cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-Infrared Emission of Lanthanide(III) Texaphyrin Complexes

Lanthanide texaphyrin derivatives containing Er3+, Nd3+, and Yb3+ ions exhibit near-IR emission from the f–f transition of the lanthanide ions. Both the triplet transient difference absorption spectral measurement and singlet oxygen generation measurement suggest energy transfer from the macrocyclic ligand to the lanthanide ions. Electron-transfer mechanism could also play a role in the NIR emission of Yb–Tex complex.
Correlations in Ising Ferromagnets. I

An inequality relating binary correlation functions for an Ising model with purely ferromagnetic interactions is derived by elementary arguments and used to show that such a ferromagnet cannot exhibit a spontaneous magnetization at temperatures above the mean-field approximation to the Curie or “critical” point. (As a consequence, the corresponding “lattice gas” cannot undergo a first order phase transition in density (condensation) above this temperature.) The mean-field susceptibility in zero magnetic field at high temperatures is shown to be an upper bound for the exact result.
The Multi-level Location Set Covering Model

The classical Location Set Covering Problem involves finding the smallest number of facilities and their locations so that each demand is covered by at least one facility. It was first introduced by Toregas in 1970. This problem can represent several different application settings including the location of emergency services and the selection of conservation sites. The Location Set Covering Problem can be formulated as a 0-1 integer- programming model. Roth (1969) and Toregas and ReVelle (1973) developed reduction approaches that can systematically eliminate redundant columns and rows as well as identify essential sites. Such approaches can often reduce a problem to a size that is considerably smaller and easily solved by linear programming using branch and bound. Extensions to the Location Set Covering Model have been proposed so that additional levels of coverage are either encouraged or required. This paper focuses on one of the extended model forms called the Multi-level Location Set Covering Model. The reduction rules of Roth and of Toregas and ReVelle violate properties found in the multi-level model. This paper proposes a new set of reduction rules that can be used for the multi-level model as well as the classic single-level model. A demonstration of these new reduction rules is presented which indicates that such problems may be subject to significant reductions in both the numbers of demands as well as sites.
Automated assessment of split lung functon in post-lung-transplant evaluation

The purpose of this work was to develop an automated technique for calculating dynamic lung attenuation changes, through a forced expiratory maneuver, as a measure of split lung function. A total of ten patients post single lung transplantation (SLT) for emphysema were imaged using an Electron Beam CT Scanner; three were studied twice following stent placement. A single-slice flow study, using 100 msec exposures and 3 mm collimation, was performed at the level of the anastomosis during a forced expiration. Images were acquired every 500 msec for the first 3 seconds and every second for the last 4 seconds. An automated, knowledge-based system was developed to segment the chest wall, mediastinum, large airways and lung parenchyma in each image. Knowledge of the expected size, shape, topology and X-ray attenuation of anatomical structures were used to guide image segmentation involving attenuation thresholding, region-growing and morphology. From the segmented left and right parenchyma, the system calculated median attenuation (HU) and cross-sectional areas. These results were plotted against time for both the native and transplanted lungs. In five patients, significant shift of the attenuation/time curve to the right (slower flow) was detected, although the end expiration attenuation was not different. Following stent placement the curve shifted back to the left (faster flow).
Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus remains a disease with an elusive etiology, and the search for genetic factors that trigger the autoimmune cascade has only been accelerated by recent advances in technology. Starting with the early observations that HLA type and complement deficiency had an impact on disease risk, genetic studies in lupus have now expanded to include genome-wide linkage and association scans, as well as hypothesis-driven candidate gene studies on nearly 200 different genetic loci. This review will classify the existing literature and report on the genes that most consistently contribute to systemic lupus erythematosus risk.
Conductivities and electronic structures of some phases in the lithium-iron-sulfur system

Abstract During the electromigration of lithium ions from molten LiClKCl mixtures into FeS three of the phases formed are Li 2 FeS 2 (X phase), Li 3 Fe 2 S 4 (Z phase), and LiK 6 Fe 24 S 26 Cl (J phase). These phases and the copper-substituted X phase (Li 1.33 Cu 0.67 FeS 2 ) were prepared by high-temperature solid-state reactions between the respective metal sulfides, and their electrical conductivities were measured over temperatures ranging from 20 to 550°C. The results show that the X and copper-substituted X phases are semiconductors with conductivities and activation energies in the range of 0.1 to 10 (ohm-cm) −1 and of 8 to 21 kJ mole −1 , respectively. The Z phase has a conductivity orders of magnitude less, and the J phase decomposes. A change in the slope of the Arrhenius plot occurs at 225°C, probably associated with some residue of the phase change in the FeS component. The electronic structures determined with photoelectron spectroscopy reveal the presence of two valence states for iron in the X, copper-substituted X, and Z phases. The valence bands consist of overlaping Fe(3 d ), Cu(3 d ), and S(3 p ) electronic densities.
Predictions of vegetation change following fire in a great salt lake marsh

