cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a National Addiction Treatment Information System: An Introduction to the Drug Evaluation Network System

The purpose of this article is to test the applicability and utility of the Drug Evaluation Network Study (DENS), a timely electronic information system that tracks trends in substance abuse treatment. This article examines existing large-scale data collection efforts, discusses the rationale and design of the DENS system, and presents results of the DENS pilot phase. Clinical staff from more than 40 service delivery units in five cities were trained to conduct intake assessments on laptop computers with the computerized Addiction Severity Index (ASI). The DENS computer system also included an automatic data transfer protocol to allow regular transmission of ASIs and other data to a central server at Treatment Research Institute. Descriptive information and discharge status were also collected. Several problems were encountered during the early stages of the pilot phase, including obtaining consecutive cases from treatment programs, computerization and software application, treatment staff turnover, and assuring quality of data. Data is presented on 4,300 adults entering drug and/or alcohol treatment at the nonrandomly selected DENS pilot programs between June 1996, and April 6, 1998. Various examples of how DENS data can be used are presented.
Variational sums and generalized linear processes

(1982). Variational sums and generalized linear processes. Stochastics: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 181-192.
A hybrid islanding detection method for distributed synchronous generators

This paper proposes a new islanding detection method for use in a small-scale, grid-interconnected distributed generator system. The proposed islanding detection method is based on voltage fluctuation injection, which can be obtained through high-impedance load switching on the grid periodically. The correlation factor between the periodic switching signal and the perturbed voltage is then used as an islanding detection index in the proposed islanding detection method. Experimental results demonstrate the principles of the proposed technique.
Conflicting dietary advice for adhering to low-sodium and low-phosphorus diets

Objective To elucidate conflicts that patients face when advised to limit multiple nutrients in their diet. Design We analyzed the phosphorus content of low-sodium foods compared with their regular-sodium content counterparts, and the sodium content of low-phosphorus foods compared with foods containing higher levels of phosphorus. Low-sodium and low-phosphorus foods were identified with the use of recommendations from National Kidney Foundation patient information Web sites. Content of sodium and phosphorus was quantified with use of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Nutrient Database. Setting Review and analysis of publicly available patient information Web sites and nutrient databases. Main Outcome Measure Phosphorus content of low- versus regular-sodium–containing foods, and sodium content of low- versus high-phosphorus–containing foods. Results Of 47 low-sodium foods, 32 had identical phosphorus content—8 higher and 7 lower—compared with regular-sodium alternatives. Of 9 foods recommended as low-phosphorus alternatives to high-phosphorus choices, 4 had higher sodium content and 5 had lower, with considerable variability. However, choosing servings of 4 low-sodium alternatives could increase ingestion of phosphorus by up to 16% of recommended intake, and choosing servings of 4 low-phosphorus alternatives could increase ingestion of sodium by more than 20% of recommended intake. Conclusion Adhering to a complex renal diet is extremely difficult for patients with chronic kidney disease. Balancing sodium and phosphorus restrictions is particularly challenging, especially as food choices low in one nutrient may not be low in the other. To help patients follow these diets, alternative methods of achieving dietary restrictions of multiple, often conflicting, components may be needed.
Matrix elements for intersystem crossing

Abstract A new formulation of intersystem-crossing matrix elements is presented which includes correction for prompt scattering and avoids the Herzberg-Teller expansion for nonadiabatic coupling.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene of an avian and a human influenza virus strain identifies two classes of nucleoproteins.

Abstract The nucleotide sequences of RNA segment 5 of an avian influenza A virus, A/Mallard/ NY?6750/78 (H2N2), and a human influenza A virus, A/Udorn/307/72 (H3N2), were determined and the deduced amino acid sequences of the nucleoprotein (NP) of these viruses were compared to two other avian and two other human influenza A NP sequences. The results indicated that there are separate classes of avian and human influenza A NP genes that can be distinguished on the basis of sites containing amino acids specific for avian and human influenza viruses and also by amino acid composition. The human influenza A virus NP genes appear to follow a linear pathway of evolution with the greatest homology (96.9%) between A/NT/60/68 (H3N2) and A/Udorn/72, isolated only 4 years apart, and the least homology (91.1 %)between A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Udorn/72, isolated 38 years apart. Furthermore, 84% of the nucleotide substitutions between A/PR/8/34 and A/NT/ 60 68 are preserved in the NP gene of the A/Udorn/72 strain. In contrast, a distinct linear pathway is not present in the avian influenza NP genes since the homology (90.3%)between the two avian influenza viruses A/Parrot/Ulster/73 (H7N1) and A/Mallard/78 isolated only 5 years apart is not significantly greater than the homology (90.1 %)between strains A/FPV/Rostock/34 and A/Mallard/78 isolated 44 years apart and only 49% of the nucleotide substitutions between A/FPV/34 and A/Parrot/73 are found in A/Mallard/78. A determination of the rate of evolution of the human influenza A virus NP genes suggested that there were a greater number of nucleotide substitutions per year during the first several years immediately following the emergence of anew subtype in 1968.
Processing Numerical Versus Verbal Attribute Information: A Study Using Information Acquisition Patterns

