cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertically Oriented Upper Eyelid Nerve Fibers: A Clinical, Anatomical and Immunohistochemical Study

Vertically oriented suborbicular nerve fibers are frequently encountered during upper eyelid surgery. It has not been well established whether these fibers are terminal motor branches of the facial nerve (VII) or sensory branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V-1). To investigate the origin of these nerve fibers, three different techniques were used: (1) intraoperative nerve stimulation; (2) cadaver dissection; and (3) immunohistochemical analysis. The results of all three investigative methods are in agreement and conclusively demonstrate that these fibers represent sensory branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V-1) and not motor branches of the facial nerve (VII). Anatomical dissection showed that the sensory fibers to the upper eyelid do not travel solely within the suborbicular fascial plane, but also course in the preorbicular plane and within the orbicularis muscle itself. The terminal branches of the facial nerve to the upper eyelid innervate the orbicularis oculi from the undersurface and in a horizontal orientation. Clinical correlation of these findings is discussed.
A syndrome of fibrosing pleuritis, pericarditis, and synovitis with infantile contractures of fingers and toes in 2 sisters: 'Familial fibrosing serositis'

We describe a family in which 2 sisters born to consanguineous parents developed childhood onset fibrosing pleuritis in association with constrictive pericarditis and bilateral deforming arthropathy of large and small joints of upper and lower extremities including flexion contractures of several fingers (camptodactyly) and toes. One patient also had mitral value prolapse. Histopathological examination of the synovium and pericardium revealed fibrosis, and ultrastructural study of synovium showed abundant inter and intracellular mesh of 9 nm microfibrils. We describe this distinct clinicopathological entity with pleiotropic manifestations, the common features of which appears to be the fibrosis of serous membranes. Therefore, the term "familial fibrosing serositis" is proposed for this entity.
Abstract WP233: A Pilot Study Validating Video-based Training on Pre-hospital Stroke Recognition

Introduction: Delays in recognizing stroke during pre-hospital emergency medical system (EMS) care may affect triage+transport time to appropriate stroke ready hospitals and may preclude patients from receiving time dependent treatment. All EMS transports in a large urban area in the stroke belt were evaluated for transport destinations, triage+transport time and stroke recognition following distribution of an educational training video to local EMS services. Hypothesis: Following video training local paramedics will improve stroke recognition, shorten triage+transport time, and increase stroke transports to primary stroke centers (PSC) of care. Methods: A training module ( Results: A total of 35,207 emergency 911 response transports were made with a total of 506 (1.4%) paramedic identified strokes. Average triage+transport time for stroke transports was 33 +/- 0.7 minutes. The PSC hospitals received a 5% increase in stroke transports and the non-specific care facilities decreased by 7%. The PSC stroke confirmation totaled 130 transports with 140 suspected strokes by paramedics and 71 of 130 confirmed strokes correctly identified by paramedics (positive predictive value of 50.7%, sensitivity of 54.6%). By the third month following training, recognition percentages increased from 54% at baseline to 73%. At five months, percentages of correct stroke identification had dropped to pre-training levels. Conclusion: The training improved stroke recognition by an additional 19% with follow-up training recommended at five months.
Abstract WP182: Trends in Acute Ischemic Stroke Hospitalizations and Risk Factors Among Young Adults: 12 Years of Nationally Representative Data

Background: There is limited recent population-based data of trends in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) hospitalization rates among young adults (YA). Rising prevalence of stroke risk factors may increa...
The intertemporal risk-Return relation, investor behavior, and technical trading profits: evidence from the G-7 countries

The intertemporal risk-return relation and investor behavior are both important pricing factors that jointly determine the expected market risk premium. Using the price adjustment process as a cont...
Voting for secular parties in the Middle East: evidence from the 2014 general elections in post-revolutionary Tunisia

ABSTRACTArab uprisings paved the way for democratic elections in the Middle East and North Africa region. Yet countries in this region, except for Tunisia, were not able to maintain further democra...
Unintended Delivery of Surgical Towel Fibers into a Vein Graft During Cardiac Catheterization.

