cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite-Difference Methods for Shallow Water Flow Analysis

Although finite difference methods have a long and distinguished history of dealing with all kinds of fluid motion, including free surface flows, they have some definite limitations. True free surface flows — those where the solution domain is a part of the solution — are rarely treated by finite differences in modern times. Instead, a boundary integral equation method is used where it is applicable; otherwise, a finite element method is used. Finite differences may not be the best choice of method for multidimensional problems that are not true free surface problems, that is, shallow water theory where the free surface aspect is eliminated by integration in the vertical. The overwhelming use of finite difference methods is in one-dimensional, shallow water problems, which are not true free surface problems. Although methods of solution continue to be developed, the field matured 15 to 20 years ago. Most of the methods can now be found in books such as Chaudhry (1993), Abbott (1979), Abbott and Basco (1989), Fox (1989), Cunge, et al. (1980), and even the early book of Mahmood and Yeyjevich, eds., (1975).
Depression in Mentally Retarded Persons: Research Findings and Future Directions

Depression is a pervasive problem and is an area which is beginning to receive increasing attention in mentally retarded persons. Depression in its most extreme forms has been identified in this population for some time, however only recently have techniques for assessment become precise enough to identify milder forms of the disorder, particularly in mentally retarded persons. The present paper will briefly review current developments in assessment and treatment while presenting a discussion of etiology and prevalence.
The transitive closure of a random digraph

In a random n-vertex digraph, each arc is present with probability p, independently of the presence or absence of other arcs. We investigate the structure of the strong components of a random digraph and present an algorithm for the construction of the transitive closure of a random digraph. We show that, when n is large and np is equal to a constant c greater than 1, it is very likely that all but one of the strong components are very small, and that the unique large strong component contains about Θ2n vertices, where Θ is the unique root in [0, 1] of the equation 1 − x − e−ex = 0. Nearly all the vertices outside the large strong component line in strong components of size 1. Provided that the expected degree of a vertex is bounded away from 1, our transitive closure algorithm runs in expected time O(n). for all choices of n and p, the expected execution time of the algorithm is O(w(n) (n log n)4/3), where w(n) is an arbitrary nondecreasing unbounded function. To circumvent the fact that the size of the transitive closure may be Ω(n2) the algorithm presents the transitive closure in the compact form (A × B)U C, where A and B are sets of vertices, and C is a set of arcs.
Epitaxial ZnO piezoelectric thin films for saw filters

ZnO is a wide bandgap semiconductor material with high piezoelectric coupling coefficients. It can be used for making low-loss surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters operating at high frequency. We report MOCVD growth of epitaxial ZnO thin films on R-plane sapphire substrates. The crystallinity and orientation of the films, as well as the epitaxial relationship between the ZnO films and the R-plane Al2O3 substrate were studied using X-ray diffraction techniques. An atomically sharp interface structure was revealed by high-resolution TEM. Surface morphology was investigated using field emission SEM. SAW filters with 10 and 16 μm wavelength were fabricated. Low insertion loss and high piezoelectric coupling coefficient, up to 6%, were achieved. The acoustic velocities range from 4050 to 5800 m/s, varying as a function of ZnO film thickness.
Aortic corset syndrome

The majority of proximal anastomotic complications of aortofemoral bypass grafts are related to the formation of pseudoaneurysms or true proximal aneurysmal dilation of the residual infrarenal aorta. The late development of occlusive disease at the proximal anastomosis is an extremely rare event. We report two patients in whom symptomatic stenoses developed involving the proximal anastomoses of aortofemoral bypass grafts originally placed for aortoiliac occlusive disease. Surgical exploration demonstrated the presence of a constricting prosthetic corset wrapped around the proximal suture line of each graft. Exuberant neointimal hyperplasia was responsible for both stenoses.
Particle Deposition in Cyclic Bifurcating Tube Flow

Deposition efficiency (DE) of aerosol particles in a bifurcating tube was determined experimentally with cyclic flow conditions at a frequency of 16, 30, and 50 cycles/min. Two bifurcation tube models with identical dimensions but different branching angles (θ = 30° and 45°) were used. Monodispersed oleic acid droplets (3, 5, and 7 μm in diameter) tagged with uranine were used as test aerosols and sampled through the model tube at a mean Reynolds number (Re) of 679–5548. Stokes number (Stk) ranged between 0.028 and 0.25. The model tube was washed section by section with deionized water and the fluorescence content in the washed solution was used to determine deposition efficiency. DE increased monotonically with increasing Stk at Re < ∼ 2000. However, at higher values of Re, Stk failed to unify DE. There was no significant difference in DE between θ = 30° and 45° and among different cyclic frequencies used. However, DE with cyclic flows was 80–200% higher than those obtained with constant flows. The impli...
Assessment of risk by pregnant women: Implications for genetic counseling and education

