cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis using an emulation of the GIG

The Department of Defense (DoD) Global Information Grid (GIG) is the future information architecture for military users. The deployment of the GIG will require that performance is understood with respect to applications (service-oriented architecture), information transport, information assurance, and other attributes. This is a complex task due to the size of the GIG and its heterogeneous nature. An approach for emulating these elements has been developed in the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) GIG Test Bed (GTB). This GTB has been used to evaluate performance of transport and applications. This paper will describe the concept, methodology and example results of the benefits of such emulation, as well as future areas of research and development.
Arithmetic as Grammar

What is a number? Using material from Wittgenstein’s 1930s lectures, I argue that this question expresses a disorientation best overcome by recollecting rules that govern the number words. Why do we have the rules we do? We may be persuaded to adopt one rule rather than another by experience, when experiment shows it to be the more convenient way; we may also be persuaded by the “experience” of a new aspect. Mathematics is a “motley of techniques” for doing certain things; religion is a certain spirit meant to pervade everything we do. An important likeness is that in both instruction is essentially grammatical.
Cystatin C: a potentially useful marker for identifying individuals with spina bifida and early renal insufficiency

Background Individuals with spina bifida (SB) are at risk for deterioration of their upper urinary tracts due to neurogenic bladder and subsequent progressive chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Serum creatinine (SCr) is the most widely used marker to assess renal function and to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), although it has significant limitations. SCr is dependent on age, height, gender and muscle mass and has been shown to be an unreliable marker of renal function in SB. Cystatin C (CyC) is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor of low molecular weight, produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells, freely filtered at the glomerulus, and not secreted or reabsorbed at the renal tubule. CyC is independent of age, height, and gender and is believed to be independent of muscle mass. Over the past several years, serum CyC has been shown to be a better marker of renal function and GFR than SCr (using the Schwartz formula) in children. One study by Pham-Huy in 2003 showed that CyC was much better correlated with GFR than SCr in children with SB.
Creep in Continuous Beam Built Span-by-Span

The long-term variation of bending moment distribution caused by creep in a continuous beam errected sequentially in span-length sections with overhangs is analyzed. A linear aging creep law is assumed. The problem involves changes of the structural system from statically determinate to indeterminate, a gradual increase in the number of redundant moments, and age differences between various cross sections. A system of Volterra integral equations for the history of support bending moments is derived. By considering infinately many equal spans, which is good enough whenever there are many spans, one can take advantage of a periodicity condition for the construction cycle; this reduces the problem to a single equation which is of a novel type in creep theory—an integral-difference equation involving time lags in the integrated unknown. The solution exhibits sudden jumps at times equal to multiples of the construction cycle. The jumps decay with time roughly in a geometric progression. Approximation of time integrals with finite sums yields a large system of simultaneous linear algebraic equations. These equations cannot be solved recurrently, step-by-step. By solving the large equation system with a computer, the effects of the duration of the construction cycle, of concrete age at assembly of span from segments and of the overhang length are studied numerically.
Force balanced micromachined pressure sensors

This paper discusses the fabrication and testing of two low-voltage force-balanced pressure sensors. In these devices the force acting on a diaphragm under external pressure and its corresponding deflection are counterbalanced with the force and deflection generated in a parallel plate electrostatic actuator mechanically coupled to the diaphragm. The low balancing voltage is attained using a force multiplication scheme. The first device is implemented using an open gap actuator constructed on top of a vacuum sealed sense diaphragm. The open gap design is exposed to the measurement environment hence susceptible to contamination. The second device eliminates this problem by enclosing the actuator in an hermetically-sealed cavity. Both devices have a full scale pressure range of 1 atmosphere (1.013 bar). The open actuator device has a nominal capacitance of 0.34 pF and a full scale range of 70 fF. The sealed actuator device a nominal capacitance of 2.12 pF and a full scale range of 100 fF. The pressure is balanced by voltages in the range of 12-25 V demonstrating the feasibility of force balanced pressure sensor compatible with low-voltage electronics.
Persistence of Health Labeling Information Asymmetry in the United States: Historical Perspectives and Twenty-First Century Realities

Food labeling in the United States has been a topic of public debate and conflict for almost two centuries. Legislative activity has involved consumer–industry–government battles over both mandated...
The area-wide real-time traffic control (ARTC) system: Fault-tolerant design and its analysis

A large-scale distributed computing system architecture for the area-wide real-time traffic control system (ARTC) of J.L. Kim et al. (1992) is presented. In the ARTC system, signal controllers coordinate with each other through the communications network to achieve real-time adaptive traffic control. For reliable service, the ARTC system is designed to be fault-tolerant at the I/O component, processor, and network levels. A modular system architecture that enables the ARTC signal controllers to support fault-tolerant design strategies is proposed. A flexible cost-effective networking strategy is presented to support different level network redundancy. In order to estimate the expected service quality of the ARTC control system and to study the reliability effects of signal controller failure rate, the repair efficiency, and the degree of system redundancy, an analytical model is developed. >
Human Cytomegalovirus is not Implicated in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Study Using Immunohistochemistry and the Polymerase Chain Reaction

