cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nbs1 Mediates Assembly and Activity of the Mre11 complex

Abstract We derived a mouse model in which a mutant form of Nbs1 (Nbs1mid8) exhibits severely impaired binding to the Mre11-Rad50 core of the Mre11 complex. The Nbs1mid8 allele was expressed exclusively in hematopoietic lineages (in Nbs1-/mid8vav mice). Unlike Nbs1flox/floxvav mice, which are Nbs1 deficient in the bone marrow, Nbs1-/mid8vav mice were viable. Nbs1-/mid8vav hematopoiesis was profoundly defective, exhibiting reduced cellularity of thymus and bone marrow, and stage specific blockage of B cell development. Within six months, Nbs1-/mid8 mice developed highly penetrant T cell leukemias. Nbs1-/mid8vav leukemias recapitulated mutational features of human T-ALL, containing mutations in Notch1, Trp53, Bcl6, Bcor, and Ikzf1, suggesting that Nbs1mid8 mice may provide a venue to examine the relationship between the Mre11 complex and oncogene activation in the hematopoietic compartment. Genomic analysis of Nbs1-/mid8vav malignancies showed focal amplification of 9qA2, causing overexpression of MRE11 and CHK1. We propose that overexpression compensates for the meta-stable Mre11-Nbs1mid8 interaction, and that selection pressure for overexpression reflects the essential role of Nbs1 in promoting assembly and activity of the Mre11 complex.
Teaching Trek: Reflections on Participation in the Indo-U.S. Teaching Professorship Program.

The American Society for Microbiology’s Indo-U.S. Teaching Professorship program (sponsored by the Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Forum) provides an opportunity for cross-continental teaching exchanges in the microbial sciences. In this article, I reflect on my experiences as a 2017 Teaching Professor at the University of Delhi, where I developed and delivered a curriculum about prion diseases and a workshop on scientific communication. Tips for preparation, informal assessments, and portable classroom manipulatives are presented for educators who are interested in participating in similar programs. International teaching exchanges provide a unique opportunity to develop skills in assessment and adaptability while meeting new colleagues from across the globe.
Time Domains of Hypoxia Adaptation-Elephant Seals Stand Out Among Divers.

In this Opinion, adaptations to hypoxia are examined during the short time domains of breath holds from three accomplished diving animals: northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), and emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri). Review of dive behavior, oxygen (O2) storage, and arterial blood O2 profiles during dives reveals that the elephant seal undergoes the most frequent and extreme hypoxemia. Exceptional breath hold durations, routine hypoxemia, established research protocols, and accessibility to the animals make the elephant seal stand out for physiological investigation and evaluation of biochemical/molecular adaptations in hypoxemic tolerance, protection against re-perfusion injury, and O2 transport during dives. The northern elephant seal and southern elephant seal (M. leonina) are the premier pinniped divers (Le Boeuf et al., 1988; Hindell et al., 1991, 1992; Hassrick et al., 2010; Robinson et al., 2012). During several month-long trips to sea, these animals spend 80–90% of their time underwater, perform routine dives of 20–30 min duration to average depths >400 m, have short inter-dive surface intervals that average two min, and typically gain about one kg d−1 in body mass. In contrast to elephant seals, California sea lions only spend about 30% of their time at sea diving (Feldkamp et al., 1989). Most dives are < 100 m in depth and between 1 and 4 min in duration (McDonald and Ponganis, 2013; Tift et al., 2017). However, dependent on geographic location, climate variability, and prey distribution, these sea lions can regularly perform 10-min dives to 400–500 m, with the current longest reported dive of 16 min (Melin et al., 2008; McHuron et al., 2016, 2018). Emperor penguins are the premier avian divers; they exploit the entire water column to depths >500 m. Shallower dives are up to 5–6 min in duration while deep dives are about 10 min (Kooyman and Kooyman, 1995; Kirkwood and Robertson, 1997; Sato et al., 2011). The longest dive documented by a continuous dive profile in an emperor penguin is 27.6 min. During foraging trips to sea, emperor penguins spent about 31% of their time resting on the sea ice (Watanabe et al., 2012).
Is a picture worth a thousand words? A computational investigation of the modality effect

The modality effect is a term that refers to differences in learning performance in relation to the mode of presentation. It is an interesting phenomenon that impacts education, online-learning, and marketing among many other areas of life. In this study, we use electroencephalography (EEG alpha, beta, and theta) and computational modelling of comprehension to study the modality effect in text and multimedia. First, we provide a framework for evaluating learning performance, working-memory, and emotions during learning. Second, we apply these tools to investigate the modality effect computationally focusing on text in contrast to multimedia. This study is based on a dataset that we have collected through a human experiment involving 16 participants. Our results are important for future learning systems that incorporate learning performance, working-memory, and emotions in a continuous feedback system that measures and optimises learning during learning and not after.
Ketogenic Diet Prevents Heart Failure from Defective Mitochondrial Pyruvate Metabolism

