cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating In-Situ and Ex-Situ Data Management Processes for Biodiversity Conservation

There is an increasing need for a “one plan approach” for conservation strategies that integrate in-situ and ex-situ management processes. Zoological institutions contribute directly to threatened species conservation through paradigms such as reintroduction, head-starting, supplementation, or rescue/rehabilitation/release. This in-situ/ex-situ integration necessitates collaboration at all levels of conservation action including planning, implementation, monitoring and finally assessment to drive adaptive management processes. Each component is dependent on the availability and accuracy of data for evidence to facilitate evaluation and adaptive management processes. The Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS), managed by Species360, is a centralized web-based information system used in zoological institutions worldwide to pool life history, behavior and health data and facilitate animal husbandry, health, and breeding management processes. Currently used for few integrated conservation programs, ZIMS is an innovative tool that offers a new opportunity to link data management processes for animals that spend a part of their lives under human care and part in their natural environment and great potential for use for managed wild populations.
4.417 – Tethered Antibiotics

Methods to treat infections associated with implanted medical devices have relied on aggressive perfusion of the infected area with antibiotics, whether from systemic treatment or from controlled release systems. These methods have limited success in the presence of implants because of the mechanisms by which infection establishes at and around the implant site. Specifically, while nonadherent bacteria are susceptible to immune surveillance and antibiotic treatment, bacteria rapidly adhere to implant surfaces, and, in the process, become insensitive to antibiotics and sequestered from immune clearance. To effectively prevent implant-associated infection, two key considerations must be met: the implant should prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation while not producing a locally immune-compromised environment, and this therapy should not foster antibiotic resistance in the microorganism. Review of the development of periprosthetic infection and current methods for treatment suggests that permanent modification of the implant surface with antibiotics may in certain conditions help prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation to diminish the role of the implant in maintaining continuing infection.
Using OSF to Share Data: A Step-by-Step Guide:

Sharing data, materials, and analysis scripts with reviewers and readers is valued in psychological science. To facilitate this sharing, files should be stored in a stable location, referenced with...
Joint-reconstruction-enabled data acquisition design for single-shot edge-illumination x-ray phase-contrast tomography

Edge illumination X-ray phase-contrast tomography (EIXPCT) is an emerging imaging technology capable of estimating the complex-valued refractive index distribution with laboratory-based X-ray sources. Conventional image reconstruction approaches for EIXPCT require multiple images to be acquired at each tomographic view angle. This contributes to prolonged data-acquisition times and potentially elevated radiation doses, which can hinder in-vivo applications. A new “single-shot” method has been proposed for joint reconstruction (JR) of the real and imaginary-valued components of the refractive index distribution from a tomographic data set that contains only a single image acquired at each view angle. The JR method does not place restrictions on the types of measurement data that it can be applied to and therefore enables the exploration of innovation single-shot data-acquisition designs. However, there remains an important need to identify data-acquisition designs that will permit accurate JR. In this study, innovative, JR-enabled, single-shot data-acquisition designs for EIXPCT are proposed and characterized quantitatively in simulation studies.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Glucose Metabolism and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: MESA.

Background Mechanistic studies suggest that aldosterone impairs glucose metabolism. We investigated the cross-sectional associations of aldosterone and plasma renin activity with fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance ( IR ), β-cell function, and longitudinal association with incident diabetes mellitus among adults in MESA (the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis) prospective cohort study. Methods and Results Homeostatic model assessment of IR ( HOMA 2- IR ) and HOMA 2-β were used to estimate IR and β-cell function, respectively. Incident diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL or anti-diabetic medication use at follow-up. Linear regression was used to examine cross-sectional associations of aldosterone with fasting plasma glucose, HOMA 2- IR and HOMA 2-β; Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios ( HR ) for incident diabetes mellitus with multivariable adjustment. There were 116 cases of incident diabetes mellitus over 10.5 years among 1570 adults (44% non-Hispanic white, 13% Chinese American, 19% Black, 24% Hispanic American, mean age 64±10 years, 51% female). A 100% increase in log-aldosterone was associated with a 2.6 mg/dL higher fasting plasma glucose, 15% higher HOMA 2- IR and 6% higher HOMA 2-β ( P<0.01). A 1- SD increase in log-aldosterone was associated with a 44% higher risk of incident diabetes mellitus ( P<0.01) with the greatest increase of 142% ( P<0.01) observed in Chinese Americans ( P for interaction=0.09 versus other ethnicities). Similar cross-sectional findings for log-plasma renin activity existed, but log-plasma renin activity was not associated with incident diabetes mellitus after full adjustment. Conclusions Aldosterone is associated with glucose homeostasis and diabetes mellitus risk with graded associations among Chinese Americans and blacks, suggesting that pleiotropic effects of aldosterone may represent a modifiable mechanism in diabetes mellitus pathogenesis with potential racial/ethnic variation.
Sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS analysis of digoxin in human plasma through optimization of in-source adduct formation.

