cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law reform and human rights – Scarman’s great legacy

Leslie Scarman was one of the most influential common law judges of the twentieth century. As a judge, he was relatively conventional and sometimes unadventurous. His technique can be contrasted with that of his contemporary, Lord Denning. However, his role in establishing the Law Commission of England and Wales afforded a model that has been copied throughout the world. His early support for a law of human rights encouraged the adoption of the Human Rights Act 1998. This paper explains the essential unity of Scarman’s legal philosophy and the importance of his contribution at a time when basic assumptions about governance in Westminster democracies are being re-examined and sometimes found wanting.
Unawareness and strategic announcements in games with uncertainty

I study games with uncertainty where players have different awareness regarding a chance player's moves (contingencies). An announcer, who is fully aware of the contingencies, can announce some of them to an unaware decision maker (DM) before the DM takes an action. I introduce an equilibrium concept and a refinement to study the way the DM generates her belief on her extended awareness.
A Streaming Flow Based Lab-on-Chip Platform Technology

Numerous studies on microfluidics diagnostic devices have been published in the last decade. Although the first generation of Lab-on-chip (LOC) devices was functional in 1999, some of the promises of microfluidics (integration of all functions on a chip and the commercialization of truly handheld microfluidic instruments) have yet to be fulfilled. The major challenges of LOC technology include costeffective pumping, function integration, multiple detection, and system miniaturization. In this paper, we propose a novel and simple streaming-based LOC technology that may have potential to directly address these challenges. The phenomenon of the flow streaming is found in zero-mean velocity oscillating flows in a wide range of channel geometries. Although there is no net flow (zero-mean velocity) across the channel, a discrepancy in velocity profiles between the forward flow and backward flow causes fluid particles near the walls to drift toward one end, while fluid particles near the centerline drift to the other end. We hypothesize that the unique characteristics of flow streaming could be used: 1) to transport, mix and separate particles/molecules/bacterium/cells entrained in flows; 2) to perform multi-channel/generation micro-array sample distributions; and 3) to achieve function integrations and biomarker detections. Mechanisms of using flow streaming to achieve the various LOC functions are described. Preliminary results are presented to demonstrate the potential of this technology for LOC applications.
Determination of a Patient's Speed and Stride Length Minimizing Hardware Requirements

Within biomedical engineering, the use of wearable wireless accelerometers for gait analysis can provide useful information for multiple health-related applications. The minimization of hardware for an accurate and simple estimation of the patient's velocity and stride length represents a difficult task. In this paper we propose a new methodology to determine the velocity and stride length of the patient through the application of the wavelet transform to the waist acceleration signal minimizing the hardware requirements. We introduce 4 novel formulations to take into account the trade-off between accuracy and computational costs, showing that an adaptive optimum approach can deliver results with average errors below 5%.
Subintimal Dissection/Reentry Strategies in Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion Interventions

Subintimal dissection/reentry techniques are increasingly being used for crossing coronary chronic total occlusions both antegradely (using a knucle wire or the Bridgepoint system) or retrogradely (using the controlled antegrade and retrograde tracking and dissection, and reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde tracking and dissection technique). Subintimal dissection/reentry techniques can increase procedural success rates, but their subsequent clinical outcomes are poorly studied, and they appear to be associated with high rates of in-stent restenosis and repeat target lesion revascularization. In the present review, we describe in detail the chronic total occlusions subintimal dissection/reentry techniques, clarify the related terminology and summarize the published studies in this area and the current gaps of knowledge.
BLINK: Securing Information to the Last Connection

Robust cryptography provides confidentiality and integrity for information transferred between peers. However, the decrypted plaintext in the memory of a receivers' computer is vulnerable--both to surveillance at the endpoints, and users who choose to forward confidential information. In this paper, we proposed a novel scheme called BLINK, which uses a reconfigurable hardware based decoder which operates on the link between a computer and its display. It moves the decryption outside the computer, preventing plaintext stealing, forwarding, screen capture and printing. Currently we are implementing the BLINK scheme on top of Altera FPGA board with Digital Visual Interface (DVI) ports, the correctness, effectiveness, and the performance will be evaluated through experiment.
Checking Your Breaks: Surveillance Mechanisms of Meiotic Recombination

