cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tiagabine increases [11C]flumazenil binding in cortical brain regions in healthy control subjects

Accumulating evidence indicates that synchronization of cortical neuronal activity at γ-band frequencies is important for various types of perceptual and cognitive processes and that GABA-A receptor-mediated transmission is required for the induction of these network oscillations. In turn, the abnormalities in GABA transmission postulated to play a role in psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia might contribute to the cognitive deficits seen in this illness. We measured the ability to increase GABA in eight healthy subjects by comparing the binding of [11C]flumazenil, a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer specific for the benzodiazepine (BDZ) site, at baseline and in the presence of an acute elevation in GABA levels through the blockade of the GABA membrane transporter (GAT1). Preclinical work suggests that increased GABA levels enhance the affinity of GABA-A receptors for BDZ ligands (termed ‘GABA shift’). Theoretically, such an increase in the affinity of GABA-A receptors should be detected as an increase in the binding of a GABA-A BDZ-receptor site-specific PET radioligand. GAT1 blockade resulted in significant increases in mean (± SD) [11C]flumazenil-binding potential (BPND) over baseline in brain regions representing the major functional domains of the cerebral cortex: association cortex +15.2±20.2% (p=0.05), sensory cortex +13.5±15.5% (p=0.03) and limbic (medial temporal lobe, MTL) +16.4±20.2% (p=0.03). The increase in [11C]flumazenil-BPND was not accounted for by differences in the plasma-free fraction (fP; paired t-test p=0.24) or changes in the nonspecific binding (pons VT, p=0.73). Moreover, the ability to increase GABA strongly predicted (r=0.85, p=0.015) the ability to entrain cortical networks, measured through EEG γ synchrony during a cognitive control task in these same subjects. Although additional studies are necessary to further validate this technique, these data provide preliminary evidence of the ability to measure in vivo, with PET, acute fluctuations in extracellular GABA levels and provide the first in vivo documentation of a relationship between GABA neurotransmission and EEG γ-band power in humans.
Crossed Aphasia in a Dextral: A Test of the Alexander–Annett Theory of Anomalous Organization of Brain Function

A case of crossed aphasia is presented in a strongly right-handed 77-year-old white female without history of familial sinistrality or prior neurological illness. She developed a right middle cerebral artery infarction documented by CT and accompanied by obvious clinical signs of a conduction aphasia with some resolution but continuing obvious language defect after 9 weeks in rehabilitation. Comprehensive neuropsychological and aphasia testing suggested anomalous lateralization of phonologic-output aspects of language, emotional prosody, motor planning and body schema modules with usual lateralization of lexical-semantic aspects of language and visuo-spatial functions. Experimental validation of the uncrossed lexical-semantic aspects of language using tachistoscope methods found support for the Alexander-Annett theory that different aspects of language can be dissociated in their lateralization. The subject had difficulty identifying a semantic associate of a picture presented to the left visual field (7 errors out of 10) relative to right visual field presentation (2 errors out of 10). Bilateral free naming errors (6 and 5 errors in the left and right visual fields, respectively) occurred consistent with the aphasic presentation, suggesting phonologic-output dysfunction from the right cerebral vascular accident. Implications of the results for aphasia classification are discussed.
My heart’s in the small lands: Touring the miniature city in the museum

To make his own input in the consolidation of New York City visible at the New York World’s Fair of 1964-65, the controversial city-builder Robert Moses commissioned a scale model exhibit offering an up-to-date comprehensive aerial view of the metropolis - the Panorama of the City of New York. Located in the Queens Museum of Art, the Panorama is, to this day, periodically updated in order to accommodate all changes and new buildings of the city. A model of the city, the miniature metropolis is also a model city: unpeopled, clean, clear-cut, safe, and quiet. Complete as a view, the scale model is, hence, incomplete as a representation: the visibility of the architectural environment precludes the visibility of those who inhabit it.Despite its stasis, the Panorama exhibit offers a non-static experience of the city; once viewing the scale model from rail-cars simulating a helicopter ride along the periphery, today observers walk around it on an ascending ramp, finding their way through pamphlets and labels o...
Two Oligomeric Forms of Plasma Ficolin Have Differential Lectin Activity

Ficolins are plasma proteins with binding activity for carbohydrates, elastin, and corticosteroids. The ficolin polypeptide has a collagen-like domain that presumably brings three subunits together in a triple helical rod, a C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain (fbg) similar to that of tenascin, which presumably has the binding activities, and a small N-terminal domain that we find to be the primary site for forming the ficolin oligomer. By sedimentation equilibrium we determined that the main plasma form, which we call big ficolin, had mass of 827,000 Da, consistent with 24 subunits. Little ficolin, about half this size, was obtained after binding to a GlcNAc affinity column. Electron microscopy of little ficolin showed a parachute-like structure, with a small globe at one end, corresponding to the 12 N-terminal domains, and the fbg domains clustered together at the ends of the collagen rods. Big ficolin was formed by the face to face fusion of the fbg domains of two little ficolins, leaving the rods and N-terminal domains projecting at opposite ends. Little ficolin maintained a high affinity for the GlcNAc column, and big ficolin had a low affinity or none. The binding sites for ligands may be obscured in this big ficolin oligomer, providing a regulation of their activity.
Characterizing Communication Networks Associated with Political Hashtags

