cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 5 – SURFACE SEGREGATION IN BINARY METAL ALLOYS

This chapter describes surface segregation in binary metal alloys. At a macroscopic level, one can use thermodynamic formalism to derive results of great generality and significance. To put these general thermodynamic results to practical use, however, models of the solid and its surface usually need to be constructed. These models always entail the use of approximations, and the degree of crudeness or sophistication in these approximations varies greatly. In addition to modeling the energetic of the system, one also needs to model the statistical mechanics of the system in some fashion. One class of models for the energetics uses a pairwise bonding concept, in which the cohesive energy of the solid is construed as residing in pair bonds between the atoms in the solid; the surface energy and therefore the segregation energy in such models is because of broken bonds at the surface. There is another class of models based on ab initio electronic structure calculations for the surface, and these models generally have no adjustable parameters. Electronic structure models do, however, contain approximations, which range from severe to realistic. The chapter concludes that, to obtain highly precise and accurate surface composition measurements with Auger requires extremely careful and diligent work combined with a discerning analytical methodology.
The Horse Racing/Oxford English Dictionary Exacta

This essay reviews the words and idioms that have entered the English language due to the sport of horse racing.
Chemical Synthesis of GPI Glycan-Peptide Conjugates by Traceless Staudinger Ligation.

A new strategy has been developed for GPI glycan–peptide conjugate synthesis based upon a traceless Staudinger reaction between a peptide phosphinothioester and a GPI glycan azide. The strategy was first studied and optimized with simple peptides and GPI glycans, which offered excellent yields of the desired conjugates in both organic and aqueous solvents. It was then used to successfully synthesize an analogue of the human CD52 antigen containing the whole CD52 peptide sequence and the conserved trimannose motif of all GPI anchors.
284 AIR EMISSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES CORRELATE WITH THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY.

The mechanism by which air pollution causes cardiovascular events is not understood. We postulated that organic emission toxins are transported and stored in the cytosol of adipocytes and cause the release of a chemotaxic factor that signals macrophages to migrate into adipose tissue. This process is known to initiate the secretion of cytokines by both adipocytes and macrophages, which adversely affects vasoreactivity and insulin sensitivity and would account for vascular events and adipocyte hypertrophy, respectively. To test this theoretical concept, we correlated BRFSS data on obesity and social economic factors with air emission (AE) data determined by the Environmental Protection Agency and found in scorecard.com. Only the 38 states that included ozone-depleting chemicals in their data were studied. Obesity, expressed as the percentage of individuals with BMI > 30 kg/m2, is on the y-axes. Figure 1 demonstrates a marked association (p 30 was categorized into tertiles. The states with the lowest and middle tertile of BMI > 30 did not correlate with any SES measures. The AE from these 22 states also correlated significantly with BMI > 30 (p These data, derived from states with low percent BMI > 30 and relatively high SES, support the hypothesis that air emissions, including those affecting ozone, may be associated with factors relating to obesity.
HIV / AIDS AWARENESS AMONG EDUCATED WORKING MOTHERS OF ADOLESCENTS IN MEDICAL PROFESSION OF URBAN AND RURAL

A study was conducted to find out aids awareness among mothers of adolescents in relation of medical profession. The universe of the study is Punjab, which comprises of 19 districts out of which two Districts Ludhiana and Gurdaspur were taken randomly The sample consisted of 100 (50 mothers of adolescents belonging to urban and 50 belonging to rural ) were selected on the basis of randomly . The tool was employed AIDS AWARENESS TEST by Dr. Ravinder Kaur ( Ex Principal of Malwa Central College of Education for Women, Ludhiana to assess the knowledge of AIDS Awareness among educated working mothers of adolescents. The result revealed that there was no significant difference between AIDS awareness of educated working mothers of adolescents in medical profession in urban and rural areas.
Symbionts: An Overview

Symbiosis is often used to imply a relationship between organisms in which one or both partners are benefited. More often, however, biologists prefer to retain the original definition of de Bary (5): the simple “living together” of different organisms without regard to benefit. Parasitism is thus a special case of symbiosis. This Conference is focused on extrachromosomal elements of inheritance. Consequently, we are not concerned with parasitism, for if one of the partners is damaged by the other, then the relationship is not stable as required by inheritance. For the most part, in this section of the Volume we arbitrarily restrict our consideration of symbionts to cases in which the partners are both organisms, saving temperate viruses and plasmids for other sections. There are two exceptions, however, for Dr. Van Etten (Van Etten et al., this Volume) covers newly discovered viruses in the alga Chlorella, and Dr. Schuster (Schuster, this Volume) covers viruses and virus-like elements in the amebaflagellate Naegleria.
Identifying pathway modules of tuberculosis in children by analyzing multiple different networks

Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by the mycobacterium TB, is the major cause of human death worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the biomarkers involved in child TB. Gene expression data were obtained from the Array Express Archive of Functional Genomics Data. Gene expression data and protein-protein interaction (PPI) data were downloaded to construct differential gene co-expression networks (DCNs). The Benjamini-Hochberg algorithm was used to correct the P-value. In total, 3,820 edges (PPIs) and 1,359 nodes (genes) were obtained from the human-related PPIs data and gene expression data at the criteria of absolute value of Pearson's correlation coefficient >0.8. The DCNs were formed by these edges and nodes. Thirteen seed genes were obtained by ranging z-scores. Eight significant multiple different modules were identified from DCNs using the statistical significant test. In conclusion, the seed genes and significant modules constitute potential biomarkers that reveal the underlying mechanisms in child TB. The new identified biomarkers may contribute to an understanding of TB and provide a new therapeutic method for the treatment of TB.
The Occupational Socialization of Athletic Administrators: A Content Analysis of Graduate Program Websites

Employing occupational socialization as an interpretive framework, this study drew on a content analysis of athletic administration graduate program websites to explore the relationship between the programs and key issues facing professionals in the field of intercollegiate athletics. Results revealed that the processes and mechanisms in place to prepare graduate students for careers in intercollegiate athletics appear to be adequate, but could more comprehensively address the increasingly complex business enterprise of college sports, NCAA policies and rules, and key strategies to develop the academic talents of athletes. Formal processes, such as courses and experiential learning activities (e.g., internships, practica, field research) in the studied graduate programs, appeared to dominate role learning; informal processes or unintentional learning, such as interactions with peers and other campus stakeholders, appeared to be absent. This study highlights new directions for future work aimed at understanding the professional preparation of athletic administrators.
Conclusion: Moving Beyond Psychic Ruptures

This chapter provides a concluding look at the volume, arguing that to trace madness through Black women’s fiction, to map the Diaspora via explorations of psychic distress and dis-ease, is to create a cartography that displaces the normalizing once imposed by Europeans who explored territories to them unknown and uninhabitable. The authors and texts discussed in this volume invite us to envision the “undared” and to invent new geographies that spring from madness and imagination. The insanity is both toxin and cure, an illness that possesses within it the potential to heal. The diaspora born of a mad desire to take possession of people and of places, to colonize and to enslave, paradoxically nurtures an insanity that resists domination and reclaims selfhood. As Dionne Brand says, the “fiction” may have been created by imperial powers, but it also inspires “self-creation.” This chapter also draws on Sylvia Wynter’s ongoing project to unsettle and disrupt the colonial enterprise. The conclusion also notes that of necessity and practicality, this collection of essays offers a beginning point, not a definitive or delimiting set of authors and texts addressing madness in Black women’s diasporic fiction.
Male Orgasmic Dysfunction Post-Radical Pelvic Surgery.

Abstract Background Pelvic surgeries are recognized to cause dysfunction of the male sexual response, which consists of erection, emission, expulsion, and orgasm. However, the least attention has been paid to male orgasmic dysfunction after invasive pelvic surgery. Aim To describe the available literature on post-pelvic surgery orgasmic dysfunction disorders. Methods A literature search was performed on PubMed using the search strings related to dysfunction of the male sexual cycle and orgasm after pelvic surgery. Outcomes Orgasmic dysfunction after pelvic procedures in urologic, colorectal, and vascular surgeries was assessed. Results Radical prostatectomy was the most common procedure where orgasmic dysfunction was quantified. Anorgasmia post-operatively occurred in patients in a range of 5–70%. Dysorgasmia occurred less frequently from 7–14%. The prevalence of climacturia was highly variable occurring in 20–93% of patients. Radical cystectomy resulted in anorgasmia 33–62% of the time and climacturia ranged from 6–45%. Studies involving colorectal surgeries were less likely to assess for dysorgasmia and climacturia, but anorgasmia rates ranged from 0–52%. Most current studies do not differentiate between ejaculatory and orgasmic dysfunction. However, more recent studies have started to distinguish between the 2 disorders and publish more specific data on what components of the male sexual response has been affected by the specific surgery. Conclusions The male sexual response, specifically the male orgasm, is difficult to quantify in a non-obtrusive setting and can exhibit variability between patients and between sexual encounters in the same patient. Data involving the outcome of male orgasmic dysfunction after pelvic surgery are sparse, limiting health professionals’ ability to appropriately counsel patients. Future work needs to standardize outcome assessment for orgasmic disorders, which, in turn, can be used across all surgical specialties. Haney NM, Alzweri LM, Hellstrom WJG. Male Orgasmic Dysfunction Post-Radical Pelvic Surgery. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:429–437.
Quantifying the costs of interruption during diagnostic radiology interpretation using mobile eye-tracking glasses.