Past studies on the differences between the processing of numerical and verbal information have typically considered numerical information in the form of ratings on a scale (scale-value numerical information). They have not focussed on numerical information in their natural unit of measurement (natural-value numerical information), which is more commonly found in marketing communications. This study tests previous findings using natural-value numerical information instead of scale-value numerical information under learning and choice tasks. Results suggest important differences between the processing of natural-value and scale-value numerical information.
MO-SAMS-AUD B-01: Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) I: Clinical and Radiobiological Considerations

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy(SBRT) has emerged as an important form of cancer therapy with broad application across a spectrum of tumor types in the primary and metastatic settings. The capability of safely administering a very high dose of therapeuticradiation to discrete extracranial tumor sites has raised new questions about the radiobiology of high dose per fraction treatment. Accumulating clinical experiences are yielding new insights into practical aspects of tumor and normal tissue responses to high dose per fraction treatment. The current practice of SBRT has evolved to some extent from knowledge gained from principles learned from the practice of cranial stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS), and this presentation will begin with discussion of the use of SBRT for sites where the extracranial nervous system (spinal cord, cauda equina) is the major dose‐limiting structure. Some recent preclinical studies of spinal cord tolerance to high dose therapy will be presented, as well as the results of recent clinical trials involving spine SBRT from various centers. Next, the discussion will focus on other major extracranial sites where SBRT has been applied, with emphasis on SBRT for tumors in the liver and lung in particular, again with inclusion of theoretical and preclinical studies as well as reported clinical outcomes. Educational Objectives: 1. Review and understand the major issues related to the use SBRT for tumors in the spine or paraspinous region, including key clinical observations. 2. Review and understand the common clinically observed normal tissue responses to SBRT and the inferences to be drawn regarding the practical radiobiology of high dose per fraction therapy. 3. Explore and highlight the major issues related to clinical application of SBRT for tumors in the lung and liver, including key clinical observations.
Early American Railroad Construction...International Projects...Conferences...

The author briefly reviews early American railroad construction and international projects. He highlights the Staple Bend Tunnel, Yorkville Tunnel, Bundy Hill Tunnel, the career of George W. Whistler, and three international projects -- the Trans-Oceanic Highway, Olmos Irrigation/Hydroelectric, and Panama Canal Third Lane Locks Master Plan.
Supervision in Physical Education Teacher Education Programs: Making the Case for Paired Placements

Many student teaching experiences in physical education teacher education programs face challenges related to supervision and realistic preparation for the workplace. This article suggests paired placements as a model for effective supervision and increased collaboration during the student teaching internship.
Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV)–associated myopathy: Immunocytochemical identification of an HIV antigen (gp 41) in muscle macrophages

In a patient with acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS) and muscle weakness, a muscle biopsy specimen disclosed degeneration of muscle fibers, regeneration, and focal endomysial mononuclear inflammation. A conspicuous feature was the presence of perivascular macrophages within the endomysium that showed positive immunostaining for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (gp 41) antigen. HIV was not detected within myofibers. Our findings suggest an important role for the HIV-infected macrophage in the pathogenesis of this myopathy.
The color of a Dalmatian's spots: Linkage evidence to support the TYRP1 gene

The distinctive coat pattern of a Dalmatian is the result of the interaction of several loci. While the encoded function of these genes is not fully understood, it is known the Piebald, Ticking, and Flecking loci interact to produce the Dalmatian's classic pigmented spots on a white background. The color of the pigmented spots in purebred Dalmatians can either be black or liver, but the locus responsible for color determination is unknown. Studies have been conducted to determine the underlying genes involved in coat color determination in the dog, e.g., in the Labrador Retriever, but none to date have addressed black versus liver in the Dalmatian. A genome scan was conducted in a multi-generational kindred of Dalmatians segregating black and liver spot color. Linkage analysis was performed using a total of 113 polymorphic microsatellite markers from the kindred. Linkage was found between spot color and a single microsatellite marker, FH2319 (LOD = 12.5) on chromosome 11. The TYRP1 (Brown) locus is located at position 50.1 Mb on chromosome 11, which is approximately 0.4 Mb from marker FH2319. Given the recent characterization of TYRP1 genetic variations in the dog and the linkage evidence reported here, TYRP1 is likely responsible for the spot color variation of black versus liver seen in the Dalmatian.
Investigation of factors affecting prediction of protein-protein interaction networks by phylogenetic profiling

