cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Class Myopia: The Case of Psychology and Labor Unions

This article explores the potential for a research agenda that includes scholarship on working class issues and organized labor. Such an agenda is consistent with the official mission of American Psychological Association—to advance knowledge that benefits society and improves people's lives. I focus on our paucity of interest in the institution that gives the American working class a voice—the labor union. We know that work is one of the central focuses in the lives of most people and that the work experience is deeply implicated in satisfaction with life. The efforts of organized labor to achieve economic fairness and justice, and a healthy workplace environment, are intertwined with multiple corollary consequences that constitute a wide and complex spectrum—from physical job safety and economic security on one end, to the psychological benefits of heightened self-esteem, respect, dignity, empowerment, and affiliation on the other—all related to satisfaction with life. In addition, by advancing and protecting the rights of workers, unions are part of the larger movement for civil rights.
Fandom: The classroom of the future

What is the role of the fan scholar in the age of the fan-scholar? I explore fandom as the classroom of the future—that is, as a space and as a culture that may be one of the few places where people are encouraged to think critically, to write, and to make thoughtful and critical judgments about hegemonic culture once formal schooling is complete. The type of critical thinking that can happen in fan environments could benefit our formal educational system. As fans, scholars, fan-scholars, and educators, we need to be more assertive against the encroaching normalization of commercialization, market forces, and neoliberal control over affect, both in education and out of it. We need to teach not just fan studies, but how fandom itself encourages how to be thoughtful fans in a world increasingly hostile to expressions of affect.
Differential Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclases by Gαs

Regulation of adenylyl cyclases 1, 2, and 6 by Galphas was studied. All three mammalian adenylyl cyclases were expressed in insect (Sf9 or Hi-5) cells by baculovirus infection. Membranes containing the different adenylyl cyclases were stimulated by varying concentrations of mutant (Q227L) activated Galphas expressed in reticulocyte lysates. Galphas stimulation of AC1 involved a single site and had an apparent Kact of 0.9 nM. Galphas stimulation of AC2 was best explained by a non-interactive two site model with a "high affinity" site at 0.9 nM and a "low affinity" site at 15 nM. Occupancy of the high affinity site appears to be sufficient for Gbetagamma stimulation of AC2. Galphas stimulation of AC6 was also best explained by a two-site model with a high affinity site at 0. 6-0.8 nM and a low affinity site at 8-22 nM; however, in contrast to AC2, only a model that assumed interactions between the two sites best fit the AC6 data. With 100 microM forskolin, Galphas stimulation of all three adenylyl cyclases showed very similar profiles. Galphas stimulation in the presence of forskolin involved a single site with apparent Kact of 0.1-0.4 nM. These observations indicate a conserved mechanism by which forskolin regulates Galphas coupling to the different adenylyl cyclases. However, there are fundamental differences in the mechanism of Galphas stimulation of the different adenylyl cyclases with AC2 and AC6 having multiple interconvertible sites. These mechanistic differences may provide an explanation for the varied responses by different cells and tissues to hormones that elevate cAMP levels.
Sequences and Series of Functions

In this chapter we develop some of the basic properties of power series. In doing so, we will introduce uniform convergence and illustrate its impor tance. In §26 we prove that power series can be differentiated and integrated term-by-term.
Image processing - bringing your college CS programs into the 21st century: conference workshop

Over the last few decades courses for Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision have been reserved for Graduate Schools. With the explosion of digital photography and multimedia applications, graduates at the Bachelors and even Associates level, will be called into service manipulating images, audio streams, and video streams on a regular basis. Intriguing assignments can be given even at the Freshmen level which will captivate your students' imaginations, teach basic principals, and bring your students more in-line with the needs of 21st century multimedia computing environments. Could your students write a program to create dynamic collages of images for web page backgrounds? Could your students write a program that would adjust the average luminescence or standardize size and resolution of a batch of images? These are all simple operations that can be taught as soon as your students are introduced to two dimensional arrays.
Operations for Colonic Diverticulitis

The typical case of acute sigmoid diverticulitis appears with fever, leukocytosis, and pain and tenderness in the left lower quadrant. The patient may or may not have a palpable mass in the lower abdomen or in the pelvis. The best imaging technique for diagnosing a diverticulitis phlegmon is computed tomography. Initial therapy depends upon intravenous antibiotics and nasogastric suction. After 2–3 days the patient is much improved. Tenderness and fever will diminish. By the end of a week the pelvic or abdominal mass may no longer be palpable. After three weeks a barium colon enema radiographic study may be performed. If this is the patient’s first attack, surgery is not generally indicated unless the X ray shows an extravasation of contrast material outside the lumen of the colon.
The Functional Consequences of Changes in the Strength and Duration of Synaptic Inputs to Oscillatory Neurons

