cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure from fleeting illumination of faint spinning objects in flight

Moves are afoot to illuminate particles in flight with powerful X-ray bursts, to determine the structure of single molecules, viruses and nanoparticles. This would circumvent important limitations of current techniques, including the need to condense molecules into pure crystals. Proposals to reconstruct the molecular structure from diffraction ‘snapshots’ of unknown orientation, however, require ∼1,000 times more signal than available from next-generation sources. Using a new approach, we demonstrate the recovery of the structure of a weakly scattering macromolecule at the anticipated next-generation X-ray source intensities. Our work closes a critical gap in determining the structure of single molecules and nanoparticles by X-ray methods, and opens the way to reconstructing the structure of spinning, or randomly oriented objects at extremely low signal levels. An algorithm that reconstructs the structure of an object in flight from the diffraction pattern generated by exposing it to an ultrashort burst of X-rays should enhance the potential of free-electron lasers for studying individual molecules, virus and nanoparticles.
When is guessing incorrectly better than studying for enhancing memory

Recently, Kornell, Hays, and Bjork (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 35:989–998, 2009) demonstrated that incorrect guessing can benefit subsequent memory to a greater degree than can an equivalent amount of study time. We explored this intriguing finding to determine which factors moderate the advantage of incorrect guessing relative to study. In contrast to the findings of Kornell et al., our Experiment 1 revealed that incorrect guessing resulted in worse performance than did studying and that the number of incorrect guesses did not moderate the effect. In contrast, Experiment 2 revealed that the timing of subsequent study moderated the effectiveness of incorrect guessing over study. Final test performance was greater for incorrectly guessed items than for prestudied items when a subsequent study opportunity occurred immediately after the pretrial, whereas the pattern reversed when subsequent study was delayed. This crossover interaction emerged largely because prestudy items showed a classic spacing effect, whereas the guess items did not. One plausible explanation for the absence of a spacing benefit for guess items is that delaying the subsequent study trial increases source-monitoring errors during retrieval, such that participants confuse their original guess with the correctly studied target. However, Experiment 3 provided evidence against this source-monitoring account. We concluded by discussing other possible accounts of why the timing of study could moderate the effectiveness of incorrect guessing.
Twenty Years After The Economic Restructuring Of Eastern Europe: An Economic Review

Twenty years ago, the world witnessed the beginning of one of the most dramatic changes in economic systems. It was the 1989 revolutionary changes in Poland that initiated the collapse of the Soviet-style command economic system of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The economic system transformation that followed did not have any precedent or established theories to rely upon. Thus, some countries opted for a “shock therapy” approach while most opted for the “gradual therapy” approach to economic restructuring. This paper reviews the impact of such unprecedented economic transformation and attempts to shed some light on the relative success of such changes and policies -- twenty years after the collapse of the communist regime in Poland that initiated the „domino effect‟ of the Eastern European command economies collapse.
Use of ultrasound to detect intestinal wall ischemia in piglets

To evaluate the use of ultrasound (US) to detect intestinal wall ischemia, we isolated segments of jejunum on single vascular pedicles in five piglets. We sequentially clamped these segments in intervals of 0 to 6 h, reperfused them for 24 h, and then examined them in vitro histologically and with an 8.5 MHz US scan. All segments were grossly viable except those with 6 h of ischemia. Histologically, mild submucosal edema developed after 1 to 2 h of ischemia; after 3 to 4 h, mucosal necrosis, loss of folds, worsening submucosal edema, and prominent neutrophilic infiltration occurred; after 5 to 6 h, severe mucosal necrosis with hemorrhage and submucosal edema was present. Ultrasonically, we saw five wall layers in the control group corresponding to mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and subserosal fat. After mild (1 to 2 h) ischemia, all layers were present except for a discontinuity in layer 3. After moderate (3 to 4 h) ischemia, the five layers persisted but with a markedly thickened submucosal layer, reduced echogenicity, and flattened mucosal folds. With severe (5 to 6 h) ischemia, we observed a loss of all normal layers with no discernible architecture. Using these US criteria, blinded observers were able to differentiate normal/mild from moderate/severe ischemia with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. These data suggest that US can differentiate, in vitro, normal from moderate and severe degrees of intestinal wall ischemia that correlates well with the histological appearance. Endoscopic US or surgically implantable US probes can potentially help diagnose clinical intestinal wall ischemia.
Old Methods for New Ideas: Genetic Dissection of the Determinants of Gene Expression Levels

