cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of laser irradiation on Trichophyton rubrum growth.

The effects of various laser wavelengths and fluences on the fungal isolate, Trichophyton rubrum, were examined in vitro. Standard-size isolates of T. rubrum were irradiated by using various laser systems. Colony areas were compared for growth inhibition on days 1, 3, and 6 after laser irradiation. Statistically significant growth inhibition of T. rubrum was detected in colonies treated with the 1,064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 4 and 8 J/cm2 and 532-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 8 J/cm2. Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 532- and 1,064-nm wavelengths produced significant inhibitory effect upon the fungal isolate T. rubrum in this in vitro study. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to investigate if lasers would have a potential use in the treatment of fungal infections of skin and its adnexa.
Selective in vitro inhibition by RNA of DNA-dependent amino acid incorporation into protein

Soluble RNA and RNA prepared from ribosomes selectively inhibit that fraction of in vitro incorporation of amino acid into protein which is dependent upon the DNA in the system. The inhibition by soluble RNA applies to amino acid incorporation due to endogenous Escherichia coli DNA, phage T2 DNA, or mammalian DNA. The stimulatory action of certain types of RNA on in vitro incorporation of amino acid into protein may be masked in circumstances where the inhibitable DNA-dependent endogenous moiety is of a similar order of magnitude. Actinomycin D is a useful reagent in delineating DNA- and RNA-dependent incorporation of amino acid in the cell-free system.
A network dysfunction perspective on neurodegenerative diseases

Patients with Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative disorders show remarkable fluctuations in neurological functions, even during the same day. These fluctuations cannot be caused by sudden loss or gain of nerve cells. Instead, it is likely that they reflect variations in the activity of neural networks and, perhaps, chronic intoxication by abnormal proteins that the brain is temporarily able to overcome. These ideas have far-reaching therapeutic implications.
Radionuclide ventriculography following coronary bypass surgery: correlation with arteriographic findings.

Abstract Radionuclide ventriculography demonstrates improved left ventricular performance during exercise following coronary bypass operation, but few data are available that compare the nuclear ventriculographic findings with arteriographic evaluation. We report the findings in 25 patients in whom both tests were performed within a short period of time. Coronary bypass operations had been performed six weeks to nine years previously. Ejection fraction (EF) increased during stress in 5 completely revascularized patients. Exercise provoked deterioration in regional wall motion in 9 of 20 (45%) patients with incomplete revascularization, and EF failed to rise during exercise in 15 (75%). Although resting EF was similar in both completely revascularized patients and in those who were not (0.60 versus 0.58), EF during exercise was significantly greater in completely revascularized patients (0.68 ± 0.02 versus 0.55 ± 0.03, p
Recent developments in instrumentation in ellipsometry

Abstract The present status of ellipsometric measurement capability is reviewed. Significant advances since the last ellipsometry conference are highlighted.
Highly spectral dependent enhancement of upconversion emission with sputtered gold island films

We report a five-fold overall enhancement of upconversion emission in NaYF4 : Yb/Er nanocrystals when coupled with gold island films. Spectroscopic studies show that the enhancement factors are highly dependent on the exact spectral positions and excitation power density, with a largest enhancement factor of more than 12 observed at selected spectral positions, which may be attributed to different upconversion processes involved.
S1P1 Bridges Mechanotransduction and Angiogenesis during Vascular Development

Mechanisms of stabilization of the vascular plexus and the role of mechanotransduction in this process are not well understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Jung et al. (2012) and Gaengel et al. (2012) describe the ligand-sensitive and mechanosensitive functions of an important vascular G protein-coupled receptor, S1P1.
IL-15-induced conversion of monocytes to mature dendritic cells

IL-15 is produced by a wide variety of tissues in response to inflammatory stimuli. We examined the effect of IL-15 in supporting the maturation of monocytes to dendritic cells in ex vivo culture. IL-15 transformed CD14+ monocytes to mature dendritic cells. These dendritic cells were similar to those obtained from monocyte cultures treated with a combination of the cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF-α. The effects of IL-15 did not depend on endogenously produced GM-CSF. The IL-15-induced dendritic cells also expressed chemokines and stimulated strong allo-responses that were characteristic of mature dendritic cells. These data indicate that CD14+ monocytes respond to IL-15 by undergoing morphological transformation and acquiring characteristic dendritic cell features that facilitate antigen-specific responses of T cells. Thus, the release of IL-15 by inflammatory stimuli may induce the conversion of monocytes to immuno-stimulatory dendritic cells to support primary immune responses against pathogens.
A study of the normal Frank vectorcardiogram

