cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nail Plate Combination (NPC) Treatment for Infected, Charcot Ankle Fracture Malunion

Treatment of patients with Charcot arthropathy can be challenging, not only due to their inherent physiologic factors, but especially because of the bony changes that occur following fracture. If fracture principles for this special bone type are not followed, devastating results can occur. Here, this patient with poorly controlled diabetes undergoes inadequate fixation for a routine ankle fracture and subsequently requires severe measures to correct. This includes infection control, soft tissue coverage, and finally appropriate bony management with rigid, balanced fixation utilizing the nail plate combination (NPC) technique.
High-resolution microstrip NMR detectors for subnanoliter samples

We present the numerical optimization and experimental characterization of two microstrip-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detectors. The first detector, introduced in our previous work, was a flat wire detector with a strip resting on a substrate, and the second detector was created by adding a ground plane on top of the strip conductor, separated by a sample-carrying capillary and a thin layer of insulator. The dimensional parameters of the detectors were optimized using numerical simulations with regards to radio frequency (RF) sensitivity and homogeneity, with particular attention given to the effect of the ground plane. The influence of copper surface finish and substrate surface on the spectral resolution was investigated, and a resolution of 0.8-1.5 Hz was obtained on 1 nL deionized water depending on sample positioning. For 0.13 nmol sucrose (0.2 M in 0.63 nL H2O) encapsulated between two Fluorinert plugs, high RF homogeneity (A810°/A90° = 70-80%) and high sensitivity (expressed in the limit of detection nLODm = 0.73-1.21 nmol s1/2) were achieved, allowing for high-performance 2D NMR spectroscopy of subnanoliter samples.
Social Interaction, Socialization, and Group Influence

Part 1: Social Interactions and Socialization: will discuss the ways we interact with each other, types of communication, and the socialization process Part 2: Group Influence and Dynamics: will discuss the distinction between PSY and SOC (outside influences versus inner), sociologically define groups, and consider the micro- and macro-level study of groups
An impulse to exploit: the behavioral turn in data-driven marketing

ABSTRACTIndustry advocates argue that by tailoring services and commercial solicitations to match media users’ personal interests, data-driven marketing benefits both consumers and businesses. This article shows, however, that advertisers and marketers who are taking up ideas and techniques from behavioral economics tell their clients a very different story about the aims and use of digital marketing and consumer surveillance. Listening in on this discourse demonstrates that some digital marketers conceptualize their own practices as forms of social control, appropriating concepts from behavioral economics to identify consumers’ cognitive and affective biases and target their vulnerabilities. Behavioral economics recognizes that economic decisions are not simply dictated by rational self-interest; rather, such choices depend on cognitive heuristics and habits, and can be manipulated through the design of “choice architecture.” This article discusses implications of the behavioral turn in data-driven marke...
Too Much (and Not Enough) of a Good Thing: How Agent Neutral Principles Fail in Prisoner's Dilemmas

Evaluation du principe de l'egoisme ethique, du principe de l'altruisme ethique et du principe de l'agent neutre, en fonction du critere de l'irrationalite collective et de la maximisation de l'utilite individuelle qui interviennent dans le contexte des paradoxes du prisonnier. Comparant les conditions de la cooperation entre les joueurs dans les differentes versions absolues, completes ou totales du dilemme du prisonnier, l'A. montre que les theories de la neutralite, telles que le consequentialisme, ne garantissent pas la cooperation des joueurs neutres dans ce contexte, et n'apportent a priori pas plus d'avantages que l'egoisme ou l'altruisme ethiques
The Variability Of PG1115+080

PG1115+080 (Weymann et al. 1980), the first quadruple lens system, remains the most promising for an optical measurement of the Hubble constant through a time delay. Factors contributing to this assessment include the well constrained geometry, the apparent magnitudes of the four components (Christian et al. 1987), the expected time delay (Narasimha & Chitre 1992), and the position of the lensing galaxy (Kristian et al. 1993). There are nonetheless many factors which combine to render this a difficult measurement, among them the small separation of the images and the small variability amplitude and long variability time scale of the “typical” optically selected quasar (Hook et al 1994). The measurement is further complicated by the likelihood of microlensing of the individual components (Witt et al. 1995), which depends upon the degree to which the quasar is resolved and the fraction of the lens mass in microlenses.
A Statistical Theory of Dendritic Morphology

Since Santiago Ramon y Cajal, neuroscientists have been fascinated by the shapes of dendritic arbors for more than 100 years. However, the principle underlying these complex and diverse structures remains elusive. Here we propose that evolution has tinkered with brain design to maximize its functionality while minimizing the cost associated with building and maintaining it. We hypothesize that the functionality of a neuron benefits from a larger repertoire of connectivity patterns between dendrites and surrounding axons, and the cost of a dendritic arbor increases with its total length and path length from synapses to soma. We solved this optimization problem by drawing an analogy with maximization of the entropy for a given energy in statistical physics. The solution predicts several scaling relationships between arbor dimensions and closely fits with experimental data. Moreover, our theory may explain why basal dendrites of pyramidal cells and Purkinje cells, the two major cell types in the mammalian brains, exhibit distinct morphologies.
A New World Order Cometh

I am most appreciative of the honor of addressing this distinguished assembly of school administrators. As a university professor for 21 years, and as a former college president and dean, I salute you as fellow-workers in the field of education.
A multi-column plate adapter provides an economical and versatile high-throughput protein purification system.

