cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keystone Symposia: chemokines and chemokine receptors. 16-21st February 2001, Taos, NM, USA.

Every other year the Keystone Symposia organises a meeting to discuss the state of the art in chemokine and chemokine receptor research. The focus of the meeting in the past has included the structural and functional identification of chemokines and their receptors. However, this year there was heavy emphasis on the role of chemokines on normal immune function and disease pathogenesis. A number of exciting results were presented and discussed, for example the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in development and progression of tumours, induction and progression of auto-immunity, development of atherosclerosis and the resolution of infectious disease. The last session of the meeting was devoted to discussion of chemokine and chemokine receptor antagonists currently in preclinical development or Phase I clinical trials.
Synthesis of triblock copolymers composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and ionic liquid segments

A new class of ionic liquid-containing triblock copolymers have been prepared viaRAFT polymerization of the imidazolium methacrylate monomer using a telechelic fluoropolymer as the macro-chain transfer agent. It is found that the anionic counterion has a direct impact on the thermal properties, ionic conductivity and segmental dynamics of the polymers. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity is well described by the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher model, suggesting that ion motion is closely coupled to segmental motion.
Source Enumeration via the EEF Criterion

Recently, the exponentially embedded families (EEF) criterion for model order selection has been proposed based on the theories of exponentially embedded families and sufficient statistics. In this letter, it is proved that the EEF criterion is consistent, and then the EEF is used to determine the number of sources in array signal processing. Computer simulation results demonstrate better performance of the EEF criterion for closely spaced sources, at low SNR and/or a small number of snapshots.
Sexual Harassment at Work: A Decade (Plus) of Progress

This review examines research addressing workplace sexual harassment (SH) since the last major review in a management journal in 1995. The authors examine several aspects of recent research: current definitions, labeling of SH, antecedents to SH, responses to SH, and consequences resulting from SH. They then make suggestions for future research, using research on workplace aggression as a framework.
G-band frequency-scanned antenna arrays

Beam steering antenna arrays have many applications, from object tracking and localization to landing systems [1]. The main requirements for such a system are usually a wide scanning angle, low beamwidth and constant gain. Beam steering can be obtained electronically, by controlling the relative phase shift between the array elements. This can be achieved by delay elements, as in phased arrays, or by sweeping the carrier frequency [1–4]. The latter are usually easier to implement, but require a wider operating bandwidth for the same scanning angle. In this work, frequency scanned arrays for wide-angle scanning are described. By operating at G-band, the overall size and weight of the antenna can be reduced, thus making it suitable for space applications. Two architectures, based on slotted waveguides and microcoaxial line fed slots, are introduced to provide a wider scanning angle than conventional structures. The devices are fabricated using the PolyStrata process, which enable low-loss feeds at millimeter-wave frequencies. The PolyStrata process involves sequential deposition of copper layers and photoresist on a silicon wafer [5]. Copper layer thicknesses range from 10µm to 100 µm, with gap-to-height and width-to-height aspect ratios of 1:1.2 and 1:1.5, respectively. After the desired layers are deposited, the photoresist filling is rinsed away (“released”) through 200 µm long holes. This process can be used to fabricate air-supported coaxial lines and waveguides at G-band, with slot antennas acting as release holes.
Designing Caspase-3 Sensors for Imaging of Apoptosis in Living Cells

Apoptosis is an essential physiological process of tissue development and homeostasis and is associated with pathogenesis of human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancers.[1,2] The caspase–cascade system plays a vital role in the induction, signal transduction, and amplification of intracellular apoptotic signals.[3-5] One of the challenges in monitoring apoptosis pathways includes the serial involvement of multiple caspases, complicated activation or inhibition mechanisms, and the heterogeneous cell population at a given time. Therefore, the mechanism of caspase activation during apoptosis is not fully understood and investigations have been hampered by a lack of real-time sensors with high enzymatic specificity to quantitatively detect caspase activity in live cells or in vivo.[6,7]
Ultra-thin-film AlN contour-mode resonators for sensing applications

This paper reports on the design and experimental verification of a new class of ultra-thin-film (250 nm) aluminum nitride (AlN) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) contour-mode resonators (CMRs) suitable for the fabrication of ultra sensitive gravimetric sensors. The device thickness was opportunely scaled in order to increase the mass sensitivity, while keeping a constant frequency of operation. In this first demonstration the resonance frequency of the device was set to 178 MHz and a mass sensitivity as high as 38.96 KHz·µm2/fg was attained. This device demonstrates the unique capability of the CMR technology to decouple resonance frequency from mass sensitivity.
Instability of the Perceived World While Watching 3D Stereoscopic Imagery: A likely Source of Motion Sickness Symptoms