Abstract Foreign body introduction during coronary stent delivery is an uncommon, yet potentially fatal, complication of coronary angiography and interventions. Inadvertent introduction of gauze fibers, starch granules and other foreign materials into circulation has been reported in literature. The introduction of inorganic surgical debris can cause distal embolization, vessel occlusion and wall infiltration causing infarction, acute stenosis and granulomatous reaction. This report describes a case of successful extraction of inorganic blue filamentous material during coronary vein graft intervention detected as a filling defect in a filter during coronary vein graft intervention. The specimen represented fibers from blue surgical towels used on sterile field during cardiac catheterization.
Large Igneous Provinces and Biotic Extinctions

The radiometrically determined ages of large igneous provinces (LIPs) show a good correlation with the ages of mass extinction events and ocean anoxic events. Several lines of evidence suggest that gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) released by LIP volcanism and related intrusions may be capable of causing significant environmental effects that could lead to extinctions. Factors that contribute to the environmental impact of LIP volcanism include: (1) rapid global warming and ocean acidification resulting from greenhouse gas emission, especially from related magma intrusions into carbon-bearing sedimentary rocks; this factor has led at times to oceanic anoxia events, (2) ocean surface acidification from CO 2 and SO 2 release, possibly leading to biocalcification crises, (3) cooling resulting from conversion of SO 2 to sulfuric acid aerosols in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, and (4) acid rain from SO 2 , hydrochloric acid (HCl), and hydrofluoric acid (HF) emissions.
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Analysis for 12p Alterations in Sarcomatoid Yolk Sac Tumors

"Sarcomas" in patients with testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are a common form of "somatic-type malignancy." There is support, based on morphology and immunohistochemistry, that many such sarcomatous tumors represent an unusual form of yolk sac tumor (YST). A virtually universal chromosomal anomaly in GCTs is increase in 12p copy number, often in the form of isochromosome 12p [i(12p)], but this aspect of sarcomatoid YSTs has not hitherto been studied. We performed interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for detection of increased 12p copy number in sarcomatoid YSTs using a bacterial artificial chromosome-derived probe localized to 12p12.1 and a commercially available centromeric probe. Sixteen formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens from 11 patients, along with normal controls, were studied. Overrepresentation of 12p was expressed as a ratio between the number of signals for 12p and the number of signals for centromere 12. A ratio ≥1.3 was considered overrepresentation. All cases were postchemotherapy recurrences or metastases. Ages ranged 22 to 38 years (mean: 36). Most tumors (12/16) showed myxoid or fibromyxoid stroma and 15 of 16 were high grade. Thirteen of 16 specimens (81%) showed overrepresentation of 12p by the above criteria. Two cases exhibited loss of 12p and 1 case had gain of a whole chromosome 12 (trisomy 12). We conclude that, as in other GCTs, sarcomatous differentiation of YST demonstrates 12p alterations that can be identified by interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization. Apart from 12p overrepresentation, these tumors may exhibit loss of 12p or even gain of an entire chromosome 12 (trisomy 12). Increase in 12p copy number of a sarcomatous neoplasm provides support for sarcomatoid YST in clinically ambiguous settings.
Islanding Detection in Electric Distribution Circuits using Multiple-Model Filters in the Presence of Multiple PV Inverters

A passive, inverter-centric method for islanding detection using multiple-model filtering (MMF) is presented in the presence of multiple photovoltaic inverters (PVIs). Islanding is the situation that parts of power distribution circuits are disconnected from the grid by switches for protection from the effects of faults while the disconnected circuits are still being energized by active sources, including solar PVIs. The purpose of the MMF- based islanding detection is to timely inform a behind-the-meter grid-connected PVI whether to trip itself offline or to stay grid-connected with minimum communications. Detection filters are built based on all anticipated circuit models corresponding to switch states observable by the PVI, and a weighted local measurement residuals is used to obtain model probabilities. An autocovariance least-squares method is adopted to estimate the process and measurement noise covariance matrices of each filter design model. Two scenarios are detailed for a modified Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS): i) multiple PVIs are located along the same radial circuit (feeder), and ii) multiple PVIs are located at different feeders. The minimum communication requirements among the PVIs are determined for successful islanding detection.
“You’re a Sociologist, I Am Too . . . ”: Seducing the Ethnographer, Disruption, and Ambiguity in Fieldwork with (Mostly) Undocumented Youth:

The article is about a set of methodological disruptions that occur in ethnographic fieldwork and what these disruptions mean for ethnographic studies, including analysis, representation of data, a...
The Influence of the Big Five Personality Traits and Risk Aversion on Entrepreneurial Intention

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the Big-Five personality traits and risk aversion on entrepreneurial intention. A questionnaire-based survey was employed for the data collection. A total of 422 students and graduates (age 18–25) participated in the survey. The findings showed that extraversion, conscientiousness and risk aversion are important characteristics that influence entrepreneurial intention. Openness to experience, conscientiousness and extraversion have positive influence on entrepreneurial intention, while agreeableness, neuroticism and risk aversion have shown contrary results. The results confirm partially the theoretical approach and the hypotheses formed.
Beyond Hype and Despair: Developing Healthy Communities in the Era of Intelligent Tools

