cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using portfolios to assess the writing of ESL students: a powerful alternative?

Abstract This article describes a quantitative study that compared the performance of two groups of advanced ESL students in ENG 22, a second semester composition course. Both groups had been enrolled in ENG C2, a compensatory version of Freshman English for students with scores one level below passing on the CUNY Writing Assessment Test (WAT). At the end of ENG C2, one group was assessed on the basis of portfolios, as well as the CUNY WAT; the other was assessed using the WAT. Comparable percentages of students in both groups passed the WAT at the end of C2. However, students from the portfolio group with passing portfolios were permitted to advance to ENG 22 regardless of their performance on the WAT, while students in the non-portfolio group moved ahead only if they had passed the WAT. (The WAT remained a graduation requirement for all students.) The study found that students were twice as likely to pass into ENG 22 from ENG C2 when they were evaluated by portfolio than when they were required to pass the WAT. Nevertheless, at the end of ENG 22, the pass rate and grade distribution for the two groups were nearly identical. Because portfolio assessment was able to identify more than twice the number of ESL students who proved successful in the next English course, however, it seems a more appropriate assessment alternative for the ESL population.
Statistical Efficiency of Double-Bounded Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation

The statistical efficiency of conventional dichotomous choice contingent valuation surveys can be improved by asking each respondent a second dichotomous choice question which depends on the response to the first question—if the first response is "yes," the second bid is some amount greater than the first bid; while, if the first response is "no," the second bid is some amount smaller. This "double-bounded" approach is shown to be asymptotically more efficient than the conventional, "singlebounded" approach. Using data from a survey of Californians regarding their willingness to pay for wetlands in the San Joaquin Valley, we show that, in a finite sample, the gain in efficiency can be very substantial.
Sequence of a human MAP‐2 region sharing epitopes with Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles

Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), an abundant neuronal protein, consists of a short microtubule-binding domain and a long projection arm. MAP-2 shares epitopes with Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). However, most anti-MAP-2 antibodies do not stain detergent-extracted NFT, and the role of MAP-2 in NFT formation has therefore been unclear. We have determined the sequence of a 1.7 kb partial MAP-2 cDNA encoding at least three NFT epitopes. The epitopes are not removed by detergent extraction of tangle preparations, suggesting that they are integral components of NFT. Expression vectors containing restriction fragments of the cDNA were used to assign the epitopes to a 51-amino-acid region near the end of the MAP-2 projection arm, distal to the microtubule.
Women, international law and international institutions: The case of the United Nations

Abstract This final article considers the evolution of women's rights concepts and mechanisms within the United Nations. Gaer writes about this subject both as an historian of and a longstanding activist for women's human rights. She provides a critical history of how “women's” rights have been separated from and connected to “human” rights within the UN. Gaer examines how the Commission on the Status of Women, the original UN division which inherited the agenda of the first wave of international feminism, dealt with many of the challenges raised by the activists and organization that proceeded it: making the shift away from great power, Euro American leadership; facing new political environments raised by anti colonial and third world national developments; and expanding the feminist agenda beyond political and civil rights. By ending with an examination of the dilemma of enforcement that the UN still faces with respect to women's human rights, Gaer makes it clear that the subject of international feminism presents challenges that go beyond the academic, and is continuously linked with the efforts and freedom of the world's women.
Impression management and formation on Facebook: A lens model approach:

To extend research on online impression formation and warranting theory, the present investigation reports a Brunswick lens model analysis of Facebook profiles. Facebook users’ (n = 100) personality (i.e. extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness) was self-reported. Facebook users’ profiles were then content analyzed for the presence and rate of 53 cues. Observers (n = 35), who were strangers to profile owners, estimated profile owner personality. Results indicate that observers could accurately estimate profile owners’ extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. For all personality traits except neuroticism, unique profile cues were diagnostic warrants of personality (i.e. indicative of profile owner personality and used to estimate personality by strangers). The results are discussed in relation to warranting theory, impression formation, and lens model research.
The Ecology of Seasonal Stress and the Origins of Agriculture in the Near East

The time, place, and reasons for the first domestication of cereals and legumes in the Near East can now be securely identified using combined evidence from paleoenvironmental studies, models of ecosystem dynamics, and regional archeology. The heartland of domestication was the Jordan Valley and surrounding region in the Southern Levant. Approximately 10,000 years ago, people began planting crops where the wild ancestral species had proliferated over two millenia. Impetus for domestication came from the synergistic effects of climatic change, anthropogenic environmental change, technological change, and social innovation. At the end of the Pleistocene, after a long period of climatic instability, a mediterranean climate more strongly seasonal than any today emerged with hyper-arid summers that selected for annual species of cereals and legumes. This occurred long after people had invented tools suitable for grinding hard seeds, but the new, lengthy dry season and consequent need to use stored foods encouraged sedentism among human groups who subsequently depleted their immediate environments of wild resources. These preconditions facilitated the development of agriculture. The scenario developed here is specific to the Near East, for such case studies of specific factors in independent regions of domestication are essential before we attempt to explain cases all over the world with reference to global causes.
Expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase and cytochrome P450 aromatase enzymes in corpora lutea of diestrous and early pregnant mares

