cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SN2 Reactions in Hydrocarbon Solvents Using Ammonium-Terminated Polyisobutylene Oligomers as Phase-Solubilizing Agents and Catalysts

Although SN2 reactions have been thoroughly studied in polar aprotic and protic solvents, not many studies have been done to study the rate of SN2 reaction in nonpolar solvents like alkanes due to the insolubility of anionic nucleophiles in these solvents. In this study, we investigated the use of N,N-diethyl-N-methylammonium-terminated polyisobutylene oligomers as phase-solubilizing agents for nucleophilic anions that could react with hydrocarbon-soluble substrates in alkanes. The results of these kinetic studies showed alkanes were comparable to MeCN as solvents in many reactions. Based on these studies, we developed a solid/liquid catalytic process using insoluble alkali metal carboxylate salts and a recyclable soluble polyisobutylene-bound catalyst that can be used to carry out SN2 reactions both in heptane and in hydrocarbon oligomeric solvents known as poly(α-olefins) (PAOs).
Minocycline does not affect experimental pain or addiction-related outcomes in opioid maintained patients

Minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, inhibits activation of microglia. In preclinical studies, minocycline prevented development of opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). The goal of this study was to determine if minocycline changes pain threshold and tolerance in individuals with opioid use disorder who are maintained on agonist treatment. In this double-blind, randomized human laboratory study, 20 participants were randomized to either minocycline (200 mg/day) or placebo treatment for 15 days. The study had three test sessions (days 1, 8, and 15 of treatment) and one follow-up visit 1 week after the end of treatment. In each test session, participants were assessed on several subjective and cognitive measures, followed by assessment of pain sensitivity using the Cold Pressor Test (CPT). Daily surveys and cognitive measures using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) were also collected four times a day on days 8 through 14 of treatment, and proinflammatory serum cytokines were assessed before and on the last day of treatment. Minocycline treatment did not change pain threshold or tolerance on the CPT. Similarly, minocycline did not change severity of pain, opioid craving, withdrawal, or serum cytokines. Minocycline treatment increased accuracy on a Go/No-Go task. While these findings do not support minocycline’s effects on OIH, minocycline may have a potential use as a cognitive enhancer for individuals with opioid use disorder, a finding that warrants further systematic studies.
CURATIVOS EM QUEIMDAURAS DE TERCEIRO GRAU

Introducao: A queimadura e uma lesao provocada por agentes termicos, quimicos, eletricos ou radioativos que atingem o tecido de revestimento do corpo humano. O dano termico pode causar perda parcial ou total da pele e seus adjacentes, assim como pode agredir estruturas mais profundas como musculos, tendoes e ossos. A gravidade de cada lesao por queimadura e determinada por diversos fatores que, quando avaliados, auxiliam a equipe de tratamento de queimados a mensurar a probabilidade de um paciente sobreviver e planejar o cuidado do mesmo. Objetivo: Apresentar a importância dos curativos em queimaduras graves, seus beneficios, os materiais e produtos utilizados nos mesmos e seus maleficios quando realizados de maneira erronea. Metodologia: revisao narrativa de literatura, a qual visa a introducao de dados sobre determinado assunto. Os artigos de revisao narrativa sao publicacoes amplas, apropriadas para descrever e discutir o desenvolvimento do artigo, sob o ponto de vista teorico ou/e contextual. Resultados: Fica claro que a presenca de tecido necrotico no leito da ferida influencia no processo de reparo tecidual, sendo o desbridamento um passo essencial no tratamento de feridas, sejam elas agudas ou cronicas. Conclusao: Existem diversos produtos na industria farmaceutica destinados ao tratamento de feridas provocadas por queimaduras em suas diferentes fases; porem, a utilizacao de qualquer produto no tratamento de queimaduras ou outros tipos de feridas deve seguir um rigoroso protocolo, onde se busca identificar a real contribuicao para o processo de cicatrizacao.
Dynamic/Static Image Use in ISIS’s Media Campaign: An Audience Involvement Strategy for Achieving Goals

The rebound of ISIS in the online environment in the aftermath of the coalition force liberation of Mosul and Raqqa has reinvigorated the need to understand the strategic choices of the group’s med...
Multiuser MIMO systems

Abstract : Communication systems with multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver (i.e. MIMO systems) have shown considerable promise in providing high-rate high-quality wireless links. This talk will discuss implications of using MIMO systems in multiple-access networks. The main focus of the talk will be on receiver signal processing for such systems and in particular on multiuser detection and related issues. Complexity reduction techniques that use turbo processing or adaptive implementations will also be described. Finally some related issues concerning the spectral efficiencies of such systems will be discussed.
Exploration of the sliding behavior of a Σ11 grain boundary with precipitates in Ni–Al system using molecular dynamics

