cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Networks Research in Higher Education

We review the literature on social networks research in higher education from an analytic and an empirical perspective. Analytically, we find a bifurcated literature: a faculty-focused side explores the mechanisms of collaborative network formation and its influence on productivity, while a separate, student-focused side investigates mechanisms leading to interracial connections and the peer influence of dorm-mates on student outcomes. Empirically, we document the several social science fields that generate much of the work in this area. While the number of papers in this area has grown, there is no recognizable research community. Rather, there are several distinct research foci, hailing from differing disciplinary traditions, each with their own styles of analysis. Underdeveloped is a line of work that studies the university system as a whole composed of multiple network actors (staff, parents, students, faculty, administrators) and a line of work that regards larger network actors like teams, departments, and universities.
Kindness Is Society

In the second meeting of a graduate seminar on culture and disability, a PhD student shared his reflections over the readings of the week. It soon became obvious that he had not read the assigned readings. He was sharing his reflections about the topic of the week, under- and over-representation of racial minority students in special education programs (i.e., disproportionality). Almost instantly the student drew a direct causal link between minority students’ background and the higher levels of risk for academic failure and disabilities.
Biologically Inspired beyond Neural: Benefits of Multiple Modeling Levels

Biologically inspired cognitive architectures can adopt distinct levels of abstraction, from symbolic theories to neural implementations. Despite or perhaps because of those widely different approaches, they can constrain and benefit from each other in multiple ways. The first type of synergy occurs when a higher-level theory is implemented in terms of lower-level mechanisms, bringing implementational constraints to bear on functional abstractions. For instance, the ACT-RN neural network implementation constrained future developments of the ACT-R production system cognitive architecture in biologically plausible directions. The second type of synergy is when cognitive architectures at distinct levels are combined, leading to capabilities that woudn’t be readily available in either modeling paradigm in isolation. The SAL hybrid architecture, a Synthesis of the ACT-R cognitive architecture and the Leabra neural architecture, provides an illustration through its combination of high-level control and low-level perception. The third type of synergy results when the same task or phenomena are modeled at different levels, bringing insights and constraints across levels. Models of the sensemaking processes developed in both ACT-R and Leabra illustrate the deep correspondence between mechanisms at the symbolic, subsymbolic and neural levels.
Follicular phase treatment of luteal phase dysfunction

Previously, we demonstrated that selective suppression of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in monkeys treated with charcoal-extracted porcine follicular fluid (pFF) in the early follicular phase induced luteal defects resembling those which occur spontaneously in women and monkeys. Here, we assessed whether luteal phase defects arising in association with induced FSH deficiencies during the early follicular phase can be treated by early FSH therapy. Rhesus monkeys were treated with pFF and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) (FSH:luteinizing hormone [LH], 3:1) on cycle days 1 to 3 or day 4, respectively. Daily femoral blood samples were analyzed for LH, FSH, and estradiol by radioimmunoassay. In the monkeys treated with the pFF-hMG combination, a single ovulation was uniformly noted at laparoscopy, and initial luteal phase elevations in serum progesterone levels were nearer those of normal ovulatory cycles than after pFF alone. These results suggest that FSH/LH treatment in the early follicular phase compensated, in part, for the pFF-induced deficiency in endogenous FSH levels.
Rotavirus vaccination and short-term risk of adverse events in US infants.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term risk of adverse events associated with rotavirus vaccine (RV) in infants, overall and by vaccine formulation (three-dose pentavalent, RV5; two-dose monovalent, RV1). Methods We identified US newborns with commercial insurance during 2006-2014 receiving a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTaP) dose and assessed if RV was administered concurrently. We followed infants for 30 days after each dose for diagnoses of intussusception, other gastrointestinal events, seizures, Kawasaki disease, thrombocytopenia, otitis media, all-cause emergency department visits, and all-cause hospitalisations. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with multivariable Cox proportional hazards models comparing: (a) those receiving DTaP+RV vs those receiving DTaP alone; and (b) RV5 vs RV1. Analyses were performed separately within DTaP doses and then meta-analysed across doses. Results We identified 1 031 431 first DTaP doses, 821 833 second doses, and 615 293 third doses; 79.2% had a concurrent RV, 94.1% of which were RV5. Absolute risks of serious outcomes were very low. Compared to infants who received DTaP alone, infants who received RV+DTaP did not experience consistently increased risk of intussusception (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68, 1.88) or any other outcome except for otitis media after dose 2: HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08, 1.15. This increased otitis media risk was not as pronounced in RV5 when comparing RV5 to RV1; HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89, 0.95. Conclusions These data were not consistent with an increased risk of intussusception or other adverse events following vaccination with RV, except potentially for a small increased risk of otitis media, particularly in RV1.
Commercial Claims–Based Comparison of Survival and Toxic Effects of Definitive Radiotherapy vs Primary Surgery in Patients With Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Importance Definitive radiotherapy (RT) and primary surgery (PS) are considered to be equally viable local therapy modalities for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The comparative effectiveness of these therapies is often debated, and treatment decisions are based on a paucity of comparative data. Objective To examine the differences in overall survival and key toxic effects in patients with OPSCC treated with RT and PS. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort analysis used the HealthCore Integrated Research Database to identify 884 patients diagnosed with OPSCC from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2014. Patients were categorized as receiving definitive RT (with or without chemotherapy) or PS (with or without adjuvant RT or chemoradiotherapy). Administrative claims data were linked with state cancer registries from California, Connecticut, Georgia, Kentucky, New York, and Ohio. Data analysis was performed from February 29, 2016, to February 6, 2018. Exposures Definitive RT or PS. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall survival was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Risks of gastrostomy dependence, esophageal stricture, and osteoradionecrosis were determined through claims and analyzed using logistic regression. Results A total of 884 patients (608 [68.8%] in the RT group and 276 [31.2%] in the PS group; mean [SD] age, 61.5 [10.7] years; 727 [82.2%] male; 842 [95.3%] white) were included in this study. The 3-year overall survival was 76% among patients treated with RT and 81% among patients treated with PS (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.54-1.01). On multivariable analysis, increasing age, female sex, and low income were associated with inferior survival; treatment type was not. Patients treated with RT were more likely to have gastrostomy dependence within the first year (391 [64.3%] vs 127 [46.0%]; adjusted OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42-0.77). After treating chemotherapy as an effect modifier, there was no difference between modalities. Treatment type was not associated with esophageal stricture or osteoradionecrosis risk. Mean costs were approximately $100 000 for payers and $5000 for patients, with no adjusted differences between RT and PS. Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that RT and PS are equally viable treatment options for OPSCC; therefore, local therapy decisions may be individualized to each patient. However, the frequent addition of chemotherapy was associated with increased gastrostomy dependence among patients undergoing RT, which may be relevant in clinical decision making.
Reading Disabilities in Adolescents and Adults

