cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosibility and sensitivity analysis for multi-station machining processes

Dimensional variation is a major problem affecting product quality in discrete-part manufacturing. The stream of variation (SoV) methodology has been proposed as one of the systematic approaches to identify the root causes of process variation based on part measurements. This paper presents the results of the diagnosibility and sensitivity analysis study of the SoV methodology in a multi-station V8 cylinder head machining process used by a major domestic automotive manufacturer. The SoV model of dimensional machining errors has been derived based on the CAD description of the part and CAPP description of the process. Variation patterns of the final product were assessed based on the measurements of 20 automotive cylinder heads machined under normal process conditions, and the relative contributions of each machining station were assessed. In addition, one faulty product was observed and SoV model was used to identify the machining station that caused this quality problem. A station-level error decomposition method has been introduced and the SoV model correctly identified the culprit station. Furthermore, the sensitivities of dimensional features of the cylinder head to departures in fixture parameters away from their nominal values are evaluated based on the SoV model. Finally, four major issues arising from this implementation study of SoV in industry have been identified. Those are: non-diagnosibility of available measurements, vectorial representation of features, random sampling of parts at inspection and inadequate level of details in modeling of the process faults.
Diffusion of titanium and niobium in bcc Ti-Nb alloys

The diffusion coefficients for titanium and niobium radioactive tracers were simultaneously measured in Ti, ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{94.6}$${\mathrm{Nb}}_{5.4}$, ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{80.4}$${\mathrm{Nb}}_{19.6}$, and ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{64.3}$${\mathrm{Nb}}_{35.7}$ over the temperature range from 950\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 1511\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C using standard lathe-sectioning techniques. The samples were initially heat treated by annealing above the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase-transition temperature and then either cooling slowly to room-temperature or quenching. The room-temperature crystal morphology was then examined using x-ray diffraction. Alloy concentrations were chosen both to suppress the $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ transition and to obtain the metastable $\ensuremath{\omega}$ phase. The data may be described by Ti: ${D}_{\mathrm{Ti}}=4.54\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{31300}{\mathrm{RT}}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec; ${D}_{\mathrm{Nb}}=2.91\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{31030}{\mathrm{RT}}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec; ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{94.6}$${\mathrm{Nb}}_{5.4}$: ${D}_{\mathrm{Ti}}=1.27\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{35610}{\mathrm{RT}}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec; ${D}_{\mathrm{Nb}}=1.79\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{38220}{\mathrm{RT}}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$sec; ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{80.4}$${\mathrm{Nb}}_{19.6}$: ${D}_{\mathrm{Ti}}=3.15\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{41960}{\mathrm{RT}}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec; ${D}_{\mathrm{Nb}}=1.18\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{47330}{\mathrm{RT}}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec; ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{64.3}$${\mathrm{Nb}}_{35.7}$: ${D}_{\mathrm{Ti}}=2.51\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{59020}{\mathrm{RT}}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec; ${D}_{\mathrm{Nb}}=2.98\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{61730}{\mathrm{RT}}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. The hypothesized enhancement of diffusion by $\ensuremath{\omega}$-phase fluctuations or effects of the hcp to bcc phase transformation cannot be ruled out by this work, but are certainly not supported directly by the present results.
Epidemiology and prevention of blood and body fluid exposures among emergency department staff.

Emergency Department (ED) staff are vulnerable to occupational exposure to infectious blood and body fluids (BBF). Universal precautions are often ignored in the ED setting. Identification of body locations at high risk of BBF exposure may allow development of site specific protective garments that minimize risk and inconvenience. All permanent staff (92) in a 58,000 visit public university hospital ED with potential for BBF exposure were surveyed. Respondents estimated the number of BBF contacts sustained during the past year, describing their most recent contact in detail. Seventy-eight of 91 (85%) responded, reporting average rates of 54.1 intact skin, 1.5 nonintact skin, and .87 mucous membrane BBF contacts per full-time employee per year. Of the most recent incidents, 94% involved blood, 22% involved vomit or urine, and 11% involved saliva. Eighty-eight percent of BBF contacts were to unprotected skin or mucous membranes, either when no barrier was worn or at the gap between gloves and sleeves. Most (66%) were distal to the elbow; 13% involved the face. Use of long gloves or another continuous protective barrier from the fingers to the elbow, in addition to increased use of face masks or shields, would markedly reduce the rate of ED BBF contacts with a minimum of inconvenience.
Towards energy neutral wastewater treatment: methodology and state of the art

