cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limited survival of rat small bowel transplants preserved in University of Wisconsin solution for 48 hours.

We have previously shown that rat small bowel may successfully be transplanted after preservation for 24 hours. In this study, syngeneic rat small bowel transplants were studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy during and after preservation in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution for 48 hours. A total of 6 transplants were carried out using a previously described, standardized technique. In most cases, the bowel appeared histologically well preserved at the end of the 48 hr storage period (prior to implantation). Upon revascularization, however, reperfusion injury was dramatic, with loss of villi and crypts and inflammatory cells in all layers. The bowel was abnormal grossly as well as microscopically. This injury was irreversible with persistently abnormal histology for up to 1 week in all but 2 cases.We conclude that UW solution alone may allow satisfactory preservation of intestinal grafts for 48 hours only in isolated cases, and is therefore not adequate for predictable, satis...
High-efficiency metal halide lighting systems for compact LCD projectors

Compact LCD projectors require a high efficiency light source that has the smallest possible spatial extent. The objective of the lamp design must be to preserve the system etendue to ensure excellent screen illuminance. We present the results of the development of projection lighting systems that produce 1,500 to 3,000 lumens, have luminous efficacious of >= 1m/W and source sizes of <EQ 1.2 mm. Results of statistically designed experiments on the lamp design parameters and design parameters of the lamp/ballast systems essential for rapid start, restart, and long life will be discussed. These design studies result in compact efficient systems. 3D luminance results - both model and experiment - will be discussed. The result of our studies is a better understanding of the factors impacting long life, high efficiency, metal halide lamps with very small source sizes. We have identified a series of designs for lamp/ballast systems that give the user an option of performance sets. We will describe recent work on the design and characterization of a long life 50 Watt, 1.2 m arc gap metal halide lighting system that produces 3,200 lumens. A theoretical characterization of the optical efficiency of an arbitrary projection optical system through discussion of the arc efficiency and the system etendue will be presented.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
WeeFence: toward making fences free in TSO

Although fences are designed for low-overhead concurrency coordination, they can be expensive in current machines. If fences were largely free, faster fine-grained concurrent algorithms could be devised, and compilers could guarantee Sequential Consistency (SC) at little cost.In this paper, we present WeeFence (or WFence for short), a fence that is very cheap because it allows post-fence accesses to skip it. Such accesses can typically complete and retire before the pre-fence writes have drained from the write buffer. Only when an incorrect reordering of accesses is about to happen, does the hardware stall to prevent it. In the paper, we present the WFence design for TSO, and compare it to a conventional fence with speculation for 8-processor multicore simulations. We run parallel kernels that contain explicit fences and parallel applications that do not. For the kernels, WFence eliminates nearly all of the fence stall, reducing the kernels' execution time by an average of 11%. For the applications, a conservative compiler algorithm places fences in the code to guarantee SC. In this case, on average, WFences reduce the resulting fence overhead from 38% of the applications' execution time to 2% (in a centralized WFence design), or from 36% to 5% (in a distributed WFence design).
An activated mutant of the a subunit of Go increases neurite outgrowth via protein kinase C

Abstract The GTP-binding protein, Go is present at very high concentration in the neuronal growth cone membrane [42]. The expression of activated mutants of the a subunit of Go increases neurite outgrowth [40]. To determine the intracellular mechanism for this outgrowth, we have examined activated gao- dependent outgrowth in the presence of agents which modulate different signal transduction cascades. Activation of protein kinase C with phorbol esters or with diacylglycerol prevents the αo-dependent increase in neurite extension. Inhibition of protein kinase C with staurosporine, with H7, or with long-term, high dose phorbol ester treatment resulted in greater neurite elongation, and no further increase after activated αo transduction. The protein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, also blocked the effect of activated αo In contrast, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and agents which alter CAMP levels did not alter activated αo-dependent neurite extension. We tested a number of compounds which alter intracellular calcium levels. TMB-8 and thapsigargin prevented an increase in outgrowth by activated αo but diltiazem, Bay K8644 and dantrolene had no effect on activated αo-dependent outgrowth. These studies suggest that activated αo increases neurite outgrowth by inhibiting protein kinase C and by modulating intracellular calcium release.
A study of syntactic processing in aphasia II: Neurological aspects

