cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurons and Glial Cells Are Added to the Female Rat Anteroventral Periventricular Nucleus During Puberty

The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) orchestrates the neuroendocrine-positive feedback response that triggers ovulation in female rodents. The AVPV is larger and more cell-dense in females than in males, and during puberty, only females develop the capacity to show a positive feedback response. We previously reported a potential new mechanism to explain this female-specific gain of function during puberty, namely a female-biased sex difference in the pubertal addition of new cells to the rat AVPV. Here we first asked whether this sex difference is due to greater cell proliferation and/or survival in females. Female and male rats received the cell birthdate marker 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 200 mg/kg, ip) on postnatal day (P) 30; brains were collected at short and long intervals after BrdU administration to assess cell proliferation and survival, respectively. Overall, females had more BrdU-immunoreactive cells in the AVPV than did males, with no sex differences in the rate of cell attrition over time. Thus, the sex difference in pubertal addition of AVPV cells appears to be due to greater cell proliferation in females. Next, to determine the phenotype of pubertally born AVPV cells, daily BrdU injections were given to female rats on P28-56, and tissue was collected on P77 to assess colocalization of BrdU and markers for mature neurons or glia. Of the pubertally born AVPV cells, approximately 15% differentiated into neurons, approximately 19% into astrocytes, and approximately 23% into microglia. Thus, both neuro- and gliogenesis occur in the pubertal female rat AVPV and potentially contribute to maturation of female reproductive function.
To aspirate or not!: The question may be not if, but when

Current guidelines indicate that routine aspiration thrombectomy (AT) has a level III indication and AT is only indicated for "bail-out" indications. "Bail-out" situations are not well defined. The AT catheter may still be necessary and have other uses such as distal contrast or drug delivery.
A universe queerer than we can suppose

Not too long ago one had to look very hard to find physics, astrophysics or astronomy books intended for the layman that could actually he understood and appreciated by even an educated non-scientist. The great purveyors and translators of the language of the scientist for the public could he counted on one's fingers. However, things have changed since then. The writers have become more numerous and more skilled, while, at the same time, the demands on them to present complex, abstract and strange ideas have become more formidable. Narlikar is one of the stronger members of this new breed.
Differences in somatic DNA damage repair (DDR) gene alterations between primary and secondary muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).

4519Background: Alterations in DDR genes, including the nucleotide excision repair gene ERCC2, have been shown to be associated with response to systemic chemotherapy in MIBC (Van Allen, 2014). We ...
The Periodical Press: Background and Case-Studies

Books and periodicals are often treated separately in sociological studies of reading because they attract different audiences structured in different ways and hence perform different social functions. This general point has interesting applications in the study of Soviet print culture. The first section of this chapter provides a historical overview of Soviet periodicals and establishes an analytical framework for the study of Soviet newspapers, magazines and journals. The rest of the chapter is concerned with particular forms of Soviet periodical publication as they evolved in the perestroika period. This is not intended to be a comprehensive account of the Russian periodical press as it developed between 1986 and 1992 — such an account would fill the book on its own. My aim is rather to analyze the most important changes in the relationship between periodicals and their readerships by combining general surveys of the main forms of periodical publication with more focused case-studies.
Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) for imaging electrical conductivity of biological tissue: a tutorial review

Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) is a noninvasive imaging method developed to map electrical conductivity of biological tissue with millimeter level spatial resolution. In MAT-MI, a time-varying magnetic stimulation is applied to induce eddy current inside the conductive tissue sample. In the presence of a static magnetic field, the Lorentz force acting on the induced eddy current drives mechanical vibrations producing detectable ultrasound signals. These ultrasound signals can then be acquired to reconstruct a map related to the sample's electrical conductivity contrast. This work reviews fundamental ideas of MAT-MI and major techniques developed in recent years. First, the physical mechanisms underlying MAT-MI imaging are described, including the magnetic induction and Lorentz force induced acoustic wave propagation. Second, experimental setups and various imaging strategies for MAT-MI are reviewed and compared, together with the corresponding experimental results. In addition, as a recently developed reverse mode of MAT-MI, magneto-acousto-electrical tomography with magnetic induction is briefly reviewed in terms of its theory and experimental studies. Finally, we give our opinions on existing challenges and future directions for MAT-MI research. With all the reported and future technical advancement, MAT-MI has the potential to become an important noninvasive modality for electrical conductivity imaging of biological tissue.
American Exceptionalism: An Appraisal—Political, Economic, Qualitative, and Quantitative:

This article presents categorical, functional, and empirical arguments to appraise American Exceptionalism. We find these kinds of appraisals lacking in the literature, especially in areas such as ...
The CRISIS wide area security architecture

