cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The absorption of galactose from the gastro-intestinal tract in deficiency diseases.

Galactose absorption studies have been made on normal subjects and on patients with deficiency diseases. In studying the method it was found that the amount of galactose ingested had a marked effect on the level of galactose attained in the blood. Therefore, in such a test the amount of galactose employed should be calculated on the basis of body weight. All of the patients with active pellagra and nontropical sprue showed evidence of impaired absorption. Improvement in absorption accompanied clinical improvement in pellagra but not in sprue. Two of four cases of rosacea keratitis which responded to riboflavin therapy gave indication of decreased absorption which improved when the signs of rosacea keratitis disappeared. Approximately one-half of the patients with pernicious anemia showed impaired absorption. Changes in absorption noted in these patients did not parallel the changes in the red cell counts and the hemoglobin levels. This suggests that a secondary factor is involved in absorptive changes noted in patients with pernicious anemia.
Temporal memory in mature and aged rats is sensitive to choline acetyltransferase inhibition.

The effects of a potent inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), BW813U, on timing behavior in mature (6–10 months) and aged (26–30 months) male rats were assessed. Twenty rats were trained on a discrete trial 20-s peak-interval (PI) procedure. During baseline (non-drug) training, the time of the maximum response rate (peak time) for mature rats was approximately at the time of scheduled reinforcement, but peak time for aged rats was reliably later. A single administration of BW813U (100 mg/kg, ip) produced a long-lasting increase in peak time for both mature and aged rats that occurred gradually and was synergistic with age. These horizontal shifts in peak time indicate a change in the content of reference memory for the remembered time of reinforcement that is similar for both aging processes and BW813U administration. When a 5-s gap was imposed in the signal, PI-GAP procedure, control rats of both ages summed the signal durations before and after the gap, whereas rats given BW813U showed no retention of the signal duration prior to the gap. This loss of trial-specific temporal information suggests a drug-induced working memory dysfunction. Taken together, these results demonstrate that both working and reference memory for temporal information are sensitive to choline acetyltransferase inhibition in rats.
Aeroelastic flutter of a disk rotating in an unbounded acoustic medium

Abstract The linear aeroelastic stability of an unbaffled flexible disk rotating in an unbounded fluid is investigated by modeling the disk–fluid system as a rotating Kirchhoff plate coupled to the irrotational motions of a compressible inviscid fluid. A perturbed eigenvalue formulation is used to compute systematically the coupled system eigenvalues. Both a semi-analytical and a numerical method are employed to solve the fluid boundary value problem. The semi-analytical approach involves a perturbation series solution of the dual integral equations arising from the fluid boundary value problem. The numerical approach is a boundary element method based on the Hadamard finite part. Unlike previous works, it is found that a disk with zero material damping destabilizes immediately beyond its lowest critical speed. Upon the inclusion of small disk material damping, the flutter speeds become supercritical and increase with decreasing fluid density. The competing effects of radiation damping into the surrounding fluid and disk material damping control the onset of flutter at supercritical speed. The results are expected to be relevant for the design of rotating disk systems in data storage, turbomachinery and manufacturing applications.
Intensive culture of grass carp and hybrid grass carp larvae

Experiences menees en Floride, montrant que l'hybride Ctenopharyngodon idella X Aristichthys nobilis n'est pas a retenir pour l'elevage
The role of the social partners in the European employment strategy

This article considers the part played by the social partners in the development of the European employment strategy over recent months, and in particular their role with reference to the European employment policy guidelines for 1999. The guidelines and national implementation reports are central to the "Luxembourg process" defined in the Employment Title of the Amsterdam Treaty (which has been in force since May 1999, though the Employment Title was largely implemented by political agreement from 1997 onwards). Much of the European-level debate on employment during 1999 has concerned the "European pact for employment", which was heralded by the Vienna European Council of December 1998, and which all the relevant actors were urged to support. Agreement on the pact was reached at the June 1999 European Council in Cologne. This article begins, therefore, by describing the different elements which constitute the pact. The role of the social partners in relation to these components, including the Luxembourg ...
Preclinical studies and clinical utilization of monoclonal antibodies in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective To present an overview of selected monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that have been studied in epithelial ovarian cancer with a focus on combination treatment with conventional chemotherapy. Methods The authors perform a narrative review of the literature. Preclinical studies that provided rationale for mAb use are examined, and selected clinical trials that evaluated efficacy and tolerability are reviewed. Results Numerous mAbs have been utilized in epithelial ovarian cancer, including bevacizumab (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor), trastuzumab (anti-human epidermal growth factor-2), cetuximab (anti-epidermal growth factor receptor), and oregovomab (anti-CA125). Favorable preclinical results have lead to the development of a number of clinical trials. Side-effects have been minimal and combination therapy has been well-tolerated. Efficacy has been variable in the clinical trials. Conclusions Targeted treatment with mAbs in conjunction with cytotoxic chemotherapy has been an important research area during the last decade. This therapeutic approach holds promise for improved outcomes in patients with ovarian cancer.
Pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research degree-granting PhD programs in the United States

