cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baroque Splendor: Vierzehnheiligen Church and Bach’s B-Minor Mass

In Philosophie der Kunst Friedrich von Schelling refers to architecture as “music, in space, as it were a frozen music” (397). Theodore M. Finney, in A History of Music, makes the “perfectly logical aesthetic inference ... that Bach was a great musical architect” (355); and Charles Sanford Terry refers to Bach’s B-Minor Mass as “the design of a superb architect” (119). Incongruous as the comparison between fluid, intangible music and static, solid architecture may seem, observers through the ages have perceived links between those two forms of human aesthetic expression.
Size Stability and H2/CO Selectivity for Au Nanoparticles during Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

In this paper, we show that Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) stabilized with either citrate or by low-generation dendrimers rapidly grow during electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. For example, citrate-stabilized AuNPs and AuNPs encapsulated within sixth-generation, hydroxyl-terminated, poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (G6-OH DENs) having diameters of ∼2 nm grow substantially in size (to 6–7 nm) and polydispersity during just 15 min of electrolysis at −0.80 V (vs RHE). This degree of instability makes it impossible to correlate the structure of AuNPs determined prior to electrocatalysis to their catalytic function. In contrast to the G6-OH dendrimer, the higher generation G8-OH analogue stabilizes AuNPs under the same conditions that lead to instability of the other two materials. More specifically, G8-OH DENs having an initial size of 1.7 ± 0.3 nm increase to only 2.2 ± 0.5 nm during electrolysis in 0.10 M NaHCO3 at −0.80 V (vs RHE). Even when the electrolysis is carried out at −1.20 V, the higher-generation dendrimer ...
Comparison of Online Dementia Information in Chinese and in English Languages

Introduction There is a deficit of avenues for obtaining dementia information in the Asian American community. This study aims to compare the content and quality differences between websites providing information on dementia as found by a Google search conducted both in simplified Chinese characters and in English. Methods A Google search was performed for the phrase "dementia" in simplified Chinese characters and in English. The resultant websites were categorized by whether they were commercial in nature, the type of website, and whether the website provided an explanation of dementia signs and symptoms. The quality of the websites was assessed via readability and the Health on the Net Code of Conduct (HONcode). Chi-squared analyses were performed to establish differences between the English and simplified Chinese results. Results The simplified Chinese search websites were more likely to be commercial (p=0.045) and were more likely to not meet HONcode standards (p=0.008). No statistical significance was observed between the types of websites (p=0.127), the prevalence of signs and symptom explanations (p=0.073), and the readability of the website (p=0.151). Conclusion The quality of websites obtained from the simplified Chinese character Google search was lower than those obtained from searches using the English language. Given the limited sources of language and culturally appropriate information on dementia, improvement of Internet resources may help to improve health outcomes of dementia patients in the Asian American population.
Trapping Cancers as They Adapt to Survive

The evolution of cancer cells limits the efficacy of nearly all treatments for patients with solid tumors. Characterizing how cancers adapt to treatment could therefore lead to approaches that overcome resistance to therapy. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Song and colleagues describe the evolution of melanomas upon exposure to BRAF inhibitors, demonstrating that adaptive changes in the tumor create a vulnerability that can be targeted with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer Discov; 7(11); 1216-7. ©2017 AACR.See related article by Song et al., p. 1248.
The Impact of Women's Health Residency Tracks on Career Outcomes

Abstract Background: Women's health residency tracks within several internal medicine residencies provide gender-specific education to residents. The impact of these programs has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine the impact that women's health residency tracks have on career outcomes. Materials and Methods: The participants in the study were women's health track (WHT) graduates from three different programs. To account for the impact of gender, we also surveyed female graduates who did not participate in WHT from the same programs, paired by year of graduation (non-WHT). Participants completed an online survey and provided a copy of their updated curriculum vitae (CV). Survey responses and CV data were analyzed separately. Results: Of the 218 eligible graduates, 133 completed the survey and 86 provided a CV for a response rate of 63.8%. Regarding clinical care, 31.8% of WHT graduates focused on women's health in practice compared with only 16.1% of non-WHT graduates (Cohen's...
Behavior-Change Intervention Targeting Physical Function, Walking, and Disability After Dysvascular Amputation: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

