cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergetic optimization of efficiency and stray magnetic field for planar coils in inductive power transfer using matrix calculation

Efficiency and stray magnetic field are influenced simultaneously by design of planar coils in inductive power transfer. Their synergetic optimization is lacking in previous literature. Parametric sweep in finite-element simulation is one method for optimization but it's time-consuming because thousands of simulations are required. A faster method using matrix calculation is described in this paper. Efficiency and magnetic field are calculated with winding vectors, permeance matrices, and current-to-field matrices instead of being simulated. Physical parameters of coils such as inner radii, outer radii, and distribution of turns are represented with winding vectors. Parametric sweep in simulation is replaced by sweeping winding vectors in matrix calculation to derive Pareto fronts which are used to select optimized coils. Comparison between matrix calculation and experimental measurement for an exemplary set of coils shows maximum differences of 4% for inductances, 9% for equivalent series resistances, and 12.5% for stray magnetic field.
Left Ventricular Assist Device Malfunctions: It Is More Than Just the Pump.

Background:Reports of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) malfunction have focused on pump thrombosis. However, the device consists of the pump, driveline, and peripherals, all of which are poten...
Water for Grain: The Great Plains in a Time of Globalization

Water is an open-access resource, whose benefits can be enjoyed by many. This case on water use in America's breadbasket, the Great Plains, illustrates the “tragedy of the commons” in an international context. The case details water depletion in the Ogallala Aquifer, which lies beneath the Great Plains. At the same time, questions are raised about what constitutes optimal use of groundwater resources and what the role of U.S. agricultural and trade policy is or should be.This case is used in Darden's elective, “The Global Economics of Water.” It would also work well in courses covering environmental sustainability or international economics. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0114 Aug. 27, 2013 Water for Grain: The Great Plains in a time of Globalization The reaction of Pascal Lamy, the outgoing director general of the World Trade Organization (WTO), to the launch of bilateral negotiations between the United States and Europe in July 2013 was not very diplomatic. The former European Commissioner for Trade seemed undeterred by praise that the EU–U.S. negotiations were to reinject dynamism into the global trade liberalization process. For reference, the multilateral Doha Development Round that was launched over a decade earlier with the goal of liberalizing trade in agricultural commodities still had not reached an agreement. No doubt, Pascal Lamy worried that the growing number of regional trade agreements would undermine the WTO's position as the main platform for multilateral trade negotiations. As a high-ranking official, however, he made a more general point that revealed a clear sense of frustration on his part. “None of these bilateral, plurilateral, mini or mega [negotiations] will ever lead to an agreement to reduce trade-distorting agricultural subsidies,” he said. “We've heard a lot about this EU–US [negotiation towards a trade agreement]. But nobody ever said that these two elephants would put on their menu the reduction of their trade-distorting subsidies. And they still have quite a lot of them.” . . .
Some Aspects of Vitamin A Metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physiology and metabolism of vitamin A. In modern biology, vitamin A possesses a feminine-like charm. It is unique structurally, is essential nutritionally, is elegant in its photoreceptor role, and yet is tantalizingly mysterious in its other biological involvements. The demonstration that β -carotene is cleaved into two molecules of retinal by a cytoplasmic enzyme of the intestine and liver lays to rest the old and frustrating controversy concerning the mechanism and mode of provitamin A transformation. The rapid hydrolysis and reesterification of vitamin A ester has been demonstrated quantitatively in which the specificity of the esterification reaction for long-chain saturated fatty acid has been reaffirmed. Retinol is mainly transported as an ester in the chylomicra of the lymph, but a significant, minor portion is apparently oxidized and transported via the portal blood. The puzzling rapid disappearance of vitamin A acid after its injection into animals has been resolved by the demonstration that retinoyl β -glucuronide is rapidly formed and excreted in the bile. As retinyl β -glucuronide, the O -ether derivative of retinol, is formed after the administration of retinol, retinoic acid is not an obligatory intermediate in retinol metabolism.
Anomalous Composition-Induced Crossover in the Magnetic Properties of the Itinerant-Electron Antiferromagnet Ca 1 -x Sr x Co 2 -y As 2

The inference of Ying et al. [Europhys. Lett. 104, 67005 (2013)] of a composition-induced change from $c$-axis ordered-moment alignment in a collinear $\mathsf{A}$-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) structure at small $x$ to $ab$-plane alignment in an unknown AFM structure at larger $x$ in ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ with the body-centered tetragonal ${\mathrm{ThCr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ structure is confirmed. Our major finding is an anomalous magnetic behavior in the crossover region $0.2\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.3$ between these two phases. In this region the magnetic susceptibility vs temperature ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{ab}(T)$ measured with magnetic fields $\mathbf{H}$ applied in the $ab$ plane exhibit typical AFM behaviors with cusps at the N\'eel temperatures of $\ensuremath{\sim}\text{ }65\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$, whereas ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}(T)$ and the low-temperature isothermal magnetization ${M}_{c}(H)$ with $\mathbf{H}$ aligned along the $c$ axis exhibit extremely soft ferromagneticlike behaviors.
Blocking Analysis for Spin Locks in Real-Time Parallel Tasks