Numerous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are introduced into the genome in the course of meiotic recombination. This poses a significant hazard to the genomic integrity of the cell. Studies in a number of organisms have unveiled the existence of surveillance mechanisms or checkpoints that couple the formation and repair of DSBs to cell cycle progression. Through these mechanisms, aberrant meiocytes are delayed in their meiotic progression, thereby facilitating repair of meiotic DSBs, or are culled through programmed cell death, thereby protecting the germline from aneuploidies that could lead to spontaneous abortions, birth defects and cancer predisposition in the offspring. Here we summarize recent progress in our understanding of these checkpoints. This review focuses on the surveillance mechanisms of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, where the molecular details are best understood, but will frequently compare and contrast these mechanisms with observations in other organisms.
Grüneisen parameter of hcp-Fe to 171 GPa

individual gvib data points with gvib = gvib,0(V/V0) q ,a common parameterization, we found an ambient pressure gvib,0 = 2.0 ± 0.1 for the range q = 0.8 to 1.2. We also determined the Debye sound velocity (vD) from the low‐energy region of the phonon DOS and our in situ measured volumes, and used the volume dependence of vD to determine the commonly discussed Debye Gruneisen parameter (gD). Comparing our gvib(V )a ndgD(V), we found gvib to be ∼10% larger than gD at any given volume. Finally, applying our gvib(V )t o aM ie ‐Gruneisen type relationship and an approximate form of the empirical Lindemann melting criterion, we predict the vibrational thermal pressure and estimate the high‐pressure melting behavior of "‐Fe at Earth’s core pressures. Citation: Murphy, C. A., J. M. Jackson, W. Sturhahn, and B. Chen (2011), Gruneisen parameter of hcp‐Fe to 171 GPa, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L24306, doi:10.1029/ 2011GL049531.
Reply to Harrington et al

To the Editor—Harrington et al raise 3 important points in a detailed analysis of pooled data from 12 registrational trials of interferon-free, direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies [1]. First, the authors point out that hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was detected at the end of treatment in only 0.3% (12/3671) of patients who achieved sustained virological response 12 (SVR12) in the larger trials compared to 29% (28/96) in our studies [2]. As suggested by Harrington et al, our use of the more sensitive Abbott RealTime HCV assay could have resulted in higher rates of detectable viremia. Conversely, using the Roche COBAS TaqMan HCV test v1.0, only 3.1% (3/96) of patients who achieved SVR12 in our studies had a detectable viral load at the end of therapy. These differences may also be a result of varying treatment durations among the trials: over one-third of our patients were treated for 6 weeks, whereas the majority of subjects from the pooled data were treated for 12–24 weeks. Longer durations of therapy may certainly result in higher rates of viral suppression by the end of treatment.
Single and double photoionization of Li2

Time-dependent close-coupling methods are used to study the single and double photoionization of Li2. Formulations for both one-active and two-active electron methods make use of Hartree with local exchange potentials for the core electrons. Both the single and double photoionization cross sections for Li2 are found to be larger for linear polarization than for circular polarization, in sharp contrast to that found before for H2. In particular the double photoionization cross sections for Li2 are found to be approximately five times larger than for H2 and thus more easily observed by future experiments.
Assessment of left and right atrial 3D hemodynamics in patients with atrial fibrillation: a 4D flow MRI study

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with embolic stroke due to thrombus formation in the left atrium (LA). Based on the relationship of atrial stasis to thromboembolism and the marked disparity in pulmonary versus systemic thromboembolism in AF, we tested the hypothesis that flow velocity distributions in the left (LA) versus right atrium (RA) in patients with would demonstrate increased stasis. Whole heart 4D flow MRI was performed in 62 AF patients (n = 33 in sinus rhythm during imaging, n = 29 with persistent AF) and 8 controls for the assessment of in vivo atrial 3D blood flow. 3D segmentation of the LA and RA geometry and normalized velocity histograms assessed atrial velocity distribution and stasis (% of atrial velocities <0.2 m/s). Atrial hemodynamics were similar for RA and LA and significantly correlated (mean velocity: r = 0.64; stasis: r = 0.55, p < 0.001). RA and LA mean and median velocities were lower in AF patients by 15–33 % and stasis was elevated by 11–19 % compared to controls. There was high inter-individual variability in LA/RA mean velocity ratio (range 0.5–1.8) and LA/RA stasis ratio (range 0.7–1.7). Patients with a history of AF and in sinus rhythm showed most pronounced differences in atrial flow (reduced mean velocities, higher stasis in the LA). While there is no systematic difference in LA versus RA flow velocity profiles, high variability was noted. Further delineation of patient specific factors and/or regional atrial effects on the LA and RA flow velocity profiles, as well as other factors such as differences in procoagulant factors, may explain the more prevalent systemic versus pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with AF.
Learner-Centered Online Instruction

This chapter offers a theoretical rationale and an explanation of evidence for using research-validated, learner-centered principles and practices in online course development, highlighting the evidence-based practices that have been used successfully to develop online courses that engage and retain students.
Correlation of cell cycle parameters with radiation sensitivity in a series of murine L5178Y cells.

