cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Greenwood-Williamson Model of Small-Scale Friction

A Greenwood and Williamson based model for interfacial friction is presented that incorporates the presliding transition phenomenon that can significantly affect small devices. This work builds on previous similar models by developing: an analytical estimate of the transition length in terms of material and surface parameters, a general recursion formula for the case of slip in one direction with multiple reversals and constant normal loading, and a numerical method for the general three-dimensional loading case. In addition, the proposed model is developed within a plasticity-like framework and is shown to have qualitative similarities with published experimental observations. A number of model problems illustrate the response of the proposed model to various loading conditions.
Intrauterine radiation exposures and mental retardation.

Small head size and mental retardation have been known as effects of intrauterine exposure to ionizing radiation since the 1920s. In the 1950s, studies of Japanese atomic-bomb survivors revealed that at 4-17 wk of gestation, the greater the dose, the smaller the brain (and head size), and that beginning at 0.5 Gy (50 rad) in Hiroshima, mental retardation increased in frequency with increasing dose. No other excess of birth defects was observed. Otake and Schull (1984) pointed out that the period of susceptibility to mental retardation coincided with that for proliferation and migration of neuronal elements from near the cerebral ventricles to the cortex. Mental retardation could be the result of interference with this process. Their analysis indicated that exposures at 8-15 wk to 0.01-0.02 Gy (1-2 rad) doubled the frequency of severe mental retardation. This estimate was based on small numbers of mentally retarded atomic-bomb survivors. Although nuclear accidents have occurred recently, new cases will hopefully be too rare to provide further information about the risk of mental retardation. It may be possible, however, to learn about lesser impairment. New psychometric tests may be helpful in detecting subtle deficits in intelligence or neurodevelopmental function. One such test is PEERAMID,more » which is being used in schools to identify learning disabilities due, for example, to deficits in attention, short- or long-term memory, or in sequencing information. This and other tests could be applied in evaluating survivors of intrauterine exposure to various doses of ionizing radiation. The results could change our understanding of the safety of low-dose exposures.« less
Paradise Elementary School.

This paper is a fictionalized account of the development, within an elementary school, of four distinctive schools-within-schools. Questions and issues arising in developing such programs are discussed, the theme of each of these four is described, and advantages that staff find in the arrangement are presented.
Effect of ambient temperature and humidity on pulmonary artery temperature of exercising horses

Six healthy Thoroughbred mares were trained to run on a high-speed treadmill and were conditioned for approximately 5 weeks. Each horse performed 6 identical standardised exercise tests (SET) 5 to 7 days apart. Each SET was performed under different ambient laboratory conditions: low temperature/low humidity (LL) 20.2 degrees +/- 0.6 degree C, 53.6 +/- 4.1%; low temperature/high humidity (LH) 19.7 +/- 0.6 degrees C, 86.7 +/- 4.2%; medium temperature/low humidity (ML) 24.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C, 58.7 +/- 3.7%; medium temperature/high humidity (MH) 24.7 +/- 0.3 degrees C, 87.5 +/- 1.4%; high temperature/low humidity (HL) 31.1 +/- 0.6 degrees C, 41.6 +/- 3.5%; and high temperature/high humidity (HH) 30.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C, 84.4 +/- 3.6%. Horses completed the 46 min SET, became fatigued or exercise was terminated when a pulmonary artery temperature (PAT) of 41.5 degrees C was reached. During a 30 min recovery period, horses stood quietly on the treadmill. Only one trial was terminated due to fatigue; in all other trials horses completed the 46 min SET or the trial was terminated when PAT = 41.5 degrees C. The relationships among run time (min) or PAT (degree C), ambient temperature and % relative humidity were defined by multiple linear regression analysis. Run time (min) = 90.9 - (1.39 x ambient temperature degree C) - (0.236 x relative humidity %). Approximately 54% of the variation in run times was explained by variation in environmental conditions, indicating that ambient temperature and humidity contribute substantially to the rate of rise in PAT. Run times to a PAT of 41.5 degrees C were significantly shorter (P < 0.000001) in HH than in other groups during the SET. Approximately 63% of the variation in PAT at the end of exercise was due to ambient temperature and humidity. In general, the longer the exercise time, the better the correlation among PAT, ambient temperature and relative humidity. Rectal temperature increased significantly (P < 0.0001) during the recovery period only in horses in the HH group, indicating that heat dissipation during recovery may have been impaired by environmental conditions. This study demonstrates that hot humid conditions result in more rapid rate of rise in PAT for horses undertaking identical exercise tests.
Direct detection of an antimicrobial peptide of Pediococcus acidilactici in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

An SDS-PAGE technique is described that allows identification of the antimicrobial activity of a peptide secreted by a strain ofPediococcus acidilactici. This peptide has an antimicrobial property against several baeteria associated with food. This technique enables detection of the specific peptide (or protein) band(s) associated with the inhibitory effect which can then be eluted from the gel for further studies.
The expanding role of the nephrologist in the intensive care unit.

