cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Cannot Today’s Medicine Tolerate Man?

Today, anyone who has travelled a little through history or reflected on social systems knows that although they are established and designed to satisfy our needs and demands, they have needs of their own which guarantee their life and may precede our needs. Hence, these systems, which were supposed to serve us obediently like the magic lamp genie, make us serve them in different ways. Medicine is one of such social systems which were undoubtedly established to satisfy our vital need to care and cure. To exist and develop, medicine needs to know and control personal and social conditions, and to satisfy these, it needs knowledge, money, and, perhaps prior to all of these, it needs to be trusted. To be known, man should be completely uncovered, observable, and dissected into his parts and the relationship between his parts should be explained in simple models. And to direct the condition toward maximum health, man should be converted into a statistical entity and his individual differences, conditions, and narratives have to be ignored so that he becomes predictable and, consequently, controllable creature. The story of relative, and almost necessary, conflict between man and medicine is as simple as it is explained. Before we go any further into the discussion, we should remember that a real man, with his whole phenomenological world and new-emergent and unique properties of autonomy and consciousness, may suddenly behave like a joker and disturb all the rules of medicine's play. It is natural that such subtleties cannot be tolerated by a materialistic model which is relied on knowledge of mechanistic organization of parts. The aim of this theoretical essay is to increase the readers' awareness of biomedical model restrictions and organized cruelties it imposes on man in practice and theory. The discussion of alternate models which we are turning to recently are dealt with in other essays.
The Role of Cellular Proliferation in Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Mitotic clonal expansion has been suggested as a prerequisite for adipogenesis in murine preadipocytes, but the precise role of cell proliferation during human adipogenesis is unclear. Using adipose tissue-derived human mesenchymal stem cells as an in vitro cell model for adipogenic study, a group of cell cycle regulators, including Cdk1 and CCND1, were found to be downregulated as early as 24 h after adipogenic initiation and consistently, cell proliferation activity was restricted to the first 48 h of adipogenic induction. Cell proliferation was either further inhibited using siRNAs targeting cell cycle genes or enhanced by supplementing exogenous growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), at specific time intervals during adipogenesis. Expression knockdown of Cdk1 at the initiation of adipogenic induction resulted in significantly increased adipocytes, even though total number of cells was significantly reduced compared to siControl-treated cells. bFGF stimulated proliferation throughout adi...
Stiffness Matters: Part I-The Effects of Plate Stiffness on the Biomechanics of ACDF In Vitro.

STUDY DESIGN In vitro biomechanical testing of human cadaveric cervical and goat cervical motion segments. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure the effects of plate stiffness on load-sharing, instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR), and posterior element loading after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA ACDF is intended to create an environment, which facilitates sufficient stability and biomechanical conditions to promote bone formation. The relationship between cervical plate stiffness, load-sharing, and the IAR is complex. The ideal cervical plate is sufficiently stiff to limit interbody motion but is compliant enough to facilitate load-sharing rather than stress-shielding. METHODS Anterior cervical plates of distinct bending stiffnesses were applied to human and goat cervical motion segments following ACDF. A validated custom force-sensing interbody implant was placed in the disc space to measure load-sharing in the spine. Interbody loads, posterior element strain, and the IAR were measured during flexion/extension for each plate. RESULTS Load-sharing in the interbody space, posterior element strain, and the location of the IAR were all significantly affected by plate stiffness. More compliant plates resulted in more load sharing, less posterior element strain, and a more dorsally located IAR relative to stiffer plates. CONCLUSION A more compliant plate fosters more consistent load-sharing through the entire range of flexion/extension, which may promote faster bone formation and better fusion. A more compliant plate causes less posterior element strain, which may reduce facet joint loads and in turn reduce facet joint arthrosis. An ideal plate may be one that is stiff enough to minimize interbody motion and yet compliant enough to allow consistent load-sharing and minimal increase in posterior element strain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Cancer

