cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for attenuation of scar formation during wound healing

Scars are a consequence of cutaneous wound healing that can be both unsightly and detrimental to the function of the tissue. Scar tissue is generated by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix tissue by wound healing fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and although it is inferior to the uninjured skin, it is able to restore integrity to the boundary between the body and its environment. Scarring is not a necessary process to repair the dermal tissues. Rather, scar tissue forms due to specific mechanisms that occur during the adult wound healing process and are modulated primarily by the inflammatory response at the site of injury. Adult tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which participate in normal wound healing, are trophic mediators of tissue repair. These cells participate in attenuating inflammation in the wound and reprogramming the resident immune and wound healing cells to favor tissue regeneration and inhibit fibrotic tissue formation. As a result, these cells have been considered and tested as a likely candidate for a cellular therapy to promote scar-less wound healing. This review identifies specific mechanisms by which mesenchymal stem cells can limit tissue fibrosis and summarizes recent in vivo studies where these cells have been used successfully to limit scar formation.
Fowlpox Virus Encodes Nonessential Homologs of Cellular Alpha-SNAP, PC-1, and an Orphan Human Homolog of a Secreted Nematode Protein

The genome of fowlpox virus (FWPV), type species of the Avipoxviridae, is considerably rearranged compared with that of vaccinia virus (the prototypic poxvirus and type species of the Orthopoxviridae) and is 30% larger. It is likely that the genome of FWPV contains genes in addition to those found in vaccinia virus, probably involved with its replication and survival in the chicken. A 7,470-bp segment of the FWPV genome has five open reading frames (ORFs), two of which encode ankyrin repeat proteins, many examples of which have been found in poxviruses. The remaining ORFs encode homologs of cellular genes not reported in any other virus. ORF-2 encodes a homolog of the yeast Sec17p and mammalian SNAP proteins, crucial to vesicular transport in the exocytic pathway. ORF-3 encodes a homolog of an orphan human protein, R31240_2, encoded on 19p13.2. ORF-3 is also homologous to three proteins (YLS2, YMV6, and C07B5.5) from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and to a 43-kDa antigen from the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis. ORF-5 encodes a homolog of the mammalian plasma cell antigen PC-1, a type II glycoprotein with exophosphodiesterase activity. The ORFs are present in the virulent precursor, HP1, of the sequenced attenuated virus (FP9) and are conserved in other strains of FWPV. They were shown, by deletion mutagenesis, to be nonessential to virus replication in tissue culture. RNA encoding the viral homolog of PC-1 is expressed strongly early and late in infection, but RNAs encoding the homologs of SNAP and R31240_2 are expressed weakly and late.
New Gabor wavelets with shift-invariance for improved time-frequency analysis and signal detection

We consider time-frequency detection and range-Doppler signal processing applications for wavelet processing; these differ considerably from the standard data representation and compression applications. In these cases, new wavelet functions and processing are necessary. We show that shift-invariance is essential (standard DWTs do not provide this), that dyadic scales are not sufficient, that wideband mother wavelet functions are necessary for some high noise cases and that small scale changes are generally required. A new Gabor wavelet implementation is described that is fast [O(N)], shift-invariant, flexible, and is not restricted to dyadic scales or to one basis function. It is compared to conventional dyadic DWTs, block shift-invariant DWTs, wavelet packets and other wavelet transform filter realizations requiring long filter sizes, large latency and long data buffers.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photosynthesis during an Episodic Drought in Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii across an Alpine Treeline

Abstract Effects of abiotic factors on daily and annual photosynthetic carbon gain were evaluated in Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii at three sites across an alpine treeline ecotone in the Medicine Bow Mountains of southeastern Wyoming (U.S.A.). In addition, the year 2001–2002 was characterized as an episodic drought (seventh driest year since 1895), including a winter that generated only 45% of normal snowpack. Both species had approximately 50% lower xylem water potentials and photosynthesis compared to previous studies for the same species and locale. In A. lasiocarpa, estimated total photosynthesis for the measurement period (Atot) was greatest (28.7 mol m−2) at the mid-ecotone site (∼3198 m), followed by the alpine site (24.6 mol m−2) at ∼3286 m, and then the forest site (19.4 mol m−2) below timberline (∼2965 m). Similar results occurred in P. engelmannii (17.6, 23.4, and 25.3 mol m−2, respectively). These differences appeared to be most influenced by stomatal rather than non-stomatal effects ...
Erratum: Bottom-Quark Forward-Backward Asymmetry in the Standard Model and Beyond [Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 062003 (2013)]

