cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics, Emotions, and the Skills of Talking About Progressing Disease With Terminally Ill Adolescents: A Review.

Importance For clinicians caring for adolescent patients living with progressive, life-threatening illness, discussions regarding prognosis, goals of care, and treatment options can be extremely challenging. While clinicians should respect and help to facilitate adolescents’ emerging autonomy, they often must also work with parents’ wishes to protect patients from the emotional distress of hearing bad news. Observations We reviewed the ethical justifications for and against truth-telling, and we considered the published ethical and practice guidance, as well as the perspectives of patients, parents, and clinicians involved in these cases. We also explored particular challenges with respect to the cultural context, timing, and content of conversations at the end of adolescents’ lives. In most cases, clinicians should gently but persistently engage adolescents directly in conversations about their disease prognosis and corresponding hopes, worries, and goals. These conversations need to occur multiple times, allowing significant time in each discussion for exploration of patient and family values. While truth-telling does not cause the types of harm that parents and clinicians may fear, discussing this kind of difficult news is almost always emotionally distressing. We suggest some “phrases that help” when clinicians strive to deepen understanding and facilitate difficult conversations with adolescents, parents, and other family members. Conclusions and Relevance The pediatrician’s opportunities to engage in difficult conversations about poor prognosis may be rare, but such conversations can be crucial. These discussions affect how patients live at the end of their lives, how they die, and how their families go on. Improved understanding of basic principles of communication, as well as augmented understanding of patient, family, and clinician perspectives may better enable us to navigate these important conversations.
Benthic insect fauna of a clean-water stream on Utah's Colorado Plateau, USA

Extensive collecting using a variety of methods was conducted in 1994 and 1995 in association with Pleasant Creek in south central Utah, USA, in an effort to inventory the aquatic insects. Collecting efforts yielded 133 insect taxa from 12 sample sites in 8 study areas from near the headwaters of Pleasant Creek and downstream to where it flows out of Capitol Reef National Park. Applying Protocol III methodology of Plafkin et al. (1989), we determined species assemblages of benthic insects and calculated selected ecological indices based on monthly collections from March through August 1994. Richness, equitability index, and mean diversity index values at all sample sites approached, or were greater than, the generally accepted values for clean-water streams in the mountains of the western United States.
Multidisciplinary Clinics for Colorectal Cancer Care Reduces Treatment Time

Abstract Introduction Management of locally advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) requires the expertise of multiple specialists. Multidisciplinary clinics (MDCs) are a working model designed to facilitate delivery of coordinated care. The present study evaluated the effects of MDC on the time to treatment (TTT). Patients and Methods Patients with CRC or locally advanced anal cancer who were evaluated at a single-institution MDC from January 2014 to October 2015 were identified from an institutional registry. The clinical characteristics and timelines for various aspects of treatment were retrospectively reviewed and recorded. A control population of patients not evaluated at the MDC was matched 1:2 by disease and the number of treating specialties. The primary endpoints were the TTT from diagnosis and the TTT from the first consultation. Results A total of 105 patients were included: 35 were evaluated at the MDC and 70 were controls. The MDC patients experienced a 7.8-day shorter TTT from the first consultation (21.5 vs. 29.3 days; P = .01). The difference was greater for patients visiting 3 departments (21.3 vs. 30.6 days; P P = .01). Conclusion Implementation of a multidisciplinary CRC clinic yielded decreased intervals from the first consultation to treatment in our institution. Focusing efforts to increase MDC usage will improve treatment efficiency and improve patient access.
nbodykit: A Python Toolkit for Cosmology Simulations and Data Analysis on Parallel HPC Systems

We present nbodykit, an open source, massively parallel Python toolkit for cosmology simulations and data analysis developed for high performance computing machines. We discuss the challenges encountered while designing parallel and scalable software in Python that still exploits the unique interactive tools provided by the Python stack. Using the mpi4py library, nbodykit implements a fully parallel, canonical set of algorithms in the field of large-scale structure cosmology and also includes a set of distributed data containers, insulated from the algorithms themselves. We use the dask library to provide a straightforward method for users to manipulate data without worrying about the costs of parallel IO operations. We take advantage of the readability of Python as an interpreted language by implementing nbodykit in pure Python, while ensuring high performance by relying on external, compiled libraries, optimized for specific tasks. We demonstrate the ease of use and performance capabilities of nbodykit with several real-world scenarios in the field of cosmology.
Combining Fragment-Ion and Neutral-Loss Matching during Mass Spectral Library Searching: A New General Purpose Algorithm Applicable to Illicit Drug Identification.