Aim: To develop and validate an LC–MS/MS assay for the quantification of digoxin in human plasma. An LLOQ of 10 pg/ml using a 100 μl sample was required to support drug–drug interactions studies. R...
How do disposition effect and anchoring bias interact to impact momentum in stock returns

Abstract We show that when the disposition effect and anchoring bias of investors reinforce each other, the momentum profit is strengthened. When the two effects offset each other, the momentum profit decreases or disappears. Second, stocks dominated by small investors, with low analyst coverage, and illiquidity issues show greater momentum profits in presence of these mutually reinforcing biases. Third, stock return in momentum strategy show reversal in the long run when they are affected by both anchoring bias and disposition effect consistent with prior literature.
Do I really feel better? Effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies depends on the measure and social anxiety.

BACKGROUND Effective emotion regulation (ER) is important to long-term healthy functioning, but little is known about what constitutes effective ER in the moment or how social anxiety symptoms and different strategies influence short-term effectiveness outcomes. METHODS Intensive ecological momentary data from N = 124 college students illustrate how different ways of operationalizing ER effectiveness leads to different conclusions about the short-term effectiveness of different strategies in daily life. RESULTS When effectiveness is operationalized as the degree to which participants judged that their ER attempts made them feel better, social anxiety severity was negatively associated with effectiveness, and avoidance-oriented strategies were judged to be less effective than engagement-oriented strategies. In contrast, when effectiveness is operationalized as the degree of change in self-reported affect following ER attempts, social anxiety severity was not related to effectiveness, and avoidance-oriented strategies were more effective than engagement-oriented strategies. Social anxiety and ER strategy type did not interact in either model, regardless of how effectiveness was measured. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights discrepancies when examining two common but distinct ways of measuring the same overarching effectiveness construct, and raises intriguing questions about how forms of psychopathology that are intimately tied to emotion dysregulation, like social anxiety, moderate different ways of measuring the effectiveness of ER attempts.
Different β-cell secretory phenotype in non-obese compared to obese early type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin action (ie, insulin resistance) and impaired β-cell insulin secretion. Because obesity contributes importantly to the development of insulin resistance, we sought to determine whether insulin secretory defects would predominate in non-obese compared to obese T2D. METHODS We measured β-cell function and secretory capacity using the glucose-potentiated arginine test in T2D subjects early in the disease course classified as non-obese (BMI <30; n = 12) or obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ; n = 28) and additionally compared responses from non-obese T2D with a non-diabetic control group (n = 12). RESULTS The acute insulin response to glucose potentiation of arginine-induced insulin release was less in non-obese T2D than in controls and associated with impaired β-cell sensitivity to glucose (PG50 ). Proinsulin secretory ratios were increased in non-obese T2D when compared to obese T2D. Obese T2D subjects had reduced insulin sensitivity (M/I) while non-obese T2D subjects had insulin sensitivity that was comparable to controls. CONCLUSIONS In non-obese T2D, insulin secretory defects predominate with impaired β-cell sensitivity to glucose and proinsulin processing in the absence of insulin resistance. Future studies should consider whether different β-cell secretory phenotypes and tissue sensitivity to insulin explain the varying responsiveness to T2D interventions.
Cystatin C, cognition, and brain MRI findings in 90+-year-olds.

Abstract Chronic kidney disease is emerging as a novel risk factor for cerebrovascular disease, but this association remains largely unexplored in older adults. Cystatin C is a more accurate measure than creatinine of kidney function in the elderly. We evaluated cystatin C, cognitive function, and brain imaging in 193 participants from The 90+ Study neuroimaging component. The mean age was 93.9 years; 61% were women. Mean cystatin C was 1.62 mg/L with estimated glomerular filtration rate 39.2 mL/min/1.73 m2. Performance on measures of global cognition, executive function, and visual-spatial ability declined at higher tertiles of cystatin C (lower kidney function). Higher cystatin C was significantly associated with infratentorial microbleeds and lower gray matter volume. Adjusted risk of incident dementia was increased in the middle and high cystatin C tertile groups compared with the low group (hazard ratio in highest tertile 3.81 [95% confidence interval 1.14–12.7]), which appeared to be explained in part by the presence of cerebral microbleeds. Overall, cystatin C was associated with cognitive performance, brain imaging pathology, and decline to dementia in this oldest-old cohort.
Myeloablative fludarabine and busulfan regimen in myelofibrosis: Long term outcomes and analysis of prognostic factors.

e19520Background: Scoring systems, such as DIPSS-plus, prognosticate outcomes of myelofibrosis (MF) at diagnosis and at transplant. In this study, we evaluated the impact of individual components o...
Determining heating timescales in solar active region cores from AIA/SDO Fe XVIII images

