cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid Separation and Measurement of Particle Size Distribution of Starch Granules by Sedimentation/Steric Field‐Flow Fractionation

Sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation (Sd/StFFF) is introduced as a new technique for the size analysis of starch granules. Sd/StFFF provides both high speed and high resolution, and narrow size fractions of starch granules can be collected from the eluting stream for further characterization by microscopy or other techniques. The sedimentation FFF instrument was calibrated and applications were made to 12 starch samples derived from wheat, durum wheat, corn, oat, tapioca, and potato. The instrument response curve (the fractogram) and the size distribution curves for several of these samples were recorded. The mode or bimodal diameters and the percentages of A-and B-granules were compiled.
Analysis of fishery-independent hook and line-based data for use in the stock assessment of bocaccio rockfish (Sebastes paucispinis)

Abstract Fishery-independent surveys are an important source of information for stock assessment and management worldwide. Research surveys often use trawl gear to capture commercially valuable species and calculate indices of relative abundance or density. However, many species of interest do not occur in direct contact with the bottom, or occur in areas where high-relief habitat precludes trawl operation. This paper introduces a standardized hook and line survey for rockfish conducted by NOAA Fisheries’ Northwest Fisheries Science Center in the Southern California Bight. The survey uses fishing gear similar to that used in many recreational fisheries to sample approximately 120 locations covering a wide range of depths and habitats. To provide an example of how these data can be analyzed for direct inclusion in stock assessments, we standardize catch rates of bocaccio rockfish from 2004–2008 using a Bayesian Generalized Linear Model to account for site, fishing time, survey vessel, angler, and other statistically significant effects. Results indicate that the bocaccio stock vulnerable to this survey in the Southern California Bight has shown a relatively flat trend over recent years. Length frequency distributions indicate the presence of several strong cohorts that should be detectable in future stock assessments of bocaccio for use in U.S. West Coast groundfish management. This survey is the only available tuning index for the adult portion of the bocaccio population in recent years as historically used recreational catch per unit effort indices have been compromised due to changes in bag limits and other management restrictions.
Naloxone administration in vivo stereoselectively alters antigen-dependent and antigen-independent immune responses.

Abstract An investigation was conducted to determine the role naloxone has on immunocompetence in vivo . Mice (n = 7) injected with sheep red blood cells and treated with naloxone (0.1–10.0 mg/kg) show an enhanced production of total and antigen-specific IgM antibody by splenic lymphocytes compared to control (mock-treated) mice. The response was dose-dependent, with the greatest effect occurring at 0.1 mg/kg naloxone. A naloxone-dose of 0.001 mg/kg was not active. In addition, natural killer activity was enhanced in the naloxone-treated mice compared to the controls. The effects on antigen-specific antibody production and natural killer activity were stereoselective, since (−)-naloxone is active whereas (+)-naloxone was not. These results illustrate the ability of an opioid receptor antagonist administered in vivo to regulate immunocompetence to antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific immune responses, which may be useful during selective inflammatory processes.
Whole Genome Sequencing of Thermus oshimai JL-2 and Thermus thermophilus JL-18, Incomplete Denitrifiers from the United States Great Basin.

ABSTRACT The strains Thermus oshimai JL-2 and Thermus thermophilus JL-18 each have a circular chromosome, 2.07 Mb and 1.9 Mb in size, respectively, and each has two plasmids ranging from 0.27 Mb to 57.2 kb. The megaplasmid of each strain contains a gene cluster for the reduction of nitrate to nitrous oxide, consistent with their incomplete denitrification phenotypes.
Necessary optimality criteria in mathematical programming in the presence of differentiability

Abstract We consider the problem of minimizing a function over a region defined by an arbitrary set, equality constraints, and constraints of the inequality type defined via a convex cone. Under some moderate convexity assumptions on the arbitrary set we develop Optimality criteria of the minimum principle type which generalize the Fritz John Optimality conditions. As a consequence of this result necessary Optimality criteria of the saddle point type drop out. Here convexity requirements on the functions are relaxed to convexity at the point under investigation. We then present the weakest possible constraint qualification which insures positivity of the lagrangian multiplier corresponding to the objective function.
Transcript Mapping in a 46-kb Sequenced Region at the Core of 12q13.3 Amplification in Human Cancers

We used a combination of sequence analysis and exon trapping in an effort to determine the complete transcript map for a cosmid (6E5) derived from 12q13.3, a region of DNA sequence amplification in human cancers. This cosmid, previously known to contain three genes (CDK4, SAS, and OS9), was sequenced, and that information was used for computer-assisted analysis. In addition, 6E5 was subjected to both internal and 3'-terminal exon-trapping protocols, and the results of these studies were used to guide cDNA cloning experiments. These studies demonstrate that this cosmid is derived from a remarkably gene-dense region and add two new transcripts (KIAA0167 and 6E5.2) to the list of sequences that are expressed in tumors bearing amplification of this region.
Maximum likelihood postdetection radar ambiguity resolution