In the pregnant mare, luteal estrogen production increases at the onset of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) secretion by endometrial cups. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that eCG stimulates luteal androgen and estrogen production in pregnant mares. To further elucidate the regulation of steroidogenesis within the equine corpus luteum (CL) of pregnancy, we examined the expression of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD), cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (P450(17alpha)) and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450(arom)) in luteal tissue samples collected during diestrus (Days 7 to 10) and pregnancy before (Days 29 to 35) and after (Days 42 to 45) the onset of eCG secretion. Immunoblot analyses revealed a single protein per enzyme with molecular weights of 48 kDa (3beta-HSD), 58 kDa (P450(17alpha)) and 56 kDa (P450(arom)). Steady-state levels of 3beta-HSD were lower in luteal tissue of diestrus than pregnancy, but expression did not change during pregnancy. Steady-state expression of P450(17alpha) in CL of diestrus was not significantly different from that of pregnancy. During pregnancy, P450(17alpha) expression was significantly higher after the onset of eCG secretion. Steady-state expression of P450(arom) in CL of diestrus was not significantly different from that of pregnancy. During pregnancy, luteal expression of P450(arom) was significantly lower after the onset of eCG secretion. These data support the hypotheses that eCG has a differential effect on the expression of luteal steroidogenic enzymes, that the eCG-induced increase in luteal estrogen production is the result of an increase in available aromatizable androgen due to an increase in P450(17alpha) expression and activity, and that increased luteal estrogen production is not due to an increase in aromatase expression.
MESOSCOPIC MECHANISM OF ADIABATIC CHARGE TRANSPORT

Let us apply an external potential fsr, td, which is changing slowly and periodically in time to a metallic sample. This potential causes finite net charge Q transported across the sample per period. This phenomenon, known as adiabatic charge transport [1], has been investigated in several papers [1‐ 4] for a closed system characterized by its ground state wave function corresponding to the instantaneous value of the external potential fsr, td. However, in real experimental situations exact eigenfunctions of electrons are ill defined: The electron energy levels are broadened due to inelastic processes at T fi 0, and, in the case of an open system, are further broadened due to finite dwell time. Here we present a theory of adiabatic charge transport in “open mesoscopic systems.” We demonstrate that at low T both the magnitude and the sign of Q are sample specific quantities. The typical value of Q in disordered (chaotic) systems turns out to be determined by quantum interference effects. We evaluate this value and find that it is much larger than the one in ballistic systems. This enhancement manifests of the well-known fact that at low temperatures, all electronic characteristics of mesoscopic samples are extremely sensitive to changes in the scattering potential [5‐ 8]. Let us start with a qualitative picture of the mesoscopic adiabatic charge transport. The wave functions of electrons in disordered systems exhibit sample specific spatial fluctuations. Therefore, the spatial electron density profile is changing slowly in time, together with the external potential fsr, td. According to the continuity relation, variation of the charge density in time requires currents in the system. The question arises: What is the condition for a total charge transfer during one period to be nonzero? Let the pumping potential fsr, td be characterized by a finite set of functions gstd › hgastdj, a › 1, . . . , m, which are periodic with the same period t0: fsr, td › fsr, gstdd d › X a
Toward a theory of group-decision behavior.

Reported here is experimental work on group-decision behavior, exploring the idea that a group's decision behavior with respect to a specific task can be explained or predicted from a knowledge of the decision processes of its individual participants. From these initial experiments, the authors are presently extending their research to a further question: In what manner and by what procedures does the process of arriving at a group decision affect or influence the decision procedures of the individuals concerned?
Development of seizure patterns in newborn animals; significance of brain carbonic anhydrase.

SummaryElectroshock seizures have been studied in young rats and guinea pigs, and a correlation has been demonstrated between the developmental pattern and threshold of the induced seizures and the level of carbonic anhydrase activity in the brain. In young rats aged 20 to 35 days, the seizures were mainly tonic in pattern, whereas the clonic type of seizure predominated in rats aged 10 to 20 days. Failure to induce convulsions in the newborn rat was associated with a low level of carbonic anhydrase activity in the brain. The degree of maturation of the newborn guinea pig was equivalent to that of the 15-day-old rat, both with regard to the type of seizure response and the level of brain carbonic anhydrase activity. That brain carbonic anhydrase is of functional significance in the generalized spread of the seizure discharge and in the production of a maximal tonic convulsion is suggested by these data and by observations of the anticonvulsant activity of acetazolamide.
Ethnic labels: Naming or name calling?

