cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of oxygen exposure on the methanogenic activity of an anaerobic bacterial consortium

Due to industrial, agricultural, and defense operations, chlorinated solvents, and their natural transformation products, have been found in drinking water, wastewater, and ground water throughout the industrialized world [1]. Further, such compounds represent the most prevalent organic groundwater contaminants in the U.S. [2]. Because many are priority pollutants and/or suspected carcinogens or mutagens, the movement, transformation, and fate of these contaminants in the environment is of interest [3]. For these compounds, in situ bioremediation has the potential to substantially reduce cleanup duration and cost, when compared with traditional pump-and-treat technologies [4].
Preliminary design for a paratransit tracking system to inform planning decisions in urban centers in developing countries

While Matatu minibuses in Nairobi, Kenya are an important part of the urban transportation system, they significantly contribute to congestion, air pollution, and can be unsafe. Matatus are part of the paratransit (i.e. not fully public transit, and often utilizes smaller vehicles that are privately owned) system in Nairobi, providing service to millions of people. Despite their prominence, there is a lack of data both in terms of the number of Matatus as well as route frequency. For example, though some sources cite 15,000 Matatus in operation, there is significant variation in the estimates of the number of Matatu minibuses. The purpose of this project is to develop a low cost tracking system built with open source technology that can relay real-time location information to a database accessible by the Nairobi city planners. From this database, city planners will be able to analyze frequency and intensity of routes, and use this information to inform comprehensive plans. This paper covers the preliminary design and results for the four subsystems of the tracking system: power supply, microcontroller-sensor assembly, housing, and data processing. The open source Arduino based microcontroller assembly collects GPS data and saves it to an SD card. The data will then be sent via GSM technology to reach the cloud database. From there, the data can be exported and analyzed by the city planners using custom dashboards. The microcontroller will be powered by a battery array that is recharged by photovoltaic panels. The system will be designed so that additional sensor collection capabilities (e.g. air quality sensors) can be added to the device in the future.
Precision machine design assistant: A constraint-based tool for the design and evaluation of precision machine tool concepts

Precision machines are necessary to manufacture parts and subassemblies that require tight tolerances. During the design of precision machines, like any design, it is critical that the best concept is chosen in the early stages of the design process because 80% of the final cost and quality of a product are designed in at this phase. In addition, changes and optimization late in the design process have limited impact on cost and quality. Typically, during the design of precision machines, engineers and skilled machinists develop several machine concepts and down select based on heuristics and past design experience rather than quantitative measures. This paper describes a computation tool, Precision Machine Design Assistant (PMDA), which automates basic machine error simulation and concept evaluation. The tool uses a combination of machine error motion modelling and constraint-based design methods. By combining these methods in a computational environment, multiple machine concepts may be rapidly modeled, analyzed, and compared. The goal of the program is to assist the designer in the selection of a superior concept for detail design. The PMDA methods and implementation are demonstrated in an example.
Time reversal communication in Rayleigh-fading broadcast channels with pinholes

Abstract The Letter presents an analysis of the time reversal in independent-multipath Rayleigh-fading channels with N inputs (transmitters) and M outputs (receivers). The main issues addressed are the condition of statistical stability, the rate of information transfer and the effect of pinholes. The stability condition is proved to be M C ≪ N eff B for broadband channels and M ≪ N eff for narrowband channels where C is the symbol rate, B is the bandwidth and N eff is the effective number (maybe less than 1) of transmitters. It is shown that when the number of screens, n − 1 , is relatively low compared to the logarithm of numbers of pinholes N eff is given by the harmonic (or inverse) sum of the number of transmitters and the numbers of pinholes at all screens. The novel idea of the effective number of time reversal array (TRA) elements is introduced to derive the stability condition and estimate the channel capacity in the presence of multi-screen pinholes. The information rate, under the constraints of the noise power ν per unit frequency and the average total power P, attains the supremum P / ν in the regime M ∧ N eff ≫ P / ( ν B ) . In particular, when N eff ≫ M ≫ P / ( B ν ) the optimal information rate can be achieved with statistically stable, sharply focused signals.
Binary divisible codes of maximum dimension

Divisible codes were introduced by H.N. Ward in 1981. A divisible code is a linear code over a finite field whose codewords all have weights divisible by some integer Δ > 1, where Δ is called a divisor of the code. A binary linear code is said to be of (divisibility) level e if e is the greatest integer such that 2 e is a divisor of the code. The doubly-even binary self-dual codes may be viewed as level 2 divisible codes attaining the largest conceivable dimension for their lengths. In this paper, we give an exact upper bound for the dimension of binary divisible codes in terms of code length and divisibility level (when the level is at least 3) and prove the uniqueness up to equivalence of the code attaining this bound, given the hypothesis that a certain non-zero weight exists. We also prove that the hypothesis is true for level 3 divisible codes of maximum dimension with relatively short lengths.
A distinction in vitro between rat liver phosphatidate phosphatase and phospholipase C