Watching 3D content using a stereoscopic display may cause various discomforting symptoms, including eye strain, blurred vision, double vision, and motion sickness. Numerous studies have reported motion-sickness-like symptoms during stereoscopic viewing, but no causal linkage between specific aspects of the presentation and the induced discomfort has been explicitly proposed. Here, we describe several causes, in which stereoscopic capture, display, and viewing differ from natural viewing resulting in static and, importantly, dynamic distortions that conflict with the expected stability and rigidity of the real world. This analysis provides a basis for suggested changes to display systems that may alleviate the symptoms, and suggestions for future studies to determine the relative contribution of the various effects to the unpleasant symptoms.
Simple Engine Models for VII-Enabled In-Vehicle Applications

The rapid development of intervehicular communication technology, coupled with the United States department of transportation (USDOT)'s vehicle infrastructure integration (VII) initiative, will soon enable a new class of in-vehicle applications such as cooperative driving assistance systems (CDASs). An engine model with reasonable accuracy and excellent computational efficiency is called for to facilitate the development of such systems. This paper presents and formulates three candidate models (Models I, II, and III), among which Model I is an existing one, and the other two are new. Their performances are evaluated based on a system of metrics including accuracy, accessibility, computational efficiency, formulation, and the need for calibration. Overall, Model II outperforms the other two and appears promising to fit the need of the particular application.
Moisture Resistive, U. V. Transmissive Passivation for Plastic Encapsulated EPROM Devices

A unique U. V. transmissive passivation process for One Time Programmable EPROMS has been developed which provides moisture resistance for the plastic encapsulated devices and allows erasure of hermetic devices. This passivation, which consists of a two layer film of plasma enhanced CVD oxynitride and phosphorus doped oxide, requires no change in current interlayer dielectric, metal composition or circuit layout. This approach is novel in that it continues to utilize 9% to 10% phosphorus doped CVD oxide as an interlayer dielectric, while most plastic compatable processes require control of phosphorus concentration to approximately 7%. Observed moisture related failure mechanisms, which include single bit charge loss, metal line corrosion and input/output leakage, were investigated and related to specific processing parameters. Processing limits were then determined to eliminate these failure modes.
Migration Space: Doubly Constrained Gravity Model Mapping of Relative Interstate Separation

Abstract Absolute physical distances are notoriously bad measures of the relative functional distances that influence the destination choices of U.S. interstate migrants. A novel calibration procedure for doubly constrained gravity models is proposed to map functional relative interstate separations. Doubly constrained models exactly reproduce observed migrant supplies and migrant demands. Using straight-line distances, however, they poorly reproduce the observed state-to-state patterns of flow. The proposed alternative calibration procedure leaves interstate separations as model outputs rather than model inputs. Distances are chosen to replicate observed flows. These distances define a “migration space'’surrounding origin and destination states.
Osseous tissue engineering in oncologic surgery.

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that will yield new sources of tissue for clinical and research purposes in oncology. Bone is under intense investigation by this field. Relevant areas of progress are in advanced computing, biomaterials, cell technology, growth factor fabrication and delivery, and gene manipulation. Clinical techniques will emerge from continued investigation in each of these areas. Techniques that are developed must be scaled up to industry with products cleared by regulatory agencies and acceptable to clinicians and patients. The goals of tissue engineering in oncology are improved tissue models for basic cancer research and a change in clinical practice. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:294‐301, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ray traced scalar fields with shaded polygonal output

An algorithm for rendering scalar field data that reduces rendering times by as much as two orders of magnitude over traditional full resolution images is presented. Less than full-resolution sampling of the scalar field is performed using a fast ray tracing method. The sampling grid points are output as a set of screen-based Gouraud shaded polygons which are rendered in hardware by a graphics workstation. A gradient-based variable resolution algorithm that further improves rendering speed is presented. Several examples are presented. >
Dietary macronutrients influence 13C and 15N signatures of pinnipeds: Captive feeding studies with harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)

Metabolic effects of dietary macronutrients on diet–tissue isotopic discrimination factors were investigated in harbor seals. Three seals were fed either high fat/low protein herring (H), or low fat/high protein pollock (P), and switched to the alternative every 4 months. This allowed each seal to be subjected to two dietary treatments in each of three metabolically defined seasons (breeding from May to September, molting from September to January, and late winter/early spring period from January to May) over a 2 year cycle, and function as its internal control regardless of physiological changes over season. One seal was fed a constant equal mix of H and P over the entire trial. Up to 1‰ differences in serum δ15N values of one seal fed alternatively on H and P were observed. Progressively more enriched serum δ15N values as diet switching from H to P might link to changes in seal digestive physiology and protein metabolism in response to very high protein intake on P diet. These findings demonstrate that dietary macronutrients of prey species and protein intake level of consumers also play important roles in shaping isotopic patterns of a consumer's tissues, and thus influence accurate data interpretation of stable isotope techniques in ecological applications.
The Nature of Turbulence