(1982). Ethnic labels: Naming or name calling? Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 542-548.
EARLY MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTION AND 24-HOUR PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY AND SLEEP

Studies of mother-infant interaction carried out at Boston University Medical Center over the past decade have been directed at the task of documenting earliest interactional behavior in greater detail as well as searching for a logic which might bring greater coherence to the diversity of that detail. The research approach has reflected the viewpoint that at the outset of life such a logic can be sought in the constraints to interaction imposed by vital biological determinants concerned with regulation, adaptation, and, in the large view, organization. Once one begins to examine the problem of adaptation and to design research revelant to it, the scope of the issues involved becomes apparent, as does the extent of ignorance regarding the mechanisms responsible for the adaptive process.
Home‐Work Links, Labor Markets, and the Construction of Place in Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1929–1939

This paper addresses the issue of how to combine, on one hand, the everyday links that are established and maintained between home and work, and on the other, the demand-driven social regulation of labor markets. It is argued that by taking an approach acknowledging the complexity of networks and the “constellations of relations” involved in forming local labor markets, we can better understand the meshing of divisions of labor at home and at work, in concert with the demands of local employers. In this respect, the roles of households, ethnic communities, and employers are taken to be critical and interdependent in forming local labor markets and, ultimately, constructing places. Census and archival data are used from Lawrence, Massachusetts to examine these issues through the situation of woolen mill workers of the 1920s and 1930s.
PROTEOLYSIS AND STEROL REGULATION

▪ Abstract The mammalian cell continuously adjusts its sterol content by regulating levels of key sterol synthetic enzymes and levels of LDL receptors that mediate uptake of cholesterol-laden particles. Control is brought about by sterol-regulated transcription of relevant genes and by regulated degradation of the committed step enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR). Current work has revealed that proteolysis is at the heart of each of these mechanistically distinct axes. Transcriptional control is effected by regulated cleavage of the membrane-bound transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), and HMGR degradation is brought about by ubiquitin-mediated degradation. In each case, ongoing cell biological processes are being harnessed to bring about regulation. The secretory pathway plays a central role in allowing sterol-mediated control of transcription. The constitutively active endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control apparatus is employed to bring about regulated destruction of H...
LIM homeobox gene-dependent expression of biogenic amine receptors in restricted regions of the C. elegans nervous system

Biogenic amines regulate a variety of behaviors. Their functions are predominantly mediated through G-protein-coupled 7-transmembrane domain receptors (GPCR), 16 of which are predicted to exist in the genome sequence of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We describe here the expression pattern of several of these aminergic receptors, including two serotonin receptors (ser-1 and ser-4), one tyramine receptor (ser-2), and two dopamine receptors (dop-1 and dop-2). Moreover, we describe distinct but partially overlapping expression patterns of different splice forms of the ser-2 tyramine receptor locus. We find that each of the aminergic receptor genes is expressed in restricted regions of the nervous system and that many of them reveal significant overlap with the expression of regulatory factors of the LIM homeobox (Lhx) gene family. We demonstrate that the expression of several of the biogenic amine receptors is abrogated in specific cell types in Lhx gene mutants, thus establishing a role for these Lhx genes in regulating aspects of neurotransmission. We extend these findings with other cell fate markers and show that the lim-4 Lhx gene is required for several but not all aspects of RID motor neuron differentiation and that the lim-6 Lhx gene is required for specific aspects of RIS interneuron differentiation. We also use aminergic receptor gfp reporter fusions as tools to visualize the anatomy of specific neurons in Lhx mutant backgrounds and find that the development of the elaborate dendritic branching pattern of the PVD harsh touch sensory neuron requires the mec-3 Lhx gene. Lastly, we analyze a mutant allele of the ser-2 tyramine receptor, a target of the ttx-3 Lhx gene in the AIY interneuron class. ser-2 mutants display none of the defects previously shown to be associated with loss of AIY function.
Concentration forcing in ammonia synthesis—I Controlled cyclic operation

Abstract Qualitative and quantitative arguments are made, based on accepted reaction mechanisms, that the Haber synthesis of ammonia should provide enhanced production, compared to steady state operation, when operated in a controlled cyclic mode (concentration forcing). In the study reported here, the potential for such an enhancement was examined experimentally at several temperatures and pressures. The observed trends are explained in terms of phenomenological steps. For conditions of low temperature and pressure, at which most detailed kinetic studies have been conducted, appreciable production enhancement is observed. However, for conditions of current industrial operation using conventional ammonia catalysts, steady state should provide greater production than concentration forcing operation. When using cyclic operation, the relaxed steady state approximation provides a convenient basis for comparing experimental production of ammonia with that predicted by phenomenological models. This comparison indicates a failure of the models of Temkin, Brill, and Ozaki, Taylor, and Boudart to describe the observed kinetics of ammonia synthesis during high-frequency, concentration-cycling operation.
The chromodomain-containing NH2-terminus of Chromator interacts with histone H1 and is required for correct targeting to chromatin

