cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Structural Stability and Biology

It is not at all obvious that the ideas and methods of physics, especially those of theoretical physics, can be effectively used to gain an understanding of biological phenomena. These methods relate principles of some degree of universality to a large number of special situations and so provide a unified understanding of a class of phenomena and the possibility of prediction. It is well to recall that these “general principles” result almost always from an organization and extrapolation of empirical regularities, cast in a mathematical form. The further mathematical analysis of these principles then (hopefully) leads to the specific results.
The New Managerialism and Diversity on Corporate Boards of Directors

The tender offer phenomenon of the 1980s, the increasing power of institutional investors, and the greater mobility of capital in a global market place have focused the corporate governance system more than ever before on shareholder value. While benefits attend attention to shareholder interests, the shift in focus has introduced a new era of what I call the "new managerialism." What distinguishes the new managerialism from the old managerialism is greater short-term attention to stock prices. Opportunities exist for executive officers in the guise of the shareholder-value rhetoric and in second guessing stock market reactions to pursue their self interest. This focus on stock value permits ever-increasing compensation packages for executives which are justified by the use of stock price as the normative reference point for executive compensation. Moreover, the increasing disparity between the compensation of executives and lower-level employees becomes normatively irrelevant in an environment of corporate downsizing and shareholder value in which the legitimate and admired business behaviors are characterized by the marginalization of lower-level employees and the social and psychological distancing of executive officers from the persons they employ. Additional manifestations of this new managerialism are what is referred to as "earnings management" where accounting numbers are manipulated to influence artificially stock prices, unbridled growth, and short-term corporate cost cutting that leaves the corporation ill prepared for the future. At the end of the day this new managerialism, as with the old managerialism, neither serves the interests of shareholders nor other corporate stakeholders. This article is about the new managerialism, its evolution and manifestations. It is also about a substantial grass roots movement for diversity in terms of gender, race and ethnicity on corporate boards of directors of public corporations. This "new" corporate social responsibility movement arguably has the potential to counter the negative consequences of a corporate governance system so myopically oriented to stock value. According to its proponents, diversity on corporate boards will serve to keep boards focused on the importance of the interests of non-shareholder stakeholders, such as employees and consumers, to the corporation's success. This article takes a socio-economic approach by examining the organizational behavior literature on the advantages and disadvantages of diverse boards in terms of process and outcome concerns. It ultimately concludes that the shareholder-centered structure of the U.S. corporation and the shareholder stock-price rhetoric that heavily surrounds the discussion of the diversity movement may ultimately defeat its purpose.
Intercultural competence for future leaders of educational technology and its evaluation

Demands of globalization today continue to increase pressure for the education of global citizens who preserve the variety and vitality of life. Our transatlantic project has been developing a shared community of graduate students and faculty experts in educational technology across six universities. Evidence of the development of intercultural competence was analyzed from artifacts, self-report, interviews, and surveys. The findings showed that students gained intercultural competence in professional and personal spheres, with openness and flexibility that include acceptance, adaptability, and multiple perspectives. Applications of educational technology served as a bridge to introduce new cultures, knowledge and people to students.
Mutual information as a performance measure for fluorescence optical diffusion tomography

Mutual information is used to measure performance in fluorescence optical diffusion tomography. By incorporating statistical models of the unknown image, it is shown that multiple modulation frequencies can improve reconstruction quality in certain problems.
A synthetic peptide forms voltage-gated porin-like ion channels in lipid bilayer membranes.

Abstract Design of simple protein structures represents the essential first step toward novel macromolecules and understanding the basic principles of protein folding. Our work focuses on the ion channel formation and structure of peptides having a repeated pattern of glycine residues. Investigation of the ion channel properties of a glycine repeat peptide, VSLGLSIGFSVGVSIGWSFGRSRG revealed the formation of porin-like high conductance, multimeric, non-selective voltage-gated channels in phospholipid bilayer membranes. ATR-IR and CD spectroscopic studies showed an anti-parallel β sheet structure in membranes. The formation of porin-like ion channels by a β sheet peptide suggests spontaneous assembly into a β barrel structure through oligomerization as in pore forming bacterial toxins. The present work is the first example of a short synthetic peptide mimicking the pore characteristics of a complex β barrel protein and demonstrates that smaller peptides are capable of mimicking the complex functional properties of natural ion channels. This will have implications in understanding the folding of β sheet proteins in membranes, the mechanism of two state voltage gating, and the role of glycine residues in β barrel proteins.
Hemodynamic Effects of Practolol at Rest and during Exercise