We studied the effect of synaptic inputs of different amplitude and duration on neural oscillators by simulating synaptic conductance pulses in a bursting conductance-based pacemaker model and by injecting artificial synaptic conductance pulses into pyloric pacemaker neurons of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion using the dynamic clamp. In the model and the biological neuron, the change in burst period caused by inhibitory and excitatory inputs of increasing strength saturated, such that synaptic inputs above a certain strength all had the same effect on the firing pattern of the oscillatory neuron. In contrast, increasing the duration of the synaptic conductance pulses always led to changes in the burst period, indicating that neural oscillators are sensitive to changes in the duration of synaptic input but are not sensitive to changes in the strength of synaptic inputs above a certain conductance. This saturation of the response to progressively stronger synaptic inputs occurs not only in bursting neurons but also in tonically spiking neurons. We identified inward currents at hyperpolarized potentials as the cause of the saturation in the model neuron. Our findings imply that activity-dependent or modulator-induced changes in synaptic strength are not necessarily accompanied by changes in the functional impact of a synapse on the timing of postsynaptic spikes or bursts.
On the distribution of Rostkovia magellanica (Juncaceae), a species newly rediscovered in Ecuador.

Rostkovia magellanica has hitherto been considered a species of Patagonia and the subantarctic islands from New Zealand to South Georgia. An old report from Ecuador has been considered erroneous, but it has now been rediscovered there. Brief notes on the ecology of the species are given, and the possible origin of its distribution is discussed. Long-distance dispersal by birds is suggested as having caused the disjunct distribution on mainland South America.
Growth optimization studies to develop InAs/GaInSb superlattice materials for very long wavelength infrared detection

Abstract In order to develop ternary antimonide-based superlattice (SL) materials for very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) detection, systematic growth optimization studies were performed to produce high quality ternary materials. For the studies, a SL structure of 47.0 A InAs/21.5 A Ga0.75In0.25Sb was selected to create a very narrow band gap. Results indicate that an epitaxial process developed can produce a precisely controlled band gap around 50 meV, but the material quality of grown SL layers is particularly sensitive to growth defects formed during the growth process. Since Group III antisites and strain-induced dislocations are the dominant structural defects responsible for the low radiative efficiencies, our optimization strategies to eliminate these defects have focused on stabilizing III/V incorporation during surface reconstruction by manipulating the growth surface temperature and balancing the residual strain of the SLs by adjusting the As/Sb flux ratio. The optimized ternary SL materials exhibited an overall strong photoresponse over a wide wavelength range up to ∼15 μm that is important for developing VLWIR detectors. A quantitative analysis of the lattice strain, performed at the atomic scale by aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy, provided valuable information about the strain distribution at the interfaces that was important for optimizing the strain balancing process during SL layer growth.
A Comparison of the Ability of the D-48 Test and the Ipat Culture Fair Intelligence Test To Predict SRA Achievement Test Scores for 8Th and 9Th Grade Students:

Two culture free intelligence tests, the D-48 Test and the IPAT Culture Fair Intelligence Test, were correlated with composite scores on the SRA Achievement Test for groups of 150 8th grade and 173 9th grade students. The two tests were also correlated with ethnic identification of the subjects. Results showed that the two intended culture-free measures were valid predictors of the achievement test scores at both grade levels. Highly significant correlation coefficients were observed between ethnic membership and (a) each of the so-called culture free tests and (b) the achievement test.
The business case for diversity management in the hospitality industry

Abstract Societal and regulatory pressures increasingly encourage firms to invest in and manage workplace diversity. In service industries like hospitality and tourism (HT) where customer interface and service is salient, diversity management assumes even greater importance than compared to other industries. Yet the link between investment in diversity and its relationship with financial performance is not known. This study compares diversity management between HT and non-HT firms, and finds that HT firms manage diversity by taking more initiatives than other firms. More importantly, it finds that investment in diversity translates into superior financial performance when measured by Tobin's Q and firm credit rating.
Molybdate/Peroxide Oxidation of Mustard in Microemulsions

Environmentally friendly and noncorrosive methods to decontaminate the blister agent mustard (HD) bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide are currently being developed. HD may be rendered nonvesicant by oxidation to the corresponding sulfoxide. In microemulsions, the mildly basic molybdate/peroxide oxidant system rapidly oxidizes HD initially to the sulfoxide. Secondary oxidation to the sulfone does occur, but this reaction is about 2 orders of magnitude slower. A microemulsion found to be stable at low temperature was identified, enabling the decontamination of HD at −30 °C. The mild basicity of such solutions also affords the peroxyhydrolysis (OOH-) of nerve agents GD and VX.
Endothelial cell heterogeneity: a case for nature and nurture

