cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The First Church of Christ, Pragmatist: Christian Science and responsible optimism.

A common criticism of Christian Science is that it is neither Christian nor scientific. American psychologist and philosopher William James would not, I believe, share this view, even though he does make critical comments about Christian Science’s orginator and her dogmatic followers. Following a suggestion of James, I distinguish two types of critical inquiry into Christian Science—outsider criticism and insider criticism—and show that the latter yields the better results. A pragmatic version of Christian Science can be offered that is distinct both from the myopic critics who malign it and from the dogmatic followers who recklessly adhere to it.
OntoSem and SIMPLE: two multi-lingual world views

In this paper we compare programs of work that aim to develop broad coverage cross-linguistic resources for NLP: Ontological Semantics (OntoSem) and SIMPLE. The approaches taken in these projects differ in three notable respects: the use of an ontology versus a word net as the semantic substrate; the development of knowledge resources inside of as opposed to outside of a processing environment; and the development of lexicons for multiple languages based on a single core lexicon or without such a core (i.e., in parallel fashion). In large part, these differences derive from project-driven, real-world requirements and available resources -- a reflection of their being practical rather than theoretical projects. However, that being said, we will suggest certain preferences regarding the content and development of NLP resources with a view toward both short- and long-term, high-level language processing goals.
Effects of artifact rejection and bayesian weighting on the auditory brainstem response during quiet and active behavioral conditions.

Purpose To evaluate the effects of 2 noise reduction techniques on the auditory brainstem response (ABR). Method ABRs of 20 normal hearing adults were recorded during quiet and active behavioral co...
Sulfhydryl groups of native myosin and of the myosin heavy chains from Physarum polycephalum compared to vertebrate skeletal, smooth, and non-muscle myosins.

Abstract Although a previously reported analysis of Physarum myosin detected no cysteine residues in the molecule, the myosin ATPase activity was inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoate. We have re-examined this apparently contradictory finding. We found highly purified plasmodial myosin to be very sensitive to N -ethylmaleimide inhibition of the K + , Ca 2+ -activated ATPase. An estimate of the number of reactive sulfhydryls of the native myosin using Ellman's reagent showed only 1.5 mol 11 min-reactive sulfhydryl/mol as eompared to 4.5 for chicken breast myosin in 5min. 3 H- and 14 C-labelled N-ethylmaleimide was used to estimate the total sulfhydryls of the SDS-denatured heavy chains. Plasmodiai myosin heavy chains bound 10–13~ of the N-ethylmaleimide bound by chicken breast myosin heavy chalns. Smooth muscle myosin heavy chains as weli as heavy chains of embryonic chicken presumptive myoblats had 65–70% of the reactive groups of chicken myotube myosin heavy chains. Amino acid analyses of purified Physarum myosin showed that some preparations contained cysteic acid residues even before performic oxidation. After the performic oxidation a mean value of 3 mol cysteic acid per 10 5 g Physarum myosin was found, or less than half that reported for striated muscle myosin. Our results show that in the sulfhydryl-poor plasmodial myosin each heavy chain contains at least two sulfhydryls, and probably more, but that there is variable oxidation of the total sulfhydryls. It has been reported that plasmodial myosin lacks rapidly reacting sulfhydryl groups when tested with an ATP analogue which reacts with light chains of vertebrate muscle myosins. Therefore, the 1–2 sulfhydryls of plasmodial myosin which react rapidly with Ellman's reagent appear to be on the heavy chain. Our results also suggest that during development of myotubes changes occur in the myosin heavy chains.
Early Diagenesis of Carbonate Particles in Clastic Sediments: ABSTRACT

Complex carbonate mineral assemblages in modern sediments can undergo selective solution as a diagenetic approach to mineral stability. Oversaturation and undersaturation of associated sea water with respect to various mineral phases can be demonstrated by the use of pH-sensing techniques. Evidence for selective solution is found in decreases in the amount of more soluble phases, aragonite and, to some extent, magnesium calcites, in the finer fractions of the sediments. Studies in Jamaica, Florida, Bermuda, and Maine suggest that submarine solution-diagenesis is active in most environments. Factors which control the amount of solution are temperature, salinity, and the amount and nature of associated organic material. Solution of soluble "fines" is most active in Maine and least active in impure carbonates of the north coast of Jamaica. End_of_Article - Last_Page 607------------
The Estimated Annual Cost of ADHD to the US Education System

The purpose of this study was to examine and monetize the educational outcomes of students with ADHD. Data were examined from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study, a follow-up study of children diagnosed with ADHD in childhood and recontacted for follow-up in adolescence and young adulthood. A comprehensive educational history was obtained for all participants from Kindergarten through 12th grade. Annual economic impact was derived from costs incurred through special education placement, grade retention, and disciplinary incidents. Results indicated that, as compared to students without ADHD, students with ADHD incurred a higher annual cost to the US Education system. Specifically, a student with ADHD incurred an average annual incremental cost to society of $5,007, as compared with $318 for students in the comparison group. These results suggest that prevention and intervention strategies are greatly needed to offset the large financial impact of educating youth with ADHD.
Blended instruction in a programming course: Lessons learned

