cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Which is to Be Master,' the Judiciary or the Legislature? When Statutory Directives Violate Separation of Powers

Statutory interpretation is at the cutting edge of legal scholarship and, now, legislative activity. As legislatures have increasingly begun to perceive judges as activist meddlers, some legislatures have found a creative solution to the perceived control problem: statutory directives. Statutory directives, simply put, tell judges how to interpret statutes. Rather than wait for an interpretation with which they disagree, legislatures use statutory directives to control judicial interpretation. Legislatures are constitutionally empowered to draft statutes. In doing so, legislatures expect to control the meaning of the words they choose. Moreover, they prefer to do so early in the process, not after a judge has interpreted the statute in a way they did not expect or intend. Judges are constitutionally empowered to interpret statutes without legislative-micromanagement. The question then is how to balance these valid, but competing, constitutional roles. This article explores when statutory directives violate separation of powers and concludes that when the legislature tries to control the process of interpretation, as opposed to trying to influence the outcome of interpretation to promote specific policy objectives, the legislature aggrandizes itself, oversteps constitutional boundaries, impermissibly intrudes into the judicial sphere, and becomes master of the interpretive process.
Risk Factors Versus Inflammation in Atherothrombotic Disease

To the Editor: The article by Sampietro et al1 in the January 8, 2002, issue of Circulation is important because it points out that low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with elevations of C-reactive protein (CRP), and that those patients with atherothrombotic disease (ATD) have higher CRP levels than do those without ATD. CRP levels correlate with the severity of ATD, and hence, the finding of lower CRP levels in controls (average HDL=52.1 mg/dL) than in patients (average HDL=30.2 mg/dL) at the same low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level (average 181.5 versus 186.3 mg/dL) provides direct evidence of the protective effect of HDL against ATD. It also provides direct proof that it is the ratio between LDL and HDL, rather than simple LDL or HDL levels, that is the best predictor of atherosclerosis. The conclusions of Sampietro et al1 and the accompanying editorial by Ridker,2 however, divert attention from this important finding to the general subject of inflammation of the arterial wall. This, I believe, is an error, because it diverts attention away from causal …
An Examination of the Role of the Communicator on Gratifications Attained on Social Network Sites

The many features available on social network sites complicate interpretation of research results in uses and gratifications studies. This paper proposes a perspective that focuses on the communication role of the user that may promote greater understanding of uses and gratifications results, and applies its use. Results of this analysis suggest that our understanding of uses and gratifications based on survey research questions will benefit from distinguishing between user role as a message source or receiver. More specifically, results of this analysis found the communication role of the user was able to predict certain social network site gratifications. While results were promising, additional research should be conducted to refine these categorizations for predicting media gratifications.
Cognitive impairment 18 years before clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease dementia

Objective: To examine the relation of performance on brief cognitive tests to development of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia over the following 18 years in a sample of African Americans and European Americans. Methods: A composite cognitive test score based on tests of episodic memory, executive function, and global cognition was constructed in a prospective population-based sample of 2,125 participants (55% African American and 61% female) aged 65 years and older residing in 4 Chicago neighborhoods. Time before AD dementia diagnosis was categorized into 6 groups corresponding to data collection periods: 0.1–0.9, 1.0–3.9, 4.0–6.9, 7.0–9.9, 10.0–12.9, and 13.0–17.9 years. Results: Of 2,125 participants without clinical AD dementia, 442 (21%) developed clinical AD dementia over 18 years of follow-up. Lower composite cognitive test scores were associated with the development of AD dementia over the duration of the study. The magnitude of association between composite cognitive test score and development of AD dementia increased from an odds ratio of 3.39 (95% confidence interval 1.72, 6.67; p p Conclusions: Our findings suggest that cognitive impairment may manifest in the preclinical phase of AD dementia substantially earlier than previously established.
Mobile applications for weight management: theory-based content analysis.

Methods: A comparative, descriptive assessment was conducted of the top-rated free apps in the Health and Fitness category available in the iTunes App Store. Health and Fitness apps (N¼200) were evaluated using predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria and categorized based on commonality in functionality, features, and developer description. Four researchers then evaluated the two most popular apps in each category using two instruments: one based on traditional behavioral theory (score range: 0–100)andtheother onthe FoggBehavioralModel (score range: 0–6). Data collection and analysis occurred in November 2012.
Cross-layer design to maintain earthquake sensor network connectivity after loss of infrastructure

We present the design of a cross-layer protocol to maintain connectivity in an earthquake monitoring and early warning sensor network in the absence of communications infrastructure. Such systems, by design, warn of events that severely damage or destroy communications infrastructure. However, the data they provide is of critical importance to emergency and rescue decision making in the immediate aftermath of such events, as is continued early warning of aftershocks, tsunamis, or other subsequent dangers. Utilizing a beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) HF physical layer, we propose an adaptable cross-layer network design that meets these specialized requirements. We are able to provide ultra high connectivity (UHC) early warning on strict time deadlines under worst-case channel conditions along with providing sufficient capacity for continued seismic data collection from a 1000 sensor network.
COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF MARKET INDICES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

