cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causal Systems Categories: Differences in Novice and Expert Categorization of Causal Phenomena

We investigated the understanding of causal systems categories—categories defined by common causal structure rather than by common domain content—among college students. We asked students who were either novices or experts in the physical sciences to sort descriptions of real-world phenomena that varied in their causal structure (e.g., negative feedback vs. causal chain) and in their content domain (e.g., economics vs. biology). Our hypothesis was that there would be a shift from domain-based sorting to causal sorting with increasing expertise in the relevant domains. This prediction was borne out: The novice groups sorted primarily by domain and the expert group sorted by causal category. These results suggest that science training facilitates insight about causal structures.
An Anthropologist's (New?) Dress Code: Some Brief Comments on a Comparative Cosmopolitanism

In his provocative article "Of Mimicry and Membership: Africans and the 'New World Society' " in this issue of Cultural Anthropology, James Ferguson wants anthropologists to pay attention to Africans who deploy Western discursive genres and sartorial fashions to claim membership in a global imagined community. He argues that anthropologists generally ignore such people: We are embarrassed by the "scandal" of Africans who want to "become like us" because we need cultural difference in order to make countermodern critiques of the West. Ferguson notes that this embarrassment parallels the distaste colonial administrators felt for the "cheeky" African, the "savvy boy," or the "trousered African." In that sense, the colonialist's and the anthropologist's dress codes ironically converge. We are discomforted when our informants are (and here Ferguson borrows Bhabha's phrase) "not quite/not white" because we would rather that our subalterns resist than assimilate. And this affects the ways we theorize "gestures of similitude," or mimesis. When Africans become possessed by the spirits of colonial officers and froth at the mouth like mad dogs, or when Africans parade the boulevard like the most foppish of flaneurs, we want to interpret such acts of mimesis as either "parody or appropriation." Mimesis as parody is subversive rebellion, while mimesis as appropriation is covert resistance wherein natives maintain "ancient traditions" disguised as assimilation. For Ferguson, this kind of theorizing about mimesis also tends toward a misplaced optimism. Natives who parody or appropriate get patted on the back for their agency. They are portrayed as heroes in a struggle-as resistance fighters or tricksters. In celebrating them we fail to emphasize enough the fact that real borders in the new world order are not permeable-that modernity is about maintaining and even exacerbating material inequities. Indeed, we fail to emphasize that a good deal of mimesis itself is precisely a local effort to overcome this fact. The more mundane and prosaic forms of mimesis-the beseeching or angry letters that frame Ferguson's article-tell us this if we would only listen.
Bacterial diversity based on type II DNA topoisomerase genes

Type II DNA topoisomerases are essential and ubiquitous DNA metabolic enzymes that alter DNA topology. Eubacteria have two indispensable type II DNA topoisomerases, DNA gyrase encoded by gyrB and gyrA and topoisomerase IV encoded by parE and parC. These genes belong to a single family whose members span both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The highly conserved motifs in these genes provide a rationale for the design of universal primers used in the polymerase chain reaction in order to systematically generate a data set suitable for bacterial diversity studies at the macro-diversity level, as well as at the micro-diversity level displaying individual species and isolates. This family of genes is the subject of intensive biochemical and genetic analyses, which provide an opportunity for comprehensive understanding of sequence conservation and variability and their relationship to function. These genes are ideally suited for microbial identification and biodiversity analyses.
Reconfiguration strategies for VLSI processor arrays and trees using a modified Diogenes approach

The authors deal with reconfiguration of a rectangular array of processors arranged as an N*N mesh, and a complete binary tree of N processors. They present new reconfiguration techniques that are modifications of the Diogenes approach proposed earlier by A.L. Rosenberg et al. (1983). These techniques reduce the overheads incurred in the earlier Diogenes schemes. Some of the previous approaches to the problem are summarized. Two schemes are presented for reconfiguring rectangular arrays and a scheme for reconfiguring trees. For the analysis of the different schemes presented, it is assumed that a processor has a square layout. These schemes are analyzed and their performance results are presented. >
An exploration of the technology space for multi-core memory/logic chips for highly scalable parallel systems

Chip-level multi-processing, where more than one CPU "core" share the same die with significant parts of the memory hierarchy, is appearing with increasing frequency as standard design practice. This paper takes a broader look at how such mixed logic/memory dies may evolve in the future by walking through the latest CMOS roadmap projections, and casting them in terms of the key chip-level system level building blocks. Given the increasing importance of memory density in such systems, especially as we move to single chip-type designs, we pay particular attention to the potential use of not SRAM but leading edge DRAM for many memory structures. The roles of other factors, such as interconnect and power, is also considered.
An expert system-based supervisor in real-time control