Abstract A Gleasonian model of succession (van der Valk, 1981) was used to predict the species composition of a freshwater marsh following fire. Seed bank samples from 5 vegetation types ( Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, Scirpus lacustris L., S. maritimus L., Typha spp., open water) were used in conjuction with plant life history characteristics to make predictions of post-fire species composition for each vegetation type and the entire study area. In general, predictions for specific vegetation types were not good, but were more accurate for the entire area. Stronge correlations for specific vegetation types may have been prevented by considering marsh vegetation types as discrete units, statistical sampling problems, competitive interactions, or more specific germination requirements of some species.
Glazing energy performance and design optimization with daylighting

Abstract This study systematically explores the influence of glazing systems on component loads and annual energy use in prototypical office buildings. The DOE-2.1B building energy simulation program, which contains an integrated daylighting model, is used to determine fenestration energy performance in diverse climates. The sensitivity of total energy use to orientation, window area, glazing properties (U-value, shading coefficient, visible transmittance), window management strategy, installed lighting power, and lighting control strategy are all described. We examine the conditions under which daylighting reduces net anual energy use as well as those conditions under which energy use may increase. Combinations of wall and fenestration properties that minimize net energy requirements as a function of climate and orientation are described.
Organic matter, putative nannobacteria and the formation of ooids and hardgrounds

Modern ooids from Joulters Cay, when baked at 500 °C, turn various shades of black depending upon the organic content. Mucus-rich laminae occur at quasi-regular intervals of a few micrometres within the cortex. When mucus is still present, it turns black; when it is absent, there is a gap. The cortex consists of two types of aragonite: (1) ‘batons’ of circular cross-section capped by a single 0·1-μm (100-nm) ball, which can be interpreted as a single nannobacteria cell that precipitated the baton; (2) elongate crystals made of multiple rows of minute balls of about 0·03 μm (30 nm), which may or may not have been small organisms in the size range of viruses. There are also some crystals that show no evidence of organic precipitation. Hardground cementation begins with the formation of a terminal mucus-rich ring on the ooid that bakes black and is crowded with 0·1-μm (100-nm) balls. Some ooids are then joined by a meniscus also made of mucus with aragonite crystals. The final, most abundant hardground cement forms a fur of inorganic aragonite crystals often shaped like plywood sheets, although some ‘organic’, elongate crystals composed of ≈0·03 μm (≈30 nm) balls are also found in the later cement. For a century, ooids have been known to be closely associated with organic matter; this paper goes further and proposes that the bulk of the ooid may be precipitated by nannobacterial processes. Hardground formation, in the beginning, may also be a microbiological process, but most cementation is accomplished inorganically.
Estimation of apparent phosphorus availability from inorganic phosphorus sources for Penaeus vannamei.

Abstract The determination of net phosphorus absorption (apparent phosphorus availability, APA) from various feedstuffs by shrimp and the leaching losses from feeds are required for the evaluation of nutrient sources in terms of their nutritional, economic and environmental impacts. Utilizing chromic oxide as an inert marker, APA for inorganic phosphorus sources and the effects of calcium supplements on APA were evaluated in Penaeus vannamei . Based on the results of the present study, the following APA values were determined: calcium phosphate monobasic, 46.3%; calcium phosphate dibasic, 19.1%; calcium phosphate tribasic, 9.9%; potassium phosphate monobasic, 68.1%; sodium phosphate monobasic, 68.2%. APA values for diets utilizing sodium phosphate monobasic as the phosphorus source were significantly depressed by the presence of calcium lactate (50.0% APA) but not by calcium carbonate (65.5% APA) or calcium chloride (68.2% APA). Although leaching losses for some of the test diets were high, APA values did not appear to be influenced by leaching. Total fecal phosphorus and dissolved reactive phosphorus leaching from the test diets varied with phosphorus and calcium source. Phosphorus losses from a commercial shrimp diet after immersion were considerably lower than values reported for commercial salmon diets. Decreased bioavailability of dietary phosphorus to shrimp and reduced leaching losses from the shrimp feed would indicate pollution loads will follow a pattern different from that of fish production systems.
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF FISH MEAL PROTEINS AS SOURCES OF AMINO ACIDS FOR THE GROWING CHICK.

Abstract IT IS universally recognized that the nutritive value of fish meals varies considerably and that this variation may be attributed to the initial differences in the raw materials and to the effects of processing and handling (Ousterhout and Snyder, 1962). Review of the literature on fish meal proteins as sources of amino acids reveals that little is known regarding the amino acid inadequacies of fish meal. Laksesvela (1958) showed tryptophan to be first limiting in condensed herring solubles but was unable to show, with the possible exception of histidine, a first limiting amino acid in a heated herring meal. Lysine or methionine supplementation of the heated fish meal, either singly or in combination, seemed to depress growth even though chemical analysis indicated a 40% decrease in “available lysine” in the heated sample. Tarr et al. (1954) reported that the addition of lysine to an overheated herring meal improved its nutritive…
Segregation reduction in vertical Bridgman crystal growth of CdZnTe