The effects of practolol, a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent, and propranolol were studied in volunteers. At rest, practolol caused a very small reduction in cardiac index (CI), 190 ml, P < 0.25, and preejection period (PEP) lengthened 3 msec, P < 0.025. In contrast, propranolol caused a reduction in CI of 770 ml, P < 0.001. Heart rate (HR) slowed 10 beats/min, P < 0.001, stroke volume index (SVI) fell 6 ml, P < 0.005, PEP lengthened 16 msec, P < 0.001, and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) increased 419 dynes-sec-cm–5, P < 0.001. Practolol reduced the increase in CI caused by an isoproterenol infusion by 65%, P < 0.005, by blocking the increase in HR by 73%, P < 0.05. Practolol also reduced the shortening of PEP and LVET caused by isoproterenol. PVR decreases due to isoproterenol were not blocked by practolol although they were slightly attenuated, P < 0.025. Practolol reduced the increase in CI caused by exercise by 22%, P < 0.05, by blocking the increase in HR by 29%, P < 0.01. Practolol also reduced the increase in tension-time index due to exercise by 25%, P < 0.025. Practolol has little effect on the performance of the normal heart at rest. It does block the cardiac effects of isoproterenol and exercise, largely through chronotropic mechanisms. The reductions in pressure-time relationships with exercise indicate reduced oxygen consumption by the heart, and therefore imply a therapeutic benefit in exercise-induced angina.
Erratum to “Brain activation evoked by perception of gaze shifts: the influence of context” [Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 156–170]

Kevin A. Pelphrey a,c, Jeffrey D. Singerman a, Truett Allison d, Gregory McCarthy a,b,∗ a Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, 163 Bell Building, Box 3918, Durham, NC 27710, USA b Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA c Neurodevelopmental Disorders Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27710, USA d Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Energy and Angular Distribution of Electrons Ejected from Argon by 5-keV to 1.5-MeV Protons

Cross sections, differential in emission energy and angle, have been measured for the ejection of electrons in collisions of H/sup +/ with argon gas targets. Incident-proton energies studied were from 5 keV to 1.5 MeV and electron emission angles ranged from 10degree to 160degree. Integration of the double-differential cross sections over emission angle and energy yield results in good agreement with direct measurement of total ionization cross sections. The electron distributions are compared to two plane-wave Born-approximation calculations, one using Hartree-Slater wave functions and the other using Hartree-Fock wave functions in the 3p-epsilond channel.
A two-dimensional time dependent model for seasonal variation of temperature distribution in stratified lakes

Abstract A two dimensional, time dependent, two-layer model describing the temperature distribution in the horizontal and vertical directions of deep bodies of stratified water is developed by including in the analysis a wind induced current structure in the upper layer as well as the attenuation of the solar radiation in the body of water. The results have shown that the effect of the existence of a wind induced current, in the epilimnion, on the thermal structure of a large body of stratified water is to increase the depth of the thermocline with a slight decrease in the surface temperature along the direction of wind induced current.
Social characteristics, the diagnosis of mental disorders, and the change from DSM II to DSM III.

Multivariate analyses are used to examine stability and changes in the predictors of mental illness diagnoses with the introduction of a revised diagnostic system in the U.S. The impact of the shift from DSM II to DSM III is studied in three outpatient clinics. Among our findings is support for the relationship of income and gender to receiving the diagnosis of schizophrenia. This is found both under DSM II and the more behaviorally-based DSM III system. However, minority status, low education, and low income are predictors of the diagnosis of personality disorder under DSM II, but not with the shift to DSM III. These and other similarities and differences in the relationship between classic sociological variables and diagnosis that occur in the comparison of DSM III with DSM II are discussed. Particular attention is given the issue of "bias" in the diagnostic process.
Grid adaption for hypersonic flow

The methods of grid adaption are reviewed and a method is developed with the capability of adaption to several flow variables. This method is based on a variational approach and is an algebraic method which does not require the solution of partial differential equations. Also the method has been formulated in such a way that there is no need for any matrix inversion. The method is used in conjunction with the calculation of hypersonic flow over a blunt nose body. The equations of motion are the compressible Navier-Stokes equations where all viscous terms are retained. They are solved by the MacCormack time-splitting method. A movie has been produced which shows simultaneously the transient behavior of the solution and the grid adaption.
Capacity of a neural network

It is shown that an N neuron neural network that allows higher-order correlations can store up to 2/sup N-1/ patterns. A scheme is also presented that stores all cyclic shifts of a pattern as it stores that pattern. >
Electron spin relaxation times of C - 60 in solution

