cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polyimine Container Molecules and Nanocapsules

The field of dynamic covalent nanocapsule synthesis is very young, and most contributions to the development of reliable approaches for the assembly of dynamic covalent capsules have been made during the past five years. In 1991, Quan and Cram published the first Schiff base molecular container compound. Over the past six years, a large number of multi-component polyimine hemicarcerand and polyhedron syntheses have been developed. This review will focus primarily on recent achievements in the area of pure Schiff base nanocapsules and highlight different synthetic approaches and design strategies, as well as first applications of these capsules in molecular recognition, gas storage, and gas separation.
Tacit knowledge in social work research and practice

(1985). Tacit knowledge in social work research and practice. Smith College Studies in Social Work: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 137-149.
Discretization errors inherent in finite difference solution of propeller noise problems

Global errors arising from the use of a finite difference approximation to solve propeller noise problems are investigated. It is found that the calculated waveforms of the finite difference solutions are subjected to severe distortion due to dispersive effects. This is so even when the Fourier amplitudes of the different blade-passage harmonics of the acoustic disturbance of the propeller are adequately predicted. In addition, it is found that finite difference solutions can produce spurious acoustic radiation. The spurious radiation is a form of aliasing error. The relative intensity of the spurious acoustic radiation can become significant at high subsonic flight Mach number and at high subsonic blade-tip rotational Mach number. Also, the relative intensity is higher for the higher order blade-passage harmonics.
A simulation model for data system analysis

The author asserts that designing a data system to support management objectives is, at present, no more than a highly specialized art. This paper then develops the thesis that data system designers can bring their profession closer to a predictive science. Only by adapting for data system analysis purpose analytical tools which make possible prediction and quantification of data system behavior within the management system structure can this be done.This paper discusses one such tool, a generalized data system model, and describes a technique of simulating dynamic system operation with such a model in order to provide the data system designer insights on the behavior to expect from the data system as it would operate. Some of the benefits possible through such simulation are explored. The paper concludes that the major use for the present of this analytical technique is to test the feasibility of a data system design before acquisition of actual hardware.
Specification tests for probabilistic choice models

Abstract Probabilistic choice models, such as logit and probit models, are highly sensitive to a variety of specification errors, including the use of incorrect functional forms for the systematic component of the utility function, incorrect specification of the probability distribution of the random component of the utility function, and incorrect specification of the choice set. Specification errors can cause large forecasting errors, so it is of considerable importance to have means of testing for the presence of these errors. A number of tests based on the likelihood ratio statistic have been developed. These tests and available information on their power are summarized in this paper. The likelihood ratio test can entail considerable computational diffuculty, owing to the need to evaluate the likelihood function for both the null and alternative hypotheses. Substantial gains in computational efficiency can be achieved through the use of a test that requires evaluating the likelihood function only for the null hypothesis. A Lagrangian multiplier test that has this property is described, and numerical examples of its computational properties are given. An important disadvantage of conventional specification tests is that they do not permit comparisons of models that belong to different parametric families in order to determine which model best explains the available data. Thus, these tests cannot be used to compare models whose utility functions have substantially different functional forms or models that are based on different behavioral paradigms. Several methods for dealing with this problem, including the construction of hybrid models and the Cox test of separate families of hypotheses, are described.
Magnetic Charge as a "Hidden" Gauge Symmetry

A theory containing both electric and magnetic charges is formulated using two vectors potentials,Aμ andCμ. This has the aesthetic advantage of treating electric and magnetic charges both as gauge symmetries, but it has the experimental disadvantage of introducing a second massless gauge boson (the “magnetic” photon) which is not observed. This problem is dealt with by using the Higgs mechanism to give a mass to one of the gauge bosons while the other remains massless. This effectively “hides” the magnetic charge, and the symmetry associated with it, when one is at an energy scale far enough removed from the scale of the symmetry breaking.
The combinatorics of a three-line circulant determinant

We study the polynomial\(\Phi \left( {x,y} \right) = \prod {_{j = 0}^{p - 1} \left( {1 - xw^j - yw^{qj} } \right)} \), where ω is a primitivepth root of unity. This polynomial arises in CR geometry [1]. We show that it is the determinant of thep×p circulant matrix whose first row is (1, −x,0,…,0,−y,0,…,0), the −y being in positionq+1. Therefore, the coefficients of this polynomial Φ are integers that count certain classes of permutations. We show that all of the permutations that contribute to a fixed monomialxrys in Φ have the same sign, and we determine that sign. We prove that a monomialxrys appears in Φ if and only ifp dividesr+sq. Finally, we show that the size of the largest coefficient of the monomials in Φ grows exponentially withp, by proving that the permanent of the circulant whose first row is (1, 1, 0, …, 0, 1, 0, …, 0) is the sum of the absolute values of the monomials in the polynomial Φ.
Simultaneous Control of Attention by Multiple Working Memory Representations