This paper presents the results of a study of the effects of left hemisphere strokes on syntactically-based comprehension in aphasic patients. We studied 42 patients with aphasia secondary to left hemisphere strokes and 25 control subjects for the ability to assign and interpret three syntactic structures (passives, object extracted relative clauses, and reflexive pronouns) in enactment, sentence-picture matching and grammaticality judgment tasks. We measured accuracy, RT and self-paced listening times in SPM and GJ. We obtained magnetic resonance (MR) and 5-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) data on 31 patients and 12 controls. The percent of selected regions of interest (ROIs) that was lesioned on MR and the mean normalized PET counts per voxel in ROIs were calculated. In regression analyses, lesion measures in both perisylvian and non-perisylvian ROIs predicted performance. Patients who performed at similar levels behaviorally had lesions of very different sizes, and patients with equivalent lesion sizes varied greatly in their level of performance. The data are consistent with a model in which the neural tissue that is responsible for the operations underlying sentence comprehension and syntactic processing is localized in different neural regions in different individuals.
Lifetimes in 103Rh, 107Ag and 109Ag measured by the recoil-distance technique

Abstract The lifetimes of the lowest 3 2 − and 5 2 − levels in 103 Rh, 107 Ag and 109 Ag have been measured with the Doppler-shift version of the recoil-distance technique. A beam of 35 Cl ions of energy 64 MeV was used to Coulomb excite the target nuclei and eject them from the target. The following lifetimes were obtained: τ( 103 Rh , 3 2 − , 295 keV ) = 14.5 ± 1.5 ps , ρ 103 Rh , 5 2 − , 357 keV ) = 112 ± 10 ps ; τ( 107 Ag , 3 2 − , 325 keV ) = 7.2 ± 1.3 ps , τ( 107 Ag , 5 2 − , 423 keV ) = 43 ± 3 ps ; τ( 109 Ag , 3 2 − , 311 keV ) = 8.5 ± 1.0 ps , τ( 109 Ag , 5 2 − , 415 keV ) = 50 ± 3 ps . Of t correction factors taken into account the perturbation of the γ-ray angular distribution by the magnetic hyperfine interaction during recoil through vacuum was found to give the largest correction to the measured lifetimes. These lifetimes lead to reduced transition probabilities B d(E2 ) for the silver nuclei in reasonable agreement with the predictions of the core-excitation theory.
Optically Sectioned Fluorescence Imaging with HiLo

HiLo is a wide-field fluorescence imaging technique that provides optical sectioning by processing two images acquired sequentially using illumination with and without high contrast structure. We present the latest implementations of the technique.
Separation of principal stresses in photo-orthotropic-elasticity

Abstract The photoelastic response of transparent, briefringent, orthotropic model materials cannot be interpreted in terms of the state of stress or strain directly, as in the case of isotropic materials. The isochromatic fringes do not always yield the difference in principal stresses, nor do the isoclinics indicate the directions of the principal stresses. There is thus a need to develop methods of determining the individual principal stresses (or strains) if the results from a transmission photoelastic study of orthotropic models are to be useful for analysis or design. This paper examines the methods already proposed and describes a new and novel method combining the transmission and reflection techniques.
Neuropathogenicity and sensitivity to antibody neutralization of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus are determined by polylactosaminoglycan chains on the primary envelope glycoprotein

Common strains of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV, an arterivirus), such as LDV-P and LDV-vx, are highly resistant to antibody neutralization and invariably establish a viremic, persistent, yet asymptomatic, infection in mice. Other LDV strains, LDV-C and LDV-v, have been identified that, in contrast, are highly susceptible to antibody neutralization and are incapable of a high viremic persistent infection, but at the same time have gained the ability to cause paralytic disease in immunosuppressed C58 and AKR mice. Our present results further indicate that these phenotypic differences represent linked properties that correlate with the number of N-glycosylation sites associated with the single neutralization epitope on the short ectodomain of the primary envelope glycoprotein, VP-3P. The VP-3P ectodomains of LDV-P/vx possess three N-glycosylation sites, whereas those of LDV-C/v lack the two N-terminal sites. We have now isolated four independent neutralization escape variants of neuropathogenic LDV-C and LDV-v on the basis of their ability to establish a high viremic persistent infection in mice. The VP-3P ectodomains of all four variants had specifically regained two N-glycosylation sites concomitant with decreased immunogenicity of the neutralization eptitope and decreased sensitivity to antibody neutralization as well as loss of neuropathogenicity.
Influence of Electron-Electron Interaction on the Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation Rates in the Dilute Ferromagnetic Alloy Pd Fe

In this paper it is postulated that in exchange-enhanced alloys the $d$-hole intra-atomic exchange energy is modified at host sites with magnetic impurities as near neighbors. When this effect is statistically averaged over the alloy, the exchange enhancement that results is concentration dependent. When applied to PdFe, it is shown that one can thereby account for the rapid increase in the concentration dependence of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates for both Fe and Pd sites from about 3-at.% Fe on down and for the sharp peak in the concentration dependence observed at about 0.5-at.% Fe. The model is also applied to a computation of the acoustic spin-wave stiffness constant $D$. The resulting curve for $D$ vs iron concentration $c$ bends over sharply at $c$ between 1 and 3-at.% Fe, in agreement with the observed concentration dependence of $D$ in PdFe.
The influence of reacting gases on the motion of collapsing cavities

