cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aptitude-related differences in auditory recognition masking☆

Abstract An auditory backward recognition masking task (Massaro, 1970) was administered to undergraduates selected for extreme scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test. In two experiments, significant group differences were found in threshold interstimulus intervals (ISIs) required for 75% correct tone recognition. High-aptitude subjects required less time for correct identification of target tones as “high” or “low”. They were more able to overcome the constraints imposed on time-dependent information processing by a masking tone. These group differences were interpreted as indicating better information processing efficiency (h (higher signal-to-noise ratio) in the high-aptitude subjects.
Injector response to strong, high-frequency pressure oscillations.

Liquid propellant rocket injectors response to HF chamber pressure oscillations using one dimensional model
THE ANTIGONADOTROPIC HORMONES IN NORMAL HUMAN BLOOD SERUM1

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL responses to certain hormones are complicated by the development of resistant substances, the so-called antihormones. At present the most clearly defined of these is the antithyroid substance described by Blum (1). Although Collip and Selye et al. (2) have succeeded in developing inhibitory substances in the blood of animals injected with large amounts of gonadotropic extracts over long periods of time, such antihormones have never been shown to occur normally in human blood serum. The present problem is concerned with the activating effect of the gonadotropic substances on the growth of the immature rat ovary. The specific question investigated was whether or not an antigonadotropic hormone normally exists in human blood serum. Human pituitary glands were obtained at autopsy and dehydrated overnight in 98? acetone. The anterior lobes were separated out and ground to a fine powder. Fifty glands were pooled, uniformly mixed and stored in the ice box at 4° C. to be used as the stock materi...
Modification of dobutamine- and terbutaline-induced calcium and fluid secretion from rat salivary glands by atenolol and butoxamine.

Abstract Saliva was elicited from rat salivary glands by terbutaline at i.p. doses of 1, 5, 10 and 25 mg/kg b.wt. but not by doses of 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg b.wt. Dobutamine elicited no secretion at 1 or 2 mg/kg but did at 5, 10 and 25 mg/kg b.wt. At 5 mg/kg terbutaline evoked nearly maximal volumes but with dobutamine, volumes were small at this dosage. At dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg volumes with the two agonists were similar for parotid, but with submandibular, the volumes evoked by dobutamine were nearly two times as high as those elicited by terbutaline. Mean [Ca] of parotid saliva was also similar at all dosages of dobutamine (approximately 12 mEq/liter) and generally similar at all dosages of terbutaline (11–15 mEq/liter). Mean [Ca] of dobutamine-elicited submandibular saliva was approximately 6, 7 and 8 mEq/liter at 5, 10 and 25 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. With parotid, [Ca] was approximately 10 mEq/liter at 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg b.wt. but increased to 16–18 mEq/liter at 25 mg/kg. The time course of calcium secretion is described for both agonists at each dosage. [Ca] of both glands was decreased 60 min after i.p. injection of 10 or 25 mg/kg doses of dobutamine or terbutaline but was not changed by 5 mg/kg doses. Administration of 10 mg/kg of atenolol, the selective β1 antagonist, 20 min prior to injection of a 10 mg/kg dose of either terbutaline (β2 agonist) or dobutamine (β1 agonist) blocked secretion from both glands, and prevented the usual agonist-induced reduction in glandular concentration of calcium. Butoxamine, on the other hand, did not modify effects of terbutaline on fluid secretion or depletion of glandular calcium; it did partially inhibit dobutamine-induced fluid and calcium secretion but not depletion of glandular calcium. The present data suggest that β adrenoceptors of salivary glands are predominantly of the β1 subtype and that it is these that regulate calcium and fluid secretion. On the basis of the data with the antagonists, it is concluded that terbutaline activates β1 rather than β2 receptors since the β1 antagonist but not the β2 antagonist blocked secretory responses to terbutaline.
Effects of Ionic Strength and Counterion Valency on Adsorption of Hydrophobically Modified Polyelectrolytes

It is found that the adsorption of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes (poly(tert-butylstyrene)-block-poly(sodium styrenesulfonate)) requires a well-defined threshold ionic strength. The threshold appears so well-defined and the difference of adsorbed amount above and below the threshold so great that salt concentration acts as virtual switch for adsorption. The threshold concentration for divalent salt is lower than for monovalent salt
Lanthanum Carbonate Treatment of Hyperphosphatemia in End-Stage Renal Disease

