cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breastpump technology and ‘natural’ motherly milk in Enlightenment France

Abstract This paper focuses on the development of breastfeeding technology in eighteenth-century France and its place in broader public debates over the virtues of maternal breastfeeding and the state's role in stimulating population growth at a time of (perceived) demographic crisis. Our discussion attends to the breadth of historical actors with stakes in the century's ongoing breastfeeding debate–mothers, midwives, wetnurses, infants, and scientific tinkers–as well as the broader social and moral concerns that fuelled them. It pays particular attention to gender dynamics, including the tensions and collaborations which coloured the relationships between the men who developed and marketed breastpump technologies to female consumers, while proselytising their views on the virtues of breastfeeding and motherly milk. We highlight instrument makers' role in developing artificial feeding aids in order to empower mothers and their suckling infants to practice a “natural” human activity, while also remaining critical of their aims and commercial interests.
Why it took so long for the laser and the optical comb to be invented: the unmarked trail from concept to experimental reality [Invited]

It is interesting to try to understand the rate-limiting processes in scientific and technical research and applications. In this invited paper, I use data about the introduction of the maser, the laser, and the optical comb to see if unnecessary delays can be identified. The general result is that it all depends—on circumstances and breadth of awareness, and luck!
Game Theory-Based Nonlinear Bandwidth Pricing for Congestion Control in Cloud Networks

In the cloud, the network links are shared among tenants, which makes them easy to get fully congested (overloaded). Overloaded links degrade the performance of tenants' applications, and impose additional costs to the cloud provider. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear bandwidth pricing policy for congestion control in the cloud network. In order to maximize social welfare (i.e., maximize the total satisfaction of the tenants while minimizing the congestion over the link), the cloud provider uses the nonlinear pricing policy that increases the unit price with increment of bandwidth usage. Each tenant competes for bandwidth allocation to maximize its utility (i.e., both maximize its own individual satisfaction and minimize its bandwidth payment cost). We design a game between tenants and the cloud provider, and show that there exists a unique optimal bandwidth schedule (Nash equilibrium) that jointly maximizes the social welfare and the utility of each tenant at the same time. In order to find the optimal schedule, we use an asynchronous-based best response strategy, in which each tenant updates its optimal bandwidth allocation based on the updated bandwidth payment function from the cloud provider. We prove that the updated bandwidth allocations converge to the optimal bandwidth schedule. In our simulation study and real implementation, we verify the performance of our proposed pricing mechanism under different scenarios.
Mechanism Design with Aftermarkets: On the Impossibility of Pure Information Intermediation

A mediator, with no prior information and no control over the market protocol, attempts to redesign the information structure in the market by running an information intermediation mechanism with transfers that first elicits information from an agent, and then discloses information to another market participant (third party). The note establishes a general impossibility result: If the third party has full bargaining power in the interaction with the agent, all incentive-compatible information intermediation mechanisms are uninformative about the agent's type.
Effects of Isometric Hand-Grip Muscle Contraction on Young Adults' Free Recall and Recognition Memory

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if physical arousal produced by isometric hand-dynamometer contraction performed during word-list learning affects young adults' free recall or recognition memory. Method: Twenty-four young adults (12 female; Mage = 22 years) were presented with 4 20-item word lists. Moderate arousal was induced in 12 adults by an initial 30-s maximal hand-dynamometer squeeze with force productions of 50% maximum; low arousal was induced in 12 adults by an initial 1-s maximal dynamometer squeeze with force production of 10% maximum during learning. Memory performances following dual-task conditions experienced during the encoding, consolidation, and recall phases of learning were compared to a single-task control condition during which words were learned in the absence of isometric exercise. Results: Planned contrasts revealed that arousal coinciding with word encoding led to significantly poorer immediate recall, F(1, 23) = 10.13, p < .05, = .31, delayed free recall, F...
Growth of Endangered Humpback Chub in Relation to Temperature and Discharge in the Lower Colorado River

Abstract Assessments of growth can provide information needed to understand how fish populations respond to changing environmental conditions and management actions, including ecosystem experimentation. We estimated growth rates and parameter uncertainty from otoliths of endangered Humpback Chub Gila cypha from the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. We then compared growth of Humpback Chub < age 2 that were 1) occupying the mainstem Colorado River during a period of variable discharge and cooler water temperatures (1980–1998; epoch 1), 2) occupying the Colorado River during a period of moderate discharge variability and warmer water (2001–2011; epoch 2), and 3) occupying the unregulated Little Colorado River. Because growth rates of juvenile Humpback Chub (< age 2) may be more sensitive to changes in environmental conditions than adult fish, we used analysis of covariance and linear models to compare growth of juvenile fish (slopes) between epochs and capture sites (mainstem Colorado River vs. Littl...
Collateral Damage? “Marigold,” Franco–American Relations, and Secret Vietnam Peace Diplomacy, 1966–1967