Abstract Hepatocellular membranes (1000 × g ) containing membrane-associated, labeled phosphatidic acid were incubated (1–30 min) with 2 mM oleate or 5 mM bromobenzene in the presence or absence of various metals and NaF. Under the appropriate incubation conditions, membranes displayed rapid and significant oleate- and bromobenzene-dependent increases in the dephosphorylation of labeled phosphatidic acid. However, oleate and bromobenzene activated the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate by phosphatidate phosphatase and phospholipase C, respectively. This conclusion is supported by the observation that the phosphatase stimulated by oleate is: (1) Mg 2+ -dependent; (2) inhibited by other metals, such as Ca 2+ ; (3) inhibited by NaF; (4) specific for phosphatidic acid; and (5) associated with a rise in liver cell triacylglycerol production. Bromobenzene, however, activated a phospholipase C that is: (1) stimulated by various metals, such as Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Ba 2+ (2) insensitive to NaF; (3) associated with the degradation of various membrane phospholipids; (4), associated with liver cell injury; and (5) not associated with a rise in liver cell triacylglycerol formation. These results suggest that under appropriate conditions in vitro the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid can be used to assess changes in phosphatidate phosphatase and/or phospholipase C activity. The distinction between these enzymes is important, since phosphatidate phosphatase and phospholipase C regulate key steps in phospholipid biosynthesis and degradation, respectively.
Recessions and Mortality in Spain, 1980–1997

The relationship between economic fluctuations and mortality is assessed with data from Spain during the years 1980–1997, when national unemployment oscillated between 7% and 24%. Mortality rates of the Spanish provinces are modeled in fixed-effect panel regressions as functions of the demographic structure and the economic conditions. Unemployment effects on general mortality, sex-specific mortality, and mortality for major causes of death are negative, i.e., death rates increase procyclically when joblessness diminishes in an economic expansion. Homicides and female suicides are only weakly related or unrelated to economic fluctuations, but male suicides escalate countercyclically during economic downturns.
Diagnostic interviewing by digital computer

A computer system is proposed for conducting large-scale psychodiagnostic interviews. The discussion focuses on the rationale for the use of the computer as an interviewer, computer hardware and software problems encountered, and on an operational computer program which approximates the ideal automated interview scheme.
Spectrum effects of a new polypeptide (third hormone?) isolated from the chicken pancreas

Abstract A broad evaluation was made of the biological effects of a new polypeptide (APP), 36 amino acid residues, MW 4200, isolated from the chicken pancreas. APP is an effective hepatic glycogenolytic and plasma hypoglycerolemic agent in the absence of plasma glucose perturbation. APP (at much lower doses) is also a powerful gastric secretogogue, inducing within seconds marked increases in proventricular volume, H + , pepsin, and total protein release. Such proventricular response is not mediated through systemic cardiovascular alterations or the vagus nerves, and are quite opposite to those observed with beef or chicken glucagon. It is concluded that the chicken pancreas releases APP to exert a “gastrinlike” secretogogic action on the proventriculus and, at higher concentrations, a metabolic action as well.
History Made Every Day

The number and density of digital photos taken in cities is making it possible to automatically contextualize the photos and capture the continuous history across places, people, events, and objects of interest.
A generalized finite difference method for solid mechanics

Procedures are developed that improve the applicability of the finite difference method to problems in solid mechanics. This is accomplished by formulating the coefficients of the Taylor series expansion used to approximate derivative quantities in terms of physically interpretable strain gradients. Improvements realized include modeling of boundary conditions that has intuitive appeal and the use of irregular grids in a natural manner. These developments are demonstrated for the analysis of plane stress problems with traction boundary conditions. The results compare well with finite element solutions. The approach suggests further generalization of the finite difference method.
STABILITY IN A COURNOT MARKET CHARACTERIZED BY UNCERTAINTY

This paper seeks to analyze the stability of an oligopolistic market characterized by uncertainty where each firm uses all the information available in assessing probabilities. It is convenient to define some notation…
Task-learning policies for collaborative task solving in human-robot interaction

The objective of this doctoral research is to design multimodal task-learning policies for a robotic system that targets the exchange of task rules between humans and robots. This objective is achieved through a collaborative task application during human-robot interaction where the two partners learn a task from each other and accomplish a shared goal. As a first step, a method to model human-action primitives using a pattern-recognition technique is presented. Next, algorithms are developed to generate turn-taking strategies in response to human task behaviors. The contribution of this work is in engaging robots with humans in collaborative play task by modeling statistical patterns of play behaviors and reusing previously learned knowledge to reduce the decision process. Here, results of previous work are presented, and remaining works including deploying a physically embodied agent and developing an evaluation platform are outlined.
Domain decomposition method for parabolic problems with Neumann conditions

