cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ambient Fluid Velocity Influences Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Calculations

Background: Recent reports have described a simplified mass balance equation designed to predict volumetric flow rate through regurgitant and shunt orifices. The proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) technique relies on the assumption that constant velocity surfaces (isovels) that are hemispheric in shape can be constructed proximal to the orifice, and flow passing through these surfaces must also pass through the orifice by conservation of mass. The method has been validated in simplified in vitro models, but these models have been symmetric in design and do not consist of ambient crossflows that are found in the beating heart. This study addressed the hypothesis that ambient crossflow will affect the validity of the PISA method. Methods and Results: An in vitro model was designed to test the effect of crossflowing streams on the PISA calculation while maintaining control of volumetric flow through the orifice. PISA predicted flows showed a good correlation but overestimated actual flows by 10%–110% (Y = 2.16X-118, r = 0.96). Addition of low flow data slightly reduced the overestimation (Y = 1.89X-55.2, r = 0.97). Only under high output state conditions (high orifice and crossing flows) was good agreement found (Y = 0.92X + 9.78, r = 0.95). Conclusions: The presence of crossflowing streams in the vicinity of PISA images will distort the converging flow and its image in such a way that the simplified PISA theory may correlate with true flow but only rarely produces true agreement. Only when competing factors fortuitously cancel does the PISA method appear to be accurate. Since PISA images are readily obtained in patients and since the method has received extensive attention in the literature, systematic derivation of correction factors accounting for crossflow is indicated. In the meantime, caution should be exercised when interpreting PISA images in the presence of crossflowing streams.
An Experimental Transmission Electron Microscope Design for Observation of Molecular Structure of Biogenic Macromolecules

The design features of an experimental transmission electron microscope employing an ultra high vacuum column, field emission gun and superconducting objective lens are described. The limitations on observations of the information in images at a level required for the determination of molecular structure of biogenic macromolecules are set by the characteristics of the biological specimen and the “noise” inherent in specimen preparation as well as the instrumental imaging and recording capabilities. These several factors are discussed. Die Konstruktionsmerkmale eines experimentellen Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskops mit Ultrahochvakuumsaule, Feldemissionsquelle und supraleitender Objektivlinse werden beschrieben. Der Informationsgehalt von Bildern, die unter Bedingungen aufgenommen werden, wie sie zum Bestimmen molekularer Strukturen biogener Makromolekule erforderlich sind, wird durch die Eigenschaften der biologischen Proben begrenzt sowie durch das “Rauschen”, das beim Herstellen der Proben und beim instrumentellen Abbilden und Aufzeichnen notwendigerweise auftritt. Diese Punkte werden im einzelnen diskutiert.
Development of ASTM standards in support of advanced ceramics -- continuing efforts

An update is presented of the activities of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee C-28 on Advanced Ceramics. Since its inception in 1986, this committee, which has five standard producing subcommittees, has written and published over 32 consensus standards. These standards are concerned with mechanical testing of monolithic and composite ceramics, nondestructive examination, statistical analysis and design, powder characterization, quantitative microscopy, fractography, and terminology. These standards ensure optimum material behavior with physical and mechanical property reproducibility, component reliability, and well-defined methods of data treatment and material analysis for both monolithic and composite materials. Committee C-28 continues to sponsor technical symposia and to cooperate in the development of international standards. An update of recent and current activities as well as possible new areas of standardization work will be presented.
The law of the wake in the turbulent boundary layer

After an extensive survey of mean-velocity profile measurements in various two-dimensional incompressible turbulent boundary-layer flows, it is proposed to represent the profile by a linear combination of two universal functions. One is the well-known law of the wall. The other, called the law of the wake, is characterized by the profile at a point of separation or reattachment. These functions are considered to be established empirically, by a study of the mean-velocity profile, without reference to any hypothetical mechanism of turbulence. Using the resulting complete analytic representation for the mean-velocity field, the shearing-stress field for several flows is computed from the boundary-layer equations and compared with experimental data. The development of a turbulent boundary layer is ultimately interpreted in terms of an equivalent wake profile, which supposedly represents the large-eddy structure and is a consequence of the constraint provided by inertia. This equivalent wake profile is modified by the presence of a wall, at which a further constraint is provided by viscosity. The wall constraint, although it penetrates the entire boundary layer, is manifested chiefly in the sublayer flow and in the logarithmic profile near the wall. Finally, it is suggested that yawed or three-dimensional flows may be usefully represented by the same two universal functions, considered as vector rather than scalar quantities. If the wall component is defined to be in the direction of the surface shearing stress, then the wake component, at least in the few cases studied, is found to be very nearly parallel to the gradient of the pressure.
The catacomb project: building a user-centered portal the conversational way

