cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodology for Detection of Defect Locations in Pavement Profile

Pavement smoothness has become a standard measure of pavement quality. Transportation agencies strive to build and maintain smoother pavements. Road users generally perceive the quality of a pavement on the basis of how well it rides, which is severely affected by the presence of defects (bumps or dips) in the pavement profile. Defects are corrected according to the smoothness specifications prescribed by respective agencies. The effectiveness of any method used to identify defect locations depends on the decrease in roughness obtained on correction of the defects. Following this line of thought, this paper presents a method for the detection of defects based on a comparison of the original profile with a target or a desired profile. The proposed methodology is based on the international roughness index (IRI) gain function for the identification of defect locations to improve smoothness in pavements. This method uses the discrete Fourier transform to help identify defect locations on the basis of deviations of the original profile from the target or the smoothened profile. Areas with defects have a higher deviation from the smoothened profile than areas without defects. This method also estimates the contribution of each defect to roughness. Roughness statistics, such as the IRI and the present serviceability index, are used in the proposed approach to determine the severity of each defect. In addition, the use of a quarter-truck transfer function instead of the IRI gain function is demonstrated to illustrate consideration of dynamic load criteria for the detection of defects. The approach is illustrated through the use of profile data collected for in-service pavement sections.
The Development and Operation of the 10 Inch Liquid Hydrogen Bubble Chamber

The initial design of the 10 inch bubble chamber at UCRL was based on our 4 inch chamber.1 In the past year of testing and operation, numerous changes have been made, principally in the vapor expansion system. At present the system is operating quite reliably and efficiently, and is accepted as a useful physics instrument.
Maintenance of Fine Bubble Diffusion

Laboratory study at University of Iowa has confirmed that diffuser media can be clogged externally by specific materials in tank liquor, and internally by particulate matter in air supply; commonly accepted standard for air quality of 0.5 mg/1000 cu ft is shown to be unsatisfactory under certain conditions; new standard of 0.1 mg/ 1000 cu ft is proposed.
Chapter 23. Calcium Antagonists

Publisher Summary Calcium antagonists can be classified into two groups: calcium entry blockers and intracellular calcium antagonists. In most tissues, calcium is highly compartmentalized with ionic activities across cellular and intracellular membranes often differing by a factor of 1000 or more. The source of calcium for necessary and specific physiological functions cited above is either the extracellular compartments, that is, the basement membrane, the ground substance, or the extracellular fluids or the intracellular calcium storage pools, that is, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, inner aspect of the plasma membrane, and possibly secretory vesicles. The extracellular calcium, the intracellular calcium, or both (depending upon the tissue and the stimulus) are involved in initiating the physiological or pharmacological response. Although the inhibition of the slow inward calcium currently is a property common to all calcium entry blockers, most of these agents possess other major pharmacological properties that most assuredly contribute to their mechanisms of action. Thus, local anesthetics block the rapid inward sodium channel. Intracellular calcium antagonists interfere with the physiological functions of calcium by inhibiting the action or mobilization of intracellular calcium, or by enhancing the sequestration of this cation by intracellular organelles or its efflux from the cell. As therapeutic agents, calcium antagonists hold considerable promise particularly for the management of cardiovascular pathologies.
Legality as a Rule of Customary International Law: Non-Retroactivity of Crimes and Punishments - research through 2010

Both nullum crimen sine lege [nothing is a crime without law against it] and nulla poena sine lege [no punishment may be imposed for crime without law authorizing it] have become rules of customary international law which bind both states and international organizations. They forbid the retroactive creation of crimes and retroactive creation or increase of criminal punishments – though the current. They apply as binding customary and treaty international human rights protections to prosecutions brought under both national and international criminal law, and in both national and international tribunals. This piece shows how the principles of notice, foreseeability and accessibility of law can provide a working definition of non-retroactivity of crimes and punishments, even though language itself always has some indeterminacy. This chapter demonstrates, contrary to views popular in some circles, that nullum crimen and nulla poena truly apply in international criminal law – though the form of the prohibitions in international law are not quite as strong as their form in some civil law countries.This piece also includes citation to constitutional and statutory provisions from about 190 nation-states from around the world, treaty provisions, practice of international organizations (including international criminal courts and tribunals), and other historical and current sources.
Pathology of the Liver

Since I have recently used on these pages the term "breviary" for the short liver biopsy book written by Peter Scheuer (one of editors of this text), I have no choice but to call the present book a psalmody—a collection of hepatologic psalms for all liturgical occasions. Or even more appropriately, maybe I should call it the ultimate sacred text penned by hepato- hierophants, a neologism of mine constructed to mean that the authors are high-ranked priests of hepatology or interpreters of divine truth encoded in medical literature on liver diseases and liver biopsy slides!
Ion Acceleration to Cosmic Ray Energies

