cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of an Ankle Stiffness Testing and Therapeutic Device

The research objective of this project is to design an ankle stiffness testing and therapeutic device. The hypothesis is that the ankle stiffness of people afflicted with diabetes mellitus (DM) is significantly different from that of healthy subjects. The validation of this hypothesis will allow us to clarify the relationship between ankle stiffness and ulceration or other pathologies. If we can use this objective device to prove that increased stiffness does play a significant role in ulcerations and other pathologies of the foot and ankle, the same device can also be used as a therapeutic device to help reduce ankle stiffness and thus prevent foot ulcers.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Ethanol dependence produced in rats by nutritionally complete diets.

Abstract Nutritionally complete diets formulated according to American Institute of Nutrition guidelines were used to make rats dependent upon ethanol. When intubated with a diet-ethanol solution for four days rats maintained initial body weight. When forced to consume the solution as the sole source of nutrients and water for nineteen days, rats gained weight. All animals developed severe withdrawal signs as measured by the intensity of tremors ans spatic rigidity. The diet ingredients did not alter the absorption of the ethanol. The results demonstrate that physical dependence on ethanol can be induced in the rat without nutritional impairment.
A Full Two-Dimensional Thermodynamic-Based Model for Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are interesting materials because they exhibit considerable recoverable strain (up to 10%) and fast response time (higher than 1 kHz). MSMAs are comprised of martensitic variants with tetragonal unit cells and a magnetization vector that is innately aligned approximately to the short side of the unit cell. These variants reorient either to align the magnetization vector with an applied magnetic field or to align the short side of the unit cell with an applied compressive stress. This reorientation leads to a mechanical strain and an overall change in the material's magnetization, allowing MSMAs to be used as actuators, sensors, and power harvesters. This paper presents a phenomenological thermodynamic-based model able to predict the response of an MSMA to any two-dimensional (2D) magneto-mechanical loading. The model presented here is more physical and less empirical than other models in the literature, requiring only three model parameters to be calibrated from experimental results. In addition, this model includes evolution rules for the magnetic domain volume fractions and the angle of rotation of the magnetization vectors based on thermodynamic requirements. The resulting model is calibrated using a single, relatively simple experiment. Model predictions are compared with experimental data from a wide variety of 2D magneto-mechanical load cases. Overall, model predictions correlate well with experimental results. Additionally, methods for calibrating demagnetization factors from empirical data are discussed, and results indicate that using calibrated demagnetization factors can improve model predictions compared with the same model using closed-form demagnetization factors.
The tanh–coth and the sine–cosine methods for kinks, solitons, and periodic solutions for the Pochhammer–Chree equations

Abstract In this paper, the tanh–coth method and the sine–cosine method are used for a reliable treatment of the Pochhammer–Chree equations which include a variety of models. Travelling wave solutions of distinct structures, namely bell-shaped solitons, kink-shaped solitons, and periodic solutions are formally derived. The two methods demonstrate power, reliability and efficiency.
Hepatocyte-specific deletion of farnesoid X receptor delays but does not inhibit liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice.

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the primary bile acid–sensing nuclear receptor, also plays a role in the stimulation of liver regeneration. Whole body deletion of FXR results in significant inhibition of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHX). FXR is expressed in the liver and intestines, and recent reports indicate that FXR regulates a distinct set of genes in a tissue-specific manner. These data raise a question about the relative contribution of hepatic and intestinal FXR in the regulation of liver regeneration. We studied liver regeneration after PHX in hepatocyte-specific FXR knockout (hepFXR-KO) mice over a time course of 0-14 days. Whereas the overall kinetics of liver regrowth in hepFXR-KO mice was unaffected, a delay in peak hepatocyte proliferation from day 2 to day 3 after PHX was observed in hepFXR-KO mice compared with Cre− control mice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed decreased cyclin D1 expression and decreased association of cyclin D1 with CDK4 in hepFXR-KO mice after PHX, correlating with decreased phosphorylation of the Rb protein and delayed cell proliferation in the hepFXR-KO livers. The hepFXR-KO mice also exhibited delay in acute hepatic fat accumulation following PHX, which is associated with regulation of cell cycle. Further, a significant delay in hepatocyte growth factor–initiated signaling, including the AKT, c-myc, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathways, was observed in hepFXR-KO mice. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis of hepatic bile acids indicated no difference in levels of bile acids in hepFXR-KO and control mice. Conclusion: Deletion of hepatic FXR did not completely inhibit but delays liver regeneration after PHX secondary to delayed cyclin D1 activation. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:2344–2352)
Predictors of acute carpal tunnel syndrome associated with fracture of the distal radius.