There is increasing interest in understanding the molecular basis of complex traits. Initially, the genetic dissection of quantitative traits involved measurements of gross phenotypes. Subsequently, specific physiological and developmental components of individual traits have been dissected. Most recently, the underlying mechanisms of inheritance have been studied through various approaches that are supported by modern technological and methodological advances, namely quantitative trait locus/loci (QTL) analysis (Mackay, 2001; Mauricio, 2001; Doerge, 2002) and mutant analysis (Rossant and Spence, 1998; Hughes et al., 2000) in genetics; genome sequencing (Jang et al., 1999; The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000; Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2002) and gene expression analysis (Duggan et al., 1999; Lipshutz et al., 1999) in genomics; and protein structure analysis (Service, 1999) and protein assay (Kodadek, 2001; MacBeath, 2002)
A Semantic Recognizer Infrastructure for Computing Loop Behavior

Next-generation software engineering is envisioned as a computational discipline that complements human capability through automated computation of software behavior and properties to the maximum extent possible. To help realize this vision, we are exploring the technology of function extraction. Behavior computation for sequences and alternations is relatively straightforward, but no general theory for loop computation can exist, and engineering solutions must be sought. This paper proposes an infrastructure for loop computation based on hierarchies of semantic recognizers operating within a refinement calculus, and outlines an extraction algorithm for computing loop behavior based on application of the recognizers
Time-bin entanglement distribution on a wavelength-division-multiplexed network

We describe a scheme for distributing time-bin entangled photons to multiple pairs of clients. With clients linked through the strong spectral correlations between the photons, a single down-conversion source can serve many clients simultaneously.
Energy, Climate Change, Meat, and Markets: Mapping the Coordinates of the Current World Food Crisis

The widely used metaphor of a perfect storm identifies the world food crisis as a contingent event that will end when food prices decline. The problem is one of supply and demand. The solution is a technological fix focused upon increasing the productivity of small farmers through a second green revolution and integrating them into markets. An international political economy/ecology approach to the food crisis reveals that the food crisis is a predictable outcome of an oil-dependent feedgrain–livestock complex supplying a meat-centric diet for those who can buy it. This complex contributes substantially to climate change and is framed by neoliberal development policies, which deepen the commoditization of food, monetize food security and leave the world’s people vulnerable to periodic food price spikes. The food crisis is linked to energy, climate change, the financial crisis and a socially and environmentally unsustainable grain–livestock complex and must be analyzed and addressed in its relational position to these other crises.
A eulogy for epistemic rhetoric

(1990). A eulogy for epistemic rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 69-72.
Evidence for Residual and Partly Reparable Insulin Secretory Function and Maintained β-Cell Gene Expression in Islets From Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.

It is commonly accepted that type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that results from the wholesale yet surprisingly selective killing of the insulin-secreting β-cells of pancreatic islets (1–4). While the relative importance of reduced β-cell function versus reduced β-cell mass is currently debated in type 2 diabetes (5), T1D has been considered the classic example where diabetes results from reduced β-cell mass secondary to autoimmune attack (1,3,4,6). However, this view has recently been challenged (2,6–9). In this issue of Diabetes , Krogvold et al. (10) compare residual glucose-dependent insulin secretion and whole-genome RNA sequencing of islet tissue from donors with and without diabetes. Islets were obtained from adult T1D subjects soon after the onset of the disease. Recent studies have shown that residual plasma C-peptide levels are present long after the onset of diabetes in patients with T1D (1,6,11–14). However, it is unknown whether this low level of insulin production represents secretion from β-cells that have somehow survived autoimmune attack, perhaps because the autoimmune process was halted or because not all of the β-cells were equivalently affected, or whether they represent a newly regenerated β-cell subpopulation (2). A third possibility is that the surviving β-cells, being in the minority, may simply represent the tail end of the normal distribution of islets originally residing in the pancreas (15). Finding residual C-peptide secretion is …
Elevated Plasma Pancreastatin, but Not Chromogranin A, Predicts Survival in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Duodenum

Background Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the duodenum are rare, heterogeneous, and often indolent neoplasms. We hypothesized that elevated pancreastatin levels are an indicator of a poor prognosis in well-differentiated duodenal NETs. Study Design Data from patients diagnosed with a primary duodenal NET were analyzed. Patients that underwent esophogogastroduodenoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, or exploratory surgery to localize their neoplasm and whose tumors were confirmed histologically were included. Results Eighty-four patients were diagnosed with duodenal NETs from January 1991 to January 2014. Seventy-five percent and 21% of patients had their tumor localized by esophogogastroduodenoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound, respectively. The remaining 4% were localized during exploratory surgery. The 5-year Kaplan-Meier survival rate for the entire cohort (N = 84) was 80%. Survival sorted by normal vs abnormal pancreastatin level was statistically significant (p Conclusions Patients with primary duodenal NETs have high 5-year survival rates. Serial monitoring of plasma pancreastatin levels can identify patients who have a poor prognosis.
Prevention of secondary cardiovascular instability after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion improves survival

