cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RECOVERING SOLAR TOROIDAL FIELD DYNAMICS FROM SUNSPOT LOCATION PATTERNS

We analyze both Kitt Peak magnetogram data and MDI continuum intensity sunspot data to search for the following solar toroidal band properties: width in latitude and the existence of a tipping instability (longitudinal m =1 mode) for any time during the solar cycle. In order to determine the extent to which we can recover the toroidal field dynamics, we forward-model artificially generated sunspot distributions from subsurface toroidal fields that we have assigned certain properties. Sine-curve fitting of Kitt Peak magnetogram data provided an upper limit of 15 to the tipping amplitude but could not adequately separate the tip from the width of the toroidal band. We then analyzed two sunspot distribution parameters using MDI and model data: the average latitudinal separation of sunspot pairs as a function of longitudinal separation and the number of sunspot pairs creating a given angle with respect to the east-west direction. A toroidal band of 10 width with a constant tipping of 5 best fits MDI data early in the solar cycle, when the sunspot band is at high latitudes (>18.5). A toroidal band of 20 width with a tipping amplitude decreasing in time from 5 to 0 best fits MDI data late in the solar cycle when the sunspot band is at low latitudes (<18.5). Model data generated by untipped toroidal bands cannot fit MDI high-latitude data using 2 goodness-of-fit criteria and can fit only one sunspot distribution parameter at low latitudes. Tipped toroidal bands satisfy 2 criteria at both high and low latitudes for both sunspot distribution parameters. We conclude that this is evidence to reject the null hypothesis—that toroidal bands in the solar tachocline do not experience a tipping instability—in favor of the hypothesis that the toroidal band experiences an m=1 tipping instability for a significant portion of the solar cycle. Our finding that the band widens from10 early in the solar cycle to 20 late in the solar cycle may be explained in theory by magnetic drag spreading the toroidal band due to altered flow along the tipped field lines. Higher m modes, most notably m = 2 and 6, are apparent in MDI data, but further analysis is needed to determine this property in detail.
Practices in adequate structural design

Structural design and verification of space vehicles and space systems is a very tricky and awe inspiring business, particularly for manned missions. Failures in the missions with loss of life is devastating personally and nationally. The scope of the problem is driven by high performance requirements which push state-of-the-art technologies, creating high sensitivites to small variations and uncertainties. Insurance of safe, reliable flight dictates the use of sound principles, procedures, analysis, and testing. Many of those principles which were refocused by the Space Shuttle Challenger (51-L) accident on January 26, 1986, and the activities conducted to insure safe shuttle reflights are discussed. The emphasis will be focused on engineering, while recognizing that project and project management are also key to success.
DECOUPLING PHASE VARIATIONS IN MULTI-PLANET SYSTEMS

Due to the exquisite photometric precision, transiting exoplanet discoveries from the Kepler mission are enabling several new techniques of confirmation and characterization. One of these newly accessible techniques analyzes the phase variations of planets as they orbit their stars. The predicted phase variation for multi-planet systems can become rapidly complicated and depends upon the period, radius, and albedo distributions for planets in the system. Here we describe the confusion that may occur due to short-period terrestrial planets and/or non-transiting planets in a system, which can add high-frequency correlated noise or low-frequency trends to the data stream. We describe these sources of ambiguity with several examples, including that of our solar system. We further show how decoupling of these signals may be achieved with application to the Kepler-20 and Kepler-33 multi-planet systems.
Development and Validation of the Infant Feeding Intentions Scale

Objectives There is a need in breastfeeding behavior studies for a quantitative measure of maternal breastfeeding intentions. The Infant Feeding Intentions (IFI) scale was developed to fill this need. Methods Two items probe strength of intentions to initiate breastfeeding and subsequent items assess strength of intentions to be breastfeeding exclusively (EBF) at 1, 3, or 6 months. Total score ranges from 0 to 16. Content validity was established among women in their third trimester of pregnancy (n = 88). Subsequently, construct validity was assessed in a low-income, multi-ethnic cohort of primiparae (n = 170) interviewed at 25 ± 15 h postpartum and followed to 6 months. Results Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was 0.90 for both the content and construct validity samples. Construct validity was demonstrated by a significant association between IFI score and both planned and actual EBF duration: mean (+standard deviation) IFI scores were 4.6 ± 2.9, 7.5 ± 3.2, 10.3 ± 2.7, 12.0 ± 1.8, and 13.8 ± 2.7 for planned duration of EBF of ‘Never’, up to 1 month, 1 to <3 months, 3 to <6 months, and ≥6 months, respectively; ANOVA, P < 0.0001; and each 1-point increase in IFI score decreased the hazard of not EBF by 23.4% at day 0 and 13.7% at day 30 (Cox proportional hazards model chi-square = 92.5, P < 0.0001). Conclusions In a multi-ethnic U.S. sample of low-income primiparae, the IFI scale was shown to be a valid, simple tool for quantitatively assessing the strength of intentions to initiate and sustain EBF.
Watching worlds collide: effects on the CMB from cosmological bubble collisions