Doppler and range ambiguity are common problems in radar systems. In this paper, a maximum-likelihood estimator taking advantage of the circular nature of the data is proposed and, using an example of detection using multiple digital television channels, is shown in all but instances of high noise to perform comparably to a popular clustering algorithm that ignores the circular nature of the data. This justifies the continued use of suboptimal linear models.
Interrupting the mechanisms of brain injury in a model of maple syrup urine disease encephalopathy

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) was first recognized as an inherited lethal encephalopathy beginning in the first week of life and associated with an unusual odor in the urine of affected children. It was later confirmed as a deficiency of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which is the second step in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) breakdown. MSUD is characterized by BCAA and branched-chain keto acid (BCKA) accumulation. BCAAs are essential amino acids and powerful metabolic signals with severe consequences of both deprivation and accumulation. Treatment requires life-long dietary restriction and monitoring of BCAAs. However, despite excellent compliance, children commonly suffer metabolic decompensation during intercurrent illness resulting in life-threatening cerebral edema and dysmyelination. The mechanisms underlying brain injury have been poorly understood. Recent studies using newly developed mouse models of both classic and intermediate MSUD have yielded insight into the consequences of rapid BCAA accumulation. Additionally, these models have been used to test preliminary treatments aimed at competing with blood-brain barrier transport of BCAA using norleucine. Assessment of biochemical changes with and without treatment suggests different roles for BCAA and BCKA in the mechanism of brain injury.
Investigations of structure and dynamics of water solvation of the type I antifreeze protein

We use molecular dynamics simulations to study the water structure and dynamics around the winter flounder antifreeze protein (AFP) and its two mutant forms in which the four key threonine residues of the winter flounder AFP are mutated to alanines and serines, respectively. The TIP4P-Ew water model is used to better describe the water interactions and water structure; all simulations are performed at 245.5 K, a temperature near the freezing point of the TIP4P-Ew water model. Analysis of structural and dynamic properties of the water around the threonines in the winter flounder AFP reveals that the water structure is ordered around the threonine residues, especially in the second-solvation shell. Alanine and serine mutations instead promote water hydration in the first-solvation shell. Also our calculations show that in the close vicinity of the threonine residues of the wild-type AFP, the mobility of water molecules is substantially decreased. A smaller effect is observed for the weakly active alanine-substituted mutant, and no effect is observed for the inactive serine-substituted mutant. The results of this study suggest that water ordering and immobilization play important roles in the recognition and adsorption of the antifreeze protein to ice. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Is synaptic facilitation caused by presynaptic spike broadening

FACILITATION is a characteristic of many synapses whereby the efficacy of synaptic transmission increases following presynaptic activity. This form of neuronal plasticity has been implicated in behavioural modifications such as habituation1 and learning2. Facilitation has been shown to be due to a presynaptic increase in transmitter release3, but its biophysical mechanism remains obscure. Although it is often suggested that facilitation is due to the action of a residual increase in intracellular free calcium4, an alternative hypothesis, that facilitation may be caused by action potential prolongation, has recently been proposed5–7. In molluscan neural somata, spike broadening occurs in a train of impulses, due to non-inactivating calcium channels and cumulatively inactivating potassium channels7. This might result in an increased calcium influx associated with prolonged spikes8, which would lead immediately to facilitated transmitter release9. We show here that at crustacean neuromuscular junctions, spike broadening is not primarily responsible for facilitation.
Pulsed liquid microjet for microsurgical applications

The precision of soft tissue dissection with pulsed lasers in endo-microsurgery is typically limited by collateral damage from vapor bubbles created during energy deposition. Expansion and collapse of the cavitation bubble introduces collateral damage extending far beyond the primary energy deposition zone in both, axial and radial directions. We present an alternative technique that allows for creating of only axial pulsed liquid flow with well-defined radial dimensions and axial velocity.
Modulation transfer function and image transmission through randomly distributed spherical particles

Image transmission through a random medium is important in many areas. Transmitted images are often affected by the presence of particulate matter and turbulence between the object and the detector. This paper presents the results for controlled experiments for the modulation transfer function (MTF) through a random distribution of polystyrene microspheres suspended in water. Experimental results show that the MTF has two distinct regions separated by a cutoff frequency. When the spatial frequency is higher than the cutoff frequency, the MTF becomes almost constant. On the other hand, when the spatial frequency is less than the cutoff frequency, the MTF increases exponentially with decreasing spatial frequency, and the slope depends on the optical distance of the medium. The cutoff frequency increases as the particle size increases. The results are obtained for particle sizes of 0.109, 0.46, 1.101, 2.02, 5.7, and 11.9 μm, densities much less than 1%, and optical distances between 0 and 15. The experimental results are compared with the results of the small-angle approximation for the equation of transfer.
Doing Time as an Act of Survival

