cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of lumbar epaxial motoneurons in the rat

In the rat, lateral longissimus and the lumbar transverso-spinalis muscles are lumbar trunk muscles, and participate in the lordosis reflex (female sexual posturing). Medial longissimus, the remaining major lumbar epaxial muscle, is a muscle of the proximal tail-tailbase. To allow an analysis of the motor control of lordosis, motoneurons for these muscles must be localized. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into lumbar epaxial muscles of female rats. Following injection into medial longissimus, labeled cells were found posterior to the lumbar enlargement, ventrolaterally in the ventral horn. Following injections into lateral longissimus or into lumbar transverso-spinalis muscles, most labeled cells were found on the medial side of the ventral horn, extending through and anterior to the lumbar enlargement. Injections into lumbar transverso-spinalis muscles at more posterior levels led to more posterior locations of labeled cells. The distributions of the labeled cells agree with previous observations on innervation of the muscles. Additionally, the spinal cord was scanned for sites at which microstimulation produced visible twitches of medial longissimus or transverso-spinalis muscles. Locations of low threshold twitch sites were consistent with conclusions based on the HRP findings.
An APL implementation of the Club of Rome's world model

This paper discusses an application which models world population dynamics using initial value differential equations. The program provides the user with a simple interface that anyone with any level of experience with APL can use to generate different scenarios. In addition, the discoveries and difficulties encountered by a student using APL for the first time are explored.
Protection against liver injury due to murine hepatitis virus.

PREVIOUS work has shown that antihistamine drugs protect against liver injury caused by a variety of agents1 both in the whole animal and in vitro. Judah has also shown that these compounds inhibit mitochondrial swelling in vitro, and has indicated a possible mechanism of action2,3. McLean4 has shown that the antihistamine ‘Phenergan’ will protect rats against nutritional liver necrosis and has demonstrated in vitro effects of this drug with slices cut from the livers of rats on necrogenic diets.
Incorporation of 14C acetate into the sterols of rabbit lens in organ culture.

Rabbit lenses were incubated in organ culture with 14C acetate for 3, 6, 12 and 20 hours and the nonsaponifiable fraction, composed primarily of sterols, was isolated. The incorporation of acetate into the nonnaponifiable fraction was linear for periods of 3 to 20 hours incubation. The nonsaponifiable fraction was subjected to thin-layer chromatography and 6 bands were observed. On the basis of Rf values, one band was tentatively identified as squa-lene, another as lanosterol and a third as a coholesterol-desmosterol mixture. The percentage of the radioactivity incorporated into the eholesterol-desmosterol band increased with incubation time. Conversely the percentage of the radioactivity incorporated into the squalene and lanosterol bands decreased with incubation time, indicating a precursor-product relationship.
Integrated inventory and transportation mode selection: A service parts logistics system

Abstract We present an optimization-based model to gain insights into the integrated inventory and transportation problem for a single-echelon, multi-facility service parts logistics system with time-based service level constraints. As an optimization goal we minimize the relevant inventory and transportation costs while ensuring that service constraints are met. The model builds on stochastic base-stock inventory model and integrates it with transportation options and service responsiveness that can be achieved using alternate modes (namely slow, medium and fast). The results obtained through different networks show that significant benefits can be obtained from transportation mode and inventory integration.
Space-variant filtering using interferences and color coding

Abstract We demonstrate a new scheme of space-variant filtering. The method combines an interferometric spatial filter, the transfer function of which is wavelength dependent, with a color coding of the input (or the output) which determines the local filter function. Experimental examples are given and some possible applications discussed.
Probing Lepton Flavor Violation at Future Colliders

Supersymmetric theories with significant lepton flavor violation have $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{e}$ and $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ nearly degenerate. In this case, pair production of ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{e}}^{+}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{e}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{+}{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at LEP II and at the Next Linear Collider (NLC) leads to the phenomenon of slepton oscillations, which is analogous to neutrino oscillations. The reach in $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}$ and ${sin}^{2}2\ensuremath{\theta}$ gives a probe of lepton flavor violation which is significantly more powerful than the current bounds from rare processes, such as $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\gamma}$. Polarizable ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ beams and the ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mode at the NLC are found to be promising options.
Distinguishable steps in the enzymatic synthesis of bacteriophage φX174 replicative form invitro

Abstract On the basis of kinetic evidence bacteriophage φX174 replicative form synthesis occurs in at least two stages. The first stage reaction converts the DNA to an activated form in the absence of DNA synthesis. This “activated” form may be isolated and can be shown to have different properties than unreacted DNA. The second stage comprises the DNA synthetic reaction but also requires the dnaG protein.
Intestinal mitochondrial apoptotic signaling is activated during oxidative stress.

