cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propionate Enhances Cell Speed and Persistence to Promote Intestinal Epithelial Turnover and Repair.

Background and Aims Gut bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play crucial roles in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. However, how SCFAs regulate epithelial turnover and tissue repair remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated how the SCFA propionate regulates cell migration to promote epithelial renewal and repair. Methods Mouse small intestinal epithelial cells (MSIE) and human Caco-2 cells were used to determine the effects of SCFAs on gene expression, proliferation, migration, and cell spreading in vitro. Video microscopy and single cell tracking were used to assess cell migration kinetically. 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and hydroxyurea were used to assess the effects of SCFAs on migration in vivo. Lastly, an acute colitis model using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used to examine the effects of SCFAs in vivo. Results Using video microscopy and single cell tracking, we found that propionate promoted intestinal epithelial cell migration by enhancing cell spreading and polarization, which led to increases in both cell speed and persistence. This novel function of propionate was dependent on inhibition of class I histone deacetylases (HDAC) and GPR43 and required signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Furthermore, using 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and hydroxyurea in vivo, we found that propionate enhanced cell migration up the crypt-villus axis under homeostatic conditions, while also protecting against ulcer formation in experimental colitis. Conclusion Our results demonstrate a mechanism by which propionate stimulates cell migration in an HDAC inhibition, GPR43, and STAT3 dependent manner, and suggest that propionate plays an important role in epithelial migration independent of proliferation.
Empirical Climate Sensitivity in the Mauna Loa Era: 1959-2017

Monthly means of Mauna Loa atmospheric CO2 are used in conjunction with surface temperature data from two different sources for sample periods 1959-2017 and 1979-2017 to estimate observed Charney climate sensitivity (ECS) for each of twelve calendar months and five regions. Significant differences among regions and calendar months are found but with close agreement between the two temperature datasets except for land surfaces in the Northern Hemisphere. The results suggest that the Hadley Center land surface temperature reconstruction for the Northern Hemisphere contains anomalies. Other than land in the Northern Hemisphere, the observational estimates of regional mean Charney climate sensitivities are low. They range from 1.23 to 2.00 for sea surfaces, 2.32 to 2.35 for land surfaces, and 1.88 to 1.97 for all surfaces combined.
Pediatric Emergency Department Workflow and Documentation: what Are the Issues?

Pediatric Emergency Department workflow and documentation: What are the issues? Purpose There has been little research addressing documentation within physician workflow, though this is an area which consumes the majority of physician time with patient care. In addition to the care of a high number of patients with many tasks to be completed, physicians in a Pediatric Emergency Department (ED) setting are interrupted frequently and often juggle multiple tasks. This project was developed to examine electronic documentation within attending physician workflow at a pediatric ED, specifically looking …
Signatures of Coherent Phonon Transport in Ultralow Thermal Conductivity Two-Dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper Phase Perovskites.

An emerging class of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3)-based Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase perovskites, BA2MAn-1PbnI3n+1 (n = 1-7), exhibit enhanced stability to environmental conditions relative to MAPbI3, yet still degrade at elevated temperatures. We experimentally determine the thermal conductivities of these layered RP phases for n = 1-6, where n defines the number of repeated perovskite octahedra per layer. We measure thermal conductivities of 0.37 ± 0.13/0.12, 0.17 ± 0.08/0.07, 0.21 ± 0.05/0.04, and 0.19 ± 0.04/0.03 W/m·K in thin films of n = 1-4 and 0.08 ± 0.06/0.04, 0.06 ± 0.04/0.03, 0.06 ± 0.03/0.03, and 0.08 ± 0.07/0.04 W/m·K in single crystals of n = 3-6. With the exception of n = 1, these thermal conductivities are lower than the range of 0.34-0.50 W/m·K reported for single-crystal MAPbI3. Reduced-order lattice dynamics modeling suggests that the initially decreasing trend of thermal conductivity in similarly oriented perovskites with increasing n may result from the transport properties of coherent phonons, emergent from the superstructure, that do not scatter at the interfaces of organic butylammonium chains and perovskite octahedra. Reduced group velocity of coherent phonons in n = 3-6, a consequence of band flattening in the phonon dispersion, is primarily responsible for their ultralow thermal conductivities. Similar effects on thermal conductivity have been experimentally demonstrated in deposited superlattices, but never in naturally defined materials such as RP phases. GIWAXS measurements reveal that higher n RP phase thin films are less orientationally controlled and therefore possess apparently elevated thermal conductivities relative to single crystals of the same n.
The graded engagement model of admiration

Admiration is often described as having a singular motivational profile – the disposition to imitate. This article provides a developmental assessment of admiration’s action-potential, proposing a ...
Novel entropy-based metrics for predicting choice behavior based on local response to reward