Abstract One of the central elements of genetic counseling is the transmission of quantitative information concerning risk of defects in an unborn child from counselor to client. In order to investigate this subject, we studied the understanding of numeric and nonnumeric descriptions of genetic risk by 190 pregnant women. Specifically, three risk issues were explored: (1) whether women were able to interpret numeric risks as percentages; (2) whether shifting denominators affected risk assessment; and (3) the comparative assessment of the risk of birth defects, in general, and the risk of a neural tube defect, in particular. Respondents were much less likely to assign the correct percentage equivalent to numeric risk information when the denominator was 1,000 rather than 100. The ability to correctly identify percentage equivalents affected respondents’ quantitative assessment of the frequency of neural tube defects. Shifting the denominator from 100 to 1,000, however, did not affect women's quantitative a...
Intubation conditions in young infants after propofol and remifentanil induction with and without low-dose rocuronium.

Bolus injections of intravenous propofol and remifentanil can be used in the tracheal intubation of infants and children, but relatively large doses are needed. We hypothesised that addition of a small bolus of rocuronium would ensure good intubation conditions when modest propofol and remifentanil doses were used.
Leveraging Social Networks for P2P Content-Based File Sharing in Disconnected MANETs

Current peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing methods in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can be classified into three groups: flooding-based, advertisement-based, and social contact-based. The first two groups of methods can easily have high overhead and low scalability. They are mainly developed for connected MANETs, in which end-to-end connectivity among nodes is ensured. The third group of methods adapts to the opportunistic nature of disconnected MANETs but fails to consider the social interests (i.e., contents) of mobile nodes, which can be exploited to improve the file searching efficiency. In this paper, we propose a P2P content-based file sharing system, namely SPOON, for disconnected MANETs. The system uses an interest extraction algorithm to derive a node's interests from its files for content-based file searching. For efficient file searching, SPOON groups common-interest nodes that frequently meet with each other as communities. It takes advantage of node mobility by designating stable nodes, which have the most frequent contact with community members, as community coordinators for intracommunity searching, and highly mobile nodes that visit other communities frequently as community ambassadors for intercommunity searching. An interest-oriented file searching scheme is proposed for high file searching efficiency. Additional strategies for file prefetching, querying-completion, and loop-prevention, and node churn consideration are discussed to further enhance the file searching efficiency. We first tested our system on the GENI Orbit testbed with a real trace and then conducted event-driven experiment with two real traces and NS2 simulation with simulated disconnected and connected MANET scenarios. The test results show that our system significantly lowers transmission cost and improves file searching success rate compared to current methods.
Playing to Learn: How After-School Clubs Influence Teachers' Beliefs About Instruction

The purpose of the study was to uncover teachers’ emerging beliefs and perceptions about developmentally oriented instruction as they participated in professional development workshops and applied the strategies learned with students in after-school clubs. Twenty experienced, urban teachers volunteered to attend monthly workshops where they engaged in math games, simulations, and problem-solving activities based on the Common Core and modeled by college faculty. Teachers used the activities to offer 90-min weekly math clubs for sixth-and seventh-grade students at their schools. Twelve pre-service teachers enrolled in a college course on adolescent development acted as volunteers at the clubs. Data were collected through (a) questionnaires and rating scales, (b) informal group interviews, and (c) weekly electronic journals. Data collected revealed changes in teachers’ beliefs about and perceptions of effective instruction as they applied gamebased activities in the after-school club settings. Eighty percent of the teachers reported high levels of student engagement and greater sustained interest in problem-solving, and connected their observations to beliefs about game-based learning as an effective and age-appropriate instructional strategy. Pre-service teacher volunteers reported similar observations: The majority of club members were actively engaged in solving complex problems during game-like activities, particularly when volunteers used scaffolding strategies to support students’ participation.
Local Earthquake Wave Propagation through Mississippi Embayment Sediments, Part I: Body-Wave Phases and Local Site Responses

P and S body waves from microearthquakes in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) are investigated at selected sites in an effort to understand wave propagation from future large earthquakes. Earthquake body waveforms display distinctive features that constrain the nature of P - and S -wave local site responses and wave propagation within the unconsolidated Mississippi embayment sediments. Modeling of the waveforms demonstrates that a near-surface low-velocity zone is characteristic of structure within the upper 60 m of the sedimentary column and produces large P - and S -wave resonance effects that can be used to infer near-site conditions. Site resonance effects change because of velocity heterogeneity between individual receivers but imply that embayment sediments will substantially amplify ground motions at high frequencies. Site resonance affects P - and S -wave amplitude spectra and can bias estimates of source and anelastic attenuation parameters. Travel times of observed body-wave phases such as P, PpPhp (the first P -wave reverberation within the entire sedimentary column), Ps, Sp, S , and SsPhp can be used to estimate the average wave slownesses and Poisson's ratio within the embayment sediments; an average Poisson's ratio of 0.44 is obtained for the central NMSZ under station PEBM. Detailed S -wave velocities are derived for a Nafe-Drake sediment model using acoustic well logs and the travel-time constraints of observed seismic phases. V p/ V s ratios vary from 5.5 near the surface to approximately 2.4 at the base of the sediments. Use of the well-log data in wave calculations also explains much of the nature of P - and S -wave coda within the waveforms and shows that 1D heterogeneity is a first-order influence on seismic-wave propagation within the Mississippi embayment. Manuscript received 11 March 2003.
An innovative certification program that prepares undergraduate students for engineering research