In recent years, there has been significant interest in developing real-time schedulers for parallel tasks. Most of that research has concentrated on idealized task models where tasks do not access any shared resources protected with locks. In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling parallel tasks which experience contention due to shared resources. In particular, we provide a schedulability test for federated scheduling by deriving blocking time analyses for parallel tasks that access shared resources protected by FIFO-ordered and priority-ordered spin locks. Our numerical evaluation on randomly generated task sets indicates that priority-ordered locks generally provide better schedulability results than FIFO-ordered locks. We also incorporated both FIFO-ordered and priority-ordered spin lock implementations into a federated scheduling platform, which is able to schedule parallel tasks written with OpenMP. Via empirical evaluations, we found that priority-ordered locks also have better performance than FIFO-ordered locks in practice.
Alternative strategies for vaccination to brucellosis.

Abstract Brucellosis remains burdensome for livestock and humans worldwide. Better vaccines for protection are needed to reduce disease incidence. Immunity to brucellosis and barriers to protection are discussed. The benefits and limitations of conventional and experimental brucellosis vaccines are outlined, and novel vaccination strategies needed to ultimately protect against brucellosis are introduced.
Role of Fault Attributions and Other Factors in Adults' Attitudes Toward Hypothetical Children With an Undesirable Characteristic.

A total of 184 adults read descriptions of six hypothetical children with various undesirable characteristics (i.e., being extremely overweight, extremely aggressive, extremely shy, a poor student,...
Faithfull Modeling of PTEN Loss Driven Diseases in the Mouse

A decade of work has indisputably defined PTEN as a pivotal player in human health and disease. Above all, PTEN has been identified as one of the most commonly lost or mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancers. For this reason, the generation of a multitude of mouse models has been an invaluable strategy to dissect the function and consequences-of-loss of this essential, evolutionary conserved lipid phosphatase in tumor initiation and progression.
Light Attenuation Model for Waters: Linear and Nonlinear Dependencies on Suspended Sediment

AbstractDiffuse optical sensors estimate attenuation of natural light (solar irradiance) by measuring its vertical distribution in the water column, and the sensors are useful for estimating both s...
Presentation and Management of Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome in a Child After a Burn Injury: A Case Report

This case report describes the clinical course of a child who developed staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) after a burn injury. The intent is to aid other units in recognizing the presentation of SSSS after a pediatric burn and to optimize subsequent management. The main clinical finding was of rapid, progressive, superficial epidermal loss at sites separate from the original burn, involving 55% of the total body surface area, 13 days after a 6% scald burn to the face, neck, and chest. Diagnosis was confirmed by multidisciplinary team clinical assessment and histopathology of an intraoperative skin biopsy. This confirmed epidermal cleavage at the granular cell layer. These findings were later supported by Staphylococcus aureus cultured from the burn wound, and a positive epidermolytic toxin A assay. Management was with general medical supportive care, clindamycin and flucloxacillin intravenous antibiotic therapy, and cleansing and dressing of the areas of epidermal loss. Key learning points from this case were that SSSS presented after a burn injury and that 13 days elapsed between the burn and SSSS. Factors differentiating it from toxic epidermal necrolysis are described, including the value of histopathology in confirming the diagnosis. The prompt use of antibiotics and attentive wound care are advocated as an effective management strategy.
Remembering personal circumstances: A functional analysis.

In the classic paper on “flashbulb” memories, Brown and Kulik (1977) identified an aspect of autobiographical memory that had received scant attention from cognitive psychologists – memory for one's own personal circumstances (such as location, ongoing activities, and feelings) when receiving an important and shocking piece of news (such as first learning that President Kennedy had been shot), as opposed to memory for the newsworthy event itself. A second contribution of Brown and Kulik's original papers, and Neisser's (1982b) subsequent commentary, was a focus on memory function. What is the psychological value or adaptive significance of remembering personal details at such times? In this chapter I examine memories of personal circumstances from a functional perspective. First, I argue that memories of personal circumstances are essential components of a fully functioning autobiographical memory system. Second, I critically examine the emphasis on memory accuracy in recent studies of flashbulb memories, and I conclude that the research agenda should be expanded to include memory functions that have heretofore fallen outside the realm of cognitive psychology. Third, I identify and describe three broad categories of memory function, none of which depends on absolute veridicality in recall: Communicative functions: The act of recounting a detailed personal memory to others communicates meaning that transcends the surface content of the particular recollection, and this specialized form of communication appears to be rule governed. Psychodynamic functions: Remembering personal circumstances in vivid detail can have a profound emotional and psychological impact on the rememberer, and on others with whom the memories are shared. Detailed recollection of specific episodes is frequently identified by clinicians as an essential component of psychotherapeutic process. […]
Factors Influencing Consumers’ Participation in Social Commerce

