cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading program research proposal

Introduction There is a significant problem of unidentified and unaddressed reading disabilities leading to psychiatric problems in children and adolescents because of not having proper tools of assessments in schools. This research proposal can be a revolutionary paradigm in identifying, classifying, modeling, and benefitting children and adolescents with a specific learning disorder (SLD). Objectives The objective of the current research proposal is to provide a framework of our reading program and collect data over time as cohorts to reflect the positive outcomes of the reading program. Sub-Objectives 1. To provide an intervention that is accessible and feasible for children and their parents that will improve their academic and socio-emotional aspects. 2. Educate parents regarding SLD. 3. To provide reading training to address SLD in reading and improve reading. 4. To provide Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to target the anxiety and depression that results because of having a SLDin reading. Methods After a reading assessment, students with specific reading disabilities will be registered in the program for 10 weeks. Every student will have reading training and CBT on different days of the week via video conference. Data will be collected retrospectively from the initial cohort and subsequent cohorts will be added to the data collection process for a final analysis when 60 students have completed the program. Results Initial two weeks of reading training and CBT shows positive and promising results so far. Conclusions Children need to be screened at a young age for a reading disability before they struggle academically, and develop psychiatric issues later in life. Conflict of interest The aim of this research proposal is to help us understand, evaluate and benefit children with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) with our newly setup reading program at RUSH University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
The Other Side of Abundance: Feminist and Ecological Arguments for Guaranteed Income in the United States, c. 1960–1980

Both feminist and ecological arguments for a universal basic income (UBI) are typically invoked as one argument among many in favour of UBI rather than as distinctive accounts of political economy. In considering the history of feminist and ecological thought about proposals for guaranteed income in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, this chapter shows how guaranteed income supporters in these veins analysed and sought to address larger problems of the post-war political economy and welfare state. Although feminist and ecological thinkers had different analyses of the guaranteed income, both groups understood the problems of industrialized capitalist society to extend beyond the persistence of poverty or the threat of automation, instead raising more fundamental questions about the organization of the economy, the meaning of work, the use and distribution of resources, and the relationship of economic rights to social oppression. These arguments also complicate two common readings of UBI: one which sees UBI as a mechanism for individual freedom, and an emerging strain of intellectual history that characterizes basic income as fundamentally neoliberal in its market-oriented minimalism.
EFFECTIVE AND ACCELERATED INFORMATIVE FRAME FILTERING IN COLONOSCOPY VIDEOS USING GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT

Colonoscopy is an endoscopic technique that allows a physician to inspect the mucosa of the human colon. Previous methods and software solutions to detect informative frames in a colonoscopy video (a process called informative frame filtering or IFF) have been hugely ineffective in (1) covering the proper definition of an informative frame in the broadest sense and (2) striking an optimal balance between accuracy and speed of classification in both real-time and non real-time medical procedures. In my thesis, I propose a more effective method and faster software solutions for IFF which is more effective due to the introduction of a heuristic algorithm (derived from experimental analysis of typical colon features) for classification. It contributed to a 5-10% boost in various performance metrics for IFF. The software modules are faster due to the incorporation of sophisticated parallel-processing oriented coding techniques on modern microprocessors. Two IFF modules were created, one for post-procedure and the other for real-time. Code optimizations through NVIDIA CUDA for GPU processing and/or CPU multi-threading concepts embedded in two significant microprocessor design philosophies (multi-core design and many-core design) resulted a 5-fold acceleration for the post-procedure module and a 40-fold acceleration for the real-time module. Some innovative software modules, which are still in testing phase, have been recently created to exploit the power of multiple GPUs together.
Information extraction from sensor nodes using air-borne radar and back-scatter modulation

Radar imaging is a powerful tool in remote sensing due to its ability to image vast areas with high resolution. However, the ability to sense a particular parameter depends on the extent to which the parameter affects the reflected microwave radiation. In this respect, multi-functional sensor nodes offer an immense potential to sense environmental parameters which cannot be directly sensed by radar imaging techniques. With this motivation, we develop techniques to collect information at an air-borne radar from a large group of sensor nodes. Back-scatter modulation is used on the sensors. The techniques utilize synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing to resolve responses from multiple sensors and to simultaneously obtain a geographic map of the sensor locations. Sensor and clutter returns are separated by utilizing the ability of the sensors to modulate the radar return. The sensor modulation is structured such that sensor and clutter returns can be separated in the spatial frequency domain
Identification of modified streptokinase as the activator of bovine and human plasminogen.