A 59-year-old male with a history of toxic multinodular goiter presents to his primary care physician with progressive low back pain. An MRI of the spine reveals a 4.0 cm left paraspinal mass with nearly complete obliteration of the L3 vertebral body (Fig. 17.1). CT-guided biopsy shows the lesion metastatic papillary thyroid cancer and serum thyroglobulin levels are greater than 2,100 ng/mL. The patient’s past medical history is significant for type-1 diabetes mellitus complicated by advanced retinopathy and peripheral vascular disease as well as chronic renal failure. Five years earlier he underwent combined kidney and pancreatic transplantation and has remained insulin-free and off dialysis ever since. His toxic multinodular goiter was treated 6 years earlier with radioiodine therapy, resulting in hypothyroidism. He also has a history of severe scoliosis of the lower thoracic and lumbar spine. Neck exam reveals a nodular thyroid bilaterally and no cervical adenopathy. Thyroid ultrasound shows a large calcified right thyroid nodule and smaller nodules bilaterally. Additional staging studies show multiple subcentimeter pulmonary nodules as well as metastatic foci in the boney pelvis. MRI of the head is negative for metastatic disease. The patient undergoes tumor embolization followed by complete extirpation of the L3 vertebral body and paraspinal mass, with basket insertion in the L2–L4 spinal region and spinal fusion from T-12 to S1. After a prolonged hospital course with several transfers to the surgical intensive care unit for congestive heart failure and volume overload, suspected superior vena cava syndrome, wound dehiscence, and upper extremity venous thrombosis, the patient recovered and was released to home. During the course of his hospital stay he was exposed to iodinated contrast on three occasions. He was subsequently readmitted for total thyroidectomy with findings of a 1.2 cm papillary thyroid cancer. Postoperatively the patient recovered and was released to home. Urinary iodine excretion measured prior to discharge was markedly elevated at 7,810 μg/24 h. He was placed on a low iodine diet, furosemide therapy at 40 mg daily, and after 4 months, when the urinary iodine level fell to less than 100 μg daily (Fig. 17.2), he underwent thyrogen-assisted dosimetry followed by thyrogen-stimulated therapy with 192 mCi 131I. Post-therapy scan shows uptake in the neck and physiological uptake in the bowel. Six months later the patient rhTSH-stimulated thyroglobulin testing and is noted to have a peak thyroglobulin at 180 ng/mL; whole body scan shows thyroid bed uptake only. He again underwent thyrogen-assisted dosimetry followed by thyrogen-stimulated therapy, this time with 187 mCi 131I. Post-treatment scan showed uptake in the neck, mediastinum. Six months later a PET-CT showed recurrent nonradioiodine-avid disease in the pararaspinal region at the site of the original tumor resection and he received 10 Gy external beam radiotherapy to this region for palliation.
Analysis of size distribution of fat cells in adipose tissue at different ages

The analysis of size distribution of fat droplets in adipose tissue of the rat reveals that the originally fine droplets grow with age. In old age small droplets reappear. This is interpreted as being related to the obesity developing in senile rats.
Time-Resolved Photon Propagation in Tissues

Photon movement in a turbid medium such as biological tissue has posed challenging problems due to the strong influence of light scattering at ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths. Photons which escape from a tissue as either reflectance or transmittance may have propagated along many different paths within the tissue. Therefore, it is difficult to interpret the magnitude of photon escape in terms of either tissue absorption or the presence of an internal heterogeneity. The use of measurement techniques which allow time-resolved measurements of photons has offered a new approach toward understanding photon propagation.
Implementation of an Interface to Multiple Databases

This paper presents the design of an interface to multiple databases and a test implementation. The interface offers a reusable shell for designers who wish to create a single platform of access to multiple databases which have significantly different data types. The interface is built in a hypermedia environment and facilitates browsing and extraction of information stored in multiple databases. A generic, application-independent set of manipulation capabilities is provided. The test implementation integrates information from video, map, and record-oriented databases.
Phenomenological Wissenschaftslehre and John McDowell’s Quietism

One of the great contributions of Lester Embree has been his recognition that the works of great phenomenologists such as Edmund Husserl, Alfred Schutz, and Aron Gurwitsch aim at providing a Wissenschaftslehre, that is, a philosophical framework within which the various sciences (in Schutz’s case, particularly the cultural sciences) and modes of knowing can be appropriately situated with regard to philosophy and each other.
Content and accuracy of nutrition-related posts in bariatric surgery Facebook support groups.

Abstract Background Support after bariatric surgery is critical. Access to bariatric support groups is sometimes challenging, leading people to seek support on social media platforms like Facebook. Given the ubiquity of recommendations solicited and provided on Facebook regarding nutrition and bariatric surgery, understanding the content and accuracy of these posts is important. Objectives The primary aim of the present study was to describe the content of nutrition-related information sought on bariatric Facebook support groups/pages. A secondary aim was to evaluate the accuracy of this content. Setting Integrated multispecialty health system. Methods An iterative content analysis process was conducted and resulted in identification of 8 primary coding themes. Additionally, 3 registered dieticians with extensive experience in bariatric surgery and obesity treatment examined posts that provided nutritional recommendations to determine accuracy. Results Members most commonly sought advice regarding products and practices to assist in achieving nutritional guidelines (35%). Over half of the posts contained inaccurate content or information that was too ambiguous to determine accuracy; 7% of posts were found to be inaccurate or inconsistent with American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery nutrition guidelines and expert registered dietician opinions, 22% of posts were found to contain both accurate and inaccurate information, and 24% of posts were considered too ambiguous and required more context to determine the accuracy. Conclusions Results highlight the need for bariatric programs to provide greater nutrition education support to patients postoperatively and to provide caution about the inconsistent nature of some nutrition-related content found on Facebook bariatric support groups.
Comparison of novel and existing methods for detecting differentially methylated regions.

