cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Introduction: Convergence of Science Parks, Centres and Clusters: From Creative Destruction to Creative Reconstruction in a Triple Helix Regime

A series of organisational mechanisms have been invented to foster innovation, typically inspired by the need to facilitate boundary crossing within and among organisations. In the past, many of these initiatives were relatively isolated from each other with, for example, clusters focusing on business development, centres on inter-disciplinary academic research and science parks on hosting RD incorporating aspects of each other’s remits into their own. A Triple Helix dynamic is thus instituted in which university-industry-government collaborations become a driving force for regional economic and social development.
Holding doctors responsible at Guantanamo.

I recently visited the Guantanamo Bay Detention Center with a small group of civilian psychiatrists, psychologists, top military doctors, and Department of Defense health affairs officials to discuss detainee medical and mental health care. The unspoken reason for the invitation to go on this unusual day trip was the bruising criticism the Bush administration has received for its use of psychiatrists and psychologists in the interrogation of suspected terrorist detainees.1 We disembarked from our Navy jet to find an island lush and green from recent storms. A small boat took us from the airfield to the naval hospital. From the boat there was no sign of Camp Delta, where the detainees are actually held. Nor was there a sign of prisons or barbed wire or the detention facility’s 505 inmates. Our host was the commanding officer of Gitmo, Major General Jay W. Hood (an artillery officer by training), who had replaced Major General Geoffrey Miller, implicated in the “migration” of torture methods from Gitmo to Abu Ghraib. Dressed in fatigues, General Hood briefed us using PowerPoint. His intelligence director told us that interrogators have not used harsh “fear up” tactics—the ones designed to terrify—since 2003. We went by bus from the naval hospital to the 30-bed detainee hospital for quick briefings from a psychiatrist and a physician. Still, we were not permitted to see any detainees or hunger strikers, despite our requests. During our six hours on the ground, we had only a fleeting glimpse of a few detainees outside their cellblocks behind barbed wire and screened fences. Indeed, when I got home and saw the play “Guantanamo: Honor Bound to Defend Freedom,” by Victoria Brittain and Gillian Slovo, I had the disquieting feeling that I had absorbed more about detainee life at the theater than I had from actually being at Gitmo. This only amplified my anxiety that what I had heard and seen during my VIP visit sidestepped the central moral issue of whether abuse is still occurring at Gitmo and whether health professionals are, or have been, a party to coercive interrogation.
Screening a fragment cocktail library using ultrafiltration

Ultrafiltration provides a generic method to discover ligands for protein drug targets with millimolar to micromolar Kd, the typical range of fragment-based drug discovery. This method was tailored to a 96-well format, and cocktails of fragment-sized molecules, with molecular masses between 150 and 300 Da, were screened against medical structural genomics target proteins. The validity of the method was confirmed through competitive binding assays in the presence of ligands known to bind the target proteins.
A Graphical Spectrum Analyzer for Pulse Series

A general mathematical spectrum analysis of pulse series is discussed and applied to develop a slide-rule-type analyzer to give a pictorial presentation of the frequency spectrum. This method is very rapid and permits an overall evaluation of the spectrum. The analyzer, however, does not permit the determination of spectra for pulses having frequency modulation.
Managing space system faults: Coalescing NASA's views

Managing faults and their resultant failures is a fundamental and critical part of developing and operating aerospace systems. Yet, recent studies have shown that the engineering “discipline” required to manage faults is not widely recognized nor evenly practiced within the NASA community. Attempts to simply name this discipline in recent years has been fraught with controversy among members of the Fault Management (FM), Integrated Systems Health Management, Fault Protection, Hazard Analysis, and Aborts communities. Approaches to managing space system faults typically are unique to each organization, with little commonality in the architectures, processes and practices across the industry. A spectrum of issues and options affect the scope and implementation of how faults are managed within space systems. At one end of this spectrum are activities that manage faults via prevention and containment, and typically are performed either before flight or in non-real-time such as designing in margins or inspecting airframes for fractures. On the other end of the spectrum lie activities that manage faults after they occur, including detection, isolation, diagnosis and response. Mission characteristics such as the length of the mission, human vs. robotic, availability of communication with a control center, risk and cost profile drive very different approaches to emphasizing different ends of this spectrum. Human spaceflight missions to low Earth orbit experience almost continuous communication with ground controllers and design for round-trips. Alternately, deep-space robotic probes are one-way missions that experience long communication delays and outages. These characteristics drive the focus of managing space system faults into the non-real-time prevention/containment end of the spectrum for the former, and toward the respond-to-faults end of the spectrum for the latter. In fact, automating these capabilities is especially critical for deep space and planetary missions where the limited communication opportunities may prevent timely intervention by ground control. With ever increasing complexity in aerospace systems, the task of managing faults becomes both increasingly important and increasingly complex. As NASA reaches toward the goal of sending humans beyond the Earth-moon system, there is a significant need to better understand the challenges, options and technologies of managing faults. Architects and stakeholders need to become more aware of and conversant in the issues and design options early in development and thereby balance/optimize automation vs. human-in-the-loop handling of faults. To achieve long duration human spaceflight to asteroids and/or Mars, NASA must employ the experience across the sub-communities that, until now, have taken very different approaches to managing faults. This paper describes the diverse views and approaches that must be coalesced in order to successfully achieve NASA's future space missions.
Cathodic reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and other adenine-containing compounds in acidic media