We extend our previous work on the cosmology of Coleman-de Luccia bubble collisions. Within a set of approximations we calculate the effects on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) as seen from inside a bubble which has undergone such a collision. We find that the effects are always qualitatively similar—an anisotropy that depends only on the angle to the collision direction—but can produce a cold or hot spot of varying size, as well as power asymmetries along the axis determined by the collision. With other parameters held fixed the effects weaken as the amount of inflation which took place inside our bubble grows, but generically survive order 10 efolds past what is required to solve the horizon and flatness problems. In some regions of parameter space the effects can survive arbitrarily long inflation.
Electron spin for classical information processing: a brief survey of spin-based logic devices, gates and circuits

In electronics, information has been traditionally stored, processed and communicated using an electron's charge. This paradigm is increasingly turning out to be energy-inefficient, because movement of charge within an information processing device invariably causes current flow and an associated dissipation. Replacing 'charge' with the 'spin' of an electron to encode information may eliminate much of this dissipation and lead to more energy-efficient 'green electronics'. This realization has spurred significant research in spintronic devices and circuits where spin either directly acts as the physical variable for hosting information or augments the role of charge. In this review article, we discuss and elucidate some of these ideas, and highlight their strengths and weaknesses. Many of them can potentially reduce energy dissipation significantly, but unfortunately are error-prone and unreliable. Moreover, there are serious obstacles to their technological implementation that may be difficult to overcome in the near term. This review addresses three constructs: (1) single devices or binary switches that can be constituents of Boolean logic gates for digital information processing, (2) complete gates that are capable of performing specific Boolean logic operations, and (3) combinational circuits or architectures (equivalent to many gates working in unison) that are capable of performing universal computation.
Intraoperative Radiotherapy in Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: Final Results of a Prospective, Randomized, Clinical Trial

• Thirty-five patients with surgically resected sarcomas of the retroperitoneum were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, clinical trial comparing 20-Gy intraoperative radiotherapy in combination with postoperative low-dose (35- to 40-Gy) external-beam radiotherapy with postoperative high-dose (50- to 55-Gy) external-beam radiotherapy alone. Chemotherapy with doxorubicin hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide (anhydrous), and methotrexate sodium was used for a portion of the trial. Fifteen patients who received intraoperative radiotherapy and 20 control patients were followed up for a minimum of 5 years (median follow-up, 8 years). Median survival times were similar for the group that received intraoperative radiotherapy (45 months) and the control group (52 months). There were no indications of benefit from adjunctive chemotherapy. The number of locoregional recurrences was significantly lower among those who received intraoperative radiotherapy (six of 15) than control patients (16 of 20). Patients who received intraoperative radiotherapy had fewer complications of disabling radiation-related enteritis (two of 15) than control patients (10 of 20), but radiation-related peripheral neuropathy was more frequent among those who received intraoperative radiotherapy (nine of 15) than among control patients (one of 20). ( Arch Surg. 1993;128:402-410)
Mesotron Decays and the Role of Anomalies

Puzzles associated with Yukawa's mesotron theory of nuclear interactions led to the discovery of "anomalies" in quantum field theory. I will discuss some of the remarkable consequences of these anomalies in the physics of elementary particles.
Radiative torques: analytical model and basic properties

We attempt to get a physical insight into grain alignment processes by studying basic properties of radiative torques (RATs). For this purpose we consider a simple toy model of a helical grain that reproduces well the basic features of RATs. The model grain consists of a spheroidal body with a mirror attached at an angle to it. Being very simple, the model allows analytical description of RATs that act upon it. We show a good correspondence of RATs obtained for this model and those of irregular grains calculated by DDSCAT. Our analysis of the role of different torque components for grain alignment reveals that one of the three RAT components does not affect the alignment, but induces only for grain precession. The other two components provide a generic alignment with grain long axes perpendicular to the radiation direction, if the radiation dominates the grain precession, and perpendicular to magnetic field, otherwise. The latter coincides with the famous predictions of the Davis-Greenstein process, but our model does not invoke paramagnetic relaxation. In fact, we identify a narrow range of angles between the radiation beam and the magnetic field, for which the alignment is opposite to the Davis-Greenstein predictions. This range is likely to vanish, however, in the presence of thermal wobbling of grains. In addition, we find that a substantial part of grains subjected to RATs gets aligned with low angular momentum, which testifies that most of the grains in diffuse interstellar medium do not rotate fast, that is, rotate with thermal or even subthermal velocities. This tendency of RATs to decrease grain angular velocity as a result of the RAT alignment decreases the degree of polarization, by decreasing the degree of internal alignment, that is, the alignment of angular momentum with the grain axes. For the radiation-dominated environments, we find that the alignment can take place on the time-scale much shorter than the time of gaseous damping of grain rotation. This effect makes grains a more reliable tracer of magnetic fields. In addition, we study a self-similar scaling of RATs as a function of λ/α eff . We show that the self-similarity is useful for studying grain alignment by a broad spectrum of radiation, that is, interstellar radiation field.
Double rearrangement in the pyrrolidine-1,2-oxide system leading to pentasubstituted pyrroles.

