cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mediating influence of crime type on victim satisfaction with police services: A comparative analysis across victims of property crimes and violent crimes in India

Different crimes have their own unique characteristics. Victim needs and experiences vary across crime types. However, there has been a tendency for the criminal justice system to treat victims as ...
Comparison of BI-RADS Lesion Descriptors and Computer-Extracted Image Features for Automated Classification of Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions

We compared Breast Imaging Report and Data System (BI-RADS) lesion descriptors provided by radiologists and image features extracted by a computer for computer classification of breast lesions as malignant or benign. Our results indicate that combining the BI-RADS lesion descriptors provided by radiologists and the computer-extracted image features produced the best computer classification performance.
BOUNDARY LAYERS IN THERMOSETS

The two phase morphology of rigid thermosets is depicted, and possible reasons for the change in this morphology near interface are presented and discussed. A consistent relation is observed between nodule size and curing agent concentration for epoxy resins based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and cured by tertiary or poly-amines. As the concentration of curing agent increases, the nodule size decreases, and at high concentrations, nodules become less defined. Based on this, suggestions for engineering improved properties into thermoset adhesive and composite systems are presented.
DOSE ESCALATION AND THE SAFETY OF CELECOXIB, IBUPROFEN, AND NAPROXEN: ANALYSIS OF THE PRECISION TRIAL

The PRECISION trial demonstrated the non-inferiority of celecoxib to ibuprofen or naproxen for cardiovascular (CV) safety in patients with arthritis. A comparison of the overall safety of each agent stratified by drug dose has yet to be reported. Patients were randomized to lower-dose celecoxib 100
Hiding in Plain Sight: Pseudonymity and Participation in Legal Mobilization:

How and when do people participate in sustained collective action via the courts? Previous research highlights group identity or resources and political opportunities but overlooks civil procedural...
Modeling Transverse Vibration in Spider Webs Using Frequency-Based Dynamic Substructuring

Orb weaving spiders and their webs have co-evolved into a highly efficient prey capture and retention system. Spiders also use their web as a sensory extension by “listening” to vibrations transmitted across the web such as struggling prey trapped in the web, courtship from potential mates, or the advance of a predator. What information is available to orb weaving spiders from web vibrations, and how might this information be used for localization and identification of cues? To better understand the information available to the spider in its web, we created both physical and computational models of spider webs. Enlarged, artificial webs suitable for physical measurements (1.2 m in diameter) were constructed from two types of parachute cord to mimic the different silks used by spiders in web construction. Accelerometers placed around the center of the web measured the vibration response of the artificial web. We formed a model for large networks of transversely vibrating strings, such as a web, using Frequency Based dynamic Substructuring (FBS). From the FBS model, we generated frequency response functions at locations corresponding to typical foot placements of orb weaving spiders for vibration sources at various points in the web. We explored the influence of web architecture on web frequency response by altering web composition, pre-tension, and geometry. Frequency response features sensitive to stimulus location were also identified from the FBS model. Our research indicates that localization of both bearing and range for a vibration stimulus is possible in the modeled webs.
AN OPTIMAL REAL-TIME TRAJECTORY TRACKING CONTROL DESIGN FOR PENDUBOT VIA TAKAGI-SUGENO FUZZY MODEL

In this paper, an optimal fuzzy control scheme is presented to achieve trajectory tracking for the Pendubot, an underactuated robot by combining linear optimal control theory and linear regulator theory with the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy methodology. The stability of the entire closed-loop fuzzy system is analyzed by the designed optimal fuzzy controller. The real-time application of the proposed algorithm on the Pendubot is also addressed.
3D Printed Microfluidic Features Using Dose Control in X, Y, and Z Dimensions.

Interest has grown in recent years to leverage the possibilities offered by three-dimensional (3D) printing, such as rapid iterative changes; the ability to more fully use 3D device volume; and ease of fabrication, especially as it relates to the creation of complex microfluidic devices. A major shortcoming of most commercially available 3D printers is that their resolution is not sufficient to produce features that are truly microfluidic (<100 × 100 μm2). Here, we test a custom 3D printer for making ~30 μm scale positive and negative surface features, as well as positive and negative features within internal voids (i.e., microfluidic channels). We found that optical dosage control is essential for creating the smallest microfluidic features (~30 µm wide for ridges, ~20 µm wide for trenches), and that this resolution was achieved for a number of different exposure approaches. Additionally, we printed various microfluidic particle traps, showed capture of 25 µm diameter polymer beads, and iteratively improved the trap design. The rapid feedback allowed by 3D printing, as well as the ability to carefully control optical exposure conditions, should lead to new innovations in the types and sizes of devices that can be created for microfluidics.
Making Proteins into Drugs: Assisted Delivery of Proteins and Peptides into Living Neurons

