cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fully proportional representation

Even though voters can have complex preferences over multiple candidates or parties, all extant electoral systems provide political representation based solely or primarily on voters' first preferences. I present a new concept of proportional representation that takes account of voters' preferences over the full list of alternatives—fully proportional representation (FPR)—and schemes for its implementation. I outline a “pure” FPR scheme, but because this scheme would have several undesirable features when used by real voters, I also discuss modifications that account for these difficulties. Although there are a variety of interpretations of the role played by voting in democracy, several can be shown to suggest FPR as a normative ideal. Fully proportional representation provides us with new ways to conceptualize existing electoral systems, a new standard against which alternative systems can be evaluated, and several feasible alternatives for approximating this new ideal.
Acute dieldrin exposure in relation to brain monoamine oxidase activity and concentration of brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

Abstract Rainbow trout, White Leghorn chickens and golden hamsters were administered dieldrin or the vehicle in various dosages and routes of injection. Whole brain serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were measured. In separate experiments, monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined in brain homogenates incubated with pargyline or dieldrin. Serotonin content increased maximally at 10 mg/kg dieldrin. Brain MAO activity was significantly decreased by dieldrin in chicken and hamster, but trout enzyme activity was unaffected. The 5-HIAA content reflected MAO inhibition and interference with 5-HIAA transport from brain.
481: Preterm birth induced by progesterone receptor antagonism is preceded by inflammatory cervical remodeling in a murine model

singleton pregnancy. We determined the admission to delivery interval in twin versus singleton gestation complicated by spontaneous preterm labor (SPTL) STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case control study that included singleton and twin gestations complicated by SPTL at 3:1 ratio. SPTL was defined as cervical dilatation 3 cm, cervical effacement 50% and 4 or more uterine contractions within 10 minutes. The inclusion criteria were: 1.gestational age upon admission at 24-34 weeks 2.vertex presentation and 3.spontaneous vaginal delivery, exclusion criteria included: 1. induction of labor, 2. gestational diabetes, 3. hypertensive disorders 4. major fetal anomaly. The rate of spontaneous delivery within 24 hours was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Thirty six twins and 108 singletons were included. The rate of spontaneous delivery within 24 hours in twins was significantly lower compared to singleton gestations (63.8 vs. 82.4% respectively; p 0.035). Similarly, twin gestation was associated with a lower rate of delivery within 12 hours compared to singletons ( 52.7 % vs. 76.8% respectively; p 0.004) Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between spontaneous delivery within 24 hours, and the presence of twins vs. singleton gestation. Adjustment was conducted for: gestational age, cervical dilatation and effacement at admission, maternal age, parity, and the use of tocolysis. The final regression model suggested that twin gestation is independently associated with lower rate of spontaneous delivery within 24 hours (P 0.001). CONCLUSION: Twin pregnancies complicated by SPTL are paradoxically associated with a longer interval to delivery compared to singleton gestation. This has clinical importance in the consultation and management of patients with twin gestation complicated by SPTL.
Ontogeny of connexin 32 and 43 expression in the cerebral cortices of ovine fetuses, newborns, and adults.

Gap junctions are specialized membrane structures that mediate intercellular communication and facilitate passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells. Connexins comprise a multigene family of transmembrane proteins that form gap junctions. Connexin-32 and connexin-43 are among the most abundant connexins in brain and are highly expressed during development. Connexin-32 is expressed primarily in oligodendrocytes and connexin-43 in astrocytes in adult brain. However, both connexins are expressed in neurons during development. We examined the effects of ontogeny on connexin-32 and connexin-43 protein abundance in cerebral cortices of sheep during development. Western immunoblot was used to measure connexin-32 and connexin-43 expression in cerebral cortices of fetuses at 60%, 80%, and 90% of gestation, in newborn lambs and adult sheep. Values were expressed as ratios to a single adult control cerebral cortical sample. Connexin-32 abundance was higher (P < 0.05) in cerebral cortices of fetuses at 60% of gestation (3.0 ± 0.68, mean ± SD), than in those at 90% of gestation (1.7 ± 0.3), in newborn (1.8 ± 0.55), and adult sheep (0.84 ± 0.19), respectively. In contrast, connexin-43 abundance was higher (P < 0.05) in cerebral cortices of fetuses at 90% of gestation (0.44 ± 0.17), newborn (0.69 ± 0.12) and adult sheep (1.14 ± 0.13), than in those at 60% of gestation (0.05 ± 0.01). We conclude that (1) connexin-32 and connexin-43 protein are expressed early in fetal life and throughout development, (2) each connexin displays a unique pattern of change with development, (3) connexin-43 exhibited ontogenic increases in protein abundance, whereas, connexin-32 exhibited reciprocal decreases in abundance late in fetal development, in newborn and adult sheep.
Cultural politics in Korea’s contemporary films under neoliberal globalization:

The Korean film business has witnessed a swift and steady growth in the production of, and audiences for, domestic films over the past several years. This article attempts to clarify the cause of these changes and goes on to discuss the Korean film industry with a special focus on state cultural policy. The article then explicates the impact of the changing cultural policy on the film business by examining the influx of domestic capital into the film industry. It also analyzes the impact of neoliberal cultural policies on the transnationalization of the Korea film industry. Finally, it discusses whether changing cultural policies have maintained or developed cultural identity, such as Korean traditions and nationalism, in domestic films.
Chemical and electrochemical oxidation of copper in dielectric millimeter waveguide tubes

Chemical and electrochemical techniques are developed for oxidation of copper to constant thicknesses in 51 and 60 mm i.d. tubes up to 11 m in length. Comparison between these oxidation processes show the electrochemical process to be superior for this application. Differential double layer capacitance measurement of copper roughness after the oxidation indicates roughness factors between 3.2 and 9.9 depending on the thickness of the oxide. Potentiodynamic sweeps were used to investigate the mechanism of electrochemical oxidation in sodium hydroxide solutions saturated with copper containing complexes.
Substance P immunoreactivity within neuritic plaques

In the present immunocytochemical study we examined brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease in order to determine the relationship of substance P (SP)-labeled processes to neuritic plaques. Swollen neuropeptidergic processes were consistently observed within a relatively small percentage of the plaques. These data provide a morphologic correlate to the biochemical finding that SP levels are reduced in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease, and further indicate that Alzheimer's disease affects multiple neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems.
A program of research on coupling relations in research and development

As part of a continuing program of studies of R&D, one area for field research has been identified that is concerned with coupling the flow of ideas about new materials, products, and processes from the laboratory through the steps to utilization. The various complex communication phenomena involved — liaison, interface, coupling, technology transfer (LINCOTT) — are treated in a series of eleven studies. Each has a unique focus and set of variables. They cover a variety of environments — commerical and military laboratories, U. S. firms overseas, and R&D in developing countries. But all the studies share the common goal of increasing understanding of communication and information exchange between functionally related science, engineering, production, and management groups, with the eventual goal of providing tested propositions for improved organizational design.
Are there racial and sex differences in the use of oral isotretinoin for acne management in the United States

Abstract Background Treatment of various diseases has been noted to vary by patient demographics. There is reason to suspect that there may be sex and racial differences in the treatment of severe acne. Objective We sought to determine if treatment of severe acne with oral isotretinoin varied with patient sex, race, or both. Methods We analyzed the demographics of patients with acne and patients using oral isotretinoin, minocycline, and tetracycline recorded in the 1990 to 1997 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Results There were 35 million visits to physicians for the treatment of acne between 1990 and 1997, and isotretinoin was prescribed at 5.8 million (17%) of these visits. Per capita visit rates for acne among whites was 2.3 times that of blacks, and whites were 1.8 times more likely to receive isotretinoin at acne visits. Per capita, women had 1.4 times as many visits for acne as men, but men were 1.7 times more likely than women to receive isotretinoin at an acne visit. Dermatologists managed 83% of all isotretinoin visits. Dermatologists accounted for 100% of isotretinoin visits for which pregnancy prevention education and counseling was reported. Conclusions Patients who are black receive less oral isotretinoin than those who are white, and the expense of isotretinoin appears to be one factor in this difference. Women are less likely than men to receive isotretinoin at acne visits. Expense does not appear to be a factor in this difference. Dermatologists have more experience than nondermatologists managing acne, prescribing isotretinoin, and counseling women treated with isotretinoin concerning pregnancy prevention. Pregnancy prevention is an essential component of isotretinoin use in women that must not be ignored.
FIESTA-ET: high-resolution cardiac imaging using echo-planar steady-state free precession.

This work describes a technique that combines multishot echo-planar imaging (EPI) with steady-state free precession (SSFP, also known as TrueFISP, FIESTA, and balanced FFE) for multislice, cine MR imaging of the heart. Unlike recently reported methods, the technique presented here (FIESTA-ET) is high-resolution and does not require offline reconstruction or postprocessing. It is therefore suitable for use on standard clinical scanners. FIESTA-ET was compared with conventional FIESTA imaging in 10 volunteers and quantitative analyses of myocardial signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and ventricular volumes were performed. While providing comparable image quality, FIESTA-ET required half the acquisition time per slice of conventional FIESTA. Because multiple slices could be imaged in a single breathhold, the entire heart could be scanned in less than 2 min. Although the FIESTA-ET images exhibited an unexpected increase (P < 0.0005) in myocardial SNR of 16% over FIESTA, the volumetric measurements showed excellent correlation.
Cloning, Mapping, and Tissue Distribution of a Human Homologue of the Mouse Jerky Gene Product

