cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent Chip-Scale Modeling for Copper CMP Pattern Dependence

In this research, we present an improved and coherent chip-scale model framework for copper bulk polishing, copper over-polishing, and barrier layer polishing. The integration of contact wear and density-step-height models is more seamlessly implemented and addresses inherent shortcomings of the previous model. In the new model, a local density is used instead of the effective density computed by way of a planarization length, and only a contact wear coefficient is used to characterize the long-range planarization capability, thus avoiding the conflict between the planarization length and the contact wear coefficient in capturing topography variation. In addition, the pressure computed for each 240×240 μm block using contact wear is further redistributed, using a linear height vs. pressure model, among 40×40 μm cells within that block. The same model framework is used for different polishing steps, so that it is possible to directly compare basic process characteristics, such as pad stiffness, of different polishing stages. Results with the new model show a significant improvement of the modeling accuracy to less than 100 A of root mean square error. Furthermore, the new model framework can be adapted for the modeling of multi-level metallization processes.
‘Leathernecks Ashore!’ The United States Marine Corps and Revolutionary Russia, 1917–1919 Diplomatic Couriers and Embassy Guards

During the time of turbulence and revolution engulfing Russia as it evolved from Tsarist Empire to Bolshevik Soviet Union, the personnel assigned to the US Embassy and associated consulates throughout Russia offered a convenient “window” through which the US and others in the West could view and ponder the momentous developments under way. Among the most useful of those personnel were representatives of he US Marine Corps assigned to protect those diplomatic missions. This article exploits the records, letters, and reports of the Marine Corps detachments and their officers and men to offer a unique perspective regarding those revolutionary times.
Uranium removal during low discharge in the Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone

Abstract The Ganges-Brahmaputra river system supplies more dissolved uranium to the ocean than any other system in the world (S arin et al., 1990; S ackett et al. 1973). However, there have been no investigations to determine whether riverine supplies of uranium are altered by geochemical reactions in the river-ocean mixing zone. In this study, uranium and salinity data were collected in the Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone during a period of low river discharge. The uranium distribution with salinity shows that in waters The behavior of uranium in the Ganges-Brahmaputra is in sharp contrast to its in teh Amazon mixing zone where MCKee et at. (1978) found uranium activities significantly higher than predicted from conservative micxing. The contrasting behaviours for uranium in theses systems are due to the different locatons where mixing between river and seawater occurs. For the Amzon, mixing takes place on the continental shelf whereas for the Ganges-Brahamputra, mixing occurs within shoreline sedimentary environments. The physiochimical processes controlling uranium removal to sediment deposits in the Amazon are partly known. We discuss mechanisms which may be removing uranium to suspended and mangrove sediments in the Ganges-Brahmaputra.
Antagonism--no synergism--in pairwise tests of carcinogens in rats.

In the mid-1970s, the National Cancer Institute issued a contract for the testing of a dozen chemicals, most of them known to be carcinogenic in animals, in pairwise combinations. Those tests, which involved 918 pairwise tests and over 14,500 laboratory rats, produced no good evidence for any synergistic interactions in which exposure to two chemicals resulted in a number of tumors greater than the number produced by exposure to either chemical alone. A number of tests resulted in antagonism, in which the number of tumors in animals exposed to a pair of carcinogens was less than the number seen after exposure to either carcinogen by itself. More generally, the results indicate that synergism is an unlikely consequence when animals are exposed to pairs of chemicals, even when both chemicals are carcinogens.
Si-Cr and Si-Pd interface reaction and bulk electronic structure of Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, and Pd silicides

Abstract We present a synchrotron radiation photoemission study of silicide nucleation at the Si(111)-Pd and Si(111)-Cr interfaces and of the electronic structure of bulk Pd 2 Si, CrSi 2 , TiSi 2 , VSi 2 , CoSi 2 , NiSi 2 and Ni 2 Si. These reveal the Si-p/metal-d hybridization, the bonding and nonbonding metal-derived d-features, and the decoupling of Si-p and Si-s states as predicted by recent calculations. Comparison of bulk silicides with Pd and Cr silicides thermally grown at the silicon-metal interface shows that the structure and composition of the first growth phases correspond to Pd 2 Si and CrSi 2 but that the surface electronic structure exhibits an increase in the intensity of the bonding metal-d/silicon-p density of states features. Si-enrichment at the silicide-vacuum interface explains the apparent differences between the electronic structure of the interface and bulk silicides.
Performance improvement of microcrystalline thin film silicon solar cells by back reflector with high resistivity and low absorption