Abstract Many explicit/implicit and the modified implicit prediction (MIP) domain decomposition methods are used to solve parabolic partial differential equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The MIP algorithm is very effective on Dirichlet problems. In this paper we investigate the MIP algorithm on the parabolic equations with Neumann boundary conditions. The numerical experiments show that the MIP algorithm is unconditionally stable. Moreover it is proven that the speedup is linear when the MIP algorithm is applied to the Neumann boundary conditions.
Endoscopic optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed optical imaging technique that uses low coherence interferometry to perform high resolution, cross-sectional imaging in biological systems. While in vitro studies have been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of performing optical biopsy in human tissues, key technologies must be developed to extend this technique to in vivo internal organ systems. These advances include improvements in image acquisition speed, and the development of an OCT compatible catheter-endoscope. A fast scanning OCT system has recently been constructed. This system employs a high power (200 mW) chromium doped forsterite laser as the low coherence source and a piezoelectric fiber stretcher to induce reference arm optical path length delay. The fast scanning system acquires OCT images with an acquisition rate of four images per second, an axial resolution of 15 micrometers, and a signal to noise ratio of 112 dB. When incorporated with the recently constructed OCT compatible catheter-endoscope, this system is capable of obtaining high resolution endoscopic diagnostic images of tissue microstructure in vivo.
Wetting transition in a three-component surfactant system

This paper describes a wetting transition of a middle surfactant-rich phase found in a three-component water/oil/surfactant system, in which all three phases are liquid. By varying temperature, and interfacial transition from a non-wetting to a wetting regime is observed several degrees below the critical end point of the oil-rich and surfactant-rich phases.
Developing a porcine model for study of vocal fold scar.

Summary The porcine larynx is very similar in size and structure to that of humans, and wound healing in pigs is very similar to that of humans. However, the pig is not often used in vocal fold scar research because it is difficult to view the vocal folds endoscopically. To further assess the pig as a model for studying vocal scar, we compared the plane of surgical dissection in the mucosa of four porcine vocal folds with that in eight human cadaver larynges. The plane of dissection was quite similar in porcine and human larynges, occurring within the loose layer of the superficial lamina propria. We also compared healing of porcine vocal folds after elevation and replacement of an epithelial flap versus excision of epithelium, leaving an open wound. After 6 weeks, larynges were harvested for histologic examination. There was no significant difference between the mucosa of the normal vocal fold and that of the healed microflap. However, after healing of epithelial excision, there was a depressed scar, with average lamina propria thickness of 302μm versus 864μm for the normal fold ( P ex vivo phonation. Experimentally created scar in the porcine larynx is a favorable model for the study of vocal fold healing and for assessment of treatments for vocal fold scar.
An acute psychosocial stressor increases drinking in non-treatment-seeking alcoholics

Rationale Although studies suggest that stress is an important reason for relapse in alcoholics, few controlled studies have been conducted to examine this assumption. Evidence of stress-potentiated drinking would substantiate this clinical observation and would contribute to the development of a model that would be valuable to alcohol treatment research.
Influence of surface scattering on the radio- frequency size effect

The surface impedance of a thin metal plate excited by a rf electromagnetic field is calculated as a function of external dc magnetic field applied in the plane of the plate under the nonlocal conditions of the anomalous skin effect. A linearized Boltzmann equation in the relaxation time approximation for isotropic bulk scattering is solved by means of a generalized kinetic formulation which (i) describes the surface scattering by means of a specularity function that can depend on the angle of collision of the electron trajectories with the surface, and which (ii) contains an ineffectiveness parameter in the nonlocal form of Ohm's law, thus providing a measure for the possibility that electrons colliding with the boundaries are less effective than bulk electrons in linking the current density at one point of the conductor with the electric field at another point. This generalized path-integral solution of the Boltzmann equation is coupled with Maxwell's equations, and the resulting integrodifferential equation is solved for the spatial distribution of the electric field inside the metal plate using the numerical procedure discussed in an earlier publication by the author. This is done for both the symmetric and antisymmetric modes of excitation of the plate by the rf field in the case of a model cylindrical Fermi surface. The resulting curves for the surface impedance versus the applied dc magnetic field exhibit characteristic features which are greatly influenced by the explicit choice of the specularity function and/or the ineffectiveness parameter. It is suggested that these features can be used in conjunction with experiment to determine the correct parameters for the surface scattering mechanism.
Indolent Primary Cutaneous γ/δ T-Cell Lymphoma Localized to the Subcutaneous Panniculus and Its Association With Atypical Lymphocytic Lobular Panniculitis