Abstract An attempt was made to reduce segregation in the vertical Bridgman growth of Cd1−xZnxTe. In order to keep the composition of the growing crystal constant, a replenishing melt was supplied from a second crucible immersed in the melt from which the crystal grew. The replenishing crucible had a long small-diameter passageway between the two melts to suppress diffusion. To prevent evaporation the melts were encapsulated with B2O3 under pressurized Ar. Segregation of Zn was reduced in Cd0.96Zn0.04Te crystals.
Physical effects of the deoxyribonucleic acid inhibitor β-phenethyl alcohol☆

Abstract Several aspects of β-phenethyl alcohol inhibition of DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli suggested a possible interaction of the inhibitor and DNA. To test this assumption effects of β-phenethyl alcohol on thermal denaturation, renaturation and viscosity of DNA were examined. These parameters were found not to be affected by β-phenethyl alcohol. Turning to a study of the effects of β-phenethyl alcohol on intact virus, differences in sedimentation were found which indicated that β-phenethyl alcohol caused shrinkage of the phage head. The results of dye permeability studies are compatible with this interpretation. β-Phenethyl alcohol-induced head shrinkage is completely reversible and therefore does not involve any damage to the head subunits. The DNA core appears necessary for β-phenethyl alcohol to induce the head form change. It is not at present clear what the role of DNA is in this reaction. A variety of bacteriophages was found to be inactivated by β-phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetaldehyde under conditions normally used to inhibit DNA synthesis with β-phenethyl alcohol. An effect of these inhibitors on protein is indicated.
Chain Conformations and Photoluminescence of Poly(di-n-octylfluorene)

The diverse steady-state spectroscopic properties of poly(di-n-octylfluorene) are addressed from a molecular-level perspective. Modeling of representative oligomers support the experimental observation of at least three distinguishable classes of conformational isomers with differing chain torsion angles. One class appears to be populated by a single compact structural isomer, and this conforms to the so-called beta phase. A rigorous Franck-Condon analysis of the photoluminescence in conjunction with Frenkel-type exciton band structure calculations is performed. These results accurately reproduce all major spectral features of the photoabsorption and those of singlet exciton emission.
“What's Character Got to Do with It?”*

Do you trust your wife? Your husband? Your friend? Your colleague? Your editor? Your students? On what basis does anyone trust anyone? Do we really trust them? Or do we only predict their future behavior? Or, perhaps, we simply assume the stability of their circumstances and predict that those circumstances won't change. But this last has nothing to do with trust, as it has nothing to do with the person's character. Perhaps neither does prediction of behavior, which involves what I have called reliance as opposed to trust. But even reliance depends on some sort of stability in a person's character. There is a line in an Elmore Leonard novel, Rum Punch, which was turned into the Hollywood film Jackie Brown. The character played by Samuel Jackson says, "I don't need to trust Melanie. I know her." But trust or knowledge, the presumption is that there is a basis for this in the person, a stability or regularity of character. Confidence in the stability of circumstances is not at all the same thing, and given the nature of life, betting on the stability of circumstances is probably a bad bet. I trust my wife because I know her. True, I don't know what she might do in extraordinary circumstances, during a terrorist attack or a Latin American kidnapping. But I trust her thoroughly, not just because I know her, but because I recognize in her a character that is robust and resolute, that has withstood many challenges and temptations, that remains more or less constant throughout an enormous range of different circumstances. I want to think about what an enormous loss it would be if any such concept of character turned out to be an illusion. Many young philosophers seem content travelling safely in the well-worn ruts of their established field, its problems, and its already exhausted literature. How delightful, then, to meet a still rather young philosopher who refuses to play it safe and stay in the ruts but instead takes a jack-hammer to the ruts and, perhaps, even to the road. The rather young philosopher is John Doris, who has written an impressive book with the ominous title, Lack of
Detection of VM55599 and Preparaherquamide from Aspergillus japonicus and Penicillium fellutanum: Biosynthetic Implications

The secondary metabolites VM55599 (4) and preparaherquamide (5) have been identified by LC-MSn analysis as natural metabolites in cultures of Penicillium fellutanum, whereas preparaherquamide has been identified only in cultures of Aspergillus japonicus. In accord with a previous proposal, the identification of both metabolites, which have a diastereomeric relationship, provides indirect support for a unified biosynthetic scheme.
Thermally-stable low-resistance Ti/Al/Mo/Au multilayer ohmic contacts on n–GaN

A metallization scheme consisting of Ti/Al/Mo/Au with excellent edge acuity has been developed for obtaining low-resistance ohmic contacts to n–GaN. Excellent ohmic characteristics with a specific contact resistivity as low as 4.7×10−7 Ω-cm2 were obtained by rapid thermal annealing of evaporated Ti/Al/Mo/Au at 850 °C for 30 sec in a N2 ambient. Additionally, no degradation in specific contact resistivity was observed for these contacts subjected to long-term annealing at 500 °C for 360 h.
Enterococcal Infections in Surgical Patients: The Mystery Continues