What are the costs and consequences of interruptions during diagnostic radiology? The cognitive psychology literature suggests that interruptions lead to an array of negative consequences that could hurt patient outcomes and lead to lower patient throughput. Meanwhile, observational studies have both noted a strikingly high rate of interruptions and rising number of interruptions faced by radiologists. There is some observational evidence that more interruptions could lead to worse patient outcomes: Balint et al. (2014) found that the shifts with more telephone calls received in the reading room were associated with more discrepant calls. The purpose of the current study was to use an experimental manipulation to precisely quantify the costs of two different types of interruption: telephone interruption and an interpersonal interruption. We found that the first telephone interruption led to a significant increase in time spent on the case, but there was no effect on diagnostic accuracy. Eye-tracking revealed that interruptions strongly influenced where the radiologists looked: they tended to spend more time looking at dictation screens and less on medical images immediately after interruption. Our results demonstrate that while radiologists’ eye movements are reliably influenced by interruptions, the behavioral consequences were relatively mild, suggesting effective compensatory mechanisms.
Bounds on Amplitudes in Effective Theories with Massive Spinning Particles

We consider a procedure for directly constructing general tree-level four-particle scattering amplitudes of massive spinning particles that are consistent with the usual requirements of Lorentz invariance, unitarity, crossing symmetry, and locality. There are infinitely many such amplitudes, but we can isolate interesting theories by bounding the high-energy growth of the tree amplitudes within the effective field theory. This allows us to set model-independent lower bounds on the growth of tree-level amplitudes in any effective field theory with a given particle content and any interaction terms with an arbitrary but finite number of derivatives. In certain common cases this corresponds to finding the highest possible strong coupling scale. When applied to spin 2, we show that the only amplitudes that saturate this bound are generated by the known ghost-free theories of a massive spin-2 particle, namely de Rham, Gabadadze and Tolley massive gravity and the pseudolinear theory. We also make a conjecture for the allowed growth of tree amplitudes in a theory with a single massive particle of any integer spin.
Comparison of Mixing Characteristics for Several Fuel Injectors at Mach 8, 12, and 15 Hypervelocity Flow Conditions

CFD analysis is presented of the mixing characteristics and performance of three fuel injectors at flight Mach numbers of 8, 12, and 15. The Reynolds-averaged simulations (RAS) were carried out using the VULCAN-CFD solver. The high Mach number flow conditions match those of the experiments conducted as a part of the Enhanced Injection and Mixing Project (EIMP) at the NASA Langley Research Center. The EIMP aims to investigate scramjet fuel injection and mixing physics, improve the understanding of underlying physical processes, and develop enhancement strategies relevant to flight Mach numbers greater than 8. The injectors include a fuel placement device, a strut, and a fluidic vortical mixer, a ramp. These fuel injectors accomplish the necessary task of distributing and mixing fuel into the supersonic cross-flow, albeit via different strategies. For comparison, a flush-wall injector is also included. This type of injector generally represents the simplest method of introducing fuel into a scramjet combustor. The three injectors represent the baseline configurations of the EIMP experiments. The mixing parameters of interest, such as mixing efficiency and total pressure recovery, are computed from the RAS and compared for the three flight conditions and injector configurations. In addition to mixing efficiency and total pressure recovery, the combustion efficiency and thrust potential are also computed for the reacting simulations. Plotting the total pressure recovery and thrust potential as a function of mixing efficiency provides added insight into critical aspects of combustor performance as the flight condition and injector type are varied.
Repositioning the lateral alar crus.

Malposition of the lateral crus is a normal variant of the nasal alar cartilage as described by Sheen which shows a «parentheses» deformity from the frontal view. The cephalic-positioned lateral crus leaves the alar rims without cartilaginous support, causing deformity and potential destabilization of normal airway competence. The procedure described herein is a modification of the Sheen technique that can be done as either an open or a closed procedure. It is particularly valuable in decreasing the overprojecting nasal tip and preserving the equal height of the alar domes while widening the angle of divergence of the lateral crus. This technique delivers consistently dependable results for an anatomic variant modification frequently overlooked in rhinoplasty surgery
MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM FOR COMMUNICATION CHANNEL CHARACTERIZATION

This paper describes a microprocessor-based system for the statistical analysis of the satellite beacon signals transmitted through the ionosphere and received at a ground station. The particular data analyzed was received from the Tacsat I satellite (250 MHz) and recorded in Guam in 1972. Although FM tape recordings of the data were analyzed, the portability of the microprocessor system would allow field analysis of the data.
Structure and Characterization of Extrachromosomal DNA of Killer Xenosomes, Intracellular Symbionts of a Marine Protozoan