Among the diverse forms of communication and information networks found in the Web 2.0 environment, "social" and "informational" communication networks have been characterized in terms of their network metrics. Although Twitter is partly based on relationships between actors, activity has been shown to reflect characteristics of information networks. This study examines activity in Twitter within spaces defined by hashtags on political topics. We gathered our own data on a hashtag associated with the 2012 Hawaii senatorial race and compared our results to those from other political hashtag networks, and to typical social and information networks as well as random graphs. Results show that hashtag-centered reply and retweet networks in this domain do not fall clearly into the social or informational categories. There appears to be a third kind of network associated with political debate. More generally, it may be productive to conceive of communication networks in terms of multidimensional characteristics rather than categories.
Nonlinear shell analysis via mixed isoparametric elements

Abstract Mixed isoparametric elements are presented for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of laminated composite shells. The analytical formulation is based on a form of the nonlinear shallow shell theory with the effects of shear deformation, material anisotropy and bending-extensional coupling included. The fundamental unknowns consist of the 13 stress resultants and generalized displacements of the shell. The generalized stiffness matrix is obtained by using a modified form of the Hellinger-Reissner mixed variational principle. Both triangular and quadrilateral elements are considered. The accuracy of the mixed isoparametric elements developed is demonstrated by means of numerical examples and their advantages over commonly-used displacement elements are discussed. Also, computational procedures are presented for the efficient evaluation of the elemental matrices and for overcoming the difficulties associated with the large, sparse system of equations of the mixed models thus making them competitive with displacement models.
Recent developments in immunotoxin therapy

Immunotoxin (IT) research has been ongoing for 15 years. During the past 2 years, work has focused on several areas: on improvements and developments in first- and second-generation ITs; the preparation of new immunotoxin constructs with anti-tumor activity; novel animal models for preclinical evaluation of immunotoxins; and clinical trials, which are now entering Phase II or III in humans.
The challenge of acute myeloid leukemia in older patients

Acute myeloid leukemia is a disease predominantly affecting older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of 65 years. Compared with younger adults or children with AML, older adults have a poor prognosis and represent a discrete population in terms of disease features, treatment-related complications, and overall outcome. Management of AML in this population often includes intensive, anthracycline-based chemotherapy, which can effect a 1.5- to 4-month survival advantage compared with nonintensive therapy but at a cost of early deaths, long length of hospital stay, and substantial transfusional support. Nonintensive therapy or palliative care remains an important option for many patients. Aggressive postremission therapy or the use of hematopoietic growth factor support does not appear to improve survival. Future directions include therapies targeted at immunomodulation, at angiogenesis, and in particular against intracellular signals that promote proliferation at the expense of differentiation.
Role of calcium permeation in dihydropyridine receptor function. Insights into channel gating and excitation-contraction coupling.

The skeletal and cardiac muscle dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) differ with respect to their rates of channel activation and in the means by which they control Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Adams, B.A., and K.G. Beam. 1990. FASEB J. 4:2809–2816). We have examined the functional properties of skeletal (SkEIIIK) and cardiac (CEIIIK) DHPRs in which a highly conserved glutamate residue in the pore region of repeat III was mutated to a positively charged lysine residue. Using expression in dysgenic myotubes, we have characterized macroscopic ionic currents, intramembrane gating currents, and intracellular Ca2+ transients attributable to these two mutant DHPRs. CEIIIK supported very small inward Ca2+ currents at a few potentials (from −20 to +20 mV) and large outward cesium currents at potentials greater than +20 mV. SkEIIIK failed to support inward Ca2+ flux at any potential. However, large, slowly activating outward cesium currents were observed at all potentials greater than + 20 mV. The difference in skeletal and cardiac Ca2+ channel activation kinetics was conserved for outward currents through CEIIIK and SkEIIIK, even at very depolarized potentials (at +100 mV; SkEIIIK: τact = 30.7 ± 1.9 ms, n = 11; CEIIIK: τact = 2.9 ± 0.5 ms, n = 7). Expression of SkEIIIK in dysgenic myotubes restored both evoked contractions and depolarization-dependent intracellular Ca2+ transients with parameters of voltage dependence (V0.5 = 6.5 ± 3.2 mV and k = 9.3 ± 0.7 mV, n = 5) similar to those for the wild-type DHPR (Garcia, J., T. Tanabe, and K.G. Beam. 1994. J. Gen. Physiol. 103:125–147). However, CEIIIK-expressing myotubes never contracted and failed to exhibit depolarization-dependent intracellular Ca2+ transients at any potential. Thus, high Ca2+ permeation is required for cardiac-type excitation–contraction coupling reconstituted in dysgenic myotubes, but not skeletal-type. The strong rectification of the EIIIK channels made it possible to obtain measurements of gating currents upon repolarization to −50 mV (Qoff) following either brief (20 ms) or long (200 ms) depolarizing pulses to various test potentials. For SkEIIIK, and not CEIIK, Qoff was significantly ( P < 0.001) larger after longer depolarizations to +60 mV (121.4 ± 2.0%, n = 6). The increase in Qoff for long depolarizations exhibited a voltage dependence similar to that of channel activation. Thus, the increase in Qoff may reflect a voltage sensor movement required for activation of L-type Ca2+ current and suggests that most DHPRs in skeletal muscle undergo this voltage-dependent transition.
Isolated fatty liver from prolonged propofol use in a pediatric patient with refractory status epilepticus