Abstract This paper reports observations made of the events which occur when two apparently enzymatically inactive proteins, streptokinase and plasminogen, interact in the correct ratio to form a complex which is an activator of plasminogen. The unique physical and functional properties of this plasminogen activator complex were demonstrated by: (a) observation of the complex in polyacrylamide gel systems and (b) by its capacity to convert bovine or guinea pig plasminogen to plasmin. When the complex was dissociated on a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel system, two components having physical properties similar to those of the original inactive components were recovered. However, following dissociation, the component which was similar to plasminogen had plasmin activity, and the component which was similar to streptokinase had bovine plasminogen activator activity. The completeness of the separation of the two components was examined revealing that approximately 1 mole of streptokinase contaminated every 1600 moles of the dissociated plasmin component and 1 mole of plasmin contaminated every 1000 moles of the dissociated streptokinase component. The activator activity of the dissociated streptokinase component decreased less than 10% upon a reduction of the plasmin contaminant by 97%. It was therefore concluded that the dissociated streptokinase component bore the site for bovine plasminogen activator activity. Studies of the dissociated streptokinase component indicated that there was no demonstrable change in molecular weight. From these data and the demonstration that the dissociated streptokinase activated human plasminogen as well as bovine plasminogen, a model describing the mechanism of streptokinase activation of human plasminogen was constructed. In this model streptokinase interacts with the plasmin contaminating human plasminogen to form a modified streptokinase which in turn acts on human plasminogen in a positive feedback.
Third Graders' Interpretations of Equality and the Equal Symbol

This paper analyzes the interpretations of equality and the equal symbol of the third-grade children who participated in a year long whole-class socio constructivist teaching experiment. These children initially interpreted the equal symbol as a command to perform an arithmetical operation; it was less natural to them to interpret it as a relational symbol to compare two quantities. By the end of the school year, children were able to conceptualize the ‘quantitative sameness’ of two numerical expressions and describe it by using the phrase ‘is the same as’, the words ‘equal’ or ‘equals’, or the symbols ‘=’ or ‘=s’. These children expanded their conceptualizations of equality due to their active role in class discussions, the arithmetical tasks that took into account children's difficulties, and the teacher's intellectual sensitivity to ‘strike a delicate balance between the force of teaching and the freedom of learning’ (Freudenthal, 1991, p. 55).
A coupled gradient network for the solution of the temporal unit commitment problem in power systems planning

This paper deals with a neural network solution for a problem specific to the power industry. In particular, the unit commitment problem is addressed. This paper is an extension of the results given in Watta and Hassona (1994), where the static unit commitment problem was discussed. The temporal problem involves the scheduling of unit commitment over a planning horizon of more than one hour. Using a cascade and interconnect strategy, the coupled gradient network given in the above paper and Watta (1994) is extended to handle the temporal case. As before, though, the dynamics of the network are defined by gradient descent on a global energy function, and hence the network converges to locally optimal solutions. After formulating the model, the parameter selection involved in actually simulating the network is discussed. Finally, this paper concludes with a discussion of some simulation results. >
Doing it by the numbers : standard statistics for describing archives

The Working Group's definition of archival description encompasses not only bibliographic data and finding aids, but also the collection and analysis of administrative and statistical data about archival institutions and their holdings. The author examines several efforts at standardizing library and archival statistical gathering processes, focusing in particular on the recent efforts by the National Association of Government Archives and Records Administrators and its 1987 Program Reporting Guidelines.
Distributed Generation Placement for Optimal Microgrid Architecture

This paper describes a method for siting of distributed energy resources (DER) within the framework of an optimal microgrid architecture. An optimal microgrid architecture is characterized by minimum cost interconnection, sizing, and siting of DER subject to stipulated global and local reliability criteria. This paper addresses the siting aspect of optimal microgrid architecture. The siting problem considers factors like deployment costs and savings gained by the use of combined heat and power (CHP). The problem is formulated as one of nonlinear programming and simulated annealing optimization is applied. This paper presents the development and implementation of the method, and demonstrates it using a six bus test system
Using chromium stable isotope ratios to quantify Cr(VI) reduction: lack of sorption effects.

Chromium stable isotope values can be effectively used to monitor reduction of Cr(VI) in natural waters. We investigate effects of sorption during transport of Cr(VI) which may also shift Cr isotopes values, complicating efforts to quantify reduction. This study shows that Cr stable isotope fractionation caused by sorption is negligible. Equilibrium fractionation of Cr stable isotopes between dissolved Cr(VI) and Cr(VI) adsorbed onto γ-Al2O3 and goethite is less than 0.04‰ (53Cr/52Cr) under environmentally relevant pH conditions. Batch experiments at pH 4.0 and pH 6.0 were conducted in series to sequentially magnify small isotope fractionations. A simple transport model suggests that adsorption may cause amplification of a small isotope fractionation along extreme fringes of a plume, leading to shifts in 53Cr/52Cr values. We therefore suggest that isotope values at extreme fringes of Cr plumes be critically evaluated for sorption effects. A kinetic effect was observed in experiments with goethite at pH 4 ...
Oriented assembly of anisotropic particles by capillary interactions