The introduction of exogenous proteins and peptides into cells is a valuable experimental approach. However, exogenous proteins are not internalized by living cells readily. This limitation has been overcome by the development of peptide-based methods that assist in the delivery of exogenous proteins into the cytoplasm and nucleus. These methods may facilitate the in vivo delivery of reagents in therapies aimed at neurodegenerative disorders and recovery from nervous system injury.
Fat reduction: Pathophysiology and treatment strategies

The advances in understanding the pathophysiology and anatomy of adipose tissue together with the emergence of technological innovations in procedures and devices for fat reduction have led to a dramatic rise in patient demand for this procedure. The objective of this continuing medical education series, which is intended for the novice or experienced dermatologist, is to provide an update of the pathophysiology and anatomic considerations of adipose tissue, and detail the liposuction procedure, from patient selection/management to the latest developments in liposuction devices. Information presented was collected from peer-reviewed literature, the latest guidelines of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, and the authors' personal clinical experience. The goal of these continuing medical education articles is to assist physicians in providing the best clinical care for their patients who are requesting fat reduction.
Case 4: Zone I Pediatric Open Globe Management

A 4-year-old boy presented with a Zone I open globe injury of the left eye. The child was playing with other children at a campground when he was hit directly in the left eye by a wooden stick. The patient was seen at another hospital and transferred to Massachusetts Eye & Ear (MEE) due to concern for open-globe injury. On presentation, the patient was found to have a large, vertical, corneal laceration extending from 12 to 6:30 o’clock with iris prolapse and concern for possible lens violation. The patient was taken to the operating room for exploration and repair of his corneal laceration. During the post-operative period, vision gradually improved, and the lens capsule was noted to be intact. A small posterior subcapsular cataract was noted in the initial post-operative period. Sutures were removed intraoperatively after 1 month due to faster wound healing in most children compared to adults, and the vision continued to improve. The patient followed up with a pediatric and corneal specialist closer to home and continued standard amblyopia therapy with good results.
Two-stage estimation for a normal mean having a known lower bound of variance with final sample size defined via Gini’s mean difference and mean absolute deviation

Revisiting Stein (1945, 1949) as well as Mukhopadhyay and Duggan (1997), we have proposed new two-stage procedures under both minimum risk point estimation and fixed-width confidence interval confi...
An Update of Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obesity, and the metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent before and after liver transplantation, with NASH currently the second most common indication. This review considers established and new aspects of liver transplantation for NASH. NASH is one of many sequelae of obesity and most frequently occurs on a background of the metabolic syndrome. While recurrence of steatosis is common, recurrence of NASH with advanced stages of fibrosis is unusual, with graft loss due to recurrence of NASH cirrhosis occurring with a frequency of less than 5 %. In contrast, the components of the metabolic syndrome, which are important predictors of posttransplant outcomes, are nearly ubiquitous following liver transplantation and are exacerbated by factors such as immunosuppression. As many aspects of the metabolic syndrome are modifiable, screening for and treating complications of obesity and minimization of immunosuppression are cornerstones of optimizing outcomes for transplant recipients with NASH. The optimal approach to immunosuppression, the role of bariatric surgery, and nutritional and pharmacotherapy of NASH in liver transplant recipients are evolving rapidly. Overall, a minimalist approach to immunosuppression is advised.
Advances in the Conceptualization, Assessment, and Treatment of Pediatric Irritability

Abstract Pediatric irritability is a functionally impairing transdiagnostic symptom underlying a substantial proportion of child mental health referrals. The past 20 years have witnessed a striking uptick in empirical work focused on pediatric irritability, with increasing recognition of its role across multiple internalizing and externalizing disorders. That said, it has only been in recent years that research has begun to make advances in understanding the natural course and neurobiological underpinnings of irritability across development; research directly informing effective clinical management of pediatric irritability has been limited. At this critical stage in the study of pediatric irritability, this special series brings together the latest work from leading experts across three interrelated domains: (a) progress in understanding the phenomenology and course of pediatric irritability; (b) advances in the assessment of pediatric irritability; and (c) innovations in the treatment of pediatric irritability. The papers in this special series collectively offer critical steps forward for better understanding pediatric irritability and improving proper assessment, classification, and clinical management.
The ALblation Technique for Treating Migraine Headache.