Artificial intelligence and expert systems techniques, coupled with historical signal analysis and optimization methods, provide a novel approach to monitoring process dynamics and performance and learning knowledge about how to do a production job better based on past experience. An expert system-based supervisor is proposed to provide such a tool for a simple tank level control problem which adjusts the schedule for supply purchase to attempt to minimize the average cost of operation over time. This research provides a prototype for the applications of expert systems in real-time process supervision and control; however, the result is primitive. The underlying modeling and optimization methods only work for simple situations. >
Twenty-Two Years of Phase III Trials for Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Sobering Results

PURPOSE: To determine the changes in clinical trials and outcomes of patients with advanced-stage non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated on phase III randomized trials initiated in North America from 1973 to 1994. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Phase III trials for patients with advanced-stage NSCLC were identified through a search of the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program database from 1973 to 1994, contact with Cooperative Groups, and by literature search of MEDLINE. Patients with advanced NSCLC treated during a similar time interval were also examined in the SEER database. Trends were tested in the number of trials, in the number and sex of patients entered on the trials, and in survival over time. RESULTS: Thirty-three phase III trials were initiated between 1973 and 1994. Twenty-four trials (73%) were initiated within the first half of this period (1973 to 1983) and accounted for 5,359 (64%) of the 8,434 eligible patients. The median number of patients treated per arm of the tri...
Calcium isotopes in evaporites record variations in Phanerozoic seawater SO4 and Ca

Reconstructing variations in the major element chemistry of seawater provides constraints on how the global carbon and sulfur cycles have changed over geological time, but archives for this information are rare. This work generates a new independent record of ancient seawater composition, in particular the relative abundance of Ca and SO 4 , through Ca isotope measurements in marine evaporites. Evaporite sequences that reach halite saturation record large Ca isotope variability if SO 4 > Ca, whereas a small range in Ca isotope ratios is observed if Ca > SO 4 . Analyses of geological evaporites indicate SO 4 -rich seawater in the Neogene and Permian and Ca-rich seawater in the Cretaceous and Silurian. These results agree with previous reconstructions using fluid inclusions in halite, and demonstrate a new approach for extending our understanding of oceanic and geochemical evolution.
Silicon tracking at high luminosity colliders

Future applications of silicon detectors at high luminosity colliders envision their use after fluences equivalent to 10/sup 14/-10/sup 15/ minimum ionizing particles/cm/sup 2/ (MIP/cm/sup 2/). This requires facing a number of special problems: large bias voltages on the detector, large leakage currents, and thermal instabilities. We present some of the relevant results on these problems as well as a brief review of some of the presently planned detectors.
Optically Based Sol-Gel Biosensor Materials

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the fundamentals of sol-gel encapsulation and the history of these materials along with a review of the effects of sol-gel encapsulation on biomolecules. The sol-gel process is a chemical technique for synthesizing a silicate matrix around a biomolecule that can function as the recognition and signaling element for a sensor. Within the past decade, biologically doped sol-gel glasses have surfaced as having great potential in optical biosensor applications. The materials are transparent in the UV and visible spectra allowing for the transmission of optical signals. The glass is porous such that small analyte molecules can diffuse through the matrix and reach the large biomolecule that is physically trapped. Biological molecules including heme proteins, enzymes, and antibodies can remain active within the porous sol-gel glass. The flexibility of the method has allowed the encapsulation of a wide range of biomolecules and cells, resulting in sensor materials able to detect small molecules in both gases and in liquids. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of sol-gel optical biosensors.
Quantitative Intracerebral Hemorrhage Localization

Background and Purpose— The location of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is currently described in a qualitative way; we provide a quantitative framework for estimating ICH engagement and its relevance to stroke outcomes. Methods— We analyzed 111 patients with ICH from the Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Recombinant-Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Intracerebral Evacuation (MISTIE) II clinical trial. We estimated ICH engagement at a population level using image registration of computed tomographic scans to a template and a previously labeled atlas. Predictive regions of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Glasgow Coma Scale stroke severity scores, collected at enrollment, were estimated. Results— The percent coverage of the ICH by these regions strongly outperformed the reader-labeled locations. The adjusted R 2 almost doubled from 0.129 (reader-labeled model) to 0.254 (quantitative location model) for National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and more than tripled from 0.069 (reader-labeled model) to 0.214 (quantitative location model). A permutation test confirmed that the new predictive regions are more predictive than chance: P< 0.001 for National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and P< 0.01 for Glasgow Coma Scale. Conclusions— Objective measures of ICH location and engagement using advanced computed tomographic imaging processing provide finer, objective, and more quantitative anatomic information than that provided by human readers. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: . Unique identifier: [NCT00224770][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00224770&atom=%2Fstrokeaha%2F46%2F11%2F3270.atom
Basic Continuum Kinematics

