cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An inexpensive multi-channel time analyser

Abstract An inexpensive 128 channel pulse height analyser was equipped with a time digitizer which operates in increments ranging from 0.5 μsec to 256 μsec per channel. This is no way interferes with the original ability of the analyser to switch selectably in Mossbauer, multiscaling or pulse height modes. The system also features oscilloscope display, printed and punched paper tape output at a total equipment cost of $ 5500.
Retrovirus vectors and their uses in molecular biology.

Retroviral vectors utilize the biochemical processes unique to retroviruses, to transfer genes with high efficiency into a wide variety of cell types in tissue culture and in living animals. With such vectors, the effect of newly introduced genes and the mechanism of gene expression can be studied in cell types so far refractory to other methods of transfer.
Paget-Schroetter syndrome in 21 children: outcomes after multidisciplinary care.

Objective To review the presentation, management, and outcomes of Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS) in children and propose a multidisciplinary treatment algorithm involving pediatric and vascular surgery, interventional radiology, and hematology. Study design Patients with PSS presenting between 2003 and 2013 were reviewed. Demographics, symptoms, therapies, and functional outcomes were noted. Data from early patients informed the development of a multidisciplinary treatment algorithm applied to later patients. Results Of 21 patients, mean ± SD age was 16 ± 1.6 years and 11 (52%) were male. Of patients with complete presentation data, common symptoms were edema (84%), discoloration (58%), and pain (58%). Thrombophilia workup revealed one heterozygote for factor V Leiden, 2 patients with factor VIII elevation and 1 patient with mildly low antithrombin. The most recent 8 patients were treated according to an algorithm developed by a multidisciplinary working group through experience with the first 13 cases. All patients underwent a venogram, endovascular intervention (including 15 receiving catheter-directed thrombolysis), and operative ipsilateral thoracic outlet decompression (first rib resection, anterior scalenectomy, and venolysis). Postoperative complications included hemothorax (2), pneumothorax (1), and recurrent thrombosis (2). Follow up duration was 12 ± 9.5 months. Symptoms recurred transiently in 1 patient. Conclusion Pediatric patients with PSS can be treated successfully using a multidisciplinary treatment algorithm including anticoagulation, catheter-directed thrombolysis, and operative decompression of the thoracic outlet. Early outcomes are promising.
Decentralized stochastic adaptive nash games

The optimization of stochastic systems with unknown parameters and multiple decision-makers or controllers each having his own objective is considered. Two explicit self-tuning type algorithms are proposed for decentralized stochastic adaptive Nash games under the ‘one-step-delay sharing pattern’. The first algorithm is an ad hoc constraint on the policy form, whereas the second one is based on an extension from static Nash game theory. Simulation results on a simplified economic system indicate that these algorithms are capable of stabilizing a system along targeted paths.
Detection of Sarcolipin Dimerization and SERCA Binding using FRET Microscopy

We have monitored molecular interactions of sarcolipin (SLN) and the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA) by measuring Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fusion proteins labeled with cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). SLN regulates contractility in cardiac and skeletal muscle by regulating SERCA calcium uptake and perhaps by acting as an ion channel. Here, live cell FRET microscopy provided novel evidence for self-association of SLN and for regulatory complex formation between SERCA and SLN. Fluorescence photobleaching revealed that SLN self-assembles into dimers but not higher oligomers, and that SERCA and SLN monomers bind together in a 1:1 binary complex. FRET between CFP-SLN:YFP-SLN and CFP-SERCA:YFP-SLN exhibited a hyperbolic dependence on protein concentration, with maximum efficiency of 62 ± 1% and 52 ± 1%, respectively. The concentration of half-maximal FRET was 7.6 ± 0.4 AU for SLN:SLN and 17.0 ± 1.0 AU for SERCA:SLN, demonstrating that the binding affinity of SLN:SLN homo-dimers is 2.2-fold greater than SERCA:SLN hetero-dimers. Mutating SLN residue Ile-17 to Ala (I17A) decreased maximum FRET for SERCA:SLN by 14 ± 4% with no change in binding affinity, indicating that the I17A-SLN mutation causes a structural rearrangement with distance increase of 5 ± 1 A within the binary regulatory complex. Addition of wild-type SERCA (cardiac and fast-twitch isoforms) decreased the binding affinity of the SLN:SLN interaction by 24 ± 6% with no change in maximum FRET, indicating that SLN monomers are in competition between dimerization and SERCA binding. We propose that SLN exists as monomers, homo-dimers, and hetero-dimers in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, and that Ile-17 of SLN acts as an allosteric switch in the regulatory complex with SERCA.
Single-mode coherent synchrotron radiation instability of a bunched beam