Abstract An investigation was performed with spatial vectorcardiographic recording of Frank leads in a group of 72 subjects who were free of cardiovascular disease. Study of the vectorcardiograms included measurement of the angle of the half-area vectors in each planar projection of the QRSsE loop. This parameter provided a narrower range of distribution in the horizontal and sagittal projections than the angle of the maximum QRS vector. Information concerning QRS and T vector magnitudes is presented. The results of this study are compared with the limited information available from application of this lead system to normal subjects, and with published data for the SVEC-III and lead-field methods.
Ampacities of Underground Electric Power Cables in the Presence of External Forced Cooling

This paper presents a method of computing the ampacity of underground cables that are cooled by external pipes carrying a coolant. The method utilizes conduction shape factors and an effective thermal resistivity which represents the presence of both the surrounding soil and the cooling pipes. When used in place of the native soil resistivity, the effective resistivity value will produce the same cable temperatures as would exist when a cable is buried near external cooling pipes. The effective resistivity value can therefore be used in ampacity tables or existing ampacity programs, thereby extending their application to cases that involve forced cooling. An experimental horizontal three-cable/two-pipe system was used to verify the results obtained from the mathematical analysis. The predicted effective thermal resistivities for this system were used in an ampacity program and the resulting conductor temperatures were within a maximum of 3.4?? C of the experimentally measured temperatures for conductor temperatures up to 105?? C.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Functionalized Arylcopper Compounds by Transmetalation of Organosilanes

Reactive organometallics are part and parcel of synthetic chemistry. Organosilanes potentially represent a cheap, robust, and environmentally benign precursor to reactive organometallics, but the nature of the very stable C−Si bond has generally prevented their use as precursors to more reactive organometallics. We present investigations into a copper fluoride complex which activates organosilanes in anhydrous media under mild conditions, effecting transmetalation to produce stable and isolable organocopper species containing sensitive functional groups including carbonyl groups, aryl bromides, benzylic chlorides, and alkyl ketones. This discovery allows us to better understand the fundamental reactivity of presumed intermediates in copper-catalyzed reactions and to develop new catalytic bond-forming processes of organosilane reagents.
Stimulant Treatment of ADHD and Cigarette Smoking: A Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a significantly higher risk of cigarette smoking. The nature of the relationship between smoking and psychostimulant medications commonly used to treat ADHD is controversial. Our objective was to examine the relationship between stimulant treatment of ADHD and cigarette smoking by using meta-analysis, and to identify study and sample characteristics that moderate this relationship. METHODS: Literature searches on PubMed and PsycInfo databases identified published studies for inclusion. Included studies compared cigarette smoking outcomes for stimulant-treated and untreated ADHD individuals. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria, and 14 (total n = 2360) contained sufficient statistical information for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Two authors extracted odds ratios or frequencies of smokers in the treatment or nontreatment groups, and coded study characteristics including sample source, percentage of male participants, follow-up length, treatment consistency, type of smoking measure, prospective study, and controlling for comorbidities. RESULTS: Meta-analysis revealed a significant association between stimulant treatment and lower smoking rates. Meta-regression indicated that effect sizes were larger for studies that used clinical samples, included more women, measured smoking in adolescence rather than adulthood, conceptualized stimulant treatment as consistent over time, and accounted for comorbid conduct disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all studies were naturalistic, precluding causal inferences. Available data were insufficient to examine additional influences of patient demographics, treatment effectiveness, or other comorbidities. Consistent stimulant treatment of ADHD may reduce smoking risk; the effect was larger in samples with more severe psychopathology. Implications for further research, treatment of ADHD, and smoking prevention are discussed.
Cortically projecting nucleus basalis neurons in rat are physiologically heterogeneous

Abstract Cortically projecting, putatively cholinergic neurons in the area of globus pallidus (corresponding to nucleus basalis) were identified by antidromic activation from frontal cortex in anesthetized rats. These cells exhibited heterogeneous physiological properties, yielding spontaneous discharge rates of 0–40 Hz, a variety of impulse amplitudes and waveforms, and a wide range of conduction latencies from frontal cortex (1–13 ms). In addition, many cells were found to be antidromically activated from neighboring cortical sites 1–2 mm apart.
A reactive GRASP with path relinking for capacitated clustering

This paper presents a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) coupled with path relinking (PR) to solve the problem of clustering n nodes in a graph into p clusters. The objective is to maximize the sum of the edge weights within each cluster such that the sum of the corresponding node weights does not exceed a fixed capacity. In phase I, both a heaviest weight edge (HWE) algorithm and a constrained minimum cut algorithm are used to select seeds for initializing the p clusters. Feasible solutions are obtained with the help of a self-adjusting restricted candidate list that sequentially guides the assignment of the remaining nodes. At each major GRASP iteration, the list length is randomly set based on a probability density function that is updated dynamically to reflect the solution quality realized in past iterations. In phase II, three neighborhoods, each defined by common edge and node swaps, are explored to attain local optimality. The following exploration strategies are investigated: cyclic neighborhood search, variable neighborhood descent, and randomized variable neighborhood descent (RVND). The best solutions found are stored in an elite pool. In a post-processing step, PR is applied to the pool members to cyclically generate paths between each pair. As new solutions are uncovered, a systematic attempt is made to improve a subset of them with local search. Should a better solution be found, it is saved temporally and placed in the pool after all the pairs are investigated and the bottom member is removed. The procedure ends when no further improvement is possible. Extensive computational testing was done to evaluate the various combinations of construction and local search strategies. For instances with up to 40 nodes and 5 clusters, the reactive GRASP with PR found optimal solutions within a negligible amount of time compared to CPLEX. In general, the HWE algorithm in the construction phase, RVND in the local search phase, and the use of PR provided the best results. The largest instances solved involved 82 nodes and 8 clusters.
Dispersion and loss limitations on the performance of optical delay lines based on coupled resonant structures