Abstract Acid catalyzed double rearrangement of the ethyl 6-oxa-2,2, 4,4-tetramethyl-1-azabicyclo[3,1,0]hexane-3-carboxylate leading to ethyl 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl-pyrrole-3-carboxylate is proposed on the basis of identification of the intermediate ethyl 5-hydroxy-1,2,4,4-tetramethylpyrroline-3-carboxylate.
X-Ray Studies of Two Neutron Stars in 47 Tucanae: Toward Constraints on the Equation of State

We report spectral and variability analysis of two quiescent low-mass X-ray binaries (X5 and X7, previously detected with the ROSAT HRI) in a Chandra ACIS-I observation of the globular cluster 47 Tuc. X5 demonstrates sharp eclipses with an 8.666 ± 0.01 hr period, as well as dips showing an increased NH column. The thermal spectra of X5 and X7 are well modeled by unmagnetized hydrogen atmospheres of hot neutron stars. No hard power-law component is required. A possible edge or absorption feature is identified near 0.64 keV, perhaps an O V edge from a hot wind. Spectral fits imply that X7 is significantly more massive than the canonical 1.4 M☉ neutron star mass, with M > 1.8 M☉ for a radius range of 9-14 km, while X5's spectrum is consistent with a neutron star of mass 1.4 M☉ for the same radius range. Alternatively, if much of the X-ray luminosity is due to continuing accretion onto the neutron star surface, the feature may be the 0.87 keV rest-frame absorption complex (O VIII and other metal lines) intrinsic to the neutron star atmosphere, and a mass of 1.4 M☉ for X7 may be allowed.
Regularity of the Bergman Projection on Forms and Plurisubharmonicity Conditions

Let $$\Omega \subset \subset \mathbb{C}^{n}$$ be a smoothly bounded domain. Suppose Ω has a defining function, such that the sum of any q eigenvalues of its complex Hessian is non-negative. We show that this implies global regularity of the Bergman projection, B j-1, and the $$\bar{\partial}$$ -Neumann operator, N j , acting on (0,j)-forms, for $$j\in\{q,\ldots,n\}$$ .
Thermoluminescence as a palaeothermometer

The results of annealing experiments on a little-metamorphosed (type 3.5) ordinary chondrite are reported. The thermoluminescence (TL) emission characteristics of the annealed samples show trends very similar to those observed in meteorites which have been naturally metamorphosed in various degrees. The trends are also similar to those observed in annealing experiments on terrestrial albite, where the changes are associated with the low-to-high temperature transformation. These results suggest that the TL phosphor in meteorites is feldspar and that TL can be used to estimate paleotemperatures for little-metamorphosed and highly unequilibrated meteorites.
A ZONAL METHOD FOR UNSTEADY, VISCOUS, COMPRESSIBLE AIRFOIL FLOWS

The analysis and prediction of fluid-structure interaction for viscous, separated flows presents a great challenge to the aeroelastician. In this paper a zonal method for the computation of unsteady, viscous, separated flows over airfoils is presented. The flowfield is divided into a viscous inner zone, where higher grid resolution may be used, and an inviscid outer zone. Zonal grid solutions are presented for subsonic and transonic flows over a NACA-0012 airfoil subject to ramp and oscillatory motions. Transonic shock/boundary layer interaction and dynamic stall effects are encountered during the unsteady motion. The computed solutions are in good agreement with available experimental data.
Characterization of Adrenal Masses Using Unenhanced CT: An Analysis of the CT Literature

Unenhanced CT scanning can reliably characterize incidentally detected adrenal masses when observers use density measurements of the adrenal gland. However, controversy exists as to the optimal density threshold required to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. This study attempts to establish a consensus by performing a pooled analysis of data found in the CT literature.Ten CT reports were analyzed, from which individual adrenal lesion density measurements were obtained for 495 adrenal lesions (272 benign lesions and 223 malignant lesions). Threshold analysis generated a range of sensitivities and specificities for lesion characterization at different density thresholds.Sensitivity for characterizing a lesion as benign ranged from 47% at a threshold of 2 H to 88% at a threshold of 20 H. Similarly, specificity varied from 100% at a threshold of 2 H to 84% at a threshold of 20 H.The attempt to be absolutely certain that an adrenal lesion is benign may lead to an unacceptably low sensitivity for lesi...
Uniform asymptotic expansion of the generalized Bremmer series