Purpose Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Mitochondria as a major source of intracellular ROS and apoptotic signaling during oxidative stress in NEC have not been investigated. We sought to determine: (1) the effects of oxidative stress on intestinal mitochondrial apoptotic signaling, and (2) the role of growth factors in this process.
Contribution of a Sodium Ion Gradient to Energy Conservation during Fermentation in the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima CS-328

Sodium gradients in cyanobacteria play an important role in energy storage under photoautotrophic conditions but have not been well studied during autofermentative metabolism under the dark, anoxic conditions widely used to produce precursors to fuels. Here we demonstrate significant stress-induced acceleration of autofermentation of photosynthetically generated carbohydrates (glycogen and sugars) to form excreted organic acids, alcohols, and hydrogen gas by the halophilic, alkalophilic cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima CS-328. When suspended in potassium versus sodium phosphate buffers at the start of autofermentation to remove the sodium ion gradient, photoautotrophically grown cells catabolized more intracellular carbohydrates while producing 67% higher yields of hydrogen, acetate, and ethanol (and significant amounts of lactate) as fermentative products. A comparable acceleration of fermentative carbohydrate catabolism occurred upon dissipating the sodium gradient via addition of the sodium-channel blocker quinidine or the sodium-ionophore monensin but not upon dissipating the proton gradient with the proton-ionophore dinitrophenol (DNP). The data demonstrate that intracellular energy is stored via a sodium gradient during autofermentative metabolism and that, when this gradient is blocked, the blockage is compensated by increased energy conversion via carbohydrate catabolism.
Matrix diffusion coefficients in volcanic rocks at the Nevada test site: influence of matrix porosity, matrix permeability, and fracture coating minerals.

Abstract Diffusion cell experiments were conducted to measure nonsorbing solute matrix diffusion coefficients in forty-seven different volcanic rock matrix samples from eight different locations (with multiple depth intervals represented at several locations) at the Nevada Test Site. The solutes used in the experiments included bromide, iodide, pentafluorobenzoate (PFBA), and tritiated water (3HHO). The porosity and saturated permeability of most of the diffusion cell samples were measured to evaluate the correlation of these two variables with tracer matrix diffusion coefficients divided by the free-water diffusion coefficient (Dm/D⁎). To investigate the influence of fracture coating minerals on matrix diffusion, ten of the diffusion cells represented paired samples from the same depth interval in which one sample contained a fracture surface with mineral coatings and the other sample consisted of only pure matrix. The log of (Dm/D⁎) was found to be positively correlated with both the matrix porosity and the log of matrix permeability. A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that both parameters contributed significantly to the regression at the 95% confidence level. However, the log of the matrix diffusion coefficient was more highly-correlated with the log of matrix permeability than with matrix porosity, which suggests that matrix diffusion coefficients, like matrix permeabilities, have a greater dependence on the interconnectedness of matrix porosity than on the matrix porosity itself. The regression equation for the volcanic rocks was found to provide satisfactory predictions of log(Dm/D⁎) for other types of rocks with similar ranges of matrix porosity and permeability as the volcanic rocks, but it did a poorer job predicting log(Dm/D⁎) for rocks with lower porosities and/or permeabilities. The presence of mineral coatings on fracture walls did not appear to have a significant effect on matrix diffusion in the ten paired diffusion cell experiments.
Identifying Shared Environmental Contributions to Early Substance Use: The Respective Roles of Peers and Parents.

Although behavior genetic studies have suggested that early substance use is primarily environmentally mediated, no study has sought to identify the specific sources of environmental variance. Using data obtained from multiple informants, this study assessed the contributions of peer deviance and parent-child relationship problems to substance use in 14-year-old male and female twins (N = 1,403) drawn from the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS). All three phenotypes were influenced primarily by shared environmental variance (average c 2 = .51), as was the overlap among them. Moreover, peer deviance and parent-child relationship problems accounted for approximately 77% of the variance in early substance use. Findings also indicated that peer deviance. but not parent-child relationship problems, accounted uniquely for variance in early substance use.
Achieving stable network performance for wireless sensor networks

Extensive empirical results reveal that interference can cause link qualities to change quickly and dramatically. For such highly dynamic links, the short term link quality estimations widely used in existing protocols require frequent measurements and may not be accurate. As a result, when these links are selected, end-to-end communication quality varies significantly. Also, route changes occur frequently, introducing traffic oscillation and excessive overhead in network protocols. To achieve good and stable network performance, it is not enough to use short term link estimation. It is essential to characterize a link's capacity to perform well at a desired level in the presence of interference and environmental changes. Therefore, we propose a performance metric called competence. We have incorporated the competence metric into routing algorithm designs. We have also designed and implemented a maintenance framework that stabilizes performance at both link and network layers. This framework allocates the desired performance level among multiple links along an active route by using an end-to-end feedback loop, and enforces the performance level of each link through adaptive transmission power control and retransmission control. In real system evaluations with 48 TMotes, our solution outperforms previous protocols significantly and achieves end-to-end stable performance for more than 99% of the time over 24 hours.
The influence of machining induced residual stress and phase transformation on the measurement of subsurface mechanical behavior using nanoindentation

