cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed hierarchical co-clustering and collaborative filtering algorithm

Petascale Analytics is a hot research area both in academia and industry. It envisages processing massive amounts of data at extremely high rates to generate new scientific insights along with positive impact (for both users and providers) of industries such as E-commerce, Telecom, Finance, Life Sciences and so forth. We consider collaborative filtering (CF) and Clustering algorithms that are key fundamental analytics kernels that help in achieving these aims. Real-time CF and co-clustering on highly sparse massive datasets, while achieving a high prediction accuracy, is a computationally challenging problem. In this paper, we present a novel hierarchical design for soft real-time (less than 1 minute.) distributed co-clustering based collaborative filtering algorithm. Our distributed algorithm has been optimized for multi-core cluster architectures. Theoretical analysis of the time complexity of our algorithm proves the efficacy of our approach. Using the Netflix dataset (900M training ratings with replication) as well as the Yahoo KDD Cup 1 (4.6B training ratings with replication) datasets, we demonstrate the performance and scalability of our algorithm on a 4096-node multi-core cluster architecture. Our distributed algorithm (implemented using OpenMP with MPI) demonstrates around 4x better performance (on Blue Gene/P) as compared to the best prior work, along with high accuracy (26 ± 4 RMSE for Yahoo KDD Cup data and 0.87 ± 0.02 for Netflix data). To the best of our knowledge, these are the best known performance results for collaborative filtering, at high prediction accuracy, for multi-core cluster architectures.
The victorian web and the victorian course wiki: comparing the educational effectiveness of identical assignments in web 1.0 and web 2.0

In September 2008, the author delivered a keynote at WikiSym2008, in Porto, Portugal entitled "When a Wiki is not a Wiki: Twenty Years of the Victorian Web" in which he argued that the 45,000 documents that then made up www.victorianweb.org function as a moderated wiki and that, therefore, Web 1.0 can function for educational purposes much as Web 2.0 - and has done so for many years. Challenged to employ an actual wiki, Landow taught the same course with the same weekly student assignments in successive years (2009, 2010), the first using the website, the second a closed, password-protected wiki. After briefly describing the composition, history, and authorship of the Victorian Web, key parts of which have existed in multiple hypermedia environments since their creation in 1988 for the Brown University Intermedia project, it presents the assignment, explains its goals, and then sets forth the results of this experience, listing advantages and disadvantages of using the wiki for instructors, students, and the related website.
Coding with structurelets

In this work, we develop a new framework for image and video compression. In traditional frameworks, images are considered 2-D arrays of pixels and encoded using spatiotemporal prediction and transform. Here, we consider an image as an orderless set of atom units, called structurelets, which satisfy a set of imaging constraints. We use lossless image compression as an example to demonstrate how the image encoder and decoder can be designed. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outputs existing methods for lossless image compression.
Genes critical to vasculogenesis as defined by systematic analysis of vascular defects in knockout mice

To identify genes important to the process of vasculogenesis, we evaluated embryonic vascular anomalies from 100 mouse knockout studies using a novel meta-analysis approach. By applying this method, termed approach for ranking of embryonic vascular anomalies (AREVA), rank scores were calculated for each knockout based on the occurrence of vascular defects during periods of vasculogenesis in specific embryonic regions. As a result, 12 genes (fibronectin, VEGFR-1/Flt-1, VEGFR-2/Flk-1, alpha 5 integrin, Tek/Tie2, VE-cadherin, VEGFA, connexin 45, ShcA, cytochrome P450 reductase, CD148/DEP-1, and EphrinB2) were determined to play critical roles in vasculogenesis. Functional categorization of these genes revealed the fundamental importance of VEGF signaling since 10 of the 12 genes (fibronectin, VEGFR-1/Flt-1, VEGFR-2/Flk-1, alpha 5 integrin, VE-cadherin, VEGFA, ShcA, cytochrome P450 reductase, CD148/DEP-1, and EphrinB2) relate to this pathway. Furthermore, the findings highlight a potential network for regulating VEGF signaling involving integration of fibronectin, EphrinB2, Tie2, and connexin 45 signaling pathways via the ShcA/Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk cascade. In addition to retrospective application of AREVA as done herein, AREVA can be used prospectively to determine the relevancy to vasculogenesis of newly inactivated genes. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy. Frequency of exposure and usage patterns.