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) was used to gain insights into grain boundary (GB) shear mechanisms in alloys that require GB mobility in a field of coherent precipitates. The area fraction of the Σ11 affected by the γ′ was systematically varied to explore how GB shear mechanisms change with increased number of precipitates. Without precipitates, local atomic shuffling accommodates the Σ11 GB shear; above an area-fraction threshold, GB shear required dislocation emission. In addition to precipitate area fraction, the transition in GB shear mechanisms may also depend on precipitate shape/size, temperature, and GB misorientation. These factors will be investigated in future work.
Potential for increased hydrothermal arsenic flux during volcanic unrest: Implications for California water supply

Abstract The hydrothermal systems associated with the restless high-threat volcanoes at Lassen and Long Valley, California, each release large amounts of arsenic (As) to surface waters – ~6 and ~8 metric tons/yr, respectively. The hydrothermal As output can increase during volcanic unrest, as illustrated by a two-fold increase during unrest at Lassen in 2014–15. During that period of unrest, increased As concentrations and fluxes were measured up to 75 km downstream from the Lassen source, in Mill Creek near the confluence with the Sacramento River. In eastern California, the Long Valley hydrothermal system feeds into the Los Angeles Aqueduct (LAA), and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) actively manages the LAA system to remove hydrothermal As. In 1980, during a series of ~Mw6 earthquakes, the discharge of a particular group of hydrothermal vents in Long Valley increased approximately 7-fold, though the total increase in As flux to the LAA system at that time is unknown. The likely mechanism for increased hydrothermal discharge in each case is permeability enhancement due to strong ground motion. A review of the global literature on earthquake hydrology suggests a worst-case scenario of a roughly 10-fold increase in permeability, with commensurate increase in the hydrothermal As flux persisting for days to months. Here we evaluate the potential impact of such increases in hydrothermal As flux on the California water-supply system.
Effects of Bubble Size and Gas Density on the Shock-induced Collapse of Nanoscale Cavitation Bubble

In this paper, we studied the nature of shockwave induced cavitation bubble collapse using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. A major objective of this study is to determine how the variation of nanoscale bubble size and entrapped gas density affects the bubble dynamics. It is known that cavitation bubble collapse/implosion is a robust dynamic event that occurs when the potential energy of the acting pressure performs work in a rapid and violent manner. Usually, the energy converges into a significantly smaller region compared to the original cavitation bubble. While the mechanisms of cavitation have been studied for more than a century, recently, it has received renewed interests due to its connection with biomedical applications and traumatic brain injury (TBI). One of the common causes of TBI is blast-induced shock exposure. A shockwave, as a moving discontinuity of pressure, can lead to the formation and collapse of cavitation bubble and produce an impactful jet stream. The jet stream may cause a localized mechanical/thermal damage to the structures that come on its path. We have considered two different bubble sizes (10 and 20 nm). We found that different gas densities inside the cavitation bubble largely change the intensity of the aftermath. We also found the peak temperature during the collapse is linked to the bubble size but unrelated with the peak pressure.
Hispanic/Latino heritage group disparities in sleep and the sleep-cardiovascular health relationship by housing tenure status in the United States.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate whether the sleep-cardiovascular health (CVH) association varies by Hispanic/Latino heritage group and housing tenure status (i.e., homeownership, unassisted housing, government-assisted housing), which is an important social determinant of health. Design Cross-sectional analysis of pooled National Health Interview Survey (2004-2017) data. Setting United States. Participants US-born/non–US-born Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central/South American, and US-born non-Hispanic (NH)-white adults. Measurements Within each housing tenure category, Poisson regressions with robust variance estimated the adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of (1) habitual sleep duration ( 9-hours vs. 7-9 hours) and sleep quality for Hispanic/Latino heritage groups compared with NH-whites and (2) ideal CVH for Hispanic/Latino heritage groups within each sleep duration category, separately, compared with NH-whites who reported 7-9 hours sleep duration. Results Among 283,767 NH-white and Hispanic/Latino adults (mean age=47.0±0.09 years, 50.1% female), 33% rented housing (4% government-assisted; 29% unassisted), and 67% were homeowners. Compared with their NH-white housing tenure counterparts, only Puerto Rican homeowners were more likely to report 9-hours sleep duration and poor sleep quality compared with NH-whites. Disparities in CVH were large between Puerto Rican unassisted renters and homeowners who reported >9-hours of habitual sleep compared with their NH-white housing tenure counterparts who reported 7-9 hours. Conclusions Hispanic/Latino-white disparities in the sleep-CVH relationship may vary by Hispanic/Latino heritage group and housing tenure.
Powering the next industrial revolution: transitioning from nonrenewable energy to solar fuels via CO2 reduction

Solar energy has been used for decades for the direct production of electricity in various industries and devices; however, harnessing and storing this energy in the form of chemical bonds has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuel combustion. The common feedstocks for producing such solar fuels are carbon dioxide and water, yet only the photoconversion of carbon dioxide presents the opportunity to generate liquid fuels capable of integrating into our existing infrastructure, while simultaneously removing atmospheric greenhouse gas pollution. This review presents recent advances in photochemical solar fuel production technology. Although efforts in this field have created an incredible number of methods to convert carbon dioxide into gaseous and liquid fuels, these can generally be classified under one of four categories based on how incident sunlight is utilised: solar concentration for thermoconversion (Category 1), transformation toward electroconversion (Category 2), natural photosynthesis for bioconversion (Category 3), and artificial photosynthesis for direct photoconversion (Category 4). Select examples of developments within each of these categories is presented, showing the state-of-the-art in the use of carbon dioxide as a suitable feedstock for solar fuel production.
Morphological factors associated with giant vacuoles with I-pores in Schlemm's canal endothelial cells of human eyes: A serial block-face scanning electron microscopy study.

