cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limited Good or Limited Goods: Observations on Acheson

In "Limited Good or Limited Goods? Response to Economic Opportunity in a Tarascan Pueblo," Acheson (1972) gives an interesting account of innovation and economic development through mechanized carpentry in the Tarascan village of Cuanajo, Michoacin, Mexico. Although, as I will show, he overlooks or fails to give sufficient weight to several factors that played key roles in this success story, his basic description is an important contribution to our understanding of innovation in peasant communities. But, in attempting to relate his findings to analyses made in other west central Mexican communities, he seriously misinterprets several of us who have written about these communities, thereby raising doubts about the credibility of his analyses. In his theoretical-comparative paragraphs Acheson takes issue with what he describes
A useful equation for fermentations of butyric acid bacteria

The usefulness and uses of an equation which would describe the interrelations among the various products and biomass in fermentations of butyric acid bacteria are discussed. Such a fermentation equation is then derived based on the bacterial biochemistry and general biological regularities. The equation obeys all the constraints of the biochemical topology and thermodynamics. The validity of the equation is demonstrated using experimental data from the literature. The equation is potentially valuable as a predictive and process-control tool in a wide variety of fermentations of butyric-acid bacteria.
Liver tumor ablation: real-time monitoring with dynamic CT.

Rationale and Objectives. To determine whether incomplete contact of ethanol with tumor limits the success of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy. Materials and Methods. Percutaneous ethanol injection was performed in seven normal New Zealand white rabbits and 18 rabbits with 1–3-cm liver tumors 10–14 days Results. In normal animals, virtually all injected ethanol tracked to the hepatic capsule. As ethanol was injected into tumors, peripheral tracking, similar to that seen in normal livers, or extratumoral puddling was observed. Ethanol-tumor contact was incomplete in 16 of 18 animals (89%). Histopathologic analysis showed incomplete tumor necrosis. Conclusion. In this model of hepatic carcinoma metastasis, the tumor failed to hold sufficient ethanol for successful ablation by means of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy.
Repeated test of mice in the photocell activity cage after different time intervals

A total of 384 mice, given 2-hr. tests twice in the photocell activity cage under the same conditions, showed lower activity scores (with square root transformation) in the second test. This behavioral carry-over effect was greater for subgroups given the second test at an interval of 1 or 3, instead of 7 or 14 days, after the first. Chlorpromazine produced a greater decrement in activity in the first 0.5 hr. of the second test than of the first. In both tests, aggregations of five, rather than single animals, showed a greater drug decrement in the first hour and some recovery from the drug effect in the Last 0.5 hr. The most stable data were obtained in the first 0.5 hr. A high correlation between tests, especially with a 1-day interval, indicated that a repeated-test design can provide a sensitive measure of drug effects.
Use of fetal streptozotocin injection to determine the role of normal levels of fetal insulin in regulating uteroplacental and umbilical glucose exchange.

ABSTRACT: The present study was performed to determine the role of the normal fetal concentration of insulin in regulating placental-fetal glucose exchange. Fetal insulin deficiency was produced by streptozotocin injection into near term fetal sheep, and the effects of this insulin deficiency on net uteroplacental glucose uptake and net umbilical glucose uptake were measured. Each fetus received two or three doses of streptozotocin, 100 mgkg-1 · dose-1, given on separate days. This dosage of streptozotocin produced a 97.6% reduction in fetal pancreatic insulin content, a fall in fetal plasma insulin concentration (21 ± 2 to 10 ± 1 μU · ml-1), a rise in fetal plasma glucose concentration (57 ± 4 to 114 ± 19 pg · ml-1), a rise in fetal blood glucose concentration (20.4 ± 0.9 to 33.4 ± 4.4 mg · dl-1), and a failure of insulin secretion in response to glucose infusion. Fetal blood oxygen content and umbilical oxygen uptake were normal and did not change during the entire study. Umbilical glucose uptake was reduced by 66% (5.98 ± 0.38 to 2.02 ± 1.31 mgmin-1 · kg-1) after the streptozotocin-induced hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia but was returned to the control level by an insulin infusion into the fetus that reestablished the control maternal to fetal glucose concentration gradient. Net uteroplacental glucose uptake (consumption) did not change throughout the study. Because glucose concentration and umbilical glucose uptake could be normalized by an insulin infusion, it is unlikely that direct or toxic effects of streptozotocin on fetal or placental glucose metabolism were primarily responsible for the hyperglycemia and the reduced rate of umbilical glucose uptake. Thus, changes in fetal glucose concentration primarily affected umbilical glucose uptake. Furthermore, the failure of the fetus to respond to a glucose infusion after streptozotocin injection with the same rate of exogenous glucose entry (umbilical uptake plus intravenous infusion) measured during the control period glucose infusion indicates that hypoinsulinemia contributed to the fetal hyperglycemia. These results indicate that the normal fetal insulin concentration determines net umbilical glucose uptake by regulating fetal glucose concentration.
The formation of products of incomplete combustion in research combustors