A mass spectral library search algorithm that identifies compounds that differ from library compounds by a single ‘inert’ structural component is described. This algorithm, the Hybrid Similarity Search, generates a similarity score based on matching both fragment ions and neutral losses. It employs the parameter DeltaMass, defined as the mass difference between query and library compounds, to shift neutral loss peaks in the library spectrum to match corresponding neutral loss peaks in the query spectrum. When the spectra being compared differ by a single structural feature, these matching neutral loss peaks should contain that structural feature. This method extends the scope of the library to include spectra of ‘nearest-neighbor’ compounds that differ from library compounds by a single chemical moiety. Additionally, determination of the structural origin of the shifted peaks can aid in the determination of the chemical structure and fragmentation mechanism of the query compound. A variety of examples are...
Augmenting a miniature humanoid platform with a low-cost networked computer vision framework

Miniature humanoids are becoming an increasingly common platform for humanoid robotics research and education. However, the prohibitively high cost of advanced platforms such as the ROBOTIS-OP2 drives many educators and small research institutions toward cheaper options such as the ROBOTIS-Mini. While these platforms have versatility in full-body motion, they often lack computational power and vision capabilities. This paper presents the augmentation of the ROBOTIS-Mini with a camera, local processor, and networked system for computer vision. This augmented platform is referred to as Mini-CV. The Mini-CV system provides an ultra low-cost solution for computer vision that reduces the need for high on-board computational power and provides an advanced framework for networked control. A study of the latency in the system is presented and compared to that of the ROBOTIS-OP2, a popular miniature humanoid that retails for more than 20× the price of our augmented system. The results demonstrate the viability of the Mini-CV as an ultra low-cost alternative to more expensive miniature humanoid platforms.
In-situ "Point-and-Shoot" Fabrication of Metallic Rings for Mid-IR/Visible Sensing

We utilize "point-and-shoot" strategy to achieve single-step fabrication of silver ring arrays from its precursor ink within spatially-constrained environments. We further utilize the substrates to demonstrate dual-mode sensing in mid-IR and visible regimes.
Autopsy Results of Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Steels Embedded in Test Slabs

This paper addresses preliminary results of an on-going research project, which is to investigate performance of epoxy coated reinforcing steels (ECRs) exposed to a laboratory testing environment The ECRs acquired from six sources were embedded in 76 chloride contaminated test slabs (two ECRs per slab, in most cases) and connected to bottom mat of {number_sign}5 black rebar. After they were exposed to different environments, some of the slabs were autopsied at three different times (10 months to 3.5 years). According to the autopsy results in terms of degree of coating disbondment, corrosion state at the substrate and macrocell current, it was observed that ECR performance ranged from excellent to poor and key factor was the density and size of coating defects which were initially present or developed during exposure.
Completion of the Removal of (A5)

We now prove that we can modify the contact formain the vicinity of a false critical point at infinity of the third kind \({\bar x^\infty }\), using the procedures introduced in the proofs of Proposition 16 and Lemma 11 so that such a critical point at infinity does not interfere with our homology.
Biochemistry of the Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is a particularly important part of the central nervous system as a conduit of motor, sensory, and sphincter function. Damage to it causes loss of motor function and, if sufficiently extensive, paralysis. The morphological architecture of spinal cord and its reflex physiology have been described in considerable detail, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance and loss of functions are relatively little understood. In the past, the biochemical and metabolic properties of spinal cord received little attention in comparison to the effort expended on brain. In the last decade, however, the situation has changed, and a substantial number of studies have been carried out on proteins, enzymes, amino acids, synaptology, and transmitters in the spinal cord. Studies on the metabolism of spinal cord proteins and lipids and of the enzymes mediating their breakdown provide insight into processes of axon and myelin degeneration. Damage to the spinal cord causes structural alterations and accompanying biochemical changes, some of which, e.g., proteinase release and/or activation, have been implicated in the breakdown of the axon-myelin unit. Relatively little is known at the molecular level of injury or diseases of spinal cord, and less concerning the factor(s) regulating spinal cord degeneration and their source. In order to understand spinal cord function, a detailed study of its biochemical properties (i.e. molecular events) is essential, both in the normal situation and in disease.
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk.

Purpose of review Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, or coxibs, designed to provide comparable pain relief to traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with reduced risk of gastrointestinal complications, have come under substantial recent scrutiny because of an increased likelihood of adverse cardiovascular events associated with their use. Recent findings Data concerning the cardiovascular risk associated with coxibs comes from three main sources: basic research demonstrating the potential for inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme to promote a prothrombotic state; observational data suggesting an increased risk associated with the use of certain cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and randomized trial data suggesting an increased risk associated with a variety of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors compared with either a traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or placebo. Summary An increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events has been demonstrated with multiple cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and this increased risk has led to the withdrawal from the market of all but one of these agents in the US. While several questions regarding the safety of coxibs remain, especially the role of dose in the increased risk and whether increased cardiovascular risk extends to traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as well, clinicians should be cautioned about an increased possibility of adverse cardiovascular events in patients requiring therapy with coxibs.
Target tracking via recursive Bayesian state estimation in cognitive radar networks