The relative importance of group-velocity dispersion and loss-induced distortion in limiting the performance of optical delay lines based on coupled resonator structures is investigated. It is shown that for the current state of the quality of fabrication both factors play roughly comparable roles for bit rates of 2.5-40 Gbits/s and that as the storage capacity grows, the relative weight of loss-imposed limitation increases.
Target Binding to S100B Reduces Dynamic Properties and Increases Ca2+-Binding Affinity for Wild Type and EF-Hand Mutant Proteins

Mutations in the second EF-hand (D61N, D63N, D65N, and E72A) of S100B were used to study its Ca(2+) binding and dynamic properties in the absence and presence of a bound target, TRTK-12. With (D63N)S100B as an exception ((D63N)K(D)=50±9 μM), Ca(2+) binding to EF2-hand mutants were reduced by more than 8-fold in the absence of TRTK-12 ((D61N)K(D)=412±67 μM, (D65N)K(D)=968±171 μM, and (E72A)K(D)=471±133 μM), when compared to wild-type protein ((WT)K(D)=56±9 μM). For the TRTK-12 complexes, the Ca(2+)-binding affinity to wild type ((WT+TRTK)K(D)=12±10 μM) and the EF2 mutants was increased by 5- to 14-fold versus in the absence of target ((D61N+TRTK)K(D)=29±1.2 μM, (D63N+TRTK)K(D)=10±2.2 μM, (D65N+TRTK)K(D)=73±4.4 μM, and (E72A+TRTK)K(D)=18±3.7 μM). In addition, R(ex), as measured using relaxation dispersion for side-chain (15)N resonances of Asn63 ((D63N)S100B), was reduced upon TRTK-12 binding when measured by NMR. Likewise, backbone motions on multiple timescales (picoseconds to milliseconds) throughout wild type, (D61N)S100B, (D63N)S100B, and (D65N)S100B were lowered upon binding TRTK-12. However, the X-ray structures of Ca(2+)-bound (2.0A) and TRTK-bound (1.2A) (D63N)S100B showed no change in Ca(2+) coordination; thus, these and analogous structural data for the wild-type protein could not be used to explain how target binding increased Ca(2+)-binding affinity in solution. Therefore, a model for how S100B-TRTK-12 complex formation increases Ca(2+) binding is discussed, which considers changes in protein dynamics upon binding the target TRTK-12.
How to prototype hybrid-circuit patterns and screens at budget prices

Printed circuit taping methods are used to make thick-film master patterns. Usually, the patterns are laid out at ten times normal size and photographically reduced to actual circuit size. The screen patterns are then made using commercially available indirect emulsion material. A home movie light and a photographic print frame process the emulsion instead of a carbon arc and a vacuum frame. These simple techniques result in quick turnaround time and minimum cost to produce development circuits.
Increasing intent to donate in Hispanic American high school students: results of a prospective observational study.

Background High school students are an important target audience for organ donation education. A novel educational intervention focused on Hispanic American (HA) high school students might improve organ donation rates.
Statics and Dynamics of Dissent

The problem discussed herein is whether familiar static (unchanging) and dynamic (changing) influences on dissent can interact, resulting in quite unfamiliar effects on dissent and justifying a synthesis of separate static and dynamic theories. The argument is that such influences can interact even in conventional ways in a spatiotemporal matrix, altering one another's effects unexpectedly (given current theories) on all phases of dissent from initial motivation to eventual diffusion; a tentative theoretical synthesis is thus offered. Implications include greater anticipatory adaptation to dissent by governments, renewed optimism for broad-gauge and unified theory, and reinterpretation of organized complexity's import for dissent.
H-INDUCED RECONSTRUCTION AND FACETING OF AL SURFACES