This study ranks eight widely used market indices using two mean-variance efficiency scores developed from Roll's geometric representation of the Shanken's CRS T2 test statistic and the likelihood ratio test statistic of Kandel. The results indicate that, over the period of 1973–1982, the CRSP equally weighted, CRSP value weighted, and S&P 500 emerge consistently as the three most efficient indices under all market conditions.
Poincare ´ -Invariant Coupled-Channel Models for Meson Photoproduction

A general procedure for constructing Poincare-invariant mass operators in a helicity basis is presented. The procedure is developed in the framework of the instant form of relativistic quantum mechanics, but it can be easily extended to other forms. The method is used to extend a previously developed Poincare-invariant coupled-channel model for the pion-nucleon system to include a photon-nucleon channel. This makes it possible to carry out calculations on photoproduction from nucleons that satisfy exactly the requirements of special relativity. Methods are given for deriving potentials that couple the photon-nucleon channel to the pion-nucleon channel. These potentials are invariant under gauge transformations of the photon's polarization vector. Amplitudes obtained by solving the Lippmann-Schwinger equations that arise from the Poincare-invariant mass operators satisfy unitarity, and hence Watson's theorem for photoproduction amplitudes. The methods presented can also be used to develop models for the photoproduction of \(\) and \(\) mesons, as well as vector mesons.
Molecular umbrella-assisted transport of an oligonucleotide across cholesterol-rich phospholipid bilayers.

A series of molecular umbrella conjugates, derived from cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, spermidine, lysine, and 5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzoic acid, have been synthesized and found capable of transporting an attached 16-mer oligonucleotide (S-dT16) across liposomal membranes made from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidyldglycerol (POPG), and cholesterol [POPC/POPG/cholesterol (65/5/30; mol/mol/mol, v/v/v)] at 37 °C. Those molecular umbrellas containing four choloyl (or deoxycholoyl) groups resulted in significantly faster rates of transport as compared to those containing only two such moieties. A model that accounts for these membrane transport processes is proposed.
Effect of radial clearance between bolt and washer on the bearing strength of composite bolted joints

When composite materials are bolted together, the relative diameters of the bolt hole, the constraining washer and the bolt itself have a profound effect on the ultimate bearing strength. Previous studies have investigated the effects of clearance between the bolt and the hole diameter. In this study, the effect of the difference between the bolt diameter and the inside diameter of the washer, which provides the lateral constraint at the edge of the hole, is examined. To explain the significant variation of bearing strength with bolt-to-washer clearance, a model is proposed to explain the mechanics of load transfer and the lateral deformation at the edge of the hole. The test results, using a quasi-isotropic graphite epoxy laminate, support the proposed model and provide data for designers. 16 refs.
Monte Carlo simulation of the growth of wetting layers.

We present the first Monte Carlo study of the dynamics of the formation of the wet phase far from the wetting transition for a short-range attractive wall potential. A nearest-neighbor, simple-cubic, ferromagnetic Ising lattice gas with single spin-flip dynamics in a slab geometry (L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L cross section) is used. We show that there are two distinct dynamical regimes with crossover from fluctuation-dominated logarithmic growth for large L and short time t to quasi-one-dimensional diffusive growth for small L and large t. For any finite system, the long-time behavior (i.e., t\ensuremath{\gg}${L}^{4}$[ln(L${)}^{2}$]) is predicted to always be quasi-one-dimensionally diffusive in nature.
Breeding Behavior of a Lacustrine Population of Threespine Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L.)

The breeding behavior of threespine sticklebacks from Wapato Lake, Washington, U.S.A., was investigated using the ethological approach. Much of the breeding effort of males was synchronized and there were 3 peaks of abundance during the 100 day period of major breeding. In June, a male's cycle lasted 13 to 14 days during which an average male collected 1000 eggs from about 10 females. Superior reproductive success of males was associated with nesting early in the season, in vegetated littoral areas of the lake, in deep water, and in shelter habitat. A male's level of aggression, body color, boldness toward predators, nest concealment behavior, and egg stealing behavior changed during his reproductive cycle. The changes in body color and behavior seemed related to a decreasing emphasis on stealing eggs from a rival's nest and an increasing emphasis on parental care. Most nest offspring were cannibalised within 2 days after fertilization. Neighboring males in all stages of breeding used solitary sneaking behavior to steal eggs from a rival's nest and most eggs were stolen by parental males. Raider packs, composed of hundreds of non-breeding male and female adults, also raided nests causing a total loss of the nest and its contents. Raiding of nests by breeding males seemed related to a shortage of food resources. Females often courted males prior to spawning. The incidence of this behavior seemed related to an excess of females.
In vitro biofilm characterization and activity of antifungal agents alone and in combination against sessile and planktonic clinical Candida albicans isolates