Using a blended learning approach, a programming course in MATLAB is designed for students who already know another programming language. The blended components of the course include recorded short lectures, textbook and online reading, consulting sessions where students work with instructors, and both optional and required programming exercises. Students achieve mastery in MATLAB programming in a self-paced, auto-tutorial format where in-person interaction between instructors and students is encouraged. Time-flexibility is emphasized in the course design in order to give students control over the pacing of their learning. Being inserted into a student schedule that was otherwise based on a traditional course format, however, the flexibility of the auto-tutorial course led to withdrawal rates of around 50% in the early version of the course. The main problem was that students prioritized based on deadlines; therefore the flexibility of a self-paced course could not compete with the fixed deadlines of traditional courses. We learned three lessons: (1) Milestones need to be established early in the course. (2) Intervention that addresses a student's weakness must be available and employed opportunely. (3) Incentives for student ownership of their work need to be built into the course through assessment and logistics.
Evaluating and treating the child with a febrile seizure

Abstract Approximately 3% to 5% of children will experience a febrile seizure before the age of 5 years, with the peak onset in the second year of life. The majority of these seizures are “simple” (generalized, lasting less than 15 minutes, occurring only once in a 24-hour period), carry few risks of complications, and have excellent short- and long-term prognoses. Children with complex febrile seizures (focal features, lasting more than 15 minutes, occuring more than once in a 24-hour period) have higher rates of coexisting problems (electrolyte (disturbances and meningitis) and are at greater risk of recurrence and epilepsy than their counterparts With simple febrile seizures. A bacterial source for the fever is rarely found; a combination of host susceptibility in concert with viral trigger is believed to he responsible. Routine “screening tests” are unnecessary, and evaluation should be directed by the results of individual history and physical examination. Antipyretics have not been shown to decrease the incidence of recurrence in susceptible children. Oral and rectal diazepam have been shown to decrease recurrent seizures only in a select subset of children at high risk for recurrence.
Will the Open Source Movement Survive a Litigious Society

Since no one is willing to undertake costly research and development to create innovation, incentives in the form of patents were instituted to motivate R&D. In software development, contrary to economic intuition, open source software has emerged as a viable alternative source of innovation. The patenting system has performed reasonably well in enhancing many other technologies. Since the mid‐1990s patenting of software and business methods is increasingly accepted in the United States. The legitimacy of many of these new patents is subject to controversy and debate. In this paper we examine the trend, rate of litigation and disposition of US patents in the US Federal Courts. We find that litigation rates of software and business method patents is four times that of all other patents and is increasing. A majority of patent litigations are not won by the perpetrator of the lawsuits. The open source software community is not immune to heightened patent litigations. Since software development is incremental...
Wave structure in Stokes' second problem for a dipolar fluid with nonclassical heat conduction

The classical heat conduction law of Fourier associates an infinite speed of propagation to a thermal disturbance in a material body. Such behavior is a violation of the causality principle. In recent years, several modifications of Fourier's heat law have been proposed. In this work, a modified form of Fourier's heat law, based on the Maxwell-Cattaneo-Fox (MCF) model, is used to analyze the heat conduction effects in Stokes' second problem for a dipolar fluid. The structure of the waves and the influence of the dipolar constants on the velocity field is investigated. These results are then compared to the viscous fluid case. In addition, the displacement thickness and skin friction at the plate are determined.
Atmospheric Effects on Compressive Creep of SiC‐Whisker‐Reinforced Alumina

A SiC-whisker-reinforced alumina composite was crept in compression at 1200° to 1400°C in an air ambient and in nitrogen. The data were described by a power-law-type constitutive relation. The measured value of the stress exponent was n= 1 at 1200°C and n= 3 at 1300° and 1400°C in both ambients. TEM observations were correlated with the measured creep response to determine active deformation mechanisms. Values of n= 1 were associated with diffusional creep and unaccommodated grain-boundary sliding, while values of n= 3 were associated with increased microstructural damage in the form of cavities. Experiments conducted in circulated air resulted in higher creep rates than comparable experiments in nitrogen. The accelerated creep rates were caused by the thermal oxidation of SiC and the resultant formation of a vitreous phase along composite interfaces. The glassy phase facilitated cavitation, weakened interfaces, and enhanced boundary diffusion.
Ventricular septal defects: A surgical viewpoint

Abstract Seventy-six cardiac autopsy specimens with ventricular septal defects were studied from a surgical viewpoint. The defects were classified as being conoventricular (n = 25), in the right ventricular outlet (n = 21), in the inlet septum (n = 11) or in the trabecular septum (n = 19) with each category having several subcategories. The left ventricular outflow tract relations of the defects are emphasized. The borders of the ventricular septal defects are described in detail, with use of the prefix “juxta” to indicate the immediate adjacency of the defect to a structure such as the tricuspid valve.
The nature of the beast: curating animals and ancestors at Çatalhöyük