The Bremmer coupling series solution of the wave equation, in generally inhomogeneous media, requires the introduction of pseudodifferential operators. In this paper, in two dimensions, uniform asymptotic expansions of the Schwartz kernels of these operators are derived. Also, we derive a uniform asymptotic expansion of the one-way propagator appearing in the series. We focus on designing closed-form representations, valid in the high-frequency limit, taking into account critical scattering-angle phenomena. Our expansion is not limited by propagation angle. In principle, the uniform asymptotic expansion of a kernel follows by matching its asymptotic behaviors away from and near its diagonal. The Bremmer series solver consists of three steps: directional decomposition into up- and downgoing waves, one-way propagation, and interaction of the counter-propagating constituents. Each of these steps is represented here by a kernel for which a uniform asymptotic expansion is found. The associated algorithm provid...
Evaluation of four subcritical response methods for on-line prediction of flutter onset in wind tunnel tests

The methods were evaluated for use in tests where the flutter model is excited solely by airstream turbulence. The methods were: randomdec, power-spectral-density, peak-hold, and cross-spectrum. The test procedure was to maintain a constant Mach number (M) and increase the dynamic pressure (g) in incremental steps. The test Mach numbers were 0.65, 0.75, 0.82, 0.90, and 1.15. The four methods provided damping trends by which the flutter mode could be tracked and extrapolated to a flutter-onset q. A hard flutter point was obtained at M = 0.82. The peak-hold and cross-spectrum methods gave reliable results and could be most readily used for on-line testing. At M = 0.82, a p-k analysis predicted the same flutter mode as the experiment but a 6-percent lower flutter q. At the subcritical dynamic pressures, calculated damping values were appreciably lower than measured data.
Radioactivity of tobacco trichomes and insoluble cigarette smoke particles

Airborne 210Pb is concentrated on small Aitken particles which accumulate on tobacco trichomes. Tobacco curing and the combustion of trichomes in burning cigarettes produce insoluble particles of high 210Pb radioactivity which are inhaled and deposited in the bronchi of smokers. The subsequent ingrowth of 210Po results in high local a irradiation which may account for bronchial cancer among smokers.
A REVIEW OF RARE PION AND MUON DECAYS

After a decade of no measurements of pion and muon rare decays, PIBETA, a new experimental program is producing its first results. We report on a new experimental study of the pion beta decay, π+→π0e+ν, the πe2γ radiative decay, π+→e+νγ, and muon radiative decay, . The new results represent four- to six-fold improvements in precision over the previous measurements. Excellent agreement with Standard Model predictions is observed in all channels except for one kinematic region of the πe2γ radiative decay involving energetic photons and lower-energy positrons.
The integration of cancer survivorship training in the curriculum of hematology/oncology fellows and radiation oncology residents.

Cancer specialists require an understanding of survivors' needs to insure optimal delivery of care. Training programs currently focus on treatment, while survivorship care focuses on time after treatment. Cancer survivorship training represents an education paradigm shift. The Cancer Survivorship Workshop was held at the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center of the University of Rochester in academic year 2011–2012, with six sessions held. Objectives included the following: learning about survivorship from patient, primary care physician, and oncologist perspectives using a curriculum based on survivorship literature; designing treatment summaries (TSs) and survivorship care plans (SCPs) for five malignancies (lung, breast, prostate, colon, and lymphoma); and establishing collaboration between hematology/oncology (HO) and radiation oncology (RO) trainees by working together in teams. Course impact was assessed pre- and post-training using a 13-question survey. Questions were answered using a 10-point scale, with predefined rating for each question. Statistically significant differences in responses to several survey questions were observed comparing pre- and post-course experience. Improvement was noted in comfort discussing survivorship issues with patients (p = 0.001), reported knowledge of survivorship care for five types of cancer (p = 0.002), confidence in ability to explain a SCP (p = 0.001), and comfort discussing late effects of cancer treatment (p = 0.001). Five unique sets of TS and SCPs were completed. This study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing cancer survivorship education into the curriculum of HO and RO training. The project was designed with intension to optimize survivor care through enhanced provider training.
Mortgage Brokers and the Refinancing Transaction: Evidence from CRA Borrowers

This study adds to an emerging literature on the lending practices of mortgage brokers during the run-up in home prices prior to 2006. Following a sample of low— and moderate-income borrowers through the first years following home purchase, the analysis identifies differences in the refinancing transaction associated with the use of mortgage brokers vs. retail lenders. Specifically, the analysis includes measures of the refinancing process, including whether the lender initiated contact with the borrower, whether the terms of the mortgage changed at closing, and the level of borrower satisfaction in hindsight. Care must be taken in extrapolating from this sample to the broader mortgage market, as all borrowers refinanced out of 30-year fixed-rate purchase mortgages in the Community Advantage Program (CAP). Nevertheless, analysis of this sample offers unique insight into borrowers’ interactions with mortgage brokers during the refinancing transaction. Origination with a mortgage broker, compared with origination through a retail lender, is associated with both a less satisfactory refinancing process and a higher likelihood of refinancing into an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM).
Small area estimation-based prediction methods to track poverty: Validation and applications

