cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African American Student Athletes and Sports Media Consumption

This study measures the use of media for sports information among African American student athletes. Television was indicated as the primary source of sports information by about one third of the target group, whereas newspapers were used much less as a source. About one fourth got their information from multiple sources. A somewhat unexpected finding was the limited use of sports radio as a source. Female respondents used media less frequently for sports information compared to male athletes.
A previously unreported cytoplasmic granule in the epithelium of inflamed human gingiva.

Abstract Heretofore undescribed cytoplasmic granules have been observed in the superficial epithelial cells of inflamed marginal gingiva from 3 out of 5 diabetic and 5 out of 5 non-diabetic patients. These granules were not observed in a similar number of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with clinically normal gingiva. The granules were membrane-bound and ranged in diameter from 0.08 to 1.74 μm, with a mean diameter of 0.53 μm. After staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, they appeared moderately electron-dense. They were preferentially distributed along the proximal (deep) cell border where they frequently seemed to fuse with the cell membrane, thereby contributing their contents to that of the intercellular space. Although the granules showed inconsistent labelling for acid phosphatase activity, they probably represent a form of lysosome. Their presence may be related to the altered pattern of keratinization and carbohydrate storage frequently associated with gingival inflammation.
A Monte Carlo comparison of semiparametric Tobit estimators

This paper focuses on a performance comparison of semiparametric Tobit estimators. Firstly, a conditional expectation version of Horowitz's distribution-free least-squares estimator is proposed, together with a short description of the other estimators considered in the later Monte Carlo experiment. Then, a performance comparison of the following selected estimators is made through a Monte Carlo experiment: the standard Tobit maximum-likelihood estimator, the Buckley–James estimator, Horowitz's distribution-free least-squares estimator, a conditional version of Horowitz's estimator and Powell's least absolute deviations estimator. An empirical example of Engel curve estimation with zero expenditures follows.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of nonhistone chromatin proteins with nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis as the first dimension

Abstract Proteins extracted from chicken erythrocyte chromatin with 0.35 m NaCl are analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The well-defined high mobility group (HMG) proteins are identified on the electrophoretogram. All but one of the HMG proteins as well as a number of other nonhistone proteins in the extract are sufficiently basic that they are observed only if the first dimension is carried out as nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis. Protein fractions obtained by precipitation at several trichloroacetic acid concentrations are examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the term “HMG protein” discussed in light of the results.
Signal transduction in the stimulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis in moths

Pheromone production in most moths is regulated by pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides (PBAN) produced in the subesophageal ganglion. This paper will review the current concepts related to how PBAN stimulates the pheromone biosynthetic pathway at the level of the pheromone gland cell. Data will be presented using pharmacological compounds that help determine the mode of action of PBAN at the cellular level. Current concepts on the signal transduction pathways involved in PBAN mode of action will be discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A REVIEW OF SOME COMMONLY USED PARAMETERS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF OIL POLLUTION

ABSTRACT A state-of-the-art review is provided describing specific parameters of petroleum oils that are used by various investigators to demonstrate the presence of oil pollution in water, sediments, and biological tissues. Several representative publications are discussed with regard to the techniques used for distinguishing between petroleum hydrocarbons and organics that are of recent biological origin. The techniques include chromatographic procedures using alumina and silica gel for separating hydrocarbons from other organics, followed by instrumental methods such as gas chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, et al. The various oil parameters that are used to demonstrate the presence of petroleum oils are discussed, and the most effective ones are recommended. In addition, a recent study is also described in which several of the parameters were used to demonstrate the presence of oil pollution in sediments from a mangrove swamp in Puerto Rico.
Cycles, chaos, and noise in predator–prey dynamics

In contrast to the single species models that were extensively studied in the 1970s and 1980s, predator–prey models give rise to long-period oscillations, and even systems with stable equilibria can display oscillatory transients with a regular frequency. Many fluctuating populations appear to be governed by such interactions. However, predator–prey models have been poorly studied with respect to the interaction of nonlinear dynamics, noise, and system identification. I use simulated data from a simple host–parasitoid model to investigate these issues. The addition of even a modest amount of noise to a stable equilibrium produces enough structured variation to allow reasonably accurate parameter estimation. Despite the fact that more-or-less regular cycles are generated by adding noise to any of the classes of deterministic attractor (stable equilibrium, periodic and quasiperiodic orbits, and chaos), the underlying dynamics can usually be distinguished, especially with the aid of the mechanistic model. However, many of the time series can also be fit quite well by a wrong model, and the fitted wrong model usually misidentifies the underlying attractor. Only the chaotic time series convincingly rejected the wrong model in favor of the true one. Thus chaotic population dynamics offer the best chance for successfully identifying underlying regulatory mechanisms and attractors.
Differential effecs of etiocholanolone on phospholipid/cholesterol structures containing either testosterone or estradiol