This paper presents the design and implementation of a new authentication and access control system, called CRISIS. A goal of CRISIS is to explore the systematic application of a number of design principles to building highly secure systems, including: redundancy to eliminate single points of attack, caching to improve performance and availability over slow and unreliable wide area networks, fine-grained capabilities and roles to enable lightweight control of privilege, and complete local logging of all evidence used to make each access control decision. Measurements of a prototype CRISIS-enabled wide area file system show that in the common case CRISIS adds only marginal overhead relative to unprotected wide area accesses.
A Psychospiritual Model of Spiritual Formation: A Review of David Benner's Contributions:

Our culture is in tune with the “spiritual.” Yet, understanding what constitutes the spiritual, let alone how to cultivate it, remains unclear. This article will explore the foundations of Benner's...
Characteristic “Quanta” of Nonlinear Field Equations

Periodic solutions of nonlinear field equations depending on a single degree of freedom are quantized canonically. The quantized excitations of nonlinear fields generalize the concepts of “photon” or “phonon” of linear fields, and satisfy characteristic equations. For example, the “quanta” of the sine-Gordon equation are Mathieu functions with a nonlinear energy spectrum. They take the place of the ordinary plane waves. It is suggested that these nonlinear quanta should be taken as building blocks for the quantization of nonlinear fields. Spinor-type quantized wave functions arise. Soliton solution is a limiting case. These quantized excitations may be observable.
Theological Frontiers: Implications for Bioethics

Fortunately, I have been asked to concentrate on ‘the current frontiers of theology’ — or at least that is how I will interpret my assigned title. On this matter I have some reasonable or at least reasoned opinions, though everyone’s ‘frontiers’ are his own and will be disputed by the next theologian called upon. I shall try — and here I may not do so well — to relate these theological frontiers, as I view them, to issues in bioethics. One assumption behind my title, if I understand it aright, is that theology changes as well as do biology, genetics, and medicine. (Often it is assumed that theology and ethics, deriving from old traditions, remain stable and that it is in science, technology, and medicine that important changes reside.) Further, it seems assumed that these changes within theology and theological ethics will affect the relation of theology to bioethics as much as will developments in the theories and practices of the relevant scientific and medical disciplines. Even though these assumptions seem relatively obvious, frequently they are overlooked. Actually, however, that point being granted, I will suggest that the most fundamental ‘frontier’ of theology (and this is part of the image of a frontier) arises in extra-theological areas; that is, it appears to or confronts theology not as a result of its own labors but from outside, from its wider historical and cultural context.
Framing Teaching and Teachers? National Board English Language Arts Certification in the US

In this paper we examine how professional teaching standards, their assessment machinery, and the ideas of authority, expertise, and certainty they represent, regulate teaching knowledge in ways that keep teachers from engaging in the intellectual work necessary for the development of new understanding about teaching. To examine the tenability of this assertion, we consider the case of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards and the assessment it has put in place in the U.S. for the purpose of awarding national board certification to accomplished teachers. We chose, as a specific example, the Early Adolescence/English Language Arts standards and assessment which were developed for the national certification of English teachers who teach students ages 11–15. We first locate the assessment process and activities within the broader context of the standards-based reform in the US. We then examine the assessment requirements for English teachers and the representations of English language arts teaching these contain through an analysis of the practice activities recommended by the board, the actual assessment tasks, and the scoring system and rubrics used to evaluate the performance. Finally, as the standards and the assessment process were explicitly designed to improve teaching, we consider issues relevant to teachers' autonomy and the subtle and not so subtle ways in which the assessment imposes a frame on teachers' thinking and understanding of their work.
Ribbon 2-knots of ribbon crossing number four

A 2-knot is a surface in R4 that is homeomorphic to S2, the standard sphere in 3-space. A ribbon 2-knot is a 2-knot obtained from m 2-spheres in R4 by connecting them with m − 1 pipes. Let K2 be a ...
Exploring the Design Space of an Electric Ship using a Probabilistic Technology Evaluation Methodology

With the advent of new technologies for electric ships, there is a need for a robust methodology to quantitatively evaluate their impact on the performance of a ship, while accounting for the uncertain nature of their parameters. To that end, this paper gives an overview of the Technology Identification, Evaluation, and Selection, or TIES, methodology as applied a 10kton surface combatant. This case study highlights the ability of TIES to aid in a broad exploration of the design space, by giving designers key tools that allow them to show in a traceable manner the tradeoffs involved in infusing technologies and making other design choices, as well as which designs best meet different sets of Figures of Merit. This ultimately allows decision-makers to determine what technologies or design choices to invest in to yield a ship with the performance parameters that will best serve the needs of its stakeholders.
Variability of patient and surgical risk factors for infection in a single, urban, academic total joint replacement center.