Single-probe analyses in epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) have identified associations between DNA methylation and many phenotypes, but do not take into account information from neighboring probes. Methods to detect differentially methylated regions (DMRs) (clusters of neighboring probes associated with a phenotype) may provide more power to detect associations between DNA methylation and diseases or phenotypes of interest. We proposed a novel approach, GlobalP, and perform comparisons with 3 methods—DMRcate, Bumphunter, and comb-p—to identify DMRs associated with log triglycerides (TGs) in real GAW20 data before and after fenofibrate treatment. We applied these methods to the summary statistics from an EWAS performed on the methylation data. Comb-p, DMRcate, and GlobalP detected very similar DMRs near the gene CPT1A on chromosome 11 in both the pre- and posttreatment data. In addition, GlobalP detected 2 DMRs before fenofibrate treatment in the genes ETV6 and ABCG1. Bumphunter identified several DMRs on chromosomes 1 and 20, which did not overlap with DMRs detected by other methods. Our novel method detected the same DMR identified by two existing methods and detected two additional DMRs not identified by any of the existing methods we compared.
TIPZy (Testosterone Increase Post Zytiga): Increase in serum levels of testosterone (T) after treatment of patients with abiraterone acetate (A) and prednisone (P).

e17025Background: A is a high-affinity ligand of the enzyme CYP17. The binding of A to this enzyme produces a block in its activity, and lowers the concentration of precursor molecules of T, thus d...
The Case of Tammy Dohada: When a Fellow Resident and Close Friend Commits Suicide

The suicide of a fellow medical student or resident is not uncommon during medical training. Exposure to this event can lead to the development of a host of pathological conditions in the peers of the suicide victim, among which posttraumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and complicated grief. Survivors of suicide victims are at higher risk for suicide. Physicians in training may experience shame about pursuing psychiatric treatment. Shame may be related to the expectation that inherent to the medical profession is the capability to withstand exposure to traumatic events without psychological and emotional consequences which may impact functioning and to the expectation that physicians should be psychologically more resilient than patients and therefore should invest time in their patients’ care before their own. Adequate treatment of the psychological sequelae related to exposure to traumatic events during medical training not only will preempt the long-standing impact of such exposure on the personal and professional functioning of a physician, but will strengthen the physician’s care-taking skills essential to the profession of medicine.
Circulating 11-oxygenated androgens across species

Abstract The androgen precursors, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) are produced in high amounts by the adrenal cortex primarily in humans and a few other primates. The human adrenal also secretes 11-oxygenated androgens (11-oxyandrogens), including 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4), 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KA4), 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), of which 11OHT and 11KT are bioactive androgens. The 11-oxyandrogens, particularly 11KT, have been recognized as biologically important testicular androgens in teleost fishes for decades, but their physiological contribution in humans has only recently been established. Beyond fish and humans, however, the presence of 11-oxyandrogens in other species has not been investigated. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of a set of C19 steroids, including the traditional androgens and 11-oxyandrogens, across 18 animal species. As previously shown, serum DHEA and DHEAS were much higher in primates than all other species. Circulating 11-oxyandrogens, especially 11KT, were observed in notable amounts in male, but not in female trout, consistent with gonadal origin in fish. The circulating concentrations of 11-oxyandrogens ranged from 0.1 to 10 nM in pigs, guinea pigs and in all the primates studied (rhesus macaque, baboon, chimpanzee and human) but not in rats or mice, and 11OHA4 was consistently the most abundant. In contrast to fish, serum 11KT concentrations were similar in male and female primates for each species, despite significantly higher circulating testosterone in males, suggesting that 11KT production in these species is not testis-dependent and primarily originates from adrenal-derived 11-oxyandrogen precursors.
The Spin Gap and Superconducting States of Underdoped Cuprates

We review our SU(2) formulation of the t-J model as a description of the underdoped cuprates. The model incorporates spin-charge separation and successfully explains many unusual normal state properties, including the existence of a spin gap and the appearance of a Fermi surface segment. Very recently, we extended our theory to the superconducting state and show how BCS-like quasiparticles evolve out of the Fermi surface segment.
Robust modeling of hysteretic capillary pressure and relative permeability for two phase flow in porous media

Abstract We investigate a robust and systematic modeling approach for hysteretic capillary pressure and relative permeability in porous media by using the theory of plasticity, considering that plasticity and hysteresis exhibit both irreversible physical processes. Focusing on the immiscible two-phase flow, we investigate stability analysis and find that the method based on the plasticity can yield well posedness (contractivity) and algorithmic stability (B-stability). This modeling approach can track and compute history-dependent flow properties such as residual saturation. In numerical simulation, we apply the algorithm of the 1D isotropic/kinematic hardening plasticity to reservoir simulation of gas-water flow. For weak and strong capillarity, the modeling yields strong numerical stability even for several drainage-imbibition processes. We also identify differences between with and without hysteresis, showing the importance of hysteretic capillary pressure and relative permeability. Thus, the hysteresis modeling based on the theory of plasticity is promising for robust numerical simulation of strong hysteresis.
Patients with haematological malignancies should not have to choose between transfusions and hospice care

