cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auditory contralateral induction: An early stage in binaural processing

Binaural interaction was studied using headphones presenting signals (tones or filtered speech) to one ear and noises of various spectral compositions to the other. Every half-second, the sides receiving the signal and noise were reversed. The noise was always perceived to alternate from side to side, but the signal appeared to be stationary and diffusely localized about the midsaggital plane when the noise contained the spectral components of the signal at appropriate intensity levels. This delateralization of a monaural signal results from a process called “contralateral induction” (CI). Additional observations indicate that CI corresponds to an early stage in binaural interaction which generally escapes notice because of further perceptual processing.
Conditional gene inactivation reveals roles for Fgf10 and Fgfr2 in establishing a normal pattern of epithelial branching in the mouse lung

Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) signaling through FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) is required for lung initiation. While studies indicate that Fgf10 and Fgfr2 are also important at later stages of lung development, their roles in early branching events remain unclear. We addressed this question through conditional inactivation of both genes in mouse subsequent to lung initiation. Inactivation of Fgf10 in lung mesenchyme resulted in smaller lobes with a reduced number of branches. Inactivation of Fgfr2 in lung epithelium resulted in disruption of lobes and small epithelial outgrowths that arose arbitrarily along the main bronchi. In both mutants, there was an increase in cell death. Also, the expression patterns of key signaling molecules implicated in branching morphogenesis were altered and a proximal lung marker was expanded distally. Our results indicate that both Fgf10 and Fgfr2 are required for a normal branching program and for proper proximal-distal patterning of the lung.
Partial Occlusion of the Central Retinal Vein

Twenty-three untreated patients (14 men and nine women ranging in age from 31 to 74 years) with partial occlusion of the central retinal vein were followed up prospectively for a minimum of 12 months. Seventeen had systemic vascular disease. At the conclusion of the study, 12 patients had visual acuities of 20/40 or better and eight had visual acuities of 20/100 or worse. Eleven patients had complete resolution of the retinopathy and had final visual acuities of 20/30 or better. Five eyes progressed to complete occlusion with final visual acuities of 20/300 or less. Seven eyes had chronic macular edema and visual acuities ranging from 20/40 to 20/200. One eye with background diabetic retinopathy developed optic disk neovascularization. None of the patients developed neovascular glaucoma.
Control of Electron Transfer Rates in Liquid Crystalline Media

The solvent reorganization energy of electron-transfer reactions is calculated for a solvent undergoing a structural phase transition from the isotropic to nematic phase. The calculation is based on the response function of the solvent polarization fluctuations obtained from Monte Carlo simulations of a model fluid of hard dipolar spherocylinders in a range of densities covering both the isotropic and nematic phases. The reorganization energy shows a significant anisotropy with respect to the orientation of the donor−acceptor complex relative to the nematic director in the nematic phase. A possibility to control electron-transfer rates arising from solvation anisotropy is discussed.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials of carotid endarterectomy vs stenting

Objective The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the available evidence derived from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the relative efficacy and safety of endarterectomy vs stenting in patients with carotid artery disease. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Current Contents, and Cochrane CENTRAL through July 2010 to update previous systematic reviews. Two reviewers determined trial eligibility and extracted descriptive, methodologic, and outcome data (death, nonfatal stroke, and nonfatal myocardial infarction). Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool relative risks and the I 2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. Results Thirteen RCTs proved eligible enrolling 7484 patients, of which 80% had symptomatic disease. Methodological quality was moderate to high, with better quality among RCTs published after 2008. Compared with carotid endarterectomy, stenting was associated with increased risk of any stroke (relative risk [RR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.99; I 2 = 40%), decreased risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI; RR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.26- 0.71; I 2 = 0%), and nonsignificant increase in mortality (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.85-2.33; I 2 = 5%). When analysis was restricted to the two most recent trials with the better methodology and more contemporary technique, we found stenting to be associated with a significant increase in the risk of any stroke (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.35-2.45) and mortality (RR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.27-5.08) and a nonsignificant reduction of the risk of MI (RR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.12-1.23). For every 1000 patients opting for stenting rather than endarterectomy, 19 more patients would have strokes and 10 fewer would have MIs. Outcome data in asymptomatic patients were sparse and imprecise; hence, these conclusions apply primarily to symptomatic patients. Conclusion Compared with endarterectomy, carotid artery stenting (CAS) significantly increases the risk of any stroke and decreases the risk of MI.
Dietary marine lipids suppress continuous expression of interleukin‐1β gene transcription1

