cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A direct route to isoflavan quinones. The synthesis of colutequinones A and B

The first syntheses of colutequinone A and colutequinone B were achieved. Radical generation via phenyliodoso diacetate was superior to radical generation via ammonium persulfate.
MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY FOR EXCHANGE-SPRING MAGNETS : APPLICATION TO FE/SM-CO

We investigate the properties of the dynamic permeability for a layered structure composed of a ferromagnet with low anisotropy coupled to a ferromagnet with high anisotropy. The permeability of a structure with a small number of layers (200) can be directly calculated numerically with few approximations in the long-wavelength limit. For larger structures we obtain analytic forms for the permeability which are appropriate in the weak-coupling limit. Our results give the resonance frequency as a function of the thickness of the two materials, the interface and bulk exchange fields, and the anisotropy in each material. We find that significant shifts in the resonance frequency, on the order of 40 GHz, can be obtained with only a small reduction in the strength of the resonance. This can be important for high-frequency signal-processing devices, and we calculate the properties of a filter based on a Fe/Sm-Co material.
Acid rock drainage formation and treatment: a review

The exploitation of coal and metallic mineral resources worldwide invariably results in the production of large quantities of overburden, gangue, and tailings materials containing significant amounts of sulfide minerals. These sulfide minerals, which include sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, and other complex sulfides, are often disseminated in pyrite, which is the most abundant sulfide mineral in the earth's crust. Once exposed to water and oxygen through mining and mineral processing operations, these sulfides become immediately susceptible to chemical and biochemical oxidation with the consequent production of highly acidic, metal-laden leachates, which are generally referred to as acid rock drainage (ARD) or acid mine drainage (AMD). This ARD production, which can be sustained for hundreds of years, has become the single biggest environmental problem facing the mining and mineral industry. Untreated acid rock drainage leads to serious contamination of large areas of land, as well as surface and ground water resources. The seriousness of the problem has led to major research efforts to find solutions. However, effective ARD treatment and prevention solutions have eluded the scientific community over the past decades. This paper presents a detailed review of the current state of scientific knowledge with regard to the magnitude of the problem, the chemistry and mechanism of sulfide mineral oxidation and ARD formation, the role of microorganisms in ARD formation process, and the proposed approaches for the treatment, control, and prevention of ARD formation. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Segregation of cell lineage in the neural crest

Following neurulation, neural crest cells emerge from the neural tube and undergo extensive migrations. At the onset of migration, multipotent stem cells exist within the neural crest population. Eventually, these assume one of a number of possible fates, ranging from neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system to pigment cells and cells of the facial skeleton. Neural crest cells follow migratory pathways and differentiate into derivatives that often are characteristic of their axial level of origin. Based on their stereotyped patterns of migration, limited intermixing and distinct homeobox-gene codes, some populations of neural crest cells may have a rostrocaudal regional identity imprinted prior to their emigration.
Symmetry of the pairing state in the high-{Tc} oxides

There are conflicting experimental data related to the symmetry of the order parameter in cuprate superconductors. Our previously developed concept, which contains unusuals-wave pairing with a two-gap spectrum, energy gap anisotropy, and gaplessness for a nonstoichiometric state, provides a unified and consistent description of experimental data related to the symmetry.
Southern Africa report

One aspects of paediatric trauma medicine that really appealed to me when I entered this field just over 10 years ago, was the challenge of non-operative management of blunt injuries. Like most colleagues, I certainly have no deep aversion to the blood spattered, adrenaline rich milieu of emergency surgery, but when working in adult trauma units, I had found the endless routine of operating on victims of gunshots and knife attacks both predictable and depressing. At Red Cross Children's Hospital, my happy experience has been to deal mostly with blunt injuries, usually the result of falls or traffic collisions, and where clinical diagnostic …
Oxidatively induced one-electron reductive elimination of pentafluorophenyl from [Mo(C6F5)(CO)5]-

Abstract The anionic molybdenum(0) complex [Mo(C 6 F 5 )(CO) 5 ] − displays a one-electron oxidation by cyclic voltammetry that is only partially chemically reversible. The partial chemical reversibility is caused by a slow chemical reaction following oxidation. This reaction has been shown to be cleavage of the Mo–C 6 F 5 bond in a one-electron reductive elimination process. Chemical oxidation by ferrocenium in the presence of nucleophiles yields known Mo(CO) 5 L (L=Py, PPh 3 ) complexes, while oxidation with tropylium traps the C 6 F 5 radical as C 7 H 7 C 6 F 5 . NMR and mass spectrometry were used to identify the oxidation products. Simulated cyclic voltammograms have been used to estimate the rate constant for cleavage of the Mo–C 6 F 5 bond in the presence of pyridine as approximately 700 M −1 s −1 .
Rhinoplasty: Open Tip Suture Techniques: A 25-Year Experience

