cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Shape of Trees - Limits of Current Diversification Models

To investigate how biodiversity arose, the field of macroevolution largely relies on model-based approaches to estimate rates of diversification and what factors influence them. The number of available models is rising steadily, facilitating the modeling of an increasing number of possible diversification dynamics, and multiple hypotheses relating to what fueled or stifled lineage accumulation within groups of organisms. However, growing concerns about unchecked biases and limitations in the employed models suggest the need for rigorous validation of methods used to infer. Here, we address two points: the practical use of model adequacy testing, and what model adequacy can tell us about the overall state of diversification models. Using a large set of empirical phylogenies, and a new approach to test models using aspects of tree shape, we test how a set of staple models performs with regards to adequacy. Patterns of adequacy are described across trees and models and causes for inadequacy - particularly if all models are inadequate - are explored. The findings make clear that overall, only few empirical phylogenies cannot be described by at least one model. However, finding that the best fitting of a set of models might not necessarily be adequate makes clear that adequacy testing should become a step in the standard procedures for diversification studies.
Recent forensic applications of enhanced chromatographic separation methods

This study reviews the recent applications of enhanced separation methods employed in forensic analysis utilizing gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography published between 2015 to 2020, except papers previously covered in relevant review articles. Applications of enhanced chromatographic separation methods to arson investigations, environmental forensics, sexual assault investigations, drug analysis, and toxicology are discussed. Future directions for enhanced chromatographic separation methods in forensic science are also explored.
The Chern Number Governs Soliton Motion in Nonlinear Thouless Pumps

Nonlinear Thouless pumps for bosons exhibit quantized pumping via soliton motion, despite the lack of a meaningful notion of filled bands. However, the theoretical underpinning of this quantization, as well as its relationship to the Chern number, has thus far been lacking. Here we show that for low power solitons, transport is dictated by the Chern number of the band from which the soliton bifurcates. We do this by expanding the discrete nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (equivalently, the Gross-Pitaevskii equation) in the basis of Wannier states, showing that the soliton's position is dictated by that of the Wannier state throughout the pump cycle. Furthermore, we describe soliton pumping in two dimensions.
The Wheelchair Evaluation: A Clinician's Guide

The Wheelchair Evaluation: A Clinician's Guide, Second Edition is an updated, practical, and concise reference on the wheelchair prescription process. It's perfect for students and clinicians in the health fields who work with physically disabled individuals in need of a wheelchair. This book is a portable, hands-on manual that implements a real-world approach to patient evaluation, choice of wheelchair components, documentation, and funding.
A Baker's dozen of conjectures concerning plane partitions

~lany remarkable conjectures have been made recently concerning the exolicit enumeration of certain classes of tableaux. Most of these are due to or arise from the work of W. ~ills, D. Robbins, and H. Rumsey. Here we will survey the most prominent of these conjectures (omitting some rather technical refinements). We will for the most part not discuss the background of these conjectures and their connections with symmetric functions and representation theory. We will also for the most part ignore a host of known results which are very similar to many of the conjectures and which make the conjectures considerably more tantalizing. The reader should consult the references cited below for further information. We begin with the necessary definitions. A ~la3e partition ~ is an array ~ = (~ij)i,j~l of nonnegative integers ~ij with finite sum
Surveying the intersection: pathology, secrecy, and the discourses of racial and sexual identity.

"Surveying the Intersection: Pathology, Secrecy, and the Discourses of Racial and Sexual Identity" cautions against the risks of metaphorical imperialism in readings of codified gay and lesbian rep...
Out of Many, One?

Once again, U.S. politics has placed the topic of immigration in the foreground of debate. The Governor of California has called for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would deny citizenship to a child born in the United States if the child's parents entered the country illegally. Although this appalling proposal seems unlikely to be taken seriously in Congress, undoubtedly it is well received by a constituency the Governor needs to reassure. Similar constituencies were vocal during the colonial era, and their successors have made nativism a recurring political theme. The politics of cultural division also makes use of racial and religious hostilities, some of which are only tenuously connected to immigration. In sum, this experience makes clear that the ideal of the "Open Republic," so ably defended by Professor Jost Delbr?ck,1 confronts powerful opposition. In this paper I comment briefly on the problems of maintaining political community and political legitimacy in the face of ethnic difference. Following Professor Delbr?ck, I discuss separately the national and global dimensions of these problems; the starting point in each case is his vision of the Open Republic.
Who are “We The People”? Bruce Ackerman, Thomas Jefferson, and the Problem of Revolutionary Reform

Bruce Ackerman of the Yale Law School proposes new procedures for constitutional reform to supersede the amendment process set forth in Article V of the U.S. Constitution. He argues that the revolutionary character of regime changes in the 1780s, 1860s, and 1930s has been disguised by the fiction of constitutional continuity. Americans will not be prepared for future constitutional crises if they fail to develop new amendment procedures to facilitate future reform efforts. Thomas Jefferson's constitutionalism provides a critical perspective on Ackerman's project. Like Jefferson, Ackerman sees constitutional change as an opportunity for the “People” to return to revolutionary first principles; unlike Jefferson, he equates American nationhood with the progressive concentration of power in the federal state.
Basic Issues in the Manufacture of Macromolecules

