cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions of spectral frequency analyses to the study of P50 ERP amplitude and suppression in bipolar disorder with or without a history of psychosis.

Objective: The present study investigated event-related brain potential (ERP) indices of auditory processing and sensory gating in bipolar disorder and subgroups of bipolar patients with or without a history of psychosis using the P50 dual-click procedure. Auditory-evoked activity in two discrete frequency bands also was explored to distinguish between sensory registration and selective attention deficits. Methods: Thirty-one individuals with bipolar disorder and 28 non-psychiatric controls were compared on ERP indices of auditory processing using a dual-click procedure. In addition to conventional P50 ERP peak-picking techniques, quantitative frequency analyses were applied to the ERP data to isolate stages of information processing associated with sensory registration (20–50 Hz; gamma band) and selective attention (0–20 Hz; low-frequency band). Results: Compared to the non-psychiatric control group, patients with bipolar disorder exhibited reduced S1 response magnitudes for the conventional P50 peak-picking and low-frequency response analyses. A bipolar subgroup effect suggested that the attenuated S1 magnitudes from the P50 peak-picking and low-frequency analyses were largely attributable to patients without a history of psychosis. Conclusions: The analysis of distinct frequency bands of the auditory-evoked response elicited during the dual-click procedure allowed further specification of the nature of auditory sensory processing and gating deficits in bipolar disorder with or without a history of psychosis. The observed S1 effects in the low-frequency band suggest selective attention deficits in bipolar patients, especially those patients without a history of psychosis, which may reflect a diminished capacity to selectively attend to salient stimuli as opposed to impairments of inhibitory sensory processes.
Recombination-filtered genomic datasets by information maximization

Summary: With the increasing amount of DNA sequence data available from natural populations, new computational methods are needed to efficiently process raw sequences into formats that are applicable to a variety of analytical methods. One highly successful approach to inferring aspects of demographic history is grounded in coalescent theory. Many of these methods restrict themselves to perfectly tree-like genealogies (i.e. regions with no observed recombination), because theoretical difficulties prevent ready statistical evaluation of recombining regions. However, determining which recombination-filtered dataset to analyze from a larger recombination-rich genomic region is a non-trivial problem. Current applications primarily aim to quantify recombination rates (rather than produce optimal recombination-filtered blocks), require significant manual intervention, and are impractical for multiple genomic datasets in high-throughput, automated research environments. Here, we present a fast, simple and automatable command-line program that extracts optimal recombination-filtered blocks (no four-gamete violations) from recombination-rich genomic re-sequence data. Availability: http://hammerlab.biosci.arizona.edu/software.html Contact: mpcox@email.arizona.edu
In vivo Tissue pO2 Measurements in Hamster Skinfold by Recessed pO2 Microelectrodes and Phosphorescence Quenching Are in Agreement

Objective:Phosphorescence quenching has been used successfully to optically measure in vivoblood pO2in the microvasculature. Optical measurements have also been made in some tissues, but it is not clear whether these results accurately reflect tissue pO2. Methods:Recessed pO2microelectrodes and the phosphorescence quenching technique were used simultaneously to measure in vivotissue pO2in hamster skinfold. The optical window for phosphorescence quenching was focused around the tips of microelectrodes that were positioned in tissue regions at least 100 µm from large microvessels. Results:Mean tissue pO2measured by recessed pO2microelectrodes was 18.4 ± 1.7 (SE) Torr, and mean tissue pO2determined from the time course of phosphorescence decay was 18.8 ± 2.0 Torr (no significant difference). The two tissue pO2measurements agreed over a wide range, from 2 to 46 Torr (r = 0.93, 39 paired measurements from six sites in 3 animals). There was no systematic change in the microelectrode tissue pO2during the period ...
Start-up transient improvement for sensorless control approach of PM motor

PM motor's speed sensorless control does not work well in the low speed. To avoid this issue, open-loop control is usually used to start the motor, and then it is switched to sensorless close-loop control. The transition between the two control modes can cause a transient during the starting process. This transient can be undesirable especially for motor drives with front-end rectifier and small energy storage components, such as small dc capacitors in the case of voltage source inverter (VSI) drive. This paper studies the principle of dc bus transient in sensorless control start-up process and proposes a method to reduce the oscillation: before closing the sensorless loop, the reference current is adjusted to continuously track the real motor rotor position to the estimated rotor position, and the speed regulator is pre-calculated to generate the q-axis reference current before closing the speed loop. An experiment is conducted using a Vienna-type rectifier and a VSI based motor drive with back-EMF observer based sensorless control on a PM motor. Experimental results show that with the proposed method, the DC bus voltage transient is obviously reduced.
Meiotic pairing and disjunction of mini-X chromosomes in drosophila is mediated by 240-bp rDNA repeats and the homolog conjunction proteins SNM and MNM.