Abet-An analysis was performed on a collapsing cavity containing reacting gases. It was determined that with reacting gases in the cavity there was significant departure from the fluid mechanics of collapse of a cavity containing inert gases. When reacting gases are present, the nonlinear differential equations of motion, energy, and kinetics must be solved simultaneously. It was found that the time required to reach a given radius during collapse was greater for an exothermic reaction occurring in the gas phase than for the cavity containing a nonreacting gas. For the exothermic reaction the collapse time increases with increasing magnitude of the heat of reaction, while for an endothermic reaction the collapse time does not increase indefinitely with increasing heat of reaction but instead decreases and approaches a finite limit. For small heats of reaction the influence of a reacting gas on cavity motion is only readily detectable during the rebound of the cavity. When the collapse time approaches the half period of the wave, the conversion increases with increasing acoustic pressure. However, when the collapse time approaches the period of the wave, the conversion first decreases, then increases with increasing acoustic pressure. Additional descriptions are presented in the text delineating the behavior of the cavity during the collapse when a gas is reacting within the cavity. IN 1754 Leonhard Euler postulated that small voids would occur in a liquid subjected to a small negative pressure at a point. It was not until 150 yr later that these voids were observed. The first observances of these bubbles occurred on ship’s propellers, and the name given by R. E. Froude to the phenomenon associated with these bubbles was “cavitation”. The term is now taken to mean the nucleation, growth, and collapse of gas and vaporous bubbles and voids in liquids. In an effort to describe the eroding action of these bubbles, Rayleigh[l] was the first to develop a mathematical model of the collapsing bubble. In addition to solving the collapse equations for a spherical void, he found that for a gas filled cavity the contents of the cavity were compressed to very high pressures in the final stages of collapse. The shock produced by this collapsing bubble hitting the metal surface was believed responsible for producing the observed erosion. The equations of motion describing the col
What is complexity

Arguments for or against a trend in the evolution of complexity are weakened by the lack of an unambiguous definition of complexity. Such definitions abound for both dynamical systems and biological organisms, but have drawbacks of either a conceptual or a practical nature. Physical complexity, a measure based on automata theory and information theory, is a simple and intuitive measure of the amount of information that an organism stores, in its genome, about the environment in which it evolves. It is argued that physical complexity must increase in molecular evolution of asexual organisms in a single niche if the environment does not change, due to natural selection. It is possible that complexity decreases in co-evolving systems as well as at high mutation rates, in sexual populations, and in time-dependent landscapes. However, it is reasoned that these factors usually help, rather than hinder, the evolution of complexity, and that a theory of physical complexity for co-evolving species will reveal an overall trend towards higher complexity in biological evolution.
Nature of the free amino-acid pool in avian tissues.

IN an earlier report from these laboratories1 we demonstrated significant diurnal changes in protein, nucleic and seven free amino-acids of liver during the active involvement stage of a mild Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in chicks. The investigations have now been extended to include a comparison of liver and serum levels of these parameters during the incubation stage of NDV.
Analyzing and Remediating Writing Disabilities

Copying is a component of learning to write. But persons may be able to copy words while being linguistically incapable of communicating through writing. Communicative writing samples can be elicited by identifying problems which motivate students to write messages. Three techniques for analyzing generative writing samples are explained. 1)Irregularities in the samples can be plotted with reference to grammatical accuracy and impact on comprehension. Clusters of errors are then interpreted as indications of writing disabilities. 2)An attitude toward writing inventory can elicit negative feelings toward instructional strategies. The results can differentiate persons who are frustrated by instructional strategies from persons who are linguistically disabled. 3)In a restoration exercise, children attempt to supply words deleted from passages that they have written. The restoration technique can indicate linguistic writing disabilities by confirming whether students can replicate the generation of grammatical...
Daily modulation due to channeling in direct dark matter crystalline detectors

The channeling of the ion recoiling after a collision with a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) in direct dark matter crystalline detectors produces a larger scintillation or ionization signal than otherwise expected. Channeling is a directional effect, which depends on the velocity distribution of WIMPs in the dark halo of our Galaxy and could lead to a daily modulation of the signal. Here we compute upper bounds to the expected amplitude of daily modulation due to channeling using channeling fractions that we obtained with analytic models in prior work. After developing the general formalism, we examine the possibility of finding a daily modulation due to channeling in the data already collected by the DAMA/NaI and DAMA/LIBRA experiments. We find that even the largest daily modulation amplitudes (of the order of 10% in some instances) would not be observable for WIMPs in the standard halo in the 13 years of data taken by the DAMA Collaboration. For these to be observable, the DAMA total rate should be $1/40$ of what it is or the total DAMA exposure should be 40 times larger. The daily modulation due to channeling will be difficult to measure in future experiments. We find it could be observed for light WIMPs in solid Ne, assuming no background.
Aging of tablets made with dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as matrix.

