cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental governance in motion: Practices of assemblage and the political performativity of economistic conservation

Abstract This article critically explores the dynamic, constitutive processes that animate economistic conservation and sustainable development as an expression of governance-beyond-the-state. I focus attention on governance in motion—expanding logics, hybrid practices, diffuse networks, and shifting social technologies that incrementally reshape power dynamics and the institutional domains that enable and constrain them. While the majority of institutional approaches to environmental governance emphasize intentional designs rooted in collective choices, less attention has been focused on dynamic processes of assemblage resulting from differentially coordinated actions across interrelated networks. Building from Foucauldian perspectives on governmentality and biopower, I argue that processes of assemblage help to constitute new techniques of governance aligned with the language and practices of economics. I examine two business and biodiversity initiatives—the Natural Capital Finance Alliance and the Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme—in terms of five practices of assemblage: authorizing knowledge, forging alignments, rendering technical, reassembling, and anti-politics. I highlight four dimensions of political performativity associated with business and biodiversity initiatives that exemplify environmental governance in motion: discursive amplification, organizational articulation, institutional re-shaping, and technical instrumentation. Governance in motion reflects the distributed power dynamics of diverse individuals and collectives in generating economistic techniques of governance.
Radiation Therapy Pain Management: Prevalence of Symptoms and Effectiveness of Treatment Options.

Background The prevalence of pain among patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT) is not well described. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and management of pain in patients undergoing RT. Methods 94 patients undergoing RT were surveyed at two time points during the course of their treatment. Patients reported on pain, fatigue, nausea, headache, and depressive symptoms, as well as on the use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic or alternative methods for symptom management. Findings The mean severity of pain did not change significantly between the first week of RT and the final week. Severity of pain was associated with worse fatigue, nausea, headaches, and depressive symptoms, providing opportunities for providers to address multiple co-occurring symptoms. Rates of opioid and marijuana use remained similar between the two time points. More than half of the patients reported use of at least one nonpharmacologic method for pain management, with use increasing during the course of RT.
Rotation mechanics of optical scatters in stretchable metasurfaces

Abstract Stretchable metasurface comprised of an array of optical hard-material scatters on the surface of a soft substrate is emerging as an artificially designed structure to manipulate optical wave propagation through a mechanical means. Upon stretching the soft substrate, along with the increase of the spacing distance between hard scatters, the orientations of the hard scatters will vary due to their strong mechanical mismatch with the soft substrate, but the underlying mechanics mechanism is lacking. In the present study, we establish a theoretical mechanics framework to address the rotation of hard scatters bonded on the surface of a soft substrate subjected to a mechanical stretching load. In this model, we introduce a pseudo-interface between the hard scatters and the soft substrate and decouple the effect of in-plane stretching deformation and out-of-plane deformation in the thickness direction of the soft substrate on the basis of moment equilibrium. Besides, the shear stress field along the thickness direction of three-dimensional soft substrate is formulated from that of a two-dimensional plane model by introducing a thickness factor. The effect of spacing distance, geometric shape, and initial orientation of hard scatters and thickness of the soft substrate on the scatter rotation is elucidated. Extensive finite element analyses (FEA) are performed and the results show good agreement with the theoretical predictions in both scatter rotation and stress distribution. We further construct a stretchable metasurface and demonstrate that the refraction of incident lights can be tuned by controlling the rotation of scatters. The mechanics theory established here provides a foundation to design mechanically controllable metasurfaces by leveraging the rotation of hard-material scatters.
ClgR contributes to pulmonary pathology but not bacterial growth in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Abstract Background The Clp proteases regulator, ClgR, is encoded in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome by Rv2745c gene (clgR). ClgR is required to clear damaged proteins, thereby preventing their accumulation in the cell. It also controls the availability of key enzymes or regulators via conditional degradation mechanism of proteolytic activity in Mtb [1,2]. Methods It has been previously reported that Mtb clgR gene is induced in a sigma factor SigH-dependent manner and a deletion mutant of clgR is susceptible to growth in a hypoxic environment. Whether hypoxia is indeed a restriction factor and ClgR is required for Mtb growth in that environment remains unelucidated. We began to address this hypothesis in the C57/BL6 mouse model of TB where Mtb infected lungs do not form granuloma and the lung environment is considerably non-hypoxic. Results Our results demonstrate that despite not having a deficit in growth in either murine lungs or primary macrophages, in comparison to wild type, the ΔclgR mutant failed to induce pulmonary pathology. Conclusion We propose that ClgR is required for the pathogenesis of Mtb.
Fracture Penetration and Proppant Transport in Gas- and Foam-Fracturing