The manufacturing methods for proteins and plasmid DNA require a cellular medium to either express a protein or replicate genetic material. Cell culture plays a large role in the efficiencies of macromolecular production as well as in the separation process. This article describes the initial manufacturing steps involved in the production of therapeutic proteins and plasmid DNA. Keywords: plasmid DNA; isolation; recombinant DNA; cell culture
A Comparison of "Total Dust" and Inhalable Personal Sampling for Beryllium Exposure.

In 2009, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) reduced the Beryllium (Be) 8-hr Time Weighted Average Threshold Limit Value (TLV-TWA) from 2.0 {micro}g/m{sup 3} to 0.05 {micro}g/m{sup 3} with an inhalable 'I' designation in accordance with ACGIH's particle size-selective criterion for inhalable mass. Currently, per the Department of Energy (DOE) requirements, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is following the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 2.0 {micro}g/m{sup 3} as an 8-hr TWA, which is also the 2005 ACGIH TLV-TWA, and an Action Level (AL) of 0.2 {micro}g/m{sup 3} and sampling is performed using the 37mm (total dust) sampling method. Since DOE is considering adopting the newer 2009 TLV guidelines, the goal of this study was to determine if the current method of sampling using the 37mm (total dust) sampler would produce results that are comparable to what would be measured using the IOM (inhalable) sampler specific to the application of high energy explosive work at LLNL's remote experimental test facility at Site 300. Side-by-side personal sampling using the two samplers was performed over an approximately two-week period during chamber re-entry and cleanup procedures following detonation of an explosive assembly containing Beryllium (Be).more » The average ratio of personal sampling results for the IOM (inhalable) vs. 37-mm (total dust) sampler was 1.1:1 with a P-value of 0.62, indicating that there was no statistically significant difference in the performance of the two samplers. Therefore, for the type of activity monitored during this study, the 37-mm sampling cassette would be considered a suitable alternative to the IOM sampler for collecting inhalable particulate matter, which is important given the many practical and economic advantages that it presents. However, similar comparison studies would be necessary for this conclusion to be applied to other types of activities, where earlier studies have shown that the IOM sampler tends to collect higher concentrations of Be compared to the 37-mm cassette, which could complicate compliance with what is already an extremely low exposure limit.« less
Learning to Select Good Title Words: An New Approach based on Reverse Information Retrieval

In this paper, we show how we can learn to select good words for a document title. We view the problem of selecting good title words for a document as a variant of an Information Retrieval problem. Each title word is treated as a “document” and selection of appropriate title words as finding relevant “documents”. Based on our training collection consisting of 40,000 document and title pairs, we learn the “document” representations for all the title words and apply these learned representations to select appropriate title words over 10,000 test documents. Compared to other learning approaches, namely K nearest neighbor approach, a Naive Bayesian approach and a variant of a machine translation model, we find that our approach is significantly better as indicated by the F1 metric.
Inflammatory and obstructive disorders of salivary glands.

Obstructive and inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands can have a congenital, traumatic, metabolic, or infectious-inflammatory cause. The acute inflammatory conditions include bacterial and viral infections, and the chronic conditions include sialoliths, strictures, chronic sialadenitis, sialectasis, and lymphoepithelial disease. The neoplastic diseases can cause obstruction and/or infection and often make the diagnosis elusive. In addition to a working knowledge of possible etiology, one needs experience with clinical examination, salivary analysis, sialography, CT scans, MRI, and fine-needle aspiration and cytology in order successfully to evaluate and manage patients with these conditions.
By Collaboration or Capitulation? Alternative Models for How Labor Movements Gained Their Rights

Our theoretical understanding of how governments responded to trade union demands for legal recognition comes mainly from the American Political Development (APD) literature on the New Deal-era Wagner Act. The APD explanations emphasize, alternatively, the role of the working class, the state, and progressive reformers as the key actors in bringing about labor rights. This paper reassesses and moves beyond these explanations by comparing the U.S. with a similar system -- Canada -- over time. While all three explanations find some support in the U.S. case, working class mobilization is responsible for labor rights in Canada. However, workers’ mobilization does not always lead to reform because states may not be willing or able to respond to workers’ demands and the level of worker mobilization necessary to achieve reform increases as the state’s level of resistance to labor rises. And contrary to the mobilization model, electoral insurgency is more important than mass protest in bringing about reform. Next, the paper transcends the separate APD explanations by developing two causal pathways to reform -- “Collaboration” and “Capitulation” -- that incorporate elements of each APD explanation into new syntheses that specify alternative conjunctions and sequences of crises, policy choices, and political-institutional conditions that hasten (or delay) labor rights. I argue that the U.S. followed the Collaboration Model, which made the struggle easier, shorter and more consensual; Canada followed the Capitulation Model which made it longer, harder and more discordant.
Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Unacknowledged Rape