Turbulence comprises a large class of motions with complex, irregular and rather unpredictable natures. An unambiguous definition of the phenomenon is easily arrived at in some reasonably simple flow configurations such as for example, flow in a pipe. However, given the enormous number and variety of degrees of freedom that exist in real-world flows, it has not been possible to arrive at a consistent definition of the phenomenon that can be universally applied to separate turbulence from other complex types of flows, such as waves and large-scale circulation normally associated with weather patterns.
Empirically Grounded Theory

Suppose financial markets are not empirically “perfect.” Further suppose that “regulation” of financial markets is required for any financial market to operate toward the economic ideal of market perfection. And suppose the practice of regulation should be based upon a theory of regulation (regulatory principles) which can be empirically shown to have worked in financial history. Then what kind of regulatory theory could this be and how constructed and how verified? The goal is a cross-disciplinary theory of regulation—which can prescriptively direct financial markets toward the ideal of economic perfection. The economic ideal is for any financial market to operate with transparent financial information, rational financial behavior, effective financial performance, and integrity in economic risk. And this is a traditional idea in banking regulation.
Abstract 2978: Size Matters, but so do Broca's Area and Anterior Temporal Cortex, in Recovering from Apraxia of Speech

Background: Apraxia of speech (AOS) is considered a deficit of motor planning and programming of speech articulation. In chronic stroke patients, the anterior insula has previously been associated ...
United States V. Liddell: 8th Circuit Precedent at the Forefront of the Circuit Split Over the Quarles Public Safety Exception

The Eighth Circuit case of United States v. Liddell established a broader perspective of the 'public safety exception' to the Miranda requirement, which should be adopted universally. In Liddell, the court decided the Miranda requirement did not apply and allowed statements made by a suspect prior to his Miranda warning into evidence. The Liddell court held a sufficient public safety basis existed when there was a risk of police officers being injured from the mishandling of unknown firearms or drug paraphernalia. Specifically, the Liddell court allowed the police to ask a suspect, who had been arrested and secured, whether there were weapons or contraband in the car or apartment the police were about to search. In determining the outcome, the court broadened the existing exception to Miranda as established by the United States Supreme Court 28 years ago in the case of New York v. Quarles.One controversial aspect of the Liddell case is whether broadening the exception created by the plurality opinion of Quarles violates Miranda’s constitutional requirements. Recently noted by the District of New Jersey case of United States v. Fautz, the 8th Circuit is the only federal circuit to expressly hold such an exception exists. An additional aspect of this case is whether the circuit split developing among the federal circuits makes this issue likely to be addressed by the Supreme Court. The current split involves the 8th, 9th, and 1st Circuits taking a broad approach to the public safety exception, while the 3d, 4th and 5th Circuits take a narrow approach.This Article provides an analysis of the issues in Liddell and concludes the 8th Circuit arrived at a constitutionally permissible holding. The Supreme Court should follow the 8th Circuit broad approach to the public safety exception. Three points support the broad approach to the public safety exception: the necessity for public safety; the long-standing precedent set forth by Quarles over 28 years ago; and the rationale for police action during a kidnap scenario.The Supreme Court should adopt the 8th Circuit’s broad approach to the public safety exception. Specifically, the Court should hold the Miranda requirement does not apply when there is a risk of police officers being injured from the mishandling of unknown firearms or drug paraphernalia, and the risk provides a sufficient public safety basis to ask a suspect who has been arrested and secured whether there are weapons or contraband in a car or apartment the police are about to search.
The Impact of the Evolution of Biological Psychiatry on Psychiatric Nursing

Over the past 20 years, conceptualization of the mind has been challenged by a knowledge explosion fueled by changes in science and technology. Psychiatric nursing, like psychiatry, has returned to an era where the bio is a focus of investigation in the search for an etiology of mental disorders. In the future, psychiatric nurses will need to know normal neuroanatomy, physiology, psychoneuroendocrinology, and immunology to understand deviations occurring with mental disorders.
Complex Litigation: Multistate Actions

Commentary and analysis of the problems relating to the prosecution and defense of nationwide, multistate class actions in federal and state courts. A multistate class action involves plaintiffs or defendants from more than one state and also may involve claims that arise from transactions related to more than one state. So-called nationwide class actions represent the largest version of the multistate class action, consisting of claimants in all fifty states. The multistate class action represents the intersection of federalism with a procedural mechanism that enables thousands of geographically dispersed claimants to unite in one civil action. When litigants seek to certify a multistate class action, these actions generate unique problems relating to jurisdiction, choice of law, predominance of common questions, superiority, and manageability of the class. The article surveys various court decisions and the mixed response of courts to the possibility of certifying and managing multistate class actions. In particular, the article focuses on the unique problems raised by nationwide mass tort cases, and the negative reaction of several federal circuit courts to certifying such massive litigations. Cases discussed include Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, Castano v. American Tobacco Co., In re Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, In re American Medical Systems, Walsh v. Ford Motor Co., In re Ford Motor Co. Vehicle Paint Litigation, and In re Ford Motor Co. Bronco I Products Liability Litigation.
Saphenous to popliteal arteriovenous fistulas as a suitable alternative in chronic hemodialysis.

