cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of monochlorobimane to determine hepatic GSH levels and synthesis.

We have used the specific reaction of monochlorobimane (mBCl) with GSH to analyze hepatic GSH. mBCl, itself nonfluorescent, forms a stable, fluorescent adduct with GSH in a reaction catalyzed by the GSH S-transferases (GST). When hepatocytes were labeled with mBCl (100 μm) in Krebs-Henseleit buffer, the fluorescent signal recorded over time was directly proportional to the concentration of GSH. The HPLC analyses of hepatocytes that were preloaded with the dye indicated that GSH was the only thiol labeled. When the technique was applied to freshly isolated intact hepatocytes that contained different levels of GSH, a close correlation between the levels of GSH measured by the present method (mBCl) and the standard enzymatic recycling method was found. A similar agreement for the cytosolic and mitochondrial pools of GSH determined by the two methods was established. The fluorescent GSH-bimane adduct, once formed within the cell, was not released from the cell. In addition, we have applied this technique to determine directly the rate of synthesis of GSH in both cell-free conditions and in cell suspensions by monitoring the increase in fluorescent adduct when mBCl is present in excess in the incubation.
Raman scattering from CaxZr1−xO2−x阳x, a system with massive point defects*

Abstract Raman spectra have been measured on a series of solid solutions in the system ZrO 2 -CaO at compositions consisting of a two-phase mixture of monoclinic ZrO 2 and calcium-saturated cubic ZrO 2 and of single-phase fluorite structure Ca x Zr − x O 2− x 阳 x . It is shown that introduction of translational disorder through random substitution of Ca 2+ cations and anion vacancies leads to complete breakdown of selection rules and the production of a spectrum that essentially represents the frequency distribution of the density of states in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Midwifery care and out-of-hospital birth settings: How do they reduce unnecessary cesarean section births?

In studies using matched or adjusted cohorts, U.S. women beginning labor with midwives and/or in out-of-hospital settings have attained cesarean section rates that are considerably lower than similar women using prevailing forms of care--physicians in hospitals. This cesarean reduction involved no compromise in mortality and morbidity outcome measures. Moreover, groups of women at elevated risk for adverse perinatal outcomes have attained excellent outcomes and cesarean rates well below the general population rate with these care arrangements. How do midwives and out-of-hospital birth settings so effectively help women to avoid unnecessary cesareans? This paper explores this question by presenting data from interviews with midwives who work in home settings. The midwives' understanding of and approaches to major medical indications for cesarean birth contrast strikingly with prevailing medical knowledge and practice. From the midwives' perspective, many women receive cesareans due to pseudo-problems, to problems that might easily be prevented, or to problems that might be addressed through less drastic measures. Policy reports addressing the problem of unnecessary cesarean births in the U.S. have failed to highlight the substantial reduction in such births that may be expected to accompany greatly expanded use of midwives and out-of-hospital birth settings. The present study--together with cohort studies documenting such a reduction, studies showing other benefits of such forms of care, and the increasing reluctance of physicians to provide obstetrical services--suggests that childbearing families would realize many benefits from greatly expanded use of midwives and out-of-hospital birth settings.
Detection of prion protein using a capillary electrophoresis‐based competitive immunoassay with laser‐induced fluorescence detection and cyclodextrin‐aided separation

The development of capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based competitive immunoassay for prion protein (PrP) using carboxymethyl beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) as a buffer additive is described here. The assay was based on the competitive binding of PrP and a fluorescein-labeled peptide from the prion protein with a limiting amount of specific antibody. The amount of both free and fluorescein-labeled peptide bound to antibody (immunocomplex) were determined by CE with laser-induced fluorescence detection. In the presence of PrP, the peak height ratio of the immunocomplex and the free peptide was altered compared to the control. These changes were directly proportional to the amount of PrP present. The fluorescently labeled peptide spanning amino acid positions 140-158 of the PrP and its corresponding monoclonal antibody is reported here. The reaction times of the antibody with either the peptide or the recombinant PrP was less than 1 min and is a large improvement over the 16-18 h required to achieve equilibrium for polyclonal antibodies. CM-beta-CD was explored as a buffer additive to suppress analyte adsorption and enhance separation selectivity in the CE analysis. A fast (1.1 min), selective (resolution 4.7), and reproducible (relative standard deviations of migration time for free and bound fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-peptide 0.56% and 0.64%, respectively) separation was obtained with 0.6% CM-beta-CD in 25 mM N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS) at pH 8.8. The concentration detection limit of the assay for recombinant PrP was determined to be 80 ng/mL (or mass detection limit 1 pg). When blood samples from scrapie-infected sheep and from normal sheep were tested, the results of the blood assay were consistent with scrapie status of the sheep as determined post mortem by Western blot analysis. Development of this assay will lead to a potentially robust, rapid, and specific preclinical diagnosis for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in animals and humans.
A simple technique for measuring mode I delamination energy release rate in polymeric composites

