cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Schools for the Mathematically Talented in the People's Republic of China

Stanley, Huang and Zhu (1986) reported a higher percentage of mathematically gifted students in China than in the United States, Taiwan or Singapore. Twenty-one students from a population of 279 were judged by Stanley, et al to mathematically precocious. Despite the fact that the Chinese sample was selected from among the best schools in Shanghai and, therefore, was not realty comparable to the other national populations studied these findings justified decisions made a decade before by Chinese educational authorities to establish special programs for the gifted. In 1978, following a visit by Columbia University Professor and Nobel laureate Tsung Dao Lee, the Chinese Academy of Science acted upon his recommendations to establish special “youth classes” in mathematics.
Case Study: Scenario-Based Seismic Loss Estimation for Concrete Buildings in Mid-America:

This paper focuses on probabilistic loss estimation of concrete buildings subject to seismic activity in the Central United States. The scenario earthquakes under consideration have three moment ma...
Reducing problem behaviors on the playground: An investigation of the application of schoolwide positive behavior supports

In an effort to reduce problem behavior, it is recommended that schools develop a continuum of positive behavior support (PBS) that focuses on prevention/early intervention as well as individualized student support systems for those students who display chronic problem behaviors. While there is a large database to support the use of PBS practices at the individual student level, the knowledge base supporting prevention/early intervention strategies is characterized as emerging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of PBS prevention/early intervention strategies on the rate of problem behavior displayed by elementary school students during recess. Specifically, this study examined the effects of directly teaching playground-related behaviors and the use of a group contingency to reinforce mastery in an elementary school. Results indicated that the intervention reduced the frequency of problem behavior across three recess periods. Results are discussed with respect to support of an emerging empirical database and implications for practice. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteomyelitis and beyond

Musculoskeletal infections are a cause of considerable morbidity in children. Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, and imaging is needed to define the anatomical location of infected tissue or fluid collections for diagnostic aspiration or biopsy. Prompt diagnosis and precise localization of the infection site has become even more imperative with the emergence and dissemination of highly invasive organisms such as community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus. Although radiography, bone scintigraphy and US continue to play a role, MRI is now the preferred imaging modality for definitive evaluation of pediatric musculoskeletal infections because of its capability of simultaneously assessing the osseous, articular and muscular structures without ionizing radiation exposure. This article focuses on the imaging characteristics of osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and pyomyositis and the differentiating features of potential mimics of infection.
What Organization Theorists and Public Policy Researchers Can Learn from One Another: Publicness Theory as a Case-in-Point

I argue that organization theory and public policy studies, two field that share many common origins, have had surprisingly little cross-fertilization and that this state of affairs is both injurious and correctable. This paper (1) considers the costs and the foregone opportunities resulting from this mutual intellectual disregard, (2) presents an illustrative case to show the possibility of cross-fertilizing public policy and organization studies, and (3) suggests some general strategies to promote cross-fertilization between these two apparently related fields of inquiry. I provide a detailed illustration of the cross-fertilization of public policy and organization studies by recounting the history of “dimensional publicness theory,” a theory lens that, uncommonly, has been employed by both organization theorists and public policy scholars. I conclude with suggestions for promoting cross-fertilization between public policy studies and organization theory.
Integrin Targeted Delivery of Chemotherapeutics

Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics is defined in the sense, that is, to maximize the therapeutic index of a chemotherapeutic agent by strictly localizing its pharmacological activity to the site or tissue of action. Integrins are a family of heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins involved in a wide range of cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-to-cell interactions. As cell surface receptors, integrins readily interact with extracellular ligands and play a vital role in angiogenesis, leukocytes function and tumor development, which sets up integrins as an excellent target for chemotherapy treatment. The peptide ligands containing the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), which displays a strong binding affinity and selectivity to integrins, particularly to integrin αvβ3, have been developed to conjugate with various conventional chemotherapeutic agents, such as small molecules, peptides and proteins, and nanoparticle-carried drugs for integtrin targeted therapeutic studies. This review highlights the recent advances in integrin targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents with emphasis on target of integrin αvβ3, and describes the considerations for the design of the diverse RGD peptide-chemotherapeutics conjugates and their major applications.
Structural and stratigraphic control on the migration of a contaminant plume at the P Reactor area, Savannah River site, South Carolina