SummaryThe X-ray dose–response parameters (D0, n and Dq) of 10 strains of murine L5178Y cells spanning a wide range of radiation sensitivities were characterized. The proportions of cells residing in G1, S and G2 + M phases of the cell cycle in exponentially growing cell populations were estimated using DNA microfluorometric techniques. The radiosensitive strains contained a lower proportion of cells in G1 phase and a somewhat larger proportion of cells in S phase than did the radioresistant strains, reflecting a direct correlation between radioresistance and the duration of G1 phase (and possibly an inverse correlation with the duration of the S phase) in these closely related cell strains. These results are discussed in terms of the putative role of G1 in governing radiosensitivity of cells and tumours.
Angular Diameters of O- and B-type Stars

We are observing a sample of 10 O-type stars and 60 B-type stars to determine angular diameters using the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array, the foremost optical long baseline interferometer in the world. Our goal is to establish accurate stellar parameters to test modern theories of stellar evolution that include rotation. We will combine our stellar angular diameter measurements with flux and line measurements from spectroscopy, projected rotational velocities, and distances to determine radius, effective temperature, luminosity, equatorial rotational velocity, and evolutionary mass. Knowing these properties will allow us to place the stars in a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and obtain estimates for the age and evolutionary state.
Abstract 4556: NOSH-aspirin is a potent inhibitor of colon cancer cell growth: effects of positional isomerism.

Background: We recently reported the synthesis of NOSH-aspirin, a novel hybrid capable of releasing both nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). In NOSH-aspirin, the two moieties that release NO and H 2 S are covalently linked at the 1, 2 positions of acetyl salicylic acid, ie ortho-NOSH-aspirin. Here we compared the cell growth inhibitory properties of ortho-NOSH-aspirin to that of the 1,3 (meta-NOSH-aspirin) and the 1,4 (para-NOSH-aspirin) positional isomers. We also incorporated electron donating/withdrawing groups about the bezyl ring in order to evaluate the effect of substitution on stability and biological activity of these novel compounds. Methods: Cell line: HT-29 and HCT 15 human colon adenocarcimoa; Cell growth: MTT; Cell cycle phase distribution: Flow cytometry; Apoptosis: subdiploid (sub-G 0 /G 1 ) peak in DNA content histograms; Proliferation: PCNA; ROS: measured hydrogen peroxide and super oxide by flow cytometry using DCFDA and DHE dyes. Results: All positional isomers of NOSH-aspirin were potent growth inhibitors of both cell lines. The IC 50 s for growth inhibition in nM at 24h were, HT-29: ortho-NOSH-ASA (0.04 ± 0.011), meta-NOSH-ASA (0.24 ± 0.11), para-NOSH-ASA (0.46 ± 0.17); significance between the groups were: o vs m P>0.05, o vs p P 0.05; HCT 15: ortho-NOSH-ASA (0.062 ± 0.006), meta-NOSH-ASA (0.092 ± 0.004), para-NOSH-ASA (0.37 ± 0.04); significance between the groups were: o vs m P>0.05, o vs p P 50 s. All positional isomers qualitatively had similar effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and caused G 0 /G 1 cell cycle arrest in both colon cancer cell lines. The underlying mechanism for these observations appeared to be mediated through generation of intracellular H 2 O 2 and superoxide anions as pretreatment of cells with N-acetylcysteine, partially blocked these effects. Conclusions: Positional isomerism affects the potency of NOSH-aspirin and offers a platform for drug design. Further, NOSH-aspirin merits further evaluation as an anti-cancer agent. Citation Format: Erin K. Eschbach, Andrew C. MacKessack-Leitch, Federica Vannini, Ravinder Kodela, Mitali Chattopadhyay, Khosrow Kashfi. NOSH-aspirin is a potent inhibitor of colon cancer cell growth: effects of positional isomerism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4556. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4556
Characteristics of Uninsured Children

Policymakers and interest groups are becoming increasingly concerned about the health insurance status of children. Between 1987 and 1995, the percentage of children under age 18 with employment-based health insurance declined from 66.7 percent to 58.6 percent. During the same period, the percentage of children covered by Medicaid increased from 15.5 percent to 23.2 percent. The percentage of uninsured children increased from 13.1 percent in 1987 to 13.8 percent in 1995, resulting in 9.8 million uninsured children in 1995. However, with the exception of a relatively large increase in the percentage of uninsured children between 1992 and 1994, the percentage of uninsured children remained fairly constant between 1987 and 1992. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it is important that the characteristics of uninsured children be fully understood prior to addressing solutions for increasing coverage among children. Second, this paper will identify some of the options being discussed for increasing coverage.
Surveillance quality evaluation on death under-reporting and death causes in resident population of Fenghua City in 2009-2011

[Objective] To investigate the under-reporting rate of death and its causes registration,and to accurately estimate the death rates of the population and infants in Fenghua City. [Methods]According to the "Survey Program of National Disease Surveillance System on Death Under-reporting",a retrospective investigation was done of death under-reporting in the sample villages in 2009-2011 on the principle of capture-mark-recapture. The data from investigation have been checked up and compared with that on death causes registration surveillance obtained through "Death Under-reporting System"and"China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention"so as to determine the under-reporting rate. [Results] A total of 855 death cases were determined by the under-reporting investigation on all sample villages,and the total of 853 death cases were reported by the death causes registration system. Two cases were omitted,with under-reporting rate being 0. 23%. The omission mortality in survey was 7. 10‰. The proportion of the deceased highest diagnostic units and medical institutions above county level was 96. 61%.The proportion of not seeking treatment was 0. 58%. The inaccurate coding rate was 3. 51%. [Conclusion] In 2009-2011 in Fenghua City,death under-reporting rate was low,integrity good and death diagnosis reliable in terms of death monitoring work stipulated by national disease monitoring system.
Further Experience with the Artificial Urinary Sphincter

