cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults

Age at diagnosis remains one of the strongest prognostic factors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), with older patients having inferior outcomes compared with younger patients. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with ALL (age 15-30 years) represent a patient subgroup with distinctive biology whose optimal therapy has yet to be determined. Compared with younger children with ALL, AYAs are more likely to present with unfavorable presenting characteristics (such as high presenting leukocyte counts, T-cell phenotype, and the Philadelphia chromosome). Additionally, AYAs with ALL experience more regimen-related toxicity than younger patients. Recent retrospective studies suggest that patients age 15 to 21 years treated on pediatric ALL regimens have better outcomes than similarly aged patients treated on adult ALL regimens. Pilot prospective studies are under way to test the feasibility of administering pediatric ALL regimens to AYAs with ALL, with promising preliminary results.
Signal decomposition and analysis via extraction of frequencies

Time–frequency analysis is central to signal processing, with standard adaptation to higher dimensions for imaging applications, and beyond. However, although the theory, methods, and algorithms for stationary signals are well developed, mathematical analysis of non-stationary signals is almost nonexistent. For a real-valued signal defined on the time-domain RR, a classical approach to compute its instantaneous frequency (IF) is to consider the amplitude–frequency modulated (AM–FM) formulation of its complex (or analytic) signal extension, via the Hilbert transform. In a popular paper by Huang et al., the so-called empirical mode decomposition (EMD) scheme is introduced to separate such a signal as a sum of finitely many intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), with a slowly oscillating signal as the remainder, so that more than one IFs of the given signal can be computed by extending each IMF to an AM–FM signal component. Based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT), the notion of synchrosqueezing transform (SST), introduced by Daubechies and Maes in 1996, and further developed by Daubechies, Lu, and Wu (DLW) in a 2011 paper, provides another approach to extract more than one IFs of the signal on RR. Furthermore, by introducing a list of fairly restrictive conditions on the adaptive harmonic model (AHM), the DLW paper also derives a theory for estimating the signal components according to this model, by using the IFs with estimates from the SST. The objective of our present paper is to introduce another mathematical theory, along with rigorous methods and computational schemes, to achieve a more ambitious goal than the SST approach, first to extract the polynomial-like trend from the source signal, then to compute the exact number of signal components according to a less restrictive AHM model, then to obtain better estimates of the IFs and instantaneous amplitudes (IAs) of the signal components, and finally to separate the signal components from the (blind) source signal. Furthermore, our computational scheme can be realized in near-real-time, and our mathematical theory has direct extension to the multivariate setting.
Appraisal and Distancing Responses to Hurtful Messages II: A Diary Study of Dating Partners and Friends

The purpose of this study was to examine how the perceived intentionality of hurtful messages influences the extent to which people distance themselves from hurtful friends or dating partners by replicating the McLaren and Solomon (2008) study using a diary methodology. Based on appraisal theories of emotion, two hypotheses were advanced: Intensity of hurt is positively associated with relational distancing (H1), and perceived intentionality moderates the association between intensity of hurt and distancing (H2). Daily diaries were used to collect reports of hurtful episodes from participants (N = 131) over a 14-day period. Hierarchical linear modeling results were consistent with the hypotheses. The authors discuss the theoretical implications of these results for future research.
Marginality and migration: cultural dimensions of the Afghan refugee problem.

Given the duration of time that has passed since the Afghan refugee influx into Pakistan began and the absence of any immediate prospect for a political settlement which would allow the refugees to...
Jam initiation in unobstructed channels: laboratory observations

Described herein are results of a laboratory study aimed at investigating the proposition that wall (or bank) resistance may initiate jamming of comparatively small ice pieces conveyed in prismatic channels. Ice-jam literature suggests that jams are initiated only by obstructions, such as channel constrictions, bridge piers or single-layer-thick assemblages of large ice pieces spanning a congested section of channel. The experiments show that wall resistance can initiate jamming, though the lengths of wall, or channel, required to do so are relatively long. In rivers, jams are more readily initiated by channel obstructions such as constricted bridge crossings, sand bars, etc.
String-String triality for d = 4, Z 2 orbifolds

We investigate the perturbative and non-perturbative correspondence of a class of four dimensional dual string constructions with = 4 and = 2 supersymmetry, obtained as Z2 or Z2 × Z2 orbifolds of the type II, heterotic and type I string. In particular, we discuss the heterotic and type I dual of all the symmetric Z2 × Z2 orbifolds of the type II string, classified in ref. [1].
Smith normal form and Laplacians

Let M denote the Laplacian matrix of a graph G. Associated with G is a finite group @F(G), obtained from the Smith normal form of M, and whose order is the number of spanning trees of G. We provide some general results on the relationship between the eigenvalues of M and the structure of @F(G), and address the question of how often the group @F(G) is cyclic.
Replicative heterogeneity of mammalian DNA