Enterprise computing is marked by large-scale information systems, such as databases, document management, and groupware that present significant obstacles to consistent cross-application use: dissimilar user interfaces, incompatible security schemes, and the undesirable property of serving only parts of the user community (islands of use) and accessing only some of the enterprise knowledge assets (islands of information).World Wide Web (WWW) architectures do not solve this problem directly. WWW software components are combinable in many clever ways but until recently there were no specific efforts to solve the enterprise computing problems of islands of use and information.The situation is changing now with nascent efforts to architect Web Portal systems with small software modules, for example with Java "portlets" or the Python-based Zope framework [15]. These are program-centric approaches to coalesce information sources and unify the query interface without inherent user modeling. This paper discusses in detail an alternative: a user-centered, conversational portal which extends the ALICE chatbot technology platform and links the user conveniently to information resources, such as Web Services, with specialized query routing. The approach offers scalability, extensibility, and coordination between end-users and developers. A university Intranet implementation, the Catacomb system, is presented and discussed to illustrate the advantages of the conversational Web portal approach.
Accelerated statistical simulation via on-demand Hermite spline interpolations

We propose an efficient Hermite spline-based SPICE simulation methodology for accurate statistical yield analysis. Unlike conventional methods, the spline-based transistor tables are built on-demand specific to the transient simulation requirements of the statistical experiments. Compared with traditional MOSFET table models, on-demand spline table models use ∼500X less memory. This makes Hermite spline-based table models practical for use in simulations for process variation modeling. Furthermore, we propose an efficient gate voltage offset approach to model transistor threshold voltage variation. In this scenario, evaluations of the transistor model rely on a single reference table and require one set of spline function evaluations per V T sample point as opposed to two or more sets for V T interpolation. This method is comprehensive and the results are in excellent agreement with traditional BSIM-based simulations. Around 4X improvement in speed, which includes the table generation cost, could be further improved by employing other fast-SPICE techniques or parallelism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such a methodology has been coupled with importance sampling techniques to study the yield of memory designs.
Barcelonan okupas: squatter power!

Barcelonan okupas: squatter power! presents a vision of the social reality of political squatting through contextualized readings of news media, legislation, literature, television, and film. Vilas...
Repeated Measurements in Evaluation

Abstract We collected two 24-hour recalls from groups of teenagers divided according to body weight, and we used nutrient intakes derived from the recalls to demonstrate how variance (error) in measurement may lead to incorrect conclusions in evaluation of nutrition education. There was no intervention between the recalls, yet, there were differences between intakes at the first and second recall periods for the combined group as well as for each of the body-weight groups. Furthermore, these differences were unequal among the body-weight groups. This demonstrates that when researchers measure before and after nutrition education programs they should incorporate methods of minimizing the effects of measurement error into their evaluation plan. Groups to be evaluated should not serve as their own controls, and when possible, subject assignment to control and experimental groups should be random to increase the likelihood of having groups with equal initial measurements. If random assignment to groups is not possible and the initial measurements are unequal, statistical treatment should be used to control for the initial difference when comparing measurements after the program.
Central neck lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid cancer: the reliability of surgeon judgment in predicting which patients will benefit.

Background. The role of routine prophylactic central-neck lymph node dissection (CLND) for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains controversial. We perform CLND for PTC only in patients with enlarged nodes as determined by preoperative ultrasound and intraoperative inspection and palpation. Methods. We identified all patients with PTC who underwent CLND during thyroidectomy (group 1) at our institution, and then we identified an equivalent number of demographically matched patients who underwent thyroidectomy without CLND (group 2) and compared the outcomes of the 2 groups. Results. In all, 191 patients were identified for each group; 49/191 (26%) patients in group 1 developed locoregional nodal recurrence (12% central neck and 21 % lateral neck), compared with 11/191 (6%) patients in group 2 (3% central neck and 3% lateral neck; P < .05). Overall, 161/191 (84 %) patients in group 1 were disease free at last survey, compared with 180/191 (94%) patients in group 2 (P < .05). Transient hypocalcemia was significantly greater in group 1. No difference was found in disease-specific mortality. Conclusion. Surgeon assessment of the central neck compartment is an accurate predictor of which patients with PTC will benefit from CLND. Patients with nonenlarged central neck nodes who undergo total thyroidectomy without CLND have a low risk of developing recurrence.
Histone H4K20/H3K9 demethylase PHF8 regulates zebrafish brain and craniofacial development