The use of computational methods for predicting protein interaction networks will continue to grow with the number of fully sequenced genomes available. The Co-Conservation method, also known as the Phylogenetic profiles method, is a well-established computational tool for predicting functional relationships between proteins. Here, we examined how various aspects of this method affect the accuracy and topology of protein interaction networks. We have shown that the choice of reference genome influences the number of predictions involving proteins of previously unknown function, the accuracy of predicted interactions, and the topology of predicted interaction networks. We show that while such results are relatively insensitive to the E-value threshold used in defining homologs, predicted interactions are influenced by the similarity metric that is employed. We show that differences in predicted protein interactions are biologically meaningful, where judicious selection of reference genomes, or use of a new scoring scheme that explicitly considers reference genome relatedness, produces known protein interactions as well as predicted protein interactions involving coordinated biological processes that are not accessible using currently available databases. These studies should prove valuable for future studies seeking to further improve phylogenetic profiling methodologies as well for efforts to efficiently employ such methods to develop new biological insights.
Improved nonrelativistic QCD for heavy-quark physics.

We construct an improved version of nonrelativistic QCD for use in lattice simulations of heavy-quark physics, with the goal of reducing systematic errors from all sources to below 10%. We develop power-counting rules to assess the importance of the various operators in the action and compute all leading-order corrections required by relativity and finite lattice spacing. We discuss radiative corrections to tree-level coupling constants, presenting a procedure that effectively resums the largest such corrections to all orders in perturbation theory. Finally, we comment on the size of nonperturbative contributions to the coupling constants.
Chemoattractant activity of degradation products of fetal and adult skin extracellular matrix for keratinocyte progenitor cells

Biological scaffolds composed of naturally occurring extracellular matrix (ECM) have been utilized as templates for the constructive remodelling of numerous tissues in preclinical studies and human clinical applications. The mechanisms by which ECM induces constructive remodelling are not well understood, but it appears that the degradation products of ECM scaffolds may play key roles in cell recruitment. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of age and species of the tissue from which ECM is harvested on the chemoattractant activity of degradation products of ECM for human keratinocyte stem and progenitor cells. Adult human skin ECM, fetal human skin ECM and adult porcine skin ECM were prepared, enzymatically digested, characterized by SDS-PAGE and evaluated for in vitro chemoattractant activity for human keratinocyte progenitor and stem cells (HEKn). Degradation products of human fetal skin ECM showed greater chemoattractant activity than human adult skin ECM degradation products for the HEKn. Degradation products of porcine adult skin ECM showed greater chemoattractant activity than human adult skin ECM. The human fetal skin ECM degradation products showed the strongest chemoattractant activity for the HEKn. The findings of this study support the concept that the mechanism of ECM scaffold remodelling involves the recruitment of lineage-directed progenitor cells by scaffold degradation products, and that both the age and species of the tissue from which the ECM is harvested have an effect upon this chemoattractant potential.
Parallel multiresolution volume rendering of large data sets with error-guided load balancing

We present a new parallel multiresolution volume rendering algorithm for visualizing large data sets. Using the wavelet transform, the raw data is first converted into a multiresolution wavelet tree. To eliminate the parent-child data dependency for reconstruction and achieve load-balanced rendering, we design a novel algorithm to partition the tree and distribute the data along a hierarchical space-filling curve with error-guided bucketization. At run time, the wavelet tree is traversed according to the user-specified error tolerance, data blocks of different resolutions are decompressed and rendered to compose the final image in parallel. Experimental results showed that our algorithm can reduce the run-time communication cost to a minimum and ensure a well-balanced workload among processors when visualizing gigabytes of data with arbitrary error tolerances.
Ovarian-Dependent Development of a Stimulatory Effect of 5α-Dihydrotestosterone on Serum Follicle Stimulating Hormone in the Ovariectomized Rat

The data presented here indicate that s.c. implants of 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) produce a biphasic effect on serum FSH. an initial elevation through about 48 h followed by a decline, in rats ovariectomized as adults. Only she suppressive effects of DHT were observed in orchidectomized rats and the stimulatory effect of DHT in ovariectomized rats was not shared by testosterone. In another study, in which rats were gonadectomized at various ages, several days of DHT treatment suppressed serum FS H levels if ovariectomies were performedon or before Day 8 of postnatal life, whereas serum FSH was suppressed in orchidectomized rats by D HT regardless of the age at which orchidectomieswere performed. Other results showed that the initial stimulatoryeffectof DHT on serum FSH in ovariectomized rats was observed if the rats were ovariectomized on Day 9 or later. These data suggest that the development of mechanisms responsible for a DHT-induced elevation of serum FSH in ovariectomized rats is dependent upon differentiation of the ovarian-brain-pituitary system and occurs during the second postnatal week.
Stochastic evolution of staying together