In decades past, the primary role of the nephrologist in the intensive care unit (ICU) was to provide renal replacement therapy and to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of complex acid-base disorders. As the burden of kidney disease increases in our aging population, clinical nephrologists find themselves practicing more and more critical care medicine. For many nephrologists, particularly those in private practice, they are the de facto intensivist if one of their patients is admitted to the ICU. In other venues, nephrologists are able to consult on …
Effect of 17 β-estradiol on early cleavage patterns in the embryo ofFucus distichus

17β-Ostradiol verandert die Lage der Spindelachse und verursacht eine abnormale Mitose in jungen Embryonen vonFucus distichus. In der Folge zeigen die wachsenden Embryonen Furchungsmuster, welche keine geordnete Abfolge der Teilungen mehr zeigen. Trotzdem konnen die Embryonen eine ortliche Polarisierung aufrecht erhalten und uberleben.
A thermokinetically driven metal-hydride actuator

The purpose of this study is to develop a novel thermokinetically-driven actuator technology based on the physics of metal hydrides (MH's). A metal hydride absorbs and desorbs hydrogen due to the imposed temperature swing(s). The MH can also work as an effective thermally-driven hydrogen compressor producing more than 5,000 psia net pressure swing. The MH actuation system can be built in a simple structure, exhibits high power, produces soft actuating, and is essentially noiseless. Moreover, it is much more powerful and compact than conventional pneumatic systems that require bulky auxiliary systems. It is our belief that the MH actuators are useful for many emerging industrial, biorobotic, and civil structural applications. In this paper, we report the recent preliminary experimental results for a laboratory-prototyped MH actuation system. In particular, the dynamic response characteristics, enhanced controllability, thermodynamic performances, and reliability of the metal hydride actuator were studied in order to estimate the actuation capability of the MH actuator. A unique design of the MH actuator was created. It encases a so-called "porous metal hydride (PMH)" in the reactor to effectively achieve desirable performance by improving overall thermal conductance.
90° excitation functions for elastic scattering of 28Si+16O and 28Si+12C

Abstract The gross structures in the excitation functions for elastic scattering of 28 Si+ 16 O and 28 Si+ 12 C, measured at 90°, where only even partial waves contribute, are found to be anti-correlated with those at 180°. Excitation functions at both angles, including the enhanced gross structure at 180°, can be reproduced by calculations using a potential which attracts odd partial waves more than even partial waves.
Jensen and intelligence

Jensen's Contributions to the study of intelligence are discussed. The paper considers his writing on the topic of racial differences in scores on tests of intelligence. The paper concludes with a discussion of his research on the correlates of the g vector.
Memory and attention in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Vietnam combat veterans assigned diagnoses of PTSD were compared on measures of attention/concentration, new learning, and memory with Army National Guard enlistees who reported no unusual traumatic events or stress-related symptoms. Results showed that PTSD veterans performed more poorly than the comparison sample on a measure of verbal learning, exhibiting less proficient cumulative acquisition across repeated exposures, greater sensitivity to proactive interference, and more perseverative errors. Veterans with PTSD diagnoses also evidenced impairments in word fluency and visual attention/tracking abilities. These preliminary findings suggest that diagnoses of chronic PTSD in combat veterans are associated with cognitive performance deficits, when comparisons are made with military troops judged to be free of stress-related psychopathology. Results are consistent with self-reported complaints of concentration and memory impairments among PTSD-diagnosed clinical samples, thus highlighting the need for continued investigation of the neuropsychologlcal sequelae of prolonged stress exposure.
Interactive technical illustration

A rendering is an abstraction that favors, preserves, or even emphasizes some qualities while sacrificing, suppressing, or omitting other characteristics that are not the focus of attention. Most computer graphics rendering activities have been concerned with photorealism, i.e., trying to emulate an image that looks like a highquality photograph. This laudable goal is useful and appropriate in many applications, but not in technical illustration where elucidation of structure and technical information is the preeminent motivation. This calls for a different kind of abstraction in which technical communication is central, but art and appearance are still essential instruments toward this end. Work that has been done on computer generated technical illustrations has focused on static images, and has not included all of the techniques used to hand draw technical illustrations. A paradigm for the display of technical illustrations in a dynamic environment is presented. This display environment includes all of the benefits of computer generated technical illustrations, such as a clearer picture of shape, structure, and material composition than traditional computer graphics methods. It also includes the three-dimensional interactive strength of modern display systems. This is accomplished by using new algorithms for real time drawing of silhouette curves, algorithms which solve a number of the problems inherent in previous methods. We incorporate current non-photorealistic lighting methods, and augment them with new shadowing algorithms based on accepted techniques used by artists and studies carried out in human perception. This paper, all of the images, and a mpeg video clip are available at http://www.cs.utah.edu/ bgooch/ITI/. CR Categories: I.3.0 [Computer Graphics]: General; I.3.6 [Computer Graphics]: Methodology and Techniques.
A panel of 20 highly variable microsatellite polymorphisms in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) selected for pedigree or population genetic analysis

