cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motor unit innervation zone localization based on robust linear regression analysis.

Abstract With the aim of developing a flexible and reliable procedure for superficial muscle innervation zone (IZ) localization, we proposed a method to estimate IZ location using surface electromyogram (EMG) based on robust linear regression. Regression lines were used to model the bidirectional propagation pattern of a single motor unit action potential (MUAP) and visualize the trajectory of the MUAP propagation. IZ localization was performed by identifying the origin of the bidirectional MUAP propagation. Robust linear regression and MUAP peak detection, combined with propagation phase reversal identification, may provide an efficient way to estimate IZ location. Our method offers high resolution in locating IZs based on simulation studies and experimental tests. Furthermore, our method is flexible and may also be applied using a relatively small number of EMG channels. A comparative study of the proposed method with the cross-correlation method for IZ localization was conducted. The results obtained with simulated MUAPs and measured spontaneous MUAPs in the biceps brachii muscle in six subjects (four males and two females, 57 ± 10 years old) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Our method achieved estimation performance comparable to that obtained by using the cross-correlation method but with higher resolution. This study provides an accurate and practical method to estimate IZ location.
Self-Report Versus Performance-Based Activities of Daily Living Capacity Among Heart Transplant Candidates and Their Caregivers

Transplant candidates completed the Every Day Problems test (EPT), a performance-based measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and the Katz self-report scale of IADL functioning. Caregivers estimated the candidate's IADL capacity using the Katz scale. A healthy community group and patients with cardiac disease not undergoing transplant evaluation and their caregivers served as controls. Discrepancies between the EPT and Katz scales were generated. Results showed that the total number of discrepancies was significantly higher among the two patient groups as compared to controls. Three or more discrepancies (a total of 7 IADL domains were assessed) occurred in 40–52% of the participants and their caregivers in the two patient groups. Similarly, the total number of discrepancies between the Katz scale of the participant and their caregiver was significantly higher among the two patient groups as compared to controls, with only 33–44% showing perfect agreement in the patient groups as compared to 97% among controls. Despite a high prevalence of discrepancies in both patient groups, results did not support the hypothesis that transplant candidates tend systematically to overestimate their ability level on self-report IADL measures.
Analyzing colors and spectra of natural rainbows with hyperspectral imaging.

Few colorimetric analyses of natural rainbows (i.e., bows seen in rain showers) have been published, and these are limited either to approximate techniques (colorimetrically calibrated red–green–blue (RGB) cameras) or to rainbow proxies (bows seen in sunlit water-drop sprays). Furthermore, no research papers provide angularly detailed spectra of natural rainbows in the visible and near-IR. Thus some uncertainty exists about whether the published spectra and colors differ perceptibly from those in natural rainbows. However, battery-powered imaging spectrometers now make possible direct field measurements of the observed chromaticities and spectra in such bows. These data (1) show consistent spectral and colorimetric patterns along rainbow radii and (2) let one subtract additively mixed background light to reveal the intrinsic colors and spectra produced by rainbow scattering in nature.
A case of difluoroethane toxicity—sudden sniffing death syndrome

Abstract A case of a 39-year-old white female who suffered from “huffing”-related overdose from 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE) has been described. DFE is an organofluorine compound which is a colorless gas. It is used as a refrigerant, a propellant for aerosol sprays and in gas duster products. Fatalities due to hydrocarbon toxicity have been reported for many decades. The desired effects of inhalant abuse include euphoria, lightheadedness, and a general state of intoxication similar to that produced by alcohol or marijuana. The effects usually last for only 15–30 minutes but can be sustained by continuous or repeated use. The decedent’s blood was positive for DFE (52 mcg/mL) and mitragynine (18 ng/mL). In consideration of the investigation, postmortem examination, and postmortem toxicology, the cause of death was certified as DFE toxicity and the manner of death was certified as an accident.
A Machine Learning Platform for Multirotor Activity Training and Recognition

Machine learning is a new paradigm of problem solving. Teaching machine learning in schools and colleges to prepare the industry’s needs becomes imminent, not only in computing majors, but also in all engineering disciplines. This paper develops a new, hands-on approach to teaching machine learning by training a linear classifier and applying that classifier to solve Multirotor Activity Recognition (MAR) problems in an online lab setting. MAR labs leverage cloud computing and data storage technologies to host a versatile environment capable of logging, orchestrating, and visualizing the solution for an MAR problem through a user interface. This work extends Arizona State University’s Visual IoT/Robotics Programming Language Environment (VIPLE) as a control platform for multi-rotors used in data collection. VIPLE is a platform developed for teaching computational thinking, visual programming, Internet of Things (IoT) and robotics application development.
Implementing best-practice with a local syringe service program: Needs-based syringe distribution.