First principles calculations show that chemisorbed H causes vacancy reconstructions and faceting of all Al low index surfaces. On Al(111) H-decorated vacancies are stable; on H-covered Al(100) vacancies are easily activated thermally. H-covered Al(110) forms a missing row reconstruction with H-decorated vacancies on the {l_brace}111{r_brace} microfacets. At high H coverages, low index Al surfaces are unstable against faceting. Al(111) and Al(110) form {l_brace}211{r_brace} facets, on Al(100) islands and pits with {l_brace}311{r_brace} and {l_brace}211{r_brace} facets are stable. The H-induced structural changes are caused by the preferential binding of H at low coordinated Al surface atoms and at {l_brace}100{r_brace} microfacets or, more generally, at {open_quotes}surface tetrahedral{close_quotes} sites. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
A calculation of surface diffusion coefficients of adsorbates on the (110) plane of tungsten

Abstract An attempt to calculate the prefactors of the diffusion coefficients of tungsten, xenon and oxygen atoms on the W(110) plane in the zero-coverage limit was made, using a Fokker-Planck formalism. Pairwise substrate-substrate and adsorbate-substrate atom interactions were assumed and expressed by appropriate Morse potentials. The vibrations of the substrate were approximated by an Einstein model of independent oscillators. When Morse potentials were so adjusted as to give good agreement between experimental and calculated activation energies, a prefactor in excellent agreement with experiment was calculated for W/W(110). For Xe/W(110) and O/W(110) the calculated values were ∼10 −4 cm 2 /s, i.e. essentially “normal”, while the experimental values are much lower. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.
Effects of calcium and calcium ionophores on prolactin gene expression in GH3 and 235-1 rat pituitary tumor cells.

Previous observations that extracellular calcium (Ca2+) enhanced PRL mRNA levels posttranscriptionally in GH3 rat pituitary tumor cells were made using double-stranded transcription probes. The effects of Ca2+ and the Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin, on PRL gene expression in GH3 and 235-1 cells were investigated using site- and strand-specific probes. Treatment of GH3 and 235-1 cells with 0.5 mM Ca2+ in serum-free medium specifically increased PRL mRNA levels by severalfold. In 235-1 but not GH3 cells PRL gene transcription was comparably induced by Ca2+. Use of single-stranded 5' and 3' probes revealed no antisense transcription, nor any Ca2+ effect on transcriptional elongation. Treatment with Ca2+ plus ionomycin inhibited PRL mRNA levels and gene transcription in both cell lines. Although their PRL gene transcription rates are similar, several basic differences were noted between the cell lines. The 235-1 cells exhibit a different profile of nuclear PRL pre-RNAs than GH3 cells. Also, mRNA levels for a Ca(2+...
SU-E-T-296: Dose Delivered to Gantry-Mounted Electronics in Proton Therapy

Purpose: To evaluate the dose equivalent from scattered and secondary radiation fields present in and around a passive protontreatment nozzle, which may pose a threat to electronic equipment.Methods: Landauer Luxel dosimeters were used to evaluate the radiation field around one of the proton passive scattering nozzles at Loma Linda University protontreatment center. These detectors use optically stimulated luminescence technology in conjunction with CR‐39 to measure doses from X, gamma, proton, beta, fast and thermal neutronradiation. The dosimeters were stationed at various positions around the gantry pit and on racks on the gantry itself to evaluate the dose to electronics. Wax shielding was also employed on some detectors to evaluate the usefulness of this material as a dose moderator. To create the scattered and secondary radiation field in the gantry enclosure, a polystyrene phantom placed at isocenter and irradiated with 250 MeV protons to a dose of 1.3 kGy over 16 hours.Results: The measured overall dose equivalent ranged from 100–6000 mrem (0.08 – 4.62 mrem/Gy primary radiation), with proton/photon, thermal neutron, and fast neutronradiation individually evaluated. The distance of the detector/electronics from isocenter and neutron producing devices, such as the collimators and first and second scatters, had a bearing on the dose received. Interestingly, the addition of 1 inch thick wax shielding decreased the fast neutron omponent by almost 50% and the overall dose equivalent by 30–40%, yet it increased the thermal neutrondose by 100% and the photon/proton dose by 50%, as there as no B‐10 component to capture thermal neutrons Conclusions: The data obtained in this study will benefit future upgrades and facility designs by identifying mounting positions for electronics that minimize radiationdose.
Cicero's Orator and Jerome1

Selon Hagendahl, Jerome fait trois reference a l'Orator de Ciceron dans ses ecrits. Tous les passages ou Jerome temoigne de sa dette a l'egard de l'Orator et qui ont ete recenses par Hagendahl sont relativement tardifs. L'A. attire l'attention sur deux emprunts qui sont bien anterieurs: le Libellus de virginitate servanda fut compose en 384 tandis que le commentaire sur les Ephesiens intervient environ deux annees apres
DNA sequence organisation in the flax genome