The theme of this chapter was stated with exuberance and in an idealistic deterministic extreme by Marquis Pierre-Simon de Laplace (1759–1827): “Thus, we must consider the present state of the universe as the effect of its previous state and as the cause of those states to follow. An intelligent being which, for a given point in time, knows all the forces acting upon the universe and the positions of the objects of which it is composed, supplied with facilities large enough to submit these data to numerical analysis, would include in the same formula the movements of the largest bodies of the universe and those of the lightest atom. Nothing would be uncertain for it, and the past and future would be known to it
Coupling between phonon-phonon and phonon-impurity scattering: A critical revisit of the spectral Matthiessen's rule

The spectral Matthiessen's rule is commonly used to calculate the total phonon scattering rate when multiple scattering mechanisms exist. Here we predict the spectral phonon relaxation time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ of defective bulk silicon using normal mode analysis based on molecular dynamics and show that the spectral Matthiessen's rule is not accurate due to the neglect of the coupling between anharmonic phonon-phonon scattering ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{a}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and phonon-impurity scattering ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{i}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. As a result, the spectral Matthiessen's rule underestimates the total phonon scattering rate and hence overestimates the thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of mass-doped and Ge-doped silicon by about 20--40%. We have also directly estimated this coupling scattering rate, so-called coupled five-phonon scattering ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{couple}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and achieved good agreement between ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{a}^{\ensuremath{-}1}+{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{i}^{\ensuremath{-}1}+{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{couple}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and the total scattering rate ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{tot}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
“I'm Still at War with Myself”: Transnational Adoption and Endless Labor in Jane Jeong Trenka's Fugitive Visions

This essay is the winning essay for the 2013-2014 Lucie Cheng Prize for outstanding graduate research prize. The piece examines Jane Jeong Trenka's adoptee memoir, Fugitive Visions (2009), blending in psychoanalysis and spatial theory into the analysis of the text.
Higher order spin noise spectroscopy of atomic spins in fluctuating external fields

Here, we discuss the effect of external noisy magnetic fields on mesoscopic spin fluctuations that can be probed in semiconductors and atomic vapors by means of optical spin-noise spectroscopy. We also show that conventional arguments of the law of large numbers do not apply to spin correlations induced by external fields, namely, the magnitude of the 4th-order spin cumulant grows as ~N2 with the number N of observed spins, i.e., it is not suppressed in comparison to the 2nd-order cumulant. Moreover, this allows us to design a simple experiment to measure the 4th-order cumulant of spin fluctuations in an atomic system near thermodynamic equilibrium and develop a quantitative theory that explains all observations.
Effect of maternal and neonatal vitamin A supplementation and other postnatal factors on anemia in Zimbabwean infants: a prospective, randomized study

Anemia is prevalent in infants in developing countries. Its etiology is multifactorial and includes vitamin A deficiency. Our primary aim was to measure the effect of maternal or neonatal vitamin A supplementation (or both) on hemoglobin and anemia in Zimbabwean infants. Our secondary aim was to identify the underlying causes of postnatal anemia. A randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 14 110 mothers and their infants; 2854 infants were randomly selected for the anemia substudy of whom 1592 were successfully observed for 8--14 mo and formed the study sample. Infants were randomly assigned within 96 h of delivery to 1 of 4 treatment groups: mothers and infants received vitamin A; mothers received vitamin A and infants received placebo; mothers received placebo and infants received vitamin A; and mothers and infants received placebo. The vitamin A doses were 400 000 and 50 000 I in the mothers and infants respectively. Vitamin A supplementation had no effect on hemoglobin or anemia (hemoglobin 6-fold. Additional predictors of anemia in HIV-negative and -positive infants were male sex and lower total body iron at birth. In addition in HIV-positive infants the risk of anemia increased with early infection low maternal CD4+ lymphocyte count at recruitment and frequent morbidity. Six-month plasma ferritin concentrations < 12 µg/L were a risk factor in HIV-negative but not in HIV-positive infants. Maternal HIV infection alone did not cause anemia. Prevention of infantile anemia should include efforts to increase the birth endowment of iron and prevent HIV infection. (authors)
Oxide interfaces: Mismatched lattices patched up.

