cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cultural-Ecological Model for the Classic Hohokam Period in the Lower Salt River Valley, Arizona

ABSTRACTRecent excavations at Pueblo del Monte, intensive and extensive surveys of the surrounding area of the lower Salt River Vailey, and pollen analysis of surface samples and samples from Arizona U: 9: 100(ASU) support the formulation of a cultural-ecological model for the Classic Hohokam period, from A.D. 1150 to 1450, in central Arizona. The model describes the florescence and decay of the Classic period Hohokam without recourse to unsubstantiated invasions and migrations of non-Hohokam groups. The model can be tested by future excavations and surveys.
Kardiovaskuläre PET/CT in den USA

Die aktuelle PET/CT-Gerategeneration liefert hochauflosende strukturell-funktionelle Bilder, deren Informationsgehalt auch fur die Kardiologie hinsichtlich Risikostratifizierung, Behandlung und Pravention koronarer Erkrankungen von zunehmender Bedeutung ist. So reicht das Spektrum vom nichtinvasiven Ausschluss einer signifikanten Koronarstenose uber die Beurteilung der linksventrikularen Herzfunktion sowie der Ischamielast koronarer Erkrankungen bis zur Charakterisierung der Herzmuskelvitalitat. Gute Erfahrungen bei der Auswertung von Gewebestruktur und -biologie wurden auch mit der PET/MRT erzielt. Diese bedurfen jedoch noch weiterer Verifizierung. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt ebenso die Radionuklidforschung, die neue Biomarker hervorgebracht hat, deren Nutzen fur die Kardiologie derzeit genauer untersucht wird. Dieses Kapitel beleuchtet die methodisch-technischen Gesichtspunkte der kardiovaskularen Hybridbildgebung und geht sowohl auf aktuelle Erkenntnisse als auch auf deren Konsequenzen ein.
Land Of The Free, Home Of The Imprisoned: A Comparison Of Incarceration Rates Among The U.S. And Other Industrialized Nations

The United States has by far the highest incarceration rate in the world. This has not always been so. Before 1980, incarceration rates per 100,000 in the U.S. were less than half of what they are now. Higher crime rates are not a valid explanation.In fact, some have argued that there is no correlation between crime rates and incarceration rates. This paper will analyze the reasons why so much reliance has been put on incarceration in the U.S., why other countries (particularly those in Western Europe and Canada) have significantly lower incarcerationrates, and the policy implications for the U.S. criminal justice system.
Tessier Clefts and Hypertelorism

Tessier's classification system for rare craniofacial clefts remains the most widely used today. It denotes the position of the cleft process in a schema based around the orbit, and facilitates communication between surgeons regarding these complicated conditions. Tessier's classification is reviewed in detail, and a separate discussion of hypertelorism (increased distance between the bony orbits) follows, focusing on orbital hypertelorism in the setting of craniofacial clefts.
Complications After Cardiac Operations: All Are Not Created Equal

Background Postoperative complications are associated with increased morbidity and mortality after cardiac operations. We sought to quantify the effect of multiple complications on noninstitutionalized recovery after cardiac operations. Methods We identified 2,477 adult patients from our institutional cardiac surgery database who underwent one of seven index cardiac surgical operations from 2011 to 2014. We calculated failure-to-rescue rates for all individual complications and combinations of complications. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine the effect of the interaction of postoperative complications on our primary outcome of operative death and secondary outcomes of prolonged hospital length of stay and discharge to a location other than home. Results From 2011 to 2014, at least one complication occurred in 366 patients (14.8%), and multiple complications occurred in 102 (4.1%), including three complications in 20 (0.8%). Operative mortality occurred in 41% of patients with multiple complications vs in 4.9% of those with an isolated complication and in 0.7% of those without complications. Significant interactions that negatively affected survival were noted between nearly every combination of complications. The occurrence of renal failure and unplanned reoperation together were associated with increased deaths (odds ratio, 108.4; 95% confidence interval, 13.5 to 869.9; p Conclusions Major complications after cardiac operations are associated with an increased risk for operative death, longer hospital length of stay, and higher rates of discharge to a location other than home. These adverse outcomes are magnified when multiple complications are encountered.
Linear units improve articulation between social and physical constructs: An example from caregiver parameterization for children supported by complex medical technologies