Working memory representations play a key role in controlling attention by making it possible to shift attention to task-relevant objects. Visual working memory has a capacity of three to four objects, but recent studies suggest that only one representation can guide attention at a given moment. We directly tested this proposal by monitoring eye movements while observers performed a visual search task in which they attempted to limit attention to objects drawn in two colors. When the observers were motivated to attend to one color at a time, they searched many consecutive items of one color (long run lengths) and exhibited a delay prior to switching gaze from one color to the other (switch cost). In contrast, when they were motivated to attend to both colors simultaneously, observers’ gaze switched back and forth between the two colors frequently (short run lengths), with no switch cost. Thus, multiple working memory representations can concurrently guide attention.
UNIVAC® - RANDEX II: random access data storage system

A random access drum file, having 198.6 million bits total storage capacity, a bit density of 650 pulses per inch, and 385 milliseconds average data access time, is described in this paper.Two flying-magnetic-recording-heads transfer data to and from the drum file unit. They are self-supported, by a hydrodynamically generated air film, over two magnetically plated drums (24 inches diameter and 44 inches long). The heads, drums, and head-positioning servo are enclosed in a sealed and pressurized chamber to prevent their contamination by foreign material normally found in the atmospheric air.The text describes in detail:(1) The logic of operation and description of the overall drum file.(2) Construction of the flying-heads.(3) Descriptions of the servo and mechanical adder, which position the flying-heads over selected addresses on the drums.
Thin finite simple groups

A group G is of characterstic 2 type if F*(M) = O,(M) for each 2-local subgroup M of G. It seems likely that in the near future the problem of determining the finite simple groups will be reduced to the determination of the characteristic 2 type groups. The principal model for the investigation of the characteristic 2 type groups is Thompson’s work on N-groups. There Thompson considers the parameter e(G), defined to be the maximum of the p-ranks m,(M) as p ranges over all odd primes and M ranges over all 2-locals of G. He then subdivides his arguments into the cases e(G) = 1, e(G) = 2, and e(G) > 3. This subdivision arises from the difference in the uniqueness theorems obtained in the three cases. One expects that in the general characteristic 2 type classication this same subdivision would naturally occur for the same reason. Hence the thin group classification may be regarded as one step in the classification of the finite simple groups. A second motivation for this work is to supply another model for characteristic 2 type investigations. Thompson’s work on N-groups has been extended by a number of authors to a classification of groups in which all 2-locals are solvable. This manuscript suggests that Thompson’s techniques can be successfully extended to situations in which 2-locals are not solvable.
Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff of the Two-User Interference Channel

Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) is a coarse high SNR approximation of the fundamental tradeoff between data rate and reliability in a slow fading channel. In this paper, we characterize the fundamental DMT of the two-user single antenna Gaussian interference channel. We show that the class of multilevel superposition coding schemes universally achieves (for all fading statistics) the DMT for the two-user interference channel. For the special case of symmetric DMT, when the two users have identical rate and diversity gain requirements, we characterize the DMT achieved by the Han-Kobayashi scheme, which corresponds to two level superposition coding.
Necessary conditions for Schur-positivity

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in showing that certain conditions on skew shapes A and B are sufficient for the difference s A ?s B of their skew Schur functions to be Schur-positive. We determine necessary conditions for the difference to be Schur-positive. Specifically, we prove that if s A ?s B is Schur-positive, then certain row overlap partitions for A are dominated by those for B. In fact, our necessary conditions require a weaker condition than the Schur-positivity of s A ?s B ; we require only that, when expanded in terms of Schur functions, the support of s A contains that of s B . In addition, we show that the row overlap condition is equivalent to a column overlap condition and to a condition on counts of rectangles fitting inside A and B. Our necessary conditions are motivated by those of Reiner, Shaw and van Willigenburg that are necessary for s A =s B , and we deduce a strengthening of their result as a special case.
An active cistron fragment

An unusual rII mutant of phage T4 is described, in which a terminal portion of a cistron has been deleted without impairing the function of the remaining fragment. This suggests that the deleted section is non-essential. Nevertheless, mutations within this segment which do impair the function can be observed.
Measuring three-dimensional surfaces with a two-dimensional data tablet

Abstract This paper describes a method for measuring the three-dimensional position of points on a surface using only a two-dimensional tablet or digitizer, standard photographic techniques and some computing power. The tablet is used to extract two-dimensional information from photographs of the surface. Data from multiple views of the surface is processed to give the three-dimensional position of points on the surface. This method has been successfully used to obtain point position data for the polygonal representation of several human faces and a human body.
Using static charge on pyroelectric crystals to produce self–focusing electron and ion beams and transport through tubes

Abstract Static charge in and on the surface of pyroelectric crystals of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 in a dilute gas has been shown to ionize gas molecules via electron tunneling. The released electrons and positive ions are focused and accelerated according to the sign of the static uncompensated charge. The uncompensated charge is produced when the temperature of the crystal is changed from any initial temperature between about 500 and about 15 K. It may be either polarization charge that is inside the crystal surface or compensation charge that is on the surface. The direction of temperature change and the polarity of the base of the crystal determine whether electrons or positive ions are accelerated toward or away from the crystal. The ionization, focusing and acceleration may continue for more than 15 days following a single change in temperature from ∼20 to ∼160 to ∼20 °C. Electron and ion transport through tubes is demonstrated.
Magnetic reconnection at the heliospheric current sheet and the formation of closed magnetic field lines in the solar wind