There is much we do not know and cannot know about the socioeconomic impacts of intelligent machines. The impacts will be driven by business strategies that differ by sector and country. “Good jobs” strategies are possible. It is important to identify and strengthen the factors, including policies, that encourage them. Demographics will certainly affect the outcomes. Powerfully and importantly, the narratives about the benefits and costs of the technologies will affect the speed and breadth of the deployment of intelligent tools.
Sugar Maple, Red Maple, and Yellow Birch Growth and Mortality in Even-Aged Adirondack Northern Hardwoods

Tree diameter growth models for northern hardwoods commonly used large data sets representing a composite of stands with varying management histories, structural characteristics, and age distributions. Yet common predictor variables like diameter can show differences in growth patterns for stands with different age structures and management histories. To address that, we modeled growth and mortality for sugar maple, red maple, and yellow birch in thinned even-aged Adirondack northern hardwoods. Findings indicate that change in diameter depends on initial diameter for sugar maple, with the rate decreasing exponentially from the largest size class to the smallest. Initial diameter did not prove significant with red maple and yellow birch in these thinned stands, perhaps because of the limited sample of trees of small diameter. Stand relative density and time since treatment affected growth for all three species. Those variables also proved significant for predicting mortality of sugar maple. Analyses revealed fewer losses of sugar and red maples among the larger diameter classes, but no relationship with diameter for yellow birch. Plot relative density did not affect mortality with red maple, but time after thinning had a significant effect on survival of all species.
Analysis of temporal-difference learning with function approximation

We present new results about the temporal-difference learning algorithm, as applied to approximating the cost-to-go function of a Markov chain using linear function approximators. The algorithm we analyze performs on-line updating of a parameter vector during a single endless trajectory of an aperiodic irreducible finite state Markov chain. Results include convergence (with probability 1), a characterization of the limit of convergence, and a bound on the resulting approximation error. In addition to establishing new and stronger results than those previously available, our analysis is based on a new line of reasoning that provides new intuition about the dynamics of temporal-difference learning. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of two counter-examples with regards to the Significance of on-line updating and linearly parameterized function approximators.
Trainee Wellness and Safety in the Context of COVID-19: The Experience of One Institution.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant ramifications for provider well-being. During these unprecedented and challenging times, one institution's Department of Surgery put in place several important initiatives for promoting the well-being of trainees as they were redeployed to provide care to COVID-19 patients. In this article, the authors describe these initiatives, which fall into 3 broad categories: redeploying faculty and trainees, ensuring provider safety, and promoting trainee wellness.The redeployment initiatives are the following: reframing the team mindset, creating a culture of grace and forgiveness, establishing a multidisciplinary wellness committee, promoting centralized leadership, providing clear communication, coordinating between departments and programs, implementing phased restructuring of the department's services, establishing scheduling flexibility and redundancy, adhering to training regulations, designating a trainee ombudsperson, assessing physical health risks for high-risk individuals, and planning for structured deimplementation.Initiatives specific to promoting provider safety are appointing a trainee safety advocate, guaranteeing personal protective equipment and relevant information about these materials, providing guidance regarding safe practices at home, and offering alternative housing options when necessary.Finally, the initiatives put in place to directly promote trainee wellness are establishing an environment of psychological safety, providing mental health resources, maintaining the educational missions, solidifying a sense of community by showing appreciation, being attentive to childcare, and using social media to promote community morale.The initiatives to carry out the department's strategy presented in this article, which were well received by both faculty and trainee members of the authors' community, may be employed in other departments and even outside the context of COVID-19. The authors hope that colleagues at other institutions and departments, independent of specialty, will find the initiatives described here helpful during, and perhaps after, the pandemic as they develop their own institution-specific strategies to promote trainee wellness.
Regularized derivative interpolation for two dimensional band-limited functions

Abstract In this paper, the ill-posedness of Derivative Interpolation is discussed and a regularized Partial Derivative Interpolation for band-limited signals is presented in the two dimensional case. The convergence of the regularized Derivative Interpolation is studied and compared with Derivative Interpolation using the Shannon sampling theorem.
Understanding how relationships between crash frequency and correlates vary for multilane rural highways: Estimating geographically and temporally weighted regression models.

