cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Literacy Interventions for Students with Physical and Developmental Disabilities Who Use Aided AAC Devices: A Systematic Review

This review evaluates research on literacy interventions for persons with physical and developmental disabilities who use aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Electronic database searches were completed to identify studies published between 1989 and 2009. Eighteen studies (n = 41 participants) were identified for inclusion in this review. Across studies a variety of instructional strategies were used to teach phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, text comprehension, and participation in literacy activities. These strategies included direct instruction, scaffolding of communicative attempts, least-to-most prompting with time delay, writing workshop, and story mapping. The results of these studies indicated that systematic instruction including scaffolding, direct instruction, and least-to-most prompting with time delay may be the most effective strategies to teach literacy skills to this population. These results are discussed in relation to participant characteristics, the effectiveness of interventions, and the reported social validity of interventions. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Intercomparison of the Southern Ocean Circulations in IPCC Coupled Model Control Simulations

Abstract The analyses presented here focus on the Southern Ocean as simulated in a set of global coupled climate model control experiments conducted by several international climate modeling groups. Dominated by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), the vast Southern Ocean can influence large-scale surface climate features on various time scales. Its climatic relevance stems in part from it being the region where most of the transformation of the World Ocean’s water masses occurs. In climate change experiments that simulate greenhouse gas–induced warming, Southern Ocean air–sea heat fluxes and three-dimensional circulation patterns make it a region where much of the future oceanic heat storage takes place, though the magnitude of that heat storage is one of the larger sources of uncertainty associated with the transient climate response in such model projections. Factors such as the Southern Ocean’s wind forcing, heat, and salt budgets are linked to the structure and transport of the ACC in ways that h...
Dietary flexibility in three representative waterbirds across salinity and depth gradients in salt ponds of San Francisco Bay.

Salt evaporation ponds have existed in San Francisco Bay, California, for more than a century. In the past decade, most of the salt ponds have been retired from production and purchased for resource conservation with a focus on tidal marsh restoration. However, large numbers of waterbirds are found in salt ponds, especially during migration and wintering periods. The value of these hypersaline wetlands for waterbirds is not well understood, including how different avian foraging guilds use invertebrate prey resources at different salinities and depths. The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary flexibility of waterbirds by examining the population number and diet of three feeding guilds across a salinity and depth gradient in former salt ponds of the Napa-Sonoma Marshes. Although total invertebrate biomass and species richness were greater in low than high salinity salt ponds, waterbirds fed in ponds that ranged from low (20 g l−1) to very high salinities (250 g l−1). American avocets (surface sweeper) foraged in shallow areas at pond edges and consumed a wide range of prey types (8) including seeds at low salinity, but preferred brine flies at mid salinity (40–80 g l−1). Western sandpipers (prober) focused on exposed edges and shoal habitats and consumed only a few prey types (2–4) at both low and mid salinities. Suitable depths for foraging were greatest for ruddy ducks (diving benthivore) that consumed a wide variety of invertebrate taxa (5) at low salinity, but focused on fewer prey (3) at mid salinity. We found few brine shrimp, common in higher salinity waters, in the digestive tracts of any of these species. Dietary flexibility allows different guilds to use ponds across a range of salinities, but their foraging extent is limited by available water depths.
Assessing the severity of mitral stenosis: Variability between noninvasive and invasive measurements in patients with symptomatic mitral valve stenosis

Background This study evaluated the correlation and variability between noninvasive and invasive measures of mitral stenosis severity before and after balloon mitral commissurotomy (BMC) in a large group of patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis. Factors related to variability between measurements were determined. Methods The Doppler transmitral gradient, Doppler half-time valve area, and 2-dimensional echocardiographic (2D) mitral valve area (MVA) were measured immediately before and 1 day after BMC in 272 consecutive patients with mitral stenosis and compared with their respective measures during cardiac catheterization. Results The correlation coefficient for the comparison of noninvasive and invasive measurements of the transmitral gradient was 0.63 before BMC and 0.60 after the procedure; for 2D versus Gorlin-derived MVA, 0.39 and 0.57, respectively; and for Doppler half-time versus Gorlin-derived MVA, 0.31 and 0.18, respectively. A large degree of variability in the measurement of MVA was present among the 3 techniques before BMC and increased after BMC. Before BMC, for the comparison of 2D and Gorlin-derived MVA, variables predictive of the discrepancy were age, echocardiographic score, transmitral gradient during catheterization, and cardiac index. For the comparison of Doppler half-time versus Gorlin-derived MVA, age, heart rate during cardiac catheterization and echocardiography, cardiac output and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure predicted the difference between the 2 measures. Conclusions In symptomatic patients with mitral stenosis, there is significant variability between noninvasive and invasive measures of mitral stenosis severity despite careful, reproducible measurements. The difference between noninvasive and invasive measures of MVA before BMC is strongly related to cardiac output. (Am Heart J 1999;138:777-84.)
The Three-Dimensional Structure of Swirl-Stabilized Flames in a Lean Premixed Multinozzle Can Combustor