The coherent synchrotron radiation instability may be driven at the shielding threshold by a single mode excited in the beam pipe. Such a problem may have general interest for other one-mode dominated problems arising in plasma, free-electron laser theory, and microwave instability. The problem may have practical interest if the steady state exists but requires the study of the nonlinear regime of instability. The results of the study, both analytic and numerical, are presented in the coasting beam approximation and for a bunched beam.
Traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVES Insomnia and sleep apnea frequently co-occur and are independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but little is known about cardiovascular disease risk among individuals with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea. The current study examined traditional risk factors and a physiologic biomarker of cardiovascular risk in comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea. DESIGN Community-based participatory research study. PARTICIPANTS The sample comprised 795 participants without preexisting cardiovascular disease from the Heart Strategies Concentrating On Risk Evaluation (Heart SCORE) study. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Participants were assessed for symptoms of insomnia and sleep apnea risk, as well as for presence of obesity, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Baseline resting brachial artery diameter was measured by B-mode ultrasonography. A total of 138 participants (17.4%) met criteria for insomnia syndrome alone, 179 (22.5%) were at high risk for sleep apnea alone, 95 (11.9%) reported both insomnia syndrome and high sleep apnea risk, and 383 (48.2%) reported having neither insomnia nor sleep apnea symptoms Both high sleep apnea risk alone and comorbid insomnia and high sleep apnea risk groups had greater frequencies of obesity, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, and three or more traditional cardiovascular risk factors and significantly larger brachial artery diameters than the insomnia alone group and those without insomnia or sleep apnea symptoms. No differences in traditional cardiovascular risk factors or brachial artery diameter were found between the high sleep apnea risk and comorbid groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sleep apnea is a major contributor to cardiovascular risk and co-occurring insomnia does not appear to add to this risk.
A developmental study of children's ability to adopt perspectives and find errors in text

Abstract Research on comprehension monitoring using the error detection paradigm indicates that children have difficulty monitoring their comprehension of text. In past studies children have not been specifically asked to apply their knowledge while listening to or reading text. Consequently, children may not have been listening or reading for meaning. Perspective taking is an example of a task which can encourage children to apply what they know to information they are encoding. In the present study, two stories were used, each of which could be read from two distinct perspectives. Each story contained information relevant to each perspective. In the first of two studies it was shown that second- and fourth-graders can successfully rate passage content from each of two perspectives. In the second study, two errors were placed in each story, one relevant to each perspective. Second- and fourth-graders were asked to adopt perspectives and then listen to each story. Error detection was recorded. In addition, subjects ware asked to recall the stories. Fourth-graders detected more perspective-relevant errors and recalled more perspective-relevant information. It is argued that, while second- and fourth-graders have the knowledge necessary to identify errors, fourth-graders are more likely to apply it on-line during comprehension.
Urban class conflict in Africa and Latin America

Cet article adopte une perspective mondiale sur la base des travaux d'Amin, Frank et Wallerstein pour comparer les aspects de la lutte des classes urbaines en Afrique et en Amerique Latine. Le developpement de pays specifiques (Mexique et Nigeria) est decrit, avec une discussion plus detaillee des villes de Monterrey et de Kano. L'analyse est faite sur une base historique et cherche a etablir que la nature de la lutte des classes urbaines s'explique dans une grande mesure par la facon dont une region est incorporee a l'economic mondiale. Les changements de relations entre les etats semi-peripheriques et une capitale multinationale situee dans un etat-noyau peuvent s'operer avec succes de point de vue de ce dernier, mais ils entrainent une intensification de la lutte des classes qui gomme les avantages gagnes par les classes locales alliees ainsi a la capitale.
The role of the MOS structure in integrated sensors

Abstract The basic properties of the MetalOxideSemiconductor (MOS) structure are reviewed with attention to the separation of electrochemical effects from charge-imaging effects. Two basic classes of sensors are identified: chemical sensors, which respond to changes in the chemical potential of a charged species within the gate structure, and charge sensors, which combine the charge-imaging property of the MOS structure with a property-dependent coupling element. The chemical sensors discussed include ion-sensitive field-effect devices, ion-controlled diodes and transition-metal-gate gas sensors. Charge sensors include charge-coupled imaging devices, charge-flow transistors, piezoelectric-gate strain sensors and membrane and/or beam-based capacitors for pressure and acceleration measurement.
Tables for distributions of quadratic forms

The tables give probabilities of quardratic forms of the form where the positive a sum to one and X2 are independent chi-square random variables each with one degree of freedom and n is 2 or 3. The text provides formulas for missing values when n=2 relating them to the non-central chi-square tables of HYNAM, GOVINDARAJULU LEONE and SIEFERT. It also give simple formulas for the probabilities of quadratic forms with larger values of n when some of the coefficients a are alike. They enable one to use either these tables or those of JOHNSON and KOTZ (for n=4 or 5) to compute the probabilities. Specific examples of the use of the fomulas are provided
Mechanisms of Disease: new insights into the cellular and molecular pathology of Peyronie's disease.