Abstract Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) are critical tools in the management of highway safety projects. SPFs are used to predict the average number of crashes per year at a location, such as a road segment or an intersection. The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) provides default safety performance functions (SPFs), but it is recommended that states in the U.S. develop jurisdiction-specific SPFs using local crash data. To do this for the state of Tennessee, crash and road inventory data were integrated for multi-lane rural highway segments for the years 2013−2017. In addition to developing SPFs similar to those contained in the HSM, this study applied a new methodology to capture variation in crashes in both space and time. Specifically, Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) models for the localization of SPFs were developed. The new methodology incorporates temporal aspects of crashes in the models because the impact of a specific variable on crash frequency may vary over time due to several reasons. Results indicate that GTWR models remarkably outperform the traditional regression models by capturing spatio-temporal heterogeneity. Most parameter estimates were found to vary substantially across space and time. In other words, the association of contributing variables with the number of crashes can vary from one region or period of time to another. This finding weakens the idea of transferring default SPFs to other states and applying a single localized SPF to all regions of a state. Enabled by growing computational power, these results emphasize the importance of accounting for spatial and temporal heterogeneity and developing highly localized SPFs. The methodology of this study can be used by researchers to follow the temporal trend and location of critical factors to identify sites for safety improvements.
Vertical GaN Power Devices: Device Principles and Fabrication Technologies—Part II

Vertical gallium nitride (GaN) power devices are enabling next-generation power electronic devices and systems with higher energy efficiency, higher power density, faster switching, and smaller form factor. In Part I of this review, we have reviewed the basic design principles and physics of building blocks of vertical GaN power devices, i.e., Schottky barrier diodes and p-n diodes. Key topics such as materials engineering, device engineering, avalanche breakdown, and leakage mechanisms are discussed. In Part II of this review, several more advanced power rectifiers are discussed, including junction barrier Schottky (JBS) rectifiers, merged p-n/Schottky (MPS) rectifiers, and trench metal–insulator–semiconductor barrier Schottky (TMBS) rectifiers. Normally- OFF GaN power transistors have been realized in various advanced device structures, including current aperture vertical electron transistors (CAVETs), junction field-effect transistors (JFETs), metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), and fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs). A detailed analysis on their performance metrics is provided, with special emphasis on the impacts of key fabrication processes such as etching, ion implantation, and surface treatment. Lastly, exciting progress has been made on selective area doping and regrowth, a critical process for the fabrication of vertical GaN power devices. Various materials characterization techniques and surface treatments have proven to be beneficial in aiding this rapid development. This timely and comprehensive review summarizes the current progress, understanding, and challenges in vertical GaN power devices, which can serve as not only a gateway for those interested in the field but also a critical reference for researchers in the wide bandgap semiconductor and power electronics community.
Photophobia in Post-Concussive Syndrome

Photophobia is one of the most common visual complaints stemming from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and causes significant distress. Despite extensive research, the etiology of photophobia is poorly understood, and symptoms are difficult to treat. No randomized controlled trials of treatment of photophobia in patients with mTBI exist; however, tinted glasses have been tried with some success. Targeted therapies involving infusion of calcium gene-related peptide antibody may hold promise.
Improving health and economic security by reducing work schedule uncertainty.

Work schedules in the service sector are routinely unstable and unpredictable, and this unpredictability may have harmful effects on health and economic insecurity. However, because schedule unpredictability often coincides with low wages and other dimensions of poor job quality, the causal effects of unpredictable work schedules are uncertain. Seattle’s Secure Scheduling ordinance, enacted in 2017, mandated greater schedule predictability, providing an opportunity to examine the causal relationship between work scheduling and worker health and economic security. We draw on pre- and postintervention survey data from workers in Seattle and comparison cities to estimate the impacts of this law using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that the law had positive impacts on workers’ schedule predictability and stability and led to increases in workers’ subjective well-being, sleep quality, and economic security. Using the Seattle law as an instrumental variable, we also estimate causal effects of schedule predictability on well-being outcomes. We show that uncertainty about work time has a substantial effect on workers’ well-being, particularly their sleep quality and economic security.
Effects of COVID‐19‐Related Racial Discrimination on Depression and Life Satisfaction Among Young, Middle, and Older Chinese Americans

This study examined the relationship between age and gender on Chinese American adults' (N = 184) experiences of COVID‐19‐related racial discrimination, depression, and life satisfaction. Results indicated that COVID‐19‐related racial discrimination explained 47.9% of the variance in depression, and COVID‐19‐related racial discrimination and depression explained 42.3% of the variance in life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Adultspan Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Self-efficacy for self-assessment: Development and validation of the SEESA-AW scale for argumentative writing

Abstract Self-assessment, or students’ evaluation of their own learning or performance in academic tasks, is a self-regulatory process that is intertwined with learners’ cognitive, behavioral, and motivational processes. Among the motivational beliefs that have been studied in relation to self-assessment is self-efficacy, which refers to beliefs about one's capability to learn or perform a specified task successfully. The current study describes the development and validation of the Self-Efficacy for Self-Assessment in Argumentative Writing (SEESA-AW) scale to measure college students’ self-efficacy beliefs for self-assessment in the domain of argumentative writing with two samples of undergraduate college students (N=335 and N=662). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed three factors (grammar & mechanics, cohesiveness/flow, the presentation of arguments) that explained 65.4% of the variance. Evidence is also provided for convergent validity of the scale with regard to other writing self-efficacy scales. Educational implications are discussed.
Asset Pricing with Liquidity Risk: A Comparative Study of the US and the Japanese Equity Markets.

