cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nephrotoxic Effects of Primary Immunosuppression With FK-506 and Cyclosporine Regimens After Liver Transplantation

Objective We conducted a treatment trial to determine the relative toxicity of FK-506 and cyclosporine A (CSA) in liver transplant recipients. Design Between October 1990 and October 1991, 37 patients were enrolled in an open-labeled, randomized study of two immunosuppressive regimens after liver transplantation. Material and Methods Of the 23 men and 14 women, 20 received FK-506 plus prednisone, and 17 received CSA plus prednisone and azathioprine. Renal function was assessed before and after transplantation (day 1, month 1, month 4, and month 12) by measurements of serum creatinine (SCr) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as determined by urinary iothalamate or creatinine clearance (or both). FK-506 trough plasma levels (enzyme immunoassay) were to be maintained between 0.2 and 5.0 ng/mL, and CSA trough blood levels (whole blood high-performance liquid chromatography) were to be maintained between 250 and 400 ng/mL. Severe nephrotoxicity was defined as sudden decreases in urine output to less than 10 mL/h or rapid increases in SCr (more than 0.5 mg/dL daily) that necessitated withdrawal of study medication for more than 48 hours. Mean patient age and values for SCr and GFR were comparable between the two groups at entry. Results Both study groups demonstrated a similar deterioration in renal function during a 12-month follow-up, although patients who received FK-506 had a significantly ( P Conclusion Both FK-506 and CSA are significantly nephrotoxic in liver transplant recipients. In this trial, however, we observed an early development of severe nephrotoxic reactions only in some patients who received FK-506.
Perineurial cell tumor - Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characterization. Relationship to other peripheral nerve tumors with a review of the literature

A perineurial cell tumor occurred in the shoulder girdle of a 47 year old woman. Light microscopy demonstrated a well-differentiated spindle-cell neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis. Immunocytochemical staining for S-100 protein was negative. Ultrastructural study revealed tumor cells with characteristics of perineurium, e.g. large numbers of micropinocytotic vesicles, numerous intercellular junctions, and elongated cell processes surrounded by basal lamina. Tumors of perineurial cells should be distinguished from the commonly recognized schwannomas as well as from various soft tissue lesions so that their biologic behavior can be better defined. A review of three other reported cases of perineurial cell tumors suggested that these tumors are benign and are usually located in the extremities and shoulder girdle. In addition, perineurial cell proliferation has been identified in other lesions of peripheral nerves, such as neurofibromas and localized hypertrophic neuropathy. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of spindle-cell lesions with unusual histologic features may reveal that perineurial cell proliferation occurs more frequently than currently recognized.
Aspects of the workplace and return to work for persons with brain injury in supported employment

This prospective study examined the effect of work environments on return to work for persons with brain injuries. Participants (n = 37) were individuals placed into supported employment by six placement agencies. All were assessed using the Vocational Integration Index (VII), an observational instrument for rating the opportunities for integration (Job Scale) and the extent to which an employee benefits from those opportunities (Consumer Scale). Individuals who retained their jobs for 6 months (n = 19) had been rated higher on all subscales and total scores for the VII, with seven of eight subscales statistically significant. Findings are discussed in regard to improving employment outcomes for persons with severe brain injuries.
Design and Experimental Evaluations on Energy Efficient Control Allocation Methods for Overactuated Electric Vehicles: Longitudinal Motion Case

The energy-efficient control allocation (EECA) scheme was previously proposed to distribute control efforts for overactuated systems by explicitly incorporating efficiency functions and working modes of redundant actuators. In this paper, three different real-time EECA schemes, namely adaptive EECA (A-EECA), KKT-based, and rule-based EECA, are proposed and compared for longitudinal speed tracking control of an electric ground vehicle (EGV) with two pairs of in-wheel motors. Two additional power resistor packs inserted in the dc circuits are applied to modify the operating efficiencies of two rear in-wheel motors, which are calibrated for experimental validations of the three EECA designs on a prototype EGV. In terms of the vehicle speed tracking performances, actuator dynamic responses, and total energy consumptions, both simulation and experimental results are evaluated and compared for the three distinct EECA methods. For the same EGV speed tracking effects, both simulation and experimental results indicate different power consumption savings are achieved by three EECA designs with different dynamic responses.
Emotional Processing in the Treatment of Simple Phobia: A Comparison of Imaginal and In Vivo Exposure

Two groups of moderately snake phobic college students were given either imaginal or in vivo exposure treatment. The groups were compared on self-report and physiological measures of fear activation during exposure trials, as well as on within- and across-session habituation of fear responses
Occipital ganglioglioma in an older adult

Gangliogliomas are rare benign tumors of the central nervous system that typically involve the temporal lobe in younger patients. We present a 63-year-old man with an unusual occipital ganglioma with new seizures resolving after resection. A search of the literature revealed only three reports of occipital ganglioma in adults over 30 years old. Therefore, ganglioglioma of the occipital lobe in older patients is rare, but is a diagnostic consideration.
Census techniques collapse space classes

