cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heartbeat: improving risk prediction and diagnosis of aortic dissection.

In patients at risk of ascending aortic dissection, timing of surgery typically is based on serial imaging measurements of aortic diameter. Clearly, the risk of dissection in an individual patient is higher at larger aortic diameters. Even so, from a population point-of-view, most acute dissections occur in patients with a diameter below the recommended threshold for prophylactic root replacement. In this issue of Heart , Heuts and colleagues1 evaluated the hypothesis that measures of aortic length and volume would be better predictors of the risk of dissection than diameter alone. (figure 1) In an observation cohort study of 477 consecutive patients with a Type A aortic dissection, 96% did not meet the surgical diameter threshold of 55 mm before dissection onset. Compared with a cohort 75 patients with an aortic aneurysm who did not suffer a dissection, the positive predictive values of aortic measurements for prediction of dissection were 20% for maximal aortic diameter, 55% for aortic volume and 70% for aortic length. Figure 1 Methodology of the three different aortic measurements in a patient with TAA and a patient with pre-ATAAD.(A–C) demonstrate aortic measurements in a patient with TAA. panel a depicts a stretched view of the curved planar CT reconstruction with diameter measurement perpendicular to the centreline. the two right …
Evaluating Semantic Interaction on Word Embeddings via Simulation.

Semantic interaction (SI) attempts to learn the user's cognitive intents as they directly manipulate data projections during sensemaking activity. For text analysis, prior implementations of SI have used common data features, such as bag-of-words representations, for machine learning from user interactions. Instead, we hypothesize that features derived from deep learning word embeddings will enable SI to better capture the user's subtle intents. However, evaluating these effects is difficult. SI systems are usually evaluated by a human-centred qualitative approach, by observing the utility and effectiveness of the application for end-users. This approach has drawbacks in terms of replicability, scalability, and objectiveness, which makes it hard to perform convincing contrast experiments between different SI models. To tackle this problem, we explore a quantitative algorithm-centered analysis as a complementary evaluation approach, by simulating users' interactions and calculating the accuracy of the learned model. We use these methods to compare word-embeddings to bag-of-words features for SI.
Can the Recruitment of Senior Transitioning Clinician Educators Enhance the Number and Quality of Resident Observations? Thinking Outside the-Box

Issue: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s Next Accreditation System has forever changed the way faculty evaluate residents, fellows, and medical students, mandating direct o...
Independence in the Making: Using Makerspace Experiences to Build Foundational Entrepreneurial Competencies:

This paper describes the makerspace challenge, an experiential assignment that builds foundational entrepreneurial competencies through the creation of artifacts within campus makerspaces. This ass...
Differentiating Tardive Dyskinesia: A Video-Based Review of Antipsychotic-Induced Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice

Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD) are imperative, as its symptoms can be highly disruptive to both patients and their caregivers. Misdiagnosis can lead to incorrect interventions with suboptimal or even deleterious results. To aid in the identification and differentiation of TD in the psychiatric practice setting, we review its clinical features and movement phenomenology, as well as those of other antipsychotic-induced movement disorders, with accompanying links to illustrative videos. Exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents (DRBAs) such as antipsychotics or antiemetics is associated with a spectrum of movement disorders including TD. The differential diagnosis of TD is based on history of DRBA exposure, recent discontinuation or dose reduction of a DRBA, and movement phenomenology. Common diagnostic challenges are the abnormal behaviors and dyskinesias associated with advanced age or chronic mental illness, and other movement disorders associated with DRBA therapy, such as akathisia, parkinsonian tremor, and tremor related to use of mood stabilizing agents (eg, lithium, divalproex). Duration of exposure may help rule out acute drug-induced syndromes such as acute dystonia or acute/subacute akathisia. Another important consideration is the potential for TD to present together with other drug-induced movement disorders (eg, parkinsonism, parkinsonian tremor, and postural tremor from mood stabilizers) in the same patient, which can complicate both diagnosis and management. After documentation of the phenomenology, severity, and distribution of TD movements, treatment options should be reviewed with the patient and caregivers.
Moderating Effect of the Power-Distance Belief on the Relationship between Employees' Service Failures and Customers' Behavioral Outcomes in the Sport Service Industry.

This study was designed to examine the moderating effects of the power–distance belief (PDB) on the relationship between employees’ service failures and customers’ transactional and non-transactional outcomes in a fitness center context. To test the relationships among these variables, we employed two pretests and a main experiment. In Pretest 1, a critical incident technique (CIT) was used to identify the employees’ service failure situations in fitness centers. Then, in Pretest 2, we developed two written scenarios that described employees’ service failures according to low and high severity and confirmed the differences between these two scenarios with a manipulation check. In the main experiment, we employed scenarios to examine the relationships among service failures’ severity, PDB, and customers’ non-transactional and transactional outcomes. We used Hayes’ PROCESS macro to test the PDB’s single moderating effect on the relationship between the service failures’ severity and the customers’ responses. According to the results, the moderating effect on the relationship between the service failures’ severity and fitness center customers’ non-transactional and transactional behaviors was confirmed. We extended the understanding of fitness center customers’ reactions, depending upon individual PDB to service failures, by comparing low- and high-service failure situations. Our findings also suggest that segmenting fitness center customers may help managers recognize that their customers’ varying responses depend on PDB.
Survey of Acoustic Output in Neonatal Brain Protocols.