Abstract Artificial lipid spherules (ovolecithin-cholesterol) dicethylphosphate, 70:10:20, mole %) were prepared to contain varying amounts of either testosterone or 17β-etradiol preincorporated into their structures. Such spherules captured marker ions in the aqueous spaces between lipid layers, and it was found that the presence of from 0.1 to 7.5% 17β-estradiol retarded the release of Cr 4 2- from the structures. Preincorporation of testosterone induced little change in the overall permeability of the spherules to anions. Spherules with 17β-estradiol preincorporated proved to be more resistant to leakage of anions induced by the subsequent addition of etiocholanolone or deoxycorticosterone. No such protective effect could be shown with spherules containing 17β-estradiol when progesterone or diethylstilbestrol were added subsequently. Addition of similar amounts of 17β-estradiol or testosterone to already formed spherules did not retard the release of anions by etiocholanolone or deoxycorticosterone. Differences in response to preincorporation of 17β-estradiol or testosterone could be explained by the stabilizing effect of 17β-estradiol in that artificial spherules were also affected by (in order) 17α-estradiol, estriol, and estrone. The data suggest that 17β-estradiol, at a minimum molar preincorporation ratio of 1:1000, reduces the overall permeability of artificial lipid structures, and renders these less permeable to subsequent disruption by etiocholanolone. This property may, at least in part, be related to the pharmacologic effects of estrogens.
Modelling Heat Transfer in Very High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor

Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) is one of the six reactor concepts selected for further consideration by Generation IV International Forum (GIF) members. Adequate heat removal under steady-state and transient condition is important for the safe operation of VHTR. In one of the proposed designs for reactor cavity cooling system, under off normal conditions, coolant comes down through a downcomer and is then distributed into riser channels. The purpose of this design is to enhance heat transfer rates. The heat transfer characteristics in such a cavity are modeled by natural convection in a square cavity with plate. The plate divides the cavity into channels. The cavity is open at the top and the left side wall is isothermal. The plate is parallel to the side walls. The plate is isothermal and is maintained at a lower temperature than the left wall. The plate is shorter than the height of the cavity so that flow down in one channel turns up in the next channel. The right wall has a temperature lower than the plate, and bottom of the cavity is adiabatic. The flow in the cavity is simulated by recently developed Modified Nodal Integral Method (MNIM). Simulations are done formore » two different heights of the plate. The cavity without plate is also studied for comparison purposes. The numerical investigation is done for Rayleigh numbers of 10{sup 3}, 10{sup 4} and 10{sup 5}. Nusselt numbers at hot wall and volumetric flow rate into the cavity are reported for all nine cases. Results show that there is significant enhancement in heat transfer in the presence of a plate for higher Rayleigh numbers. (authors)« less
Continuous measurements of soil respiration with and without roots in a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains

Abstract Continuous measurements of soil respiration and its components help us understand diurnal and seasonal variations in soil respiration and its mechanism. We continuously measured CO 2 concentration at various depths in the soil and calculated surface CO 2 efflux based on CO 2 gradients and diffusivity in a young ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. We determined soil respiration both in a control plot that included roots and in a trenched plot that had no roots. The difference between these plots was used to partition soil respiration into root respiration and heterotrophic respiration. We found that both CO 2 concentration in the soil and surface CO 2 efflux in the control plot were higher than in the trenched plot. The diurnal range of soil respiration in the trenched plot was larger than in the control. We observed dramatic pulses of soil respiration in response to rain events in summer and fall during the dry season. We modeled the seasonal variation in soil respiration without the pulses using soil temperature and moisture as driving variables and simulated soil respiration pulses using an exponential decay function in response to the volume of rain. Daily mean soil respiration peaked at 5.0 μmol m −2 s −1 in the control and at 2.7 μmol m −2 s −1 in the trenched plot in June before the rain pulses. Soil respiration increased from 4.9 to 8.2 and to 12.1 μmol m −2 s −1 after the first and second rain events in the control, and increased from 2.2 to 4.1 and to 6.6 μmol m −2 s −1 in the trenched plot. After incorporating the pulse effect, the model simulated measured data well. Annual soil respiration in 2003 was estimated as 1184 g C m −2 y −1 . The average ratio of root over total respiration was 0.56 during the growing season and 0.16 during the non-growing season with an annual average of 0.44.
The relationship between clinically identifiable intrapartum sentinel events and short-term outcome after therapeutic hypothermia.