Abstract Recent results have focused the attention of research in structural complexity theory to the development and applications of census techniques. In this paper we will develop several new techniques with which we can show the equality of SPACE( s ) NTIME ( t ) classes in the sense of Ladner and Lynch (1976) to known classes.
A support vector data description approach to target detection in hyperspectral imagery

Spectral variability remains a challenging problem for target detection and classification in hyperspectral imagery (HSI). In this paper, we have applied the nonlinear support vector data description (SVDD) to perform full-pixel target detection. Using a pure target signature, we have developed a novel pattern recognition (PR) algorithm to train an SVDD to characterize the target class. We have inserted target signatures into an urban hyperspectral (HS) scene with varying levels of spectral variability to explore the performance of the proposed SVDD target detector in different scenarios. The proposed approach makes no assumptions regarding the underlying distribution of the scene data as do traditional statistical detectors such as the matched filter (MF). Detection results in the form of confusion matrices and receiveroperating-characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrate that the proposed SVDD-based algorithm is highly accurate and yields higher true positive rates (TPR) and lower false positive rates (FPR) than the MF.
Therapeutic targets in late-life psychoses: review of concepts and critical issues

Psychoses in late life are a diagnostic challenge because of disagreement over how these entities should be classified. The main diagnostic categories of late-life psychoses include dementia with psychotic symptoms, late-onset schizophrenia, delusional disorder, early-onset psychotic disorders extending through late life, late-onset mood disorders, psychotic disorders caused by medical conditions or medications, and delirium. First onset of psychotic symptoms in late life is commonly associated with identifiable structural brain abnormalities and reflects underlying brain pathology. We reviewed the available literature on late-life psychotic manifestations, focusing on diagnostic classification and treatment approaches. Antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for these conditions, but should be used cautiously in elderly patients because of their increased sensitivity to side effects. Overall, appropriate research data on the effectiveness of various antipsychotic agents for late-life psychotic conditions are lacking. Non-antipsychotic psychotropic medications may be of value in managing some of these conditions.
Structure-activity correlations in the cephalosporin C series using extended Hückel theory and CNDO-2.

Using two different molecular orbital methods which treat all valence electrons, namely extended HUCKEL theory and CNDO/2, a correlation has been found between the biological activity of cephalosporin derivatives and certain aspects of the electronic structure of the β-lactam ring. Electron populations of the carbonyl carbon and bond strength indices of both the carbonyl carbon-nitrogen bond and the carbonyl carbon-oxygen bond in a number of cephalosporin derivatives are correlated with the inhibition of seven strains of gram-negative bacteria by the cephalosporin derivatives. The agreement is more consistent using CNDO/2, which accounts better for long-range inductive effects. It has been found that side chains on the six-membered ring having a positive inductive effect corresponding to the withdrawal of electrons enhance biological activity.
Using concepts from biology to improve problem-solving methods

Observing nature has been a cornerstone of engineering design. Today, engineers look not only at finished products, but imitate the evolutionary process by which highly optimized artifacts have appeared in nature. Evolutionary computation began by capturing only the simplest ideas of evolution, but today, researchers study natural evolution and incorporate an increasing number of concepts in order to evolve solutions to complex engineering problems. At the new BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, studies in the lab and field and in silico are laying the groundwork for new tools for evolutionary engineering design. This paper, which accompanies a keynote address, describes various steps in development and application of evolutionary computation, particularly as regards sensor design, and sets the stage for future advances.
Structure and Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Fractionally Filled Skutterudites: Solid Solutions of Fully Filled and Unfilled End Members

The structure of the skutterudite ${\mathrm{CoSb}}_{3}$ contains two large empty cages, or voids, per unit cell. Compounds obtained by filling these cages with rare earth atoms possess an enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit. Control of the electronic and thermal transport properties of these materials can be achieved over an extremely wide phase space by partial cage filling in conjunction with Fe alloying on the Co site. We show that such partially filled skutterudites can be rationalized as solid solutions of fully filled ${\mathrm{CeFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12}$ and $\ensuremath{\square}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12}$, where $\ensuremath{\square}$ is a vacancy.
Thermally induced stresses in 3D-IC inter-wafer interconnects: A combined grain-continuum and continuum approach

We introduce a hybrid grain-continuum (HGC) approach to compute stresses in structures in which grain structures are important. We demonstrate the HGC approach using thermally induced stresses in inter-wafer 3D-IC copper vias. The HGC approach is a combination of continuum representations and 3D 'grain-continuum' (GC) models; i.e., models in which grain boundaries are represented and tracked. Combining these two approaches allows us to focus the heavier computation load required by GC representations only where it is expected that the local stresses are of concern. We evaluate how large the GC region needs to be in our model problem; that is, how much the computations can be simplified while still achieving accurate results in a particular region of interest. It is found that the size of the transition region between the start of the GC region and the region of interest approximately corresponds to the via radius. It is found that at points, the local stresses in the GC regions significantly exceed those computed using homogeneous materials (continuum) models. Strain energy driven grain boundary migration velocities on the order of 10^-^8m/h are calculated for the model system assuming a 100K change in temperature from a stress free state. These velocities are about one order of magnitude smaller than curvature-driven motion for the same microstructure.
Repair of an aortic sinus right ventricular fistula and aortic leaflet disruption after a stab wound.