Inactivation of the jerky gene by insertion of a transgene into the mouse genome results in epileptic seizures in transgenic mice. This finding indicates that the jerky gene plays an important role in inducing epilepsy syndromes in mice. We report here our efforts in cloning, chromosomal mapping, and analysis of tissue distribution of a novel human gene, the HHMJG, a homologue to the mouse jerky gene product. We have successfully identified a full length cDNA clone encoding a novel human protein homologous to the mouse jerky gene product. The finding was based on the result of an analysis of EST (expressed sequence tag) sequences of a clone from a human tonsil cDNA library. A 4.0 kb mRNA species of the HHMJG is abundantly expressed in the majority of human tissues examined, including brain and skeletal muscle. However, in the testes, two mRNA species of the HHMJG, approximately 2.0 and 4.0 kb, are abundantly expressed. Sequence analysis of the HHMJG cDNA indicates that it encodes a putative protein of 51 kD, which shares significant sequence homology to not only the mouse jerky gene product but also some nuclear regulatory proteins, such as centromere binding protein-B. The predicted nuclear localization of the HHMJG product suggests that this protein may function as a nuclear regulatory protein. The result of human chromosomal mapping shows that the HHMJG is located on human chromosome 11q21. Our identification of the HHMJG cDNA provides a potential gene candidate to further investigate the biological significance and clinical implications of the HHMJG in human epilepsy.
Innominate venous thrombosis: a rare complication of transvenous pacemaker electrodes.

Abstract Thrombosis and occlusion of innominate veins or superior vena cava are extremely rare, but may be a major complication of transvenous pacing electrodes. These patients have the usual signs and symptoms of superior vena caval syndrome and should be managed with anticoagulation therapy.
Dragma Hippomanicum. I

Two new species are described,Astragalus schinetorum from central Chile (Coquimbo) andA. ledinghamii from southwestern Iran (Fars); in connection with the latter, a new name (A. koelzii) is substituted for the posterior homonymA. unifoliolatus Sirj. & Rech. f.
Mechanisms of kindling: an evaluation of single trial seizure induction procedures for use as controls

Investigations into the neurochemical or molecular biological mechanisms underlying the kindled state require a seizure induction procedure for eliciting generalized tonic-clonic seizures in naive animals. Such seizure controls are necessary for dissociating the influence of ictal motor events on measures of interest from the influence of the kindling process on these same measures. In this study three procedures for inducing seizures in naive animals were evaluated against a set of criteria considered ideal.
Employment by foreign firms in the U.S.: Do state incentives matter?

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between state-level attributes and employment of workers in the US by foreign owned firms (FDI-related employment, hereafter). In particular, we investigate the role of state-level business incentives in influencing the employment outcomes of foreign-owned manufacturing firms operating in the US. Using data from 50 states between 1999 and 2008, we employ a two-way fixed effects panel data framework and a dynamic system GMM approach to account for the dynamic features of employment outcomes. We also correct for potential measurement errors and potential endogeneity of policy variables. Our results suggest that state business incentives such as providing more foreign-trade zones (both general-purpose and subzones), the provision of better public services and establishing overseas offices in particular countries, have statistically significant effects on employment by foreign-owned firms in the US. The implications have direct bearing regarding the strategic use of investment-promotion policies in terms of employment effects.
Detection of pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 using self-excited PZT-glass microcantilevers.

Abstract Composite self-excited PZT-glass cantilevers (5 and 3 mm in length, 1.8 and 2.0 mm wide) were fabricated and their resonance characteristics were determined in air and at 1 mm liquid immersion. In air, resonance occurred at 65.8 and 63.4 kHz for the two cantilevers used in this paper. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific to the pathogen Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) O157:H7 was immobilized at the cantilever glass tip, and then exposed to pathogen in the concentration range of 7 × 10 2 to 7 × 10 7 bacteria/mL. Resonance of the second mode decreased due to pathogen attachment in accordance with a proposed kinetic model. The specific attachment rate constant was found to be 3 × 10 −9 to 5 × 10 −9 min −1 (cell/mL) −1 . Exposure to a mixed population containing both a pathogenic and non-pathogenic strain showed that the antibody-immobilized cantilever is highly selective, thus demonstrating its usefulness for detecting water-borne pathogens.
Intentional behavior and intentional communication in young free-ranging orangutans.