This work aims at describing a technique “The ALblation technique” for treating migraine headache. This technique describes radiofrequency ablation for supraorbital, supratrochlear, lesser occipital and greater occipital nerves bilaterally for treating migraine headache. This is a novel procedure that was not described before. Author published some articles on radiofrequency ablation for the pericranial nerves for treating different types of headache with consistent positive outcomes. Success of this procedure depends on identifying the appropriate nerves to treat the headache and associated neuralgia.
Managing High Water Levels in Florida’s Largest Lake: Lake Okeechobee

This 7-page fact sheet written by Karl E. Havens and published by the Florida Sea Grant College Program, UF/IFAS Extension, provides a history of Lake Okeechobee regulation schedules and an overview of the risks, constraints, and trade-offs that the US Army Corps of Engineers must consider when deciding to release flood water from the lake. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sg154
A review of auditing techniques for the Unified Medical Language System.

Objective The study sought to describe the literature related to the development of methods for auditing the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), with particular attention to identifying errors and inconsistencies of attributes of the concepts in the UMLS Metathesaurus. Materials and methods We applied the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach by searching the MEDLINE database and Google Scholar for studies referencing the UMLS and any of several terms related to auditing, error detection, and quality assurance. A qualitative analysis and summarization of articles that met inclusion criteria were performed. Results Eighty-three studies were reviewed in detail. We first categorized techniques based on various aspects including concepts, concept names, and synonymy (n = 37), semantic type assignments (n = 36), hierarchical relationships (n = 24), lateral relationships (n = 12), ontology enrichment (n = 8), and ontology alignment (n = 18). We also categorized the methods according to their level of automation (ie, automated systematic, automated heuristic, or manual) and the type of knowledge used (ie, intrinsic or extrinsic knowledge). Conclusions This study is a comprehensive review of the published methods for auditing the various conceptual aspects of the UMLS. Categorizing the auditing techniques according to the various aspects will enable the curators of the UMLS as well as researchers comprehensive easy access to this wealth of knowledge (eg, for auditing lateral relationships in the UMLS). We also reviewed ontology enrichment and alignment techniques due to their critical use of and impact on the UMLS.
Gaze manipulation for one-to-one teleconferencing

A new algorithm is proposed for novel view generation in one-to-one teleconferencing applications. Given the video streams acquired by two cameras placed on either side of a computer monitor, the proposed algorithm synthesizes images from a virtual camera in arbitrary position (typically located within the monitor) to facilitate eye contact. Our technique is based on an improved, dynamic-programming, stereo algorithm for efficient novel-view generation. The two main contributions are: i) a new type of three-plane graph for dense-stereo dynamic-programming, that encourages correct occlusion labeling; ii) a compact geometric derivation for novel-view synthesis by direct projection of the minimum-cost surface. Furthermore, we present a novel algorithm for the temporal maintenance of a background model to enhance the rendering of occlusions and reduce temporal artefacts (flicker); and a cost aggregation algorithm that acts directly on our three-dimensional matching cost space. Examples are given that demonstrate the robustness of the new algorithm to spatial and temporal artefacts for long stereo video streams. These include demonstrations of synthesis of cyclopean views of extended conversational sequences. We further demonstrate synthesis from a freely translating virtual camera.
The Utility of MRI With Multiacquisition Variable-Resonance Image Combination (MAVRIC) in Diagnosing Deep Total Hip Arthroplasty Infection

Background: The 2010 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines report insufficient evidence to address the diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for pe...
Unleashing Fuzzing Through Comprehensive, Efficient, and Faithful Exploitable-Bug Exposing

Fuzzing has become an essential means of finding software bugs. Bug finding through fuzzing requires two partsexploring code paths to reach bugs and exposing bugs when they are reached. Existing fuzzing research has primarily focused on improving code coverage but not on exposing bugs. Sanitizers such as AddressSanitizer (ASAN) and MemorySanitizer (MSAN) have been the dominating tools for exposing bugs. However, sanitizer-based bug exposing has the following limitations. (1) sanitizers are not compatible with each other. (2) sanitizers incur significant runtime overhead. (3) sanitizers may generate false positives, and (4) exposed bugs may not be exploitable. To address these limitations, we propose EXPOZZER, a fuzzing system that can expose bugs comprehensively, efficiently, and faithfully. The intuition of EXPOZZER is to detect bugs through divergences in a properly diversified dual-execution environment, which does not require maintaining or checking execution metadata. We design a practical and deterministic dual-execution engine, a co-design for dual-execution and fuzzers, bug-sensitive diversification, comprehensive and efficient divergence detection to ensure the effectiveness of EXPOZZER. The results of evaluations show that EXPOZZER can detect not only CVE-assigned vulnerabilities reliably, but also new vulnerabilities in well-tested real-world programs.EXPOZZER is 10 times faster than MemorySanitizer and is similar to AddressSanitizer.
Prioritizing host phenotype to understand microbiome heritability in plants