AbstractSince December 1977, 78 patients with severe urinary incontinence have been treated by insertion of an artificial sphincter at our medical center. In 53 patients the device was inserted and activated at the same time. Of these 53 patients 21 (40 per cent) are perfectly dry, 8 (15 per cent) are improved but are occasionally wet and 24 (45 per cent) have failed. In 25 patients activation of the sphincter was delayed. Of this group 14 patients (56 per cent) are perfectly dry, 2 (8 per cent) are occasionally wet and 9 (36 per cent) have failed. The delayed activation technique has reduced the failure rate from 45 to 36 per cent and we recommend its use in high risk patients.
Spectroscopy of Mass-Selected Zirconium Dimers in Argon

We report absorption (“scattering depletion”) spectra and Raman measurements for Zr2 in an argon matrix prepared by the mass selected ion deposition technique. The principal dimer absorption bands occur at 388 nm and near 630 nm where we observe a vibrational progression with ω0′ = 225 (15) cm−1 for Tp = 15,230 (15) cm−1. Resonance Raman spectra, obtained by exciting into the 630 nm band, give ωe″ = 305.7 (35) cm−1 and ωexe″ = 0.5 (7) cm−1. The Raman data are consistent with either a 1Σg + or a 3Δg ground state.
Chronic TPA treatment inhibits expression of proximal tubule-specific properties by LLC-PK1 cells

Confluent LLC-PK1 cell populations expressed progressively proximal tubule-specific properties, including gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, sodium hexose symport activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and villin protein. This was paralleled by an increase in villin protein manifested at the single cell level. Chronic treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) inhibited expression of proximal tubule-specific properties at the levels of enzyme activity, protein content, and mRNA content. Inhibition occurred in all cells of the population. TPA treatment induced a decrease in total protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha protein content and a change in subcellular localization from predominantly soluble to predominantly particulate. PKC-epsilon protein content was unchanged by TPA treatment. PKC-epsilon was localized in both soluble and particulate fractions of control cells but was localized predominantly in particulate fractions after TPA treatment. PKC-delta was barely detectable in control cells, but content was markedly increased by TPA. These results suggest that TPA-induced inhibition of expression of proximal tubule-specific properties is mediated through modulation of content and/or subcellular localization of one or more PKC isozymes, likely PKC-alpha.
Metabolism and growth inhibitory activity of cranberry derived flavonoids in bladder cancer cells

In the present study, anti-proliferative activities of cranberry derived flavonoids and some of their in vivo metabolites were evaluated using a panel of human bladder tumor cell lines (RT4, SCABER, and SW-780) and non-tumorigenic immortalized human uroepithelial cells (SV-HUC). Among the compounds tested, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin (3′-O-methylquercetin), myricetin and quercetin showed strong concentration-dependent cell growth inhibitory activities in bladder cancer cells with IC50 values in a range of 8–92 μM. Furthermore, isorhamnetin and myricetin had very low inhibitory activity against SV-HUC even at very high concentrations (>200 μM) compared to bladder cancer cells, indicating that their cytotoxicity is selective for cancer cells. To determine whether the differential cell growth inhibitory effects of isomeric flavonoids quercetin 3-O-glucoside (active) and hyperoside (quercetin 3-O-galactoside) (inactive) are related to their metabolism by the cancer cells, SW-780 cells were incubated with these compounds and their metabolism was examined by LC-MS/MS. Compared to quercetin 3-O-glucoside, hyperoside undergoes relatively less metabolic biotransformation (methylation, glucuronidation and quinone formation). These data suggest that isorhamnetin and quercetin 3-O-glucoside may be the active forms of quercetin in prevention of bladder cancer in vivo and emphasize the importance of metabolism for the prevention of bladder cancer by diets rich in cranberries.
The Mindful Teacher: Translating Research into Daily Well-being

ABSTRACTThis article features a stress management approach that is becoming increasingly influential in schools: mindfulness-based stress reduction. The authors describe what it is, provide research-based evidence of its usefulness, and highlight mindfulness resources that educators can use to manage stress and improve their well-being (including coursework, daily practices, books, apps, and online audio recordings).
Reaching for the true overlay in advanced nodes