Abstract Thirty clinical isolates of Candida albicans were collected from blood or other sterile site infections. Biofilm dry weight and metabolic activity were measured for each isolate. Planktonic and sessile antifungal susceptibilities of each isolate were determined for amphotericin B deoxycholate, caspofungin, and voriconazole. Sessile susceptibilities were determined for the combination of caspofungin/voriconazole. No significant differences in biofilm dry weight or metabolic activity were found between bloodstream and other invasive isolates. Planktonic MIC 90 values and sessile MIC 90 (SMIC 90 ) values were 0.25 and 2, 0.06 and >256, and 0.5 and 2 μg/mL for amphotericin, voriconazole, and caspofungin, respectively. The SMIC 90 of the combination of caspofungin/voriconazole against sessile isolates was 0.5/2 μg/mL. Therefore, the source of invasive C. albicans clinical isolates did not affect in vitro biofilm formation. Susceptibility to antifungal agents decreased when C. albicans was associated with biofilm, and the combination of caspofungin/voriconazole did not appear to provide enhanced activity compared with caspofungin alone.
Focus Group Research in the Development of an Osteoporosis Educational Program Targeting Seniors.

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To illustrate the role of focus groups in the development of population specific osteoporosis messages, educational and collateral materials, programs, and events. Osteoporosis, a preventable condition of porous, easily fractured bones, affects over 28 million Americans. While prevalence increases with age, prevention strategies can begin at any point in one's life. For older adults, proper nutrition, physical activity, strength training and safety/fail prevention education can reduce the risk of osteoporosis and related injuries. Focus groups were conducted to help determine the values, vocabulary, terminology and life priorities of adults over 65. Information was used to ensure that key prevention messages, promotional materials and events were targeted, and relevant to this population. Awareness of and interest in osteoporosis was found to be high, and seniors recognized that the consequences of osteoporosis pose a serious threat to independence. Key findings relating to prevention were: 1) nutrition information was seen as confusing, boring and often not inclusive of common dietary limitations, (i.e. calcium-containing food lists lack interesting suggestions for low fat, or lactose-restricted diets); 2) comprehension about the relationship between osteoporosis and weight bearing activity, strength training and balance was inadequate; 3) falls and fractures are topics that should be discussed directly and candidly. With respect to promotional issues: 1) brochures and flyers are preferred for health information; 2) celebrities do not impress, but knowledgeable people do; 3) mementos and reminders are important; 4) presentation of information should be strong, but respectful, nonthreatening, and straight forward. Other substantial issues of concern were how an individual knows if they have osteoporosis, the desire to maintain independence, and avoiding medication and weather related falls. An osteoporosis educational brochure, a "Better Bones" grocery pad, and a model home with safety pitfalls was developed and used statewide in conjunction with targeted osteoporosis activities.
Studies on a new mechanism of resistance of L5178Y murine leukemia cells to cytosine arabinoside.

Abstract A mutant (ca r ) of L5178Y murine leukemia cells has been isolated that is about 5-fold resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of cytosine arabinoside and about 25-fold resistant to the growth-inhibitory effects of deoxythymidine. The metabolism of [ 3 H]nucleosides was compared in both the parent L5178Y cells and the ca r cells. There appeared to be no increased catabolism of cytosine arabinoside in the ca r cells and little or no difference in the incorporation of either [ 3 H]cytosine arabinoside, [ 3 H]deoxycytidine, or [ 3 H]deoxythymidine into their respective mono-, di- and triphosphate forms in the two cell lines. The incorporation of [ 3 H]cytidine and [ 3 H]uridine into RNA and DNA of [ 3 H]deoxythymidine into DNA of both cell lines appeared to be about the same. However, in the ca r cells there was an increased incorporation of [ 3 H]cytidine and [ 3 H]uridine into acid-soluble dCMP and a decreased incorporation of [ 3 H]deoxycytidine into DNA. These observations indicated that the ca r cells had a larger pool size of deoxycytidine nucleotides and such an increase has indeed been found.
Studies on the mechanism of cadmium-induced inhibition of the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase of the male rat.

