cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatry Diversity Leadership in Academic Medicine: Guidelines for Success.

Author(s): Jordan, Ayana; Shim, Ruth S; Rodriguez, Carolyn I; Bath, Eraka; Alves-Bradford, Jean-Marie; Eyler, Lisa; Trinh, Nhi-Ha; Hansen, Helena; Mangurian, Christina | Abstract: Dr. A, a Black woman researcher and clinician-educator in the Department of Psychiatry at a prestigious academic institution, was appointed chair of the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) committee in 2017, in the context of public complaints and media coverage concerning sexism and racism. Following recent high-profile murders of Black people by police, Dr. A is called upon by the department chair to develop "antiracist programming." As a first step, Dr. A drafts a strong message against racismandexcessive police force.Despite the statement being vetted by all senior leadership, the department chair insists thatDr.Aplace only her name on it, in case it is not "well received." Dr. A receives negative e-mails in response to the statement, with minimal support from the department. Not to be dismayed, Dr. A assembles a DEI committee to plan an "antiracist" strategy for the entire department, without financial support, protected time, or additional resources. The DEI committee progress is slowed by the lack of institutional and departmental commitment. Additionally, several well-meaning non- Black colleagues in the department organize responses to the murders-including protests, town hall events, and public statements-without concerted coordination with the DEI committee, implying that "nothing was being done." In parallel, Dr. A is tasked with organizing and dispatching the limited number of Black psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers in the department to deliver care to the entire Black community at her institution. Feeling overwhelmed by the number of tasks she has been asked to initiate-while navigating a tense climate, with minimal financial or administrative departmental support-Dr. A requests a meeting with the department chair and executive committee. At the meeting, Dr. A, a tenured faculty memberfor the past 10 years, is addressed by another colleague's name-the only other Black professor in the department. When Dr. A points out this microaggression, a senior colleague tells her she is being "too sensitive," and is "overreacting." Despite this interaction, Dr. A highlights multiple institutional barriers, including the structural racism that minimizes the work of DEI initiatives in the department. She presents her proposal for protected time and resources to successfully execute robust antiracist programming but is toldmoneyis tight and to "scale back" and "do the best you can.".
Sociodemographic Patterns of Exclusive and Dual Use of ENDS and Menthol/Non-Menthol Cigarettes among US Youth (Ages 15–17) Using Two Nationally Representative Surveys (2013–2017)

The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among youth in the United States has increased rapidly in the past decade. Simultaneously, while youth cigarette smoking has declined considerably, youth are still more likely to use menthol cigarettes than any other age group. We used nationally representative data on 15–17-year-olds from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study and the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) (2013–2017) to better understand current cigarette (by menthol flavoring) and ENDS use in the US. We calculated weighted population prevalence estimates across years for multiple patterns of current cigarette and ENDS use (i.e., exclusive menthol cigarette, exclusive non-menthol cigarette, exclusive ENDS, dual ENDS and menthol cigarette, and dual ENDS and non-menthol cigarette) by sex, race/ethnicity, parental education level, household income, and homeownership. Overall, both exclusive menthol and non-menthol cigarette use declined from 2013–2017. Exclusive ENDS use increased, particularly among youth who were non-Hispanic White or had a higher socioeconomic status (measured by parental education, household income, and homeownership). Dual use of ENDS with either menthol or non-menthol cigarettes did not change significantly. Monitoring changes in these sociodemographic patterns will help inform future youth tobacco prevention strategies.
Cross Sections and Rate Constants

In order to describe in a quantitative way the phenomena discussed in the previous chapter, we need to be able to calculate or measure the required cross sections or rate constants. To begin the discussion, we divide collisions into two classes: elastic collisions (scattering) during which the particles interact (collide) with each other but only their directions of motion and speeds change, and inelastic collisions in which both the motion and the internal energies of the particles are changed. In Table 2.1 are given examples of inelastic collisions which we will consider in this text. Although inelastic collisions are clearly more interesting, we start by discussing experiments which only determine whether or not a particle was deflected.
Trade-offs in host choice of an herbivorous insect based on parasitism and larval performance

Herbivore diet breadth is predicted to evolve in response to both bottom-up and top-down selective pressures, including host plant abundance, quality and natural enemy pressure. As the relative importance and strength of interactions change over an herbivore’s geographic range, local patterns of host plant use should change in response, altering local diet breadths. Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) is a widespread, polyphagous moth species that feeds on hundreds of plant species worldwide. Populations of fall webworm in Colorado remain polyphagous, but their diet breadth is restricted compared to other populations and thus present an ideal opportunity to test the ecological drivers of host use by a polyphagous herbivore. We investigated how host abundance, larval performance, and parasitism affect host use for fall webworm to test how these selective pressures may act individually or in concert, as well as the role of any trade-offs among fitness components, to explain diet breadth and host use. We found that host abundance was a significant predictor of host use, which suggests a selective pressure to reduce search time for oviposition sites by adult females. We also detected an important trade-off between bottom-up and top-down selective pressures: higher quality host plants also had a greater proportion of larval mortality due to parasitism. Local patterns of host plant abundance appear to narrow the set of hosts used by fall webworms in Colorado, while the trade-off between host quality and risk of parasitism helps explain the maintenance of a generalized feeding strategy within this restricted set of hosts.
Escape from the Jail of Shape; Dimensionality and Engineering Science