Social networking websites are enjoying widespread usage throughout the world. Its applications are playing a significant role in marketing by allowing users to share information about products and...
Low-dose naltrexone is effective and well-tolerated for modulating symptoms in patients with neuropathic corneal pain

Abstract Purpose Neuropathic corneal pain (NCP) is caused by damage or disease of the somatosensory nervous system that innervates the cornea and presents with symptoms of pain or persistent unpleasant sensations, such as burning, dryness, or light sensitivity. This retrospective study aims to assess the efficacy and tolerability of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) in refractory NCP patients. Methods Fifty-nine NCP patients with a centralized component treated with oral LDN 4.5 mg at bedtime for at least four weeks were identified. Thirty out of 59 patients who had a baseline pain score ≥4 on the visual analogue scale had completed the ocular pain assessment survey (OPAS) and presented persistent pain, despite instillation of topical anesthetic drops, were included. Changes in pain scores, comorbidities, side effects, among others, were analyzed. Change in ocular pain scores (scale 0–10) and quality of life (QoL) scores (scale 0–100%) were the main endpoints. Results Mean age (years ± SD) was 45.60 ± 19.30 with a white (80.00%) female (73.33%) predominance. Duration of LDN use was 14.87 ± 11.25 months, and the duration of NCP before treatment was 17.53 ± 17.29 months. Eight patients used LDN as a monotherapy, whereas the remaining used it as an adjunct therapy. LDN resulted in a 49.22% decrease in mean pain score from 6.13 ± 1.93 to 3.23 ± 2.60 (p Conclusion LDN was effective and well-tolerated for NCP treatment.
Constraints on quintessence and new physics from fundamental constants

Changes in the values of the fundamental constants μ, the proton to electron mass ratio, and α, the fine structure constant due to rolling scalar fields, have been discussed both in the context of cosmology and in new physics such as supersymmetry models. This Letter examines the changes in these fundamental constants in a particular example of such fields, freezing and thawing slow roll quintessence. Constraints are placed on the product of a cosmological quantity, w, the equation of state parameter, and the square of the coupling constants for μ and α with the field, ζx (x=μ, α), using the existing observational limits on the values of Δx/x. Various examples of slow-rolling quintessence models are used to further quantify the constraints. Some of the examples appear to be rejected by the existing data which strongly suggest that conformation to the values of the fundamental constants in the early universe is a standard test that should be applied to any cosmological model or suggested new physics.
Frequency Synchronization for Low Resolution Millimeter-Wave

Low resolution data converters can enable power efficient high bandwidth communication at millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies. Synchronization of such systems is a critical step in accurate decoding, yet current approaches require long block lengths or fail to reach the Cramer Rao Bound (CRB).´ Prior solutions have traditionally been divided into two distinct focuses: algorithms and designed sequences for synchronization. In this paper, we develop a jointly optimized neural architecture for frequency synchronization from configurable sequences and estimators. Our proposed technique uses two neural networks to generate sequences and determine the carrier frequency offset of the sequence after propagating through a channel and applying one-bit quantization. Our simulations show that we can improve estimation performance at low signal to noise ratio (SNR) by up to 8dB at little cost compared to the same estimator without the sequence generator. Our proposed system is fast, efficient, and easily updated, allowing it to handle time-varying systems. In conclusion, we believe further investigation in jointly optimized pilot sequences and estimators will be fundamental to handling signal processing techniques with low resolution data converters.
Trauma-Informed Care in Schools: Perspectives From School Resource Officers and School Security Professionals During Professional Development Training

School resource officers (SROs) and school security professionals (SSPs) have increased presence in schools, yet little is known about how they view the importance of their relationships with stude...
Transgenic Fish: Production, Testing, and Risk Assessment