Faculty at Jackson State University have developed an In-House Certification program focused on introducing students to scientific and engineering research through hands-on learning experiences. This program is innovative as it is designed specifically for undergraduate research experiences and details a very structured and strategic plan to teach students effective research principles with a measureable incentive. This program is a result of positive results from initiatives funded through the National Science Foundation Nanotechnology for Undergraduate Education program. Students participate in learning characterization techniques, scientific principles and research methods associated with various characterization tools. The program is planned so that students will engage in an analysis technique for 3–6 week duration and then receive a certification for proficiency. Upon completion of the program students participate in mini-projects that are focused in the areas of materials research. The program is a hands-on introduction to materials research that spurs the growth of undergraduates who will continue in meaningful research projects, external internships and ultimately graduate school.
Balancing Multicultural Competence With Social Justice: Feminist Beliefs and Optimal Psychological Functioning

To identify a multivariate configuration of feminist beliefs best associated with optimal psychological functioning, 215 mostly White college women completed an online survey measuring their feminist beliefs (Feminist Perspectives Scale, Attitudes toward Feminism and the Women’s Movement, sense of common fate, and Feminist Identity Composite) and 13 measures of well-being with liberation, encompassing individual (e.g., well-being), interpersonal (e.g., egalitarianism), and societal (e.g., collective esteem) levels of analysis. A canonical correlation analysis revealed a significant multivariate association and yielded three distinct functions: established feminism (the strongest, most positive predictor) and its opposite (antifeminism), awakening feminism (negatively linked to individual well-being), and nonfeminist but woman-identified traditionalism (with some compromised well-being). The configuration of feminist beliefs that a woman holds, does not hold, and rejects makes a difference for her psycholo...
Coding and scheduling for efficient loss-resilient data broadcasting

This paper examines the problem of sending data to clients over a broadcast channel in a way that minimizes the clients' expected waiting time for this data. This channel, however, is not completely reliable, and packets are occasionally lost. If items consist of k packets, k large, the loss of even a single packet can increase the expected waiting time by 167%. We propose and analyze two solutions that use coding to reduce this degradation. The resulting degradation is 67% for the first solution and less than 1% for the second. The second solution is extended to combat up to t packet losses per data item for any t/spl Lt/k. This solution maintains near-optimal performance even with packet losses.
Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptors as Transcriptional Nodal Points and Therapeutic Targets

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors involved in the transcriptional regulation of key metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, and insulin sensitivity. More recent work implicates all 3 PPAR isotypes (alpha, gamma, and delta, also known as beta or beta/delta) in inflammatory and atherosclerotic pathways. Because these nuclear receptors are activated by extracellular signals and control multiple gene targets, PPARs can be seen as nodes that control multiple inputs and outputs involved in energy balance, providing insight into how metabolism and the vasculature may be integrated. The ongoing clinical use of fibrates, which activate PPARalpha, and thiazolidinediones, which activate PPARgamma, establishes these receptors as viable drug targets, whereas considerable in vitro animal model and human surrogate marker studies suggest that PPAR activation may limit inflammation and atherosclerosis. Together, these various observations have stimulated intense interest in PPARs as therapeutic targets and led to large-scale cardiovascular end-point trials with PPAR agonists. The first of these studies has generated mixed results that require careful review, especially in anticipation of additional clinical trial data and ongoing attempts to develop novel PPAR modulators. Such analysis of the existing PPAR data, the appropriate use of currently approved PPAR agonists, and continued progress in PPAR therapeutics will be predicated on a better understanding of PPAR biology.
A simple BASIC program to generate values for variable-interval schedules of reinforcement

A BASIC program to generate values for variable-interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement is presented. A VI schedule should provide access to reinforcement with a constant probability over a time horizon. If the values in a VI schedule are calculated from an arithmetic progression, the probability of reinforcement is positively correlated with the time since the last reinforcer was delivered. Fleshler and Hoffman (1962) developed an iterative equation to calculate VI schedule values so that the probability of reinforcement remains constant. This easy-to-use program generates VI schedule values according to the Fleshler and Hoffman equation, randomizes the values, and saves the values in ASCII to a disk file.
Understanding Games, Cooperation and Conflicts