Abstract To cope with complicated environments and stealthier targets, incorporating intelligence and cognition cycles into target tracking is of great importance in modern sensor network management. With remarkable advances in sensor techniques and deployable platforms, a sensing system has freedom to select a subset of available radars, plan their trajectories, and transmit designed waveforms. In this paper, we propose a general framework for single target tracking in cognitive networks of radars, including consideration of waveform design, path planning, and radar selection, which are separately but not jointly taken into account in existing work. The tracking procedure, built on the theories of dynamic graphical models (DGM) and recursive Bayesian state estimation (RBSE), is formulated as two iterative steps: (i) solving a combinatorial optimization problem to select the optimal subset of radars, waveforms, and locations for the next tracking instant, and (ii) acquiring the recursive Bayesian state estimation to accurately track the target. Further, an illustrative example introduces a specific scenario in 2-D space. Simulation results based on the scenario demonstrate that the proposed framework can accurately track the target under the management of the network of radars.
AORTIC DISSECTION DURING CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

Aortic dissection occurs in 0.2%-0.7% percent of the patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, mainly during right coronary artery (RCA) intervention. 60-year-old male with history of hypertension presented with chest pressure for one day. Patient endorsed worsening of chest pain with exertion
Heatguard: An ultra-low-cost three-dimensional-printed sensor for skin temperature alert and reporting system.

A heatstroke is one of the most serious forms of heat injury and is classified as a medical emergency. It is characterized by an elevated core body temperature along with the failed body cooling mechanism in response to the sudden heat-up. People vulnerable to a heatstroke are children, elders and sports professionals. Previous efforts have emphasized exercise adjustments and post-treatments, such as environmental-based activity modification and cold-water immersion. However, the general public, especially elders, will have difficulty to conduct such adjustments by themselves. Moreover, few studies have been conducted on the early preventive measurement stage. A wearable three-dimensional-printed thermochromic device proposed here can warn the people of a sudden rise in skin temperature and can advise them to take quick action. Combined with the smartphone applications, for both the android and iPhone platform, the device is able to monitor real-time skin temperature and alerts the people who are vulnerable to a heatstroke. The three-dimensional printable resin developed can change color at a specific activation temperature. The device has undergone a series of performance tests in order to optimize the color transition rate and stability of color change. The accuracy of our device is compared to the conventional thermometer; the regression analysis shows the R2 value is 0.7599 and the average error is 1.3 °C. Future work will be to mitigate the surrounding lighting effects on the smartphone camera and further improve our device accuracy.
A case of robotic assisted percutaneous coronary intervention of the left main coronary artery in a patient with very late baffle stenosis after surgical correction of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.

A 34-year-old woman with history of surgical correction (Takeuchi procedure) of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) presented with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction of 48% and severe ischemia quantified as 21% by stress Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan. A coronary angiogram revealed ostial 90% stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LMCA). A guidewire (Sion Blue, Asahi Intecc USA, Inc., Santa Ana, CA) was navigated robotically and after pre-dilation with 3.5 × 15 mm cutting balloon, the lesion length was measured by marking the distal end of the lesion with the balloon marker and withdrawing back robotically to the ostium of the LMCA. A 3.5 × 16 mm drug-eluting stent was deployed robotically after intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) with good results. The main advantage of robotic percutaneous coronary intervention includes the precise measurement and positioning of the stent. Since the guide catheter and balloon can be adjusted without guide catheter and device interaction, precise placement of stent is possible by advancing the device distal to the lesion, positioning the guide catheter just proximal to the proximal edge of the stent and pulling the guidecatheter and device back as a unit. Final IVUS after post-dilation with 4.0 noncompliant and 5.0 compliant balloon revealed precise placement at the ostium and full stent expansion.
A Novel Laser Scalpel System for Computer-assisted Laser Surgery

Laser scalpels are utilized across a variety of surgical and dermatological procedures due to their precision and non-contact nature. This paper presents a novel laser scalpel system for superficial laser therapy applications. The system integrates a RGB-D camera, a 3D triangulation sensor and a carbon dioxide $( CO _{2})$ laser scalpel for computer-assisted laser surgery. To accurately ablate targets chosen from the color image, a 3D extrinsic calibration method between the RGB-D camera frame and the laser coordinate system is implemented. The accuracy of the calibration method is tested on phantoms with planar and cylindrical surfaces. Positive error and negative error, as defined as undershooting and overshooting over the target area, are reported for each test. For 60 total test cases, the root-mean-square of the positive and negative error in both planar and cylindrical phantoms is less than 1.0 mm, with a maximum absolute error less than 2.0 mm. This work demonstrates the feasibility of automated laser therapy with surgeon oversight via our sensor system.
Trends of Follow-Up Recommendations Made on Musculoskeletal MRI Reports

