cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invertebrate Invasions on Pacific Islands and the Replacement of Unique Native Faunas: A Synthesis of the Land and Freshwater Snails*Contribution no. 2001-001 of Bishop Museum's Pacific Biological Survey.

The once immense diversity of native Pacific island land snail species, with high single island or archipelago endemism, is declining dramatically. The native/endemic species are being replaced by a much smaller number of widespread tropical ‘tramps’, that is, those species that are most readily transported by humans. The 82 introduced (including 14 ‘cryptogenic’) land snail species recorded include some that were distributed accidentally by Pacific islanders before European exploration of the Pacific and that are now widespread. However, the majority are modern introductions, with many recent accidental introductions often associated with the horticultural trade. Native freshwater faunas were less diverse than the terrestrial faunas and exhibited much lower endemism. Among the 59 alien freshwater species recorded (including 38 ‘cryptogenic’ species), the most diverse and widespread are the thiarids. Predation by and competition with these aliens (as well as habitat loss) are probably important mechanisms underlying the loss of native taxa, but almost no quantitative or experimental work has been done to demonstrate such ecological interactions. Prevention of further spread and of new introductions should be the main approach. Increased public education and development of public trust is essential to the success of these efforts.
A Complex Mission: Integration of Catholic Social Tradition with Business Education.

With business education becoming more prominent in Catholic universities, this paper presents the proposition that the key to a mission-driven business education at Catholic universities rests in a correct understanding of the Catholic social tradition as an exercise in practical wisdom. This paper argues this position in three stages by examining the current faculty situation in relationship to the Catholic social tradition and Catholic business education; exploring the challenges concerning the engagement between this tradition and business theory and practice in relationship to practical wisdom; and offering a curricular guide for a more mission-driven Catholic business education informed by the Catholic social tradition. The hope of this paper is to foster a vibrant and intellectually serious conversation on this most important and complex task of business education at a Catholic university.
New mechanistic insights into possible radiobiologic and pathophysiologic explanations for unexpectedly impressive outcomes data observed for hormone-refractary metastatic prostate cancer patients treated with radium 223.

10623 Background: The ALSYMPCA Trial of 223Ra (“Alpharadin”) for men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer was a Phase III randomized trial comparing 223Ra plus SOC vs best SOC. This t...
Licensed Family Child Care Providers’ Participation in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP): Greater Benefits and Fewer Burdens in Highly Urban Areas?

Research Findings: Family child care providers widely participate in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), yet their participation experiences have not been studied. To fill this gap, we u...
Relearning to think: Toward a biological conception of rationality

In this article, I first problematize the concept of rationality as educational ideal through the use of feminist philosophy. I then offer an alternative concept of rationality as educational ideal...
Naïve, Regulatory, Activated, and Memory Immune Cells Co-exist in PVATs That Are Comparable in Density to Non-PVAT Fats in Health.

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the fat surrounding peripheral blood vessels, is protective and reduces the contraction of blood vessels in health. PVAT is composed of adipocytes, stromal cells, and immune cells. Recent work supports eosinophils as one of the cell types key to the anti-contractile nature of PVAT in health. Hence, we hypothesized that there exists a basally activated immune cell community in healthy PVAT that is distinctly different from non-PVAT fats. PVATs were from around mesenteric resistance vessels (MRPVAT - white fat) and thoracic aorta (APVAT - brown fat). Non-PVATs included retroperitoneal (RP fat - white fat) and subscapular (SS fat - brown fat) while the spleen was a positive control. Tissues were harvested from adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Six primary immune cell types were identified in PVATs. T cells (CD4 and CD8), B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils in the stromal vascular fraction of each fat were identified using nine-color flow cytometry. PVATs contained a higher number of total immune cells vs. their respective non-PVAT fats in females. Females had a higher number of T cells in MRPVAT vs. males. Females also had a greater number of T cells and total immune cells in APVAT vs. males. Further, activation, differentiation, and/or polarization of various immune cell types were similarly determined by flow cytometry. PVATs were similar to their respective non-PVAT fats in density of recently activated B cells (B220+ CD25+). However, MRPVAT in females had a higher number of naive CD4 T cells vs. MRPVAT in males and APVAT in females. MRPVAT also had denser naive CD8 T cells vs. APVAT in females. Overall, this research for the first time has identified a community of discrete populations of immune cells (naive/recently activated/regulatory/memory) in healthy PVATs. Contrary to our hypothesis, PVATs are more similar than different in density to their respective non-PVAT fats.
Coding Nation: Gaming Rewards for Coding Practice

