cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth and ordering of Cu–O islands during oxygen adsorption on Cu(1 1 0) at 470 K

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to study the Cu–O island formation during oxygen adsorption on Cu(1 1 0) at temperatures around 470 K. In situ measurements allow a detailed analysis of the growth of the (2×1)O phase up to the saturation coverage of 0.5 ML. New islands nucleate below a coverage of 0.2 ML. Below this coverage no long-range ordering of the islands along the [1 1 0] direction takes place. Shortly after nucleation, very thin islands span the entire width of the terrace along the [0 0 1] direction suggesting a high mobility of the Cu–O compounds. The subsequent growth of the islands is linked to the changes of the terrace widths related to the underlying “added-row” reconstruction of the (2×1)O phase, i.e. with increasing terrace width there is an almost instant growth and/or rearrangement of the islands along the [0 0 1] direction. During this growth, step bunching of the initially mobile terrace edges occurs. The island growth along the [1 1 0] direction depends on the distance between neighboring islands, i.e. the larger these spacings, the faster the respective island grows. The growth along the [1 1 0] direction finally stops at a critical spacing between the islands of about 20 A. The remaining gaps are closed simultaneously starting at the terrace edge. When the islands reach a width of about 80 A a splitting of the island ends can be observed in some cases. In the course of this process a partial rearrangement of the original island takes place. A diffusion coefficient D 0 0 1 of 5±2×10 −15 cm 2 /s has been estimated for the average diffusion of Cu adatoms and/or Cu–O compounds along the gaps, i.e. along the [0 0 1] direction. Along the [1 1 0] direction an estimate of 7×10 −15±1 cm 2 /s for D 1 1 0 is derived from fluctuations in structure at the island boundaries. Additional ex situ measurements show island grouping at higher temperatures. These and further observations are discussed on the basis of the complex adsorbate–adsorbate interactions of the Cu–O compounds and the added-row reconstruction process that rule the O/Cu(1 1 0) system on the one hand, and the influence of the high mobility of the adsorbed species observed at the temperature addressed here on the other hand.
Noise thermometry at ultralow temperatures

The mean square Johnson noise currents flowing in a low-temperature seriesL–R circuit are used to measure absolute temperatures in a new method using an rf-biased superconducting magnetometer. In one set of experiments a quantitative study was made of the noise currents in a beryllium copper resistor located in the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator in the temperature range 5.4 mK to 4.2 K as a function of the magnetic temperature determined from measurements of the static magnetization of powdered CMN. In this temperature range the measured mean square noise current is found to be linearly proportional toT* with a coefficient which agrees within the experimental accuracy of±3 % with the theoretically predicted value based on the N yquist relation and independent measurements of all necessary calibration factors. A model for a SQUID operated in the flux-locked loop configuration with a partly resistive input circuit is presented and is used in the determination of the “device noise” temperature, which for the above experiment is found to be 0.16±0.02 mK. A calculation is presented of the length of time necessary to average the output of our thermometer in order to achieve any desired precision in the estimation of the mean square Johnson noise currents, and a comparison with the observed precision is made. In a second set of experiments the relationship between the Johnson noise temperature of a copper resistor and the 16-Hz magnetic temperature of two powdered paramagnetic salts, CMN and CDP, each in the shape of a right-circular cylinder with diameter equal to height, located in an adiabatic demagnetization cell, was determined from 2 to 20 mK. The device noise temperature characterizing the measuring system for these experiments was measured to be ∼0.05 mK. A discussion of the possible sources of inaccuracy associated with Johnson noise thermometry is presented. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of a heat leak directly to the noise resistor.
Parameter significance estimation and financial prediction

This paper deals with the problem of parameter significance estimation, and its application to currency exchange rate prediction. The basic problem is that over the years, practitioners in the field of financial engineering have developed dozens of technical and fundamental indicators on the basis of which they try to predict financial time series. The practitioners are now faced with the problem of finding out which combinations of those indicators are most significant or relevant, and how their significance changes over time. The authors propose a novel neural architecture calledSupNet for estimating the significance of various parameters. The methodology is based on the principle of penalizing those features that are the largest contributors to the error term. Two algorithms based on this principle are proposed. This approach is different from related methodologies, which are based on the principle of removing parameters with the least significance. The proposed methodology is demonstrated on the next day returns of the DM-US currency exchange rate, and promising results are obtained.
Activation of autophagy through modulation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase protects pancreatic β-cells from high glucose

Chronic hyperglycaemia is detrimental to pancreatic beta-cells by causing impaired insulin secretion and diminished beta-cell function through glucotoxicity. Understanding the mechanisms underlying beta-cell survival is crucial for the prevention of beta-cell failure associated with glucotoxicity. Autophagy is a dynamic lysosomal degradation process that protects organisms against metabolic stress. To date, little is known about the physiological function of autophagy in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In the present study, we explored the roles of autophagy in the survival of pancreatic beta-cells exposed to high glucose using pharmacological and genetic manipulation of autophagy. We demonstrated that chronic high glucose increases autophagy in rat INS-1 (832/13) cells and pancreatic islets, and that this increase is enhanced by inhibition of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase. Our results also indicate that stimulation of autophagy rescues pancreatic beta-cells from high-glucose-induced cell death and inhibition of autophagy augments caspase-3 activation, suggesting that autophagy plays a protective role in the survival of pancreatic beta-cells. Greater knowledge of the molecular mechanisms linking autophagy and beta-cell survival may unveil novel therapeutic targets needed to preserve beta-cell function.
Diffusion of dissolved ions from wet silica sol-gel monoliths: implications for biological encapsulation.