This paper identifies similarities and differences between the US and the Japanese equity markets through the lens of liquidity. The new methodological contribution of the paper is that we apply the Acharya and Pedersen (2005) model uniformly to the two markets to avoid the confounding effect from different measurement methods. The Japanese market has become illiquid in comparison with the US market after the its Banking Crisis of 1997-99. Although the Acharya and Pedersen (2005) liquidity-adjusted CAPM continues to hold in the US, an investor faces a higher premium for liquidity risks in the Japanese market. In both markets, illiquidity of an asset affects an investor behavior and the asset price most significantly through the investor’s concern for “flight to liquidity”.
Filter Systems for Dredgings Confinement Areas

The consideration of diked containment areas as solid-liquid separation systems for the disposal of dredged materials often requires the use of filtering systems to clarify the effluents that are returned to the receiving waters. An extensive experimental investigation involving various granular filter media and feedwater with suspended solids concentrations up to 10 g/l was conducted, and based on the results obtained three new conceptual designs (pervious dikes, sandfill weirs with or without backwash, and granular media cartridges) were developed as filter systems for dredged material confinement facilities. These systems are described herein, and information concerning the: (1)Filter media; (2)system configurations; (3)operating conditions and performance capabilities; (4)guidelines for design and operation; and (5)design examples are given for each system. Although these filtering systems are technically suitable for use in the clarification of disposal area effluents under a broad range of conditions, their required size in dredging operations involving very high flow rates may render them economically unfeasible.
A GaAs BiFET LSI technology

A GaAs BiFET LSI technology has been successfully developed for low power, mixed mode communication circuit applications. The direct placement of the FET on the HBT emitter cap layer simplifies the device epitaxial growth and process integration. High integration levels and functional circuit yield have been achieved. Excellent HBT and FET characteristics have been produced with the noise figure of the FETs comparable to those of traditional MESFETs, enabling them to perform well in front end receiver applications. Through this technology, several LSI circuits, including 32-bit by 2-bit shift registers and a single-chip DRFM have been successfully demonstrated.
A Symbolic Dynamic Filtering approach to unsupervised hierarchical feature extraction from time-series data

This paper presents a hierarchical feature extraction technique for non-stationary time-series data that is considered to be a slow-time scale mixture of time-series segments which are quasi-stationary at a faster time-scale. The problem is to model an unknown number of unique stationary segments at the low level while capturing their switching characteristics at a higher level. Symbolic Dynamic Filtering (SDF) has been recently reported in literature as a tool for extracting spatiotemporal features from stationary time-series data. It has been shown to be very efficient for early detection of anomalies (i.e., deviations from the nominal behavior) in complex dynamical systems. This paper extends the concept to develop an online (i.e., using streaming data) method that can handle quasi-stationary data to model both low and high level characteristics as Probabilistic Finite State Automata (PFSA) in an unsupervised manner (i.e., without knowing the number of unique stationary characteristics present at the low level). The algorithm is evaluated on simulated time series data generated from a nonlinear active electronic system based on the chaotic Duffing equation.
Potential for camera-traps and spatial mark-resight models to improve monitoring of the critically endangered West African lion (Panthera leo)

West African lions are critically endangered throughout their range. Recent monitoring efforts focused on determining where remaining populations persist and obtaining preliminary population estimates to assess status across the region. However, current monitoring methods do not result in estimates that can be easily compared across sites or over time. Thus, there is a need to develop methods that allow for unbiased and precise comparable population parameter estimates for baseline and long-term monitoring. Spatial mark-resight models offer the ability to estimate lion density for a site over a standardized unit of area making estimates comparable. In addition, Bayesian inference is not constrained by asymptotic assumptions and allows for unbiased and precise estimates even with small sample sizes and low detection rates. We demonstrate the utility of Bayesian inference of a spatial mark-resight model for West African lion populations using a single-season camera trap survey at a study site in Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal. We estimated a site specific density of 3.02 lions/100 km2 (1.72–5.57/100 km2) based on trap-specific relocations of individuals with unique identifying natural marks, and counts of unmarked individuals at each trap. We conclude with a discussion of limitations of the current study and possible improvements on this method. We suggest immediate action including site specific monitoring within protected areas to conserve lions in this most northern part of their range. This monitoring approach can provide useful estimates over large areas providing an easily implemented and repeatable methodology for local and regional monitoring of critically endangered lion populations.
Effects of Obesity and Weight Loss in Patients With Nononcological Urological Disease