Breeders and evolutionary geneticists have grappled with the complexity of the 'genotype-to-phenotype map' for decades. Now, recent studies highlight the relevance of this concept for understanding heritability of plant microbiomes. Because host phenotype is a more proximate cause of microbiome variation than host genotype, microbiome heritability varies across plant anatomy and development. Fine-scale variation of plant traits within organs suggests that the well-established concept of 'microbiome compartment' should be refined. Additionally, recent work shows that the balance of deterministic processes (including host genetic effects) vs stochastic processes also varies over time and space. Together, these findings suggest that re-centering plant phenotype - both as a predictor and a readout of microbiome function - will accelerate new insights into microbiome heritability.
Inappropriate Technology: Evidence from Global Agriculture

An influential hypothesis explaining the persistence of global productivity differences is that frontier technologies are finely tuned to the local conditions of the high-income countries that develop them and inappropriate for application elsewhere. This paper studies how environmental differences between frontier innovators and the rest of the world shape the global diffusion, adoption, and productivity consequences of agricultural technology. Our empirical design uses differences in the presence of unique crop pests and pathogens (CPPs) as a instrument for the appropriateness of crop-specific biotechnology developed in one country and applied in another. We first find that inappropriateness predicted by CPP differences reduces cross-country transfer of novel biotechnology. We next find that inappropriateness relative to frontier innovators reduces adoption of improved seeds and crop-level output. Our estimates suggest that the inappropriateness of the contemporary frontier reduces global productivity by 50% and increases cross-country dispersion in log productivity by 15% relative to a world in which technology were equally productive in all contexts. We use our framework to study how historical and predicted changes in the geography of innovation affect the global distribution of agricultural productivity.
Ultrafast Sciences in Quantum Materials

Ultrashort laser pulses, with duration in the femto-to-picosecond regime, usher in an era of time-domain study of quantum materials, in which many-body interactions can lead to remarkable properties that are beyond the single-particle description of solids by the band theory. Not only do ultrafast pulses reveal microscopic dynamics and collective excitations with unprecedented temporal resolution, the corresponding high peak field also enables a suite of nonlinear spectroscopies that are otherwise inaccessible. More recently, an intense light pulse has also been shown to induce a variety of nonequilibrium states, from superconductivity to ferroelectricity, whose origins are subject of intense investigations. This chapter offers a review of ultrafast studies in quantum materials, and recent progress is discussed from the perspective of both ultrafast probing and control of condensed matter systems. The review is concluded with a description of advanced femtosecond techniques used in this dissertation and an outlook of next-generation tools.
Universal Propagator for Group-Related Coherent States

In earlier work universal propagators were introduced for the Heisenberg —Weyl group, the affine group, and the rotation group. By generalizing these constructions we show here that it is possible to introduce a universal propagator for a rather general unitary Lie group. In the context of coherent-state representations, the universal propagator is a single function independent of any particular choice of fiducial vector, which nonetheless, propagates all coherent state Hilbert space representatives correctly. PACS numbers: 02.20.Qs, 03.65.Ca
Theory of Correlation Effects in Diffusion

In recent years considerable progress has been made in relating the macroscopic aspects of diffusion, described by the diffusion coefficient D as defined through Fick’s law, to the microscopic movements of individual atoms or molecules. Much of this progress has become possible with the development of new and powerful experimental techniques which afford a closer “view” of the microscopic aspects of diffusion.
Wavelet-Chaos-Neural Network Models for EEG-Based Diagnosis of Neurological Disorders

In this Keynote Lecture an overview of the author’s research for automated electroencephalogram (EEG)-based diagnosis of neurological disorders is presented. Sample research and wavelet-chaos-neural network models developed by the author and his research associates in recent years for diagnosis of epilepsy, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are reviewed briefly. The significant impact of this research on the future of neurology practice and its ramification are discussed.
Chapter 43 Human and physical infrastructure: Public investment and pricing policies in developing countries

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on what has traditionally been considered as the “core” infrastructure sectors, which enhance the productivity of physical capital and land (mainly transportation and power). It discusses human infrastructure- or those services that raise the productivity of labor (health, education, nutrition). Public investment will be defined broadly to include all government spending in these sectors, rather than just capital expenditures as traditionally defined in official statistics. This is to ensure that the economic issues regarding recurrent as well as capital spending are covered in the chapter. The chapter emphasizes on recent policy debates without presenting the basic theoretical concepts underlying them in detail. The chapter on stresses common cross-sectoral themes regarding the pricing of and investment in infrastructure services in developing countries, rather than detailed issues within sectors.
Occupational and genetic risk factors for osteoarthritis: a review.