Abstract Protein purification is essential in the study of protein structure and function, and the development of novel therapeutics. Many studies require purifying multiple proteins at once, increasing the demand for improved purification methods. We hypothesized that multiple chromatography columns could be interfaced with a multi-well collection plate for rapid and convenient protein purification without the need of expensive instrumentation. As such, we developed a multi-column plate adapter (MCPA), which provides an economical yet versatile and time efficient, high-throughput protein purification system. The MCPA system simultaneously purified milligrams of different proteins under gravity or under vacuum for faster purification. The MCPA handles up to twenty-four 12 mL columns and multiple MCPA's in sequence allow milligram-scale purification of 96 different samples with relative ease. We also used the MCPA system for large scale affinity purification of four proteins, providing sufficient yields and purity for protein crystallization and biophysical characterization. The MCPA system is ideal for optimizing resin type and volume or any other purification parameter by customizing individual columns during the same purification. The high-throughput and versatile nature of this system should prove to be useful in obtaining adequate amounts of protein for subsequent analyses in any laboratory setting.
Intratumoral heterogeneity and chemo-resistance in nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis.

e16055Background: Intratumoral heterogeneity contributes to the emergence of chemo-resistance and plays a role in the development of refractory disease in certain subtypes of nonseminomatous germ c...
Screening Tools Validated in the Outpatient Pain Management Setting Poorly Predict Opioid Misuse in the Emergency Department: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Background Currently, no universally accepted methods exist to assess drug-related aberrant behaviors in emergency department (ED) patients. There are several screening tools to identify opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain, however, the validity of these screening tools to assess for misuse within the ED remains unclear. Objectives This study investigated the effectiveness of three commonly used screening tools, previously validated in outpatient pain management settings, to assess risk of opioid misuse in ED patients. Methods This was a prospective observational study of 154 participants (median age 50 years; 49.6% female) presenting to an academic ED for a chief complaint of pain ≥ 6 months or an opioid refill request. Participants completed the Opioid Risk Tool, the Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain–Revised, and the Current Opioid Misuse Measure. Scores for each were compared with electronic medical record (EMR) data alone or a reference standard comprising EMR + statewide prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) + medical examiner database. Results Using the combined reference standard, 55.8% of participants displayed at least one aberrant behavior. Regardless of the reference standard, the test characteristics of these screening tools were modest at best, with likelihood ratios close to 1. Conclusion Three screening tools previously validated in outpatient pain management settings poorly categorized risk among ED patients with chronic noncancer pain or requests for opioid refills, and should not be used to assess drug-aberrant behaviors in the ED. Review of the EMR alone or together with the PDMP may be more useful methods to assess drug-aberrant behaviors in the ED setting.
"Rumble in the Jungle": Muhammad Ali vs. George Foreman in the Age of Global Spectacle

This essay explores the domestic and international implications of the 1974 title match between Ali and Foreman in Zaire. Beamed across the world via satellite, the bout was a global spectacle of Black Power and Black Nationalism. Ali was a pan-African star whose Islamic religion and opposition to the Vietnam War made him a global champion in an era of colonial rebellion. The bout also dramatized the crumbling civil rights consensus in the black community, as Ali embodied Black Nationalism and sixties rebellion, while Foreman defended the establishment and liberal civil rights. His flag-waving gesture during the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, made him a patriotic counter to black rebels in sport and a rescuer of an American belief in its national exceptionalism. Pan-African star Ali took advantage of the African setting to win over the African masses, who rooted for him as an anti-colonial hero.
Dorsolateral pontine syndrome and contralateral fourth nerve palsy in a post-stroke patient.