The 2005 classification of lymphoma proposed the designation of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma exclusively for those tumors composed of α/β neoplastic cells. Subcutaneous lymphomas that comprised γ/δ T cells are termed primary cutaneous γ/δ T-cell lymphoma. The different clinical outcomes justified this separation; a more indolent course was characteristic of the α/β variants vs the poor 5-year survival of the γ/δ forms. We describe 5 patients with γ/δ T-cell lymphoma localized to the subcutis with a less aggressive clinical course. Two patients were alive 5 years after presentation, and in the remaining 3, the disease is in complete remission after simple intervention. Three patients had a waxing and waning phase, likely representing a prelymphomatous phase, which then progressed to an overt malignant tumor. Therefore, it is important to recognize that not all patients with γ/δ T-cell lymphomas have a poor prognosis. Upon completion of this activity you will be able to: The ASCP is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The ASCP designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit ™ per article. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. This activity qualifies as an American Board of Pathology Maintenance of Certification Part II Self-Assessment Module. The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose. Questions appear on p 158. Exam is located at [www.ascp.org/ajcpcme][1]. [1]: http://www.ascp.org/ajcpcme
Generating Transit Performance Measures with Archived Data

Measuring the performance of a transit system is the first step toward efficient and proactive management. Since 1990, the use of performance measures for transportation planning and operations has gained a great deal of attention, particularly as transportation agencies are required to provide service with diminishing resources. In the past, it was very difficult and costly to collect comprehensive performance data. Thus, until recently, the transit industry has relied on limited, general, and aggregate measures for reporting performance to external funding and regulatory agencies. In Portland, Oregon, the local transit provider (TriMet) has developed a bus dispatch system (BDS) consisting of automatic vehicle location, communications, automatic passenger counters, and a central dispatch center. Most significantly, TriMet had the foresight to develop a system to archive all of its stop-level data, which are then available for conversion to performance indicators. It is demonstrated that there are powerful ways in which the data collected by the BDS can be converted into potentially valuable Transit Performance Measures (TPMs). These TPMs have been proposed in the past but were not implemented because of data limitations. It is envisioned that systematic use of TPMs can assist a transit agency in improving the quality and reliability of its service, leading to improvements for customers and operators alike.
Long Term Superfusion of Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells: Effects of Repeated Pulses of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone at Different Doses, Durations, and Frequencies

We investigated the temporal release of LH by rat pituitary cells superfused with repeated pulses of GnRH at different doses (amplitudes), frequencies, and pulse durations. Anterior pituitary (AP) cells prepared from ovariectomized rats were cultured on bio-beads and then placed in columns and superfused. The cells were stimulated intermittently for 24 h with synthetic GnRH given as pulses of 6-, 10-, or 15-min duration at frequencies of one pulse per 30, 60, or 90 min. In the first experiment we tested the temporal response of cells exposed to different doses of GnRH. At all doses, the first pulse of GnRH stimulated greater LH release than subsequent pulses. The response to subsequent pulses varied with dose. At low doses (1 and 5 × 10−10 m) of GnRH, the AP cells stabilized and released similar amounts of LH in response to each sequential identical GnRH pulse for up to 24 h. In contrast, at high doses (10−8 and −6 m) of GnRH, the AP cells gradually released less LH with each pulse. During the initial pul...
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Implications of the Results of the Women's Health Initiative

The higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and venous thrombosis among women taking estrogen and progesterone (E+P) compared with placebo in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial have important implications for women's health. Previous studies in both men and women have shown that estrogen therapy lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The changes in these lipoproteins should be associated with at least a 30% decline in CHD risk. Estrogens increased very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride levels and C-reactive protein. There is evidence that estrogens increase thrombin generation and fibrinolysis. The increase in VLDL triglycerides may enhance thrombotic risk as well as higher levels of atherogenic lipoproteins, such as dense low-density lipoprotein. Genetic variations in estrogen receptors and thrombosis or fibrinolysis may also be important in risks associated with E+P therapy. The increased risk of CHD and stroke with E+P therapy may be attributable to rise in VLDL triglycerides and thrombosis.
Heterogeneous BiCMOS technologies and circuits and the DARPA Diverse Accessible Heterogeneous Integration (DAHI) program