The myocardium is metabolically flexible and can use fatty acids, glucose, lactate/pyruvate, ketones, or amino acids to fuel mechanical work. However, impaired metabolic flexibility is associated with cardiac dysfunction in conditions including diabetes and heart failure. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) is required for pyruvate metabolism and is composed of a hetero-oligomer of two proteins known as MPC1 and MPC2. Interestingly, MPC1 and MPC2 expression is downregulated in failing human hearts and in a mouse model of heart failure. Mice with cardiac-specific deletion of MPC2 (CS-MPC2-/-) exhibited loss of both MPC2 and MPC1 proteins and reduced pyruvate-stimulated mitochondrial respiration. CS-MPC2-/- mice exhibited normal cardiac size and function at 6-weeks old, but progressively developed cardiac dilation and contractile dysfunction thereafter. Feeding CS-MPC2-/- mice a ketogenic diet (KD) completely prevented or reversed the cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Other diets with higher fat content and enough carbohydrate to limit ketosis also improved heart failure in CS-MPC2-/- mice, but direct ketone body provisioning provided only minor improvements in cardiac remodeling. Finally, KD was also able to prevent further remodeling in an ischemic, pressure-overload mouse model of heart failure. In conclusion, loss of mitochondrial pyruvate utilization leads to dilated cardiomyopathy that can be corrected by a ketogenic diet.
Dynamics of Strategy Distribution in a One-Dimensional Continuous Trait Space with a Bi-linear and Quadratic Payoff Functions

Evolution of distribution of strategies in game theory is an interesting question that has been studied only for specific cases. Here I develop a general method to extend analysis of the evolution of continuous strategy distributions given bi-linear and quadratic payoff functions for any initial distribution to answer the following question: given the initial distribution of strategies in a game, how will it evolve over time? I look at several specific examples, including normal distribution on the entire line, normal truncated distribution, as well as exponential, uniform and Gamma distributions. I show that the class of exponential distributions is invariant with respect to replicator dynamics in games with bi-linear payoff functions. I show also that the class of normal distributions is invariant with respect to replicator dynamics in games with quadratic payoff functions. The developed method can now be applied to a broad class of questions pertaining to evolution of strategies in games with different payoff functions and different initial distributions.
Design of the Future Workstation: Enhancing Health and Wellbeing on the Job

Sedentary behavior (i.e., waking behaviors in the seated/lying position at low energy expenditure), or sitting, has emerged as a potential risk factor for numerous chronic diseases and all-cause mortality during the last decade. Working adults accumulate large number of sitting hours at work and interventions have been developed to reduce sitting in the workplace. An interdisciplinary university research team was created to develop new designs for instrumented sit-stand workstations: embedded sensors that will be used to assess postural stability, sit-to-stand efficiency, as well as to facilitate “in-the-moment” prompts to increase standing behaviors. These features will be used for real-time, as well as summative feedback. Feedback techniques will include unobtrusive displays, light-modulation, and on-demand auditory feedback. The evaluation will include assessing the short-term and long-term effectiveness of the instrumented sit-stand workstations for objectively-measured workplace sitting, cardio-metabolic risk biomarkers, and work productivity.
Sameness may be a natural concept that does not require learning

Same/different abstract concept learning in pigeons is typically assessed by training subjects with one set of stimuli and demonstrating that they can transfer that learning to new stimuli. Converging evidence suggests that under a variety of conditions, pigeons do show evidence of conceptual same/difference learning that goes beyond the if-then chains proposed by Skinner (1950). The fact that transfer is better when training involves many stimuli is of some concern because it is difficult to rule out a degree of similarity between any of the training stimuli and the testing stimuli. A novel technique involving two alternative matching and mismatching, in which familiar stimuli replace either the correct or the incorrect comparison, identifies the important role played by the comparison that matches the sample in both tasks. It appears that when the task is matching, the pigeons select that comparison, but when the task is mismatching the pigeons reject it. A similar finding has been reported with human infants.
Does Visual Speed of Processing Training Improve Health-Related Quality of Life in Assisted and Independent Living Communities?: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and objectives Visual speed of processing training had clinically and statistically significant beneficial effects on health-related quality of life among 2,802 healthy community-dwelling adults aged 65-94 years at 2 and 5 years post-training in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly randomized controlled trial. We examined whether that effect would be found among older adults in assisted and independent living communities. Research design and methods We conducted a two-arm, parallel randomized controlled trial stratified by assisted versus independent settings in 31 senior living communities and enrolled 351 adults aged 55-102 years. The targeted intervention dose was 10 hr at baseline with 4-hr boosters at 5 and 11 months. The intervention group received computerized visual speed of processing training, while the attention control group solved computerized crossword puzzles. The health-related quality of life outcomes were the Short-Form 36-item Health Survey's mental and physical component T scores. Linear mixed-effect models were used. Results Visual speed of processing, assisted living, and their interaction had no clinically or statistically significant effects on the physical component T scores. However, visual speed of processing (p = .022), assisted living (p = .022), and their interaction (p = .007) had clinically and statistically significant effects on the mental component T scores. The estimated marginal means revealed a small effect-sized positive 2.2 point visual speed of processing training effect in the independent living communities, but a clinically important harmful -4.2 point visual speed of processing training effect in the assisted living communities. Discussion and implications Given the medium-sized harmful effect of visual speed of processing training among those in the assisted living communities, caution is advised when using these two visual speed of processing training modalities in assisted living communities until further research verifies or refutes our findings and the underlying etiological pathways.
Serum PSA response to lycopene supplementation along with multivitamin does not differ from response to multivitamin alone in men with high grade intraepithelial neoplasia in a randomized trial.