A28-year-old man with no significant past medical history presented to an outside hospital after a stab wound to the right anterior chest. The patient underwent an emergent median sternotomy to treat tamponade from a perforated right ventricle. A primary repair of the ventricle was performed, chest tubes were placed, and the patient’s chest was closed. Postoperatively, while still at the outside hospital, transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated a presumably traumatic fistula from the right sinus of Valsalva to the right ventricle with a gradient of 50 mm Hg, and moderate aortic insufficiency (Fig 1). Additionally, a soft, continuous murmur was present in the right parasternal area. The patient was transferred for definitive surgery. A resternotomy was performed and aortobicaval bypass commenced. An oblique aortotomy revealed a 1 cm laceration at the base of the right sinus of Valsalva approximately 0.5 cm to the left of the right coronary ostium (Fig 2A, black arrow). Directly opposite this was an 8 mm laceration in the right aortic cusp (Fig 2B, black arrow) and a 2 to 3 mm laceration in the left aortic cusp (Fig 2C). There did not appear to be any injury to the left coronary sinus. Primary repair of the right sinus of Valsalva was performed with a double layer 6-0 Prolene, and the lacerations in both the right and left valve leaflets
The effective hard particle model provides a simple, robust, and broadly applicable description of nonideal behavior in concentrated solutions of bovine serum albumin and other nonassociating proteins

Published data on the concentration dependence of osmotic pressure of solutions of bovine serum albumin in 0.15 M NaCl at concentrations up to greater than 400 g/L are shown to be described to within experimental uncertainty by a simple one-parameter model in which protein molecules are represented by effective hard spherical particles. The volume of the effective hard particle reflects both steric and electrostatic repulsion and thus varies with pH and ionic strength. The pH dependence of the effective volume is shown to agree well with that previously obtained from analysis of the concentration dependence of sedimentation equilibrium and static light scattering.
Early word meanings: The case of object names.

Abstract It has been claimed that young children use object names overgenerally and undergenerally because they do not have notions of objects of particular kinds, but rather, complexive notions of objects and their habitual actions or locations. However, for overgeneral uses in particular, it is difficult to differentiate word meaning from word use because communicative functions are not explicitly expressed in single-word speech. In the present paper, we identify three types of overgeneral uses, and argue that two of these reflect communicative functions rather than complexive meanings. We obtained production data from 10 children in the single-word period, using a standardized method of recording utterance contexts. Most uses of object names were for appropriate instances of the adult categories. Of the overgeneral uses, most were attributable to communicative functions rather than complexive meanings, and there was no evidence of undergeneral use. The results provide strong evidence that, from the very start, children's object names, like those of adults, apply to objects of particular kinds.
Pheromone Production by Male Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Is Influenced by Diet Quality

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the red flour beetle, is a common cosmopolitan pest exploiting a variety of stored products. We experimentally manipulated diet nutritional quality by using non-nutritive filler to examine how this influenced pheromone production and olfactory attractiveness of T. castaneum adult males. Volatiles released by individual males reared on high versus low nutrition diets were collected using solid phase microextraction, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the Tribolium aggregation pheromone 4, 8-dimethyldecanal (DMD). Males kept on high nutrition diet showed a three-fold increase in daily DMD production, which suggests the possibility that this pheromone could act as a condition-dependent mating signal. In pitfall trap assays, there was no significant difference in the mean response of virgin females to discs kept with low versus high nutrition males, although discs carrying male cues were significantly more attractive than blank discs. These results suggest that DMD production rates by T. castaneum males will depend on the nutritional quality of various stored products, but such differences may not alter males' ability to attract females.
An online interactive simulation system for medical imaging education