HEMOSTASIS, THROMBOSIS, AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY ![Figure][1] The notion that endothelial cells are heterogeneous is by no means new. In the 1950s and 1960s, electron microscopic studies demonstrated structural differences between capillaries in different organs and supported a role for the
Constraining Coercion? Legitimacy and Its Role in U.S. Trade Policy, 1975–2000

The role of legitimacy in international relations is a topic of much debate, yet there is little understanding of the mechanism behind it. Here I address this discrepancy by asking: are state threats perceived as (il)legitimate more or less likely to be successful? By operationalizing illegitimacy as unilateral action in the presence of a multilateral option, I consider the variation in the success of U.S. trade measures from 1975 to 2000. As I show, the (il)legitimacy of threats modifies the nature of the signal sent by concessions to those threats, and this effect can be measured and predicted. I find that, controlling for material pressure, perceived illegitimacy of U.S. trade threats decreases the likelihood of a target conceding by over 34 percent. Moreover, it pays to resist: targets that resist illegitimate unilateral measures from the United States are 25 percent less likely to encounter similar unilateral measures over the following five years.
Update on the mechanisms and efficacy of biological therapies for psoriasis

Summary Biologically based agents (biologics) are novel therapeutic options in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Unlike traditional systemic anti-psoriatic drugs, which are chemically synthesized, these agents are unique in that they are derived from living organisms and hence called “biologics.” In addition, they are the first group of “custom-designed” molecules that precisely target steps in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The specificity of these biologics can theoretically avoid the side effects of the prebiologically developed systemic agents including the effects of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and bone marrow suppression. However, there is also a tendency for a more precisely targeted agent to have a less overall efficacy. Due to the varying efficacies and high costs of the new biologic agents that are currently approved for psoriasis in the United States, the precise way they fit into the range of treatments for moderate-to-severe psoriasis should be defined pending future clinical experiences.
Moral Exclusion and Torture: The Ticking Bomb Scenario and the Slippery Ethical Slope

Psychologists' involvement in torture at Guantanamo and other sites raises important ethical questions. This paper argues, first, that the eclipse of human rights by a culture of security fosters the moral exclusion of detainees. Second, the Ticking Time Bomb scenario, often invoked to support security-justified torture, can separate people from deeply held ethical values, effecting exclusionary attitudinal change in individuals and societies. Third, state-sponsored extralegal detention and torture are not passing events; instead, they can stain the nation and the profession of psychology and remain in the public consciousness over time.
Characterization of plasma β-secretase (BACE1) activity and soluble amyloid precursor proteins as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease

Reduction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid β42 (Aβ42) and elevation in total tau and phospho-thr181 tau consistently differentiate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched control subjects. In contrast, CSF β-site APP-cleaving enzyme activity (BACE1) and soluble amyloid precursor proteins α and β (sAPPα and sAPPβ) are without consistent patterns in AD subjects. Plasma sampling is much easier, with fewer side effects, and is readily applied in primary care centers, so we have developed and validated novel plasma BACE activity, sAPPβ, and sAPPα assays and investigated their ability to distinguish AD from age-matched controls. Plasma BACE activity assay was sensitive and specific, with signal being immunodepleted with a specific BACE1 antibody and inhibited with a BACE1-specific inhibitor. Plasma sAPPβ and sAPPα assays were specific, with signal diluting linearly, immunodepleted with specific antibodies, and at background levels in APP knockout mice. In rhesus monkeys, BACE1 but not γ-secretase inhibitor led to significant lowering of plasma sAPPβ with concurrent elevation of plasma sAPPα. AD subjects showed a significant increase in plasma BACE1 activity, sAPPβ, sAPPα, and Aβ42 (P < 0.001) compared with age-matched controls. In conclusion, plasma BACE activity and sAPP endpoints provide novel investigative biomarkers for AD diagnosis and potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers for secretase inhibitor studies.
Cyanide is a product of the catalase-mediated oxidation of the alcohol deterrent agent, cyanamide.

Abstract Cyanide was detected as a product of cyanamide oxidation by bovine liver catalase in vitro under conditions that also produced an active aldehyde dehydrogenase (A1DH) inhibitor. Cyanide formation was directly related to both cyanamide and catalase concentrations and was also dependent on incubation time. The apparent K m for this reaction was 172 μM. Cyanide formation was blocked by ethanol, a known substrate for catalase Compound I. The toxic effects of cyanamide in the dog, a species with limited capacity to conjugate cyanamide by N -acetylation, may be causally related to enhancement of this catalase-mediated pathway for cyanamide metabolism.
The Poverty Discourse and the Poor in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is cited as an exemplary case of direct poverty alleviation because of a long history of social welfare and high values in quality of life indices. Notwithstanding, anti-poverty measures in Sri Lanka founded on the international discourse of poverty and development do not serve the interests of poor people. This discourse begins by locating poor people in a distinct poverty sector and proceeds to examine its characteristics. Several attributes of that discourse make it intellectually incapable of seeing how poverty is socially constructed in a diffused nexus of production relations that extends far beyond the so-called ‘poverty sector’. An alternative ‘substantive approach to poverty’ is presented. The arguments are illustrated using the theme of food production in Sri Lanka.
Active imaging system performance model for target acquisition