Abstract Divalent nickel (Ni 2+ ), Cu(II)EDTA, methyl orange, and dichromate were used to investigate diffusion from hydrated silica sol–gel monoliths. The objective was to examine diffusion of compounds on a size regime relevant to supporting biological components encapsulated within silica gel prepared in a biologically compatible process space with no post-gelation treatments. With an initial sample set, gels prepared from tetraethoxysilane were explored in a factorial design with Ni 2+ as the tracer, varying water content during hydrolysis, acid catalyst present during hydrolysis, and the final concentration of silica. A second sample set explored diffusion of all four tracers in gels prepared with aqueous silica precursors and a variety of organically modified siloxanes. Excluding six outliers which displayed significant syneresis, the mean diffusion constant ( D gel ) across the entire process space of sample set 1 was 2.42 × 10 −10 m 2 s −1 ; approximately 24% of the diffusion coefficient of Ni 2+ in unconfined aqueous solution. In sample set 2, the tracer size and not gel hydrophobicity was the primary determinant of changes in diffusion rates. A strong linear inverse correlation was found between tracer size and the magnitude of D gel . Based on correlation with the tracers used in this investigation, the characteristic 1-h diffusion distance for carbonate species relevant to supporting active phototrophic organisms was approximately 1.5 mm. These results support the notion that silica sol–gel formulations may be optimized for a given biological entity of interest with manageable impact to the diffusion of small ions and molecules.
Anchoring, Iconicity, and Orientation in Guugu Yimithirr Pointing Gestures

Speakers of Guugu Yimithirr at the Hopevale aboriginal community in Queensland use inflected forms of four cardinal direction words in all talk about location and motion. This article compares the pointing gestures in parallel episodes of two tellings of a single story, first to demonstrate that gestures too can be directionally anchored, and then to contrast other gestures that are emancipated from cardinal direction. Different sorts ofindexical space and different modes of directional anchoring are posited to account for the contrasting gestural forms.
Mortality impact of Bt transgenic maize roots expressing eCry3.1Ab, mCry3A, and eCry3.1Ab plus mCry3A on western corn rootworm larvae in the field.

Mortality of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, larvae due to feeding on maize, Zea mays L., expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) was evaluated in five Missouri sites in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Specifically, eCry3.1Ab (5307), mCry3A (MIR604), and eCry3.1Ab plus mCry3A proteins relative to survivorship on maize with the same genetic background without these genes (isoline maize) was evaluated. An average of 890.8 ± 152.3 beetles emerged from isoline plots, whereas average beetle emergence from 5307, MIR604, and 5307 × MIR604 was 1.9 ± 0.6, 19.3 ± 6.3, and 0.8 ± 0.3, respectively, when averaged across 22 replications in five environments. Overall, 66, 50, 61, and 51% of beetles recovered from 5307, MIR604, 5307 × MIR604, and isoline maize, respectively, were female, and there was no significant difference between the number of male and female beetles that emerged from any of these treatments. Mortality due to 5307, MIR604, and 5307 × MIR604 was 99.79, 97.83, and 99.91%, respectively. There was an 8.0-d delay in time to 50% beetle emergence from 5307 compared with isoline maize, which was significantly later than to the other three maize lines. The average delay to 50% emergence from MIR604 and 5307 × MIR604 averaged 4.1 and 4.6 d, respectively later than 50% emergence from isoline maize. Female beetles had a significant delay in time to 50% emergence compared with male beetles from all treatments with the exception of 5307 × MIR604. Data are discussed in terms of insect resistance management in relation to other control measures for western corn rootworm.
Thermally induced changes in lipid composition of raft and non-raft regions of hepatocyte plasma membranes of rainbow trout