The goal of this study was to describe the ontogeny of the manipulation of an animate object (i.e., the mother) by young free-ranging orangutans within the context of food sharing. The food-sharing context is an important one in the development of object manipulation skills and social communication. 5 orangutans, ranging in age from 1 month to 5 years, were videotaped with their biological mothers for 18 hours over the course of 9 months. Systematic coding of the videotapes revealed that even young orangutans, 1-6 months old, used intentional (i.e., goal-directed) behaviors. When young orangutans directed behavior toward the mother in addition to the goal object then maternal responses were positive, resulting in the infant obtaining the food. Intentional communication, evident in gestures and consisting of an abbreviated action directed toward the mother, was found in the 3 oldest orangutans (21/2, 31/2, and 5 years of age). Cognitive competence and behavioral performance are considered from the developmental perspectives of Piaget and prelinguistic communication. The ability to use a communicative gesture as an intermediate means in the coordination of actions on a social agent with actions on an object is evident in young orangutans.
Effects of displacing aggression by annoyed and nonannoyed subjects

Abstract Low hostility-guilt subjects were either annoyed or not annoyed by an experimental confederate and given the opportunity to (a) displace aggression against a second confederate in a memory task, (b) go through a similar task but not aggress, or (c) sit quietly for a comparable period of time. All subjects were subsequently allowed to aggress against their annoyer in a “creativity” task. While displacement following annoyance did not reduce physiological arousal, it did reduce the amount of subsequent aggression against the annoyer. Conversely, the expression of aggression in subjects who were not annoyed resulted in an increase in physiological arousal, but not in subsequent aggression. No significant relationships were found between physiological arousal and subsequent aggression.
Growth of nitrogen-doped SiC boules by halide chemical vapor deposition

A novel halide chemical vapor deposition process has been developed for growth of single crystal 6H and 4H SiC boules. This process takes advantage of the thermal stability of halogenated precursors and a unique reactor design to produce SiC crystals up to 75 mm in diameter at growth rates up to 250 mm/h. Growth rate was significantly improved by using CH 4 instead of C 3 H 8 as the carbon source gas. Growth of the 6H and 4H polytypes was evaluated as a function of seed polytype, off-cut and surface polarity at a growth temperature of 2020 °C, which is well above typical epitaxy conditions and well below typical sublimation growth conditions. The effect of the substrate and nitrogen flow rate on nitrogen incorporation were characterized by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Radial uniformity of doping was assessed by mercury probe capacitance-voltage measurements. Bulk crystals with an average boron concentration of 1.5e15 atoms/cm3 and nitrogen doping level above 1.0e19 atoms/cm 3 were readily achieved. High-resolution X-ray diffraction showed that growth of the 4H polytype requires growth on the carbon face of 4H seed crystals.
THE DETAILS OF THE PHOTOGRAPHICALLY RECORDED VENOUS PULSE IN AURICULAR FIBRILLATION.

While auricular fibrillation is easily recognized by arterial and jugular tracings or by electrocardiograms, it is not possible to interpret all the waves found in these records. The venous tracings may in general be placed in one of two classes: ( a ) those in which prominent systolic waves predominate or occur alone; and ( b ) those in which large or small diastolic waves occur occasionally, in groups, or in a continued series averaging 250 to 500 per minute. The prominent systolic waves have generally been attributed to tricuspid regurgitation, the inference being that tricuspid regurgitation is a common state in auricular fibrillation. The diastolic waves are so numerous and so many electrocardiograms show diastolic waves that it is impossible to account for them on the assumption that the auricle is in a dilated and finely fibrillating state. It has been suggested that in these instances a condition of coarse fibrillation, which is closely allied to auricular flutter, obtains. The systolic and diastolic waves of the venous pulse of twenty-five clinical cases of auricular fibrillation, recorded by photographic methods, were studied. Six types of systolic waves (Text-Fig. 1) were found: (1) an intensified impact wave, the most common and often the only characteristic feature, indicating vigorous ventricular action; (2) a peaked impact followed by a rapid systolic drop due to light pressure of the tambour; (3) the intra-auricular type of systolic variation, so called from its resemblance to intra-auricular pressure curves found in animals, occurring in clinical cases only when ventricular systole is weak; (4) double systolic waves, attributed to a systolic tug of the ventricle on the auricles and large veins; (5) a systolic impact followed by a stasis wave, present when intravenous pressure is high; (6) a regurgitation wave composed of a steep rise continued into a systolic plateau with murmur vibrations superimposed. Our study showed (1) that tricuspid regurgitation, as indicated by the presence of regurgitation waves, is a rare accompaniment of auricular fibrillation; and (2) that the contrary opinion, arrived at by the frequent presence in polygraph tracings of ventricular types of waves, is due to the fact that the contour of intensified impact waves is distorted by polygraph levers so that they simulate regurgitation waves. Recurrent diastolic waves were frequently present in our records. Their relative size depended, to a considerable extent, on the pressure of the tambour. There was no constant relation to similar waves in the recorded electrocardiogram, nor is it proven that they are indicative of a coarse type of fibrillation or an associated flutter.
Semigroup automation structure by homomorphism and domain partition

