cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The near-surface methane humidity on Titan

Abstract We retrieve vertical and meridional variations of methane mole fraction in Titan’s lower troposphere by re-analyzing near-infrared ground-based observations from 17 July 2014 UT (Adamkovics et al., 2016). We generate synthetic spectra using atmospheric methane profiles that do not contain supersaturation or discontinuities to fit the observations, and thereby retrieve minimum saturation altitudes and corresponding specific humidities in the boundary layer. We relate these in turn to surface-level relative humidities using independent surface temperature measurements. We also compare our results with general circulation model simulations to interpret and constrain the relationship between humidities and surface liquids. The results show that Titan’s lower troposphere is undersaturated at latitudes south of 60°N, consistent with a dry surface there, but increases in humidity toward the north pole indicate appreciable surface liquid coverage. While our observations are consistent with considerably more liquid methane existing at the north pole than is present in observed lakes, a degeneracy between low-level methane and haze leads to substantial uncertainty in determining the extent of the source region.
Computing and community in formal education

Culturally responsive computing repurposes computer science education by making it meaningful to not only students, but also to their families and communities.
A Tale of Two Cities: Exploring the Role of Race/Ethnicity and Geographic Setting on PrEP Use Among Adolescent Cisgender MSM.

Although pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could substantially reduce the risk of HIV acquisition among adolescent cisgender men who have sex with men (cisMSM), various barriers faced by people of color, particularly within the southern region of the U.S., may lead to racial disparities in the utilization of PrEP. Few studies, however, have explored racial/ethnic differences in PrEP use by geographic setting among adolescent cisMSM. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis examining racial disparities in PrEP use among cisMSM ages 15-24 years in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Los Angeles, California recruited between May, 2017 and September, 2019. The odds of PrEP use among AA adolescents were considerably lower than White adolescents in New Orleans (OR (95% CI): 0.24 (0.10, 0.53)), although we did not find evidence of differences in Los Angeles. Our findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to promote PrEP use among adolescent MSM, particularly among AA adolescent cisMSM living in the southern region of U.S.
Calcium Permeable-AMPA Receptors and Excitotoxicity in Neurological Disorders

Excitotoxicity is one of the primary mechanisms of cell loss in a variety of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Other than the previously established signaling pathways of excitotoxicity, which depend on the excessive release of glutamate from axon terminals or over-activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs), Ca2+ influx-triggered excitotoxicity through Ca2+-permeable (CP)-AMPA receptors (AMPARs) is detected in multiple disease models. In this review, both acute brain insults (e.g., brain trauma or spinal cord injury, ischemia) and chronic neurological disorders, including Epilepsy/Seizures, Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic pain, and glaucoma, are discussed regarding the CP-AMPAR-mediated excitotoxicity. Considering the low expression or absence of CP-AMPARs in most cells, specific manipulation of the CP-AMPARs might be a more plausible strategy to delay the onset and progression of pathological alterations with fewer side effects than blocking NMDARs.
Traumatic Stress in the Community: Identification and Intervention

Descriptions of trauma—an experience that overwhelms an individual’s ability to cope and elicits feelings of terror, helplessness, and/or out-of-control physiological arousal—have appeared in popular, historical, and medical texts for centuries. The relevance of traumatization (i.e., when “both internal and external resources are inadequate to cope with external threat”) (van der Kolk 1989, p. 393) to normal and impaired functioning is described in great detail in social, neuropsychological, and political texts. This chapter summarizes the current understanding of traumatic stress (i.e., the physical and emotional responses to events that threaten the physical or psychic integrity of an individual) and traumatic stress disorders and the evidence for effective intervention. Prevention of trauma, the ultimate effective community intervention, is best described in other texts.
Blastoderm Formation and Cellularisation in Drosophila melanogaster

Immediately following fertilisation in Drosophila and many other arthropods, the embryo undergoes a series of rapid syncytial nuclear divisions. These divisions are driven by maternally supplied components and occur in the absence of zygotic transcription. Unlike typical cell divisions, these divisions alternate between S and M phases, resulting in cell cycles that last only from 10 to 25 min. After four rounds of division, the nuclei undergo axial expansion, a process that relies on microfilaments. Subsequently migration of the nuclei to the cortex relies on microtubules. Once at the cortex, the nuclear divisions occur on a single plane and rely on partial cleavage furrows to maintain an even distribution. The cortical nuclear divisions continue until the mid-blastula transition (MBT), at which time cellularisation results in the formation of a multicellular embryo. Key Concepts: Fertilisation triggers a series of events that induces the first mitotic cycle, a gonomeric division between the male and female pronucleus. After fertilisation, the embryo undergoes 13 synchronous divisions within a syncytium. Divisions 10–13 occur at the cortex of the embryo and require reorganisation of actin and membrane into metaphase furrows. At cycle 14, the cell cycle pauses and cellularisation occurs forming individual somatic cells. Cellularisation, a key feature of the mid-blastula transition, marks the time at which zygotic transcription occurs and maternal products are degraded. Keywords: Drosophila; embryo; syncytial; blastoderm; cellularisation; mid-blastula transition; fertilisation; furrow
Does neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer increase postoperative morbidity or mortality