n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids abundant in marine lipids suppress certain inflammatory and immune reactions, and dietary marine lipid supplements have antiinflammatory effects in experimental and human autoimmune disease. Previous work by other investigators demonstrated that dietary marine lipid supplements suppressed production of cytokines from stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cellsex vivo. The present study further documents the ability of n-3 fatty acids to inhibit cytokine formation, and in part defines the mechanism of the inhibition of production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by dietary n-3 fatty acid. Female BALB/c mice were each fed a fatfree balanced diet to which was added either a refined fish oil (FO) preparation as a source of n-3 fatty acid, or beef tallow (BT), which consisted primarily of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids. After ingesting the experimental diets for periods ranging from 3 to 12 wk, spleen cell preparations were stimulatedex vivo with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and prolL-1β mRNA (Il-1β mRNA) was measured by northern analysis. Levels of IL-1β mRNA in both LPS-and PMA-stimulated cells from BT-fed mice were elevated to a greater extent than in cells from FO-fed mice, at most concentrations of LPS and PMA. Stability of LPS-stimulated mRNA levels after actinomycin D was similar for BT and FO groups, indicating that lower levels of IL-1 mRNA with FO groups was related to suppressed IL-1 gene transcription and not due to accelerated transcript degradation. Nuclear run-on transcription assays revealed a more transient expression of the IL-1β gene in LPS-stimulated spleen cells from FO-fed mice compared to cells from BT-fed mice. We conclude that dietary marine lipids reduce transient expression of the IL-1β gene in stimulated splenic monocytic cells. Preliminary results from nuclear run-on transcription assays indicate that n-3 fatty acids may not change the initial rate of gene transcription but may promote more rapid shutting down of transcription of this gene after induction than do alternative lipids.
THE ROENTGEN RADIATION OF PAPILLOMA VIRUS (SHOPE) II. THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS UPON PAPILLOMA VIRUS IN VITRO

Cell-free suspensions of papilloma virus (Shope) required for their inactivation in vitro amounts of Roentgen irradiation that are much greater than those needed to inactivate other infectious agents previously described. These amounts, millions of r units, are several thousand times greater than those required to eradicate permanently papillomas induced by the virus in domestic rabbits. Large doses of Roentgen radiation reduce the titer of papilloma virus, lengthen the period of time between inoculation and the appearance of papillomas, and decrease the size attained by the papillomas.
Stochastic Modeling of Molecular Transport to an Evaporating Microdroplet in a Superheated Gas

This investigation explored the use of a stochastic, direct-simulation Monte-Carlo scheme to model heat and mass transfer associated with the vaporization of liquid nitrogen microdroplets in superheated nitrogen gas. Two different stochastic models of the molecule-surface interactions were used in the particle simulation scheme. The first, which imposes conservation of mass at the droplet surface, is appropriate for a heated or cooled solid sphere. The second models the net generation of vapor at the surface of an evaporating droplet by allowing the molecular flux to adjust itself dynamically to balance the energy exchange. Predictions of the particle simulation model with the mass conservation surface treatment are found to agree favorably with heat transfer data for a solid sphere in a rarefied gas. The effects of non continuum behavior and interface vapor generation on transport during microdroplet evaporation are explored and a closed-form relation for the heat transfer coefficient is developed, which closely matches all our simulation heat transfer predictions for evaporating microdroplets.
Test of a model of message‐attitude‐behavior relations

The research reported here tested McPhee's dual focus model of message‐attitude‐behavior relations. McPhee's first focus was to reject Fishbein's enduring internal construct criterion by demonstrating that variables lacking cross situational predictive power can significantly add to the explanatory power of a model. This research found that personal normative beliefs and perceived environmental constraint, variables lacking in cross situational predictive power, significantly added to the variance already explained by attitude‐towards‐the‐act and social normative beliefs in behavioral intention. Motivation to comply was seen as expendable. McPhee's second focus was on the change relationships of three predictors of behavioral intention. Specifically, McPhee posited a linear relationship between message variables conceptualized in terms of the accumulated information ratio and the change relationships of attitude‐towards‐the‐act, personal and social normative beliefs. Even though the manipulations were ass...
Oxidative Stress and Psychological Disorders

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between cellular production of reactive oxygen species and the counteracting antioxidant mechanisms. The brain with its high oxygen consumption and a lipid-rich environment is considered highly susceptible to oxidative stress or redox imbalances. Therefore, the fact that oxidative stress is implicated in several mental disorders including depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, is not surprising. Although several elegant studies have established a link between oxidative stress and psychiatric disorders, the causal relationship between oxidative stress and psychiatric diseases is not fully determined. Another critical aspect that needs much attention and effort is our understanding of the association between cellular oxidative stress and emotional stress. This review examines some of the recent discoveries that link oxidative status with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. A discussion of published results and questions that currently exist in the field regarding a causal relationship between oxidative and emotional stress is also provided.
Surface microfluidics fabricated by superhydrophobic nanocomposite photoresist