Abstract The problem of deciding if a given function of the set of states of a finite automation A belongs to its input semigroup is known to be PSPACE-complete. However, many other decision problems with regard to the input semigroup of A have polynomial time solutions. In particular, it is decidable whether a given automaton is isomorphic to its own monoid automaton, and whether its input semigroup contains an identity, or is a group. By analysis of the ranges and domain partitions of input functions of an automaton, combined with known necessary and sufficient conditions for homomorphisms on singly generated automata, regularity on the structure of the semigroup automaton is established and significant improvement is made to decision algorithms for the semigroups of automata.
Balanced and Unbalanced Upper-Level Frontogenesis

The impacts of vertical shear in the cross-front component of the geostrophic wind, and of its implied along-front temperature gradient, on frontogenesis at upper levels were investigated using a hierarchy of three dynamical models based on the Keyser and Pecnick (1985) primitive-equation model. The three models are (in order of decreasing sophistication) the anelastic (AN), the geostrophic momentum (GM), and the quasi-geostsrophic (QG) approximations to the primitive equations. Intercomparison of the broad-scale structure of the upper-level jet-fronts as described by the AN and GM models showed close agreement. In contrast, the QG model exhibited marked differences with its AN counterpart, which became more pronounced with increased geostrophic wind.
Bistable Entropy Landscape of Sequences and Folds of Proteins

The evolutionary capacity of a protein fold is defined as the number of sequences that match a particular structure. The logarithm of the evolutionary capacity is proportional to the sequence entropy. We computed the sequence entropies for a representative set of protein structures from the Protein Data Bank (1590 folds). For each of the structures we sample about ten million sequences acceptable to the target fold, and estimate the evolutionary capacity for a range of energies with telescoping ratios. The calculations are conducted with three empirical energy functions that were designed for different tasks in computational biology. The probability of observing a protein with a capacity normalized with respect to length is doubly peaked. The proteins at the peak of lower capacity are most likely to belong to the SCOP classes of all-alpha and the alpha/beta classes. The other peak of capacity includes structures from all-beta and the alpha+beta classes similarly to the overall distributions. Experimentally determined mutants of each protein in the set were collected using BLAST with E-value cutoff of 10−10. The evolutionary capacity and experimentally determined number of mutants are positively correlated for proteins at the peaks. Among all the proteins within the two peaks, a HIV reverse transcriptase at the higher peak has the maximum number of mutants. HIV virus is known for its high evolution rate, which corresponds to high evolutionary capacity in our research. We also examine the network in which sequences flip between alternative folds. The network density and dynamics will be reported.
Supervision: Formative Feedback for Clinical Documentation in a University Speech-Language Pathology Program

Assessment of clinical documentation written by graduate student clinicians in the field of speech-language pathology has been viewed as a challenge for clinical instructors. Typically, instructor ...
Model specification and the reliability of fMRI results: implications for longitudinal neuroimaging studies in psychiatry.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagine (fMRI) is an important assessment tool in longitudinal studies of mental illness and its treatment. Understanding the psychometric properties of fMRI-based metrics, and the factors that influence them, will be critical for properly interpreting the results of these efforts. The current study examined whether the choice among alternative model specifications affects estimates of test-retest reliability in key emotion processing regions across a 6month interval. Subjects (N=46) performed an emotional-faces paradigm during fMRI in which neutral faces dynamically morphed into one of four emotional faces. Median voxelwise intraclass correlation coefficients (mvICCs) were calculated to examine stability over time in regions showing task-related activity as well as in bilateral amygdala. Four modeling choices were evaluated: a default model that used the canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF), a flexible HRF model that included additional basis functions, a modified CompCor (mCompCor) model that added corrections for physiological noise in the global signal, and a final model that combined the flexible HRF and mCompCor models. Model residuals were examined to determine the degree to which each pipeline met modeling assumptions. Results indicated that the choice of modeling approaches impacts both the degree to which model assumptions are met and estimates of test-retest reliability. ICC estimates in the visual cortex increased from poor (mvICC=0.31) in the default pipeline to fair (mvICC=0.45) in the full alternative pipeline – an increase of 45%. In nearly all tests, the models with the fewest assumption violations generated the highest ICC estimates. Implications for longitudinal treatment studies that utilize fMRI are discussed.
Application of the Law of Composites to Twisted Continuous-Filament Glass/Nylon Blended Yarns:

The results are reported of a comprehensive experimental study carried out to determine the tensile behavior of a blended yam as a function of twist and blend ratio. The findings may serve as criteria for the design of a blended yarn with pre-determined characteristics.Blends of continuous-filament glass/nylon strands were prepared, twisted, and subjected to various tests and observa tions. The experimental results were then analyzed and compared with the existing theories. Excellent agreement was found between the law of composites, normally used for an untwisted matrix, and blended yarn tensile data at twist angles of up to 20°. Moreover, the all-glass yarn tensile model, presented in a previous paper, was found adequate to describe the tensile-twist behavior of the glass/nylon blended yarns. The agreement between this model and the experi mental data improve as the glass content decreases. This change is believed to be due to an apparent improvement in the abrasion resistance of the blended structure.
Analyzing XML Parser Memory Characteristics: Experiments towards ImprovingWeb Services Performance