ABSTRACTThe Vietnam War exacerbated the already tense relationship between Charles de Gaulle and Lyndon B. Johnson; and Franco–American relations reached a nadir in winter 1966–1967 when de Gaulle vetoed a proposed visit to Hanoi by Jean Sainteny, a former colonial official, who Washington had desired to probe North Vietnam’s position. This analysis adds a new wrinkle to the story. Building on research for Marigold: The Lost Chance for Peace in Vietnam (2012), the author reveals that French knowledge of only the Polish version of that peace initiative’s failure, fully blaming the Americans, further soured de Gaulle’s view of Johnson’s handling of the war and American sincerity in seeking peace. The analysis also unveils a new dimension of Henry Kissinger’s involvement in Vietnam diplomacy—prior to the Nixon White House—missing from earlier accounts.
Electrospraying of dielectric fluids in a high-pressure environment

Electrospraying has found multiple applications in various fields of engineering, science and everyday life. This paper presents study of behavior of electrosprayed dielectric liquids in high pressure environments. Experiments were carried out to evaluate use of electric fields in spatial and temporal manipulation of sprayed droplets. The focus of the study was to investigate feasibility of such control in cylindrical geometries, where the target application is use of this technique to improve fuel economy and reduce harmful exhaust emissions of internal combustion (IC) engines.
Evidence for magnetic-field-induced decoupling of superconducting bilayers in La 2 − x Ca 1 + x Cu 2 O 6

We report a study of magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity as a function of temperature and magnetic field in superconducting crystals of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{1+x}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ with $x=0.10$ and 0.15 and transition temperature ${T}_{c}^{\mathrm{m}}=54$ K (determined from the susceptibility). When an external magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ bilayers, the resistive superconducting transition measured with currents flowing perpendicular to the bilayers is substantially lower than that found with currents flowing parallel to the bilayers. Intriguingly, this anisotropic behavior is quite similar to that observed for the magnetic irreversibility points with the field applied either perpendicular or parallel to the bilayers. We discuss the results in the context of other studies that have found evidence for the decoupling of superconducting layers induced by a perpendicular magnetic field.
Transformable Materials: Structurally Tailored and Engineered Macromolecular (STEM) Gels by Controlled Radical Polymerization

Structurally tailored and engineered macromolecular (STEM) gels constitute part of an emerging field of smart materials. STEM gels are polymer networks containing latent initiator sites available for postsynthesis modification. STEM gels synthesized by controlled radical polymerization (CRP) are presented. First, reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was used to copolymerize (meth)acrylate monomer, di(meth)acrylate cross-linker, and inimer for the subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) grafting-from process. The resulting STEM gels were infiltrated with a second monomer, which formed side chains grafted from the inimer sites by photoactivated ATRP. This approach permits significant spatial and temporal control over the structure of the resulting material. Here, the technique was used to transform primary STEM gels into single-piece amphiphilic and hard/soft materials.
Milestones in intrauterine device development.

PIP: The IUD has undergone numerous modifications and innovations since the Graefenberg ring of the early 1900s. This and the other small rings were initially designed so as to introduce a foreign body of minimal size into the uterine cavity. Larger plastic devices, introduced in the 1960s (e.g., Lippes Loop, Birnberg bow, Margulies Spiral), were purported to have lower pregnancy and expulsion rates. Monofilament tails were also added because the ease of detection and extraction of the IUD allowed by the tail was felt to be more important than the risk of potential infection. With the development of the Dalkon Shield in the late 1960s came a new era in IUD development. The A.H. Robins Company, developers of the Shield, elected to add a sheathed multifilament tail which, over the next 4 years, resulted in 242 spontaneous midtrimester septic abortions in women wearing the Shield; only 37 women not wearing a Dalkon Shield experienced this event. 10 maternal deaths resulted. Salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were other serious results of IUD wear. Consequently, IUD use in the US and worldwide dropped. Of major import was the finding that, when compared to noncontraceptors, the relative risk of PID was 15.6 for longterm Dalkon Shield users and only 1.5 for longterm users of other types of IUDs. When Dalkon Shield data are extracted, there remains a very low rate of serious complications resulting from IUD wear. The problem with the Dalkon Shield has encouraged more research in the direction of the tailless IUD. The development of the small T-shaped IUD came as an attempt to have a device which was adapted to the size and shape of the uterine cavity rather than the other way around. To this was added copper to enhance the contraceptive effect. Copper-medicated IUDs, among them the Copper 7, Nova-T, and the Multiload, were added to the list of available IUDs. Progestogens have been now incorporated with the plain T. This has resulted in the Progestasert and the Levonorgestrel T, both of which effect a reduction in menstrual blood loss. While major advances have been made in the field of intrauterine contraception, more innovations and improvements can be expected in the future.
Structural Analysis of the History of Early Greek and Early European Philosophy

