cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MR-Intracranial pressure (ICP): a method to measure intracranial elastance and pressure noninvasively by means of MR imaging: baboon and human study.

PURPOSE: To develop a noninvasive method for intracranial elastance and intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intracranial volume and pressure changes were calculated from magnetic resonance (MR) imaging measurements of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood flow. The volume change was calculated from the net transcranial CSF and blood volumetric flow rates. The change in pressure was derived from the change in the CSF pressure gradient calculated from CSF velocity. An elastance index was derived from the ratio of pressure to volume change. The reproducibility of the elastance index measurement was established from four to five measurements in five healthy volunteers. The elastance index was measured and compared with invasive ICP measurements in five patients with an intraventricular catheter at MR imaging. False-positive and false-negative rates were established by using 25 measurements in eight healthy volunteers and six in four patients with chronically elevated ICP. RESULTS: Th...
The cardiovascular effects of trimazosin.

Abstract Trimozosin, a quinazoline related to the antihypertensive agent prazosin, was studied in anesthetized animals and isolated tissue preparations for effects related to cardiovascular activity. In cats, there was no evidence for ganglion-, adrenergic neuron-, or β-adrenoceptor blockade, but the pressor effect of epinephrine was reversed. In dogs, the hypotensive effect of trimazosin was due to selective blockade of vascular α 1 -adrenoceptors. Trimazosin competitively antagonized norepinephrine-induced contractions of rabbit aorta, and in rabbit pulmonary artery it selectively blocked postsynaptic α 1 -adrenoceptors. In spinal-pithed dogs and rats trimazosin lowered blood pressure, in contrast to the lack of such activity reported for prazosin in pithed rats. It is concluded that trimazosin lowers blood pressure by selective blockade of α 1 -adrenoceptors, and has, in addition, a hypotensive effect in pithed animals which is not due to α-adrenoceptor blockade.
SU‐FF‐T‐205: Evaluation of Dosimetrical Verification of IMRT Plan Using Mapcheck with Full Phantom Scatter

Purpose: To quantify the dosimetric effect of phantom scatter on the Mapcheck IMRT QA device with and without the inclusion of full phantom scatter (FPS). Method and Materials: A sample of 10 sliding window IMRT plans was selected for this study. Treatment sites included CNS, head and neck, lung, and pelvis. Mapcheck was used for the dosimetry verification of these IMRT plans, which were delivered using a Varian 2300IX Linac. To simulate the FPS, water equivalent bolus material (15 cm width and up to 10 cm depth) was placed on and around the Mapcheck. Each QA plan was delivered at SAD 100 to the Mapcheck detector plane at two depths (5cm and 10cm), with and without FPS. The measured and calculated doses with and without FPS were analyzed in absolute mode for TH=5, 3%/3mm DTA criterion within the Mapcheck software. Results: At 5 cm depth the total dose (dose sum of all the detectors) with FPS is slightly larger than the one without FPS (average and maximum percent differences are 0.28% and 0.64%, respectively). However, for the 10 cm depth measurements, the total doses with and without FPS are not systematically different (percent difference varies from −0.34% to 0.61% with an average of 0.05%). The relative dose difference with and without FPS for each detector along the y=0 axis shows that the peripheral detectors are more affected by the FPS (maximum percent difference up to 8.2%), while the FPS has negligible effect on the central detectors. Plans with FPS had an average of 1.3% lower passing rate. Conclusion: This work indicates that the lack of FPS in the Mapcheck has negligible effect on the dosimetrical verification of IMRT plans.
Microthermocouple probe for gradient temperature measurements.

Abstract A new type of microthermocouple is described which enables the investigator to record accurate temperature gradients utilizing a single thermocouple probe.
Evaluation of prenatal care information on birth certificates.

Misclassification frequently leads to bias in epidemiological studies, and causes concern for perinatal epidemiologists interested in using birth certificates as a data source. We used a maximum likelihood method to estimate the classification probabilities (conditional probabilities that indicate the probability of classification in a particular category, given the person's true category) of two data sources for a three-category outcome of prenatal care. The probability that women receiving adequate or inadequate care were correctly classified was estimated to be greater than 90%. The probability was much lower ( 90%) with only a slightly lower classification probability (> 85%) for the combined category. We conclude that the degree of accuracy for a two-category classification of prenatal care based upon birth certificate information is acceptable, but we question the accuracy of indices of prenatal care with more than two categories.
The catalyzed polymerization of 1,2‐anhydro‐3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranose

The polymerization of Brigl's anhydride, 1,2-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranose, proceeds readily at temperatures from −100 to +25°C when catalyzed or initiated by Lewis acids or carbonium ions. The products generally consist of a sol fraction of number average degree of polymerization three to five and sometimes a gel fraction. The latter appears to be crosslinked through ortho acetate structures. Usually the soluble products exhibit a high positive optical rotation indicating a predominance of α linkages. The product with highest optical rotation, [α] + 186.5°, was obtained by catalysis with BF3 etherate in methylene chloride at 0°C. In most systems the molecular weight and the optical activity of products showed variations but no significant trends with changes in temperature of polymerization. Reaction probably proceeds by growth on a carbonium ion in an ion pair.
Classroom measurements of sound speed in fresh/saline water