XML plays an important role in building enterprise applications. However, most of the XML-based applications, particularly the emerging web services, suffer from low performance caused by XML processing and thus bring negative user experience in terms of response time. We argue that by reducing the considerable overhead in garbage collection the XML processing performance can be improved. We begin by conducting a set of experiments to understand the XML parser?s memory characteristics, such as heap composition, object size and type distributions, object lifetime, and so on. Then, we get the valuable findings for improving performance that XML processing, which violates the weak generational hypothesis, is an memory allocation intensive workload in which most objects are small and long-lived. The findings can benefit the design of XML parsing specific GC and related tools designed to improve XML processing performance for web services.
Complete assignment of the 13C NMR spectra of the ring forms of digitoxose by DEPT spectrum editing and two‐dimensional proton chemical shift correlation spectroscopy

The 13C chemical shifts of the four isomeric ring forms of D-digitoxose in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 solution have been assigned completely by DEPT 13C NMR spectrum editing and two-dimensional carbon–proton chemical shift correlation spectroscopy. The 13C chemical shifts are discussed in terms of their dependence on ring size and on anomeric configuration. The equilibrated mixture of four ring forms of D-digitoxose in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 solution has been analysed quantitatively by 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the results compared with those obtained previously by 1H NMR.
Oxygenated volatile organic chemicals in the oceans: Inferences and implications based on atmospheric observations and air-sea exchange models

(10 � 9 mol L � 1 ) and 2 nM and net fluxes of 1.1 � 10 � 12 g cm � 2 s � 1 and 0.4 � 10 � 12 gc m � 2 s � 1 are calculated for acetaldehyde and propanal, respectively. Large surface seawater concentrations are also estimated for methanol (100 nM) and acetone (10 nM) corresponding to an undersaturation of 6% and 14%, and a deposition velocity of 0.08 cm s � 1 and 0.10 cm s � 1 , respectively. These data imply a large oceanic source for acetaldehyde and propanal, and a modest sink for methanol and acetone. Assuming a 50–100 meter mixed layer, an extremely large oceanic reservoir of OVOC, exceeding the atmospheric reservoir by an order of magnitude, can be inferred to be present. Available seawater data are both preliminary and extremely limited but indicate rather low bulk OVOC concentrations and provide no support for the existence of a large oceanic reservoir. We speculate on the causes and implications of these findings. INDEX TERMS: 0312 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Air/sea constituent fluxes (3339, 4504); 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry. Citation: Singh, H. B., A. Tabazadeh, M. J. Evans, B. D. Field, D. J. Jacob, G. Sachse, J. H. Crawford, R. Shetter, and W. H. Brune, Oxygenated volatile organic chemicals in the oceans: Inferences and implications based on atmospheric observations and air-sea exchange models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(16), 1862, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017933, 2003.
Benjamin Constant, the French revolution, and the problem of modern character

This article examines Constant's analysis of character during the French Revolution. During the late-1790s, Constant declared himself a “democrat”, but he worried that the Revolution was reinforcing character traits in France that would undermine stable liberal politics. He was especially concerned that the “revolutionary torrent” [his phrase] had unleashed violent passions that led to fanaticism, rebelliousness, and the search for vengeance. And, he was disturbed to see that, at the other extreme, the chaos of revolutionary violence had led others to resignation, isolation, and a focus on narrow self-interest. In his search for a path between vengeance and fatigue, he encouraged sentiments like self-respect, compassion, and enthusiasm.
Natural Law and Emancipation: Toward a Theonomous Democracy

It is customary to contrast the tradition of natural law to that of the historically more recent tradition of voluntaristic legal positivism. In our century, a number of thinkers have struggled to redefine the notion of natural law in such a way as to vindicate its claims against the constructivistic attitude of the legal positivists. This has entailed a defense of the co-dependent notion of natural rights which are held to have validation outside of the sum of all actual and possible culturally based legal systems. Of course, the revival of the natural law tradition requires a different conception of nature and human culture then that which sustained earlier perspectives. This paper argues that a new conception of nature has been inaugurated in the writings of John Dewey (1859–1952) and Ernst Bloch (1885–1977) and that such a conception can help us to redefine the correlation between the orders of nature and the drive for emancipation.
Habitat Selection by Swainson's Warblers Breeding in Loblolly Pine Plantations in Southeastern Louisiana