BACKGROUND Auditory and non-auditory safety concerns associated with the appreciable sound levels inherent to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures exist for neonates. However, current gaps in knowledge preclude making an adequate risk assessment. PURPOSE To measure acoustic exposure (duration, intensity, and frequency) during neonatal brain MRI and compare these values to existing hearing safety limits and data. STUDY TYPE Phantom. PHANTOM Cylindrical doped water phantom. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Neonatal brain protocols acquired at 1-3 T. Scans in the model protocol included a diffusion tensor imaging scan, a gradient echo, a three-dimensional (3D) fast spin echo, 3D fast spin-echo single-shots, a spin echo, a turbo spin echo, a 3D arterial spin labeling scan, and a susceptibility-weighted fast spin-echo scan. ASSESSMENT The sound pressure levels (SPLs), frequency profile, and durations of five neonatal brain protocols on five MR scanners (scanner A [3 T, whole-body], scanner B [1.5 T, whole-body], scanner C [1 T, dedicated neonatal], scanner D [1.5 T, whole-body], and scanner E [3 T, whole-body]) located at three different sites were recorded. The SPLs were then compared to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) hearing safety limit and existing data of infant non-auditory responses to loud sounds to assess risk. STATISTICAL TESTS Mann-Whitney U test to assess whether the dedicated neonatal scanner was quieter than the other machines. RESULTS The average level A-weighted equivalent value (LAEQ) across all five MR scanners and scans was 92.88 dBA and the range of LAEQs across all five MR scanners and scans was 80.8-105.31 dBA. The duration of the recorded neonatal protocols maintained by neonatal scanning facilities (from scanners A, B, and C) ranged from 27:33 to 37:06 minutes. DATA CONCLUSION Neonatal protocol sound levels straddled existing notions of risk, exceeding sound levels known to cause non-auditory responses in neonates but not exceeding the IEC MRI SPL safety limit. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 5.
Sense of purpose in life predicts greater willingness for COVID-19 vaccination.

Abstract Rationale Despite the clear public health significance of herd immunity to COVID-19, a host of individual differences influence willingness to get vaccinated. One factor likely to motivate individuals is the extent they have a sense of purpose in life, based on the health correlates of purpose and purposeful individuals’ desire to return to their pre-pandemic environments. Objective The current study examined sense of purpose as a predictor of COVID-19 vaccination willingness in the United States immediately following the initial approval of a COVID-19 vaccine in the United States in 2020. Methods A nationwide sample of U. S. adults (N = 2009) completed a poll including information on their sense of purpose in life, demographic factors, and depressive symptoms, immediately following the initial approval of a COVID-19 vaccine in the United States in 2020. In addition, they reported on how willing they would be to get the vaccine, assuming that the costs would be covered, as well as their motivations to get the vaccine. Results Multiple regression analyses found that sense of purpose predicted greater willingness to get vaccinated, even when accounting for demographic factors, political affiliation, and psychological wellbeing. Adults higher on sense of purpose reported greater importance of getting the vaccine for personal health, the health of others, and to return to regular activities. Exploratory analyses also suggest that purpose may provide a stronger impetus to vaccinate among those in age groups associated with lower risk for severe COVID-19 complications. Conclusions: Although cross-sectional in nature, the current findings suggest sense of purpose in life may be an important factor in encouraging vaccination. Implications are discussed regarding how purposeful messaging may yield greater vaccination rates among individuals who otherwise may be less motivated due to health concerns.
Attacking Audio Event Detection Deep Learning Classifiers with White Noise

We develop deep learning-based classifiers for Audio Event Detection (AED), attacking them next with some white noise disturbances. We show that an attacker can use such simple disturbances to potentially fully avoid detection by AED systems. Prior work has shown that attackers can mislead image classification tasks, however this work focuses on attacks against AED systems, by tampering the audio and not image. This work brings awareness to the designers and manufacturers of AED systems and devices, as these solutions are becoming more ubiquitous by the day.
Tranexamic Acid Decreases the Risk of Complications in Patients Undergoing Arthroplasty With Preoperative Coagulopathy.