Traditionally, the total measurement uncertainty (TMU) of overlay metrology focuses on dynamic precision, toolinduced-shift, and matching, while rarely examining inaccuracy. However, some researchers have recently shown that measurement inaccuracy can still be large despite optimized small TMU. Moreover, this inaccuracy can consume a significant portion of the overlay budget in the advanced nodes. In addition to qualifying the overlay error of inline wafers, overlay metrology is also used for improving on-product overlay as it provides corrective feedback to the lithography scanner. The accuracy of the correction terms as a result depends directly upon the measurement accuracy. As such, enhanced overlay accuracy will improve the overlay performance of reworked wafers, or subsequently exposed wafers. We have previously shown that a segmented Blossom target is more prone to asymmetry-induced inaccuracy than a nonsegmented target is [1]. Since target segmentation is inevitable for SADP and SAQP patterning processes, their resulting overlay performance leaves a lot to be desired. In our quest to reach for the true overlay, this paper reports our investigations on accuracy enhancement techniques for image-based targets, such as redundancy and self-calibration, and on the use of simulation-optimized scatterometry-based targets.
Cardiometabolic Disease Staging Predicts Effectiveness of Weight-Loss Therapy to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Results From Phase III Clinical Trials Assessing Phentermine/Topiramate Extended Release.

OBJECTIVE To assess the ability of medication-assisted weight loss to prevent diabetes as a function of the baseline weighted Cardiometabolic Disease Staging (CMDS) score. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We pooled data from 3,040 overweight and obese participants in three randomized controlled trials—CONQUER, EQUIP, and SEQUEL—assessing efficacy and safety of phentermine/topiramate extended release (ER) for weight loss. In these double-blind phase III trials, overweight/obese adult patients were treated with a lifestyle intervention and randomly assigned to placebo versus once-daily oral phentermine/topiramate ER. The weighted CMDS score was calculated using baseline quantitative clinical data including waist circumference, blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids. Incident diabetes was defined based on serial measures of fasting glucose, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test glucose, and/or HbA1c. RESULTS The absolute decrease in 1-year diabetes incidence rates in subjects treated with medication versus placebo was greatest in those with high-risk CMDS scores at baseline (10.43–6.29%), intermediate in those with moderate CMDS risk (4.67–2.37%), and small in the low-risk category (1.51–0.67%). The number of participants needed to treat to prevent one new case of diabetes over a 56-week period was 24, 43, and 120 in those with baseline CMDS scores of ≥60, 30–59, and 0–29, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Numbers needed to treat to prevent one case of type 2 diabetes are markedly lower in patients with high-risk scores. CMDS can be used to quantify risk of diabetes in overweight/obese individuals and predict the effectiveness of weight-loss therapy to prevent diabetes.
Rescue of Sendai Virus from Cloned cDNA

Sendai virus (SeV) is a non-segment negative-sense RNA virus that naturally infects and causes pneumonia in mice. As a prototypic member of the family Paramyxoviridae, SeV has been characterized well, and these studies revealed numerous traits of paramyxovirus biology. The reverse genetics system to rescue SeV was first established in 1995. The virus was rescued from a cloned cDNA that contains full genome sequence flanked by T7 promoter and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. To rescue SeV, it is necessary to infect cells with a recombinant vaccinia virus vTF7.3 that expresses T7 RNA polymerase, and transfect with the SeV full genome cDNAs together with supporting plasmids encoding NP, P, and L genes under the T7 promoter. Synthesized viral RNA by T7 RNA polymerase will be encapsidated with NP and associated with a polymerase complex composed of P and L. The polymerase complex transcribes and replicates the genome, and produces progeny virions. Rescued SeV needs to be plaque purified to exclude vTF7.3 from viral stock. Reverse genetics system of SeV is relatively efficient compared to other paramyxoviruses, but alternative approaches to rescue poorly growing mutant viruses are also available.
US–Latin America’s security: moving through an inflection point?

ABSTRACTRecent elections in Latin America, such as those of Mauricio Macri in Argentina, Horacio Cartes in Paraguay, and the impeachment process of Dilma Rousseff in Brazil, point to a new direction in Latin American politics and away from the “hard left;” they also point to a new momentum in the security relationship between the US and Latin American countries. Former US President Obama’s 2016 trip to Cuba and Argentina was a clear demonstration of this new security paradigm and also a clear indication that there is a new momentum brewing in the US towards a rethinking and reshaping of security strategies and mindsets. This article will explore the multidimensional security relationship between the US and Latin American countries in light of recent changes in the US’ posture toward the region.
Exxonmobil's social responsibility messaging – 2002–2013 CEO letters

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate ExxonMobil's social responsibility/social responsiveness (SR) communication to determine the company's social responsibility messaging in terms of the Social Responsibility themes of the Triple bottom Line Model (profit, people, planet) and to evaluate if the messaging changed in response to external events such as the 2007 financial crisis and 2010 BP oil spill. ExxonMobil's CEO letters included varying levels of emphasis on SR content related to profit and planet. The analysis showed a reduced focus on profit following the 2007 financial crisis and an increased focus on the planet following the 2010 BP oil spill.
Rev-erbα dynamically modulates chromatin looping to control circadian gene transcription.

