cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impacts of Boring Sponges on Oyster Health across Multiple Sites and Tidal Heights

Clionaid boring sponges (Cliona sp.) may affect individual oyster growth and condition while destroying oyster habitats, which can impact restoration efforts and aquaculture for eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Since both oysters and boring sponges are affected by similar abiotic variables (i.e., salinity, tidal exposure), this study explored the potential trade-offs between these abiotic variables and sponge presence on growth, condition index, and survival of oysters using a fully-factorial in situ experiment across 3 sites in coastal GA, USA. Across all sites and tide heights, oysters with sponge grew 20% slower and had 10% lower condition index than oysters without sponge. Savannah State, the site with the lowest salinity (mean ± SD = 24.5 ± 2.1, range 20–28), exhibited growth rates that were 1.4–1.7 times faster than the other two sites, with even sponge-infested oysters exhibiting higher growth rates than uninfested oysters at the other two sites. In addition, growth rates of sponge-infested oysters were reduced by 26% relative to uninfested individuals in the low intertidal tier, but only by 12% in the upper intertidal zone, suggesting the negative impact also varies with tidal location. Therefore, oysters exposed to air for prolonged periods and placed in areas with polyhaline salinity exhibit fast growth and high relative condition index, although salinity may be confounded by other variables (food availability, fouling organisms). This study highlights the importance of considering site and tidal location for oyster restoration and culture.
Land Contamination Correction for AMSR2

Microwave radiometers are designed to capture the Earth's electromagnetic radiation in the form of brightness temperatures. At low and medium frequencies, the relatively large footprint of microwave radiometers results in mixing land and water brightness temperatures in coastal areas and lakes. This mixing of signals, also known as land contamination, limits the usability of radiometer measurements and makes them unsuitable for geophysical retrievals up to ~ 100 km away from the coastline. In this paper, we present preliminary results of applying a land contamination correction on AMSR2 measurements to extract coastal information. The correction technique relies on calculating the land fraction within AMSR2 footprints using a high-resolution land mask and a representative antenna pattern.
Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes

Conformational analysis is a comparatively new area of organic chemistry that has been developed well after the theories of organic reactions, bonding in organic compounds and stereochemistry. It was only in the second half of twentieth century that its importance was fully recognized and its central role with respect to bonding, reactivity and stability of organic compounds was appreciated. Fundamental concepts of conformational analysis, a deeper discussion of the conformational analysis of small and common rings and an introduction into the conformational analysis of medium and large rings are presented at a level suitable for an introductory organic chemistry course. This discussion aims to provide a better understanding of the complex relationship among different types of strain, while also discussing the factors that determine stability of a particular conformation. Finally, the unique nature of each class of cycloalkanes is explored.
Intellectual Abilities and Instructional Media Design.

This paper has two objectives. First, to determine whether interactions exist between the intellectual abilities of learners and the different ways instructional media may be designed and produced; and, second, to translate the findings from this search into prescriptions for the actual development of instructional products. The accomplishment of these objectives is a difficult task. As has been convincingly pointed out by Bracht (1970) and by Cronbach and Snow (in press), there is little definitive evidence from the aptitude-treatment interaction research that points conclusively to the employment of practices that might guide the selection of the more general instructional strategies, much less lead to the design of specific instructional media. The research results are so fragmentary and diverse that generalizations from these alone are virtually impossible. Thus, if an application to practice is to be made, Editor's Note. The material in this article was prepared pursuant to a contract with the National Institute of Education, U.S. Deparlment of Health, Education and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their judgment in professional and technical matters. Points of view or opinions do not necessarily represent the official view or opinions of the National Institute of Education.
Values Economics and Theology: The Contribution of Catholic Social Thought and its Implications for Legal Regulatory Systems

The dominant system of global private economic ordering, grounded in classical liberal economic theory and based on robust private markets and a limited state regulatory role, has come under attack. That attack has been sharpened over the last several decades as the development of many poor states has failed to accelerate and as a consequence of the economic crisis of developed states that began to be felt in earnest in 2008. Like legal systems, economic systems grounded solely on rational activity without a foundation in normative value systems, are either incomplete or subject to perversion. This paper focuses on the values of substantive economics developed recently through application of Catholic theology. It focuses on the Catholic critique of consumerism, its understanding of a necessary labor policy and its sense of a just global economics. It will suggest a number of places where socio-economics and theology share common ground, and even something of a common framework of analysis, and that consequentially, there may be some force to arguments that some values may be trans-religious, as well as trans-cultural. The paper starts with a short consideration of the approach of economics in its modern globalized context, and the contribution of socio-economics to that approach. It then briefly suggests the contours of an economic critique of that modern approach, using as a foil for that purpose Fidel Castro’s attacks on economic globalization in favor of Marxist alternative global economic models. It then considers Catholic social thought as an alternative to both. For that purpose the paper focuses on Catholic social thought as it touches on the issues raised by global economic activity in three respects: materialism, labor rights and globalization. It ends with a consideration of an important criticism of conventional economics in Catholic social thought: that the dominant system is likely to fail because it lacks a legitimate ethical framework. For that purpose, the paper considers a recent revival of an article written by Benedict XVI in the 1980s when, as Cardinal Ratzinger, he suggested that the current dominant system would collapse for lack of a legitimate moral base, a base that could only be provided by Religion.
Photographic Virtual Reality