Abstract Background Evidence is missing on showcasing current practices of degree programs specific to the field of pharmaceutical outcomes research. Objectives To measure current practices of pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research PhD programs in the United States and synthesize recommendations for improving the success of programs and prospective students. Methods A 23-question online survey instrument was created and distributed to 32 program directors identified in the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research educational directory. Descriptive statistics summarized both the program characteristics (including observed and desired number of faculty and students) and training recommendations (traits of program and student success). Results Of 30 eligible programs that conferred a PhD in pharmacoeconomics, pharmaceutical outcomes research, or a related field, 16 respondents (53%) completed the survey. Seventy-five percent of respondents were located in a school of pharmacy. The average observed number of faculty (7.5) and students (11.5) was lower than the average desired numbers (8.1) and (14.7), respectively. Reputation of faculty research and a collaborative environment with other disciplines were rated highest for a program’s success. Faculty’s mentoring experience and reputation and student funding opportunities were rated highest for prospective students’ success. Conclusions Existing and emerging programs as well as prospective students can use these findings to further their chances of success.
Hippocampal neurobiological mechanisms of age-related memory dysfunction.

Studies are reviewed which indicate that hippocampal frequency potentiation (the growth of neural responses during repetitive synaptic stimulation) is impaired in aged rats, and that this impairment may be important in learning and memory deficits found in these aged animals. Intracellular recording and ultrastructural studies suggest that both hippocampal frequency potentiation and the age deficit in such potentiation are synaptic processes (probably presynaptic), and that the deficit may be due to an age-related increase in calcium influx during depolarization. The latter could in some way result from alterations in the function of a Ca-mediated inactivation of Ca current mechanism recently found in hippocampal neurons. Since major hippocampal changes occur with aging in both rodents and humans, it seems possible that these data are also relevant to human brain aging. Consequently, it is suggested that Alzheimer's disease results from an acceleration of normal age-related neuronal calcium conductance changes by some unknown process (e.g., viruses, aluminum, genetic factors, etc.), leading to a rapid deterioration of brain structure.
A retrospective study of 125 cases of slipped capital femoral epiphysis

A series of 125 cases of slipped capital femoral epiphysis in 94 patients was followed an average of 4.7 years. Initial treatment consisted of closed reduction with internal fixation in 13 cases, cervical cuneiform osteotomy with internal fixation in nine, and in situ fixation in the remainder. The end-results were good in 82% of the cases. Of the nine failures, eight were due to avascular necrosis or chondrolysis. Closed reduction should be performed only in acute or acute-on-chronic slippings. Chronic slippings should be nailed in situ. The use of more involved procedures, such as cuneiform osteotomy, is not recommended because of the risk of avascular necrosis and because they do not allow the natural forces of remodeling to improve the deformity. Using this method, only three slippings required subsequent osteotomy.
Concordance of Mother/Child Sleep Patterns Using Actigraphy: Preliminary Findings.

Concordance of Mother/Child Sleep Patterns Using Actigraphy: Preliminary Findings Sleep problems are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are often associated with problem behaviors. Problematic sleep in the child may impact maternal sleep. We examined the association of sleep in mother-child dyads to child daytime behavior and maternal insomnia and daytime sleepiness in 11 children with ASD and 6 children of typical development (TD) using wrist actigraphs over 14 consecutive nights. Early morning wakenings were significantly associated with poorer daytime behavior as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist in both ASD and TD children. Additionally, associations were found between mother and child sleep and between the child’s sleep and maternal daytime sleepiness. These results highlight the need to consider the potential interaction of maternal-child sleep in future studies.
Stabilization of a novel enzyme.substrate intermediate in the Y206F mutant of Candida albicans EBP1: evidence for acid catalysis.