Abstract The complexity of the flax genome has been determined by reassociation kinetics. The total complexity of one constitutent genome was 3.5 · 108 nucleotide pairs. The single copy sequences comprised 44% of the genome and showed a long period interspersion pattern with the repetitive sequences. The repetitive sequences occurred in clusters which stretched for at least 10 000 base pairs. Within these clusters the individual repetitive elements were about 650 base pairs. These elements themselves showed little interspersion of different frequency classes in lengths less than 3000 base pairs. The repetitive sequence duplexes formed on reassociation, except for the satellite DNA, showed a high thermal stability. The fold-back DNA comprised 1% of the total genome, and was itself clustered in a small fraction of the genome.
Submerged laminar jet impingement on a plane

Submerged laminar jet impingement on a plane is studied using computation. Steady-state Navier-Stokes equations for the axisymmetric case are solved numerically. The extent of the infinite flow is approximated by applying the boundary conditions at a finite but sufficiently large distance. The tube-exit velocity profile is assumed to be either a fully developed parabolic profile or a flat profile. For the former case, two different nozzle heights from the target plane are considered. The presence of a toroid-shaped eddy at low values of Reynolds number, Re, leads to some interesting observations such as the manner in which the wall shear stress depends on Re. An increase in the height of the nozzle exit from the target plane decreases the wall shear stress, more so at lower values of Re. A change from the parabolic exit velocity profile to the flat profile leads to a decrease in wall shear stress due to decreased momentum flux. The study was motivated by experiments designed to measure the yield shear strength of the vascular endothelium wherein a small saline jet was used to erode the tissue by normal impingement.
Hunting Social Wasp Interactions: Influence of Prey Size, Arrival Order, and Wasp Species

To determine the effects of wasp species, nest affiliation, arrival order, and prey size on choice of and access to prey and on agonistic behavior among hunting wasps, I observed interactions among Polybia occidentalis and Polybia diguetana (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) prey foragers in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Wasps were trained to forage on Bagisara repanda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae at a test site, and trained wasps were used in experiments. The presence of another forager influenced the choice of an access to prey by hunting wasps. In choice tests, both species preferentially hovered near prey occupied by another Polybia forager rather than unoccupied 0.5—cm pieces of prey, but their subsequent responses differed. Polybia occidentalis foragers tended to land with other Polybia foragers of either species and to gain access to the occupied prey. Polybia diguetana foragers did not land preferentially with other Polybia. In intra— and interspecific tests of wasp pairs, tolerance among wasps varied with prey...
Analysis of the Spectrum of Triply Ionized Praseodymium (Pr iv)

The spectrum of Pr3+ produced by a sliding spark discharge was photographed in the wavelength range of 800 to 3100 A with a 35-ft Eagle vacuum spectrograph. An analysis of the resulting line list led to the discovery of all the levels of the 4f2 (except the 1S0), 4f5d, 4f6s, and 4f6p configurations. The interaction parameters for each configuration were derived from a least-squares fit of the energy formulas to the observed levels.
Changing food production strategies among Garhwali resettlers in the Himalayas

This article discusses the changing systems of food production among Garhwali resettlers who were forcibly displaced due to the construction of the Tehri Dam in North India. Resettling to a drastically new environment affected their traditional food production strategies and rendered them vulnerable to the vagaries of transition, including the forced adaptation to new cash crop-based farming systems, restricted hunting and fishing areas, and limited access to dairy products. These changes led to an inadequate supply of food and nutrients, especially protein, for these resettlers. Using ethnographic methods, this study illustrates that resettling an agrarian community to a new ecological area significantly changes their food production practices in ways that leave them vulnerable to the potential risk of an impoverished diet.
Women's Ways and Effective Management:

Current knowledge about gender differences in managerial behavior as well as thinking about effective management styles suggests that the managerial style of women may be different from that of men and more effective. Findings from a study of women executives of human service agencies and their perceptions of how they approach administration support the assertion that women bring to their administrative positions a unique view and understanding of women's experience of caring and, in so doing, may be more effective managers.
Heat Exchange Through the Muskrat Tail. Evidence for Vasodilator Nerves to the Skin

The importance of peripheral vascular adjustments in the regulation of thermal balance has been studied in 25 adult muskrats. This animal has a pelage of high insulative value while the tail is naked. The importance of the naked tail for maintenance of thermal balance was studied by plethysmographic techniques and measurements of tail and rectal temperatures. When subjecting the animal to a positive heat load by general body heating or following excercise, the tail skin temperatures rose to 35–37° C. Tail blood flow increased concomitantly by a factor of more than 400. The vasodilatation and subsequent increase in tail blood flow prevented heat accumulation and increase in rectal temperature during the positive heat load. Nerve block of the tail before heating or excercise precluded the described increase in tail blood flow and hyperthermia resulted. Nerve block at maximum blood flow led to a prompt decrease in tail temperature and a rapid increase in rectal temperature. It is concluded that the muskrat tail is an indispensible heat exchanger, reducing excess heat from increased metabolism or general body heating. The data indicate that the conspicious changes in tail blood flow are mediated through a sympathetic vasodilator mechanism.
Blood group research in Great Britain, France, and the United States between the world wars