The DARPA Diverse Accessible Heterogeneous Integration (DAHI) program is developing transistor-scale heterogeneous integration processes to intimately combine advanced compound semiconductor (CS) devices, as well as other emerging materials and devices, with high-density silicon CMOS technology. This technology is currently enabling BiCMOS RF/mixed signal circuits with revolutionary performance. For example, InP HBT + CMOS technology is being utilized in advanced DACs and ADCs with CMOS-enabled calibration and self-healing techniques for correcting static and dynamic errors in situ. Such CMOS-enabled self-healing techniques will more generally enable improved CS-based circuit performance and yield in the presence of process and environmental variability, as well as aging. DAHI is also expected to enable the integration of high power CS devices with silicon-based linearization techniques to realize highly power efficient transmitters. By enabling this heterogeneous integration capability, DAHI seeks to establish a new paradigm for microsystems designers to utilize a diverse array of materials and device technologies on a common silicon-based platform.
Diminished leptin signaling can alter circadian rhythm of metabolic activity and feeding

Leptin, a hormone mainly produced by fat cells, shows cell-specific effects to regulate feeding and metabolic activities. We propose that an important feature of metabolic dysregulation resulting i...
A Hydrodynamic Fast Mixer Utilizing 3D Focusing to Follow Protein Folding Kinetics

We have developed a hydrodynamic fast mixer capable of following protein folding kinetics. Our design, which comprises two co-centered fused silica capillaries, employs three dimensional focusing of the sample channel to create a laminar flow. Construction of the mixer is simple and inexpensive, requiring no specialized equipment or techniques. In characterizing this new mixer, we have also developed a novel sample flow rate calibration method utilizing the fluorescence decay of excited europium (Eu) beads. To demonstrate the mixer's application in biophysical studies, we have used this mixer to study apomyoglobin (apoMb) folding kinetics by inducing folding or unfolding via a rapid change in the pH of the protein's environment. We probed the protein with 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (1,8-ANS), and observed the fluorescence using fluorescence confocal microscopy. Scans along the z-axis of the sample channel were collected and analyzed to identify the location of folding or unfolding events and timescale over which these events occurred. Our ultimate goal is to develop a kinetic model of apoMb folding. If the model agrees with previous work on apoMb folding kinetics, we may then use our mixer to characterize the folding and reaction kinetics of other protein systems.
First Report of Leaf Rust of Blueberry Caused by Pucciniastrum vaccinii in Hawaii

Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are a potential high-value, niche market crop for Hawaii. In May of 2007, rust-like symptoms were observed on multiple blueberry plants in a private nursery in Waimea, HI. In September of 2007, a similar leaf rust was observed on one bush of V. corymbosum cv. Sharpblue in the corner of a 36.6 × 9.1-m experimental plot at Mealani Research Station in Waimea. Within a month, rust was observed throughout the plot on ‘Biloxi’, ‘Emerald’, ‘Jewel’, ‘Misty’, ‘Sapphire’, and ‘Sharpblue’. Preliminary field observations suggest that ‘Sharpblue’ and ‘Sapphire’ are highly susceptible to the rust and ‘Biloxi’ shows some tolerance. Leaf lesions began as approximately 1-mm2 chlorotic flecks that expanded and developed into reddish brown, necrotic spots with a chlorotic halo. New lesions and uredinia kept appearing over the course of 4 months. Defoliation occurred on plants where infection was severe. Yellowish orange pustules containing urediniospores first appeared on the abaxial si...
The efficient market approximation

The EMH is the focus of this paper. The academic point of view is encapsulated in the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). Consideration of the first issue leads to three distinct forms of the EMH. These are referred to as the weak, semistrong and strong forms. This paper looks at some of the causes and consequences of random price behavior.
Ethics in practice.

H. K. is a ninety-two-year-old woman with Alzheimer's disease and mild hypertension. She resides at a nursing home, where she transfers from bed to chair with maximal assistance. She presents to our emergency department with a painful right hip. Physical examination demonstrates a confused, elderly patient with significant right hip pain and shortening and external rotation of the lower extremity. Radiographs demonstrate a displaced intertrochanteric hip fracture. The patient lacks the capacity for informed consent. Her family is contacted to obtain consent for insertion of a compression screw. The family refuses to give consent, stating that the patient is too old and the surgery is too dangerous.
High-Speed Optical Recordings of Excitability Changes in Neuronal Tissue

Using optical recordings of electrical activity, we have investigated whether stimulation patterns affects the excitability of neurohypophysial axons. We find that different stimulation pattern significantly alter axonal excitability which, in turn, underlies neurohypophysial hormone release.
Methods of obtaining seed on russet burbank and similar-flowering varieties of potatoes

Two methods are described for overcoming the difficulty of using Russet Burbank and similar varieties as female parents in potato breeding. The use of a mechanical girdle on the plant or growing cut stems in nutrient solutions has proved satisfactory. The plant reacts to these treatments by accumulating carbohydrates above the points of constriction or in the cut stem and by retaining and using the seed balls as storage organs. This reaction appears to lengthen the period when successful pollination and fertilization can be accomplished.
Family Influences on Mexican American Adolescents’ Romantic Relationships: Moderation by Gender and Culture