Photographic virtual reality is a type of digital media that allows a user to interact with photographic panoramas, objects, or scenes on a computer display using software called a viewer or player. Sometimes referred to as immersive photography, photographic virtual reality is designed to give the user the sensation of being there.
Rheological properties of wheat flour doughs

Creep and creep recovery tests in simple tension were made on a dough of 45.8% water absorption prepared from a medium strength baking flour. Within the experimental uncertainty, the creep compliance was found to be the same at stresses from about 2 to 3.2 mbar (2000 to 3200 dynes/cm2). Values of the steady-state viscosity and the steady-state compliance derived from the creep data were in close agreement with those from the recovery data; the average values are 1.2 × 108 poise and 2.7 × 10−5 cm2/dyne. These observations show that the dough exhibited linear viscoelastic behavior. They also indicate that no structural changes are produced by stress, over the covered range, and thus that the dough does not behave like a material crosslinked by covalent bonds.
Subthalamic stimulation-induced synaptic responses in substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons in vitro.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is one of the principal sources of excitatory glutamatergic input to dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, yet stimulation of the STN produces both excitatory ...
Prime‐, Stress‐, and Cue‐Induced Reinstatement of Extinguished Drug‐Reinforced Responding in Rats: Cocaine as the Prototypical Drug of Abuse

This unit describes the testing of rats in prime-, footshock-, and cue-induced reinstatement procedures. Evaluating rats in these procedures enables the assessment of treatments on behavior thought to model drug relapse precipitated by re-contact with an abused drug (prime-induced), induced by stress (footshock-induced), or by stimuli previously associated with drug administration (cue-induced). For instance, levels of reinstatement under the effects of test compound administration could be compared to levels under vehicle administration to help identify potential treatments for drug relapse, or reinstatement levels of different rat strains could be compared to identify potential genetic determinants of perseverative drug-seeking behavior. Cocaine is used as a prototypical drug of abuse, and relapse to its use serves as the model in this unit, but other self-administered drugs could readily be substituted with little modification to the procedures.
Analysis of a Diesel Engine Exhaust Manifold

The exhaust manifold is an essential component of an engine, which has become increasingly important because of innovations in the industry. Thus, the efficiency of an exhaust manifold is a key factor in overall engine efficiency. In operating conditions, there are many factors that may influence the performance of an exhaust manifold, such as temperature, pressure, wall thickness, coolant velocity, etc.A manufacturer of diesel engine’s exhaust manifolds was interested in investigating the performance of its manifolds. This paper describes the method of analysis and results obtained by Fluent and ANSYS software. The purpose of the project is to analyze the stress distribution and locate the areas most prone to failure.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A new in vivo model of arterial thrombosis: the effect of administration of ticlopidine and verapamil in dogs.

An in vivo model of arterial thrombosis was developed in which either polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE [Gore-Tex]) or autologous vein grafts were used to replace a segment of the femoral arteries of dogs. In one series of studies, 5 cm of PTFE and 5 cm of autologous femoral vein were used in each animal and blood flow was resumed for 1 hour. 111In-labeled autologous platelets accumulated in greater amounts on the PTFE grafts (93.6 × 106 platelets/cm) than on the vein grafts (2.6 × 106 platelets/cm) (P<0.001). Orally administered ticlopidine (30 mg/kg/day for 2 days), an established inhibitor of platelets, reduced platelet deposition on the PTFE grafts to 10.5 × 106 platelets/cm (P<0.01). In a second series of studies, PTFE grafts were interposed on both sides in each animal, and blood flow was resumed for 3 hours. With intravenously administered verapamil, a calcium antagonist, given perioperatively at 7.5 ug/kg/min, 12 of 16 grafts in eight dogs were patent compared with only 2 of 16 grafts in eight control dogs (P<0.001). Furthermore, platelet deposition on the grafts was reduced from 1,090 × 106 platelets/cm to 303 × 106 platelets/cm (P<0.001). Thus, both ticlopidine and verapamil are effective antithrombotic agents as a result of their inhibition of platelet activity in this model, and these results provide further evidence of a central role for calcium in platelet activation.
Optimal Configuration Analysis of a Microgrid-Based Telecom Power System