Based on a 25-year experience, the author considers open tip suture techniques to be the best method of achieving consistent and reproducible tip changes that can please patients with a wide variety of tip deformities. The described technique consists of selecting the ideal combination of the following six sutures: (1) columellar strut and suture, (2) domal creation, (3) interdomal, (4) domal equalization, (5) tip position, and (6) lateral crural convexity. If additional definition is required, then tip refinement grafts can be added to accommodate thicker skin or lateral crura abnormalities.
Anomalous choking conditions related to two-phase pressure drop computations

Abstract Unacceptable anomalous upstream choking conditions are shown to occur at low qualities when using the most commonly applied engineering model for computing two-phase (liquid-vapor) pressure drop. The direct relation between this condition and the mathematical prediction of a maximum value of the critical mass velocity in regions where quality approaches zero, is noted. Although computations for vapor-liquid sodium flows are emphasized, it is noted that similar difficulties will also exist with water flows. Upstream choking is shown to result from use of four different representations of the Lockheart-Martinelli vapor volume fraction correlation as well as from three other void correlations, two of which are specifically suggested for application to liquid metals.
The zebrafish genome in context: ohnologs gone missing

Some zebrafish genes appear to lack an ortholog in the human genome and researchers often call them "novel" genes. The origin of many so-called "novel" genes becomes apparent when considered in the context of genome duplication events that occurred during evolution of the phylum Chordata, including two rounds at about the origin of the subphylum Vertebrata (R1 and R2) and one round before the teleost radiation (R3). Ohnologs are paralogs stemming from such genome duplication events, and some zebrafish genes said to be "novel" are more appropriately interpreted as "ohnologs gone missing", cases in which ohnologs are preserved differentially in different evolutionary lineages. Here we consider ohnologs present in the zebrafish genome but absent from the human genome. Reasonable hypotheses are that lineage-specific loss of ohnologs can play a role in establishing lineage divergence and in the origin of developmental innovations. How does the evolution of ohnologs differ from the evolution of gene duplicates arising from other mechanisms, such as tandem duplication or retrotransposition? To what extent do different major vertebrate lineages or different teleost lineages differ in ohnolog content? What roles do differences in ohnolog content play in the origin of developmental mechanisms that differ among lineages? This review explores these questions.
Effect of free-stream turbulence on turbine blade heat transfer and pressure coefficients in low Reynolds number flows

Abstract The effect of free-stream turbulence on heat transfer and pressure coefficients of a turbine blade was investigated in low Reynolds number flows. Cascade inlet Reynolds number based on blade chord length was varied from 15,700 to 105,000 and turbulence intensity was varied from 0.68% to 15.31%. This study documents the effect of increasing Reynolds number and free-stream turbulence in suppressing separation, promoting boundary layer transition, and enhancing heat transfer on blade surfaces. This may be the first documentation of both the pressure coefficient and Nusselt number distributions on the surfaces of a turbine blade at such low Reynolds numbers. The experimental data are useful for calibrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and direct numerical simulation (DNS) codes for predicting turbine blade heat transfer and flow behaviors.
Sulphanilamide and Glucose Antidote

THE production of methaemoglobin in the blood by oxidation of haemoglobin by sulphanilamide has been discussed by Shaffer1, Locke and Mellon2 and Mayer3. Locke and Mellon attribute the oxidizing action to the p-nitroso benzene sulphonamide and not to the hydroxylamine derivative. They further state that the hydroxylamine derivative is not an oxidizing agent at the pH of the blood, and believe that the chemotherapeutic action is due to its power of inactivating catalase (Sevag and Maiweg4).
Averaging rules and adjustment processes in Bayesian inference

Two empirically well-supported research findings in the judgment literature are (1) that human judgments often appear to follow an averaging rule, and (2) that judgments in Bayesian inference tasks are usually conservative relative to optimal judgments. This paper argues that both averaging and conservatism in the Bayesian task occur because subjects produce their judgments by using an adjustment strategy that is qualitatively equivalent to averaging. Two experiments are presented that show qualitative errors in the direction of revisions in the Bayesian task that are well accounted for by the simple adjustment strategy. Also noted is the tendency for subjects in one experiment to evaluate sample evidence according to representativeness rather than according to relative likelihood. The final discussion describes task variables that predispose subjects toward averaging processes.
Lipid-alginate interactions render changes in phospholipid bilayer permeability

Lipid vesicles, e.g. liposomes, generally release their contents in a continuous manner. However, when these vesicles are entrapped in Ca-alginate and coated with poly(L-lysine), they release their contents in an unusual fashion, in 'bursts'. Molecular-level studies indicated that lipid-alginate interactions are responsible for changes in the barrier properties of lipid vesicles. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that exposure of liposomes to alginate resulted in a 4-fold reduction in the phase transition enthalpy, with no change in the melting temperature. Size-exclusion chromatography of liposomes-in-alginate gave an additional liposomal peak with a smaller elution volume. These studies suggested that alginate is inserted into the lipid bilayer of vesicles. Lipid-alginate interactions were highly dependent on phospholipid head group charge and the phase transition temperature of the phospholipid. Based on these interactions, a mechanism to explain the 'burst' from these entrapped liposomes is suggested.
Invariance of the reachable set under nonlinear perturbations