Xenosome is the term we have adopted to describe a group of infectious intracellular bacterial endosymbionts found in several strains of the marine ciliate Parauronema acutum. Whereas symbionts of each strain are capable of infecting homologous and heterologous protozoan stocks, xenosomes from only certain strains are capable of killing other marine protozoa, particularly those of the genus Uronema. Recently, we identified extrachromosomal DNA in the form of covalently closed circular duplexes, each 63 kb in length, from both killer and nonkiller xenosomes. Molecules from the killer exhibited consistent differences in gel patterns of fragments derived from restriction endonuclease digests as compared to the nonkiller. Moreover, transformation of nonkiller to killer by infection was accompanied by a change from the nonkiller to the killer pattern. A physical map of nonkiller plasmid DNA revealed the presence of two circular 63-kb du-plexes, each with a single BamHI site and a region of homology of about 17 kb in length. We report here that the killer plasmid DNA consists of four circular 63-kb duplexes, two of which are indistinguishable with respect to their restriction maps and possess two BamHI sites. Each of the remaining two contains only a single BamHI site. Like nonkiller plasmids, all these duplexes contain a region of about 17 kb in length in which all the restriction sites are in register. It is postulated that transformation from nonkiller to killer involves the insertion of additional restriction sites on two of the duplexes. We show also that under axenic conditions of growth, plasmid from both killer and nonkiller xenosomes is amplified during late stationary growth phase of the protozoa.
Student Activists and Organized Labor

This chapter examines the history of student activism in relation to labor unions in the twentieth century, focusing on traditional institutions of higher education. The chapter begins with student strikebreaking activities in the early twentieth century. It then considers the first mass student movement in the 1930s, which included significant labor-related activity, before turning to student activists in the 1960s and their conflicted relationships with organized labor. Concluding with a discussion of students’ re-engagement with organized labor in the late twentieth century, the chapter considers how engagement with or against labor allowed students to wrestle with their place in the economic and social order, and emphasizes that students were most supportive of labor unions when they viewed them as part of broader efforts for equity and change.
AC-Coupled Stacked Dual-Active-Bridge DC–DC Converter for Integrated Lithium-Ion Battery Power Delivery

Mobile, wearable, and Internet-of-Things (IOT) electronic systems are typically powered by a single-cell lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery. Increasing demand for battery life and the constraint of the overall platform size impose an emerging desire for an efficient and compact power conversion stage that can directly deliver power from the battery, which ranges from 3.2 to 4.2 V, to the supplies of application/communication processors in the range of 1 V. The switched capacitor (SC) converter, though promising in some ways for this application, is inefficient at voltage regulation and is limited in capacitor utilization. This paper presents a hybrid dc–dc converter topology that eliminates charge sharing losses with a small inductor. The necessary inductance can be realized by PCB traces, which shows the potential for a compact system-in-package (SiP) solution. The designed converter is implemented in Texas Instruments’ 0.15- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process with a nominal 3:1 conversion ratio. It supports a 3.2–4.2-V input voltage with a continuous output regulation of 0.8–1.5 V. The peak efficiency is 87.2% with 83.4% efficiency at a power density of 0.46 W/mm2. This paper also presents an effective methodology of developing the large-signal model and small-signal dynamics for the generalized N:1 converter topology. A tight load line-based controller is integrated into the designed chip and experimentally verified with a transient performance of 50-mV voltage overshoot/undershoot under 400-mA on-die load step.
Geospatial, Clinical, and Social Determinants of Hospital Readmissions:

Unnecessary hospital readmissions increase patient burden, decrease health care quality and efficiency, and raise overall costs. This retrospective cohort study sought to identify high-risk patients who may serve as targets for interventions aiming at reducing hospital readmissions. The authors compared geospatial, social demographic, and clinical characteristics of patients with or without a 90-day readmission. Electronic health records of 42 330 adult patients admitted to 2 Midwestern hospitals during 2013 to 2016 were used, and logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors for readmission. The 90-day readmission percentage was 14.9%. Two main groups of patients with significantly higher odds of a 90-day readmission included those with severe conditions, particularly those with a short length of stay at incident admission, and patients with Medicare but younger than age 65. These findings expand knowledge of potential risk factors related to readmissions. Future interventions to reduce hospital readmissions may focus on the aforementioned high-risk patient groups.
Attack Detection for Securing Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) security has become a critical research topic as more and more CPS applications are making increasing impacts in diverse industrial sectors. Due to the tight interaction between cyber and physical components, CPS security requires a different strategy from the traditional information technology (IT) security. In this paper, we propose a machine learning-based attack detection (AD) scheme, as part of our overall CPS security strategies. The proposed scheme performs AD at the physical layer by modeling and monitoring physics or physical behavior of the physical asset or process. In developing the proposed AD scheme, we devote our efforts on intelligently deriving salient signatures or features out of the large number of noisy physical measurements by leveraging physical knowledge and using advanced machine learning techniques. Such derived features not only capture the physical relationships among the measurements but also have more discriminant power in distinguishing normal and attack activities. In our experimental study for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed AD scheme, we consider heavy-duty gas turbines of combined cycle power plants as the CPS application. Using the data from both the high-fidelity simulation and several real plants, we demonstrate that our proposed AD scheme is effective in early detection of attacks or malicious activities.
Automated production of a sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) PET radiopharmaceutical [11C]CS1P1 for human use.