The chromodomain protein, Chromator, can be divided into two main domains, a NH2-terminal domain (NTD) containing the chromodomain (ChD) and a COOH-terminal domain (CTD) containing a nuclear localization signal. During interphase Chromator is localized to chromosomes; however, during cell division Chromator redistributes to form a macro molecular spindle matrix complex together with other nuclear proteins that contribute to microtubule spindle dynamics and proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. It has previously been demonstrated that the CTD is sufficient for targeting Chromator to the spindle matrix. In this study, we show that the NTD domain of Chromator is required for proper localization to chromatin during interphase and that chromosome morphology defects observed in Chromator hypomorphic mutant backgrounds can be largely rescued by expression of this domain. Furthermore, we show that the ChD domain can interact with histone H1 and that this interaction is necessary for correct chromatin targeting. Nonetheless, that localization to chromatin still occurs in the absence of the ChD indicates that Chromator possesses a second mechanism for chromatin association and we provide evidence that this association is mediated by other sequences residing in the NTD. Taken together these findings suggest that Chromator's chromatin functions are largely governed by the NH2-terminal domain whereas functions related to mitosis are mediated mainly by COOH-terminal sequences.
Specificity of Salt Marsh Diazotrophs for Vegetation Zones and Plant Hosts: Results from a North American marsh.

Salt marshes located on the east coast of temperate North America are highly productive, typically nitrogen-limited, and support diverse assemblages of nitrogen fixing (diazotrophic) bacteria. The distributions of these diazotrophs are strongly influenced by plant host and abiotic environmental parameters. Crab Haul Creek Basin, North Inlet, SC, USA is a tidally dominated marsh that displays discrete plant zones distributed along an elevation gradient from the tidal creek bank to the terrestrial forest. These zones are defined by gradients of abiotic environmental variables, particularly salinity and sulfide. DGGE fingerprinting and phylogenetic analyses of recovered sequences demonstrated that the distributions of some diazotrophs indicate plant host specificity and that diazotroph assemblages across the marsh gradient are heavily influenced by edaphic conditions. Broadly distributed diazotrophs capable of maintaining populations in all environmental conditions across the gradient are also present in these assemblages. Parsimony test results confirm that diazotroph assemblages in different plant zones are significantly (p<0.01) different across the marsh landscape. Results also indicated that diazotroph assemblages associated with different plant hosts growing in the same area of the marsh were structurally similar confirming the influence of edaphic parameters on these assemblages. Principal Component Analysis of DGGE gel banding patterns confirmed these results. This article reviews and analyzes data from North Inlet Estuary, addressing diazotroph assemblage structure and the influence of plant host and environmental conditions. New data demonstrate the heterogeneity of salt marsh rhizosphere microenvironments, and corroborate previous findings from different plant hosts growing at several locations within this estuary. These data support the hypothesis that the biogeography of microorganisms is non-random and is partially driven by environmental factors.
Phosphatidylethanolamine enhances rhodopsin photoactivation and transducin binding in a solid supported lipid bilayer as determined using plasmon-waveguide resonance spectroscopy.

Flash photolysis studies have shown that the membrane lipid environment strongly influences the ability of rhodopsin to form the key metarhodopsin II intermediate. Here we have used plasmon-waveguide resonance (PWR) spectroscopy, an optical method sensitive to both mass and conformation, to probe the effects of lipid composition on conformational changes of rhodopsin induced by light and due to binding and activation of transducin (Gt). Octylglucoside-solubilized rhodopsin was incorporated by detergent dilution into solid-supported bilayers composed either of egg phosphatidylcholine or various mixtures of a nonlamellar-forming lipid (dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine; DOPE) together with a lamellar-forming lipid (dioleoylphosphatidylcholine; DOPC). Light-induced proteolipid conformational changes as a function of pH correlated well with previous flash photolysis studies, indicating that the PWR spectral shifts monitored metarhodopsin II formation. The magnitude of these effects, and hence the extent of the conformational transition, was found to be proportional to the DOPE content. Our data are consistent with previous suggestions that lipids having a negative spontaneous curvature favor elongation of rhodopsin during the activation process. In addition, measurements of the Gt/rhodopsin interaction in a DOPC/DOPE (25:75) bilayer at pH 5 demonstrated that light activation increased the affinity for Gt from 64 nM to 0.7 nM, whereas Gt affinity for dark-adapted rhodopsin was unchanged. By contrast, in DOPC bilayers the affinity of Gt for light-activated rhodopsin was only 18 nM at pH 5. Moreover exchange of GDP for GTPγS was also monitored by PWR spectroscopy. Only the light-activated receptor was able to induce this exchange which was unaffected by DOPE incorporation. These findings demonstrate that nonbilayer-forming lipids can alter functionally linked conformational changes of G-protein-coupled receptors in membranes, as well as their interactions with downstream effector proteins.
Summary of: Trigeminal nerve injuries in relation to the local anaesthesia in mandibular injections