Abstract Potassium and calcium salts of C − 60 have been studied in solid and liquid solutions by ESR and optical spectroscopies. Over the temperature interval from 8 to 45 K the electron spin relaxation times T 1 and T M (the phase memory time) were measured by saturation recovery and electron spin echo spectroscopies. For both salts T 1 decreased from a few milliseconds at 8 K to less than 1 μs at 40 K. T M was 1 to 3 μm between 8 and 25 K and decreased rapidly with increasing temperature to become equal to T 1 near 40 or 50 K. Below 40 K the linewidth of the anion signal was about 5.5 G, which is much larger than the linewidth calculated from T M (0.02 G at 10 K). Above about 50 K the linewidth was relaxation time determined and increased rapidly with increasing temperature until reaching a plateau near the melting point of the solution. Analysis of the relaxation rates for C − 60 between 35 K and the melting (softening) point of the solutions gives an Arrhenius activation energy between 2.2 and 2.9 kJ/mol (180–240 cm −1 ) depending on the solvent. This measured range of activation energies for relaxation is close to and somewhat less than the lowest vibrational mode (≈ 270 cm −1 of C 60 ; in C − 60 this vibration may couple to the triply degenerate electronic ground state to produce a dynamic Jahn—Teller distortion.
BioSig: an informatics framework for representing the physiological responses of living cells

Abstract Subcellular experimental datasets and detailed cell models are required before modeling of whole organs. Cell modeling requires repeated interaction between simulation and experimental data. This review describes a coupled system of informatics and instrument control suitable for extracting information at the subcellular level. The BioSig informatics framework annotates time-series images with experimental variables and computed representation such as physiological responses, whereas visual servoing optical microscopy (VSOM) is used for adaptive perturbation and interaction with living cells.
CONTINUOUS ARTERIAL-VENOUS HEMOFILTRATION |[lpar]|CAVH|[rpar]| IN PEDIATRICS

CAVH is a new extracorporeal technique for the treatment of renal failure. Slow continuous ultrafiltration, the driving force for blood flow being provided by the patient's own systemic blood pressure, results in the gradual removal of fluid and solutes. CAVH is especially applicable in the hemodynamically unstable, critically ill patient. Herein is described the first use of this technique in pediatric patients.
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of the Effect of Water on E-glass-Vinylester Composites:

Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) is used to investigate the degradation response of unidirectional pultruded E-glass-vinylester due to immersion in deionized water over a range of temperatures below its glass transition. It is found that moisture uptake which is overall Fickian in nature results in initial plasticization of the bulk matrix followed by matrix cracking, crack coalescence, fiber-matrix debonding, and irreversible matrix degradation. Post-cure, due to interaction with water and temperature, is noted to take place in the first 10-15 weeks, and competes with degradation mechanisms. Post-cure can be noted through large increases in storage modulus as well as in the loss tangent peak. A link can be drawn between storage modulus in the rubbery region, and the inter-crosslink molecular weight to further elucidate relative effects of post-cure and chain scission, which is seen on longer periods of immersion, but accelerated by higher temperatures.
Obesity in trauma: outcomes and disposition trends

Abstract Background Obesity’s effect on the outcomes of trauma patients remains inconclusive. Methods A retrospective review of all falls, motor vehicle collisions (MVCs), and penetrating trauma patients admitted from January 2008 to December 2012 was performed. The outcomes evaluated included mortality, length of stay at hospital, and discharge disposition. Patients were grouped according to the body mass index (BMI) and stratified by injury severity scores. Results Two thousand one hundred ninety six patients were analyzed; 132 penetrating, 913 falls, and 1,151 MVCs. Penetrating traumas had no significant difference in outcomes. In falls, obese patients had a lower mortality ( P = .035). In MVCs, obese patients had longer hospitalizations ( P = .02), and mild and moderate MVC injuries were less likely to be discharged home ( P = .032 and .003). Obese patients sustained fewer head injuries in falls and MVCs ( P = .005 and .043, respectively). Conclusions In falls, a higher BMI may benefit patients. However, an increasing BMI is associated with a longer length of stay at hospital, and decreased likelihood of discharge to home.
Perception onset time during fixations in free viewing

In this study, we investigated when visual perception begins in fixations. During picture viewing, the picture was degraded at the beginning of selected saccades and changed back to the original after varying intervals. Participants manually responded whenever they detected changes. The change-backs were undetected when they occurred <6 msec after the end of the saccade, marked by the peak of the overshoot in dual Purkinje image eyetracker data, and detection reached asymptote 32 msec after that marker. Eye velocity at the change-backtime also affected detection likelihood. Apparently, perception begins around the time at which the eyes stop rotating at the end of a saccade, giving a psychological justification for measuring fixation durations from then. This also specifies the deadline for gaze-contingent display changes to occur without detectable image motion. Investigators using the dual PurMnje image eyetracker should consider the peak of the overshoot as the fixation onset time and measure intrafixational presentation times from then.
The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the beginnings of regional identity

The history of research into the Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the present state of knowledge of this time period is examined for the region as a whole, with special reference to paleoenvironments. The known MSA sites and occurrences are discussed region by region and attempts are made to fit them into a more precise chronological framework and to assess their cultural affinities. The conclusion is reached that the Middle Stone Age lasted for some 150,000 years but considerably more systematic and in-depth research is needed into this time period, which is now perceived as of great significance since it appears to span the time of the evolution of anatomically Modern humans in the continent, perhaps in East Africa.
Low-Energy Electron-Diffraction Intensity Calculations for Beryllium with a Realistic Crystal Potential

