cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Powering the Brain

The mammalian brain is a remarkable organ, but the human brain is even more unique in many ways. All animals can move, feel, see, hear, smell, remember, and make decisions, but only humans can use language and writing to communicate, as well as display a capacity for abstract thinking, scientific inventions, wisdom, logic, creativity, and the creation of a complex social network.
Knowledge Provenance Management System for a Dropwise Additive Manufacturing System for Pharmaceutical Products

The Knowledge Provenance Management System, KProMS, can capture the complete provenance of the data, information, and knowledge of a structured activity by modeling the details of the associated data generation steps of that activity as workflows. Its unique workflow representation captures relationships between the processing steps, material and information flows, and data input and output. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of KProMS to manage and analyze the experimental data of an innovative system for manufacturing drug products using dropwise additive manufacturing. Dropwise additive manufacturing of pharmaceutical products (DAMPP) uses drop on demand printing technology for depositing various drug formulations onto edible substrates. DAMPP requires and generates a range of data types, including camera and IR images, spectra, and numerical parameter values, both of real-time and off-line natures, and thus provide a rich illustration of KProMS capabilities to serve as knowledge management framework.
Regulation of Mammalian Methionine Synthase by B12

Methionine synthase (MS) is one of two key enzymes involved in removal of the metabolite, homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine levels constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (1), neural tube defects (2) and Alzheimer’s disease (3). Studies done more than 30 years ago showed that in cell culture, the activity of MS is enhanced several-fold by supplementation with the cofactor, B12 (4). In these studies cells were grown in normal growth medium that contained fetal bovine serum and, thus, physiological levels of B12. An increase in MS activity was found when B12 was added to the normal growth medium. The fold enhancement varied in different cell lines from 2- to 30-fold (4). The activity of the enzyme increased in a concentration-dependent fashion, being saturated at levels above 1 mg/1 B12 (4). Kinetic data showed that in HepG2 cells, MS activity increased ~ 7-fold 8 hours following B12 addition (4). In the 293-cell line, activity is enhanced about 2.5-fold after 24 hours and plateaus for 48 hours (5). However, the mechanism of this regulation was not described, and is the subject of this study.
CASE RECORDS of the MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. Case 25-2016. A 33-Year-Old Man with Rectal Pain and Bleeding.

A 33-year-old man presented with painful bowel movements and rectal bleeding. Physical examination and sigmoidoscopy revealed sentinel skin tags, multiple fissures, and mucosal inflammation of the distal rectum. A diagnosis was made.
Moral transgression during the Vietnam War: a path analysis of the psychological impact of veterans’ involvement in wartime atrocities

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Involvement in wartime combat often conveys a number of deleterious outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, hostility, aggression, and suicidal ideation. Less studied is the effect of engagement in wartime atrocities, including witnessing and perpetrating abusive violence.Design and Methods: This study employed path analysis to examine the direct effects of involvement in wartime atrocities on hostility, aggression, depression, and suicidal ideation independent of combat exposure, as well as the indirect effects via guilt and PTSD symptom severity among 603 help-seeking male Vietnam War veterans.Results: Involvement in wartime atrocities was predictive of increased guilt, PTSD severity, hostility, aggression, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation after controlling for overall combat exposure. Combat-related guilt played a minor role in mediating the effect of atrocity involvement on depression and suicidal ideation. PTSD severity had a ...
Intracranial Lymphoma and Gradenigo Syndrome

A 13 year old black male patient with a T-cell lymphoma who presented with Gradenigo syndrome is reported from the Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
InfoSearch: A Social Search Engine

The staggering growth of online social networking platforms has also propelled information sharing among users in the network. This has helped develop the user-to-content link structure in addition to the already present user-to-user link structure. These two data structures has provided us with a wealth of dataset that can be exploited to develop a social search engine and significantly improve our search for relevant information. Every user in a social networking platform has their own unique view of the network. Given this, the aim of a social search engine is to analyze the relationship shared between friends of an individual user and the information shared to compute the most socially relevant result set for a search query.
Optical rheology of blood during cardiovascular surgery

We developed an optical technique capable of measuring in-vivo the coagulation status of blood. This technique is fiber optic-based, non-invasive, and permits continuous, in-line assessment of blood condition during clinical procedures such as cardiovascular surgery.
Current approaches to increase CAR T cell potency in solid tumors: targeting the tumor microenvironment

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents a revolutionary treatment for haematological malignancies (i.e. B-ALL). However, the success of this type of treatment has not yet been achieved in solid tumors. One hypothesis is that the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences and affects the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy. Understanding the role of the TME and its interaction with CAR T-cells is crucial to improve the potency of adoptive immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the strategies and potential combinatorial approaches recently developed in mouse models to enhance the efficacy of CAR T-cells, with particular emphasis on the translational potential of these approaches.
When Repulsive Inhibition Promotes Synchrony of Bursting Neurons: Help from the Enemy