Objective: To review the literature on the safety and efficacy of lanthanum carbonate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Data Sources: Primary literature was obtained through a PubMed search (1966-September 2005) using the key terms Fosrenol and lanthanum carbonate. The FDA review, manufacturer-provided data, and published s on lanthanum carbonate were also reviewed and evaluated. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Human studies in which lanthanum carbonate was compared with placebo or active control for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia secondary to renal disease were included. Dose-titration studies were excluded. Data Synthesis: Phosphate-lowering agents and dietary phosphate restriction are currently the first-line therapies for initial treatment of hyperphosphatemia associated with ESRD. Lanthanum carbonate is a highly effective non-aluminum, non-calcium-containing phosphate binder. It is the only FDA-approved phosphate binder that is available as an unflavored chewable tablet that may be taken without water. Conclusions: Clinical studies demonstrate that lanthanum carbonate is more effective than placebo but as or less effective than standard therapies in lowering serum phosphate to target levels. When compared with calcium salts, lanthanum carbonate had a lower incidence of hypercalcemia and a lower risk of patients developing bone disease. However, in clinical trials, patients receiving lanthanum carbonate had greater discontinuation rates, some due to adverse events. The long-term safety data (>5 y), including the potential for lanthanum accumulation in the bone with subsequent development of osteodystrophy, remain unknown.
Dielectric spectroscopy of particle-based waterborne coatings

Antistatic layers (thin films) formulated with nanoparticulate antimony-doped tin oxide or with electrically conducting emulsion polymers provide robust electronic conductivity that survives aqueous and thermal processing. Dielectric spectroscopy of nanoparticulate-binder (antistatic) coatings reveal relaxation processes that depend on particle to binder ratios and on coating or film thickness. The frequency maxima of dielectric loss peaks inversely correlate with surface electrical resistance measurements. A simple model of a layered heterogeneous dielectric explains the relative position of dielectric loss peaks in terms of antistatic layer conductivity. An observation of apparent percolation induced by variations in coverage, at constant tin oxide to binder weight ratio, suggests that the coating conditions and drying processes appear to play a pivotal role in network formation and nanoparticulate aggregation.
APPROACHES TO TURBULENT FLOW COMPUTATION - APPLICATIONS TO FLOW OVER OBSTACLES

Abstract Reliable methods of predicting turbulent flows over three-dimensional obstacles are crucial in wind engineering and other fields. Accurate numerical methods, including those for constructing computational grids, are a pacing item. Methods of treating the effects of turbulence are equally important but more difficult to develop. In this paper, issues connected with numerical methods are discussed, but attention is centered on the treatment of turbulence. For complex flows, two methods may have the potential for accurate prediction, namely methods based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and large-eddy simulation (LES). RANS models have the benefit of longer history and lower cost, but existing models are not sufficiently accurate for three-dimensional or separating and reattaching flows. Furthermore, it is unclear whether accurate models for these flow phenomena will be forthcoming. Zonal modeling may simplify the task of model construction but still requires models that can deal with three-dimensionality and separation. LES should have less difficulty with these issues. However, costs are much higher and experience is limited, so it is not yet known whether LES will fulfil its promise; to deal with obstacle flows, new models for wall layers will be required, especially for those near separation. A research program that could lead to reliable methods in the next five to ten years is outlined. It combines the use of LES and experimentation for producing accurate data and RANS models for routine calculations.
A study of the crustacean axon repetitive response. III. A comparison of the effect of veratrine sulfate solution and potassium‐rich solutions

The crustacean single nerve fiber gives rise to trains of impulses during a prolonged depolarizing stimulus. It is well known that the alkaloid veratrine itself causes a prolonged depolarization; and consequently it was of interest to investigate the effect of this chemically produced depolarization on repetitive firing in the single axon and compare it with the effect of depolarization by an applied stimulating current or by a potassium-rich solution. It was found that veratrine depolarization, though similar in some respects to a potassium-rich depolarization of depolarizing current effect, was in many respects quite different. (1) At low veratrine concentration, less than 1 Mg%, the negative after potential following a spike action potential was prolonged and augmented. At higher concentrations or after a long period of time, veratrine caused a prolonged steady state depolarization of the membrane, the “veratrine response”. The prolonged plateau depolarization response could be elicited with or without an action potential spike by a short or long duration stimulating pulse, but only if the veratrine depolarization was prevented or offset by an applied conditioning hyperpolarizing inward current. (2) The “veratrine response” resembled the potassium-rich solution response in the plateau-like contour of the depolarization and the very low membrane resistance during this plateau phase. Like the potassium response, it was possible to obtain a typical hyperpolarizing response with an inwardly directed current pulse if applied during the plateau phase. During the negative after potential augmented with veratrine, however, this hyperpolarizing response was not observed. (3) In contrast to the potassium response, however, the “veratrine response” is intimately associated with the sodium concentration in the external medium. The depolarization in millivolts is linearly related to the log of the concentration of external sodium. Moreover, during veratrine action there is a continuous and progressive inactivation of the sodium mechanism which ultimately terminates repetitive firing and abolishes the spike action potential. Then even with conditioning hyperpolarization only the slow response may be elicited in veratrine, occasionally with a spike superimposed if sodium is present, but without repetitive firing. (4) It is concluded that veratrine action is the result of a chemical or metabolic reaction by the alkaloid in the membrane. It is suggested that veratrine may inhibit the sodium extrusion mechanism, or may itself compete for sites in the membrane with calcium and/or sodium. This explains the inhibiting effect of high calcium, the abolition of the “veratrine response” with low temperature and high calcium combined and the progressive inactivation of the sodium system.
Eighteen-hour preservation of rat hearts with hexanol and pyruvate cardioplegia