In this chapter history will be regarded as a dialogue. In a dialogue one person proposes a statement and another person reacts to it by either proposing an alternative or a modification of the first statement. If the second person disregarded the statement by the first person, no true dialogue would take place. After two alternate statements have been made, the first person may modify his original statement or propose a third one. In each case, he would try to consider the statement made by the second person and at the same time would have to remain consistent with his own earlier statements. If he were always to disregard the second person’s statement, no true dialogue would take place.
The House That Morgan Built

Author(s): Trautmann, Thomas | Abstract: L.H. Morgan’s kinship work began and ended with the Iroquois longhouse, and the Iroquois kinship system that it shaped and by which it was shaped. Kinship became a house for anthropology, shaping and being shaped by the emerging discipline. Much of the house that Morgan built for anthropology still stands, including the last book, on houses and house-life, which seems to anticipate the current literature on houses and house-societies.
Plasma metabolomics of children with aberrant serum lipids and inadequate micronutrient intake

Blood lipids have served as key biomarkers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, yet emerging evidence indicates metabolite profiling might reveal a larger repertoire of small molecules that reflect altered metabolism, and which may be associated with early disease risk. Inadequate micronutrient status may also drive or exacerbate CVD risk factors that emerge during childhood. This study aimed to understand relationships between serum lipid levels, the plasma metabolome, and micronutrient status in 38 children (10 ± 0.8 years) at risk for CVD. Serum lipid levels were measured via autoanalyzer and average daily micronutrient intakes were calculated from 3-day food logs. Plasma metabolites were extracted using 80% methanol and analyzed via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Spearman’s rank-order coefficients (rs) were computed for correlations between the following serum lipids [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG)], 805 plasma metabolites, and 17 essential micronutrients. Serum lipid levels in the children ranged from 128–255 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 67–198 mg/dL for LDL, 31–58 mg/dL for HDL, and 46–197 mg/dL for TG. The majority of children (71 to 100%) had levels lower than the Recommended Daily Allowance for vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, folate, vitamin D, and potassium. For sodium, 76% of children had levels above the Upper Limit of intake. Approximately 30% of the plasma metabolome (235 metabolites) were significantly correlated with serum lipids. As expected, plasma cholesterol was positively correlated with serum total cholesterol (rs = 0.6654; p<0.0001). Additionally, 27 plasma metabolites were strongly correlated with serum TG (rs ≥0.60; p≤0.0001), including alanine and diacylglycerols, which have previously been associated with cardiometabolic and atherosclerotic risk in adults and experimental animals. Plasma metabolite profiling alongside known modifiable risk factors for children merit continued investigation in epidemiological studies to assist with early CVD detection, mitigation, and prevention via lifestyle-based interventions.
Relationship Between Soil Properties and Nitrogen Mineralization in Undisturbed Soil Cores from California Agroecosystems

Soil nitrogen (N) mineralization rates from different agricultural regions in California were determined and related to soil properties. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled in spring from 57 fields...
The United States and Globalization: Where Do Things Stand?

This chapter summarizes the main arguments and evidence presented in the previous chapters for assessing the net impact of international trade, international finance and immigration on the US economy. The chapter also highlights the key changes in economic policy that are needed to ensure that globalization proceeds on a basis that ensures that gains for the United States are maximized and more widely distributed, while costs are minimized. In this connection, the importance of a new social compact, including policies to deal with income inequality, is also highlighted.
The potential impacts of Emissions Trading Scheme and biofuel options to carbon emissions of U.S. airlines

Abstract To reduce carbon emissions, the European Union has implemented the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) since 2012 for intra-European commercial flights. In response, airlines have explored various means, including sustainable jet fuels. This article investigates how similar ETS policy would affect domestic carbon emissions when implemented in the United States. The study integrates a model of airlines operations optimization and multi-feedstock biojet fuels life cycle assessment to simulate decisions of biojet fuel and commercial aviation industry responding to an emission policy. We conduct a Monte-Carlo simulation on two scenarios of domestic emission schemes to investigate the adoption of biojet fuels and its impacts on carbon emissions. Our model indicates that implementing an emission policy for U.S. airlines could incentivize adoption of biofuels - a median value of 10% of total fuels in 2050- while only marginally reduce travel demand. Because of a combined effect of emission policy and improved aircraft technology, the emissions in 2050 would only increase 1.37 times the 2005 level despite passenger demand grows by a factor of 2.75. A non-parametric sensitivity analysis suggests that the price of oil, economic growth, and carbon price are the three most significant factors in affecting the fleet-level carbon emissions.
On the effect of quantum capacitance in graphene FET THz detectors