Abstract A simple technique is developed to evaluate the mode I delamination energy release rate ( G 1 ) in unidirectional polymeric composites. The technique involves growing the delamination crack in a unidirectional double cantilevered beam (DCB) specimen by controlling the crack mouth deflection with a small diameter cylindrical rod. Both the critical mode I delamination initiation energy release rate ( G c ) and the delamination arrest energy release rate ( G Ia ) can be evaluated using this approach. The specific energy release rate to be determined depends on the delamination growth behavior of the composite material. For a unidirectional graphite-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite, namely polyetheretherketone (PEEK) system, both G Ic and G Ia were evaluated using the same technique. For a unidirectional glass-fiber-reinforced polyester composite, G Ic was evaluated using the proposed technique. Results from this new technique compare very well with the results from conventional DCB testing. Also, the new technique allows the evaluation of critical delamination energy release rate in adverse environment since it does not require specimen end-tabs or hinges. Thus, adhesive failure at high temperatures or in hot-wet conditions will no longer be a concern.
On automated correctional data systems

Abstract The status of automated correctional data systems (ACDSs) in the U.S. is reviewed in this paper. It can be stated that current ACDSs are indeed data—rather than information—systems; that is. their capabilities are limited. An alternate distributed correctional information system is proposed.
Screening and treatment of anxiety disorders in pregnant and lactating women.

Abstract Untreated anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period may pose significant risks to the unborn fetus and interfere with a mother’s ability to properly care for her newborn child. As the symptoms of anxiety disorders are often similar to those found in pregnancy, careful screening for anxiety disorders in pregnant women is essential. For women suffering from anxiety disorders during or after pregnancy, safe and effective treatment is needed. In this article, suggestions are offered for thorough assessment of anxiety disorders in pregnant and breastfeeding women. Treatment options are discussed with an emphasis on pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral treatment.
Activity-stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in male rats

Recently, researchers have demonstrated the damaging effect of restraint-stress on hippocampal neurons. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a more chronic stressor, i.e., activity-stress (A-S), would also result in hippocampal dendritic atrophy. When activity-stress (n = 6) rats showed evidence of the criteria "stress symptoms" (after an average of 6 days), they were sacrificed and their brains were quickly removed, blocked, and placed in Golgi-Cox solution. Food-yoked control animals (n = 6) were sacrificed on the following day. Serial coronal sections (150 um) of the rostral hippocampus were cut so that the CA3 and CAI areas could be analyzed. Stressed short-shaft neurons were significantly shorter and had fewer branch points in CA1 and CA3 neurons than the control neurons. A similar nonsignificant trend was observed in long-shaft neurons. These data suggest that a short period of chronic stress (6 days as opposed to 21 days in prior studies) induces neuronal atrophy in the hippocampus.
Monopoles and maps from $S^2$ to $S^2$; the topology of the configuration space

The configuration space for the SU(2)-Yang-Mills-Higgs equations on ℝ3 is shown to be homotopic to the space of smooth maps fromS 2 toS 2. This configuration space indexes a family of twisted Dirac operators. The Dirac family is used to prove that the configuration space does not retract onto any subspace on which the SU(2)-Yang-Mills-Higgs functional is bounded.
Folic acid reduces nuclear translocation of β-catenin in rectal mucosal crypts of patients with colorectal adenomas

We have demonstrated that folic acid inhibits cell proliferation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation in colon cancer cell lines. We examined the effect of one year supplemental folic acid (5 mg/day) on the rectal mucosal expression of β-catenin and pGSK3β, known to be affected by EGF-R, in patients with colorectal adenomas. Folic acid treatment significantly reduced nuclear expression of β-catenin (P<0.05) and cellular expression of pGSK3β (P<0.01) when compared to placebo. Folic acid may exert its chemopreventive effect, at least in part, through inhibition of nuclear translocation of β-catenin.
Embeddings of non-commutative Lp-spaces into non-commutative L1-spaces, 1 < p < 2

It will be shown that for 1 < p < 2 the Schatten p-class is isometrically isomorphic to a subspace of the predual of a von Neumann algebra. Similar results hold for non-commutative $ L_p(N, \tau) $ -spaces defined by a finite trace on a finite von Neumann algebra. The embeddings rely on a suitable notion of p-stable processes in the non-commutative setting.
Comparison of different models for the generation of electron backscattering patterns in the scanning electron microscope