With recent research discussing the benefits of student's practicing programming skills in many small focused assignments and longstanding support for providing automated tests to students (including tools such as Web-Cat that have been around for a decade), the logical next step is to provide a suite of small practice problems with automated tests. However, this approach does not address the problem of motivation or the quality of the experience for students. From experience, the typical prod (mandatory graded items) has limited success, and adds the burden of including these items within the assessment framework for a course that may dilute the assessment power of the final course grade. We propose to gamify the practice process. Similar to modern games we will provide a clear progression path with continuous rewards for completing tasks. Additionally, the tasks will be small in scope with support for providing custom automated tests to support automated verification of student work and automated feedback. The goal is to develop a customizable programming practice problem system for use in an introductory course for supplementary practice.
Abstract P4-12-33: Frequency of radiation-induced malignancies post-adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Background. Women with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), a cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline mutations in TP53, have an over 50% risk of developing breast cancer (BC) by age 70. Providers often avoid adjuvant radiotherapy to treat BC in LFS patients due to a reported high risk of radiation-induced malignancies of over 30%. We aimed to investigate the characteristics of LFS-associated BC and the risk of subsequent malignancy in BC patients with LFS following adjuvant radiotherapy. Methods. A single institution retrospective chart review was conducted for female BC patients with a confirmed germline TP53 mutation. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the frequency of radiation-induced malignancies in LFS patients to non-LFS BC cases reported in the Penn Medicine Cancer Registry (PMCR) (n=6607 patients total, 3863 who received radiation). Results. Among 95 patients with LFS, we identified 51 female BC patients with 74 primary BC diagnoses. Of 51 patients, 57% had a history of BC only, and 25% had BC as their presenting diagnosis of LFS. LFS-associated BCs were predominantly invasive ductal carcinoma (48%) and HER2+ (58%). We analyzed 20 LFS BC patients who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy with an average follow up of 11.1 (2-20) years. Of 18 patients who received radiation in a curative setting, one (6%) patient developed thyroid cancer and one (6%) patient developed sarcoma in the radiation field. The incidence of thyroid cancer did not significantly differ between LFS-associated and non-LFS BCs. The incidence of radiation-induced sarcoma in patients with LFS is significantly higher than in non-LFS BC patients (0.03%, p=0.01). Conclusion. We found a 6% (one in 18 patients) risk of radiation-induced sarcoma in LFS BC patients, lower than the previously reported rate of 33%. Adjuvant radiotherapy should be considered in LFS BC patients when the potential risk for locoregional recurrence (LRR) or the mortality benefit to radiation is greater than 6%. Citation Format: Anh N Le, Jacquelyn Powers, Kristin Zelley, Angela Bradbury, Payal Shah, Gary Freedman, Katherine Nathanson, Susan M Domchek, Suzanne P MacFarland, Kara N Maxwell. Frequency of radiation-induced malignancies post-adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-12-33.
Working through the experiences of first-generation students of color, university mission, intersectionality, and post-subjectivity

This qualitative study investigates how first-generation undergraduate students of Color at a historically white institution in the U.S. make sense and process the university’s mission, especially ...
Going Remote: How Teaching During a Crisis is Unique to Other Distance Learning Experiences

Concerns over the spread of COVID-19 closed many university campuses during the spring of 2020 and resulted in a shift to remote instruction. This communication argues that the rapid nature of the transition and the circumstances surrounding the pandemic made the experience distinct from traditional online learning. The corresponding community shutdowns impacted students and may have had mental health consequences. This is a concern because depression, stress, and anxiety affect the ability of students to learn. The challenges faced by general chemistry students at a small, private university during this period are described. The implementation of trauma-informed teaching principles to create a supportive learning community and promote resilience are outlined.
White America, threat to the status quo, and affiliation with the alt-right: a qualitative approach

While racial and political tensions have ebbed and flowed throughout American history, one thing makes the current moment distinct—the invasive presence of information through technology. Therefore...
Citizen Participation in Japanese Criminal Trials: Reimagining the Right to Trial by Jury in the United States

If the United States were to reform contemporary jury trials to match the Founders’ conception of the right to trial by jury, how might they look? In recent years, we have gained insight into how to answer that question from an unlikely source: Japan. This Article examines the introduction of citizen participation into the Japanese judicial system (the saiban-in seido) from a different perspective. Rather than focusing on the contemporary American jury system, this Article evaluates the Japanese reforms in light of the Founders’ conception of the right to trial by jury. It is this conception of the right to trial by jury, rather than its modern formulation, that positively influenced the creation and adoption of the saiban-in seido. Moreover, American legal scholars and professionals should closely evaluate the reforms in Japan to determine how aspects of the new Japanese system might be introduced in the United States to more fully effectuate the Founders’ conception of the right to trial by jury.
Human Capital Migration Networks and Stock Returns