EBP1-catalyzed reduction of alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes is proposed to proceed via transfer of hydride from the flavin to the beta-position of the olefinic bond, concomitant with or followed by uptake of a proton at the alpha-position. Structural analysis suggests that this proton is donated from Tyr206, and, hence, a protein was constructed in which it was replaced by phenylalanine. The mutation results in a slightly less stable protein than the wild type that nevertheless retains the fundamental flavin and phenol binding properties of EBP1 characterized previously. The pH profile for binding of phenol was characterized over the pH range 6.5-9.5 and was found to be simpler than that for the wild-type enzyme. Most importantly, a pK(a) of 8.7 that is perturbed to 9.4 upon binding of phenol to the wild-type enzyme is missing in the mutant, allowing assignment of this pK(a) to the Y206 hydroxyl group. Additionally, the pK(a) of phenol is further lowered from its value of 10.0 in solution to approximately 6.4 in the active site of the mutant, as compared to 7.1 in the wild type. Together, these perturbations lead to an increase of approximately 35-fold in the binding affinity of the mutant for phenol at high pH relative to the affinity of the wild-type enzyme. As expected, the mutation has little effect on the reductive half-reaction, in which a hydride equivalent is transferred from NADPH to the flavin. In contrast, the reduction of trans-2-hexenal by the reduced enzyme is significantly affected. The results indicate formation of a previously unobserved charge-transfer (CT) complex following formation of the Michaelis complex between substrate and reduced enzyme and preceding reduction of the substrate, which occurs at a greatly reduced rate (>/=440-fold) relative to wild type. Thus, while the oxidative half-reaction with wild-type enzyme is limited by the rate of formation of the CT complex, it is the chemical step that is rate-limiting in the reaction with EBP1:Y206F, consistent with the role of this residue as a general acid.
Magnetic Field Dependence of Landau Parameters in Strongly Correlated Fermi Systems

We have solved numerically the induced interaction equations for the magnetic field dependence of the Landau parameters in a strongly correlated Fermi system. The system we studied consists of a single component Fermi liquid with parabolic energy bands and a large on-site repulsive interaction. In the limit of full polarization, the equations have been solved analytically.
Stabilization of solution of the Hartree-Fock equations☆

Abstract A very simple method is described for eliminating certain instabilities and other difficulties in the solution of the Hartree-Fock (HF) equations. The method consists of subtracting, from both the homogeneous and inhomogeneous portions of the differential equation, terms which exactly compensate each other in the self-consistent limit. These terms are chosen so as to largely cancel the original inhomogeneous term and thereby make the equation a nearly homogeneous one.
Construction and validation of a list of common Middle Eastern surnames for epidemiological research

Abstract Purpose : Middle Eastern (ME) population is rapidly growing in the US but cannot be easily identified in cancer registry or other databases for epidemiological research. The purpose of this study was to develop a list of common Middle Eastern surnames and validate it by linking with a cancer registry incidence files. Methods : Surnames and place of birth in the Middle East were obtained from various sources. After exclusion of the non-specific entries, the final combined list included 49,610 surnames and was matched with the California Cancer Registry incidence file for 1988–2003. Results : Overall, 1.4% of all registered cases were positively identified as ME that is similar to the proportion of ME population in California. Two third of the identified cases had known place of birth in the Middle East and of those, 70% were non-Arabs. The sensitivity of the list in detecting ME birth in men and women are 91% and 86%, respectively. The positive predictive values for men and women are 72% and 65%. The specificity and negative predictive values are universally over 99%. Conclusion : The high accuracy reported for this Middle Eastern surname list (MESL) makes it a valuable tool for epidemiological studies of this ethnic population.
Algorithms for computerized QT analysis

Several methods for measurement of the offset, peak, and morphology of the T wave in multilead ECGs are reviewed and compared. The T wave offset is the most important and also the most difficult measurement for analysis of QT interval dispersion. Measurement methods compared here include (1) the point at which the T wave intersects the isoelectric line plus a threshold; (2) the point at which the derivative of T wave intersects the isoelectric line plus a threshold; (3) the intersection of the maximum slope of the T wave and the isoelectric line; (4) the intersection of a line fitted by least squares to the maximum slope of the T wave and an isoelectric line (LSI); and (5) the point at which the T wave area reaches 90% of the entire T wave area (TA). The reproducibility tests show that the LSI method has the best reproducibility of all the algorithms examined. Although the T wave peak is better defined than the T wave offset, it is not simple to find the right peak when there are multiple T wave peaks and when the T wave is flat and/or noisy. Methods to find T wave patterns with multiple peaks and to locate the point at which the T wave is flat and noisy are therefore reviewed here. Finally, the principal component analysis-based T wave complexity measurement and its relation to other QT interval dispersion measurements are discussed.
Depletion by Styrene of Glutathione in Plasma and Bronchioalveolar Lavage Fluid of Non-Swiss Albino (NSA) Mice

Styrene is a widely used chemical, but it is known to produce lung and liver damage in mice. This may be related to oxidative stress associated with the decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the target tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of styrene and its primary metabolites R-styrene oxide (R-SO) and S-styrene oxide (S-SO) on GSH levels in the lung lumen, as determined by amounts of GSH in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in plasma. When non-Swiss albino (NSA) mice were administered styrene (600 mg/kg, ip), there was a significant fall in GSH levels in both BALF and plasma within 3 h. These returned to control levels by 12 h. The active metabolite R-SO (300 mg/kg, ip) also produced significant decreases in GSH in both BALF and plasma, but S-SO was without marked effect. Since GSH is a principal antioxidant in the lung epithelial lining fluid, this fall due to styrene may exert a significant influence on the ability of the lung to buffer oxidative damage.
Adult mammalian cardiac muscle cells in culture