In view of the reported association between exposure in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina, data on the prenatal use of DES in some 51,000 pregnancies in 12 hospitals between the years, 1959 and 1965, were examined. Among these women, in whom prenatal drug exposure was carefully documented, there was considerable variation in DES usage, the frequency being highest in the Boston Lying-In Hospital (exposure in 1.5% of pregnancies) and the Children's Hospital, Buffalo (exposure in 0.8% of pregnancies). Data from two marketing research sources were used to estimate DES usage in the United States. It is calculated that a maximum of 50,000 liveborn females per year, born between 1960 and 1970, were exposed to DES in utero, while the most likely estimate is in the range 10,000 to 16,000.
Laparotomy to laparoscopy: Changing trends in the surgical management of ectopic pregnancy in a tertiary care teaching hospital

Abstract Study objective To review the changing trends in the surgical management of ectopic pregnancy and to evaluate the effect of an ongoing training program for resident surgeons on the rate and success of laparoscopic surgery. Design Retrospective chart review (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). Setting University tertiary medical center. Patients One thousand forty-six patients with ectopic pregnancy treated at Jackson Memorial Hospital from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2004. Intervention A formal, ongoing laparoscopic training program was established in 1999. Measurements The rate of laparoscopy, laparotomy, and conversion for each year was compared with the baseline year of 1995 and between the years before and after the establishment of the training program. Results Four hundred sixty-eight laparotomies and 578 laparoscopies were successfully completed. The laparoscopic approach rate has increased from 40.9% in 1995 to 86.3% in 2004. By year 2000 and thereafter, significantly more ectopic surgeries were approached through the laparoscope compared with in 1995 (p Conclusion Laparoscopy became the primary approach for the management of ectopic pregnancy in part because of resident participation in an ongoing laparoscopy training program.
Perceptual Development of Nasal Consonants in Children With Normal Hearing and in Children Who Use Cochlear Implants

Purpose This study was conducted to determine whether the perceptions of nasal consonants in children with normal hearing and children with cochlear implants were predicted by the discontinuity hypothesis. Methods Four groups participated: 8 adults, 8 children with normal hearing (ages 5–7 years), 8 children with normal hearing (ages 3.5–4 years), and 5 children with cochlear implants (ages 5–7 years). Stimuli were 128 nasal consonant + vowel (/m/ /n/ + /i/ /ae/ /u/ /ɑ/) syllables produced by a male adult. Each syllable production was edited into 4 segment types: (a) 50-ms murmur, (b) 25-ms murmur + 25-ms transition, (c) 50-ms transition, and (d) full syllable. Results Developmental effects were observed across listener groups. The children performed better in the 25-ms murmur + 25-ms transition condition, which suggests that they benefit from an integrated perceptual cue. The children wearing cochlear implants performed poorer than children with normal hearing on all segments. Conclusions Developmental di...
Abstract A15: Snail upregulation of SPARC leads to increased invasion in models of both early-and late-stage NSCLC

The zinc-finger protein Snail is upregulated in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and is associated with poor patient prognosis. We have shown that Snail upregulation in lung cancer cell lines leads to morphologic changes indicative of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and tumor progression in vivo. Snail overexpression is associated with differential gene expression related to diverse aspects of lung cancer progression. One gene upregulated by Snail in both NSCLC and histologically normal human bronchial epithelial cell lines is secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). Expression of SPARC modulates reversible interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix and is known to play an important role in the wound healing process of normal epithelial cells. Its upregulation in several cancer types is associated with increased migration, invasion, and poor patient prognosis. Here, we show that overexpression of Snail leads to increased invasion in a modified Boyden chamber assay in models of both early and late stage NSCLC. Knockdown of SPARC by shRNA leads to a reversal of invasion, indicating that SPARC is at least partially responsible for the effect of Snail on invasion. Computational analysis indicates that Snail does not directly enhance the transcription of SPARC; therefore, we have investigated the indirect mechanism for this relationship. Both ERK1/2 and the chaperone protein HSP27 have emerged as potential components of the pathway. Snail overexpression also leads to activation of ERK1/2, and chemical inhibition of this pathway leads to a decrease in SPARC protein. Snail-overexpressing cell lines show increased transcription of HSP27 mRNA. As Snail has been shown to be overexpressed in the inflammatory microenvironment of premalignancy and in established tumors, SPARC-driven invasion supports both the parallel and linear models of tumor progression. Delineating pathways involved in Snail-dependent and SPARC-mediated tumor progression may yield new targets for lung cancer prevention and treatment.
Drosophila free-running rhythms require intercellular communication.

