cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New earthquake catalog reexamines Hawaii's seismic history

On April 2,1868, an earthquake of magnitude 7.9 occurred beneath the southern part of the island of Hawaii. The quake, which was felt throughout all of the Hawaiian Islands, had a Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity of XII near its source.The destruction caused by a quake that large is nearly complete. A landslide triggered by the quake buried a small village, killing 31 people, and a tsunami that swept over coastal settlements added to the death toll. We know as much as we do about this and other early earthquakes thanks to detailed records kept by Hawaiian missionaries, including the remarkable diary maintained by the Lyman family that documented every earthquake felt at their home in Hilo between 1833 and 1917 [Wyss et al., 1992].Our analysis of these and other historical records indicates that Hawaii was at least as intensely seismic in the 19th century and first half of the 20th century as in its more recent past, with 26 M ≥6.0 earthquakes occurring from 1823 to 1903 and 20 M ≥6.0 earthquakes from 1904 to 1959. Just five M ≥6.0 earthquakes occurred from 1960 to 1999. The potential damage caused by a repeat of some of the larger historic events could be catastrophic today
New derivations of Darwin's theorem

Two new derivations of Darwin's theorem on the equality of the added mass for translation of a body moving in an ideal fluid of infinite extent and the drift mass are given. The first is based on the idea of time lag, used by Rayleigh (1876), Ursell (1953), and Longuet-Higgins (1953) to study fluid drift. The second is truly elementary, relying only on the concept of continuity and Newton's second law of motion. A geometrical interpretation of the result in the first derivation is given, and a few examples are provided.
Optimal management of patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer and compromised cardiopulmonary function

SUMMARY Lobectomy with systematic lymph node evaluation is the standard of care for medically fit patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. The definition of ‘medically inoperable’ has evolved over time as technological advances have reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with surgery. Operability is currently more appropriately described as a gradient of risk, rather than a strict characterization of inoperable versus operable. For patients who cannot tolerate a lobectomy, multiple treatment options exist: sublobar resection, fractionated radiation, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and radiofrequency ablation. Ongoing randomized studies will provide direct comparisons of surgery versus SBRT for both standard- and high-risk operable patients. For medically inoperable patients, radiation is the standard of care, and SBRT offers high rates of local control with limited morbidity. Prospective trials will continue to inform, but in the meantime, the best approach is a multidisciplina...
Charge Transfer Assisted by Collective Hydrogen‐Bonding Dynamics

Bipolar disorder: Femtosecond spectroscopy of samples in protic and aprotic solvents of similar polarities reveals that charge-transfer processes are substantially facilitated by the formation of solute-solvent hydrogen-bond networks (see picture). This notion of molecular-specific interactions is not part of the continuum dielectric models of solvation and should be of significance to biological processes such as those of enzymes.
Amorphous silica solubilities—I. Behavior in aqueous sodium nitrate solutions; 25-300°C, 0-6 molal

Abstract The solubility of amorphous silica was obtained in aqueous sodium nitrate solutions up to six molal and at temperatures from 25 to 300°C. It was expected that solubilities in aqueous sodium chloride solutions would be similar. At 25°C, the solubility of amorphous silica is lowered from that in water to 0.00086 m in 6.12 m sodium nitrate, or a decrease of 60%. At 300°C, the corresponding decrease is only 27% from a solubility of 0.0269 m in H2O. From the change in solubility with temperature at a given constant molality of sodium nitrate, the molal heat of solution over the range, 100 to 300°C, increases from + 2.93 kcal mol−1 in water to + 3.64 kcal mol−1 in 6m sodium nitrate. The value approaches a constant of +3.8 kcal mol−1 as sodium nitrate approaches saturation at 10.8 molal.
Moving beyond the immune self

We are witnessing a significant challenge to immunology's basic tenet, the immune self. Such an 'entity' is increasingly regarded as polymorphous and ill defined as transplantation biology and autoimmunity have demonstrated phenomena that fail to allow faithful adherence to a strict dichotomy of self/nonself discrimination. Instead of searching for elusive criteria of 'self' and 'other', immune responses are increasingly studied as arising within complex contexts, which determine various degrees of reactivity or dormancy. When the character of the immune 'object' is determined by the context in which it appears, not its character as 'foreign' per se, self/nonself discrimination recedes as a governing principle. In such context-based models, 'ecologic' controls arise from the entire organism in which the immune system is fully integrated. In these systems, subject-object relationships become blurred. Viewed from this perspective, a new theoretical construction of the immune system, one originally proposed by Jerne, is contending with Burnet's theory of immune identity. Although it is too early to judge which theory will prove more capacious, it is already apparent that Jerne's formulation has had a decisive impact in shaping new models of immunity.
Redshift of southern radio galaxies

We report optical spectroscopy and redshift determination for 22 radio galaxies, extracted from the Ekers et al. (1989) compilation. Selected sources, which have both Fanaroff & Riley type I and II radio morphology and are classified as elliptical or S0, have a typical early–type spectrum with strong absorption lines as generally observed in non-radio elliptical galaxies. Only in two cases, 0344-345 and 1521-300, moderately strong emission lines are observed.
The library and science and mathematics

(1967). The library and science and mathematics. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 6, The Library in the Elementary School, pp. 8-12.
The effect of static exercise on renal sympathetic nerve activity in conscious cats.

1. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RNA), heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (AP), and force development were measured simultaneously during voluntary static (isometric) exercise performed by conscious cats. The cats were operantly trained to press a bar with one forelimb. When the force applied to the bar exceeded a predetermined value (threshold), a sound was emitted by a buzzer for audio-feedback. If the cat continued to produce the appropriate force for a period of 26-55 s, food was given as a reward. 2. A total of eighty-nine exercise trials were performed by seven cats. The peak force applied to the bar was 468 +/- 28 g (mean +/- S.E.M.). RNA, HR, and AP increased significantly from the control value during static exercise by 102 +/- 14%, 23 +/- 2 beats/min, and 11 +/- 1 mmHg, respectively. 3. The increase in RNA had both an initial and a late component. The initial component occurred at or immediately before the onset of force development and lasted for 10 s, while the late component gradually increased 14 s after the onset of static exercise and was sustained until the exercise was terminated. 4. HR also increased at the beginning of static exercise with a similar time course as RNA. Then, HR returned to the control value and remained at that level during the remainder of exercise. The increase in AP was delayed by 10 s from the initial increase in RNA and then continued to rise throughout the period of exercise. 5. The sound of the buzzer was emitted during rest to determine any influence of anticipation or conditioning on the response. RNA and AP increased slightly, but HR did not change. The increases in RNA and AP were much smaller than the increases obtained during static exercise. Thus, the increases in RNA, HR and AP during static exercise appeared to be associated with the exercise itself and not due to anticipation and/or conditioning. 6. When AP was elevated by a bolus injection of noradrenaline, RNA during rest was almost abolished and the increase of RNA during static exercise was markedly inhibited. Thus the arterial baroreflex significantly influences RNA both during rest and during static exercise. 7. This study suggests that the initial increases in RNA and HR at the beginning of static exercise in conscious cats are caused by descending input from higher brain centres and not by afferent feedback signals from muscle receptors or by arterial baroreceptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Electronic and vibrational analysis of porphyrazine liquid-crystalline structure: Toward photochemical phase switching

Abstract The electronic and vibrational Raman spectra of octa-substituted (R = –SC 10 H 21 ) Co- and Cu-porphyrazines are reported in their solid-state, mesophase, and isotropic liquid forms, as well as in THF solution. Their electronic spectra are composed of traditional Soret (CuS10 = 355 nm, CoS10 = 347 nm) and lower energy Q-bands (CuS10 = 669 nm, CoS10 = 639 nm), as well as a weaker, functionality-specific sulfur n → porphyrin π ∗ feature (CuS10 = 500 nm; CoS10 = 447 nm). In contrast to the broad Q-band for CoS10 in all three neat phases, the lower energy analogue for CuS10 is markedly sharper in the microcrystalline state, but similarly broadens in the mesophase, indicative of long range macrocycle π–π interactions that persist even into the liquid state. The resonance ( λ = 647 nm) and off-resonance ( λ = 785 nm) Raman spectra of these materials in each phase exhibit four diagnostic vibrations; the C α –N m stretch (∼1540–1553) cm −1 , C β –C β stretch (∼1450 cm −1 ), C α –C β –N p stretch (∼1300–1315 cm −1 ), and C α –C β stretch (∼1070 cm −1 ). For CoS10, these vibrations systematically shift to lower energy upon melting, while those for CuS10 collapse to degenerate sets. The differences in the electronic and vibrational profiles as a function of temperature suggest that the mesophase structure is governed by strong axial Co–S interactions for CoS10 which template macrocycle π–π stacking, while for CuS10 the same contacts exist, but they are phase dependent and markedly weaker. These inter-porphyrazine interactions are, therefore, responsible for the distinct differences in the melting and clearing temperatures of their respective mesophases. Finally, based on these diagnostic spectroscopic signatures, a photo-thermal, phase-switching mechanism is demonstrated with λ = 785 nm excitation at reduced temperatures, leading to the ability to spectrally monitor and phase change with a single photon source.
An Affinity–Effect Relationship for Microbial Communities in Plant–Soil Feedback Loops

Feedback loops involving soil microorganisms can regulate plant populations. Here, we hypothesize that microorganisms are most likely to play a role in plant–soil feedback loops when they possess an affinity for a particular plant and the capacity to consistently affect the growth of that plant for good or ill. We characterized microbial communities using whole-community DNA fingerprinting from multiple "home-and-away" experiments involving giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) and common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and we looked for affinity–effect relationships in these microbial communities. Using canonical ordination and partial least squares regression, we developed indices expressing each microorganism's affinity for ragweed or sunflower and its putative effect on plant biomass, and we used linear regression to analyze the relationship between microbial affinity and effect. Significant linear affinity–effect relationships were found in 75 % of cases. Affinity–effect relationships were stronger for ragweed than for sunflower, and ragweed affinity–effect relationships showed consistent potential for negative feedback loops. The ragweed feedback relationships indicated the potential involvement of multiple microbial taxa, resulting in strong, consistent affinity–effect relationships in spite of large-scale microbial variability between trials. In contrast, sunflower plant–soil feedback may involve just a few key players, making it more sensitive to underlying microbial variation. We propose that affinity–effect relationship can be used to determine key microbial players in plant–soil feedback against a low "signal-to-noise" background of complex microbial datasets.
In vivo and in vitro comparison of female and male nociceptors.

