cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of infarct size limitation by propranolol on ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction.

Pharmacologic interventions designed to preserve ischemic myocardium have been the subject of extensive basic and clinical investigation over the past 10 ~ears.l-~ Whereas most of these studies have been concerned with the concept of feasibility of reduction of infarct size by a variety of means, none has looked systematically at the long-term sequelae of such interventions, particularly with regard to late-phase arrhythmias and sudden death. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the rationale behind infarct size reduction and then to present some experimental data which question the advisability of widespread use of pharmacologic reduction of infarct size as an isolated clinical strategy. Without attempting an exhaustive review of literature, I have chosen a few clinical studies that I believe are either pro or con the concept of infarct size reduction. Although these studies are not necessarily intended as such, they form the background for our investigations. The rationale for preserving ischemic myocardium stems from both pathologic 4, studies that show a direct relationship between infarct size and subsequent clinical course with respect to the development of congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock and also with respect to prognosis. Work by Roberts et al.' and Cox et aL8 has shown a direct relationship between infarct size as determined by creatine phosphokinase (CPK) measurements and the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias in the first 20 hours after acute myocardial infarction. These studies suggest that the frequency of early ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction reflects the extent of myocardial injury. Schulze et aL9 have investigated the relationship of complex ventricular arrhythmias (Lown Class 111-V) 10 to 21 days post infarction to left ventricular dysfunction using Holter monitor recordings and gated blood pool scans. Patients with these late-phase complex ventricular arrhythmias were found to have significantly lower ejection fractions and presumably larger infarcts than did patients without complex ventricular arrhythmias. The overall survival in the group with complex arrhythmias was less than 50%, despite standard antiarrhythmic therapy. On the basis of these studies, one could postulate that reduction of infarct size should reduce the incidence of postinfarction arrhythmias, both early and late, and subsequently reduce the tendency to the development of ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. These studies are just a few of the many investigations that have provided the basis for attempts to limit infarct size. and clinical
Cutting Interval and Irrigation Timing in Alfalfa: Yellow Foxtail Invasion and Economic Analysis

Yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.) is the most serious summer annual weed in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Central Valley of California. The experiment evaluated the importance of cutting interval and timing of irrigation on invasion of the weed into established alfalfa. The crop was cut on a 25-, 31- or 37-d interval. Irrigation was applied on the same day as cutting or after a delay of 7 or 14 d. A factorial treatment combination was used in a randomized complete block field design. The experiment was continued for 3 yr (...)
Cigarette smoking predicts faster progression of type 2 established diabetic nephropathy despite ACE inhibition.

Abstract Blood pressure reduction and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors slow but do not stop progressive decline of renal function in established diabetic nephropathy (DN), but predictors of this decline in patients undergoing these interventions are unknown. We prospectively examined patients to determine whether age, sex, ethnicity, mean blood pressure, plasma creatinine, urine protein excretion, and cigarette smoking predict renal function decline in type 2 DN treated toward the recommended mean blood pressure goal of 92 mm Hg (about 125/75 mm Hg) with antihypertensives including ACE inhibitors. Thirty-three DN patients with initial plasma creatinine less than 1.4 mg/dL were followed 64.0 ± 1.1 months. After correcting for differences in follow-up time, demographic variables, and other relevant variables, plasma creatinine increased, indicating renal function decline despite mean blood pressure reduction to 92 ± 1 mm Hg and administration of ACE inhibitors. Regression analysis showed that smoking was the only examined parameter that significantly predicted renal function decline. Smokers (n = 13) and nonsmokers (n = 20) had similar follow-up (61.4 ± 2.1 months versus 65.7 ± 1.1 months), mean blood pressure (91 ± 1 mm Hg versus 92 ± 1 mm Hg), and initial plasma creatinine (1.05 ± 0.08 mg/dL versus 1.08 ± 0.03 mg/dL). Nevertheless, follow-up plasma creatinine was higher in smokers than nonsmokers (1.78 ± 0.20 mg/dL versus 1.32 ± 0.04 mg/dL). The data show that renal function declines faster in smokers than nonsmokers with type 2 DN undergoing treatment to improve blood pressure including ACE inhibitors. Cigarette smoking remains a risk factor for renal function decline in type 2 DN despite currently recommended therapy. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Heck Reaction/CH Activation/Amination Sequence with Diaziridinone: A Facile Approach to Indolines†

Indolines are important moieties present in various biologically significant molecules and have attracted considerable attention in synthetic chemistry. This paper describes a Heck reaction/CH activation/amination sequence for forming indolines using di-tert-butyldiaziridinone. The reaction process likely proceeds via a pallada(II)cycle, which is converted into an indoline by oxidative addition to the diaziridinone and two subsequent CN bond formations.
The Lancaster red-green test before and after occlusion in the evaluation of incomitant strabismus.