Adult rat cardiac muscle cells were isolated from the ventricle by a retrograde perfusion technique through the aorta (Nag and Zak, 1979). These single, isolated cardiac muscle cells were cultured for 4 weeks. Throughout the culture period, a small number of muscle cells retained their cylindrical shape, while the rest exhibited alterations in shape and size assuming a flattened body of irregular shape with pseudopodia-like processes and thereby resembling embryonic/neonatal cardiac muscle cells in culture. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cylindrical muscle cells contained compactly arranged myofibrils and cellular organelles, similar to those of freshly isolated and in vivo cells. A few irregularly shaped cardiac muscle cells were similar to the cylindrical cells in their internal structural organization. Most of the irregular cells exhibited less myofibrillar content than that of the freshly dissociated and in vivo cells. Myofibrils in the irregular cells were widely spaced and myofilament of some of the myofibrils were loosely bunched. In addition, scattered patches of myofibrils and free myofilaments were observed in many of these cells. The internal structural organization of these irregularly shaped cardiac muscle cells closely resembled the embryonic and neonatal cardiac muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Most of the muscle cells in culture continued to contract spontaneously, and electron microscope studies clearly indicated that they underwent dedifferentiation. Autoradiography studies demonstrated that the cylindrical and irregularly shaped cardiac muscle cells underwent DNA synthesis and cell division in culture.
Effect of gossypol on bovine embryo development during the preimplantation period.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying doses of gossypol acetic acid on early bovine embryo development in vitro. One hundred and forty-eight excellent and good quality bovine morulae were randomly cultured in 0, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 30.0 μg gossypol acetic acid (GAA) in normal steer serum and Ham's F-10 media. Bovine embryo development was assessed at 12-h intervals for 96 h. Sixty-seven percent of embryos developed in 0 μg GAA to the hatched blastocyst stage, while 43, 19, 4 and 0% had comparable development in 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 30.0 μg GAA, respectively. Embryos in 5.0 μg GAA had a delayed development to the blastocyst stage compared to embryos in 1.0 μg GAA. Development time to expanded blastocyst stage was longer for 10.0 μg GAA embryos than 0, and 1.0 GAA-treated embryos. No embryo cultured in 30.0 μg GAA advanced past the morula stage. Final developmental scores were highest for embryos in 0 μg GAA (4.06) and lowest for embryos cultured in 10.0 and 30.0 μg GAA (0.44 and −0.02, respectively). Embryos cultured in higher doses of GAA degenerated sooner than embryos cultured in 0 μg GAA. These data show a dose-dependent detrimental action of GAA on early bovine embryo development and suggest a direct action on the embryo itself.
Lymphomatoid papulosis following Hodgkin's disease

Lymphomatoid papulosis has occurred in association with Hodgkin's disease. In all cases previously described, Hodgkin's disease has developed after, or concurrently with, the onset of lymphomatoid papulosis. Two patients who developed lymphomatoid papulosis 1 and 10 years after the diagnosis and therapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease are reported. The purpose of this report is to document this unusual sequence.
Studies on the acetylcholinesterase of Anopheles albimanus resistant and susceptible to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase from fourth instar Anopheles albimanus larvae was studied in vitro . The acetylcholinesterase from both the resistant and susceptible strains behaved as a single enzyme “type,” with straight pseudo first-order insecticide inhibition lines which intersected the Y axis at 100%. The enzyme from resistant larvae was more slowly inhibited than the susceptible enzyme; bimolecular rate constants ( k i ) differed by approximately 1.2- to 6-fold for a range of organophosphorous compounds and 17- to 1570-fold for the carbamates. There was a good correlation between the levels of resistance and the acetylcholinesterase inhibition rates.
Free Intraperitoneal Rupture of Hydronephrotic Kidney