Abstract Objective To determine preliminary efficacy of a home-based behavior-change intervention designed to promote exercise, walking activity, and disease self-management. Design A single-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial. Setting One Veterans Administration and 2 regional medical centers. Participants A total of 38 participants randomized to behavior-change intervention (n=19) or attention control (CTL; n=19) group. Interventions Weekly 30-minute telephone sessions for 12 weeks with intervention group sessions focused on health behavior change and CTL group sessions focused on health status monitoring. Main Outcome Measures Physical function, walking activity (steps/d averaged over 10d), and disability were measured at baseline, 12 weeks (intervention end), and 24 weeks after baseline with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test as the primary outcome measure. Results The TUG test was not changed from baseline in either group and was not different between groups after 12 or 24 weeks. Several exploratory outcomes were assessed, including daily step count, which increased 1135 steps per day in the intervention group compared to 144 steps per day in the CTL group after 12 weeks (P=.03). Only the intervention group had within-group increase in steps per day from baseline to 12 (P Conclusion The behavior-change intervention demonstrates promise for increasing walking activity for people with dysvascular transtibial amputation (TTA). The efficacy of implementing such intervention in the scope of conventional TTA rehabilitation should be further studied.
Unique Properties Associated with the Brain Penetrant Iron Chelator HBED Reveal Remarkable Beneficial Effects after Brain Trauma

Abstract Iron is postulated to contribute to secondary injury after brain trauma through various pathways including oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, one goal is to limit iron toxicity ...
The Smaller Diameter Vascular Graft — A Biomaterials Challenge

The surface composition of a biomaterial can have an important influence on biologic responses. The surface composition of a synthetic vascular graft may be modified in a number of ways. In this paper we report on a surface treatment using a gas discharge which deposits a thin coating onto the graft surface, significantly changing its surface chemistry, but without measurable change in porosity, compliance or surface topography. Treatments with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) gas yield dramatic improvements in both thrombo-and emboli-resistance of the graft, based on in vitro measurements and ex vivo tests using a baboon.
Here Begins Chapter Eight on Finding The Value of Merchandise by the Principal Method

Therefore four proportional numbers are always found in all negotiations of which three are known and one is left truly unknown; the first indeed of these three known numbers is the number of the sale of any merchandise, or fixed number, or weight, or measure. It is indeed a number as a hundred hides, or a hundred goatskins, or similar things, also a weight such as hundredweight [1], or a hundredpound [2], or pounds [3], or ounces [4], or similar things, indeed a measure as a meter [5] of oil, or a sestario [6] of corn, or a cane [7] of cloth, or similar things. The second moreover is the price of the sale that is the first number, or it is the quantity of denari [8], or bezants [9], or tareni [10], or some other current money. Often a third truly will be some of the same sale of a quantity of merchandise for which the price, namely the fourth number, is unknown; and then there will be some similar quantity of a second price for which the merchandise, namely the fourth number, again is unknown. Therefore as the unknown number is found from the known, we teach in all these situations a universal rule, namely at the head of a table in the right part you write the first number, namely the merchandise; afterwards in the same line you put the value of the merchandise, namely the second number, the third also if it is the merchandise; [p84] then you write it below the merchandise, namely below the first; and if it is the price, then you write it below the price, namely below the second; however as it is from the same kind below that which it is written, still the number is of the same quality or quantity, as in weight or measure; that is, if the upper number below which it is written is the quantity of it, and it is similarly made rolls [11], if pounds, then pounds, if ounces, then ounces, if canes, then canes.
Characterizing the Temperature Dependent Spring-Back Behavior of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) for Hot Embossing

Characterization of the temperature dependent spring-back behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is essential to model hot embossing. The constitutive model must capture several deformation modes including uniaxial compression and stress relaxation with cooling in order to predict spring-back. In this work, the thermo-mechanical coupling of spring-back is investigated through finite element simulations utilizing a constitutive model that captures stress relaxation. It was found that the material model successfully predicts spring-back trends under a variety of heat transfer conditions. At the cooling times used experimentally, spring-back decreased with held strain and increased with embossing temperature. Initial simulations utilizing the experimentally obtained platen temperature under predicted spring-back. After performing a simple heat transfer simulation, spring-back predictions were improved by altering the temperature profile according to the heat transfer simulation and matched experimentally obtained values. To investigate the effect of a thermal gradient, a fully coupled thermo-mechanical simulation was performed. From this, it was found that the thermal gradient had a minimal effect on spring-back. Rather, the rapid cooling upon release of PMMA was found to cease spring-back and can be modeled without a fully coupled simulation. These results indicate that temperature, along with strain level, and cooling time are important to the process of spring-back.
Chern—Simons Systems: Non-Abelian Case

In this chapter we present static multisoliton solutions of the non-Abelian Chern—Simons equations. In §6.1 we review some basic facts about a complex semi-simple Lie algebra such as the Cartan—Weyl bases and Cartan matrices to be used in the development to follow. In §6.2 we consider the solution of the non-Abelian gauged Schrodinger equations coupled with a Chern—Simons dynamics via the Toda equations, which is a non-relativistic Chern—Simons theory. In §6.3 we introduce the relativistic Chern—Simons equations and state a general existence theorem. In §6.4 we reduce the governing equations into a nonlinear elliptic system and formulate a variational principle. In §6.5 we present an analysis of the elliptic system and prove all the results stated. In §6.6 we apply our existence theory to some concrete examples.
The Constitutional Politics Heller Launched