We analyze the impact of quantum capacitance on the response of graphene-based field effect transistors operating as THz detectors. Resulting from its atomically thin body and its particular band structure, quantum capacitance in graphene has a different behavior than that in bulk-semiconductor two-dimensional electron gases. Furthermore, we analyze and identify non-homogeneities and impurities, which in practice lead to a finite minimum effective charge density as well as to a finite minimum conductivity, as an effect that can degrade the predicted theoretical performance of graphene-based THz devices.
A numerical study of the pollution error and DPG adaptivity for long waveguide simulations

Abstract High-frequency wave propagation has many important applications in acoustics, elastodynamics, and electromagnetics. Unfortunately, the finite element discretization for these problems suffers from significant numerical pollution errors that increase with the wavenumber. It is critical to control these errors to obtain a stable and accurate method. We study the effect of pollution for very long waveguide problems in the context of robust discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin (DPG) finite element discretizations. Our numerical experiments show that the pollution primarily has a diffusive effect causing energy loss in the DPG method while phase errors appear less significant. We report results for 3D vectorial time-harmonic Maxwell problems in waveguides with more than 8000 wavelengths. Our results corroborate previous analysis for the Galerkin discretization of the Helmholtz operator by Melenk and Sauter (2011). Additionally, we discuss adaptive refinement strategies for multi-mode fiber waveguides where the propagating transverse modes must be resolved sufficiently. Our study shows the applicability of the DPG error indicator to this class of problems. Finally, we illustrate the importance of load balancing in these simulations for distributed-memory parallel computing.
Contribution of the bison industry to North Dakota's economy

1 The bison industry is relatively new to North Dakota where in 1998 an estimated 23,000 bison were raised in 47 of its 53 counties. The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic contribution of the bison industry to the state's economy in 1998. The bison industry, as defined here, is the production and processing of bison and the related revenues and expenditures generated from those activities that occurred within the state. With the construction and operation of a bison processing plant in North Dakota, this industry has undergone rapid expansion within the past 10 years. A survey of North Dakota bison producers and processors was conducted to provide estimates of direct impacts of the bison industry within the state. Secondary economic impacts were determined using the North Dakota Input-Output Model. The direct impact of production and processing of bison was estimated at $23 million. This generated an additional $47 million in secondary impacts within the state. The North Dakota bison industry supported a total of 757 secondary full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs. Total economic activity generated within the state was estimated at $70 million, including $27 million in personal income and nearly $18 million in retail sales. In addition, the bison industry generated $4 million in tax revenues, including property, personal income, sales and use, and corporate income taxes. The direct impact of bison production in 1998 ranked fourth in North Dakota's livestock industry: below cattle and calves, dairy products, and swine, but above turkeys and sheep. If the bison industry maintains its present growth rate, it will be larger than the North Dakota swine industry within 3 years, and sooner if the swine industry continues to decline as it has since 1995. The average direct impact generated for each bison in the state was $1,000. Total economic activity generated per bison was $3,100 (includes direct and secondary impacts from production and processing). For every 30 bison an additional secondary FTE job was supported.
Differences between young and older adults in unity and diversity of executive functions

Miyake and colleagues (2000) identified three independent but correlated components of executive function in young adults - set shifting, inhibition, and updating. The present study compared the factor structure in young adults to two groups of older adults (ages 60-73 and 74-98). A three-factor model of shifting, inhibition and updating was confirmed in young adults, but the factors were weakly or uncorrelated. In both older groups, a two-factor solution was indicated, updating/inhibition and shifting, which were moderately correlated in young-older adults, and strongly correlated in the old-older group. A nested factors model in the oldest group revealed a common factor, which loaded on all but one of the tests, and a shifting-specific factor. We concluded that in young adulthood, shifting, updating and inhibition may operate relatively independently. As people age and processing becomes less efficient, they may rely increasingly on general executive control processes, reallocating their limited resources to optimize performance.
ON THE LIOUVILLE APPROACH TO CORRELATION FUNCTIONS FOR 2D QUANTUM GRAVITY

We evaluate the three-point function for arbitrary states in bosonic minimal models on the sphere coupled to quantum gravity in two dimensions. The validity of the formal continuation in the number of Liouville screening charge insertions is shown directly from the Liouville functional integral using semi-classical methods.
Phillips, Adrian, The King Who Had to Go: Edward VIII, Mrs. Simpson and the Hidden Politics of the Abdication Crisis

The road that led to Edward VIII’s abdication as king of England in December 1936 was riddled with failures of avoidance. From George V’s strict, disciplinary parenting style to Prime Minster Stanl...
A heterogeneously expressed gene family modulates biofilm architecture and hypoxic growth of Aspergillus fumigatus

