cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspirin. An ab Initio Quantum-Mechanical Study of Conformational Preferences and of Neighboring Group Interactions

The potential energy surface of acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin, has been explored at the RHF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* levels, and single-point calculations were performed at levels up to B3LYP/6-311G**//B3LYP/6-31G*. All conformational isomers have been located, the thermochemical functions have been computed, and relative energies and free enthalpies were determined. The conformational space of aspirin is spanned by three internal coordinates, and these are the carboxylic acid C-O conformation (s-trans preferred by about 7 kcal/mol), the C-COOH conformation (Z preferred unless there are H-bonding opportunities), and the ester C-O conformation (s-trans preferred by about 4 kcal/mol). There are nine aspirin isomers since one of the conformers realizes hydrogen-bonding structure isomerism as well. Neighboring group interactions are discussed with reference to the intrinsic properties of benzoic acid and phenyl acetate. The intrinsic conformational preference energies for benzoic acid and phenyl acetate are not additive. The acid s-trans preference energies differ by as much as 9 kcal/mol depending on the Ph-COOH and ester conformations. Similarly, the E-preference energies about the Ph-COOH bond vary by as much as 6 kcal/mol depending on the ester conformation. The structural discussion suggests an overall ortho repulsion between the functional groups in all aspirin isomers including the intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded isomers. The isodesmic reaction between the most stable conformers of benzoic acid and phenyl acetate to form aspirin and benzene is found to be endothermic by 2.7 kcal/mol and provides compelling evidence for and a quantitative measure of ortho repulsion. The ortho repulsion of 2.7 kcal/mol is a lower limit, and the ortho repulsion can increase to as much as 6 kcal/mol in some aspirin isomers.
The genetic toxicity of human carcinogens and its implications

23 chemicals and chemical combinations have been designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causally associated with cancer in humans. The literature was searched for reports of their activity in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and for evidence of their ability to induce chromosome aberrations or micronuclei in the bone marrow of mice or rats. In addition, the chemical structures of these carcinogens were assessed for the presence of electrophilic substituents that might be associated with their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. The purpose of this study was to determine which human carcinogens exhibit genetic toxicity in vitro and in vivo and to what extent they can be detected using these two widely employed short-term tests for genetic toxicity. The results of this study revealed 20 of the 23 carcinogens to be active in one or both short-term tests. Treosulphan, for which short-term test results are not available, is predicted to be active based on its structure. The remaining two agents, asbestos and conjugated estrogens, are not mutagenic to Salmonella; asbestos is not likely to induce cytogenetic effects in the bone marrow and the potential activity of conjugated estrogens in the bone marrow is difficult to anticipate. These findings show that genetic toxicity is characteristic of the majority of IARC Group 1 human carcinogens. If these chemicals are considered representative of human carcinogens, then two short-term tests may serve as an effective primary screen for chemicals that present a carcinogenic hazard to humans.
Molecular Cloning and Further Characterization of a Probable Plant Vacuolar Sorting Receptor

BP-80 is a type I integral membrane protein abundant in pea (Pisum sativum) clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) that binds with high affinity to vacuole-targeting determinants containing asparagine-proline-isoleucine-arginine. Here we present results from cDNA cloning and studies of its intracellular localization. Its sequence and sequences of homologs from Arabidopsis, rice (Oryza sativa), and maize (Zea mays) define a novel family of proteins unique to plants that is highly conserved in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The BP-80 protein is present in dilated ends of Golgi cisternae and in “prevacuoles,” which are small vacuoles separate from but capable of fusing with lytic vacuoles. Its cytoplasmic tail contains a Tyr-X-X-hydrophobic residue motif associated with transmembrane proteins incorporated into CCVs. When transiently expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension-culture protoplasts, a truncated form lacking transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains was secreted. These results, coupled with previous studies of ligand-binding specificity and pH dependence, strongly support our hypothesis that BP-80 is a vacuolar sorting receptor that trafficks in CCVs between Golgi and a newly described prevacuolar compartment.
Retinofugal projections of nonecholocating (Pteropus giganteus) and echolocating (Myotis lucifugus) bats.