As it is created by inmates in a county jail, time is a remarkably malleable phenomenon. Inmates must alter the meaning of hour, day, month, and year for self-preservation and to maintain social stability, whether they serve sentences that are long or short. They control time through a host of cognitive feats, including ignoring diurnal cycles by rolling entire weeks into single days, and through actions and activities that make time pass more quickly. In jail, as opposed to prisons, these efforts at time control are especially difficult because there are few diversions, making time spent in jail “hard” time. Mead's theory of time, in particular the intertwining of past, present, and future, reveals the social complexity of doing time in these conditions. Data were gathered through observations and interviews, and they are presented in a mixture of genres including autobiography and classical ethnographic analysis.
Fetal and neonatal responses to extended maternal canine starvation. I. Circulating fuels and glucose and lactate turnover.

Fetal and Neonatal Responses to Extended Maternal Canine Starvation. I. Circulating Fuels and Glucose and Lactate Turnover
Applying the law therapeutically

Therapeutic jurisprudence is the study of the law as a therapeutic agent. Although much of therapeutic jurisprudence focuses on possible changes to the law, one important interdisciplinary dimension of the endeavor involves the therapeutic application of existing law. Examples are provided of therapeutic application of existing law, and this exercise is proposed as a promising path for applied psychology.
Snow water equivalent estimation by microwave radiometry

Abstract Snow water equivalent (SWE) is one of the most important parameters for accurate prediction of snowmelt runoff. Conventionally, SWE is monitored using observations made at widely scattered points in or around specific watersheds. Remote sensors, which provide data with better spatial and temporal coverage, can be used to improve the SWE estimates. Microwave radiation, which can penetrate through a snowpack, may be used to infer the SWE. Calculations made from a microscopic scattering model are used to simulate the effect of varying SWE on the microwave brightness temperature. Data obtained from truck mounted, airborne and spaceborne systems from various tests sites have been studied. The simulated SWE compares favorably with the measured SWE for dry snowpacks. In addition, whether or not the underlying soil is frozen or thawed may be discriminated using the polarization information obtained by spaceborne sensors.
ADDITION OF CONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS TO POLYMERIC SCAFFOLDS FOR MUSCLE TISSUE ENGINEERING

Cardiac and skeletal muscles are two tissues that would benefit from an electrically conductive scaffold to regenerate lost or lower functioning areas. By augmenting polymeric scaffolds with conductive elements, the contractile process for both muscles could increase. In this review, the components reviewed include polyaniline (PANi), gold (Au) nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes (CNT). PANi has been combined with several polymers and increased the conductivity of the scaffolds. It is biocompatible, but increases mechanical properties and decreases scaffold elongation. Tissue engineering using nanoparticles is an emerging area and considerable research focuses on determining possible toxicity due to nanoparticle concentration. Contradicting data exists for both Au nanoparticles and CNT. Smaller Au nanoparticles damage cardiac tissue in vivo while larger ones do not. By comparison, in vitro data shows no harmful results for skeletal muscle cells. Data for CNT is just as diverse as the amount, orientation and further purification or functionalization could all play a role in determining biocompatibility. Future research should focus on establishing the conductivity level needed for each muscle tissue to ascertain the amount of conductive element needed so the most suitable one can be utilized.
Pre-kindergarten educational politics as a policy arena in the 1980s

The politics of pre-kindergarten education is an inchoate area presenting a special challenge to systematic research. This inquiry employs thepolicy arena framework (entailing programs, values and actors) and a mixed methodology (field, survey and secondary data). This present effort uncovers a pre-school political system involving symbolic politics, informal interest group articulation and power structures of disparate and syndical type. Possible political trends of the 1980's are projected: the movement for inter-agency program coordination and the challenges of political mobilization among early childhood practitioners.
Raman Studies of the Adduct Structure of Cl 2 and Br 2 with Piaselenole

The affinity of 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole, commonly called piaselenole, for chlorine and bromine molecules has been known for a long time. Raman spectroscopy provides a very interesting method for determining the molecular structure of these 1:1 adducts. The Raman spectrum shows the Cl2 and Br2 molecules in the adduct remain as a dimer molecule.
The Moral and the Political in African Democratization: The Code de la Famille in Niger's Troubled Transition