Abstract Background We describe surgeon-specific patient and procedure variability in a single center to determine how much variability exists between surgeons. Methods Data was analyzed from 2009 to 2013 at a single center. The total number of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty surgeries were quantified for each surgeon. Results Surgeon caseload varied significantly, with the largest differences observed in primary TKA caseload. The largest patient differences were in regards to percentage of patients with diabetes mellitus amongst primary TKA patients Conclusion Significant differences in patient characteristics that could significantly impact outcomes after total joint arthroplasty were found amongst surgeons.
Mirtazapine for sleep disturbances in Angelman syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 8 pediatric cases.

Study Objectives:Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, a characteristic happy personality, ga...
Ethical conflicts in translational genetic research: lessons learned from the eMERGE-III experience

Abstract Purpose The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Consortium integrated biorepository-based research with electronic health records (EHR) to return results from large-scale genetic tests to participants and uploaded those data into the EHR. This article explores the ethical issues investigators encountered in that process. Methods We conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with study personnel of the eMERGE-III Consortium sites that returned results. Results We discuss major ethical issues that arose while attempting to return research results from the eMERGE Consortium to individual participants. These included difficulties recontacting those participants who had not explicitly consented to such and disclosing results to many participants with insufficient infrastructure and staff. Investigators reported being driven by a supererogatory clinical impulse. Conclusion All these issues ultimately derive from ethical conflicts inherent to translational work being done at the interface of research and clinical care. A critical rethinking of this divide is important, but infrastructural support for such work is necessary for an ethically sound rollout of large-scale genetic testing.
Food Insecurity and Insulin Use in Hyperglycemic Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department

Author(s): Nhoung, Heng Ky; Goyal, Munish; Cacciapuoti, Maria; Day, Hannah; Hashemzadeh, Taymour; Magee, Michelle; Jarris, Yumi S. | Abstract: Introduction: The prevalence of food insecurity (FI) and insulin rationing among patients with diabetes who present to the emergency department (ED) is unclear. We examined the prevalence of food insecurity and subtherapeutic insulin use among patients who presented to the ED with a blood glucose level of greater than 250 milligrams per deciliter.Methods: This was a single-center, cross-sectional survey of clinically stable, hyperglycemic adults in the ED for food insecurity using the Hunger Vital Sign screening tool. Patients who were insulin dependent were asked about insulin usage and rationing.Results: Of the 85 eligible patients, 76 (89.4%) were enrolled; 35 (46%) screened positive for food insecurity. Food insecure patients were 1.9 times more likely to be hospitalized than non-food insecure patients (relative risk = 1.90 [1.21-2.99], pl.01). Food insecure patients were younger than non-food insecure patients (50.4 vs 57.5 pl.02), and had significantly higher hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) levels (11.2% vs 9.9% p = 0.04). Of the 49 patients prescribed insulin, 17 (34.6%) stated they had used less insulin during the prior week than had been prescribed, and 21 (42.9%) stated they had used less insulin during the prior year than had been prescribed. Food insecure patients were more likely to have used less insulin than prescribed in the prior year (odds ratio = 3.60 [1.09-11.9], p = 0.04).Conclusion: Our exploratory findings suggest almost half of clinically stable adults presenting to our inner-city ED with hyperglycemia experience food insecurity. More than one-third of those prescribed insulin used less than their prescribed amount in the prior year.
Broadcasting Human–Animal Friendship: RAI Television’s I nostri amici and Early Italian Ecodocumentaries

The article outlines the ambivalent position occupied by documentary cinema in the representation of Italian landscapes, and introduces the role played by television documentaries in popularising n...
Radiation therapy and secondary malignancy in Li-Fraumeni syndrome: A hereditary cancer registry study.

Background Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a rare cancer-predisposing condition caused by germline mutations in TP53. Conventional wisdom and prior work has implied an increased risk of secondary malignancy in LFS patients treated with radiation therapy (RT); however, this risk is not well-characterized. Here we describe the risk of subsequent malignancy and cancer-related death in LFS patients after undergoing RT for a first or second primary cancer. Methods We reviewed a multi-institutional hereditary cancer registry of patients with germline TP53 mutations who were treated from 2004 to 2017. We assessed the rate of subsequent malignancy and death in the patients who received RT (RT group) as part of their cancer treatment compared to those who did not (non-RT group). Results Forty patients with LFS were identified and 14 received RT with curative intent as part of their cancer treatment. The median time to follow-up after RT was 4.5 years. Fifty percent (7/14) of patients in the curative-intent group developed a subsequent malignancy (median time 3.5 years) compared to 46% of patients in the non-RT group (median time 5.0 years). Four of seven subsequent malignancies occurred within a prior radiation field and all shared histology with the primary cancer suggesting recurrence rather than new malignancy. Conclusion We found that four of14 patients treated with RT developed in-field malignancies. All had the same histology as the primary suggesting local recurrences rather than RT-induced malignancies. We recommend that RT should be considered as part of the treatment algorithm when clinically indicated and after multidisciplinary discussion.
The Fearful Ethical Subject: On the Fear for the Other, Moral Education, and Levinas in the Pandemic