Surface microfluidics can be of potential use in a variety of emerging applications, including biological and chemical analysis, cellular detection and manipulation, and high-throughput pharmaceutical screening. In comparison with the conventional closed-channel microfluidic system, surface microfluidics shows the distinct advantages of simple construction, direct fluidic connection, no cavitation or interphase obstruction, no optical barrier, and reusability. In this paper, we present the first surface microfluidic networks microfabricated by a single-step photolithographic process using a novel superhydrophobic photosensitive nanocomposite. The superhydrophobic photoresist incorporates PTFE nanoparticles into a photosensitive SU-8 matrix, in which superhydrophobicity (contact angle of 160°) is primarily contributed by the extremely low chemical energy and nanotopology of PTFE nanoparticles, while the SU-8 matrix offers photopatternability (lithographic resolution of 10µm) and substrate adhesion. Furthermore, surface microfluidic pumps self-propelled by surface tension force have been fabricated and characterized to demonstrate the applicability of the novel nanocomposite material.
Trapping and analysis of atmospheric residues of 2,4-D

As part of a monitoring study to measure atmospheric residues of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), it was necessary to develop a method for trapping and analysis of low levels of herbicide. The two requirements of the method were that the system be capable of handling relatively large flow rates of air, and that the various derivatives of 2,4-D rmintain their integrity in the trapping medium.
Defect motion at finite temperature on a hydrogen-bonded chain

Abstract We have previously considered the energetics and dynamics of ionic and orientational defects in the proton displacement pattern on a hydrogen-bonded chain at zero temperature. Here we examine thermal effects on ionic defect motion in such a chain. The chain is represented by a classical lattice hamiltonian and a modified tight-binding electronic hamiltonian. Temperature is incorporated using the Nose-Hoover method. We find that the threshold field for defect motion is reduced somewhat by temperature, as would be expected. The degree of reduction depends on whether the heavy-ion sublattice is taken to be stationary or mobile, but in either case the threshold fields at 200 K are still comparable to breakdown fields for reasonable values of the dielectric screening. Mobilities are on the order of 0.005 cm2/V s, well below the values initially observed by Eigen and de Maeyer, but consistent with more recent observations.
Effects of Humidity on Photosynthesis

Mise en evidence chez Helianthus annuus et Chenopodium album d'une reduction des capacites de fixation du CO 2 pour de faibles taux d'humidite. Modifications experimentales des conditions de milieu: la capacite photosynthetique aux differentes pressions de vapeur d'eau est independante de la transpiration et de la conductance stomatique des feuilles
PERCEPTIONS OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

A sample (N = 200) of undergraduate students in physical education from 12 universities in a midwestern state was sent the 1990 Price questionnaire; 178 responded (89%). 96% of the respondents indicated that normal weight is very important in children, 88% agreed that physical education teachers should play major roles in treating childhood obesity. 92% believed their college courses prepared them to administer exercise programs to help children reduce weight, and 70% supported school-based weight-reduction strategies. Over-all, the students seemed to want to help eliminate childhood obesity and indicated they should become significantly involved in school programs designed to achieve this goal.
Decrease in Maximal Force Generation in the Neonatal Mouse Bladder Corresponds to Shift in Myosin Heavy Chain Isoform Composition

ABSTRACTPurpose: A change in calcium handling has been proposed as the cause of decreased maximal force generation by neonatal bladders with growth. Recent studies suggest that increased myosin heavy chain isoform SM1 increases force generation. We studied force generation in neonatal mouse bladders to determine if decreases in SM1 corresponded with decreased force.Materials and Methods: C57Bl/6 mice were studied from birth to 12 weeks of life (adulthood). The bladder strip contractile response to KCl and bethanechol was followed by the inhibition of rho-kinase activity by Y-27632. The mRNA levels for SM1/SM2 were determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and protein levels were determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Muscle fraction per cross-sectional area was determined by trichrome staining.Results: Newborn bladders generated significantly more tension in response to KCl (43.3 vs 17.4 mN/mm2, p = 0.02) and bethanechol (40.6 vs 11.9 mN/mm2, p =...
Trustworthiness in e-commerce

Usability has often been sold as the silver bullet for solving the problems of unprofitable online stores. Although better usability will generally improve these sites and their potential for success, usability alone will not result in a highly thriving online presence. After all, no reasonable person will spend money at an untrustworthy online store no matter how usable and pretty the site may be. In this paper, we examine the multifaceted notions of trust and trustworthiness and how they can be applied to E-commerce stores. Trust in online stores strongly affects consumers' purchase decisions. While the majority of trust research lies in sociology and psychology, it is also relevant to E-commerce. We argue that high usability of an online store does not imply that the store is also trustworthy and, based on a theoretical discussion of trust, formulate a few design guidelines for designing for trust.
A Data Compression Technique for Synthetic Aperture Radar Images

A data compression technique is developed for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The technique is based on an SAR image model and is designed to preserve the local statistics in the image by an adaptive variable rate modification of block truncation coding (BTC). A data rate of approximately 1.6 bit/pixel is achieved with the technique while maintaining the image quality and cultural (pointlike) targets. The algorithm requires no large data storage and is computationally simple.
Marco historico, base lingüística y recursos textuales para la investigación del español del suroeste