In this paper, a series of microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) solar cells were fabricated on different back reflectors by very high frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (VHF-PECVD). The results indicated that the performance of μc-Si:H solar cells strongly depended on their back reflector structures. First of all, the various Al:ZnO films with different optical and electrical properties were fabricated, and the effects on the performance of μc-Si:H solar cells as the back reflector materials were investigated. Unlike the previous studies for a-Si:H solar cells, all the μc-Si:H cells with various Al:ZnO back reflectors are showing similar I-V characteristics. However, it was interesting result that the back reflector with highest resistivity, fabricated by oxygen reactive sputtering, showed the best fill factor. As the next step, the n-μc-SiO layer with high resistivity was introduced as the new back reflector materials substituting for the conventional Al:ZnO. The optimal deposition condition for the n-μc-SiO layer was selected considering the low refractive index under 1.85, the reasonable electrical resistivity around 1E+3 Ω·cm and low absorption spectra near IR region. For the new back reflector structures, all the cell parameters were increased drastically at n-μc-SiO thicker than 300 nm, and a conversion efficiency of as high as 9.3 % (V oc : 0.501 V, J sc : 27.4 mA/cm2, F.F: 0.68) was obtained. The performance gain for V oc and F.F was more obvious in the thicker back reflectors, suggesting that the high-resistivity n-μc-SiO layer could reduce the shunt current at the back contacts of μc-Si:H cells.
LA PRETENSIÓN DE OBJETIVIDAD COMO UNA ESTRATEGIA PARA OBLIGAR: LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE CIERTA CULTURA DE HERMENÉUTICA CONSTITUCIONAL HACIA FINES DEL SIGLO XX

El presente trabajo explica como la interpretacion constitucional tiene una dimension politica, en la que se relaciona determinada hermeneutica con el proyecto politico plasmado en la Carta durante la dictadura. Se trabaja una referencia al periodo codificador del siglo XIX, donde se aprecia una relacion entre un proyecto politico plasmado normativamente y ciertas estrategias destinadas a protegerlo, como las reglas de interpretacion de la ley. Parte del constitucionalismo chileno, concretamente durante las primeras decadas de la Carta vigente, muestra su compromiso con una estructura similar: un catalogo de derechos fundamentales casi sin modificaciones junto a criterios de interpretacion constitucional que petrifican su contenido.
Polyionic charge density plays a key role in differential recognition of mobile ions by biopolymers.

We address the question of what are the molecular mechanisms providing discrimination between seemingly similar counterions binding to various biomolecular surfaces. In the case of protein association with Na+ and K+ ions, recent works proposed that specificity of carboxylate functional groups interacting with these mobile ions rationalizes the observed ionic discrimination. We probe in this work whether similar arguments may be used to explain higher propensity of Na+ ions to associate with DNA compared with K+ ions, which was suggested by our simulations and some experiments. By comparing our extensive molecular dynamics simulations of Na+ and K+ distributions around a 16-base-pair DNA oligomer, [(CGAGGTTTAAACCTCG)]2, with additional simulations where DNA is replaced by a “soup” of monomers (dimethylphosphate anion), we conclude that DNA specificity toward Na+/K+ is not determined by the underlying functional group specificity. Instead, the collective effect of DNA charges drives larger Na+ association....
From Fly Wings to Targeted Cancer Therapies: A Centennial for Notch Signaling

Since Notch phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster were first identified 100 years ago, Notch signaling has been extensively characterized as a regulator of cell-fate decisions in a variety of organisms and tissues. However, in the past 20 years, accumulating evidence has linked alterations in the Notch pathway to tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the protumorigenic and tumor-suppressive functions of Notch signaling, and dissect the molecular mechanisms that underlie these functions in hematopoietic cancers and solid tumors. Finally, we link these mechanisms and observations to possible therapeutic strategies targeting the Notch pathway in human cancers.
Knowledge and Achievement Tests in Girls' Basketball on the Senior High School Level

(1937). Knowledge and Achievement Tests in Girls' Basketball on the Senior High School Level. Research Quarterly. American Physical Education Association: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 143-156.
Equivalence of items on the mini-mental state

Procedural variations affecting the reliability of the Mini-Mental State (MMS) were investigated in three studies using three different populations. Consistent results were obtained from studies of neurologically normal, at-risk, and impaired individuals which show that the test item involving serial subtractions is significantly more difficult than the alternative item involving backward spelling. MMS users are cautioned against assuming the comparability of scores across individuals, and should specify which attention and concentration task they employ in their evaluations.
Monte Carlo study of the atmospheric spread function

Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations are used to study the atmospheric spread function appropriate to satellite-based sensing of the earth's surface. The parameters which are explored include the nadir angle of view, the size distribution of the atmospheric aerosol, and the aerosol vertical profile.
Dynamic respose improvement of power converter using an adaptive frequency control law

This paper presents a control scheme that varies the switching frequency of switching power converter in order to improve its dynamic transient performance. The proposed method adaptively varies the switching frequency of the converter during transients as a function of the error signal. The control law and its implementation are presented. Experimental results from a proof of concept experimental prototype are presented that illustrates the dynamic performance improvement with the proposed control scheme.
Effect of physiological stress on expression of glucose transporter 2 in liver of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica

Glucose transporters (GLUTs) have been implicated in the survival of various physiological stresses in mammals; however, little is known about the role of these proteins in stress tolerance in lower vertebrates. The wood frog (Rana sylvatica), which survives multiple winter-related stresses by copiously mobilizing hepatic glycogen stores, is an interesting subject for the study of glucose transport in amphibians. We examined the effects of several physiological stresses on GLUT2 protein and mRNA levels in the liver of R. sylvatica. Using immunoblotting techniques to measure relative GLUT2 abundance, we found that GLUT2 numbers increased in response to organismal freezing, hypoxia exposure, and glucose loading; whereas, experimental dehydration and urea loading did not affect GLUT2 abundance. GLUT2 mRNA levels, assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, changed in accordance with protein abundance for most stresses, indicating that transcriptional regulation of GLUT2 occurs in response to stress. Overall, hepatic GLUT2 seems to be important in stress survival in R. sylvatica and is regulated to meet the physiological need to accumulate glucose.
Developing Leadership Skills for Reference Librarians: The Case for Planning a Local Conference

The planning, development, and organization of a one-day or multiple-day conference is time consuming, challenging, and requires a well-prepared framework. This article discusses the guidelines and strategies developed by the Southeast Florida Library Information Network Reference Committee for the organization of a successful local conference. These guidelines offer a model for any organization that is planning a conference and for incorporating future events into the planning process. They also serve as a collaborative model for what a regional network can achieve toward promoting and providing professional development and leadership opportunities for its libraries, librarians, and library staff.
The Tea Party and the Crisis of Neoliberalism: Mainstreaming New Right Populism in the Corporate News Media

Within months of Barack Obama's election, a putatively grass-roots conservative uprising emerged to challenge the Democratic Party's agenda. In this article, we analyze the role of cable news in the rise of the Tea Party during the current “crisis of neoliberalism”—a moment of political-economic volatility brought about by the Great Recession. We argue that the Tea Party's political purpose is to hold together the New Right coalition of business elites and white working- and middle-class Americans that undergirds the neoliberal political project. In the context of a deregulated corporate mass media, we show that both “right-wing” and “moderate” cable networks mainstreamed the Tea Party by framing it as a legitimate social movement, enabling the widespread projection of right-wing populist discourse in support of neoliberalism. In light of our study, we suggest that democratizing the mass media is crucial for a sustained progressive political response in the United States.
THE EXPRESSION OF MENDELIAN FACTORS IN THE GAMETOPHYTE OF MAIZE

Page 425, line 6, for "C. N. Collins" read "G. N. Collins." Page 428, line 10, for "was found to 41.5" read "was found to be 41.5." Page 430, line 2, for "17 plants" read "17 virescent plants." Page 451, line 10 from bottom, for "figures la and lb" read "figures 1a and 1b
Heck coupling of olefins to mixed methyl/thienyl monolayers on Si(111) surfaces.

The Heck reaction has been used to couple olefins to a Si(111) surface that was functionalized with a mixed monolayer comprised of methyl and thienyl groups. The coupling method maintained a conjugated linkage between the surface and the olefinic surface functionality, to allow for facile charge transfer from the silicon surface. While a Si(111) surface terminated only with thienyl groups displayed a surface recombination velocity, S, of 670 ± 190 cm s^(–1), the mixed CH_3/SC_4H_3–Si(111) surfaces with a coverage of θ_(SC_4H_3) = 0.15 ± 0.02 displayed a substantially lower value of S = 27 ± 9 cm s^(–1). Accordingly, CH_3/SC_4H_3–Si(111) surfaces were brominated with N-bromosuccinimide, to produce mixed CH_3/SC_4H_2Br–Si(111) surfaces with coverages of θ_(Br–Si) < 0.05. The resulting aryl halide surfaces were activated using [Pd(PPh_3)_4] as a catalyst. After activation, Pd(II) was selectively coordinated by oxidative addition to the surface-bound aryl halide. The olefinic substrates 4-fluorostyrene, vinylferrocene, and protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester were then coupled (in dimethylformamide at 100 °C) to the Pd-containing functionalized Si surfaces. The porphyrin-modified surface was then metalated with Co, Cu, or Zn. The vinylferrocene-modified Si(111) surface showed a linear dependence of the peak current on scan rate in cyclic voltammetry, indicating that facile electron transfer had been maintained and providing evidence of a robust linkage between the Si surface and the tethered ferrocene. The final Heck-coupled surface exhibited S = 70 cm s^(–1), indicating that high-quality surfaces could be produced by this multistep synthetic approach for tethering small molecules to silicon photoelectrodes.
STABILITY OF SI-DOPED AlGaAs/GaAs MODFET STRUCTURES DURING CONVENTIONAL FURNACE AND RAPID OPTICAL ANNEALING.