This article considers the political struggle surrounding the set of laws known as the code de la famille (family code) during Niger's 1992–93 transition to a democratic system as a means of examining the rise and decline of various social forces provoked by the transition, as well as for what it reveals about the difficulties that have plagued this new democracy. More importantly, the case provides an opportunity to examine the nature of the transformations subsumed under the rubric of ‘transition to democracy’ in Africa, or indeed elsewhere. The article argues that despite the universalist claims of the conception of ‘democracy’ dominant in international for a, the value system which it incorporates in fact frequently conflicts with prevailing indigenous values. Casting democracy as the search for a moral, rather than a political, order has thus complicated ‐ perhaps at times even doomed ‐ transitions to democracy.
Waterborne coatings: continuing innovations

In this issue of Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, we present some of the most outstanding papers presented at the 40th Waterborne Symposium sponsored by the University of Southern Mississippi, which took place in New Orleans, LA in February of 2013. These papers continue the storied tradition of innovation and research excellence that has marked all 40 years of the Waterborne Symposium’s history. Included in this issue is a paper by Prof. Michael Van De Mark, which won the Shelby F. Thames Best Paper competition at last year’s symposium. It details advances in the synthesis and characterization of colloidal unimolecular particles (CUPs). Also included is an overview of recent advances in different emulsion polymerizations and processes from Timothy McKenna’s laboratory in Lyon, France. Other papers from the Waterborne Symposium touch on liquid crystal polymers and epoxies. In addition to the papers from the Waterborne Symposium, this issue brings together other timely articles devoted to waterborne coatings including pigment dispersion, intumescent coatings, the drying of coatings, and anticorrosive coatings. The continued interest in waterborne coatings is evidenced by the depth and breadth of the papers presented here. As regional and national concerns about VOC emissions continue, we expect that both academic and industrial researchers will remain focused on providing breakthroughs in the performance and properties of waterborne coatings.
Revisiting the Reversal of Large Stock-Price Declines

The impact of bid/ask spreads on price reversal is of significant interest and deserves further study. Prior to June 24th 1997 minimum bid/ask spreads were $0.125. After June 1997, the minimum was reduced to $0.0625 followed by a further decrease to the current $0.01 minimum on January 29, 2001. The impact of these reductions on the price reversal phenomenon is however, uncertain. This study evaluates both short- and long-term price reversals with stock prices examined over seven different time periods: one, three, seven, 30, 90, 180 and 360 trading days after the original price decline using data over the period 1997-2001. Results show that buying the 20 worst performing stocks and selling them one day later achieves significantly positive market adjusted annual returns on the NYSE and the NASDAQ. Results also show that during bull markets the price reversal strategy achieves positive adjusted returns on both NYSE and NASDAQ stocks for holding periods up to 7 days. Results during the years when the minimum bid/ask spread declined to $0.01 did not reduce returns from the price reversal investing strategy.
A decision making framework with MODFLOW-FMP2 via optimization

Farmers in regions experiencing water stress or drought conditions can struggle to balance their crop portfolios. Periods of low precipitation often lead to increased, unsustainable reliance on groundwater-supplied irrigation. As a result, regional water management agencies place limits on the amount of water which can be obtained from groundwater, requiring farmers to reduce acreage for more water-intensive crops or remove them from the portfolio entirely. Real-time decisions must be made by the farmer to ensure viability of their farming operation and reduce the impacts associated with limited water resources. Evolutionary algorithms, coupled with accurate, flexible, realistic simulation tools, are ideal mechanisms to allow farmers to assess scenarios with regard to multiple, competing objectives. In order to effective, however, one must be able to select among a variety of simulation tools and optimization algorithms. Many simulation tools allow no access to the source code, and many optimization algorithms are now packaged as part of a suite of tools available to a user. In this work, we describe a framework for integrating these different software components using only their associated input and output streams. We analyze our strategy by coupling a multi-objective genetic algorithm available in the DAKOTA optimization suite (developed and distributed by Sandia National Laboratory) with the MODFLOW-FMP2 simulation tool (developed and distributed by the United States Geological Survey). MODFLOW-FMP2 has been used extensively to model hydrological and farming processes in agriculture-dominated regions, allowing us to represent both farming and conservation interests. We evaluate our integration by considering a case study related to planting decisions facing farmers experiencing water stress. We present numerical results for three competing objectives associated with stakeholders in a given region (i.e., profitability, meeting demand targets, and water conservation). The data obtained from the optimization are robust with respect to algorithmic parameter choices, validating the ability of the associated evolutionary algorithm to perform well without expert guidance. This is integral to our approach, as a motivation for this work is providing decision-making tools. In addition, the results from this study demonstrate that output from the chosen evolutionary algorithm provides a suite of feasible planting scenarios, giving farmers and policy makers the ability to compromise solutions based on realistic simulation data.
Synthesis of supported platinum nanoparticles from Li-Pt solid solution