Abstract Cadmium is a potent inhibitor of hepatic drug metabolism but little is known about the biochemical mechanisms involved. Male rats receiving a single dose of cadmium acetate (2.0 mg Cd2+/kg, ip) exhibited significant decreases in hepatic microsomal metabolism of hexobarbital (79%), ethylmorphine (71%), and aniline (47%), as well as decreased amounts of both microsomal cytochrome P-450 (39%) and cytochrome b5 (30%) 72 hr after administration of the metal. In addition, the magnitudes of microsomal hexobarbital, ethylmorphine, and aniline binding spectra were significantly reduced. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was not altered. In vitro addition of Cd2+ (10−6 to 10−3 m ) to liver microsomes produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the metabolism of the substrates tested, a reduction in the level of cytochrome P-450 which was accompanied by an increase in the level of the inactive form of the hemo-protein, P-420, and decreases in the microsomal binding spectra of the three substrates. In kinetic studies, apparent Vmax values were significantly lowered for ethylmorphine N-demethylase (75%) and aniline hydroxylase (57%) by cadmium treatment. The apparent Km value for aniline hydroxylase was not altered, but that for ethylmorphine N-demethylase was significantly decreased following cadmium treatment. After in vitro cadmium addition, concentration-dependent decreases were observed in the apparent Vmax and Km values for both microsomal reactions.
THE VALENCE BOND AUFBAU PRINCIPLE FOR MOLECULAR EXCITED STATES

Abstract A modified Aufbau principle for the excited states of molecules is presented. This principle is based on generalized valence bond orbitals (with spatial projection) rather than the traditional molecular orbitals. The excited orbital is modeled after the series of one-electron heteronuclear diatomic molecules. These ideas are illustrated for the case of the excited 1,3 Σ + states of H 2 .
Lymphocytes suppressing both immunoglobulin production and erythroid differentiation in hypogammaglobulinaemia.

CELLS blocking immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis in vitro have been found among gradient-isolated blood mononuclear cells of individuals with variable immunodeficiency1–4, immunodeficiency with thymona1,3,4, infantile X-linked immunodeficiency4, multiple myeloma5 and Hodgkin's disease6. It has been suggested that the suppressor cells block terminal differentiation of human B lymphocytes7. The association of red cell aplasia and immunodeficiency states is well documented8. A circulating Ig capable of interfering with red cell formation has been demonstrated in several persons9,10. The majority of individuals with these disorders, however, have no circulating inhibitor of erythro-poiesis. In the present study, lymphocytes from two persons with immunodeficiency with thymoma, one of whom had repeated episodes of red cell agenesis, were cocultivated in assay systems in which human blood B lymphocytes and human bone marrow erythroid precursors differentiate in vitro. The results suggest that the ‘suppressor’ cells observed in certain immunodeficiency diseases may act on both lymphocytic and haematopoietic target cells.
Spectroelectrochemistry of blue copper proteins: pH and temperature dependences of the reduction potentials of five azurins

Abstract The pH and temperature dependences of the reduction potentials of Alcaligenes denitrificans (Ade), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pae), Alcaligenes faecalis (Afa), Alcaligenes sp. (Asp) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bbr) azurins have been determined by spectroelectrochemistry. Potentials at pH 8.0 (25 °C, μ 0.1 M, NaPi) are: 267.0 (Ade); 291.9 (Pae); 251.5 (Afa); 278.1 (Asp); 250.3 (Bbr) mV versus NHE. The variations in the potentials with pH are interpreted in terms of interactions between the copper site and titrating histidine residues. Variations in the reduction potential of Bbr azurin with both pH and temperature indicate that the copper site is distorted significantly by a redox-linked conformational change in this protein.
Long-term stability of Class III treatment with RPE and protraction facemask vs. LeFort I maxillary advancement

0.019 0.025-in stainless steel archwires through the maxillary canine brackets at an angle of 12° to the bracket slot. Twenty samples were tested for each bracket type. One drop of artificial saliva (Salivart) was placed on the brackets before the archwire was pulled through the slot. The surface morphologies of the brackets and the archwires were examined with a scanning electron microscope. Data were obtained for maximum load, average load, and average load for the last 1 mm of movement. Results and conclusions: The results indicated that the brackets had the following frictional resistance in increasing order: Opal, Inovation, Clarity, Mystique, and Inspire. ANOVA and the Tukey Studentized range test showed that frictional resistance of the Inspire bracket was significantly higher (P .05) than the other brackets in this study. There was no significant difference between Clarity and Mystique brackets, but their frictional resistance was significantly higher (P .05) than Opal and Inovation. Additionally, there was no significant difference between Opal and Inovation brackets, but their frictional resistance was significantly lower (P .05) than the other brackets in this study. Alex Jacobson Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128:263-4 0889-5406/$30.00 Copyright © 2005 by the American Association of Orthodontists. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.05.007
Probing CdSe/ZnSe self-assembled quantum dots by cw and time-resolved photoluminescence

Abstract We report cw and time-resolved photoluminescence, and Raman scattering from CdSe/ZnSe self-assembled quantum dots. We investigate excitons localized in CdSe dots, exciton relaxation, and the role of phonon–exciton coupling.
Simultaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair and endovascular aortic repair is feasible with minimal morbidity and mortality