Abstract Taking ‘tradition’ as the process of ‘handing down’, which encompasses the ideas of duration, continuity, practice and ritual, this paper examines the Neolithic lifeworld at Catalhoyuk with particular attention to the figurine corpus and plastered installations. Specifically, I focus on two material preoccupations that have intense signification across various media, are repeated in different scales and occur over many generations at Catalhoyuk. The first is termed headedness or a particular tension surrounding heads, head removal and circulation, and the post-cranial body, that applies both to humans and animals. The second is the desire for embedding and re-fleshing the remains of animals and ancestors. I argue that both themes are connected to desires about permanence, restoration and ultimately improving upon the fragilities of fleshed matter through a focused curation of the skeletal elements. Both of these material concerns had salience across domains from living bodies to aesthetic renderi...
Protein structure alignment using geometrical features

A novel approach for similarity search on protein structure databases is proposed which incorporates the three dimensional coordinates of the main atoms of each amino acid and extracts a geometrical signature along with the direction of the given amino acid. As a result, each protein is presented by a series of feature vectors representing local geometry, shape, direction, and secondary structure assignment of its amino acid constituents. Furthermore, a residue-to-residue distance matrix is calculated and is incorporated into a local alignment dynamic programming algorithm to find the similar portions of two given proteins and finally a sequence alignment step is used as the last filtration step. The optimal superimposition of the detected similar regions is used to assess the quality of the results. The proposed algorithm is fast and accurate and hence could be used for the analysis of large protein structure similarity.
Representation radio: digital art-making as transformative pedagogical practice in the college classroom

In this article, the authors unpack a first-year college seminar where students explored digital representations of self-afforded pedagogies of possibility for traditionally marginalized student populations, specifically students of colour and first-generation college goers. An artefact analysis model is used to trace the relationship between the design decisions we made about the course and what these decisions afforded students in terms of their understanding of the relationship between identity, narrative and digital media production. The authors found that certain key pedagogical choices – from individual assignments to the presence of an authentic audience for their radio pieces – empowered students to make informed decisions, explore personal identities and represent themselves using the digital audio medium.
Oxidized LDL, a critical factor in atherogenesis.

See also article by Zhu et al. [3] (pages 425–432) in this issue. There is a great deal of experimental, epidemiological, and clinical evidence suggesting that disorders of lipid metabolism play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. To date, there have been many studies investigating the mechanisms by which high levels of LDL-cholesterol affect biology of vessels and cause atherosclerotic lesion formation [1,2]. It has become abundantly clear over the last decade that the oxidatively modified form of LDL (ox-LDL) is more important than native LDL in atherogenesis. The study in this issue of Cardiovascular Research by Zhu et al. [3] demonstrates that ox-LDL downregulates ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA1) in endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting liver X receptor (LXR) activation. Ox-LDL also attenuates LXR activation by blocking LXR ligand binding and interfering with the generation of 27-hydroxycholesterol, an LXR endogenous ligand. Further, ox-LDL inhibits exogenous cholesterol and oxysterol-induced endothelial ABCA1 induction. Such activity of ox-LDL may contribute to endothelial dysfunction since ABCA1 mediates the active efflux of cholesterol and phospholipids, playing an important role in cholesterol homeostasis and thereby atherogenesis. The endothelial activation and/or dysfunction … *Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham, Slot 532, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States. Tel.: +1 501 686 6724. Email address: lidayuan{at}uams.edu
NaCl and Peritoneal Absorption and Renal Excretion of Glucose in Normal and Diabetic Rats.

SummarySodium chloride added to an intraperitoneally injected glucose solution has no influence upon the absorption of the glucose but does increase glucose excretion by way of the kidney. This increased glycosuria appears to be a factor involved in producing the normal glucose tolerance observed in hereditary diabetic and partially-pancreatectomized rats administered sodium chloride with the glucose.
A biomolecular electrostatics solver using Python, GPUs and boundary elements that can handle solvent-filled cavities and Stern layers

The continuum theory applied to biomolecular electrostatics leads to an implicit-solvent model governed by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Solvers relying on a boundary integral representation typically do not consider features like solvent-filled cavities or ion-exclusion (Stern) layers, due to the added difficulty of treating multiple boundary surfaces. This has hindered meaningful comparisons with volume-based methods, and the effects on accuracy of including these features has remained unknown. This work presents a solver called PyGBe that uses a boundary-element formulation and can handle multiple interacting surfaces. It was used to study the effects of solvent-filled cavities and Stern layers on the accuracy of calculating solvation energy and binding energy of proteins, using the well-known apbs finite-difference code for comparison. The results suggest that if required accuracy for an application allows errors larger than about 2% in solvation energy, then the simpler, single-surface model can be used. When calculating binding energies, the need for a multi-surface model is problem-dependent, becoming more critical when ligand and receptor are of comparable size. Comparing with the apbs solver, the boundary-element solver is faster when the accuracy requirements are higher. The cross-over point for the PyGBe code is in the order of 1-2% error, when running on one gpu card (nvidia Tesla C2075), compared with apbs running on six Intel Xeon cpu cores. PyGBe achieves algorithmic acceleration of the boundary element method using a treecode, and hardware acceleration using gpus via PyCuda from a user-visible code that is all Python. The code is open-source under MIT license.
Are patients with neoplasia at an increased risk for cardiac myxomas