Foville syndrome is a well‐recognised clinical entity and is defined as a caudal dorsolateral pontine syndrome with the following ipsilateral clinical findings: facial hemi‐hypoesthesia, ocular abd...
Malignant Findings in Candidates for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

Background In candidates for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), preoperative computed tomography (CT) may detect clinically relevant non-cardiac findings. In particular, when malignant findings are detected, patients may be less likely to undergo the procedure. Additionally, they might require further examinations, which may prolong their time to treatment. We investigated how malignant findings affect candidacy for TAVI. Methods In this single-center retrospective study, 98 patients with severe aortic stenosis who had undergone preoperative CT between September 2013 and October 2016 were evaluated for malignant findings. Results Seven patients (7.1%) had malignant findings. 74 of 91 patients who did not have malignant findings underwent TAVI, SAVR, or balloon aortic valvuloplasty (81.3%). All patients who had malignant findings underwent TAVI or SAVR, and they underwent the procedure sooner after CT than the rest of the patients (mean time to TAVI or SAVR: 24.6 ± 16.8 versus 48.5 ± 45.4 days; P = .003). All 5 patients who had malignant findings without metastatic cancer and who underwent TAVI were still alive during the follow-up period (the mean duration of the follow-up period was 22.3 ± 8.8 months). However, 1 patient who had a malignant finding with metastatic cancer died 7 months after CT. Conclusion Our outcomes indicated that the mean duration before TAVI or SAVR was reduced when malignant findings were detected by CT; and TAVI may be a safe and effective treatment for patients with aortic stenosis and a malignant tumor.
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an inflammatory, noninfectious disease of children and adolescents. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, pain, and swelling over affected bones. Radiographic findings may be similar to acute osteomyelitis, and histologic examination and culture of bone specimens may be helpful to establish the diagnosis. Treatment with antibiotics is ineffective.
A Survey of County Health Departments of Kansas Regarding COVID-19

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) causing COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) initially was identified in China in December 2019 It has resulted in a pandemic with increasing spread of the virus in the U S The county health departments around U S are spearheading the response to contain the spread of this virus Methods: This project was a survey of county health departments in the state of Kansas with data collection period from April 15 to April 24, 2020 This study evaluated the staffing, resources, and funding of these health departments and how it was affecting the efforts to contain COVID-19 Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the responses Results: A total of 75% of the county health departments in Kansas responded to the survey In 89% of locations, the staffing had not increased Most health departments had an average of five people and the four largest ones had 30 to 98 staff working on COVID-19 Most locations used the Kansas Department of Health and Environment criteria for testing and used a combination of state or private laboratories The results of the tests were available three days or longer in 62% and after five days in 14% of sites All locations were active in contact tracing, but most had one to three people for this purpose and in 90% the contact tracing interview was via phone calls There was no change in funding in 21% and decreased funding in 8 5% of health departments Most locations had an average of five nasopharyngeal swabs on the day of the survey The most common needs expressed were help to increase testing capability, more public education, more personal protective equipment, increased personnel, and assistance with contract tracing Conclusion: There is an urgent need in Kansas to increase support to county health departments for testing capability, personal protective equipment, increased number of staff, increased help with contact tracing, and especially increase support for public education
A New Kind of CEO for the Global Information Age

Organizations that succeed in the Information Age/Age of Internet and Globalization will have to be innovative and adapt quickly to changing market conditions. Approaches that worked in the past no longer work when competition can come from anywhere in the world and any industry. This paper describes the kind of leadership firms need in order to transform themselves into innovative enterprises. A successful CEO will do everything possible to make sure that employees feel engaged.
First Ladies of the Republic: Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and the Creation of an Iconic American Role

“What a politician you have made me?” Abigail Adams wrote to husband John on 5 July 1780. “If I cannot be a voter upon this occasion, I will be a writer of votes.” Every detail of Abigail’s proud c...
Establishing a Water Abstraction Scheme: Issues and Options

As the world’s population continues its upward trend, many countries have begun to witness increased competition for water. This competition may be due to elevated levels of water pollution or other environmental stresses, to periodic scarcity, or to the appearance of certain high-volume uses, such as larger-scale tourism, industry, or agriculture. For example, government plans for irrigation development may raise concerns about the availability of water and, concomitantly, the ability of investors to acquire and rely on secure title to water. Even in those countries or states that have been fortunate up till now in having abundant freshwater resources, many governments have begun consideration of their policy options to address competing water uses and escalating demands on water resources. Foremost among these policy options is the establishment of a water abstraction licensing scheme, a system by which a government allocates water rights among competing users. The present document, which poses a series of 50 questions that ought to be considered in the decision-making process, is intended to provide guidance to governments considering whether to adopt a water abstraction licensing scheme. In answering the questions, policy makers will become familiar with options for the details of the operation of such a scheme, and will be able to identify open questions that will have to be resolved before any such scheme can be implemented.
Patient-Reported Pain and Opioid Use After Ambulatory Head and Neck Surgery.