Many sexual violence survivors do not label their experiences as rape but instead use more benign labels, such as "bad sex" or "miscommunication." A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the mean prevalence of unacknowledged rape and to inform our understanding of methodological factors that influence the detection of this phenomenon. Studies were identified using PsycINFO, PubMED, and PILOTS and were required to report the percentage of unacknowledged rape that had occurred since the age of 14 among female survivors. Moderator variables included mean participant age, recruitment source, rape definition, and unacknowledged rape definition. Twenty-eight studies (30 independent samples) containing 5,917 female rape survivors met the inclusion criteria. Based on a random effects model, the overall weighted mean percentage of unacknowledged rape was 60.4% (95% confidence interval [55.0%, 65.6%]). There was a large amount of heterogeneity, Q(29) = 445.11, p < .001, and inconsistency (I(2) = 93.5%) among included studies. The prevalence was significantly higher among college student participants compared to noncollege participants. The findings supported that over half of all female rape survivors do not acknowledge that they have been raped. The results suggest that screening tools should use behaviorally descriptive items about sexual contact, rather than using terms such as "rape."
Stenting de l'artère carotide après endartériectomie carotidienne

La maladie atheromateuse de l'artere carotide demeure une cause importante de lesions ischemiques cerebrovasculaires. Nous presentons un cas de stenose residuelle de l'artere carotide interne distale apres endarteriectomie carotidienne qui a ete traite par stenting. Ce cas confirme les avantages additionnels potentiels du stenting et de l'endarteriectomie carotidiens.
Hypertension: Reflections on Risks and Prognostication

Framingham Heart Study cardiovascular disease prospective population epidemiologic research has played an important role in the evolution of modern cohort study design and the advancement of preventive cardiology. To date no single essential factor has been identified; multiple interrelated factors are promoting increased risk for development of CHD. Elevated blood pressure has emerged as a prominent member of cardiovascular risk factors. The study's documentation of a strong link of blood pressure to development of cardiovascular events stimulated the pharmaceutical industry to develop medications for controlling blood pressure and, in turn, national campaigns to combat hypertension and its adverse vascular outlook.
Prenatal alcohol and marijuana exposure: Effects on neuropsychological outcomes at 10 years

This report from a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal alcohol and marijuana exposure investigates whether these drugs affect neuropsychological development at 10 years of age. Women were recruited from a medical assistance prenatal clinic and interviewed about their substance use at the end of each trimester of pregnancy, at 8 and 18 months, and at 3, 6, 10, 14, and 16 years. Half of the women were African American, and half were Caucasian. The women were generally from lower socioeconomic status families and had obtained high school degrees. At the 10-year follow-up, 593 children completed a neuropsychological battery, which focused on problem solving, learning and memory, mental flexibility, psychomotor speed, attention, and impulsivity. Prenatal alcohol use was found to have a significant negative impact on learning and memory skills, as measured by the WRAML. Prenatal marijuana exposure also had an effect on learning and memory, as well as on impulsivity, as measured by a continuous performance task. The effects of prenatal alcohol and marijuana exposure persisted when other predictors of learning and memory were controlled. We continue to follow these offspring into the adolescent years when further neuropsychological deficits may become evident.
S-matrix calculation of the triple-alpha reaction

An S-matrix formalism is developed which can be applied to reactions in which electron screening is important, including three-body reactions and reactions involving weak interactions. The various regimes of the triple-alpha reactions are systematically discussed, and a new nonresonant regime at high densities is identified. Using the S-matrix formalism, an analytic expression is obtained for the screened triple-alpha reactions which is accurate for all temperatures and densities. The results are compared with those of Cameron (1959) and Nomoto et al. (1985), and the latter's expression for the unscreened reaction rate is verified. However, it is shown that the reaction rate in the pycnonuclear regime cannot be obtained from the unscreened rate using a screening factor, and that the results of Nomoto et al. therefore cannot be used in this regime.
QCD without gauge field constraints

Abstract QCD is formulated in the electric field representation without imposing gauge fixing conditions on gluon fields. The explicit form of the effective hamiltonian is given in the case of SU(2) gauge symmetry.
Eikonal exchange amplitudes

The exchange scattering of electrons by atomic hydrogen is considered in the eikonal approximation. The six-dimensional integrals for the ''post'' and ''prior'' forms of the eikonal exchange amplitudes are reduced to two-dimensional integral expressions. A comparison of the eikonal-exchange cross section, nonexchange Glauber, and experimental results for 50-, 100-, and 200-eV electron-hydrogen elastic scattering is given. Numerical convergence problems were not encountered in the evaluation of the scattering amplitudes and the procedure demonstrates that eikonal exchange calculations are almost as easily done as Glauber calculations in the single active electron approximation. (AIP)
Update on Management of In-stent Restenosis