Abstract The aging of direct compression tablets made using dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as the tablet matrix was investigated over 16 weeks. The formula included 6% amaranth as a dye tracer. Two sets of stress storage conditions were used: 25° and 50% relative humidity and 45° and 75% relative humidity. Tablets were evaluated periodically by visual inspection; determination of the weight of 10 separate tablets, the size of 10 tablets measured by a micrometer screw gauge, and the hardness of 10 tablets as indicated by a Strong–Cobb hardness tester; the USP disintegration time test; and the USP dissolution test. Tablets stored at 25° and 50% relative humidity showed an approximately linear increase in disintegration and dissolution time over 16 weeks with no other significant changes. Storage at 45° and 75% relative humidity resulted in significant changes in most measured parameters; tablets showed blotching, substantial weight loss, and complex changes in disintegration and dissolution. The changes at elevated temperatures are related to loss of water of hydration; changes at 25° must be due to other causes.
How to handle dependence with the analytic hierarchy process

Abstract Hierarchic and network systems are discussed as basic frameworks of unstructured problems modeled by the Analytic Hierarchy Process. A hierarchy represents a linear chain of interactions, whereas a network allows for feedback in the form of cycles and loops. A theory is provided for the priorities of a network system of which those of a hierarchy are shown to be a special case. Practical applications are illustrated.
Sequence-dependent reactivity of model peptides with glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde reacted faster with tripeptides than with dipeptides. The pH profiles of the reactions with tripeptides displayed optima in the range of 8.5-10.0, approximately 1-2 pH units higher than found with dipeptides. The second amino acid residue influences not only the rate of reaction but also the extent of formation of the product of the Amadori rearrangement, the ketoamine. The presence of histidine as the second amino acid residue of either di- or tri-peptides greatly accelerated the rate of reaction perhaps by facilitating the rearrangement. Conventional amino acid analysis and liquid chromatography procedures have been used to detect intermediates and the ketoamine product. 1H-N.m.r. analysis of the reduced adducts was consistent with the assigned structures.
Toxicity of herbicides in highway runoff.

Previous field monitoring at two highway sites found highway-applied herbicides in storm water runoff at maximum concentrations ranging from 10 μg/L for glyphosate and diuron to as high as 200 μg/L for oryzalin. To determine whether these herbicides at these concentrations can cause any toxicity to aquatic organisms, a standard toxicity study was conducted. Storm water was collected along Highway 37, Sonoma County, California, USA, and the herbicides isoxaben, oryzalin, diuron, clopyralid, and glyphosate were spiked into the storm water at the highest concentrations observed during the five previous field-monitoring campaigns. Three different toxicity studies were conducted and the results showed the following: No significant reduction in reproduction or increase in mortality relative to the control for an 8-d Ceriodaphnia (water flea) toxicity test; no significant increase in mortality or decrease in biomass compared to the control during a 7-d Pimephales (fish) toxicity test; and, in a 96-h Selenastrum (algae) toxicity test, both the 10-μg/L diuron treatment and the combined 50-μg/L isoxaben plus 200-μg/L oryzalin treatment produced significant (p < 0.05) reductions in algal growth compared to the controls, although the 30-μg/L clopyralid or 10-μg/L glyphosate treatments did not exhibit any toxic effects.
Tending the garden and harvesting the fruits of behavior therapy

For the past half century, behavior therapy has served as the theoretical basis for successful inquiries into the nature and treatment of many emotional disorders. Although there are core principles shared by all behavior therapies, two primary approaches, traditional cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), have emerged as the most viable treatment approaches, even though they achieve their success through different methods and are predicated in different assumptions, principles, questions, and scientific strategies. In this special series, theorists and therapists with allegiances to one of these two approaches articulate the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of their approach, summarize the evidence to date, point out current gaps or inconsistencies, and map out future directions with predictions informed by theory. The series concludes with a capstone paper that seeks to find common ground within the family of behavior therapies while also positing ways for behavior therapy to remain relevant in a world that increasingly emphasizes neuroscience and biobehavioral approaches to understand and reduce human suffering.
Diamond anvil cell, 50th birthday

The year 2008 marked the fiftieth birthday of the diamond anvil cell. Its birth took place when Alvin Van Valkenburg, while working with his colleagues, Charles E. Weir, Ellis R. Lippincott, and Elmer N. Bunting, first realized that he could look right through one of the diamond anvils and see a sample while it was at high pressure. In the following years, these scientists and many others adapted the diamond anvil cell to a wide variety of analytical techniques that have provided an impressive amount of information about materials at high pressures and high temperatures. But, virtually all of those techniques start with looking into the diamond anvil cell.
A case study for scientific I/O: improving the FLASH astrophysics code