5660 Lycopene, an antioxidant, has been associated with lowering prostate cancer risk. Two clinical trials have shown lower serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, which suggest tumor regression, in pre-prostatectomy men after three weeks of lycopene supplementation. Our study examined whether longer lycopene supplementation lowers serum PSA in Tobago men at high risk for prostate cancer. African-Caribbean men, aged 42–78, from the Tobago Prostate Cancer Screening Survey with pathological evidence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial (HGPIN), atypical foci, or persistently elevated PSA were eligible to participate in the study. Participants were randomized to vitamin only or 30 mg/day lycopene plus vitamin treatment groups and were followed for 4 months in which serum PSA and lycopene levels were measured at randomization, one month, and four months. To assess the differences between the two treatment groups, t-test and chi-square testing were used. Eight-one men participated in the study, 41 and 40 in the vitamin only and lycopene plus vitamin treatment groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in serum PSA between the two treatment groups. Serum PSA decreased in both groups after the first month of treatment and increased back to randomization levels by month 4. No adverse effects from lycopene supplementation were documented. Our study results demonstrated 4 months of 30 mg/day lycopene supplementation was safe to administer in men with HGPIN, atypia, and elevated PSA. Further studies are needed to evaluate long-term use of lycopene supplementation in reducing prostate cancer risk.
The Separation and H-alpha Contrasts of Massive Accreting Planets in the Gaps of Transitional Disks: Predicted H-alpha Protoplanet Yields for Adaptive Optics Surveys

We present a massive accreting gap (MAG) planet model that ensures large gaps in transitional disks are kept dust free by the scattering action of three co-planar quasi-circular planets in a 1:2:4 Mean Motion Resonance (MMR). This model uses the constraint of the observed gap size, and the dust-free nature of the gap, to determine within ~10% the possible orbits for 3 massive planets in an MMR. Calculated orbits are consistent with the observed orbits and H-alpha emission (the brightest line to observe these planets) for LkCa 15 b and PDS 70 b and PDS 70 c within observational errors. Moreover, the model suggests that the scarcity of detected H-alpha planets is likely a selection effect of the current limitations of non-coronagraphic, low ( 25 new H-alpha "gap planets" are potentially discoverable by a survey of the best 19 transitional disks with MagAO-X. Detections of these accreting protoplanets will significantly improve our understanding of planet formation, planet growth and accretion, solar system architectures, and planet disk interactions.
How Should Board Certification Evolve

Family Medicine was a child of the 1960s. Triggered by compelling social need for care outside of large hospitals, Family Medicine emphasized access to personal physicians based in the community. As a protest movement, the ABFP required ongoing recertification for all Diplomates, with both independent examination and chart audit. Fifty years later, society and health care have changed dramatically, and it is time again to consider how Board Certification must respond to those change. We propose three interlocking arguments. First, even before COVID-19, health and health care have been in a time of fundamental transformation. Second, given the role Board Certification plays in supporting improvement of healthcare, Board Certification itself must respond to these changes. Third, to move forward, ABFM and the wider Board community must address a series of wicked problems - i.e., problems which are both complex-with many root causes-and complicated- in which interventions create new problems. The wicked problems confronting board certification include: 1) combining summative and formative assessment, 2) improving quality improvement and 3) reaffirming the social contract and professionalism and its assessment.
A single centre matched pair series comparing minimally invasive and open surgery for the resection of pediatric renal tumours.