In this chapter, we study the onset of synchronization in networks of bursting neurons coupled via both excitatory and inhibitory connections. We review our recent results and show that the addition of pairwise repulsive inhibition to excitatory networks of bursting neurons induces synchrony, in contrast to one’s expectations. Through stability analysis, we reveal the mechanism underlying this purely synergistic phenomenon and demonstrate that it originates from the transition between different types of bursting, caused by excitatory–inhibitory synaptic coupling. This effect is generic and observed in different models of bursting neurons and fast synaptic interactions. We also report a universal scaling law for the synchronization stability condition for large networks in terms of the number of excitatory and inhibitory inputs each neuron receives, regardless of the network size and topology. Our study has potential implications for understanding the emergence of abnormal synchrony in epileptic brain networks. It suggests that promoting presumably desynchronizing inhibition in an attempt to prevent seizures can have a counterproductive effect and induce abnormal synchronous firing.
Scaling beyond CMOS: Turing-Heisenberg Rapprochement

Abstract The primary objective of this study is to explore the connection of the device physics in the Boltzmann–Heisenberg limits and the parameters of the digital circuits implemented from these devices. We offer an abstraction of a Minimal Turing Machine built from the limiting devices and circuits, thus Turing-Heisenberg Rapprochement . The analysis suggests a possible limit to computational performance similar to the Carnot efficiency limit for heat engines.
Advances in Diamond Turning

This talk will highlight key advances in equipment and capabilities and will discuss recent advancements in technology that are enabling higher performance optics, faster machining times, wider range of geometries, and opening up new material possibilities.
Willingness to pay for safe drinking water: A contingent valuation study in Jacksonville, FL

Abstract A surprising number of U.S. cities have drinking water with unhealthy levels of chemicals and contaminants. The city of Jacksonville (Florida), the location for this study, owns the dubious distinction of being ranked among the worst major American cities in water quality according to water quality tests conducted between 2005 and 2009 by the Environmental Working Group (EWG). This report of toxic chemicals in the Jacksonville water supply generated considerable negative publicity and coincides with a frequent and common complaint among residents of foul-smelling water. System revenues from water supply and program subsidies from government are often inadequate in mitigating the problems, perceived or real, with water quality. Therefore, this paper investigates how much residents will be willing to pay for improvements in the quality of tap water. The commonly known economic metric willingness-to-pay (WTP) is applied to estimate any possible rate hikes public utility can assess in any effort to improve real or perceived water quality. The study shows that the estimated weighted average of WTP is $6.22, which can be added to the regular water bill without eliciting much negative reaction from residents. Evidence shows that factors such as trust in authorities, health concerns, family structure, and education significantly impact the WTP.
Entrepreneurial overconfidence and firm survival: an analysis using the Kauffman firm survey

We used the Kauffman Firm Survey of ventures founded in the year 2004 to identify overconfident (OC) entrepreneurs and found, contrary to the existing literature, that the hazard ratio for these en...
What's in a Name? Cell Fate Reprogramming in Sarcomagenesis.

Differentiation features in cancer cells are typically attributed to the cell of origin. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Drummond et al. demonstrate a transdifferentiation program apparent in rhabdomyosarcomas (cancers with skeletal muscle differentiation features) arising through cell fate reprogramming from a single oncogene activation in endothelial cell precursors.
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES PROVIED IN A UNIVERSITY-BASED PRIMARY CARE CLINIC

EVALUATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES PROVIED IN A UNIVERSITY-BASED PRIMARY CARE CLINIC By Elizabeth Sadock A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012. Major Director: Stephen Auerbach, Ph.D. Professor Department of Psychology Primary care clinics are increasingly integrating psychological services into their service programs; however few studies have provided quantitative data to support these services. This study served as a program evaluation of the psychological services provided at the Ambulatory Care Clinic at the Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Virginia. It includes: 1) a description of the program, including types of patients served, their presenting problems, and treatments administered and 2) evidence of the impact of mental health services on primary care patients’ emotional adjustment and progress on behavioral goals. Data on exposure to stressful life events and intake and follow-up measures of depression, anxiety, smoking, insomnia, chronic pain, and weight loss were collected on 452 adult primary care patients. Although inferences are limited by the lack of a control or comparison group, preliminary findings indicate that the mental health services provided were effective. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Services in an Unbundled and Open Electric Services Marketplace

Unbundling in the electric services industry (ESI) will result in greater diversity in customer services and service providers. Unbundling raises interesting questions for business and public policy-makers because it is neither a benign activity from the stand-point of efficiency or equity, nor, in certain circumstances, a desireable policy due to economic and technical constraints. This paper provides an overview of unbundling objectives and principles, and identifies key questions decision-makers should address in developing unbundling policies. A numerical example illustrates that value can be created when customers have hetereogenous needs for electric service attributes.
Algorithms to Find Completely-Labelled Simplices