Abstract The saphenous to popliteal arteriovenous fistula is a suitable alternative in those patients requiring permanent hemodialysis after all sites of the upper extremities have been exhausted. The procedure is safe, easy to perform and allows a long and easily accessible site for venipuncture. It may be used in both adult and pediatric patients.
Trends in Applied Entomology

A marked revision of interests and an emphasis in applied entomology have taken place during the past 50 years, particularly since the Second World War. Shifts in direction of attention often involved enough numbers of our profession to be called trends. On the whole, the trends in research have brought advances that should be highly advantageous, but also in the wake of these advances problems have developed. My purpose is to review a few of these trends, giving less attention to the advantages gained, since they are so obvious, than to the problems that have followed. Some of these trends are not limited to entomology, but all have brought pressure on our science. I am proposing no program; rather I am raising questions.
Intraoperative Fabrication of Bone Tamps for Indirect Reduction of Depressed Articular Segments

The use of bone tamps for indirect reduction of depressed articular segments is an established method of treatment for intra-articular fractures in a variety of joint injuries. Customized bone tamps can be fabricated intraoperatively using commonly available instruments and supplies consisting of Steinmann pins and T-handled chucks. The technique combines the use of bone tamps through carefully created metaphyseal windows, fluoroscopic guidance, packing with cancellous bone, and adequate fixation. This treatment methodology can allow for a minimally invasive or soft tissue preserving approach for the treatment of some intra-articular fractures while achieving anatomic reduction of the joint surface.
Reconstruction of 3D regions-of-interest from data in reduced helical cone-beam scans.

The suffciency conditions are derived for exact image reconstruction of a 3D ROI from projections acquired with a reduced helical scan over an angular range considerably smaller than that required by image reconstruction in, e.g., the conventional long object problem, for which the scanned angular range is often more than 2π. ROI reconstruction is investigated by a recently developed filtered-backprojection algorithm that can make use of data acquired with a reduced helical scan. Preliminary numerical studies demonstrate and validate the ROI reconstruction. This work may have significant practical implications because a reduced scan in CT often translates to reduced motion artifacts and reduced radiation dose delivered to the subject.
Apoptotic Death of PC12 cells Induced by Ischemia-Like Conditions is Mediated by Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) Metabolism

Cerebral ischemia is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, affecting mostly elderly populations. Negative health consequences for stroke survivors include cognitive disorders and sensory and motor deficits due to neuronal death from lack of proper glucose and oxygen to brain tissue. Ischemic strokes can be either focal or global, and cause a significant amount of neuronal death by necrosis and apoptosis (9).
Commentary: Learning About the Sky Through Simulations

The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) simulator being built by Andy Connolly and collaborators is an impressive undertaking and should make working with LSST in the beginning stages far more easy than it was initially with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). However, I would like to focus on an equally important problem that has not yet been discussed here, but in the coming years the community will need to address—can we deal with the flood of data from LSST and will we need to rethink the way we work?
Student evaluations of teaching in business and accounting courses: A perspective and a suggested improvement

Student evaluations of teaching can play a significant role on how one is perceived as a college instructor. In the case of many colleges and universities, the student evaluation is the primary mea...
Informality and state theory: Some concluding remarks

Building on the comparative insights of this monograph issue’s contributors, this article offers a theoretical research agenda intended to transcend dichotomization and developmental divides. It argues that instead of a priori ascribing an undesirable normative character to informality, its presence should be seen as an opportunity for understanding the conditions under which multiple forms of claims-making, democracy, and justice will materialize. It further argues that informality serves as an under-explored but critical analytical point of departure for theorizing governance, citizenship, and social order. The article concludes with some thoughts on state theory and how informality provides a lens for conceiving of governance as a system of practices that link citizens, states, and markets, in turn providing a new way of categorizing similarities and differences across various state and developmental contexts.
Cost Oriented Efficiency

The theory and applications of data envelopment analysis (DEA) have mostly used observed input output data to compare the relative efficiency of firms or decision-making units (DMUs) in an industry or organization. The cost output relations of firms and the overall industry behavior have been either ignored or very infrequently analyzed. As a result the influence of the overall market on the cost efficiency of firms and the dynamics of entry and exit behavior of firms under varying efficiency and demand fluctuations have rarely been looked into.
Subpicosecond Nonlinear Plasmonic Response Probed by Femtosecond Optical Pulses