We present a study of the frequency of transient brightenings in the core of solar active regions as observed in the Fe XVIII line component of AIA/SDO 94 A filter images. The Fe XVIII emission is isolated using an empirical correction to remove the contribution of 'warm' emission to this channel. Comparing with simultaneous observations from EIS/Hinode, we find that the variability observed in Fe XVIII is strongly correlated with the emission from lines formed at similar temperatures. We examine the evolution of loops in the cores of active regions at various stages of evolution. Using a newly developed event detection algorithm, we characterize the distribution of event frequency, duration, and magnitude in these active regions. These distributions are similar for regions of similar age and show a consistent pattern as the regions age. This suggests that these characteristics are important constraints for models of solar active regions. We find that the typical frequency of the intensity fluctuations is about 1400 s for any given line of sight, i.e., about two to three events per hour. Using the EBTEL 0D hydrodynamic model, however, we show that this only sets a lower limit on the heating frequency along that line ofmore » sight.« less
Identifying the Connectivity of Feasible Regions for Optimal Decentralized Control Problems

The optimal decentralized control (ODC) is an NPhard problem with many applications in real-world systems. There is a recent trend of using local search algorithms for solving optimal control problems. However, the effectiveness of these methods depends on the connectivity property of the feasible region of the underlying optimization problem. In this paper, we develop the notion of stable expandability and use it to obtain a novel criterion for certifying the connectivity of the feasible region for ODC problems with state feedback and an identity input matrix. This criterion can be checked via an efficient algorithm. Based on the developed mathematical technique, we prove that the feasible region is guaranteed to be connected in presence of only a small number of communication constraints. We also show that among the exponential number of possible communication networks (named patterns), a square root of them lead to connected feasible regions. A by-product of this result is that a high-complexity ODC problem may be approximated with a simpler one by replacing its pattern with a favorable pattern that makes the feasible region connected.
Spinal Cord Injury

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves extending from the spinal cord that often results in permanent changes in motor and/or sensory abilities and other body functions below the point of the injury. The physical impairments from SCI vary as a function of the level and completeness of the injury. Nearly every aspect of a person's life—physical health, work, personal relationships, and recreation—may be affected following SCI. Adjustment involves learning new adaptive behaviors and attitudinal change, so psychologists play a crucial role in assisting the rehabilitation process.
Connecting households: Ceremonial and domestic settlement patterns at the Preclassic site of Noh K’uh in Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract Recent survey, excavation, and LiDAR data provide a broad and extensive view of domestic contexts in the Late Preclassic (400 BCE–AD 250) site of Noh K’uh in Chiapas, Mexico. These data demonstrate that the settlement was laid out to promote communication and accessibility among the various domestic groups that constituted Noh K’uh. Households were large, well organized, and encompassed broad open-air spaces. Hilltops were modified to create large-scale gathering spaces, and subsidiary earthen works further increased access between large collectives of mounds. During a period marked by the increased centralization of political authority, Noh K’uh reveals the presence of multiple prominent households alongside an open-air monumental center. Modifications to the physical environment at Noh K’uh indicate that communication and social gatherings were a central component of daily life at all levels of society.
Racism and Mental Health: Historical Perspectives on the Limits of Good Intentions

During the 1970–1971 academic year, scholars, researchers, and activists gathered at Syracuse University to discuss the problems of racism and mental health against a backdrop of police brutality and political protest. Black and White experts discussed the problems of individual and structural racism, the effects of racism on the mental health of children, the tension between assimilation and integration, the need to reform the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health regarding race issues, and the complex issue of white supremacy. Many of the discussions from fifty years before remain highly relevant as the same problems remain. This paper examines the context and content of the Syracuse conference with some reflection on what changed—and what did not. While leaders within the mental health establishment expressed intentions to address racism, shifts in methods and priorities for mental health care left intact or exacerbated many of the issues addressed a half century ago.
Ecotoxicology of bromoacetic acid on estuarine phytoplankton

Bromoacetic acid is formed when effluent containing chlorine residuals react with humics in natural waters containing bromide. The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of bromoacetic acid on estuarine phytoplankton as a proxy for ecosystem productivity. Bioassays were used to measure the EC50 for growth in cultured species and natural marine communities. Growth inhibition was estimated by changes in chlorophyll a concentrations measured by fluorometry and HPLC. The EC50s for cultured Thalassiosira pseudonana were 194 mg L(-1), 240 mg L(-1) for Dunaliella tertiolecta and 209 mg L(-1) for Rhodomonas salina. Natural phytoplankton communities were more sensitive to contamination with an EC50 of 80 mg L(-1). Discriminant analysis suggested that bromoacetic acid additions cause an alteration of phytoplankton community structure with implications for higher trophic levels. A two-fold EC50 decrease in mixed natural phytoplankton populations affirms the importance of field confirmation for establishing water quality criteria.
Do Ultrasensitive Prostate Specific Antigen Measurements Have a Role in Predicting Long-Term Biochemical Recurrence-Free Survival in Men after Radical Prostatectomy?