Purpose Reading skills continue to develop into adolescence and adulthood. Difficulties in reading have lifelong repercussions. Many speech-language pathologists who work with older individuals in ...
Developmental changes in functional brain networks from birth through adolescence

Investigation of the brain connectome using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and measures derived from graph theory analysis has emerged as a new approach to study brain development, cognitive function, and neurophysiological disorders. Here we use graph theory analysis to examine the influence of age, sex, and neurocognitive measures on developmental changes to the global and regional topology of functional brain networks derived from fMRI data recorded in 189 healthy subjects from the age of 0-18 years during rest. We observed that Global Efficiency and Rich-Club coefficient increased with age and Local Efficiency and Small-Worldness decreased with age, while Modularity at the global level showed an inverted U-shaped trajectory during development. Marginally significant differences were observed in Local Efficiency, Small-Worldness, and Modularity at a global level between boys and girls throughout development. We also examine the effects of neurocognitive measures in boys and girls globally and locally. Our results provide new insight to understand brain maturation of functional brain connectome and its relation to cognitive development from birth through adolescence.
Saturday night retinopathy and anterograde amnesia due to fentanyl overdose

Early identification of Saturday night retinopathy and anterograde amnestic syndrome secondary to the opioid epidemic can prevent unnecessary treatments including antibiotics, anticoagulation, and antithrombotic therapy.
What Counts Too Much and Too Little as Math

Gerry was a Vietnam veteran who had bounced around VA hospitals for a few years before he found his way to the school for adults where I was working. My job was essentially a kind of educational triage. My role at the school was to get students into educational and training programs and to help them establish themselves in these programs, since most had been out of school for a long time.
In Vitro Adhesion, Invasion, and Transcytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Host Cells

Physical interactions of bacteria with host cells are often a principal aspect of bacterial pathogenesis. In the case of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), which does not produce a secreted toxin, adhesion to and/or invasion of host cells is necessary for colonization of the nasopharynx and subsequently to cause opportunistic disease in its human host. Knowledge of how pneumococci interact with host cells thereby helps to explain its biology and may identify potential targets for intervention. One of the simplest, yet powerful, assays that can be leveraged to dissect the molecular basis of this vital host-pathogen interaction is the in vitro adhesion and invasion assay. Among many key results, this assay has been used to discover the bacterial and host determinants involved in bacterial attachment, identify host signaling networks required for uptake of the bacteria into an endosome, and the characterization of the intracellular trafficking machinery that is subverted by Spn during development of bacteremia and meningitis. These assays have also been used to characterize the epithelial, endothelial, and/or immune cell response to these bacteria, and to learn how pneumococci disperse from an established biofilm to a planktonic phenotype to colonize another niche and/or transmit. Herein, we will review this protocol, highlighting how simple changes in the bacterial strain or host cell line can elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms for Spn virulence.
Are transitions to self-employment beneficial?