The projections and terminations of retinofugal pathways were studied in nonecholocating (Pteropus giganteus) and echolocating (Myotis lucifugus) bats by two methods, that of anterograde axonal degeneration following unilateral enucleation and anterograde axoplasmic transport of isotope following unilateral intraocular injection of tritiated proline. In Pteropus giganteus crossed and uncorssed projections terminated in several brainstem areas and the nuclei of the accessory optic system. Bilateral projections to the hypothalamus ended in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). In the ventral thalamus the projection terminated bilaterally in internal (VLGi) and external (VLGe) divisions of the ventral lateral geniculate (VLG) nuclei, although the projection to VLGi was greater than that to the other subdivision of VLG. Three lateral laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) nucleus and a medial division were each involved in contralateral and ipsilateral projections of the retina to the dorsal thalamus. Partially segregated and partially overlapping patterns from the two eyes and concealed lamination were identified in the lateral three laminae at some levels. In addition, the projection to the dorsal thalamus involved the contralateral lateral posterior nucleus. In the pretectum the projection terminated bilaterally in the nuclei of the optic tract (NOT), pretectal olivary nuclei (PON), anterior pretectal nuclei (APN) and posterior pretectal nuclei (PPN). The pattern of termination in the superior colliculus was such that contralateral and ipsilateral projections ended in different tiers in the superficial gray (SG) layer, those on the contralateral side being largely confined to the upper and lower tiers and those of the ipsilateral side being confined to a middle tier. Projections to contralateral medial, lateral, and dorsal accessory optic nuclei traversed the accessory optic tract. In Myotis lucifugus crossed projections terminated in the SCN, VLG, DLG, pretectum and superior colliculus. The projection to the VLGe was greater than that to VLGi. In the DLG, retinal fibers terminated in two major subdivisions. The stratification of retinal terminals observed in Pteropus was not present in Myotis> Pretectal terminations were confined to two restricted areas which were tentatively identified as the NOT and the PON. In the contralateral superior colliculus the projection terminated in two tiers in the SG. A small uncrossed component of the projection was limited in its termination to the ipsilateral SCN, DLG and VLG. The accessory optic system did not appear to be present in Myotis. These results indicate that there are basic differences in the overall projection of the retina upon the brainstem of echolocating and nonecholocating bats.
Effects of metabolite uptake on proton-equivalent elimination by two species of deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm, Riftia pachyptila and Lamellibrachia cf luymesi: proton elimination is a necessary adaptation to sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic symbionts

Intracellular symbiosis requires that the host satisfy the symbiont's metabolic requirements, including the elimination of waste products. The hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and the hydrocarbon seep worm Lamellibrachia cf luymesi are symbiotic with chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that produce sulfate and protons as end-products. In this report, we examine the relationship between symbiont metabolism and host proton equivalent elimination in R. pachyptila and L. cf luymesi, and the effects of sulfide exposure on proton-equivalent elimination by Urechis caupo, an echiuran worm that lacks intracellular symbionts (for brevity, we will hereafter refer to proton-equivalent elimination as 'proton elimination'). Proton elimination by R. pachyptila and L. cf luymesi constitutes the worms' largest mass-specific metabolite flux, and R. pachyptila proton elimination is, to our knowledge, the most rapid reported for any metazoan. Proton elimination rates by R. pachyptila and L. cf luymesi correlated primarily with the rate of sulfide oxidation. Prolonged exposure to low environmental oxygen concentrations completely inhibited the majority of proton elimination by R. pachyptila, demonstrating that proton elimination does not result primarily from anaerobic metabolism. Large and rapid increases in environmental inorganic carbon concentrations led to short-lived proton elimination by R. pachyptila, as a result of the equilibration between internal and external inorganic carbon pools. U. caupo consistently exhibited proton elimination rates 5-20 times lower than those of L. cf luymesi and R. pachyptila upon exposure to sulfide. Treatment with specific ATPase inhibitors completely inhibited a fraction of proton elimination and sulfide and inorganic carbon uptake by R. pachyptila, suggesting that proton elimination occurs in large part via K(+)/H(+)-ATPases and Na(+)/H(+)-ATPases. In the light of these results, we suggest that protons are the primary waste product of the symbioses of R. pachyptila and L. cf luymesi, and that proton elimination is driven by symbiont metabolism, and may be the largest energetic cost incurred by the worms.
Hydrocortisone responsiveness in Gulf War veterans with PTSD: Effects on ACTH, declarative memory hippocampal [18F]FDG uptake on PET

Neuroendocrine, cognitive and hippocampal alterations have been described in Gulf War (GW) veterans, but their inter-relationships and significance for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have not been described. Hydrocortisone (Hcort) was administered to GW veterans with (PTSD+ n=12) and without (PTSD- n=8) chronic PTSD in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind challenge. Changes in plasma ACTH, memory, and hippocampal [(18)F]FDG uptake on positron emission tomography were assessed. The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test was also administered. The PTSD+ group showed greater cortisol and ACTH suppression, reflecting greater peripheral glucocorticoid receptor (GR) responsiveness, and did not show an Hcort-induced decrement in delayed recall or retention. The groups had comparable relative regional hippocampal [(18)F]FDG uptake at baseline, but only the PTSD- group had an Hcort-associated decrease in hippocampal [(18)F]FDG uptake. Asymmetry in hippocampal hemispheric volumes differed between PTSD+ and PTSD- groups. This asymmetry was associated with cortisol, ACTH, retention and functional hippocampal asymmetry before, but not after, Hcort administration. Differences in brain metabolic responses between GW veterans with and without PTSD may reflect differences in peripheral and central GR responsiveness.
Cusped magnetic field mercury ion thruster