Purpose: In this study we evaluate an ultrasensitive prostate specific antigen assay in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy to predict long-term biochemical recurrence-free survival.Materials and Methods: A total of 754 men who underwent radical prostatectomy and had an undetectable prostate specific antigen after surgery (less than 0.1 ng/ml) were studied. Prostate specific antigen was measured in banked serum specimens with an ultrasensitive assay (Hybritech® PSA, Beckman Coulter Access® 2) using a cutoff of 0.01 ng/ml. Prostate specific antigen was also measured in 44 men after cystoprostatectomy who had no pathological evidence of prostate cancer with the Hybritech assay and with the Quanterix AccuPSA™ assay.Results: Of the 754 men 17% (131) experienced biochemical recurrence (median 4.0 years). Those men without biochemical recurrence (83%, 623) had a minimum of 5 years of followup (median 11). Prostate specific antigen was less than 0.01 ng/ml in 93.4% of men with no biochemica...
The incompatible desiderata of gene cluster properties

There is widespread interest in comparative genomics in determining if historically and/or functionally related genes are spatially clustered in the genome, and whether the same sets of genes reappear in clusters in two or more genomes. We formalize and analyze the desirable properties of gene clusters and cluster definitions. Through detailed analysis of two commonly applied types of cluster, r-windows and max-gap, we investigate the extent to which a single definition can embody all of these properties simultaneously. We show that many of the most important properties are difficult to satisfy within the same definition. We also examine whether one commonly assumed property, which we call nestedness, is satisfied by the structures present in real genomic data.
Halomethyl—metal compounds : LXXIII. Grignard reagents derived from gem-dibromocyclopropanes. α-Bromocyclopropyltin compounds as precursors for α-bromocyclopropyllithium reagents by transmetalation

Abstract The reaction of isopropylmagnesium chloride in THF with gem -dibromocyclopropanes gave α-bromocyclopropylmagnesium chloride compounds. When the reaction is carried out at room temperature, these are unstable and carbene-derived products are obtained. At about −70° these reagents are stable and can be used in synthesis. Protolysis gives a mixture of syn and anti isomers when these are possible, but when these Grignard reagents are treated with trimethyltin chloride, only the isomer with the trimethylstannyl substituent in the anti position is obtained. Treatment of syn -7-bromo- anti -7-trimethylstannylnorcarane with n-butyllithium at −95° gave only syn -7-bromo- anti -7-lithionorcarane; stereospecific reactions of this reagent with CO 2 and hexachloroethane are described. In situ Grignard-Wurtz reactions were used to prepare 7,7-bis(trimethylsilyl)- and 7,7-bis(trimethylstannyl)norcarane.
Plasmids of Pseudomonas cepacia strains of diverse origins.

Thirty-seven strains of Pseudomonas cepacia from clinical, pharmaceutical-industrial, and environmental origins were analyzed for the presence of plasmid DNA by a modification of the rapid alkaline extraction method of Birnboim (H. C. Birnboim, Methods Enzymol. 100:243-255, 1983). Plasmids were present in 31 strains (84%) from all sources, with no one source showing less than 75% plasmid carriage among its strains. The plasmid profiles indicated that the presence of large plasmids (146 to 222 kb) was the norm. Those strains with greater antibiotic resistance were mainly in the clinical and pharmaceutical groups and carried large plasmids (222 kb) that appeared essentially identical by restriction digest analysis. The ability for conjugative transfer was shown with the broad-host-range plasmid R751 carrying the gene for resistance to trimethoprim, one of the few antimicrobial agents effective against P. cepacia. The plasmid was transferred from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to P. cepacia strains as well as from P. cepacia transconjugants to other P. cepacia strains. Images
Fire in California's ecosystems