Objective The main objective of this study was to quantify daily pain and opioid use in patients after hemithyroidectomy and cervical lymph node biopsy (CLNB). The secondary objective was to identify factors associated with decreased pain and opioid use. Study Design Prospective cohort study from June 2017 to February 2019. Patients were given paper surveys to record daily postoperative opioid use and maximal pain on a visual analog scale. Setting Single institution (NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center). Methods All adult patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy and CLNB by a single surgeon were consecutively selected for participation. Patients recorded daily pain and opioid analgesic use over a 2-week postoperative period. Results Of 33 patients enrolled, 29 (87.9%) returned a survey. Thirteen underwent CLNB, and 16 underwent hemithyroidectomy. Pain resolved after both procedures by the end of the 2-week period. CLNB patients used a median (interquartile range) of 15.0 (0-41.2) morphine milligram equivalents (MME), and 95% used 70 or fewer MME. Hemithyroidectomy patients used a median of 8.2 (4.5-13.9) MME, and 95% used 30 or fewer MME. Use of nonopioid analgesics was associated with a statistically significant decrease in pain (56.1 vs 171 visual analog scale, 95% confidence interval [CI] of Δ = [12.0 to 217.8]) and opioid use (12.2 vs 48.8 MME, 95% CI of Δ = [5.0 to 68.1 MME]) in CLNB but not in hemithyroidectomy. Conclusion Patients have low pain and opioid requirements after hemithyroidectomy and CLNB. Head and neck surgeons should evaluate their opioid-prescribing patterns for opportunities to safely decrease postoperative prescriptions.
Evaluating Quantitative PCR Assays to Enumerate Several Bacterial Populations of Importance in Different Municipal Wastewater Treatment Designs

AbstractThis study evaluated the efficacy of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to monitor several pertinent bacterial populations in 25 different full-scale wastewater treatment bioreac...
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs restore immune function to respiratory syncytial virus in geriatric cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus).

Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is not only a childhood disease, but also a serious health risk for the elderly. We investigated in cotton rats how age affected viral clearance, immune responses, and whether pharmacological intervention was beneficial. Our results demonstrated that in geriatric animals, virus grew to similar titers, but with delayed clearance, compared to adult animals. After primary infection with RSV, geriatric animals were susceptible to secondary infection and results indicated a defective humoral immune response. Depletion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) during primary infection delayed clearance, indicating the necessary role of CTL. Pharmacological intervention through nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory ibuprofen resulted in faster viral clearance and complete protection after immunization. In addition, the CTL response in the presence of ibuprofen seemed to be restored. It appears that in geriatric animals, immune functions are not as effective as in adult animals and that anti-inflammatory therapy may restore effective immune function.
Leader of a ‘Slightly Terrorist School of Philanthropists’, 1852–1857

By the mid-1850s, Richard Congreve was tired with the idea of reforming Oxford into a modern institution, with sound teachings for empowering British elites to drive social change. During a ‘tearful crisis’ involving his faith, finances, and a new fiancee, Congreve abandoned academia and the Anglican clergy ‘for the sake of the truth’: Positivism. He became the first ‘true disciple’ of Auguste Comte’s Religion of Humanity. This chapter argues that, with Comte’s religious Positivism as his ballast, Congreve proceeded to publish studies embedded with forecasts of the demise of the British Empire. These publications extended scientific and religious justifications of Comte’s utopian vision in tandem with a new international policy. On this basis, Congreve was rising as the centre of an emergent British Positivist school.
Abstract W P20: A Model to Calculate the Expected Treatment Effect in Acute Endovascular Stroke Trials