While the proof of Sperner’s lemma given in 1.4 does not suggest any method to find completely-labelled simplices, we noted in example I.4.3 that n-simplices of G with the labels 0,1,...,n-1 formed paths. Cohen [6] gave a proof of Sperner’s lemma based on these paths; we present his argument in Section 1. Cohen’s proof is inductive—we still have the problem of how to start. Two possible methods will be given in Section 2. Sections 3 and 4 show how these methods can be implemented using K2 (m). Section 5 describes Scarf’s algorithm, and Section 6 illustrates the algorithms with an example.
5-HT1A parital agonism and 5-HT7 antagonism restore episodic memory in subchronic phencyclidine-treated mice: role of brain glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine and GABA.

The effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs), e.g., lurasidone, to improve cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS), has been suggested to be due, in part, to enhancing release of dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), and glutamate (Glu) in cortex and hippocampus. The present study found acute lurasidone reversed the cognitive deficit in novel object recognition (NOR) in subchronic (sc) phencyclidine (PCP)-treated mice, an animal model for CIAS. This effect of lurasidone was blocked by pretreatment with the 5-HT1AR antagonist, WAY-100635, or the 5-HT7R agonist, AS 19. Lurasidone significantly increased medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) ACh, DA, and Glu efflux, all of which were blocked by WAY-100635, with similar effects in the dorsal striatum (dSTR), except for the absence of an effect on Glu increase. AS 19 inhibited Glu, but not DA efflux, in the dSTR. The selective 5-HT7R antagonist, SB-26970, increased mPFC DA, 5-HT, Glu, and, importantly, also GABA efflux and striatal DA, NE, 5-HT, and Glu efflux, indicating tonic inhibition of the release of these neurotransmitters by 5-HT7R stimulation. These results provide new evidence that GABA release in the mPFC is tonically inhibited by 5-HT7R stimulation and suggest that a selective 5-HT7R antagonist might be clinically useful to enhance cortical GABAergic release. All SB-269970 effects were blocked by AS 19 or WAY-100635, suggesting 5-HT1AR agonism is necessary for the release of these neurotransmitters by SB-269970. Lurasidone increased ACh, DA, and NE but not Glu efflux in mPFC and dSTR DA and Glu efflux in 5-HT7 KO mice. We conclude that lurasidone-induced Glu efflux in mPFC requires 5-HT7R antagonism while its effects on cortical ACh and DA efflux are mainly due to 5-HT1AR stimulation.
A Hierarchical Multi-Agent Based Anomaly Detection for Wide-Area Protection in Smart Grid

Future smart grid capabilities provide assurance to expand the advanced information and communication technologies to evolve into densely interconnected cyber physical system. Remedial Action Scheme (RAS), widely used for wide-area protection, relies on the interconnected networks and data sharing devices, which are exposed to the multitude of vulnerabilities. This paper presents our proposed approach to developing multi-agent based RAS scheme against the system-aware stealthy cyber-attacks. Specifically, we propose the two-level hierarchical architecture which consists of distributed local RAS controllers (RAScs) as local agents, operating at different zones/ areas, which are constantly monitored by an overseer, the central agent. The local controllers receive local and randomly changing outside zonal measurements and cyclically forwards to the overseer. The overseer identifies the corrupted controller using the anomaly detection algorithm which processes the measurements coming from the local controllers, compute measurement errors using local and outside zonal measurements, perform validation checks, and finally detect anomalies based on the two-step verification. Next, as a proof of concept, we have implemented and validated the proposed methodology in cyber physical environment at Iowa State’s PowerCyber testbed. We have also implemented the coordinated attack vectors which involve corrupting the local controller and later performing stealthy attacks on the system’s generator. We have evaluated its performance during the online testing in terms of detection rate and Iatency. The experimental results show that it is efficient in detecting different classes of attacks, including ramp and pulse attacks.
Phenomenology, idealism, and the legacy of Kant

Martin Heidegger closes his Winter Semester 1927–28 lectures by claiming that Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, read through the lens of Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology, confirmed the accuracy of his ...
A conceptual time window‐based model for the early stratification of trauma patients

