cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of driving cessation on the elderly with dementia and their caregivers

This research explores how the loss of driving privileges by impaired drivers affects households. The particular focus is on the travel behavior and preceptions of people living in households where an elderly driver has had his or her license revoked due to Alzheimer's disease or a related dementia. The data for this analysis were drawn from a 1996 survey of households in California which queried the caregivers of people with dementia on how the former drivers access necessary destinations once they can no longer drive, and on the difficulties faced by other household members in seeking alternative means of transportation. After losing their license, the vast majority of people surveyed depended on informal support systems for transportation, such as rides from family and friends. Although such arrangements were not reported to be a problem for the majority of households, certain groups of non-drivers reported difficulty accessing services, particularly social and recreational destinations. The most commonly reported problem was a lack of available licensed drivers to chauffeur non-drivers. Importantly, no increase was observed in the number of people walking, using public transit, taxis, or van services following license revocation. People who did not live with at least one licensed driver and those who were younger and healthier reported the greatest mismatch between their need and desire to travel and the availability of transportation. In addition, some caregivers reported that they frequently missed work or stopped working entirely in order to care for and chauffeur people in the former drivers' household. Overall, these findings reinforce the importance of both developing transportation policies to support the functioning of informal transportation structures and in improving the range of alternative transportation options for those individuals with particular disabilities--like dementia--who are not well served by either informal arrangements or by formal transportation services for the disabled.
Herman Cain and the Rise of the Black Right

There have always been Black conservatives. Some of the most prominent Black political figures in this country’s history from Booker T. Washington to Condoleezza Rice may be termed conservatives. However, these conservatives were not elected officials. They served in either unofficial roles or were appointed. The rise of conservative Black politicians with an electoral base such as Herman Cain and Allen West is a new phenomenon. At least in theory, such Black conservatives might find a base in the Black community among three constituencies—the Black church, the military, and African and West Indian immigrants. This article explores the likelihood of a mass base among Blacks for the rise of a Black Right. It contrasts the varieties of Black conservatism and gives special attention to the religious views of Herman Cain and Clarence Thomas contrasting them with the prophetic tradition in Black religion of such figures as Martin Luther King and Jeremiah Wright. Ultimately, the extreme individualism and absenc...
Low-Temperature Flow Properties of Vegetable Oil/Cosolvent Blend Diesel Fuels

Vegetable oils are an attractive renewable source for alternative diesel fuels. However, the relatively high kinematic viscosity of vegetable oils must be reduced to make them more compatible with conventional compression-ignition engines and fuel systems. Cosolvent blending is a low-cost and easy-to-adapt technology that reduces viscosity by diluting the vegetable oil with a low-M.W. alcohol (methanol or ethanol). The cosolvent (A), which consists of one or more amphiphilic compounds, is added to solubilize the otherwise nearly immiscible oil-polar alcohol mixture. This work investigates cold flow properties and phase equilibrium behavior associated with blends consisting of soybean oil (SBO) and methanol where A=8∶1 (mol) n-butanol/oleyl alcohol; 6∶1 (mol) 2-octanol/triethylammonium linoleate; and 4∶1 (mol) 2-octanol/Unadol 40 (alcohols from SBO FA); and a blend of 2∶1 (vol/vol) No. 2 diesel fuel/SBO and 95% ethanol where A=n-butanol. Cloud point (CP), pour point, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and low-temperature flow test (LTFT) results were compared with corresponding phase separation temperature (T ϕ) data measured at equilibrium. Although CP data were measured under non-equilibrium experimental conditions, a nearly linear correlation was found between T ϕ and CP. Statistical analysis showed that T ϕ may also be correlated with CFPP and LTFT. Analysis of heating and cooling DSC curves indicated that peak temperatures may be employed to predict cold flow properties and T ϕ behavior for SBO/cosolvent blends. Cooling curve parameters correlated more readily than heating curve parameters. Finally, relatively low quantities of heat evolved during freezing indicated that crystallization in the SBO/cosolvent blends studied in this work occurs easily during cooling.
Interaction of estrogen receptor α with proliferating cell nuclear antigen

The ability of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) to modulate gene expression is influenced by the recruitment of a host of co-regulatory proteins to target genes. To further understand how estrogen-responsive genes are regulated, we have isolated and identified proteins associated with ERalpha when it is bound to DNA containing the consensus estrogen response element (ERE). One of the proteins identified in this complex, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), is required for DNA replication and repair. We show that PCNA interacts with ERalpha in the absence and in the presence of DNA, enhances the interaction of ERalpha with ERE-containing DNA, and associates with endogenous estrogen-responsive genes. Interestingly, rather than altering hormone responsiveness of endogenous, estrogen-responsive genes, PCNA increases the basal expression of these genes. Our studies suggest that in addition to serving as a platform for the recruitment of DNA replication and repair proteins, PCNA may serve as a platform for transcription factors involved in regulating gene expression.
Reduced levels of Ago2 expression result in increased siRNA competition in mammalian cells