This paper reports 20 new microsatellite loci that are highly polymorphic in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We screened known human microsatellite loci to identify markers that are polymorphic in rhesus macaques, and then selected specific loci that show substantial levels of heterozygosity and robust, reliable amplification. The 20 loci reported here were chosen to include one highly informative microsatellite from each rhesus monkey autosomal chromosome. Fourteen of the 20 polymorphisms are tetranucleotide repeats, and all can be analyzed using standard PCR and electrophoresis procedures. These new rhesus markers have an average of 15.5 alleles per locus and average heterozygosity of 0.83. This panel of DNA polymorphisms will be useful for a variety of different genetic analyses, including pedigree testing, paternity analysis, and population genetic studies. Many of these loci are also likely to be informative in other closely related Old World monkey species.
Nondestructive Estimation of Remaining Fatigue Life: Thermography Technique

A technique for the estimation of remaining fatigue life (RFL) of metallic specimens when subjected to cyclic load is presented. The procedure includes evaluation of thermal response of the metal and its correlation with the fatigue life. Results are presented for a series of fully reversed fatigue tests with Stainless Steel 304L at room temperature. It is demonstrated that the slope of temperature rise as a function of time is a good candidate for estimation of RFL. Once the temperature slope is measured, the remaining useful life of the specimen can be effectively estimated.
The effectiveness of imprecise probability forecasts

In this paper we investigate the feasibility of algorithmically deriving precise probability forecasts from imprecise forecasts. We provide an empirical evaluation of precise probabilities that have been derived from two types of imprecise probability forecasts: probability intervals and probability intervals with second-order probability distributions. The minimum cross-entropy (MCE) principle is applied to the former to derive precise (i.e. additive) probabilities; expectation (EX) is used to derive precise probabilities in the latter case. Probability intervals that were constructed without second-order probabilities tended to be narrower than and contained in those that were amplified by second-order probabilities. Evidence that this narrowness is due to motivational bias is presented. Analysis of forecasters' mean Probability Scores for the derived precise probabilities indicates that it is possible to derive precise forecasts whose external correspondence is as good as directly assessed precise probability forecasts. The forecasts of the EX method, however, are more like the directly assessed precise forecasts than those of the MCE method.
Some distinguishing features of Heinz Kohut's self psychology

At this time in the evolution of the various psychoanalytic theories, we can make only some general comments regarding the direction that psychoanalytic self psychology may take in the future. We can, with greater certainty, however, predict the enduring importance of two of its basic concepts: 1) the significance of empathy as a mode of observation will endure; and 2) the developmental and clinical conception of the selfobject will remain central to self psychology for the foreseeable future. Selfobject experiences have been recognized as crucial in all aspects of mental life: in development, in the clinical situation, and in everyday life throughout the lifespan.
Impedance spectroscopic characterization of gadolinium substituted cobalt ferrite ceramics

Gadolinium (Gd) substituted cobalt ferrites (CoFe2−xGdxO4, referred to CFGO) with variable Gd content (x = 0.0–0.4) have been synthesized by solid state ceramic method. The crystal structure and impedance properties of CFGO compounds have been evaluated. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that CFGO crystallize in the inverse spinel phase. The CFGO compounds exhibit lattice expansion due to substitution of larger Gd ions into the crystal lattice. Impedance spectroscopy analysis was performed under a wide range of frequency (f = 20 Hz–1 MHz) and temperature (T = 303–573 K). Electrical properties of Gd incorporated Co ferrite ceramics are enhanced compared to pure CoFe2O4 due to the lattice distortion. Impedance spectroscopic analysis illustrates the variation of bulk grain and grain-boundary contributions towards the electrical resistance and capacitance of CFGO materials with temperature. A two-layer heterogeneous model consisting of moderately conducting grain interior (ferrite-phase) regions separated by insulating grain boundaries (resistive-phase) accurately account for the observed temperature and frequency dependent electrical characteristic of CFGO ceramics.
Low Reynolds number flow control via active material actuators

An experimental testbed is described that is used to study the feasibility of control of a class of flows that have low Reynolds numbers. The experimental testbed is comprised of a thin airfoil with a backward facing step machined into the upper surface. A thin PZT composite flap is mounted at the edge of the backward facing step to enable modification of the flow. Output measurement sensors consist of MEMs-based shear stress sensors, and conventional pressure taps, located on the surface of the airfoil. This paper derives a control framework for the synthesis of control methodologies for the testbed. A reduced order control model is obtained by employing reduced basis approximations of the two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. Preliminary open loop experimental results are reported that illustrate the existence of convected large scale structures in the flow.
Combined Anatomic and Perfusion Imaging of the Heart