Progress in the testing of therapies targeting the immune response following trauma, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, has been slow. We propose that the design of interventional trials in trauma would benefit from a scheme or platform that could support the identification and implementation of prognostic strategies for patient stratification. Here, we propose a stratification scheme based on defined time periods or windows following the traumatic event. This 'time-window' model allows for the incorporation of prognostic variables ranging from circulating biomarkers and clinical data to patient-specific information such as gene variants to predict adverse short- or long-term outcomes. A number of circulating biomarkers, including cell injury markers and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and inflammatory mediators have been shown to correlate with adverse outcomes after trauma. Likewise, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associate with complications or death in trauma patients. This review summarizes the status of our understanding of the prognostic value of these classes of variables in predicting outcomes in trauma patients. Strategies for the incorporation of these prognostic variables into schemes designed to stratify trauma patients, such as our time-window model, are also discussed.
Improved pain control with adductor canal block using liposomal bupivacaine after total knee replacement: a retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Background Adductor canal blocks (ACBs), typically administered with a local anesthetic such as bupivacaine, help control perioperative pain after total knee arthroplasty. Recently, liposomal bupivacaine (LB) was introduced in an attempt to extend the duration of analgesia, used primarily in periarticular injections (PAIs). The purpose of this study was to compare pain control and early perioperative outcomes with ACB using LB vs standard bupivacaine (SB). Methods We retrospectively compared pain control in a group of 75 patients with ACB and PAI with SB to that of a cohort of 75 patients who received ACB and PAI with LB. The primary outcome measure was pain measured using the visual analog score. The secondary outcome measures were morphine equivalents of pain medication (ME), physical therapy distance ambulated, disposition status, and length of stay. Results There were no significant differences between the two cohorts for age, gender, body mass index, preoperative diagnosis, or American Society of Anesthesiologists. Visual analog scores were significantly lower in the LB group for postoperative day (POD) 0 (2.1 vs 2.8, P = .046), POD 1 (2.2 vs 3.3, P Conclusions We report improved outcomes across all measures for the LB group. There were no adverse events. This study supports the use of LB for ACBs in total knee arthroplasty.
Discovery and replication of cerebral blood flow differences in major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious, heterogeneous disorder accompanied by brain-related changes, many of which are still to be discovered or refined. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a neuroimaging technique used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF; perfusion) to understand brain function and detect differences among groups. CBF differences have been detected in MDD, and may reveal biosignatures of disease-state. The current work aimed to discover and replicate differences in CBF between MDD participants and healthy controls (HC) as part of the EMBARC study. Participants underwent neuroimaging at baseline, prior to starting study medication, to investigate biosignatures in MDD. Relative CBF (rCBF) was calculated and compared between 106 MDD and 36 HC EMBARC participants (whole-brain Discovery); and 58 MDD EMBARC participants and 58 HC from the DLBS study (region-of-interest Replication). Both analyses revealed reduced rCBF in the right parahippocampus, thalamus, fusiform and middle temporal gyri, as well as the left and right insula, for those with MDD relative to HC. Both samples also revealed increased rCBF in MDD relative to HC in both the left and right inferior parietal lobule, including the supramarginal and angular gyri. Cingulate and prefrontal regions did not fully replicate. Lastly, significant associations were detected between rCBF in replicated regions and clinical measures of MDD chronicity. These results (1) provide reliable evidence for ASL in detecting differences in perfusion for multiple brain regions thought to be important in MDD, and (2) highlight the potential role of using perfusion as a biosignature of MDD.
Understanding Performance-Quality Trade-offs in Scientific Visualization Workflows with Lossy Compression

The cost of I/O is a significant challenge on current supercomputers, and the trend is likely to continue into the foreseeable future. This challenge is amplified in scientific visualization because of the requirement to consume large amounts of data before processing can begin. Lossy compression has become an important technique in reducing the cost of performing I/O. In this paper we consider the implications of using compressed data for visualization within a scientific workflow. We use visualization operations on simulation data that is reduced using three different state-of-the-art compression techniques. We study the storage efficiency and preservation of visualization features on the resulting compressed data, and draw comparisons between the three techniques used. Our contributions can help inform both scientists and researchers in the use and design of compression techniques for preservation of important visualization details.
Percutaneous Ablation of Breast Masses

The term “ablation” is used to describe the removal of a biological structure or functionality. Therefore, it can apply to two different kinds of procedures for breast masses: (1) the physical removal of a tumor (i.e., surgical excision) and (2) techniques aimed at the complete in situ destruction of a mass using a physical agent, without actually removing the mass. This chapter describes techniques of US-guided ablation of small breast cancers and the advantages and limitations of these techniques. The chapter also covers the remaining difficulties that need to be overcome and questions that need to be answered before these or yet-to-be-developed techniques find their place in routine breast cancer management.
Sirtuin-1 regulates organismal growth by altering feeding behavior and intestinal morphology in planarians