Flame structure can have a significant effect on a combustor's static stability (resistance to blowoff) and dynamic stability (combustion instability) and therefore is an important aspect of the combustion process that must be taken into account in the design of gas turbine combustors. While the relationship between flame structure and flame stability has been studied extensively in single-nozzle combustors, relatively few studies have been conducted in multinozzle combustor configurations typical of actual gas turbine combustion systems. In this paper, a chemiluminescence-based tomographic reconstruction technique is used to obtain three-dimensional images of the flame structure in a laboratory-scale five-nozzle can combustor. Analysis of the 3D images reveals features of the complex, three-dimensional structure of this multinozzle flame. Effects of interacting swirling flows, flame–flame interactions, and flame–wall interactions on the flame structure are also discussed.
Power plant model validation for achieving reliability standard requirements based on recorded on-line disturbance data

This paper describes a novel approach for automated synchronous generator parameter derivation using disturbance data. Instead of traditional off-line testing, this process supports validation of dynamic models for generators and their governor, excitation, and stabilizer systems using data gathered while the units are on-line. The approach is based on using digitally recorded unit responses to system disturbances. Continued model validation is necessary to ensure generating units are simulated correctly. Model validation is imminently to be mandated by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) through its modeling, data, and analysis standards. The benefits of the model validation method presented here are explained when compared to traditional techniques, which typically include collecting data from a series of mostly off-line staged tests. The comprehensive process of model validation and a review of the key-limitations of this process are also discussed. Lastly, the paper presents the successful application of this technique to three large thermal units for the purpose of WECC generator model validation and certification. Key results of the case studies are reported together with fruitful insight into the limitations of some of the models available for power plant modeling in planning studies.
Time and frequency resolved luminescence from excitonic nanostructures

Time and frequency resolved luminescence spectroscopy of molecular and semiconductor nanostructures provides a direct probe for exciton transport and relaxation. A microscopic Green function theory which incorporates effects of inelastic scattering induced by exciton-phonon interactions, and elastic scattering due to static disorder is developed
Response to Does the Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity Mediate the Beneficial Effects of Weight Loss on Cognitive Function

We thank Stephan and Siervo1 for their suggestion that we examine glucose and insulin levels as potential mediators of the relationship between lifestyle modifications and improved neurocognition in the Exercise and Nutritional Interventions for Cardiovascular Health Study. Observational studies have reported that impaired insulin resistance and glucose metabolism are associated with deficits in neurocognitive functioning,2 and there is preliminary evidence from interventional studies that improved neurocognition associated with lifestyle modifications may be mediated by improved glucoregulation. For example, Baker et al3 demonstrated that aerobic exercise improved executive control processes, with effects more pronounced for women compared with men. Because women also showed greater improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, it was suggested that …
Theoretical study of the unimolecular decomposition mechanisms of energetic TNAD and TNAZ explosives

Calculation methods based on hybrid Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the basis sets of the B3LYP/6-31+G(d)//B3LYP/4-31G(d) method and the differential overlap (INDO) program were used to derive reasonable decomposition mechanisms of 1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin (TNAD) and 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) explosives. All possible decomposition species and transition states, including intermediates and products, were identified and their corresponding enthalpy of formation and Gibbs free energy of formation were obtained using polyparametric modification equations. INDO bond energy calculation results reveal the weakest bonding site for reference and determine where cleavage can occur easily. This work is concerned mainly with eliminating HONO (cis or trans form). The activation energy for trans-form HONO elimination is lower than that of cis-form HONO elimination in the initial steps of both TNAD and TNAZ decomposition, being 18.5 kJ/mol and 33.3 kJ/mol, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Structural Relationships between QC and Meta-stable Crystalline Phases in Melt Spun Zr80Pt20 Ribbons

Two competing meta-stable crystalline phases, a bcc hyperstoichiometric β-Zr(Pt) (Im3m) superstructure and a non-stoichiometric fcc e-Zr 6 Pt 3 O (Fd3m) phase, have been observed to coexist with a quasicrystalline (i) phase, respectively, in as-spun Zr 80 Pt 20 ribbons with low oxygen content (184ppm mass O) and high oxygen content (4737 ppm mass O). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that the β-Zr(Pt) superstructure and i phase have a well defined orientational relationship, good crystallographic match and nearly identical stoichiometry. Icosahedral two-fold axes coincide with , , and axes in β-Zr(Pt); {110} β-Zr planes register with icosahedral {211111} fivefold or {221001} twofold planes. The observed orientational relationship and the space group (Im3m) preclude β-Zr(Pt) as a cubic approximant to the i phase. Both β-Zr(Pt) and the i phase are distorted; β-Zr(Pt) maintains a basic β-Zr Bravais lattice with an aperiodic superlattice. Morphologies suggest that the i phase forms first, followed by an easy nucleation of the β-Zr(Pt) on the surfaces of the i phase. Also, a similar orientational relationship and lattice match between e-Zr 6 Pt 3 O and i phase has been revealed by TEM.
Spin injection and detection in lanthanum- and niobium-doped SrTiO3 using the Hanle technique.