Abstract Background: Patients with incomitant strabismus can often fuse in a limited area of gaze. Prolongation of neurologically learned fusional vergence tone ("vergence adaptation") in and near this area can result in misleading measurements with standard clinical measures of strabismus. Monocular occlusion for at least 30 minutes eliminates most of the effect of vergence adaptation. The Lancaster red-green test provides an elegant and convenient map of incomitant strabismus. We investigated the efficacy of the Lancaster red-green test before and after monocular occlusion for the investigation of incomitant strabismus. Methods: We retrospectively studied the results of the Lancaster red-green test in 6 patients with incomitant vertical strabismus in whom we suspected that vergence adaptation might be distorting the pattern of deviation. The test was performed before and after monocular occlusion for 30 to 60 minutes, and the preocclusion and postocclusion results were compared. Results: In the 6 cases studied, the Lancaster red-green test showed at least a 5-PD increase in the hyperdeviation, after monocular occlusion. The increases were mostly in primary gaze and downgaze, which tended to regularize the pattern of deviation. Conclusions: The combination of monocular occlusion and the Lancaster red-green test is useful for uncovering the effect of vergence adaptation. Such results may often simplify the planning of surgical correction because the incomitance usually decreases after monocular occlusion, making it less likely that surgery will worsen the alignment in the area previously fused. We recommend that monocular occlusion should be considered when planning surgery or even prism correction for incomitant deviations, especially when the initial Lancaster red-green test shows an unexpected incomitant pattern where there is fusion in 1 direction of gaze but not in others. (J AAPOS 1999;3:151-6)
Sampling scheme for locating two-dimensional parts

Car manufacturers often need to compare and choose a car hood fixture that gives a good quality fitting between the hood and the body. The good quality hood fitting is usually defined as a constant-width gap from the car body and is typically evaluated from Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) data collected from the hood's surface after placement. However, such CMM data are commonly obtained from arbitrary choice of CMM probe paths (thereafter referred to as a sampling scheme), which may not capture the hood shape well and thus make the fixture comparison inefficient. Hence, we recommend obtaining a sensible Sampling Scheme (SS) before collecting the actual data. To achieve this goal, we propose a figure of merit for comparing all possible SS(s) and use computational methods to get the optimum SS(s). We conclude from simulations that the probe paths in the optimum SS(s) will generally be located closest to the extremes of the part boundary in the two-dimensional (2D) case.
Field calibrated simulation model to perform bridge safety analyses against emergency braking of trucks

Abstract A bridge may be functionally obsolete or have a deficient structure because of older design codes or features. Such bridges are not unsafe for normal vehicle traffic, but they can be vulnerable to unusual traffic conditions, such as heavy trucks braking in emergency situations or during a disaster. Continued ignorance of deficiencies or lack of sufficient maintenance can cause a bridge to be subjected to hazards and damage, and disrupt its reliable and efficient functions. Usually, a routing visual inspection is sufficient for regular bridge safety check; however it may not effectively explore the potential safety problems related to bridge dynamic structural behaviors. So in this paper, based on routine bridge weight-in-motion (B-WIM) results, a simulation approach is developed and proposed to predict bridge safety and integrity if heavy trucks experience emergency braking on the bridge. Also, a specific bridge US-78 was selected in a case study to demonstrate the response of the bridge behavior, related effects on the moments and displacements during emergency braking. The results provided an improved understanding of the bridge dynamic behaviors and deficiencies of this bridge, and finally, led to the suggested retrofit for appropriate maintenance.
Physical Dimension Relationships of Juvenile Penaeus stylirostris1

Stocking of juveniles is widely practiced in marine shrimp production. A simple mechanical device is needed to sort juvenile shrimp by their physical dimensions. By analyzing a sample of 551 commercially produced Penacus stylirostris juveniles, ranging from 0.07 to 10.33 g, it was determined that a regression equation of the form Y = (A*X**B)*c can be used to adequately describe the relationships between weight, width and length. In particular: Weight (g) = 0.01223427*(length. cm)**2.943696 R = 0.989978 Width (cm) = 0.6172958*(weight, g)**0.3317764 R = 0.989318 Width (cm) = 0.1422887*(length, cm)**0.9808952 R = 0.983662
Phasing from an envelope.