[1] We have identified a sunward-directed reconnection exhaust in the solar wind at a crossing of the heliospheric current sheet, HCS, by the ACE spacecraft. The exhaust was embedded within an interval of counterstreaming suprathermal electron strahls that provides direct evidence that reconnection produced closed (i.e., doubly connected to the Sun) magnetic field lines sunward of the reconnection site. We suggest that local, quasi-stationary reconnection at the HCS may, in general, be an important source of closed magnetic field lines often observed in the vicinity of the HCS.
Solar Origin of Cosmic-Ray Time Variations

The sun is known to be responsible during at least some solar flares for sharp increases in the cosmic-ray intensity on earth. In contrast to the flare pulses, the other principal changes in cosmicray intensity are all smaller in amplitude, less steep in energy dependence (extending perhaps to 30 Bev/c), much slower in time scale, and very much more isotropic (worldwide). These latter changes are not correlated sharply with any conspicuous solar event. A common cause for all of the nonflare cosmic-ray changes is here proposed: time (and energy) modulation of the incoming cosmic-ray beam by the random diffusion of the particles through turbulent clouds of magnetized plasma emitted from the sun. The sporadic cosmic-ray strom decreases (Forbush events) occur when the earth is immersed in a strong fresh cloud following a solar flare. The eleven-year variations in intensity and low-energy spectrum arise from the combined effect of much weaker and more diffuse clouds which travel across the solar system to the region of the outer planets. The recurrent 27-day effects depend on the presence near the earth of a region of longer diffusion mean free path, which punches a channel into the pre-existing clouds. The origin of the clouds in active centers and the channels in magnetic monopole regions of the sun is discussed, and parameters obtained which describe the clouds, and their motions, adequate to produce the observed effects and quantitatively, astrophysically plausible. The small but complex diurnal cosmic-ray variations are not discussed in detail, but appear to fit in naturally. The observed variation of all these effects throughout one solar cycle agrees with the picture presented.
Radical Intermediates in the Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrocarbons by Bacterial and Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Cytochromes P450cam and P450BM3 oxidize alpha- and beta-thujone into multiple products, including 7-hydroxy-alpha-(or beta-)thujone, 7,8-dehydro-alpha-(or beta-)thujone, 4-hydroxy-alpha-(or beta-)thujone, 2-hydroxy-alpha-(or beta-)thujone, 5-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, 4,10-dehydrothujone, and carvacrol. Quantitative analysis of the 4-hydroxylated isomers and the ring-opened product indicates that the hydroxylation proceeds via a radical mechanism with a radical recombination rate ranging from 0.7 +/- 0.3 x 10(10) s(-1) to 12.5 +/- 3 x 10(10) s(-1) for the trapping of the carbon radical by the iron-bound hydroxyl radical equivalent. 7-[2H]-alpha-Thujone has been synthesized and used to amplify C-4 hydroxylation in situations where uninformative C-7 hydroxylation is the dominant reaction. The involvement of a carbon radical intermediate is confirmed by the observation of inversion of stereochemistry of the methyl-substituted C-4 carbon during the hydroxylation. With an L244A mutation that slightly increases the P450(cam) active-site volume, this inversion is observed in up to 40% of the C-4 hydroxylated products. The oxidation of alpha-thujone by human CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 occurs with up to 80% C-4 methyl inversion, in agreement with a dominant radical hydroxylation mechanism. Three minor desaturation products are produced, with at least one of them via a cationic pathway. The cation involved is proposed to form by electron abstraction from a radical intermediate. The absence of a solvent deuterium isotope effect on product distribution in the P450cam reaction precludes a significant role for the P450 ferric hydroperoxide intermediate in substrate hydroxylation. The results indicate that carbon hydroxylation is catalyzed exclusively by a P450 ferryl species via radical intermediates whose detailed properties are substrate- and enzyme-dependent.
High Thermopower and Low Thermal Conductivity in Semiconducting Ternary K−Bi−Se Compounds. Synthesis and Properties of β-K2Bi8Se13 and K2.5Bi8.5Se14 and Their Sb Analogues

β-K2Bi8Se13 (I), K2Sb8Se13 (II), K2.5Bi8.5Se14 (III), and K2.5Sb8.5Se14 (IV) were synthesized by a molten flux method. The black needles of compound I were formed at 600 °C and crystallized in the monoclinic P21/m space group (No. 11) with a = 17.492(3) A, b = 4.205(1) A, c = 18.461(4) A, β = 90.49(2)°. The final R/Rw = 6.7/5.7%. Compound II is isostructural to I. Both I and II are isostructural with K2Bi8S13 which is composed of NaCl-, Bi2Te3-, and CdI2-type units connecting to form K+-filled channels. The thin black needles of III and IV obtained at 530 °C crystallize in the same space group P21/m with a = 17.534(4) A, b = 4.206(1) A, c = 21.387(5) A, β = 109.65(2)° and a = 17.265(3) A, b = 4.0801(9) A, c = 21.280(3) A, β = 109.31(1)°, respectively. The final R/Rw = 6.3/8.3% and 5.1/3.6%. Compounds III and IV are isostructural and potassium and bismuth/antimony atoms are disordered over two crystallographic sites. The structure type is very closely related to that of I. Electrical conductivity and therm...
Learning Enhancement or Headache: Faculty and E-Textbooks