Neoadjuvant therapy has proven to be effective in the reduction of locoregional recurrence and mortality for esophageal cancer. However, induction treatment has been reported to be associated with increased risk of postoperative complications. We therefore compared outcomes after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer for patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy and patients treated with surgery alone. Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2005-2011), we identified 1939 patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Seven hundred and eight (36.5%) received neoadjuvant therapy, while 1231 (63.5%) received no neoadjuvant therapy within 90 days prior to surgery. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality, and secondary outcomes included overall and serious morbidity, length of stay, and operative time. Patients who underwent neoadjuvant treatment were younger (62.3 vs. 64.7, P 11 × 10(9) /L: 29.3% vs. 15.0%, P < 0.001; hematocrit <36%: 49.7% vs. 30.0%, P < 0.001). On unadjusted analysis, 30-day mortality, overall, and serious morbidity were comparable between the two groups, with the exception of the individual complications of venous thromboembolic events and bleeding transfusion, which were significantly lower in the surgery-only patients (5.71% vs. 8.27%, P = 0.027; 6.89% vs. 10.57%, P = 0.004; respectively). Multivariable and matched analysis confirmed that 30-day mortality, overall, and serious morbidity, as well as prolonged length of stay, were comparable between the two groups of patients. An increasing trend of preoperative neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer was observed through the study years (from 29.0% in 2005-2006 to 44.0% in 2011, P < 0.001). According to our analysis, preoperative neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer does not increase 30-day mortality or the overall risk of postoperative complications after esophagectomy.
The History of the Bellevue Hospital Chest Service (1903–2015)

For more than 100 years, the Bellevue Hospital Chest Service in New York City has contributed major advances in our understanding of pulmonary disease. Research from the cardiopulmonary laboratory of the Chest Service by Drs. Cournand and Richards resulted in the shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956 for the development of human cardiac catheterization. In more recent years, continuing its mission to serve the underserved and respond to health crises, the Bellevue Chest Service has served as a leader in the management of HIV infections, multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis epidemics, early detection of lung cancer, and management of urban asthma. Members of the Chest Service founded the World Trade Center Environmental Health Center shortly after collapse of the towers in 2001. The Chest Service became New York's infectious isolation unit caring for the first patient in New York infected with Ebola virus. Recent research has focused on disease management, with the first in-house Directly Observed Therapy Clinic for treatment of tuberculosis, clinical trials of aerosolized IFN-γ, and translational research on host defense against tuberculosis infection. Studies of the airway mucosa have revealed mechanisms by which ambient pollutants promote asthma. Studies on the World Trade Center firefighters and community populations have promoted understanding of systemic inflammation and small airways function. Today, the partnership between a public hospital and an academic institution promotes the synergy that leads to cost-effective and state-of-the art care for an underserved population as well as cutting-edge training and research.
Regulation of CNS and motor axon guidance in Drosophila by the receptor tyrosine phosphatase DPTP52F

Receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) regulate axon guidance and synaptogenesis in Drosophila embryos and larvae. We describe DPTP52F, the sixth RPTP to be discovered in Drosophila. Our genomic analysis indicates that there are likely to be no additional RPTPs encoded in the fly genome. Five of the six Drosophila RPTPs have C. elegans counterparts, and three of the six are also orthologous to human RPTP subfamilies. DPTP52F, however, has no clear orthologs in other organisms. The DPTP52F extracellular domain contains five fibronectin type III repeats and it has a single phosphatase domain. DPTP52F is selectively expressed in the CNS of late embryos, as are DPTP10D, DLAR, DPTP69D and DPTP99A. To define developmental roles of DPTP52F, we used RNA interference (RNAi)-induced phenotypes as a guide to identify Ptp52F alleles among a collection of EMS-induced lethal mutations. Ptp52F single mutant embryos have axon guidance phenotypes that affect CNS longitudinal tracts. This phenotype is suppressed in Dlar Ptp52F double mutants, indicating that DPTP52F and DLAR interact competitively in regulating CNS axon guidance decisions. Ptp52F single mutations also cause motor axon phenotypes that selectively affect the SNa nerve. DPTP52F, DPTP10D and DPTP69D have partially redundant roles in regulation of guidance decisions made by axons within the ISN and ISNb motor nerves.
The long and the short of it: signaling development through plasmodesmata