Occult hydronephrosis may commonly manifest symptoms following even minor blunt trauma. The usual presentation is pain and gross hematuria. However pelvic or caliceal rupture can occur with extravasation into the retroperitoneum. Under extremely rare circumstances free intraperitoneal rupture occurs and may present as an acute abdomen. CASE REPORT A 64-year-old Asian woman fell on the right side. She was evaluated elsewhere and noted to be alert, oriented, hypertensive and hemodynamically stable. She had a history of hypertension but was taking no medications. She denied any other medical or surgical history. Examination was significant for abdominal tenderness and guarding. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT) (no contrast medium reported) demonstrated injuries consistent with traumatic renal fracture. At transfer to our institution the patient was in significant distress secondary to diffuse abdominal pain. Blood pressure was 190/100 mm. Hg with heart rate of 90 to 100 per minute. Mild contusions involved the right hand, forearm and flank. The abdomen was somewhat distended with marked diffuse tenderness, worse on the right than the leR side. Involuntary guarding was consistent with peritoneal irritation and the right costovertebral angle was moderately tender. Rectal examination revealed guaiac positive stool but the remainder of the cardiac, pulmonary, vascular and neurological examination was normal. Urine was grossly clear. Laboratory values included white blood count 20 x 103/pl. (normal 4.3 to 10.81, hematocrit 40% (normal 37 to 48), normal electrolytes, creatinine 1.2 mg./dl. (normal 0.6 to 1.51, and urinalysis 3 to 5 red and 0 to 2 white blood cells per high power field. Chest x-ray demonstrated clear lungs and mild cardiomegaly without pneumothorax or rib fracture. Review of the unenhanced CT demonstrated a heterogeneous fluid density filling a large multicystic structure in the right retroperitoneum. Normal kidney parenchyma was not identified. The examination was rzpeated with intravenous contrast medium using a standard helical CT trauma protocol. Findings were notable for a multicystic structure with thin peripheral enhancement and heterogeneous density in some areas suggestive of hemorrhage (part A of figure). In a lower cut a 1.5 cm. calcification was noted just inferior to the
Tire Vibration Modes and Tire Stiffness

Abstract Tire radial stiffness is traditionally calculated from the wheel load deflection measurement. Statically, this stiffness serves to provide the support for the vehicle. However, this stiffness does not provide sufficient understanding of how the tire behaves dynamically: the tire first radial modes, no matter how they were measured, cannot be correlated with this statically measured stiffness. A comprehensive explanation for this phenomenon is needed for better understanding of tire dynamics and hence building the dynamic tire models. In this paper, the relationship between the tire static stiffness and the tire radial vibration modes is investigated using the bushing analogy tire (BAT) modeling concept. It is found that the tire first radial mode, though it can be of different values through different measuring methods, can be explained consistently with this model. A procedure to obtain consistent tire stiffness for the tire model is also proposed as a result of this investigation.
Improved algorithms for path partition and related problems

Abstract We study the L ∞ path partition problem: given a path of n weighted vertices and an integer k , remove k − 1 edges from the path so that the maximum absolute deviation of the weights of the resulting k sub-paths from their mean is minimized. Previously, the best algorithm solves this problem in O ( n k log k ) time. We present an O ( n k ) time algorithm. We also give improved solutions for two related problems: the L d path partition problem and the web proxies placement problem.
Relationship between Johnson noise temperature and magnetic temperature for powdered cerium magnesium nitrate

Abstract The relationship between the Johnson noise temperature of a resistor and the 16 Hz magnetic temperature of a powdered CMN cylinder has been determined from 2 mK to 20 mK, thermal contact in the demagnetization cell attained via pure liquid 3He.
Intranasal M Cell Uptake of Nanoparticles Is Independently Influenced by Targeting Ligands and Buffer Ionic Strength

In mucosal tissues, epithelial M cells capture and transport microbes across the barrier to underlying immune cells. Previous studies suggested that high affinity ligands targeting M cells may be used to deliver mucosal vaccines; here, we show that particle composition and dispersion buffer ionic strength can independently influence their uptake in vivo. First, addition of a poloxamer 188 to nanoparticle formulations increased uptake of intranasally administered nanoparticles in vivo, but the effect was dependent on the presence of the M cell-targeting ligand. Second, solvent ionic strength is known to effect electrostatic interactions; accordingly, reduced ionic strength increased the electrostatic potential between the epithelium and the particles. Interestingly, below a critical ionic strength, intranasal particle uptake in vivo significantly was increased even when controlled for osmolarity. Similar results were obtained for uptake of bacterial particles. Surprisingly, at low ionic strength, the specific enhancement effect by the targeting peptide was negligible. Modeling of the electrostatic forces predicted that the enhancing effects of the M cell-targeting ligand only are enabled at high ionic strength, as particle electrostatic forces are reduced through Debye screening. Thus, electrostatic forces can have a dramatic effect on the in vivo M cell particle uptake independent of the action of targeting ligands. Examination of these forces will be helpful to optimizing mucosal vaccine and drug delivery.
Homotopy groups with coefficients

This paper has two goals. It is an expository paper on homotopy groups with coefficients in an abelian group and it contains new results which correct old errors and omissions in low dimensions. The homotopy groups with coefficients are functors on the homotopy category of pointed spaces. They satisfy a universal coefficient theorem, give long exact sequences when applied to fibrations, and have Hurewicz maps into homology groups with coefficients.
Sub-nanostrain strain measurements using a pi-phase shifted grating

The concept described and experimentally demonstrated in this paper is to make use of the sharpness of this central peak to obtain strain measurements with a very high sensitivity.
BigLS - The 1 st International Workshop on Big Data in Life Sciences