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate whether human cytomegalovirus (CMV) may play a role in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Materials and Methods: We used immunohistochemistry and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the presence of CMV in normal prostatic tissue (n=12) and BPH tissue (n=21).Results: Immunostaining for CMV in prostatic tissue was negative; however, staining was evident in mononuclear cells seen in the tissues of both groups. With nested PCR, CMV genomic material was demonstrated in 1 tissue specimen from each group (p greater than 0.1).Conclusions: These data suggest that CMV is unlikely to be a significant factor in the pathogenesis of BPH.
The Medieval Discovery of Nature

This book examines the relationship between humans and nature that evolved in medieval Europe over the course of a millennium. From the beginning, people lived in nature and discovered things about it. Ancient societies bequeathed to the Middle Ages both the Bible and a pagan conception of natural history. These conflicting legacies shaped medieval European ideas about the natural order and what economic, moral and biological lessons it might teach. This book analyzes five themes found in medieval views of nature – grafting, breeding mules, original sin, property rights and disaster – to understand what some medieval people found in nature and what their assumptions and beliefs kept them from seeing.
Pharmacy Computer Prescription Databases: Methodologic Issues of Access and Confidentiality

OBJECTIVE:To examine methodologic issues of access and confidentiality regarding the use of pharmacy computer prescription databases (PCPDs) for participant selection to receive mailed, self-administered, hypertensive quality-of-life survey outside a primary-care setting.DESIGN:Two separate PCPD searches by pharmacist owners for patients prescribed at least one of 130 potential antihypertensive medications. The first PCPD used a nonrandom sample of all patients (n=635); the second PCPD used a random sample (n=100) of three specific antihypertensive drug groups. Research protocol was approved by the investigators' institutional review board.SETTING:Two independent, privately owned PCPDs.PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS:Individuals prescribed at least 1 of 130 PCPD medications potentially used in antihypertensive treatment.INTERVENTIONS:Individually addressed cover letter on pharmacy letterhead signed by a pharmacist requesting voluntary completion of the enclosed, self-administered, opinion survey on quality...
Efficiency comparison between 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 99mTc-sestamibi myocardial perfusion studies

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the efficiency of two different imaging protocols using two different clinically available 99mTc labelled myocardial perfusion tracers. One thousand one hundred and thirty-four imaging studies were performed prospectively, using either 99mTc-tetrofosmin or 99mTc-sestamibi, alternating the use of each tracer for a total period of 8 months. 99mTc-tetrofosmin rest studies were performed with injections of 259MBq-370MBq and imaging 30 min later. Exercise studies were performed with injections of 777MBq-1.11GBq and imaging 20 min later. 99mTc-sestamibi studies used doses similar to those in the 99mTc-tetrofosmin studies. Imaging followed a standard procedure, at 60 min after rest injection, and 30 min after exercise. For patients undergoing pharmacological stress testing99mTc-sestamibi was imaged 45 min after injection and 99mTc-tetrofosmin was imaged 30 min after injection. Variables analysed were (1) injection-to-imaging time for the procedure, and (2) the number of repeated scans because of extra cardiac activity. The completion time for the rest study was significantly shorter for 99mTc-tetrofosmin compared to 99mTc-sestamibi (47.7+/-21.7 min vs 74.3+/-25.8 min P<0.0001). Likewise, the total study time was shorter for 99mTc-tetrofosmin compared to 99mTc-sestamibi (90+/-32.7 min vs 124+/-37 min, P<0.0001). More importantly, the number of repeated scans was higher with 99mTc-sestamibi compared to 99mTc-tetrofosmin, 21.4% vs 10%, P=0.001 for rest studies and 16.4% vs 7.9% P=0.001 [corrected] for rest and stress. It was concluded that, using a same day rest/stress protocol, 99mTc-tetrofosmin provided higher patient throughput with fewer repeat scans. These factors may be considered for efficiency improvement in nuclear cardiology laboratories using 99mTc perfusion tracers.
Backboard time for patients receiving spinal immobilization by emergency medical services