Abstract Much research has been conducted studying entry into self-employment and the corresponding rewards and consequences of self-employment on earnings. The literature finds mixed results regarding whether workers enter self-employment to maximize their pecuniary or their non-pecuniary benefits. This paper suggests that whether workers are able to increase their pecuniary or non-pecuniary benefits in self-employment depends on their motivations for entering self-employment in the first place. This study uses longitudinal NSF SESTAT data on over 28,000 scientists and engineers to track employment changes and changes in work outcomes over time for the same individuals. The research examines changes in pecuniary and non-pecuniary work outcomes when wage workers transition to self-employment, compared to those who do not change employers, as well as to those who change employers but do not transition to self-employment. This allows a deeper look at the implications of different types of mobility on work outcomes. The findings show that in general those who transition to self-employment experience improvements in their non-pecuniary outcomes but not in their pecuniary outcomes, however the results do differ depending on the motivation for moving. Using job satisfaction as a proxy measure for non-pecuniary benefits, this paper finds that while those who enter self-employment from wage work do generally improve their job satisfaction, job satisfaction rises for all movers, not just for those who enter self-employment.
Are Adolescents and Young Adults (AYA) with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Receiving Pediatric or Adult ALL Regimens: A Population-Based Statewide Evaluation of the Approach to AYA ALL across Pediatric and Adult Cancer Centers

Abstract Background: Abundant evidence suggests that AYA with ALL have improved outcomes when treated following pediatric-inspired, as opposed to adult, ALL chemotherapy regimens. Given the complexity of pediatric ALL protocols, it is unclear whether this approach has been universally accepted by medical oncologists treating AYA ALL patients across the population. Methods: The population-based California Cancer Registry (CCR) was used to evaluate socio-demographics, location of ALL induction therapy (adult- vs pediatric-setting), and therapies administered to AYAs (15-39 years) with ALL newly diagnosed and treated in the state of California between 2004-2014. Specific ALL regimens were determined through abstraction of registry treatment text fields. Facility volume was defined as AYA ALL inductions per year and categorized by quartiles (≥7/year highest and Results: Of 1591 AYAs with ALL, 61% were treated in an adult oncology-setting and 28% were treated in a pediatric-setting. Treatment setting could not be determined in 11% (n=175) of patients who were excluded from additional analyses. 32% of patients were 15-18 years, 39% were 19-29 years, and 29% were 30-39 years. The majority of patients were males (64%), of Hispanic race/ethnicity (64%), and had public (46%) or private (44%) insurance. AYAs who were younger (P Conclusions: Our population-level findings demonstrate that AYAs with ALL across the state of California are most commonly treated in adult oncology community settings where the volume of AYA ALL patients seen on a yearly basis is frequently very low. Strikingly, as recently as 2014, AYAs with ALL continue to be treated predominantly with adult ALL regimens. Receipt of pediatric-inspired ALL regimens is significantly more likely if AYAs with ALL receive treatment at NCI-designated cancer centers and/or centers that treat a higher yearly volume of AYA ALL patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Intravenous unfractionated heparin dosing in obese patients using anti-Xa levels

There is limited guidance on intravenous dosing of unfractionated heparin in obese patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a standard unfractionated heparin (UFH) protocol in obese patients based on total body weight (TBW) or adjusted body weight (ABW) to reach two consecutive therapeutic anti-Xa levels. This was a retrospective observational cohort study conducted in a large academic medical center. Adults received a standard UFH protocol between January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015. Inclusion criteria included age ≥ 18 years of age, weight ≥ 100 kg with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, and received intravenous UFH. Patients were excluded if they received an alternative UFH protocol, received < 24 h of the standard UFH protocol, or had inadequate compliance to protocol. Out of the 131 patients included, 109 patients reached two consecutive therapeutic UFH levels within 96 h. The average time to two consecutive therapeutic UFH levels was 29.4 h and 27.6 h in patients dosed by TBW and ABW, respectively (95% CI − 4.63 to 8.11; P = 0.93). Safety outcomes included major bleeding, overt bleeding, or death events between patients dosed by TBW compared to ABW, (p = 0.61, p = 1.0, p = 1.0, respectively). Dosing intravenous UFH based on TBW or ABW resulted in similar times to therapeutic anti-Xa levels and safety outcomes. The data provided suggests using either TBW or ABW in obese patients is as effective and safe to use.
Measurement and analysis of clothes dryer air leakage

Clothes dryer appliances are sold globally in the tens of millions each year. Both vented and ventless types are common and are heated by combustion, electric resistance, or electric heat pumps. In...
Performative contortions: How White women and people of colour navigate elite leadership roles