Hospice programmes are important for providing end-of-life care to patients with life-limiting illnesses. Hospice enrolment improves quality of life for patients with advanced cancer and reduces the risk of depression for caregivers. Despite the clear benefits of hospice care, patients with haematological malignancies have the lowest rates of enrolment among patients with any tumour subtype. Furthermore, when patients with haematological disorders do enrol into hospice care, they are more likely to do so within 3 days of death than are patients with non-haematological malignancies. Although reasons for low and late hospice use in this population are multifactorial, a key barrier is limited access to blood transfusions in hospice programmes. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the relationship between transfusion dependence and hospice use for patients with blood cancers. We suggest that rather than constraining patients into either transfusion or hospice models, policies that promote combining palliative transfusions with hospice services are likely to optimise end-of-life care for patients with haematological malignancies.
Impact of modified kenaf fibers on shrinkage and cracking of cement pastes

Abstract In this study, raw, alkaline treated, and alkaline-hydrogen peroxide treated kenaf fibers were utilized in cement paste in order to evaluate their impact on shrinkage and cracking of the paste. Specifically, the effect of fiber dosage and type of fiber modification on autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage cracking of cement pastes were studied. The results show that the addition of kenaf fibers can reduce the autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage cracking of cement pastes significantly, with 0.5% fiber dosage performing better than 0.25% fiber dosage. Of all three types of kenaf fibers, alkaline-hydrogen peroxide treated kenaf fibers can reduce autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage cracking the most. By comparing raw kenaf fibers and alkaline treated kenaf fibers, when 0.25% kenaf fibers are used, alkaline treated kenaf fibers can reduce autogenous shrinkage more but reduce drying shrinkage cracking less; however, when 0.5% kenaf fibers are used, alkaline treated kenaf fibers can reduce both autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage cracking more.
Brain-Inspired Computing: Models and Architectures

With an exponential increase in the amount of data collected per day, the fields of artificial intelligence and machine learning continue to progress at a rapid pace with respect to algorithms, models, applications, and hardware. In particular, deep neural networks have revolutionized these fields by providing unprecedented human-like performance in solving many real-world problems such as image or speech recognition. There is also significant research aimed at unraveling the principles of computation in large biological neural networks and, in particular, biologically plausible spiking neural networks. This article presents an overview of the brain-inspired computing models starting with the development of the perceptron and multi-layer perceptron followed by convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). This article also briefly reviews other neural network models such as Hopfield neural networks and Boltzmann machines. Other models such as spiking neural networks (SNNs) and hyperdimensional computing are then briefly reviewed. Recent advances in these neural networks and graph related neural networks are then described.
AMEGO-X: MeV gamma-ray Astronomy in the Multimessenger Era

Recent detections of gravitational wave signals and neutrinos from gamma-ray sources have ushered in the era of multi-messenger astronomy, while highlighting the importance of gamma-ray observations for this emerging field. AMEGO-X, the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-Ray Observatory eXplorer, is an MeV gamma-ray instrument that will survey the sky in the energy range from hundreds of keV to one GeV with unprecedented sensitivity. AMEGO-X will detect gamma-ray photons both via Compton interactions and pair production processes, bridging the "sensitivity gap" between hard X-rays and high-energy gamma rays. AMEGO-X will provide important contributions to multi-messenger science and time-domain gamma-ray astronomy, studying e.g. high-redshift blazars, which are probable sources of astrophysical neutrinos, and gamma-ray bursts. I will present an overview of the instrument and science program.
The 2011 Debt Ceiling Impasse Revisited