A tabletop apparatus permitting demonstrations and hands-on student exercises in the measurement of sound speed in water as a function of both temperature and salinity, at atmospheric pressure, is described. By measuring sound speed using a differential technique with a precisely measured path length difference Δx, errors due to uncertainty in original path length are minimized. The apparatus can be used to measure sound speed in freshwater baths of varying temperature and room temperature baths of varying salinities to provide the student a clear picture of sound speed variation along two axes.
The Lutheran Church and Lutheran Theology in Korea1

: Lutheranism came to Korea with the American military chaplaincy of The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in conjunction with the Korean War. The initial aim of these chaplains was to help the Koreans to improve their living conditions and to further their acquaintance with the Christian message. The main proponent of Lutheranism was Won Yong Ji, who for many years held a dual appointment at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and at the Luther Seminary in Korea. His brother, Won-Sang Ji, was the first president of the Lutheran Church in Korea. Though the church has fewer than fifty congregations—most Protestant Christians are Presbyterians—its theological influence is significant.
Structure of a parallelizing compiler for the B-HIVE multicomputer☆

Abstract We have designed a compiler that will translate ordinary sequential programs for parallel execution on a hypercube-style machine. The parallelization strategy includes static partitioning of the program into adaptively chosen, medium-grain tasks, and static scheduling of these tasks on the target machine. Our simulations show that this strategy will work well on many application programs. The compiler itself is built around a language- and machine-independent intermediate form. This arrangement allows the support of multiple source languages and will allow us to compile for a heterogeneous network of processors.
Enhancement of experimental coccidioidomycosis in Mice with testosterone and oestradiol.

Intranasally-infected mice that had received intramuscular injections of testosterone or oestradiol suffered more severe coccidioidal disease than those that had received placebo. The extent to which murine coccidioidomycosis was enhanced was influenced by the hormone and the sex and immune state of the host. Testosterone treatment increased the numbers of early deaths among male mice but not among females. Early deaths, however, occurred more frequently in both males and females treated with oestradiol. Also, oestradiol treatment increased the final mortality ratios (90 to 150 days postchallenge) to approximately the same extent in vaccinated mice of both sexes whereas testosterone-treatment exerted such an effect more notably in vaccinated males. The numbers of coccidioidal organisms recovered recovered from the lungs of testosterone-treated, vaccinated males were higher than the numbers recovered from vaccinated males treated with placebo and, in nonvaccinated males, histologic findings suggested that ...
Laying the foundations: An advisor's perspective

Abstract Manfred Morari's years of graduate studies at the University of Minnesota (1974–1977), coincided with an intense period of fertile reexamination of control theory and its relevance to the industrial practice, that led to new questions and challenges, which defined Manfred's PhD research and determined the directions in which he would reshape the academic landscape and industrial practice. These questions and their resolution are today part of the mainstream: control structures for chemical plants; design of processes with desired operability, resiliency, and flexibility; design of robust controllers; inferential control. Manfred's impact is, by now, part of an exceptional personal record: groundbreaking papers and books, patented industrial devices and systems, and an influential family of academic off-springs. Here, the author will describe the control theory and practice milieu during Manfred's formative years, and underline certain factors (which unfortunately have weakened considerably in the last 30 years) that defined his successful professional trajectory.
Sociological Referents of Social Norms

NISBET (1966:6) has recently defined and discussed the history of five unit-ideas which he considers to be central to the sociological tradition: community, authority, status, the sacred, and alienation. Another unitidea central to the sociological tradition which might appropriately be added to this list is that of social norm. Most sociologists considering the concept of social norm in this light would agree that it is fundamental to the analysis of social structure, to the social-psychological study of human behavior, and that it would fit Nisbet's criteria for a unit-idea.' Definitions of norm abound in the literature. Numerous and various
Optimum temperature programs to achieve thermogravimetry with equilibrium vapor pressure as a probe

Abstract Precise constant-temperature control of a computer-automated, simultaneous-Knudsentorsion-effusion machine for measuring vapor pressures renders it capable of thermogravimetry with the rates of momentum loss and mass loss as probes. The former rate is proportional to the vapor pressure within the effusion cell. Virtual thermogravimetry is accomplished with temperature programs other than constant programs. Chemical transitions and new compounds are discovered from functional dependencies of vapor pressure and its differential on time and chemical composition. The technique is illustrated with examples from studies of a variety of vaporizing systems. The efficacies of various temperature programs are discussed. Unusual cases of increasing rate of mass loss at constant temperature and of increasing vapor pressure when the temperature is lowered have been discovered by this method and are presented.
Utilization of Hydroxyapatite Adsorbable Salivary Proteins as Growth Substrates for Plaque-forming Oral Streptococci