In-stent restenosis (ISR) is a common and frequently resistant problem. The pathophysiology of in-stent and nonstent restenosis is different, the former resulting primarily from intimal hyperplasia, while the latter is predominantly a consequence of negative late remodeling. Predictors of ISR are patient and lesion related. When approaching a patient with stent restenosis, false or pseudo-restenosis must be considered. Angiography frequently fails to reveal pseudo-restenosis, and, consequently, intravascular ultrasound can be essential in guiding the most effective strategy. Because of spontaneous neointimal regression, patients with asymptomatic stent restenosis often can be followed and treated medically. The mechanical approaches to ISR include balloon angioplasty alone, debulking plus PTCA, and restenting. For focal lesions (< 10 mm in length) balloon angioplasty at moderately high pressures is often effective. Following balloon dilatation, stent expansion and plaque extrusion equally account for the gain in lumen area. For more diffuse disease, debulking plus balloon angioplasty is preferred, although no randomized data are available. Only restenting is associated with a gain in MID that is comparable to the original stent implant and is not associated with reintrusion of neointima — INSTANT restenosis. Despite aggressive debulking with or without further stenting, diffuse stent restenosis often is resistant to purely mechanical treatment. Nonmechanical approaches, such as localized radiation therapy, will be required to effectively treat this difficult subset of patients.
Collagen of Rat Mammary Glands During Post-Lactational Involution

Abstract Nucleic acid and collagen content of parenchymal and fat pad segments of mammary glands were determined on rats killed at Days 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 post-weaning. By 5 days post-weaning, involution of the mammary gland parenchyma was accompanied by large and rapid decreases in nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) of the tissue. Conversely, DNA and RNA content of the fat pad segment increased following weaning. By the 15th day of involution, DNA and RNA in both the parenchyma and fat pad segments were similar to amounts in virgin animals. Parenchymal hydroxyproline (collagen), on the other hand, did not decrease until the 15th day at which time it leveled off to amounts comparable to virgin controls (4.0 mg/100g body wt). Fat pad hydroxyproline increased for 15 days following weaning reaching amounts in virgin mammary glands (1.6 mg/100g body wt). The collagenous framework of the mammary gland involuted slowly compared to cell numbers but, nevertheless, reached amounts in virgin glands at about the same time as the nucleic acid components of the gland (15 days).
Patients' attitudes and factors in their selection of grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Surgeon recommendation is the primary influence for patients choosing a graft for their ACL reconstruction. However, it is unknown if demographic factors also play a role. We hypothesize that education, age, and living in an urban setting may influence a patient's graft choice. Patients who had an ACL reconstruction from 2005 to 2009 were identified retrospectively, and received a written survey on their demographics and the factors affecting graft choice. They also rated their perception of those factors based on a Likert scale. Out of 471 surveys distributed, 151 responses were received. The mean follow-up time was 19 months (range, 1 to 63 months). Autograft was used in 57%. Surgeon recommendation was the primary factor in graft choice (63%). 87.4% of patients felt they made the right choice; only 4.6% would have picked a different graft if they could choose over again. More than half (51.7%) of patients did significant personal research, and used mostly medical websites (41.1%). 67.6% of patients were not adverse to allograft. The primary factor for patients in graft choice was surgeon recommendation. Still, the use of medical websites was widespread, and patients in an urban environment were less likely to rely solely on their surgeon's recommendation. Older patients were more concerned with autograft donor site morbidity, and patients with a higher level of education were less averse to allograft.
Effects of LSD on time-based schedules of reinforcement.

The functional relationship between rate of bar-pressing and a wide range of dosages of LSD was studied under different conditions or schedules of reinforcement, i.e., variable-interval (VI), differential reinforcement of low rate (drl), and drl plus concurrent periods of punishment. In general, low doses (0.01–0.04 nig/kg of LSD) increased or facilitated responding as an inverse function of base line response rate and high doses (0.08–0.32 mg/kg) depressed behavior not already depressed by environmental contingencies.
Modification of divertor heat and particle flux profiles with applied 3D fields in NSTX H-mode plasmas

Externally imposed non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations are observed to alter divertor heat and particle flux profiles in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). The divertor profiles are found to have a modest level of multiple local peaks, characteristic of strike point splitting or the 'magnetic lobe' structure, even before the application of the 3D fields in some (but not all) NSTX discharges. This is thought to be due to the intrinsic error fields. The applied 3D fields augmented the intrinsic strike point splitting, making the amplitude of local peaks and valleys larger in the divertor profile and striations at the divertor surface brighter. The measured heat flux profile shows that the radial location and spacing of the striations are qualitatively consistent with a vacuum field tracing calculation. 3D field application did not change the peak divertor heat and particle fluxes at the toroidal location of measurement. Spatial characteristics of the observed patterns are also reported in the paper.
Comparison of dendritic calcium transients in juvenile wild type and SOD1G93A mouse lumbar motoneurons