In 2011, the federal government came perilously close to reaching the statutory limit on public debt. For the first seven months of the year, the Obama Administration and congressional Republican leaders engaged in an elaborate sequence of press conferences and closed door negotiations. Straightforward measures to increase the public debt ceiling were caught up in partisan politics and larger questions of deficit reduction and fiscal policy. Only on the eve of crisis – on August 2, 2011 – when the federal government was within hours of being unable to pay its bills in a timely manner, did a compromise emerge in the form of the Budget Control Act of 2011, which established a three step process for raising the debt ceiling by at least $2.1 trillion. For the first time in a generation, policy analysts and budget scholars confronted the question of what would happen if political processes had in fact broken down and the debt ceiling had been reached. My goal in this essay is to explore that question. I begin by distinguishing several distinct phases of debt ceiling crises and then explore the dilemma that the Treasury Department would have faced in August 2011 had a compromise not been reached. At that point, the crisis would have transitioned from what I label a Phase One Debt Crisis, when the Executive manipulates federal accounts in what has become a stylized dance of creating additional borrowing capacity while political compromises are forged, into what I term a Phase Two Debt Crisis, when the debt ceiling is reached, no additional accounting shenanigans are available, and the Executive must determine which of the government’s bills to pay and which bills to defer. As it turns out, the legal framework of a Phase Two Debt Crisis is not well defined. Though some scholars have suggested that the Public Debt Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution offers guidance under these circumstances, the constitutional constraints in a Phase Two Debt Crisis are far from clear. Conceivably, statutory provisions governing federal budget procedures may offer some guidance in defining how the Executive should proceed when federal commitments exceed cash on hand and additional borrowing is not authorized. But even these statutory guidelines are only useful by analogy, and ultimately the Executive retains considerable discretion as to the order in which federal obligations are liquidated during a Phase Two Debt Crisis. The essay concludes with a series of suggestions as to how future Treasury Departments might proceed in the not entirely unimaginable possibility that the United States hits the public debt ceiling (perhaps in the third quarter of 2017) and confronts a genuine Phase Two Debt Crisis for the first time.
On-farm calf assessment and practical fluid therapy

Large animal practitioners are faced with varying levels of dehydration in neonatal cattle. The goal of this talk will be to describe and formulate fluid therapy plans in varying circumstances in an ambulatory setting. Determining dehydration, acid-base status, and electrolyte abnormalities will be reviewed. Following this presentation, the practitioner will be able to identify the proper use of oral and intravenous fluid in clinical cases and appropriate volume to be administered on-farm.
Prospective association between body composition, physical activity and energy intake in young adults

Despite considerable research on the association between physical activity (PA) and body composition, there remains limited information on the directionality of the relationship. The present study examined the prospective associations among objectively measured PA, energy intake (EI) and body composition. A convenience sample of 430 adults (49% male) between 21 and 35 years of age was followed over 1 year with repeated measurements taken every 3 months. BMI (kg/m2) and percent body fat (%BF) were calculated based on anthropometric measurements and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. A multi-sensor device was worn over a period of 10 days to estimate total daily energy expenditure and time spent in different intensities. EI was calculated based on change in body composition and total daily energy expenditure. A total of 379 participants provided valid data. On average, participants experienced a significant weight gain of 1.2±4.3 kg during the 12-month observation period, which was associated with an increase in %BF (0.8±3.2 %). Average time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) decreased significantly, whereas EI remained constant. Optimal linear mixed models, adjusting for age and sex, showed an inverse effect of MVPA on BMI and %BF, whereas EI only directly affected BMI (P<0.001). There was also a significant inverse effect of BMI and %BF on MVPA (P<0.001). Results of this study indicate an inverse reciprocal association between MVPA and measures of adiposity. Thus, primary preventive actions are warranted to avoid excess weight gain, which may result in a vicious cycle of weight gain and low PA.
The Best Evidence Principle

This Article challenges the premises underlying the reasoning in decisions like Gonzales-Benitez. The point is not that the appellants in that case should have prevailed, but simply that the court's treatment of their argument was inadequate. The court should have considered whether the trial court had and abused a discretion to deny admission of the testimony pursuant to a general best evidence principle. At the very least, the court should have justified its implicit assumption that the phrase ‘best evidence’ could only refer, in the context of this case, to the original document rule.
Conventional Light Microscopy

In this molecular day and age, microscopy seems to be a neglected field of instruction. Too often professors, who themselves are strangers to the use of the light microscope, may hurry through a laboratory exercise designed to familiarize students with its uses. This chapter is designed to serve as a useful reference for instructors, perhaps demystifying some features of the microscope, and making their applications more user-friendly and exciting. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: microscopy; lens; magnification; focus; resolution; refraction; phase-contrast
Statistical mechanics of the isoenthalpic-isobaric ensemble

A detailed analysis is given for the isoenthalpic-isobaric ensemble in classical statistical mechanics. The properties of the phase space for the ensemble are defined and the connection with thermo-dynamics is established. The general expression for the average properties in the ensemble is presented and mean square fluctuation properties are related to thermodynamics. In particular, previous results that relate the mean square volume fluctuations to the isobaric heat capacity are confirmed. In addition, new results are obtained in which cross-fluctuations are related to the volume expansivity. The technique for deriving fluctuation formulae is new and represents the first time fluctuation formulae have been derived directly within a shell ensemble.
Fitness Hearings in War Crimes Cases: From Nuremberg to the Hague

This Article examines the Strugar decision and its role in establishing the standards for a defendant’s atness to stand trial before an international tribunal. While atness to stand trial was an issue in three cases at Nuremberg, those cases failed to establish any standards for the international criminal justice community. In contrast, the Strugar standards have been followed in other Trial Chambers at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and at The Special Panels for Serious Crimes at the United Nations Tribunal at East Timor. Therefore, the author argues that Strugar may be viewed as the seminal decision on the issue of atness to stand trial before an international tribunal.
Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence DRI: Use of an AUV to Quantify Submesoscale Mixing Processes

Abstract : The long-term goal of this project is to quantify the driving mechanisms and pathways of dissipation of lateral submesoscale mixing. A major thrust is understanding the role that cascade processes, both forward and backward, play in connecting submesoscale variability to 3D turbulence.
Mechanisms of hepatic electrolyte transport.