Staying together means that replicating units do not separate after reproduction, but remain attached to each other or in close proximity. Staying together is a driving force for evolution of complexity, including the evolution of multi-cellularity and eusociality. We analyze the fixation probability of a mutant that has the ability to stay together. We assume that the size of the complex affects the reproductive rate of its units and the probability of staying together. We examine the combined effect of natural selection and random drift on the emergence of staying together in a finite sized population. The number of states in the underlying stochastic process is an exponential function of population size. We develop a framework for any intensity of selection and give closed form solutions for special cases. We derive general results for the limit of weak selection.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy: Case report and review of the literature

A NGIOIMMUNOBLASTIC lymphadenopathy (AIL) is a non-neoplastic, proliferative disorder of lymphocytes characterized clinically by fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, skin rash, polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, and frequently, Coombs positive hemolytic anemia. Histologically, normal lymph node architecture is distorted by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, accompanied by finely arborizing blood vessels and often by the interstitial deposition of an amorphous eosinophilic material.“2 There are many similarities between AIL and connective tissue disease, especially systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). That these conditions can exhibit similar clinical manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms has been noted in the literature. jV4 For example, the presence of various autoantibodies, including ANA, has been documented in AIL.‘-” On the other hand, we have been able to find only two cases in which clinical AIL and SLE seemed to have occurred simultaneously.8~‘3 By contrast, our patient had longstanding connective tissue disease, starting as mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) which evolved into classical SLE, and ultimately died from AIL. The unusual nature of this case prompted us to review the association of SLE to AIL.
A guide to ions and RNA structure

RNA folding into stable tertiary structures is remarkably sensitive to the concentrations and types of cations present; an understanding of the physical basis of ion-RNA interactions is therefore a prerequisite for a quantitative accounting of RNA stability. This article summarizes the energetic factors that must be considered when ions interact with two different RNA environments. “Diffuse ions” accumulate near the RNA because of the RNA electrostatic field and remain largely hydrated. A “chelated” ion directly contacts a specific location on the RNA surface and is held in place by electrostatic forces. Energetic costs of ion chelation include displacement of some of the waters of hydration by the RNA surface and repulsion of diffuse ions. Methods are discussed for computing both the free energy of the set of diffuse ions associated with an RNA and the binding free energies of individual chelated ions. Such calculations quantitatively account for the effects of Mg 2+ on RNA stability where
Low Baseline CD4+ Count Is Associated With Greater Bone Mineral Density Loss After Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation

With improvements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the accompanying aging of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected population, HIV-associated non-AIDS (HANA) complications are increasingly impacting the health of HIV-infected individuals [1]. Whereas the rates of other HANA complications appear to decrease with ART, bone mineral density (BMD) loss is unique in that it accelerates after ART initiation, at least over the short term [2]. Low BMD occurs in 40%–90% of HIV-infected individuals [3], leading to a 50% increased risk of fragility fracture compared to the risk in uninfected individuals [4]. BMD loss appears most prominent during the first 2 years of ART, decreasing by 2%–6% afterward, [5], although recent data suggest that this loss may be less with some nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)–sparing regimens [6]. In addition to traditional osteoporotic risk factors and antiretroviral medication effects, some data suggest that baseline immune deficiency or ART-associated immune reconstitution could contribute to BMD loss [7]. Here, we pooled data from 3 studies of treatment-naive patients initiating ART where serial whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed to examine the relationship between baseline CD4+ count and early CD4+ count change with BMD change 2 years after ART initiation.
Obesity and kidney protection.

Context: Obesity, both directly and indirectly, increases the risk for a variety of disease conditions including diabetes, hypertension, liver disease, and certain cancers, which in turn, decreases the overall lifespan in both men and women. Though the cardiovascular risks of obesity are widely acknowledged, less often identified is the relationship between obesity and renal function. Evidence Acquisitions: Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCO and Web of Science has been searched. Results: The concept of the "Metabolic Syndrome" helps us to understand this close link between obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and renal dysfunction. An elevated body mass index has shown to be one of the major determinants of glomerular hyperfiltration that lead to the development of chronic kidney disease. Interestingly, weight loss can lead to attenuation of hyperfiltration in severely obese patients suggesting a possible therapeutic option to combat obesity-related hyperfiltration. Conclusions: Various treatment strategies had been suggested to decrease impact of obesity on kidneys. These are blood pressure controling, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, improving glycemic control, improving dyslipidemia, improving proteinuria and lifestyle modifications. Regardless of the numerous pharmacotherapies, the focus should be on the root cause: obesity.
Anthropometric differences between HIV-infected individuals prior to antiretroviral treatment and the general population from 1998-2007: the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials (ALLRT) cohort and NHANES.