Abstract Experiments were conducted in which various organic chemicals were burned, generally one at a time, along with a diluent fuel, heptane, in a pilot-scale combuster (the Turbulent Flame Reactor) at U.S. EPA's Center Hill Facility. Excess air levels were varied in the reactor and Tenax trap samples were taken to determine the accompanying destruction and removal efficiencies (DRE) of the organic chemicals and the products of incomplete combustion (PIC). Results showed that the PICs did not always occur predictably, but that they were influenced by the principal organic hazardous constituent (POHC) being burned. When appreciable quantities of PICs were formed, however, their emission levels generally increased with increasing levels of excess air, over the range of excess air levels investigated. Furthermore, the highest levels of PICs and unburned POHCs generally occurred at high excess air values.
Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of a lectin from chinook salmon ova

Abstract Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) ova contain a lectin that agglutinated human type B and rabbit erythrocytes and was specifically inhibited by the monosaccharides d -galactose and l -rhamnose. The lectin purified from homogenates of the ova by affinity chromatography on agarose possessed a p I of 4.5 in isoelectric focusing studies. The purified lectin inhibited the growth of four bacterial fish pathogens.
Wealth versus political power: the Russian case

Abstract The interplay between the state and the super rich has been a subject of intense debate since the time of Aristotle, who introduced the notion of oligarchs and the oligarchic regime as the ruling of a few rich people. The ideologically loaded debates about the role of wealthy people in society can be found in each country in the contemporary world. In recent times, the fact that Silvio Berlusconi is both Italy’s prime minister and the richest person in the country (who has almost complete control over Italian TV) has aroused intense debates about the impact of big business on politics ( Stille, 2003 ). It is not surprising that the case of the Italian prime minister draws attention in Russia, where he is often compared to both the Russian president as well as to the oligarchs ( Remnik, 2003 ). A dramatic struggle between Russian President Vladimir Putin, and the oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky, whose wealth was estimated before his arrest at eight-billion dollars, 1 unfolded in the summer and fall of 2003. This conflict will likely be recounted in any future textbook that discusses the relationship between political power and big money.
The Process of Scientific Discovery: How Certain Can We Be?

THE process of scientific discovery is steeped in concepts of uncertainty. Yet high school and college textbooks of biology discuss this process as if it were an absolute one. As scientists, we begin the process of discovery with a testable idea about how some biological system works. Then, we must contend with four other elements of scientific discovery: measurement, sampling, repeatability and prediction.
Sudakov suppression and the proton form factor.

The proton Dirac form factor is calculated using the modified factorization formula proposed by Li and Sterman, which takes into account Sudakov suppression of elastic scattering for soft gluon exchange. The results for ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}=0.1\ensuremath{-}0.2$ GeV are in good agreement with experimental data above the energy scale of 3 GeV. The calculation involves no phenomenological parameters such as a gluon mass and the conclusions are insensitive to different models of wave functions.
Surprising Recent Immigrant Wage Growth: Evidence from Information Technology Occupations

Information technology (IT) occupations have seen high rates of employment growth in recent years and employers have relied on foreign born workers to help fill labor shortages (Mithas and Lucas,Management Science, 2010). By 2011, about 21 % of IT workers in five of the largest IT occupations in the U.S. were foreign born (Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey, 2011). Our research explores the relative wage and salary earnings of college educated immigrant IT workers from 2006 to 2011. For several reasons, we initially expected that immigrant earnings in IT occupations would be less than native earnings. First, many immigrants, especially immigrant IT workers, have temporary visas (Kerr and Lincoln, Journal of Labor Economics, 2010). Second, recessions more adversely affect immigrants than natives (Orrenius and Zavodny, American Economic Review, 2010). Third, many immigrants may initially lack English language proficiencies (Chiswick and Miller, Journal of Population Economics, 2002). These factors suggest that immigrant IT workers should have lower earnings and be more adversely affected during cyclical downturns than native ITworkers. Surprisingly, our study shows that immigrants in IT occupations actually earned higher wages than natives in 2006, and that this advantage was maintained during the recession. Data are drawn from the American Community Survey (ACS) and includes 3 years to represent three phases of the current business cycle: 2006 is a boom year, 2009 is a recession year, and 2011 is a recovery year. The sample consists of 56,784 native and foreign born college graduates who are between 25 and 65 years of age and working full time in five IT occupations: computer systems analysts and computer scientists; operations and systems researchers and analysts; computer and peripheral equipment operators; programmers of machine tools; and computer and peripheral equipment operators. Excluded from the sample were those with imputed incomes, those not working at least 35 hours and those employed less than 50 weeks during the past year. Atl Econ J (2014) 42:115–116 DOI 10.1007/s11293-014-9411-9
Clearance, Leakage, and Contact Temperature in a Thermoelastically Deformed Seal-Like Configuration