This paper presents a systematic microgrid-based telecom power system configuration analysis to establish a possible basis for an optimal design. It compares several configurations using a value function that includes important telecommunication power plant characteristics, such as cost and availability. The comparison yields guidelines on how best to configure the system. Design choices studied include the system main bus voltage, redundancy policy, and the microsource configuration. The analysis indicates that microgrid-based telecom power systems outperform traditional telecom power plants for medium to high-power sites, such as switching centers, and gives similar results for cell sites and low power transmission nodes. Microgrid configurations with an approximate 156 V main dc bus voltage achieve a slightly higher value function than other evaluated options.
Differential-conversion temperature programmed desorption: a new method for obtaining bimolecular surface rate constants

For bimolecular surface reactions, temperature programmed desorption (TPD) cannot be used efficiently to detect the product if either of the reactants desorbs before the product. A modification of TPD (differential-conversion TPD, or DCTPD) that circumvents this problem is described in this paper. The reactant desorbing at high temperature is first adsorbed as in normal TPD. The surface is then exposed to a continuous flux of the other reactant, and the rate of product desorption is monitored at the same time. The flux is kept so low that the coverage of the reactant first adsorbed scarcely changes. The rate constant is then determined using this measured coverage and that calculated for the impinging species from its previously-determined adsorption/desorption kinetics. A formalism is also developed for cases in which a continuum of related pathways with a distribution of activation energies is present. Experimental application of DCTPD is demonstrated in the particular case of HCl production from SiH4 and TiCl4 on TiSi2.
Projective Invariants of Four Subspaces

Abstract We compute a set of generators of the ring of invariants for a set of 4 subspaces in a projective space. More precisely, let K [ Gr 4 ] be the ring of regular functions on the product of four Grassmannians, we present a set of generators for K [ Gr 4 ] SL ( V ) , where V is the underlying vector space. We also study syzygies among the generators. In most cases generators are algebraically independent. Only in the case where the affine dimensions of the four subspaces are given by the quadruple ( k , k , k ′, k ′) and k + k ′=dim V , there is, one and only one syzygy, the precise form of which is given.
Relation between repolarization and refractoriness during programmed electrical stimulation in the human right ventricle: Implications for ventricular tachycardia induction

Background Although programmed electrical stimulation is widely used for provoking sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), the mechanism by which repetitive extrastimulation evokes VT is still little understood. Specifically, it is not clear why several closely coupled extrastimuli are frequently required to induce VT. Although regularly paced human ventricular myocardium exhibits a near constant relation between myocardial repolarization and refractoriness, the effect of repetitive extrastimulation on the relation between repolarization and excitability in the human heart and its relevance for arrhythmia induction by programmed stimulation are unknown. We hypothesized that the induction of VT by repetitive extrastimulation is facilitated by an altered relation between repolarization and refractoriness, and this leads to disturbances in ventricular impulse propagation, which trigger the onset of VT. Methods and Results Twenty-one patients undergoing routine electrophysiological study were paced from the r...
Tim-3, a negative regulator of anti-tumor immunity.

T cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3) was identified nearly 10 years ago as a negative regulator of IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T helper 1 and CD8+ T cytotoxic 1 cells. Tim-3 is now classed with other inhibitory receptors, such as cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death-1 that are commonly referred to as immune checkpoint molecules. Recent studies have highlighted Tim-3 as an important player in the CD8+ T cell exhaustion that takes place in chronic immune conditions such as chronic viral infection and cancer in both humans and experimental models. In addition to its role in exhausted T cells, recent data suggest that Tim-3 can further influence cancer outcome through its action on myeloid cells and cancer stem cells.
Electrical, Dielectrical and Magnetic Properties of Zr-Mn Doped Nano-Ferrites

We measured the dc electrical resistivity as a function of temperature and dielectric parameters in the frequency range 100 Hz to 3 MHz of nanosized Zr-Mn spinel ferrites with nominal composition CoFe2-2xZrxMnxO4 (0.1 x 0.4). The dc electrical resistivity decreased with the rise in temperature for all the samples, showing a semiconductor like behavior. From the dc electrical resistivity the activation energy and drift mobility are determined. Both the drift mobility and activation energy increase with a rise in x. The dielectric constant, dielectric (losses) and ac electrical resistivity as a function of frequency are also reported. The low field ac magnetic susceptibility measurement showed that the ferrimagentic transition temperature is in the range of 4395 K to 6585 K.
Preferentially oriented ZnO thin films on basal plane sapphire substrates derived from polymeric precursors

