cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crowdshipping in last mile deliveries: Operational challenges and research opportunities

Abstract This paper contributes to the emerging body of research on crowdshipping, which is a collaborative strategy that distributes delivery tasks to a mass of actors that act as ordinary couriers, aiming at reducing delivery costs and supporting sustainability. The study focuses on last mile delivery activities, where numerous app-based delivery platforms have recently emerged. The paper provides an overview of the operational characteristics of these platforms based on an in-depth study of a sample of major crowdshipping services (state-of-practice) and a comprehensive review of the state-of-research. After comparing platform services and characteristics, we identified four core (typological) factors that differentiate services: platform (service) type, delivery type, delivery mode, and pricing strategy; and six categories for service challenges and opportunities. Moreover, the review of the state-of-research synthesized their findings with respect to the identified practical challenges to discover opportunities for future work. Overall, the study found that there is a mismatch between practical challenges and scientific solutions. The literature has not addressed all challenges identified in practice, such as couriers’ work conditions and pricing, which are still unresolved issues. The majority of articles were exploratory in nature with their findings based on hypothetical random instances. More research is needed with empirical case studies to evaluate the service net effects on each actor (e.g., senders, receivers, couriers, and platforms) in particular, and on the society in general, in terms of traffic externalities, quality of life, cost and revenue. The paper ends with a discussion of promising areas for future research.
Connecting and scaling semiconductor quantum photonic systems

At the core of most quantum technologies, including quantum networks, quantum computers and quantum simulators, is the development of homogeneous, long lived qubits with excellent optical interfaces, and the development of high efficiency and robust optical interconnects for such qubits. To achieve this goal, we have been studying color centers in diamond (SiV, SnV) and silicon carbide (VSi in 4H SiC), in combination with novel fabrication techniques, and relying on the powerful and fast photonics inverse design approach that we have developed. We illustrate this with a number of demonstrated quantum photonic devices and circuits in diamond and in SiC.
Using machine learning and trapezoidal model to derive All-weather ET from Remote sensing Images and Meteorological Data

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important parameter for crop growth monitoring and land surface modeling. This paper combined a psychical model (endmember-based soil and vegetation energy partitioning, ESVEP) and a machine learning method (Random Forest, RF) to calculate daily ET. Both remote sensing (MODIS) and meteorological (NWM) data were used as the inputs of the ESVEP model and all variables from remote sensing data, meteorological data, and ESVEP model were used in RF to calculate latent heat flux. The instantaneous latent heat flux was then extended to daily ET based on the assumption that the instantaneous reference ET fraction (ETrF) at image time is the same as the average ETrF over the 24h average. As the MODIS LST data are affected by cloud, the surface temperature of Noah model outputs was used to fill the MODIS LST gaps. The training data were collected from the three cropland sites in Nebraska between 2003 and 2012 and the daily ET of the three sites in the 2020 growing season was generated. The accuracy assessment results showed that the RMSE of daily ET generated from this study and ground truth data were around 1mm and the R2 was around 0.7. Finally, we used this method to generate daily ET products for Nebraska State and keep updating the data.
Frozen Section Library: Lung

Benign Proliferations Versus Cancer.- Primary Cancers of the Lung.- Metastases to the Lung.- Surgical Margins.- Benign Focal Lesions.- Wedge Biopsy for Diffuse Lung Diseases.- Lymph Nodes.
Finding the Prophetic in Failure

In recent decades, a body of literary writing has emerged in which religious questions are foregrounded. This body of writing and the criticism connected with it is increasingly referred to as postsecular. In E. L. Doctorow’s City of God, the characters and the text perform the struggle of reading prophetically, as it is defined in the writings of Jewish philosopher Martin Buber. In his time, Buber urged not a return to existing models of the religious, but a turn toward prophetic reading, which is founded in relation. Literary writing of this postsecular moment, including City of God, is likewise engaged in a reconceptualization of the religious. Doctorow’s novel conveys the idea that engaging the religious involves failure, but that it is through failure that we are pushed to a new modality of reading.
Ellagic acid attenuates adipocyte and hepatic triglyceride contents via discrete mechanisms (269.6)

Liver and adipose tissues are major regulators of lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-lipogenic mechanisms of ellagic acid (EA), a naturally occurring polyphenol found...
HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION AND LABOR MARKET EQUILIBRIUM

The objective of this paper is to analyse an equilibrium search model with on-the-job search and human capital accumulation. In our model wages are disperse because firms pay workers of the same productivity different wages and workers of different productivies earn different wages. New entrants to the labour market increase their wages mainly through on-the-job search. As workers gain more experience and move up the offer distribution, job-to-job transitions become less frequent and human capital accumulation dominates wage growth. This interaction generates a wage distribution that exhibits a density with a unique mode and a long and decreasing right tail as observed in the data.
The Osmotic Properties of Medusae