How do non‐traditional leaders negotiate their entrance and inclusion in elite leadership roles? This study explores the intentional strategies used by non‐traditional leaders to obtain and sustain elite leadership positions. While previous research has documented the barriers that limit the advancement of White women and people of colour, this study extends our understanding to the deliberate, intentional strategies outsiders use to negotiate their entrance to and inclusion in elite leadership roles. We use Bourdieu’s concept of habitus and Puwar’s bodies out of place perspective to analyse the ‘performative contortions’ of outsiders who occupy elite roles. Our analysis relies on 32 in‐depth interviews with White women and men and women of colour who occupy senior leadership positions in large organizations. Our findings uncover a range of embodied, cultural and interactional strategies outsiders employ to gain entrance to top positions and thus reveal the ways gender and race are embedded in the ‘hidden curriculum’ of elite organizations. The ongoing labour required of organizational outsiders to negotiate their own inclusion sheds light on the continuing failure of current efforts to achieve equity and inclusion among elite leadership ranks.
Electromagnetic Signals of Inelastic Dark Matter Scattering

Light dark sectors in thermal contact with the Standard Model naturally produce the observed relic dark matter abundance and are the targets of a broad experimental search program. A key light dark sector model is the pseudo-Dirac fermion with a dark photon mediator. The dynamics of the fermionic excited states are often neglected. We consider scenarios in which a nontrivial abundance of excited states is produced and their subsequent de-excitation yields interesting electromagnetic signals in direct detection experiments. We study three mechanisms of populating the excited state: a primordial excited fraction, a component up-scattered in the sun, and a component up-scattered in the Earth. We find that the fractional abundance of primordial excited states is generically depleted to exponentially small fractions in the early universe. Nonetheless, this abundance can produce observable signals in current dark matter searches. MeV-scale dark matter with thermal cross sections and higher can be probed by down-scattering following excitation in the sun. Up-scatters of GeV-scale dark matter in the Earth can give rise to signals in current and upcoming terrestrial experiments and X-ray observations. We comment on the possible relevance of these scenarios to the recent excess in XENON1T.
DeepCryoPicker: fully automated deep neural network for single protein particle picking in cryo-EM

Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) is widely used in the determination of the three-dimensional (3D) structures of macromolecules. Particle picking from 2D micrographs remains a challenging early step in the Cryo-EM pipeline due to the diversity of particle shapes and the extremely low signal-to-noise ratio of micrographs. Because of these issues, significant human intervention is often required to generate a high-quality set of particles for input to the downstream structure determination steps. Here we propose a fully automated approach (DeepCryoPicker) for single particle picking based on deep learning. It first uses automated unsupervised learning to generate particle training datasets. Then it trains a deep neural network to classify particles automatically. Results indicate that the DeepCryoPicker compares favorably with semi-automated methods such as DeepEM, DeepPicker, and RELION, with the significant advantage of not requiring human intervention. Our framework combing supervised deep learning classification with automated un-supervised clustering for generating training data provides an effective approach to pick particles in cryo-EM images automatically and accurately.
Estratégias para a revitalização de línguas ameaçadas e a realidade brasileira

It is time to face the demands by speakers of Brazilian indigenous languages. 2019 was the International Year of Indigenous Languages and, given the enormous success of this call for action, in the beginning of 2020, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution to establish the International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022 – 2032). How are we, researchers in academic institutions, going to respond to this call? This paper is an invitation to reflect on how we could definitively establish the area of language revitalization in Brazil. It brings a general view of how this area has been organized in other parts of the world and suggests some themes that could serve as research topics in Linguistics, Anthropology and Education programs. Its bibliography is an introduction to the area to Portuguese speaking readers. Hopefully the discussion presented here will inspire revitalization research projects as well as actions in different language shift contexts in Brazil.
MicrobeAnnotator: a user-friendly, comprehensive microbial genome annotation pipeline

Abstract Summary High-throughput sequencing has increased the number of microbial genomes from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes available. To analyze and compare these genomes, fast and comprehensive annotation pipelines are needed. Although several approaches exist for genome annotation, these are typically not designed for easy incorporation into analysis pipelines, do not combine results from several annotation databases or offer easy-to-use summaries of metabolic reconstructions in a high-throughput mode. Here, we introduce MicrobeAnnotator, a fully automated pipeline for the comprehensive annotation of microbial genomes that combines results from several reference protein databases to reliably summarize the metabolic potential of the genomes based on KEGG modules. Availability MicrobeAnnotator is implemented in Python and is freely available under an open source Artistic Licence 2.0 from https://github.com/cruizperez/MicrobeAnnotator Contact cruizperez3@gatech.edu; kostas@ce.gatech.edu
A cache coherence scheme suitable for massively parallel processors

A new approach to cache coherent networks is proposed and analzyed. This approach is highly scalable, so it is appropriate for massively parallel multiprocessors. The network switches of a MIN are enhanced such that they are capable of handling the majority of the cache coherence burden. The latency for both reads and writes is O(log N) independent of the number of copies. The memory overhead of this approach is O(C log/sup 2/ N).
Click-functionalized hydrogel design for mechanobiology investigations