Controlling interfaces between transition-metal oxides and dissimilar structures is crucial for practical applications, yet has remained a quandary. Now, a coherent interface that bridges a perovskite and a fluorite structure has been formed using judiciously chosen metal cations.
Comparative evaluations of neuroperformance and clinical outcome assessments in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: I. Reliability, validity and sensitivity to disease progression. Multiple Sclerosis Study Group

There remains controversy regarding the most sensitive and valid outcome assessments to use in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trials. A double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the clinical efficacy of cyclosporine A in chronic progressive MS incorporated several major clinical and performance outcome assessment modalities and a large sample size, both of which provide a unique opportunity to explore the relationship among MS disease status and the various outcome measures over time. The measures included a structured neurological examination, the Kurtzke Functional System scales and Expanded Disability Status Score, and the Incapacity Status Scale from the MS Minimal Record of Disability, the Harvard Ambulation Index, and neuroperformance testing. A test-retest reliability index, principal component analyses and a signal-to-noise ratio metric were used to comparatively evaluate the reliability, validity and sensitivity to disease progression of the various outcome assessments. The goal was to provide a rational basis for selection of behavioral outcome assessments in future MS clinical trials by identifying the primary dimensions of MS measured by the candidate outcome assessments and providing an objective basis for selecting tests that are most sensitive to MS disease and its progression over a two year trial period. We conclude that the components of the major clinical and performance measures show excellent reliability and cross validation. Principal component analyses of all outcome assessments yielded six primary underlying factors for describing disease status in chronic progressive MS that included lower extremity/pyramidal dysfunction, cerebellar/brainstem and upper extremity dysfunction, somatosensory dysfunction, visual dysfunction, mental or intellectual dysfunction and bowel/bladder problems. Signal-to-noise ratios indicated that upper and lower extremity composites of neuroperformance test items provided the most sensitive indicators of MS disease progression in the placebo group over the 2 year trial period.
The Case of Ayesha, Muslim ‘Courts’, and the Rule of Law: Some ethnographic lessons for legal theory

This paper aims to challenge the disparagement of non-state Islamic systems of law that has established firm roots in contemporary rule of law ideology and practice around the world, from India to Ontario. In this respect, rule of law ideology has tended to ignore actual mechanics and procedures of law, not only in legal venues outside the state's direct control, but also in the state's courts themselves. With respect to non-state legal venues—and especially non-state Islamic legal venues—such ideology understands and describes the practices and procedures that it finds in these non-state venues as crude and underdeveloped at best, and illiberal and in violation of the rule of law at worst. While other scholarly work has vividly demonstrated the various transformations and mutations that any state's ‘ideal legal procedure’ experiences as it is put into real-world practice by a state's courts and judges, this paper makes a converse move. Using a case-study focused on the circumstances and experiences of an Indian Muslim woman, ‘Ayesha’, who recently used a Delhi dar ul qaza to exercise her Islamic divorce rights in India, this paper demonstrates how a non-state Islamic legal venue behaves in ways which are highly evocative of rule of law ideology's idealization of state courts and how they (should) operate procedurally. In doing so, this paper provides evidence for Partha Chatterjee's thesis as to how elite and subaltern domains—understood here to be embodied in both state and non-state legal venues, respectively—are products of ‘mutually conditioned historicities’. In this case, the focus is on the state's conditioning of the non-state. As a result, rule of law ideology's state-oriented critique of the (Islamic) non-state is mistaken because, as this paper demonstrates, the non-state is produced in conversation with the state; one cannot critique the one (non-state) domain without realizing how that critique implicates the other (state) domain.
Dissent “Consider what a long way you've come” —The white queen to Alice

We agree with Stehbens that there are difficulties in elucidating the epidemiology of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) [l]. Poor methods affecting study design, definition of outcomes, measurement of exposure, confounding, or modifying variables, or processing and analysis of data should not be condoned. Bias in any component of the conduct of the individual studies, their publication, or the assessment of the totality of evidence is reprehensible. We have no argument with Stehbens’s statement that independent scientists must evaluate the data in terms of precision, logic and truth. But, we believe that in evaluating epidemiological, basic science, and clinical information on coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis, the strengths as well as the weaknesses of the evidence must be judged. In his comments Stehbens overlooks most of the strengths of epidemiological studies of atherosclerosis and CHD and the progress that has been made in the last 50 years. Many of his citations to criticisms of epidemiology as a science are his own publications and reflect his opinion rather than evidence in the peerreviewed literature. In our opinion the record of epidemiological investigation of CHD and atherosclerosis is outstanding. It advanced from observations based on mortality statistics, whose weaknesses
Subcellular optogenetic activation of Cdc42 controls local and distal signaling to drive immune cell migration

Migratory immune cells use intracellular signaling networks to generate and orient spatially polarized responses to extracellular cues. The monomeric G protein Cdc42 is believed to play an important role in controlling the polarized responses, but it has been difficult to determine directly the consequences of localized Cdc42 activation within an immune cell. Here we used subcellular optogenetics to determine how Cdc42 activation at one side of a cell affects both cell behavior and dynamic molecular responses throughout the cell. We found that localized Cdc42 activation is sufficient to generate polarized signaling and directional cell migration. The optically activated region becomes the leading edge of the cell, with Cdc42 activating Rac and generating membrane protrusions driven by the actin cytoskeleton. Cdc42 also exerts long-range effects that cause myosin accumulation at the opposite side of the cell and actomyosin-mediated retraction of the cell rear. This process requires the RhoA-activated kinase ROCK, suggesting that Cdc42 activation at one side of a cell triggers increased RhoA signaling at the opposite side. Our results demonstrate how dynamic, subcellular perturbation of an individual signaling protein can help to determine its role in controlling polarized cellular responses.
THE SCIENTIST-PRACTITIONER CONSULTING PSYCHOLOGIST