Administration of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) leads to degradation of specific mRNAs utilizing the cellular RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. It has been demonstrated that co-administration of siRNAs may lead to attenuation of activity of one of the siRNAs. Utilizing antisense and siRNA-mediated RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) gene reduction we show that siRNA competition is correlated with differences in the cellular expression levels of Ago2, while levels of other RISC proteins have no effect on competition. We also show that under certain conditions siRNA competition rather than reduction of cellular RISC levels may be responsible for apparent reduction in siRNA activity. Furthermore, exploiting siRNA competition, we show that the RISC pathway loads and results in detectable cleavage of the target RNA in approximately 2 h after transfection. The RISC pathway is also capable of being reloaded even in the absence of new protein synthesis. RISC reloading and subsequent induction of detectable cleavage of a new target RNA, requires about 9-12 h following the initial transfection.
Myths, Realities, and the Political World: The Anthropology of Insanity Defense Attitudes

The author presents the case that society's efforts to understand the insanity defense and insanity-pleading defendants are doomed to intellectual, moral, and political gridlock unless we are willing to take a fresh look at the doctrine through a series of filters—empirical research, scientific discovery, moral philosophy, cognitive and moral psychology, and sociology—in an effort to confront the single most important (but rarely asked) question: why do we feel the way we do about “these people” (insanity pleaders)? He examines this question finally through a model of structural anthropology and concludes that until we come to grips with the extent to which ours is a “culture of punishment,” we can make no headway in solving the insanity defense dilemma.
Subtypes of depression among patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias

Abstract Objectives We compared the prevalence of subtypes of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and unspecified dementia (UD). Methods Using the Integrated Healthcare Information Services database, we conducted an analysis of subtypes of depression (major depressive disorder, depressive disorder not otherwise specified, dysthymic disorder; depressive psychosis, and adjustment disorder depressive) among patients with AD, VaD, and UD. Six thousand four hundred and forty patients aged 60 years or older with dementia (2947 with AD, 725 with VaD, and 2768 with UD) were identified from January 1 to December 31, 2001. Both subtypes of depression and dementia subgroups were diagnosed using criteria from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th version. Results The overall prevalence of depressive disorders was 27.41%. The prevalence of depressive disorders was significantly higher in VaD (44.14%) and UD (32.48%) patients compared with AD (18.53%, P P Conclusions This study supports the view that depressive disorders are more prevalent in VaD compared with UD and AD, and provides indicators to the clinician for further evaluation of depression in dementia subgroups
Modeling the effects of size on patch dynamics of an inert tracer

Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments have re- vealed that additional iron affects the phytoplankton produc- tivity and carbon cycle. However, the role of initial size of fertilized patch in determining the patch evolution is poorly quantified due to the limited observational capability and complex of physical processes. Using a three-dimensional ocean circulation model, we simulated different sizes of in- ert tracer patches that were only regulated by physical circu- lation and diffusion. Model results showed that during the first few days since release of inert tracer, the calculated di- lution rate was found to be a linear function with time, which was sensitive to the initial patch size with steeper slope for smaller size patch. After the initial phase of rapid decay, the relationship between dilution rate and time became an exponential function, which was also size dependent. There- fore, larger initial size patches can usually last longer and ul- timately affect biogeochemical processes much stronger than smaller patches.
Influenza A virus isolation, culture and identification

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause epidemics and pandemics that result in considerable financial burden and loss of human life. To manage annual IAV epidemics and prepare for future pandemics, an improved understanding of how IAVs emerge, transmit, cause disease and acquire pandemic potential is urgently needed. Fundamental techniques essential for procuring such knowledge are IAV isolation and culture from experimental and surveillance samples. Here we present a detailed protocol for IAV sample collection and processing, amplification in chicken eggs or mammalian cells, and identification from samples containing unknown pathogens. This protocol is robust, and it allows for the generation of virus cultures that can be used for downstream analyses. Once experimental or surveillance samples are obtained, virus cultures can be generated and the presence of IAVs can be verified in 3-5 d via reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR or hemagglutination assay. Increased time frames may be required for less experienced laboratory personnel, or when large numbers of samples will be processed.
The effects of surface modification on the speciation of metal ions intercalated into aluminosilicates

Microporous aluminosilicates, including clay minerals and zeolites, are ion-exchange materials. In their most common forms, they have the ability to incorporate cationic species within their matrices. Because of this property, microporous aluminosilicates have been proposed as storage media for hazardous waste. In this paper the authors use X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to examine the structure of cations held within smectite clay minerals and to determine how modification of the surface of the clay using an organic monolayer affects the coordination of the stored cation. The effects of hydrothermal and thermal processing on the coordination of the ions contained within these systems are also investigated. The presence of the monolayer changes the surface of the clay from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. It inhibits the interlayer ions from exchanging freely into environmental water and reduces the leach rate of cations out of the clay by approximately a factor of 20. Significant changes are observed when these coated samples are treated under hydrothermal and thermal conditions. Reductions of uranium (VI), in the form of uranyl, and cupric ions occur. In addition, the uranium aggregates, forming small particles that appear similar to UO{sub 2}. Comparable conglomeration occurs with lead cations and with the reduced coppermore » species.« less
Invariance of the spectrum of light on propagation.