Conventional biological wastewater treatment processes are energy-intensive endeavors that yield little or no recovered resources and often require significant external chemical inputs. However, with embedded energy in both organic carbon and nutrients (N, P), wastewater has the potential for substantial energy recovery from a low-value (or no-value) feedstock. A paradigm shift is thus now underway that is transforming our understanding of necessary energy inputs, and potential energy or resource outputs, from wastewater treatment, and energy neutral or even energy positive treatment is increasingly emphasized in practice. As two energy sources in domestic wastewater, we argue that the most suitable way to maximize energy recovery from wastewater treatment is to separate carbon and nutrient (particularly N) removal processes. Innovative anaerobic treatment technologies and bioelectrochemical processes are now being developed as high efficiency methods for energy recovery from waste COD. Recently, energy savings or even generation from N removal has become a hotspot of research and development activity, and nitritation–anammox, the newly developed CANDO process, and microalgae cultivation are considered promising techniques. In this paper, we critically review these five emerging low energy or energy positive bioprocesses for sustainable wastewater treatment, with a particular focus on energy optimization in management of nitrogenous oxygen demand. Taken together, these technologies are now charting a path towards to a new paradigm of resource and energy recovery from wastewater.
Leonardo da Vinci: The Hidden Father of Modern Anatomy

(2002). Leonardo da Vinci: The Hidden Father of Modern Anatomy. Journal of Investigative Surgery: Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 247-249.
Trabecular bone loss after administration of the second-generation antipsychotic risperidone is independent of weight gain.

Abstract Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have been linked to metabolic and bone disorders in clinical studies, but the mechanisms of these side effects remain unclear. Additionally, no studies have examined whether SGAs cause bone loss in mice. Using in vivo and in vitro modeling we examined the effects of risperidone, the most commonly prescribed SGA, on bone in C57BL6/J (B6) mice. Mice were treated with risperidone orally by food supplementation at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg daily for 5 and 8 weeks, starting at 3.5 weeks of age. Risperidone reduced trabecular BV/TV, trabecular number and percent cortical area. Trabecular histomorphometry demonstrated increased resorption parameters, with no change in osteoblast number or function. Risperidone also altered adipose tissue distribution such that white adipose tissue mass was reduced and liver had significantly higher lipid infiltration. Next, in order to tightly control risperidone exposure, we administered risperidone by chronic subcutaneous infusion with osmotic minipumps (0.5 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) in 7 week old female B6 mice. Similar trabecular and cortical bone differences were observed compared to the orally treated groups (reduced trabecular BV/TV, and connectivity density, and reduced percent cortical area) with no change in body mass, percent body fat, glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. Unlike in orally treated mice, risperidone infusion reduced bone formation parameters (serum P1NP, MAR and BFR/BV). Resorption parameters were elevated, but this increase did not reach statistical significance. To determine if risperidone could directly affect bone cells, primary bone marrow cells were cultured with osteoclast or osteoblast differentiation media. Risperidone was added to culture medium in clinically relevant doses of 0, 2.5 or 25 ng/ml. The number of osteoclasts was significantly increased by addition in vitro of risperidone while osteoblast differentiation was not altered. These studies indicate that risperidone treatment can have negative skeletal consequences by direct activation of osteoclast activity and by indirect non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Our findings further support the tenet that the negative side effects of SGAs on bone mass should be considered when weighing potential risks and benefits, especially in children and adolescents who have not yet reached peak bone mass. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interactions Between Bone, Adipose Tissue and Metabolism .
Statistical Pattern Recognition for Labeling Solar Active Regions: Application to SOHO/MDI Imagery

This paper presents a new application of statistical methods for identifying the various surface structures on the Sun that may contribute to observed changes in total and spectral solar irradiance. These structures are divided for our purposes into three types: quiet Sun, faculae, and sunspots (umbra and penumbra). Each region type is characterized by the observed data present at pixels of that type. Statistical models characterizing these observables are found from expert identification of a sample set of regions or unsupervised clustering. Information about the spatial continuity of regions is incorporated into the model via a prior distribution on the label image; the contribution of the prior can be interpreted as a regularizing term. Once the parameters defining the models are fixed, the inference procedure becomes to maximize the probability of an image labeling given the observed data. This allows objective and automated classification of a large set of images. We describe the application of these procedures to computing labelings from synchronized full-disk high-resolution magnetic-field and light-intensity maps from the Michelson Doppler Imager experiment on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory.
High CO2 uptake and selectivity by triptycene-derived benzimidazole-linked polymers

Successful incorporation of triptycene into benzimidazole-linked polymers leads to the highest CO2 uptake (5.12 mmol g−1, 273 K and 1 bar) by porous organic polymers and results in high CO2/N2 (63) and CO2/CH4 (8.4) selectivities.
A new mixed preconditioning method for finite element computations