week ending 13 JUNE 2014 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS PRL 112, 239901 (2014) Erratum: Bottom-Quark Forward-Backward Asymmetry in the Standard Model and Beyond [Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 062003 (2013)] Benjamin Grinstein * and Christopher W. Murphy † Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA (Received 20 May 2014; published 9 June 2014) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.239901 PACS numbers: 14.65.Fy, 99.10.Cd We found a bug in FEYNRULES 1.6.1 [1] and reported it to the authors of the program. This bug affected the plot in the middle row and right column of Fig. 1 in our Letter. The correct result is shown in Fig. 1 here. This bug is not present in the current version of the program, FEYNRULES 2.0.24 [2], which had not been released at the time our Letter was published. We thank Ezequiel Alvarez for discussions, which led to the discovery of the bug. M 130 GeV, 1.3 solid M 105 GeV, 1.2 dashed A b FB b M bb GeV b FIG. 1 (color online). Predictions for the binned A b FB from scalar weak doublet model. SM predictions are in orange. In black are b b ¯ CDF’s expected sensitivities [3] for A FB . [1] N. D. Christensen and C. Duhr, Comput. Phys. Commun. 180, 1614 (2009). [2] A. Alloul, N. D. Christensen, C. Degrande, C. Duhr, and B. Fuks, arXiv:1310.1921. [3] P. Bartos on behalf of the (CDF collaboration), First Measurement of Forward-Backward Asymmetry in b b ¯ Production at CDF (2012), http://indico.cern.ch/event/175916/session/1/contribution/40/material/slides/0.pdf. © 2014 American Physical Society
Definitions, History, and Geography

Rheumatic fever is an acute inflammatory disease which may follow betahemolytic, group A streptococcal infections of the throat, but no other infection, and not even streptococcal infections of other sites, such as the skin. Characteristically, it tends to recur. Its name (rheumatic) emphasizes the joints, but it is the heart which makes it important.
Spontaneous and x-ray-induced somatic-chromosome aberrations in the Chinese hamster.

SummaryThe spontaneous and induced chromosome-aberration rates in the bone-marrow of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus, have been investigated. The spontaneous aberration rate is so low that no aberrations have yet been seen in control material. Two hours after irradiation the induced aberration rate was 0·0051 breaks per cell per r. The aberration rate fell rapidly with time after irradiation. Aberrations of all the expected types were found, but two-hit aberrations did not appear until the sixth hour. The results support the conclusion that epithelioid cells in vitro have about the same sensitivity as a rapidly-dividing tissue in vivo, while ‘fibroblasts’ are much more sensitive.
CMAJ's youngest-ever editor dies

Dr. Gordon Dickinson, who was handed the editorial reins at CMAJ in 1965 when he was only 33 years old, died suddenly at his Toronto home Aug. 4, 2015. He was 82. Dickinson graduated from McGill in 1958 and was appointed editor of CMAJ in December 1965, becoming the youngest physician to hold the
Fair Value Measurement Under High Uncertainty: The Effects of Disclosure Format and Management Aggressiveness on Users’ Risk Assessments

I examine the extent to which the high degree of inherent risk present in many fair value measurements (FVMs) is communicated via disclosures to financial statement users under conditions of high and low management aggressiveness. Specifically, I conduct an experiment that investigates which of three disclosure formats most effectively communicates the risk of high-uncertainty FVMs to users — a narrative sensitivity disclosure currently mandated in the U.S., a standard quantitative disclosure currently required under IFRS, or an “enhanced” quantitative disclosure I propose that also displays the impact of these changes on net income. As predicted, the enhanced disclosure condition is more effective than the standard condition at communicating risk to users under conditions of high management aggressiveness. Increased perceptions of trust, competence, and reliability upon receiving the standard disclosure partially explain this relationship. Thus, the additional information in the enhanced disclosure condition appears to lead to higher risk assessments when management aggressiveness is high, providing increased benefit to users at little incremental cost to preparers.
American Naturalism and the Jews, Donald Pizer

In his final book, God and the American Writer (1997), Alfred Kazin recounts an exchange with a literature professor after Kazin had delivered a lecture that included praise for T. S. Eliot's Four ...
Abstract 1588: Transformation of primary human fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells: A cell of origin for high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is a lethal disease for which improved screening and treatment strategies are urgently required. Progress in these areas has been impeded by our poor understanding of HGSOC pathogenesis. The vast majority of ovarian cancer research is been based on the hypothesis that HGSOC develops from ovarian surface epithelial cells. However, recent studies suggest that > 50% of high-grade serous carcinomas involving the ovary likely arose from secretory cells of the fallopian tube epithelium. Consequently, current ovarian-based experimental models of HGSOC are inadequate in representing the full spectrum of the disease. The aim of our study was to develop the first experimental model of fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (FTSEC) transformation and to use this model to answer three basic questions: 1) Can FTSECs be transformed in vitro?, 2) What genetic alterations are capable of transforming FTSECs?, and 3) Do transformed FTSECs give rise to high-grade serous carcinomas? To this end, we isolated primary human FTSECs from fresh samples of normal fallopian tube fimbriae and immortalized them via transduction with hTERT and SV40 TAg. Immortal FTSECs were transformed by either H-Ras V12 or c-Myc expression, resulting in accelerated proliferation, enhanced clonogenicity, anchorage-independent growth, and tumor formation in immunodeficient mice. When SV40 TAg was replaced with equivalent non-viral genetic alterations (sh-p53, CDK4 R24C , and sh-PP2A-B56γ), FTSECs remained susceptible to c-Myc-induced transformation and tumorigenesis. These results indicate that hTERT expression plus combined dysfunction of the p53, Rb, and PP2A tumor suppressor pathways is sufficient to support c-Myc-mediated transformation. Importantly, all of the transformed FTSECs in our study produced high-grade serous tumors with Mullerian and epithelial characteristics. Moreover, these tumors were grossly, histologically, and immunophenotypically consistent with human HGSOC. The genetic elements employed by our model represent the most common genomic alterations in human HGSOC – namely, TP53 mutation, RB1 dysfunction, and c-MYC amplification – and are therefore appropriate for modeling this disease. In summary, we have presented the first proof-of-principle evidence that FTSECs can be transformed into high-grade serous carcinomas resembling HGSOC. Our FTSEC transformation model provides a novel framework for assessing the transformative effects of specific genetic alterations on primary FTSECs and thus determining what role they may play in the pathogenesis of HGSOC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1588. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1588
Pathologies of Acute Interstitial Pneumonia in Feedlot Cattle

Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP) is a costly issue that affects feedlot cattle. Research has yet to elucidate the etiology of AIP; therefore a case-control study was conducted to evaluate possible management and physiological factors that contribute to AIP in feedlot cattle. The experiment was conducted during the summer of 2011 in a commercial feedyard in Kansas. Animals exhibiting clinical signs of AIP and a control animal from the same pen were selected for ante-mortem examination. Post-mortem AIP cases were also selected for additional examination. Ante-mortem measurements included rumen gas cap hydrogen sulfide and pH, rectal temperature and body weight. Post-mortem examination added histological examination of lung tissue. Rectal temperature was greater in the AIP cattle (40.6±0.16°C) than controls (39.7±0.16°C; p 0.10). Post-mortem rumen pH values were 6.3±0.4 and 5.7±0.6 for AIP and control cattle, respectively. Histological evaluation of lung samples showed that bronchiolitis was present in about 90% of the cattle affected with AIP. About 75% of the cattle with AIP also had bronchopneumonia. No relationships between feed intake patterns, or serum amylase or lipase levels were noted between treatments (p>0.20). This study generally confirms that AIP tends to occur more in heifers relative to steers, occurs in cattle at heavier weights or later in the feeding period and tends to be associated pathologically with bronchio` litis and bronchopneumonia. The lack of differences in rumen measures and the feed intake data between AIP and control cattle suggest that feed intake patterns and rumen fermentation may not impact AIP in feedlot cattle and that it may be more directly related to bronchiolitis/bronchopneumonia due to chronic irritation or infection.
Importance of Aeromonas sobria in Aeromonas Bacteremia

On the basis of DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics [1], core oligosaccharide analysis [2], and the electrophoretic mobility of selected cellular enzymes [3], recent taxonomic studies of motile Aeromonas spp. indicate that the group commonly referred to as the "Aeromonas hydrophila complex" is actually composed of nine or more distinct species, three of which are currently identifiable by using simple biochemical tests [4, 5]. Several studies have suggested that separating these groups may be of clinical as well as taxonomic interest because most enterotoxin-producing isolates are either A. hydrophila or Aeromonas sobria [6] and because differences in antimicrobial susceptibility between the three species have been noted [7, 8]. In addition to the above-mentioned properties, we have previously found [5] that ^90^0 of all blood isolates of Aeromonas submitted to our laboratory for biotyping belonged to either the A. sobria or A. hydrophila groups, with A. sobria predominating. Furthermore, studies conducted by Daily et al. [9] on the relative virulence of aeromonads in mice found A. sobria to be more pathogenic than A. hydrophila, although Aeromonas caviae was not separated from the latter group. We have subsequently confirmed the studies of Daily et al. [9] and have additionally demonstrated the relative avirulence of A. caviae [10]. To determine whether these biologic properties ascribed to each species in vitro correlate with manifestation of clinical disease, we have analyzed our recent experiences with Aeromonas bacteremia in our institution.
On P-Values

Periodically, social scientists debate the strengths and weaknesses of hypothesis testing (for which researchers pose the question, e.g., "Are my group means the same or different?") compared with effects estimation (motivated by the question, "How large is the difference between my group means?"). As is often the case, the extreme positions are clear but they approach ideology, and a moderate stance seems the more constructive prescription. The testing of null hypotheses affords researchers many advantages (Abelson 1997; Cortina and Dunlap 1997; Frick 1996; Greenwald et al. 1996; Hagen 1997; Harris 1997; Mulaik, Raju, and Harshman 1997). Of primary importance, the test of a null hypothesis is conducted in the context of a simple decision rule and provides a dichotomous outcome (Greenwald et al. 1996, 177). While critics would argue that hypothesis tests provide less information compared to alternative techniques, supporters argue that the binary decisions nevertheless enable scholarly progress and theory testing, which "requires nothing more than a binary decision about the relation between two variables" (Chow 1988, 105; Wainer 1999).
Fractal Dynamic Streamer Discharge Simulation of Rod-plane Air Gap Based on Charge Accumulation