Purpose A better understanding of the risk factors for acute carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) associated with fracture of the distal radius might influence recommendations for prophylactic carpal tunnel release. Methods Fifty patients who had release of an acute CTS in association with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture of the distal radius were identified from orthopedic trauma databases at 2 institutions. Each patient was matched with a control patient (ORIF, but no acute CTS) of the same gender, similar age (±4 years), and similar injury mechanism. Results The prevalence of acute CTS among patients with a surgically treated fracture of the distal radius was 5.4%. In univariate analysis, only fracture translation was a significant predictor of acute CTS, but ipsilateral upper extremity trauma and status as a multitrauma patient were nearly significant. The best multivariate model included fracture translation alone and accounted for 60% of the observed increase in risk. A subgroup analysis using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) identified a threshold of approximately 35% fracture translation associated with a significantly increased risk of acute CTS in women less than 48 years of age. No threshold was identified in the other 3 subgroups. Conclusions Fracture translation is the most important risk factor for acute CTS in patients who subsequently had ORIF of a fracture of the distal radius. On the basis of these data, prophylactic carpal tunnel release might be appropriate in women less than 48 years of age with greater than 35% fracture translation, but further investigation is needed to confirm that a true threshold exists. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic III.
Practical Implications of Instrument Displacement Drift during Force-Controlled Nanoindentation

The accuracy of instrumented indentation data relies heavily on the evaluation of experimental errors such as displacement drift. In spite of its importance, little attention has been given to the magnitude of an acceptable displacement drift rate, its relationship to a given set of test conditions, and how errors manifest themselves in force-displacement data. In this work we explored how drift rates that were acceptable for short-term tests caused artificial “abnormal” behavior that could have been interpreted as a true material response for a longer-term test. A critical review of the drift behavior of the nanoindentation system revealed that a useful metric for screening data quality was the nominal accumulated system drift as a fraction of the maximum penetration depth. Additionally, suggestions for drift management during nanoindentation tests were given.
Design and Implementation of Two Concurrent Multi-Sensor Integration Algorithms for Mobile Robotsl

Two multi-sensor integration algorithms useful in mobile robotics applications are reviewed. A minimal set of utilities are then developed which enable implementation of these algorithms on a distributed memory concurrent computer.
Breaking the Θ(nlog2n) Barrier for Sorting with Faults

In this paper, we study the problem of constructing a sorting circuit, network, or PRAM algorithm that is tolerant to faults. For the most part, we focus on fault patterns that are random, i.e., where the result of each comparison is independently faulty with probability upper bounded by some constant. All previous fault-tolerant sorting circuits, networks, and parallel algorithms require?(log2n) depth and/or?(nlog2n) comparisons to sort n items. In this paper, we construct: ?a passive-fault-tolerant sorting circuit withO(nlognloglogn) comparators, thereby answering a question posed by Yao and Yao in 1985, ?a reversal-fault-tolerant sorting network withO(nloglog23n) comparators, thereby answering a question posed by Assaf and Upfal in 1990, and ?a deterministicO(logn)-stepO(n)-processor EREW PRAM fault-tolerant sorting algorithm, thereby answering a question posed by Feige, Peleg, Raghavan, and Upfal in 1990. The results are based on a new analysis of the AKS circuit, which uses a much weaker notion of expansion that can be preserved in the presence of faults. Previously, the AKS circuit was not believed to be fault-tolerant because the expansion properties that were believed to be crucial for the performance of the circuit are destroyed by random faults. Extensions of our results for worst-case faults are also presented.
Sigmoidal Chemorheological Models of Chip‐Underfill Materials Offer Alternative Predictions of Combined Cure and Flow

Prior rheology results on chip-underfill epoxy resins have been re-analyzed by a sigmoidal model that contains three variable physical parameters, including the terminal cured viscosity of the gel, an induction or dwell time and a time factor associated with the speed of conversion as viscosity undergoes large dynamic changes during rapid crosslinking. The analyses were conducted with resins that were originally cured between 150 and 180°C and show obvious non-linearity, even on a semi-log plot of dynamic viscosity. The sigmoidal models more accurately represent a wider range of dynamic viscosity than power-law-based rheological models, which are both more common and more generally accepted for practical application. If total flow is the critical design parameter in terms of chip underfill, perhaps these alternative sigmoidal models need to be more thoroughly evaluated to gauge their practical use and validity.
Effects of Soybean Seed Size on Weed Competition

Organic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers must rely on various, nonherbicidal tactics for weed management. Increased soybean seed size may be one method to increase the competitiveness of the soybean canopy. Soybean varieties Hutcheson, NC-Roy, and NC-Raleigh were separated into four or five seed size classes. Seed sizes ranged from 5.15 to 6.75 mm diam. This range of seed size resulted in seed weights of 10 to 20 g per 100 seed. Each seed size class was grown in weedy and weed-free conditions at Kinston, NC during 2007 and 2008 and at Plymouth, NC during 2008. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) over-seeding was done to create uniform weed densities. Increasing soybean seed size resulted in greater soybean canopy coverage with the greatest effect at 3 weeks after emergence (WAE) (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, and P < 0.001 at Kinston 2007, Kinston 2008, and Plymouth 2008, respectively) compared with 5 WAE (P = 0.02, P = 0.07, and P = 0.02 at Kinston 2007, Kinston 2008, and Plymouth 2008, respectively). Plants from larger seed sizes had more soybean biomass in all sites when grown with weeds, but in only two sites under weed-free conditions. Larger seed size improved soybean competitiveness by increasing petiole length and plant height. In the two sites with higher weed population densities, planting larger soybean seed reduced weed biomass at 7 WAE. Results suggest that use of larger planting seed may improve weed control in organic soybean production.
Blood pressure extremes and activity in aging mice