In a recent essay in the New York Times, retired Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens called for the repeal of the Second Amendment. Summarizing arguments he had previously set forth in his dissent in District of Columbia v. Heller and a 2014 book, Justice Stevens contended that the Second Amendment, properly construed, poses no "limit on either federal or state authority to enact gun control legislation," because it does not protect an individual right. Given the low probability of the Court correcting its error in Heller in the near future, Justice Stevens urged the People to do so.
Demographic Correlates of Infant Feeding Practices and Growth Performance in the First Year of Life

The aims of this study are (1) to assess changes in infant WHO growth indicators (weight-for-age, weight-for-length, and head circumference z-scores) from birth to 12 months of age as a function of feeding practices (FP) and (2) to describe the proportion of infants experiencing rapid weight gain (RWG; defined as change in weight-for-age z-score of ≥0.67 between birth and six months) among different FP. The modified Infant Feeding Practices Study II questionnaire was administered to 149 diverse caretakers/mothers of infants who were less than six months of age in a pediatric outpatient clinic. Growth as a function of FP was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA, while logistic regression was used to describe the correlates of RWG. The largest proportion of caretakers was African American (37%), 46% completed college, and 48% were enrolled in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. Regarding FP, 32% of infants were formula fed, and 18% were breastfed, with the remaining being either mixed fed or complementary fed, with nearly 40% of infants demonstrating RWG. While changes in weight-for-age z-scores differed among FP across time (p<0.05), observed patterns for head-circumference-for-age and weight-for-length z-scores did not. Various demographic correlates (caretaker race-ethnicity, education, and WIC enrollment) were associated with FP. Only the patterns of change in weight-for-age z-scores at 9 and 12 months differed among FP (with breastfeeding being the lowest at both time points). Further study is needed to adequately characterize the correlates of infant growth performance and growth patterns among different FP in such diverse samples. Continued research will allow for the development of an easy-to-use, succinct questionnaire that will allow healthcare providers to individualize feeding recommendations for caretakers of infants.
Public Administration’s Ethical Dilemma: Homeless LGBT Youth in the Twenty-first Century

The field of public administration is facing many challenges in the twenty-first century. Such overwhelming matters include stemming the rising cost of healthcare, reducing unequal incarceration ra...
Chaotic tides in migrating gas giants: forming hot and transient warm Jupiters via Lidov-Kozai migration

High-eccentricity migration is an important channel for the formation of hot Jupiters (HJs). In particular, Lidov-Kozai (LK) oscillations of orbital eccentricity/inclination induced by a distant planetary or stellar companion, combined with tidal friction, have been shown to produce HJs on Gyr timescales, provided that efficient tidal dissipation operates in the planet. We re-examine this scenario with the inclusion of dynamical tides. When the planet's orbit is in a high-eccentricity phase, the tidal force from the star excites oscillatory f-modes and r-modes in the planet. For sufficiently large eccentricity and small pericentre distance, the mode can grow chaotically over multiple pericentre passages and eventually dissipate non-linearly, drawing energy from the orbit and rapidly shrinking the semi-major axis. We study the effect of such chaotic tides on the planet's orbital evolution. We find that this pathway produces very eccentric ($e\gtrsim 0.9$) warm Jupiters (WJs) on short timescales (a few to 100 Myrs). These WJs efficiently circularize to become HJs due to their persistently small pericentre distances. Chaotic tides can also save some planets from tidal disruption by truncating the LK eccentricity oscillations, significantly increasing the HJ formation fraction for a range of planet masses and radii. Using a population synthesis calculation, we determine the characteristics of WJs and HJs produced in this scenario, including the final period distribution, orbital inclinations and stellar obliquities. Chaotic tides endow LK migration with several favorable features to explain observations of HJs. We expect that chaotic tides are also important in other flavours of high-$e$ migration.
Neural Switch Asymmetry in Feature-Based Auditory Attention Tasks