Mammalian physiology exhibits 24-hour cyclicity due to circadian rhythms of gene expression controlled by transcription factors that constitute molecular clocks. Core clock transcription factors bind to the genome at enhancer sequences to regulate circadian gene expression, but not all binding sites are equally functional. We found that in mice, circadian gene expression in the liver is controlled by rhythmic chromatin interactions between enhancers and promoters. Rev-erbα, a core repressive transcription factor of the clock, opposes functional loop formation between Rev-erbα–regulated enhancers and circadian target gene promoters by recruitment of the NCoR-HDAC3 co-repressor complex, histone deacetylation, and eviction of the elongation factor BRD4 and the looping factor MED1. Thus, a repressive arm of the molecular clock operates by rhythmically modulating chromatin loops to control circadian gene transcription.
Sub-event Detection on Twitter Network

This work addresses the online detection of sub-events using Twitter stream data. We formulate the process of sub-event identification as an outlier detection problem using three statistical methods: Kalman Filter, Gaussian Process, and Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis. These methods are used to construct the probability distribution of percentage change in the number of tweets. Outliers are identified as future observations that do not fit these predicted probability distributions. Five real-world case studies are investigated to test the effectiveness of the methods. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the proposed frame-work and provide future directions for improvement.
Quantum Transport and Band Structure Evolution under High Magnetic Field in Few-Layer Tellurene

Quantum Hall effect (QHE) is a macroscopic manifestation of quantized states that only occurs in confined two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) systems. Experimentally, QHE is hosted in high-mobility 2DEG with large external magnetic field at low temperature. Two-dimensional van der Waals materials, such as graphene and black phosphorus, are considered interesting material systems to study quantum transport because they could unveil unique host material properties due to the easy accessibility of monolayer or few-layer thin films at the 2D quantum limit. For the first time, we report direct observation of QHE in a novel low-dimensional material system, tellurene. High-quality 2D tellurene thin films were acquired from recently reported hydrothermal method with high hole mobility of nearly 3000 cm2/(V s) at low temperatures, which allows the observation of well-developed Shubnikov–de Haas (SdH) oscillations and QHE. A four-fold degeneracy of Landau levels in SdH oscillations and QHE was revealed. Quantum osc...
Collaborative study of a method for soluble and insoluble dietary fiber.

The Food and Drug Administration issued a final rule in 1987 concerning the nutrition labeling of foods with respect to calories content1. The Agency amended the existing food labeling regulations to provide for the exclusion of nondigestible dietary fiber when the calorie content of a food for nutrition labeling purposes is determined. In essence, the amendment allows a manufacturer to subtract the carbohydrate attributable to nondigestible fiber from the total carbohydrate content of a food, when the appropriate declaration of calorie content for that food is calculated. The Federal Register further stated that “The nondigestible dietary fiber will be determined by the method, Total Dietary Fiber in Foods, Enzymatic Gravimetric Method, First Action, in the Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (JAOAC), 68:399, 1985, as amended in JAOAC 69:370, 1986.” These methods were previously published as research papers previously in the JAOAC2,3. Considering that soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) often exhibit distinctly different physiological effects4, the basic method was extended to give not only total dietary fiber (TDF) values, but also separate values for SDF and IDF. A previously completed interlaboratory study of a method for SDF and IDF5 revealed that the same enzymatic-gravimetric approach accepted by the AOAC for TDF could be used for SDF and IDF. The collaborative study reported on in this chapter is not yet completed, but sufficient data to assess its value as a method for determining SDF and IDF in a variety of foods and food products have been obtained.
Asynchronous Gossip Algorithm for Stochastic Optimization: Constant Stepsize Analysis*

We consider the problem of minimizing the sum of convex functions over a network when each component function is known (with stochastic errors) to a specific network agent. We discuss a gossip based algorithm of [2], and we analyze its error bounds for a constant stepsize that is uncoordinated across the agents.
Guided Search 3.0

Forty years ago, Enoch reported a central bias in eye movements made during visual search tasks. Here we discuss how our Guided Search 3.0 model incorporates that observation into a general account of visual search behavior.
Privacy of Technology and the Behavioral Health Professions

Behavioral healthcare involves the collection, utilization, and disclosure of sensitive information pertaining to mental illness and substance use disorders. Though the public perception of mental illness has shifted in recent years, patients remain more hesitant to seek treatment for mental health issues than for physical illness due to stigma and fear of discrimination1 and the potential for emotional, professional, social, or financial harm. The presence of sensitive information and the need to protect it is not limited to behavioral health. Concerns have been raised about reproductive health, sexually transmitted and other communicable diseases, pediatrics and adolescent privacy,2 and genomics.3 Ulti­mately, it is the patient’s unique perceptions and circumstances which will dictate which health information is potentially sensitive. The clinician’s obligation to handle sensitive information with care, whether recorded on paper or in electronic form, has been understood since the time of Hippocrates. A significant consequence of traditional paper-based record keeping is that sensitive information remains undisclosed not just due to intentional protection, but because fragmented, disjointed communication makes sharing difficult. While paper records were designed to capture information mainly for use within a single setting, electronic records are envisioned to be outward facing and facilitate communication among all of the widespread clinicians treating a particular patient. One of the key advantages of information technology is its ability to facilitate information accessibility and dissemination at the point of care, but this also puts privacy at increased risk. In order to preserve the therapeutic rapport that is critical to the delivery of mental healthcare, as well as maintain the public’s trust in health information technology, it will be critical to balance the advantages of improved data exchange with earnest efforts to protect information from inappropriate disclosure. The clinician can assist in realizing this balance by maintaining a familiarity with the capabilities and limitations of health information ­technology to safeguard patient privacy.
Stentless Xenograft Implantation in Aortic Position in a 7-Year-Old Girl