In poikilotherms, increases in plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol and an increase in the degree of lipid acyl chain saturation commonly accompany an increase in growth temperature. This has typically been interpreted in terms of membrane fluidity/order homeostasis, but these changes would also be expected to stabilize the structure of PM rafts against thermal perturbation. Rafts are microdomains that organize the molecules of many signaling cascades and are formed as a result of interactions between lipids with saturated acyl chains and cholesterol. No study to date has examined the thermally induced compositional changes of raft and non-raft regions of the PM separately. In this study we have measured the phospholipid class composition and fatty acid composition of raft-enriched (raft) and raft-depleted PM (RDPM) of hepatocytes from trout Oncorhynchus mykiss acclimated to 5°C and 20°C. In the raft, warm acclimation was associated with a reduction in the proportion of phosphatidylcholine from 56% to 30% while phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol each increased from 8% to approximately 20% of the total phospholipid. Additionally, there were significantly fewer unsaturated fatty acids in the raft lipids from warm-acclimated (61%) than from the cold-acclimated trout (68%). In contrast, there were no significant changes in phospholipid class or acyl chain unsaturation in the RDPM. These data suggest that changes in raft lipid composition, rather than the PM as a whole, are particularly important during thermal acclimation.
Chronic toxicological evaluation of dietary NovaSil Clay in Sprague-Dawley rats

NovaSil (NS) clay, a common anti-caking agent in animal feeds, has been shown to sorb aflatoxins in the GI tract and diminish their bioavailability and adverse effects in short-term animal studies. Based on this evidence, it is hypothesized that clay-based enterosorption of aflatoxins may be a useful strategy for the prevention of aflatoxicosis in human populations. However, the potential toxicity of long-term dietary exposure to NS has not been determined. In this research, 5-6-week-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed rations containing 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% (w/w) levels of NS for 28 weeks. Analysis of the NS showed negligible levels of dioxin and furan contaminants. Total feed consumption, cumulative feed consumption, body weight, total body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, cumulative feed conversion efficiency, and relative organ weights were unaffected in either sex at the doses tested. No NS-dependent differences in relative organ weights or gross or histopathological changes were observed. Analysis of hematological parameters, clinical chemistry, and selected vitamin and mineral levels revealed isolated significant differences between some treatments and control groups (mean corpuscular hemoglobin, serum Ca, serum vitamin A, and serum Fe). However, the differences observed in each case were not dose-dependent. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of NS at levels as high as 2.0% (w/w) does not result in overt toxicity. These findings (as well as others) support the use of NS clay for dietary intervention studies in human populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis.
Rheological studies on concentrated solutions of heterocyclic polymers

Abstract The rheological properties of two related heterocyclic polymers are studied in concentrated solutions. One of these (BBB) is a flexible chain polymer, whereas the other (BBL) is a rigid ladder polymer. Data are presented both on solutions in anhydrous acids and in slightly wet acids. In the latter case the effects of reversible intermolecular association are analyzed and compared for BBB and BBL. It is found that low degrees of assocaition have a profound difference on the rheological properties of solutions of the two polymers. For example, a yield behaviour is observed with solutions of BBL, whereas comparable association with BBB appears to result in random (reversible) crosslinking, forming a branched polymer. The creep and recovery behaviour of BBB in anhydrous solutions is found to have much in common with the behaviour of more familiar flexible chain polymers, including a total strain criterion for the onset of non-linear creep.
Anomalous stored energy and c-axis changes in alternately irradiated and annealed graphite

Stored energy releases in graphites exhibiting normal and enhanced dimensional changes indicate that the change in rate of dimensional expansion after large neutron irradiations is due to a change in apparent defect volume and is not due to a change in the rate of accumulation of defects. Reverse stored energy annealing experiments are correlated with the reverse c-axis annealing experiments. The assumption that interstitials anneal to sinks rather than to vacancies can be used to explain these data. The nature of the annealing reactions producing stored energy releases is discussed.
Media Review: Contested Issues in Student Affairs: Diverse Perspectives and Respectful Dialogue

(2013). Media Review: Contested Issues in Student Affairs: Diverse Perspectives and Respectful Dialogue. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 109-111.
Disentangling coupling and NOE pathways involving poorly resolved proton signals: HMQC-TOCSY and HMQC-NOESY

COSY and NOESY frequently fail when key proton signals are poorly resolved because of the proximity of the correlating off-diagonal responses to the diagonal. Proton-coupled heteronuclear multiple quantum relayed coherence spectroscopy (HMQC–TOCSY) and heteronuclear multiple quantum proton nuclear Overhauser effect (HMQC–NOESY) experiments to circumvent these problems are described. NMR data for a model carbocyclic nucleoside analog are presented for which assignments of resonances and stereochemistry were impossible by ‘conventional’ 2D NMR methods. Resonance and unequivocal stereochemical assignments were made, however, using the HMQC–TOCSY and HMQC–NOESY experiments, respectively.
Facile Sonochemical Synthesis of Graphite Intercalation Compounds

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are useful as powerful reducing agents in organic chemistry and are typically prepared by anaerobic solid-state reactions at high temperatures for 1−8 h. We have been able to prepare KC8 in situ in toluene using ultrasound in less than 5 min. This allows for a convenient approach to reductive chemical syntheses involving GICs.
Conformational Analysis and Derivation of Molecular Mechanics Parameters for Esters and Thioesters