Abstract Studies of diploid Chinese hamster cells synchronized by mitotic selection suggest that the very earliest DNA to be replicated is relatively AT-rich. There is then a shift to GC-richness as the bulk of the euchromatin is replicated, followed by a return to relative AT-richness as heterochromatin begins to be synthesized later in the S period. These and other observations suggest that the shift in base composition of DNA replicated during the latter part of the S period is a reflection of the distinct types of DNA present in heterochromatin. The frequent appearance of subcomponents in the curves of pulse-labeled DNA centrifuged in cesium chloride suggest there are families of DNA sequences of similar base composition that tend to replicate at similar times.
Induced Fit Conformational Changes of a “Reversed Amidine” Heterocycle: Optimized Interactions in a DNA Minor Groove Complex

To better understand the molecular basis for recognition of the DNA minor groove by heterocyclic cations, a series of "reversed amidine" substituted heterocycles has been prepared. Amidine derivatives for targeting the minor groove have the amidine carbon linked to a central heterocyclic system, whereas in the reverse orientation, an amidine nitrogen provides the link. The reverse system has a larger dihedral angle as well as a modified spatial relationship with the groove relative to amidines. Because of the large dihedral, the reversed amidines should have reduced binding to DNA relative to similar amidines. Such a reduction is observed in footprinting, circular dichroism (CD), biosensor-surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) experiments with DB613, which has a central phenyl-furan-phenyl heterocyclic system. The reduction is not seen when a pyrrole (DB884) is substituted for the furan. Analysis of a number of derivatives defines the pyrrole and a terminal phenyl substituent on the reversed amidine groups as critical components in the strong binding of DB884. ITC and SPR comparisons showed that the better binding of DB884 was due to a more favorable binding enthalpy and that it had exceptionally slow dissociation from DNA. Crystallographic analysis of DB884 bound to an AATT site shows that the compound was bound in the minor groove in a 1:1 complex as suggested by CD solution studies. Surprisingly, unlike the amidine derivative, the pyrrole -NH of DB884 formed an H-bond with a central T of the AATT site and this accounts for the enthalpy-driven strong binding. The structural results and molecular modeling studies provide an explanation for the differences in binding affinities for related amidine and reversed amidine analogues.
Effectuation, Causation, and Bricolage: A Behavioral Comparison of Emerging Theories in Entrepreneurship Research:

This study provides a critical examination of how different theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research translate into individual behavior, and whether such behavior is evident in the creation and development of new ventures. Using an alternative templates research methodology, the behaviors underlying the theories of effectuation, causation, and bricolage are evaluated to see whether such behaviors are observable in case study data describing the early development of six new ventures. The analysis highlights behavioral similarities and differences between the various theoretical perspectives in entrepreneurship research, providing insight into how these perspectives contrast and complement one another, and how they could be integrated in future research.
Fibrosis is regulated by Th2 and Th17 responses and by dynamic interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages

Dysregulated wound healing leads to fibrosis, whereby fibroblasts synthesize excess extracellular matrix and scarring impairs proper organ function. Although fibrotic diseases arise from diverse causes and display heterogeneous features, fibrosis commonly associates with chronic inflammation. Recent discoveries reinforce the idea that communication between fibroblasts, macrophages, and CD4 T cells integrates the processes of wound healing and host defense. Signals between macrophages and fibroblasts can exacerbate, suppress, or reverse fibrosis. Fibroblasts and macrophages are activated by T cells, but their activation also engages negative feedback loops that reduce fibrosis by restraining the immune response, particularly when the Th2 cytokine IL-13 contributes to pathology. Thus the interactions among fibroblasts, macrophages, and CD4 T cells likely play general and critical roles in initiating, perpetuating, and resolving fibrosis in both experimental and clinical conditions.
Matrix GLA Protein, an Inhibitory Morphogen in Pulmonary Vascular Development

Deficiency of matrix GLA protein (MGP), an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2/4, is known to cause arterial calcification and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. Yet the vascular role of MGP remains poorly understood. To further investigate MGP, we created a new MGP transgenic mouse model with high expression of the transgene in the lungs. The excess MGP led to a disruption of the pulmonary pattern of BMP-4, and resulted in significant morphological defects in the pulmonary artery tree. Specifically, the vascular branching pattern lacked characteristic side branching, whereas control lungs had extensive side branching accounting for as much as 40% of the vascular endothelium. The vascular changes could be explained by a dramatic reduction of phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8 in the alveolar epithelium, and in epithelial expression of the activin-like kinase receptor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor, both critical in vascular formation. Abnormalities were also found in the terminal airways and in lung cell differentiation; high levels of surfactant protein-B were distributed in an abnormal pattern suggesting lost coordination between vasculature and airways. Ex vivo, lung cells from MGP transgenic mice showed higher proliferation, in particular surfactant protein B-expressing cells, and conditioned medium from these cells poorly supported in vitro angiogenesis compared with normal lung cells. The vascular branching defect can be mechanistically explained by a computational model based on activator/inhibitor reaction-diffusion dynamics, where BMP-4 and MGP are considered as an activating and inhibitory morphogen, respectively, suggesting that morphogen interactions are important for vascular branching.
Effect of Urban Growth on Aerosol Optical Depth—Tucson, Arizona, 35 Years Later