Despite broad sweeping pronouncements by international research organizations that social sciences are being integrated into global research programs, little attention has been directed toward obstacles blocking productive collaborations. In particular, social sciences routinely implement nonlinear, ordinal measures, which fundamentally inhibit integration with overarching scientific paradigms. The widely promoted general linear model in contemporary social science methods is largely based on untransformed scores and ratings, which are neither objective nor linear. This issue has historically separated physical and social sciences, which this report now asserts is unnecessary. In this research, nonlinear, subjective caregiver ratings of confidence to care for children supported by complex, medical technologies were transformed to an objective scale defined by logits (N=70). Transparent linear units from this transformation provided foundational insights into measurement properties of a social- humanistic caregiving construct, which clarified physical and social caregiver implications. Parameterized items and ratings were also subjected to multivariate hierarchical analysis, then decomposed to demonstrate theoretical coherence (R2 >.50), which provided further support for convergence of mathematical parameterization, physical expectations, and a social-humanistic construct. These results present substantial support for improving integration of social sciences with contemporary scientific research programs by emphasizing construction of common variables with objective, linear units.
Heteromeric and Homomeric Transmembrane Domain Associations Regulate αIIbβ3 Function.

The integrin αIIbβ3 resides on the platelet surface in an equilibrium between inactive and active conformations that can be shifted in either direction by altering the distance between the stalks that anchor αIIbβ3 in the platelet membrane. Accordingly, the αIIb and β3 transmembrane (TM) domains, located near the ends of the stalks, are in proximity when αIIbβ3 is inactive and separate upon αIIbβ3 activation. Peptides corresponding to these domains undergo both homomeric and heteromeric interactions in biological membranes. Thus, it is possible that the shift between inactive and active αIIbβ3 conformations is accompanied by a shift from heteromeric to homomeric αIIb and β3 TM domain interactions. Indeed, we reported that introducing Asn, a residue known to strengthen homomeric TM helix interactions, into the β3 TM domain shifts αIIbβ3 to an active state. As a further test of this model of αIIbβ3 regulation, we studied the effects of mutations of the αIIb TM domain. First, we placed Asn at 10 consecutive positions in the αIIb TM domain, extending from residues V969 to L978, and co-expressed each mutant with WT β3 in CHO cells. Only one of the mutants, G972N, was constitutively active, binding ~ 8-fold more fibrinogen than WT αIIbβ3. Moreover, G972N was expressed in non-uniform patches on the CHO cell surface, consistent with the formation of αIIbβ3 clusters. G972 is the first residue of a GxxxG motif that is essential for dimerization of the αIIb TM domain. Using the TOXCAT assay to assess TM domain dimerization, we observed that G972N results in a 55% decrease in TOXCAT activity. This implies that the effect of G972N on the αIIbβ3 activation state was not a result of increased homo-dimerization of αIIb, but it is more likely that the mutation disrupted its heteromeric interaction with β3. To test this suggestion, we introduced mutations known to disrupt αIIb homo-dimerization (G972L, G976A, and G976L) into αIIbβ3 and measured their effect on αIIbβ3 function. Like G972N, each mutation induced constitutive αIIbβ3 activation and clustering. Lastly, we measured the effect of L980A, a mutation in the αIIb TM domain that unlike G972N, results in a 2.5-fold increase in TOXCAT activity. CHO cells expressing L980A constitutively bound ~ 6.5-fold more fibrinogen than did cells expressing WT αIIbβ3. Taken together, our results suggest a mechanism for αIIbβ3 regulation that involves both the heteromeric and homomeric association of the αIIb and β3 TM domains. Any process that destabilizes the heteromeric association of the αIIb and β3 TM domains would be expected to allow dissociation of these domains with concomitant αIIbβ3 activation. Hence, mutations that disrupt the heteromeric αIIb/β3 TM domain interface “push” αIIbβ3 toward activation. Conversely, intermolecular interactions that either require separation of the αIIb and β3 TM domains or are more favorable when they dissociate, such as homo-oligomerization of the αIIb and β3 TM domains, will “pull” the equilibrium toward the activated state.
Overview: Development Models, Evaluation Dimensions, and Evaluation Models

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part reviews the literature on the different types of development models, particularly emphasizing the different types of prototyping approaches. There are a variety of development models for knowledge-based systems, and the life cycle evaluation for a particular system should accommodate the development model being used. The next chapter shows how our conceptual framework accommodates different development models.
Causal Agency Theory

Causal Agency Theory is an extension of the Functional Theory of Self-Determination; both theories describe how one becomes self-determined. These theories have been widely applied in the field of special education, and conceptualize self-determination as a dispositional characteristic (enduring tendencies used to characterize and described differences between people) based on the function given actions serve for an individual. This chapter will introduce and overview Causal Agency Theory, tracing its evolution from the functional model of self-determined behavior and its increasing application to all people, including those with disabilities. Causal Agency Theory will provide an organizational framework for the remainder of the text.
Are More Satisfied Workers Earning More? Depends on the Age