Hydroxyapatite-treated clarified mixed saliva showed a marked reduction in growth-supportive activity for Streptococcus mutans. Isoelectrophoretic analysis revealed that proteins specifically attacked by S. mutans were among those adsorbed by HA. The proteins desorbed from HA-supported growth of S. mutans at levels comparable to untreated saliva.
Nonuniform Tap Spacing in a GPS Spherical Adaptive Array

This letter introduces a signal processing procedure that improves the performance of the basic Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. The proposed signal process incorporates fixed nonuniform tap delays to a seven-element spherical array to mitigate the degrading impact of multipath propagation in satellite communications. Contrary to the time-consuming tap-delay-tracking algorithms, the proposed nonuniform tap delays do not increase the complexity of the signal processing when compared to those of the uniform spaced delays. Using standardized channel models, it is shown that, for a bit error rate (BER) of 10 $ ^{-3}$ , the system can operate with 1–2 dB less signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when an exponential distribution is used instead of the uniform.
Is There a “Woman's Way” of Governing? Assessing the Organizational Structures of Women's Membership Associations

To what extent do women's organizations share a common commitment to organizational participatory democracy? Research suggests that women appear more likely than men to prefer democratic decision-making processes, yet these studies generally compare women's and men's behavior in organizations that are not only numerically dominated by men but that were also initially formed by men. I examine the electoral and policymaking rules of 37 membership-based women's associations in order to determine the extent to which the bylaws of women's groups exhibit the high levels of democracy predicted by the theoretical and empirical literature. I find that levels of democracy in women's associations vary more than research on women's governance would suggest. I then explore factors that influence the observed variation in women's groups. I find that the extent to which a women's group relies on membership dues, the year it was founded, and, to a lesser extent, its size affect how democratically it is structured. I conclude by considering the implications of these findings for the representation of women's diverse political and economic interests.
A three-compartment model of the pulmonary vasculature: effects of vasoconstriction

The venous occlusion experiments provide sufficient data to permit the vascular bed of a dog lung lobe to be mathematically modeled as three serial compartments, each containing a quantifiable resistance separated by equal parallel compliances. To determine how these compartments are related to the sites of vasomotion in the pulmonary vascular bed we investigated the effects of various pulmonary vasomotor stimuli. We found that serotonin, sympathetic nerve stimulation, hypoxia, and prostaglandin F2 alpha increased the pressure drop upstream (arterial) from the site of major lobar compliance. On the other hand, histamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and elevation of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure increased the pressure drop downstream (venous) from the site of major lobar compliance. These stimuli either did not affect the pressure drop across the middle compartment or increased it slightly. Thus we conclude that the middle compartment represents vessels located between the muscular arteries and veins including the capillary bed and possibly other small nonmuscular vessels. Further, the average preocclusion pressure in the middle compartment is a microvascular pressure that can be used to evaluate the impact of vasoconstriction on the lobar microcirculation.
Gravity terrain corrections calculated using digital elevation models

Corrections for terrain effects are required for virtually all gravity measurements acquired in mountainous areas, as well as for high‐precision surveys, even in areas of low relief. Terrain corrections are normally divided into two parts, one part being the correction for terrain relatively close to the gravity station (the “inner‐zone” correction) and the other part being the correction for more distant, say, >2 km, terrain. The latter correction is normally calculated using a machine procedure that accesses a digital‐terrain data set. The corrections for terrain very close to the gravity station are done manually using Hammer’s (1939) procedures or a similar method, are guessed in the field, or simply are neglected. Occasionally, special correction procedures are used for the inner‐zone terrain corrections (e.g., LaFehr et al., 1988); but such instances are uncommon.
Treatment of psoriasis with N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate

Seven patients with severe psoriasis were treated with the aspartate carbamylase inhibitor N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA). Three patients showed a definite improvement lasting up to 3 months after each course of therapy. Three other patients showed more limited responses of shorter duration, and one patient experienced progressive worsening of his psoriasis while on the study. Psoriatic arthritis did not appear to be improved by the PALA therapy. Side effects were usually mild and limited to skin irritation and diarrhea. The development of alternate schedules of administration may lead to a more useful treatment response in patients with severe psoriasis.
Integral forms in vertex operator algebras which are invariant under finite groups

Abstract For certain pairs consisting of a vertex operator algebra (e.g., lattice type) and a finite subgroup of its automorphism group, we prove existence of a positive definite integral form invariant under the group. Applications include an integral form in the Moonshine VOA which is invariant under the Monster, and examples in other lattice type VOAs.
Graph reconstruction from subgraphs