Recent technological advances provided clinicians with multiple options for diagnosing and prognosticating patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Myocardial perfusion imaging with single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography is a powerful tool for assessing physiologically significant coronary atherosclerosis, but is unable to detect subclinical atherosclerosis. Coronary computed tomographic angiography permits rapid noninvasive assessment of the coronaries and demonstrates an impressive negative predictive value in the clinical literature. Nevertheless, the positive predictive value of computed tomographic angiography for clinically significant CAD is suboptimal. The combination of both of these techniques provides an opportunity to the clinician to assess for subclinical atherosclerosis (with important implications for therapy in low-intermediate risk patients) and functionally significant lesions in patients with extensive CAD. However, the application of this technology has to be implemented on a case-by-case basis to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure and cost.
Use of signature whistles during separations and reunions by wild bottlenose dolphin mothers and infants

We examine the contexts and patterns of “signature” whistle production by wild bottlenose dolphin mother-infant pairs (Tursiops spp.) to gain insight into the functional significance of whistles. Results are based on focal observations and simultaneous recordings of underwater vocalizations. Whistles occur primarily when mother-infant pairs are separated, and the probability of whistles increases with distance of separation. The timing of whistles during separations varies, but whistles tend to be produced in repetitive series and are generally concentrated toward the later stages of the separation, i.e., during the process of reunion. Although we focused on infants, mothers do not appear to whistle during separations as frequently as infants. Infant whistles may function to facilitate reunions by conveying information to the mother concerning the infant's motivation to reunite and/or its location. Infant whistles could induce a cooperative response from the mother including approach, slowing to allow the infant to catch up or whistling. Highly individualized signature whistles may be particularly useful in a fission-fusion society in which individuals (mothers and infants as well as adults) join and leave temporary parties in a fluid manner, yet maintain consistent, long-term associations with particular individuals.
Conflicting analysis of a ‘Conflicting commons’: Comment

The criticism of Yandle's analysis is based on my interpretation of his marginal cost of monitoring. I have assumed that this represents the marginal cost of restricting freedom. This is consistent with Yandles initial discussion of the common access problem when his MC curve represented the marginal cost of restricting entry on to grazing land. But when Yandle shifts his discussion to diversity and the freedom that allows diversity, he does not construct any new figure with relabeled axes nor does he explicitly define the marginal cost curve. It is therefore possible that Yandle's interpretation of his marginal cost is different from mine. But it is hard to imagine what the alternative interpretation might be given Yandle's (1982: 323) comment that ‘As the monitor pushes the group away from diversity toward uniformity — transforming freedom into conditional liberties, he reaches the point where rents are maximized.’
Graphene nanomeshes: Onset of conduction band gaps

Huckel simulations of large finite graphene nanomeshes with lithographically induced holes show sizable band gaps in the conduction while the optical absorption has generally the same semi-metal character as pure graphene. There is a strong dependence of the band gap on the angle between the graphene axis and the periodic hole axis. Simple modification of on-site energies shows that substituents on the edges of the holes could also have a significant effect. These simulations show that graphene nanomeshes, which have been recently fabricated, are potentially useful tunable materials for electronic applications.
Chemical ‘snapshots’ of DNA: using the hydroxyl radical to study the structure of DNA and DNA-protein complexes

Abstract Details of DNA structure are revealed by a new chemical method that makes use of the hydroxyl radical (·OH) to cut the backbone of any DNA molecule of interest. This tiny molecule can also be used to make very high resolution ‘footprints' of protein-DNA complexes.
Racial and ethnic differences in the mental health problems and use of mental health care.

Objectives:We compared rates of mental health problems and use of mental health care across multiple racial and ethnic groups using secondary data from a large, nationally representative survey.Methods:We pooled cross-sectional data from the 2001–2003 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Our sam
An efficient inexpensive multisleeve liquid scintillation counting system

Abstract This paper reports a method that conserves greatly on the cost of counting radioactive samples for liquid scintillation counting. It accomplishes this by using several glass sleeves that are much more inexpensive than conventional counting and/or minivials, and because volumes of counting fluid are reduced the cost of the counting fluid is also markedly reduced. The usual vial system (A) uses 15 ml of counting fluid with 37% efficiency for tritum; the minivial uses .75 ml with 37% efficiency while 0.15 and 30 μl volumes gave approximately 21% efficiency. Another feature of this system is the capacity to reuse the outer sleeve(s) and dispose of the smaller counting vessel. This means that less counting fluid and glass will have to be disposed of in the environment.
Bypasses to plantar arteries and other tibial branches: an extended approach to limb salvage.