A new mixed clustered element-by-element (CEBE)/cluster companion (CC) preconditioning method for finite element computations is introduced. In the CEBE preconditioning, the elements are merged into clusters of elements, and the preconditioners are defined as series products of cluster level matrices. The CC preconditioning method, which is also introduced in this paper, shares a common philosophy with the multi-grid methods. The CC preconditioners are based on companion meshes associated with different levels of clustering. For each level of clustering, we construct a CEBE preconditioner and an associated CC preconditioner. Because these two preconditioners in a sense complement each other, when they are used in a mixed way, they can be expected to give better performance. In fact, our numerical tests, for two- and three-dimensional problems governed by the Poisson equation, demonstrate that the mixed CEBE/CC preconditioning results in convergence rates which are, in most cases, significantly better than the convergence rates obtained with the best of the CEBE and CC preconditioning methods.
Cardiac vagal regulation across the preschool period: Stability, continuity, and implications for childhood adjustment

Stability and continuity of vagal regulation of the heart, operatio- nalized as suppression of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during challenge, was examined in a longitudinal study of preschoolers. A sample of 154 two-year-old children was recruited for participation in a study of the effects of emotional and behavioral challenge on cardiac activity and behavioral indices of adjustment and self-regulation. A total of 122 of these children were assessed again at age 4.5 years. At both ages, the children were assessed in a series of laboratory procedures that were intended to be emotionally and behaviorally challenging, during which time heart rate was recorded. To assess vagal regulation, resting measures of RSA and RSA suppression to the challenge task were derived from these procedures. To assess childhood adjustment and self-regulation, a number of parent-report measures were administered when the children were 4.5 years of age. Results indicated that there was high stability in RSA suppression across the challenge tasks within both ages, modest cross-age stability in RSA suppression, and a significant decrease in the magnitude of RSA suppression across age. Second, children who displayed a pattern of stable and high suppression across the preschool period were less emotionally negative, and had fewer behavior problems and better social skills than other children. 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 101-112, 2004.
The effects of narrowband interference on UWB communication systems with imperfect channel estimation

The proposed spectrum-overlay scenario for ultra-wideband systems brings new technical challenges that must be considered during the system design. In this scenario, the receiver has to perform functions, such as multipath combining and channel estimation, on a large number of low-energy multipath components in the possible presence of strong in-band interference. This paper proposes an analytical formulation that allows for the analysis of the channel estimation in the presence of narrowband interference. It is shown that the affect of narrowband interference is exacerbated by channel estimation errors, and that the number of training bits used for channel estimation is strongly dependent on whether or not interference suppression is employed. It is also shown that sources of degradation, such as imperfect channel estimation and the presence of narrowband interference, impose a practical limit on the number of multipath components that should be combined.
Simultaneous Resource Scheduling to Minimize Weighted Flow Times

Many scheduling problems in manufacturing and service firms involve tasks that require more than one resource to be used simultaneously to execute the task. Two formulations of this scheduling problem are given. We develop a Lagrangian relaxation for the problem that has an intuitive interpretation. The relaxation suggests heuristics and provides a lower bound on the optimal solution. Next a surrogate relaxation is developed that provides a second bound and a heuristic solution. An enumeration procedure to determine the optimal solution is described, and computational results on the effectiveness of the bounds and the heuristics are presented. The Lagrangian relaxation performs better on problems with a low degree of simultaneity, and the surrogate relaxation does better with a high degree of simultaneity.
PaxonDHT: achieving consensus in distributed hash tables

Despite the scalability, availability and resiliency potential suggested by distributed hash tables, their lack of support for replication of mutable data and for strong consistency models stands in the way of their becoming widely accepted as a viable basis for the future generation Internet. This paper presents PaxonDHT, a Paxos-based middleware service, which ensures with high probability that a dynamic set of replicas reach total order agreement. PaxonDHT works well in the highly dynamic environment of DHTs, preserving the properties of the underlying DHT layer, and provides simultaneous support for heterogeneous services. Our algorithm has been deployed on Pastry, using the common API for interoperability with other DHTs. Experimental results in a simulated network show that PaxonDHT is scalable with replica set size and system load, and that it works well in highly dynamic environments.
Efficient scheduling of recursive control flow on GPUs

Graphics processing units (GPUs) have rapidly emerged as a very significant player in high performance computing. Single instruction multiple thread (SIMT) pipelines are typically used in GPUs to exploit parallelism and maximize performance. Although support for unstructured control flow has been included in GPUs, efficiently managing thread divergence for arbitrary parallel programs remains a critical challenge. In this paper, we focus on the problem of supporting recursion in modern GPUs. We design and comparatively evaluate various algorithms to manage thread divergence encountered in recursive programs. The results improve upon traditional post-dominator based reconvergence mechanisms designed to handle thread divergence due to control flow within a procedure.
First records of a triisodontine mammal, Goniacodon levisanus, in the late Paleocene of the northern Great Plains, North America