Abstract The Reconstruction Conjecture asserts that every finite simple undirected graph on 3 or more vertices is determined, up to isomorphism, by its collection of (unlabeled) one-vertex-deleted subgraphs. A more general problem can be investigated if the collection consists of all (unlabeled) subgraphs with a restricted number of vertices. Kelly (Pacific J. Math. 7 (1957) 961–968) first raised the possibility of deleting several points from a graph and Manvel (Discrete Math. 8 (1974) 181–185) offered some basic observations on the problem. Here, we propose a review on the progress made in the last 25 years. Also, discussing the class of all finite trees, we go back to the original Kelly's interest.
Some Biographical Correlates of Career Recognition Among School Principals

The potential of a simple biographical checklist to identify outstanding school principals was explored. A seven-item composite developed in a construction sample was moderately efficient in discriminating outstanding principals from principals-in-general in two cross-validation samples, and it showed modest, positive correlations with principals' self-ratings of job performance. No significant sex or race differences in composite scores were observed. Results suggest (a) the feasibility of developing simple, inexpensive biographical inventories to supplement existing methods for selecting principals; (b) that career development experiences to reproduce the biographical correlates of recognition might be provided to further the development of aspiring principals; and (c) that using Holland's theory as an aid to generating items for a predictor battery may be fruitful.
Tibial Dyschondroplasia in Broilers: Comparison of Dietary Additives and Strains

The effects of broiler strain and various additives to practical corn-soy diets on the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) were studied using broiler chicks maintained in battery brooders. At the termination of each experiment, birds were killed and examined for TD by cutting longitudinally along the tibia. No significant difference in the incidence of TD was found among the nine broiler strains compared. While the incidence of twisted legs was higher than TD among the nine strains there was no apparent correlation between the two leg disorders. Studies conducted using the following additives did not significantly increase the incidence of TD in broilers when compared to controls: monensin, sodium chloride, copper sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, roxarsone, gentian violet, erythromycin, vitamin K, or vitamin D3. However, dietary ammonium chloride (1.5 or 30%) did increase the incidence of TD, whereas adding various fermentation products at levels of 10 and 20% either in the absence or presence of ammonium chloride failed to reduce the incidence of the disease. The incidences of TD among broiler chicks fed high dietary fluoride were nonsignificant; no evidence of the disease was found in Leghorn chicks fed the same diets. Chicks maintained in battery brooders in these studies, generally had a lower incidence of TD than that reported for commercial flocks in the field. Furthermore, manipulation of feed additives or ingredients in practical rations for broiler chickens did not increase the incidence of the disease.
Effects of ingredients on the functionality of fat-free process cheese spreads

Emulsifying salts and hydrocolloids, cook time, cook temperature, and pH were evaluated to character- ize their effects on firmness, meltability, and spreadability of fat-free process-cheese spreads. Disodium phosphate and trisodium citrate produced properties closest to those of a full-fat reference cheese, with trisodium citrate providing the most meltability. In all cases, incorporation of hydrocolloids resulted in increased firmness, de- creased melt, with varying results on spreadability. Increases in cook time generally produced softer, more meltable cheeses, while increases in cook temperature decreased firmness and increased meltability and spreadability.
The Net and the Bow in the Ituri

Zaire. Wilkie and Curran's report, "Why Do Mbuti Hunters Use Nets?" (AA 93:680-689, 1991) is an exemplary instance; and, though they remain unconvinced of its applicability to the Ituri, I am deeply grateful to them for their careful consideration of my Sepik hypothesis of hunting technology (Roscoe 1990). Based principally on data from the Sepik Basin of Papua New Guinea, I have argued that where ground-level vegetation density is high, visual environments are obscured and game is biased toward terrestrial species, thus favoring use of the spreadnet. By contrast, in lower density vegetational environments, game is more evenly distributed among avian, arboreal, and terrestrial species, and visibility is less obscured, thus favoring archery. Wilkie and Curran find this an insufficient explanation of Ituri hunting technology. In my view, however, there are three reasons why their evidence provides, as yet, an insufficient basis for rejecting the validity of the Sepik hypothesis in the Ituri.
Search for Heavy Resonances in Leptonic Final States with CMS

Recent searches are presented for heavy resonances, such as Z 0 , W 0 , and leptoquarks, in leptonic final states. LHC collisions at p s = 8 TeV are analyzed with the CMS detector. No deviations from Standard Model expectations are observed. Cross section and mass limits are established for a variety of new physics scenarios, which in many cases represent the most stringent limits in existence.
Interactions Between Cardiovascular and Pain Modulatory Systems: Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications

Cardiovascular and Pain Regulatory Systems. Several recent findings provide evidence that cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems are interactive. The physiological responses to acute pain are discussed and hypothetical organizational models that explain how cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems interact are proposed. The adaptive value of interactions between cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems is discussed. It is proposed that maladaptive cardiovascular-somatosensory interactions may contribute to several cardiovascular disorders such as essential hypertension, asymptomatic myocardial ischemia, and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
Applying linear spectral unmixing to airborne hyperspectral imagery for mapping yield variability in grain sorghum and cotton fields.