The FLASH code is a computational science tool for simulating and studying thermonuclear reactions. The program periodically outputs large checkpoint files (to resume a calculation from a particular point in time) and smaller plot files (for visualization and analysis). Initial experiments on BlueGene/P spent excessive time in input/output (I/O), making it difficult to do actual science. Our investigation of time spent in I/O revealed several locations in the I/O software stack where we could make improvements. Fixing data corruption in the MPI-IO library allowed us to use collective I/O, yielding an order of magnitude improvement. Restructuring the data layout provided a more efficient I/O access pattern and yielded another doubling of performance, but broke format assumptions made by other tools in the application workflow. Using new nonblocking APIs in the Parallel-NetCDF library allowed us to keep high performance and maintain backward compatibility. The I/O research community has studied a host of optimizations and strategies. Sometimes the challenge for applications is knowing how to apply these new techniques to production codes. In this case study, we offer a demonstration of how computational scientists, with a detailed understanding of their application, and the I/O community, with a wide array of approaches from which to choose, can magnify each other's efforts and achieve tremendous application productivity gains.
Epidermal and hair follicle trans glutaminases and crosslinking in skin

Epidermal and hair follicle transglutaminases crosslink structural proteins in the skin by epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine bonds. This crosslinking produces protein polymers that are extremely insoluble and, until recently, difficult to characterize. Epidermal transglutaminase is localized to the granular layer of the epidermis. It catalyzes the crosslinking of a soluble cytoplasmic precursor to form the cornified envelope that lines the inner membrane of the mature keratinocyte in the stratum corneum. Hair follicle transglutaminase is localized to the inner root sheath and medulla of the hair follicle. It crosslinks a poorly characterized citrulline-rich protein. The enzymes and their substrates have been shown to be important markers of normal differentiation. Regulation of these processes is currently under investigation.
An included-minor result for 3-connected graphs with contractible edges

Abstract This paper establishes that a 3-connected graph G that has a triangle in which every single-edge contraction is 3-connected has a minor that uses the triangle and is isomorphic to K 5 or the octahedron.
Scorpionid Resting Trace from The Lower Permian of Southern New Mexico, USA

We describe an arthropod body impression associated with arthropod trackways of the ichnogenus Stiaria from the Lower Permian (upper Wolfcampian) Robledo Mountains Formation (Hueco Group) in the Prehistoric Trackways National Monument of southern New Mexico. The probable producer of these traces was a scorpion, and we name the likely scorpionid resting trace Alacranichnus braddyi, new ichnogenus and ichnospecies. There are no prior reports of scorpionid body impressions from terrestrial settings in the fossil record.
Dislocations in Microelectronics

This brief review monitors the use of small crystalline defects, such as dislocations, in the design of diodes, bipolar and field effect transistors along the microminiaturization trend in electronics. Attempts to make dislocation based electronic components were driven at various stages by the development of semiconductor technology and were inspired by successes of miniaturization. In the early 80's, use of single dislocations as electronic elements on a semiconductor chip was seen as a viable alternative to make the smallest transistor. Successful development of low-dimensional electronic devices significantly reduced the necessity for potential use of linear defects. The experimental diagrams and tables are intentionally excluded from this paper. They can be found in the references, especially in the extended reviews [14, 22, 35] on the subject.
Calculation of molecular weight distributions in polymerization

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to propose a method for the calculation of molecular-weight distributions for addition polymerization. The method involves the use of a generating function which reduces the infinite number of differential equations to two differential equations and the evaluation of an integral. The method has the advantage that the concentration of any particular n -mer may be calculated without calculating all of its precursors. Other methods do not have this property. An example is worked out for first-order initiation and monomer termination although other initiation and termination steps may be easily treated. It is again verified that the steady state hypothesis may not be valid.
Engaging residents in planning for sustainable rural-nature tourism in post-communist Poland

This study attempts to draw attention to environmentally, socially and economically sustainable tourism development as a tool with the potential to generate social capital based on development of local ties in Poland. It uses the interactional approach to community to discuss the possibility of enhancing actors' efficacy and the building of trust among the actors influenced by participatory planning for sustainable tourism development. The interactional approach to community allows for the observation of how the realization of such inclusive planning processes can help in pursuing interactions and therefore developing local relationships. Because of interactions a community is capable of pursuing joint action toward the wellbeing of a locality. Consequently the function of such processes is not limited to pure and effective planning for development, which is its explicit and conscious purpose. The task of the paper is to expose possible latent effects occurring within the tourism development framework.
Thiol-bearing synthetic peptides retain the antioxidant activity of apolipoproteinA-IMilano