The advancement of click-functionalized hydrogels in recent years has coincided with rapid growth in the fields of mechanobiology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Click chemistries represent a group of reactions that possess high reactivity and specificity, are cytocompatible, and generally proceed under physiologic conditions. Most notably, the high level of tunability afforded by these reactions enables the design of user-controlled and tissue-mimicking hydrogels in which the influence of important physical and biochemical cues on normal and aberrant cellular behaviors can be independently assessed. Several critical tissue properties, including stiffness, viscoelasticity, and biomolecule presentation, are known to regulate cell mechanobiology in the context of development, wound repair, and disease. However, many questions still remain about how the individual and combined effects of these instructive properties regulate the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, we discuss several click chemistries that have been adopted to design dynamic and instructive hydrogels for mechanobiology investigations. We also chart a path forward for how click hydrogels can help reveal important insights about complex tissue microenvironments.
Improving IT quality: the basics to boost service and cut costs

While IT has been widely used to facilitate right‐sizing, the role of IT in the quality movement has been proven but underutilized. Companies focusing on quality to increase revenues have seen dramatic results, improving products and services severalfold, with half the number of employees. IT has helped those organizations design goods that are easier to manufacture, improve new product cycle time through cross‐functional integration of systems, and use electronic networks to speed up communications internally and with suppliers and customers. Yet most IT departments have been reactive rather than proactive, involved only peripherally in their organization′s total quality programmes. Quality improvement is vital to companies trying to thrive in an increasingly competitive environment, and IT must be a partner in an organization′s efforts to institutionalize quality. A business can begin this effort with several basic steps. Briefly explaining the evolution of the quality movement will help put those steps...
176Lu: An unreliable s-process chronometer.

A level scheme of {sup 176}Lu up to {approximately}1400 keV excitation energy is deduced from a gamma-gamma coincidence experiment and previously published particle transfer data. 170 gamma-ray transitions are placed between 85 levels, confirming many of the previously established levels and some of the decay scheme. A level at 835.5 keV (J{sup {pi}} = 5{sup {minus}}, t{sub 1/2} < 10 ns) decays with substantial strength to both the ground state (7{sup {minus}}, 4.08 {times} 10{sup 10} yr) and the 122.9 keV isomer (1{sup {minus}}, 3.7 hr). The presence of this level guarantees the thermal equilibration of {sup 176}Lu{sup g,m} for temperatures greater than 3 {times} 10{sup 8} K and therefore during s-process nucleosynthesis. The resulting extreme temperature sensitivity of its effective half-life rules out the use of {sup 176}Lu as an s-process chronometer. The use of {sup 176}Lu to determine s-process temperatures is discussed. 30 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.
Two Decades, Three Key Questions, and Evolving Answers in European Consumer Insolvency Law: Responsibility, Discretion, and Sacrifice

This paper surveys the three most salient questions that have engaged policymakers in the last twenty years - and particularly the last ten - of insolvency law in Europe. This period has seen the discussion, emergence, and often multiple reforms of almost every consumer insolvency law in Europe. Consequently, we can now see not only points in time, but the lines that connect numerous points, and the convergence of these lines across Europe over time. Consumer insolvency policy has been in an almost constant state of flux in Europe since the 1990s, and it will likely to continue to be in the years to come. This paper situates the current status of policy in its historical context with an eye toward predicting what the future holds and offering suggestions for evolving policy. Part I untangles the numerous strands of argumentation that supported the adoption of distinct consumer insolvency law across Europe. Part II traces the development of consumer insolvency relief in terms of two intertwined sets of defining characteristics: discretion versus uniformity, and preservation versus destruction of contract rights. Over the last decade, a clear trend has emerged, driven largely by practical concerns, favoring uniformity of treatment and aggressive discharge of debt. Finally, Part III concludes with a brief look at the sacrifices demanded of debtors and the reasons for a gradual softening of these demands, along with the sticky question of state financing for relief in a system where most of the beneficiaries cannot afford to bear the administrative costs of that relief.
The Maturing Semantic Web: Lessons in Web-Scale Knowledge Representation

This paper is an extended abstract of the talk given at ICCS'09. Rules have long been considered as an essential component of knowledge-based systems. We focus here on conceptual graph rules and on the semantically equivalent knowledge constructs in logic and databases, namely rules with existential variables and tuple-generating dependencies. The aim of this presentation is to synthesize main decidability, complexity and algorithmic results obtained on this kind of rules. We emphasize the fact that the graph vision of rules has led to new results.
Using domain knowledge to aid scientific theory revision