The band-matching approach is used to calculate low-energy electron-diffraction intensity-voltage curves for the basal cleavage plane of beryllium. An approximation to the exact theory, made possible by the presence of strong inelastic scattering, enables these curves to be calculated very rapidly, for general angles of incidence and with a detailed nonlocal potential. The potential is constructed from first principles, includes thermal and inelastic-scattering effects, and has no adjustable parameters. Over a wide range of incident angles the calculated curves show marked agreement with recent experiments. A test of the sensitivity of the calculations to changes in the scattering potential parameters shows that the absolute intensity, rather than peak position or peak width, should be the best experimental probe of the scattering processes. A new approximation for core-valence exchange is used in the calculation and is described in an appendix.
Genomic DNA sequence comparison between two inbred soybean cyst nematode biotypes facilitated by massively parallel 454 micro-bead sequencing

Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), is a damaging agricultural pest that could be effectively managed if critical phenotypes, such as virulence and host range could be understood. While SCN is amenable to genetic analysis, lack of DNA sequence data prevents the use of such methods to study this pathogen. Fortunately, new methods of DNA sequencing that produced large amounts of data and permit whole genome comparative analyses have become available. In this study, 400 million bases of genomic DNA sequence were collected from two inbred biotypes of SCN using 454 micro-bead DNA sequencing. Comparisons to a BAC, sequenced by Sanger sequencing, showed that the micro-bead sequences could identify low and high copy number regions within the BAC. Potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the two SCN biotypes were identified by comparing the two sets of sequences. Selected resequencing revealed that up to 84% of the SNPs were correct. We conclude that the quality of the micro-bead sequence data was sufficient for de novo SNP identification and should be applicable to organisms with similar genome sizes and complexities. The SNPs identified will be an important starting point in associating phenotypes with specific regions of the SCN genome.
Bioinorganic chemistry: Zeroing in on a new copper site.

In spite of the many functions of copper proteins within biology, those that contain a single copper ion can be divided into two classes, based in part on their spectroscopic properties. An artificial 'type 0' protein combines some properties of both, and may offer a route to stable catalytic processes.
Increasing Public Awareness of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests: Health Care Access, Internet Use, and Population Density Correlates

Uncertainty around the value of and appropriate regulatory models for direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing underscores the importance of tracking public awareness of these services. We analyzed nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the Health Information National Trends Survey in 2008 (𝑛=7,674) and 2011 (𝑛=3,959) to assess population-level changes in awareness of DTC genetic testing in the U.S. and to explore sociodemographic, health care, Internet use, and population density correlates. Overall, awareness increased significantly from 29% in 2008 to 37% in 2011. The observed increase in awareness from 2008 to 2011 remained significant (OR=1.39) even when adjusted for sociodemographic variables, health care access, Internet use, and population density. Independent of survey year, the odds of awareness of DTC genetic tests were significantly higher for those aged 50–64 (OR=1.64), and 65–74 (OR=1.60); college graduates (OR=2.02); those with a regular source of health care (OR=1.27); those with a prior cancer diagnosis (OR=1.24); those who use the Internet (OR=1.27); and those living in urban areas (OR=1.25). Surveillance of awareness—along with empirical data on use of and response to genetic risk information—can inform public health and policy efforts to maximize benefits and minimize risks of DTC genetic testing.
Background stratified Poisson regression analysis of cohort data

Background stratified Poisson regression is an approach that has been used in the analysis of data derived from a variety of epidemiologically important studies of radiation-exposed populations, including uranium miners, nuclear industry workers, and atomic bomb survivors. We describe a novel approach to fit Poisson regression models that adjust for a set of covariates through background stratification while directly estimating the radiation-disease association of primary interest. The approach makes use of an expression for the Poisson likelihood that treats the coefficients for stratum-specific indicator variables as ‘nuisance’ variables and avoids the need to explicitly estimate the coefficients for these stratum-specific parameters. Log-linear models, as well as other general relative rate models, are accommodated. This approach is illustrated using data from the Life Span Study of Japanese atomic bomb survivors and data from a study of underground uranium miners. The point estimate and confidence interval obtained from this ‘conditional’ regression approach are identical to the values obtained using unconditional Poisson regression with model terms for each background stratum. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed approach allows estimation of background stratified Poisson regression models of non-standard form, such as models that parameterize latency effects, as well as regression models in which the number of strata is large, thereby overcoming the limitations of previously available statistical software for fitting background stratified Poisson regression models.
Adsorbate shape effects on surface roughness determination

Etude de l'adsorption de differents composes (gaz rare, hydrocarbure) sur de la silice pour determiner la rugosite de la surface
Dietary differences in smokers and nonsmokers from two southeastern New England communities.