This study examined linear spectral unmixing techniques for mapping the variation in crop yield for precision agriculture. Both unconstrained and constrained linear spectral unmixing models were applied to airborne hyperspectral imagery collected from a grain sorghum field and a cotton field. A pair of crop plant and soil spectra derived from each image was used as endmember spectra to generate unconstrained and constrained plant and soil cover abundance fractions. For comparison, the simulated broad-band normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and narrow-band NDVI-type indices involving all possible two-band combinations of the 102 bands in the hyperspectral imagery were calculated and related to yield. Statistical results showed that plant abundance fractions provided better correlations with yield than the broad-band NDVI and the majority of the narrow-band NDVIs, indicating that plant abundance maps derived from hyperspectral imagery can be used as relative yield maps to characterize yield variability in grain sorghum field and cotton fields without the need to choose the best NDVI. Moreover, the unconstrained plant abundance provided essentially the same results for yield estimation as the constrained plant abundance either with the abundance sum-to-one constraint only or with both the sum-to-one and non-negativity constraints, indicating that the more computationally complex constrained linear unmixing does not offer any advantage over the simple unconstrained linear unmixing for this application.
Priming for a Cytotoxic Response to Minor Histocompatibility Antigens: Antigen Specificity and Failure to Demonstrate a Carrier Effect

Spleen cells from normal mice do not give a detectable in vitro cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response to minor H antigens. Spleen cells from animals primed in vivo with minor H antigens give a strong CTL response when boosted in culture with the appropriate stimulating cells. Here I have studied the requirements for priming a CTL response to minor H antigens. It is shown that priming is just as antigen specific as is cytolytic effector function. That is, the priming cells have to carry the same minor antigens as the challenge cells. Inducing a graft- vs -host reaction in vivo does not nonspecifically allow spleen cells to respond to minor H antigens in vitro . Using minor H congenic mice (congenic for H-Y and/or H-7) I have also tried, and failed, to demonstrate a carrier effect in priming. Female mice primed to H-Y were challenged in culture with cells bearing H-Y and H-7 antigens in the hope that a helper response to H-Y would augment a CTL response to H-7. This did not happen, however. Such primed and boosted cells gave a strong secondary CTL response to H-Y but none to H-7. It is concluded that in order to prime for a detectable in vitro response to minor antigens it is necessary to expose the CTL precursors to antigen in vivo . This either expands the size of the pool of precursors by cell division or changes them in some qualitative way.
Effects of short-term administration of metronidazole on the subgingival microflora

Abstract The effect of a 5-day course of systemic metronidazole was investigated in 11 recall maintenance patients over a period of 3 months. Crevicular fluid flow, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and composition of the subgingival microbiota as observed by dark-field microscopy, were measured. The study design allowed patients to act as their own controls. At baseline 1 (day 0), each patient had a randomly assigned quadrant scaled and root-planed, and received oral hygiene instruction. Microbiological and clinical parameters were measured at baseline 1 (before treatment) and at 3, 6, and 12 weeks in both the root-planed and a designated no-treatment quadrant. At baseline 2 (12 weeks), the contralateral quadrant was scaled and root-planed, and the oral hygiene instruction was reinforced. At this appointment, each patient was given 15 metronidazole tablets (250 mg), 1 to be taken 3 times per day for 5 days. At the end of this period, patients were seen 1–2 h after taking their last tablet, and blood and crevicular fluid samples were taken lo determine the concentration of metronidazole by microbiological assay in the serum and crevicular fluid. Microbiological and clinical parameters were measucd at baseline 2 (before treatment) and at 13, 15, 18, and 24 weeks in both the root-planed and designated non-root-planed (metronidazole only) quadrants. Results demonstrated, that in this group of recall maintenance patients, metronidazole was no more effective than root-planing alone in reducing the relative % of total motile organisms and spirochetes in 5–8 mm pockets. Crevicular fluid flow was, however, significantly reduced for 11 weeks; serum and crevicular fluid levels of metronidazole were similar 1 to 2 h after drug ingestion.
The Evaluation of Strategic Research Partnerships

Policy implications of strategic research alliances are analyzed, with emphasis on government-private sector cooperation, government support for private sector innovation, and evaluation of such government programs.
Xp11.2 Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma

Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), a recently recognized distinct subtype, are rare tumors predominantly reported in young patients. They comprise at least one-third of pediatric RCCs, and only few adult cases have been reported. They are characterized by various translocations involving chromosome Xp11.2, all resulting in gene fusions involving the transcription factor E3 (TFE3) gene. In recent years, at least 6 different Xp11.2 translocation RCCs have been identified and characterized at the molecular level. These include a distinctive RCC that bears a translocation with the identical chromosomal breakpoints (Xp11.2, 17q25) and identical resulting ASPL-TFE3 gene fusion as alveolar soft part sarcoma. They typically have papillary or nested architecture and are composed of cells with voluminous, clear, or eosinophilic cytoplasm. Their most distinctive immunohistochemical feature is nuclear labeling for TFE3 protein. Although only limited data are available so far, they are believed to be rather indolent, but there have been increasing, recent reports of an aggressive clinical course in adult cases. The consistent immunohistochemical staining for TFE3 in all RCC with unusual histology, regardless of patient age, is likely to expand the spectrum of Xp11.2 translocation RCC with respect to age, clinical behavior, and molecular abnormalities.
A DNA unwinding element and an ARS consensus comprise a replication origin within a yeast chromosome.

Abstract We have defined a replication origin, ORI305, within chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by means of mutational analysis. cis-acting elements required for origin activity in the chromosome, as assayed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of replication intermediates, are the same as those required for the function of an autonomously replicating sequence, ARS305, in a plasmid. Essential elements include (i) an 11 bp sequence that is a near match to the ARS consensus and (ii) a broad sequence directly 3' to the consensus near match. Origin function is inactivated by point mutations in the essential near match sequence, suggesting that the sequence contributes to specifying the origin in the chromosome. Other consensus near matches with different sequences are present but are not required. The essential 3'-flanking sequence exhibits DNA helical instability and is sensitive to deletion mutations that stabilize the DNA helix. The wild-type 3'-flanking sequence can be functionally substituted by dissimilar sequences that also exhibit helical instability. The requirement for DNA helical instability indicates that the essential 3'-flanking sequence serves as a DNA unwinding element in the chromosome.
FLER Commentary: Reforming a Traditional Family Law Professor

... The American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, in its guidelines on the Bounds of Advocacy, provides that "an attorney should be knowledgeable about different ways to resolve marital disputes, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation." The Academy additionally acknowledges that "an attorney should attempt to resolve matrimonial disputes by agreement and should consider alternative means of achieving resolution outside of litigation." ... As one court noted, "mediation or family counseling is an appropriate forum well suited, perhaps better suited than the court system, to resolving disputes concerning the minor children of divorce." ... I have not yet learned the differences between mediation, hybrid mediation, and collaborative law, which the FLER Report believes my students should know. ... We need more materials that can help students learn to assist their clients in analyzing their choices carefully - choices such as whether the client should litigate or use ADR or which ADR method would be most suitable for the client's problem. ... In addition to these basic subjects, many of us have included important contemporary issues such as same-sex marriage and the family law implications of assisted reproductive technology. ... The last excuse for not teaching ADR is that we assume that someone else on the faculty with more expertise will teach ADR to our students. ... HOW TO TEACH - ADR The commitment to teaching ADR begins with a general commitment to being better teachers and to using effective pedagogical methods.
Influence of hemorrhage and of albumin injections upon the sodium concentration of human plasma.

Summary1. Following phlebotomy in each of 4 normal male subjects, there was a transient fall in the plasma sodium concentration.2. Following injections in 4 patients of a 25% solution of salt-poor human albumin solution, a similar fall in the plasma sodium concentration was noted.3. It is concluded that sodium-poor fluid is added to the plasma, presumably from the intracellular space, folio wing hemorrhage, as well as following injection of salt-poor human albumin.
Inheritance of host-related feeding and ovipositional behaviors in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Genetics of host–related Feeding and ovipositional behaviors of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were described, comparing a population from Morelos, Mexico, and a population from Rhode Island, United States. Traits studied were larval feeding acceptance, oviposition ability, and oviposition preference. A preliminary attempt to select for potato intolerance in larval feeding in the Morelos population reduced feeding acceptance of potato after three generations. Host-related difference between the populations in oviposition ability could be explained by inheritance of as few as one gene or two genes with epistasis, suggesting that major genetic change in at least one locus was involved in the original host expansion of L.decemlineata from native hosts to potato. Significant dominance by genome from the Rhode Island population was expressed by hybrids in both feeding acceptance and oviposition preference. Results were used to develop a working hypothesis to explain genetic mechanisms responsible for the original host expansion of L.decemlineata to potato.
A study on energy budget characteristics over a heterogeneously irrigated cotton field