Propofol is a widely used rapidly acting sedating or hypnotic agent in the intensive care setting. It is generally considered safe in both pediatric and adult patients and has been used frequently in cases of refractory status epilepticus. The formulation of propofol is highly lipophilic to facilitate central nervous system penetration and has a high fat content, and prolonged infusions have been known to cause both extrahepatic complications and hepatomegaly secondary to fatty liver. Whereas extrahepatic manifestations of prolonged propofol infusions have been well reported in non-neurologic intensive care patients, cases of pathologically confirmed fatty liver in patients with status epilepticus are relatively few. Furthermore, these cases of hepatomegaly and fatty liver have been also in the context of concomitant extrahepatic side effects. We report on a pediatric patient with refractory status epilepticus treated with a prolonged propofol infusion who developed isolated pathologically confirmed fatty liver without the usually reported extrahepatic manifestations.
Quantitative analysis of volatile halothane metabolites in biological tissues by gas chromatography

A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of 2-chloro-1, 1-difluoroethylene (CDE) and 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CTE), two highly volatile metabolites of halothane, in blood, liver and isolated hepatic microsomes is described. The entire head-space in equilibrium with a known volume or weight of the sample is injected into the gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Quantification is accomplished with standards prepared by fortifying blank samples with known concentrations of CDE and CTE which are treated under the same conditions as the samples. Detection limits for CDE and CTE were 2 pmole/ml in blood and 10 pmole/g in liver and the mean relative standard deviations are no greater than +/- 6% except for CTE in hepatic microsomes (+/- 9%). A preliminary study of blood CDE and CTE levels in humans anesthetized with halothane is reported.
A comparison of the effects of extinction and satiety on operant response duration in the rat

Rats were maintained on a 23.5-h water deprivation schedule and trained in CRF operant responding for water. During the daily.5-h operant session, measures were made of response duration at successive 1-min intervals under both reinforcement and extinction conditions, and comparisons were drawn between the following groupings of the data: (1) reinforcement for the first 5 min of responding, (2) reinforcement for the last 5 min of responding, (3) extinction for the first 5 min of responding, (4) extinction for the last 5 min of responding. The results were that both extinction and satiety increased the mean and variability of response duration such that grouping 4 > 3, 2 > 1. The results are believed to support a common variability hypothesis for both kinds of behavioral change.
The size and messenger RNA activity of bacteriophage T7 late transcripts synthesized in vivo.

Abstract Bacteriophage T7 RNAs have been fractionated on preparative polyacrylamide gels. The in vitro coding capacities of these RNAs have been determined by translation in a cell-free system, followed by analysis of the polypeptide products on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide slab gels. The relative levels of these messenger RNA activities have been quantitated by densitometric analysis of the polypeptide products synthesized in vitro. Fractionation of late RNA gives rise to 16 RNAs, ranging in size from 0.23 × 106 to 3.8 × 106 daltons. Eight transcripts are detected from the class II region including two large polycistronic RNAs: IIe, coding for P1.3 §, P3.5 and the T7 DNA unwinding protein; and IIh, coding for P5 and P6. Species IIe plus IIh are large enough to encode the entire class II region. Several smaller, overlapping transcripts are detected which also code for DUP, P3.5, P5 and P6. Among the eight class III transcripts detected, three transcripts. IIIa, IIIb and IIIc, code for P10, the major T7 capsid protein. Two of these transcripts are polycistronic. Species IIIb also codes for P9 and species IIIc codes for P8 as well as P9 and P10. Activity for P15, P16 and P17 is detected on a very large mRNA, species IIIf (3.8 × 106 daltons). Activity for these proteins, as well as P19, is also detected on smaller transcripts. The effect of Me2SO treatment, prior to fractionation, on the relative levels of the late transcripts has been analysed. These results, and experiments in which high and low molecular weight RNAs were re-electrophoresed, suggest that the large late RNAs do not arise by aggregation among lower molecular weight species. However, Me2SO treatment and re-electrophoresis does cause partial degradation of the high molecular weight RNA species. These data are summarized in a map (Fig. 19) showing the approximate positions and sizes of the transcripts wo have identified late in T7 infection. We conclude that both transcription from multiple initiation sites and cleavage of precursor RNAs are involved in generating the in vivo late transcripts.
Results of applying a non-evaporative mitigation technique to laser-initiated surface damage on fused-silica