Abstract Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma and results from impaired drainage of aqueous humor (AH) through the trabecular outflow pathway. AH must pass the inner wall (IW) endothelium of Schlemm's canal (SC), which is a monolayer held together by tight junctions, to exit the eye. One route across the IW is through giant vacuoles (GVs) with their basal openings and intracellular pores (I-pores). AH drainage through the trabecular outflow pathway is segmental. Whether more GVs with both basal openings and I-pores are present in the active flow areas and factors that may influence formation of GVs with I-pores have not been fully elucidated due to limitations in imaging methods. In this study, we applied a relatively new technique, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), to investigate morphological factors associated with GVs with I-pores in different flow areas. Two normal human donor eyes were perfused at 15 mmHg with fluorescent tracers to label the outflow pattern followed by perfusion-fixation. Six radial wedges of trabecular meshwork including SC (2 each from high-, low-, and non-flow areas) were imaged using SBF-SEM (total: 9802 images). Total GVs, I-pores, basal openings, and four types of GVs were identified. Percentages of GVs with I-pores and basal openings and number of I-pores/GV were determined. Overall, 14.4% (477/3302) of GVs had I-pores. Overall percentage of GVs with both I-pores and basal openings was higher in high- (15.7%), than low- (12.6%) or non-flow (7.3%) areas. Of GVs with I-pores, 83.2% had a single I-pore; 16.8% had multiple I-pores (range: 2–6). Additionally, 180 GVs (90 with I-pores and 90 without I-pores) were randomly selected, manually segmented, and three-dimensionally (3D) reconstructed to determine size, shape, and thickness of the cellular lining. Size of GVs (including median volume, surface area, and maximal cross-sectional area) with I-pores (n = 90) was significantly larger than GVs without I-pores (n = 90) using 3D-reconstructed GVs (P ≤ 0.01). Most I-pores (73.3%; 66/90) were located on or close to GV's maximal cross-sectional area with significant thinning of the cellular lining. Our results suggest that larger size and thinner cellular lining of GVs may contribute to formation of GVs with I-pores. More GVs with I-pores and basal openings were observed in high-flow areas, suggesting these GVs do provide a channel through which AH passes into SC and that increasing this type of GV may be a potential strategy to increase aqueous outflow for glaucoma treatment.
Intestinal malrotation in adults: prevalence and findings based on CT colonography

Intestinal malrotation is largely a pediatric diagnosis, but initial detection can be made in adulthood. CT colonography (CTC) provides an ideal means for estimating prevalence. Our purpose was to evaluate the prevalence and imaging findings of intestinal malrotation in asymptomatic adults at CTC screening, as well as incomplete optical colonoscopy (OC) referral. The CTC database of a single academic institution was searched for cases of intestinal malrotation (developmental nonrotation). Prevalence was estimated from 11,176 adults undergoing CTC. Demographic, clinical, imaging (CTC and other abdominal exams), and surgical data were reviewed. 27 cases of malrotation were confirmed (mean age 62 ± 9 years; 15 M/12F), including 17 from the CTC screening cohort (0.17% prevalence) and 10 from incomplete OC (0.75% prevalence; p < 0.001). Most cases (59%; 16/27) were initially diagnosed at CTC. In 67% (12/18); the presence of malrotation was missed on at least one relevant abdominal imaging examination. At least 22% (6/27) had a history of unexplained, chronic intermittent abdominal pain. At CTC, the SMA-SMV relationship was normal in only 11% (3/27). The ileocecal valve was located in the RLQ in only 22% (6/27). Two patients (7%) had associated findings of heterotaxy (polysplenia). The prevalence of intestinal malrotation was four times greater for patients referred from incomplete OC compared with primary screening CTC, likely related to anatomic challenges at endoscopy. Malrotation was frequently missed at other abdominal imaging examinations. CTC can uncover unexpected cases of malrotation in adults, which may be relevant in terms of potential for future complications.
Promoting Gender Inclusivity in General Music: Considerations for Music Listening:

General music teachers can promote gender inclusivity in music classrooms through music listening activities. Helping all students feel included and honored could improve student learning and foste...
Sensory landscape of the Russian empire in “The Letters from Russia” (1856–1857) by Juan Valera