The availability of e-textbooks is increasing along with the variety of electronic readers. According to the "2010 Horizon Report," adoption of this technology will be widespread in academia in two to three years as it will "' reduce costs, save students from carrying pounds of textbooks and contribute to the environmental efforts'" Johnson, Levine, Smith, & Stone, 2010, p.6. Will e-textbooks become favored by faculty in higher education? This paper will examine the benefits and limitations of e-textbooks and the attitudes of faculty and students towards using this radical alternative to the centuries-old standard of education. An exploratory case study of faculty attitudes and usages of e-textbooks at a small liberal arts university was performed.
Computer-generated holograms for geometric transformations

Theory and experiments in the area of computer-generated holograms for geometric transformations are presented. Geometric transform holograms are divided into two categories: (1) those which have a continuous fringe structure, and (2) those which consist of a set of discrete subholograms. Criteria for the realizability of a continuous geometric transform hologram are described. Examples of both types of hologram are to map rings of different radii to a linear sequence of points. They allow the replacement of a ring developed detector by a linear detector array without loss of signal energy and can be applied to optical spectrum analysis and angle-wavelength multiplexing for data transmission through optical fibers.
Mechanisms of Mound Coarsening in Unstable Epitaxial Growth

The effects of various island and mound relaxation mechanisms on the mound morphology and asymptotic mound coarsening exponent n are investigated for growth on fcc/bcc (001) and fcc (111) metal surfaces. While the strength of the diffusion bias (due for example to an Ehrlich-Schwoebel step barrier) affects the crossover time, the presence or absence of corner diffusion is found to play a crucial role in determining the asymptotic value of the coarsening exponent. In the absence of island-relaxation or in the case of island-relaxation without rapid corner diffusion the asymptotic exponent is found to satisfy n ≃ 1/4. However, when rapid corner-diffusion is allowed, the coarsening exponent is found to approach 1/3. For the case of reversible island growth a strong step-barrier leads to an effective corner diffusion so that a growth exponent of either 1/4 or 1/3 may be observed depending on the strength of the step-barrier. These results appear to account for recent experimental observations of a large coarsening exponent (n ≃ 0.33) in epitaxial growth of Rh/Rh (111) at high temperature as well as of a smaller coarsening exponent (n ≃ 1/4) observed in epitaxial growth of Fe/Fe (001) and Cu/Cu (001). An explanation for these results is also presented in terms of the effects of corner diffusion on the surface current and mound morphology.
The synthesis of novel nitrogen-containing macrocycles from isoxazoline intermediates

Abstract Novel macrocyclic isoxazolo[4,5-g][3]benzazonine derivatives (4) have been prepared via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of an aryl nitrile oxide to a bridge polycyclic enamine followed by a quaternization-elimination sequence.
The latency information theory revolution, part II: its statistical physics bridges and the discovery of the time dual of thermodynamics

Statistical physics bridges for latency information theory (LIT) are revealed in this second paper of a three paper series that include the discovery of the time dual of thermodynamics. LIT is the universal guidance theory for efficient system designs that has inherently surfaced from the confluence of five ideas. They are: 1) The source entropy and channel capacity performance bounds of Shannon's mathematical theory of communication; 2) The latency time (LT) certainty of Einstein's relativity theory; 3) The information space (IS) uncertainty of Heisenberg's quantum physics; 4) The black hole Hawking radiation and its Boltzmann thermodynamics entropy S in SI J/K; and 5) The author's 1978 conjecture of a structural-physical LT-certainty/IS-uncertainty duality for stochastic control. LIT is characterized by a four quadrants revolution with two mathematical-intelligence quadrants and two physical-life ones. Each quadrant of LIT is assumed to be physically independent of the others and guides its designs with an entropy if it is IS-uncertain and an ectropy if it is LT-certain. While LIT's physical-life quadrants I and III address the efficient use of life time by physical signal movers and of life space by physical signal retainers, respectively, its mathematicalintelligence quadrants II and IV address the efficient use of intelligence space by mathematical signal sources and of processing time by mathematical signal processors, respectively. Seven results are stated next that relate to the revelation of statistical physics bridges for LIT. They are: 1) Thermodynamics, a special case of statistical physics, has a time dual named lingerdynamics; 2) Lingerdynamics has a dimensionless lingerdynamics-ectropy Z that is the LT-certainty dual of a dimensionless thermodynamics-entropy, and like thermodynamics has four physical laws that drive the Universe; 3) S advances a bridge between quadrant II's source-entropy H in bit units and quadrant III's retainer-entropy N in SI m2 units; 4) Z advances a bridge between quadrant I's mover-ectropy A in SI secs and quadrant IV's processor-ectropy K in binary operator (bor) units; 5) Statistical physics bridges are discovered between the LIT entropies and the LIT ectropies; 6) Half of the statistical physics bridges between the LIT entropies and LIT ectropies are found to be medium independent, thus yielding the same entropy-ectropy relationships for black holes, ideal gases, biological systems, etc.; and 7) A medium independent quadratic relationship τ=l(M/uM)2 relates the lifespan τ of a retained mass M to the ratio of M to the fractional mass uM that escapes it every l seconds, e.g., for a human with M = 70 kg, expected lifespan of τ=83.9 years (or 2.65 Gsec), l=1 day (or 86.4 ksec), its daily escaping mass is given by uM=0.4 kg. In turn, this requires him/her to consume 2,000 kcal per day (i.e., 5,000 kcal/kg times 0.4 kg) to replace the 0.4 kg lost from day to day which correlates well with expectations.
Topological/geometric properties of the orbit accumulation set