The Triisodontinae are a group of condylarths, including the early Paleocene genera Eoconodon, Triisodon, and Goniacodon, with molar morphology intermediate between that of arctocyonids and mesonyc...
Ab initio construction of interatomic potentials for uranium dioxide across all interatomic distances

We provide a methodology for generating interatomic potentials for use in classical molecular-dynamics simulations of atomistic phenomena occurring at energy scales ranging from lattice vibrations to crystal defects to high-energy collisions. A rigorous method to objectively determine the shape of an interatomic potential over all length scales is introduced by building upon a charged-ion generalization of the well-known Ziegler-Biersack-Littmark universal potential that provides the short- and long-range limiting behavior of the potential. At intermediate ranges the potential is smoothly adjusted by fitting to ab initio data. Our formalism provides a complete description of the interatomic potentials that can be used at any energy scale, and thus, eliminates the inherent ambiguity of splining different potentials generated to study different kinds of atomic-materials behavior. We exemplify the method by developing rigid-ion potentials for uranium dioxide interactions under conditions ranging from thermodynamic equilibrium to very high atomic-energy collisions relevant for fission events.
Confidence Intervals for Percentage Reduction in Caries Increments

Confidence intervals are presented for the percentage reduction in mean caries increments associated with a test treatment relative to the mean increment associated with control. Approaches based on both the analysis of variance and the analysis of covariance are compared with respect to ease of computation and to the length of the confidence interval.
Coordinate Regulation of DNA Damage and Type I Interferon Responses Imposes an Antiviral State That Attenuates Mouse Gammaherpesvirus Type 68 Replication in Primary Macrophages

DNA damage response (DDR) is a sophisticated cellular network that detects and repairs DNA breaks. Viruses are known to activate the DDR and usurp certain DDR components to facilitate replication. Intriguingly, viruses also inhibit several DDR proteins, suggesting that this cellular network has both proviral and antiviral features, with the nature of the latter still poorly understood. In this study we show that irradiation of primary murine macrophages was associated with enhanced expression of several antiviral interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISG induction in irradiated macrophages was dependent on type I IFN signaling, a functional DNA damage sensor complex, and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase. Furthermore, IFN regulatory factor 1 was also required for the optimal expression of antiviral ISGs in irradiated macrophages. Importantly, DDR-mediated activation of type I IFN signaling contributed to increased resistance to mouse gammaherpesvirus 68 replication, suggesting that the coordinate regulation of DDR and type I IFN signaling may have evolved as a component of the innate immune response to virus infections.
Screening for hazardous or harmful drinking using one or two quantity-frequency questions.

Aims: To address the accuracy of quantity-frequency (QF) questions in screening for hazardous or harmful drinking. Methods: Three groups were interviewed: patients presenting to emergency departments for care of an acute injury (n = 1537) or a medical illness (n = 1151), and community controls interviewed by telephone (n = 1112). The first question about alcohol was a single alcohol screening question (SASQ), 'When was the last time you had more than X drinks in one day?', where X = 4 for women and 5 for men, with any time in the past 3 months considered a positive screen (1 drink = 14 g ethanol). The subsequent alcohol questions were a calendar-based review of recent drinking and the alcohol questions from the diagnostic interview schedule (DIS), which included questions about usual frequency and average quantity. Hazardous drinking was defined as drinking >4 drinks in 1 day or >14 drinks in 1 week for men (women 3 and 7) (Guidelines of the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism). Current alcohol use disorders were defined using DSM-IV criteria. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in identifying hazardous drinking or current alcohol use disorder were compared. Results: The area under the ROC curves in the three samples combined were 0.81 for SASQ (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79-0.82), 0.80 for a question about average quantity alone (0.79-0.82) and 0.85 for the product of usual frequency times average quantity (0.84-0.86). The QF product and the question about average quantity performed consistently across the three groups. Conclusions: In clinical settings, one way to put these findings into practice is to screen first with a single question, such as the SASQ, a single question about typical quantity, or a question about the frequency of heavy drinking such as the third item of the alcohol use disorders test (AUDIT).
Huge, hairy thoracic nevus associated with brain tumor

Abstract The case of a patient with a huge, hairy thoracic nevus associated with a brain tumor is presented. The nevus was 30 x 35 cm and was located on the patient's back; there were also two cafe au lait spots on one of her legs and a pilocytic astrocytoma of the left basal ganglia. The etiological background of this case is discussed in its relation to phakomatoses.
Low energy crossed beam studies of OD+ and D2O+ with C2H4: covalent and electrostatic complexes