This article identifies issues relevant to the scientist-practitioner model espoused by consulting psychology. It asks what it means to be a scientist-practitioner in more than aspirational or superficial terms and notes the frequent gap between science and practice and between practice and science. These gaps, it is argued, call for changed behavior on the part of both practitioners and of researchers. It is argued that the scientificpractitioner model can be differentiating in a highly competitive area of practice, that science can make its research more relevant to practice, and that practitioners have an important role to play in assuring the linkage of practice with research and theory. A recent publication (Nowack, K. M., & Mashihi, S., 2012) is used to illustrate a positive example of the scientist-practitioner model in which practice recommendations derive from scientific findings.
Phylogeny of the GenusAgaricusInferred from Restriction Analysis of Enzymatically Amplified Ribosomal DNA

Abstract Bunyard, B. A., Nicholson, M. S., and Royse, D. J. 1996. Phylogeny of the genusAgaricusinferred from restriction analysis of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA.Fungal Genetics and Biology20,243–253. The 26S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes and the intergenic region between the 26S and the 5S rRNA genes of the ribosomal DNA repeat of 21 species ofAgaricuswere amplified using PCR and then digested with 10 restriction enzymes. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were found among the 21 putative species ofAgaricusinvestigated and used to develop a phylogenetic tree of the evolutionary history ofA. bisporus.The 5′ end of the 26S gene showed more variability than the 3′ end.A. excellens, A. chionodermus,andA. carolirepresented the species most distantly related toA. bisporus.We present here the first comprehensive attempt at systematically resolving the entire genusAgaricususing modern techniques for molecular genetic analysis. Our data indicate that previous taxonomic schemes, based on morphological characters, are in need of revision.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Poecilia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliinae) across Central and South America based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers

Poeciliids are a diverse group of small Neotropical fishes, and despite considerable research attention as models in ecology and evolutionary biology, our understanding of their biogeographic and phylogenetic relationships is still limited. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of South and Central American Poecilia, by examining 2395 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (ATPase 8/6, COI) and nuclear DNA (S7) for 18 species across six subgenera. Fifty-eight novel sequences were acquired from newly collected specimens and 20 sequences were obtained from previously published material. Analyses of concatenated and partitioned mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA sets resulted in a well-supported phylogeny that resolved several monophyletic groups corresponding to previously hypothesized subgenera and species complexes. A divergence-dating analysis supported the hypothesis of the genus Poecilia dispersing into Central America in the early Pliocene (ancestors of Psychropoecilia+Allopoecilia+Mollienesia: 7.3-2.0Mya) from predominantly South America. Subsequently, one lineage (subgenus Allopoecilia: 5.1-1.3Mya) expanded deeper into South America from Lower-Central America, and one lineage expanded from Nuclear-Central America into South America (subgenus Mollienesia: 0.71-0.14Mya). The subgenus Mollienesia diverged into three monophyletic groups that can be identified by nuptial male dorsal fin morphology and inner jaw dentition. A subclade of the unicuspid short-fins (subgenus Mollienesia) was the lineage that expanded into South America during the middle Pleistocene. Species in this subclade are now distributed across northern South America, where they are partially sympatric with Allopoecilia. However the P. (A.) caucana complex was not monophyletic, with P. (A.) wandae clustering in the Mollienesia subclade that expanded into South America. It is apparent that characters (body size, scale count, pigmentation, and gonopodium morphology) used to define the P. (A.) caucana complex are homoplastic and suggestive of rapid convergence in northern South America. Our improved taxon sampling and divergence-time calibration allowed for insights into the timing and direction of dispersals, and provides an improved understanding of the biogeographic history of an enigmatic group of fishes. Furthermore, we provided strong evidence for the monophyly of the subgenus Mollienesia and further substantiated its species complexes; therefore, we advise a taxonomic re-evaluation for the P. (A.) caucana complex to maintain monophyly of both Mollienesia and Allopoecilia.
Comparison of Feeding Strategies for Infants With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction:Infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are at risk for growth failure, particularly after stage 1 procedures. The effect of continuous enteral feedings on weight gain has not been previously investigated.Methods:A randomized controlled trial was performed in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and single ventricle variants after stage 1 procedures. Eligible infants were randomized to a continuous and intermittent feeding regimen or an exclusive intermittent feeding regimen after stage 1 procedures and continued until hospital discharge. Anthropometric measures and markers of nutritional status were assessed throughout hospitalization.Results:Twenty-six infants completed the study. There were no significant differences in weight gain, growth, or nutritional status. Weight gain on full enteral feedings was 24.3 versus 23.6 g/d (P = .88) for the combination (continuous and intermittent) versus intermittent feeding groups. Weight-for-age Z scores at discharge were −1.37 versus −1.2...
Compartmental Innervation of the Superior Oblique Muscle in Mammals.

