cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating longitudinal dispersion in rivers using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers

Abstract The longitudinal dispersion coefficient ( D ) is an important parameter needed to describe the transport of solutes in rivers and streams. The dispersion coefficient is generally estimated from tracer studies but the method can be expensive and time consuming, especially for large rivers. A number of empirical relations are available to estimate the dispersion coefficient; however, these relations are known to produce estimates within an order of magnitude of the tracer value. The focus of this paper is on using the shear-flow dispersion theory to directly estimate the dispersion coefficient from velocity measurements obtained using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Using tracer and hydrodynamic data collected within the same river reaches, we examined conditions under which the ADCP and tracer methods produced similar results. Since dead zones / transient storage (TS) are known to influence the dispersion coefficient, we assessed the relative importance of dead zones in different stream reaches using two tracer-based approaches: (1) TS modeling which explicitly accounts for dead zones and (2) the advection–dispersion equation (ADE) which does not have separate terms for dead zones. Dispersion coefficients based on the ADE tend to be relatively high as they describe some of the effects of dead zones as well. Results based on the ADCP method were found to be in good agreement with the ADE estimates indicating that storage zones play an important role in the estimated dispersion coefficients, especially at high flows. For the river sites examined in this paper, the tracer estimates of dispersion were close to the median values of the ADCP estimates obtained from multiple datasets within a reach. The ADCP method appears to be an excellent alternative to the traditional tracer-based method if care is taken to avoid spurious data and multiple datasets are used to compute a distance-weighted average or other appropriate measure that represents reach-averaged conditions.
Bridging the attachment transmission gap: The role of maternal mind-mindedness

The intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns is one of the most reliable yet least understood findings of attachment research. The aim of this report was to examine the capacity of mat...
Pet-1 ETS Gene Plays a Critical Role in 5-HT Neuron Development and Is Required for Normal Anxiety-like and Aggressive Behavior

Summary nisms governing the generation of 5-HT neurons are poorly understood and it is not known how these mecha- The central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter system nisms are linked to eventual serotonergic control of be- is an important modulator of diverse physiological pro- havior in adults. cesses and behaviors; however, the transcriptional 5-HT immunoreactive cells first appear in the mantle mechanisms controlling its development are largely layer of the embryonic hindbrain adjacent to the floor unknown. The Pet-1 ETS factor is a precise marker of plate at about E13 in rat (Lidov and Molliver, 1982; Wal- developing and adult 5-HT neurons and is expressed lace and Lauder, 1983). These neurons form the rostral shortly before 5-HT appears in the hindbrain. Here we domain of the developing 5-HT system, which is posi- show that in mice lacking Pet-1, the majority of 5-HT tioned just caudal to the isthmus. The rostral domain neurons fail to differentiate. Remaining ones show gives rise to the B4-B9 nuclei, which provide innervation deficient expression of genes required for 5-HT syn- mainly to forebrain targets (Tork, 1990). One to two days thesis, uptake, and storage. Significantly, defective later, a second domain of 5-HT immunoreactive cell development of the 5-HT system is followed by height- bodies appears just caudal to the pontine flexure to form ened anxiety-like and aggressive behavior in adults. a caudal 5-HT neuron domain. This domain eventually These findings indicate that Pet-1 is a critical determi- gives rise to B1-B3 nuclei, which provide innveration nant of 5-HT neuron identity and implicate a Pet-1- mainly to the spinal cord (Tork, 1990). Coincident with dependent program in serotonergic modulation of be- the appearance of the transmitter, 5-HT neuron cell bod- havior.
Aβ Accelerates the Spatiotemporal Progression of Tau Pathology and Augments Tau Amyloidosis in an Alzheimer Mouse Model

Senile plaques formed by β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau, a microtubule-associated protein, are the hallmark lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in addition to loss of neurons. While several transgenic (Tg) mouse models have recapitulated aspects of AD-like Aβ and tau pathologies, a spatiotemporal mapping paradigm for progressive NFT accumulation is urgently needed to stage disease progression in AD mouse models. Braak and co-workers developed an effective and widely used NFT staging paradigm for human AD brains. The creation of a Braak-like spatiotemporal staging scheme for tau pathology in mouse models would facilitate mechanistic studies of AD-like tau pathology. Such a scheme would also enhance the reproducibility of preclinical AD therapeutic studies. Thus, we developed a novel murine model of Aβ and tau pathologies and devised a spatiotemporal scheme to stage the emergence and accumulation of NFTs with advancing age. Notably, the development of NFTs followed a spatiotemporal Braak-like pattern similar to that observed in authentic AD. More significantly, the presence of Aβ accelerated NFT formation and enhanced tau amyloidosis; however, tau pathology did not have the same effect on Aβ pathology. This novel NFT staging scheme provides new insights into the mechanisms of tau pathobiology, and we speculate that this scheme will prove useful for other basic and translational studies of AD mouse models.
Generation cycle analysis of Chinese hamster cells by a new method and its comparison with other methods.