Abstract Surface integrity of machined components is critical for product performance in service. Due to the very small scale of the subsurface, nanoindentation can be used to determine the surface/subsurface mechanical properties. However, the test data may be significantly influenced by machining induced residual stresses, strain hardening, size effect, and microstructures. A fundamental relationship between these factors and mechanical behavior in the subsurface is yet to be understood. Furthermore, it is not clear if residual stress in the subsurface can be determined from nanoindentation data. This study focuses on the basic relationships between nanohardness, residual stress, and microstructure. A series of nanoindentation tests were conducted on the cross-sections of the machined samples with distinct surface integrity induced by hard turning, grinding, and honing. It was found that white layer increases nanohardness and dark layer decreases nanohardness in subsurface, while strain hardening only slightly increases subsurface hardness. The research results indicate that residual stress nature can be qualitatively determined by the shape of a load–displacement curve and the characteristic parameters such as slope at initial loading, total depth, residual depth, and the ratio of residual depth to total depth. Residual stress affects the load–displacement curve shape at the onset of material yielding. Microstructure changes make a significant difference on the characteristics of a load–displacement curve, while strain hardening exerts slight influence. The effect of residual stress influence on indentation depth can be explained based on the Mohr's circle.
Distal mucocolpos and proximal hematocolpos secondary to concurrent imperforate hymen and transverse viginal septum

A 12-year-old girl had cruciate incision of imperforate hymen draining a large mucocolpos. Her symptoms did not abate thereafter, and 3 months later a transverse vaginal septum was diagnosed. This was perforated and dilated under ultrasound (US) guidance draining a large hematocolpos. Results of examination under anesthesia after 3 months was satisfactory, and she has had normal periods in follow-up for 9 months. Imperforate hymen and transverse vaginal septum are known causes of mucocolpos and hematocolpos. However, the concurrent occurrence of the two abnormalities is unique.
Deformation associated with a continental normal fault system, western Grand Canyon, Arizona

Reverse-drag folds are often used to infer subsurface fault geometry in extended terrains, yet details of how these folds form in association with slip on normal fault systems are poorly understood. Detailed structural mapping and global positioning system (GPS) surveying of the Frog Fault and Lone Mountain Monocline in the western Grand Canyon demonstrate a systematic relationship between elements of the normal fault system and fold geometry. The Lone Mountain Monocline, which parallels the Frog Fault, is made up of two half-monoclinal flexures: a hanging-wall fold in which dips gradually increase toward the fault over ∼1.5 km reaching a maximum dip of 25° and a footwall fold in which dips decrease away from the fault over ∼0.5 km from a maximum of 12°. The highest dips associated with folding are found where throw on the Frog Fault and a synthetic fault are at a maximum. Lower dips are found where there is less throw on the Frog Fault and antithetic faults are present. This relationship between fault and fold geometry suggests that the folding is associated with Basin and Range extension rather than Laramide contraction. Mechanical models of normal fault-related deformation predict similar patterns of folding over planar faults of finite extent and corroborate the important role of subsidiary fault geometry in the overall pattern of deformation. Application of these models in an inverse sense yields ∼1 km estimates of down-dip extent, a result that may indicate fault confinement within the sedimentary section or weakening effects associated with folding layered strata. A general analysis illustrates that reverse-drag folds of moderate dip are expected to form in association with slip on planar faults of finite extent—a result that has the potential to impact our estimates of hydrocarbon volumes, crustal extension, and earthquake hazards associated with continental normal faults.
A spectrum whose Zp cohomology is the algebra of reduced pth powers

Throughout this paper all cohomology groups will have 2, coefficients unless otherwise stated. All spectra will be O-connected. We will make various constructions on spectra, for example, forming fibrations and Postnikov systems, just as one does with topological spaces. For the details of this see [6]. If one wishes, one may read “spectrum” as iv-connected topological space, iV a large integer, add N to all dimensions in sight, and read all theorems as applicable in dimensions less than 2N.
Gene targeting in kidney development