Why Electrolytes? General Considerations Overview and Definition of Terms Special Considerations With Reference to Liver Sodium-Coupled Transport Regulation of Hepatic Na + ,K+ -Adenosine Triphosphatase Regulation of Cation Permeability Summary Canalicular Bile Formation Bile Acid-Dependent Bile Formation Choleretic Potency of Bile Acids Effects of Ion Substitution on Bile Acid-Dependent Bile Formation Bile Acid-Independent Bile Formation Sodium-Coupled Chloride Transport Bicarbonate Transport Energetics of Canalicular Bile Formation Persisting Uncertainties Other Hepatocellular Functions Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis Biotransformation Intracellular pH Mitogenesis Cellular Calcium Homeostasis
Sources of air pollution in a region of oil and gas exploration downwind of a large city

The air quality in the outflow from Fort Worth, TX was studied in June 2011 at a location surrounded by oil and gas development in the Barnett Shale. The objectives of this study were to understand the major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and organic aerosols and explore the potential influence each VOC source had on ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. Measurements of VOCs were apportioned between six factors using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF): Natural Gas (25 ± 2%; ±99% CL); Fugitive Emissions (15 ± 2%); Internal Combustion Engines (15 ± 2%); Biogenic Emissions (7 ± 1%); Industrial Emissions/Oxidation 1(8 ± 1%); and Oxidation 2 (18 ± 2%). Reactivity calculations suggest the Biogenic and Oxidation 2 factors were the most likely VOC sources to influence local ozone. However, enough OH reactivity was calculated for factors related to the oil and gas development that they could incrementally increase O3. Three organic aerosol (OA) types were identified with PMF applied to high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry measurements: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA; 11% of mass) and two classes of oxidized OA (semi- and less-volatile OOA, SV and LV; 45% and 44%, respectively). The HOA correlated with the Internal Combustion Engine VOC factor indicating that a large fraction of the HOA was emitted by gasoline and diesel motors. The SV-OOA correlated with the oxidized VOC factors during most of the study, whereas a correlation between LV-OOA and the oxidized VOC factors was only observed during part of the study. It is hypothesized that SV-OOA and the oxidized VOC factors correlated reasonably well because these factors likely were separated by at most only a few oxidation generations on the oxidation pathway of organic compounds.
Desear Muros | Desiring walls

Este fragmento es el capitulo de un libro de Wendy Brown que trata de ofrecer unas pautas teoricas para poder explicar la proliferacion de los muros internacionales en las ultimas decadas. Describe una de las contradicciones de la globalizacion liberal (un proceso de integracion global provocado por la libre circulacion de capital, bienes y personas), sosteniendo que estas construcciones representan un intento fracasado de revertir sus efectos para volver a imponer el poder del Estado-nacion. Este texto explora las posibles explicaciones sobre por que existe un deseo de tener muros en la modernidad tardia. En particular, Wendy Brown analiza si se podria relacionar este fenomeno con las nociones de defensa identitaria en el trabajo psicoanalitico de Sigmund y Anna Freud. Brown argumenta que los muros sirven para reforzar la identidad y la soberania perdida por el estado-nacion a causa de la globalizacion, y que ofrecen monumentos visuales que esconden la crisis del poder soberano fortaleciendo la idea de que estos pueden parar los efectos de la globalizacion. This fragment is part of a book that tries to offer theoretical insights that may allow us to explain the proliferation of international walls over the last decades. It describes one of the contradictions of liberal globalisation (a process of global integration provoked by the free movement of capital, goods and people), arguing that these constructions represent a failed attempt at reversing its effects in order to impose the Nation-states power. This chapter explores possible explanations for why there is a desire for walls in late modernity. In particular, Wendy Brown analyses whether it would be possible to relate this phenomenon to the notions of identity defense developed in the psychoanalytic work of Sigmund and Ana Freud. Brown argues that walls serve to supplement the identity and sovereignty lost by the Nation-state, caused by globalization, in offering visual monuments that hide sovereign powers crisis and reinforce the idea that it can stop globalisation’s effects.
A Simple Idea for the Changing Sign of the Lag in Microquasars