For the abstract controlled Volterra equation \[( * )\qquad x(t) = \bar x(t) + \int_0^t {{\boldsymbol{\psi}} (t,s)[\phi (s,x(s)) + {\bf B}(s)v(s)]ds} \] on $[0,T]$, we consider the reachable set $\mathcal{K}_\phi : = \{ {x(T):( * ){\text{ for some }}v \in \mathfrak{B}} \}$. Viewing $\phi ( \cdot , \cdot )$ as a nonlinear perturbation of an otherwise linear control problem, conditions are obtained under which $\mathcal{K}_\phi = \mathcal{K}_0 $ for a suitable class $\mathfrak{F}$ of such nonlinear perturbations $\phi $ whenever the linear problem is known to have a reachable set invariant under affine perturbations: $\phi ( \cdot , \cdot ) = g \in \mathfrak{Z}$. The results generalize those obtained by Naito [7] for control of the heat equation.
LDPC error correction in the context of quantum key distribution

Secret keys can be established through the use of a Quantum channel monitored through classical channel which can be thought of as being error free. The quantum channel is subject to massive erasures and discards of erroneously measured bit values and as a result the error correction mechanism to be used must be accordingly modified. This paper addresses the impact of error correction (known as Reconciliation) on the secrecy of the retained bits and issues concerning the efficient software implementation of the Low Density Parity Check algorithm in the Quantum Key Distribution environment. The performance of three algorithmic variants are measured through implementations and the collected sample data suggest that the implementation details are particularly important
Apomorphine facilities male sexual behavior of rhesus monkeys

Abstract In the present study, a novel sexual behavior paradigm was used to study the effects of the dopamine agonist, apomorphine, on male sexual behavior of rhesus monkeys. In Experiment 1, the effects of apomorphine treatment were assessed by observing the behavioral responses of male rhesus to a sexually receptive female monkey that they could see, hear, and smell, but could not physically contact. Apomorphine treatment produced a spectrum of behavioral effects that differed depending on the dose of drug administered. Low doses of apomorphine (25–100 μg/kg) stimulated yawning, moderate doses (50–200 μg/kg) facilitated male sexual responses associated with the genitals including penile erection and masturbation, and high doses (>200 μg/kg) elicited stereotypic behavior. Experiment 2 examined whether the behavioral responses of male monkeys to apomorphine treatment were influenced by the stimulus female. Apomorphine treatment facilitated penile erections in tests in which a stimulus female was present, but did not facilitate erections in tests in which she was absent. In sum, these experiments provide preliminary evidence that dopaminergic mechanisms may play a role in the regulation of male sexual behavior of rhesus monkeys.
Activity levels of cholesterol ester metabolizing enzymes in brain in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with cholesterol ester concentrations

Abstract We determined the concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol, and the activities of cholesterol esterifying and cholesterol ester hydrolysing enzymes, in brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis and from individuals with no known neurological disease. Our results showed an increase in cholesterol ester concentrations in multiple sclerotic brain accompanied by a significant reduction in the activity of the ester hydrolases. There was also a slight reduction in the activity of the esterifying enzyme. These results suggest that the elevated concentrations of cholesterol esters in multiple sclerotic brain are not due to increased synthesis but are rather due to a reduction in the ester hydrolase activity.
Formal engineering of residential buildings

The performance of residential buildings during hurricanes is as important as the performance of other buildings. Buildings where people live and where they are likely to be when a hurricane strikes must survive. If this premise is accepted, it follows that residential buildings should be afforded a degree of engineering attention that is commensurate with that given to industrial and commercial buildings. Building code authorities have not been blind to this need. In new procedures adopted for hurricane zones in the United States, common sizes and geometric shapes of timber and masonry residential buildings are formally engineered, and associated construction details are placed into prescriptive codes for use by homebuilders. In this way, these structures can be constructed according to engineering principles but without requiring the formal engineering of individual buildings. While improving the wind resistance of residential buildings to some degree, this change to the homebuilding process is not achieving the desired result. In many instances, homebuilders have retained engineers to certify their designs rather than work with new prescriptive codes whose details vary considerably from traditional construction. For several reasons, these engineers do not design the houses in a formal sense. A review of these new prescriptive codes and their implementation leads to the conclusion that houses which can perform adequately in hurricanes can best be achieved by following design procedures established for other important buildings. This includes the submission of sealed drawings that are backed by calculations, and audited through conventional plan-review processes.
Additional methods for reduction and expansion of marked graphs