A crucial prerequisite for semiconductor-based spintronic devices is that the spins of the charge carriers can be efficiently injected and detected. Here, the authors achieve such functionality in niobium-doped strontium titanate by the Hanle technique, and at the same time demonstrate the limitations of this approach.
Force-velocity and length-tension properties of stimulated human quadriceps muscle in spinal cord injured children

The force-velocity and length-tension properties of electrically stimulated quadriceps muscles were determined in a pilot study with two teenage subjects with midthoracic spinal cord injuries. Percutaneous intramuscular electrodes were used to elicit maximal isometric and concentric isokinetic contractions over angles range from 20 degrees to 80 degrees of knee flexion and over speeds from 30 degrees to 150 degrees per second. Submaximal contractions were generated both eccentrically and concentrically. Maximal concentric moment-velocity-angle surfaces were found to be similar in all respects to force-velocity-length surfaces reported for isolated animal preparations. Submaximal profiles grossly approximated the characteristics of maximal contractions. For any joint angle, eccentric moments were generally greater than those produced isometrically or concentrically. >
Adolescents’ Web-Based Literacies, Identity Construction, and Skill Development

Five qualitative multiple-case studies document adolescents' uses of Web-based resources and digital literacy skills to construct their online identities. Working from a perspective that integrates new literacies with multimodality, the researchers enlisted the help of five high school students who kept daily logs of the websites they visited for 8 months. The logs provided a focus for weekly, semi-structured individual interviews that were recorded, transcribed, and used to inform the next week's interviews. A six-step multilayered analysis of the data shows that students use a range of Web-based resources and digital literacy skills to construct their online identities. While such practices are connected to students' offline worlds, a scholarly debate exists concerning their relevancy for preparing youth to be contributing members of society.
Mapping applications onto a cache coherent multiprocessor

The authors present a technique to compute the communication times of programs on cache coherent distributed shared memory systems. Simulated annealing is used to obtain near-optimal mappings of program tasks onto processors. Various cost parameters are explored for determining efficient mappings of the program tasks onto the processors in the presence of cache coherence protocols. The techniques were demonstrated using the Sequent Balance multiprocessor and the Jacobi iteration problem. Measurement results confirm that the estimate of communication time is fairly accurate. The importance of accurate estimation of communication time for efficient mapping of program tasks in the presence of the cache coherence protocol was verified using measurements on the Balance multiprocessor. >
Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met Signaling Is Required for β-Cell Regeneration

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mitogen required for β-cell replication during pregnancy. To determine whether HGF/c-Met signaling is required for β-cell regeneration, we characterized mice with pancreatic deletion of the HGF receptor, c-Met (PancMet KO mice), in two models of reduced β-cell mass and regeneration: multiple low-dose streptozotocin (MLDS) and partial pancreatectomy (Ppx). We also analyzed whether HGF administration could accelerate β-cell regeneration in wild-type (WT) mice after Ppx. Mouse islets obtained 7 days post-Ppx displayed significantly increased c-Met, suggesting a potential role for HGF/c-Met in β-cell proliferation in situations of reduced β-cell mass. Indeed, adult PancMet KO mice displayed markedly reduced β-cell replication compared with WT mice 7 days post-Ppx. Similarly, β-cell proliferation was decreased in PancMet KO mice in the MLDS mouse model. The decrease in β-cell proliferation post-Ppx correlated with a striking decrease in D-cyclin levels. Importantly, PancMet KO mice showed significantly diminished β-cell mass, decreased glucose tolerance, and impaired insulin secretion compared with WT mice 28 days post-Ppx. Conversely, HGF administration in WT Ppx mice further accelerated β-cell regeneration. These results indicate that HGF/c-Met signaling is critical for β-cell proliferation in situations of diminished β-cell mass and suggest that activation of this pathway can enhance β-cell regeneration.
Determination of Trace Methotrexate and 7-OH-Methotrexate in Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatog-Raphy with Fluorimetric Detection

Abstract A sensitive and reliable HPLC method consisting of a solid-phase extraction, post-column photoreaction of the analytes in a polyethylene tubing by UV lamp, and fluorimetric detection for the simultaneous determination of methotrexate (MTX) and 7-OH-methotrexate (7-OH-MTX) in plasma was developed. The linear relationships between the peak area and MTX (0.1 ng/ml-1000 ng/ml, r=0.9997) or 7-OH-MTX (6.25 ng/ml-400 ng/ml, r=0.9995) concentrations were obtained. The average coefficients of variation for the intraday and interday replications were less than 11% and the absolute recoveries were 96.8%-101.2% for MTX and 76.4%-86.7% for 7-OH-MTX for the calibration ranges used. The limit of detection for MTX in plasma was 0.05 ng/ml. This most sensitive HPLC method reported so far was used for the trace assay of plasma MTX concentrations in dogs following a topical application of MTX in gel.
HIV‐1 Vaginal Transmission: Cell‐Free or Cell‐Associated Virus?