This study uses turbulence,net radiation and soil data from International Energy Balance Experiment(EBEX-2000) to study the characteristics of sensible and latent heat flux under thermal internal boundary layer which is induced by heterogeneous irrigation.Energy balance closure on irrigated days was compared with that on non-irrigated days.Schotanus correction and Webb correction were applied when calculating turbulence heat fluxes and their influences were also analyzed.During this research,eddy covariance method is used.Results indicate that turbulence heat fluxes in the surface layer are affected by thermal internal boundary layer resulted from heterogeneous irrigation,this interaction leads to a decrease of sensible heat flux and a oscillation of latent heat flux.This phenomenon is more significant at 8.7 m than that at 2.7 m.The existence of thermal internal boundary layer induced by heterogeneous irrigation result in a decreased energy balance ratio of 0.65;while with no internal thermal boundary layer,the energy balance ratio is close to 0.70.Schotanus correction results in a significant diminution of sensible heat flux in this experiment.The daily average of Schotanus correction reach up to-8 W/m2,almost 4% of the net radiation.The daily average of Webb correction to latent heat flux is about 2 W/m2,having slight influence on energy balance closure.
Immune evasion of porcine enteric coronaviruses and viral modulation of antiviral innate signaling

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are emerged and reemerging viruses in pigs, and together with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), pose significant economic concerns to the swine industry. These viruses infect epithelial cells of the small intestine and cause watery diarrhea, dehydration, and a high mortality in neonatal piglets. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are major antiviral cytokines forming host innate immunity, and in turn, these enteric coronaviruses have evolved to modulate the host innate immune signaling during infection. Accumulating evidence however suggests that IFN induction and signaling in the intestinal epithelial cells differ from other epithelial cells, largely due to distinct features of the gut epithelial mucosal surface and commensal microflora, and it appears that type III interferon (IFN-λ) plays a key role to maintain the antiviral state in the gut. This review describes the recent understanding on the immune evasion strategies of porcine enteric coronaviruses and the role of different types of IFNs for intestinal antiviral innate immunity.
The re Goes the Neighborhood: Exposing the Relationship Between Gentrific ation and Incarceration

This paper seeks to demonstrate that there is a deliberate and intentional link between residential housing patterns and crime and mass incarceration, and that government plays a strong role in allowing and formalizing this link. Using historical examples, this paper attempts to document the role of government and policy in furthering residential segregation through the processes of gentrification and disinvestment. By contributing to the destruction of low-income communities and the invasion of gentry through covert partnerships with the private sector to develop land and design cities, government has prioritized commercial interests over the needs of the community at all income levels. Finally, this paper examines the role of gentrification in defining criminal behaviors among communities, the effects of increased police surveillance, and the impact on perceived crime rates.
The Evolution of Ecotourism: The Story of the Galapagos Islands and the Special Law of 1998

Public policies designed to encourage ecotourism in the Galapagos Islands have evolved in the decades since the islands became center stage in the international dialogue about environmental conservation. One of the most important pieces of legislation that regulates how the islands’ governments should balance economic development and environmental preservation is the Special Law of 1998. This chapter examines the unique historical, political, and economic factors that ultimately shaped the policies included in the Special Law. The authors examine the effectiveness and impacts of the law using the lens of local public and nonprofit leaders who were surveyed about ecotourism regulations in July 2011. The results show that although Galapagos leaders generally supported regulations designed around sustainable development, they were not as uniformly positive about the implementation and effectiveness of the Special Law.
Genetic Predictors of Hemoglobin F Response to Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia

Abstract 241 Although they ostensibly have a monogenetic disease, individuals with sickle cell anemia exhibit wide variability in their laboratory and clinical phenotype, suggesting additional genetic modifiers exist beyond the sickle mutation. One of the most powerful and reproducible disease modifiers is fetal hemoglobin (HbF) level. The most widely used and safest method for increasing innate fetal hemoglobin levels in patients with sickle cell anemia is hydroxyurea. While hydroxyurea has disease modulating effects outside of HbF induction, the majority of its benefit is directly related to the %HbF produced in response to the drug. Unfortunately, the amount of the HbF produced in response to hydroxyurea is highly variable between individuals, with induced HbF levels ranging from 5 to >30% even for compliant patients on similar dosing regimens at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Hydroxyurea is an ideal target for pharmacogenomics investigation, since there is strong concordance of HbF response to hydroxyurea within sibling pairs, and amount of HbF produced at MTD is a quantifiable and objective phenotype. To address the hypothesis that genetic modifiers influence pharmacological induction of HbF, we investigated pediatric patients treated prospectively with hydroxyurea. We analyzed patients enrolled in the HUSTLE (NCT NCT00305175) and SWiTCH (NCT 00122980) studies (n=183); all patients received an identical dose escalation regimen to MTD and had the most reliable HbF phenotypes available. To best identify genetic modifiers of hydroxyurea induction of HbF, we categorized study subjects according to their HbF response. Of a total cohort of 183 treated subjects, we identified 55 pediatric patients who represented the extreme ends of HbF response to hydroxyurea: 30 high responders (final HbF >30% and >25% change from %HbF at baseline) and 25 low responders (final HbF −3 , six of which are shown below. Additional candidate mutations with higher p-values were selected for further analysis based on known function in hematopoiesis or cell cycle arrest (Table). Whole exome sequencing genotyping was verified by TaqMan PCR or Sanger sequencing. Together, these variants represent excellent candidate genetic mutations to explain differences in HbF responses. These data represent the first examples of genetic predictors of HbF response to hydroxyurea using whole exome sequencing. Disclosures: Off Label Use: Hydroxyurea is FDA approved for adults but not children with sickle cell anemia.
Congenital Heart Disease: The Remarkable Journey From the "Post-Mortem Room" to Adult Clinics.