The following topics are dealt with: BigLS workshop; next-generation sequencing and assembly; metagenomics and metaproteomics; systems biology and informatics; network science and analytics; statistical and integrative approaches; big data biology and informatics; scientific workflows and platforms; and high performance computing tools and challenges.
Fortified soymilk's potential to improve vitamin D intakes of college students

Abstract Three-day dietary vitamin D and calcium intakes, attitudes toward milk drinking, and familiarity with soymilk (including taste testing) were evaluated in a sample of 52 college students, aged 18–25 years. In all, 22% of the female and 47% of the male students attained the adequate intake (AI) for vitamin D, and 11% of the female and 73% of male students achieved the calcium AI. Despite a statistically significant correlation between vitamin D and calcium intakes, for individuals in the mid-range of calcium consumption, higher intakes of calcium did not always correspond to higher intakes of vitamin D. Knowledge of bone health did not differ between the sexes and was not associated with vitamin D or calcium intake. Of the students, 60% reported never having tried soymilk, but they positively rated all three flavors sampled, with chocolate being the most favored. If made widely available on college campuses, fortified soymilk could improve vitamin D (and calcium) nutrition, particularly among students who are lactose intolerant or who are sun-avoiders.
Life cycles, microdistribution and production dynamics of six species of net‐spinning caddisflies in a large southeastern (U.S.A.) river

Hydropsyche incommoda. H. rossi, Cheumalopsyche pasella, Mocronema Carolina. Chimarra moslyi, and Neureclipsis crepuscularis were studied on woody substrates (snags) in the lower Savannah River. Distribution of most species biomass was positively correlated with attached macrophytes on snags at medium (25–50 cm s-1) current velocities. All species were bivoltine at the study site with the exception of M. Carolina which was univoltine. Annual and cohort production estimates (Hynes and removal-summation methods) were obtained for each species at three velocity ranges. Total annual caddisfly production calculated by the Hynes method was 12.6, 41.4, and 22.7 g (ash free dry wt m-2 of snag surface area at low, medium and high velocities, respectively; 9.6, 34.4, and 19.9 g with removal-summation; and, 11.5, 36.1 and 21.1 g when the Hynes method was applied to discrete cohorts. Higher cohort production was attained by the overwintering generation because of higher terminal instar body weights. Dissolved organic carbon comprised most of the total organic load transported by the river; however, abundant paniculate organic food was also apparently available for filler feeders. Organic and inorganic seston concentrations were highest in winter months and lowest in autumn. Over 90 percent of the seston (by weight) was <105 μm. It is suggested that the variation in catchnet mesh size, coupled with spatial heterogeneity of the snag habitat, allows the caddisflies to partition space, which is apparently the limited resource.
IS THERE MORE THAN ONE CATEGORICAL PROPERTY

I develop a new theory of properties by considering two central arguments in the debate whether properties are dispositional or categorical. The first claims that objects must possess categorical properties in order to be distinct from empty space. The second argument, however, points out several untoward consequences of positing categorical properties. I explore these arguments and argue that despite appearances, their conclusions need not be in conflict with one another. In particular, we can view the second argument as supporting only the claim that there is not a plurality of categorical properties, and not the stronger claim that there are no categorical properties whatsoever. I then develop a new account of properties which capitalizes on this insight.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-2-Deficient Mice Display Abnormal Homeostatic Responses to Challenges of Increased Dietary Fat and Cold

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its family of ligands are key regulators of energy balance. These ligands function via activation of their two receptors, CRFR1 and CRFR2. CRFR1 has been shown to be the dominant receptor in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to stress as well as a key mediator of anxiety in the limbic system. To specifically examine the role of CRFR2 in energy balance, mice deficient for CRFR2 were exposed to physiological perturbations of homeostasis, including high-fat diet, repeated cold stress, and glucose and insulin challenges, and their responses measured. While on a high-fat diet, CRFR2-mutant mice consumed substantially more food and maintaining the same weight but had significantly lower body fat and lower plasma lipids than their wild-type littermates. These mice were also less inclined to develop diet-induced insulin resistance and more sensitive to changes in plasma glucose, indicating increased insulin sensitivity. Following repeated cold stress, mutant mice had significantly lower body fat and a transient reduction in feed efficiency, despite similar body weights, suggesting a possible preference for fat as an energy substrate. Elevated levels of uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue as well as smaller white and brown adipocytes from CRFR2-mutant mice were indications of possible increased sympathetic tone. These results demonstrate that CRFR2 plays a critical role in regulation of energy expenditure and is important for responses to homeostatic challenges.
Differential Expression of Alternative Oxidase Genes in Maize Mitochondrial Mutants