Robust self-sustained oscillations are a ubiquitous characteristic of circadian rhythms. These include Drosophila locomotor activity rhythms, which persist for weeks in constant darkness (DD). Yet the molecular oscillations that underlie circadian rhythms damp rapidly in many Drosophila tissues. Although much progress has been made in understanding the biochemical and cellular basis of circadian rhythms, the mechanisms that underlie the differences between damped and self-sustaining oscillations remain largely unknown. A small cluster of neurons in adult Drosophila brain, the ventral lateral neurons (LNvs), is essential for self-sustained behavioral rhythms and has been proposed to be the primary pacemaker for locomotor activity rhythms. With an LNv-specific driver, we restricted functional clocks to these neurons and showed that they are not sufficient to drive circadian locomotor activity rhythms. Also contrary to expectation, we found that all brain clock neurons manifest robust circadian oscillations of timeless and cryptochrome RNA for many days in DD. This persistent molecular rhythm requires pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), an LNv-specific neuropeptide, because the molecular oscillations are gradually lost when Pdf01 mutant flies are exposed to free-running conditions. This observation precisely parallels the previously reported effect on behavioral rhythms of the Pdf01 mutant. PDF is likely to affect some clock neurons directly, since the peptide appears to bind to the surface of many clock neurons, including the LNvs themselves. We showed that the brain circadian clock in Drosophila is clearly distinguishable from the eyes and other rapidly damping peripheral tissues, as it sustains robust molecular oscillations in DD. At the same time, different clock neurons are likely to work cooperatively within the brain, because the LNvs alone are insufficient to support the circadian program. Based on the damping results with Pdf01 mutant flies, we propose that LNvs, and specifically the PDF neuropeptide that it synthesizes, are important in coordinating a circadian cellular network within the brain. The cooperative function of this network appears to be necessary for maintaining robust molecular oscillations in DD and is the basis of sustained circadian locomotor activity rhythms.
Photoluminescence in silicon rich oxide thin films under different thermal treatments

Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) was studied in silicon rich oxide (with the atomic percentage ranges of Si from 35% to 75%) thin film samples, fabricated by the plasma assisted CVD technique. A broad PL peak, blue-shifted from the bulk silicon band edge of ∼1.1 eV, was observed. In one typical sample, the PL peak intensity shows a non-monotonic temperature dependence. This non-monotonic dependence was also observed in previous work by others and attributed to an energy splitting between the excitonic singlet and triplet levels in silicon nanocrystals, a consequence of quantum confinement effect. Finally, in more than 20 samples under different thermal treatments (with the annealing temperature range from 800 °C to 1100 °C), the wavelength of PL peak was observed to be pinned between ∼900 and ∼1000 nm, independent of thermal budget. This pinning effect, we believe, is probably due to the formation of oxygen-related interface states.
Effects of reward magnitude on running speed following a deprivation upshift

The running speed of rats trained in a straight alley under low deprivation (99%–101% ad-lib body weight) and then shifted to high deprivation (79%–81% ad-lib body weight) was compared with that of unshifted high-deprivation controls. Running speeds of shifted rats increased more rapidly, relative to unshifted controls, when reward magnitude was large (22.045-g pellets) as compared with small (2.045-g pellets). Thus the effect of a deprivation shift on instrumental performance was found to vary as a function of reward magnitude. Deprivation downshifts also produce more rapid and larger performance changes when large reward is used than when small reward is used. It seems that responsivity to changes in level of deprivation is an increasing function of reward magnitude.
Comments on I=1/2 final states in neutral-current reactions

New tests of neutral-current models are proposed for $I=\frac{1}{2}$ final states produced in neutrino-induced reactions. The isoscalar analog of the conserved-vector-current hypothesis is also discussed.
Exposure of nerve growth factor-treated PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells to a modulated radiofrequency field at 836.55 MHz: Effects on c-jun and c-fos expression

Rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells have been treated with nerve growth factor and then exposed to athermal levels of a packet-modulated radiofrequency field at 836.55 MHz. This signal was produced by a prototype time-domain multiple-access (TDMA) transmitter that conforms to the North American digital cellular telephone standard. Three slot average power densities were used: 0.09, 0.9, and 9 mW/cm2. Exposures were for 20, 40, and 60 min and included an intermittent exposure regimen (20 min on/20 min off), resulting in total incubation times of 20, 60, and 100 min, respectively. Concurrent controls were sham exposed. After extracting total cellular RNA, Northern blot analysis was used to assess the expression of the immediate early genes, c-fos and c-jun, in all cell populations. No change in c-fos transcript levels were detected after 20 min exposure at each field intensity (20 min was the only time period at which c-fos message could be detected consistently). Transcript levels for c-jun were altered only after 20 min exposure to 9 mW/cm2 (average 38% decrease). Bioelectromagnetics 18:223–229, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Infrared Spectroscopy of H-Bonded Bridges Stretched across the cis-Amide Group: I. Water Bridges

The water-containing clusters of oxindole (OI) and 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone (DQ) have been studied in the hydride stretch region of the infrared by the technique of resonant ion-dip infrared s...
Decreased expression of calretinin and calbindin in the labyrinth of old gerbils