Developmental biologists seek to explain the generation of complex three-dimensional organisms from the starting point of a single cell and its genetic complement. During this incredible transformation, different cell fates rarely are specified intrinsically; rather, the fates of individual cells or
Fracture Mechanics Application of an Assumed Displacement Hybrid Finite Element Procedure

References 1 Sharifi, P. and Yates, D. N., "Nonlinear Thermo-Elastic-Plastic and Creep Analysis by the Finite Element Method," AIAA Journal, Vol. 12, Sept. 1974, pp. 1210-1215. 2 Clough, R. W. and Felippa, C. A., "A Refined Quadrilateral Element for Analysis of Plate Bending," Proceedings of Second Conference on Matrix Methods in Structural Mechanics, AFFDL-TR68-150, Oct. 1968, Air Force Flight Dynamics Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, pp. 399-440. 3 Suarez, J. A., "Advanced Composite Wing Structures, Stability Analysis of Advanced Filamentary Composite Panels," Tech. Rept. AC-SM-8087, May 1970, Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., Bethpage, N.Y. 4 Kaminski, B. E. and Ashton, J. E., "Diagonal Tension Behavior of Boron-Epoxy Shear Panels," Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 5, Oct. 1971, pp. 553-558. 5 Bushnell, D., "Stress, Stability, and Vibration of Complex Branched Shells of Revolution: Analysis and User's Manual for BQSQR4," LMSC-D243605, March 1972, Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif. Also CR 2116, Oct. 1972, NASA.
Language and culture learning in higher education via telecollaboration

This article focuses on the ways of researching the process of designing, developing, and using telecollaboration (also known as online intercultural exchange) to facilitate the learning of both linguistic and intercultural communicative competence (ICC) in higher education courses in different educational contexts in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Although telecollaboration would intuitively seem to be an ideal medium for learning another language and about another culture, extensive research has shown that this learning process takes years and faces many challenges. This paper situates the research on language and culture learning within the broader scope of language and intercultural education (see Pedagogies, 8(2), for a report of an interview with Michael Byram, one of the originators of the concept of ICC). A multinational example of the integration of telecollaborative networks in European university language classes collaborating online, the INTENT project, is described. In addition, a telli...
Differential responsiveness to LRF after estrogen therapy in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Ten amenorrheic and eight normally cycling women were challenged with a 10-jug doseof synthetic LRF before and after a short 3- to 5-day course of ethinyl estradiol (1.0–1.5 /µg/kg/day). In normally cycling women tested on day 5 of the menstrual cycle, significant augmentation of the LRF-induced LH but not FSH response was observed after estradiol treatment. The amenorrheic patients all had normal or reduced levels of serum gonadotropins, no evidence of galactorrhea, and no other endocrine abnormality. Responses to LRF inthe amenorrheic women were easily segregated into two groups after treatment with estrogen: those with significantly augmented LH response (P < 0.05) and others with markedly diminishedresponses (P < 0.005) when compared with responses to LRF before estrogen treatment. The response patterns for FSH were similar although not so pronounced. That group of amenorrheic women with augmented LRF-induced LH response had peripheral estradiol concentrations of 15 pg/ml or more and responded to clom...
Magnitude of large-transverse-momentum cross sections

Consistent values for the fundamental dimensional coupling constants of hadrons to their valence quarks are determined from large-momentum-transfer elastic scattering, photoproduction, form factors, and momentum distributions. We then show that the constituent-interchange-model hard-scattering subprocesses Mq ..-->.. Mq and Bq ..-->.. Bq (and their crossing variants) are of sufficient magnitude to account for the normalization as well as the kinematic behavior in p/sub T/, angle, and s of single-particle large-transverse-momentum inclusive cross sections. The crossover point where p/sub T//sup -4/ scale-invariant qq ..-->.. qq and gluon terms may dominate the cross section is computed. Jet cross sections and charge correlations are also discussed. We also give analytic formulas for inclusive cross sections in general hard-scattering models. Spectator and dimensional-counting rules are given which determine the scaling behavior in p/sub T/, epsilon = M/sup 2//s, and theta/sub c.m./.
Infrared study of adsorption in situ at the liquid-solid interface. V. Adsorption of octadecanol, octadecylamine, and octadecanedioic acid on silica, and a criterion for considering competitive adsorption

Abstract Infrared spectra were recorded in situ of octadecanol (A), octadecylamine (B), and octadecanedioic acid (C) adsorbed from CC14 solutions onto highly degassed silica. Adsorbed A interacted with silanols and caused a shift, ΔvOH, of the silanol band of ∼275 cm−1; the data suggest that A dimers interacted with silanols but also adsorbed without such an interaction. B interacted extensively and strongly with silanols, causing a ΔvOH ∼ 750 cm−1. Also, some B was chemisorbed. In constrast, C adsorption was slight and the interaction with silanols weak; apparently some C polymer chains were broken. As interactions with silanols cause a perturbation of the silanol band and the extent of the perturbation is a measure of the strength of the adsorption, it may be possible to use ΔvOH as criterion in considering competitive adsorption processes occurring on hydroxylated surfaces.
EVA & MVA as performance measures and signals for strategic change