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used in conjunction with low-energy crossed beam studies of the ion-molecule reactions of D2O + and OD + with C2H4 to probe collision dynamics, particularly the role that electrostatic and covalent intermediates play. In the D + -transfer reaction initiated with D 2O + , an electrostatic complex formed when the transferred species approaches the perpendicular bisector of the C = C bond plays an important role. Observation of C2H4D + products with excitation in the 10 stretching mode, in which the bridging D-atom moves along the perpendicular bisector, provides support for this complex. In the OD + reaction, evidence for the occurrence of reaction on the ground singlet surface following internal conversion comes from the observation of a transient complex living 100 fs. The DFT calculations show that the rate-limiting step corresponds to ring-opening and H/D exchange initiated in an ethylene oxide species with D + bound to the oxygen atom. Computed lifetimes are in agreement with experiment. This study provides an example of how high-resolution crossed beam studies in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations, can provide a detailed understanding of collision dynamics in systems of moderate complexity. New experimental developments, including the application of velocity space imaging methods, as well as the production of beams of free radicals, will lead to a greater understanding of energy and angular momentum disposal in systems of chemical relevance.
Response thresholds in bacterial chemotaxis

Stimulation of Escherichia coli by exponential ramps of chemoattractants generates step changes in the concentration of the response regulator, CheY-P. Because flagellar motors are ultrasensitive, this should change the fraction of time that motors spin clockwise, the CWbias. However, early work failed to show changes in CWbias when ramps were shallow. This was explained by a model for motor remodeling that predicted plateaus in plots of CWbias versus [CheY-P]. We looked for these plateaus by examining distributions of CWbias in populations of cells with different mean [CheY-P]. We did not find such plateaus. Hence, we repeated the work on shallow ramps and found that motors did indeed respond. These responses were quantitatively described by combining motor remodeling with ultrasensitivity in a model that exhibited high sensitivities over a wide dynamic range.
Menius and the Anabaptists

Among the Reformers attached in spirit to the Wittenberg circle Justus Menius stands as the leading polemicist against the Anabaptists. Menius knew whereof he wrote. He had more contacts with the Anabaptists than did any of the Lutheran opponents of the radicals in Central Germany.1 His position as superintendent at Eisenach after 1529 brought him into the heart of West Thuringian Anabaptist territory. He knew Rink, though how well it is impossible to determine.
System-level changes following invasion caused by disruption of functional relationships among plant and soil properties

The ecological impacts of invasive plants have served to justify the cost of their management, which is estimated to exceed $1 billion annually in the US alone. However, our understanding of the ecological impacts of most invasive plants is extremely limited, and when known, interpretation is confounded with varied measurements and methods. While this can provide important information about specific components of ecosystem function, it limits our understanding of the broader scope of impacts any one species may have. Using Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) as a study system, our objectives were to (1) survey a broad suite of 29 important ecological impact metrics (EIMs), (2) identify invader cover-EIM relationships, and (3) test if the comparative reference (uninvaded or invader removal) influences interpretation. Japanese stiltgrass had the strongest effect on the plant community, followed by soil properties, soil nutrients, and other abiotic/biotic factors. Many EIM values differed among reference types, and plant community EIMs were reduced with increasing Japanese stiltgrass abundance. For example, plant biodiversity was lower in the invasion when compared to both removed and uninvaded sites; however, soil organic matter was higher only in the uninvaded site when compared to the invasion. The integrative ecosystem metric E(c) also showed that the system overall was impacted by the Japanese stiltgrass invasion, and this varied among sites. Interestingly, relationships among EIMs were also changed by the presence of Japanese stiltgrass. For example, a strong correlation between pH and soil organic matter disappeared when Japanese stiltgrass was present. Together this suggests that this invaded ecosystem functions in a different way through both individual and correlated alterations to ecosystem properties.
The Marriage Penalty/Bonus Debate: Legislative Issues in Black and White

Many scholars have debated the marriage penalty/bonus question. Those scholars have proposed solutions ranging from individual filing requirements to increased child care deductions. However, all proposed solutions have a limited impact because they are built upon a model in which all women are assumed to be the same. If a solution to the marriage penalty/bonus issue is to help women in today's society, their differences must be explored.For the most part, the literature treats all women as marginal wage earners who are discouraged from working in the paid labor market. Thus, solutions are designed to encourage women to work in the paid labor market. However, these solutions do not address the problem of the many women who are already working full-time in the paid labor market.Part I of this article begins by briefly describing the marriage penalty/bonus issue. It then provides Census Bureau data that shows that African-American households are more likely to pay a marriage penalty and White households are more likely to receive a marriage bonus. Part II then describes proposed legislative solutions to the marriage penalty/bonus issue. Part II analyzes the proposed legislative solutions based on the differences in African-American and White households. This article concludes by noting that any solution to the marriage penalty/bonus issue must take into account the racial and class distinction among women.
Perfect approximant points of tanh z