In most eukaryotes, segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is dependent on crossovers that occur while the homologs are intimately paired during early prophase. Crossovers generate homolog connectors known as chiasmata that are stabilized by cohesion between sister-chromatid arms. In Drosophila males, homologs pair and segregate without recombining or forming chiasmata. Stable pairing of homologs is dependent on two proteins, SNM and MNM, that associate with chromosomes throughout meiosis I until their removal at anaphase I. SNM and MNM localize to the rDNA region of the X–Y pair, which contains 240-bp repeats that have previously been shown to function as cis-acting chromosome pairing/segregation sites. Here we show that heterochromatic mini-X chromosomes lacking native rDNA but carrying transgenic 240-bp repeat arrays segregate preferentially from full-length sex chromosomes and from each other. Mini-X pairs do not form autonomous bivalents but do associate at high frequency with the X–Y bivalent to form trivalents and quadrivalents. Both disjunction of mini-X pairs and multivalent formation are dependent on the presence of SNM and MNM. These results imply that 240-bp repeats function to mediate association of sex chromosomes with SNM and MNM.
Graphene nanostructures for device applications

After an introduction that explains why graphene is in general considered to be promising for electronic applications since a few years, we will discuss several of our own new findings on graphene field-effect transistors. In particular, this article makes three points: 1) The material itself - graphene - offers intrinsic advantages due to reduced scattering in low-dimensional structures. 2) The particular energy dispersion of graphene is a key enabler for operation in a new regime called - the quantum capacitance limit. 3) Scaling of graphene devices is not following the classical, diffusive theory. In detail, we present a simple argument why graphene nanostructures exhibit an intrinsic advantage when considering the gate delay in three-terminal device structures and explain why the possibility to operate in the quantum capacitance C q limit provides additional benefits. We show experimental data on the energy dependence of C q that support our previous statements and show first experimental evidence that scaling of the off-state in graphene transistors follows percolation theory rather than conventional diffusive transport equations.
Cross-sectional analysis of patient phone calls to an inflammatory bowel disease clinic

Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) require close follow up and frequently utilize healthcare services. We aimed to identify the main reasons that prompted patient calls to gastroenterology providers and further characterize the “frequent callers”. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included all phone calls registered in medical records of IBD patients during 2012. Predictive variables included demographics, psychiatric history, IBD phenotype, disease complications and medical therapies. Primary outcome was the reason for call (symptoms, medication refill, procedures and appointment issues). Secondary outcome was the frequency of changes in management prompted by the call. Results 209 patients participated in 526 calls. The mean number of calls per patient was 2.5 (range 0-27); 49 (23.4%) patients met the criterion of “frequent caller”. Frequent callers made or received 75.9% of all calls. Crohn’s disease, anxiety, extra-intestinal manifestations and high sedimentation rate were significantly associated with higher call volume. 85.7% of frequent callers had at least one call that prompted a therapeutic intervention, compared to 18.9% of non-frequent callers (P<0.001). The most common interventions were ordering laboratory or imaging studies (15.4%), dose adjustments (12.1%), changes in medication class (8.4%), and expediting clinic visits (8.4%). Conclusion Most phone calls originated from a minority of patients. Repeated calling by the same patient and new onset of gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI symptoms were important factors predicting the order of diagnostic modalities or therapeutic changes in care. Triaging calls to IBD healthcare providers for patients more likely to require a change in management may improve healthcare delivery. Keywords Inflammatory bowel disease, phone calls, high utilization, quality improvement Ann Gastroenterol 2015; 28 (3): 355-363
Hematological Response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Turkeys

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE disease of turkeys in which the membranes lining the infraorbital sinuses first become inflamed and later become distended with a clear to milky, semigelatinous exudate, was probably first recognized in England before 1900 (Dood, 1905). Tyzzer (1926) first described this disease in the United States, and it was given the name “infectious sinusitis” by Dickinson and Hinshaw (1938). The infectious agent was found to be similar to the pleuropneumonia group of organisms, therefore Markham and Wong (1952) suggested it be called “pleuropneumonia-like organism” (PPLO). The pathogenic strain has been designated as Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The pathological and serological changes produced by this disease in turkeys have been extensively studied (Johnson, 1954; Adler, 1954). The course of the disease in turkeys is chronic and progressive. The purpose of this investigation was to study various hematological parameters following infection with M. gallisepticum (S6 strain) in turkeys. METHODS Five week old, male …
Minimizing deterministic weighted tree automata