This study examined prospective associations between the family context and adolescents' romantic relationships as moderated by adolescents' gender and culture among Mexican American families (N = 189). Adolescents at Time 1 (early adolescence) were on average 12.29 years of age (SD = .50) and 54% female. Mothers and fathers reported on family structure and dynamics during early adolescence, and youth reported on their romantic relationship involvement and quality during middle and late adolescence. Results from path analyses indicated that family structure and dynamics (supportive parenting, consistent discipline, parent-adolescent, and interparental conflict) were associated with adolescents' romantic involvement and quality, with differences by adolescents' gender and culture. Findings highlight Mexican American family contexts that contribute uniquely to adolescents' romantic relationships.
Soybean response to nodulation by bradyrhizobia differing in rhizobitoxine phenotype

Rhizobitoxine-producing (RT+) strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, differing in their abilities to induce foliar chlorosis with ‘Forrest’ soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), were evaluated for effects on short term shoot productivity, nodulation, N2 fixation, and nodule protein production under greenhouse conditions. Soybeans were singly inoculated with washed suspensions of (Group II) USDA strains 31, 46, 76, 94, 110, 123 or 130. Strains USDA 110 and USDA 123 (Group I/Ia) were included as RT-controls. The plants were cultured in the absence of combined N in horticultural-grade vermiculite for 49 days. Beginning 21 days after planting, plants were evaluated weekly for chlorophyll, leaf protein and biomass accumulation, nodular contents of leghemoglobin, soluble protein and RT, and total shoot N content. Rhizobitoxine was detected in nodules of all RT+ strains with the exception of USDA 31. However, only USDA 76 and USDA 94 produced both quantifiable concentrations of RT and symptoms of RT-induced chlorosis. Coincident with moderate to severe chlorosis were reductions in chlorophyll concentrations, shoot and nodule dry weight, leaf protein and total N2 fixation. During extended periods of severe chlorosis, reductions in Lb and soluble nodular protein were observed. Based on carbon accumulation, all non-chlorotic treatments were statistically more productive than the chlorotic treatments. Similarly, non-chlorotic Group II treatments tended to fix less carbon relative to the RT-Group I/Ia controls, although these differences were not statistically significant. The results of this study suggest that, in the absence of discernable foliar chlorosis, the effect of RT+ (Group II) nodulation on short term soybean productivity is minimal.
Figures of merit for airfoil/aircraft design integration

Because the airfoil can so strongly impact other aspects of an aircraft configuration, it is important that the airfoil design process be integrated with that of the aircraft to achieve the best possible performance of a new flight vehicle. To aid in preliminary design efforts, several aerodynamic figures of merit are presented which facilitate the matching of the airfoil performance characteristics to those of the aircraft. These figures of merit are fairly general and can assist the airfoil design process for flight vehicles designed for maximum endurance, range, or ceiling. Although specifically applicable to vehicles for which the wing area is sized by some required minimum airspeed, the discussion is pertinent to all airfoil/aircraft matching situations and points the way for developing similar figures of merit to aid the airfoil/aircraft design process for any flight vehicle.
Structuralism, post‐structuralism, and the library: de Saussure and Foucault

Purpose – Explores the relevance of structuralism and post‐structuralism to the field of library and information science (LIS).Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a literature‐based conceptual analysis of the two philosophical movements, structuralism and post‐structuralism, as represented by the seminal figures of Ferdinand de Saussure and Michel Foucault.Findings – The principles of structuralism and post‐structuralism have significant implications for how the role of the modern library can and should be viewed.Originality/value – Provides insights into LIS by drawing on philosophical perspectives that are beyond the LIS literature.
Temperamental consequences of infant difficultness

Abstract Two central issues pertaining to the construct of infant temperamental “difficultness” were investigated in this longitudinal project. First, the cross-time convergent validity of two parent-report measures of temperament was examined. Second, the temperamental consequences of difficultness during infancy were studied by prospectively following children from infancy to adolescence. Additionally, using MANOVA and structural equation modeling, gender comparisons were conducted to determine whether or not the construct of difficultness was similar for males and females. Analyses were based on parent reports (Ns=96−110) of infant difficultness on the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (ICQ) when children were 18 months of age. The nine temperament dimensions of the New York Longitudinal Study model were also assessed by parent report inventories when children were 2, 3, 3.5, 5, 8, 10, and 12 years old. Results showed no pervasive evidence of gender differences in infant difficultness. Convergent validity between the ICQ and subsequent temperament measures was evidenced by significant cross-time canonical correlations reaching to moderate magnitude and significant bivariate correlations between infant difficultness and specific temperament dimensions. Temperamental difficultness during infancy predicted subsequent adverse temperamental qualities such as unadaptability and negative mood at every age from 2 through 12 years.
Paths to Förster's resonance energy transfer (FRET) theory