This report presents a recently developed web-based medical imaging simulation system for teaching students or other trainees who plan to work in the medical imaging field. The increased importance of computer and information technology widely applied to different imaging techniques in clinics and medical research necessitates a comprehensive medical imaging education program. A complete tutorial of simulations introducing popular imaging modalities, such as X-ray, MRI, CT, ultrasound and PET, forms an essential component of such an education. Internet technologies provide a vehicle to carry medical imaging education online. There exist a number of internet-based medical imaging hyper-books or online documentations. However, there are few providing interactive computational simulations. We focus on delivering knowledge of the physical principles and engineering implementation of medical imaging techniques through an interactive website environment. The online medical imaging simulation system presented in this report outlines basic principles underlying different imaging techniques and image processing algorithms and offers trainees an interactive virtual laboratory. For education purposes, this system aims to provide general understanding of each imaging modality with comprehensive explanations, ample illustrations and copious references as its thrust, rather than complex physics or detailed math. This report specifically describes the development of the tutorial for commonly used medical imaging modalities. An internet-accessible interface is used to simulate various imaging algorithms with user-adjustable parameters. The tutorial is under the MATLAB Web Server environment. Macromedia Director MX is used to develop interactive animations integrating theory with graphic-oriented simulations. HTML and JavaScript are used to enable a user to explore these modules online in a web browser. Numerous multiple choice questions, links and references for advanced study are provided in the tutorial for trainees to verify their understanding of each unit. It is expected that this tutorial will enhance medical imaging education, help trainees in subsequent analysis of image data, and form the basis for the development of more advanced technologies in the future.
Self-shading, carbon gain and leaf dynamics: a test of alternative optimality models

A simple model of shoot-level carbon gain is presented addressing the optimal number and life span of leaves in relation to alternative optimality criteria: (1) maximizing carbon export from the shoot, or (2) maximizing the rate of leaf production at the shoot tip. Additionally, the processes that cause declining assimilation with leaf age are considered in relation to (1) leaf position on the shoot (e.g., self-shading) versus (2) leaf age per se. Using these alternative scenarios, only a model based on position-dependent assimilation and maximization of leaf production rates resulted in quantitative predictions for all aspects of leaf dynamics on the shoot (i.e., leaf number, life span, and birth rate), while other approaches predicted that one or more parameters would be infinite. This formulation of the model also predicted that leaves should be maintained on the shoot until the diurnal carbon balance declines to zero, in contrast with other scenarios which predict that leaves should be shed while maintaining a positive carbon balance. Predictions of the model were supported by the results of a field study of carbon gain and leaf dynamics in saplings of three species of tropical pioneer trees (Carica papaya, Cecropia obtusifolia, and Hampea nutricia) which differ in the number of leaves per shoot. The results illustrate that in these fast-growing plants, leaf production and height growth may be more appropriate measures of performance than net carbon export from the shoot, and suggest that leaf senescence is primarily a function of the position of a leaf within the canopy, rather than its chronological age.
Changes in the interfacial shear resistance of disc annulus fibrosus from genipin crosslinking

Abstract Crosslinking soft tissue has become more common in tissue engineering applications, and recent studies have demonstrated that soft tissue mechanical behavior can be directly altered through crosslinking. Using a recently reported test method that shears adjacent disc lamella, the effect of genipin crosslinking on interlamellar shear resistance was studied using in vitro bovine disc annulus. Specimens of adjacent lamella were dissected from four discs taken from three fresh frozen bovine tails. These specimens were paired and soaked in either 50 mM EPPS Phosphate (ph9) with 20 mM genipin at 37 °C for 4 h or in 50 mM EPPS Phosphate (ph9) of which twelve specimens (6 per treatment) were successfully tested and analyzed. Crosslinked specimens were noted to have significantly higher yield force per width (59%), peak force per width (70%), and resilience (69%) compared to sham treated controls, supporting the hypothesis that genipin crosslinking increases the resistance to interlamellar shear of the annulus interface. Additionally, a possible dependency may exist between the interlamellar shear strength and neighboring lamella because of the bridging fiber network previously described by other investigators.
Incidence of extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture after nondisplaced distal radius fractures.

Purpose The incidence of extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon rupture in the setting of nondisplaced distal radius fractures is unknown. Extensor pollicis longus rupture is a known complication after distal radius fractures and is believed to occur more frequently after minimally displaced and nondisplaced distal radius fractures. Our study sought to define the incidence of EPL tendon rupture after nondisplaced distal radius fractures presenting to a level 1 trauma center. Methods Using our billing database, we identified distal radius fractures presenting to our institution between 2006 and 2009. We reviewed injury radiographs to identify fractures in which radiographic measurements were within predefined radiographic norms. Two fellowship-trained orthopedic hand surgeons, 1 fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist, and 1 senior orthopedic surgery resident then reviewed these fractures. Only those fractures thought by all 4 reviewers to be nondisplaced were classified as nondisplaced for the purposes of this study. We then reviewed charts of these nondisplaced fractures to identify patients who subsequently sustained an EPL tendon rupture. Results We identified 3 EPL ruptures out of 61 nondisplaced fractures (5%). These occurred at an average of 6.6 weeks after distal radius fractures. Conclusions The incidence of EPL rupture is higher than previously reported in the literature. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Conservation of large avian frugivores and the management of Neotropical protected areas