Domestic fish production through transgenic techniques offers many potential economics advantages for commercial aquaculture production, including introduction of new or novel traits and increased response to selection for faster growth. The traditional method of producing transgenic fish is still microinjection, however, advancements have been made using pseudotyped retroviral vectors and electroporation. Some success has also been shown using particle bombardment, but other methods such as sperm-mediated gene transfer, liposome-mediated DNA uptake, MPG peptide vector-oligonucleotide complex-mediated transfer, and nuclear transfer have had limited success in aquaculture. Several factors influence success of integration and expression, these include: the initial amount of DNA used in the injection (or electroporation), form of the DNA used (linear versus supercoiled), site of integration, copy number, and orientation of multiple transgene copies and matrix attachment regions (MARS).The species of origin and insertion of the transgene has also been shown to be important. Most promoters used in aquaculture are either constitutive or inducible, and except for being able to turn on or off the expression with inducible promoters, the level of expression remains uncontrolled. Progress has been made toward tissue specific promotion. The escape or introduction of transgenic fish into natural communities is a major ecological concern. Risk assessment can be addressed using the Net Fitness Approach (NFA) whereby critical fitness parameters are estimated on transgenic fish relative to wild type and incorporated into a model to predict risk. The net fitness parameters include viability to sexual maturity, age at sexual maturity, mating success, fecundity, fertility, and longevity. In this way, it is possible for regulators to develop a set of unambiguous tests to assess risk. Although it is impossible to measure these parameters under a totally natural setting, one can conclude if these parameters show no risk under a relatively favorable laboratory setting, they are even less likely to be a risk in nature?s more rigorous conditions. On the other hand, if the model predicts risk, it is not possible to conclude that this will translate into a real risk in nature, but adequate protection measures should be taken to prevent a de novo test of the hypothesis.
"Get Excited People!": Gendered Acts of Literacy in a Social Sorority

Using the methodology of third-wave feminist linguistic analysis, this article studies how one undergraduate writer, “Polly,” brings about her gendered identity as a leader of a social sorority through writing emails to motivate members to attend events. I offer a six-item taxonomy of the rhetorical strategies Polly uses to articulate the shared values of the sorority; excite members about events; and craft a unique, interesting, and relatable peer persona for herself. I connect each of Polly’s rhetorical strategies to research on gendered communication to understand how she uses the strategies to navigate her audience’s expectations of her gender and her leadership. A quantitative, temporal analysis of Polly’s use of all six strategies over the course of a year suggests that sororities (and other student organizations that offer leadership roles to students) present time and space for participants to try out a range of intellectual tools for different leadership personas, which can transfer to future rhetorical situations. This opportunity for rhetorical experimentation allows students to play and experiment with their public selves and group affinities.
Structure and Rheology of Fibrin Networks

Fibrin, the structural component of a blood clot, is formed by polymerization of fibrinogen, a megamonomer (molecular weight 340 000) present in blood plasma at a concentration of about 0·25%. The enzyme thrombin splits off certain polypeptides from fibrinogen to expose association sites (A and B), and the resulting rod-like fibrin monomers assemble with strong non-covalent bonding in a staggered overlapping pattern to form long straight protofibrils. At high pH and ionic strength, the protofibrils associate laterally to some extent and a network is formed in which branching appears to occur by intermittent twisting of the protofibrils around each other. This gel-like ‘fine’ clot formed from pure fibrinogen is remarkably close to perfectly elastic, obeying Hooke’s Law in small shearing deformations and having very little viscoelastic loss over many decades of time scale. The mechanism for elasticity is not rubber-like and is tentatively ascribed to bending of the fibrils. At very long times, the clot undergoes creep and creep recovery with some irrecoverable deformation; the Boltzmann superposition principle is obeyed and there is no net structural damage, as evidenced by constant differential modulus measured with intermittent application of additional stress. At large strains, there is pronounced strain-hardening of the structure followed by some structural damage that appears to be largely reversible. Introduction of a certain tetrapeptide (glycine—proline—arginine—proline, GPRP), that competes with A association sites for binding, lowers the shear modulus and increases enormously the creep rate and irrecoverable deformation; the tetrapeptide apparently catalyzes interchange of intrafibril junctions so that the clot flows with a high but finite viscosity, again with no net structural damage. Under physiological conditions, another enzyme (fibrinoligase) introduces covalent bonds by a chemical reaction after the protofibrils have assembled. The resulting ligated clot experiences practically no irrecoverable deformation in creep nor susceptibility to GPRP.
Sequence variation and genomic organization of fatty acid desaturase-2 (fad2) and fatty acid desaturase-6 (fad6) cDNAs in maize.