The phase lag structure between the hard and soft X-ray photons observed in GRS 1915+105 and XTE J1550+564 has been said to be "complex" because the phase of the Quasi-Periodic Oscillation fundamental Fourier mode changes with time and because the even and odd harmonics signs behave differently. From simultaneous X-ray and radio observations this seems to be related to the presence of a jet (level of radio emission).We propose a simple idea where a partial absorption of the signal can shift the phases of the Fourier modes and account for the phase lag reversal. We also briefly discuss a possible physical mechanism that could lead to such an absorption of the quasi-periodic oscillation modulation.
Simulations of the single‐mode, bump‐on‐tail instability

The nonlinear saturation of the single‐mode, bump‐on‐tail instability is studied by numerical solutions of the Vlasov equation. Modes close to marginal stability are found to saturate with a field amplitude E∝Δ2, where the small parameter Δ=2(ω−ω’)/ω’ defines the difference between the mode frequency ω and the frequency ω’ of the marginally stable mode. This scaling agrees with O’Neil’s theory [Phys. Fluids 14, 1204 (1971)] of the two‐stream instability, and does not confirm the time asymptotic analysis of Simon and Rosenbluth [Phys. Fluids 19, 1567 (1976)], which predicts larger amplitudes with E∝Δ1/2.
The nrf1 and nrf2 balance in oxidative stress regulation and androgen signaling in prostate cancer cells

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling has recently sparked a surge of interest as being the molecular underpinning for cancer cell survival, but the precise mechanisms involved have not been completely elucidated. This review covers the possible roles of two ROS-induced transcription factors, Nrf1 and Nrf2, and the antioxidant proteins peroxiredoxin-1 (Prx-1) and Thioredoxin-1 (Txn-1) in modulating AR expression and signaling in aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) cells. In androgen independent (AI) C4-2B cells, in comparison to the parental androgen dependent (AD) LNCaP cells, we present evidence of high Nrf1 and Prx-1 expression and low Nrf2 expression in these aggressive PCa cells. Furthermore, in DHT treated C4-2B cells, increased expression of the p65 (active) isoform of Nrf1 correlated with enhanced AR transactivation. Our findings implicate a crucial balance of Nrf1 and Nrf2 signaling in regulating AR activity in AI-PCa cells. Here we will discuss how understanding the mechanisms by which oxidative stress may affect AR signaling may aid in developing novel therapies for AI-PCa.
A weighted small world network measure for assessing functional connectivity

There is a growing need to develop measures that can characterize complex patterns of functional connectivity among brain regions. Graph theoretic measures have emerged as an important way to characterize the multivariate connectivity between nodes in a network, which have been successfully applied to neurophysiologic activity. In this paper, we propose a new small-world measure based on advances in both the bivariate measures underlying the graph theoretic approach, as well as in the definition of the measure for weighted graphs. Specifically, we recently proposed a new bivariate time-frequency phase-synchrony (TFPS) measure, which quantifies the dynamic nature of the interactions between neuronal oscillations with a higher time-frequency resolution than previous approaches and is better at isolating relevant activity. The proposed graph theoretic measures, weighted clustering coefficient and path length, represent a new approach to the calculation of weighted graph measures based on this improved bivariate TFPS measure. The new graph theoretic measures are applied to two datasets. The first is a well-known social network, Zachary's Karate Club. The second application contains event-related potential (ERP) indexing the well-known error-related negativity (ERN) component related to cognitive control. Results indicate that the new measures outperform the previously published weighted graph measures, and produces expectable results for both applications.
Synthesis, surface characterization and photoelectrochemical studies of polycrystalline thin films of p-WSe2 with added Ca and Mg

Abstract The effects of calcium and magnesium addition on the photoelectrochemical properties of polycrystalline thin films of p-WSe 2 have been investigated. The addition (especially of calcium) enhances both quantum efficiencies and photovoltages for various redox couples. This is ascribed to the enrichment and segregation of calcium (by the formation of CaWX 6 ; X = Cl − , Br − ) at grain boundaries so as to reduce recombinational losses, as well as to the fact that the average crystalline size in the presence of calcium is significantly larger. A thorough physicochemical and photoelectrochemical characterization of the films is presented with emphasis on surface characterization.
Comparison of IA-2 with IA-2β and with Six Other Members of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Family: Recognition of Antigenic Determinants by IDDM Sera

Abstract To study the expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in pancreatic islets, a cDNA library from islet cells was constructed and analysed. Twenty-one different PTPs were found to be expressed in islet cells, including three previously unknown PTPs. One of these, IA-2β, was cloned, sequenced, and found to be related to IA-2, a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The intracellular and extracellular domains of IA-2β were 74 and 27% identical, respectively, to the intracellular and extracellular domains of IA-2. Approximately 70 and 45% of sera from patients with IDDM had autoantibodies that immunoprecipitated recombinant IA-2 and IA-2β, respectively. By use of deletion mutants, we were able to show that the autoantibodies reacted with the intracellular, and not the extracellular, domains of IA-2 and IA-2β, and that the major antigenic determinants resided within the COOH-terminus of the intracellular domains. Further studies revealed that approximately 97% of the IDDM sera that reacted with IA-2β also reacted with IA-2, whereas only 50% of IDDM sera that reacted with IA-2 also reacted with IA-2β. In contrast to the reactivity of IDDM sera with the IA-2 and IA-2β, IDDM sera did not react with six other members of the PTP family. It is concluded that many members of the PTP family are expressed in pan-creatic islets, but thus far only IA-2 and IA-2β appear to be recognized as autoantigens by IDDM sera.
Structures and formation of ions