Abstract Gases show promise as an alternative to water-based fracturing fluids because they are non-damaging to water-sensitive formations, show some potential to create complex fracture networks, flow back to the well rapidly after treatment, and deliver some environmental benefits. However, the ability of gases to transport proppant has been questioned due to their relatively low viscosity and density. The fracturing then proppant-carrying capacity of various gases is investigated to determine the form and function of the emplaced proppant pack. First, fracture propagation and proppant transport driven by several commonly-used pure gases (CO2, liquified petroleum gas, ethane, and N2) is simulated and compared against slickwater fracturing – generally identifying inferior reach and functionality. Several methods are then investigated to improve the proppant-carrying capacity of the pure gases. Results show that, compared with slickwater, gases create shorter and narrower fractures and carry proppant shorter distances due to their lower viscosity and faster leak-off. Among the gases examined in this study, liquified petroleum gas and CO2 return the deepest proppant penetration along the fracture, followed by ethane, and with N2 unable to carry proppant into the fracture due to the resulting narrow fracture. However, elevating injection rate of gases could improve their fracture-inducing potential and proppant-transport capability to a level competitive with that of slickwater. A near-uniform proppant distribution may be achieved by using a gelled gas, with an approximately two order-of-magnitude enhancement in viscosity, or a foam-based fluid with a high quality. The fracture length may also be extended by limiting leak-off due to the increased viscosity. Moreover, ultra-light-weight proppants (ULWPs) perform better with gases than commonly-used sands in terms of uniformity of distribution, due to decelerated proppant settling. Well performance is improved significantly by fracturing with gelled gases or foams instead of pure gases or by pumping ULWPs instead of normal sands.
COVID-19 and Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy: The Need to Protect Vulnerable Medicare Beneficiaries.

Home infusion therapy can provide a safer alternative for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection for many vulnerable patients who receive parenteral therapies on an outpatient basis, such as parenteral a...
Update: The Clinical Role of Vaginal Lasers for the Treatment of the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To educate providers on the emergence of vaginal lasers for the treatment of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) and discuss the peer-reviewed literature regarding their use. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of literature databases (PubMed and Medline) was performed for publications in February 2020. Keywords included genitourinary syndrome of menopause, urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, urgency, urinary tract infections, atrophy, laser, and vaginal. We reviewed the available published literature, identifying articles, guidance, and society statements on the use vaginal laser therapies. RESULTS The literature regarding vaginal laser therapy in the treatment of the GSM is primarily limited to prospective case series with small numbers and short-term follow-up. Nevertheless, these studies have demonstrated reductions in genitourinary syndrome of menopause symptoms. High quality data describing the safety, benefits, and appropriate use of vaginal laser therapy is lacking. CONCLUSION Vaginal laser treatment for the GSM is of interest as it provides patients with a nonhormonal treatment option. Further research to better outline the indications, efficacy, safety, and applications of this technology is needed before supporting its universal use for the management of the GSM.
PLATFORM COUNTERPUBLICS: GOSSIP & CONTESTED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ONLINELABOR PLATFORMS

As commercial platforms mediate large swaths of online markets for information and services, scholars have shown how users resist, or work around these opaque digital environments. From content producers to Uber drivers, digital laborers are particularly adept at appropriating and gaming platforms like YouTube, and Uber (Chen 2017; Duffy 2017; Rosenblat 2018). Often described as “multi-sided markets,” platforms bring together many different kinds of stakeholders, including consumers, workers, advertisers, and regulators (Gillespie 2010; Lingel 2020). However, investigations of working alongside algorithms have so far focused on workers’ relationship to algorithms, and neglected other stakeholders. Extending counterpublics theories (Warner 2002; Fraser 1990), we examine over 3,000 online reviews of a labor platform, Care.com, finding that both workers and clients use gossip to create a platform counterpublic that constructs a counternarrative about platform business practices. While previous studies suggest that different platform stakeholders have conflicting interests, we find that platform counterpublics draw both workers and clients together to draw boundaries demarcating acceptable platform business practices. Second, we point to the implications of platform counterpublics for the investigation of platform labor and algorithms. Consumer reviews of platforms are absent from critical literature on labor platforms. By bringing together scholarship on counterpublics with critical literature on labor platforms, this paper offers a relational approach to platforms.
Prospective Observational Study to Determine Kinetics of Procalcitonin in Hospitalized Children Receiving Antibiotic Therapy for Non-Critical Acute Bacterial Infections.