The importance of a uniform current density profile in the exhaust beam of an electrostatic ion thruster is discussed in terms of thrust level and accelerator system lifetime. A residence time approach is used to explain the nonuniform beam current density profile of the divergent magnetic field thruster. Mathematical expressions are derived which relate the thruster discharge power loss, propellant utilization, and double to single ion density ratio to the geometry and plasma properties of the discharge chamber. These relationships are applied to a cylindrical discharge chamber model of the thruster. Experimental results are presented for a wide range of the discharge chamber length. The thruster designed for this investigation was operated with a cusped magnetic field as well as a divergent field geometry, and the cusped field geometry is shown to be superior from the standpoint of beam profile uniformity, performance, and double ion population.
Variance of Agricultural Prices, Industrial Prices, and Money

The relative uncertainty of agricultural prices and industrial prices with respect to the uncertainty of growth in the money supply are investigated utilizing multivariate ARCH and GARCH analysis. The conditional variances of agricultural prices were shown to dwarf the variances of industrial prices and the money supply. The relatively greater sensitivity of the conditional variance of agricultural prices to changes in the variance of the money supply than industrial prices found in this analysis provides a further perspective on the uncertainty confronting farmers, including the impacts of the monetary policy shock that precipitated the farm financial crisis in the early 1980s.
Electimize: New Evolutionary Algorithm for Optimization with Application in Construction Engineering

In nonlinear construction optimization problems, the capability of current optimization algorithms to find an optimal solution is usually limited by their inability to evaluate the effects of changing the value of each decision variable on reaching the optimal solution. This paper presents fundamental research aimed at developing a novel evolutionary optimization algorithm, named Electimize, that mimics the behavior of electrons flowing, through electric circuit branches with the least electric resistance. In the proposed algorithm, solutions are represented by electric wires and are evaluated on two levels: a global level, using the objective function, and a local level, evaluating the potential of each generated value for every decision variable. The paper presents (1) the research philosophy and scope, (2) the research methodology, and (3) the development of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm has been validated and applied successfully to an NP-hard cash flow optimization problem. The algorithm was able to find a better optimal solution and identified ten alternative optimal solutions for the same problem. This should prove useful in enhancing the optimization of complex large-scale problems.
Precision Measurement of Antenna System Noise Using Radio Stars

This paper reviews the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) preision noise measurements program for antenna systems which have been made using Cassiopeia A and the moon. The Earth Terminal Measurement System (ETMS) was developed by NBS to make measurements of figure of merit (G/T), and the noise equivalent flux (NEF). The accuracy of the noise measurements are, typically, between 5 and 15 percent for systems with antenna gains between 51 and 65 dB and frequencies between 1 and 10 GHz. Key words?antenna gain; antenna half-power beamwidth; atmospheric loss; Cassiopeia A; earth terminal measurement system; figure of merit; moon; noise equivalent flux; noise measurement; radio stars; satellite communication.
mTORC2 phosphorylates protein kinase Cζ to regulate its stability and activity

Protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) is phosphorylated at the activation loop and the turn motif (TM). However, the TM kinase and functional relevance of TM phosphorylation remain largely unknown. We demonstrate that PKCζ TM is phosphorylated directly by the mTORC2 complex, and this phosphorylation is required for maintaining PKCζ kinase activity and stability. Functionally, mTORC2 regulates the activity of Rho family of GTPases, and therefore the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, through the control of PKCζ activity. Taken together, our findings identify PKCζ as a novel substrate and downstream effector of mTORC2 signaling.
Circulating and renal vein levels of microRNAs in patients with renal artery stenosis

Background. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that are important regulators of gene expression and have been implicated in atherosclerosis. Kidney injury distal to atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is aggravated by atherosclerosis. Therefore, this study tested the hypothesis that renal miR expression would be altered in patients with ARAS. Methods. Patients with essential hypertension (EH; n = 13) or ARAS (n= 13) underwent a 3-day protocol study under controlled conditions. For miR levels, blood samples were collected from EH and ARAS renal vein (RV) and inferior vena cava or peripheral vein of matched normotensive healthy volunteers (HV; n = 13) and patients with coronary atherosclerosis (CA; n = 11). Single-renal blood flow was measured in EH and ARAS using computer tomography to calculate renal gradients and release of miRs. Results. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was lower in ARAS compared with the other groups. Systemic levels of most miRs were elevated in CA. RV miR levels were lower than systemic levels in both ARAS and EH. GFR-adjusted RV levels of miR-21, 155 and 210 were reduced only in ARAS patients compared with systemic levels in HV, although cross-kidney gradients were not different from EH. RV levels of miR-21, 126, 155 and 210 correlated with GFR. Conclusions. Levels of atherosclerosis-related miR-21, 126, 155 and 210 are decreased in the stenotic-kidney vein of ARAS compared with EH patients, likely due to decreased GFR. Yet, these miRs might be implicated in modulating renal injury in ARAS, and their RV level may be a marker reflecting their renal expression.
Reactivity of acetonyl anion with nitroaromatics: an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization study