Objective To determine the impact of intrapartum sentinel events on short-term outcome post-hypothermia. Study design Records of 77 infants of 36 weeks' gestation or more, who received therapeutic hypothermia, were reviewed. Some were delivered after a clinically identifiable intrapartum sentinel event (IISE). All survivors had brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 to 10 days of life. The primary outcome of neonatal death related to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy was compared in infants born with (n = 39) or without an IISE (n = 38). MRI abnormalities were also compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the variables predicting the primary outcome. Results The two groups had similar Apgar scores, initial blood pHs, and early neurologic examinations. Base deficit was more severe in the IISE group. Neonatal death and hypoxic-ischemic injury was shown on brain MRI with basal nuclei, cortical, and subcortical white matter lesions extending beyond the watershed areas in infants surviving beyond the neonatal period were more common in the IISE group ( P = .014; OR 11.1; 95% CI 1.3-92.6; and P = .034; OR 4.1; 95% CI 1.1-14.9, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified IISE ( P = .023; OR 12.2; 95% CI 1.4-105.8) to be independently associated with neonatal death. Conclusions IISEs are associated with neonatal death and severe injury as shown in brain MRI, even after hypothermia.
Attenuation of central α2 adrenergic action in diabetic rats

Molecular components in transmembrane signaling may be dysfunctional in insulin-deficient states. To investigate whether the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor-effector mechanism is functionally altered by insulin deficiency, we determined the hypnotic response to dexmedetomidine [(+)4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole, a highly-selective alpha 2 agonist, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The duration of the loss of righting reflex (sleep time) in response to dexmedetomidine, 0.25 mg.kg-1 IP, was measured in rats pretreated with streptozotocin, 50 mg.kg-1 IP. Dexmedetomidine sleep time was significantly shortened when tested 10 days (-25%), 3 (-29%), 6 (-35%) and 8 (-47%) weeks into the diabetic state. Supplementation of the diabetic rats with insulin normalized alpha 2 responsiveness. Acute hyperglycemia did not reduce dexmedetomidine-induced sleep time. Sleep time was also reduced when dexmedetomidine was administered via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route at 4 (-21%) and 8 (-29%) weeks after streptozotocin. Thus the central nervous system response to the alpha 2 adrenergic agonist has become attenuated. The mechanism may involve a perturbation of an insulin-sensitive molecular component of the signal transduction pathway responsible for alpha 2 adrenoceptor-mediated anesthetic action.
On the Angular Distribution of Two-Photon Annihilation Radiation

An experimental determination, using anthracene scintillation counters in coincidence, has been made of the departure from antiparallelism of the two photons in the pair annihilation process in an Au absorber. The observed mean angular departure, \ensuremath{\cong}1/137 radians, arises from the motion of the centers of mass of the annihilating pairs; the mean momentum of these is found from the experimental data to be equal to 1.2 mc/137, a value to be compared with a lower limit of 0.8 mc/137 obtained from an included theoretical discussion in which the momentum probability amplitudes of the annihilating electrons and positrons (in the absorbing metal) are estimated and appropriately combined. In these estimates it is shown that the positrons become thermalized by collisions with the vibrating lattice atoms in times considerably shorter than the annihilation time, so that only their zero point motions, together with the zero point motions of the annihilating (valence) electrons, effectively contribute to the momenta of the centers of mass of the annihilating pairs.
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography of Wool: Part III: Detection and Quantitation of Tyrosine

Pyrolysis gas chromatography was used to study the content of tyrosyl residues in wool and the depletion of those residues by chemical reaction with nitrous acid. Wool samples that had undergone nitrosation of varying duration were analyzed by Curie- Point pyrolysis coupled with capillary column GC and flame ionization detection. The inertness of phenylalanyl residues to nitrosation permitted phenylalanine to be used as an internal standard. Peak areas for phenol and para-cresol—pyrolysis prod ucts—were compared to peak areas for phenylacetonitrile—a pyrolysis product of , phenylalanine. There was a linear relationship between the ratio of those peak areas and the molar ratio of Tyr / Phe, as determined by amino acid analysis, and another linear relationship for mixtures of known composition of polypeptides poly-tyrosine and poly-phenylalanine, but with a large difference in the slope from the line generated from the wool data. The difference was probably related to the relatively high con centration of t...
Imaging Differentiation of Liver Lesions with Central Scar

Many liver lesions exhibit a central scar. Although the imaging features are often overlapping, a combination of clinical history and the imaging appearance of the central scar on computed tomography and magnetic resonance can help in characterizing the lesion. This article reviews the imaging featu
Delineation of Functional Regions within the Subunits of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Adhesion Molecule a-Agglutinin

a-Agglutinin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a cell adhesion glycoprotein expressed on the surface of cells of a mating type and consists of an anchorage subunit Aga1p and a receptor binding subunit Aga2p. Cell wall attachment of Aga2p is mediated through two disulfide bonds to Aga1p (Cappellaro, C., Baldermann, C., Rachel, R., and Tanner, W. (1994) EMBO J. 13, 4737-4744). We report here that purified Aga2p was unstable and had low molar specific activity relative to its receptor alpha-agglutinin. Aga2p co-expressed with a 149-residue fragment of Aga1p formed a disulfide-linked complex with specific activity 43-fold higher than Aga2p expressed alone. Circular dichroism of the complex revealed a mixed alpha/beta structure, whereas Aga2p alone had no periodic secondary structure. A 30-residue Cys-rich Aga1p fragment was partially active in stabilization of Aga2p activity. Mutation of either or both Aga2p cysteine residues eliminated stabilization of Aga2p. Thus the roles of Aga1p include both cell wall anchorage and cysteine-dependent conformational restriction of the binding subunit Aga2p. Mutagenesis of AGA2 identified only C-terminal residues of Aga2p as being essential for binding activity. Aga2p residues 45-72 are similar to sequences in soybean Nod genes, and include residues implicated in interactions with both Aga1p (including Cys(68)) and alpha-agglutinin.
Food composition: antigens