Large frugivorous forest birds are among the most endangered avian groups in the Neotropics. Despite this fact, there has been little field work on members of these groups or on other large Neotropical forest birds. While current studies of Neotropical forests are beginning to provide data for reserve management at the ecosystem level, we lack information for management of particular species or habitats. Throughout Latin America, large forest frugivores are economically important as food, as pets or in local crafts. They can also be important seed dispersers and can be used as indicator species of habitat disturbance in protected areas. The conservation status of these birds demands more attention and commitment from conservation organizations and the scientific community in general. Further field research should focus on the basic ecology and natural history of endangered and non-endangered species. These studies will aid in developing badly needed long-term management and monitoring plans both for populations of large forest frugivores and their habitats.
Grandparent Visitation Rights Justices’ Interpretation of the Best Interests of the Child Standard

The purpose of the study was to review grandparent visitation cases to determine how justices interpreted the best interests of the child standard. Using grounded theory methods, the author conducted a study on 46 grandparent visitation cases. Based on the critical review of these cases, three themes emerged: parental rights, children’s rights, and child development. These themes help to explain how courts influence the social construction of power within families. The author closes the study with implications and suggestions for future research.
Polarization conversion cube-corner retroreflector

Polarization conversion cube-corner retroreflectors rotate the major axis of the incident electric field by 90°. We show that polarization conversion cube-corner retroreflectors cannot be created with isotropic reflecting surfaces, but can be created by incorporating nonisotropic reflecting surfaces. Two types are considered-cube corners with surfaces having elliptical eigenstates and cube corners having subwavelength gratings. Implementations that use subwavelength surface relief phase gratings are investigated, and three examples are shown.
Spectrum and energy levels of ten-times ionized yttrium (Y xi)

The spectrum of Y xi was observed with a low-inductance vacuum spark and a laser-produced plasma in the region from 70 to 630 A on the 10.7-m grazing-incidence spectrograph at NBS. From the identification of 40 lines, a system of 29 energy levels was determined. The level system (Cu ii isoelectronic sequence, 3d10nl) includes the series ns (n=4 –7), np (n=4–6), nd (n=4–6), nf (n =4 – 7), and ng (n =5–8). The 4f2F term is inverted. The observed energy levels are compared with Hartree-Fock calculations. The ionization energy is determined from the ng series (n =5 – 8) to be 1 660 000 ± 200 cm−1 (205.82 ± 0.03 eV).
Reflections upon the Income Distribution as a Pure Public Good

A "socioeconomic" definition of Pareto optimality, 305. — Can the income distribution be a public good?, 306. — The political economy of the model, 307. — Alternative approaches, 310.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON DETERMINED BY CELL CYCLE PROTEINS: THE CELL CYCLE OF ETHMODISCUS REX (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) IN THE SOUTHWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN AND CARIBBEAN SEA1

Ethmodiscus spp. is an important contributor to oceanic tropical-ooze sediments and thus might be an important transport vehicle of carbon from the ocean surface to sediments. The knowledge of its cell cycle and growth rate, which is still lacking, is necessary to evaluate the importance of Ethmodiscus in nutrient cycling and to solve the discrepancy between its high sedimentary abundance and rarity in the plankton. We used immunofluorescence of a cell cycle protein, prolqerating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and DNA-specific staining to study the progression of the cell cycle and roughly estimate the growth rate for E. rex (Rattray) Wiseman and Hendey in the southwestern North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea in June 1994 and January 1995. During the cell division cycle, the chloroplasts appeared to synthesize DNA before the nucleus (S phase). Following the S phase, the nucleus moved from one end of the cell toward the center underneath the midline of the girdle band (G2 phase) where it divided (M phase). During a very brief period, the parent cell split and moved apart from the girdle midline, and two new valves were produced (late M phase). The two daughter nuclei apparently remained attached at the joint of the two newly produced valves, where they appeared to be responsible for coordinating the symmetrical formation of the new valves. The morphologically complete daughter cells remained joined for a short period of time before separating into solitary cells whose nucleus was located at one end of the cell. Derived from the phase fraction curves, the duration of the cell cycle phases decreased in the order from G1, S, G2, to M. A conservative estimate of the growth rate in the study area obtained by using PCNA immunostaining was 0.39–0.46 d−1 in June and 0.15 d−1 in January. The validity and implication of the growth rate estimates are discussed.
The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants

summary In this paper, we have reviewed how the hydraulic design of trees influences the movement of water from roots to leaves. The hydraulic architecture of trees can limit their water relations, gas exchange throughout the crown of trees, the distribution of trees over different habitats and, perhaps, even the maximum height that a particular species can achieve. Parameters of particular importance include: (1) the vulnerability of stems to drought-induced cavitation events because cavitation reduces the hydraulic conductance of stems, (2) the leaf specific conductivity-of stems because it determines the pressure gradients and most negative water potentials needed to sustain evaporation from leaves, (3) the water storage capacity of tissues because this might determine the ability of trees to survive long drought periods. All of these parameters are determined by the structure and function of anatomical components of trees. Some of the ecological and physiological trade-offs of specific structures are discussed.
Proton NMR studies of the electronic structure of ZrH/sub x/