The hydrodynamic model of the electron transport in the channel of a nanoscale field effect transistors predicts that three different electron transport regimes – collision-dominated, ballistic, and viscosity dominated – determine the ultimate response time of the semiconductor device depending on its length, momentum relaxation time, and viscosity. The characteristic response times of ultra-short channel transistors are in the subpicosecond range. We now report on a new measurement technique with a greatly enhanced sensitivity using optical band-to-band pulses with a controlled delay. The measurements using this new electro-optic sampling and hydrodynamic modeling reveal the ultra-fast transistor plasmonic response at the time scale much shorter than the electron transit time.
DAP10 Costimulates Chimeric Receptor-Mediated T Cell Responses to Tumor Antigen.

Chimeric receptors (chRecs) combining extracellular recognition domains with the T cell receptor ζ an redirect the cellular immune response of primary T-cells to tumor cells. T cell activation by chRec induces efficient cytokine release and cytotoxicity, however, it fails to mediate proliferative responses, limiting the usefulness of chRec-gene-modified T cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Inclusion of a CD28 costimulatory signaling component in the chRec endodomain enhances antigen-specific proliferation. Whereas the signal mediated by ligation of CD28 is of crucial importance for the activation of resting CD4+ T cells, further molecules with costimulatory functions have contributory roles. NKG2D is a stimulatory receptor that was first identified in NK cells, but is also expressed in cytotoxic T cells and positively modulates CD8+ T cell immune responses. We hypothesized that inclusion of the NKG2D-associated signaling domain DAP10 would enhance the capacity of chRecs to induce tumor-specific activation and proliferation of in vitro expanded effector T cells. Based on a GD2-specific scFv, we generated chRecs containing either the DAP10 signaling chain alone (14.G2a-DAP10) or combined with TCRζ 14.G2a-DAP10ζ), and expressed them in nonspecifically activated human peripheral blood T cells of three individual donors by retroviral gene transfer. As controls, T cells were transduced with 14.G2a-ζ and -CD28ζ chRec. High chRec surface expression was obtained with all four constructs (55±11%, ζ; 85±3, CD28ζ; 68±5%, DAP10; 78±1%; DAP10ζ). Immunophenotypes were dominated by a CD3+CD8+ population in all cell cultures. Whereas DAP10 alone failed to mediate specific tumor cell lysis, 51Cr release assays revealed efficient and comparable lysis of GD2+ tumor targets by T cells transduced with all ζ-containing constructs, with 49±8% (ζ), 52±7% (CD28ζ), and 52±18% (DAP10ζ) cytolysis at an effector-to-target ratio of 40:1. Intracellular cytokine secretion by chRec+ T cells was induced in response to tumor targets by 14.G2a-ζ (up to 37% IFN-γ secreting cells), CD28ζ, and DAPζ (both up to 22%), but not by DAP10 alone (0,2%). Weekly stimulation with tumor cells for 6 weeks induced only limited expansion of T cells transduced with 14.G2a-ζ (7–45fold) or with 14.G2a-DAP10 (14–26-fold). Adding CD28 or DAP10 domains significantly enhanced expansion by a comparable degree (270–483-fold and 126–436-fold, respectively). Thus, while neither CD28 nor DAP10 enhances antigen-specific cytokine secretion and cytolysis, DAP10 signaling can completely replace CD28 signaling in costimulating antigen-specific proliferation of peripheral blood T cells. DAP10-containing chRec may be a powerful new tool for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
Structural Changes During the Aging in An Al-Mg-Zn Alloy

The structural changes during age hardening were investigated in a high purity aluminum alloy containing 6 pet Zn and 2 pet Mg by means of X-ray diffraction and dilatometry. It was found that when aging at low temperatures (up to 200°C) the precipitate which formed was MgZn2; above 300°C, (AlZn)49Mg32; at intermediate temperatures both phases formed. The precipitation at low temperatures started with the formation of Guinier-Preston zones in the (111) planes, followed by the formation of a transition lattice very similar to MgZn2 but with a = 4.96 and c = 8.68; this was replaced eventually by MgZn2. The dilatometric work confirmed the X-ray results; the length changes determined experimentally coincided with the changes calculated for the foregoing transformations.
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria, β-Thalassemia Intermedia and Thrombocytopenia Due to a GATA1 Mutation.