AbstractMultiwavelength solar irradiance measurements between 400 and 900 nm were made on cloudless days in Tucson, Arizona, over a 30-month period between March 2010 and August 2012. They were analyzed to simultaneously retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) and ozone column abundance and to examine their monthly variation. These retrievals were compared with results from a similar study done at the same location between 1975 and 1977. The near tripling of population in Tucson over the past 35 years may have contributed to a 19% increase in the AOD, and the annual-mean ozone column abundance was found to be 11% lower than that inferred during the mid-1970s.
Bis(1-bromo-9-chloro­homocub-9-yl) ether

The title compound, C18H14Br2Cl2O, is an ether-bridged pair of identical homocubanes. It is an unexpected product obtained in an attempt to chlorinate a bromo–keto–homocubane. No homocubyl or cubyl ethers are currently found in the crystal structure literature.
Stroke in American Indians and Alaska Natives: A systematic review

We conducted a systematic review of published studies on stroke epidemiology in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). We used MeSH terms and strict inclusion criteria to search PubMed, identifying a relevant sample of 57 refereed publications. We report a consensus view in which prevalent stroke is more common, and estimates of cerebrovascular risk factors are higher, among AI/ANs than among other US populations. Like other minority groups, AI/ANs suffer stroke at younger ages than do non-Hispanic Whites. However, data on AI/AN stroke mortality are significantly compromised by racial misclassification and nonrepresentative sampling. Studies correcting for these problems have found that stroke mortality rates among AI/ANs are among the highest of all US racial and ethnic groups. As with Black and non-Hispanic White stroke mortality, AI/AN stroke mortality varies by geographic region, with the highest rates in Alaska and the Northwest and the lowest in the Southwest. Our results underscore the need for a concerted national effort to collect accurate cross-sectional and longitudinal data on stroke in AI/ANs.
Modification of grid-generated turbulence by solid particles

The effects of almost neutrally buoyant plastic particles and heavy glass particles on grid-generated turbulence were studied experimentally in a water flow facility. From measured velocities of both the solid and liquid phases, drag and slip velocities of the particles and energy spectra and dissipation rates of the liquid phase were estimated. A monotonic increase in the dissipation rate of the turbulence energy with particle concentration was observed. The increase in energy dissipation rate for suspensions of glass particles was about twice that of suspensions of plastic particles. The increase in dissipation was larger than that predicted by a simple model based on the slip velocities between the phases
The He II Opacity of the Lyα Forest and the Intergalactic Medium

Primordial baryonic matter in the vast intergalactic space may be traced with Lyα resonance absorption by neutral hydrogen and singly ionized helium. The wavelength-averaged He II opacity shortward of 304(1 + z) A, as measured by low-resolution UV spectroscopy, is at least 4.5 times greater than the H I opacity shortward of 1216(1 + z) A. While a part of the He II opacity arises from the intergalactic regions that produce the known Lyα forest, it has been argued whether the He II opacity may be entirely attributable to these observed lines. Based on the empirical formulas governing the distribution of Lyα forest absorption, we use a Monte Carlo technique to calculate the average He II optical depth produced by these forest lines. The He II counterparts of the Lyα forest lines are highly saturated, and hence their contribution to the observed opacity is limited. Assuming an He+ to H0 population ratio of 100 and that the power-law distribution dn/dN ∝ N-1.5 can be extended to a neutral hydrogen column density of NH I = 2 × 1012cm-2, the contribution from these forest lines may account for an He II opacity that is 3 times the H I opacity. Our simulated He II spectrum of the quasar Q0302-003, based on the fitted lines in a high-resolution Keck spectrum, yields a forest optical depth of ~0.9, less than half the observed He II opacity. Therefore, a substantial contribution to He II absorption arises from extremely tenuous regions of intergalactic gas that are beyond the observational limits for H I absorption. He II spectra at higher resolution are a sensitive tool to explore the properties of these small-scale fluctuations that fill ~80% of the intergalactic space and contain a significant part of the baryonic matter in the early universe.
Structural Evolution of Alkoxide Silica Gels to Glass: Effect of Catalyst pH

Structural and energetic changes of alkoxide silica during densification were followed in situ using photoacoustic Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (PAS-FTIR), transposed temperature drop calorimetry, and drop solution calorimetry. Acid-catalyzed silica gels contained higher concentrations of adsorbed water, silanol groups, and unreacted alkoxy groups than did the base-catalyzed gels/precipitates. The surface species in acid-catalyzed gels were removed easily, allowing this material to be densified at 800°C. The densified material was both structurally and energetically equivalent to fused silica glass. Base-catalyzed gels had fewer silanol groups in the green state, but free silanol groups emerged during drying at 500°C. The base-catalyzed gels did not densify below 1000°C, maintaining a high surface area of 100 m2/g. Base-catalyzed alkoxide gels comprised strained ring structures; their IR spectra were similar to those of fumed silica, but they were energetically much less stable.
Strategies for operating systems in computer networks

Experience with the impact of the ARPA Computer Network on attached operating systems is briefly discussed. Early indications of good strategy in network operating systems design are reported.
Human salivary histatins: promising anti-fungal therapeutic agents.