A complex number z0 is called of perfect approximant point of order n of the function tanh z if the nth approximant (convergent) of the usual (infinite, reduced form) continued fraction expansion of tanh z at z0 is equal to tanh z0 . (The perfect approximant points of order 1 are precisely the fixed points of tanh z.) In this paper, a complete description of the perfect approximant points is given. Also given, as a by-product, is a completely clementary derivation of the usual continued fraction expansion oif tanh z, which, in turn yields an elementary derivation of the nonterminating simple continued fraction expansion of e. Finally, some generalizations are indicated.
Preschool Neuropsychological Measures as Predictors of Later Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The present study examined preschool neuropsychological measures as predictors of school-age attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Participants included 168 children (91 males) who completed neuropsychological measures at ages 3 and 4, and who were evaluated for ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder at age 6. The Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT), NEPSY Statue subtest, and a delay aversion task significantly distinguished at-risk children who later did and did not meet criteria for ADHD, with poor to fair overall predictive power, specificity, and sensitivity. However, only the K-CPT ADHD Confidence Index and battery added incremental predictive validity beyond early ADHD symptoms. This battery approach, which required impairment on at least 2 of the 3 significant measures, yielded fair overall predictive power, specificity, and sensitivity, and correctly classified 67 % of children. In addition, there was some support for the specificity hypothesis, with evidence that cool executive function measures (K-CPT and Statue subtest) tended to predict inattentive symptoms. These findings suggest that neuropsychological deficits are evident by preschool-age in children with ADHD, but neuropsychological tests may still misclassify approximately one-third of children if used alone. Thus, neuropsychological measures may be a useful component of early ADHD assessments, but should be used with caution and in combination with other assessment methods.
The Ccr4‐Not complex is a key regulator of eukaryotic gene expression

The Ccr4-Not complex is a multisubunit complex present in all eukaryotes that contributes to regulate gene expression at all steps, from production of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the nucleus to their degradation in the cytoplasm. In the nucleus it influences the post-translational modifications of the chromatin template that has to be remodeled for transcription, it is present at sites of transcription and associates with transcription factors as well as with the elongating polymerase, it interacts with the factors that prepare the new transcript for export to the cytoplasm and finally is important for nuclear quality control and influences mRNA export. In the cytoplasm it is present in polysomes where mRNAs are translated and in RNA granules where mRNAs will be redirected upon inhibition of translation. It influences mRNA translatability, and is needed during translation, on one hand for co-translational protein interactions and on the other hand to preserve translation that stalls. It is one of the relevant players during co-translational quality control. It also interacts with factors that will repress translation or induce mRNA decapping when recruited to the translating template. Finally, Ccr4-Not carries deadenylating enzymes and is a key player in mRNA decay, generic mRNA decay that follows normal translation termination, co-translational mRNA decay of transcripts on which the ribosomes stall durably or which carry a non-sense mutation and finally mRNA decay that is induced by external signaling for a change in genetic programming. Ccr4-Not is a master regulator of eukaryotic gene expression. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:438-454. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1332 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Blast Response Characteristics for an Instrumented Helmet on a Skull-Brain Surrogate

In current US Military operations, warfighters are frequently subjected to blast events, which can lead to traumatic brain injury (TBI). In response to this recent and increasingly prevalent threat, helmet systems must protect the head against high velocity, short duration overpressures in addition to blunt and ballistic impacts. Understanding the blast impact response characteristics of helmet systems may improve the design and selection process for headborne equipment and contribute to reducing blast-related brain injury.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Wearable Writing Enriching Student Peer Review With Point-of-View Video Feedback Using Google Glass

As technology continues to become more ubiquitous and touches almost every aspect of the composing process, students and teachers are faced with new means to make writing a multimodal experience. T...
Taking the social in socialism seriously

not refrain from cooperating with elements of the old order, but this cooperation was subsumed under revolutionary threats (and an overall ruptural vision) and, therefore, did not serve to restore aristocratic privileges in the long run. Likewise, symbiotic strategies could serve the transition to socialism if they are subordinated to revolutionary and interstitial ones over the long term. This intermittent revolutionary process would slowly build socialism over the span of a few centuries and perhaps even lay the groundwork for a post-socialist society. The events in North Africa have demonstrated that the question is not whether new revolutionary uprisings will take place; it is whether they will take a sustainably social route. The Tunisian and Egyptian revolutionary upheavals started out with social as well as political demands, but in time, political demands started to outweigh (if not drown out) social demands. This was partially because the international intellectual environment, in addition to the major national political actors, focused on liberal democratic grievances at the expense of social ones. One reason for this restricted focus is the depletion of the intellectual arsenal that links political struggles to social issues. A public task of social science is, then, providing some of the tools that the actors of these uprisings could use to write the social into the revolution through connecting elements of rupture, symbiosis and a civic spirit.
Approach to a Child with Colitis