Abstract Objective Previous studies based on 24-hour dietary recall data have shown that smokers tend to consume less healthful diets than nonsmokers. We tested this hypothesis using data from food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in a group of men and women. Design Characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers were compared using data collected from a cross-sectional household health survey. Subjects Adults aged 18 through 64 years from two communities in southeastern New England were randomly selected for the study and interviewed in their homes by trained personnel. The interview included questions on demographic and behavioral characteristics. Height, weight, blood pressure, and serum lipids were measured using standard protocols. The Willett FFQ was completed by 1,608 of 2,531 eligible respondents who made up our study sample. Statistical analyses performed Respondents were categorized as current cigarette smokers or nonsmokers. Demographic, behavioral, physiologic, and dietary characteristics were compared between smokers and nonsmokers by analysis of covariance with age as the covariate. Results Eligible respondents who did not complete the FFQ differed from respondents with respect to age, gender, smoking prevalence, and several other demographic characteristics. Smokers consumed more energy, fat, alcohol, and caffeine than nonsmokers. Smoking status was inversely associated with intake of vitamins A and C, dietary fiber, folate, and iron among women, whereas differences were smaller and not significant among men. Women who smoked consumed fewer servings of fruits and vegetables than nonsmokers, but this trend was not noted in men. The association between diet and smoking was only slightly diminished by multivariate adjustment for age, income, regular exercise, marital status, and working status but most clinically relevant associations remained. The interaction between gender and smoking was not statistically significant for most dietary variables. Conclusions These results suggest that health promotion messages targeted to smokers should include dietary instructions, especially for women.
Finite element analysis—design aid for a proposed shaft at hoover dam

Abstract A case study is presented on the use of the finite element analysis program, ADINA, as an aid in the design of an elevator shaft to be located in the dose proximity to an existing penstock tunnel. The excavation for the shaft may create over-stressing or excessive displacements of the existing tunnel lining which would be undesirable. ADINA was used to find stress and displacement vectors. Difficulties of analyzing a large sized ‘ADINA’ model to find those vectors were resolved by using PATRAN software and mixing of the linear and nonlinear elements.
Noninvasive testing for the evaluation of chronic venous disease

Noninvasive tests for chronic venous disease include continuous wave Doppler to assess deep and superficial vein patency and valvular function, strain gauge plethysmography for measurement of venous capacitance and the rate of venous outflow, photoplethysmography to determine venous refilling time (a measure of valvular competence), and duplex scanning, which provides detailed information about the size and location of thrombi and flow patterns in normal and diseased valves. The physiologic information gained with these tests allows more rational treatment and provides insight into the pathophysiology and natural history of varicose veins, postthrombotic limbs, and venous claudication. The crucial distinction between primary and secondary varicose veins is readily made by determining the patency of deep veins with the continuous wave Doppler. Development of late sequelae following deep venous thrombosis (DVT) may be predicted by noninvasive testing. While venous outflow is uniformly decreased following DVT, venous refilling time is abnormally shortened in symptomatic limbs, indicating that postthrombotic sequelae occur in association with valvular incompetence. Further natural history studies with duplex scanning may provide important data on the cause of this valvular incompetence and its time course. Noninvasive testing can also aid in the diagnosis of venous claudication, which is associated with decreased venous outflow.
Reaching the Hard to Reach: A Review of an Initiative Aimed at Increasing Participation and Supports for People of Color with Disabilities and Their Families in Disability Organizations

Individuals of color with disabilities and/or their family members need access to services and supports that will assist them with daily life and a way to advocate for these services. Disability organizations, whose core mission is advocacy, have had difficulty attracting and maintaining persons of color with disabilities or their family members to their membership and, consequently, to the services or supports they offer. Connections and stronger outreach is needed in communities of color by disability and civil rights organizations to enhance the quality of life and services and supports received by people of color with disabilities. In this article, an innovative initiative designed to help people of color with disabilities and/or their family members to develop advocacy skills and to obtain membership in disability organizations while building capacity of the disability and/or civil rights organization involved is discussed, followed by implications and suggestions for future engagement and research.
Degradation of skeletal muscle plasma membrane proteins by calpain

Observations described here provide the first demonstration that calpain (Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease) can degrade proteins of skeletal muscle plasma membranes. Frog muscle plasma membrane vesicles were incubated with calpain preparations and alterations of protein composition were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Calpain II (activated by millimolar concentrations of Ca2+) was isolated from frog skeletal muscle, but the activity of calpain I (activated by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+) was lost during attempts at fractionation. Calpain I obtained from skeletal muscle and erythrocytes of rats was tested instead, and exerted effects similar to those of frog muscle calpain on the membrane proteins. All of the calpain preparations caused striking losses of a major membrane protein of molecular mass of approximately 97 kDa, designated band c, and diminution of a thinner band of approximately 200 kDa. There were concomitant increases in 83-and 77-kDa polypeptides. These effects were absolutely dependent on the presence of free Ca2+, and were completely blocked by calpastatin, a specific inhibitor of calpain action. Frog muscle calpain differed only in being relatively more active at 0°C than were the calpains from rat tissues. Experimental observations suggest that calpain acts at the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
Effects of multiple continuing education programs in perinatal nursing.