Abstract A case-control study was undertaken to assess whether a significant association exists between the presence of a neoplasm or malignancy and the presence of a cardiac myxoma. We identified 13 patients seen at our institution between 1935 whose autopsies revealed a cardiac myxoma that was undetected during the patient's lifetime. For each patient four control subjects were selected among the autopsied patients who had never had a cardiac myxoma; these were matched for age at death, gender, and year of autopsy. The institutional medical records and autopsy reports revealed that 46% of the patients and 65% of their controls had a neoplasm diagnosed prior to or at autopsy. The estimated odds ratio was 0.34 (95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 1.84). There was insufficient evidence to conclude that an association exists between the presence of a neoplasm and the presence of a cardiac myxoma ( P = .2722).
Transmedia teens: Affect, immaterial labor, and user-generated content:

The internet offers teens (especially girls, who have embraced social aspects of the web) a voice in the books they read, from reviewing, blogging, and creating fan sites, to actually collaborating on books-in-progress — such as The Amanda Project — by writing portions of the book or suggesting storylines. But while these new means of participation are seemingly empowering for teenage girls, is this participation a form of empowerment, or is it merely a way for publishers to exploit teens’ labor to create commodified cultural products which they in turn can sell back to the teens who helped shape them? In an era of user-generated content, this article examines how teens’ affective labor as peer-to-peer-marketers and content creators is changing the transmedia cultural products created for them.
MicroRNAs and Immunity: Tiny Players in a Big Field

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are found in most metazoan organisms as well as in viruses and are implicated in an increasingly wide variety of biological processes in animals. Here, Taganov et al. discuss the role of miRNAs in the innate immune response to microbial infection.
The Neuroeconomics of Alcohol Demand: An Initial Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Alcohol Cost–Benefit Decision Making in Heavy Drinking Men

Neuroeconomics integrates concepts and methods from psychology, economics, and cognitive neuroscience to understand how the brain makes decisions. In economics, demand refers to the relationship between a commodity's consumption and its cost, and, in behavioral studies, high alcohol demand has been consistently associated with greater alcohol misuse. Relatively little is known about how the brain processes demand decision making, and the current study is an initial investigation of the neural correlates of alcohol demand among heavy drinkers. Using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm, participants (N=24) selected how much they would drink under varying levels of price. These choices determined access to alcohol during a subsequent bar laboratory self-administration period. During decisions to drink in general, greater activity was present in multiple distinct subunits of the prefrontal and parietal cortices. In contrast, during decisions to drink that were demonstrably affected by the cost of alcohol, significantly greater activation was evident in frontostriatal regions, suggesting an active interplay between cognitive deliberation and subjective reward value. These choices were also characterized by significant deactivation in default mode network regions, suggesting suppression resulting from greater cognitive load. Across choice types, the anterior insula was notably recruited in diverse roles, further implicating the importance of interoceptive processing in decision-making behavior. These findings reveal the neural signatures subserving alcohol cost-benefit decision making, providing a foundation for future clinical applications of this paradigm and extending this approach to understanding the neural correlates of demand for other addictive commodities.
The K-D-B-tree: a search structure for large multidimensional dynamic indexes

The problem of retrieving multikey records via range queries from a large, dynamic index is considered. By large it is meant that most of the index must be stored on secondary memory. By dynamic it is meant that insertions and deletions are intermixed with queries, so that the index cannot be built beforehand. A new data structure, the K-D-B-tree, is presented as a solution to this problem. K-D-B-trees combine properties of K-D-trees and B-trees. It is expected that the multidimensional search effieciency of balanced K-D-trees and the I/O efficiency of B-trees should both be approximated in the K-D-B-tree. Preliminary experimental results that tend to support this are reported.
Vibrational Spectra of Vitreous B2O3.xH2O

The infrared absorption spectra of boron oxide glasses of low and high water content have been obtained in the 400- to 4000-cm.−1 region using thin films or fine powders dispersed in a liquid. A structural interpretation of the glass spectra has been made with the aid of the spectra of the closely related materials boric acid, orthorhombic metaboric acid, and partly deuterated boron oxide glass of high water content. It has been shown that the glass spectra are consistent with a random-network structure in which each boron is triangularly coordinated by three oxygens and that the presence of water leads to weak hydrogen bonding between oxygen atoms. No evidence for a substantial amount of tetrahedral coordination of boron by oxygen has been found in glasses of either low or high water content.
Relation between cell growth and cell division III. Changes in nuclear volume and growth rate and prevention of cell division in Amoeba proteus resulting from cytoplasmic amputations