The kinetics of procalcitonin in pediatric patients with non-critical acute bacterial infections receiving appropriate antibiotic therapy are not well described. We performed a single-center, prospective observational pilot study of children admitted to a tertiary care children’s hospital who were receiving antibiotics for treatment of a non-critical acute bacterial infection, and we prospectively measured serial procalcitonin levels daily for 4 days during hospitalization. Among the 46 children with baseline procalcitonin levels enrolled in the study, procalcitonin kinetics followed a half-life of approximately 24 h in most patients. Procalcitonin declined faster than C-reactive protein over the first 48 h of appropriate antibiotic treatment. There was variation in biomarker levels among participants with the same infection type, especially in participants with bacteremia, musculoskeletal infection and skin/soft tissue infection. Utility of procalcitonin as a biomarker to follow every 24–48 h in non-critically ill children receiving antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections as an objective measure of clinical improvement is promising.
Lateral flow immunochromatographic assay on a single piece of paper

Lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (LFIAs) are analytical devices used to detect the presence of one or more target analytes in a liquid sample. While LFIAs are one of the simplest and inexpensive types of immunoassays, they consist of multiple components (sample pad, conjugate pad, membrane, absorbent pad, backing card) and materials, requiring time-consuming device assembly. Here, we report a unique lateral flow immunochromatographic assay constructed from a single piece of cellulose paper, which is fabricated via laser cutting. Compared with conventional lateral flow immunochromatographic devices, this single-layer immunoassay enables simpler and faster fabrication, while minimizing material consumption and overall device costs. For proof-of-concept, this device was used to detect Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2), a biomarker for malaria infection, which could be detected at concentrations as low as 4 ng mL-1 by the naked eye with no cross reactivity with other common Plasmodium protein biomarkers. While offering similar speed and ease-of-use as conventional LFIAs with a higher detection sensitivity than existing LFIAs for PfHRP2 detection, this single-layer lateral flow immunoassay has the potential to improve malaria testing, as well as the detection of other important protein biomarkers for point-of-care testing.
A Random Fourier Feature Method for Emulating Computer Models With Gradient Information

Computer models with gradient information are increasingly used in engineering and science. The gradient-enhanced Gaussian process emulator can be used for emulating such models. Because the size o...
Neighborhood Institutions and Residential Home Sales: Evaluating the Impact of Property Tax Exemptions

We focus on the urban amenities of “neighborhood institutions,” which are the myriad localized governments and nonprofits, such as religious and educational institutions, that provide public or quasi-public services to their neighborhoods. We examine whether neighborhood institutions positively impact their surrounding neighborhoods by utilizing property tax exemption records from the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, during 2002–2016. We combine these records with parcel-level data on residential home sales to identify each institution’s exact location and type. Using a traditional hedonic model and a repeat sales model, we examine the influence of nearby tax-exempt properties on residential home sales. We find from the repeat sales model that close proximity (0 m–250 m) to educational properties, labor halls, and utilities are associated with lower home sale prices, all else equal. We find a sporadic and limited positive correlation with nearby colleges and cemeteries and home sale prices.
PPG-KeyGen: Using Photoplethysmogram for Key Generation in Wearable Devices

Abstract In this paper, two different photoplethysmogram (PPG) based cryptographic key generation approaches are proposed. The goal is to improve the security of Body Area Networks (BAN) through robust key generation where keys are generated in a plug-n-play manner without requiring key pre-distribution solutions. The Inter-beat Interval (IBI) feature of PPG underlays both of the proposed approaches. The first approach is realized by using Galois linear feedback shift register and consecutive IBI sequences. An IBI is measured from two consecutive peak points of an individual’s PPG signal where they are the tallest and most conspicuous peaks in a PPG signal. The second approach is realized by utilizing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and IBI as the seed generator for the AES algorithm. The efficiency of the proposed approaches is evaluated using real PPG signals obtained from the PPG-DaLiA dataset of University of California, Irvine. The security analyses of the generated keys are carried out in terms of randomness, distinctiveness, and temporal variance as well as using the NIST benchmark. The analyses show that our key generation approaches provide a better randomness level in comparison to existing approaches relying only on singleton IBI sequences. In addition, our calculations reveal that the average Hamming Distance (HD) between the cryptographic keys generated from PPG signal of two different subjects using the IBI, IBI-Galois, and IBI-AES approaches are: 47.56%, 48.34%, and 49.67%, respectively. Also, our experiments show that the average HD between the cryptographic keys which are generated via PPG signal of the same subject at different time intervals are 47.18%, 48.73%, and 49.51%, respectively.
Practitioner Envy and Construction of the Other in Public Administration

This article focuses on the personal dimension of the identity crisis in public administration and its impact on academic research. Devoid of a socially recognizable secure academic identity, pract...
Conclusion: Teaching Outside of the Traditional Classroom

Muniz, Murti, and Kincade and Fox show the powerfully transformative effects that education can have on marginalized groups in marginalized spaces, provided that the education takes into account the intersectional experiences of the groups involved. More importantly, education from an intersectional perspective centers the race, class, and gender concerns of these marginalized groups and creates a safe space—whether physically, metaphorically, or both—for these groups to voice these concerns. This centering and safe space extends to the educator as well, who must be aware of their own embodiment of intersectionality before they can recognize the significance of their students’ embodiments of intersectionality.
Recurrent NASH Post-liver Transplant: Implications and Treatment