The vast majority of new HIV infections in male-to-female transmission occurs through semen, where HIV-1 is present in two different forms: as free and as cell-associated virus. In the female lower genital tract, semen mixes with female genital secretions that contain various factors, some of which facilitate or inhibit HIV-1 transmission. Next, HIV-1 crosses the genital epithelia, reaches the regional lymph nodes, and disseminates through the female host. Cervico-vaginal mucosa contains multiple barriers, resulting in a low probability of vaginal transmission. However, in some cases, HIV-1 is able to break these barriers. Although the exact mechanisms of how these barriers function remain unclear, their levels of efficiency against cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 are different, and both cell-free and cell-associated virions seem to use different strategies to overcome these barriers. Understanding the basic mechanisms of HIV-1 vaginal transmission is required for the development of new antiviral strategies to contain HIV-1 epidemics.
Epigenetic Silencing of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Transcription by Formation of Restrictive Chromatin Structures at the Viral Long Terminal Repeat Drives the Progressive Entry of HIV into Latency

The molecular mechanisms utilized by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to enter latency are poorly understood. Following the infection of Jurkat T cells with lentiviral vectors that express Tat in cis, gene expression is progressively silenced. Silencing is greatly enhanced when the lentiviral vectors carry an attenuated Tat gene with the H13L mutation. Individual clones of lentivirus-infected cells showed a wide range of shutdown rates, with the majority showing a 50% silencing frequency between 30 to 80 days. The silenced clones characteristically contained a small fraction (0 to 15%) of activated cells that continued to express d2EGFP. When d2EGFP+ and d2EGFP− cell populations were isolated from the shutdown clones, they quickly reverted to the original distribution of inactive and active cells, suggesting that the d2EGFP+ cells arise from stochastic fluctuations in gene expression. The detailed analysis of transcription initiation and elongation using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays confirms that Tat levels are restricted in the latently infected cells but gradually rise during proviral reactivation. ChIP assays using clones of latently infected cells demonstrate that the latent proviruses carry high levels of deacetylated histones and trimethylated histones. In contrast, the cellular genes IκBα and GAPDH had high levels of acetylated histones and no trimethylated histones. The levels of trimethylated histone H3 and HP1-α associated with HIV proviruses fell rapidly after tumor necrosis factor alpha activation. The progressive shutdown of HIV transcription following infection suggests that epigenetic mechanisms targeting chromatin structures selectively restrict HIV transcription initiation. This decreases Tat production below the levels that are required to sustain HIV gene expression.
Streamer model for ionization growth in a photoconductive power switch

The ionization process in a high gain photoconductive GaAs power switch is explored computationally, based on a streamer model. The streamer velocity was found to increase with increasing electric field, decreasing temperature, or increasing background ionization density. The electric field dependence of streamer velocity is consistent with experimental observations, lending support for the model's predictions about the temperature and background ionization density dependencies. The large electric field associated with the highly charged streamer tip allows virtual propagation of the ionization column at speeds above 10/sup 8/ cm/s, well in excess of the carrier saturated drift velocity. >
Extraction of atrazine and its metabolites using supercritical fluids and enhanced-fluidity liquids

Supercritical fluid and enhanced-fluidity liquid extractions are performed on spiked sediment samples containing atrazine (ATRA) and five of its metabolites including desisopropyldesethylatrazine, desethylhydroxyatrazine (DEHA), desisopropylatrazine, desethylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine (HA). The hydroxylated metabolites are of particular interest because of their increased water solubility and the fact that their high polarity makes them difficult to analyze. Soxhlet extractions using methanol are conducted for the purpose of comparison. Results of the extractions show that the hydroxy-containing metabolites of ATRA are not effectively extracted with supercritical CO 2 alone. The solvating or desorbing power of carbon dioxide appears too low to extract HA and DEHA. The extraction recoveries of the hydroxylated metabolites increase when enhanced-fluidity liquid mixtures of methanol/CO 2 are used, and these rates increase with the methanol concentration. Enhanced-fluidity ternary liquid mixtures of H 2O/methanol/CO2 yield the best recoveries for these compounds. ATRA recoveries are equally effective when using supercritical CO 2 or enhanced-fluidity mixtures. The other nonhydroxycontaining metabolites require the increased solvent strength of either large percentages of methanol in CO 2 or ternary mixtures of H 2O, methanol, and CO2 for high recoveries. Recoveries with enhanced-fluidity liquid ternary mixtures are better than the recoveries from Soxhlet for all the compounds in the study.
Molecular characterization and expression of the UV opsin in bumblebees: three ommatidial subtypes in the retina and a new photoreceptor organ in the lamina.