Solution of the phase problem is central to crystallographic structure determination. Conventional molecular-replacement methods are ineffective in the absence of knowledge of the structure of a homologous protein. A recent method utilizing the low-resolution molecular shape determined from solution X-ray scattering data has been shown to be successful in locating the molecular shape within the crystallographic unit cell for the cases of the trimeric nitrite reductase (AxNiR, 105 kDa) and the dimeric superoxide dismutase (SOD, 32 kDa). This was achieved by performing a direct real-space search for orientation and translation using the orientation of the non-crystallographic axis obtained by performing a self-rotation on the crystallographic data. This effectively reduces the potential six-dimensional search to a four-dimensional one (Eulerian angle γ and three translational parameters). The program FSEARCH incorporating this method has been generalized to handle molecules from all space groups. The program can also be used in general six-dimensional cases for a molecular-replacement solution given a predetermined envelope from any source, such as electron-microscopic images or solution scattering, provided that the envelope can be converted to the standard CCP4 map format or expressed in terms of spherical harmonics. It is hoped that this method will greatly facilitate the ab initio structure determination of proteins and provide a good foundation for further structure refinement.
An Operationally Simple Method for Separating the Rare-Earth Elements Neodymium and Dysprosium**

Rare-earth metals are critical components of electronic materials and permanent magnets. Recycling of consumer materials is a promising new source of rare earths. To incentivize recycling there is a clear need for simple methods for targeted separations of mixtures of rare-earth metal salts. Metal complexes of a tripodal nitroxide ligand [{(2-tBuNO)C6H4CH2}3N]3− (TriNOx3−), feature a size-sensitive aperture formed of its three η2-(N,O) ligand arms. Exposure of metal cations in the aperture induces a self-associative equilibrium comprising [M(TriNOx)thf]/ [M(TriNOx)]2 (M=rare-earth metal). Differences in the equilibrium constants (Keq) for early and late metals enables simple Nd/Dy separations through leaching with a separation ratio SNd/Dy=359.
Collectible Toys as Marketing Tools: Understanding Preschool Children's Responses to Foods Paired with Premiums

Abstract Concern over obesity finds policy makers struggling to understand marketing's role in food choice, but with a limited empirical base to inform them. Because food patterns established in childhood influence life-long patterns, toy premiums that may sway food preference are being questioned. The motivational pull of collectible toys is of particular interest in this discussion because repeated exposure to foods engendered by frequent purchases to obtain collectibles may establish food preference. Thus, Study 1 addresses the role of collectible toys as premiums accompanying food offerings. The authors show that these premiums influence children's attitudes toward both unhealthful and healthful meal offerings. In Study 2, a choice task reveals that a healthful meal is favored when it is paired with a collectible toy premium and the unhealthful meal is presented with no premium. Findings are discussed in terms of providing an evidence base for policy decisions.
Some Important Pitfalls in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis in Children

Some of the common errors and problems of the physician who cares for the child with bacterial meningitis are: 1) misdiagnosis; 2) inappropriate handling of cerebrospinal fluid; 3) inadequate assessment of therapeutic responses; 4) inappropriate drug therapy; 5) improper treatment of seizures; 6) inadequate care of increased intracranial pressure; 7) inappropriate evaluation of persistent fever; 8) inappropriate fluid therapy; 9) inadequate investigation of persistent neurologic deficit; 10) overvigorous treatment of subdural effusion; 11) inadequate assessment of neurologic or psychologic im pairment ; and 12) inadequate consideration of possible underlying defects.
Predictive Value of Prior Injury on Career in Professional American Football Is Affected by Player Position

BackgroundThe National Football League holds an annual combine where individual teams evaluate college football players likely to be drafted for physical skills, review players’ medical history and imaging studies, and perform a physical examination.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to test the effect of specific diagnoses and surgical procedures on the likelihood of playing and length of career in the league by position.Study DesignCohort study; Level of evidence, 3.MethodsA database for all players reviewed at the annual National Football League Combine by the medical staff of 1 National Football League team from 1987 to 2000 was created, including each player's orthopaedic rating, diagnoses, surgical procedures, number of games played, and number of seasons played in the National Football League. Athletes were grouped by position as follows: offensive backfield, offensive receiver, offensive line, quarterback, tight end, defensive line, defensive secondary, linebacker, and kicker. The percentage of ...
VTrust: a trust management system based on a vector model of trust

Trust can be used to measure our confidence that a secure system behaves as expected. We had previously proposed a vector model of trust [1]. In this work we address the problem of trust management using the vector model. We develop a new trust management engine which we call VTrust (from Vector Trust). The trust management engine stores and manages current as well as historical information about different parameters that define a trust relation between a truster and a trustee. We propose an SQL like language called TrustQL to interact with the trust management engine. TrustQL consists of a Trust Definition Language (TDL) that is used to define a trust relationship and a Trust Manipulation Language (TML) that is used to query and update information about trust relationships.
Fecundity, Development, and Behavior of Ceratapion basicorne (Coleoptera: Apionidae), a Prospective Biological Control Agent of Yellow Starthistle