For decades, behavioral scientists have used the matching law to quantify how animals distribute their choices between multiple options in response to reinforcement they receive. More recently, many reinforcement learning (RL) models have been developed to explain choice by integrating reward feedback over time. Despite reasonable success of RL models in capturing choice on a trial-by-trial basis, these models cannot capture variability in matching. To address this, we developed novel metrics based on information theory and applied them to choice data from dynamic learning tasks in mice and monkeys. We found that a single entropy-based metric can explain 50% and 41% of variance in matching in mice and monkeys, respectively. We then used limitations of existing RL models in capturing entropy-based metrics to construct a more accurate model of choice. Together, our novel entropy-based metrics provide a powerful, model-free tool to predict adaptive choice behavior and reveal underlying neural mechanisms.
Enhanced myometrial vascularity: case presentation and review

Objective To describe the etiology of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and enhanced myometrial vascularity (EMV), and review updates in management for patients with retained products of conception (RPOC) associated with EMV through a case presentation. Design A 6-minute narrated video discusses the recent distinction between EMV and AVM. The etiology, symptoms, imaging findings/interpretation, and management based on symptoms are reviewed in detail. As this represents a single case report, it does not meet the definition of research according to the regulations at 45 CFR 46.102(l); therefore, institutional review board approval was not required. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patient(s) Eight weeks after suction dilation and curettage (D&C) for an incomplete abortion, a 28-year-old gravida 1, para 0 patient presented to an outside facility with RPOC, menorrhagia, and an acute decrease in hemoglobin. After uterine AVM was diagnosed, she was transferred to our facility for further care. Intervention(s) After transfer to our center, ultrasound demonstrated RPOC, with prominent internal vasculature containing peak systolic velocity >20 cm/s. A diagnosis of EMV was made. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a prominent serpentine vessel at the endometrium and RPOC within the uterine cavity ( Fig. 1 ). Due to her anemia, she underwent uterine artery embolization (UAE) followed by suction D&C ( Fig. 2 ). Hysteroscopy was performed before and after suction D&C and after curettage, a large vascular bundle was appreciated at the surface of the endometrium. Main Outcome Measure(s) None. Result(s) The patient presented to the clinic 2 weeks postoperatively with the resolution of abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and a negative β-human chorionic gonadotropin test. Conclusion(s) Management of patients with EMV is dependent on the extent of their symptoms. If significant bleeding is present, surgical management is required. Previous reports suggested that patients with EMV and RPOC should undergo UAE before D&C, but more recent studies suggest that D&C may be initiated without UAE, as EMV associated with RPOC may be a normal transient placentation phenomenon and have less risk of hemorrhage than previously suspected. However, in patients with significant preoperative bleeding and/or anemia, we propose that UAE should still be considered. Each patient requires individualized management based on symptoms, signs, imaging, and plans for future fertility. The ideal management of patients with RPOC and EMV remains to be determined.
A Social Ecological Model for Military Women's Health.

Abstract Background U.S. military women's health (MWH) is influenced by unique life experiences while serving in combat and combat support roles in the armed forces. Daily accomplishment of the military mission exposes women to occupational, physical, and psychosocial factors that affect their health status. Here, we present the theoretical framework for a social ecological model (SEM) for MWH. Methods By synthesizing the common elements of various SEMs for health, we describe the layers in the military social ecological system that are typical of the milieu of servicewomen. With the individual's knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and physiology at the center of the model, relevant components of the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem are identified. Results Support for the SEM-MWH can be found in all layers of the social ecological system. Distinguishing factors of the SEM-MWH include characteristics of the military environment, community, health care system, regulations and policies, and the military culture in which women live and work. Servicewomen's life experiences in the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem occur in a nested, interactive system that affects their health behaviors and their health status. Conclusions The social ecological system of servicewomen is unique and must be fully explored and appreciated to ensure the health of women who serve. Investigation of the effects of policies throughout all layers of the SEM-MWH on the individual servicewoman is warranted.
Longitudinal vs. Cross-Sectional Research in the Study of Children at Risk for Psychopathology

In the closing pages of his classic monograph on a Survey of Objective Studies of Psychoanalytic Concepts, written more than 30 years ago, Robert R. Sears (1943) sought an answer to the critical question of what direction future research should take to structure a science of personality — a task Freud had set for psychoanalysis, but with empirical roots that Sears had found wanting. He urged that a broad data structure would be needed, based on a triumvirate of forces that he identified as growth, learning, and the social milieu. Learning, he indicated, would facilitate an understanding of motivational processes, and the acquisition of habit structures of coping and defense that could serve the purposes of adaptation and of maladaptation as well. The social milieu, he noted, contributed heavily to the motivational and trait characteristics of the individual; thus, a sampling of diverse social settings, through the medium of cross-cultural comparisons of personality development, would provide evidence of the role played by different cultural and learning contexts on basic personality structure.
Craspedacusta Sowerbii: An Analysis of an Introduced Species