Platinum nanoparticle catalysts are essential for achieving energy-efficient and greener chemical processes that involve breaking or establishing of H-H, C-H, or O-H bonds. In this work, we report an innovative top-down strategy to prepare the supported Pt nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 2 nm, starting directly from bulk metallic Pt by metallurgical method. Bulk platinum was dissolved in liquid lithium and ruptured into nanoparticles. This Li-Pt liquid alloy was quenched into Li-Pt solid solution. The lithium content was further converted into LiOH. The resulting powder of Pt nanoparticles in LiOH can be mixed with any nonaqueous support materials. Thereafter, the LiOH can be selectively leached off by water, allowing Pt nanoparticles to be adsorbed on the desired support material. Transmission electron microscope and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analyses demonstrated that the as-formed Pt nanoparticles have an average size of around 2 nm. The carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles prepared by this method inherit more characteristics of their bulk counterparts so that high specific catalytic activity of bulk Pt is maintained, which is confirmed by a preliminary electrocatalytic characterization of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
Success of monovision in presbyopes: Review of the literature and potential applications to refractive surgery

The monovision concept of correcting one eye for distance and the other for near may be utilized in presbyopes undergoing refractive surgery. We have performed a systematic review of published literature to evaluate the factors influencing monovision success, and to determine the visual outcome in patients with monovision. Articles in MEDLINE and published bibliographies reporting monovision prescription for correction of presbyopia were systematically identified and reviewed. Pertinent data were abstracted and, when feasible, statistically analyzed. The mean success rate was 73%. The success in monovision correlated with distance correction on dominant eye, alternating dominance, less than 50 seconds of are stereoacuity reduction, and less than 0.6 prism diopter of distance esophoric shifts. Monovision resulted in significant reduction of binocular contrast sensitivity function at spatial frequencies higher than 4 cycles per degree, and 2-6% reduction in task performance, but resulted in minimal reduction of binocular visual acuity, peripheral vision, visual field width and binocular depth of focus. The published literature indicates that monovision is an effective and reasonable therapeutic modality for correcting presbyopia. Proper patient selection and clinical screening are essential for monovision success.
Nodal accessibility of air transportation in the United States 1985-1989

Nodal accessibility of air transportation is determined by both the location of a city and the structure of airline networks. Since the deregulation of airline industry in the United States in 1978...
Culture Shock — Patient as Icon, Icon as Patient

Dr. Abraham Verghese discusses the problem with a “chart as surrogate for the patient” approach. He believes that if one eschews the skilled and repeated examination of the real patient, then tests, consultations, and procedures that might not be needed are ordered, while simple diagnoses and new developments are overlooked.
Winter weather around the North Atlantic can be predicted

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which cycles from high pressure near Iceland and low pressure near the Azores to opposite conditions, has a major influence on climate and weather conditions in the Atlantic basin. Variations in the NAO have significant implications for North American and European weather, driving intense or mild winters and affecting many industries.
Gender differences in glenoid anatomy: an anatomic study

Gender differences in glenoid anatomy have not been well studied in the current literature. Previous literature demonstrates a mismatch between glenoid anatomy and glenoid implants for shoulder replacements. This may have clinical implications in that glenoid loosening after shoulder arthroplasty has been cited as a frequent cause of poor performance of shoulder implants, and perhaps the most common indication for revision. The purpose of this study was to determine any gender differences in the size and overall shape of the glenoid. Eleven measurements were taken of 363 human scapular bone specimens (equal proportions of females to males and blacks to whites). Glenoid height and width, glenoid notch location, and depth were measured for each specimen using calipers. In addition, the authors developed a classification system to describe anterior glenoid notch morphology. There was a significant difference between female and male specimens for each dimension measured (P < 0.05). Height to width ratios were also significantly different comparing men to women (P < 0.05). These differences resulted in a rounder male glenoid and more oval female glenoid. Our results showed that 80.4% of females had an anterior glenoid notch compared to only 57.6% of males. There was a significant difference between female and male specimens in the location of the anterior glenoid notch: 36.7% from the top of the glenoid in female specimens, and 28.9% in males (P < 0.0001). The clear difference between male and female glenoid anatomy may be important in various shoulder surgeries.
Mitogen-inducible gene-6 expression correlates with survival and is an independent predictor of recurrence in BRAFV600E positive papillary thyroid cancers

Background Mitogen-inducible gene-6 (Mig-6) is an immediate early response gene that negatively regulates signaling. EGFR overexpression and activating mutations in MAPK signaling effectors are common events in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The purpose of this study was to determine if Mig-6 expression is associated with EGFR expression or surgical outcomes in PTC. Methods We determined Mig-6 transcript levels from a microarray in 19 patients with PTC who underwent thyroidectomy. We established a maximally selected cutoff to discriminate Kaplan-Meier survival estimates. For cross-validation, we performed quantitative RT-PCR on resected well-differentiated PTC from an additional 106 patients. Results Mig-6 and EGFR mRNA levels correlated directly (P Conclusion High Mig-6 expression in PTC is associated with favorable outcomes. Mig-6 is a novel tumor suppressor that may be a candidate for targeted cancer therapeutics in patients with PTC refractory to conventional therapy.
Losing control, literally: relations between anger control, trait anger, and motor control.