Abstract The experiments of Hartmann in which division in A. proteus can be prevented by periodic amputation of cytoplasm were repeated. The growth rate of such growing, non-dividing amoebae was measured and found to be slightly, but significantly, below the rate for a normal growing, dividing amoeba. Following each cytoplasmic amputation nuclear volume falls and later, as the cell regrows to its pre-operative size, rises again. The decrease in nuclear volume, prevention of cell division, and the lower average growth rate are reflections of a period of readjustment following the loss of cytoplasm. Each operation results in a reversion for the cell to an earlier point of the cell life cycle.
Structure control and sorption properties of porous coordination polymers prepared from M(NO3)2 and 4,4′-bipyridine (M = Co2+, Ni2+)

Abstract The inclusion of labile non-bridging ligands in coordination polymers can be used to modify their topology and provide a route to the preparation of materials with vacant metal coordination sites. The reaction of Co(NO3)2 and 4,4′-bipyridine (bpy) in ethanol is known to produce a 2D coordination polymer [Co2(bpy)3(NO3)4]n, 1. The inclusion of non-bridging aqua ligands produces new coordination polymer structures, 1D chains of [Co(bpy)(H2O)2(NO3)2]n, 2, and [Ni(bpy)(H2O)2(NO3)2]n, 3. The structures of the 2 and 3 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which showed that they had the same packing motif, layers of parallel chains stacked in an ABAB pattern along the c axis. The crystals had 4 A channels running parallel to the c axis. The disordered guest molecules in the channels of 2 were removed by heating at 90 °C, along with the two aqua ligands. This produced a coordination polymer with vacant metal coordination sites that had a high selectivity for the adsorption of water and its coordination to the Co. Aqua ligands also bound to the Co when 1 adsorbed water and, but the process was much slower due to the larger structural changes this required in the 2D framework and the lack of vacant coordination sites.
Unsteady panel method for flows with multiple bodies moving along various paths

A potential flow based three-dimensional panel method was modified to treat time-dependent conditions in which several submerged bodies can move within the fluid along different trajectories. This modification was accomplished by formulating the momentary solution in an inertial frame of reference, attached to the undisturbed stationary fluid. Consequently, the numerical interpretation of the multiple-body, solid-surface boundary condition and the viscous wake rollup was considerably simplified. The usteady capability of this code was calibrated and validated by comparing computed results with closed-form analytical results available for an airfoil, which was impulsively set into a constant speed forward motion. To demonstrate the multicomponent capability, computations were made for two wings following closely intersecting paths (i.e., simulations aimed at avoiding mid-air collisions) and for a flowfield with relative rotation (i.e., the case of a helicopter rotor rotating relative to the fuselage). Computed results for the cases were compared to experimental data, when such data was available.
Rapid assessment of left ventricular segmental wall motion, ejection fraction, and volumes with single breath-hold, multi-slice TrueFISP MR imaging.

Background and Objective: To reduce imaging time and complexity, we sought to determine whether single breath-hold, multi-slice TrueFISP (SB-MST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method is comparable to standard multi-breath-hold, multi-slice TrueFISP (MB-MST) for assessment of left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormality (WMA), volumes, and ejection fraction (EF). Methods and Results: We studied 62 patients having cardiac MRI at 1.5-Tesla. After acquiring standard MB-MST (one slice per breath-hold), SB-MST was performed, acquiring 3 short- and 2 long-axis views over only 20 heartbeats. Using both techniques, wall motion was scored using a 6-point, 17-segment LV model for all scans (62 patients × 2 techniques/patient = 124 scans) on two separate occasions. Separately, EF and ventricular volumes were evaluated using both MB-MST and SB-MST. For all analyses, MB-MST was considered the standard against which SB-MST was compared. Twenty-six of 62 patients exhibited at least one segmental WMA by MB-MST. Exact ...
Morphological evolution in oxygen-induced faceting of Re(1231)