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article was to analyze trends in follow-up recommendations made on musculoskeletal MRI reports. MATERIALS AND METHODS. An IRB-approved retrospective study identified 790 musculoskeletal MRI reports from our database between January 1, 2016, and January 1, 2018, containing follow-up recommendations made by the interpreting radiologist. Metadata were automatically extracted and classification of the recommendations was performed by manual review. Clinical outcome data were collected from the electronic health record. After exclusion criteria were applied, 654 reports were included in the study. Descriptive statistics, Fisher exact tests, and chi-square tests were used for analysis. RESULTS. Clinicians acknowledged 83% and followed 73% of the recommendations. Follow-up compliance varied with the type of recommendation made: 98% for clinical intervention versus 67% for additional imaging (p 0.05). There was no difference in compliance rate among various pathologic findings of concern (p = 0.995). Compliance rate increased significantly after direct communication between the radiologist and clinician compared with when there was no direct communication (93% vs 71%, p < 0.001). Concern for neoplasm comprised the greatest number of unacknowledged recommendations (73%). CONCLUSION. Musculoskeletal MRI recommendations are followed independent of the finding of concern and compliance is lowest for requests of additional imaging. Direct communication improves compliance and may be particularly helpful for orthopedic referrers.
Adaptive teaching in mathematics: a review of the literature

Supporting students’ mathematical proficiency requires teachers to continuously adapt their instruction in response to their students’ instructional needs. To explore what it means to be an adaptiv...
The Effect of Influenza Vaccination for the Elderly on Hospitalization and Mortality: An Observational Study With a Regression Discontinuity Design.

Background Observational studies using traditional research designs suggest that influenza vaccination reduces hospitalizations and mortality among elderly persons. Accordingly, health authorities in some countries prioritize vaccination of this population. Nevertheless, questions remain about this policy's effectiveness given the potential for bias and confounding in observational data. Objective To determine the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in reducing hospitalizations and mortality among elderly persons by using an observational research design that reduces the possibility of bias and confounding. Design A regression discontinuity design was applied to the sharp change in vaccination rate at age 65 years that resulted from an age-based vaccination policy in the United Kingdom. In this design, comparisons were limited to individuals who were near the age-65 threshold and were thus plausibly similar along most dimensions except vaccination rate. Setting England and Wales. Participants Adults aged 55 to 75 years residing in the study area during 2000 to 2014. Intervention Seasonal influenza vaccine. Measurements Hospitalization and mortality rates by month of age. Results The data included 170 million episodes of care and 7.6 million deaths. Turning 65 was associated with a statistically and clinically significant increase in rate of seasonal influenza vaccination. However, no evidence indicated that vaccination reduced hospitalizations or mortality among elderly persons. The estimates were precise enough to rule out results from many previous studies. Limitation The study relied on observational data, and its focus was limited to individuals near age 65 years. Conclusion Current vaccination strategies prioritizing elderly persons may be less effective than believed at reducing serious morbidity and mortality in this population, which suggests that supplementary strategies may be necessary. Primary funding source National Institute on Aging.
Deep minima in the Coulomb-Born triply differential cross sections for ionization of helium by electron and positron impact

Previously, a deep minimum in the measurements of the triply differential cross section (TDCS) for electron-helium ionization at an incident energy of 64.6 eV was interpreted in terms of a vortex. We apply the Coulomb-Born (CB1) and modified CB1 approximations to this process at the same incident energy and obtain a deep minimum whose position is in reasonable accord with time-dependent close-coupling results and experimental data. We also obtain the deep minimum in the TDCS that was measured for an energy of 74.6 eV. For both incident energies, but at slightly different gun angles to those used experimentally, we obtain a very deep minimum in the TDCS that is related to a vortex in the velocity field associated with the CB1 transition matrix element. We determine for energies of 44.6 eV–79.6 eV the gun and polar angles for a deep minimum in the CB1 TDCS. We apply both approximations to positron-helium ionization. For an incident energy of 205.25 eV we find a deep minimum in the TDCS that is related to a vortex in the velocity field associated with the CB1 transition matrix element.
CHAPTER 7 – Vitamins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mechanism and physiochemical properties of vitamins. The growth response of species of Lactobacillus to vitamins may be measured in many ways. Common responses that are used in assaying are dry weight, turbidity, and titratable acidity. Interpretation of assay responses to samples with a known history, that is, some pharmaceutical preparations, may be specific because interfering substances are known to be absent. Relative activities of different derivatives of a compound usually vary with the test organism. Chemical assays are used for riboflavin and thiamine in both high- and low-potency preparations and for riboflavin, thiamine, folic acid, and nicotinic acid in very high-potency preparations. The chapter also presents the methods for the microbiological assay of vitamin B12 and its congeners using four assay organisms, which fulfill the assay needs of most workers. The extreme sensitivity of the vitamin B12 assay makes it more susceptible than most to errors of omission on the part of the assayist.
MRI in Metabolic Disease