In this paper we study the relationship between job satisfaction and wages using data from the 2013 Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT). Job satisfaction is positively correlated with wages, however, this effect diminishes as job satisfaction increases, suggesting more satisfied workers are not earning more. This non-monotonic effect is particularly strong in the 20-39 age group. We find that one standard deviation increase in job satisfaction from the 25th percentile is associated with a 12.3% increase in wages, while one standard deviation increase in job satisfaction from the 75th percentile is associated with a 7.3% change in wages. These patterns are consistent with a search and matching model that imposes a negative search cost for higher wages, but less reward in higher wages from a concave utility function in wages.
Abstract 262: HIV-1--Infected Subjects with Low Viremia Have Dysfunctional HDL Compared with Healthy Subjects

Introduction: Dysfunctional HDL may be a novel biomarker of atherosclerotic disease. Using a cell based assay in a small pilot study we have previously demonstrated for the first time that dysfunctional HDL is present in HIV-1-infected persons despite low viremia. However, the cell-based assays of functional properties of HDL are not applicable to large scale clinical studies. It has not been shown in the setting of a case control study whether HIV-1-infected subjects have dysfunctional HDL compared to healthy subjects. Objectives: To determine whether HIV-1-infected subjects with low viremia (viral load Methods: Using a novel assay based on the effect of HDL on the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) (J Lipid Res. 2011 Dec; 52(12):2341-51) we determined oxidative (functional) properties of different HDL samples isolated from plasma from 50 HIV-1 infected patients with low viremia on antiretroviral therapy and from 50 healthy volunteers matched for age and race. The DHR oxidation rate (DOR) in the presence of different samples of HDL was normalized by the DOR value of a control sample (HDL isolated from pooled plasma samples of healthy subjects) and the relative DOR was calculated. Results: The average relative DOR values from 50 HIV-1-infected patients was 1.46 ±0.29 versus 0.87 ±0.15% in 50 healthy subjects (p Conclusions: HIV-1-infected subjects with low viremia have largely dysfunctional HDL compared to healthy subjects. Use of our novel fluorometric method may allow determination of the role of HDL functional phenotype in the development of atherosclerosis in vivo in the setting of clinical studies.
Yoga in print media: Missing the heart of the practice

Background: Popular media typically portray yoga as an exercise or posture practice despite the reality that yoga comprised eight practices (called limbs) including ethical behavior, conscious lifestyle choices, postures, breathing, introspection, concentration, meditation, and wholeness. Aim: This study assessed the comprehensiveness of yoga practice as represented in articles in the popular yoga magazine, Yoga Journal. It explored the degree to which articles referenced each of the eight limbs of yoga and other contents (e.g., fitness, spirituality). Materials and Methods: Six coders were trained to reliably and independently review 702 articles in 33 Yoga Journal issues published between 2007 and 2014, coding for the limbs of yoga and other contents. Results: Breathing and postures were most frequently referenced, which were covered in 48.7% and 40.1% of articles.Internal practices were covered in 36.5% of articles with introspection being the most and concentration the least commonly referred to internal practices. Ethical and lifestyle practices were least frequently covered (5.2% and 6.8%). Since 2007, coverage of postures steadily increased, whereas contents related to the other limbs steadily decreased. The most frequent other contents related to fitness (31.7%), spirituality (20.8), and relationships (18.7%) coverage of these did not change across time. Conclusions: Representation of yoga in articles contained in the most popular yoga magazine is heavily biased in favor of physical practices. Recommendations are offered about how to shift media representation of yoga to make the heart of the practice more accessible to individuals who could experience health benefits but currently feel excluded from the practice.
Continuous and Discrete Painlevé Equations

It is well known that similarity reductions of integrable PDE’s in 1 + 1 (i.e. in one spatial and one temporal dimensions) lead to ODE’s of Painleve type. For example, the Lie point group $$x^\prime = x + 6T\beta ,\,T' = T + \frac{\beta } {\alpha },\,q' = q + \beta$$ (1.1) , leaves the Korteweg-deVries (KdV) equation $$q_x + 6qqx + qxxx = 0$$ (1.2) , invariant. The group (1.1) implies the transformation $$q\left( {x,T} \right) = \alpha T + u\left( t \right),\,t = x - 3\alpha T^2 $$ (1.3) , which reduces the KdV to $$u''' + 6uu' + \alpha = 0$$ , i.e. to Painleve I (PI) equation $$u'' = - 3u^2 - \alpha t$$ (1.4) .
Hardware-software co-optimization of memory management in dynamic languages

Dynamic programming languages are becoming increasingly popular, yet often show a significant performance slowdown compared to static languages. In this paper, we study the performance overhead of automatic memory management in dynamic languages. We propose to improve the performance and memory bandwidth usage of dynamic languages by co-optimizing garbage collection overhead and cache performance for newly-initialized and dead objects. Our study shows that less frequent garbage collection results in a large number of cache misses for initial stores to new objects. We solve this problem by directly placing uninitialized objects into on-chip caches without off-chip memory accesses. We further optimize the garbage collection by reducing unnecessary cache pollution and write-backs through partial tracing that invalidates dead objects between full garbage collections. Experimental results on PyPy and V8 show that less frequent garbage collection along with our optimizations can significantly improve the performance of dynamic languages.
Ocean Acoustic Tomography: A Primer