Abstract Automated synthesis of a radiopharmaceutical 3-((2-fluoro-4-(5-(2′-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl) (methyl-11C)amino)propanoic acid ([11C]CS1P1) for PET imaging sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) was accomplished by a two-step-one-pot procedure in a Siemens CTI methylation automated module using TR-19 cyclotron. The synthesis of [11C]CS1P1 was successfully validated under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) conditions, resulting in a consistent average radiochemical yield of ∼15%, molar activity of ∼3129 GBq/μmol (decay corrected to end of bombardment, EOB), and radiochemical purity > 95%. The radiopharmaceutical product meets all quality control criteria for human use for an Investigational New Drug (IND) application to permit human studies.
Arcana: Enabling Private Posts on Public Microblog Platforms

Many popular online social networks, such as Twitter, Tumblr, and Sina Weibo, adopt too simple privacy models to satisfy users’ diverse needs for privacy protection. In platforms with no (i.e., completely open) or binary (i.e., “public” and “friends-only”) access control, users cannot control the dissemination boundary of the content they share. For instance, on Twitter, tweets in “public” accounts are accessible to everyone including search engines, while tweets in “protected” accounts are visible to all the followers. In this work, we present Arcana to enable fine-grained access control for social network content sharing. In particular, we target the Twitter platform and introduce the “private tweet” function, which allows users to disseminate particular tweets to designated group(s) of followers. Arcana employs Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-based Encryption (CP-ABE) to implement social circle detection and private tweet encryption so that access-controlled tweets are only readable by designated recipients. To be stealthy, Arcana further embeds the protected content as digital watermarks in image tweets. We have implemented the Arcana prototype as a Chrome browser plug-in, and demonstrated its flexibility and effectiveness. Different from existing approaches that require trusted third-parties or additional server/broker/mediator, Arcana is light-weight and completely transparent to Twitter – all the communications, including key distribution and private tweet dissemination, are exchanged as Twitter messages. Therefore, with small API modifications, Arcana could be easily ported to other online social networking platforms to support fine-grained access control.
Antioxidant Sources from Leaves of Russian Dandelion.

Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a dandelion species native to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and north-west China, considered as a promising alternative source of natural rubber from its roots. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible exploitation of TKS leaves, a rubber byproduct, as a source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties for potential applications in forage, nutraceutical and pharmacological fields. Two accessions (TKS016, TKS018) grown under Mediterranean conditions of Sardinia were evaluated at vegetative and flowering stages. The leaves of TKS018 had the highest antioxidant capacity (19.6 mmol trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity 100 g-1 ), total phenolic (106.4 g gallic acid equivalent kg-1 ), tannic phenolics (58.5 g gallic acid equivalent kg-1 ) and total flavonoid contents (22.9 g catechin equivalent kg-1 ). At both phenological stages, TKS016 showed significantly lower values than TKS018 in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic and tannic phenolics. Six individual molecules were identified, namely chlorogenic, cryptochlorogenic, caffeic, sinapic, chicoric and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acids. Chicoric (8.53-10.68 g kg-1 DW) and chlorogenic acids (4.18-7.04 g kg-1 DW) were the most abundant. TKS leaves represent a valuable source of chicoric acid with potential application as antioxidant to be used as herbal medicine and nutrition for production of healthy food/feed.
Developing a Declarative Analysis Language: LINQToROOT

The HEP community is preparing for the LHC’s Run 3 and 4. One of the big challenges for physics analysis will be developing tools to efficiently express an analysis and able to efficiently process the x10 more data expected. Recently, interest has focused on declarative analysis languages: a way of specifying a physicists’ intent and leaving everything else to the underlying system. The underlying system takes care of finding the data - powering the event processing loop – and even exactly how to most efficiently apply a desired jet selection. If this works, this would allow an analyser to test their algorithm on a small amount of data on their GPU-less laptop and then run it on a large amount of data on a server with multiple large GPU’s without having to alter their code. The LINQToROOT project, started almost seven years ago, fits this model. It has been used and tested in three ATLAS published analyses. LINQToROOT is based on the Language Integrated Query system built into the cross-platform C# language. It enables writing strongly-typed queries on a ROOT’s TTree’s data and transcribes the data to a C++ algorithm that can run in ROOT. Recent work on this system has had two goals: improving analysis efficiency and better understanding the requirements of a declarative analysis language. For example, a good analysis language should be able to abstract away the backend – recent work has increased the possible back ends from formerly the single Windows ROOT backend to one that runs on Linux, the Windows Linux-subsystem, and an experimental one that allows for PROOF like parallel processing – all done with almost no change to the analysis code itself. Any analysis language must also be rich enough to support an experiment’s data model. To test this, some experiments with the full ATLAS xAOD data model have been performed. All of this has been done while attempting to keep the project close to its original goals: quick turnaround for real ATLAS physics analysis. This work will be discussed in some detail along with thoughts and lessons that have helped shape our thinking about an Analysis Language and perhaps our approach to future physics analysis employing declarative analysis.
Combinatorial protein–protein interactions on a polymerizing scaffold