Hitherto-neglected investigation of processes that underlie the characteristic feature of Peyronie's disease—deposition of fibrotic plaques in the penile tunica albuginea—has been kick-started by the recent development of two rat models. This update of new data is framed around the hypothesis that Peyronie's plaques are a product of perturbed interplay between profibrotic and antifibrotic factors, induced by trauma. Peyronie's disease (PD) is characterized by fibrotic plaques in the penile tunica albuginea that cause curvature of the erect penis, and is often accompanied by pain and/or erectile dysfunction. This condition affects up to 9% of men. Treatment is mainly surgical, as pharmacologic therapy has limited efficacy. The pathophysiology of PD is poorly understood, but development of two rat models, extrapolation of what is known about the molecular pathology of other fibrotic conditions, and emphasis on the role of myofibroblasts and adult stem cells are helping to clarify etiology and identify new pharmacologic targets. Recent studies demonstrate a role for oxidative stress and cytokine release—primarily transforming-growth-factor β1—in development of PD fibrotic plaques. There is evidence indicating that these profibrotic factors interact with antifibrotic defense mechanisms, such as decrease of myofibroblast accumulation, elimination of reactive oxygen species by inducible nitric oxide synthase and neutralization of transforming-growth-factor β1 by decorin, such that some plaques are in dynamic turnover. Injury to the erect penis is thought to trigger PD by inducing extravasation of fibrin and subsequent synthesis of transforming-growth-factor β1. Despite the lack of statistical support for a causal association between trauma and PD, it is possible that undetected microtrauma is involved. It is not known whether ossification of PD plaques is linked to fibrosis progression or is a manifestation of an alternative pathway. Both processes seem to be related to activation of fibroblast/myofibroblast differentiation in the tunica albuginea and to osteogenic commitment of stem cells in this tissue.
STRUCTURE OF COENZYME A-DISULFIDE REDUCTASE FROM Staphylococcus aureus AT 1.54 Å RESOLUTION

Coenzyme A (CoASH) replaces glutathione as the major low molecular weight thiol in Staphylococcus aureus; it is maintained in the reduced state by coenzyme A-disulfide reductase (CoADR), a homodimeric enzyme similar to NADH peroxidase but containing a novel Cys43-SSCoA redox center. The crystal structure of S. aureus CoADR has been solved using multiwavelength anomalous dispersion data and refined at a resolution of 1.54 A. The resulting electron density maps define the Cys43-SSCoA disulfide conformation, with Cys43-S(gamma) located at the flavin si face, 3.2 A from FAD-C4aF, and the CoAS- moiety lying in an extended conformation within a cleft at the dimer interface. A well-ordered chloride ion is positioned adjacent to the Cys43-SSCoA disulfide and receives a hydrogen bond from Tyr361'-OH of the complementary subunit, suggesting a role for Tyr361' as an acid-base catalyst during the reduction of CoAS-disulfide. Tyr419'-OH is located 3.2 A from Tyr361'-OH as well and, based on its conservation in known functional CoADRs, also appears to be important for activity. Identification of residues involved in recognition of the CoAS-disulfide substrate and in formation and stabilization of the Cys43-SSCoA redox center has allowed development of a CoAS-binding motif. Bioinformatics analyses indicate that CoADR enzymes are broadly distributed in both bacterial and archaeal kingdoms, suggesting an even broader significance for the CoASH/CoAS-disulfide redox system in prokaryotic thiol/disulfide homeostasis.
Big business and urban congestion in Taiwan: The origins of small enterprise and regionally decentralized industry (respectively)

Abstract Two pillars of Taiwan's economy that are regarded as models for other developing countries to follow are small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) and regional decentralization of industry. This paper suggests that the historical roots of both phenomena make the policies necessary to reproduce the Taiwan model elsewhere less straightforward than is typically supposed. By the mid-1960s the major factor behind regional decentralization was urban congestion. Big business seems to have been instrumental in the growth of SMEs.
The perfect gyroscopic fluid

Abstract A simple model of gyroscopic fluid behavior in two dimensions, for fluids with internal angular momentum, is developed in general and is then applied to a guiding-center plasma with finite-orbit corrections. Emphasis is placed on problems of wave propagation and stability, and on certain questions of symmetry associated with the property of invariance under exchange of equivalent fluid elements.
State of the Art in Steel-Bridge Construction

The Steel-Bridge Committee of ASCE assembled a series of technical papers into a special section of the Journal. These papers document the state of the art in steel-bridge construction. A new grade of bridge steel is being widely used in the construction of bridges across our nation. The first paper, ‘‘High performance steel: Research front—Historical account of research activities’’ by Azizinamini et al. summarizes the research into the design issues that were addressed to allow HPS485W ~HPS70W! to be integrated into the bridge construction market. ‘‘Historical perspective on horizontally curved I-girder bridge design in the United States’’ by Linzell et al. provides an overview of the development of curved-girder design provisions through the recent adoption of new guide specifications. The soon-to-be-released
The Fourth Southern Labor Studies Conference