The use of an AlGaAs/n-GaAs superlattice in place of the n-AlGaAs layer in MODFET devices reduces the light and temperature sensitivity of the threshold voltage. This paper considers the stability of Si doped superlattices under annealing conditions required for activation of the implant in the self-aligned gate MODFET fabrication process. Rapid optical annealing does not significantly degrade the superlattice structure. The DX center concentration in the superlattice structures is a factor of 30 less than measured in conventional MODFET structures. High performance MOOFET devices have been fabricated using the self-aligned gate process with rapid optical annealing.
Cellular Automata Simulations of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria

Phase transitions and phase equilibria are among the most fundamental phenomena in the physical and environmental sciences. In the present work an asynchronous stochastic cellular automata model for the equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor is presented. The model is visual, dynamic, and employs just two rules—an attraction probability and a gravitational preference. Application of the attraction rule alone yields a ‘mist’ within the vapor, whereas application of the gravitational rule by itself yields an isothermal atmospheric profile. Application of both rules together causes the vapor to evolve to a liquid phase with a vapor phase above it. Introduction of a third rule for short-range attraction/repulsion more clearly resolves the liquid/vapor interface.
T duality considerations for hadronic strings

We show that a simple account of hadronic high energy total cross sections and of the observed masses and flavor-gauge-like couplings of the familiar vector mesons is obtained in a hadronic string model suggested by QCD in the limit of a large number of colors. Our picture involves a Minkowski space which, in addition to the well-established continuous one time and three space dimensions, is endowed with an extra discrete space dimension involving a minimal two-point lattice with a spacing of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ cm in one of the two $T$-dual pictures. New mesonic states with characteristic decay modes are expected in such a picture.
The response of group-housed baboons to three enrichment toys

Summary The behaviour of group-housed baboons was compared before and after the provision of durable cage toys. One adult male hamadryas baboon and 13 adult female olive baboons living in a large enclosure were observed after they were given seven nylon bones, seven Kong™ toys and seven Plaque Attackers™. Observations were conducted four times per week on each subject over a 6-week period. Abnormal, cage-directed, inactive and self-directed behaviours all significantly decreased after the provision of the toys, while enrichment-directed activities significantly increased. Aggression did not differ between the no toy and toy conditions. Approximately 26% of the baboons were using the toys at anyone time, and use of the Kong™ toys and the bones was higher than that of the Plaque Attackers™. Individuals who used enrichment structures already present were also those who used the new toys the most.
Measurements of heat transport in thin films by ultrafast laser-based techniques

Summary form only given. The talk is aimed at providing an insight into modern approaches to simulation-based analysis of supply chains. It gives an overview of using modeling and simulation (MS Green Logistics; Supply Chain Resilience: ASPID; Quick Response; Simulation in Supply Chain Management; Supply Chain Dynamics; and Simulation-Based Training in Supply Chain Management.
Enhancing needle durability by silicone coating of surgical needles

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of coating surgical needles with silicone on their durability. Needle durability is a measure of needle sharpness after repeated passage through tissue. Needle sharpness was determined by quantitating the energy required to pass a designated needle repeatedly (20 times) through porcine skin, linea alba, colon, and aorta. The results demonstrate that the durability and sharpness of silicone-coated needles were significantly greater than those of comparable uncoated needles in linea alba, colon, and aorta, but not in skin.
The Mobilization of Elite Opinion: Rabbi Perceptions of and Responses to Anti-Semitism

One of the persistent problems facing the Jewish community is anti-Semitism, which has a long, tragic history in the United States and abroad. At the same time, anti-Semitic acts are probably at their lowest ebb in American history. Using a sample of more than 400 rabbis drawn from the four great movements of American Judaism, we investigate rabbi perceptions of anti-Semitism in the United States, as well as their attitudinal and behavioral reactions to it. We test and find evidence for the notions that Orthodox rabbis, as well as those connected to and mobilized by Jewish advocacy organizations, perceive anti-Semitism as a greater problem and concern themselves with the issue more often in their public speech. watchfulness, action, and proliferating organization. At the same time, prejudice against Jews has waned throughout this century, with notable exceptions, making experience with anti-Semitism far less likely to be commonplace in the United States (see, e.g., Blakeslee 2000). Progress in reducing societal anti-Semitism has allowed variance in opinion about the issue to develop and may eventually lead to what Medding (1995) calls a "new Jewish politics," based on the varied interests of the Jewish community. For now, this diversity of opinion enables us to test the effect that Jewish interest groups and religious movements have in shaping rabbi opinions and actions on the issue of anti-Semitism. At a time when the Jewish community is making historic strides in public acceptability, marked for instance by Senator Joseph Lieberman's vice-presidential nomination, how concerned with anti-Semitism are American rabbis? How much do they speak out about the evils of prejudice, and what motivates that discussion? We wish to explore the internal mechanisms within a religious community that generate solidarity (Wald, Owen, and Hill 1990). That solidarity will depend on how the wider community treats that religious group, how the religious group perceives and interacts with the wider commu- nity, mechanisms inside the religious group to maintain commitment, and organizations within the religious community that can rally support. We place particular emphasis on the influences of religious movement and protective interest groups. In the Jewish community, as in most religious traditions, religious dictates provide an overarching structure through which adherents interact with society. In particular, Orthodox Jewry maintains significant barriers to the non-Orthodox world that translate into particular opinions and actions concerning anti-Semitism-Orthodox rabbis will view anti-Semitism as a greater threat than rabbis of the Reform, Reconstructionist, and Conservative movements. Jewish advocacy organizations (JAOs) seek to mobilize Jewish opinion against threats through their cultivated status as the only sources of information about the extent of anti-Semitism in the United States. By collecting and disseminating information on anti-Semitic incidents, these
Analysis of a wide resonant strip in waveguide