We present results from a study to determine an acceptable CO{sub 2} laser-based non-evaporative mitigation protocol for use on surface damage sites in fused-silica optics. A promising protocol is identified and evaluated on a set of surface damage sites created under ICF-type laser conditions. Mitigation protocol acceptability criteria for damage re-initiation and growth, downstream intensification, and residual stress are discussed. In previous work, we found that a power ramp at the end of the protocol effectively minimizes the residual stress ( 12.5 J/cm{sup 2}. The downstream intensification arising from the mitigated sites is evaluated, and all but one of the sites has 100% passing downstream damage expectation values. We demonstrate, for the first time, a successful non-evaporative 10.6 {micro}m CO{sub 2} laser mitigation protocol applicable to fused-silica optics used on fusion-class lasers like the National Ignition Facility (NIF).
Dramatic improvement of stunned myocardium

A patient with evidence of an acute myocardial infarction and a substantial segmental wall motion abnormality was found to have complete reversal of myocardial systolic dysfunction after 2 weeks of recovery.
Cephalometric diagnosis, growth, and treatment: something old, something new?

0 rthodontists are interested primarily in treatment. The correction of a malocclusion represents the “end product” of all of their training. However, in order to treat their patients successfully, orthodontists must fully understand the problems with which they are confronted in treatment. Before initiating orthodontic treatment, orthodontists must reach some tentative conclusions, and this constitutes the formulation of a diagnosis. The development of a diagnosis is not a simple procedure. It has become infinitely more complex with the constant increase in the depth of information that has become available to the clinician, coupled with a growing recognition of the number of variables that may be operating in any one child at a specific period of time. In essence, an orthodontic diagnosis involves an evaluation of form, function, and potential growth. Specifically, judgments must be made in the areas of dentofacial soft-tissue and skeletal morphology, form and function of the muscles related to the dentofacial complex, and future growth of the structures involved. There are questions which must be answered: What is the problem in terms of function and form? What are the aspects of the problem that can and cannot be changed? How can the desired changes be accomplished? What are the long-term implications of the problem as it presents itself, and what are the long-term implications of the projected modifications of the prohlem?
Sex Differences in Congenital Heart Disease Should a Woman Be More Like a Man

Sex differences in the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of cardiac disease have long been recognized. Since the mid-1980s, the total number of deaths from cardiovascular disease has been higher for women than for men. A greater proportion of women (52%) than men (42%) with myocardial infarction die of sudden cardiac death before reaching the hospital, perhaps in part because women tend to have nonspecific prodromal symptoms rather than chest pain and these symptoms are not recognized as being cardiac in origin.1 Even after acute myocardial infarction, women are 46% less likely to undergo coronary angiography than men, despite accounting for confounders.2 Two-thirds of women who suffer a myocardial infarction never completely recover,3,4 and those who do survive have a 2-fold recurrence of myocardial infarction and mortality during the first year compared with their male counterparts.5 Article p 26 Women with stable angina have higher in-hospital mortality rates6 and worse outcomes after coronary interventions, both percutaneous and surgical. Following percutaneous coronary interventions women have higher rates of short- and long-term mortality, cardiac events, and the need for emergency coronary artery bypass grafting. This may relate to the comparatively smaller coronary artery size of women,7 although this is unproven.8 Higher mortality and complication rates of coronary artery bypass grafting also occur, with women obtaining less functional relief, more frequent hospital readmissions, and lower functional gains than their male counterparts.9 Whether some of these sex disparities relate to an autoimmune precursor for atherosclerotic disease remains speculative. Sex-specific differences in C-reactive protein, as an inflammatory marker, are consistent with the 10-fold increased frequency of inflammatory-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and thyroiditis in women compared with men.4,10 Recent studies report atherosclerotic plaque in both the carotid and coronary arteries …
Generation of definitive endoderm from human embryonic stem cells cultured in feeder layer-free conditions.