1. Medusae show no osmotic regulation. 2. The total water of the jelly disc is osmotically free; it follows that nearly all the electrolyte present is also uncombined. 3. Gortner9s statement that the medusae contain 99.8 per cent, water is contradicted.
Glucose uptake in PC12 cells: GLUT3 vesicle trafficking and fusion as revealed with a novel GLUT3-GFP fusion protein

The distribution of glucose transporters at the cell surface has a major impact on cellular glucose uptake. In muscle cells and adipocytes, this distribution is under the control of insulin; however, neuronal glucose uptake is not acutely regulated by insulin. Factors that affect the translocation of the neuronal glucose transporter isoform GLUT3 vesicles to and their fusion with the plasma membrane are not well understood. We report that GLUT3 in PC12 cells colocalizes with SNARE complex proteins SNAP-25 and syntaxin 1, suggesting that fusion of GLUT3-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane is mediated by these proteins. In addition, it seems that GLUT3 vesicle fusion is regulated, as depolarization increases GLUT3 insertion into the plasma membrane. To study the dynamics of GLUT3 vesicle trafficking, we have created a GLUT3-GFP fusion protein that is easily expressed in PC12 cells. Trafficking of GLUT3-GFP seems normal, as 1). its distribution is similar to endogenous GLUT3, 2). GLUT3-GFP containing vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane evidenced by labeling of the fusion protein with an antibody directed against the exofacial epitope of GLUT3, and 3). glucose uptake is similar to PC12 cells not transfected with GLUT3 fusion protein. These studies are the first to examine GLUT3 trafficking and fusion in PC12 cells, and establish a model system to study regulation of the neuronal glucose transporter.
Possible exact momentum pair-breaking mechanism due to Umklapp processes in superconductors

Abstract We would like to show that it is possible to obtain non exact opposite momentum pairings in the presence of an external magnetic field if the electrons in superconductors are strongly coupled to the transverse phonons as well as to the longitudinal phonons usually assumed in the BCS-Bogoliubov's [1] theory.
An efficient multiple-exposure analysis of the toxicity of crisnatol, a DNA intercalator in phase II clinical trials

To investigate the toxicity and mechanism of action of crisnatol (CRS), a new DNA intercalator currently in phase II clinical trials, we analyzed cellular and nuclear flow cytometric (FCM) parameters of murine erythroleukemic cells (MELC) exposed to a range of CRS concentrations over three exposure conditions: short-term (4 h), long-term (24 h), and short-term with recovery (4 h+/19 h−). At 0.5–1.0μM CRS, 4 h exposure results in a reversible G2-phase block, while 24 h exposure results in > G2 polyploidy. At 5–10μM CRS concentrations, cells exhibit persistent retardation of S-phase progression or irreversible G2 and/or > G2 blocks, depending on duration of exposure. Cells terminally blocked in G2 exhibit increased nuclear/cellular volumes and increased nuclear fluorescein isothiocyanate (protein) staining, suggestive of unbalanced growth. At 25–50μM CRS concentrations, MELC exhibit severe membrane perturbation (loss of viability) regardless of exposure. In contrast, following similar exposures to an inactive isomer of CRS, MELC exhibit minimal cell cycle effects, suggesting that cell cycle kinetics may be a useful criterion for assessing potential efficacy. Similar analyses with different classes of chemotherapeutic agents reveal that the range of induced cellular/nuclear perturbations varies with the class of compound used. Taken together, these results suggest that drug toxicity can vary with both concentration and duration of exposure and, as such, a selective multiple-exposure FCM analysis may better represent the spectrum of drug action for drug development and pharmacodynamic studies.
Pediatric research hospitalization: its meaning to parents.

Extract: Expectations and attitudes of parents of 140 children awaiting admission to a pediatric research center were examined in semistructured preadmission interviews. Parental conceptions of the purpose of hospitalization are summarized in table I. Even after discussion with the physician-investigator, parents of 61 children (Group A) failed to comprehend that hospitalization was for some research purpose. Although the expectations of parents and physicians could not be uniformly compared, it was established that, in many instances, purposes of the research had been explicitly described and that parents had utilized denial and repression in blocking these anxiety-producing communications. Parents of 60 children (Group B) viewed hospitalization as combining therapeutic and research aims. Parents of 9 (Group C) viewed the aim as primarily research. Parents of 6 (Group D) viewed the aim as pure research. Views of parents of 4 were unclassified. A broad spectrum of fears associated with the concept ‘research’ was expressed by parents in Groups, B, C, and D. Children were viewed to be endangered by their disorders, and no alternative source of medical care was considered available. The idea of declining hospitalization seemed to be guilt-laden, and most of these parents thought consent was their only choice. It was concluded from this study that if informed parental consent is sought, there are four questions on which the parents and physicians should concentrate: In what ways do the proposed studies constitute research as distinct from diagnosis and treatment? What is the nature of these studies? What physical and psychological risks are involved? Could alternate methods be developed to meet the child's medical needs? Speculation: Systematic comparison of the motivations and expectations of physicians and parents both prior and subsequent to hospitalization of children for research purposes is proposed. Such a study should clarify the delineations between research and medical care and should elucidate some of the sources of parental misconceptions. In addition, a systematic study of the adaptation of children and their subsequent recovery from the stress experiences associated with research procedures is intended. Such a study should yield guidelines for appraising psychological risk with parents prior to eliciting consent and would also stimulate the development of special nursing techniques to safeguard and perhaps enhance the psychological well-being of the patients.
Phase relations in the MgMoO4Mg3V2O8 system and crystal structure of Mg2.54V1.08Mo0.92O8