Tracking poverty is predicated on the availability of comparable consumption data and reliable price deflators. However, regular series of strictly comparable data are only rarely available. Price deflators are also often missing or disputed. In response, poverty prediction methods that track consumption correlates as opposed to consumption itself have been developed. These methods typically assume that the estimated relation between consumption and its predictors is stable over time -- an assumption that cannot usually be tested directly. This study analyzes the performance of poverty prediction models based on small area estimation techniques. Predicted poverty estimates are compared with directly observed levels in two country settings where data comparability over time is not a problem. Prediction models that employ either non-staple food or non-food expenditures or a full set of assets as predictors are found to yield poverty estimates that match observed poverty well. This offers some support to the use of such methods to approximate the evolution of poverty. Two further country examples illustrate how an application of the method employing models based on household assets can help to adjudicate between alternative price deflators.
An altered splice site is found in the DRB4 gene that is not expressed in HLA-DR7,Dw11 individuals.

The HLA-DRβ protein, DRβIV, encoded by the DRB4 gene, is found on class II+ cells of all DR4, DR9, and most DR7 individuals. However, in some DR7 individuals (DR7, Dw11), the DRβIV protein cannot be detected. To investigate the molecular mechanism responsible for this defect in expression, two overlapping genomic clones encoding the defective DRB4 allele (DRB4-null) were isolated. Although restriction fragment length analysis demonstrated no obvious alterations in the DRB4-null gene, nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a single base substitution in the acceptor splice site at the 3′ end of the first intron, changing the normal AG dinucleotide to AA. The nucleotide sequences of all the exons and remaining splice junctions were identical to those of the normal DRB4 gene. The effect of the altered splice junction was evident from RNA blot analysis where inactivation of the normal splice site was found to result in a larger than normal DRB4 gene transcript. Thus, defective expression of the DRβIV protein results from incorrect processing of the mRNA from the DRB4-null allele.
Calculation of Quadratic Moments of High-Order Linear Systems via Routh Canonical Transformation

In this paper, three different methods are developed for calculating various moments of the system variables of a linear system, represented by matrix equation x = Ax. A transformation Q is developed which transforms the system matrix A into a special matrix R. Liapunov function V is considered as V = x t Q t Qx and it facilitates evaluation of various moments ? 0 ? tmx2dt These methods are especially useful for high-order systems. Examples are included to explain each method.
Using Noonan-Zeilberger Functional Equations to enumerate (in polynomial time!) generalized Wilf classes

One of the most challenging problems in enumerative combinatorics is to count Wilf classes, where you are given a pattern, or set of patterns, and you are asked to find a ''formula'', or at least an efficient algorithm, that inputs a positive integer n and outputs the number of permutations avoiding that pattern. In 1996, John Noonan and Doron Zeilberger initiated the counting of permutations that have a prescribed, r, say, occurrences of a given pattern. They gave an ingenious method to generate functional equations, alas, with an unbounded number of ''catalytic variables'', but then described a clever way, using multivariable calculus, on how to get enumeration schemes. Alas, their method becomes very complicated for r larger than 1. In the present article we describe a far simpler way to squeeze the necessary information, in polynomial time, for increasing patterns of any length and for any number of occurrences r.
The Definability of Fields

Abstract We look for a deep connection between mathematics and physics. Our approach is to propose a set theory, T, which leads to a concise mathematical description of physical fields and to a finite unit of action. The concept of `definability' of fields is then introduced. Definability of fields in T is necessary and sufficient for quantization and is sufficient to avoid physical antinomies.
Value-addition of methane via selective catalytic oxidation

Selective oxidation of methane into fuels and chemicals has attracted significant attention from researchers worldwide. However, because of its high stability, methane conversion involves multistep reactions. Hence, several catalytic approaches including homogeneous, heterogeneous biological and photocatalytic methods have been explored to selectively oxidize methane into methanol, and other chemicals such as ethane, ethylene and formaldehyde. The purpose of this Review is to discuss the current technologies and catalysts associated with selective oxidation of methane, reaction variables that influence selectivity and conversion, and challenges and available opportunities with methane conversion technologies. In addition, a few ideas to enhance the selectivity and conversion of methane are also presented.
Novel Glycopeptide Antibiotics: N-Alkylated Derivatives Active Against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

LY264826 (A82846B) is a naturally-occurring glycopeptide antibiotic, differing from vancomycin in the stereochemistry of the amino-sugar of the disaccharide function, and the presence of a third sugar attached at the benzylic position of amino acid residue 6. Despite these seemingly subtle differences, LY264826 is approximately 10 times more active than vancomycin against the enterococci. In the pursuit of new antibiotics active against multiresistant Gram-positive organisms, an extensive side chain SAR was developed focusing on the reductive alkylation of LY264826 at the amino function of the disaccharide moiety. A new series of derivatives having varying degrees of structural diversity in the side chain (e.g. varying lengths and degrees of rigidity) was found to have potent activity against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (MIC's < 1.0 μg/ml) as well as activity against staphylococci and streptococci as good or better than vancomycin.
The size of the cooling region of hot gas in two elliptical galaxies