Previous studies of small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in immature rats report secondary systemic organ injury and low survival rates; however, in these studies the cardiovascular stability of the rat was not established. To prevent the secondary hemodynamic deterioration accompanying intestinal I/R, we have developed a model that utilizes aggressive fluid resuscitation. Under anesthesia, 4-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 189) underwent 90 min of I/R (superior mesenteric artery occlusion) or sham (SH) operation while receiving lactated Ringer with 5% dextrose at 15 (IR15, SH15) or 65 (IR65, SH65) ml.kg-1 x h-1 i.v. The results indicate that aggressive fluid resuscitation in the IR65 group significantly attenuated the hypotension, hemoconcentration, metabolic acidosis, and amount of gross bowel injury observed in the IR15 group, while increasing postreperfusion renal and intestinal blood flow, prolonging survival time of nonsurvivors, and improving overall group survival. These findings suggest that maintenance of hemodynamic stability is necessary in models of bowel I/R. Furthermore, this model allows for selective study of the isolated effects of intestinal I/R without the additional complications resulting from secondary cardiovascular instability.
Metabolic Engineering for Production of Small Molecule Drugs: Challenges and Solutions

Production of small molecule drugs in a recombinant host is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to chemical synthesis or production in natural hosts such as plants due to the ease of growing microorganisms with higher titers and less cost. While there are a wide variety of well-developed cloning techniques to produce small molecule drugs in a heterologous host, there are still many challenges towards efficient production. Therefore, this paper reviews some of these recently developed tools for metabolic engineering and categorizes them according to a chronological series of steps for a generalized method of drug production in a heterologous host, including 1) pathway discovery from a natural host, 2) pathway assembly in the recombinant host, and 3) pathway optimization to increase titers and yield.
Opportunities for isotope discoveries at FRIB

Abstract Expected production yields of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) were calculated for a wide range of rare isotopes using the code LISE++ and planned performance parameters (Tarasov and Bazin, 2008; Bollen et al., 2011 [2]). A comparison between isotope discoveries of the last decade and expected particle yields indicates the range of isotopes that can likely be detected at FRIB. This paper will highlight recent isotope discoveries at NSCL’s Coupled Cyclotron Facility and deduce how far the limits could be pushed with the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams.
Impulse Redirection of a Tethered Projectile

The momentum of a projectile in free flight can be redirected by using a tether to create a “virtual wall” against which it bounces. The direction of this bounce can be controlled actively through braking modulation, or passively through placement of the tether anchor and the orientation of the projectile at impact. In this paper, we explore the space of motions achievable through the latter two methods. In particular, we consider the ways in which holding the tether away from center of mass at different angles can contribute to changes in speed and direction of motion after the bounce.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Effect of nitrogen mustard on serum complement in vitro and in patients with neoplastic disease.

ConclusionsThe mean serum complement titers of patients with various neoplastic diseases did not differ significantly from that for normal adults. The range of complement values was greater among cancer patients than among normals, but the erratic titers did not appear to be related to clinical status. No depression of human complement titer was observed following the clinical use of nitrogen mustard and x-ray in maximal dosage. Human complement is inactivated by high concentrations of nitrogen mustard in vitro, but not by concentrations in the range which is achieved in clinical usage.
Early onset marijuana use is associated with learning inefficiencies.

OBJECTIVE: Verbal memory difficulties are the most widely reported and persistent cognitive deficit associated with early onset marijuana use. Yet, it is not known what memory stages are most impaired in those with early marijuana use. METHOD: Forty-eight young adults, aged 18-25, who used marijuana at least once per week and 48 matched nonusing controls (CON) completed the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition (CVLT-II). Marijuana users were stratified by age of initial use: early onset users (EMJ), who started using marijuana at or before age 16 (n = 27), and late onset marijuana user group (LMJ), who started using marijuana after age 16 (n = 21). Outcome variables included trial immediate recall, total learning, clustering strategies (semantic clustering, serial clustering, ratio of semantic to serial clustering, and total number of strategies used), delayed recall, and percent retention. RESULTS: Learning improved with repetition, with no group effect on the learning slope. EMJ learned fewer words overall than LMJ or CON. There was no difference between LMJ and CON in total number of words learned. Reduced overall learning mediated the effect on reduced delayed recall among EMJ, but not CON or LMJ. Learning improved with greater use of semantic versus serial encoding, but this did not vary between groups. EMJ was not related to delayed recall after adjusting for encoding. CONCLUSIONS: Young adults reporting early onset marijuana use had learning weaknesses, which accounted for the association between early onset marijuana use and delayed recall. No amnestic effect of marijuana use was observed. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
A mycofloral survey of an artesian community within the Edwards Aquifer of central Texas.