Calretinin and calbindin staining were compared in the vestibular periphery of old (35-48 months) and young (4-12 months) animals. Both stain calyx-only afferents; calbindin stains additional terminals in the apex [Brain Res. 928 (2002) 8-17]. In six of seven pairs of animals, calretinin and calbindin staining was diminished or absent in the old animals. These changes suggest that a reduction in certain calcium-binding proteins may be a characteristic of aging animals.
SPECjbb2013 1.0: an overview

SPECjbb2013 [1] is an entirely new version of the industry standard benchmark for evaluating Java server business performance from Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) [2]. It is designed with three categories which allow multiple configurations (Composite/single host, MultiJVMs/ single host, Distributed/single or multi hosts), enabling the user to systematically analyze their system. Additionally, the status of published results is summarized and a series of research project configurations are suggested.
Building a reliable and high-performance content-based publish/subscribe system

Provisioning reliability in a high-performance content-based publish/subscribe system is a challenging problem. The inherent complexity of content-based routing makes message loss detection and recovery, and network state recovery extremely complicated. Existing proposals either try to reduce the complexity of handling failures in a traditional network architecture, which only partially address the problem, or rely on robust network architectures that can gracefully tolerate failures, but perform less efficiently than the traditional architectures. In this paper, we present a hybrid network architecture for reliable and high-performance content-based publish/subscribe. Two overlay networks, a high-performance one with moderate fault tolerance and a highly-robust one with sufficient performance, work together to guarantee the performance of normal operations and reliability in the presence of failures. Our design exploits the fact that, in a high-performance content-based publish/subscribe system, subscriptions are broadcast to all brokers, to facilitate efficient backup routing when failures occur, which incurs a minimal overhead. Per-hop reliability is used to gracefully detect and recover lost messages that are caused by transit errors. Two backup routing methods based on DHT routing are proposed. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted. The results demonstrate the superior performance of our system compared to other state-of-the-art proposals.
Transport Modeling and Compensation Mechanism for Semi-Insulating LT-Gaas and InP: Cu

The compensation mechanism and transport properties of annealed GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy at low substrate temperature (LT-GaAs) and Cu diffused InP are analyzed by using a deep donor band model and a precipitate model. It was found that the compensation in highly resistive LT GaAs can not be explained by the precipitate model alone, and therefore a high donor density had to be considered. In Cu diffused InP, the precipitate model gives a consistent explanation for the observed carrier compensation and mobility data. For both semi-insulating LT-GaAs and fully-compensated, lightly-doped InP:Cu, the neutral impurity scattering was found to be a major carrier scattering mechanism.
The Effects of Fetal and Childhood Exposure to Antiretroviral Agents

Purpose: The compliant use of combination antiretroviral therapy has virtually eliminated perinatal HIV transmission. Although antiretroviral drug toxicities in adults have been well documented, the effects of fetal and early childhood exposure to antiretroviral drugs on children of HIV-positive mothers are not well known. Methods: We searched the Pub Med database, reviewed publications, and selected abstracts on the use of antiretroviral agents to prevent HIV transmission and their effects on growth and cardiac endpoints in fetal and postnatal life. Results: The link between nucleoside analogs and mitochondrial dysfunction is controversial, and the association between in utero antiretroviral exposure and mitochondrial dysfunction in children is unclear. In utero exposure to antiretroviral therapy has effects on the heart, regardless of HIV status, including improved cardiac function but also reduced cardiac mass of unclear future clinical significance. Preterm delivery and impaired somatic growth have been reported in infants exposed to antiretrovirals, but results are inconsistent. In utero exposure has also been associated with below-normal hematologic parameters. In HIV-infected children, cumulative postnatal exposure to antiretroviral agents is associated with metabolic disturbances and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: Antiretroviral therapy is effective in preventing perinatal HIV transmission but may be associated with adverse long-term side effects in exposed infants. Further clinical trials and longitudinal monitoring are needed to understand the long-term effects of in utero exposure to antiretroviral agents.
Strategy-proofness and weighted voting

Abstract A strict social welfare function (SSWF) that always yields an asymmetric binary relation with a single maximal alternative induces a social choice rule on its domain. It is known that if the induced rule is strategy-proof then it can also be generated by a SSWF satisfying non-reversal. This paper proves that a SSWF satisfying anonymity and IIA satisfies non-reversal if and only if it is a weighted voting rule. If there are less than six voters then a SSWF satisfying neutrality and IIA satisfies non-reversal if and only if it is a weighted voting rule, but this equivalence does not hold for more than five voters.
Toward identification and adoption of best practices in algorithmic recommender systems research