The article considers new perspectives in working with travel notes as a historical source. Through the careful reading of “The Letters from Russia” (1856-1857) by Spanish diplomat and writer Juan Valera (1824-1905), the article examines the role of sensory impressions and their place in constructing Russia’s image. Particular attention focuses on the analysis of methods and approaches of sensory history. By applying content analysis, it was possible to identify four topics addressed by the Spanish diplomat: colours, tastes, sounds, and smells. Thanks to the interdisciplinary approach, we reconstructed the author’s percep- tion of Russia’s visual and sound landscape, his attitude to the Russian elite’s and the ordinary people’s tastes (food and drinks), the smells that he encountered during the trip. For example, the Russian empire seemed to the Spanish author brilliant, golden and silver, and its sound perception was characterized by the loud sound of local bells and melodic singing of church choirs. At the same time, a Spanish diplomat was openly disappointed with the common people’s food and its smell, and the Russian countryside, in general, seems colourless to him. The Spaniard’s idea of Russia was established under the influence of his native environment and by the St. Petersburg elite. Given the fact that the author spent most of his time in the company of the Russian elite, he managed to recreate Russia’s holistic sensual landscape only in the context of its sounds and smells. In the case of Russian food and colours, readers can observe an unfinished image that only partially reproduces the author’s vision of “folk” and “parade” Russia. For example, due to the author’s limited mobility, the text contains almost no information about the color palette of a Russian city or village. Despite this, the study of these phenomena not only revealed the basic features of the then Russian everyday life but also allowed a better understanding of the personality of Juan Valera and the way of forming his ideas.
If You Cannot Afford a Lawyer: Assessing the Constitutionality of Massachusetts's Reimbursement Statute

This note assesses the constitutional problems with Massachusetts' statutory public defender fees.
The Role of Canadian Financial Institutions in the Development of Colombia's Financial Markets, 1896-1939

Entidades financieras canadienses desempenaron un papel importante en el desarrollo de los mercados financieros de las principales ciudades colombianas. Aseguradoras tales como Manufacturers Life insurance Company y Life Assurance Company of Canada tuvieron un gran impacto en el desarrollo del negocio de seguros en la costa Atlantica, mientras que Royal Bank of Canada contribuyo al desarrollo de la banca personal. Este articulo se centra en las experiencias de entidades financieras canadienses en Colombia desde finales del siglo XIX hasta el comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Resalta la naturaleza competitiva del negocio financiero internacional y el papel que cumplieron los lideres empresariales, las politicas publicas y los gobiernos en su lucha por el posicionamiento en los mercados emergentes de paises como Colombia. Esta investigacion historica tambien contribuye a un mejor entendimiento de las relaciones bilaterales entre Colombia y Canada y la forma como el capitalismo se extendio en el hemisferio occidental.
Development and validation of the Penn Arthralgia Aging Scale among breast cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors often experience joint pain as a side effect of their treatment; qualitative investigations suggest that this arthralgia may cause women to feel that they are aging faster than they should be. To facilitate further study of this experience, the Penn Arthralgia Aging Scale (PAAS) was developed. This report describes the development and validation of the PAAS in a racially diverse sample of breast cancer survivors suffering from joint pain. METHODS The items of the scale were developed from a content analysis of interviews with patients. The scale was pilot-tested, and modifications were made on the basis of patient feedback. Subsequently, 596 breast cancer survivors who endorsed joint pain completed the 8-item PAAS. The factor structure (with exploratory factor analysis), the internal consistency, and the convergent, divergent, and incremental validity were examined. RESULTS The resulting scale had a 1-factor structure with strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .94) and demonstrated both convergent and divergent validity: the PAAS was significantly correlated with joint pain severity (rs = 0.55, P < .01) and had a small and nonsignificant correlation with actual age (rs = –0.07, P = .10). The PAAS was also found to explain incremental variance in anxiety, depression, and pain interference outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the PAAS produces reliable and valid scores that capture perceptions of aging due to arthralgia among breast cancer survivors. With further research, the PAAS may advance our understanding of how perceptions of aging may affect breast cancer survivors' emotional, behavioral, and clinical outcomes. Cancer 2015;121:2808-2813. © 2015 American Cancer Society
Molecular Information Theory: Solving the Mysteries of DNA

DNA is the foundation stone of molecular information. Therefore, any theory that accounts for the basic molecular properties and behaviours of DNA inside the living cell can be viewed as constituting a molecular information theory. It is posited that the necessary and sufficient conditions for unraveling the workings of DNA are the successful construction of a computer model of the living cell that (i) takes into account not only information but also free energy transactions mediated by molecular machines, (ii) utilizes sequence-specific conformational strains of biopolymers (called conformons) as the immediate driving force for all teleonomic functions of molecular machines, and (iii) implements cell language in the form of fuzzy if-then rules at the levels of both molecular machines and the living cell. One important application of computer models of the cell is thought to be in the field of DNA microarray data analysis. It is suggested that, without computer models of the cell, it might be nearly impossible to extract meaningful biological information from microarray data.
Stoichiometry of 2′,5′-Oligoadenylate-induced Dimerization of Ribonuclease L A SEDIMENTATION EQUILIBRIUM STUDY