En esta primera parte de las dos que constituyen el conjunto dedicado al analisis epistemologico de los estudios pasados y presentes sobre el espanol en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos de America se cubren tres aspectos. En el primero se presenta el marco geografico-historico, seguido de una propuesta de periodizacion que reformula planteamientos previos del autor. En el analisis de la base linguistica se atiende especialmente a la cuestion del espanol vestigial, en relacion con las propuestas de criollizacion. En la parte final se presentan y analizan los estudios y proyectos de fuentes documentales. Tras una primera consideracion historica de la bibliografia clasica se presta atencion detenida a las encuestas, sobre todo las relacionadas con la realizacion de atlas linguisticos. La descripcion de los recursos textuales se concentra en tres proyectos: (a) Cibola (Jerry R. Craddock, Barbara De Marco), (b) Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary Heritage (Nicolas Kanellos, Carolina Villarroel), y (c) Old Spanish Missions Historical Research Collection — Documentary Series (Center for Mexican American Studies & Research, Our Lady of the Lake University, OLLU, San Antonio, Tejas).
Cardiac prognosis of patients with carotid stenosis and no history of coronary artery disease. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group 167.

Patients with carotid stenosis have a high frequency of asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis was to test the hypothes...
Diamonds in the Rough: Implicit Personality Theories and Views of Partner and Self

Having negative views of oneself or a relationship partner is associated with low general or relationship well-being. This study examines the moderating effects of individuals' implicit personality theories-beliefs that people's attributes are either malleable or fixed. We predicted that individuals' beliefs about the malleability of attributes would moderate the relationship between views of the partner and relationship well-being and also the relationship between self-views and general well-being. These predictions were supported. When individuals had strong beliefs that people can change, the relationship between individuals' views of their partners and their relationship well-being was weaker; when individuals had strong beliefs that attributes are unchangeable, the relationship between views of partner and relationship well-being was stronger. The same moderating effect was found for self-ratings; individuals' self-ratings were less closely linked with general well-being when individuals believed tha...
Discovering persistent change windows in spatiotemporal datasets: a summary of results

Given a region S comprised of locations that each have a time series of length |T|, the Persistent Change Windows (PCW) discovery problem aims to find all spatial window and temporal interval pairs that exhibit persistent change of attribute values over time. PCW discovery is important for critical societal applications such as detecting desertification, deforestation, and monitoring urban sprawl. The PCW discovery problem is challenging due to the large number of candidate patterns, the lack of monotonicity where sub-regions of a PCW may not show persistent change, the lack of predefined window sizes for the ST windows, and large datasets of detailed resolution and high volume, i.e., spatial big data. Previous approaches in ST change footprint discovery have focused on local spatial footprints for persistent change discovery and may not guarantee completeness. In contrast, we propose a space-time window enumeration and pruning (SWEP) approach that considers zonal spatial footprints when finding persistent change patterns. We provide theoretical analysis of SWEP's correctness, completeness, and space-time complexity. We also present a case study on vegetation data that demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed approach. Experimental evaluation on synthetic data show that the SWEP approach is orders of magnitude faster than the naive approach.
Comparison between VELACS numerical ‘class A’ predictions and centrifuge experimental soil test results

Abstract The numerical ‘class A’ predictions performed within the framework of the VELACS Project are compared to the experimental results recorded in the centrifuge experiments. The comparisons are made in terms of: (1) the root mean square error of the predictions with respect to the mean of the experimental results; and (2) the size of a confidence interval centered at the predicted value which contains the estimated true value of the experimental results with a 75% probability. An assessment of the capability of various groups of constitutive soil models to predict excess pore pressures induced by dynamic loading is also presented.
Adhesion of Percutaneously Inserted Silastic Central Venous Lines to the Vein Wall Associated With Malassezia furfur Infection

Percutaneously inserted Silastic central venous catheters have been used for prolonged infusion of parenteral nutrition in neonates. Malassezia furfur infection has been associated with intravenous fat emulsions infused through central venous lines. In this paper, we report two premature infants whose Silastic catheters were adhered to the vein wall with associated M furfur infection. (Journal of Parenteral and Enternal Nutrition 17:458-460, 1993)
Enzyme immunoassay detection of antibodies in North American blastomycosis: comparison of three Blastomyces dermatitidis antigens.