Equations are derived for clearance, leakage, and contact temperatures for conditions where initially flat rubbing surfaces are deformed thermally to produce a sequence of equally spaced contact patches, separated by regions where the surfaces withdraw from one another. One paradoxical result is that increased contact pressure or preload on the seal increases leakage when sliding takes place above a critical speed.
Polarized light scattering from pairs of anisotropic, linear molecules (H2-H2, D2-D2)

We have measured the binary collision induced, polarized, translational Raman spectra of gaseous hydrogen and deuterium. We compare these spectra to the previously reported binary helium polarized spectra and to quantum line-shapes calculated from point dipole models and ab initio pair polarizabilities.
Metabolic dynamics in the human red cell. Part IV—Data prediction and some model computations

The biochemical information on the basic cellular determinants of the human red cell has been compiled into a comprehensive model of the red cell metabolic machinery. This model gives a consistent interpretation—both qualitative and quantitative—of the experimental findings. The predicted steady states and the dynamic states of the model are compared with the experimental findings, and the utility of this model is demonstrated.
Influence of ataxia telangiectasia gene dosage on bleomycin-induced chromosome breakage and inhibition of replication in human lymphoblastoid cell lines

Abstract Long-term lymphoblastoid cell lines, obtained by E-B virus transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes, retain many of the features of hypersensitivity to environmental agents found in primary cultures and fibroblast strains from patients with genetic diseases. Primary lymphocyte cultures from patients with ataxia telangiectasia, a cancer-prone genetic disease, have increased sensitivity to chromosomal damage induced by the radio-mimetic drug, bleomycin. In order to study the expression of ataxia telangiectasia gene dosage in lymphoblastoid cell lines, we examined chromosomal aberrations in lines containing two, one, or no alleles for ataxia telangiectasia. These were derived from ataxia telangiectasia homozygotes, from ataxia telangiectasia obligate heterozygotes, and from presumably normal donors, respectively. Chromosome preparations were made 46 h after a 2 h exposure to bleomycin and scored for chromosome breakage, for the relative rate of cell replication as assessed by sister chromatid differentiation patterns, and for the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges. Baseline frequencies of chromosome breakage and sister chromatid exchanges, and baseline rates of cell replication were similar in all nine lymphoblastoid cell lines. Following treatment with 25 or 250 mU/ml bleomycin, all the lymphoblastoid cell lines showed increased chromosome breakage and decreased cell replication. The lymphoblastoid cell lines from the ataxia telangiectasia homozygotes had significantly increased chromosome breakage and decreased rate of cell replication after either bleomycin dose in comparison with the normal or with the ataxia telangiectasia heterozygous lines. Sister chromatid exchange frequencies were not altered by bleomycin exposure.
Plasma parameter and film casting optimization for the determination of particulate matter in a sol–gel matrix by radiofrequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (rf-GD-OES)

Solids analysis has typically suffered from the lack of true analytical blanks and the inability to study particulate solids in their native state. Reported here is an approach to the analysis of particulate matter entrapped in a sol–gel matrix by radiofrequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (rf-GD-OES). Sol–gel glasses are synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) and spun cast onto glass substrates. Slurries of powdered NIST standard reference materials (SRMs) 1884a Portland Cement and 1648 Urban Particulate Matter were incorporated into the films and analyzed for both main and trace element components. Cast films were analyzed to determine the discharge operating conditions and effects of particle size and deposited layer thickness while monitoring optical emission lines of a number of analytes. Using the sol–gel method, analytical blanks were obtained by use of an undoped sol–gel. Detection limits were determined for minor elements using background/blank subtraction and were found to be in the range of 1–12 μg g−1 in Portland Cement for elements Al, Ca, P, Mn and Fe, which corresponds to single-nanogram absolute detection limits.
Roaming dynamics in formaldehyde-d2 dissociation.

State-resolved photodissociation dynamics of formaldehyde-d2, i.e., D2CO, at energies slightly above the deuterium atom elimination channel have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. ...
Pilot experience with continuous infusion alemtuzumab in patients with fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia

We evaluated the activity and tolerability of alemtuzumab given as a continuous infusion for 7 d followed by subcutaneous administration for 11 wk as salvage therapy for 10 patients with fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The continuous infusion of alemtuzumab was well tolerated. The typical infusion reaction seen with intravenous alemtuzumab was abolished. Two patients achieved a partial response with an overall response rate of 20%. Alemtuzumab levels were measured in four patients and detectable levels were obtained in three. Clinical activity needs to be confirmed in a larger patient population.
Aging Baby Boomers and the Rising Cost of Chronic Back Pain: Secular Trend Analysis of Longitudinal Medical Expenditures Panel Survey Data for Years 2000 to 2007

Objectives The purposes of this study were to analyze data from the longitudinal Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS) to evaluate the impact of an aging population on secular trends in back pain and chronicity and to provide estimates of treatment costs for patients who used only ambulatory services.
DESIGNING INCENTIVE PLANS FOR UNIONIZED EMPLOYEES: A COMPARISON OF CONTINUOUS AND VARIABLE RATIO REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES1