Partially wet anisotropic particles at an otherwise planar fluid interface create distortions as the interface bends to satisfy boundary conditions at the three phase contact line. Overlapping distortions create capillary interactions that depend strongly on the particle shape. Since the excess surface area associated with the distortions can be locally elevated at certain regions near the particle, the resulting capillary interactions drive assembly in preferred orientations. In this work, arguments relating particle aspect ratio to the preferred orientation for assembly are developed for particles of constant cross section. End-to-end registry of particle faces is achieved by exploiting short-range capillary interactions between particles with complex end faces. Finally, insoluble surfactant monolayers are used to arrest the assembly process.
Changes in the distribution of the dentate gyrus associational system following unilateral or bilateral entorhinal lesions in the adult rat.

Summary The distribution of the dentate gyrus associational system was analyzed in naive adult rats and in those with either unilateral or bilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex. Horseradish peroxidase histochemistry was used to trace the origin and course of this intrinsic fiber system. The fibers originated in the CA3–4 pyramidal cell field, apparently medial to the origin of the Schaffer collateral system, and followed a trajectory which wass essentially identical to that described for this system by Zimmer36. The associational terminal field occupied the inner 26% of the dentate gyrus molecular layer in normal rats and 35–38% of the normal width of that following either ipsilateral or bilateral entorhinal lesion. These meaurements are quire similar to those previously obtained on the commissural system terminal field in the normal and partially deafferented dentate gyrus. These results are interpreted to reflect axon sprouting by the associational fibers into the adjacent deafferented dendritic field.
Methotrexate 5-aminoallyl-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate: A potential bifunctional inhibitor of thymidylate synthase

Mercuration of 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (dUMP) followed by alkylation with allylamine in the presence of K2PdCl4 afforded the 5-aminoallyl deoxynucleotide, which was isolated by sequential Dowex 50 H+ and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Further reaction of the product with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of methotrexate (MTX) in dry dimethyl sulfoxide gave an MTX-aminoallyl-dUMP covalent complex separable by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Reprecipitation with acid from basic solution offered further purification and the structure was confirmed by elemental analysis, NMR and absorbance spectra. The product was an inhibitor of rat liver dihydrofolate reductase (I50 approximately 250 nM, cf. MTX I50 approximately 60 nM) and Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthase. With the latter enzyme, inhibition was competitive with both nucleotide and folate substrates (Ki = 2.6 and 3.5 microM, respectively) and partial enzyme-inhibitor binary complex could be detected by gel electrophoresis. Large fluorescence changes were observed on titration of the synthase with MTX-aminoallyl-dUMP and alterations in the UV difference spectra similar to those seen on titration of the enzyme with MTX were also noted. The compound was a poor growth inhibitor for cultured murine L1210 and human CCRF-CEM cell lines, which probably reflects low cellular uptake.
Development of a Model Considering High-Speed Sliding Wear

AbstractWear is defined as “the removal of material volume through some mechanical process between two surfaces.” This paper focuses on the steps necessary to evaluate wear due to dry sliding between two surfaces at high velocity. Currently, there is a need to identify and compare materials that can endure sliding wear under severe conditions such as high velocities. The high costs associated with the field experimentation of systems subject to high-speed sliding have prevented the collection of the necessary data required to characterize this phenomenon. Simulating wear through finite elements (FEs) would enable its prediction and would reduce experimentation. In the aerospace, automotive, and weapon industries, such a model can aid in material selection, design, and/or testing of systems subjected to wear.
Radiation-induced segregation in ternary alloys: Ni-Ge-Al and Ni-Ge-Si☆

Abstract Simultaneous Rutherford backscattering was used to make in situ kinetic measurements of radiation-induced segregation (RIS) in two Ni-based ternary alloys, Ni-6Ge-6Al and Ni-6Ge-6Si, during 2 MeV He ion irradiations at temperatures from ~400 to 600°C. At all investigated irradiation temperatures the amount of Ge segregation at corresponding doses is significantly greater in the alloy containing Al than it is in the alloy containing Si. The relative difference between the amount of Ge segregation in the two alloys at a given irradiation temperature is least at the highest temperature, and the relative magnitude of this difference increases steadily as the irradiation temperature is lowered. The results demonstrate conclusively that synergistic effects can be important in determining RIS effects in multicomponent alloys. In addition, these results provide the first experimental demonstration that it is possible to reduce the segregation of one alloying component during irradiation by the addition of a third element.
Many Hands Make Overlooked Work: Overclaiming of Responsibility Increases with Group Size

Logically, group members cannot be responsible for more than 100% of the group’s actions, and yet group members’ claims of responsibility often sum to more than 100%. We predicted that this “overcl...
Effect of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis on edema formation and albumin leakage during thermal trauma in the rat.