Abstract The phase relationships in the pseudobinary MgMoOMg3V2O8 system have been determined by differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. The intermediate compound Mg2.5VMoO8 was found to exhibit a considerable solid solution Mg2.54V1.08Mo0.92O8 (−0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.05) at 1100°C in air. Single crystals with composition of Mg2.54V1.08Mo0.92O8 were successfully grown from the MgVMo-Oxide flux, Mg2.54V1.08Mo0.92O8 crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pnma with a = 5.058(1) A , b = 10.307(3) A , c = 17.402(4) A , Z = 6 . The vanadium and molybdenum cations remain in their highest oxidation states and charge neutrality associated with the variation of the V Mo atomic ratio is balanced by an increase or decrease in the number of magnesium cations in the crystal.
A dynamic living‐systems model of work motivation

Although there are many theories of motivation, none of them is comprehensive and each is couched in different terms that obscure possible links between them. Furthermore, although motivation is clearly a dynamic process, many of the existing theories are static. A dynamic model is presented here which integrates several existing theories of motivation. The model is developed within a framework of living-systems concepts; thus it is applicable to all living systems. Motivational interaction between systems is discussed and some implications are drawn for further research.
Investigation of the Melting Temperature of Amorphous Silicon

Time-resolved optical reflectivity measurements were used to investigate phase changes which occur in silicon during cw-laser heating. It is shown that amorphous silicon does not melt at a temperature significantly lower than the melting point of crystalline silicon (1693 K), contrary to recent reports which suggested a 300- to 500-K melting-point depression.
PredGuid entry guidance for Orion return from low Earth orbit

When returning from low Earth orbit, Orion will perform a lifting atmospheric entry with precision landing using the PredGuid entry guidance algorithm.12 The PredGuid algorithm is designed to guide Orion to the desired landing site while accounting for vehicle and environment uncertainties and day of flight dispersions during atmospheric entry. The low Earth orbit mode of the PredGuid entry guidance algorithm consists of three phases: the Initial Roll Phase which maintains proper entry attitude and steers the vehicle to proper transition conditions for the Final Phase; the Final Phase, a terminal point guidance algorithm that uses a stored reference trajectory to steer out range error and achieve precision landing; and the Terminal Phase, which seeks to null the remaining crossrange error through a simple proportional steering law. Simulation results indicate that the PredGuid algorithm provides precision landing capability to Orion as well as significant robustness to day-of-flight uncertainties and dispersions.
The effect of species-specific vocalization on the discharge of auditory cortical cells in the awake squirrel monkey. (Saimiri sciureus).

Action potentials of single auditory cortical neurons of the squirrel monkey were recorded in a chronic, unanesthetized preparation. The responsiveness of units was tested with various types of simple and complex acoustic stimuli in a free field situation. As simple auditory stimuli, bursts of pure tones, clicks, and white noise were utilized. Species-specific vocalizations served as complex, biologically significant stimuli. The data are based on 48 neurons which showed a discrete response to speciesspecific vocalizations. In 63% the response to calls could be predicted from the units' responses to simple stimuli. Thirty-seven percent of the neurons were classified as unpredictable with respect to their responsiveness to vocalizations. The response of most units was restricted to call stimuli which showed similarities in their frequency-time characteristics. About 7% of the 116 units responding to calls were classified as “selective responders” because they were not excited by any other stimulus tested. It was not possible to single out the acoustic features to which these units responded.
Metabolic activation of α-naphthoflavone by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin-induced rat liver microsomes