Relatively few food antigens have been purified to homogeneity and completely characterized. These include Gad c I from codfish; Sin a I from mustard seed; casein and beta-lactoglobulin from cow's milk; and ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and conalbumin from eggs. Multiple allergens are present in crustaceans, legumes, and cereal grains. Most vegetable seed allergens are proteins; refined oils from these seeds (peanut, soybean, sunflower) contain no nitrogen and are thus non-allergenic. Many food allergens are shared with pollens, so that pollen-sensitive persons may exhibit itching of the tongue and palate when the cross-reacting food is ingested.
Nonparametric Bayes Testing of Changes in a Response Distribution with an Ordinal Predictor

In certain biomedical studies, one may anticipate changes in the shape of a response distribution across the levels of an ordinal predictor. For instance, in toxicology studies, skewness and modality might change as dose increases. To address this issue, we propose a Bayesian nonparametric method for testing for distribution changes across an ordinal predictor. Using a dynamic mixture of Dirichlet processes, we allow the response distribution to change flexibly at each level of the predictor. In addition, by assigning mixture priors to the hyperparameters, we can obtain posterior probabilities of no effect of the predictor and identify the lowest dose level for which there is an appreciable change in distribution. The method also provides a natural framework for performing tests across multiple outcomes. We apply our method to data from a genotoxicity experiment.
Aerodynamics of free-flying wind-tunnel models determined from telemetered accelerations.

Total aerodynamic forces and moments of free flying body in wind tunnel determined from accelerations measured and telemetered by onboard instruments
Lot size effects on process lead time, lead time demand, and safety stock

Abstract A comprehensive process lot sizing/order point model is developed, in which queuing relationships are used to endogenously model the effects of lot size on the lead time demand distribution. The model is used to examine the effect of shortage penalty on the optimal lot size, when the model reflects job queuing dynamics arising from the lot size decision. A coordinated policy of safety stock adjustment and lead time reduction through lot size adjustment is shown be more efficient than responding to changes in the shortage penalty parameter solely through adjustment of safety stock.
Multi-site cooperative data stream analysis

System S is a large-scale distributed streaming data analysis environment. Ultimately, we envision that there will be multiple sites running the System S software, each with their own administration and goals. However, cooperation between these sites can frequently be of mutual benefit. We are designing the framework to support numerous sites that can work both independently and in cooperative fashions, with a variety of interaction models such as peer-to-peer or federated. Depending on the degree of site autonomy and the relationships between any given pair of sites, the sites would be able to share data, perform processing on behalf of one another, or even take over tasks of a failed site. Interoperability is complicated by the degree of site autonomy as well as differences in execution environments and security policies. This paper surveys System S, describes its models for site interoperability, and discusses particular design issues such as site failover and heterogeneity.
Biosynthesis of dithiadiketopiperazine antibiotics: Comparison of possible aromatic amino acid precursors

Abstract Phenylalanine-14C-3 was shown to be a more efficient precursor than m - tyrosine - 14 C-2 for the production of gliotoxin by Penicillium terlikowskii or Trichoderma viride , as well as for production of bisdethio-di(methylthio)-acetylaranotin by Arachniotus aureus . All of the aromatic and both of the methylene deuteriums of phenylalanine-d8 were retained upon incorporation into acetylaranotin by Aspergillus terreus .
The importance of stereo and eye-coupled perspective for eye-hand coordination in fish tank VR

It is possible to simulate a high-quality virtual environment with viewpoint-controlled perspective, high-quality stereo, and a sense of touch obtained with the PHANToM force feedback device using existing "fish tank VR" technologies. This enables us to investigate the importance of different depth cues and touch using higher quality visual display than is possible with more immersive technologies. Prior work on depth perception suggests that different depth cues are important depending on the task performed. A number of studies have shown that motion parallax is more important than stereopsis in perceiving 3D patterns, but other studies suggest that stereopsis should be critically important for visually guided reaching. A Fitts' Law tapping task was used to investigate the relative importance of stereo and head tracking in visually guided hand movements. It allowed us to examine the intertap intervals following a head movement in order to look for evidence of rapid adapta tion to a misplaced head position. The results show that stereo is considerably more important than eye-coupled perspective for this task, and that the benefits increase as task difficulty increases. Disabling stereo increased mean intertap intervals by 33%, while disabling head tracking produced only an 11% time increase. However, we failed to find the expected evidence for adaptation during the series of taps. We conclude, by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of the results.
Unmixing effects of spacing on free recall.