Abstract Mice selected genetically for extremes in blood pressure were compared with regard to open field activity. For three younger groups, the high blood pressure line (stock) exhibited significantly lower levels of activity than the low blood pressure line. The low blood pressure stock exhibited a decline in activity from 510 to 750 days of age. Comparisons of extreme blood pressure groups from an F 2 population of mice, derived from an initial cross of high and low blood pressure lines, revealed no differences in activity. Thus, it was concluded that differences in activity for young adult high and low blood pressure mice of similar ages could not be attributed to genetic linkage, pleiotropy or a more direct causal relationship between blood pressure extremes and behavior.
The effect of 4‐substituents on the stability of pyridinium dicarbethoxymethylides

The effect of 4-substituents on the stability of pyridinium dicarbethoxymethylides, as determined by pKa measurements, is found to correlate well with their effect on the stability of similarly substituted pyridine 1-oxides. Displacements in chemical shift in the ylides, particularly of the α-protons, are also found to correlate well with substituent effects. Intramolecular charge-transfer transitions in the electronic spectra, characteristic of pyridinium ylides, are reported.
Large Aerial Bursts: An Important Class of Terrestrial Accretionary Events

Large aerial bursts similar to the 1908 Tunguska bolide but much larger in magnitude have surely been responsible for many catastrophic events in the history of the Earth. Because aerial bursts produce shallow (or even negligible) craters, their existence is difficult to document in the geological record. Even aerial bursts as small as Tunguska deposit enough energy to melt approximately 1mm of dry soil. Silica-rich glass formed in such melts has the potential to survive in the soil for many Ma, thus a potential indicator of large aerial bursts is glass that was formed as thick regions within silicate melt sheets. The layered tektites from Southeast Asia and the Libyan desert glass may have formed by a combination of sedimentation and downslope flow of silicate melt heated by radiation from large aerial bursts. The alternative, formation of layered tektites as crater ejecta, cannot account for observations such as uniformly high 10Be contents, the orientation of the magnetic remanence field, and the absence of splash-form (e.g., teardrop or dumbbell) tektites in regions where layered tektites are common. The largest asteroids or comets make craters no matter what their strength. Recent reviews suggest that, for events in the energy range up to 10(19)-10(20) J (about two orders of magnitude larger than the Meteor Crater impact), aerial bursts are more likely than cratering events, and the layered tektites of Southeast Asia imply the existence of aerial bursts one to two orders of magnitude larger still.
Wanted: Gerontological Social Workers—Factors Related to Interest in the Field

This study attempted to build a predictive model of factors related to social work students’ interest in gerontological social work. Bachelor's and Master's students from universities around Texas were surveyed to determine if knowledge about the aging process and related job opportunities, attitudes toward aging and professional or personal experience with the older population could predict interest in the field. Using regression analysis, knowledge, attitudes, and experience did not predict interest very well. Only knowledge of the aging process, professional experience, and perceived closeness were significant variables with experience found to be the best predictor of interest in the field.
New Architectures for High Resolution Patterning

Abstract: The ability of the semiconductor industry to reduce device dimensions below 45 nm is hindered by limitations in both resist material and processing technique. High resolution and sensitivity along with low line edge roughness are key requirements of next generation resist materials. In order to meet the future demands of the semiconductor industry, new resist design strategies are being considered. In the past few years, we have focused on developing small molecule resists capable of high resolution patterning. Despite their small size, these molecules known as molecular glass can be designed to demonstr ate high glass transition temperatures (Tgs) comparable to polymeric resists. Several ring and branched architectures with high Tgs that have attained feature resolution as small as 30nm through Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) exposure will be discussed. In addition to potential performance advantages, the small size of these resist molecules also allow solvent free processing techniques to be utilized. Our efforts on physical vapor deposition and supercritical CO
An Achievement of Professional, Public, and Patient Education: The Design and Evaluation of a Comprehensive Cancer Control Plan for Alabama