Previous studies of spinal motoneurons in the SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have shown alterations long before disease onset, including increased dendritic branching, increased persistent Na+ and Ca2+ currents, and impaired axonal transport. In this study dendritic Ca2+ entry was investigated using 2 photon excitation fluorescence microscopy and whole-cell patch-clamp of juvenile (P4-11) motoneurons. Neurons were filled with both Ca2+ Green-1 and Texas Red dextrans, and line scans performed throughout. Steps were taken to account for different sources of variability, including 1) dye filling and laser penetration, 2) dendritic anatomy, and 3) the time elapsed from the start of recording. First, Ca2+ Green-1 fluorescence was normalized by Texas Red; next, neurons were reconstructed so anatomy could be evaluated; finally, time was recorded. Customized software detected the largest Ca2+ transients (area under the curve) from each line scan and matched it with parameters above. Overall, larger dendritic diameter and shorter path distance from the soma were significant predictors of larger transients, while time was not significant up to 2 hours (data thereafter was dropped). However, Ca2+ transients showed additional variability. Controlling for previous factors, significant variation was found between Ca2+ signals from different processes of the same neuron in 3/7 neurons. This could reflect differential expression of Ca2+ channels, local neuromodulation or other variations. Finally, Ca2+ transients in SOD1G93A motoneurons were significantly smaller than in non-transgenic motoneurons. In conclusion, motoneuron processes show highly variable Ca2+ transients, but these transients are smaller overall SOD1G93A motoneurons.
A Primer on Rational Consequence Relations, Popper Functions, and Their Ranked Structures

Rational consequence relations and Popper functions provide logics for reasoning under uncertainty, the former purely qualitative, the latter probabilistic. But few researchers seem to be aware of the close connection between these two logics. I'll show that Popper functions are probabilistic versions of rational consequence relations. I'll not assume that the reader is familiar with either logic. I present them, and explicate the relationship between them, from the ground up. I'll also present alternative axiomatizations for each logic, showing them to depend on weaker axioms than usually recognized.
Persistent photo-reversible transition-metal methylidene system generated from reaction of methyl fluoride with laser-ablated zirconium atoms and isolated in a solid argon matrix.

A photoreversible transition-metal methylidene system has been formed for the first time by reaction of methyl fluoride and laser-ablated Zr atoms, isolated in solid argon, and investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy. Four different groups of absorptions are characterized on the basis of behaviors upon broad-band irradiation and sample annealing. Growth of Group I is accompanied by demise of Group II on irradiation with visible light (lambda > 530 nm) and vice versa with UV light (240 380 nm), increasing the concentration of CH(2)=ZrHF by alpha-H elimination. Fragments of methyl fluoride such as the CH(2)F radical comprise Group IV. Theoretical calculations are carried out for the alkylidene complex and other plausible products, and the results are compared with the experimental frequencies.
Pancarditis, probably rheumatic, in association with sickle cell disease.

SUMMARY A case of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung is presented. At least 34 other cases have been described. The cause of the complication has not been determined. It is believed to be a variant of congenital cystic disease. The diagnosis may be suspected from the clinical findings and x-ray of the chest, but can only be confirmed following operation. Prompt resection is the only treatment. A few infants, including the one reported here, have survived this procedure. REFERENCES
CT of the kidney and perinephric space

In most instances, the request for CT is generated by an abnormal intravenous urogram (IVU), although in some cases a CT scan ordered for a nonurologic problem reveals an unsuspected kidney lesion. Indications for CT scanning of the kidneys include a renal mass not clearly defined as a cyst by ultrasound,‘,2 staging of a known renal neoplasm and planning surgery or radiation therapy,‘.3 follow-up for recurrence of renal cancer,4,5 deviation of the renal axis2 a nonfunctioning kidney the nature of which is not clearly defined by ultrasound,6 suspected renal calculi not demonstrated by conventional methods,* verification of angiomyolipoma,’ and evaluation of renal transplant complications.*
A precision solenoidal beta ray spectrometer

Abstract The design and performance of a solenoidal type beta ray spectrometer is discussed. The uniform (1 in 104) magnetic field is measured and controlled by nuclear magnetic resonance of the proton. A mean take-off angle of 23.50 is employed with a scale factor D = 2 p/eB = 78.8 cm . Absolute Bϱ values are given for the E, F. I, J, L, O, P, and X lines of ThB active deposit. Resolution and transmission observed are compared with theoretical values. At resolutions of 0.050%, 0.047%, 0.028%, and 0.018%, the measured transmissions are 0.36%, 0.32% 0.11%, and 0.040% for the I line of ThB.
Bilateral asynchronous metastatic carcinoid tumor of the testis