The article seeks to reclaim a type of fear lost in silent omission in education, yet central to the development of an ethical subject. It distinguishes the fear described by Martin Heidegger through the concept of befindlichkeit and fear for the other as an essential moment for ethics articulated by Emmanuel Levinas. It argues that the latter conception of fear has inverted the traditional assumption of the ideal ethical subject as fearless. It then examines how Levinas’s interpretation of fear might contribute to the discussion on fear and responsibility in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It concludes that fear for the other reveals our tremendous capacity to suffer for the other, which is an aspect of the emotional life that has not been identified in the general educational discourse. This inattention manifests itself as a categorical omission in which the existence of fear for the other is not recognized and impedes the ability of educators to address ethics as it is deeply lived.
Deadlock Analysis and Resolution for Multi-robot Systems

Collision avoidance for multirobot systems is a well studied problem. Recently, control barrier functions (CBFs) have been proposed for synthesizing controllers that guarantee collision avoidance and goal stabilization for multiple robots. However, it has been noted that reactive control synthesis methods (such as CBFs) are prone to deadlock, an equilibrium of system dynamics that causes robots to come to a standstill before reaching their goals. In this paper, we formally derive characteristics of deadlock in a multirobot system that uses CBFs. We propose a novel approach to analyze deadlocks resulting from optimization based controllers (CBFs) by borrowing tools from duality theory and graph enumeration. Our key insight is that system deadlock is characterized by a force-equilibrium on robots and we show how complexity of deadlock analysis increases approximately exponentially with the number of robots. This analysis allows us to interpret deadlock as a subset of the state space, and we prove that this set is non-empty, bounded and located on the boundary of the safety set. Finally, we use these properties to develop a provably correct decentralized algorithm for deadlock resolution which ensures that robots converge to their goals while avoiding collisions. We show simulation results of the resolution algorithm for two and three robots and experimentally validate this algorithm on Khepera-IV robots.
Beyond the Rubble of Lake Street - Minds in Crisis in a City in Crisis.

Minds in Crisis in a City in Crisis I know that psychotic symptoms may reflect current headlines, so I shouldn’t be surprised to see patients with symptoms related to George Floyd’s murder. But I a...
COVID-19 pandemic revisited: lessons the radiology community has learned a year later.

For more than 1 year, COVID-19 pandemic has impacted every aspect of our lives. This paper reviews the major challenges that the radiology community faced over the past year and the impact the pandemic had on the radiology practice, radiologist-in-training education, and radiology research. The lessons learned from COVID-19 pandemic can help the radiology community to be prepared for future outbreaks and new pandemics, preserve good habits, enhance cancer screening programs, and adapt to the changes in radiology education and scientific meetings.
ASIC technology applied to SONET multiplex, transmission, and cross-connect equipment

The author explores the issues involved in implementing the SONET format using ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) technology. Rather than describing specific devices, he focuses on the types of circuitry necessary to implement a single channel of a SONET system. This is done in order to give an idea of the differences between SONET and the asynchronous network and of the issues involves in using ASIC technology. The information presented is derived from the development of several ASICs used in a variety of SONET systems, including a multiplexer, a high-capacity transmission system, and a digital cross-connect system. The characteristics of these devices are used to expand upon the unique features of SONET from a circuit point of view. Opportunities for macros are presented along with key issues encountered in the development of SONET circuitry using ASIC technology. >
Medication Errors in Children

To the Editor: Dr Kaushal and colleagues 1 reported that more than 93% of the medication errors they identified in children might have been prevented by computerized physician order entry (CPOE) and ward-based clinical pharmacists. The problem of medication errors in pediatric inpatients has been known for some time. We reported the value of clinical pharmacist involvement in preventing medication errors in children’s hospitals in 1987. 2 Clinical pharmacists in children’s hospitals deal daily with the special medication needs of pediatric and neonatal patients, whose weights can vary from 400 g to 120 kg. Because the dosing of most drugs is based on weight, there is the potential for a 300-fold dosing error. In adult patients, a 2-fold dosing error is usually the maximum encountered, as pharmaceutical manufacturers provide medications in adult unit dose packaging. Few drugs are available from manufacturers in ready-to-administer pediatric or neonatal unit doses or dosage forms. Pediatric pharmacists are routinely required to prepare dilutions, repackage, or compound dosage forms. In addition, most of the more than 10000 drugs on the market in the United States are not labeled with a pediatric indication nor have they been studied in pediatric or neonatal populations. These problems put pediatric and neonatal patients at increased risk for an adverse drug event. Also, hospital computer systems and software applications are usually developed for adult patient populations. Currently, CPOE is estimated to be installed in less than 5% of the 6600 hospitals in the United States with the nation’s 75 children’s hospitals representing a very small proportion (unpublished data). This safety system is therefore least available to the most vulnerable patient population. Additional resources should be allocated for studies to prevent and reduce medication errors. Hospitals, health systems, insurance companies, and state and federal governments must invest in making the health care system safer for all patients, but especially for children. More than media attention is needed to address this serious and complex problem.
Environmental variability and ontogenetic niche shifts in exotic plants may govern reinvasion pressure in restorations of invaded ecosystems.