Ultraviolet-sensitive photoreceptors have been shown to be important for a variety of visual tasks performed by bees, such as orientation, color and polarization vision, yet little is known about their spatial distribution in the compound eye or optic lobe. We cloned and sequenced a UV opsin mRNA transcript from Bombus impatiens head-specific cDNA and, using western blot analysis, detected an eye protein band of ∼41 kDa, corresponding to the predicted molecular mass of the encoded opsin. We then characterized UV opsin expression in the retina, ocelli and brain using immunocytochemistry. In the main retina, we found three different ommatidial types with respect to the number of UV opsin-expressing photoreceptor cells, namely ommatidia containing two, one or no UV opsin-immunoreactive cells. We also observed UV opsin expression in the ocelli. These results indicate that the cloned opsin probably encodes the P350 nm pigment, which was previously characterized by physiological recordings. Surprisingly, in addition to expression in the retina and ocelli, we found opsin expression in different parts of the brain. UV opsin immunoreactivity was detected in the proximal rim of the lamina adjacent to the first optic chiasm, which is where studies in other insects have found expression of proteins involved in the circadian clock, period and cryptochrome. We also found UV opsin immunoreactivity in the core region of the antennal lobe glomeruli and different clusters of perikarya within the protocerebrum, indicating a putative function of these brain regions, together with the lamina organ, in the entrainment of circadian rhythms. In order to test for a possible overlap of clock protein and UV opsin spatial expression, we also examined the expression of the period protein in these regions.
Walking the Line Between Employee and Intern Conflict in an Administrative Internship

The case positions the reader as a faculty member who must advise a student who is struggling in his administrative internship. The case walks the reader through a set of internship experiences that place the intern in an increasingly uncomfortable position with his internship sponsor. These experiences encourage the reader to reflect on the responsibilities of the intern and the conflict that emerges when these responsibilities are not clear. The case is suitable for use in K-12 educational leadership programs, as well as in professional development for internship supervisors, for principals hosting administrative interns, or for faculty contemplating effective internship experiences for novice administrators.
Controlled Release Temephos: Laboratory and Field Evaluations

The development of controlled-release pesticides based upon the monolithic dispersion of a chemical agent in a polymer has been described in detail elsewhere.1 Temephos, 0,0,0’,0’-tetramethyl-0,0-thiodi-p-phenylene phosphorothioate (C.A. Registry #3383–96–8), was incorporated in elastomeric matrices and a diffusion-dissolution type release mechanism was established.2 Although a continuous release of the agent occurred for over three years, commercialization was not undertaken. Later it was discovered that long-term toxicant release from a plastic matrix could be achieved through a leaching process keyed to the use of a water-soluble additive whose emission led to the development of the necessary porosity in the matrix.3 The processing costs for such materials are relatively inexpensive, and consequently a number of controlled-release temephos materials are now commercially available. Unlike conventional formulations which are limited to solutions, emulsions, granules, and wettable powders, controlled-release plastic dispensers can be manufactured in any geometry conducive to the particular environment to be treated.
Current and potential treatments for ubiquitous but neglected herpesvirus infections.

A comprehensive review of herpes virus drug discovery with an emphasis on the most recent advances in the field and their progression from early discovery to clinical development is presented. Small molecules against multiple herpes viruses with targets th
Monoclonal evolution of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.

Abstract A patient with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy diagnosed on initial lymph node biopsy was found on rebiopsy two months later to have immunoblastic lymphoma as well. At presentation she had polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia with polyclonal (kappa and lambda light chains) immunoblasts demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase stain. During the course of her illness, a monoclonal IgM kappa gammaglobulinemia developed, accompanied by monoclonal (kappa light chains only) immunoblasts demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase method. These findings were unique in that lymphomatous transformation and clinical deterioration are shown to be accompanied by a monoclonal evolution of immunoblasts. This constitutes further evidence for the heterogeneous nature of patients who have angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and the malignant potential of this disease.
Past Trauma and Current Stress and Coping: Toward a General Model

ABSTRACTStudies find trauma to both sensitize and steel its victims to subsequent stress, but results are specific to certain populations, traumas, or indices of stress and coping. Here, a general population sample (N = 255) completed comprehensive measures of trauma, stress, and coping to suggest a general model of their relationships. Regressions showed childhood—but not lifetime—trauma linked to avoidant coping and greater stress, indicating a partial mediation model. Structural equation modeling (SEM) verified that childhood trauma predicted adult stress both directly and through avoidance. Limitations of present methods, and suggestions for continuing the development of a general trauma-coping-stress model, are discussed.
Theodorus’ proofs of incommensurabilities with Gnomons