Geophysical methods, including a shallow seismic reflection (SSR) survey, surface and borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data, and electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), were conducted at the Savannah River site (SRS), South Carolina, to investigate the shallow stratigraphy, hydrogeophysical zonation, and the applicability and performance of these geophysical techniques for hydrogeological characterization in contaminant areas. The study site is the P Reactor area located within the upper Atlantic coastal plain, with clastic sediments ranging from Late Cretaceous to Miocene in age. The target of this research was the delineation and prediction of migration pathways of a trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminant plume that originates from the northwest section of the reactor facility and discharges into the nearby Steel Creek. This contaminant plume has been migrating in an east-to-west direction and narrowing away from the source in an area where the general stratigraphy along with the groundwater flow dips to the southeast. Here, we present the results from a stratigraphic and hydrogeophysical characterization of the site using the SSR, GPR, and ERI methods. Although detailed stratigraphic layers were identified in the upper approximately 50 m (164 ft), other major findings include (1) the discovery of a shallow (23 m [75 ft] from the ground surface) inverse fault, (2) the detection of a paleochannel system that was previously reported but that seems to be controlled by the reactivation of the interpreted fault, and (3) the finding that the hydraulic gradient seems to have a convergence of groundwater flow near the area. The interpreted fault at the study site appears to be of upper Eocene age and may be associated with other known reactivated faults within the Dunbarton Triassic Basin. The coincident use of the SSR and ERI methods in conjunction with the complementary 50-, 100-, and 200-MHz GPR antennas allowed us to generate a detailed geologic model of the shallow subsurface, suggesting that the migration of the TCE plume is constrained by (1) the paleochannel system with respect to its migration direction, (2) the presence of an inverse fault that may also contribute to the paleochannel growth and structural evolution, and (3) the local groundwater flow volume with respect to its longer and narrower shape away from the source updip stratigraphic bedding.
The steady-state visual evoked potential reveals neural correlates of the items encoded into visual working memory

Visual working memory (VWM) capacity limitations are estimated to be ~4 items. Yet, it remains unclear why certain items from a given memory array may be successfully retrieved from VWM and others are lost. Existing measures of the neural correlates of VWM cannot address this question because they measure the aggregate processing of the entire stimulus array rather than neural signatures of individual items. Moreover, this cumulative processing is usually measured during the delay period, thereby reflecting the allocation of neural resources during VWM maintenance. Here, we use the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) to identify the neural correlates of individual stimuli at VWM encoding and test two distinct hypotheses: the focused-resource hypothesis and the diffuse-resource hypothesis, for how the allocation of neural resources during VWM encoding may contribute to VWM capacity limitations. First, we found that SSVEP amplitudes were larger for stimuli that were later remembered than for items that were subsequently forgotten. Second, this pattern generalized so that the SSVEP amplitudes were also larger for the unprobed stimuli in correct compared to incorrect trials. These data are consistent with the diffuse-resource view in which attentional resources are broadly allocated across the whole stimulus array. These results illustrate the important role encoding mechanisms play in limiting the capacity of VWM.
Darwin and the Human-Nonhuman Divide

When Charles Darwin returned to England in 1836 from his voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, he brought back with him not only revolutionary ideas of evolution and natural selection, but also the spark for debate about the very definition of a human being. He drew lines between humans and nonhuman animals in order to maintain a comfortable separation between "us" and "them," citing morality as the main difference between man and animal. However, modern scientific discoveries provide sufficient evidence to support the concept of morality in humans' closest relative, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Now, due to indications that chimpanzees have morality – a trait that Darwin and modern scientists claimed to be unique to humans – the line between human and animal becomes blurred. Should chimpanzees be granted the same basic rights to life that modern society safeguards for humans?
Robust adaptive motion and force control of robot manipulators in unknown stiffness environments

Robust motion and force tracking control of robot manipulators in the presence of parametric uncertainties, in both the robot dynamics and the contact surface or external disturbances, is considered. Several approaches are adopted to compare their advantages. In the absence of time-varying disturbances, a continuous adaptive motion and force tracking control algorithm is developed to deal with the unknown robot parameters and the unknown surface parameters, such as the stiffness and friction coefficient. No prior information on the parameter uncertainties is assumed. Exact motion and force tracking control is ensured without any persistent excitation being satisfied. A discontinuous term is introduced in the control law to guarantee stability and tracking performance under the presence of time-varying external disturbances. Finally, under an assumption that the bounds on the modelling error are usually known, the control law is smoothed with a modified adaptation law to avoid a possible chattering problem induced by the discontinuous control term and, at the same time, to achieve robustness to unmodelled dynamics. >
Intimate Partner Violence and Coparenting Across the Transition to Parenthood

Intimate partner violence (IPV) between parents has been linked to negative parenting and child maladjustment, yet the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood. Based on a theory that violence among parents disrupts the coparental alliance—which has been linked to parenting quality and child adjustment—the authors examined the effect of prebirth violence on coparenting across the transition to parenthood. A community sample of 156 couples reported on IPV prior to the birth of their first child and on coparenting at child age 1 year. Both men and women’s violence perpetration were related to coparenting quality. Couple relationship quality and parent mental health problems accounted for the links between prenatal IPV and coparenting. This study adds to an understanding of the associations between IPV and family functioning across the transition to parenthood, and has important implications for preventive intervention.
Measurement correlation for multiple sensor tracking in a dense target environment