Objective To determine the results of simultaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods Records were retrospectively reviewed. Eight patients underwent simultaneous TEVAR and EVAR between 1999 and 2010 at a single center. All patients had concomitant thoracic and abdominal aortic disease (aneurysms, penetrating aortic ulcers). Ranges for the thoracic and abdominal aneurysm diameters were 6.0 to 9.1 cm and 5.0 to 7.6 cm, respectively. Four patients were treated emergently, and the remainder had indications for simultaneous repair. The mean age was 72 years (six males). All patients had significant comorbidities. Results Average procedural time was 173 minutes ± 25 minutes. Spinal drainage and neuromonitoring was used in all cases. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) was performed prior to EVAR. Three patients required left subclavian coverage and four patients had full coverage of the thoracic aorta. Only one patient had internal iliac artery (unilateral) coverage. One patient was lost to follow-up 6 weeks following discharge. The remainder were followed between 4 and 77 months postoperatively. No patients developed acute myocardial infarction, acute renal failure, or neurologic complications, including permanent paralysis or stroke. One patient developed transient lower extremity weakness that resolved with blood pressure augmentation. Mean blood loss was 325 mL ± 137 mL. The average intensive care unit and hospital stay was 3 days and 8 days, respectively. In follow-up, one patient developed a type II endoleak that was successfully embolized. Conclusion Combined TEVAR and EVAR can be performed successfully with minimal morbidity and mortality. In particular, in this limited series of eight patients, there have been no occurrences of lower extremity paralysis or renal failure despite a high proportion of emergent cases. When anatomically feasible, simultaneous TEVAR and EVAR can be considered as a viable alternative to staged or hybrid repair.
RNA replication: required intermediates and the dissociation of template, product, and Q.beta. replicase

Replication complexes containing only one molecule of Q beta replicase and one strand of midivariant RNA (MDV-1 RNA) template were prepared by incubating the replicase with an excess of MDV-1 (-) RNA. In the presence of excess minus strands, these monoenzyme replication complexes were shown to synthesize essentially pure MDV-1 (+) RNA in both the first and second cycles of replication. When an equivalent concentration of mutant MDV-1 (-) RNA was added to this reaction before completion of the first cycle of replication, only wild-type MDV-1 (+) RNA was produced in the first cycle, but both mutant and wild-type MDV-1 (+) RNA were produced in the second cycle of replication. These results demonstrate that a monoenzyme complex is competent to synthesize RNA and, therefore, that a multienzyme replication complex is not a necessary intermediate of replication. The data also imply that after the completion of chain elongation, the product strand is released from the replication complex and that the template and the replicase then dissociate.
γ-Carboxyglutamic acid in fossil bones and its significance for amino acid dating

AMINO ACID racemisation reactions are promising tools for dating fossil bones1. However, a major obstacle to their application on a routine basis by geologists, anthropologists, archaeologists and others, is the unresolved question of the effect of in situ leaching on apparent racemisation rates2,3. Evidence is presented here that γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), an amino acid recently discovered in fresh bone matrix4,5, is preserved in fossil bone and is a potential quantitative index of leaching for resolving the current debate.
The Medical Face Lift: A Noninvasive, Nonsurgical Approach to Tissue Tightening in Facial Skin Using Nonablative Radiofrequency

BACKGROUND. Traditional surgical rhytidectomy is aimed at correcting facial skin that is sagging, which is caused by excessive skin laxity as a result of photoaging. Operating room facilities, general anesthesia, and a skilled surgeon are needed. The patient has recuperation time, which may be prolonged if complications arise. Incision lines are where they could be easily camouflaged or where they blend with natural lines. Nevertheless, healing of surgical wounds and concurrent scars are seen in all patients. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the function of a novel technology that tightens tissue, using energy in the radiofrequency segment of the electromagnetic spectrum to produce internal heat within the skin. METHODS Fifteen patients had one treatment session under topical anesthesia and without sedation. Ages ranged from 41 to 68 years. The total treatment time lasted 40 minutes or less. A new radiofrequency unit with concurrent delivery of a cryogen spray to spare the epidermis from burning was used. Pain was used as a clinical indicator of maximum tolerable energy delivered. No postoperative care was needed. RESULTS All patients experienced minimal discomfort and were able to return to their normal activities right away. One patient did not respond to this treatment. For all of the others, visible results appeared approximately 12 weeks after the treatment session. In one patient, however, the results started at only 1 week after treatment. Four independent physicians outside of the study reviewed standardized photographs to evaluate results. The patients were followed for 6 to 14 months. CONCLUSION Fourteen of 15 patients obtained cosmetic improvement from facial skin tightening induced by a novel nonlaser, nonablative, noninvasive source. Nonablative radiofrequency is a safe and effective method to achieve tissue tightening of the face to correct excessive sagging from photoaging. Patients had visible results as early as 1 week and generally within 3 months after the procedure without wounding or scarring.
Continental margins, orogenic belts, and intracratonic structures