In 3 unmixed-list free-recall experiments, total recall was as high for lists that contained massed repetitions as for those containing spaced repetitions. This finding and differences between spaced and massed lists in the pattern of recall (notably serial position differences) indicate that displaced rehearsal (review of earlier list items) was more prevalent during study of the massed lists. These results imply that displaced rehearsal has a large role in producing the free-recall advantage typically observed for spaced compared with massed items in mixed lists and that unmixed-list designs generally are to be preferred for spacing experiments. They also imply that intentional free-recall experiments are not instructive concerning effects of spaced vs. massed study, because rehearsal strategies for free recall result in the spaced study of massed items
The Rate of NF-κB Nuclear Translocation Is Regulated by PKA and A Kinase Interacting Protein 1

The mechanism of PKAc-dependent NF-κB activation and subsequent translocation into the nucleus is not well defined. Previously, we showed that A kinase interacting protein 1 (AKIP1) was important for binding and retaining PKAc in the nucleus. Since then, other groups have demonstrated that AKIP1 binds the p65 subunit of NF-κB and regulates its transcriptional activity through the phosphorylation at Ser 276 by PKAc. However, little is known about the formation and activation of the PKAc/AKIP1/p65 complex and the rate at which it enters the nucleus. Initially, we found that the AKIP1 isoform (AKIP 1A) simultaneously binds PKAc and p65 in resting and serum starved cells. Using peptide arrays, we refined the region of AKIP 1A binding on PKAc and mapped the non-overlapping regions on AKIP 1A where PKAc and p65 bind. A peptide to the amino-terminus of PKAc (CAT 1-29) was generated to specifically disrupt the interaction between AKIP 1A and PKAc to study nuclear import of the complex. The rate of p65 nuclear translocation was monitored in the presence or absence of overexpressed AKIP 1A and/or (CAT 1-29). Enhanced nuclear translocation of p65 was observed in the presence of overexpressed AKIP1 and/or CAT 1-29 in cells stimulated with TNFα, and this correlated with decreased phosphorylation of serine 276. To determine whether PKAc phosphorylation of p65 in the cytosol regulated nuclear translocation, serine 276 was mutated to alanine or aspartic acid. Accelerated nuclear accumulation of p65 was observed in the alanine mutant, while the aspartic acid mutation displayed slowed nuclear translocation kinetics. In addition, enhanced nuclear translocation of p65 was observed when PKAc was knocked-down by siRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that AKIP 1A acts to scaffold PKAc to NF-κB in the cytosol by protecting the phosphorylation site and thereby regulating the rate of nuclear translocation of p65.
Serial culture of murine primary airway epithelial cells and ex vivo replication of human rhinoviruses

Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are the primary etiological agents in cold infections, and represent a serious risk to individuals with chronic respiratory disease such as asthma. In order to develop treatment options for HRV infections, murine models are a crucial component in the study of infection mechanisms due to the wide array of reagents and techniques available to study murine immunology. We present here a cell culture system for studying isolated murine epithelial cell responses to HRV. Monolayers of primary mouse airway epithelial cells were maintained in a serial culture system, and the identity and purity of the cell population was confirmed via immunostaining (positive for cytokeratin, negative for vimentin). Infection of these cells with a minor group rhinovirus (HRV-1A) was evidenced by increases in viral RNA, de novo synthesis of viral proteins, and production of infectious virus. This model will be useful in experiments to define mechanisms of viral replication and host/virus interactions within airway epithelial cells.
The Status of Sociology within the Academy: Where We Are, Why We’re There, and How to Change It

We present data from a survey of deans at colleges and universities throughout the USA on the relative status of disciplines. Findings indicate that the relative status of Sociology within the academy is low, although there are several specific areas of high status—namely, concerning community involvement and engagement. Our analyses also investigate which areas of activity are most closely associated with the overall prestige of disciplines. Findings indicate that research-oriented activities are the most influential, while student-oriented activities have a more ambivalent association with status. Based on those findings, we offer suggestions for raising the status of the discipline, based on the cultivation of natural synergies linking research, community engagement, student training, and focusing on the benefits of establishing social science research centers associated with Sociology departments.
Mechanistic Insights into αIIbβ3 Integrin Signaling from Long-Timescale Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Integrin αIIbβ3 is a heterodimeric cell adhesion receptor composed of α and β subunits, each of which features an extracellular domain (ECD), a single transmembrane (TM) α-helix, and an intracellular cytoplasmic tail (CT). Like other integrins, αIIbβ3 can signal bi-directionally through interaction of its ECD with extracellular ligands (“outside-in” signaling) or its CT with intracellular proteins (“inside-out” signaling). Notwithstanding the recent developments in structural biology of integrins, questions remain about the molecular determinants that are responsible for protein activation and signaling. To obtain rigorous mechanistic insights into αIIbβ3 “inside-out” signaling at an unprecedented level of molecular detail, we carried out microsecond-scale all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of various experimentally-based three-dimensional models of the TM and CT regions of αIIbβ3 in an explicit 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline bilayer, and in the presence or absence of the F2-F3 subdomains of the intracellular activator talin-1.These simulations broaden our current understanding of the mechanism of αIIbβ3 activation by talin-1. Specifically, we observe: a) different interactions between the αIIb and β3 CTs with or without the F2-F3 subdomains of talin-1; b) a modulatory effect of F2-F3 on the αIIbβ3 TM and CT structures, c) specific electrostatic interactions between talin-1 F2-F3 and the phospholipid polar groups; and d) flexibility of the linker region between the F3 and F2 resulting in their re-orientation with respect to the corresponding crystal structure. Notably, these simulations reveal novel stable interactions between residues of the αIIb and β3 CTs (E1005-K725, E1006-K729, and E1008-R736, respectively), the αIIb CT and the talin-1 F3 (E1001-K316 and D1004-K364, respectively), as well as the β3 CT and the talin-1 F2-F3 (E726-K316, E726-Q381, T753-N355, F754-Y373, and R760-E293, respectively), the mutation of which may be worthy of experimental testing based on their expected interference with αIIbβ3 activation.
On the Precipice of Intersectionality The Influence of Race, Gender, and Offense Severity Interactions on Probation Outcomes