The genus Aspergillus encompasses human pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus and industrial powerhouses such as Aspergillus niger. In both cases, Aspergillus biofilms have consequences for infection outcomes and yields of economically important products. Yet, the molecular components influencing filamentous fungal biofilm development, structure, and function remain ill-defined. Macroscopic colony morphology is an indicator of underlying biofilm architecture and fungal physiology. A hypoxia-locked colony morphotype of A. fumigatus has abundant colony furrows that coincide with a reduction in vertically-oriented hyphae within biofilms and increased low oxygen growth and virulence. Investigation of this morphotype has led to the identification of the causative gene, biofilm architecture factor A (bafA), a small cryptic open reading frame within a subtelomeric gene cluster. BafA is sufficient to induce the hypoxia-locked colony morphology and biofilm architecture in A. fumigatus. Analysis across a large population of A. fumigatus isolates identified a larger family of baf genes, all of which have the capacity to modulate hyphal architecture, biofilm development, and hypoxic growth. Furthermore, introduction of A. fumigatusbafA into A. niger is sufficient to generate the hypoxia-locked colony morphology, biofilm architecture, and increased hypoxic growth. Together these data indicate the potential broad impacts of this previously uncharacterized family of small genes to modulate biofilm architecture and function in clinical and industrial settings.
An Adjustable High-Definition Imaging System for Behavioral Studies of Drosophila Adults.

Drosophila melanogaster is a very powerful model in biological research, but a bad model for photography or videography. This paper describes a simple but effective method to observe and document the behavior or morphology of flies. Flies were placed in a translucent observation chamber c.a. O15 x 5mm (no food inside) or O15 x 12 mm (with an 8 mm-high piece of food inside). After covering with an ultraviolet (UV)/clear filter with high light transmittance, the chamber was placed under a 5-50x zoom stereo microscope, and mini light-emitting diode (LED) video lights were placed on both sides of the microscope to illuminate the chamber to obtain uniform, soft, bright, and nearly shadow-free light. Then, a compact digital camera with 3-5x optical zoom, which can record 1080 P high-definition or higher resolution video (at a frame rate of ≥30 fps), was connected to the eyepiece of microscope through a bracket, and photographs or videos were taken through the eyepiece. By adjusting the zoom knob of the zoom stereo microscope, it was very easy to track the flies and take panoramic or detailed close-up images as needed, while the camera recorded everything under the microscope. Because the flies can stay at any position in the chamber, they can be observed and recorded from all directions. The photographs or videos taken are of good image quality. This method can be used both for scientific research and teaching.
Risk of second cancer among young prostate cancer survivors.

Purpose About 40% of men diagnosed with prostate cancer (Pca) are ≤65 years of age. This study evaluates the risk of second cancer among young Pca patients treated with surgery or radiation. Materials and methods This is a retrospective review of 150,915 men aged ≤65 years at Pca diagnosis treated with surgery or radiation registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 1973 and 2014. Incidence rates of second rectum/rectosigmoid junction (RJ), bladder, and lung cancer in each treatment group were reported with adjustment for potential confounders. Cumulative incidence functions were used to summarize the risk of second cancer after completing initial treatment. Results Men treated with external beam radiation (BEAM), brachytherapy (SEED), or combined radiation all exhibited a statistically significant increased incidence of second bladder cancer compared to men treated with surgery (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 2.09, 1.91, and 2.04, respectively). Incidence of rectum/RJ cancer was also significantly increased in men receiving BEAM and combined radiation (adjusted IRR: 1.58 and 1.98, respectively). There were also significant differences in the cumulative incidence of second bladder cancer after receiving any form of radiation compared to surgery. Conclusion Pca survivors ≤65 years of age at Pca diagnosis had an increased risk of second bladder and rectum/RJ cancer after BEAM and combined radiation treatment after adjusting for confounding factors. Second bladder cancer incidence after either form of radiation treatment was increased even at 5 years after a Pca diagnosis.
Forced Off Farm? Labor Allocation Response to Land Requisition in Rural China