Abstract A method of generation cycle analysis is presented which uses pulse labeling with 3H-thymidine combined with colcemide blocking. The results from this method are compared with combined results from other methods in which continuous labeling with 3H-thymidine and a per cent labeled mitoses curve are used. The 3H-thymidine combined with colcemide blocking method gave the following results: TG2 = 2.48 hr, TS = 5.94 hr, TM = 0.60 hr, and TG1 = 2.95 hr. The combined results from the other methods yielded these results: TG2 = 1.91 hr, Ts = 5.65 hr, TM = 0.60 hr, and TG1 = 3.84 hr. The 3H-thymidine combined with colcemide blocking method also allows an independent estimate of the fraction of the initial population distributed in each of the four phases of the mitotic cycle (i.e. G2 =0.15, S = 0.43, G1 = 0.38, and M = 0.035). The mean discrepancy between these values, and those calculated from the age density distribution for exponentially growing cells based on the phase duration given above, is about one per cent.
An Enforcement Architecture for Security and Trust Policies in Federated Web-Service-Based Systems

In policy-based management, the gap between policy definition and enforcement mechanisms needs an architectural innovation to fill. Policy-based trust management has this gap too. Enforcement of policies for federation activities, especially trust policies among web-service-based systems, requires a dynamic and flexible architecture to accommodate different trust models and different domains. Meanwhile, the choice of high-level policy languages cannot have an exact match to low-level enforcement mechanisms in network services or operating systems. An intermediate-level semantic translation architecture is proposed in this paper to bridge the gap between high-level policy languages used directly by humans and low-level mechanisms offered by machines. The merits of this architecture include: users can choose their high-level policy languages with the most usability they want; the system administrator can introduce a new core mathematical or logical model when it is more appropriate for system controls; the semantic translation in the intermediate-level is flexible.
Sexual dimorphism and asymmetries in the gray–white composition of the human cerebrum

Using high resolution MRI scans and automated tissue segmentation, gray and white matter (GM, WM) volumes of the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, cingulate gyrus, and insula were calculated. Subjects included 23 male and 23 female healthy, right-handed subjects. For all structures, male volumes were greater than female, but the gray/white (G/W) ratio was consistently higher across structures in women than men. Sexual dimorphism was greater for WM than GM: most of the G/W ratio sex differences can be attributed to variation in WM volume. The corpus callosum, although larger in men, is less sexually dimorphic than the WM as a whole. Several regions demonstrate pair-wise asymmetries in G/W ratio and WM volume. Both the cingulate gyrus and insula exhibit strong asymmetries. The left cingulate gyrus is significantly larger than the right, and the G/W ratio of the left insula is significantly greater than that of the right. Although statistically significant sex differences and asymmetries are present at this level of analysis, we argue that researchers should be wary of ascribing cognitive functional significance to these patterns at this time. This is not to say, however, that these patterns are not important for understanding the natural history of the human brain, and its evolution and development.
Visual and auditory affect recognition in senile and normal elderly persons.

Senile patients were compared to normal elderly people for visual and auditory affect recognition. The study consisted of eight conditions, with the subjects prompted verbally to point to happy, sad and angry pictures in the first five. The pictures consisted of expressive faces, expressive postures with blank faces and matching facial and postural expressions in Conditions 1–3, respectively. The facial and postural expressions conflicted in Conditions 4 and 5, with the facial expressions redundant in Condition 4 and the postures redundant in Condition 5. Conditions 6 and 7 were the same as the first two, except that the subjects were prompted by use of taped, affective voice intonations. In Condition 8, the subjects were requested to identify each of the affectively intoned prompts. The findings revealed a consistent level difference between the groups, with the senile elderly demonstrating both visual and auditory affective agnosia. These impairments in emotional recognition were affect-specific and the...
Zinc Deficiency: A Special Challenge

In the development and testing of programs designed to improve complementary feeding globally local nonfortified food-based solutions comprise an important strategy for the foreseeable future. These solutions are especially vital for the rural poor of less-developed countries. Zinc is notable among individual nutrients that have been designated as "problem" nutrients adequate intake of which is difficult from complementary foods without fortification. This article considers the potential role of meat ± liver in addressing this apparent problem. In a recent Colorado study beef and cereal have been determined to be equally acceptable between age 5-7 mo as first and regular complementary foods. Average intake and absorption of Zn from beef by 7 mo of age together with the modest intake/absorption of Zn from breast milk at that age were adequate to meet average dietary and physiologic zinc requirements respectively. Barriers to acceptability and availability of affordable meat are considered but these are neither universal nor irresolvable in all populations. (authors)
Homotopy direct limits