We study the set Λ(Ω) of boundary orbit accumulation points of the automorphism group action on a bounded domain Ω in ℂ n . Topological and geometric properties of this set are derived.
Total and uncharged nuclei at Washington, D.C.

Observations of the concentration of both uncharged and total condensation-nuclei were made at different times and places near Washington, using an Aitken nuclei-counter in conjunction with a cylindrical, electrical condenser through which air was drawn at a desired rate by a spring-driven turbine. The ratio (S) of the concentration of uncharged to that of all nuclei serves as a measure of the relative magnitude of the coefficients of combination and those of attachment between small ions and charged and uncharged nuclei, respectively, provided the assumptions usually made in this connection are valid. Diverse values of S have been found heretofore when these were determined from the same data but by different methods. It is shown in the theory of least squares that the method of determining the best estimate of a quantity of this character depends upon the manner in which weights should be assigned to the data. It is shown that the weight assigned to the observed number of particles falling on a square of the counter should vary inversely as that number. The proper method of determining the best estimate of S, when weights are assigned in this manner, and also two other simpler methods were applied to these data. The surprisingly small differences in the three results indicate these data are homogeneous.
Stochastic Dynamics on Hypergraphs and the Spatial Majority Rule Model

This article starts by introducing a new theoretical framework to model spatial systems which is obtained from the framework of interacting particle systems by replacing the traditional graphical structure that defines the network of interactions with a structure of hypergraph. This new perspective is more appropriate to define stochastic spatial processes in which large blocks of vertices may flip simultaneously, which is then applied to define a spatial version of the Galam’s majority rule model. In our spatial model, each vertex of the lattice has one of two possible competing opinions, say opinion 0 and opinion 1, as in the popular voter model. Hyperedges are updated at rate one, which results in all the vertices in the hyperedge changing simultaneously their opinion to the majority opinion of the hyperedge. In the case of a tie in hyperedges with even size, a bias is introduced in favor of type 1, which is motivated by the principle of social inertia. Our analytical results along with simulations and heuristic arguments suggest that, in any spatial dimensions and when the set of hyperedges consists of the collection of all n×⋯×n blocks of the lattice, opinion 1 wins when n is even while the system clusters when n is odd, which contrasts with results about the voter model in high dimensions for which opinions coexist. This is fully proved in one dimension while the rest of our analysis focuses on the cases when n=2 and n=3 in two dimensions.
Massive IIA string theory and Matrix theory compactification

Abstract We propose a Matrix theory approach to Romans' massive Type IIA supergravity. It is obtained by applying the procedure of Matrix theory compactifications to Hull's proposal of the massive Type IIA string theory as M-theory on a twisted torus. The resulting Matrix theory is a super-Yang–Mills theory on large N three-branes with a space-dependent noncommutativity parameter, which is also independently derived by a T-duality approach. We give evidence showing that the energies of a class of physical excitations of the super-Yang–Mills theory show the correct symmetry expected from massive Type IIA string theory in a lightcone quantization.
A new method for the detritylation of alcohols bearing other reducible and acid-hydrolyzable functionalities

Abstract Instantaneous cleavage of a trityl ether was achieved using a non-reductive acidolytic procedure. Treatment of protected azidouridine 1 with a mixture of TFA/ TFAA in CH2Cl2 resulted in quantitative detritylation as judged by TLC. The OH-5′ group was liberated by addition of Et3N and quenching with MeOH. No significant cleavage of the acid hydrolyzable SEM [β-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl] protecting groups was detected.
Reflectionless Sturm-Liouville equations

We consider compactly supported perturbations of periodic Sturm-Liouville equations. In this context, one can use the Floquet solutions of the periodic background to define scattering coefficients. We prove that if the reflection coefficient is identically zero, then the operators corresponding to the periodic and perturbed equations, respectively, are unitarily equivalent. In some appendices, we also provide the proofs of several basic estimates, e.g., bounds and asymptotics for the relevant m-functions.
Deep-Survey Constraints on X-Ray Outbursts from Galactic Nuclei