A one year study of an artesian well, associated with the Edwards Aquifer in south-central Texas, revealed substantial fungal populations. The mycoflora from this aphotic community was identified from 4 sources: groundwater samples, introduced organic baits, emerging phreatic organisms and particulate organic matter. The fungal flora included 12 genera of Hyphomycetes, 6 Coelomycetes, 1 Ascomycete, 4 Zygomycetes, and 2 Oomycetes. Presence of fungal organisms within this system, and their subsequent heterotrophic activity may provide answers as to energy conversions within this cavernous groundwater ecosystem. This fungal activity, we believe, enhances the detrital food chain which supports the diverse groundwater animal populations indigenous to this aquifer system.
Study Proposal - Commercial Patent Licensing Data

The proposed Study aims to provide researchers, litigants, judges, policy makers, regulators and the public with previously unavailable information regarding commercial patent licensing practices, including royalty rates, in a manner that does not compromise firm-level confidential information.
In vitro activity of an antibacterial peptide AF generated by Penicillium

Objective To study the antimicrobial activity of peptide AF in vitro. Methods The antimicrobial activity of AF was evaluated with agar diffusion test and duplet dilution method. Sensitivity of passaged S. aureus in AF was tested to detect the generation of AF-resistant-bacteria. The optimal temperature and pH value for AF restraining bacteria were tested.Results AF showed the inhibitory activities to a wide range of bacteria, particularly drug-resistant S. aureus. MIC of AF to S. aureus was 0.8 mg/ml. Sensitivity of S. aureus was unchanged after reproducing in AF for 200 passages. Antibacterial rate of AF was higher at a low temperature and pH. Conclusion AF is a peptide with a broad inhibitory spectrum to bacteria including drug-resistant agents, and it is difficult to induce AF-resistant bacteria.
Development of spirulina health noodles

The effects of adding spirulina powder to flour to make nutritional blanced spirulina health noodles were studied.The results showed that the optimum formula determined is spirulina powder 1.2%,water 42%,salt 1% and fermentation time 10 minutes.The nutrition composition and physicochemical microorganism index of spirulina health noodles are mesurated and analyzed.The experiments proved that the nutritional composition of the spirulina health noodles are better than that of the ordinary noodles,and it is a new way to develop the usage of spirulina powder.
United States Practice in International Law: State Diplomatic and Consular Relations

OVERVIEW As of January 2001, the United States recognized 191 independent states worldwide and maintained diplomatic relations with all but four of those states (Cuba, Iran, Iraq, and North Korea). During the period 1999–2001, the issues of recognition that arose occurred in the context of changes in governments, such as the military coup in Pakistan, the rigging of an election in Peru, and creation of a coalition government in Austria containing radical right-wing elements. In each instance, the United States continued to recognize the government in control of the relevant state, but applied political and diplomatic pressure as a means of promoting respect for democracy and human rights. The United States used its economic power to isolate Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) leader Slobodan Milosevic, then lifted economic sanctions against the FRY when he was deposed, and conditioned certain economic assistance on the transferral of Milosevic to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague. Separate from the issue of recognition, numerous incidents arose concerning the treatment of diplomatic and consular personnel and the provision to foreign nationals of their consular rights. The United States expelled as persona non grata Cuban and Russian diplomats on charges of spying, going so far as to strip one diplomat of his priviliges and immunities when he refused to depart from the United States. Certain efforts by foreign diplomats to sue the U.S. government in U.S. court for alleged torts in their treatment were largely unsuccessful.
Design of nine pole microstrip low pass filter with metal loaded defected ground structure

A novel design methodology for sharpening the response of a low pass filter (LPF) using metal loaded DGS and broadened transmission line elements is being proposed in this paper. The technique presented by Lim et al.[7] is used to design a nine pole low pass filter using square dumbbell DGS to replace the high impedance inductive sections. Further, metal strips are inserted in the etched gap connecting the dumbbells to increase the sharpness of response. Simulation results are used to analyze the dependence of the filter response on the defect type. The metal loaded DGS is tuned to get the optimal design parameters. The designed filter is fabricated and a sharp cut off is received at the cutoff frequency of 2.4 GHz while reducing the size by ≈40% when compare with an stepped impedance filter. All the measurements have been done on Rohde and Schwarz Vector Network Analyzer 1127.8500
RISC-interacting clearing 3’- 5’ exoribonucleases (RICEs) degrade uridylated cleavage fragments to maintain functional RISC in Arabidopsis thaliana