One of the goals of data-intensive research, in any field of study, is to grow knowledge over time as additional studies contribute to collective knowledge and understanding. Two steps are critical to making such research cumulative -- the individual research results need to be documented thoroughly and conducted on data made available to others (to allow replication and meta-analysis), and the individual research needs to be carried out correctly, following standards and best practices for coding, missing data, algorithm choices, algorithm implementations, metrics, and statistics. This work aims to address a growing concern that the Recommender Systems research community (which is uniquely equipped to address many important challenges in electronic commerce, social networks, social media, and big data settings) is facing a crisis where a significant number of research papers lack the rigor and evaluation to be properly judged and, therefore, have little to contribute to collective knowledge. We advocate that this issue can be addressed through development and dissemination (to authors, reviewers, and editors) of best-practice research methodologies, resulting in specific guidelines and checklists, as well as through tool development to support effective research. We also plan to assess the impact on the field with an eye toward supporting such efforts in other data-intensive specialties.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum -induced Release of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 Beta from Chicken Monocytes-Macrophages

Chicken monocytes and a macrophage-like cell line were used to determine the presence of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1 beta). RNA was extracted from these cells and subjected to reverse transcription with an anti-sense primer specific for the whole length of the MIP-1 beta cDNA. After a polymerase chain reaction to amplify the cDNA, a 200 bp gene product was detected, which corresponded to the molecular weight of the MIP-1 beta. The culture supernate of these cells did not have the ability to attract heterophils. However, after infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a potent chemotactic substance in the culture supernate was detected. The chemotactic activity could be neutralized by antibodies prepared against two 10-amino-acid peptides of MIP-1 beta, indicating that the substance was MIP-1 beta.
High-Frequency Compensation of RC Amplifiers

The high-frequency compensation of single- and multistage resistance-coupled amplifiers is discussed with special reference to the transient response. Optimum parameters are given for a number of typical cases. It is shown that, for the simplest type of high-frequency compensation with one coil in the anode lead, staggering of the time constants in a multistage amplifier reduces the rise time to less than 45 per cent of the uncompensated value, as against a reduction to between 55 and 60 per cent for the case of identical stages. Other practical design considerations are also discussed.
Baryon exchange model for p

Antiproton-proton annihilation leading to ${\mathrm{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}$, and ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{L}}$ is analyzed using a baryon exchange model with \ensuremath{\Lambda} and \ensuremath{\Sigma} exchange, employing simple eikonal damping in the initial and final states. The initial state interaction is constrained to fit the p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}p elastic scattering and polarization data, while the strength and range of the K\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}K interaction are varied to fit the p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ differential cross section data. Although the magnitude can be obtained in such a model, the cross sections fall off monotonically with angle. The structures in \ensuremath{\sigma}(theta) data force incorporation of resonances like the \ensuremath{\xi}, excited \ensuremath{\rho}, and \ensuremath{\epsilon}. The ${\mathrm{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ data are analyzed using a simple Breit-Wigner parametrization of resonances in conjunction with the background. The ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}$ and ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{L}}$ cross sections are then predicted. Complete measurements of cross sections and analyzing power for ${\mathrm{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}$, ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{L}}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ are needed to understand the role of the resonances in the M\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}M system.
Good Medicine for Conservation Biology: Comments, Corrections, and Connections

Lafferty and Gerber (2002) provide an excellent review of the conservation significance of a number of diseases to wildlife populations and some examples of the significance of several diseases to southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis ). Many of the points they make seem relatively new to conservation theory and practice, and are pertinent in light of new and emerging disease threats to wildlife populations. Their article is both provocative and comprehensive. I offer a few comments, corrections, and some connections that might help bridge the gap between those whose focus is conservation biology or traditional wildlife management and those who work in the biomedical and veterinary realms.
Switchable total internal reflection light deflector

A new digital light deflector, capable of being switched in less than 35 µsec with less than 300 V, uses the principle of switchable total internal reflection. The deflector produces high-quality, high-contrast images and its low cost and high light transmittance make it potentially well suited for use in optical-beam-addressable memory systems as well as for other applications in which random deflection is desirable.
An analysis of the time scales of variability in centuries-long ENSO-sensitive records in the last 1000 years