Abstract Background Preoperative coagulopathy is a risk factor for perioperative blood loss. The antifibrinolytic effects of tranexamic acid (TXA) could negate the association between preoperative coagulopathy and adverse outcomes in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA). However, no studies have evaluated this relationship. This study compared the perioperative outcomes of coagulopathic patients undergoing TJA who did and did not receive TXA. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 2123 primary TJAs (975 knees and 1148 hips) performed in patients with a preoperative coagulopathy. Coagulopathy was defined as international normalized ratio >1.2, partial thromboplastin time >35 seconds, or platelet count Results Patients who received TXA had less intraoperative blood loss and 2.3 times decreased risk of 90-day complications (odds ratio [OR] 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20-0.85, P = .021), especially cardiovascular (2.92% vs 12.1%, P Conclusion TXA administration decreased the incidence of perioperative complications and resource utilization in patients undergoing arthroplasty with a preoperative coagulopathy identified on preadmission testing. These findings support the broader adoption of TXA in patients undergoing TJA, particularly when the patient has a preoperative coagulopathy.
Alcoholic hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis is a multisystem disease seen in individuals who chronically abuse alcohol. When severe, it is associated with a very high mortality rate, with nearly 50% of severely affected persons dying within 1 month of hospitalization. Primary therapy is complete alcohol abstinence and supportive care. Corticosteroids have been shown to be beneficial in a subset of severely ill patients with alcoholic hepatitis and concomitant hepatic encephalopathy. Pentoxifylline has been shown to improve short-term survival rates. Other pharmacologic interventions, including colchicine, propylthiouracil, calcium channel antagonists, and insulin with glucagon infusions, have not been proven to be beneficial. Nutritional supplementation with high-calorie, high-protein diets does not improve mortality rates. Orthotopic liver transplantation is highly controversial in this population of patients and currently is not indicated as definitive treatment. Extracorporeal liver support devices are still in their developmental stage and are only experimental.
Ultrasound-Guided FNA and Molecular Markers for Optimization of Thyroid Nodule Management

Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem. The prevalence range by palpation is 3–7 %. Imaging with thyroid ultrasonography detects numerous additional nodules with prevalence rate ranging from 20 to 76 % of the general adult population. The prevalence risk for malignancy in a thyroid nodule is less than 5 %. A risk-based strategy has been developed to evaluate thyroid nodules and includes: clinical history and physical examination; serum TSH assay; and high-resolution, diagnostic ultrasonography. High-resolution ultrasonography enhances thyroid nodule selection and the need for fine needle aspiration selection by sonographically defining size, consistency, and features suggestive of malignancy. Thyroid nodule fine needle aspiration (FNA), especially with ultrasound guidance, enhances the yield of interpretable, nodular-aspirated material for cytologic interpretation by 3–5-fold over simple FNA without ultrasound guidance.
Financial Behaviors of Asian Americans

The Asian American population in the United States has been increasing. Research has been done on the economic well-being of this minority group but is far from being adequate. It was generally found that Asian Americans have higher education and more wealth. This group was even labeled, by some researchers, as the “model minority.” Was it more education that brought wealth to them or was it more hours worked? Some preliminary research has been done to answer this question. This chapter serves the purpose to summarize past research on Asian American consumer finances and point out direction for future research.
No i-Sums for Nissim (and Shalom)

Lappin and Francez (1994) present a theory of donkey anaphora which, they claim, captures both their existential and their universal readings, while maintaining a uniform representation of donkey pronouns. This paper shows that their analysis does not in fact assign the correct truth conditions to donkey sentences and so does not account correctly for the distribution of readings. An alternative analysis is proposed which retains LF's uniform representation for donkey pronouns, but abandons their analysis in terms of i -sums and the corollary derivation of universal readings by means of a maximality constraint. On the proposed analysis, donkey pronouns are uniformly represented with free variables over (Skolemized) choice functions, as in Chierchia's (1992) E-type analysis. The quantification associated with them is inferred quantification over choice functions. Universal readings arise as in Chierchia (1992) when all possible values for the free variable in the representation of a donkey pronoun are salient. For existential readings, a pragmatic account in the spirit of LF's analysis in terms of a cardinality constraint is maintained.
Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Contexts

A number of previous approaches to linguistic borrowing and contact phenomena in general have concluded that there are no formal boundaries whatsoever to the kinds of material that can pass from one language into another. At the same time, various hierarchies illustrate that some things are indeed more likely to be borrowed than others. Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Contexts addresses both, by examining claims of no absolute limits and synthesizing various hierarchies. It observes that all contact phenomena are systematic, and borrowing is no exception. Regarding forms, the determining factors lie in the nature of the morphological systems in contact and how they relate to one another. Two principles are proposed to determine the nature of the systematicity and interaction: the Principle of System Compatibility (PSC), and its corollary, the Principle of System Incompatibility (PSI). Together, these principles provide a consistent account of the possibilities and limits to borrowing.
High-speed CMOS current-mode equalizers