The simulation of rod-plane air gap discharge process is of great significance to the research of long air gap discharge mechanism and the design of UHV transmission projects. We built a discharge model of positive fractal dynamic streamer of rod-plane air gap. On the basis of the original fractal streamer model, we proposed an electric field calculation method based on the dynamic boundary condition, and a new calculation method of the time parameters based on the charge accumulation process. In the model, the electric field and development time of discharge step were obtained by solving the electric field distribution equations and charge accumulation equations. The processes of streamer starting, streamer development, charge accumulation, discharge extinguish were all contained in the model. Discharge process of various voltage amplitudes(230 k V,600 k V) and the waves of lightning impulse(2.0/50 μs) were simulated by this model in the 1m rod-plane air gap.The results show that,for the gap of 230 k V, the length of streamer is 20 cm, streamer time is 5.02 μs, velocity is 3.98 × 104 m/s,and charge accumulation is 23.2 μC; while for the 600 k V, the gap is discharged, streamer time is 9.92 μs, velocity is 1.01 × 104 m/s,and it raises to 1.60 × 105 m/s before discharge, and charge accumulation is 258.3 μC. The model matches the test results well in the dynamic processes of the length of discharge channels, electric field, and charges.
Clinical significance of hepatic fibrosis indexes in diagnosis of infantile hepatitis syndrome

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of hepatic fibrosis indexes in diagnosis and treatment of infantile hepatitis syndrome( IHS).Methods The levels of HA,LN,PCⅢ,Ⅳ-C,TB,DB,ALT,GGT were detected in 61 cases of IHS and 25 cases of healthy infants,the hepatic fibrosis indexes were compared between two groups.In addition,the IHS group was divided into 2 groups( low:groupⅠ,high:groupⅡ) by the level of TB and the hepatic fibrosis indexes were compared between two groups.Results The levels of HA,LN,PCⅢ,Ⅳ-C,TB,DB,ALT,GGT in IHS group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group.The levels of TB,DB,GGT,HA,PCⅢ,Ⅳ-C in group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅰ.After treatment,the levels of TB,DB,ALT in group Ⅰand TB,ALT in group Ⅱ were significant decline,compared with before treatment,the difference was statistically significant; GGT was no significant decline in group Ⅰ,but in Ⅱ group,the GGT increased significantly compared with before treatment,the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion The levels of HA,LN,Ⅳ-C,PCⅢ are closely associated with IHS,and the levels of HA,PCⅢ,Ⅳ-C are increased in the development of the disease.Hepatic fibrosis indexes are useful for diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis in IHS.
Nonobstructing Crohn's Disease.

Although our existing medical management improves the quality of life of the majority of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), a substantial proportion of individuals still experience unpleasant symptoms from either the disease or therapy. Many patients ultimately require surgery. In the near future it is highly likely that new drugs will be available that are able to favorably modify the natural history of the disease.
Iron and Carbon Dynamics during Aging and Reductive Transformation of Biogenic Ferrihydrite

Natural organic matter is often associated with Fe(III) oxyhydroxides, and may be stabilized as a result of coprecipitation or sorption to their surfaces. However, the significance of this association in relation to Fe and C dynamics and biogeochemical cycling, and the mechanisms responsible for organic matter stabilization as a result of interaction with minerals under various environmental conditions (e.g., pH, Eh, etc.) are not entirely understood. The preservation of mineral-bound OM may be affected by OM structure and mineral identity, and bond types between OM and minerals may be central to influencing the stability, transformation and composition of both organic and mineral components under changing environmental conditions. Here we use bulk and submicron-scale spectroscopic synchrotron methods to examine the in situ transformation of OM-bearing, biogenic ferrihydrite stalks (Gallionella ferruginea-like), which formed following injection of oxygenated groundwater into a saturated alluvial aquifer at the Rifle, CO field site. A progression from oxidizing to reducing conditions during an eight-month period triggered the aging and reductive transformation of Gallionella-like ferrihydrite stalks to Fe (hydroxy)carbonates and Fe sulfides, as well as alteration of the composition and amount of OM. Spectromicroscopic measurements showed a gradual decrease in reduced carbon forms (aromatic/alkene, aliphatic C), a relative increase in amide/carboxyl functional groups and a significant increase in carbonate in the stalk structures, and the appearance of organic globules not associated with stalk structures. Biogenic stalks lost ∼30% of their initial organic carbon content. Conversely, a significant increase in bulk organic matter accompanied these transformations. The character of bulk OM changed in parallel with mineralogical transformations, showing an increase in aliphatic, aromatic and amide functional groups. These changes likely occurred as a result of an increase in microbial activity, or biomass production under anoxic conditions. By the end of this experiment, a substantial fraction of organic matter remained in identifiable Fe containing stalks, but carbon was also present in additional pools, for example, organic matter globules and iron carbonate minerals.
Theoretical Physics, Applied Mathematics and Visualizations