Abstract Preferentially oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on basal plane sapphire have been deposited by spin coating polymeric precursors synthesized via Pechini process. The polymeric precursors were synthesized using citric acid as chelating agent and ethylene glycol as reaction medium. The effects of annealing (from 673 K to 1273 K) on surface morphology, crystallinity, and optical properties were examined. XRD results illustrate polycrystalline ZnO thin films with preferred orientation along (0 0 2) plane that increases with an increase in annealing temperature. The textured ZnO films were obtained on annealing for 10 min at 1173 K without the formation of interfacial spinels. Surface morphology of these films changed from spherical to highly faceted grains. Transmission spectra reveal that all films are >70% transparent except for the sample annealed at 1273 K, which has 45% optical transparency in the visible region. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra revealed broad ultraviolet emission centered at 380 nm without deep-level emission, suggesting high quality ZnO thin films.
Modeling the effects of shear on the evolution of the holes in the condensational clouds of Venus

Abstract Near-infrared brightness temperature contrasts observed on the night side of Venus indicate variations in the size and distribution of particles in the lower and middle cloud decks. McGouldrick and Toon [McGouldrick, K., Toon, O.B., 2007. Icarus 191, 1–24] have shown that these changes can be explained by large-scale dynamics; in particular, that downdrafts may produce optical depth “holes” in the clouds. The lifetimes of these holes are observed to be moderately short, on the order of ten days. Here, we explore a simple model to better understand this lifetime. We have coupled a microphysical model of the Venus clouds with a simple, two-dimensional (zonal, vertical) kinematical transport model to study the effects of the zonal flow on the lifetime of the holes in the clouds. We find that although wind shear may be negligible within the cloud itself, the shear that is present near the top and the bottom of the statically unstable cloud region can lead to changes in the radiative-dynamical feedback which ultimately lead to the dissipation of the holes.
Increased Internal and External Bacterial Load during Drosophila Aging without Life-Span Trade-Off

The role of microbial load during aging of the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is incompletely understood. Here we show dramatic increases in aerobic and anaerobic bacterial load during aging, both inside the body and on the surface. Scanning electron microscopy and cell staining analyses of the surface of aged flies detected structures resembling abundant small bacteria and bacterial biofilms. Bacteria cultured from laboratory flies included aerobic species Acetobacter aceti, Acetobacter tropicalis, and Acetobacter pasteurianus and anaerobic species Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus sp. MR-2; Lactobacillus homohiochii, Lactobacillus fructivorans, and Lactobacillus brevis were identified by DNA sequencing. Reducing bacterial load and antimicrobial peptide gene expression by axenic culture or antibiotics had no effect on life span. We conclude that Drosophila can tolerate a significant bacterial load and mount a large innate immune response without a detectable trade-off with life span; furthermore, microbes do not seem to limit life span under optimized laboratory conditions.
Genetic Loads in Two House Fly Populations Treated with Substerilizing Doses of X-Rays for Thirty-Two Generations

Three colonies of the house fly, Mitsca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), were established from an Orlando, Florida, wild-type stock to study the cumulative effects of substerilizing doses of X-rays on house fly populations. Two of the colonies were subjected to irradiation pressure in each generation for 32 generations while the 3rd colony received no irradiation and served as a control. In 1 irradiated colony untreated females from each generation were mated with X-rayed males (1.2 kR) from the parental Orlando stock. In the 2nd irradiated colony, males and females were crossed inter se in every generation following the treatment of males with 1.2 kR of X-rays. Egg hatchability in the irradiated colonies decreased from an average of 60 to 20% during the study, but quickly returned to the level of the control colony when treatments were discontinued. The treated colonies also had a reduced but relatively constant level of larvato-adult survival (about 75–90%) compared with the control colony, but the lifespan of adults of the F28 generation was not adversely affected. Males with irradiation histories were not as sexually competitive as males from the Orlando stock, based on egg hatch percents recorded when irradiated males and untreated males and females were combined. Tests with flies of the F28 generation indicated that X-irradiation altered the frequency of deleterious recessive mutations on autosome III in the irradiated colonies when compared to the control colony.
Testing the (S, s) Model

The (S, s) model has enjoyed tremendous popularity over the past decade. It has been employed almost everywhere that discrete adjustment is observed. Today microeconomic rigidities are seen as an important influence on aggregate dynamics. In this paper we quickly characterize the microeconomic evidence for the model. To narrow the scope of our discussion, we will focus our attention on real variables, and we will comment on price inertia where appropriate. We conclude that, in spite of its popularity, the evidence for the importance of the (S, s) adjustment is surprisingly weak. We argue that discrete adjustment is, in and of itself, of little macroeconomic interest. To be important these frictions must coordinate agents to act together, thereby exacerbating deviations from the neoclassical benchmark. To date there have been few attempts at empirically identifying such interactions. In the last section, we present some results of our own. We test one of the main implications of (S, s) adjustment, that a greater variance in the forcing process leads to more frequent adjustment. Using data on automobiles from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, we find that more variable income leads to less frequent adjustment. We speculate that this correlation is indicative of a link between discrete adjustment and imperfect capital markets. This interaction could provide an important role for (S, s) frictions.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of 4-((2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)benzenesulfonamide Derivatives as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of 12-Lipoxygenase