When restoring ecosystems dominated by exotic plants, reinvasion pressure, or the rate of new exotic recruitment following mature exotic removal, can vary broadly between similarly invaded habitats. Reinvasion pressure strongly influences restoration costs and outcomes but is difficult to predict. Ontogenetic niche shifts (ONSs, changes in niche breadth or position during development) in exotic species paired with interannual variation in abiotic conditions may decouple pre-removal mature exotic density and average reinvasion pressure. Identifying such decouplings could improve restoration efficiency by informing site selection and management strategies, but requires estimates of average reinvasion pressure that mandate greater understanding of its principle drivers. We hypothesize that reinvasion pressure is predominantly driven by exotic propagule abundance and spatiotemporal availability of realized recruitment windows, which are periods of variable duration that permit exotic establishment from propagules. Realized recruitment windows are based on the “safe sites” concept but account for ONSs and are determined by abiotic conditions and interspecific interactions with recipient communities. Biotic resistance or facilitation may increase or decrease times required for establishment by influencing exotic growth rates or altering niche availability and may permit or preclude establishment in marginal abiotic conditions. We discuss factors influencing reinvasion pressure, basic approaches to estimate reinvasion pressure, and potential ways to increase management efficiency under different reinvasion pressure scenarios. Accurate estimates of reinvasion pressure could improve restoration efficacy, efficiency, and predictability in ecosystems dominated by exotic plants. We argue that greater theoretical and practical considerations of reinvasion pressure and ONSs are merited.
Web browsing using machine learning on text data

Web browsing is gaining popularity with the growing number of Web users, especially for a casual usage of the Web, when the user does not have a precise query in mind. By observing the user’s behavior when browsing, we build a model of promising hyperlinks and use it to highlight hyperlinks on the requested Web pages. In order to do that, we propose text-learning methods for handling high dimensional problems (having several tens of thousands of features) with highly unbalanced class distribution (more than 90% of examples having the majority class value). The reported experimental results on the user modeling problem are consistent with the extensive experimental results that were performed on a related problem of modeling Web document content category by using hyperlink to the document. The results show that when modeling by Naive Bayesian classifier, it is highly important how we select the features to be used in the model. Namely, the best performing feature selection in our experiments on Personal WebWatcher data is when the features are scored according to Odds Ratio and only a small number of the best features is used for learning.
The Effects of Gentrification on Neighborhood Public Schools

Gentrification is generally associated with improvements in neighborhood amenities, but we know little about whether the improvements extend to public schools. Using administrative data (from sprin...
δ-Aminolevulic Acid Synthetase from Fetal Rat Liver: Studies on the Partially Purified Enzyme

Hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase, the first and, in adults, the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme-biosynthetic pathway, was solubilized and purified 30-fold from 19-day fetal rat liver mitochondria. The properties of the partially purified enzyme were compared with those reported for ALA synthetase preparations from adult rat liver. Fetal and adult enzymes are similar in regard to substrate specificity, pH and temperature optima, and kinetic behavior, but differ substantially in terms of molecular weight, response to high cation concentrations, and regulatory properties. Unlike the adult enzyme, fetal ALA synthetase is not inhibited by the end product, hemin. These results suggest that regulatory differences in ALA synthetase at different stages of development may be due to variations in the biochemical properties of the enzyme in adult and fetal liver. The development of regulatory properties characteristic of the adult enzyme may occur concomitantly with mitochondrial maturation. Pharmacological alterations of the hepatocellular environment during gestation may affect the development of ALA synthetase as the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic heme biosynthesis.
The Reactions of Formaldehyde with Amino Acids and Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the reactions of formaldehyde with amino acids and proteins. Formaldehyde is a reagent familiar to all protein chemists through its employment in the formol titration of amino acids and peptides. Formaldehyde has been widely used as a tanning agent for collagen and other fibrous proteins. Like other such agents, it renders these proteins relatively inert to digestion with trypsin and greatly decreases their tendency to swell in water or in acid or alkaline solutions. All these properties of formaldehyde are of great interest, both theoretically and practically. Formaldehyde can combine with any one of a number of different kinds of functional groups found in proteins. When steric relations are favorable, it can react with two such groups, forming a methylene bridge between them. It is reactions of the latter type that are most likely to modify the mechanical properties of the protein. Thus, the interpretation of observed changes in the properties of the proteins is rendered extremely difficult by the multiplicity of possible reactions that must be considered. The remarkable variety of these reactions has not always been fully realized by those who have employed formaldehyde as a reagent. Some of the reactions are rapid, some are slow; some are readily reversible, some practically irreversible; some proceed readily even at room temperature, and others only at higher temperatures. Their nature is far more easily discerned when only one or two functional groups are involved, as in the amino acids and dipeptides, rather than in the more complex peptides and the proteins.
CO2 homeostasis during periodic breathing in obstructive sleep apnea