Scaffold proteins organize cellular processes by bringing signaling molecules into interaction, sometimes by forming large signalosomes. Several of these scaffolds are known to polymerize. Their assemblies should therefore not be understood as stoichiometric aggregates, but as combinatorial ensembles. We analyze the combinatorial interaction of ligands loaded on polymeric scaffolds, in both a continuum and discrete setting, and compare it with multivalent scaffolds with fixed number of binding sites. The quantity of interest is the abundance of ligand interaction possibilities—the catalytic potential Q—in a configurational mixture. Upon increasing scaffold abundance, scaffolding systems are known to first increase opportunities for ligand interaction and then to shut them down as ligands become isolated on distinct scaffolds. The polymerizing system stands out in that the dependency of Q on protomer concentration switches from being dominated by a first order to a second order term within a range determined by the polymerization affinity. This behavior boosts Q beyond that of any multivalent scaffold system. In addition, the subsequent drop-off is considerably mitigated in that Q decreases with half the power in protomer concentration than for any multivalent scaffold. We explain this behavior in terms of how the concentration profile of the polymer-length distribution adjusts to changes in protomer concentration and affinity. The discrete case turns out to be similar, but the behavior can be exaggerated at small protomer numbers because of a maximal polymer size, analogous to finite-size effects in bond percolation on a lattice.
Oscillations in Ionized Gases

A simple theory of electronic and ionic oscillations in an ionized gas has been developed. The electronic oscillations are so rapid (ca. ${10}^{9}$ cycles) that the heavier positive ions are unaffected. They have a natural frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}={(\frac{n{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\pi}m})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and, except for secondary factors, do not transmit energy. The ionic oscillations are so slow that the electron density has its equilibrium value at all times. They vary in type according to their wave-length. The oscillations of shorter wave-length are similar to the electron vibrations, approaching the natural frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{p}={\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}{(\frac{{m}_{e}}{{m}_{p}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ as upper limit. The oscillations of longer wave-length are similar to sound waves, the velocity approaching the value $v={(\frac{k{T}_{e}}{{m}_{p}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. The transition occurs roughly (i.e. to 5% of limiting values) within a 10-fold wave-length range centering around $2{(2)}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{D}$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{D}$ being the "Debye distance." While the theory offers no explanation of the cause of the observed oscillations, the frequency range of the most rapid oscillations, namely from 300 to 1000 megacycles agrees with that predicted for the oscillations of the ultimate electrons. Another observed frequency of 50 to 60 megacycles may correspond to oscillations of the beam electrons. Frequencies from 1.5 megacycles down can be attributed to positive ion oscillations. The correlation between theory and observed oscillations is to be considered tentative until simpler experimental conditions can be attained.
Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs4565946 and rs4570625) of tryptophan hydroxylase2 gene with Tourette's syndrome

Objective To investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs,rs4565946 and rs4570625) of tryptophan hydroxylase2 (TPH2) gene with Tourette's syndrome (TS) in Beijing Han population.Methods One hundred and forty-nine patients with TS,diagnosed and treated in our hospital from January 2009 to January 2011,were chosen; these patients were sub-divided into mild symptoms group (n=25) and moderate to severe symptoms group (n=87) according to the scores of Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS); another 125 healthy children,collected at the same time period,were used as control group.MassARRAY iPLEX GOLD System was used to detect the two SNPs (rs4570625 and rs4565946) of TPH2 gene.Genotype distribution and allele fiequencies of these two group patients were compared.Transcription factor binding sites of TPH2 gene polymorphisms were analyzed by the web site of transcription factor binding sites for function prediction.Results For rs4565946,individuals with the TT genotype showed a significantly higher risk of TS than those with TC plus CC genotypes (OR=3.077,95％CI:1.273-7.437; P＜0.05); as did male TS children with the TT genotype (OR=3.228,95％ CI:1.153-9.040; P＜0.05).Further association analyses showed that G allele of rs4570625 in children of moderate to severe symptoms group had significantly higher frequency than that in controls among the male children (OR=1.684,95％:1.097-2.583; P＜0.05).Children of moderate to severe symptoms group had significantly higher frequencies of rs4546946 TT genotype than normal controls in males (OR=3.292,95％ CI:1.139-9.513; P＜0.05).Bioinformatics method indicated that the G genotype of rs4570625 mutated from T genotype might affect the binding ability of its transcription factor with its promoter in TPH2 gene.Conclusions TT genotype of rs4565946 is a potential genetic risk factor for TS.Allele G ofrs4570625 might be associated with the severity of tic symptoms in boys.These polymorphisms might be susceptibility loci for TS. Key words: Tourette's syndrome; Tryptophan hydroxylase 2; Single nucleotide polymorphism
Activation of multiple receptors stimulates extracellular vesicle release from trophoblast cells.