Abstract Both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and acid-hydrated NADH, as well as adenine, adenosine, adenosine mono-, di-, and tri-phosphate and adenosine diphosphoribose, undergo four-electron reductions of the protonated adenine ring in acidic media. The values of αna (transfer coefficient times the number of electrons involved in the rate-determining step), n (total number of electron transferred), and p (number of protons involved in the rate-determining step) agree well with values previously reported for adenine. Cathodic stripping voltammetry of an adsorbed film can be applied to these compounds. Rapid scan rates are required to eliminate the slow desorption step at −1.1 V vs. SCE for some of these compounds. Hydration of the nicotinamide ring of NADH appears to inhibit this desorption step, but does not appear to be related directly to the electroactivity of the hydration product.
The time-course of photoadaptation to low-light in Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae (Dinophyceae)

The estuarine dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum mariaelebouriae (Parke & Ballantine 1957) Faust 1974 undergoes increases in pigmentation and photosynthetic efficiency within several days of downward light shifts. These changes can be described by first-order kinetics, as has been reported previously for Chlorophyll (Chl) a in several phytoplankton species. The studies described in this paper were conducted with isolates of populations of Prorocentrum from the Chesapeake Bay. We determined rates of adaptation to low-light for cultures grown at a range of photon flux densities (I0= 2.65–26.2 E.m−2, d−1, shifted to 6.3–7.0% I0) at three temperatures (10°, 15°, and 20° C), bracketing the conditions this species experiences in situ. In this paper, I report the time-course of changes in α, Pmax Chl a, peridinin, and Ik and first-order rate constants, K1 for changes in α, Chl a and peridinin. cell−1. K1 for changes in α cell−1 averaged 1.58 × 10−2 h−1 for conditions encompassing five light treatments and three temperatures; the corresponding mean for Chl a was 1.59 × 10−2 h−1. Increases in peridinin measured for five light treatments at 15° C showed a mean K1 of 1.22 × 10−2 h−1, Average percent changes in per cell α, Chl a, and peridinin ranged from 0.4–4.0% h−1 (10–90% d−1) following exposure to low-light. Photoadaptive changes are important to Prorocentrum because in nature it occupies turbid waters (Kt≥ 0.5 m−1) where the mixing depth often exceeds the depth of the photic layer. Cells are entrained beneath a seasonally-stable density discontinuity and are exposed to very low-light (< I E.m−2.d−1) for days to weeks during subpycnocline transport. The ability of this species to undergo changes in pigmentation and photosynthetic physiology confers increased efficiency of light harvesting and contributes to this species’survival in the estuary where it is an important component of the dinoflagellate flora.
α1-Adrenergic receptors and stimulation of [3H]inositol metabolism in rat brain: Regional distribution and parallel inactivation

Abstract The relationship between norepinephrine-stimulated phosphatidyl-inositol metabolism and α 1 -adrenergic receptor density was examined in rat brain. Increases in phosphatidyl-inositol metabolism were determined by accumulation of [ 3 H]inositol phosphates in the presence of lithium in brain slices, while receptor density was determined by specific binding of 125 I-BE 2254 ( 125 IBE) in membrane fractions. Treatment of slices of cerebral cortex with increasing concentrations of the irreversible α 1 -adrenergic receptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine caused a parallel inactivation of specific 125 IBE binding sites and norepinephrine-induced [ 3 H]inositol phosphate accumulation, although approximately 20% of the binding sites remained after abolition of the inositol response. Comparison of the density of 125 IBE binding sites and the magnitude of norepinephrine-stimulated [ 3 H]inositol phosphate accumulation in 8 different brain regions did not show a particularly good correlation. The thalamus had the highest density of binding sites and an intermediate inositol response, while the hippocampus had the highest inositol response but an intermediate density of binding sites. However, the cerebellum had the lowest density of binding sites and no measurable inositol response. Treatment of slices of each region with 300 nM phenoxybenzamine abolished the inositol response and caused a 59–73% decrease in the density of 125 IBE binding sites. The lack of correlation between receptor density and inositol response between brain regions could not be explained on the basis of receptor affinity, spare receptors, protein content, nor differences in slice size. These results suggest that α 1 -adrenergic receptors labeled by 125 IBE are coupled to [ 3 H]inositol metabolism in rat brain, but the receptor density is not the sole determinant of the magnitude of norepinephrine-induced increases in [ 3H ]inositol metabolism.
Evaluating Consumer Understanding of Two Patient Instructions for Use Inserts Provided by Manufacturers