Abstract Although Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) is typically associated with bottomland hardwood forests, they also breed in even-age pine (Pinus spp.) plantations. We used mist nets and point counts from 1998–2000 to survey intensively managed even-age loblolly pine (P. taeda) plantations of different age classes and management histories to determine breeding status and stand structure preferences of Swainson's warbler in southeastern Louisiana, USA. We detected Swainson's warblers in 23 of 124 sampled loblolly pine stands. We also confirmed breeding in 7–24-year-old pine stands. We found Swainson's warblers in pine stands that had well-developed canopy closure, abundant understory vegetation, and sparse live ground cover. Floristic differences between hardwood and pine breeding habitats demonstrate that Swainson's warblers do not require specific vegetation composition, although they discriminate within habitats based on physical structure of vegetation. Although management of Swainson's ...
A challenging case of gastric outlet obstruction (Bouveret's syndrome): a case report

Bouveret's syndrome is a clinically distinct form of gallstone ileus caused by the formation of a fistula between the biliary tract and duodenum. This case reinforces the need for early recognition and treatment of Bouveret's syndrome, as it is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. An 82-year-old Caucasian woman presented with signs and symptoms of small bowel obstruction. Her laboratory workup showed elevated alkaline phosphatase and amylase levels. Computed tomography of her abdomen revealed pneumobilia, a choledochoduodenal fistula and a gallstone obstructing her distal duodenum. The impacted gallstone could not be extracted endoscopically, so our patient underwent open enterolithotomy successfully. However, the postoperative course was complicated by myocardial infarction, respiratory failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. She died 22 days after surgery, secondary to cardiopulmonary arrest. This case clearly highlights the considerable morbidity and mortality associated with Bouveret's syndrome.
A profit-based unit commitment GA for the competitive environment

As the electrical industry restructures, many of the traditional algorithms for controlling generating units need modification or replacement, previously utilized to schedule generation units in a manner that minimizes costs while meeting all demand, the unit commitment (UC) algorithm must be updated. A UC algorithm that maximizes profit will play an essential role in developing successful bidding strategies for the competitive generator. Simply bidding to win contracts is insufficient; bidding strategies must result in contracts that, on average, cover the total generation costs. No longer guaranteed to be the only electricity supplier, a generation company's share of the demand will be more difficult to predict than in the past. Removing the obligation to serve softens the demand constraint. In this paper the authors provide a price/profit-based UC formulation which considers the softer demand constraint and allocates fixed and transitional costs to the scheduled hours. The authors describe a genetic algorithm solution to this new UC problem and present results for an illustrative example.
Current understanding of the mechanism of HPV infection

HPVs (human papillomaviruses) and other papillomaviruses have a unique mechanism of infection that has likely evolved to limit infection to the basal cells of stratified epithelium, the only tissue in which they replicate. Recent studies in a mouse cervicovaginal challenge model indicate that, surprisingly, the virus cannot initially bind to keratinocytes in vivo. Rather it must first bind via its L1 major capsid protein to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on segments of the basement membrane (BM) exposed after epithelial trauma and undergo a conformational change that exposes the N-terminus of L2 minor capsid protein to furin cleavage. L2 proteolysis exposes a previously occluded surface of L1 that binds an as yet undetermined cell surface receptor on keratinocytes that have migrated over the BM to close the wound. Papillomaviruses are the only viruses that are known to initiate their infectious process at an extracellular site. In contrast to the in vivo situation, the virions can bind directly to many cultured cell lines through cell surface HSPGs and then undergo a similar conformational change and L2 cleavage. Transfer to the secondary receptor leads to internalization, uncoating in late endosomes, escape from the endosome by an L2-dependent mechanism, and eventual trafficking of an L2–genome complex to specific subnuclear domains designated ND10 bodies, where viral gene transcription is initiated. The infectious process is remarkably slow and asynchronous both in vivo and in cultured cells, taking 12–24 h for initiation of transcription. The extended exposure of antibody neutralizing determinants while the virions reside on the BM and cell surfaces might, in part, account for the remarkable effectiveness of vaccines based on neutralizing antibodies to L1 virus-like particles or the domain of L2 exposed after furin cleavage.
A survey of software reuse repositories

Reuse libraries are organizations of personnel, procedures, tools, and software components directed toward facilitating software component reuse to meet specific cost-effectiveness and productivity goals. The paper gives a survey of the major software reusable component repositories. This survey will be a base to develop future efficiently searchable, user-friendly, useful, and well-organized repositories.
Fault impacts on solar power unit reliability

This paper introduces a generalized reliability model of a solar power unit (SPU) based on physical characteristics including material, operating conditions, and electrical ratings. An SPU includes a photovoltaic panel, power converter, control and sensing. Possible faults in each component of the unit are surveyed and their failure rates based on physics-of-failure models are formulated. PV panel faults include possible installation faults, environmental effects, and material degradation. Power electronics faults are developed in depth for different components of a dc-dc boost converter. A systemlevel simulation model is developed and verified experimentally, and then used to define the survivor function of the SPU. Results show that it is important to include panel faults for accurate reliability values. The developed model is flexible and can be tailored for various SPU operating conditions, panel designs, and electrical ratings. The proposed reliability model can be extended to parallel and series interconnected topologies of multiple SPUs.
Group Medical Visits: The Future of Healthcare?:

We are at an interesting crossroads in today's medical healthcare system. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) passed in 2010 and, further supported in the King vs Burwell Supreme Court Decision earlier this summer, has the laudable intention of getting every citizen covered by health insurance. We have made enormous gains in this realm, and as of last month more than 90% of Americans are covered by medical insurance.1 A seemingly obvious consequence of these gains is that more people than ever are seeking primary care. As a primary care physician who believes strongly in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness, this of course strikes me as excellent news. The downside is that, for a variety of reasons, there are not enough individuals choosing primary care as a future profession,2 leaving very few of us on the frontlines to care for this swell of patients with an increasingly prevalent set of chronic illnesses such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and chronic pain. Additionally...
Implementation of fair link sharing through modification of the Linux kernel

The increasing popularity of sending real-time video data over networks has led to the necessity of controlling the transmission rates of these applications to avoid network congestion. Many algorithms have emerged to control the data rates of video sources. Many of these algorithms do not fairly share available network resources among multiple video sessions, and nearly all of them rely on implicit determination of available bandwidth by monitoring congestion and packet loss. The layered multicast control protocol (LMCP) is a bandwidth control protocol for multicast videoconferencing. This protocol shares network resources between competing video sessions while avoiding the congestion and packet loss of many other algorithms used to probe the network for available bandwidth. Instead, the LMCP relies on router support to determine network resources and share them equally. This paper describes a test bed implementation of a modified version of the LMCP. The implementation involves modification of the Linux kernel to provide the router support necessary for the protocol. We demonstrate the behavior of the protocol in simple network topologies. Our results show that the protocol adjusts to changing network conditions and shares the network bandwidth between competing video applications fairly. A number of issues concerning the protocol still need to be addressed.
Damage monitoring of cement paste by electrical resistance measurement

Electrical resistance measurement is effective for monitoring damage (due to damage infliction and subsequent microcrack opening) and healing (due to microcrack closing) of cement pastes (plain, with silica-fume, and with latex) in real time during repeated compressive loading. Damage causes the resistance to increase; healing causes the resistance to decrease.
A perturbative calculation of the rovibrational energy levels of methane.

The rovibrational energy levels of methane are determined from a quartic ab initio potential energy force field where the expansion coordinates are the Morse coordinates for the stretches and extension coordinates for the bends. Energies are calculated using canonical Van Vleck perturbation theory. Results are obtained for both rotation–vibration Hamiltonians expressed as functions of curvilinear and rectilinear normal coordinates. Second, fourth, and sixth order curvilinear results are compared with experimental results, and fourth order results for the rectilinear and curvilinear Hamiltonian are compared to each other. The calculated rovibrational levels are in good agreement with the experimental values for low J levels. The calculated rotational level splittings are in even better agreement with the experiment. In particular, the ground state tetrahedral splittings, which are as small as 10 − 4 cm − 1 , are well reproduced by our calculations at sixth order. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects of proton-exchange membrane fuel-cell operating conditions on charge transfer resistances measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Abstract Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are highly dependent on operating conditions, such as humidity and temperature. This study employs electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to measure the effects of operating parameters on internal proton and electron transport resistance mechanisms in the PEMFC. Current-density experiments have been performed to measure the power production in a 25 cm2 Nafion 117 PEMFC at varying operating conditions. These experiments have shown that low humidity and low temperature contribute to decreased power production. EIS is currently employed to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in power production by calculating the specific resistances at various regions in the PEMFC. Experiments are performed at temperatures ranging from 30 to 50°C, feed humidities from 20 to 98%, and air stoichiometric ratios from 1.33 to 2.67. In all experiments, the hydrogen feed stoichiometric ratio was approximately 4.0. EIS is used to identify which transpo...
Time-Restricted Feeding Is a Preventative and Therapeutic Intervention against Diverse Nutritional Challenges

Because current therapeutics for obesity are limited and only offer modest improvements, novel interventions are needed. Preventing obesity with time-restricted feeding (TRF; 8-9 hr food access in the active phase) is promising, yet its therapeutic applicability against preexisting obesity, diverse dietary conditions, and less stringent eating patterns is unknown. Here we tested TRF in mice under diverse nutritional challenges. We show that TRF attenuated metabolic diseases arising from a variety of obesogenic diets, and that benefits were proportional to the fasting duration. Furthermore, protective effects were maintained even when TRF was temporarily interrupted by ad libitum access to food during weekends, a regimen particularly relevant to human lifestyle. Finally, TRF stabilized and reversed the progression of metabolic diseases in mice with preexisting obesity and type II diabetes. We establish clinically relevant parameters of TRF for preventing and treating obesity and metabolic disorders, including type II diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and hypercholesterolemia.