Abstract During the past 6 years, we have encountered 24 cases in which all major infrapopliteal arteries were occluded as determined by adequate preoperative angiography. Each patient initially had critical ischemia, 14 had a previous failed ipsilateral distal bypass, and seven had an unsuccessful lumbar sympathectomy. Instead of resorting to an amputation, we attempted to perform a bypass using patent branches of distal vessels. Of the 24 bypasses, 14 were to the lateral or medial plantar branches, three were to the deep plantar branch (plantar arch), three were to the lateral tarsal branch, and four were to unnamed branches of the proximal one third of the posterior tibial arteries (two) or anterior tibial arteries (two). All bypasses were performed with reversed saphenous vein with origins at or distal to the superficial femoral artery. Eight bypasses (four plantar and four unnamed branches) became thrombosed up to 30 months postoperatively, resulting in four below-knee amputations. Fifteen bypasses (all plantar branches) have been patent from 6 to 52 months (mean 26 ± 13 months). The remaining patient required a below-knee amputation at 2 months despite a patent graft. These results underscore the value of this extended approach to limb salvage in situations previously believed to be indications for major amputations. Although bypasses to unnamed branches of the proximal tibial arteries did not fare well, those to the plantar branches and lateral tarsal branch resulted in excellent graft patency and limb salvage. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:434-41.)
Computer simulations of actin polymerization can explain the barbed-pointed end asymmetry.

Computer simulations of actin polymerization were performed to investigate the role of electrostatic interactions in determining polymerization rates. Atomically detailed models of actin monomers and filaments were used in conjunction with a Brownian dynamics method. The simulations were able to reproduce the measured barbed end association rates over a range of ionic strengths and predicted a slower growing pointed end, in agreement with experiment. Similar simulations neglecting electrostatic interactions indicate that configurational and entropic factors may actually favor polymerization at the pointed end, but electrostatic interactions remove this trend. This result would indicate that polymerization at the pointed end is not only limited by diffusion, but faces electrostatic forces that oppose binding. The binding of the actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) and G-actin complex to the end of a filament was also simulated. In this case, electrostatic steering effects lead to an increase in the simulated association rate. Together, the results indicate that simulations provide a realistic description of both polymerization and the binding of more complex structures to actin filaments.
The influence of valence and decision difficulty on self-referential processing.

Self-referential processing is defined as the process by which a person becomes aware that specific contents are related to his or her own self. Cortical midline structures, such as dorsal and medial prefrontal cortex, and regions such as inferior frontal cortex, insula and temporal pole have been implicated in self-referential processing. However, the specific contribution of each of these areas is still largely unknown. More particularly, not many studies have examined the influence of valence and decision making difficulty on regions involved in self-referential processing. In this study, participants evaluated how well personality traits, differing in valence and decision difficulty, described themselves or president Obama. In line with predictions, ventral, rostral and dorsal parts of medial prefrontal cortex showed greater activity when participants judged traits about themselves relative to judging traits about President Obama. However, none of these regions showed significant modulation by trait valence. Increasing trait decision difficulty was associated with increased activity within dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and bilateral anterior insula. However, there was very minimal overlap (6/119 voxels, i.e. 5%) of the regions of dorsal medial prefrontal cortex implicated in self-referential processing and those implicated in trait decision difficulty. The results are interpreted within current accounts of self-referential processing.
Behavior-based robot navigation for extended domains

Behavior-based robotic systems have been successfully deployed for a wide range of planar ground-based tasks. This article describes how reactive (behavior-based) systems can be applied to new and more difficult target domains. ln particular, schema-based navigation is shown to be both feasible and useful in two new areas: three-dimensional navigation for use in aerospace and undersea applications, and "two and one-half"-dimensional surroundings for outdoor navigation in rough terrain. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the utility of this approach in both cases.
Determining the Gender of American Martens and Fishers at Track Plate Stations

Determining the gender of American martens (Martes americana) and fishers ( M. pennanti) from track plate stations would significantly augment the information currently gathered from this simple and inexpensive survey method. We used track-plate impressions collected from captured individual martens and fishers of known gender to develop methods to distinguish the gender from tracks. We collected marten tracks from two subspecies M. a. sierrae (tracks n = 54, individuals m = 12, f = 8) and M. a. humboldtensis (tracks n = 109, individuals m = 10, f = 9). We developed a model for martens which performed extremely well (91-100%) using only total track length. For fishers, we collected 64 tracks (from 7 males, 17 females) and developed a 3-variable model, using interdigital pad height, interdigital pad width, and total track length, which correctly classified 98.6% of the tracks. We evaluated track quality on 129 sheets of contact paper collected during summer (dry-season) and 137 sheets collected during fall (wet-season); 100% of dry season compared to 51% of wet season sheets had suitable quality tracks. Gender discrimination of Martes tracks can be used to investigate gender differences in distribution and habitat (associations), but the generality of these findings to other populations is undetermined.
Hyperhypersimple supersets in admissible recursion theory