In this chapter we discuss homotopy direct limits. Our account will be brief as many of the results in this chapter are dual to results in Chapter XI. Also, a construction similar to the homotopy direct limit was given by [Segal].
Remote Sensing by Electromagnetic Induction (EMI), Magnetometer and Ground Penetrating Radar

For detecting and mapping buried waste materials a geophysical survey system has been developed. The general system design, principles of operation, examples of application and the use in combination with other methods for waste site investigation are discussed. Recent developments in signal analysis are presented.
A revised surface age for the North Polar Layered Deposits of Mars

This work was funded by NASA grant NNX13AG72G. M.E.L. was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, grant DGE-1143953. HiRISE images referenced are available on the instrument's public website: https://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. The crater catalog used in this work is included with this paper as supporting information. The authors thank S. Sutton for help with SOCET Set software, M.M. Sori for useful discussion on viscous relaxation, and M.E. Banks for useful discussion on the impact population. The authors additionally thank J.A. Skinner, P. Becerra, D. Laikko, M. Sori, N. Barlow, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the manuscript.
Tolerance of Cold and Bergmann's Rule

As size is well known to affect the energy relations between an endotherm and its environment, one would expect that size may also influence or be related to geographic distribution. Bergmann's Rule postulates that geographic races of small size are generally found in the warmer parts of a species' range and races of larger size in the cooler parts. This rule has been attacked by Scholander (1955, 1956) and Irving (1957) on the grounds that the differences in size involved are too small to provide significant heat conservation and that adaptation to cold depends mainly on improved insulation (Scholander et al., 1950a). The rule has been defended by Mayr (1956) and Hamilton (1961) on empirical grounds, and recently from a theoretical basis by LeFebvre and Raveling (1967). Good comparative data on the weights of different races of a species are difficult to find, but variations of the order of 10 to 100+ per cent exist between extreme northern and southern forms. If we assume that standard metabolism in the zone of thermal neutrality, or the energy requirements of the bird at complete rest and in a post absorptive condition, increases with weight (W) as W0724 (Lasiewski and Dawson, 1967) and surface area as W0.667, then a 50 per cent increase in weight would reduce the rate of heat loss per unit area body surface only 2.4 per cent. This advantage might well be offset by the 34 per cent increase in the birds' standard metabolism and hence energy requirements. The importance of size on a bird's tolerance of cold may be analyzed in a more significant manner by comparing the standard metabolism for species in the zone of thermal neutrality with their standard metabolism at 0?C. The lower limit of temperature tolerance for several small tropical resident and migrant passerine species and temperate zone permanent residents in the summer is 0?C or slightly below (Table 2). Winter residents in temperate regions and migrants to the Arctics, however, are able to tolerate much lower temperatures. Equations for the regression of standard metabolism (M = kcal/bird-day) on ambient temperature below the zone of thermal neutrality have been compiled for a number of species from data available in the literature (Table 1). These equations make possible the drawing of regression lines for standard metabolism in relation to weight (W = grams) both for the zone of thermal neutrality and for 0?C (Figure 1). The equations for these lines are as follows:
Abstract A7: Using haplotype analysis to find significant associations between genes and Hodgkin's disease

Background: With increasing amounts of genes available for study, more opportunities are available to discover key associations between genetic factors and disease. In a previous study on Hodgkin disease, we observed powerful positive associations between genes on chromosomes 3 and 19. In this study, we expanded the previous analyses to include 62 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair and inflammation pathway genes located throughout the genome and evaluated possible associations for Hodgkin disease by inferring haplotypes at the individual gene level. Methods: Genetic and epidemiological data were obtained from a case‐control study conducted at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1987 and 1992 including 200 cases and 220 controls. Haplotypes were initially inferred with Haploview using linkage disequilibrium plots, and differences in haplotypes between cases and controls were determined with PHASE. Linear modeling with haplotypes, through both joint and separate effects haplotype modeling, with sex, race, smoking status, and age as confounders, were conducted with Haplo.stats. A joint‐effects linear model allows each haplotype to be compared to the most frequent haplotype. A separate‐effects linear model compares a haplotype to all of the other haplotypes possible for study. Results: With the joint effects haplotype model, some significant haplotype associations with Hodgkin disease were observed with DNA repair gene XPC on chromosome 3 and inflammation pathway gene ILR4 on Chromosome 16. For DNA repair gene XPC, susceptible associations with Hodgkin disease were discovered with the use of an additive genetic model with haplotype CT from SNPs rs2228001 (XPC 499 A>C) and rs2228000 (XPC 939 C>T) (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.03–2.16) and a dominant genetic model with the same haplotype (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.15–2.13). For inflammation pathway gene ILR4, protective associations with Hodgkin disease were discovered with the use of an additive genetic model with haplotype TC from SNPs rs1805012 (XPC 499 T>C) and rs1805015 (XPC 939 T>C) (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.33–0.99) and a dominant genetic model with the same haplotype (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26–0.88). The separate effects haplotype model also highlighted associations between haplotypes and Hodgkin disease on these same genes. Other significant associations between haplotypes and Hodgkin disease were observed on chromosomes 5 with inflammation pathway gene IL4 and chromosome 19 with DNA repair gene. Conclusions: The basis for haplotype analysis to analyze the effects of linked SNPs associated with Hodgkin disease has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the interactions between specific SNPs in both the inflammation and the DNA repair pathway have been shown to play an important role in possible Hodgkin disease development. By targeting specific aspects of the genome that show either an increase or decrease in Hodgkin risk, identification of high risk individuals could be achieved. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A7.
Study on Enhanced Coagulation Treatment for Papermaking Wastewater