Proposed in this paper are two key components for a magnetic recording channel detection system: a continuous-time current-mode forward equalizer and a sample-and-hold current-mode backward equalizer. Both are designed for use with the Fixed Delay Tree Search with Decision Feedback (FDTS/DF) detection algorithm. The forward equalizer architecture consists of a bank of bandpass and allpass filters. The backward equalizer uses current steering principles to implement a high-speed robust architecture. Simulations show that an FDTS system utilizing the proposed forward equalizer architecture has performance equivalent to that of a system including an FIR equalizer with 24 taps. A transresistance integrator and transconductance amplifier are used to realize a current-mode, variable-gain integrator building block. This building block is used to implement the tunable bandpass and allpass filters in the equalizer. Simulations based on a 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS process show that the forward equalizer is tunable up to 82 MHz. For a given FDTS/DF detection scheme utilizing 2/3(1,7) coding, this translates into approximately 130 to 164 Msamples/s. The corresponding power dissipation is 86 mW from a 3 V power supply. Simulation of the backward equalizer indicates a maximum operating-speed of approximately 100 Msamples/s.
sec‐Butyl α‐n‐Caproylpropionate

sec-butyl α-n-caproylpropionate reactant: 38.9 g. (0.40 mole) of n-capronitrile reactant: 125.4 g. (0.60 mole) of sec-butyl α-bromopropionate product: sec-butyl α-n-caproylpropionate product: 5-pyrazolone Keywords: addition, to CC; Grignard and related reactions; sec-butyl α-bromopropionate, preparation of; β-ketoesters, test for; sec-butyl α-bromopropionate, lachrymator
The Effect of Insulin on Enzyme Adaptations to Diets and Hormones

Abstract 1. Insulin prevented increases in liver glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase activities in response to cortisol administration, but it did not prevent increases in response to diets high in protein or in fructose. 2. Insulin increased pyruvate kinase activity in animals treated with cortisol or fed a high protein diet; both treatments decrease pyruvate kinase activity. Insulin did not increase the pyruvate kinase activity of animals receiving a high glucose diet. 3. Insulin administration had a more marked effect on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity than on malic dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity. 4. The increases in serine dehydrase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, and malic dehydrogenase in response to cortisol treatment were partially or completely prevented by insulin. The increases in glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in response to cortisol administration were not affected by insulin. Insulin either had no effect on increases observed in these enzymes after high protein or high fructose feeding or caused even greater increases after dietary treatment. Two enzymes (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase) not affected by insulin in the glucose-fed group were increased by insulin in groups receiving high protein or high fructose diets.
Harmonic cost allocation with existing and proposed revenue metering methods

In the past few years many new definitions for electrical quantities under nonsinusoidal conditions have been discussed particularly in view to apply a fairer distribution of the financial burden required to operate the electrical system and to maintain the quality of the service. Considering the rapid deregulation of electrical utilities, it is important to know what impact the introduction of any new definition will have on the overall rate structures and billing charges, particularly those applied to the major clients. This paper investigates the performance of revenue meters which are based on the existing definitions in comparison with some of the new measuring methods being proposed for test waveforms of field recorded data. Expected changes in billing charges are computed for harmonic producing loads according to the different measuring methods considered. The field data was analyzed to indicate if it complies with the voltage and current distortion limits of the IEEE Standard 519-1992.
Energy use by contractile and noncontractile processes in skeletal muscle estimated by 31P-NMR

The goal of this study was to separately determine ATP use by contractile and noncontractile processes in stimulated skeletal muscle. ATP use by tetanically stimulated bullfrog semitendinosus muscle was monitored at room temperature with in vivo 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance. Oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited by cyanide, and ATP use could therefore be calculated by accounting for ATP derived from the creatine kinase (CK) reaction (measured from decreases in phosphocreatine) and from glycolysis (estimated from decreases of intracellular pH). In unfatigued muscles stimulated at optimal length for force production, total ATP utilization (representing both contractile and noncontractile processes) was 2.5 +/- 0.09 (SE) mM/s (n = 6; 53% ATP from glycolysis, 47% from CK). In separate experiments, cross-bridge interactions between actin and myosin filaments were eliminated by increasing sarcomere length; therefore, with stimulation, residual ATP use reflected only noncontractile processes. In stimulated stretched muscles, ATP utilization was reduced compared with unstretched muscles to 1.07 +/- 0.08 mM/s (61% ATP from glycolysis, 39% from CK). These findings suggest that, during contraction near optimum length, a large proportion (approximately 43%) of ATP is used by noncontractile processes, with more ATP derived from glycolysis than from CK.
DIAGNOSIS AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF PROTEIN-LOSING GLOMERULONEPHROPATHY A 5-Year Case-Based Approach

Protein-losing glomerulonephropathy can be a challenging disease for veterinarians to manage. This case-based article illustrates long-term management of protein-losing glomerulonephritis in a dog. Prolonged survival of this patient was attributed to early diagnosis and carefully planned therapeutic intervention consisting of dietary protein reduction and modulation of blood pressure with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition.
Variability Constraints on Blazar Magnetic Fields