Purpose: The purpose of these studies was twofold: to reduce the level of nonhuman, potentially immunogenic sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) through culture of the cells in the absence of feeder layers; and to determine whether directed differentiation was preserved under these conditions, that is, using exclusively human-derived products. Methods: Using a technique developed in our laboratory to culture hESCs in the absence of feeder layers, all nonhuman cell culture reagents were replaced with recombinant or human-derived reagents. The level of the nonhuman sialic acid (Neu5Gc) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and monitored over many passages. Subsequently, the cells were subjected to in vitro differentiation into definitive endoderm by lowering the serum concentrations and elevating the amount of activin A. Results: Under standard tissue culture conditions using mouse and other animal products, the basal levels of Neu5Gc were mea...
Myocardial Necrosis in Rats: Serum Enzymes, Adrenal Steroid and Histopathological Alterations

Acute infarctoid myocardial necrosis has been produced in virgin rats by injection of isoproterenol. The lesions are essentially identical, both grossly and microscopically, with naturally occurring acute infarcts which we have observed in arteriosclerotic breeder rats. During the establishment of drug-induced necrosis the animals displayed signs of shock and congestive heart failure. Serum transaminases and lactic dehydrogenase levels underwent changes which coincided with the establishment and repair of the myocardial damage. The male rats had a higher mortality rate than the females. The male rats also developed more massive myocardial necrosis and showed a decreased capacity to repair myocardial damage. The adrenal glands became greatly hypertrophied and the thymus became severely involuted coincident with the acute establishment of the myocardial lesion. In vitro studies indicated that changes in adrenal function also accompanied the acute onset of myocardial destruction. The adrenal hypertrophy decreased during recovery from shock and during repair of the lesion.
A fluid system for the cultivation, light microscope examination and manipulation of obligate anaerobes.

SYNOPSIS A chamber in tandem with oxygen-free gas supply and gas-collecting reservoirs constitutes a system capable of anaerobic maintenance within the range of 0.8–20 μM at 13 C. Cultures contained within the chamber portion of this system are examined through exposed oculars of a microscope otherwise sealed from room atmosphere. Materials are interchanged between the 2 atmospheres through an air lock. Shoulder-length gloves enable all manipulations common to aerobic cultivation procedures without undue restraint.
ANT-LIKE STONE BEETLES, ANTS, AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS (COLEOPTERA: SCYDMAENIDAE; HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE; ISOPTERA)

Abstract The literature on ant-like stone beetle–ant associations is reviewed and tabulated, bringing together nearly all published accounts of associations between these two groups. One hundred-seventeen species of Scydmaenidae (Coleoptera) in 20 genera are associated with 45 species of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in 28 genera. In addition, 16 species of Scydmaenidae are known associates of termites (Isoptera).
stcS, a putative P-450 monooxygenase, is required for the conversion of versicolorin A to sterigmatocystin in Aspergillus nidulans

Sterigmatocystin (ST) and aflatoxin are carcinogenic end point metabolites derived from the same biochemical pathway, which is found in several Aspergillus spp. Recently, an ST gene cluster, containing approximately 25 distinct genes that are each proposed to function specifically in ST biosynthesis, has been identified in Aspergillus nidulans. Each of these structural genes is named stc (sterigmatocystin) followed by a consecutive letter of the alphabet. We have previously described stcU (formerly verA) as encoding a keto-reductase required for the conversion of versicolorin A to ST. We now describe a second A. nidulans gene, stcS (formerly verB), that is located within 2 kb of stcU in the ST gene cluster. An stcS-disrupted strain of A. nidulans, TSS17, was unable to produce ST and converted ST/aflatoxin precursors to versicolorin A rather than ST, indicating that stcS functions at the same point in the pathway as stcU. Genomic sequence analysis of stcS shows that it encodes a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase and constitutes a novel P-450 family, CYP59. Assuming that StcU activity mimics that of similar P-450s, it is likely that StcU catalyzes one of the proposed oxidation steps necessary to convert versicolorin A to ST. These results constitute the first genetic proof that the conversion of versicolorin A to ST requires more than one enzymatic activity.
Groupware for Design: An Interactive System to Facilitate Creative Processes in Team Design Work

Creativity as modeled using the recluse genius paradigm fails to recognize the necessity and value of the collaborative aspects involved. Enhancing the creative output of teams will become more and more necessary as the complexity of problems increases; this is especially true within the design domain. This paper explores the group processes and accompanying bottlenecks related to design work. Individuals and teams with experience in collocated design settings were studied to extract principles and best practices for group design work. Based on the findings, a set of design implications were extracted and an early prototype of a collaborative system was built to implement those conclusions. The tool attempts to model the highly effective ways that design teams work in a collocated environment while also addressing some of the bottlenecks they face.
Dipyridamole-dobutamine stress with Tc-99m sestamibi tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging

In 66 patients unable to exercise referred for pharmacologic stress single-photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging, a moderate dose of dobutamine was combined with intravenous dipyridamole and the results were compared with standard intravenous dipyridamole stress. The combined stress protocol resulted in increased defect size and reversibility with technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging.
A Distributed Hybrid Scheme for Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have gained a lot of popularity in recent years. While structured (DHT) networks provide better response time and smaller diameter, which are the advantages over unstructured networks, they are vulnerable to frequent node failure/joins/leaves. There is always a tradeoff for any P2P network to achieve all of these goals. In this paper, a distributed hybrid scheme is proposed for unstructured P2P networks, which combines Markov random walks and peer clustering to achieve a better tradeoff. The scheme has a short response time for most of the queries that belong to the same interest group, while still maintaining a smaller network diameter. More important, we propose a totally distributed clustering algorithm, which means better resilience to network dynamics. The performance of our systems is demonstrated by extensive simulations.
Carbohydrates and glycosylation

The C. elegans genome contains sequences similar to a large number of mammalian genes implicated in the assembly, processing, and modification of glycans. In recent years, spectacular progress has been made in developing and refining tools to obtain structural information with small amounts of material, increasing our understanding of glycan structural complexity in this organism. These approaches have revealed novel N- and O-glycan structures in C. elegans, as well as a high degree of conservation in glycosaminoglycan structure. In parallel, studies in which glycan structure is perturbed by genetic manipulation have begun to reveal the roles of specific carbohydrate moieties in developmental and physiological processes. This review summarizes recent work elucidating the fine structure of complex carbohydrates in C. elegans as well as genetic studies that have uncovered novel roles for complex carbohydrates in developmental processes.
Localized Precipitation Forecasts from a Numerical Weather Prediction Model Using Artificial Neural Networks

Although the resolution of numerical weather prediction models continues to improve, many of the processes that influence precipitation are still not captured adequately by the scales of present operational models, and consequently precipitation forecasts have not yet reached the level of accuracy needed for hydrologic forecasting. Postprocessing of model output to account for local differences can enhance the accuracy and usefulness of these forecasts. Model Output Statistics have performed this important function for a number of years via regression techniques; this paper presents an alternate approach that uses artificial neural networks to produce 6-h precipitation forecasts for specific locations. Tests performed on four locations in the middle Atlantic region of the United States show that the accuracy of the forecasts produced using neural networks compares favorably with those generated using linear regression, especially for heavier precipitation amounts.
WIFT '98 working group report: incorporating formal methods into industrial processes

This working group met as part of the 1998 Workshop on Industrial-Strength Formal Specification Techniques (WIFT '98) in Boca Raton, Florida. As the working group title suggests, we discussed lessons learned, open issues and general suggestions surrounding the incorporation of formal methods in industrial development processes.
Analysis of phase‐boundary motion in diffusion‐controlled processes: Part III. Penetration of metal ions into cellulose xanthate fibers and growth of sulfuric acid droplets in humid air

In Part I (1) three general methods of solving moving-boundary problems were developed, and in Part II (2) the three methods were applied to the problem of evaporation from a flat surface into a gas of infinite depth. In this final paper, more challenging problems in cylindrical and spherical coordiates are considered, and new solutions to these are presented.
Fatigue in patients with diabetes: A review

Abstract Objective Fatigue is a common and distressing complaint among people with diabetes and likely to hinder the ability to perform daily diabetes self-management tasks. A review of the literature about diabetes-related fatigue was conducted with an eye toward creating a framework for beginning to conduct more focused studies on this subject. Methods A literature search containing the terms diabetes, fatigue, tiredness, and symptoms was conducted to search for literature that addressed diabetes-related fatigue. Results Diabetes presents many potential pathways for fatigue, but focused studies on this symptom are rare. Furthermore, research on diabetes-related fatigue is limited by fatigue's nonspecific symptoms and because fatigue researchers have yet to agree on standardized definition, measurement, or diagnostic criteria. Additionally, few diabetes randomized clinical trials included measurement of patient-reported outcomes, such as symptoms or health-related quality of life in their study designs, although one that did provided some meaningful finding that symptom-focused education improved self-management practices, HbA1c levels, quality of life, and symptom distress. Conclusion There is a need to standardize the definition, measurement, and diagnostic criteria of fatigue in diabetes. We present a model that can guide focused studies on fatigue in diabetes. The model capitalizes on the multidimensional phenomena (physiological, psychological, and lifestyle) associated with fatigue in diabetes.
Role of estrogen in modulating EDHF-mediated dilations in the female rat middle cerebral artery.

We tested the hypothesis that endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) plays a less dominant role in the female cerebrovasculature. The contribution of EDHF to the ATP-mediated dilation wa...
Double negation and negative shift in Kinyarwanda

The negative morpheme in Kinyarwanda can be marked either on the auxiliary verb or on the main verb. It is suggested that this is a case of negative shift from the main verb to the auxiliary rather than the other way around because this shifting is shown to be a raising process. It is claimed that this type of process is more natural and therefore more common in languages than a lowering one. The status of "auxiliary" verbs is also discussed. It is argued that formally they should be treated as main verbs whereas "main" verbs should be analyzed as subordinate verbs. This analysis can be extended to other languages also. In the case of "double negation", it is indicated that the first negative is a "non-existential" marker and the second a subordinate negative. It is observed that these two negatives can only appear in two separate clauses and it is concluded that languages that have negative markers might have got them from existential constructions.
Latent trajectories of adolescent antisocial behavior: Serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype influences sensitivity to perceived parental support.