The relative effectiveness of incentive plans administered on continuous and VR-4 schedules of reinforcement was investigated with unionized employees using a within subjects design. Mountain beaver trappers working side by side were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In group A the trappers received $1.00 for every rat they trapped. At the end of four weeks, they were switched to a VR-4 schedule in which they received $4.00 contingent upon trapping a rat and correctly guessing the color of one of four marbles prior to drawing it from a bag held by the supervisor. In group B the order of the schedules was reversed. The results were analyzed in terms of cost-related, behavioral, and reaction criteria. The study increased employee productivity and decreased costs for the company. Inexperienced workers had higher productivity on the continuous reinforcement than on the VR-4 schedule; experienced workers had higher productivity on the VR-4 schedule than on the continuous schedule. Both the experienced and the inexperienced employees preferred the VR-4 schedule over the continuous schedule.
Development of wide-gap II-VI materials for blue-green diode laser applications: a review

The status of ZnSe-based blue-green diode lasers evolved extremely rapidly from 'non- existent' in 1990 to 'room temperature continuous-wave operation' in 1993. Such rapid progress can be attributed, in the author's opinion, to four critical materials-related breakthroughs reported over an exciting two-year time frame. The nature of these four breakthroughs will be reviewed in this paper as will their significance with regard to their impact on the performance of blue-green diode lasers.
HIV infection of mononuclear cells is calcium-dependent.

Abstract Strategies that prevent initial HIV infection of cells are greatly needed. In this study, we determined the requirement of divalent cations for HIV infection of and attachment to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), which contain several types of HIV-infectable cells—CD4+ T cells, monocytes and dendritic cells. EDTA, added only during PBMC exposure to HIV, reduced infection by an average of 92%. The reduction of infection by EDTA was accompanied by a reduction in HIV binding to PBMC; R5, X4 and dual-tropic HIV binding to PBMC were inhibited by >85%. EGTA similarly reduced HIV binding to PBMC, while addition of Ca2+ or Mn2+, but not Mg2+, fully restored binding. Virus attachment was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by trypsin treatment of PBMC, indicating protein involvement in HIV binding. In contrast, mannan or soluble ICAM-1 did not inhibit HIV binding to PBMC. These data indicate that a Ca2+-dependent cell-surface protein(s) is responsible for the majority of HIV attachment to and infection of PBMC. Further studies of this are likely to reveal novel strategies to prevent infection of PBMC.
Branching out: the ramosa pathway and the evolution of grass inflorescence morphology.

The recent cloning of two classical maize mutants, ramosa1 ( ra1 ) by [Vollbrecht et al. (2005)][1] and ra2 by [Bortiri et al. (2006)][2] (in this issue of The Plant Cell ), has identified a pathway that plays a fundamental role in inflorescence architecture in maize. The name ramosa , from the
Advances in stem cell research

Stem Cells in Endocrinology considers the potential use of stem cells for the treatment of endocrine disorders. It consists of two sections, Basic Stem Cell Biology and Translational Research. The first section introduces embryonic, germline, umbilical cord and adult stem cells, with some emphasis for endocrine differentiation of stem cells and possible treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The second section examines therapeutic potential of stem cells for metabolic and autoimmune endocrine diseases, bone repair, and spermatogenetic stem cells.
SYSTEMATIC VARIABILITY IN REPETITIOUS TRAVEL

The focus of this paper is the degree to which day-to-day variability in the individual's travel pattern has a systematic, or nonrandom, component. We first review the different sources of variability in travel, emphasizing the difference between between-individual and within-individual variation and the implications of this difference for travel analysis. After discussing the impact of measurement (i.e. the way in which travel behavior is measured) on the study of repetition and variability, we use the Uppsala data to examine the level of systematic variability in an individual's longitudinal travel record. The analysis focuses on two questions: How well does observation over one week capture longer-term (five-week) travel behavior; in other words, is behavior highly repetitive from week to week? How systematic is within-individual variability; in other words, are certain stops distributed over the five-week record in a nonrandom, that is either regular or clustered, fashion? Using measures of travel that include more than one stop attribute (e.g. activity, mode, time of day, and location), we found that: A seven-day record of travel does not capture most of the separate behaviors exhibited by the individual over a five-week period, but it does capture, for most people, a good sampling of the person's different typical daily travel patterns. Whereas a considerable portion of intraindividual variability is systematic (nonrandom), clustering is a more important source of nonrandom variation than is regularity. The results suggest that behavior does not follow a weekly cycle closely enough for a one-week travel record to measure the longer-term frequency with which the individual makes certain stops or to assess the level of day-to-day variation present in the individual's record. Because these results are likely to reflect the particular measures of behavior we used, one conclusion of this study is the need for other studies that replicate the aims of this one but use a variety of other travel measures. Only through such additional work can we truly assess the sensitivity of our findings to measurement techniques.
Understanding Long-Term Earthquake Behavior through Simulation