The increasing frequency with which the business environment demands strategic change elevates the role played by performance measures in assessing alternative business strategies. Traditional accounting measures of performance have long been criticized for their inadequacy in guiding strategic decisions. Two alternative measures of business performance, EVA (eco‐nomic value added) and MVA (market value added) have been attracting much attention of late. According to a recent article in Fortune, EVA is employed by a large number of firms, including Coca‐Cola, AT&T, Quaker Oats, Eli Lilly, Georgia Pacific, and Tenneco. Unlike traditional accounting measures of performance, EVA attempts to measure the value that firms create or destroy by subtracting a capital charge from the returns they generate on invested capital. In addition to their use as performance measures, EVA and MVA are recommended by some as metrics for executive compensation plans and the development of corporate strategies.
Individual Co site contributions to the magnetic anisotropy of R Co 5 compounds and related structures

NMR results are used to evaluate the spin-orbit contribution to the magnetic anisotropy of Co atoms at individual Co sites in $R{\mathrm{Co}}_{5}$ compounds. The easy $c$-axis Co anisotropy of $R{\mathrm{Co}}_{5}$ compounds is found to arise from the ($2c$) sites, while the ($3g$) sites make a smaller opposing contribution. The anisotropy parameters of the individual sites are used to calculate the variation of anisotropy with composition in mixed $R{({\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x})}_{5}$ compounds and also to estimate anisotropy parameters at individual sites in some structures related to the $R{\mathrm{Co}}_{5}$ phase.
Management of fever in infants and children

There is no question that fever is a source of great consternation for parent and physician alike; however, it is impossible to predict with certainty the outcome of every febrile illness. Inherent in the words diagnostic impression is a degree of uncertainty. The only question remaining is how much uncertainty is in the best interest of the child. Physicians try to use the existing scientific data to best determine the prevalence of disease and outcome. At the same time, they must recognize the limitations of both the data and their ability to be generalized to every population. Everything clinicians do has risks and costs, which they must balance against the incidence of complications and the benefits of testing. To take away clinical judgment makes physicians technicians not clinicians.
Negotiating life for the dying: hospice and the strategy of tactical socialization.

Abstract Hospice is often discussed as a social movement that is attempting to change not only the way particular patients experience dying, but the nature of death and dying for society as a whole. Participant observation research was conducted in the home care components of and a free-standing inpatient facility associated with several northeastern hospice organizations over the course of almost three years. The data are reported using negotiated order theory as a framework for understanding the hospice movement, and tactical socialization is identifide as a majar strategy of hospice workers for accomplishing their goals.
Studies of magnesium and manganese interactions with gluconate and 1,5-gluconolactone

Abstract The FTIR and NMR spectra of manganese(II) or magnesium(II) interactions with gluconate ion indicates strong interaction for both metal ions, primarily through the carboxyl group. Alternately, manganese(II) is seen to complex with 1,5-gluconolactone whereas magnesium(II) fails to exhibit any interactions with gluconolactone. These results provide useful information concerning the mechanism of the enzyme reaction involving gluconolactonase.
Pattern Dystrophy of the Pigment Epithelium

Three generations of a family showed alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium along with mild visual disturbance. Younger members had granular pigment dispersed beneath the fovea while older members showed a reticular pigment pattern. The electro-oculogram was subnormal in most affected individuals, but visual fields, color vision, dark adaptation, and the electroretinogram were normal. The pigmentary changes in these patients are similar to those seen in other pigment epithelial dystrophies such as reticular dystrophy and butterfly-shaped dystrophy. Until these disorders can be separated pathophysiologically, we suggest the definition of a more inclusive clinical term, "pattern dystrophies of the pigment epithelium.
Pulse-train controllers for functional neuromuscular stimulation

This summary describes work in progress toward the development of closed-loop control systems for the functional neuromuscular (electrical) stimulation of muscles in paralyzed patients. A simple closed-loop digital controller which regulates muscle force in a robust way (that is, with low sensitivity to modelling errors and disturbances) has been designed using classical discrete-time root-locus methods. This controller has been evaluated in cat soleus and plantaris and performs well in both.
A Refinement of the Classical Order Point Model