Objectives The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cite access to sterile syringes as a key component of a comprehensive strategy aimed at limiting the spread of infectious disease among people who inject drugs (CDC, 2020, America's drug overdose epidemic: Data to action). In an effort to implement best-practice, inform stakeholders, and improve the current availability of services, a needs-based syringe distribution model was piloted at one local syringe service program. Design A needs-based syringe distribution model was piloted at one syringe program location for 5 months. An analysis of pre- and post-implementation program utilization data was conducted. Sample Inclusion criteria included current participation in syringe service programs at the identified location. Participants from other locations were excluded. Measurements The following program utilization measures were analyzed: volume of syringes distributed, new client enrollment, routine client visits, and utilization of ancillary services such as on-site testing and naloxone distribution. Results Engagement increased across all four program utilization measures during the implementation of needs-based distribution. Conclusions Implementation of a needs-based syringe distribution model can increase the effectiveness of syringe service programs by increasing individual syringe coverage, which reduces high-risk injection behavior, such as syringe reuse and sharing.
A Finnish turn: Digital and synthesiser musical instruments

This paper will follow a musically experimental trajectory from non-mediated musical sound through many centuries of musical innovation from the simplest forms of resonation to today’s synthesised ...
Polynucleotide polymerizations and prostate proliferation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the polynucleotide polymerization and prostate proliferation. Many enzymes in animal tissues are involved in DNA replication and in the related processes of DNA repair and genetic recombination. The monomeric building blocks are invariably the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP. Several characteristics of the replicative DNA polymerase reactions that are greatly increased during the hyperplastic phase of rat ventral prostate growth. The characteristics of reactions as catalyzed by prostate extracts were examined in considerable detail so as to establish optimal assay conditions. It is found that when various adult rat organs were homogenized in dilute thiol-containing buffers and then ultracentrifuged, high D-DNA polymerase activities were observed only with soluble extracts of tissues, such as spleen and testis that contained large numbers of dividing cells. The remarkable difference between the two deoxyribonucleotide polymerizations catalyzed by soluble prostate extracts is that the R-DNA polymerase reaction was much more inhibited by the direct addition of low concentrations of ethidium bromide than was the D-DNA polymerase. It is found that the rat prostate soluble D-DNA and R-DNA polymerase reactions exhibit very different patterns of changes in response to alterations in the androgenic status of the animals.
The World-Wide Web: A Global Source of Data and Information

The World-Wide Web (WWW, or the Web) is a distributed information system on the Internet This distributed information system could contain data, text, images, and other type of data and information. Documents are stored in hypertext form with links to other relevant documents that could be kept on various machines around the network Users can retrieve these pieces of data and information (from wherever they reside on the Web) by pointing and clicking with a mouse and interact with services such as databases by using forms and menus. There are several programs available that allow a user to view, write, and publish documents on the Web. Information can be located on the WWW by using subject indexes, Web crawlers, and on-line databases.
Mutagenesis of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase in Nitrosomonas europaea by transformation and recombination.

Mutagenesis of Nitrosomonas europaea was achieved by electroporation and recombination. To demonstrate this, an aminoglycoside 39-phosphotransferase (kan) gene was specifically inserted into each of the three gene copies of hao individually. Southern hybridizations and PCR analysis showed the incorporation of the kan gene at the chosen genetic loci. The isolation of mutant strains was achieved in 7 to 14 days when the strains were grown on solid medium. The induced mutations were stable even in the absence of kanamycin-selective pressure for periods of up to 45 days in culture. The mutant strains did not show an observable phenotype different from that of the wild type when grown under the same conditions.
Sexually transmitted disease in a female young adult.

PURPOSE. This case study demonstrates the sexual health challenges experienced by a woman newly married and recently migrated to the United States. DATA SOURCES. Data were obtained through the author's clinical experiences in primary healthcare nursing and published sources. DATA SYNTHESIS. The nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, and patient outcomes for this woman were identified using the classifications of NANDA-International, the Nursing Interventions Classification, and the Nursing Outcomes Classification. CONCLUSION. This case study demonstrates the appropriate nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes that are relevant for an individual with a sexually transmitted infection. It provides a framework for nurse practitioners in primary health care when caring for individuals with sexually transmitted infections. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE. Based on the NANDA-International standardized nursing diagnoses, the Nursing Interventions Classification, and the Nursing Outcomes Classification provided the needed structure to improve the care of a woman with issues involving sexual health.
Bis(arene)metal compounds: I. Nucleophilic substitution of bis(η6-chlorobenzo-trifluoride)chromium(0) with thiophenoxide

Abstract The ortho, meta and para complexes of bis(η 6 -chlorobenzotrifluoride)chromium(0) were made by metal-vapor synthesis. Nucleophilic substitutions by thiophenoxide of these complexes are compared to nucleophilic substitutions by thiophenoxide on the uncoordinated arenes. It was found that substitution at the chloro position is more facile on the complexes than on the free arenes. Substitution of the chloro on the meta -isomer sandwich was more facile than substitution of the chloro on the ortho -isomer sandwich, contrary to the observed reactivity pattern in the free arenes.
Skew Symmetric Bundle Maps on Space-time