Abstract Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), a rare photomutilating disorder, is due to homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for mutant alleles encoding uroporphyrinogen III synthase (U3S), a cytosolic enzyme that converts hydroxymethyl bilane to uroporphyrinogen III. Deficiency of U3S results in an excess of biologically useless uroporphyrin I (URO I), which causes the photomutilation. Clinical expression of CEP is usually associated with co-existence of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I, also an autosomal recessive trait. We evaluated a 3-year-old boy of English-French extraction with a photosensitive bullous dermatosis; CEP was suspected. The boy had a hypochromic, microcytic anemia and thrombocytopenia from birth with hemoglobin values averaging 7.0 g/dL, MCV's averaging 67 fL and platelet counts averaging 70,000/μL. A physical exam revealed scars on the face, hands and forearms, generalized hirsutism and splenomegaly. The diaper fluoresced under a Wood's lamp. Fifty mL of urine contained 2,003 μg of URO (normal=trace), 92% of which was URO I. Erythrocyte U3S activity was 21% of controls, confirming the diagnosis of CEP. Red cell morphology was compatible with thalassemia and fluorescent red cells were apparent. Hb electrophoresis revealed 36.3% Hb A, 2.4% Hb A2, 59.5% Hb F and 1.8% of a fast moving peak, likely Hb Bart's. Both parents were hematologically normal, had no evidence of porphyria, and had normal Hb electrophoreses. Genomic U3S was characterized (including the promoter), no mutations or deletions were found in the child or the parents. Characterization of the α and β-globin loci also revealed no mutations or deletions. Lack of a molecular explanation for either the low U3S activity or the β-thalassemia/thrombocytopenia phenotype led us to sequence GATA1, an X-linked transcription factor common to globin genes and the first 4 steps of the heme biosynthetic pathway in erythrocytes. A mutation was found at codon 216 in the child and on one allele of his mother, changing arginine to tryptophan (R216W). A more conservative arginine to glutamine mutation (R216Q) previously described by Yu et al. (Blood 2002; 100:2040–5) is the only known human mutation of the DNA-binding domain of the N-finger of GATA1, and did not result in porphyria. Here, in contrast to the reduced activity of U3S, erythrocyte activities of the proximal heme biosynthetic enzymes were normal. To explore the mechanism responsible for the extremely high Hb F levels we sequenced the proximal promoter regions of the γ globin loci. The Xmn I polymorphism (−158 C to T), associated with increased production of G-γ chains, was identified in the promoter region of one G-γ allele in the child and in one allele of his father. The G-γ to A-γ ratio in the child's Hb F was 2:1, a moderate increase in the expected ratio. Xmn I, when present with the Hb S mutation, results in variable Hb F elevations but almost always
Ultra high aspect-ratio and thick deep silicon etching (UDRIE)

We report an advanced deep-reactive-ion-etching (DRIE) process developed specifically for etching ultra-deep structures in thick (>500μΉ) silicon wafers with high aspect-ratio and straight sidewalls across a wide range of feature sizes and patterns. This is achieved by ramping critical process parameters throughout the etching duration. 600–800μm deep trenches with widths as small as 20–40μm are etched in 1mm-thick silicon wafer, and are expected to be etched through a 1mm wafer with thicker and/or higher selectivity masking materials. We have produced holes >500μm deep with hole diameters as small as 25μm, and potentially with 10–15μm diameter holes. This ultra-deep silicon etching process will benefit both IC integration and emerging MEMS applications at micrometer and millimeter scale that demand high-resolution deep DRIE.
Protecting Business from Politics: Explaining Variation in Nationalist Protests in China

Why do Chinese leaders, despite valuing economic ties to Japan, take actions – such as permitting anti-Japanese street demonstrations – that risk antagonizing the Japanese business community? In order to adequately explain the puzzling divergence of economic interests and political behavior, I propose a subnational approach. I argue that leaders of Chinese cities that are economically dependent on Japan are more likely to take measures to protect the local business environment, and thus are more likely to repress or contain anti-Japanese street demonstrations. I test this argument by analyzing the variation in city government responses to anti-Japanese protests in two pairs of comparative case studies featuring Dalian and Qingdao, and Shanghai and Guangzhou. A key implication of my argument is that the expectation that certain subnational actors will preserve economic relations with Japan may give rise to a moral hazard problem in which leaders at the national level engage in riskier international behavior.
What Does A Robot Look Like?: A Multi-Site Examination of User Expectations About Robot Appearance:

Robot design is a critical component of human-robot interaction. A robot’s appearance shapes people’s expectations of that robot, which in turn affect human-robot interaction. This paper reports on...
A Paragon of Family Ritual: The Zimmerman Family Reunion