Abstract Prostaglandins (PGs) participate in the inflammatory response, but the contribution of endogenously synthesized PGs to edema formation and increased vascular permeability is not known. Using a 10% scald burn in the rat, we measured water content (as percent, wet minus dry/wet weight) and 131 I-RISA leakage (counts/g dry tissue) in scalded and normal skin at 30 minutes and 3 hr post injury. Four groups (10 rats/group) in each time period studied: control; scald; scald, 5 mg/kg indomethacin; scald, 10 mg/kg indomethacin. Indomethacin was administered intravenously 30 minutes before the scald; RISA was injected intravenously 30 min before termination of the study. In all indomethacin-treated groups immunoreactive plasma PGA was significantly lower (p 0.20). In the 3 hour study all scalded groups had significantly higher content and RISA counts than control (p
Algorithms for Arabic name transliteration

An Arabic name can be written in English with many different spellings. For example, the name Sulayman is written only one way in Arabic. In English, this name is written in as many as forty different ways, such as Salayman, Seleiman, Solomon, Suleiman, and Sylayman. Currently, Arabic linguists manually transliterate these names—a slow, laborious, error-prone, and time-consuming process. We present a hybrid algorithm which automates this process in real time using neural networks and a knowledge-based system to vowelize Arabic. A supervised neural network filters out unreliable names, passing the reliable names on to the knowledge-based system for romanization. This approach, developed at the IBM Federal Systems Company, is applicable to a wide variety of purposes, including visa processing and document processing by border patrols.
Modeling large almost periodic structures using a non-overlapping domain decomposition method

Domain decomposition is a tool that is introduced artificially to ease large scale computation or that is natural in some situations. Domain decomposition methods are a very natural way to exploit the possibilities of multiprocessor computers, but such algorithms are very useful even when used on single process PC environment. The idea is to decompose the computational domain into smaller subdomains. The equations are solved on each subdomain. We first describe a domain decomposition method, a non-overlapping Schwarz algorithm, for solving large almost periodic electromagnetic problems. For large almost periodic structures, when using domain decomposition approach, the FEM matrix only needs to be evaluated once for all domains that are of the same building block. The solving process of domain decomposition is iterative and can become prohibitively slow. We describe a procedure that results in superior speed-up of the solving process.
Control by phosphate of candicidin production

Abstract Phosphate concentration was found to control the biosynthesis of the antibiotic candicidin by resting cells of Streptomyces griseus. Phosphate concentrations above 1 mM decreased the rate of incorporation of [14C]propionate and [14C]p-aminobenzoic acid into candicidin in relation to the concentration of phosphate. The inhibitory effect of phosphate on incorporation of labeled precursors into candicidin was not caused by inhibition of cellular uptake of precursors. Protein synthesis, sensitive to chloramphenicol, was not affected by phosphate levels that inhibit antibiotic synthesis. Similarly, phosphate concentrations inhibitory to antibiotic synthesis did not affect rifampinsensitive RNA synthesis.
Anthracycline-Related Cardiotoxicity in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Down Syndrome: A Literature Review

Pediatric patients with Down syndrome (DS) are at an increased risk of developing certain cancers. Specifically, patients with DS have a reported 10-20-fold increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Anthracycline-based treatment regimens achieve good results in patients with DS and AML. It has been proposed that DS status constitutes a risk factor for the cardiotoxicity associated with the use of anthracyclines in the pediatric setting. However, published evidence pointing toward an increased risk of cardiotoxicity in patients with DS is relatively scarce and conflictive. This concise review compiles literature relating to the incidence of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity in pediatric patients with DS. In general, reports from trials using anthracyclines at the maximum recommended dose showed increases in the incidence of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity in patients with DS in comparison with trials that used anthracyclines at reduced doses. Evidence from the literature suggests that patients with DS can achieve favorable therapeutic outcomes after receiving treatment with reduced doses of anthracyclines to minimize the potential for cardiotoxicity. Further prospective trials, along with the available evidence, would assist the design of treatment protocols for patients with pediatric leukemias and DS.
Role of Indoor Air Distribution in Performance of Heat Pump Systems in Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings

This paper demonstrates the potential impact of indoor air distribution on the energy consumption of central HVAC systems with cognizance of human thermal comfort. The study focuses on a hypothetical high-performance house incorporating a split heat pump system. The air distribution of this building incorporates high sidewall supply-air registers and near-floor, wall-mounted return-air grilles. Heating-mode stratification resulting from this prevalent configuration is a prime example of situations in which challenges regarding energy efficiency, comfort, and ventilation effectiveness emerge. These challenges underline the importance of adopting a comprehensive design strategy for high-performance buildings. Two indoor air distribution scenarios were analyzed: (1) theoretically well mixed and (2) poorly mixed, representing a realistic case. The former scenario was evaluated using an analytical approach, whereas the latter was investigated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. For heating mode, the results indicated the presence of a pronounced thermal stratification resulting from poor air mixing. At 50% of the design heating load, for the well-mixed case, the HVAC system energy consumption was significantly higher. Considerably better air distribution performance was observed with cooling mode, in which the relative energy penalty for the well-mixed scenario was noticeably less. In real-world applications where measures must be taken to achieve near perfectly mixed indoor conditions for better comfort, the energy use is expected to be even higher. However, in the absence of such measures, the thermostat setpoint is likely to be readjusted, leading to a higher energy use without necessarily improving the overall comfort level, as demonstrated in this paper. The limitation of increasing the supply-air flow rate to enhance air mixing and diffusion is also discussed in terms of the system moisture removal capability.
Somatocrinin (growth hormone releasing factor) in vitro bioactivity; Ca++ involvement, cAMP mediated action and additivity of effect with PGE2.

Abstract The release of GH induced by purified hypothalamic GRF or native or synthetic tumor-derived GRF is antagonized by the presence of CoCl2; it is simulated by 8Br .cAMP, IBMX, cholera toxin, forskolin, with identical maximal effects (Emax). Somatocrinin (GRF) stimulates the efflux of cAMP by the pituitary cells in parallel to the release of GH. Addition of either 8Br .cAMP, IBMX, cholera toxin or forskolin to a maximally stimulating dose of GRF does not increase the response which remains GRF-Emax. In contradistinction with these results PGE2 releases GH with a dose-response curve different from that of GRF, and the combination of PGE2 + GRF produces an Emax far greater than that due to either agonist alone; showing a true additivity. The name somatocrinin is proposed to replace the acronym GRF.
Non-invasive visualization of basilar artery perforators with 7T MR angiography.

Purpose: To visualize the perforating arteries originating from basilar artery (BA) by using ultra-high resolution 7T MR angiography (MRA) and optimizing MR parameters as well as radio frequency (RF) coils, which may provide important information for neurosurgery and understanding diseases of the pons, but was unable to clearly visualize with conventional MRA techniques. Materials and Methods: Seven healthy volunteers (five males and two females, age [mean ± SD] = 28.71 ± 7.54 years) were scanned using optimized MR parameters to obtain images of pontine arteries (PAs) originating from the main trunk of BA. Two different volume coils and a phased array coil were designed and compared for this study. The images obtained at 7T MRA were compared with those at 1.5T and 3T MRA. Results: The results showed that PA imaging at 7T MRI consistently provided clearly identifiable vessels, which were difficult to visualize in MR angiograms obtained at 1.5T and 3T MRIs. Volume RF coils had higher sensitivity for the center of the brain, which enhanced PA imaging compared to phased array coil. The average number of PA branches in all seven subjects observable by 7T MRA was 7.14 ± 2.79, and the visualized PA branches were found to mainly propagating on the surface of the pons. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that ultra-high resolution 7T MRA could delineate the PAs using optimized imaging parameters and volume RF coils compared to commercially available 1.5T and 3T MRIs. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:544–550. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Feasibility of the inflow disk generator for open-cycle MHD power generation

A feasibility study of the inflow disk MHD generator for baseload applications was performed. Each design element, i.e., the combustor, the inlet flow path, the generator channel, the diffuser and the magnet, was studied in detail in order to provide a comprehensive assessment of the inflow disk generator. Based on these results, the performance of the inflow disk generator was calculated for two different thermal inputs: 1250 MW(th) and 2500 MW(th). It was shown that the performance of the inflow disk generator is similar to that of the diagonal generator within the uncertainty of the analysis. 51 refs.
Alcohol and the prior residence effect in male convict cichlids (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum)

A series of experiments were undertaken to demonstrate the dominance advantage of a territorial resident over an intruder (the prior residence effect) in the adult male Convict Cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) and to evaluate the effects of alcohol (ethanol) on this phenomenon. After successfully demonstrating the prior residence effect, additional experiments were conducted in which the resident or intruder was given one of three different doses of ethanol (0.15%, 0.20%, 0.35%). These doses have previously been shown to reduce or increase intraspecific aggression in this species Over the entire dosage range, drugging the intruder produced no changes in the dominance advantage of the resident. However, drugging the resident at the higher doses (0.20%, 0.35%) resulted in loss of the resident's dominance advantage. These effects were not due to impaired locomotor behavior of the drugged fish, as no abnormal motor behaviors were noted. In general, as reported in previous studies, the resident fish, whether drugged or not, typically attacked first. Also as has been previously shown, the fish that attacked (bit) first typically showed eventual dominance. The present results show that the dominance advantage of the territorial resident is not altered by giving an intruder a hypo- or hyperaggression-producing dose of alcohol. Changes in the dominance advantage occur only as a function of drugging the resident, thereby providing evidence that the behavior of the territorial resident is either directly or indirectly (reaction of the intruder to these changes) responsible for the prior residence effect. The present studies also provide some pharmacological approaches for determining the variables important in a laboratory analog of a naturally occurring instance of intraspecific aggression.
Two new species of Lauraceae from central French Guiana