In V. Sackville-West’s Poem, “The Land” the poet deals with craftsmen. The noem reads in part: All craftsmen share a knowledge. They have held Reality down fluttering to a bench; Cut wood to their own purposes; compelled The growth of pattern with the patient shuttle, Drained acres to a trench. Control is theirs. They have ignored the subtle Release of spirit from the jail of shape. They have been concerned with prison, not escape.1
Neonatal sterilization of rodents with steroid hormones: 3. Influence of neonatal treatment with testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate on steroids in plasma of adult male rats

Abstract The influence of neonatal estrogen or androgen treatment was compared in adult male rats by measuring disappearance of testosterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 3β-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one and 3β-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one from plasma. It was found that neonatal treatment with estradiol benzoate altered the rate of transformation of testosterone in plasma when measured 20 min after intravenous injection; the relative specific activity of β-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one and β-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one was apparently decreased, whereas that of testosterone and androstenedione was increased.
Social Structure, Segregation, and Economic Behavior

Social structure shapes many of our economic interactions as well as our decisions. Examplesof situations where our social networks in⁄uence our behavior range from everyday decisionsof which products to buy to long-term decisions such as which profession and how mucheducation to pursue. Our social networks in⁄uence our job opportunities, how exposed weare to criminal behavior, and provide informal insurance, among many other things. Thismakes it important both to understand how our behaviors depend on our social networks aswell as why social networks exhibit certain patterns.In this lecture I discuss a fundamental and pervasive aspect of social networks that has asigni–cantimpactonbehavior: ﬁhomophily.ﬂHomophilyreferstothetendencyofindividualsto associate with others who have similar characteristics as themselves. This tendency hasbeen observed across a variety of dimensions including ethnicity, age, gender, profession,and education level, among others. Given that our opinions, behaviors, and decisions arein⁄uenced by those we are in contact with, having a thorough grasp of homophily and how itshapes our social networks and ultimately translates into our behaviors becomes imperative.This lecture proceeds in three parts. It begins with background on homophily, providingsome illustrations and a very brief look at some empirical studies on homophily. It thenproceeds to the impact of homophily, discussing the e⁄ects of homophily on three di⁄erentthings: howinformationdi⁄usesthroughasociety, howindividualsmakeeducationdecisions,and social mobility. After discussing the impact of homophily on these di⁄erent behaviors,I conclude with a discussion of a model of homophily and what we might learn about whatleads to homophily.
CNS Tumor Prediction Using Gene Expression Data Part I

In this chapter, we propose a novel algorithm for characterizing a variety of CNS tumors. The proposed algorithm is illustrated with an analysis of an Affymetrix gene expression data from CNS tumor samples (Pomeroy et al., 2002). As discussed in the previous chapter entitled: CNS Tumor Prediction Using Gene Expression Data Part I, we used an ANOVA model to normalize the microarray gene expression measurements. In this chapter, we introduce a systemic way of building tumor prototypes to facilitate automatic prediction of CNS tumors.
Ab initio studies of structural features not easily amenable to experiment: Part 73. Structure-conformation relations in some substituted ethane derivatives

Abstract Structure-conformation relations have been determined for a number of substituted ethane derivatives at the ab initio HF/4-21G level with standard gradient procedures. The systems studied include methyl ethyl ether (MEE), ethylene glycol, propane-1,2-diol, 2-fluoroethanol, N-methylethylenediamine, 2-aminoethanal, 2-hydroxyethanal, propanone-al, 1-amino-2-fluoroethane and 1-fluoro-1-chloro-2-ethanol. In each case the structures have been refined for different points of the main C-C torsional angle (C-O torsion for MEE). It is the purpose of this paper to augment the existing collection of 4-21G structure-conformation functions which, in the recent past, have found considerable utility in various applications. For reasons of completeness, conformationally dependent geometry trends calculated for fluoromethanol and formic acid (C-O torsions) are included in this paper.
Antagonists of the corticotropin releasing factor receptor.