The question is raised as to whether the normalized spectrum of light remains unchanged on propagation through free space. It is shown that for sources of a certain class that includes the usual thermal sources, the normalized spectrum will, in general, depend on the location of the observation point unless the degree of spectral coherence of the light across the source obeys a certain scaling law. Possible implications of the analysis for astrophysics are mentioned.
EFFECT OF SPERM WASHING ON LEVELS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN SEMEN

The possibility was evaluated that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by human sperm is stimulated by the repeated cycles of centrifugation and resuspension involved in conventional sperm preparation. ROS generation by human sperm was monitored before and after the washing of sperm from 55 men (43 men with suspected subfertility and 12 normal volunteers). The ROS activity of all 55 specimens before washing was inversely correlated with original sperm motility (r = .278, p < .05). The mean level of ROS activity was significantly higher after washing than before processing (p < .05) for the 26 specimens with normal sperm motility, the 20 specimens with normal sperm morphology, and the 12 specimens with both normal motility and normal morphology. In contrast, the mean ROS level was not significantly changed after washing in the 27 specimens with poor sperm motility, the 16 specimens with abnormal sperm morphology, or the 13 specimens with both abnormal motility and abnormal morphology. It would appear that repeated centrifugation, resuspension, and vortexing cause excessive generation of ROS in the motile sperm population of the washed specimen. Washing procedures involving excessive manipulation of sperm may, in fact, cause the most harm to motile sperm, i.e., those that the method is trying to select. Procedures that minimize multiple centrifugation, resuspension, and vortexing steps should therefore be used for the preparation of semen specimens for assisted-reproduction techniques.
Pollution Abatement Costs and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to U.S. States

This paper estimates the effect of changing environmental standards on patterns of international investment. The analysis advances the existing literature in three ways. First, we avoid comparing different countries by examining foreign direct investment in the United States and differences in pollution abatement costs among U.S. states. Data on environmental costs in U.S. states are more comparable than those for different countries, and U.S. states are more similar in other dife cult-to- measure dimensions. Second, we allow for differences in states' industrial compositions, an acknowledged problem for earlier studies. Third, we employ an 18-year panel of relative abatement costs, allowing us to control for unobserved state characteristics. We e nd robust evidence that abatement costs have had moderate deterrent effects on foreign invest- ment.
Advanced glycation end products and their relevance in female reproduction

Study question Do advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors play a role in female reproduction? Summary answer AGEs might contribute to the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and infertility. What is known already The endogenous AGEs are produced in the body by chemical reactions. Exogenous sources of AGEs are diet and smoking. AGEs have been proposed to be among the main intermediaries involved in several diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, ovarian aging, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders and PCOS. Study design, size, duration A systematic review was performed for all available basic science and clinical peer-reviewed articles published in PubMed from 1987 to date. Abstracts of annual meetings of the Endocrine Society and American Society for Reproductive Medicine were also reviewed. Participants/materials, setting, methods A total of 275 publications and scientific abstracts were identified from the initial search. Sixty-two papers and four published scientific abstracts were selected for full review. The main outcomes were the regulatory effects of AGEs on: (i) granulosa cells, adipocyte physiology, obesity and insulin resistance in women with PCOS and in polycystic ovary animal models and (ii) infertility and measures of ovarian reserve. Main results and the role of chance There is an intricate relationship between the AGE-RAGE (receptor for AGEs) system and some aspects of PCOS, such as granulosa cell dysfunction, adipocyte pathophysiology, obesity and insulin resistance. Additionally, irregular ovarian AGE signaling might in part explain the abnormal ovarian histology observed in women with PCOS. The ovarian dysfunction due to AGEs in women without PCOS suggests a role for the AGE-RAGE system in the ovarian follicular environment, and might relate to assisted reproduction technology outcome and measures of ovarian reserve. Limitations, reasons for caution The body of literature currently available limits these findings. The results obtained from granulosa cell lines and animal models may not fully extrapolate to humans. Wider implications of the findings This review underscores a critical need to unveil the exact mechanistic actions of AGEs in reproductive physiology and more specifically the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. AGE inhibitors might present an emerging therapeutic approach with significant applications in the context of PCOS and infertility. Study funding/competing interest(s) American Society for Reproductive Medicine New Investigator Award and University of Vermont College of Medicine Internal Funds. No competing interests.
Managing Asynchronous Operations in Coarray Fortran 2.0