Mutations in the PHF8 gene, which encodes the plant homeo domain (PHD) finger protein 8, are connected to X-linked mental retardation associated with cleft lip and cleft palate. Two groups now report that the PHF8 protein is a histone demethylase with activity against H4K20me1 (histone H4 lysine 20). Qi et al. report a role for PHF8 in regulating gene expression, as well as in neuronal cell survival and craniofacial development in zebrafish. The results suggest there may be a link between histone methylation dynamics and X-linked mental retardation. Liu et al. show that PHF8 is linked to two distinct events during cell-cycle progression. PHF8 is recruited to the promoters of G1/S-phase genes where it removes H4K20me1 and contributes to gene activation, whereas dissociation of PHF8 from chromatin in prophase allows H4K20me1 to accumulate during mitosis. PHF8 is a JmjC domain-containing protein, the gene for which has been linked to X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). These authors demonstrate PHF8 to be a histone demethylase with activity against H4K20me1. It has a role in regulating gene expression as well as in neuronal cell survival and craniofacial development in zebrafish. The results suggest there may be a link between histone methylation dynamics and XLMR. X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) is a complex human disease that causes intellectual disability1. Causal mutations have been found in approximately 90 X-linked genes2; however, molecular and biological functions of many of these genetically defined XLMR genes remain unknown. PHF8 (PHD (plant homeo domain) finger protein 8) is a JmjC domain-containing protein and its mutations have been found in patients with XLMR and craniofacial deformities. Here we provide multiple lines of evidence establishing PHF8 as the first mono-methyl histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me1) demethylase, with additional activities towards histone H3K9me1 and me2. PHF8 is located around the transcription start sites (TSS) of ∼7,000 RefSeq genes and in gene bodies and intergenic regions (non-TSS). PHF8 depletion resulted in upregulation of H4K20me1 and H3K9me1 at the TSS and H3K9me2 in the non-TSS sites, respectively, demonstrating differential substrate specificities at different target locations. PHF8 positively regulates gene expression, which is dependent on its H3K4me3-binding PHD and catalytic domains. Importantly, patient mutations significantly compromised PHF8 catalytic function. PHF8 regulates cell survival in the zebrafish brain and jaw development, thus providing a potentially relevant biological context for understanding the clinical symptoms associated with PHF8 patients. Lastly, genetic and molecular evidence supports a model whereby PHF8 regulates zebrafish neuronal cell survival and jaw development in part by directly regulating the expression of the homeodomain transcription factor MSX1/MSXB, which functions downstream of multiple signalling and developmental pathways3. Our findings indicate that an imbalance of histone methylation dynamics has a critical role in XLMR.
Verbal discrimination learning as a function of experimental frequency

After learning a 16-pair verbal discrimination (VD) list to criterion, Ss were transferred to a 24-pair list. The transfer list was composed of three sublists of eight pairs each; one sublist was formed by pairing correct items from the first list, a second sublist was formed by pairing incorrect items from the first list, and the third sublist was composed of pairs of new items. Performance on the transfer list was found to be highest for the new pairs and lowest for the pairs comprised of previously correct items. The results were interpreted as providing strong support for the frequency theory of verbal discrimination learning.
Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884

The presidential election of 1884, in which Grover Cleveland ended the Democrats' twenty-four-year presidential drought by defeating Republican challenger James G. Blaine, was one of the gaudiest in American history, remembered today less for its political significance than for the mudslinging and slander that characterized the campaign. But a closer look at the infamous election reveals far more complexity than previous stereotypes allowed, argues Mark Summers. Behind all the mud and malarkey, he says, lay a world of issues and consequences. Summers suggests that both Democrats and Republicans sensed a political system breaking apart, or perhaps a new political order forming, as voters began to drift away from voting by party affiliation toward voting according to a candidate's stand on specific issues. Mudslinging, then, was done not for public entertainment but to tear away or confirm votes that seemed in doubt. Uncovering the issues that really powered the election and stripping away the myths that still surround it, Summers uses the election of 1884 to challenge many of our preconceptions about Gilded Age politics. |Mark Summers challenges many preconceptions about Gilded Age politics in this close look at the infamous 1884 presidential campaign between Grover Cleveland and James G. Blaine. The mudslinging and slander were not for public entertainment, he argues, but to tear away or confirm votes that were in doubt during a time when voters were drifting away from party loyalty.
Interactions between Stroke Data Banks and Clinical Trials