An electron backscattering pattern (EBSP) is formed on a fluorescent (or other) screen from the faster scattered electrons when a single-crystal region of a solid sample is illuminated by a finely focused electron beam (EB). The EBSP is very similar in appearance to the electron channeling pattern (ECP) that is obtained in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) by rocking the beam about a point on the surface of a single crystal. It has been suggested that the mechanisms that give rise to EBSP and ECP are related by reciprocity. If this is indeed the case, then the models that are used to explain them should be the same except for the direction in which the electrons travel through the specimen. The two-event “diffraction model” for EBSP (diffuse scattering followed by diffraction) fails this condition, leading to the conclusion that the “channeling in and channeling out” model for EBSP is more likely to be correct. This has been described rigorously by Reimer (1979, 1985). It is named after the title used by Joy (1994). An attempt is made here to describe this model in a simple way.
Stress, health, and political participation

Abstract A sample of urban Canadian adults who were interviewed and medically examined provided the basis for an exploration of the relation between political behavior and physical stature, general health, and stress. People active in communal and protest political activities showed more stress than, but were otherwise similar to, people who did not participate in such activities. In particular, political actives who were not confident about their effectiveness showed signs of even more stress. People who participated in campaign activities were similar to inactives with respect to signs of stress and general health, but were of smaller stature.
Keynote speaker [Machine learning for assistive technology]

Summary form only given, as follows. Assistive technologies (AT) are created to help people with disabilities participate more effectively and independently in all aspects of society. Simple assistive technologies would be crutches and manual wheelchairs. Complex assistive technologies include smart homes, navigation systems, prompting systems and brain-computer interfaces for numerous activities including wheelchair control. There is an increasing trend to use machine learning as a key component in a variety of assistive technology applications. In this talk we will survey current ML applications for AT, discuss the challenges that this application domain presents and discuss future research possibilities.
Conflict Management Styles in the Health Professions

The purpose of the study was to determine prevalent conflict management styles chosen by students in nursing and to contrast these styles with those chosen by students in allied health professions. The associations among the level of professional health care education and the style chosen were also determined. A convenience sample of 126 students in a comprehensive university completed the Thomas–Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI), which requires respondents to choose behaviors most characteristic of their response to conflict and classifies these behaviors as one of five styles. There was no significant difference between the prevalent conflict management styles chosen by graduate and undergraduate nursing students and those in allied health. Some of the students were already licensed in their discipline; others had not yet taken a licensing exam. Licensure and educational level were not associated with choice of styles. Women and men had similar preferences. The prevalent style for nursing students was compromise, followed by avoidance. In contrast, avoidance, followed by compromise and accommodation, was the prevalent style for allied health students. When compared to the TKI norms, slightly more than one half of all participants chose two or more conflict management styles, commonly avoidance and accommodation at the 75th percentile or above. Only 9.8% of the participants chose collaboration at that level. Implications for nurse educators, researchers, and administrators are discussed.
Influence of personality attributes and daily moods on bulimic eating patterns.

Abstract Relationship among personality attributes, mood states, and eating patterns were examined in a nonclinical sample of females with bulimic symptomatology and binge eaters. Thirteen subjects in each group completed trait measures of depression, anxiety, hostility, and locus of control. Subsequently, they self-monitored affect and eating patterns over a 20-day period. Greater state depression, anxiety, and hostility all were associated significantly with subsequent daily binge eating, and with purging for bulimic subjects. The association of binge occurrence with state anxiety and hostility was significantly greater for bulimics than for binge eaters. Locus of control and trait hostility were important in influencing reactivity of binge eating to daily moods. As trait hostility and externality increased, reactivity of binges to negative mood states also increased.
Microscopic theory of the lattice dynamics of hcp rare-earth metals

A microscopic theory of the lattice dynamics of the rare-earth metals based on the model-potential method is developed and applied to the hexagonal close-packed metals, Tb and Ho. The electron-phonon interaction is represented in the rigid-ion approximation by a rare-earth-metal model potential (REMMP) of the Heine-Abarenkov-Animalu type which incorporates formally the $s\ensuremath{-}f$ hybridization in the energy bands of the lanthanides through an $l=3$ model-potential well depth of the resonance form, ${A}_{3}(E)\ensuremath{\propto}\frac{1}{2}\frac{{W}_{f}}{({E}_{f}\ensuremath{-}E)}$, where ${W}_{f}$ and ${E}_{f}$ are, respectively, the width and the position of the narrow $f$ band. Physical effects due to the nonlocality of the REMMP, spin-orbit coupling, local-field corrections, and three-body forces are investigated but only the nonlocality of the REMMP was included explicitly in the numerical calculation. Calculated phonon dispersion curves for Tb and Ho are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data of Houmann and Nicklow and of Nicklow et al. This work represents a successful completion of the program of extending the pseudopotential and model-potential methods to all metals throughout the Periodic Table.
Ion beam mixing of marker layers in Al and Si