Abstract While it is generally accepted that women have lower pain thresholds for diverse forms of noxious stimuli, the mechanistic basis for this sexual dimorphism in nociceptive pain remains to be elucidated. We confirmed, in the rat, that females have lower cutaneous mechanical nociceptive thresholds and established a similar sexual dimorphism in muscle. To determine if a peripheral mechanism underlies this sexual dimorphism in pain threshold, we compared biophysical properties of cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that innervated the gastrocnemius muscle in female and male rats. DRG neurons from female rats, which innervated the gastrocnemius muscle, had a more hyperpolarized resting membrane potential. To determine if this was associated with a higher mechanical nociceptive threshold, in contradiction to our working hypothesis, we compared the function, in vivo, of nociceptive afferents innervating the gastrocnemius muscle in male and female rats. C-fiber nociceptors innervating muscle in female rats had higher mechanical thresholds than those in males. Other response characteristics of these nociceptors were not significantly different. Thus, both in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology experiments support the idea that lower mechanical nociceptive threshold in females may be due to sexual dimorphism in central nervous system mechanisms, a difference large enough to overcome an opposing difference in peripheral pain mechanisms. Perspective This article unifies in vivo and in vitro electrophysiology with behavioral data examining the differences in mechanical nociceptive threshold between male and female rats. The data provide a novel perspective on the peripheral and behavioral outcomes of noxious mechanical stimulation.
On a new incentive and market based framework for multi-tier shared spectrum access systems

The popularity of the smartphone and the resulting increase in the volume of wireless data traffic has created a large gap between bandwidth supply and demand. An attractive and less expensive solution to re-farming of spectrum is to maximize the use of under-utilized bands through spectrum sharing. Recent efforts in this area, that propose operation of wireless systems in shared spectrum, address the main challenge of how shared spectrum access systems can efficiently share and utilize spectrum resources. In this paper, we focus on the framework for multi-tier shared spectrum operation in wireless networks, where multiple entities — the Shared Spectrum Managers (SSMs) — dynamically acquire, manage and sell shared spectrum. We derive an auction based spectrum resource assignment algorithm which maximizes the overall system efficiency and provides incentives to the incumbents to make spectrum available for sharing. We demonstrate that the algorithm can be implemented in practice through messaging in which the SSM dynamically negotiates spectrum bidding and asking prices with the shared spectrum users. Simulations are performed under different scenarios and assumptions both to verify that the algorithm achieves the maximum utility value for shared spectrum systems, and to compare the outcome behavior under each scenario. Based on the observations, potential regulations that would need to be put in place in each scenario are discussed, and a set of future development areas are identified based on these observations.
Enhanced second order nonlinear optical susceptibilities in ionically self-assembled films incorporating dianionic molecules

Ionically self-assembled monolayer (ISAM) films have been recently shown to spontaneously produce noncentrosymmetric ordering that gives rise to a substantial second order nonlinear optical (NLO) response. Typically, the ISAM films for NLO response are an assemblage of bilayers of oppositely charged polymers whose thickness can be controlled through variation of pH and ionic strength of the immersion solutions. Here, we study the effects of replacing the NLO-active polymer layers with layers of dianionic molecules. Films fabricated exclusively using polyelectrolytes contain some fraction of both randomly oriented and anti-parallel oriented chromophores. The incorporation of dianionic molecules within the ISAM films affords greater χ (2) due to increased net polar orientation of the chromophores.
Simultaneous Water Droplet Formation and Sorting Using an Electric Field

The droplet-based microfluidic technology has a potent high throughput platform for biomedical research and applications [1]. Recently, Link et al. showed that an electric field can be very useful to control water droplet in carrier oil [2]. In this research, simultaneous droplet formation and sorting has been demonstrated using an electric field, allowing very precise droplet sorting to different outlets depending on the electrical actuation.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Curve interpolation with directional constraints for engineering design

An algorithm to interpolate data points with directional constraints is given in this paper. The interpolating B-spline curve passes through the data points and assumes tangent directions at arbitrarily selected points. The advantages of the method is that the user is free to select any number of directional constraints and the method produces full parametric continuity up to C p − 1 for any degree p interpolation. The method is a generalization of Piegl and Tiller (The NURBS book, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, 1997] in two directions: (1) there is no restriction on the degree, and (2) no need to specify derivatives at all data points.
Interactions of TRF2 with model telomeric ends

Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, the integrity of which is essential for chromosome stability. An important telomere binding protein, TTAGGG repeat factor 2 (TRF2), is thought to protect telomere ends by remodeling them into T-loops. We show that TRF2 specifically interacts with telomeric ss/ds DNA junctions and binding is sensitive to the sequence of the 3', guanine-strand (G-strand) overhang and double-stranded DNA sequence at the junction. Association of TRF2 with DNA junctions hinders cleavage by exonuclease T. TRF2 interactions with the G-strand overhang do not involve the TRF2 DNA binding domain or the linker region. However, mobility shifts and atomic force microscopy show that the previously uncharacterized linker region is involved in DNA-specific, TRF2 oligomerization. We suggest that T-loop formation at telomere ends involves TRF2 binding to the G-strand overhang and oligomerization through both the known TRFH domain and the linker region.
Confirmatory and Hierarchical Confirmatory Analysis of the Differential Ability Scales

The purposes of this research were, first, to determine whether the varied tests contained in the Differential Ability Scales (DAS) measure the same constructs across its wide range, and, second, to determine what constructs and abilities are being measured by this new test. Confirmatory analysis was performed on the standardization data of the DAS using the LISREL 7 computer program. The first set of analyses, which included statistical comparisons of covariance matrices and first-order confirmatory factor analyses, suggested that the constructs measured by the DAS are quite consistent across overlapping age ranges. The second set — hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses — suggested that the DAS first provides a good measure of g, general intelligence. Also, the DAS appears to measure verbal ability and nonverbal reasoning skills.
An evaluation of radioactive iodine therapy in metastatic thyroid cancer.

TWO days before Pearl Harbor we administered a tracer dose of radioactive iodine to a patient with metastases to bone from a follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. In spite of the presence of her thyroid gland from which an encapsulated adenomatous neoplasm had been removed in another hospital seven years earlier, there was uptake in one of her metastatic foci (the right femur), which was 30 per cent of the administered dose. At the time, we did not realize how fortunate this finding, nor did we know that in other cases we should have to resort to various preliminary procedures, not the least of these being elective total thyroidectomy, before these capricious, potentially functional metastatic deposits could be induced to take up iodine and so radiate themselves selectively.
Oxygen vacancy ordering in YBa2Cu3O7-y

Abstract First principles total energy calculations have been performed for YBa 2 Cu 3 O x with x varying from 6.0 to 7.5. The results of these calculations have been used to determine the effective pair interactions for the oxygen ordering in the basal plane. The phase diagram calculated with these “first principles” pair interactions is in very good agreement with experiment. Comparison of the total energies for the O 6 , O 6.5 and O 7 structures shows that the double-cell phase is thermodynamically stable.
Photoemf at a single membrane-solution interface specific to lipid bilayers containing magnesium porphyrins.

THE study of ionic effects in Rudin-Mueller bimolecular lipid membranes containing ionophoric agents has increased the understanding of ion transport across biological membranes. The study of photoreactions in these membranes containing light sensitive chromophores promises to be equally informative. Several teams have reported on such studies1–9, mostly using continuous light. The mixture of photoemf and conductance changes, however, is difficult to separate, and it is not known whether the photoresponses originate from the thin bimolecular region or from the thick annular region (Plateau-Gibbs border) of the membrane. We report here evidence that fast photoemfs across a single interface of such membranes are specific to the bilayer.
Total Student-Athlete Development (TSAD)

Abstract Athletic trainers, coaches and registered dietitians have documented varied eating patterns in college athletes. At Eastern Michigan University, the basketball team's poor eating behavior and fatigue were noted by the coaching staff. Subsequently, a multi-disciplined group of professionals, including a psychologist, academic service center specialists, and dietitians formed TSAD and developed a program to address these issues. Informed consent was obtained for a serum anemia screening test. Also, CP dietetic students performed bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA, RJL Systems) and 24 hour dietary recall to evaluate nutritional status. During this assessment, the CP students asked 4 questions designed to assess fluid/hydration knowledge. Dietary analysis (Diet Analysis Plus, ESHA Research) revealed inadequate intakes of milk/dairy, vegetable and bread/grains groups as compared to the Food Guide Pyramid. The 12 players exceeded the fats/sweets recommendations with an average 35 servings/player being consumed; however, meat intake guidelines were met. The majority of players drank fruit juices to meet the recommended fruit intake. BIA indicated 9 of 12 players were within desirable body weight and composition ranges. Three players were candidates for weight gain regimens. Fluid/hydration questions revealed 33% of the team did not know the important role hydration plays in performance. Academic study table and psychological support sessions were scheduled to enhance student learning and well-being. After this assessment, EMU coaches instituted fruit supplementation after all practice sessions and water breaks increased in frequency during practice. The coaching staff, subjectively, noted that players maintained peak performance through the basketball season.
Licking for taste solutions by potassium-deprived rats : Specificity and mechanisms