Nucleophilic attack by the acetonyl anion (CH3COCH) on highly electron-deficient nitroaromatics such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) results in the carbon-bonded anionic σ-complexes (Meisenheimer complexes). The complexes are generated at atmospheric pressure with relatively low internal energy and do not dissociate under atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions, but can be dissociated upon collisional activation to produce characteristic nitrobenzyl-substituted acetonyl anions via elimination of HNO2. Further fragmentation produces deprotonated nitrotoluene anions through the loss of CH2CO, while loss of CH2COCH3 and CH3COCH3 yields nitroaromatic molecular anions and their H-loss counterparts. Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) scrambling is observed in the fragmentation products of the [TNT · CD3COCD2]− complex to extents which vary for different fragmentation pathways. Selective Meisenheimer complex formation, together with its distinctive fragmentation pattern, supplies a highly discriminatory method for detection of TNT and related compounds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CYCLIC OXYPHOSPHORANES. 31P CHEMICAL SHIFT CORRELATIONS

Abstract Recent X-ray structures and solution NMR behavior of cyclic oxyphosphoranes are reviewed followed by a presentation of 31P NMR chemical shift data for monocyclic and bicyclic oxyphosphoranes with rings varying from six- to eight-membered. Effects caused by the presence of the number of rings, the ring size, the variation in ring hetero atoms, and the electronegativity of attached nonring substituents, are correlated with structural and bonding features, particularly with changes in P[sbnd]O π bonding. The formation of hexacoordinated phosphorus brought about by the introduction of sulfur into ring arrangements is deemed to be a potentially important consideration for enzyme-phosphate action at active sites where sulfur residues may be present.
Quality assurance and adaptation of internet services: Early experience

End-to-end quality of Web service is determined by both network delays and server response time with respect to web pages. A Web page often contains an HTML base and multiple static or dynamic objects that are embedded in the base. This paper presents an overview of our recent research experience with server resource management for client-perceived pageview response time assurance and adaptation. The main thrusts are two feedback control approaches that regulate server resource allocation at run-time in response to the change of input traffic and server load conditions. One is a model predictive feedback controller and the other is model-free self-tuning fuzzy controller. Their effectiveness and sub-second control accuracy are demonstrated on PlanetLab.
Reconstructing Technoliteracy: A Multiple Literacies Approach.

The ongoing debate about the nature and benefits of technoliteracy is without a doubt one of the most hotly contested topics in education today. Alongside their related analyses and recommen-dations, the last two decades have seen a variety of state and corporate stake holders, academic disciplinary factions, cultural interests, and social organizations ranging from the local to the global weigh in with competing definitions of “technological literacy.” Whereas utopian notions such as Marshall McLuhan’s “global village” (1964) and H.G. Wells’s “world brain” (1938) imagined a technological world of growing unity in diversity, ours is perhaps better characterized as the highly complex and socio-politically stratified global culture of media spectacle and the ever-developing mega-technics of a worldwide information (Castells 1996), cum technocapitalist infotainment society (Kellner, 2003a: 11–15). As such, there is presently little reason to expect general agreement as regards what types of knowledge are entailed by technoliteracy, what sorts of practices might most greatly inform it, or even as to what institutional formations technoliteracy can best serve and be served by in kind.
Intraoperative adherence to a low tidal volume ventilation strategy in critically ill patients with preexisting acute lung injury.

Abstract Purpose Low tidal volume (LTV) ventilation reduces mortality in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This study investigates adherence of intraoperative LTV and whether patient outcomes were different with or without continued intraoperative LTV ventilation in patients with previously established ALI or ARDS. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of adults with ALI/ARDS over a 2-year period who underwent surgery between 24 hours and 14 days after the diagnosis of ALI/ARDS. The main outcome was intraoperative LTV use. Secondary outcomes included perioperative respiratory and clinical outcomes. Results Of the 249 patients who underwent surgery between 24 hours and 14 days after ALI/ARDS diagnosis, 101 (41%) received preoperative LTV ventilation. Fifty-four (53%) received intraoperative LTV ventilation, whereas 47 (47%) did not. Use of preoperative LTV ventilation was associated with use of intraoperative LTV ventilation (P Conclusions Adherence to intraoperative LTV in surgical patients was low. Adherence of LTV intraoperatively was not associated with improved oxygenation, reductions in hospital length of stay, or in-hospital mortality. The importance of adhering to an intraoperative LTV strategy remains unclear.
Characterization of differential via holes using equivalent circuit extraction technique

A fast and accurate characterization method of differential via holes is presented based on the equivalent circuit extraction technique. A 3-D model of differential via holes is created and simulated using a full wave solver and the results are compared with the equivalent circuit model using Advanced Design System software. Results presented validate the proposed approach. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007.
Antibody production in rats following ocular-topical or gastrointestinal immunization: kinetics of local and systemic antibody production.