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 1-hexanol as an arresting agent and pyruvate as a substrate in a cardioplegic solution. Background. Heart transplantation is limited in part by the short preservation time of donor hearts. Better preservation techniques would improve patient survival and the time and geographic area for using donor hearts. We previously showed that a cardioplegic solution containing ethanol and pyruvate was superior to a conventional high potassium cardioplegic solution in 24-h cold storage of hamster hearts. Hexanol, a more potent arresting agent than ethanol, might be a more suitable alcohol. Methods. Rat hearts were arrested and stored for 18 h at 4 °C with an ethanol (3 vol% = 510 mmol/liter) or 1-hexanol (4 mmol/liter) and pyruvate (10 mmol/liter) cardioplegic solution, St. Thomas' Hospital solution and Stanford solution and subsequently reperfused for 1 h at 35 °C. In other groups of hearts, basal oxygen consumption and rest intracellular calcium (Indo 1 technique) were evaluated during ethanol-, hexanol- and potassium-induced cardiac arrest. Results. The percent recovery of left ventricular developed pressure and rate-pressure product were significantly better with the hexanol cardioplegic solution (67 ± 21% and 58 ± 19%, respectively; p < 0.05 for all comparisons) compared with the ethanol (10 ± 7% and 5 ± 4%), St. Thomas' Hospital (14 ± 6% and 10 ± 5%) and Stanford solutions (2 ± 2% and 2 ± 1%, respectively). Exclusion of ethanol and hexanol from storage Solutions did not influence functional recovery. Values for oxygen consumption after 15- and 30-min ethanol- and hexanol-induced arrest were significantly lower than those after potassium-induced cardiac arrest. There was no difference in the rest intracellular calcium during cardiac arrest induced by the three arresting agents. Conclusions. A hexanol and pyruvate cardioplegic solution was more favorable than ethanol or conventional solutions for long-term cold storage of rat hearts. The beneficial effects of hexanol may have been provided in part by lower energy consumption during hexanol-induced cardiac arrest. These results may have implications for preservation of hearts for heart transplantation
Iron, sulfur, and carbon diagenesis in sediments of Tomales Bay, California

Analysis of 3-m sediment cores revealed that profiles of carbon (C), sulfur (S), and iron (Fe) varied with relative distance from marine and terrestrial sediment sources in Tomales Bay California. Despite relatively high sedimentation rates throughout the bay (historically 3–30 mm yr−1), sulfate reduction of deposited organic matter led to free-sulfide accumulation in sediments only at the location farthest from terrestrial runoff, the source of reactive iron. Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations in all sediments (<10 μmol g−1) were low relative to concentrations of chromiumreducible sulfide (up to 400 μmol g−1 farthest from the reactive iron source). A calculated index of iron availability, used to describe sediment resistance to build-up of free sulfide, was lowest at this location. Recent, upward shifts in reactive Fe concentration and in the relative contribution of terrestrial orgnic carbon (measured as a shift in δ13C of bulk sediment organic matter) in all cores indicated that erosion and transport of sediments from the watershed surrounding Tomales Bay increased after European settlement in the 1850s.
Reduction of a quantum n-body problem to an (n-1)-body problem

The Hamiltonian of a translationally invariant $n$-body system is reduced to that of $n\ensuremath{-}1$ bodies in the field of a fixed force center by a canonical transformation. This may be interpreted as a transformation to an accelerated coordinate system with origin on one of the particles. All recoil effects are contained in effective masses and additional momentum-dependent interactions. This representation is expected to be useful in scattering and reaction calculations. Its application to the reaction ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ + H \ensuremath{\rightarrow} D + ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ is discussed as an example.
Sequential logic to transform probabilities

Stochastic computing is an alternative approach to conventional real arithmetic. A stochastic computing module is a digital system that operates on random bit streams representing real numbers. The success of stochastic computing relies on the efficient generation of random bit streams encoding real values in the unit interval. We present the design of random bit stream generators based on finite state machines (FSMs) that emulate Reversible Markov chains. We develop a general synthesis method to designs FSMs for generating arbitrary probabilities with finite resolution. We show that our method uses fewer input random sources for the constant random bit streams needed in a computation compared to the previous work. We further show that the output random bit stream quality and convergence times of our FSMs are reasonable.
Bremsstrahlung photo-cross-section for unsymmetric system with resonating-group wave function

Sum rule calculations for the integrated bremsstrahlung-weighted cross-section σb for6Li have been performed with resonating-group wave function in a single channel of alpha and deuteron substructures. The r.m.s. radius of6Li has been also calculated. A reasonable value of σh below pion threshold has been obtained using no adjustable parameters if the lack of space symmetry in the ground-state wave function of6Li is taken into account. The intercluster exchange of particles is shown to be rather important.
Proton spin flip at 12 MeV for nuclei near the neutron shell closure, N = 28

Abstract Spin-flip angular distributions for the nuclear pairs 48, 50 Ti and 54, 56 Fe have been measured using the (p, p'γ) correlation method. These data are compared to collective model DWBA calculations using a distorted spin-orbit potential of the full Thomas form. The spinflip angular distribution data for 54 Fe exhibit two peaks of nearly equal magnitude while the data for 56 Fe and 48, 50 Ti more closely resemble the usual single large peak at back angles predicted by DWBA calculations.
From Getting "Fired" to Becoming a Collaborator: A Case of the Coconstruction of Identity and Engagement in a Project-Based Mathematics Classroom.