There has been little work on the specificity and mechanisms underlying the appetite of potassium (K+) deprived rats, and there are conflicting results. To investigate the contribution of oral factors to changes in intake induced by K+ deficiency, we conducted two experiments using 20-s “brief access” tests. In Experiment 1, K+-deprived rats licked less for water than did replete rats. After adjusting for this difference, K+-deprived rats exhibited increased licking for 100 mM CaCl2, 100 mM MgCl2, and 100 mM FeCl2 compared with K+-replete rats. In Experiment 2, which used larger rats, the K+-deprived and replete groups licked equally for water, 500 mM Na·Gluconate, 350 mM KCl, 500 mM KHCO3, and 1 mM quinine·HCl, but the K+-deprived rats licked more for 500 mM KCl, 500 mM CsCl, and 500 mM NaCl than did the replete rats. Licking was unaffected by addition to NaCl of 200 μM amiloride, an epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) blocker, or 100 μM ruthenium red, a vanilloid receptor 1 (VR-1) antagonist, or by addition to KCl of 50 μM 4-aminopyridine, a K+ channel blocker. These findings suggest that K+-deprivation produces a non-specific appetite that is guided by oral factors. We found no evidence that this response was mediated by ENaC, VR-1, or K+ channels in taste receptor cells.
An exploratory study of international strategic choices for exporting firms in Nigeria

International markets offer potential opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing markets in terms of export growth and performance. Notwithstanding these benefits, many SMEs in Nigeria have not initiated exports or have faced problems in competing in the export markets. The aim of this article is to examine strategic choices available for SME exporting firms in Nigeria. Results of data analysis revealed that the three types of strategy orientations pursued by firms for dealing with competition in export markets are low cost, differentiation, and differentiation focus strategies. Findings also showed that low cost and differentiation strategies are significantly and positively related to export performance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal Surfactant Structures for Cosurfactant-Free Microemulston Systems I. C16 and C14 Guerbet Alcohol Hydrophobes

ABSTRACT In most surfactant formulations involving microemulsions, a cosurfactant is generally required in combination with a primary surfactant for several purposes; however, it has previously been shown not to be an absolute requirement and moreover surfactant hydrophobe structure has a profound effect on such requirements. After examining the phase behavior of several industrially feasible surfactants using oil phase composition, temperature, salinity, cosurfactant concentration, ethylene oxide number (EON), and propylene oxide number (PON) as variables, ethoxylated or propoxylated C14 Guerbet alcohol sulfates are often found to form cosurfactant-free microemulsion systems with acceptable solubilization parameters (σ∗) over a wide variety of system conditions. The C16 Guerbet alcohol sulfates are much more restricted in application, thus often requiring cosurfactant.
A mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model with asperity contact

Most machine elements, such as gears and bearings, are operated in the mixed lubrication region. To evaluate lubrication performance for these tribological components, a contact model in mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication is presented. This model deals with the EHL problem in the very thin film region where the film is not thick enough to separate the asperity contact of rough surface. The macro contact area is then divided into the lubricated area and the micro asperity contact areas by the contacted rough surfaces. In the case when asperity to asperity contact is present, Reynolds equation is only valid in the lubricated areas. Asperity contact pressure is determined by the interaction of two mating surfaces. The applied load is carried out by the lubricant film and the contacted asperities. FFT techniques are utilized to calculate the surface displacement (forward problem) by convolution and the asperity contact pressure (inverse problem) by deconvolution for non-periodic surfaces. With the successful implementation of FFT and multigrid methods, the lubricated contact problem can be solved within hours on a PC for the grids as large as one million nodes. This capability enables us to simulate random rough surfaces in a dense mesh. The load ratio, contact area ratio and average gap are introduced to characterize the performance of mixed lubrication with asperity contacts. Discussions are given regarding the asperity orientation as well as the effect of rolling-sliding condition. Numerical results of real rough topography are illustrated with effects of velocity parameter on load ratio, contact ratio, and average gap.
Molecular Phylogeny of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecidae) as Inferred from γ-Globin DNA Sequences

DNA sequence data of the nuclear-encoded gamma1-gamma2-globin duplication region were used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of 16 cercopithecid (Old World monkey) species representing 12 extant genera. Morphology- and molecular-based hypotheses of Old World monkey branching patterns are generally congruent, except for generic relationships within the subtribe Papionina. The cercopithecids divide into colobines (leaf-eating monkeys) and cercopithecines (cheek-pouched monkeys). The colobines examined by the DNA data divide into an Asian clade (Nasalis, proboscis monkeys; Trachypithecus, langurs) and an African clade (Colobus, colobus monkeys). The cercopithecines divide into tribes Cercopithecini (Erythrocebus, patas monkey; Chlorocebus, green monkeys; Cercopithecus, guenons) and Papionini. Papionins divide into subtribes Macacina (Macaca, macaques) and Papionina (Papio, hamadryas baboons; Mandrillus, drills and mandrills; Theropithecus, gelada baboons; Lophocebus, arboreal mangabeys; Cercocebus, terrestrial mangabeys). In a morphologically based classification, Mandrillus is a subgenus of Papio, whereas Lophocebus is a subgenus of Cercocebus. In contrast, the molecular evidence treats Mandrillus as a subgenus of Cercocebus, and treats both Theropithecus and Lophocebus as subgenera of Papio. Local molecular clock divergence time estimates were used as a yardstick in a "rank equals age" system to propose a reduction in taxonomic rank for most clades within Cercopithecidae.
Student Perceptions of Undergraduate Teaching Assistants