In addition to the approved package inserts, manufacturers of certain prescription drug products provide approved patient instructions for use inserts to increase patients’ understanding of their medication, aid in its use, and improve compliance. However, the extent to which consumers understand and use the information provided in these inserts is not known. The purpose of this study was to assess these patient instructions for use in inserts supplied in addition to the normal package inserts from the manufacturer. Ohio consumers between the ages of 18 and 70 were randomly selected for inclusion. Two diverse patient instructions for use from the same product class, Flonase and Nasonex, were evaluated in the study. Sixty-three consumers completed and returned the self-administered questionnaire, which contained 47 questions and used a Likert-type scale with 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree. After data analysis was completed, it was found the inserts were not too complex, and were viewed as educational and a reliable source of drug information. Also, consumers felt very confident that they could use the products correctly. In conclusion, these inserts appear to be well understoud, informative, educational, and a useful source of drug information.
IMPROVED PORTABILITY AND PARSING THROUGH INTERACTIVE ACQUISITION OF SEMANTIC INFORMATION

This paper presents SPQR (Selectional Pattern Queries and Responses), a module of the PUNDIT text-processing system designed to facilitate the acquisition of domain-specific semantic information, and to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the parser. SPQR operates by interactively and incrementally collecting information about the semantic acceptability of certain lexical co-occurrence patterns (e.g., subject-verb-object) found in partially constructed parses. The module has proved to be a valuable tool for porting PUNDIT to new domains and acquiring essential semantic information about the domains. Preliminary results also indicate that SPQR causes a threefold reduction in the number of parses found, and about a 40% reduction in total parsing time.
Teaching operating systems as how computers work

The "Computer Systems" course at Northeastern University is an MS-level core course which attempts to teach students how computers work, through a behavioral approach to the concepts involved in operating systems and their interface to the hardware. As an operating system is typically the first reactive system which students encounter in their studies, the goal of the class is to develop an understanding of the tools and reasoning which are involved in understanding and working with the internals of such a system, whether it be a conventional operating system or (as is more commonly found in industry) a consumer product, networking device, or other embedded system. This course is currently in its third year with enthusiastic responses from students, especially those who have been able to apply its lessons in co-operative work assignments, and an undergraduate class teaching substantially the same material is currently underway.
The Impact of Country Diversification on Wealth Effects in Cross-Border Mergers

We posit that country diversification via cross-border mergers creates wealth by providing benefits for firms that are not available to their shareholders. We hypothesize that these benefits are inversely related to the extent of co-movement in the economies of the bidder's and target's countries. We examine the wealth effects of U.S. targets and bidders involved in cross-border mergers with firms in other countries during 1982–1991. We show that wealth effects vary, depending on country affiliations of two merging firms, and are inversely related to the degree of economic co-movement between the two countries.
Multidatabase update issues

A formal model of data updates in a multidatabase environment is developed, and a theory of concurrency control in such an environment is presented. We formulate a correctness condition for the concurrency control mechanism and propose a protocol that allows concurrent execution of a set of global transactions in presence of local ones. This protocol ensures the consistency of the multidatabase and deadlock freedom. We use the developed theory to prove the protocol's correctness and discuss complexity issues of implementing the proposed protocol.
The effect of holding time on nanoindentation measurements of creep in bone.

Abstract Viscoelasticity may affect both the elastic and fracture characteristics of bone. Nanoindentation can be used to measure the creep behavior of bone by fitting the depth vs. time data at constant load to rheological models. However, the creep data may be influenced by latent effects arising during the loading phase of indentation. As such, the loading protocol, particularly the holding time, may affect the measured creep time constants. To characterize the effect of holding time on the measures, four cortical bone samples were prepared from four bovine femora and subjected to nanoindentation to measure the creep behavior. The creep time constants were found by fitting the indentation depth vs. time curve to three different rheological models: the standard linear solid, Burgers model, and a two-dashpot Kelvin model. All three models provided good fits to the data, which were relatively insensitive to the initial parameter estimates. The calculated creep time constants increased monotonically with increasing holding time for all three models. However, the relative differences between measurements within a single osteon, within a single sample, and between samples were maintained for creep holding times over 16 s. Hence, while the creep time constants measured by nanoindentation with hold times up to 30 s may not provide accurate property measurements, comparisons between samples are valid if all are assessed at the same holding time. Considering the long-term viscosity of bone tissue, Burgers model provided the best performance in terms of stability and goodness of fit, and is recommended for future studies.
Assessing environmental understanding: an application of the concept mapping strategy