Background: Recent trials have shown no benefit of endovascular therapy. This may, in part, be explained by inaccurate estimates of the treatment effect used in the sample size calculations of these trials. A predictive model which includes variables that modify the expected treatment effect might yield more accurate estimates, and could be valuable in the design of future acute stroke trials. Methods: We conducted a literature review to obtain estimates of parameters that are associated with good functional outcome (GFO) following recanalization. We developed a model to estimate the treatment effect in endovascular stroke trials and applied this model to two recently published endovascular stroke trials. Results: We estimated a 40% absolute difference in the proportion of GFO (mRS 0-2 at 90 days) associated with reperfusion in patients with ICA or M1 occlusions who have a substantial ischemic penumbra at baseline. To estimate the effect size in trials, this value was multiplied by: 1) the proportion of patients undergoing endovascular therapy in the active treatment arm; 2) the proportion of patients with occlusions of the ICA or MCA-M1; 3) the proportion of patients with a substantial penumbra and a DWI lesion <50mL; and 4) the absolute difference in the proportion of patients with reperfusion, defined as TICI 2B-3, between the endovascular treatment and control arms. Based on literature review we assumed a reperfusion rate of 20% in the control arms of IMS III and MR Rescue, a 50% prevalence of patients with substantial penumbra and DWI lesions<50 mL in IMS III, and a 75% prevalence in the penumbral arms of MR Rescue. Based on these model inputs, a 2.2% increase in GFO with endovascular therapy was expected in IMS III, which closely matches the observed 2.1% increase. For MR Rescue, the model predicted a 1.5% increase in GFO with endovascular therapy. Considering the small sample size, this equates to 0.5 additional patients with GFO which closely matches the observed result of 3 fewer patients with GFO. Conclusion: A simple model shows promise for estimating the treatment effect of endovascular stroke trials. It may be useful for the design of future trials and could lead to different inclusion criteria or larger sample sizes compared to the recently conducted studies.
Alcohol use patterns predict high-risk HIV behaviors among active injection drug users.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if alcohol use is independently associated with needle-sharing behavior. Participants were 196 active injection drug users recruited into the Providence, Rhode Island Needle Exchange program between July 1997 and March 1998. All subjects were administered a 45-minute questionnaire that included questions on quantity/frequency of alcohol use and the alcohol abuse section of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID; Spitzer, Williams, Gibbon, & First, 1992). Drug risk behaviors, including needle sharing were assessed using the HIV Risk Assessment Battery (RAB; Navaline et al., 1994). Of 196 IDUs, 60% had used alcohol in the last month. Twenty-eight percent met criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders , 3rd ed., rev. ( DSM-III-R ; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) for alcohol abuse over the last 6 months. One half of IDUs had shared needles in the last 6 months. Increasing levels of alcohol ingestion were associated with greater RAB drug risk scores and greater needle sharing. Using multiple logistic regression, high-level "at-risk" alcohol use (odds ratio [OR], 2.5) and alcohol abuse (OR, 2.3) were significantly associated with needle sharing when controlling for other demographic and behavioral factors previously found to be associated with sharing. The results of this study showed that prevalence of alcohol abuse is high in this population and is associated with needle sharing. HIV prevention effects in needle exchange programs should address alcohol use.
Ethics Analysis of the Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Debate

Controversy regarding Human embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) research is evident in the medical and scientific community, legislative, judicial, and executive branches of the government, private companies, religious affiliations, special interest groups, and among the general American public. Stem cells are derived from adult stem cell resources, which are termed non-embyronic or from the cells of immature blastocytes termed embryonic stem cells. Non-embryonic cells do not have the ability to differentiate into other specialized tissues, whereas embryonic cells are capable of differentiating into almost any type of tissue. hESC research, which is the focus of this paper, includes the direct creation and therapeutic cloning of human embryos, known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) during the blastocyte-stage of development, the use of surplus embryos from in vitro fertilization, and from tissue derived from extracted embryos through abortion. The purpose of hESC research is threefold: (1) to advance science and medicine, (2) prevent disease, and (3) cure certain diseases. hESC research is an ethical dilemma facing the United States of America. Opponents of hESC often cite the rights of the embryo and define the embryo at conception. Supporters of hESC research include the scientific and medical community, and private hESC research companies. The unique political system of the United States has allowed for a dichotomous policy to arise, where federal funding of hESC is prohibited, but private companies and individual states are able to legally forge a path in hESC research. The prohibition of federal funds has created an abyss between states who choose to fund hESC research and those who prohibit it. It has also set the stage for yet another private corporation to advance in hESC and place profit above the American public. The embryo is the only silent member of this debate.
Spatial Equilibrium in the Labor Market

The paper discusses two approaches to spatial equilibrium in the labor market. The more traditional approach of labor economics assumes wage differentials represent arbitrageable differences in utility, with implications 1) that migration should be toward higher wage areas and 2) that migration flows will lead to convergence in wages over space. The more recent approach of urban/regional economics follows Roback in examining the implications of assumed equilibrium in utility over space. In this view wage differentials are compensatory (along with rent differentials) for amenity variation over space. The implications for wage convergence over space are complicated, but in general there would be little inherent reason to expect convergence. This paper takes the view that falling moving costs, combined with greatly improved information about locations, renders the urban/regional approach the more relevant in recent decades. Numerous additional insights about this approach are discussed.
The Marketing of Environmental Treaties: Non-Binding Signature as Information and Raising Public Awareness

Research has demonstrated that state executives may use their non-binding signature power to claim value from environmental treaties in the form of obtaining ego rents and in response to international pressures. This paper advances the literature by demonstrating how the attachment of signature also has the capacity to alter the dynamics of the ratification decision which follows it. Multilevel modeling on a dataset of 49 environmental treaties agreed between 1980 and 2000 is used to demonstrate that the state executive’s non-binding signature helps to overcome the information asymmetry regarding treaty design faced by the ratification actors and to politicize the treaty itself, making ratification more likely in wealthy states.
Gene delivery in the equine cornea: a novel therapeutic strategy.