The number of clinical trials to evaluate new therapies for stroke treatment and prevention is growing rapidly. Although stroke data banks cannot answer treatment efficacy questions, they can have powerful interactions with the design and conduct of clinical trials. Through data banks one can generate hypotheses regarding treatment, estimate the frequency of outcome events, calculate sample size, determine stratification factors that may or may not be needed in a clinical trial, establish inclusion and exclusion criteria and decide on the elements to include in the data collection forms. Using a data bank one can estimate the number of patients that may be screened, eligible, refused, and enrolled in a clinical trial with given inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data banks are helpful for surveillance of all eligible subjects and calculating the proportion of the total cases who were randomized. With the more widespread analyses of stroke data banks we can design focused clinical trials and reach some definitive conclusions regarding the future treatment of stroke.
CONCEPT ANALYSIS: AGGRESSION

The concept of aggression is important to nursing because further knowledge of aggression can help generate a better theoretical model to drive more effective intervention and prevention approaches. This paper outlines a conceptual analysis of aggression. First, the different forms of aggression are reviewed, including the clinical classification and the stimulus-based classification. Then the manifestations and measurement of aggression are described. Finally, the causes and consequences of aggression are outlined. It is argued that a better understanding of aggression and the causal factors underlying it are essential for learning how to prevent negative aggression in the future.
Spectroscopic Measurement of the Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Moment of 39 Ar

The nuclear spin and magnetic moment of argon 39 have been determined by high-resolution optical spectroscopy, using a pressure-swept Fabry–Perot interferometer, photoelectric detection, and digital data processing. The 39Ar was produced through the 39K(n,p)39Ar reaction by pile neutron irradiation of KF. The spectrum of 39Ar was excited in a miniature hollow cathode cooled by liquid nitrogen. Helium was used as a carrier gas. By application of the intensity rules, the nuclear spin was determined to be 72, in agreement with the shell model. Anomalous spin values which were measured from some lines were shown to be caused by self-absorption from excited states. Using the A value of −23.76 ± 0.04 mK (1 mK = 10−3 cm−1) measured for the 1s2 level and the previous result for 37Ar the nuclear magnetic moment has been determined to be −1.3 ± 0.3 nuclear magnetons. The measured B value for the 1s2 level is B = +2.80 ± 0.02 mK. Several level structures and isotope shifts are reported.
Carbon sequestration in wood products: a method for attribution to multiple parties

Abstract When forest is harvested some of the forest carbon ends up in wood products. If the forest is managed so that the standing stock of the forest remains constant over time, and the stock of wood products is increasing, then carbon dioxide is being removed from the atmosphere in net and this should be reflected in accounting for greenhouse gas emissions. We suggest that carbon sequestration in wood products requires cooperation of multiple parties; from the forest owner to the product manufacturer to the product user, and perhaps others. Credit for sequestering carbon away from the atmosphere could acknowledge the contributions of these multiple parties. Accounting under a cap-and-trade or tax system is not necessarily an inventory system, it is a system designed to motivate and/or reward an environmental objective. We describe a system of attribution whereby credits for carbon sequestration would be shared among multiple, contributing parties. It is hoped that the methodology outlined herein proves attractive enough to parties concerned to spur them to address the details of such a system. The system of incentives one would choose for limiting or controlling greenhouse gas emissions could be quite different, depending on how the attribution for emissions and sequestration is chosen.
A Note on Nonunique MLE's and Sufficient Statistics

Abstract A simple classroom example is presented that illustrates nonunique maximum likelihood estimates and the fact that such estimates need not be functions of sufficient statistics.
The ATLAS muon calibration stream: Design and performance

In the ATLAS experiment, the calibration of the precision chambers of the muon spectrometer is very demanding, since the rate of muon tracks required to get a complete calibration in homogeneous conditions and to feed prompt reconstruction with fresh calibration constants is very high. The best place to get muon tracks suitable for muon detector calibration is the second level trigger, where the pre-selection of data related to a limited space region by the first level trigger allows the selection of all (and only) the hits from a single track and to add some useful information to speed up the calibration process. Furthermore, online data extractions allows calibration data collection without performing special runs that would require special tuning of parameters of the ATLAS TDAQ system. A complex system, involving a specific data collection path in the ATLAS TDAQ, the quasi-online distribution of data through the grid to three calibration farms sitting in Tier-2 computing centers and the storage and replication of calibration parameters into local and central databases, is described, and its current performance are discussed.
Evaluation of the tactile component in a proprioceptive feedback task.