We have studied oxygen-induced faceting of the atomically rough $\mathrm{Re}(12\overline{3}1)$ surface by means of Auger electron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In contrast to previous faceting studies on other refractory metal surfaces, where simple morphologies of the facets were reported, we find a coverage-dependent morphological evolution of the facets ranging from long sawtooth ridges to complex structures exposing four different facets. The faceting occurs only when oxygen coverage $(\ensuremath{\theta})$ exceeds 0.5 monolayer (ML) and the surface is annealed at $\ensuremath{\ge}700\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. At low oxygen coverage $(0.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ML}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}l0.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ML})$, the $\mathrm{O}∕\mathrm{Re}(12\overline{3}1)$ surface becomes partially faceted upon annealing; further increasing of oxygen coverage $(0.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ML}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}l0.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ML})$ causes the surface to become completely faceted, forming long sawtooth ridges along the $[\overline{2}113]$ direction with typical dimensions of $\ensuremath{\sim}8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ in width and $g50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ in length upon annealing at $1000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The size of the ridges grows with annealing temperature and annealing time, and the distance between the ridges is quite uniform. The two sides of each ridge have $(01\overline{1}0)$ and $(11\overline{2}1)$ orientations, and atomic-resolution STM images reveal that the edge of the ridge is atomically sharp. For $0.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ML}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}l1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ML}$, a third set of facets, identified as $(10\overline{1}0)$, emerges and truncates the original ridges. With the surface fully covered by oxygen $(\ensuremath{\theta}=1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ML})$, a fourth facet $(01\overline{1}1)$ also becomes prominent upon annealing. This morphological evolution is accompanied by a reduction of the average ridge length along $[\overline{2}113]$, indicating that the $(11\overline{2}1)$ facet is metastable. Our work demonstrates that even in a simple adsorbate/substrate system, the adsorbate-induced modification of the anisotropy of surface free energy can induce a complex sequence of changes in the surface morphology. The faceted Re surfaces may be model systems to study structure sensitivity in catalytic reactions, and may also provide promising templates to grow nanostructures.
Adapting NORM Unicast Transport for Loss Tolerant and ECN Environments

This work presents new experimental results examining the loss tolerant unicast congestion control behavior of the NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) transport protocol documented initially as Internet Proposed Standard, Request for Comments (RFC) 5740. While RFC 5740 specifies a reliable multicast UDP-based transport protocol, NORM also has the ability to provide loss tolerant UDP unicast reliable transport that is well-suited for lossy wireless environments where protocols like TCP may not perform well. In addition, we introduce the design and use of a unicast SOCKS proxy for the NORM protocol called the NACK-Oriented Proxy (NORP) and validate the results of NORP performance against other NORM unicast experimental results. The availability of NORP will reduce the transition risk and improve the use of NORM unicast capabilities by not requiring end system application modifications. Our results examine a number of unicast congestion control variants of the NORM protocol, including an explicit congestion notification (ECN) mode, within an emulated lossy link modeled network environment. We include COTS hardware routing and radio-to-router interface (R2RI) within the test environment to examine and validate the use and performance of ECN-based packet marking and improved cross-layer flow control when available. The initial experiments demonstrate the significant advantage of using ECN-based assistance within error-prone wireless environments. We also show increased performance of an additional loss tolerant mode that does not require ECN infrastructure support. Coexistent transport fairness results show that NORM unicast modes are friendly to both inter-protocol flows (e.g., TCP flows coexisting) and to intra-protocol flows (e.g., Other NORM flows coexisting). We conclude by summarizing findings and discussing future work planned.
Functional Group Accessibility in Hydrogen-Bonded Polymer Blends. 4. Cross-Linking Effects

Infrared spectroscopy is a fine tool with which to experimentally explore the effect of chain connectivity and functional group accessibility in hydrogen-bonded polymer blends. Such factors directly affect the fraction of intermolecular hydrogen-bonded groups that are formed and effectively reduce the hydrogen-bonding contribution to the free energy of mixing vis-a-vis analogous low-molar-mass analogues. In this study we report the results obtained from blends of copolymers containing vinyl cinnamate (VCIN) with copolymers containing 4-vinylphenol. The VCIN segment undergoes facile photocross-linking upon exposure to UV radiation, permitting the effect of cross-linking on functional group accessibility and phase behavior to be studied.
SIGNIFICANCE OF IONIZED CALCIUM MEASUREMENTS IN CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN

Normal serum ionized calcium levels are crucial to many aspects of physiologic stability. Disturbances in ionized calcium are known to occur frequently in critically ill adults, and to be poorly predicted by measures of total serum calcium. This study was undertaken to determine the frequency and significance of abnormalities of ionized calcium in critically ill pediatric patients.
Rett Syndrome: Reaching for Clinical Trials

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a syndromic autism spectrum disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in MECP2. The methyl CpG binding protein 2 binds methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethycytosine at CpG sites in promoter regions of target genes, controlling their transcription by recruiting co-repressors and co-activators. Several preclinical studies in mouse models have identified rational molecular targets for drug therapies aimed at correcting the underlying neural dysfunction. These targeted therapies are increasingly translating into human clinical trials. In this review, we present an overview of RTT and describe the current state of preclinical studies in methyl CpG binding protein 2-based mouse models, as well as current clinical trials in individuals with RTT.
Roth's theorems over commutative rings

Abstract In 1952, W.E. Roth showed that matrix equations of the forms AX − YB = C and AX − XB = C over fields can be solved if and only if certain block matrices built from A, B , and C are equivalent or similar. We show here that these criteria remain valid over arbitrary commutative rings. To do this, we use standard commutative algebra methods to reduce to the case of Artinian rings, where a simple argument with
Free vehicle capture of abyssopelagic animals