Aiouea opaca andBeilschmiedia hexanthera, recently collected in central French Guiana, are described and illustrated.
Suppression of artifacts in multiple-echo magnetic resonance

Abstract Many techniques in both magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy use two or more RF pulses to excite the spin system and detect the echo signals which form between or after the pulses. In general many different echoes form during each acquisition interval, only one of which carries the information required. The others lead to distortion of peak heights and lineshapes in MRS, and to ghost images and similar artifacts in MRI. The “coherence transfer pathway” formalism of Bodenhausen et al. allows the evolution of each echo to be studied and suggests methods of removing the unwanted signals. The general phase-cycling methods described by Bodenhausen et al. require a degree of flexibility in the control of RF pulses which is not available on all spectrometers, however, so simpler schemes requiring only 180° phase shifts have been investigated. With certain restrictions, these schemes give cancellation of the unwanted echoes during any particular acquisition interval, and in certain cases can be extended to cancel the unwanted echoes in all acquisition intervals of a multiple-echo sequence. All such schemes, however, require a large number of transients to be collected, so a second method has been investigated whereby the systematic application of magnetic field gradients can produce similar results within a single transient. Both of these approaches have been reported previously, but we introduce a novel formalism which allows the required pulse phases and gradient magnitudes to be systematically calculated, rather than empirically determined, for any pulse sequence. Examples of the application of each method to the spin-echo and TART imaging sequences are given, although both methods are equally applicable to many pulse sequences used in spectroscopy.
The Economics of the Numbers Game

THE PROBLEMS THAT EXIST in the underprivileged areas of the nation have been studied and analyzed by social scientists in the hope that understanding their background may help supply some solutions. All too often, however, the analysis reveals a chain of events that proves difficult, though not impossible, to follow. One of the problems that falls into this category, a product of the hopelessness and emptiness prevalent in the lives of people living in the slums, is that of illegal gambling. The purpose of this article is to analyze just one aspect of that problem: the economics of the numbers game. Millions of dollars of federal money are poured into urban areas to be spent on welfare, employment, and training. In turn, the poor divert millions from their incomes into illegal gambling, primarily into the numbers game; into the purchase of narcotics; and into paying exorbitant interest rates to loansharks. Directing and controlling all these activities is the organized criminal syndicate. If America is concerned with poverty, then it must also be concerned with organized crime for the urban poor are the principal victims of it. Indeed, organized crime is the major beneficiary of the misery of the slums. Today, the primary source of funds for organized crime is through illegal gambling. Gambling profits finance the other major interests of organized crime, including narcotics, prostitution, loansharking, bootlegging, and labor racketeering. The most popular form of illegal gambling is the numbers game, which, with its lure of a possible 600-to-1 payoff, has surpassed horse race betting and other gambling activities.
The Tax System in India: Could Reform Spur Growth?

This paper assesses the effects of India's tax system on growth, through the level and productivity of private investment. Comparison of India's indicators of effective tax rates and tax revenue productivity with other countries shows that the Indian tax system is characterized by: (1) a high dependence on indirect taxes, (2) low average effective tax rates and tax productivity, and (3) high marginal effective tax rates and large tax-induced distortions on investment and financing decisions. The paper finds that the most recently proposed package of reforms would improve tax productivity and lower the marginal tax burden and tax-induced distortions. But firms that rely on internal sources of funds or face problems borrowing would continue to face high marginal tax rates.
Purification of Influenza Virus in the K-II Zonal Centrifuge

VIRAL material used to prepare inactivated virus vaccines must be concentrated to provide sufficient antigenic mass to stimulate the vaccine's protective mechanisms, and purified to remove nonviral host material which may cause side reactions and sensitization to host (for example, egg) components. A continuous-flow zonal centrifuge, the K-II-B1,2, has been designed for use in large scale production of influenza vaccines. We have grown influenza virus in tissue culture and have concentrated and purified it in a single step process using this centrifuge.
Dehydroalanine-containing peptides: preparation from phenylselenocysteine and utility in convergent ligation strategies