Abstract A laboratory colony of Ceratapion basicorne (Illiger) was established from adults reared from infested plants of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae), that were collected in eastern Turkey. Newly emerged adults fed on yellow starthistle foliage and mated, but females did not oviposit. The feeding rate of females decreased to almost zero by 16 d after emergence, whereas males continued to feed for at least 26 d. Dispersal activity was initially high but decreased to low levels in 2–3 wk. After 6 wk, most adults were hiding inside tightly curled dry leaves and in the crevices of crumpled paper towel. Insects were held in a cold dark incubator (5°C) for at least 3 mo to terminate reproductive diapause. Females began ovipositing 4.4 d after being placed on yellow starthistle leaves at 19°C. The oviposition period lasted a mean of 20.6 d, and lifetime fecundity was 34.5 eggs. Daily fecundity was high during the first 14 d of oviposition (1.8 eggs/d) and declined to low levels (0....
The effect of fat pad modification during ablation of atrial fibrillation: late gadolinium enhancement MRI analysis.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can visualize locations of both the ablation scar on the left atrium (LA) after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation and epicardial fat pads (FPs) containing ganglionated plexi (GP). Methods: We investigated 60 patients who underwent pulmonary vein antrum (PVA) isolation along with LA posterior wall and septal debulking for AF. FPs around the LA surface in well-known GP areas (whichwereconsidered asthesubstitutionofGPareasaroundtheLA)weresegmentedfromthedark-blood MRI. Then the FP and the ablation scar image visualized by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE)-MRI on the LA were merged together. Overlapping areas of FP and the ablation scar image were considered as the ablated FP areas containing GP. Patients underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring after ablation for the analysis of heart rate variability. Results: Ablated FP area was significantly wider in patients without AF recurrence than those in patients with recurrence (5.6 ± 3.1 cm 2 vs 4.2 ± 2.7 cm 2 ,P = 0.03). The mean values of both percentage of differences greater than 50 ms in the RR intervals (pRR > 50) and standard deviation of RR intervals over the entire analyzed period (SDNN), which were obtained from 24-hour Holter monitoring 1-day post-AF ablation, were significantly lower in patients without recurrence than those in patients with recurrence (5.8 ± 6.0% vs 14.0 ± 10.1%; P = 0.0005, 78.7 ± 32.4 ms vs 109.2 ± 43.5 ms; P = 0.005). There was a significant negative correlation between SDNN and the percentage of ablated FP area (Y =− 1.3168X + 118.96, R 2 = 0.1576, P = 0.003). Conclusion: Extensively ablating LA covering GP areas along with PVA isolation enhanced the denervation of autonomic nerve system and seemed to improve procedural outcome in patients with AF. (PACE 2013; 00:1‐10)
Sociogenic Brain Damage

Sociogenic brain damage is a condition produced by impoverished social environments. This has been demonstrated conclusively in rats. It is very probable that similar damage from similar causes is produced in the brains of infants, children, and even adolescents. The damage is probably akin to that which is produced by physical malnutrition. There is reason to believe that poverty and the ghetto, often associated with both physical and social malnutrition, constitute a combination of conditions capable of producing severe failures in neural development with its attendant failures in learning ability. The focus on sociogenic brain damage as alone capable of producing such learning deficits is related in this paper to the question of what so-called IQ tests really measure.
Molecular Properties of Allergens

A wide variety of natural or synthetic substances which are foreign to the host can act as antigens or immunogens to induce immunological responses in man and animals. Most immunological responses are beneficial for the host, but some are not. The immunological responses harmful to the host are called “hypersensitivity” or “allergy.” Allergic responses are classified into two types, immediate and delayed, on the basis of the lag in their appearance following challenge with allergen. The immediate type is mediated by specific antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes, while the delayed type is mediated by specifically acti­vated T lymphocytes. The immediate type is further divided into those mediated by antibodies of the IgE class and those mediated by antibodies of Ig classes other than IgE; the IgE-mediated allergy is also known as “atopy.” The chemical nature of the cellular component of T lymphocytes responsible for delayed-type allergy is as yet unknown.
Matching Testing Strategy With Student Personality In A Historically Black University

Most instructors believe that if students know the material that is taught, their knowledge will manifest by successful performance on any type of examination question that instructors devise. The issue that is now evolving is whether or not instructors can alter teaching and testing strategies to bring about an optimal learning environment. More particularly, this study represents an attempt to correlate students’ learning style preferences to performance on four types of examination questions. The results reported in this study shows that intuitive and thinking students do not perform well on open-ended quantitative test. Moreover, intuitive students are not very good when it comes to multiple-choice quantitative test. Finally, feeling, sensing, and thinking students perform better on multiple-choice theory tests.
Abstract 376: Trajectories of Angina-related Physical Limitations Following Acute Coronary Syndrome in TRACE-CORE