Publisher Summary The current understanding of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system implicates two distinct receptors—potentially multiple endogenous ligands and a binding protein—although the superficial view hides more subtle complexities. In this chapter, the adopted nomenclature follows that, recommended by IUPHAR, and avoids the temptation to rename CRF2 as the urocortin receptor. The objective of this chapter is to cover the major advances in the understanding of the CRF system over the past few years, which have led to several molecules being advanced into clinical development potentially for a variety of indications. Along with structural features of CRF receptors, the chapter also discuses monocyclic CRF1-R antagonists, bicyclic CRF1-R antagonists, tricyclic CRF1-R antagonists, and some other CRF1-R antagonists.
Smad proteins regulate transcriptional induction of the SM22α gene by TGF‐β

Smad proteins transduce signals from transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptors and regulate transcription of target genes. TGF-beta is implicated in the regulation of the smooth muscle cell specific gene SM22alpha, but little is known about how Smads are involved in SM22alpha gene transcription. In this report, we demonstrate that TGF-beta activation of the SM22alpha promoter is Smad dependent in C3H10T1/2 cells, BALB 3T3 cells and neural crest Monc-1 cells. We find that the promoter region from -162 to +41 is sufficient to up-regulate the reporter gene upon TGF-beta induction. Smad3, Smad1 and Smad4 are found in TGF-beta inducible complexes that bind to a region containing a Smad binding site (SBS) and a medea box. Both the SBS and medea box are necessary for complex formation and are functionally important. Smad4 is limiting for TGF-beta induction, and Smad3, but not Smad1, significantly contributes to maximal activation. Time course luciferase assays and time course gel mobility shift assays reveal that the Smad3/4 complex is largely responsible for the immediate response of the SM22alpha promoter to TGF-beta induction, and also contributes to the maximal promoter activity. We further demonstrate that AP-1 elements contribute to induction of the SM22alpha promoter by TGF-beta.
Some Second Order Set Theory

This article surveys two recent developments in set theory sharing an essential second-order nature, namely, the modal logic of forcing, oriented upward from the universe of set theory to its forcing extensions; and set-theoretic geology, oriented downward from the universe to the inner models over which it arises by forcing. The research is a mixture of ideas from several parts of logic, including, of course, set theory and forcing, but also modal logic, finite combinatorics and the philosophy of mathematics, for it invites a mathematical engagement with various philosophical views on the nature of mathematical existence.
Very high electron velocity in short gallium arsenide structures

A long mean free path (.1–.15 μm) of electrons between polar optical phonon emissions, and a small scattering angle (30°–7.5°) occur over a range of electron energy of 60–340 meV in GaAs. As a result, electron motion can approach a ballistic limit where kinetic energy nearly equals the potential drop in short devices. Electron average velocity of more than 4×107 cm/s has been measured when gradual acceleration occurs over. 40 μm or less distance. Both two terminal and three terminal (transistor) devices have now yielded these results. When acceleration occurs over distances of less than .05 μm, ballistic injection of electrons with nearly 1×108 cm/s velocity in the [100] crystal direction has been carried out. Using drift distances of .25 μm or less, a new ballistic electron injection and drift transistor has been studied. Transistors with operating frequencies up to 200 GHz and more are predicted based on the large increase of velocity from the usual value near 1.2×107 cm/s.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPUTER IMPLEMENTATION TECHNOLOGY FOR NETWORK FLOW ALGORITHMS

AbstractThe application of computer implementation technology to network optimization has brought about unprecedented advances in solution efficiency. The remarkable gains of the early to mid 1970s for solving transportation and transhipment problems are widely known, enabling network codes to out-perform LP codes by two orders of magnitude for these problems. The pioneering study by Gilsinn and Witzgall demonstrated that effective use of computer implementation technology could reduce solution times for shortest path problems from one minute to slightly more than one second, using the same general shortest path algorithm, computer, and compiler.The momentum launched by these studies has not dwindled, but continues into the present. New advances in all areas of network optimization have recently superseded the procedures previously found to be best. Latest computer implementations clearly outstrip the best codes of the recent past, as our understanding of the important relation between algorithmic de:sign...
Dude Looks like a Lady: Gender Swapping in an Online Game

After reviewing the literature on online identity construction and developing a set of theory-based hypotheses, this chapter employs a novel combination of survey data and game-generated behavioral logs to examine gender swapping in EverQuest II. Gender swapping is defined as a difference between the gender reported by the player in the survey from the gender of the player’s main character in the game. Motivations for play were measured using Yee’s condensed MMO motivations scale, and behavioral logs supplied four main measures of gender-stereotypical in-game behaviors. Contrary to expectations, gender swapping was less common among female players, and swapping was rather rare in general. Homosexual players were more likely to change their online gender than straight players. Performance and socialization motivations for play did not differ significantly between swappers and nonswappers. Men who play female characters were not more likely to engage in stereotypically female acts than men who play male characters; however, women who played male characters did display a degree of hyper-masculine behavior. Some of these findings suggest that there may be less of the identity exploration or challenging of gender norms than some had expected, but the female population of players may be bimodal, composed of stereotypically female and male-leaning subgroups.
Image segmentation of nanoscale Zernike phase contrast X-ray computed tomography images