This analysis examines the impact of established predictors on probation failure utilizing a large randomly selected sample of adult probationers. Initial findings suggest that race, gender, location, offense severity as well as risk assessment scores significantly predict probation failure. This study then examines interaction effects between race and gender as well as race and offense severity. Results indicate such interactions may matter in studying probation failure, despite reason to be cautious about their interpretation. Importantly, the results of the interaction model suggest that the interaction between being an African American and male is a significant predictor of probation failure. Additionally, being a Hispanic felon was also statistically significant. Theoretical, practical, and research implications are discussed alongside study limitations.
Sucrase-isomaltase is an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent epithelial chloride channel.

Background & Aims: We previously isolated a monoclonal antibody against a Necturus gallbladder epitope that blocks native adenosine 3*,5*-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent chloride channels in intestine, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and airway epithelia in various animals. Methods: Using this antibody, we purified a 200-kilodalton protein that, when reconstituted in lipid bilayers, forms 9-pS chloride channels that are blocked by the antibody. Results: Amino acid sequencing of the purified protein showed strong homology to rabbit sucrase-isomaltase, an abundant intestinal enzyme. Western blot analysis of the in vitro—translated sucrase-isomaltase was indistinguishable from that of the protein used in the lipid bilayer studies. Expression of this protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes yielded cAMP-dependent chloride currents that in the latter system were blocked by the antibody. Conclusions: Because the monoclonal antibody blocks cAMP-dependent currents in epithelia as well as those produced both by the reconstituted and by the heterologously expressed protein, sucrase-isomaltase is a cAMPdependent epithelial chloride channel. Thus an enzyme that can also function as an ion channel has been described for the first time.
Autonomous construction of three-dimensional models from range data

A substantial body of literature exists in the field of model-based vision and object recognition. A model-based vision system assumes that some kind of model exists for each object the system is to recognize. Unfortunately, in the past each new recognition scheme has frequently required its own specialized models. This in turn has required that a time consuming (and often manual) model construction process be completed first. Development of an automated method for constructing reasonably detailed general purpose models would both simplify the model construction process, and provide models that could be used by many different recognition schemes. This dissertation presents a method for autonomously constructing a complete general purpose surface description (model) of an object. The models are constructed based on a large number of noisy range images from an essentially arbitrary set of viewpoints around the object. The resulting models consist of a set of parametric surface patches. Results of testing the model building algorithm on six synthetic test objects are also presented. In addition, an object recognition scheme is presented which uses models constructed by the model builder. The object recognition results clearly demonstrate that the models constructed by the system are of sufficient accuracy and detail for use in model-based vision tasks.
A simple method for calculating Debye heat capacity values using the Einstein heat capacity formula

Abstract A procedure for calculating Debye heat capacity values, usually obtained by means of series solutions or by numerical integration, has been developed. The procedure is based on the simpler analytical form of the Einstein heat capacity model. By replacing Θ E with a simple function of T/ Θ D , the Einstein model can predict heat capacity values which agree with Debye model predictions with an average percentage error of 0.39% over a temperature range of 0.075 ⩽ T/ Θ O ⩽ 12. As the lower temperature limit rises, the agreement is even better. This procedure is particularly useful in analysing experimental data which require many heat capacity calculations over wide ranges of temperature.
Merleau-ponty, Gibson and the materiality of meaning

L'A. explore la question de caractere du monde percu en ayant recours aux affordances de Gibson et a la these de Merleau-Ponty concernant la materialite du sens
Cancer T cell therapy expands.