With obesity prevalence increasing, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the fastest growing indication for liver transplantation (LT). It is a common phenomenon to observe recurrence of NASH in post-LT patients. This review discusses about the prevalence of NASH and summarizes the diagnosis and management of recurrent and de novo NASH in post-LT patients. Due to the increased incidence of recurrent and de novo NASH in post-LT patients, it is important to prevent and control metabolic risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity. Tailored immunosuppression along with controlling metabolic parameters and weight gain remain the cornerstone of management. Extrapolation of usage of pre-transplant NASH pharmacotherapy in post-LT patients with recurrent or de novo NASH will remain a challenge for the future until further studies are available.
Contraceptive Effect of Two Anti-Sperm Monoclonal Antibodies, Administered Singly and in Combination, in the Mouse

Although many reports in the literature suggest an association between infertility and anti-sperm antibodies, the particular sperm antigens) that may be responsible is unknown. In an effort to sort out this dilemma, as well as to identify sperm components involved specifically at discrete steps of the gamete interaction process, we have generated antimouse sperm monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
Background paper. Transcription and replication of coronavirus RNA: a 1989 update.

The genomic RNA of coronaviruses has two unique features. Firstly, it is one of the largest stable RNAs known to exist in nature and is unquestionably the largest viral genomic RNA. The complete sequence of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) RNA shows that its size is 27.6 kilobases (kb) (Boursnell et al., 1987). Although the complete sequences of other Coronavirus genomic RNAs are not yet available, preliminary data from several laboratories indicate that the genomic RNA of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is as long as 32 kb (Shieh and Lai, unpublished observations). The large size of these RNAs poses a theoretical quandary for the replication of Coronavirus RNA, considering the high error frequency of RNA-dependent RNA synthesis observed in some systems (Holland et al., 1982; Steinhauer and Holland, 1986). How does Coronavirus RNA replicate faithfully despite the high error frequency of RNA synthesis? It is possible that a proof-reading mechanism operates to correct unavoidable mistakes which are expect d to occur in almost every RNA molecule of this size. Secondly, Coronavirus RNA contains a leader sequence (approximately 72 nucleotides) which is repeated at the 5′-end of every subgenomic mRNA species. This structural organization appears to be similar to that of most of eukaryotic mRNAs which contain leader sequences derived by RNA splicing. Yet the Coronavirus RNA genome does not have consensus splicing signals and the virus replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm (Wilhelmson et al., 1981; Brayton et al., 1981), where there is no conventional RNA splicing machinery. Furthermore, UV transcriptional mapping studies suggest that Coronavirus mRNA species are transcribed independently (Jacobs et al., 1981), instead of being derived by cleavage of a precursor RNA. Thus, a new transcriptional mechanism must operate to transcribe Coronavirus mRNAs.
Entertaining Ourselves to Death

As the opening vignette suggests, consumer decisions regarding entertainment choices at home are interminably mingled with decisions regarding basic utilities. While these specific decisions occur occasionally, they impact daily behaviors regarding how, where, and when to make entertainment choices.
The Internal Medicine Subinternship--Now More Important than Ever: A Joint CDIM-APDIM Position Paper.

For decades, the internal medicine (IM) subinternship has served as a critical interface between undergraduate and graduate medical education. As such, the vast majority of U.S. medical schools offer this rotation to help students prepare for post-graduate training. Historically an experiential rotation, a formal curriculum with specific learning objectives was eventually developed for this course in 2002. Since then, graduate medical education (GME) has changed significantly with the regulation of duty hours, adoption of competency-based education, and development of training milestones and entrustable professional activities. In response to these and many other changes to residency training and medical practice, in 2010, the Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine (APDIM) surveyed its members—with input from the Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine (CDIM) Subinternship Task Force—to determine which core skills program directors expected from new medical school graduates. The results of that survey helped to inform a joint CDIM-APDIM committee’s decision to re-evaluate the goals of the IM subinternship in an effort to enhance the transition from medical school to residency. This joint committee defined the minimum expectations of what constitutes an IM subinternship rotation, proposed recommended skills for IM subinterns, and discussed challenges and future directions for this crucial course.
Extremes of white blood cell count do not independently predict outcome among surgical patients with infection.