Zernike phase contrast is a useful technique for nanoscale X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging of materials with a low X-ray absorption coefficient. It enhances the image contrast by phase shifting X-ray waves to create changes in amplitude. However, it creates artifacts that hinder the use of traditional image segmentation techniques. We propose an image restoration method that models the X-ray phase contrast optics and the three-dimensional image reconstruction method. We generate artifact-free images through an optimization problem that inverts this model. Though similar approaches have been used for Zernike phase contrast in visible light microscopy, this optimization employs an effective edge detection method tailored to handle Zernike phase contrast artifacts. We characterize this optics-based restoration method by removing the artifacts in and thresholding multiple Zernike phase contrast X-ray CT images to produce segmented results that are consistent with the physical specimens. We quantitatively evaluate and compare our method to other segmentation techniques to demonstrate its high accuracy.
Impacts of chilling temperatures on photosynthesis in warm-climate plants

Photosynthesis in warm-climate plants is substantially reduced after chilling. Tropical and subtropical species offer the opportunity to study the effects of low temperature on photosynthetic processes undisguised by the myriad of protective responses observed in temperate species. In this article, we highlight the primary components of photosynthesis that are affected by a short chill, in both the dark and the light, and discuss what is known of the mechanisms involved. Recent work implicates impaired redox and circadian regulation among other processes.
Passive fault-tolerant control of a class of over-actuated nonlinear systems and applications to electric vehicles

A fault tolerant (FT) controller for a class of over-actuated nonlinear system is presented. As the fault information is unknown before the fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) procedure finishes, the passive FT control is of great necessity in maintaining system stability and achieving acceptable performance. In this study, the actuators' additive fault and the loss-of-effectiveness faults are considered. A FT controller which works for both types of fault is designed. A vehicle control example for a four wheel independently-actuated (FWIA) electric vehicle is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Zeolitic Materials as Organizing Media for Semiconductor-Based Artificial Photosynthetic Systems

Two photocatalytic systems consisting of spatially organized electron donor/photosensitizer/oxide semiconductor/catalyst assemblies are described. The first consists of an aluminosilicate zeolite (mordenite or zeolite L) containing Pt clusters, methylviologen, and titanium oxide within the linear channels, together with a size-excluded photosensitizer RuL3 2+ (L = 4, 4-dicarboxy-2, 2-bipyridine) adsorbed at the TiO2 surface. The kinetics of photochemical charge separation and hydrogen evolution in the presence of sacrificial electron donors are reported. In the second system, a layered oxide semiconductor, K4−xHxNb6O17·nH2O, replaces the zeolite/TiO2/MV2+ composite. Using adsorbed RuL3 and visible light excitation, this material decomposes acidic iodide solutions into H2 and I3 − with a quantum efficiency of 0.3 %.
Efficient stimulated Raman scattering due to absence of second Stokes growth.

Stimulated Raman scattering of a XeCl laser at 308 nm in a high-pressure H2 cell shows high conversion into first Stokes (S1) because of an unexpected holdoff of the second Stokes (S2) component. Specifically, a photon efficiency of 88% is obtained into S1. Comparison with a plane-wave model indicates that a theory including a spatially nonuniform gain and higher-order mode generation may be necessary to understand the holdoff of the S2 growth.
Multi-level corpectomies and reconstruction via a single posterolateral approach

The surgical treatment of ventral spinal canal compression has traditionally required either an anterior or combined anterior-posterior decompression and stabilization. These types of approaches carry a significant morbidity and may not be appropriate for all patients. We report our experience with multi-level corpectomies and reconstruction performed via a single, posterolateral approach. A retrospective review was performed of six consecutive patients at a single institution who were treated for ventral multi-level spinal cord compression via a single posterolateral approach. All six patients underwent reconstruction and stabilization with an expandable cage and posterior fixation. Five patients had metastatic cancer with spinal cord compression and one patient had osteomyelitis with a ventral epidural abscess and vertebral body collapse. All patients underwent 2-level corpectomies. Pre-operative and post-operative neurologic function and stabilization construct integrity were analyzed. All patients had successful decompression and stabilization and there were no hardware complications. Three peri-operative complications were encountered: post-operative pleural effusion needing thoracostomy drainage, transient leg paresis that resolved at 2months and a post-operative wound infection needing operative debridement. At last follow-up all patients had improvement or stabilization of their neurological function. Long-term follow-up was limited by the progression of metastatic disease and death in all the patients with cancer. This study demonstrates that symptomatic improvement can be achieved in select patients requiring multi-level corpectomies when using a single posterolateral approach with expandable cage reconstruction and posterior stabilization.
TGF-alpha, EGF, and their cognate EGF receptor are co-expressed with desmin during embryonic, fetal, and neonatal myogenesis in mouse tongue development.

