cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asynchronous parallel successive overrelaxation for the symmetric linear complementarity problem

Convergence is established for asynchronous parallel successive overrelaxation (SOR) algorithms for the symmetric linear complementarity problem. For the case of a strictly diagonally dominant matrix convergence is achieved for a relaxation factor interval of (0, 2] with line search, and (0, 1] without line search. Computational tests on the Sequent Symmetry S81 multiprocessor give speedup efficiency in the 43%–91% range for the cases for which convergence is established. The tests also show superiority of the asynchronous SOR algorithms over their synchronous counterparts.
Evaluation of a volunteer sample in nasopharyngeal colonization surveys for Streptococcus pneumoniae in rural Alaska.

Objective. To compare characteristics of persons in rural northern communities who participated in a study on antimicrobial use and drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) to those who did not participate. Study Design. The original study (1998-2000) was a community-based, controlled intervention trial designed to determine the penicillin susceptibility of nasopharyngeal SP isolates in relation to community-wide use of antibiotics. The study continued after 2000, in a subset of the original communities, to prospectively evaluate the impact of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the carriage of SP. The results presented here are an analysis of the first five years of data. Methods. We conducted annual surveys (1998-2002) for nasopharyngeal colonization of SP using a volunteer sample of residents in rural communities. Medical chart reviews for health clinic visitation and antibiotic use were completed for all village residents. Results. Participants were younger (22.8 vs. 28.4 years), had more health clinic utilization (3.3 vs. 2.4 visits) and received more antibiotics (1.0 vs. 0.6 courses) than non-participants. Differences between participants and non-participants were similar across all years of the study. Conclusions. Our study provides further empirical evidence that selection bias should be considered when designing studies. However, a volunteer sample provided internal consistency for comparison of our main study outcomes across time. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2005; 64(1):16-25) Keywords: Alaska, community intervention, non-participation, non-randomized sample, participation, selection bias
Teacher-student relationships in medical education: boundary considerations.

Background: Despite recent attention to the area of student mistreatment, there has been less emphasis on the problem of excessive or inappropriate intimacy between teachers and students. Although a certain amount of closeness to faculty is important to the professional socialization of students, excessive or inappropriate closeness can be coercive because of the power differential between teacher and student. This can cause discomfort, discrimination, or psychological and academic harm to students, who often feel too intimidated to express concern.Aims: We provide a framework that allows both faculty and students to discuss these issues more openly and to consider constructive strategies in their own settings.Method: We collected examples of boundary issues that individuals had experienced or knew that others had experienced in teacher–student relationships.Results: Examples of excessive intimacy include patterns of expressing favoritism for personal reasons, disclosure about personal or academic problem...
High-brightness subpicosecond terawatt KrF* system driven with a frequency-converted self-mode-locked pulse-compressed Ti:Al 2 O 3 laser

The phase control achievable in a subpicosecond self-mode-locked pulse-compressed Ti:Al2O3 system permits the production of a seed beam for a KrF* (248-nm) system operating near the power limit determined by self-phase modulation in the optical window material used. These limits are ~14 and ~30 GW/cm2 for CaF2 and MgF2 optics, respectively. We show experimental results for CaF2, which at 248 nm demonstrate a pulse length of ~270 fs, a pulse energy of ~240 mJ, and a resulting brightness of ~2.9 × 1021 W cm−2 sr−1.
Recent developments in the search for a cure for HIV-1 infection: Targeting the latent reservoir for HIV-1

HIV-1 infection can now be readily controlled with combination antiretroviral therapy. However, the virus persists indefinitely in a stable latent reservoir in resting CD4 + T cells. This reservoir generally prevents cure of the infection with combination antiretroviral therapy alone. However, several recent cases of potential HIV-1 cure have generated renewed optimism. Here we review these cases and consider new developments in our understanding of the latent reservoir. In addition, we consider clinical aspects of curative strategies to provide a more realistic picture of what a generally applicable cure for HIV-1 infection is likely to entail.
Zone-center phonons of bulk, few-layer, and monolayer 1 T − TaS 2 : Detection of commensurate charge density wave phase through Raman scattering

We present first-principles calculations of the vibrational properties of the transition-metal dichalcogenide $1T\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ for various thicknesses in the high-temperature (undistorted) phase and the low-temperature commensurate charge density wave (CDW) phase. We also present measurements of the Raman spectra for bulk, few-layer, and monolayer samples at temperatures well below that of the bulk transition to the commensurate phase. Through our calculations, we identify the low-frequency folded-back acoustic modes as a convenient signature of the commensurate CDW structure in vibrational spectra. In our measured Raman spectra, this signature is clearly evident in all of the samples, indicating that the commensurate phase remains the ground state as the material is thinned, even down to a single layer. This is in contrast to some previous studies, which suggest a suppression of the commensurate CDW transition in thin flakes. We also use polarized Raman spectroscopy to probe $c$-axis orbital texture in the low-$T$ phase, which has recently been suggested to play a role in the metal-insulator transition that accompanies the structural transition to the commensurate CDW phase.
Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase attenuates ischemic renal injury in rats

The enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), effects repair of DNA after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury to cells in nerve and muscle tissue. However, its activation in severely damaged cells can lead to ATP depletion and death. We show that PARP expression is enhanced in damaged renal proximal tubules beginning at 6-12 h after I/R injury. Intraperitoneal administration of PARP inhibitors, benzamide or 3-amino benzamide, after I/R injury accelerates the recovery of normal renal function, as assessed by monitoring the levels of plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen during 6 days postischemia. PARP inhibition leads to increased cell proliferation at 1 day postinjury as assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and improves the histopathological appearance of kidneys examined at 7 days postinjury. Furthermore, inhibition of PARP increases levels of ATP measured at 24 h postischemia compared with those in vehicle-treated animals. Our data indicate that PARP activation is a part of the cascade of molecular events that occurs after I/R injury in the kidney. Although caution is advised, transient inhibition of PARP postischemia may constitute a novel therapy for acute renal failure.
The chemical thermodynamics of nuclear materials: IV. The high-temperature enthalpies of plutonium monocarbide and plutonium sesquicarbide

Abstract The high-temperature enthalpies of plutonium monocarbide and plutonium sesquicarbide have been determined with a copper-block calorimeter of the isoperibol type. The experimental enthalpy data, which were measured relative to 298 K, covered the temperature range from 400 to 1500 K. The calculation of the temperature rise of the calorimeter takes into account the added heat evolution from the radioactive decay of the plutonium samples. These enthalpy results, combined with the heat capacity and entropy of the respective carbide at 298 K available from the literature, have made it possible to generate tables of thermodynamic functions for the plutonium carbides. The behaviour of the heat capacities of both of the plutonium carbides, i.e., a relatively steep increase in the heat capacity as the temperature increases, may be attributed to the formation of vacancies within the crystal lattice although a theoretical treatment of this phenomenon is not given.
The Alienated Academy: Culture and Politics in Republican China, 1919–1937

(1993). The Alienated Academy: Culture and Politics in Republican China, 1919–1937. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 731-733.
Using a Data Quality Framework to Clean Data Extracted from the Electronic Health Record: A Case Study

Objectives: Examine (1) the appropriateness of using a data quality (DQ) framework developed for relational databases as a data-cleaning tool for a dataset extracted from two EPIC databases; and (2) the differences in statistical parameter estimates on a dataset cleaned with the DQ framework and dataset not cleaned with the DQ framework. Background: The use of data contained within electronic health records (EHRs) has the potential to open doors for a new wave of innovative research. Without adequate preparation of such large datasets for analysis, the results might be erroneous, which might affect clinical decision making or results of Comparative Effectives Research studies. Methods: Two Emergency Department (ED) datasets extracted from EPIC databases (adult ED and children ED) were used as examples for examining the five concepts of DQ based on a DQ assessment framework designed for EHR databases. The first dataset contained 70,061 visits, and the second dataset contained 2,815,550 visits. SPSS Syntax examples as well as step-by-step instructions of how to apply the five key DQ concepts these EHR database extracts are provided. Conclusions: SPSS Syntax to address each of DQ concepts proposed by Kahn et al. (2012) was developed. The dataset cleaned using Kahn’s framework yielded more accurate results than the dataset cleaned without this framework. Future plans involve creating functions in R language for cleaning data extracted from the EHR as well as an R package the combines DQ checks with missing data analysis functions.
Monitoring, prediction, and fault isolation in dynamic physical systems

Diagnosis of dynamic physical systems is complex and requires close interaction of monitoring, fault generation and refinement, and prediction. We establish a methodology for model-based diagnosis of continuous systems in a qualitative reasoning framework. A temporal causal model capturing dynamic system behavior identifies faults from deviant measurements and predicts future system behavior expressed as signatures, i.e., qualitative magnitude changes and higher order time-derivative effects. A comparison of the transient characteristics of the observed variables with the predicted effects helps refine initial fault hypotheses. This allows for quick fault isolation, and circumvents difficulties that arise when interactions caused by feedback and dependent faults. This methodology has been successfully applied to the secondary cooling loop of fast breeder reactors.
Abstract 4013: Transcriptionally mediated effects of radiation on the expression of immune susceptibility markers in murine and human melanoma