Synchrotron self-Compton (SSC), external Compton, and hadronic models of blazar emission all invoke particle acceleration at relativistic shocks as the dissipation mechanism seeding their non-thermal X-ray and gamma-ray emission. Studies of diffusive acceleration at such relativistic shocks are more sparse than those pertaining to their non-relativistic counterparts. This paper presents acceleration time results from the theory of relativistic shock acceleration that are pertinent to AGN observations. This temporal information interfaces critically with the observed rapid variability of blazars. Very recent theoretical results are presented, where it is determined that acceleration times can never become arbitrarily short in relativistic shocks, but are dominated by diffusion in the downstream region and couple to the particle's gyroperiod. This fundamental bound links to the variability timescale to generate a firm lower bound to the environmental magnetic field of blazars such as Mrk 421. Consistency of such a bound with SSC spectral models and flare decay times is discussed.
Group influence on water conservation in the giant Madagascar hissing‐cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae)

. . Under laboratory conditions the hissing-cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa (Schaum) forms clusters, which appears to be an adaptive behaviour to help reduce water loss. Adults grouped together retain water nearly twice as effectively as isolated individuals. This ‘group effect’ complements the cockroach's large body size (small surface area to volume ratio) to lower the rate of water loss still further. Despite a modest 28% tolerance limit for weight loss during dehydration, adult females survive absolute drying conditions of 0% relative humidity without food and free water for at least a month, showing their impressive capacity for water retention. Rates of water loss of immature adults correlate with size, and no transition temperature is detected in females. To replenish water stores, cockroaches drank liquid water; there is no evidence for water gain by water vapour absorption. The profound impact exerted by the ‘group’ for water conservation suggests that members of this species live huddled together in nature, particularly during the long tropical dry season in order to conserve water, and this adds to previous evidence for the existence of a probable social structure.
Concurrent carboplatin, etoposide and thoracic radiation for poor-risk Stage III non-small-cell lung carcinoma: A pilot study

Purpose: A pilot study was conducted to assess the tolerance and efficacy of concurrent carboplatin, etoposide, and thoracic radiation in poor-risk patients with Stage III non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Methods and Materials: Patients had Stages IIIA/IIIB NSCLC and were ineligible for available clinical trials employing cisplatin-based chemoradiation due to one or more protocol-defined poor-risk factors or concomitant medical conditions. Treatment consisted of thoracic radiation, 1.8 to 2 Gy daily, to the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes to a total dose of 61 Gy. Concurrently, patients received carboplatin 200 mg/m 2 /day intravenously on days 1, 3, 29, and 31, and etoposide 50 mg/m 2 /day intravenously on days 1-4 and 29-32. Response was assessed by chest computed tomography ( CT ) 4 weeks after treatment was completed. Results: A total of 26 patients were enrolled and 23 of these patients, including 11 with Stage IIIA and 12 Stage IIIB NSCLC, were eligible and assessable. Ninety-six percent (96%) of the patients completed the two planned courses of chemotherapy, and 87% completed the planned chest radiation. Grade III/IV toxicities included neutropenia in nine patients (39%), thrombocytopenia in five (22% ), esophagitis in seven (30%), and nausea in two (9%). One patient died of a pulmonary embolism during treatment, and another died of complications due to a tracheoesophageal fistula. Four patients (17%) achieved a complete response and 16 (70%) a partial response, yielding an overall response rate of 87%. The median survival was 12 months, and the 2-year actuarial survival was 40%. Conclusion: This treatment regimen was well tolerated, with promising response and survival in poor-risk patients with Stage III NSCLC. These results are being validated in a Phase II trial conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group.
Duobinary transmission using coherent detection

The impact of chromatic dispersion on the complex electric field of an optical phase-coded duobinary signal is investigated through numerical simulation. The evolution of the optical field is most clearly represented by the optical constellation diagram at varying transmission distances. Dispersion causes distortion and rotation of the optical constellation, leading to eye closure of the received signal. When direct detection is employed rapid eye closure starts after approximately 213km. In this letter, the use of coherent detection is suggested to extend this transmission distance. A decision directed phase locked loop is suggested to establish the feasibility of use of coherent detection for this modulation format. Employing coherent detection increases this dispersion limit by 70km.
Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Debt, and Climate Justice: The History and Implications of Three Related Ideas for a New Social Movement

Building on structuralist perspectives of the world economy, a small but growing group of researchers have forged a new literature on `ecologically unequal exchange' and documented that energy and ...
Trauma, cultural survival and identity politics in a post-9/11 era: Reflections by Sikh youth