The conceptual aspects of the majority of physical phenomena readily are comprehensible, yet their analysis conducive to justifiable output require mathematical justifications. Applied mathematics is the backbone of theoretical physics. No field in physics in particular and science in general is immune. Within the last couple of decades advances in computer science introduced a fresh pathway, computational physics, augmenting the field. The offspring of these innovations is the scientific software capable of performing operations that could not be accomplished traditionally. The impact of these spectacular innovative technologies is evidence in scientific literature. The focus of this article is to demonstrate the graphical usefulness of one such scientific software, Mathematica analyzing the electrostatic features of discrete charge distributions. This is an example of a theoretical physics problem focusing on the overlap of physics, graphics and math. Ever since its birth a quarter century ago, Mathematica steadily has been growing in popularity and practicality. This article embodies the codes compatible with the latest version of the software including one, two and three dimensional sliders. Practitioner physicists, interested individuals and mathematicians may adjust the code to meet their needs.
Una Familia Unida: Cultural Adaptation of Family-Based Therapy for Bulimia With a Depressed Latina Adolescent

This article describes the brief treatment of a Mexican American teenager who presented for family therapy to address major depressive disorder (MDD) and comorbid binge-purge behaviors. Treatment w...
Women in Leadership: Why So Few and What to Do About It.

The numbers of women in medical school and in medical training have increased dramatically and are near 50% overall, but the number of women who advance to senior and leadership positions is not nearly this high. There are many reasons why the number of women in leadership roles in academic medicine has not kept pace with the number of women entering the field of medicine. Two popular themes are the glass ceiling (referring to an invisible barrier to advancement) and the leaky pipeline (the loss of women faculty along the path, or pipeline, to advancement). I believe that both come into play. Glass ceiling issues tend to be of two types: those related to the institutional culture and those related to problems of bias, especially unconscious bias. Leaky pipeline issues include the challenges of work-life integration and the need for leadership development for women. There are solutions to all of these challenges. These include improving institutional culture; making sure women advance as quickly as men and are paid equitably; ensuring that there are resources to help with work-life balance, related not only to family but to all aspects of life; and providing adequate mentoring and leadership training. These measures will help all faculty, as factors that hamper women's advancement may hamper men as well. Although these themes are broadly applicable, there are strategies that can address them all. We just need to be aware, and be proactive, and we will succeed in breaking the glass ceiling and patching the leaky pipeline.
Vote-by-Phone: An Investigation of a Usable and Accessible IVR Voting System

One of the main goals of the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) was to ensure that voters with disabilities could vote privately and independently. However, the current state of most voting methods does not allow for private and independent voting for everyone. In response to this issue, we tested a remote IVR voting system developed by Author 1 and Author 2 (2013), with an added audio speed adjustment feature and synthetic voice to increase usability and accessibility, especially for visually impaired voters (Pinter, 2011). The focus of this research was to examine the viability and usability of the IVR voting system as an accessible voting platform for visually impaired voters. The system was tested by users with and without visual impairments, and usability was measured using the three ISO 9241-11 usability metrics (ISO 9241-11, 1998) of efficiency (time to complete a ballot), effectiveness (accuracy), and satisfaction (subjective usability). Results indicate that the IVR voting system could be a viable voting alternative to other established voting methods, with similar performance among sighted and visually impaired users.
Arsenic Trioxide with Ascorbic Acid and High-Dose Melphalan Is Safe and Effective for Autotransplantation for Multiple Myeloma.