Purpose Intramuscular innervation of mammalian horizontal rectus extraocular muscles (EOMs) is compartmental. We sought evidence of similar compartmental innervation of the superior oblique (SO) muscle.
Family-based music therapy: from dissonance to harmony

ABSTRACTThis study is unique in that it expands the use of family music therapy to a broader range of families. It moves beyond the prevailing tendency to employ family music therapy with families of children with special needs to nonclinical families seeking therapy. Joining Alvin’s free improvisation model and Satir’s experiential family therapy, the study engages family members in mutual musical improvisation. It explores the clinical application and therapeutic value of short-term family-based music therapy with three families in a community setting. Each family received six pre-structured interventions from the dual-expertise music and family therapist. Results reveal family-based improvisations accurately accentuated family dynamics as musical representations. They provoked heightened awareness of family difficulties, which were explored using process questions and verbal reflections. Evidence suggests that family-based music therapy can serve as an effective and accurate family clinical assessment,...
Is a Rational Politics a Real Possibility

It is important to question the assumption, practically universal in works on political theory, that both political theory and politics are rational. In various articles Hwa Yol and Petee Jung have insisted on a broad conception of political rationality, influenced by both Eastern and Western traditions—that of phenomenology being especially prominent. In an article about voluntary association that Hwa Yol Jung reprinted in an anthology that he edited, I attacked oversimplified views of rationality, notably the equation of the latter with what voluntary agents with adequate knowledge would ideally agree upon. It is evident that the meaning of “rationality” varies greatly among individuals, but it is hard to escape the conclusion that, by almost any measure of rationality, the human race as a collective has repeatedly acted irrationally on a grand scale over its comparatively brief history. Some examples of this are offered, concluding with the civil wars and NATO intervention in former Yugoslavia and the long-standing United States atomic policy of “Mutually Assured Destruction.” But perhaps the most threatening of all human irrationality, for the long run, is the destruction of our ecosystem, in opposition to which Hwa Yol and Petee Jung have proposed an attitude of “ecopiety.” While pessimism about the future of the human race seems strongly justified, the very pervasiveness of irrationality in politics suggests that anything is possible—even, perhaps, the ultimate triumph of ecopiety.
Kinetics of the reaction of C2Cl3 with Cl2

The reaction C2Cl3 + Cl2 → C2Cl4 + Cl has been studied using the laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectrometry technique. Rate constants were determined in time-resolved experiments as a function of temperature (299−668 K). Rate constants of the above reaction are independent of the bath gas density within the experimental range, [He] = (3−12) × 1016 atom cm-3. Within the above experimental range of temperatures, the rate constants of the above reaction can be described by the modified Arrhenius expression k1 = 3.79 × 10-15 T0.87 exp(−55 K/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1.
Applying Problem Behavior Theory to Adolescent Health Behavior

This chapter seeks to embed variation in involvement in health-related behavior within the larger psychosocial, explanatory framework of Problem Behavior Theory. It explores the relation of personality and perceived environment variables that are distal from health-related behavior, i.e., that do not directly imply it, to variation in involvement in such behavior. Personality variables such as Intolerant Attitudes toward Deviance, Expectations for Academic Achievement, and Perceived Life Chances in the Opportunity Structure were shown to be positively related to health-enhancing behavior. In addition, an index of health-enhancing behavior involvement was shown to be negatively related to an index of problem behavior involvement. These relations between health behaviors and problem behaviors suggest a larger organization at the level of an individual’s health-related lifestyle.
Histopathological comparisons of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa experimental infected porcine burn wounds