The kinetics of the anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-pneumoooccus appearing in tears and bile (IgA) and serum (IgM and IgG) was examined in rats after the application of antigen either via the ocular-topical (OT) or gastrointestinal (GI) routes. It was found that IgA responses were obtained each time in tears after either OT or GI antigen doses given monthly for three months, but that the OT route gave rise to consistently higher tear antibody titres than the GI route of immunization. Comparable IgA responses were found in bile using either route. In serum a small primary IgM response was consistently obtained but the main antibody found was IgG, the timing and degree of response being about the same for both routes. When the adjuvants Avridine in liposomes or MTP-PE were added along with the antigen it was found that with either immunization route, the tear IgA response was much reduced compared to when no adjuvant was used; the serum IgG response was marginally increased when adjuvant was added. The ef...
Modeling Ms‐Yield Scaling of Nevada Test Site Nuclear Explosions for Constraints on Volumetric Moment due to Source‐Medium Damage

Abstract The precision of M s ‐yield‐scaling results is exploited to place tighter constraints on the volumetric moment due to source‐medium damage than previously estimated for Pahute Mesa explosions on the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Results for two coupling scenarios, one based on P waves to set a lower bound and one based on Rayleigh waves to set an upper bound, bracket the predictions of a model based on moment tensor theory for an explosion monopole and the accompanying damage. This study confirms that the apparent explosion moment M I is a consequence of direct effects of the energy release with a volumetric moment M t due to cavity formation and the effects due to source‐medium damage. The source model predicts that M I = M t ( K +2)/3, where K is a damage index and a value of 1 means no permanent deformation due to damage. Excess moment due to dilation of the source medium ( K >1) is quantified and shown to be a factor increasing the apparent yield ( W ) scaling of M s from 0.80log[ W ] for a pure explosion with cube‐root containment practice and uniform coupling to ∼1.0log[ W ], a scaling commonly accepted by the explosion community. Scaling observations are related to the source model by establishing the equivalence between network M s and the theoretical Rayleigh‐wave radiation for an azimuthal‐independent source component. This equivalence motivates a physical basis for transporting observations to other test sites. Transported M s scaling results for NTS indicate that damage is a more important source of Rayleigh waves for Balapan explosions, most likely due to better energy coupling of upgoing shock waves and stronger free‐surface interactions than for NTS explosions.
Photovoice as a Tool for Social Justice Workers

Abstract This article considers the use of Photovoice as a tool for social justice workers. Photovoice is a technique that affords diverse populations of oppressed individuals the opportunity to take social action by raising awareness in the community and with policy-makers through use of a photographic process. The theoretical underpinnings, goals, and uses of Photovoice are reviewed in relation to social work contexts and values. In addition, the inclusion of empowerment theory and group work literature is explored as a natural expansion of the current theoretical underpinnings. Photovoice is a prime example of participatory research, assessment, and social action. The relevance of Photovoice to social work theory and practice is considered and possibilities for use as an integrated practice tool are explained.
Eliciting User Analogies to Improve Documentation

An invisible language barrier exists between users and creators of technology. This mental model disparity has been described as the “gulf of evaluation and the gulf of execution” (Norman, 1988). Typically, when such common ground is lacking, analogies are used. However, it is unclear whether professional writers and system designers have the naive knowledge necessary to create analogies that users find helpful. Some researchers claim that through discovery learning, users are able to create analogies (Shrager and Klahr, 1985). It is hypothesized that these analogies offer clues to appropriate mental models and to indicate skills needed to aid other new users. Furthermore, analogies elicited from novice users, should produce successful analogies for other users. In the present study, participants receiving analogies created by other users reported an increased level of confidence and more accurate expectations of the results of their actions with a single exposure to the system. This study found the disco...
Flipped Classrooms: A Review of Key Ideas and Recommendations for Practice.

Flipped classrooms refer to the practice of assigning lectures outside of class and devoting class time to a variety of learning activities. In this review, we discuss the range of approaches to the flipped classroom and focus on activities frequently used in these settings. Amongst these, we examine both out-of-class activities (e.g., video lectures) and in-class activities (e.g., quizzes, student discussions). We argue that the value of these activities reflects the particular cognitive processes engaged by the activity regardless of whether the setting is the traditional (lecture-based) classroom or the flipped classroom. Future work should continue to examine the influence of individual activities on student learning and behaviors, particularly when objective measures of learning, such as quizzes and exams, are held constant.
Consumer Incentives to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Personal Automobiles

The focus of this paper is short-term policy options to address greenhouse gas emissions from personal automobiles. Primary policies considered include gasoline taxes, carbon taxes, a carbon cap-andtrade program, cost-shifting initiatives, and a pay-at-thepump auto insurance scheme are examined closely. Pay-at-the-pump auto insurance is recommended on the basis of cost effectiveness, equity, public appeal, and political feasibility. Also recommended are incentivebased transportation control measures such as congestion pricing, workplace parking subsidy reform, and accelerated vehicle retirement. These short-term complement the long-term strategies considered by the President’s Policy Dialogue Advisory Committee (Car Talk).
Gastrointestinal Disorders in Cystic Fibrosis

Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations commonly complicate the care of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Despite recent approval of CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulating agents that can improve pulmonary function, GI disorders continue to be relevant and require innovative therapies. This article discusses the most common GI complications of CF, including reflux, pancreatic insufficiency, small bowel intestinal overgrowth, distal intestinal obstruction syndrome, and GI malignancy, with emphasis on clinical presentation and management.
A Perennial Debate

This issue of the journal includes a number of articles that address the manner in which Yoga practices are applied for therapeutic and research purposes. One of the central arguments made by many of the authors is that applying isolated Yoga âsanas or breathing techniques for a specific medical complaint, in isolation from the entire spectrum of Yoga practice as a multi-component lifestyle intervention, carries limitations and potential problems. This is by no means a new issue, and is one that parallels a number of old but ongoing discussions.
Who is Knowledgeable is Strong: Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society, 1900–1950. By Cyrus Schayegh

(2011). Who is Knowledgeable is Strong: Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society, 1900–1950. By Cyrus Schayegh. Cultural and Social History: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 279-280.
Functional characterization of recombinant rat macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and mRNA expression in pulmonary inflammation.

Chemokines are important inflammatory mediators that function by activating and recruiting leukocytes to an inflamed tissue. We have recently cDNA cloned the rat chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein–1α (MIP-1α) (1). In the present study, we characterize the biological function of recombinant MIP-1α protein and describe expression of its mRNA both in vitro and in a rat model of lung inflammation. In vitro rat rMIP-1α protein was chemotactic for both polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and macrophages with maximal activity at 50 nM for both cell types. In in vivo studies, we found that intratracheal instillation of 1 and 5 μg of rMIP-1α resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) influx of cells, primarily monocytes/macrophages, into the airspace of the lungs after 6 h. Mean numbers of lavagable PMNs were not elevated significantly (P < 0.05) for either dose of MIP-1α. As a model of inflammation, rats were intratracheally instilled with 0.1 mg/kg bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 3 h later. Instillation of LPS resulted in an acute neutrophilia, but no significant change in lavagable macrophages. BAL cells from control animals (saline instilled) displayed no basal mRNA expression of either MIP-1α or MIP-2 (positive control). In contrast, both MIP-1α and MIP-2 mRNA levels increased markedly in BAL cells from rats instilled with LPS. The rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) also showed increased MIP-1α mRNA levels in response to LPS (10 μg/ml) with a maximal increase after 6–8 h. The induction of MIP-1α mRNA expression by LPS in NR8383 cells was attenuated by cotreatment with the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and dimethylsulfoxide, suggesting that the induction of MIP-1α mRNA by LPS is mediated via the generation of reactive oxygen species. We conclude that MIP-1α is a potent chemoattractant for macrophages in vivo, and its mRNA expression in macrophages and BAL cells in response to inflammatory stimuli suggests a fundamental role in acute pulmonary inflammation.
Revisiting Burton and Likens (1975): Nutrient Standing Stock and Biomass of a Terrestrial Salamander in the Midwestern United States

Animals found in high densities can have significant influence in nutrient cycles of ecosystems. For example, frogs have been known to influence nutrient cycles in tropical forests. However, research understanding the influence of vertebrates in nutrient cycles of North American forest is limited. It has been found that the biomass of terrestrial salamanders (family Plethodontidae) is higher than that of birds, small mammals, and deer in a New Hampshire forest, and recent studies have found prior estimates of terrestrial salamander densities are likely lower than current estimates using sampling and analysis frameworks to account for imperfect detection. A re-evaluation of the impact plethodontid salamanders could have on forest nutrient cycles is therefore justified. We quantified the degree to which a completely terrestrial, lungless salamander (Plethodon albagula; Western Slimy Salamander) constitutes a standing stock of limiting nutrients in a Missouri, USA forest ecosystem. We utilized values of whol...
Proliferation indices correlate with diagnosis and metastasis in diagnostically challenging melanocytic tumors

Summary The diagnosis of melanocytic lesions remains a formidable challenge in dermatopathology. For diagnostically challenging lesions, ancillary tests are available to inform the diagnosis, including immunohistochemistry and molecular testing (particularly fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]). However, the test result that most robustly informs the diagnosis remains controversial. Thirty-seven diagnostically challenging melanocytic lesions from our consultation service were reviewed. Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and second-generation FISH results (NeoGenomics; probes 6p25, 8q24, 11q13, 9p21, and centromere 9) were correlated with the final consensus diagnosis and clinical follow-up using logistic regression and Fisher exact test. Based on histopathologic and immunohistochemical features, cases were designated as "favor benign" (n=19) or "favor malignant" (n=18) by a consensus group of up to 7 dermatopathologists. The sensitivity of FISH for the diagnosis of melanoma was 39%, and the specificity was 84%. Univariate logistic regression models for a final diagnosis of melanoma showed that only increased Ki-67–positive dermal tumor cells (≥5%; P =.01) significantly correlated with the diagnosis of melanoma. FISH result did not correlate with the final diagnosis (melanoma or nevus; P =.26). Follow-up (range, 8-29months) was available for 35 cases (19 diagnosed as nevus and 16 as melanoma), and metastases (restricted to sentinel lymph nodes) were detected from 5 melanomas (3 FISH negative and 2 FISH positive). Only increased dermal mitotic figures (>1/mm 2 ) correlated with metastases to sentinel lymph nodes ( P =.04). Thus, in the classification of diagnostically challenging melanocytic lesions, indices of proliferation emerge as the most informative diagnostic adjuncts—correlating with diagnosis and clinical behavior, respectively.
TREX1 Knockdown Induces an Interferon Response to HIV that Delays Viral Infection in Humanized Mice