Factors such as demand volume and replenishment lead time that influence production and inventory control systems are random variables. Existing inventory models incorporate the parameters (e.g., mean and standard deviation) of these statistical quantities to formulate inventory policies. In practice, only sample estimates of these parameters are available. The estimates are subject to sampling variation and hence are random variables. Whereas the effect of sampling variability on estimates of parameters are in general well known in statistics literature, literature on inventory control policies has largely ignored the potential effect of sampling variation on the validity of the inventory models. This paper investigates the theoretical effect of sampling variability and develops theoretically sound inventory models that can be effectively used in different inventory policies.
Observations of dislocations in zinc by chemical etching

A new chemical etch has been found to be effective for revealing dislocations intersecting the basal planes of zinc. The etch works for surface whose orientation is within 0.5° of the basal plane. Evidence is available that there is a one-to-one correspondence between etch figures and dislocations. Crystals with densities as high as 10^7 dislocations per cm^2 have been successfully etched.
PHOTOSENSITIZATION AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION STUDIES OF THE PICKET FENCE PORPHYRIN, 3,1-TPRO, A CANDIDATE FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY

— From a structurally distinct set of o-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins, the picket fence porphyrin (PFP), 3,1-meso-tetrakis(o-propionamidophenyl)porphyrin (3,1-TPro) has been selected as a potential candidate for use in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. In this report, the time-dependent tissue distribution of 14C-labeled 3,1-TPro is described along with the results of various treatment regimens. The tissue distribution of radiolabeled 3,1-TPro is comparable to that of other porphyrin photosensitizers with the advantage of being most effective at 4 h and being cleared rapidly from most tissues. The results of the various treatment regimen experiments, as well as other studies, indicate that the 3,1-TPro mechanism of action is similar to that of other photosensitizers, but may include some minor differences. The conclusion is that 3,1-TPro and other PFP offer a class of effective photosensitizers that may be exploited for their structural versatility, straightforward synthesis leading to a compound of high purity and known structure, and stability (both in terms of shelf-life and in vivo metabolism) as potential candidates for PDT.
Decomposition and Dynamic Cut Generation in Integer Linear Programming

Decomposition algorithms such as Lagrangian relaxation and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition are well-known methods that can be used to generate bounds for mixed-integer linear programming problems. Traditionally, these methods have been viewed as distinct from polyhedral methods, in which bounds are obtained by dynamically generating valid inequalities to strengthen an initial linear programming relaxation. Recently, a number of authors have proposed methods for integrating dynamic cut generation with various decomposition methods to yield further improvement in computed bounds. In this paper, we describe a framework within which most of these methods can be viewed from a common theoretical perspective. We then discuss how the framework can be extended to obtain a decomposition-based separation technique we call decompose and cut. As a by-product, we describe how these methods can take advantage of the fact that solutions with known structure, such as those to a given relaxation, can frequently be separated much more easily than arbitrary real vectors.
The rapid transmembrane movement of cholesterol in small unilamellar vesicles.

The exchange of cholesterol between two populations of small unilamellar vesicles has been investigated using a new system. Uniformly sized egg lecithin-cholesterol vesicles containing [3H]cholesterol and the glycolipid N-palmitoyl-dl-dihydrolactocerebroside were used as donors, whereas similar vesicles containing unlabelled cholesterol and no glycolipid were used as cholesterol acceptors. The two populations of vesicles were separated with the castor bean lectin Ricinus communis. It was found that greater than 90% of the cholesterol in the donor vesicle could be exchanged with a single time constant, the half-time for the completion of this exchange process being 1.5 h at 37°C. Therefore, the rate of transmembrane movement or flip-flop of cholesterol in these vesicles must be at least as fast as the intermembrane exchange process. Similar results were obtained using hemoglobin-free human erythrocyte ghosts as the acceptor membrane. If the molecular-sieve chromatography step used to fractionate the vesicles was omitted, a non-exchangeable pool of cholesterol was detected which was shown not to be due to the presence of multilamellar vesicles.
Modification of preschool sex-typed behaviors by participation in adult-structured activities

Earlier studies have shown the girls spend more time than boys in activities that are highly structured by adults. Structured activities may encourage feminine sex-typed behaviors such as compliance to adults; low-structure activities may encourage masculine sex-typed behaviors such as independence and assertiveness. In the present study the effects of high or low levels of adult structuring on children's social behavior during preschool free-play activities were tested in a field experiment carried out during an entire semester in one preschool classroom. For the first 15 minutes of free play, children were assigned to high- or low-structure activities. As predicted, when children were in high-structure activities, they exhibited high rates of bids for recognition and compliance to adults; in low-structure activities, they exhibited peer-directed leadership, bids for recognition, and compliance. There were no generalized effects of these treatments on their subsequent free choice of activities or social behavior. The study demonstrates powerful effects of naturally occurring variations in children's play activities on sex-typed social behaviors.
Blackbody engineering with metamaterials