Abstract Previous studies in our laboratory had demonstrated that addition of α-naphthoflavone (ANF) to lymphocytes from smokers or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)s-exposed individuals caused an increase in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency whereas lymphocytes from controls were relatively unaffected. In order to investigate the mechanism responsible, metabolism of ANF by uninduced and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD)-induced microsomes was studied as a function of microsomal protein concentration and incubation time. Nonpolar metabolites were analyzed and the amount of conjugated (polar) and protein-bound metabolites determined. The initial ANF-metabolism rate was 10-fold higher in TCDD-induced microsomes (4.9 ± 0.6 nmol/min per mg TCDD-induced microsomal protein vs. 0.5 ± 0.2 nmol/min per mg uninduced microsomal protein) than in uninduced microsomes. Moreover, uninduced microsomes no longer metabolize ANF after 30–40 min while TCDD-induced microsomes metabolize ANF for longer than 2 h or until all the ANF is gone. In addition to the metabolites formed by uninduced microsomes [7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-ANF (7,8-dihydrodiol); 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-ANF (5,6-dihydrodiol); 5,6-oxide-ANF and 6-hydroxy-ANF], TCDD-induced microsomes from unidentified metabolites. When TCDD-induced microsomes and 40 μM ANF were added to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we found a correlation between the concentration of 5,6-oxide-ANF and clastogenicity to CHO cells. However, purified 5,6-oxide-ANF did not induce SCEs in CHO cells in the absence or presence of TCDD-induced microsomes. However, a minor metabolite (identified as the 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxy-ANF by acid dehydration) formed with TCDD-induced microsomes produces clastogenicity in CHO cells. These data indicate that a minor metabolite of ANF is a potent clastogen which suggests that this metabolite may be responsible for the ANF-mediated increases in SCE frequency in lymphocytes from smokers or PCB-exposed individuals.
Rockafellar’s celebrated theorem based on A -maximal monotonicity design

Abstract A generalization to Rockafellar’s theorem (1976) in the context of approximating a solution to a general inclusion problem involving a set-valued A -maximal monotone mapping using the proximal point algorithm in a Hilbert space setting is presented. Although there exists a vast literature on this theorem, most of the studies are focused on just relaxing the proximal point algorithm and applying to the inclusion problems. The general framework for A -maximal monotonicity (also referred to as the A -monotonicity framework in literature) generalizes the general theory of set-valued maximal monotone mappings, including the H -maximal monotonicity (also referred to as H -monotonicity).
Novel Heteropolyacid Nanoporous Carbon Reactive Barriers for Supra-Equilibrium Conversion and In Situ Component Separation

A novel type of thin-film catalyst has been developed that combines high activity with selective transport across a micron-scale membrane film. Nanoporous carbon was used as a support for 12-tungstophosphoric acid with composite films synthesized by two distinct approaches: in-situ polymerization and adsorption from solution. Ion sputtering and XPS were used in combination to characterize the high dispersion of the catalyst within the film in the former case and a gradient in catalyst concentration in the latter. Both methods produce intact Keggin structures as demonstrated by FTIR spectroscopy. Gas permeation experiments indicate a preservation of separation capacity with O2/N2 permeability ratios as high as 6.5. The catalytic films were benchmarked using the decomposition of methyl tert-butyl ether at 55 °C and demonstrate remarkable increases in both conversion and simultaneous separation of decomposition products. Integrated conversions in a semi-batch reactor configuration far exceed the thermodynam...
Difference FT-IR Studies on the Effects of Buffers on Nucleotide Binding to Reca

The Escherichia coli protein RecA catalyzes DNA strand exchange and plays a role DNA repair and genetic recombination. Nucleotide binding influences RecA oligomerization and its affinity for DNA. Previous studies in our lab have shown buffer-specific changes in RecA stability and unfolding transitions. Past circular dichroism (CD), infrared (IR), and fluorescence studies suggest only minimal buffer dependent changes in nucleotide binding and secondary structure that did not explain the large buffer dependent differences in RecA stability and unfolding profiles. These observations led to further investigations of how the four common biological buffers Tris, HEPES, MES, and PO4 alter RecA structure and nucleotide binding. Here we have employed difference infrared spectroscopy utilized in conjunction with caged nucleotides to generate RecA-ADP minus RecA difference infrared spectra in each of the four buffers. These higher resolution studies are aimed at detecting if the buffers alter nucleotide binding to RecA. Preliminary results show that ADP binding results in perturbations in Gln, Glu, Asp, Asn, Tyr, and Lys residues and secondary structural changes. Initial comparisons of difference spectra obtained in the four buffers show some similar changes but also show some differences. These differences between RecA-ADP minus RecA difference spectra will be discussed.
Mixed nerve action potentials in acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy

Uncertainty about motor and sensory contributions in abnormal nerves has limited the use of mixed nerve action potentials (MNAPs). We recorded MNAPs in 21 patients with an acquired demyelinating neuropathy, 18 age-matched control subjects, and 10 patients with an axonal polyneuropathy. Bipolar and unipolar recordings from median and ulnar nerves were made above the elbow after electrical stimulation of the nerves at the wrist. Antidromic digital sensory action potentials and motor conduction velocity were also recorded for both nerves. In 19 median and 12 ulnar nerves from demyelinating polyneuropathy patients, compared with control subjects, MNAP amplitudes were significantly reduced (mean, 6 microV vs. 31 microV), MNAP velocities were mildly reduced (mean, 50 m/s vs. 62 m/s), motor conduction velocities were significantly reduced (mean, 33 m/s vs. 57 m/s), and MNAPs were significantly dispersed, with markedly prolonged rise times (mean 2.0 ms vs. 1.0 ms). Compared with the axonal polyneuropathy group, MNAP amplitudes from the median nerve were similarly reduced (mean, 8 microV vs. 9 microV), MNAP velocities were only slightly slower (mean, 52 m/s vs. 58 m/s), but the rise times were significantly prolonged (mean, 2.0 ms vs 1.2 ms). We conclude that, in acquired demyelinating neuropathies, the onset and, in some cases, the whole MNAP is from afferent fibers, which can be abnormally dispersed, and that, over the same segment MNAP velocity is less affected than motor conduction velocity.
MUTATION AND SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE INDUCTION IN CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY (CHO) CELLS BY PULSED EXCIMER LASER RADIATION AT 93 nm AND 308 nm AND CONTINUOUS UV RADIATION AT 254 nm

Abstract— We compared mutagenesis and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction by 193 nm and 308 nm pulsed excimer laser radiation with 254 nm low intensity continuous wave UV light in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in culture. The 254 nm radiation was most mutagenic of the radiations, in accordance with expectation, and also was most effective in increasing the level of SCEs. The 193 nm radiation was mutagenic at the ouabain resistance locus, but not at the HGPRT locus. However, 193 nm radiation was also strongly cytotoxic at energies producing measurable mutations. This radiation also caused a dose-related increase in SCEs. Pulsed excimer radiation at 308 nm was mutagenic at both loci, and also increased the incidence of SCEs. Comparison of the ratio of mutants/surviving cells at the D37 after radiation showed similar values for 254 nm and 308 nm at the HGPRT locus, but at the ouabain resistance locus, the ratio for the 308 nm radiation was about 5 times that for 254 nm radiation. These results indicate that some risk for mutagenesis may accompany the use of excimer radiation in the UVA region in therapeutic applications.
Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of cyclic vomiting syndrome: a large single-center experience with 106 patients.

Abstract Background Cyclic vomiting syndrome is characterized by repeated, stereotypical vomiting episodes. The diagnosis is made by exclusion of other organic diseases, which can lead to extensive testing. It has been suggested that these patients can have mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of the study was to examine the evaluation of our cyclic vomiting patients and to determine whether they had associated, undiagnosed metabolic abnormalities. Methods This retrospective study included 106 patients aged Results The mean age at diagnosis was 8.9 ± 5.0 years. Neuroimaging revealed previously unknown intracranial abnormalities in Conclusions This large, single-center study further evaluated the need for more focused evaluation in patients with suspected cyclic vomiting syndrome. Thirty-eight percent of our patients had abnormalities in blood and/or urine suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction, which requires more detailed investigation in the future.
Vagal afferent is involved in short-pulse gastric electrical stimulation in rats.

This study investigated the effect of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) on vagal activity and its possible vagal afferent-mediated mechanisms. Sixty rats implanted with gastric serosal electrodes were divided into six groups (control, vehicle, local capsaicin, perivagal capsaicin, systemic capsaicin, and vagotomy). GES with six sets of parameters was performed in the control group; and GES with one set of effective parameters was performed in the other five groups. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability was used to assess vagal activity. Regular gastric slow waves were recorded in the control rats with a frequency of 4.8 cycles/min. Vagotomy significantly reduced the frequency of the gastric slow wave but did not induce dysrhythmia. Capsaicin did not alter the gastric slow wave. Short-pulse (300-μsec) GES significantly increased vagal activity at a frequency four times the intrinsic slow-wave frequency. Stimulation at a lower frequency or with a long pulse (300 msec) had no effect on vagal activity. Vagotomy or capsaicin administered perivagally, systemically, or locally abolished the effect of GES on the vagal activity. GES with short but not long pulses is capable of altering vagal activity. This effect is mediated by capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent fibers.
Hydrography of the upper Arctic Ocean measured from the nuclear submarine U.S.S. Pargo

In 1993, the USS Pargo made the first civilian oceanographic submarine cruise in the Arctic Ocean. The hydrographic measurements provide a unique synoptic description of the upper Arctic Ocean. The results indicate that the influence of Atlantic Water has increased relative to existing climatologies. The front between waters with an Atlantic versus Pacific character has shifted from over the Lomonosov Ridge to roughly over the Alpha and Mendeleyev Ridges. Warm cores of Atlantic Water are observed over the Lomonosov and Mendeleyev Ridges. These data indicate a fundamental change in the circulation of the Arctic Ocean beginning in the early 1990s.
Collective excitations in quantum Hall liquid crystals: Single-mode approximation calculations