This protocol describes the methodology for the synthesis of dehydroalanine (Dha)-containing peptides and illustrates their use in convergent ligation strategies for the preparation of peptide conjugates. A nonproteinogenic amino acid, Fmoc-Se-phenylselenocysteine (SecPh), can be prepared in high yield over four synthetic steps and be conveniently incorporated into peptides by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis techniques. Globally deprotected peptides containing phenylselenocysteine can be converted to dehydrated peptides following a chemoselective, mild oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or sodium periodate (i.e., the phenylselenocysteine side chain is converted to that of Dha). Dha residues are electrophilic handles for the preparation of glycopeptides, lipopeptides or other peptide conjugates; one such transformation will be outlined here. The preparation of Dha-containing peptides, including the synthesis of SecPh, peptide elongation and oxidative treatment of phenylselenocysteine-containing peptides can be completed by one person in approximately 3-5 weeks. However, once SecPh is in hand, the time required for the preparation of peptides is significantly shorter and comparable to that for any peptide synthesis.
In situ Raman Spectroscopic Study of NaCl Particle-Induced Marine Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon Steel

The study of NaCl particle-induced atmospheric corrosion is facilitated by in situ Raman spectroscopic analysis through real time identification of corrosion products. Droplet formation on carbon steel by the deliquescence of pre-deposited NaCl particles that were exposed to high relative humidity (RH) (>80%), and corrosion initiation under the droplets were observed using an optical microscope. Pitting initiated within several minutes under the NaCl droplets. In situ and ex situ Raman spectra from the various rust species that formed during the corrosion process show that green rust (GR) formed close to the corrosion pit (i.e., anodic site) while lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) clusters precipitated outside of the GR region. A small amount of magnetite (Fe3O4) was also detected, mostly in the transitional region from GR to lepidocrocite. Upon exposure to an ambient atmosphere, GR transformed to lepidocrocite. This study confirms that the initial rust formed in NaCl particle-induced marine atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel is GR and lepidocrocite. While revealing the initiation mechanisms of NaCl particle-induced marine atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel, this study also provides insights for future studies involving wet-dry cycle exposures, which are more akin to the real atmospheric corrosion process.
An Exercise to Introduce Power

Summary In introductory statistics courses, the concept of power is usually presented in the context of testing hypotheses about the population mean. We instead propose an exercise that uses a binomial probability table to introduce the idea of power in the context of testing a population proportion.
Spatial Frameworks and the Management of Dissent: From Parks to Free Speech Zones

The space in which dissent is performed, and the way that space is used to manage dissent, has generally been understudied in the legal literature. This article examines how spatial frameworks—popular ideas about the importance of space to democracy—have influenced legal decisions about the management of dissent. Three spatial frameworks, Property, Place and Planning, are identified. It is suggested that each framework brings with it assumptions about the value of dissent to society, the use of public space for expressive purposes, and the amount of expressive freedom citizens enjoy in the realization of democracy. Through an examination of the historical transition from Property, through Place, to today's Planning Framework, this article demonstrates how different frameworks have influenced the management of dissent. It concludes by arguing that today's Planning Framework, as played out in the creation of free speech zones, undervalues the importance of dissent to society.
Structure and Stratigraphy of China Basin

Continuous seismic reflection profiles accompanied by total-field magnetic measurements were made in the China basin by civilian survey ships on contract to the U.S. Navy Oceanographic Office between 1967 and 1969. The results show the presence of stratigraphic units similar to those previously found in the adjacent East China Sea and South China Sea: (1) acoustic basement in the southern part of the basin that may be a continuation of the igneous and metamorphic rocks beneath the adjacent shelf which were peneplaned during Late Cretaceous-early Cenozoic time, and much more irregular basement in the northern part of the basin that may be oceanic basement (Layer 2); (2) predeformational sediment, conformably with the surface of much of the acoustic basement (probably Paleo ene); and (3) postdeformational sediment, largely turbidites deposited in deeper areas (probably Neogene to present) after the main episode of deformation. During the deformation a series of northeast-trending ridges was folded along the floor of the China basin. Similar ridges underlie the basin side slopes, and these served as dams to trap sediments brought to the ocean by streams from the adjacent land areas. Another ridge separates the Manila Trench and the West Luzon Trough, and extends northeastward as the Central Range of Taiwan. Oil potential appears to be greatest beneath the shelf between Taiwan and Hainan off mainland China, but the basin ridges that are surmounted by banks and islands also warrant further investigation.
Low velocity impacts into dust: results from the COLLIDE-2 microgravity experiment