Metabolic spine disease lies on the dynamic nature of bone constantly changing and adapting in response to load variations in the body. The ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect even the slightest changes in water content makes it an invaluable tool for imaging soft tissue pathology and edema associated with metabolic diseases of the spine. Furthermore, MRI can also serve as a preoperative guide for the treatment of such diseases. In this chapter, we summarize and discuss osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and renal osteodystrophy. The pathophysiology of each disease is reviewed briefly, along with the American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria, relevant findings on MRI, and how these findings can be used by the orthopedic surgeon to diagnose and treat patients suffering from these diseases.
Chasing John Snow: data analytics in the COVID-19 era

During the first half of 2020, the lives of people around the world abruptly changed due to COVID-19. Data visualisations and models related to the spread of the disease became ubiquitous. In this ...
Dyson-orbital concepts for description of electrons in molecules.

Dyson orbitals, their electron-binding energies, and probability factors provide descriptions of electrons in molecules that are experimentally verifiable and that generalize qualitatively useful concepts of uncorrelated, molecular-orbital theory to the exact limit of Schrodinger's time-independent equation. Dyson orbitals are defined as overlaps between initial, N-electron states and final states with N ± 1 electrons and therefore are useful in the prediction and interpretation of many kinds of spectroscopic and scattering experiments. They also are characteristic of N-electron initial states and may be used to construct electron densities, one-electron properties, and total energies with correlated Aufbau procedures that include probability factors between zero and unity. Relationships with natural orbitals, Kohn-Sham orbitals, and Hartree-Fock orbitals facilitate insights into the descriptive capabilities of Dyson orbitals. Electron-propagator approximations that employ the Dyson quasiparticle equation or super-operator secular equations enable direct determination of Dyson orbitals and obviate the need for many-electron wavefunctions of initial or final states. Numerical comparisons of the amplitudes and probability factors of Dyson orbitals calculated with several self-energy approximations reveal the effects of electron correlation on these uniquely defined, one-electron wavefunctions.
Salt-flux Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Theoretical Characterization of Rb0.74Ga6.62Ti0.38O11

Abstract Single crystals of Rb0.74Ga6.62Ti0·38O11 (RGTO) were grown from a mixed RbCl–RbF flux at 850 °C. The compound crystallizes in the RbGa7O11 structure type, which is reminiscent of the hollandite and β-Ga2O3 structure types. RGTO crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2/m with lattice parameters a = 8.3355 (8) A, b = 3.0286 (3) A, c = 9.5028 (9) A, and β = 114.620 (3)°. The crystal structure of RGTO is comprised of GaO6 and mixed (Ga/Ti)O6 octahedra and GaO4 tetrahedra connected in a complex three-dimensional, anionic framework exhibiting eight-sided channels that are occupied by disordered Rb cations required for charge balance. First-principles calculations in the form of density functional theory were performed, which indicated the complex to be a charge transfer semiconductor.
Custom Dataset Creation with Tensorflow Framework and Image Processing for Google T-Rex

This paper describes a methodology of creating custom dataset and then using convolution neural network (CNN) model for performing image processing operations on Google’s t-rex game using tensorflow and keras framework. Machine learning professionals depend on online available datasets, specifically for computer vision based algorithms, since deep neural networks require specific input shape, size and channels before starting training process. Unfortunately, google’s t-rex game does not have any directly available dataset unlike various image processing datasets. Therefore in this paper step by step process is provided for creating, training, and testing customized dataset with help of CNN model coded in python programming language for both GPU and CPU architectures.
Clinical evaluation of the Abbott Alinity SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific quantitative IgG and IgM assays in infected, recovered, and vaccinated groups