Active listening involves dynamically switching attention between competing talkers and is essential to following conversations in everyday environments. Previous investigations in human listeners have examined the neural mechanisms that support switching auditory attention within the acoustic featural cues of pitch and auditory space. Here, we explored the cortical circuitry underlying endogenous switching of auditory attention between pitch and spatial cues necessary to discern target from masker words. Because these tasks are of unequal difficulty, we expected an asymmetry in behavioral switch costs for hard-to-easy versus easy-to-hard switches, mirroring prior evidence from vision-based cognitive task-switching paradigms. We investigated the neural correlates of this behavioral switch asymmetry and associated cognitive control operations in the present auditory paradigm. Behaviorally, we observed no switch-cost asymmetry, i.e., no performance difference for switching from the more difficult attend-pitch to the easier attend-space condition (P→S) versus switching from easy-to-hard (S→P). However, left lateral prefrontal cortex activity, correlated with improved performance, was observed during a silent gap period when listeners switched attention from P→S, relative to switching within pitch cues. No such differential activity was seen for the analogous easy-to-hard switch. We hypothesize that this neural switch asymmetry reflects proactive cognitive control mechanisms that successfully reconfigured neurally-specified task parameters and resolved competition from other such "task sets," thereby obviating the expected behavioral switch-cost asymmetry. The neural switch activity observed was generally consistent with that seen in cognitive paradigms, suggesting that established cognitive models of attention switching may be productively applied to better understand similar processes in audition.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled amlexanox and its metabolic stability against mouse, rat, and human microsomes

As part of a program toward making analogues of amlexanox (1), currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, we have synthesized derivative 5 in which deuterium has been introduced into two sites of metabolism on the C-7 isopropyl function of amlexanox. The synthesis of 5 was completed in an efficient three-step process utilizing reduction of key olefin 7b to 8 by Wilkinson's catalyst to provide specific incorporation of di-deuterium across the double bond. Compound 5 displayed nearly equivalent potency to amlexanox (IC50 , 1.1μM vs 0.6μM, respectively) against recombinant human TBK1. When incubated with human, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, amlexanox (1) and d2 -amlexanox (5) were stable (t1/2 > 60 minutes) with 1 showing marginally greater stability relative to 5 except for rat liver microsomes. These data show that incorporating deuterium into two sites of metabolism does not majorly suppress Cyp-mediated metabolism relative to amlexanox.
Teacher perceptions of implementation practices to support secondary students in special education

AbstractSpecial education teachers’ practice is influenced by an understanding of special education policy and knowledge of implementation practice. This study examined the perceptions of nine spec...
Edge-modulated perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in [Co/Pd]n and L10-FePt thin film wires

Thickness modulation at the edges of nanostructured magnetic thin films is shown to have important effects on their perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Thin film wires with tapered edges were made from [Co/Pd]20 multilayers or L10-FePt films using liftoff with a double-layer resist. The effect of edge taper on the reversal process was studied using magnetic force microscopy and micromagnetic modeling. In [Co/Pd]20, the anisotropy was lower in the tapered edge regions which switched at a lower reverse field compared to the center of the wire. The L10-FePt wires showed opposite behavior with the tapered regions exhibiting higher anisotropy.
The Effects of Blended Learning on STEM Achievement of Elementary School Students.

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs serving students from low socioeconomic areas are understudied in the literature. More research studies need to be conducted to make informed instructional decisions for students who may be at a disadvantage compared to their peers from higher socioeconomic areas. The purpose of this research study was to determine the effects of traditional science instruction and blended learning on STEM achievement of elementary school students from low socioeconomic areas. Third, fourth and fifth grade students ( N = 129) from a low-socioeconomic school were randomly assigned to receive traditional science instruction or a blended learning science curriculum approach. The science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) achievement scores were analyzed by conducting a one-way two-group Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) implemented in R statistical computing platform (R Core Team, 2018). The results indicated that the teaching method had a statistically significant effect on the linear combination of the science, technology, mathematics and engineering scores ( F (4,124) = 80.27, p < .0001, Pillai’s Trace = .721, partial η 2 = .721), in favor of the blended learning approach.
An interdisciplinary postdoctoral fellowship model: Opportunities for nurse PhDs

Interdisciplinary postdoctoral fellowships can provide rich opportunities for nurses to receive additional training and develop diverse professional academic and research partnerships. They provide a structure for learning in which team science is emphasized and complex health issues are addressed. This paper presents an interdisciplinary postdoctoral fellowship model and highlights the development of one nurse fellow’s network during the program. The fellowship curriculum is outlined and the three focus areas (education, research, and experience) are further explained. A social network analysis approach was used to illustrate the growth in one nurse fellow’s network during a two-year postdoctoral fellowship. The first year of the fellowship showed an increase in the number of professional connections, while in the second year the relationships deepened as collaborations were established and strengthened.
Small Data Wave Maps in Cyclic Spacetime

We study the initial value problem for the wave maps defined on the cyclic spacetime with the target Riemannian manifold that is responsive (see definition of the self coherence structure) to the parametric resonance phenomena. In particular, for arbitrary small and smooth initial data we construct blowing up solutions of the wave map if the metric of the base manifold is periodic in time.
The modern approach to the nipple-sparing mastectomy