Disease or dysfunction of the aortic valve in pediatric patients presents a substantial challenge. Valve preservation, even if not the definitive solution, is always optimal. Successful repair will enable somatic growth and avoid repeated valve replacement and the need for systemic anticoagulation. When repair of the aortic valve is not possible in pediatric patients, replacement of the valve requires the most suitable (or, often, the least unsuitable) choice for each patient. The limitations of the typical replacement options (pulmonary autografts, mechanical valves, stented bioprostheses, and homografts) have led us to explore the use of stentless xenografts. Herein, we present a case of aortic valve replacement with a stentless porcine xenograft in one of the youngest and smallest patients reported to date. Use of the xenograft enabled a proper fit with a small aortic annulus, precluded the need for subsequent systemic anticoagulation, and averted a transvalvular gradient and the creation of 2-valve disease. We believe that the stentless porcine xenograft is feasible for use in pediatric patients who require aortic valve replacement.
Young Gang Members in a School Survey

The past one hundred years have produced volumes of research describing gangs, gang members, and gang activity. Currently there is heightened-concernthat while the American violent crime rate is declining, the juvenile violent crime rate is increasing (Fox, 1996). Some commentators have suggested that juvenile gangs are in part responsible for this increase due to their involvement in drug trafficking and other illegal activities (Spergel, 1995). Combined with the stereotypical image of gang members (e.g., an African-American or Hispanic male), this belief of gang-based drug sales serves to reinforce the myth that the American crime problem is a male and “minority“ problem. Is this an accurate reflection of the problem or is it possible that methodological approaches have unintentionally perpetuated this stereotype?
Processing and properties of Al2O3Al composites

Abstract Metal-reinforced ceramic composites have been fabricated by infiltrating metal into ceramic pre-forms containing continuous open channels. The fracture resistance behavior of the composites has been characterized using both R curve measurements and work-of-rupture tests. The latter tests indicate that the steady state composite toughness is almost 10 MPa m 1 2 , a value which is about three times that of the ceramic matrix itself. The effect of matrix microstructure on interfacial debonding is also investigated.
Enabling Passive Components for High-Power Wideband Millimeter Wave Repeater Applications

A suit of enabling passive components covering entire V-and W-bands, i.e. 45–110 GHz, is built for the support of future RF repeater research and development efforts. Concerns such as loss, power handling, dispersion, and singlemode bandwidth are considered to design a custom double-ridge waveguide and components including antennas, bends, twists, dividers, hybrids, couplers, filters, and decoupling surfaces, just to name a few. Results show that the developed technology can pave the way for efficient, low-cost integrated wideband or multiband millimeter wave systems.
Hormonal and social correlates of courtship signal quality and behaviour in male green treefrogs

Circulating hormone levels often vary considerably among males competing for mates, but how this variation affects the signalling phenotype is poorly understood. In the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea, males competing for mates engage in vocal contests that increase circulating levels of the adrenal glucocorticoid corticosterone (CORT) and decrease androgens in contest losers, who characteristically adopt a noncalling ‘satellite’ mating tactic. We previously showed that CORT administration to calling males reduces vocal effort and increases the probability of satellite behaviour during simulated territorial intrusions, suggesting that elevated CORT compromises vocal quality and decreases the propensity to call in a context-dependent manner. However, the extent to which these effects reflect variation in vocal behaviour of males in natural choruses is unclear. Here, we examined how hormone levels, social context and other potential determinants of vocalization, including body size and condition, relate to vocal attributes and behaviour in calling males and in associated satellites after removal of calling ‘host’ males. Results revealed that satellites had higher CORT and lower androgens and were smaller and in poorer condition than host males. Host removal resulted in vocalization in 74% of satellites. These males invested less effort in vocalization than hosts, and CORT level best explained these differences. The remaining 26% of satellites did not vocalize after host removal and had lower androgens than satellites that vocalized. Results provide support for context-dependent effects (i.e. host presence/absence) of elevated CORT on the probability of vocalization and link high CORT to reduced vocal quality. In contrast, low androgens were associated with a low probability of vocalization regardless of social context, and androgen level was a poor predictor of vocal attributes. Our results link high CORT and low androgens to variation in signalling quality and behaviour that potentially reduces the probability of attracting females.
STATUS OF FOOD SANITATION KNOWLEDGE AMONG FOOD SERVICE WORKERS