Some early-type galaxies show O VI emission, a tracer of gas at 105.5 K, and a predicted product of gas cooling from the X-ray-emitting temperatures. We studied the spatial extent and velocity structure of this cooling gas by obtaining spectra of the O VI doublet in NGC 4636 and NGC 5846 with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. For NGC 4636, the central LWRS pointing shows that the O VI lines are double-peaked and symmetrical about the systemic velocity of the galaxy, with a separation of 210 km s-1. An LWRS observation 30'' from the center failed to show additional O VI emission. For NGC 5846, three spectra were obtained with 4'' × 20'' apertures (MDRS) at the center and 4'' to the east and west of the center. The O VI line flux seen in the previous LWRS is contained in the sum of the smaller apertures, with most of the flux in a single noncentral MDRS aperture, suggesting a size for the emission ≤0.5 kpc; the emission consists of a blue and red peak. For both galaxies, the O VI velocity structure is similar to that of the optical [N II] emission and is consistent with rotation. The compactness and velocity structure of the O VI emission rules out cooling flow models with broadly distributed mass dropout but is consistent with cooling flow models in which the cooling occurs primarily in the central region. The 104 K gas may be the end state of the O VI emitting gas.
Public Projects, Boolean Functions, and the Borders of Border's Theorem

Border’s theorem gives an intuitive linear characterization of the feasible interim allocation rules of a Bayesian single-item environment, and it has several applications in economic and algorithmic mechanism design. All known generalizations of Border’s theorem either restrict attention to relatively simple settings or resort to approximation. This article identifies a complexity-theoretic barrier that indicates, assuming standard complexity class separations, that Border’s theorem cannot be extended significantly beyond the state of the art. We also identify a surprisingly tight connection between Myerson’s optimal auction theory, when applied to public project settings, and some fundamental results in the analysis of Boolean functions.
ON THE RUNNING OF THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT IN QUANTUM GENERAL RELATIVITY

We present arguments that show what the running of the cosmological constant means when quantum general relativity is formulated following the prescription developed by Feynman.
Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control

The third edition of this book has been completely revised and updated, and new chapters have been added on Hantanvirus by Karl Johnson, on retroviruses by William Blattner, and on hepatocellular carcinoma by Joseph Melnick. New authors have replaced previous authors for several chapters. These include Karl Johnson on arenaviruses, Stephen Hadler and Harold Margolin on viral hepatitis, Paul Glezen and Robert Couch on influenza, Alfred S. Evans and Guy de-The on Burkitt lymphoma, and Joseph Melnick, William Rawls, and Ervin Adam on cervical cancer. A summary of the major advances since the last edition in 1982 has been provided by each contributor as given below. Overall, it is clear that the rapid advances in molecular virology, monoclonal antibody, and rapid diagnostic techniques dominate the progress since the last edition and provide a better understanding of pathogenesis, newer tools for epidemiologic investigation, and new methods for vac cine production. Although there is repetition in mention of these advances as written by each contributor, the editor has let these stand to let the reader know how each interprets the impact of these new developments. I. Introduction and Concepts Chapter 1. Epidemiologic Concepts and Methods: The sections on control of infectious diseases has been much expanded to cover progress and problems in both developed and developing countries, the concepts of eradication and elimination, and the means to assess the need and effectiveness of immuniza tion programs."
Solvent‐Free Claisen Condensation of Isophorone and Verbenone with para‐Hydroxyethylaminobenzaldehydes

Abstract A solvent‐free Claisen condensation between isophorone or verbenone on two para‐hydroxyethylaminobenzaldehydes is described. The method provides the condensation products quickly and, in most cases, without chromatography.
Realistic Large-Scale Online Network Simulation

Large-scale network simulation is an important technique for studying the dynamic behavior of networks, network protocols, and emerging classes of distributed applications e.g. Grid, peer-to-peer, etc. Large scale and realism are two critical requirements for network simulations of Grid application studies. Our work here extends previous efforts in three key ways. First, we study networks 100 times larger than in our previous studies 20000 routers. Second, at this scale, we study realistic network structures 100 ASs, BGP4 and OSPF routing versus flat OSPF routing. Finally, we describe and evaluate a new profile-based load-balancing approach called hierarchical profile-based load balance. Our extensive large-scale experiments with profile-based load balance PROF on flat-routed OSPF networks show that PROF outperforms several other techniques based on topology and static application information. However, these results and those for multi-AS networks motivate our invention of a new hierarchical technique HPROF which clusters network nodes to achieve a desired minimum link latency MLL, a key determinant of simulation parallelism, then applies the graph partitioner. HPROF explicitly controls the trade-off between simulation efficiency and available parallelism, producing robust and superior performance for large-scale networks, including both single-AS and multi-AS networks. HPROF can improve load imbalance by 40%, and reduce the simulation time by about 50% in our 20000 router simulations executed on 128-node clusters. The parallel efficiency achieved by these simulations is over 40%, providing substantial capabilities for simulating large networks. In summary, these advances demonstrate that realistic large-scale network simulation for networks of 20000 routers comparable to a large Tier-1 ISP network such as AT&T can be accomplished with our system. To demonstrate the capabilities of our simulation tool, we simulate a large-scale Denial-of-Service attack in a large-scale network with 10000 routers organized as 40 Autonomous Systems. The simulation includes over 400 live application processes, the DoS attack and application entities, and generates aggregate traffic of over 6 Gbps.
Heavy quark potential in the instanton liquid model