The acceleration and transport environment of the outer heliosphere is described schematically. Acceleration occurs where the divergence of the solar-wind flow is negative, that is at shocks, and where second-order Fermi acceleration is possible in the solar-wind turbulence. Acceleration at the solar-wind termination shock is presented by reviewing the spherically-symmetric calculation of Webb et al. (1985). Reacceleration of galactic cosmic rays at the termination shock is not expected to be important in modifying the cosmic ray spectrum, but acceleration of ions injected at the shock up to energies not greater than 300 MeV/charge is expected to occur and to create the anomalous cosmic ray component. Acceleration of energetic particles by solar wind turbulence is expected to play almost no role in the outer heliosphere. The one exception is the energization of interstellar pickup ions beyond the threshold for acceleration at the quasi-perpendicular termination shock.
Hall'S High and Low Context

Hall uses reliance on context to describe communication patterns and their differences across cultures. Keywords: cultural difference; communication styles
A 20 mA quiescent current 40% PAE WCDMA HBT power amplifier module with reduced current consumption under backoff power operation

The paper presents a compact power amplifier (PA) topology for reducing quiescent current and current consumption under power backoff operation. The final stage of the PA consists of two parallel transistor cells designed for two different output power operations. By switching between the two cells, terminated with different load impedances, through a unique bias control network, improved efficiency is achieved over a wide range of low output power compared to the conventional PA. A 1.95 GHz WCDMA InGaP/GaAs HBT PA module (PAM) has been developed to validate the proposed circuit. The PAM demonstrates a very low quiescent current of 20 mA. It exhibits 40.5% PAE (power added efficiency) and -40 dBc ACLR1 at 28 dBm Pout. At a backoff output power of 18 dBm, the PAM achieves 19% PAE with -41 dBc ACLR1. The current consumption under backoff operation has been reduced by over 40% compared to the conventional design.
Quantum Nuclear ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study of Water Wires

The structure of linear water wires with an excess proton was studied at room temperature using ab initio path integral molecular dynamics. The ab initio Car−Parrinello (CP) methodology employed th...
Raman characterization of hydroxyl in fused silica and thermally grown SiO2

We developed Raman spectroscopy to characterize the hydroxyl (OH) solubility in fused silica and thermally grown steam SiO2 from 695 to 1000‡C and 1–10 atm steam pressure. The technique was extended to measure the OH diffusion profiles in bulk v-SiO2, and the derived diffusion coefficients supplement those published in the literature. Fused silicas processed with higner fictive temperatures display larger initial OH solubilities which decrease with time, but saturations at temperatures as low as 600‡C remove much of the prior thermal history as the glass structurally relaxes. The OH solubility appears to be proportional to the square root of external steam pressure; however, the quasiequilibrium temperature dependence is unresolved. The behavior of OH in fused silica and the thermally grown oxide is very similar when the two materials are identically processed.
The regulation and role of the periplasmic copper, zinc superoxide dismutase of Escherichia coli

The discovery of superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) within the periplasms of several Gram-negative pathogens suggested that this enzyme evolved to protect cells from exogenous sources of superoxide, such as the oxidative burst of phagocytes. However, its presence in some non-pathogenic bacteria implies that there may be a role for this SOD during normal growth conditions. We found that sodC, the gene that encodes the periplasmic SOD of Escherichia coli, is repressed anaerobically by Fnr and is among the many antioxidant genes that are induced in stationary phase by RpoS. Surprisingly, the entry of wild-type E. coli into stationary phase is accompanied by a several-hour-long period of acute sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Induction of the RpoS regulon helps to diminish that sensitivity. While mutants of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium that lacked CuZnSOD were not detectably sensitive to exogenous superoxide, both were killed more rapidly than their parent strains by exogenous hydrogen peroxide in early stationary phase. This sensitivity required prior growth in air. Evidently, periplasmic superoxide is generated during stationary phase by endogenous metabolism and, if it is not scavenged by CuZnSOD, it causes an unknown lesion that augments or accelerates the damage done by peroxide. The molecular details await elucidation.
Interactive Multiresolution Editing and Display of Large Terrains

In recent years, many systems have been developed for the real-time display of very large terrains. While many of these techniques combine high-quality rendering with impressive performance, most make the fundamental assumption that the terrain is represented by a fixed height map that cannot be altered at run time. Such systems frequently rely on extensive preprocessing of the raw terrain data. They are mostly designed for maximum performance. Consequently, these techniques are ill-suited for the many applications such as geological simulations and games in which terrain surfaces must be altered interactively. We present a two-component system that can achieve real-time view-dependent rendering while allowing on-line multiresolution alterations of a large terrain. Our fundamental height map representation is a wavelet quadtree hierarchy, allowing one to easily apply arbitrary multiresolution edits to the terrain. Our display algorithm extracts a view-dependent approximation of the terrain from the wavelet quadtree in real time. The algorithm dynamically alters this approximation based on any ongoing edits. To allow for flexibility and to limit performance loss, the two components of this system have been designed to be as independent as possible.
Group IV phosphates as catalysts and catalyst supports