As the gap between processor speed and network latency continues to increase, avoiding exposed communication latency is critical for high performance on modern supercomputers. One can hide communication latency by overlapping it with computation using non-blocking data transfers, or avoid exposing communication latency by moving computation to the location of data it manipulates. Coarray Fortran 2.0 (CAF 2.0) - a partitioned global address space language - provides a rich set of asynchronous operations for avoiding exposed latency including asynchronous copies, function shipping, and asynchronous collectives. CAF 2.0 provides event variables to manage completion of asynchronous operations that use explicit completion. This paper describes CAF 2.0's finish and cofence synchronization constructs, which enable one to manage implicit completion of asynchronous operations. finish ensures global completion of a set of asynchronous operations across the members of a team. Because of CAF 2.0's SPMD model, its semantics and implementation of finish differ significantly from those of finish in X10 and HabaneroC. cofence controls local data completion of implicitlysynchronized asynchronous operations. Together these constructs provide the ability to tune a program's performance by exploiting the difference between local data completion, local operation completion, and global completion of asynchronous operations, while hiding network latency. We explore subtle interactions between cofence, finish, events, asynchronous copies and collectives, and function shipping. We justify their presence in a relaxed memory model for CAF 2.0. We demonstrate the utility of these constructs in the context of two benchmarks: Unbalanced Tree Search (UTS), and HPC Challenge RandomAccess. We achieve 74%-77% parallel efficiency for 4K-32K cores for UTS using the T1WL spec, which demonstrates scalable performance using our synchronization constructs. Our cofence micro-benchmark shows that for a producer-consumer scenario, using local data completion rather than local operation completion yields superior performance.
Evaluation of fluorescein diacetate for flow cytometric determination of cell viability in orthopaedic research

Accurate estimation of cellular viability is important both in research and in aspects of orthopaedic clinical practice. We have been interested in the potential for flow cytometric application of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in evaluating chondrocyte survival following cryopreservation of osteochondral allografts as well as in the assessment of sarcoma necrosis following preoperative chemotherapy. In order to evaluate the suitability of this method for cell viability assays, this study compared FDA with more traditional methodology (trypan blue, clonigenic assay, metabolic activity analysis, measurement of DNA synthesis, and histological assessment of necrosis). Both chondrocytes and sarcoma cells were exposed to various experimental injuries prior to viability analysis. Although it is evident from these experiments that FDA accurately reflects cell survival after physical injury, it underestimates the effect of chemotherapy on cell reproductive potential in vitro. However, FDA is highly correlated with histological assessment of tumor viability after chemotherapy in vivo. It is apparent that the methodology chosen for determination of viability should be appropriate for the type of experimental injury and should analyze the cell function (i.e., metabolic activity or reproductive capacity) that is appropriate for the experimental model.
Applications of Gene Expression Profiling to the Study of Malignant Gliomas

Malignant central nervous system tumors that originate from brain tissue or from the brain’s coverings cause significant morbidity and mortality. Tumors of the glioma group are the most common primary brain tumors in adults and the most important group of diffusely infiltrating gliomas are the astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Most gliomas are incurable because they infiltrate brain tissue, making it difficult to completely remove the tumor without damaging normal structures. Because of this, recurrences of such tumors are common, despite standard therapeutic efforts.
Applications of time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction to cation exchange, crystal growth and biomineralization reactions

Advances in the design of environmental reaction cells and in the collection of X-ray diffraction data are transforming our ability to study mineral-fluid interactions. The resulting increase in time resolution now allows for the determination of rate laws for mineral reactions that are coupled to atomic-scale changes in crystal structure. Here we address the extension of time-resolved synchrotron diffraction techniques to four areas of critical importance to the cycling of metals in soils: (1) cation exchange; (2) biomineralization; (3) stable isotope fractionation during redox reactions; and (4) nucleation and growth of nanoscale oxyhydroxides.
Insulin Glulisine: An Evaluation of Its Pharmacodynamic Properties and Clinical Application

Objective:To evaluate the pharmacodynamic properties, efficacy, safety, and clinical application of insulin glulisine, a rapid-acting insulin analog, in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in ambulatory and hospitalized patients.Data Sources:Searches were performed with the headings glulisine, insulin analog, [LysB3, GluB29] insulin, insulin glulisine, rDNA insulin, rapid-acting insulin, SoloStar, safety, efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and cost analysts within MEDLINE and PubMed, American Diabetes Association (ADA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Sanofi-aventis Pharmaceuticals (1990–August 2008).Study Selection and Data Extraction:Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and postmarketing trials examining the efficacy and safety of glulisine in type 1 or type 2 diabetes were reviewed. Studies published as abstracts and the manufacturer's product information supplemented data absent from clinical trials.Data Synthesis:Insulin glulisine is a rapid-acting insulin with relative equivalence in efficacy and safety t...
A sheaf-theoretic description of Khovanov's knot homology