An ‘infinite decreasing sequence of Gnomons’ is characteristic, according to Proclus, of incommensurability, hence David Fowler's idea to reconstruct Theodorus’ proofs of incommensurabilities, reported in the Theaetetus147d, employing Gnomons, is attractive and solidly based. The ‘preservation of the shape of the Gnomons’ is a form of the Pythagorean principle of the Limited according to Aristotle. In the present paper we propose a reconstruction that employs Gnomons but is free of the drawbacks present in Fowler's reconstruction.
A pilot study of a new ELISA test for ciguatoxin in humans.

L'etude dela ciguatera chez les populations humaines a ete limitee par l'impossibilite de poser un diagnostic defini. Cependant, un test pour la detection des ciguatoxines a ete developpe recemment, il permet le diagnostic qualitatif et quantitatif de la ciguatera dans les fluides du corps humain, de meme que dans les tissus de poissons contamines. Cette etude propose l'evaluation de ce nouveau test ELISA chez les malades, par le diagnostic clinique de l'intoxication ciguaterique aigue et chronique
A short course in clinical pharmacology.

The public, its representatives in government, and its practicing physicians have a well-known and well-documented interest in the opportunities and problems created by changes in drug therapy during the past twenty-five years. Their interest does not require further documentation here. The topic of the present report is the response of academe to these opportunities, problems, and widespread interest.
Witnesses to Decolonization

As decolonization began in earnest following the Second World War, Scots were still flocking to all parts of the British Empire in order to earn a living that would have been difficult for most to find at home. They went out as missionaries, bankers, District Officers, electricians, doctors, nurses, teachers, engineers, traders, foresters, and business moguls. This chapter focuses on the Scots who were first-hand witnesses to the process of decolonization, and asks whether they remained emotionally tied to the British Empire following its collapse. Essentially, how did these Scots view the end of the British Empire? This chapter contends that during the years between the end of the Second World War and the height of decolonization in the 1960s, these Scots maintained a vested interest in the maintenance of an empire that made separatist nationalism unthinkable. 1 These Scottish empire-builders, whose livelihoods depended on the continuation of the British Empire, would prove to be the staunchest supporters of this multinational effort.
Characterization of a Unique Myosin IIIa Deafness Mutation which Enhances Actin-Sliding Velocity but Abolishes Filopodia Tip Localization

MYO3A, an unconventional myosin that localizes to the distal tips of stereocilia in the sensory epithelia of the vertebrate auditory and vestibular systems, consists of an N-terminal kinase domain, an actin-activated motor domain, and a class-specific tail domain. Previous work indicates that MYO3A tip-localization is regulated through autophosphorylation. MYO3A is thought to transport the actin regulatory protein, ESPIN1, to the stereocilia tips in inner ear hair cells and mutations in MYO3A lead to non-syndromic deafness in humans. We investigated the G488E mutation in MYO3A, a deafness associated mutation located near the conserved switch I region. The G488E mutation reduces the maximum actin-activated ATPase rate 2-fold and increases 10-fold the actin concentration required to reach one-half maximal ATPase. Interestingly, G488E MYO3A increases 2-fold the actin filament sliding velocity measured with the in vitro motility assay. We also investigated the impact of the G488E mutation on cellular localization by examining GFP tagged MYO3A dK constructs transfected into COS7 cells. The G488E mutation completely abolished MYO3A dK filopodia tip localization both in the presence and absence of ESPIN1. In addition, co-transfection of G488E MYO3A dK, ESPIN1 and wild-type (WT) MYO3A dK demonstrated that the presence of WT MYO3A does not rescue the tip localization of G488E. We hypothesize that the G488E mutation disrupts the duty ratio which prevents processive movement to the tips of parallel actin bundles. In support, chimeras of the MYO3A tail with other myosin motors (MYO1A, MYO19, MYO5A, and MYO10) demonstrate that only high duty-ratio motors are capable of filopodia tip localization. Our results demonstrate that intra-filopodia motility requires high duty ratio motor activity, which may be crucial for the formation, maintenance, and ultrastructure of parallel actin bundles.
HIV and the Right to Health in Colombia