Abstract Apolipoprotein(apo)A-I Milano (R173C) and apoA-I Paris (R151C) are rare cysteine variants of wild-type (WT) apoA-I that possess novel antioxidant properties on phospholipid surfaces. Yet, the two variants differ in their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. In this study, we used synthetic peptides (18 mers) to investigate the structural basis for the difference in antioxidant activity between apoA-I Milano and apoA-I Paris . A peptide (aa 167-R173C-184) based on the amphipathic α helix harboring the R173C mutation inhibited superoxide anion-mediated oxidation of phospholipid in a dose-dependent manner, but it failed to directly quench superoxide anions in aqueous solution, indicating that the peptide acted at the level of phospholipid to inhibit lipid peroxidation just like the full-length cysteine variant. Peptide 145-R151C-162 based on the helical segment containing R151C exhibited the same capacity as peptide 167-R173C-184 to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Thus, the difference in antioxidant activity between apoA-I Milano and apoA-I Paris was not governed by the primary amino acid sequence of their individual amphipathic α helices, rather contextual constraints within the full-length variants set the difference in antioxidant activity. Cysteine-free peptides were weak inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that thiol-bearing helical peptides based on apoA-I Milano may be useful to combat inflammatory related diseases.
The Supervisory Relationship in Psychotherapy over Time

This study investigated changes in the supervisors' and supervisees' perceptions of the supervisory relationship and the extent to which their perceptions were congruent. Salient dimensions of supervision were identified which predict the quality of the relationship. Twelve supervisory dyads involved in predominantly ongoing supervisory relationships completed an adapted Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Process Scale after each supervisory session for 10 consecutive weeks. The participants' perceptions of the supervisory relationships were relatively stable and positive. However, supervisees felt less dependent over time. With that exception, agreement among participants did not change significantly. Supervisors viewed supervisees' participation and increased assertiveness as significant positive elements in assessing the quality of the relationship. Supervisees' greater exploration and dependency was associated with negative ratings by supervisors. Since supervisors selected the supervisees for the study, the results primarily validate their judgments of the components of a positive continuing supervisory relationship.
Measurement of soot optical properties in the near-infrared spectrum

Abstract The dimensionless extinction constant, K e , was measured using the NIST Large Agglomerate Optics Facility (LAOF) for soot produced from acetylene and ethene flames. Measurements were performed simultaneously using light sources at 632.8 and 856 nm. The experiments at 856 nm represent the longest wavelength for which accurate extinction measurements have been performed for soot. The mean values of present measurements of Ke at 632.8 nm for the acetylene and ethene soot are 8.12 ± 0.59 and 9.65 ± 0.54, respectively. For acetylene, the mean value of K e measured at 856 nm was 8.83 ± 0.69, whereas the mean value for ethene at the same wavelength was 9.35 ± 0.51. The reduction in discrepancy for the fuels between 632.8 and 856 nm may be related to beam shielding effects. As in the case of 632.8 nm, the measured K e values for 856 nm are significantly larger than values calculated using traditional methods. The present measurements provide a more reliable value of K e for use in optical-based soot diagnostics.
RLV economics: fiscal evaluation of NASA's reusable launch vehicle effort

Abstract The US RLV program aims to stimulate commercial development of a next-generation heavy-lift launcher and lower launch costs by one order of magnitude from the Space Shuttle. This paper discusses the incentives needed to encourage private investment — income tax relief, investment mitigation, financing assistance — in the venture and uses a specifically developed case study model to evaluate their effectiveness. It finds that an R&D tax credit would be the most practical incentive. Directions for future work are provided.
Active and passive transport of potassium in cells of excised pea epicotyls.

The Ussing-Theorell equation, which provides a fundamental test for the independent passive movement of ions under conditions of nonequilibrium, has been used to assess the active and passive components of K+ uptake by segments of pea epicotyl (Pisum sativum L. cultivar Alaska), incubated for 24 hours in both 1-fold and 10-fold concentrations of a complete nutrient solution. Measurements of the rates at which 42K diffused out of the segments provided data from which were estimated the K+ content of, and the fluxes to and from, the nonfree space compartments, interpreted as being cytoplasm and vacuole. For this analysis the serial model of MacRobbie and Dainty and Pitman for the spatial arrangement of cell compartments was used. On the basis of these values, and measurements of electrical potential across the cell membranes, the vacuolar K+ concentration was found to be fairly close to that expected as a result of passive diffusion between the cytoplasm and vacuole provided that no potential exists across the tonoplast. Cytoplasmic K+ concentration, however, was much too high in both treatments to be accounted for in passive terms. It was concluded, therefore, that, on the basis of the model, the high ratio of influx to efflux was maintained in the cells by an active K+ pump located at the plasmalemma. There is some reason to question the applicability of this model for flux analysis to the conditions of high net influx as encountered here; nonetheless, it provides a first approach to an over-all flux analysis in pea stem tissue.
Life-Cycle Management of Fatigue-Sensitive Structures Integrating Inspection Information