Increased levels of oleic acid may enhance the nutritional and functional value of corn. Corn oil is primarily composed of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids. Delta-12 desaturase in plants converts oleic acid (18:1) to linoleic acid (18:2) by inserting a double bond at the delta-12 position. Fatty acid desaturase-2 (fad2) encodes delta-12 desaturase that functions in the endoplasmic reticulum while fatty acid desaturase-6 (fad6) encodes delta-12 desaturase that functions in plastids. Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones from putative maize homologs for fad2 and fad6 were identified and the entire clones DNA sequenced. The maize fad2 cDNAs showed an amino-acid identity of 67–77% to fad2 of Glycine, Arabidopsis and Brassica species. Our cDNA sequence comparisons suggested that more than one fad2 gene is transcribed in maize embryos. Two different fad2 cDNAs from an embryo cDNA library map to separate chromosomal positions, providing evidence consistent with two different isoforms of fad2 expressed in the embryo. The fad2 cDNAs from multiple tissue sources clustered into three groups on a phenogram, and map to different positions on chromosomes 4, 5 and 10, which suggests at least three different isoforms of fad2 may be expressed in the maize plant. The two maize fad6 cDNAs share 81% amino-acid identity with the Arabidopsis fad6 and map to chromosome 1. Northern analysis revealed that fad2 is transcribed in embryos at 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after pollination, with the highest level observed at day 14. None of the fad2 or fad6 clones mapped to maize chromosome bins associated with QTLs for the ratio of oleic/linoleic acid, notably bin 6.04 which contains the linoleic1 locus and the largest reported QTL for the oleic/linoleic ratio. This suggests, but does not prove, that some of the QTLs for the oleic/linoleic acid ratio do not involve allelic variants of fad2 or fad6 but rather involve other genes that may influence flux through the enzymes encoded by fad2 or fad6.
The primary structure of the mitochondrial energy-linked nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase deduced from the sequence of cDNA clones.

The amino acid sequence of the bovine mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, which catalyzes hydride ion transfer between NAD(H) and NADP(H) coupled to proton translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane, has been deduced from the corresponding cDNA. Two clones were isolated by screening a bovine lambda gt10 cDNA library, using two synthetic oligonucleotides and a cDNA restriction fragment as probes. The inserts together covered 3,105 base pairs of coding sequence, corresponding to 1.035 amino acid residues. However, the reading frame at the 5' end was still open. N-terminal sequence analysis of the isolated enzyme indicated the presence of 8 additional residues. Thus, the mature transhydrogenase appeared to have 1,043 amino acid residues and a calculated molecular weight of 109,212. The deduced amino acid sequence of the transhydrogenase contained the sequences of four tryptic peptides that had been isolated from the enzyme. Two of these were the peptides that had been used for construction of the oligonucleotide probes. The other two were tryptic peptides isolated after labeling the NAD-binding site of the transhydrogenase once with [3H]p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl-5'-adenosine (FSBA), and another time with [14C]N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The FSBA-labeled peptide was found to be located immediately upstream of the [14C]N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-labeled peptide, about 230 residues from the N terminus. One of the tryptic peptides used for oligonucleotide probe construction was the same as that labeled with [3H]FSBA when the NAD-binding site was protected from FSBA attack. This peptide, which might be at the NADP-binding site of the transhydrogenase, was located very near the C terminus of the enzyme. The central region of the transhydrogenase (residues 420-850) is highly hydrophobic and appears to comprise about 14 membrane-spanning segments. By comparison, the N- and the C-terminal regions of the enzyme, which contain the NAD- and the putative NADP-binding sites, respectively, are relatively hydrophilic and are probably located outside the mitochondrial inner membrane on the matrix side. There is considerable homology between the bovine enzyme and the Escherichia coli transhydrogenase (two subunits, alpha with Mr = 54,000 and beta with Mr = 48,700), whose amino acid sequence has been determined from the genes (Clarke, D.M., Loo, T.W., Gillam, S., and Bragg, P.D. (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 158, 647-653).
Combining SXT and CDS observations to investigate coronal abundances

Abstract It has been shown that elemental abundances vary up to a factor of about four from the photosphere to the corona and that this variation is based on the first ionization potential of each element (Fludra et al. , 1999) . Also, these abundances can vary greatly from feature to feature in the corona and can vary within a coronal structure such as a streamer or loop. Accurate knowledge of the elemental abundances is vital for characterizing solar corona plasma and observing how elemental abundances vary may provide insight into the underlying mechanisms causing the variation. There has not yet been a satisfactory theory as to the causes of these abundance variations that can be constrained by observations and none predict variations to occur within the corona (Fludra, et al. 1999) . There are currently three different empirical models describing the average coronal elemental abundance (Fludra & Schmelz 1999) and these are averages over whole sun and do not take into account variations between coronal features. In order to study the abundances of a coronal loop, observations by the Yohkoh soft x-ray telescope (SXT) and the SOHO coronal diagnostic spectrometer (CDS) were combined using a multi-thermal differential emission measure (DEM) technique. This method of combining SXT broadband data with spectral data has proven to be very beneficial in the characterization of corona plasma parameters (Schmelz et al. 2001) . A preliminary analysis of this loop suggests not only that the abundances values may differ from the Meyer (1985) values, which are used as the input for standard SXT flux calculations, but also that there may also be a variation of elemental abundances along the coronal loop structure.
La farsa de negar cambio climatico