Human lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of iron-containing enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to provide the corresponding bioactive hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) metabolites. These eicosanoid signaling molecules are involved in a number of physiologic responses such as platelet aggregation, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Our group has taken a particular interest in platelet-type 12-(S)-LOX (12-LOX) because of its demonstrated role in skin diseases, diabetes, platelet hemostasis, thrombosis, and cancer. Herein, we report the identification and medicinal chemistry optimization of a 4-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)benzenesulfonamide-based scaffold. Top compounds, exemplified by 35 and 36, display nM potency against 12-LOX, excellent selectivity over related lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases, and possess favorable ADME properties. In addition, both compounds inhibit PAR-4 induced aggregation and calcium mobilization in human platelets and reduce 12-HETE in β-...
Characterization of Fibronectin Derived from Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa

Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is an acellular biomaterial derived from porcine jejunum. When used as a soft tissue graft material, SIS induces site-specific remodeling of the organ or tissue in ...
Extraction of tetra- and hexavalent actinides from hydrochloric acid by tri-n-octylamine in xylene

Abstract Distribution data for extraction of the tetra- and hexavalent actinides from hydrochloric acid by tri-n-octylamine (TOA) solutions are reported and the spectra of the extracted complex ion species are shown. The hexachloro complexes of the tetravalent metals are found to extract. The data also indicate the extraction of the tetrachloro actinyl ions, but the identity of these ions is not fully established.
LU factorization of perfect-reconstruction filter bank

This paper presents a new time-domain-based factorization algorithm for perfect-reconstruction filter bank. In the proposed algorithm, the polyphase transfer matrix is decomposed into elementary blocks using LU representation which can also be implemented by ladder structure. Consequently, perfect reconstruction is structurally imposed and the resulting system is robust to coefficient quantization. We presented an iterative design procedure to obtain perfect reconstruction filter bank with different desired specification on each subband filters. Given several subband filters, a block LU factorization algorithm is presented for perfect reconstruction filter bank completion. Special properties such as linear phase and FIR solution are discussed and parameterization of paraunitary completion under block LU factorization is derived. Block ladder structure are presented for efficient implementation. The proposed structure can be used to design perfect reconstruction filter bank with higher dimension. An example in mapping of 1D perfect reconstruction filter bank with LU representation into 2D perfect reconstruction filter bank with diamond shaped passband using nonrectangular transform is discussed.
Use of Breast Simulators Compared with Standardized Patients in Teaching the Clinical Breast Examination to Medical Students

Objective Simulators have replaced some standardized patients in medical student teaching, and their use seems to decrease anxiety related to the clinical breast examination (CBE). We compared learning the CBE on a breast palpation simulator with learning on a standardized patient with respect to skill acquisition and comfort level. Methods At Penn State College of Medicine, the class of 2008 (historical control group, n = 113) learned the CBE on a standardized patient, whereas the class of 2009 (experimental group, n = 131) learned on the breast palpation simulator. We used measures of the process (conducting the CBE) and measures of the outcome (examination scores and detection of abnormal findings). During their third-year surgical clerkship, students in both groups completed a questionnaire reporting the number of CBEs performed and confidence in performing the CBE. The students then performed an observed examination on the simulator, and the number of positive findings detected was recorded. The mean number of positive findings was compared between groups, and an economic analysis was conducted. Results The experimental group had a significantly higher mean examination score than the historical control. In subgroups, this difference was significant for those who reported performing 0-5 clinical examinations but for not those who had performed >6 examinations. On individual items, the experimental group scored significantly higher in examining for neck nodes, nipple retraction, skin changes, and axillary evaluation. The 2 groups did not differ significantly in the mean number of positive findings detected or in ratings of comfort level. Conclusions Medical students who learned the CBE on breast palpation simulators performed as well or better than those who learned on standardized patients; however, a subgroup analysis revealed that the benefit was limited to students with less clinical experience.
An investigation of course-level factors as predictors of online STEM course outcomes