Several ion isomers yield characteristic and distinguishable collisional activation spectra: and/or (a-b), (c) and [cyclobutane]+ (e), while the collisional activation spectrum of (d) could also arise from a combination of a-b and c. Although ready isomerization may occur for ions of higher internal energy, such as d or e a, b, and/or c, the isomeric product ions identified from many precursors are consistent with previously postulated rearrangement mechanisms. 1,4-Eliminations of HX occur in 1-alkanols and, in part, 1-buthanethiol and 1-bromobutane. The collisional activation data are consistent with a substantial proportion of 1,3-elimination in 1- and 2-chlorobutane, although 1,2-elimination may also occur in the latter, and the formation of the methylcycloprpane ion from n-butyl vinyl ether and from n-butyl formate. Surprisingly, cyclohexane yields the ions a-b, not , e.
Rating Parent-Child Interactions: Joint Engagement, Communication Dynamics, and Shared Topics in Autism, Down Syndrome, and Typical Development

A battery of 17 rating items were applied to video records of typically-developing toddlers and young children with autism and Down syndrome interacting with their parents during the Communication Play Protocol. This battery provided a reliable and broad view of the joint engagement triad of child, partner, and shared topic. Ratings of the child’s joint engagement correlated very strongly with state coding of joint engagement and replicated the finding that coordinated joint engagement was less likely in children with autism. Ratings of other child actions, of parent contributions, and of shared topics and communicative dynamics also documented pervasive variations related to diagnosis, language facility, and communicative context.
A discrete adjoint harmonic balance method for turbomachinery shape optimization

Abstract The harmonic balance method has seen an increasing popularity in the solution of time-periodic problems because of its computational efficiency and its ability to model dynamically nonlinear fluid phenomena. In addition, the mathematically steady nature of this technique makes it ideal for adjoint sensitivity analysis of unsteady problems. In this work, a novel optimization framework consisting of three components: a harmonic balance based unsteady cascade flow solver, an accompanying adjoint solver and a quasi-Newton optimization solver; have been developed. The discrete adjoint solver is obtained with the aid of an automatic differentiation tool, TAPENADE. To demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method, we present shape optimization and adjoint sensitivity computations for a two-dimensional compressor cascade. Steady inverse design of this cascade is performed to investigate the effects of two shape parameterization methods, namely Hicks–Henne bump functions and mesh points. Shape optimization is performed to improve the aerodynamic damping characteristics of a vibrating cascade row. In addition, the unsteady adjoint technique is used to determine the frequency of vibration that would drive the system to limit-cycle, which defines the stability limit of the cascade.
Role of the pediatric otolaryngologist in diagnosis and management of children with mucopolysaccharidoses

Abstract Objective Mucopolysaacharidoses (MPS) represent a spectrum of disorders characterized by the genetic deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes occurring in as many as 1 in 10,000 live births and resulting in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans within cells throughout the body. Children have highly variable, multi-systemic involvement that nearly always involves manifestations of the head and neck including recurrent otitis, hearing loss, upper airway obstruction, and characteristic coarse facial features. This places the otolaryngologist in a prime position for early recognition and initiation of treatment. We sought to examine our own experience in dealing with this diverse and often quite devastating clinical entity. Methods Retrospective chart review of children with mucopolysaccharidoses seen in our tertiary care pediatric otolaryngology clinic accompanied by review of the literature. Results Nine children were identified – five with Hurler syndrome, three with Hunter syndrome, and one with Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. The median age of diagnosis/genetics referral was 15 months, while median age of presentation to an otolaryngologist was 12 months. Three patients were referred for genetics evaluation based upon initial evaluation/suspicion by an otolaryngologist. Two were diagnosed early because of an affected older sibling. All patients in the series had varying degrees of hearing loss, recurrent otitis, chronic effusions or abnormal facial features, and all patients required placement of at least one set of ventilation tubes. Conclusions Otolaryngologists have an opportunity to play an increasingly integral role in the multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of many children with mucopolysaccharidoses. Clinical suspicion, early recognition, and prompt diagnosis of these challenging disorders is crucial, as outcomes of treatment in many cases appear time-sensitive, with better results being achieved when intervention is initiated at a younger age or prior to progression of the disease.