Use of backboards as part of routine trauma care has recently come into question because of the lack of data to support their effectiveness. Multiple authors have noted the potential harm associated with backboard use, including iatrogenic pain, skin ulceration, increased use of radiographic studies, aspiration and respiratory compromise. An observational study was performed at a level 1 academic trauma center to determine the total and interval backboard times for patients arriving via emergency medical services (EMS). Patients were directly observed. Transport time was recorded as an estimate of initiation of backboard use; arrival time, nurse report time and time of removal from the backboard were all recorded. National Emergency Department Overcrowding Study (NEDOCS) score, Emergency Severity Index (ESI) and demographic information were recorded for each patient encounter. Forty-six patients were followed. The mean total backboard time was 54 min (SD ±65). The mean EMS interval was 33 min (SD ±64), and the mean ED interval was 21 min (SD ±15). The ED backboard interval trended inversely to ESI (1 = 5 min, 2 = 10 min, 3 = 25 min, 4 = 26 min, 5 = 32 min). Patients had a mean total backboard time of around an hour. The mean EMS interval was greater than the mean ED interval. Further study with a larger sample directed to establishing associated factors and to target possible reduction strategies is warranted.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt and Pt Bimetallic Surfaces: A Selective Review

In this review we selectively summarize recent progress, primarily from our laboratory, in the development of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis on well-defined surfaces. The focus is on two type of metallic surfaces: platinum single crystals and bimetallic surfaces based on platinum. The single crystal results provide insight into the effects of the platinum structure on the kinetics of the ORR, and create a fundamental link between the specific activity of Pt (rate per unit area) and particle size (for various particle shapes). The results show that the structure sensitive kinetics of the ORR arise primarily due to structure sensitive adsorption of anions. In the absence of specific adsorption, such as in Nafion polymer electrolyte, no particle size effect is expected. The knowledge of the electrocatalysis of the ORR on model bimetallic surfaces on Pt-Ni and Pt-Co bulk alloys was used to resolve the enhanced ORR kinetics on supported Pt-Ni and Pt-Co catalysts. Finally, we show that the ORR on platinum modified with pseudomorphic Pd metal film in alkaline solution is the best catalysts ever used in O2 reduction. For both bimetallic systems, we demonstrated that the ability to make a controlled and well characterized arrangement of two elements in the electrode surface region presage a new era of advances in the ORR electrocatalysis.
Allocating blame: dissecting the Coalition's failures in Iraq

A number of books by former Coalition officials are now emerging that provide detailed insights into aspects of US and UK policy-making before and during the occupation of Iraq. Two of these books lay the blame for the failure to stabilize rapidly the country and to ensure a peaceful process of political transition squarely on the shoulders of the Bush administration, the Department of Defense and the Coalition Provisional Authority. Many of the criticisms of prewar and occupation policy-making and implementation are valued, if not new. The real benefit of these accounts is that they provide snapshots of fragments of the Iraq story; they do not, however, provide the broader picture that is required to understand the current situation in Iraq. Furthermore, they fail to provide useful advice as to how the situation can now be improved.
Incorporation of prefabricated screw, pneumatic, and solenoid valves into microfluidic devices

This paper describes a method for prefabricating screw, pneumatic, and solenoid valves and embedding them in microfluidic devices. This method of prefabrication and embedding is simple, requires no advanced fabrication, and is compatible with soft lithography. Because prefabrication allows many identical valves to be made at one time, the performance across different valves made in the same manner is reproducible. In addition, the performance of a single valve is reproducible over many cycles of opening and closing: an embedded solenoid valve opened and closed a microfluidic channel more than 100,000 times with no apparent deterioration in its function. It was possible to combine all three types of prefabricated valves in a single microfluidic device to control chemical gradients in a microfluidic channel temporally and spatially.
The N terminus of SKAP55 enables T cell adhesion to TCR and integrin ligands via distinct mechanisms

The T cell receptor (TCR) triggers the assembly of “SLP-76 microclusters,” which mediate signals required for T cell activation. In addition to regulating integrin activation, we show that Src kinase–associated phosphoprotein of 55 kD (SKAP55) is required for microcluster persistence and movement, junctional stabilization, and integrin-independent adhesion via the TCR. These functions require the dimerization of SKAP55 and its interaction with the adaptor adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP). A “tandem dimer” containing two ADAP-binding SKAP55 Src homology 3 (SH3) domains stabilized SLP-76 microclusters and promoted T cell adhesion via the TCR, but could not support adhesion to integrin ligands. Finally, the SKAP55 dimerization motif (DM) enabled the coimmunoprecipitation of the Rap1-dependent integrin regulator Rap1-GTP–interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM), the recruitment of talin into TCR-induced adhesive junctions, and “inside-out” signaling to β1 integrins. Our data indicate that SKAP55 dimers stabilize SLP-76 microclusters, couple SLP-76 to the force-generating systems responsible for microcluster movement, and enable adhesion via the TCR by mechanisms independent of RIAM, talin, and β1 integrins.
Adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to conformationally specific determinants in fibronectin.

The adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to specific receptors exposed or deposited at the site of endothelial damage may play an important role in the development of infective endocarditis. Adherence of the Challis strain of S. sanguis to gelatin (or collagen) and gelatin-binding components of plasma was examined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. S. sanguis adhered poorly to immobilized gelatin and to molecular or fibrillar collagen. However, in the presence of fresh human plasma, the adherence of S. sanguis to all three substrates increased as much as eightfold. Removal of gelatin-binding proteins eliminates the ability of plasma to enhance adherence of S. sanguis to the substrates. Addition of purified human plasma fibronectin (Fn) to the absorbed plasma restored the adherence-promoting ability in a dose-dependent manner. A similar dose-dependent increase in S. sanguis adherence was observed when increasing concentrations of Fn alone were added to the gelatin-coated assay wells. S. sanguis adherence to immobilized fibronectin could not be inhibited by preincubating either the bacteria or the gelatin-coated assay wells with Fn or by including excess soluble Fn in the assay mixture. Studies with peptides purified from trypsin digests of Fn indicated that the 160- to 180-kilodalton (kDa) fragments which retain both the gelatin-binding and the cell-binding regions of the intact molecule support adherence of S. sanguis to gelatin. The 160- to 180-kDa fragments inhibited the interaction of S. sanguis with immobilized Fn. In contrast, intact Fn and the 31-kDa amino-terminal fragment were unable to inhibit the adherence when used in equivalent or greater molar amounts. These in vitro results suggest that in the presence of whole plasma, S. sanguis binds to immobilized gelatin or collagen via Fn bound to the immobilized substrates. Our finding that adherence of S. sanguis to immobilized Fn can occur in the presence of large concentrations of Fn, whether in plasma or purified, indicates that a S. sanguis-binding domain is cryptic in the Fn molecule while in solution and is exposed by a conformational change when the Fn becomes bound to gelatin-coated plastic. The ability of peptide fragments of Fn to inhibit S. sanguis adherence is consistent with this hypothesis. Images
Control of Yaws and Other Endemic Treponematoses: Implementation of Vertical and/or Integrated Programs

Previous mass campaigns against the endemic treponematoses have taught investigators several lessons that, along with current constraints and altered circumstances, must be considered in the formulation of a contemporary strategy for the control or eradication of yaws, endemic syphilis, or pinta. A time-limited, vertical approach is necessary in highly endemic areas initially to reduce the level of transmission. Elsewhere, control activities should be integrated into other primary health care interventions, especially health education, water and sanitation programs, maternal and child health care, and provision of essential drugs. Control of the endemic treponematoses is an ideal means of strengthening primary health care in endemic areas. In view of all the information that has been presented at this symposium about the status of the endemic treponematoses, strategies and technologies for their control, research needs, and the feasibility of yaws eradication, it is appropriate that this final presentation should focus on implementation. Given all that we know, what is to be done about yaws and its cousins, and how is it to be done? In attempting to address these questions realistically, we must take several important facts into account. (1) Partly because of the great success of the mass campaigns of the 1950s and 1960s, the endemic treponematoses are widely thought to be "under control" already. (2) Since these diseases are not fatal and usually are restricted to poor, remote, rural populations, they are not perceived to be highpriority problems by many decision makers. (3) The
Size effects in Auger recombination for InGaAs quantum-wire structures

A theoretical investigation of Auger recombination in lattice-matched InGaAs/InGaAlAs quantum-wire structures is presented. The valence band structure is calculated by using a four-band Luttinger-Kohn Hamiltonian. CHCC, CHHH, CHHL and CHHS Auger processes are considered with the excited carrier being either in a confined (bound) state of the quantum wire, or an unconfined (unbound) state. The model uses Fermi statistics as well as a revaluation of the Coulomb interaction overlap integral for the calculation of the Auger recombination rate. Bound-unbound Auger processes are proven to be important nonradiative recombination mechanism in quantum-wire systems. It is also found that the Auger coefficient is much more sensitive to the well width in quantum-wire structures than in quantum-well structures. >
Magnetic monopoles in high-transverse-momentum proton-proton collisions

For a center-of-mass energy of √8 = 53 GeV, an estimate is given for the magnetic-monopole-antimonopole production cross-section for the reaction\(P + P \to M + \bar M\) . The mass spectrum for monopole pairs is calculated for the naive parton model, and the expected production rates are calculated for both the naive and renormalization-improved parton models. The γ multiplicity distributions for both the naive and renormalization-improved parton models are given for a detector geometry that was utilized at the CERN ISR for the investigation of high-multiplicity γ-ray production.
Reporting of adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors among hypertensive adults in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, 2013