Over a thousand articles of original research plus several archival sources were studied for the period before 1940 in this examination of the history of serological research in physical anthropology. One goal was to study the spread and adoption of new discoveries and techniques by scientists. In addition, to look more closely at possible social or cultural influences, the work of researchers in three countries was examined more closely: Great Britain, France, and the United States. The anthropological uses of the serological discoveries began in most countries as an effort to find a more “scientific” definition of race based on differing distribution of blood types. By 1940 and after several hundred studies that tested over a million subjects, researchers failed in achieving this goal. The data produced, how ever, were largely the basis for the development of human population ge netics in the late 1930s and 1940s which redefined humans into gene pools instead of races. Two common features of the conduct of this research were the predominance of one school or individual in a given country, and the extension of studies to exotic and overseas locales. The United States was an exception to the centralization of research because interest and resources were so extensive. Research in Great Britain was unusual in the relative lack of interest in the new blood group discoveries until late in the period. French research was both centralized, thanks to the Pasteur Institute, and extended to colonial possessions in Africa and Asia. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of pin characteristics for a variable geometry mold

The sheet metal industry has considered the use of a variable geometry mold for years. Its application to the vacuum forming of plastic sheets, however, is rather new. One significant problem is the dimpling effect resulting from the discrete nature of the mold surface. The purpose of this research is to determine the most appropriate pin type and configuration for a viable variable geometry mold, considering the dimpling effect and other quality issues. Through analyzing the consequences of several pin types and configurations, we conclude that a flat top, square pin in a closed-pack configuration is the most appropriate option.
Alcohol, Intercourse, and Condom Use Among Women Recently Involved in the Criminal Justice System: Findings from Integrated Global-Frequency and Event-Level Methods

The scientific literature on alcohol and sexual risk behavior is marked by multiple theoretical perspectives and inconsistent findings from global-frequency and event-level studies. Multilevel measures of alcohol use and multiple sexual risk outcomes can be used to evaluate these perspectives and resolve these inconsistencies. Among women recently involved in the criminal justice system in Portland, Oregon, daily alcohol use and sexual behavior were measured during four 30-day intervals over one year. In mixed effects models, person-level, month-level, and day-level alcohol use were significantly associated with the occurrence of intercourse but not with the use of condoms during intercourse. Findings are also reported for main, casual, and exchange partners. The relationships between alcohol use and sexual risk behavior are complex: No single theoretical perspective is sufficient to account for the study findings, and increased risk may be mediated through changes in intercourse rather than through changes in condom use.
Brain stem pathways for vestibular projections to cerebral cortex in the cat.

Abstract The rostral projections of the vestibular system were investigated in cats by applying electrical stimulation separately to the vestibular and cochlear nerves while recording from the medial geniculate body and the anterior suprasylvian region of the cerebral cortex. Complete ablation of the cerebellum and transection of the medial longitudinal fasciculus did not alter the evoked responses. Unilateral lesions in the brain stem medial to the lateral lemniscus diminished and bilateral lesions abolished the responses to vestibular stimulation in the medial geniculate body and the anterior suprasylvian region. The responses to cochlear stimulation were preserved. We conclude that vestibular projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex travel medial to the lateral lemniscus, coursing in parallel to the ascending auditory pathway but at least partially separate from it.
Radiation doses of commonly used dental radiographic surveys

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and to compare the radiation dose associated with commonly used dental radiographic surveys including the following: (1) 20 film full-mouth survey, (2) bite-wing radiographs, (3) panoramic survey supplemented with bite-wing radiographs and (4) a common orthodontic radiographic survey (a lateral cephlometric radiograph supplemented with a panoramic radiograph). The effects of collimation and faster radiographic film speeds on dose were also investigated. The effective doses to selected anatomic sites were calculated from measured absorbed doses with the use of an improved, tissue-equivalent phantom fitted with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters. It was demonstrated that converting from round to rectangular collimation reduced the radiation exposure by a factor of four. A panoramic survey supplemented with bite-wing radiographs uses approximately one third of the radiation exposure needed to expose a full-mouth survey made with E-speed film and rectangular collimation.
Transcriptional regulation of liver development.