Ribonuclease L is an endoribonuclease that is activated by binding of 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates. Activation of ribonuclease L also induces dimerization. Here, we demonstrate using equilibrium sedimentation that dimerization requires the binding of one 5'-monophosphate 2',5'-(adenosine)3 molecule per ribonuclease L monomer. No dimerization was observed in the absence of activator up to a protein concentration of 18 microM, indicating that unliganded enzyme is unable to dimerize or the association is very weak. In parallel with dimerization, enzymatic activity is also maximized at a 1:1 activator: ribonuclease L stoichiometry. The same stoichiometry for dimerization is observed using a nonphosphorylated activator 2'-5'-(adenosine)3. Adenosine triphosphate or RNA oligonucleotide substrates do not induce dimerization. The observed stoichiometry supports a model for ribonuclease L dimerization in which activator binds to monomer, which subsequently dimerizes.
Healthcare under siege: Geopolitics of medical service provision in the Gaza Strip

Abstract Siege, a process of political domination aimed at isolating an entire population, represents a unique threat to healthcare provision. This study is a qualitative examination of the impacts of siege on the practices and systems that underlie health in Gaza. Data are from participant observation conducted over a period of six years (2009–2014), along over 20 interviews with doctors and health administrators in the Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO), Governmental, and United Nations sectors. Analyses were informed by two connected theories. First, the theory of surplus population was used, an idea that builds on Marx's conception of primitive accumulation and Harvey's accumulation by dispossession. Second, Roy's theory of de-development was used, particularly as it is connected to neoliberal trends in healthcare systems organizing and financing. Findings indicate that siege impinges on effective healthcare provision through two central, intertwined processes: withholding materials and resources and undermining healthcare at a systems level. These strains pose considerable threats to healthcare, particularly within the Ministry of Health but also within and among other entities in Gaza that deliver care. The strategies of de-development described by participants reflect the ways the population that is codified as a surplus population. Gazan society is continually divested of any of the underpinnings necessary for a well-functioning sovereign health care infrastructure. Instead of a self-governing, independent system, this analysis of health care structures in Gaza reveals a system that is continually at risk of being comprised entirely of captive consumers who are entirely dependent on Israel, international bodies, and the aid industry for goods and services. This study points to the importance of foregrounding the geopolitical context for analysis of medical service delivery within conflict settings. Findings also highlight the importance of advocating for sovereignty and self-determination as related to health systems.
Protein Adsorption in Microengraving Immunoassays

Microengraving is a novel immunoassay forcharacterizing multiple protein secretions from single cells. During the immunoassay, characteristic diffusion and kinetic time scales τD and τK determine the time for molecular diffusion of proteins secreted from the activated single lymphocytes and subsequent binding onto the glass slide surface respectively. Our results demonstrate that molecular diffusion plays important roles in the early stage of protein adsorption dynamics which shifts to a kinetic controlled mechanism in the later stage. Similar dynamic pathways are observed for protein adsorption with significantly fast rates and rapid shifts in transport mechanisms when C0* is increased a hundred times from 0.313 to 31.3. Theoretical adsorption isotherms follow the trend of experimentally obtained data. Adsorption isotherms indicate that amount of proteins secreted from individual cells and subsequently captured on a clean glass slide surface increases monotonically with time. Our study directly validates that protein secretion rates can be quantified by the microengraving immunoassay. This will enable us to apply microengraving immunoassays to quantify secretion rates from 104–105 single cells in parallel, screen antigen-specific cells with the highest secretion rate for clonal expansion and quantitatively reveal cellular heterogeneity within a small cell sample.
Physicochemical, Sensory, and Nutritive Qualities of Hardy Kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta‘Ananasnaya’) as Affected by Harvest Maturity and Storage

ABSTRACT: The influences of harvest maturity (6.0%, 8.7%, 9.1%, and 15.1% average soluble solids content [SSC]) and storage conditions (22 ± 1°C and 45% RH, or 2°C and 88% RH for 3 wk followed by a ripening period at 22 ± 1°C and 45% RH) on the physicochemical, sensory, and nutritive qualities of‘Ananasnaya’hardy kiwifruit were investigated. The effects of refrigeration depend largely on maturity of the fruit at harvest. Chroma values of refrigerated fruit ranged from 16.41 to 19.09 and were similar to vine-ripened fruit (15.1% SSC). Hue angles ranged from 75.41 to 97.50; the only significant (P < 0.05) difference was refrigerated fruit harvested at 9.1% SSC, which had lower hue angles than all other treatments. Refrigeration significantly (P < 0.05) reduced titratable acidity and increased SSC of ripened fruit, regardless of harvest maturity, and reduced firmness of fruit harvested at 6.0% and 8.7% SSC. However, storage conditions had no effect on firmness of fruit harvested at 9.1% SSC. Free-choice profiling revealed that panelists perceived significant (P < 0.05) differences between refrigerated and room-stored samples in aroma and flavor descriptors as well as differences between harvest maturity treatments. Refrigerated fruit harvested at 6.0% and 8.7% SSC measured highest in total phenolics with over 2 mg gallic acid equivalents/g fresh weight. Antioxidant activity ranged from 1.6 to 2.3 ascorbic acid equivalents/g fresh weight with no significant difference between treatments. This study demonstrated that quality of ripened hardy kiwifruit can be optimized through identification of ideal harvest date for this Actinidia species and by controlling storage conditions.
Space coding by gamma oscillations in the barn owl optic tectum