Self-control perspectives of multiple traits have been proposed, perhaps most particularly so in the anger realm. Four studies sought to examine potential relations between anger control, trait anger, and motor control. Across the four studies, individuals (total N=366) were asked to hold a joystick cursor on a spatial target as accurately and steadily as possible and two indices of motor control were quantified. Studies 1 and 2 found that higher levels of (trait) anger control were predictive of better motor control. Studies 3 and 4 then showed that higher levels of trait anger were predictive of worse motor control. All studies also examined possible state-related influences on motor control (e.g., as a function of aversive noise), but no such effects were found. Thus, the trait-related findings were basic in nature and informative for this reason. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding personality variations in anger control and anger and the value of motoric probes of s...
Improving performance on procedural tasks through presentation of locational procedure context: an empirical evaluation

Procedures in some form are used in almost all work domains to guide and define work. Using new small electronic devices, task guidance systems can be developed that change how workers follow and use procedures. The capability of task guidance systems to store large amounts of information in a small physical space allows for a single system to provide guidance for various tasks in a mobile environment. However, task guidance systems often have small information displays. Preliminary studies have shown that this drawback can impede task performance by causing a blind adherence to the presented procedures. To mitigate this effect, we examined the impact of presenting locational procedure context, in order to portray procedure steps within the larger organization of the procedure. The study examined the relationship between locational procedure context and task performance for the task of preflight inspection of a general aviation aircraft using wearable-computer task guidance systems. Results of the study suggest that the presentation of locational procedure context improves inspection performance by one measure but was not effective for another measure, and also provides some evidence that the medium on which a procedure is presented is not a factor in performance.
Subharmonic resonance of nonlinear cross-waves

The evolution equation governing wavemaker-generated cross-waves near a cutoff frequency in an infinitely deep, infinitely long channel is shown to be the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a homogeneous boundary condition at the wavemaker. With the inclusion of an empirically determined damping coefficient, numerical results for growth rate, slow modulation period, and wave amplitude show good agreement with previous experiments. The results also describe observations of trapped and propagating solutions.
Proof of phosphorylation and evidence for different primary structure of phosphorylated sites of glycogen synthases from rabbit and frog tissues

Chemical evidence is provided that glycogen synthase extracted from rabbit liver, heart, kidney and brain and from frog liver and muscle all are phosphorylated by [32P]ATP in the presence of protein kinase. After partial acid hydrolysis, serine phosphate together with a number of labeled peptides were observed. The peptide maps were similar and allowed a provisional differentiation of the phosphorylated sites into four separate sites including (a) frog liver, (b) frog muscle, (c) rabbit skeletal muscle, and (d) rabbit heart, brain, kidney and liver. The major labelled chymotryptic peptides of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase were compared and found to differ markedly in their electrophoretic behavior. On partial rehydrolysis of these chymotryptic peptides with acid, identical phosphopeptide maps were obtained. This proves that within the larger non-identical chymotryptic peptides there is present the identical hexapeptide sequences previously established.
The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture

The Egyptians' massive stone monuments were built over a period of three millennia and yet a common architectural tradition links them all. This book documents that tradition and provides a single-volume reference on one of the most remarkable architectures of the ancient world. Separate entries are provided for each of the most important sites, covering monuments as diverse as the Step Pyramid of Djoser, the tombs of the Valley of the Kings, Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri and the great Ptolemaic temples that line the Upper Nile. With more than 600 entries and 350 illustrations, this encyclopaedia provides a comprehensive perspective on ancient Egyptian architecture.
A comparison of performance enhancing synergy among ultrafiltered yeast extracts and recombinant human serum albumin in CHO-K1 cells

The data presented here illustrate the performance-enhancing synergy that may be realized by supplementing various cell culture media with a combination of yeast extract and recombinant human serum albumin. When the two supplements are used together, cell culture performance results exceed those achieved when using each supplement individually. Overall performance was further improved by varying the individual dosages of yeast extract and recombinant human serum albumin. In four separate basal media, cell response to co-supplementation for each of the yeast extract/recombinant albumin combinations tested was shown to be both medium and dosage dependent. The optimized combination provided significant overall performance improvement in all media tested.
Effect of age, ambient temperature, and exposure to hormone on the posteclosion diuretic response of the monarch butterfly