Over the last few years a number of transcription factors have been identified that have important roles in regulating liver development. Molecular analyses combined with molecular genetic approaches in the mouse have begun to unravel how these factors control specific aspects of hepatogenesis. The picture that emerges is that specific transcription factors use novel mechanisms to orchestrate changes in gene expression patterns that ultimately direct cell differentiation. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Performance of wideband, non-linearly amplified PAM cable systems

The performance of wide-band non-linearly amplified, i.e. power efficient, 2-, 4-, 8-, 16- and 32-level PAM digital cable systems is studied. The effect of amplitude and phase non-linearities (AM to AM) and (AM to PM) on the error rate performance and on the received eye diagrams is analysed by computer simulations and experimentally. We demonstrate that significant performance improvement could be attained by means of predistortion linearization, prior to the transmit (high power) amplifier, and by simple modification of the threshold decoding levels in the receiver.
Diversity Management Using The Diversimilarity Paradigm: A Case Study Of A Major Mid-West Food Retailing And Distribution Corporation

The diversimilarity approach emphasizes managing a diverse work force through an appreciation of cultural and demographic similarities and differences that may stem from such characteristics as gender, age, physical ability, ethnicity, and religion. This article highlights how a major mid western food distribution corporation with 4000 plus employees applies the diversimilarity paradigm.
Empirical Likelihood Ratio With Arbitrarily Censored/Truncated Data by EM Algorithm

The empirical likelihood is a general nonparametric inference procedure with many desirable properties. Recently, theoretical results for empirical likelihood with certain censored/truncated data have been developed. However, the computation of empirical likelihood ratios with censored/truncated data is often nontrivial. This article proposes a modified self-consistent/EM algorithm to compute a class of empirical likelihood ratios for arbitrarily censored/truncated data with a mean type constraint. Simulations show that the chi-square approximations of the log-empirical likelihood ratio perform well. Examples and simulations are given in the following cases: (1) right-censored data with a mean parameter; and (2) left-truncated and right-censored data with a mean type parameter.
Success in sentinel lymph node procedures in obese patients with breast cancer

Abstract Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for axillary staging in breast cancer is technically more demanding but of added benefit in obese patients. This retrospective review compares variables and outcomes of SLN staging in obese and nonobese women. Methods From 235 total SLN cases, demographics and clinical and procedural variables were collected and compared in obese (body mass index [BMI] of ≥35, n = 28) and nonobese (BMI ≤25 [n = 84]) patients. Results Overall, the intraoperative false-negative rate was 13.6% and failure to identify SLN occurred in 2 cases (.85%). Although no differences in patient or tumor characteristics were found, obese patients had significantly lower external hotspot counts, first sentinel node counts, and fewer sentinel nodes recovered when compared with the nonobese. Conclusions SLN procedures are successful and accurate for axillary staging in obese women and avoid the added morbidity of axillary lymph node dissection in this higher risk population.
Older adults' motivations for gift giving to charitable organizations: An exchange theory perspective

Although corporate contributions to charity have been the subject of much discussion and research, little attention and research has been devoted to understanding charitable gift-giving behavior of individuals. Using exchange theory, we provide explanations for gift-giving behavior of older adults. A model is developed and tested using LISREL. The results suggest that social interaction and control motivations are important predictors of gift-giving behavior. Contrary to expectation, esteem enhancement motivations were negatively related to charitable gift giving. These results provide partial support for an exchange-theory-based explanation of older adults' gift-giving behavior. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salt delineation via interpreter-guided 3D seismic image segmentation

AbstractAlthough it is a crucial component of seismic velocity model building, salt delineation is often a major bottleneck in the interpretation workflow. Automatic methods like image segmentation can help to alleviate this bottleneck, but issues with accuracy and efficiency can hinder their effectiveness. However, a new graph-based segmentation algorithm can, after modifications to account for the unique nature of seismic data, quickly and accurately delineate salt bodies on 3D seismic images. In areas where salt boundaries are poorly imaged, limited manual interpretations can be used to guide the automatic segmentation, allowing for interpreter insight to be combined with modern computational capabilities. A successful 3D field data example demonstrates that this method could become an important tool for interactive interpretation tasks.
The IMF and the Ruble Zone

When the Soviet Union broke up, ten of the fifteen successor states were hit by hyperinflation. Hyperinflation is closely connected with the persistence of the common currency area in the CIS till 1993. Arguably, the preservation of the ruble zone was the worst single mistake in the post-communist transition in terms of its costs, and the question is what role the IMF played in this mistake. Four issues are discussed. The first one is possible alternative monetary regimes. The second issue is the politics of the ruble zone. The third is the bankers' meeting in Tashkent in May 1992, and finally when the IMF publicly came out against the ruble zone.
Embodied Technical Change and the Fluctuations of Unemployment and Wages

A matching model where technological change is partially embodied in the job match is shown to be successful in explaining the variability of unemployment and vacancies. If we incorporate long-term wage contracts into the model, it also explains a number of stylized facts on the dynamics of real wages, which have been found in the empirical labor literature.
Allocating time and resources in project management under uncertainty