Purpose: We reviewed the effects of obesity and long-term weight loss on nononcological urological disease, particularly urinary stone formation, erectile dysfunction, female sexual dysfunction, voiding dysfunction and urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using Ovid's MEDLINE®, accessed through Emory University's Health Sciences Library web site. The subject headings obesity, weight loss surgery, urolithiasis, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia and urinary incontinence were used as indices for the search. Articles published earlier than 10 years before the literature review (performed in summer of 2007) were not used.Results: There is ample evidence to support an increased risk of urolithiasis in obese patients. However, the effects of long-term weight loss on urinary stone formation have not been studied as extensively in the literature. It is unclear whether the decreased food intake after surgical weight loss procedures may ne...
Soil-Structure Interaction and Failure of Cast-Iron Subway Tunnels Subjected to Medium Internal Blast Loading

The threat of terrorist attacks on subway systems using explosives has intensified considerably in recent years. Explosions inside subway tunnels may lead to the failure of subway structures and result in further socioeconomic losses. Specifically, the century-old, single-track, cast-iron subway tunnels in cities such as New York and London are very vulnerable to this type of attack. In this study, an explicit dynamic finite-element procedure was developed to carry out extensive numerical simulation to investigate the soil-structure interaction and failure of cast-iron tunnels in saturated soils subject to internal explosions using the medium amount of explosives (80 kg TNT) that might be perpetrated by terrorists. The stress path and damage mode of these tunnels, subjected to internal blast loading, were first investigated based on the simulated damage of cast-iron tunnel lining using a hardening elastoplastic model that considered shear damage. The study aims to better understand the soil-structure interaction and its relation to lining damage of cast-iron subway tunnels under internal blast and to investigate the influences of several critical parameters on lining failure, including compressibility of saturated soil, brittleness of lining materials, specific impulse of blast, and strength of the soil-lining interface. The study found that ground-tunnel interaction was one of the governing factors that determined the damage of tunnel lining under medium internal blast loading by providing the necessary confinement to resist internal blast loading and by absorbing blast energy with its plastic shear deformation. Lining damage was mainly triggered by the tensile hoop stress because of large inertia and dynamic forces in the radial direction of the tunnel, and it may exhibit a progressive pattern in the vibration phase. Soil compression significantly influenced the damage of the tunnel under internal blast loading. The damage was more severe with compressible saturated ground.
Laser Radar Requirements

Programs at the Army Missile Command on strategic and tactical applications of laser radar center around determination of the target signatures and cross sections which drive laser power requirements. The strategic concepts use the narrow beam width, short pulses, and short wavelengths to achieve high spatial and doppler resolution. Candidate lasers include CO2, CO, HF, DF, and Nd. Power, coherence length, pulse to pulse coherence, ability to chirp, and good beam quality are of interest. The tactical concepts use high power 10.6 micron pumped extreme infrared lasers in the 100 to 1000 micron band to enable the Army to see through bad weather with imaging laser radar. The driving problem in sizing laser requirements is the lack of target information. This paper will describe some early predictions of laser power requirements.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Parental anxiety and other psychosocial factors associated with childhood asthma.

Abstract The effects of childhood asthma on the parents was assessed by five psychosocial factors which were empirically derived from a questionnaire administered to 159 mothers and 70 fathers. The scales were independently derived for mothers and fathers and showed good reliability. The cluster solutions for mothers and fathers were similar, and the same labels were used for the scales: Emotional Distress, Interference, Manipulation, Overprotectiveness and Family Communication. Parental anxiety, as indexed by Emotional Distress and Interference, was related to the amount of debilitation experienced by the children, as were the fathers' perceptions of Manipulation and the mothers' self-perceptions of Overprotectiveness. It was suggested that there was a relationship between the mothers' failure to acknowledge their children's manipulations and their own Overprotectiveness. Good Family Communication was unrelated to debilitation, but the results were interpreted with reservations. Overall, the study indicates that parental anxiety, like the children's anxiety, analyzed in another study, was related to the medical manageability of the disease. The diagnostic instruments developed to assess this anxiety are short and easy to administer and can be readily used by physicians to aid their decisions in medical management.
The proton-ATPase of bacteria and mitochondria.