La tinta con que se escribio el Protocolo de Montreal todavia no se habia secado cuando la ciencia que se ocupaba del ozono fue atacada** por corrupta y politicamente motivada, mas o menos de la misma manera que hoy es atacada la ciencia ambiental. En 1995, la congresista republicana Dana Rohrabacher organizo un encuentro sobre "integridad cientifica" con la intencion de desafiar a esa ciencia. Representantes de la industria privada y de laboratorios de ideas conservadores empezaron a manifestar que la ciencia que estaba detras del Protocolo de Montreal era incorrecta, que resolver el problema seria devastador para la economia y que los cientificos involucrados en eso estaba exagerando la amenaza para conseguir mas dinero para sus investigaciones. El hoy tan conocido reclamo de que "no existia un consenso cientifico" –que pocas semanas mas tarde mostro su completa falsedad con la concesion del premio Nobel a Rowland y Molina– en relacion con la disminucion del ozono fue incorporado en el Registro del Congreso.
Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for European Securities Litigation?

US courts have analyzed the question of whether Section 10(b) of the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act and SEC Rule 10b-5 can be applied to foreign litigants in securities fraud cases as a question of subject matter jurisdiction. The most frequently used approach is the Second Circuit’s so-called “conduct and effects” test which looks at whether conduct contributing to the violation took place in the United States or whether the conduct had an effect on US investors. Before Morrison v. National Australia Bank, US courts have avoided a bright line rule to determine which cases can be litigated in US courts and which cannot. In the past decade, US courts have faced a rise in foreign cubed cases. In 2008, foreign cubed cases exceeded any previous year and the trend is continuing. One reason for this development could be a lack of securities class actions in European jurisdictions. This void increases incentives for forum shopping by plaintiffs’ lawyers. US law allows plaintiffs to proceed on the basis of the “fraud on the market theory” rather than requiring plaintiffs to prove actual reliance on misleading statements. The paper evaluates the impact of overlapping regulation and legal uncertainty. Section 7216 of H.R. 5173 would explicitly provide for extraterritorial jurisdiction with respect to antifraud provisions in the federal securities laws if there is “conduct within the United States that constitutes significant steps in furtherance of the violation, even if the securities transaction occurs outside the United States and involves only foreign investors”. The paper evaluates the impact of Section 7216 on European financial intermediaries, European lawyers, European investors and diplomacy.
Power, Prudence, and Print: Censorship and Simin Danashvar

(1985). Power, prudence, and print: censorship and Simin Danashvar. Iranian Studies: Vol. 18, No. 2-4, pp. 325-347.
Utilization of spent hen meal in diets for broiler chickens

Studies were conducted to evaluate spent hen meal (SHM) produced in commercial rendering plants as a nutrient source in diets for broiler chickens. Utilizing previously determined nutrient composition values, including digestible amino acid and TMEn content, diets were formulated to include 0, 5, 10, and 15% of SHM from three different locations. In the first experiment, conducted in battery pens from 1 to 21 d posthatch, diets were formulated with digestible amino acid requirements set at 90, 95, or 100% of NRC (1994) total amino acid requirements. In the second experiment, conducted in floor pens from 1 to 49 d posthatch, diets were formulated with digestible amino acid requirements set at 95% of NRC (1994) total amino acid requirements. Samples of birds from the second experiment were processed to determine the possible influence of SHM inclusion on carcass yield. Results of the present studies indicate that SHM from commercial rendering facilities can be utilized in diets for growing broiler chickens provided adjustments are made in nutrient content and digestibility. When formulated on the basis of digestible amino acid content, levels of SHM up to 10% appear acceptable based upon body weight, feed conversion, bone ash, and carcass yield. Higher inclusion rates generally reduced performance. It is apparent that differences in nutritional quality may exist among products produced by different rendering facilities; however, evaluation of products to assess nutrient quality may be difficult under commercial conditions. As more information is generated regarding typical amino acid content and digestibility of rendered SHM, the product may be used with greater confidence in commercial diets.
The Actin-associated Protein Palladin Is Required for Development of Normal Contractile Properties of Smooth Muscle Cells Derived from Embryoid Bodies *