Data from the second year ofnursing con ferences sponsored by the Vermont/New Hampshire Regional Perinatal Program are used to test several hypotheses concerning the effects of continuing medical education programs. Analysis of covariance indicates a significant difference in posttest scores of conference attendants and non-attendants after adjustment for differences in group pretest means. Multiple regression analysis confirms this result and shows that attendance at previous continuing education programs has a significant effect on test score. The hypothesis that simply having taken a pretest positively affects postscore is not confirmed.
Does orthotic use affect upper extremity support during upright play in infants with down syndrome

Purpose To determine whether supramalleolar orthoses use during upright play contributes to decreased upper extremity support in infants with Down syndrome. Method Seventeen children with Down syndrome were assigned to 2 groups. Infants in the control group received treadmill training. Infants in the experimental group wore supramalleolar orthoses in addition to treadmill training. The participants were followed every other month from pull to stand until independent walking. Each child was videotaped playing at a table for 20 minutes. Researchers coded the tapes to determine whether the child's trunk was leaning or not and whether he or she was using 0, 1, or 2 hands for support. Results No group differences were found in hand support during time in the upright position. All children decreased the amount of 2-hand support over time (P = .05). Conclusion The use of supramalleolar orthoses may improve upright stability but it does not decrease upper extremity support in infants with Down syndrome.
A field installation for automatic recording of micro‐environmental gradients

A laboratory has been constructed in the field with a design sufficiently basic and flexible to permit correlation of micro-environmental conditions with distribution and abundance in space and time of a wide variety of plants and animals. Two 50-ft wooden towers, located at ecological extremes of a dense woodland and an open field, have been equipped with instruments for automatic recording of micro-environmental gradients. Aminco-Dunmore-type electric humidity and temperature indicators have been placed at the 0, 3, 6, 15 and 50 ft levels, and temperature elements only at the 1, 16, 18 and 36 inch soil depths, each complete set being fed into a 16-point strip recorder. Special weather shields have been designed for the humidity-temperature indicators. Recording anemometers are at the 3 and 50 ft levels, and recording rain and surface water level gages are near the base of each tower. Portable instruments provide for supplementary environmental data on radiation, light, wind, temperature and humidity.
Establishment size, job satisfaction and the structure of work

This paper empirically investigates (a) the relationship between establishment size and the degree of flexibility in the work environment, and (b) the extent to which establishment size differences in workers satisfaction with their jobs can be accounted for by differences in their work environment. The main findings are that large establishments do organize production in a less-flexible fashion than do smaller establishments, and that observed lower levels of job satisfaction in larger establishments (net of wage and fringe benefit effects) can largely be explained by the inflexibility in the work environment.
Induction and maintenance of protective CD8+ T cells against malaria liver stages: implications for vaccine development

CD8+ T cells against malaria liver stages represent a major protective immune mechanism against infection. Following induction in the peripheral lymph nodes by dendritic cells (DCs), these CD8+ T cells migrate to the liver and eliminate parasite infected hepatocytes. The processing and presentation of sporozoite antigen requires TAP mediated transport of major histocompatibility complex class I epitopes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, in DCs this process is also dependent on endosome-mediated cross presentation while this mechanism is not required for epitope presentation on hepatocytes. Protective CD8+ T cell responses are strongly dependent on the presence of CD4+ T cells and the capacity of sporozoite antigen to persist for a prolonged period of time. While human trials with subunit vaccines capable of inducing antibodies and CD4+ T cell responses have yielded encouraging results, an effective anti-malaria vaccine will likely require vaccine constructs designed to induce protective CD8+ T cells against malaria liver stages.
Acutely Lethal Levels of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc to Adult Male Coho Salmon and Steelhead

Abstract Flow-through acute toxicity tests of cadmium, copper, and zinc were conducted with adult male coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and adult male steelhead (Salmo gairdneri). The 96-h LC50 values for copper were 46 and 57 μg/liter, and for zinc were 905 and 1,755 μg/liter, for coho salmon and steelhead, respectively. Mortality induced by cadmium was slow in onset, but 50% mortality occurred after more than a week at 3.7 μg/liter for coho salmon and 5.2 μg/liter for steelhead. Hardness and alkalinity of the water supply were higher during the toxicity tests with steelhead, complicating direct comparisons between the two species.
Room-temperature electroluminescence from erbium-doped porous silicon composites for infrared LED applications