This article investigates the coconstruction of student identity and engagement in the case of a 9th grader in a project-based algebra classroom that afforded students a great deal of autonomy. The focal student, Terrance, utilized classroom resources to serve both project-related and social functions as he interacted with his peers during multiweek projects. As a result, his positioning within his group and patterns of engagement in the mathematics projects shifted dramatically across the academic year. The article ends with a discussion of student autonomy as a potentially powerful feature of hybrid classrooms.
Microwave Conductivity due to Scattering from Extended Linear Defects in d-Wave Superconductors

Recent microwave conductivity measurements of detwinned, high-purity, slightly overdoped ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6.993}$ crystals reveal a linear temperature dependence and a near-Drude line shape for temperatures between 1 and 20 K and frequencies ranging from 1 to 75 GHz. Prior theoretical work has shown that simple models of scattering by point defects (impurities) in d-wave superconductors are inconsistent with these results. It has therefore been suggested that scattering by extended defects such as twin boundary remnants, left over from the detwinning process, may also be important. We calculate the self-energy and microwave conductivity in the self-consistent Born approximation (including vertex corrections) for a d-wave superconductor in the presence of scattering from extended linear defects. We find that in the experimentally relevant limit $(\ensuremath{\Omega},1/\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\ll}T\ensuremath{\ll}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}),$ the resulting microwave conductivity has a linear temperature dependence and a near-Drude frequency dependence that agrees well with experiment.
Predicting Preadjudication Detention Decisions: An Examination of Family Status and Race

Since 1988, the U.S. Congress has applied increasing pressure upon states to identify and remedy the causes of disproportionate minority contact. Findings from studies examining the influence of race/ethnicity in juvenile justice processing have been inconsistent, hindering the development of effective policies. One methodological criticism is the assertion that juvenile decision-making models fail to consider the complexities inherent in parens patriae justice. In particular, family characteristics such as the presence of 2 parents may mitigate race/ethnicity effects in decision-making models. In the present research, logistic regression was used to examine the effect of race/ethnicity and family status in the decision to detain 16,338 juveniles in a southwestern state. The results suggest that although family status is significant predictor of detention decisions, race continues to exert a significant and greater effect on the decision to detain. In comparison to legal variables, the effect of race/ethn...
The Structure of an Honors Curriculum by the Methodology of Q-Analysis

The work reported in this paper explicates the structure of honors study (honors credit courses) by university scholars at the Pennsylvania State University. The methodology of Q-analysis was employed in a four-year cohort analysis of honors (and other) courses taken by 1988-graduating university scholars. Research questions are examined with respect to structural (backcloth) considerations such as major/nonmajor honors course patterns, changes in the structure over time, and the differences among majors and semester standings, as well as considerations of learning activity (traffic) such as allowing general education to exist on the structure, the support of research and thesis needs, and the definition of an honors education experience. An example curriculum structure in engineering science is illustrated.Johnson's star-hub analysis is demonstrated. Vertex-specific traffic of values for course grades earned is shown and manipulated. A dimensionally based traffic measure (simplex traffic index) is introd...
Some comparative studies of calf and chicken adenosine deaminase.

Abstract Species differences in adenosine deaminase have been observed using relative substrate specificity (ratio of activity with deoxyadenosine to that with adenosine) as the primary criterion (2, 3, 13). These studies have centered around mammalian species and have led to the purification of enzyme from calf intestine (13). We have found that this purification procedure is not effective in the case of chicken duodena and developed a suitable procedure for partial purification. Using calf and chicken enzyme, we have compared several properties of adenosine deaminase. These enzymes can be distinguished using ratios of activities with 2,6-diaminopurine riboside and 2-fluoroadenosine to that with adenosine (in addition to the usual ratio of deoxyadenosine to adenosine). In the case of 2-fluoroadenosine there is a 17-fold difference between enzymes from the two sources. Furthermore, we observed a 10 kcal./mole difference in apparent energy of activation between the two enzymes and very different relationships between pH and V m or K m . Calf enzyme shows optimal extrapolated maximum velocities at about pH 7, whereas chicken enzyme show a minimum in this range. Michaelis constants for the calf enzyme are independent of pH, but the chicken enzyme shows a sharp increase below pH 5.5 and slight increase above pH 9.
Some deterministic and stochastic nonlinear optimization modelling for the spatial allocation of multicategorical resources: with an application to real health data