Discovery systems must often face the task of revising an initially held theory in order to account for new information. To this end, the REVOLVER system was constructed, employing a set of heuristics to find models of objects (i.e., theories) consistent with initial beliefs (i.e., data) that contain them. When inconsistencies arise, the program performs a hill-climbing search for a new consistent solution. While the program was initially designed to use domain-independent heuristics to evaluate potential revisions and construct consistent theories, scientists often employ knowledge or assumptions of a specific domain in order to help constrain the revision process. This paper describes ways in which domain knowledge has been used to aid hill climbing in REVOLVER. First, new domain assumptions can help improve the search for theories. To illustrate this, I present an example from the domain of particle physics; in this domain and others (e.g., genetics), the addition of a new domain-specific heuristic to the system's evaluation function leads to convergence on a single set of models that replicates historical results. Second, since the program uses previous inference episodes when evaluating revisions, its current theory also influences search. To illustrate this concept, I present new experiments showing how the system's ability to predict new beliefs improves with increasing knowledge.
The Eckles Clovis Site, 14JW4: A Clovis Site in Northern Kansas

Clovis archaeological sites in the central Great Plains are rare. A surface assemblage of Clovis lithics from the Eckles Site in north central Kansas can therefore make a significant contribution to understanding Clovis lithic procurement, landscape use and mobility. The lithic assemblage is unique in that it contains a discarded tool kit and evidence of a newly produced tool kit both made of White River Group silicate that outcrops about 450 km to the west northwest at Flattop Butte in northeast Colorado. A diverse toolkit indicates that the site was a probable camp site near a kill/processing event. Long distance movement of lithic materials to the east southeast and transport of this material in the form of large bifaces is indicated.
The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population

In sexual populations, beneficial mutations that occur in different lineages may be recombined into a single lineage. In asexual populations, however, clones that carry such alternative beneficial mutations compete with one another and, thereby, interfere with the expected progression of a given mutation to fixation. From theoretical exploration of such ‘clonal interference’, we have derived (1) a fixation probability for beneficial mutations, (2) an expected substitution rate, (3) an expected coefficient of selection for realized substitutions, (4) an expected rate of fitness increase, (5) the probability that a beneficial mutation transiently achieves polymorphic frequency (≥ 1%), and (6) the probability that a beneficial mutation transiently achieves majority status. Based on (2) and (3), we were able to estimate the beneficial mutation rate and the distribution of mutational effects from changes in mean fitness in an evolving E. coli population.
The speciation of copper across active gradients in nitrogen‐cycle processes in the eastern tropical South Pacific

Copper (Cu) complexation and distribution were characterized using competitive ligand exchange adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry and isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry along two transects (20°S and 10°S) in the eastern tropical South Pacific. In the southern and westernmost stations, Cu showed upper water column depletion to values as low as ∼ 0.26 nmol L−1, the lowest concentrations ever reported. However, Cu levels were much higher within the secondary nitrite maxima of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the northern (10°S) transect. The enrichment of Cu in the reducing conditions of the OMZ has not been reported before and probably reflects remineralization and offshore transport from the shelf. Free [Cu2+] was typically low throughout the water column, ranging from about 3.15 × 10−15 mol L−1 to 1.34 × 10−13 mol L−1, and depth profiles exhibited similar features to those for dissolved Cu, though they showed more variability near the surface. Offshore and beyond the influence of the OMZ, the lowest dissolved and free [Cu2+] was within the primary nitrite maxima (PNM), where ammonia oxidation and nitrate reduction rates are important. This finding is of interest because the two competing explanations for the PNM—iron limitation of diatoms and high rates of ammonia oxidation relative to nitrite oxidation—have high Cu requirements. The low concentrations of free Cu2+ measured here could impose significant constraints on the rates of these processes.
The Electrophysiological Characteristics of Accessory Pathways in Pediatric Patients with Intermittent Preexcitation

Background Accessory pathways (APs) with intermittent preexcitation (IPX) are thought to be of lower risk, but there are reports of IPX patients presenting with rapidly conducted atrial fibrillation. Methods Retrospective study performed on patients with preexcitation who underwent an electro-physiological study (EPS). IPX was defined as loss of the delta wave on electrocardiogram prior to EPS. Patients with IPX were compared with those with persistent preexcitation (PPX) or suppression of the delta wave on exercise test (IPX-ET). Congenital heart disease and prior ablations were excluded. Results Of 328 patients with preexcitation, 41 (12.5%) had IPX. Patients with IPX or PPX were similar in age (12.9 years vs 13.0 years, P = 0.8) and AP location (left-sided 54% vs 50%, P = 0.7; septal 32% vs 35%, P = 0.4). Testing on isoproterenol was performed in 17 (41%) IPX and 41 (14%) PPX patients. Although IPX patients had a longer median refractory period compared to PPX patients (340 ms vs 310 ms, P = 0.001), the incidence of APs with refractory periods ≤250 ms was similar (10% vs 12%, P = 1.0). Exercise tests were performed on 208 patients and 24 (12%) had IPX-ET. Compared with IPX patients, IPX-ET had similar median AP refractory periods (320 ms, P = 0.4) and incidence of APs with refractory periods ≤250 ms (13%, P = 1.0). Conclusion Patients with IPX had longer AP refractory periods than those with PPX, but the incidence of pathways with refractory periods ≤250 ms was not significantly different. The finding of IPX on a baseline electrocardiogram does not rule out potentially high-risk pathways.
Use of a Clonal Line of Porcine Kidney Cell Cultures for Primary Isolation and Vaccine Studies with Adenoviruses