We find that inter-firm human capital migration network centrality (HCMNC) is a strong positive predictor of future stock returns after controlling for firm characteristics and risk. We construct the human capital migration network using publicly available data from LinkedIn. A long-short value-weighted portfolio of firms ranked on HCMNC earned an annualized four-factor alpha of 5.5%. We find stronger return predictive power of HCMNC for firms with lower investor attention and higher valuation uncertainty. HCMNC is also associated with higher future operating performance, higher future profitability, and positive future earnings announcement surprises. The evidence is consistent with the market underreacting to HCMNC.
Life Stressors and Sleep Problems as Predictors of the Likelihood of Lifetime Cannabis Use among Black Adults with Criminal Justice Contact

Background: The criminal justice system is the second largest referral source to publicly funded marijuana use disorder treatment. Individuals with criminal justice contact (be­ing unfairly treated or abused by the police, lifetime arrest, incarceration, or parole) have reported notably high levels of stress, sleep problems, and marijuana use. There are well-known race and sex disparities in marijuana use and criminal justice contact. However, understanding is limited on the role that stressors and sleep problems con­tribute to marijuana use among Black adults who experience criminal justice contact. Objectives: To determine whether life stressors and sleep problems contribute to lifetime marijuana use among Black adults with criminal justice contact and if there are sex differences. Methods: We performed multivariate logis­tic analysis, using nationally representative data of a non-institutionalized population sample (n=1508) of the National Survey of American Life from 2001 to 2003. We compared life stressors and sleep problems between Black adults with criminal justice contact who had lifetime marijuana use and those who did not have lifetime marijuana use. All analyses were stratified by sex. Results: In the sample of Black males with criminal justice contacts, individuals who reported financial stress (PR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12-1.60) had a higher prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black males who reported no financial stress. Black males who reported that they were spiritual (PR: .76, 95% CI: .61-.93) had a lower prevalence of experiencing lifetime marijuana use than Black males who indicated that they were not spiritual. Black females who reported family stress (PR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04-1.82) had a higher prevalence of experiencing lifetime mari­juana use than Black females who reported no family stress. Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of considering sex differences in life stressors when developing etiologic models of marijuana use disorder for Black adults who have experienced criminal jus­tice contact. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(2):187-196; doi:10.18865/ed.32.1.187
Computational modeling of poled and unpoled barium titanate to determine the influence of relative permittivity and piezoelectric constant

Barium titanate prepared by two step sintering method is preferred for its small grain size approximately 1 µm and high piezoelectric constant 470. In this paper, finite element analysis (FEA) is p...
3‐(o‐Chloroanilino)Propionitrile

3-(o-Chloroanilino)propionitrile reactant: 255 g. (2.0 moles) of o-chloroaniline product: 3-(o-chloroanilino) propionitrile Keywords: addition, to CC–CO and CC–CN
LASER PYROLYSIS OF AN ENTRAINED STREAM OF COAL PARTICLES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the laser pyrolysis of entrained stream of coal particles. The simplicity of pyrolysis as a basis for deriving liquid and gaseous fuels from coal is offset by the problem of poor yields and product quality. Efforts to improve yields have been limited by a traditional mechanistic picture of pyrolysis that is, at best, incomplete. To contribute to an improved understanding of the chemical and physical processes that control the formation of volatiles during pyrolysis, an apparatus has been developed for pyrolyzing an entrained flow of coal particles with a CW infrared laser. The advantages of this pyrolysis mode are that it provides a very rapid, in-depth heating to a steady-state temperature determined by the balance between radiative input to the particle and the sum of convective and radiative heat losses and secondary reactions are minimized by the cold-gas atmosphere, which rapidly quenches the initially evolved volatiles. The observation indicating substantial nonvapor tar transport comes from the appearance of the tar collected during pyrolysis of coals into which small amounts of hydrogenated coal tar have been loaded.
Correlated electrical and optical diagnostics of water switches operating at 4 MV

Summary form only given. Water has been used as an energy storage media in high power pulse power machines for decades. The use of water filled spark gaps to transfer energy from one energy storage stage to another has led to a high degree of integration not possible with gas switches. This, coupled with the relatively high breakdown strength of water manifests as short gap lengths and correspondingly low switch inductance. Though water switches have been used extensively in pulsed power drivers for many years, a predictive capability of their performance, and its scaling with voltage, is lacking. To improve our understanding of both the basic physics and the operational capability of water switches, an extensively diagnosed experiment on water switches, nominally operated at 4 MV and 350 kA, was conducted. This experiment has led to a deep understanding of the operation of water switches. Correlations between the optical and electrical data will be presented.
Disease lesion mimics in maize: I. Effect of genetic background, temperature, developmental age, and wounding on necrotic spot formation with Les1☆