We define and develop a solution approach for planning, scheduling and managing project efforts where there is significant uncertainty in the duration, resource requirements and outcomes of individual tasks. Our approach yields a nonlinear optimization model for allocation of resources and available time to tasks. This formulation represents a significantly different view of project planning from the one implied by traditional project scheduling, and focuses attention on important resource allocation decisions faced by project managers. The model can be used to maximize any of several possible performance measures for the project as a whole. We include a small computational example that focuses on maximizing the probability of successful completion of a project whose tasks have uncertain outcomes. The resource allocation problem formulated here has importance and direct application to the management of a wide variety of project-structured efforts where there is significant uncertainty.
Resituating the Place of Educational Discourse in Anthropology

This critical essay examines the place of educational discourse in contemporary anthropology. I address the growing influence of “cultural studies” frameworks in anthropology—especially in research on popular culture, media, and identity—and the corresponding neglect of specifically educational discourses and practices, in and out of schools. To illustrate, I briefly examine recent research by four noted cultural anthropologists who mention the effects of schools at their field sites but pay insufficient attention to complex educational discourses and practices. Then I address the reasons why most contemporary anthropologists outside the subfield of “anthropology of education” ignore or downplay the role of modern schools in structuring identities and power relations, both locally and globally. I end with a programmatic synthesis: to recognize and account for the continuing power of schools in most contemporary ethnographic sites, even as we broaden our vision of “education” and extend our analytic tools well beyond schools. This resituating of educational discourse in anthropology might accomplish two important things. First, it could arrest the trend toward subfield specialization and provide a more unifying research program. Second, it would promote anthropology's renewed engagement with some of the most pressing problems of democracy and public policy, fostering an organic link between our multiple roles as teachers, researchers, and institutional actors, [education, identity, cultural studies, ethnographyJ
A Global Contribution Approach to Maintain Fairness in P2P Networks

For many P2P systems, implementing right incentives and policies to promote efficient and fair resource sharing is the key to improve the overall system performance. In this paper, we propose a points-based incentive mechanism named Global Contribution (GC) approach that efficiently and naturally maintains fairness in a P2P network. In this approach, a proposed GC algorithm first calculates a global score for each peer that accurately reflects its bandwidth contribution to the entire network. Then, these scores are used in a proposed data transfer policy to determine whether one peer can download data from other peers. Thus, the GC approach achieves: (1) efficiently preventing free-riding, (2) naturally balancing the upload and download amounts in each peer, and (3) reducing rejections in transactions between cooperative peers. Moreover, the GC algorithm requires only private transaction history as an input and can be fully decentralized. Also, its time complexities are approximately O(N2) in a centralized system and O(N) per peer in a decentralized system.
Large rainbow matchings in edge-coloured graphs

A rainbow subgraph of an edge-coloured graph is a subgraph whose edges have distinct colours. The colour degree of a vertex v is the number of different colours on edges incident with v. Wang and Li conjectured that for k â¥ 4, every edge-coloured graph with minimum colour degree k contains a rainbow matching of size at least âk/2â. A properly edge-coloured K4 has no such matching, which motivates the restriction k â¥ 4, but Li and Xu proved the conjecture for all other properly coloured complete graphs. LeSaulnier, Stocker, Wenger and West showed that a rainbow matching of size âk/2â is guaranteed to exist, and they proved several sufficient conditions for a matching of size âk/2â. We prove the conjecture in full.
LAPLACE'S LAW AND THE ALVEOLUS: A MISCONCEPTION OF ANATOMY AND A MISAPPLICATION OF PHYSICS

Both the anatomy and the mechanics of inflation of the alveoli, as presented in most textbooks of physiology, have been misunderstood and misrepresented. The typical representation of the acinus as...
Induced Lactation in Prepubertal Holstein Heifers

Lactation was hormonally induced in six prepuberal Holstein heifers by seven daily injections of estrogen and progesterone and three injections of dexamethasone on d 18, 19, and 20, followed by twice daily hand milking beginning on d 21. Heifers were about 6 mo old and weighed 162 kg at the beginning of the experiment. Secretions were obtained from five of six of heifers, and twice daily milking continued for 75 d in three of five heifers. The volume of milk obtained on d 7 ranged from 32 to 500 ml and averaged 4.7, 4.1, and 3.7% lactose, protein, and fat, respectively. In the first natural lactation, milk yield and composition were nearly identical for controls and induced heifers. Serum α-lactalbumin was increased in induced heifers after treatment with dexamethasone and was highest on d 10 after onset of milking. Our data suggest that sufficient secretions for extensive biochemical testing can be obtained following hormonal induction of lactation in a majority of prepubertal heifers. Moreover, hormonal induction of lactation had no apparent effect on reproduction or first natural lactation. While it is unlikely that hormonal induction of lactation in prepubertal heifers is practical from a dairy production viewpoint, the advent of biotechnology for production of therapeutic recombinant proteins in the mammary gland of transgenic livestock has made early detection of these transgenic proteins very desirable. We conclude that induction of lactation in prepubertal heifers is a viable technique for testing the expression of mammary-linked gene constructs in transgenic cattle.