Cancer and development are conceptually related because tumor formation in many cases results from the aberrant expression of a developmental program. This is certainly true of Wilms' tumors, which display a range of phenotypes resembling various stages of kidney development. WT1 has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene involved in a subset of Wilms' tumors. Gene targeting of the WT1 gene demonstrated the requirement for this gene product during early urogenital development. Several other genes, including Wnt-4, c-ret, ld and lim 1, have been shown by gene targeting to also be involved in early kidney development. This review discusses gene targeting as an approach to the study of development and reviews the phenotypes of these and other genes involved in kidney organogenesis.
1026 HISTAMINE CONCENTRATION IN MIDDLE EAR EFFUSIONS

The presence of a number of inflammatory mediators in middle ear effusions collected from children with otitis media has recently been detected. In one study, histamine levels in middle ear effusions were assayed using a modified fluorometric technique and a range of 0–3650 ng histamine/ml effusion was reported (Berger et al, Rec. Adv. OME, 1984). Since this amine is a biologically active vasodilator affecting mucosal permeability, its presence may have profound consequences to the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease. In an effort to confirm these findings, 22 effusions collected from 17 children aged .7–8.7 years with chronic non-suppurative otitis media were assayed for the presence of histamine using a modified single isotopic enzymatic assay. Histamine concentrations in these effusions ranged from 1.3 to 112 ng/ml with a median value of 21 ng/ml. As with the previous study, no correlation was found between the concentration of histamine and the age or sex of the child, effusion culture or hemoglobin content. While the concentrations reported in this study are an order of magnitude lower than those previously reported, our data support the hypothesis that histamine may be involved in the production and maintenance of inflammatory reactions associated with otitis media.
Individual differences in event-based prospective memory: Evidence for multiple processes supporting cue detection

The multiprocess view proposes that different processes can be used to detect event-based prospective memory cues, depending in part on the specificity of the cue. According to this theory, attentional processes are not necessary to detect focal cues, whereas detection of nonfocal cues requires some form of controlled attention. This notion was tested using a design in which we compared performance on a focal and on a nonfocal prospective memory task by participants with high or low working memory capacity. An interaction was found, such that participants with high and low working memory performed equally well on the focal task, whereas the participants with high working memory performed significantly better on the nonfocal task than did their counterparts with low working memory. Thus, controlled attention was only necessary for detecting event-based prospective memory cues in the nonfocal task. These results have implications for theories of prospective memory, the processes necessary for cue detection, and the successful fulfillment of intentions.
Rapid separation of acetylated oligosaccharides by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract Peracetylated saccharides were separated by chromatography on a reverse-phase support, eluting with mixtures of acetonitrile-water. Gradient elution for 2.5 h gave significant separations of all linear glucose oligomers containing up to 35 sugar residues. With isocratic elution retention was exponentially related to molecular mass and only slightly affected by linkage or anomeric configuration. The presence of glucosamine in various saccharides markedly reduced their retention.
WNK signaling in the distal tubule: an inhibitory cascade regulating salt transport.

with-no-lysine kinase-1 (wnk1) and wnk4 are members of the WNK family of protein kinases. These two proteins have recently come under intense scrutiny because mutations in their genes have been identified as the cause of type II pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHAII) ([18][1]). Patients with this autosomal
Chemical Modification of Polystyrene Surfaces by Low-Energy Polyatomic Ion Beams

The chemical modification of polystyrene surfaces by low-energy (10−100 eV) SF5+, C3F5+, and SO3+ ions was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and two-laser ion trap mass spectrometry. The mechanism of fluorination was found to be dissimilar for SF5+ and C3F5+ ions in this energy range at fluences of 1014−1016 ions/cm2. SF5+ was found to induce fluorination of the polymer surface by grafting reactive F atoms upon dissociation at impact. SFn fragments were not found to be grafted or implanted into the polymer. Sulfur was detected on the polymer surface only at incident energies above 50 eV and was found to be sulfidic in nature. In contrast, C3F5+ ions induced grafting of both reactive F atoms and molecular CmFn fragments from the dissociation of the incident projectile. Larger proportions of highly fluorinated sites and thicker fluorocarbon layers were found for C3F5+ at all energies and fluences. A variety of aliphatic and aromatic fluorine bonding environments were detected on both SF5+ and C3F5...
Shrunken estimators via a pitman nearness criterion

Shrunken estimators have traditionally been developed and studied using mean square error (MSE). Recent research on Pitman nearness (PN), however, indicates that it is an interesting, “intrinsic”, alternative to the mean square error (MSE) criterion for investigating estimators. Thus, we develop a shrunken estimator for the mean of a multivariate normal distribution based on minimizing PN, instead of MSE, Further, since the shrinkage factor of this estimator depends on unknown parameters, we examine two approaches for determining this factor: (1) “plug-in” estimates, (2) a range of values for the factor based on an approximate confidence interval for the Pitman Nearness probability. A numerical example is given.
A Framework for Flexible and Executable Usability Patterns Standards