We have examined the expression of three alternative oxidase (aox) genes in two types of maize mitochondrial mutants. Nonchromosomal stripe (NCS) mutants carry mitochondrial DNA deletions that affect subunits of respiratory complexes and show constitutively defective growth. Cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) mutants have mitochondrial DNA rearrangements, but they are impaired for mitochondrial function only during anther development. In contrast to normal plants, which have very low levels of AOX, NCS mutants exhibit high expression of aox genes in all nonphotosynthetic tissues tested. The expression pattern is specific for each type of mitochondrial lesion: the NADH dehydrogenase-defective NCS2 mutant has high expression of aox2, whereas the cytochrome oxidase-defective NCS6 mutant predominantly expresses aox3. Similarly, aox2 and aox3 can be induced differentially in normal maize seedlings by specific inhibitors of these two respiratory complexes. Translation-defective NCS4 plants show induction of both aox2 and aox3. AOX2 and AOX3 proteins differ in their ability to be regulated by reversible dimerization. CMS mutants show relatively high levels of aox2 mRNAs in young tassels but none in ear shoots. Significant expression of aox1 is detected only in NCS and CMS tassels. The induction pattern of maize aox genes could serve as a selective marker for diverse mitochondrial defects.
Assessing creativity in Hollywood pitch meetings: Evidence for a dual-process model of creativity judgments.

This study addresses an important but neglected topic by investigating the social judgment processes that experts (studio executives and producers in Hollywood) use to assess the creative potential of unknown others (relatively unknown screenwriters) during “pitch” meetings in which screenwriters attempt to sell their ideas. The findings suggest a dual-process social judgment model. In one process, person categorization, the experts used behavioral and physical cues to match “pitchers” with seven creative and uncreative prototypes. In another process, relationship categorization, the experts used relational cues and self-perceptions to match pitchers with two relational prototypes.
Imaging changes after stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung and liver tumors

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is gaining wide acceptance as a treatment modality for lung and liver tumors, and it is crucial to make an accurate evaluation of the local effects of ablative doses of radiation in terms of local tumor control and normal tissue reaction or damage. The very complex radiation dose distribution of SBRT, the use of a large number of non-opposing and noncoplanar beams, and the delivery of individual ablative doses of radiation may cause substantially different radiographic appearance on diagnostic imaging compared with conventional radiation therapy. Different patterns of radiographic changes have been observed in the lung and liver after SBRT. This article reviews the post-SBRT imaging changes in the lung and liver. Since computed tomography and PET are the most commonly used diagnostic imaging tools for monitoring lung tumor and computed tomography for liver tumors, this article will focus on the changes observed on those imaging modalities.
Microbial Ecology Shifts in the Ileum of Broilers During Feed Withdrawal and Dietary Manipulations

Abstract Broilers are withheld from feed for 8 to 24 h before processing to empty the gastrointestinal tract and reduce potential carcass contamination from gastrointestinal tract contents. Intestinal microbial changes during feed withdrawal (FW) have not been thoroughly defined. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of diet and FW on the microbial ecology in the small intestine. In experiment 1, 42-d-old broilers were fed diets containing no additive (control), 250 ppm of CuSO4, or bacitracin (BMD; 30 ppm) and were also subjected to FW for 0, 10, and 24 h. Six birds from each dietary treatment were killed at each FW time point and ileal mucosa and digesta were collected. Microbial communities were determined by isolating bacterial DNA, amplifying the V3 region of 16S ribosomal DNA, and performing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The mucosal microbial profiles from birds at 0 h of FW had higher similarity values than those at 24 h of FW, indicating that as FW time increased, uniformity of intestinal microbial populations decreased. Numbers of bands (an indicator of numbers of bacterial species present) at 0 h (9.38) were greater than those at 10 and 24 h (5.39 and 5.78, respectively), suggesting a reduction in microbial species and diversity as FW time increased. Copper-fed birds had greater similarity coefficients than either the control or BMD-fed birds, but BMD-fed birds had greater band numbers. No interaction between diet and FW was observed and no digesta differences were observed. In experiment 2, 62-d-old birds fed corn-soy diets in floor pens were subjected to 0, 8, 12, and 24 h of FW. Ileal mucosal tissue was collected and analyzed as in experiment 1. Mucosal microbiota similarities were greater at 0 h of FW than at 8, 12, or 24 h of FW and band numbers were reduced between 0 and 24 h of FW. Data from these studies suggest that FW and dietary treatments alter the microbial community of the intestine by decreasing bacterial diversity in the ileum.
Conserving Orthoptera in the wild: lessons from Trimerotropis infantilis (Oedipodinae)

Orthopteran species are increasingly threatened with extinction in the wild. I review the state of orthopteran conservation in the wild, focusing on unique challenges facing these efforts. To provide a basis for discussion, I first review conservation efforts for Trimerotropis infantilis, the Zayante bandwinged grasshopper, which was the first orthopteran given official protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. I then address the principal challenges for orthopteran conservation. Successful conservation of Orthoptera in the wild will require motivation for conservation action, availability of basic biological information, and development of applied management programmes.
Grating coupling to surface plasma waves. i. first-order coupling