A modern perspective on the nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) looking at current indications as well as the most up-to-date evidence both in the literature and from our institution. There is an in-depth description of our NSM technique and an overview of alternative approaches, including the robotic technique. The complicated concept of the learning curve is addressed and ideas on how to train other NSM adopters.
Ordered by the Laws: Aristotle on Law, Moral Education, and Nomothetike

I attempt in this essay to draw a picture of moral education with regard to the political context in which Aristotle believes it must take place. In the first part of the essay, I consider what Aristotle means when he introduces the concept of necessity to his discussion of moral education in accordance with the laws. I argue that Aristotle considers laws to be necessary for moral education to be conducted properly, because in laws we find the intersection of nomothetike — i.e., knowledge of how to make people good — and political life. In the second section I attempt to shed light on a question glossed over in the first section: why is nomothetike both knowledge of how to give good laws and knowledge of how to make people good? I argue the answer lies in Aristotle’s position that justice is both the core principle of a political community and the culmination of human virtue. Nomothetike is primarily concerned with justice, and it is from justice that both laws and human virtue flow. In the third and final section, we return to the original problem confronting moral education: if education needs to be public, where does this leave the family, and does the family have any role to play in making a person good? I argue that, in fact, Aristotle provides an important place for the human family in his political science precisely because he views the family as a necessary condition for moral education. This does not, however, compromise his claim from the outset that moral education must be directed by the laws: he views moral education as being in some sense divided between the public and private spheres, but with the laws overseeing this division and giving direction to private education within the family. This is the case because the family can provide certain goods and certain interactions that public life simply cannot.
18-F-L 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine PET/Computed Tomography in the Management of Congenital Hyperinsulinism

Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates and infants. Several genetic mutations have been identified and are associated with 2 distinct histopathologic forms of disease: diffuse and focal. Targeted clinical evaluation to distinguish medically treatable disease from disease requiring surgical management can prevent life-threatening complications. Detection and localization of a surgically curable focal lesion using PET imaging with 18-F-L 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ([18F]-FDOPA) has become standard of care. This article provides guidelines for the selection of patients who can benefit from [18F]-FDOPA-PET/computed tomography and protocols and tips used to diagnose a focal lesion of HI.
Enhancing Neural Networks with Locality-Sensitive Clustering of Internal Representations

Some data exhibit natural divisions where the application of a single neural network leaves some accuracy on the table, thereby making a multi-network approach more appropriate. We develop an approach to preserving knowledge encoded in the hidden layer of several ANN’s and assemble that knowledge in new, composite networks based on spatial clustering that more effectively make predictions over subdivisions of the entire dataspace. We show that this method has an accuracy advantage over the single-network approach.
Hippocampus-lateral septum circuitry mediates foraging-related spatial memory in rats

ABSTRACT Remembering the location of a food or water source is essential for survival. Here we identify a hippocampal-septal neural circuit that is necessary for spatial memory based specifically on appetitive reinforcement. Both reversible and chronic disconnection of ventral hippocampus CA1 subregion (CA1v) projections to the lateral-septum (LS) using pathway-specific dual viral approaches impaired spatial memory retention for the location of either food or water reinforcement. However, disconnection of this pathway did not affect performance in an aversive escape-motivated spatial memory task that used the same apparatus and visuospatial cues. The selectivity of this pathway in mediating foraging-related spatial memory was further supported by results showing that CA1v-LS disconnection did not affect anxiety-like behavior, locomotor activity, or social and olfactory-based appetitive learning. To examine whether CA1v-LS mediation of foraging-related spatial memory involves collateral projections of CA1v neurons, we utilized virus-based neural pathway tracing analyses to identify the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as a collateral target of LS-projecting CA1v neurons. However, functional disconnection of CA1v and mPFC did not affect appetitive spatial memory, thus further supporting the selectivity of CA1v-LS signaling for this behavior. The nucleus accumbens, lateral hypothalamic area, and other brain regions associated with food motivation and reward were identified as second-order targets of CA1v-LS signaling using a multisynaptic anterograde tracing approach. Collective results reveal that CA1v to LS communication plays a critical role in remembering an environmental location based on appetitive (food or water) but not aversive (escape) reinforcement, thus identifying a novel neural pathway regulating foraging-related memory processes.
New Pandemic Death Forecasts by State