In this paper, we describe an algorithm for correlating measurements from several sensors. This is a problem area in multiple sensor tracking in a dense target environment. It is shown that the correlation problem is similar to the assignment problem in operation research with assisgnment penalties being equal to the sufficient statistic of the generalized likelihood ratio test.
Osteoprotegerin is an effective countermeasure for spaceflight-induced bone loss in mice

Bone loss associated with microgravity exposure poses a significant barrier to long-duration spaceflight. Osteoprotegerin-Fc (OPG-Fc) is a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) inhibitor that causes sustained inhibition of bone resorption after a single subcutaneous injection. We tested the ability of OPG-Fc to preserve bone mass during 12 days of spaceflight (SF). 64-day-old female C57BL/6J mice (n=12/group) were injected subcutaneously with OPG-Fc (20mg/kg) or an inert vehicle (VEH), 24h prior to launch. Ground control (GC) mice (VEH or OPG-Fc) were maintained under environmental conditions that mimicked those in the space shuttle middeck. Age-matched baseline (BL) controls were sacrificed at launch. GC/VEH, but not SF/VEH mice, gained tibia BMD and trabecular volume fraction (BV/TV) during the mission (P<0.05 vs. BL). SF/VEH mice had lower BV/TV vs. GC/VEH mice, while SF/OPG-Fc mice had greater BV/TV than SF/VEH or GC/VEH. SF reduced femur elastic and maximum strength in VEH mice, with OPG-Fc increasing elastic strength in SF mice. Serum TRAP5b was elevated in SF/VEH mice vs. GC/VEH mice. Conversely, SF/OPG-Fc mice had lower TRAP5b levels, suggesting that OPG-Fc preserved bone during spaceflight via inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Decreased bone formation also contributed to the observed osteopenia, based on the reduced femur periosteal bone formation rate and serum osteocalcin level. Overall, these observations suggest that the beneficial effects of OPG-Fc during SF are primarily due to dramatic and sustained suppression of bone resorption. In growing mice, this effect appears to compensate for the SF-related inhibition of bone formation, while preventing any SF-related increase in bone resorption. We have demonstrated that the young mouse is an appropriate new model for SF-induced osteopenia, and that a single pre-flight treatment with OPG-Fc can effectively prevent the deleterious effects of SF on mouse bone.
Optimization of Near Infrared Fluorescence Tumor Localization during Robotic Partial Nephrectomy

Purpose: Near infrared fluorescence allows the differentiation of tumors and normal parenchyma during robotic partial nephrectomy. This may facilitate tumor excision but requires proper dosing of indocyanine green. Under dosing causes inadequate fluorescence of peritumor parenchyma. Overdosing causes tumors to fluoresce inappropriately. Currently there are no described dosing strategies to our knowledge to optimize near infrared fluorescence and reported doses vary widely. We devised a dosing strategy and assessed the reliability of near infrared fluorescence for differential fluorescence.Materials and Methods: Robotic partial nephrectomy with near infrared fluorescence was performed for 79 tumors. Dosing strategy involved at minimum 2 indocyanine green doses, including the test dose and the calibrated dose before resection. The test dose was deliberately low to avoid confounding over-fluorescence. The second dose was calibrated depending on the extent of differential fluorescence achieved with the test d...
The origin of the avian flight stroke: a kinematic and kinetic perspective

Abstract Flying birds flap their wings to generate aerodynamic forces large enough to overcome weight and drag. During this behavior, the forelimbs are displaced and deformed in a complex, coordinated sequence of movements collectively known as the “flight stroke.” Despite an influx of relevant fossil material and new functional insights from extant birds, the historical origin of the avian flight stroke remains poorly resolved. Potential behavioral precursors have been identified primarily on the basis of kinematic resemblance—similarity of movement irrespective of underlying mechanisms. We discuss fundamental issues of motion analysis that are frequently overlooked by paleontologists, and conclude that a purely kinematic approach is insufficient. Consideration of kinetics, the forces responsible for motion, offers a more complete picture of flight stroke evolution. We introduce six kinetic components that interact to determine a limb's trajectory. Phylogenetic mapping reveals that forelimb loading patte...
Are the additional health expenditures generated by insurance bad for society

Conventional economic theory has concluded that the additional health expenditures generated by insurance coverage are bad for society and lead to inefficiently high health care expenditures. To reduce costs, economists have promoted solutions--cost sharing insurance policy and managed care--designed to reduce this additional care. This article discusses a new theory of insurance that suggests that much of these additional health expenditures are actually efficient and good for society. As a result, insurance coverage is much better for society than economists have thought. Also, the policy prescriptions are different. The new theory suggests that cost sharing should be applied sparingly, that policy should focus on reducing high prices in order to reduce health expenditures, and that the uninsured should be insured under some type of national insurance program.
Epidermal growth factor attenuates jejunal mucosal injury induced by oleic acid: role of mucus