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease with strong genetic and occupational components. Although published studies have described several risk factors for OA, very few studies have investigated the occupational and genetic factors that contribute to this debilitating condition. Objective To describe occupational and genetic factors that may contribute to the risk of developing (OA). Methods A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the search terms osteoarthritis, occupation, work, and genetics. Results Heavy physical work load was the most common occupational risk factor for OA in several anatomical locations. Other factors include kneeling and regular stair climbing, crawling, bending and whole body vibration, and repetitive movements. Numerous studies have also shown the influence of genetic variability in the pathogenesis of OA. Genetic variants of several groups of genes e.g., cartilage extracellular matrix structural genes and the genes related to bone density have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Conclusion This review shows that occupational factors were extensively studied in knee OA unlike OA of other anatomical regions. Although genetic association studies performed to date identified a number of risk variants, some of these associations have not been consistently replicated across different studies and populations. Therefore, more research is needed.
A joint human-automation cognitive system to support rapid decision-making in hostile environments

Honeywell has designed a joint human-computer cognitive system to support rapid decision making demands of dismounted soldiers. In highly networked environments the sheer magnitude of communication amid multiple tasks could overwhelm individual soldiers. Key cognitive bottlenecks constrain information flow and the performance of decision-making, especially under stress. The adaptive decision-support system mitigates non-optimal human performance via automation when the system detects a breakdown in the human's cognitive state. The human's cognitive state is assessed in real-time via a suite of neuro-physiological and physiological sensors. Adaptive mitigation strategies can include task management, optimizing information presentation via modality management, task sharing, and task loading. Mitigations are designed with consideration for both the costs and benefits of intermittent augmentation. The paper describes the system development and evolution, explorations of usable cognitive mitigation strategies, and four evaluations that show adaptive automaton can effectively, mitigate human decision-making performance at extremes (overload and underload) of workload.
Deciduous dentition in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): A roentgenographic study

Abstract The sequence and chronology of deciduous tooth eruption and exfoliation in the rabbit was studied roentgenographically. In the mandible, two molars are erupted at 25 days gestation age. Root resorption of these teeth is apparent by the 7th postnatal day and both have been exfoliated by the 30th day. Development is more variable in the maxillary arch. Two molars and the second incisor tooth are erupted at 25 days gestation age and a third, more anteriorly placed, molar erupts by the 7th postnatal day. All of the maxillary teeth have been exfoliated by the 35th day. Transitory predecessors of the large permanent anterior incisor teeth in both jaws, reported in the literature, were not seen radiographically in our series. The deciduous dental formula, including the first incisors, may be stated: I ( ab a ) C ( o o ) M ( def ef ) , with d the late erupting maxillary molar. The dentition of the rabbit differs from that of other commonly used laboratory animals in two important respects: (a) the deciduous dentition persists for about 1 month postnatally before being completely exfoliated; and (b) all of the permanent teeth are of the continuously erupting variety.
A scalable chip set for MPEG2 real-time encoding

This is a description of an architecture for video compression based on the MPEG2 (MP@ML) standard. The chip set is comprised of 3 different devices. The architecture is scalable, and real-time MPEG2 systems could be built with one, two or all three chip solutions. The encoder includes an on-chip processor for programming options, and provides direct connections to external DRAM and SRAM.
Genetics, Molecular Basis of

The phenotype of a living organism is controlled by its genotype, the summation of its genetic information, acting within the constraints imposed by the environment in which the organism exists. Much of the genetic material of an organism is organized into basic functional units called genes, which specify RNA and/or protein products. Some genes encode one primary gene product, either an RNA molecule or polypeptide. Other genes produce two or more related polypeptides by RNA editing, differential transcript splicing, or the assembly of genes from gene segments during development. The genetic information of all living organisms, whether viruses, bacteria, corn plants, or humans, is stored in the sequence of bases (purines and pyrimidines) or base pairs in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) present in their chromosomes. In some viruses, the genetic information is stored in the sequence of bases in ribonucleic acid (RNA). The genetic information is encoded using a four-letter alphabet: the four bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) replaces the thymine present in DNA. In the double-stranded DNA present in most cellular organisms, adenine and thymine form one base pair (A:T) and guanine and cytosine form a second base pair (G:C). The genetic material of an organism must carry out three essential functions: (1) the genotypic function, transmission of the genetic information from generation to generation; (2) the phenotypic function, directing the growth and development of the offspring into mature, reproductive adults; and (3) the evolutionary function, mutation, allowing organisms to evolve in response to changes in the environment. Mutation produces new genetic variability, which provides the raw material for evolution. Recombination of genetic material occurs by the independent assortment of nonhomologous chromosomes and by crossing-over between homologous chromosomes. This recombination provides new combinations of genes and thus new phenotypes on which natural selection acts during the process of evolution. Keywords: Aneuploidy; Attenuation; Autosomal Inheritance; CentiMorgan (cM); Codon; Complementation Test; Crossing-over; Dominance; Epistasis; Exon; Frameshift Mutation; Gain-of-function Mutation; Genetic Map; Heritability; Independent Assortment; Intron; Loss-of-function Mutation; Meiosis; Mitosis; Mutation; Nondisjunction; Polyploidy; Recombination; Segregation; Sex-linked Inheritance; Suppressor Mutation; Transition; Transposable Genetic Element; Transversion
Zero Defect Software: Cleanroom Engineering