The frequency of isolation of enterococci from surgical patients has increased significantly during the past decade, although the role of these organisms as pathogens in mixed infections remains a mystery. Bacteremia and other infections in which enterococci are the only pathogens frequently result in high morbidity and mortality among patients unless specific antimicrobial therapy is initiated promptly. Debate continues concerning the necessity for treatment with such agents when this organism is isolated as a component of a polymicrobial infecting flora. Our recent data indicate that enterococci are rarely isolated in postoperative infections after penetrating abdominal trauma if no gastrointestinal perforation has occurred. However, they were found in 56% of postoperative infections of patients with gastrointestinal perforation. In contrast, enterococci were isolated in only 9% of cultures of specimens from patients with secondary suppurative peritonitis. The occurrence of superinfection after therapy with a cephalosporin appears to be an important factor in this finding. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of enterococcal infections and to assess the need for prophylaxis against enterococci.
Growth and sexual dimorphism in orangutan crania: a three-dimensional approach.

New insights may be gleaned by taking an ontogenetic approach to investigations of adult dimorphism. Previous work in this area relied on traditional, caliper-based, morphometric methods, and produced conflicting results. This study uses a three-dimensional (3-D) approach for both local and global form comparisons of sex-specific growth and growth patterns. 3-D coordinate data were collected for 20 landmarks on 94 orangutan crania divided into five developmental stages. Data were analyzed using Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA). Results indicate that differences in growth patterns between male and female orangutans exist in the youngest age intervals. Dimorphic patterns are strongest in the face and basicranium at the youngest age intervals, and in the face and neurocranium during adult stages. Females grow substantially more in the cranial base and face during the youngest age groups, while males grow more than females in all anatomical regions later in development. Growth in the palate was similar between sexes. Sexual dimorphism may be produced through the continued growth of one sex relative to the other, representing differences in timing, or growth duration. Dimophism may also result from different growth rates between sexes, where one sex develops faster than the other sex in the same time interval. Orangutan males and females differ in both the rate and duration of their craniofacial development. The data analysis technique used here, EDMA, was integral in identifying dynamic growth processes rather than just the static end results of each developmental stage.
The Only Child: Is There Only One Kind of Only?

Abstract For several decades, research and theory have negatively portrayed only children. On the other hand, a newer strand of research and theory view the only child as advantaged or not differing from children with siblings. Our research attempts to account for these inconsistencies by recognizing that only children do not form a homogeneous category. In this study, inverse factor analysis yielded three distinct “types” of female only children, using longitudinal personality data from the archives of the University of California, Berkeley. Type 1 was labeled “normal, well-adjusted,” Type 2 was labeled “impulsive, acting out,” and Type 3 was labeled “first-bornish.” These three types remain consistent over the life span from early adolescence to late middle age and accounted for approximately 63% of the total variance. The analysis for male only children from the same data set yielded similar results. Types 1 and 2 males were much the same as Types 1 and 2 females, although the profile of Type 3 was les...
Cleavage of Bacteriophage λ cI Repressor Involves the RecA C-Terminal Domain

The SOS response to DNA damage in Escherichia coli involves at least 43 genes, all under the control of the LexA repressor. Activation of these genes occurs when the LexA repressor cleaves itself, a reaction catalyzed by an active, extended RecA filament formed on DNA. It has been shown that the LexA repressor binds within the deep groove of this nucleoprotein filament, and presumably, cleavage occurs in this groove. Bacteriophages, such as lambda, have repressors (cI) that are structural homologs of LexA and also undergo self-cleavage when SOS is induced. It has been puzzling that some mutations in RecA that affect the cleavage of repressors are in the C-terminal domain (CTD) far from the groove where cleavage is thought to occur. In addition, it has been shown that the rate of cleavage of cI by RecA is dependent upon both the substrate on which RecA is polymerized and the ATP analog used. Electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions show that the conformation and dynamics of RecA's CTD are also modulated by the polynucleotide substrate and ATP analog. Under conditions where the repressor cleavage rates are the highest, cI is coordinated within the groove by contacts with RecA's CTD. These observations provide a framework for understanding previous genetic and biochemical observations.
Second-harmonic generation of poled BaTiO3 thin films

Second‐harmonic generation of 1.064 μm incident light was measured on BaTiO3 thin films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Upon corona poling of the film, the second‐harmonic signal was significantly enhanced. The second‐order nonlinear optical susceptibility, d, of the poled film reaches ∼7.5 times that of the quartz. The enhanced second‐harmonic generation shows a very slow decay at room temperature.
Cutting-out of the lag screw after internal fixation with the Asiatic gamma nail.