We document the characteristic time scales of variability for seven climate indices whose time-dependent behavior is sensitive to some aspect of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The ENSO sensitivity arises from the location of these long-term records on the periphery of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Three of the indices are derived principally from historical sources, three others consist of tree-ring reconstructions (one of summer temperature, and the other two of winter rainfall), and one is an annual record of oxygen isotopic composition for a high-elevation glacier in Peru. Five of the seven indices sample at least portions of the Medieval Warm Period (∼ A.D. 950 to 1250).
Acute and transient decrease in neutrophil count in transfusion-related acute lung injury: cases at one hospital.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a rare but serious complication of blood transfusion. The syndrome is characterized by new acute lung injury developing during or within 6 hours of blood transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study design was observational in nature. RESULTS: All three cases of TRALI were associated with acute but transient decrease in the white blood cell (WBC) count. Implicated donors had HLA antibodies that matched the recipients' HLA antigens. The implicated units were a plateletpheresis in one case and fresh frozen plasma units in the other two. All implicated donors were multiparous women. The implicated antibody specificities were anti-HLA Class I and Class II in one case and anti-HLA Class II in the other two cases. Interestingly, patient neutrophil counts decreased by 80 to 90 percent in all three cases, including the two cases associated with HLA Class II antibodies. CONCLUSION: An acute and transient decrease in WBC count may be a previously underrecognized feature of TRALI. A drop in the neutrophil count can occur even when the implicated antibodies have specificities to HLA Class II antigens, although they are expressed only on stimulated neutrophils. Based on the observations in these cases, it is recommended that a complete blood count and differential be obtained when TRALI is suspected. Further investigations into the mechanisms of the decrease in circulating neutrophils that is associated with infusion of HLA Class II antibody may yield new insights into the mechanism of TRALI.
Influence of atomic recoil on the spectrum of resonance fluorescence from a two-level atom.

By including the effect of atomic recoil, the fluorescence spectrum for a two-level atom can become asymmetric whether the atom is in a uniform field or in a field gradient. This predicted asymmetry in a field gradient accounts for some of the previously observed but hitherto unexplained asymmetry in the fluorescence spectrum.
Automatic subject indexing using an associative neural network

The global growth in popularity of the World Wide Web has been enabled in part by the availability of browser based search tools which in turn have led to an increased demand for indexing techniques and technologies. As the amount of globally accessible information in community repositories grows, it is no longer cost-effective for such repositories to be indexed by professional indexers who have been trained to be consistent in subject assignment from controlled vocabulary lists. The era of amateur indexers is thus upon us, and the information infrastructure needs to provide support for such indexing if search of the Net is to produce useful results. In this paper, we propose the {\em Concept Assigner}, an automatic subject indexing system based on a variant of the Hopfield network \cite{Hopfield82}. In the application discussed herein, a collection of documents is used to automatically create a subset of a thesaurus termed a {\em Concept Space} \cite{ChenSchatz97}. To automatically index an individual document, concepts extracted from the given document become the input pattern to a Concept Space represented as a Hopfield network. The Hopfield net parallel spreading activation process produces another set of concepts that are strongly related to the concepts of the input document. Such concepts are suitable for use in an interactive indexing environment. A prototype of our automatic subject indexing system has been implemented as part of the {\em Interspace}, a semantic indexing and retrieval environment which supports statistically-based semantic indexing in a persistent object environment.
Multi-stage Anti-Windup Compensation for Open-loop Stable Plants

We discuss adding a measure of scheduling to the popular Anti-Windup design. The main idea is to develop a scheme in which the Anti-Windup gains depend on how much the actuator command exceeds the saturation bound. The aim is to design and implement more aggressive Anti-windup gains in lower levels of saturation. Global stability and performance are addressed by adding an outer-loop Anti-windup compensation which become active when the system is in higher levels of saturation. We present results for both static and dynamic Anti-Windup gains, along with the convex synthesis LMIs. Benefits of the proposed design method are shown using well-known examples.
RAISINS, SULTANAS, AND CURRANTS: LEXICAL CLASSIFICATION AND ABSTRACTION VIA CONTEXT PRIMING

In this paper we discuss the results of experiments which use a context, essentially an ordered set of lexical items, as the seed from which to build a network representing statistically important relationships among lexical items in some corpus. A metric is then applied to the nodes in the network in order to discover those pairs of items related by high indices of similarity. The goal of this research is to instantiate a class of items corresponding to each item in the priming context. We believe that this instantiation process is ultimately a special case of abstraction over the entire network; in this abstraction, similar nodes are collapsed into metanodes which may then function as if they were single lexical items.
EPIDEMIC DIARRHEAL DISEASE OF SUCKLING MICE I. MANIFESTATIONS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND ATTEMPTS TO TRANSMIT THE DISEASE