DNA contains all the information needed to build a body, yet molecules of RNA carry these instructions to the sites in the cell where they can be used. Cells must control how much RNA they produce in order to ensure that they develop properly and can respond well to their environment. RNA silencing refers to a collection of mechanisms that use smaller RNA molecules called microRNAs to incapacitate certain RNA molecules and selectively switch off the genes that encode them to stop more from being made. One key player in RNA silencing is the multi-protein complex called RISC, which contains microRNA and a group of proteins called AGOs. Once the microRNA has identified its RNA target, the AGOs cut the RNA into two pieces, known as the 5’ cleavage fragment and 3’ cleavage fragment. The two resulting fragments need to be cleared away swiftly, so that the RISC can move on to the next target. While it was known how the 3’ cleavage fragment was removed, it was less clear how the 5’ cleavage fragment was dealt with. Previous studies had shown that the 5’ cleavage fragment was marked with a chemical called uridine, which somehow signals to the RISC that this fragment needs to be destroyed. Now, using biochemical techniques, Zhang et al. have identified two new proteins in the model plant Arabidopsis that attach to the AGO proteins and degrade the 5’ cleavage fragments that are marked with uridine. The two proteins are named RICE1 and RICE2. Zhang et al. then analyzed the three-dimensional shape of RICE1 and identified the ‘active’ region that is responsible for degrading the RNA fragments. When these active regions were blocked, the microRNA levels were low, but the uridine-marked 5’ cleavage fragments were high. Also, the RISC complex could not work properly, which lead to problems during the development of the plant. These results suggest that RICE proteins degrade 5’ cleavage fragments modified with uridine to activate RISC. RICE proteins are conserved between plants and animals, and it is likely that their counterparts in humans will have a similar role to the plant proteins. The next challenge will be to explore how RICE proteins work in more details, which may lead to new ways to manipulate the levels of microRNAs to change the architecture of the plant and to improve their tolerance to various stress conditions.
Synthesis of (−)-11-O-Debenzoyltashironin: Neurotrophic Sesquiterpenes Cause Hyperexcitation

11-O-Debenzoyltashironin (1) is a member of the neurotrophic sesquiterpenes, trace plant metabolites that enhance neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. We report its synthesis in six steps from a butenolide heterodimer via its likely biosynthetic precursor, 3,6-dideoxy-10-hydroxypseudoanisatin, here identified as the chain tautomer of 1. Access to the tashironin chemotype fills a gap in a comparison set of convulsive and neurotrophic sesquiterpenes, which we hypothesized to share a common target. Here we show that both classes mutually hyperexcite rat cortical neurons, consistent with antagonism of inhibitory channels and a mechanism of depolarization-induced neurite outgrowth.
Comparisons of Alcohol and Drug Dependence in Terms of Attachments and Clinical Issues.

Background: Alcohol and drug dependencies are associated with different social stigmas, and some studies suggest they might exhibit different clinical presentations. Further, the treatments for eac...
Abstract 229: Increased Afterload Following Myocardial Infarction Promotes Conduction-dependent Arrhythmias That are Unmasked by Hypokalemia

Background-and-Objectives: Arterial hypertension worsens the prognosis of post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Its impact on electrophysiological function, however, is unknown. To address this...
Metabolic Effects of Androgen-associated Body Mass in Klinefelter Syndrome

Patients with Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) are at increased risk for both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While the anabolic effects of androgen replacement therapy may be associated with weight gain in such patients, the metabolic effects of this weight gain are unknown. Since untreated KS represents a natural example of androgen deprivation, we hypothesized that KS patients who are receiving androgen replacement would have a healthier metabolic risk factor profile, in addition to an increased Body Mass Index (BMI), relative to patients who are not receiving androgen replacement. Using de-identified data collected from Health Facts (a national, consolidated, and relational database of Electronic Health Records), we identified 2,447 adult patients with an ICD-9 billing code for KS. Of these, 262 patients were included in this study based on available anthropometrics, metabolic profiles, and information about androgen replacement. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed using BMI as the dependent variable in a model that included age, androgen replacement therapy (yes or no), A1C, blood pressure, and fasting lipids. Post-hoc comparisons were made using frequency analysis and the unpaired Student's t-test. There were 81 patients with KS who received androgen replacement and 181 patients who did not. In multiple regression, only androgen therapy was positively and significantly associated with BMI while adjusting for other risk factors (p=0.03). Post-hoc comparison of metabolic risk factors revealed no other differences between patients who received androgen replacement and those who did not. These data suggest that androgen replacement therapy in Klinefelter Syndrome is associated with increased BMI, but this increase does not appear to exert a detrimental effect on other metabolic risk factors in this condition.
Baseball Physics: A New Mechanics Lab

The game of baseball provides an interesting laboratory for experimenting with mechanical phenomena (there are many good examples in The Physics Teacher, available on Professor Alan Nathan’s website, and discussed in Physics of Baseball & Softball). We have developed a lab, for an introductory-level physics course, that investigates many of these phenomena. The lab uses inexpensive, readily available equipment such as wooden baseball bats, baseballs, and actual Major League Baseball data. By the end of the lab, students have revisited many concepts they learned earlier in the semester and come away with an understanding of how to put seemingly disparate ideas together to analyze a fun sport.
Accountability in Cloud Service Provision Ecosystems