Histatins constitute agroup ofsmall, cationic multifunctional proteins present inthesaliva ofhumanandsomenon- humanprimates. Themostsignificant function ofhistatins maybetheir anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans andCryptococcus neoformans. Histatins havebeenextensively studied atboththeprotein andgenelevels. Thestructure-functi on relationship ofhis- tatins withrespect totheir candidacidal activity hasalso beenstudied bymeansofrecombinant histatin variants, aswell asby chemically synthesized histatin fragments. Themechanism ofhistatins' action onCandida albicans isnotclear, butitappears tobe different fromthat ofazole-based anti-fungal drugs which interrupt ergosterol synthesis. During thepast20years, fungal infec- tions havebecome moreprevalent asaresult oftheemergence ofAIDS, aswell as,paradoxically, modern medical advances. The toxicity ofcurrent anti-fungal medicine, theemergence ofdrug-resistant strains, andtheavailability ofonly afewtypes ofanti- fungal agents arethemajordisadvantages ofcurrent anti-fungal therapy. Therefore, theimportance ofthesearch fornew,broad- spectrum anti-fungals with little ornotoxicity cannot beoveremphasized. Thefollowing properties makehistatins promising anti- fungal therapeutic agents: (1)Theyhavelittle ornotoxicity; (2)they possess high cidal activities against azole-resistant fungal species andmostofthefungal species tested; and(3)their candidacidal activity issimilar tothat ofazole-based antifungals. Current research efforts focus onthedevelopment ofimproved histatins with enhanced cidal activity andstability, andofsuitable andeffective histatin delivery systems. These andother approaches mayhelp tooutpace thegrowing list ofdrug-resistant and opportunistic fungi causing life-threatening , disseminating diseases. Thehistatins withimproved protective properties mayalso beusedascomponents ofartificial saliva forpatients with salivary dysfunction.
Cascade tunnel diode incorporating InAs/GaSb broken gap interface for multi-junction solar cells

We investigate the interface of InAs/GaSb as a device structure to enhance tunneling between subcells in multi-junction solar cells. Simulation is performed to study the conduction and valence band profile at the interfaces and determine the size of the tunneling barriers for charge carriers. An InAs/GaSb tunnel diode is also grown and fabricated. The conduction properties of this tunnel diode show good ohmic behavior and low contact resistance.
Entropy of English text: experiments with humans and a machine learning system based on rough sets

The goal of this paper is to show the dependency of measured entropy of English text on subject of the experiment, the type of English text, and the methodology used to estimate the entropy.
A separating coastal upwelling jet at Cape Blanco, Oregon and its connection to the California Current System

The coastal upwelling region near Cape Blanco, Oregon (433N) o! the west coast of the United States was studied using a towed CTD on SeaSoar, a shipboard acoustic Doppler current pro"ler (ADCP), satellite sea surface temperature maps and surface drifters during August 1995. The equatorward upwelling jet was inshore of the shelfbreak north of Cape Blanco, meandered gently o!shore around the Cape, and then veered sharply o!shore just to the south of the Cape. Analysis of vertical sections of density, velocity and ‘spicinessa con"rmed the separation of an upwelling jet and front; the jet was followed from over the shelfbreak north of the Cape to 100 km o!shore downstream of the Cape. The separating jet originates from the coastal upwelling jet leaving the shelf, but is augmented by an o!shore branching of the poleward undercurrent. By combining information from ADCP streamfunction maps with analysis of hydrographic data, including distributions of the tracer-like quantity ‘spicinessa, a conceptual model of the three-dimensional circulation near the Cape emerges. A mid-shelf upwelling jet encounters a coastal promontory then turns o!shore, stretching and deepening as it crosses the continental margin. The jet then turns back shoreward (cyclonically) where the deepened equatorward #ow encounters the top of the poleward undercurrent #owing along the continental slope. This causes a portion of the undercurrent to turn o!shore to join and strengthen the equatorward transport in the separated jet. Throughout the separation process the coastal upwelling front and jet are continuous, robust features. Separation of a coastal upwelling jet is an important mechanism for cross-shelf transport from the coast to the deep ocean. Cape Blanco appears to be the northernmost point where an equatorward jet regularly separates from the coast to become an oceanic jet and thus serves as the northern boundary of the region where an intense meandering current, characteristic of the California Current System,
Evaluation of Subependymal Gray Matter Heterotopias on Fetal MRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subependymal grey matter heterotopias are seen in a high proportion of children with Chiari II malformation and are potentially clinically relevant. However, despite its growing use, there is little in the literature describing its detection on fetal MRI. Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy in diagnosing subependymal gray matter heterotopias in fetuses with spinal dysraphism on fetal MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of 203 fetal MRIs performed at a single institution for spinal dysraphism during a 10-year period. Corresponding obstetric sonography, postnatal imaging, and clinical/operative reports were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the fetal MRIs reviewed, 95 fetuses were included in our analysis; 23.2% (22/95) were suspected of having subependymal gray matter heterotopias on fetal MR imaging prospectively. However, only 50% (11/22) of these cases were confirmed on postnatal brain MR imaging. On postnatal brain MR imaging, 28.4% (27/95) demonstrated imaging findings consistent with subependymal gray matter heterotopia. Only 40.7% (11/27) of these cases were prospectively diagnosed on fetal MR imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal MR imaging is limited in its ability to identify subependymal gray matter heterotopias in fetuses with spinal dysraphism. It is believed that this limitation relates to a combination of factors, including artifacts from fetal motion, the very small size of fetal neuroanatomy, differences in imaging techniques, and, possibly, irregularity related to denudation of the ependyma/subependyma in the presence of spinal dysraphism and/or stretching of the germinal matrix in ventriculomegaly.
Hemagglutinin of Influenza A Virus Antagonizes Type I Interferon (IFN) Responses by Inducing Degradation of Type I IFN Receptor 1.