The Fourth Southern Labor Studies Conference met at the Urban Life Con ference Center on the campus of Georgia State University in downtown Atlanta, September 30-October 2, 1982. Highlights of the conference included the eleventh annual Dale Somers Memorial Lecture, "The Common Laborer in the 19th Cen tury," delivered by David Montgomery, and Eric Hobsbawm's conference keynote address, "The Making of the English Working Class, 1879-1914." The opening session of the conference, entitled "E. P. Thompson and The Making of the English Working Class: A Twenty Year Retrospective," featured an analysis of the historiographie impact of Thompson's classic study on both sides of the Atlantic. In his retrospective review of The Making of the English Working Class, Richard Price argued that because Thompson's book is as much an interpre tation of the historical process as it is a provable thesis, only those historians willing to grapple with the relations between theory and history have been able to offer effective critiques. These analyses, Price concluded, "have turned upon Thompson's notions of culture as the central agency in history, upon his failure to enter capital into the process and upon his hostility to theory." Analyzing Thompson's influence on American historians, Michael Cassity, "After Two Decades: The English Model and the American Context," concluded that Thompson's work, along with that of other English social historians, has provided a model of historical analysis that numerous American historians have used effectively; but, he noted, the efforts of American historians to find an American working class comparable to that iden tified by Thompson have thus far proven futile. Insights drawn from the "English Model" were apparent in many of the papers read at the conference. This was especially obvious in the analyses of class organization in the urban South provided by Jim Leloudis, Robert Korstad and Clifford Kuhn. Leloudis discussed the development of class consciousness in Char lotte textile mills; Korstad examined the work and culture of black women in Winston-Salem tobacco factories; and Kuhn used 1880s Atlanta to discuss the role of labor and politics against the backdrop of the New South creed. Meanwhile, John Beck placed his emphasis on working-class culture in an analysis of workers' children in Highlander junior camps during the early 1940s, and Neil Basen concen trated on socialism and feminism in the Southwest.
Performance of multilevel diffractive lenses as a function of f-number

We study the focusing efficiency of multilevel diffractive lenses as a function of f-number. Both scalar and rigorous analyses are performed on two- and three-dimensional lenses. We show that shadowing in lenses with small f-numbers is a critical factor that limits their performance. We show further that scalar analysis does not accurately predict the effects of shadowing for lenses with long f-numbers and large numbers of phase levels.
Movement of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in four small subalpine streams in northern Colorado

We studied the movement of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in four small streams in northern Colorado using mark-recapture methods and weirs. The recapture rates of marked adult trout were low for all streams, and large numbers of unmarked adult trout, apparently immigrants, were found each year. Significantly more trout, immigrated into sections that were experimentally modified by installing low log dams, which increased depth, pool volume and the amount of overhead cover. The number of immigrant and resident trout was significantly related to the amount of cover in the sections. Resident trout were larger than immigrants in all streams in the last year of sampling. Most mobile brook trout moved upstream during summer on the two streams where weirs were operated, and upstream migrants were significantly larger than downstream migrants on both streams. We suggest that a high degree of movement may be an adaptive response by brook trout to the heterogeneous nature of small mountain streams.
α6β4 Integrin, a Master Regulator of Expression of Integrins in Human Keratinocytes

Three major laminin and collagen-binding integrins in skin (α6β4, α3β1, and α2β1) are involved in keratinocyte adhesion to the dermis and dissemination of skin cells during wound healing and/or tumorigenesis. Knockdown of α6 integrin in keratinocytes not only results in motility defects but also leads to decreased surface expression of the α2, α3, and β4 integrin subunits. Whereas α2 integrin mRNA levels are decreased in α6 integrin knockdown cells, α3 and β4 integrin mRNAs levels are unaffected. Expression of either α6 or α3 integrin in α6 integrin knockdown cells restores α2 integrin mRNA levels. Moreover, re-expression of α6 integrin increases β4 integrin protein at the cell surface, which results in an increase in α3 integrin expression via activation of initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1. Our data indicate that the α6β4 integrin is a master regulator of transcription and translation of other integrin subunits and underscore its pivotal role in wound healing and cancer.
Siting noxious facilities: A siting lottery with victim compensation

Abstract This paper proposes a scheme to facilitate the siting of noxious facilities. A regional government announces that it will (a) use a lottery to choose a site for a noxious facility and (b) transfer income from tenants to host-city landowners to at least partly offset the effects of the noxious facility on local property values. The government will hold the lottery only if all citizens agree, in advance, to abide by the resulting siting decision. The lottery approach is superior to the conventional approach to siting (advance notification) in the sense that the lottery approach achieves unanimous support for the siting decision with less compensation. The compensation scheme can be financed with a regionwide tenant tax or a tax on residents in the nonhost city. For “small” compensation programs, the nonhost tax is superior to the regional tax.
Proactive Cannel Access in Dynaic Spectrum Networks