Carcinoid tumor of the testis represents only 0.23% of all testicular malignancies. We report the first case of bilateral asynchronous carcinoid tumor of the testis with a primary site in the small bowel. A 49-year-old man presented with several months of painless enlargement of the left testis. Orchiectomy revealed carcinoid tumor. The patient presented to the emergency room 2 weeks later and was found to have small bowel obstruction due to an ileal mass. The resected mass was the primary source of the carcinoid tumor. Four years later, examination revealed carcinoid tumor in his remaining testis.
Stimulus Variables Determining Space Perception in Infants

It was shown previously that infants who have neither reached nor crawled discriminate changes in spatial position on the basis of cues other than the projective size of objects displaced in space. It is now shown that binocular vision is not necessary for discrimination and that pictorial cues are not sufficient for discrimination. Parallax variables provide the information used by such infants for the discrimination of size and distance.
Numerical simulation of transonic flow over porous airfoils

A numerical study was made to examine the effect of a porous surface on the aerodynamic performance of a transonic airfoil. The pressure jump across the normal shock wave on the upper surface of the airfoil was reduced by making the surface below the shock porous. The weakened shock is preceded by an oblique shock at the upstream end of the porous surface where air is blown out of the cavity. The lambda shock structure shown in the numerical result qualitatively agrees with that observed in the wind tunnel. According to the present analysis, the porous airfoil has a smaller drag and a higher lift than the solid airfoil.
Predictors of depressive symptoms among spouse caregivers in Parkinson's disease.

The objective of this work was to determine the predictors of depressive symptoms among spouse caregivers of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Little is known about the strain in giving care to PD patients and how the motor, cognitive, and behavioral complications of PD contribute to depression among spouse caregivers. Forty-five consecutive PD patients and their spouse caregivers agreed to be evaluated after a routine clinic visit. Patient demographic data and the presence of hallucinations, delusions, incontinence, and sleep disturbances were obtained. The patients were assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-motor section), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) staging, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) on patients and spouses. Thirty men and 15 women had a mean age of 71.5 years (range 53–85), average PD duration of 10 years (range 1–26), a mean “on” HY P = 0.02), the age of PD onset (r = 0.33; P = 0.02) and patient HAMD-17 scores (r= 0.29; P = 0.05). A stronger correlation was noted between spouse HAMD-17 scores and the years of PD duration (r= 0.43; P = 0.003). There was a significant difference in the mean spouse HAMD-17 scores among PD patients with sleep disturbances versus those who did not (10.2 vs. 6.4; P = 0.04). However, on stepwise regression analysis, only the duration of PD remained significant (adjusted r = 0.17; P = 0.003). No difference was noted with hallucinations, delusions or incontinence. We concluded that the duration of PD appears to be the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms among spouse-caregivers in this small cohort. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Determination of total plutonium content in spent nuclear fuel assemblies with the differential die-away self-interrogation instrument

Abstract As a part of the Next Generation Safeguards Initiative Spent Fuel project, we simulate the response of the Differential Die-away Self-Interrogation (DDSI) instrument to determine total elemental plutonium content in an assayed spent nuclear fuel assembly (SFA). We apply recently developed concepts that relate total plutonium mass with SFA multiplication and passive neutron count rate. In this work, the multiplication of the SFA is determined from the die-away time in the early time domain of the Rossi-Alpha distributions measured directly by the DDSI instrument. We utilize MCNP to test the method against 44 pressurized water reactor SFAs from a simulated spent fuel library with a wide dynamic range of characteristic parameters such as initial enrichment, burnup, and cooling time. Under ideal conditions, discounting possible errors of a real world measurement, a root mean square agreement between true and determined total Pu mass of 2.1% is achieved.
Assessment and conservative management of the neuropathic bladder.

The etiologies and forms of congenital neuropathic bladder are described: contractile (25%), acontractile (15%), and intermediate (60%). The terminology relating to neuropathic bladder is defined and the principles of bladder management are highlighted: (1) must achieve a bladder that can fill at low pressure, (2) must achieve a bladder that can store urine at low pressure, (3) must achieve sphincter resistance that is sufficient to allow urine storage, and (4) must put in place a mechanism of achieving complete voluntary bladder emptying. The approach to investigation is set out in a logical sequence, and the methods of achieving the goals highlighted above are described. All of this is put in the context of managing the handicapped patient as a whole. It also is stressed that the aim is not just to achieve continence but perhaps even more importantly to protect renal function.
A final word on the tricho‐rhino‐phalangeal syndromes

Chromosomal findings in the majority of cases of TRP II (or Langer-Giedion) syndrome and in some cases of TRP I syndrome lead to the conclusion that the former is due to a deletion extending from 8q24.11 to 8q24.13 whereas the latter is caused by an even smaller deleted segment, namely 8q24.12. A case of tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I with a mosaic deletion of band 8q24.12 is described.
Catalytic Synthesis of Arylisocyanates from Nitroaromatics. A Computational Study