Abstract We study the heavy quark potential in the instanton liquid model by carefully measuring Wilson loops out to a distance of order 3 fm . A random instanton ensemble with a fixed radius ρ = 1 3 fm generates a potential V ( R ) growing very slowly at large R . In contrast, a more realistic size distribution growing as ρ 6 at small ρ and decaying as ρ −5 at large ρ, leads to a potential which grows linearly with R . The string tension, however, is only about 1 10 of the phenomenological value.
The synthesis of a conformationally restricted analog of the anti-migraine drug sumatriptan

Abstract The synthesis of 5-N-Methylaminosulfonylmethyl-3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)indole (1), a conformationally restricted analog of the anti-migraine drug, sumatriptan, is described. To incorporate our novel stereogenic replacement for the aminoethyl sidechain in sumatriptan, a convergent synthesis of the 3,5-disubstituted indole (1) was employed which utilized an intramolecular Heck reaction as the cornerstone reaction.
Novel B-ring modified combretastatin analogues: Syntheses and antineoplastic activity

A series of B-ring modified combretastatin analogues were synthesized and their inhibitory activity against microtubule assembly, cytotoxic activity against Colon 26 adenocarcinoma cancer cell line were evaluated. Among these, pyridone derivative (19) showed strong antimitotic activity and cytotoxicity, along with excellent water-solubility.
Curacin D, aN antimitotic agent from the marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula

Curacin D is a novel brine shrimp toxic metabolite isolated from a Virgin Islands collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Structure elucidation of curacin D was accomplished through multidimensional NMR, GC/MS, and comparisons with curacin A. Curacin D provides new insights into structure-activity relationships in this natural product class as well as some aspects of the likely biosynthetic pathway of the curacins.
Measurement of Consumer Gains from Market Stabilization

For most cases of practical significance in which partial equilibrium analysis is appropriate, there is little difference between exact measures of consumer gains from market stabilization and approximations such as expected change in marshallian or hicksian consumer surplus. Careful specification of the nature of stabilization is more crucial than the choice of welfare measure. It is important to represent correctly the demand curvature and supply response and to determine whether general equilibrium responses can be ignored. In any event, an improved analytical approximation and a simple numerical method for calculating the exact measures make it unnecessary to rely on suspect measures.
Matched Filter Criteria and Range Weighting for Weather Radar

The effective weighting function for weather radar is defined. This weighting function considers the effects of both the transmitted signal and the receiver filter. It is used to assign effective ranges to samples taken at prescribed times. For uniformly distributed targets it is shown that "signal"-to-noise ratio depends on the receiver filter, transmitted signal envelope, and receiver noise spectral density. Maximization of this signal-to-noise ratio when range resolution constraints are imposed is discussed, and a receiver design approach specifically adapted for Doppler weather radars is developed.
Dynamic risk management: Theory and evidence

Abstract We present and test an infinite-horizon, continuous-time model of a firm that can dynamically adjust the use of risk management instruments which seek to reduce product price uncertainty and thereby mitigate financial distress losses and reduce taxes. The dynamic setting relaxes several restrictive assumptions common to static models. In the model, the firm can adjust its use and the hedge ratio and maturity of risk management instruments over time, risk management instruments expire as time progresses, the available maturity of the risk management instruments is shorter than the lifetime of the firm, and transaction costs are associated with initiation and adjustment of risk management contracts. The model produces a number of new time-series and cross-sectional implications on how firms use short-term instruments to hedge long-term cash flow uncertainty. Numerical results describe the optimal timing, adjustment, and rollover of risk management instruments and the choice of contract maturity and hedge ratio in response to changes in the firm's product price. The results show that the structure of transaction costs can have an important effect on the firm's risk management strategy. The model predicts that firms that are either far from financial distress or deep in financial distress neither initiate nor adjust their risk management instruments, while firms between the two extremes initiate and actively adjust their risk management instruments. Using quarterly panel data on gold mining firms between 1993 and 1999, we find evidence of a non-monotonic relation between measures of financial distress and risk management activity consistent with the model. We also provide evidence supportive of the model's predictions with respect to the maturity choice of risk management contracts.
A Grid-Enabled MPI: Message Passing in Heterogeneous Distributed Computing Systems