The U.S. Army RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate has developed a laser-range-gated imaging system performance model for the detection, recognition, and identification of vehicle targets. The model is based on the established US Army RDECOM CERDEC NVESD sensor performance models of the human system response through an imaging system. The Java-based model, called NVLRG, accounts for the effect of active illumination, atmospheric attenuation, and turbulence effects relevant to LRG imagers, such as speckle and scintillation, and for the critical sensor and display components. This model can be used to assess the performance of recently proposed active SWIR systems through various trade studies. This paper will describe the NVLRG model in detail, discuss the validation of recent model components, present initial trade study results, and outline plans to validate and calibrate the end-to-end model with field data through human perception testing.
Chemical Reactions of Positronium in Aqueous Solutions.

An attempt to a preliminary but systematic study of the chemical properties of the element positronium is described. It is verified (in agreement with Green and Bell) that positrons react with nitrates; it is believed that this reaction is an oxidation process. It is found that positronium is not so readily attacked by the ions ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and S${{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$. In chloride and sulfate solutions positronium more effectively replaces the metals which are lowest in the electrochemical series: this result opens the possibility of determining the position of positronium in the electrochemical scale.
Simulating a Contract Closeout Process

Government defense contractors are burdened by contracts which have ended, but have not been finalized and closed. In order to keep good relations with organizations regulating government contracts, contractors have been forced to devise a strategy to address contract closeouts. Data was collected about a defense contractorâ€™s contract closeout process, and a simulation model of the system was developed to aid in completing the contract closeout process. Using simulation software, the closeout process was successfully modeled under varying resource levels. The simulation model included true worker process times with integrated schedules, including holidays, over the expected period of performance. The simulation produced a realistic model which allows an organization to plan their resources to accomplish their contract closeout process under specified conditions and deadlines. The results are relevant to government (public sector) contracts as well as industrial (private sector) contracts where similar regulations are applicable.
Electrochemically deposited sol-gel-derived silicate films as a viable alternative in thin-film design.

Sol−gel-derived silicate films were electrochemically deposited on conducting surfaces from a sol consisting of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS). In this method, a sufficiently negative potential is applied to the electrode surface to reduce oxygen to hydroxyl ions, which serves as the catalyst for the hydrolysis and condensation of TMOS. The electrodeposition process was followed by the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry. The electrodeposited films were characterized for their surface morphology, porosity, and film thickness using atomic force microscopy, electrochemical probe techniques, surface area and pore size analysis, and profilometry. The electrodeposited films were found to have a completely different surface structure and to be significantly rougher relative to spin-coated films. This is likely due in part to the separation of the gelation and evaporation stages of film formation. The electrodeposited films were found to be permeable to simple redox molecules, such as r...
Biochemical and Functional Characterization of Six SIX1 Branchio-oto-renal Syndrome Mutations

Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR) is an autosomal dominant developmental disorder characterized by hearing loss, branchial arch defects, and renal anomalies. Recently, eight mutations in the SIX1 homeobox gene were discovered in BOR patients. To characterize the effect of SIX1 BOR mutations on the EYA-SIX1-DNA complex, we expressed and purified six of the eight mutants in Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that only the most N-terminal mutation in SIX1 (V17E) completely abolishes SIX1-EYA complex formation, whereas all of the other mutants are able to form a stable complex with EYA. We further show that only the V17E mutant fails to localize EYA to the nucleus and cannot be stabilized by EYA in the cell. The remaining five SIX1 mutants are instead all deficient in DNA binding. In contrast, V17E alone has a DNA binding affinity similar to that of wild type SIX1 in complex with the EYA co-factor. Finally, we show that all SIX1 BOR mutants are defective in transcriptional activation using luciferase reporter assays. Taken together, our experiments demonstrate that the SIX1 BOR mutations contribute to the pathology of the disease through at least two different mechanisms that involve: 1) abolishing the formation of the SIX1-EYA complex or 2) diminishing the ability of SIX1 to bind DNA. Furthermore, our data demonstrate for the first time that EYA: 1) requires the N-terminal region of the SIX1 Six domain for its interaction, 2) increases the level of the SIX1 protein within the cell, and 3) increases the DNA binding affinity of SIX1.
Effect of Exercise Intensity Level on Choice Reaction Time