Theodor Forster (1910–1974) developed a phenomenological theory of nonradiative resonance energy transfer which proved to be transformative in the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. This paper explores the experimental and the theoretical antecedents of Forster’s theory of resonance energy transfer (FRET). Early studies of sensitized fluorescence, fluorescence depolarization, and photosynthesis demonstrated the phenomena of long-range energy transfer. At the same time physicists developed theoretical models which contained common physical mechanisms and parameters: oscillating dipoles as models for the atoms or molecules, dipole-dipole coupling for the interaction, and a distance R 0 that is optimal for resonance energy transfer. Early theories predicted R 0 that was too large as compared to experiments. Finally, in 1946 Forster developed a classical theory and in 1948 he developed a quantum mechanical theory; both theories predicted an inverse sixth power dependence of the rate of energy transfer and a R 0 that agreed with experiments. This paper attempts to determine why Forster succeeded when the other theoreticians failed to develop the correct theory. The putative roles of interdisciplinary education and collaborative research are discussed. Furthermore, I explore the role of science journals and their specific audiences in the popularization of FRET to a broad interdisciplinary community.
Stereoselective synthesis of dipyranyl C-disaccharides

Abstract The synthesis of trans-fused dipyranyl sugars containing an acetylenic moiety at C-1 has been completed starting from D-glucose. Formation of the β-substituted C-disaccharide provides a water soluble sugar-based linker spanning approximately 12.8 A.
Further statistics concerning the general circulation

During the past few years it has become increasingly clear that the newer outlook upon the fundamental processes of the general circulation continues to flourish and prosper. It bids fair to become the essential starting point for all rational discussion of the large motions of the atmosphere, as indeed it must if its principal ideas are correct. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1959.tb00059.x
Protest and Policymaking: Explaining Fluctuation in Congressional Attention to Rights Issues, 1960-1986

Although past research has failed to establish a link between protest and policy change, we reexamine the relationship at the agenda-setting stage of policymaking. We assert that protestors compete for attention among lawmakers at the agenda-setting stage. An issue receives more attention when the frequency of protest activity around a particular issue is sufficiently high for that issue to stand out within the field of competing issues. We examine this process by analyzing the factors associated with increasing and fluctuating attention to rights-related issues in Congress. We find that protest, issue legitimacy and issue competition account for variation in the number of congressional hearings granted to rights issues.
Cooling High Intensity Atomic Hydrogen Beams to Liquid Heliumi Temperatures

An atomic hydrogen source, designed to operate in the viscous flow range, has been built at BNL. A unique feature of this source is a miniature gap between a teflon tube which guides the beam and an accommodator which cools it. Across this gap a stepfunction in temperature, with the teflon temperature exceeding 100°K and the accommodator temperature below 8°K, was successfully maintained. This configuration collimates the beam enough to prevent significant diffusive losses without subjecting it to the temperature range of high recombination. Initial results with an orifice of only one-tenth the dissociator aperture are indicative of particle density in the beam of well above 1010 cm-3.
Die Jodierung von Purinnucleosiden

Die Jodierung von Guanosin, 2′-Deoxyguanosin und Xanthosin wurde untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, das N-Jodsuccinimid in Dimethylsulfoxid als Losungsmittel in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengenn-Butyldisulfid als Jodierungsmittel wirkt. Guanosin und Xanthosin geben gute Ausbeuten der 8-Jodverbindungen. Obgleich gewisse Schwierigkeiten in der Jodierung von 2′-Deoxyguanosin nicht erklart werden konnten, ist es moglich, 8-Jod-2′-deoxyguanosin in relativ guter Ausbeute zu erhalten.
CH3 and CH3I chemistry on Pt(111): the influence of CO

Abstract The surface chemistry of methyl iodide alone and coadsorbed with CO on Pt(111) was studied with high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), positive temperature programmed static secondary ion mass spectrometry (+TPSSIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Methyl iodide bonds to Pt(111) through lone pair electrons on the halide with a molecular symmetry less than C3v and is not significantly affected by coadsorbed CO. On the clean surface, CH3I decomposes to CH3 and I at about 250 K. Methane is formed at 290 K from the hydrogenation of CH3 groups, with hydrogen supplied from the decomposition of other CH3 groups. The competition between CH3 hydrogenation and dehydrogenation is coverage dependent. For a surface prepared by dosing sub-saturation amounts of CH3I and then saturating with CO, more thermal energy must be added to break the CI bond. However, if CH3 is formed first, and then CO is added to saturation, CH4 formation occurs 40 K lower and with a higher yield than in the absence of CO. This enhanced methanation activity in the presence of saturation CO may be linked to destabilization of the PtCH3 and/or PtH bonds.
Temporary adhesions between axons and myelin-forming processes