Despite its importance as a central goal in environmental education, there appears to be little consensus about how best to document, assess and evaluate understanding of environmental concepts. This illustrative case study describes and demonstrates the use of the concept mapping strategy as an effective tool for assessing environmental understanding. Data were collected from 325 middle school‐aged (11–14 years) individuals and comparisons were made among those enrolled in a model, university‐based, informal, residential marine education program (viz. MarineQuest) and a matched group of non‐participating students. Using a non‐randomized Solomon Four Group experimental design, differences in the structural complexity and content validity of knowledge about marine animal life were explored. Results reveal significant differences in the frequencies of concepts, relationships, levels of hierarchy, branching and cross‐linking and in the frequencies and types of critical concepts depicted. In all cases, where ...
The nutritional needs of a continuous passage horse leucocyte culture

Abstract The addition of three amino acids (arginine, cystine and histidine) to existing common media prevented spontneous degeneration in a continuous passage horse leucocyte cell culture. The type of degeneration was the same for each of the amino acids previously described for the HeLa cell.
The determinants of cultural building: Identifying the demographic and economic factors associated with cultural facility investment in US metropolitan statistical areas between 1994 and 2008

I use a two-part model and building permit data for all US metropolitan statistical areas between 1994 and 2008 to estimate the effects of capital and labour stock, cultural sector composition, population change, education and median household income levels on total investment in cultural facilities. The results suggest that investment in cultural facilities is associated with the existing stock of facilities, population change, education and median household income levels. Furthermore, I find preliminary evidence that demand from the cultural sector was not adequately assessed in the period investment took place.
Weak exchange resins add nutrients with minimal direct impact on other soil elements – A new method for small scale fertilization studies

Abstract Traditional soil nutrient addition experiments have yielded great insights into the controls on ecosystem processes. However, experimental nutrient manipulations are often confounded by the addition of multiple nutrients in a single treatment. Here we report a new method using weak exchange resin beads to add single nutrients to soil. This is particularly useful for phosphorus (P) addition, because other P fertilizers contain base cations that can themselves effect soil processes. To test this method, we loaded weak exchange resin beads with either nitrogen (N) or P. Mesh bags of beads placed on the soil surface increased extractable pools of soil N and P over a 60–70 day period, with little influence on other elements or pH. The increases were similar across four tropical soils ranging from Inceptisols to Oxisols. Resin beads mixed into soil increased readily available pools of P, but not N, after the same time period. These data suggest that weak exchange resins offer a method for single element manipulations. This will be useful in assessments of how microbes, roots and soil fauna respond to changes in nutrient availability.
Acute Skeletal Injury is Necessary for Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell Mediated Calvarial Regeneration

Background: Studies have demonstrated that human adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are able to repair acute calvarial injuries. The more clinically relevant repair of an established skeletal defect, however, has not been addressed. The authors sought to determine whether human ASCs could heal chronic (established) calvarial defects. Methods: Critical-sized (4 mm) mouse parietal defects were created. Human ASCs were engrafted either immediately postoperatively (acute defect) or 8 weeks following defect creation (established defect). Methods of analysis included microcomputer tomography scans, histology, and in situ hybridization. Finally, human ASCs were treated in vitro with platelet-rich plasma to simulate an acute wound environment; proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were assessed (alkaline phosphatase, alizarin red, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results: Nearly complete osseous healing was observed when calvarial defects were immediately engrafted with human ASCs. In contrast, when human ASCs were engrafted into established defects, little bone formation occurred. Histological analysis affirmed findings by microcomputer tomography, showing more robust staining for alkaline phosphatase and picrosirius red in an acute than in an established human ASC-engrafted defect. In situ hybridization and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed an increase in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) expression (BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-7) acutely following calvarial defect creation. Finally, in vitro treatment of human ASCs with platelet-rich plasma enhanced osteogenic differentiation and increased BMP-2 expression. Conclusions: Although human ASCs can be utilized to heal an acute mouse calvarial defect, they do not enhance healing of an established (or chronic) defect. Endogenous BMP signaling activated after injury may explain these differences in healing. Platelet-rich plasma enhances osteogenic differentiation of human ASCs in vitro and may prove a promising therapy for future skeletal tissue engineering efforts.
Mode group demultiplexing and modal dispersion compensation using spatial-spectral holography