Land requisition has been an important process by which Chinese local governments promote urbanization and generate revenue. This study investigates the impacts of land requisition on farmers' decisions of labor allocation between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. We argue that, conditional on village fixed effects, land requisition can be explored as a quasi-natural experiment to identify the relationship between land rights and labor allocation of farmers. We find that young farmers (age 16-44) are not affected in their migration decisions by land loss through requisition, while some older farmers (age 45-55) are affected. In response to land loss through requisition, the probability that older farmers living beyond the mean distance from the county seat migrates to cities increases by 8.5 percentage points. An econometric test confirms that the finding is unlikely to be driven by unobserved variables associated with household experience of land loss. This finding raises concerns about the wellbeing of the farmers who may not be competitive in the urban labor market and therefore unlikely to leave farming unless they have to.
Safety of liver resection in patients receiving antithrombotic therapy: A systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Little is unknown about the effect of chronic antithrombotic therapy (ATT) on bleeding complication during or after hepatectomy. In addition, the safety and effectiveness of chemical prevention for venous thromboembolism (VTE) is still controversial. AIM To clarify the effect of ATT on thromboembolism and bleeding after liver resection. METHODS Articles published between 2011 and 2020 were searched from Google Scholar and PubMed, and after careful reviewing of all studies, studies concerning ATT and liver resection were included. Data such as study design, type of surgery, type of antithrombotic agents, and surgical outcome were extracted from the studies. RESULTS Sixteen published articles, including a total of 8300 patients who underwent hepatectomy, were eligible for inclusion in the current review. All studies regarding patients undergoing chronic ATT showed that hepatectomy can be performed safely, and three studies have also shown the safety and efficacy of preoperative continuation of aspirin. Regarding chemical prevention for VTE, some studies have shown a potentially high risk of bleeding complications in patients undergoing chemical thromboprophylaxis; however, its efficacy against VTE has not been shown statistically, especially among Asian patients. CONCLUSION Hepatectomy in patients with chronic ATT can be performed safely without increasing the incidence of bleeding complications, but the safety and effectiveness of chemical thromboprophylaxis against VTE during liver resection is still controversial, especially in the Asian population. Establishing a clear protocol or guideline requires further research using reliable studies with good design.
Estimating total spending by source of funding on routine and supplementary immunisation activities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: a financial modelling study.

Summary Background Childhood immunisation is one of the most cost-effective health interventions. However, despite its known value, global access to vaccines remains far from complete. Although supply-side constraints lead to inadequate vaccine coverage in many health systems, there is no comprehensive analysis of the funding for immunisation. We aimed to fill this gap by generating estimates of funding for immunisation disaggregated by the source of funding and the type of activities in order to highlight the funding landscape for immunisation and inform policy making. Methods For this financial modelling study, we estimated annual spending on immunisations for 135 low-income and middle-income countries (as determined by the World Bank) from 2000 to 2017, with a focus on government, donor, and out-of-pocket spending, and disaggregated spending for vaccines and delivery costs, and routine schedules and supplementary campaigns. To generate these estimates, we extracted data from National Health Accounts, the WHO–UNICEF Joint Reporting Forms, comprehensive multi-year plans, databases from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's 2019 development assistance for health database. We estimated total spending on immunisation by aggregating the government, donor, prepaid private, and household spending estimates. Findings Between 2000 and 2017, funding for immunisation totalled US$112·4 billion (95% uncertainty interval 108·5–118·5). Aggregated across all low-income and middle-income countries, government spending consistently remained the largest source of funding, providing between 60·0% (57·7–61·9) and 79·3% (73·8–81·4) of total immunisation spending each year (corresponding to between $2·5 billion [2·3–2·8] and $6·4 billion [6·0–7·0] each year). Across income groups, immunisation spending per surviving infant was similar in low-income and lower-middle-income countries and territories, with average spending of $40 (38–42) in low-income countries and $42 (39–46) in lower-middle-income countries, in 2017. In low-income countries and territories, development assistance made up the largest share of total immunisation spending (69·4% [64·6–72·0]; $630·2 million) in 2017. Across the 135 countries, we observed higher vaccine coverage and increased government spending on immunisation over time, although in some countries, predominantly in Latin America and the Caribbean and in sub-Saharan Africa, vaccine coverage decreased over time, while spending increased. Interpretation These estimates highlight the progress over the past two decades in increasing spending on immunisation. However, many challenges still remain and will require dedication and commitment to ensure that the progress made in the previous decade is sustained and advanced in the next decade for the Immunization Agenda 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Racial Diversity and Social Capital: Equality and Community in America

1. Introduction 2. The social capital thesis 3. The racial diversity thesis 4. Examining social outcomes, and civic and economic equality 5. Voter turnout and other forms of participation in context 6. Public policy outputs 7. Conclusions.
Linear complexity search algorithm to locate shunt and series compensation for enhancing voltage stability

Shunt and series reactive power compensation are two effective ways to increase the voltage stability margin of power systems. This paper proposes a methodology of locating switched shunt and series capacitors to endow them with the capability of being reconfigured to a secure configuration under a set of prescribed contingencies. Optimal locations of new switch controls are obtained by the forward/backward search on a graph representing discrete configuration of switches. A modified WSCC 9-bus system is adopted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The cpx proteins of Escherichia coli K12. Structure of the cpxA polypeptide as an inner membrane component.