A case study of a family reunion ritual is showcased in this analysis. Fifty-nine members of one multigenerational family were interviewed and answered questions about their most meaningful family reunion memories. The author integrated the interview data, reunion observations, and family documents to answer research questions about the construction of meaningful reunion rituals, the meaning attached to ritualizing activities, and the transformation of the ritual over time. Three metaphorical phases—labeled allegro, legato, and decrescendo —describe how family members described changes in the family reunion ritual over time. The findings show that members of this multigenerational family reported alignment with the properties of family rituals theorizing – transformation, communication, and stabilization.
Book Review: Quest for Equality: The Failed Promise of Black-Brown Solidarity

This is a book review of Neil Foley, Quest for Equality: The Failed Promise of Black-Brown Solidarity (Harvard University Press, 2010).
Elastic Medium with Random Fields of Inhomogeneities

In this chapter the method of the effective field is applied to solve problems for composites and cracked solids. Under the assumption of a random change of the effective field from one particle to another the formulae for the first and second moments of random stress-strain fields are presented.
Improvement in Wood by Using Genetics

Initially, only a few tree improvement programs included wood as a characteristic to be genetically manipulated. Emphases in the early programs were on adaptability, pest tolerance, growth rate, and tree form. Certainly those characteristics are of importance, but since wood is the final objective of many forestry activities, it should also be included. Initially, the huge amount of variation in wood was not well-recognized and most foresters attributed it to environmental differences, since the training of foresters emphasized the controlling effect of environment. However, as Smith (1970) pointed out, the range of variation in wood is so large, even after intensive selection for volume, form, and branching, that effective selection for wood improvement is possible (Fig. 13.1).
A nationwide analysis of palliative care service utilization in hospitalized metastatic cancer patients.

6602Background: ASCO guidelines recommend palliative care consultation (PC) to patients with advanced cancer to improve quality of life and overall survival. However, limited data are available on ...
Where have all the flowers gone? Honey bee declines and exclusions from floral resources

Abstract This article considers the social drivers that shape beekeepers' lost access to floral resources, and how this contributes to honey bee and beekeeper vulnerability. Most large-scale beekeepers in the United States are migratory and depend on access to private land to produce honey and healthy bees—a surprisingly tenuous arrangement for producers who add over $17 billion to U.S. agriculture. This dynamic often places beekeepers in asymmetrical power relationships with both landowners and state entities that tend to favor property owners and farmers over migrant beekeepers. Consequently, land use policies often do not favor beekeepers or honey bees. Through three empirical cases in the Midwest, I show the varied processes and mechanisms that play a role in excluding beekeepers from floral resources. As beekeepers lose access to forage for honey production and face greater precarity, they increasingly turn to commercial pollination and manufactured pollen inputs—both of which can have negative impacts on honey bee health.
Oral History and Writing the Business History of Emerging Markets

This working paper highlights the benefits that rigorous use of oral history can offer to research on the contemporary business history of emerging markets. Oral history can help fill some of the major information voids arising from the absence of a strong tradition of corporate archives in most countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Oral history also permits a level of nuance that is hard to obtain even if written documents exist and are accessible in corporate and governmental archives. Oral histories can provide insights into why events did not occur, and to why companies chose certain industries over others, including wishing to avoid sectors where there was extensive government interference. Oral history can shed light on hyper-sensitive topics, such corruption, which are rarely formally documented. While the methodological challenges of oral history are considerable and fully acknowledged, oral history can still be seen as a critical source of data on opinions, voices and judgements on events on which there was often silence in written records.
Ga13 and Talin Coordinate integrin Inside-out and Outside-In Signaling by “time-sharing” of b3 cytoplasmic Domain

Abstract 162 The bidirectional signaling of integrins mediates cell adhesion, spreading, retraction and migration. The binding of talin and kindlins to the cytoplasmic domain of integrin b3 subunit transmits inside-out signals to induce integrin activation. Ligand-induced outside-in signaling requires the binding of a G protein subunit, Ga13, and a tyrosine kinase, c-Src, to the b3 cytoplasmic domain. It is unclear how the short cytoplasmic domain of b3 accommodates these molecules and allows coordinated bidirectional signaling. Here we show that Ga13 and talin are mutually exclusive in binding to b3 both in vivo and in vitro. Increasing expression level of talin head or full-length talin in CHO123 cell decreases Ga13-b3 association. Ga13 also competes with talin head for GST-b3 binding in purified binding system. More importantly, talin is associated with b3 only in inside-out signaling during platelet aggregation. Following integrin ligation, however, Ga13 binds to b3, replacing talin. The Ga13 binding site located between K729-T741 within the talin binding region. However, Ga13 binding and signaling require a distinct ExE733 motif (EEE in b3) conserved in most integrin b subunits that is not required for talin binding but flanked by talin binding sequences on both sides. Interference of Ga13 binding to integrin b3 cytoplasmic domain by myristorylated b3 peptide (Myr-EEERA735) or by point-mutating the EEE motif to AAA selectively inhibits outside-in signaling, thus inhibited cell spreading on fibrinogen, accelerated RhoA activation and inhibited c-Src activity. But they have no effect on talin-dependent inside-out signaling judged by fibrinogen binding assay. In conclusion, our data suggest that the timed share of binding sites in b3 between Ga13 and talin coordinates bidirectional integrin signaling. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Voluntary alcohol access during adolescence/early adulthood, but not during adulthood, causes faster omission contingency learning