Coaxing T cells into attacking tumors is an intelligent approach to cancer therapy that has met with limited success. A new study applies some very persuasive techniques ( pages 279–286 ).
Blood Distribution Systems and the Exchange of Information between Hospital Blood Banks and Regional Blood Centers

Abstract. The advantages and disadvantages of centralized or decentralized reactive or predictive blood distribution systems are presented. A decentralized, predictive distribution system, being used by the Long Island Blood Services Division of the Greater New York Blood Program is described and its applicability to most regional blood supply organizations is emphasized.
Disambiguating the Term “Chinese”: An Analysis of Chinese American Surname Naming Practices

AbstractThe term “Chinese” can refer to an ethnicity, a group of people, or language(s). This conflation makes disentanglement especially difficult, yet not disambiguating perpetuates an oversimplification of a nation, languages, peoples, and cultures. While this blanket term collapses plurality into a monolithic entity, the converse seems to hold when looking at Romanized naming practices of Chinese Americans. The alphabetic rendition of Chinese American names draws relatively clear boundaries of country of origin and general time of arrival to the United States. This paper problematizes the term “Chinese” and looks at the Chineses like Cantonese and Hoisan-wa, which have long overlooked histories in the United States and hold critical clues to disambiguating the cultural and linguistic pluralities of what many would lump together as an immutable term. These findings have implications for using this naming phenomenon to raise linguistic awareness and for the teaching of Chinese American history.
Functional evidence for visuospatial coding in the Mauthner neuron.

When startled by sound, goldfish make large turns away from a rostral stimulus and small responses away from caudal stimuli, suggesting that rostral startling stimuli recruit larger pools of reticulos
A towed seafloor source for seismic exploration

We have a new design for a pneumatically-activated, deep-towed seismic source that can be operated at or near the seafloor. This design overcomes some of the limitations of the seafloor imploder we developed three years ago. Our present working version - a 20-liter, 220 dB (re 1 /spl mu/Pa at 1 m) imploder - is robust and creates repeatable signals that excite shear waves. However, it is necessary to bring it up on deck and reseal it between shots. Our new design solves the long repeat interval problem while allowing for much more control on the signal bandwidth and amplitude. New petroleum and methane-hydrate deposits are being found in deep water at previously unexplored sites. To fully exploit these deep-sea resources, new tools and methods for imaging will be required. One such improvement needed is an active, seismic seafloor source. For deep-water seismic exploration, seafloor signal generation has several advantages over surface generation. The principal advantage is that seafloor sources directly excite shear waves. This allows differentiation of structures by shear velocity, adding another dimension to subsurface visualization, and is particularly useful in regions of unconsolidated sediments and gas. In addition, energy is focused a kilometer or more (depending on the water depth) closer to the zone of exploration with bottom sources, allowing better feature resolution. A secondary advantage is that an equivalent sea-floor source will have less effect on marine mammals, who, depending on their species spend all or a majority of their time near the sea surface - far removed from a working bottom source. A useful seismic sea-floor source will require the following characteristics: it produces signals of the desired bandwidth and amplitude for seismic prospecting, it is robust, the source signature is repeatable, firing time is controllable, and it can be fired repeatedly on the order of one or two minutes. We have made substantial progress in developing a seismic bottom source that meets these requirements.
Site-directed mutations in Sindbis virus E2 glycoprotein's cytoplasmic domain and the 6K protein lead to similar defects in virus assembly and budding.

Abstract Site-directed mutagenesis was used to obtain four mutants with amino acid replacements in the cytoplasmic domain of the E2 glycoprotein and three with replacements in the 6K protein of Sindbis virus. All but one of these mutants yielded progeny virus after transfection of chicken embryo fibroblasts with RNA prepared by in vitro transcription of the virus cDNA; however, even this nonproducer mutant made virus structural proteins in the transfected cells. The other six mutants divided into two groups based on growth in chicken embryo fibroblasts. One group of four mutants (two in E2 and two in 6K) was indistinguishable from wild-type in formation of infectious virus in avian cells while the other group, consisting of two mutants, grew significantly slower. All six mutants grew slower than the parental wild-type virus in mosquito cells. In avian cells, all mutants produced extracellular particles at a slower rate than the wild-type and many of the particles contained multiple nucleocapsids, based on electron microscopy and kinetics of thermal inactivation. One of the E2 mutants with a cysteine changed to alanine and the 6K mutant with four cysteines replaced were deficient in covalent-bound palmitic acid. Two mutants with changes near the signalase cleavage sites between E2 and 6K and between 6K and El appeared to be defective in proteolytic processing. Despite individual differences, all of these mutants and the two previously described produced similar phenotypes in which multicored infectious virus particles were released more slowly from mosquito cells than from avian cells.
Study of Helicobacter pylori colonization of patches of heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) at the upper esophagus