Radiation therapy (RT) may enhance tumor susceptibility to immune response. We and others have observed a cooperative interaction between RT and various immunotherapies, which appears dependent on the relative sequencing of each therapy. We reported a synergistic interaction between RT and the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) response to tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in murine melanoma. We reported enhanced cooperative effect when immunotherapy is administered 6-10 days after RT compared to administration on days 1-5 or 11-15. We hypothesized that this might reflect a delayed, transcriptionally-mediated effect of RT on the expression of tumor markers of immune susceptibility. In this study, we investigated the effect of RT on a variety of immune susceptibility markers at both transcriptional and post-translational levels to explore mechanisms behind the observed RT-induced changes. We used flow cytometry to examine the time course of phenotypic changes in immune susceptibility markers in B78 murine melanoma cells following in vitro RT. We observed a time- and RT dose-dependent increase in the expression of specific death receptors (Fas, DR5), as well as T cell co-stimulatory/co-repressor ligands (PD-L1, CD80). The timing of these changes correlated with tumor susceptibility to ADCC immune response in vivo. All protein expression changes observed by flow cytometry were found to occur over a similar time course by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), suggesting that RT-induced protein expression changes were mediated by changes in transcriptional activity. Using high throughput qPCR, we observed a similar time course of transcriptional effects in additional markers of tumor cell immune susceptibility, including Fas, MHC I, CD40, and others. We compared the effect of RT on these markers in human and mouse melanoma cell lines and observed a comparable time course for transcript-level changes across species. This study sheds light on the mechanistic basis of time sensitivity in the interaction of RT with ADCC in vivo and suggests opportunities to enhance anti-tumor immune response by combining RT and immunotherapeutic agents. Such findings bear relevance for research investigating the potential role for RT in driving and optimizing the response to various cancer immunotherapies. Citation Format: Lauryn R. Werner, Monica Gressett, Maureen Riegert, Shyhmin Huang, Joseph G. Kern, Amy Erbe, Paul M. Harari, Paul M. Sondel, Zachary S. Morris. Transcriptionally mediated effects of radiation on the expression of immune susceptibility markers in murine and human melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4013.
Over-Valuation and Equilibrium

Exchange Rate Stability: We are primarily concerned in this volume with exchange control as an implement for over-valuing a currency in a manner similar to that described in the preceding chapter. Over-valuation, however, is only one of the possible goals (results) of exchange control. Exchange control, more broadly defined, would include any official interference with the market-determined price of a currency. A country’s adherence to the gold standard would, by this definition, be a form of exchange control. The gold standard is fundamentally a device for maintenance, within narrow limits, of the price of a currency on the foreign exchange markets. It substitutes gold movements and/or short-term capital movements for exchange rate fluctuations as the device for equating supply of and demand for a currency.1
2. Fault Models and Fault-Behavior of Processor Structures

During the process of specification, design and implementation of an embedded system, various types of faults are possible. Fig. 4 outlines the according fault parts during the whole development process:
Monitoring Structure and Variable Usage

Previous chapters have demonstrated techniques for monitoring various aspects of program control and memory usage. Although some aspects of TP data usage are observable by means of memory allocation and garbage collection events, key aspects of program behavior are often characterized in terms of operations on program data, such as manipulations of program data structures or variable references.
Unpacking Teachers’ Narratives: Dimensions of Social Equity Teaching Revealed

The narratives of the five teachers are analyzed in relation to the perspectives on teacher development and social equity teaching presented in chapter “ A Cause Beyond Ourselves”. Teachers’ social-justice leanings and their interest in urban teaching were shaped across a variety of activity settings over time. These orientations were further developed in their teacher-education programs. The narratives provide a window into how teachers then brought these inclinations to their classrooms, revealing their (1) understandings about the sociocultural and sociopolitical factors shaping their students’ lives; (2) enactments of culturally responsive, sustaining, and critical literacy teaching; (3) recognition of students’ diverse language and literacy abilities and efforts to balance literacy skill teaching with holistic approaches; (4) advocacy and activism; and (5) caring with political clarity. The analysis helps to inform an agenda for preparing and supporting teachers in underserved communities.
Characterizing and Optimizing the Performance of Multithreaded Programs Under Interference