The monarch butterfly loses sensitivity to the posteclosion diuretic hormone of this species within 12 h of eclosion. This de-sensitization can be accelerated by exposure to the diuretic hormone, and decelerated by both hormone deficiency and reduced temperature.
4TEL Automated Subscriber Line Test System

Powerful computer techniques and sophisticated measurement technology have been applied to local distribution networks by the 4TEL Automated Subscriber Line Test System. It provides PTT's and telephone companies with a total solution to the problems of improving quality of service and reducing costs. The main features of routine testing, line testing, fault location, and special diagnostic testing are discussed together with a description of the technology, system architecture, enhanced features, and the potential for system evolution.
Developmental Academic Advising: A 40-Year Context

This article provides a review of the evolution of the developmental academic advising approach and a brief analysis of its relationship to the emergent contemporary approaches to academic advising.
Maskless photoencoded selective etching for glass-based microtechnology applications.

Two-photon excitation of carriers in boron E′-center-containing borosilicate glasses results in a photoencoding of selectively etchable regions. Using a turbulent etching process followed by polishing, we have demonstrated a number of patterning capabilities for microtechnology applications such as ultrafast capillary electrophoresis chips and rapid prototyping of diffractive optical elements.
Contamination Thresholds of Pt- and ${\rm RuO}_{2}$ -Coated Ohmic Switches

Micro- and nano-mechanical switches are being considered as complements to solid state transistors. While several different device designs may satisfy performance requirements, contact reliability due to hydrocarbon contamination remains a critical concern in each. This issue can be addressed by identifying contact materials and environments that optimize immunity to contaminants. Here we demonstrate that RuO2, a conducting oxide, does not exhibit contaminant-induced degradation at up to 130 parts per million (PPM) benzene in a nitrogen/oxygen background, and experiences minimal electrical resistance rise at 1,300 PPM. In comparison, Pt-coated switches degrade significantly at only 0.02 PPM benzene contaminant level in nitrogen background. This paper establishes that a proper selection of materials and environment is a promising path toward achieving reliable micro- and nanoswitches.
Effect of Storage Temperature on the Cytochrome Oxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase Activities and Phenolic Content of Potatoes

SUMMARY Ontario and Pontiac potatoes, respectively representing varieties susceptible and resistant to precooking blackening, were examined for phenolic content and for cytochrome oxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities following storage at 4-O and 50°F. The study was conducted for two consecutive years. In each of the two years the phenolic content of both varieties was significantly higher in potatoes stored at 40°F than in potatoes stored at 50°F. Both varieties had higher cytochrome oxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities when stored at 50°F than when stored at 40°F. The lower enzyme activities at 40°F may be responsible, in part, for the accumulation at that temperature of phenolic substances which serve as substrates for the enzymes. The higher phenolic content at lower temperatures may account for the greater discoloration of the potatoes.
UROKINASE mRNA IS INDUCED BY HYPEROXIA IN MOUSE MACROPHAGES (RAW264 CELLS)♦ 1801

Hyperoxia has deleterious effects on lung form and function, however, the chain of molecular events that occur as a result of oxygen exposure remain unclear. The influx of macrophages to the lung is an important early component to the lung's response to excess oxygen, and we have previously found a hyperoxia-induced factor secreted by cultured macrophages which, when applied to cultured pulmonary epithelial cells, stimulates the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase. We therefore hypothesized that exposure of macrophages to hyperoxia would result in a change in gene expression which could be detected by differential display PCR. We exposed RAW 264 cells to ≥ 95% oxygen for 24 hours, harvested RNA from these cells and from control cells maintained in ambient oxygen, performed RT-PCR using pairs of random primers, and displayed the PCR products on a 6% sequencing gel. A band upregulated by hyperoxia was identified, cut out and reamplified, resulting in a single band of 180 bp, visualized by gel electrophoresis. Verification of differential expression of mRNA was done by Northern Analysis, using the reamplified, labeled, differentially expressed band as a probe. A mRNA of approximately 2200 bases was identified which was reproducibly upregulated by hyperoxia, as well as by LPS and interferon gamma. The differentially expressed PCR product was cloned and sequenced, revealing a product with 99% identity to mouse urokinase mRNA (2299bp). Urokinase activates the transformation of plasminogen to plasmin, which then promotes the transformation of fibrin to fibrin split products. Urokinase can also be instrumental in restructuring other extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin and chondroitin sulfate, and urokinase activity levels have been inversely correlated with severity of disease in premature infants (Am Rev Respir Dis 1992, 146:492). We speculate that one important function of the macrophages recruited to the lung following a hyperoxic injury is to secrete urokinase.
The role of prosody in the English dative alternation