Angular bends (promontories and embayments) in rifted and passive continental margins are interpreted to be the precursors of curves (recesses and salients, respectively) in orogenic belts. Convergence at an irregularly shaped continental margin results in along-strike diachroneity of closing (and thus of orogeny) and in a variable trajectory of stress into continental crust. Both timing and sense of movement of intracratonic structures apparently have complex relationships to the progress of convergence at irregular continental margins.
Local transport barrier formation and relaxation in reverse-shear plasmas on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

The roles of turbulence stabilization by sheared E×B flow and Shafranov shift gradients are examined for Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor [D. J. Grove and D. M. Meade, Nucl. Fusion 25, 1167 (1985)] enhanced reverse-shear (ERS) plasmas. Both effects in combination provide the basis of a positive-feedback model that predicts reinforced turbulence suppression with increasing pressure gradient. Local fluctuation behavior at the onset of ERS confinement is consistent with this framework. The power required for transitions into the ERS regime are lower when high power neutral beams are applied earlier in the current profile evolution, consistent with the suggestion that both effects play a role. Separation of the roles of E×B and Shafranov shift effects was performed by varying the E×B shear through changes in the toroidal velocity with nearly steady-state pressure profiles. Transport and fluctuation levels increase only when E×B shearing rates are driven below a critical value that is comparable to the fastest line...
A Precious Bequest: Contemporary Research with the WPA-CCC Collections from Moundville, Alabama *

OUNDVILLE, which archaeologist James Brown called the New M York City of 15th-century North America, was the geographic, political, and symbolic center of Native American life in the Black Warrior River Valley between A.D. 1250 and 1500. Today, this site has become a major focus of research on the development, maintenance, and decline of complex societies in the southeastern United States. Part of Moundville’s contemporary importance stems from its size and the diversity of its archaeological remains. It is the second largest Mississippian ceremonial center in the eastern United States and comprises 20 major platform mounds and a 30 ha plaza. Additional value comes from its
Nodular Thyroid Disease and Thyroid Carcinoma

The primary challenge in the management of a solitary nodule of the thyroid or a multinodular thyroid gland is to rule out a malignancy.
Work and its place in the lives of immigrant women: Garment workers in New York City's Chinatown

Abstract Working wives and mothers are traditionally considered secondary wage earners, and employment is not automatically accompanied by occupational attainment of individual workers. For immigrant women, the double burden is compounded by lack of English, transferable education and skills, and knowledge of the larger economy. In this article, we have illustrated the special meanings of immigrant women's work in the context of ethnic enclave employment and family responsibility. Based on census data and fieldwork in the garment industry in New York's Chinatown, we have found that the particularly high rate of immigrant Chinese women's labor market participation is largely accounted for by the availability of jobs provided by the ethnic enclave economy, that those women are overrepresented in low-wage menial jobs, and that they tend to perceive their work as meaningful, despite of low wages, long working hours and poor working conditions. These findings suggest that survival is more important for immigrant Chinese women than their own rights in the workplace, at least in the earlier stages of immigrant adaptation, and that their wage labor is an indispensable part of the collective family effort for social mobility. The results imply that, for socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, it is difficult to achieve long-term social mobility merely through individual efforts. Therefore, policies dealing with those groups mired in poverty and confined to survival at the margins of society should put more emphasis on community development in connection to the promotion of individual education and job training.
Behavioral genetics in larval zebrafish: learning from the young.

Deciphering the genetic code that determines how the vertebrate nervous system assembles into neural circuits that ultimately control behavior is a fascinating and challenging question in modern neurobiology. Because of the complexity of this problem, successful strategies require a simple yet focused experimental approach without limiting the scope of the discovery. Unbiased, large-scale forward genetic screens in invertebrate organisms have yielded great insight into the genetic regulation of neural circuit assembly and function. For many reasons, this highly successful approach has been difficult to recapitulate in the behavioral neuroscience field's classic vertebrate model organisms—rodents. Here, we discuss how larval zebrafish provide a promising model system to which we can apply the design of invertebrate behavior-based screens to reveal the genetic mechanisms critical for neural circuit assembly and function in vertebrates. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 366–372, 2012
A design for using closed-circuit television in education

The television medium cannot be used to solve all problems in the field of education. Its value as a means of communication for sight and sound will be as good as the quality of imagination and management which directs its utilization. Those who have professional courage can use its strength to improve and extend education. An increase in school population, increase in school costs and a growing shortage of experienced teachers are some of the rapid changes taking place in the field of education today. We all recognize that satisfactory solutions to each of these problems must be found in order to provide the quality education for our children which our society demands.
Conducting a needs assessment of university psychological services: a campaign of telephone and mail strategies.