A variety of recent experiments probing the low-temperature transport properties of quantum Hall systems have suggested an interpretation in terms of liquid crystalline mesophases dubbed quantum Hall liquid crystals. The single mode approximation (SMA) has been a useful tool for the determination of the excitation spectra of various systems such as phonons in {sup 4}He and in the fractional quantum Hall effect. In this paper we calculate (via the SMA) the spectrum of collective excitations in a quantum Hall liquid crystal by considering nematic, tetratic, and hexatic generalizations of Laughlin's trial wave function having twofold, fourfold, and sixfold broken rotational symmetry, respectively. In the limit of zero wave vector q the dispersion of these modes is singular, with a gap that is dependent on the direction along which q=0 is approached for nematic and tetratic liquid crystalline states, but remains regular in the hexatic state, as permitted by the fourth order wave-vector dependence of the (projected) oscillator strength and static structure factor.
Some fundamental aspects of the theory of acoustic emission

Abstract A dislocation process that seems likely to be of importance in the generation of acoustic emissions is described. A simple mathematical theory, which describes this process, is developed so that order of magnitude estimates can be made. These estimates indicate that acoustic emission events may be associated with only a small fraction of the total plastic strain. Hence, it may be difficult to correlate acoustic emission with parameters related to total strain.
An overview of hydrogen production technologies

Abstract Currently, hydrogen is primarily used in the chemical industry, but in the near future it will become a significant fuel. There are many processes for hydrogen production. This paper reviews the technologies related to hydrogen production from both fossil and renewable biomass resources including reforming (steam, partial oxidation, autothermal, plasma, and aqueous phase) and pyrolysis. In addition, electrolysis and other methods for generating hydrogen from water, hydrogen storage related approaches, and hydrogen purification methods such as desulfurization and water-gas-shift are discussed.
Application of a flow-through absorption tube for remotely estimating water-quality parameters

A flow through absorption tube is described and applied. The tube is similar in concept to a 50 cm pathlength cylindrical cuvette described previously by Bostater and Gimond. The new absorption tube allows for continuous, underway measurements of water absorption signatures. Water is allowed to flow through the tube, and in this way the spectral change or track of absorption can be measured as a function of time or space when operated from a stationary or moving platform. Data gathered from various environments ranging from very turbid to clear water is analyzed and described. Concentrations of chlorophyll-a, suspended matter, and dissolved organic matter are quantitatively determined by calculating a double inflection ratio spectra for all combinations of bands from 362-1115 nm using 252 channels as described by Bostater. The absorption tube described here demonstrates the utility of continuous, underway measurements of absorption for estimating concentrations of water quality parameters.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of knowledge base in the memory performance of good and poor readers

Abstract Good and poor junior high school readers, matched for IQ, were seen in four experiments. In the first experiment, subjects rated items from 12 categories in terms of typicality. These ratings were used to select self-defined typical and atypical items, individually for each child, for an incidental cued-recall task (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, subjects were given a list comprised of typical and atypical items for free recall, with item typicality determined based on each subject's typicality norms from Experiment 1 (self-generated lists). Experiment 4 was identical to Experiment 3, with the exception that typicality of the items was based on adult norms (adult-generated lists). In Experiment 1, poor readers selected significantly fewer items as appropriate category exemplars than did good readers, and correlations of ratings with a group of adults were greater for the good than for the poor readers for each of the 12 categories. Recall was greater for the typical than for the atypical items in each of the three memory experiments for both the good and poor readers. Recall performance of the poor readers was comparable to that of the good readers for both the incidental cuedrecall and self-generated free recall tasks. Good readers recalled more than poor readers only with the adult-generated lists in Experiment 4. A series of analyses indicated no apparent differences in strategy use between the good and poor readers in either free recall experiment. The results were interpreted as reflecting the fact that poor readers have a different knowledge base for familiar categories than do good readers, and that cognitive differences between good and poor readers are related to differences in their semantic memories and not to differences in their ability or inclination to use mnemonic strategies. Possible ways in which differences in knowledge base may affect memory performance were also discussed.
Women’s Sexuality, Well-Being, and the Menstrual Cycle: Methodological Issues and Their Interrelationships

Although many studies report that women’s sexual behavior varies across their menstrual cycles, the research findings remain inconsistent. In this study, we addressed two methodological issues in research on the menstrual cycle: how ovulation is measured/inferred and whether data using menstrual cycles or participants’ scores averaged across cycles as units of analysis yield similar results. We also employed an abstinent comparison group in addition to examining how emotional well-being was related to libido and sexual behavior through factor and regression analysis. Data were obtained from 97 participants. There were no significant differences in the results of analyses performed using cycles with known LH surges to determine ovulation versus cycles based on backward counts. However, we concluded that statistical power might be compromised when the known timing of ovulation was less accurate. Likewise, we found few overall differences in the results when we analyzed data using cycles with known LH surges compared to participants’ averaged data across cycles. Women, including those in the abstinent group, reported increased sexual behavior prior to ovulation. Allosexual behavior was positively related to libido, and negatively related to positive and “premenstrual” emotional factors. Autosexual behavior was predicted by libido and an energetic/creative emotional factor. Our findings support hypotheses that women’s sexual behavior is related to both mating and pair-bond formation.
Dynamical mean-field theory of double perovskite ferrimagnets