Objective This study reports the signs and symptoms that are the features of trigeminal nerve injuries caused by local anaesthesia (LA). Methods Thirty-three patients with nerve injury following LA were assessed. All data were analysed using the SPSS statistical programme and Microsoft Excel. Results Lingual nerve injury (LNI; n = 16) and inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI; n = 17) patients were studied. LNI were more likely to be permanent. Neuropathy was demonstrable in all patients with varying degrees of paraesthesia, dysaesthesia (in the form of burning pain) allodynia and hyperalgesia. All injuries were unilateral. A significantly greater proportion of LNI patients (75%) had received multiple injections, in comparison to IANI patients (41%) (p <0.05). Fifty percent of patients with LNI reported pain on injection. The presenting signs and symptoms of both LNI and IANI included pain. These symptoms of neuropathy were constant in 88% of the IANI group and in 44% of LNI patients. Functional difficulties were different between the LNI and IANI groups, a key difference being the presence of severely altered taste perception in nine patients with LA-induced LNI. Conclusions Chronic pain is often a symptom after local anaesthetic-induced nerve injury. Patients in the study population with lingual nerve injury were significantly more likely to have received multiple injections compared to those with IANI.
A cluster-M based mapping methodology

Cluster-M is a new parallel programming paradigm for designing portable software. The two main components of this paradigm are cluster-M specifications and cluster-M representations. Cluster-M specifications are high level machine independent parallel code which are mapped onto cluster-M representations, system graphs representing the topologies of the underlying architectures. An algorithm for generating cluster-M representations is presented. Also, a set of high-level constructs essential for writing cluster-M specifications are shown. Using these components, an efficient methodology is proposed to map parallel algorithms onto architectures. >
Differential Transcription of Baculovirus Late and Very Late Promoters: Fractionation of Nuclear Extracts by Phosphocellulose Chromatography

An in vitro transcription system based on cytidine-free cassette was developed for the late 39k gene and the very late polyhedrin gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). Optimization of transcription conditions revealed that a preincubation step was not required for transcription of late and very late promoters, although preincubation was essential for efficient transcription from an early promoter. The 39k and polyhedrin constructs were actively transcribed by nuclear extracts prepared from AcNPV-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells at 12 or 36 h postinfection but not by nuclear extracts prepared from uninfected or infected cells harvested during the early phase of infection. Transcription from the very late polyhedrin promoter was fivefold higher than that from the 39k late promoter with the nuclear extract prepared at 36 h postinfection. The 36-h extract was fractionated by phosphocellulose chromatography. Transcription activity eluted in two fractions, at 0.3 and 0.5 M KCl. Both the 39k and polyhedrin constructs were transcribed by these fractions; however, the patterns of late and very late transcription were distinctly different. With the 0.3 M fraction, incorporation into the 39k transcript was approximately 10-fold higher than incorporation into the polyhedrin transcript. Alternatively, with the 0.5 M fraction, transcription of the polyhedrin construct was twofold higher than transcription of the 39k construct. These results indicate that this in vitro system will be useful for purification and identification of factors that discriminate between late and very late promoters.
A Clear Advance in Soft Actuators

Development of actuator technologies with capabilities that can match or exceed those found in biology represents a topic of long-standing interest within the advanced robotics community. One promising and remarkably simple class of such an “artificial muscle” exploits a dielectric elastomer (an electrical insulator) sandwiched between a pair of mechanically compliant electrodes ( 1 , 2 ). Electrostatic force generated by an applied voltage deforms the dielectric and causes rapid, controlled displacements with large amplitudes. On page 984 of this issue, Keplinger et al. ( 3 ) describe an important advance in this dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) technology, in which the authors replace the electrodes with soft, ionic hydrogels. The result provides a clever solution to a daunting materials challenge; it enables delivery of high voltages for fast, effective operation without any mechanical constraint on the motions of the dielectric, in a form that also provides almost perfect optical transparency.
Financial assistance from middle-aged couples to parents and children: Racial-ethnic differences