Summary This investigation was undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of diminished tactile sensation upon the performance on a manual task. On the basis of the assumption that the task is sensitive to utilization of proprioceptive feedback, it was predicted that experimental interference with tactile cues would not impair performance. Testing of normal subjects under control and tactile interference conditions confirmed this prediction. It was inferred that the inability of patients with right hemisphere disease to improve the precision of motor control of their right hand with increases in feedback intensity cannot be attributed to tactile defects.
Effect of Prepartum Propylene Glycol Administration on Periparturient Fatty Liver in Dairy Cows

Plasma glucose concentration during late gestation was thought to be important for the development of fatty liver near parturition. Thirteen multiparous cows were given a 1-L oral drench of propylene glycol once daily beginning 10 +/- 3.6 d prepartum until parturition. Eleven control cows received a 1-L water drench. Plasma glucose increased following propylene glycol administration. Plasma NEFA concentration was 403 and 234 microM, and plasma insulin concentrations were .354 and .679 ng/ml, for control cows and cows treated with propylene glycol measured from 1 to 7 d prepartum. Plasma NEFA tended to be lower in cows treated with propylene glycol from 1 to 21 d postpartum. Prepartum propylene glycol administration reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation by 32 and 42% at 1 and 21 d postpartum, respectively. Prepartum plasma BHBA was reduced during propylene glycol administration. Prepartum plasma glucose, NEFA, BHBA, and insulin were strongly correlated with liver triglyceride at 1 d postpartum (r = -.49, .45, .36, and -.49, respectively). Pre- and postpartum DMI were not affected by treatment. Milk production and composition measured through 21 d postpartum were not different between groups.
Unsupervised classification techniques for determination of storm region correspondences

The objective of this study is to compare statistical and unsupervised neural network techniques for determination of correspondences between storm system regions extracted from sequences of satellite images. Analysis was applied to the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) low resolution D1 database for selected storm systems during the period April 5 - 9, 1989. Cloud top pressure was used to delineate regions of interest and cloud optical thickness combined with spatial location was used to track regions throughout a given time sequence. The ability of the k-nearest neighbor classifier and of self-organizing maps to determine correspondences between storm regions was assessed. The two techniques generally yielded similar associations between regions of interest throughout the time sequence. Differences in final tracking results between the two techniques occurred primarily as a result of differences in the collections of points from a region in a time step t2 that corresponded to a region in an earlier time step t1. The tracking results were also compared to the results obtained at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies using sea level pressure data from the National Meteorological Center (NMC). For the storm systems investigated in this study, the storm tracks exhibited the same general tracking behavior with expected variations between cloud system storm centers and low sea level pressure centers.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Perceived symptoms and health-related quality of life reported by uncomplicated hypertensive patients compared to normal controls

Objectives: This study compared the prevalence and intensity of symptoms and the health-related quality of life (HQL) of patients taking antihypertensive medications and patients without disease. Methods: This cross-sectional study used surveys mailed to patient’s homes. All consecutive patients over age 30 years attending either a general medicine or hypertension clinic during 3 months were eligible (n = 437). Hypertension group (HTN-G) patients were diagnosed with primary hypertension, prescribed antihypertensive medications, and had no other symptomatic conditions or drug therapies. Control group (CNTL-G) patients were seen in the general medicine clinic and had no chronic symptomatic conditions or drug therapies. Measures included the Symptom Distress Checklist (SDC, list of 51 symptoms, frequency, and level of distress), the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), medications, blood pressures, and other data obtained from medical records and patient self-report. Results:A total of 222 patients responded (46% CNTL-G, 55% HTN-G). HTN-G patients were somewhat older (59.0 ± 11.2 vs 48.5 ± 11.7 years, P = 0.001) and had a higher percent of minorities (24.8% vs 13.5%, P = 0.02), but otherwise similar. After adjusting for age and race differences, HTN-G patients reported significantly more symptoms (8.8 ± 7.8 vs 4.7 ± 4.8, P = 0.001) and related distress (32.2 ± 4.2 vs 12.0 ± 18.2, P = 0.001) as well as lower scores (reduced HQL) for most of the SF-36 domains. In general, hypertensive patients had more physical, but not mental symptoms than control patients. Conclusions: Hypertensive patients receiving antihypertensive medications have more symptoms and lower HQL. Differences were detected by both a brief, general HQL instrument and a detailed, disease-specific instrument. Routine screening of treated hypertensive patients using a brief HQL questionnaire to detect physical symptoms may prove feasible and useful.
EXTENSIONS OF THE STANDARDIZED CROSS‐SECTIONAL APPROACH TO SHORT‐HORIZON EVENT STUDIES

Strong evidence indicates that short-horizon event-induced abnormal returns and volatility vary significantly over event days. Event-study methods that assume constant event-induced abnormal returns and volatility over event days have potentially inflated Type I error rates and poor test power. Our simple extensions of the Boehmer, Musumeci, and Poulsen (1991) approach scale abnormal returns with conditional variance, which is estimated with GARCH(1,1) and an indicator of the event in a two-stage estimation. Our method improves the Boehmer, Musumeci, and Poulsen approach on model specification and test power, even under challenging event-induced mean and volatility structures, and could standardize short-horizon event studies.
Achievable rates of uplink multiuser massive MIMO systems with estimated channels