The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of exercise intensity and duration on choice reaction time with a secondary aim to examine the influence of aerobic fitness on choice reacti...
THE USE OF FORECAST ERROR MEASURES AS SURROGATES FOR AN ERROR COST CRITERION IN THE PRODUCTION SMOOTHING PROBLEM

This paper presents research on the problem of selecting a proper surrogate for a forecast error cost criterion in the production smoothing problem. Various forecast models estimated future selected demand process values. Resultant error costs were computed and the coincidence of the selection of a forecast model on the basis of least error cost and the various error measures was noted. The error measures used were the mean absolute deviation, average algebraic error(bias), and the mean squared error. Computations necessary to develop the mathematical form of the error cost criterion are presented in an Appendix. Also presented are the penalty costs of using an error measure as a surrogate for an error cost criterion.
1-Methyl 1′-cyclopropylmethyl: an acid labile O-protecting group for polymer-supported oligosaccharide synthesis

Abstract R , S -1-Methyl 1′-cyclopropylmethanol can be converted to its trichloroacetimidate derivative. Lewis acid catalyzed etherification can then be used to prepare methyl cyclopropylmethyl (MCPM) ethers. Thus, ethyl 2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-6- O -( R , S -1-methyl 1′-cyclopropylmethyl)-1-thio-α/β- d -glucopyranoside was prepared and the linker polymer combination (MPEG)(DOX)OH glycosylated. The MCPM group was cleaved with 10% trifluoroacetic acid in CH 2 Cl 2 and the resulting alcohol glycosylated. After protecting group manipulations and cleavage the peracetylated disaccharide GlcNAc(β1→6)GlcOAc was isolated. Similarly the 4,6- O -phenylboronate diester of ethyl 1-thio-β- d -galactopyranoside was regioselectively etherified at O-3 and after boronate cleavage the sugar benzoylated to give ethyl 2,4,6-tri- O -benzoyl-3- O -( R , S -1-methyl 1′-cyclopropylmethyl)-1-thio-β- d -galactopyranoside. Through a similar sequence of glycosylation of (MPEG)(DOX)OH, MCPM deprotection, glycosylation, functional group manipulation and cleavage the peracylated disaccharide GlcNAc(β1→3)Gal(β1→)DOXOAc was prepared. Finally, the donor 2,6-di- O -benzoyl-4- O -levulinoyl-3- O -( R , S -1-methyl 1′-cyclopropylmethyl)-1-thio-β- d -galactopyranoside was prepared and elaborated into the trisaccharide GlcNAc(β1→3)[Glc(β1→4)]Gal(β1→)DOXOH. This trisaccharide was elaborated into the pentasaccharide Neu5Ac(α2→3)Gal(β1→4)GlcNAc(β1→3) [Glc(β1→4)]Gal(β1→)DOXOH using GalE-LgtB fusion and CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase/sialyltransferase fusion enzymes. This pentasaccharide is a single repeat unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Group B Streptococcus type 1A.
Vesicular monoamine transport inhibitors. Novel action at calcium channels to prevent catecholamine secretion

Vesicular monoamine transport (VMAT) inhibitors, such as reserpine and tetrabenazine, impair vesicular catecholamine storage in chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons, thereby lowering blood pressure. Here we describe a novel action of VMAT inhibitors-blockade of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels-that may also influence catecholamine release from both PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells and bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. When given alone, VMAT inhibitors acutely release catecholamines from chromaffin cells in a dose-dependent fashion. However, VMAT inhibitors block catecholamine secretion stimulated by either nicotinic cholinergic agonists or cell membrane depolarization, each of which rely on the opening of L-type channels; the inhibition was more potent after long-term exposure to VMAT inhibitors (IC50 < 100 nmol/L). Reserpine blocked nicotinic-stimulated catecholamine release from neurite-bearing PC12 cells. Reserpine also antagonized catecholamine release triggered by combined membrane depolarization and the dihydropyridine L-type channel agonist Bay K8644, and reserpine blocked cellular uptake of extracellular 45Ca2+ in response to nicotine. Taken together, these results indicate that VMAT inhibitors are also antagonists at L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Classic L-type channel antagonists (verapamil or nifedipine) also exhibited the reciprocal actions; acutely, they released norepinephrine from chromaffin cells, and chronically, they depleted cellular catecholamine stores, albeit with inferior molar potency to reserpine (IC50 < 1 nmol/L). We conclude that VMAT inhibitors and L-type calcium channel antagonists exert reciprocal inhibitory actions on each other's more classic pharmacological targets. Furthermore, these novel actions are seen at concentrations of these compounds frequently taken to be specific in vitro and likely to occur during antihypertensive treatment in vivo.
A hierarchical product development planning framework