This Alabama statewide cancer control plan for 2011–2015 seeks to build on the successes of two previous 5-year plans while developing new objectives that address cancer disparities and cancer prevention over the entire lifespan. The approach to defining objectives for this Plan was systematic and sought input from all members of the Alabama Comprehensive Cancer Control Coalition (ACCCC). The Plan that was fashioned is based on input from academic medical centers, private physicians, government agencies, regulatory agencies, health societies, private citizens, and cancer survivors, all of whom are active Coalition members who exchange information, opinions, and knowledge from their respective points of view. The Plan could not have taken shape without the full input of health professionals, statisticians, graduate students, former patients, and concerned citizens; it is truly an example of the synergy of professional, public, and patient education.
Yield of Transbronchial Needle Aspiration in Diagnosis of Mediastinal Lesions

Study objectives To determine the transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) yield for procedures performed by fellows in training, and the predictors of positive TBNA yield at our center. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting A tertiary teaching hospital. Patients One hundred seventy patients who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with TBNA of mediastinal lesions from January 1991 to July 1999. Results Final diagnoses were available for 166 patients. TBNA was diagnostic in 104 patients (61%) and nondiagnostic in 66 patients (39%). Of 170 cases, 123 patients (72%) had malignancies, 30 patients (18%) had benign disease, and 13 patients (8%) were normal. Of 123 malignancies, 85 patients (69%) had a positive result by TBNA. Of 30 cases with benign disease, 11 patients (37%) had positive TBNA findings. Eight of 13 patients (62%) with a normal diagnosis had diagnostic TBNA (normal lymphoid tissue). There were statistically significant correlations between TBNA result and cell type of the lesion (p 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the presence of malignancy is the major determinant of TBNA yield (p = 0.009). In addition, lesion size does affect yield after being adjusted for diagnosis (one-sided p = 0.04). Conclusions TBNA is a minimally invasive diagnostic technique with a high yield, even in hands of less experienced operators. Malignancy, lesion size, and type of malignancy are major determinants of TBNA yield.
The Southern Corn Leaf Blight Epidemic

In "The sotuthern corn leaf blight epidemic" by L. A. Tatum (19 Mar., p. 1113), the first sentence of the third paragraph under the sidehead "History of southern corn leaf blight" on page 1114 should read "The loss in 1969 rather than "1968."
Incentivizing behaviour change to improve diabetes care

Behavioural economics refers to the study of psychological and cognitive factors that relate to decision-making processes. This field is being applied increasingly to health care settings, in which patients receive tangible reinforcers or incentives for meeting objective behavioural criteria consistent with healthy lifestyles. This article reviews the background and efficacy of reinforcement interventions in general, and then as applied to behaviours related to diabetes prevention and management. Specifically, reinforcement interventions have been applied with some notable success towards promoting greater attendance at medical appointments, enhancing weight loss efforts, augmenting exercising regimes, improving medication adherence and increasing blood glucose monitoring. Suggestions for promising areas of future research are provided, keeping in mind the controversial nature of these interventions.
Excess Heparin Dosing Among Fibrinolytic-treated Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Background Although the use of heparin with fibrinolytics is associated with more rapid ST-segment resolution and increased infarct-related artery patency among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), its associated increase in bleeding risk is well documented and might be augmented by excess heparin dosing. Methods We sought to characterize the incidence and associated bleeding risk of excess heparin dosing among patients with STEMI treated with fibrinolysis who were enrolled in the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines initiative. Excess dosing was defined as a bolus more than 60 U/kg or an infusion more than 12 U/kg/h per American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines and was further stratified into major and mild excess (major defined as a bolus>70 U/kg or infusion >15 U/kg/h). Results Among 964 fibrinolytic-treated patients with STEMI, 758 (79%) received adjunctive unfractionated heparin therapy. Of these, 368 patients (49%) received excess dosing of unfractionated heparin and 137 patients (18%) received major excess heparin dosing. Factors significantly associated with excess dosing included low body weight and female sex. Patients who received major excess dosing had higher unadjusted rates of major bleeding (19.2% vs 12.4%, P =.004) and transfusion (13.5% vs 4.7%, P =.0002) than patients without excess dosing. After adjustment, a trend persisted for the association with higher transfusion risk (odds ratio 1.39 [0.61-3.14]). Conclusion Approximately half of fibrinolytic-treated patients with STEMI in contemporary practice received an excess dose of unfractionated heparin. Careful attention to dosing is needed to limit the compounded bleeding risk when heparin is added to fibrinolytic therapy.
On localization of vorticity in Lorentz lattice gases

We study the generalized deterministic Lorentz lattice gases, in a fixed as well as in varying environments, in lattices with dimensionsd≥3. We show that bounded orbits (“vortices”) in these models are often contained in some lower dimensional subsets (“vortex sheets”) of these lattices.
Segment characteristics and severity of head-on crashes on two-lane rural highways in Maine.