Understanding earthquake behavior is crucial for predicting earthquakes' effects. One way of understanding long-term earthquake behavior is through simulation. Virtual California is a program developed to generate ensembles of earthquakes in a specified fault system. The theory underlying the program, some recent results, and several optimizations used to improve performance are presented.
Allozyme electrophoretic analysis of the Hediste limnicola — H. diversicolor — H. japonica species complex (Polychaeta: Nereididae)

Three morphologically similar species of the polychaete genus Hediste [H. limnicola (Johnson, 1901), H. diversicolor (O. F. Muller, 1776), and H. japonica (Izuka, 1908)] have been described, respectively, from the west coast of North America, Europe, and Japan. Although these taxa are geographically isolated by oceans, the morphological criteria by which they can be separated are sufficiently variable as to make identification difficult. We have compared these three taxa biochemically using ten allozyme loci and have found that they are genetically distinct and constitute valid species. H. japonica (collected in June 1990 from Kyushu, Japan) appears more closely related to H. limnicola (collected in July 1989 from two sites in California and two in Oregon, USA) than it is to H. diversicolor (collected in October-November 1989 from the Weser estuary and the Jadebusen in Germany). H. limnicola has been recognized previously as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, but it is quite polymorphic in the four populations examined and we suggest that some cross-fertilization must occur in the field. Marked allele frequency differences between the two H. diversicolor populations examined, which were separated by only about 30 km, suggested that there was restricted gene flow between populations, or that there had been strong short-term selection.
Building learning bridges among undergraduate courses of Electronics, Power Electronics and Electric Drives Lab

This paper presents the authors' innovative teaching practice of linking three core courses (Electronics in Junior first semester, Power Electronics in Junior second semester and Electric Drives Lab in Senior first semester) in Electrical and Computer Engineering curriculum with special designed projects and labs. Traditionally these three courses are taught in relative isolation with each course focusing on its own teaching materials and structure. Even though students get satisfied grade and successfully complete all the experiments for each course, they still struggle when coming to combine all the knowledge they learned to design and integrate a complex system. The idea is to deliver these three courses as a group and introduce the concept of the higher level course in the lower level course by special designed course projects to reveal the linkage between the two courses by employing zoomin/out approach.
Enhancement of Thrombolysis In Vivo Without Skin and Soft Tissue Damage by Transcutaneous Ultrasound

Previous studies have shown that transcutaneous ultrasound enhances thrombolysis by streptokinase in animals in vivo; however, skin and soft tissue damage induced by ultrasound energy has been a major limitation. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of thrombolysis and damage to skin and soft tissues using a newly designed concentrated ultrasound system with a cooling manifold. Using a rabbit model with iliofemoral arterial thrombotic occlusions, 15 pairs of arteries were randomized to receive ultrasound treatment or no ultrasound treatment. Streptokinase (25,000 unit/kg) was given intravenously. Skin temperature was maintained at 25-33 degrees C when ultrasound energy was applied. The serum level of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, red blood cell counts, and platelet counts were checked at baseline, after thrombus induction, and after ultrasound treatment. Fifteen of fifteen (100%) iliofemoral arteries were angiographically recanalized after ultrasound treatment. In contrast, only 1/15 (6.7%) contralateral arteries were patent after 1 hour. After the subsequent hour with heparin the patency was 14/15 in the ultrasound treated group and 3/15 in the control group. Histologically, the patent arteries had only minimal focal mural thrombus, whereas the angiographically occluded arteries had occlusive thrombi. There was no histologic evidence of ultrasound induced damage to overlying skin, soft tissues, or arteries. In addition, there was no significant rise of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, or decrease in red blood cell counts and platelet counts induced by ultrasound. In conclusion, transcutaneous concentrated ultrasound which significantly enhances streptokinase induced thrombolysis in vivo can be delivered without concomitant tissue damage. This simple combination therapy has clinical potential for safely treating patients with arterial or venous thromboses.
Climate change, urbanisation and hydrological impacts

This paper is a review of recent studies that addressed the hydrological impacts, especially on streamflow, of climate change and/or urbanisation. Articles published between 1996 and 2002 on this subject were reviewed focusing on research methods and results. The main issues addressed with regard to research methods include development of climate change and urbanisation scenarios, assessment of urbanisation, hydrological models, and geographical scale. With regard to the results of studies, combined impact of climate change and urbanisation, linearity of runoff response, and impact on flood were addressed. Overall, there has been significant development in this area, and much of it can be attributed to technological advances. Modelling tools for climate change and urbanisation are becoming more reliable and popular. More studies need to be performed about the combined impact of climate change and urbanisation, and the linearity of runoff response for the theoretical development in this area.
Further investigation of the spatial generalization of Kato's theorem by a variational density‐functional approach