Gamma-band (25–140 Hz) oscillations of the local field potential (LFP) are evoked by sensory stimuli in the mammalian forebrain and may be strongly modulated in amplitude when animals attend to these stimuli. The optic tectum (OT) is a midbrain structure known to contribute to multimodal sensory processing, gaze control, and attention. We found that presentation of spatially localized stimuli, either visual or auditory, evoked robust gamma oscillations with distinctive properties in the superficial (visual) layers and in the deep (multimodal) layers of the owl's OT. Across layers, gamma power was tuned sharply for stimulus location and represented space topographically. In the superficial layers, induced LFP power peaked strongly in the low-gamma band (25–90 Hz) and increased gradually with visual contrast across a wide range of contrasts. Spikes recorded in these layers included presumptive axonal (input) spikes that encoded stimulus properties nearly identically with gamma oscillations and were tightly phase locked with the oscillations, suggesting that they contribute to the LFP oscillations. In the deep layers, induced LFP power was distributed across the low and high (90–140 Hz) gamma-bands and tended to reach its maximum value at relatively low visual contrasts. In these layers, gamma power was more sharply tuned for stimulus location, on average, than were somatic spike rates, and somatic spikes synchronized with gamma oscillations. Such gamma synchronized discharges of deep-layer neurons could provide a high-resolution temporal code for signaling the location of salient sensory stimuli.
The Job of President and the Jobs Model Forecast: Obama for '08?

The statistical modelers are back. The presidential election forecasting errors of 2000 did not repeat themselves in 2004. On the contrary, the forecasts, from at least seven different teams, were generally quite accurate (Campbell 2004; Lewis-Beck 2005). Encouragingly, their prowess is receiving attention from forecasters outside the social sciences, in fields such as engineering and commerce. Noteworthy here is the recent special issue on U.S. presidential election forecasting published in the International Journal of Forecasting, containing some 10 different papers (Campbell and Lewis-Beck 2008). Our contribution in that special issue explored the question of whether our Jobs Model, off by only 1 percentage point in its 2004 forecast, was a simple product of data-mining (Lewis-Beck and Tien 2008).
Comparison of irreversible deformation and yielding in microlayers of polycarbonate with poly(methylmethacrylate) and poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)

Microlayers of polycarbonate (PC) with poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) were processed with varying layer thicknesses. Adhesion between PC and PMMA was found to be an order of magnitude higher than between PC and SAN, as determined with the T-peel method. To probe the effect of the adhesion difference on yielding and deformation of PC/PMMA and PC/SAN microlayers, the macroscopic stress–strain behavior was examined as a function of layer thickness and strain rate, and the results were interpreted in terms of the microdeformation behavior. During yielding, crazes in thick SAN layers opened up into cracks; however, PC layers drew easily because local delamination relieved constraint at the PC/SAN interface. Adhesion of PC/PMMA was too strong for delamination at the interface when PMMA crazes opened up into cracks at low strain rates. Instead, PMMA cracks tore into neighboring PC layers and initiated fracture. At higher strain rates, good adhesion produced yielding of thick PMMA layers, a phenomenon not observed with thick SAN layers. The change in microdeformation mechanism of PMMA with increasing strain rate produced a transition in the yield stress of PC/PMMA microlayers. Microlayers of both PC/SAN and PC/PMMA with thinner layers (individual layers 0.3–0.6 μm thick) exhibited improved ballistic performance compared to microlayers with thicker layers (individual layers 10–20 μm thick), which was due to cooperative yielding of both components. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1545–1557, 2000
Confocal Light Scattering Spectroscopic Microscopy for Monitoring Individual Subcellular Organelle

We report development of a novel optical imaging technique capable of non-invasively monitoring single subcellular organelles in a living cell without use of exogenous contrast agents common to optical microscopy.
Whose Expertise?: An Analysis of Advice Giving in Early Childhood Parent-Teacher Conferences.