The contribution of apnea to chronic hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has not been clarified. Using a model (D. M. Rapoport, R. G. Norman, and R. M. Goldring.J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 2302–...
Issues related to mounting of displays for multiple platforms

Over the past 35-plus years that Honeywell has designed and built head-mounted display systems, there have been many changes in the requirements for displays with many attempts to use a "one size fits all" approach to meet those requirements. While there are overlaps in the requirements for many of the operating environments, any system optimized for use in one environment will not be ideal for use in any other environment. It may not even meet minimum functional needs for some of the environments. An extreme example is, ground soldiers prefer non-see-through displays and use them only when not moving. Pilots are always moving and need see-through displays to maintain situational awareness. This paper highlights the major display design differences imposed by the different use environments and shows examples ofthe designs. No attempt has been made to explore the non-military use of head-mounted display systems. Non-military applications range from game playing, to 3-D CAD, to fire rescue work, to maintenance work, to surgery applications, and NASCAR drivers. While the military usage of displays has been largely focused on enhancing situational awareness, the non-military applications have been either to provide a new viewing perspective or to provide data access. An example of a view not readily attainable in any other way is a surgeon viewing the inside of a patient's body. An application where large volumes of data must be viewed is a chemical plant maintenance worker that needs to know piping diagrams, fluid flows, temperatures and pressures for many processes. A second difference between military and non-military displays is the environmental requirements. For example, a foot soldier's display must work during exposure to rain and snow and an occasional submergence in dirty water. Even the most avid game player would not consider wearing his 3-D display in the shower. In the following pages, we will provide examples of displays designed for several different military environments and describe how their unique requirements/needs affect the design of the helmet mounted display (HMD). From the descriptions, it will be readily apparent that there is not, and probably never will be, a "one size fits all" solution to HMD needs.
Biblical literacy and transnational Mayan liberation movements

The Zapatista and other Mayan movements in Mexico and Guatemala are demanding autonomy and respect for indigenous cultures. Still struggling for land-rights lost during colonialism and now suffering from neo-liberal trade policies, Mayan communities have creatively appropriated Christian doctrine to deal with their suffering. This paper examines the central role of the Bible in the mobilisation of Mayan communities where the majority of members identify themselves as Christian as well as Mayan. Revisiting the period of Yoruba identity formation and the Yoruba anti-slavery struggle in the 1800s will help illuminate the role of Christianity in contemporary liberation movements. In both cases, Christianity primarily impacted marginalised populations suffering the effects of colonialism. The scriptures have helped undermine colonial relationships as well as internal hierarchies within indigenous societies. Specifically, Biblical literacy has led to broader identifications across multiple dialects and has given women and lower classes greater access to religious doctrine.
Microbiology of Bone and Joint Infections in Injecting Drug Abusers

Background The literature contains variable reports on the causative organisms of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in patients with injecting drug abuse and on the rate of oxacillin-resistant S aureus. It is important to have a clear notion of the organisms to initiate empiric antimicrobial therapy.
Measuring interactions of MHC class I molecules using surface plasmon resonance