Abstract The oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexene to benzene catalyzed by ZrCu(PO 4 ) 4 is described. A mechanism based upon a consideration of the structure of the layered phosphate is presented which involves a bridged dicopper dioxygen complex. The reduction of Cu(II) to the metal and the nature of the metal particles is also described. The layered compounds have been pillared to different interlayer distances by organic phosphonates, and the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons on these derivatives compared to the same reaction on the unpillared zirconium phosphate. Novel polyether derivatives of layered zirconium phosphates have been prepared, and some of their complexing behavior described.
Two-photon excitation of the 2Π(4p)–X2Π(3p) transition of AlAr

Abstract The 2Π(4p)–X2Π(3p) band system of AlAr has been observed using two-photon excitation. The spectrum consists of a short progression of doublet bands, with spin–orbit intervals that are close to that of Al(4p). Potential energy curve fitting yielded a bond dissociation energy for 2Π(4p) of De = 495(5) cm−1 and an approximate bond length of Re = 3.33(4) A.
Sustainable Ground Transportation: Technologies, Challenges and Opportunities

Currently there are nearly 750 million ground vehicles in service worldwide. They are responsible for 50% of petroleum (oil) consumption and 60% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. The number of vehicles is forecasted to double by 2050. Therefore the environmental issues such as noise, emissions and fuel burn have become important for energy and environmental sustainability. This paper provides an overview of specific energy and environmental issues related to ground transportation. The technologies related to reduction in energy requirements such as reducing the vehicle mass by using the high strength low weight materials and reducing the viscous drag by active flow control and smoothing the operational profile, and reducing the contact friction by special tire materials are discussed along with the portable energy sources for reducing the GHG emissions such as low carbon fuels (biofuels), Lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and stability, and fuel cells. The technological challenges and opportunities for innovations are discussed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Stochastic many-body perturbation theory for anharmonic molecular vibrations

A new quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) method for anharmonic vibrational zero-point energies and transition frequencies is developed, which combines the diagrammatic vibrational many-body perturbation theory based on the Dyson equation with Monte Carlo integration. The infinite sums of the diagrammatic and thus size-consistent first- and second-order anharmonic corrections to the energy and self-energy are expressed as sums of a few m- or 2m-dimensional integrals of wave functions and a potential energy surface (PES) (m is the vibrational degrees of freedom). Each of these integrals is computed as the integrand (including the value of the PES) divided by the value of a judiciously chosen weight function evaluated on demand at geometries distributed randomly but according to the weight function via the Metropolis algorithm. In this way, the method completely avoids cumbersome evaluation and storage of high-order force constants necessary in the original formulation of the vibrational perturbation theory; it furthermore allows even higher-order force constants essentially up to an infinite order to be taken into account in a scalable, memory-efficient algorithm. The diagrammatic contributions to the frequency-dependent self-energies that are stochastically evaluated at discrete frequencies can be reliably interpolated, allowing the self-consistent solutions to the Dyson equation to be obtained. This method, therefore, can compute directly and stochastically the transition frequencies of fundamentals and overtones as well as their relative intensities as pole strengths, without fixed-node errors that plague some QMC. It is shown that, for an identical PES, the new method reproduces the correct deterministic values of the energies and frequencies within a few cm−1 and pole strengths within a few thousandths. With the values of a PES evaluated on the fly at random geometries, the new method captures a noticeably greater proportion of anharmonic effects.
Environmental Influences on Reading-Related Outcomes: An Adoption Study.

Evidence from intervention studies, quantitative genetic and molecular genetic studies suggests that genetic, and to a lesser extent, shared environmental influences are important to the development of reading and related cognitive skills. The Northeast-Northwest Collaborative Adoption Projects (N2CAP) is a sample of 241 adoptive families, containing 354 children and their adoptive parents. Negative parent outcome × child age interactions significantly predicted child outcomes, suggesting that shared environmental influences related to parent–offspring resemblance, although modest, are most salient in younger children. Additional analyses suggested that identified measures of the family environment largely accounted for these parent–offspring correlations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Medical Detection of Simulated Occupational Injuries: A Historical and Social Analysis