Luminous X-ray outbursts with variability amplitudes as high as ~1000 have been detected from a small number of galactic nuclei. These events are likely associated with transient fueling of nuclear supermassive black holes. In this paper we constrain X-ray outbursts with harder spectra, higher redshifts, and lower luminosities than have been studied previously. We performed a systematic survey of 24,668 optical galaxies in the Chandra Deep Fields to search for such X-ray outbursts; the median redshift of these galaxies is ~0.8. The survey spans 798 days for the Chandra Deep Field-North, and 1828 days for the Chandra Deep Field-South. No outbursts were found, and thus we set upper limits on the rate of such events in the universe, which depend on the adopted outburst X-ray luminosity. For an outburst with X-ray luminosity 1043 ergs s−1 and a duration of 6 months, the upper limit on its event rate is ~10−4 galaxy−1 yr−1, roughly consistent with theoretical predictions. Compared to previous survey results, our harder band and deeper survey suggests that the outburst rate may increase by a maximum factor of 10 when considering both obscured X-ray outbursts and redshift evolution from -->z ~ 0 to -->z ~ 0.8. Our results also suggest that the X-ray luminosity function for moderate-luminosity active galactic nuclei is not primarily due to stellar tidal disruptions.
Mannich reactions of annulated thiophene derivatives

Aminoalkylation reactions were applied to two annulated thiophene derivatives to successfully prepare mono- and bis-substituted Mannich bases. Compounds were characterized by NMR, FT-IR, and HRMS.
PROBING ELECTRON-CAPTURE SUPERNOVAE: X-RAY BINARIES IN STARBURSTS

We develop population models of high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) formed after bursts of star formation and we investigate the effect of electron-capture supernovae (ECS) of massive ONeMg white dwarfs and the hypothesis that ECS events are associated with typically low supernova kicks imparted to the nascent neutron stars. We identify an interesting ECS bump in the time evolution of HMXB numbers; this bump is caused by significantly increased production of wind-fed HMXBs 20-60 Myr post-starburst. The amplitude and age extent of the ECS bump depend on the strength of ECS kicks and the mass range of ECS progenitors. We also find that ECS-HMXBs form through a specific evolutionary channel that is expected to lead to binaries with Be donors in wide orbits. These characteristics, along with their sensitivity to ECS properties, provide us with an intriguing opportunity to probe ECS physics and progenitors through studies of starbursts of different ages. Specifically, the case of the Small Magellanic Cloud, with a significant observed population of Be-HMXBs and starburst activity 30-60 Myr ago, arises as a promising laboratory for understanding the role of ECS in neutron star formation.
The Path To ZnO Devices: Donor and Acceptor Dynamics

Hall-effect, photoluminescence (PL), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements have been performed in single-crystal ZnO samples annealed in air at 25, 550, 750, and 950 °C, for 30 min each. A 37 meV donor is dominant in the unannealed sample, but nearly disappears during the higher temperature anneals, and is replaced by a 67 meV donor. The 37 meV donor is responsible for a donor-bound-exciton PL line at (3.3631 ± 0.0002) eV, which is dominant in the unannealed sample. The EPR measurements show that N o centers appear in the 750 °C and 950 °C anneals, and they are probably responsible for an increase in the acceptor concentration found from the Hall-effect results. A PL emission at (3.3570 ± 0.0002) eV, assigned in the literature as an acceptor-bound exciton, may involve N o complexes.
Zirconocene-catalyzed epoxy ester - ortho ester rearrangement: A new method for the protection of polyfunctionalized carboxylic acids and the asymmetric synthesis of ortho esters

Abstract In situ prepared Cp2(Cl)Zr⊛ catalyzes the formation of ortho eśters from epoxy esters. Acid-sensitive α-amino and α-hydroxy acid derivatives are converted in high yield to 2,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes (ABO-esters) using this protocol. This strategy is complementary to the OBO-ester technology, and orthogonal methods for the deprotection of ABO- and OBO-esters have been developed. The syntheses of the mushroom components (S)-γ-hydroxyleucine lactone and (S)-α-vinylglycine underline the value of ABO-ester protective group strategy. Using chiral epoxy alcohol derivatives, the first convenient and general asymmetric synthesis of bicyclic ortho esters has been achieved.
The A3Π(1) → X1Σ(0+) emission spectrum of iodine monofluoride: Analyses of the vibrational and rotational structure☆

Abstract Iodine monofluoride A 3 Π(1) → X 1 Σ(0 + ) emission has been observed in the reaction of I 2 with F 2 at temperatures ranging from 300 to 800 K. Two previously unreported v ′ progressions are identified, and vibrational molecular constants are reported for the IF 3 Π(1) state using bandheads in progressions based on 0 ≤ v ′ ≤ 15 and 0 ≤ v ″ ≤ 5. The rotational structure has also been recorded and analyzed for nine vibrational bands. The triplet P -, Q -, and R -branch features are resolved for the first time which unambiguously confirms the Ω = 1 assignment of the emitting electronic state. Rotational molecular constants have been determined, and RKR potential energy functions are used to calculate Franck-Condon factors for the IF( A → X ) system.
Synthesis of C2-symmetric HIV-protease inhibitors with sulfur-containing central units