We offer state-wise forecasts of COVID-19 pandemic deaths for the week ending August 10, 2020 based on a sample selection model to correct for rationed and biased testing for the virus. We refer the reader to our earlier papers including Vinod and Theiss (2020b) and Vinod and Theiss (2020a), having earlier forecasts for the week ending August 3. We find that the overall trend in death forecasts is downward. We plot the ratio of new deaths per 100 new infections (ND/NI) measuring the success of the health-care establishment in reducing deaths. While there was a dramatic decline earlier, latest opening up decisions are preventing further declines.
Value Chain Analysis of Large Cardamom in Taplejung District of Nepal

This study assessed the value chain analysis of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb) in Taplejung district, Nepal and explored the functional linkage and upgrading strategies among the key value chain actors. One hundred and sixty farmers were surveyed purposely along with 5 local and district level traders, 5 regional level traders and exporters and 5 enablers who were sampled using rapid market appraisal in March 2018. The study presents a comparative analysis among large holders (n=72) and smallholders (n=88) large cardamom farmers using SPSS and MS-Excel. The majority of farmers used suckers as propagating materials which was a major source of disease conduction. 62.5% of farmers adopted traditional dryers for curing, which reduced the quality of large cardamom whereas about 30% of them used improved dryers for curing that enhanced quality. The majority of farmers had not adopted value addition practices like tail cutting, grading and packaging which were carried out at trader level. Large cardamom prices were normally determined by the export market of India. The average land area of large cardamom per household was 21.56 ropani with 36.74 ropani for the large landholder farmers and 9.14 ropani for the smallholders. The key problems faced by farmers and traders were high price swing, lack of disease-free propagating materials, reliance on the Indian market, aged orchards, shrinking productivity, and minimal collaboration among the chain actors. Therefore, adoption of Good Management Practices (GMPs)- upgraded bhattis, transfer of tail cutting technology and storage management, along with value addition activities like grading (color and size), tail cutting and packaging need to be adopted with strong adherence to export quality. This study revealed that necessary action needs to be taken to maintain a high level of collaboration among the value chain actors thereby increasing the value chain efficiency of Nepalese large cardamom.
‘Alto, Cabron. A Ver Las Manos’: A Police Officer's Expectations of Instant Obedience When a Civilian Does Not Speak English - A Comment on United States v. Parker

Analyzes a notorious federal court ruling absolving an Alabama police officer who threw an unarmed, slightly built Indian grandfather to the ground, injuring him badly, when the grandfather, who spoke little English, was slow to respond to commands.
Synchronous supratentorial and infratentorial oligodendrogliomas with incongruous IDH1 mutations, a case report.

Infratentorial oligodendrogliomas, a rare pathological entity, are generally considered metastatic lesions from supratentorial primary tumors. Here, we report the case of a 23-year-old man presenting with a histopathologically confirmed right precentral gyrus grade 2 oligodendroglioma and a concurrent pontine grade 3 oligodendroglioma. The pontine lesion was biopsied approximately a year after the biopsy of the precentral lesion due to disease progression despite 4 cycles of procarbazine-CCNU-vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy and stable supratentorial disease. Histology and genetic analysis of the pontine biopsy were consistent with grade 3 oligodendroglioma, and comparison of the two lesions demonstrated common 1p/19q co-deletions and TERT promoter mutations but distinct IDH1 mutations, with a non-canonical IDH1 R132G mutation identified in the infratentorial lesion and a R132H mutation identified in the cortical lesion. Initiation of Temozolomide led to complete response of the supratentorial lesion and durable disease control, while Temozolomide with subsequent radiation therapy of 54 Gy in 30 fractions resulted in partial response of the pontine lesion. This case report supports possible distinct molecular pathogenesis in supratentorial and infratentorial oligodendrogliomas and raises questions about the role of different IDH1 mutant isoforms in explaining treatment resistance to different chemotherapy regimens. Importantly, this case suggests that biopsies of all radiographic lesions, when feasible and safe, should be considered in order to adequately guide management in multicentric oligodendrogliomas.
A Survey of Correlation Experiments Testing Parity and Time Reversal and a Discussion of Recent Parity Tests

In this lecture I shall discuss the correlation experiments aimed at testing parity and time reversal in nuclear interactions. Along with other experiments such as detailed balance tests or measurements of the static moments, the correlation experiments provide an important tool for the study of discrete symmetries.
Who are we reaching through the patient portal: engaging the already engaged?