The choice of talcum powder as a coagulant aid,with PFS,PAC and PAFS mixed respectively,enhanced coagulation to deal with waste paper.And inspected the talcum powder to the pollutant strengthened elimination function.The results showed that:the use of talcum powder as a coagulant treatment of papermaking wastewater,CODCr removal rate can reach 90%,SS removal rate can reach more than 80%,of which talcum powder to remove the role of SS enhanced significantly;talcum powder as coagulant aids with low,low cost and good handling,with better economic and environmental benefits.
Realizing High Frequency Protection in Bypass Substitution Condition

In the main transformer construction at 220kV No.9 Station,GSF-6B type high-frequency signal transmitter-receiver of PXF-111 type 220kV bypass and PXW11C-101G6B type microcomputer protector possessed only single working frequency, so that high-frequency protection could not be realized by means of high-frequency channel change-over and working frequency diversion. To solve this problem, the principle of realizing high-frequency protection in bypass substitution was illustrated and concrete scheme was presented in this paper.
Gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation of cocaine.HCl in pouders and tablets: collaborative study.

Eight laboratories collaboratively studied a method for the quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) determination of cocaine.HCl in solid forms. The cocaine.HCl and other water solubles are dissolved in dilute HCl. The aqueous solution is made weakly basic with K2HPO4, and the organic solubles are extracted into CHCl3 for the GLC determination of cocaine. Tetracosane (n-C24) is incorporated in the extracting CHCl3 as an internal standard. Five samples of known cocaine.HCl concentration and one sample of commercial ground tablets were collaboratively studied. The cocaine.HCl content ranged from 6 to 100%. Recoveries ranged from 98.7 to 103%; coefficients of variation ranged from 0.89 to 3.16. The method was adopted as official first action.
Abstract 22: Reducing Readmissions in Stroke Patients With a Structured Nurse Practitioner (NP)/RN Follow-up Program

Background: Our aim was to determine whether a structured stroke follow-up clinic (SFC) could reduce 30-day and 90-day readmission rates for patients discharged home with ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke or TIA. Methods: Prior to discharge, NPs identified patients at high risk for readmission, an RN performed follow-up phone calls, and the clinic visit included a standardized and comprehensive stroke nurse practitioner (NPs) assessment. Phase 1 of the SFC (10/2012) consisted of phone calls within 7 days of discharge, and 2 NPs seeing patients within 2 weeks of discharge, which focused on education, prevention, recovery and evaluation for complications. Phase 2 (9/2014) expanded to an RN calling 90% of patients discharged home within 2 days, and any issues identified were managed by NPs before the SFC visit. Demographics, medical history, and processes of care were entered into a REDcap database. Differences in these factors and readmission across the 2 phases of the SFC were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression models for 30-day and 90-day readmissions were performed with adjustment for NIHSS and hospitalizations prior to the index stroke. Results: We analyzed 280 consecutive patients through 4/2015. Mean age 66.1 y ± 14.5, 51% women, median NIHSS 3 (IQR 1-5), 34% prior stroke/TIA, and 20% with prior hospitalizations. From phase I to phase 2, days from discharge to SFC decreased, and 90-day readmissions decreased (table). Patients readmitted within 30 days had lower SFC show rates (60% vs 82.9% not readmitted; p=0.006), as well as 90-days (69% vs 83% not readmitted; p=0.034). Multivariable modeling after adjustment for prior hospitalizations, prior stroke, and NIHSS showed that SFC show rate was associated with a 74% reduction in 30-day readmission (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.11-0.66) and a 63% reduction in 90-day readmission (OR 0.37; 0.15-0.89). Conclusions: Stroke patients’ show rate for this SFC was independently associated with reduced 30-day and 90-day readmission. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Nurse-midwifery. The beneficial alternative.