The dynamical mean-field method is used to analyze the magnetic transition temperature and optical conductivity of a model for the ferrimagnetic double perovskites such as ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{FeMoO}}_{6}.$ The calculated transition temperatures and optical conductivities are found to depend sensitively on the band structure. For parameters consistent with local spin-density approximation band calculations, the computed transition temperatures are lower than observed, and in particular decrease dramatically as band filling is increased, in contradiction to experiment. Band parameters which would increase the transition temperature are identified.
Molecular mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticide neurotoxicity: recent advances

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were introduced into widespread use for the control of insect pests and disease vectors more than three decades ago. In addition to their value in controlling agricultural pests, pyrethroids are at the forefront of efforts to combat malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases and are also common ingredients of household insecticide and companion animal ectoparasite control products. The abundance and variety of pyrethroid uses contribute to the risk of exposure and adverse effects in the general population. The insecticidal actions of pyrethroids depend on their ability to bind to and disrupt voltage-gated sodium channels of insect nerves. Sodium channels are also important targets for the neurotoxic effects of pyrethroids in mammals but other targets, particularly voltage-gated calcium and chloride channels, have been implicated as alternative or secondary sites of action for a subset of pyrethroids. This review summarizes information published during the past decade on the action of pyrethroids on voltage-gated sodium channels as well as on voltage-gated calcium and chloride channels and provides a critical re-evaluation of the role of these three targets in pyrethroid neurotoxicity based on this information.
Nonlinear boundary feedback stabilization for a semilinear Kirchhoff plate with dissipation acting only via moments-limiting behavior

Abstract A semilinear Kirchhoff plate with a nonlinear dissipation acting via moments only is considered. It is shown that the plate is uniformly stabilizable with uniform energy decay rates with respect to the parameter γ > 0 representing rotational forces (assumed small). Moreover, it is shown that the solutions of the Kirchhoff plate converge to solutions of the semilinear Euler–Bernoulli plate, when γ → 0, which is also uniformly stable in finite energy norm.
Progress in surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis.

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) remains the treatment (CRS) with or without nasal polyposis (NP). ESS has undergone review, reassessment, and substantial refinement. Several advances (eg, powered instrumentation, image guidance, adjunctive intraoperative procedures) have expanded the scope of cases amenable to ESS, decreased operative time and intraoperative blood loss, and improved safety. Procoagulant nasal/sinus packing and refinements of technique have decreased the need for postoperative removal of packing, thus decreasing morbidity. Methods to reduce synechia formation (ie, mitomycin-c) have been explored, with mixed results. Novel methods of sinusotomy (eg, balloon catheter dilatation of the sinus ostia) have had limited but interesting short-term results. We can expect further advances in ESS with better patient outcomes. However, continued elucidation of the underlying pathophysiology of CRS and NP are essential to long-term improvement.
A "NEW" RH ANTIBODY (ANTI-RH 26) WHICH DETECTS A FACTOR USUALLY ACCOMPANYING HR'.

A serum (J.D.) obtained from a donor of type Rh1Rh1(CCDee) was determined by the usual studies to be anti-hr‘(c). It was eventually found, however, to give no reaction with an occasional blood sample which was hr’-positive with all other typing serums. Cells of the latter phenotype (J.D.-negative, hr‘-positive) show a weakened expression of both hr’ and hr(f). The characteristic is inherited, is expressed in the heterozygote, and has not yet been found in the homozygous form. The J.D. serum has been designated as anti-Rh26, hence the Rh phenotype identified by it is Rh: w4, w6“, -26. Most hr‘-positive red blood cells also possess Rh26. One donor possessing Rh26 but not hr’ has been detected.
Tuning, spontaneous activity and tonotopic map in chicken cochlear ganglion neurons following sound-induced hair cell loss and regeneration