Open Spectrum systems allow fast deployment of wireless technologies by reusing under-utilized pre-allocated spectrum channels, all with minimal impact on existing primary users. However, existing proposals take a reactive sense-and-avoid approach to impulsively reconfigure spectrum usage based solely on the latest observations. This can result in frequent disruptions to operations of both primary and secondary users. In this paper, we propose a proactive spectrum access approach where secondary users utilize past channel histories to make predictions on future spectrum availability, and intelligently schedule channel usage in advance. We propose two channel selection and switching techniques to minimize disruptions to primary users and maintain reliable communication at secondary users. Experiments show that the proactive approach effectively reduces the interferences to primary users by up to 30%, and significantly decreases throughput jitters at secondary users.
Distributed model for high-frequency bi-polar transistors

A distributed model of a transistor which takes into account the lateral voltage drop across the emitter width is described. The distributed equivalent is obtained by dividing the active transistor into small sections, each of which is then represented by a π-equivalent lumped transistor. Other phenomena incorporated in this model are: 1. Base stretching into the collector region at high current densities 2. Conductivity modulation in the base region 3. Storage of mobile carriers in the depletion regions 4. Base width modulation because of collector base bias 5. Voltage dependence of junction capacitances 6. Injection dependence of semiconductor parameters 7. Surface effects A computer program which solves for transient, dc, and ac response for the above transistor model in common-emitter configuration is also presented. The inputs for this program (besides external circuit parameters) are: 1. Transistor horizontal geometry 2. Transistor impurity profile 3. Semiconductor parameters This program was used to design and fabricate a silicon transistor with F t 1.8 gH z at V CB = 0. Effect of variations in horizontal geometry and impurity profile on switching speeds are quantitatively shown and are compared with present state-of-the-art transistors. Additionally, this Program will enable us to custom-design transistors, to pin-point the most promising area of transistor research, and, finally, to indicate the ultimate limit (speed) of silicon transistors.
Solution structure of the Reps1 EH domain and characterization of its binding to NPF target sequences.

The recently described EH domain recognizes proteins containing Asn-Pro-Phe (NPF) sequences. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, we determined the solution structure of the EH domain from ...
LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS WITHIN THE SUBFAMILY THYNNINAE (HYMENOPTERA: TIPHIIDAE)

Lectotypes are designated for 198 species of thynnine tiphiids from Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands and South America. Type information is given for each of these species, including original publication and locality data, type repositories, and current generic placement. Three new generic combinations are given for Merithynnus bogotana (Turner), Zeena jheringi (Turner), and Spilothynnus serena (Duran).
The “Selfless” and Self-Regulation: The Role of Chronic Other-Orientation in Averting Self-Regulatory Depletion

Baumeister and colleagues (e.g., Baumeister, Heatherton, & Tice, 1994) have recently proposed a limited-strength model of self-regulation, whereby the effort of overtly controlling one's behavior requires considerable energy, and may lead to rapid depletion of the resource. The current research investigated individual differences in social orientation (e.g., collectivist cultural background and interdependent beliefs; other-directed self-monitoring), hypothesizing that those high in social orientation would be more motivated to engage in self-regulation in everyday social interaction, and thus may, over time, build greater self-regulatory strength. As expected, whereas those low in these motives replicated prior findings of depletion after self-regulation, individuals higher in these motives failed to show evidence of depletion. It appears as if chronic socially motivated exertion of self-control may lead to stable individual differences in self-regulatory performance.
Two-Wave Mixing In Resonant Media

We have studied two-wave mixing in resonant media. Illumination with two beams of the same frequency leads to the formation of a spatially local volume grating with no exchange of energy between the writing beams, each beam merely reducing the absorption experienced by the other beam. Nondegenerate two-wave mixing leads to gain for one beam and additional absorption for the other beam as they propagate through the medium. Starting from first principles, the explicit forms of the two-beam coupling constants are derived using third-order perturbation theory, and their dependence on material and experimental factors is examined.
Frequency-domain subpixel position estimation algorithm for overlay measurement

In lithographic metrology tasks such as overlay measurement, the pixel size of the imaging device is often much larger than the desired accuracy of the measurement tool. Interpolating the imaged data prior to the application of a measurement algorithm gives an accurate measurement but increases the amount of data to be processed, placing demands upon computational resources. In this paper, we propose a computationally-simple and highly- accurate algorithm for determining the subpixel shift between two waveforms. The algorithm utilizes the fast Fourier transform of each waveform to estimate the relative subpixel shift between the two waveforms using the complex phases of the frequency-domain-transformed data. The algorithm uses a simple iterative search for the position parameter that typically converges in less than ten iterations with optical data. We show that this algorithm estimates subpixel position more accurately than cross-correlation followed by interpolated-peak-fitting using both synthetic and real image data. Moreover, in high signal-to-noise ratio situations, the algorithm's precision can be shown to approach the fundamental precision limit determined by the statistics of the image data. Results of the algorithm's application to overlay data from a commercial scanning-confocal optical microscope are presented.
Slope estimation in structural line-segment heteroscedastic measurement error models