Occupational malingering is often thought to involve the deliberate feigning of disease by workers seeking undeserved financial gain. Concern about this form of malingering grew in the late 19th century as a result of the emergence of the new industrial economy and the institution of workers' compensation insurance. Medical judgments about the simulation of work injuries have placed physicians in a crossfire between the interests of employers and workers in numerous medicolegal debates. Because of uncertainty about the true cause of many occupational disorders and the highly charged social environment in which medical opinions are rendered, physicians' views about malingering are often swayed by cultural, political, and economic forces. The historical record shows that a medical diagnosis of occupational malingering can reflect deep-seated cultural and social biases toward women, Jews, immigrants, and other groups representing a potential threat to the privileged social class. Current efforts to eliminate fraudulent workers' compensation claims must be sensitive to the inherent ambiguities in the medical determination of work-relatedness and the potential for judgments about simulated work injuries to conceal deep-seated social biases and class prejudices.
Kinetics of MIB and Geosmin Oxidation during Ozonation

Ozonation is an effective means for oxidation of two common earthy/musty odorants (MIB and geosmin) in drinking waters. Second order constants were experimentally determined between the two odorants with ozone and hydroxyl radicals (HO•). Geosmin was oxidized faster than MIB. Under most surface water treatment conditions, hydroxyl radical mediated reactions dominate over ozone reactions during MIB or geosmin oxidation. MIB and geosmin oxidation increases with greater ozone dose, higher pH, higher temperature or addition of H2O2.
Extinction in a passive avoidance task and its interaction with electroconvulsive shock

A passive avoidance conditioned response was partially extinguished by giving mice a socially facilitated exploratory session for 10 min immediately after the training trial. Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) administered 10 min after the training trial also resulted in a decrease of the step-through latencies in the retest trial given 24 h later. When ECS was administered at the end of the exploratory session, its amnesic effect on the conditioned response was greatly increased.
The librarian's role in combating plagiarism

Purpose – The paper aims to discuss the ways in which librarians of different types are addressing the issue of plagiarism at the institutional and pedagogical levels.Design/methodology/approach – A 25‐question non‐quantitative online survey was conducted regarding: the institutional role of librarians in plagiarism prevention; the collaborations among librarians and instructors in helping students understand what plagiarism is and how to avoid it; and the interactions among librarians and students involved in combating plagiarism.Findings – More than 90 percent of the 610 respondents report that they have assisted students with citing sources. Over 70 percent have instructed students about plagiarism in class. Approximately a quarter have collaborated with other departments regarding plagiarism, conducted or attended workshops on plagiarism, worked with instructors to redesign assignments, or helped faculty with tracking possible instances of student plagiarism.Research limitations/implications – This pa...
Thirty-five years in gaming

The article recounts a few events in the evolution of urban simulation/gaming in which the author has been involved over the past 35 years.
An analysis of the effects of coincident errors on multi-version software

The present study is concerned with the application of a model which provides a basis for analytical investigations of redundant software. The model links certain basic quantities with the experimental process of testing independently designed software components. The model is employed to provide insight into the effects of coincident errors on an N-version software structure in which the structure fails if at least a majority of its components fail. Attention is given to coincident errors, the intensity distribution for coincident errors, the coincident errors model, and a condition for redundancy to improve reliability.
Higher-order splitting algorithms for solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and their instabilities.

Since the kinetic and potential energy terms of the real-time nonlinear Schroedinger equation can each be solved exactly, the entire equation can be solved to any order via splitting algorithms. We verified the fourth-order convergence of some well-known algorithms by solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation numerically. All such splitting algorithms suffer from a latent numerical instability even when the total energy is very well conserved. A detail error analysis reveals that the noise, or elementary excitations of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation, obeys the Bogoliubov spectrum and the instability is due to the exponential growth of high-wave-number noises caused by the splitting process. For a continuum wave function, this instability is unavoidable no matter how small the time step. For a discrete wave function, the instability can be avoided only for {delta}tk{sub max}{sup 2} < or approx. 2{pi}, where k{sub max}={pi}/{delta}x.
Mucoid Enteritis of Rabbits: Comparison to Cholera and Cystic Fibrosis (with color plate II):

Fourteen cases of spontaneous mucoid enteritis, five cases that occurred after transmission of material from natural cases, and 13 control animals were studied to define disease characteristics and lesions. Prominent clinical features included diarrhea with passage of mucus, polydipsia, crouched stance, distended abdomen, succussion splash, and subnormal temperature. Transmission of the disease was equivocally successful. Rabbits with mucoid enteritis had moderate leukocytosis, hyperglycemia, azotemia, serum globulin alterations, and electrolyte imbalance. Autopsy consistently revealed distended stomach, fluid-filled small bowel, impacted cecum, and mucus-filled colon. In the small intestine there was mucus-cell hyperplasia and in the colon mucous casts, glandular dilatation, and depletion of acidic mucus. The small-bowel changes in mucoid enteritis are similar to those in enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrheas, and the excessive discharge of mucus is comparable to that of cystic fibrosis.
Statistical approaches to experimental design and data analysis of in vivo studies