Les1, a dominant gene of maize (Zea mays L.), results in the production of necrotic leaf spots. Expression of this trait is temperature sensitive, and the nonpermissive temperature for expression is determined by the genetic background in which the gene is placed. Exposure to nonpermissive conditions for 24–48 hr will induce lesion production in the most sensitive genotype. Lesions form first at the leaf tip, the oldest part of the leaf, and progress basipetally through fully expanded tissue. Leaves excised from plants grown at either permissive or nonpermissive temperatures and placed in water, gibberellic acid, or abscisic acid solutions form no new lesions at either 20 or 30°C, and the leaves senesce rapidly. However, when leaves excised from normal and Les1 plants are placed in kinetin, senescence is delayed and numerous lesions develop at 20°C on Les1 plants. Our results suggest that there is a developmental time window during which maize leaf cells can be induced to form lesions: cells must be fully elongated but not yet senescent. This hypothesis is strengthened by the observation that pinprick wounding of leaves induces lesions only in a band of tissue approximately 2 days younger than the area of the leaf currently producing lesions. Various models for the action of Les1 in causing discrete lesion formation are discussed.
Ten actions when Grid scheduling: the user as a Grid scheduler

In this chapter we present a general architecture or plan for scheduling on a Grid. A Grid scheduler (or broker) must make resource selection decisions in an environment where it has no control over the local resources, the resources are distributed, and information about the systems is often limited or dated. These interactions are also closely tied to the functionality of the Grid Information Services. This Grid scheduling approach has three phases: resource discovery, system selection, and job execution. We detail the steps involved in each phase.
Export of Prepro-α-factor from Escherichia coli

Yeast prepro-α-factor translocates posttranslationally into yeast microsomes in vitro. This process is strongly influenced by the extreme carboxyl-terminal region of the protein. These features contrast with the properties of most eucaryotic proteins which are translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum. We have extended these studies by introducing the gene for the wild-type and several mutant forms of prepro-α-factor into Escherichia coli. Prepro-α-factor is secreted into the periplasm and processed to pro-α-factor. Its translocation across the plasma membrane requires the membrane potential and the secY gene product. Deletion mutant analysis showed that features of the pro-segment were essential for secretion of prepro-α-factor in E. coli, while the carboxyl-terminal region, which is required in yeast, is dispensible in E. coli. Neither size nor the presence of a unique topogenic sequence was sufficient to explain the requirement for the pro-segment.
A New Approach for Assessing the Required Tritium Breeding Ratio and Startup Inventory in Future Fusion Reactors

AbstractAccurately estimating the required tritium breeding ratio (TBR) λr in fusion reactor systems is necessary to guide fusion research and development and to assess the feasibility of fusion reactors as a self-sufficient energy source. This is especially true when one considers the limits imposed by the present-day breeding performance of breeder blanket candidates. Studies of this subject have been performed in the past, with particular emphasis on developing appropriate dynamic simulations of the fuel cycle. In the last few years, development of new dynamic and integrated fusion fuel cycle tritium computer codes has moved away from general residence-time models and instead incorporated more comprehensive and realistic models. Furthermore, detailed and rigorous computer codes that model the dynamic retention behavior of individual components inside the fuel cycle, in particular the torus plasma-facing components in a tokamak, have been vastly improved with uncertainties identified. A more efficient a...
Symptomatic bipartite medial cuneiform in an adult athlete: a case report.

We present the case of a 32-year-old female marathon runner with a symptomatic bipartite medial cuneiform. The bipartite articulation was best visualized on a 30° external oblique radiograph of the foot. Surgical exploration revealed a noncartilaginous articulation between the two osseous segments. The smaller medial segment was excised. Postoperatively the patient's symptoms resolved, and at one-year follow-up she remains asymptomatic and has returned to competitive running. This case demonstrates that surgical excision is indicated for a symptomatic bipartite medial cuneiform that fails to respond to nonoperative measures.
Silencing of Mouse Hepatic Lanosterol 14-α Demethylase Down-Regulated Plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels by Short-Term Treatment of siRNA

Cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51), participated in keeping serum cholesterol homeostasis, is a key enzyme to synthesize cholesterol from lanosterol. Here we focused on investigating the mechanism of CYP51 in modulating serum cholesterol levels in mouse through RNA interference (RNAi). Mice fed on normal or high fat high cholesterol (HFHC) diets were individually treated with small interference RNA (siRNA) of CYP51 gene by tail vein injection. The results showed that administrated single dose of 10 microg CYP51-siRNAs for 48 h resulted in significantly depletion of CYP51 mRNA in liver of mice fed on normal diet (from 40 to 60%, p<0.05). CYP51-siRNAs exerted the inhibition in a dose dependent manner (from 26% in 5 microg to 40% in 20 microg, p<0.05) and most inhibitive effect from day 3 to day 6 (over 50%, p<0.05) after the treatment. Six days after administration of 30 microg CYP51-siRNAs (20 microg on day 0 and 10 microg on day 3), CYP51 mRNA (normal: 50%; HFHC: 70%, p<0.05) and protein levels (normal and HFHC: over 40%, p<0.05) were significantly knocked down in mice liver. Interestingly, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression was significantly elevated compared with controls in hepatic cells after CYP51-siRNAs (mRNA: about 2 times; protein: about 1.6 times, p<0.05). As a consequence, about 50% of sera low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-ch) were significantly reduced (p<0.05). The effect on LDLR increase and LDL-ch reduction lasted 8 d after a single 20 microg CYP51-siRNAs injection. In addition, CYP51-siRNAs could not cause any fatty liver compared with Buffer-group and did not interfere with mice ovulation. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that CYP51-siRNAs silenced CYP51 in mouse liver and down-regulated plasma LDL-ch levels. The potential mechanism of LDL-ch reduction may be related to up-regulated LDLR expression of hepatic cells. It indicated that there was a cholesterol levels link-modulation system between cholesterol synthetic pathway through CYP51 and cholesterol transport pathway through LDLR in vivo.
Management of Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of Transplantation, Resection, and Ablation

Purpose and Design The management of patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma has become increasingly complex. The most appropriate therapy largely depends on the functional status of the underlying liver. Here we review the modalities of transplantation, resection, and ablation in this patient population.
Estimating Geographic Variation in Allometric Growth and Body Condition of Blue Suckers with Quantile Regression

Abstract Increasing our understanding of how environmental factors affect fish body condition and improving its utility as a metric of aquatic system health require reliable estimates of spatial variation in condition (weight at length). We used three statistical approaches that varied in how they accounted for heterogeneity in allometric growth to estimate differences in body condition of blue suckers Cycleptus elongatus across 19 large-river locations in the central USA. Quantile regression of an expanded allometric growth model provided the most comprehensive estimates, including variation in exponents within and among locations (range = 2.88–4.24). Blue suckers from more-southerly locations had the largest exponents. Mixed-effects mean regression of a similar expanded allometric growth model allowed exponents to vary among locations (range = 3.03–3.60). Mean relative weights compared across selected intervals of total length (TL = 510–594 and 594–692 mm) in a multiplicative model involved the implicit...
Salt Bridge Chemistry Applied to Gas-Phase Peptide Sequencing: Selective Fragmentation of Sodiated Gas-Phase Peptide Ions Adjacent to Aspartic Acid Residues

Salt bridge chemistry has recently been realized as a determining factor in the structures and reaction dynamics of biological molecules in the gas phase. In this paper, we further investigate salt bridge chemistry in studies of the low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) of sodiated peptides. MALDI and electrospray ionization are used to generate singly and multiply charged sodiated peptides which are analyzed by using an external ion source Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Of particular interest is the observation that sodiated peptides exhibit highly selective cleavage at aspartic acid residues. Sodiated peptides that lack acidic residues, however, undergo sequential cleavages from the C-terminus on low-energy CID. We propose a mechanism for cleavage at aspartic acid residues that involves a salt bridge intermediate in which the sodium ion stabilizes the ion pair formed by proton transfer from aspartic acid to the adjacent amide nitrogen. This proposal is supported b...
Simulation of reactions involving charged particles in hypersonic rarefied flows

to produce ionizing reactions. The weakly ionized plasma around the vehicle can interfere with vehicle communications, and in some cases can have an important eect on the rate of heat transfer to the capsule surface. In the present study, the modeling of reactions involving charged species is considered. Axisymmetric simulations of hypersonic ow about the forebody of the FIRE II reentry vehicle using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method are presented, with the ight conditions of the vehicle at 85 km altitude used as the test case. The baseline ow eld solution is computed using the commonly used Total Collision Energy (TCE) chemistry model to simulate reactions involving charged particles. The standard chemistry model is then replaced with both measured and computed cross section data for the simulation of electron impact ionization, associative ionization and dissociation of N2 by electron impact. The results obtained using the improved model are compared to those obtained with the baseline model, and the changes in the ow eld variables are systematically examined. The use of reaction cross section data for modeling electron impact dissociation has a large eect on the computed ow eld composition. The use of the reaction cross section data for associative ionization and electron impact ionization has a limited eect
Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship and Comparative Molecular Field Analysis of Dipeptide Hydroxamic Acid Helicobacter pylori Urease Inhibitors