Early childhood and early childhood special education programs have a focus on parent-educator partnerships. Parent-teacher conferences are a context for these partnerships, and advice giving is one type of exchange occurring within conferences. Parent-teacher conference advice was investigated through participant interviews and the methodology of conversation analysis. Six early childhood parent-teacher conferences were studied to determine the extent to which parent-educator partnerships were implemented. Results indicated that conference participants socially constructed their roles such that teachers were advice givers and parents were advice seekers. As such, teachers' expertise was expected and acknowledged, whereas parents' expertise was largely unrecognized. Nonetheless, teachers supported and encouraged parents' childrearing competencies and fostered positive parent-educator relationships. Implications for early childhood educators and researchers are provided.
Comparative effects of vasodilator drugs on large and small coronary resistance vessels in the dog

One of the mechanisms whereby nitroglycerin is considered to reduce myocardial ischaemia and spasm is its preferential reduction of resistance of large compared with small coronary arteries. Accordingly, the action of nitroglycerin on these two resistance beds was compared with newer coronary vasodilator drugs. Following intracoronary administration of boluses of each drug, large and small vessel coronary resistance was measured in 14 dogs by recording the pressure drop across each vascular bed while flow was held constant. The dose of each drug was given to reduce small vessel resistance by 30% (range means 27 to 32%) which peaked at 5 to 10 s and declined to 8 to 18% at 1 min when reduction in large vessel resistance was at its maximum. At 1 min the large vessel resistance was decreased 56±5% by nitroglycerin, 23±5% by nitroprusside, 8±4% by perhexiline, 0±5% by verapamil and increased 8±5% by nifedipine. Nitroprusside reduced the large vessel resistance significantly less than nitroglycerin (P <0.001) for an equivalent reduction in small vessel resistance. Perhexiline, verapamil and nifedipine did not significantly reduce large vessel resistance and the discrepancy between these results and their antianginal and antispasm effect in humans was not apparent from these experiments. However, a suitable model of coronary spasm in the dog following ergonovine injection could not be created.
Optimizing behavioral health interventions with single-case designs: from development to dissemination

Over the past 70 years, single-case design (SCD) research has evolved to include a broad array of methodological and analytic advances. In this article, we describe some of these advances and discuss how SCDs can be used to optimize behavioral health interventions. Specifically, we discuss how parametric analysis, component analysis, and systematic replications can be used to optimize interventions. We also describe how SCDs can address other features of optimization, which include establishing generality and enabling personalized behavioral medicine. Throughout, we highlight how SCDs can be used during both the development and dissemination stages of behavioral health interventions.
Reduced muscarinic receptor plasticity in frontal cortex of aged rats after chronic administration of cholinergic drugs.

Age-related differences in muscarinic receptor plasticity were observed in young, adult and senescent Fischer 344 rats (3, 9 and 27 months old, respectively) following the chronic, intracerebroventricular (ivt) administration of a cholinergic agonist, oxotremorine, or antagonist, methylatropine. After three weeks treatment of young rats with ivt oxotremorine, the maximum number (Bmax) of 3H-QNB binding sites in frontal cortex, determined by saturation experiments, was reduced by 27%, with no apparent change in the affinity (Kd) of 3H-QNB for the muscarinic receptor. Conversely, chronic ivt methylatropine administered to 3 month old animals caused a 29% increase in Bmax with no significant change in Kd. Adult animals showed a somewhat lesser degree of muscarinic receptor plasticity (16% down-regulation after oxotremorine, 22% up-regulation after methylatropine). However, 3H-QNB binding parameters in frontal cortex from senescent rats were not significantly alterted following identical treatments with oxotremorine or methylatropine. Thus, muscarinic receptor adaptation to chronic, cholinergic drug administration was impaired in aged animals. This reduced receptor plasticity with aging could have important implications for the long-term drug treatment of elderly patients and for the therapeutic efficacy of cholinergic drugs in age-related neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Secure Access Platform Improved System Based on Regional Division

With the promotion and popularization of the State Grid Corporations security access platform, the possibility of the massive remote terminal access the security gateway system is growing, its public network resource consumption surged along with the expansion of the number of terminals. The designated area farther away from the terminal to the gateway routing digestion, the massive terminal access at the same time, the burden on the public network will also be very large. This article is based on the target about reducing the burden on the public network and improving the efficiency of the system access, designed the division of regional security access platform system with the help of the courier. Successfully Solved the chaotic gateway autonomy brought the access path complexity and through the SM1 Encryption module, SM2 signature module, and SM3 hash module greatly improve the operating efficiency and the security of the Secure Access platform under massive terminal access, has a strong practical.
Investigation of Train Warning Times and Gate Violations

The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between train warning times and instances of motorists driving around fully deployed crossing gates at a highway-rail grade crossing equipped with median barriers (lane separators). The purpose of the median barriers is to deter motorists from driving around fully deployed gates. The premise for this research was the expectation that longer train warning times were accompanied by more numerous occurrences of driving around fully deployed crossing gates, notwithstanding the presence of median barriers. Data on motorists' opportunities to drive around fully deployed crossing gates, actual instances of driving around those gates, warning times experienced by motorists, and some additional variables were collected at a study site during a 2-month period. The study site was equipped with median barriers on both sides of the crossing to discourage driving around fully deployed gates. Data analysis showed that after violation opportunities and ce...
The Mean Wind Structure over Bahrein and Aden in 1962