We demonstrate metamaterial absorbers which control the emissivity spectrum of a body at a particular temperature over a bandwidth of 50%, and may be applied as coatings to materials to control their blackbody emission spectra.
Catalytic functionalities of supported sulfides. IV. C-O hydrogenolysis selectivity as a function of promoter type

Two types of γ-Al2O3-supported catalysts, containing Group VI–VIII transition metals as active components, were prepared and their selectivities for CN bond hydrogenolysis determined. These were (a) sulfided MMo catalysts (where M = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, Re, or Cr), containing 25 mmol M and 77 mmol Mo/100 g Al2O3; and (b) sulfided M catalysts, without Mo, containing 25 mmol M/100 g Al2O3. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for two simultaneous, competing reactions, i.e., CN bond hydrogenolysis of indole (k1) and ring hydrogenation of naphthalene (k2), were determined (at 350 °C and 137 atm H2 pressure) for the above catalysts as a function of the periodic table position of M. It was found that the C-N hydrogenolysis vs ring hydrogenation selectivity of the MMo catalysts, as expressed by the k1k2 ratio, was in the order RuMo > IrMo > CrMo > PtMo > CoMo > FeMo > NiMo > ReMo > RhMo > PdMo. The high selectivity of the RuMo, IrMo, and PtMo catalysts is due to a favorable balance of moderate CN hydrogenolysis activity and very low ring hydrogenation activity. RhMo, NiMo, and CoMo show highest CN hydrogenolysis activity, but relatively low selectivity due to their high ring hydrogenation activity. The sulfided M catalysts, except Pt and Pd, show markedly lower CN hydrogenolysis activities than the corresponding MMo catalysts. Comparison of the actual CN hydrogenolysis activities of MMo catalysts with their “additive” activities (calculated by assuming independent activities of the M and Mo components) shows that Ni, Rh, Co, Fe, and Ru strongly promote, whereas Pt and Pd strongly depress the CN hydrogenolysis activity of the corresponding MMo catalysts. Similar promoting (or depressing) effects of the M components are also observed in comparing the actual and “additive” ring hydrogenation activities of the MMo catalysts, indicating that CN hydrogenolysis and ring hydrogenation reactions possibly occur on the same or similar type of active sites. The high CN hydrogenolysis selectivity of RuMo, IrMo, and PtMo points to the feasibility of their optimization for possible use as improved catalysts in HDN of heavy oils, involving lower hydrogen consumption than that found with conventional Ni- and Co-promoted catalysts.
High-resolution microelectromechanical scanners for miniaturized dual-axes confocal microscopes

In this paper we present scanning micromirrors, actuated by self-aligned, bidirectional, vertical electrostatic combdrives, for dual-axes confocal microscopy. The fabrication process, which is based on Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) of Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers with two silicon device layers, requires only three lithography steps for one-dimensional scanners, while an additional two lithography steps must be performed to create two-dimensional scanners. Only front side processing is required and the two oxide layers of the double SOI wafers provide efficient and reliable etch stops. These features combined with the fact that the combs are self aligned, enable high-speed, high-resolution microscanners with stable and reliable operation as required for endoscopic implementations of confocal microscopes.
Dissecting Aneurysms of the Thoracic Aorta

Dissecting aneurysms of the thoracic aorta have a poor prognosis which may be favorably altered by appropriate surgical management. In a scries of 13 cases (representing 25 per cent of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms) with acute and chronic dissection, there were three postoperative deaths. There have been two late deaths unrelated to the dissecting aneurysm. The remaining patients are alive and well. In acute dissection, emergency treatment is indicated to prevent an otherwise lethal outcome. In chronic dissection, delay carries more risk than surgical therapy with present concepts of management.
The role of increased proteolysis in the atrophy and arrest of proliferation in serum‐deprived fibroblasts