Achieving and maintaining a healthy lifestyle is an important part of hypertension management. The purpose of this study was to assess US state-level prevalence of adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors among those with self-reported hypertension. Using 2013 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state-based telephone survey, we examined the adherence to five healthy lifestyle behaviors related to hypertension management: having a "normal" weight, not smoking, avoiding or limiting alcohol intake, consuming the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables, and engaging in the recommended amount of physical activity. We estimated age-standardized percentages of each healthy lifestyle behavior overall and by state, as well as prevalence of all five healthy lifestyle behaviors. Overall, the prevalence of healthy lifestyle behaviors varied widely among those with self-reported hypertension: 20.5% had a normal weight, 82.3% did not smoke, 94.1% reported no or limited alcohol intake, 14.1% consumed the recommended amounts of fruits or vegetables, and 46.6% engaged in the recommended amount of physical activity. Overall, only 1.7% of adults with self-reported hypertension reported all five healthy lifestyle behaviors, with significant variation by state. Age-standardized prevalence of individuals reporting all five healthy lifestyle behaviors ranged from 0.3% in Louisiana to 3.8% in the District of Columbia. In conclusion, adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors varied among those with hypertension; fewer than 2% reported meeting current recommendations and standards when assessed collectively. Disparities were observed by demographic and descriptive characteristics, including geography.
Ratiometric Imaging Using a Single Dye Enables Simultaneous Visualization of Rac1 and Cdc42 Activation.

Biosensors that report endogenous protein activity in vivo can be based on environment-sensing fluorescent dyes. The dyes can be attached to reagents that bind selectively to a specific conformation of the targeted protein, such that binding leads to a fluorescence change. Dyes that are sufficiently bright for use at low, nonperturbing intracellular concentrations typically undergo changes in intensity rather than the shifts in excitation or emission maxima that would enable precise quantitation through ratiometric imaging. We report here mero199, an environment-sensing dye that undergoes a 33 nm solvent-dependent shift in excitation. The dye was used to generate a ratiometric biosensor of Cdc42 (CRIB199) without the need for additional fluorophores. CRIB199 was used in the same cell with a FRET sensor of Rac1 activation to simultaneously observe Cdc42 and Rac1 activity in cellular protrusions, indicating that Rac1 but not Cdc42 activity was reduced during tail retraction, and specific protrusions had red...
Experimental measurements of the permeability of fibrous carbon at high-temperature

Abstract A series of experiments was performed to obtain permeability data on FiberForm®, a commercial carbon preform used for manufacturing thermal protection systems. A porous sample was placed in a quartz flow-tube heated by an isothermal furnace. The setup was instrumented to measure mass flow through and pressure drop across the sample. The intrinsic permeability and the Klinkenberg correction, which accounts for rarefied effects, were computed from the experimental data. The role of the gas temperature and pressure on the effective permeability is shown, and it is demonstrated that with proper data reduction, the intrinsic permeability is strictly a function of the micro-structure of the material. A function for the effective permeability of FiberForm, dependent on temperature, pressure, pore geometry, and type of gas is proposed. The intrinsic permeability was evaluated at K 0 = 5.57 × 10 - 11 m2, with a Klinkenberg parameter of 8 c / d p = 2.51 × 10 5 m−1 and a reference porosity of ϕ † = 0.87 .
Solid State C-13 NMR Studies of Vulcanized Elastomers. XII. Accelerated Sulfur-Vulcanized High-Vinyl Polybutadiene

Abstract Solid state 13C NMR measurements were made on accelerated sulfur-vulcanized polybutadiene with a high vinyl content (70%). The systems studied included conventional, semi-efficient and efficient formulated with N-t-butyl benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBHS) as the accelerator. The kinetics of the three vulcanization systems were different, but the final levels of cure were similar. The resonances due to TBBS disappear as the vulcanization proceeds. The ratio of monosulfidic to polysulfidic crosslinks as a function of accelerator to sulfur ratio initially decreases rapidly and then increases in favor of the monosulfidic component. A variety of sulfur-bonded accelerator fragments was found in the system. This reinforces the polar-radical mechanism.
Diseases, Parasites, and Symbionts of Blue Crabs ( Callinectes Sapidus ) Dredged From Chesapeake Bay

ABSTRACT A 3-year histological study of disease prevalence in 657 blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, dredged from 31 sites within Maryland portions of Chesapeake Bay during autumn and winter revealed the presence of many diverse parasites and symbionts. A large number of crabs exhibited hemocytic infiltration and encapsulation. Parasites and symbionts identified included viruses (Baculo-B and RLV-RhVA), a rickettsia-like microorganism (RLM), an unusual strandlike organism, unidentified microsporidians and gregarines, both parasitic (Mesanophrys chesapeakensis) and symbiotic (Lagenophrys callinectes and Epistylis sp.) cilates, the nemertean Carcinonemertes carcinophila, and trematode metacercariae, some hyperparasitized by the haplosporidian Urosporidium crescens. Significant differences in disease and parasite frequencies were observed among survey periods. The prevalence of some tissue responses and parasites exhibited seasonal patterns of infection and infestation.
Novel Pixelated Multicellular Representation for Origami Structures That Innovates Computational Design and Control