We study the \Lie Algebra" of the group of Gauge Transforma- tions of Space-time. We obtain topological invariants arising from this Lie Algebra. Our methods give us fresh mathematical points of view on Lorentz Transformations, orientation conventions, the Doppler shift, Pauli matrices, Electro-Magnetic Duality Rotation, Poynting vectors, and the Energy Mo- mentum Tensor T. LetM be a space-time andT (M) its tangent bundle. ThusM is a 4-dimensional manifold with a nondegenerate inner producth ;i on T (M) of index + ++. We study the space of bundle maps F : T (M)! T (M) which are skew symmetric with respect to the metric, i.e. hFv;vi =0f or allv2 Tx(M )a nd allx2 M. A skew symmetric F has invariant planes and eigenvector lines in each Tx(M). We give necessary and sucient conditions as to when these plane systems and line systems form subbundles in Theorem 7.3. Also we determine the space of those F which give the same underlying structure. This is done by introducing the bundle map TF = FF 1 (tr F 2 )I : T (M)! T (M). Then the space of skew symmetric F which give rise to the same T is homeomorphic to Map(M;S 1 ), the space of maps of M into the circle S 1 . (See Theorem 7.11.) We also show that the space of skew symmetric F has a natural complexica- tion. (see Propositions 2.2 and 2.3) This leads to an equivalence between the F and vector elds on the complexied tangent bundle T (M)C. The complexied study leads to several beautiful relations which link our subject matter to Cliord Algebras and Quaternions. (See Corollaries 4.6 and 4.7 and Theorem 4.8.) We naturally nd many points of contact with Physics, especially classical electromag- netism. These considerations frequently govern our choice of notation. The physical motivations and remarks will be explored in the Scholia; and the mathematical mo- tivations and links will be found in the Remarks.
Scaling a satellite triangulation net with laser range measurements

Обсуждаются результаты синхронных наблюдений направлений и расстояний ИСЗ, выполненных Смитсоновской Астрофизической Обсервааторией (САО) со спутниковых станций № 9001 (Орган Пас) и № 9010 (Юпитер), и дается попытка использования лазерных наблюдений для контроля сети спутниковой триангуляции САО. Рассматриваются некоторые вопросы точности спутниковых триангуляций, построенных по оптическим наблюдениям топоцентрических направлений и по пазерным наблюдениям топоцентрических расстояний.
Improved controller design of Grid Friendly™ Appliances for primary frequency response

The Grid Friendly™ Appliance (GFA) controller, developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, was originally designed to autonomously switch off appliances by detecting under-frequency events. In this paper, the feasibility of using the GFA controller to provide primary frequency response is investigated. In particular, the impacts of an important design parameter, i.e., curtailing frequency threshold, on the primary frequency response are carefully analyzed for different situations. In the normal situation, the current method of selecting curtailing frequency thresholds for GFAs is found to be insufficient to guarantee the desired performance especially when the frequency deviation is shallow. In the extreme situations, the power reduction of online GFAs could be so excessive that it can even impact the system frequency negatively. As the first step towards the efforts to make GFAs suitable for providing primary frequency response, the existing controller design is improved by modifying the strategy of selecting curtailing frequency thresholds to ensure the effectiveness of GFAs in the normal situation.
Observation of Bose–Einstein condensation in a strong synthetic magnetic field

Extensions of Berry’s phase and the quantum Hall effect have led to the discovery of new states of matter with topological properties. Traditionally, this has been achieved using magnetic fields or spin–orbit interactions, which couple only to charged particles. For neutral ultracold atoms, synthetic magnetic fields have been created that are strong enough to realize the Harper–Hofstadter model. We report the first observation of Bose–Einstein condensation in this system and study the Harper–Hofstadter Hamiltonian with one-half flux quantum per lattice unit cell. The diffraction pattern of the superfluid state directly shows the momentum distribution of the wavefunction, which is gauge-dependent. It reveals both the reduced symmetry of the vector potential and the twofold degeneracy of the ground state. We explore an adiabatic many-body state preparation protocol via the Mott insulating phase and observe the superfluid ground state in a three-dimensional lattice with strong interactions. The Bose–Einstein condensation of ultracold atoms in a strong synthetic magnetic field in a cubic lattice realizes the Harper–Hofstadter model used in the study of topological states of matter.
Combined sewage overflow accelerates immature development and increases body size in the urban mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

In urban landscapes the crowding of humans and their waste products may alleviate intra-specific interactions of common mosquitoes. Here, we present the results of a semi-natural experiment addressing the effects of water from a sewage overflow stream on density dependent fitness components and phenotypic traits of a common tropical and subtropical urban mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). This semi-natural experiment was designed to quantify the relative importance of density dependence, weather forces and water quality on larval mortality, sex ratio and size at adult emergence. Results showed that mortality hazards were independent of larval density, decreased in sewage overflow water and increased with minimum temperatures. Under all rearing conditions adult mosquito size decreased with density. Mosquitoes from sewage overflow water emerged faster, were bigger and had an increased ratio of females to males. All these traits may contribute to the regulation of mosquito populations.
Drug solubility classification in the dog.