The ecology of Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, a fresh-water cnidarian, is a source of interest and confusion for many biologists. The medusoid stage draws special attention because in common parlance at least, “jellyfish do not belong in fresh-water.” For the investigator, on the other hand, this same stage causes puzzlement since the medusae occur only infrequently. Both factors have led to an expanded literature. Russell (1953) in his first volume of The Medusae of the British Isles, compiled a separate but not exhaustive bibliography containing 150 entries on this species. In the light of this rather large and at times conflicting literature, Acker and Muscat (1976) reviewed the information with the purpose of defining more clearly the questions that need to be asked of its ecology. This paper continues that approach by considering the implications of C. sowerbii’s original habitat, suggesting the factors that control medusoid formation, and explaining the probable reasons for the sporadic appearance of medusa populations.
Lubricated Sliding-A Review of Chemical and Physical Effects

1. Abstract Each of the above named topics is reviewed showing that: a. None of the “scuffing criteria” is applicable to chemically active combinations of lubricant and slider materials, b. High load carrying capacity and the postponement of scuffing may be achieved by “breaking in” which occurs mostly by the formation of surface films by chemical reaction, rather than by smoothing of surfaces, c. Break-in and scuffing are time dependent phenomena more than condition dependent. d. Surface roughness influences scuffing tendency mostly by its influence on the rate of formation of break-in film.
Acquired Adult Flatfoot Deformity

Acquired adult flatfoot deformity (AAFD), also referred to as posterior tibialis insufficiency, is a clinical entity which has only been recently recognized in the literature. First described in 19531, the progression of dysfunction and eventual deformity has only recently been better understood by physicians treating this complex disorder. Early recognition and treatment of this disorder enable surgeons to utilize techniques which can maximize foot function and preserve joint range of motion.
Effects and mechanisms of progestogens and androgens in ictal activity

Steroid hormones, such as progestogens and androgens, influence seizures. Progestogens and androgens exert organizational and/or activational effects that may mitigate vulnerability to, and/or expression of, some seizure disorders. Progestogens, such as progesterone (P 4 ) and its 5a-reduced metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), which vary across the reproductive cycle and lifespan, may protect against seizures through actions at intracellular progestin receptors (PRs) and membrane receptors, such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptors. Similarly, androgens, such as testosterone (T), which also vary across the reproductive cycle and the lifespan, can have antiseizure effects. Some of these effects of T may be due to aromatization to estrogen and/or 5α-reduction to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and its subsequent conversion through 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to Sα-androstane-3α, 17α-diol (3α-diol). Sensitivity to steroids in some individuals may be mitigated by differences in stress, developmental phase, reproductive status, endocrine status, and treatments, such as antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), which alter levels of these ligands and/or function of their target sites. The evidence implicating sex steroids in differences associated with hormonal, reproductive, developmental, stress, seizure type, and/or therapeutics are discussed.
Vertebrate Hedgehog signalling modulated by induction of a Hedgehog-binding protein

The Hedgehog signalling pathway is essential for the development of diverse tissues during embryogenesis. Signalling is activated by binding of Hedgehog protein to the multipass membrane protein Patched (Ptc). We have now identified a novel component in the vertebrate signalling pathway, which we name Hip (for Hedgehog-interacting protein) because of its ability to bind Hedgehog proteins. Hip encodes a membrane glycoprotein that binds to all three mammalian Hedgehog proteins with an affinity comparable to that of Ptc-1. Hip-expressing cells are located next to cells that express each Hedgehog gene. Hip expression is induced by ectopic Hedgehog signalling and is lost in Hedgehog mutants. Thus, Hip, like Ptc-1, is a general transcriptional target of Hedgehog signalling. Overexpression of Hip in cartilage, where Indian hedgehog (Ihh) controls growth, leads to a shortened skeleton that resembles that seen when Ihh function is lost (B. St-Jacques, M. Hammerschmidt & A.P.M., in preparation). Our findings support a model in which Hip attenuates Hedgehog signalling as a result of binding to Hedgehog proteins: a negative regulatory feedback loop established in this way could thus modulate the responses to any Hedgehog signal.
Is it Crohn's disease? A severe systemic granulomatous reaction to sulfasalazine in patient with rheumatoid arthritis

Sulfasalazine is a widely used anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and several rheumatological disorders. Although as many as 20% of treated patients may experience reversible, dose-dependent side effects, less frequent but potentially severe, systemic reactions have also been reported. A severe systemic reaction to sulfasalazine developed in a 21-year old female with rheumatoid arthritis characterized by eosinophilia, granulomatous enteritis and myelotoxicity, cholestatic hepatitis, and seizures. The clinical course and management of this patient are presented as well as a review of the incidence and outcome of severe systemic reactions to sulfasalazine. Granulomatous myelotoxicity and enteritis developed in a 21 year old female within 3 weeks of initiating sulfasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis. Following a short course of corticosteroids, the patient had resolution of her cholestatic hepatitis, rash, eosinophilia, and gastrointestinal symptoms with no residual manifestations at 7 months follow-up. Although severe reactions to sulfasalazine are rare and unpredictable, practicing physicians should be aware of unusual clinical presentations of toxicity when prescribing sulfasalazine.
The geographic concentration of us adult obesity prevalence and associated social, economic, and environmental factors

