cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Fundamental Studies of (H3Ge)xSiH4-x Molecules: Precursors to Semiconductor Hetero- and Nanostructures on Si

The synthesis of the entire silyl−germyl sequence of molecules (H3Ge)xSiH4-x (x = 1−4) has been demonstrated. These include the previously unknown (H3Ge)2SiH2, (H3Ge)3SiH, and (H3Ge)4Si species as well as the H3GeSiH3 analogue which is obtained in practical high-purity yields as a viable alternative to disilane and digermane for semiconductor applications. The molecules are characterized by FTIR, multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry, and Rutherford backscattering. The structural, thermochemical, and vibrational properties are studied using density functional theory. A detailed comparison of the experimental and theoretical data is used to corroborate the synthesis of specific molecular structures. The (H3Ge)xSiH4-x family of compounds described here is not only of intrinsic molecular interest but also provides a unique route to a new class of Si-based semiconductors including epitaxial layers and coherent islands (quantum dots), with Ge-rich stoichiometries SiGe, SiGe2, SiGe3, and SiGe4 reflecting the Si/G...
The Compton metabolic profile test

The metabolic profile test was designed as a diagnostic aid to show the presence or absence of ‘abnormal’ blood chemistry in dairy herds. The idea was not new. Blood chemistry had been used for many years to assess the metabolic status of individuals and groups of animals but a comparatively recent trend had been to link a number of these analyses together into a single package or multiphasic screening system. Parallel advances in this direction have been made in both human and veterinary fields and progress has been helped by the development of auto-analysers which can carry out several analyses simultaneously at relatively low cost.
Motivational factors in IUD termination: data from the second Taiwan IUD follow-up survey.

A multiplicity of factors e.g. economic psychological social demographic and biological affect fertility. In order to understand fertility these factors must be studied to determine their direction and level of influence. This survey of 205000 IUD acceptors in Taiwan (1964-1966) shows termination rates by social and demographic characteristics. Acceptors are classified according to motivation for IUD use (spacing or limiting births) and differentials in rates are closely related to this factor. Reinsertion rates of approximately 26% are twice as high for termination by expulsion as for termination by pregnancy or removal.
Facile synthesis of substituted nitrilotriacetamides

Abstract Ligands which contain multiple amide groups represent interesting possibilities as chelating agents. We report here a facile synthesis and crystal structure of nitrilotriacetamide, 2 , a neutral tetradentate ligand which we have been studying for metal complexation. Also described herein is a divergent synthesis of the mono-, di- and trimethylated and dimethyl-monoalkyl derivatives of 2 .
Courts, technology, and the boundaries of expertise

Contemporary US jurisprudence is confronted with a constellation of issues that, while frequently masked as purely technical in nature, concern fundamental themes such as privacy and freedom of expression. Future court decisions will require an increased recognition of the ethical and social claims presented within technical contexts. This article is a study of comparative motion. On the one hand, there is the realm of technology where change is expected and unceasing. On the other hand, there is the law-embodying a tradition of rules and a methodology of interpretation which alters only slowly. The speed with which technology operates upon society is certainly a partial explanation for its clash with the more measured process of law, but it is not the only reason. The rapid generation of new knowledge is itself a force that challenges the stability of professions and philosophies, shifting claims of expertise among multiple contenders, sometimes with little warning. The power of expertise is not restricted to human beings. Rather than being situated solely within human agency, technology's "expert" ability to influence the decisions of courts is derived from its own character, is concerned with its own ends, and transmits values and purposes that are not necessarily consistent with human values or purposes.
Robust steady-state tracking

This paper addresses the robust performance problem when the performance measure is the "steady-state" value of an error signal. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for robust steady-state tracking of fixed inputs in the presence of structured time-varying uncertainty are derived. These conditions are easily computable and fit well with existing conditions on stability robustness and performance robustness when the performance measure is the level of disturbance rejection. Using these conditions, it is shown that time-varying perturbations of a nominal linear time-invariant plant can result in large steady-state tracking errors to fixed inputs even if the nominal plant and controller give zero steady-state tracking errors. The derived expressions for the worst-case steady-state tracking error give insight into how the time variation in the plant affects tracking errors and suggest that certain transfer function norms should be minimized to reduce the effect of these perturbations on the steady-state value of error signals. >
Credible Granger-Causality Inference with Modest Sample Lengths: A Cross-Sample Validation Approach