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is present in biliary, pancreatic, and Brunner's gland secretions. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of EGF on lipid-induced mucosal injury. The proximal jejunum of anesthetized rats was cannulated for perfusion of the lumen with emulsified oleic acid (40 mM oleic acid in 20 mM sodium taurocholate; pH 6.0). Mucosal epithelial integrity was monitored by measuring the blood-to-lumen clearance of 51Cr-labeled EDTA. Perfusion of the lumen with emulsified lipid increased EDTA clearance. Addition of EGF (0.5 ng/ml) to the lipid emulsion ameliorated the lipid-induced increase in EDTA clearance. Perfusion of the lumen with EGF alone stimulated mucus secretion from goblet cells. This effect of EGF was abolished by atropine. In addition, in atropinized animals there was 1) an exaggeration of the lipid-induced injury and 2) a loss of the protective effect of EGF. Our findings provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that EGF provides protection against lipid-induced mucosal injury, in part, by stimulating mucus production.
Abstract 16053: Preoperative Best Diagnostic Test of Anomalous Coronaries in the Adult are Angiography and CTA

Introduction: Adults with congenital cardiac disease have surpassed children. Patients with anomalous coronary(AC) are increasingly recognized in adulthood. Workup in adults may be different that children. Multiple reports exist of adults undergoing a range of diagnostic modalities. No one has previously determined the most valuable workup for diagnosis in a contemporary series of adults with AC. We assessed the hypothesis that workup of adults with AC may be streamlined to coronary catheterization(CC) and CTA. Methods: 27 patients(pts) with AC consisted of five anomalous left coronaries(ALM), six anomalous left circumflex coronaries(ALCx) and 16 anomalous right coronaries(ARCA). Workup included a combination of EKG, CC, exercise stress test(EST), CT angiogram(CTA), MRI or nuclear medicine test. IRB approval was previously obtained. Results: ALM pts underwent up to five examinations from CC, to EST, EKG, CTA and echo with average number of 3.8 tests. CC was diagnostic in all 5. EST obtained in 4/5 was abnormal in all 4. Similarly EKGs obtained in 4 were all abnormal. CTA in the last two repaired were abnormal. Echo demonstrated no abnormal function in both. 6/6 ALCx were diagnosed by CC. 4/6 underwent EST and all 4/4 were abnormal. There were 16 ARCA undergoing up to seven examinations with average of 3.8 tests. 15/16 obtained EKG; only 7 abnormal. 15/16 underwent CC; 15/15 were abnormal. One ARCA did not undergo CC, as diagnosis was made previously by CTA. CTA was obtained in 8/16; positive in 8/8. EST was obtained in 9/16; abnormal in 5/9. Echo was obtained in 9/16; only abnormal in 1/9. MRA was abnormal in 2/16. Nuclear medicine studies were obtained in 3/16 and all were abnormal. Conclusion: In summary, EKG was twice as likely to be abnormal in ALM that ARCA. Similarly, EST was 100% abnormal in ALM and only 56% for ARCA. All nuclear medicine tests in ARCA were abnormal in those with abnormal EST. CC was abnormal in 5/5 ALM, 6/6 ALCx and 15/15 ARCA. CTA was abnormal in all ALM and ARCA when obtained. MRA in two ARCA who had not undergone CTA were abnormal. Echo never identified an AC origin and rarely demonstrated abnormal function. In conclusion, the two most helpful diagnostic tests in this large group of adults with anomalous coronaries were CC and CTA.
Do Status Symbols in Marketing Increase Product Evaluations? An Experimental Analysis of Group Differences on Product Evaluations for Scarce and Brand-Presence Products

ABSTRACTThe desire for status is a strong motivational force that encourages consumers to appraise products/brands associated with high social standing. This research investigates two social status marketing techniques (scarcity and the presence of a brand) on product evaluations and tests whether particular characteristics (i.e., according to gender, cultural orientation, and consumers' desire for unique products) explain differences. Based on an experimental study conducted in the United States, evaluations are higher for social status marketing techniques. Females evaluate brand-presence products more highly, and consumers with a high desire for unique products evaluate scarce products more highly. This study assists marketers in developing a successful strategy to target specific consumer groups.
Epigenetic toxicity of trichloroethylene: a single-molecule perspective