Spatial-spectral holographic signal processing is used for modal-dispersion compensation to enable wideband mode-group multiplexing and demultiplexing in transparent spatially-multiplexed multi-mode fiber networks with an unprecedented aggregate bandwidth and routing and switching capabilities.
Materialising Oceania: New ethnographies of things in Melanesia and Polynesia

Oceania occupies an intriguing place within anthropology’s genealogy. In the introduction to this collection of essays, we examine the role of the ethnography of Oceania in the development of our anthropological perspectives on materialisation, the dynamic process by which persons and things are inter-related. Building upon the recent resurgence of theoretical interests in things we use the term materialisation (rather than material culture or materiality) to capture the vitality of the lived processes by which ideas of objectivity and subjectivity, persons and things, minds and bodies are entangled. Taking a processual view, we advocate for an Oceanic anthropology that continues to engage with things on the ground; that asks what strategies communities use to materialise their social relations, desires and values; and that recognises how these processes remain important tools for understanding historical and contemporary Oceanic societies. Examining these locally articulated processes and forms contributes to a material (re)turn for anthropology that clarifies how we, as scholars, think about things more widely.
Scaling foreign accent: direct magnitude estimation versus interval scaling

Scaling of degree of perceived foreign accent is common in studies of second language acquisition. Although interval scales are commonly used, it is not known whether accentedness is amenable to linear partitioning (i.e. described by a metathetic continuum) or whether accentedness is resistant to linear partitioning because it has degrees of magnitude or quantity (i.e. described by a prothetic continuum). This study determined if accentedness was a prothetic or metathetic continuum. Two groups of 10 native English listeners rated, in a self-paced experiment, degrees of perceived accent of native Italian speakers of English using both a seven-point equal-appearing interval scale and direct magnitude estimation (DME). DME scores were plotted against interval scores. This study found that accentedness (at least for Italian speakers) is amenable to linear partitioning. However, a wide dispersion of DME scores for `7’ on the interval scale suggests a ceiling eA ect. A nine- or 11-point scale may better measure degree of perceived foreign accent. Individual listeners could reliably judge accentedness; however, inter-judge reliability was poor, possibly due to diA erences in listeners’ internal standards of foreign accent or scaling artifact. Response biases occurred because foreign accent lacks a de® ned physical referent.
Impact of measurement and standards infrastucture on the national economy and international trade

Abstract The U.S. federal government has a strong role in metrology R&D in the U.S. because of its importance to the nation’s economy and the Constitutional authority given to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). However, pressures to maintain a balanced budget require careful planning and priority setting to win support for metrology R&D programs. The payoffs of good planning and resource deployment come in the form of anecdotal examples of significant industrial outcomes and comprehensive evidence of impacts through formalized studies. Furthermore, when tariff-based barriers to international trade are lowered, consistent and accurate measurements that are globally accepted facilitate the elimination of any remaining technical barriers to trade. We will explore these issues, giving specific examples of impacts from recent work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
On Treatment Blood Pressures: Which Can Be Trusted, Home or Clinic?

High arterial pressure is clearly related to risk of future cardiovascular disease and reduction of high pressure is effective for prevention. These concepts are now thoroughly familiar to physicians, other health care providers, and many of those who consume health care (patients) as well. Most of the epidemiology relating cardiovascular risk and the outcome trials demonstrating benefit of drug treatment were, in past decades, based on measurement in clinics using the ancient methods that were developed at the end of the 19th century. We are now at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, and times are changing. Clinical science has clearly shown that blood pressures measured in the clinic are inferior to those measured outside the clinic in “real life” for predicting future cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Two strategies have been widely studied in this regard: 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and home blood pressure recording.1,2 Both have also been assessed for their role in determining the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment. Most reports have assessed one or the other modality, but not both. It might be assumed that the daytime component of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring would be similar to home blood pressure recording. However, this need not be so, as home …
Real option data requirements of power system data for competitive bidding

The interaction of markets and the power system network is stronger based on real options analysis than on traditional single event net present value analysis. The optionality of network restrictions due to congestion increases the importance of network information beyond the values found with traditional net present value for bidding. This paper demonstrates the importance of option analysis in the bidding process. The value of high volatility, due to network congestion and to network operating restrictions, leads to larger valuations. As always, larger uncertainty leads to larger values when opportunities can be recognized in advance. This paper shows how such information can be used in the bidding process.
The Compleat Feldherr