As virtualization becomes ubiquitous in datacenters, there is a growing interest in characterizing application performance in multi-tenant environments to improve datacenter resource management. The performance of parallel programs is notoriously difficult to reason about in virtualized environments. Although performance degradations caused by virtualization and interferences have been extensively studied, there still lacks a comprehensive understanding why parallel programs have unpredictable slowdowns when co-located with different types of workloads. This paper presents a systematic and quantitative study of multithreaded performance under interference. We design synthetic workloads to emulate different types of interference and study the behavior of parallel programs under such interferences. We find that unpredictable performance is the result of complex interplays between the design of the program, the memory hierarchy of the host system, and the CPU scheduling at the hypervisor. To understand the intricate relationships between multiple factors, we decompose parallel runtime into compute, synchronization and steal time, and use the runtime breakdown to measure program progress and identify execution inefficiency under interference. Based on these findings, we develop an online approach to predicting performance slowdown without requiring parallel programs to be completed, and devise two scheduling optimizations at the hypervisor to reduce slowdowns. Experimental results with Xen and representative parallel workloads show that the online performance prediction achieves on average less than 4.5% error and the optimizations reduce runtime slowdown by as much as 38% compared to stock Xen.
Morris, Andrew, ed. Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and Its Contested Legacy London: Bloomsbury Academic 272 pp., $112.00, ISBN 978-1-4725-7672-9 Publication Date: July 2015

Ten articles by distinguished anthropologists, historians, and literary scholars are chronologically organized into two parts: “Making Japanese Taiwan” and “Remembering Japanese Taiwan,” exploring,...
Study of heart-brain interactions through EEG, ECG, and emotions

Neurocardiology is the exploration of neurophysiological, neurological and neuroanatomical facets of neuroscience’s influence in cardiology. The paraphernalia of emotions on the heart and brain are premeditated because of the interaction between the central and peripheral nervous system. This is an investigative attempt to study emotion based neurocardiology and the factors that influence this phenomenon. The factors include: interaction between sleep EEG (electroencephalogram) and ECG (electrocardiogram), relationship between emotion and music, psychophysiological coherence between the heart and brain, emotion recognition techniques, and biofeedback mechanisms. Emotions contribute vitally to the mundane life and are quintessential to a numerous biological and everyday-functional modality of a human being. Emotions are best represented through EEG signals, and to a certain extent, can be observed through ECG and body temperature. Confluence of medical and engineering science has enabled the monitoring and discrimination of emotions influenced by happiness, anxiety, distress, excitement and several other factors that influence the thinking patterns and the electrical activity of the brain. Similarly, HRV (Heart Rate Variability) widely investigated for its provision and discerning characteristics towards EEG and the perception in neurocardiology.
A critical survey of the literature on broadband data caps

Abstract Proponents and opponents of data caps make conflicting claims about the effect of data caps on prices, network capacity and speeds, subscription, congestion, and consumer surplus. In this paper, we survey the academic literature on data caps and analyze the relationship between the characteristics of each paper's model or data and the paper's results. We find that model or data assumptions about service differentiation, purpose of the data cap, and amount of competition strongly influence each paper's results. Consequently, conclusions about the effect of data caps are often limited to certain types of service providers (fixed or mobile) and/or to certain types of data caps (heavy-users or profit-maximizing). We find that most proponents' claims about data caps in fixed broadband service are incorrect, and that most proponents' claims about data caps in mobile broadband service are likely to be correct if and only if data caps increase competition. We also discuss how data caps may be evaluated under the FCC's 2015 Open Internet Order. We find that heavy-users caps on mobile broadband service are likely to satisfy the Order's rules, that profit-maximizing caps on mobile broadband service may or may not satisfy the rules, and that caps on fixed broadband service are unlikely to satisfy the rules.
The Interaction Between Child Behavioral Inhibition and Parenting Behaviors: Effects on Internalizing and Externalizing Symptomology

Both child temperament and parenting have been extensively researched as predictors of child outcomes. However, theoretical models suggest that specific combinations of temperament styles and parenting behaviors are better predictors of certain child outcomes such as internalizing and externalizing symptoms than either temperament or parenting alone. The current qualitative review examines the interaction between one childhood temperamental characteristic (child behavioral inhibition) and parenting behaviors, and their subsequent impact on child psychopathology. Specifically, the moderating role of parenting on the relationship between child behavioral inhibition and both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology is examined, and the methodological variations which may contribute to inconsistent findings are explored. Additionally, support for the bidirectional relations between behavioral inhibition and parenting behaviors, as well as for the moderating role of temperament on the relationships between parenting and child outcomes, is briefly discussed. Finally, the clinical applicability of this overall conceptual model, specifically in regard to future research directions and potential clinical interventions, is considered.
Pedagogy and project management: should you practice what you preach?