Background: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been shown to be synergistic with melphalan both in vitro and in vivo. We conducted a randomized phase II trial to determine the safety and efficacy of a combination of ATO, melphalan, and ascorbic acid (AA) as a preparative regimen in patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation for multiple myeloma (MM). We also assessed the impact of ATO levels on melphalan pharmacokinetics, engraftment, and toxicity. Methods: Forty-eight patients with secretory myeloma (23 females, 25 males; median age, 54; range 35–70) were treated between 4/04 and 8/05. All patients received melphalan 100 mg/m 2 IV on days -4 and -3 and AA 1000 mg/day IV on days -9 to -3. Patients were randomized to 3 arms: no ATO (arm 1), ATO 0.15 mg/kg IV on days -9 to -3 (arm 2), and ATO 0.25 mg/kg IV on days -9 to -3 (arm 3). Twelve patients had received a prior autograft, with a median 4.5 x 10 6 /kg (range 2.3–10.9) CD34+ cells infused. Results: Patients in all 3 arms were evenly matched. Twenty-nine patients (60%) were transplanted for consolidation of first remission and 19 patients (40%) for relapsed disease. With a median follow-up of 26 months (range 10–37) post-autograft, no dose-limiting toxicity, or nonrelapse mortality was reported. Toxicity was limited to grade 1 or 2 nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and was comparable in all 3 arms. Melphalan pharmacokinetics was not altered by ATO pretreatment. Median time to neutrophil engraftment (absolute neutrophil count >500/dL) was 9 days, with no engraftment failures or delays in either the control or ATO arms. The complete response (CR) rate for all patients was 25% (12/48), and the partial response rate was 60% (29/48) for an overall response rate (ORR = CR + PR) of 85%. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after 24 months of follow-up were 59% and 91%, respectively. Median PFS was 29 months; median OS has not been reached. There was no significant difference in CR, ORR, PFS, or OS among the 3 arms ( P =.9, .9, .5, and .6, respectively). PFS and OS were comparable among patients with chromosomal abnormalities or relapsed disease at transplant and patients undergoing a second autotransplant for salvage. Conclusions: Addition of ATO + AA to high-dose melphalan is safe and well tolerated as a preparative regimen for autotransplants in patients with MM, including high-risk patients. There was no adverse impact of ATO on engraftment. Longer follow-up is necessary to assess the efficacy of this combination on PFS and OS.
Abstract A10: A distinct gene module for T cell dysfunction uncoupled from T cell activation and controlled by metallothioneins

Reversing the dysfunctional (also known as “exhausted”) T cell state that arises in cancer and chronic viral infections is the focus of therapeutic interventions; however, current therapies are effective in only some patients and for only some tumor types. To gain a deeper molecular understanding of the dysfunctional T cell state, we leveraged mouse models to analyze RNA profiles of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) at various functional states. In a comparative study we identified metallothioneins, regulators of zinc metabolism, as drivers of T cell dysfunction and used genetic perturbation to identify, for the first time, a distinct gene module for T cell dysfunction that is uncoupled from T cell activation and associated with a CD8+ Treg signature. An analysis of TILs at single-cell resolution revealed that our dysfunction module negatively correlates with activation signatures also at the single-cell level, indicating that our uncoupled signatures for T cell dysfunction and activation can represent cell-intrinsic states. Clustering of the single-cells revealed a previously uncharacterized subpopulation of CD8+ TILs that was strongly enriched for our novel dysfunction signature, but not for activation signatures. This subpopulation was depleted of cells from a metallothionein KO mouse model in which T cell dysfunction was not observed, implying that we have indeed identified a phenotypically dysfunctional subpopulation. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing we validate that Gata-3, a transcription factor expressed specifically in our identified subpopulation, is a driver of the dysfunctional phenotype in CD8+ TILs. Our results open novel avenues for specifically targeting the dysfunctional T cell state while leaving T cell activation programs intact. Citation Format: Meromit Singer, Chao Wang, Le Cong, Nemanja D. Marjanovic, Monika S. Kowalczyk, Huiyuan Zhang, Jackson Nyman, Kaori Sakuishi, Sema Kurtulus, David Gennert, Junrong Xia, John YH Kwon, James Nevin, Rebecca H. Herbst, Itai Yanai, Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen, Vijay K. Kuchroo, Aviv Regev, Ana C. Anderson. A distinct gene module for T cell dysfunction uncoupled from T cell activation and controlled by metallothioneins. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A10.
Ecoregion Redistribution Under Climate Change

Ecoregions are large, regional scale ecosystems—such as the Sonoran Desert. These regions are primarily defined by climatic conditions and on the prevailing plant formations determined by those conditions. Climate, as a source of energy and water, acts as the primary control for ecosystem distribution, including ecoregions. As climate changes, so do ecosystems, as a petrified forest lying in a desert attests (Fig. 8.1). With recognition that climate is a principal controlling factor for ecosystems, there exists a need to study potential climatic change in terms of its ramifications for the Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems. Knowing where ecological shifts will most likely occur and consequences associated with such shifts are prerequisite to the evaluation of these changes in terms of development and resource management decisions.
EVALUATION AND THE PRINCIPLES OF LIFELONG EDUCATION

This chapter discusses the evaluation and the principles of lifelong education. Educational evaluation is usually associated with growth, innovation, and development. It may focus on the needs and progress of learners themselves to facilitate decisions affecting those learners directly. It has been pointed out that much evaluation in education is informal, impressionistic, and immediate. It is based on the personal judgments of learners, teachers, and others directly involved in the learning process. It is suggested that Havelock (1971) and Huberman (1973) emphasized the relationship between innovation and evaluation in their descriptions of three basic models for educational change. Each model incorporates one or more evaluation components. The models described by Huberman refer primarily to situations where large numbers of learners are exposed to innovations in instructional materials, teaching styles, organizational contexts, or modes of learning. It is also described that evaluation is so naturally embedded in any educational activity that one does not have to argue for its importance.
Shifting Languages: Javanese–Indonesian code switching