The proton spin-lattice relaxation times and Knight shifts have been measured in f.c.c. (δ-phase) and f.c.t. (e-phase) ZrHx for 1.5 ≤ x ≤ 2.0. Both parameters indicate that N(EF) is very dependent upon hydrogen content with a maximum occurring at ZrH1.83. This behavior is ascribed to modifications in N(EF) through a fcc-fct distortion in ZrHx associated with a Jahn-Teller effect.
Modeling individual travel behaviors based on intra-household interactions☆

Abstract This paper investigates how individual activity–travel behaviors are influenced by interactions between household members in making decisions about their daily trips. Traditional discrete choice models mainly incorporate individual decision-making mechanisms ignoring the household context. In reality, each household member's travel choice often depends on the decision of the other members. We propose a new estimation method that assumes each travel decision depends on intra-household interactions. Using Bayesian estimation we develop a spatial multivariate tobit specification that allows for each individual facing a set of potential destinations to take into account the willingness to travel of other household members. Using a unique dataset containing more than 67,000 trips made by more than 3500 individuals in the area of Greater Cincinnati, we show that depending on the purpose of the trip, household members do interact and accommodate their travel decisions with respect to other household members.
Elimination of macrophage-specific apolipoprotein E reduces diet-induced atherosclerosis in C57BL/6J male mice.

Apolipoprotein (apo)E is synthesized in athero- sclerotic lesions by macrophages, however, its role in lesions is not known. Whereas apoE could exacerbate atherosclero- sis by promoting macrophage uptake of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins or modulating protective inflammatory re- sponses, it could also restrict lesion formation by facilitat- ing cholesterol efflux out of lesions. The role of apoE was examined in lethally irradiated male C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice that were repopulated with bone marrow cells (BMT) from either identical C57BL/6J mice (WT 1 WT BMT) or C57BL/6J apoE-deficient mice (WT 1 E 2 / 2 BMT). This enabled us to compare normal mice with mice possessing macrophages that did not express apoE. The participation of macrophage-derived apoE in atherosclerosis was as- sessed by placing the mice on an atherogenic diet. Male WT 1 E 2 / 2 BMT mice had significantly reduced lesion area in the aortic valves ( P , 0.01) compared with male WT 1 WT BMT mice ( , 22,000 vs. , 49,000 m m 2 /section, re- spectively). Further evaluation revealed that plasma choles- terol, lipoprotein cholesterol distribution, and plasma apoE were similar between the two groups, indicating that these known risk factors did not account for the differences in le- sion area. However, the two groups were distinguished by the amount of apoE found in the lesions. ApoE antigen was expressed abundantly in WT 1 WT BMT lesions, whereas WT 1 E 2 / 2 BMT lesions contained little apoE. These findings indicate that the majority of apoE in lesions is syn- thesized locally by resident macrophages, and suggest that locally produced apoE can promote diet-induced athero- sclerosis in male wild-type mice. —Boisvert, W. A., and L. K. Curtiss. Elimination of macrophage-specific apolipopro- tein E reduces diet-induced atherosclerosis in C57BL/6J male mice. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 806-813.
Cultural Infrastructure: The Legacy of New Deal Public Space

The agencies of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration had an enormous and largely unrecognized role in defining the public space we now use. In a short period often years, the Public Works Administration, the Works Progress Administration, and the Civilian Conservation Corps built facilities in practically every community in the country. Most are still providing service half a century later. It is time we recognized this legacy and attempted to comprehend its relationship to our contemporary situation.
Long-distance swimming by polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) of the southern Beaufort Sea during years of extensive open water

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) depend on sea ice for catching marine mammal prey. Recent sea-ice declines have been linked to reductions in body condition, survival, and population size. Reduced foraging opportunity is hypothesized to be the primary cause of sea-ice-linked declines, but the costs of travel through a deteriorated sea-ice environment also may be a factor. We used movement data from 52 adult female polar bears wearing Global Positioning System (GPS) collars, including some with dependent young, to document long-distance swimming (>50 km) by polar bears in the southern Beaufort and Chukchi seas. During 6 years (2004–2009), we identified 50 long-distance swims by 20 bears. Swim duration and distance ranged from 0.7 to 9.7 days (mean = 3.4 days) and 53.7 to 687.1 km (mean = 154.2 km), respectively. Frequency of swimming appeared to increase over the course of the study. We show that adult female polar bears and their cubs are capable of swimming long distances during periods when extensive areas of open water are present. However, long-distance swimming appears to have higher energetic demands than moving over sea ice. Our observations suggest long-distance swimming is a behavioral response to declining summer sea-ice conditions.
Confirmation of Bridging N-Indolides in 3-Methylindole and Di- and Tri(3-methylindolyl)methane Complexes of Dimethyl-, Diethyl-, and Diisobutylaluminum