More than two out of three of all fatal crashes in Maine occur on rural, two-lane collector or arterial roads. Head-on crashes on these roads account for less than 5% of the crashes, but they are responsible for almost half of all fatalities. Data analyzed in this study was provided by Maine Department of Transportation and covers all head-on crashes for 2000–2002 during which period there were 3136 head-on crashes reported. Out of these, 127 were fatal crashes and 235 produced incapacitating but not fatal injuries. These two categories made up over 75% of the crash cost. A clear majority of head-on crashes on two-lane, rural roads in Maine were caused by drivers making errors or misjudging situations. Illegal/unsafe speed was a factor in 32% of the crashes while driver inattention/distraction was a primary factor in 28%. Fatigue was responsible for around one in 40 crashes and one in 12 fatal crashes. Alcohol or drugs was a factor in one in 12 crashes and one in nine fatal head-on crashes. Less than 8% of fatalities involved someone overtaking another vehicle, and only around 14% involved a driver intentionally crossing the centerline. Two in three fatal head-on crashes occurred on straight segments and 67% of these happened on dry pavement. There is a clear trend towards higher speed limits leading to a higher percentage of crashes becoming fatal or having incapacitating injuries. There is also a clear trend – if one keeps speeds constant and AADT within a certain range – that wider shoulders give higher crash severities. Also, for higher-speed roads, more travel lanes (than two) increase crash severity. In summary, there seems to be two major reasons why people get across the centerline and have head-on collisions: (a) people are going too fast for the roadway conditions; or (b) people are inattentive and get across the centerline more or less without noticing it. The latter category of crashes could probably be reduced if centerline rumble-strips were installed. More or less all head-on collisions could be eliminated if median barriers were installed. In-vehicle technology could also be used to significantly reduce the incidence of lane departures. Furthermore, today's speed limits should be better enforced since a high percentage of serious crashes involve illegal speeding. This should be combined with lowered speed limits for targeted high-crash segments.
Lichenoid Benign Keratosis

One hundred thirty-eight patients who presented with solitary cutaneous lesions appearing clinically as papules or plaques and histologically showing a lichenoid tissue reaction were studied. Many of the lesions occurred in sites not usually exposed to sunlight and histologically the lesions did not show significant atypical change in keratinocytes and many did not show evidence of solar elastosis in the superficial corium. Our study indicates that the lesions are benign keratoses showing a lichenoid tissue reaction or lichenoid benign keratoses.
Web programming (abstract only)

Several times in the past few years we have held BoF sessions about teaching web programming at the college level. Our feedback indicates that the most valuable aspect of the past sessions was simply to get everyone together for an exchange of ideas and information, so this will be the focus of the session again. We'd like to bring together two groups of web programming instructors: Newcomers who have not yet taught this material before (or are just starting) and want to soak up information, and veterans who have now taught it and have insights to share with the group. Newcomers can ask questions about materials, languages and technologies to use, what works and what doesn't, and so on. Veterans can share tips from the classroom and helpful resources. We can also discuss the latest technologies such as HTML, ECMAScript/JavaScript, iPhone/iPad, Android, and web application frameworks such as Node.js, Rails, AngularJS, and more.
Student misconceptions in using Euler's method in ordinary differential equations and the importance of step size

The purpose of this paper is to share a series of labs designed to improve student misconceptions in using Euler's Numerical method to find solutions to ordinary differential equations. After close to twenty years of teaching differential equations and modeling with differential equations, it became apparent that something needed to be done to dispel these student misconceptions that were developed in calculus. These misconceptions have not been isolated phenomena at my current university; they also existed with students at my previous institution.
Endogenous surface phosphorylation reactions and ectokinase activity in the guinea pig T lymphocyte

The guinea pig T lymphocyte, known to interact with other cells via direct cell-to-cell contact, exhibits endogenous surface kinase activity as reflected by the appearance of four major labeled bands in autoradiographs of dried sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDoSO4)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels when intact cells are briefly exposed to micromolar concentrations of [gamma-32P]ATP followed immediately by solubilization with NaDoSO4 to terminate the reaction. This pattern differs from the labeling of intracellular components which is seen when intact cells are incubated with 32PO4 to generate intracellular [gamma-32P]ATP when only two major labeled bands of protein with different molecular weights are seen. Of a number of modulators of lymphocyte function tested, cyclic GMP and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) caused additional bands to appear in cells exposed to [gamma-32P]ATP. The labeling of added casein was catalyzed by intact cells harvested 4 weeks after injection of animals with Freund's complete adjuvant but not earlier. These findings indicate that plasma membrane kinase activity of guinea pig T lymphocytes is accessible to the extracellular environs (ectokinase activity) and to endogenous surface substrates and that the limitation for such reactions is the availability of ATP in the extracellular component. In view of the number of circumstances under which ATP could appear outside of cells for brief periods of time, these reactions could well take place in vivo.
Psychological and social factors associated with wastewater reuse emotional discomfort