We apologize for the fact that this review is longer than we intended; we excuse ourselves with the statement that since almost all the information we have presented was discovered since one of us last reviewed the field in 1979, we have not strayed from the topical. Remarkable advances in understanding of the mechanism of F1-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis and synthesis, of the structure of the proton-ATPase, of the genetics of the enzyme and its assemblyin vivo have been made in the last four years. Understanding the mechanism of proton translocation across the membrane seems now within our reach, but comprehension of the integration of F1 catalysis and proton translocation remains somewhat elusive. We feel that understanding the roles ofuncF protein, OSCP and F6 is important in this regard. We expect that the rapid chemical characterization of mutation and reversion sites by DNA sequencing will become possible within the near future, and that site-specific mutagenesis may soon allow us to introduce amino acid substitutions in specific domains of specific subunits. Such capabilities would greatly expand our horizons, allowing detailed molecular probing of all the components of the proton-ATPase. We are pleased to have had the opportunity to review the field at an opportune time. Being both Senior and wise we shall not be surprised or distressed if our views and interpretations fail to elicit universal concurrence; but we do hope that all readers find them valuable and stimulating.
Structures of branched DNA molecules in solution

Abstract Branched DNA structures (Holliday junctions) represent important intermediates in genetic recombination. Recent studies of synthetic junctions have helped to define both the geometries and the energetics of these structures.
Quantitation of guanosine 5′,3′-bisdiphosphate in extracts from bacterial cells by ion-pair reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A new method to determine the guanosine 5′,3′-bisdiphosphate (ppGpp) concentration in bacterial cultures has been developed. Cells in which the nucleotide pool was stabilized by treatment with formaldehyde were concentrated from samples of cultures and lysed by alkali. The ppGpp was separated from other nucleotides on a reverse phase C18 column by ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography using an isocratic elution system. The area of the peak corresponding to ppGpp in elution profiles obtained by monitoring the absorbance of the eluant at 254 nm was used to quantitate ppGpp. The method allows detection of as little as 1 pmol of ppGpp per A460 of culture, with 2.5 pmolA460 being quantitated with greater than 90% accuracy.
THE EFFECT OF TRADED OPTION INTRODUCTION ON SHAREHOLDER WEALTH

Several authors suggest that the opening of a market in traded options constitutes a “feasibility-expanding” change. In this paper evidence on changes in the price of underlying stocks at the time of option listing is examined to determine whether option listing constitutes such a change. Evidence supports the hypothesis that call option listing is feasibility expanding, that put option listing is not feasibility expanding, and that call listings closer to the initiation of organized option trading have a larger impact relative to later listings.
Hydrodynamic convection in a two-dimensional Couette cell.

A two-dimensional Couette cell is formed by drawing a soap film over the annular region between an inner rotating disk and a fixed circular hole. When the inner disk is concentric, a smooth laminar flow is observed for all rotation rates. However, when the inner disk is eccentric, the film thickness $H(x,y,t)$ fluctuates in space and time. Spectral analysis of $H(x,y,t)$ reveals a power-law dependence on spatial scales that is consistent with Batchelor's calculation for turbulent dispersion of a passive scalar.
Angled Elliptic Notch Problem in Compression and Tension

The strain failure criterion previously proposed by the first author is applied to obtain solutions for the angled elliptic notch problem subject to compressive and tensile loads. The theory compares favorably with experiments in both cases. This indicates that the proposal of the crack plane being normal to the direction of the maximum tensile strain for brittle fracture is essentially correct.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Preventative Management of Skin Cancers in Organ Transplant Recipients: A Review of Single- and Multicenter Retrospective Studies from 2006 to 2010

Background Organ transplant recipients (OTRs) taking immunosuppressants are at high risk of skin cancer, which is the most common malignant condition in OTRs, so dermatologic surveillance is important for OTRs. Objectives To characterize the most common skin cancers arising from chronic immunosuppression in OTRs. Methods A PubMed search for retrospective single- and multicenter studies reporting skin cancer incidence from 2006 to 2010 was undertaken. Data regarding each study's immunosuppressive regimen, affected skin cancer cohort, and associated risk factors were extracted. Results Thirty-six articles that met our inclusion criteria reported incidences of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. NMSC was the most commonly reported cancer of all skin cancers after transplantation. Common risk factors were sex, age, sunlight exposure, and immunosuppressive agent-related (duration, type). Conclusion Sun education programs and frequent screenings in organ transplant clinics have provided the best preventative strategies after transplantation, although the characteristics of the immunosuppressive regimen also play an important role. Thus, the adjuvant strategy of modifying immunosuppression may be effective when confronting severe transplant-associated skin cancer. Although the decision-making process for curbing levels of immunosuppression is difficult, further long-term, randomized controlled studies should assess the effect of using less immunosuppressant medication while preserving graft function.
Sperm Transport in the Reproductive Tract of the Female Rabbit: II. The Sustained Phase of Transport