A homology model of Helicobacter pylori urease was developed by using the crystal structure of urease from Klebsiella aerogenes (EC 3.5.1.5) as a template. The acetohydroxamic acid moiety was docked into the active pocket of the enzyme model, followed by relaxation of the complex by use of molecular dynamics. The resulting conformation was used as a template to construct 24 potential dipeptide hydroxamic acid inhibitors with which comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was performed. The resulting model provided a cross-validation correlation coefficient (q2L00) of 0.610, a conventional r2 value of 0.988, and an F (Fisher indication of statistical significance) value of 294.88. We were able to validate the CoMFA model by using the 50% inhibitory concentrations of six compounds that were not included in the construction of the model. A very good structural correlation was observed between the amino acids in the model urease's active pocket and the contour maps derived from the CoMFA model. This correlation, accompanied by the validation supplied by use of the CoMFA data, illustrates that the model can aid in the prediction and design of novel H. pylori urease inhibitors.
Initial research program for the National Transonic Facility

The construction and checkout of the National Transonic Facility (NTF) have been completed, and detailed calibration is now in progress. The initial NTF research program covers a wide range of study areas falling into three major elements: (1) the assessment of Reynolds number sensitivities for a broad range of configurations and flow phenomena; (2) validation of the ability of NTF to simulate full-scale aerodynamics; and (3) the development of test techniques for improved test simulations in existing wind tunnels. This paper, therefore, is a status report on these various elements of the initial NTF research program.
Trust, Tolerance and the Challenge of Difference

This essay explores the distinction between trust and confidence both analytically and in terms of the historical development of trust in modern societies. It compares a moral community of trust to communities of confidence and questions the ability of such communities to accept, abide by and live with difference. Finally, it presents the age-old idea of tolerance as a plausible if under-theoretized concept for how to live with ethnic and religious differences in our new multicultural societies. Arguments for tolerance are drawn from the work of John Dewey and the American pragmatist tradition.
The Politics of Education in Australia

In Australia there is a strong and widely‐accepted belief that education and politics are, or at least should be, separate. Yet education is a thoroughly political enterprise. For the most part, formal education is under direct government control, and it now constitutes an important area of government responsibility. Consequently, the education system can be thought of constituting a separate sub‐system within the political system. But to understand some or the other inter‐relationships between politics and education it is useful to conceptualize the political and educational systems as separate but interacting systems within the Australian social system. As a field of study and research, the politics of education has been neglected by both educators and political scientists, although very recently this situation has begun to change. A number of important areas for research are outlined and discussed.
“A Class for Students Like Me”: Reconsidering relationships among identity labels, residency status, and students’ preferences for mainstream or multilingual composition

Abstract This paper reports on a cross-disciplinary study by an L1 compositionist and an applied linguist investigating interrelationships among university basic writing students’ responses to linguistic identity labels, their residency statuses, and their preferences for mainstream or multilingual composition. Previous L2 writing research has suggested predictive links among these factors, but little research has examined such links in a diverse multilingual student population. Data for this study come from interviews with nine students of varying residency statuses (U.S.-born, U.S.-resident immigrant, and international) who had completed either a mainstream or a multilingual section of basic writing and a subsequent mainstream first-year composition (FYC) course. The authors found that the students across the three residency groups understood identity labels primarily in relation to strong or weak language ability, although they varied in their definitions of some of these labels. In addition, no consistent pattern emerged as to which residency group affiliated with which labels. Nor were students’ label affiliations clearly linked to their preferences for a mainstream or multilingual composition course. Students from both class sections, however, expressed that they preferred their section because it addressed their language abilities and had students who were “like” them. The authors consider implications of their findings for multilingual and mainstream writing program placement and curriculum practices.
In-situ fabrication of an out-of-plane microlens with pre-definable focal length