Abstract Wastewater reuse (WWR) technology has improved greatly in recent decades and may be an important solution to global water challenges. Nevertheless, several psychological and social barriers to widespread adoption still exist. Negative emotional reactions to WWR, known as the “yuck factor,” have been identified as central to public acceptance. The present study used a large, context-neutral, web-based, U.S. sample (N = 207), to examine factors underlying these negative emotions, here measured as discomfort felt toward WWR. We used a more nuanced measure to isolate what aspects of disgust sensitivity predict discomfort and then explored this relationship in the context of other individual and psychological differences. Being female, having less education, and being particularly sensitive to pathogen-related disgust stimuli, all were factors that were significantly and independently associated with reported discomfort. Mediation analysis showed that women felt greater discomfort because of higher levels of pathogen disgust sensitivity.
Mice lacking tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase die from seizures due to defective metabolism of vitamin B-6

In humans, deficiency of the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) gene is associated with defective skeletal mineralization. In contrast, mice lacking TNAP generated by homologous recombination using embryonic stem (ES) cells have normal skeletal development. However, at approximately two weeks after birth, homozygous mutant mice develop seizures which are subsequently fatal. Defective metabolism of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), characterized by elevated serum PLP levels, results in reduced levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. The mutant seizure phenotype can be rescued by the administration of pyridoxal and a semi-solid diet. Rescued animals subsequently develop defective dentition. This study reveals essential physiological functions of TNAP in the mouse.
Fungal endophytes in seeds and needles of Pinus monticola

Using a sequence-based approach, we investigated the transmission of diverse fungal endophytes in seed and needles of Pinus monticola, western white pine. We isolated 2003 fungal endophytes from 750 surface-sterilized needles. In contrast, only 16 endophytic isolates were obtained from 800 surface-sterilized seeds. The ITS region was sequenced from a representative selection of these endophytes. Isolates were then assigned to the most closely related taxa in GenBank. Although 95% of the endophytes in needles from mature trees belonged to the Rhytismataceae, 82 unique ITS sequences were obtained from at least 21 genera and 10 different orders of fungi. Significantly, none of the endophytes in seed were rhytismataceous (chi(2) = 180; P < 0.001). Similarly, needles of greenhouse seedlings yielded only non-rhytismataceous isolates, whereas seedlings of the same age that had naturally regenerated near older white pines in roadless areas were colonized by rhytismataceous endophytes almost to the same extent as in mature trees. Only one of 17 rhytismataceous isolates were able to grow on a medium containing only 0.17% nitrogen, whereas 25 of 31 non-rhytismataceous endophytes grew. Rhytismataceous endophytes are dominant in needles of P. monticola, but they appear to be absent in seed, and unlikely colonists of nitrogen-limiting host tissues such as the apoplast.
Urinary tract infections in women with bacterial vaginosis

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the risk of urinary tract infections in women with bacterial vaginosis. Methods: One hundred twenty-nine women who presented for routine gynecologic examinations were evaluated for bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections between June 1998 and March 1999. Results: Sixty-seven women had bacterial vaginosis and 62 women did not. Fifteen women with bacterial vaginosis (22.4%) had urinary tract infections, compared with six (9.7%) of those without it. Bacterial vaginosis was associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infections (odds ratio 2.79; 95% confidence interval 1.05, 8.33). Conclusion: Women with bacterial vaginosis are at increased risk for urinary tract infections.
Renewal and Risk: The Dual Experience of Young Motherhood and Aging Out of the Child Welfare System

This interpretive study examines how childhood history and the personal experience of being mothered impact the meaning attributed to motherhood among young mothers aging out of the child welfare system. Through the use of an interpretive approach, findings are derived from interviews with 15 females who reported an experience of pregnancy or parenting at the time of the interview. In the midst of the strain and challenge of motherhood, these young women report that motherhood has the potential to provide opportunities relevant to their own identity as well as to healing from their pasts. Findings aim to inform ways of understanding and responding to the unique and dual experience of mothering and aging out of the child welfare system.
Hormones in infant rhesus monkeys' (Macaca mulatta) hair at birth provide a window into the fetal environment.

Hormones in infant rhesus monkeys’ ( Macaca mulatta ) hair at birth provide a window into the fetal environment
The pH dependence of the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum: Evidence that the Ca2+ translocator bears a doubly negative charge