Summary: Three Blastomyces dermatitidis commercial immunodiffusion antigens, Meridian Diagnostics, Nolan/Scott Laboratories and American Microsan, were utilized in an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies in blastomycosis. Thirty two serum specimens from patients with blastomycosis were assayed by the indirect ELISA using the alkaline phosphatase enzyme system. Greater reactivity, based on the ELISA index value, was evidenced with the Meridian Diagnostics antigen; the other two antigens exhibited lower but comparable reactivity. Specificity was determined by performing cross-reactivity assays on sera from patients with histoplasmosis or on specimens from individuals that More Histoplasma capsulatum skin test positive. Comparable specificity results were obtained with all three antigens. Zusammenfassung: Drei kommerziell erhaltliche Blastomyces dermatitidis-Antigenpraparate fur die Immundiffusion — Meridian Diagnostics, Nolan/Scott Laboratories and American Microscan — wurden vergleichend in einem Enzymimmunoassay (ELISA) zum Antikorpernachweis bei Blastomykose eingesetzt. Zweiunddreisig Serumproben von Patienten mit Blastomykose wurden im indirekten ELISA unter Benutzung des alkalischen Phosphatase-Enzymsystems gepruft. Gemessen am ELISA-Index-Wert wurde die beste Reaktivitat mit dem Meridian Diagnostics-Antigen erzielt; die beiden anderen Antigen-Praparate zeigten geringere, jedoch vergleichbare Reaktivitat. Die Spezifitat wurde durch Kreuzreaktionsversuche an Seren von Patienten mit Histoplasmose oder positivem Hauttest mit Histoplasma capsulatum-Antigen gepruft. Mit allen drei Antigen-Praparaten wurden vergleichbare Spezifitatsresultate erzielt.
Investigation of a relationship between refresh time and implantation overlap in capacitor region of P-MOS DRAM cell

In this paper, we elaborated a relationship between the refresh time and the implantation overlap in capacitor region of planar P-MOS DRAM cell based on the retention time and the localized maximum electrical field. Several samples with different overlap distance from the implanted region in capacitor area and the edge of capacitor were prepared. It appeared that retention time enhanced about two times when the distance decreased from 0.13 to 0.05 µm due to reduced leakage current on the capacitor region. Raphael simulation revealed that the lowed local electric field resulted in reduction of leakage current.
Attenuation of nociceptive responses by ACEA-1021, a competitive NMDA receptor/glycine site antagonist, in the mice.

Abstract Intrathecal administration of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor antagonists has been shown to produce antinociception in various animal models of pain. In the present study we examined the effect of 5-nitro-6,7-dichloro-1,4-dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione (ACEA-1021), a competitive NMDA receptor/glycine site antagonist, on nociceptive responses in the tail flick and formalin tests in mice. Swiss Webster mice were injected with ACEA-1021 intraperitoneally (1–60 mg/kg), or intrathecally (1–40 μg/mouse), and tested for antinociception. Systemic administration of ACEA-1021 attenuated the nociceptive responses solely in the formalin test. Nevertheless, intrathecal administration of ACEA-1021 showed equally potent attenuation of nociceptive responses in both animal models of pain. The effect of ACEA-1021 was also examined on caudally directed biting and scratching (CDBS) behaviors induced by intrathecal administration of NMDA. Microinjections of NMDA (1–1000 μM) in the spinal cord produced dose-dependent CDBS behaviors. Mice pretreated with ACEA-1021 (0.5–40 μg/mouse) showed dose-dependent protection against CDBS behaviors induced by intrathecal NMDA. Taken together, the results suggest that ACEA-1021 may block spinal NMDA receptors to attenuate nociceptive responses, however, our data cannot exclude the involvement of non-NMDA receptors.
Phase compensation of laser beam modes

A technique is described for improving the propagation characteristics of high order laser beam modes. A thin phase plate inserted in the beam forces all portions of the wave front to oscillate in phase and yields a substantial improvement in the far field intensity distribution. Depending on the mode order, the peak intensity at a distant target may be readily increased by more than a factor of ten.
Innovative Approaches with Bioenergetics Models: Future Applications to Fish Ecology and Management

Abstract Bioenergetics models define the mass balance relationship between the amount of food consumed by a fish and the fish's growth (somatic and reproductive), the energy it expends, and the waste it produces. The field of bioenergetics modeling has evolved rapidly from single-species studies of growth and food consumption to studies of food web dynamics, nutrient cycling, and predator–prey interactions at various spatial and temporal scales and to assessments of production potential at the ecosystem level. Much of this advance has been fostered by question-driven applications of bioenergetics models and by integration of bioenergetics approaches with new technologies and ecological theory. The accompanying papers in this issue exemplify such diverse and innovative applications. In future applications of these models to fish ecology and management, more attention must be focused on differences between model formulations, on model parameterization, and on assumptions used in model simulations and applic...
POTENTIAL WATER USE AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PATTERNS UNDER ALTERNATIVE WATER PRICES