Sulfide-, sulfoxide-, and sulfone- containing C2-symmetric peptide analogs were obtained stereospecifically starting from phenylalanine. The compounds were evaluated as potential HIV-protease inhibitors and found to be inactive within the limits of the assay.
ΔNp63 knockout mice reveal its indispensable role as a master regulator of epithelial development and differentiation

The transcription factor p63 is important in the development of the skin as p63-null mice exhibit striking defects in embryonic epidermal morphogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie this phenotype is complicated by the existence of multiple p63 isoforms, including TAp63 and ΔNp63. To investigate the role of ΔNp63 in epidermal morphogenesis we generated ΔNp63 knock-in mice in which the ΔNp63-specific exon is replaced by GFP. Homozygous ΔNp63gfp/gfp animals exhibit severe developmental anomalies including truncated forelimbs and the absence of hind limbs, largely phenocopying existing knockouts in which all p63 isoforms are deleted. ΔNp63-null animals show a poorly developed stratified epidermis comprising isolated clusters of disorganized epithelial cells. Despite the failure to develop a mature stratified epidermis, the patches of ΔNp63-null keratinocytes are able to stratify and undergo a program of terminal differentiation. However, we observe premature expression of markers associated with terminal differentiation, which is unique to ΔNp63-null animals and not evident in the skin of mice lacking all p63 isoforms. We posit that the dysregulated and accelerated keratinocyte differentiation phenotype is driven by significant alterations in the expression of key components of the Notch signaling pathway, some of which are direct transcriptional targets of ΔNp63 as demonstrated by ChIP experiments. The analysis of ΔNp63gfp/gfp knockout mice reaffirms the indispensable role of the ΔN isoform of p63 in epithelial biology and confirms that ΔNp63-null keratinocytes are capable of committing to an epidermal cell lineage, but are likely to suffer from diminished renewal capacity and an altered differentiation fate.
Optimizing random patterns for invariants-based identification

Pseudo-random point configurations can be used for many vision tasks, both active and passive. Examples are the projection of a pseudo-random light pattern to perform stereo matching or depth estimation by triangulation or robot navigation. The use of the local arrangement of the random features is attractive in some situations because labelling can be performed more robustly than by proliferating the feature types with other coding means. In this context the use of projective invariants provides either a classification measure or an indexing tool which is insensitive to surface position and camera geometry, which have proven invaluable to curb the complexity of the search by order of magnitudes. So far no work has been done on analyzing how these pseudo-random patterns should be like to make the use of invariants more effective, in particular with respect to discrimination and noise sensitivity. This paper addresses this problem for the common case of 5-point projective invariants. A stochastic approximation strategy is employed that iteratively adjusts the position of the points in the pattern while trying to maximize a spacing measure between the invariants. The result clearly illustrate the benefits of the approach which makes optimized pseudo random patterns of identical features a valid alternative to other forms of pattern coding for 3D capture.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Towards a perturbative theory of nuclear forces

Abstract We show that an expansion of nuclear forces about the chiral limit is formally consistent and is equivalent to KSW power counting in the 1 S 0 channel and Weinberg power counting in the 3 S 1 – 3 D 1 coupled channels. Numerical evidence suggests that this expansion converges. The feasibility of making contact between nuclear physics and lattice-QCD simulations is discussed.
On-site Coulomb repulsion and resonant tunneling.

We study the eAect of on-site Coulomb repulsion on the process of resonant tunneling. We find that the tunneling peak results from a crossover from the high-temperature Kondo phase to the lowtemperature mixed-valence phase of the system when the chemical potential is varied across the on-site localized-state energy. Consequently, the line shape is non-Lorentzian, with rather unusual temperature dependence. Moreover, a magnetic field does not split the tunneling peak, but the line shape is modified. The eAect of coupling between localized states is also discussed, PACS numbers: 71.55.Jv, 73.40.QV In this Letter we discuss the effect of intra-atomic Coulomb interaction on the resonant site in the process of resonant tunneling. Resonant tunneling is thought to be the dominating mechanism for conduction at very low temperature through small systems with localized states. ' In the noninteracting case, this mechanism has been discussed by a number of authors and the phenomenon can be described by a 1D model Hamiltonian Hp, r
Reductive bromination of aromatic aldehydes using alkylboron dibromides

Abstract The reductive bromination of aromatic aldehydes with isopinocampheyl boron dibromide in hexane at room temperature produces the corresponding benzyl bromides in excellent yields.
Enhanced third harmonic generation from the epsilon-near-zero modes of ultrathin films