Abstract Three species of abyssopelagic animals were caught at four stations in the central and eastern North Pacific using a free vehicle gill net, baited trap, and hook system. The cosmopolitan abyssobenthic macrourid, Coryphaenoides armatus, was caught at depths ranging from 50 to 685 m above the bottom (3800 to 5700 m) at three stations and represents the first capture of this species in midwater. An alepocephalid, Nomoctes alvifrons, was caught 730 m above the abyssal floor. Eurythenes gryllus, a scavenging lysianassid amphipod, was also taken up to 400 m off the bottom. Specimens of N. alvifrons and E. gryllus represent new size records. These results suggest limitations of previous methods of deep midwater sampling. All three species were previously caught primarily on the bottom. Their presence in midwater along with gut content analyses suggest an active exchange of food energy between abyssopelagic and abyssobenthic communities.
Aromatics from pyrones: esters of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid from methyl coumalate

The Diels–Alder reaction of methyl coumalate with alkenes bearing electron-withdrawing groups provides terephthalates or isophthalates in good yields, with the regioselectivity depending on the electron-withdrawing group. The reaction of methyl coumalate with the salt of acrylic acid gave only the monoester of isophthalic acid. Density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p)) computations of the energies of the competing transition states of the para-selective Diels–Alder reactions are in good agreement with experiment. The surprising regioselectivity of methyl coumalate with activated alkenes is attributed to a secondary orbital interaction between the pyrone oxygen and the dienophile LUMO, which switches the regiochemistry expected from simple frontier molecular orbital theory arguments.
Biblical Commentary as Reformation Commodity: The Role of the Paratext in Luther's Galatians

AbstractLuther's commentary on Galatians was a work which Luther prized, and which contemporary scholars consider one of the most important texts of the Reformation. My investigation, however, proceeds from the perspective of the history of the book, not theology. I am therefore less concerned with the text of this work and more interested in the para-text, which included 15 key elements, such as illustrations, prefaces, and dedications. Luther's Galatians was separately printed twenty-one times during his lifetime, in a variety of places, by a variety of printers, and over several decades. The book never appeared in one common "package," but rather in a variety of presentations, depending on which paratextual elements were used and how they were used. What significance did the different editions have? My research indicates that the earlier printings featured elements that were more "humanist" in tone, and that later printings were more "religious" in tone. Luther was not the only person producing the com...
Size Effect in Fracture of Ceramics and Its Use To Determine Fracture Energy and Effective Process Zone Length

The paper shows that a previously proposed size effect law can be used to identify nonlinear fracture properties solely from measured maximum loads of geometrically similar ce­ ramic fracture specimens of sufficiently different sizes. This law represents a first-order global approximation of the de­ viations from linear elastic fracture mechanics, independent of the type of the toughening mechanism in the fracture process zone. It provides a simple and unambiguous way to determine the size- and shape-independent values of the fracture energy, the effective length of the process zone, and the effective crack-tip opening displacement. It also yields the R curve, which is geometry (shape) dependent. The prox­ imity of response to linear elastic fracture mechanics is characterized by a brittleness number, which is shape in­ dependent. [Key words: mechanical properties, fracture, R curve, energy, modeling.]
Alliance in decline: A study in Anglo-Japanese relations, 1908-23,

Following his earlier account of The Anglo-Japanese Alliance from 1894 t0 1907, Dr Nish's book studies the renewal of the alliance in 1911 and the working relationship between the two countries until the alliance ended in 1923. First published in 1972, this title is part of the Bloomsbury Academic Collections series.
Vibrational thermocapillary instabilities

We study vibrational instabilities of the thermocapillary return flow driven by a constant temperature gradient along the free surface of an infinite layer that vibrates in its normal direction with acceleration of amplitude $g_1 $ and frequency $\omega _1 $ . The layer is unstable to hydrothermal waves in the absence of vibrations beyond a critical Marangoni number $M$ . Modulated gravitational instabilities with $M\,{=}\,0$ are also possible beyond a critical Rayleigh number $R$ based on $g_1 $ . We employ two-time-scale high-frequency asymptotics to derive the equations governing the mean field. The influence of vibrations on the hydrothermal waves is found to be characterized by a dimensionless parameter $G$ that is proportional to $R^2.$ The return flow at $G\,{=}\,0$ is also a mean field basic flow and we study its linear instability at different Prandtl numbers $P$ . The hydrothermal waves are stabilized with increasing $G$ and reverse their direction of propagation at particular values of $G$ that decrease with increasing $P$ . At finite frequencies, a time-periodic base state exists and we study its linear instability by calculating the Floquet exponents. The stability boundaries in the $(R,M)$ -plane are found to be composed of two intersecting branches emanating from the points of pure thermocapillary or buoyant instabilities. Three-dimensional modes are always preferred and the region of stability, while anchored at the point of hydrothermal waves corresponding to $R\,{=}\,0$ , is found to grow without bound along the $R$ -axis with increasing frequencies. Results from the two approaches are shown to be in asymptotic agreement at large frequencies.
Tuning Membrane Mechanics with Glycerol Adlayers