Project management has become a multi-disciplinary, critical component for organizations attempting to implement change. Statistics indicate the majority of projects fail, a fact attributed to lack of competent project managers. Academics from many disciplines acknowledge this lack and are attempting to fill the void. This article provides an in-depth review of current pedagogical trends for project management in universities and colleges. Conventional preaching approaches are compared and contrasted with more non-traditional methods intended to provide practical experience. Related software engineering educational approaches are also taken into consideration. Specific techniques and styles are categorized and assessed. A blend of methods, theory and practice, is suggested in order to achieve a high level of success.
The Putative Smallest Introns in the Arabidopsis Genome

Most eukaryotic genes contain introns, which are noncoding sequences that are removed during premRNA processing. Introns are usually preserved across evolutionary time. However, the sizes of introns vary greatly. In Arabidopsis, some introns are longer than 10 kilo base pairs (bp) and others are predicted to be shorter than 10 bp. To identify the shortest intron in the genome, we analyzed the predicted introns in annotated version 10 of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and found 103 predicted introns that are 30 bp or shorter, which make up only 0.08% of all introns in the genome. However, our own bioinformatics and experimental analyses found no evidence for the existence of these predicted introns. The predicted introns of 30-39 bp, 40-49 bp, and 50-59 bp in length are also rare and constitute only 0.07%, 0.2%, and 0.28% of all introns in the genome, respectively. An analysis of 30 predicted introns 31-59 bp long verified two in this range, both of which were 59 bp long. Thus, this study suggests that there is a limit to how small introns in A. thaliana can be, which is useful for the understanding of the evolution and processing of small introns in plants in general.
Just American Wars: Ethical Dilemmas in U.S. Military History

This book examines the moral choices faced by U.S. political and military leaders in deciding when and how to employ force, from the American Revolution to the present day. Specifically, the book looks at discrete ethical dilemmas in various American conflicts from a just war perspective. For example, was the casus belli of the American Revolution just, and more specifically, was the Continental Congress a "legitimate" political authority? Was it just for Truman to drop the atomic bomb on Japan? How much of a role did the egos of Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon play in prolonging the Vietnam War? Often there are trade-offs that civilian and military leaders must take into account, such as General Scott’s 1847 decision to bombard the city of Veracruz in order to quickly move his troops off the malarial Mexican coast. The book also considers the moral significance and policy practicalities of different motives and courses of action. The case studies provided highlight the nuances and even limits of just war principles, such as just cause, right intention, legitimate authority, last resort, likelihood of success, discrimination, and proportionality, and principles for ending war such as order, justice, and conciliation. This book will be of interest for students of just war theory, ethics, philosophy, American history and military history more generally.
Comparison of biochemical recurrence free survival after radical prostatectomy triggered by grade reclassification on active surveillance, and men newly diagnosed with similar grade disease.

5047Background: Evaluate the biochemical recurrence free survival (bRFS) in men after radical prostatectomy (RP) triggered by Gleason score (GS) grade reclassification (GR) during active surveillan...
The Multiplicity Function

Since every orthonormal wavelet, and every semiorthogonal Parseval wavelet, has an associated GMRA, each also has an associated multiplicity function. In this chapter, we explore the use of the multiplicity function as a tool to analyze and build wavelets, and see how it is related to classical tools such as the dimension function.
Paleopsychology: The Emergence of Mind in the Universe

The vital role of entropy and information in the origin of life from non-living matter, and the evolution of living matter once it was established on Earth, are examined in this chapter. The origin of human and animal learning and memory in the signal transduction mechanisms of pre-Cambrian single-celled organisms of the primordial oceans is described. This phenomenon offers one of the strongest examples of conserved cell and molecular mechanisms in biology. The subsequent rise of multicellular organisms during the Cambrian explosion approximately 500 million years ago is discussed in the context of predator-prey relationships among the invertebrate animals that were living at that time. The predator-prey dynamic provided the intense selective pressure for the evolution of neural networks that were optimized for effective escape and predatory behaviors, as well as for the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity that underlie learning and memory. The rise of the vertebrates, and mechanisms of learning in birds and mammals, is described as the prelude to the emergence of the modern human mind with its amazing cognitive fluidity that gave rise to creativity, the power of abstraction and symbolic thought. The dawn of human meta-awareness in Homo sapiens sapiens, the human who knows he knows, is described and its implications for the emergence of existential fear is discussed. One of the consequences of increased intelligence, besides its ability to magnify fear of the unknown, is the corresponding compulsion to provide explanations for phenomena that are not understood. This characteristic of modern human thinking has been referred to as the cognitive imperative, and it is manifested in the magical thinking of early Homo sapiens, as well as contemporary children. Existential dread, the fear of annihilation of the ego at death, is discussed as the likely driving force for the emergence of mythology as proto-religious dogma that provided a sense of comfort and reduction of anxiety in our human ancestors, as well as in contemporary humans. A theory of the origin of evil in human behavior is offered, in which the overvaluation by humans of the hypothetical constructs that we generate to explain the unknown provides a powerful impetus for genocide and global war. We are the only animals that kill members of our own species to defend ideas, because we fear the loss of the security that our constructs of reality provide.
X Marks the Spot: Engaging Campus Maps to Explore Sense of Belonging Experiences of Student Activists