Objective: To assess differences in body circumferences and body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ) between antiretroviral treatment (ART) nao ¨ve HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons. Methods: Waist, arm, and thigh circumferences and BMI were measured within the ALLRT and NHANES cohorts between 1998 and 2007. ALLRT is a prospective, longitudinal study of U.S. participants enrolled in randomized HIV treatment studies conducted by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). NHANES is a representative group of the US population. The cohorts were analyzed in two time periods, to account for trends towards increased adiposity. Anthropometrics were displayed in percentiles by age and sex. Multiple linear regression models examined differences between cohorts. Results: ALLRT had more males (82% versus 48%, p,0.0001), more black participants (32% versus 23%, p,0.0001), and less Hispanics (21% versus 30%, p,0.0001) than NHANES. Mean BMI was smaller in ALLRT males and females compared to NHANES by 1.6–2.4 kg/m 2 (p,0.0001). Mean waist and arm circumferences in both sexes and time periods were significantly smaller in ALLRT than in NHANES (p,0.0001). Mean thigh circumference in ALLRT was also smaller than NHANES among males (p,0.0001 in both time periods) and females (p = 0.01 in the early time period). Conclusions: Differences in anthropometrics existed prior to ART initiation, in this large national cohort of HIV-infected individuals, compared to a representative HIV-uninfected cohort, indicating that HIV and its complications have important effects on body shape. Further longitudinal examination of anthropometrics in this HIV-infected cohort may provide additional insight into disease risk. Trial Registration: NCT00001137 at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Feeling unreal: a PET study of depersonalization disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess brain glucose metabolism and its relationship to dissociation measures and clinical symptoms in DSM-IV depersonalization disorder. METHOD: Positron emission tomography scans coregistered with magnetic resonance images of eight subjects with depersonalization disorder were compared to those of 24 healthy comparison subjects. The two groups did not differ in age, sex, education, performance on a baseline neuropsychological battery, or performance on a verbal learning task administered during [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. A cortical analysis by individual Brodmann’s areas was performed. RESULTS: Compared to the healthy subjects, subjects with depersonalization disorder showed significantly lower metabolic activity in right Brodmann’s areas 22 and 21 of the superior and middle temporal gyri and had significantly higher metabolism in parietal Brodmann’s areas 7B and 39 and left occipital Brodmann’s area 19. Dissociation and depersonalization scores among the su...
A Resolution Based SAT-solver Operating on Complete Assignments

Most successful systematic SAT-solvers are descendants of the DPLL procedure and so operate on partial assignments. Using partial assignments is explained by the “enumerative semantics” of the DPLL procedure. Current clause learning SAT-solvers, in a sense, have outgrown this semantics. Instead of enumerating the search space as the DPLL procedure does, they explicitly build a resolution proof. In this paper, we suggest a semantics that, in our opinion, is more suitable for clause learning SAT-solvers. The idea is to consider a set of complete assignments not just as a part of the search space but as an “encryption” of a resolution proof or a part thereof. Importantly, a set of points encrypting a resolution proof can be dramatically smaller than the entire search space. We introduce a resolution based SAT-solver with clause learning called FI (short for Find point Image of a proof) that is inspired by the new semantics. FI operates on complete assignments. We compare our naive implementation of FI with Minisat and BerkMin. Experiments show that FI is competitive with Minisat and BerkMin in terms of backtracks. In terms of performance, FI is slower than Minisat and BerkMin for small CNF formulas. On the other hand, even the current primitive implementation of FI is competitive with Minisat and BerkMin on large Bounded Model Checking formulas due to its superior decision making.
Accounting for the physical and mental health benefits of entry into marriage: a genetically informed study of selection and causation.

Married adults show better psychological adjustment and physical health than their separated/divorced or never-married counterparts. However, this apparent “marriage benefit” may be due to social selection, social causation, or both processes. Genetically informed research designs offer critical advantages for helping to disentangle selection from causation by controlling for measured and unmeasured genetic and shared environmental selection. Using young-adult twin and sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Harris, 2009), we conducted genetically informed analyses of the association between entry into marriage, cohabitation, or singlehood and multiple indices of psychological and physical health. The relation between physical health and marriage was completely explained by nonrandom selection. For internalizing behaviors, selection did not fully explain the benefits of marriage or cohabitation relative to being single, whereas for externalizing symptoms, marriage predicted benefits over cohabitation. The genetically informed approach provides perhaps the strongest nonexperimental evidence that these observed effects are causal.
Association of INOS , TRAIL , TGF-β2 , TGF-β3 , and IgL genes with response to Salmonella enteritidis in poultry