This article presents findings from an ethnographic study of Sikh immigrant communities after 9/11. Notions of ‘belonging’ and ‘home’ are deeply fragmented for the Sikh families, especially the youth, and these complex social processes are explored. The post 9/11 backlash was pivotal in this community as it created more barriers for the youth in their schools as they became victims of racist slurs, threats and physical assault that were treated with apathy from teachers and administrators. Students stopped going to school, changed their physical appearances, displayed ‘patriotic’ American sentiment to promote an appearance of belonging, became depressed and were even suicidal as a result of the 9/11 backlash. The sense of persecution and of being labeled ‘suspect’ in the eyes of the public was detrimental to the families and the ensuing ‘fear’ for their safety in public spaces provoked many violent memories from India that these families experienced during the Hindu–Sikh riots from 1984 to the mid-1990s. ...
Laboratory mesocosm studies of Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, and Mg dynamics in wetlands exposed to synthetic acid coal mine drainage.

To evaluate the potential for constructed wetlands to treat acid coal mine drainage, six model wetland mesocosms (each 2.4 m × 15 cm) were filled with Sphagnum peat (15 cm deep), planted either with cattails (Typha latifolia) and living Sphagnum, living Sphagnum only, or left as bare peat (2 mesocosms per treatment). The model wetlands were exposed to synthetic acid coal mine drainage (pH 3.5, concentrations of Fe2+, Al3+, Mn2*, Ca2+, and Mg2+ of 78.8, 10.0, 5.2, 12.0, and 4.5 mg L−1, respectively) at a rate of 90 mL min−1, 6 hr d−1, 5 d wk−1, over a 16 week period. Chemical analysis of peat at periodic intervals indicated that the model wetlands were net sources of Al3+, Mn2+ Ca2+ and Mg2+, but net sinks for Fe2+. Type of vegetation had no significant effect on Fe2+ retention; of the 204 g of Fe2+ added to the model wetland systems, 162 g were retained. Formation of Fe oxides accounted for 73 to 86% of the Fee' retention, with exchangeable Fe contributing 0.2 to 1.2%, organically bound Fe contributing 4 to 19%, and residual Fe contributing 7 to 15% of total Fee' retention. Fe retention was greatest at the inflow ends of the model wetlands where Fe retention appeared to reach saturation at a final Fe concentration in the peat of 235 mg g−1. At the rate of application of the synthetic acid mine drainage, we estimated that the model wetland systems would have reached complete Fe saturation after 157 days. We suggest that the mesocosm approach could be useful in generating site-specific data that can be applied to the formulation of cost-benefit analyses that can compare a proposed wetland treatment system with alternative conventional chemical methods for treating acid mine drainage.
Graduate Programs In Organizational Leadership: A Review Of Programs, Faculty, Costs, And Delivery Methods:

Executive Summary Graduate level education in professional degree programs, such as organizational leadership, is changing and evolving rapidly. As consumers demand non-traditional scheduling arrangements and mediated "any time, any place" learning, educational institutions have had to look at these options. This study explored the nature of graduate education in organizational leadership considering specifically the program focus, the characteristics, the faculty, costs, and delivery methods utilized. Based on the data gathered by reviewing more than 40 degree programs, there are clear indications that educational institutions are beginning to meet the needs of the non-traditional learner. Given the evolution of higher education, more specific research should be conducted.
Angiotensin II Promotes Prolactin Release from Normal Human Anterior Pituitary Cell Cultures in a Calcium-Dependent Manner*

Renin and angiotensin II (AII) have been demonstrated in the mammalian central nervous system, and AII has been found to promote PRL release in the rat and monkey. We added AII to monolayer cultures of human anterior pituitary cells and found significant PRL release by 30 min with concentrations of AII as low as 10(-10) M. This AII-induced PRL release was inhibited by the specific AII antagonist saralasin. AII-induced PRL release was a calcium-dependent process, since the calcium channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine as well as the calcium-calmodulin antagonist R2471 significantly inhibited AII-induced PRL release. Prostaglandins E2, A2, and F2 alpha also inhibited AII-induced PRL release. The significance of this latter observation is not clear, however, as indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase prostaglandin metabolic pathway, had no effect on AII-induced PRL release. In light of recent immunohistochemical evidence of the presence of renin, angiotensinogen, and converting enzyme in human lactotrophs, our data support the concept that AII may be an important autocrine regulator of PRL secretion.
Beam induced compositional changes in rbs analysis of polymers

Abstract In this paper we address the question of whether Rutherford backscattering (RBS) can be applied to the study of polymers in such a way that experimental results will provide accurate information on the depth composition of the polymer. Our scanned-beam RBS results suggest that, for room temperature analysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), there is a fluence limit below which beam induced compositional changes can be neglected. Cooling to the sample of LN2 temperature during RBS analysis causes the oxygen to carbon concentration ratio to remain unchanged, apparently because no significant outdiffusion of beam generated gas molecules can occur at LN2 temperature.
A role for computer simulation in the economic analysis of manufacturing systems