EUGENE OF SAVOY, Hofmannsthal once said, was "the greatest Austrian." Most historians would probably agree, al? though some might be hard put to it if asked to explain why. Unlike the great men of other countries?Frederick, for example, or Napoleon?Eugene has remained a shadowy, if not a mysterious, figure. He left no memoirs or diaries through which he might have spoken di? rectly to posterity and, since the valiant but not wholly successful at? tempt of Arneth in the 1850's, he has had no real biographer. Indeed, for a long time historians seemed daunted by the thought of what a respectable life and times of Eugene would involve. Heinrich von Srbik, who knew something ofthe problem, wrote twenty-five years ago: "The magnitude ofthe research tasks that would have to be accomplished in government and private collections in practically every part ofthe civilized world far exceeds the energy of a single individual, and the histori? cal literature that deals with this being, who was both active and productive in the fields of military affairs, foreign policy, economics and ad? ministration, and the world ofthe spirit and the arts, cannot be mastered by a scholar who must rely on his own efforts." We have every reason to be grateful that one historian at least was not frightened off by this injunction. Max Braubach's biography of Eugene, which crowns a lifetime's study of absolutism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, is a triumph of modern historical scholarship, solidly based upon exhaustive researches in archives in Vienna, London, Madrid, Paris, Munich, Karlsruhe, s'Gravenhage, and Turin and upon the kind of mastery of secondary materials that Srbik thought impossible, generously?even over-generously?conceived,
Design and Application of a Time-Optimum Controller for a Class of Nonlinear Processes

A procedure was developed to extend time-optimum control of linear processes to a class of nonlinear processes consisting of a second-order overdamped linear process followed by a nomemory nonlinearity. Bang-bang control was combined with a proportional-integral-derivation (PID) controller to achieve time-optimum control for set-point changes and good regulator operation for minor disturbances. This dual-mode controller was implemented with a small digital computer. The settling time for step set-point changes with dual-mode control was compared to that with PID control alone. A factor of 2 improvement was achieved through time-optimum control. The dualmode control was successfully applied to an actual nonlinear process.
Treatment of Brain Inflammatory Diseases by Delivering Exosome Encapsulated Anti-inflammatory Drugs From the Nasal Region to the Brain

In this study, exosomes used to encapsulate curcumin (Exo-cur) or a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) inhibitor, i.e., JSI124 (Exo-JSI124) were delivered noninvasively to microglia cells via an intranasal route. The results generated from three inflammation-mediated disease models, i.e., a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain inflammation model, experimental autoimmune encephalitis and a GL26 brain tumor model, showed that mice treated intranasally with Exo-cur or Exo-JSI124 are protected from LPS-induced brain inflammation, the progression of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and had significantly delayed brain tumor growth in the GL26 tumor model. Intranasal administration of Exo-cur or Exo-JSI124 led to rapid delivery of exosome encapsulated drug to the brain that was selectively taken up by microglial cells, and subsequently induced apoptosis of microglial cells. Our results demonstrate that this strategy may provide a noninvasive and novel therapeutic approach for treating brain inflammatory-related diseases.
Performance study of frame replenishment transmission systems

The authors compare the performances of three frame replenishment coding techniques over noiseless and noisy channels. For the noisy channel case, they present noise effects and error propagation effects for the three coding techniques. The three frame replenishment coding techniques are: basic frame replenishment coding (BFR), label replenishment coding using vector quantization (LRVQ), and codeword replenishment coding using vector quantization (CWRVQ). Simulation results demonstrate that, for a noiseless channel, the LRVQ and CWRVQ techniques provide superior coding performance, and tolerance to changes in the picture, compared to the BFR technique. However, in the presence of channel noise, LRVQ and CWRVQ exhibit serious error propagation and noise effects, resulting in poor performance. >
Dissolved Gases in Cariaco Trench Sediments: Anaerobic Diagenesis

Gas pockets sampled in DSDP cores retrieved from the Cariaco Trench are about 90% CH4 and 8% CO2, with the remainder consisting of H2O, N2, and C2H6. Conversion of this data to in situ dissolved gas concentrations is hindered by the lack of an in situ sampler or a suitable internal standard, but the best estimate for the interstitial water dissolved gas concentrations is [CH4] ≃ 20 mmol/l, [N2] ≃ 0.07 mmol/l, [C2H6] ≃ 4 µmol/l. The carbon in CH4 is about 1% of carbon in organic compounds in the sediment, and is sufficiently abundant to suggest that CO2 reduction to CH4 causes carbonate precipitation.
CHANGING LANDSCAPE IN SCIENCE-RELIGION DIALOGUES