Helicobacter pylori (HP), known to cause active chronic gastritis, has primarily been found in gastric-type mucosa. Even in the duodenum, the organism was detected in islands of metaplastic gastric mucosa. HP has also been found in gastric metaplasia of Barrett's esophagus in 15–50%. The aim of our study was to determine: (1) the frequency with which HP is found on histopathological sections of heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) patch(es) at the upper esophagus, as compared to that of the stomach proper, and (2) the histopathological significance of infection in the HGM patches. From 63 patients with HGM patches at the upper esophagus, 48 patients were found to have concurrent adequate specimen from the stomach for modified Steiner's stain. In 22 patients (45.8%), pair sections from HGM and stomach were negative for HP. Of 26 patients (54.1%) HP-positive on sections from the antrum and/or body (both in 21 cases) nine patients (18.7%) demonstrated HP in the HGM patches. Whereas focal acute inflammatory changes on the H&E section of HGM was present in six patients, HP was detected in HGM only in one. Chronic inflammatory cell infiltration was detected in all nine HP-positive HGM patches and in 37 of 39 HP-negative patches. A mixed acute and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration was found in five of these 37 patients. Our data demonstrate that HP infection of HGM patches at the upper esophagus is part of the HP gastritis and an independent colonization of HGM patches without gastric infection does not occur. No correlation was found between the presence of acute and chronic inflammatory changes in H&E-stained section and positivity of HP in modified Steiner's section of HGM.
Electrical properties of K2FeCl5·H2O and K2AlF5

Abstract The electrical conductivity of nominally pure K 2 FeCl 5 ·H 2 O and anhydrous K 2 AlF 5 has been studied from 300 to 690°K. K 2 FeCl 5 ·H 2 O exhibits mixed ionic and electronic conduction, whereas K 2 AlF 5 is a pure ionic conductor. The mass and charge transport processes in K 2 FeCl 5 ·H 2 O seem to be governed by deviations from both molecularity and stoichiometry. At elevated temperatures both potassium and chloride ions are mobile in K 2 FeCl 5 ·H 2 O.
Studies on gangliosides of goldfish brain.

— Purified gangliosides from goldfish brain have been separated on thin layer chromatography. Incorporation of radioactivity into gangliosides from intracranially- injected [3H]galactose was not affected by concentrations of puromycin (170 μg intra- cranially) known to exert behavioural effects. Puromycin (500 μg intracranially) inhibited the incorporation of radiolabelled galactose into infant rat brain gangliosides, a result which confirms a previous report in the literature.
A simulation model to predict seed dormancy loss in the field for Bromus tectorum L.

Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) is an invasive winter annual whose seeds lose dormancy through dry after-ripening. In this paper a thermal after-ripening time model for simulating seed dormancy loss of B. tectorum in the field is presented. The model employs the hydrothermal time parameter mean base water potential (ψ b (50)) as an index of dormancy status. Other parameters of the hydrothermal time equation (the hydrothermal time constant θ HT , the standard deviation of base water potentials σ ψb , and the base temperature T b ) are held constant, while ψ b (50) is allowed to vary and accounts for changes in germination time-course curves due to stage of after-ripening or incubation temperature. To obtain hydrothemal time parameters for each of four collections, seeds were stored dry at 20°C for different intervals, then incubated in water (0 MPa) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions (-0.5, -1.0, -1.5 MPa) at 15 and 25°C. Germination data for the thermal after-ripening time model were obtained from seeds stored dry in the laboratory at 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50°C for 0 to 42 weeks, then incubated at two alternating temperatures in water. Change in ψ b (50) was characterized for each collection and incubation temperature as a linear function of thermal time in storage. Measurements of seed zone temperature at a field site were combined with equations describing changes in ψ b (50) during after-ripening to make predictions of seed dormancy loss in the field. Model predictions were compared with values derived from incubation of seeds retrieved weekly from the field site. Predictions of changes in ψ b (50) were generally close to observed values, suggesting the model is useful for simulating seed dormancy loss during after-ripening in the field.
What If the Preferred Applicant Rejects a Job Offer? A Look at Smaller Applicant Pools

This article presents the first theoretical framework for examining how expected new-hire performance is affected in situations where the preferred applicant in a small pool rejects a job offer. It addresses questions such as: What is the expected decrease in performance when a lower ranked (as opposed to the top) candidate in an already small pool is hired? What is the likelihood that a lower ranked candidate in that small pool will perform as well as, or better than, the first choice would have? And under what conditions might it be advantageous, from either a performance or a financial perspective, for the employer to seek additional applicants rather than offer a position to a lower ranked candidate? Order statistics provide a conceptual framework for answering these questions. This method estimates expected decreases in performance if a second- or third-ranked candidate, rather than the first choice, is hired. It can also show the likelihood that the top-choice’s job performance would be better than a lower choice candidate’s. The order statistics approach is combined with utility analysis to address the question of when the expected value of generating more applicants might exceed the expected value of hiring a lower ranked candidate. This article presents the first rigorous framework for understanding the probable impact of offer rejections on expected new-hire quality and for determining what is most likely to be the best response to an offer rejection in the small-pool context.