We give a description of Khovanov's knot homology theory in the language of sheaves. To do this, we identify two cohomology theories associated to a commutative diagram of abelian groups indexed by elements of the cube {0, 1}n. The first is obtained by taking the cohomology groups of the chain complex constructed by summing along the diagonals of the cube and inserting signs to force d2 = 0. The second is obtained by regarding the commutative diagram as a sheaf on the cube (in the order-filter topology) and considering sheaf cohomology with supports. Included is a general study of sheaves on finite posets, and a review of some basic properties of knot homology in the language of sheaves.
Competing Technologies of Embodiment: Pan-Asian Modernity and Third World Dependency in Vietnam’s Contemporary Sex Industry

This article illustrates how the circulation of capital and culture in Asia produces divergent embodied gendered ideals of national belonging through the case of Vietnam’s global sex industry. Introducing the concept of competing technologies of embodiment, I show how sex workers’ surgical and cosmetic bodily projects represent different perceptions of an emerging nation’s divergent trajectories in the global economy. In a high-end niche market that caters to local elite Vietnamese businessmen, sex workers project a new pan-Asian modernity highlighting emergent Asian ideals of beauty in a project of progress that signals the rise of Asia. Women who cater to Western men, in contrast, embody Third World dependency, portraying Vietnam as a poverty-stricken country in need of Western charity. By comparing multiple markets, I illustrate how individual agents in the developing world actively reimagine their nation’s place in the global economy through their embodied practices.
Microtubules as a Target in Cancer Therapy

Drugs that target cellular microtubules are some of the most important agents used in the treatment of adult and pediatric cancers. This chapter aims to provide an overview of diverse microtubule targeting agents, including microtubule stabilizers and destabilizers, and describes how these agents bind to tubulin/microtubules and suppress microtubule dynamics leading to defects in mitotic spindle function, mitotic arrest, and initiation of apoptosis. Although the microtubule and antimitotic effects of these agents are the focus of this chapter, there is evidence to suggest that the anticancer actions of these agents are multifactorial, which may contribute to their pleiotropic biological activities. The emphasis of this chapter is on microtubule targeting drugs that are currently used clinically for cancer therapy as well as agents that are being evaluated in clinical trials. A few agents in preclinical development that have a unique binding site or mechanism of action are also described.
Total body surface area overestimation at referring institutions in children transferred to a burn center.

Total body surface area (TBSA) burned is a powerful descriptor of burn severity and influences the volume of resuscitation required in burn patients. The incidence and severity of TBSA overestimation by referring institutions (RIs) in children transferred to a burn center (BC) are unclear. The association between TBSA overestimation and overresuscitation is unknown as is that between TBSA overestimation and outcome. The trauma registry at a BC was queried over 7.25 years for children presenting with burns. TBSA estimate at RIs and BC, total fluid volume given before arrival at a BC, demographic variables, and clinical variables were reviewed. Nearly 20 per cent of children arrived from RIs without TBSA estimation. Nearly 50 per cent were overestimated by 5 per cent or greater TBSA and burn sizes were overestimated by up to 44 per cent TBSA. Average TBSA measured at BC was 9.5 ± 8.3 per cent compared with 15.5 ± 11.8 per cent as measured at RIs (P Language: en
Engineering Risk Analysis

“Risk” according to Webster’s dictionary means a “danger” or “hazard.” Risk is always associated with an undesirable event which can produce harmful consequences. Risk involves both the frequency of the undesirable event and the severity of the consequences. When we say nuclear reactor risk is too large, we mean the frequency of accidents is too large or the consequences of the accidents are too severe — or both.
Le dynamisme de l'éducation, du mariage et de la profession de la femme dans "Le printemps désespéré" et "Violets"

"Le printemps desespere" et "Violets" sont deux oeuvres redigees par deux ecrivains d'origine arabe: Fettouma Touati, romanciere algerienne francophone et Ghalib Hamzah Abu al-Faraj, un ecrivain seoudien. Les affinites qui decoulent de ces deux recits sont multiples malgre leurs differences geographiques, culturelles, ideologiques, linguistiques, et litteraires. Bien que l'Algerie et l'Arabie Seoudite appartiennent au Monde Arabe, le passe historique et culturel de chaque nation commande la redaction de son recit aussi bien que les principes, le comportement et l'attitude de leurs heroines respectives."
Entrepreneurship in Creative Capitalism: Revisiting An Opportunity Recognition Model