In a recent work, Csvinszky formulated a variational density-functional approach for the investigation of the spatial generalization of Kato's theorem by March. In the previous work, a 10-electron model system (filled K and L shells) was considered. In the present work, the investigation is extended to two other cases: a 28-electron model system (filled K, L, and M shells) and a 60-electron model system (filled K, L, M, and N shells). As in the previous work, several expressions are adapted for the kinetic-energy functional of the electrons and the intriguing question of identifying the “best” kinetic-energy functional is raised and discussed.
Integrated Circuits for Volumetric Ultrasound Imaging With 2-D CMUT Arrays

Real-time volumetric ultrasound imaging systems require transmit and receive circuitry to generate ultrasound beams and process received echo signals. The complexity of building such a system is high due to requirement of the front-end electronics needing to be very close to the transducer. A large number of elements also need to be interfaced to the back-end system and image processing of a large dataset could affect the imaging volume rate. In this work, we present a 3-D imaging system using capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) technology that addresses many of the challenges in building such a system. We demonstrate two approaches in integrating the transducer and the front-end electronics. The transducer is a 5-MHz CMUT array with an 8 mm × 8 mm aperture size. The aperture consists of 1024 elements (32 × 32) with an element pitch of 250 μm. An integrated circuit (IC) consists of a transmit beamformer and receive circuitry to improve the noise performance of the overall system. The assembly was interfaced with an FPGA and a back-end system (comprising of a data acquisition system and PC). The FPGA provided the digital I/O signals for the IC and the back-end system was used to process the received RF echo data (from the IC) and reconstruct the volume image using a phased array imaging approach. Imaging experiments were performed using wire and spring targets, a ventricle model and a human prostrate. Real-time volumetric images were captured at 5 volumes per second and are presented in this paper.
Cre/loxP recombination‐activated neuronal markers in mouse neocortex and hippocampus

A new strategy for visualizing neuronal cell morphology of mouse brain based on Cre/loxP recombination-activated gene expression is described. A "reporter" transgenic line was generated which expressed a fusion gene encoding a dendrite-targeted green fluorescent protein (MAP2-GFP) upon deletion of a transcription/translation STOP (transcription and translation stop signal) cassette. Cre transgenic "deleter" lines were established that activated reporter gene expression at various frequencies in pyramidal neurons in the forebrain. A deleter line was identified which activated a MAP2-GFP reporter gene at very low frequency (less than 0.1% of pyramidal neurons) and allowed the visualization of dendritic structures of individual neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In addition, vertical "columns" of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex were labeled in these mice. In a second deleter line, a MAP2-GFP reporter gene was selectively activated in pyramidal neurons of the CA-1 subregion of the hippocampus in young mice. With its combinatorial property, this binary recombination-activated neuronal marker system should facilitate the study of detailed morphology, connectivity, and plasticity of defined classes of live neurons in vitro and in vivo.
Test of correlation expansions for inelastic scattering of protons from 16O and 40Ca in Glauber theory

Abstract Two different versions of a correlation expansion for the A -body nuclear transition density required to evaluate the Glauber amplitude for inelastic proton-nucleus scattering are tested. Antisymmetrized oscillator wave functions, containing only Pauli correlations, are used to calculate the “exact” amplitude as well as various terms in the correlation expansions for the excitation of the 3 − (6.13 MeV) state of 16 O and the 5 − (4.49 MeV) state of 40 Ca. The leading term in both expansions, which ignores all correlations and corresponds to the Glauber theory version of the DWIA, leads to errors which are larger than present experimental errors, especially at large momentum transfers. In one version of the correlation expansion, due to Alkhazov et al. , the first-order correction contains both elastic and inelastic two-body correlations and leads to satisfactory results. In the other version, used by Abgrall et al. , the first-order correction contains only inelastic two-body correlations. In this case the first- and second-order corrections are needed to obtain accuracy comparable to that of the latest experiments.
Motorneurons of different geometry and the size principle

A scheme for constructing computer models of motorneurons is presented. These model neurons display both repetitive firing and action potentials of appropriate time course; the technique combines ideas of Dodge and Cooley (1973) and Kernell and Sjoholm (1972, 1973). This scheme is used to construct models of motorneurons of different input resistance (and hence different geometry) in order to examine Kernell's (1966) observations that (a) small motorneurons require a lower injected current to begin firing than do large motorneurons; but (b) the slope of the injected current-firing rate curve is less for small neurons than large. It is concluded that this behavior is not a simple consequence of the cell geometry, but requires different time courses for a slow conductance across the cell membrane. This observation is consistent with the experimentally observed differences in time course of afterhyperpolarization between large and small cells (Eccles et al., 1958). The models are used to study input-output relations for motorneurons when the input is a steady conductance change on the cell membrane, possibly in conjunction with an injected current. Comparisons are drawn with the experimental observations of Kernell (1965a, 1965b) and Chaplain and Schaupp (1973). It is shown that the observations of Henneman et al. (1965a, 1965b) and Milner-Brown et al. (1973a, 1973b) on the order of recruitment of motorneurons under conditions of natural stimulation may be explained by the following version of the size principle: a given input to a pool of motorneurons causes equivalent conductance changes on each cell of the pool--here equivalent means the input is distributed to corresponding portions of the soma-dendritic tree and is of equal magnitude in mhos. Hypotheses are offered as to how this distribution of input may be accomplished in Nature.
Characterization of Dysplastic Tissue Morphology and Biochemistry in Barrett’s Esophagus using Diffuse Reflectance and Light Scattering Spectroscopy