When cultured fibroblasts are deprived of serum, the degradation of long-lived proteins and RNA increases, the cells stop proliferating, and they decrease in size. To determine the role of the increased protein catabolism in these responses, we studied the effects of inhibitors of intralysosomal proteolysis in Balb/c 3T3 cells. When these cells were placed in serum-deficient medium (0.5% serum), the rate of degradation of long-lived proteins increased about twofold within 30 min. This increase was reduced by 50-70% with inhibitors of lysosomal thiol proteases (Ep475 and leupeptin) or agents that raise intralysosomal pH (chloroquine and NH4Cl). By contrast, these compounds had little or no effect on protein degradation in cells growing in 10% serum. Thus, in accord with prior studies, lysosomes appear to be the site of the increased proteolysis after serum deprivation. When 3T3 cells were deprived of serum for 24-48 hours, the rate of protein synthesis and the content of protein and RNA and cell volume decreased two- to fourfold. The protease inhibitor, Ep475, reduced this decrease in the rate of protein synthesis and the loss of cell protein and RNA. Cells deprived of serum and treated with Ep475 for 24-48 hours had about twice the rate of protein synthesis and two- to fourfold higher levels of protein and RNA than control cells deprived of serum. The Ep475-treated cells were also about 30% larger than the untreated cells. Thus, the protease-inhibitor prevented much of the atrophy induced by serum deprivation. The serum-deprived fibroblasts also stopped proliferating and accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The cells treated with Ep475 accumulated in G1 in a manner identical to untreated serum-deprived cells. Other agents which inhibited protein breakdown in serum-deprived cells also did not prevent the arrest of cell proliferation. Thus the enhancement of proteolysis during serum deprivation appears necessary for the decrease in size and protein synthesis, but probably not for the cessation of cell proliferation. When cells deprived of serum in the presence or absence of Ep475 were stimulated to proliferate by the readdition of serum, the larger Ep475-treated cells began DNA synthesis 1-2 hours later than the smaller untreated cells. Thus, after treatment with Ep475, the rate of cell cycle transit following serum stimulation was not proportional to the cell's size, protein, or RNA content, or rate of protein synthesis.
Formation of intraprotamine disulfides in vitro.

Abstract When mammalian protamine is dissolved in aqueous buffers at neutral or alkaline pH, both ends of the protein fold inward toward the center of the molecule and form disulfide crosslinks that stabilize several different structures. In the absence of reducing agents, these folded forms of protamine may be visualized and quantitated by gel electrophoresis. Using this technique, we have examined the formation of bull protamine disulfides in solution and describe a variety of factors that affect this process. At pH 8, disulfide-stabilized folded forms of protamine appear within minutes after solublization of the fully reduced protein. Five different monomers are detected by electrophoresis. Each of these monomers is stabilized by at least one disulfide crosslink and migrates with a distinct mobility, ahead of the fully reduced and extended protein. Under certain conditions, dimers of these folded structures crosslinked by interprotamine disulfides are also formed. The appearance of these disulfide-crosslinked forms of protamine is effected by air oxidation, accelerated at alkaline pH, inhibited upon lowering the pH below pH 7 and eliminated by modifying the protein's cysteine residues. Similar intramolecular disulfides are also produced after the protamine molecule binds to DNA. These results suggest that only those cysteines located within the amino- and carboxyterminal ends of the protein appear to participate in forming intramolecular disulfides in vitro.
The Police View of Bias-Based Policing:

Bias-based policing is an issue that police departments all across the country are addressing. Considering that bias-based policing undermines relationships between the police and the public, a con...
On contact interaction between a moving massive body and a linear elastic half space

We study a class of problems involving the motion of a linear elastic body in frictional contact with a linear elastic half space. The dynamic effects considered are the inertial properties of the body regarded as rigid. We study only those regimes of contact interaction for which the slip velocity with the body taken as absolutely rigid and the time rate of change of the elastic displacements of points of the body and the half space that are on the contact surface are of the same order of magnitude. This work generalizes previous work on similar problems in that we simultaneously consider inertia forces of the body and the convective term in the slip-velocity due to the rigid-body velocity of the slider/indentor. Thus regimes of contact interaction investigated include rolling/sliding and shift-torsion type. We propose a variational formulation of the following two problems: (a) finite contact area and shift-torsion type of contact kinematics, (b) local contact area and general kinematics at the contact surface. Results for an elastic cylinder contacting an elastic half-plane are also given.
Side branch morphology and coarsening in directionally solidified Pb-8.4 at. pct Au

The scaling relationships among the morphological features associated with the formation of perturbations (side branches) in the intercellular regions of a directionally solidified Pg-8.4 at. pct Au alloy were investigated. It is shown that the ratio between the initial side-branch spacing near dendrite tips, lambda-2, and the dendrite-tip radius, r(t), equals 2 to 2.5. The ratio between the distance from the dendrite tip to the location of the first side branch formation, lambda(p), and the t(r) equals 8 to 10. It was found that the model proposed by Kirkwood (1985) for the secondary dendrite arm coarsening shows a very good quantitative fit to the experimentally observed secondary arm coarsening kinetics during directional solidification.
The Production of Word-Final Voiced Obstruents in English by L1 Speakers of Japanese and Cantonese

This study is a partial replication and extension of Eckman's (1981a) study on the production of English word-final voiced obstruents by native speakers of Japanese and Cantonese, in which he reported evidence of an interlanguage rule of schwa paragoge for Japanese speakers and one of terminal devoicing for Cantonese speakers. In the current study, data from subjects performing three tasks varying in the speech style elicited were compared to the broad transcription of English and to data from a comparison group of native speakers of English performing the same tasks. The inclusion of native speaker data allowed the identification of variants in non-native production as either interlanguage phenomena or native-like simplified or assimilated forms. Results showed that devoicing was significant for the Japanese subjects, as well as for the Cantonese subjects. In addition, the Japanese subjects approximated target variants significantly more often than the Cantonese subjects, raising questions about the sources of the variants observed.
Perineural spread of melanoma demonstrated by F-18 FDG PET With MRI and pathologic correlation.