The pH dependence of the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase pump of rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum has been analyzed. Active uptake progress curves of the free luminal Ca2+ concentrationvs. time were obtained by fluorometric readout. The average rates (evaluated att =2 sec) and steady-state maximal uptakes ([Ca2+] i were determined at variable external [Ca2+] o , set by a Ca2+/EGTA buffer. The average rates (t=2 sec) and the [Ca2+] i values showed the same dependence on [Ca2+] o and pH. At pH 7.0, a second-order dependence on [Ca2+] o was observed with aKm (equal to [Ca2+] i for half-maximal rate) of 7.3×10−8m. Both the average rate and the maximal internal Ca2+ level achieved had identicalKm values. The apparent affinity of the pump for Ca2+ (Kapp=1/Km) shows little pH dependence between pH values of 7.0 and 8.0. The apparent affinity drops markedly with decreasing pH below pH 7.0, showing a slope of 1.63 on a log (Kapp)vs. pH plot. This is interpreted as competition between 2H+ and Ca2+ for occupation of each of the two outwardly oriented translocators. The maximal values of average rate (t=2 sec) and [Ca2+] i , were analyzed at saturating [Ca2+] o values to giveVm and [Ca2+]i, max values as a function of pH. These two parameters showed identical pH dependence, with a pH optimum between 6.0 and 6.5. These results are explained both qualitatively and quantitatively by a preliminary model of the steady-state behavior of the pump. The model assumes that enzyme dephosphorylation and countertranslocation represent the rate-limiting step of the cycle and that all other steps are at equilibrium. According to the model, the enzyme has two translocator sites, each bearing a doubly negative charge at pH 7.0 and above. Occupation of both sites by Ca2+ is necessary for transport. Partial or full protonation of the negative charges on the outwardly oriented translocators destroys their capacity for Ca2+ transport. This process is responsible for the decrease in apparent translocator affinity with decreasing pH. A pK a of 7.2±0.3 was determined for the outwardly oriented translocator. Transport of 2 Ca2+ is followed by their release to the lumen. Return of the carrier requires the loading of a charge-stoichiometric amount of alkali cation and H+. The pH dependence ofVm and [Ca2+]i, max is explained by the dual effect of protonation to lower the apparent affinity of the inwardly oriented translocator for internal Ca2+ and to produce single and doubly protonated forms of the translocator capable of high rates of enzyme dephosphorylation and return. A pK a of 6.4±0.3 was determined for the inwardly oriented form. Computer analysis shows that the model is capable of predicting the pH dependence of theKm,Vm and [Ca2+]i, max values. The liminations of the model are evaluated. The structural and physiological significance of the findings is discussed.
Amino acid concentrating ability of slowly growing autochthonous hepatomas and host livers.

Abstract To examine whether an increase in the intracellular concentration of amino acids always accompanies the development of a neoplasm, slowly growing autochthonous hepatomas (originating in the place where found) were induced by feeding 0.02% acetylaminofluorene followed by 0.05% phenobarbital to Buffalo strain rats. It was found that the resulting hepatomas (123 from 43 animals) concentrated less than one half the amount of non-metabolizable alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) than did the respective host and control livers when AIB was injected 24 hrs before sacrifice. While an increase in the ability to concentrate amino acids may be necessary for rapid growth, it is not a concomitant of neoplastic transformation. The narrow range of AIB concentrations found among these 123 autochthonous tumors compared to a wide spectrum of AIB concentrations found in several transplantable Morris hepatoma lines suggests that these tumors are at one of the earliest stages of their progression.
Extracellular Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Cytochromes MtrC and OmcA of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

To characterize the roles of cytochromes MtrC and OmcA of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in Cr(VI) reduction, the effects of deleting the mtrC and/or omcA gene on Cr(VI) reduction and the cellular locations of reduced Cr(III) precipitates were investigated. Compared to the rate of reduction of Cr(VI) by the wild type (wt), the deletion of mtrC decreased the initial rate of Cr(VI) reduction by 43.5%, while the deletion of omcA or both mtrC and omcA lowered the rate by 53.4% and 68.9%, respectively. In wt cells, Cr(III) precipitates were detected by transmission electron microscopy in the extracellular matrix between the cells, in association with the outer membrane, and inside the cytoplasm. No extracellular matrix-associated Cr(III) precipitates, however, were found in the cytochrome mutant cell suspension. In mutant cells without either MtrC or OmcA, most Cr(III) precipitates were found in association with the outer membrane, while in mutant cells lacking both MtrC and OmcA, most Cr(III) precipitates were found inside the cytoplasm. Cr(III) precipitates were also detected by scanning election microscopy on the surfaces of the wt and mutants without MtrC or OmcA but not on the mutant cells lacking both MtrC and OmcA, demonstrating that the deletion of mtrC and omcA diminishes the extracellular formation of Cr(III) precipitates. Furthermore, purified MtrC and OmcA reduced Cr(VI) with apparent k(cat) values of 1.2 ± 0.2 (mean ± standard deviation) and 10.2 ± 1 s(-1) and K(m) values of 34.1 ± 4.5 and 41.3 ± 7.9 μM, respectively. Together, these results consistently demonstrate that MtrC and OmcA are the terminal reductases used by S. oneidensis MR-1 for extracellular Cr(VI) reduction where OmcA is a predominant Cr(VI) reductase.
6.4: Photoemission images of cesium coated p- and n-type GaN