Adult chickens were exposed for 48 h to a 525 Hz, 120 dB SPL tone that destroyed the hair cells and tectorial membrane in a crescent-shaped patch along the abneural edge of the basilar papilla. Single-unit recordings were obtained from cochlear ganglion neurons 0-1, 5, 14 and 28 days post-exposure to determine what effect the cochlear lesion had on neural discharge patterns and if the discharge patterns fully recovered. Immediately after exposure, the tuning curves were extremely broad and CF thresholds were elevated by 30-40 dB. In addition, the average spontaneous rate and percentage of neurons with interspike interval histograms with preferred intervals were greatly reduced. Tuning curves and spontaneous activity started to recover by 5 days post-exposure; however, some W-shaped tuning curves with two distinct tips and a hypersensitive tail were observed at this time. W-shaped tuning curves disappeared and spontaneous activity recovered to normal levels 14-28 days post-exposure. However, the CF thresholds of the most sensitive neurons were still slightly elevated, tuning curve slopes below CF were shallower than normal, and thresholds in the low-frequency tail of the tuning curves were often hypersensitive. These functional deficits were most closely associated with residual damage to the upper fibrous layer of the tectorial membrane. To determine if the cochlear frequency-place map was altered by the cochlear lesion, four physiologically characterized neurons were labeled with biocytin at 5 days post-exposure. The CFs of the labeled neurons were consistent with the normal frequency-place map (Chen et al. (1994) Hearing Research 81, 130-136) indicating that the tonotopic map was not altered.
Superconductors: Clathrates join the covalent club.

Covalent metals, such as MgB2 and the alkali-doped fullerenes, form an unusual class of superconductors. The mechanism of superconductivity in a new member of this family — the silicon clathrates — has now been determined.
Suprathreshold Area Brightness Relationships

Size-brightness relationships have been studied at four intensity levels (0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 ml) for five different stimulus sizes (9, 18, 36, 72, and 144 min of visual angle). The test situation was such as to approximate an applied situation where there is little control over physical conditions. At the lower levels apparent brightness was found to increase with increasing area, i.e., the luminance of the larger stimulus was less than that of the smaller when the two were judged to be of equal brightness. At the higher levels, on the other hand, apparent brightness decreased with increasing area for six out of eight observers. These two deviants showed a tendency in the same direction and might have exhibited the same effect if greater intensities had been used.
Adaptive and phylogenetic significance of ontogenetic sequences in Archaeolemur, subfossil lemur from Madagascar.

Among the best known of recently extinct Malagasy lemurs is Archaeolemur, which is represented by many hundreds of specimens. The phylogenetic affinities of this taxon are unclear, especially in light of recent preliminary analysis of ancient DNA which does not support its previously accepted close relationship with the living Indridae. We examined the nearly complete skeletons of two adults and one juvenile and other less complete specimens to reconstruct aspects of the ontogeny of Archaeolemur. To compare the development of Archaeolemur to that of living strepsirrhines we collected data on Propithecus verreauxi, Eulemur fulvus, and Lemur catta. Additionally, because Archaeolemur exhibits some morphological convergences with distantly related papionins, we tested for convergence in the developmental patterns of Archaeolemur and Macaca fascicularis. Data include the status of tooth eruption, craniofacial sutural closure, and postcranial epiphyseal fusion, as well as linear measurements. We used discriminant function analysis and other tools to explore ontogenetic similarities and differences. The adaptive and phylogenetic significance of ontogenetic information is discussed. Our analysis shows that Archaeolemur displays a clear strepsirrhine pattern of development with only minor macaque convergences. Among the Strepsirrhini, Archaeolemur is slightly more similar developmentally to E. fulvus and L. catta than to P. verreauxi. Some of the distinctive features of the ontogeny of Archaeolemur may be related to diet, while others bear apparent testimony to a relatively rapid absolute pace of growth and development.
Effects of Satisfaction with Communication on the Relationship Between Individual-Job Congruence and Job Performance/Satisfaction

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating influence of communication satisfaction on the association between individual‐job congruence and both job performance and job satisfaction.Design/methodology/approach – Moderated regression analysis was used to assess data collected from 302 employees addressing the research variables of job scope, growth need strength, satisfaction with communication, job performance, and job satisfaction.Findings – Satisfaction with communication received weak support as a moderator of the individual‐job congruence model; nevertheless, it received strong support as a main predictor of both performance and satisfaction.Research limitations/implications – Low statistical power frequently reflected by moderated regression analysis may explain the weak support communication satisfaction received as a moderator. Different approaches for solving the presence of low power are discussed. On the other hand, the elusive venture of promoting and experiencing satisfac...
Firing Rate Interactions Among Human Orbicularis Oris Motor Units

Groups of human motor units from the same muscle exhibit joint fluctuations in firing rate during voluntary muscle contraction. In an effort to determine whether similar behavior would be observed in a muscle lacking muscle spindles, motor unit firing behavior was examined in the human orbicularis oris inferior (OOI) during mild voluntary effort. Motor unit activity was recorded with a quadrifilar needle inserted in the OOI. Firing occurrences were identified using a motor unit decomposition procedure. Cross-correlation of motor unit firing rates revealed a tendency for motor unit firing rates to covary, although the effect was somewhat more variable than that observed previously in other skeletal muscles. There was also a statistically significant tendency for pairs of motor units to fire at simultaneous or near-simultaneous (+/- 5 ms) intervals (synchronization). Firing rate variability in OOI motor units was not significantly different (p > .05) from that observed in the FDI. Thus, the present results suggest that the common drive of human motor unit activity may not depend on the presence of muscle spindles.