Software patterns have been used as a software design tool to reuse proven solutions to recurring problems. But the complex interconnections and the number of pattern collections is becoming a barrier for identifying relevant patterns and pattern combinations for a given design context. More formal representations of patterns are needed that support machine processing in addition to the traditional text- based presentation of software patterns. In this paper, usability patterns are used to demonstrate a framework and techniques to support the development of pattern forms that facilitate cross-collection links over the World-Wide Web. This is an essential first step that will enable moving from loosely coupled patterns to closely coupled pattern languages. Semantic Web technologies are used both to support distributed and heterogeneous data integration and to provide a computational basis for building intelligent tools that utilize patterns to support software development activities.
Marine netpen farming leads to infections with some unusual parasites

Marine netpen farming of salmonid fishes is a rapidly growing industry in several countries. With this relatively recent industry, new or unusual infections by parasitic pathogens have been observed. This is due to different hosts being reared in new geographic areas, or by indigenous species being reared in a different environmental condition, i.e. the marine netpen. Examples of the former include Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa) and Hemobaphes disphaerocephalus (Copepoda) infections in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in the Pacific Northwest, Ceratothoa gaudichaudii (Isopoda) infections in Atlantic salmon reared in Chile, Neoparamoeba (=Paramoeba) sp. (Sacromastigophora) from salmonids reared in Tasmania, and Stephanostomum tenue (Digenea) infections in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in Atlantic Canada. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reared in its native region, the Pacific Northwest, provides some examples of unusual or more severe infections than those normally seen in wild or freshwater reared chinook salmon. These include infections by Loma salmonae (Microsporidia), Gilguina squali (Cestoda) and the rosette agent, an undescribed fungus-like organism related to choanoflagellates. As the industry continues to expand, it is certain that more novel host-parasite relationships will be observed, providing challenges for fish farmers and parasitologists.
Crazing in polyethylene

The tensile stress—strain curves of various types of polyethylene were compared from 77 to 298 K in nitrogen, isopentane, and the inert environment of helium at various strain rates. It was found that in general polyethylene crazes in a gas such as nitrogen at a temperature below 1.6 times its boiling point and in isopentane. Although the behavior of polyethylenes is similar to that of other polymers with regard to crazing in gases at low temperatures, they are in general less sensitive to the gas. The decrease in tensile strength of polyethylene in an environmental gas increases with crystallinity. The differences in the intrinsic low-temperature brittle fracture stress are attributed to differences in the density of tie molecules. The intrinsic yield point at room temperature showed the usual increase with increasing crystallinity, but all the polyethylenes have the same yield point below the γ transition temperature.
A Computer Game-Based Method for Studying Bullying and Cyberbullying

Even though previous studies have addressed the relation between face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying, none have studied both phenomena simultaneously. In this article, we present a computer game-based method to study both types of peer aggression among youth. Study participants included fifth graders (N = 93) in two U.S. Midwestern middle schools. Students completed a self-report survey that included measures of aggression, bullying, emotions, and perceptions of school. Next, students were assigned to teams of four and completed both competitive and collaborative games. Results indicated significant correlations between survey measures and in-game interactions and showed that bistrategic players scored higher in relational aggression. These results contribute to the understanding of how face-to-face aggression relates to aggression in computer-mediated communication in middle-school students.
Uptake of L-tyrosine and 3-O-methylglucose by isolated intestinal epithelial cells☆

Abstract A technique was presented to prepare isolated epithelial cells from rabbit's intestine. The cells consumed oxygen at a rate of 3.25±0.185 ml/gm dry weight/hour and produced CO 2 at a rate of 2.10±0.334 ml/gm dry weight/hour. The respiratory quotient was 0.645. The isolated epithelial cell suspension rapidly accumulated 3MG and L-tyrosine. A peak of accumulation was reached after a 10 minute incubation. The concentration was greater at 36°C than at 25°C and 20°C and was inhibited in the presence of 2,4-DNP and L-phenylalanine.
FAMILY LIFESTYLE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION: AN ENERGY ADAPTATION MODEL*

The premise of the paper is that family energy consumption is a consequence of family lifestyle. To facilitate the development of policies that allow families to make satisfactory lifestyle choices as energy resources decline, we explore in detail the relationship between family lifestyle and energy consumption. A model is developed to illustrate the decision making processes that link individual and family behaviour patterns with energy consumption. A series of propositions is derived from the model that relates family values, family effectiveness and family decision making to energy prices, energy conservation adoption, attitude formation and family lifestyle changes. The model can be used by public and private decision makers to identify research and consumer information programs that will facilitate adoption of more energy efficient lifestyles.
Body Anthropometry and the Risk of Hip and Wrist Fractures in Men: Results from a Prospective Study