As class sizes increase due to stagnating budgets, and as colleges and universities around the nation increase enrollment, more faculty (especially those without graduate students) are turning to undergraduate teaching assistants (UTA) to meet the increasing demands on academia. We surveyed 142 students enrolled in courses that utilized UTAs to discover what UTA characteristics played the most significant role in student perceptions of UTA helpfulness, accessibility, and perceived qualifications. We found a significant relationship between UTA teaching characteristics and these three main target variables. We recommend ideal UTA characteristics as well as propose a method for designing and implementing training programs for UTAs.
Influence of cystic fibrotic and heterozygous serum on rat jejunum.

SummaryThe rat jejunum bioassay has been shown to be capable of identifying both the cystic fibrotic homozygote and heterozygote and therefore would appear to have great potential as a screening test for the latter. It is suggested that the cystic fibrosis factor does not influence sodium reabsorption by inhibiting an active sodium reabsorption mechanism but rather by inhibiting passive sodium entry into the cell.
First observations of ‘sneaker mating’ in the California market squid, Doryteuthis opalescens , (Cephalopoda: Myopsida)

Commercial harvest of the California market squid, Doryteuthis opalescens, formerly Loligo opalescens, has caused this species to become the largest fishery in the state in the last dozen years, in terms of both tonnage and economic value. All harvest occurs on spawning aggregations. Mating behaviour of Doryteuthis opalescens squid was observed on the egg beds in Monterey, CA during daytime, in La Jolla, CA during the night, and in the laboratory. Small males appeared to insert spermatophores into the mantles of females that were being held in a mating embrace by larger males on several occasions. These ‘sneaker mating’ interactions took 1–15 seconds. After egg deposition females jetted rapidly to disengage themselves from males, and then swam up into the water column. In Monterey, mating groups involved 10–20 individuals and had a sex ratio of one to two males for each female. No larger schools of squid were detected in the vicinity. Monterey observations occurred during a period of decreasing commercial landings and decreasing observations of egg beds on a spawning ground that had been productive since 1863.
Salivary gland cancer and risk of subsequent skin cancer

There are epidemiologic similarities between salivary and skin neoplasms that could be attributed to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. To explore further the etiologic parallels between these two types of cancer, we studied the multiple primary association between salivary gland cancer with that of other cancers known to be induced by ultraviolet light exposure, using data from the SEER program for 1973-1984. Because nonmelanoma skin cancers other than cancers of the lip are not routinely reported to the SEER registries, we specifically evaluated the associations with melanoma and lip cancers. Expected numbers of subsequent primaries (melanoma and lip) for the 904 white men and 784 white women with an initial salivary gland cancer were computed from incidence rates using the Connecticut Tumor Registry. There were significantly increased risks for subsequent lip cancer among men (RR = 8.7) and for melanoma among women (RR = 7.1). Among men there was also a significant association between an initial lip cancer and risk of subsequent salivary gland cancer (RR = 12.7). These observations, together with reported increases in incidence of these tumors, suggest a common etiology, which could partly be explained because of exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
GPS-PWV estimation and validation with radiosonde data and numerical weather prediction model in Antarctica

Three permanent GPS tracking stations in the trans Antarctic mountain deformation (TAMDEF) network were used to estimate precipitable water vapor (PWV) using measurement series covering the period of 2002---2005. TAMDEF is a National Science Foundation funded joint project between The Ohio State University and the United States Geological Survey. The TAMDEF sites with the longest GPS data spans considered in this research are Franklin Island East (FIE0), the International GNSS Service site McMurdo (MCM4), and Cape Roberts (ROB1). For the experiment, PWV was extracted from the ionosphere-free double-difference carrier phase observations, processed using the adjustment of GPS ephemerides (PAGES) software. The GPS data were processed with a 30 s sampling rate, 15-degree cutoff angle, and precise GPS orbits disseminated by IGS. The time-varying part of the zenith wet delay is estimated using the Marini mapping function, while the constant part is evaluated using the corresponding Marini tropospheric model. Previous studies using TAMDEF data for PWV estimation show that the Marini mapping function performs the best among the models offered by PAGES. The data reduction to compute the zenith wet delay follows the step piecewise linear strategy, which is subsequently transformed to PWV. The resulting GPS-based PWV is compared to the radiosonde observations and to values obtained from the Antarctic mesoscale prediction system (AMPS). This comparison revealed a consistent bias of 1.7 mm between the GPS solution and the radiosonde and AMPS reference values.
On the computation of inertial manifolds