The “profit-seeking potential venture” is a common theme in entrepreneurship literature (e.g. Hulbert, et al. 1997, Christensen, Madsen, and R. Peterson, 1989, Singh, 2000). The mindset of “profit-seeking” is widely accepted by scholars, researchers, and entrepreneurs since we operate on capitalism system in which profit is the only driver to start a business (Friedman, 1970). However, an emerging school of thought has been growing rapidly in the literature, which Gates (2008) called “creative capitalism”. Creative capitalism is a system where self- interest and caring for others come together hand in hand to serve the interest of entrepreneur and society (Gates, 2008). Creative capitalism is a way to expand the market to include its long ignored segment “Bottom Of the Pyramid” (Prahalad, 2006). Using the Bhave (1994) model of opportunity recognition, the purpose of this paper is to explore the how entrepreneurs in creative capitalism recognize an opportunity.
On the micromechanics theory of Reissner-Mindlin plates

A micromechanics model is developed for the Reissner-Mindlin plate. A generalized eigenstrain formulation, i.e., an eigencurvature/eigen-rotation formulation, is proposed, which is the analogue or counterpart of the eigenstrain formulation in linear elasticity. The micromechanics model of the Reissner-Mindlin plate is useful in the study of mechanical behavior of composite plates that contain randomly distributed inhomogeneities, whose sizes are close to the order of thickness of the plate; under those circumstances, the use of micromechanics of linear elasticity is not justified, and moreover, it is inconsistent with structural theories, such as the Reissner-Mindlin plate theory, that are actually used in engineering design. In this paper, the analytical solution of an elliptical inclusion embedded in an infinite thick plate is sought. In particular, the first order asymptotic (or approximated) solution of the elliptical inclusion problem is obtained in explicit form. Accordingly, the Eshelby tensors of the Reissner-Mindlin plate are derived, which relate eigencurvature and eigen-rotation to the induced curvature and shear deformation fields. Several variational inequalities of the Reissner-Mindlin plate are discussed and derived, including the comparison variational principles of Hashin-Shtrikman/Talbot-Willis, type. As an application, variational bounds are derived to estimate the effective elastic stiffness of Reissner-Mindlin plates, specifically, the flexural rigidity and transverse shear modulus. The newly derived bounds are congruous with the Reissner-Mindlin plate theory, and they provide an optimal estimation on effective rigidity as well as effective transverse shear modulus for unstructured composite thick plates.
Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism in South Australia

Neonatal hypothyroidism is difficult to detect by clinical examination of the newborn baby. Undetected, it usually results in mental and physical retardation. The earlier the diagnosis is made, and treatment instituted, the better the outlook for normal development. Screening for low thyroxine levels was carried out using a modified Larsen radioimmunoassay method on a 3 mm disc of chromatography paper on which blood samples had been collected by heel stab at 5 days of age. This programme was commenced in February 1977. By April 1977, a T.S.H. method (Phadebas kit) was introduced using an 8 mm blood spot. The samples selected for T.S.H. measurement were those in the lowest 10th percentile of each thyroxine screen batch. The incorporation of the T.S.H. screen greatly reduced the number of patients recalled from 1% to 1 in 2500. By August 1978, approximately 30,000 newborns had been screened. In this sample, 5 cases of primary neonatal hypothyroidism and 3 cases of thyroxine binding globulin deficiency had been detected.
The action of intravenous ethanol on gastric secretion.

SummaryIn conscious dogs, intravenous infusion of ethanol stimulated gastric acid secretion both from the gastric fistula and from the Heidenhain pouch and stimulated pepsin secretion from the fistula but not from the pouch. Acute cervical vagal block with infiltration anesthesia had no effect on ethanol-stimulated gastric secretion. After ganglionic blockade (pentolinium tartrate) ethanol stimulated neither acid nor pepsin secretion from the fistula. Ethanol did not stimulate gastric secretion when the antrum was acidified with 0.1 N HCl. From these experiments, it was concluded that intravenous ethanol stimulated gastric secretion in the main by liberating antral gastrin.
FRI0261 B cell stimulating cytokines baff, IL-21 and IL-33 mrna expression are elevated coordinately in active rnp autoantibody+ sle