The ab initio MP2 and DFT/B3LYP quantum chemical methods applying the 6-311++G** basis set are equally useful for the conformational analysis of simple esters and thioesters. Calculated equilibrium geometric values were close to the experimental ones for the cis methyl acetate and methyl thioformate. Barriers to the OdC-X-C rotation in methyl acetate (X ) O) and methyl thioacetate (X ) S) were calculated at 11-13 kcal/mol with both methods. Both oxo- and thioesters favor the OdC-X-C cis, planar form. Solvent effects were estimated by using the polarizable continuum dielectric method (PCM). The cis form was found as the prevailing conformation for both the oxo- and thioesters in chloroform, acetone, acetonitrile, and water. The trans CH3-CH2-CdO structure (with cis OdC-X-C ester moiety) is a transition state both in methyl propanoate and methyl thiopropanoate, and a basically cis arrangement is preferred for both esters as revealed from B3LYP/6-311++G** calculations. The potential curve for the rotation of the methyl-group of ethyl acetate shows double minima at E ) 87° and E ) 180°. Only the gauche methyl position (E ) 85°) corresponds to an energy minimum structure in ethyl thioacetate. Using the results of the conformational analyses, stretching, bending, torsion, and improper torsion (out-of-plane) parameters were derived for the -CH2-CH2-C(dO)-S-CH2-CH2- thioester moiety. In compliance with parameters in the GROMACS force field and by accepting the united CH3 and CH2 atom models with zero net-charge for these groups, the derived parameters are useful in molecular modeling of unusual proteins containing an acylated cysteine side chain.
Behavioral responses following eight anesthetic induction protocols in horses.

Abstract Objective To compare behavioral characteristics of induction and recovery in horses anesthetized with eight anesthetic drug protocols. Study design Randomized prospective experimental study. Animals Eight horses, 5.5 ± 2.4 years (mean ± SD) of age, and weighing 505 ± 31 kg. Methods After xylazine pre-medication, each of eight horses was anesthetized on four occasions using one of eight different anesthetic induction protocols which incorporated various combinations of ketamine (KET), propofol (PRO), and thiopental (THIO): THIO 8 mg kg−1; THIO 6 mg kg−1 + PRO 0.5 mg kg−1; THIO 4 mg kg−1 + PRO 1 mg kg−1; THIO 2 mg kg−1 + PRO 1.5 mg kg−1; KET 2 mg kg−1; KET 1.5 mg kg−1 + PRO 0.5 mg kg−1; KET 1 mg kg−1 + PRO 1 mg kg−1; KET 0.5 mg kg−1 + PRO 1.5 mg kg−1. Quality of induction and recovery were scored from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent), and time taken to achieve lateral recumbency, first movement, sternal recumbency, and standing were evaluated. Results Time taken to achieve lateral recumbency after drug administration differed significantly (p Conclusions Combining propofol with either ketamine or thiopental modifies behaviors associated with use of the individual drugs. Clinical relevance Quality of early anesthesia recovery in horses may be improved by some combinations of propofol with either thiopental or ketamine.
Crystal-field polarization and the insulating gap in FeO, CoO, NiO, and La2CuO4.

An orbital polarization correction to local spin density (LSD) theory is developed in a crystal field basis, and applied to FeO, CoO, NiO, and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$. The result is a substantial enhancement of the LSD band gap for NiO, and the creation of an insulating ground state for FeO, CoO, and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$.
Chemistry of plant cell walls and dietary fibre.

(1987). Chemistry of plant cell walls and dietary fibre. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology: Vol. 22, No. sup129, pp. 33-41.
Manipulation of mesoporous structure and crystallinity in spontaneously self-assembled hierarchical metal oxides

Abstract Spontaneous self-assembly starting from liquid metal alkoxide precursors offers a convenient template-free route to hierarchical meso/macroporous metal oxide materials with unique macroporous structure. Tailoring of the macropore morphology in these materials has been the focus of recent studies. However, the freshly prepared solids contained amorphous walls and, in many cases, poor structure at the micro/meso scale. While being closely associated to one another, the formation of pores at different scales is governed by independent mechanisms. Examined is the extent of manipulation and control of the structure at meso scale by means of hydrothermal aging in alumina, titania and zirconia materials that possess macroporous structure. The influence of this aging on the textural properties and crystalline phase composition as well as on the previously formed macropore structure is demonstrated. The results indicate that hierarchical materials with well-defined mesopores and macropores with crystalline walls can be successfully synthesized for all three metal oxides by a selective combination of spontaneous self-assembly, hydrothermal aging and thermal treatment. Aging results in the formation of crystalline phases for aluminum hydroxides/oxyhydroxides and titania, while the aged zirconia materials were amorphous. Hydrothermal treatment of the titania and zirconia materials produced higher surface area and mesopores with larger apertures while preserving the macropore structure. However, for aluminum hydroxides/oxyhydroxides, there was a relatively small increase in surface area, which was also accompanied by deterioration of the macropore structure.
Temperature-dependent internuclear transfer of genetic material in heterokaryons of Candida albicans