This paper is concerned with transformations of marked graphs which preserve liveness and safeness. Three such transformations were previously given by Murata and Koh. We shall give three additional transformations each of which permits reductions and expansions not obtainable using other known transformations. In addition, we shall show how these transformations can be used in expanding and simplifying marked graphs taking into account the number of reachability classes and resource requirements.
The Rigid Die on a Half-Space with Thermal Relaxation and Convection: Influence of Sliding Speed, Die Temperature, and Geometry

A rigid die slides without friction on the surface of a coupled thermoelastic half-space at a constant sub-critical speed. A 3D dynamic steady state is treated, i.e., contact zone and its traction are invariant in the frame of the die. The die is maintained at a temperature that differs from the uniform ambient temperature prior to sliding, and die/half-space thermal convection occurs. The half-space exhibits thermal relaxation governed by the Lord–Shulman model. Three cases are treated: The die is a sphere in Case I and a cone in Case II. Case III involves a wedgelike die, formed by joining the bases of two cones. Asymptotic expressions in analytic form are derived for contact zone traction. Expressions and calculations for contact zone geometry are also given. These show that unstable behavior occurs when die ambient temperature exceeds that of the half-space by a critical value that itself may depend on die shape and speed.
Dichroic beam combiner to support hardware-in-the-loop testing of dual-mode common aperture seekers

The advent of missile seekers with dual-mode millimeter wave and infrared common-aperture sensors has led to a requirement to develop simulation tools necessary to test these systems. Traditionally, one of the most important techniques for supporting systems development has been a full seeker hardware-in-the-loop simulation. For the past three years, U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) has been developing the simulation technologies to test these types of system in a hardware-in-the-loop environment. The dichroic beam combiner is the key component of such a facility. This paper focuses on the various dichroic beam combiner technologies that have been considered and are currently under development at AMCOM. This paper will present both experimental and analytical data to describe the performance of each technology. The basis for this paper is work performed at the AMCOM Advanced Simulation Center (ASC). The ASC is managed and operated by the Systems Simulation and Development Directorate of the Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.
“Symptom-Specific or Holistic”: Menopausal Symptom Management

Our purpose in this study was to identify differences in menopausal symptom management among four major ethnic groups in the United States. This was a secondary analysis of the qualitative data from a larger Internet-based study. We analyzed data from 90 middle-aged women in the United States using thematic analysis. We extracted four themes during the data analysis process: (a) “seeking formal or informal advice,” (b) “medication as the first or final choice,” (c) “symptom-specific or holistic,” and (d) “avoiding or pursuing specific foods.” Health care providers need to develop menopausal symptom management programs while considering ethnic differences in menopausal symptom management.
Shear-induced melting of the 2-d electron crystal

We observe a drive dependent phase transition for the 2D electron crystal in a magnetic field. The critical field, Bcrit, depends upon pressing electric field, temperature, and drive amplitude. BCrit→0 as we approach the thermodynamic Wigner transition temperature. The data is analyzed with a simple shearing model from which we infer a yield strength for the electron crystal.
Water Budget Calculator Created for Residential Urban Landscapes in Albuquerque, New Mexico

AbstractThe current methods used to calculate urban landscape water budgets are limited because they lack site specificity. The objective of this study was to create a landscape water budget web interface based on ground-proofed information, such as plant coefficients (Ks), vegetation components, and reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Using Albuquerque, New Mexico as the base city, mixed landscape and monthly turf grass coefficients for each zip code in Albuquerque were developed. The spatial variability of zip code ETo and ETo weather anomalies was assessed because of their potential effect on water budgets. Evapotranspiration varied among zip codes, months, and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. To improve the water budget estimate, the interface accounts for spatial and temporal variability of the monthly, historical (monthly and yearly), and the ENSO phases ETo. Because nonturf landscape plant Kss were unavailable for Albuquerque, the authors developed a Region Match Analysis to transfer non...
Effect of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B on the Electroencephalogram of Monkeys

A highly purified preparation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B was administered intravenously, 1 mg/kg, to rhesus monkeys. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded from electrodes attached to the skin or implanted on the dura. The dose of toxin employed consistently produced a sequence of vascular collapse followed by death; in control studies, animals were bled periodically to produce a similar pattern of shock. Regardless of the time to death following administration of the enterotoxin, there were essentially no changes from base line EEG patterns until shortly before death. With the development of preterminal severe shock, there was a marked decrease in EEG wave frequency and an initial increase in amplitude. The latter diminished progressively to produce an isoelectric tracing immediately prior to death. This could be reversed for a brief period by epinephrine. An identical sequence of EEG changes was observed during the terminal period of hemorrhagic shock. It is postulated that cerebral anoxia, caused by inadequate blood flow, is the primary cause of the altered EEG patterns that accompany enterotoxin toxicity. In this respect, staphylococcal enterotoxin B produces changes apparently similar to bacterial endotoxin but distinctly different from the EEG effects reported after botulinum toxin, anthrax toxin, or rattlesnake and cobra venom.
Data assimilation and prognostic whole ice sheet modelling with the variationally derived, higher order, open source, and fully parallel ice sheet model VarGlaS