Abstract Ion beam mixing experiments on thin Pt, Au, and Ni markers in Al and Si have been performed at 17, 85, and 300 K. After irradiation with 300 keV Ar ions the broadening and relative shifts of the markers have been determined by RBS measurements. The marker broadenings are more pronounced in Si than in Ai; in both matrices the broadenings decrease in the following order: Au, Pt, and Ni. No dependence of mixing on irradiation temperature was observed between 17 and 300 K. The shifts of the heavy Au and Pt markers relative to the Ni markers are approximately equal to the experimental accuracy. However, a shift of the Ni marker toward the surface relative to the heavier Au and Pt markers was consistently observed.
Sensory rhodopsin I: receptor activation and signal relay.

Recent progress is summarized on the mechanism of phototransduction by sensory rhodopsin I (SR-I), a phototaxis receptor inHalobacterium halobium. Two aspects are emphasized: (i)The coupling of retinal isomerization to protein conformational changes. Retinal analogs have been used to probe chromophore-apoprotein interactions during the receptor activation process. One of the most important results is the finding of a steric trigger deriving from the interaction of residues on the protein with a methyl group near the isomerizing bond of the retinal (at carbon 13). Recent work on molecular genetic methods to further probe structure/function includes the synthesis and expression of an SR-I apoprotein gene designed for residue replacements by cassette mutagenesis, and transformation of anH. halobium mutant lacking all retinylidene proteins known in this species to SR-I+ and bacteriorhodopsin (BR)+. (ii)The relay of the SR-I signal to a post-receptor component. A carboxylmethylated protein (“MPP-I”) associated with SR-I and found in theH. halobium membrane exhibits homology with the signaling domain of eubacterial chemotaxis transducers (e.g.,Escherichia coli Tar, Tsr, and Trg proteins), suggesting a model based on SR-I → MPP-I signal relay.
El egoísmo psicológico

El egoismo psicologico es una teoria sobre la motivacion que afirma que nuestros deseos son autocentrados. Las criticas contra el egoismo psicologico se pueden dividir en tres categorias: a) se dice que no es una autentica teoria; b) que es una teoria refutada por la observacion de la conducta; c) que se deberia rechazar en favor de una teoria alternativa segun la cual los seres humanos tienen deseos ultimos tanto egoistas como altruistas. Se analizan estos tres tipos de critica y se concluye que la situacion del debate entre egoismo y pluralismo motivacional es de tablas. Situacion que puede encontrar alguna salida a partir de consideraciones evolucionistas. El egoismo no merece ser considerado como hipotesis por defecto. Aunque sea en un grado pequeno, el peso de la evidencia favorece al pluralismo
Protein Kinase C Delta Induces Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through Induction of the Tumor Suppressor p53 by Both p38-dependent and p38-independent Mechanisms

Abstract Apoptotic death of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is a prominent feature of blood vessel remodeling. In the present study, we examined the novel PKC isoform protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) and its role in vascular SMC apoptosis. In A10 SMCs, overexpression of PKCδ was sufficient to induce apoptosis, whereas inhibition of PKCδ diminished H2O2-induced apoptosis. Moreover, evidence is provided that the tumor suppressor p53 is an essential mediator of PKCδ-induced apoptosis in SMCs. Activation of PKCδ led to accumulation as well as phosphorylation of p53 in SMCs; this induction correlated with apoptosis. Furthermore, blocking p53 induction with small interference RNA or targeted gene deletion prevented PKCδ-induced apoptosis, whereas restoring p53 expression rescued the ability of PKCδ to induce apoptosis in p53 null SMCs. We also establish that PKCδ regulates p53 at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. Specifically, the transcriptional regulation required p38 MAPK, whereas the post-translational modification, at least for serine 46, did not involve MAPK. Additionally, PKCδ, p38 MAPK, and p53 co-associate in cells under conditions favoring apoptosis. Together, our data suggest that SMC apoptosis proceeds through a pathway that involves PKCδ, the intermediary p38 MAPK, and the downstream target tumor suppressor p53.
Vitamin K3 preferentially inhibits stimulation of phospholipase D-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine by protein kinase C activators in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.