The number of nurse-midwife-attended births in U.S. hospitals has jumped ten-fold in the last 20 years, rising from just 19,686 in 1975 to 196,977 in 1994. Certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) focus on childbirth as a normal event, emphasizing the educational and psychosocial aspects of care and the judicious use of technological interventions. CNM care appears particularly well suited to help solve two difficult problems in U.S. obstetric care--our country's slow progress in improving the health status of newborns and the excessive use of medical interventions during childbirth. Despite the fact that CNM care has been found to be safe and cost-effective, only a small fraction of those pregnant women who could benefit from CNM care use midwifery services. Lack of consumer awareness is part of the problem, but barriers also exist to accessing CNM services. Sixty-four percent of CNM practices responding to a survey reported practice restrictions, most commonly due to state laws, hospital policies, and inappropriately restrictive physician back-up. One state, Florida, is aggressively promoting the use of CNM care as the standard of practice for healthy pregnant women.
Population Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamics (PD) Analysis of LY3015014, a Monoclonal Antibody to Protein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) in Healthy Subjects and Hypercholesterolemia Patients

Purpose LY3015014 is a humanized immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody that binds to the catalytic domain of PCSK9 and reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with hypercholesterolemia that is poorly controlled by maximally tolerated statin therapy. The objective of this pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) analysis was to characterize the PK and PD properties of LY3015014 and assess the effect of covariates on the LY3015014 PK-PD profiles.
Galactose-α-1,3-Galactose: Atypical Food Allergen or Model IgE Hypersensitivity?

Galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) is a carbohydrate allergen with several unique characteristics. In this article, we discuss some recent advances in our understanding of the ‘alpha-gal syndrome,’ highlight data supporting the role of ticks in pathogenesis, and speculate on immune mechanisms that lead to sensitization. First described as the target of IgE in individuals suffering immediate hypersensitivity reactions to the novel anti-EGF monoclonal antibody cetuximab, it is now clear that α-gal sensitization is associated with mammalian meat allergy as well as reactions to other mammalian products. Unlike traditional IgE-mediated food allergies, reactions to α-gal often do not manifest until several hours following an exposure, although co-factors can influence the presentation. Multiple pieces of evidence, including recent work with a mouse model, point to the fact that sensitization is mediated by exposure to certain hard ticks and increasingly we are aware of its globally widespread impact. The oligosaccharide α-gal represents a novel allergen with several unusual clinical features. It has been recognized now on multiple continents and its clinical presentation can be quite variable. Moreover, efforts to delineate the mechanisms leading to α-gal sensitization may have ramifications for our broader understanding of type 2 immunity.
Direct transverse spatially-resolved characterization of femtosecond filaments

We report direct experimental measurements of the spatial dependence of femtosecond filament spectrum by a versatile sampling and imaging approach. The method is appropriate for complete spatially resolved reconstruction of the filament electric field.
Ariadne: Hybridizing Directed Model Checking and Static Analysis

While directed model checking has proven to be a powerful tool in the fight against concurrency bugs, scalability remains a concern due to the combinatorial explosion in size of the state space. Overcoming that combinatorial explosion requires the selection and/or parameterization of meta*-heuristics, but we are left with a persistent problem of having to provide or compute specialized knowledge of the program under consideration, and this limits the practical value of the technique. To circumvent that, this paper investigates directed model checking as a platform for the synthesis of results from other analyses. We introduce an open-source tool, Ariadne, which translates reports of suspected race conditions of a static analyzer (Petablox) to instrumentation using a source-to-source compiler (ROSE) that can be exploited by a model checker (Java Pathfinder). We detail the algorithm used, present experimental results, and outline directions for future research.
Embedding Carbon Markets: Complicating Commodification of Ecosystem Services in Mexico's Forests

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are increasingly employed to address a range of environmental issues, including biodiversity conservation, watershed protection, and climate change mitigation....
Current Status of BoneMarrow Transplantation for Treatment of Cancer

Cancer treatment is evolving and improving through a better understanding of molecular biology and the identification of specific cancer-associated targets. However, most cancer therapies depend on cytotoxic chemicals that are marginally more toxic to neoplastic cells than normal cells. Thus, cancer therapy is imperfect, toxic, and curative in only a small percentage of patients.
The Law Review Symposium Issue: Community of Meaning or Re-Inscription of Hierarchy

I examined the increase of symposium issues and offered some theories on what that rise means. I also explored who publishes in these issues, what they are about, and whether they are qualitatively stronger or weaker than regular or mixed issues in these same reviews. I also discovered that certain writers tend to appear together, particularly in symposia in the top reviews, and that women and minorities were generally poorly represented.
RNA Next Gen Sequencing of Kidneys from Diabetic Rats Provides Insights Into Reno-protective Effects Of Vitamin D Receptor Activation

IntroductionDiabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. The current therapy of DN remains suboptimal despite many currently available options. Recent experimental stu...
Food and Drug Administration analysis of 1332 single patient and emergency use expanded access (compassionate use) requests for patients with cancer over a duration of three years (2012-2014).