Publisher Summary Software is either correct or incorrect in design to a specification, in contrast with hardware that is reliable to a certain level in performing to a correct design. Certifying the correctness of such software requires two conditions—namely, statistical testing with inputs characteristic of actual usage, and no failures in the testing. Cleanroom Engineering introduces new levels of practical precision for achieving correct software, using three engineering teams—namely, specification engineers, development engineers, and certification engineers. Software can be developed and certified as correct under statistical quality control (SQC) to well-formed specifications of user requirements. The chapter discusses history and application of SQC to software development. Two major properties of Cleanroom Engineering are: no debugging by the developers before the software goes to independent testers and statistical testing taking into account both the usage and the criticalness of software parts. Cleanroom software engineering achieves statistical quality control over software development by strictly separating the design process from the testing process in a pipeline of incremental software development. There are three major engineering activities in this process are software specification, software development, and software certification. The chapter elaborates the statistical quality control in software engineering. Markov chain techniques for software certification are discussed. The cleanroom engineering methods are outlined. Box Structured Software System Design is discussed.
How Much Do Adverse Event Rates Differ Between Primary and Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract Background It is not known which adverse events occur more commonly following revision than following primary total joint arthroplasty. Methods Patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) during 2011 to 2013 as part of the America College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program were identified. Rates of adverse events were compared between patients undergoing primary and patients undergoing revision procedures with adjustments for demographic and comorbidity characteristics. Results In total, 48307 THA patients and 70605 TKA patients met inclusion criteria. Of the THA patients, 43247 (89.5%) underwent primary procedures, while 5060 (10.5%) underwent revision procedures. Of the TKA patients, 65694 (93.0%) underwent primary procedures, while 4911 (7.0%) underwent revision procedures. Patients undergoing revision procedures had higher rates of systemic sepsis (for THA, 0.3% vs 0.1%, adjusted relative risk [RR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-7.0; P P P P P P P ≥ .05 for each). Conclusions Public reporting of adverse events should be interpreted in the context of the differences between primary and revision procedures, and reimbursement systems should reflect the greater amount of postoperative care that patients undergoing revision procedures require.
Brief screening items to identify spanish-speaking adults with limited health literacy and numeracy skills

Limited health literacy (HL) and numeracy have been shown to be associated with a wide array of poor health-related outcomes, knowledge, and behaviors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of brief HL and numeracy screening items in identifying Spanish-speaking adults’ HL and numeracy skills. We studied convenience samples of native Spanish-speaking adults in Columbus, Ohio. A trained research assistant administered sociodemographic items, HL and numeracy screening items, Short Assessment of Health Literacy (SAHL), and Newest Vital Sign (NVS) to participants in Spanish. Participants (n = 151) averaged 36.8 ± 11.0 years of age and 54.7 % were female. Average SAHL score was 15.7 ± 2.8 (range = 4 to 18), while the average NVS score was 1.7 ± 1.5 (range = 0 to 6). “How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?” performed best in detecting limited NVS scores (AUROC = 0.66; 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 0.57–0.75), limited/marginal NVS scores (AUROC = 0.75; 95 % CI = 0.65–0.84), and inadequate SAHL scores (AUROC = 0.69; 95 % CI = 0.58–0.79). A single HL screening item is useful for quickly estimating HL and numeracy skills in native Spanish-speaking adults.
"Lo agarraron y lo echaron pa'tras": Discussing Critical Social Issues with Young Latinas

The avenue for enacting a critical literacy curriculum in this primary bilingual classroom was through literature discussions about critical social issues that impacted the children’s lives. These discussions provided the children the space to discuss and question social issues that were significant to them and with which they identified. The analysis explored the responses of two young Latinas and demonstrated that these young Latinas did indeed think seriously about the critical social issues raised in the books discussed. They connected the books to their lives through the stories they told and shared their experiences as they sought to make meaning from the books and the issues raised. Children like the young Latinas in this study need a critical literacy curriculum that helps them contest social inequities in which they may be living and challenges them to think beyond the book and make connections to their lived experiences.
Application of synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy for determination of spatial distribution of methylene blue conjugated onto a SAM via “click” chemistry

We report, for the first time, the application of synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy to determine the spatial distribution of methylene blue conjugated onto a self-assembled monolayer surface via Sharpless “click” chemistry.
The Rhetoric of Textbooks: Metadiscourse

(1984). The Rhetoric of Textbooks: Metadiscourse. Journal of Curriculum Studies: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 279-296.
Glucagon stimulation of phenylalanine metabolism. The effects of acute and chronic glucagon treatment.