Let ca be an admissible ordinal. An ca-recursively enumerable set H is hyperhypersimple (hh-simple) if its lattice of ca-r.e. supersets forms a Boolean algebra. In [3], Chong and Lerman characterized the class o(x) Of hh-simple xL-r.e. sets as precisely those xL-r.e. sets whose complements are unbounded and of order type less than tjL. Perhaps a nice example of such a set is {o1i is not tj for any n < co}. It follows that all hh-simple sets in ti are nonhyperregular and therefore of degree 0'. That (xL) is a natural class to study can be seen from the role played by its w)-counterpart in the study of decision problems and automorphisms of g*(c), the lattice of w)-r.e. sets modulo finite sets (Soare [13] gives an extensive literature on these topics). In ca-recursion theory the existence of hh-simple sets is not an all pervasive phenomenon, and there is as yet no complete characterization of the admissible ordinal ca for which Y(ca) is nonempty. While this situation is admittedly unsatisfactory, we feel that the lattice &*(a) of ca-r.e. sets modulo ca*-finite sets for which '(ca) # 0 deserves a careful study. Indeed armed with some understanding over the last few years of the general theory of admissible ordinals, it is tempting to focus one's attention on some specific ordinals whose characteristics admit a more detailed analysis of the fine structure of sets and degrees. From this point of view, XL and (xL) are natural objects of study since the former is a typical example of a non-22-projectible, 22-inadmissible ordinal, while the latter is important for the investigations of automorphisms over 8 (* L)) Question 6 of [3] asked for a characterization, for those ca where r(ca) : 0, of the ca-r.e. sets which have hh-simple supersets. In classical recursion theory, the works of Lachlan [4] and Shoenfield [9] together imply that the Turing degrees of r.e. sets which have no hh-simple supersets are precisely those which are not low2 (i.e. double jumps of the degrees are greater than 0"). We show in ?1 that 0' is the only xL-degree in which there exists an xL-r.e. set with no hh-simple superset. It is clear that one talks only of ca-r.e. sets which are not co-ca-finite, since otherwise the matter is simply trivial. Now as there is only one non-hyperregular xL-r.e. degree, we see that the situations for w) and ti are completely parallel. As a byproduct, we show in ?2 that (xL) forms a basis for the automorphisms of &*(;L).
Desired Division, Disavowed Division: An Analysis of the Labeling of the Bilingual Unit as Separatist in an Aotearoa/New Zealand School

In this article, I offer a new interpretation of non-Maori parents' claim that a Miiori/English bilingual school unit in Aotearoa/New Zealand is separatist. I show that while some use such a claim to defend monoculturalism and white hegemony, others use it to come to terms with Aotearoa/New Zealand's postcolonial nationhood, globalization, and a changing meaning of "ethnic harmony." I suggest collaborations to rearticulate the latter parents' concerns, thereby creating new alliances to support minority education. [bilingual education, language revitalization, biculturalism, nationhood, Aotearoa / New Zealand]
A 25-Gb/s Monolithic Optical Transmitter With Micro-Ring Modulator in 130-nm SoI CMOS

An Si photonic transmitter is integrated in a 130-nm silicon-on-insulator complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. A high-speed photonic ring modulator is designed for 25-Gb/s operation with an 8-dB extinction ratio. The ring is driven with a 2.4-Vpp swing using a low-power inverter driver. With a reference receiver, the 25-Gb/s link is measured with a bit error rate (BER) of 10-12. The total transmitter power consumption is 17 mW at 25 Gb/s for an energy efficiency of 680 fJ/b excluding laser and ring tuning power.
An evaluation of graphical context when the graphics are outside of the task area

An ongoing research problem in Augmented Reality (AR) is to improve tracking and display technology in order to minimize registration errors. However, perfect registration is not always necessary for users to understand the intent of an augmentation. This paper describes the results of an experiment to evaluate the effects of graphical context in a Lego block placement task when the graphics are located outside of the task area. Four conditions were compared: fully registered AR; non-registered AR; a heads-up display (HUD) with the graphics always visible in the field of view; and a HUD with the graphics not always visible in the field of view. The results of this experiment indicated that registered AR outperforms both non-registered AR and graphics displayed on a HUD. The results also indicated that non-registered AR does not offer any significant performance advantages over a HUD, but is rated as less intrusive and can keep non-registered graphics from cluttering the task space.
Production of Substituted l-Tryptophans by Fermentation

Claviceps purpurea has been shown to produce extracellular l-tryptophan from indole in stirred fermentors. The substrate specificity of this conversion was investigated by using substituted indoles, anthranilic acid, and 4-chloro-anthranilic acid. Addition of 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-methyl indole or 6-chloroindole to C. purpurea C1M produced the corresponding substituted l-tryptophan. In contrast, addition of l-methyl, 6-trifluoromethyl, 6-nitro-, or 4-benzyloxy-substituted indoles, or anthranilic and 4-chloroanthranilic acids did not produce detectable amounts of the corresponding tryptophan.
Human myosin-IXb, an unconventional myosin with a chimerin-like rho/rac GTPase-activating protein domain in its tail