To examine the molecular interactions between major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules and peptides, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), or T cell receptors, we have developed model systems employing genetically engineered soluble MHC class I molecules (MHC-I), synthetic peptides, purified mAbs, and engineered solubilizable T cell receptors. Direct binding assays based on immobilization of one of the interacting components to the dextran modified gold biosensor surface of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detector have been developed for each of these systems. The peptide binding site of the MHC-I molecule can be sterically mapped by evaluation of a set of peptides immobilized through the thiol group of cysteine substitutions at each peptide position. Kinetic binding studies indicate that the MHC-I/peptide interaction is characterized by a low to moderate apparent kass (approximately 5000-60000 M-1 s-1) and very small kdis (approximately 10(-4)-10(-6) s-1) consistent with the biological requirement for a long cell surface residence time to permit engagement with T cell receptors. Several mAb directed against different MHC-I epitopes were examined, and kinetic parameters of their interaction with MHC molecules were determined. These showed characteristic moderate association rate constants and moderate dissociation rate constants (kass approximately 10(4)-10(6) M-1 s-1 and kdis approximately 10(-2)-10(-4) s-1), characteristic of many antibody/protein antigen interactions. The interaction of an anti-idiotypic anti-TCR mAb with its purified cognate TCR was of moderate affinity and revealed kinetic binding similar to that of the anti-MHC mAbs. The previously determined interaction of a purified T cell receptor with its MHC-I/peptide ligand is characterized by kinetic constants more similar to those of the antibody/antigen interaction than of the MHC-I/peptide interaction, but is remarkable for rapid dissociation rates (apparent kdis approximately 10(-2) s-1). Such binding studies of reactions involving the MHC-I molecules offer insight into the mechanisms responsible for the initial specific events required for the stimulation of T cells.
PTP1B Suppresses Prolactin Activation of Stat5 in Breast Cancer Cells

Basal levels of nuclear localized, tyrosine phosphorylated Stat5 are present in healthy human breast epithelia. In contrast, Stat5 phosphorylation is frequently lost during breast cancer progression, a finding that correlates with loss of histological differentiation and poor patient prognosis. Identifying the mechanisms underlying loss of Stat5 phosphorylation could provide novel targets for breast cancer therapy. Pervanadate, a general tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, revealed marked phosphatase regulation of Stat5 activity in breast cancer cells. Lentiviral-mediated shRNA allowed specific examination of the regulatory role of five tyrosine phosphatases (PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP1, SHP2, and VHR), previously implicated in Stat5 regulation in various systems. Enhanced and sustained prolactin-induced Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation was observed in T47D and MCF7 breast cancer cells selectively in response to PTP1B depletion. Conversely, PTP1B overexpression suppressed prolactin-induced Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, PTP1B knockdown increased Stat5 reporter gene activity. Mechanistically, PTP1B suppression of Stat5 phosphorylation was mediated, at least in part, through inhibitory dephosphorylation of the Stat5 tyrosine kinase, Jak2. PTP1B knockdown enhanced sensitivity of T47D cells to prolactin phosphorylation of Stat5 by reducing the EC50 from 7.2 nmol/L to 2.5 nmol/L. Immunohistochemical analyses of two independent clinical breast cancer materials revealed significant negative correlations between levels of active Stat5 and PTP1B, but not TC-PTP. Collectively, our data implicate PTP1B as an important negative regulator of Stat5 phosphorylation in invasive breast cancer.
Unconventional Gyroscope For Testing Einstein's General Theory Of Relativity

Twenty-three years ago G. E. Pugh and then later Leonard Schiff independently suggested the possibility of performing two new tests of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity by observations on orbiting gyroscopes. The experiment calls for the development of a free precession gyroscope with drift-rates less than 10-11 deg/hour, many orders of magnitude below the performance of typical inertial navigation instruments. A team of physicists and engineers at Stanford University have developed under NASA support a gyroscope that appears to have the required performance characteristics making use of a combination of novel cryogenic and space physics techniques. The gyro is an electrically suspended sphere, spun up initially by means of gas jets to a speed of 200 Hz and then allowed to coast freely in a 10-9 torr vacuum. The orientation of the spin axis of the gyroscope is read out by observing the direction of the "London moment" in the rota-ting superconductor with the aid of SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) magnetometers.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Police Performance: A Model for Assessing Citizens' Satisfaction and the Importance of Police Attributes

This study examined the attitudes of 581 residents of Midland and Odessa, Texas regarding their satisfaction with 14 police attributes and the importance of these attributes. Descriptive findings showed the citizens are generally satisfied with police performance but still rated the importance of attributes higher than the satisfaction. The satisfaction-importance graph revealed that the professional conduct factor (professional knowledge, professional conduct, honesty, quality of service, and fairness) received relatively higher satisfaction and importance scores compared to the friendliness factor (friendliness, putting one at ease, concern, politeness, and helpfulness) and the crime control/prevention factor (level of police protection, investigative skill, ability to fight crime, and ability to prevent crime). The friendliness factor received relatively moderate satisfaction scores as did the crime control/prevention factor but was considered the least important among the three factors. Finally, the f...
Alternatives to antibiotics: utilization of bacteriophage to treat colibacillosis and prevent foodborne pathogens