Objectives To examine racial-ethnic differences in the allocation of financial transfers to parents, children, and others by middle-aged couples. Methods Multinomial specification of alternative recipients of financial transfers, using data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Survey. Results Transfer patterns are sensitive to parental health and wealth, to children being young or in school, as well as to the donors' health and wealth. Controlling for these and other factors, including family size and structure, Blacks and Whites are the most likely, and Hispanics the least likely, to financially help their parents compared to assisting offspring. Black couples are the most likely to sacrifice their own consumption to assist parents financially. Discussion Future research on transfers should attempt to capture unmeasured noneconomic sources of variation proxied by the race-ethnicity indicator.
Reconstructions of images of partially coherent objects from samples of mutual intensity

It is known that if the mutual intensity is sampled on an array of spacings, such samples can be Fourier transformed to yield images of incoherently radiating objects. In this paper, this result is extended to the imaging of partially coherent and coherent objects. An analysis of partially coherent imaging is first developed using a rather new approach, and the role of the complex ambiguity function in such imaging is emphasized. Next, using sampling theory, it is shown that in order to reconstruct images of partially coherent objects it is necessary to sample the mutual intensity on a discrete array of translations as well as on a discrete array of spacings. The required spacing and translation increments are shown to be inversely proportional to the object size and coherence extent, respectively. These requirements are stated in the form of a sampling theorem. Based on these results, an image synthesis procedure is outlined, and the capability of such a procedure for removing misfocus and other imaging aberrations is discussed. Lastly, experimental results are presented that demonstrate the aberration removal capability of this technique, using a coherent imaging system with defocus error.
Bovine adrenal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

We have developed a new procedure for the purification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from bovine adrenals. Three kg of whole adrenals are homogenized and fractionated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, adsorption and elution from calcium phosphate gel, chromatography on cellulose phosphate, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, gel filtration on Sephadex C-J50, and crystallization from ammonium sulfate solution. The procedure requires about three weeks and the yield is 24 mg of enzyme. Approximately half of the original enzyme activity is lost by inactivation in spite of considerable effort to minimize these losses. Analysis of the final product by sedimentation velocity displays a single Gaussian peak, and the boundary spreading can be attributed almost entirely to diffusion, thus a high degree of mass homogeneity is demonstrated. The sedimentation coefficient converted to standard conditions, Szo.w is 9.47S. This is consistent with a molecular weight of 190,000. The enzyme also displays a single band when submitted to electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. The activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase disappears early in the fractionation procedure.
Oral arginine does not stimulate an increase in insulin concentration but delays glucose disposal.

Background Ingested protein increases circulating insulin concentrations. Several years ago it was also determined that an intravenously administered mixture of 10 essential amino acids stimulated insulin secretion. Of these, arginine was the most potent. The effect was synergistic with administered glucose. Objective Because the amounts of amino acid administered intravenously were very large and because ingested arginine is partially metabolized in the intestinal mucosa, we were interested in determining whether orally administered arginine stimulates a rise in circulating insulin concentration and whether arginine affects the glucose-induced rise in insulin concentration. Design Nine healthy subjects (4 women and 5 men aged 21-52 y) ingested 1 mmol arginine/kg lean body mass, 1 mmol arginine/kg lean body mass + 25 g glucose, 25 g glucose alone, and water only, in random order on separate occasions, at 0800. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 10-min intervals over the next 2 h and were assayed for glucose, insulin, glucagon, and amino acid concentrations. The half-time for gastric emptying was determined by scintigraphy. Results Unlike with intravenous administration, ingested arginine did not stimulate a rise in insulin concentration. The glucagon concentration was increased. Arginine attenuated and prolonged the glucose rise when it was ingested with glucose. Gastric emptying time was similar after ingestion of glucose alone or arginine plus glucose. Conclusion Arginine, in an amount likely to be ingested in a high-protein meal, does not stimulate insulin secretion but attenuates the increase in glucose when given with glucose.
Molecular Physiology of Heat Stress Responses in Plants

Heat stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that plants encounter. Heat stress causes billions of dollars in losses of agricultural crops worldwide. Here, we summarize the molecular and whole genome responses due to heat stress in plants. It has been reported that there are cascades of biochemical reactions that lead to heat stress. In most cases, heat stress is coupled with drought stress response. With the advancements in genomic tools, we have more information on genes, which are up- or down-regulated in plants due to heat stress. The heat-stressed plants may exhibit various physiological responses, including stomatal closure, suppressed photosynthesis, stunted growth, etc. Microarray and transcriptome sequencing gave us the tools to perform genome-wide expression profiling in heat-stressed plants. Understanding how gene expression in heat-stressed plants works will help us to discover novel heat stress-tolerant genes. These genes could be overexpressed in crop plants to make transgenic heat-tolerant agricultural crops. Climate change and global warming are major concerns for us and production of thermotolerant plants could address the issue of global crop loss due to heat and drought stresses.
Toward Automatic Processing of English Metalanguage