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impose a significant burden on global health infrastructure. While identification and containment of new cases remains important, laboratories must now pivot and consider assessment of SARS-CoV-2 immunity in the setting of the recent availability of multiple COVID-19 vaccines. Here we have utilized the latest Abbott Alinity semi-quantitative IgM and quantitative IgG spike protein (SP) serology assays (IgMSP and IgGSP) in combination with Abbott Alinity IgG nucleocapsid (NC) antibody test (IgGNC) to assess antibody responses in a cohort of 1236 unique participants comprised of naive, SARS-CoV-2 infected, and vaccinated (including both naive and recovered) individuals. The IgMSP and IgGSP assays were highly specific (100%) with no cross-reactivity to archived samples recovered prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, including those from individuals with seasonal coronavirus infections. Clinical sensitivity was 96% after 15 days for both IgMSP and IgGSP assays individually. When considered together, the sensitivity was 100%. A combination of NC- and SP-specific serologic assays clearly differentiated naive, SARS-CoV-2-infected, and vaccine-related immune responses. Vaccination resulted in a significant increase in IgGSP and IgMSP titers, with a major rise in IgGSP following the booster (second) dose in the naive group. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals had several fold higher IgGSP responses than naive following the primary dose, with a comparatively dampened response following the booster. This work illustrates the strong clinical performance of these new serological assays and their utility in evaluating and distinguishing serological responses to infection and vaccination.
A Classroom Exercise Practicing Moral Intent, Judgment and Behavior

This article presents a two-part classroom exercise that requires students first to identify their source of moral authority, and second to use that moral authority to make a moral judgment, establish moral intent, and engage in moral behavior [Jones 1991]. First, students identify their moral authority, or how they determine the morality of an action. Second, students are given an ethical scenario and asked to respond, relying on their source of authority. Thus, students are given practice in employing moral authority to respond to an ethical dilemma and engage in moral behavior.
Shaping Problems, Not Decisions:When Decision Makers Leverage Visual Analytics

Just as modern software development strategies have introduced agile methods and rapid prototyping to organizations. Visual analytic tools now bring the same spirit of prototyping and iteration directly into the decision$making process. Yet decision makers and an alysts may not yet be as “agile” as the tools they are using and instead tend to remain in their traditional roles during analytic tasks. The emerging analytic leaders are managers who do not merely act on the findings of others but rather find and shape problems by constantly interacting with data and scrutinizing and adjusting to changes in real$time data. Our research found that: 1) manager s need to develop new competencies to cognitively adapt to visual decision making; 2) managers need to become more humble and share data widely across their organizations in order to facilitate a comprehensive analytic culture; and 3) roles and responsibilities of analysts and managers need to be reconsidered.
Low-distortion continuous-time integrated filters for low frequency applications

A technique for designing high-linearity continuous-time integrated filters for low frequency applications using transconductance network is presented. With this technique, an area-efficient transconductance network is used to replace the large resistors in low-frequency integrator-based continuous-time filters. The key challenge with this technique is in determining and realizing the appropriate relationship between the transconductance circuit and the nonideal frequency-dependent properties of the opamp. Simulation results for a third-order Bessel low-pass filter designed in a 0.5/spl mu/m CMOS process with a cutoff frequency of 5 kHz provide a THD in excess of 70 dB for a 2V p-p output with the 5 V power supply.
PANTHER: Protein families and subfamilies modeled on the divergence of function

Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships PANTHER is a resource that defines a molecular taxonomy of proteins, and relates this taxonomy to computational representations of function, spanning molecular functions, biological processes, and biochemical pathways. In this way, PANTHER provides an infrastructure for exploring the relationships between protein sequence evolution and evolution of function at both the molecular and pathway levels. Proteins are grouped into families, and the relationships between sequences in each family are represented as a phylogenetic tree. The trees are constructed using sequence conservation-based distances that may reflect the functional constraints, over evolutionary time, on proteins of the same or similar functions. The current version of PANTHER contains calculated trees for over 5000 protein families, spanning over 80% of the protein-coding genes in mammalian genomes and their known relatives from all kingdoms of life. Expert biologists have divided these families into over 30 000 subfamilies (clades), where each subfamily comprises proteins that share a distinct function. Subfamilies therefore represent the functional divergence (or “cooption”) events that occurred during the family's evolutionary history. Each subfamily is associated, when possible, with ontology terms that describe the functions of its constituent proteins and, increasingly, with components in biochemical pathways. In addition, the sequences in each family and subfamily are represented as a statistical amino acid “signature”, allowing classification of new sequences, and exploration of the relationships between protein sequence and function. PANTHER is freely available at http://www.pantherdb.org, where users can submit protein sequences for classifications, search, and browse the classifications and trees, and employ computational tools to analyze their own data, such as gene expression data and genetic mutation data, in the context of protein families and functions. Keywords: Bioinformatics; databases; protein families; protein domains; Hidden Markov Models
The Tools of Proteomics