Understanding Games, Cooperation and Conflict As discussed in Chapter 6, each human, in addition to his/her visible physiological body, carries an invisible habitual domain (HD). Like the shells of snails, our HD goes wherever we go, and has great impact on our thoughts, judgments, behavior and decision making.
Visualization of large wireless network behavior using random matrix theory

Recent works on the universality of Empirical Spectral Density (E.S.D) of Random Matrices have provided a framework to study the asymptotic behavior of random network data. In this paper, the behavior of a wireless campus network with low received base-station transmit power is investigated. Mobile users are organized into 10 clusters of 25 mobile users each and wireless IMT-Advanced Macro channel standard is used for the channel model. The network is simulated using Optimized Network Engineering Tools (OPNET) Modeler 17.5 platform and packet drop data is collected to form the entries of a non-hermittian random matrix. Data is collected for a duration of 400s during downlink transmission and analyzed for three scenarios namely: static mobile users with shadowing vs no-shadowing, and network interference from a stealth jamming source. The result shows that for static nodes with shadowing and no-shadowing, the spectral density of packet drop covariance matrix follows Marcenko and Pastur (MP) distribution and the Ring law accurately, but deviates considerably from MP distribution when the network is jammed using a pulsed jamming source. Outliers are also observed in the Ring-Law together with a shrinkage of eigenvalue distribution towards the center of the inner-circle of the Ring-Law when jammers are introduced into the network.
Scheduling Reduced Irrigation on ‘Atlantic’ Potato for Minimal Effect

Droughts are common in the US High Plains, causing declining water availability and lowering water allocations. The objective of this 4-year field study was to identify a period of water deficit least detrimental to potato production. Fully irrigated ‘Atlantic’ potato received 62–63 cm of applied water. Total applied water was reduced by 25 % in three seasonal periods, 50 % water from emergence to 8 weeks after emergence (WAE) (early stress), 50 % water from 8 to 13 WAE (late stress), and 50 % from 0 to 5 WAE and again from 10 to 13 WAE (outer stress). Main plots were irrigation regime and split with three N levels, 101, 168, and 235 kg/ha. Soil and petiole N were higher when applied water was reduced. Lower irrigation inhibited growth, i.e., canopy height (10–20 %), weight (20–30 %) and leaf area index (50–70 %). Yield decreased 25 % and 13 % with early and outer stress, respectively. Chip color was darkest with early stress compared to fully irrigated plots. Common scab occurrence was greater in early stress than with other regimes. N rate had no effect on canopy growth, yield, chip color, or common scab. If applied water is reduced 15 cm, it is best late in the season and worst between 5 and 8 WAE compared to fully irrigated plants
Got Game? A Choice-Based Learning Assessment of Data Literacy and Visualization Skills

In partnership with both formal and informal learning institutions, researchers have been building a suite of online games, called choicelets, to serve as interactive assessments of learning skills, e.g. critical thinking or seeking feedback. Unlike more traditional assessments, which take a retrospective, knowledge-based view of learning, choicelets take a prospective, process-based view and focus on students’ choices as they attempt to solve a challenge. The multi-level challenges are designed to allow for players’ “free choice” as they explore and learn how to solve the challenge. The system provides them with various learning resources, and tracks whether, what, how, and when they choose to learn. This paper briefly describes a partner’s curriculum focused on data literacy and visualization, the design of a choice-based assessment for their program, and reports on an initial study of the curriculum and game with 10th grade biology students. Results are presented in the context of the design research questions: Do student choices in the game predict their learning from the game? Does the curriculum teach the students to choose more effectively with respect to data visualization? Future work for choice-based assessments is also discussed.
Nucleotide conversions in various tissues of pregnant and tumor-bearing mice.

SummaryIn mice, a Progressive lowering of blood nucleotide during pregnancy occurs simultaneously with an increase in nucleotide level for the embryos of such animals. Injection of adenylic acid into tumor-bearing mice produces a lowering of the nucleotide level in the tumor tissue, in contrast with no sigminificant effect of the nucleotide level in embryo tissue. The liver and spleen undergo a lowering of tissue ATP as a function of pregnancy, and to a lesser extent as a function of tumor-growth. No significant alteration in muscle nucleotide is seen for mice bearing implanted tumors. The injection of adenylic acid alevates the ATP level in liver and spleen of normal, tumor-bearing, and pregnant animals, but, at least in the case of normal and tumor-bearing mice, has no effect on muscle nucleotide. Following adenylic acid injection, liver tissue from normal, tumore-bearing, and pregnant mice shows an increase in total purine, wheareas the spleen does not.
Predictive value of pregnancy during original in vitro fertilization cycle on implantation and pregnancy in subsequent cryothaw cycles.