Deterministic weighted tree automata (dwta) have found promising applications as language models in Natural Language Processing. It is known that dwta over commutative semifields can be effectively minimized. An efficient algorithm for minimizing them is presented. It is polynomial-time given that all operations of the semifield including the computation of the inverses are polynomial. More precisely, if the operations can be performed in constant time, then the algorithm constructs an equivalent minimal (with respect to the number of states) dwta in time O(lmn) where l is the maximal rank of the input symbols, m is the number of (useful) transitions, and n is the number of states of the input dwta.
ROS-induced ROS release in vascular biology: redox-redox signaling

The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in regulating vascular function both in normal vessels and as part of an adaptive response during disease has been intensively studied. From the recognition that ROS serve as important signaling molecules has emerged multiple lines of evidence that there is a functional connectivity between intracellular sites of ROS production. This cross talk has been termed ROS-induced ROS release (RIRR) and is supported by a variety of observations showing that RIRR is a common mechanism for ROS amplification and regional ROS generation. The compartmentalization of ROS production within a cell is critical to its signaling function and is facilitated by microlocalization of specific scavengers. This review will provide descriptions and examples of important mechanisms of RIRR.
License renewal aging management review of insulated cables for Oconee Nuclear Station

The license renewal federal regulation, 10 CFR 54, Requirements for Renewal of Operating Licenses for Nuclear Power Plants, describes the process and the technical requirements for an application to extend the operating license of a commercial nuclear power plant. The license renewal (LR) rule requires that an integrated plant assessment (IPA) be completed. The IPA is an assessment which demonstrates that the effects of aging will be managed for specific structures and components during the 20-year extended period of operation. Insulated cables were reviewed as part of the Oconee Nuclear Station IPA which was submitted to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in July 1998. The technical challenges for reviewing insulated cables were to determine which cables were within LR scope and how to adequately assess their aging. An approach was adopted for the review of insulated cables that identified all insulation materials, bounding characteristics for self-heating temperature rise and service environments. This bounding approach streamlined the review process, made it possible to overcome the technical challenges and complete the review of insulated cables for the Oconee Nuclear Station LR application.
Quantifying the reliability of software: statistical testing based on a usage model

When a population is too large for study, as is the case for all possible uses of a software system, a statistically correct sample must be drawn as a basis for inferences about the population. In statistical testing of software based on a Markov chain usage model, the rich body of analytical results available for Markov chains provides numerous insights that can be used in test planning. Further, the connection between Markov chains and operations research techniques permits a Markov usage model to be expressed as a system of constraints, with mathematical programming used to generate the optimal model for a particular objective function. Since a software usage model is based on the specification, all analyses may be performed early in the development cycle and used as a quantitative basis for management decisions. These techniques have been reduced to engineering practice and used in large projects by IBM, Ericsson, all branches of the US military, and others. In this paper, statistical experiments, Markov models, and optimization techniques are shown to provide a sound theoretical and practical basis far quantifying the reliability of software.
Developing a Parent-Professional Team Leadership Model in Group Work: Work with Families with Children Experiencing Behavioral and Emotional Problems

Building on the respective strengths of parent-led and professional-led groups, a parent-professional team leadership model for group interventions was developed and evaluated for families of youths with emotional and behavioral problems. The model was developed based on feedback from 26 parents in focus group sessions and recommendations from mental health professionals in staff meetings. Evaluations of an implementation of the model in a support, empowerment, and education group intervention (S.E.E. group) have demonstrated the usefulness of this approach in work with families of children with behavioral and emotional problems. This article discusses the challenges of instituting the model in an S.E.E. group. It explores how parents and professionals build the team leadership model and the strengths of this approach in working with parents of youths with serious emotional disturbances.
Use of binary decision diagrams in the modelling and synthesis of binary multipliers

Previous research has proved that the size of binary decision diagrams (BDD) which model the outputs of a binary multiplier grows exponentially with the number of multiplier inputs. This paper presents a method of partitioning the multiplier in a manner which restricts the complexity to the carry bits, which results in BDD's which grow no faster than the square of the number of inputs. These carry functions are themselves interesting, in that their computation amounts to computing subsets of power sets. The concept of largest possible BDD is introduced.
Synthesis of methyl halides from biomass using engineered microbes.