Abstract This paper is a sequel to two previous articles, which presented deterministic mathematical modelling for the prediction of single -category patient/client/customer “flows” as an aggregate within a large geographical domain and formulations of several deterministic nonlinear optimization models based on objectives of equity, efficiency, and accessibility for single-categorical resources. This paper presents some formulations of both deterministic and stochastic nonlinear optimization models for planning the spatial distribution of public service facilities and their utilization as a function of multicategorical resource types and the consumer's zone of residenceover a large geographical domain. The stochastic model is useful for large-scale systems planning when parameter values are subject to change over the planning horizon rather than being held fixed, as in the deterministic model. The mathematical solution to the deterministic model, its parameter estimation by log-linear regression, and some preliminary results for a Massachusetts hospital data base are presented.
A Population-Based Study of All-Terrain Vehicle-Related Head and Spinal Injuries

BACKGROUND:: All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are inherently unstable and their use results in numerous injuries annually in the United States. OBJECTIVE:: We evaluated the magnitude of ATV-related head and spinal column injuries in Utah and identified risk factors that might be addressed by preventative measures. METHODS:: Four statewide trauma and hospital databases were queried to obtain data on hospital visits by patients with ATV-related neurological injuries in Utah from 2001 to 2005. RESULTS:: Seven hundred forty-one patients (median age, 24 years; range, 2-87 years) with ATV-related head and spinal injuries were identified. Five hundred one patients had injuries requiring transport to a hospital, of which 261 required intensive care. Five hundred fifty-nine patients experienced head trauma and 328 patients sustained spinal trauma. The average injury severity score was 12.6 (range, 0-75). Average hospital stay was 4 days (range, 0-34 days). Vehicle rollover was the most common mechanism of injury (28.6%), followed by loss of control and separation of rider and vehicle (20.1%) and collisions with stationary objects (6.1%) or other vehicles (4.1%). Helmet use was inconsistently documented, but patients without helmets were more likely to have a head injury. Injury frequency increased over time, from 116 in 2001 to 174 in 2005. CONCLUSION:: The number of ATV-related head and spinal injuries is increasing in Utah. Serious injuries requiring surgery or intensive care are common. Riders under 20 years of age are especially at risk, and helmet use may decrease the likelihood of admission to the intensive care unit, head injuries, and death. Language: en
The characterization and crystallization of a virally encoded Ustilago maydis KP4 toxin

Abstract KP4 is a virally encoded and highly specific toxin that kills fungi closely related to the fungus Ustilago maydis . The toxin was purified and crystals were formed using ammonium sulfate as precipitant. The crystals belong to the space group P 6 1(5) 22 and diffracted to ∼2.2 A resolution. Circular dicroism spectroscopy suggests that the protein is predominantly comprised of β-strands.
Papillary thyroid cancer: high inter-(simple sequence repeat) genomic instability in a typically indolent cancer.

Objectives. The object of this study is to measure genomic instability in papillary thyroid cancer and correlate these measurements with known clinical prognosticators such as patient age, tumor size, histologic subtype, and three commonly used thyroid risk assessment indices. A secondary objective of this study was to use the measurements of genomic instability to estimate the number of mutational events present in the papillary thyroid cancer genome. Methods. Inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) is a rapid and reproducible technique for quantitation of genomic instability, or the degree of genome alteration, in solid tumors. This includes quantitation of amplifications, deletions, translocations, and insertions. Twenty-eight papillary carcinomas were evaluated by ISSR-PCR. Results. Evaluation of 28 papillary carcinomas by ISSR-PCR demonstrated a wide range of genomic instability. Of the panel of clinicopathologic factors examined, only patient age was significantly associated with genomic instability. The mean genomic instability index value was greatest in the youngest age group, which was significantly different from the median value measured in the oldest age group (3.7, 2.5, respectively, p = .05). The mean value in the intermediate age group fell between the younger and older groups (3.1). By use of ISSR-PCR, we have calculated 15,000 individual genomic events as having occurred in each papillary tumor cell. Conclusions. Despite its generally indolent biologic behavior, papillary thyroid cancer exhibits a high degree of genomic instability comparable to that seen in colorectal cancer. These results suggest that elevated genomic instability, as measured by ISSR-PCR, may not be sufficient to enable thyroid tumor progression to less indolent disease and that this process is severely constrained by some additional essential factor such as the differentiated state of the tissue or the need to bring into play an additional form of genomic destabilization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head and Neck 25: 825–832, 2003
An Examination of the Effect of CEO Social Ties and CEO Reputation on Nonprofessional Investors’ Say-on-Pay Judgments