The volatile, water soluble trichloroethylene (TCE) is a hazardous industrial waste and could lead to various health problems, including cancer, neuropathy, cardiovascular defects, and immune diseases. Toxicological studies using in vitro and in vivo models have been conducted to understand the biological impacts of TCE at the genetic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and signaling levels. The epigenetic aberrations induced by TCE have also been reported in a number of model organisms, while a detailed mechanistic elucidation is lacking. In this study we uncover an unreported mechanism accounting for the epigenetic toxicity due to TCE exposure by monitoring the single-molecule dynamics of DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) in living cells. TCE-induced global DNA hypomethylation could be partly attributed to the disrupted Dnmt3a–DNA association. By analyzing the components of detached Dnmt3a, we found that the Dnmt3a oligomers (e.g., dimer, trimer, and high-order oligomers) dissociated from heterochromatin in a dose-dependent manner upon exposure. Thereafter the diminished DNA-binding affinity of Dnmt3a resulted in a significant decrease in 5-methylcytosine (5mC) under both acute high-dosage and chronic low-dosage TCE exposure. The resulting DNA demethylation might also be contributed by the elevated expression of ten-eleven-translocation (Tet) enzymes and a reformed cysteine cycle. Besides the global effect, we further identified that a group of heterochromatin-located, cancer-related microRNAs (miRNAs) experienced promoter demethylation upon TCE exposure.
My Encounter with Canned Briefs

Briefing cases is an integral part of the learning process in the first year of law school. Despite the near-universal advice of law professors and law school guides to “brief the cases yourself,” students may be tempted to rely on commercial “canned” briefs instead.This author’s accidental encounter with canned briefs while preparing for a Contracts class reinforced his opinion that his law school bookstore was right to ban canned briefs. No only do they impair the learning process, they are unreliable and can cause misunderstandings. They also have the potential to embarrass students who rely on them when reciting in class. Students who want to maximize their success should shun canned briefs.
Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

The discussion will compare the characteristic of both kinds of research, including their purpose, research question and hypothesis, data, analysis, and the final report.
Trend of the Hadean Research

The Earth was formed about 4.56 Gyr ago. There is little geologic evidence on the Hadean era (4.564.0 Gyr ago). Research on the Hadean may apply inductive and deductive approaches. This paper summarizes the current trend of inductive approach on the basis of information both from inside and outside of the Earth.
Position in the World-System and National Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

Despite the apparent importance of these dynamics, there is relatively little social science theorization and cross-national research on such global environmental issues. There is especially a paucity of cross-national, quantitative research in sociology that focuses on the social antecedents to environmental outcomes (for exceptions, see Burns et al. 1994, 1995; Kick et al. 1996; Grimes and Roberts 1995). We find this condition surprising given the substantial initial work of environmental sociologists (Dunlap and Catton 1978, 1979; Buttel 1987) and the key role social scientists might in principle play in addressing such worldwide problems (Laska 1993). As a consequence, we propose and assess a perspective on the global and national social causes of one environmental dynamic, the greenhouse effect.
An Image Fusion Method Based on High Frequency Variance Contrast Processing of Wavelet Coefficient

The high frequency components representing image details have not been fully utilized in many current regional image fusion methods.In view of this fact,a variance contrast-based image fusion algorithm with wavelet transform is presented for fusing registered images.This wavelet transform image fusion algorithm uses high-frequency variance contrast as the basis for judgement.The algorithm is for high frequency in this paper and the definition of the high frequency variance-contrast is presented.Its steps are:firstly,the input images are decomposed by wavelet transform;secondly,variance-contrast is adopted for fusing high frequency coefficient;finally,the fusion image is recontructed by wavelet inverse transform.The result shows that this algorithm can fully utilize the specialty of high frequency components and preserve more imformation from premitive images.
Empirical Study on the Farmers Tendency to Forestry Cooperation Model——Based the survey of 5 provinces in south China

Based the survey of 5 provinces in south china,classify the cooperation model from the perspective of farmers cognition, employ Multivariate Logistic Regression model to analyze the farmers' endency and influence factors,and find out the value range of influential variables. The results show that,the tendency of cooperation model is in turn: join cooperation organization、cooperation between family、cooperation with company and the other model. The significant effects of family characteristic variables are: provinces、age、population and labor force,and farmers demand variables are the support of: technical service、fund、market information and the cuts target quota. On this basis,put forward some suggestions on the choice and guidance of different cooperation model respectively.
Hypercalcemia Associated with Uroepithelial Neoplasms

AbstractThe association of myoepithelial tumors with hypercalcemia has not been well documented. Review of the literature revealed only 2 reports of transitional cell carcinoma and hypercalcemia without evidence of bone involvement. Documentation of exogenous parathormone production in these cases has been lacking. Three recent cases of transitional cell carcinoma associated with significant hypercalcemia are described. Each patient had a negative bone scan and elevated serum parathormone levels when correlated with serum calcium values.
The Human Spongiform Encephalopathies

The spongiform encephalopathies are comprised of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Gerstmann-Straiissler syndrome. These diseases are compared, and their causes, effects, and treatments are given.
Adult literacy education, gender equity and empowerment: Insights from a Freirean-inspired literacy programme