Methyl halides are used as agricultural fumigants and are precursor molecules that can be catalytically converted to chemicals and fuels. Plants and microorganisms naturally produce methyl halides, but these organisms produce very low yields or are not amenable to industrial production. A single methyl halide transferase (MHT) enzyme transfers the methyl group from the ubiquitous metabolite S-adenoyl methionine (SAM) to a halide ion. Using a synthetic metagenomic approach, we chemically synthesized all 89 putative MHT genes from plants, fungi, bacteria, and unidentified organisms present in the NCBI sequence database. The set was screened in Escherichia coli to identify the rates of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I production, with 56% of the library active on chloride, 85% on bromide, and 69% on iodide. Expression of the highest activity MHT and subsequent engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in productivity of 190 mg/L-h from glucose and sucrose. Using a symbiotic co-culture of the engineered yeast and the cellulolytic bacterium Actinotalea fermentans, we are able to achieve methyl halide production from unprocessed switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, and poplar (Populus sp.). These results demonstrate the potential of producing methyl halides from non-food agricultural resources.
Biochemical Response to Androgen Deprivation Therapy Before External Beam Radiation Therapy Predicts Long-term Prostate Cancer Survival Outcomes

Purpose To determine whether the response to neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) defined by a decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to nadir values is associated with improved survival outcomes after external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for prostate cancer. Methods and Materials One thousand forty-five patients with localized prostate cancer were treated with definitive EBRT in conjunction with neoadjuvant and concurrent ADT. A 6-month course of ADT was used (3 months during the neoadjuvant phase and 2 to 3 months concurrently with EBRT). The median EBRT prescription dose was 81 Gy using a conformal-based technique. The median follow-up time was 8.5 years. Results The 10-year PSA relapse-free survival outcome among patients with pre-radiation therapy PSA nadirs of ≤0.3 ng/mL was 74.3%, compared with 57.7% for patients with higher PSA nadir values ( P P =.004). In a competing-risk analysis, prostate cancer-related deaths were also significantly reduced among patients with pre-radiation therapy PSA nadirs of P =.009). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the pre-EBRT PSA nadir value was a significant predictor of long-term biochemical tumor control, distant metastases-free survival, and cause-specific survival outcomes. Conclusions Pre-radiation therapy nadir PSA values of ≤0.3 ng/mL after neoadjuvant ADT were associated with improved long-term biochemical tumor control, reduction in distant metastases, and prostate cancer-related death. Patients with higher nadir values may require alternative adjuvant therapies to improve outcomes.
One‐Pot Conversion of Phospholide Ions into β‐Functional Phosphinines

Only a few β-functional phosphinines are known. As a result, the reactivity of this class of compounds is almost unexplored. A straightforward access to such compounds from the readily available phospholide ions is described (see scheme) and the reaction mechanism is explored by theoretical methods.
A new approach for calculating position domain integrity risk for cycle resolution in carrier phase navigation systems

This paper describes a new theoretical approach to quantify the position-domain integrity risk for cycle ambiguity resolution problems. It is typically conservatively assumed that all incorrectly fixed cycle ambiguities cause hazardously large position errors. Although practical and previously used, this conservative assumption can unnecessarily limit navigation availability for applications with stringent requirements for accuracy and integrity. In response, a new method for calculating the fault free integrity risk for carrier phase navigation algorithms is developed. In this method we evaluate the impact of incorrect fixes in the position domain. The method is used to define tight upper bounds on integrity risk in carrier phase navigation systems that demand high availability. A mechanism to implement this method with partially-fixed cycle ambiguity vectors is also derived. The improvement in navigation availability using this method is quantified through covariance analysis simulated over a range of error model parameters.
Use of animals in experimental research: a scientist's perspective.

The present article was written as an attempt to understand the position of animal rights groups, to stimulate scientists to define their own positions, and to encourage scientists to interpret their use of animals to the rest of society. The article attempts to generate a statement of practices that might be useful in experiments that utilize animals in research. The statement is an extension of the three R's originally proposed by Russell and Burch (W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch [1959]: Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas) into four R's: refinement, reduction, replacement, and review.
BOREAS Landsat MSS Imagery: Digital Counts

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmospheric Study (BOREAS) Staff Science Satellite Data Acquisition Program focused on providing the research teams with the remotely sensed satellite data products they needed to compare and spatially extend point results. The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) Program launched the first of a series of satellites (ERTS-1) in 1972. Part of the NASA Earth Resources Survey Program, the ERTS Program and the ERTS satellites were later renamed Landsat to better represent the civil satellite program's prime emphasis on remote sensing of land resources. Landsat satellites 1 through 5 carry the Multispectral Scanner (MSS) sensor. Canada for Remote Sensing (CCRS) and BOREAS personnel gathered a set of MSS images of the BOREAS region from Landsat satellites 1, 2, 4, and 5 covering the dates of 21 Aug 1972 to 05 Sep 1988. The data are provided in binary image format files of various formats. The Landsat MSS imagery is available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).
Recusal Legislating: Congress’s Answer to Institutional Stalemate