In this review, the authors discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentations of colitis in children, and provide current recommendations for the approach to a child with colitis. In addition, they discuss in detail one of the important and emerging causes of chronic colitis in children; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Diagnostic and management approaches to colitis in children vary considerably based on several factors, including if the colitis is acute in onset or chronic, the age of the child, and the geographical region of the affected child. Broader classification or differential diagnosis of colitis falls under infectious, inflammatory, allergic, and less commonly, immune-mediated and ischemic colitis. Recent epidemiologic reports have elucidated a shift in our understanding of ethnicities and geographic regions affected by IBD. The incidence and prevalence of IBD has been steadily increasing in developing countries, including South-East Asia/India. Also, the risk of developing IBD among the second-generation South-Asians immigrants has greatly increased, with rates approaching those in the Western country to which they immigrated. Current research is focusing on genetic, environmental, and dietary factors to understand the increased incidence of IBD in developing countries and immigrants from developing nations.
Effects,palatability and mildew of 15 kinds of cockroach baits against Blattella germanica

Objective To learn the effect of all kinds of commercially available insecticides of cockroach poisonous baits against Blattella germanica and give scientific evidence for its field control.Methods According to the national standard(GB/T 13917.7-2009),the experiments of efficacy test,palatability and mildew were conducted.Results 3 of the total 15 kinds of cockroach poisonous baits didn't have an expected insecticidal effect,while the rest could kill over 90% of test insects respectively in 7 days.In the experiment of palatability,the insecticidal properties of propoxur and imidacloprid poisonous baits declined.The antifungal property with all kinds of poisonous baits worked well.Conclusion Good performance of most commercially available cockroach bait,0.8%-1% of the optimal ratio of acephate,single-component composite baits contrast has no significant advantage.Actual use should also be considered resistant cockroaches and other issues.It is recommended to use a different rotation of the main component of the bait,replenish bait consumption in order to effectively achieve the prevention and control and other purposes.
A comparison of an 8- versus 16-hour photoperiod during lactation on suckling frequency of the baby pig and maternal performance of the sow.

Seventeen crossbred sows were used in a lactation trial to compare the effects of a 16-h photoperiod with an 8-h photoperiod from d 107 of gestation to weaning at 28 d postpartum. Crossbred sows were used to compare the effects of 16-h (n = 8) and 8-h (n = 9) photoperiods on litter and maternal performance traits. Females were moved into two identical farrowing rooms under either 16- or 8-h photoperiods on d 107 of pregnancy, litters were equalized across treatments at birth and the treatments terminated at weaning on d 28 postpartum. Traits evaluated included litter size at birth and weaning, 21-d pig and litter weights, milk yields and composition on d 15, litter survival rates, suckling frequency for a 24-h period on d 13 and percentage of sows returning to estrus and days to estrus after weaning. Pigs exposed to 16 h light nursed more often (P less than .05) than pigs exposed to 8 h light over a 24-h period. This advantage was greatest during the 4-h periods of 1200 to 2000, 0000 to 0400 and 0800 to 1200 h. This difference is perhaps an explanation of why litters exposed to 16 h light weaned more (P less than .05) pigs/litter with heavier (P less than .01) 21-d litter weights. Nonsignificant advantages were also seen in milk yield and litter survival percentage. In addition, sows exposed to 16 h light had higher (P less than .05) total solids content of their milk.
Immersive Journalism in VR: Four Theoretical Domains for Researching a Narrative Design Framework

A major focus of research in Virtual Reality (VR) media examines the technological affordances for creating immersion, which in turn can generate presence – the feeling of being there – in a virtual environment. This research has given rise to an emerging form of fact-based storytelling called immersive journalism, a term used to describe digitally produced stories designed to provide a first-person, interactive experience with news events. This paper examines the concept of immersive journalism and discusses both its potential and its limitations as a narrative and journalistic genre. Immersive journalism will require a new narrative design framework, and four theoretical domains are discussed as underscoring this framework. The four are VR presence, narrative, cognition and journalistic ethics.
Special Acquisitions: Collecting African Materials