Abstract The effects of acute and chronic glucagon treatment on phenylalanine metabolism in vivo in the rat have been investigated. A single, large dose of glucagon (2 mg/kg, i.p.) increased metabolism of a large load of phenylalanine (1.27 g/kg) via hydroxylation and transmination. The increased metabolism was associated with increased activities of hepatic phenylaalnine:pyruvate aminotransferase, tyrosine aminotransferase and phenylalanine hydroxylase. In rats administered this amount of phenylalanine, the p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase reaction was apparently rate limiting, as indicated by increased urinary excretion of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and p-hydroxyphenyllactate, in addition to urinary excretion of phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate. Chronic glucagon treatment (1.25 mg/kg every 12 hr for 8 days) increased oxidation of the large phenylalanine load and urinary excretion of phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate but not p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate or p-hydroxyphenyllactate. The increased excretion of phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate was associated with an increase in hepatic phenylalanine: pyruvate aminotransferase activity. The absence of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the urine and the increased oxidation of phenylalanine imply that, in rats administered glucagon chronically, flux of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate through the p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase reaction was increased. A kinetic assay for phenylalanine hydroxylase based on measurement of oxygen consumption is described.
Helix–coil transition of poly‐γ‐N‐carbobenzoxy‐L‐α,γ‐diaminobutyrate and poly‐δ‐N‐carbobenzoxy‐L‐ornithine

The helix–coil transition of poly-γ-N-carbobenzoxy-L-α,γ-diaminobutyrate (PCLB) and poly-δ-N-carbobenzoxy-L-ornithine (PCLO) in chloroform–dichloroacetic acid mixtures was followed by optical rotatory dispersion. PCLB displays a “normal” temperature-induced transition, but PCLO an “inverse” one. The thermodynamic parameters for helix formation of the two polymers were determined using the Zimm-Bragg theory. The enthalpy for adding an amide residue to a helical region, ΔH, and the initiation factor σ were ΔH = −180 cal/mole and σ = 9.2 × 10−5 for PCLB and ΔH = +490 cal/mole and σ = 1.9 × 10−5 for PCLO.
Synthesis of fluorescently labeled UDP-GlcNAc analogues and their evaluation as chitin synthase substrates.

Chitin synthase (CS) polymerizes UDP-GlcNAc to form chitin (poly-β(1,4)-GlcNAc), a key component of fungal cell wall biosynthesis. Little is known about the substrate specificity of chitin synthase or the scope of substrate modification the enzyme will tolerate. Following a previous report suggesting that 6-O-dansyl GlcNAc is biosynthetically incorporated into chitin, we became interested in developing an assay for CS activity based on incorporation of a fluorescent substrate. We describe the synthesis of two fluorescent UDP-GlcNAc analogues and their evaluation as chitin synthase substrates.
Exploiting endobiotic metabolic pathways to target xenobiotic antioxidants to mitochondria.

Abstract Oxidative stress plays a role in a range of human disease entities. Hence, strategies to target antioxidants to mitochondria are an active area of investigation. Triphenylphosphonium cation-based antioxidants and SS-peptides have been described and show significant uptake by mitochondria and effectiveness in animal models of conditions linked to oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway could be exploited to activate the antioxidant phenolic and methimazole prodrugs. Most compounds studied underwent mitochondrial biotransformation to release their antioxidant moieties, and some were cytoprotective in a hypoxia–reoxygenation model in rat cardiomyocytes. These results demonstrate the feasibility of exploiting mitochondrial bioactivation reactions for targeted drug delivery.
Monolithic media in microfluidic devices for proteomics

Considerable effort has been invested in the development of integrated microfluidic devices for fast and highly efficient proteomic studies. Among various fabrication techniques for the preparation of analytical components (separation columns, reactors, extractors, valves, etc.) in integrated microchips, in situ fabrication of monolithic media is receiving increasing attention. This is mainly due to the ease and simplicity of preparation of monolithic media and the availability of various precursors and chemistries. In addition, UV-initiated photopolymerization technique enables the incorporation of multiple analytical components into specified parts of a single microchip using photomasks. This review summarizes preparation methods for monolithic media and their application as microfluidic analytical components in microchips.
A method for direct soil extraction and PCR amplification of endomycorrhizal fungal DNA