Does prosody influence the ordering of syntactic constituents? One syntactic phenomenon where prosody has occasionally been suggested to play a role is the English dative alternation. Building on proposals in earlier literature, we present a model of the dative alternation based on prosodic constraints interacting in terms of Optimality Theory. The model predicts the possible constituent orderings as well as the relative well-formedness of each ordering for verb phrases of different prosodic types. Data from two corpora that represent informal written and spoken English show that these predictions are largely confirmed. We conclude that the dative alternation exhibits prosodic effects that are mostly gradient and variable, yet entirely systematic. The prosodic hypothesis is thus a serious contender that must be taken into account in any attempt to explain the dative alternation in English.
A 4-week, dose-ranging study comparing the efficacy, safety and tolerability of latanoprost 75, 100 and 125 μg/mL to latanoprost 50 μg/mL (xalatan) in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

Several studies have investigated the effect of latanoprost on intraocular pressure (IOP). We compared the IOP-lowering effects of three higher concentrations of latanoprost with the commercially available concentration of 0.005% (50 μg/mL) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Treatment-naive subjects or those receiving IOP-lowering medication with baseline IOP levels of ≥24 mmHg and ≤36 mmHg in at least one eye after washout were randomized to receive an evening dose of latanoprost 50, 75, 100, or 125 μg/mL for 4 weeks. At weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4, ocular examinations were performed and IOP was measured. Ocular symptoms and adverse events were monitored. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in IOP from baseline to week 4 at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. for the per protocol (PP) population using a "worse eye" analysis. Secondary efficacy endpoints were change in IOP at each time point from baseline across all visits, and percentage change in IOP from baseline to week 4 at 8 a.m. In all, 282 patients were randomized and treated; 274 were included in the PP population. Treatment groups were similar at baseline; 68% were diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma. Mean baseline IOP levels were comparable across treatments. There were no statistically significant differences in IOP reductions from baseline to week 4 at either time point between those treated with higher concentrations of latanoprost versus those receiving 50 μg/mL. Least squares mean IOP changes at 8 a.m. were −10.13, -9.59, -10.02, and −9.06 mmHg for latanoprost 50, 75, 100, and 125 μg/mL, respectively, and at 4 p.m. were −8.90, -8.29, -8.81, and −8.34 mmHg, respectively. Results of secondary efficacy analyses supported those of the primary analysis. Conjunctival hyperemia, the most commonly reported adverse event, occurred in 16.9%, 18.6%, 20.8% and 15.9% of subjects receiving latanoprost 50, 75, 100, and 125 μg/mL, respectively. IOP reductions were observed in all treatment groups postbaseline, with no clinically relevant or statistically significant differences detected favoring any of the higher concentrations of latanoprost compared with latanoprost 50 μg/mL. All doses of latanoprost were well tolerated. Clinical Trials.gov Identifier NCT01379144.
Naloxone disrupts the expression but not the acquisition by male rats of a conditioned place preference response for an oestrous female

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the possible role of endogenous opioid peptides in the regulation of masculine sexual reward. In experiment 1 sexually experienced male rats, which had recently been castrated or left gonadally intact, were allowed to mate with an oestrous female in an initially “non-preferred” chamber of a test apparatus. On alternate days these males were placed alone in the initially “preferred” chamber of the same apparatus. After eight such conditioning sessions both intact and castrated males had acquired a conditioned place preference (CPP) for the initially “non-preferred” chamber whereas control males, which were never given access to an oestrous female, showed no evidence of a significant shift in their preference for either chamber. Administration of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (1 or 5 mg/kg, SC) prior to each conditioning session had no significant influence on the acquisition of a CPP for an oestrous female. By contrast, in experiment 2 naloxone treatment significantly attenuated the expression of a previously established CPP for an oestrous female in both gonadally intact and castrated males. The results suggest that opioid components of neural reward circuits are normally activated in the male rat by conditioned incentive stimuli, but not by the primary rewarding stimuli associated with access to and mating with an oestrous female.
Mushrooms and other billiards with divided phase space.

We present the first natural and visible examples of Hamiltonian systems with divided phase space allowing a rigorous mathematical analysis. The simplest such family (mushrooms) demonstrates a continuous transition from a completely chaotic system (stadium) to a completely integrable one (circle). In the course of this transition, an integrable island appears, grows and finally occupies the entire phase space. We also give the first examples of billiards with a “chaotic sea” (one ergodic component) and an arbitrary (finite or infinite) number of KAM islands and the examples with arbitrary (finite or infinite) number of chaotic (ergodic) components with positive measure coexisting with an arbitrary number of islands. Among other results is the first example of completely understood (rigorously studied) billiards in domains with a fractal boundary.