Uncertainty in new product development (NPD) planning embraces market, creative, technological, and process dimensions to a much greater extent than in non-NPD project planning. Yet, NPD management is becoming increasingly decentralized, both within the firm and across the supply chain. Hence, planning for NPD uncertainty often results in path-dependent scenarios cutting across the strategic, tactical, and operational levels of planning. To coordinate this resulting complexity, we propose a stochastic hierarchical product development planning framework with multiple recourses, i. e., corrective actions, to maximize performance across a firm's entire NPD program. We also argue the necessity for a fourth planning level, the infrastructural, that reestablishes norms for market projections, technological forecasts, scheduling, and requirements as latent uncertainty in the environment is continually revealed. An illustration from the automotive industry is presented to demonstrate a deployment of our framework. We additionally discuss the applicability of this framework for managing NPD capabilities over time.
Urban Design as a Catalyst for Advancing Architectural Education

New approaches to improving architectural education have emerged inrecent years, but comprehensive research that investigates the rolesthat urban design can play in promoting positive changes in architectural education and pedagogy is scarce. Despite urban design’s close alliance with architecture, many in the architectural discipline seem to lack acoherent understanding of what urban design can offer to architectural pedagogy. Following an in-depth review of relevant literature, this paper briefly outlines the history, goals, methods, characteristics, and benefitsof urban design. This lays the foundation for proposing four approaches toadvancing architectural education and pedagogy: facilitating (promotingconsensus about design), grounding (promoting logical underpinning,inquiry by design, and evidence-based design), convening (promoting social design), and designing therapeutically (promoting environmentalsensibility). Findings and lessons drawn from other fields are also usedto support the four approaches. The paper concludes by discussing theimplications of its findings and suggesting areas for future research.
Characterizing the Structure and Dynamics of Nanodisc Lipid Bilayers of Different Compositions

One of the key roles of the cellular membrane is the regulation and activation of membrane-anchoring proteins. The lipid composition of the membrane and the ionic content of the immediate solution significantly modify structural properties of the bilayer surface. Nanodiscs are lipoprotein particles of precisely controlled size and composition that proved to be valuable in experimental studies of protein-membrane interactions, for example in studying membrane binding and activation of blood coagulation factors. The enzymatic activity of several coagulation factors is regulated by their binding to anioic regions of the cellular membrane. Nanodiscs consist of a patch of lipid bilayer encircled in a belt-like fashion by a pair of amphipathic helical membrane scaffold proteins (MSP) and can serve as a membrane model. The structure and dynamics of lipid molecules in Nanodiscs are highly relevant to their physicochemical properties, and to the mode of interaction between Nanodiscs and membrane-anchoring proteins and peptides. We employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate these aspects in solvated Nanodiscs. Extended simulations (on the order of 10s of nanoseconds) with Nanodiscs including anionic phosphatidylserine (POPS), zwitterionic phospatidylcholine (POPC), or POPS/POPC binary mixtures provide for detailed analysis of structural changes that occur due to lipid-lipid and lipid-ion interactions. The methodology supplies us with the atomic level description sufficient to investigate whether MSP influences the boundary lipids. Simulations revealed stable particles of consistent geometry. Presence of divalent cations Ca2+ shows its coordination with lipid head groups and modulates their orientation in the membrane bilayer, thus, preparing the stage for interaction with proteins.
Applications of Infrared and Raman Microspectroscopy of Cells and Tissue in Medical Diagnostics: Present Status and Future Promises

This paper summarizes the progress achieved over the past fifteen years in applying vibrational (Raman and IR) spectroscopy to problems of medical diagnostics and cellular biology. During this time, a number of research groups have verified the enormous information content of vibrational spectra; in fact, genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic information can be deduced by decoding the observed vibrational spectra. This decoding process is aided enormously by the availability of high-power computer workstations and advanced algorithms for data analysis. Furthermore, commercial instrumentation for the fast collection of both Raman and infrared microspectral data has rendered practical the collection of images based solely on spectral data. The progress in the field has been manifested by a steady increase in the number and quality of publications submitted by established and new research groups in vibrational biological and biomedical arenas.
Suppression of attack behavior in cats by stimulation of ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.

Abstract Low frequency (6 pps) stimulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NA) produced EEG synchronization and suppressed attack behavior elicited by hypothalamic stimulation. Both quiet biting and affective attack with rage were suppressed. Autonomic and non-directed somatic motor components of the attack reaction were unaffected. High frequency (60 pps) stimulation of VTA failed to suppress any components of the attack reaction; high frequency stimulation of NA, however, did produce suppression of attack. Low frequency (6 pps) sensory stimulation, delivered by photic or lateral geniculate stimulation, produced EEG synchronization but failed to cause suppression of attack. These results indicate that low frequency stimulation per se does not cause suppression of ongoing behavior. This study demonstrates that VTA and NA, components of the mesolimbic dopamine system, are involved in the inhibition of emotional-type behaviors.
Quantum size level structure of narrow-gap semiconductor nanocrystals: Effect of band coupling