Historically patients with severely depressed or elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts during infection were felt to have worse outcomes. To test this assumption we prospectively analyzed all infections on the surgical services at the University of Virginia hospital between December 1, 1996 and April 1, 1999. Among 1737 infectious episodes 59 presented with leukopenia (WBC count or = 30,000 cells/microL). Compared with other infected patients leukopenic patients had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores (18+/-0.9 vs 12+/-0.2, P < 0.0001) and mortality (23.7% vs 11.4%, P = 0.004). Patients with leukemoid responses also had higher APACHE II scores (21+/-1.0 vs 12+/-0.2, P < 0.0001) and mortality (30.3% vs 11.4%, P < 0.0001). Compared with a control group randomly matched (2:1) by age and APACHE II score, however, there was no significant difference in mortality associated with leukopenia or a leukemoid response. Furthermore logistic regression did not reveal leukopenia or leukemoid responses to be independent predictors of mortality (odds ratio for death with leukopenia = 1.57, 95% confidence interval = 0.63-3.91, P = 0.33; odds ratio for death with leukemoid response = 1.19, 95% confidence interval = 0.70-2.02, P = 0.53). Although very low or very high WBC counts may represent markers of severe illness in infected surgical patients they do not appear to be significant contributors to a worsened outcome.
Anomeric Configuration of Galactose Residues in Ceramide Trihexosides

Abstract With the use of fig α-galactosidase and jack bean β-galactosidase, ceramide trihexosides (galactosyl-(1 → 4)-galactosyl-(1 → 4)-glucosyl-(1 → 1)-ceramide) isolated from the kidney of Fabry's patient, normal human kidney, human erythrocytes, hamster fibroblasts, and Nakahara-Fukuoka sarcoma are found to contain terminal α-galactosyl and penultimate β-galactosyl linkages.
RELATIVE FITNESS OF POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA SERRATA AND DROSOPHILA BIRCHII.

OBZHANSKY (1955), in a discussion of evolutionary processes in Mendelian populations, has pointed out that “the work in this field is severely handicapped by lack of reliable methods of comparing the fitness of populations and, of course, by the lack of clarity of the concept of fitness itself.” Fitness is a property that can be attributed to an individual, a genotype, a Mendelian p o p lation, a species or a higher biological category. At any of these different levels of integration of the biological world, the word “fitness” may be used meaning widely different things, but in all instances “fitness must refer to the ability of an organism to leave surviving off spring” ( LERNER 1954). The fitness of an individual is measured by the mean number of offspring in the next generation (PENROSE 1949; KNIGHT and ROBERTSON 1957; REED 1959). For a higher biological category, fitness may be defined in terms of the descendants left after one or many generations. THODAY (1953, 1958) defines fitness as the probability that a “contemporary group of individuals” will leave descendants after a given long period of time, such as los years. This kind of definition, whatever its theoretical interest, does not lend itself to an experimental estimation of fitness. Several attempts have been made to define the fitness of a genotype or of a Mendelian population in quantitative terms, so that it may be experimentally approached. These definitions are given in relation to a certain environment. FISHER (1930) has defined the fitness of a genotype as the “expectation of offspring,” that is the contribution of the individuals carrying that genotype to the next generation, and defined the “Malthusian parameter” as the natural logarithm of that quantity. Related concepts are the “intrademic selective value” of a population as defined by WRIGHT (1955) and the “adaptive value” used by population geneticists in their experimental studies (WRIGHT 1931 ; HALDANE 1932) which involve the relative fitness of different genotypes. The fitness of a genotype or of a Mendelian population has been frequently discussed in terms of the various components of the life cycle, such as fecundity, hatchability, rate of development of immature stages, differential mortality of immature stages, sterility, sexual activity of adults, longevity of adults, etc. It should be noted that all these are components of a single value of fitness and not alternative estimates of it, as some workers seem to imply. Attempts have been made (e.g. WALLACE 1948) to combine these components into the fitness in the ’ Research supported in part by grant NSF GB-19OG from the National Science Foundation * Present address The Rockefeller Institute, New York Clty
The Effects of Family Structure and Family Processes on Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors of Male and Female Youth: A Longitudinal Examination

The present study examined potential gender differences in the effects of family structure and family processes on externalizing and internalizing behavioral outcomes among youth over time. Using data from waves one through three of the Add Health study, results indicated that the relationship between family structure and family processes on behavioral outcomes varied depending on the specific externalizing or internalizing behavior. Family structure directly influenced three different externalizing behaviors, but indirectly influenced internalizing behaviors through its effect on maternal attachment and to some degree parental permissiveness. The long-term influence of family structure, family processes, and later externalizing and internalizing behaviors is complex. These relationships played out similarly across both male and female youth, suggesting that the effect of living in a single-parent home, subsequent family processes, and individual behavior and well-being may not be different across gender.
Solar Particle Transport in a Dynamical Quasi-linear Theory