The nanostructured matrix of porous silicon makes the material an ideal host for erbium because its very large surface area allows easy infiltration of the ions into the matrix and it readily oxidizes obtaining large concentrations of oxygen necessary for erbium emission. Erbium is infiltrated in the pores (≤ 10 -19 cm -3 ) by cathodic electrochemical migration of the ions followed by high temperature annealing (950-1100 °C). Electrochemical doping of porous silicon by erbium is simpler and of lower cost when compared to conventional techniques like ion implantation, epitaxial growth, and chemical vapor deposition used to fabricate erbium-doped c-Si structures. We demonstrate stable room-temperature electroluminescence at 1.54 μm from erbium-doped porous silicon devices under both forward and reverse bias conditions. The devices exhibit an exponential electroluminescence dependence in both bias conditions as a function of the driving current and driving voltage. In reverse bias, the external quantum efficiency reaches 0.01 %. The devices show a large temperature dependence of the electroluminescence intensity and transport properties. The electroluminescence intensity decreases by a factor of 24 in reverse bias and 2.6 in forward bias when the temperature increases from 240 to 300 K. The devices also show an increase of more than one order of magnitude in the current through the device at a given voltage for the same temperature range. From the differences in temperature, electrical, and electroluminescence characteristics in forward and reverse biases, we believe that different excitation mechanisms are responsible for the electroluminescence.
Percutaneous postoperative intra-abdominal abscess drainage after elective colorectal surgery

Intra-abdominal abscesses are a frequent source of morbidity and mortality following both elective and emergent surgery of the alimentary tract. CT-guided percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal abscess is an alternative to immediate surgical intervention. We studied the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses arising after elective colorectal procedures. We retrospectively identified 40 patients with postoperative intraabdominal abscess following elective colorectal surgery who underwent CT-guided percutaneous drainage with a Von Sonnenberg sump drain between 1990 and 1998. The most common presenting symptoms were pyrexia in 39 (97%), abdominal tenderness in 32 (80%), guarding in 1 (2.5%) and abdominal mass in 3 (7.5%); no patient had generalized peritonitis. The most common index procedure was proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis and ileal Jpouch in 12 (30%) patients. Drainage was performed using an anterior approach in 32 (80%) and a transgluteal window in 8 (20%) patients. Thirty-five (87.5%) patients had a single collection, while 2 (5.0%) patients had 2 collections and 3 (7.5%) patients had 3 collections. Thirteen (32.5%) patients had perioperative steroids, 30 (75%) had preoperative antibiotics, and 40 (100%) had postoperative antibiotics. Follow-up at a mean of 35.8 days revealed complete resolution of abscess in 26 (65%) patients; 14 (35%) patients had residual or recurrent abscess successfully treated by repeat drainage in 8 patients and requiring laparotomy in 6. Percutaneous CT-guided abscess drainage is an effective method for treating intra-abdominal abscess following elective colorectal surgery. The primary success was 65% after the first and 85% after a second drainage. In conclusion, this technique should be considered as the treatment of choice in patients with localized intra-abdominal abscess without signs of generalized peritonitis.
Optical Wave Propagation through von K& aacute;rm& aacute;n Vortex Streets

A study of optical wave propagation through von K& aacute;rm& aacute;n vortex streets is presented. Ray tracing simulations show that these structures can have a considerable impact on optical wave propagation.
Nutritional Properties of Canadian Canbra Oil

Abstract Canbra oil (rapeseed oil containing no erucic acid) was fed to rats as 20% by weight in a purified basal diet to determine its effect on food consumption, body weight gain and tissue fatty acid composition. This oil contained only 2.7% more saturated fatty acids than did rapeseed oil, but was associated with food consumption and weight gains similar to those obtained with olive oil or a mixture of lard and olive oil. No further enhancement of weight gains was attained by the addition to canbra oil of tripalmitin, tristearin, palm oil or lard. The total tissue fatty acids of rats fed canbra oil contained a lower concentration of palmitic acid than did the rats fed rapeseed oil. There was sufficient linoleic acid in canbra oil to provide relatively high concentrations of linoleic and arachidonic acids in liver lipids. In this study canbra oil appeared to be as nutritionally satisfactory as any other oil tested.
The CALIPSO Mission and Initial Observations of Aerosols and Clouds from CALIOP

Launched in April 2006, the CALIPSO satellite provides unique global measurements of aerosols and clouds using a two-wavelength polarization lidar. This paper discusses mission status, instrument performance, and initial results.
Using the natural environment in counseling for therapeutic change: a case study.