Heterokaryons (hets) of Candida albicans are produced by fusing protoplasts of complementing auxotrophic strains and can be propagated continuously on minimal medium despite their tendency to assort nuclei into monokaryotic blastospores. Most mono-karyons have parental-type nuclei, but some are nuclear hybrids with DNA contents between one and two times that of their parental strains. Evidence is presented that hybrids arise by transfer of a portion of the genetic material of one bet nucleus to another, and that the amount of material conveyed during transfer increases with increasing het growth temperatures over the range 25°C to 41°C. This partial hybridization is a general property of hets and is not determined by the wild-type strain backgrounds of their parental components or by the kinds of auxotrophies forcing heterokaryosis. Frequencies of mitotic recombinants induced in partial hybrids by ultraviolet radiation indicate that nuclei of C. albicans are naturally diploid.
Approximations for Fermi-Dirac integrals, especially the function F12(η) used to describe electron density in a semiconductor

Abstract The history of studies of the family of Fermi-Dirac integrals is briefly reviewed, and the relevance of these integrals to transport properties via the Boltzmann transport equation is noted. The role of the integral (2| π )F 1 2 (η)≡ F 1 2 (η)≡u in relating reduced Fermi energy η to electron density in a “parabolic” band makes it especially important that this member of the family be capable of expression in approximate forms of reasonable accuracy. High precision series forms, and published tabulations, for the various members of the family are noted, and the remainder of the paper deals with approximations that have been proposed for u(η) and for η(u). The former permits deduction of carrier density from Fermi energy, and the latter permits the inverse. Successful expressions for each purpose are described, with graphs of the error so incurred.
Validated gene targets associated with curatively treated advanced serous ovarian carcinoma

Abstract Objectives High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) mostly presents at an advanced stage and has a low overall survival rate. However, a subgroup of patients are seemingly cured after standard initial therapy. We hypothesize that the molecular profiles of these patients vary from long-term survivors who recur. Methods Patients with advanced HGSOC who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy were identified from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and institutional (MSKCC) samples. A curative-intent group was defined by recurrence-free survival of >5years. A long-term recurrent group was composed of patients who recurred but survived >5years. RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix U133A transcription microarrays. The NanoString nCounter gene expression system was used for validation in an independent patient population. Results In 30 curative and 84 recurrent patients, class comparison identified twice as many differentially expressed probes between the groups than expected by chance alone. TCGA and MSKCC data sets had 19 overlapping genes. Pathway analyses identified over-represented networks that included nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) transcription and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. External validation was performed in an independent population of 28 curative and 38 recurrent patients. Three genes ( CYP4B1 , CEPT1 , CHMP4A ) in common between our original data sets remained differentially expressed in the external validation data. Conclusions There are distinct transcriptional elements in HGSOC from patients likely to be cured by standard primary therapy. Three genes have withstood rigorous validation and are plausible targets for further study, which may provide insight into molecular features associated with long-term survival and chemotherapy resistance mechanisms.
A model to study the dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration and glomerular capillary permselectivity characteristics

Abstract A model, based on recent developments of the pore theory of transport across membranes, is developed to describe solute and fluid transport across the glomerular capillary wall. The model allows the prediction of the glomerular capillary permselectivity parameters r o (pore radius), A p l (total capillary pore surface area/capillary thickness), and K f (the hydraulic permeability), as well as the average transmembrane hydrostatic pressure drop ( ΔP ) and the efferent arteriolar colloid osmotic pressure ( π E ). The input data required are the glomerular filtration rate, initial glomerular plasma flow, systemic protein concentration, and sieving ratios for a few test solutes of known hydrodynamic radius. The model is then applied to results obtained previously on four groups of Wistar rats with accessible surface glomeruli where direct measurement of ΔP and π E and independent estimates of K f were made by micropuncture techniques. The model predictions are shown to correspond quite closely to direct measurements and previous findings on these rats and would be a useful tool in analyzing the dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration as well as glomerular permselectivity where direct measurements are difficult or impossible.
Angle-of-arrival difference spectrum of a simple interferometer in turbulent air*

The power spectrum of the difference angle of arrival of two parallel rays through turbulent air is computed and the results compared to data and to earlier theoretical work on the subject. The present theory predicts an f−2/3 power law in the inertial subrange, and thus differs significantly from Tatarski’s, which predicts an f−2/3 power law. Nevertheless, it fits the existing data in the f−2/3 region common to both theories. The interferometer situation introduces a filter factor that is unimportant for most vertical interferometers in turbulent air, except at very low frequencies.
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Genetics, Neuroanatomy and Cognitive/Behavioral Features Keywords

This paper presents a conceptual review of the genetic underpinnings of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. The neuroanatomical, neuropsychological, behavioral, and psychiatric phenotype associated with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome is also explored, including variables that are thought to affect symptom expression. The history of the deletion syndrome is described, and future directions for continued research are discussed.
Open ocean disposal of materials dredged from a highly industrialized estuary: an evaluation of potential lethal effects.