Current theories for parallel diffusion of high-energy particles in the heliosphere are fairly well accepted, and supported by both observations and simulation results, if recently found evidence for the magnetic fluctuations consisting of a partly slab and partly two-dimensional composite geometry is taken into account. However, there are important outstanding questions pertaining at medium to low energies where dynamical effects in the solar wind, such as propagation and thermal damping of waves, and time-dependent decorrelation of magnetic fluctuations, have a strong influence on the scattering mean free path. A model is presented that addresses the above effects and is able to explain the observed rigidity dependence of particle mean free paths ranging from keV electrons to GeV protons. The dynamical processes, leading to a strongly nonresonant pitch-angle scattering through 90° at low rigidities, can be described by a single parameter that is determined from the observed density, temperature, and magnetic field strength in the solar wind. This leaves the slab content of the fluctuations, which is most effective in particle scattering, as the only remaining input parameter. Mean free paths for electrons and protons determined for a solar particle event were compared with predictions from the model based on an estimate of the slab component from magnetic field fluctuations observed during the time of the event. We find that the model reproduces the observations well, suggesting that a relation between the properties of solar particle transport and of solar wind turbulence on an event-by-event basis has finally become possible. Consequences for other energetic particle processes in the heliosphere and possibilities to use solar electrons to probe properties of the solar wind turbulence in regions not accessible by spacecraft are discussed.
Public acceptance and risk-benefit perception of CO2 geological storage for global warming mitigation in Japan

CO2 geological storage will be one of the cost-effective options for global warming mitigation, and this technology is under development widely in the world. However, the technology may face the challenge of public acceptance before its implementation. In order to evaluate the public acceptance, questionnaire surveys were conducted among Japanese university students. A cognitive map of geological storage, together with other major global warming mitigation options, everyday life activities, etc., was constructed by means of a statistical analysis of the responses to the questionnaire. The risk-benefit cognitive map consists of the following factors: “risk perception,” “benefit perception,” and “public acceptance.” The risk perception is further disaggregated into “dread risk” and “unknown risk.” Additionally, a second survey was conducted after providing the students with additional information on global warming and CO2 geological storage, and the effects of the information on their perceptions were evaluated. The effects of risk and benefit perceptions on public acceptance were evaluated and discussed based on the cognitive maps representing the perceptions before and after providing the information. The analyses revealed that the benefit perception was more influential than the risk perception on the public acceptance of CO2 geological storage. The benefit perception increased greatly after providing the information; however, the unknown risk remained considerably large. Further, RD&D relating unknown risk, for example, the monitoring technology for stored CO2 and the risk assessment of CO2 leakage, and the supply of related information to the public would be beneficial for increasing the public acceptance.
Spectrophotometry of the shell around AG Carinae

Spatially-resolved long-slit spectrophotometry are presented for two regions of the shell nebula around the P-Cygni variable star AG Carinae. The spectra cover the 3700-6800 A wavelength range. Emission-line diagnostics are used to derive extinction, electron temperatures, and densities for various positions in the nebula. The chemical abundances and ionization structure are calculated and compared with other types of planetary nebulae and shells around other luminous stars. It is found that the N/O and N/S ratios of Ag Car are high compared to solar neighborhood ISM values. The O/H depletion found for the AG Car shell approaches that found in the condensations of the Eta Car system.
Speech rates and turn-taking behaviors of children who stutter and their fathers.

Paralinguistic behaviors, including speech rates and turn-taking behaviors, of boys who stutter and boys who do not stutter and their fathers were investigated. Subjects were 11 boys who stutter (m...
Glycoprotein Disease Markers and Single Protein-omics

Glycoproteins are well represented among biomarkers for inflammatory and cancer diseases. Secreted and membrane-associated glycoproteins make excellent targets for noninvasive detection. In this review, we discuss clinically applicable markers of cancer diseases and methods for their analysis. High throughput discovery continues to supply marker candidates with unusual glycan structures, altered glycoprotein abundance, or distribution of site-specific glycoforms. Improved analytical methods are needed to unlock the potential of these discoveries in validated clinical assays. A new generation of targeted quantitative assays is expected to advance the use of glycoproteins in early detection of diseases, molecular disease classification, and monitoring of therapeutic interventions.
Equating Training to Education.

(1993). Equating Training to Education. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 34-38.
THE PARTICIPATION OF SKIN LYMPHATICS IN REPAIR OF THE LESIONS DUE TO INCISIONS AND BURNS

With the aid of solutions of vital dyes the lymphatic capillaries in the ear of the mouse have been studied during the period of immediate reaction to injuries of various sorts and during the period of repair. The behavior of lymphatics severed by incision differs greatly from that of the small blood vessels. Instead of closing they sometimes remain open for as long as 48 hours. Materials introduced into the wound pass directly into the lymphatics through their gaping ends, a fact which will explain why infection from incisions is predominantly along the lymphatics. All around an injury the lymphatics are rendered abnormally permeable. So, too, are the blood vessels, a fact well recognized in the past. Twenty-four to 48 hours later, at a time when the blood vessels in the edematous tissue surrounding the injured area are still much more permeable than normal, the draining lymphatics allow far less to escape than usual. The possible reasons for this have been discussed. The lymphatics participate in the removal of fluid from the edematous tissue. As repair after injury takes place severed lymphatics may reunite when as yet there are no functioning blood vessels. Later an active hyperplasia of the lymphatic channels occurs, an extraordinarily abundant plexus of minute lymph capillaries budding into the area under repair.
Using expert systems in typographic design