SUMMARY While special collections of Africana materials sprout up in many American libraries, few librarians are writing about acquisitions practices in these collections. A recent project to begin a depository of Benin (West Africa) resources at West Virginia State College may offer ideas for other libraries wishing to do special acquisitions in Africana materials. This article addresses language and cultural barriers, early planning, methods of acquisition, and collection maintenance concerns. The author has worked in acquisitions for special, public, and academic libraries, but has only recently begun to learn the complex issues in Africana acquisitions.
Abstract B018: A novel IDO1 inhibitor combined with targeted immunotherapy durably increases survival in a mouse model of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor, accounting for 54% of malignant glioma diagnoses. Over the course of the past 30 years, a diagnosis of GBM has remained fatal even after maximum surgical resection, radiotherapy (RT), and chemotherapy, with a median overall survival of 14.6 months. The immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM is a major contributor to the poor patient outcome. Expression of IDO1, as well as the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells contribute to the avoidance of immune surveillance. Although current immunotherapies have had some success in extending patient survival, combinatorial treatment approaches addressing both tumor growth and the potent immunosuppression may prove to be more effective. This work aimed to determine the efficacy of a novel, pharmaceutical-grade, blood brain barrier-penetrating small molecule IDO1 inhibitor, BGB-5777, in combination with PD-1 blockade and/or whole brain radiation in an immunocompetent mouse GBM model. METHODS/RESULTS: All mice were intracranially-engrafted 2×105 GL261 (syngeneic to B6 background) cells to recapitulate brain tumors. At 14 days post-intracranial injection (dp-ic.), mice were treated with IgG alone as a control (n = 7), 2Gy RT for 5 days (n = 8), 500 ug (loading dose), followed by three 200 ug maintenance doses given every 3 days, of PD-1 mAb (J43) (n = 8), or 100mg/kg BGB-5777 for 4 weeks (n = 10), with a median overall survival (OS) of 25, 25, 32, and 26.5 days, respectively. Mice treated with dual therapies including RT and PD-1 mAb (n = 10), RT and BGB-5777 (n = 8), or PD-1 mAb and BGB-5777 (n = 9), had a median OS of 30, 39, and 32 days, respectively. All mice treated with mono- or dual-therapy succumbed to tumor burden. In contrast, mice treated with concurrent RT, PD-1 mAb and BGB-5777 (n = 9) showed a significant increase in median OS to 53 days (P Citation Format: Erik Ladomersky, Lijie Zhai, Galina Gritsina, Kristen L. Lauing, Matthew Genet, C. David James, Derek A. Wainwright. A novel IDO1 inhibitor combined with targeted immunotherapy durably increases survival in a mouse model of glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B018.
Recent Applications of Scanning Calorimetry in the Biological Sciences

An interesting feature of biochemistry is the ubiquitous occurrence of macromolecular and polymolecular species having structures stabilized by the cooperation of numerous weak forces. Since it is characteristic of such highly cooperative structures to undergo conformational or phase transitions upon being heated, it is to be expected that significant information concerning these structures can be obtained from study of them by scanning calorimetry, particularly high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Do Body Wall Vibrations Over the Lungs Aid Aerial Hearing in Salamanders? An Investigation into Extratympanic Hearing Mechanisms

Abstract Tympanic middle ears are key innovations in the evolution of terrestrial hearing. These structures facilitate sound transmission between air and the inner ear, across an impedance mismatch boundary. Nontympanic taxa present an opportunity to explore extratympanic hearing mechanisms, which could inform our understanding of terrestrial hearing evolution. Salamanders are useful models in this regard because they lack tympanic middle ears. Lung-based extratympanic auditory mechanisms have been demonstrated in earless anurans and are hypothesized to apply to salamanders, based on observations that the body walls overlying the lungs vibrate in response to airborne sound. We tested the hypothesis that body wall vibrations over the lungs aid aerial hearing in salamanders. We immersed the body walls and pectoral girdle below a water surface in two lunged species, Notophthalmus viridescens and Ambystoma talpoideum, predicting that this would elevate auditory thresholds (measured using evoked potentials) by...
Numerical simulation of T-walls supported by batter piles within a levee embankment

After catastrophic levee failures triggered by the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, concrete T-walls with batter piles are extensively used to enhance the integrity of levees in the New Orleans area. Since the foundation soils in this region typically include soft and compressible clays, T-walls with batter piles should be designed to account for bending moments and stresses induced by settlement. However, the current T-wall design procedure for estimating these settlement-induced bending moments (SIBMs) only takes a limited range of conditions into consideration. This paper presents results from a series of finite-difference numerical simulations to investigate the effects of various parameters on SIBM in pile-supported T-walls. The numerical model was first used to simulate a centrifuge test and upon comparison, a reasonable agreement was observed between the numerical simulation and experimental results. The numerical model was then used to investigate the effects of different parameters including pile connecti...