1. The disease was almost certainly infectious. 2. Its eradication offered much greater practical difficulties than are presented by certain other infections of mice. 3. A definite tendency toward greater susceptibility in first litters as contrasted with subsequent ones was noted. 4. Advantage could be taken of this increasing resistance to keep the infected colony in efficient production, but accidental loss of the stock prevented the continuation of the plan for a time sufficient to exclude possible failure due to seasonal variation. 5. Multiple etiologies may well have existed even within this circumscribed outbreak. 6. Experimental investigation of the condition offers extraordinary difficulties but its thorough understanding promises to bring new light to basic problems of disease.
Research and Development for X-Ray Optics and Diagnostics on the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is a 1.5 to 15 {angstrom} wavelength Free-Electron Laser (PEL), under development at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The photon output consists of high brightness, transversely coherent pulses with duration < 300 fs, together with a broad spontaneous spectrum. The output energy density per unit area, pulse duration, repetition rate, and small FEL spot size pose special challenges for optical components and diagnostics downstream of the undulator. Planning for the photon beam transport, manipulation and diagnostics downstream of the undulator has begun.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in the absence of oxygen.

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were tested for chemotactic migration in the Boyden Chamber system. The attracting agent was activated human plasma. Experiments were carried out in a strictly anaerobic environment in which all the suspensions assumed a very low redox potential. Control experiments were carried out in an aerobic environment. Chemotactic migration occurred equally well under both conditions.
Tobacco, Commercial Speech, and Libertarian Values: The End of the Line for Restrictions on Advertising?

In June of 2001, the Supreme Court overturned a set of antitobacco measures adopted by the state of Massachusetts designed to protect young people from advertising. Once again, the court expressed its hostility toward measures designed to restrict commercial speech in the name of the social good. In so doing, the court underscored the enduring tension between the libertarian and social welfare dimensions of contemporary democracy and placed into relief the divisions within the American liberal tradition.
ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION OF WILDLIFE, MAN, AND A VIRUS OF THE VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS COMPLEX IN A TROPICAL FOREST

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VE) virus was isolated 18 times from blood of Oryzomys in tropical forests near Belem, Brazil. Rainfall, Culex population levels, and nonimmune Oryzomys population levels were analyzed during 1962 to 1964 and 1968 to 1970 for association with transmission of VE virus. A positive correlation between VE virus transmission in Oryzomys and the abundance of nonimmune animals was determined. Infection of man with rodent-associated viruses such as VE probably occurs during crepuscular hours when Culex (Melanoconion) mosquitoes and rodents are active.
A 37-lb tumor.

Mayo Clin Proc. n November 2013;88(11):e135 n http://dx.doi.org/ www.mayoclinicproceedings.org n a 2013 Mayo Foundation for M revealed a diffuse, symmetric, painless soft mass in the upper back. Surgical debulking was performed. The specimen removed weighed 37 lb (16.8 kg) (Figures 2 and 3). Histological examination revealed mature adipose tissue. A clinical diagnosis of benign symmetric lipomatosis, or Madelung disease, was made. It is a rare disorder characterized by benign, nonencapsulated fatty masses of the neck, upper trunk, and back. The disease predominantly affects middle-aged men with chronic alcohol abuse. The etiology remains largely unknown, and recurrence is common. The patient was satisfied with the appearance and her ability to walk shortly after the operation.
Dietary fat source alters hepatic gene expression profile and determines the type of liver pathology in rats overfed via total enteral nutrition.

To determine if dietary fat composition affects the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), we overfed male Sprague-Dawley rats low (5%) or high (70%) fat diets with different fat ...
International Randomized Clinical Trial, Stroke Inpatient Rehabilitation With Reinforcement of Walking Speed (SIRROWS), Improves Outcomes

Background. Feedback about performance may optimize motor relearning after stroke. Objectives. Develop an international collaboration to rapidly test the potential efficacy of daily verbal feedback about walking speed during inpatient rehabilitation after stroke, using a protocol that requires no research funds. Methods. This phase 2, single-blinded, multicenter trial randomized inpatients to either feedback about self-selected fast walking speed (daily reinforcement of speed, DRS) immediately after a single, daily 10-m walk or to no reinforcement of speed (NRS) after the walk, performed within the context of routine physical therapy. The primary outcome was velocity for a 15.2-m (50-foot) timed walk at discharge. Secondary outcomes were walking distance in 3 minutes, length of stay (LOS), and level of independence (Functional Ambulation Classification, FAC). Results. Within 18 months, 179 participants were randomized. The groups were balanced for age, gender, time from onset of stroke to entry, initial velocity, and level of walking-related disability. The walking speed at discharge for DRS (0.91 m/s) was greater (P = .01) than that for NRS (0.72 m/s). No difference was found for LOS. LOS for both DRS and NRS was significantly shorter, however, for those who had mean walking speeds >0.4 m/s at entry. The DRS group did not have a higher proportion of FAC independent walkers (P = .1) and did not walk longer distances (P = .09). Conclusions. An Internet-based collaboration of 18 centers found that feedback about performance once a day produced gains in walking speed large enough to permit unlimited, slow community ambulation at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation.
Effectiveness of Hospital Staff Mass-Casualty Incident Training Methods: A Systematic Literature Review