Summary Despite their antiviral effect, the in vivo effect of interferons on HIV transmission is difficult to predict, because interferons also activate and recruit HIV-susceptible cells to sites of infection. HIV does not normally induce type I interferons in infected cells, but does if TREX1 is knocked down. Here, we investigated the effect of topical TREX1 knockdown and local interferon production on HIV transmission in human cervicovaginal explants and humanized mice. In explants in which TREX1 was knocked down, HIV induced interferons, which blocked infection. In humanized mice, even though TREX1 knockdown increased infiltrating immune cells, it delayed viral replication for 3–4 weeks. Similarly intravaginal application of type I interferons the day before HIV infection induced interferon responsive genes, reduced inflammation, and decreased viral replication. However, intravenous interferon enhanced inflammation and infection. Thus, in models of human sexual transmission, a localized interferon response inhibits HIV transmission but systemic interferons do not.
Analysis Of Inpatient Cases In Datong

Objective To learn the disease characteristics of Datong city in Shanxi province and provide the basis for disease control and prevention,and government health policy-making by analyzing its hospital inpatients.Methods Hospital electronic cases of 2005～2006 in Datong city were collected and microsoft access database was used to make frequency analysis.Results City-patient cases,men and women constitute more than close(1:1.03),0～5-year-old age group constitutes more cases(13.42%),younger,shorter length of stay,older,length of stay in hospital longer.the average length of hospital stay was 5.8 days in 0～14 age group,the average length of hospital stay was 13.9 days in75-year-old age group,according to ICD one position code classifications,the top five diseases were respiratory diseases(15072,16.4%),digestive system diseases(13,595 14.84%),circulatory system diseases(10,957 11.96%),pregnancy,childbirth and postpartum diseases(8216 8.9695%),injury,poisoning and external causes of certain other consequences(7803 8.519%), based on ICD three position code classifications,they were the pneumonia(4.60%)、gallstone disease(2.88%)、multiple and non-specific parts of the acute upper respiratory tract infection(2.63%)、chronic ischemic heart disease(2.56%) and cerebral infarction(2.26%).Conclusion age group analysis show that the major disease of 0-14 age group is respiratory diseases(7682 46.4%),45～64 age group for the major diseases is digestive system diseases(4539,21.54%),65 years of age for the first is the circulatory system diseases(5202,28.43%),Analysis of sex in middle-aged group(15～44 age group),the top disease of men is injury,poisoning and external causes of certain other consequences(4026,33.53%),the women's is pregnancy,childbirth and postpartum diseases (8216,34.7%).
Understanding perceptions of citizen demeanour: using an experimental design to understand the impact of encounter and observer characteristics

ABSTRACTSystematic social observations of police-citizen encounters have revealed that citizen demeanour is an important predictor of outcomes (e.g. arrests and searches). Drawing from research on stereotypes and impression formation, we examine whether characteristics of the encounter and/or observer affect how respondents perceive demeanour. We exposed undergraduates (n = 255) to a randomly rotated series of five between-subjects design, in which characteristics of the encounter (citizen race, gender, or age; officer gender; neighbourhood context) and the level of demeanour displayed were manipulated. OLS regression was used to examine how these manipulations interact to produce our dependent variable – perceptions of demeanour – and whether characteristics of the observer matter for perceptions, independent of the manipulations. We find that some aspects of the encounter, specifically officer gender and the socio-economic context of the neighbourhood, influence perceptions of demeanour. Previous victim...
The thing was done in the library: Animating an early eighteenth-century murder mystery

ABSTRACTIn this article we explore Who Killed Sarah Stout? A Participatory Exhibit as a case study exploring how a multimodal approach to publishing special collections may facilitate dynamic engagement with historical evidence. Stout's murder in 1699 remains unsolved; framing the exhibit as a murder mystery, we consider several key goals: promoting critical engagement and use of primary source collections, advancing curricular and cocurricular learning, developing multimodal exhibitionary practices, creating learning opportunities through hybrid exhibitions, leveraging technology to generate new knowledge, and gaming as a mode of scholarly inquiry. The findings proved almost as interesting as the case itself.
Efficacy of an adenovirus-based anti-cocaine vaccine to reduce cocaine self-administration and reacqusition using a choice procedure in rhesus macaques