Abstract Vitamin K 3 (menadione), a synthetic vitamin K congener, inhibits the growth of tumor cells. Here, we examined possible effects of vitamin K 3 On phospholipase D (PLD) activity, an enzyme which produces growth regulatory substances. In NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, vitamin K 3 (50-100 μM) alone had no effect on PLD-catalyzed formation of phosphatidylethanol, a marker of PLD activity, but it slightly (10-21%) inhibited the stimulatory effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Of the two major substrates of PLD, phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), vitamin K 3 (10-100 μM) preferentially inhibited PtdEtn hydrolysis when stimulated by PMA or platelet-derived growth factor, the latter being a hormonal activator of PKC. Vitamin K 3 had no inhibitory effect on sphingosine- or staurosporine-induced hydrolysis of PtdEtn or PtdCho. Inhibition of PMA-induced PtdEtn hydrolysis by vitamin K 3 was effectively reduced by both cysteine (1 mM) and reduced glutathione (1 mM) and was mimicked by the superoxide-generating xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. The results show that vitamin K 3 preferentially inhibits the effects of PKC activators on PLD-mediated hydrolysis of PtdEtn by a mechanism which may involve oxidation of thiols in a critically important regulatory component.
The effect of bifenthrin on the dopaminergic pathway in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Bifenthrin is a type I pyrethroid pesticide, which has been shown to increase plasma estrogen concentrations in several fish models. The mechanism of action by which bifenthrin alters 17β-estradiol (E2) is unclear. E2 biosynthesis is regulated through pituitary follicle stimulating hormone, which is directly controlled by hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH2). Since dopaminergic signaling significantly influences GnRH2 release in fish, the goal of the study was to determine the effect of a 96 h and 2 weeks exposure to bifenthrin on dopaminergic signaling in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (RT). Our results indicated that a decrease in dopamine receptor 2A (DR2A) expression was associated with a trend toward an increase in plasma E2 following exposure at 96 h and 2 weeks, and a significant increase in the relative expression of vitellogenin mRNA at 2 weeks. DR2A mRNA expression decreased 426-fold at 96 h and 269-fold at 2 weeks in the brains of 1.5 ppb (3.55 pM) bifenthrin treated RT. There was an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase transcript levels at 96 h, which is indicative of dopamine production in the brains of the 1.5 ppb (3.55 pM) bifenthrin treated RT. A significant increase in the relative expression of GnRH2 was observed at 96 h but a significant decrease was noted after 2 weeks exposure indicating potential feedback loop activation. These results indicate that the estrogenic-effects of bifenthrin may result in part from changes in signaling within the dopaminergic pathway, but that other feedback pathways may also be involved.
The Other Side of the Coin: De-Selecting Material from a Research Library's Storage Facility

Most large research libraries maintain storage facilities containing low-use material. Many of these facilities are filling rapidly as libraries repurpose space on central campuses and rely more heavily on digital collections. Many of the same low-use titles are being stored in multiple storage facilities, but in the current environment of rapid delivery via resource sharing networks, it may no longer be as necessary to maintain all low-use print material locally since libraries can rely on partners to supply occasionally-needed material if it is not already available digitally. The paper summarizes successful projects at the Purdue University Libraries that withdrew low-use serial titles from a storage facility, and covers a current project that identifies monographs as candidates for de-selection. Using the WorldCat Collection Analysis, circulation statistics, and selector input, these projects sought to reduce the amount of material in storage. Building library collections to meet user needs has long been a cornerstone of effective library service; learning what to discard from physical collections may soon be equally important.
A brief survey of lmp rank tests for random effects in one and two-way models

The nonparametric problem of testing for random effects in one and two-way experiments is surveyed. The results of Govindarajulu and Deshpande (1972), Govindarajulu (1975), Shetty and Govindarajulu (1988) Clemmens and Govindarajulu (1990) and Clemmens (1988) are summarized and certain open problems are mentioned.
The Institutions of Corporate Governance

Abstract In this review piece, I outline the institutions of corporate governance decision-making in the large public firm in the wealthy West. By corporate governance, I mean the relationships at the top of the firm—the board of directors, the senior managers, and the stockholders. By institutions I mean those repeated mechanisms that allocate authority among the three and that affect, modulate, and control the decisions made at the top of the firm. Core corporate governance institutions respond to two distinct problems, one of vertical governance (between distant shareholders and managers) and another of horizontal governance (between a close, controlling shareholder and distant shareholders). Some institutions deal well with vertical corporate governance but do less well with horizontal governance. The institutions interact as complements and substitutes, and many can be seen as developing out of a “primitive” of contract law. In Part I, I sort out the central problems of corporate governance. In Part II, I catalog the basic institutions of corporate governance, from markets to organization to contract. In part III, I consider contract law as corporate law’s “primitive” building- block. In Part IV, I briefly examine issues of corporate legitimacy that affect corporate governance by widening or narrowing the tools available. The interaction between political institutions and corporate governance institutions is an inquiry still in its infancy but promises large returns. In Part V, I re-examine corporate governance in terms of economies of scale, contract, markets, and property rights. Then I summarize and conclude.
Sex differences in career expectations of physical therapist students.