Americans have grown accustomed to, but no less tired of, congressional gridlock. Although the Framers intentionally designed a system that would make lawmaking difficult, they did so with an eye toward ensuring broad consensus before policy enactment. There are times, however, when organizational structures and norms combine with electoral constraints and ambitions to create legislative stalemate despite widespread agreement on not only the need to act, but also on the substance of the necessary policy. These occasions rightfully spark frustration from both inside and outside Congress. Yet it has gone largely unnoticed that, recognizing this problem, Congress has devised a mechanism for overcoming deadlock by “recusing” itself from particular areas of policy development. In these cases, Congress combines delegation of substantial policymaking authority to a non-administrative agency with expedited congressional consideration of the delegatee’s self-effectuating proposal. Drawing on three contrasting examples, this Article creates a framework for understanding the concept of recusal legislating. It identifies the key motivations and benefits of recusal legislating and considers the device’s role in resolving future legislative impasses.
Forecasting Yields with Objective Measurements

AS EVERYONE present at this session is aware, crop forecasts have from the beginning held a much more prominent place in official agricultural statistics of the United States than in those of other countries. Regardless of the value that may attach to estimates of final production when the season is over, it is safe to say that they are about as dead as yesterday's newspaper in the minds of people most intimately concerned with production and marketing. Although there is nothing peculiarly American about the need for crop forecasts, government statisticians in most other countries seem to have held the view that this was
Clustering by propagating probabilities between data points

HighlightsWe study the problem of data clustering.We propose a clustering algorithm by propagating probabilities between data points.We use local densities of the data points to initialize the probabilities.Experiments on synthetic and real data show that the proposed clustering algorithm performs well. In this paper, we propose a graph-based clustering algorithm called "probability propagation," which is able to identify clusters having spherical shapes as well as clusters having non-spherical shapes. Given a set of objects, the proposed algorithm uses local densities calculated from a kernel function and a bandwidth to initialize the probability of one object choosing another object as its attractor and then propagates the probabilities until the set of attractors become stable. Experiments on both synthetic data and real data show that the proposed method performs very well as expected.
Plotting the Fit

T ecplot 8.0 is a technical graphing software program for creating high-quality, two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) graphical representations of complex data. Like many technical programs, Tecplot requires time and effort to master. But the effort is worthwhile because the quality of the
Friendly Neighbors? Prospects of U.S.-Mexico Cooperation for Joint Security

As the world as become more globalized and North America has become more integrated through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States and Mexico have an increasingly common interest in security issues. The stability of Mexico is a primary security concern for the U.S. since Mexico is the one the U.S.' biggest trading partners and importers of petroleum. The border between the two, however, has long created a problem for the U.S. due to narotics trafficking and alien smuggling. The terrorist attacks of September 11 have led to increasing awareness by the U.S. of the possibility of an international terrorist threat stemming from the border. We argue that despite political will by elites on both sides, and security agreements and arrangements such as, the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) agreement, and the U.S.-Mexican Border partnership agreement, joint security interests are hindered by a variety of factors. These factors include asymmetric security interests, a weak border security regime, and inadequate domestic institutions in Mexico. The result is that current cooperation between the two states is insufficient to protect against mutual threats to their security.
Theory of conductive filaments in threshold switches

We show that the average parameters of conductive filaments and the related characteristics of threshold switches can be described thermodynamically based on the system free energy. In particular, we derive analytical expressions for the filament radius as a function of applied bias, and its current-voltage characteristics, the observations of which have remained without mathematical description for about 30 years. Our theory is extendible to filament transients and allows for efficient numerical simulations of arbitrary switching structures. This new understanding may be important in the advancement of novel technologies that combine threshold switches with phase change memory, such as 3D architectures.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients Despite Both Standard and Aggressive Supplementation

Abstract We recently reported that more than 70% of pediatric and young adult patients had a vitamin D (VD) deficiency at the time of their hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Moreover, VD deficiency was associated with inferior survival at 100 days after transplantation. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the VD requirements needed to maintain an optimal VD level (30 to 60 ng/mL) during the first 3 months after transplantation using real-time VD monitoring and personalized VD supplementation. We examined 2 cohorts in this study: cohort 1, the "preintervention" cohort (n = 35), who were treated according to National Kidney Foundation guidelines for VD therapy, and cohort 2, the "intervention" cohort (n = 25) who were treated with high-dose VD with an aggressive dosage increase in those who remained VD-insufficient. Results from cohort 1 showed that despite aggressive monitoring and VD supplementation, therapeutic vitamin D levels were difficult to achieve and maintain in HSCT recipients during the early post-transplantation period. Only 43% of cohort 1 achieved a therapeutic VD level, leading to our intervention in cohort 2. Outcomes improved in cohort 2, but still only 64% of cohort 2 patients achieved a therapeutic VD level despite receiving >200 IU/kg/day of VD enterally. The median VD level in patients who did achieve sufficient levels was 40 ng/mL, with only 1 patient in each cohort achieving a supratherapeutic but nontoxic level. These data indicate that standard guidelines for VD replacement are inadequate in HSCT recipients, and further work is needed to define more appropriate dosing in this clinical setting.
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE PATTERNS ACROSS A COTTONWOOD HYBRID ZONE: CYTONUCLEAR DISEQUILIBRIA AND HYBRID ZONE DYNAMICS.