Javanese-Indonesian code switching can be sketched here in two broadly different ways. From a comparative angle, developed with recourse to broad classificatory criteria, I foreground its commonalities with bilingual usage in other, disparate languages and sociohistorical circumstances. An obvious starting point for this general classificatory approach to multistylistic Javanese and un-native Indonesian interaction is John Gumperz's highly infiuential, portable account of code switching as a species of “discourse strategy.” But Javanese-Indonesian code switching, besides being transient moments in shared social biographies, can also count as among the most intimate points of entry for Indonesian-ness, via Indonesian, into everyday Javanese life. To frame particulars of bilingual usage in these more situated ways, I work here to sketch Javanese-Indonesian code switching relative to a national ideology on one hand, and native conversational practice on the other. These paired projects can be conveniently broached through a pair of pronominal metaphors. One, at the heart of John Gumperz's approach, is the in-group/out-group, native/non-native, “we/they” distinction which informs his framings of code switchings, irrespective of otherwise huge differences between their originary social circumstances and interactional contexts. By centering this quick review of his classificatory approach on this trope I can also reconsider un-native Indonesian's lack of a “they” from a comparative perspective. The other pronominal distinction, developed indirectly in prior chapters, is tripartite and helps here to develop a more relativized account. In chapter 3 I sketched ngoko and basa in an interactionally situated opposition, likening them to styles of “I” and “you.”.
Area and International Studies in the United States: Institutional Arrangements

International studies is defined as research and teaching about other countries or regions. It is divided into those that are concerned with single countries or regions—area studies and risk analysis—and those that cross national lines—comparative studies, international relations and foreign policy analysis, security studies, peace studies, conflict resolution, and international political economy studies. The history, organization, and funding of each specialty is examined.
Magnetization and Critical Current Density

This chapter, which concludes a series of discussions of the magnetic- field-induced mixed state of type-II superconductors, considers the application of magnetic measurements to critical current density determination, and in so doing makes a transition into the next group of chapters (in Volume 2) which deal with the current-carrying mixed state itself—i.e., with flux pinning and flux motion under the influence of a transport current.
EHR to EHR Transitions: Establishing and Growing a Knowledge Base:

Although numerous healthcare organizations have transitioned from one electronic health record (EHR) to another or are currently planning a transition, there are few documented artifacts, such as p...
Decreased Lean Psoas Cross-Sectional Area Is Associated With Increased 1-Year All-Cause Mortality in Male Elderly Orthopaedic Trauma Patients

OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between lean psoas cross-sectional area (CSA) and 1-year all-cause mortality in elderly patients sustaining pelvic and long bone fractures. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. SETTING Level I trauma center. PATIENTS Elderly trauma patients admitted from 2007 to 2014. METHODS We reviewed demographic and clinical data, injury mechanism, fracture OTA/AO classification, and mortality. Axial computed tomography images were used to measure lean psoas CSA at the L3-L4 disk space. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to estimate 1-year mortality association with psoas CSA in crude and adjusted for age, body mass index, Injury Severity Score, medical comorbidities, and discharge destination in total population and stratified by sex. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT One-year all-cause mortality defined as death within 12 months from date of hospitalization. RESULTS Five hundred fifty-eight patients (54% female, 46% male) were analyzed. The pelvis was most commonly fractured (37.81%). A statistically significant association was observed between decreased lean psoas CSA and 1-year mortality in total population {hazard ratio [HR] = 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.90-0.96], P < 0.0001}. Stratification by gender revealed a statistically significant mortality HR in male patients [HR = 0.89 (95% CI = 0.84-0.96), P = 0.002]. We did not find a statistically significant mortality HR in female patients [HR = 0.95 (95% CI = 0.89-1.01), P = 0.103]. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of elderly orthopaedic trauma patients, decreased lean psoas CSA was associated with increased 1-year all-cause mortality in total population and males. Further investigation of the association of sarcopenia with mortality in the elderly is warranted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Facile preparation and functionalization of chiral stabilized ylides from common chiral auxiliaries using triphenyl- phosphoranylideneketene (the Bestmann ylide) and their use in Wittig reactions.

Camphor-derived lactams and other related chiral controllers have been found to react with the Bestmann ylide (triphenylphosphoranylideneketene) upon heating in toluene. The resulting parent ylides provide convenient access to a structurally diverse set of chiral stabilized ylides via functionalization. The utility of these chiral ylides for Wittig reactions has been briefly investigated and the effects of α-substitution noted.
Surface coating effects on the sorption and dissolution of ZnO nanoparticles in soil