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS FOREWORD James K. Agee PREFACE 1. Fire and California Vegetation Neil G. Sugihara and Michael G. Barbour PART I Introduction to Fire Ecology 2. California Climate and Fire Weather Richard A. Minnich 3. Fire as a Physical Process Jan W. van Wagtendonk 4. Fire as an Ecological Process Neil G. Sugihara, Jan W. van Wagtendonk, and JoAnn Fites-Kaufman 5. Fire and Physical Environment Interactions: Soil, Water, and Air Peter M. Wohlgemuth, Ken Hubbert, and Michael J. Arbaugh 6. Fire and Plant Interactions JoAnn Fites-Kaufman, Anne F. Bradley, and Amy G. Merrill 7. Fire and Animal Interactions Kevin E. Shaffer and William F. Laudenslayer, Jr. PART II The History and Ecology of Fire in California's Bioregions 8. North Coast Bioregion John D. Stuart and Scott L. Stephens 9. Klamath Mountains Bioregion Carl N. Skinner, Alan H. Taylor, and James K. Agee 10. Southern Cascades Bioregion Carl N. Skinner and Alan H. Taylor 11. Northeastern Plateaus Bioregion Gregg M. Riegel, Richard F. Miller, Carl N. Skinner, and Sydney E. Smith 12. Sierra Nevada Bioregion Jan W. van Wagtendonk and Joann Fites-Kaufman 13. Central Valley Bioregion Robin Wills 14. Central Coast Bioregion Frank W. Davis and Mark I. Borchert 15. South Coast Bioregion Jon E. Keeley 16. Southeastern Deserts Bioregion Matthew L. Brooks and Richard A. Minnich PART II I Fire Management Issues in California's Ecosystems 17. The Use of Fire by Native Americans in California M. Kat Anderson 18. Fire Management and Policy Since European Settlement Scott L. Stephens and Neil G. Sugihara CONTENTS 19. Fire and Fuel Management Sue Husari, H. Thomas Nichols, Neil G. Sugihara, and Scott L. Stephens 20. Fire, Watershed Resources, and Aquatic Ecosystems Andrea E. Thode, Jeffrey L. Kershner, Ken Roby, Lynn M. Decker, and Jan L. Beyers 21. Fire and Air Resources Suraj Ahuja 22. Fire and Invasive Plant Species Robert C. Klinger, Matthew L. Brooks, and John M. Randall 23. Fire and At-Risk Species Kevin E. Shaffer 24. The Future of Fire in California's Ecosystems Neil G. Sugihara, Jan W. van Wagtendonk, JoAnn Fites-Kaufman, Kevin E. Shaffer, and Andrea E. Thode APPENDIX 1: PLANT COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES APPENDIX 2: ANIMAL COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES APPENDIX 3: BIOREGIONS, ECOLOGICAL ZONES, AND PLANT ALLIANCES OF CALIFORNIA THAT OCCUR IN THIS TEXT GLOSSARY INDEX
Context-dependent Data Envelopment Analysis

Adding or deleting an inefficient DMU or a set of inefficient DMUs does not alter the efficiencies of the existing DMUs and the best-practice frontier. The inefficiency scores change only if the best-practice frontier is altered. i.e., the performance of DMUs depends only on the identified best-practice frontier. In contrast, researchers of the consumer choice theory point out that consumer choice is often influenced by the context. e.g., a circle appears large when surrounded by small circles and small when surrounded by larger ones. Similarly a product may appear attractive against a background of less attractive alternatives and unattractive when compared to more attractive alternatives (Simonson and Tversky, 1992).
Leukocytosis as a complication of prednisone therapy in rheumatic fever.

Three children under treatment with prednisone for acute rheumatic fever were found to develop leukocytosis, in the range of 16,000 to 20,000/mm3. In each case the leukocytosis began within a few days after the beginning of prednisone therapy, and ended within a few days after the termination of this therapy. Clinical observation and study failed to reveal any other infection which might have been the cause of the leukocytosis. It was concluded that the leukocytosis was an unexplained complication of prednisone therapy.
Some philosophical considerations in using mixed methods in library and information science research

Mixed methods research (MMR) has been described as the third research paradigm that combines qualitative and quantitative research methods. The mixing of research methods requires an epistemological framework that embraces the “reality” uncovered by different research methods. Three formal ontological categories are introduced for deconstructing the polarized view of reality in objectivism and relativism and for differentiating the nature and characteristics of objective, subjective, and normative validity claims as well as the conditions for justifying “objectivity” in social research. The characterization of “information” as objective, subjective, and normative-evaluative simultaneously demands the study of conditions of information-related phenomena that may call for mixed methods research in library and information science. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
American Social Work Student Attitudes Towards Foster Youth Empowerment

This study was conducted to provide child welfare researchers and social work educators with a better understanding of social work student attitudes towards foster youth empowerment, a practice whereby the adolescent and workers in the foster care system share power with one another. In order to identify correlates of support for foster youth empowerment, American students across all levels of the undergraduate and graduate programmes within one school of social work were surveyed. Results indicated that support for foster youth empowerment was stronger among students who received specialised training in child abuse and neglect. In conclusion, support for foster youth empowerment may be more strongly cultivated by population-specific material as opposed to the general social work curriculum. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ‘American students across all levels of the undergraduate and graduate programmes within one school of social work were surveyed’ Key Practitioner Messages A multiple regression model was constructed with the goal of identifying the variables that relate to social work student support for foster youth empowerment. In the multiple regression model, two variables, political party and training/education in child abuse and neglect, were significantly related to the dependent variable. Based on this study, the general social work curriculum does not appear to have as much impact on attitudes towards foster youth empowerment as population-specific material. ‘Two variables were significantly related to the dependent variable’
The reaction inactivation of citrate lyase from Aerobacter aerogenes.