Origami is a traditional Asian fine art of creating three-dimensional structures by folding paper. Recently, engineers have started to exploit the functional advantages of foldable structures. Formal representations of origami structures are limited. Most of the origami research describes an origami structure by providing the geometric properties of creases and vertices. This paper proposes a novel representation of an origami structure by describing the faces. An origami sheet is first pixelated with evenly distributed cellular agents, referred to as cells. Pixelization makes the origami structurally analogous to an LED matrix screen, with each of the cells being one LED pixel on the screen. Every cell will possess two key properties that contribute to determine the entire pattern: the cell type, which is analogous to the color of the LED; and the cell size, which is analogous to the light intensity of the LED. Therefore, a collection of cells with the same cell type (color) could represent the rough profile of an origami face, while the sizes of the cells are used to determine the face borders.. Creases and vertices can be subsequently determined by attaining the precise borders among faces. In this paper, we will also propose a crease restoration algorithm to determine the face borders and creases that then enable a fold to the final origami shape. The novel pixelated multicellular representation of origami enables new computational origami design methods as well as new self-folding origami structures.© 2013 ASME
When do people bet on their selves? The role of global self-concepts in decision making

AbstractPrevious research suggests that behavior is generally predicted by specific self-concepts but not global self-concepts. A study was conducted to examine the conditions under which global conceptions of self are predictive of decision-making. Participants were given the opportunity to bet lottery tickets on their performance in the “Utah Challenge” competition. Both global and specific self-concepts independently predicted betting on specific known contests and betting on a contest that was unknown. Global but not specific self-concepts independently predicted betting on a multi-faceted contest. Mediation analyses suggest that self-concepts guide decisions by influencing the perceived likelihood of success. Participants’ were more overconfident about their chances of winning when a task was unknown rather than familiar.
Same but Different: Dipole-Stabilized Shape Resonances in CuF(-) and AgF(.).

Electron attachment to closed-shell molecules is a gateway to various important processes in the gas and condensed phases. The properties of an electron-attached state, such as its energy and lifetime as well as the character of the molecular orbital to which the electron is attached, determine the fate of the anion. In this experimental and theoretical study of copper and silver fluoride anions, we introduce a new type of metastable anionic state. Abrupt changes in photoelectron angular distributions point to the existence of autodetaching states. Equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles calculations augmented by a complex absorbing potential identify some of these states as Σ and Π dipole-stabilized resonances, a new type of shape resonance. In addition, these molecules support valence and dipole-bound states and a Σ resonance of charge-transfer character. By featuring five different types of anionic states, they provide a vehicle for studying fundamental properties of anions and for vali...
21 HYALURONAN DECREASES PULMONARY SURFACTANT INACTIVATION BY PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 IN VITRO.

The treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is challenging; patients do not respond well to treatment with various surfactant mixtures. Inflammation leads to increased production of inflammatory mediators such as the enzyme secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), which breaks down both endogenous surfactant and surfactant used for treatment by cleaving phospholipids into lysophospholipids and fatty acids. Not only is surfactant destroyed by this process, but the metabolites also inhibit or inactivate the surface activity of the remaining surfactant. Great interest has developed in finding ways to enable surfactants used clinically to resist inactivation. Hyaluronan (HA) is a unique glycosaminoglycan, and midweight HA (250 kDa) is secreted by alveolar epithelial cells. Previous work by this laboratory has shown that HA added to surfactant reduces inactivation by serum, and Nitzan et al (Rheumatology 2001) have shown that HA decreases hydrolysis of phospholipids in vitro. We therefore hypothesized that HA mixed with surfactant will reduce inactivation caused by sPLA2 and preserve surface activity. Infasurf mixed with HA or Infasurf alone was incubated with sPLA2 and the surface activity was measured using a trough filled with buffer. The surfactant was added to the surface of the buffer, and the equilibrium surface pressure was measured with a metal wire. Prior to incubation with sPLA2, surface pressures were 47.8 ± 0.5 for Infasurf with HA and 47.5 ± 0.4 for Infasurf alone. Infasurf with HA had significantly higher surface pressure after incubation with sPLA2 than Infasurf alone (42.3 ± 1.5 versus 36.3 ± 0.9 respectively, p
An Uncertainty Reduction Approach to Applicant Information-Seeking in Social Media: Effects on Attributions and Hiring

Increasingly social media are being used to learn about job applicants. Supplementing and sometimes replacing traditional materials (e.g., applications, cover letters, resumes), social media offer information of a unique nature to employers that can affect perceptions and attributions of applicants. This chapter approaches information seeking in employment through the lens of uncertainty reduction theory, exploring the affordances of extracting information from social media, the value of information therein, and the effects of the relational contexts, social media can isolate and span. With some noted limitations, social media reflect new tools for employers to obtain or supplement information to predict an individual’s potential to perform job-related tasks and compliment the social structure of the organization.
Robustness and Accuracy Tradeoffs for Recommender Systems Under Attack