We report photoemission images of a GaN p-n junction patterned and etched to reveal both n-type and p-type regions. Immediately following Cs deposition at low temperature, the n-type areas produced more emission current than did the p-type areas and required only low energy (3 eV) photons to do so. After heating to 375°C the p-type areas became dominant when illuminated with high energy photons (4.8 eV), however the n-type areas continue to dominate when the specimen is illuminated with 3 eV photons. After further heating to 423°C portions of the Cs-coated n-type areas continue to produce emission from 3 eV photons. This behavior can be interpreted as the result of the formation of a surface state due to Cs interacting with the n-type areas, and photoemission directly from the Cs-induced state into vacuum. If this model is correct, it implies that the emission is relatively prompt, since there is no transport in the bulk material.
RNAi phenotype profiling of kinases identifies potential therapeutic targets in Ewing's sarcoma

Background Ewing's sarcomas are aggressive musculoskeletal tumors occurring most frequently in the long and flat bones as a solitary lesion mostly during the teen-age years of life. With current treatments, significant number of patients relapse and survival is poor for those with metastatic disease. As part of novel target discovery in Ewing's sarcoma, we applied RNAi mediated phenotypic profiling to identify kinase targets involved in growth and survival of Ewing's sarcoma cells.
Recognizing teleoperated manipulations

The many degrees-of-freedom and distributed sensing capability of dextrous robot hands permit the use of control programs that rely on qualitative changes in sensor feedback. One way of designing such a control program is to have the robot learn the qualitative control characteristics from examples. These examples may be provided via teleoperation. Results are presented for recognizing and segmenting manipulation primitives from a teleoperated task by analysis of features in sensor feedback. k-nearest quantized pattern vectors determine potential classifications. A hidden Markov model provides task context for the final segmentation. The illustrative task is picking up a plastic egg with a spatula. >
The Changing Context of Consultation in Schools

School-based consultation is going through a period of dramatic change. Demands for efficiency and effectiveness on the part of policy-making bodies, changing approaches to teacher preparation, escalating community pressures, and a rapidly changing work forcewill have a major impact on consultation in school settings. For example, there will be increasing demands for problem-based, long-term efforts as well as for the training of organizational participants as internal consultants.
An expansion of the demographic transition model: the dynamic link between agricultural productivity and population

The classic demographic transition model illustrates the pattern of birth and death rates over time, shifting from high and equivalent to low and equivalent, with population increasing sharply during this transition as a society industrialises. However, the model has a limited temporal frame and cultural scope. It also overlooks that human population trends follow agricultural productivity. Because food is an essential carrying capacity variable and a fundamental economic driver, as food availability is increased the population increases leading to severe biodiversity loss. The current analysis expands the classic model, taking into account all of human history, and highlighting the basic carrying capacity foundations of fertility changes. This comprehensive model shows birth and death rates in Stage A as low and equivalent before the advent of the agricultural revolution. Stage A is followed by Stages B and C, in which the increasing birth rate precedes the increasing death rate, causing a rise in popula...
Optimal routing, link scheduling and power control in multihop wireless networks

In this paper, we study the problem of joint routing, link scheduling and power control to support high data rates for broadband wireless multihop networks. We first address the problem of finding an optimal link scheduling and power control policy that minimizes the total average transmission power in the wireless multihop network, subject to given constraints regarding the minimum average data rate per link, as well as peak transmission power constraints per node. Multiaccess signal interference is explicitly modeled. We use a duality approach whereby, as a byproduct of finding the optimal policy, we find the sensitivity of the minimal total average power with respect to the average data rate for each link. Since the minimal total average power is a convex function of the required minimum average data rates, shortest path algorithms with the link weights set to the link sensitivities can be used to guide the search for a globally optimum routing. We present a few simple examples that show our algorithm can find policies that support data rates that are not possible with conventional approaches. Moreover, we find that optimum allocations do not necessarily route traffic over minimum energy paths.
At the Flick of a Switch: Detecting and Classifying Unique Electrical Events on the Residential Power Line (Nominated for the Best Paper Award)

Activity sensing in the home has a variety of important applications, including healthcare, entertainment, home automation, energy monitoring and post-occupancy research studies. Many existing systems for detecting occupant activity require large numbers of sensors, invasive vision systems, or extensive installation procedures. We present an approach that uses a single plug-in sensor to detect a variety of electrical events throughout the home. This sensor detects the electrical noise on residential power lines created by the abrupt switching of electrical devices and the noise created by certain devices while in operation. We use machine learning techniques to recognize electrically noisy events such as turning on or off a particular light switch, a television set, or an electric stove. We tested our system in one home for several weeks and in five homes for one week each to evaluate the system performance over time and in different types of houses. Results indicate that we can learn and classify various electrical events with accuracies ranging from 85-90%.
Experimental myocardial infarction. Induction of coronary thrombosis in the intact closed-chest dog.

Coronary thrombosis can be consistently induced in the intact closed-chest dog by the passage of a low-grade direct electrical current through a circuit that includes a positive intraluminal electrode in a major coronary branch and a negative external electrode on the chest wall.