Abstract This study analyzed students who took STEM courses online or face-to-face at a large urban community college in the Northeastern U.S. to determine which course-level characteristics most strongly predicted higher rates of dropout or D/F grades in online STEM courses than would be expected in comparable face-to-face courses. While career and elective STEM courses had significantly higher success rates face-to-face than liberal arts and major requirement STEM courses respectively, career STEM courses had significantly higher success rates online than would be expected, while elective STEM courses had significantly lower success rates online than would be expected given the face-to-face results. Once propensity score matching was used to generate a matched subsample which was balanced on a number of student characteristics, differences in course outcomes by course characteristics were no longer significant. This suggests that while certain types of STEM courses can be identified as higher or lower risk in the online environment, this appears not to be because of the courses themselves, but rather because of the particular characteristics of the students who choose to take these courses online. Findings suggests that one potential intervention for improving online STEM course outcomes could be to target students in specific courses which are at higher risk in the online environment; this may allow institutions to leverage interventions by focusing them on the STEM courses at greatest risk of lower online success rates, where the students who are at highest risk of online dropout seem to be concentrated.
Changes in Diabetes Status Between Pregnancies and Impact on Subsequent Newborn Outcomes

Objective Pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk for adverse newborn outcomes. Whether GDM history, recurrence, or transition to DM modifies such risks is unknown. Study Design Medical record data on 62,013 repeat singleton pregnancies were collected retrospectively from women who delivered at least twice in Utah (2002 through 2010). Poisson regression models with robust variance estimators were used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) associated with GDM/DM status at the previous and/or current pregnancy relative to those without GDM/DM at either. Large for gestational age (LGA), shoulder dystocia, preterm birth ( Results GDM in the previous pregnancy alone increased the risk of LGA in the current pregnancy (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05–1.38). Recurrent GDM increased the risks of LGA (RR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.56–1.98), shoulder dystocia (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.46–2.70), and preterm birth (RR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.44–1.96) beyond that observed for pregnancies with current GDM alone. Women with GDM in a previous pregnancy that transitioned to DM in the current pregnancy and women with DM prior to the previous pregnancy had increased risks of all above outcomes. Conclusion GDM in a previous pregnancy alone without recurrence may still confer an increased LGA risk. Pregnancies complicated by GDM that transition to DM and those with DM prior to the previous pregnancy have the highest risks of adverse newborn outcomes.
Mercury Concentrations in Louisiana and Chinese Crayfish

Crayfish reside in a niche of the ecosystem where they have the potential to contact and bioaccumulate water-borne, sediment-borne, and dietary-borne contaminants, such as trace metals (Anderson et al. 1978). Researchers have shown that crayfish accumulate metals in their tissues (Stinson and Eaton 1983; Bagatto and Alikhan 1987; Rincon-Leon et al. 1988). Mercury has been found to accumulate primarily in the tail meat of the crayfish which is the principle edible component consumed by man (Potter et al. 1975; Sheffy 1978; Stinson and Eaton 1983). To reduce the possibility of mercury poisoning in humans, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have both established action limits, 1.0 mg Hg/g and 0.5 mg Hg/g respectively, for mercury concentrations in fish and shellfish, including crayfish. The FDA’s action limit applies to fish and shellfish transported through interstate commerce, while the EPA’s action level applies to fish and shellfish taken from bodies of water where recreational and subsistence fishing may be occurring.
Intensity stabilization of dye laser radiation by saturated amplification

A novel scheme is proposed for stabilizing the intensity of a fluctuating laser source, using a partly saturated high gain traveling wave laser amplifier with a nonsaturable absorber distributed in the amplifying medium. Calculations for homogeneously broadened laser gain band in an adiabatic approximation are presented, which indicate that the stabilization factor can be increased by several orders of magnitude with the help of the absorber. An experiment is reported in which a two-stage dye laser amplifier with inserted attenuator, pumped by a nitrogen laser, is used to amplify and stabilize the intensity of an ultra-narrowband repetitively pulsed dye laser. The output intensity changes by less than a factor of four when the input is changed over three orders of magnitude.
Development of trigeminal mesencephalic and motor nuclei in relation to masseter muscle innervation in mice

Abstract This study evaluated temporospatial changes in the central organization of trigeminal mesencephalic (mesV) and motor (motV) nuclei during their development. Very little is known regarding the timing of formation of these trigeminal nuclei and the role that target tissue interactions may have on their spatial organization. Cells located in motV innervate muscles of mastication while the mesV nucleus contains populations of primary afferent cells that innervate muscle spindles in jaw closing muscles and periodontal mechanoreceptors around the roots of teeth. To label mesV afferents and motV efferents during their development, lipophilic dyes, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) or 4-(4-dihexadecylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (DiA), were inserted into various jaw muscles, the dorsomedial mesencephalic region or tooth buds of maxillary or mandibular teeth of embryonic or postnatal mouse pups. Parasagittal sections were evaluated under epifluorescence to determine the temporospatial organization of trigeminal nuclei and the timing of outgrowth of their processes to target tissues. Early in development, motV motoneurons were organized in columns or clusters closely associated with groups of motoneuron axon fascicles that innervated a specific muscle. Double labelling of masseter and temporalis muscles showed that the columns containing motoneurons associated with these muscles were interdigitated early in development but later condensed into respective motoneuron pools. In contrast, no spatial organization of mesV afferent cell bodies was observed throughout the developmental sequence examined. The results of this study also demonstrated that motV processes enter into jaw muscle at least 1 day prior to proprioceptive afferents. MesV afferent appearance at the tooth was further delayed by 10 days suggesting different signaling mechanisms for these two targets.
The Meaning and Consequences of Perceived Discrimination in Disadvantaged and Privileged Social Groups