Objective To understand the homogeneity of oocyte quality within a cohort. Design All women (n = 367) that had cryopreserved pre-embryos subsequently thawed were studied. Pregnancy and implantation rates in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) and cryothaw transfers were examined. Setting Tertiary care academic center. Results Pregnancy in original IVF cycle predicted higher implantation rates at subsequent cryothaw transfers. Similarly, pregnancy in cryothaw cycles was associated with higher implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates at the initial IVF cycle. Conclusions Within a cohort of oocytes, pregnancy with some of the pre-embryos in a cohort predicts pregnancy with the remaining oocytes in the cohort. Thus, oocytes within a cohort have similar pregnancy potential.
Mouse Modeling of Obese Lung Disease. Insights and Caveats

As the obesity epidemic has worsened, its impact on lung health and disease has become progressively evident. The interactions between obesity and the accompanying metabolic syndrome and diseases such as asthma, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have proven complex and often counterintuitive in human studies. Hence, there is a growing need for relevant experimental approaches to understand the interactions between obesity and the lung. To this end, researchers have increasingly exploited mouse models combining both obesity and lung diseases, including ARDS, pneumonia, and asthma. Such models have both complemented and advanced the understanding we have gained from clinical studies and have allowed elegant dissections of obesity's effects on the pathogenesis of lung disease. Yet these models come with several critically important caveats that we must reflect on when interpreting their results.
Application of cathodoluminescence microscopy to the study of carbonatite-related fluorspar ores, host rock carbonatites and beneficiation products at Okorusu, Namibia

Cathodoluminescence microscopy (CLM) is uniquely applicable to the study of carbonatite-related fluorspar ore deposits. The mineralogy of the carbonatites, sodic and potassic fenites, marbles, quartzites and fluorite ores are readily determined and characterized. Calcite, dolomite, apatite and fluorite were deposited dominantly under high-temperature conditions, and they exhibit strong cathodoluminescence (CL). At the Okorusu, Namibia, carbonatite complex and fluorspar mines, three types of carbonatites have been recognized by field mapping and laboratory CLM. The main carbonatite intrusion is fine grained and consists mainly of calcite. A later phase of pegmatitic carbonatite consists of calcite, magnetite, Fe-rich pyroxene, apatite and pyrochlore. Pyroxene carbonatites were recognized mainly through their study by CLM.
PTBP1 and PTBP2 Serve Both Specific and Redundant Functions in Neuronal Pre-mRNA Splicing

Families of alternative splicing regulators often contain multiple paralogs presumed to fulfill different functions. Polypyrimidine tract binding proteins PTBP1 and PTBP2 reprogram developmental pre-mRNA splicing in neurons, but how their regulatory networks differ is not understood. To compare their targeting, we generated a knockin allele that conditionally expresses PTBP1. Bred to a Ptbp2 knockout, the transgene allowed us to compare the developmental and molecular phenotypes of mice expressing only PTBP1, only PTBP2, or neither protein in the brain. This knockin Ptbp1 rescued a forebrain-specific, but not a pan-neuronal, Ptbp2 knockout, demonstrating both redundant and distinct roles for the proteins. Many developmentally regulated exons exhibited different sensitivities to PTBP1 and PTBP2. Nevertheless, the two paralogs displayed similar RNA binding across the transcriptome, indicating that their differential targeting does not derive from their RNA interactions, but from possible different cofactor interactions.
Autophagic cell death with hydroxychloroquine in patients with hormone-dependent prostate-specific antigen progression after local therapy for prostate cancer.

102Background: For patients who have a rising prostate-specific antigen value after definitive local therapy, androgen deprivation is a commonly employed option. However, immediate hormonal therapy...
Spatial Manipulation of Thermal Flux in Nanoscale Films

ABSTRACTIncreased surface-to-volume ratio is the key thermal transport determinant in nanoscale thin films and yet the impact of surface features on thermal conduction remains largely unexplored. In this work, we aim to uncover the energy flux spatial distribution in thin-film thermal conduction by developing a formulation that accounts for the existence of distinct surface conditions (roughness and correlation length) at the two interfaces. We show that designing the physical properties of thin-film surfaces provides control over the preferential spatial location of thermal flux, which could hold significant potential for rational design of thermal materials. The study highlights the importance of a rigorous description of boundary scattering mechanisms to bring in a new wave of understanding of the nature of heat at the nanoscale.
Escape into Winter: Does a Phenological Shift by Ellychnia corrusca (Winter Firefly) Shield it from a Specialist Predator (Photuris)?