The full-length primary structure and expression profile of a novel unconventional myosin heavy chain, human myosin-IXb, is described. The primary structure of this myosin predicts a 229 kDa protein that together with its recently described rat homolog, myr 5, is the ninth class of myosins to be identified. In comparison to skeletal muscle myosin-II, the myosin-IXb ‘head’ has two unusual features: a novel N-terminal domain of 140 amino acids, which includes a 60 amino acid extension, and a large insertion of 126 amino acids in the putative actin-binding site. The ‘neck’ contains four tandemly repeated IQ motifs, suggesting that this myosin may have four associated light chains. The ‘tail’ contains a region similar to regions found in the chimerins, with a putative zinc and diacylglycerol binding domain, homologous to the regulatory domain of protein kinase C and a putative GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain of the rho/rac family of ras-like G-proteins. Northern blot analysis of 16 different human tissues revealed an approximately 8 kb transcript that is most highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, with somewhat lower levels of expression in thymus and spleen, suggesting that myosin-IXb is most abundant in cells of myeloid origin. Myosin-IXb was also expressed in a number of other tissues at significantly lower levels. Analysis of myosin-IXb protein expression, using a tail-domain directed antibody, was performed in HL-60 cells, a human leukocyte cell. Myosin-IXb expression increases by 4- to 5-fold upon induced differentiation of these cells into macrophage-like cells. The localization of myosin-IXb is also altered upon differentiation. In undifferentiated HL-60 cells, myosin-IXb colocalizes with F-actin in the cell periphery, while in differentiated cells its localization becomes more cytoplasmic, with the highest levels in the perinuclear region.
Constructing fun: self-determination and learning at an afterschool design lab

Abstract The authors interpret the interactions at an afterschool and summer learning lab for children in grades 2 through 8. Combining an examination of the activities in a videotaped 2-h segment of an afternoon class with reflective commentary by the lead author/teacher, the authors present student and teacher behavior within its particular social context. Through an analysis of student, teacher, and artifact interactions, the authors find that self-determination is essential to the construction of fun and learning in the afterschool program.
Ground rule slack aware tolerance-driven optical proximity correction for local metal interconnects

The current method of communicating process capabilities to the designer is in the form of ground rules. However, due to constraints on the complexity and number of rules, there may exist shapes that are design-rule clean but difficult to manufacture. This problem is exacerbated in local routes drawn on 1x metal (M1) which allows highly bi-directional shapes at tight spacing. On the other hand, local M1 routes have low parasitic resistance and capacitance as compared to device impedances. Hence there exists an opportunity to perturb these shapes to improve their manufacturability without significant performance impact. We propose to guide this perturbation by the amount of leeway available between the designed values and the ground rules - which we refer to as ground rule slack. In this paper, we utilize ground rule slack to generate tolerance bands for layout features. We further develop a tolerance-driven optical proximity correction (TD-OPC) algorithm which utilizes such tolerance bands to find a lithographically optimal mask solution for manufacturing. Our experiments on sample layouts shows that the use of this methodology helps reduce lithographic hotspots by 59% in comparison to process window optical proximity correction.
Label erasure using an imbalanced NOLM and its application in a 40-gb/s label switching optical network

A novel scheme based on the nonlinear transmission function of an imbalanced nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) is used to realize label erasure. The scheme has been successfully applied in a 40 Gb/s label switching optical network with a transmission distance of 200 km.
The Cation-π Interaction

The chemistry community now recognizes the cation−π interaction as a major force for molecular recognition, joining the hydrophobic effect, the hydrogen bond, and the ion pair in determining macromolecular structure and drug–receptor interactions. This Account provides the author’s perspective on the intellectual origins and fundamental nature of the cation−π interaction.Early studies on cyclophanes established that water-soluble, cationic molecules would forego aqueous solvation to enter a hydrophobic cavity if that cavity was lined with π systems. Important gas phase studies established the fundamental nature of the cation−π interaction. The strength of the cation−π interaction (Li+ binds to benzene with 38 kcal/mol of binding energy; NH4+ with 19 kcal/mol) distinguishes it from the weaker polar−π interactions observed in the benzene dimer or water–benzene complexes. In addition to the substantial intrinsic strength of the cation−π interaction in gas phase studies, the cation−π interaction remains energ...
Cognitive enhancement through action video game training: great expectations require greater evidence