This article reports upon an investigation carried on by the author and his staff among restaurant owners and food workers in Minnesota. The object of this investigation was to determine how much f...
What Doctoral Student Motivation Tells Us about the Future of LIS Education

This study aimed to identify factors motivating individuals to earn a doctoral degree in library and information science. Data about doctoral student motivation was collected from first-year studen...
Challenges and opportunities in cryo-EM single-particle analysis

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) enables structure determination of macromolecular objects and their assemblies. Although the techniques have been developing for nearly four decades, they have gained widespread attention in recent years due to technical advances on numerous fronts, enabling traditional microscopists to break into the world of molecular structural biology. Many samples can now be routinely analyzed at near-atomic resolution using standard imaging and image analysis techniques. However, numerous challenges to conventional workflows remain, and continued technical advances open entirely novel opportunities for discovery and exploration. Here, I will review some of the main methods surrounding cryo-EM with an emphasis specifically on single-particle analysis, and I will highlight challenges, open questions, and opportunities for methodology development.
Mimetic sHDL nanoparticles: A novel drug-delivery strategy to target triple-negative breast cancer.

Abstract Background Withanolides are naturally derived heat shock protein 90 inhibitors that are potent in preclinical models of triple negative breast cancers. Conjugation to synthetic high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles improves solubility and targets delivery to the scavenger receptor B1. Triple negative breast cancers highly overexpress the scavenger receptor B1, and we hypothesize that encapsulation of the novel withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate by synthetic high-density lipoprotein will have enhanced efficacy against triple negative breast cancers in vivo. Methods Validated human triple negative breast cancer cell lines were evaluated for the scavenger receptor B1 expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate inhibitory concentration50 values were obtained using CellTiter-Glo assays (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The scavenger receptor B1–mediated drug uptake was evaluated in vitro under fluorescence microscopy and in vivo with IVIS imaging of mouse xenografts (MD-MBA-468LN). To evaluate drug efficacy, mice were treated with synthetic high-density lipoprotein alone, withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate alone, withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate synthetic high-density lipoprotein, and chemotherapy or Prussian blue stain (control). Results Triple negative breast cancer cell lines had greater scavenger receptor B1 expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot versus controls. Fluorescent-labeled synthetic high-density lipoprotein uptake was scavenger receptor B1–mediated in vitro, and in vivo tumor uptake using IVIS imaging demonstrated significantly increased tumor radiant efficiency versus control. Inhibitory concentration50 for withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate–treated cells with or without synthetic high-density lipoprotein encapsulation were 70-fold to 200-fold more potent than synthetic high-density lipoprotein alone. In triple negative breast cancer mouse xenografts, treatment with synthetic high-density lipoprotein withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate resulted in a 54% decrease in tumor volume compared with the control or with synthetic high-density lipoprotein alone. Conclusion The synthetic high-density lipoprotein withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate nanoconjugates are potent against triple negative breast cancers and show improved scavenger receptor B1–mediated targeting. Treatment with synthetic high-density lipoprotein–encapsulated withalongolide A 4,19,27-triacetate is able to significantly decrease the growth of tumor in mice compared with the control and has better efficacy than the current standard of care, warranting further evaluation as a novel therapeutic agent.
Point break: a study of bandwidth denial-of-service attacks against Tor

As the Tor network has grown in popularity and importance as a tool for privacy-preserving online communication, it has increasingly become a target for disruption, censorship, and attack. A large body of existing work examines Tor's susceptibility to attacks that attempt to block Tor users' access to information (e.g., via traffic filtering), identify Tor users' communication content (e.g., via traffic fingerprinting), and de-anonymize Tor users (e.g., via traffic correlation). This paper focuses on the relatively understudied threat of denialof-service (DoS) attacks against Tor, and specifically, DoS attacks that intelligently utilize bandwidth as a means to significantly degrade Tor network performance and reliability. We demonstrate the feasibility of several bandwidth DoS attacks through live-network experimentation and highfidelity simulation while quantifying the cost of each attack and its effect on Tor performance. First, we explore an attack against Tor's most commonly used default bridges (for censorship circumvention) and estimate that flooding those that are operational would cost $17K/mo. and could reduce client throughput by 44% while more than doubling bridge maintenance costs. Second, we explore attacks against the TorFlow bandwidth measurement system and estimate that a constant attack against all TorFlow scanners would cost $2.8K/mo. and reduce the median client download rate by 80%. Third, we explore how an adversary could use Tor to congest itself and estimate that such a congestion attack against all Tor relays would cost $1.6K/mo. and increase the median client download time by 47%. Finally, we analyze the effects of Sybil DoS and deanonymization attacks that have costs comparable to those of our attacks.