Abstract Citrate lyase from Aerobacter aerogenes undergoes inactivation during the course of the reaction which it catalyzes. Both the initial rate of reaction and the extent of reaction until complete inactivation are dependent on the nature of the metal ion and the amount of enzyme used. The inactivation has been attributed by others to an inhibition by enolic oxalacetate. We have also observed inhibition of the enzyme on preliminary incubation with oxalacetate, but high concentrations of either enol or keto forms are required to obtain significant inhibition. Constant removal of oxalacetate formed during the reaction by conversion to malate with the malate dehydrogenase system does not change either the rate of inactivation or the extent of reaction compared to the reaction in which oxalacetate is allowed to accumulate. Concentrations of oxalacetate, malate, NAD, NADH, and acetate that occur during the reaction, used either singly or in various combinations during a preliminary incubation, affect neither the initial rate nor the extent of the reaction.
Intelligent methods for file system optimization

The speed of I/O components is it major limitation of the speed of all other major components in today's computer systems. Motivated by this, we investigated several algorithms for efficient and intelligent organization of files on a hard disk. Total access time may be decreased if files with temporal locality also have spatial locality. Three intelligent methods based on file type, frequency, and transition probabilities information showed up to 60% savings of total I/O time over the naive placement of files. More computationally intensive hill climbing and genetic algorithms approaches did not outperform statistical methods. The experiments were run on a real and simulated hard drive in single and multiple user environments.
Tobacco Targeting: The Ethical Complexity of Marketing to Minorities

In recent years, there has been heightened concern regarding the marketing of potentially harmful products (PHPs) to disadvantaged markets. Three issues which commonly dominate discussions in this controversy are: (1) the potential for exploitation of vulnerable markets, (2) the tradeoff between protection of disadvantaged consumers and their rights to make informed choices and (3) the appropriateness of using the commercial speech doctrine to settle the issue of targeting minority markets with PHPs. This paper examines the arguments raised in this debate so that interested parties will better appreciate the ethical complexity of marketing PHPs to minority segments.
Multiply gauged, mixed, progressively direct gradient based iterative solvers

This paper will develop a multiply gauged, mixed, progressively direct gradient based iterative solver for large scale finite element and difference models. By changing the level of gauging, the method can be progressively varied from either a fully direct to a semi-iterative to a fully iterative format. This is achieved by introducing a contraction-expansion address mapping matrix which provides a very direct way of implementing the methodology. A typical iteration cycle consists of initialization, preconditioned steepest descent and a filter scheme which removes solution noise-amplitude bias. As will be seen from a wide range of numerical benchmarking and a formal investigation of properties, the new multiply gauged scheme yields significantly improved results over the traditional preconditioned conjugate gradient procedure. Additionally, since the gauging is performed over individual substructural regions, it is amenable to parallelization. This is also benchmarked in a series of numerical studies discussed in the paper.
Stroke After Coronary Artery Bypass Incidence, Predictors, and Clinical Outcome

Background and Purpose—Early postoperative stroke is a serious adverse event after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study sought to investigate risk factors, prevalence, and prognostic ...
An efficient algorithm for computing MHP information for concurrent Java programs

Information about which statements in a concurrent program may happen in parallel (MHP) has a number of important applications. It can be used in program optimization, debugging, program understanding tools, improving the accuracy of data flow approaches, and detecting synchronization anomalies, such as data races. In this paper we propose a data flow algorithm for computing a conservative estimate of the MHP information for Java programs that has a worst-case time bound that is cubic in the size of the program. We present a preliminary experimental comparison between our algorithm and a reachability analysis algorithm that determines the “ideal” static MHP information for concurrent Java programs. This initial experiment indicates that our data flow algorithm precisely computed the ideal MHP information in the vast majority of cases we examined. In the two out of 29 cases where the MHP algorithm turned out to be less than ideally precise, the number of spurious pairs was small compared to the total number of ideal MHP pairs.
Brushless PM machine drive in electric and hybrid electric vehicles based on the space vector current control

This paper presents a space vector current controller for a brushless permanent magnet motor in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The proposed current controller selects space vectors based on the sector selection under a three-level hysteresis comparator to decrease the current ripple. The proposed approach can improve the performance of a brushless PM drive such as the average switching frequency and the total harmonic distortion (THD) compared with the conventional hysteresis current control. The experiment is performed first to verify the proposed control. Then, the method is implemented in a hybrid electric vehicle simulation model with standard driving cycles based on the control strategy to evaluate the drive performance in the vehicle system. The experimental and simulation results indicate that the presented control can improve the performance of the brushless PM machine drive.
Pathology of ulcerogenic and diarrheogenic tumors of the pancreas.