Abstract. We introduce a novel, higher order, finite element ice sheet model called VarGlaS (Variational Glacier Simulator), which is built on the finite element framework FEniCS. Contrary to standard procedure in ice sheet modelling, VarGlaS formulates ice sheet motion as the minimization of an energy functional, conferring advantages such as a consistent platform for making numerical approximations, a coherent relationship between motion and heat generation, and implicit boundary treatment. VarGlaS also solves the equations of enthalpy rather than temperature, avoiding the solution of a contact problem. Rather than include a lengthy model spin-up procedure, VarGlaS possesses an automated framework for model inversion. These capabilities are brought to bear on several benchmark problems in ice sheet modelling, as well as a 500 yr simulation of the Greenland ice sheet at high resolution. VarGlaS performs well in benchmarking experiments and, given a constant climate and a 100 yr relaxation period, predicts a mass evolution of the Greenland ice sheet that matches present-day observations of mass loss. VarGlaS predicts a thinning in the interior and thickening of the margins of the ice sheet.
Neuraminidase Expressed by Streptococcus pneumoniae Desialylates the Lipopolysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae: a Paradigm for Interbacterial Competition among Pathogens of the Human Respiratory Tract

Both Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae are capable of mimicking host structures by decorating their lipopolysaccharides with sialic acid. We show that a neuraminidase expressed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (NanA) is able to desialylate the cell surfaces of both these species, which reside in and possibly compete for the same host niche.
Neurometric evaluation of epileptic children who do well and poorly in school.

Abstract The neurometric examination is a way of obtaining quantitative electrophysiological data which can be analyzed statistically and compared with similar information from control groups. Statistically significant differences were found among 4 groups of children: group I — ‘epileptic achievers’, children with a history of seizures who are functioning at grade level, group II — ‘epileptic underachievers’, children with a history of seizures who are not functioning up to grade level, group III — ‘healthy achievers’, children without a history of seizures who are functioning at grade level, and group IV — ‘healthy underachievers’, children who do not have a history of seizures and who are not functioning at grade level. ‘Epileptic achievers’ and ‘epileptic underachievers' both showed sharp waves, severe and widespread. However, ‘epileptic underachievers’ displayed more ‘beta bursts’, excessive theta and beta activity in the resting EEG, and greater hyper-reactivity of evoked resposes to visual and auditory stimuli in the frontal and frontopolar regions. ‘Epileptic achievers’ and ‘healthy achievers’ both had little abnormality in the frequency spectrum. However, the ‘epileptic achievers’ showed more theta activity, more asymmetry and lower coherence. ‘Epileptic underachievers’ showed a lower incidence of EEG asymmetries than ‘healthy underachievers’ but more theta and beta activity. ‘Healthy underachievers’ showed more abnormal spectral bands, more areas with abnormal spectral bands, greater asymmetry, lower coherence, and a higher incidence of sharp waves than ‘healthy achievers’ When the ‘epileptic achievers’ and ‘underachievers’ were combined, they were found to have a significantly higher incidence of sharp waves, theta and beta excess, EEG asymmetry, low coherence, and hyper-reactive evoked responses than the ‘healthy achievers’.
Seasonal Comparison of Physiological Adaptation and Growth of Suminoe (Crassostrea ariakensis) and Eastern (Crassostrea virginica) Oysters

ABSTRACT Shell growth, survival, and physiology were compared between diploid Suminoe (Crassostrea ariakensis) and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) under conditions simulating a U.S. subtropical estuary. Two age groups (4 mo and 28 mo) of both oyster species were grown for 9 mo (December 2006 through August 2007) in quarantine mesocosms (700 L) supplied with ambient flowing (≥ 10 L/min) water (annual temperature range, 18.6–30.4°C; salinity, 28–37.7). There was no difference in overall rates of shell growth between the 2 oyster species over the 9-mo period. Specific growth rates for C. ariakensis did not differ over time, but they did for C. virginica. The growth rate of C. virginica was slowest in the winter (8.9 × 10-4 mm2/day) and fastest in the spring (43.5 × 10-4 mm2/day). Mortality of both species rose abruptly in April 2007, and all (100%) remaining C. ariakensis were dead by the end of the study. Although 28% of the remaining C. virginica died in April 2007, there was little further mortali...
Analyzing government regulations using structural and domain information

Government regulations, by extending laws with specific guidance for corporate and public actions, provide an important societal benefit. Ideally, they should be intelligible to ordinary citizens as well as rule makers, but the volume of regulations coupled with heavy referencing between provisions limit their accessibility. Apart from the difficulties in locating and understanding a particular regulation, users often must consult and reconcile multiple authoritative sources. For example, US companies frequently must comply with overlapping federal, state, and local regulations; in addition, some nonprofit organizations publish their own codes of practice. The problem is exacerbated in the European Union, where regulators must harmonize legislation across countries with different languages and traditions. To address the difficulties encountered in comparing regulatory documents with multiple authoritative sources, the Regnet project is developing a relatedness analysis system that exploits such document's unique computational properties.
Front versus rear side light-ion acceleration from high-intensity laser–solid interactions