The metalinguistic facilities of natural language are crucial to our ability to communicate, but the patterns behind the appearance of metalanguage—and thus the clues for how we may instruct computers to detect it—have remained relatively unknown. This paper describes the first results on the feasibility of automatically identifying metalanguage in English text. A core metalinguistic vocabulary has been identified, supporting intuitions about the phenomenon and aiding in its detection and delineation. These results open the door to applications that can extract the direct, salient information that metalanguage encodes.
Enhanced warming of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean under climate change

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fifth assessment of projected global and regional ocean temperature change is based on global climate models that have coarse (∼100 km) ocean and atmosphere resolutions. In the Northwest Atlantic, the ensemble of global climate models has a warm bias in sea surface temperature due to a misrepresentation of the Gulf Stream position; thus, existing climate change projections are based on unrealistic regional ocean circulation. Here we compare simulations and an atmospheric CO2 doubling response from four global climate models of varying ocean and atmosphere resolution. We find that the highest resolution climate model (∼10 km ocean, ∼50 km atmosphere) resolves Northwest Atlantic circulation and water mass distribution most accurately. The CO2 doubling response from this model shows that upper-ocean (0–300 m) temperature in the Northwest Atlantic Shelf warms at a rate nearly twice as fast as the coarser models and nearly three times faster than the global average. This enhanced warming is accompanied by an increase in salinity due to a change in water mass distribution that is related to a retreat of the Labrador Current and a northerly shift of the Gulf Stream. Both observations and the climate model demonstrate a robust relationship between a weakening Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and an increase in the proportion of Warm-Temperate Slope Water entering the Northwest Atlantic Shelf. Therefore, prior climate change projections for the Northwest Atlantic may be far too conservative. These results point to the need to improve simulations of basin and regional-scale ocean circulation.
Capital start-ups: What we know and need to know about Latino entrepreneurship in the DC-Metro region

This report presents preliminary data from an unprecedented original survey of more than 200 Latino entrepreneurs in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Researchers have extensively studied Latino-owned businesses throughout the country, paying particular attention to well-established Latino subgroups where they are most highly concentrated, such as Cuban economic enclaves in Miami and Mexican businesses in Los Angeles. However, little research has been devoted to Latino-owned enterprises in Washington, DC, which has emerged as an important new immigrant gateway city, making Latinos the metropolitan area's largest and fastest growing immigrant group, and the fastest growing of all racial and ethnic groups. The predominance of Latinos of Central and South American origin makes this DC a unique case deserving of particular attention. This study begins to fill this knowledge gap about Latino businesses in the DC region, and has a central objective of generating knowledge that will be useful to policy makers and service providers as they develop initiatives to address the needs of Latino entrepreneurs throughout the metropolitan area.
If You Were Me: Human rights discourses and transnational crossings in South Korean omnibus films

ABSTRACTDefined as a feature-length motion picture comprised of two or more discrete narrative sketches or vignettes, the omnibus film is a decidedly undecided form, one whose dialogic capacity to combine multiple voices and visions makes it difficult to pin down yet also conducive to a rethinking of narrative formulas and spectatorial solicitations. After elaborating that idea with an eye to the omnibus film's historical roots, this article examines the intersection of humanitarian discourses and visual media in the South Korean context, where human rights covenants and debates surrounding the idea of civil society have become an increasingly conspicuous part of the post-Cold War political climate. Adopting a transnational perspective, the article sheds light on the production background, critical reception and narrative operations of Yŏsŏt kae ŭi sisŏn/If You Were Me (2003). This is the first of six motion-picture releases that currently comprise the ‘If You Were Me’ series, an ever-growing collection o...
Ventricular arrhythmias in healing myocardial infarction: role of rhythm versus rate in re-entrant activation.