Objective This study used spatial statistical methods to test the hypotheses that county-level adult obesity prevalence in the United States is (1) regionally concentrated at significant levels, and (2) linked to local-level factors, after controlling for state-level effects. Methods Data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other secondary sources. The units of analysis were counties. The dependent variable was the age-adjusted percentage of adults who were obese in 2009 (body mass index >30 kg/m2). Results The prevalence of county-level obesity varied from 13.5% to 47.9% with a mean of 30.3%. Obesity prevalence across counties was not spatially random: 15.8% belonged to high-obesity regions and 13.5% belonged to low-obesity regions. Obesity was positively associated with unemployment, outpatient healthcare visits, physical inactivity, female-headed families, black populations, and less education. Obesity was negatively correlated with physician numbers, natural amenities, percent ≥65 years, Hispanic populations, and larger population size. A number of variables were notable for not reaching significance after controlling for other factors, including poverty and food environment measures. Conclusions The findings demonstrate the importance of local-level factors in explaining geographic variation in obesity prevalence, and thus hold implications for geographically targeted interventions to combat the obesity epidemic.
High Technology Marketing

The sections in this article are 1 Growth of High-Technology Services 2 Tools of Marketing 3 Summary
Mating-Type Locus Control of Cell Identity

This chapter addresses how MAT loci is identified from budding ascomycetes to filamentous ascomycetes to basidiomycetes function to specify cell identity. The chapter begins with an introduction to the cell identity determination paradigm established in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It explores how cell identity determination affects sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes. Through these examples, we see how cell identity determination lays the foundation for effective sexual reproduction and survival across diverse fungi. In S. cerevisiae, a single-celled ascomycete, growth can take place either clonally through haploid cell budding, or sexually through mating followed by meiosis. For most ascomycetes, the precise mechanisms by which these transcriptional regulators specify cell identity is not known; however, MAT control in S. pombe is explored in more detail. An ascomycete in which cell identity determination has been studied in detail is the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. A detailed expression analysis determined the transcriptional profiles of cells with targeted deletions of the MTL regulator components in every possible combination in both the white and opaque phases. Control of cell identity by the MAT locus in basidiomycetes expands the simple transcription factor-encoding locus seen in ascomycetes to a more complex structure. The fate of fused hyphae is determined by the interactions of the homeodomain proteins after cell fusion: if different alleles of an homeodomain (HD1) and HD2 protein from the same gene pair interact, this complex will form a heterodimeric transcriptional regulator that stimulates dikaryotic growth.
Cluster-Cluster Lensing in Abell 2152

We discuss lensing properties of the nearby cluster Abell 2152. Recent work shows that Abell 2152 is actually the projection of two different clusters, one of which is a Hercules supercluster member at z=0.043, while the other is more than 3 times as distant. The cluster centers have a projected separation of only 2.4 arcmin, and our data indicate that the foreground cluster lenses members of the background one. We have an ongoing program to measure the magnification of the fundamental plane in the background cluster. The magnification of this standard rod will provide an estimate of the foreground cluster mass free from the uncertainty of the mass-sheet degeneracy which affects mass estimates based on weak shear.
Universal Conductance Fluctuation and Level Rigidity in Random Media

We observe universal conductance fluctuation of the microwave transmittance in random waveguides and relate this to the rigidity of the eigenvalues of the transmission matrix.
Venous Thromboembolism After Spinal Cord Injury: Incidence, Time Course, and Associated Risk Factors in 16,240 Adults and Children

Abstract Jones T, Ugalde V, Franks P, Zhou H, White RH. Venous thromboembolism after spinal cord injury: incidence, time course, and associated risk factors in 16,240 adults and children. Objective To analyze the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Retrospective cohort analysis of all SCI cases (16,240) in California from 1991 through 2001. Setting All public hospitals in California. Participants Subjects (cases) coded as having complete or incomplete SCI. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Diagnosis of VTE or death within 91 days of the day of hospital admission. Results For all cases, the 91-day cumulative incidence of VTE was 5.4%. In a multivariate model, significant predictors of VTE included male sex (odds ratio [OR]=1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–1.7), African-American race (OR=1.6; 95% CI, 1.3–1.9), complete paraplegia versus tetraplegia (OR=1.8; 95% CI, 1.4–2.3), and presence of 3 or more comorbid conditions versus none (OR=1.6; 95% CI, 1.3–2.1). Age less than 14 years was predictive of not developing VTE (OR=0.2; 95% CI, 0.1–0.7). The incidence of VTE did not change significantly over the 11-year time period ( P =.07), and VTE was not a significant predictor of death in the first 91 days after hospitalization. Conclusions The incidence of VTE in SCI patients in California did not change between 1991 and 2001. We identified specific risk factors for VTE. Further studies are needed to determine if prompt initiation of medical prophylaxis in high risk subjects reduces the incidence of symptomatic VTE.
Localization of bFGF-like proteins as punctate inclusions in the preseptation myocardium of the chicken embryo.