Although prevailing theories of antisocial behavior (ASB) emphasize distinct developmental trajectories, few studies have explored gene–environment interplay underlying membership in empirically derived trajectories. To improve knowledge about the development of overt (e.g., aggression) and covert (e.g., delinquency) ASB, we tested the association of the 44-base pair promoter polymorphism in the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region gene (5-HTTLPR), perceived parental support (e.g., closeness and warmth), and their interaction with ASB trajectories derived using latent class growth analysis in 2,558 adolescents followed prospectively into adulthood from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Three distinct trajectories emerged for overt (low desisting, adolescent peak, and late onset) and covert ASB (high stable, low stable, and nonoffending). Controlling for sex, parental support inversely predicted membership in the adolescent-peak overt ASB trajectory (vs. low desisting), but was unrelated to class membership for covert ASB. Furthermore, the 5-HTTLPR genotype significantly moderated the association of parental support on overt ASB trajectory membership. It is interesting that the pattern of Gene × Environment interaction differed by trajectory class: whereas short allele carriers were more sensitive to parental support in predicting the late-onset trajectory, the long/long genotype functioned as a potential “plasticity genotype” for the adolescent-peak trajectory group. We discuss these preliminary findings in the context of the differential susceptibility hypothesis and discuss the need for future studies to integrate gene–environment interplay and prospective longitudinal designs.
Financial Frictions, the Rationalization Effect, and Gains from Trade

This paper identifies a new source of gains from trade from asset heterogeneity among firms. Under financial frictions, a firm's capital rental is constrained by its own assets. We show that, with or without productivity heterogeneity, trade openness or liberalization will always force the least wealthy firms to close; induce the rationalization effect which shifts capital and labor from small, less wealthy firms to large, wealthier ones; and as a result, improve social welfare and total factor productivity (TFP) due to increasing returns to scale. According to our simulation, the higher the financial frictions or the greater the asset inequality among firms, the larger the gains from trade from this new source. We also show that some existing results in the heterogeneous firm trade models need to be modified under financial frictions. For example, the cutoff productivity to export may increase with trade liberalization and the total number of export firms may decrease with financial liberalization.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Structure of the Buying Center in the Metalworking Industry

The results of an exploratory study of patterns of purchase influence in the metal-working industry are reported. The data set used was a representative sample of 2151 purchase influencers in the m...
ABC3D — Using an augmented reality mobile game to enhance literacy in early childhood

This paper presents a work-in-progress project detailing a novel augmented reality game designed to enhance preschool-aged children's knowledge of print-based literacy. National testing scores suggest children struggle with aspects of literacy in later grades. With the rise of videogames as popular entertainment and the potential of augmented reality to present unique affordances for learning, these factors suggest a confluence deserving of investigation. We present ABC3D, a custom-deigned augmented reality (AR) mobile game that harnesses the motivating power of interest and the affordances of augmented reality to engage children in practicing print-based literacy. ABC3D is bimodal, consisting of 1) a "scanning" mode which allows children to scan drawn letters and view 3D images of content starting with the same letter and 2) a "vehicle" mode which tasks children with collecting objects starting with certain letters as specified by software or instructor. Future work involves further polishing of the software, implementation of audio pronunciation and eventual user testing.
Utilization of Antibacterial Agents and Analysis of Drug Resistance in Our Hospital during 2009-2010

OBJECTIVE: To realize the change of the drug resistance and the application of antibacterial agents in recent 2 years, to discuss the relativity of the amount of antibacterial agents and the change of drug resistance in our hospital, and to guide the rational drug use in the clinic. METHODS: We collected the distribution, constitution and drug resistance of the pathogenic bacteria which were isolated and cultivated from the clinical samples and the DDDs of the commonly used antibacterial agents in the clinic from 2009 to 2010 were analyzed retrospectively and comparatively. RESULTS: We isolated 1 977 strains of pathogenic bacteria for two years, Gram-negative bacilli was 67.98% of all; Gram-positive coccus was 31.21% of all; the fung was 0.81% of all. Top 5 pathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. DDDs of 12 kinds of antibacterial agents increased among the top 20 ones, especially the DDDs of cefoxitin and ceftazidime; the separation of the multiple drug-resistant strains and the drug resistance rate ascended in varying degrees year by year. CONCLUSION: With the large amount of the third generation cephalosporin and the cephamycins used, the drug resistance rate of bacteria is increasing yearly in our hospital. We need enhance the management of the clinical antibacterial drugs in grading application and monitoring of drug resistance.
The Effect of Inhalation of Ambroxol Atomization on the Lung Function of Infants with Wheezing Diseases