Background and Purpose: There are some sex differences in the career activities of physical therapists. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these sex differences are reflected in the career expectations of physical therapist students. Subjects: Participants were 919 physical therapist students. Methods: Faculty at 34 physical therapist education programs distributed questionnaires to 1,172 of their students. The 919 returned questionnaires generated a response rate of 78.4%. Sex differences in career expectations were statistically analyzed with logistic regression. Results: Men showed statistically significantly higher odds than women of expecting to own a private practice, to become a faculty member, to become a physical therapist manager or administrator, to publish articles in professional journals, and to have a higher income in the first year of employment. Discussion and Conclusion: At the outset of physical therapist education, there are sex differences in the career expectations of physical therapist students.
Demonstration of 500 megabits per square inch with digital magnetic recording

The authors describe the testing and modeling methods undertaken to demonstrate and verify an areal density of 500 Mb/in/sup 2/ with a combined inductive, thin-film write head and a magnetoresistive read head on an advanced, state-of-the-art thin-film disk. The linear density was 100000 bit/in (3937 bit/mm), the track density was 5000 tracks/in (196.9 tracks/mm), and the flying height was 2.5 mu in (64 nm). The components were characterized in great detail, including write, read, erased-band, and read-profile skirt widths. A combination of off-track measurements and the track density error rate model showed that the target density was obtained for a soft error rate of 10/sup -6/ and a TMRw/r (write-to-read track misregistration) of 30.8 mu in (782 nm). >
A possible role for melanocortin peptides in longitudinal growth

Clinicalandinvitrodatasuggestalinkbetweentheelevationof the melanocortin peptide, ACTH, and longitudinal growth. Overproduction of ACTH in familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) is associated with increased growth and ACTH increases the differentiation of chondrocytes along the endochondral pathway in vitro. Using the leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mouse along with lean control littermates (nZ9‐10), we investigated the effects of adrenalectomy (ADX)-induced elevated ACTH with and without peripheral administration of the MC3-R-specific agonist, g2-melanocyte stimulating hormone (g2-MSH), on longitudinal growth. Naso-anal and tibial growth were measured together with growth plate parameters; both total and zonal heights together with the proliferative index. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVAwithpost hoccomparisonsmade using the Bonferroni correction. ADX significantly increased nasoanal length in lean mice and ADX plus g2-MSH administration significantly increased naso-anal length above ADX aloneinob/obmice.g2-MSHadministration toADX leanand ob/ob mice significantly increased tibial length. In ob/ob mice, these changes occurred in the context of reduced food intake. Analysis of total and zonal growth plate heights suggest an increase in hypertrophic differentiation and an overall increase in growth plate turnover in ADX lean and ob/ob mice. These in vivo data show that ADX enhances linear growth and the results of g2-MSH treatment suggest that the melanocortin system plays a role in linear growth.
An algebraic polyphase approach to wireless network coding

Network coding has been shown to improve throughput, minimize delay and economize the energy requirements in wireless networks. This paper presents an algebraic polyphase approach to the wireless linear network coding problem. By modeling wireless nodes as consisting of linear periodic time varying filters, the model incorporates realistic constraints including omni directionality of transmissions, half-duplex operation and interference effects. A rank criterion is introduced, which together with the transmission constraints, constitutes the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a wireless network code.
Identification of New Candidate Vaccine Antigens Made by Streptococcus pyogenes: Purification and Characterization of 16 Putative Extracellular Lipoproteins

Putative extracellular lipoproteins made by group A Streptococcus (GAS) are the focus of this study, which was designed to identify new candidate vaccine antigens. Bioinformatic analysis of a serotype M1 GAS strain identified 30 open-reading frames encoding putative lipoproteins. The genes encoding the mature form of 29 of these proteins were cloned, and 16 recombinant proteins were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity. The genes encoding these 16 proteins were highly conserved in GAS strains for which genome sequence data are available (serotypes M1, M3, M5, M12, M18, and M28). Mice inoculated subcutaneously with GAS and humans with GAS pharyngitis and invasive infections seroconverted to most of the 16 recombinant proteins, which indicates that these lipoproteins were produced during infection. The blood of mice actively immunized with 5 of the 16 recombinant proteins had significantly (P<.05) increased growth-inhibitory activity, compared with the blood of unimmunized mice, which identified these proteins as potential new vaccine candidates.
Combined inhaled nitric oxide and inhaled prostacyclin during experimental chronic pulmonary hypertension

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) and inhaled prostacyclin (PGI2) produce selective reductions in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) through differing mechanisms. NO decreases PVR via cGMP, and PGI2 produ...
The Role of Anglicisms in the German Language