Objective: The American Heart Association (AHA), recognizing critical knowledge gaps, has called for more research into determinants of patient functional status. We sought to identify longitudinal patterns (trajectories) of functional status and their predictors during 6 months following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) discharge. Methods: We used data from the Transitions, Risks, and Actions in Coronary Events - Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes and Education (TRACE-CORE) prospective cohort of patients hospitalized with ACS. We measured physical limitations using the Seattle Angina Questionnaire at the index hospitalization and at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-discharge. The Seattle Angina Questionnaire physical limitation sub-score (SAPL) ranges 1-100; higher scores indicate fewer limitations. We identified subgroups of patients with distinctive SAPL trajectories and predictors of those trajectories. Results: Participants (N=470) had mean age 62.8 (SD 10.8) years; 26.6% were female and 86.2%, white. We id...
A Prescription for Psychiatry: Why We Need a Whole New Approach to Mental Health and Wellbeing

A Prescription for Psychiatry: Why We Need a Whole New Approach to Mental Health and Wellbeing By Peter Kinderman. Palgrave Macmillan. 2014. £18.99 (pb). 224 pp. ISBN: 9781137408709 Psychiatrists could be forgiven for avoiding this apparent critique of their profession. However, such aversion
Free space optical multicast crossbar

Enabling multicast in optical networks requires the use of multicast-capable optical switches. In this paper, we propose a new class of multicast-capable free space optical (FSO) switches. Our design exploits nonmovable tri-state switching elements (T-SEs) that support signal splitting and switching simultaneously and seamlessly, and thus the separate splitting stages used in conventional multicast switches are not needed. It follows that the propagation loss that may be encountered by an optical beam passing through a splitting stage followed by a crossbar (e.g., splitter-and-delivery-based switches) can be avoided in the proposed switch since the beam passes only through the crossbar. The proposed FSO switch is analyzed and compared to conventional architectures in terms of hardware complexity, power loss, and cost. We show that an N x M switch requires only NM nonmovable T-SEs. Comparison with existing optical multicast switches shows that the proposed switch provides multicast capability with substantially lower hardware complexity and a comparable performance. Cost analysis for the proposed switch shows that its switching cost is lower than existing switches even if the cost of the T-SE is 1.2 to 2.2x that of a MEMS mirror.
Terahertz Spectroscopy and Computational Investigation of the Flufenamic Acid/Nicotinamide Cocrystal

Terahertz spectroscopy probes the low-frequency vibrations that are sensitive to both the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions of molecules in the solid state. Thus, terahertz spectroscopy can be a useful tool in the investigation of crystalline pharmaceutical compounds, where slight changes in the packing arrangement can modify the overall effectiveness of a drug formulation. This is especially true for cases of polymorphic systems, hydrates/solvates, and cocrystals. In this work, the cocrystal of flufenamic acid with nicotinamide was investigated using terahertz spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory. The solid-state simulations enable understanding of the low-frequency vibrations seen in the terahertz spectra, while also providing insight into the energetics involved in the formation of the cocrystal. The comparison of the cocrystal to the pure forms of the molecular components reveals that the cocrystal has better overall binding energy, driven by increased intermolecular hyd...
The Perfect form of A Marine-Occurring Yeast of the Genus Rhodotorula

SUMMARY Rhodosporidium sphaerocarpum Newell & Fell, sp. nov., is described as the perfect form of marine-occurring strains of Rhodotorula glutinis (Fres.) Harrison. Both asexual yeast and sexual mycelial phases are described and compared to those of Rhodosp. toruloides Banno, the type species of the genus. The genus Rhodosporidium was described by Banno (1967) to include the perfect form of strains of the red-pigmented, anascosporogenous yeast species Rhodotorula glutinis (Fres.) Harrison. Banno named this sexual fungus Rhodosp. toruloides. He discovered the sexual stages among atmospheric and terrestrial strains of Rhodotorula maintained in the collection at the Institute for Fermentation at Osaka, Japan. The life cycle of Rhodosp. toruloides, as described by Banno and confirmed by us, is as follows: haploid yeast phase-> conjugation, plasmogamy -> dikaryotic mycelium with clamp connections --> thickwalled dikaryotic teliospore -> karyogamy -> diploid teliospore -> germination, meiosis -> 4-celled promycelium -> haploid sporidia --- budding -> haploid yeast phase. Self-sporulating yeast strains also exist; they produce teliospore-bearing dikaryotic mycelium without conjugation. Banno placed Rhodosporidiuz in the Ustilaginaceae, a family of smut fungi (Heterobasidiomycetidae), due to the similarity of the life cycle of Rhodosp. toruloides and the general life cycle of the members of the Ustilaginaceae.
Study on risk factors of stroke in progression

Objective To explore the risk factors that caused stroke in progression.Methods Fifty eight stroke in progression patients and 58 healthy controls were studied.The relevant factors of stroke in progression,which include blood pressure,blood glucose,the degree of artery stenosis were analyzed.Results The number of patients accompanied with hypertension,and the number of patients accompanied with diabetes mellitus were more than those in control group.The incidence rate of arterial stenosis in stroke in progression group were higher than that in control group.The difference between the two groups was significant(P0.05).Conclusion Hypertension,diabetes mellitus and arterial stenosis are associated with stroke in progression.
Limited Rate Feedback in a MIMO Wiretap Channel With a Cooperative Jammer