This paper extends the line-segment parametrization of the structural measurement error (ME) model to situations in which the error variance on both variables is not constant over all observations. Under these conditions, we develop a method-of-moments estimate of the slope, and derive its asymptotic variance. We further derive an accurate estimator of the variability of the slope estimate based on sample data in a rather general setting. We perform simulations that validate our results and demonstrate that our estimates are more precise than estimates under a different model when the ME variance is not small. Finally, we illustrate our estimation approach using real data involving heteroscedastic ME, and compare its performance with that of earlier models.
Magnetic instabilities in accelerating plasma surfaces

The existence of an interchange instability strictly associated with electron inertia is demonstrated. This is characterized by a growth rate significantly larger than the usual ioninertial Rayleigh-Taylor rate and by self-generated magnetic fields localized around the accelerating plasma surface. This novel instability may be partially responsible for the observed magnetic fields in ablatively accelerated laser plasmas.
Effect of ash disposal ponds on groundwater quality at a coal-fired power plant

Abstract The impact of fly and bottom ash disposal ponds on groundwater quality was investigated at the coal-fired Columbia Power Plant at Portage, Wis. Groundwater sampling was conducted utilizing a network of piezometers and multilevel wells located at various cross-sections of the ash disposal facility. Analyses were performed for 16 major and minor elements, pH and conductivity. Data for a 3-yr monitoring program established the existence of large B, Na and SO4 plumes in the groundwater system surrounding the ash disposal area. Substantial amounts of B, Na and SO4 were present in the plume and portions were discharged into an adjacent wetland as the plumes moved with groundwater flow. The secondary fly ash settling pond was the major source of B and SO4, while the main source of Na was from previous releases to the aquifer from the use of Na2CO3 to condition fly ash to enhance removal of SO2 from flue gas by electrostatic precipitation. Movement into the groundwater of heavy metals such as Cu and Zn was not observed and their concentrations are likely attenuated in the pond.
An expression system to screen for inhibitors of parasite glucose transporters.

Chemotherapy of parasitic protists is limited by general toxicity, high expense and emergence of resistance to currently available drugs. Thus methods to identify new leads for further drug development are increasingly important. Previously, glucose transporters have been validated as new drug targets for protozoan parasites including Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma brucei. A recently derived glucose transporter null mutant (Δlmgt) of L. mexicana was used to functionally express various heterologous glucose transporters including those from T. brucei THT1, P. falciparum PfHT and human GLUT1—resulting in recovery of growth of the Δlmgt null mutant in glucose replete medium. This heterologous expression system can be employed to screen for compounds that retard growth by inhibiting the expressed glucose transporter. The ability of this expression system to identify specific glucose transporter inhibitors was demonstrated using 3-O-undec-10-enyl-d-glucose, a previously described specific inhibitor of PfHT.
The effects of hair density of beef cattle on Haematobia irritans horn fly populations

We show the relationships that exist between the amount of hair and quantity of sebum on cattle skin and the population density of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans. Brahman and Chianina steers had means of 2390 and 1587 hairs per cm2, respectively, significantly more than the mean number of hairs on Angus, Brahman x Angus Crossbred, Charolais, and Red Poll steers. The Chianina steers had > 30% more sebum present on their skin and hair (0.58g/929 cm2) than the Angus, Charolais, and Red Poll steers at the Beef Cattle Research Station Savoy, Arkansas. The Brahman steers had a significantly greater amount of sebum present on the skin (1.51 g/929 cm2) than the Crossbred and purebred Angus steers (0.55 and 0.25 g/929 cm2, respectively) at the South Central Family Farms Research Centre Booneville, Arkansas. The Brahman and Chianina steers had means of 61.9 and 17.0 horn flies per steer, respectively, during the fly season, whereas the Angus, Crossbred, Charolais and Red Poll steers had fly season means that ranged from 76.9 to 265.8 flies per steer. Regression analysis showed that an increase of 100 hairs per cm2, was associated with a reduction of 11 horn flies in the Angus II, 5 in Angus I, 20 in Charolais, 37 in Red Poll, and 0.4 in Chianina steers at the Savoy Station and a reduction of 6.6 horn flies for the Angus, Brahman, and Crossbred steers at the Booneville Centre. Regardless of cattle breed, an increase of 1.0 g of sebum per 929 cm2 output by the steer was associated with 478.5 additional hairs per cm2 on the animal. Each increase of 0.25 g of sebum per 929 cm2 resulted in a decrease of 9.2 horn flies per steer. We conclude that some of the factors responsible for fly-resistance in cattle are hair density and the corresponding amount of sebum present on cattle skin and hair.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSPIRED VOLUME DURING LIQUID VENTILATION WITH PERFLUOROCHEMICAL (PFC) LIQUID. ▴ 312

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSPIRED VOLUME DURING LIQUID VENTILATION WITH PERFLUOROCHEMICAL (PFC) LIQUID. ▴ 312
Relationship between routinization of daily behaviors and medication adherence in HIV-positive drug users.