Reactions of 3-methylindole with one equivalent of R3Al produce the N-indolide-bridged dimers [(3-CH3C8H5N)AlR2]2 (R = Me (3a), Et (3b), iBu (3c)). NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C) demonstrates that compounds 3a, 3b, and 3c each exist in solution as a mixture of interconverting syn and anti isomers. Reactions of di(3-methylindolyl)methane or tri(3-methylindolyl)methane with one equivalent of Me3Al or Et3Al similarly produce the N-indolide-bridged compounds [(Ph)HC(3-CH3C8H4NAlR2)2] (R = Me (4)) or [HC(3-CH3C8H4NAlR2)3] (R = Me (5a), Et (5b)), respectively. Reaction of tri(3-methyl-2-indolyl)methane with one equivalent of iBu3Al yielded the N-indolide-bridged compound [HC(3-CH3C8H4NAliBu2)2(3-CH3C8H4NAl(H)iBu)] (6), apparently the result of β-hydrogen elimination of isobutene from one isobutyl group per complex. The molecular structures of compounds 3a, 4, and 5a were determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystallographic data confirmed the presence of μ2-η1:η1-N-3-methylindolide groups in each compound, the firs...
Don’t They Speak Jazz

I was fortunate enough to be born at home, delivered by my grandfather, and so there was much lore attached to my birth, much signifying because I was marked for his father. My parents weren't rich, but they had a good record collection, and they prohibited me from playing any of their 78's, a guarantee that I'd investigate in my own time, always when they were out of the house. After dusting the records, and making sure the needle was in place, the records in the appropriate order, I'd forget not to hum the songs I'd heard, and get caught with a smile. I also had the habit of riding the subway trains on what we called off-days, days when we took off from school, all the Jewish holidays in particular; I'd been riding the subways since I was five, but my parents didn't know it, and it took them three years to catch me. On that fateful day I was illegally riding after school, and passed my father as he went to work; I knew he'd seen me, though he never let on, and I decided to get on the next train and continue riding. At the next express stop I got off intending to turn around and go back home to the inevitable whipping when I heard a tapping on a window of another train it was my grandmother; she waved faintly with a hint of a smile. Music and trains! Coltrane. One learns most by getting caught doing the things you love; it leaves an impression. I knew Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday from birth, but I was a horn man: President Lester Young; Coleman (Bean) Superhawk Hawkins; Big Bad Ben Webster; Charles Chan Parker, alias the Bird; John William Coltrane, alias the Trane. There's a story that Trane was searching for a particular tone on his horn; he had what we thought was a perfect embrochure, but his teeth hurt constantly, so he searched for the soft reed which would ease the pain. After searching for a year, each session killing his chops, he gave it up completely; there was no easy way to get that sound play through the pain to a love supreme. I wrote, secretly, in high school, buried in the back of some English class for fear I'd be asked to stand and recite a memorized poem: Donne or Shakespeare, or John Keats; luckily I tore up all these efforts, switched to prose, and short dramatic forms until I was almost through
Evolution of nano-rheological properties of Nafion® thin films during pH modification by strong base treatment: A static and dynamic force spectroscopy study

Addition of a strong base to Nafion® proton exchange membranes is a common practice in industry to increase their overall performance in fuel cells. Here, we investigate the evolution of the nano-rheological properties of Nafion thin films as a function of the casting pH, via characterization with static and dynamic, contact and intermittent-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The addition of KOH causes non-monotonic changes in the viscoelastic properties of the films, which behave as highly dissipative, softer materials near neutral pH values, and as harder, more elastic materials at extreme pH values. We quantify this behavior through calculation of the temporal evolution of the compliance and the glassy compliance under static AFM measurements. We complement these observations with dynamic AFM metrics, including dissipated power and virial (for intermittent-contact-mode measurements), and contact resonance frequency and quality factor (for dynamic contact-mode measurements). We explain th...
Food Properties, Applications of NMR

The wide range of applications of high resolution NMR spectroscopy, low resolution NMR spectroscopy and MRI to food stuffs is surveyed. These include studies of food processing, flow imaging, food rheology, food microstructure and compositional analysis.
How the Internet of Things affects the premises in Geekonomics

In Geekonomics. The Real Cost of Insecure Software, David Rice argues that market forces drive most software manufacturers to pay scant attention to security. This paper reviews Mr. Rice's arguments taking into account the irruption of the Internet of Things (IoT). First, the document explores if the economic and societal forces driving the behaviors that result in insecure software will be modified by the IoT and, if so, how. Afterward, it investigates if the outcomes generated by insecure software, including the proliferation of safety risks and cybercrime, and the potential remedies outlined by Mr. Rice to correct said outcomes will remain or be altered by the IoT. The inquiry leads to the conclusion that, on both counts, the analysis presented in Geekonomics is still valid.
Political and Pedagogical Dimensions in Holocaust Education: Teacher Seminars and Staff Development in Greece