We study the size dependence of electron and hole quantum size levels in spherical semiconductor nanocrystals. An analytical theory of the quantum size levels within a spherical eight-band Pidgeon and Brown model has been developed, which takes into account both the coupling of conduction and valence bands and the complex structure of the valence band in nanocrystals with an infinite potential barrier. We show that in narrow gap semiconductors band mixing must always be taken into account and that it may be important even in wide gap semiconductors, because the mixing is governed by the square root of the ratio of the quantization energy to the energy gap. The strength of the coupling also depends on the ratio of the contributions of remote bands to the effective masses of the electron and the light hole. As a result level structure is very sensitive, in general, to the energy band parameters. The calculated level structure for narrow gap InSb, moderate gap CdTe, and wide gap CdS nanocrystals are presented.
Patellar sleeve fracture

MRI confirms a patellar sleeve fracture with laminar tearing of the extensor mechanism (Fig. 2, arrows). A patellar sleeve fracture is an uncommon cartilaginous avulsion resulting from hyperextension of the knee. Often identified as a distal pole avulsion, these represent a disengagement of the bone-forming physeal cartilage and associated zone of provisional calcification in addition to the overlying epiphyseal cartilage [1]. Radiographs might underestimate the degree of injury. MRI shows the full extent of soft-tissue and cartilaginous injury. Management can be conservative or surgical depending on injury severity [2].
Understanding the Current State of US Defense Systems of Systems and the Implications for Systems Engineering

The US Department of Defense has begun to recognize the need to manage and engineer ensembles of systems to address use capability needs. As DoD systems of systems are being recognized with explicit management, systems engineering and funding support, systems engineers face challenges in applying systems engineering processes to support SoS, particularly in the typical situation when the systems retain their independence. This paper describes the situation in SoS in the context of existing SoS frameworks and discusses the current DoD approach to SoS and challenges the SoS environment poses for the systems engineer at both the SoS and system levels. Finally, the paper will suggest some areas for further investigation to address key issues as systems engineering takes up the challenge of these changes in the interdependent networked environment of the future battle space.
Stroke and death after carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting with and without high risk criteria

Objective Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reimbursement criteria for carotid artery stenting (CAS) require that patients be high surgical risk or enrolled in a clinical trial. This may bias comparisons of CAS and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We evaluate mortality and stroke following CAS and CEA stratified by medical high risk criteria. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2004-2007) was queried by ICD-9 code for CAS and CEA with diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. Medical high risk criteria were identified for each patient including patients undergoing a coronary artery bypass and/or valve repair (CABG/V) during the same admission. Symptom status was defined by history of stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and/or amarosis fugax. The primary outcome was postoperative death, stroke (complication code 997.02), and combined stroke or death, stratified by high risk vs non-high risk status and symptom status. Results Patient totals of 56,564 (10.5%) CAS and 482,394 (89.5%) CEA were identified. Half of the patients in each group were high risk. CABG/V was performed less commonly with CAS than CEA (2.8% vs 4.0%, P P P P P P P = .19). Multivariate predictors of combined stroke or death adjusted for age and gender included CAS vs CEA (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, P P P P Conclusions In the United States from 2004 to 2007, CAS has a higher risk of stroke and death than CEA after adjustment for medical high risk criteria. Further analysis with prospective assessment of risk factors is needed to guide appropriate patient selection for CEA and CAS in the general population.
Efficiency of a Care Coordination Model: A Randomized Study With Stroke Patients

Objectives: This study investigated the efficiency of a social work care coordination model for stroke patients. Care coordination addresses patient care and treatment resources across the health care system to reduce risk, improve clinical outcomes, and maximize efficiency. Method: A randomly assigned, pre-post experimental design measured medical utilization of 28 patients postrehabilitation hospitalization. The experimental group received individual assessment, problem solving around barriers to services, advocacy, crisis counseling, educational reinforcement to patients and caregivers, brief psychological counseling, and referral. Hospitalization, emergency room, and physician utilization measures were collected 3 months prior to inpatient rehabilitation and compared to utilization during the study. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant changes for the intervention group in medical utilization. Recipients'care-seeking behavior appeared to change toward more appropriate use of outpatient ...
Synthesis of [18F]-labelled Maltose Derivatives as PET Tracers for Imaging Bacterial Infection

Purpose To develop novel positron emission tomography (PET) agents for visualization and therapy monitoring of bacterial infections.
The ergodic decomposition of stationary discrete random processes