Several candidate genes were selected, based on their critical roles in the host's response to intracellular bacteria, to study the genetic control of the chicken response to Salmonella enteritidis (SE). The candidate genes were: inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2), transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3), and immunoglobulin G light chain (IgL). Responses to pathogenic SE colonization or to SE vaccination were measured in the Iowa Salmonella response resource population (ISRRP). Outbred broiler sires and three diverse, highly inbred dam lines produced 508 F1 progeny, which were evaluated as young chicks for either bacterial load isolated from spleen or cecum contents after pathogenic SE inoculation, or the circulating antibody level after SE vaccination. Fragments of each gene were sequenced from the founder lines of the resource population to identify genomic sequence variation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified, then PCR-RFLP techniques were developed to genotype the F1 resource population. Linear mixed models were used for statistical analyses. Because the inbred dam lines always contributed one copy of the same allele, the heterozygous sire allele effects could be assessed in the F1 generation. Association analyses revealed significant effects of the sire allele of TRAIL-Sty I on the spleen (P < 0.07) and cecum (P < 0.0002) SE bacterial load. Significant effects (P < 0.04) were found on the cecum bacterial load for TGF-β3-Bsr I. Varied and moderate association was found for SE vaccine antibody response for all genes. This is the first reported study on the association of SNP in INOS, TRAIL, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and IgL with the chicken response to SE. Identification of candidate genes to improve the immune response may be useful for marker-assisted selection to enhance disease resistance.
High Attenuation and Immunogenicity of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Expressing a Proteolysis-resistant Inhibitor of NF-κB

Abstract NF-κB/IκB proteins play a major role in the transcriptional regulation of human immunodeficiency virus, type-1 (HIV-1). In the case of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) the cellular factors required for the viral transcriptional activation and replication in vivo remain undefined. Here, we demonstrate that the p50/p65 NF-κB transcription factors enhanced the Tat-mediated transcriptional activation of SIVmac239. In addition, IκB-αS32/36A, a proteolysis-resistant inhibitor of NF-κB, strongly inhibited the Tat-mediated transactivation of SIVmac239. Based on this evidence, we have generated a self-regulatory virus by endowing the genome of SIV-mac239 with IκB-αS32/36A; the resulting virus, SIVIκB-αS32/36A, was nef-deleted and expressed the NF-κB inhibitor. We show that SIVIκB-αS32/36A was highly and stably attenuated both in cell cultures and in vivo in rhesus macaque as compared with a nef-deleted control virus. Moreover, the high attenuation was associated with a robust immune response as measured by SIV-specific antibody production, tetramer, and intracellular IFN-γ staining of SIV gag-specific T cells. These results underscore the crucial role of NF-κB/IκB proteins in the regulation of SIV replication both in cell cultures and in monkeys. Thus, inhibitors of NF-κB could efficiently counteract the SIV/HIV replication in vivo and may assist in developing novel approaches for AIDS vaccine and therapy.
Designing the web for an open society

How can we best design Web technology to support the features we would like of our society such as: openness, justice, transparency, accountability, participation, innovation, science and democracy?
Water Conservation in Closed Rotary Cookers by Evaporative Cooling

Better cooling and water savings of up to 40% may be realized by installing a blower in closed rotary coolers. The air blown through the cooler headspace aids cooling by causing water to evaporate from the cans’surface. In four tests at a tomato plant in California, water flow rates with the blower off ranged from 25–29 gpm and with the blower on ranged from 12.5–18 gpm. The blower decreased the maximum temperature in the shell from 2–6°F and decreased the final average can temperature from 3.5–7°F.
A New Boundary Closure Scheme for the Multiresolution Time-Domain (MRTD) Method

This paper introduces a novel boundary closure treatment for the wavelet based multiresolution time-domain (MRTD) solution of Maxwell's equations. Accommodating non-trivial boundary conditions, such as the Robin condition or time dependent condition, has been a challenging issue in the MRTD analysis of wave scattering, radiation, and propagation. A matched interface and boundary (MIB) method is introduced to overcome this difficulty. Several numerical benchmark tests are carried out to validate the MIB boundary scheme. The proposed boundary treatment can also be applied to other high order finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approaches, such as the dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP) method. The MIB boundary scheme greatly enhances the feasibility for applying the MRTD methods to more complicated electromagnetic structures.
Supportive Family Environments Ameliorate the Link Between Racial Discrimination and Epigenetic Aging A Replication Across Two Longitudinal Cohorts