CEO compensation has received much attention from both academics and regulators. However, academics have given scant attention to understanding judgments about CEO compensation by third parties such as investors. Our study contributes to the ethics literature on CEO compensation by examining whether judgments about CEO compensation (e.g., say-on-pay) are influenced by two aspects of a company’s tone at the top—social ties between the CEO and members of the Executive Compensation Committee (ECC) and the CEO’s Reputation, particularly for financial reporting and disclosures. Although, stock exchanges such as NASDAQ require ECC members to be independent, CEOs still may have social connections to the ECC. In addition, CEOs develop a reputation for the quality of their company’s financial reporting and disclosures. We expect both CEO Social Ties and CEO Reputation to impact say-on-pay judgments, and that fairness perceptions about the CEO compensation will mediate the relationship. We conduct an experiment to test our hypotheses. In this study, we employ a two by two experimental design where we manipulate CEO Social Ties with members of the ECC (present/absent) and CEO Reputation for the quality of financial reporting disclosures (favorable/unfavorable). Participants were MBA students who provided a say-on-pay judgment (e.g., their agreement or disagreement with a resolution stating approval of the compensation paid to the Company’s CEO), and judgments about the fairness of the CEO’s compensation. Results indicate that CEO Social Ties affected participants’ say-on-pay judgments, which were fully mediated by their perceptions about fairness of the CEO’s compensation. Further, the CEO’s Reputation also affected participants’ say-on-pay judgments, which were fully mediated by their perceptions about fairness of the CEO’s compensation. Implications for research and public policy are presented.
Isomorphism types of maximal cofinitary groups

A cofinitary group is a subgroup of Sym(ℕ) where all nonidentity elements have finitely many fixed points. A maximal cofinitary group is a cofinitary group, maximal with respect to inclusion. We show that a maximal cofinitary group cannot have infinitely many orbits. We also show, using Martin's Axiom, that no further restrictions on the number of orbits can be obtained. We show that Martin's Axiom implies there exist locally finite maximal cofinitary groups. Finally we show that there exists a uniformly computable sequence of permutations generating a cofinitary group whose isomorphism type is not computable.
Heparin inhibits bovine testicular hyaluronidase activity in myocardium of dogs with coronary artery occlusion.

Bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) reduces experimental myocardial infarct size and ameliorates electrocardiographic signs of ischemia. This study was done to determine if heparin, an in vitro inhibitor of hyaluronidase activity, blocks the action of BTH in the myocardium of dogs after coronary artery occlusion. BTH was administered intravenously as 5,000 NF units/kg at 0.5 and 2.5 hours after coronary occlusion. Heparin was administered intravenously as a 150-unit/kg loading dose, followed by 10 units/kg per hour i.v., beginning 15 minutes before coronary occlusion. The area of myocardial ischemia at risk was assessed by a radiolabeled microsphere technique; the area that developed necrosis was assessed by a histochemical technique. In vivo activity of BTH was assessed by a colorimetric analysis of the BTH substrate, i.e., hyaluronic acid (HA), extracted from myocardial tissue. For biochemical analysis of HA, the heart was divided into anterior myocardium, which included ischemic tissue and posterior nonischemic myocardium. The myocardial HA content of dogs treated with BTH plus heparin (anterior, 3.44 +/- 0.40 micrograms HA/mg protein; posterior, 3.69 +/- 0.33 micrograms HA/mg protein) was not significantly different from control (anterior, 3.61 +/- 0.29 micrograms HA/mg protein; posterior, 3.55 +/- 0.23 micrograms HA/mg protein). In contrast, BTH lowered myocardial HA content (anterior, 2.16 +/- 0.21 micrograms HA/mg protein; posterior, 2.08 +/- 0.14 micrograms HA/mg protein) compared with either BTH plus heparin or control groups in both anterior myocardium (p = 0.006) and posterior myocardium (p = 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll in the eastern Bering Sea

°Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was used to study spatio-temporal variability of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery of sea surface temperature (SST (C)) and chlorophyll (mg m -3 ) for the eastern Bering Sea for May, June, July, August, September (MJJAS) for a period of 7 years (2003 - 2009). The EOF analysis was conducted on SST and chlorophyll monthly composites that were normalized by subtracting the spatial and temporal means with cloud, ice and land cover masked out. The SST in eastern Bering Sea showed a transition from a warm period (2003-2005) to cooler period (2006-2009). The first 3 EOF modes of SST were retained as they explained 76.7% of the spatio-temporal variability, with the first SST EOF mode explaining 59.5% of the total variation of SST in the study area during the study period. For the chlorophyll dataset, the first 3 EOF modes explained greater than 58.5% of the spatio-temporal variability, with the first chlorophyll EOF explaining 28.14% of total variance in chlorophyll. The decreasing amplitude of first SST EOF and switching from mostly positive to negative amplitude of the third chlorophyll EOF mode in 2006 was consistent with the May SST Index, Ice Cover Index and Bering Sea Pressure Index (BSPI).
Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation in Mitral Valve Disease: Epidemiology and Prognostic Implications

In this review we summarize the data on epidemiology and natural history of functional tricuspid valve regurgitation as it applies to surgery for mitral valve disease. Tricuspid regurgitation in the context of mitral valve disease is frequent and is associated with substantial reduction in survival and quality of life. In many patients, the correction of left-sided cardiac lesions does not lead to resolution of tricuspid regurgitation. Significant tricuspid regurgitation after mitral valve surgery portends a poor prognosis, a course that is often not altered by subsequent surgical therapy. Although a liberal approach to tricuspid annuloplasty is widely practiced, the evidence that this approach alters the natural history of functional tricuspid regurgitation is not yet available, so it is not certain how much of the negative impact of tricuspid regurgitation is causative, rather than confounding, and to what degree we will improve long-term outcomes of mitral valve surgery by liberal tricuspid annuloplasty.
2,6-Dimethyltyrosine Analogues of a Stereodiversified Ligand Library: Highly Potent, Selective, Non-Peptidic μ Opioid Receptor Agonists