The ergodic decomposition is discussed, and a version focusing on the structure of individual sample functions of stationary processes is proved for the special case of discrete-time random processes with discrete alphabets. The result is stronger in this case than the usual theorem, and the proof is both intuitive and simple. Estimation-theoretic and information-theoretic interpretations are developed and applied to prove existence theorems for universal source codes, both noiseless and with a fidelity criterion.
X-ray Observations of Cyg X-3 Near the Time of Radio Outbursts

FOLLOWING the announcement of Gregory et al.1 and Hjellming and Balick2 that the radio source identified with Cyg X-3 had undergone a substantial increase in radio flux output some time between August 31, 1972 and September 2, 1972, we made a search through all data available for dates near this event from the Vela 5B spacecraft to determine if any associated increase in X-ray flux could be detected. Scans of the appropriate region of the sky were made on the four dates shown in Table 1. Cyg X-3 lies close enough on the sky to Cyg X-1 that the two sources were barely resolvable with the angular response of the X-ray detectors on the spacecraft; however, estimates of the strength of Cyg X-3 relative to Cyg X-1 were possible. In all cases, the flux observed from Cyg X-3 in the 3 to 12 keV energy range was consistent with the ratio of 1:3 (flux from Cyg X-3/flux from Cyg X-1) reported in previous observations of these sources (for example, Gursky et al.3).
Ownership of Computer Program

The recent article by Gina Kolata relating to ownership of the copyright to the Symbolic Manipulation Program (SMP) developed at Caltech under the leadership of Stephan Wolfram (News and Comment, 27 May, p. 932) is both incomplete and inaccurate as to several details, as might be expected for its being researched largely, if not exclusively, by long-distance telephone.
The psychoanalysis of a young adolescent girl.

Ellen was referred for treatment at a time when her under-achievement in school , which had been present from the third grade , began to take on more alarming proportions. Not only were her teachers and parents concerned about her marginal school performance despite a superior endowment, but she was also inhibited in her peer relationships and had a marked lack of interest in boys, She began analysis following a period of introductory psychotherapy. The course of this patient's analysis , which lasted three and a half years , gives us an opportunity to study: 1. Psychological issues crucial for successful intellectual performance and achievement; II. The vicissitudes of her psychosexual development during her adolescent years. We hope that the case material will illustrate, (l) how the genesis of an unfavorable self image can occur in a girl whose developmental history did not reveal major disturbances and whose parents provided her with an above-average favorable milieu, (2) how she was able to obtain a good deal of masochistic and narcissistic gratification from her under achievement, from clinging to a prepuberty developmental stance, and (3) how a traumatic experience in her preschool years became a chronic source of guilt and a strong determinant to avoid "knowing" and "growing up."
Effects of Auxin and Gibberellic Acid on Growth of Ulothrix

THE profound biological effects produced by indole-acetic acid and gibberellic acid, when applied to higher plants, have led many investigators to study their activity on algae. In general, the results of such experiments have not been striking. An excellent review of the literature concerning the effect of auxins on algae is to be found in the studies of Thimann and Beth1. These workers demonstrated a two-fold increase in stalk elongation of Acetabularia in the presence of 5 × 10−5 M indoleacetic acid. Further, they were able to show that cap formation was enhanced both in the intact as well as enucleated cells, a conclusive demonstration that indoleacetic acid acts directly on the cytoplasm.
Role of common gamma chain utilizing cytokines for immune reconstitution in HIV infection

Many cytokines that utilize the common gamma (Cgamma) chain signaling pathway, viz Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, and IL-7 are known to be important for inducing T cell maturation, proliferation, or survival. Untreated chronic HIV infection is associated with profound quantitative and qualitative deficiency of CD4 T cells, which is partially reversed following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). A subset of patients, however, fail to recover CD4 T cells despite virologic suppression. The role of Cgamma chain cytokines in influencing immune reconstitution following potent antiretroviral therapy is discussed. Maturation markers (naive, central memory, effector memory, and effector), cytokine receptors IL-2Rbeta, Cgamma chain, IL-7Ralpha, IL-15Ralpha, and cytokine-induced proliferative responses of T cells in a cohort of HIV-infected pediatric patients and adults classified on the basis of immunologic and virologic response to antiretroviral therapy were examined. The studies indicated that patients had increased percentages of effector memory CD8+ T cells in comparison to healthy volunteers. While patients with partially controlled viremia and poor CD4 T cell reconstitution manifested poor proliferative responses to anti-CD3 or HIV gag antigen stimulation, proliferative responses to Cgamma chain utilizing cytokines IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 were robust. Another Cgamma chain utilizing cytokine, IL-21 had no influence on cellular proliferation but enhanced perforin expression in effector CD8 T cells. Thus, cytokine receptor deficiencies may contribute to immune deficiency in HIV-infected patients, and Cgamma chain cytokines may play an important role in vivo in immune homeostasis in lymphopenic patients by maintaining the memory subsets of T cells in patients with CD4 T cell deficiency.