Ellychnia corrusca (Winter Firefly) is one of few winter-active insects. Exposed throughout the season, this beetle appears vulnerable to insectivorous predators, but was recently shown to possess lucibufagins (LBGs), potent chemical defenses. The Winter Firefly is closely related to summer-active fireflies. To provide an adaptive explanation for this apparent phenological shift, we hypothesized that winter activity may protect the Winter Firefly from summer-active fireflies in the genus Photuris, predators that specialize on LBG-containing prey. To test this hypothesis, we studied the Winter Firefly and Photuris that occur sympatrically, but asynchronously as adults, at our Connecticut field sites. Through 2 experiments, we demonstrated that Photuris selectively consumes the Winter Firefly and sequesters its LBGs. Our findings are consistent with a hypothesis that winter activity by the Winter Firefly, by enabling early spring reproduction, provides phenological escape from a specialist predator.
Leptin and diabetes in lipoatrophic mice

Lipoatrophic (lipodystrophic) diabetes is a disorder in which insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia are associated with a reduced body-fat mass1, in contrast to the usual association of diabetes with obesity. Transgenic mice with differing degrees of fat loss can be used as models for lipoatrophy2,3,4. Using the aP2-SREBP-1c mouse3, which has a moderate fat deficiency, Shimomura et al. showed that leptin treatment reverses the diabetes, concluding that insulin resistance in congenital generalized lipodystrophy can be explained by a leptin deficiency5. However, we have used a more severe model of lipoatrophy, the A-ZIP/F-1 mouse2,6, in which we find that leptin treatment is only slightly effective in correcting diabetes.
Moving Forward by Taking Medical Leave: A Paradoxical Path to Success

Transitioning to college presents many challenges to students who are physically and emotionally healthy; students with mental illness have additional potential risks impacting success. Understanding the university mental health system and the university campus resources is critical. Students may need one or more medical leave(s) to mitigate the impact of illness with eventual success in part dependent upon effective consultation and collaboration. Medical leaves should be requested when the student has mental health concerns contributing to inability to function safely or effectively as a student. The mental health condition may negatively impact student welfare and academic engagement even if grades are acceptable. This case describes a student with significant mental illness requiring two medical leaves of absence from college, demonstrating the development of a safety net including residential housing, disability services, academic support, and the university Students of Concern team while maintaining a role for the home psychiatrist. The chapter identifies challenges of transitional age youth living independent of family and discusses the implications of Title II regulations. The case demonstrates successful use of medical leave in a young adult with mental illness who was able to make incremental developmental changes leading to completion of his education.
Random Walk on a Half-Line

For one-dimensional random walk there is an extensive theory concerning a very special class of infinite sets. These sets are half-lines, i.e., semi-infinite intervals of the form a ≤ x < ∞ or ∞ − ∞ < x ≤ a, where a is a point (integer) in R. When B ⊂ R is such a set it goes without saying that one can define the functions $${Q_n}(x,y),{H_B}(x,y),{g_B}(x,y),x,yinR,$$ just as in section 10, Chapter III. Of course the identities discovered there remain valid—their proof having required no assumptions whatever concerning the dimension of R, the periodicity or recurrence of the random walk, or the cardinality of the set B.
Unbalanced Fault Diagnosis in Transmission Networks Using Multiple Model Filters

This paper provides a scalable solution to the diagnosis of unbalanced transmission faults. The solution hinges on our previous work on diagnosis of balanced transmission faults using multiple model filters (MMF). The purpose of diagnosis is to support a secondary protection that capitalizes on new sensing technologies to cost-effectively mitigate cascading failures caused by protection misoperations. The essence of the MMF-based diagnosis approach is to probabilistically determine which assumed transmission circuit model is most likely to have generated the observed data among the multiple models of circuit topologies of anticipated contingencies. The key to the ready applicability for the diagnosis of unbalanced faults lies with the ability of the MMF to directly process high-rate sampled waveforms in time domain without any reliance on the decomposed symmetric components of unbalanced phasors. To explain the diagnosis process, the problem formulation and the solution to diagnosis of unbalanced faults are detailed for a small 3-machine 9-bus test system. It is shown that diagnosis delays for unbalanced faults remain under 50 milliseconds at a probabilistic decision threshold of above 95%. The paper applies the concept of the sensor-defined partition of a transmission network model to reduce computation and communication complexity while maintaining the performance for the diagnosis of both balanced and unbalanced faults.
Studying underwater sound level caused by bridge traffic in Lake Washington

Underwater noise pollution due to human activities has greatly increased in recent years. There are several studies on high-intensity impulsive noises such as pile driving and seismic exploration. However, less is known about the effects of long-term exposure to low-intensity noises such as those due to bridge traffic. To characterize such noises, we have designed an underwater recording package. This package is equipped with a hydrophone to measure noise, a Raspberry-Pi to control recordings, and a cellular modem to stream near real-time data to the cloud. Data is collected in Lake Washington at two locations: (1) close to the Evergreen Point floating bridge across Lake Washington that connects Seattle to its eastern suburbs and (2) far from the bridge in the middle of the lake for comparison. The Evergreen Point floating bridge, the longest floating bridge in the world, is made of 77 large water-tight concrete pontoons and capable of carrying over 70,000 vehicles per day. The noise level measured close to this bridge is correlated with the public data on traffic load and wind speed available by the Washington State Department of Transportation.Underwater noise pollution due to human activities has greatly increased in recent years. There are several studies on high-intensity impulsive noises such as pile driving and seismic exploration. However, less is known about the effects of long-term exposure to low-intensity noises such as those due to bridge traffic. To characterize such noises, we have designed an underwater recording package. This package is equipped with a hydrophone to measure noise, a Raspberry-Pi to control recordings, and a cellular modem to stream near real-time data to the cloud. Data is collected in Lake Washington at two locations: (1) close to the Evergreen Point floating bridge across Lake Washington that connects Seattle to its eastern suburbs and (2) far from the bridge in the middle of the lake for comparison. The Evergreen Point floating bridge, the longest floating bridge in the world, is made of 77 large water-tight concrete pontoons and capable of carrying over 70,000 vehicles per day. The noise level measured close ...
Five-factor structure of the RBANS is supported in an Alzheimer’s disease sample: Implications for validation of neuropsychological assessment instruments