Nutrient availability upon feeding leads to an increase in body size in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. However, it remains unclear how food consumption integrates with cell division at the organismal level. Here we show that Sirtuins is evolutionarily conserved in planarians and specifically demonstrate that Sirtuin-1 (Smed-Sirt-1) regulates organismal growth by impairing both feeding behavior and intestinal morphology. Disruption of Smed-Sirt-1 with either RNAi or pharmacological treatment leads to reduced animal growth. Conversely, enhancement of Smed-Sirt-1 with resveratrol accelerates growth. Differences in growth rates were associated with changes in the amount of time to locate food and overall consumption. Furthermore, Smed-Sirt-1(RNAi) animals displayed reduced cell death and increased stem cell proliferation accompanied by impaired expression of intestinal lineage progenitors and reduced branching of the gut. Altogether, our findings indicate Sirtuin-1 is a crucial metabolic hub capable of controlling animal behavior, tissue renewal and morphogenesis of the adult intestine.
Hereditary spastic paraplegia with simultaneous mutations of Atlastin and Nipa1 genes in one family

Objective To analyze the simultaneous mutations in Atlastin and Nipa1 gene carried by a family with dominantly inherited HSP.Methods The Atlastin exons and Nipa1 exons were analyzed for the family members by ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer.Results Genetics analysis revealed that both probands and her daughter were heterozygous for disease-specific missense mutations in both SPG3A/Atlastin(SPG3A P344L)and SPG6/Nipa1 genes(SPG6 T100A).Neither of the proband's parents had the SPG3A/Atlastin mutation.But the proband's father was heterozygous for the SPG6/Nipa1 gene mutation.Conclusion The simuhaneous mutations in both SPG3A/Atlastin and SPG6/Nipa1 are coexistent in the patients of this family.SPG3A/Atlastin is the de novo non-inherited mutation. Key words: Spastic paraplegia,hereditary; Pedigree; Mutation; GTP Phosphohydrolases; Membrame proteins
A framework for the probabilistic quantification of the resilience of communities to hurricane winds

Abstract Enhancing community resilience against hurricanes, one of the costliest natural hazards to impact the United States over the past four decades, is an essential requirement for the nation’s security and welfare. A fundamental step in this direction is to provide computational frameworks that are able to quantify the response of the community to the hazard immediately after its impact and during its recovery process. Existing frameworks focus on estimating damage and losses immediately subsequent to the hurricane impact through vulnerability models. This paper provides a framework that integrates damage estimated from vulnerability models with a probabilistic recovery model for quantifying community resilience against hurricanes. The framework is based on five resilience limit states that identify the required recovery activities for each building based on the amount of damage. A building-level recovery model, based on discrete functionality states, translates these limit states to a building-level recovery function. By aggregating building recovery functions, a community recovery function and resilience measure are obtained. The framework is embedded in a Monte Carlo simulation strategy for uncertainty propagation therefore enabling a fully probabilistic quantification of community resilience. The framework is illustrated with a case study consisting of a typical residential neighborhood in Miami, FL.
Head and Neck Injury Patterns among American Football Players

Importance:American football is a popular high-impact sport, leading to 2.7 million injuries in the United States annually. Recent evidence in football-related neurological damage has spurred natio...
Surgical Treatment Strategies for Laryngeal Chondrosarcomas: A Single Institution Investigation.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Laryngeal chondrosarcomas are rare malignancies with a spectrum of presentations due to varying size, local extension, and biological behavior. Moreover, these neoplasms have differing effects on respiration, phonation, and deglutition. Consequently, it is valuable to assess endoscopic and transcervical treatment strategies. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS A retrospective review was done from 2001 to 2020; 25 patients were identified with laryngeal chondrosarcomas. Their tumor pathology and treatment were analyzed. RESULTS All 25 chondrosarcomas were in the posterior cricoid and arose in proximity to at least one cricoarytenoid joint: 23 of 25 grade I-II (low-mid), one of 25 grade II-III (mid-high), and one of 25 grade III (high). Some tumor was left in 23 of 25 to preserve cricoarytenoid-joint function. There were no known disease-specific deaths (~8-year median follow-up). Final surgical treatment in 24 of 25 was: 13 of 25 transcervical partial laryngectomy, 7 of 25 transoral-endoscopic removal, 4 of 25 total laryngectomy, and 1 of 25 observation. CONCLUSIONS In this series, unresected intercurrent disease with laryngeal chondrosarcomas was not life-threatening. Therefore, disease was typically left in the posterior cricoid region to preserve mobility of at least one cricoarytenoid joint. This philosophy employed an ultra-function-sparing conservation approach that preserved and/or restored optimal voice, airway patency and swallowing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4, Case series Laryngoscope, 2021.
Teaching Visual and Media Literacy Skills Through Media Production Technology

Information professionals such as archivists and librarians are faced with the challenge of preserving, describing, and providing access to information encoded on a variety of media, both text based and visual. While the visual and media literacy discourse recognizes the role of information professionals in visual, media, and information literacy education, the literature contains few pedagogical approaches those charged with training informational professionals at the graduate level. This chapter discusses one approach to visual and media literacy instruction in the Moving Image Archives course offered at the University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences, and suggests one method for visual and media literacy instruction at the graduate level. This technology-based approach addresses the “designing and creating” competencies from the Association of College and Research Libraries Visual Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, creating an environment that simulates production by introducing students to the tools and technologies of media production. This approach could also be used in other academic disciplines, such as film and media studies, where students learn to analyze and interpret specific media products, but do not engage directly with the technologies used to create these images.
Allergy skin testing: science or quackery?