Objective To determine if hybrid adeno-associated virus serotype 2/5 (AAV5) vector can effectively deliver foreign genes into the equine cornea without causing adverse side effects. The aims of this study were to: (i) evaluate efficacy of AAV5 to deliver therapeutic genes into equine corneal fibroblasts (ECFs) using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) marker gene and (ii) establish the safety of AAV5 vector for equine corneal gene therapy.
The Pillar Of The World: The Eschatological Role Of The Seventh Antediluvian Hero In 2 (Slavonic) Enoch

This chapter explores the tradition of Enoch-Metatron as the foundation of the world and the possible roots of this motif in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch. In commenting on the identification of the final aeon with the righteous, Moshe Idel notes that in Jewish mysticism the righteous are often portrayed as the cosmological foundation of the world. In light of this identification Idel proposes that in 2 Enoch the implicit connection might exist between the protological and eschatological foundations the first represented by the primeval aeon Adoil and the second by the eschatological aeon of the righteous. It does not seem coincidental that the portentous revelation about the final aeon of the righteous comes from the mouth of the seventh antediluvian patriarch, the hero known in Jewish lore for his exemplary righteousness. In light of this connection the motif of Enoch's righteousness is explored more closely.Keywords: 2 (Slavonic) Enoch; aeon Adoil; Enoch-Metatron; seventh antediluvian hero
Small Business Drug-Testing Strategy: Implications of Pre-Employment Testing

This paper identifies problems in drug testing accuracy that may arise in small business environments in which job applicants are subjected to drug tests, and suggests a method for dealing with the problems. Relevant concepts of drug-test accuracy are reviewed These concepts are incorporated in Bayesian analyses of data from specific workplace-applicant populations, and accuracy levels to be expected in testing of applicants in such workplaces are identified The conclusion of this analysis is that seemingly accurate tests for abused drugs can be inaccurate to a disturbingly high degree, particularly under circumstances likely to be present in many small business drug-testing programs. A method by which these inaccuracies can be avoided is suggested.
Global Hypoxia-Ischemia and critical care Seizures

Seizures after cardiopulmonary arrest are a common problem in the intensive care unit, occurring in as many as one-third of these patients during their hospitalization. The etiology, treatment, and prognostic importance of seizures in this setting have not been well-delineated in the literature. Whether seizures exacerbate global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in humans remains unclear, which raises uncertainty about how aggressively they should be treated. Some pathological data suggest that anoxic brain injury is worsened by generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) status epilepticus (SE). Especially when the prognosis remains uncertain, GTC SE should be treated in the conventional manner. Partial seizures and simple myoclonus are unlikely to exacerbate neuronal damage, and treatment probably should be reserved for seizures that are traumatic to family members or interfere with mechanical ventilation. Status myoclonus (SM) in hypoxic-ischemic coma is particularly troublesome because it can be highly refractory to conventional anticonvulsants and appears to portend an extremely poor prognosis, regardless of its management. Case series that report 100% mortality or vegetative state from this condition have involved only highly selected patient populations. Several cases have been reported of patients with good neurological outcomes despite SM in postanoxic coma. The most prudent course of action is to continue intensive management of patients with SM—including anticonvulsant therapy—and to rely on more precise means of prognostication (clinical exam, electroencephalography, and somatosensory evoked potential) to inform the decision to withdraw supportive care. The decision to use anesthetic agents and paralytics in this setting must be individualized.
Trends in U.S. emergency department visits for opioid overdose, 1993-2010

OBJECTIVE: Emergency department (ED) visits for opioid overdose provide an important marker of acute morbidity. We sought to evaluate national trends of ED visits for opioid overdose. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1993-2010, was used to identify ED visits for opioid overdose. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures were national ED visit rates for opioid overdose per 100,000 U.S. population and per 100,000 ED visits. RESULTS: From 1993 to 2010, there were approximately 731,000 ED visits (95% CI, 586,000-877,000 visits) for opioid overdose, representing an overall rate of 14 ED visits (95% CI, 12-17 visits) per 100,000 population and 37 ED visits (95% CI, 31-45 visits) per 100,000 ED visits. Of these, 41% (95% CI, 33-50%) were for prescription opioid overdose. Between 1993 and 2010, the national visit rate increased from 7 to 27 per 100,000 population (+307%; Ptrend = 0.03), and from 19 to 63 per 100,000 ED visits (+235%; Ptrend CONCLUSION: In a nationally representative database of U.S. ED visits, we found that the ED visit rate for opioid overdose quadrupled from 1993 to 2010. Our findings suggest that previous prevention measures may not be adequate. Language: en
Hyperactivation of the Silencing Proteins, Sir2p and Sir3p, Causes Chromosome Loss