Although lifestyle factors and routinization of daily activities are emerging as important variables in understanding and improving medication adherence, measures of these constructs remain crude and rudimentary. This study evaluated whether a brief, yet more comprehensive measure of the routinization of daily behaviors and activities is predictive of medication adherence. Participants with HIV and histories of drug dependency completed a 2-week practice trial that mimicked highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (phase 1), followed by a 2-week observation of adherence to HAART (phase 2) for those who started antiretroviral therapy during the study. Fifty-one participants completed the study. Average electronic monitored adherence rate (proportion of prescribed doses taken) in the practice trial was 67% (standard deviation [SD] = 24), which was significantly correlated (r = 0.50; p< 0.05) with adherence to HAART. A high frequency of four daily activities (eating breakfast, watching favorite televisio...
What Can Neuroimaging Tell Us About the Mind?: Insights From Prefrontal Cortex

Psychologists interested in the workings of the mind may wonder whether brain-imaging data can provide insight regarding cognitive mechanisms. Here we consider one means through which imaging can inform cognitive theory: reverse inference, wherein activations in well-characterized neural structures serve as markers for the engagement of particular cognitive processes. To illustrate this approach, we review brain-imaging evidence regarding the organization of cognitive and linguistic processes in the prefrontal cortex, which indicates that phonological (speech-sound-based) and semantic (meaning-based) processing are consistently associated with topographically distinct patterns of activity in the left inferior prefrontal cortex. We then illustrate how this finding of regional differentiation has provided useful guidance for understanding the cognitive processes supporting memory encoding and retrieval. We conclude with caveats that highlight some of the limitations of the reverse-inference approach.
Evolution of Key Cell Signaling and Adhesion Protein Families Predates Animal Origins

The evolution of animals from a unicellular ancestor involved many innovations. Choanoflagellates, unicellular and colonial protozoa closely related to Metazoa, provide a potential window into early animal evolution. We have found that choanoflagellates express representatives of a surprising number of cell signaling and adhesion protein families that have not previously been isolated from nonmetazoans, including cadherins, C-type lectins, several tyrosine kinases, and tyrosine kinase signaling pathway components. Choanoflagellates have a complex and dynamic tyrosine phosphoprotein profile, and cell proliferation is selectively affected by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The expression in choanoflagellates of proteins involved in cell interactions in Metazoa demonstrates that these proteins evolved before the origin of animals and were later co-opted for development.
Thermodynamics of contact angles. I. Heterogeneous solid surfaces

Abstract A theoretical treatment of the effect of surface heterogeneity on contact angles is given, by means of a model employing the capillary rise of a liquid in contact with a stripwise heterogeneous surface. Local contortions of the liquid-vapor surface are postulated to conform to an assumed periodic shape of the three-phase line. A minimum of free energy is found in a configuration in which Young's equation is obeyed locally. When the width of the strips is below some value of the order of 0.1 μ, the amplitude of the periodic contortion of the three-phase line is less than about 10 A, which is operationally indistinguishable from a straight line. Extension of this model is made to a patchwise heterogeneous surface, and a mechanism for hysteresis is developed. For patches smaller than about 0.1 μ, it is shown that heterogeneity should make a negligible contribution to hysteresis.
What does it take to have a high-grade pivot shift?

The pivot shift is the most specific clinical test to assess pathological knee joint rotatory laxity following ACL injury. This article attempts to describe the anatomic structures responsible for creating a high-grade pivot shift and their potential role in customizing ACL reconstruction. A review of the literature demonstrates that disruption of the secondary stabilizers of anterior translation of the lateral compartment including the lateral meniscus, anterolateral capsule, and IT band contributes to a high-grade pivot shift in the ACL-deficient knee. The morphology of the lateral tibial plateau, including increased posteroinferior tibial slope and small size, can also contribute to high-grade pivot shift. Factors that may decrease the grade of the pivot shift include medial compartment injury, MCL injury, patient guarding, and osteoarthritis. In conclusion, a high-grade pivot shift in the ACL-deficient knee is often associated with incompetence of the lateral soft tissue envelope. Rotatory laxity as assessed by the pivot shift may also be falsely underestimated by concomitant injuries. Level of evidence IV.
ROCK: a spreadsheet-based program for the generation and analysis of random oligonucleotide primers used in PCR.

Oligonucleotide primers used to amplify target DNA regions via PCR should meet certain design criteria to maximize the potential for efficient priming. The Random Oligonucleotide Construction Kit (...
Mild conditions for the removal of acid-labile protective groups

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide-trichloroacetic acid is an effective reagent combination for the mild cleavage of acid-labile protective groups.
John R. Rice: Mathematical Software Pioneer

John Rischard Rice is one of the founders of mathematical software as a distinct scholarly community. Trained in mathematics he spent four decades in Purdue's Department of Computer Sciences. During the 1970s he convened a series of seminal conferences on the topic and established ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software which he edited for many years. Rice led development of the ELLPACK system for solving partial differential equations and helped to establish techniques for the performance evaluation of mathematical software. He has published 21 books.
Transition kernels and the conditional extreme value model