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the tools used in proteomics. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods have become the primary technology used to identify proteins. The sensitivity of MS instrumentation allows for the identification of proteins below the 1-pmol level and in many cases in the femtomole or even the attomole range. The mass-measurement accuracy afforded with current MS technology, routinely to less than 50 parts per million (ppm) and better, provides more confident protein identifications. Additional sequence information provided by tandem MS (MS/MS) approaches improves the level of confidence of the identification. The major technological advances associated with MS are described in this chapter along with the MS-based methods related to the analysis of proteins separated by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Non-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)-based analyses are also addressed; however, separation methods such as two-dimensional liquid chromatography have specific advantages over the PAGE approach. The developments can be divided into a few general categories, including ionization methods, analyzers, and sample processing. A vast majority of protein identifications made using MS data is accomplished through a comparison with known protein sequences found in a variety of different databases populated with either protein or DNA sequence information. The chapter focuses on the most commonly used software for identifying proteins both through peptide mapping and fragmentation. Peptide mapping is the simplest method for identifying a protein. The second common method to identify a protein through characterization at the peptide level is by tandem MS, which produces fragmentation spectra. In addition, individual laboratories have also designed tools to mine their own data in an attempt to maximize the amount of information retrievable from a proteomic analysis.
Child and Adolescent Development for Educators

I. Theoretical Perspectives in Child Development1. Introduction to Child Development and Education 2. Biological Development 3. Cognitive Development: Piaget's Stage Theory 4. Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Theory 5. Social Theories of Development and Learning 6. Sociocultural Theories of Development and EducationII. Key Topics in Child Development and Education 7. Language Development and Linguistic Diversity 8. Intelligence and Individual Differences in Academic Competence 9. The Development of Academic Motivation 10. Family and Peer Relationships 11. Gender Role Development 12. Recognizing and Understanding Student Mental Health Problems, David G. Scherer 13. Integrative Review of Major Concepts
Use of stable isotopes to assess the intraspecific foraging niche of males and female colour morphs of the damselfly Enallagma hageni

For the first time, diet and isotopic niche overlap among males and two female-specific colour morphs of a damselfly were quantified to test whether sexual conflict could cause intra-sexual diet variation. Relative to the green female morph, blue females, similar in coloration to the blue males, may be more likely overlooked by mate-searching males. If so, blue females should be more likely to forage unmolested at lake shores, where the density of males and prey is high. The blue morph's isotopic niche space should therefore differ from that of green females and be more similar to that of males. Stable isotope analyses of two Michigan populations failed to support these predictions. Despite population differences in δ13C and diet, within sites isotopic niches overlapped among males and females, with little difference between the two female colour morphs. Males exhibited the broadest isotopic niche area, which increased across years, whereas that of blue females became more restricted, possibly due to greater sexual harassment in forest feeding sites. There was an unexpectedly high shift in δ13C from prey to predator. Future work is merited to determine whether such trophic shifts are characteristic of Odonata, a group of important aquatic and terrestrial predators.
Computational Methods for Electron Tomography of Influenza Virus

Influenza is a rapidly changing virus that appears seasonally in the human population. Every year a new strain of the influenza virus appears with the potential to cause a serious global pandemic. Knowledge of the structure and density of the surface proteins is of critical importance in a vaccine candidate. Reconstruction techniques from a series of tilted electron-tomographic projection images provide quantification of surface proteins. Two major categories of reconstruction techniques are transform methods such as weighted backprojection (WBP) and series expansion methods such as the algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) and the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT). Series expansion methods aim at estimating the object to be reconstructed by a linear combination of some fixed basis functions and they typically estimate the coefficients in such an expansion by an iterative algorithm. The choice of the set of basis functions greatly influences the result of a series expansion method. It has been demonstrated repeatedly that using spherically symmetric basis functions (blobs), instead of the more traditional voxels, results in reconstructions of superior quality, provided that the free parameters that occur in the definition of the family of blobs are appropriately tuned. In this chapter, it is demonstrated that, with the recommended data-processing steps performed on the projection images prior to reconstruction, series expansion methods such as ART (with its free parameters appropriately tuned) will provide 3D reconstructions of viruses from tomographic tilt series that allow reliable quantification of the surface proteins and that the same is not achieved using WBP.
1,2‐Addition of a Functionalized Zinc‐Copper Organometallic [RCu(CN)ZnI] to an α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehyde: (E)‐2‐(4‐Hydroxy‐6‐Phenyl‐5‐Hexenyl)‐1H‐Isoindole‐1,3(2H)‐Dione

1,2-Addition of a functionalized zinc-copper organometallic [RCu(CN)ZnI] to an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde: (E)-2-(4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-5-hexenyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione intermediate: 2-(3-Iodopropyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2 reactant: 13.4 g (50 mmol) of 2-(3-bromopropyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 1 product: (E)-2-(4-Hydroxy-6-phenyl-5-hexenyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 4 Keywords: addition, to CO; Grignard and related reactions; metalation reactions, copper; replacement reactions, halogen by halogen; tetrahydrofuran
An Adaptive Cross-Correlation Algorithm for Extended Scene Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensing#

We present an adaptive cross-correlation algorithm for large dynamic range extended-scene Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing. We show that it accurately measures very fine image shifts over many pixels under a variety of practical imaging conditions.
Actor, situation, and context: A framework for delinquency theory integration