The use of expert system technology in future electronic publishing software to aid an author in making reasonable design decisions is proposed. Rules that are used by printing professionals in their design processes are discussed, along with proposals for expert system integration in this domain.
Nonlinear response of single piles under lateral inertial and seismic loads

Abstract A macroscopic model that consists of distributed hysteretic springs and frequency dependent -pots is utilized to model the lateral soil reaction and a practical method based on one-dimensional finite element formulation is developed to compute the nonlinear response of single piles under dynamic lateral loads. The model is physically motivated, adequate for cohesive and cohesionless soils, and involves standard geotechnical parameters. Only two parameters have to be calibrated by fitting experimental data. Hysteretic and radiation damping are modeled realistically within the practical range of amplitudes and frequencies. The model is calibrated and validated against five well instrumented full-scale experiments and typical values for the range of the model-parameters are provided. Subsequently, the developed model is utilized to study the nonlinear seismic response of single piles. Finally, the developed method and the calibrated model are used to predict the inertial and seismic response of one of the piles used in the foundation of the Ohba bridge near Tokyo, Japan.
G protein-coupled receptors as direct targets of inhaled anesthetics.

The molecular pharmacology of inhalational anesthetics remains poorly understood. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that neuronal membrane proteins are potential targets of inhaled anesthetics, most currently favored membrane protein targets lack any direct evidence for anesthetic binding. We report herein the location of the binding site for the inhaled anesthetic halothane at the amino acid residue level of resolution in the ligand binding cavity in a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor, bovine rhodopsin. Tryptophan fluorescence quenching and direct photoaffinity labeling with [14C]halothane suggested an interhelical location of halothane with a stoichiometry of 1 (halothane/rhodopsin molar ratio). Radiosequence analysis of [14C]halothane-labeled rhodopsin revealed that halothane contacts an amino acid residue (Trp265) lining the ligand binding cavity in the transmembrane core of the receptor. The predicted functional consequence, competition between halothane and the ligand retinal, was shown here by spectroscopy and is known to exist in vivo. These data suggest that competition with endogenous ligands may be a general mechanism of the action of halothane at this large family of signaling proteins.
My automated conversation helper (MACH): helping people improve social skills.

Ever been in a situation where you didn't get that job despite being the deserving candidate? What went wrong? Psychology literature suggests that the most important skill towards making an impression during interviews is your interpersonal/social skills. Is it possible for people to improve their social skills (e.g., vary the voice intonation, and pauses appropriately; use social smiles, when appropriate; and maintain eye contact) through a computerized intervention? In this thesis, I propose to develop an autonomous and Automated Conversation Helper (3D virtual character) that can play the role of the interviewer, allowing participants to practice their social skills in context of job interviews. The Automated Conversation Helper is being developed with the ability to "see" (facial expression processing), "hear" (speech recognition and prosody analysis) and "respond" (speech and behavior synthesis) in real-time and provide live feedback on participant's non-verbal behavior.
Pulsatile- and cellular-mode interaction in rapid directional solidification.

Merchant and Davis performed a linear stability analysis on a model for the directional solidification of a dilute binary alloy valid for all speeds; in their work, the temperature field is decoupled from the analysis. The analysis revealed that, in addition to the Mullins-Sekerka cellular mode, there is an oscillatory instability whose preferred wave number is zero. In this paper, the nonlinear interaction of these two modes in the vicinity of their simultaneous onset is analyzed. A pair of coupled Landau equations is obtained that determines the amplitudes of the modes. Any combination of primary bifurcations may occur. Secondary bifurcations also occur; there exist stable mixed modes and regions of bistability. The results are discussed in terms of experimentally relevant variables.
Study of the growth of thin Mg films on wurtzite GaN surfaces

Abstract The growth, structure and electronic properties of thin (≤20 A thick) Mg films on clean, n-type wurtzite GaN have been studied using Auger, photoemission and electron-energy-loss spectroscopies and low-energy electron diffraction. Epitaxial growth occurs near 300 K leading to a (1×1)-ordered metal layer. Site exchange between Mg and Ga releases free Ga, which remains near the interface, and incorporates Mg into the GaN near the interface. Deposition of less than one monolayer of Mg moves the Fermi level ∼0.60 eV farther down into the gap, from the initial position of 2.60 eV above the valence band maximum, where it remains essentially fixed with increasing Mg coverage. Annealing leads to desorption of metallic Mg which, for a thin film, is essentially complete at ∼520 K. There is no indication of extensive intermixing of either Ga or N with the Mg. A residue of Ga and Mg adatoms or small non-metallic clusters, remaining after desorption of the metal, persists to at least 620 K. Desorption of metallic Mg has little or no effect on the Fermi-level position which, therefore, is determined mainly by trapping of electrons by acceptors that result from Mg incorporation into the surface, rather than by Schottky-barrier formation.
Influence of surface anisotropy on the magnetization of the Heisenberg ferromagnet.