In this study we examine the cytoplasmic inheritance patterns of an interspecific hybridizing population of Fremont and narrowleaf cottonwoods, using mitochondrial DNA. Three mitochondrial probes showing polymorphisms were used to distinguish between trees of known nuclear inheritance. Every tree screened had only one cytoplasmic genotype, either Fremont or narrowleaf. Thus, these results demonstrate that mitochondria are uniparentally inherited in these trees. Previous studies of the nuclear inheritance of this interspecific hybridizing population of cottonwood trees indicated an asymmetry in the frequency of parental genes. Using mitochondrial markers we tested one hypothesis potentially responsible for this asymmetric distribution (i.e., trees of mixed genotypes will be sterile or will not survive if their cytoplasm is derived from one or the other parent). Our results, however, show that both Fremont and narrowleaf mitochondrial markers are found in trees with mixed nuclear genotypes. Thus, nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibilities do not appear to account for the asymmetric distribution of nuclear genotypes within the hybrid swarm. An alternative explanation for the observed asymmetric distribution of nuclear genotypes is advanced. Although nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibilities do not appear to explain the asymmetric distribution of nuclear alleles within the hybrid zone, nonrandom associations between nuclear and cytoplasmic genotypes do exist. For example, all F1 hybrids had Fremont mitochondrial genotypes. Furthermore, backcrosses between F1 hybrid and narrowleaf trees have a higher than expected proportion of heterozygous loci and a higher than expected proportion of Fremont mitochondria. We propose that seeds, seedlings, or trees with high proportions of heterozygous loci are at a disadvantage unless they also have the Fremont mitochondrial genotype. While it is generally difficult to infer dynamic processes from static patterns, studies such as ours enable one to gain new insights to the dynamics of plant hybrid zones. A hybridization pattern of decreasingly complex backcrosses as one proceeds from higher to lower elevation within the hybrid swarm, a residue of Fremont cytoplasmic DNA within the pure narrowleaf population, and the unidirectional nature of these crosses suggest that the narrowleaf population may be spreading down the canyon and the Fremont population receding. The eventual fate of the hybrid zone, in relation to these processes, is discussed.
Molecular Phylogeny of the Neotoma floridana Species Group

A phylogeny of the Neotoma floridana species group of woodrats was inferred using mi-tochondrial-DNA (mtDNA) restriction sites identified by 17 type-II restriction endonucleas-es. Wagner, Dollo, and generalized parsimony analyses revealed a sharp dichotomy among populations of Neotoma albigula found east and west of the Rio Grande. Additional polymorphism among samples of N. albigula from northern Mexico also was detected. Data from mtDNA suggest paraphyly exists within N. albigula and that at least two cryptic species are present within the taxon. Phylogenetic and phenetic analyses of the mtDNA data reveal a sister-group relationship between Neotoma micropus and N. albigula , whereas N. floridana and Neotoma magister form sister taxa to this group. These results clarify discrepancies reported for this species group based on morphologic, allozymic, and karyotype data. Additionally, Neotoma phenax, Neotoma cinerea, Neotoma mexicana , and Neotoma stephensi were included to provide an intrageneric perspective on relationships within the N. floridana species group. N. mexicana and N. stephensi formed a clade associated with the N. floridana species-group clade with N. phenax and N. cinerea appearing as sole members of branches basal to the remaining Neotoma .
THERMAL ACCOMMODATION OF GASES ON SOLIDS

The kinetic theory basis of the thermal accommodation coefficient is stated and a brief historical resume’ of the experimental work is given on the basis of two categories — that done with an attempt to control the solid surface coverage and that without such an attempt. Results of some clean surface accommodation measurements and methods of obtaining them are described. Various types of experiments on correlation of thermal accommodation with controlled surface coverage are described and are illustrated by typical results from the author's laboratory. Opinion is expressed on some capabilities, limitations, and desirable future courses of work in this field.
Mechanism of desensitization of the cloned vasopressin V1a receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes.