The purpose of this paper is to survey the ocean observing technique known as ocean acoustic tomography, the term ‘tomography’ having been chosen to highlight a functional analogy with computer-assisted tomography (CAT) in medicine. The method was proposed by Munk and Wunsch (1979), and its practitioners, results and ramifications have since proliferated; it seems certain to be an active means of obtaining large-scale information about ocean circulation for some time to come.
Transport Properties of AlxGal-XAs/GaAs Heterostructures: Theoretical Results

We discuss unconventional electronic properties of disordered electron gases in AlxGal-xAs/GaAs heterostructures. The unconventional electronic properties arise because of the long-range random potential (for remote doping and background doping), and the existance of plasmons in an interacting electron gas. The scattering time, the single-particle relaxation time, and the frequency-dependent scattering time are calculated. Localization phenomena are discussed. The theoretical results are compared with experiments.
Visual tracking based on Log-Euclidean Riemannian sparse representation

Recently, sparse representation has been utilized in many computer vision tasks and adapted for visual tracking. Sparsity-based visual tracking is formulated as searching candidates with minimal reconstruction errors from a template subspace with sparsity constraints in the approximation coefficients. However, an intensity template is easily corrupted by noise and not robust for target tracking under a dynamic environment. The recently proposed covariance region descriptor has been proven robust and versatile for a modest computational cost. Further, the covariance matrix enables efficient fusion of different types of features, where the spatial and statistical properties as well as their correlation are characterized, and its dimension is small. Although the covariance matrix lies on Riemannian manifolds, its log-transformation can be measured on a Euclidean subspace. Based on the covariance region descriptor and using the sparse representation, we propose a novel tracking approach on the Log-Euclidean Riemannian subspace. Specifically, the target region is characterized by a covariance matrix which is then log-transformed from the Riemannian manifold to the Euclidean subspace. After that, the target tracking problem is integrated under a sparse approximation framework, where the sparsity is achieved by solving an l1-regularization problem. Then the candidate with the smallest approximation is taken as the tracked target. For target propagation, we use the Bayesian state inference framework, which propagates sample distributions over time using the particle filter algorithm. To evaluate our method, we have collected several video sequences and the experimental results show that our tracker can achieve robustly and reliably target tracking.
A Standardized Approach to Cesarean Surgical Technique and Its Effect on Operative Time and Surgical Morbidity.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of a standardized surgical technique for primary cesarean deliveries (CDs) on operative time and surgical morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two-year retrospective chart review of primary CD performed around the implementation of a standardized CD surgical technique. The primary outcome was total operative time (TOT). Secondary outcomes included incision-to-delivery time (ITDT), surgical site infection, blood loss, and maternal and fetal injuries. RESULTS When comparing pre- versus postimplementation surgical times, there was no significant difference in TOT (76.5 vs. 75.9 minutes, respectively; p = 0.42) or ITDT (9.8 vs. 8.8 minutes, respectively; p = 0.06) when the entire cohort was analyzed. Subgroup analysis of CD performed early versus late in an academic year among the pre- and postimplementation groups showed no significant difference in TOT (79.3 early vs. 73.8 minutes late; p = 0.10) or ITDT (10.8 early vs. 8.8 minutes late; p = 0.06) within the preimplementation group. In the postimplementation group, however, there was significant decrease in TOT (80.5 early vs. 71.3 minutes late; p = 0.02) and ITDT (10.6 early vs. 6.8 minutes late; p < 0.01). Secondary outcomes were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION A standardized surgical technique combined with surgical experience can decrease TOT and ITDT in primary CD without increasing maternal morbidity.
Amino Acids and Nucleic Acid-Related Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews trends of researches from 1978 to 1981 according to the following classification: (1) direct fermentation method, (2) precursor addition method, and (3) enzymatic method. It focuses on the production of amino acids. Almost all kinds of amino acids are now available at reasonable prices due to the industrial development of microbial production of amino acids. At present, depending on their industrial supply, amino acids are employed in a diversified field. Utilization of the acids is still expanding based on their physiological properties. The major progress to be made in amino acids fermentation is economical and industrial production of L-tryptophan and L-methionine. Efforts are made aiming at the establishment of these fermentation and also at the improvement of amino acids or nucleosides fermentation, which are now industrially carried out. The improvement of the process control of fermentative production of amino acids and nucleic acid-related compounds has also been pushed forward in relation to agitation-aeration problems. The investigations in the field of amino acids fermentation and the industrial production of L-tryptophan and L-methionine lead to microbial breeding or isolation of microbe, application of inexpensive raw materials, and optimization of fermentation process. Recent trends of this investigation is the application of DNA recombination technique to microbial breeding, the utilization of Cl-compound as a raw material, and the introduction of immobilized enzyme (cell) to fermentation process.
States of Affairs