Martinez, M. N., Papich, M. G. Drug solubility classification in the dog. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35 (Suppl. 1), 87–91. Similar to human drugs, oral drug delivery is a major route of drug administration in dogs. Therefore, it is important to consider how the physiological characteristics of the dog may influence the considerations that go into the classification of drug solubility. In this manuscript, we discuss the impact of body size vs. administered dose and gastric volume on the estimated gastric drug concentration that needs to be considered. However, when using a dose number (Do) paradigm, there are very few drugs for which the different methods of estimating gastric volume will alter the drug solubility classification. We also evaluate the range of pH values under which a solubility assessment should be generated and conclude that despite specific differences in the pH values of the gastrointestinal environment of people and dogs, the human pH criteria for evaluating drug solubility can be used when evaluating drug solubility of oral medications in dogs.
Adenovirus 12 Virion-free ‘T’ Antigen from Infected Cells inhibited with Cytosine Arabinoside

RAPP et al.1 described a method for producing SV 40 ‘T’ antigen free of virion by using cytosine arabinoside (CA) to block the growth of virus in tissue cultures of cercopithecus kidney cells. We found that cytosine arabinoside could also be used to produce virus-free adenovirus 12 ‘T’ antigen in human cell tissue cultures as follows: It was found that the pH of the media and the condition of the human cell lines (HEK, HeLa or KB monolayers) used to produce adenovirus 12 ‘I’ antigens could be best controlled in test-tubes and that when this was done more uniform production of “I” antigen was obtained. About three hundred test-tubes were used for each experiment. Evenly growing cell monolayers wore drained of fluid and washed with Eagle's basal medium containing 4 mM glutamine plus antibiotics. Each culture was then inoculated with 0.2 c.c. virus mixture (virus diluted with Eagle's basal medium containing 4 mM glutamine plus antibiotics) at multiplicities between 1 and 2 TCID50 per cell. The cultures were incubated for 1 h at 34° C and then each was fed 1 c.c. of a mixture of Eagle's basal medium + 2 per cent A-γ calf serum + 2mMglutamine + antibiotics + 10γcytosine arabinoside. 72 h after infection, the media were drained and the cultures were washed with large quantities of Eagle's basal medium and overlaid with 0.2 c.c. Eagle's basal medium + antibiotics + 4 mM glutamine. The cells were frozen in the test-tubes on a slant, thawed quickly, pooled, homogenized and clarified at 2,000 r.p.m. for 10 min. The resulting material was concentrated forty to fifty times by Kohn's method2, and three hundred test-tubes yielded 6 c.c. of crude ‘I’ antigen. A large number of replicate experiments using this method yielded results comparable with those presented in Table 1. Adenovirus ‘I’ antigen produced in HEK monolayers in the presence of cytosine arabinoside had an average complement-fixed antigen titre of 1 : 32, whereas, when produced in HeLa and KB cells, the average titre achieved was 1:8. In other experiments using cytosine arabinoside, a multiplicity of 10 TCID50 adenovirus 12 per cell yielded about the same ‘T’ antigen titre, but virion antigen was not inhibited and 30-day infectivity titrations in HEK cells showed the presence of at least one log of virus.
Visual form perception: Task demands and congruence among spatial solutions

Multidimensional scaling techn iques were used to examine the nature of pattern discrimination in the presence of visual noise. These results were compared to a spatial analysis of similarity judgments and of discrimination latencies. The latter two spaces were highly congruent in three dimensions. The noise data were similar to a s previous spatial analysis of discrimination-in-noise, but not congruent with the similarity and latency spaces.
Infectious Complications of Hepatic Artery Catheterization Procedures in Patients with Cancer

A total of 353 hepatic artery catheterization procedures were carried out in 211 patients with cancer over a 1-year period (January-December 1988). The procedures included 49 embolizations in 32 patients, 123 chemoembolizations in 73 patients, and 181 chemoinfusions in 106 patients. The overall infection rate was 3.4%. Infectious complications occurred in 3.1% of patients undergoing hepatic artery embolization alone, 1.9% of patients undergoing hepatic artery chemoinfusion, and 4.1% of patients undergoing hepatic artery embolization followed by chemoinfusion. Four patients had infectious complications that included four episodes each of cholangitis, liver abscess, and septicemia. One patient developed a subphrenic abscess in addition to a liver abscess. Enteric gram-negative bacilli (aerobic and anaerobic) were isolated from all four patients. None of the patients had received prophylactic antibiotics. All patients responded to antimicrobial therapy and percutaneous drainage of abscesses.
Examining BCL-2 family function with large unilamellar vesicles.