The location of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of the female rabbit was determined at 1.5, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 h post coitum (p.c.). The posterior vagina, cervix, uterus, 5 regions of the oviduct and the ovarian surface were examined, the latter for evidence of sperm passage to the peritoneal cavity. The viability of spermatozoa recovered from the tract was assessed by counting the proportion of motile sperm and immotile cells with visibly disrupted head membranes. Sperm transport in the female rabbit proceeds by a sequential buildup of cells in ascending regions of the tract. The cervix may not be the principal site of sperm storage in the rabbit, since the viability of spermatozoa in the endocervical lumen is lower than in either the vagina or uterus. The tubal isthmus rather than the uterotubal junction, is the most important region restricting sperm ascent to the site of fertilization. Although a few sperm accumulate in the isthmus by 1.5 h p.c., there is no migration of sperm beyond the isthmus until 6 h p.c. and throughout sperm transport, more than 95% of the isthmic sperm population remain within 2 cm of the uterotubal junction. The majority of sperm reaching the site of fertilization ascend during the periovulation period and in many cases, after the arrival of the ova. The final ascent of spermatozoa to the site of fertilization appears to involve the en masse migration of a limited number of cells from the lower isthmus to the upper oviduct and peritoneal cavity. This transtubal migration occurs as a single event or as a series of events of limited duration which have ended by the time fertilization is completed.
Data resource life cycle from creation to destruction

□ Data life cycle should be viewed as a specific (and the simplest) case of the resource life cycle □ Ocean observing system infrastructure is about far more than data management □ Management of resources through policy is essential □ Inadequacy of interface management between disparate infrastructure systems is a major limitation toward reaching the interoperability envisioned by GEOSS □ Data life cycle should be viewed as a specific (and the simplest) case of the resource life cycle □ Ocean observing system infrastructure is about far more than data management □ Inadequacy of interface management between disparate infrastructure systems is a major limitation toward reaching the interoperability envisioned by GEOSS
Pyrimidone-based series of glucokinase activators with alternative donor-acceptor motif.

Abstract Glucokinase activators are a class of experimental agents under investigation as a therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus. An X-ray crystal structure of a modestly potent agent revealed the potential to substitute the common heterocyclic amide donor–acceptor motif for a pyridone moiety. We have successfully demonstrated that both pyridone and pyrimidone heterocycles can be used as a potent donor–acceptor substituent. Several sub-micromolar analogs that possess the desired partial activator profile were synthesized and characterized. Unfortunately, the most potent activators suffered from sub-optimal pharmacokinetic properties. Nonetheless, these donor–acceptor motifs may find utility in other glucokinase activator series or beyond.
Enhancing epidemiological analysis of intercontinental dispersion of H5N1 viral strains by migratory waterfowl using phylogeography

Background Intercontinental migratory waterfowl are the primary vectors for dispersion of H5N1 viruses and have been implicated in several zoonotic epidemics and pandemics. Recent investigations have established that with a single mutation, the virus gains the ability to transmit between humans. Consequently, there is a heightened urgency to identify innovative approaches to proactively mitigate emergent epidemics. Accordingly, a novel methodology combining temporo-geospatial epidemiology and phylogeographic analysis of viral strains is proposed to identify critical epicenters and epidemic pathways along with high risk candidate regions for increased surveillance.
Electrostatic analysis and design of a cable-free body area network of sensor nodes using 2D communication over conductive fabric sheets

In recent years, wearable sensing networks have been the focus of the biotechnology industry. A continuing the question is how best to integrate electronic components with the human body. The authors have devised a body area network that relies on two innovations; the use of conductive fabrics, and the use of DC powerline communication. By combining these innovations, we have created a truly wearable network that allows full generality of sensor location, spatial distribution of the medium to reduce overall bulk, and maintains sufficiently low line impedance for simultaneous power and data delivery over a single conductor. We have created a method for analysis of the transmission properties of conductive fabric garments. In addition, we evaluate the basic transmission line characteristics of the garment. Finally, we present a verification of our model and initial experimental results.
Modeling multiple-event situations across news articles

Readers interested in the context of an event covered in the news such as the dismissal of a lawsuit can benefit from easily finding out about the overall news situation, the legal trial, of which the event is a part. Guided by abstract models of news situation types such as legal trials, corporate acquisitions, and kidnappings, Brussell is a system that presents situation instances it creates by reading multiple articles about the specific events that comprise them. We discuss how these situation models are structured and how they drive the creation of particular instances.
Planetary Trajectory Handbooks for Mission Analysis

Planetary trajectory handbooks for mission and system analysis covering opportunities for Mercury, outer planets and Mars, contour charts, etc