The developing mouse tongue provides a model for discrete patterns of morphogenesis during short periods of embryonic development. Occipital somite-derived myogenic cells interact with cranial neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells to form the musculature of the tongue. The biochemical signals that control close range autocrine and/or paracrine signaling processes required to establish the fast-twitch complex tongue musculature are not known. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that desmin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFα) and their cognate receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), are co-expressed during tongue myogenesis and define specific developmental stages of tongue muscle cell differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we performed studies to analyze the timing, position, and concentration of desmin, TGFα, EGF, and EGFr from embryonic day 9 (E9) through birth in Swiss Webster mouse tongue development. Desmin, TGFα, EGF, and EGFr co-localized to cells of myogenic lineage in the four occipital somites and subsequently in myoblasts and myotubes from E9 through E17. By newborn stage, desmin is localized to discrete regions in myofibers corresponding to Z-line delimiting sarcomeres, and A-band within sarcomeres; immunostaining for desmin, TGFα, and EGF persisted in differentiated myotubes and striated skeletal muscle. Desmin increased from 0.01% at E11 to 0.5% of the total protein by E17 and at birth. Concomitantly, the patterns and increases in TGFα, EGF, and EGFr showed significant increases during the same developmental period. The temporal and positional co-localization of TGFα, EGF, and EGFr support the hypothesis that autocrine and paracrine regulation of desmin by actions of growth factor ligand and receptor defines critical stages of tongue myogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 209:353–366, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Study of Compressibility Modifications to the K- ε Turbulence Model

In modeling the effect of compressibility on the turbulence structure, additional physical mechanisms arise in production and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy. Several proposed treatments dealing with the dilatation dissipation and the pressure dilatation correlation are discussed in the context of the k−e two-equation model. Modifications accounting for the turbulent mass flux, enthalpic production, and baroclinic torque are also assessed along with the nonequilibrium treatment. These compressibility models are evaluated with the aid of experimental data for supersonic flow over an axisymmetric afterbody. With the free-stream Mach number of 2.46, the compressibility and nonequilibrium modifications give marginally better results for the turbulence structure and offer added insight into the mean and fluctuating flow fields.
Fractal clustering of metamorphic veins

Metamorphic veins record the fracture-controlled flow of fluids throughout the oceanic and continental crust. I show that the spatial distributions of veins from three diverse metamorphic settings are fractal and self-similar. Vein densities were measured by counting the number of macroscopic veins intersected along linear transects. The localities included wol-lastonite-quartz veins in marbles, for which the fractal dimension D is 0.46, actinolite-chlorite veins in hydrothermally altered oceanic diabases ( D = 0.81), and epidote-quartz veins in contact-metamorphosed basalts ( D = 0.25-0.63). The fractal clustering of veins provides a geometric framework for understanding spatial and temporal patterns of fluid flow and mineral reaction during metamorphism.
Multitasking in multiple sclerosis: can it inform vocational functioning?

Abstract Objective To examine associations between multitasking ability defined by performance on a complex task integrating multiple cognitive domains and vocational functioning in multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Survey data collection. Setting Laboratory with referrals from an outpatient clinic. Participants Community-dwelling individuals with MS (N=30) referred between October 2011 and June 2012. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The modified Six Elements Test (SET) to measure multitasking ability, Fatigue Severity Scale to measure fatigue, several neuropsychological measures of executive functioning, and vocational status. Results Among the sample, 60% of individuals have reduced their work hours because of MS symptoms (cutback employment group) and 40% had maintained their work hours. Among both groups, SET performance was significantly associated with performance on several measures of neuropsychological functioning. Individuals in the cutback employment group demonstrated significantly worse overall performance on the SET ( P =.041). Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between SET performance and vocational status, while accounting for neuropsychological performance and fatigue. The overall model was significant (χ 2 3 =8.65, P =.032), with fatigue [Exp(B)=.83, P =.01] and multitasking ability [Exp(B)=.60, P =.043] retained as significant predictors. Conclusions Multitasking ability may play an important role in performance at work for individuals with MS. Given that multitasking was associated with vocational functioning, future efforts should assess the usefulness of incorporating multitasking ability into rehabilitation planning.
Characteristics of extracellular protein production by a plasmidless derivative of Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus.