The BCL-2 (B cell CLL/Lymphoma) family is comprised of approximately twenty proteins that collaborate to either maintain cell survival or initiate apoptosis1. Following cellular stress (e.g., DNA damage), the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family effectors BAK (BCL-2 antagonistic killer 1) and/or BAX (BCL-2 associated X protein) become activated and compromise the integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), though the process referred to as mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP)1. After MOMP occurs, pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) gain access to the cytoplasm, promote caspase activation, and apoptosis rapidly ensues2. In order for BAK/BAX to induce MOMP, they require transient interactions with members of another pro-apoptotic subset of the BCL-2 family, the BCL-2 homology domain 3 (BH3)-only proteins, such as BID (BH3-interacting domain agonist)3-6. Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins (e.g., BCL-2 related gene, long isoform, BCL-xL; myeloid cell leukemia 1, MCL-1) regulate cellular survival by tightly controlling the interactions between BAK/BAX and the BH3-only proteins capable of directly inducing BAK/BAX activation7,8. In addition, anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein availability is also dictated by sensitizer/de-repressor BH3-only proteins, such as BAD (BCL-2 antagonist of cell death) or PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis), which bind and inhibit anti-apoptotic members7,9. As most of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 repertoire is localized to the OMM, the cellular decision to maintain survival or induce MOMP is dictated by multiple BCL-2 family interactions at this membrane. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) are a biochemical model to explore relationships between BCL-2 family interactions and membrane permeabilization10. LUVs are comprised of defined lipids that are assembled in ratios identified in lipid composition studies from solvent extracted Xenopus mitochondria (46.5% phosphatidylcholine, 28.5% phosphatidylethanoloamine, 9% phosphatidylinositol, 9% phosphatidylserine, and 7% cardiolipin)10. This is a convenient model system to directly explore BCL-2 family function because the protein and lipid components are completely defined and tractable, which is not always the case with primary mitochondria. While cardiolipin is not usually this high throughout the OMM, this model does faithfully mimic the OMM to promote BCL-2 family function. Furthermore, a more recent modification of the above protocol allows for kinetic analyses of protein interactions and real-time measurements of membrane permeabilization, which is based on LUVs containing a polyanionic dye (ANTS: 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid) and cationic quencher (DPX: p-xylene-bis-pyridinium bromide)11. As the LUVs permeabilize, ANTS and DPX diffuse apart, and a gain in fluorescence is detected. Here, commonly used recombinant BCL-2 family protein combinations and controls using the LUVs containing ANTS/DPX are described.
Search and Rescue in Alaska's National Parks

Summary Background Recreational travel to wilderness destinations such as national parks is increasing. The inherent risks present in such destinations can result in injury and illness, have a significant impact on local medical resources, and end with expensive search and rescue operations. In order to increase our understanding of the activities and situations which lead to wilderness search and rescue incidents, this study examines search and rescue operations from National Park Service units in Alaska. Methods A retrospective review of all search and rescue incident reports filed by National Park Service units in Alaska during 2002. Results During 2002 there were 25 reported search and rescue incidents involving 38 individuals. The majority of incidents (19 of 25) occurred at Denali National Park and Preserve. Thirteen fatalities were reported in six incidents, nine incidents involved traumatic injuries, eight involved illnesses, and two involved both injuries and an illness. Mountain climbing (20) and hiking (8) were the most common subject activities at the time search and rescue assistance was required. Climbing solo (4), uneven and wet terrain (4), falls into crevasses (3), and a lack of experience or ability (3) were the factors most commonly contributing to search and rescue incidents. Nineteen helicopters were utilized in 15 operations and fixed-wing aircraft were utilized in seven operations. Males accounted for 33 of the 38 individuals involved in all search and rescue incidents and United States citizens accounted for 74% of the individuals involved. The mountain environment higher than 4500 m was the most common search and rescue environment (11). The average cost was USD $6253. Conclusions Search and rescue operations in Alaska can be expensive and end with severe health consequences. Preventive education efforts at park visitor centers and at the lower and upper base camps on Mt. McKinley should be continued. In addition, pre-departure travel education efforts via the internet should be expanded for all park units and match the detail provided on the Denali National Park and Preserve website.
The far-zone behavior of the degree of polarization of electromagnetic beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence

It is shown analytically that the degree of polarization of a beam generated by an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model source which propagates through atmospheric turbulence tends to its value at the source plane with increasing distance of propagation. This result is independent of the spectral degrees of correlation of the source and of the strength of atmospheric turbulence. These conclusions are illustrated by a numerical example.
Social Behavior of Early Hominins