We study strategies for enhanced secrecy using cooperative jamming in secure communication systems with limited rate feedback. A Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wiretap channel with a jamming helper is considered. The transmitter and helper both require channel state information (CSI), which is quantized at the receiver and fed back through two sum-rate-limited feedback channels. The quantization errors result in reduced beamforming gain from the transmitter, as well as interference leakage from the helper. First, under the assumption that the eavesdropper's CSI is completely unknown, we derive a lower bound on the average main channel rate and find the feedback bit allocation that maximizes the jamming power under a constraint on the bound. For the case where statistical CSI for the eavesdropper's channel is available, we derive a lower bound on the average secrecy rate, and we optimize the bound to find a suitable bit allocation and the transmit powers allocated to the transmitter and helper. For the case where the transmitter and helper have the same number of antennas, we obtain a closed-form solution for the optimal bit allocation. Simulations verify the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the significant performance gain that results with intelligent feedback bit allocation and power control.
An Active RBSE Framework to Generate Optimal Stimulus Sequences in a BCI for Spelling

A class of brain computer interfaces (BCIs) employs noninvasive recordings of electroencephalography (EEG) signals to enable users with severe speech and motor impairments to interact with their environment and social network. EEG based BCIs for typing popularly utilize event related potentials (ERPs) for inference. Presentation paradigm in current ERP-based letter by letter typing BCIs typically query the user with an arbitrary subset of characters. However, the typing accuracy and speed can potentially be enhanced with more informed subset selection. In this manuscript, we introduce the active recursive Bayesian state estimation (active-RBSE) framework for inference and sequence optimization. Prior to each iteration of presentation, rather than showing a subset of randomly selected characters, this framework optimally selects a subset based on a query function. Selected queries are made adaptively specialized for users during each intent detection. Through a simulation-based study, we assess the effect of active-RBSE on the performance of a language-model assisted typing BCI in terms of typing speed and accuracy. To provide a baseline for comparison, we also utilize standard presentation paradigms namely, row and column matrix presentation paradigm and also random rapid serial visual presentation paradigms. The results show that utilization of active-RBSE can enhance the online performance of the system, both in terms of typing accuracy and speed. Moreover, we conduct online experiments with human participants to study the human-in-the-loop effect on the performance of the proposed framework and the results were consistent with the simulations.
A Within-Group Analysis of African American Mothers’ Authoritarian Attitudes, Limit-Setting and Children’s Self-Regulation

Research suggests that higher levels of authoritarian parenting exist in African American (AA) families than in European American (EA) families, and that authoritarian attitudes may be associated with more positive outcomes in AA families than EA families. However, less is known about authoritarian attitudes and children's development within AA families. This within-group study of 50 African American mothers and their 3-year-old children examined associations between maternal authoritarian attitudes, observed maternal limit-setting strategies, and children's self-regulation during a limit-setting interaction. The findings indicate that while AA families may hold more authoritarian attitudes than EA families, the direction of effect of authoritarian attitudes on children's outcomes appears to be the same in both ethnic groups. In this sample, when examining AA authoritarian attitudes relative to those of other AA mothers, less or lower authoritarian attitudes were associated with authoritative limit-setting behavior (firm limits within the context of overall warmth and responsiveness) and better children's self-regulation.
CHARMM-GUI Ligand Reader & Modeler

Reading ligand structures into any simulation program is often very difficult and time consuming, as the corresponding molecular force field parameters or structure files may not be available immediately. To resolve this issue and simplify the ligand model preparation, we have developed Ligand Reader & Modeler in CHARMM-GUI. Users can upload ligand structure information to the server in various ways (using PDB ID, ligand ID, SMILES, MOL/MOL2/SDF file, and PDB file), and the uploaded structure will be displayed on the sketchpad for verification and further modification. Ligand Reader & Modeler will prepare the ligand force filed parameters and necessary structure files by searching for the ligand in the entire CHARMM force field library or using CHARMM General Force Field (CGenFF). In addition, a user can draw chemical substitution sites and substituents in each attachment site to generate a set of combinatorial structure files and corresponding force field parameters for high-throughput screening simulation. Finally, the output can be used in other CHARMM-GUI modules to build a simulation system for all supported simulation programs such as CHARMM, NAMD, GROMACS, AMBER, GENESIS, LAMMPS, Desmond, and OpenMM.
Kinome reprogramming response to MEK inhibition: A window-of-opportunity trial in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

512 Background: Targeted therapy (Rx) in TNBC is challenging due to heterogeneity and cancer cell kinome “reprogramming” in response to targeted kinase inhibitors (Cell 149:307, 2012). In preclinic...
Student pharmacists' social distancing toward people with mental illness