AbstractBased on ethnographic research in rural El Salvador and drawing on New Literacy Studies (NLS) and gender and development (GAD) literature, this article examines how participation in a Freirean-inspired literacy programme fostered and/or limited women's and men's personal, interpersonal and collective empowerment. The findings reveal that participation planted seeds of agency and generated numerous psychosocial benefits such as enhanced self-esteem and expansion of social networks, yet it did not lead to collective empowerment or increased gender equity. This suggests that literacy education is a necessary yet insufficient basis for ameliorating entrenched social and gender hierarchies. Nevertheless, the psycho-social benefits identified by learners enhanced their human capabilities, corresponded to needs rooted in the social context (e.g. postwar social fragmentation) and helped lay a foundation for future collective action. Additionally, the article attributes the programme's limited influence on...
Differential Diagnosis and Management of Hyperdeviations: Non-4th Nerve Palsy—Dissociated Vertical Deviations and Skew Deviations

The differential diagnosis and management of dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), inferior oblique overaction (IOOA), and skew deviation are reviewed. As with other types of strabismus, there is no universal consensus on the exact treatment methods of these hyperdeviations. Management is guided by the clinical context and the magnitude and frequency of the deviation. Some patients are observed with optimal refractive correction; others undergo surgical intervention when clinically indicated. Superior rectus recessions are typically performed to treat significant DVD. In cases of DVD with concurrent IOOA, anterior transposition of the inferior oblique insertion may be considered. Primary IOOA, as is commonly seen in association with infantile esotropia, is typically managed with inferior oblique recession or myectomy. In cases of secondary IOOA, correction of the primary problem should be considered in order to control the IOOA. Hyperdeviations that have patterns different from those of a cranial nerve palsy, DVD, or oblique dysfunction are known as skew deviations and are notoriously difficult to manage and may require evaluation with neuroimaging.
Evaluation of Dose and Safety of AAV7m8 and AAV8BP2 in the Non-Human Primate Retina

Within the next decade, we will see many gene therapy clinical trials for eye diseases, which may lead to treatments for thousands of visually impaired people around the world. To target retinal diseases that affect specific cell types, several recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes have been generated and used successfully in preclinical mouse studies. Because there are numerous anatomic and physiologic differences between the eyes of mice and “men” and because surgical delivery approaches and immunologic responses also differ between these species, this study evaluated the transduction characteristics of two promising new serotypes, AAV7m8 and AAV8BP2, in the retinas of animals that are most similar to those of humans: non-human primates (NHPs). We report that while AAV7m8 efficiently targets a variety of cell types by subretinal injection in NHPs, transduction after intravitreal delivery was mostly restricted to the inner retina at lower doses that did not induce an immune response. AAV8BP2...
Genesis, Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict by John B. Judis (review)

Judis, John B. Genesis, Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2014. Review by A. J. Abraham.
Low-dose prednisone and immunoglobulin G treatment for woman at risk for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and T helper 1 immunity.

PROBLEM Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is an alloimmune disorder resulting from platelet opsonization by maternal antibodies that destroy fetal platelets. As there is no antenatal screening or immunization to prevent sensitization, selection of high-risk population or the prevention of antenatal sensitization is significantly limited. METHOD OF STUDY (i) A case report of ante- and postnatal management of a woman with paternal homozygosity for human platelet antigen-1(HPA) incompatibility. (ii) A retrospective case-control study of 11 confirmed FNAIT patients, 8 possible-FNAIT women, and 10 women with confirmed ITP. RESULT Antenatal screening, prevention of maternal sensitization by serial monitoring and immunosuppression with prednisone and intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) infusion resulted in two successful pregnancies without sensitization. CONCLUSION Screening for couples at risk and prednisone and/or IVIG treatment is an option for women with paternal homozygosity for offending HPA antigen to prevent antenatal sensitization. HPA incompatibility is associated with increased Th1 immunity and NK cell cytotoxicity.
Proton-Based Ultrafast Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

ConspectusProtons are vastly abundant in a wide range of exciting macromolecules and thus can be a powerful probe to investigate the structure and dynamics at atomic resolution using solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy. Unfortunately, the high signal sensitivity, afforded by the high natural-abundance and high gyromagnetic ratio of protons, is greatly compromised by severe line broadening due to the very strong 1H–1H dipolar couplings. As a result, protons are rarely used, in spite of the desperate need for enhancing the sensitivity of ssNMR to study a variety of systems that are not amenable for high resolution investigation using other techniques including X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and solution NMR spectroscopy. Thanks to the remarkable improvement in proton spectral resolution afforded by the significant advances in magic-angle-spinning (MAS) probe technology, 1H ssNMR spectroscopy has recently attracted considerable attention in the structural and dynamics studies of various mo...
High‐voltage atmospheric cold plasma treatment of different types of starch films