Available epidemiological information on the associations between body anthropometry and the incidence of fractures in men is limited. We therefore prospectively investigated the association between body anthropometry and the incidence of hip and wrist fractures from low and moderate trauma among 43,053 men who were 40 years to 75 years of age in 1986 when they first enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. After 8 years of follow-up, 201 wrist fracture cases and 56 hip fracture cases were reported. Greater height was associated with significant elevations in both hip and wrist fractures, whereas nonsignificant inverse associations were observed with weight and body mass index. Men in the highest quintile of waist circumference had a relative risk (RR) of 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64 to 10.3) for hip fracture and 2.05 (95% CI 1.06 to 3.96) for wrist fracture when compared with men in the lowest quintile. Waist-to-hip ratio was also positively related to fracture incidence; comparing highest with lowest quintile, the RRs were 3.92 (95% CI 1.07 to 14.3) for hip fracture and 1.50 (95% CI 0.85 to 2.66) for wrist fracture. These anthropometric indicators, in particular waist-to-hip ratio, may be useful for the prediction of hip fracture in adult men.
Spectral Series in the Oxygen Group

IN the spectrum of oxygen there occur two types of series,—triplet series, and the so-called “singlet” series. The terms associated with the former type are designated by Fowler (“Report on Series in Line Spectra”) as ms, mp, and md, while those associated with the latter type are designated as mS, mP, and mD.
Differential expression of CD96 surface molecule represents CD8⁺ T cells with dissimilar effector function during HIV-1 infection.

During HIV-1 infection, immune dysregulation and aberrant lymphocyte functions are well-established characteristics. Cell surface molecules are important for immunological functions and changes in expression can affect lymphocyte effector functions, thereby contributing to pathogenesis and disease progression. In this study we have focused on CD96, a member of the IgG superfamily receptors that have generated increasing recent interest due to their adhesive and co-stimulatory functions in addition to immunoregulatory capacity. CD96 is expressed by both T and NK cells. Although the function of CD96 is not completely elucidated, it has been shown to have adhesive functions and enhance cytotoxicity. Interestingly, CD96 may also have inhibitory functions due to its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). The clinical significance of CD96 is still comparatively limited although it has been associated with chronic Hepatitis B infection and disease progression. CD96 has not previously been studied in the context of HIV-1 infection, but due to its potential importance in immune regulation and relevance to chronic disease, we examined CD96 expression in relation to HIV-1 pathogenesis. In a cross-sectional analysis, we investigated the CD8+ T cell expression of CD96 in cohorts of untreated HIV-1 infected adults with high viral loads (non-controllers) and low viral loads (“elite” controllers). We demonstrated that elite controllers have significantly higher CD96 mean fluorescence intensity on CD8+ T cells compared to HIV-1 non-controllers and CD96 expression was positively associated with CD4+ T cell counts. Functional assessment showed that CD8+ T cells lacking CD96 expression represented a population that produced both perforin and IFN-γ following stimulation. Furthermore, CD96 expression on CD8+ T cells was decreased in presence of lipopolysaccharide in vitro. Overall, these findings indicate that down-regulation of CD96 is an important aspect of HIV-1 pathogenesis and differential expression is related to cell effector functions and HIV-1 disease course.
Time and tide wait for no fish: intertidal fishes out of water

Hypoxic conditions are rare in the open ocean, but may occur during low tides in tidepools. Intertidal fishes respond to low tides in a variety of ways, including avoiding the intertidal zone during low tides, respiring in the well-oxygenated layer at the surface of the water, or simply tolerating hypoxic water. A number of intertidal fish species have the ability to leave the water and survive terrestrially for a period of time while breathing air. This paper reviews the literature on ecomorphology of amphibious intertidal fishes, suggests ecomorphological and ecophysiological approaches to clarifying the adaptations of intertidal fishes for emergence from water, and considers differences in the types of emergence behavior and activities seen in three broadly defined behavioral types. These types include the ‘skippers’, fishes that actively emerge at all phases of the tidal cycle and engage in routine terrestrial activity, the ‘remainers’, that emerge passively under cover such as rocks or vegetation by remaining in place as the tide recedes, and the ‘tidepool emergers’, that typically spend low tides in tidepools but may emerge from hypoxic water. Portioning of gas exchange between the gills and the skin, the release of CO2 into air, the effect of emergence on metabolic rate, and vertical zonation in distribution of fishes in the intertidal zone are compared for fishes in each of these behavioral styles.
Utility of laboratory testing in autoimmune inner ear disease.