Lung surfactant (LS), a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that line the alveoli, stabilizes the tissue structure and reduces the interfacial tension to ease the work of breathing. During inhalation, LS spreads along the surface as a locally flat monolayer, but on exhalation, LS is highly compressed and collapses by moving out-of-plane to form folds into the alveolar lining fluid. This study investigates how glycerol affects the lipid membrane properties and mechanics for model LS monolayers using surface pressure-area isotherms, fluorescence microscopy, X-ray scattering, and neutron reflectivity [Biophys J, 2011, 101, 118]. The scattering experiments indicate that a stable glycerol-enriched layer exists at the lipid headgroup/solvent interface and enhances the ordering of the lipid tailgroups, especially at elevated temperatures. The folding events on glycerol-containing subphases are orders of magnitude greater than on pure water. The mechanical response of LS is part of a general surface phenomenon that can be described by a wrinkle-to-fold model for thin elastic membranes atop a soft substrate [Science, 2008, 320, 912] where the presence of the glycerol adlayer changes the membrane bending stiffness.
Multi-coefficient Gaussian-3 method for calculating potential energy surfaces

Abstract We propose a multi-coefficient modification (MCG3) of the Gaussian-3 (G3) electronic structure method that is suitable for calculating continuous potential energy surfaces. We tested it for atomization energies and found that it improves the accuracy by 8% as compared to G3 and reduces the cost of single-point energy calculations by 50%. The method should be useful for calculating bond energies, potential energy surfaces, and thermochemical data of molecules.
The lords of the genomes

At this year's annual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory genome meeting, entitled 'The Biology of Genomes', the focus was progress in the emerging field of high-throughput functional biology. All the major players in the genomics field were in attendance, and the cover of the abstract book depicted them as the lords of the (DNA) ring. Genomics is clearly moving from its initial 'structural' phase (sequencing) into a functional phase. Three broad research directions showed particular promise, and some of the significant progress is summarized here.
Considerations in the Long-Term Management of Survivors of Cardiac Arrest

The heterogeneity of resuscitated patients at risk of recurrent cardiac arrest serves to make their management difficult and complex. It is logical that therapy should be tailored to each patient and certainly to the mechanism whereby sudden cardiac death occurred. It is important, also, to recognize that not all resuscitated victims are at high risk for recurrence and that aggressive interventions are not necessarily mandatory. In the patient with cardiac arrest related to transient myocardial ischemia, a direct approach toward relieving ischemia seems appropriate. Antiarrhythmic agents may have a role in the treatment of some patients, but to this date the efficacy of such therapy is speculative, at best. The development and testing of agents that have "antifibrillatory" properties seems a logical approach at this time. Clearly, efforts to lessen the mortality of patients who have been resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are important, not only for the particular patients themselves, but also in an effort to develop rational, prophylactic interventions for the large numbers of patients with coronary heart disease who are at risk for the development of sudden cardiac death.
Selenoperoxidase-dependent glutathione cycle activity in peroxide-challenged leukemia cells

Abstract Murine leukemia L1210 cells rendered deficient in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) by Se deprivation (L · Se(−) cells) were found to be more sensitive to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) cytotoxicity than Se-replete controls (L · Se(+) cells). Human K562 cells, which express PHGPX, but not GPX, were also more sensitive to t-BuOOH in the Se-deficient (K · Se(−)) than Se-satisfied (K · Se(+)) condition. In examining the metabolic basis for selenoperoxidase-dependent resistance, we found that glucose-replete Se(−) cells reduce t-BuOOH to t-butanol far more slowly than Se(+) cells, the ratio of the first-order rate constants approximating that of the GPX activities (L1210 cells) or PHGPX activities (K562 cells). Monitoring peroxide-induced changes in GSH and GSSG gave consistent results; e.g., glucose-depleted L · Se(+) cells exhibited a first order loss of GSH that was substantially faster than that of glucose-depleted L · Se(−) cells. Under the conditions used, peroxide-induced conversion of GSH to GSSG could be stoichiometrically reversed by resupplying D -glucose, indicating that no significant lysis or GSSG efflux and/or interchange had taken place. The apparent first-order rate constant for GSH decay increased progressively for L1210 cells expressing a range of GPX activities from ∼ 5% to 100%, demonstrating that peroxide detoxification is strictly dependent on enzyme content. The initial rate of 14CO2 release from d -[1-14C]glucose supplied in the medium was much greater for L · Se(+) or K · Se(+) cells than for their respective Se(−) counterparts, consistent with greater hexose monophosphate shunt activity in the former. These results highlight the importance of selenoperoxidase action in the glutathione cycle as a means by which tumor cells cope with hydroperoxide stress.