Abstract Sixty consecutive intertrochanteric femoral fractures were treated with the Asiatic gamma nail followed by early postoperative weight bearing. Cutting-out of the lag screw from the femoral head occurred in six fractures and were analysed radiographically with regard to fracture type (Evans' classification), osteoporosis (Singh grade), accuracy of post-operative reduction (neck-shaft angle and diastasis of the fracture), and location of the lag screw in the femoral head (depth, height, and antero-posterior deviation). Shallow insertion of the lag screw on the antero-posterior radiograph and large antero-posterior deviation of the lag screw were significantly related to the increased incidence of the screw cutting-out. This suggests that deep insertion of the lag screw on the antero-posterior view with central placement on the lateral view is an optimal location in the femoral head. The ‘cut-out index’ (the multiplication value of the depth and the anteroposterior deviation of the lag screw in the femoral head) is an excellent measure of the risk of the lag screw cutting-out.
The network structure of the United States input-output table

Economists triangulate input-output tables in order to find a predominant direction in the interindustrial movement of goods and services. Typically, industries, such as Mining, which are far removed from Final Demand, are situated at one end of the input-output table after rearrangement. At the other end are industries that produce for Final Demand, such as Food and Automobiles. Triangulation yields a linear ordering of industries. Much greater detail than this on the complex directionalities of interindustrial flows is presented here. The maximum flow minimum cut algorithm of network flow theory is employed to identify production and consumption complexes. These are relatively self-contained blocks of industries. In each block, there is one industry — the node of the complex — whose total production (consumption) is greater than the amount produced (consumed) by all members of the collection for (from) non-members. Many production complexes have as their nodes primary industries — ones that would be situated near one end of the table after triangulation — and as their other members Final Demand-oriented industries — ones that would be located near the other end. If there arem industries in an input-output table, ann-member production complex is composed of one nodal industry with total output,P, and (n−1) other industries, which together as then-member complex sell less thanP to the (m−n) other industries. 200 production and 42 consumption complexes of the most highly detailed version of the 1967 U.S. input-output table available are presented.
UltraSPARC-I microprocessor yield and performance analysis

Rapidly changing demands in the microprocessor industry require that new products be quickly brought to volume production on the fastest fabrication process available. Two key metrics of success for manufacturing start-up of a microprocessor are manufacturing yield and product performance. We have developed a comprehensive data collection and analysis system to speed identification, measurement, diagnosis and resolution of yield and performance bottlenecks and therefore accelerate yield and performance improvement of the UltraSPARC-I microprocessor. Our system is based on automated collection of wafer processing and electrical parametric data plus detailed defect map, test and performance data collected for every microprocessor manufactured. This system and its application to yield and performance improvement are presented in this paper.
Samarium-neodymium data on two late Proterozoic ophiolites of Saudi Arabia and implications for crustal and mantle evolution

Whole-rock and mineral samples from the Jabal al Wask and Jabal Ess ophiolites, northwestern Saudi Arabia, yield Sm-Nd isochron ages of 743+24 Ma and 782±38 Ma, respectively. These formation ages, which provide maximum limits for possible obduction ages, are in broad but not precise agreement with the previously known geologic history of the Arabian Shield. They indicate that the ophiolitic rocks are roughly coeval with nearby volcanic and plutonic rocks, supporting a back-arc origin for the two ophiolites. We suggest that the Jabal al Wask and Jabal Ess ophiolites were parts of the same northeast-southwest trending ophiolite belt, now offset along the Najd fault system. Initial ɛNd values range from +6.6 to+ 7.6, indicating derivation from a mantle source that has been LIL-depleted for at least 2 Ga. Reported ɛNd values from the Arabian Shield that are lower than this suggest the presence of older, reworked continental crust.
Foundations of autonomy for ground robotics

Unmanned systems have become a critical element of the Army's Force Structure for applications such as Emergency Ordnance Disposal (EOD). Systems currently fielded are typically tele-operated and, thus, impose significant cognitive burden upon the operator. The Robotics CTA (RCTA), a collaborative research endeavor between the Army Research Laboratory and a consortium of eight industrial and academic partners, is developing fundamental technology to enable a new level of autonomous capability for future unmanned systems that can act as teammates to Soldiers making up a small unit. The Alliance is focusing research in five key areas: a cognitively based world model, semantic perception, learning, meta-cognition, and adaptive behaviors. Because current world model representations are relatively shallow, metrically based, and support only brittle behaviors, the RCTA is creating a cognitive-to-metric world model that can incorporate and utilize mission context. Current perceptual capabilities for unmanned systems are generally limited to a small number of well defined objects or behaviors. The RCTA is raising perception to a semantic level that enables understanding of relationships among objects and behaviors. To successfully team with small units, the command and control of unmanned systems must move away from the current hardware controller paradigm to one of verbal and gestural communication, implicit cues, and transparency of action between Soldier and robot. The RCTA is also exploring adaptive behavior and mechanics that will permit manipulation of arbitrarily shaped objects, animal-like mobility in complex environments, and conduct of military missions in dynamic tactical conditions. Efforts to incorporate learning from the lowest levels of the architecture upwards are key to each of the above.
Facilities for animal research in space.