ABSTRACTThe present study examines Holocaust education and professional teacher development in Greece. It briefly reviews the history of Greek Jewry and the stance and significance of Holocaust education within the Greek education system from historical, political, and pedagogical dimensions. The study also compares various approaches, themes, and contexts implemented at the Jewish Museum of Greece (JMG) teacher seminars, with Jewish Education System of North America (JESNA) criteria designed for Holocaust teacher development programs. While serving as a guide, the study demonstrates how seminar organizers can provide teachers with the means of incorporating their local, regional, national, and global history and memory when teaching about the Holocaust.
602. Stable In Vitro Reprogramming of Lentiviral Vectors for Target Delivery of Genetic Cargo

Progress in gene therapy has been impeded by the absence of a suitable delivery vector that is both easy to produce and delivers genetic payloads efficiently and specifically to the targeted disease cells. Cell-targeting proteins, primarily monoclonal antibodies, already exist in abundance but there is currently no robust and reproducibly effective way to functionalize viral vectors with these proteins. In the case of antibodies, non-covalent approaches to incorporate antibody onto the lentivirus surface leaves the linkage vulnerable to interference from serum immunoglobulins in immune-competent individuals. In this study, we developed two in vitro chemical biological approaches for facile reprogramming of lentivirus to deliver genetic payloads to specific cell type through covalent functionalization in vitro with cell-binding proteins. Two covalent-bond forming protein-protein pairs were explored to conjugate a HER2-binding protein to lentivirus pseudotyped with a binding-deficient, fusion-competent Sindbis virus envelope protein. Both strategies produced high infectious titers (>106 IU/mL) of HER2-specific lentiviruses. Our new virus reprogramming strategy should be applicable to other viral vectors as well, enabling facile creation of new disease-specific gene delivery vectors.
The Basal Ganglia

The basal ganglia plays a significant role in transforming activity in the cerebral cortex into directed behavior, involving motor learning, habit formation and the selection of actions based on desirable outcomes, and the organization of the basal ganglia is intimately linked to that of the cerebral cortex. In this chapter, we focus primarily on the neocortical part of the basal ganglia. A general canonical organizational plan of the neocortical-related basal ganglia is described. An understanding of the canonical organization of the neostriatal part of the basal ganglia, provides a framework for determining the general organizational principles of the parts of the basal ganglia connected with allocortical areas and the amygdala, and this is discussed. While it has been proposed that the basal ganglia provide interactions between disparate functional circuits, another approach might be that there are parallel functional circuits, in which distinct functions are for the most part maintained, or segregated, one from the other. This chapter, however, is biased toward the view that there is maintenance of functional parallel circuits in the organization of the basal ganglia, but that the circuit contains neuroanatomical features that provide for considerable interaction between adjacent circuits.
Does the orphan nuclear receptor ERRγ link cholesterol synthesis to endocrine therapy resistance

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 990 Estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα, ERβ) play a central role in the etiology of breast cancer and drive our approach to therapeutic intervention. While these and many other nuclear receptors (NRs) are responsive to specific ligands, there are orphan NRs for which no ligand has yet been identified. The function of these receptors in breast cancer biology is often poorly understood. Estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) is one orphan NR with structural similarities to ERα and ERβ. In addition to its ability to transactivate classical and imperfect estrogen response elements (EREs), ERRγ is a potent activator of transcription from steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) response elements (SF-1REs). Many genes regulated by SF-1REs control key aspects of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, important not only for generation of the plasma membrane but also for the synthesis of steroid hormones. Consequently, upregulation of ERRγ may increase the cholesterol production capacity of breast cancer cells poised to proliferate in response to estrogen. This has the potential to promote the development of hormone-refractory breast cancer, and is also likely to attenuate the therapeutic effectiveness of antiestrogens designed to inhibit ER function. We have found that ERRγ is upregulated 4-fold (p=0.015) in LCCTam cells, a multi-antiestrogen resistant variant of the ER-positive SUM44 breast cancer cell line, a model of invasive lobular carcinoma. ERRγ overexpression is accompanied by a significant increase in basal and estrogen-stimulated ERE transcriptional activity, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERRγ in LCCTam cells completely restores sensitivity to both 4-hydroxytamoxifen and Fulvestrant (p=0.03). Furthermore, LCCTam cells produce greater levels of cholesterol than SUM44, and we have found that the expression of three genes with established connections to cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis is significantly increased in LCCTam: HMG-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2, 9.6-fold), GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4, 4.4-fold), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1, 1.8-fold). Together these data suggest that ERRγ may affect endocrine resistance in the LCCTam breast cancer model by regulating cholesterol production.