The clonal line (Y15) of porcine kidney stable cells provided a recovery system for adenovirus T4 from specimens from adults with respiratory illnesses that was as sensitive as human embryo kidney cultures. Adenoviruses T7 from adults, and T1, 2, 3, and 5 from children could be readily isolated in porcine kidney cell cultures. The latter were useful for adenovirus vaccine studies in that infectivity titers of live virus vaccine and neutralization antibody responses after vaccination were equal to those obtained in human embryo kidney cultures.
Considerations for Effective Lidar Deployment by Transportation Agencies

Lidar is becoming increasingly popular across the United States, and state transportation agencies are adopting this technology for practical uses in transportation-related applications. This trend can be seen in the growing number of agencies acquiring lidar scanners and contracting lidar services. The primary factors behind this trend are that (a) surveyors, engineers, and technicians are becoming more educated about and increasingly open to lidar and its applications and (b) lidar is potentially more cost-effective than traditional surveying technologies. Lidar can provide transportation agencies with the benefits of safety, data collection productivity, cost-effectiveness, applicability, high levels of detail, and technological advancement. Many of the more practical uses and benefits of lidar have come to fruition in recent years, and transportation agencies have been more open to its use. However, little more than anecdotal evidence supports when a specific lidar platform should be applied for vario...
Alcohol, Drugs, and Links to Sexual Risk Behaviors among a Sample of Virginia College Students

This project was significant in that it administered the National College Health Risk Behavior Survey (NCHRBS), a health risk assessment, to a sample of students at three public universities in Virginia. Virginia was never included in the original or subsequent nationwide assessments using this instrument. This health risk assessment is comprehensive, easy to administer, and free. The NCHRBS assesses risk behaviors in six categories including: (1) behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries; (2) tobacco use; (3) alcohol and other drug use; (4) sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and STDs, including the HIV infection; (5) unhealthy dietary behaviors; and (6) physical inactivity. This article focuses on student responses to questions about alcohol and other drugs and sexual behaviors linked to the use of these substances. It provided baseline data on health risk behaviors of college students which can help determine wellness/health education course objectives and health promotion programming and services provided to the students within the universities. In addition, this project provided protocol to expand use of the survey statewide.
Residual stress control in TiN/Si coatings deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering

Abstract TiN coatings deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering were used in a case study to determine the relationship between some deposition parameters, such as substrate bias and working gas pressure, and residual stress magnitude in the coatings. The test coatings, ranging in thickness from 1 to 12 μm, were deposited on thin silicon wafers and evaluated for residual stress magnitude and anisotropy, as well as nanohardness. It was found that the properties of TiN coatings could be linked to the stress level, which in turn was strongly affected by the deposition process conditions. The stress–temperature correlations were investigated by subjecting the coatings to a temperature cycle from room temperature to about 100 °C above the maximum deposition temperature. Stress–temperature plots were used to characterize residual stress relaxation in the coatings during post-deposition heat treatment.
131I utilization by the aquarium snail and the cockroach

Abstract 1. 1. Snails and cockroaches were examined by paper chromatography after 2 to 7 days of treatment with 131 I. In both organisms a labeled product was observed which had a mobility similar to that of thyroxine when chromatographed in a collidine-NH 4 OH solvent mixture, but did not coincide with thyroxine nor with any of 7 other thyroid hormone derivatives when chromatographed with two other solvent systems. Our findings do not support the view that thyroid hormone synthesis can occur in these invertebrates. 2. 2. It is suggested that the formation of organic 131 I in these and other invertebrates is due to the oxidizing action of quinones present as part of a mechanism for the hardening of proteinaceous structural organs .
Codes on graphs: recent progress

Abstract This paper surveys the field of “codes on graphs”, from its origins in the work of Gallager and Tanner, through its explosion in 1995–96 due to the rediscovery of LDPC codes and Wiberg's thesis, and up to the present.
Effect of Sex Steroids on β-Endorphin in Hypophyseal Portal Blood