We study the performance of uplink transmission in a large-scale (massive) MIMO system, where all the transmitters have single antennas and the receiver (base station) has a large number of antennas. Specifically, we first derive the rates that are possible through minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) channel estimation and three possible linear receivers: maximum ratio combining, zero-forcing, and MMSE. Based on the derived rates, we quantify the amount of energy savings that are possible through increased number of base-station antennas or increased coherence interval. We also analyze achievable degrees of freedom of such a system without assuming channel state information at the receiver, which turns out to be the same as that of a point-to-point MIMO channel. Linear receiver is sufficient when the number of users is less than the number of antennas. Otherwise, nonlinear processing is necessary to achieve the full degrees of freedom.
Wall morphogenesis in Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran and Angst. I: Valve morphology and development of its architecture

The morphology of the valve of Coscinodiscus wailesii and the development of its siliceous architecture, studied in the SEM and TEM, is compared with valve formation in Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenberg.) Cleve. Though the areolae-architecture of these two species differs in such that the cribrum is proximal and the foramen distal in T. eccentrica, and in C. wailesii the cribrum is distal and the foramen proximal, the formation of their complex loculate system is similar, displacing a centrifugal growth pattern with respect to the valve, and a proximal to distal, sequentially. During base layer formation a hitherto undescribed rib system outlines the prospective areolae. The vertical differentiation is in principle the same as in T. eccentrica and also the cribra are formed centripetally in relation to the areolae in both species. The location of the cribra at the proximal or distal side, therefore, seems to be of minor importance for the sequence of silica deposition. Variation in girdle bands is discussed with respect to cell division. The prophasic nuclear migration from the interphase position to the girdle bands, where mitosis is performed, seems to be necessary for triggering the formation of the unilateral cleavage furrow that later forms a cleavage ring with excentric position. The divided nuclei migrate with the ingrowing cleavage furrow to the center of the newly created protoplasmic surfaces to initiate valve formation.
The structure and function of the coracohumeral ligament: An anatomic and microscopic study

Twelve fresh-frozen cadaver shoulders were dissected to study the anatomy and histology of the coracohumeral ligament. Based on the gross and microscopic anatomy, the ligament was found in three variations. In the most common pattern (nine of 12 specimens), the coracohumeral ligament represented a folded portion of glenohumeral joint capsule in the rotator interval between subscapularis and supraspinatus. Because of its inverted "v"-shaped origin from the coracoid base, tension on this structure creates the appearance of a prominent ligamentous structure. However, histologic cross-sections of this pattern of coracohumeral ligament reveal that it is lined by synovium on its undersurface and contains no discretely organized collagen bundles representative of a ligament. The second pattern (two of 12 specimens) was similar, except that the capsular reflection representing the ligament was fused together, giving the structure a more clearly definable anterior edge. In only one specimen was the ligament a truly ligamentous structure. In its normal state the coracohumeral ligament usually appears as a capsular reflection on the coracoid base, and though it courses toward the superior aspect of the intertubercular groove, it is not a true ligamentous structure. These findings support the position of those authors who state that the coracohumeral ligament is unlikely to play a significant role as a suspensory structure in its physiologic state.
Invited Review: Heat shock proteins: modifying factors in physiological stress responses and acquired thermotolerance

Cells from virtually all organisms respond to a variety of stresses by the rapid synthesis of a highly conserved set of polypeptides termed heat shock proteins (HSPs). The precise functions of HSPs are unknown, but there is considerable evidence that these stress proteins are essential for survival at both normal and elevated temperatures. HSPs also appear to play a critical role in the development of thermotolerance and protection from cellular damage associated with stresses such as ischemia, cytokines, and energy depletion. These observations suggest that HSPs play an important role in both normal cellular homeostasis and the stress response. This mini-review examines recent evidence and hypotheses suggesting that the HSPs may be important modifying factors in cellular responses to a variety of physiologically relevant conditions such as hyperthermia, exercise, oxidative stress, metabolic challenge, and aging.
A reconfigurable dual frequency switched beam antenna array and phase shifter

In this paper, a dual frequency reconfigurable antenna array and a discrete phase shifter are presented. The system is capable of operation at two independent frequencies (4.7GHz and 7.5GHz) switching between four different beam states. The reconfigurability is achieved by loading antenna and phase shifter with high frequency PIN diodes acting as microwave switches.
Dynamical Boolean systems: stability analysis and applications