This paper discusses traditional economic analysis methodologies used in evaluating manufacturing systems and points out some potential problems with these methodologies because of the omission of certain cost elements in the analysis and/or not having an appropriate mechanism for accurately estimating certain additional cost elements and product revenues. Integrating computer simulation into the economic analysis methodologies is proposed as a way of eliminating the shortcomings preceived in them. The paper further discusses how computer simulation models can be used to develop product revenues and certain system cost components that are either not included or not estimated accurately in the current approaches.
The Holy Spirit as the Unction of Christ in Irenaeus

During the second half of the last century Irenaeus' account of the baptism of Jesus by the Spirit received a great deal of consideration. Yet none of these studies has paid sufficient attention to Irenaeus' statement that the Spirit became accustomed to the human race by means of the humanity of the incarnate Word. Nor has any study explained the anointing of Jesus' humanity by the Spirit while taking into consideration the subsequent glorification of that very humanity by the same Spirit. I will argue that these neglected aspects of Irenaeus' thought help us to recognize that Jesus' humanity alone was anointed with the Holy Spirit, an anointing that resulted in a non-qualitative empowerment of his humanity for the fulfilment of the christological mission. Furthermore, in addition to this non-qualitative empowerment of Jesus' humanity, it becomes clear that his humanity underwent two qualitative changes. The first change occurred at the incarnation when it received incorruptibility as a result of its union with the Word. The second change occurred at Jesus' glorification when the incorruptibility proper to the union with the Word became communicable. It was at this moment that Jesus' flesh became the salvific principle for the rest of humanity.
Free boundary shape of a convectively cooled solidified region

The two-dimensional steady-state shape of a solidified region, such as a frost layer, was determined analytically for formation on a plate that is convectively cooled. The nonuniform shape of the layer is produced by exposure to a spatially nonuniform distribution of radiant energy. For high convective cooling the cooled wall approaches a uniform temperature, and an exact solution is obtained for the free boundary shape. For a lesser amount of convective cooling, the variation in temperature along the cooled boundary is treated by a boundary perturbation method. Some illustrative examples are given that show the effects of nonuniform heating and the magnitude of convective heat transfer at the cooled wall. Only one boundary condition is approximated by the perturbation solution; all of the other boundary conditions are satisfied exactly. The calculated results given here were found to satisfy the approximate boundary condition within a very small error.
A sensor-assisted self-authentication framework for hardware trojan detection

This work offers a framework which does not rely on a Golden IC (GIC) during hardware Trojan (HT) detection. GIC is a Trojan-free IC which is required, in all existing HT frameworks, as a reference point to verify the responses obtained from an IC under authentication. However, identifying a GIC is not a trivial task. A GIC may not even exist, since all the fabricated ICs may be HT-infected. We propose a framework which is based on adding a set of detection sensors to a design which are integrated in the free spaces on the layout and fabricated on the same die. After fabrication, a self-authentication procedure is proposed in order to determine if a Trojan is inserted in a set of arbitrarily-selected paths in the design. The detection process uses on-chip measurements on the sensors and the design paths in order to evaluate the correlation between a set of actual and predicted delay ranges. Error in the on-chip measurement infrastructure is considered. If our framework determines that a Trojan is (or is not) inserted on a considered path, then it is accurate. In our computational experiments, conducted for challenging cases of small Trojan circuits in the presence of die-to-die and within-die process variations, we report a high detection rate to show its effectiveness in realizing a self-authentication process which is independent of a GIC.
Ultrafast Flash Thermal Conductance of Molecular Chains

At the level of individual molecules, familiar concepts of heat transport no longer apply. When large amounts of heat are transported through a molecule, a crucial process in molecular electronic devices, energy is carried by discrete molecular vibrational excitations. We studied heat transport through self-assembled monolayers of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules anchored to a gold substrate by ultrafast heating of the gold with a femtosecond laser pulse. When the heat reached the methyl groups at the chain ends, a nonlinear coherent vibrational spectroscopy technique detected the resulting thermally induced disorder. The flow of heat into the chains was limited by the interface conductance. The leading edge of the heat burst traveled ballistically along the chains at a velocity of 1 kilometer per second. The molecular conductance per chain was 50 picowatts per kelvin.
A Growth-Delaying Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation.