Abstract Introduction Minimally invasive nephrectomy (MIN)for the resection of pediatric renal tumors is controversial. We compared patients who underwent laparoscopic MIN according to our unit protocol with matched patients who underwent open surgery (ON). Method A single centre retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for MIN. Tumor volume was calculated from pre-operative imaging and volume matched ON patients were identified from the regional tumor database. Demographics, complications, operative time, length of stay, number of nodes resected, status of margins, radiotherapy (RT)requirement, length of follow-up and outcomes were analysed. Results Fourteen MINs performed between September 2016 and 11/2019 (M:F 5:9; median age 37 (range 2–73)months) were matched with ON controls (7:7 M:F, median age 42 (1–74)months). Diagnoses in the MIN group were Wilms Tumour (WT)in11 and one each of mesoblastic nephroma (MN), malignant rhabdoid tumour of the kidney (MRTK), nephroblastomatosis and in the ON group were 13 WT and 1 MN. Median operating time for MIN was 180 (125–300)minutes, with 4 conversions and 155 (1-3-480)minutes in ON. There were no intra-operative ruptures. Three tumors in each group had positive margins. A median of 4 (0–6) nodes were removed during MIN and 4 (2–22) during ON. Median length of stay (LoS)was 4 (2–15)days following MIN and 4 (2–9) following MIN. Six ON and 3 MIN patients required radiotherapy. Differences were not significant. Median follow up of 30 (6–44)months for MIN and 73 (34–109)months for ON patients was significantly different. There have been no local recurrences but the child with MRTK died following brain tumor recurrence. Conclusion MIN for pediatric renal tumors has similar short term outcomes to ON in carefully selected patients.
Contemporary perceptions of social work: macro practice in the profession

This study provides an updated understanding of the public’s perception of social work in a Midwestern U. S. context, with an emphasis on how the public views macro practice as part of the scope of...
3D U-net for registration of lung nodules in longitudinal CT scans

The use of low-dose Computed Tomography (CT) has been effective in reducing the mortality rate due to lung cancer. With the rapid increase in the number of studies, computer aided diagnosis (CAD) systems need to be developed to further assist radiologists in detecting lung nodules and determining their malignancy in CT scans. An important factor for determining malignancy in a sequential of scans is the rate of change and growth. In the past, deformable registration techniques have been widely applied to assess longitudinal change in data. In this paper we propose a new deep learning system based on Convolutional Neural Networks and U-Net architecture to assess longitudinal change in CT scans for a nodule over time. The VoxelMorph network [1] has been effective in deformable registration of brain MRIs. This paper extends the application of VoxelMorph to registration of lung nodules in multiple time point scans based on a subset of data from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), referred to as NLSTx. VoxelMorph has been modified to include both a sum-of-squared-differences (SSD) image similarity loss and spatial domain regularization to reduce the number of fold-overs and non-invertible transformations, indicated by the presence of negative Jacobian determinants. The network effectively performs 3D Deformable Registration of longitudinal nodule CT scans, providing the means to quantify nodule growth over time.
Propriedades agroindustriais familiares e resistências: fortalecimento das pequenas propriedades rurais do Caparaó capixaba / Family agroindustrial properties and resistances: strengthening of small rural properties of Caparaó capixaba

O objetivo deste trabalho que ora apresentamos e realizar o mapeamento cartografico e social das propriedades da agroindustria familiar rural do municipio de Ibatiba-ES, localizado na microrregiao de planejamento do Caparao capixaba. Acreditamos que o estimulo a pesquisa com as agroindustrias familiares locais possa contribuir para a difusao da geracao de emprego e renda, fixacao do homem no campo e manutencao das relacoes sociais e culturais locais a fim de preservarem-se a heranca simbolica e de identidade, provando que agregar valor ao produto in natura produzido nestas propriedades pode ser de extrema valia para uma outra proposta de (des)envolvimento que se adequa ao que tradicionalmente ja era realizado nas dependencias das propriedades familiares.
Procedures to Evaluate the Role of Heparan Sulfate on the Reactivity of Resistance and Conductance Arteries Ex Vivo.

Evidence is emerging that disruption of the endothelial glycocalyx might contribute importantly to arterial dysfunction in the context of diabetes. One approach to assess the integrity of the endothelium and the vascular smooth muscle cell layer, in the absence of neural, humoral, and mechanical influences, is by measuring arterial vasomotion ex vivo. Here we describe a procedure to assess non-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction, receptor-mediated vasoconstriction, and endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation, in resistance and conductance arteries pressurized to 60 mmHg. In addition to evaluating vasoreactivity using isobaric approaches, the same experimental set-up can be used to initiate a pressure gradient across the artery such that intraluminal, flow-mediated vasodilation can be measured. After recording endothelium-dependent vasodilation using isobaric or flow-mediated approaches, identical interventions can be completed in the presence of enzymes that cleave biologically active heparan sulfates into inactive disaccharide and oligosaccharide fragments to assess the contribution from: (a) endothelial-derived substances (e.g., nitric oxide via nitric oxide synthase inhibition); or (b) important components of the glycocalyx (e.g., removal of heparan sulfate via heparitinase III treatment). Here, we show that acute disruption of a predominant glycosaminoglycan i.e., heparan sulfate impairs intraluminal flow-mediated vasodilation in murine resistance arteries.
Inferring Complex Human Behavior Using a Non-obtrusive Mobile Sensing Platform