Abstract Introduction: Findings from previous studies indicated patients with mental illness feel pharmacists do not provide appropriate care. In addition, many patients with mental illness report not having a strong relationship with their pharmacist. The objective of this study was to determine the level of social distance of student pharmacists toward patients with mental illness. Methods: Student pharmacists completed an anonymous survey. Data were collected using the Bogardus Social Distance Scale (SDS). Level and correlates of social distancing were examined. Results: Incomplete surveys were excluded, resulting in 334 completed surveys. A total of 276 students (83%) had an SDS score ≥14, indicating social distancing. There was no statistical difference noted in social distancing between students and year of training (P = .482). The greatest social distancing was in relation to trusting someone with mental illness to “care for their child,” where less than 1 in 5 students (17%) were willing to do thi...
δ18O Analyses of the Humpbacked Conch (Gibberulus gibberulus): Evaluating a Proxy for Reconstructing Sea-Surface Temperature at Chelechol ra Orrak, Palau

In Palau, Micronesia, marine resources, particularly shellfish, played a vital role in human subsistence for millennia. Despite the vast array of molluscan species in archaeological assemblages, th...
“You’re going to make us all happy”: Orientalist appropriations of the Berber woman in Richard Powers’s Generosity

Richard Powers’s 2009 novel, Generosity: An Enhancement frequently has been read as a literary exposition of the mechanism by which post-industrial consumer culture seizes upon science to create an...
Influence of Solvent Effects on Retention of Small Molecules in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

Major obstacles to formulating a simple retention mechanism for reversed-phase liquid chromatography are identified as the heterogeneous composition of the stationary phase, the difficulty of providing a working definition for the phase ratio, and uncertainty as to whether the distribution mechanism for varied compounds are a partition or adsorption process or some combination of both. Some insight into the retention mechanism is provided by isotherm measurements, studies of surface excess adsorption, and molecular dynamics simulations, while on the other hand, retention factor measurements offer little guidance as they represent an average of various and variable contributing factors that can only be deconvoluted by assuming a specific model. The interphase model offers a phenomenological description of the active region of the stationary phase responsible for retention, but is not connected with any specific mathematical formulation on the retention mechanism. Mechanistic models based on solvophobic theory, lattice theories, and partition displacement models are of limited practical utility because of their complexity and unrealistic assumptions required in most part to simplify the mathematical description of the interphase region. Linear free energy relationships, such as the solvation parameter model, provide a simpler solution offering useful insights into the retention process for column selection and mobile phase optimization. Even here, caution is indicated as the interpretation of solvent effects on system constants implies an understanding of the retention mechanism which remains an enigma in search of a solution.
Using Polymers to Build Three Dimensional Coculture Systems for Angiogenesis

Combining stem cells with polymers allows one to build new microenvironments and to investigate the role surface molecules, mechanical properties, and soluble factors play on stem cells in a physiologically relevant three dimensional system. In this chapter, we will focus primarily on commercially available polymers and those that can be made very simply with a limited knowledge of chemistry. We will also cover simple techniques to process the polymers to create architectures that can direct cell interactions.
The Stratosphere: An Introduction

The paper presents an introduction to scientific problems related to ozone in the stratosphere. Key uncertainties in our understanding of the chemistry and dynamics of this region are pointed out. Model simulations of the ozone evolution during the 1980s are discussed to illustrate the importance of heterogeneous chemical reactions in the lower stratosphere.
Evaluation of enzymatically modified potato starches in diets for weanling pigs

We conducted three growth trials to evaluate replacing carbohydrate sources with enzy- matically modified potato starches in diets for wean- ling pigs. In Exp. 1, 180 pigs (initially 5.3 kg and 21 ± 2 d of age) were used to compare the effects of corn (36.5%), edible-grade oat flour (36.5%), two enzymat- ically modified potato starches (12%), and added lactose (12%) on pig performance. Potato Starch 1 had a dextrose equivalent (DE) of 6 and Potato Starch 2 had a DE of 20; both were spray-dried maltodextrans. Pigs that were fed Potato Starch 2 had greater ( P .10) in growth performance were observed. In Exp. 2, 198 pigs (initially 4.3 kg and 19 ± 2 d of age) were used to determine whether modified Potato Starch 2 could replace a portion of the corn or lactose in the diet. The control diet contained 10% dried whey, and additional treatments were formulated by adding 7 or 14% modified Potato Starch 2 or lactose in place of corn. A positive control diet was formulated containing 29% dried whey. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, increasing dietary lactose improved (linear, P < .04) ADG and ADFI. Increasing the potato starch had no effect on ADG but increased ADFI (linear, P < .02). In Exp. 3, 180 pigs (initially 3.9 kg and 14 ± 3 d of age) were used to evaluate Potato Starch 2 or 3 (DE = 30, a spray-dried glucose syrup) as replacements for either corn or lactose in the diet. Pigs were fed a control diet containing 15% dried whey and 12% added lactose. Twelve percent modified Potato Starch 2 or 3 replaced either corn or lactose in the diet on a wt/wt basis. From d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 21, pigs fed either modified potato starch substituted for corn had greater ( P < .07) ADG than those fed the control diet. Pigs fed diets with either modified starch substituted for lactose had similar ADG as those fed the control diet. These results suggest that when substituted for corn, Potato Starch 2 can improve growth performance of weanling pigs.
One axon, many kinesins: What's the logic?