Interest in the evolution of human behavior has always featured large in evolutionary biology, challenging the imaginations not just of paleoanthropologists and archeologists, but also of virtually any scientific discipline that touches on human evolution. It certainly has sparked the popular imagination for more than a century, inspiring books and films; pop culture theories; and of course skepticism, doubt, and even hostility. Ever since the first hominin fossils were found, it seems to have been almost irresistible to engage in speculation about the behavior of our ancestors and close relatives, and the exercise continues to the present. For example, Dart (1957) notably emphasized a predilection to violence and power associated with carnivory in the “osteodontokeratic” culture of South African australopithecines. Campbell (1971) takes as a given that human behavior evolved from a chimpanzee-like social system. Washburn and Lancaster (1968) emphasize the role of “Man the Hunter” in the social evolution of hominins. In contrast, Tanner (1987) emphasized the role of gathering in social evolution. Lovejoy (1981) emphasized male provisioning of females in the development of pair-bonds. Wrangham et al. (1999) emphasize the role of cooking in the transformation from an-ape-like to human-like social system. I could go on for pages listing papers offering an enormous variety of models and hypotheses based on an equally wide variety of evidences. Perhaps because it is so easy to tell stories about human behavior, it is easy to dismiss hypotheses about hominin behavior as unsupportable assertion, steeped in preconceptions and cultural bias, and lacking in any real scientific merit. But over the years, the fossil record of human evolution has grown substantially, including not just fossil hominins but a treasure trove of environmental and ecological data. At the same time, behavioral ecology, especially of primates, has built a tremendous body of knowledge about the evolutionary and ecological basis of behavior that has provided extraordinary insight into human behavior. The combination of progress in these disciplines is allowing more and more systematic and scientific approaches to Int J Primatol (2012) 33:1247–1250 DOI 10.1007/s10764-012-9641-0
Genetic analysis of riboswitch-mediated transcriptional regulation responding to Mn2+ in Salmonella.

Riboswitches are a class of cis-acting regulatory RNAs normally characterized from the 5′-UTR of bacterial transcripts that bind a specific ligand to regulate expression of associated genes by forming alternative conformations. Here, we present a riboswitch that contributes to transcriptional regulation through sensing Mn2+ in Salmonella typhimurium. We characterized a 5′-UTR (UTR1) from the mntH locus encoding a Mn2+ transporter, which forms a Rho-independent terminator to implement transcription termination with a high Mn2+ selectivity both in vivo and in vitro. Nucleotide substitutions that cause disruption of the terminator interfere with the regulatory function of UTR1. RNA probing analyses outlined a specific UTR1 conformation that favors the terminator structure in Mn2+-replete condition. Switch sequence GCUAUG can alternatively base pair duplicated hexanucleotide CAUAGC to form either a pseudoknot or terminator stem. Mn2+, but not Mg2+, and Ca2+, can enhance cleavage at specific nucleotides in UTR1. We conclude that UTR1 is a riboswitch that senses cytoplasmic Mn2+ and therefore participates in Mn2+-responsive mntH regulation in Salmonella. This riboswitch domain is also conserved in several Gram-negative enteric bacteria, indicating that this Mn2+-responsive mechanism could have broader implications in bacterial gene expression. Additionally, a high level of cytoplasmic Mn2+ can down-regulate transcription of the Salmonella Mg2+ transporter mgtA locus in a Mg2+ riboswitch-dependent manner. On the other hand, these two types of cation riboswitches do not share similarity at the primary or secondary structural levels. Taken together, characterization of Mn2+-responsive riboswitches should expand the scope of RNA regulatory elements in response to inorganic ions. Background: Divalent cation binding to riboswitch RNAs regulates expression of their transporter genes in bacteria. Results: Mn2+ interacts with Salmonella riboswitches characterized from Mn2+ transporter mntH and Mg2+ transporter mgtA to modulate transcription of the downstream coding region. Conclusion: Specific riboswitches control gene expression in response to Mn2+ in bacteria. Significance: This is the discovery of a Mn2+ riboswitch.
Transient acoustic scattering by fluid-loaded elastic shells

Abstract We study the general scattering interaction of acoustic pulses of arbitrary shape and duration with a submerged elastic spherical shell. We first obtain the backscattering or sonar crosssection (SCS) of such a target and analyze the resonance features that are present within its resonance region. The elastic composition of the shell makes the resonance features become very prominent in a very wide band. Transient echoes from submerged shells are related to poles of the scattering amplitude and to their associated residues in the complex frequency plane. We show by exact Fourier synthesis that the individual resonances associated with each pole (i.e., eigenfrequencies) can be obtained and studied one at a time, provided we use long illuminating pulses, since these excite transients at their carrier frequencies that ring and decay. Of greater practical importance is the use of short pulses, not only because these are the most frequently used by sonars, but because they are shown here to produce backscattered pulses with spectra that replicate the entire set of features in the SCS of the shell. This replication of the SCS occurs in bands that have widths directly proportional to their energy and their carrier frequency, xn. Our computational methodology can handle pulses of any duration, shape, and any conceivable spectra, as well as lossless or lossy fluidloaded shells, either single or multi-layered. We can predict the returns in all instances. For long insonifying pulses, the backscattered echoes exhibit a double transient nature when xn coincides with any shell resonance. The successive tail bursts that follow the specular part of the return in the time domain not only are seen to decrease in amplitude, but the decrease occurs in distinct discrete jumps. We predict the backscattered echoes for various types of pulses, carrier frequencies, bands, shapes and durations and we display the results in the (non-dimensional) time and frequency domains, while giving the appropriate physical interpretations of the results in all instances.
Lessons in Pain Relief — A Personal Postgraduate Experience