ABSTRACT Influenza A virus (IAV) employs diverse strategies to circumvent type I interferon (IFN) responses, particularly by inhibiting the synthesis of type I IFNs. However, it is poorly understood if and how IAV regulates the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR)-mediated signaling mode. In this study, we demonstrate that IAV induces the degradation of IFNAR subunit 1 (IFNAR1) to attenuate the type I IFN-induced antiviral signaling pathway. Following infection, the level of IFNAR1 protein, but not mRNA, decreased. Indeed, IFNAR1 was phosphorylated and ubiquitinated by IAV infection, which resulted in IFNAR1 elimination. The transiently overexpressed IFNAR1 displayed antiviral activity by inhibiting virus replication. Importantly, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of IAV was proved to trigger the ubiquitination of IFNAR1, diminishing the levels of IFNAR1. Further, influenza A viral HA1 subunit, but not HA2 subunit, downregulated IFNAR1. However, viral HA-mediated degradation of IFNAR1 was not caused by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. IAV HA robustly reduced cellular sensitivity to type I IFNs, suppressing the activation of STAT1/STAT2 and induction of IFN-stimulated antiviral proteins. Taken together, our findings suggest that IAV HA causes IFNAR1 degradation, which in turn helps the virus escape the powerful innate immune system. Thus, the research elucidated an influenza viral mechanism for eluding the IFNAR signaling pathway, which could provide new insights into the interplay between influenza virus and host innate immunity. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and remains a major health concern. When triggered by influenza viral infection, host cells produce type I interferon (IFN) to block viral replication. Although IAV was shown to have diverse strategies to evade this powerful, IFN-mediated antiviral response, it is not well-defined if IAV manipulates the IFN receptor-mediated signaling pathway. Here, we uncovered that influenza viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein causes the degradation of type I IFN receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1). HA promoted phosphorylation and polyubiquitination of IFNAR1, which facilitated the degradation of this receptor. The HA-mediated elimination of IFNAR1 notably decreased the cells9 sensitivities to type I IFNs, as demonstrated by the diminished expression of IFN-induced antiviral genes. This discovery could help us understand how IAV regulates the host innate immune response to create an environment optimized for viral survival in host cells.
Correlation of electrical and contractile activities of the cricopharyngeus muscle in the cat

We correlated the electrical and contractile activities of the cricopharyngeus (CP) to better understand the function of the CP and the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). In 40 decerebrate cats, we recorded resting and active tension of the CP and CP force and electromyographic (EMG) activity simultaneously during electrical stimulation of the pharyngoesophageal (PE) nerve, esophageal distension, or swallowing. In six intact cats, the change in diameter of the UES during food swallows was determined in two planes using videofluoroscopy. We found that resting tension of the CP developed quickly with stretch, and the strain-energy function, y = 6.5e3.4(z-1), fit (r = 0.94 +/- 0.06) this relationship. Active tension peaked at 1.68 +/- 0.03 times resting length, which is greater than the maximum distension during swallowing. Activation and relaxation of the CP occurred in approximately 50 and 120 ms, respectively. PE nerve stimulation bilaterally caused a force equal to approximately 90% of the summed force generated by separate stimulation of each PE nerve. The magnitude of the EMG response of the contralateral CP was approximately 18% of the ipsilateral response to unilateral PE nerve stimulation. We conclude that the CP exhibits tension throughout its physiological range of stretch. The CP functions more like a bilateral than a single contiguous muscle, and more like cardiac than striated muscle with regard to its passive elastic properties.
Bad Alignment

Potential customers will be interested in new technology only if it somehow makes their lives better—if it moves them toward a goal they hold for themselves, their family, their company.
The Importance of Flexibility of Pronunciation in Learning to Decode: A Training Study in Set for Variability.