Out study deals with the demand for water and alternative agricultural production and land use patterns under varying prices for both surface and ground water. We derive irrigation water demands for both the United States and regions of it. Not only is a different amount of water used at each set of water prices but also a different mix of crops, livestock, and production technology develops among the different regions. Under the highest set of prices used, more than fourteen million acres are converted into dryland farming. Total irrigated water use decreases by more than 25 million acre-feet. Irrigated crop yields are reduced and cropping patterns shift away from irrigation. Commodity shadow prices increase as much as 15 percent under high prices for both surface and ground water. A redistribution of farm income occurs between irrigated and dryland regions.
NEXLASER: an unattended tropospheric aerosol and ozone lidar

This paper describes the development of a laboratory prototype unattended LIDAR system to measure aerosol profiles to 10km and ozone profiles to 3km. One consideration in an unattended system is a robust, eye-safe optical design that can provide the necessary signal levels and dynamic range to produce profiles at required height, resolution, and accuracy. An equally important consideration is a set of algorithms to compute aerosol and ozone profiles under a range of atmospheric conditions. NEXLASER employs an atmospheric state model to help identify and adapt to the varied conditions it must encounter. The signal-to-noise requirements of the algorithms are demonstrated and related back to hardware design. Performance of the system is demonstrated with simulated atmospheric conditions.
Simulation of structural integrity predictions for panels with multiple site damage

Abstract A simulation program in the Matlab environment is developed to predict structural integrity in terms of fatigue crack growth, residual strength and fatigue life for multiple site damage (MSD) panels found in aging aircraft. Analytical solutions are used to predict the residual strength, fatigue crack growth and fatigue life based on specific criteria. The results obtained from the simulation program are compared with existing experimental data of fatigue tests on 2024-T3 aluminum panels. The developed simulation program is useful for both training and professional use in predicting the structural integrity of MSD panels in preliminary studies.
Characterization of Low-Affinity Complexes between RNA and Small Molecules Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry†

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) provides a sensitive method for the characterization of low-affinity (∼mM) complexes between nucleic acids and small molecules. Such complexes can...
MACALISTER, JOHN, & NATION. I. S. P. (Eds.). Case Studies in Language Curriculum Design: Concepts and Approaches in Action Around the World. New York: Routledge, 2011. Pp. xii, 210. $41.95, paper. ISBN 978–0–41588–232–3.

The article reviews the book "Case Studies in Language Curriculum Design: Concepts and Approaches in Action Around the World," edited by John Macalister and I. S. P. Nation.
Nitrogenase: properties of the catalytically inactive complex between the Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe protein and the Clostridium pasteurianum Fe protein.

Abstract The catalytically inactive complex generated by the combination of the Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe protein (Av1) and the Clostridium pasteurianum Fe protein (Cp2) inhibits N2 reduction, C2H2 reduction, H+ reduction and ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by the homologous nitrogenases. Kinetic data indicate that the inactive complex consists of two molecules of Cp2 to one molecule of Av1, with values for the inhibitor constant in the range of 1–10 nM. Inhibition of C. pasteurianum nitrogenase by Av1 produces a lag phase in acetylene reduction that increases with increasing Av1. The lag phase is found only at levels of Av1 sufficient to keep the ratio of Cp2: Cp1 lower than 2. Gel filtration of a mixture of Av1 and Cp2 provides evidence for complex formation and indicates that each Av1 molecule binds more than one Cp2 molecule. The Av1-Cp2 complex binds two molecules of MgATP per molecule of Cp2. MgATP is not required for complex formation, but complex formation lowers the MgATP-Cp2 dissociation constant approx. 3-fold. Av1 protects the iron-sulfur center in Cp2 completely against the MgATP-induced reaction with chelators. This provides additional evidence for formation of the Av1-Cp2 complex and together with the results of the MgATP-binding studies suggests that the two binding sites for MgATP are some distance away from the iron-sulfur site on Cp2.
Suicide and substance use among female veterans: A need for research

Abstract Background The number of female veterans is increasing. Veterans Administration (VA) enrollment increased over 40% from past eras. However, little research has focused on their mental health. We reviewed literature to examine associations of substance use with suicide in female veterans, identify research gaps, and inform future studies. Methods Google Scholar, Pub Med, and PsychINFO were searched using: substance use, female veteran, and suicide. Exclusion criteria (e.g., not discussing U.S. veterans) left 17 articles. Results Nine studies examined completed suicide among veterans. In most recent years, rates of deaths were greater for veterans than nonveterans, including females. Completed suicide was associated with past trauma, young age, and a mental disorder. Studies have often not addressed substance use. Three studies examined completed suicide among VA treated veterans without examining substance use as an associated factor. Rates of completed suicides were also higher among veterans than nonveterans, including females. A large proportion of females also had a mental diagnosis. Five studies examined substance use and attempted or completed suicide among VA treated veterans. Veterans in poor mental health had increased odds of suicide mortality; women with a substance use disorder (SUD) had a higher hazard ratio for completed suicide than men with a SUD. Engagement in substance abuse treatment decreased odds of suicide attempt among veterans. Conclusion Available data suggest that suicide rates are higher among female veterans than women in the general population. Substance use may increase the likelihood of suicidal behaviors among female veterans, particularly those with a mental diagnosis.
A biological rationale for musical scales.