A year-long journey with chronic pain offers a physician new insights into pain relief in the United States, clarifying the debilitating, depressing, highly individual, and hard-to-measure nature of chronic pain and the health care system's limitations in addressing it.
Stability and finite strain of homogenized structures soft in shear: Sandwich or fiber composites, and layered bodies

The stability theories energetically associated with different finite strain measures are equivalent if the tangential moduli are transformed as a function of the stress. However, for homogenized soft-in-shear composites, they can differ greatly if the material is in small-strain and constant elastic moduli measured in small-strain tests are used. Only one theory can then be correct. The preceding variational energy analysis showed that, for sandwich columns and elastomeric bearings, respectively, the correct theories are Engessers and Haringxs, associated with Greens and Almansis Lagrangian strain tensors, respectively. This analysis is reviewed, along with supporting experimental and numerical results, and is then extended to arbitrary multiaxially loaded homogenized soft-in-shear orthotropic composites. It is found that, to allow the use of constant shear modulus when the material is in small strain, the correct stability theory is associated with a general Doyle–Ericksen finite strain tensor of exponent m depending on the principal stress ratio. Further it is shown that the standard updated Lagrangian algorithm for finite element analysis, which is associated with Greens Lagrangian finite strain, can give grossly incorrect results for homogenized soft-in-shear structures and needs to be generalized for arbitrary finite strain measure to allow using constant shear modulus for critical loads at small strain. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes with pharmacologic intervention in African-American patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

Abstract An increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in schizophrenia (SCZ) patients has been observed. Exposure to antipsychotics (APs) has been shown to induce metabolic dysregulation in some patients but not all treated patients. We hypothesized that important candidate genes for T2D may increase risk for T2D in African-American patients with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder. The PAARTNERS study comprises African-American families with at least one proband with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder. The current study of PAARTNERS SCZ and schizoaffective disorder cases ( N = 820) examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within select T2D candidate genes including transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), calpain 10 (CAPN10), and ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENNP1) for association with prevalent T2D. We report the association of TCF7L2 (rs7903146) with T2D under both additive and recessive models for the risk allele T. Specifically, the odds ratio (OR) for having T2D was 1.4 ( p = 0.03) under an additive model and 2.4 ( p = 0.004) under a recessive model. We also report a marginally significant TCF7L2 by AP treatment interaction that should be investigated in future studies. CAPN10 (rs3792267) was marginally associated with T2D with OR = 1.5 ( p = 0.08) when considering the model GG vs. AG/AA with risk allele G. ENPP1 (rs1044498) was not associated with T2D. We conclude TCF7L2, a risk factor for T2D in the general population, is also a risk factor for T2D in African-American patients with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder. Research is needed to determine if T2D associated polymorphisms are of interest in the pharmacogenetics and future treatment choices of antipsychotics in African-American patients.
Tapes, sheets, and prisms. identification of the weak C-F interactions that steer fullerene-porphyrin cocrystallization

Tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (H2TPFPP) has been cocrystallized with C60 from arene solvents to give H2TPFPP·C60, 1, H2TPFPP·C60·8Benzene, 3, and 3H2TPFPP·2C60·6Toluene, 4. Their X-ray structures have been determined to identify the supramolecular interactions that lead to tape, sheet, and prismatic packing motifs. In addition to close fullerene−porphyrin π−π interactions, attractive C−F···H−C interactions are important in connecting the C6F5 groups of one porphyrin to the pyrrole positions of a neighbor. This interaction is also seen in the structure of the free-base porphyrin H2TPFPP·3p-Xylene, 2.
Contrail formation and impacts on aerosol properties in aircraft plumes: Effects of fuel sulfur content

The formation and evolution of fine particles and ice contrails in an aircraft exhaust plume containing varying amounts of fuel sulfur have been simulated using an advanced aerosol microphysics model. The “core” sulfate and soot particles are tracked during the contrail formation and dissipation phases. When ion electrostatic effects are incorporated into the microphysics, sulfuric acid vapor emitted by high-sulfur-content fuels generates water-soluble particles that are large enough to be activated into contrails, improving the agreement between simulations and measurements. Our results also suggest that ice crystals formed in contrails efficiently scavenge vapors and particles, creating a sulfate aerosol accumulation mode that may contribute to cloud CCN/IN. The size distributions of aerosols produced both in the presence and absence of contrails agree reasonable well with the two characteristic types observed in the plumes of commercial aircraft.
In vivo perfusion of human skin substitutes with microvessels formed by adult circulating endothelial progenitor cells.

BACKGROUNDAt present, tissue-engineered human skin substitutes (HSSs) mainly function as temporary bioactive dressings due to inadequate perfusion. Failure to form functional vascular networks within the initial posttransplantation period compromises cell survival of the graft and its long-term viab
Direct measurement of glucose gradients and mass transport within islets of Langerhans.