Abstract A modified Galerkin (the “Euler-Galerkin”) algorithmj for the computational of inertial manifolds is described and applied to reaction diffusion and the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) equation. In the context of the (KS) equation, a low-dimensional Euler-Galerkin approximation ( n = 3) is distinctly superior to the traditional Galerkin of the same dimension, and comparable to a traditional Galerkin of a much higher dimension ( n = 16).
Short and Simple Syntheses of 4-Oxo-(E)-2-Hexenal and Homologs: Pheromone Components and Defensive Compounds of Hemiptera

One-step syntheses of 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal from commercially available 2-ethyl- and 2-butylfuran are described. A two-step synthesis of the homolog 4-oxo-(E)-2-decenal from furan is also reported. These compounds are common components of true bug defensive secretions, and recently have been identified as pheromone components for several species. The simple syntheses reported here will make these compounds readily available for further research.
Uses of Probabilistic Exposure Models in Ecological Risk Assessments of Contaminated Sites

Food web models have two uses in assessments of environmental contaminants. First, they are used to determine whether remediation is needed by estimating exposure of end-point species and subsequent effects. Second, they are used to establish cleanup goals by estimating concentrations of contaminants in ambient media that will not cause significant effects. This paper demonstrates how achievement of these goals can be enhanced by the use of stochastic food web models. The models simulate the dynamics of PCBs and mercury in the food webs of mink and great blue herons. All parameters of the models are treated as having knowledge uncertainty, due to imperfect knowledge of the actual parameter values for the site, chemicals, and species of interest. This uncertainty is an indicator of the potential value of additional measurements. In addition, those parameters that are responsible for variance among individual organisms are assigned stochastic uncertainty. This uncertainty indicates the range of body burdens that are expected when the end-point species are monitored. These two types of uncertainty are separately accounted for in Monte Carlo simulations of the models. Preliminary monitoring results indicate that the models give reasonably good estimates of heron egg and nestling body burdens and of variancemore » among individuals. 20 refs, 7 refs., 3 tabs.« less
Deeply-scaled self-aligned-gate GaN DH-HEMTs with ultrahigh cutoff frequency

We report record DC and RF performance in deeply-scaled self-aligned gate (SAG) GaN-HEMTs operating in both depletion-mode (D-mode) and enhancement-mode (E-mode). Through aggressive lateral scaling of the gate length (L g ) and the source-drain distance (L sd ) using a novel self-aligned gate technology and engineering of a thin top barrier layer, 20-nm gate AlN/GaN/AlGaN double-heterojunction (DH) HEMTs operating in D-mode (and E-mode) exhibited record DC and RF characteristics with high yield and uniformity; R on = 0.29 (0.33) Ω·mm, I dmax = 2.7 (2.6) A/mm, a peak extrinsic g m = 1.04 (1.63) S/mm, threshold voltage uniformity σ (V th ) = 44 (63) mV over a 3-inch wafer area, and a simultaneous f T /f max = 310/364 (343/236) GHz. Delay time analysis clarified that an unique dependence of f T on V ds resulted from suppressed drain delay and enhanced electron velocity due to the lateral source-drain (S-D) scaling.
Aerosolized pentamidine as alternative primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adult hepatic and renal transplant recipients.

Study objective To examine the safety and efficacy of aerosolized pentamidine (AP) as alternative primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in adult liver and kidney transplant recipients. Design Retrospective review of medical records. Setting Tertiary care urban teaching hospital with active liver and kidney transplant programs. Patients: Adult liver and kidney transplant recipients intolerant of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) therapy and referred to the AP clinic between June 1991 and December 1994. Interventions Each patient received monthly AP, 300 mg, delivered by a nebulizer (Respirgard-II), preceded by inhaled albuterol, 180 pg. During the period of follow-up, information related to side effects of AP and incidence of PCP was recorded. Results A total of 35 patients were identified, 18 liver and 17 kidney transplant recipients. Fourteen patients received AP as initial prophylaxis because of prior sensitivity to TMP-SMX. In another 19 patients, initial TMP-SMX therapy was discontinued for leukopenia (5), elevated liver function test values (4), rash (3), nausea (2), renal failure (2), seizure (2), and thrombocytopenia (1). In addition, two patients received AP in the setting of organ rejection. Liver transplant recipients received AP for an average of 4.28±1.6 months, and renal transplant recipients received AP for an average of 5.71±4.3 months. Adverse effects of AP included bronchospasm (two), dyspnea (one), cough (one), and nausea (one). AP therapy was discontinued in only one patient due to severe bronchospasm. There were no cases of PCP in the 35 patients receiving AP. Conclusions These observations suggest that AP is well tolerated and may be an effective alternative for PCP prophylaxis in adult liver and kidney transplant recipients intolerant to TMP-SMX therapy.
Toward a comprehensive model of death anxiety.