A systematic experimental and theoretical study of first-order grating coupling to surface plasma waves existing at an air–Ag interface is presented. The experiment extends beyond previous work to grating depths comparable with the grating period. The grating profiles range from sinusoidal to rectangular. For TM-polarized incident radiation this grating depth range includes the entire spectrum of surface-plasma-wave-radiation coupling—from underdamped, to nearly 100% coupling, to overdamped and the disappearance of the resonance from the zero-order reflectance measurements. Strong polarization and absorption effects are observed for the deepest gratings. A simple theoretical model, based on the Rayleigh hypothesis and retaining only resonant diffraction terms without a small-signal approximation being made, provides good agreement with the experimental results.
Splenic artery embolization as treatment for splenic artery steal syndrome after liver transplantation

Learning Objectives Splenic artery steal syndrome is an underdiagnosed entity first described in 1991 and occurring in 3-8% of patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX). The purpose of this article is to describe five cases of splenic artery steal syndrome in a single institution. Background An imaging search engine was used to search for liver transplant patients with a diagnosis of splenic artery steal syndrome. Further chart review to evaluate for what treatment was performed, and the post treatment changes. Clinical Findings/Procedure Details Five liver transplant patients were found to have splenic artery steal syndrome. Of these five patients four received splenic artery embolization with or without hepatic artery angioplasty as treatment. The fifth patient did not have abnormal liver function tests and was untreated. All four treated patients demonstrated improvement in their liver function tests. Conclusion and/or Teaching Points Splenic artery embolization with or without hepatic artery angioplasty results in improved hepatic function in liver transplant patients presenting with splenic artery steal. Table 1
Inputs to the Dorsal Striatum of the Mouse Reflect the Parallel Circuit Architecture of the Forebrain

The basal ganglia play a critical role in the regulation of voluntary action in vertebrates. Our understanding of the function of the basal ganglia relies heavily upon anatomical information, but continued progress will require an understanding of the specific functional roles played by diverse cell types and their connectivity. An increasing number of mouse lines allow extensive identification, characterization, and, manipulation of specified cell types in the basal ganglia. Despite the promise of genetically modified mice for elucidating the functional roles of diverse cell types, there is relatively little anatomical data obtained directly in the mouse. Here we have characterized the retrograde labeling obtained from a series of tracer injections throughout the dorsal striatum of adult mice. We found systematic variations in input along both the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior neuraxes in close agreement with canonical features of basal ganglia anatomy in the rat. In addition to the canonical features we have provided experimental support for the importance of non-canonical inputs to the striatum from the raphe nuclei and the amygdala. To look for organization at a finer scale we have analyzed the correlation structure of labeling intensity across our entire dataset. Using this analysis we found substantial local heterogeneity within the large-scale order. From this analysis we conclude that individual striatal sites receive varied combinations of cortical and thalamic input from multiple functional areas, consistent with some earlier studies in the rat that have suggested the presence of a combinatorial map.
Structure and Origin of Three Continental-Margin Plateaus, Northeastern Brazil

The narrow continental terrace of northeastern Brazil is marked by three plateaus, each 30 to 70 km wide. Preliminary geophysical and dredge data indicate that all three lie along east-west trends connecting oceanic fracture zones and continental lineaments and/or areas of postrifting volcanism and tectonism. Although the Pernambuco Plateau is flanked by prominent basement highs (presumably partly related to oceanic fracture zones), both it and the Rio Grande do Norte Plateau overlie stretched continental crust. In contrast, the Ceara Plateau is a limestone-capped seamount on the western end of the Fernando de Noronha Ridge, and may be as young as 1 to 30 m.y.
Prazosin Reduces Trauma-Related Nightmares in Older Men with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:

Trauma-related nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rarely respond to pharmacologic treatment. Neurobiologic data suggest that enhanced brain responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation may contribute to the pathophysiology of trauma-related nightmares in PTSD. Nine older men with chronic PTSD secondary to military or Holocaust trauma were prescribed the lipophilic alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist prazosin for treatment-resistant trauma-related nightmares. Prazosin 2 mg to 4 mg 1 hour before bedtime substantially reduced nightmares and moderately or markedly reduced overall PTSD severity in 8 of 9 subjects. Prazosin was well tolerated. These open-label results are consistent with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of prazosin for PTSD nightmares and sleep disturbance in a recent placebo-controlled trial in Vietnam veterans.
Reflection of an impulsive plane wave by a magnetoionic half space

Using the known steady-state solution for reflection of a plane wave at normal incidence, the time-dependent reflected waveforms for an impulsive incident field are calculated by use of a numerical inverse Fourier transform. Curves are presented which show the dependence of the parallel and crosspolarised components on the static magnetic field.