Ulcerogenic and diarrheogenic tumors of the pancreas were studied both light and electron microscopically in the documented cases of two different kinds of tumors to elucidate the histogenesis of non-beta islet cell tumors in reference to islet cells of the normal pancreas. Argyrophil stain for delta (D) islet cells revealed a few limited number of argyrophil tumor cells, suggesting some relationship to D islet cell as being origin of the ulcerogenic tumor. Alpha (A) cells were not detected in either of ulcerogenic or diarrheogenic tumors. Electron microscopic finding is more confusing. Z-E tumor granules are heterogenous and variable in relatively smaller sizes of 100–130 mμd 170–200 mμ Diarrheogenic tumors have more homogenously smaller granules (100–130 mμ) with minor components of intermediate sizes (150–200 mμ). Thus, both ulcerogenic and diarrheogenic tumors are quite different from D islet cells (average granule-350 mμ) or antral G cells (average granule-250 mμ), both of which are two different gastrin-producing cells. A tentative conclusion will be that ulcerogenic tumors originate from gastrin cell similar to antral G cell and diarrheogenic tumors stem from gastrin-antagonist producing cell, presumably similar to the gastric inhibitory peptide (G.I.P.) cell of the small intestine.
Recognition of Emotion from Facial Expressions with Direct or Averted Eye Gaze and Varying Expression Intensities in Children with Autism Disorder and Typically Developing Children

Eye gaze direction and expression intensity effects on emotion recognition in children with autism disorder and typically developing children were investigated. Children with autism disorder and typically developing children identified happy and angry expressions equally well. Children with autism disorder, however, were less accurate in identifying fear expressions across intensities and eye gaze directions. Children with autism disorder rated expressions with direct eyes, and 50% expressions, as more intense than typically developing children. A trend was also found for sad expressions, as children with autism disorder were less accurate in recognizing sadness at 100% intensity with direct eyes than typically developing children. Although the present research showed that children with autism disorder are sensitive to eye gaze direction, impairments in the recognition of fear, and possibly sadness, exist. Furthermore, children with autism disorder and typically developing children perceive the intensity of emotional expressions differently.
High Throughput X-Ray Optics: An Overview

Techniques for the production of high-throughput modular arrays of telescopes with net collecting areas exceeding 10 to the 5th sq cm and 20-arsec angular resolution are discussed. Techniques considered include the automated figuring of flats as parabolic reflectors, the replication of cylindrical shells, the alignment of thin lacquer-coated conical foils, electroforming, and the use of large diamond turning machines. High-throughput programs are described, and it is noted that future missions will emphasize high resolution spectroscopy.
The Challenge of Improving Water and Sanitation Services in Less Developed Countries

This paper argues that there are many challenges to designing and implementing water and sanitation interventions that actually deliver economic benefits to the households in developing countries. Perhaps most critical to successful water and sanitation investments is to discover and implement forms of service and payment mechanisms that will render the improvements worthwhile for those who must pay for them. In this paper, we argue that, in many cases, the conventional network technologies of water supply and sanitation will fail this test, and that poor households need alternative, non-network technologies. However, it will not necessarily be the case that specific non-network improved water supply and/or sanitation technologies will always be seen as worthwhile by those who must pay for them. We argue that there is no easy panacea to resolve this situation. For any intervention, the outcome is likely to be context-dependent. An intervention that works well in one locality may fail miserably in another. For any given technology, the outcome will depend on economic and social conditions, including how it is implemented, by whom, and often on the extent to which complementary behavioral, institutional and organizational changes also occur. For this reason, we warn against excessive generalization: one cannot, in our view, say that one intervention yields a rate of return of x % while another yields a return of y %, because the economic returns are likely to vary with local circumstances. More important is to identify the circumstances under which an intervention is more or less likely to succeed. Also for this reason, when we analyze a few selected water and sanitation interventions, we employ a probabilistic rather than a deterministic analysis to emphasize that real world outcomes are likely to vary substantially.
Dummy Variables and Seasonality—A Curio

D (x) = { y: fo (y) k (y, x)fo (x), where k > 0 is constant w.r.t. 0}. Then, o e-ex y E D (x) > fo (y) k(y, x)fo(x) 0Eex andfo(y) k(y, x)fo(x) e-ex ex ?fo(y) Oand fo(y) /fo(x) _k ex X - OX C e - O andfe(y)/fe(x) - k ex X y C Ox and fo (y) /fo (x) k. Also, ex
Group VI Metal Carbonyl Complexes of Bis((diphenylphosphino)methyl)diphenylborate and an Assessment of Their Utility for Template Ligand Syntheses

Zerovalent group VI metal chemistry of anionic bis((diphenylphosphino)methyl)diphenylborate (Ph2BP2) offers some surprises in comparison to the chemistry of analogous complexes of neutral bidentate phosphines. The enhanced donor ability of Ph2BP2 relative to related bis-PPh2 ligands is confirmed by IR spectral analysis of [ASN][M(CO)4(Ph2BP2)] (ASN = 5-azoniaspiro[4.4]nonane; M = Cr, Mo, W). The mononitriles [ASN][fac-M(CO)3(RCN)(Ph2BP2)] (M = Cr, R = Me; M = Mo, R = Et; M = W, R = Et) are useful reagents for the introduction of sulfur dioxide and isocyanides to the π-basic M(CO)3(Ph2BP2) fragment. While the fundamental coordination chemistry of this anionic fragment mostly mirrors that of its conventional neutral cousins, the electronic impact of Ph2BP2 leads to divergent reactivity in some cases. For example, the sulfur dioxide complexes [ASN][mer-M(CO)3(SO2)(Ph2BP2)] (M = Mo, W) are unreactive toward CH2N2, dramatically different from the case for mer-M(CO)3(SO2)(L2) (L2 = dppm, dppe, dppp). The spectr...
Wearable sensors: Opportunities and challenges for low-cost health care