Out-of-plane microlenses are an important component for integrated optics. Unlike their in-plane counterparts, the fabrication of out-of-plane microlenses is more complicated, which limits their applications. In this paper, a new technique that is capable of fabricating out-of-plane microlenses is described. The resulting lenses have pre-definable focal length and can focus light beams not only in the horizontal plane, but also in the vertical plane. The fabrication process is completely compatible with the soft lithography technique. The lens chamber with two thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes was designed and fabricated together with microfluidic or other components using the same UV lithography mask. The lens was then formed in an in-situ fashion. Curable polymers were injected into the lens chamber and cured while pneumatic pressure was applied to keep the PDMS membranes deformed in a quasi-spherical profile. Pneumatic pressure and membrane thickness can be adjusted to control the resulting lens focal length. With a group of lens chambers with different membrane thickness, a single pressure line can be used to fabricate microlenses with different focal lengths. Since cured polymer was used as the lens filling material, the resulting lens can be used without a pressure source. Different polymers can be selected for desirable optical properties. The simulation and experimental results have proved the feasibility of this technique and resulting lens showed good focusing ability for a divergent light beam from an on-chip multi-mode optical fiber. The small design footprint, total compatibility with soft lithography and technical versatility of this technique make it particularly useful for intergrating out-of-plane microlens into microfluidic chips, which may open new possibilities for the development of on-chip optical detection system.
PYRAMIDAL TRAINING FOR FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH PROBLEM BEHAVIOR

The pyramidal training model was extended to multiple family members of children with behavior disorders. Three primary caregivers were taught to implement individualized treatments for problem behavior. They were then taught how to use various instructional strategies (e.g., prompting, feedback) to teach 2 other family members to implement the treatment. Results showed that pyramidal training was effective in increasing caregiver implementation of treatments across three families.
Motion effect on the dynamic contact angles in a capillary tube

A mathematical model is developed to predict the effect of motion of a liquid plug in a capillary tube on the dynamic contact angles including the effects of driving pressure, liquid plug length, tube diameter, and operating temperature. Results show that the advancing contact angle significantly affects the flow resistance of the liquid plug occurring in a capillary tube. For a given driving pressure difference, the pressure difference due to the increase of the advancing contact angle is the primary contribution to the flow resistance of capillary flow in a capillary tube. For example, when the liquid plug length is equal to 5 mm at a driving pressure difference of 10 Pa and a tube radius of 500 μm, the flow resistance caused by the dynamic contact angle can be 92% of the total flow resistance at an operating temperature of 60°C. It can be concluded that the effect of the dynamic contact angle on the fluid flow of a liquid plug in a capillary tube must be considered.
Design and mounting of the gratings for the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE)

The far UV spectroscopic explorer grating mechanical design and analysis are discussed. These gratings are large (266 mm X 275 mm), and unique design constraints were imposed to maintain optical performance. FEM results of deflection and stress are presented. Requirements driving the unconventional grating design and its mount are addressed, including the plan to accommodate remote vacuum alignment in multiple degrees of freedom.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Foreign trade and exchange-rate risk in the G-7 countries: Cointegration and error-correction models

Abstract This paper examines the impact of real exchange-rate volatility on the trade flows of G-7 countries in the context of a multivariate error- correction model. The advantages of this statistical approach vis-a-vis earlier approaches are that it provides more efficient short-run and long- run coefficient estimates and avoids the problems of spurious regressions. The major results show that increases in the volatility of the real effective exchange rate, approximating exchange-rate uncertainty, exert a significant negative effect upon export demand in both the short-run and the long-run in each of the G-7 countries. These effects may result in significant allocation of resources by market participants.
Was Darwin or Spencer the father of laissez-faire social Darwinism?

Abstract This article explores the way that Darwin and Spencer integrated laissez-faire ideas into their evolutionary biology, and how they then extrapolated from their evolutionary theories to social and economic thought. It argues that Darwin and Spencer developed laissez-faire social Darwinism independently, making both important progenitors of it.
On the E- and MV-optimality of block designs having k≥v

In this paper we consider the problem of determining and constructing E- and MV-optimal block designs to use in experimental settings where ν treatments are applied to experimental units occurring in b blocks of size k, k≥ν. It is shown that some of the well-known methods for constructing E- and MV-optimal unequally replicated designs having ν≥k fail to yield optimal designs in the case where ν<k. Some sufficient conditions are derived for the E- and MV-optimality of block designs having ν<k and methods for constructing designs satisfying these sufficient conditions are given.
Residual water suppression by indirect covariance NMR

Residual water solvent signals in 2D NMR experiments adversely affect appearance and subsequent analysis of spectra. A method for water suppression that is based on indirect covariance processing is described. It produces a symmetric spectrum with a water signal that is substantially decreased or completely absent. The method, which can be combined with other water suppression schemes, is demonstrated for 2D TOCSY, NOESY, and ROESY spectra of the protein, ubiquitin in aqueous solution.
Reactions of Chlorinated Benzenes in H2 and in H2/O2 Mixtures: Thermodynamic Implications on Pathways to Dioxin