A commentary in Pediatrics in September 19751 condemned procedure-oriented fee schedules because they encouraged and rewarded the abuse of laboratory and elective surgical procedures. Allergy skin testing was included in this list. Letters to the American Academy of Pediatrics and telephone calls to the Chairman of the Section on Allergy of the Academy took issue with this inclusion. The commentary, however, was directed toward physicians and allergy laboratories who abuse skin testing rather than toward the procedure itself. It was directed to those who perform innumerable and casually selected skin tests as a substitute for an appropriate history, physical examination, and carefully selected tests based on that evaluation.
MDR 1 activation is the predominant resistance mechanism selected by vinblastine in MES-SA cells

Single-step selection with vinblastine was performed in populations of the human sarcoma cell line MES-SA, to assess cellular mechanisms of resistance to the drug and mutation rates via fluctuation analysis. At a stringent selection with 20 nM vinblastine, resulting in 5–6 logs of cell killing, the mutation rate was 7 × 10–7per cell generation. Analysis of variance supported the hypothesis of spontaneous mutations conferring vinblastine resistance, rather than induction of adaptive response elements. Surviving clones displayed a stable multidrug resistance phenotype over a 3-month period. All propagated clones demonstrated high levels of resistance to vinblastine and paclitaxel, and lower cross-resistance to doxorubicin and etoposide. Activation of MDR 1 gene expression and P-glycoprotein function was demonstrable in all clones. No elevation was found in the expression of the mrp gene, the LRP-56 major vault protein and β-tubulin isotypes (M40, β4, 5β, and β9) in these mutants. We conclude that initial-step resistant mechanism in these vinblastine-selected mutants commonly arises from a stochastic mutation event with activation of the MDR 1 gene. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
Extractable Antigen Shared by Peptostreptococcus anaerobius Strains

Extracts from several species of gram-positive cocci were prepared by a modification of the Rantz-Randall autoclave method and tested for reactions with rabbit anti-Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (ATCC 27337 and VPI 5737) sera in a capillary precipitin test. Antigen preparations from two reference strains of P. anaerobius (ATCC 27337 and VPI 5737) and six clinical isolates of P. anaerobius reacted with the P. anaerobius antisera. These extracts formed a line of identity by immunodiffusion and displayed at least one precipitin line by immunoelectrophoresis. Absorption of the antisera with either the autoclaved extract or a 10% whole-cell suspension from each of the eight P. anaerobius strains removed the precipitin line(s) observed during immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Extracts prepared to other species of Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, and Streptococcus did not react with the P. anaerobius antisera in a capillary precipitin test. In addition antisera to Lancefield groups A to G did not react with the extracts from the eight P. anaerobius strains. Preliminary chemical analysis of the extracts from the eight strains showed that they contained approximately 0.2 mg of carbohydrate per ml and 3.6 mg of protein per ml. The rabbit anti-P. anaerobius sera used in this study detected a common antigen(s) shared by strains of P. anaerobius, but did not react with autoclave extracts prepared from other species of gram-positive cocci. This extractable antigen could be used in a capillary precipitin test to rapidly identify P. anaerobius strains isolated in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Electronics and Instrumentation for Audiologists

1. The Fundamentals of Electricity. 2. Resistance Opposition to Current Flow. 3. Direct Current Circuits I . 4. Direct Current Circuits II. 5. AC Signals. 6. Reactive Components. 7. Alternating Current Circuits. 8. Filters and Frequency Response. 9. Amplifiers. 10. Feedback and Operational Amplifiers. 11. Digital Electronics: The Basics. 12. Digital Signal Processing. 13. The Nature of Vibrations and Sound. 14. Transducers -- Electronics Meets Acoustics. 15. Aids for the Hearing Impaired. 16. Hearing Diagnostic Technology. Appendix A. Review of Trigonometry. Appendix B. Complex Numbers. Appendix C. Vectors.
Scholar-built collections: A study of user requirements for research in large-scale digital libraries

To realize the great potential value of large-scale digital libraries, we need a fuller understanding of the range of ways in which scholarly communities conduct research, or want to conduct research within them. Scholars build collections in the course of their work. How can we anticipate and support various kinds of collection-building and -use, in order to support the diversity of researchers who work in libraries of digital books? This paper reports selected results of a study of how potential user groups of the HathiTrust Digital Library create and use collections in their research. This study aims to contribute to our broader understanding of scholarly practice, particularly of humanities scholars’ collecting activities. The results of the study inform ongoing work to develop a workset-creation tool for the HathiTrust Research Center.
Scattering theory: a conceptually simple view of nanoscale transistors