Application development for high-performance distributed computing systems, or computational grids as they are sometimes called, requires ``grid-enabled'' tools that hide mundane aspects of the heterogeneous grid environment without compromising performance. As part of an investigation of these issues, we have developed MPICH-G, a grid-enabled implementation of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) that allows a user to run MPI programs across multiple computers at different sites using the same commands that would be used on a parallel computer. This library extends the Argonne MPICH implementation of MPI to use services provided by the Globus grid toolkit. In this paper, we describe the MPICH-G implementation and present preliminary performance results.
An Analysis and Demonstration of Clock Synchronization by VLBI

A prototype of a semi-real time system for synchronizing the Deep Space Net station clocks by radio interferometry was successfully demonstrated on August 30, 1972. The system utilized an approximate maximum likelihood estimation procedure for processing the data, thereby achieving essentially optimum time sync estimates for a given amount of data, or equivalently, minimizing the amount of data required for reliable estimation. Synchronization accuracies as good as 100 ns rms were achieved between Deep Space Stations 11 and 12, both at Goldstone, Calif. The accuracy can be improved by increasing the system bandwidth until the fundamental limitations due to baseline and source position uncertainties and atmospheric effects are reached. These limitations are under 10 ns for transcontinental baselines.
Transport Properties of Lithium Hectorite-Based Composite Electrolytes

Conductivity and lithium-ion transference numbers are reported for physically gelled composite electrolytes using lithium hectorite clay as the charge carrier and carbonate solvents (ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate). Results are compared with those of typical lithium-ion battery electrolytes based on lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) and carbonate solvents Room-temperature conductivities of the composite electrolytes as high as 2 × 10 4 S/cm were measured. Because of the nature of the anionic clay particulates creating the gel structure, near-unity lithium-ion transference numbers are expected and were observed as high as 0.98, as measured by the de polarization method using lithium-metal electrodes. Since the carbonates react with lithium and create mobile ionic species that significantly reduce the observed lithium-ion transference number care must be taken to minimize or eliminate the presence of the reaction-formed ionic species. These hectorite-based composite systems are possible electrolytes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries requiring high discharge rates.
Are Political Markets Really Superior to Polls as Election Predictors

Election markets have been praised for their ability to fore cast election outcomes, and to forecast better than trial-heat polls. This paper challenges that optimistic assessment of election markets, based on an analysis of Iowa Electronic Market (IEM) data from presidential elec tions between 1988 and 2004. We argue that it is inappropriate to naively compare market forecasts of an election outcome with exact poll results on the day prices are recorded, that is, market prices reflect forecasts of what will happen on Election Day whereas trial-heat polls register preferences on the day of the poll. We then show that when poll leads are properly discounted, poll-based forecasts outperform vote-share mar ket prices. Moreover, we show that win projections based on the polls dominate prices from winner-take-all markets. Traders in these markets generally see more uncertainty ahead in the campaign than the polling numbers warrant?in effect, they overestimate the role of election cam paigns. Reasons for the performance of the IEM election markets are considered in concluding sections.
Minimizing energy consumption in reverse osmosis membrane desalination using optimization-based control

This work focuses on the design and implementation of an optimization-based control system on an experimental reverse osmosis (RO) membrane water desalination process in order to facilitate system operation at an energy optimal condition. A dynamic nonlinear lumped-parameter model for the RO process is derived using first principles and the model parameters are computed from experimental data to minimize the error between model predictions and actual system response. This model, along with several equations for reverse osmosis system energy analysis, are combined to form the basis for the design of a nonlinear optimization-based control system. The proposed control system is implemented on UCLA's experimental RO system and its energy optimization capabilities are evaluated.
Active Vibration Isolation of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

One of the principal objectives of vibration isolation technology is to isolate sensitive equipment from a vibrating structure or to isolate the structure from an uncertain exogenous disturbance source. In this paper, a dynamic observer-based active isolator is proposed that guarantees closed-loop asymptotic stabil ity and disturbance decoupling between the vibrating structure and isolated structure. The proposed active isolator is applied to a uniaxial vibrational system and compared to an optimal linear-quadratic design.
A proposed study to access the impact of microprocessors on health care delivery

Rapid development in microprocessor technology points the way to significant impacts on a number of industries. One such industry is that of health care delivery in which the micro-miniaturization and almost zero cost of the microprocessor itself will lead to increasingly widespread applications.The assessment of the impact of this new technology is of paramount importance for component and medical device manufacturers in delineating new product directions and for the prioritization of research funding.It is necessary to make a thorough survey of current and projected microprocessor devices and applications through literature searches, research and manufacturer surveys, a special conference and a workshop. The results of these efforts would be incorporated into a report containing the background information and recommendations for further research and development. Failure to collect and disseminate technological information of this type as widely as possible retards the ultimate technological advances that may be derived. Enlightened technological application forecasting and direction emphasis become a key to effective and efficient future developments in health care delivery.