Abstract Immunocytochemistry has been employed to map the appearance of bFGF-like proteins in precardiac and preseptation myocardial cells between stages 6 and 15 of chicken embryogenesis. Stage 6 embryos exhibited no staining with the exception of a subtle signal in endoderm cells. At subsequent stages, staining was observed only in cells of the developing myocardium, first appearing at the time of heart tube fusion (stage 9+) as punctate cytoplasmic aggregates. While the expression of bFGF-like antigen was temporally similar to that of myosin heavy chain, their staining patterns differed in that bFGF-like proteins were nonsarcomeric and did not extend into the inflow or outflow tracts. Western blotting of heparin agarose affinity-isolated proteins from stage 15 hearts revealed an antigen migrating at approximately 19 kDa. In contrast with the unique localization of bFGF-like proteins in myocardial cells, FGF receptor (FGFR) staining was widely distributed in the embryo; however, concentrated deposits of FGFR were detected in endothelial and myocardial cells, which diminished in the myocardium but not in the endothelium by stage 15. These results suggest that FGF-like proteins may have autocrine and/or paracrine functions during early cardiac morphogenesis.
Infant nutrition and global poverty.

How many of us have seen the plight of infants and children in Darfur Africa and South America on the nightly news? One has only to see these pictures once to appreciate the effect that poverty has on the nutritional status of infants and children. The presentation of thin wasted infants being held by thin mothers who often are alone and without financial emotional or social support elicits a visceral response in anyone who cares for women and children. Questions about the extent of the problem with its associated outcomes are the focus of this column. (excerpt)
The left-without-being-seen patients: what would keep them from leaving?

Abstract Study objective We determine which services, if any, an emergency department (ED) could provide to help a patient who left the ED without being seen by a physician wait longer to see a physician. Methods In this retrospective observational study, patients who had left the Saint Marys Hospital ED without being seen by a physician were surveyed by telephone. The Saint Marys Hospital ED is a 43-bed facility with an annual patient volume of 77,600 located in a city of 82,000. Responders were questioned regarding 15 specific services the Saint Marys Hospital ED could provide to help them wait longer. Eligible participants included willing adults, parents accompanying patients younger than 18 years of age, and patients between the ages of 13 and 18 years whose parents granted permission. Participants were excluded if they denied research authorization, did not speak English, refused to participate, or were unable to be contacted. Results Between April 9, 2001, and July 17, 2001, 20,494 patients registered, 172 patients left without being seen, and 152 patients approved research authorization; we attempted to contact these patients. In total, 97 patients, their parents, or their caretakers completed the entire interview (56.4% of those who left without being seen, 63.8% of those with whom contact was attempted). Nearly 85% of responders retrospectively identified "more frequent updates on wait time" and 70.1% identified "the availability of immediate temporary treatments" as services that would have helped them wait longer. Other waiting room services were identified by fewer than half of the responders as potentially helpful in allowing them to wait longer. Conclusion Communication of estimated waiting time and the availability of immediate treatments for minor injuries or symptoms might increase the time patients are willing to wait and therefore might decrease an ED's rate of patients leaving without being seen.
Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules

Author(s): Paul Berg, David Baltimore, Herbert W. Boyer, Stanley N. Cohen, Ronald W. Davis, David S. Hogness, Daniel Nathans, Richard Roblin, James D. Watson, Sherman Weissman, Norton D. Zinder Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4148 (Jul. 26, 1974), p. 303 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1738673 Accessed: 20/04/2010 10:54
Numerically approximated Cauchy integral (NACI) for implementation of constitutive models

Abstract Evaluation of the tangent modulus is one of the crucial steps in the finite element implementation of a constitutive model. The analytical derivation of the fourth order tangent moduli is in general a tedious task as it involves the derivative of stress tensor with respective to an appropriate strain tensor. A constitutive model independent subroutine which numerically evaluates tangent modulus in the place of material model specific closed form analytical expressions is developed in this study. In this context, the concept of numerically approximated Cauchy integral (NACI) is introduced based on Cauchy integral formula for evaluating derivatives. The performance of this method is demonstrated by evaluating tangent moduli for five hyperelastic models. In addition, efficacy of NACI is compared to the other existing numerical methods generally employed to evaluate tangent moduli. NACI is found to be computationally efficient and numerically robust when compared to the existing procedures.
Metadata, Technology, and Processing a Backlog in a University Special Collections