Wearable sensors enable long-term continuous physiological monitoring, which is important for the treatment and management of many chronic illnesses, neurological disorders, and mental health issues. Examples include: diabetes, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, drug addition, and anxiety disorders. In this paper, we present a few mobile health technologies developed by our group and also discuss emerging opportunities as well as existing challenges. Technologies presented include wearable sensors for electrodermal activity (EDA) and mobile plethysmography as well as mobile phones and the supporting wireless network architecture.
Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory as Depression Vulnerability

Overgeneral autobiographical memory, the tendency to recall categories of events when asked to provide specific instances from one's life, has been shown to be characteristic of depressed, suicidal, and traumatized individuals. In the current study, overgeneral memory interacted with the occurrence of stressful life events to predict subsequent depression symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Controlling for initial depression symptoms, students who showed both high overgeneral memory and high frequencies of stressful life events had more depression symptoms 4–6 weeks later. Overgeneral memory was correlated with an index of specificity culled from autobiographical essays but, contrary to expectation, was uncorrelated with self-report measures of thought suppression, dissociation, avoidance, or intrusion.
Small bowel varices from neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas.

Small bowel varices (SBVs) are a rare but important cause of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. We present a case of SBVs caused by superior mesenteric vein thrombosis from a large neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas. This patient presented with GI bleeding. A computed tomography scan showed an incidental hypervascular mass that was unresectable. After exhaustive work-up, the GI bleeding was in fact due to the mass by direct compression on the superior mesenteric vein. The SBVs were evident on the venous phase of a computed tomography angiogram. The patient was treated medically with octreotide, β-blockade, and external beam radiation therapy applying the physiology of esophagogastric varices to the small bowel. Persistent GI bleeding in the presence of a large central mass should always alert one to consider varices from collateral flow as a possible cause.
Measurement of the beta spectrum shape of 89Sr

Abstract The spectrum shape of the first-forbidden unique β-decay of 89 Sr was measured with the high-resolution π 2 magnetic spectrometer of the TRISTAN on-line isotope separator system. The μ-spectrum shape was analysed using the electron radial wave functions (ERWF) tabulation of Bhalla and Rose. A method is presented for accurate linear interpolation of tabulated ERWF which includes corrections for screening by atomic electrons. The observed deviation from the theoretical first-forbidden unique spectrum shape can be represented by a shape correction factor 1+ b W with b = 0.049 ± 0.007. The end-point energy was found to be 1.488 ± 0.004 MeV.
Boundary layer flow over a shrinking sheet with power-law velocity

Abstract In this work, the boundary layers over a continuously shrinking sheet with a power-law surface velocity and mass transfer were investigated. Based on the boundary layer assumptions, the similarity equations with a controlling parameter β were obtained and solved numerically. Theoretical analysis was conducted for certain special conditions and exact solutions were derived for β = −1 and β = −2 and also for the power index m = - 1 . Numerical techniques were used to solve the similarity equation for other parameters. Quite different and interesting solution behaviors were found for a shrinking sheet compared with a stretching sheet. Multiple solutions were obtained for certain mass transfer parameter and controlling parameter β. Velocity overshoot near the wall and near the boundary layer edge were observed for certain solution branches. The current results for a power-law shrinking sheet offer quite interesting nonlinear behaviors and greatly enrich the solution and understanding of boundary layers.
Isoelectric point of a protein in the crosslinked crystalline state: β-Lactoglobulin☆

Abstract The bromide ion content of a single crosslinked crystal of bovine β-lactoglobulin in equilibrium with the surrounding solution, 0.02 m in potassium bromide, has been measured by X-ray fluorescence at both high and low ionic strength. The pH of the liquid at which the bromide ion content was unaffected by the concentration of neutral electrolyte was found to be 5.2. The isoionic point of the protein in solution is 5.4 (Nozaki, Bunville & Tanford, 1959). Titration in 2 m -KCl of a suspension of crosslinked crystals from pH 2 to 12 indicates no change in the number of dissociable groups when compared with solution behavior, and close correspondence of the curves acid to pH 6. The 27 lysyl residues modified by the crosslinking reaction appear merely to have had their pK′ values lowered. Whatever their nature, the groups produced by the aldehyde reaction must be fully protonated at pH 5 and must fail to regenerate the amine on acid hydrolysis.
Lumbar fusion versus nonoperative management for treatment of discogenic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Study Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Objective:To evaluate the current evidence comparing lumbar fusion to nonoperative management for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain.Background and Context:Discogenic low back pain is a common and