An analysis has been developed to calculate the susceptance due to a wide resonant strip on the transverse plane of a rectangular waveguide. The theory is based upon a variational form for the susceptance, where the current distribution is determined by the moment method. Accurate results have been obtained for the wide strips as confirmed by the measurements. >
Response of the ITCZ to Northern Hemisphere cooling

[1] Climate simulations, using models with different levels of complexity, indicate that the north-south position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) responds to changes in interhemispheric temperature contrast. Paleoclimate data on a variety of timescales suggest a similar behavior, with southward displacements of the ITCZ and associated changes in tropical atmospheric circulation during cold periods in the Northern Hemisphere. To identify a mechanism by which ITCZ displacements can be forced from the extratropics, we use a climate model with idealized geography and a simple slab ocean. We cool the northern extratropics and warm the southern extratropics to represent the asymmetric temperature changes associated with glacial-interglacial and millennial-scale climate variability. A southward shift in the ITCZ occurs, along with changes in the trade winds and an asymmetric response of the Hadley circulation. Changes in atmospheric heat exchange between the tropics and midlatitudes are the likely cause of this response, suggesting that this mechanism may play an important role in ITCZ displacements on timescales from decadal to glacial-interglacial.
A First-Order Characterization of Errors From Neglecting Stratigraphy in Forward and Inverse Passive Microwave Modeling of Snow

Large-scale snow hydrology has been studied via spaceborne passive microwave (PM) measurements for decades. Forward and inverse radiative transfer (RT) models of snow are utilized in this context but typically neglect snow stratigraphy. Our objective in this paper is to characterize the expected model error in PM brightness temperature (Tb) predictions due to neglecting stratigraphy over a range of snow cover conditions. For 191 snowpits ranging from prairie to alpine, we performed side-by-side RT model runs including and ignoring stratigraphy via mass-weighted averages across stratigraphic layers; error was estimated by comparing the two RT model runs. Neglecting stratigraphy at 37 GHz led to approximately 10-K root mean square error (RMSE) for moderately deep (alpine) snow cover and to approximately 5-K RMSE for shallower (prairie) snow. RMSE across all types of snow was 1.67 and 26.9 K at 18.7 and 89 GHz, respectively. At 37 GHz, there was a low bias for deep snowpacks and a high bias for moderate-to-shallow snowpacks. Bias magnitude bias was dependent on vertical grain size variability. Based on these results and estimates of sensitivity of Tb to snow depth, we estimated that snow depth RMSE due to neglecting stratigraphy approaches 50%.
Detecting unsafe error recovery schedules

A mechanism for modeling timing, precedence, and data-consistency constraints on concurrently executing processes is presented. The model allows durations and intervals between events to be specified. An algorithm is provided to detect schedules which may be unsafe with respect to the constraints. This work, motivated by the design and validation of autonomous error-recovery strategies on the Galileo spacecraft, appears to be applicable to a variety of asynchronous real-time systems. >
A critical evaluation of harmonics generated by forced commutated cycloconverters (FCC's) under unbalance

An in depth harmonic assessment of FCCs (forced commutated cycloconverters) is presented for unbalanced operating conditions. The analytical procedure described allows for closed-form assessment of harmonics generated by the FCC under unbalance. It is shown that for unbalance in input supply abnormal harmonics of considerable magnitude at lower frequencies are generated and impose severe restrictions on the FCC's operating frequency range and waveform quality. This aspect is fully analyzed. Selected results were verified experimentally on a laboratory prototype FCC. >
Processing limitations can help neural growth build hierarchical representations

Processing limitations can be an advantage for a learner (Elman 1993; Newport 1990; Turkewitz 1982). They can filter input to the learner so that the relations to be learned increase in complexity only gradually. The time-course of filtered input can complement the growing neural representations discussed by Quartz & Sejnowski.
Use of cerebral evoked potentials to evaluate spinal somatosensory function in patients with traumatic and surgical myelopathies