The ability to flexibly approach the pronunciation of unknown words, or set for variability, has been shown to contribute to word recognition skills. However, this is the first study that has attem...
Latarjet Fixation: A Cadaveric Biomechanical Study Evaluating Cortical and Cannulated Screw Fixation.

Background:Attritional bone loss in patients with recurrent anterior instability has successfully been treated with a bone block procedure such as the Latarjet. It has not been previously demonstra...
3D printed bionic nanodevices

The ability to three-dimensionally interweave biological and functional materials could enable the creation of bionic devices possessing unique and compelling geometries, properties, and functionalities. Indeed, interfacing high performance active devices with biology could impact a variety of fields, including regenerative bioelectronic medicines, smart prosthetics, medical robotics, and human-machine interfaces. Biology, from the molecular scale of DNA and proteins, to the macroscopic scale of tissues and organs, is three-dimensional, often soft and stretchable, and temperature sensitive. This renders most biological platforms incompatible with the fabrication and materials processing methods that have been developed and optimized for functional electronics, which are typically planar, rigid and brittle. A number of strategies have been developed to overcome these dichotomies. One particularly novel approach is the use of extrusion-based multi-material 3D printing, which is an additive manufacturing technology that offers a freeform fabrication strategy. This approach addresses the dichotomies presented above by (1) using 3D printing and imaging for customized, hierarchical, and interwoven device architectures; (2) employing nanotechnology as an enabling route for introducing high performance materials, with the potential for exhibiting properties not found in the bulk; and (3) 3D printing a range of soft and nanoscale materials to enable the integration of a diverse palette of high quality functional nanomaterials with biology. Further, 3D printing is a multi-scale platform, allowing for the incorporation of functional nanoscale inks, the printing of microscale features, and ultimately the creation of macroscale devices. This blending of 3D printing, novel nanomaterial properties, and 'living' platforms may enable next-generation bionic systems. In this review, we highlight this synergistic integration of the unique properties of nanomaterials with the versatility of extrusion-based 3D printing technologies to interweave nanomaterials and fabricate novel bionic devices.
Clinical analysis and pathology of tubulointerstitial lesions in children with primary nephrotic syndrome

Objective To analyze the characteristics of tubulointerstitial lesions(TIL) in nephrotic syndrome (NS).Methods The pathological and clinical materials in 63 cases of NS patients were analyzed. Results Prevalence characteristics of TIL: among all the patients , 26.9 % without TIL ,36.5 %with mild TIL, moderate TIL was 26.9 %, severe TIL was 9.5 %. Relationship between TIL and clinical findings : with the severity of TIL increasing, hypertension became worse , and renal function and renal tubular function decreased .TIL was closely correlated with Scr concentration (P0.01). With the increase of the score of the presence of hypercellular ,crescents ,glomerulosclerosis, TIL became more severe.Conclusions With the increase of the severity of TIL ,the condition of NS becomes worse .TIL may be one of the important indictors for the progressive in children with NS.
Analysis Method for Defect Quantification of Pipeline Based on Finite-element Analysis Simulation and Data Fitting

In order to solve the defect quantification problem of pipeline in magnetic flux leakage inner detection for pipeline,a mathematical model of MFL field was built based on ampere circuital theorem,flux continuity theorem and cylindrical coordinate transformation.The rectangular defect data of magnetic flux leakage inner detection for pipeline obtained by finite element simulation analysis software were taken as research object,and the regression equations with defect size and magnetic flux density characteristics were established.The fitting of the equations for simulated data was realized with the least square curve fitting method.The error analysis indicated that axial linear equation with axial and radial linear equation could more accurately calculate the defect length,while axial and radial two fitting equations could accurately calculate the defect depth.The present research provided reliable analysis method for the defect quantification in magnetic flux leakage inner detection for pipeline.
Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and feed intake on energy metabolism in growing beef steers: net nutrient metabolism by portal-drained viscera and liver.

Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and intake on arterial concentrations and net visceral metabolism of hormones were measured in six growing Hereford x Angus steers using a split-plot design with 4-wk injection periods within 8-wk intake periods. Steers were fed a 75% concentrate diet at two intakes and were injected s.c. twice daily with saline or GRF (10 micrograms/kg of BW). Arterial concentrations of growth hormone (GH) were measured on d 1 and d 8 to 10 of injections. Eleven measurements, obtained at 30-min intervals, of arterial concentration and net flux of hormones across portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver were obtained on d 8 to 10 of injections (six hourly measurements were used for insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-I] and somatostatin). The area under the GH curve and average and peak GH concentrations were increased (P less than .01) by GRF and were greater (P less than .10) at low than at high intake. Liver removal of GH was not affected by GRF or intake. Arterial IGF-I concentration was increased (P less than .05) by GRF and not affected by intake. Treatments did not affect IGF-I flux across the liver. Arterial insulin concentration was greater (P less than .05) at high than at low intake, in part because of greater (P less than .01) PDV release. Increased (P less than .10) arterial insulin concentration in GRF-treated steers was not attributable to significant changes in PDV or liver net flux. Arterial glucagon concentration was greater (P less than .01) at high than at low intake, in part because of greater (P less than .05) PDV glucagon release and decreased (P less than .10) liver extraction ratio. Effects of intake on arterial concentration of insulin and glucagon were in part due to changes in visceral metabolism, but GRF did not affect PDV or liver hormone metabolism.
A Global Case‐Study Framework Applied to Water Supply and Sanitation

One goal of the local-to-global research program is to explore ways to reduce, if not reverse, threats to sustainability through analysis using mathematical models applied to shared databases. This article describes a global case-study framework for reconciling top-down with bottom-up approaches so they are mutually reinforcing for identifying and evaluating the effectiveness of different scenarios describing potential future actions. A strategic selection of cases makes it possible to distinguish and represent concrete characteristics of both common and atypical situations, whereas a global model is needed to provide an integrating conceptual framework based on a theory of consumption, production, and international exchanges that captures interdependencies among activities across regions. I discuss how the results of global analyses can be useful for framing case-study questions and selecting cases, whereas the cases, in turn, identify concerns of specific stakeholders and provide detailed information, including technical data, to supplement economic databases with their accounting origins. I describe ways to enhance collaborations between top-down and bottom-up researchers, using global, multiregional input-output databases to play a mediating role, while avoiding rigidities of premature closure and incorporating diverse perspectives. Responding to the high-priority global challenge of vastly expanding effective sanitation services in developing countries is used to illustrate these ideas
Life cycle and masting of a recovering keystone indicator species under climate fluctuation

Ecosystem health and sustainability, to a large degree, depend on the performance of keystone or dominant species. The role of climate on population dynamics of such species has been extensively ex...
Time scale and fractionality in financial time series

Purpose – Turvey (2007, Physica A) introduced a scaled variance ratio procedure for testing the random walk hypothesis (RWH) for financial time series by estimating Hurst coefficients for a fractional Brownian motion model of asset prices. The purpose of this paper is to extend his work by making the estimation procedure robust to heteroskedasticity and by addressing the multiple hypothesis testing problem. Design/methodology/approach – Unbiased, heteroskedasticity consistent, variance ratio estimates are calculated for end of day price data for eight time lags over 12 agricultural commodity futures (front month) and 40 US equities from 2000-2014. A bootstrapped stepdown procedure is used to obtain appropriate statistical confidence for the multiplicity of hypothesis tests. The variance ratio approach is compared against regression-based testing for fractionality. Findings – Failing to account for bias, heteroskedasticity, and multiplicity of testing can lead to large numbers of erroneous rejections of th...
Educating Students for STEM Literacy: GlobalEd 2

GlobalEd 2 (GE2) engages classrooms of students online, and simulates negotiations of international agreements on issues of global concern such as water scarcity and climate change. GE2 is an interdisciplinary problem-based curriculum targeting students’ global awareness, scientific literacies, and twenty-first century workforce skills. For the past 15 years, various iterations of GE2 have been implemented in classrooms, ranging from middle schools through college. Results have demonstrated the positive impact of GE2 along a number of dimensions including writing, argumentation, science knowledge, and social perspective taking. This chapter provides an overview of GE2, its design principles and discusses data from a recent implementation with college freshmen, specifically focusing on gains with respect to self-efficacy across multiple domains.
A secure location verification method for ADS-B

At the heart of the NextGen Air Traffic Control System, there is the ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance — Broadcast) that provides aircraft location data. Despite its importance, ADS-B has been developed without consideration of security risks and is subject to various types of attacks. Although a number of techniques have been proposed to protect ADS-B, there are many challenges remaining for applying them to real world. We have developed a practical method that can reject virtually all spoofed ADS-B messages by monitoring the radio propagation time between senders and receivers. To measure the actual propagation time, it uses a small timestamp value; hence we call it ADS-B with Timestamp (ADS-BT). ADS-BT monitors the discrepancy between the time of flight based on the timestamp values and the time of flight based on the location data. In spoofed ADS-B messages, the discrepancy between them diverges over time, which allows us to identify spoofed ADS-B messages accurately. Our study shows a 99% detection rate within a few seconds and 100% rate within 25 seconds, with 0% false positive ratio. ADS-BT does not require any special hardware or 3rd party stations to collaborate. It does not require synchronized clocks or cryptographic processing. In this paper, we describe how the time discrepancies are measured, how the timestamps are implemented and used, and how the spoofed message frames are rejected passively and actively. We then demonstrate its performance through simulation study under various attack scenarios. If ADS-BT is adopted in the NextGen ATC, the security risk for the ADS-B can be substantially reduced.
Exotic elliptic algebras of dimension 4