Background We examined a cohort of 79 consecutive patients classified as anti-ribonuclear protein (anti-RNP)+ systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). All patients provided RNA samples obtained after providing informed consent. There were 73 female and 6 male subjects. Disease duration ranged from 0 to 453 months with a median of 37.5 months. SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) ranged from 0 to 31 with a median of 6. The goal of this study was to characterize gene expression profiles in active and inactive RNP autoantibody+ SLE versus healthy blood donors. Methods Gene expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix microarrays on 79 patients and 30 healthy blood donors. mRNA from the 109 samples passed quality control and were analyzed using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 expression arrays to determine gene expression, and data were compared after normalization using Robust Multichip Average algorithm. Statistical analyses were performed using two-sample t-test or univariate regression analysis. Results BAFF, IL-21, IL-33, and CXCL13 mRNA expression was significantly higher in patients versus healthy controls (p Conclusions There was elevation of mRNA expression for the B cell stimulatory cytokines BAFF, IL-21 and IL-33 in active RNP+ SLE supporting the concept that these are potentially important therapeutic targets for treatment of SLE in the presence of autoantibodies. In addition, the observed differences of mRNA expression of factors influencing B cell migration and trafficking, ICOS and CXCL13-CXCR5, and the apparent coordinate change of these with other B cell stimulator cytokines (BAFF, IL-21 and IL-33) in active SLE suggests that these may also be of importance in disease pathogenesis. Disclosure of Interest : E. Greidinger Consultant for: Eli Lilly & Company, J. Pignac-Kobinger: None Declared, A. Garza Romero: None Declared, N. Perumal Shareholder of: Eli Lilly & Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly & Company, V. Kondragunta Shareholder of: Eli Lilly & Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly & Company, R. Hoffman Shareholder of: Eli Lilly & Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly & Company
Efficient Förster resonance energy transfer in 1,2,3-triazole linked BODIPY-Zn(II) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin donor-acceptor arrays.

Cu(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactivity was successfully employed to synthesize three donor–acceptor energy transfer (EnT) arrays that contain one (Dyad), three (Tetrad) and four (Pentad) 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) donors connected to a Zn-tetraphenylporphyrin acceptor via 1,2,3-triazole linkages. The photophysical properties of the three arrays, along with individual donor and acceptor chromophores, were investigated by UV–vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetimes, and density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure modeling. Comparison of the UV–vis absorption spectra and frontier molecular orbitals from DFT calculations of the three arrays with ZnTPP, ZnTTrzlP, and Trzl-BODIPY shows that the electronic structure of the chromophores is essentially unperturbed by the 1,2,3-triazole linkage. Time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations on the Dyad reproduce the absorption spectra in THF and show no evidence of excited state mixing of th...
Lack of Mammalian Pathogenicity of Entomocidal Isolates of Bacillus sphaericus

Bacillus sphaericus strains SSII-1, 1404-9, and 1593-4 were tested for mammalian pathogenicity and infectivity. Mice, rats, and rabbits were injected by various routes including intracerebral, intraocular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal in order to maximize the opportunity for the bacteria to behave as mammalian pathogens. High doses of viable or autoclaved bacteria injected intracerebrally, intraocularly or subcutaneously produced mild lesions near the injection sites. No animals died and there were no disseminated lesions. Bacteria could be recovered 2 wk after intracerebral injection but quantitative recovery studies showed a precipitous decline in recoverable organisms by 5 days after injection. About 10 organisms/lOOmg of brain persisted for another 8–10 days after which the brains were sterile. The data show that all B. sphaericus strains tested were avirulent for the mammals tested. It is concluded that these organisms are highly unlikely to be hazardous for man.
A comparative analysis of network mutation burdens across 21 tumor types augments discovery from cancer genomes

Heterogeneity across cancer makes it difficult to find driver genes with intermediate (2-20%) and low frequency (<2%) mutations, and we are potentially missing entire classes of networks (or pathways) of biological and therapeutic value. Here, we quantify the extent to which cancer genes across 21 tumor types have an increased burden of mutations in their immediate gene network derived from functional genomics data. We formalize a classifier that accurately calculates the significance level of a gene’s network mutation burden (NMB) and show it can accurately predict known cancer genes and recently proposed driver genes in the majority of tested tumours. Our approach predicts 62 putative cancer genes, including 35 with clear connection to cancer and 27 genes, which point to new cancer biology. NMB identifies proportionally more (4x) low-frequency mutated genes as putative cancer genes than gene-based tests, and provides molecular clues in patients without established driver mutations. Our quantitative and comparative analysis of pan-cancer networks across 21 tumour types gives new insights into the biological and genetic architecture of cancers and enables additional discovery from existing cancer genomes. The framework we present here should become increasingly useful with more sequencing data in the future.
Effect of land consolidation project on detention of Oncomelania hupensis snails in flood at Yangtze River beach

OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of land consolidation project on the detention of Oncomelania hupensis snails in the flood at the Yangtze River beach. METHODS The land consolidation project including removing wild willow groves, cutting the high and filling the low, and improving the slope was carried out at the Yangtze River beach in 2011, and the status of snails was investigated before and after the project, respectively, at the end of the flood season. RESULTS Before the project (2010), at the end of the flood season, the rate of the frames with snails was 96.5% and the snail density was 3.655/0.1 m2. After the project (2012), at the end of the flood season in the same area, the rate of the frames with snails was 2.0% and the snail density was 0.015/0.1 m2 (chi2 = 357.29, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The land consolidation has a significant effect on the detention of snails in the flood at the Yangtze River beach.
An application of sensor and streaming analytics to oil production