The objective of any experiment is to obtain an unbiased and precise estimate of a treatment effect in an efficient manner. Statistical aspects of the design, conduct, and analysis of the experiment play a major role in determining whether this goal is met. We highlight some of the more important statistical issues that pertain to in vivo studies. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of randomization, the number of animals, the utilization of repeated measures data, adjustments for missing data, and dealing with multiple causes of death or treatment failure. The discussion is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to all the statistical issues that can occur in animal experiments. Rather, the objective is to acquaint researchers with components of the experiment that will require careful statistical thought.
CAN QUANTITY REPLACE QUALITY? FOOD CHOICE, COMPENSATORY FEEDING, AND FITNESS OF MARINE MESOGRAZERS

Relationships among food choice, compensatory feeding, and the consequences for consumer fitness rarely have been quantified. We created foods of varying nutritional quality and evaluated the consequences of compensatory feeding for three sympatric species of amphipods by analyzing food choices, feeding rates, and long-term effects on fitness. Nutritional quality was manipulated by creating low-quality diets from algae (low in protein, nitrogen, and total organic carbon), high-quality diets from commercial fish food (high in protein, nitrogen, and total organic carbon), and intermediate-quality diets from mixtures of those two foods. When high- and low-quality diets were simultaneously offered, the more mobile, non-tube-building amphipods, Gammarus mucronatus and Elasmopus levis, both fed preferentially on the high-quality diet. The more sedentary, tube-building amphipod Ampithoe longimana did not discriminate between these foods. When confined to a single food type, all three species exhibited compensato...
Expertization of Everyone and the Revolt of the Client

American society is witnessing a dramatic explosion and dissemination of knowledge, accompanied by the increasing refusal of patients, customers, students, and other types of clients to passively r...
Nondestructive assessment of the inhibition of enamel demineralization by CO2 laser treatment using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography

Studies have shown that lasers can be used to modify the chemical composition of tooth enamel to render it less soluble. The purpose of this study was to determine if polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) can be used to nondestructively assess the inhibition of demineralization after CO2 laser irradiation. Human and bovine enamel specimens were irradiated by a microsecond pulsed CO2 laser operating at a wavelength of 9.3 microm. Some specimen areas were also treated with topical fluoride to create six treatment groups on each sample, including protected surface (no demineralization), protected +laser, laser, fluoride, laser+fluoride, and unprotected surface. Samples were placed in an artificial demineralization solution to create lesions approximately 100-200 microm in depth and were subsequently scanned with a PS-OCT system to assess lesion severity before sectioning for analysis by polarized light microscopy and transverse microradiography for comparison. PS-OCT was able to measure a significant reduction in the integrated reflectivity due to inhibition by the laser on both human and bovine enamel even though the laser modification of the enamel surface did cause an increase in reflectivity and decrease in optical penetration. This study shows that the PS-OCT is well suited for the clinical assessment of caries inhibition after laser treatments.
Validation of endothelin B receptor antibodies reveals two distinct receptor-related bands on Western blot.

Antibodies are important tools for the study of protein expression but are often used without full validation. In this study, we used Western blots to characterize antibodies targeted to the N or C terminal (NT or CT, respectively) and the second or third intracellular loop (IL2 or IL3, respectively) of the endothelin B receptor (ETB). The IL2-targeted antibody accurately detected endogenous ETB expression in rat brain and cultured rat astrocytes by labeling a 50-kDa band, the expected weight of full-length ETB. However, this antibody failed to detect transfected ETB in HEK293 cultures. In contrast, the NT-targeted antibody accurately detected endogenous ETB in rat astrocyte cultures and transfected ETB in HEK293 cultures by labeling a 37-kDa band but failed to detect endogenous ETB in rat brain. Bands detected by the CT- or IL3-targeted antibody were found to be unrelated to ETB. Our findings show that functional ETB can be detected at 50 or 37 kDa on Western blot, with drastic differences in antibody affinity for these bands. The 37-kDa band likely reflects ETB processing, which appears to be dependent on cell type and/or culture condition.
Synthesis and in vitro binding of N-phenyl piperazine analogs as potential dopamine D3 receptor ligands.