Abstract This study compared telephone and mail survey approaches in assessing psychological needs perceived by university students. Subjects were students who responded by mail and students contacted by telephone. Both groups of respondents approximated the student population regarding age, sex, and race. The questionnaire was a 52-item inventory listing a wide range of psychological needs relevant to students, preferred method of service delivery, and a few questions for demographic data. Respondents were asked to rate each item on a scale of one to five (not important to extremely important). A comparison of the mean ratings across all items revealed that telephone respondents rated needs higher than did mail respondents. Nevertheless, a high positive correlation was found for the groups on item ratings. It appears that the telephone and mail techniques each have merit as a technique for assessing psychological needs among university students and that they provide similar rankings of students' ratings ...
Fluorescence studies on the interaction of the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate and related compounds with rat liver plasma membranes.

Abstract The interaction of the potent tumor-promoting agent phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) with purified rat liver plasma membranes suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Exposure of membranes to PMA caused up to 21% decrease of the native membrane emission, i.e. the fluorescence of both tryptophan and tyrosine, compared to non-treated membranes. The decrease in the membrane emisssion varied with both the PMA and the membrane concentration. Treatment of rat liver plasma membranes with biologically less active analogs of PMA, phorbolol myristate acetate (PHMA) and 4aα-phorbol didecanoate (4aα-PDD), resulted in a 5–10% decrease of the native membrane emission. These studies suggest that PMA causes alterations in membrane structure which are due, at least in part, to conformational changes in the membrane proteins.
On selecting the best treatment in a generalized linear model

The problem of selecting the best treatment is studied under generalized linear models. For certain balanced designs, it is shown that simple rules are Bayes with respect to any non-informative prior on the treatment effects under any monotone invariant loss. When the nuisance parameters such as block effects are assumed to follow a uniform (improper) prior or a normal prior, Bayes rules are obtained for the normal linear model under more suitable balanced designs, keeping the generality of the loss and the generality of the non-informativeness on the prior of the treatment effects. These results are extended to certain types of informative priors on the treatment effects. When the designs are unbalanced, algorithms based on the Gibbs sampler and the Laplace method are provided to compute the Bayes rules.
DISCRETE MODELLING OF STRESS‐STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF GRANULAR MEDIA AT SMALL AND LARGE STRAINS

A general overview is presented on applications of the discrete element method (DEM) to granular media. A literature survey is performed of static and dynamic simulations using random arrays of compliant particles, and forty‐two references published mostly in the last ten years are identified and categorized according to a number of relevant criteria. It is concluded that the interest in the use of the technique is rapidly increasing in the research and engineering community, with applications concentrated in soil mechanics, rock mechanics, grain flow and engineering problems. Additional studies and verifications of some numerical aspects of the DEM technique are suggested including parametric studies and comparisons. Program CONBAL‐2 (CONTACT + TRUBAL in 2D) developed by the authors based on TRUBAL created by Strack and Cundall, is described. CONBAL‐2 uses the complete Mindlin solution for the contact between two spheres and thus can be used for small strain and cyclic loading. The program is applied to study the cyclic response of uniform, medium dense to dense rounded quartz sand. Cyclic strain‐controlled loading at constant volume is applied to isotropically consolidated, random arrays of 531 spheres, using cyclic strains ranging from 10–4% to 10–1%. The calculated shear modulus, Gmax, constrained modulus, D, and Poisson's ratio at small strains are correlated with the confining pressure, the porosity of the array, and the coordination number. The calculated variations of secant modulus and damping ratio with cyclic strain compare favourably with the experimental results on sands compiled by Seed and Idriss. Finally, ‘pore water pressure buildup’ and cyclic stiffness degradation of the material with number of cycles is calculated at a cyclic strain of 10–1%, and the prediction is found to represent closely cyclic undrained experiments on sands. The existence of a threshold strain, yt ≈ 10–2%, found experimentally, is also predicted by the simulations.
THE GONADAL REGULATION OF CHOLESTEREMIA IN THE RAT1

LTHOUGH the subject of many earlier investigations in both humans and experimental animals, the exact role of the gonadal system in the atherogenic process and cholesterol metabolism is obscure (1, 2). Recent work from this laboratory has shown a striking sex associated resistance to hypercholesteremia among rabbits (3). Males were found to have lower serum cholesterol levels than females. Furthermore, males, as a group, also demonstrated a lower cholesteremic response to a discriminating dose of dietary cholesterol. This sex difference among rabbits was shown to be related closely to the production of the gonadal hormones. Microscopic arterial lesions have been induced in the rat by a variety of techniques (4–8). Rats that had been fed diets containing cholesterol and sodium cholate demonstrated grossly visible atheromatous plaques which, upon microscopic observation, revealed foam cells and intracellular lipid infiltration of both the intima and media (8, 9).
A low-variance deviational simulation Monte Carlo for the Boltzmann equation