A study was conducted to determine the potential biological impact of open ocean disposal of sediments dredged from a highly industrialized seaport system. Sediments from potential dredge sites in the Port of Hampton Roads, Virginia were evaluated for acute toxicity. Three sediment fractions were tested through a series of bioassay experiments with the grass shrimpPalaemonetes pugio. Dissolved materials which would be released during disposal operations did not produce significant lethal effects for any of the sites tested. Also, the fine suspended material associated with sediment disposal was not significantly toxic for most of the stations tested. However, rapid lethal effects were observed during the suspended solid phase experiments for a few of the most highly industrialized sites. Exposure of the shrimp to deposited sediment produced moderately low mortalities throughout a ten-day experiment. The results indicate that, in the experiments where significant lethal effects were observed, the toxicity was mainly associated with suspended solids. This trend has significant environmental implications for open ocean disposal operations, since most of the fine materials would probably be dissipated quite rapidly in the dynamic environment of an offshore disposal site.
Should have known

In this paper I will be arguing that there are cases in which a subject, S, should have known that p, even though, given her state of evidence at the time, she was in no position to know it. My argument for this result will involve making two claims. The uncontroversial claim is this: S should have known that p when (one) another person has, or would have, legitimate expectations regarding S’s epistemic condition, (two) the satisfaction of these expectations would require that S knows that p, and (three) S fails to know that p. The controversial claim is that these three conditions are sometimes jointly satisfied. I will spend the majority of my time defending the controversial claim. I will argue that there are (at least) two main sources of legitimate expectations regarding another’s epistemic condition: participation in a legitimate social practice (where one’s role entitles others to expect things of one); and moral and epistemic expectations more generally (the institutions of morality and epistemic assessment being such as to entitle us to expect various things of one another). In developing my position on this score, I will have an opportunity (i) to defend the doctrine that there are “practice-generated entitlements” to expect certain things, where it can happen that the satisfaction of these expectations requires another’s having certain pieces of knowledge; (ii) to contrast practice-generated entitlements to expect with epistemic reasons to believe; (iii) to defend the idea that moral and epistemic standards themselves can be taken to reflect legitimate expectations we have of each other; (iv) to compare the “should have known” phenomenon with a widely-discussed phenomenon in the ethics literature—that of culpable ignorance; and finally (v) to suggest the bearing of the “should have known” phenomenon to epistemology itself (in particular, the theory of epistemic justification).
Assessing salivary C-reactive protein: longitudinal associations with systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk in women exposed to intimate partner violence.

This study evaluated individual differences in levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) measured in saliva, cross-sectionally and prospectively, in relation to systemic inflammation and risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Plasma and saliva samples, later assayed for CRP, were collected multiple times from an ethnically diverse group of women seeking help from domestic violence crisis shelters-agencies (N = 107; mean age at study start = 34 years). Plasma and saliva CRP levels were moderately associated cross-sectionally and across two years. There were indications that saliva CRP levels were, on average, higher in the morning than evening. Higher levels of saliva and plasma CRP were associated with a higher body mass index, but did not differ between women who did and did not smoke. Salivary CRP reliably discriminated between high and low levels of plasma CRP, using a clinically relevant cutoff point of 3 mg/L, recommended by the American Heart Association. Results build upon an emerging literature suggesting that under specific conditions levels of CRP in saliva may reflect low-grade inflammation and have the potential to serve as a screen for CVD risk status.
Dominican and Puerto Rican Women in Partnerships and Their Sexual Risk Behaviors

This study compares demographic characteristics sexual risk factors for HIV/STI and cultural predictors of sexual risk among 254 Dominican and 1012 Puerto Rican women using outpatient health care in New York City. More Dominicans were born outside continental United States and were employed whereas more Puerto Ricans were single and less educated. Both groups of Latinas exhibited low condom use with main and other sexual partners perceiving their own and their partners risk as low. Puerto Ricans were more heterosexually active had more sexual partners had higher incidence of STI and HIV than Dominicans. However Puerto Rican women were more likely to use condoms with a sexual partner. Significant differences in sexual risk support the design of ethnically tailored HIV prevention interventions. (authors)
Occluding Thrombi of the Left Atrium: Report of Four Cases Treated Surgically

Among the morphologic variants of left atrial thrombi, the unattached ball or pedunculated thrombus poses the greatest problem in surgical management and judgment. Clearly, large occluding thrombi require an open technique for their safe removal. On the other hand, a number of intermediate-sized thrombi can be treated surgically by less elaborate means when encountered unexpectedly. Four clinical cases encountered among 105 operations for the relief of mitral stenosis at the Rhode Island Hospital are presented to illustrate the problem in diagnosis and surgical management. The surgical technique employed in three patients in whom free-floating intra-atrial thrombi were encountered unexpectedly was chosen in an effort to avoid fragmenting the thrombus. It took advantage of a tight mitral stenosis which effectively restricted the thrombus to the atrium and created an elevated atrial pressure sufficient to expel the thrombus through an enlarged but suture-controlled atriotomy. A fourth patient was suspected of having an occluding thrombus and underwent an open operation.
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Is Regulated by Estradiol and Progesterone in the Hippocampus