A large number of membrane-bounded organelles, protein complexes, and mRNAs are transported along microtubules to different locations within the neuronal axon. Axonal transport in the anterograde direction is carried out by members of a superfamily of specialized motor proteins, the kinesins. All kinesins contain a conserved motor domain that hydrolyses ATP to generate movement along microtubules. Regions outside the motor domain are responsible for cargo binding and regulation of motor activity. Present in a soluble, inactive form in the cytoplasm, kinesins are activated upon cargo binding. Selective targeting of different types of kinesin motors to specific cargoes is directed by amino acid sequences situated in their variable tails. Cargo proteins with specific function at their destination, bind directly to specific kinesins for transport. Whereas most kinesins move to microtubule plus-ends, a small number of them move to microtubule minus-ends, and may participate in retrograde axonal transport. Axonal transport by kinesins has a logic: Fully assembled, multisubunit, functional complexes (e.g., ion channel complexes, signaling complexes, RNA-protein complexes) are transported to their destination by kinesin motors that interact transiently (i.e., during transport only) with one of the complexes' subunits.
Complex Sentences Continued: Relative Clauses

In Chap. 9 we examined one type of complex clause, adverbial clauses. In this chapter we will be discussing another type of complex clause, relative clauses. We will explore what relative clauses are, the different types of relative clauses, and how they are formed. Section 10.1 discusses relative clauses and the relative pronouns. Section 10.2 examines relative adverbs. Section 10.3 looks at reduced relative clauses.
The first reported contralateral ectopic kidney with ectopic ureteral insertion revealed by septicemia and pyelonephritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a 5-year old boy: A case report

Staphylococcus aureus rarely causes pyelonephritis or cystitis in children. S. aureus-induced urinary tract infection usually develops after an instrumentation or secondary causes such as renal abscess, osteomyelitis or bacterial endocarditis. Additionally, urinary tract colonization by S. aureus may also be the source of staphylococcal bacteremia associated with urinary tract abnormalities and vesicoureteral reflux. Here, a 5-year-old boy with urinary tract anomaly detected S. aureus in both blood and urine cultures. Diagnosis and treatment process of the patient were presented.
Internationalization of Indonesian Higher Education: Recent Initiatives and their Problems

While the Indonesian higher education sector is relatively inward looking in comparison with those of its neighbors in Southeast Asia, the government has been proposing new initiatives to speed up internationalization in an attempt to increase the sector’s quality. However, problems existing in the government policy direction and organizational factors within the universities may mean that Indonesian higher education will remain insular for quite some time. Adapting effective policies implemented in other Asian countries may help Indonesia transform its higher education sector.
Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Photochemical Activity

A brief discussion of the comparative aspects of photosynthesis, particularly of studies with photosynthetic bacteria, may be helpful in the clarification of our experiments with Euglena. It is important to see how Euglena fits into the general scheme of photosynthesis.
Evolutionary persistence of insect bunyavirus infection despite host acquisition and expression of the viral nucleoprotein gene.

How insects combat RNA virus infection is a subject of intensive research owing to its importance in insect health, virus evolution, and disease transmission. In recent years, a pair of potentially linked phenomena have come to light as a result of this work-first, the pervasive production of viral DNA from exogenous nonretroviral RNA in infected individuals, and second, the widespread distribution of nonretroviral integrated RNA virus sequences (NIRVs) in the genomes of diverse eukaryotes. The evolutionary consequences of NIRVs for viruses are unclear and the field would benefit from studies of natural virus infections co-occurring with recent integrations, an exceedingly rare circumstance in the literature. Here, we provide evidence that a novel insect-infecting phasmavirus (Order Bunyavirales) has been persisting in a phantom midge host, Chaoborus americanus, for millions of years. Interestingly, the infection persists despite the host's acquisition (during the Pliocene), fixation, and expression of the viral nucleoprotein gene. We show that virus prevalence and geographic distribution are high and broad, comparable to the host-specific infections reported in other phantom midges. Short-read mapping analyses identified a lower abundance of the nucleoprotein-encoding genome segment in this virus relative to related viruses. Finally, the novel virus has facilitated the first substitution rate estimation for insect-infecting phasmaviruses. Over a period of approximately 16 million years, we find rates of (0.6 - 1.6) × 10-7 substitutions per site per year in protein coding genes, extraordinarily low for negative-sense RNA viruses, but consistent with the few estimates produced over comparable evolutionary timescales.