6523Background: Single patient INDs (SPIs), including SPIs for emergency use, facilitate expanded access of investigational drugs to patients with cancer who cannot enroll in a clinical trial. Due ...
Competitive Intramolecular/Intermolecular Chelation Options Operative during Indium-Promoted Additions to Pyridyl Aldehydes and to Glyoxylic Acid under Aqueous Conditions

The stereochemical course of the 1,2-addition of six allylindium reagents to 2- and 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and to glyoxylic acid has been investigated in order to assess the level and direction of diastereoselectivity in these coupling reactions. When 2-PyCHO is involved, the results strongly suggest that the ring nitrogen becomes chelated to the indium atom in the aqueous environment. One striking observation is the crossover in stereoselectivity seen relative to the use of 3-PyCHO. A second revealing fact is the significantly faster rate of reaction of 2-PyCHO, as long as steric effects are not allowed to interfere. The varying product distributions observed in the latter experiments are attributed to other control elements such as intramolecular chelation within the indium reagent and nonbonded steric restrictions resident in either or both reaction partners. In the absence of extramolecular chelating events (e.g., when 3-PyCHO is involved), adherence to Felkin−Anh transition-state alignments is pres...
Even obligate symbioses show signs of ecological contingency: Impacts of symbiosis for an invasive stinkbug are mediated by host plant context.

Abstract Many species interactions are dependent on environmental context, yet the benefits of obligate, mutualistic microbial symbioses to their hosts are typically assumed to be universal across environments. We directly tested this assumption, focusing on the symbiosis between the sap-feeding insect Megacopta cribraria and its primary bacterial symbiont Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. We assessed host development time, survival, and body size in the presence and absence of the symbiont on two alternative host plants and in the insects' new invasive range. We found that association with the symbiont was critical for host survival to adulthood when reared on either host plant, with few individuals surviving in the absence of symbiosis. Developmental differences between hosts with and without microbial symbionts, however, were mediated by the host plants on which the insects were reared. Our results support the hypothesis that benefits associated with this host-microbe interaction are environmentally contingent, though given that few individuals survive to adulthood without their symbionts, this may have minimal impact on ecological dynamics and current evolutionary trajectories of these partners. Open research badges This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kg4bc56.
Inorganic constituents of conductivity in five central Appalachian watersheds with mixed source-driven pollutants

Abstract Resource extraction activities (e.g., coal mining) are both a dominant economic driver and major ecological concern in the resource-rich region of Central Appalachia in the United States. Additionally, communities near watershed headwaters often lack effective wastewater treatment options and discharge untreated household wastes (UHW) directly into adjacent streams. The present study analyzes data collected from clustered watersheds on the Virginia–Kentucky border, which include sites influenced by discharges from active surface mines, a legacy underground mine, UHW, and minimally impacted (reference) sites. Over two years, in-situ measurements of conductivity were recorded, and grab samples were lab-analyzed for inorganic ion concentrations via ICP-MS. Patterns of detected ions were related to pollution types using a suite of multivariate statistical methods. Concentrations of inorganic ions identified the different pollution types, while permutational MANOVA testing (p = .001) to control for pseudoreplication (i.e., multiple sites along the same stream) confirmed that the groups were significantly different from each other. Notable associations were elevated P and UHW, Mn/Si/HCO3− and underground mining, and Ni, Ca, K, SO42−, and Se with surface mining. Given that mechanisms driving ecological impairments are likely related to specific contributors to conductivity, further efforts to examine relationships between particular ionic concentrations and macroinvertebrates will be useful in watershed remediation efforts in the Appalachian region.
Mangroves alter predator-prey interactions by enhancing prey refuge value in a mangrove-marsh ecotone

Abstract Black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) are becoming more common along the edges of their range, potentially displacing salt marsh vegetation in transition zones such as the Texas coast in the Gulf of Mexico (USA). Consequences of this shift on trophic interactions within wetland ecosystems are largely unknown. We investigated how increasing mangrove cover might alter predator-prey interactions involving an important consumer in coastal wetlands, blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), and one of their key prey items, penaeid shrimp (Family Penaeidae). We conducted a series of mesocosm experiments to assess predation rates and prey refuge values in artificial vegetation (AV) matrices simulating flexible marsh grasses (e.g., Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata) and rigid mangrove pneumatophores (aerial root structures). In predation experiments within each of these AV matrices, blue crabs captured 50% fewer penaeid shrimp in the rigid mangrove treatment compared to the flexible marsh treatment, and time between captures was 83% longer among the simulated pneumatophores. In a prey refuge experiment that allowed both predator and prey to move freely among the AV matrices, penaeid shrimp occupied the rigid pneumatophore matrix 30% more often than the grass matrix when blue crabs were present but had no preference when the predator was absent. This study suggests that where A. germinans and marsh grasses co-occur, the mangroves may provide superior refuge for prey items such as penaeid shrimp. Pneumatophores will likely restrict the mobility of predators such as blue crabs, resulting in lower predation efficiency. These results suggest that as mangrove stands continue to increase in cover within mangrove-marsh ecotones, there are likely to be consequences for upper trophic level dynamics.
Integrating deep learning models and multiparametric programming