Thanks to the decreasing cost, increasing mobility, and wider use of sensors, a great number of possible applications have recently emerged, including applications that may impact the high-level goals in people’s lives. Applications can be found in many areas ranging from medical devices to consumer devices. Information about activity and context can be inferred from sensors and be used to provide automated recommendations.
The Future of M-Interaction

Many experts predicted that this, the first decade of the 21st century, will be the decade of mobile computing; although in recent years mobile technology has been one of the major growth areas in computing, the hype has thus far exceeded the reality (Urbaczewski, Valacich, & Jessup, 2003). Why is this? A recent international study of users of handheld devices suggests that there is a predominant perception that quality of service is low and that mobile applications are difficult to use; additionally, although users recognise the potential of emerging mobile technology, the study highlighted a general feeling that the technology is currently dominating rather than supporting users (Jarvenpaa, Lang, Takeda, & Tuunainen, 2003). Users are generally forgiving of physical limitations of mobile devices imposed by technological constraints; they are not, however, so forgiving of the interface to these devices (Sarker & Wells, 2003). Users can excuse restrictions on their use of mobile technology on the basis of level of technological advancement, but find it hard to accept impractical, illogical, or inconvenient interaction design.
The Locality of Searchable Symmetric Encryption

This paper proves a lower bound on the trade-off between server storage size and the locality of memory accesses in searchable symmetric encryption (SSE). Namely, when encrypting an index of N identifier/keyword pairs, the encrypted index must have size ω(N) or the scheme must perform searching with ω(1) non-contiguous reads to memory or the scheme must read many more bits than is necessary to compute the results. Recent implementations have shown that nonlocality of server memory accesses create a throughput-bottleneck on very large databases. Our lower bound shows that this is due to the security notion and not a defect of the constructions. An upper bound is also given in the form of a new SSE construction with an O(N logN) size encrypted index that performs O(log N) reads during a search.
Supervised Dimension Reduction Using Bayesian Mixture Modeling

We develop a Bayesian framework for supervised dimension reduction using a flexible nonparametric Bayesian mixture modeling approach. Our method retrieves the dimension reduction or d.r. subspace by utilizing a dependent Dirichlet process that allows for natural clustering for the data in terms of both the response and predictor variables. Formal probabilistic models with likelihoods and priors are given and efficient posterior sampling of the d.r. subspace can be obtained by a Gibbs sampler. As the posterior draws are linear subspaces which are points on a Grassmann manifold, we output the posterior mean d.r. subspace with respect to geodesics on the Grassmannian. The utility of our approach is illustrated on a set of simulated and real examples. Some
Developing the Substantive Best Interests of Child Migrants: A Call for Action

This Article attempts to accomplish two goals. First, it provides an overview of what is known and unknown about international child migrants. While this Conference will focus to some degree on child migrants in the United States, this Article shows how significant this phenomenon is around the world. Therefore, this Article provides data and points out the research gaps surrounding this issue. Equally significant is the lack of legal and policy tools available for governments to respond well and in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child ("CRC") to the children themselves. First, informed by social science research, this Article briefly sets out the grounds for treating children as unique. This will lay the foundation for policy makers to think about child migrants as children first and above all. Second, this Article then looks at norms and practices that recognize the uniqueness of children and child migrants in particular. Finally, this Article suggests examples of how we-scholars, practitioners, policy makers, and adjudicators- might begin to develop better tools to address what sets child migrants apart.
Privilege as Property

In 2008, after the election of President Barack Obama, voices throughout the nation rose up to declare the beginning of a new epoch in United States history: We have now moved beyond race. The vocabulary of colorblindness dates back to at least the nineteenth century, when Justice John Marshall Harlan first declared, “[o]ur constitution is color- blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.” Entering the third millennium, rhetoric now focuses on our “post-racial America.” In second term of our seemingly racially transcendental president, however, this symposium looks backwards, all the way to the distant 1990s, to revisit Stephanie M. Wildman’s Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America. In reassessing the continuing salience of these works, the nation appears not as “post” as some might like to imagine. To the contrary, the call to “move beyond race” highlights the materiality of Wildman’s demand that “privilege must be made visible.” Indeed, we must talk about privilege—in particular, about the law and privilege—if we are to ever halt its perpetuation. In this quest, my essay employs Cheryl Harris’s Whiteness as Property alongside Wildman’s text. Written four years prior to Privilege Revealed, Harris’s germinal work exposes the tangible property implications of whiteness, ones created from legal texts and embedded in legal actions. The coupled insights of these two scholars illuminates the continued impact of discrimination and discriminatory privilege in the legal world.
The Industrial Revolution

Abstract The Industrial Revolution decisively changed economywide productivity growth rates. For successful economies, measured efficiency growth rates increased from close to zero to close to 1% per year in the blink of an eye, in terms of the long history of humanity, seemingly within 50 years of 1800 in England. Yet the Industrial Revolution has defied simple economic explanations or modeling. This paper seeks to set out the empirical parameters of the Industrial Revolution that any economic theory must encompass, and illustrate why this makes explaining the Industrial Revolution so difficult within the context of standard economic models and narratives.
Creating firm, customer, and societal value: Toward a theory of positive marketing ☆