In 40 anesthetized dogs, malignant ventricular arrhythmias were studied in the late myocardial infarction period (3 to 20 days) after the phase of increased ventricular automaticity had subsided. Arrhythmias were induced by atrial pacing by means of regular stimulation or pacing with long-short cycle sequences. The latter involved the insertion of premature stimuli into regular pacing sequences as well as introduction of abrupt pauses into regular pacing rhythms. Arrhythmias could not be induced 10 to 20 days after infarction (eight dogs) or in sham-operated animals. In 27 dogs studied 3 to 9 days after myocardial infarction, re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias were consistently evoked by atrial pacing with long-short cycle sequences. Of these 27 dogs, only six had ventricular arrhythmias during regular pacing (50 to 350 beats per minute). The rate in each instance (115 to 260; average 200 beats per minute) remained within a critically narrow range (± 5 to 10 beats per minute). Activation delay in the epicardium of the infarct zone was consistently prolonged immediately after a long-short cycle sequence. Ventricular arrhythmias were always preceded by marked fractionation and delay of ischemic-zone epicardial electrograms when induced by long-short sequences in atrial pacing. In the six animals with critical, rate-dependent ventricular ectopia, complex patterns of underlying epicardial activation delay were recorded in the infarct zone. These included Wenckebach sequences of delayed portions of the electrograms and appeared as trigeminal and quadrigeminal rhythms on the standard electrocardiogram. This study indicates that in the dog, 3 to 9 days after myocardial infarction, re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias arising in the epicardium of the infarct zone are always evoked by atrial pacing with long-short cycle sequences. Abnormalities of refractoriness, particularly postrepolarization refractoriness, are related to both ischemia and abrupt heart rhythm changes, and they are implicated in the induction of these arrhythmias. Regular pacing over a wide range of heart rates less commonly resulted in arrhythmias. Re-entrant ventricular arrhythmias could not be provoked in dogs 10 to 20 days after myocardial infarction by either rapid heart rates or sudden changes in rhythm (long-short cycle sequences).
Device therapy of ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Implantable devices such as antitachycardia pacemakers, endovascular cardioverters, and the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator, have provided the clinician with powerful but complex tools to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Their present state of development, uses, and future prospects are discussed in this article.
Two-dimensional gel analysis of p53-mediated changes in protein expression

The p53 gene product suppresses both tumor cell growth and the cellular transformation process promoted by oncogenes. Although several genes are known to be positively regulated by p53, it is unclear hown many gene expression events are involved in p53-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was employed to investigate changes in whole-cell protein expression in p53-null H1299 cells that were transfected with a recombinant adenovirus expressing wild- type p53 at high efficiency. The two-dimensional gel analysis was restricted to proteins ranging in mass from 12,000 to 80,000 daltons. A total of 17 proteins were induced and one was repressed within 16 h of expression of exogenous wild-type p53 in H1299 cells. These results indicate that p53-mediated growth suppression involves a complex array of gene expression events
Political Censorship of the Theatre

Censorship of the stage, like censorship of the printed word, was a widespread and well-established European tradition by 1815. However, while prior censorship of the press was eliminated throughout Europe by 1914, European countries almost universally retained prior censorship of the stage until (and sometimes well after) the First World War. Thus, in 1695 Britain became the first major European country to abolish censorship of the press, yet forty years later, in 1737, parliament systematised a formerly haphazard theatre censorship, and controls were not finally abolished until 1968. Most other European countries did not eliminate press censorship until about the middle of the nineteenth century, while maintaining theatre censorship throughout the century. Furthermore, they typically exercised much harsher controls over the stage than had been exercised over the printed word. Thus, the 1822 drama-censorship rules of the Italian state of Tuscany declared, The general rules for the censorship of [printed] works in which are disseminated religious principles or principles that are politically subversive, or of works based on a malicious plan threatening to weaken or destroy veneration for Religion or for the Throne and which awaken in people’s minds emotions hostile to either of these, will be applied more strictly to theatrical performances.1
Outside-In Signaling by Integrin αIIbβ3 Is Dramatically Affected by the Density of Adsorbed Fibrinogen and Results in Differences in Calcium Mobilization, Integrin Engagement, and Platelet Morphology.

αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signaling following platelet adhesion to fibrinogen affects platelet adhesion, degranulation, and spreading, but the precise mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the character of αIIbβ3 signaling is dependent on the surface density of the adsorbed ligand. Time-lapse total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIR-FM) allowed us to visualize the interactions between fibrinogen and the αIIbβ3 integrins on the basal membrane of adhering platelets using a fluorescently-labeled antibody specific for β3. We observed significant morphological and biochemical differences in the initial interaction between αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen depending on the fibrinogen surface density. These included differences in the kinetics of filopodia and lamellipodia formation. Although filopodia started to form at the same time after initial platelet contact with both low-density (adsorbed from 3 μg/ml) fibrinogen (~ 40–50 s), new filopodia formed for a significantly shorter period of time on low- than on high-density fibrinogen [120 s (n = 79) vs. 235 s (n = 62); medians; p
The Anatomy of the Product-Innovation Process: Cost and Time

In this chapter, we study the anatomy of the product-innovation process. Exactly what is involved in product innovation? What is the cost of the various activities that must be undertaken to develop a new product and introduce it to the market? How long do these activities take? To what extent can the time required to get the product to market be reduced by increasing the cost of the project? These questions are extremely important to economists and others. Yet the truth is that, except for a few areas, we have little or no information bearing on them.