Abstract Deep learning models are a class of approximate models that are proven to have strong predictive capabilities for representing complex phenomena. The introduction of deep learning models into an optimization formulation provides a means to reduce the problem complexity and maintain model accuracy. Recently it has been shown that deep learning models in the form of neural networks with rectified linear units can be exactly recast as a mixed-integer linear programming formulation. However, developing the optimal solution of problems involving mixed-integer decisions in online applications remains challenging. Multiparametric programming alleviates the online computational burden of solving an optimization problem involving bounded uncertain parameters. In this work, a strategy is presented to integrate deep learning and multiparametric programming. This integration yields a unified methodology for developing accurate surrogate models based on deep learning and their offline, explicit optimal solution. The proposed strategy is demonstrated on the optimal operation of a chemostat.
Vibrational spectral fingerprinting for chemical recognition of biominerals

Pathologies associated with calcified tissue, such as osteoporosis, demand in vivo and/or in situ spectroscopic analysis to assess the role of chemical substitutions in the inorganic component. High energy X-ray or NMR spectroscopies are impractical or damaging in biomedical conditions. Low energy spectroscopies, such as IR and Raman techniques, are often the best alternative. In apatite biominerals, the vibrational signatures of the phosphate group are generally used as fingerprint of the materials although they provide only limited information. Here, we have used first principles calculations to unravel the complexity of the complete vibrational spectra of apatites. We determined the spectroscopic features of all the phonon modes of fluoroapatite, hydroxy-apatite, and carbonated fluoroapatite beyond the analysis of the phosphate groups, focusing on the effect of local corrections induced by the crystalline environment and the specific mineral composition. This provides a clear and unique reference to discriminate structural and chemical variations in biominerals, opening the way to a widespread application of non-invasive spectroscopies for in vivo diagnostics, and biomedical analysis.
Cancer of the Prostate: Brachytherapy Techniques

Prostate cancer is the most common as well as the most frequently irradiated genitourinary malignancy. In addition, it is among the most successfully treated malignancies of the genitourinary tract, both in definitive and metastatic presentations.
Inosine and guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Escherichia coli B was resolved into two enzyme fractions by DEAE Sephadex chromatography. One is primarily active for guanine while the other catalyzes the conversion of both guanine and hypoxanthine to their respective 5′-ribonucleotides. At the level of purity achieved, the enzyme with primary activity for guanine was stable for several weeks at 5° and could be stored for months at −21°. The second fraction required 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate for stability and lost all activity within 48 hr at −21°.
Beliefs and long-maturity sovereign debt

Abstract A novel form of strategic complementarities is explored in a standard quantitative model of long-maturity sovereign debt. Discrepancies in long-run beliefs dilute current prices differently. Negative long-run beliefs become self-fulfilling if the sovereign optimally borrows more and defaults more frequently in the face of worse prices. A strong curvature in the flow utility is an important ingredient in generating this response. The intuition bears out both through a multiplicity of Markov equilibria and in sunspot equilibria that mimic trigger strategies in repeated games. In the benchmark model, average spreads are roughly 67% higher (200 basis points) and debt-to-GDP ratios are roughly 9% higher (5 percentage points) when beliefs are pessimistic. The model also reveals limitations to third-party coordination of expectations as a policy tool.
Surface Studies by Infrared Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Vibrational spectroscopies have been a valuable tool for the investigation of the structure and the dynamics of molecules. Whereas earlier experiments had concentrated on studies of molecules in the gas phase, the last ten years have seen a rapid development of vibrational spectroscopies applied to molecules on surfaces [1]. This makes available important information about gas-surface interactions: if a molecule sticks to a solid material the vibrational frequencies usually change compared to their undisturbed values in the gas phase or solid state. The measurement of these shifts can yield information on the bonding of the molecules to the surface. In addition, the vibrations of different molecules on the substrate can mutually influence each other as the result of dipole-dipole coupling. This can give rise to coverage dependent shifts of vibrational bands and be used to investigate lateral interactions.
Are human rights associative rights? The debate between humanist and political conceptions of human rights revisited

Humanist and political conceptions of human rights disagree about whether human rights are best conceived as either general or associative rights. According to humanist conceptions human rights are...
The cognitive experience of engineering design: an examination of first-year student stress across principal activities of the engineering design process