In data protection regulation since the 1980s, accountability has been used in the sense that the ‘data controller’ is responsible for complying with particular data protection legislation and, in most cases, is required to establish systems and processes which aim at ensuring such compliance. This paper assesses this notion in the context of cloud computing, and describes how better and more systematic accountability might be provided.
Math anxiety in middle school math teachers: implications for teacher practice and professional development

We examine math anxiety in a sample of 33 middle school mathematics teachers in a large socioeconomically disadvantaged urban district. Most reported some math anxiety. Furthermore, findings suggest that math anxiety may adversely affect teachers' practices: the intensity negatively correlated with the emphasis they placed on instructional practices critical to students' development of both mathematical understanding and productive dispositions. We discuss the necessity to address math anxiety in research and practice in teacher professional development.
Solutions of certain functional equations

The theory of absolute monotone functions, ∅(x), x real, encompasses a specialization of total positivity having the kernel ∅(x + y) totally positive of all orders. In this note we show how these properties can be used to characterize all continuously differentiable positive solutions of the functional equation $$ f\left( {f\left( x \right)} \right) = f\left( x \right)f'\left( x \right)\quad x > 0 $$ (1) subject to the initial condition f(0) = 0, f′(0)= λ > 0.
The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in Cardiac Arrest

Introduction:Post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) is characterized by systemic ischemia/reperfusion injury, anoxic brain injury, and post-arrest myocardial dysfunction superimposed on a precipitatin...
A Simulation and Experimental Study of Input Decoupled Partially Adiabatic Logic (IDPAL)

Input decoupled partially adiabatic logic (IDPAL) is a recent adiabatic logic circuit technology that features a switching network separated from the buffer portion of the logic gate. The original formulation of IDPAL showed performance degradation at higher operational frequencies. As a result, a refinement is introduced, IDPAL with discharge, that performs at speeds comparable to other adiabatic technologies. Reported here is the first experimental study of an IDPAL circuit implementation. The circuit studied is an eight-input exclusive-OR gate organized into three layers of logic. Both IDPAL and IDPAL with discharge are studied and compared with efficient charge recovery logic (ECRL). Notably, IDPAL with discharge was shown to operate without degradation at frequencies comparable to ECRL.
Neutral axis modeling and effectiveness of functionally graded piezoelectric energy harvesters

Abstract The reduced-order modeling and performance of single-layered functionally graded piezoelectric energy harvesting systems are investigated. The choice of single-layered functionally graded materials gives the opportunity to minimize the volume of the energy harvesting system and hence increases its power density. Also, the unique composition of a functionally graded material allows for the creation of durable piezoelectric energy harvesters. As for the modeling of functionally graded piezoelectric materials, there has been some debate due to the location of the neutral axis compared to the central axis of the system. To this end, the use of the geometric central axis as the neutral axis to approximate the behavior of single-layered functionally graded cantilever piezoelectric energy harvesters and the possibility of getting erroneous predictions are explored. The effects of the material distribution and the scaling of the energy harvesting system form macro- to nano-scale are also considered. It is proved that the use of the central axis model can lead to significant inaccuracies in the estimation of the natural frequencies of the energy harvester for certain material distributions. Additionally, the central axis approximation exhibits a reduced coupling between the electrical circuit and the beam structure which could result in inefficient design of the energy harvester. It is also shown that the percentage of the metallic material can significantly affect both the natural frequencies and the power density of the system. The obtained results show the importance of considering the neutral axis modeling for efficient and optimal design of functionally graded piezoelectric energy harvesters.
Continuous Infusion VP-16, Bolus Cisplatin, and Simultaneous Radiation Therapy as Salvage Therapy in Small Cell Bronchogenic Carcinoma

VP-16 is regarded as one of the most active single agents in small cell bronchogenic carcinoma (SCBC). As second line therapy response rates have ranged from 0–40% with a cumulative series response rate of 12% in 381 patients.(1–10)the importance of VP-16 scheduling is suggested by in vitro data revealing enhanced cytotoxicity after prolonged exposure and clinical data showing the benefit of frequent, daily schedules over weekly administration.(11,12)Cisplatin as second line therapy for SCBC has demonstrated significant activity in 8 of 54 patients.(13,14,15)
Towards dewetting monoclonal antibodies for therapeutical purposes.