The animal facilities used aboard or designed for various spacecraft research missions are described. Consideration is given to the configurations used in Cosmos-1514 (1983) and Cosmos-1887 (1987) missions; the reusable Biosatellite capsule flown three times by NASA between 1966 and 1969; the NASA's Lifesat spacecraft that is being currently designed; the Animal Enclosure Module flown on Shuttle missions in 1983 and 1984; the Research Animal Holding Facility developed for Shuttle-Spacelab missions; the Rhesus Research Facility developed for a Spacelab mission; and the Japanese Animal Holding Facility for the Space Station Freedom. Special attention is given to the designs of NASA's animal facilities developed for Space Station Freedom and the details of various subsystems of these facilities. The main characteristics of the rodent and the primate habitats provided by these various facilities are discussed.
A Reconfigurable 3D Engineering Shape Search System: Part II — Database Indexing, Retrieval, and Clustering

This paper introduces database and related techniques for a reconfigurable, intelligent 3D engineering shape search system, which retrieves similar 3D models based on their shape content. Feature vectors, which are numeric “fingerprints” of 3D models, and skeletal graphs, which are the “minimal representations of the shape content” of a 3D model, represent the shape content. The Euclidean distance of the feature vectors, as well as the distance between skeletal graphs, provides indirect measures of shape similarity between the 3D models. Critical database issues regarding 3D shape search systems are discussed: (a) database indexing, (b) semantic gap, (c) subjectivity of similarity, and (d) database clustering. An Rtree based multidimensional index is used to speed up the feature-vector based search operation, while a decision treebased approach is used for efficiently indexing/searching skeletal graphs. Interactions among users and the search system, such as relevance feedback and feature vector reconfiguration, are used to bridge the semantic gap and to customize the system for different users. Database clustering of the R-tree index is compared with that generated by a selforganizing map (SOM). Synthetic databases and real 3D model databases are employed to investigate the efficiency of the multidimensional index and the effectiveness of relevance feedback.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Paraxanthine: Connecting Caffeine to Nitric Oxide Neurotransmission

Recent results obtained in our laboratory indicate that paraxanthine, the main metabolite of caffeine in humans, produces a significantly stronger locomotor activation in rats than caffeine. Furthermore, paraxanthine also produced a very significant increase in striatal extracellular concentrations of dopamine. Searching for an additional mechanism other than adenosine antagonism responsible for these psychostimulant-like effects, it was found that paraxanthine, but not caffeine, inhibited cGMP-preferring phosphodiesterases. Furthermore, interrupting nitric oxide neurotransmision (inhibiting nitric oxide synthase) significantly decreased both the locomotor-activating and the dopamine-releasing effects of paraxanthine. These results open up some obvious questions about the role of paraxanthine in the pharmacological effects of caffeine.
Dance/Movement therapy for children and adolescents with cancer.

PURPOSE: Dance/movement therapy is introduced as a holistic approach to children’s health issues, incorporating an array of medical, psychological, social, and spiritual issues. OVERVIEW: Dance/movement therapy, with its unique emphasis on nonverbal communication in assessment and treatment, is presented as an innovative therapeutic approach to address the comprehensive needs of children and adolescents with cancer. Dance/movement therapy assessment and intervention strategies are discussed in the context of cognitive, emotional, and social developmental processes, as well as models of stress and psychological adjustment in pediatric cancer. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The inclusion of dance/movement therapy as part of the interdisciplinary team addressing the psychosocial needs of children and adolescents with cancer facilitates greater integration of factors related to coping. By its very nature, this modality offers constructs that promote holistic approaches to cancer care. KEY TERMS: Cancer; Chronic illness; Dance/movement therapy; Development, pediatric
Selenium induced glutathione peroxidase activity in mouse neuroblastoma cells

Abstract Mouse neuroblastoma cells grown in medium containing 10 percent fetal bovine serum have negligible amounts of glutathione peroxidase activity. Introduction of selenite to the medium to produce a concentration of 600 nM resulted in a 30-fold increase in the enzyme activity. This increase is directly proportional to the concentration below 60 nM and levels off at concentrations above this value. Selenate produces no increase in enzyme activity when present alone nor does it inhibit induction when present with selenite. Tellurite produces no increase in enzyme activity when present alone but does inhibit induction when present with selenite.
Perspectives concerning botulism.

Botulism, a relatively rare disease, and until recently considered avoidable through the proper processing of foods, discloses new and intriguing facets of general biological and medical interest. Epidemiologic and laboratory studies continue to reveal knowledge concerning botulism due to cheese products, the importance ofCl. botulinum Type E and fatal wound infections associated with this anaerobe. A single case of botulism due to spread cheese, „Liederkranz brand“, and a small outbreak due to beluga (white whale) flippers cured in oil and apparently caused byCl. botulinum Type E are described.
Dosimetric characterization of the 18-MV photon beam from the Siemens Mevatron 77 linear accelerator.