This study tested the hypothesis that supportive family environments during adolescence buffer exposure to racial discrimination, reducing its impact on biological weathering and its manifestation in cellular aging. Perceived racial discrimination, support in the family environment, and confounder variables were assessed for 3 consecutive years across adolescence in two independent cohorts of African American youth from rural Georgia. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected during young adulthood. Patterns of methylation were used to index the epigenetic ages of these cells and the extent to which they differed from participants' chronological ages. Among youth in supportive family environments, exposure to higher levels of racial discrimination did not forecast greater epigenetic aging. Among youth in less supportive family environments, exposure to higher levels of racial discrimination did forecast greater epigenetic aging. The associations emerged independently of confounder variables, and the results were replicated across the two cohorts.
Life History of a Looper, Lambdina punctata, in Utah (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Lambdina punctata (Hulst) is predominantly a defoliator of gambel oak, maple, and range plants. An outbreak along the Wasatch Front in northern Utah provided an opportunity to study the biology of this insect. L. punctata is univoltine, overwintering in the egg stage. Larvae emerge in early May and the feeding period lasts for about 2 ½ months. There are 5 larval instars. Pupation occurs in the leaf litter near the base of oak and maple. Adults begin appearing in August and oviposition extends into October. Descriptions of the various stages are given. The following parasites of L. punetata were recovered: Telenomus sp., Phobocampe sp., Hyphantrophaga hyphantriae (Townsend), Winthemia sp. (? occidentis Reinhard), Winthemia sp., and Pimpla sanguinipes crythropus Viereck.
Presence of ACTH in pituitary gland of Pacific salmon (O. keta).

SummaryLyophilized pituitary tissue of the Pacific salmon (O. keta) and pituitary fractions, were examined for ACTH activity in hypophysectomized rats. The results indicate the presence of a component in the teleost pituitary gland capable of depleting the stores of adrenal ascorbic acid in the rat. In this respect the preparations are qualitatively identical with corticotropins (ACTH) of mammalian origin.
The current status of acetabular fixation in total hip replacement.

Abstract Aseptic loosening of the acetabular component is the major long-term complication of cemented total hip replacement. In this article, the improvements in cementing technique and cemented acetabular component design, as well as the evolution of noncemented acetabular cups, are reviewed. The porous-coated acetabular component has emerged as the state of the art in both primary and revision hip arthroplasty. Current trends in porous cup design and implantation are presented. The ultimate fate of the porous ingrowth cup will be based on long-term clinical and roentgenographic follow-up studies.
Cue-Weighting mechanism and bilingualism

Cunnings’ proposed theory can explain why second language (L2) learners have difficulty resolving certain types of dependencies (i.e., backward-looking dependencies) but not others (i.e., forward-looking dependencies). However, his theory should be more explicit about the mechanism underlying late L2 learners’ and native speakers’ different weightings of retrieval cues, and research framed within his theory should strive to tease apart age-of-acquisition effects from bilingualism effects.
New Challenges in the Treatment of Patients With Left Ventricular Support: LVAD Thrombosis

Mechanical circulatory support has revolutionized the treatment of heart failure, affording patients significantly improved survival and quality of life. However, further advancements in this technology have been hindered by adverse events, particularly gastrointestinal bleeding, driveline infection, stroke, and device thrombosis. Recently, there has been a renewed focus on device thrombosis as the reported incidence has increased. This review focuses on an update on the diagnostic modalities and current treatment algorithms of this serious complication.
Who speaks for climate change in China? Evidence from Weibo

Social media provides a new and expanding forum to discuss climate change. Existing research in this area has focused mainly on Twitter and discussions in the United States, while online discussion of climate change in China has been largely unexamined. To fill this gap, we analyzed discussion about climate change on China’s premiere microblogging website, Weibo, over a two month period surrounding the Paris Climate Summit. The results show that institutional users-state media and international actors-dominate the discussion, while Chinese NGOs and public intellectuals are mostly absent from the scene. Discussion on climate change is concentrated in major urban areas, especially in Beijing. A significant proportion of Weibo posts aim to raise climate change awareness; few users discuss topics such as climate science, climate change’s actual impacts on China, or China’s low-carbon policy measures. Climate change appears as a global threat that has little connection to China's national context.
Abstract 264: TNFR2-Bmx Signaling in Cardiac Stem Cells and Cardiac Repair

While cytokine TNF via TNFR1 induces inflammation and apoptosis, it through its second receptor TNFR2 induces cell survival and migration by activating bone marrow non-receptor tyrosine kinase Bmx....
The penalty term of Exponentially Embedded Family is estimated mutual information

The penalty term plays an important role in model order selection rules. The Exponentially Embedded Families (EEF) is consistent and effective in model order selection. In this paper we show that the EEF penalty term can be viewed as estimated mutual information (MI) between unknown parameters and received data from Bayesian viewpoints. The finding is a result of an important relationship between Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and MI in estimation/detection of random signals, which is also introduced.
Experimental Study of Large Area Suspended Ceilings

Damage of nonstructural components during past seismic events was shown to be not only a critical threat to life safety in extreme cases but also led to substantial reduction of functionality of bu...
Clinical Laboratory Testing