A derivative of Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus cured of all five plasmids present in the wild-type organism was developed, and the characteristics of extracellular protein production by this plasmidless strains were compared to those of the wild type. Although staphylolytic endopeptidase (lysostaphin) and β-lactamase are known to be plasmid encoded, analysis of this cured strain revealed that most other extracellular proteins are chromosomally encoded.
The effect of FAA expenditures on air travel delays

Abstract The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) seeks to prevent the nation's aviation system from becoming congested. To reduce delays, the FAA makes investments in air traffic control. We assess the efficacy of these investments by developing an empirical model of delays that is motivated by air traffic control operations. We find that FAA spending has reduced the costs of delays to travelers and operators but that the FAA could generate greater benefits if spending were increased and efficiently allocated toward airports that experience the greatest delays.
MODULATION OF DETRUSOR CONTRACTION STRENGTH AND MICTURITION CHARACTERISTICS BY INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN IN ANESTHETIZED RATS

AbstractPurpose: The effect of intrathecal (i.t.) baclofen in modulating the micturition reflexes, detrusor contraction strength, and micturition efficiency was evaluated in anesthetized rats.Material and Methods: Female Wistar rats (n = 14, 337 +/- 8 gm.) were anesthetized with urethane (1.2 gm./kg. s.c.). Cystometrograms were done through a lower midline incision made to expose the bladder and a catheter was inserted through the bladder dome to record pressure during filling with saline at the rate of 0.038 ml./min. During the micturition phase of cystometrogram, the measurement of voided volume was made synchronously with the intravesical pressure. Baclofen was given intrathecally at the increasing doses of 0.05, 0.10, 0.5 micro g. and pressure/flow parameters were measured.Results: The measured urodynamic parameters show that baclofen produced a significant dose dependent increase in bladder capacity and a decreases in voiding efficiency, detrusor pressure and maximum and average flow rate. Baclofen (...
Knowledge-based global optimization of cold-formed steel columns

Abstract Cold-formed steel member cross-section shapes are difficult to optimize because of the nonlinear behavior of such members under buckling loads. Traditional gradient-based optimization schemes, employing deterministic design specifications for the objective function, are inefficient and severely limited in their ability to search the full solution space of member cross-sections. Herein, a new global optimization approach that is well suited for optimization of such cross-sections is introduced. There are two distinguishing characteristics of this approach: (1) it operates within a low-dimensional expert-based feature space rather than the high-dimensional design space of cross-section parameters; and (2) it uses a numerical implementation of the direct strength method (DSM) for the objective function. Through the use of Bayesian classification trees, the most significant coordinates of the expert-based feature space are defined; these coordinates are of low dimension and are in terms of features which provide insight into structural behavior. The classification trees are then used to efficiently generate candidate member cross-section prototypes for subsequent refined local optimization. Optimization results are presented for three structurally distinguishable length regimes to provide proof-of-concept of the proposed scheme. It is demonstrated that an expert-based feature space and its associated classification tree can effectively encapsulate the knowledge gained in the design optimization process and can be subsequently used as a starting framework for related design optimization problems. This is, in essence, a highly efficient knowledge transfer mechanism that is absent in most optimization schemes. Optimization of thin-walled members stands to benefit greatly from the combination of more flexible and general design methodologies (e.g., the DSM) and novel, emerging, optimization schemes such as the one presented herein.
Self-reported concussion history: impact of providing a definition of concussion

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the understanding of concussion has evolved in the research and medical communities to include more subtle and transient symptoms. The accepted definition of concussion in these communities has reflected this change. However, it is unclear whether this shift is also reflected in the understanding of the athletic community. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE SUBJECT: Self-reported concussion history is an inaccurate assessment of someone's lifetime exposure to concussive brain trauma. However, unfortunately, in many cases it is the only available tool. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: We hypothesize that athletes' self-reported concussion histories will be significantly greater after reading them the current definition of concussion, relative to the reporting when no definition was provided. An increase from baseline to post-definition response will suggest that athletes are unaware of the currently accepted medical definition. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 472 current and former athletes. METHODS: Investigators conducted structured telephone interviews with current and former athletes between January 2010 and January 2013, asking participants to report how many concussions they had received in their lives. Interviewers then read participants a current definition of concussion, and asked them to re-estimate based on that definition. RESULTS: THE TWO ESTIMATES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT (WILCOXON SIGNED RANK TEST: z=15.636, PCONCLUSION: Our results indicate that athletes' current understandings of concussions are not consistent with a currently accepted medical definition. We strongly recommend that clinicians and researchers preface requests for self-reported concussion history with a definition. In addition, it is extremely important that researchers report the definition they used in published manuscripts of their work. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE: Our study shows that unprompted reporting of concussion history produces results that are significantly different from those provided after a definition has been given, suggesting one possible mechanism to improve the reliability of self-reported concussion history across multiple individuals. Language: en
Mass spectrometric identification of C20 fatty acids bovine lens using the pyrrolidide derivative

Unsaturated C20 fatty acids from bovine lens have been examined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of their pyrrolidine derivatives. The presence of arachidonic acid and 5,8,11-20∶3 in bovine lens has been confirmed by this study. In addition, the 10-, 11-, 12-, and 13-isomers of 20∶1 and the 7,13-, 8,14-, and 12,15-isomers of 20∶2 were identified.
Recruitment Dynamics of Metamorphosing English sole, Parophorys vetulus, to Yaquina Bay, Oregon