Successful management of deteriorating structures requires the reliable prediction of damage occurrence as well as the time-dependent damage propagation under uncertainty. The reliability of the performance prediction process can be significantly improved by integrating information gained from inspection and monitoring actions. This integration leads to a more accurate prediction of the time-dependent damage level and, eventually, to a better supported decision-making process. In this paper, a probabilistic approach is proposed to find an optimum management plan for fatigue-sensitive structures by integrating the available information from inspection actions. The proposed approach utilizes a probabilistic time-dependent damage criterion, inspection cost, and failure cost to find the optimum inspection times under uncertainty. New information resulting from inspection actions performed during the lifetime of the structure is used to update the damage propagation parameters as well as the optimization procedure. This process results in an enhanced management plan which can provide managers the ability to make real-time decisions based on inspection results. The integration of this new information and its impact on the life-cycle management process are thoroughly investigated. In addition, a realistic fatigue critical detail is used to illustrate the proposed probabilistic approach.
Lipin-1 Regulates Autophagy Clearance and Intersects with Statin Drug Effects in Skeletal Muscle

Summary LPIN1 encodes lipin-1, a phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to form diacylglycerol. Homozygous LPIN1 gene mutations cause severe rhabdomyolysis, and heterozygous LPIN1 missense mutations may promote statin-induced myopathy. We demonstrate that lipin-1–related myopathy in the mouse is associated with a blockade in autophagic flux and accumulation of aberrant mitochondria. Lipin-1 PAP activity is required for maturation of autolysosomes, through its activation of the protein kinase D (PKD)-Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling cascade. Statin treatment also reduces PKD activation and autophagic flux, which are compounded by diminished mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) abundance in lipin-1-haploinsufficent and -deficient muscle. Lipin-1 restoration in skeletal muscle prevents myonecrosis and statin toxicity in vivo, and activated PKD rescues autophagic flux in lipin-1-deficient cells. Our findings identify lipin-1 PAP activity as a component of the macroautophagy pathway and define the basis for lipin-1-related myopathies.
Automated Training for a “Matching-To-Sample” Task in Aphasia

This study investigated the differential responses of more than 100 aphasics to a “primer” program of automatic training. The subjects were exposed to random shapes on a screen, and responded by pu...
Control of protein synthesis by hemin. Isolation and characterization of a supernatant factor from rabbit reticulocyte lysate.

Abstract The regulation of protein synthesis by hemin in rabbit reticulocyte lysates is mediated by a hemin-controlled translational repressor protein (HCR) that inhibits polypeptide chain initiation. The effect of this translational inhibitor can be reversed by a high molecular weight protein in the post-ribosomal supernatant fraction. This supernatant factor has been purified approx. 700-fold. It is as effective in reversing the inhibition of protein synthesis due to an early form of HCR (intermediate HCR) as it is in stimulating protein synthesis in the absence of hemin. It is progressively less effective at reversing the inhibition of protein synthesis due to a late form of HCR (irreversible HCR), double-stranded RNA, and oxidized glutathione. The supernatant factor is chromatographically different from the initiation factor IF-MP, isolated from reticulocyte ribosomes, that can also overcome the inhibitory effect of HCR. The supernatant factor does not require hemin for activity, and its action is somewhat suppressed by a level of hemin that is optimal for protein synthesis.
Stratospheric Long Waves: Comparison of Thermal Structure in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Stratospheric radiance and temperature data obtained in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres during 1971 and 1972 are analyzed in order to compare planetary-wave behavior in both hemispheres. The data sources include the reduced radiance data of the Nimbus 4 selective chopper radiometer, National Meteorological Center gridded data, and Eole constant-level balloon data. Large-amplitude wave oscillations with energy in the period range from 20 to 30 days are observed along with the eastward propagation of planetary wave 2 in the Southern Hemisphere and a strong vertical coherence in wave phase at all levels between 200 mb and the upper stratosphere. The results show that: (1) despite stationary forcing, eastward phase progression occurs for wave 2 in the south as well as during the amplification phase of wave 1 in both hemispheres; (2) the upper stratosphere in midwinter contains regions of apparent barotropic instability, especially in the south; (3) wave number 2 amplitudes grow from very low values in early winter to high values in late winter; (4) the meridional amplitude structure is similar in the upper stratosphere in both hemispheres; and (5) the equatorward extent of waves is directly related to zonal wind speed in the upper stratosphere.
The effect of naloxone on operant behavior for food reinforcers in DBA/2 mice.