The engineering design process can produce stress that endures even after it has been completed. This may be particularly true for students who engage with the process as novices. However, it is not known how individual components of the design process induce stress in designers. This study explored the cognitive experience of introductory engineering design students during concept generation, concept selection and physical modelling to identify stress signatures for these three design activities. Data were collected for the design activities using pre- and post-task surveys. Each design activity produced distinct markers of cognitive experience and a unique stress signature that was stable across design activity themes. Rankings of perceived sources of stress also differed for each design activity. Students, however, did not perceive any physiological changes due to the stress of design for any of the design activities. Findings indicate that physical modelling was the most stressful for students, followed by concept generation and then concept selection. Additionally, recommendations for instructors of introductory engineering design courses were provided to help them apply the results of this study. Better understanding of the cognitive experience of students during design can support instructors as they learn to better teach design.
The Challenge of Same-Sex Marriage: Federalist Principles and Constitutional Protections

Introduction Marriage Rights Equal Protection The Referendum Retroactive Legislation Full Faith and Credit Subsequent Domiciles and Full Faith and Credit Natural Law and Same-Sex Marriage The Defense of Marriage Act Selected Bibliography
Contaminant Plume Management Utilising in Situ Organoclay Sorbent Zones

An in situ subsurface remediation technology, based on the chemical conversion of native clays to organoclays, is being developed. The approach involves in situ injections of cationic surfactant solutions into the subsurface to create organoclay sorbent zones, that can intercept and immobilise contaminant plumes. Contaminants trapped in the sorbent zone can be treated by bioremediation.
The Golden Age of Aging, and Its Discontents

This paper, an expanded version of the Ann F. Baum Lecture in Elderlaw at the University of Illinois School of Law, uses the Medicare funding crisis to explore a number of topics that we must carefully analyze if we are to figure out how to contain it. The paper has seven parts. First, I describe what I call “the golden age of aging” - the vastly improved social, physical, and economic conditions and prospects of the elderly population. Second, I explain how the public programs that have helped secure this golden age may be at future risk due primarily to the changing ratio of dependents (elderly and children) to the working population. Third, I explore the political economy of aging, in which the elderly possess large and growing advantages in protecting their interests politically, which include resisting the difficult reforms that are necessary to make age-related programs fiscally sustainable. Fourth, drawing on earlier work with Richard Zeckhauser (Targeting in Social Programs: Avoiding Bad Bets, Removing Bad Apples (Brookings, 2006)), I argue that policymakers must reduce their propensity to use scarce programmatic resources to make "bad bets," many of which involve excessive health care spending on the elderly at the expense of other, more cost-effective social needs, especially those of children. Fifth, I analyze some of the hard normative and policy choices that such a cost-effectiveness strategy would entail. Sixth, I explore the issue of inter-generational equity, arguing that the current generation of workers-taxpayers has more than satisfied any moral obligations it owes to current retirees. Finally, I conclude by recommending some of the policy approaches that flow from my analysis. These include informing patients more candidly about the cost-effectiveness of possible treatments and care modalities; encouraging pre-illness advance directives; guiding physicians' decisions on bad bets; increasing research on the cost-effectiveness of particular interventions; and changing certain reimbursement practices.
Evolutionary biology: Paean to a founder of heredity

Jane Maienschein applauds a study of towering nineteenth-century biologist August Weismann.
Computing motion in the presence of discontinuities: algorithm and analog networks

In this paper we will describe recent developments in the theory of early vision which lead from the formulation of the motion problem as ill-posed problem to its solution by minimizing certain “cost” functions. These cost or energy functions can be mapped onto very simple analog and binary resistive networks. Thus, we will see how the optical flow can be computed by injecting currents into “neural” networks and recording the resulting stationary voltage distribution at each node. These networks can be implemented in cMOS VLSI circuits and represent plausible candidates for biological vision systems.
Effects of energetic coherent motions on the power and wake of an axial-flow turbine

A laboratory experiment examined the effects of energetic coherent motions on the structure of the wake and power fluctuations generated by a model axial-flow hydrokinetic turbine. The model turbine was placed in an open-channel flow and operated under subcritical conditions. The incoming flow was locally perturbed with vertically oriented cylinders of various diameters. An array of three acoustic Doppler velocimeters aligned in the cross-stream direction and a torque transducer were used to collect high-resolution and synchronous measurements of the three-velocity components of the incoming and wake flow as well as the turbine power. A strong scale-to-scale interaction between the large-scale and broadband turbulence shed by the cylinders and the turbine power revealed how the turbulence structure modulates the turbine behavior. In particular, the response of the turbine to the distinctive von Karman-type vortices shed from the cylinders highlighted this phenomenon. The mean and fluctuating characteristics of the turbine wake are shown to be very sensitive to the energetic motions present in the flow. Tip vortices were substantially dampened and the near-field mean wake recovery accelerated in the presence of energetic motions in the flow. Strong coherent motions are shown to be more effective than turbulence levels for triggering the break-up of the spiral structure of the tip-vortices.