The vasopressin V1a receptor exerts its effects by G protein-mediated increases in cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai2+) and activation of protein kinase C. The V1a receptor also undergoes autologous desensitizat...
Proteolytic Processing of the MHV Polymerase Polyprotein

The polymerase gene of Mouse Hepatitis Virus strain JHM (MHV-JHM) encodes a polyprotein larger than 750 kilodaltons. This polyprotein is proposed to be processed by several viral proteinases into functional subunits. The amino-terminal subunit is p28, which is cleaved by the first viral papain-like proteinase domain. In this study, we identified the cleavage site of this papain-like cysteine proteinase by amino acid sequencing of radiolabeled polypeptide adjacent to p28. Proteolysis occurs between the glycine-247 and valine-248 dipeptide bond. To determine which amino acid residues are critical for proteolysis, we preformed site-directed mutagenesis on the coding sequences surrounding the cleavage site and assayed for the efficiency of cleavage of p28 in an in vitro transcription and translation system. We report that glycine-247 and arginine-246 are the most critical residues for efficient processing of p28.
An Innovative Collaborative Treatment Model: The Community-Based Speech-Language Pathologist and Cleft Palate Team.

Problem: Children with cleft-related articulation disorders receive ineffectual or inappropriate speech therapy locally due to lack of training and a disconnect between the team and local speech-language pathologists. Solution: A collaborative care program that is billable for the team allows the local speech-language pathologist to earn continuing education units and facilitates effective local speech therapy. This program is the first of its kind, according to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Continuing Education Board for Speech Pathology.
DMS-Based Energy Optimizations for Clustered WSNs

In this article, we consider clustered wireless sensor networks where the nodes harvest energy from the environment. We target performance-sensitive applications that have to collectively send their information to a cluster head by a predefined deadline. The nodes are equipped with Dynamic Modulation Scaling (DMS)-capable wireless radios. DMS provides a tuning knob, allowing us to trade off communication latency with energy consumption. We consider two optimization objectives, maximizing total energy reserves and maximizing the minimum energy level across all nodes. For both objectives, we show that optimal solutions can be obtained by solving Mixed Integer Linear Programming problems. We also develop several fast heuristics that are shown to provide approximate solutions experimentally.
Does Dapagliflozin Affect Energy Intake and Appetite? A Randomized, Controlled Exploratory Study in Healthy Subjects

The primary aims of this study were to assess the effects of dapagliflozin versus placebo on energy intake and appetite ratings in healthy individuals. This was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-period crossover study. In each period, healthy individuals received either dapagliflozin or placebo for 2 weeks. On assessment days, participants were asked to consume a standard preload breakfast. Appetite ratings were measured with 100-mm visual analog scales immediately before and during the 4.25-hour period after breakfast. Energy intake was measured at an ad libitum lunch. Energy intake and appetite responses were assessed at the end of each 2-week treatment period by mixed-design analysis of variance. Eighteen individuals completed all assessments (44% female; mean age, 22.8 years; 44% Caucasian; mean BMI, 25.2 kg/m2 ). There was no difference in energy intake on dapagliflozin compared to placebo (mean difference, -19.8 kcal; P = .516). Mean differences in prebreakfast desire for salty foods (11.3 mm, P = .094) and postbreakfast desire for sweet foods (8.1 mm, P = .054) trended higher with dapagliflozin relative to placebo. Our data do not support an effect of dapagliflozin on energy intake or appetite measures in young, healthy subjects. Although not statistically significant, the size of the mean differences in prebreakfast desire for salty foods and postbreakfast desire for sweet foods on dapagliflozin were larger than placebo and reflect the drug's natriuretic and glucuretic effects. These findings should be further evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Genetic and metabolic hallmarks of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a malignancy characterized by deregulated hypoxia-inducible factor signaling, mutation of several key chromatin modifying enzymes, and numerous alterations in cellular metabolism. Pre-clinical studies have historically been limited to cell culture models, however, the identification of critical tumor suppressors and oncogenes from large-scale patient sequencing data has led to several new genetically engineered mouse models with phenotypes reminiscent of ccRCC. In this review, we summarize recent literature on these topics and discuss how they inform targeted therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ccRCC.
The BEC Near a Feshbach Resonance: A Superfluid of Mutually Coherent Condensates

To gain a true appreciation of how extraordinary many of the properties of the atomic-trap Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC’s) [1] are, we only have to remind ourselves of their dilute gas nature. As such, the fact that their dynamics is extremely sensitive to the inter-particle interactions is remarkable, for instance. Since these BEC’s are amenable to atomic and optical techniques that can modify the inter-atomic interactions [2], it is also a relevant remark. In this paper, we discuss one of the proposed schemes: the magnetically controlled low energy Feshbach resonance. Near resonance, a magnetic field variation alters the detuning and, hence, the binary atom interactions. The response of the condensate to sudden changes of the inter-particle interaction is macroscopic [3] and the experimentalist who can control it is insured of performing interesting dynamical BEC-experiments. This prospect motivated a great deal of research, both in theory [4]- [5] and experiment [6].
Patterns of Death in World Leaders