Campus maps are common features on college campuses. While these maps tend to illustrate places and spaces, they also hold stories and experiences that may alienate students. In this chapter, the authors share how pairing campus maps with a semi-structured interview protocol can yield new insights into campus life. The chapter begins with a discussion on campus maps and how they’ve been used to foster exclusion in history. We then provide the readership with insight into our planning process and how we approach the mapping exercise. We conclude with lessons learned and considerations for conducting this type of research.
Enhanced Control of Size and Shape of Gold Nanoparticles Produced by a Simple and Scalable Thermal Process

Enhanced control through sub-melting solid state diffusional dewetting is utilized to generate randomly oriented ensembles of nanoparticles on large scales, with controllable regulation over particle size, shape, and separation distance, ideal for large-area plasmonic applications. © 2019 The Author(s)
Tracking physical activity in baccalaureate nursing students in the United States prior to graduation: A longitudinal study.

Abstract Objective To evaluate changes in physical activity among baccalaureate nursing students over time. Design Longitudinal descriptive study. Setting Baccalaureate nursing program at a four-year university in the United States. Participants Fifty-two male (n = 4) and female (n = 48) nursing students. Methods At the beginning and end (weeks 1–2 and 15–16) of the three semesters prior to graduation, students completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Based on the IPAQ, physical activity was calculated as MET-minutes per week of vigorous, moderate, and walking activities, using metabolic equivalents of 8.0 METS for vigorous, 4.0 METS for moderate, and 3.3 METS for walking. Results At baseline, students were 21.3 ± 1.4 years old with a BMI of 23.5 ± 2.9 kg/m2. BMI increased throughout the study and prior to graduation was 23.9 ± 3.2 kg/m2 (p = 0.039). Overall, students maintained high physical activity levels that did not change statistically. Walking was the predominant activity, followed by vigorous and then moderate activity. Walking and vigorous activity displayed opposing patterns. Vigorous activity decreased over the first three measurement periods (p = 0.029), increased for the fourth period, and then decreased again over the last two periods (p = 0.037 compared to baseline). By comparison, walking increased over the first three measurements (p = 0.002) and then decreased again (p = 0.015). When students were grouped by physical activity level (moderate vs. high), there were significant between-group differences in vigorous activity and walking. At baseline and end of study, the moderate activity group participated in 58% and 49% less vigorous activity, and 83% and 45% less walking than the high activity group. Conclusion In this group of baccalaureate nursing students, overall physical activity did not decline with time. Students participated in sufficient physical activity to promote health, and after graduation, they are likely to provide effective patient counselling regarding healthy lifestyles.
Vitamin B6 Addiction in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Summary Cancer cells rely on altered metabolism to support abnormal proliferation. We performed a CRISPR/Cas9 functional genomic screen targeting metabolic enzymes and identified PDXK—an enzyme that produces pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) from vitamin B6—as an acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-selective dependency. PDXK kinase activity is required for PLP production and AML cell proliferation, and pharmacological blockade of the vitamin B6 pathway at both PDXK and PLP levels recapitulated PDXK disruption effects. PDXK disruption reduced intracellular concentrations of key metabolites needed for cell division. Furthermore, disruption of PLP-dependent enzymes ODC1 or GOT2 selectively inhibited AML cell proliferation and their downstream products partially rescued PDXK disruption induced proliferation blockage. Our work identifies the vitamin B6 pathway as a pharmacologically actionable dependency in AML.
Black Liquor Valorization by Using Marine Protist Thraustochytrium striatum and the Preliminary Metabolic Mechanism Study

Black liquor that contains various phenolic compounds from lignin solubilization has been the main byproduct of alkaline pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass in the biorefinery. In this study, black liquor from alkaline pretreatment of corn stover was used as a sole carbon source for the cultivation of a marine protist, Thraustochytrium striatum. It was found that this strain can grow on black liquor and accumulate valuable products (e.g., fatty acids and carotenoids) simultaneously. Under optimal conditions (pH = 7 and NH4Cl = 2 g/L), the cell mass concentration reached 5.2 g/L with total aromatics decreased from 8.18 to 3.09 g/L within 7 day incubation. Fed-batch cultivation was adopted to increase the contents of total fatty acids and carotenoids to 13% and 0.24 mg/g dry cell mass, respectively. Although various compounds such as sugars and organic acids were detected in black liquor and consumed during microbial fermentation as carbon sources, lignin-derived compounds were identified as the major s...
“It Could Have Been Us in a Different Moment. It Still Is Us in Many Ways”: Community Identification and the Violence of Archival Representation of Disability