Abstract An integrative, comprehensive model of death anxiety is presented. The model postulates three immediate antecedents of death anxiety: past-related regret, future-related regret, and meaningfulness of death. Past-related regret refers to a person's unfulfilled aspirations that should have been achieved but were not. Future-related regret refers to the anticipation that, as a result of premature death, one cannot achieve important goals in the future. Meaningfulness of death refers to one's concept of death and ability to make sense of it. These three antecedents are related to death salience in a complex way, mediated by coping mechanisms and their effects on one's beliefs about self and the world. The coping mechanisms include (but are not necessarily limited to) life review, life planning, identification with culture, and self-transcending processes. The model's developmental and practical applications are explored.
Therapeutic targeting of prostate cancer.

An inaugural conference in Tucson Arizona on May 6-9, 2004 brought together more than 70 clinical and basic scientists to discuss recent research advances in understanding and targeting the progression of the human prostate cancer. The informal meeting was unique in that it provided the opportunity for discussion and interaction between these different groups of scientists whose paths rarely cross. The goal of the meeting was to develop new and novel approaches in understanding the human prostate cancer in order to uncover therapeutic targets. Faculty from six different cancer centers were represented including Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Irvine, CA; the Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, CA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA; and University of Massachusetts Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, MA. Several importan...
“No More Mr. Nice Guy”: Preservice Teachers' Conflict With Classroom Management in a Predominantly African-American Urban Elementary School

Using methods of naturalistic inquiry, this study examines preservice teachers' conflict with classroom management strategies used in a predominantly African-American urban elementary school. It highlights the theory/practice dilemma, focusing on the tensions between the democratic strategies taught in university classes and the more authoritarian strategies actually found in the urban classrooms. The use of power and caring, evident in the interactions of the teachers with their students, was seen as a way to make sense of these strategies. The African-American and European-American researchers, both university faculty, share their differing perspectives, insights, and questions as they tried to make sense of their students' experiences, especially how subtle forms of racism and strong cultural norms impact one's teaching.
Modelling the Slow Climate Attractor

A review is given of work done by the author and his colleagues over the past six years concerning attempts to model the evolution of the slow-response parts of the climatic system such as the global ice mass. The dynamics of these slow-response parts must be known to determine the consequences of changed boundary conditions or external forcing on the ultimate state of the complete climatic system. It is argued that whereas the faster-response atmospheric (weather) and surface oceanic variables are amenable to the application of models that are “physically based” on the thermo-hydrodynamic equations of geophysical fluid dynamics, the observed slowness of the major variations of ice mass, deep-ocean properties and the carbon cycle demand a new inductive approach. In this new approach one seeks to discover the fundamental laws governing the complete, complex, multi-domain slow system, that is, the slow climatic attractor. The key to this inductive approach is an ever-improving paleoclimatic record. A recently developed model of this attractor governing the three global variables of total ice mass, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and mean deep-ocean temperature is described.
Peripheral arterial embolization: Doppler ultrasound scan diagnosis.

Abstract Use of intraoperative monitoring with transcranial Doppler scanning during carotid endarterectomy has enabled identification of embolus signals in the ultrasound spectrum. Extension of this technique to preoperative screening has enabled identification of actively embolizing lesions and correlation with neurologic deficits. We report embolus signals in the peripheral circulation before operation, which aided diagnosis and decision to operate. The patient had been transferred from another institution after multiple revascularization procedures, including posterior tibial artery thrombectomy. Angiography performed on arrival at our institution confirmed an open bypass graft, although a small indentation was noted at the site of the previous posterior tibial artery thrombectomy. Runoff was intact to the plantar arch where there was attenuation of that vessel and occlusion of most digital branches. Duplex monitoring revealed no embolic signals in the graft or in the posterior tibial artery proximal to the previous arteriotomy. Distal to this site, embolic signals were detected. At the time of operation, a large platelet thrombus was identified at the site of the previous arteriotomy, and platelet thrombus was obtained from the plantar artery. It is concluded that doppler ultrasound scanning enables detection of peripheral embolization and the identification and location of lesions with such embolic activity. Diagnostic accuracy may be improved when there is clinical suspicion of embolization, enabling better patient selection for surgical procedures. This report provides the first clinicopathologic characterization of the emboli detected. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:811-4.)
Status Discrepancy, Political Behavior, and Ethno-Religious Factionalism of Immigrants

The kind and direction of reactions of status discrepant persons to their social position are conditioned by their self-perception which reflects the effects of background factors prior to the chan...
Mapping flowfields with a heated wire and an infrared imaging system

IR imaging system measurements of longitudinal temperature variations created in wakes, jet flows, etc. by an electrically heated wire can furnish indications of air velocity distributions through Nusselt number correlations. These correlations can either account for, or minimize and neglect, wire conduction and radiation effects under steady state conditions. The IR imaging system whose experimental use is presently evaluated employs an InSb detector sensitive to 3.5-5.6-micron IR emissions.