Abstract English sole, Parophrys vetulus , spawn in shelf waters off the west coast of North America and early development occurs in coastal waters. Near metamorphosis, however, larvae recruit to nearshore and estuarine nursery areas, an uncommon life-history feature for a species in this region. Recruitment of larval P. vetulus to Yaquina Bay, Oregon, was sampled with moored nets on a weekly basis. Recruitment began during night flood tides in late February and was characterized by three peaks during the season. Planktonic recruitment continued into June, whereas benthic juveniles began to emigrate from the estuary in late May. The data suggest that two developmental stages of recruits immigrated to Yaquina Bay. The first are newly transforming larvae which enter the bay earliest within each peak of recruitment; peaks of abundance are related to onshore Ekman transport. This transport also brings larvae to shallow areas along the open coast where they settle. These transforming stages are still capable of pelagic swimming activity and continue to recruit to the estuary, typically swimming deeper in the water column than the early stages. Estuarine factors, particularly bottom salinity at the end of ebb tide, are most strongly correlated with recruitment of these stages. It seems that tidal stream transport is the primary mechanism used by English sole to recruit to the estuary, but the mechanism of locating the estuary and timing of entry is relatively complex.
Macular translocation surgery with 360-degree peripheral retinectomy following ocular photodynamic therapy of choroidal neovascularization

Abstract Purpose To determine the visual outcomes of eyes that underwent macular translocation surgery with 360 degrees peripheral retinectomy and silicone oil tamponade (MTS360) following ocular photodynamic therapy (OPT) with verteporfin for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Design Observational case series. Methods A retrospective review of patients who underwent MTS360 with silicone oil tamponade from August 5, 1998 through December 1, 2002. Patients who had at least one episode of OPT with verteporfin before surgery were identified. The number of OPT session, best-corrected Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity, complications (including postoperative CNV, retinal detachment [RD]), the presence or absence of cystoid macular edema (CME) by optical coherence tomography (OCT) were recorded. Results Eight eyes of eight patients were identified that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All eyes had at least one episode of OPT (mean, 1.5 treatments). All of these patients at the time of MTS360 demonstrated continued visual loss following the most recent OPT session. The mean preoperative visual acuity was 56 letters. Four of the eight eyes demonstrated CME by OCT on preoperative examination. There were no significant postoperative complications other than one eye that had a successful repair of an RD. At 3 months, the mean visual acuity was 54 letters. At last follow-up (mean, 10 months), the mean visual acuity was 61 letters ( P = .5). The final mean visual acuity change for the patients who had only one prior OPT (five eyes) was +10 letters. The mean final visual acuity change for the patients who had multiple OPT sessions (three eyes) was −1 letter. Three of the four eyes that had preoperative CME continued to demonstrate CME at last follow-up. Two eyes that had concurrent cataract extraction surgery with MTS360 did not develop CME. No eyes developed a recurrent CNV during the postoperative period. Conclusions MTS360 with silicone oil tamponade for CNV associated with ARMD appears to be a viable option for patients who are continuing to lose vision in their better seeing eye following OPT with verteporfin. MTS360 appears to be effective in stabilizing vision, especially in patients who had previously undergone only one OPT session. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the efficacy of MTS360 in this current era of OPT.
Mesenteric inflammatory veno-occlusive disease: radiographic and histopathologic evaluation of 2 cases

Mesenteric inflammatory veno-occlusive disease (MIVOD) is a rare cause of inflammatory enterocolitis whose clinical and imaging presentation can be confused with mesenteric venous thrombosis and inflammatory bowel disease. We report two cases of histologically proven MIVOD in patients presenting with abdominal pain and describe potentially useful distinguishing features at contrast-enhanced CT, including prominent small pericolonic arteries and veins but a diminutive or absent inferior mesenteric vein. Alerting referring clinicians to the possibility of this diagnosis may help avoid unnecessary anticoagulation and reduce diagnostic delay. Treatment of MIVOD is surgical resection, which is typically curative.
The Life of the Mind: A Study of Faculty Spaces in Academic Libraries

The value of the academic library as “place” in the university community has recently been debated in the popular and scholarly library literature, but the debate centers on student use of library space rather than faculty use. This study addresses the issue of faculty use of library space by investigating the use of “faculty spaces”—individual, enclosed, lock-able carrels or studies—through a series of interviews with faculty space holders at the University of Oklahoma and a survey of ARL libraries. Both elements of the investigation show that faculty spaces are heavily used and highly valued by faculty members, especially those in the social sciences and humanities. The researchers present the results of the interviews and the survey, and explore the reasons for the continuing value of faculty spaces in the age of electronic information.
Within-Row Spacing Influences on Diverse Sorghum Genotypes: II. Dry Matter Yield and Foratge Quality

(...) Genotypes (IS-0469, IS-0865, P-954063, and IS-2952) were selected to represent a range in morphology and cell wall composition, and were sown at five within-row spacings of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 cm at two field locations in 1986 and 1987. (...) Forage dry matter yield declined linearly from 10.9 to 8.1 Mg ha −1 as within-row spacing increased from 5 to 60 cm. Total forage neutral detergent fiber and permanganate lignin concentrations declined linearly from 717 to 700 g kg −1 and 79.5 to 71.5 g kg −1 , respectively, as within-row spacing increased from 5 to 60 cm. (...)
Apoptotic and proliferative markers in chordomas: a study of 26 tumors.