With the critical dimensions of transistors now measured in nanometres, questions about atomic scale fluctuations, quantum confinement, quantum transport, off-equilibrium transport and the ultimate performance limits arise. Sophisticated simulation tools will be used with increasing frequency, but advanced device development is still largely guided by a drift-diffusion concept of devices. A simple, physically sound view of transport in nanoscale transistors is needed to interpret simulations and guide experimental work. During the past 15 years, scattering theory (the so-called Landauer approach) provided mesoscopic physicists with a clear conceptual view of quantum transport in mesoscopic structures and guided much of the experimental work in that field (Datta, Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995). The same approach is now being applied to questions about the resistance of molecular wires and atoms (Datta et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 79, p. 2530, 1997). The purpose of this paper is to describe a similar approach for treating semiclassical transport in small transistors and to demonstrate that it provides new insights into the device physics of small transistors. The approach has been applied to bipolar transistors and MOSFETs, and can be extended from a phenomenological level to a full solution of the Boltzmann equation.
The renal electrogenic Na+:HCO-3 cotransporter

The electrogenic Na+:HCO3- cotransporter (symporter) is the major transporter for HCO3- reabsorption across the basolateral membrane of the renal proximal tubule and also contributes significantly to Na+ reabsorption. We expression-cloned the salamander renal electrogenic Na+:Bicarbonate Cotransporter (NBC) in Xenopus laevis oocytes. After injecting poly(A)+ RNA, fractionated poly(A)+ RNA or cRNA, we used microelectrodes to monitor membrane potential (Vm) and intracellular pH (pHi) All solutions contained ouabain to block the Na+/K+ pump (P-ATPase). After applying 1.5% CO2/10 mmol l-1 HCO3- (pH 7.5) and allowing pHi to stabilize from the CO2-induced acidification, we removed Na+. In native oocytes or water-injected controls, removing Na+ hyperpolarized the cell by -5 mV and had no effect on pHi. In oocytes injected with poly(A)+ RNA, removing Na+ transiently depolarized the cell by -10 mV and caused pHi to decrease; both effects were blocked by 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonate (DIDS) and required HCO3-. We enriched the signal by electrophoretic fractionation of the poly(A)+ RNA, and constructed a size-selected cDNA library in pSPORT1 using the optimal fraction. Screening the Ambystoma library yielded a single clone (aNBC). Expression was first obvious 3 days after injection of NBC cRNA. Adding CO2/HCO3- induced a large (> 50 mV) and rapid hyperpolarization, followed by a partial relaxation as pHi stabilized. Subsequent Na+ removal depolarized the cell by more than 40 mV and decreased pHi. aNBC is a full-length clone with a start Met and a poly(A)+ tail; it encodes a protein with 1025 amino acids and several putative membrane-spanning domains. aNBC is the first member of a new family of Na(+)-linked HCO3- transporters. We used aNBC to screen a rat kidney cDNA library, and identified a full-length cDNA clone (rNBC) that encodes a protein of 1035 amino acids. rNBC is 86% identical to aNBC and can be functionally expressed in oocytes.
Apical cell shape changes during Drosophila imaginal leg disc elongation: a novel morphogenetic mechanism

Imaginal discs of Drosophila are simple epithelial tissues that undergo dramatic changes in shape during metamorphosis, including elongation to form adult appendages such as legs and wings. We have examined the cellular basis of leg disc morphogenesis by staining filamentous actin to outline cell boundaries in discs and observing cell shapes with scanning confocal laser microscopy (SCLM). Surprisingly, we found that prior to the onset of morphogenesis, cells in the dorsal-lateral regions of leg discs are compressed in the proximal-distal axis and greatly elongated circumferentially. These cells are also asymmetric in the apical-basal axis, being more elongated in the apical-most region of the cell than they are subapically, and frequently contacting different sets of neighbors apically and basally. Elongated cells were first observed in early third instar discs, and persisted through several rounds of cell division as the discs matured. During appendage elongation in vivo and trypsin-accelerated elongation in vitro, these highly asymmetric cells became isometric. As the apical cell profiles changed shape, apical and basal cell contacts came into register. Measurements of apical cell dimensions suggest that changes in cell shape account for most of the elongation in the basitarsal and tibial leg segments between 0 and 6 h after puparium formation (AP). The conversion of a stable population of anisometric cells to isometric dimensions constitutes a novel mechanism for altering the proportions of an epithelial sheet during development.
Gift Cards and Mental Accounting: Green‐lighting Hedonic Spending