Abstract Gene cpxA of Escherichia coli K12 encodes the 52,000 M r CpxA polypeptide. The complete cpxA nucleotide sequence, reported here, predicted that CpxA contains two extended, hydrophobic segments in its amino-terminal half and could therefore be a membrane protein. Using a lac - cpxA operon fusion plasmid to overproduce CpxA and an immunochemical assay to detect the polypeptide, we show that CpxA fractionated with the bacterial inner membrane during differential and isopycnic sedimentation. Moreover, the protein could be solubilized by extraction of crude membranes with non-ionic detergents but not with KCl or NaOH, indicating that Cpx is an intrinsic membrane component. Analysis of Tn phoA insertions in cpxA indicated that the region between the hydrophobic segments of CpxA is periplasmic, whereas the region carboxy-terminal to the second such segment is cytoplasmic. Based on these structural data, we propose that CpxA functions as a trans-membrane sensory protein. The DNA sequence data also indicate that cpxA is the 3′ gene of an operon.
International Strategy Research

Abstract This methodological assessment of international strategic management (ISM) research is based on a review of key scholarly journals. The objectives of the analyses that follow are to offer an overview of research methodologies used in ISM studies, to assess the extent to which cross-cultural research issues and techniques are observed in the ISM literature, and to make recommendations for future research efforts. It is evident from this review that greater attention to cross-cultural/national methodology considerations is necessary even in single-nation studies of ISM. Key areas to which close attention in ISM studies is needed are explored and discussed in this study, and guidelines for improving future studies are offered.
Regulation of the Mandelate Pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The pathway of mandelate metabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is composed of the following steps: l(+)-mandelate --> benzoylformate --> benzaldehyde --> benzoate. These three steps are unique to mandelate oxidation; the benzoate formed is further metabolized via the beta-ketoadipate pathway. The first enzyme, l(+)-mandelate dehydrogenase, is induced by its substrate. The second and third enzymes, benzoylformate decarboxylase and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase, are both induced by benzoylformate. The same benzaldehyde dehydrogenase, or one very similar to it, is also induced by beta-ketoadipate, an intermediate in the subsequent metabolism of benzoate. This dehydrogenase may also be induced by adipate or a metabolite of adipate. These conclusions have been drawn from the physiological and genetic properties of wild-type P. aeruginosa strains and from the study of mutants lacking the second and third enzyme activities.
Stepping toward discharge: Level of ambulation in hospitalized patients

Little information is available on how active adult patients are during their hospitalization. The purpose of this study is to describe the level of ambulation in hospitalized patients. This was a cohort study of ambulatory patients from 3 hospital medical-surgical units conducted March 2014 through July 2014. Patients wore an accelerometer upon admission to the unit until discharge to home. Sensor placement and data review were performed as part of routine care. Step counts were merged with administrative and clinical data for analysis. Data were available on 777 patients who had at least 24 hours of monitoring prior to discharge. The sample included 57% females, and 55% were nonwhite. The median total step count over 24 hours was 1158 (interquartile range: 636–2238). Patients who were older accrued fewer steps compared to younger patients (962 vs 1294, P < 0.0001). For patients who had at least 48 hours of monitoring (n = 378), there was an increase from 811 steps in the first 24 hours to 1188 steps in the final 24 hours prior to discharge. More frequent documentation was associated with higher step counts (P ≤ 0.001). We found that a diverse sample of hospitalized adult patients accrued over 1000 steps in the 24 hours prior to discharge home. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:384–389. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Pierre Schlag's The Enchantment of Reason

to which I return at the end of this essay. [Vol. 57:513 2003] PIERRE SCHLAG'S THE ENCHANTMENT OF REASON 537 be committed) to law and its continuation, the questioning doesn't happen. 88 The legal academic, too, is likely to slip into legal metaphysics.... It is [the] desire for a discipline that leads them to endow law with the structure, the continuity, the transcendence of metaphysics. Without the metaphysics, the legal academics are just court watchers-journalists of case law. With the metaphysics, by contrast, they are working on nothing less than The Law itself.89 [O]nce the Christian cosmology is acknowledged to be a metaphysical illusion, God and all his subordinates (including the pope) experience an immediate and radical status demotion. Once the metaphysical illusion is gone, the pope's authority dissipates as well.... The same thing goes for law.9° The least attractive of the bad motives for the errors of reconstructive jurisprudence, for Pierre, is the presumptuous "normativo" urge of law professors to understand themselves as philosopher kings, or philosopher councilors just a step behind the throne. As Pierre is fond of pointing out, the collective of "virtually all American legal theorists" suffers from something close to clinical delusions with respect to the normative significance of these as of its other activities. Because their claims rest not on the humdrum legal practitioner's techniques of argument through a mix of appeals to statutes, precedents, and policies, but rather on much more abstract and elaborate metaphysical structures, they have a special interest in the viability of the metaphysical enterprise, even if they disagree passionately among themselves as to which reconstruction is right.91 The innocent motive is the one set out in the very first chapter: it is anxiety that without the metaphysics there would be no basis for believing in the rule of law. The consequence of taking seriously the critiques of the aesthetics is not that one can't do law or that it loses all authority. But it might be that one has to rethink and possibly just abandon (walk away from) the liberal political theoretical enterprise of reconciling the key concepts of popular sovereignty and individual rights through the mediation of the rule of law. Loss of faith that the aesthetics can be rationally accounted for is potentially devastating to the version of the rule of law in which judges play the role of apolitical referee in conflicts of right holders and in conflicts between the popular sovereign and right holders.92
Motivating the sure bounds