The SIR gene products maintain transcriptional repression at the silent mating type loci and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, although no enzymatic or structural activity has been assigned to any of the Sir proteins nor has the role of any of these proteins in transcriptional silencing been clearly defined. We have investigated the functions and interactions of the Sir2, Sir3, and Sir4 proteins by overexpressing them in yeast cells. We find that Sir2p and Sir3p are toxic when overexpressed, while high Sir4p levels have no toxic effect. Epistasis experiments indicate that Sir2p-induced toxicity is diminished in strains lacking the SIR3 gene, while both Sir2p and Sir4p are required for Sir3p to manifest its full toxic effect. In addition, the effects of Sir2 or Sir3 overexpression are exacerbated by specific mutations in the N-terminus of the histone H4 gene. These results are consistent with a model in which Sir2p, Sir3p and Sir4p function as a complex and interact with histones to modify chromatin structure. We find no evidence that toxicity from high levels of the Sir proteins results from widespread repression of transcription. Instead, we find that high levels of Sir2p and/or Sir3p cause a profound decrease in chromosome stability. These results can be appreciated in the context of the effects of Sir2p in histone acetylation and of chromatin structure on chromosome stability.
Integral quadratic constraints derived from the set-theoretic analysis of difference inclusions

The paper introduces a framework for translating the results of set-theoretical analysis of linear difference inclusions into integral quadratic constraints (IQC) describing the operation of multiplication by a time-varying bounded coefficient. This allows one to apply the specific results of iterative convex analysis in a much broader environment of systems with linear time-invariant uncertainty, nonlinearity, and slow parameter variation blocks.
The Gesell Incomplete Man Test as a Differential Indicator of Averge and Superior Behavior in Preschool Children

(1943). The Gesell Incomplete Man Test as a Differential Indicator of Averge and Superior Behavior in Preschool Children. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 217-274.
Reinforced concrete and fiber reinforced concrete panels subjected to blast detonations and post-blast static tests

Abstract Results of an experimental study of reinforced concrete panels under blast detonations are presented. The primary purpose of the tests was to collect data for validating simulation methods for blast loads. The scaled distance ranged from 0.41 m/(kg) 1/3 to 0.57 m/(kg) 1/3 and hence the tests are close-in detonations. Four types of 1.2 m square panels were subjected to blast to investigate the performance of new walls: reinforced concrete (RC) panels; fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) panels without additional reinforcement; FRC panels reinforced with steel bars; and RC panels reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. Another RC panel type was built which was retrofitted with external GFRP laminates on both faces. The performance of the panels is classified into three categories as medium protection, very low protection, and protection below antiterrorism standards. FRC panels reinforced with steel bars had the best performance for new construction. Panels that survived the blast detonation without sustaining a breach were tested under monotonic static loads to determine their static post-blast load resistance.
On the hardware implementation of digital signal processors

An approach to the machine organization of dedicated hardware digital signal processors is proposed that is based on a specialized representation of the processing coefficients derived from the canonical signed-digit code. This leads to a realization requiting the minimum number of add/subtract operations to mechanize the required multiplications and additions. The proposed organization is shown to be highly modular and well suited to integrated circuit implementation, and offers a significantly better performance when compared with existing realizations using prepackaged multipliers.
Sequestration of defensive toxins by tetrapod vertebrates: contributions in memory of John W. Daly

By the early 1990s John W. Daly, of the National Institutes of Health, had been collecting and cataloguing toxins from the skins of frogs for about 30 years, on the assumption that the enormous variety of alkaloid toxins (by then numbering in the hundreds) were synthesized by the frogs themselves (Daly 1998). However, he had begun to detect patterns that suggested the toxins might have a dietary origin, including temporal variation in toxin profiles within a population, similarity of toxins among frogs of four distantly related families (and even in a bird), the absence of alkaloids in captive-bred frogs, and the discovery of some identical compounds in a variety of small arthropods (Saporito et al. 2009). In a series of experiments in the mid1990s, Daly and his collaborators demonstrated that captive-reared and nontoxic frogs of the genus Dendrobates could acquire toxins from prey that had been dusted with alkaloids in the lab (Daly et al. 1994b). Furthermore, captive-reared frogs would, if housed with access to wild arthropods as prey, acquire alkaloid toxins (Daly et al. John W. Daly in the field in Colombia, 1970 (left from Myers 2009, courtesy of Charles W. Myers and Robert W. Hansen) and Panama, 2003 (right courtesy of Maureen A. Donnelly)
Theory of adaptation: application of symbolic logic