Recommender systems assist users in the daunting task of sifting through large amounts of data in order to select relevant information or items. Common examples include consumer products and services, such as for songs, books, articles, etc. Unfortunately, such systems may be subject to attack by malicious users who want to manipulate the system’s recommendations to suit their needs: to promote their own (or demote a competitor’s) product/service, or to cause disruption in the recommender system. Attacks can cause the recommender system to become unreliable and untrustworthy, resulting in user dissatisfaction. Developers already face tradeoffs in system efficiency and accuracy, and designing for robustness adds an additional dimension for consideration. In this paper, we show how the underlying implementation choices for item-based and user-based Collaborative Filtering recommender systems can affect the accuracy and robustness of recommender systems. We also show how accuracy and robustness can change over a system’s lifetime by analyzing a set of temporal snapshots from system usage over time. Results provide insight into some of the tradeoffs between robustness and accuracy that operators may need to consider in development and evaluation.
INGN-241. Introgen.

Introgen, under license from Corixa (formerly GenQuest), is developing INGN-241, a gene therapy based on the mda-7 gene in combination with the company's adenoviral delivery system, for the potential treatment of cancer. A phase I trial for the treatment of solid tumors was initiated at the end of November 2000.
Preparation of Halogenated Fluorescent Diaminophenazine Building Blocks

A short, convenient, and scalable protocol for the one-pot synthesis of a series of fluorescent 7,8-dihalo-2,3-diaminophenazines is introduced. The synthetic route is based on the oxidative condensation of 4,5-dihalo-1,2-diaminobenzenes in aqueous conditions. The resulting diaminophenazines could be attractive intermediates for the preparation of polyfunctional phenazines and extended polyheteroacenes. We find that the undesired hydroxylation byproducts, typically obtained in aqueous conditions, are completely suppressed by addition of a stoichiometric amount of acetone during the oxidation step allowing for selective formation of 7,8-dihalo-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]phenazine derivatives with good to excellent yields. Under reductive conditions, the imidazolidine ring can be hydrolyzed into the desired 7,8-dihalo-2,3-diaminophenazines. Furthermore, we report a selective route under highly reducing conditions to monohydrodeaminate the 2,3-di(methylamino) phenazine derivatives, which allows for further structural variations of these phenazine building blocks. All of these derivatives are luminescent, with measured fluorescence quantum-yields of up to 80% in ethanol for the more rigid structures, highlighting the potential of such materials to provide new fluorophores.
Selbstwirksamkeitsüberzeugungen angehender Grundschullehrkräfte im Bereich der politischen Bildung

Lehrerprofessionalitat – verstanden als dynamisches Zusammenspiel von Professionswissen, selbstregulativen Fahigkeiten, motivationalen Orientierungen und Uberzeugungen – gilt als zentrales Merkmal fur den Schulerfolg, da sie sich uber das Handeln der Lehrkrafte auf Leistung und Motivation der Schuler(innen) auswirkt (vgl. Baumert/Kunter 2006). Motivationale Orientierungen und Uberzeugungen wirken dabei im Besonderen als „Brucke zwischen Wissen und Handeln“ der Lehrkrafte (Blomeke et al. 2008: 220).
Basal Cell Carcinoma on the Sole: An Easily Missed Cancer

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer, and solar ultraviolet ray exposure is the most significant risk factor for its development. The plantar foot is infrequently exposed to the sun, thus the presence of BCC on the sole is rare. We report a case of BCC on the sole of the foot and its treatment in the hope to facilitate its detection.
Single-site zinc on silica catalysts for propylene hydrogenation and propane dehydrogenation: Synthesis and reactivity evaluation using an integrated atomic layer deposition-catalysis instrument

Abstract Alkyl-zinc and zinc oxide-type sites were synthesized via atomic layer deposition on high-surface-area silica using an integrated atomic layer deposition-catalysis instrument (I-ALD-CAT). One-cycle ALD experiments using diethylzinc (DEZ) afforded Zn/SiO2 systems that provided key insights into the reactivity and stability of Zn sites as a function of dispersion at the submonolayer level. The I-ALD-CAT tool design allowed for systematic comparison of the reactivity of different grafted zinc sites. Open-shell 16-electron, tricoordinate ethyl zinc-silica sites exhibit higher activity in propane hydrogenation-dehydrogenation compared to 18-electron, tetracoordinate zinc oxide-type centers. Silica surface saturation with Zn(II) sites (∼75% of a monolayer) results in facile zinc agglomeration and catalyst deactivation under reaction conditions. Reduced DEZ dosing coupled with thermal substrate pretreatment techniques (e.g., dehydration under vacuum) resulted in increased Zn dispersion and produced Zn/SiO2 catalysts with improved activity and stability under propylene hydrogenation (200 °C) and propane dehydrogenation (550 °C) conditions.
Non‐surgical interventions for acute internal hordeolum