Following irradiation, the dorsal funiculus of the lumbosacral spinal cord in the rat undergoes the following sequence of events: (a) a marked reduction of the normal glial population, (b) an absence of oligodendrocyte myelin formation, (c) the invasion and proliferation of Schwann cells, and (d) the myelination of axons within the cord by Schwann cells. The present study demonstrates that, during the latter process, junctional complexes develop between these intraspinal Schwann cells and the axolemma. These complexes are present at sites of probable initial contact between the two membranes. As the Schwann cell process begins to wrap the axons, these junctional complexes are located between the inner spiraling process of the Schwann cell and the axon. With the advancement of myelin formation to the stage of 8 to 9 compact spirals, these contacts are rarely observed. Spinal cords from normal 8-day-old rats were examined in order to determine if such contacts occur during myelination by oligodendrocytes. Although they are more difficult to detect in the normal animal due to the abundance of glial processes, similar junctional complexes occur between oligodendrocyte processes and axons. These observations suggest that these complexes may serve to stabilize and to guide the myelin-forming process around the perimeter of the axon. Additionally, these junctions may play an active role in the advancement of the inner spiraling process by forming temporary adhesions between the axolemma and the adjacent myelin-forming process. Coated vesicles are commonly observed fused with the axolemma of axons which are in the early stages of myelination. These coated vesicles may be involved in the insertion or the deletion of junctional membrane.
SRI's Tipster II Project

The principal barrier to the widespread use of information extraction technology is the difficulty in defining the patterns that represent one's information requirements. Much of the work that has been done on SRI's Tipster II project has been directed at overcoming this barrier. In this paper, after some background on the basic structure of the FASTUS system, we present some of these developments. Specifically, we discuss the declarative pattern specification language FastSpec, compile-time transformations, and adapting rules from examples. In addition, we have developed the basic capabilities of FASTUS. We describe our efforts in one are---coreference resolution. We are now experimenting with the use of FASTUS in improving document retrieval and this is also described.
Predominance of T cell receptor Vδ3 in small bowel biopsies from celiac disease patients

Increased numbers of T cells bearing the gamma delta antigen receptor (gamma delta T cells) have been reported in small bowel biopsies of patients with latent, active or treated coeliac disease. We have studied jejunal biopsies from seven children with coeliac disease and 10 children with normal gut histology to characterize gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR) variable region gene subfamily expression in resident gamma delta T cells and compared the results with the findings in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained on the same day as the gut biopsy. Molecular analysis of RNA extracted from PBMC and biopsies was performed by reverse transcription and amplification with the polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for six TCR V delta families and four TCR V gamma families. We report, first, that a significantly increased number of gamma delta T cells expressing the TCR V delta 3 subfamily (P = 0.008) was observed in jejunal biopsies from children with coeliac disease, and second, that gamma delta T cell V region subfamily populations in gut differed from those seen in PBMC for both control and coeliac patients. Significantly reduced numbers of TCR V delta 2, V delta 3, V delta 5 (P < 0.01) and V gamma 2, V gamma 4 (P < 0.01) T cells were found in gut compared with PBMC. The difference in gamma delta T cell repertoire observed between gut and blood may reflect differences in the nature of the antigens usually encountered in these two compartments. The over-representation of TCR V delta 3 in patients with coeliac disease suggests a specific role for these cells in the induction or maintenance of the jejunal abnormality associated with this disease.
Waveguide band‐stop filter design using optimized pixelated inserts

A technique is introduced for designing band-stop waveguide filters by optimizing a grid of metallic pixels on a dielectric sheet placed longitudinal to the waveguide axis. By using topology optimization and a genetic algorithm, compact broadband waveguide filters may be produced that are easy to fabricate at low cost. Measured and simulated performance show strong rejection in the stopband with a rapid roll off at the band edges and low insertion loss outside the stopband. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:141–143, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27246
A systems-theoretic approach to safety in software-intensive systems

Traditional accident models were devised to explain losses caused by failures of physical devices in relatively simple systems. They are less useful for explaining accidents in software-intensive systems and for nontechnical aspects of safety such as organizational culture and human decision-making. This paper describes how systems theory can be used to form new accident models that better explain system accidents (accidents arising from the interactions among components rather than individual component failure), software-related accidents, and the role of human decision-making. Such models consider the social and technical aspects of systems as one integrated process and may be useful for other emergent system properties such as security. The loss of a Milstar satellite being launched by a Titan/Centaur launch vehicle is used as an illustration of the approach.