High voltage atmospheric cold plasma is a novel, environment-friendly technology which has gained significant attention in the recent decades. It has shown promising results for surface modification and decontamination. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of high voltage atmospheric plasma treatment at 80 kV for 5 minutes on starch films of different origins (rice, potato, tapioca, corn) with varying amylose content. Cold plasma treatment resulted in an increase in glass transition temperature, surface roughness and surface oxygenation for all the films. Rice starch films with low amylose content were found to be most susceptible whereas corn starch films with high amylose content showed the least changes in the physical or chemical properties after cold plasma treatments. The results clearly indicate that amylose content and the starch source plays an important role in determining its interaction with cold plasma.
Dynamic child growth prediction: A comparative methods approach:

Abstract:We introduce a class of dynamic regression models designed to predict the future of growth curves based on their historical dynamics. This class of models incorporates both baseline and ti...
Punishment Of Consummatory And Instrumental Behavior: A Review

Several reviews of the punishment literature have suggested that consummatory response punishment results in dramatic response suppression unlike that found when instrumental responses are comparably treated. Critical examination of the relevant direct comparisons revealed that differences produced by response-eliciting or discriminative functions of punishment have often been confounded with the type of response punished. The present review points out a number of methodological requirements which need to be met before differences between instrumental and consummatory response punishment procedures can be attributed to the type of response punished, rather than to other variables known to alter punishment’s effect. The literature indicates that mild aversive consequences facilitate sexual, attack, and licking behavior. More intense aversive stimuli appear to suppress consummatory behavior more than instrumental behavior. Implications of these data for theories of experimental neurosis and incentive theories of punishment are discussed.
Use of non-pharmacological strategies for pain relief in addiction treatment patients with chronic pain.

Background and Objectives We examined use of non-pharmacological treatments for pain in addiction treatment patients. Methods Patients in addiction treatment with chronic pain (N = 501) were classified based on use of non-pharmacological pain treatments. Demographic and clinical correlates were compared. Results A total of 49% (N = 243) of patients used a non-pharmacological treatment in the past year versus 72% (N = 361) who used opioids. Non-pharmacological treatment users were more likely to use opioids and other pain medications. Conclusions Non-pharmacological treatments are less commonly used than opioids by addiction treatment patients. Scientific Significance Findings highlight the need to better understand pain treatment decision-making among addiction treatment patients. (Am J Addict 2017;26:564–567)
Bilayer graphene phonovoltaic-FET: In situ phonon recycling

A new heat harvester, the phonovoltaic (pV) cell, was recently proposed. The device converts optical phonons into power before they become heat. Due to the low entropy of a typical hot optical phonon population, the phonovoltaic can operate at high fractions of the Carnot limit and harvest heat more efficiently than conventional heat harvesting technologies such as the thermoelectric generator. Previously, the optical phonon source was presumed to produce optical phonons with a single polarization and momentum. Here, we examine a realistic optical phonon source in a potential pV application and the effects this has on pV operation. Supplementing this work is our investigation of bilayer graphene as a new pV material. Our ab initio calculations show that bilayer graphene has a figure of merit exceeding 0.9, well above previously investigated materials. This allows a room-temperature pV to recycle 65% of a highly nonequilibrium, minimum entropy population of phonons. However, full-band Monte Carlo simulations of the electron and phonon dynamics in a bilayer graphene field-effect transistor (FET) show that the optical phonons emitted by field-accelerated electrons can only be recycled in situ with an efficiency of 50%, and this efficiency falls as the field strength grows. Still, an appropriately designed FET-pV can recycle the phonons produced therein in situ with a much higher efficiency than a thermoelectric generator can harvest heat produced by a FET ex situ.
Information Assurance Curriculum and Certification: State of the Practice

Abstract : The purpose of this document is to describe the state of the practice in information assurance and security curriculum and certification. The scope is not exhaustive, but rather illustrative of the types of activity occurring today within various organizations, including government, universities and research centers, professional societies, and the business community. Although individual courses are available, there apparently is no systematic agreement on the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to formulate a curriculum for information security professionals that enjoys broad-based support across organizations. As a result of Presidential Decision Directive 63 and the charge to protect the nation's critical infrastructures, the pressure is increasing to provide some minimum level of competence for system and network administrators working in the field of information assurance. Presently, several professional organizations offer certified professional designations. What is needed is a comprehensive framework for curriculum and certification in information assurance and security. Currently the thrust for training focuses primarily on the technologies of information infrastructures. However, long-term solutions for the protection of critical information assets will require a more comprehensive approach in which senior executives and managers, as well as technical staff, develop strong and diverse skills that allow them to advance an organization's mission in a dynamic and increasingly hostile networked environment.
Reproductive Hormones and Stages of Life in Women: Moderators of Mood and Cardiovascular Health