. One peculiarity of the broad theme of science-religion dialogues is that while it has been growing significantly, it seems to be moving farther and farther away from its goal of establishing bridges and understandings between the two enterprises. This essay explores this unhappy situation, with particular reference to the works of two scholars who have been critical of some of the pioneer theologians and have suggested some radically new approaches to the issues.
West Nile Virus in New York City

In 1999, a cluster of encephalitis cases was detected in New York City. The city applied larvicide to standing water and aerially sprayed pesticides to control adult mosquitoes. The causative agent was West Nile virus, a type of encephalitis that had never before been transmitted in the western hemisphere. This experience offers many lessons for the practitioners of public health and of public health law. A public health infrastructure that does not lose sight of the old threats must be maintained. The public health and environmental governmental establishments must work together. Law is closely intertwined with policy and programmatic initiatives and can facilitate a better public health outcome.
Biaxial and Uniaxial Data for Statistical Comparisons of a Ceramic's Strength

The uniaxial and equibiaxial tensile strengths of a brittle material were measured in bending. Equibiaxial tension was attained by concentric ring loading of disks and uniaxial tension by four-point line loading of plates. The two specimen designs give equal volumes, surface areas, and stress gradients. Ground surfaces and lapped surfaces were tested. The equibiaxial tensile strength of a dense alumina was lower than the uniaxial tensile strengths for both ground and lapped surfaces, 8.5 and 8.1%, respectively. The Batdorf theory of flaw statistics, in which biaxial tensile strengths can be predicted from the statistical distribution of uniaxial tensile strength measurements, agreed with the data.
High-Temperature Multilayer Composites with Superplastic Interlayers

A high-temperature multilayer composite (MLC) with hot hard layers and superplastic layers was proposed in this communication. The hard layer can provide the MLC high-temperature strength; the superplastic layer can deform plastically at high temperatures, disperse the applied stress, and stop the crack from advancing. Such an MLC was prepared via tape casting in the Al2O3/MoSi2+Mo2B5 system in the present work; in this system, Al2O3 was the hard layer and MoSi2+Mo2B5 was the superplastic layer. The microstructures and the stress-displacement behaviors of the MLCs were investigated. Finally, the design rules for the high-temperature MLCs were discussed briefly.
Multipath routing in the presence of frequent topological changes

In this article we propose a framework for multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks and provide its analytical evaluation. The instability of the topology (e.g., failure of links) in these types of networks, due to nodal mobility and changes in wireless propagation conditions, makes transmission of time-sensitive information a challenging problem. To combat this inherent unreliability of these networks, we propose a routing scheme that uses multiple paths simultaneously by splitting the information among the multitude of paths, to increase the probability that the essential portion of the information is received at the destination without incurring excessive delay. Our scheme works by adding some overhead to each packet, which is calculated as a linear function of the original packet bits. The resulting packet (information and overhead) is fragmented into smaller blocks and distributed over the available paths. Our goal is, given the failure probabilities of the paths, to find the optimal way to fragment and then distribute the blocks to the paths so that the probability of reconstructing the original information at the destination is maximized. Our algorithm has low time complexity, which is crucial since the path failure characteristics vary with time and the optimal block distribution has to be recalculated in real time.
Tiananmen Square: The Rhetorical Power of a Woman and a Man

Much has been said about the Chinese students' protest and the occupation of Tiananmen Square in 1989. A considerable number of scholarly works on the significance and influence of the event have been produced in different areas of study including history, political sciences, international relations, sinology, anthropology, literary criticism, and so forth.1 Some of these studies pay attention to the symbolic dimension of the student movement and give detailed analysis of important symbols such as the statue Goddess of Democracy. This article, based on direct observation of those events and on indirect material, deals with two of the major symbols of the movement, the statue Goddess of Democracy erected in Tiananmen Square during the protest, and a youth standing in the way of a column of tanks near Tiananmen Square during the crackdown. Because of the striking nature of both of these symbols, their influence has extended far beyond their spatial and temporal existence.
Financial Analysis of Behavioral Health Services in a Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic

OBJECTIVE This article addresses a current need in psychological practice by describing a financially feasible model that moves toward integrated care of behavioral health services in a pediatric endocrinology clinic. METHODS Financial information (costs and revenue associated with behavioral health services) for the clinic, over an 18-month period (July 2012 to December 2013), was obtained through the hospital's financial department. The clinic meets one half day per week. RESULTS Over the 18-month period, the behavioral health services generated a net gain of $3661.45 in the favor of the clinic. We determined that the psychologist and clinical psychology residents needed to see a total of four patients per half-day clinic for the clinic to "break-even." CONCLUSIONS We describe one financially feasible way of integrating behavioral health services into a pediatric endocrinology clinic in the hope that this will be generalizable to other medical settings.
Abstract C29: Occurrence of comorbidities among multi-ethnic breast cancer survivors