Writing about cataloging and reducing a backlog in the archives of a special collections department is one thing, but actually establishing a plan and executing it is another. This article describes cataloging and reducing a backlog in the archives of a special collections department as a project that involves multiple people, techniques, and perspectives. A single path to eliminating a backlog and providing access to collections does not exist, but many librarians and archivists have shared their experiences and their thoughts on best practices. The emphasis on nonproprietary formats and central databases to establish control over collection metadata has become the ultimate goal to handle backlog metadata. While this task might seem insurmountable, both university and government Web sites offer free software, locally adjustable computer programs, and guides to assist with creating a foundation for electronic administrative control.
On Stanley's chromatic symmetric function and clawfree graphs

Abstract Stanley associated to a simple graph G a symmetric function X G which generalizes the chromatic polynomial of G . He conjectured that X G is Schur positive when G is clawfree. This is equivalent to the minors of a certain matrix with polynomial entries being polynomials with nonnegative coefficients. We prove this for the 2×2 minors, which extends a result of Krattenthaler (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 74(2) (1996) 351–354). We also give a characterization of clawfree graphs in terms of cardinalities of stable sets.
Effects of diethylcholine in two animal models of Parkinsonism tremors

(2-Hydroxyethyl) methyldiethylammonium iodide (diethylcholine; DEC) was tested against trihexyphenidyl for its ability to block tremors in two animal models of Parkinsonism tremors. Both DEC (75 mg/kg) and trihexyphenidyl (10 mg/kg) antagonized physostigmine tremors in mice. Both drugs also blocked tremors in rats which received intracaudate injections of carbachol. DEC was more efficacious than trihexyphenidyl in the rat model. No dose-related inhibition of tremors was seen for trihexyphenidyl (5--20 mg/kg) but inhibition by DEC was dose-related (25--50 mg/kg). The ED50 for tremor inhibition in the rat model by DEC was 33 mg/kg. DEC was also shown to cross the blood-brain barrier in mice. The probable mechanism of action of DEC is discussed.
Dependence of 3′, 5′-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate—Stimulated Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release on Intracellular Calcium Levels and l -Type Calcium Channels in Superfused GT1-7 Neurons

Immortalized GT1-7 neurons were used to characterize the interactive roles of adenylate cyclase-3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and L-type calcium channels on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release. Dibutyryl (db)-cAMP was used as an active analog of endogenous cAMP, and forskolin was used to activate adenylate cyclase. Extracellular calcium was chelated using EGTA and L-type calcium channels were blocked using nimodipine. The selective Ca2+ ionophore A23187 was employed to increase intracellular calcium levels. GT1-7 neurons were grown on Cytodex-3 beads (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) and placed in special supe fusion microchambers. The cells were superfused at a rate of 6.2 mL/h with media 199 (M-199; Gibco, Grand Island, NY; pH 7.35, 37 G); effluent fractions were collected at 5-minute intervals for analysis of GnRH concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Basal GnRH release from superfused GT1-7 neurons ranged from 10 to 62 pg · min−1 · mL−1. Coexposure of the cells to forskolin and A23187 produced an additive effect on stimulated release of GnRH. Cells exposed to 1 μM of forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase) for 5 minutes showed a 2.6-fold increase in GnRH release. Likewise, the addition of 100 μM of db-cAMP to the superfusion for 5 minutes demonstrated a 2.3-fold increase in the amplitude of GnRH secretion. Maintaining the superfused cells in medium containing 5 mM EGTA had no obvious effect on basal GnRH release but blocked the effect of db-cAMP to increase GnRH release. Similarly, the addition of 10 μM nimodipine to the superfusion medium blocked db-cAMP-stimulated GnRH release. These findings provide additional evidence that cAMP-mediated GnRH release from GT1-7 neurons is dependent on influx of extracellular calcium via L-type Ca2+ channels.
High-repetition-rate spectrally synthesized modelocked laser pulses

We describe a novel technique for actively mode-locking laser pulses with a repetition rate ranging between 3-5 GHz. The pulses generated are nearly transformed limited with a pulse width of 72ps. In our experiment, a synthesized sweep generator drove a pigtailed laser diode with a bandwidth of 2.5 GHz with a center frequency that was tunable between 6 and 13 GHz. The frequency span of the sweep was 2.5 GHz, which is exactly equal to the axial mode spacing of the laser diode. Active mode-locking of the laser was achieved with a start and end sweep frequency of 4740 MHz and 20 GHz, respectively. We found the mode-locked pulses to be highly stable with a repetition rate that is tunable. Tunability was accomplished by keeping the center frequency and span fixed at 11.87 GHz and 14.26 GHz, and tuning the start and end sweep frequencies over a range of 5GHz to 20GHz.
A Kinetic, Mechanistic, and Molecular Mechanics Investigation of Olefin Insertion into Organoactinide-Hydride Bonds. Metal, Olefin, Ancillary Ligand, and Diastereoselection Effects