Ovarian steroids modulate learning, memory, and epileptic seizure activity, functions that are mediated in part by the hippocampus. Normal function depends on precise interactions between the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and excitatory glutamatergic neurons of the hippocampus. To determine whether estradiol and progesterone interact with GABAergic neurons, the levels of mRNA for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the rate-limiting enzyme for GABA synthesis, were measured by in situ hybridization histochemistry with 35S-labeled riboprobes complimentary to the feline GAD cDNA. The levels of mRNA for GAD were analyzed in selected region of the dorsal hippocampus and medial basal hypothalamus in ovariectomized, ovariectomized estradiol-treated, and ovariectomized estradiol- and progesterone-treated rats. In estradiol-treated rats, GAD mRNA levels increased in GABAergic neurons associated with the CA1 pyramidal cell layer, but not in the stratum oriens of CA1 or any other region of the hippoc...
Screening and surveillance for complications related to gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and columnar-lined esophagus with intestinal metaplasia (Barrett's esophagus) are the major recognized risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. The American College of Gastroenterology recommends that patients with long-standing GERD symptoms (particularly those 50 years of age or older) undergo endoscopic screening to identify Barrett's esophagus and that those patients who have Barrett's esophagus undergo regular endoscopic surveillance. These recommendations are made with the expectation that screening and surveillance will decrease mortality from esophageal cancer, although this association is unclear. Nonetheless, retrospective studies have shown that endoscopic surveillance can detect some early, curable neoplasms in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus is widely regarded as the precursor of invasive malignancy. Although grading dysplastic changes is largely subjective, dysplasia remains the most appropriate biomarker for clinical evaluation of Barrett's esophagus. Flow-cytometric and p53 abnormalities may be earlier and more specific markers for cancer development, but application of these abnormalities is not yet recommended for clinical practice. Endoscopic surveillance also is adversely affected by biopsy sampling error. Techniques that may minimize biopsy sampling error include chromoendoscopy, endosonography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence detection techniques. Further studies are needed to clearly define the role of these techniques in surveillance, and none is practical for routine clinical use at this time. Although not specifically recommended, experimental ablative therapies, such as photodynamic therapy, can be considered by physicians for their patients with high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus, if they are provided as part of an established, approved research protocol.
Data-intensive spatial sampling and multiple hierarchical clustering: Methodological approaches toward cost/time efficiency in natural resource assessment

Abstract Frondorf, A.F., McCarthy, M.M. and Rasmussen, W.O., 1978. Data-intensive spatial sampling and multiple hierarchical clustering: methodological approaches toward cost/time efficiency in natural resource assessment. Landscape Plann. , 5: 1–25. Data-intensive spatial sampling techniques, in combination with multiple simultaneous hierarchical cluster analyses performed on collected data, have been used in the formation of a computerized natural resource information system for the Rhyolite Canyon Watershed, Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona. It is believed that the combined use of these approaches, together with a reliance on existing software capabilities, represents a significant breakthrough in cost/time efficiency in the production of an operational natural resource data base for use in management/ planning decisions. With total costs, man-hours, and computer time reduced to a minimum, the system retains the capability of producing two- and three-dimensional computer graphic displays representing several hundred individual pieces of natural resource information.
Intensity correlations in a two-mode laser with coupled transitions

Intensity correlations in a two-mode laser oscillating on two coupled transitions have been studied by means of the Fokker-Planck equation. It is shown that they can be expressed in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a one-dimensional Schr\"odinger-type equation. It is found that near threshold intensity correlations cannot be approximated by a single exponential. For moderately large excitations, however, a single exponential dominates. Approximate analytic expressions for large excitations have been obtained which show that the correlation time increases with increasing excitation.
Broadband Wireless Access Trends and Challenges

The first phase of wireless era dealing with telephony has been an enormous success. Greater than 400 million wireless phone subscribers in the world and increasing at a rate greater than a million a month is a testimony to the importance of the wireless communication for mankind. Recent explosive growth of the Internet has clearly exposed the bandwidth limitations of the telecommunication infrastructures. The new challenges are taking us into a different battleground of data communications. Broadly wireless applications have multi dimensions. While one dimension is voice, data and video applications, the other dimension deals with mobility versus fixed. Wireless cellular phones’ success is undoubtedly based on the need for mobility while communicating. These cellular infrastructures are presently being used for data applications providing tens of kbps capacity to the end user. Next generation cellular systems commonly known, as 3G systems will move this capacity to 128kbps mobile access speeds. These systems are expected to have capability of providing up to 2Mbps under stationary conditions. However, these systems are being primarily designed for mobility and may have limited application in extremely cost competitive fixed end -user market.
Ductile and strong aluminium-matrix titanium aluminide composite formedin situ from aluminium, titanium dioxide and sodium hexafluoroaluminate