Abstract A series of N-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine and N-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine analogs were prepared and their affinities for dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptors were measured in vitro. Binding studies were also conducted to determine if the compounds bound to sigma (σ1 and σ2) and serotonin (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7) receptors. The results of the current study revealed a number of compounds (12b, 12c, 12e, and 12g) having a high affinity for D3 (Ki at D3 receptors ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 nM) versus D2 (Ki at D2 receptors ranging from 40 to 53 nM) receptors and a log P value indicating that they should readily cross the blood brain barrier (log P = 2.6–3.5). All of the compounds evaluated in this study had a high affinity for serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. These compounds may be useful as probes for studying the behavioral pharmacology of the dopamine D3 receptor, as well as lead compounds for the development of radiotracers for studying D3 receptor regulation in vivo with the functional imaging technique, positron emission tomography.
Ovarian cycle-specific regulation of adipose tissue lipid storage by testosterone in female nonhuman primates

Previous studies in rodents and humans suggest that hyperandrogenemia causes white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction in females, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In light of the differences in the length of the ovarian cycle between humans and rodents, we used a nonhuman primate model to elucidate the effects of chronic hyperandrogenemia on WAT function in vivo. Female rhesus macaques implanted with testosterone capsules developed insulin resistance and altered leptin secretion on a high-fat, Western-style diet. In control visceral WAT, lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase expression were upregulated during the luteal phase compared with the early follicular (menses) phase of the ovarian cycle. Hyperandrogenemia attenuated elevated lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase activity in visceral WAT during the luteal phase but not during menses. Under control conditions, insulin-stimulated Akt and Erk activation and fatty acid uptake in WAT were not significantly affected by the ovarian cycle. In contrast, testosterone treatment preferentially increased fatty acid uptake and insulin signaling at menses. The fatty acid synthase and glucose transporter-4 genes were upregulated by testosterone during the luteal phase. In summary, this study reveals ovarian stage-specific fluctuations in adipocyte lipolysis and suggests that male sex hormones increase and female sex hormones decrease lipid storage in female WAT.
Acidic deposition impacts on aquatic biota

Six papers were presented at a special hydrology session, “Acidic Deposition Impacts on Aquatic Biota,” at the AGU 1992 Spring Meeting in Montreal. D. DeWalle, W. E. Sharpe, and J. A. Lynch of the School of Forest Resources, Penn State University, convened this session. Its goal was to integrate information on watershed processes, atmospheric deposition, surface water chemistry, and responses of the aquatic biota.
Nuclear Factor-κB Activation by the CXC Chemokine Melanoma Growth-stimulatory Activity/Growth-regulated Protein Involves the MEKK1/p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway

Melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein (MGSA/GRO), a CXC chemokine, plays an important role in inflammation, wound healing, growth regulation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. Constitutive expression of MGSA/GROalpha in melanoma tumors is associated with constitutive nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity. We show here that either exogenous addition or continuous expression of MGSA/GROalpha in immortalized melanocytes enhances NF-kappaB activation, as well as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase (MEKK) 1, MAP kinase kinase (MEK) 3/6, and p38 MAP kinase activation. Expression of dominant negative M-Ras (S27N), dominant negative MEKK1 (K432M), or specific chemical inhibitors for p38 MAP kinase (SB202190 and SB203580) block MGSA/GROalpha-induced NF-kappaB transactivation, demonstrating that Ras, MEKK1, and p38 are involved in the signal pathways of MGSA/GROalpha activation of NF-kappaB. Expression of dominant active Ras or dominant active MEKK1 alone can also stimulate NF-kappaB activation. The expression of dominant negative MEKK1 inhibits the Ras-induced NF-kappaB activation, suggesting that MEKK1 is a downstream target of Ras. Moreover, MGSA/GROalpha induction of NF-kappaB is independent of the MEK1/ERK cascade, because MGSA/GROalpha failed to increase ERK and ELK activation, and specific chemical inhibitors for MEK1 (PD98059) had no effect on MGSA/GROalpha-enhanced NF-kappaB activation. These data demonstrate that NF-kappaB activation is required for MGSA/GROalpha-induced melanocyte transformation through a Ras/MEKK1/p38 cascade in melanocytes.
Epidemiologic trends in the utilization, demographics, and cost of bone morphogenetic protein in spinal fusions.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) utilization as an adjunct for spinal arthrodesis has gained considerable momentum among spine surgeons. Despite carrying Food and Drug Administration approval for only single level anterior lumbar interbody fusion from L4-S1, the majority of BMP administration is in “off label” settings. Over the last decade, BMP utilization has increased in all facets of spine surgery with the only exception being the anterior cervical spine, in which a downward trend resulted following the 2008 Food and Drug Administration warnings. The future application of BMP in spinal fusion, especially in anterior cervical fusions, will need to be further clarified in terms of efficacy, complications, and cost-effectiveness.
Boundary layer growth