Abstract Dewetting transition - a concept borrowed from fluid mechanics - is a physiological process that takes place inside the hydrophobic pores of ion channels. This transient phenomenon causes a metastable state that forbids water molecules to cross microscopic receptor cavities. This leads to a decreased conductance, a closure of the pore and, subsequently, severe impairment of cellular performance. We suggest that artificially-provoked dewetting transition in ion channel hydrophobic pores might stand for a molecular candidate to erase detrimental organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells. We describe a novel type of high-affinity monoclonal antibody, that: a) targets specific trans-membrane receptor structures of harmful or redundant cells; b) is equipped with lipophilic and/or hydrophobic fragments that prevent physiological water flow inside ion channels. Therefore, we achieve an artificial dewetting transition inside receptor cavities, that causes discontinuity within transmembrane ionic flows, channel blockage, and subsequent damage of morbid cells. As an example, we describe dewetting monoclonal antibodies that target the M2 channel of the Influenza A virus: they might prevent water from entering pores thus leading to virion impairment.
Tone Association and Output Locality in Non-Linear Structures

This paper offers a computational characterization of tone-to-TBU association processes using a restricted least-fixed point logic. Crucially, least fixed point logics allow recursive definitions which capture output-oriented processes. The added requirement that these definitions are quantifier-free ensures that they are inherently local, a restriction that is well-motivated for phonological processes in general. The typology developed here distinguishes between possible and impossible tone mappings, capturing a wider range of attested tone mappings (left-to-right, right-to-left, edge-in, quality-sensitive) than previous rule-based or optimization approaches, while also explaining why certain unattested mapping patterns (for example center-out association) are impossible. This thus represents a strong first approximation of a definition for output-based local functions over non-linear structures
Libertad a costa de protección constitucional: inmigrantes indocumentados y los derechos de la Cuarta Enmienda

The Supreme Court has issued many opinions indirectly addressing the Fourth amendment rights of undocumented immigrants. However, none of these opinions answer the questions that matter most: do undocumented immigrants have Fourth Amendment protections and if so, what are they. These questions have increasingly become more important because advances in technology facilitate intrusive searches and seizures by law enforcement officers. This article will specifically focus on the Department of Homeland Security and its use of GPS ankle bracelets to monitor undocumented immigrants. This article compares existing Supreme Court opinions concerning undocumented immigrants and Fourth Amendment rights in the technological age. It is now more important than ever to find some legal clarity if we ever plan to answer how far is too far.
The changing opioid crisis: development, challenges and opportunities

The current opioid epidemic is one of the most severe public health crisis in US history. Responding to it has been difficult due to its rapidly changing nature and the severity of its associated outcomes. This review examines the origin and evolution of the crisis, the pharmacological properties of opioids, the neurobiology of opioid use and opioid use disorder (OUD), medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), and existing and promising approaches to prevention. The results of the review indicate that the opioid epidemic is a complex, evolving phenomenon that involves neurobiological vulnerabilities and social determinants of health. Successfully addressing the epidemic will require advances in basic science, development of more acceptable and effective treatments, and implementation of public health approaches, including prevention. The advances achieved in addressing the current crisis should also serve to advance the science and treatment of other substance use disorders.
Nuclear Levels of Lu 175

The negatron decay of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{175}$ (4.2 day) and orbital electron capture decay of ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{175}$ (70 day) to ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ have been investigated in detail using a magnetic lens spectrometer, 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} permanent magnet spectrographs, scintillation spectrometers, and coincidence techniques. Eleven gamma transitions in ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ of the following energies and indicated multipolarities have been observed: 89.3 ($M1+E2$), 113.6 ($M1+E2$), 137.6, 144,229.3 ($E2$), 251, 282.4 ($E1+M2$), 318.6, 342.9 ($M1+E2$), 396.0 ($E1+M2$), and 432.2 kev. On the basis of these measurements, consistent decay schemes for ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{175}$ and ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{175}$ are proposed. Observed nuclear levels in ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ excited by the radioactive decay of these two nuclides occur at 113.6, 251.2, 342.9, 396.0, and 432.2 kev and are assigned spin and parity values $\frac{9}{2}+$, $\frac{11}{2}+$, $\frac{5}{2}+$, $\frac{9}{2}\ensuremath{-}$, and $\frac{5}{2}+$, respectively. The levels at 113.6 kev and 251.2 kev constitute a rotational band whose base state occurs at stable ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}(\frac{7}{2}+)$.
The association of chronic diseases and mammography among Medicare beneficiaries living in Appalachia.

Objective:This study assessed the relationship between presence and number of chronic disease and reception of mammogram in women 65 years and older, and how this relationship is influenced by prim...
Beyond Partisanship: Outperforming the Party Label with Local Roots in Congressional Elections

While factors like partisanship are increasingly decisive in congressional elections, they do not fully explain variation in constituency support between similarly situated incumbents. I argue that...
Quality control of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of ozone reaction with human surface: Effects of mesh size and turbulence model