Few studies have examined the role of cell proliferation and apoptotic markers in chordomas. This study retrospectively reviews the clinicopathologic features of 26 chordomas and examines MIB-1, p53, bcl-2, and cyclin D1 immunoreactivity in these neoplasms. Patients ranged in age from 34 to 78 years (mean, 60.7 years) and included 14 females. The most common presentations included lower back pain (N = 15) and headaches (N = 10). Sixteen tumors arose in the lumbosacral region and 10 in the clivus. Initial surgery included biopsy (N = 17), subtotal resection (N = 4), and gross total resection (N = 5). The single highest mitosis count per 10 high power fields ranged from 0 to 6 (mean, 1). Marked nuclear pleomorphism was identified in seven tumors. Marked hypercellularity was seen in two tumors. Focal necrosis was identified in seven tumors. MIB-1 labeling indices (LI) in 22 tumors ranged from 0 to 3.8 (mean, 0.5). Cyclin D1 LI ranged from 0 to 82.4 (mean, 35.6). Seven tumors had positive p53 immunostaining and three demonstrated focal positive staining with bcl-2 antibody. Five tumors locally recurred; two patients developed metastatic disease. Thirteen patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. At last known follow-up, seven patients died with tumor (12 to 132 months follow-up). Five additional patients died, two without tumor at 36 and 72 months follow-up and three patients in whom the tumor status at death was not known. Seven patients were alive with evidence of tumor (1 to 120 months) and five patients were alive without evidence of tumor (12 to 84 months). Clinical follow-up was not available in one patient. In conclusion, the low MIB-1 LIs and the lack of p53 and bcl-2 staining is in keeping with the low-grade nature of most chordomas. High cyclin D1 LIs may be reflective of a tendency to accumulate cyclin D1 protein; however, there appears to be a block in the effect of cyclin D1 on cell proliferation in these tumors. Cyclin D1, MIB-1, p53, and bcl-2 immunostaining does not appear to improve one's ability to predict behavior versus routine light microscopy.
AN EVALUATION OF ELICITATION PROCEDURES FOR PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS

The opposite method (OM) and the difference method (DM) for eliciting personal constructs were evaluated with regard to the number of bipolar constructs produced. This evaluation is an investigation of how the constructs were used in a grid procedure and how they were reported in a structured interview. Comparing the two methods, using the grid procedure, the OM produced a greater number of bipolar constructs. Responses to the interview were incomplete. Explanations for this observed difference between methods are proposed.
A phase 1a clinical trial of LYM‐1 monoclonal antibody serotherapy in patients with refractory b cell malignancies

Ten patients with refractory B cell lymphomas were treated with weekly intravenous infusions of escalating doses of murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) LYM-1 over four weeks. LYM-1 is a recently developed IgG2a murine MoAb that recognizes a polymorphic HLA-Dr antigen on surfaces of normal and malignant B cells but does not bind to any other normal tissues. MoAb LYM-1 has several advantages for serotherapy, since the antigen it recognizes is not shed from the cell surface and does not modulate in response to MoAb therapy. Furthermore, in vitro studies have indicated significant anti-tumour activity against lymphoma cell lines. In the current trial, dose-dependent levels of free LYM-1 were detected in the serum of all patients, but penetration of extravascular tumour tissues was poor. No significant toxicity or human anti-mouse antibody responses were observed in any patient. Clinical responses were minor and appeared to correlate with the number of infiltrating T cells seen in the initial lymphoma specimens. LYM-1 appears to be well-tolerated and has demonstrated several potential advantages as a therapeutic agent in patients with lymphoma. The mechanism of anti-tumour effect and plans for further clinical studies are discussed.
Decomposing the load-store queue by function for power reduction and scalability

Because they are based on large, content-addressable memories, load-store queues (LSQs) present implementation challenges in superscalar processors. In this paper, we propose an alternate LSQ organization that separates the time-critical forwarding functionality from the process of checking that loads received their correct values. Two main techniques are exploited: First, the store-forwarding logic is accessed only by those loads and stores that are likely to be involved in forwarding, and second, the checking structure is banked by address. The result of these techniques is that the LSQ can be implemented by a collection of small, low-bandwidth structures yielding an estimated three to five times reduction in LSQ dynamic power.