The source of ions accelerated from high-intensity laser interactions with thin foil targets is investigated by coating a deuterated plastic layer either on the front, rear or both surfaces of thin foil targets. The originating surface of the deuterons is therefore known and this method is used to assess the relative source contributions and maximum energies using a Thomson parabola spectrometer to obtain high-resolution light-ion spectra. Under these experimental conditions, laser intensity of (0.5‐2.5) × 10 19 Wc m −2 , pulse duration of 400 fs and target thickness of 6‐13 µm, deuterons originating from the front surface can gain comparable maximum energies as those from the rear surface and spectra from either side can deviate from Maxwellian. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations model the acceleration and show that any presence of a proton rich contamination layer over the surface is detrimental to the deuteron acceleration from the rear surface, whereas it is likely to be less influential on the front side acceleration mechanism. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
An HTS-Compatible 3D Colony Formation Assay to Identify Tumor-Specific Chemotherapeutics

There has been increasing interest in the development of cellular behavior models that take advantage of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. To enable assessment of differential perturbagen impacts on cell growth in 2D and 3D, we have miniaturized and adapted for high-throughput screening (HTS) the soft agar colony formation assay, employing a laser-scanning cytometer to image and quantify multiple cell types simultaneously. The assay is HTS compatible, providing high-quality, image-based, replicable data for multiple, co-cultured cell types. As proof of concept, we subjected colorectal carcinoma colonies in 3D soft agar to a mini screen of 1528 natural product compounds. Hit compounds from the primary screen were rescreened in an HTS 3D co-culture matrix containing colon stromal cells and cancer cells. By combining tumor cells and normal, nontransformed colon epithelial cells in one primary screening assay, we were able to obtain differential IC50 data, thereby distinguishing tumor-specific compounds from general cytotoxic compounds. Moreover, we were able to identify compounds that antagonized tumor colony formation in 3D only, highlighting the importance of this assay in identifying agents that interfere with 3D tumor structural growth. This screening platform provides a fast, simple, and robust method for identification of tumor-specific agents in a biologically relevant microenvironment.
Effects of educational interventions for self management of asthma in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To determine the effectiveness of educational programmes for the self management of asthma in children and adolescents. Data sources Databases of the Cochrane Airways Group, PsychINFO, reference lists of review papers, and eligible studies. Review methods Eligible studies were published randomised controlled trials or controlled clinical trials of educational programmes for the self management of asthma in children and adolescents that reported lung function, morbidity, self perception of asthma control, or utilisation of healthcare services. Eligible studies were abstracted, assessed for methodological quality, and pooled with fixed effects and random effects models. Results 32 of 45 identified trials were eligible, totalling 3706 patients aged 2 to 18 years. Education in asthma was associated with improved lung function (standardised mean difference 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.25 to 0.75) and self efficacy (0.36, 0.15 to 0.57) and reduced absenteeism from school (-0.14, -0.23 to -0.04), number of days of restricted activity (-0.29, -0.33 to -0.09), and number of visits to an emergency department (-0.21, -0.33 to -0.09). When pooled by the fixed effects model but not by the random effects model, education was also associated with a reduced number of nights disturbed by asthma. The effect on morbidity was greatest among programmes with strategies based on peak flow, interventions targeted at the individual, and participants with severe asthma. Conclusions Educational programmes for the self management of asthma in children and adolescents improve lung function and feelings of self control, reduce absenteeism from school, number of days with restricted activity, number of visits to an emergency department, and possibly number of disturbed nights. Educational programmes should be considered a part of the routine care of young people with asthma.
Relationship between prostate specific antigen and indexes of prostate volume in Japanese men.

ABSTRACT Purpose: We determined the relationship between serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and indexes of prostate volume in Japanese men, and compared that relationship with the one in white men. Materials and Methods: Data on a clinical cohort of 535 Japanese men with at least moderate lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia were examined. PSA, and total and transition zone prostate volume were related to age and linear regression analyses were performed to analyze the relationship between PSA and volume indexes. Results: The group of 535 men with a median age of 68 years had a median serum PSA of 1.5 ng/ml, and a median total and transition zone volume of 26.8 and 8.8 ml, respectively. PSA, total prostate volume and transition zone volume increased almost linearly with age. On univariate regression with age with each successive decade total prostate volume increased by 10.65% (95% CI 5.4 to 16.2), transition zone volume increased by 20.84% (95% CI 11.84 to 30.56) and the transition zone index increased by 3.1% (95% CI 1.66 to 4.57). On multivariate analysis the PSA-total prostate volume relationship was statistically independent of age. The study suggests that Japanese men might produce or release more PSA per unit prostate volume than white men. Conclusions: Japanese men with LUTS and clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia but no evidence of prostate cancer might produce and/or release more PSA per unit prostate volume than white men. To our knowledge the cutoffs for PSA and prostate volume to predict the response to LUTS therapy and the development of complications in Japanese men are unknown. Future studies in Japanese men are needed to identify these cutoffs.
TRACKING STOCKS AND THE ACQUISITION OF REAL OPTIONS