Reports of the stimulated release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are few, and the mechanisms incompletely understood. To our knowledge, the possibility that the activation of any one of the multitudes of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed by a single cell-type might increase EV release has not been explored. Recently, we identified the expression of cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, gastrin/cholecystokinin types A and/or B receptors (CCKAR and/or -BR), and the bitter taste receptor, TAS2R14 in the human and mouse placenta. specifically, trophoblast. These GPCR(s) were also expressed in four different human trophoblast cell lines. The current objective was to employ two of these cell lines-JAR choriocarcinoma cells and HTR-8/SVneo cells derived from first-trimester human villous trophoblast-to investigate whether CCK, TAS2R14 agonists, and other GPCR ligands would each augment EV release. EVs were isolated from the cell-culture medium by filtration and ultracentrifugation. The preparations were enriched in small EVs (<200 nm) as determined by syntenin western blot before and after sucrose gradient purification, phycoerythrin (PE)-ADAM10 antibody labeling, and electron microscopy. Activation of TAS2R14, CCKBR, cholinergic muscarinic 1 & 3, and angiotensin II receptors, each increased EV release by 4.91-, 2.79-, 1.87-, and 3.11-fold, respectively (all p < .05 versus vehicle controls), without significantly changing EV diameter. A progressive increase of EV concentration in conditioned medium was observed over 24 hr consistent with the release of preformed EVs and de novo biogenesis. Compared to receptor-mediated stimulation, EV release by the calcium ionophore, A23187, was less robust (1.63-fold, p = .08). Diphenhydramine, a TAS2R14 agonist, enhanced EV release in JAR cells at a concentration 10-fold below that required to increase intracellular calcium. CCK activation of HTR-8/SVneo cells, which did not raise intracellular calcium, increased EV release by 2.06-fold (p < .05). Taken together, these results suggested that other signaling pathways may underlie receptor-stimulated EV release besides, or in addition to, calcium. To our knowledge, the finding that the activation of multiple GPCRs can stimulate EV release from a single cell-type is unprecedented and engenders a novel thesis that each receptor may orchestrate intercellular communication through the release of EVs containing a subset of unique cargo, thus mobilizing a specific integrated physiological response by a network of neighboring and distant cells.
The Origin of the United Nations "Global Counter-Terrorism System"

Este articulo explica los origenes de sistema global antiterrorista de las Naciones Unidas. Nosotros arguimos que tres factores determinan las caracteristicas de un sistema descentralizado y de estados centralizados. El primero es la reaccion de la ONU contra los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre de 2001. El segundo factor es la cada vez mayor relevancia de las redes de gobierno transnacional. La tercera fuerza son los intereses y los asuntos del Consejo de Seguridad permanente, que ultimamente determina la arquitectura del sistema. 9/11, United Nations, Security Council, transnacional governance networks,counter-terrorism system. ___________________________ ABSTRACT: This article explains the origins of the United Nations’ global counter-terrorism system. We argue that three factors shaped the system’s decentralized and state-centered characteristics. The first is the UN’s reactions to terrorism prior to the attacks of 11 September 2001. The second factor is the growing relevance of transnational governance networks. The third force is the interests and concerns of the Security Council’s permanent representative interests, which ultimately shaped the system’s architecture. Keywords: 9/11; United Nations; Security Council; transnacional governance networks; counter-terrorism system
Super Resolution for Multi-Sources Image Stream Data Using Smooth and Sparse Tensor Completion and Its Applications in Data Acquisition of Additive Manufacturing

Recent developments of advanced imaging systems spur their applications in many areas, ranging from satellite remote sensing for geographic information to thermal imaging analysis for manufacturing...
Investigation of a Prevascularized Bone Graft for Large Defects in the Ovine Tibia

In vivo bioreactors are a promising approach for engineering vascularized autologous bone grafts to repair large bone defects. In this pilot parametric study, we first developed a three-dimensional...
Lead/lead-alloy as a corrosion-resistant outer layer packaging material for high level nuclear waste disposal

Abstract Safe disposal of high-level nuclear waste (HLW) is a challenging problem world-wide. Corrosion-resistant waste packages constitute a key component of a multiple barrier system for waste isolation. Metallic copper has been proposed as an outer layer material for a waste package. However, a concern has been raised regarding potential copper corrosion induced by hydrogen sulfide in a reducing disposal environment. We here demonstrate that lead/lead-alloy materials could be an excellent alternative material for waste package outer layers, owing to their corrosion resistance (especially to hydrogen sulfide attack) and radiation-shielding capability. Our long-term (∼800 days) corrosion experiments show that lead could be passivated by a dense layer of sparingly soluble corrosion products, cerussite (PbCO3) and tarnowitzite (Ca,Pb)CO3, in contact with carbonate-bearing groundwaters. If needed, the carbonate concentration in a repository can be conditioned by adding carbonate materials such as calcite or hydromagnesite as a buffer material component to ensure cerussite precipitation. With its low solubility (
Brief Hydromorphone Exposure During Pregnancy Sufficient to Induce Maternal and Neonatal Microbial Dysbiosis.