✓ Cerebral somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP's) were elicited by electrical stimulation of the median nerve in the arm (SEPA) and of the posterior tibial nerve in the leg (SEPL) in 23 patients with incomplete localized lesions (including traumatic injuries, neoplasms, vascular malformations and infarcts) of the low cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spinal cord. In eight of 46 attempts (left and right sides), SEPL could not be recorded. Of the remaining 38 sides, spinal somatosensory conduction velocity (SSCV, indirectly estimated) was abnormally slow (< 35 m/sec) in 20, and the amplitude of SEPL relative to SEPA (L:A ratio) was abnormally low (< 0.5) in 20 (p < 0.001 in each case, compared to normal controls). All three criteria yielded a combined 72% incidence of abnormality, correlating best with impairment of joint position sense. Serial postoperative studies in four cases documented an increase in the SSCV and L:A ratio following spinal decompression. These results demonstrate that the latency and ampl...
Supramaximal Inflation Improves Lung Compliance in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Rationale Lung compliance has been found to be low in patients with chronic diaphragmatic weakness or paralysis but has not been well-studied in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) prolongs survival in ALS patients but may also have additional beneficial effects. Objectives This study evaluated static expiratory lung compliance (CL) in subjects with ALS and determined the effect of lung inflation with supramaximal inflation on CL. Design This was a prospective trial comparing CL before and after supramaximal lung inflation via mouthpiece-delivered positive pressure. Setting A single university medical center with an multidisciplinary ALS center. Participants Fourteen subjects with ALS were compared to 4 healthy volunteers. Interventions Subjects underwent a battery of pulmonary function tests including for CL. Then they used positive pressure administered via a mouthpiece set to 10 cm H2O above their maximal static recoil pressure for 5 min. The CL measurement was then repeated. Results The mean (± SD) baseline CL was reduced (164.1 ± 82.1 mL/cm H2O) in subjects with ALS and was significantly lower than that in healthy volunteers (237.5 mL/cm H2O; p = 0.04). CL increased significantly in subjects with evidence of diaphragm weakness (change in CL, 11.3 ± 16.7 mL/cm H2O; p = 0.03). Healthy volunteers did not have an increase in CL. Conclusions Patients with ALS and diaphragmatic weakness have reduced CL, and brief supramaximal inflation increases CL. These findings suggest that atelectasis or increased alveolar surface forces are present in ALS patients and that these patients will have increased work of breathing. Some of the beneficial effects demonstrated with NPPV therapy may be through its effects on CL and the work of breathing.
Study on the photolysis and thermolysis of alkyl aryl sulfoxides

viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION I Dissertation Organization 1 Objectives 1 Significance 2 References 5 CHAPTER I. PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF SULFOXIDES: A GENERAL REVIEW 7 a-Cleavage 8 Acyclic sulfoxides 9 Dimethyl sulfoxide 9 Dibenzyl sulfoxide 11 Other dialkyl sulfoxides 12 Alkyl aryl sulfoxides 13 Diaryl sulfoxides 14 Acyclic ketosulfoxides 15 Cyclic sulfoxides 19 Photoextrusion of SO 19 Dithiin-monoxide system 22 Other cyclic sulfoxide systems 24 a-Cleavage of sulfoxides promoted by other chemical species 31 Hydrogen Abstraction 34
Comparison of Three Colorimetric Reagents in the Determination of Methanol with Alcohol Oxidase. Application to the Assay of Pectin Methylesterase

Three colorimetric reagents for the determination of formaldehyde, the Nash reagent (ammonia plus acetylacetone), Purpald (4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole), and N-methylbenzothiazolinone-2-hydrazone (MBTH), were compared for the determination of methanol when used in conjunction with alcohol oxidase. The combination of alcohol oxidase plus the commonly used Nash reagent was specific for methanol versus ethanol, but had the lowest sensitivity of the three reagents tested. Substituting Purpald for the Nash reagent increased the sensitivity 3-fold while still maintaining a high (59-fold) selectivity for methanol versus ethanol. Using MBTH increased the sensitivity still further, but with a loss of the selectivity toward methanol. Since MBTH reacted with aldehydes under neutral conditions, it could be included along with the alcohol oxidase to act as an aldehyde trap. This prevented further oxidation reactions by alcohol oxidase and allowed for extended incubations. A procedure for assaying low levels of pectin methylesterase activity that relies on this trapping ability is described. In addition, alcohol oxidase plus Purpald is shown to be a simple and sensitive way to measure the methanol released from plant material following the thermal activation of endogenous pectin methylesterase.
'Patriots' with Different Characteristics: Deconstructing the Chinese Anti-­Japan Protests in 2012

With anti-foreign protests erupting in China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, nationalism has become a buzzword in East and Southeast Asia. The popular media tends to assume that these protests took place for a singular reason: anti-foreign sentiments, for example, Chinese citizens' anti-Japan fervor and Vietnamese anger against China. Yet are all protestors equally nationalistic? More specifically, what motivated people to take part in these anti-foreign protests, especially in high-risk environments such as an authoritarian China? This paper goes against the conventional wisdom that Chinese protestors participated in anti-foreign protests because they were all nationalistic. It argues instead that different groups of people participated in anti-Japan protests with diverse motivations and repertoires. Utilizing primary Chinese-language sources such as media reports, interviews with protestors, and the micro blogs of protest organizers, the paper identifies five distinctive groups of people, all with diverse motivations of protest participation. This study contributes to the literature on nationalism by going one level down to study the subnational variation of nationalistic sentiments. It is able to demonstrate that, despite nationalism being a national-level construct, there is significant variation with regard to how the ordinary view and utilize nationalistic sentiments.
Natalizumab-related PML 2 weeks after negative anti-JCV antibody assay

