” from formidable information rivals such as search engines, online databases, news sources, video sharing sites, internet service providers, and content creators.
Estimating the Policy Preferences of Judge Neil M. Gorsuch

We generate estimates of the policy preferences of Judge Neil M. Gorsuch, President Trump's nominee to fill a vacancy on the U.S. Supreme Court. Our results suggest that, if confirmed, Gorsuch would be the most conservative justice on the Court.
Rapid and efficient tetrazine-induced drug release from highly stable benzonorbornadiene derivatives

A novel class of bioorthogonal release reactions based on benzonorbornadiene derivatives was developed. These carrier molecules are highly stable at physiological conditions, but react rapidly with 1,2,4,5-tetrazines, and near-quantitatively release cargo molecules such as drugs and optical reporters.
How Gender Conditions the Way Citizens Evaluate and Engage with Their Representatives

Scholars argue that women’s presence in politics enhances symbolic representation, such as positive evaluations of one’s representative and increased political engagement. However, there is little ...
Impact of Feedstock, Parboiling Condition, and Nutrient Concentration on Simultaneous Fortification of Two U.S. Long-Grain Rice Cultivars with Iron and Zinc

This work investigated the effect of parboiling on simultaneous fortification of rice with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) using rough rice and brown rice as feedstocks. Three fortificant concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg/L for both Fe and Zn) were tested, and two long-grain rice cultivars (CLXL745 and RoyJ) were used as test samples. Cultivar had little impact on the retention of Fe and Zn; steaming combined with soaking significantly increased the migration of Fe and Zn into the endosperm compared with soaking only. The Fe and Zn contents of the resultant parboiled head rice were related to the initial concentrations in the soaking water and were 7.2–17.6 and 21.8–31.9 mg/kg, respectively, when rough rice was used as a feedstock, and they significantly increased to 32.4–84.9 mg/kg for Fe and 45.8–78.4 mg/kg for Zn when brown rice was used as a feedstock. Mineral retention after simulated washing was 87.5–95.1% for Fe and 81.1–84.3% for Zn. Dilute-HCl extractability as an indicator of mineral bioavailability wa...
High-Dimensional Posterior Consistency in Bayesian Vector Autoregressive Models

Vector autoregressive (VAR) models aim to capture linear temporal interdependencies among multiple time series. They have been widely used in macroeconomics and financial econometrics and more rece...
Staying out of Harm’s Way

Staying out of harm’s way is the daily goal of many children living in the inner city. In this case, “harm” is not limited to physical assault or violence, but encompasses a myriad of everyday urban threats. By the time children reach adolescence, they often have navigated a lifetime of fear and hopelessness, making choices requiring cognitive sophistication, moral clarify, and social deftness beyond that of any child and most adults. They have been exposed to harm caused not only by crime and violence, but by drugs, teenage pregnancy, abuse, neglect, poverty, and racism. The joys of childhood are often lost or compromised to the perils of the streets. Rather than trying to maximize positive outcomes, children and families are often preoccupied with simply staying out of harm’s way.