This study presents an analysis of the mortality patterns of people who become world leaders. Using information in the public domain, we identified 261 world leaders who died between 1965 and 1996. Of these, 118 died while in office, 44% violently, often by assassination. Of the 143 leaders who died after leaving office, 11% died violently. The violent deaths occurred worldwide but most frequently in the Middle East/South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa regions. The most frequent natural causes of death among world leaders were heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Mortality patterns reveal that the longevity of those leaders who died of natural causes could have been predicted by U.S. life tables. This study suggests that world leaders are neither biologically "tougher" nor more vulnerable to disease than others; however, their odds of dying violently while in office are high.
Alexander the Great: Opportunities and Risks asa Teenager (340s to 338 BC)

Alexander had treated the warhorse Bucephalas as he wanted to be treated himself – by persuasion rather than compulsion. According to Plutarch, Philip knew his son could not be forced to do anything, only persuaded through reasoning. Recognizing this trait, in addition to Alexander's boundless desire for knowledge, Philip secured the most persuasive teacher he could find to educate his son to become the best possible successor to the throne of a world power: the scientist, philosopher, and political theorist Aristotle. Aristotle was the same age as Philip, born in the late 380s, and although Greek he had spent his childhood in the Macedonian court, where his father was employed as the official physician. He and Philip were most likely childhood friends. When Aristotle was about eighteen years old, he left Macedonia to study at Athens with Plato, the leading philosopher of the time and himself a student of the famously controversial Socrates. Plato's curriculum emphasized mathematics, geometry, political theory, and ethics. Aristotle became the best-educated person in Greece and, in later times, the most influential thinker from ancient Greece. During his long career, he lectured on a dazzling diversity of subjects: botany, zoology, geography, mathematics, geometry, rhetoric, political history, political philosophy, strategic policy, literary theory, metaphysics, astronomy, the meaning of dreams, and philosophy as a practical guide for living a life of excellence ( aretē ). Philip sent Alexander and his Companions to study under this foreign teacher in a sacred location, the Sanctuary of the Nymphs in Mieza, two days’ journey from the capital. The teenagers lived and studied apart from their parents and the rest of Macedonian life. Philip spared no expense in setting up this private school for his son and a select few young members of the Macedonian social elite. Philip believed that this special and high-powered education away from court, with a great teacher who uniquely combined theoretical knowledge with its practical application, would produce the best possible king and the best possible friends and advisors for him.
Presence of genetic aberrations in patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and clinical outcomes.

e20604Background: Historically, survival in patients (pts) with NSCLC brain metastases (BM) is poor, however, improved systemic therapies are now available including targeted therapies and immunoth...
Extending Degrees via Individualization of Instruction and CBE Technology

In the late seventies, the move to extend collegiate opportunities to non-traditional students has been accelerated. In these efforts, individualized instruction and competency based technology has...
Explicit Versus Implicit Questioning: Inviting All Children to Think Mathematically

Background/Context: Open-ended, or implicit, questioning has been described as central to reform teaching in mathematics. However, concerns about equity have caused some researchers to question whether this kind of teaching is productive for all children. Purpose: This study explores the role that implicit and explicit questions played in encour aging mathematical thinking in an elementary mathematics class taught by a reform-ori ented teacher. Setting: The study took place in a third-grade classroom located in a small urban school. Participants: Participants in the study were a European American teacher, a student teacher, and 19 third-grade students in an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse class room. Research Design: The study drew on ethnographic interpretive methods to collect data through a yearlong observation of 5 focal students in the third-grade classroom. Conversations during mathematics class were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data also included written field notes, student work, informal interviews with children, and formal interviews with the teacher. Analysis began with open coding of the transcripts and field notes and proceeded to more fine-grained coding and examination of other data. Data Collection and Analysis: Analysis showed that implicit questions seemed to privilege some children, particularly those who shared the language and cultural practices of the teacher, whereas explicit questions allowed a wider variety of children to participate compe tently in the mathematics classroom.
Terrorism and the Alchian-Allen Theorem

The Alchian-Allen “effect” occurs when the fixed cost of purchasing a good is altered. Initially fixed costs imposed on consumers of airline flights due to terrorism were low. Coach airfares increased relative to business and first class fares due to security costs. Since air fares are flexible, the ratio of coach fares to business or first class fares should fall. Using quarterly fare data for the period 1995-2005 from DOT’s Database 1B, analysis shows a significant effect on relative shares of air travel. The sign of the effect is negative indicating that first class declined relative to coach travel
Ontologies of Organizational Culture

This chapter examines the underlying theories that help to explain the nature of organizational culture as defined in this book. In this chapter, several of these theories are listed; however, the chapter is primarily concerned with process metaphysics. Subsequent to defining this philosophy generally, the chapter presents an examination of many of the specific ideas involved in process metaphysics and their implications for studying and working with organizations. Finally, the chapter examines ways to incorporate these ideas into one’s practice and mindset.