Abstract The mean upper wind structure over Bahrein and Aden in 1962 is studied. Patterns of the zonal and meridional wind speed components are presented. Eddy and advective fluxes of the momentum are calculated and mean annual height profiles drawn for both stations. The transport of momentum by synoptic scale eddies is more important at Bahrein than at Aden. Transport of momentum by the local mean meridional wind is larger in magnitude and fluctuates in an irregular way from month to month at both stations. The vertical integral of the momentum suggests export of relative momentum from the Bahrein-Aden sector in winter and import in summer. These conclusions are supported by 1963 data from the Ahmadabad-Madras sector. In the belt of latitude considered the winter surface winds have an easterly component and gain momentum from the earth while the summer surface winds have a westerly component and lose momentum to the earth. The results of the short period analysis for the sectors studied suggest broad ag...
Purification and properties of dihydroxy acid dehydratase from soluble and mitochondrial fractions of Neurospora crassa.

Abstract A procedure is described for the purification of dihydroxy acid dehydratase from both the soluble and mitochondrial fractions of Neurospora homogenates. The purified preparations are highly active and appear to be quite homogeneous. The recovery of enzyme from either the soluble or mitochondrial fraction is about 20%. The enzyme preparations from the soluble and mitochondrial fractions were observed to have many similarities.
Techniques For Eliminating Thermal-Acoustical Oscillation In Cryogenic Instrumentation

A phenomenon known as thermal acoustical oscillation, which can be very troublesome and difficult to eliminate, occurs in cryogenic systems when a tube closed on one end is inserted into a cryogenic container. This oscillation can cause an increase in the conduction heat transfer in the tube by several orders of magnitude. A design approach is presented for the elimination of thermal acoustical oscillation based upon the Roth theory. Techniques that have been found useful in improving stability include: Helmholtz resonator, perforated fill line, heat sinking of vent tube, connecting vent and fill lines, and low pressure check valve.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The heat balance of the tropical tropopause, cirrus, and stratospheric dehydration

If tropical tropopause cirrus lie above convective anvils with tops above about 13km, then net radiative cooling from the cirrus can be produced that is large enough to offset significant subsidence heating, even at the lowest temperatures observed in the tropics. Cirrus clouds near the tropopause are strongly heated by radiation unless they lie above convective anvil clouds. Radiative relaxation in the tropical troposphere is slow above about 14km unless clouds are present. Radiative cooling of tropopause cirrus may be important in processes that dehydrate air before it enters the stratosphere.
JID after two years: The editor’s viewpoint

In summary then, I believe that at the end of 2 years,JID has reached the point where it has achieved acceptance within AECT, has a growing audience, has sound contents including both articles and departments, and receives an adequate number of quality manuscripts. On the minus side,JID does not effectively serve a significant segment of the ID community-business, industry, government, and the military-in terms of its subscribers, its contents, and the source of its manuscripts, andJID does not receive as many manuscripts as it could to allow for better distribution of published articles by topics and authors. We are working to solveJID’s problems, but we cannot do it without you.JID is your journal. We need your subscription, your manuscripts, your participation in the departments. If you are already participating, get a friend to do so, too. It has been a good (if rough) first 2 years, and we look forward to an even better third year-with your help.
4D Lorentz electron microscopy imaging: magnetic domain wall nucleation, reversal, and wave velocity.

Magnetization reversal is an important topic of research in the fields of both basic and applied ferromagnetism. For the study of magnetization reversal dynamics and magnetic domain wall (DW) motion in ferromagnetic thin films, imaging techniques are indispensable. Here, we report 4D imaging of DWs by the out-of-focus Fresnel method in Lorentz ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), with in situ spatial and temporal resolutions. The temporal change in magnetization, as revealed by changes in image contrast, is clocked using an impulsive optical field to produce structural deformation of the specimen, thus modulating magnetic field components in the specimen plane. Directly visualized are DW nucleation and subsequent annihilation and oscillatory reappearance (periods of 32 and 45 ns) in nickel films on two different substrates. For the case of Ni films on a Ti/Si_(3)N_4 substrate, under conditions of minimum residual external magnetic field, the oscillation is associated with a unique traveling wave train of periodic magnetization reversal. The velocity of DW propagation in this wave train is measured to be 172 m/s with a wavelength of 7.8 μm. The success of this study demonstrates the promise of Lorentz UEM for real-space imaging of spin switching, ferromagnetic resonance, and laser-induced demagnetization in ferromagnetic nanostructures.
Saturated nucleate pool boiling bubble dynamics in aqueous drag-reducing polymer solutions

Etude experimentale par photographie ultrarapide de la dynamique des bulles au cours de l'ebullition nucleee sur un fil de platine chaud d'eau distillee et de solutions aqueuses diluees de polyacrylamide et d'hydroxyethyl cellulose. Determination a partir de l'analyse des photographies de la densite moyenne des sites de nucleation actifs et de la distribution des frequences des diametres des bulles au detachement. Calcul a partir de ces donnees du diametre moyen des bulles au detachement, de la periode moyenne de la croissance des bulles et de la fraction du flux thermique a l'ebullition provenant du transport de chaleur latente