Credible Granger-causality analysis appears to require post-sample inference, as it is well-known that in-sample fit can be a poor guide to actual forecasting effectiveness. However, post-sample model testing requires an often-consequential a priori partitioning of the data into an "in-sample" period - purportedly utilized only for model specification/estimation - and a "post-sample" period, purportedly utilized (only at the end of the analysis) for model validation/testing purposes. This partitioning is usually infeasible, however, with samples of modest length - e.g., T  150 - as is common in both quarterly data sets and/or in monthly data sets where institutional arrangements vary over time, simply because there is in such cases insufficient data available to credibly accomplish both purposes separately. A cross-sample validation (CSV) testing procedure is proposed below which both eliminates the aforementioned a priori partitioning and which also substantially ameliorates this power versus credibility predicament - preserving most of the power of in-sample testing (by utilizing all of the sample data in the test), while also retaining most of the credibility of post-sample testing (by always basing model forecasts on data not utilized in estimating that particular model's coefficients). Simulations show that the price paid, in terms of power relative to the in-sample Granger-causality F test, is manageable. An illustrative application is given, to a re-analysis of the Engel and West (1) study of the causal relationship between macroeconomic fundamentals and the exchange rate; several of their conclusions are changed by our analysis.
Gender gap in pay in the Russian Federation : twenty years later, still a concern

This paper decomposes the gender gap in pay in the Russian Federation along the earnings distribution for the period 1996–2011. The analysis uses a reweighted, recentered influence function decomposition that allows estimating the contribution of each covariate on the wage structure and composition effects along the earnings distribution. The paper finds that women are in flat career paths compared with men; the importance of observable characteristics that proxy human capital in the gender pay gap decrease along the earnings distribution; and if women’s pay took into account their educational degrees as much as men’s, the gender pay gap would disappear or even reverse at the top of the earnings distribution. The results suggest that women at the bottom of the earnings distribution should be helped to increase their labor market skills, and women at the top of the distribution should be helped to break the glass ceiling and be remunerated for their skills to the same extent as men.
The reaction of ethyl 4H‐pyran‐4‐one‐2‐carboxylate with 1,2‐diaminobenzene

Ethyl 4H-pyran-4-one-2-carboxylate was allowed to react with 1,2-diaminobenzene and related diamines. The resulting products were found to be 8H-5,6-dihydro-6,8-dioxopyrido[1,2-a]quinoxaline and derivatives. The synthesis 3H-5,6-dihydrobenzo[g]pyrido[1,2-a]quinoxaline-3,5-dione (2c) constitutes the synthesis of a derivative of previously unknown benzo[g]pyrido[1,2-a]quinoxaline ring system.
A consideration of the application of cryptographic techniques to data processing

Two digital cryptographic techniques are described which may have potential applications in Data Processing Systems. A method of digital substitution analogous to a Vernan double tape system is presented, using a controlled combination of data and the contents of two memories. The second method uses a digital route transposition matrix using a combination of row and column transposition under memory control. Possible ways of achieving key leverage in each ciphering process are described.
Algorithms for power savings

This article examines two different mechanisms for saving power in battery-operated embedded systems. The first strategy is that the system can be placed in a sleep state if it is idle. However, a fixed amount of energy is required to bring the system back into an active state in which it can resume work. The second way in which power savings can be achieved is by varying the speed at which jobs are run. We utilize a power consumption curve P(s) which indicates the power consumption level given a particular speed. We assume that P(s) is convex, nondecreasing, and nonnegative for s ≥ 0. The problem is to schedule arriving jobs in a way that minimizes total energy use and so that each job is completed after its release time and before its deadline. We assume that all jobs can be preempted and resumed at no cost. Although each problem has been considered separately, this is the first theoretical analysis of systems that can use both mechanisms. We give an offline algorithm that is within a factor of 2 of the optimal algorithm. We also give an online algorithm with a constant competitive ratio.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of the oxometallates KBaMnO4 and KBaAsO4