Palladin is a widely expressed actin-associated protein localized at stress fibers, focal adhesions, and other actin-based structures, playing a significant role in cell adhesion and cell motility. Knockout of Palladin in mice is embryonic lethal, demonstrating the importance of Palladin in development yet its role in the vasculature is not known. In the present study, smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers, such as myosin, actin, caldesmon, calponin, and LPP, were down-regulated in embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from embryonic stem cells lacking Palladin. Transgenic embryonic stem cell lines were generated that stably expressed a puromycin-resistance gene under the control of a SM α-actin (SMA) promoter. Negative selection was then used to purify SMCs from EBs. Purified SMCs expressing multiple SMC markers were designated APSCs (SMA-puromycin-selected cells). Palladin null APSCs express significantly less myosin, actin, calponin, and h-caldesmon. The filamentous (F) to globular (G) actin ratio, known to regulate myocardin family transcription factors, was also decreased. Palladin null APSCs showed increased cell adhesion and decreased cell motility. Importantly, Palladin null APSCs within collagen gels generated less maximum contractile force when stimulated with endothelin-1, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and thrombin. Myosin light chains (MLC20) were phosphorylated by lysophosphatidic acid to the same extent in Palladin null and wild type APSCs but myosin content/total protein was reduced by >50%, consistent with the observed decreases in contractility. All together, these results suggest that Palladin is essential for expression of the full complement of contractile proteins necessary for optimal force development of SMCs derived from EBs.
The Occurrence of Streptococcus Zymogenes in the Intestines of Animals

Summary Streptococcus zymogenes, the most common hemolytic streptococcus in the human intestine, was isolated from the feces of the horse and the cow. The fact that this organism appears to be a normal inhabitant of the bovine intestine is of interest in connection with its occasional occurrence in milk.
Learning to play it safe or not: Stable and evolving neural responses during adolescent risky decision-making

Adolescent decision-making is a topic of great public and scientific interest. However, much of the neuroimaging research in this area contrasts only one facet of decision-making e.g., neural responses to anticipation or receipt of monetary rewards. Few studies have directly examined the processes that occur immediately before making a decision between two options that have varied and unpredictable potential rewards and penalties. Understanding adolescent decision-making from this vantage point may prove critical to ameliorating risky behavior and improving developmental outcomes. In this study, participants aged 14-16 years engaged in a driving simulation game while undergoing fMRI. Results indicated activity in ventral striatum preceded risky decisions and activity in right inferior frontal gyrus rIFG preceded safe decisions. Furthermore, participants who reported higher sensation-seeking and sensitivity to reward and punishment demonstrated lower rIFG activity during safe decisions. Finally, over successive games, rIFG activity preceding risky decisions decreased, whereas thalamus and caudate activity increased during positive feedback taking a risk without crashing. These results indicate that regions traditionally associated with reward processing and inhibition not only drive risky decision-making in the moment but also contribute to learning about risk tradeoffs during adolescence.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF VISUAL PURPLE : I. THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION OF VISUAL PURPLE BY LIGHT.

1. Visual purple solutions are prepared under such conditions that the bleaching reaction is irreversible. 2. A method is described for the colorimetric estimation of very small quantities of visual purple. By this means the kinetics of the bleaching reaction are investigated. 3. The results show that the course of the decomposition follows that of a monomolecular reaction, without any measurable period of induction or after effect.
Altered snowfall and soil disturbance influence the early life stage transitions and recruitment of a native and invasive grass in a cold desert

Climate change effects on plants are expected to be primarily mediated through early life stage transitions. Snowfall variability, in particular, may have profound impacts on seedling recruitment, structuring plant populations and communities, especially in mid-latitude systems. These water-limited and frequently invaded environments experience tremendous variation in snowfall, and species in these systems must contend with harsh winter conditions and frequent disturbance. In this study, we examined the mechanisms driving the effects of snowpack depth and soil disturbance on the germination, emergence, and establishment of the native Pseudoroegnaria spicata and the invasive Bromus tectorum, two grass species that are widely distributed across the cold deserts of North America. The absence of snow in winter exposed seeds to an increased frequency and intensity of freeze–thaw cycles and greater fungal pathogen infection. A shallower snowpack promoted the formation of a frozen surface crust, reducing the emergence of both species (more so for P. spicata). Conversely, a deeper snowpack recharged the soil and improved seedling establishment of both species by creating higher and more stable levels of soil moisture availability following spring thaw. Across several snow treatments, experimental disturbance served to decrease the cumulative survival of both species. Furthermore, we observed that, regardless of snowpack treatment, most seed mortality (70–80 %) occurred between seed germination and seedling emergence (November–March), suggesting that other wintertime factors or just winter conditions in general limited survival. Our results suggest that snowpack variation and legacy effects of the snowpack influence emergence and establishment but might not facilitate invasion of cold deserts.
ALTERING RESPONSE CHAINS IN PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS USING A RESPONSE-COST PROCEDURE

Two pathological gamblers could choose between emitting or having the dealer emit the response options when playing each of three casino games. A response-cost procedure was introduced in a multiple baseline design across games in which the participant had to pay to perform the responses himself, which was somewhat effective at reducing many of the initial irrational choices made by each participant.
The lateral advection of particulate organic matter from the Po delta region during summer stratification, and its implications for the northern Adriatic