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a serious complication of natalizumab pharmacotherapy, caused by the JC virus (JCV), against which 60% of adults have detectable serum antibodies.1 The most common symptoms of PML are cognitive impairment, motor dysfunction, visual abnormalities, and speech deficit.2 Although the mortality rate of 23%3 in natalizumab-associated cases is lower compared to PML from other causes, most survivors have a poor functional outcome.4 As of March 3, 2015, Biogen had reported 541 cases of natalizumab-related PML. Of 278 cases with available data, only 2 were negative for anti-JCV antibody; these 2 patients had tests dating from 8 and 9 months prior to diagnosis.3 Acknowledgment: The authors thank Dr. David Clifford, Washington University at St. Louis, Missouri, for therapeutic management advice; the patient and her family; and Hillary Lipe and Deb Cramer, University of Washington, Seattle, for clinical support.
Abstract 2867: Anthocyanin and carotenoid rich fresh vs. processed colored potatoes suppress human colon cancer cell proliferation and elevate apoptosis via suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathway

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world9s 3rd largest food crop and the leading vegetable crop in the United States, with per capita consumption of about 126 lbs annually. Specialty/colored potatoes rich in anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory anthocyanins and/or carotenoids can be an attractive “delivery system” for these bioactive compounds in humans. Unlike other carotenoid- or anthocyanin-rich sources such as blueberries or pears, potatoes are stored and processed before consumption (80 lbs industrially processed potatoes/capita/year in the US). We previously demonstrated that colored potato extracts suppress cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis via both caspase-dependent and independent pathways; however, the effect of processing methods on these functional compounds is unknown. We hypothesized that potato bioactive compounds retain their chemoprotective properties against human colon cancer cells even after processing (chipping and baking) compared to the DMSO solvent controls. To test this hypothesis the anti-proliferative (WST assay), pro-apoptotic (cell death detection ELISA) and anti-inflammatory (iNOS pathway; immunoblots) properties of Atlantic (white; phenolics), Yukon Gold (yellow; carotenoids) and Purple Majesty (purple; anthocyanins) potato extracts before and after processing were determined using HCT116 p53+/+ and p53−/− human colon cancer cells. Potato extracts from processed potatoes (5 −15μg/ml) suppressed both p53+/+ and p53−/− human colon cancer cell proliferation and elevated apoptosis compared to the DMSO control after 24 hr incubation period. Similar results were observed after 48 and 72 hr of incubation. However, processing suppressed (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2867.
Quality control for large quantities of blood lead testing in laboratory

[Objective]To provide accurate detection data for children 's blood lead poisoning investigation.[Methods]Strict quality control measures were adopted on large quantities of blood lead testing in laboratory.[Results]Totally 375 people within the scope of the investigation were tested.The measurement of blood lead by atomic absorption spectrometric method corrected 18 curves,correlation coefficient ranged from 0.996 3-0.999 7.A total of 26 parallel samples were determined with the relative deviation of 1.6%-4.6%.Totally 23 repeated samples were determined,with the relative deviation of 2.1 %-3.9 %.T test was performed on the retested results(P0.05),the difference between the results was not significant.[Conclusion]Perfect laboratory quality control is adopted for large quantities of blood lead testing in laboratory.The results were accurate and can be the important basis for children's blood lead poisoning judgment
Study on the glutathione peroxidase activity in Musca domestica resistant to beta-cypermethrin

Objective To get an insight into the resistance mechanisms of Musca domestica to beta-cypermethrin so that a theoretical basis was provided for the selection of a rapid and accurate monitoring technique and for the scientific use of insecticides.Methods The glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) activities of three strains of M.domestica cultured in laboratory,the beta-cypermethrin resistant strains,the resistance decay strains and the sensitive strains was detected by SDS-PAGE analysis to evaluate the role of the peroxisome in the development of M.domestica resistance.Results It was found that GSH-PX activity of the resistant M.domestica increased significantly with a relative activity of 165.89% in contrast with the activity of the enzyme that decreased to 70.13% in the resistance decay strains.Significant differences were visualized in 6 bands of the electrophoresis pattern of the 3 strains.Conclusion The change in the peroxidase activity in M.domestica strains resistant to beta-cypermethrin may play an important role in the development of M.domestica resistance.
Modelling the Effects of Customer Service Performance on Purchase Intentions in the Channel

Marketing has been conceptualized and accepted as an activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange processes. The hope is that a satisfied customer will be more likely to repurchase, leading to increased sales and market share for the firm. To achieve customer satisfaction, most firms rely on the integration of the “four p’s” of marketing, namely product, promotion, price and place. Marketing is considered the primary functional area in the firm that works to satisfy a firm’s customers.
The public and private dimensions of a birthday party: Politics, economics, and food in an Amazonian community