In this paper, recurrent neural networks are analyzed from the point of view of sequential machines. Their dynamical behavior is described by a system of coupled Boolean equations, and stability results are presented. The typical stability analysis for recurrent Hopfield-type neural nets is to define an energy function and demonstrate that it is a Liaponov function for the system. This analysis works well for single layer networks, but has not been successfully applied to multilayer networks; although, in theory, an energy function for multi-layered nets may be possible to derive. Alteratively, the stability results presented in this paper are applicable to single layer as well as multilayer recurrent networks. Furthermore, our approach is potentially more systematic and easier to apply than the ad-hoc energy function synthesis methods. As an application of this approach, we show how to design recurrent neural nets to design high performance associative neural memories. © (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relation Between Oxygen‐17 NMR and Rheological Characteristics of Wheat Flour Suspensions

Water binding has a significant influence on the rheological properties of wheat flour suspensions. Wheat flour-water suspensions at concentrations from 60 - 95% wet basis were subjected to rheological and NMR analyses in order to ascertain the relation between the two methods. The rheological data obtained by the Haake RV-3 Rotoviscometer followed the Power Law, thus comparisons were based on consistency coefficient (a) and flow behavior (b) values. The NMR spectrometer measured oxygen-17 relaxation rates (34 MHz in water and in deuterium oxide) as an indication of water mobility. The data showed a general inverse relationship between consistency coefficient and water mobility. However, the data indicated three distinct regions, each showing a linear relation with water mobility decreasing as apparent viscosity increased.
Power deposition patterns in magnetically-induced hyperthermia: A two-dimensional low-frequency numerical analysis☆

The electric fields and power deposition patterns generated in two-dimensional inhomogenous models exposed to the axially directed uniform magnetic fields of an infinitely long solenoid are calculated numerically. The fields are calculated using the method of moments (Galerkin procedure) with linear basis and weighting functions. This low-frequency analysis is useful for studying the power deposition patterns attributable to solenoidal inductive applicators operated at frequencies up to 13.56 MHz. For the models we have studied, the ratio of power per volume deposited into the tumor to power per volume deposited into the immediately surrounding tissue is largest for tumors in the lung, although the power per volume deposited into the outermost layer is still much larger than the power per volume deposited into the tumor; it may be possible, however, to cool this region adequately from the body surface. When the complex permittivity of the tumor model is similar to that of the region in which it is embedded, the currents in the torso and tumor circulate primarily around the center of the body, as has been previously calculated for concentric cylinders. When the complex permittivity of the tumor is much greater than the region in which it is embedded, the currents in the tumor circulate primarily around the center of the tumor.
Three-dimensional motion capture protocol for seated operator in whole body vibration

Abstract A new methodology to measure the response of seated people to whole body vibration (WBV) is presented in this work. The proposed methodology is based on using motion capture systems with reflective markers to detect the position versus time motion of selective landmarks on the human body during vibration while taking into consideration the seatback. The methodology also circumvented the problem of tracking the motion of the physical markers on the lower thoracic and lumbar areas of the spine, which cannot be seen by the cameras due to the existence of the seatback, by introducing virtual (calculated) markers that substitute for the physical markers. Additional (redundant) markers were attached to the segments of interest to generate local coordinate systems that can be used to obtain the trajectories of the virtual markers. Simulated ride files containing both complex vibration and mild impact signals were played back through a man-rated 6 d.f. motion platform. The methodology was tested on three seated subjects; there was considerable agreement between the trajectories of the physical and virtual markers. Error assessments also showed insignificant discrepancy between the physical and virtual markers. The proposed methodology showed encouraging results in WBV testing and may be useful for other applications where people perform tasks in a seated position. Relevance to industry People who operate heavy construction machinery can be at increased risk for low back pain and other musculoskeletal problems. WBV in combination with postural constraints is one potential underlying cause for these complaints. However, WBV is difficult to study without altering the typical operator environment as the seatback and armrests often limit the ability to monitor human motion, particularly the lumbar spine. The development of an efficient and effective technique for measuring three-dimensional (3D) displacement data of the lower back region of seated operators in realistic environments exposed to WBV, could advance the development and validation process of computer human modeling in this field. Preventing these problems can save people significant suffering and industry significant cost due to compensation, medical care, lost productivity, and retraining.
Manufacturing and testing of [1-3] nickel/polymer composites

A 15 percent nickel composite was manufactured and tested under a sinusoidally applied magnetic field at a frequency of 0.3 Hz around a DC bias of 0kA/m without an external mechanical load. The particulate are obtained from a process known as spark erosion, resulting in particulate that are nearly spherical in shape. Parameters that were recorded include strain, magnetic field, and magnetic flux. Experimental strain output values were comparable to strain measured from a single crystal nickel along the axis. However, the effects of the epoxy are non-negligible and results regarding texturing of the composite are inconclusive.
Transparency Mechanisms at the Multilateral Development Banks