Using data collected through semi-structured interviews, this paper outlines two ways disabled people relate to their representation in archives. First, many participants reflected on the prevalence of disability stereotypes, tropes and limited perspectives within the records that document us. Witnessing these representations—or rather, misrepresentations—and their violent effects is emotionally difficult for many disabled people researching our histories. Second, many interviewees saw themselves in archival subjects and related to the threat of institutionalization they faced. Yet, as they see pieces of themselves in other times, disabilities and geographies, disabled researchers are also aware of the activation of present politics, vocabularies, and critical lenses that they apply when addressing the historical record. As part of a larger research project that investigates the impacts of archival representation, these findings lay the foundation for the multifaceted ways in which disabled communities are affected by witnessing themselves in history through digital and physical archives.
3 – SIMPLICITY: CONDITIONS

Publisher Summary One requirement that one wants to impose on a social decision procedure is that it not be too difficult. It seems unfortunate for a choice procedure to be so complex that it uses up so much in the way of resources that the value of the final choice is substantially reduced for want of such resources. While the conditions one encounters are not explicitly related to resource use, they do attempt to capture the idea of computational simplicity, which one expects to be related to resource use problems. These simplicity conditions are divided into two groups. The independence conditions relate to a fixed agenda and variable profile, that is, the same choices will be made from the agenda for all the various profiles. The other class called regularity conditions relate to a fixed profile and variable agenda.
Probabilistic Space‐ and Time‐Interaction Modeling of Mainshock Earthquake Rupture Occurrence

This paper presents a probabilistic formulation for modeling earthquake rupture processes of mainshocks. A correlated multivariate Bernoulli distribution is used to model rupture occurrence. The model captures time interaction through the use of Brownian passage-time (BPT) distributions to assess rupture interarrival in multiple sections of the fault, and it also considers spatial interaction through the use of spatial correlograms. The correlograms represents the effect of rupture nucleation and propagation. This model is proposed as an attractive alternative to existing probabilistic models because it (1) incorporates time and space interactions of mainshocks, (2) preserves the marginal distributions of interarrival times after including spatial rupture interactions (i.e., model consistency), and (3) has an implicit physical interpretation aligned with recent rupture behavior observations. The proposed model is applied to assess the occurrence of large interface earthquakes in the subduction zone along the Coast of Lima, Peru. The model matches both the annual magnitude exceedance rates and the average seismic moment release in the tectonic region. Time-dependent seismic hazard in the region is also calculated, and the results demonstrate that by accounting for recent earthquake occurrences, the inclusion of time-dependent effects can reduce the 30-year seismic hazard by a factor of four.
Relations Among Anxious Solitude, Peer Exclusion, and Maternal Overcontrol from 3rd Through 7th Grade: Peer Effects on Youth, Youth Evocative Effects on Mothering, and the Indirect Effect of Peers on Mothering via Youth.

This study evaluated a transactional model of youth anxious solitude and peer and maternal relations from 3rd through 7th grade. Participants were 230 American youth (57% girls) selected for longitudinal study from a screening sample recruited from public schools (N = 688). Peers reported on anxious solitude and peer exclusion and youth reported on their mother’s overcontrol annually. In an autoregressive cross-lagged panel analytic model peer exclusion predicted incremental increases in anxious solitude during elementary school and after the middle school transition. Additionally, anxious solitude evoked incremental increases in maternal overcontrol during elementary school. Finally, anxious solitude in 4th grade mediated the positive indirect relation between peer exclusion in 3rd grade and maternal overcontrol in 5th grade. These results suggests that peer relations can indirectly effect mothering via increased youth anxious solitude over time. Taken together, evidence supports a Transactional Model of anxious solitude development. Additionally, consistent with previous evidence, elevated youth anxious solitude at the end of elementary school in 5th grade predicted decreased peer exclusion after the middle school transition in 6th grade when youth experience a fresh start with peer relations. Nonetheless, youth (especially girls) demonstrated greater year-to-year stability in anxious solitude across the first two years of middle school than in the last three years of elementary school.
Rezistans Klimatik: Building Climate Change Resilience in Haiti through Educational Radio Programming.

In this chapter we address the challenge of responding to climate-related issues for vulnerable nations such as Haiti by adopting a non-formal radio-based approach to educate adults outside of the school system. We argue that to inform populations on climate change, we cannot solely rely on the K-12 school system. This is especially true for countries such as Haiti. where there is an inadequate education infrastructure, and much of the population, both juveniles, and adults, is not in school or has not attended school for some time. The effects of climate change are changing the lives of people globally, and third-world nations such as Haiti are even more susceptible to climate-related disasters. Given the severity of ongoing circumstances, a sense of urgency is necessary, and addressing the issue requires an approach that has a far, broad and rapid reach and concludes in immediate climate action as opposed to delayed. In order to efficiently respond to climate-related events, a population needs to build resilience through awareness, understanding, and skill development in the context of the country and region, which in this chapter is specifically Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Increasing adoption rates at animal shelters: a two-phase approach to predict length of stay and optimal shelter allocation