We experimentally demonstrate efficient third harmonic generation from an indium tin oxide nanofilm (λ/42 thick) on a glass substrate for a pump wavelength of 1.4 μm. A conversion efficiency of 3.3 × 10−6 is achieved by exploiting the field enhancement properties of the epsilon-near-zero mode with an enhancement factor of 200. This nanoscale frequency conversion method is applicable to other plasmonic materials and reststrahlen materials in proximity of the longitudinal optical phonon frequencies.
Control and Inefficiency in Capitalist Production: The Role of Institutions

This paper offers a clarification of the terms and specific arguments associated with the radical claim that capitalist control of production leads to economic inefficiency. It argues that a greater understanding of the institutional features of the capitalist employment I relation is required in order to make the claim compelling. The paper finds suggestive evidence in support of the radical claim in an institutional analysis of postwar labor-management relations in the U.S.
Uniting Critical Theory and Public Policy to Create the Reflexively Defiant Consumer

Postmodern extensions of critical theory are used to explore traditional notions of consumer education. Generally, marketing researchers, consumerists, and policymakers have emphasized the importance of making the consumer critical through providing consumers with more complete information and better skills. However, this focus on improving consumers' decision making leaves the existing system virtually unquestioned and intact. An alternative vision of a critical consumer is offered. The authors suggest that consumers must become more radically critical or reflexively defiant by dropping this natural attitude toward the existing order and, instead, questioning economic, political, and social structures. This article attempts to create a new discourse for consumers and suggests that public policy can help consumers become aware of their power to define and fulfill their own needs.
Enantioselective Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation: γ Additions of Aryl Thiols to Allenoates Catalyzed by a Chiral Phosphepine

An effective phosphine-catalyzed method has been developed for the enantioselective addition of aryl thiols to the γ position of allenoates, thereby furnishing ready access to aryl alkyl sulfides in very good ee. An array of mechanistic data are consistent with addition of the chiral phosphine to the allenoate being the turnover-limiting step of the catalytic cycle. The optimized reaction conditions, as well as the mechanistic observations, differ markedly from an earlier report on asymmetric additions of alkyl thiols to allenoates, which highlights the potential for divergent behavior between alkyl and aryl thiols when serving as nucleophiles.
A Transactional Analysis of Interaction-Free Measurements

The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics is applied to the “interaction-free” measurement scenario of Elitzur and Vaidman and to the Quantum Zeno effect version of the measurement scenario by Kwiat et al. It is shown that the non-classical information provided by the measurement scheme is supplied by the probing of the intervening object by incomplete offer and confirmation waves that do not form complete transactions or lead to real interactions.
APPLICATION OF THE CUBED-SPHERE GRID TO TILTED BLACK HOLE ACCRETION DISKS

In recent work we presented the first results of global general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations of tilted (or misaligned) accretion disks around rotating black holes. The simulated tilted disks showed dramatic differences from comparable untilted disks, such as asymmetrical accretion onto the hole through opposing "plunging streams" and global precession of the disk powered by a torque provided by the black hole. However, those simulations used a traditional spherical-polar grid that was purposefully under-resolved along the pole, which prevented us from assessing the behavior of any jets that may have been associated with the tilted disks. To address this shortcoming we have added a block-structured "cubed-sphere" grid option to the Cosmos++ GRMHD code, which will allow us to simultaneously resolve the disk and polar regions. Here we present our implementation of this grid and the results of a small suite of validation tests intended to demonstrate that the new grid performs as expected. The most important test in this work is a comparison of identical tilted disks, one evolved using our spherical-polar grid and the other with the cubed-sphere grid. We also demonstrate an interesting dependence of the early-time evolution of our disks on their orientation with respect to the grid alignment. This dependence arises from the differing treatment of current sheets within the disks, especially whether or not they are aligned with symmetry planes of the grid.
Tailoring the physicochemical properties of zeolite catalysts

The physicochemical properties of zeolite catalysts, such as crystal topology, composition, size, and morphology, can have a marked effect on their performance for a broad range of reactions, notably in catalyst activity, hydrothermal stability, shape selectivity, and/or lifetime. There are relatively few zeolite framework types employed as commercial catalysts. Contributing factors include the high cost of synthesis and the difficulty of tailoring crystal nucleation and growth to achieve the desired properties. There is an increasing amount of structure performance data in the literature and patents that can be used to guide the identification of effective zeolite “formulations”; however, the challenges for realizing these materials are generally twofold: (i) growth mechanisms are not well understood, which often prohibits the control of zeolite crystallization, and (ii) the impracticality of most design schemes hinders their economic feasibility and their potential for facile implementation. These aspects are often overlooked in the design of zeolite catalysts, yet they are essential for any plans aimed at eventual commercialization. In this review, we summarize our recent findings in the area of zeolite synthesis and characterization, focusing specifically on practical routes to control zeolite crystallization in the absence of costly organics, tailoring crystal habit through the use of versatile and recyclable zeolite growth modifiers, and pioneering techniques in zeolite surface science as a platform to expand our knowledge of crystal growth mechanisms. These concerted efforts in rational design bridge fundamental and applied research towards the development of zeolites with improved catalytic performance.