The subjective meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination depend on the position of one's group in the social structure. For members of disadvantaged groups, attributions to prejudice are likely to be internal, stable, uncontrollable, and convey widespread exclusion and devaluation of one's group. For members of privileged groups, the meaning of attributions to prejudice is more localized. Because of such meaning differences, attributions to prejudice are considerably more harmful for the psychological well-being of members of disadvantaged groups than they are for members of privileged groups. According to the Rejection-Identification Model (Branscombe, Schmitt, & Harvey, 1999), members of disadvantaged groups cope with the pain of attributions to prejudice by increasing identification with their disadvantaged group. We conclude with an exploration of the social contextual factors that can affect how the disadvantaged cope, and a discussion of the challenges facing future research on attributio...
SYNTHESIS OF NEW 1223-TYPE SUPERCONDUCTING LAYERED CUPRATE (Tl,Cr)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9

A new 1223-type (Tl,Cr)-based superconducting layered cuprate (Tl1−xCrx)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9 with x = 0.25 or 0.50 has been successfully synthesized in the pure or nearly pure form and identified by powder X-ray diffraction analyses. An excessive quantity of thallium is necessary for the formation of the (Tl,Cr)-based 1223-type compound without any Ba. Resistance measurements showed that the new (Tl,Cr)-based 1223 cuprate exhibits Tc(onset) above 100 K and Tc(ρ = 0) of 94 K. Effects of the Cr amount and preparation conditions on the formation and superconductivity of the (Tl,Cr)-based 1223-type cuprate are discussed.
DEPENDENCE OF THE PHASE-DIAGRAM ON THE COUPLING PARAMETERS IN WATER-LATTICE MODELS

Abstract This paper reports specific results obtained with the two previously proposed lattice models of water as based on the cluster variation method. The hydrogen-bonded lattice gas with next nearest neighbor repulsion has a Hamiltonian with three coupling parameters. We map out the region in the coupling parameter space which gives a phase diagram that has the same topology as the phase diagram of water. We first discuss, using the simple model, how one diagram evolves into a seemingly different topology and explain how the first order terminal points disappear in the metastable region. We then use the extended model, which contains two extra degrees of freedom, to describe four phase diagrams that show some of the desired features we want in a water potential. The final choice is made, using a potential labelled 9, which shows all desired features in a qualitative way. This potential has a critical point at T c = 0.807 E p , and a triple point at T 3 = 0.971 E p , where E p is the nearest neighbor attractive energy in the absence of the H-bonding. The density-temperature and the pressure-density projection of the potential are given. The relative number of hydrogen-bonded pairs at constant pressure is given. A discussion is given about the limitations of the model.
Role of the microbiology laboratory in diagnosis and management of pharyngitis

The microbiology laboratory plays a very important role in the diagnosis and management of patients with pharyngitis. Arguably, it is at least as important in identifying the 70 to 80% of patients with pharyngitis who do no require antimicrobial therapy as it is in identifying patients for whom antimicrobial therapy is appropriate. One of our educational responsibilities is to inform clinicians of the importance of performing diagnostic testing to establish an accurate diagnosis. Although some guidelines now suggest that clinical criteria alone may suffice for the diagnosis of GAS infection in adults (20), this topic remains controversial. Bisno et al. (4) have stated that these new recommendations should have been tested in a clinical trial before being published. Laboratorians need to be strong advocates for both appropriate testing and judicial use of antimicrobial agents for diagnosis and management of pharyngitis. Antibiotic therapy is generally only indicated for pharyngitis caused by GAS (2, 9, 39) and the rare case caused by C. diphtheriae and N. gonorrhoeae. Additional study is needed to clarify the benefit, if any, for the diagnosis and treatment of for beta-hemolytic streptococci other than GAS. As noted by Bisno (3), the benefits of antimicrobial therapy against these organisms are currently unknown.
Characterization in "La Regenta": Point of View and Theme