The first Colombian to claim a judicially enforceable right to health was a gay man living with HIV, who in 1992 claimed a violation of his constitutional rights on account of being denied antiretroviral therapy. Since then, HIV activists have been at the forefront of advancing both the judicialization and social reconstruction of health as a human right. However, their role-and its implications today-has been sometimes overlooked in the study of Colombia's right to health. Based on semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, we evaluate the HIV movement's effect on the progression of the right to health and resulting health care reform, and analyze the reform's success in addressing the needs of people living with HIV. While the landmark Constitutional Court decision T-760 and resulting health care reform are not the result of any one group, the HIV movement played a significant role in these developments, and its values are largely reflected in the country's new sociopolitical conceptualization of the right to health. However, the movement has faced division over the issue of generic medication availability and among subpopulations who have not been strongly represented or consistent beneficiaries of its successes.
Deviations from the Laws of Muscle Actions Described in Chapter 9

I have already mentioned in passing that the operation of the six described muscle groups is not always exactly the same, as the above schema assumes. Many small but important deviations will be pointed out later. Here it will suffice to discuss only the most important and at the same time to determine to what degree new proofs for the already given laws of innervation can be found in these deviations.
Light Source Estimation in Synthetic Images

We evaluate a novel light source estimation algorithm with synthetic image data generated using a custom path-tracer. We model light as an environment map as light sources at infinity for its benefits in estimation. However the synthetic image data are rendered using spherical area lights as to better represent the physical world as well as challenge our algorithm. In total, we generate 55 random illumination scenarios, consisting of either one or two spherical area lights with different intensities and positioned at different distances from the observed scene. Using this data we are able to tune our optimization parameters and determine under which conditions this algorithm and model representation is best suited.
Developmental Considerations for Children and Youth with HIV

Advances in antiretroviral therapy have resulted in improved survival for children and adolescents with both perinatally and behaviorally acquired HIV and the possibility of attaining independent adulthood. However, research indicates that youth with HIV are at risk for problems in developmental and neurocognitive functioning. Although this is more likely in the context of greater disease severity, evidence raises concern that HIV may exert subtle effects on cognitive functioning even when well controlled. Furthermore, familial, environmental, substance use and other factors common to this youth population may contribute to lower functioning and intervention needs. Of high importance is the potential impact of developmental and cognitive impairments on transition of youth with HIV to adulthood and their readiness to assume responsibility for health and medication management required to control their chronic disease, among other life tasks. High rates of adherence to antiretroviral therapy are critical for survival and quality of life and for prevention of secondary HIV transmission through viral suppression, and adherence interventions should be developmentally informed. Better understanding of the impact of HIV on the central nervous system in the current treatment context, interactions with substance use, stress and other mental health issues, effects on adult functional outcomes, and trials of cognitive and related interventions are greatly needed.
Patient Reported Outcomes from Sacroiliac Joint Fusion

Study design Retrospective, case series. Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine morbidity, complications, and patient reported outcomes from minimally invasive sacroiliac joint (SIJ) fusion. Overview of literature Lumbar back pain emanating from the SIJ can be surgically treated via a percutaneous approach in the appropriately selected patient with minimal morbidity and acceptable functional outcomes. Methods Patients diagnosed by >2 physical examination maneuvers and subjective relief from a computed tomography-guided lidocaine-bupivacaine-steroid injection underwent SIJ fusion after failing conservative management with a combination of oral anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, and pelvic belt stabilization. Perioperative data collected include estimated blood loss (EBL) and operative time. Oswestry disability index, 12-item short form health survey (SF-12), visual analogue score, and functional status were analyzed. All complications were noted. Results The study cohort of 45 cases (69% female) achieved postoperative survey follow-up at 9.9 and 32.3 months. SF-12 physical component summary statistically improved while all other scores were equivalent. Mean EBL and operative time were 22 mL and 36 minutes, respectively. Initial survey showed that 64% of patients discontinued narcotics (29/45), 71% do not use an assistive device (32/45), and 15.6% do not work due to pain (7/45). 73% of patients stated they would have the surgery again (33/45). For the second survey, 65% of patients discontinued narcotics (26/40), 70% did not use an assistive device (28/40), and 17.5% did not work due to pain (7/40). A history of thoracolumbar instrumentation (16/45) did not significantly affect outcomes. Three complications described by screw malposition with neurologic deficit (6.7%) were treated with screw repositioning (1 case) and removal of a single superior implant (2 cases) with time to revision of 2.2 months. All three ultimately had resolution of radicular pain. Conclusions Percutaneous SIJ fusion offers minimal morbidity and acceptable functional outcomes. While women and those with a prior history of lumbar instrumentation may be at increased risk of having SIJ dysfunction requiring surgical intervention, it was not found to affect postoperative functional outcomes when compared to the non-instrumented group.
Data production on past and future NASA missions