Introduction:Recently, mass-casualty incident (MCI) preparedness and training has received increasing attention at the hospital level.Objectives:To review the existing evidence on the effectiveness of disaster drills, technology-based interventions and tabletop exercises in training hospital staff to respond to an MCI.Methods:A systematic, evidence-based process was conducted incorporating expert panel input and a literature review with the key terms: “mass casualty”, “disaster”, “disaster planning”, and “drill”. Paired investigators reviewed citation abstracts to identify articles that included evaluation of disaster training for hospital staff. Data were abstracted from the studies (e.g., MCI type, training intervention, staff targeted, objectives, evaluation methods, and results). Study quality was reviewed using standardized criteria.Results:Of 243 potentially relevant citations, twenty-one met the defined criteria. Studies varied in terms of targeted staff, learning objectives, outcomes, and evaluation methods. Most were characterized by significant limitations in design and evaluation methods. Seventeen addressed the effectiveness of disaster drills in training hospital staff in responding to an MCI, four addressed technology-based interventions, and none addressed tabletop exercises. The existing evidence suggests that hospital disaster drills are effective in allowing hospital employees to become familiar with disaster procedures, identify problems in different components of response (e.g., incident command, communications, triage, patient flow, materials and resources, and security) and provide the opportunity to apply lessons learned to disaster response. The strength of evidence on other training methods is insufficient to draw valid recommendations.Conclusions:Current evidence on the effectiveness of MCI training for hospital staff is limited. A number of studies suggest that disaster drills can be effective in training hospital staff. However, more attention should be directed to evaluating the effectiveness of disaster training activities in a scientifically rigorous manner.
Sequencing-based high throughput mutation detection in bread wheat

Forward genetic approaches have limited use for agronomic traits that can’t be reliably scored on a single plant basis. Thus, mutants in wheat and other crops are more useful for gene function studies by reverse genetic approach. With a long-term goal to develop a sequence-based mutation detection resource in hexaploid wheat, we conducted a feasibility study to accurately differentiate induced mutations from the homoeologs’ sequence variations present among the three wheat genomes. A reduced representation ApeKI library consisting of 21 Ethylmethane Sulfonate (EMS) induced mutants and two wild type cv. Indian plants was developed using individual barcode adapters and sequenced. A novel bioinformatics pipeline was developed to identify sequence variants using 178,464 wheat unigenes as a reference wheat transcriptome. In total, 14,130 mutational changes [Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertions/Deletions (INDELs)] and 150,511 homoeologous sequence changes were detected. On an average, 662 SNPs (ranging from 46 to 1,330) and 10 small INDELs (ranging from 0 to 23) were identified for each of the mutants. A mutation frequency of one per 5 Kb was observed with 70 % being transitions and 30 % transversions. The pipeline was tested using the known sequence changes in the three wheat genes. Genes present in the distal regions of the chromosomes were found to be more prone to EMS compared to genes present in the proximal regions. Redefined parameters identified a total of 28,348 mutational changes (1,349/plant). We conclude that sequencing based mutation detection is a valuable method to identify induced mutations at large.
A Case-Control Study of Analgesic Use and Ovarian Cancer

A recent case-control study raised the hypothesis that acetaminophen use 1 day or more per week for at least 6 months reduces the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. We assessed analgesic use in relation to epithelial ovarian cancer risk using data from our case-control surveillance study of medication use and cancer. Patients were interviewed in hospitals in Baltimore, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia during 1976-1998. We compared 780 women with epithelial ovarian cancer to 2053 cancer controls and 2570 noncancer controls. For acetaminophen use 1 day or more per week for at least 6 months, the odds ratio estimate was 0.9 (95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.4) derived with cancer controls and 1.0 (0.6-1.5) with noncancer controls. Estimates for more frequent and longer term use were also compatible with 1.0. The odds ratios among patients with metastatic ovarian cancer were reduced but not statistically significant. The odds ratio for use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 4 or more days per week for at least 5 years, 0.5, was statistically significant. The present results provide only weak support for a reduction in the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer among acetaminophen users. They raise the possibility of an inverse association with long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use.
Modularity in Underlying Structure

One of the first lessons learned by the student of language or linguistics is that there is more to language than a simple vocabulary list. To learn a language, we must also learn its principles of sentence structure, and a linguist who is studying a language will generally be more interested in the structural principles than in the vocabulary per se. It is especially interesting, then, that in recent years linguistic research within quite diverse frameworks has been converging on the idea that sentence structure is to a large extent a reflection of the properties of lexical items.