Objective:To study the effect of ambroxol as a bronchodilator on infants with wheezing disease.Methods: Several indexes of lung function test pre-and post-inhalation of ambroxol atomization were compared in 45 cases by tidal breath flow volume loop(TBFV loop).Results: There were significant differences in Vi/kg related to the ventilation function,PTEF related to the small airway function and ME/MI related to the big airway function(P0.05).But %V-PF and 25/PF which were also related to the small airway function and RR to the ventilation function,showed no significant difference(P0.05).Conclusions: Ambroxol is only effective as bronchodilator to certain degree,and its effect relies heavily on the role of being expectorant.
Cancer of the breast.

TWELVE years ago in the Journal, Dr. F. D. Moore and his colleagues evaluated the various forms of therapy then current for the treatment of both primary and metastatic breast carcinoma.1 In 1967 most patients with breast cancer were treated initially with mastectomy, and at the time of relapse one of various endocrine treatments was employed. This is still true in the United States.2 , 3 However, there has been a plateau in the survival curves of breast-cancer patients since about 1955.4 As a result, therapeutic approaches based on new concepts of the disease, some of these approaches merely mentioned in . . .
Path Loss Models for Low-Height Mobiles in Forest and Urban

This paper presents path loss measurements at 2.1 GHz in forest and urban areas. Empirical path loss models have been presented for low-height dual-mobility channels. Three test scenarios are considered for the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) placed inside the test vehicle or on a test cart pushed at walking speed. Based on measurements, the in-leaf and single-slope path loss models are presented. The path loss exponents for the dual-mobility channels are found to be between 2.1 and 3.4 in urban and 8.0 in forest, with higher reference when antennas are placed inside the vehicle.
Time indexing in sensor networks

We define the time indexing problem as the in-network storage and querying of sensor network data based solely on the time attribute. We argue qualitatively why existing storage schemes may be insufficient as solutions. We then present, analyze, and evaluate novel and lightweight solutions to both the storage and the querying sub-problems for time indexing. First, the time-indexed storage problem is formally defined, and two formulations are presented, seeking to optimize generic utility functions that are derived from concerns about energy, bandwidth usage, and storage balancing. We present and analyze decentralized protocols to solve these formulations, and prove the optimality of some of our solutions. Secondly, maintenance and use of simple overlays among rendezvous point nodes, in order to enable fault-tolerant and efficient time-indexed queries, are discussed. Finally, simulation results are presented to quantify performance characteristics of the protocols, and we find that our proposed scheme has low query overhead that scales with system size and density while exhibiting very good load balancing and fault tolerance properties.
Presentation of the Distinguished Public Service Medal of 2003 to George Harlow

Mr. President, Honorees and Guests, Members of MSA: In 1976, George Harlow arrived on the scene of the American Museum of Natural History to set up shop as the resident mineralogist and crystallographer and take his place in the long and distinguished line of curators of one of the world’s great gem and mineral collections. I suspect that at the time he did not fully appreciate the breadth of responsibilities and opportunities that awaited him. From the specialized and often insulated world of mineralogical research, George had stepped into one of the most public mineralogy positions in the world. But, George enthusiastically embraced the dual roles of mineralogical researcher and educator, which have become the hallmark of his career. Of course, for museums the principal medium for public education is the exhibition, and George was quickly pulled into that arena. He co-curated “Its Gold” in 1979–1980, and in fact, I first laid eyes on George as the star of a media presentation on gold produced for that exhibition. He remains the ever-youthful mineralogical leading man in showings even today in museums around the world. …
Application of tandem mass spectral approaches to structural determinations of saponins.

Structural determinations of saponins present challenges to the analyst because of the variety of potential modification sites, the incorporation of both carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate moieties, and the occurrence of mixtures that may include isomeric species and highly-active minor components. These quite daunting features of the research problem represent an excellent opportunity for effective application of new analytical methodologies. Tandem mass spectrometry is a particularly logical choice: advances in sample preparation, ionization methods and analyzer techniques can now lessen the sample requirements, shorten the analysis time and provide detailed structural information for individual mixture components. We are utilizing liquid secondary ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization and electrospray ionization in conjunction with high- and low-energy collision-induced decomposition and post-source decay tandem mass analysis to probe the structures of saponins with established biological activities. Methods developed with known compounds are then used for the structural elucidation of unknowns. In the work described here, structures of saponins from a cardivascular active Chinese medicine were determined first and the fragmentation information was used as a guide in the interpretation of the spectra from more complex saponins found in extracts of the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina that may have use as adjuvants in vaccines.