Scales are collections of tones that divide octaves into specific intervals used to create music. Since humans can distinguish about 240 different pitches over an octave in the mid-range of hearing [1], in principle a very large number of tone combinations could have been used for this purpose. Nonetheless, compositions in Western classical, folk and popular music as well as in many other musical traditions are based on a relatively small number of scales that typically comprise only five to seven tones [2]–[6]. Why humans employ only a few of the enormous number of possible tone combinations to create music is not known. Here we show that the component intervals of the most widely used scales throughout history and across cultures are those with the greatest overall spectral similarity to a harmonic series. These findings suggest that humans prefer tone combinations that reflect the spectral characteristics of conspecific vocalizations. The analysis also highlights the spectral similarity among the scales used by different cultures.
Techniques to enable the use of Block RAMs on FPGAS with Dynamic and Differential Logic

Block RAMs (BRAMs) are commonly used by implementations of cryptographic algorithms on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Unfortunately, any hardware implementation of a cryptographic function is susceptible to differential power analysis (DPA) attacks unless it is protected. Dynamic and Differential Logic (DDL), a constant power consumption logic style, is the most popular and successful defense method against DPA attacks. The required Measurements to Disclosure (MTD) of the key has been shown to be larger than the life period of the secret key in most systems. DDL implementations on FPGAs proposed till date incur a large area overhead. In this paper we show that BRAMs can be used within a DDL design without compromising its security. We propose and analyze several implementation techniques for using BRAMs in DDL designs. Our results show that such DDL implementations increase the MTDs by a factor 4 over unprotected designs which use BRAMs and by a factor 2.5 over DDL implementations which do not use BRAMs.
Metabolism of Volatile Compounds of Pediococcus cerevisiae and Their Occurrence in Cheddar Cheese

Abstract Quantities of acetaldehyde, ethanol, and diacetyl produced in milk by single-strain cultures of Pediococcus cerevisiae were determined. The cultures produced only small amounts of these compounds, even on extended incubation. Other volatile compounds were not detected in milk cultures of these organisms. P. cerevisiae strains were capable of reducing acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde but not acetone or butanone to the corresponding alcohols. Organisms were isolated from a series of Cheddar cheeses and identified as pediococci. These isolated organisms produced only small amounts of diacetyl.
Basic Concepts For Testing The Torah Code Hypothesis

This is the first part of a tutorial discussing the major strategies and methodologies by which a test of the Null hypothesis of no Torah effect can be done. The basic concepts of equidistant letter sequence, skip specification, resonance specification, and compactness features are discussed here.
Combustion Characteristics of Aluminum Hydride at Elevated Pressure and Temperature

A comparison of the combustion characteristics of aluminum hydride and aluminum with respect to combustion time and temperature at elevated pressures in carbon dioxide and oxygen has been performed using a shock tube. Fo ra wide range of oxidizer concentrations, the combustion time of 5‐10 µ aluminum hydride is very similar to that of aluminum. Gas-phase temperatures measured by aluminum monoxide (AlO) emission and absorption spectroscopy, as well as solid product temperatures measured by two-color pyrometry, yield very similar values for both materials (to within experimental uncertainty). Observations of hydroxyl (OH) emission behind the incident shock suggest that hydrogen desorbs at temperatures well below the ignition threshold for aluminum. These observations are all consistent with the oxidation of aluminum hydride involving a rapid dehydrogenation step, followed by combustion of the remaining aluminum.
The Civic Sphere in the American City

The elites of public life in the American city have been structurally bifurcatc(l into political and civic spheres. This is because of the rapid rise of the American business elite during the latter half of the nineteenth century, the extensive "professionalization" of politics in the United States and the movement of ethnic groups into politics in the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Compared with the relatively low status of urban politics and politicians, urban civic spheres are high status in origin and leadership. T his paper is an exploratory essay concerned with the explication of certain aspects of what will be termed the "civic sphere" in American cities. Its main purpose is to point out what I believe to be an important aspect of the social structure within which power and authority are wielded in urban life. It must be emphasized that in so doing it does not deal directly with the empirical issues of the amounts or types of power available to urban elites, nor does it examine the economic elite thesis of Hunter1 and others, that an economic oligarchy exercises tight control over virtually all facets of urban life. In fact, we shall assume that this thesis, despite the demonstrated variation from city to city, and despite the vigorous objections of the "pluralists,"2 is more or less correct. For pur* A revised version of a paper read at the 1965 annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in Chicago. The writer is indebted to Professors M. Jay Crowe and George Theodorsen of The Pennsylvania State University for reading an earlier draft, and to Professor Howard J. Ehrlich of the University of Iowa for his detailed criticisms and suggestions in the preparation of the final draft. 1 Floyd Hunter, Commnunity Power Structure (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1953). 2 See particularly, Robert Dahl, Who Governs? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961); and Nelson Polsby, "Three Problems in the Analyses of This content downloaded from 157.55.39.124 on Sat, 23 Jul 2016 05:34:21 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The Microstructure of Wood Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites

Wood fiber reinforcing of cement matrices is an economic and an efficient approach to producing high performance cementitious composites. In this study, wood fiber reinforced cementitious composites (WFRCs) were made by using both conventional and novel processing styles. Wood fibers exhibited a considerable ability to improve the flexural strength and the toughness of WFRC when an adequate content of the fibers was used. The morphologies ofvarious type of wood fibers and fracture surface of WFRC were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The microstructures of wood fiber and WFRC were correlated with their mechanical properties. Results indicate a significant interfacial bonding between the cement matrix and the wood fibers.
Mechanical-thermal noise in vibrational gyroscopes

We derive an expression for the angle random walk for a vibrational gyro due to mechanical thermal noise. We compare the noise effects on the output signal to the effect of the rotation rate, rather than 'back up' the noise to the rotation rate. We avoid ambiguity concerning the bandwidth, and show a factor of two reduction in noise power due to synchronous demodulation.
Food Production Forecasting in Six Commercial Foodservice Operations: a Pilot Study:

Challenges related to operations managementconsistentlyconfrontfoodservice managers. It is becoming more important for managers to devise time-saving managerial techniques to decrease costs and inc...
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): imaging manifestations in the head and neck.

OBJECTIVE. We present the largest case series in the English-language imaging literature, emphasizing the variety of presentations of Rosai-Dorfman disease in the head and neck.CONCLUSION. Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare disorder with multiple sites of involvement in the head and neck.
Liquid ion‐exchange membranes

A liquid membrane consisting of an oil layer contained between two aqueous phases was found to leak when used to transport ions selectively from one adjacent phase to another. The source of the difficulty was found to be the formation of a separate aqueous phase within the oil layer. This phase could be eliminated by increasing the pressure within the oil layer. The pressure stabilized membrane was then tested and the observed rates of mass and electrical transport compared with values computed using a mathematical model. The comparisons were satisfactory considering the fact that no adjustable parameters were used to fit the data.
The High Accuracy Atmospheric Correction for Hyperspectral Data (HATCH) model

The High-accuracy Atmospheric Correction for Hyperspectral Data (HATCH) model was developed for deriving high-quality surface reflectance spectra from remotely sensed hyperspectral imaging data. This paper presents the novel techniques applied in HATCH. An innovative technique, a "smoothness test" for water vapor amount retrieval and for automatic spectral calibration, is developed for HATCH. HATCH also includes an original fast radiative transfer equation solver and a correlated-k gaseous absorption model based on HITRAN 2000 database. Spectral regions with overlapping absorptions by different gases are handled by precomputing a correlated-k lookup table for various gas mixing ratios. The interaction between multiple scattering and absorption is explicitly handled through the use of the correlated-k method for gaseous absorption. Finally, some results are presented for HATCH applied to Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectoradiometer data and together with comparison of the results between HATCH and the Atmosphere Removal program. The limitations in HATCH include that the HATCH assumes a Lambertian surface, and adjacent effect is not considered. HATCH assumes aerosols to be spatially homogeneous in a scene.
Management of Hospitalized Febrile Neonates Without CSF Analysis: A Study of US Pediatric Hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: Management of febrile neonates includes obtaining blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures with hospitalization for empiric parenteral antibiotic therapy. Outcomes and management for neonates were compared based on whether CSF was obtained. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective review of the 2002 to 2012 Pediatric Health Information System database included hospitalized infants aged ≤28 days (neonates) admitted to an inpatient ward with a diagnosis code for fever or neonatal fever. Patients admitted to an ICU or with a complex chronic condition diagnosis code were excluded. Neonates were categorized as full septic workup (FSW; charge codes for blood, urine, and CSF culture or cell count) or as partial septic workup (PSW; charge codes for blood and urine cultures only), and their data were compared. RESULTS: Of 27 480 neonates with a diagnosis code for fever, 14 774 underwent the FSW and 3254 had a PSW. Median length of stay was 2 days for both groups, with no significant difference in readmissions, disposition, or parenteral antibiotic administration. Neonates with a PSW had significantly greater odds of having charge codes for additional laboratory testing and imaging, and they were more likely to receive a diagnosis code for sepsis, meningitis, or bronchiolitis. CONCLUSIONS: Neonates with PSW had lengths of stay and readmission rates similar to those with FSW but were more likely to undergo additional laboratory testing and imaging. Future studies including information about clinical severity and test results may provide additional insight into the variation in practice for this patient population.