The geriatric mental health provider needs to have a solid foundation for understanding the role of ancillary laboratory and other diagnostic assessment tools when evaluating and managing older adults with behavioral or psychiatric problems. This section will provide an overview of common uses of laboratory investigation and electrocardiogram as components of the diagnostic geropsychiatric assessment and for ongoing management of psychiatric disorders in later life.
Unmet needs: therapeutic standards of care

Many unmet needs exist for practitioners caring for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The top need is for a blockbuster drug with glucocorticoid efficacy but fewer side effects. They also need better markers to identify responders without waiting 3 to 6 months to see clinical improvement. Current therapeutic goals are to induce and maintain responses while minimizing side effects. Therapy selection varies depending on disease severity and response to previous therapies. Therapies for SLE target different areas in the immunologic process, primarily T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), azathioprine, and anti-B-lymphocyte stimulator, and a wider array of cells for glucocorticoids. The American College of Rheumatology recently published treatment guidelines for the use of adjunctive therapies in patients with lupus nephritis that recommend hydroxychloroquine as background therapy in all of these patients, and it established target levels for blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein to reduce complications. Data were inadequate to make recommendations regarding glucocorticoid doses for induction of improvement (thus 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day is the recommendation) or for tapering or discontinuing prednisone. Renal biopsy is recommended for all patients with active lupus nephritis, previously untreated, to provide data for classification of glomerular disease and thus enable selection of appropriate therapy. Recommendations for induction therapy include either MMF or cyclophosphamide (CYC). MMF has the advantage of being equally effective in all races and being formulated for oral administration. CYC is less effective in African Americans and Latinos but is equivalent in Caucasians and Asians. Low-dose CYC is an option for Caucasians. Teratogenicity is a concern with MMF, CYC, and methotrexate, but hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoids, and azathioprine can be used during pregnancy, if necessary. New evidence suggests that improvements in proteinuria and C3/C4 blood levels may predict response as early as 8 weeks. Clinical trials with belimumab for lupus nephritis are not yet available although it did not appear to worsen renal disease in patients without active lupus nephritis. Belimumab is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in antinuclear antibodies and/or anti-DNA-positive SLE patients with active disease that persists despite standard treatments. Investigators continue to research other targeted therapies for high response rates, less toxicity, and less need for chronic glucocorticoid treatment. Additional file 1 contains an edited transcript of the full presentation.
Spinoza, Leibniz, and the Gods of Philosophy

In the Ethics (Part One), Spinoza argues that, while he rejects both (a) the voluntarist God of Descartes, and (b) the God of rational agency that deliberately chooses (e.g., to create this world) on the basis of practical reasons, in favor of his own God/Nature/Substance from which everything follows with necessity, he nonetheless remarks that if he had to choose between (a) and (b), he would choose (a). Nadler finds this a rather surprising thing for Spinoza to say. In this paper, he discusses the different conceptions of God, explains why he finds Spinoza’s remark surprising, and examines why Spinoza does claim such a hypothetical preference.
Modulating Transcription with Artificial Regulators

Many human diseases are characterized by altered gene expression patterns caused by malfunctioning transcriptional regulators. This has inspired intense interest in the development of artificial transcription factors that regulate the expression of specific genes either positively or negatively. Particular success has been achieved through the use of DNA-binding molecules such as triplex-forming oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, and polyamides that upregulate transcription in vitro and, in some cases, in cell culture. Despite impressive advances in the last decade, however, artificial transcription factors that reconstitute all of the functions of natural regulators are not yet a reality. In particular, it has proven difficult to design artificial transcription factors composed entirely of non-natural components. Such factors will be powerful chemical tools for unraveling the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and in the long term offer considerable therapeutic potential.
Microwave Imaging Using Noise Signals

A new method of active incoherent microwave imaging is presented that uses noise signals and spatial frequency sampling. Building on interferometric spatial frequency sampling arrays developed in radio astronomy, active incoherent microwave imaging utilizes the transmission of noise signals to implement the first active imaging method that samples in the spatial frequency domain. In comparison to passive microwave imaging systems, active incoherent imaging requires receivers with far less sensitivity, and thus less overall cost. We present the theory behind the imaging technique and show experimental results from a 5.85-GHz system imaging in one and two dimensions. For 1-D images, the transmitter consisted of two noise generators, while the receive array was a synthesized linear array with elements placed in $1\lambda $ increments with the widest spacing of $15\lambda $ . For 2-D images, the transmitter consisted of three noise generators, while the receive array was a synthesized T-array with elements placed in $0.5\lambda $ increments. We demonstrate the reconstruction of 1-D and 2-D scenes consisting of spherical reflecting targets, using only 25 MHz of signal bandwidth and 10 $\mu \text{s}$ of integration time, both of which are an order of magnitude less than passive microwave and millimeter-wave imaging systems.