Several conclusions of interest have emerged from a computational study of copper-catalyzed phenylisocyanate synthesis from nitrobenzene and carbon monoxide. Nitrobenzene complexes coordinate in a κ1-O fashion, while nitrosobenzene complexes generally coordinate in a κ1-N fashion. With regard to thermodynamics, differences were observed for neutral (amidate, amidinate, β-diketiminate) versus cationic (diimine, NHC) complexes, although discernible trends were less evident for calculated kinetic barriers. The deoxygenation of the nitroso oxygen of the nitrosobenzene complex to form a copper-nitrene intermediate is postulated to be the rate-determining step. For the mechanism assumed in eqs 2 through 5, each step is exothermic. These individual steps are also calculated to possess reasonable kinetic barriers. Hence, copper-based complexes deserve consideration as potential catalysts for the phosgene-free synthesis of arylisocyanates from nitroaromatics.
Acquired factor XI deficiency: a rare complication after liver transplantation.

Abstract Background A majority of coagulation factors are synthesized in the liver. Factor XI (FXI) deficiency (Rosenthal syndrome) is one of the rare inherited coagulation disorders with an extremely low risk of transmission by liver transplantation (LT). Case Report We report here the case of a 50-year-old man who unknowingly acquired FXI deficiency by LT. During 1 year of post-transplant follow-up, his activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) remained prolonged, but he did not develop bleeding complications. The patient required retransplantation due to chronic rejection and is currently doing well 4 years after his first liver transplantation. Conclusions The presence of a prolonged aPTT in a deceased donor should raise suspicion for the presence of rare coagulation factor deficiencies. During urgent, lifesaving procedures such as LT, it may be impossible to avoid transmission. Awareness of this possibility will allow early detection and management.
Magnesium (Mg) Retention and Mood Effects After Intravenous Mg Infusion in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Background Conflicting data exist regarding the presence of magnesium (Mg) deficiency and the therapeutic efficacy of Mg in premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Methods The % Mg retention was determined using 24-hour urinary Mg excretion and the total dose of Mg given intravenously. In women with ( n = 17) and without ( n = 14) prospectively diagnosed PMDD, several blood measures of Mg and mood were obtained before, immediately after, and the day following an intravenous Mg (.1 mmol/kg) loading dose. A positive mood response was seen under open conditions; as open Mg infusion improved mood, subsequent PMDD patients ( n = 10) were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion. Results Patients (31.5%) and control subjects (27.5%) retained comparable mean percentages of Mg. Neither group differed in measures of mean Mg before, immediately after, or the day following Mg infusion. Although there was a time effect for all mood measures in the patient group ( p Conclusions Contrary to prior reports, we found no evidence of Mg deficiency in women with PMDD compared with control subjects. Furthermore, Mg was not superior to placebo in the mitigation of mood symptoms in women with PMDD.
State spaces, finite algebras, and skew group rings

K. Goodearl [Gl] considered the State Space, St(R), of a noetherian ring R; and, in joint work with R. B. Warfield [GW], described the structure of the sate space of commutative rings, hereditary noetherian prime rings, and orders over Dedekind Domains. In this work, we give some properties of the state space of a ring in relation to the ideas of localization on noncommutative rings and of ramification in generically Galois actions. We show how the structure of St(R) depends on the property of localization at prime ideals. Some general results are given for the state space of a finite algebra over a commutative noetherian ring; then we apply these results to St(S * G) where S is a commutative noetherian domain, G is a finite group acting faithfully as automorphisms of the ring S, and 1 GI is invertible in S. WC show that the state space St(S * G) is the affine continuous image of an amalgamation of the state spaces of the ring localized at non-trivial clans, in particular that those arising from the ramified primes of S suffice. We show that St(S * G) is a singleton if and only if the action is G-Galois on S. Finally, for S a Dedekind domain, we give a structure theorem for the state space of the skew group ring S * G.
A full field, 3-D velocimeter for NASA's microgravity science program

One of NASA's new Advanced Technology Development projects is stereo imaging velocimetry. Using multiple CCD cameras, the velocimeter will digitize and store images of microscopic seed particles suspended in flowing transparent fluid systems. The data will be processed to obtain full-field, three-dimensional, quantitative velocity data. With successful evolution of the technology, the velocimeter will become part of NASA's flight hardware arsenal, available to both established experiments and new proposals.
Morphological variations in gap junctions of ovarian granulosa cells.