A comprehensive set of dosimetric measurements has been made on the Mevatron 77.80.67 18-MV photon beam. Percentage depth dose, dose in the buildup region, field size dependence of output, transmission through lead, tray attenuation, and isodose curves for the open and wedged fields were measured using an ionization chamber in water and polystyrene phantoms. These dosimetric measurements sufficiently characterized the beam to permit clinical use. The depth dose at 10-cm depth for a 10 x 10 cm/sup 2/ field at 100-cm source-to-skin distance (SSD) is 80.9%, which meets design specifications. Central axis depth-dose data were fitted to within 0.5% by a set of polynomial equations utilizing a two-dimensional linear regression analysis. Tissue--maximum ratios calculated from depth-dose data agree with measured data to within 2%. Output differences as large as 2.5% were measured for rectangular fields depending on which collimator jaws defined the long dimension of the field. The field size dependence of output was fit to within +- 0.1% by a linear regression. The half-value thickness of the beam was measured to be 13 mm of lead.
Formation of a hydroxymethyliridium(III) compound and addition of the OH bond to bound acetonitrile

The hydridoformyliridium complex [IrH(CHO)(PMe3)4][PF6] (2) reacts with HBF4/diethyl ether in acetonitrile to form the hydroxymethyl complex [Ir(CH2OH)(CH3CN)(PMe3)4][PF6][BF4] (4). A hydrido hydroxycarbene complex 3 is believed to be an intermediate in this reaction. The acetonitrile ligand of compound 4 undergoes base-catalyzed attack by the oxygen atom of the hydroxymethyl group to form the metallacycle compound [Ir(CH2OC(CH3NH)(PMe3)4][PF6][BF4] (5). Compound 5 cocrystallizes with [HPMe3][BF4] in the monoclinic space group P21/c, a 13.772(2), b 13.436(2), c 19.506(3) A, β 90.02(1)°, V 3609 A3, Z = 4. Precision of the X-ray structural results is limited by disorder of all the anionic groups. Refinement of 374 variables on 5312 reflections with Fobs2 > 2σ(Fobs2) has converged at R = 0.079, Rw = 0.091.
Longitudinal ethnic differences in multiple cardiovascular risk factor control in a cohort of US adults with diabetes.

Aim To examine longitudinal differences in multiple cardiovascular risk factor control (glycemia, blood pressure, and lipids) by race/ethnicity.
Power budget optimisation of WDM network with MSCM control

The authors have experimentally demonstrated a 28.7 dB power budget for simultaneous transmission of 2.5 Gbit/s/node payload data and 80 Mbit/s/node control channels using the multichannel subcarrier multiplexing (MSCM) signalling technique. The power budget is sufficient to support a 234 node MSCM-WDM network with 2.5 Gbit/s/node 10 km radius coverage and 0.25 dB/km fibre attenuation; with 0.45 dB/km attenuation, the network can support up to 93 nodes.
The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. II. Response to selection

We selected on phenotypic plasticity of thorax size in response to temperature in Drosophila melanogaster using a family selection scheme. The results were compared to those of lines selected directly on thorax size. We found that the plasticity of a character does respond to selection and this response is partially independent of the response to selection on the mean of the character. One puzzling result was that a selection limit of zero plasticity was reached in the lines selected for decreased plasticity yet additive genetic variation for plasticity still existed in the lines. We tested the predictions of three models of the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity: overdominance, pleiotropy, and epistasis. The results mostly support the epistasis model, that the plasticity of a character is determined by separate loci from those determining the mean of the character.
Evaluation of a free vascularized medial tibial bone graft in dogs.

Objective— To develop a free vascularized tibial bone graft based on the periosteal saphenous blood supply. Study Design— Preliminary anatomic study of medial tibial blood supply. In vivo comparison of a vascularized and avascular tibial bone graft. Animals Nine canine cadavers; 14 healthy adult dogs that weighed 25 to 32 kg. Methods— An anatomic study of the vascular supply of the medial aspect of the tibia was performed using the Spalteholz technique. A bone graft consisting of the medial aspect of the tibia was transferred to a mandibular defect as a vascularized graft in 7 dogs and as an avascular graft in 7 dogs. Bone scans were performed to evaluate graft perfusion. Radiographic evaluation of the mandibles and tibias was performed. The dogs were killed after 60 days, five mandibles from each group were examined histologically, and two from each group were evaluated using the Spalteholz technique. Results— The saphenous vascular pedicle provides vascular perfusion to the medial tibial cortex. Bone scans and radiographic evaluations were consistent with viable bone in the vascularized grafts, and nonviable bone in the avascular grafts. Histological examination revealed live, healing bone in vascular grafts and necrotic bone in avascular grafts. Spalteholz evaluation revealed many small arborizing vessels in the vascular grafts and no organized vasculature in the avascular grafts. Conclusions— The vascularized medial tibial cortical bone graft survived and proceeded to bony union in the mandibular body defect more readily than the avascular graft in this experimental model. Clinical Relevance— A vascularized medial tibial bone graft is a suitable free graft for use in reconstructing bone defects in dogs.
Representation of mental illness in Christian self-help bestsellers

The present study examined messages about mental illness in 14 contemporary Christian self-help bestsellers. Content analysis revealed that most texts focused upon depression. Categories of textual...
Rapid-acting antidepressant strategies: mechanisms of action