There is no question that English, and especially American English, enjoys high prestige among German speakers.1 This popularity resulted in a growing importation of English loans into German. The influence is decidedly asymmetrical. While German loans do appear in other languages and also in English (Durrell, Styberc, and Eichhoff Einflisse), currently, there is not a lot of give and take. For example, Kann found 895 Germanisms in Time Magazine's international edition. While this sounds high, Kann also included proper names (e.g., Berliner Zeitung, Pilsner Urquell, Kohl, Hitler, Nazi, Schwarzenegger), which are not necessarily items that become part of the English lexicon and as such components of general usage. In comparison to the English influence on German, this list is very small. Like any other language, German has historically been open to the lexical influence of other languages. Generally, three major waves of foreign influence, Latin, French, and English, are differentiated.2 Here I want to discuss the English influence on German, which includes 1. a brief history of English loans 2. the types of loans or Fremdw6rter3 3. the areas prone to English loans 4. the potential influence of loans on the German grammatical system 5. a summary of the debate about the pros and
Late Proterozoic evolution of the northern part of the Hamisana zone, northeast Sudan: constraints on Pan-African accretionary tectonics

New structural data from the Red Sea Hills, northeast Sudan, add constraints to accretionary tectonic processes that acted in the Arabian-Nubian shield during the late Proterozoic. Geometric constraints provided by field data are used together with Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery to interpret the regional distribution and structural relations of spectrally and lithologically distinctive rock assemblages. In contrast to interpretations reported elsewhere, these studies indicate that the Hamisana zone, a prominent structural feature in the northern Red Sea Hills, post-dated terrane accretion. It is characterized by east-west crustal shortening and by steep folds and thrust faults. Calc-alkaline magmatism was contemporaneous with and outlasted main phase deformation, thus deformation occurred in an intra-arc setting. Thrust faults were reactivated after east-west contraction, compromising their usefulness in delineating 9sutures9 or as piercing points across older faults. Pan-African accretionary processes may have been analogous to Phanerozoic ophiolite and island arc accretion in the western North American Cordillera, where penetrative deformation occurred in response to periodic intra-plate shortening events rather than an ultimate collision of unrelated crustal fragments. Such an analogy implies a mechanism for crustal thickening by structural as well as igneous processes during evolution of an accretionary belt in a long-lived convergent margin setting, consistent with the long-standing observation that Pan-African magmatism became more evolved with time. This view emphasizes that an interplay of deformation and magmatism resulted in protracted accretion and crustal thickening, in contrast to models where crustal shortening results directly from collision of a volcanic arc, microcontinent, or other buoyant features.
Immunolocalization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 in the rat olfactory bulb

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) constitute a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are subdivided into three groups based on sequence similarity, pharmacological profiles, and coupling to second messengers. Although mRNAs for seven of the eight mGluRs are expressed in the olfactory system, the localization and function of specific subtypes have not been fully characterized. Mitral cells of the olfactory bulb express mRNA for several mGluRs, including mGluR7, which has been suggested as a presynaptic glutamate autoreceptor. To investigate the immunolocalization of mGluR7 in the olfactory system, we used a polyclonal antiserum specific for the carboxy terminus of the receptor. Mitral cell somata and proximal dendrites were strongly labeled by the mGluR7 antibody. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that most of the mitral cell somatic staining was cytoplasmic. In olfactory bulb glomeruli, immunoreactivity was present in axons and dendrites. In the piriform cortex, diffuse staining was present in layer Ia that was markedly reduced following bulbectomy, consistent with expression of mGluR7 in mitral cell axon terminals. Electron microscopic analysis of this region confirmed the presence of mGluR7 in multiple axon terminals. Distinct labeled fibers in all levels of layer I appeared to originate from labeled piriform cortex pyramidal cells in layers II and III. Our results indicate that mGluR7 is primarily presynaptic at olfactory bulb synapses. However, the postsynaptic localization of mGluR7 at selected synapses indicates that mGluR7 is not targeted exclusively to axonal compartments.
Exploring the role of GIS during community health assessment problem solving: experiences of public health professionals