LSS and DRS are techniques that provide diagnostically useful information based on changes in the intensity of backscattered light that has experienced either a single or multiple scattering events. These changes can be detected effectively using statistical and model-based algorithms. In addition to providing a means to detect the presence of dysplasia noninvasively, the latter approach yields potentially significant insights into the processes that are involved in the development of dysplasia in BE. Because DRS and LSS provide complementary information to each other and to other spectroscopic modalities, such as fluorescence, it is possible that a combination of all these techniques will ultimately provide a highly accurate real-time method for detecting BE dysplasia. Extending point spectroscopic measurements to imaging of the esophagus will be challenging, but continuous progess in the development of powerful light sources, sensitive detectors, and micro-optical elements should allow this method to become a reality in the near future.
Family Influences on Early Development

The goal of this article is to review the literature concerning family influences on child development during the first few years of life. Implications of this literature for intervention planning ...
Use of Riparian Corridors and Vineyards by Mammalian Predators in Northern California

To address increasing fragmentation, conservation biologists have focused on protecting core habitat areas and maintaining connectivity among protected areas. Wildlife corridors, strips of relatively intact habitat designed to connect habitat fragments, may enhance connectivity, but little empirical evidence supports the idea that large mammals prefer to use corridors rather than the surrounding developed landscape. In Sonoma County, a premium wine-grape-growing region in California, we examined mammalian predator use of 21 riparian corridors classified as denuded, narrow, or wide according to the width of the remaining natural vegetation adjacent to the creek. We used unbaited, remotely triggered cameras to determine occurrence of predator species. We also monitored predator use of six vineyards, three close to core habitat and three far from core habitat, with unbaited cameras. Mammalian predator detection rates were 11-fold higher in riparian study areas than in vineyards. More native mammalian predator species were found in wide corridors than in narrow or denuded creek corridors. The number and activity level of native predators was higher in vineyards adjacent to core habitat than in vineyards farther away, where the number and activity level of non-native predators was higher. Maintaining wide and well-vegetated riparian corridors may be important in maintaining the connectivity of native predator populations to ensure their long-term survival.
Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective.

DNA topoisomerases are the magicians of the DNA world — by allowing DNA strands or double helices to pass through each other, they can solve all of the topological problems of DNA in replication, transcription and other cellular transactions. Extensive biochemical and structural studies over the past three decades have provided molecular models of how the various subfamilies of DNA topoisomerase manipulate DNA. In this review, the cellular roles of these enzymes are examined from a molecular point of view.
Integrating mental health services into primary care for HIV-infected pregnant and non-pregnant women: Whole Life--a theoretically derived model for clinical care and outcomes assessment.

Abstract Poor women of color who are disproportionately both infected and affected by HIV/AIDS also face multiple lifestyle and psychosocial burdens that complicate effective delivery of health care, thereby contributing to their poorer prognosis. Addressing these factors within the context of HIV/AIDS primary care for women is the aim of Whole Life, a program to integrate mental health services into primary care for HIV-infected pregnant and non-pregnant women. Whole Life utilizes a theoretically derived clinical services model that provides data for both clinical care and patient outcomes research within the constraints of a clinical setting. During a woman’s first two clinic visits, data are gathered in structured interviews with standardized instruments—adapted for relevance to the population—that meet clinical and service needs, as well as measure components of the Whole Life model. Interviews are conducted by existing front-line staff who have been trained in using these instruments to gather information typically recorded in clinical notes. The implementation of Whole Life to date clearly demonstrates the feasibility of mental health–primary care services integration in a publicly funded HIV primary care clinic serving poor women of color.
A Population Survey of Symptoms Suggestive of Transient Ischemic Attacks