Background A hordeolum is a common, painful inflammation of the eyelid margin that is usually caused by a bacterial infection. The infection affects oil glands of the eyelid and can be either internal or external. In many cases, the lesion drains spontaneously and resolves without treatment; however, the inflammation can spread to other ocular glands or tissues, and recurrences are common. If unresolved, an acute internal hordeolum can become chronic, or can develop into a chalazion. External hordeola, also known as styes, were not included in the scope of this review. Objectives The objective of this review was to investigate the effectiveness, and when possible, the safety, of non-surgical treatments for acute internal hordeola compared with observation or placebo. Search methods We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register (2016; Issue 12)), MEDLINE Ovid, MEDLINE Ovid Epub Ahead of Print, MEDLINE Ovid In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, MEDLINE(R) Ovid Daily (January 1946 to December 2016), Embase (January 1947 to December 2016), PubMed (1948 to December 2016), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS (January 1982 to December 2016)), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT; www.controlled-trials.com (last searched 26 July 2012)), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov), and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We used no date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 2 December 2016. Selection criteria The selection criteria for this review included randomized or quasi-randomized clinical trials of participants diagnosed with an acute internal hordeolum. Studies of participants with external hordeola (styes), chronic hordeola, or chalazia were excluded. Non-surgical interventions of interest included the use of hot or warm compresses, lid scrubs, antibiotics, or steroids compared with observation, placebo, or other active interventions. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently assessed the references identified by electronic searches for inclusion in this review. No relevant studies were found. The reasons for exclusion were documented. Main results No trials were identified for this review. Most of the references identified through our search reported on external hordeola or chronic internal hordeola. The few references specific to acute internal hordeola reported recommendations for treatment, were reports of interventional case series, case studies, or other types of observational study designs, and were published more than 20 years ago. Authors' conclusions We did not find any evidence for or against the effectiveness of non-surgical interventions for the treatment of an internal hordeolum. Controlled clinical trials would be useful to determine which interventions are effective for the treatment of acute internal hordeola.
The association in vitro of polyribosomes with ribonuclease-treated derivatives of hepatic rough endoplasmic reticulum. Characteristics of the membrane binding sites and factors influencing association

1. Pancreatic ribonuclease in dilute EDTA has been shown to condition rough-microsomal membranes from adult rat liver to accept exogenously added rat liver polyribosomes in vitro at 0-4 degrees C. Treated smooth membranes would not significantly interact with polyribosomes. 2. The conditioning process decreased the membrane RNA content and removed polyribosomes from vesicle surfaces as viewed electron-microscopically. 3. Binding to these conditioned membranes was shown to be uninfluenced by changes of temperature (0-37 degrees C) and pH (6.9-7.8) or the presence of cell sap, but was inhibited by increasing the concentration of potassium chloride. 4. Possession of a polyribosome-binding capacity by conditioned rough membranes was not dependent on adventitious materials that could be dislodged by high ionic strengths. 5. Trypsin treatment under mild conditions destroyed the binding capacity of ribonuclease-conditioned rough membranes. 6. A 2-10S residual RNA was recovered from ribonuclease-conditioned membranes, but its partial removal had no effect on the capacity of membranes to accept polyribosomes. However, some role for this residual RNA in attaching polyribosomes could not be discounted. 7. Evidence is considered that polyribosome-binding sites are intrinsic features of conditioned membranes isolated from rough-microsomal fractions, and that long-range ionic bonding is a primary factor in polyribosome interaction with these binding sites.
A modular approach to visualization for parallel CFD applications

Publisher Summary pV3[1,2] was originally designed to provide an interactive platform for the visualization of unsteady computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) calculations on unstructured as well as structured meshes. It has been successfully used in cluster environments using PVM for data movement and process management. Vendors have been using pV3 to show-off their parallel systems. Demos can be constructed so that simulations can be watched as they progress. Steering can be used to display the fact that the calculation is live. This situation is more satisfactory than watching lights blink on some console. If the PVM daemon is not running at pV3 initialization, the start up and enrollment fails. This routine returns an error indication. The application programmer can test for this and try to initialize later. The results collected from the clients on the MPP (massively parallel processors) should be written to disk for later playback using the documented file format. The node running the batch concentrator should be the computer that contains the output file system. Depending on the hardware, this may be a specific node or the front end.
Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the solar wind

The fluctuations in magnetic field and plasma velocity in solar wind, which possess many features of fully developed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, are discussed. Direct spacecraft observations from 0.3 to over 20 AU, remote sensing radio scintillation observations, numerical simulations, and various models provide complementary methods that show that the fluctuations in the wind parameters undergo significant dynamical evolution independent of whatever turbulence might exist in the solar photosphere and corona. The Cluster mission, with high time resolution particle and field measurements and its variable separation strategies, should be able to provide data for answering many questions on MHD turbulence.