A key assumption underlying the drive to increase patient use of a patient portal is that such use will increase patient engagement and activation. In this cross-sectional analysis we examine the question of who uses the patient portal, MyChart. Specifically, we examine the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) scores among patients receiving primary care in a large delivery system to assess how it relates to referrals to use the patient portal, as well as actual usage. A total of 16,357 patients are included in the analysis who had an office visit during a six-month period in 2010 and who had a PAM score in their EHR. The findings show that higher activated patients are more likely to be referred to the patient portal and among that group, the higher activated are more likely to actually use it. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
SER LIBRE, ACTUAR CON LIBERTAD Y LIBERARSE. PETER McLAREN Y LA PEDAGOGÍA DE LA LIBERACIÓN

In this interview, McLaren reflects on different approaches to the field of critical pedagogy and lingers over interpretations derived from the work of Freire, underlining the need to reflect on practice itself in order to find ways which allow oppressed people to become protagonists in history. Likewise, this author states that part of his work is focused on supporting anti-capitalist movements in North America and formulating an alternative to global capitalism, reflecting on the role which critical pedagogy could play in this. He underlines the essential role of teachers in the development of anti-capitalist pedagogies within the heart of today’s changing societies, affected by international events such as the election of Obama or the financial crisis, in which schools can become spaces for the production of critical knowledge and for socio-political action.
Corneal collagen fibrils: dissection with specific collagenases and monoclonal antibodies.

To investigate the relationship of collagen types I and V within corneal fibrils, and the collagenolytic mechanisms potentially involved in corneal development and remodeling, we have incubated cryostat sections of avian corneas with collagenases that specifically degrade collagen types I or V to digest selectively the collagen in situ. These preparations were then analyzed by immunofluorescence histochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy using anti-collagen type-specific monoclonal antibodies. Digestion of corneal sections with the type I-specific collagenase ("I'ase") exposed antigenically masked type V collagen, indicating that epitopes on type V collagen in heterotypic fibrils are inaccessible to the antibody due to their interaction with type I collagen. Sections digested with the type V collagen-degrading enzyme ("Vase") showed no removal of type V collagen. However, after the fibrillar structure was disrupted by acetic acid treatment before enzyme digestion, the type V collagen was then degraded. Likewise, prior digestion of type I collagen by I'ase also rendered type V collagen susceptible to digestion by Vase. These results suggest that the cleavage sites on type V collagen also are buried within heterotypic fibrils and therefore inaccessible to the enzyme. They also document, for the first time, Vase activity against type V collagen in situ. Electron microscopic observations of sections partially digested with the I'ase revealed many short striated fibrillar segments from which smaller filaments protrude. Both the striated regions and some of the filaments were labeled by an antibody against type I collagen; anti-type V antibody reacted preferentially with the thin filaments. Thus avian corneal fibrils contain type I collagen, in which filaments of type V collagen are embedded. Complete removal of the fibrillar stromal matrix in the course of normal or pathological remodeling requires at least two different collagenases acting in concert. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:11251136,1988 In previous immunofluorescence histochemical studies of connective tissues of embryonic chickens, we observed that epitopes on type V collagen in stromal matrices from a wide variety of ocular and extraocular tissues are normally unavailable to monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize that collagen type. Reactivity of such matrices within tissue sections could be achieved by pretreatment of the sections with dilute acetic acid; treatments with a variety of neutral proteases and glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes failed to unmask the epitopes on
Language identification: a solved problem suitable for undergraduate instruction

Automatic determination of the language of an electronic text is an important problem, which arises when processing natural language. This paper describes the main methods used in attacking this problem and demonstrates how even the most simple of these methods using data obtained from the World Wide Web achieve accuracy approaching 100% on a test suite comprised of ten European languages. The language identification problem and its solution illustrate many fundamental issues in computer science and the processing of human language; accordingly it is well suited for classroom instruction.
Chapter 18 The economics of disability and disability policy

Abstract We discuss and critique the main lines of economic research that address the economic status and behavior of the working-age population of people with disabilities. We define this population as those with physical or mental limitations that impede their daily activities or their productivity on the job. Using this definition, we assess the prevalence, trend, and composition of the population of disabled working-aged people in the United States and other Western societies, and document the extent of market work among this population. Such market work contributes to the economic well-being of the working-age disabled, but for most of them, income from public transfers and from the earnings of other household members are crucial in determining the level of family economic well-being. Relative to the nondisabled, those with disabilities have substantially lower levels of economic well-being in spite of public income support programs. While public income support is important in sustaining the level of well-being of the disabled, these policies also have serious incentive effects, especially labor supply disincentives. We document these incentive effects in US policy, and review the research studies that estimate the response of disabled people to these incentives. In addition to income support policy, we also describe public policy toward disabled people associated with antidiscrimination legislation, rehabilitation and training programs, income support for poor disabled children, and public regulations and financial support for special education in schools. We conclude by comparing US disability policy with that in other Western industrialized countries and identifying research issues that are relevant to all societies with advanced policies toward working-age people with disabilities.
Pelagic and coastal sources of P‐wave microseisms: Generation under tropical cyclones