Soil pH and dissolved organic matter (DOM) content are among the most important factors affecting the bioavailability of Zn and the binding and dissolution of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). To investigate the effect of NP surface chemistry and DOM on the behavior of ZnO NPs and ZnSO4 in soil solution at pH 6 and 8, we synthesized electrostatically stabilized (bare positively charged ZnO, and negatively charged (ZnO–Zn3(PO4)2 core–shell NPs)), and sterically and electrosterically stabilized (neutral dextran (DEX), and negatively charged dextran sulfate (DEX(SO4))–ZnO NPs), respectively. We hypothesized that negatively charged ZnO NPs will have higher total Zn concentrations as opposed to neutral and positively charged ones in soil pore water at higher pH, with higher dissolution of the NPs at lower pH. At pH 8, core–shell and DEX–ZnO NP amendments had significantly higher total Zn concentration than ZnSO4. To investigate the unexpected behavior of the neutral DEX–ZnO NPs, we performed sorption isotherm experiments which showed that DEX–ZnO NPs had the highest affinity for DOM of all ZnO NPs, which likely enhanced their colloidal stability and partitioning in soil pore water, especially at pH 8. In simple aqueous solution, with increasing ionic strength, negatively charged core–shell and DEX(SO4) ZnO NPs were the most stable against aggregation. When DOM was introduced in to the system, the as-synthesized surface chemistry of the particles was altered, and all NPs became negatively charged. Dissolved Zn concentrations in soil extracts of NP amendments were similar while ZnSO4 amended soils had the highest dissolved Zn among all treatments.
26 Baseline characteristics of a randomized control trial of trauma recidivists out of a level 1 trauma unit

Statement of Purpose Trauma recidivists are patients who present to an emergency room or trauma center on more than one occasion for different incidents of traumatic injury. One intervention that has shown promise in dealing with this issue has been the development of Hospital Based Violence Intervention Programs (HBVIP). The purpose of this presentation is to describe the implementation of a demonstration project to determine the impact of HBVIP services on victims of violent injury and to report baseline characteristics of the study sample. Methods/Approach This demonstration project is a funded study, employing a randomized control trial research design to determine the effectiveness of an enhanced Hospital Based Violence Intervention model versus a treatment as usual model. The enhanced intervention provides case management whereas the treatment as usual intervention provides only a referral card. Results A number of preliminary baseline data points will be presented and discussed, including but not limited to mechanism of injury, trauma type, whether surgery was needed, percentage of patients who present as trauma recidivists, levels of life satisfaction and other selected variables. Conclusions The lack of evaluations on the effectiveness of HBVIPs has left significant gaps in our understanding on whether these programs in fact have an impact on rates of violent victimization. This on-going longitudinal study seeks to fill that gap by comparing a case-management led intervention to a referral only model. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science Trauma recidivism and re-current violent injury are public health issues that have significant implications for the lives of victims, their families, and the overall community. The evaluation of HBVIPs are an important step in developing the evidence base for interventions that seek to mitigate rates of violent injury and recidivism.
Gerrymandering Within Fixed Districts

Once seats in the national legislature are allocated to a fixed or special multi-member district, the manner of electing persons to fill those seats can take many forms.
Undulation enables gliding in flying snakes

When flying snakes glide, they use aerial undulation. To determine if aerial undulation is a flight control strategy or a non-functional behavioural vestige of lateral undulation, we measured snake glides using high-speed motion capture and developed a new dynamical model of gliding. Reconstructions of the snake’s wing-body reveal that aerial undulation is composed of horizontal and vertical waves, whose phases differ by 90° and whose frequencies differ by a factor of two. Using these results, we developed a three-dimensional mathematical model of snake flight that incorporates aerodynamic and inertial effects. Although simulated glides without undulation attained some horizontal distance, they are biologically unrealistic because they failed due to roll and pitch instabilities. In contrast, the inclusion of undulation stabilized the rotational motion and markedly increased glide performance. This work demonstrates that aerial undulation in snakes serves a different function than known uses of undulation in other animals, and suggests a new template of control for dynamic flying robots. Observations of flying snakes inform the development of a dynamical model of gliding taking undulation into account. This work suggests that aerial undulation has a different function in snakes than in other animals.
Head, Neck, and Face Injuries in Basketball

Injuries to the head, neck, and face in basketball are relatively common. Most injuries in this region of the body sustained while playing basketball are minor in nature. Serious injuries in basketball are rare, but can occur. Courtside medical teams should be familiar with accurate diagnosis and prompt management of the injuries discussed in this chapter. Common facial injuries discussed include lacerations and nasal fractures, which are the most common type of facial fracture. Ocular injuries are also discussed, which are more commonly caused by basketball than any other sport. Diagnosis of ocular pathology is complex and can be technically difficult on the court; prompt recognition of any visual impairment is crucial, as some injuries are vision-threatening. Additionally, medical personnel should be familiar with cervical injuries. Literature on catastrophic cervical spine injuries is robust, and the following chapter gives an overview of adequate preparedness as well as treatment of these injuries. Preparation for these injuries should include an Emergency Action Plan (EAP), which describes the predetermined treatment plan from recognition to transport of the athlete with a cervical spine injury. While serious head, neck, and face injuries can occur, most injuries are relatively benign and players can often return to play on the same day if managed properly. This chapter will discuss these injuries from diagnosis to return to play.