DNA from endomycorrhizal fungi was extracted directly from a weathered soil (alfisol) mixed with sand. Mycorrhizae were established in a greenhouse culture of Glomus clarum with Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense) host plants. The extraction procedure included enzymatic digestion of cell walls, sodium dodecyl sulfate lysis of cells, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone absorption of organic compounds, and ethanol precipitation of the DNA. DNA in the extracts was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using primers from the nuclear 17S rRNA sequence that were general to fungi or were specific to endomycorrhizae.
Performance of the “shower” cooling tower in different climates

Abstract The paper summarizes experimental data from testing a new type of a passive cooling system developed by the author, the “Shower” tower, and compares its performance under three different climatic conditions: Los Angeles in California, USA, Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) and Yokohama (Japan).
Comparative phase behavior about the L2 phase of ternary and quaternary systems of Triton X-100 and its separated p-tert-OPEn(n = 5, 7, and 9) components in cyclohexane

The nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) is separated by preparative column chromatography into its poly(oxyethylene tert-octylphenyl ether) (OPEn) components. The phase behavior in the neighborhood of the L2 phase is investigated for ternary (cyclohexane/H2O) and quaternary (cyclohexane/H2O/n-hexanol) systems of TX-100 and OPEn (n = 5, 7 and 9). The extent of the L2 domain and the maximum amount of water wo,max that can be solubilized by isotropic solutions strongly depend on the concentration and the length (n) of the polar chain of the surfactant, temperature, and the amount of n-hexanol present. Depending on these variables, with increasing wo (molar ratio of water to surfactant) some of the following phase transitions occur: L2 → LC → L → liquid/gel → gel. Except for the liquid crystalline LC phase, all phases involved are optically isotropic, and the liquid L phase is most likely bicontinuous. Since n-hexanol is a better solvent than cyclohexane for both the surfactant and water, it destabiliz...
DIURESIS ASSOCIATED WITH DIRECT STIMULATION OF THE HYPOPHYSIS

Experimental lesions in the hypothalamus in eats have been found in this laboratory (Fisher, Ingram and Ranson, 1934) to be associated with permanent polyuria only when the lesions are placed so as to interrupt the tractus supraoptico-hypophyseus, which courses down the infundibular stalk to the pars posterior and pars intermedia of the hypophysis. Animals with permanent polyuria show marked atrophy of the supraoptic nucleus and of the posterior lobe. The polyuria resulting from such lesions occurs in two phases: a transient phase lasting one to four days after operation, and a permanent phase which comes on after a latent period of 8 to 15 days. The permanent polyuria seems to be a deficiency phenomenon, but it is not unlikely that the transient diuresis may be due to irritation, possibly of one of the lobes of the hypophysis. It will be recalled that Weed, Cushing and Jacobson (1913) observed diuresis and glycosuria in catheterized rabbits and cats following stimulation of the hypophysis and after stimu...
A performance optimization technique for an object-oriented functional data model

Abstract This paper describes a technique to implement an object-oriented functional data model that optimizes performance for a given set of applications (workload). The technique involves grouping functions that are often referenced together or that are often composed. These groups are referred to as access trees which may be considered as abstract storage structures. The focus of this paper is the design of a set of access trees (called the cover ) for a given conceptual schema so that the cost of processing the workload is as low as possible and the space of the cover is within some user-specified limit. It is found that using this implementation scheme, a significant reduction in access time is obtainable at the cost of a tolerable space increment. The paper describes the conceptual data model, the structure and use of access trees, an implementation of access trees, costs associated with operations on the access trees, and a methodology to design the optimal set of access trees for a conceptual schema with respect to a given workload. An experimental analysis of the performance of the technique is presented.
Steady States and Quasienergies of a Quantum-Mechanical System in an Oscillating Field

A general formalism is presented for a system whose Hamiltonian is periodic in time. The formalism is intended to deal with the interactions between bond electrons and an external electromagnetic field, which can be treated semiclassically, such as electric and magnetic polarizations, optical rotation, and transitions among discrete levels. A particular bound-state solution of the Schr\"odinger equation which belongs to an irreducible representation of the time-translation symmetry group is defined as a steady state, and the characteristic number of the irreducible representation as a quasienergy. It is shown that the defined steady states and quasienergies behave in a newly constructed Hilbert space like stationary states and energies of a conservative system in many respects. It is also shown that for a resonant case the unperturbed quasienergy becomes degenerate and the transitions among discrete levels can be accounted for by the familiar degenerate perturbation procedure. Using a suitable Hilbert space, the steady states are established as firmly as the stationary states stand in the theory of a conservative system.