When relative motion of a viscous incompressible fluid of constant density and an immersed solid body is started impulsively from rest, the initial motion of the fluid is irrotational, without circulation. This is shown by observation, and may be seen in many of the published photographs of fluid flow. The theoretical proof is exactly the same as that given, for inviscid fluids, in treatises on hydrodynamics; for it may be assumed that the viscous stresses remain finite. The fluid in contact with the solid body is, however, at rest relative to the boundary, whilst the adjacent layer of fluid is slipping past the boundary with a velocity determined from the theory of the velocity potential. There is thus initially a surface of slip, or vortex sheet, in the fluid, coincident with the surface of the solid body. In other words, there is a “boundary layer” of zero thickness. The vorticity in the sheet diffuses from the boundary further into the fluid, and is convected by the stream. The boundary layer grows in thickness. (The same results follow from a consideration of the equations for the vorticity components in a viscous incompressible fluid, or of the equation for the circulation in a circuit moving with the fluid.)
Decision making in the multiproduct firm: Adaptability and firm organization

This study presents an explicit model of the choice process by which decision makers within a multiproduct firm would optimally allocate their firm-specific inputs. The first-order conditions of the model indicate the kind of information required for efficient transfer of these inputs. Transfer within the firm can be more efficiently accomplished than contracting over markets. Consequently, one may demonstrate the superior efficiency of the multiproduct firm over a comparable group of single-product firms independent of any production externalities. Further, this superior efficiency results only if the central administration of the firm controls the exchange of these inputs.
Treatment with Flt3 ligand plasmid reverses allergic airway inflammation in ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged mice

We have previously reported that fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L) prevents and reverses established allergic airway inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA) induced mouse model of asthma. In this study, we investigated the effect of pUMVC3-hFLex, a plasmid, mammalian expression vector for the secretion of Flt3-L on the same mouse model as well as the duration of the effect of the treatment. Allergic airway inflammation to OVA was established in BALB/c mice. OVA-sensitized mice received three intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 200 μg pUMVC3-hFLex over 10 days. The response to pUMVC3-hFLex therapy was assessed based on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine and inflammation, measured as serum cytokine and immunoglobulins (Ig) levels, and the total and differential cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). pUMVC3-hFLex treatment completely reversed established AHR (P<0.01) and this effect lasted for at least 24 days after the last treatment injection (P<0.001). pUMVC3-hFLex treatment significantly increased BALF interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (P<0.01), serum interleukin (IL)-10 (P<0.01) and anti-OVA IgG2a levels (P<0.01). In contrast, serum IL-4 and IgE levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Total BALF cellularity, eosinophiles counts and BALF IL-5 levels were also reduced (P<0.01). pUMVC3-hFLex treatment can reverse established experimental asthma and might provide a novel approach for treating asthma.
The circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review

Abstract During the 1950s and 1960s, an extensive field study and interpretive effort was made by researchers, primarily at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, to sample and understand the physical oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific. That work was inspired by the valuable fisheries of the region, the recent discovery of the equatorial undercurrent, and the growing realization of the importance of the El Nino phenomenon. Here we review what was learned in that effort, and integrate those findings with work published since then as well as additional diagnoses based on modern data sets. Unlike the central Pacific, where the winds are nearly zonal and the ocean properties and circulation are nearly independent of longitude, the eastern tropical Pacific is distinguished by wind forcing that is strongly influenced by the topography of the American continent. Its circulation is characterized by short zonal scales, permanent eddies and significant off-equatorial upwelling. Notably, the Costa Rica Dome and a thermocline bowl to its northwest are due to winds blowing through gaps in the Central American cordillera, which imprint their signatures on the ocean through linear Sverdrup dynamics. Strong annual modulation of the gap winds and the meridional oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone generates a Rossby wave, superimposed on the direct forcing, that results in a southwestward-propagating annual thermocline signal accounting for major features of observed thermocline depth variations, including that of the Costa Rica Dome, the Tehuantepec bowl, and the ridge–trough system of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). Interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and altimetric sea surface height signals suggests that the strengthening of the NECC observed in the central Pacific during El Nino events continues all the way to the coast, warming SST (by zonal advection) in a wider meridional band than the equatorially trapped thermocline anomalies, and pumping equatorial water poleward along the coast. The South Equatorial Current originates as a combination of equatorial upwelling, mixing and advection from the NECC, and Peru coastal upwelling, but its sources and their variability remain unresolved. Similarly, while much of the Equatorial Undercurrent flows southeast into the Peru Undercurrent and supplies the coastal upwelling, a quantitative assessment is lacking. We are still unable to put together the eastern interconnections among the long zonal currents of the central Pacific.
A novel fluorocarbon-based immobilization technology

Abstract A new immobilization technology has been based on the adsorption of suitably modified biomolecules onto fluorocarbon surfaces. Protein ligands are controllably perfluoroalkylated before being introduced to the fluorocarbon matrix. This modification greatly enhances the avidity of the protein for the support, while biological activity and biospecificity are retained. There are applications of this technology in affinity chromatography, enzyme immobilization, biosensors, clinical diagnostics and biomaterials.
Children's Medicaid enrollment: the impacts of mandates, welfare reform, and policy delinking.