Prenatal opioid exposure is associated with significantly adverse medical, developmental, and behavioral outcomes in offspring, though the underlying mechanisms driving these impairments are still unclear. Accumulating evidence implicates gut microbial dysbiosis as a potential modulator of these adverse effects. However, how opioid exposure during pregnancy alters the maternal and neonatal microbiome remain to be elucidated. Here, we utilize a murine model of brief hydromorphone exposure during pregnancy (gestation day 11–13; i.p.; 10 mg/kg) to examine its impact on the maternal and neonatal microbiome. Fecal samples were collected at various timepoints in dams (4 days post hydromorphone exposure, birth, and weaning) and offspring (2, 3, and 5 weeks) to interrogate longitudinal changes in the microbiome. Stomach contents at 2 weeks were also collected as a surrogate for breastmilk and microbial analysis was performed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Alongside alterations in the maternal gut microbial composition, offspring gut microbiota exhibited distinct communities at 2 and 3 weeks. Furthermore, functional profiling of microbial communities revealed significant differences in microbial community-level phenotypes gram-negative, gram-positive, and potentially pathogenic in maternal and/or neonatal hydromorphone exposed groups compared with controls. We also observed differences in stomach microbiota in opioid-exposed vs non-exposed offspring, which suggests breast milk may also play a role in shaping the development of the neonatal gut microbiota. Together, we provide evidence of maternal and neonatal microbial dysbiosis provoked even with brief hydromorphone exposure during pregnancy.
Role of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity in regulation of detrusor contractility and diabetic bladder dysfunction.

Sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme which utilizes the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to transport Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane. Na+-K+-ATPase is composed of a catalytic a (~110 kDa) subunit, and a glycosylated β subunit (35 kDa) which is required for the enzyme activity.1 Three isoforms of the a-subunit (a1, a2, a3) and two isoforms of β subunit (β1 and β2), encoded by a highly conserved multigene family, have been reported.1 The expression of these genes has been shown to be hormonally regulated, and tissue and species specific.1 Our recent studies using specific monoclonal antibodies indicate that bladder smooth muscle expresses all the a and b1 isoforms of Na+-K+-ATPase (unpublished data).
High Temperature Aerogels in the Al2O3-SiO2 System

Al2O3-SiO2 aerogels are of interest as constituents of thermal insulation systems for use at high temperatures. Al2O3 and mullite aerogels are expected to crystallize at higher temperatures than their SiO2 counterparts, hence avoiding the shrinkages that accompany the formation of lower temperature SiO2 phases and preserving pore structures into higher temperature regimes. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of processing parameters on shrinkage, gel structure (including surface area, pore size and distribution) and pyrolysis behavior.
Expansion of the Department

During the time I had been in Washington in 1963 and 1964 Norbert Untersteiner had returned from Austria to serve as chief scientist for Project ARLIS, a continuation of UW research based on an Arctic Ocean field station. Norbert was also appointed to the academic faculty to develop graduate study in glaciology as part of the department and geophysics programs. His first Ph.D. student, Gary Maykut, completed his degree in 1969 and since then has been a stalwart pillar of the glaciological research program. Norbert’s subsequent career has included many advisory and administrative posts in the federal government and in international glaciological organizations. In 1992 he was elected to the Austrian Academy of Sciences. At the UW he has served over the years as director of the Polar Science Center, interim dean of the College of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, first director of the Joint Institute for Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), and from 1988 to 1997 as chairman of atmospheric sciences. Upon retirement from the UW he was named the Sydney Chapman Professor at the University of Alaska.
Genetic consequences of ecological reserve design guidelines: An empirical investigation

We assessed the geneticdiversity consequences of applying ecologicalreserve design guidelines to four federally-listedglobally-rare plant species. Consequences weremeasured using two metrics: proportion of allalleles and of common alleles included inreserves. Common alleles were defined as those alleleshaving a frequency of ≥0.05 in at least onepopulation. Four conservation professionalsapplied ecological reserve guidelines to choosespecific populations of each species forinclusion in reserves of size 1 to N − 1, whereN is the total number of populations of each species.Information regarding genetic diversity was notused in selecting populations. The resulting reservedesigns were compared to random designs, andthe agreement among experts was assessed usingKendall's coefficient of concordance.Application of ecological reserve design guidelines provedmostly ineffective in capturing more geneticdiversity than is captured selectingpopulations randomly. Meeting establishedtargets for genetic diversity, such as one advocated by theCenter for Plant Conservation, required largernumbers of populations than are suggested to besufficient. Relative performance of expertdesigns differed among species and wasdependent on whether the proportion of allalleles or of common alleles was used as a measure ofdiversity. Furthermore there was no significantconcordance among experts in order in whichpopulations were incorporated into reserves asexperts differed in priority they placed onindividual guidelines.