Action video game training may hold promise as a cognitive intervention with the potential to enhance daily functioning and remediate impairments, but this must be more thoroughly evaluated through evidence-based practices. We review current research on the effect of action video game training on visual attention and visuospatial processing, executive functions, and learning and memory. Focusing on studies that utilize strict experimental controls and synthesize behavioral and neurophysiological data, we examine whether there is sufficient evidence to support a causal relationship between action video game training and beneficial changes in cognition. Convergent lines of behavioral and neurophysiological evidence tentatively support the efficacy of training, but the magnitude and specificity of these effects remain obscure. Causal inference is thus far limited by a lack of standardized and well-controlled methodology. Considering future directions, we suggest stringent adherence to evidence-based practices and collaboration modeled after clinical trial networks. Finally, we recommend the exploration of more complex causal models, such as indirect causal relationships and interactions that may be masking true effects.
Quercetin Glucosides Are Completely Hydrolyzed in Ileostomy Patients before Absorption

Flavonoids, dietary components in vegetables, fruits and beverages, may protect against coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer. However, the bioavailability of these compounds is questionable. A previous study in ileostomy patients of the most abundant flavonoid, quercetin, suggested a 52% absorption of its major dietary forms, monoglucoside (QMG) and diglucoside (QDG), from an onion meal. However, this was based on indirect measurements after acid hydrolysis. Because human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers showed minimal absorption of the glucosides, we repeated the study in ileostomy patients, using molecularly specific analytical methodology for the intact glucosides and quercetin. The onion meal had high concentrations of both QMG and QDG with only trace amounts of quercetin. The intake of QMG and QDG in four patients ranged from 10.9 to 51.6 mg. No QMG or QDG was detected in the ileostomy fluid. In contrast, the amounts of the aglycone quercetin were substantial, 2.9-11.3 mg. This corresponded to 19.5-35.2% of total quercetin glucosides ingested, implying absorption of 64.5-80.7%. These findings suggest a different interpretation than that from the previous study, i.e., that both QMG and QDG are efficiently hydrolyzed in the small intestine by beta-glucosidases to quercetin, most of which is then absorbed.
Raman Spectrometry with Fiber-Optic Sampling

Raman spectrometry has historically been limited to the study of pure, nonfluorescent samples. During the period 1966-1986, several workers demonstrated that the use of deep-red or near-infrared (NIR) lasers would allow the observation of Raman spectra without exciting fluorescence. The ability to obtain Raman spectra in the deep red or NIR could not be generally realized in reasonable measurement times, primarily because of the insensitivity of the available detectors (photomultiplier tubes or diode arrays). In addition, the krypton or solid-state ion-pumped lasers required for these measurements were very expensive.
Evolutionary biology looks at behavior genetics

One leading edge of intellectual exploration that Tom Bouchard significantly contributed to lies at the interface of behavior genetics and evolutionary biology. Behavior geneticists have amply demonstrated that most important psychological individual differences owe part of their variance to genetic variants. An interesting issue from an evolutionary perspective concerns why meaningful genetic variation persists. Evolutionary biology offers a number of possible answers. I examine arguments and currently available data that speak to their application to variation in personality. Some likely answers (e.g., stabilizing selection is opposed by generation of new mutations) were conjectured by Bouchard and Loehlin (2001) in a classic review. Additional new possibilities (e.g., the importance of copy number variants) deserve close scrutiny.
Lipid rafts, caveolae, caveolin-1, and entry by Chlamydiae into host cells

Obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of the genus Chlamydia are reported to enter host cells by both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent processes. C. trachomatis serovar K recently was shown to enter cells via caveolae-like lipid raft domains. We asked here how widespread raft-mediated entry might be among the Chlamydia. We show that C. pneumoniae, an important cause of respiratory infections in humans that additionally is associated with cardiovascular disease, and C. psittaci, an important pathogen in domestic mammals and birds that also infects humans, each enter host cells via cholesterol-rich lipid raft microdomains. Further, we show that C. trachomatis serovars E and F also use these domains to enter host cells. The involvement of these membrane domains in the entry of these organisms was indicated by the sensitivity of their entry to the raft-disrupting agents Nystatin and filipin, and by their intracellular association with caveolin-1, a 22-kDa protein associated with the formation of caveolae in rafts. In contrast, caveolin-marked lipid raft domains do not mediate entry of C. trachomatis serovars A, 36B, and C, nor of LGV serovar L2 and MoPn. Finally, we show that entry of each of these chlamydial strains is independent of cellular expression of caveolin-1. Thus, entry via the Nystatin and filipin-sensitive pathway is dependent on lipid rafts containing cholesterol, rather than invaginated caveolae per se.
TPX divertor design: neutral atom behavior and optimization for pumping

The particle throughput of TPX must be greater than 85 Torr-l/s to ensure the capability of steady-state operation. This throughput must be maintained by active pumping and clever design of the divertor components. In this paper seven geometrical variations of the divertor structures are modeled using the B2 edge-plasma fluid code and DEGAS Monte-Carlo neutral transport code. Results show that eliminating the gap between the inner divertor plate and the baffle, and reducing the gap between the outer divertor plate and the baffle by two-thirds will improve the particle throughput over the reference design by a factor of four. The resulting throughput from this new geometry is 91.8/spl plusmn/10.9 Torr-l/s.