It is important to keep in mind in studying point of view in La Regenta that Alas believed the author (as opposed to a character within the novel) to be best qualified to interpret a character's thoughts, actions and motivations. Because Alas knows all, the reader not only sees characters through the author's eyes but, entering their consciousness, sees reality through the eyes of the characters themselves. Thus the author's omniscient point of view carries within itself, so to speak, narrower individual points of view. The resultant multiple perspectives serve to delineate the different characters as well as to develop the major themes and the main action of the novel. To indicate some of the relationships between point of view, theme, characterization, and the ironic presentation of diametrically opposed perspectives is the purpose of this paper.
Field intensity and relativistic considerations in the choice of gauge in electrodynamics

The properties of the electric field gauge are compared with the radiation gauge and other "simple" gauges for problems where intense-field and/or relativistic effects are significant. Electromagnetic shifts in free-electron mass and momentum, which can be of major importance in both kinematics and dynamics when the field is intense, and which are clearly in evidence in second-order radiation-gauge formulations, do not appear in the electric field gauge in any finite order of perturbation theory. Intense-field expressions like the closed-form Volkov solution, and mass and momentum intensity parameters, are shown to be invariant in form in "simple" gauges, but find no natural expression in the electric field gauge. It is also shown that intensity effects introduce strongly spin-coupled terms even in nonrelativistic problems. For both charged and neutral bound-state systems, "crossed" vector-potential terms occur in electric field gauge which prevent separation of the Schr\"odinger equation into center-of-mass and relative-coordinate equations when the field intensity is high. This difficulty does not arise in the radiation gauge. These considerations inhibit the use of electric field gauge in intense-field problems.
Optimization of power generation from energy harvesters in broadband stochastic response

This paper presents recent analytical results pertaining to the optimization of power flow from vibratory energy harvesting systems, using principles from optimal feedback control and network theory. Historically, much of the research concerning such technologies has presumed that the vibratory energy source, from which power is to be extracted, oscillates harmonically at a known frequency. In this case, the optimization of power extraction from such sources by a resonant energy harvester can readily be accomplished through the use of classical impedance matching techniques. However, in many applications, vibratory power sources exhibit dynamic behavior more appropriately characterized by a stochastic process. In some cases, the power spectrum of this process may exhibit a rather wide band. In such circumstances, impedance matching techniques cannot be used to optimize power flow from the harvester, because the dynamic impedance they prescribe is always anticausal. This paper presents several theoretical concepts, intended for broad application in the energy harvesting area, which can be used to optimize power extracted from broadband sources. It is shown that in the broadband case, an optimal causal impedance still exists which maximizes power generation, but in order to derive it, the dissipation in the electrical system, as well as the mechanical system, must be taken into account in the system model. Levels of power generation with this controller are compared to those of the anticausal optimal performance, as well as to control design techniques that match the anticausal impedance at the resonant frequency. It is demonstrated that such causal matching techniques can be significantly sub-optimal in broadband applications, especially when electronic conversion is relatively efficient.
Effects of the selective kappa opioid antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine, on electrically-elicited feeding in the rat.

Abstract Lateral ventricular injections of the ‘nonspecific’ opioid antagonist naloxone (100 ug) and the kappa-selective opioid antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (50 ug) elevated the electrical brain stimulation frequency threshold for eliciting feeding behavior. Mesopontine aqueductal injections of nor-binaltorphimine, on the other hand, lowered the feeding threshold while naloxone still elevated threshold. These findings suggest the existence of forebrain kappa receptors at which endogenous opioid activity results in a facilitation of feeding while kappa receptors in the brainstem seem to mediate an inhibitory effect.
Report of the committee on evaporation, 1933–1934

Since the organization of this Committee two years ago, one member, Robert Follansbee has resigned. The outline prepared to serve as a guide for work of the Committee was approved. The present list of members follows: G. F. McEwen, Chairman—Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. N. W. Cummings—San Bernardino Valley Union Junior College, San Bernardino, California R. E. Kennedy—State Engineer, Bismarck, North Dakota. H. H. Kimball—1819 Monroe st., N.W., Washington, D.C. Burt Richardson—Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. Carl Rohwer—United States Bureau of Agricultural Engineering, Fort Collins, Colorado. Caleb Mills Saville—1026 Main Street, Hartford, Connecticut. Thorndike Saville—New York University, New York, N.Y. C. V. Theis—United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
What the bhikkhu said: Reflections on the rise of militant religious nationalism

The recent rise of militant religious nationalism in such places as Sri Lanka, Punjab, Iran, Egypt, Israel and elsewhere has created the impression that there is something wrong with religion in these parts of the world. The author of this article, reporting on his extensive interviews with a radical bhikkhu in Sri Lanka, concludes that the problem is with the Western ideal of secular nationalism. It does not easily fit with traditional political identities and it is sometimes seen as a vestige of cultural colonialism. The author presents four options in the relation of secular nationalism and religion, and raises the question of whether we, as secular Westerners, can adjust to a world increasingly filled with religious nationalists.