Following his work with Max Delbruck on phage-resistant bacteria, Luria studied the effect of ultraviolet radiation on bacterial viruses. In this article, he demonstrated that UV radiation not only inactivated bacteriophages, but--unlike when exposed to X-rays--also delayed the growth of the surviving virus particles.
Familial aggregation of panic in nonclinical panickers

Despite several methodological difficulties inherent in the nonclinical panic literature, some researchers have highlighted the consistent finding that a greater proportion of panickers than nonpanickers report a history of panic in first-order relatives to be supportive of the validity of nonclinical panic research findings. However, in all of these studies, familial aggregation differences have been evaluated via panickers' and nonpanickers' self-reports of familial panic history. Given evidence that questionnaire assessment of panic results in substantial false positives (Brown & Cash, 1989, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3, 139-148), it was hypothesized that familial aggregation differences could be largely attributable to this phenomenon as well. Consistent with this hypothesis, as in prior studies, a significantly greater proportion of panickers than nonpanickers reported first-order relatives who experienced panic; however, panickers and nonpanickers also differed in their reports of close male friends and close female friends who had experienced panic. On the basis of these data, potential caveats to prior conclusions concerning familial aggregation differences between nonclinical panickers and nonpanickers are discussed as are methodological considerations for future nonclinical panic research.
Food Oxalate: Factors Affecting Measurement, Biological Variation, and Bioavailability

Food and nutrition professionals provide medical nutrition therapy for patients with kidney stones. If the stones contain oxalate or the patient has been diagnosed with hyperoxaluria, reduction of dietary oxalate may be appropriate. Differences in oxalate values for a single food may be due to analytical methods, and/or biological variation from several sources, including cultivar, time of harvest, and growing conditions. Bioavailability of food oxalate and, thus, urine oxalate, will also be affected by salt forms of oxalate, food processing and cooking methods, meal composition, and the presence of Oxalabacter formigenes in the patient's gut. Dietary advice for reducing urinary oxalate should include both reduction of dietary oxalate and simultaneous consumption of calcium-rich food or supplement to reduce oxalate absorption.
What have we learned from observational studies on neonatal sepsis

OBJECTIVE To assess how observational studies on neonatal sepsis can help define the knowledge base required for neonatal randomized, clinical trials. DESIGN Methodologic review of past observational studies and critical reviews. RESULTS Observational studies on neonatal sepsis have suffered from important limitations: failure to employ multivariate analyses, considering infection in isolation (ignoring coexisting respiratory distress), failure to provide likelihood ratios for predictors and combinations of predictors, and ignoring the phenomenologic dimension of clinicians' experience. CONCLUSION Future observational studies must address three key issues. They should begin with a clear analytic and sampling plan that pays careful attention to the proper use and reporting of multivariate analyses. Second, they must explicitly address two subpopulations: critically ill newborns with negative cultures and asymptomatic newborns with positive cultures. Finally, they should be theory driven and provide empirical physiologic data that permit situating their results in the context of the evolving systemic inflammatory response syndrome and PIRO (predisposition, infection, host response, organ dysfunction) models.
Pareto-optimality in the pure distribution economy with an infinite number of consumers and commodities

Abstract A distribution which has optimal prices is optimal. Conversely, an optimal distribution has optimal prices, when the consumer preference fields satisfy assumptions of convexity, continuity, and strict monotonicity and the distribution itself is irreducible.
A Latent Instrumental Variables Approach to Modeling Keyword Conversion in Paid Search Advertising

Abstract The authors present a modeling approach to assess the purchase conversion performance of individual keywords in paid search advertising. The model facilitates estimation of daily keyword conversion and click-through rates in a sparse data environment while accounting for the endogenous position of the text advertisement served in response to a search. Position endogeneity in paid search data can arise from both omitted variables and measurement error. The authors propose a latent instrumental variable approach to address this problem. They estimate their model on keyword-level paid search data containing daily information on impressions, clicks, and reservations for a major lodging chain. They find that higher positions increase both the click-through and conversion rates. When advertisements are served in higher positions, approximately one-third of new conversions is due to increased click-through while approximately two-thirds are due to increased conversion rates. The authors show that the ke...
CFTR mutation analysis and haplotype associations in CF patients

Most newborn screening (NBS) laboratories use second-tier molecular tests for cystic fibrosis (CF) using dried blood spots (DBS). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's NBS Quality Assurance Program offers proficiency testing (PT) in DBS for CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutation detection. Extensive molecular characterization on 76 CF patients, family members or screen positive newborns was performed for quality assurance. The coding, regulatory regions and portions of all introns were sequenced and large insertions/deletions were characterized as well as two intronic di-nucleotide microsatellites. For CF patient samples, at least two mutations were identified/verified and four specimens contained three likely CF-associated mutations. Thirty-four sequence variations in 152 chromosomes were identified, five of which were not previously reported. Twenty-seven of these variants were used to predict haplotypes from the major haplotype block defined by HapMap data that spans the promoter through intron 19. Chromosomes containing the F508del (p.Phe508del), G542X (p.Gly542X) and N1303K (p.Asn1303Lys) mutations shared a common haplotype subgroup, consistent with a common ancient European founder. Understanding the haplotype background of CF-associated mutations in the U.S. population provides a framework for future phenotype/genotype studies and will assist in determining a likely cis/trans phase of the mutations without need for parent studies.