Motivation is provided for a theorem that provides upper and lower bounds for the reliability of configurable digital control systems. The reliability goals for these systems are too high to be established by natural life testing, which means the probability of system failure must be computed from mathematical models that capture the essential elements of fault occurrence and system fault recovery. The upper and lower bound theorem shows that system recovery can be adequately described by its first two moments, provided component failure rate is low and system recovery is fast. This result greatly simplifies both the fault injection experiments that study system recovery and the numerical computations that estimate the probability of system failure from a mathematical model. >
Time-dependence of the Frequency and Line-width of the Optical Emission from a Pulsed Ruby Maser

THE theoretical and practical interest in the sharpness of the spectral lines from a pulsed ruby optical maser prompted us to make an interferometric study of its emission1. This investigation revealed that a surprisingly large number of narrow frequency components were produced, even with power input very close to threshold. Fig. 1 shows an interferogram taken with a 40-cm spherical Fabry–Perot etalon2, having a resolution of 2–3 Mc/s. The question of the origin of these many narrow frequency components, emitted during a single pulse from the flash lamp, has been unambiguously answered by the time-resolution studies reported here. The results have also revealed several new features of ruby maser emission. For these experiments, time resolution was obtained by adding to our apparatus a 1P25 image tube with a linear magnetic time sweep. The ruby crystal was 0.4 × 0.4 cm and 6cm long, silver coated (4 percent transmission), and immersed in liquid nitrogen. The flash lamp was designed to minimize the magnetic field at the crystal.
Spectrophotometry of Bowen resonance fluorescence lines in three planetary nebulae

The results are presented of a uniquely complete, carefully reduced set of observations of the O III Bowen fluorescence lines in the planetary nebulae NGC 6210, NGC 7027, and NGC 7662. A detailed comparison with the predictions of radiative excitation verify that some secondary lines are enhanced by selective population by the charge exchange mechanism involving O IV. Charge exchange is most important in NGC 6210, which is of significantly lower ionization than the other nebulae. In addition to the principal Bowen lines arising from Ly-alpha pumping of the O III O1 line, lines arising from pumping of the O3 line are also observed. Comparison of lines produced by O1 and O3 with the theoretical predictions of Neufeld indicate poor agreement; comparison with the theoretical predictions of Harrington show agreement with NGC 7027 and NGC 7662.
Mid-Pliocene planktic foraminifer assemblage of the North Atlantic Ocean

The US Geological Survey Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) North Atlantic faunal data set provides a unique, temporally constrained perspective to document and evaluate the quantitative geographic distribution of key mid-Pliocene taxa. Planktic foraminifer census data from within the PRISM time slab (3.29 to 2.97 Ma) at thirteen sites in the North Atlantic Ocean have been analyzed. We have compiled Scanning Electron Micrographs for an atlas of mid-Pliocene assemblages from the North Atlantic with descriptions of each taxon to document the taxonomic concepts that accompany the PRISM data. In mid-Pliocene assemblages, the geographic distributions of extant taxa are similar to their present day distributions, although some are extended to the north. We use the distribution of extinct taxa to assess previous assumptions regarding environmental preferences.
Characterization of three-subunit chloroplast coupling factor

The delta- and epsilon-polypeptides were removed from chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1). The resulting enzyme, CF1(-delta, epsilon), is a stable active ATPase containing only alpha-, beta-, and gamma-polypeptides. The dependence of the steady-state kinetics of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by CF1(-delta, epsilon) on the concentrations of ATP and ADP was found to be essentially the same as by activated CF1. Nucleotide binding studies with CF1(-delta, epsilon) revealed three binding sites: a nondissociable ADP site (site 1), a tight MgATP binding site (site 2), and a site that binds ADP and ATP with a dissociation constant in the micromolar range (site 3). Similar results have been obtained with CF1. For both CF1 and CF1(-delta, epsilon), the binding of MgATP at site 2 is tight only in the presence of Mg2+. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to map distances between the gamma-sulfhydryl ("dark" site) and gamma-disulfide and between the gamma-sulfhydryl and the three nucleotide sites. These distances are within 5% of the corresponding distances on CF1. These results indicate that removal of the delta- and epsilon-polypeptides from CF1 does not cause significant changes in the structure, kinetics, and nucleotide binding sites of the enzyme.