Classical multivariate extreme value modelling assumes that the joint distribution belongs to a multivariate domain of attraction and this assumption requires that each marginal distribution be individually attracted to a univariate extreme value distribution. The Heffernan and Tawn (J R Stat Soc Ser B (Stat Methodol) 66(3):497–546, 2004) alternative extremal model for multivariate data does not require all the components belong to an extremal domain of attraction but assumes instead the existence of an asymptotic approximation to the conditional distribution of the random vector given one of the components is extreme. Combined with the knowledge that the conditioning component belongs to a univariate domain of attraction, this leads to an approximation of the probability of certain risk regions. The original focus on conditional distributions has technical drawbacks but is a natural assumption in many contexts. The technical drawbacks are overcome by relying on convergence of measures and the theory of extended regular variation Heffernan and Resnick (Ann Appl Probab 17(2):537–71, 2007); Das and Resnick (Extremes 14(1):29–61, 2000a); Das et al. (Adv Appl Probab 45(1):139–163, 2013). We compare the two approaches and describe in what way relying on variational limit properties of conditional distributions restricts the class of limit approximations.
Principal minors, Part I: A method for computing all the principal minors of a matrix

An order O(2 n ) algorithm for computing all the principal minors of an arbitrary n × n complex matrix is motivated and presented, offering an improvement by a factor of n 3 over direct computation. The algorithm uses recursive Schur complementation and submatrix extraction, storing the answer in a binary order. An implementation of the algorithm in MATLAB is also given and practical considerations are discussed and treated accordingly.
From Strategic Planning to Strategic Management

This article presents a review of the book “From Strategic Planning to Strategic Management,” edited by H. Igor Ansoff, Roger P. Declerck and Robert L. Hayes.
Properties and application of inverse systems

The inverse system introduced by Brockett is generalized to the time-variable case. This inverse is utilized to solve the problem of generating an input to a linear system so as to produce a prescribed output. A new reduced form for an inverse system is also presented.
Transient analysis of phase-locked tracking systems in the presence of noise

This paper is concerned with the problem Of obtaining time-dependent solutions to a class of Fokker-Planck equations that arise in the analysis and synthesis of a variety of first-order synchronization systems employing the phase-lock principle. These include the classical sinusoidal phase-locked loop, squaring and Costas loops, data-aided loops, hybrid loops, various symbol synchronizer mechanizations, and tunnel-diode oscillators. By analyzing the spectral properties of the associated time-dependent Fokker-Planck boundary value problem, eigenfunction expansions of the reduced modulo- 2 \pi phase-error-transition probability-density function are developed for a class of first-order synchronization systems. Whereas previous work treated the steady-state probability density function, this approach yields a complete statistical description of the phase-error process reduced modulo- 2 \pi .
Everyday mindfulness and mindfulness meditation: Overlapping constructs or not?

Elaborating on our understanding of the construct of mindfulness is currently a priority as mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions proliferate (Bishop et al., 2004). Two studies examined the relationship between measures of everyday mindfulness, mindfulness during meditation, and the five-factor model personality domains. These studies also investigated the effect of sitting meditation on mood. Two samples were largely naive to formal sitting meditation, and the third sample was screened for meditation experience. The first study found that everyday mindfulness correlated positively with agreeableness and conscientiousness, and correlated negatively with neuroticism. Little to no relationship was found between mindfulness during meditation and everyday mindfulness across all three samples. Changes in mood following meditation varied across studies.
A Floorplan-Aware Dynamic Inductive Noise Controller for Reliable Processor Design

Power delivery is a growing reliability concern in micropro- cessors as the industry moves toward feature-rich, power- hungrier designs. To battle the ever-aggravating power con- sumption, modern microprocessor designers or researchers propose and apply aggressive power-saving techniques in the form of clock-gating and/or power-gating in order to oper- ate the processor within a given power envelope. These tech- niques, however, often lead to high-frequency current varia- tions, which can stress the power delivery system and jeop- ardize reliability due to inductive noise (L\frac{{di}} {{dt}} ) in the power supply network. To counteract these issues, modern mi- croprocessors are designed to operate under the worst-case current assumption by deploying adequate decoupling capac- itance. With the trend of lower supply voltage and increased leakage power and current consumption, designing a proces- sor for the worst case is becoming less appealing. In this paper, we propose a new dynamic inductive-noise controlling mechanism at the microarchitectural level that will limit the on-die current demand within predefined bounds, regardless of the native power and current characteristics of running applications. By dynamically monitoring the access patterns of microarchitectural modules, our mechanism can effectively limit simultaneous switching activity of close-by modules, thereby leveling voltage ringing at local power-pins. Compared to prior art, our di/dt controller is the first that takes the processor's floorplan as well as its power-pin dis- tribution into account to provide a finer-grained control with minimal performance degradation. Based on the evaluation results using 2D floorplans, we show that our techniques can significantly improve inductive noise induced by current de- mand variation and reduce the average current variability by up to 7 times with an average performance overhead of 4.0%.