I shall devote this paper mainly to asking questions. The questions I shall ask call for explanations, elucidations, of some of the crucial notions in Professor Chisholm’s recent writings on ontology and the theory of intentionality. (He holds, in my opinion correctly, that these two branches of philosophy are inseparable.) An early version of Part I was read at a symposium held at the December 1982 meetings of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association, as comments on Chisholm’s “Converse Intentional Properties”, which was one of the main papers. I thank Chisholm for his gracious and valuable replies but regret that I have not been able to accept all of them.
Prognosis Following Discontinuation of OnabotulinumA Therapy in "Super-responding" Chronic Migraine Patients.

Objective To determine whether the successful treatment of chronic migraine (CM) with onabotulinumA (BotoxA) may be followed by a continued respite from headache once therapy has been discontinued. Background The optimal duration of prophylactic therapy for migraine generally and for CM treated with BotoxA specifically is unknown. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study evaluating a series of patients with CM at a university-affiliated headache subspecialty clinic in Reno, Nevada, all of whom were treated according to a uniform protocol involving serial injections of BotoxA. We followed all positively responding patients who met our stopping rule for a minimum of 6 months after discontinuation of BotoxA, and we assessed the incidence of clinical worsening in that group. Results A total of 105/131 patients (80%) for whom complete follow-up was available reported no clinical worsening or need to resume prophylactic therapy over the 6 months following discontinuation of BotoxA therapy. Patients with pre-treatment baseline chronic daily headache (CDH) of greater than 6 months duration were more likely to report clinical deterioration within 6 months of stopping treatment, as compared to patients with CDH of less than 6 months. A greater number of BotoxA treatments required to achieve our stopping rule correlated with clinical deterioration within 6 months of stopping treatment. Conclusions In many CM patients who experience an especially positive response to serial BotoxA injection therapy, clinical improvement may be sustained for a period of at least 6 months following discontinuation of prophylactic therapy.
Noninvasive Ventilation Is Interrupted Frequently and Mostly Used at Night in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is commonly used to support children with respiratory failure, but detailed patterns of real-world use are lacking. The aim of our study was to describe use patterns of NIV via electronic medical record (EMR) data. METHODS: We performed a retrospective electronic chart review in a tertiary care pediatric ICU in the United States. Subjects admitted to the pediatric ICU from 2014 to 2017 who were mechanically ventilated were included in the study. RESULTS: The median number of discrete device episodes, defined as a time on support without interruption, was 20 (interquartile range [IQR] 8–49) per subject. The median duration of bi-level positive airway pressure (BPAP) support prior to interruption was 6.3 h (IQR 2.4–10.4); the median duration of CPAP was 6 h (IQR 2.1–10.4). Interruptions to BPAP had a median duration of 6.3 h (IQR 2–15.5); interruptions to CPAP had a median duration of 8.6 h (IQR 2.2–16.8). Use of NIV followed a diurnal pattern, with 44% of BPAP and 42% of CPAP subjects initiating support between 7:00 pm and midnight, and 49% of BPAP and 46% of CPAP subjects stopping support between 5:00 am and 10:00 am. CONCLUSIONS: NIV was frequently interrupted, and initiation and discontinuation of NIV follows a diurnal pattern. Use of EMR data collected for routine clinical care allowed the analysis of granular details of typical use patterns. Understanding NIV use patterns may be particularly important to understanding the burden of pediatric ICU bed utilization for nocturnal NIV. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine in detail the use of pediatric NIV and to define diurnal use and frequent interruptions to support.
Analytical Treatment of the Power Transfer Relationships for a Coupled, Current-Fed, Multi-Port Dual Active Bridge Converter

This paper explains the current-fed behavior that mutual inductors introduce to the load ports of a Dual Active Bridge (DAB)-based, multi-port converter. In particular, the potentially non-ideal square waveforms at load port voltages are mathematically described. The converter characteristic equations are then verified with PLECS simulations. Finally, the effects of inductor size on port voltage shape and power transfer are explored. The results of the analyses provide the conditions in which power flow equations for voltage-fed multi-port converters are applicable.
Accuracies of lithium, boron, carbon, and sulfur quantification in geological samples with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in Mars, Earth, and vacuum conditions