Purpose: Disease co-occurrence is not uncommon. Comorbidities are concurrent, etiologically independent chronic health conditions, unrelated to the disease under study. Cancer, unfortunately is no exception with 68-85% of adult cancer patients diagnosed with other chronic illnesses. Among cancer survivors comorbid conditions that can negatively influence health and survivorship outcomes. Ethnic minorities report more co-occurring illnesses and poorer survivorship outcomes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to document the occurrence of comorbidities among African-American and Latina (English language preferred (ELP) and Spanish language preferred (SLP)) breast cancer survivors (BCS). Methods: In total, 88 African-American, 95 ELP Latina, and 137 SLP Latina BCS were recruited via case ascertainment from the California Cancer Registry and hospital registries. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire in which they provided demographic and cancer-related medial characteristics and completed a comorbidity checklist indicating their comorbid conditions. Results: Almost 1 in 4 BCS endorsed at least one comorbid condition with arthritis (37%), high blood pressure (37%), psychological difficulties (29%), and diabetes (19%) being among the most commonly endorsed. The occurrence of comorbidities differed by ethnic and linguistic group. Specifically, SLP Latina BCS were more likely to report having diabetes (29%) and experiencing psychological difficulties (42%). Latina BCS were twice as likely to endorse osteoporosis and headaches compared to African-Americans. Hypertension (49%) and arthritis (48%) most commonly co-occurred in African-American BCS. Older age was correlated with arthritis, diabetes, glaucoma, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis. Conclusions: The findings suggest that investigating the occurrence of comorbidities in ethnically diverse groups may shed some light in understanding cancer risk, outcomes and cancer health disparities. Having a better grasp of comorbid conditions in specific ethnic groups may aid in more appropriate early co-occurring chronic illness assessment and integration into cancer treatment regimens, and better follow-up care and management of the cancer and the comorbid condition(s). Integrated control and management of comorbidities has the potential to improve quality care for the whole person, and increase survival and decrease morbidity. Citation Format: Kimlin T. Ashing. Occurrence of comorbidities among multi-ethnic breast cancer survivors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C29. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-C29
Abstract 693: Histone deacetylase inhibitors attenuate epirubicin induced p53 expression

Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACIs) can act synergistically with topoisomerase II inhibitors (e.g. doxorubicin, epirubicin) to increase the induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells. We have previously shown that HDACIs (i.e. valproic acid and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA/vorinostat) caused a reduction in the expression of specific chromatin maintenance genes including HP1-, DNMT1 and SMC1-5 with subsequent chromatin decondensation. Chromatin decondensation facilitates access for DNA damaging agents such, as topoisomerase inhibitors, to their DNA substrate resulting in an increase in the topoisomerase induced DNA strand breaks and cell death. Using siRNA mediated depletion of HDAC2, similar synergistic effects were observed compared to valproic acid or SAHA. This was not observed with depletion of HDAC1 or HDAC6. This suggested the specific role of HDAC2 in mediating the synergy in increased DNA damage and apoptosis with epirubicin. However, efficient DNA strand break repair may be an alternate mechanism of resistance. To determine whether the HDAC inhibitors play a role in the inhibition of repair enzymes in addition to the increased induction of epirubicin induced strand breaks, we sought to determine the effects of HDACIs on epirubicin mediated DNA damage repair. Previous studies have shown that various HDACis down-regulate DNA repair associated genes including BRCA1, Ku70, and Rad51. Micro-array analysis performed by our group of cultured breast cancer cells treated with valproic acid or siRNA targeting HDAC2 revealed the down-regulation of the dsDNA repair genes Rad51b and Rad51c. These Rad51 paralogs have distinct functions in homologous recombination. Rad51b has been shown to associate with, and phosphorylate p53. Rad51c is able to exchange DNA strands vital for homologous recombination, and has been suggested to recruit Rad51 to sites of DNA damage. It is also suggested to be a Trp53-dependent tumor suppressor. We show that treatment of breast cancer cells with vorinostat caused a decrease in p53 protein expression. Furthermore, pre-treatment of these cells with valproic acid or SAHA significantly inhibited the induction of p53 in the presence of epirubicin. At the time points tested (0-120 minutes), this corresponded to an initial decrease in DNA repair kinetics as demonstrated by γ-H2AX expression. We hypothesize therefore that the treatment of breast cancer cells with HDACis in the presence of epirubicin results in a decreased expression of the homologous recombination Rad51 paralog proteins and downstream p53. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 693.