Abstract Thermal Reactions Chloro and Dichlorobenzene in H2 and Chlorobenzene in H2/O2 mixtures were studied using tubular flow reactors between 835 to 1275 K, 1 atm pressure. Complete conversion of chlorobenzenes in hydrogen required temperatures above 1100K. while in mixtures containing small quantities of O2, equivalent conversion occurred at 893 K. Major products in both systems were benzene, carbon solids and HC1, with CH2 and C2H6 also present in low concentrations. Results from detailed kinetic mechanisms showed that displacement of the chlorine by atomic hydrogen (H addition to the ring with subsequent beta scission of the chlorine from the activated chlorocyclohexadie-nyl radical) was responsible for conversion of the chlorobenzene. O2, can initiate the chain mechanism by H2 + O2 → HO2 + H, which explains the lower required temperature for conversion when Oxygen is present. The molecule and radical thermodynamic properties required for the kinetic models led to development of thermodynamic parame...
General Chemistry, Second Edition (Umland, Jean B.; Bellama, Jon M.)

This general chemistry textbook is a revision of the first, 1993, edition. It is intended for a one-year, comprehensive, first course in general chemistry.
Clinical Staging for Sleep-Disordered Breathing:

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify prognostic indicators that would lead to stratification of patients likely to have successful surgery for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) versus those destined to fail.STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed 134 patients to correlate palate position and tonsil size to the success of the UPPP as based on postoperative polysomnography results. Similar to our previously published data on the Friedman Score as a predictor of the presence and severity of SDB, the palate position was determined on physical examination of the oral cavity and was graded for each patient. This grade combined with tonsil size was used to stage the patients. Stage I was defined as having palate position 1 or 2 combined with tonsil size 3 or 4. Stage II was defined as having palate position 3 or 4 and tonsil size 3 or 4. Stage III patients had palate position 3 or 4 and tonsil size 0, 1, or 2. Any patient with body mass index of greater than 40 was placed in the stage III group....
AN EXAMINATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT ON STUDENT PERSISTENCE AT 4-YEAR COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES: A Multilevel Approach*

Using constructs from Bean's (1990) [In: D. Hossler and J. P. Bean (Eds.), The strategic management of college enrollments. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass] student attrition model and the Berger and Milem (2000) [In: J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. XV, pp. 268–338). New York: Agathon Press] college impact model, national survey data, and multilevel modeling techniques, this study examines the extent to which persistence is influenced by the institutional context. The analytic sample is limited to first-time, full-time, degree-seeking undergraduates attending 4-year colleges and universities nationwide. This study finds that selectivity, as measured by the average student academic ability at an institution, has a contextual effect on college student persistence that reflects a positive increment to the chance of persistence that accrues to a student beyond student-level predictors of persistence. Although the implications of the findings are mainly for theory and methods, policy implications are discussed.
Activity of acid: Co A ligase (AMP) in the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Summary In studies concerned with the activation of fatty acids, a metabolic step initiating the biosynthesis of fatty acids rendering them suitable for elongation, desaturation, esterification or degradation, we have demonstrated that the activity of acid: Co A ligase (AMP) — E.C 6.2.1.3. is declined throughout the whole investigated period of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). This observation clearly indicates that in this experimental disease it is not only the increased catabolism of lipid constituents furnishing the various membraneous structures, including myelin sheats, but also an overall impaired capacity of synthesing new lipids by the diseased cells of the nervous system which must be taken into consideration.
Evidence for a combined approach to the management of hypertension and dyslipidemia

The recognition that hypertension and dyslipidemia coexist more often than would be expected by chance and that their combination increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has important implications for patient management. Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and healthy individuals with multiple CVD risk factors--including concomitant dyslipidemia and hypertension-are the primary focus of updated treatment guidelines for CVD prevention. There is a need for a treatment paradigm shift from the diagnosis and treatment of individual CVD risk factors to the assessment and management of total CVD risk. Goals for each CVD risk factor need to be intensified when multiple sources of risk are present. Patients who have no overt disease but who have multiple CVD risk factors are now understood to be at high risk and should be the target of aggressive primary preventive strategies to avert unnecessary morbidity and mortality. It is also becoming clear that CVD risk factors interact at the level of the endothelium to promote atherosclerosis. Furthermore, recent clinical trials, including those assessing atherosclerotic progression and CVD endpoints, have demonstrated the effectiveness of interventions targeted at multiple risk factors for CVD.