Immunopharmacotherapy offers an approach for treating cocaine abuse by specifically targeting the cocaine molecule and preventing its access to the CNS. dAd5GNE is a novel cocaine vaccine that attenuates the stimulant and the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats. The goal of this study was to extend and validate dAd5GNE vaccine efficacy in non-human primates. Six experimentally naive adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to self-administer 0.1mg/kg/injection intravenous (i.v.) cocaine or receive candy; then 4 monkeys were administered the vaccine and 2 monkeys were administered vehicle intramuscularly, with additional vaccine boosts throughout the study. The reinforcing effects of cocaine were measured during self-administration, extinction, and reacquisition (relapse) phases. Serum antibody titers in the vaccinated monkeys remained high throughout the study. There was no change in the preference for cocaine over candy over a 20-week period in 5 of the 6 monkeys; only one of the 4 (25%) vaccinated monkeys showed a decrease in cocaine choice. All 6 monkeys extinguished responding for cocaine during saline extinction testing; vaccinated monkeys tended to take longer to extinguish responding than control monkeys (17.5 vs. 7.0 sessions). Vaccination substantially retarded reacquisition of cocaine self-administration; control monkeys resumed cocaine self-administration within 6-41 sessions and 1 vaccinated monkey resumed cocaine self-administration in 19 sessions. The other 3 vaccinated monkeys required between 57 and 94 sessions to resume cocaine self-administration even in the context of employing several manipulations to encourage cocaine reacquisition. These data suggest that the dAdGNE vaccine may have therapeutic potential for humans who achieve cocaine abstinence as part of a relapse prevention strategy.
GA101-Coated Target Cells Are More Effective Than Rituximab-Coated Target Cells at Activating NK Cells When Complement Is Present.

Abstract 2707 Poster Board II-683 Rituximab has had a major impact on the treatment of B cell malignancies. The mechanisms responsible for mediating the anti-tumor effects of rituximab are complex. For example, complement can have both positive and negative effects on the ability of rituximab to induce target cell lysis. In particular, we recently reported that rituximab-mediated complement activation results in C3b deposition on the rituximab Fc. C3b then impedes interaction between rituximab and NK cell CD16, thereby limiting NK cell activation and ADCC. GA101 is a type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that mediates enhanced direct cell death induction. It has significantly reduced CDC activity compared to type I anti-CD20 antibodies such as rituximab. In addition, GA101 was engineered to mediate increased ADCC (Umana et al., ASH 2007). The current studies were designed to assess whether the decreased ability of GA101 to activate complement results in an enhanced ability of GA101 to activate NK cells when complement is present. ![Figure][1] Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from normal donors and added to Raji cells (Burkitt lymphoma cell line) at a 1:1 ratio. Various concentrations of rituximab or GA101 were added along with media, 20% autologous serum or 20% heat-inactivated autologous serum (heated to 57°C for 30 minutes). Samples were cultured for 20 hours. NK cell (CD3−, CD56+) activation, as determined by phenotypic changes, was evaluated by flow cytometry based on prior studies demonstrating that downmodulation of CD16, and upregulation of CD54 and CD69 are reproducible surrogates for mAb-induced NK activation and ADCC. Raji cells coated with either rituximab or GA101 were able to activate NK cells when cultures were performed in media alone or with heat-inactivated serum (left panel). In contrast, serum blocked the ability of rituximab to activate NK cells, but not the ability of GA101 to activate NK cells (right panel). Similar results were found when upregulation of CD69 or downmodulation of CD16 were evaluated as markers of NK activation and using PBMCs from two other donors. We conclude that the presence of complement does not limit the ability of GA101-coated target B cells to activate NK cells. This is in contrast to rituximab-coated target B cells which are unable to activate NK cells in the presence of serum. These results suggest that the decreased ability of GA101 to fix complement could, paradoxically, enhance the efficacy of GA101 by resulting in enhanced activation of NK cells and increased ADCC. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: pending:yes
Cutting Edge: Helminth Coinfection Blocks Effector Differentiation of CD8 T Cells through Alternate Host Th2- and IL-10–Mediated Responses

Concurrent helminth infection potently inhibits T cell immunity; however, whether helminthes prevent T cell priming or skew clonal recruitment and effector differentiation is not known. Using coinfection with two natural mouse pathogens, Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Toxoplasma gondii, to investigate the negative impact of helminthes on the CD8 T cell response, we demonstrate helminth-induced suppression of IL-12-dependent differentiation of killer-like receptor G1+ effector CD8 T cells and IFN-γ production. Nevertheless, reversal of helminth suppression of the innate IL-12 response of CD8α+ dendritic cells, which occurred in STAT6-deficient mice, was not sufficient to normalize CD8 T cell differentiation. Instead, a combined deficiency in IL-4 and IL-10 was required to reverse the negative effects of helminth coinfection on the CD8 T cell response. Monoclonal T. gondii-specific CD8 T cells adoptively transferred into coinfected mice recapitulated the spectrum of helminth-induced effects on the polyclonal CD8 T response, indicating the lack of requirement for clonal skewing.