Chronic skin wounds are a significant human health concern and are often complicated by infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Translating the knowledge gained from extensive study of virulence mechanisms and pathogenesis of these bacterial species to new treatment modalities has been lacking in part due to a paucity of animal models able to recapitulate human disease. Our groups recently described a novel porcine chronic burn wound model for the study of bacterial infection; however, the histopathology of infection has yet to be described. The objective of this study is to define the histopathology of this model using important human chronic wound bacterial isolates. Porcine full-thickness burn wounds topically inoculated with P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, MRSA S. aureus strain USA300 or both bacteria were used to define and quantify histopathologic lesions. The development of a systemic, well-defined rubric for analysis allowed for evaluation of differences between infection groups. These differences, which included epithelial migration and proliferation, stromal necrosis, fluid accumulation and intensity and character of the innate and adaptive inflammatory cell responses, were identified temporally between infection groups. Mono-species infected wounds developed a hyper-proliferative wound edge. Coinfected wounds at day 35 had the largest wound sizes, increased amounts of neutrophilic inflammation, immaturity of the wound bed, and retention of necrotic tissue. Infection, regardless of species, inhibited wound contracture at all time points evaluated. Most importantly, this model recapitulated key features of chronic human wounds. Thus, this model will allow researchers to study novel treatment modalities in a biologically relevant animal model while monitoring both host and bacterial responses.
JAMS: Jitter-Aware Message Scheduling for FlexRay Automotive Networks

FlexRay is becoming a popular in-vehicle communication protocol for the next generation x-by-wire applications such as drive-by-wire and steer-by-wire. The protocol supports both time-triggered and event-triggered transmissions. One of the important challenges with time-triggered transmissions is jitter, which is the unpredictable delay-induced deviation from the actual periodicity of a message. Failure to account for jitter can be catastrophic for time critical automotive applications. In this paper we propose a novel scheduling framework (JAMS) that handles both jitter affected time-triggered messages and high priority event-triggered messages to ensure message delivery while satisfying timing constraints. At design time, JAMS handles packing of multiple signals from Electronic Control Units (ECUs) into messages, and synthesizes a schedule using intelligent heuristics. At runtime, a Multi-Level Feedback Queue handles jitter affected time-triggered messages, and high priority event-triggered messages. We also propose a runtime scheduler that packs these messages into the FlexRay static segment slots depending on available slack. Experimental analysis indicates that JAMS improves the response time by 25.3% on average and up to 41% compared to the best-known prior work in the area.
Empowering leadership: leading people to be present through affective organizational commitment?*

This study tested a mediation model in which empowering leadership was negatively related to three withdrawal behaviors: lateness, absenteeism, and turnover intention, with affective organizational...
Association between hypertension and circulating vascular-related microRNAs

microRNAs (miRNAs) have a key role in regulating inflammation, vascular health and in turn, cardiovascular disease. Specifically, altered circulating expression of miR-17, miR-21, miR-34a, miR-92a, miR-126, miR-145, miR-146a, and miR-150 has been linked with the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether the circulating profile of these vascular-related miRNAs is disrupted with hypertension. Thirty sedentary, middle-aged adults were studied: 15 normotensive (10M/5F; age: 56 ± 1 year; BP: 113/71 ± 2/1 mmHg) and 15 hypertensive (10M/5F; 56 ± 2 year; 140/87 ± 2/2 mmHg). All subjects were non-obese and free of other cardiometabolic disorders. Circulating miRNAs were determined in plasma using standard RT-PCR techniques with miRNA primers of interest. Expression was normalized to exogenous C. elegans miR-39 and reported as relative expression in arbitrary units (AU). Circulating expression of miR-34a (9.18 ± 0.94 vs 5.33 ± 0.91 AU) was higher (~170%; P < 0.01) whereas the expression of miR-21 (1.32 ± 0.25 vs 2.50 ± 0.29 AU), miR-126 (0.85 ± 0.10 vs 1.74 ± 0.27 AU) and miR-146a (1.50 ± 0.20 vs 3.10 ± 0.50 AU) were markedly lower (~50%, ~55%, and ~55% respectively; P < 0.05) in the hypertensive vs normotensive groups. Moreover, circulating levels of miR-34a, miR-21, and miR-126 were significantly related to systolic blood pressure (r = 0.48, r = −0.38; r = −0.48); whereas, miR-146a was significantly related to both systolic (r = −0.58) and diastolic (r = −0.55) blood pressure. There were no significant group differences in circulating miR-17, miR-92a, miR-145, and miR-150. In summary, these results suggest that hypertension, independent of other cardiometabolic risk factors, adversely affects the circulating profile of a subset of vascular-related miRNAs that have been link to CVD risk and development.
Volume IV: Shock Structure and Kinematics. Blast Waves and Detonations — An Introductory Survey

This problem was defined by Courant and Friedrichs (1948) in their famous book. A Riemann problem is an initial value problem for a system of conservation laws, such that the initial data is scale invariant. The conservation laws have hyperbolic character, and the invariance refers to the fact that there is no length or time scale in the initial data. Riemann’s (1860) theory of the shock tube is the quintessential example of the one-dimensional problem, while shock reflection, refraction and diffraction are examples of two-dimensional Riemann problems.
Plasmas in Solids