Abstract Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is valued for its ability to remotely detect a wide range of elements, including light elements, under a variety of atmospheric conditions. This study uses LIBS spectra of 402 rock standards to quantify lithium (Li), boron (B), carbon/carbon dioxide (C/CO2), and sulfur (S) in Mars and Earth atmospheres and under vacuum. Two regression methods were tested: univariate analysis (UVA), here using peak areas to predict concentrations, and multivariate analysis (MVA). Partial least squares (PLS) and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) use information from larger regions of LIBS spectra. Rock powders were doped with up to 10 wt% of each light element to help identify strongly correlated peaks for UVA. UVA and MVA models were assessed using root mean square errors (RMSEs) of cross-validation (CV), calibration RMSEs, and R2 correlation between predicted and true concentrations. Li had the most strongly correlated peaks, similar UVA and MVA model performance, and the lowest relative prediction errors. B and C had few weakly-correlated peaks, leading to extremely poor UVA R2 correlations despite having similar RMSEs to MVA models with mediocre performance. S had no visible peaks in our LIBS setup and as a result, MVA models had extremely high prediction errors. Model performance was not significantly affected by atmospheric differences despite visible changes in peak appearance, as long as model and test data were acquired under identical conditions. PLS regression on the entire LIBS spectrum consistently created models with the lowest quantification errors and highest R2 correlations. Light element predictions may be improved using higher resolution, gated spectrometers that cover a wider wavelength range than those used in our setup, which matches ChemCam.
A restrospective analysis of sedation-related adverse events in pediatric outpatients

From October 2014 to June 2015, among 5 800 pediatric patients underwent outpatient sedation in MRI and Special Inspection Departments at our hospital, the incidence of sedation-related adverse events was 2.72%(158 cases), and the mortality rate was 0.03%(2 cases)in pediatric outpatients.The common adverse events were nausea and vomiting(constituent ratio 32.14%), regurgitation and aspiration(constituent ratio 24.43%), respiratory depression(constituent ratio 29.28%), agitation(constituent ratio 15.71%)and delayed recovery(constituent ratio 1.43%). When chloral hydrate was used for sedation, it should be mixed with sugar to prevent the occurrence of nausea and vomiting; young age(especially preterm infant), diseases of respiratory system or nervous system and congenital heart disease were the possible inducements to sedation-related adverse events, and intervention strategy should be performed to decrease the occurrence of adverse events and to improve the quality of sedation in pediatric outpatients. Key words: Child; Conscious sedation; Outpatient service examination
Learning Using Partially Available Privileged Information and Label Uncertainty: Application in Detection of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a fulminant inflammatory lung injury that develops in patients with critical illnesses, affecting 200,000 patients in the United States annually. However, a recent study suggests that most patients with ARDS are diagnosed late or missed completely and fail to receive life-saving treatments. This is primarily due to the dependency of current diagnosis criteria on chest x-ray, which is not necessarily available at the time of diagnosis. In machine learning, such an information is known as Privileged Information - information that is available at training but not at testing. However, in diagnosing ARDS, privileged information (chest x-rays) are sometimes only available for a portion of the training data. To address this issue, the Learning Using Partially Available Privileged Information (LUPAPI) paradigm is proposed. As there are multiple ways to incorporate partially available privileged information, three models built on classical SVM are described. Another complexity of diagnosing ARDS is the uncertainty in clinical interpretation of chest x-rays. To address this, the LUPAPI framework is then extended to incorporate label uncertainty, resulting in a novel and comprehensive machine learning paradigm - Learning Using Label Uncertainty and Partially Available Privileged Information (LULUPAPI). The proposed frameworks use Electronic Health Record (EHR) data as regular information, chest x-rays as partially available privileged information, and clinicians’ confidence levels in ARDS diagnosis as a measure of label uncertainty. Experiments on an ARDS dataset demonstrate that both the LUPAPI and LULUPAPI models outperform SVM, with LULUPAPI performing better than LUPAPI.
Opioid use is Associated with ICU Delirium in Mechanically Ventilated Children.