A Community health assessment (CHA) involves the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in conjunction with other software to analyze health and population data and perform numerical-spatial problem solving. There has been little research on identifying how public health professionals integrate this software during typical problem solving scenarios. A better understanding of this is needed to answer the "What" and the "How". The "What" identifies the specific software being used and the "How" explains the way they are integrated together during problem solving steps. This level of understanding will highlight the role of GIS utilization during problem solving and suggest to developers how GIS can be enhanced to better support data analysis during community health assessment. An online survey was developed to identify the information technology used during CHA analysis. The tasks were broken down into steps and for our analysis these steps were categorized by action: Data Management/Access, Data Navigation, Geographic Comparison, Detection of Spatial Boundaries, Spatial Modelling, and Ranking Analysis. 27 CHA professionals completed the survey, with the majority of participants (14) being from health departments. Statistical software (e.g. SPSS) was the most popular software for all but one of the types of steps. For this step (detection of spatial boundaries), GIS was identified as the most popular technology. Most CHA professionals indicated they use statistical software in conjunction with GIS. The statistical software appears to drive the analysis, while GIS is used primarily for simple spatial display (and not complex spatial analysis). This purpose of this survey was to thoroughly examine into the process of problem solving during community health assessment data analysis and to gauge how GIS is integrated with other software for this purpose. These findings suggest that GIS is used more for spatial display while other software such as statistical packages (the "What") are used to drive data management, data navigation, and data calculation (the "How"). Focusing at the level of how public health problems are solved, can shed light on how GIS technology can be enhanced to encompass a stronger role during community health assessment problem solving.
Spar buoy platform for water wave, turbulence and underwater electric field sensors

During the summer of 2010 the US Navy's Center for Innovation in Ship Design (CISD) at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (NSWCCD) supported three interns to work at the Navy's South Florida Ocean Measurement Facility (SFOMF). For these summer internships, funding was provided by the Naval Research Enterprise Intern Program (NREIP). NREIP, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, allows college students to experience a 10-week internship relevant to their science and engineering major. The program provides students exposure to the everyday practice of engineering and research at DOD laboratories across the country. The Florida Atlantic University Department of Ocean Engineering interns worked in a team to tackle an ocean engineering buoy design and technology project.
Alternatives to ozone depleting substances in electronic cleaning

Evidence indicating that the Earth's ozone layer is being depleted by man-made chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other halogen containing solvents has challenged the scientific community to seek alternatives to precision and electronic cleaning. The crisis reached a climax when it was declared at a meeting of concerned nations in Montreal, Canada that phase-out of production of these substances was the only way to effectively reduce the impact of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Initially the Protocol dictated that there would be a progressive reduction in production with complete phase-out at the turn of the century. Present evidence indicates that the ozone layer is being depleted at a rate faster than anticipated. Subsequent meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol have resulted in an accelerated phase-out and effectively production would cease 1 January 1996, if not sooner. >
Is Nitrite the Circulating Endocrine Effector of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning

Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly diffusible, free radical signaling molecule that is produced by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) enzyme, which converts l-arginine and molecular oxygen into l-citrulline and NO.1,2 NO diffuses from the endothelium to the smooth muscle where it binds with high affinity to the heme group of soluble guanylate cyclase, which in turn catalyzes the conversion of GTP to cGMP.3 NO signaling is largely paracrine, with potential endocrine effects limited by its radical nature and extremely high reactivity with other heme-containing proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.4 When NO encounters oxyhemoglobin in blood or oxymyoglobin in cardiomyocytes, it reacts at rates near the diffusion limit to form nitrate and methemoglobin (dioxygenation reaction).5,6 It will also react with the deoxyhemes of these proteins to form iron–nitrosyl complexes, which can release NO but inefficiently via the oxidative denitrosylation reaction.7 These 2 reactions, dioxygenation and iron nitrosylation, prevent NO from forming in the endothelium and diffusing to distant organ targets, such as the heart, intestine, kidney, brain, or liver. Article, see p 1601 Despite the strict paracrine limitations imposed by this chemistry, several studies suggested that endocrine NO signaling is possible. The Kubes’ group showed that NO delivered by inhalation to cats could improve blood flow and limit inflammation in the cat intestine subjected to ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury8; Cannon et al6 later showed that this was possible in the human circulation. Many subsequent studies have shown that inhaled NO could rescue distal organs from I/R injury and infarction. In fact, upregulation of eNOS selectively in the heart could rescue the liver from I/R injury.9 However, free NO cannot account for these effects based on the short half-life of NO in blood, on the order …
Sulfurization of carbon surface for vapor phase mercury removal - I: Effect of temperature and sulfurization protocol

The uptake of hydrogen sulfide by carbon materials (ACFs and BPL) under dry and anoxic conditions was tested using a fixed bed reactor system to determine the effects of sorbent properties, temperature (200–800 � C) and sulfurization protocols on the sulfur content, sulfur stability, sulfur distribution, and to elucidate possible reaction mechanisms for the formation of sulfur species. Sorbents with higher surface areas showed higher uptake capacity, indicating that active sites for sulfur bonding are formed during the formation of the pore structure. The sulfur content and stability generally increased with the increase in temperature due to a shift in the reaction mechanism. The sulfurization process is associated with the decomposition of surface functionalities, which creates active sites for sulfur bonding. The presence of H2S during the cooling process increased the sulfur content by increasing the presence of less stable sulfur forms. Sulfurized sorbents produced at high temperatures have pore structure similar to that of the virgin carbons. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.