Reproductive hormones have diverse effects on mood, behavior, and health in both men and women. However, the focus of this chapter is on female predominant reproductive hormones and their effects on mood and health in women, not only across the reproductive life span, but as well in women’s peri- and postmenopausal years associated with hormone withdrawal or replacement. In this chapter, we first describe menstrually related mood disorders, including the role of reproductive hormones and their metabolites. Evidence is provided that histories of abuse or histories of depression predict clinically meaningful subgroups of women with these disorders. Novel research on progesterone-derived neuroactive steroids is presented, including implications for future research in the role of GABAergic neuroactive steroids in depressive disorders. Next, we cover both animal and recent translational human work on the hypothalamic neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin. Animal research on oxytocin in reproductive functions, maternal behavior, and its stress buffering effects is reviewed, as well as the impact of early life experience on adult behavior and oxytocin activity. Largely paralleling the animal work, recent novel human research in this area is covered and demonstrates the adverse effects of early life stress on adult bonding behaviors and oxytocin activity, including cocaine use during pregnancy, and the stress buffering and antinociceptive effects associated with high oxytocin activity. Intervention research using oxytocin is presented and implications for future work are discussed. Lastly, we address the mood and cardiovascular sequelae associated with estrogen deprivation in the peri- and postmenopausal years and the impact of estrogen replacement. Evidence that the age and the cardiovascular health of women is an important determinant of estrogen’s effects during the peri- and postmenopausal years is presented. Future research aimed at identifying subgroups of perimenopausal women that would predict the beneficial effects of estrogen replacement is indicated.
Growing Our Own: Characterizing Food Production Strategies with Five U.S. Community-based Food Justice Organizations

Community-based organizations (CBOs) leading the U.S. food justice movement have helped expand community food production. Understand­ing the nature of this work is one key to being able to more effectively support and expand it. The literature, however, contains little scholarly work characterizing production-related practices of food justice CBOs. To help fill that gap, this paper draws from participatory action research with five CBOs to identify and characterize their community food production activities and goals. This research was conducted over five years, during a project called Food Dignity, using three main methods: digital storytelling; collaborative pathway modeling; and conventional case study methods that included interviews, participation and observation, and document analysis. These data sets were examined to identify what production activities the CBOs support and why they under­take them. Results suggest that the CBOs invest in community food production in eight main ways. Five are directly related to food. Listed roughly in decreasing order of intensity and frequency of the activities, these are (1) growing vegetables and fruits, (2) supporting community gardens, (3) sup­porting individual gardeners, (4) supporting local farmers, and (5) fostering other kinds of food production. Additionally, three crosscutting strate­gies underpin all the CBOs’ work, including community food production: (6) connecting people and organizations, (7) promoting community food systems, and (8) integrating their activities with community (as opposed to food) at the center. The CBOs’ goals for these activities are transforma­tional, including achieving community-led and sustainable food security, health, and economic equity. The CBOs’ crosscutting activities and long-term goals point to supporting and assessing out­comes that include food production and access but are also nonfood related, such as leadership devel­opment and feelings of belonging or owner­ship. Their wide range of food production activities and social change goals need more support for expan­sion, trial and error, documentation, and assess­ment. In particular, intentionally supporting food justice CBOs in their crosscutting strategies, which are foundational and yet less visible and under­funded, may multiply the range and reach of their impacts.
Accurate Collaborative Globally-Referenced Digital Mapping with Standard GNSS.

Exchange of location and sensor data among connected and automated vehicles will demand accurate global referencing of the digital maps currently being developed to aid positioning for automated driving. This paper explores the limit of such maps’ globally-referenced position accuracy when the mapping agents are equipped with low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers performing standard code-phase-based navigation, and presents a globally-referenced electro-optical simultaneous localization and mapping pipeline, called GEOSLAM, designed to achieve this limit. The key accuracy-limiting factor is shown to be the asymptotic average of the error sources that impair standard GNSS positioning. Asymptotic statistics of each GNSS error source are analyzed through both simulation and empirical data to show that sub-50-cm accurate digital mapping is feasible in the horizontal plane after multiple mapping sessions with standard GNSS, but larger biases persist in the vertical direction. GEOSLAM achieves this accuracy by (i) incorporating standard GNSS position estimates in the visual SLAM framework, (ii) merging digital maps from multiple mapping sessions, and (iii) jointly optimizing structure and motion with respect to time-separated GNSS measurements.
Abstract WP353: Decreasing "Door to Admission" Times for Intravenous tPA Treated Patients: A Single Comprehensive Stroke Center Experience

Introduction: AHA’s Get with The Guidelines (GTWG) initiative has recommended “door to admission” time for patients receiving IV tPA to be <3 hours. In large tertiary hospitals like ours, complicat...