The progress in congenital heart disease (CHD), since the first anatomic depiction of an anomalous pulmonary venous return by Leonardo da Vinci in 1513, has been unabated. The course has been decorated with occasional sparks stemming largely from the ingenuity of pioneering physicians and surgeons who departed from the prevailing notions and brought forth new brave ideas to diagnosis and management of patients with CHD (Table). The progress, however, was not without frequent disappointments. The extremely high mortality rate in the early days of open-heart surgery with the use of extracorporeal circulatory machine disappointed John Gibbons, the inventor of the first heart–lung machine, to the point that he called for a long-term moratorium on the use of his invention. Yet, the convictions of pioneering surgeons such as C. Walton Lillehei and John Kirklin led them to forge ahead with improved versions of the pump, ultimately changing the treatment of CHD. Advances in diagnostic methods and surgical treatment during the past several decades have transformed CHD malformations from being “hopeless futilities” in neonates, infants, and children to treatable conditions with >90% of patients surviving into the adult years. View this table: Table. Timeline of Some of the Scientific Discoveries and Developments in Congenital Heart Disease Of the ≈125 million children born every year (www.unicef.org), it is estimated that about 1 000 000 to 1 500 000 are born with a CHD. Because of the scientific and technological advances during the past several decades, the vast majority of these children survive to adulthood, and those with less complicated lesions expect a life expectancy similar to that of the general population. Consequently, it is estimated that worldwide ≈50 million adults live with CHD, including ≈1.5 million in the United States alone, more than the number of children with CHD. As a result of an excellent survival rate, the landscape of CHD …
Effects of extraction time and phosphorus speciation on soil test phosphorus data: A case study of Illinois agricultural soils

Abstract Bray P-1 and Mehlich III STP extractions aim to assess the concentrations of labile P in soils. It is unknown, however, how the observed quantity of labile P is affected by the release of variable P species. The kinetics of orthophosphate (Pi), organic-P (Po), and colloidal P were evaluated in manure-amended and chemical fertilizer-amended Central Illinois agricultural soils using Bray-1 and Mehlich III extractants. In both soils, Bray and Mehlich III extractable P increased with increasing time. The extracted P species are not only Pi but also Po and colloidal P. Between 10 and 15% of total Po was extracted from each soil with manure amended soils releasing more total Po than fertilizer amended soils. BrayP-1 and Mehlich III extracted colloidal P from manure-amended and fertilizer-amended soils, but concentrations were only significant after 1–3 h. The results indicate that P speciation and extraction time have major impacts on the results of STP extractions, therefore, to fertilizer recommendation.
An Analysis of the Possible Influence of Climate on Settlement Shifts across the Karak Plateau and Surrounding Region, Jordan: Chalcolithic through Umayyad Periods

The physical setting of the Karak Plateau and surrounding region in west-central Jordan provides an excellent opportunity to analyze ancient settlement practices and patterns. The western upland region is typified by agriculturally productive soils, annual precipitation amounts near 500 mm, and physical isolation from regions to the north and south by virtue of the Wadis Mujib and Hasa. The rocky slopes of the Dead Sea escarpment and the arid conditions of the Syrian/Arabian desert define the region's western and eastern borders. This paper explores the movement of ancient site locations across this diverse landscape from the Chalcolithic through the Umayyad periods, against the backdrop of climate and climate change. Though ancient settlement decisions were made on the basis of numerous and often complex factors (environmental and socio-political), this investigation found a definite correlation between climatic conditions and site location decisions. With one exception (the Nabatean Period), site densit...
Specific Acetylation Patterns of H2A.Z Form Transient Interactions with the BPTF Bromodomain

Post-translational lysine acetylation of histone tails affects both chromatin accessibility and recruitment of multifunctional bromodomain-containing proteins for modulating transcription. The bromodomain- and PHD finger-containing transcription factor (BPTF) regulates transcription but has also been implicated in high gene expression levels in a variety of cancers. In this report, the histone variant H2A.Z, which replaces H2A in chromatin, is evaluated for its affinity for BPTF with a specific recognition pattern of acetylated lysine residues of the N-terminal tail region. Although BPTF immunoprecipitates H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes, a direct interaction with its bromodomain has not been reported. Using protein-observed fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance (PrOF NMR) spectroscopy, we identified a diacetylation of H2A.Z on lysine residues 4 and 11, with the highest affinity for BPTF with a Kd of 780 μM. A combination of subsequent 1H NMR Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill experiments and photo-cross-linking furthe...