Data return is a metric that is commonly publicized for all space science missions. In the early days of the Space Program, this figure was small, and could be described in bits or maybe even megabits. But now, missions are capable of returning data volumes two or three orders of magnitude larger. For example, Voyager 1 and 2 combined produced a little over 5 Terabits of data in 39 years of operation. In contrast, the Cassini mission, launched two decades after Voyager, produced about one and a half times those data volumes in half the time. NISAR, an Earth Science Mission currently in implementation, plans to produce over 28 Petabits of raw data in just 3 years. This means that NISAR will produce about as many data in 30 days as the combined data production of nearly all planetary missions to date. These increases in capability are a result of technology enhancements in two main areas: telecommunications architecture (both space and ground segments) and data storage technology. This paper describes the progression of these two technologies over the course of more than three decades of space missions and provides additional insight into the design of the end-to-end NISAR Data System Architecture. Trends in the data are briefly explored and compared to Moore's Law which provides only a qualitative model for memory growth but not for data production. In summary, early missions are found to be driven by unrefined processes while later missions, having utilized earlier lessons learned, focus more on improvements to flight and ground capabilities. Data return seems to fall into three categories. First, deep space missions are driven by the large distances that limit data return to the Earth. Next, the orbiter infrastructure around Mars helps these missions generate more data than other deep space spacecraft. Finally, near-Earth missions have the greatest capabilities for the studied metrics due to their close proximity to Earth and the ground network availability.
Discrimination in Parakeets ( Melopsittacus Undulatus ). As a Function of Age

Eight parakeets (Melopsittacus undulatus), four from 1 to 2 months old and four from 9 to 12 months old, were taught to discriminate between a circle and a triangle in a Y-maze using a non-correction procedure. Although no age differences were found, all the birds met the stringent criterion for learning of 15 consecutive correct responses. It was concluded that the parakeet would make an interesting subject for further study.
Monitoring of VIIRS ocean clear-sky brightness temperatures against CRTM simulation in ICVS for TEB/M bands

Monitoring of VIIRS ocean clear-sky brightness temperatures against CRTM Simulations has been initially implemented in the NOAA Integrated Calibration/Validation System (ICVS) for VIIRS calibration and validation. The initial system builds upon the heritage Monitoring of IR Clear-sky Radiances over Ocean for SST (MICROS). Substantial effort was made to further minimize the observation minus simulation biases. Preliminary results show that both mean biases and standard deviation are significantly improved in ICVS, compared to MICROS. The long term stability has also improved and shows a close cross-sensor consistency between VIIRS and MODIS. The current monitoring system is ready for J1 VIIRS test.
Neurocognitive and behavioral functioning in adolescents with sleep-disordered breathing: a population-based, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been associated with neurocognitive and behavioral problems in young children; however, this association is less studied in adolescents. Evidence suggests that obesity plays a key role in the development of SDB, although its relative association with neurobehavioral functioning remains unclear. We examined whether SDB and obesity are associated with neurocognitive and behavioral problems in adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 421 adolescents (17.0±2.2y, 53.9% male) from the Penn State Child Cohort, a general population sample, underwent a 9-h polysomnography, clinical history, physical examination, neurocognitive evaluation and Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan, and completed the Child or Adult Behavior Checklist. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)⩾2, primary snoring (PS) as AHI<2+snoring and no-SDB as AHI<2 without snoring. Body weight measures included body mass index (BMI) percentile, waist circumference (WC) and DXA-measured total adipose tissue (TAT). RESULTS WC and TAT were significantly associated with impaired vigilance, processing speed, working memory, and control interference and greater internalizing and externalizing behaviors, while BMI percentile was marginally associated. SDB per se (PS, AHI or OSA) was not significantly associated with impaired neurocognitive outcomes or greater behavioral problems. However, TAT was significantly associated with impaired vigilance and greater internalizing and externalizing behaviors and, to a lesser extent, slower processing speed and greater control interference, only in adolescents with OSA. CONCLUSIONS Central obesity, an etiopathogenic mechanism of OSA, is more strongly associated with neurocognitive and behavioral problems in adolescents than SDB alone. Deficits in low-order (vigilance) and high-order (executive) functions and behavioral problems observed in adolescents with OSA are primarily associated with increased central adiposity, a finding not entirely captured with less precise measures of obesity. These data support that OSA and its associated neurocognitive and behavioral morbidity are related to underlying metabolic dysfunction as early as adolescence.
Route Connection: Mouth to Intestine in Colitis

In a recent study published in Science, Atarashi et al. (2017) showed that Klebsiella strains isolated from the saliva of Crohn's disease patients can induce Th1 cell responses to promote colitis. Their findings highlight the importance of the oral cavity as a potential reservoir for bacteria that can promote intestinal disease.
Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: Biology and treatment advances

Sarcomatoid transformation in renal cell carcinoma, so called sacromatoid RCC (sRCC), is associated with an aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis. Current therapeutic approaches are largely ineffective. Recent studies looking into the genomic and molecular characterization of sRCCs have provided insights into the biology and pathogenesis of this entity. These advances in molecular signatures may help development of effective treatment strategies. We herein present a review of recent developments in the pathology, biology, and treatment modalities in sRCC.