Abstract Let E be an elliptic curve defined over an algebraically closed field k whose characteristic is not 2 or 3. Let τ be a translation automorphism of E that is not of order 2. In a previous paper we studied an algebra A = A ( E , τ ) that depends on this data: A ( E , τ ) = ( S ( E , τ ) ⊗ M 2 ( k ) ) Γ where S ( E , τ ) is the 4-dimensional Sklyanin algebra associated to ( E , τ ) , M 2 ( k ) is the ring of 2 × 2 matrices over k, and Γ is ( Z / 2 ) × ( Z / 2 ) acting in a particular way as automorphisms of S and M 2 ( k ) . The action of Γ on S is compatible with the translation action of the 2-torsion subgroup E [ 2 ] on E. Following the ideas and results in papers of Artin–Tate–Van den Bergh, Smith–Stafford, and Levasseur–Smith, this paper examines the line modules, point modules, and fat point modules, over A, and their incidence relations. The right context for the results is non-commutative algebraic geometry: we view A as a homogeneous coordinate ring of a non-commutative analogue of P 3 that we denote by Proj n c ( A ) . Point modules and fat point modules determine “points” in Proj n c ( A ) . Line modules determine “lines” in Proj n c ( A ) . Line modules for A are in bijection with certain lines in P ( A 1 ⁎ ) ≅ P 3 and therefore correspond to the closed points of a certain subscheme L of the Grassmannian G ( 1 , 3 ) . Shelton–Vancliff call L the line scheme for A. We show that L is the union of 7 reduced and irreducible components, 3 quartic elliptic space curves and 4 plane conics in the ambient Plucker P 5 , and that deg ⁡ ( L ) = 20 . The union of the lines corresponding to the points on each elliptic curve is an elliptic scroll in P ( A 1 ⁎ ) . Thus, the lines on that elliptic scroll are in natural bijection with a corresponding family of line modules for A.
Convergence or Divergence? Do Parties and Outside Groups Spend on the Same Candidates, and Does It Matter?:

There is a good deal of discussion currently among political scientists about the nature of political parties and the impacts of changing party–group relations. Are so-called outside groups promoti...
Integrating Comprehensive and Alternative Medicine into Stroke: Herbal Treatment of Ischemia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the comprehensive and alternative medicine (CAM) for treatment of ischemic stroke. It mentions that Chinese herbs are used therapeutically for thousands of years. It reports the effectiveness of a specific nine-herb combination in mitigating ischemic stroke injury and its neuroprotective property. It mentions that the herb combination protected the brain from focal and global ischemia in an animal model. The herbal treatment enhanced the self-repair in cerebral infraction and reduced neuronal death in the hippocampus. An outline of the treatment of stroke in western medicine and CAM and specifically Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is presented. The formulae and major herbs for treatment of ischemia is given. It discusses the basic theory of stroke in TCM, its causes and treatment strategies. The experimental design for the effect of the nine-herb formula on brain infraction and global ischemia on rats as the animal model is explained. Several herbs are listed for their neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulant activities. These herbs include Ligusticum wallichii, Angelica sinensis, Astragalas membranaceus and Carthamus tinctorius .
Mechanistic approach for construction quality management of compacted geomaterials

Abstract Earthwork and unbound aggregates, are among the most critical components of the construction of transportation infrastructures. Their structural performance can only be assured with appropriate quality management to ensure the materials used are similar to the ones selected in design stage, proper processing of the material to ensure that the materials are uniformly mixed and contain appropriate amount of moisture before compaction, and proper compaction equipment to ensure adequate density and stiffness. The primary tool for quality management is currently a density gauge to ensure that proper density, and in some instances moisture content, are achieved during construction. However, in-situ nondestructive testing (NDT) devices that estimate the stiffness parameters of constructed pavement layers have been emerging over the past decades. Such stiffness parameters are more representative of the structural performance, predicted during the mechanistic-empirical based design process. This paper summarizes a series of laboratory and small-scale evaluations to establish a mechanistic approach for quality management of compacted geomaterials. A synthesis of current state of practice is followed by the evaluation of two nondestructive testing devices during controlled laboratory conditions. The small-scale results were interpreted to represent the moisture and stiffness variations in the field. Based on the results of a range of geomaterials, a mechanistic-based quality management framework was developed.
Metabolic syndrome risks following the great recession in rural black young adults

BackgroundSome of the country's highest rates of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease are found in lower‐income black communities in the rural Southeast. Research suggests these disp...