Survey data are presented and discussed as they relate to juvenile involvement in serious and violent delinquency. Juveniles confined in two detention centers were administered self-report questionnaires (n=127). An integrated model that combines social structural variables (i.e., neighborhood disorganization and strain) with social process variables (i.e., parental control, social bond, and delinquent peer associations) was tested by way of path analysis. The data generally support the integrated model, explaining as much as 44% of the variance. Two variables, delinquent peer associations and an overall social bond indicator, directly and significantly predict serious delinquent behavior. Delinquent peer associations are significantly related to neighborhood disorganization, while the social bond is significantly related to parental control and strain. Thus, the data support a systems approach to explaining delinquent behavior, where social structural variables affect social process variables.
SAR-derived gap jet characteristics in the lee of the Philippine Archipelago

Abstract Gap jet characteristics were analyzed in the lee of the Philippine Archipelago during the 2004–2009 winter monsoon seasons (November–March) using wind fields derived from ENVISAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Jet characteristics were derived for the Philippine Island gap jets and compared to those from theoretical literature and experimental studies. It was found that 18 of 31 jets characterized from 13 SAR images followed the defined power laws, or classic case, and were similar to the defined scale equations. The remaining 13 jets did not follow the classic case and resulted from jet interaction with islands, adjacent jets, and variable atmospheric conditions. These non-classic jets were grouped based upon similarities and referred to as decreasing, increasing, and reverse classic cases. Distinct deviations from the classic case included downstream increases in velocity and decreases in jet width. It was found that the orientation of the wind field relative to topography significantly impacted jet classification, and thereby made it difficult to characterize jets by region. For all 31 jets, the initial jet width dictated the distance at which a jet became self-similar, wherein a larger initial jet width required a greater distance for self-similarity.
Laser-molecular beam measurement of hyperfine structure in the I2 spectrum☆

Abstract Very high resolution measurements of hyperfine structure on the P(13) and R(15), 43−0, 3 gp 0 + u ← 1 Σ g + transitions in iodine 127 were made using laser molecular beam spectroscopy. The observed linewidth was 300 kHz (fwhm) giving a resolution of 5 × 10−10 The observed spectrum was fitted to obtain a quadrupole coupling strength difference of ΔeQq = 1906 ± 2 MHz and a spin rotation interaction strength difference of ΔCI = 181 ± 7 kHz between the upper and lower levels of the P(13) transition. For the R (15) transition ΔeQq = 1905 ± 2 MHz and ΔCI = 167 ± 5 kHz.
Ocular and Biochemical Abnormalities in Gyrate Atrophy of the Choroid and Retina

Patients with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina have myopia, constricted visual fields, elevated dark adaptation thresholds, small or nondetectable ERGs, and chorioretinal atrophy. Biochemical abnormalities include hyperornithinemia, hypolysinemia, hyperornithinuria, an unknown amino compound in the urine, and virtual absence of OKT activity in extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts. Extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts from one patient studied in our laboratory showed an increase in OKT activity with increasing concentrations of vitamin B6 in the assay medium; this patient also showed some biochemical responsiveness within three weeks to 300 mg/day or orally administered vitamin B6. Three patients whose fibroblasts did not show increased OKT activity in vitro with increasing vitamin B6 did not respond in vivo to 300 mg/day of vitamin B6 over the same period. All four patients continue to be evaluated with larger doses of this vitamin. It remains to be established if long-term treatment with vitamin B6 will stabilize the course of the chorioretinal degeneration for at least some patients with this disease.
Impaired noradrenergic transmission in schizophrenia

Recently, increased brain and spinal fluid (CSF) norepinephrine (NE), and a decreased cAMP response to prostaglandin E1 (PgE1) stimulation of platelet NE sensitive adenylcyclase were observed in some schizophrenic patients. Low CSF dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was related to brain atrophy, whereas high plasma DBH was associated with tardive dyskinesia. Increased NE (in brain and CSF) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) levels and decreased plasma DBH activity in the brain were associated with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. Impaired NE transmission in schizophrenia may relate to disturbances in the autonomic nervous system, deficits in attention and information processing and to an impaired ability to deal with stress. Although pharmacological studies have suggested a major role for dopamine (DA) in schizophrenic psychosis, this review indicates the need for further exploration of the NE system. Future studies should address the relationship with DA, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), cerebral blood flow, brain metabolism, stress response, negative and prodromal symptoms.
Perfluorocarbons: Future Clinical Possibilities

Perfluorocarbons are now being used as oxygen carriers in clinical settings. Because these chemicals may have a role as a blood substitute, in organ preservation, and in the management of respiratory failure, we have reviewed some of the research leading to these applications.