Abstract The multilateral development banks (MDBs) adopted information disclosure policies in the 1990s, and four created mechanisms providing recourse for citizens affected by their activities. This paper proposes a set of four characteristics by which information disclosure policies may be compared and assessed, emphasizing the fullness and timeliness of disclosure, accessibility of information to citizens, and existence of recourse. The transparency and disclosure policies of the World Bank and regional development banks are found to vary in important details. Their policies have advanced the status of transparency in development discourse and practice, and contributed to redefining the relationships among MDBs, states and citizens. At the same time they set limits that constrain information disclosure's significance in practice.
Naphthoquinones produced by Fusarium oxysporum isolated from citrus

Abstract Six naphthoquinone pigments are described which were produced by Fusarium oxysporum isolates obtained from roots of diseased citrus trees. These were 8-O-methylbostrycoidin, 9-O-methylfusarubin, 9-O-methylanhydro-fusarubin, 5-O-methyljavanicin, 5-O-methylsolaniol and 1,4-naphthalenedione-3,8-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-oxopropyl). These naphthoquinones had not been previously identified from F. oxysporum isolates.
An Investigation of Preschoolers' Misattributions of the Properties of Two-Dimensional Images: Understanding the Relationship between a Symbol and Its Referent.

Previous studies have found that preschoolers are confused about the relationship between two-dimensional (2D) symbols and their referents. Preschoolers report that 2D images (e.g. televised images and photographs) share some of the characteristics of the objects they are representing. A novel Comparison Task was created to test what might account for these misattributions of the properties of 2D images. Three-and-a-half- and four-and-a-half-year olds made comparisons between items presented in two of three formats simultaneously, i.e. as a real object and as an object appearing on television (TV), as a real object and as a photo of that object, or as an object appearing on TV and in a photo. Presenting the televised object or the photo of the object along with the real object aided performance; children indicated that televised objects and photos of objects no longer shared the properties of the real objects. Children also performed better when presented with two 2D images of the same object (the photo of the object and the televised image of the object). Although dual-representation might account for these misattributions of the properties of 2D images, because children also performed better when two 2D images of the same object were present, other possibilities such as children using pictures as communicative devices and disregarding the pragmatics of the task should be explored. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of Broadband Shock-Associated Noise Using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Computational Fluid Dynamics

Broadband shock-associated noise is a component of jet noise generated by supersonic jets operating offdesign. It is characterized by multiple broadband peaks and dominates the total noise at large angles to the jet downstream axis. A new model is introduced for the prediction of broadband shock-associated noise that uses the solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The noise model is an acoustic analogy based on the linearized Euler equations. The equivalent source terms depend on the product of the fluctuations associated with the jet's shock-cell structure and the turbulent velocity fluctuations in the jet shear layer. The former are deterministic and are obtained from the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solution. A statistical model is introduced to describe the properties of the turbulence. Only the geometry and operating conditions of the nozzle need to be known to make noise predictions. This overcomes the limitations and empiricism present in previous broadband shock-associated noise models. Results for various axisymmetric circular nozzles and a rectangular nozzle operating at various conditions are compared with experimental data to validate the model.
The carbonate radical anion-induced covalent aggregation of human copper, zinc superoxide dismutase, and α-synuclein: intermediacy of tryptophan- and tyrosine-derived oxidation products

Abstract In this review, we describe the free radical mechanism of covalent aggregation of human copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (hSOD1). Bicarbonate anion (HCO3−) enhances the covalent aggregation of hSOD1 mediated by the SOD1 peroxidase-dependent formation of carbonate radical anion (CO3 −), a potent and selective oxidant. This species presumably diffuses out the active site of hSOD1 and reacts with tryptophan residue located on the surface of hSOD1. The oxidative degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine and N-formyl kynurenine results in the covalent crosslinking and aggregation of hSOD1. Implications of oxidant-mediated aggregation of hSOD1 in the increased cytotoxicity of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are discussed.
Use of lysed human platelets to study prostaglandin E2 production.

The conversion of 1-14C-arachidonic acid into prostaglandin E2 was studied in lysed human platelets. Optimum production of the labeled reaction product was obtained when reduced glutathione and hydroquinone were included in the incubations. The labeled product was characterized by silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas-liquid chromatography and was found to behave as standard prostaglandin E2. The results indicate that the prostaglandin synthetase in the human blood platelet is similar to prostaglandin synthetases found in other tissues.