Development of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was theoretically driven, with the goal of providing an assessment of abilities across five cognitive domains. Since its development, numerous factor analytic studies have failed to provide empirical support for the proposed five-factor structure and, furthermore, have lacked consensus on the internal structure of this instrument. A key limitation of these prior studies is the use of normal or mixed clinical samples, a practice that can obscure distinctions that may be evident in specific homogeneous clinical samples. The current study examined the factor structure of the RBANS in a sample of 107 male Veterans diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Confirmatory factor analysis of a model reflecting the five Index Scores (Immediate Memory, Visuospatial/Constructional, Language, Attention, and Delayed Memory) found that the proposed five-factor structure fit the data well. These findings suggest that the RBANS does measure five distinct constructs and use of Index Scores is appropriate. Furthermore, the current findings highlight the importance of testing construct validity of neuropsychological assessment instruments in specific homogeneous samples.
Spin squeezing and many-body dipolar dynamics in optical lattice clocks

The recent experimental realization of a three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice clock not only reduces the influence of collisional interactions on the clock's accuracy but also provides a promising platform for studying dipolar many-body quantum physics. Here, by solving the governing master equation, we investigate the role of both elastic and dissipative long-range interactions in the clock's dynamics and study its dependence on lattice spacing, dimensionality, and dipolar orientation. For small lattice spacing, i.e., ${k}_{0}a\ensuremath{\ll}1$, where $a$ is the lattice constant and ${k}_{0}$ is the transition wave number, a sizable spin squeezing appears in the transient state which is favored in a head-to-tail dipolar configuration in 1D systems and a side-by-side configuration in 2D systems, respectively. For large lattice spacing, i.e., ${k}_{0}a\ensuremath{\gg}1$, the single atomic decay rate can be effectively suppressed due to the destructive dissipative emission of neighboring atoms in both 1D and 2D. Our results will not only aid in the design of the future generation of ultraprecise atomic clocks but also illuminates the rich many-body physics exhibited by radiating dipolar system.
Alternative Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis: An Update

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease in which management with topical anti-inflammatory agents during exacerbations remains the mainstay of treatment. With no cure in sight, a significant proportion of patients elect to incorporate complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Many clinicians find it difficult to provide recommendations as the field covers an extensive number of very disparate therapies, with limited quality evidence to indicate efficacy. Since publication of the last review on this topic in the Journal that compiled and analyzed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on CAMs in 2015, several new studies have surfaced. This update aims to aggregate and review these new data. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Global Resource for EczemA Trials (GREAT) databases for RCTs on complementary and alternative therapies in AD from March 2015 through May 2018, resulting in 15 studies being included in this review. The preliminary results for many treatments such as vitamin E, East Indian Sandalwood Oil (EISO), melatonin, l-histidine, and Manuka honey show positive clinical effects, but there is currently not enough evidence to recommend their use in AD therapy. Future investigative efforts should focus on reproducing some of these studies with a larger sample size whose clinical characteristics and demographics are more reflective of the general AD population, and standardizing the process to produce reliable data.
Distribution and Condition of Intertidal Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Reefs in Apalachicola Bay Florida Based on High-Resolution Satellite Imagery