Previous studies in female monkeys have shownthat β-endorphin (β-EP) of hypothalamic origin is present inhigh concentrations in the hypophyseal portal blood and declinesat the time of menses and after ovariectomy. In this study wehave examined the effects of estradiol and progesterone replacementon portal blood β-EP in ovariectomized monkeys. After acute iv administration of estradiol (2 jug), β-EP did not rise frompreviously low levels (<133 pg⁄ml) over the ensuing 3 h. Afterchronic estradiol replacement for 3 weeks, portal β-EP wasdetectable in 2 of 4 ovariectomized monkeys, with peak valuesof 341 and 733 pg⁄ml, respectively. When progesterone as wellas estradiol were replaced chronically, high levels of β-EP, [1610 ± 192 (SE) pg⁄ml] were measured in all 13 portal blood samplescollected from 4 ovariectomized monkeys. The majority of theβ-EP immunoactivity in these samples eluted from a SephadexG-50 column in the same position as synthetic human β-EP.Cation exchange chromatography showed that the majorit...
Asynchronous Binary Compressive Sensing for Wireless Body Sensor Networks

Next-generation Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs) calls for miniaturization and power-efficient integration for long-term monitoring, real-time diagnostics and patient-centered healthcare solutions. However, state-of-the-art WBSN prototypes remain challenged by stringent power constraints and large form factors. The recently proposed asynchronous compressive sensing scheme suggests an efficient way to improve power consumption by reducing the data volume in energy-hungry radio links. In this paper, we present a modified front-end called Asynchronous Binary Compressive Sensing (ABCS) for WBSNs. A low-cost reconstruction method is proposed that exploits the embedded binary signal structure in the ABCS. By incorporating binary amplitude as a prior, better signal recovery performance is obtained comparing with the traditional approaches. Analyses and simulations with an ECG recording confirm the ABCS front-end outperforms the conventional CS approaches in terms of hardware complexity, power consumption and system flexibility.
Brain noradrenergic systems as a prerequisite for developing tolerance to barbiturates

Mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine before they were chronically fed phenobarbital did not develop functional barbiturate tolerance, measured by duration of the loss of righting reflex and hypothermia. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine caused significant depletion of brain norepinephrine, while brain dopamine levels were not significantly depleted. Intact brain noradrenergic systems seem to be necessary for developing tolerance to the hypnotic and hypothermic effects of the barbiturates.
The Impact of Killing on Mental Health Symptoms in Gulf War Veterans

This study examined the impact of killing on posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS), depression,and alcohol use among 317 U.S. Gulf War veterans. Participants were obtained via a national registry ofGulf War veterans and were mailed a survey assessing deployment experiences and postdeploymentmental health. Overall, 11% of veterans reported killing during their deployment. Those who reportedkilling were more likely to be younger and male than those who did not kill. After controlling forperceived danger, exposure to death and dying, and witnessing killing of fellow soldiers, killing was asignificant predictor of PTSS, frequency and quantity of alcohol use, and problem alcohol use. Militarypersonnel returning from modern deployments are at risk of adverse mental health symptoms related tokillinginwar.Postdeploymentmentalhealthassessmentandtreatmentshouldaddressreactionstokillingin order to optimize readjustment.Keywords: killing, veterans, gulf war, PTSD, alcohol
BRIDGING THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS: FORD MLR TRAINING PROGRAM

Community College of Philadelphia's Ford Maintenance and Light Repair (MLR) Program relates strongly to the 2003 Bellwether Award conference theme, Power Plays: Leadership Strategies for a Competit...
Reaction of C60 with Dimethyldioxirane—Formation of an Epoxide and a 1,3‐Dioxolane Derivative

phoric. 2 and 3: THF (8.5 mL) was added to a mixture of 1 (0.58 g, 0.94 mmol) and dry InCI, (0.87 g, 4.10 mmol). The color changed immediately from green to blue. The solution was stirred for 5 min, methanol (1.5 mL) was added, and the mixture was separated on a chromatography column (MPLC column 46 x 2.6 cm. silica gel 40-63 F, eluent THFjmethanol l0jl). Ayellow and a blue fraction that have not yet been able to be characterized were eluted first in low yields. The third violet fraction was treated with AsPh,CI monohydrate (100 mg. 0.229 mmol). thesolvent removed at 10-' mbar, and the residue taken upina mixtureofn-hexane.ethylacetate.andacetone(5:20:15 mL).Theviolet mother liquor was filtered off through a G3 Schlenk filter; at f4 'C 2-(AsPh,), . (CH,),CO precipitates as red-brown crystals. They are separated from the mother liquor by decantation. washed three times with diethyl ether, and dried in vacuum. Yield: 90 mg (X%O, calculated on initial amount of I). correct elemental analyses. The fourth. brown fraction was treated with AsPh,Cl monohydrate (50 mg, 0.115 mmol). the solvent removed at lo-' mbar. and the residue taken up in ethyl acetate. Excess AsPh,CI and KCI remained undissolved. The brown inother liquor was filtered through a G-3 Schlenk filter. At +4T, 3-(AsPh,), precipitated in the form of dark brown crystals. which were separated by decantation from the mother liquor, washed three times with diethyl ether, and dried at lo-' mbar. Yield: 15mg (2%, calculated on initial ainonnt of 1). correct elemental analyses. A light brown residue which cannot be eluted remains on the column.