We recently reported the use of an exhaustively stereodiversified library based on endomorphin-2 (1) to discover μ opioid receptor (MOR) ligands of type 2−4. Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of 2,6-dimethyltyrosine analogues 5−10. These analogues showed improved affinity for MOR relative to 2−4. In the cases of 5 and 6, we synthesized and evaluated five stereoisomers of each, thereby discovering stereoisomers with unexpected potency, selectivity, and efficacy. These results illustrate the utility of acyclic, stereodiverse libraries.
The emittances and brightnesses of high-intensity negative ion sources

Abstract The emittances of high-intensity ion beams extracted from cesium sputter negative ion sources equipped with cylindrical and ellipsoidal solid tungsten and spiral-wound tantalum (General Ionex Corporation, Model 860) cesium surface ionizers have been measured for several ion species, including 12 C − , 28 Si − , 58 Ni − , and 197 Au − . While certain sets of data from the ellipsoidal and cylindrical geometry ionizer sources suggest a moderate growth in emittance with increasing negative ion beam intensity I over the range of intensities investigated (5 ⩽ I ⩽ 60 μ A) of perhaps 20%, not all data exhibit this dependence, especially those from the Model 860 source. As well, no evidence of a monotonic dependence of emittance on ion mass was found. The emittances of ion beams at the 80% intensity levels from the Model 860 source are found to be higher on the average by factors of 1.8 and 1.7, respectively, than those from sources equipped with ellipsoidal and cylindrical geometry cesium surface ionizers. Brief descriptions of the emittance-measuring device and the sources investigated are given. Emittance and brightness data for dc operation of each of the sources considered are presented and comparisons made of the results.
Chlolesterol ester fatty acid composition of human aorta fatty streaks and normal intima

Abstract Aorta cholesterol ester fatty acid composition has been studied in 27 cases ranging in age from 11 through 37 years. The composition of the major fatty acids esterified to cholesterol in descending thoracic aorta fatty streaks is different from that in normal intima from the same individual. Fatty streaks contained a greater proportion of cholesterol palmitoleate, oleate and eicosatrienoate and a lesser proportion of palmitate and linoleate than normal intima. There appeared to be a trend toward greater differences in cholesterol ester fatty acid composition between fatty streaks and normal intima in the third decade of life than in the second and fourth. No real difference in cholesterol ester fatty acid composition was found between thoracic aorta fatty streaks and abdominal aorta fatty streaks. Analysis of the trienoic acid esterified to cholesterol revealed it to be eicosatrienoic acid, probably the 8,11,14 isomer.
Treating depression in asthmatic patients

Abstract Asthma patients frequently develop depression, especially when treated with high-dose corticosteroids. Depressed asthmatics should be promptly treated, since depression frequently decreases compliance. Antidepressants containing the dye tartrazine should be avoided because tartrazine may provoke bronchospasm. Patients may benefit to a mild degree from the anticholinergic effects of some antidepressants, but monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) should be avoided in those who are receiving epinephrine injections or several other drugs commonly used to treat rhinitis and sinusitis. To avoid the risk of decreasing respiratory drive, caution should be exercised when combining high dosages of sedating antidepressants with sedative-hypnotics and antianxiety agents.
Speaking French in Portugal: An analysis of contested models of emigrant personhood in narratives about return migration and language use

I address how the offspring of Portuguese emigrants in France, Luso-descendants (LDs), interpret their language practices and identities relative to models of language and personhood from their ‘sending’ society. Specifically, I examine how LDs tell each other narratives about having been identified as an emigrant in Portugal, based on French-influenced speech. In telling each other these stories, LDs position themselves relative to two models of language and personhood. The first diasporic model interprets LDs' French as willful abandonment of an essential Portuguese identity. The second transnational model interprets LDs' French as the legitimate result of extended residence abroad. I examine how participants explicitly and/or implicitly invoke both models, through the relationship between narrating and narrated participants' language use. I conclude by asking about LDs' awareness of their simultaneous adherence to multiple models of language and identity. Examino como os descendentes de emigrantes portugueses, os Lusodescendentes (LDs), interpretam as suas praticas de linguagem e as suas identidades em relacao a modelos de linguagem e de identidade da sua sociedade de origem. Especificamente, analiso como os LDs contam narrativas nas quais uma personagem e identificada como emigrante por ter falado em frances. Quando narram estas historias, os LDs posicionam-se em relacao a dois modelos de linguagem e de identidade. O primeiro modelo diasporico interpreta o frances como um abandono voluntario de uma identidade essencial portuguesa. O segundo modelo transnacional interpreta o frances como o resultado legitimo de residencia prolongada no exterior. Os participantes invocam os dois modelos, implicitamente e explicitamente, atraves da relacao entre a escolha de lingua pelas personagens da historia e pelos participantes na entrevista. Termino perguntando-me se os LDs tem consciencia da sua adesao simultânea aos multiplos modelos de lingua e identidade. [Portuguese]
Evolutionary divergence of the cytochrome b5 gene of Drosophila