Abstract:F-18 FDG-PET is generally considered insensitive for the detection of perineural tumor spread. A case is presented of abnormal linear tracer uptake corresponding to the body of the right mandible on a PET scan in a patient with a history of lip melanoma. MRI correlation showed abnormal enla
Physical and genetic localization of quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase gene (QDPR) on short arm of chromosome 4

A portion of a cDNA clone corresponding to the 3' end of the human quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) mRNA was used as a probe to physically map the QDPR gene by analysis of somatic cell hybrid lines. The provisional assignment of QDPR to chromosome 4, based on expression of the human enzyme in hybrids, was confirmed. The gene was further regionally localized on the short arm to 4p16.1----4p15.1. This physical localization places QDPR in the same area of the genome that contains the defect causing Huntington's disease (HD). The QDPR probe revealed a restriction fragment length polymorphism with the enzyme BanII, permitting determination of its genetic proximity to D4S10, an anonymous DNA marker tightly linked to HD. QDPR is only loosely linked to D4S10, excluding any primary role for the gene in HD.
Developments in Electrochemical Instrumentation

Commercial electrochemical instrumentation is in a state of mature development. Microprocessors are used mainly as devices for data handling, and there are no commercial computer-based instruments. Progress in the science and proliferation of applications depend on noninstrumental factors such as electrode materials.
The knapsack problem with disjoint multiple‐choice constraints

In this article we consider the binary knapsack problem under disjoint multiple-choice constraints. We propose a two-stage algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation. The first stage determines in polynomial time an optimal Lagrange multiplier value, which is then used within a branch-and-bound scheme to rank-order the solutions, leading to an optimal solution in a relatively low depth of search. The validity of the algorithm is established, a numerical example is included, and computational experience is described.
THE MYTH OF SOCIAL CLASS AND CRIME REVISITED: AN EXAMINATION OF CLASS AND ADULT CRIMINALITY*

Although recent empirical research questions the conclusion that crime is highest in the lower class, this empirical literature is plagued by limited measures of social class or of crime and by a failure to study systematically the effect of social class on crime in the adult general population. The present work was undertaken in an attempt to rectify many of the inadequacies of the class-crime research. Self-report data were collected from a general population of adult residents in a large, midwestern city and were analyzed to assess the effects of a wide range of class measures on crime measures. The overall results produced from a sample of 555 adults demonstrated that regardless of how class or crime were measured, social class exerted little direct influence on adult criminality in the general population. Consistent with research findings from nonself-report studies, social class was related to criminal involvement for nonwhites.
Response to contralateral and ipsilateral auditory stimulation from the same cortical areas

Summary Evoked responses were recorded from anesthetized cats from the subdivisions of the ‘auditory cortex’ to contralateral and ipsilateral stimulation with pure tones. Responses could be recorded from all subdivisions to either mode of stimulation. The area over which responses could be recorded to contralateral and ipsilateral stimulation overlap but the area over which contralateral responses could be evoked was more extensive. There is no consistent orientation of the points of largest responses nor of the response areas as shown by correlation data. For either mode of stimulation responses were largest in AI or AII but there was no consistent ordering of response amplitudes in the remaining subdivisions. Responses were, in most but not all cases, larger to contralateral stimulation in all subdivisions. No consistent ranking of latencies in the subdivisions was found for either contralateral or for ipsilateral stimulation. Latencies in AI were more apt to be shortest to contralateral stimulation. In the remaining cases the shortest latencies were not consistently found associated with contralateral stimulation. Thresholds were more apt to be lowest in AI and the second lowest thresholds were more apt to be found in AII for either contralateral or ipsilateral stimulation. There was no consistent ordering of thresholds in the remaining subdivisions. Comparison between contralateral and ipsilateral stimulation disclosed a difference in favor of contralateral stimulation in Ep alone where contralateral responses had lower thresholds.
Acting and the open future : A brief rejoinder to David Hunt

I have argued that since (i) intentional agency requires intention-acquisition, (ii) intention-acquisition implies a sense of an open future, and (iii) a sense of an open future is incompatible with complete foreknowledge, then (iv) no agent can be omniscient. Alternatively, an omniscient being is omni- im potent. David Hunt continues to oppose this reasoning, most recently, in Religious Studies 32 (March 1996). It is increasingly clear that the debate turns on larger issues concerning necessity and knowledge, but let me here offer a few comments in defence of my position.