A sample of the Baltimore population was interviewed in order to determine the frequency of symptoms suggestive of transient cerebral ischemic attacks. Respondents were interviewed in their homes. A history of ten symptoms which may have occurred within the past two years was elicited. Of the 6,830 individuals that were interviewed, 52% had no symptoms and approximately 10% had three or more symptoms. The frequency of symptoms did not increase substantially with advancing age between ages 45 to 74 or very markedly by sex and race. Individuals reporting a history of cardiovascular disease, stroke or diabetes had a substantially higher frequency of symptoms. Also the frequency of symptoms appeared to be higher in the less-educated groups.
Gene expression profiling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) presents a difficult medical problem. T-ALL's clinical features and the biological properties of the leukemia cells are not predictive of prognosis, and thus have not been useful for risk-specific adjustments in therapeutic intensity. Microarray gene expression analyses of T-cell leukemic lymphoblasts have not only improved our understanding of the biological heterogeneity of this disease but have revealed clinically relevant molecular subtypes. Five different multistep molecular pathways have been identified that lead to T-ALL, involving activation of different T-ALL oncogenes: (1) HOX11, (2) HOX11L2, (3) TAL1 plus LMO1/2, (4) LYL1 plus LMO2, and (5) MLL-ENL. Gene expression studies indicate activation of a subset of these genes-HOX11, TAL1, LYL1, LMO1, and LMO2-in a much larger fraction of T-ALL cases than those harboring activating chromosomal translocations. In many such cases, the abnormal expression of one or more of these oncogenes is biallelic, implicating upstream regulatory mechanisms. Among these molecular subtypes, overexpression of the HOX11 orphan homeobox gene occurs in approximately 5% to 10% of childhood and 30% of adult T-ALL cases. Patients with HOX11-positive lymphoblasts have an excellent prognosis when treated with modern combination chemotherapy, while cases at high risk of early failure are included largely in the TAL1- and LYL1-positive groups. Supervised learning approaches applied to microarray data have identified a group of genes whose expression is able to distinguish high-risk cases. Further analyses of gene expression signatures of T-ALL lymphoblasts are especially needed for patients treated on modern combination chemotherapy trials to clearly distinguish the 10% to 15% of patients who fail induction or relapse in the first year of treatment. These high-risk patients would be ideal candidates for more intensive therapies in first remission, such as myeloablative regimens with stem cell rescue. Based on the rapid pace of research in T-ALL, made possible in large part through microarray technology, deep analysis of molecular pathways should lead to new and much more specific targeted therapies.
Reduced Effectiveness of CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells in CD28-Deficient NOD.H-2h4 Mice Leads to Increased Severity of Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis

NOD.H-2h4 mice given NaI in their drinking water develop iodine-accelerated spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (ISAT) with chronic inflammation of the thyroid by T and B cells and production of anti-mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) autoantibody. CD28(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice, which have reduced numbers of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), were developed to examine the role of Tregs in ISAT development. CD28(-/-) NOD.H2-h4 mice develop more severe ISAT than do wild-type (WT) mice, with collagen deposition (fibrosis) and low serum T4. CD28(-/-) mice have increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6, consistent with increased mononuclear cell infiltration and tissue destruction in thyroids. Importantly, transferring purified CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs from WT mice reduces ISAT severity in CD28(-/-) mice without increasing the total number of Tregs, suggesting that endogenous Tregs in CD28(-/-) mice are functionally ineffective. Endogenous CD28(-/-) Tregs have reduced surface expression of CD27, TNFR2 p75, and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein compared with transferred CD28(+/+) Tregs. Although anti-MTg autoantibody levels generally correlate with ISAT severity scores in WT mice, CD28(-/-) mice have lower anti-MTg autoantibody responses than do WT mice. The percentages of follicular B cells are decreased and those of marginal zone B cells are increased in spleens of CD28(-/-) mice, and they have fewer thyroid-infiltrating B cells than do WT mice. This suggests that CD28 deficiency has direct and indirect effects on the B cell compartment. B cell-deficient (B(-/-)) NOD.H-2h4 mice are resistant to ISAT, but CD28(-/-)B(-/-) mice develop ISAT comparable to WT mice and have reduced numbers of Tregs compared with WT B(-/-) mice.
Rake receiver finger placement for realistic channels

This paper deals with finder placement for Rake receivers, which is a key aspect in the design of receivers for spread-spectrum communications. Finger placement is typically performed using a path searcher, which estimates the power/delay profile (PDP) of the received signal to determine where signal energy is present. A commonly used finger placement approach is to place fingers at delays corresponding to the peaks of the PDP, with a restriction that fingers he no closer than some minimum spacing. Another approach is to place fingers on an equally-spaced grid of delays. For the typical urban (TU) channel model, we quantify performance of the two approaches in terms of acquired signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and modem bit- error-rate (BER). We show that performance depends primarily on minimum finger spacing and number of fingers. The grid approach performs well when there are enough fingers to collect most of the signal energy. For a channel model in which path delays vary dynamically, we find that the grid approach provides robust performance.
Neuroendocrine differentiation of a metastatic basal cell carcinoma in a patient with basal cell nevus syndrome

A 48 year-old white male with basal cell nevus syndrome presented with a metastatic basal cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine features. The tumor manifested aggressive behavior, having deep local invasion and metastases to para-aortic lymph nodes and bone. Neuroendocrine differentiation has rarely been associated with basal cell carcinoma. The histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies of this rare tumor are described.