Abstract This article makes three conceptual advances toward a theory of positive marketing. First, the article distinguishes what constitutes positive marketing in contrast to other pro-social marketing concepts: cause, green, and social marketing. Positive marketing is defined as any marketing activity that creates value for the firm, its customers, and society. Second, the article elaborates on how positive marketing works using contemporary examples and practice theory. Positive marketing is shown to have two dominant forms from a practice theory perspective: material-meaning innovations and practice innovations. Third, the article explains why positive marketing occurs. Augmenting the multilevel pressure theory of corporate social innovation, two additional antecedents of positive marketing are theorized: activist executives and networked customers. The concluding discussion identifies strategies for organizational success, limitations of positive marketing, and avenues for future research.
Closing the Gap Between Specification and Programming: VDM++ and SCALA

We argue that a modern programming language such as Scala offers a level of succinctness, which makes it suitable for program and systems specification as well as for high-level programming. We illustrate this by comparing the language with the Vdm++ specification language. The comparison also identifies areas where Scala perhaps could be improved, inspired by Vdm++. We furthermore illustrate Scala's potential as a specification language by augmenting it with a combination of parameterized state machines and temporal logic, defined as a library, thereby forming an expressive but simple runtime verification framework.
Structural and Mechanical Improvements to Bone Are Strain Dependent with Axial Compression of the Tibia in Female C57BL/6 Mice.

Strain-induced adaption of bone has been well-studied in an axial loading model of the mouse tibia. However, most outcomes of these studies are restricted to changes in bone architecture and do not explore the mechanical implications of those changes. Herein, we studied both the mechanical and morphological adaptions of bone to three strain levels using a targeted tibial loading mouse model. We hypothesized that loading would increase bone architecture and improve cortical mechanical properties in a dose-dependent fashion. The right tibiae of female C57BL/6 mice (8 week old) were compressively loaded for 2 weeks to a maximum compressive force of 8.8N, 10.6N, or 12.4N (generating periosteal strains on the anteromedial region of the mid-diaphysis of 1700 μe, 2050 μe, or 2400 μe as determined by a strain calibration), while the left limb served as an non-loaded control. Following loading, ex vivo analyses of bone architecture and cortical mechanical integrity were assessed by micro-computed tomography and 4-point bending. Results indicated that loading improved bone architecture in a dose-dependent manner and improved mechanical outcomes at 2050 μe. Loading to 2050 μe resulted in a strong and compelling formation response in both cortical and cancellous regions. In addition, both structural and tissue level strength and energy dissipation were positively impacted in the diaphysis. Loading to the highest strain level also resulted in rapid and robust formation of bone in both cortical and cancellous regions. However, these improvements came at the cost of a woven bone response in half of the animals. Loading to the lowest strain level had little effect on bone architecture and failed to impact structural- or tissue-level mechanical properties. Potential systemic effects were identified for trabecular bone volume fraction, and in the pre-yield region of the force-displacement and stress-strain curves. Future studies will focus on a moderate load level which was largely beneficial in terms of cortical/cancellous structure and cortical mechanical function.
When does the bond price reaction to earnings announcements predict future stock returns

In this paper I show that the bond price reaction to earnings announcements has predictive power for post-announcement stock returns and that this predictive ability is driven by the bonds of non-investment grade firms. I find that bonds’ predictive ability is more pronounced in firms that have a lower level of institutional shareholder ownership and whose bonds are more liquid. This paper enhances our understanding of the relation between the stock and bond markets and complements the literature which documents whether, and under what circumstances, various accounting-based measures and financial statement components predict post-announcement stock returns.
Symplectic rational blowdowns

We prove that the rational blowdown, a surgery on smooth 4-manifolds introduced by Fintushel and Stern, can be performed in the symplectic category. As a consequence, interesting families of smooth 4-manifolds, including the exotic K3 surfaces of Gompf and Mrowka, admit symplectic structures. A basic problem in symplectic topology is to understand what smooth manifolds admit a symplectic structure (a closed non-degenerate 2-form). In this paper we focus on this question in dimension 4. Currently, the primary methods for constructing smooth (irreducible) 4-manifolds in such a way that one can distinguish them by Donaldson or Seiberg-Witten invariants are surgery constructions that use complex manifolds as building blocks. These surgery methods are (smooth) logarithmic transforms, rational blowdowns, and connect sums along surfaces. It is interesting to see when these surgeries can be performed in the symplectic category. In this paper we prove that performing a rational blowdown of a symplectic manifold along symplectic surfaces yields a symplectic manifold. This result establishes that certain exotic 4-manifolds, including the exotic K3 surfaces of Gompf and Mrowka [9], are symplectic. In any even dimension, two symplectic manifolds can be summed along codimension 2 symplectic submanifolds to yield a symplectic manifold. We refer to this symplectic operation, which was proposed by Gromov [11], as the symplectic sum. Gompf [8] used the symplectic sum to construct a plethora of interesting symplectic manifolds, including the first examples of simply connected symplectic 4-manifolds that are not homotopic to any complex surface and some exotic K3 surfaces. More recently, Fintushel and Stern [6] have used the connect sum along smoothly embedded tori to produce a rich class of exotic 4-manifolds, some homeomorphic to a K3 surface, many of which cannot admit a symplectic structure. � The author is grateful for the support of an NSF post-doctoral fellowship, DSM9627749.
Permutational quantum computing