The frequent and effective use of the natural environment in conducting psychotherapy is described through an illustrative case study.
Characteristics of Clinac‐18 wedged fields for 10‐MV x rays

The characteristics of wedged fields which affect their clinical use have been examined for the 10‐MV x‐ray beam from the Clinac‐18. The methods used for obtaining and analyzing the wedged‐field data are discussed. These characteristics have been examined in terms of (a) the wedge angle, (b) the variation of the wedge angle with field size, (c) the variation in the angle through which isodose curves between the approximate depths of 5 and 15 cm are turned relative to the central axis as a function of depth, and (d) the variation of wedge central‐axis transmission factor with field size.Analysis of the data pertinent to these categories is presented for the 15‐, 30‐, 45‐, and 60‐deg wedges. In addition, the effect of the 60‐deg wedge upon the position of maximum dose on the central axis was determined.
The AIB Membership: Who We Are, And What We Are Interested In

The AACSB accreditation guidelines of 1974, and the subsequent growth in international business education, add considerably to the need for a clearer understanding of the academic qualifications and research activities of those who are called upon to teach international business subjects. This paper presents information on the educational backgrounds, institutional affiliations, and research interests of the Academy of International Business (AIB) membership. Where appropriate, a distinction is made between members affiliated with U.S. institutions and members affiliated with non-U.S. institutions.
RIBOSOMAL ACTIVITY IN PRENATAL MOUSE BRAIN

— Regulation of protein synthesis is important for the proper growth and development of the brain. Our previous work on the regulation of protein synthetic activity in fetal mouse brain cell suspensions showed that the rate of protein synthesis decreased during the prenatal period. In the present study, ribosomal activity of cell-free homogenates and purified ribosomes obtained from fetal neural tissue was measured. The post-mitochondrial supernatant (PMS) fraction actively incorporated amino acids into polypeptides using either endogenous mRNA or polyuridylic acid as template. The protein synthetic activity was dependent upon the age of the fetus. Ribosomes purified from this fraction were also active in protein synthesis. Incorporation of phenylalanine was linear for 20 min, and dependent upon the concentration of ribosomes and the pH 5 enzyme fraction. The age dependent decrease in protein synthetic activity observed with the post-mitochondrial supernatant fractions was not found when these purified ribosomes were employed. Ribosomes obtained from fetal, newborn or adult neural tissue were compared and found equally active in their protein synthetic capacity.
Downstream Development of Baroclinic Waves As Inferred from Regression Analysis

Abstract The structure and evolution of transient disturbances in the Northern Hemisphere winter season are examined using one-point regression maps and longitude-height sections derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analyses for seven winter seasons. With the use of unfiltered time series of normalized 300-mb meridional wind perturbations at a grid point in the Pacific storm track as the reference time series, regression statistics for perturbations in the horizontal wind, geopotential height, temperature, and vertical velocity are derived. The resulting perturbation fields exhibit characteristics of midlatitude baroclinic waves, such as a westward tilt with height in the velocity and height fields and eastward tilt in the temperature field, with typical wavelengths of 4000 km and periods of around 4 days. The main difference between the results of this work and previous similar analyses is in the propagation characteristics of the baroclinic wave trains....
Outcome of Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy on Patients with Diaphragmatic Involvement

The purpose of this study is to assess the short-term morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) with diaphragmatic involvement. All patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC at a tertiary care institution from April 2007 to October 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with diaphragmatic disease (Group 1) were compared to those who did not (Group 2). Univariate, propensity score analysis, and multivariate analysis were used to compare groups focusing on postoperative complications. A total of 199 patients underwent CRS/HIPEC. Diagnoses included appendiceal/colorectal cancers (56 %), pseudomyxoma peritoneii (12 %), and gastric cancer (7 %). Group 1 was composed of 89 patients (44.7 %) with diaphragmatic involvement, of which 37.1 % underwent diaphragm stripping and 62.9 % required a full-thickness diaphragmatic resection. Group 1 had longer operative times (p = 0.009), increased transfusion requirements (p = 0.007), less optimal cytoreduction (p = 0.010), longer ICU stay (p = 0.003), and overall hospital stay (p = 0.039). Major complications were significantly higher in Group 1: 26 (29 %) versus 16 (15 %), p = 0.020. Rate of respiratory complications was not different between groups (G1: 14/26, 53.8 % and G2: 6/16, 37.5 %, p = NS). Ninety-day mortality was not significantly different. Diaphragmatic involvement (Estimate 1.235, SE 0.387, p = 0.017) was an independent predictor of 30-day morbidity in patients with <5 organs involved in cytoreduction. Diaphragmatic involvement is associated with higher tumor burden and more complex operations. It is a strong independent predictor 30-day morbidity in patients with <5 organs involved in cytoreduction. However, perioperative mortality rates are not significantly different between the groups, suggesting that diaphragm stripping or resection is warranted in well-selected patients if it allows for complete cytoreduction.