We examine theoretically the influence of surface anisotropy on the magnetization of the Heisenberg ferromagnet in its outermost layers. Emphasis is on the case where the surface spins sense an easy axis normal to the surface and at temperatures where spin-wave theory may be applied. For parameters in the range of those that emerge from recent analyses of Fe surfaces and interfaces, we find the influence of surface anisotropy to be very modest, except at rather low temperatures (10-K range). A key element in the analysis is a cancellation between the surface spin-wave contribution to the magnetization and that from a ``hole'' produced in the density of the bulk waves, when the surface wave is removed from the bulk spin-wave bands. Our theoretical analysis is based on a Green's-function method.
The molecular biology of cervical cancer

Infections with specific high-risk of human papillomavirus constitute a major risk factor in the development of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. Laboratory studies suggest that the human papillomavirus has a mechanistic role in development of these lesions. The two viral proteins consistently expressed in cervical carcinomas functionally abrogate critical cell cycle regulatory pathways, including those governed by the p53 tumor suppressor protein and the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene, pRB. Subversion of these pathways by viral proteins causes genomic instability, resulting in the accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities followed by clonal expansion of malignant cells. Since continued expression of the papillomavirus proteins is critical for maintenance of the transformed state, they are attractive targets for prevention and therapy of precursor as well as cancerous lesions of the cervix.
Brillouin bandwidth determination from excess-noise characteristics of SBS signals in single-mode fibers

The effects of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) on the power-handling capability of single-mode optical fibers has been extensively studied in recent years.12 In low-loss silica fibers in the 1.3- and 1.5-µm telecommunications windows, thresholds for the onset of SBS as low as a few milliwatts have been reported. The SBS frequency offset and bandwidth have been investigated for a variety of different fibers3,4; Brillouin gain bandwidths ranging from ~30 to ~200 MHz have been reported at 1.3 µm, compared to the 21-MHz bandwidth for bulk silica. In this paper we show that SBS bandwidths determined from direct heterodyne detection correlate with the bandwidth determined from the excess intensity noise of the SBS signal.
The histochemistry of the venom glands of the rattlesnake Crotalus viridis helleri—I Lipid and non-specific esterase☆

Abstract Crotalus viridis helleri venom glands were exposed to histochemical reactions for lipid and non-specific esterase activities in unmilked snakes and at 1, 4, 8 and 15 days following milking. Lipid and non-specific esterase were found in homologous areas during all stages analyzed. These components were concentrated in the basal region of the secretory cells and smaller amounts were scattered throughout the cytoplasm of the cells. Supporting connective tissue septa contained heavy concentrations of lipid and non-specific esterase activities.
Impact of Surface Roughness on Formation of Micro Cracks and Fatigue Performance

Tungsten-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have been magnetron sputtered with chromium and chromium/tungsten carbide dual interlayers onto 410 stainless steel rods. The surface finish (Ra) of the substrate before deposition was 0.10–0.25 μm for a set of rough rods and 0.05 to 0.10 μm for a set of smooth rods. SEM analyses revealed different kinds of flaws in the as-deposited films (virgin coating). Two samples, one from each set, were fatigue tested under uni-axial tension to determine the effect of the substrate surface roughness on the performance of the coating. Surface analysis revealed a different response between films deposited on rough and smooth substrates. Severe failure modes such as spalling and wide cracks developed from initial film flaws in the rough substrate sample. Cracks and film spalling were also observed in the smooth substrate sample but the severity, in terms of crack dimensions and density was considerably lower than the rough substrate sample.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Neutrino emission from ungapped quark matter

We study neutrino emission from a normal, ungapped, quark phase in the core of a compact star. Neutrino emission from noninteracting quark matter leads to an emissivity that scales as {epsilon}{approx}T{sup 7}. We show that the emissivity is enhanced by a combination of Fermi liquid and non-Fermi liquid effects. Fermi liquid effects lead to an emissivity that scales as {epsilon}{approx}{alpha}{sub s}T{sup 6}, as originally shown by Iwamoto. We demonstrate that non-Fermi liquid effects further enhance the rate, leading to {epsilon}{approx}{alpha}{sub s}{sup 3}T{sup 6}log(m/T){sup 2}, where m is the electric screening scale and m>>T under the conditions found in compact stars. We show, however, that combined with non-Fermi liquid effects in the specific heat the enhancement in the emissivity only leads to a modest reduction in the temperature of the star at late times. Our results confirm existing bounds on the presence of ungapped quark matter in compact stars. We also discuss neutrino emission from superconducting phases with ungapped fermionic excitations.