We present an efficient particle method for solving the Boltzmann equation. The key ingredients of this work are the variance reduction ideas presented in Baker and Hadjiconstantinou L.L. Baker, N.G. Hadjiconstantinou, Variance reduction for Monte Carlo solutions of the Boltzmann Equation, Physics of Fluids, 17 (2005) (art. no, 051703)] and a new collision integral formulation which allows the method to retain the algorithmic structure of direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) and thus enjoy the numerous advantages associated with particle methods, such as a physically intuitive formulation, computational efficiency due to importance sampling, low memory usage (no discretization in velocity space), and the ability to naturally and accurately capture discontinuities in the distribution function. The variance reduction, achieved by simulating only the deviation from equilibrium, results in a significant computational efficiency advantage for low-signal flows (e.g. low flow speed) compared to traditional particle methods such as DSMC. In particular, the resulting method can capture arbitrarily small deviations from equilibrium at a computational cost that is independent of the magnitude of this deviation. The method is validated by comparing its predictions with DSMC solutions for spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous problems.
Early Administration of 17β-Estradiol Partially Masculinizes Song Control Regions and α2-Adrenergic Receptor Distribution in European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)

Abstract The vocal control system in many songbird species is a sexually dimorphic neural circuit that mediates learning and production of song. The mechanism by which this system is sexually differentiated has been investigated in only one species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Estradiol may be involved in the sexual differentiation of this system, as female zebra finches treated with estradiol as nestlings develop a male-like song system; however, blocking estradiol action in embryonic and nestling male zebra finches does not demasculinize the song system. Therefore, the role of estradiol in song system development is unclear. The role of estradiol in song system sexual differentiation was assessed in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). This species is of potential interest because it is less extreme in the degree of sexual dimorphism of the song system and song behavior than zebra finches. While in the field, starling nestlings were implanted with 500 μg of estradiol at 3 days of age. These birds were brought into the laboratory at Day 11 and hand-reared. In females, estradiol produces significant increases in the volumes of song control regions defined by Nissl stain, as well as by autoradiography for α2-adrenergic receptors; however, these estradiol-treated females have song systems that more closely resemble those of control females than control males. Estradiol-treated males exhibit significant hypermasculinization at 210 days of age, but this effect is transient and hypermasculinization is no longer evident at Day 345. The role of estradiol in sexual differentiation of the neural circuit mediating song behavior remains enigmatic.
An analysis of lung cancer risk from exposure to hexavalent chromium

Lung cancer risk in relation to airborne levels of hexavalent chromium was analyzed for chromium chemical production workers studied by Hayes, Lilienfeld, and Snell. Hayes et al [18] had observed statistically significant increases in lung cancer mortality among chromium chemical production workers hired during 1945-1959 and followed to mid-1977. A dose-response was observed by Hayes et al. in that long-term workers had a higher lung cancer risk than short-term workers. Concurrent exposure data for the study plant were abstracted from the records of a local health department. The usual air concentration of hexavalent chromium was estimated as 413 micrograms per cubic meter (micrograms/m3) during 1945-1949. Cumulative exposure estimates for individual workers could not be developed with available information. Instead, cumulative exposures in terms of micrograms/m3-years were estimated for groups of short-term workers and long-term workers (cumulative exposure = usual exposure level in micrograms/m3 X average length of exposure). For workers hired during 1945-1949, cumulative exposures were estimated as 670 and 3,647 micrograms/m3-years for short-term and long-term workers, respectively. Like most estimates based on historical data, these exposure estimates are subject to uncertainty. Nevertheless, these results suggest a potential excess risk of death from lung cancer among U.S. workers exposed to the current permissible exposure limit (PEL) for hexavalent chromium of 52 micrograms/m3 because such workers could accumulate exposures (micrograms/m3-years) similar to those associated with excess risk in Hayes et al's cohort. Moreover, many current workers are estimated to be exposed to levels above the PEL. Further exploration of the dose-response relationship for chromium carcinogenesis is indicated.
Metabolism of compounds with nitro-functions by Klebsiella pnuemoniae isolated from a regional wetland

Abstract Metabolism of nitroaromatic compounds by a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a regional wetland was studied. When it was grown with nitrophenol as the sole nitrogen source, the isolate had the metabolic capability of transforming nitrophenol to phenol; however, it did not use nitrophenol as the sole carbon source. The metabolic pathway showed that the K. pneumoniae reduced the nitro group to an amino group forming aminophenol as a major metabolite. This aminophenol was oxidatively deaminated to phenol. For every mole of nitrophenol metabolized, 1 mol of phenol was produced and the phenol did not undergo further metabolism. The isolate also used several other nitroaromatic compounds including nitrotoluenes and nitrobenzenes as its nitrogen source. Even though this organism did not degrade the nitroaromatics completely, it may be useful in degrading nitroaromatics in contaminated soil and water containing other aromatic degraders in a syntrophic condition in nature.
Policy: How to regulate faecal transplants

For medical use, human stool should be considered a tissue, not a drug, argue Mark B. Smith, Colleen Kelly and Eric J. Alm.