The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica is an important component of the ecology of Apalachicola Bay, Florida, and the economy of the region. Although oyster reefs in the Bay occur in both tidal zones, subtidal reefs have received the most attention because they support most of the oyster fishery. The present study provides new information on the distribution, condition, and ecology of the intertidal reefs, and assessed the general utility of high-resolution satellite imagery for routine monitoring of the extent and condition of intertidal oysters. Using online, freely available color imagery and manual interpretation, a total of 782 individual reefs ranging in size from ∼3 m2 to 3.9 ha (= 9.7 acres) and covering a total of 94 ha (233 ac) of bottom area were mapped. Field inspection and sampling of 100 individual intertidal reefs on November 12–16, 2016, confirmed wide differences in the number and areal coverage of reefs in the three major geographic regions in the Bay: 433 reefs covering a total of 56 ha (139 acres) in the western area (St. Vincent Sound); 113 reefs covering 8 ha (19 acres) in the central area; and 236 reefs covering 30 ha (75 acres) in the eastern area (St. George Sound). Most reefs in the western portion of the bay consisted of recently dead (“box”) oysters in all size classes, suggesting a recent massive mortality event. Mean densities (all size classes combined) of live oysters in the central and eastern areas were 42.9/m2 (±7.39; 1 SE) and 99.3/m2 (±13.22; 1 SE), respectively, with an overall mean shell height of 23.6 mm. Size-frequency histograms indicated only two year classes of live oysters, and the largest oyster collected was 84 mm. Although detailed quantitative comparisons with subtidal reefs were not possible, data from the present study suggest that intertidal reefs cover much less bottom area of the bay, but may contain much higher live oyster densities. The present study also demonstrated the use of high-resolution satellite imagery for mapping reefs as small as a few square meters in surface area, and the potential for estimating relative reef condition measured by live oyster density.
Using hepatitis C and B virus-infected donor organs for pediatric heart transplantation.

Abstract Objective High-risk donors for patients with end-stage cardiac or pulmonary disease awaiting transplantation represent an opportunity for access to more organs and therefore can significantly decrease the waiting list mortality. The objective of this study is to investigate the use of hepatitis B virus core antibody positive or hepatitis C virus seropositive donors for pediatric heart transplantation. Methods Data were reviewed from the United Network of Organ Sharing database (June 2008 to June 2015). A total of 3 hepatitis C seropositive and 9 hepatitis B core antibody positive donor hearts were identified for transplantation. Factors of age, underlying diagnosis, transplant year, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, inotrope support, hepatitis C virus serostatus, and hepatitis B virus surface antigen status were used for 2 separate propensity score models. Standardized difference was evaluated for these variables before and after match. Survival was compared between the matched cohorts. Results Post-transplant graft survivals for recipients of hepatitis C virus positive donors and hepatitis B virus core antibody positive donors were similar to matched recipients of hepatitis C virus negative and hepatitis B virus core antibody negative donors, respectively. Conclusions The study has a small cohort to derive any significant conclusions, but the results are encouraging and consistent with the current trends among adult thoracic and pediatric kidney transplantation and demonstrates that hepatitis C virus positive and hepatitis B virus core antibody positive donors are not often used for pediatric heart transplantation.
New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report Chapter 2: New Methods for Assessing Extreme Temperatures, Heavy Downpours, and Drought.

This New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC3) chapter builds on the projections developed by the second New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC2) (Horton et al., 2015). It confirms NPCC2 projections as those of record for the City of New York, presents new methodology related to climate extremes, and describes new methods for developing the next generation of climate projections for the New York metropolitan region. These may be used by the City of New York as it continues to develop flexible adaptation pathways to cope with climate change. The main topics of the climate science chapter are: (1) Comparison of observed temperature and precipitation trends to NPCC2 2015 projections. (2) New methodology for analysis of historical and future projections of heatwaves, humidity, and cold snaps. (3) Improved characterization of observed heavy downpours. (4) Characterization of observed drought using paleoclimate data. (5) Suggested methods for next generation climate risk information.
Effects of exercise intervention on visceral fat in obese children and adolescents.

INTRODUCTION This meta-analysis study was aimed to assess the effects of exercise intervention on visceral fat in obese children and adolescents. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Electronic database searches were performed in Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Healthsource, MEDLINE, and SportDiscus, and from the earliest record to November 2017. Keywords included "exercise or training," "visceral fat," and "child or adolescent or youth." The inclusion criteria for eligible studies were as follows: 1) subjects were obese at baseline; 2) aged 6-19 years; 3) visceral fat was reported at baseline and after an intervention; and 4) studies were published in peer-reviewed journals written in English. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 207 studies were observed at the initial search and 73 effect sizes (ESs) were derived from the 34 selected studies. The overall exercise intervention effect was large (Cohen's d [ES]=-1.003, 95% CI=-1.114, -0.892). Moderator analyses results showed that gender (Qb=8.23, df=2, P=0.016), exercise type (Qb=10.68, df=2, P=0.005), and intervention length (Qb=24.71, df=2, P<0.001) influenced the overall ES. CONCLUSIONS The group of both boys and girls (ES=-0.95) who participated combined exercise program (Aerobic + Resistance training; ES=-1.17) for 12 months (ES=-1.24) appeared to be the most effective exercise strategy for reducing visceral fat in obese youth.
Showing in Wittgenstein’s ab-Notation

Perhaps it is not overly pedantic to say that one will find Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus very difficult even if one first understands Russell’s philosophical logic. But the question remains as to whether the work is intended in alliance with Russell’s research program for a scientific method in philosophy or splits from that program. This paper endeavors to answer the question by revealing new evidence that Wittgenstein held his Doctrine of Showing in 1913 and that it was a demand he imposed in criticizing Russell’s multiple relation theory of judgment.