Objectives: To assess the utility of various laboratory tests used to diagnose autoimmune inner ear disease. Study Design: Retrospective study of 82 patients evaluated at the University of Washington Otology Clinic from 1996 through 1998 with review of clinical history, laboratory tests, audiograms, response to therapy, and final diagnoses. Methods: Charts were reviewed for presenting history and initial workup including test results for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), C1q binding assay, anticardiolipin antibody (aCL), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), microhemagglutinin assay for Treponema pallidum (microhemagglutination assay), Lyme disease titers, and the Western blot for heat shock protein 70 (hsp 70). Results: The Western blot for hsp 70 is the best test for predicting corticosteroid responsiveness. The sensitivity was low at 42%, although the specificity was 90%, and the positive predictive value of this test was excellent at 91%. The ESR was as good as the CRP in detecting acute-phase reactants. The other, more specific tests in the laboratory panel (aCL, ANCA, MHA, and Lyme disease titers) did not detect any new cases of autoimmune disease in addition to those which were already identified by an abnormal ESR, Conclusions: A diagnostic test panel for autoimmune inner ear disease should include an ESR and the Western blot for hsp70. More specific laboratory testing for systemic disease is warranted when the ESR is elevated. In patients with a positive Western blot, a trial of corticosteroid therapy can be given with good conviction because the test is quite specific. However, many people who are Western blot negative may also respond to corticosteroid therapy because the test lacks sensitivity.
A Mixed Model Estimation of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects

For more than 30 years, sociologists and demographers have struggled to come to terms with the age, period, cohort conundrum: Given the linear dependency between age groups, periods, and cohorts, how can these effects be estimated separately? This article offers a partial solution to this problem. The authors treat cohort effects as random effects and age and period effects as fixed effects in a mixed model. Using this approach, they can (1) assess the amount of variance in the dependent variable that is associated with cohorts while controlling for the age and period dummy variables, (2) model the dependencies that result from the age-period-specific rates for a single cohort being observed multiple times, and (3) assess how much of the variance in observations that is associated with cohorts is explained by differences in the characteristics of cohorts. The authors use empirical data to see how their results compare with other analyses in the literature.
Can early wilting of old leaves account for much of the ABA accumulation in flooded pea plants

When pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) were subjected to flooding, abscisic acid (ABA) content in shoots and roots increased up to 8-fold in the following days and stomatal conductance significantly decreased. Although young leaves of flooded plants had a slightly higher water potential than those of the unflooded plants, old leaves had lower water potential and lost turgor at the time when a substantial ABA increase was detected. In plants where the old leaves were clipped off, flooding did not cause any ABA increase during 7 d of the experimental period, except under conditions of higher transpiration demand, when the increase in ABA content was both delayed and small in scale (only 1-fold)
Gas Turbine Engine Durability Impacts of High-Fuel-Air Ratio Combustors: Near Wall Reaction Effects on Film-Cooled Backward-Facing Step Heat Transfer

As commercial and military aircraft engines approach higher total temperatures and increasing overall fuel-to-air ratios, the potential for significant chemical reactions to occur downstream of the combustor is increased. This may take place when partially-reacted species leave the combustor and encounter film-cooled surfaces. One common feature on turbine endwalls is a step between various engine components and seals. Such step features produce recirculating flows which when in the vicinity of film-cooled surfaces may lead to particularly severe reaction zones due to long fluid residence times. The objective of this paper is to study and quantify the surface heat transfer implications of such reacting regions. A shock tube experiment was employed to generate short duration, high temperature (1000–2800K) and pressure (6 atm.) flows over a film-cooled backward-facing step. The test article contained two sets of 35° film cooling holes located downstream of a step. The film-cooling holes could be supplied with different gases, one side using air and the other nitrogen allowing for simultaneous testing of reacting and inert cooling gases. A mixture of ethylene and argon provided a fuel rich freestream that reacted with the air film resulting in near wall reactions. The relative increase in surface heat flux due to near wall reactions was investigated over a range of fuel levels, momentum blowing ratios (0.5–2.0), and Damkohler numbers (ratio of characteristic flow time to chemical time) from near zero to 30. The experimental results show that for conditions relevant for future engine technology, adiabatic flame temperatures can be approached along the wall downstream of the step leading to potentially significant increases in surface heat flux. A computational study was also performed to investigate the effects of cooling-jet blowing ratio on chemical reactions behind the film-cooled step. The blowing ratio was found to be an important parameter governing the flow structure behind the backward-facing step, and controlling the characteristics of chemical-reactions by altering the local equivalence ratio.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
BMP signaling in the nephron progenitor niche

Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) play diverse roles in embryonic kidney development, regulating essential aspects of both ureteric bud and nephron development. In this review, we provide an overview of reported expression patterns and functions of BMP signaling components within the nephrogenic zone or nephron progenitor niche of the developing kidney. Reported in situ hybridization results are relatively challenging to interpret and sometimes conflicting. Comparing these with high-resolution microarray gene expression data available in Gudmap, we propose a consensus gene expression pattern indicating that essential components of both the Smad-mediated pathway and the Smad-independent MAPK pathways are expressed in the nephron progenitor cell compartment and may be activated by BMPs, but that cortical interstitium may only be able to respond to BMPs through mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Localization of phosphorylated Smad transcription factors and studies of a BMP reporter mouse strain however indicate limited transcriptional responsiveness to Smad-mediated signaling in cap mesenchyme. An overview of genetic inactivation, organ culture, and primary cell studies indicates that BMP signaling may elicit two important biological outcomes in the nephrogenic zone: survival of the cap mesenchyme, and the physical segregation of interstitial and progenitor cell compartments. Ongoing studies using a novel primary cell system that establishes the nephrogenic zone ex vivo are pursuing the concept that the balance between Smad-mediated and Smad-independent responses to BMP ligand may underlie these distinct outcomes.
Note on the ubiquitous cercaria from Littorina rudis, L. obtusata and L. littorea.

This cercaria was found to be very common in specimens of Littorina rudis (Maton) and L. obtusata (Linne) collected at Aberystwyth during February and March, 1935, occurring in twenty out of fifty specimens of L. rudis and in four out of forty specimens of L. obtusata . It was, on the other hand, very rare in L. littorea , only two infested individuals being found out of a total of two thousand molluscs examined. In all three species of mollusc the parts of the digestive gland most heavily infested appeared white or creamy-white in colour. The form described here appears to be almost identical with Cercaria ubiquitoides recorded by Stunkard (1932) from L. littorea and L. rudis occurring on the coast of Brittany. Certain differences are found between my specimens and those of Stunkard. It is difficult to determine whether these differences are individual or specific because there are so few larval characters in cercariae of the Ubiquita group which can be used for separating species. The problem is rendered more difficult by the close resemblance of the adult trematodes (species of the genus Spelotrema ).
An Isometric Strength Testing Device for Use with the Elderly: Validation Compared with Isokinetic Measures

Objective: To estimate the concurrent validity of a new isometric strength-testing device, the Leg Press Sled (LPS), using a criterion measure of isokinetic strength among a frail elderly populatio...
Transcriptional controls and dosage compensation in Drosophila melanogaster.

DOSAGE compensation is the equalisation of X-linked gene products in males and females. In Drosophila there is substantial evidence to support the contention that both X chromosomes are simultaneously active in somatic cells of females1, and that the regulatory mechanism operates at the level of transcription2,3. Most discussions of this mechanism have focused on the modulation of regulatory factors controlling the rate of RNA synthesis per template4,5. A change in the level of transcription may also be achieved by altering the quantity of template. We present here various arguments and some experimental evidence discounting controlled variation of total template as the basis for dosage compensation in Drosophila melanogaster.
From Dendrite to Soma: Dynamic Routing of Inhibition by Complementary Interneuron Microcircuits in Olfactory Cortex

Summary Diverse inhibitory pathways shape cortical information processing; however, the relevant interneurons recruited by sensory stimuli and how they impact principal cells are unclear. Here we show that two major interneuron circuits govern dynamic inhibition in space and time within the olfactory cortex. Dendritic-targeting layer 1 interneurons receive strong input from the olfactory bulb and govern early-onset feedforward inhibition. However, this circuit is only transiently engaged during bursts of olfactory bulb input. In contrast, somatic-targeting layer 3 interneurons, recruited exclusively by recurrent excitation from pyramidal cells, produce late-onset feedback inhibition. Our results reveal two complementary interneuron circuits enforcing widespread inhibition, which shifts from the apical dendrites to somata of pyramidal cells during bursts of sensory input.
Emergence of burrowing urchins from California continental shelf sediments-A response to alongshore current reversals?

Abstract Two sequences of bottom photographs taken every two or four hours for two months during the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) off the Russian River, California, reveal the dynamic nature of interations between the water column, the sediments, and benthic organisms in the mid-shelf silt deposit. Time-lapse photographs taken between late spring and early summer in 1981 and 1982 show that the subsurface-dwelling urchin Brisaster latifrons (one of the largest invertebrates found in shelf-depth fine sediment off the U.S. Pacific coast) occasionally emerged from the sediment, plowed the sediment surface during the course of a few hours to several days, then buried themselves again. Frame-by-frame study of the film sequences shows that the urchins typically emerged following relaxation of coastal upwelling, periods characterized by current direction reversals and increases in bottom water turbidity. Among the possible causes of the emergence of urchins and the consequent bioturbation of the upper few cm of sediment, a response to an enhanced food supply seems most plausible. Circumstantial evidence suggests the possibility that phytoplankton sedimentation during periods of upwelling relaxation could provide a new source of food at the sediment surface.