Despite their wellpublicized conflict of-interest problems, tracking stocks can be a superior alternative to equity carveouts in a particular, though increasingly common, set of circumstances—namely, when companies launch highrisk, capitalintensive startups that are expected to have valuable future synergies with their main operating divisions. Like equity carveouts, tracking stocks reduce the well-known conglomerate discount by exposing the startups directly to capital market discipline and incentives. But, in contrast to carveouts, tracking stocks leave strategic and operating control in the hands of single board of directors and management team. This feature of tracking stocks is likely to add significant value by reducing the eventual cost of integrating the startup operation into the firm's core operations. The author supports this view by comparing the different approaches taken by two telecommunications companies, BCE and Sprint, in financing (and later integrating) their wireless communications services.
'Hybrid modeling': advanced scientific investigations linking computer models and real-world sensing (an interactive poster)

'Hybrid modeling' is an innovative technological platform that enables students to link multi-agent models ("in" the computer) and electronic sensors ("outside") in real time. The platform is designed for learners to validate, refine, and debug their computer models using real-world data. Also, the technology broadens the types of scientific explorations possible in classrooms. Pilot studies suggest a real-to-virtual reciprocity that catalyzes further inquiry toward deeper understanding.
Hip-Hopping across China: Intercultural Formulations of Local Identities.

The linguistic dimensions of globalized hip-hop cannot be understood simply as a byproduct of English as an American export. As hip-hop mobilizes, it is common (and arguably necessary) for global hip-hop communities to struggle through purposeful, semiotically rooted dialectics over what constitutes “authentic” and respectable forms of local hip-hop identity (Pennycook, 2007; Omoniyi, 2009). In many ways, hip-hop in China is in the midst of that very struggle. During the past decade, relaxed economic regulations (Fang, 2006) and cultural allure have attracted several foreigners to China, many of whom have taken an active role alongside local enthusiasts in formulating a sense of Chinese hip-hop identity. This study uses Agha's emblematic figures of identity (2007) as a framework for bringing forth the following research question: How are intercultural processes of identity formation between local and foreign artists mediated by language in the Chinese hip-hop community? Data were gathered through intervie...
The Sanity Project

Now you know this essay is at least an attempt at being honest about a bunch of stuff about the current world of “higher education” that most of us never imagined when we were excited about the prospects of spending our professional lives pursuing “the greatest that has been thought and said” through the study of literature or history or art or philosophy or language or drama or …. In the library or the study room at our prestigious Ph.D.-granting institution we basked in the confirmation of our ambitions infusing the very air of the tradition-heavy massive desks and ceiling murals and the energy-charged near silence of the room with heavy wooden chairs and thick carpets and tasteful lighting.
The Arizona Judicial Independence Project: Protecting and Promoting Fair and Unbiased Courts for the People of Arizona: Research and Assessment Report

The Judicial Independence Project – Protecting and Promoting Fair and Unbiased Courts for the People of Arizona Research and Assessment Report provides an opportunity to examine the decisions of Arizona’s merit selection judges as compared to the decisions of Arizona’s elected judges.
Using Framing Effects to Inform More Sustainable Infrastructure Design Decisions

AbstractDecision aids, ranging from rating systems to design software to regulatory standards, guide the design and evaluation of infrastructure projects. To present the information in these decision aids, there must first be some options such as, attributes are or are not presented, and, just as in other domains, these factors are likely to influence decisions in infrastructure development. The authors of this paper seek to better understand how choice structures influence engineering decisions. Prospect theory, which is well established in the behavioral sciences, asserts that people tend to think of possible outcomes relative to their starting point, not the resulting end point. For instance, framing a decision outcome as a loss in value (rather than a gain) can reduce the decision makers’ acceptance of risk and, in turn, lead to more conservative outcomes. To measure framing effects in engineering decisions, this paper uses the Envision rating system for sustainable infrastructure, which aims to help ...
Aerodynamic Investigations of a Ram-Air Parachute Canopy and an Airdrop System