This contribution reports a kinetic/mechanistic/stereochemical/molecular mechanics study of olefin insertion into the actinide-hydrogen bonds of Cp{prime}{sub 2}An(H)(OR) complexes (Cp{prime} = {eta}{sup 5}-(CH{sub 3}){sub 5}C{sub 5}; An = Th, U; R = achiral or chiral alkyl group). For the reaction Cp{prime}{sub 2}An(H)(O-t-Bu) + cyclohexene (An = Th), the rate law is first order in organoactinide and first order in olefin. For Cp{prime}{sub 2}Th(H)(OCH(t-Bu){sub 2}) + 1-hexene, k{sub Th{minus}H}/k{sub Th{minus}D} = 1.3 (2). A molecular mechanics/ molecular graphics analysis suggests that the sterically most favorable direction of olefin approach toward the actinide center is between the U-H and U-O bonds rather than from the side. These results provide additional insight into ancillary ligand effects on the kinetics of organo-f-element-catalyzed olefin hydrogenation.
Implementation and validation of an opportunistic stock market timing heuristic: One-day share volume spike as buy signal

This paper presents the results of simulated trading on long time series price and share volume data for the Dow Jones Industrial Average and Standard and Poor's 500 Index. Robust and systematic results demonstrate strong support for the effectiveness of the market trading heuristic of buying when one-day share trading volume spikes. Implementation of the methods is straightforward and may be readily accomplished with spreadsheet technology for decision support applications.
Resolution of regularized output least squares estimation procedures

The regularized output least squares estimation technique is considered as an example of an estimation procedure in order to evaluate sensitivity of mappings that arise in the context of identical twin test problems. For such test problems, one specifies a reasonable test parameter to generate data from which the test parameter is to be recovered by means of an estimation procedure. The properties of the mapping taking the test coefficient to the optimal estimator are studied. Conditions are determined under which the mapping is well-defined as a function of the set of admissible parameters into itself. Resolution properties are related to the properties of the derivative of this mapping. Examples are considered using this information to formulate what is meant to be an optimal observer and to determine the optimal location of observers.
Biodiversity and Association of Dinoflagellates in Coral Reef Rubble, Carrie Bow Cay, Belize

The species diversity and distribution of benthic dinoflagellates are illustrated from the back reef sand habitats at Carrie Bow Cay. Sand appears an ideal environment for nurturing a variety of species. Sand supported blooms of toxic, nontoxic, and parasitic assemblages of dinoflagellates. Morphology of dinoflagellates is illustrated in SEM and LM pictures; including the life cycle of a parasitic dinoflagellate's vegetative stage, sporogenetic stages, and the morphology of the feeding organelle. The feeding organelle of the primary dinoflagellate cysts is a hold fast and a peduncle-like infestation tube, a ‘sucker organelle’, that inserts itself into copepod eggs. The parasitic dinoflagellate continues feeding on crustacean eggs since it is the only food source during vegetative cell division within the cyst. This is the first observation of the presence of parasitic dinoflagellates in shallow coral reef water. The study attempts to provide new knowledge on dinoflagellate associations and morphology of sand-welling species in the microscopic food web of shallow warm tropical waters. Even, sand-inhabiting invertebrates are not exempt from parasitic dinoflagellates.
The release of free fatty acids from brown and white adipose tissues after incubation with ACTH or epinephrine.

Abstract Analysis of the lipid content of adult mouse interscapular and epididymal adipose tissue showed larger percentages of total lipid and triglycerides in white fat and larger percentages of sterols and polar lipids in brown. Fatty acid composition of the triglyceride fractions was qualitatively the same for the two types of tissue, brown fat showing only a slightly higher degree of saturation. The level of FFA in the medium after incubation of brown fat with Krebs-Ringer-phosphate medium containing albumin KRPA) for 90 minutes was twice that of white fat; the FFA level within the tissue after 90 minutes incubation was 5 times higher for brown fat than for white. Incubation with ACTH did not change these FFA levels for brown fat but increased them differentially for white. Epinephrine also increased FFA release from white fat. The two tissues appear to differ with respect to (1) extent of spontaneous FFA release in vitro, (2) mechanism of release of FFA from the cell, and (3) reaction to stimulation by ACTH and epinephrine. The findings presented are further evidence for a fundamental dissimilarity between the two tissue types.
In-Hospital Arrhythmia Development and Outcomes in Pediatric Patients With Acute Myocarditis