Mice are powerful models to investigate the genetic basis of food reward because many spontaneous obesity mutants exist and the murine genome is accessible to selectively targeted manipulations. Experiments in rats have shown that opioid receptor blockade reduces operant responding to food reinforcers. The present study investigated whether DBA/2J mice would display similar behavior in response to an opioid antagonist. Twelve male DBA/2J mice were trained to lever press for food reinforcers and subsequently randomized in a within subjects design for no injection, saline injection, or 10 mg/kg naloxone injection intraperitoneal (i.p.) 20 min before each daily trial under ad lib or food-deprived conditions. A significant main effect of injection occurred to reduce lever pressing by the mice. However, a greater pharmacological effect of naloxone occurred compared with saline on the operant responding only under the food-deprived conditions. Interestingly, the percentage of dispensed food pellets actually consumed was significantly reduced after naloxone injection compared with saline injection for either chow-based or sucrose pellets under ad lib or deprived feeding conditions. These data suggest that opioids specifically influence consumatory behavior in mice, but our findings on instrumental behavior were confounded by an independent inhibitory effect of an i.p. saline injection.
Brain regions associated with psychological pain: implications for a neural network and its relationship to physical pain

Research on brain areas involved in experiencing emotion and physical pain is abundant; however, psychological pain has received little attention in studies of the brain. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide an overview of studies on brain function related to psychological pain. The review was limited to studies in which participants experienced actual psychological pain or recalled a significant autobiographical event that may be assumed to have involved psychological pain. Based on results of the studies (N = 18), a tentative neural network for psychological pain is proposed that includes the thalamus, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and parahippocampal gyrus. Results indicated that grief may be a more accurate exemplar of psychological pain than recalled sadness, with indications of greater arousal during psychological pain. The proposed neural network for psychological pain overlaps to some extent with brain regions involved in physical pain, but results suggest a markedly reduced role for the insula, caudate, and putamen during psychological pain. Psychological pain is well known for its association with depression and as a precursor of suicidal behavior. Thus, identification of brain areas involved in psychological pain may help guide development of interventions to decrease mortality and morbidity.
Identification of Widespread Adenosine Nucleotide Binding in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Summary Computational prediction of protein function is frequently error-prone and incomplete. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ), ∼25% of all genes have no predicted function and are annotated as hypothetical proteins, severely limiting our understanding of Mtb pathogenicity. Here, we utilize a high-throughput quantitative activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) platform to probe, annotate, and validate ATP-binding proteins in Mtb . We experimentally validate prior in silico predictions of >240 proteins and identify 72 hypothetical proteins as ATP binders. ATP interacts with proteins with diverse and unrelated sequences, providing an expanded view of adenosine nucleotide binding in Mtb . Several hypothetical ATP binders are essential or taxonomically limited, suggesting specialized functions in mycobacterial physiology and pathogenicity.
The finagle point and the epsilon-core: A comment on Bräuninger’s proof

The finagle point, the epsilon-core, and the yolk are all predictors of majority-rule decision-making in spatial voting models. These predictors each minimize a radius needed in some sense to alter preferences so as to achieve stability. Brauninger showed that the finagle radius is never smaller than the epsilon-core radius, and claimed that the finagle point is within the epsilon core. This article shows that the finagle radius is sandwiched in between the epsilon-core and yolk radii, and that there is a significant logical gap in Brauninger’s proof that the finagle point is within the epsilon-core. This article also examines Brauninger’s other conclusions in view of an inaccurate computation of the yolk, and shows that they are valid all the more so.
Metabolic Delivery of Ketone Groups to Sialic Acid Residues APPLICATION TO CELL SURFACE GLYCOFORM ENGINEERING

The development of chemical strategies for decorating cells with defined carbohydrate epitopes would greatly facilitate studies of carbohydrate-mediated cell surface interactions. This report describes a general strategy for engineering the display of chemically defined oligosaccharides on cell surfaces that combines the concepts of metabolic engineering and selective chemical reactivity. Using a recently described method (Mahal, L. K., Yarema, K. J., and Bertozzi, C. R. (1997) Science 276, 1125–1128), we delivered a uniquely reactive ketone group to endogenous cell surface sialic acid residues by treating cells with the ketone-bearing metabolic precursor N-levulinoylmannosamine (ManLev). The ketone undergoes highly selective condensation reactions with complementary nucleophiles such as aminooxy and hydrazide groups. The detailed quantitative parameters of ManLev metabolism in human and nonhuman-derived cell lines were determined to establish a foundation for the modification of cell surfaces with novel epitopes at defined cell-surface densities. Ketones within the glycoconjugates on ManLev-treated cells were then reacted with synthetic aminooxy and hydrazide-functionalized carbohydrates. The remodeled cells were endowed with novel lectin binding profiles as determined by flow cytometry analysis. The simplicity and generality of this method make it well suited for use in the study of carbohydrate-mediated cell surface interactions.
Membrane-Tethered Ligands: Tools for Cell-Autonomous Pharmacological Manipulation of Biological Circuits

This review discusses the development of pharmacologically specific cell-autonomous membrane-tethered peptide ligands and their application in dissecting and influencing biological circuits in vivo.