In three studies, we examine the mental accounting rules that govern how gift cards are used. We predicted that their identity as gift cards would shift consumption from utilitarian to hedonic goods even in contexts where both types of goods are available and the consumer's needs are unchanged. In Study 1a, participants were asked to imagine that they had both a gift card and a specified amount of cash and needed to purchase both a hedonic item and a utilitarian item. When asked which currency they would use to buy which item, respondents were significantly more likely to say they would use the gift card to buy the hedonic item. Study 1b replicated this result and found that it was tied to participants' beliefs how different types of money should be used. In Study 2, we found that participants who were required to spend a certain amount of their compensation in a laboratory store spent more on hedonic goods if their payment was in the form of a gift card. In Study 3, we analyzed transactions at a campus bookstore and found that shoppers tended to spend disproportionately on hedonic goods when using their gift cards than when making credit card purchases. Taken together, these studies indicate that people tend to assign the monetary value of a gift card to a hedonic mental account and spend it accordingly.
Impacts of land use change on South-east Asian forest butterflies: a review

1. South-east Asia has the highest relative rate of habitat loss and degradation in the humid tropics. The responses of less 'charismatic' groups, including butterflies, to habitat disturbance remain relatively poorly understood. Many South-east Asian butterflies are endemic to the region and face global extinction if current levels of deforestation were to continue. 2. Here, I highlight South-east Asia as a region urgently in need of butterfly conservation research and review empirical studies of the responses of South-east Asian butterflies to land use change. Additionally, I discuss some methodological pitfalls for such studies. Furthermore, I argue for the importance of identifying the ecological correlates of sensitivity of butterfly species to forest modification and the potential biological mechanisms underlying their responses to land use change. 3. There has been no consensus among previous studies on the effects of land use change on butterfly communities in South-east Asia. Of the 20 studies I reviewed, seven reported higher species richness/diversity in undisturbed (or the least disturbed) forest than in disturbed habitats, nine reported the opposite trend, three reported no difference and one reported a strong influence of seasonality on the impacts of logging. 4. Some of these studies may contain inherent methodological biases resulting from the failure to control for sampling effects, the lack of consideration for the spatial scale of analysis and incomplete sampling of the vertical strata in tropical rainforests. 5. Synthesis and applications. Empirical studies of the effects of land use change on tropical forest insects are sorely lacking from South-east Asia. Butterflies are an ideal taxonomic group for such investigations. Future studies should be designed carefully to avoid the methodological pitfalls highlighted here. Determining the ecological correlates of sensitivity of butterflies to forest modification is important for the pre-emptive identification of species of conservation concern and for generating testable hypotheses on the differential responses of species to forest modification. Experimental studies are needed to determine the mechanisms underlying the responses of species to land use change in order to develop effective strategies for the conservation of butterflies in human disturbed landscapes.
Role of Egr-1 Gene Expression in B Cell Receptor-induced Apoptosis in an Immature B Cell Lymphoma

Ligation of B cell receptor (BCR) on BKS-2, an immature B cell lymphoma by anti-IgM antibodies (Ab) caused apoptosis. Here we report that signaling through B cell receptor in wild type BKS-2 cells down-regulated the expression of Egr-1, a zinc finger-containing transcription factor. A reduction in the level ofEgr-1 mRNA could be demonstrated as early as 30 min after the ligation of BCR on BKS-2 cells. Immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of EGR-1 protein was also inhibited by anti-IgM treatment. Antisense oligonucleotides toEgr-1 caused growth inhibition and apoptosis in BKS-2 cells, suggesting that expression of Egr-1 is important for the survival of these B lymphoma cells. In contrast to wild type BKS-2 cells, the mutant 1.B5 cell line, which is refractory to B cell receptor-mediated growth-inhibitory signals, showed an increased expression of Egr-1 upon treatment with anti-IgM. These results implicate a role for Egr-1 in blocking B cell receptor-mediated apoptosis in immature B cells.
SUGGESTIONS FOR CONDUCTING GROWTH STUDIES1

IN THIS ARTICLE an attempt is made to outline a logical approach to the diagnosis and continued study of children who do not grow normally, and to discuss briefly some of the factors responsible for growth disturbances, particularly those attributed to endocrine dysfunction. It is not our purpose to discuss treatment, except incidentally, but rather to outline the various factors which should be con-sidered, the laboratory studies which may be of value, and a method of follow-up and record keeping which has proved satisfactory. The suggestions given are equally applicable to the individual patient or to mem-bers of a group. We were prompted to publish these remarks by the difficulty experi-enced someyears ago when we attempted to devise a plan for continued growth studies in a fairly lage group of children. The medical literature was found to contain-many helpful suggestionsin this connection, but detailed instructions on the conduc-tion of long term growth studies were lacking.