In omission contingency training, rodents learn to suppress their natural tendency to approach or touch a reward-predictive cue (termed "autoshaping" or "sign-tracking" responses) if the approach/touching responses lead to the omission of the reward. Previous research has shown that high levels of alcohol exposure (through alcohol vapor exposure) or adolescent alcohol consumption (with some versions of the omission contingency task) can lead to faster omission contingency learning. However, the alcohol exposure procedures and/or omission contingency task parameters differed between these different demonstrations. It was unclear whether the same voluntary alcohol consumption procedures during adolescence/early adulthood and/or adulthood would lead to faster omission contingency learning in one or both age groups. Here, rats received 6 weeks of chronic intermittent access to 20% alcohol or water from PND 26-66 (adolescence/early adulthood in Exp. 1) or PND 68-108 (adulthood in Exp. 2) and began behavioral training (autoshaping training followed by omission contingency training) several days later. We found no evidence that alcohol access at either age altered the number of trials with a sign-tracking response on the levers during autoshaping training. However, alcohol access during adolescence/early adulthood, but not during adulthood, led to faster learning to withhold responding on the lever under omission contingencies during the subsequent phase. We also found no evidence that the level of alcohol consumption was correlated with sign-tracking behavior in the autoshaping phase or with the suppression of lever-pressing during the omission contingency phase. Our results suggest that adolescent/early adult rats have increased vulnerability, compared with adults, to some long-term behavioral effects of voluntary alcohol consumption.
Platelet Secretory Process

To the Editor: A recent exchange of letters appearing in Blood [1][1] [2][2]was of particular interest to our group. Lemons et al[3][3] had published a report in Blood that stimulated a letter from Dr Morgenstern, to which one of the authors responded. Dr Morgenstern had no objections to the
Tired of not knowing what that fatigue score means? Normative data of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS).

Abstract Background : The Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) is one of the most common self-report measures used to assess fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite its widespread use, there are no existing normative data for the MFIS. Objective The present investigation aimed to develop normative data for the MFIS in a large community sample, stratified by age, gender, and education and to compare the derived new cutoffs to an existing cutoff. Methods A total of 675 healthy individuals, stratified by age, gender, and education completed the MFIS. After the removal of 19 outliers, the final sample consisted of 656 individuals. Archival data of 540 individuals with MS who completed the MFIS were also included to analyze the utility of the new cutoffs. Results There were no main effects on the MFIS for gender. However, there were main effects for age and education. Specifically, younger cohorts (25-34 and 35-44) reported less physical fatigue compared to the two oldest cohorts (55-64 and 65-74). Similar effects were found for total MFIS fatigue with individuals aged 55-64 reporting greater overall fatigue than 35-44 year olds. Finally, 18-24 year olds reported significantly higher levels of cognitive fatigue compared to 35-44 and 65-74 aged cohorts. No other effects were observed for age. Individuals with higher education consistently reported less fatigue. Subsequent analyses also revealed an interaction effect for age x gender. When examining the age x gender interaction, women age 18-24 reported significantly greater levels of physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and total fatigue than their male counterparts. In contrast, men aged 65-74 reported greater physical, cognitive, and total fatigue than women their age. Comparisons of the existing cutoff of the MFIS to the new age, gender, and education specific cutoffs found either comparable or slightly higher rates of fatigue with the latter. Conclusion Based on these findings, updated normative data and age, gender, and education specific cutoffs are provided. Utilization of these updated norms will result in a more accurate assessment of fatigue and will be valuable for those conducting research and/or clinical practice with individual with MS.
Quantitative Sensory Changes Following Posterior Spinal Fusion in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Purpose: Hypoesthesia (numbness) typically develops after posterior spinal fusion (PSF) to treat Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Anecdotally, patients frequently experience hypoesthesia along the incision and anterior rib cage (chest wall). However, such post-surgical sensory changes are not well described quantitatively in this population. This study aims to evaluate the presence, intensity, and duration of mechanical hypoesthesia in AIS patients postoperatively. Methods: A prospective cohort of AIS patients, 10-21 years old, was followed. Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) included touch detection threshold (MDT) and …
Higher Emotion Dysregulation and Coping Motives in Alcoholand Marijuana Users.

Prior research indicates that difficulties in emotion regulation may contribute to the use of substances (e.g. alcohol and marijuana) to alleviate negative affect. Therefore, we hypothesized that c...