In topological quantum computation the geometric details of a particle trajectory areirrelevant; only the topology matters. Taking this one step further, we consider a model ofcomputation that disregards even the topology of the particle trajectory, and computesby permuting particles. Whereas topological quantum computation requires anyons,permutational quantum computation can be performed with ordinary spin-1/2 particles,using a variant of the spin-network scheme of Marzuoli and Rasetti. We do not knowwhether permutational computation is universal. It may represent a new complexityclass within BQP. Nevertheless, permutational quantum computers can in polynomialtime approximate matrix elements of certain irreducible representations of the symmetricgroup and approximate certain transition amplitudes from the Ponzano-Regge spin foammodel of quantum gravity. No polynomial time classical algorithms for these problemsare known.
Vorticity Balance in Coarse-Resolution Global Ocean Simulations

Abstract The vorticity budget of the vertically integrated circulation from two global ocean simulations is analyzed using a horizontal spacing of 2° × 2° in longitude/latitude. The two simulations differ in their initial hydrographic conditions and surface wind and buoyancy forcing. The constrained simulation obtains optimal initial condition and surface forcing through assimilating observational data using the model's adjoint, whereas the unconstrained simulation uses Levitus climatological conditions for initialization and is driven by NCEP–NCAR reanalysis forcing, plus restoring to the monthly surface temperature and salinity climatological conditions. The goal is to examine the dynamics that sets the time-mean circulation and to understand the differences between the constrained and unconstrained simulations. It is found that, similar to eddy-permitting simulations, the bottom pressure torque (BPT) in coarse-resolution models plays an important role in the western boundary currents and in the Souther...
Incorporating stakeholders' perspectives into models of new technology diffusion: The case of fuel-cell vehicles

The literature on the modeling of diffusion of technologies typically uses historical data to calibrate a model. For cases where data on the diffusion of comparable technologies are not available and where high multi-sector stakes are involved, models that use more specific information may be useful. The potential transition to alternative transportation vehicle technologies and fuels, like fuel-cell vehicles and hydrogen, would be an example of such cases. We propose an integration of theoretical frameworks on the diffusion of innovations with data on stakeholders' opinions, to develop estimates of FCVs' market-share evolution. Our estimates of the time scales required for the market, particularly for the initial stages, are longer than those obtained in other studies.
Inequality in health versus inequality in lifestyles

Repeated Norwegian cross-sectional data for the period 2005 to 2011 are used to compare sources of inequality in health, as represented by self-assessed health and obesity, with sources of inequality in lifestyles that are central to the production of health, as represented by physical activity, cigarette smoking and dietary behavior. Sources of overall inequality and socioeconomic inequality in these lifestyle and health indicators are compared by estimating probit models, and by decomposing the explained part of the associated Gini and concentration indices with respect to education and income. As potential sources of inequality, we consider education, income, occupation, age, gender, marital status, psychological traits and childhood circumstances. Our results suggest that sources of inequality in health are not necessarily representative of sources of inequality in underlying lifestyles. While education is generally an important source of overall inequality in both lifestyles and health, income is unimportant in all lifestyle indicators except physical activity. In several cases, education and income are clearly outranked by other factors in terms of explaining overall inequality, such as gender in eating fruits and vegetables and age in fish consumption. These results suggest that it is important to decompose both overall inequality and socioeconomic inequality in different lifestyle and health indicators. In indicators where other factors than education and income are clearly most important, policy makers should consider to target these factors to efficiently improve overall population health. Published: Online October 2015. In print December 2015.
Liquid Mercury (Hg)

Publisher Summary Liquid mercury (Hg) is one of the easiest metals on which an ideally smooth surface can be made in a reproducible manner. Surface contamination due to oxidation is less severe than for any other metal except for a few inert metals such as gold. Many metals dissolve readily in liquid Hg, forming an amalgam. The optical constants of liquid mercury at room temperature in the near infrared to the near ultraviolet (UV) have been measured extensively by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The measurements have been made both on a free surface under vacuum or inert gases and on a surface in contact with solid or liquid dielectrics. The measurements at wavelengths below 0.25 m are very limited, with only two reflectance measurements at normal incidence—one on a free surface under vacuum from 0.06–0.6 m and the other on a surface in contact with MgF2 from 0.15-2.5 m. This chapter presents a list of the room temperature values of n and k for Hg. These n and k values are accurate to ± 0.2% on an absolute scale. As with other liquid metals, the n and k spectra from the infrared to the UV are nearly free-electron-like up to the plasma wavelength at 0.177 m. However, in contrast with some other liquid metals, the n and k values are significantly higher in the visible region than those given by the simple Drude expressions.
Models of intuitionistic set theories over partial combinatory algebras