Among the 6–8 million animals that enter the rescue shelters every year, nearly 3–4 million (i.e., 50% of the incoming animals) are euthanized, and 10–25% of them are put to death specifically because of shelter overcrowding each year. The overall goal of this study is to increase the adoption rates at animal shelters. This involves predicting the length of stay of each animal at shelters considering key features such as animal type (dog, cat, etc.), age, gender, breed, animal size, and shelter location. Logistic regression, artificial neural network, gradient boosting, and the random forest algorithms were used to develop models to predict the length of stay. The performance of these models was determined using three performance metrics: precision, recall, and F1 score. The results demonstrated that the gradient boosting algorithm performed the best overall, with the highest precision, recall, and F1 score. Upon further observation of the results, it was found that age for dogs (puppy, super senior), multicolor, and large and small size were important predictor variables. The findings from this study can be utilized to predict and minimize the animal length of stay in a shelter and euthanization. Future studies involve determining which shelter location will most likely lead to the adoption of that animal. The proposed two-phased tool can be used by rescue shelters to achieve the best compromise solution by making a tradeoff between the adoption speed and relocation cost.
Online Peak-Aware Energy Scheduling with Untrusted Advice

This paper studies the online energy scheduling problem in a hybrid model where the cost of energy is proportional to both the volume and peak usage, and where energy can be either locally generated or drawn from the grid. Inspired by recent advances in online algorithms with Machine Learned (ML) advice, we develop parameterized deterministic and randomized algorithms for this problem such that the level of reliance on the advice can be adjusted by a trust parameter. We then analyze the performance of the proposed algorithms using two performance metrics: robustness that measures the competitive ratio as a function of the trust parameter when the advice is inaccurate, and consistency for competitive ratio when the advice is accurate. Since the competitive ratio is analyzed in two different regimes, we further investigate the Pareto optimality of the proposed algorithms. Our results show that the proposed deterministic algorithm is Pareto-optimal, in the sense that no other online deterministic algorithms can dominate the robustness and consistency of our algorithm. Furthermore, we show that the proposed randomized algorithm dominates the Pareto-optimal deterministic algorithm. Our large-scale empirical evaluations using real traces of energy demand, energy prices, and renewable energy generations highlight that the proposed algorithms outperform worst-case optimized algorithms and fully data-driven algorithms.
Motion segmentation and tracking for integrating event cameras

Integrating event cameras are asynchronous sensors wherein incident light values may be measured directly through continuous integration, with individual pixels' light sensitivity being adjustable in real time, allowing for extremely high frame rate and high dynamic range video capture. This paper builds on lessons learned with previous attempts to compress event data and presents a new scheme for event compression that has many analogues to traditional framed video compression techniques. We show how traditional video can be transcoded to an event-based representation, and describe the direct encoding of motion data in our event-based representation. Finally, we present experimental results proving how our simple scheme already approaches the state-of-the-art compression performance for slow-motion object tracking. This system introduces an application "in the loop" framework, where the application dynamically informs the camera how sensitive each pixel should be, based on the efficacy of the most recent data received.
Efficient Biologically-Plausible Training of Spiking Neural Networks with Precise Timing

Spiking Neural networks (SNNs) are well suited to implementation on energy-efficient neuromorphic processors and to imitation of biological systems. However, promising backpropagation methods have been developed for SNNs, they tend to be either not biologically plausible or to be computationally complex. In this paper we present two biologically plausible alternatives to backpropagation while retaining high temporal precision for SNN training. We show distinct tradeoffs between complexity, accuracy, and amenability to deployment on a neuromorphic processor of several training methods. Finally, We suggest exploration of biologically plausible methods to enable low complexity training on resource-constrained neuromorphic hardware.
Large Databases Used for Outcomes Research

Health services researchers often focus on population-based assessment of the effectiveness of health care interventions, evaluation of broad-based delivery system reforms, or variation in use of services across regions. These analyses not only require large sample size, but also diverse practice settings. There are two main sources of secondary datasets, administrative databases and clinical registries, each with their advantages and disadvantages. Administrative databases, such as the national Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR), are primarily compiled for billing purposes. Other sources of data such as large clinical registries such as the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Database and the American College of Surgeons National Safety Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) were created to facilitate quality improvement. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of secondary databases.
Book Review: The Myth of the Cultural Jew: Culture and Law in Jewish Tradition

This book review summarizes the methodology and broad coverage of Professor Kwall's examination of her premise: that even a "cultural Jew" is "molded and shaped by...Jewish law." The review describes the use of cultural analysis in this context and its remarkable similarities to Jewish legal analysis.