Introduction Pediatric delirium is a significant problem when encounterd in an intensive care unit (ICU). The pathophysiology of pediatric delirium is complex and the etiology is typically multifactorial. Even though various risk factors associated with pediatric delirium in a pediatric ICU have been identified, there is still a paucity of literature associated with the condition, especially in extremely critically ill children, sedated and mechanically ventilated. Aim of the study To identify factors associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated children in an ICU. Material and methods This is a single-center study conducted at a tertiary care pediatric ICU. Patients admitted to the pediatric ICU requiring sedation and mechanical ventilation for >48 hours were included. Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium scale was used to screen patients with delirium. Baseline demographic and clinical factors as well as daily and cumulative doses of medications were compared between patients with and without delirium. Firth's penalized maximum likelihood logistic regression was used on a priori set of variables to examine the association of potential factors with delirium. Two regression models were created to assess the effect of daily medication doses (Model 1) as well as cumulative medication doses (Model 2) of opioids and benzodiazepines. Results 95 patient visits met the inclusion criteria. 19 patients (20%) were diagnosed with delirium. Older patients (>12 years) had higher odds of developing delirium. Every 1mg/kg/day increase in daily doses of opioids was associated with an increased risk of delirium (OR=1.977, p=0.017). Likewise, 1 mg/kg increase in the cumulative opioid dose was associated with a higher odds of developing delirium (OR=1.035, p=0.022). Duration of mechanical ventilation was associated with the development of delirium in Model 1 (p=0.007). Conclusions Age, daily and cumulative opioid dosage and the duration of mechanical ventilation are associated with the development of delirium in mechanically ventilated children.
Twenty-two Years of Pediatric Musculoskeletal Firearm Injuries: Adverse Outcomes for the Very Young

Background Firearm injuries are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for children in the United States. The purpose of this study is to investigate the 22-year experience of pediatric firearm-related musculoskeletal injuries at a major pediatric level 1 hospital and to analyze the risk of adverse outcomes in children under 10 years of age. Methods An institutional review board-approved, retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on pediatric firearm-related musculoskeletal injuries at our institution from 1995 to 2017. A total of 189 children aged 0 to 18 years were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision/10th Revision codes, focusing on musculoskeletal injuries by firearms. Exclusion criteria were primary treatment at an outside hospital, isolated nonmusculoskeletal injuries (eg, traumatic brain injury), and death before orthopaedic intervention. Two cohorts were included: age below 10 years and age 10 years and above. Primary outcome measure was a serious adverse outcome (death, growth disturbance, amputation, or impairment). Standard statistical analysis was used for demographic data, along with linear mixed models and multivariable logistic regression for adverse outcome. Results Of the 189 children, 46 (24.3%) were below 10 years of age and 143 (75.7%) were 10 years and above. Fifty-two (27.5%) of the total group had an adverse outcome, with 19 (41.3%) aged below 10 years and 33 (23.1%) aged 10 years and above (P=0.016). Adverse outcomes were 3 deaths, 17 growth disturbances, 7 amputations, and 44 impairments. For those below 10 years of age, rural location (P=0.024), need for surgical treatment (P=0.041), femur injury (P=0.032), peripheral nerve injury (P=0.006), and number of surgeries (P=0.022) were associated with an adverse outcome. Conclusions Over one fourth of survivors of musculoskeletal firearm injuries had an adverse outcome. Children 10 years and above represent the majority of firearm injuries in our population; however, when injured, those below 10 years are more likely to have an adverse outcome. Level of evidence Level III.
A Chromosome-Scale Assembly of the En ormous (32 Gb) Axolotl Genome

ABSTRACT The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) provides critical models for studying regeneration, evolution and development. However, its large genome (~32 gigabases) presents a formidable barrier to genetic analyses. Recent efforts have yielded genome assemblies consisting of thousands of unordered scaffolds that resolve gene structures, but do not yet permit large scale analyses of genome structure and function. We adapted an established mapping approach to leverage dense SNP typing information and for the first time assemble the axolotl genome into 14 chromosomes. Moreover, we used fluorescence in situ hybridization to verify the structure of these 14 scaffolds and assign each to its corresponding physical chromosome. This new assembly covers 27.3 gigabases and encompasses 94% of annotated gene models on chromosomal scaffolds. We show the assembly’s utility by resolving genome-wide orthologies between the axolotl and other vertebrates, identifying the footprints of historical introgression events that occurred during the development of axolotl genetic stocks, and precisely mapping several phenotypes including a large deletion underlying the cardiac mutant. This chromosome-scale assembly will greatly facilitate studies of the axolotl in biological research.
Mental health literacy in a diverse sample of undergraduate students: demographic, psychological, and academic correlates.

Investigating variables associated with mental health literacy in the college-age population takes us one step closer to providing intervention for this vulnerable group, where growing rates of psychological disorders are a serious public concern. This study adds to the existing literature by incorporating, within a single model, multi-faceted variables (demographic, psychological, and academic) that contribute to mental health literacy in demographically and ethnically diverse college students. Participants were undergraduate students enrolled at nine different colleges that are part of a large, urban, public university system. A total of 1213 respondents (62.0% female, 73.3% non-white) completed an in-person assessment of mental health literacy and answered questions about demographics, college experience, and mental health experience. Data were analyzed to identify which variables best discriminated between high, mid-level, and low performers on this assessment. Discriminant correspondence analysis revealed that the difference between high and low performers (accounting for 90.27% of the total variance) was driven by participants who had taken at least one course related to clinical psychology and who typically majored in psychology and applied health science fields. These participants were more likely to report being white, female, between the ages of 28–32, and in the fourth year or later of their undergraduate program. In addition, high performers were more likely to have been diagnosed and/or treated for a psychological disorder, have more experience with psychological disorders through personal, family, or peer history, and have families who are open to discussing mental health issues. The main contributor to variation in mental health literacy scores was having taken a clinical psychology course, followed by majoring in psychology. Importantly, our findings identified not only the high performers, but also the low performers, for whom an increase in knowledge and awareness of mental health is crucial to overall psychological well-being. These results have important implications for the design of educational interventions aimed at improving mental health literacy at the college level, especially for students who otherwise would not have been exposed to this information from coursework or their major.
Desensitization to Methimazole.