Abstract Indoor chemical reactions with human surfaces can meaningfully affect indoor pollutant dynamics and human exposure to reactants and products. Computational Fluid Dynamics models have been used to simulate ozone-human surface reactions in indoor environments. However, the model uncertainties due to near-human grid size and turbulence model are not well understood. The objective of this study is to assess performance of turbulence models and near-human surface grids in predicting local airflow and ozone transport near the human surface under a representative range of indoor airflow conditions. The results show that Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with a fine near-human grid size (e.g., y+ = 1) can yield reasonable results of airflow and mass transfer near the body. The SST k–ω model performs well for the simulation of near-human airspeed, whereas the standard k–e model can predict lower airspeeds above the human head than the measurements. Both standard k–e and SST k–ω models may underestimate the turbulent kinetic energy of the thermal plume and ozone deposition velocity at the human surface. The results also suggest that near-human grid sizes of y+ >10 can lead to unreasonable estimates of airflow and mass transfer rate near the human surface.
Clergy Sexual Misconduct and Competitive Sensegiving Frames: Loyalist, Rebel, Rationalist and Processor

Generally, writings about clergy sexual misconduct of adults tend to focus on a victim-abuser model, theorizing the causes and/or consequences or solutions to such abuse. With the exception of some...
STEVE and the Citizen Scientists: Night-watching Enthusiasts Identify a New Type of Aurora

Public participation in research has yielded unanticipated discoveries in many fields, but probably no recent discovery in astronomy and physics owes more to such citizen scientists than the identification of the one-of-a-kind aurora known as STEVE. A display of purple and green lights running east to west, STEVE appears relatively high up in the nighttime sky, for about an hour at a time. People who've been able to photograph it, from locations as far-flung as Tasmania, Michigan, and Scotland, and especially those in the area around Calgary, Alberta, report that the purple part of the aurora resembles a ribbon, with the green part appearing in a series of lines like a picket fenceâ€”an unforgettable sight.The visible structure of STEVE has been documented by the aurora- chasing public for a long time, but only in the past few years have researchers started to identify the physical processes underlying this unusual sight. It seems that STEVE's visible light occurs along with a subauroral ion drift (SAID), a strong westward flow of charged particles that's still not completely understood.
After the Revolution: An Empirical Study of Consumer Arbitration

For decades, mandatory consumer arbitration has been ground zero in the war between the business community and the plaintiffs’ bar. Some courts, scholars, and interest groups argue that the speed, informality, and accessibility of private dispute resolution create a conduit for everyday people to pursue claims. However, others object that arbitration’s loose procedural and evidentiary rules dilute substantive rights, and that arbitrators favor the repeat playing corporations that can influence their livelihood by selecting them in future matters. Since 2010, the stakes in this debate have soared, as the U.S. Supreme Court has expanded arbitral power and mandated that consumers resolve cases that once would have been class actions in two-party arbitration. But although the Court’s jurisprudence has received sustained scholarly attention, both its defenders and critics do not know how it has played out behind the black curtain of the extrajudicial tribunal. This Article offers fresh perspective on this debate by analyzing nearly 5,000 complaints filed by consumers with the American Arbitration Association between 2009 and 2013. It provides sorely-needed information about filing rates, outcomes, damages, costs, and case length. It also discovers that the abolition of the consumer class action has changed the dynamic inside the arbitral forum. Some plaintiffs’ lawyers have tried to fill this void by filing numerous freestanding claims against the same company. Yet these “arbitration entrepreneurs” are a pale substitute for the traditional class mechanism. Moreover, by pursuing scores of individual disputes, they have inadvertently transformed some large corporations into “extreme” repeat players. The Article demonstrates that these frequently-arbitrating entities win more and pay less in damages than one-shot entities. Thus, the Court’s consumer arbitration revolution not only shields big businesses from class action liability, but gives them a boost in the handful of matters that trickle into the arbitral forum.
Physics Forged in the Tripos

Masters of Theory Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics. by Andrew Warwick. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2003. 586 pp. $85. ISBN 0-226-87374-9. Paper, $29. ISBN 0-226-87375-7. Warwick explores the influences that the training of Cambridge mathematicians had on the development of theoretical physics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The x‐ray flux dipole of AGNs and an indicator of the local gravitational field

We have investigated the dipole anisotropy of the sky X-ray flux from nearby AGNs to compare with the peculiar motion of the Local Group (LG) using a more extensive sample than that of Miyaji and Boldt (1990). We have sampled 56 low redshift emission-line AGNs (z less than 0.06) from the HEAO 1 A-2 experiment with a flux limit lower than that of Piccinotti et al. (1982) and with a lower galactic latitude cutoff. Our sample shows a significant dipole anisotropy whose apex is only about 30 deg away from the direction of the Local Group's peculiar motion for the objects with z less than 0.015. The dipole growth vs. redshift shows a sharp rise between z = 0.006 and z = 0.015; the amplitude of the dipole is 40 +/- 10 percent of the corresponding monopole at z = 0.015. The outer redshift cutoff is consistent with the results obtained from analyses using optical and IRAS galaxies. The present sample strengthens our previous conclusion that X-ray emission from AGNs traces the underlying mass distribution as strongly as optical and IR emission from galaxies.