ABSTRACTThe emergence of the birthday party among the Tsimane' Indians of the Bolivian Amazon is a phenomenon embedded in political economy and connected to larger state initiatives that integrate historically marginalized indigenous peoples into state processes and cash economies, both directly and indirectly. Focusing on the sharing of meals and beverages during the celebration of birthday parties, this article demonstrates two ways in which the public and private lives of the Tsimane' are negotiated. The first concerns the relationships of Tsimane' to the nation by considering their involvement in state and global markets and new forms of Bolivian bureaucracy that led to the formal acknowledgement of individuals' birthdays. The second explores relationships within the community and between households, families, and individuals. This article highlights differences between everyday eating and party eating to discuss the ongoing formulation of modern Tsimane' life.
Phase II study of everolimus and sorafenib for the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer.

6024 Background: Everolimus is an oral inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Unpublished work from the Fagin lab shows that mTORC1 is also required for the growth promoting effects...
Water from (waste)water – the dependable water resource (The 2001 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate Lecture)

Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful development of this dependable water resource depends upon close examination and synthesis of elements from infrastructure and facilities planning, wastewater treatment plant siting, treatment process reliability, economic and financial analyses, and water utility management. In this paper, fundamental concepts of water reuse are discussed including definitions, historical developments, the role of water recycling in the hydrologic cycle, categories of water reuse, water quality criteria and regulatory requirements, and technological innovations for the safe use of reclaimed water. The paper emphasizes the integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning, and the emergence of modern water reclamation and reuse practices from wastewater to reclaimed water to repurified water.
The Metallurgy of Cobalt Alloys—A 1968 Review

Hexagonal close-packed cobalt-base alloys, if they can be achieved at the required temperatures, could have very desirable creep-strength properties in addition to good wear resistance and low coefficient of friction.
Timing of Circumcision and Breastfeeding Initiation Among Newborn Boys

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Newborn circumcision, particularly in the first 24 hours of life, has been thought to adversely affect breastfeeding initiation. However, no studies specifically support an association between early circumcision and difficulty with breastfeeding initiation or maintenance. This study was designed to determine whether timing of newborn circumcision affects rates of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 2 weeks of life. METHODS: A retrospective study of 797 newborn boys and their mothers was conducted at a large military hospital. Exclusion criteria included gestational age RESULTS: Mean infant age at circumcision was 29.7 hours. Thirty-one percent were circumcised at CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant association between timing of elective newborn circumcision and exclusive breastfeeding in the first 2 weeks of life. In this setting, early circumcision of otherwise healthy, term boys had no deleterious effects on breastfeeding initiation or maintenance.
Racial Disparities in Oropharyngeal Cancer Stage at Diagnosis.

AIM To evaluate the impact of race on disease stage at diagnosis in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cohort included 18,791 adult patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2004 and 2012, from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 Database. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, marital status, tumor site, and year of diagnosis, black race was associated with increased risk of presenting with Stage III or IV disease (OR 1.24, p=0.016), T3 or T4 tumors (OR 2.16, <0.001), distant metastasis (OR 2, p<0.001), and unresectable tumors (OR 1.65, p<0.001). Race was not associated with risk of presenting with nodal metastasis diagnosis (OR 0.93, p=0.241). CONCLUSION Black race is associated with increased risk of advanced disease presentation in oropharyngeal cancer.
Remittances and the promise of financial democracy: critical reflections from the US-Mexico case

This article presents critical analysis of a recent "financial democracy" initiative carried out collaboratively between agencies of the Mexican and US governments. The significant governmental work that officials put into the design of a low-cost remittance transfer service, marketing that service to banks and credit unions, and encouraging migrants to use it are described and analyzed. Despite all this effort, the service has not been taken up by large numbers of migrants; different explanations for these dismal results are discussed. The article concludes by emphasizing the value of the type of critical remittances research presented and suggesting a new critical research agenda.
Discrepancies in stereotaxic coordinate publications and improving precision using an animal-specific atlas

Rodent brain atlases have traditionally been used to identify brain structures in three-dimensional space for a variety of stereotaxic procedures. As neuroscience becomes increasingly sophisticated, higher levels of precision and consistency are needed. Observations of various atlases currently in use across labs reveal numerous coordinate discrepancies. Here we provide examples of inconsistencies by comparing the coordinates of the boundaries of various brain structures across six atlas publications. We conclude that the coordinates determined by any particular atlas should be considered as only a first approximation of the actual target coordinates for the experimental animal for a particular study. Furthermore, the coordinates determined by one research team cannot be assumed to be universally applicable and accurate in other experimental settings. To optimize precision, we describe a simple protocol for the construction of a customized atlas that is specific to the surgical approach and to the species, gender, and age of the animal used in any given study.