An aluminium-matrix TiAl3-particle (1–2 μm) composite exhibiting high tensile ductility (22%), high tensile strength (235 MPa) and a grain size of 50 μm was made by a newin situ method involving reactions between Al, TiO2 and Na3AlF6, which were subjected to stir casting at 900 °C. The strength and ductility were higher than those of an aluminium-matrix TiAl3-particle Al2O3-particle composite madein situ by reacting Al with TiO2 (without Na3AlF6). This is due to the ability of Na3AlF6 to enhance the reduction of TiO2 and Al2O3, thus resulting in more TiAl3 and a smaller grain size.
From binary features to Non-Reducible Descriptors in supervised pattern recognition problems☆

The present paper explores the supervised pattern recognition problem when binary features are used in pattern descriptions. The concept of Non-Reducible Descriptors (NRDs) for binary features is introduced. NRDs are descriptors of patterns that do not contain any redundant information. They correspond to syndromes in medical diagnosis and are represented as conjunctions. The proposed approach is based on learning Boolean formulas. Combinatorial and decision-tree computational procedures for construction of all NRDs for a pattern are presented. The computational complexity of the proposed approach is discussed. The process of construction of all NRDs and the obtained NRDs are used for solving the binary feature selection problem. A procedure for combining classifiers is presented. The proposed approach is illustrated with applications for recognition of Arabic numerals in different graphical representations and recognition of QRS complexes in electrocardiograms. The obtained results are discussed.
A Simple Method of Skin Grafting in Chickens

Abstract A SIMPLE method of skin grafting is required if extensive studies of histocompatibility are attempted. Bailey and Usama (1960) have introduced a simple method of grafting skin on mouse tails. The use of the tail skin covered with scales enabled them to place the grafts in place without sutures or other special methods necessary when grafting soft skin. This technique suggested the use of chicken tarsal 1 skin for the same reasons. Preliminary trials suggested that the transplantation of two of the large scales on the anterior surface of the tarsus is a simple procedure for grafting with a minimum of hemorrhage. The next step was to devise a method of holding several chickens on their backs with their tarsi stationary and accessible. The device shown in Figure 1 served this purpose, keeping the tarsi well apart and elevated. The two halves of the wooden blocks holding the legs were held…
A 2 Hour Quasi Period in an Ultraluminous X-Ray Source in NGC 628

Quasi-periodic oscillations and X-ray spectroscopy are powerful probes of black hole masses and accretion disks, and here we apply these diagnostics to an ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in the spiral galaxy NGC 628 (M74). This object was observed four times over 2 years with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory and XMM-Newton, with three long observations showing dramatic variability, distinguished by a series of outbursts with a quasi period of 4000-7000 s. This is unique behavior among ULXs and Galactic X-ray binaries because of the combination of its burstlike peaks and deep troughs, its long quasi periods, its high variation amplitudes of >90%, and its substantial variability between observations. The X-ray spectra is fitted by an absorbed accretion disk plus a power-law component, suggesting the ULX was in a spectral state analogous to the low/hard state or the very high state of Galactic black hole X-ray binaries. A black hole mass of ~(2-20) × 103 M☉ is estimated from the fb-M• scaling relation found in the Galactic X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei.
Pediatric ovarian torsion in a medical center in Taiwan: case analysis.

Background Abdominal pain is one of the most common complaints made by patients visiting emergency departments; however, ovarian torsion is an uncommon cause of abdominal pain, especially in young children. Early diagnosis is essential in order to salvage the ovaries. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients under 18 years of age who visited Changhua Christian Hospital with adnexal torsion between June 2003 and June 2010. Methods Medical records were reviewed for age, associated symptoms, past and present medical histories, physical findings, diagnostic tests performed, clinical course, pathological findings, and diagnoses. Results A total of 21 patients were identified and included in the analysis; their mean (SD) age was 13.62 (3.75) years. Abdominal pain was the universal symptom. Vomiting or nausea was the second most common symptom (33.3%). The average period between symptom onset and diagnosis was 3.29 (6.39) days. Right-side adnexal torsion occurred in 14 patients, and left-side torsion in seven patients. Ovarian cysts, most often dermoid cysts (e.g., teratomas), were found in 16 patients (76%). Except for one conservatively treated case and one malignant case (adult granulose cell tumor), the other results of the pathological examination were as follows: eight dermoid cysts, two cystadenomas, one follicular cyst, and eight simple cysts. Conclusion Although it is uncommon, adnexal torsion should be included in the differential diagnosis of lower abdominal pain in all girls, regardless of age. Sonography is helpful for making such a diagnosis. Time is a critical factor, and early laparoscopy or laparotomy may save a viable ovary.