Wind tunnel and airdrop tests were conducted to characterize the aerodynamic forces and flow fields of an MC-4/5 parachute. The wind tunnel tests were completed at the MIT Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel using a semi-rigid model consisting of fabric upper and lower surfaces attached to aluminum airfoil sections. The ram-air model had a 2-meter span, and an angle of attack sweep was completed at Re = 8.2 × 10 5 . Surface flow features were visualized using string tufts. Tufts were also used on the full-scale airdropped MC-4/5 to compare with wind tunnel results. Both sets of tests documented the lower surface flow separation predicted in numerical simulations, and the agreement in relative sizes of the recirculation region served to validate the wind tunnel model. The string tufts were also used to record slow flight and dynamic stall characteristics for the airdrop tests. Additional wind tunnel testing to analyze the observed decrease in time of L/D for models made of F111 fabric also establish a dependency between the canopy’s aerodynamic performance and fabric permeability properties.
The Importance of Interfaces in Excitonic Solar Cells: Towards Control from First-Principles

The efficiency of excitonic solar cells such as organic photovoltaics or dye-sensitized solar cells is determined to a large measure by processes that occur at the various different complex interfaces present in such materials. A brief overview will be followed by a discussion of fundamental studies on how structure and dynamics at such interfaces can be controlled.
Induced reactivation of herpes simplex virus in healed rabbit corneal lesions.

SummaryHerpes simplex virus was inoculated into corneas of 8 rabbits with the induction of herpetic keratitis which proceeded to healing. The animals were then sensitized to horse serum and an Arthus reaction was induced in the healed cornea. Herpes simplex virus was repeatedly recov–ered in rabbit kidney cell culture from swab–bings taken from these corneas. This phenomenon was observed 7 times in 19 at–tempts at induction. While there were several instances of spontaneous virus release, none occurred during the 14 day post–Arthus period in the unchallenged eyes of animals in which bilateral infection had been induced previously.
APPLICATION OF FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS IN MEASUREMENT OPTIMIZATION

In order to improve the efficiency of water flooding, various kinds of measures to carry on comprehensive adjustments and management is taken as water cut increasing. But how to evaluate those measures is very critical for choosing the optimal measure. If indexes chosen are different, 1the evaluated results are also different, which puts forward a difficult problem for the oil field worker's choice. Fuzzy comprehensive analysis theory in fuzzy mathematics is used and evaluation indexs of measures and develops fuzzy comprehensive arragement method of appraising measure effect is formed.This method is applied to evaluate the effect of those adjust measures used at Xi SanYao Cai 9th well block of Cai Nan oil field . The results show the method is accurate, simple and convenient, and has important reference value for further studying measures to dig up the potential productivity.
Meaningful Work as a Moderator of the Relation Between Work Stress and Meaning in Life

The present study examined the relations between work stress and both the presence of and search for meaning in life. Three components of meaningful work—positive meaning, meaning-making, and greater good motivations—were investigated as potential moderators. As hypothesized, work stress had a significant, negative relation with the presence of meaning in life, and a significant, positive relation with the search for meaning in life. Furthermore, the meaning making component of meaningful work moderated the relation between work stress and the presence of meaning in life. Specifically, meaning making served as a buffer where greater meaning making at work was associated with weaker relations between work stress and the presence of meaning in life. None of the three components of meaningful work moderated the relation between work stress and the search for meaning in life. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
β-arrestin–biased signaling through the β2-adrenergic receptor promotes cardiomyocyte contraction

β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) are critical regulators of acute cardiovascular physiology. In response to elevated catecholamine stimulation during development of congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic activation of Gs-dependent β1AR and Gi-dependent β2AR pathways leads to enhanced cardiomyocyte death, reduced β1AR expression, and decreased inotropic reserve. β-blockers act to block excessive catecholamine stimulation of βARs to decrease cellular apoptotic signaling and normalize β1AR expression and inotropy. Whereas these actions reduce cardiac remodeling and mortality outcomes, the effects are not sustained. Converse to G-protein-dependent signaling, β-arrestin-dependent signaling promotes cardiomyocyte survival. Given that β2AR expression is unaltered in CHF, a β-arrestin-biased agonist that operates through the β2AR represents a potentially useful therapeutic approach. Carvedilol, a currently prescribed nonselective β-blocker, has been classified as a β-arrestin-biased agonist that can inhibit basal signaling from βARs and also stimulate cell survival signaling pathways. To understand the relative contribution of β-arrestin bias to the efficacy of select β-blockers, a specific β-arrestin-biased pepducin for the β2AR, intracellular loop (ICL)1-9, was used to decouple β-arrestin-biased signaling from occupation of the orthosteric ligand-binding pocket. With similar efficacy to carvedilol, ICL1-9 was able to promote β2AR phosphorylation, β-arrestin recruitment, β2AR internalization, and β-arrestin-biased signaling. Interestingly, ICL1-9 was also able to induce β2AR- and β-arrestin-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent contractility in primary adult murine cardiomyocytes, whereas carvedilol had no efficacy. Thus, ICL1-9 is an effective tool to access a pharmacological profile stimulating cardioprotective signaling and inotropic effects through the β2AR and serves as a model for the next generation of cardiovascular drug development.