Abstract Objective Thionamides (methimazole and propylthiouracil) have been associated with common side effects, such as rash and pruritus, and rare but serious adverse effects, such as agranulocytosis and hepatotoxicity. Methimazole is usually the preferred thionamide for the treatment of hyperthyroidism if the patient is not planning to conceive or not in the first trimester of pregnancy, given the less frequent dosing and lower risk of hepatotoxicity. In patients who experience rash or itching when treated with methimazole, switching them to propylthiouracil is one treatment option. Here we report our experience regarding desensitization to methimazole to allow continued treatment with methimazole as an alternative management option. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients at a single institution who had side effects to methimazole and who were desensitized to methimazole under the supervision of an allergist. A total of 7 patients were included who experienced side effects to methimazole that did not include agranulocytosis or hepatotoxicity. Results All 7 patients were able to take methimazole for treatment of their hyperthyroidism, either for continued medical therapy or as a bridge to definitive therapy, with either surgery or radioactive iodine treatment. Conclusion Under the supervision of an allergist, desensitization to methimazole is an option for treating patients who experience side effects to methimazole (excluding agranulocytosis and hepatotoxicity).
Collaboration between GI surgery & Gastroenterology improves understanding of the optimal antireflux valve—the omega flap valve

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic and sometimes disabling disease. An important component in the surgical management of GERD is either laparoscopic or endoscopic restoration of the native gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV). Recently, a procedure combining laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair with transoral incisionless fundoplication (cTIF) was introduced. This relatively new operation is performed in collaboration between the gastrointestinal (GI) surgeon and the gastroenterologist. By working together, both interventionalists gain new insight into the ideal GEFV by observing the same operation being performed from different perspectives. In the cTIF, the gastroenterologist learns from an external perspective, through the laparoscopic view, the importance of the crura in contributing to the antireflux barrier. Similarly, the GI surgeon gains understanding of the elements that define an effective and desirable GEFV through an endoscopic perspective. This collaboration with cTIF and seeing the procedure from different perspectives have led to our improved understanding of 1) factors contributing to an optimal surgically constructed GEFV and 2) the limitations of the GEFV constructed by the conventional laparoscopic total and partial fundoplications. The collaboration between GI surgery and gastroenterology with cTIF has led to an improved understanding in characteristics of an optimal antireflux barrier and allowed for a proposed technical modification of the current fundoplication technique to optimize the construct of the surgical GEFV.
0092 Daily routines and social interactions as contexts for school violence: a qualitative study

Statement of purpose School violence is a major concern for the safety and wellbeing of school-age youth. In 2018, adolescent students reported 836,000 nonfatal victimizations at school, and 410,000 away from school. These experiences are disruptive to the educational environment and associated with negative mental health, school performance, and delinquency outcomes. The purpose of this study was to understand how students’ daily routines and social interactions over the school day influence risk of violence with the goal of informing intervention. Methods/Approach We conducted this qualitative work in the context of a large-scale, mixed-methods investigation of school violence in an urban setting. Semi-structured interviews (n=56) were conducted with 12–18 years old who lived/went to school in Philadelphia, PA, and were involved (victim/perpetrator) in a violent school-related assault in the six months prior to their interview. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and entered into NVivo 12 for coding and analysis. Using a modified grounded theory approach, we developed a codebook matching common themes identified in the interviews. Results Preliminary results suggest school-related violence is infrequently a random act; instead there was usually a precipitating event, and these incidents almost always involved people who knew each other. Important emerging themes included: opportunities to intervene; role of adults and peers in encouraging/discouraging violence; varied attitudes towards school supervision; role of social media; and presence of trauma and importance of emotion regulation. Social environment was considered in the context of the physical environment to enhance the meaning of place. Conclusion School violence occurs with some regularity, and violent acts or incidents are often the final culminating events, offering several areas of modifiable factors for intervention leading up to the incident. Significance Findings from this study lend important insights for how to reduce school violence and will inform training and policy recommendations at the local level which can also be adapted nationwide in similar settings.