Abstract The theory of adaptation takes up, first, completely symbolized expressions in which the basic element is the dyadic term Axy, x is adapted to y. When this is combined with a monadic term such as Ey, y is a moist environment, in (y)(Axy⊃Ey), validity can be achieved by reversal and denial (transposition): (y)(Axy⊃Ey)≡(y)(∼Ey⊃∼Axy). This provides a full and complete description when applied as follows: the North American forest x is adapted only to moist environments if and only if it is not adapted to any non-moist environments. Then dyadic–dyadic, monadic–dyadic–dyadic, and monadic–dyadic–monadic–dyadic combinations are presented and exemplified. The theory of adaptation takes up, second, incompletely symbolized expressions such as: (x)(Fx v Hx), (x)[(Fx⊃Gx)·(Hx⊃Ix)], ∴ (x)(Gx v Ix)′ , which provides the structure for this description of temperate insects: all undergo diapause or nondiapause; all, if undergoing diapause, are winter adapted, and if undergoing nondiapause, are summer adapted; therefore, all are winter adapted or summer adapted. The phrases winter adapted, Gx, and summer adapted, Ix, are incomplete symbolizations since they are brief versions of (∃y)(Wy·Axy), x is adapted to winter, and of (∃y)(Sy·Axy), x is adapted to summer. The brief versions, however, make elaborations and extensions of the basic formulation possible. The formulas of complete symbolization provide for affirmation or denial of adaptation or no decision. Thus, in addition to the example of the North American forest other examples are species of the lizard Anolis, each of which is well adapted in its niche but not well adapted outside its niche, the associations of the North American forest which are tall, densely packed and adapted in moist regions but short, scattered, and unadapted in non-moist regions, and species of Gilia which are adapted to their habitats unless these habitats are not adapted to them. Then in small-to-moderate forest gaps regrowth of prevalent, adapted primary species contrasts with the regrowth of unadapted, non-prevalent pioneer species. But it cannot be decided whether the lizard Anolis allogus in a smaller niche on Cuba is adapted to this or is not adapted to this when comparing it to Anolis oculatus in its larger niche on Dominica. The formulas of incomplete symbolization provide only affirmation of adaptation. Examples in addition to the diapause—nondiapause case are for diatoms which are dark or light adapted and ciliates which are myxotrophically or heterotrophically adapted. Then, evolutionary pathways to warm bloodedness of fish include being adapted to fast swimming in tuna fish, or northern distribution in lamnid sharks, or deep diving in swordfish. And finally four basic evolutionary pathways include anaerobic and aerobic photosynthesis and thus adaptation to the lighted planetary surface and include chemosynthesis in two ways and thus adaptation to the dark ocean floor.
MO‐D‐AUD‐02: Liquid Scintillation‐Based Proton Residual Range Measurement Using a Dynamic Biological Lung Phantom

Purpose: To test and apply a scintillation‐based method to directly observe proton residual range and range variation in a dynamic biological lung phantom. Method and Materials: The dynamic biological lung phantom using a preserved swine lung has previously been compared to human lung and evaluated as an experimental platform for IGRT studies. Fiducial markers and a 5 cc artificial tumor were placed in the lung, and the phantom was imaged on a GE Lightspeed CT in 4D mode before and after seed and “tumor” implantation. The resulting 10‐phase DICOM datasets were evaluated in terms of anterior‐posterior (AP) water‐equivalent path length (WEL) variation throughout the ventilatory cycle. The preserved swine lung was irradiated in the AP direction with a 170 MeV proton beam through a 1 cm × 10 cm slit aperture. Proton residual range and range variation were directly observed using a custom‐built lucite chamber filled with scintillating fluid, monitored during irradiation by a video camera.Images were then analyzed using ImageJ to determine residual proton range. Results: WEL analysis on the imagedlung suggests a range of lung WEL values between 8 and 25 mm (average ∼16 mm). Peak calculated WEL difference at the tumor margin after implantation during ventilatory motion was approximately 5mm. Irradiation of the phantom demonstrated regional range variation across the lung on the order of 13 mm, with total WEL values equivalent to calculated values. Residual range variation due to ventilatory motion was less significant, at some points on the order of ±2.4 mm. Conclusion: The dynamic biological lung phantom in conjunction with the scintillation chamber has been shown to be a simple, inexpensive, and effective tool for the measurement of proton residual range and significant residual range variation in a complex biological system.
A new cr(VI) reagent for the catalytic oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones

Abstract A new process is described for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones using peroxyacetic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of 2,4-dimethylpentane-2, 4-diol cyclic chromate.
Surface Alloy Formation by Interdiffusion across a Linear Interface

Interdiffusion profiles across a linear interface separating two metals that are miscible as monolayers [Co and Cu on a Ru(0001) surface] have been measured as a function of time. The interface remains sharp even after substantial intermixing, in dramatic contrast to bulk interdiffusion experiments between miscible metals. The unusual concentration profiles are explained by a combination of adatom surface diffusion and exchange of adatoms with atoms in the monolayer films. A simple Monte Carlo simulation of the adatom exchange mechanism quantitatively agrees with observations.
A new approach to controlling chaotic systems

Abstract Given a piecewise monotonic transformation τ which is strongly transitive and preserves an invariant probability density function f, a construction is described which modifies τ very slightly but which changes f significantly in order to possess desired properties. This construction permits control of the global long term behavior of chaotic dynamical systems.