Cytochrome proteins perform a broad spectrum of biological functions ranging from oxidative metabolism to electron transport and are thus essential to all organisms. The b-type cytochrome proteins bind heme noncovalently, are expressed in many different forms and are localized to various cellular compartments. We report the characterization of the cytochrome b5 (Cyt-b) gene of Drosophila virilis and compare its structure to the Cyt-b gene of Drosophila melanogaster. As in D. melanogaster, the D. virilis gene is nuclear encoded and single copy. Although the intron/exon structures of these homologues differ, the Cyt-b proteins of D. melanogaster and D. virilis are approximately 75% identical and share the same size coding regions (1,242 nucleotides) and protein products (414 amino acids). The Drosophila Cyt-b proteins show sequence similarity to other b-type cytochromes, especially in the N-terminal heme-binding domain, and may be targeted to the mitochondrial membrane. The greatest levels of similarity are observed in areas of potential importance for protein structure and function. The exon sequences of the D. virilis Cyt-b gene differ by a total of 292 base changes. However, 62% of these changes are silent. The high degree of conservation between species separated by 60 million years of evolution in both the DNA and amino acid sequences suggests this nuclear cytochrome b5 locus encodes an essential product of the Drosophila system.
A Review of the Research on Teacher Effectiveness and Its Implications for Current Practice.

This paper reviews the current research on teacher effectiveness as it applies to physical education in the areas of (a) teacher expectations, (b) classroom management and organization, (c) a supportive learning environment, (d) active teaching, task-oriented, or direct instruction, (e) curriculum pacing, (f) student opportunity to learn, including allocated, engaged, and academic learning time, (g) teaching to mastery, and (h) grade-level differences. Some problems in applying the research to actual school situations are presented, along with implications for physical education.
Fluorine substituent effects for tryptophan in 13C nuclear magnetic resonance

The 13C and 1H NMR spectra of monofluorotryptophans and difluorotryptophans in methanol-d4 were assigned based on 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Fluorine substituent effects on the chemical shifts (SCSs) of tryptophan were calculated and compared with those for indole. The fluorine SCSs for the indole ring of tryptophan are 38 ∼ 39 for the α-carbon − 11 ∼ − 15 for the β-carbon, O ∼ 4 for the γ-carbon and − 3 ∼ − 4 ppm for the δ-carbon. The fluorine SCSs were also applied to 4,7- and 5,7-difluorotryptophans and the effects were found to be additive.
Theory of angle-resolved photoemission from the bulk bands of solids. III. Effects of intra-atomic and interatomic electron-phonon interactions

In this third paper of a series, the influence of phonons upon the angle-resolved spectra of electrons photoemitted from the bulk bands of solids is considered. When a tight-binding formalism is used to describe the electronic states of solids, it is possible to divide the electron-phonon interaction into terms that mix orbitals located on the same site (intra-atomic) and on different sites (interatomic). The intra-atomic interactions can be treated simply by using a basis set in which the atomic orbitals follow the displacement of the atoms. The effects of this intra-atomic interaction are to weaken the usual $k$-selection rules in a manner discussed in previous works. When the initial states only are perturbed by the interatomic electron-phonon interaction, the primary modification of the angle-resolved photoelectron spectra is a broadening and shifting of the features observed at low temperatures while the conservation of $k$ and polarization selection rules appear to remain essentially intact. When the final states are modified by the interatomic electron-phonon interaction, the direct $k$-conserving component of the spectra decreases as the temperature increases, while an angle-averaged-like component increases. The electron-phonon interaction also decreases the mean free path of the photoelectron, thereby increasing the tendency of the spectra to resemble one-dimensional density of states. The form of the spectra expected in various cases is discussed.
Labor and Corporate Governance: Initial Lessons From Shareholder Activism

The recent crisis in the financial markets has revealed serious, systematic flaws in corporate governance and has cost union pension funds billions of dollars. However, the labor movement has begun to take charge of governance reform by mobilizing its pension assets, organizing other investors, and launching company-specific shareholder campaigns. Drawing on the academic literature on social embeddedness, I argue that unions will be more likely to succeed through investor activism if they form coalitions with key non-union actors. Through a detailed comparative case study of the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations’ efforts to stop the reincorporation of Nabors Industries and Stanley Works, Inc. and a larger empirical study of labor's 2002 shareholder campaigns, this article examines and outlines the factors that influence the success of these efforts. This research also elucidates how unions can continue to take the lead in corporate governance reform and build the necessary financial and political leverage to win shareholder campaigns.
Why spoofing is serious internet fraud

Fake Web sites fool the unwary into divulging personal data, undermining all consumers' trust in e-commerce, no matter how trustworthy the authentic online business truly is.