Cardiac arrhythmias are a complication of myocarditis. There are no large studies of in-hospital arrhythmia development and outcomes in pediatric patients with acute myocarditis. This was a retrospective 2-center review of patients ≤21 years hospitalized with acute myocarditis from 1996 to 2012. Fulminant myocarditis was defined as the need for inotropic support within 24 hours of presentation. Acute arrhythmias occurred at presentation and subacute after admission. Eighty-five patients (59% men) presented at a median age of 10 years (1 day to 18 years). Arrhythmias occurred in 38 patients (45%): 16 acute, 12 subacute, and 9 acute and subacute (1 onset unknown). Arrhythmias were associated with low voltages on the electrocardiogram (14 of 34, 41% vs 6 of 47, 13%; odds ratio [OR] 4.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60 to 14.31) and worse outcome (mechanical support, orthotopic heart transplant, or death; OR 7.59, 95% CI 2.61 to 22.07) but were not statistically significantly associated with a fulminant course, ST changes, initial myocardial function, lactate, creatinine level, C-reactive protein and/or erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or troponin I level, after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Subacute arrhythmias were associated with preceding ST changes (10 of 15, 67% vs 15 of 59, 25%, OR 5.87, 95% CI 1.73 to 19.93). All patients surviving to discharge had arrhythmia resolution or control before discharge (10 on antiarrhythmic), with 1 exception (patient with complete heart block requiring a pacemaker). At 1-year follow-up, there were 3 recurrences of ventricular arrhythmias, but no arrhythmia-related mortality. In conclusion, arrhythmias are common in pediatric patients with myocarditis, occurring in nearly 1/2 of all hospitalized children and are associated with a worse outcome. Early identification of subacute arrhythmias using electrocardiographic changes may help management. A majority of patients do not require continued postdischarge arrhythmia treatment.
Charge Collection in CMOS/SOS Structures

Charge collection measurements in CMOS/SOS test structures have shown that even for highly ionizing ion tracks the fraction of the charge collected at a node is about equal to what is expected from the amount deposited in the silicon layer and that no charge is collected from the sapphire substrate.
Cobalt metallization of DNA: toward magnetic nanowires

Co nanoparticles have been assembled in situ on a template of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to form magnetic nanowires. DNA was immobilized on freshly cleaved mica or silanized glass and oriented by molecular combing. Pd(II) ions bound to DNA were reduced to zero-valence nanoclusters, which selectively catalysed deposition of Co(0) in a dimethylamine borane (DMAB)-based reducing bath. Co nanoclusters grew only where Pd nuclei were localized on the DNA template. Material characterization by UV–vis spectroscopy (UVS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy revealed that the fabrication process resulted in the formation of Co nanowires microns long and 10–20 nm thick.
Lunar “dunite”, “pyroxenite” and “anorthosite”

Photomicrographic study of 200 thin sections of Apollo 14 rock samples suggests that these monomineralic aggregates are recrystallized single-mineral grains. It is contended, therefore, that the source rocks are not properly characterized by igneous rock names, being more moderately coarse-grained gabbroic rather than ultramafic rocks.
Health insurance market reform and employee compensation: The case of pure community rating in New York ☆

Abstract Pure community rating, which was enacted to improve access to health insurance in New York's small group market in 1993, prevents carriers from charging different premiums based on the ages of a firm's workers. If small firms were adjusting compensation packages prior to reform to offset higher health care costs of older workers, then community rating could lead to greater relative wages for older workers post reform and not necessarily induce adverse selection that results in changes in who is insured. I present evidence showing that relative wages of older workers in small firms increased in comparison with other states and with large firms within New York following reform.
Putting a face on free-market economics: the politicisation of race and ethnicity in Peru

The election, in 1990, of the Japanese-descended Fujimori to the presidency of Peru, against novelist Vargas Llosa and against the backdrop of Sendero Luminoso, revealed the deep race and class divides in Peruvian society. Fujimori, the son of immigrants, was able to mobilise the indigenous majority in his favour through his appeal to the poor and their sense of marginalisation, as against Vargas Llosa's appeal to the Spanish-speaking elite. Nonetheless, once in power, Fujimori's policies were increasingly neoliberal and autocratic. Yet the template he had set for the electoral mobilisation of ethnicity and race was followed over the next decade and a half, resulting in the election in 2001 of Peru's first indigenous - but still neoliberal ― president, Alejandro Toledo. Whereas other Latin American countries have seen a wave of Left-leaning, indigenous activism resulting in major change, the premise that neoliberal solutions can overcome the divisions of race and class has continued to hold sway in Peru. Meanwhile, those divisions have grown starker.
Effects of parenteral testosterone administration on insulin action in perfused hindlimb muscle of female rats

Abstract The effects of 14 days of testosterone (T) administration (1 mg/kg/d) on insulin-regulated phenylalanine release and glucose uptake by perfused hindquarters of intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were studied. Results were compared with control groups that did not receive T. In the absence of exogenous insulin, T treatment significantly suppressed phenylalanine release (an index of net protein degradation) from hindquarters of intact and OVX rats below that of the intact control group ( P P P
Differences between the kinetics of nutrient uptake by micro-organisms, growth and enzyme kinetics

Abstract Specific affinity is a term that bridges the kinetics of enzymes, uptake and microbial growth. It is the best measure of the relative ability of cells to sequester substrate(s) and can be used to evaluate the size of a specific population.