From 1984 to 1990, Congress enacted a series of mandates that expanded Medicaid eligibility for low-income children by gradually delinking Medicaid eligi- bility from welfare eligibility. The 1996 national welfare reform law nominally com- pleted the delinking process when the statutory phase-in of children's Medicaid coverage was preserved even as the states were given increased flexibility for admin- istering welfare programs. This article provides estimates of the impact of these fed- eral policy changes on children's Medicaid enrollment rates and analyzes the degree of success in uncoupling children's Medicaid enrollment from welfare. Data from the Current Population Survey for 1979 to 1998 are used to provide standardized enroll- ment probabilities for the United States and individual states. The results show important enrollment increases associated with the period of the mandated expan- sions, followed by enrollment declines associated with welfare reform. The largest increases in enrollment during this period were in states with historically restrictive welfare eligibility, but rates also rose in states that previously had relatively expan- sive welfare eligibility. The net effect was a reduction in the extent of state-to-state variation in enrollment. The Medicaid expansion peaked in 1995, prior to the advent of national welfare reform. Since then, children's Medicaid enrollment has fallen, with the largest declines falling on families with the very lowest incomes. Consis- tent with the desire to delink children's Medicaid coverage from welfare, the associ- ation between Medicaid and AFDC/TANF enrollment weakened during the expan- sionary period, but there still was a relatively strong relationship between policy Special thanks are due to Laura Tiehen, who aided in developing the original programs used for this analysis. Participants in the Robert Wood Johnson Health Policy Scholars seminar at Yale University provided helpful comments. I received especially detailed comments from Mark Schlesinger, Mark Peterson, and two anonymous reviewers. Financial support was provided by the Robert Wood Johnson Scholars in Health Policy Research program.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of recurrent oncocytic carcinoma of parotid gland.

A 65-year-old man presented with a right cheek mass. His past history was significant for resection of primary oncoctyic carcinoma of the right parotid gland 5 years ago. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the right cheek mass was performed and demonstrated oncocytic cells without significant cytologic atypia. On the basis of the past history and comparison of the histology of previously resected specimen, the cytologic impression was consistent with recurrent oncocytic carcinoma of the salivary gland. The cytologic differential diagnosis should include other primary salivary gland neoplasms and metastatic disease. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A fundamental equation for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12)

Abstract A new fundamental equation for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) is presented. The equation is valid for temperatures from 175 K to 600 K with pressures to 70 MPa. Temperatures are given on the new International Temperature Scale of 1990. Newly correlated ancillary functions representing the vapor pressure, saturated liquid density and saturated vapor density were used to insure proper behavior of the equation of state at the phase equilibrium boundary. A multi-property stepwise linear least squares regression algorithm was used to determine the coefficients of the equation of state. Data forms used in the fit include experimental P-ϱ-T, coexistence densities, isobaric heat capacity and velocity of sound. Extended corresponding states methods were used to augment the experimental database. Comparisons are made to the experimental data to verify the accuracy of the formulation. It is suggested that this equation be used in comparative studies of systems using the new ozone-safe refrigerants as working fluids. The equation can also serve as a reference equation in the extended corresponding states prediction of the thermodynamic properties of the ozone-safe refrigerants.
THE PHENOMENON OF CONGLOMERATE CRYSTALLIZATION. PART 54. THE CRYSTALLIZATION MODES OF FIVE NEW COMPLEXES [TRANS-(3,2,3-TET)Co(III)X 2]Y, X=NO− 2, CN−, NCS−

A few complexes of formula [trans-Co(N4)X 2]Y, where X = a monodentate ligand, N4 = a tetraamine ligand and Y = a halide or oxy anion have been found to crystallize as conglomerates; however, the m...
Labouring porn studies

This essay explores the political economy of both doing and studying pornography. The article suggests that a critical labour studies lens can enrich porn scholarship, but also that porn work can tell us volumes about the nature of labour under late capitalism. Resisting the suggestion popular among anti-porn feminists that anti-capitalist and anti-pornography critique are mutually constitutive, I suggest that a political economic analysis of porn based in Marxist principles requires that we take porn seriously as work, recognize that workers both know their own conditions and are best equipped to address them, and attend to the laboured dynamics of the interview process itself.