At HP Labs, we are building "Live Operational Intelligence (Live OI) System" -- a system that ingests streams of operational data generated by multiple sources such as sensors and operational logs, and provides the operational staff real time insights in terms of suggested actions, event correlations, predictions, root cause analysis and visualization. In a Live OI framework some models are learnt offline and then deployed online, and some models are learnt online. Live OI system also supports querying of historical data to find past occurrences of patterns and suggested actions, and a dashboard for humans to monitor and interact with the operational system. This paper describes the highlights of the Live OI system as applied to monitoring oil production operation, through the discussion of use cases.
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF LIVING-RELATED LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

The success of liver transplantation as a clinical therapy has led to a critical shortage of donor livers. The ethical basis for living-related liver transplantation (LRT) has been extensively studied and is outlined in this article. LRT has been performed with high success rates at several centers in the industrialized world and can be considered routinely for children needing livers. Extension of this procedure to adults will represent an important innovation and is currently under study.
Role of protein kinase C in beta 2-adrenoceptor function in cultured rat proximal tubule epithelial cells

Renal sodium excretion is regulated by the adrenergic system. We recently demonstrated the presence of functional beta 2-adrenoceptors (beta 2-AR) in cultured rat proximal tubule epithelial cells b...
Fracture Design for Structural Steels

Fracture mechanics had found wide application in many engineering designs prior to 1968. The catastrophic failure on December 15, 1967, of the Point Pleasant Bridge, an eyebar chain suspension bridge over the Ohio River connecting Ohio and West Virginia, and the subsequent questions raised by the Federal and State Governments helped thrust mechanics upon the designer of steel structures. Structural grades of steel, typified by yield strengths between 36 ksi (248 MN/m2) and 120 ksi (827 MN/m2), heretofore considered immune to fracture in terms of normal usage, were suddenly suspect. This chapter sets forth some of the fracture mechanics related problems associated with structural grade steels within the specific framework of bridge design. To this end basic crack initiation, subcritical crack propagation, and fracture behavior of structural grade steels are presented. Furthermore, to illustrate how fracture mechanics currently affects bridge design with structural steels, the current fatigue design rules and toughness requirements for bridge steels of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials are given and discussed. Some of the results of research on fatigue and fracture of structural steels at Lehigh University over the past five years are also presented. Finally, comments are made as to some of the directions fracture mechanics and structural steel design might take in the near future.
Massive ovarian edema, due to adjacent appendicitis

Massive ovarian edema is a benign clinical entity, the imaging findings of which can mimic an adnexal mass or ovarian torsion. In the setting of acute abdominal pain, identifying massive ovarian edema is a key in avoiding potential fertility-threatening surgery in young women. In addition, it is important to consider other contributing pathology when ovarian edema is secondary to another process. We present a case of a young woman presenting with subacute abdominal pain, whose initial workup revealed marked enlarged right ovary. Further imaging, diagnostic tests, and eventually diagnostic laparoscopy revealed that the ovarian enlargement was secondary to subacute appendicitis, rather than a primary adnexal process. We review the classic ultrasound and MRI imaging findings and pitfalls that relate to this diagnosis.
Preliminary results on elimination of secondary phases in Cd 1−x Zn x Te using MVB growth

Reducing the amount of secondary phases in as grown Cd 1−x Zn x Te material is one of the biggest challenges in modern crystal growth industry. Results of the post processing experiments as well as its short comes would be described in this paper. Consequences of various experiments performed to decrease the amount of secondary phases by changing the initial charge compositions and the growth parameters would be discussed and statistics would be shown.
The War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714

This new book by James Falkner has as its cover an evocative colour image of the attack on the galleons in Vigo Bay in 1702. The publisher’s blurb declares it to be a ‘major new study of the war th...
Evolution or Integration? What is the current state of library services for distance learners?

ABSTRACTAre services that were once intended to be exclusively available to the distance learning population now typically available for all users in a university community? This article seeks to investigate this question using two different methods. First, an unobtrusive study of 100 library Websites was conducted to determine whether these libraries offer distinct services such as delivery of materials, instruction, research guides, or dedicated library personnel for off-campus users, and whether there is any differentiation between services for on- and off-campus populations. Second, two surveys were conducted to gather information from library staff about services and access methods provided to distance learners. Results showed some disconnect between information on library Websites versus information reported by library staff members. In addition, there appears to be more integration of services in the area of instruction and reference assistance than in delivery of materials.