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the behavior of solids when they contain a collection of charges that satisfies the definition of plasma. It is concerned primarily with metals, semimetals, and semiconductors. The properties of a gaseous discharge containing gaseous plasma have been the subject of intensive study for many years. During the past forty of these, the relevance of the plasma character to the observed behavior has become well established. The study of plasma effects in solids has been much more recent, with much of the significant progress coming during the past decade. It is thus natural that the plasma theory developed with gases in mind has led the way in the understanding of effects in solids. What is striking is that the progress of experimental work on plasmas in solids has been very rapid. This can be ascribed to the well-developed state of the plasma theory and to the ready availability of pure materials. As a result, in some areas more precise tests of theory have been possible than in the case of gaseous plasmas, where the control over the experimental conditions is always difficult. It thus appears that the study of plasmas in solids should prove fruitful both in providing well-controlled tests of plasma theory and in giving further knowledge of the properties of solids.
Biometrics: past, present and future

How do we establish trusted identities? We are who we are (the way of natural authentication, a.k.a. biometrics), not something that we memorize (passwords) or something that we have (physical keys and tokens). With their historically unprecedented global penetration, mobile devices are now our de facto all-in-one point of entry to digital life; but they are also prone to being misplaced or stolen. With more critical functions such as financial transactions tied to our devices, the critical question is: who's holding them? In this talk we discuss existing and upcoming biometric technologies, including using vasculature seen in the white of the eyes along with its surrounding micro features (Eyeprint). We also review new trends such as revocable biometrics and anti-spoofing for seamless personal authentication for a connected smart future free of passwords and physical tokens and delivering secure, private, and convenient trust.
RTL Level Instruction Profiling for CPU Throttling to Reduce Wasted Dynamic Power

This paper identifies a set of instructions suitable for fine grained CPU throttling to reduce wasted dynamic power in RISCV architecture. An EDA flow was developed to process pipeline trace at an early stage. Instruction profile was generated for each benchmark programs that contains all the instructions executed with their occurrence count and stall count at the pipeline stages. A weight based system was introduced to rank them in the instruction profile. It was observed that higher stall causing instructions are repeating across all the benchmark programs. The weight distribution of each benchmark also shows that there are top 20 instructions that have exponentially higher weights than others. The weight system was further extended across all the benchmark programs in the same test suite to select the top 10 instructions for throttling that identifies probable throttling clock cycles and respective pipeline stages. These results can enable researchers to identify bottleneck in architecture at an early stage.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), and the IL-2 Receptor: Experiments of Nature Continue to Point the Way

The recent discovery of molecular defects in three forms of X-linked immunodeficiency has quickly transformed the study of immunodeficiency into one of the most exciting in basic and clinical immunology. The identification of defects in the IL-2R gamma chain in the etiology of X-linked SCID has suggested a heretofore unanticipated functional role of the gamma chain in immunologic development. While new and novel cytokines and cytokine receptors continue to be identified, it has become clear that our knowledge of IL-2, one of the best understood cytokine/receptor systems, is far from complete. Clarifying the molecular interactions between IL-2 and its receptor complex will improve the sophistication with which these interactions are manipulated in the clinic for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and allograft rejection, treatment of lymphoid malignancies, and cytokine-based therapies for immunotherapeutic treatment of nonlymphoid cancers. Recent gene therapy approaches to the treatment of children with the ADA-deficient form of SCID offers yet another exciting path for investigation. The use of retrovirally infected cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cells in attempts to reconstitute the immune system of ADA-deficient SCID children with ADA-producing cells raises the possibility of similarly "correcting" the defect in X-linked SCID. Such approaches almost certainly loom on the near horizon for other diseases. However, in view of the complexity and potentially pleiomorphic nature of defects in the IL-2R gamma chain, both in terms of their identification and correction, gene therapy for treatment of X-linked SCID will require a thorough understanding of the molecular nature of the respective defects. Effective therapy will require precise knowledge of the defects, in terms of their influence on the ligand, receptor, and signaling apparatus, as well as their potential effects on cells of multiple lineages. However, these caveats aside, the potential for understanding and correcting a disease that robs infants at so early an age of the potential for a normal life will continue to make these exciting and extraordinarily rewarding pursuits.
Convenient synthesis of 6,5 open and 6,6 closed cycloalkylidenefullerenes

Abstract A number of cycloalkylidenefullerenes have been prepared by reaction of C 60 with tosylhydrazone lithium salts in refluxing toluene. Short reaction times lead to high yields of 6,5 open methanofullerenes which subsequently rearrange to the 6,6 closed isomers.
Linguistic currencies: the translative power of English in Southeast Asia and the United States

English seems to be everywhere in the world today, as omnipresent as money. Just as the US dollar has been the Latin, as it were, of world currency, so English has been the lingua franca of a cease...