[1] Nonlinear wave-wave interactions generate double-frequency (DF) microseisms, which include both surface waves (mainly Rayleigh-type) and compressional (P) waves. Although it is unclear whether DF surface waves generated in deep oceans are observed on land, we show that beamforming of land-based seismic array data allows detection of DF P waves generated by ocean waves from Super Typhoon Ioke in both pelagic and coastal regions. Two distinct spectral bands associated with different P-wave source locations are observed. The short-period DF band (0.16–0.35 Hz) is dominated by P waves generated in the deep ocean by local wind seas under the storm. In contrast, P waves in the long-period DF band (0.1–0.15 Hz) are weaker and generated closer to the coast of Japan from swell interactions. The accurate identification of DF P-wave microseism source areas is useful to monitor ocean wave-wave interactions due to tropical cyclones and to image Earth structure using ambient seismic noise.
Paralleled hardware annealing of cellular neural networks for optimal solutions

Hardware annealing, which is a paralleled version of mean-field annealing in analog networks, is an efficient method of finding the optimal solutions for cellular neural networks. It does not require any stochastic procedure and hence can be very fast. Once the energy of the network is increased, the hardware annealing searches for the globally minimum energy state by gradually increasing the gain of neurons. In typical non-optimization problems, it also provides enough energy to frozen neurons caused by ill-conditioned initial states. >
Bigeminy; an electrocardiographic study of bigeminal rhythms.

Abstract 1. 1. Electrocardiographic bigeminy is defined as that phenomenon in which there is a constantly repeated pairing of impulses with respect to time, which involves either the auricles or ventricles alone, or both sets of chambers together. 2. 2. A comprehensive classification of electrocardiographic bigeminy is presented. 3. 3. The various types of electrocardiographic bigeminy are described, and interesting examples which we have observed are shown.
Peptide Hormones, Biological Diversification by Posttranslational Processing

One mechanism by which the biological activity of peptide hormones can be tailored to the specific needs of individual cells is through differential posttranslational modification. There are a number of known examples of differential processing; two of them are described in this article. In the first case, differential processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) produces products of different sizes and different biological activities. In the second case, differential processing of pro-cholecystokinin produces different sized products with the same biological activity. Possible mechanisms that are responsible for this phenomenon, as well as their possible physiological significance, are discussed.
Prompting Primary Providers to Increase Community Exercise Referrals for Older Adults: A Randomized Trial

Objectives: To determine whether a clinic-based physical activity promotion intervention can lead to more community-based exercise referrals by providers and higher exercise motivation in patients. Design: Cluster randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Seattle Veterans Affairs General Internal Medicine Clinic. Participants: Thirty-one physicians and nurse practitioners were randomized to a physical activity counseling intervention or control condition (counseling about tobacco cessation). Three hundred thirty-six patients aged 50 and older and visiting a study provider were enrolled. Intervention: Intervention providers were trained to offer referrals to community exercise programs for patients who reported before their clinic visit that they were “contemplative” about regular exercise. Measurements: Process measures of health behavior assessment and provider advice, exercise stage-of-change, proportion of participants reporting regular physical activity. Results: At baseline, 172 intervention patients and 164 controls were similar with respect to sex, age, comorbidity score, and exercise motivation level. Forty-five percent of all intervention patients and 35% of controls reported receiving exercise advice (P=.07). Intervention patients who were contemplative about exercise were even more likely to receive exercise advice than contemplative controls (59% vs 38%; P=.02). After 4 months, 35% of all intervention patients reported regular exercise, compared with 28% of controls (P=.06). Conclusion: Primary providers are more likely to offer exercise advice when informed whether patients are contemplative about exercise. Patients may be more likely to start regular exercise as a result of this advice.
A Paradigm for Landscape Aesthetics

This article resolves the conflict between biological and cultural explanations of aesthetic behavior that is evident in the landscape aesthetics literature. In resolving that conflict, the article...
Target detection and recognition using Markov modeling and probability updating

While extract methods (e.g., jump-diffusion algorithms) for performing maximum a posteriori (MAP) target detection and recognition can be very complex and computationally expensive, it is often not clear how to develop effective and less complex suboptimal methods. Also, MAP algorithms typically generate hard decisions, but for fusion applications it would often be more desirable to have probabilities or confidence levels for a range of alternatives. In this paper, we consider the application of a framework called probability propagation in Bayesian networks. This framework organizes computations for iterated approximations to posterior probabilities, and has been used recently by communications researchers to derive very effective iterative decoding algorithms. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian network model for the problem of target detection and recognition, and use it in conjunction with Markov models for target regions to derive a probability propagation algorithm for estimating target shape and label probabilities.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.