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. Bacteriophage do not infect animal and plant cells, which makes them a potentially safe alternative to antibiotics. We have been conducting research on the efficacy of bacteriophage to prevent and treat colibacillosis in poultry. Bacteriophages that were lytic to a non-motile, serotype 02 isolate of Escherichia coli were isolated from municipal wastewater treatment plants and poultry processing plants. This E. coli isolate is pathogenic to poultry, causing severe respiratory and systemic infections. Two bacteriophage isolates were selected for use in studies designed to determine the efficacy of these bacteriophage to prevent and treat severe colibacillosis in poultry. Colibacillosis was induced by injecting 6 x 10(4) cfu of E. coli into the thoracic air sac when birds were 1 wk of age. Initial studies demonstrated that mortality was significantly reduced from 85 to 35% when the challenge culture was mixed with equal titers of bacteriophage, and the birds were completely protected when the challenge culture was mixed with 10 pfu of bacteriophage. In subsequent studies, we have shown that an aerosol spray of bacteriophage given to birds prior to this E. coli challenge could significantly reduce mortality even when given 3 d prior to the E. coli challenge. Our research on treating colibacillosis in poultry has demonstrated that an intramuscular injection of bacteriophage given 24 or 48 h after the birds were challenged rescued the birds from this severe E. coli infection. We have demonstrated that bacteriophage can be used to prevent and treat colibacillosis in poultry and may provide an effective alternative to antibiotic use in animal production.
Nanoscale Protein Dynamics and Long-Range Allostery in Cell Signaling

An emerging point of view in protein chemistry is that proteins are not the static objects that are displayed in textbooks but are instead dynamic actors. Protein dynamics plays a fundamental role in many diseases, and spans a large hierarchy of timescales, from picoseconds to milliseconds or even longer. Nanoscale protein domain motion on length scales comparable to protein dimensions is key to understanding how signals are relayed through multiple protein-protein interactions. A canonical example is how the scaffolding proteins NHERF1 and ezrin work in coordination to assemble crucial membrane complexes. As membrane-cytoskeleton scaffolding proteins, these provide excellent prototypes for understanding how regulatory signals are relayed through protein-protein interactions between the membrane and the cytoskeleton. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the structure and dynamics of the interaction. We describe recent novel applications of neutron spin echo spectroscopy (NSE) to reveal the dynamic propagation of allosteric signals by nanoscale protein motion, and present a framework to analyze the NSE data.
Linear and non-linear structural relaxation

Abstract The widely applied Tool-Narayanaswamy (TN) model for structural relaxation associated with the glass transition is discussed and critiqued. The TN model accounts for the non-exponential character of the structural relaxation by effectively invoking a distribution of relaxation times and for the non-linear character by allowing the relaxation times to depend both on temperature and structure. The model successfully explains qualitatively all of the at first glance unusual features of experimental structural relaxation results and usually also gives a good quantitative fit to such data, provided that the system is not extremely far out of equilibrium. Analysis of some rate cooling/rate heating enthalpy structural relaxation experiments, however, reveals some deficiencies in the TN model. In particular, the model appears to fail a critical test in which the TN analysis of non-linear relaxation experiments on glycerol cannot be reconciled with the results of linear ac calorimetry relaxation experiments on the same material.
A taste of modelling

Molecular Shapes: Theoretical Models of Inorganic Stereochemistry. By Jeremy K. Burdett. Pp.287. ISBN 0-471-07860-3. (Wiley: 1981.) £24.05, $43.25.
Nursing's role in engineering a learning healthcare system.

In this department, Dr Newhouse highlights hot topics in nursing outcomes, research, and evidence-based practice relevant to the nurse administrator. The goal was to discuss the practical implications for nurse leaders in diverse healthcare settings. Content includes evidence-based projects and decision making, locating measurement tools for quality improvement and safety projects, using outcome measures to evaluate quality, practice implications of administrative research, and exemplars of projects that demonstrate innovative approaches to organizational problems. In this article, the author describes activities of the Health Professions Sector of the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine and discusses the implications for nurse executives with one of the attendees, Dr Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, RN, CPNP/ NPP, FNAP, FAAN.
When not to treat cutaneous vascular lesions with the pulsed dye laser

The availability of effective laser treatment for cutaneous vascular lesions has risen dramatically in recent years. At the same time, there has been a proliferation of laser providers with varying amounts of training—both medical and nonmedical. We report a series of four cases where patients presented for cosmetic evaluation of vascular lesions and were discovered to have more significant pathologic disease. In presenting these cases, we hope to illuminate a basic differential diagnosis that exists for cutaneous vascular lesions and remind healthcare providers that not all “cosmetic” concerns are benign in origin. There is a differential diagnosis that exists for cutaneous vascular lesions that is worth reviewing, and it should be considered in all patients presenting for laser treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.