Abstract We present the results of the second flight of the Collisions Into Dust Experiment (COLLIDE-2), a space shuttle payload that performs six impact experiments into simulated planetary regolith at speeds between 1 and 100 cm/s. COLLIDE-2 flew on the STS-108 mission in December 2001 following an initial flight in April 1998. The experiment was modified since the first flight to provide higher quality data, and the impact parameters were varied. Spherical quartz projectiles of 1-cm radius were launched into quartz sand and JSC-1 lunar regolith simulant targets 2-cm deep. At impact speeds below ∼20 cm/s the projectile embedded itself in the target material and did not rebound. Some ejecta were produced at ∼10 cm/s. At speeds >25 cm/s the projectile rebounded and significant ejecta was produced. We present coefficients of restitution, ejecta velocities, and limits on ejecta masses. Ejecta velocities are typically less than 10% of the impact velocity, and the fraction of impact kinetic energy partitioned into ejecta kinetic energy is also less than 10%. Taken together with a proposed aerodynamic planetesimal growth mechanism, these results support planetesimal growth at impact speeds above the nominal observed threshold of about 20 cm/s.
Cycloheximide-induced mitotic delay in Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract Cycloheximide pulses applied to Physarum polycephalum surface plasmodia delay mitosis. Pulses applied in G2 cause a delay of mitosis which is linearly dependent on the phase in the cell cycle at which the pulse is applied. A 30 min pulse of 10 μg/ml cycloheximide starting in G2 at time t after mitosis induces an excess delay (delay in excess of pulse duration) of the next mitosis of (0.55)t − 1.3 h. The excess delays induced by 7 h pulses during G2 are at most 1 h larger. Pulses applied less than 30 min before mitosis induce only small delays.
Importance of metabolic stability and hepatic distribution to the pharmacokinetic profile of amlodipine

1. In an isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model, the extensive hepatic uptake and subsequent slow redistribution of amlodipine into the perfusate have been demonstrated. The apparent liver volume for amlodipine was 920 ml compared with 38ml for nitrendipine. 2. Metabolism is the major clearance mechanism of amlodipine and nitrendipine in animals and man. In the IPRL, the intrinsic (metabolic) clearance and first-pass extraction values for amlodipine are similar to those of nitrendipine. This is in contrast with in vitro metabolic stability data in rat liver microsomes which indicate about 40-fold greater metabolic stability for amlodipine. 3. The discrepancy between relative clearance rates for the two preparations may be explained by consideration of the hepatic volume of the two compounds, with the higher liver volume of amlodipine amplifying the whole organ clearance.
Oxide films: low-temperature deposition and crystallization

Abstract Thin films of CeO 2 and (Ce,Sm)O 2 have been prepared by using the SILAR method of deposition in conjunction with hydrothermal and high-temperature annealing. Low-temperature, low-pressure hydrothermal annealing of amorphous Mn:Zn 2 GeO 4 films has lead to the growth of grains having edge lengths near 1 μm. Thick films of crystalline Zn 2 SiO 4 exhibiting limited cracking have been prepared by a doctor-blade method also in conjunction with hydrothermal dehydration and annealing.
TH-C-103-05: A Novel Method to Improve Single Phase Reconstruction Quality From Conventional CBCT Dataset

Purpose: to present a method to generate retrospectively a pre‐selected motion phase cone‐beam CT image from the full motion cone‐beam CT acquired at standard rotation speed. Materials and Methods: the method consists of subtracting from the full CBCT all of the undesired motion phases and obtain a motion de‐blurred single‐phase CBCT image CTnm. This is accomplished by means of a subtraction CBCT (CTs) added to the full CBCT (CTm). CTs is obtained as follows: i) we sort the CBCT projections into each phase bin k according to the known motion trace; ii) compute the digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR) from the full reconstruction at the gantry angles correlated to bin k; iii) generate a set of subtraction projections for phase k by subtracting the DRR from the original projection at the same gantry angle; v) reconstruct CTs from this single‐phase subtraction projection set; vi) add CTs to CTm to obtain CTnm. A qualitative assessment of the image quality improvement was performed using a simple shapes phantom. To quantitatively study the method, we used the image quality modules of a Catphan phantom, evaluated in a static scan and under anterior‐posterior motion. Results: The single phase CBCT reconstruction generated by our method successfully isolates the desired motion phase from the full motion CBCT, effectively reducing motion blur. It also shows improved image quality, with reduced streak artifacts with respect to the reconstructions from unprocessed phase‐sorted projections only. Conclusions: A novel CBCT motion de‐blurring algorithm has been developed and tested with phantom data. The algorithm allows to improve visualization of a single phase motion extracted from a standard CBCT dataset. NIH R01CA133539
AB INITIO CALCULATIONS OF THE CURIE TEMPERATURE OF COMPLEX PERMANENT-MAGNET MATERIALS

The nitrogenation of rare-earth--transition-metal compounds $({R}_{2}{M}_{17})$ more than doubles the Curie temperature $({T}_{C})$ of iron-rich compounds but lowers ${T}_{C}$ of cobalt-rich compounds. Self-consistent spin-polarized electronic-structure calculations are carried out to understand this unusual behavior of ${T}_{C}$. ${T}_{C}$ is calculated using the Heisenberg model and finite-size scaling in Monte Carlo simulations. The calculated values of ${T}_{C}$ are in very good agreement with the experimental data.