A glucose oxidase-based glucose microsensor ( 70 mm Hg. Spatially resolved glucose measurements revealed a glucose gradient around and inside single islets. From measurement of the glucose gradient, a glucose consumption rate of 0.48+/-0.14 pmol/nL islet/min (n=6) and an intraislet glucose diffusion coefficient of 3.8 x 10(-7)cm(2)/s were determined. The measurement of the gradient demonstrates that not all cells within an islet in culture are exposed to the same glucose concentration. The sensor was also used to measure the time required for intraislet glucose concentration to reach steady state following a step increase in glucose concentration from 3 to 10 mM at the islet surface. At a depth of 70 micro m inside an islet, glucose reached steady state in 180+/-7s (n=7) for islets with a diameter of 180-220 micro m (smaller islets reach steady-state faster). In the presence of 10 mM mannoheptulose, an inhibitor of glucokinase, the equilibration time was reduced to 122+/-11s (n=6), indicating that glucose utilization by glycolysis limited the time required for glucose to diffuse into the islets. The long times to reach steady state and presence of glucose gradients are important in interpreting data from experiments involving islets in culture.
The upgraded level 3 trigger for the CDF experiment at the fermilab tevatron collider

Abstract We describe the planned upgrade to the Level 3 trigger for the CDF (Collider Detector Facility) detector at Fermilab to enable us to take advantage of the increased luminosity expected in the 1991 Tevatron Collider run. The system that has been chosen is the Silicon Graphics 4D/200 family of servers. We describe the reasons for this choice and the results of the tests we have performed to determine the suitability of the system.
B7‐2 expression above a threshold elicits anti‐tumor immunity as effective as interleukin‐12 and prolongs survival in murine B‐cell lymphoma

The costimulatory molecule, B7-2, is expressed by various lymphomas, but this level of expression is not sufficient to generate effective anti-tumor immunity in vivo. To determine whether up-regulated expression of the costimulatory molecule, B7-2, leads to more effective anti-tumor immunity in vivo, the A20 murine model of B-cell lymphoma was used. A20 tumor cells express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II molecules and moderate constitutive levels of B7-2. While B7-1 and B7-2 have been introduced into tumor cells lacking these molecules, studies have not been conducted to determine whether tumors that constitutively express B7-1 or B7-2 can be made more immunogenic by increasing the expression of these molecules. In this report, A20/B7-2 transfectants expressing greater levels of B7-2 were rejected in syngeneic mice, and systemic immunity against the A20 parental cells was generated. Treatment with the A20/B7-2 variant cells significantly improved the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Coinjection with IL-12 secreting variants did not further augment the anti-tumor immunity observed for B7-2 therapy alone. Both CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells mediated the anti-tumor immune response observed in A20/B7-2 immunized mice. In mice that developed tumors after immunization with the A20/B7-2 variant cells, resected tumor cells were shown to express lower levels of B7-2 than the transfected variants. These results suggest that the level of costimulation is important for the generation of anti-tumor immunity and for host survival. In addition, tumors appear to be able to evade the immune response by downregulating the expression of B7-2 below a threshold level.
Interactions between O2 and CO2 in Blood

Publisher Summary The chapter explains that interactions between O 2 and CO 2 in normal human blood enhance O 2 and CO 2 transport in blood and also results in facilitation of gas exchange at the lung and in the systemic tissue. Understanding these gas exchange processes requires a detailed empirical knowledge of hemoglobin-ligand interactions in whole blood. The position of the oxygen hemoglobin equilibrium curve (OHEC) for human blood is defined in terms of P 50 , the pressure at which the hemoglobin is 50% saturated and for normal human blood is 27 torr. Several ligands of hemoglobin affect oxygen hemoglobin affinity and shift the oxygen equilibrium curve. The chapter also explains the following:(1) C0 2 has a profound effect on the position and shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve, (2) the position of the oxygen equilibrium curve can have an important influence on the amount of oxygen available for extraction in the peripheral tissue, (3) ligand interaction with hemoglobin is saturation dependent causing slight changes in shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve as it shifts to the right or left, and (4) the shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve is affected by the mixture of erythrocytes within the blood sample.
Congenital Stridor: Unusual Manifestation of Coarctation of the Aorta

Coarctation of the aorta is a relatively common congenital condition. Most infantile presentations of aortic coarctation are related to the associated congenital cardiac abnormalities leading to congestive heart failure or systemic hypoperfusion. We describe a 4-month-old infant who presented with stridor as the sole manifestation of coarctation. Radiologic studies revealed enlarged innominate artery due to the aortic coarctation that resulted in tracheal compression. After surgical correction, respiratory signs and symptoms completely resolved. This case report describes a unique cause of stridor in newborn infants and discusses the potential for vascular anomalies to result in tracheal narrowing.