This paper presents two types of realizability models for intuitionistic set theories. The point of departure for every notion of realizability will be a domain of computation, called a partial combinatory algebra, PCA. To put it roughly, the role of a PCA in the first type of realizability is to furnish a concrete instantiation of the Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov interpretation of the logical connectives. In a sense, partial combinatory algebras can lay claim to be of equal importance to models of intuitionistic set theory as partial orderings are to forcing models of classical set theory. Among other things, these models can be used to extract computational information from proofs. Their main employment here, however, will be to provide consistency, equiconsistency, and independence results. Relinquishing classical logic can bring forth considerable profits. It allows for axiomatic freedom in that one can adopt new axioms that are true in realizability models but utterly false classically.
Design of large, low-concentration-ratio solar arrays for low earth orbit applications

This paper describes an ongoing preliminary design effort directed toward a low-concentration-ratio photovoltaic array based on 1984 technology and capable of delivering several hundred kilowatts of electrical power in low earth orbit. The array consists of rectangular modules of about 1,400 square meters in area, each consisting of approximately 4,400 pyramidal concentrator elements. The modules are stored in the Space Shuttle's payload bay as cubes (3.24 meters on a side) and are deployed and extended in orbit by means of canister/mast assemblies. The concentrator elements are sized for a geometric concentration ratio (GCR) of six and may be used either with silicon (Si) or gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells. The paper discusses the structural analysis and design trades leading to the baseline design. It also describes the optical, thermal and electrical performance analyses that support the design and provide overall performance estimates for the array.
Bayesian Estimation of The Impacts of Food Safety Information on Household Demand for Meat and Poultry

Consumer reaction to changes in the amount of food safety information on beef, pork, and poultry available in the media is the focus of this study. Specifically, any differences in consumer reactions due to heterogeneous household characteristics are investigated. The data used in this study are monthly data from the Nielsen Homescan panel and cover the time period January 1998 to December 2005. These panel data contain information on household purchases of fresh meat and poultry as well as demographic characteristics of the participating households. The data used to describe food safety information were obtained from searches of newspapers using the Lexis-Nexis academic search engine. Consumer reactions are modeled in this study using a demand system that allows for both discrete and continuous choice situations. A seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) tobit model is estimated using a Gibbs sampler with data augmentation. A component error structure (random effects model) is incorporated into the SUR tobit model to account for unobserved heterogeneity of households making repeated purchases over time. Estimates of food safety elasticities calculated from the random effects SUR tobit model suggest that food safety information does not have a statistically or economically significant effect on household purchases of meat and poultry.
Catalytic autothermal reforming increases fuel cell flexibility

Experimental results are presented for the autothermal reforming (ATR) of n-hexane, n-tetradecane, benzene and benzene solutions of naphthalene. The tests were run at atmospheric pressure and at moderately high reactant preheat temperatures in the 800-900 K range. Carbon formation lines were determined for paraffinic and aromatic liquids. Profiles were determined for axial bed temperature and composition. Space velocity efforts were assessed, and the locations and types of carbon were recorded. Significant reactive differences between hydrocarbons were identified. Carbon formation characteristics were hydrocarbon specific. The differing behavior of paraffinic and aromatic fuels with respect to their carbon formation may be important in explaining the narrow range of carbon-free operating conditions found in the ATR of number two fuel oil.
The Effect of Developed-Country Pesticide Standards on Health and Pesticide-Induced Morbidity of Kenya's Green Bean Family Farmers

This paper examines the effects of compliance with developed country pesticide standards (DC-PS) on pesticide-related health costs and morbidity of developing country fresh vegetable growers. DC-PS require that farmers i) only use approved pesticides (usually less toxic to humans than ones used before), ii) apply pesticides only when pest scouting reveals the need to do so, and iii) handle, use, store and dispose off pesticides in ways that do not pose health threats to farm workers and farm family members. This paper uses survey regression to estimate a model of health costs of pesticide exposure (based on cost of illness approach) and survey poisson regression to estimate a model for use of protective devices. It finds that compliance with DC-PS reduces health costs of pesticide exposure and increases the use of protective devices. The findings imply that DC-PS have health benefits to developed country fresh export vegetable growers beyond acknowledged premium market access and therefore provide an opportunity for governments to partner with fresh produce exporters to promote safe use, storage and disposal of pesticides.