Abstract Granulosa cells in ovarian follicles of rat, mouse, rabbit and hamster were studied by lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture techniques. Abundant gap junctions exhibited striking intraspecific variation in size and pattern of particle aggregation. The smaller gap junctions showed close packing of the intramembranous A face particles. In large gap junctions, ranging up to 6 μ in diameter, particles were packed in rectilinear arrays separated by a labyrinthine network of particle-free ‘aisles’. Small clusters of particles in a particle-poor circumferential zone suggested enlargement of junctions by peripheral accretion. Linear intramembranous structures, resembling those of occluding junctions, occasionally bounded large gap junctions. Spherical intracytoplasmic structures limited by gap junctional membranes were shown by tracer studies to arise by invagination of the cell surface. These were intrepreted as a means of disposal of junctions by interiorization.
The impact of second opinion surgical pathology on the practice of head and neck surgery: A decade experience at a large referral hospital

Background A second review of histopathologic diagnoses is a quality assurance practice that helps expose diagnostic errors and guide management of patients being referred from outside hospitals. Identification of anatomic regions and specimen types that are prone to diagnostic error will be helpful in guiding policy decisions regarding mandatory second opinion surgical pathology. Methods All available outside pathology reports were retrieved for patients referred to The Johns Hopkins Hospital Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery between January 1, 1990, and January 1, 2000. The outside diagnosis was compared with diagnosis rendered at the referral hospital. A discrepant diagnosis was regarded as any change resulting in a significant modification in therapy or prognosis. Results Of the 814 cases reviewed, the second opinion surgical pathology diagnosis resulted in 54 (7%) changed diagnoses. Of the changed diagnosis, 13 (24%) involved a change from a benign to a malignant diagnosis; 8 (15%) involved a change from a malignant to a benign diagnosis; and 33 (61%) involved a change in tumor classification. Follow-up information supported the second opinion diagnosis in 41 of 43 cases (95%). Conclusions In a consequential number of cases, second opinion surgical pathology results in major therapeutic and prognostic modifications for patients sent to large referral hospitals for head and neck oncologic surgery. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 684–693, 2002
inducing Cooperation by Reciprocative Strategy in Non-Zero-Sum Games*

In this paper, we investigate the use of reciprocative strategy to induce cooperative behavior in non-zero-sum games. Reciprocative behavior is defined mathematically in the context of a two-person non-zero-sum game in which both the players have a common set of pure strategies. Conditions under which mutual cooperative behavior results when one of the players responds optimally to reciprocative behavior by the other player are described. Also, the desirability of playing the reciprocative strategy is investigated by stating conditions under which reciprocative strategy by one of the players or by both the players leading to mutual cooperative behavior is a Nash equilibrium outcome.
Use of electrodeposition for sample preparation and rejection rate prediction for assay of electroformed ultra high purity copper for 232Th and 238U prior to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS)

The search for neutrinoless double beta decay in 76Ge has driven the need for ultra-low background Ge detectors shielded by electroformed copper of ultra-high radiopurity (<0.1 μBq/kg). Although electrodeposition processes are almost sophisticated enough to produce copper of this purity, to date there are no methods sensitive enough to assay it. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) can detect thorium and uranium at femtogram levels, however, this assay is hindered by high copper concentrations in the sample. Electrodeposition of copper samples removes copper from the solution while selectively concentrating thorium and uranium contaminants to be assayed by ICP/MS. Spiking 232Th and 238U into the plating bath simulates low purity copper and allows for the calculation of the electrochemical rejection rate of thorium and uranium in the electroplating system. This rejection value will help to model plating bath chemistry.
Molecular dynamics simulations of ion-exchanged glass

Abstract Chemically strengthened glass is one of the key enablers of the modern consumer electronics industry. Molecular dynamics simulations offer an opportunity to build enhanced fundamental understanding of the ion exchange process used for chemical strengthening. In this work, we apply molecular modeling techniques to investigate several aspects of ion-exchanged glasses that are either inaccessible through experiment or too difficult to probe through experiments alone. In particular, we use atomistic modeling to study the dependence of the linear network dilation coefficient on the concentration of alkali ions exchanged. We also calculate the evolution of elastic moduli as a result of the ion exchange process. Both of these quantities—the network dilation coefficient and the Young's modulus—are critical parameters for determining the final compressive stress profile of the chemically strengthened glass. Finally, we revisit the issue of structural differences between as-melted and ion-exchanged glasses in terms of local atomic number density around alkali ions. The results of this work point to the unique structures attainable through ion exchange that cannot be achieved through melt-quenching alone.
Ultrafast Spectroscopic Observation of a Quantum Chain Reaction: The Photodecarbonylation of Nanocrystalline Diphenylcyclopropenone

Nanocrystalline diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) undergoes a photodecarbonylation reaction to form diphenylacetylene (DPA) with a quantum yield of ∼3, presumably the result of a quantum chain reaction (QCR). We have performed an ultrafast spectroscopic investigation of this process, and found direct evidence that, following photoexcitation of solid DPCP, DPA product molecules appear in a sequential manner over a ∼30 ps time scale. We also see spectroscopic evidence for an excited state of DPCP that is optically inaccessible from the ground state; this state can be populated via short-range energy transfer from excited DPA product molecules, providing a mechanistic explanation of the sequential re-excitation and decarbonylation of DPCP and constituting a direct observation of a QCR.