The impact of Po River-induced eutrophication on the eastern side of the northern Adriatic was studied during four consecutive summer stratified periods with different river discharge characteristics. The phytoplankton size class structure and composition along a trans-Adriatic trophic gradient was assessed (cell density, biovolume, chlorophyll a , species composition), together with associated environmental parameters. The relative contribution of microdetritus to the particulate organic matter was also assessed. Salinity was a better tracer of eutrophication than extant nutrient concentrations because of concurrent utilization and regeneration processes. While the biomass of all phytoplankton size classes increased under eutrophication, the biomass maxima were due to an increased relative contribution by microplankton suggesting that increased regional eutrophication will increase the relative importance of microplankton in the food web. The summer eastward advection of Po waters and particulate organic matter increased the relative proportion of larger sized particles in primary producer populations in the eastern northern Adriatic, and may be restructuring the size class structure of particle feeding secondary producers. The spatial (west to east) and temporal (interannual) gradients in microplankton biomass distribution could be used as an index of the regional Po River eutrophication impact on the northern Adriatic under summer stratified conditions.
An analytical solution for multi-core energy calculation with consideration of leakage and temperature dependency

Energy minimization is a critical issue and challenge when considering the cyclic dependency of leakage power and temperature as IC technology reaches deep sub-micron level. In this paper, we present an analytical method to calculate the energy consumption efficiently and effectively for a given voltage schedule on a multi-core platform, with the leakage/temperature dependency taken into consideration. Our experiments show that the proposed method can achieve a speedup of 15 times compared with the numerical method, with a relative error of no more than 1.5%.
From Micro- to Macro-Plasticity: The Scale Invariance Approach

An account of recent contributions to the theory of plasticity advanced by the author and his co-workers is provided with emphasis on deformation-induced anisotropy and texture formation. For the description of these effects, the so-called scale invariance approach is adopted which allows information and constitutive relations pertaining to single slip to be cast in the form of macroscopic constitutive equations. Various phenomenological plasticity models are derived this way with the extra dividend of deducing explicit expressions for the phenomenological coefficients. The method is particularly suited for large deformation anisotropic plasticity, as it reveals the inherent coupling between the evolution of back stress and the plastic spin. Extended models of macroscopic plastic behavior accounting for vertex and texture phenomena can also be obtained by slightly generalizing the kinematics and kinetics of the microscopic configuration to include rate, non-Schmid, secondary slip and grain orientation effects.
a model for training workshops and labs

This article describes a model for designing workshops and laboratories for training people in helping skills. The model functions to assist planners in creating learning experiences that maximize retention and transfer to counselors' own work as trainers. The three levels of the model focus on meeting participant needs for acquiring (a) personal awareness and a theory base, (b) individual communication skills, and (c) selected professional competencies. Best results are obtained when workshop leaders follow an integrative principle of design that requires each activity to meet participant needs associated with at least two of the three levels of the model.
Protein kinase NII. Interaction with RNA polymerase II and contribution to immunological cross-reactivity of RNA polymerases I and II.

Abstract The interaction between antibodies directed against RNA polymerase I purified from Morris hepatoma 3924A and homologous RNA polymerase II was investigated. The activity of partially purified polymerase II was inhibited by the antibodies. In contrast, the reaction catalyzed by the purified enzyme was not affected. Partially purified polymerase II preparations contained a protein kinase activity. Sucrose gradient centrifugation in the presence of 0.3 M KCl resulted in complete separation of RNA polymerase II from protein kinase as well as in complete loss of sensitivity to the anti-RNA polymerase I antibodies. The protein kinase possessed reaction characteristics similar to those of the NII protein kinase (Rose, K.M., Bell, L.E., Siefken, D.A. and Jacob, S.T. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 7468–7477) which is associated with hepatoma RNA polymerase I (Rose, K.M., Stetler, D.A. and Jacob, S.T. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 2833–2837). The activities of both kinases were inhibited to the same extent by anti-RNA polymerase I antibodies and polypeptides of M r 42000 and 25000, present in both kinase preparations, formed immune complexes with the antisera. Readdition of protein kinase NII to purified polymerase II resulted in phosphorylation of the polymerase and a concomitant enhancement of RNA synthesis. After addition of the kinase, RNA polymerase II activity was again sensitive to anti-RNA polymerase I antibodies. Upon reacting with protein kinase NII, RNA polymerase II polypeptides could be detected in immune complexes with anti-RNA polymerase I antibodies. These data indicate that protein kinase NII is associated with RNA polymerase II during early stages of purification and is at least partially responsible for the immunological cross-reactivity of RNA polymerases I and II.