Current antidepressants are ineffective in many depressed patients. Thus there is an urgent need to develop treatment strategies which have significantly faster response, can be sustained and have minimal side-effects. This paper reviews clinical data, potential biomarkers, mechanisms of action and future research directions for two proven strategies that produce marked improvement in severe depressive symptoms within 48 h, ketamine and sleep deprivation therapy (SDT). These treatments provide unequivocal evidence that the depressive process can be rapidly reversed in a subgroup of patients. Seventeen ketamine studies in over 150 patients showed a rapid response. Low-dose intravenous ketamine produced mild psychotomimetic effects but response has not been effectively sustained. SDT has been investigated in over 60 studies with a 40-60% response rate within 48 h. Although SDT is often used in Europe to initiate a rapid response, it is less utilized within the USA, in part, because it has a short duration when administered alone. We review data concerning chronotherapeutic strategies of bright-light therapy (BLT) and sleep-phase advance (SPA) which successfully sustain the antidepressant efficacy of SDT. Evidence is further discussed that a significant group of mood disorders have abnormal circadian rhythms which are known to be controlled by clock genes. It is hypothesized that chronotherapeutic manipulations can reset clock genes and thus, abnormalities in circadian rhythms. Further findings are reviewed that ketamine, in addition to its role as an NMDA antagonist, can also alter circadian rhythms. Thus, ketamine may share a critical mechanism with SDT.
Computing Algorithms for Sire Evaluation with All Lactation Records and Natural Service Sires

Abstract Models for sire evaluation by best linear unbiased prediction procedures which consider all lactation records, an environmental correlation among paternal half-sisters in the same herd, herd-year-season effects, genetic groups, and sires within groups are described. The computing algorithms are outlined briefly. Attention is drawn to a mimeographed publication of 46 pages (12) which describes in detail the computing algorithms for a model including an interaction between sire and herd (the environmental correlation) and a model which does not include the environmental correlation.
Synthesis, structural, electrochemical, and photophysical properties of 4,2′-thiopyrylogens – a novel class of sensitizers for photoinduced electron transfer reactions

The first three examples of the thioanalog of the 4,2′-pyrylogen ring system are reported. The influence of the sulfur atom on the structural, electrochemical, and photophysical behavior of this ring system is discussed. In addition, these 4,2′-thiopyrylogens are compared to their previously reported 4,4′-isomers and their 4,4′- and 4,2′-oxygen analogs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypervelocity microparticle impact studies using a novel cosmic dust mass spectrometer

Micron-sized iron and copper particles accelerated to 2–20 km/s in a 2 MV van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator were used to test the performance of our recently developed cosmic dust mass spectrometer. This compact in situ dust analyzer, known as the Dustbuster, is designed to determine the elemental composition of cosmic dust particles through impact ionization and subsequent time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results from 750 laboratory impacts show high mass resolution, typically 150–350 (m/Δm) for projectile components and 300–600 for the target material (tantalum). Peaks corresponding to H, C, O, Na, and K ions are also observed, consistent with previous microparticle impact experiments. Field-induced emission of electrons immediately before impact is a possible cause of ion formation from species with high ionization potentials. The high mass resolution, large sensitive target area, and small size make the Dustbuster an ideal instrument for inclusion on a spacecraft payload.
Imaging targeted-agent binding in vivo with two probes

An approach to quantitatively image targeted-agent binding rate in vivo is demonstrated with dual-probe injection of both targeted and nontargeted fluorescent dyes. Images of a binding rate constant are created that reveal lower than expected uptake of epidermal growth factor in an orthotopic xenograft pancreas tumor (2.3×10−5 s−1), as compared to the normal pancreas (3.4×10−5 s−1). This approach allows noninvasive assessment of tumor receptor targeting in vivo to determine the expected contrast, spatial localization, and efficacy in therapeutic agent delivery.
Mouse Very Long-chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase in X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). This accumulation has been attributed to decreased VLCFA β-oxidation and peroxisomal very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (VLCS) activity. The X-ALD gene, ABCD1, encodes a peroxisomal membrane ATP binding cassette transporter, ALDP, that is hypothesized to affect VLCS activity in peroxisomes by direct interaction with the VLCS enzyme. Recently, a VLCS gene that encodes a protein with significant sequence identity to known rat and human peroxisomal VLCS protein has been identified in mice. We find that the mouse VLCS gene (Vlcs) encodes an enzyme (Vlcs) with VLCS activity that localizes to peroxisomes and is expressed in X-ALD target tissues. We show that the expression of Vlcsin the peroxisomes of X-ALD mouse fibroblasts improves VLCFA β-oxidation in these cells, implying a role for this enzyme in the biochemical abnormality of X-ALD. X-ALD mice, which accumulate VLCFA in tissues, show no change in the expression of Vlcs, the subcellular localization of Vlcs, or general peroxisomal VLCS activity. These observations imply that ALDP is not necessary for the proper expression or localization of Vlcs protein, and the control of VLCFA levels does not depend on the direct interaction of Vlcs and ALDP.