Abstract Single crystals of KBaMnO 4 and KBaAsO 4 were grown using the hydroflux method and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with a = 7.7795(4) A, b = 5.8263(3) A, and c = 10.2851(5) A for the manganate and a = 7.7773(10) A, b = 5.8891(8) A, and c = 10.3104(13) A for the arsenate. The materials exhibit a three-dimensional crystal structure consisting of isolated MnO 4 3− or AsO 4 3− tetrahedra, with the charge balance maintained by K + and Ba 2+ . Each tetrahedron is surrounded by six K + and five Ba 2+ , and shares its corner/edge with KO 10 polyhedra and corner/edge/face with BaO 9 polyhedra, respectively. The crystal growth, crystal structure and magnetic properties are discussed.
Phase instability induced by polar nanoregions in a relaxor ferroelectric system

Relaxor ferroelectrics are a special class of material that exhibit an enormous electromechanical response and are easily polarized with an external field. These properties make them attractive for applications as sensors and actuators. Local clusters of randomly oriented polarization, known as polar nanoregions (PNRs), are specific to relaxor ferroelectrics and play a key role in governing their dielectric properties. Here, we show through neutron inelastic scattering experiments that the PNRs can also significantly affect the structural properties of the relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-4.5%PbTiO(3) (PZN-4.5%PT). A strong interaction is found between the PNRs and the propagation of acoustic phonons. A comparison between acoustic phonons propagating along different directions reveals a large asymmetry in the lattice dynamics that is induced by the PNRs. We suggest that a phase instability induced by this PNR-phonon interaction may contribute to the ultrahigh piezoelectric response of this and related relaxor ferroelectric materials. Our results naturally explain the emergence of the various observed monoclinic phases in these systems.
An interacting multiple model approach for target tracking with glint noise

The application of the interacting multiple model (IMM) estimation approach to the problem of target tracking when the measurements are perturbed by glint noise is considered. The IMM is a very effective approach when the system has discrete uncertainties in the dynamic or measurement model as well as continuous uncertainties. It is shown that this method performs better than the "score function" method. It is also shown that the IMM method performs robustly when the exact prior information of the glint noise is not available. >
Development of olefin metathesis catalyst precursors bearing nucleophilic carbene ligands

Abstract From solution calorimetric measurements involving binding of nucleophilic carbenes to a ruthenium centered organometallic system, steric and electronic properties of the carbenes were assessed. An understanding of these fundamental properties led to the development of novel olefin metathesis catalysts bearing these nucleophilic carbenes as ancillary ligands. The discovery and development of olefin metathesis active ruthenium catalysts bearing a nucleophilic carbene ancillary ligand are described.
Detecting Spam Zombies by Monitoring Outgoing Messages

Compromised machines are one of the key security threats on the Internet; they are often used to launch various security attacks such as spamming and spreading malware, DDoS, and identity theft. Given that spamming provides a key economic incentive for attackers to recruit the large number of compromised machines, we focus on the detection of the compromised machines in a network that are involved in the spamming activities, commonly known as spam zombies. We develop an effective spam zombie detection system named SPOT by monitoring outgoing messages of a network. SPOT is designed based on a powerful statistical tool called Sequential Probability Ratio Test, which has bounded false positive and false negative error rates. In addition, we also evaluate the performance of the developed SPOT system using a two-month e-mail trace collected in a large US campus network. Our evaluation studies show that SPOT is an effective and efficient system in automatically detecting compromised machines in a network. For example, among the 440 internal IP addresses observed in the e-mail trace, SPOT identifies 132 of them as being associated with compromised machines. Out of the 132 IP addresses identified by SPOT, 126 can be either independently confirmed (110) or highly likely (16) to be compromised. Moreover, only seven internal IP addresses associated with compromised machines in the trace are missed by SPOT. In addition, we also compare the performance of SPOT with two other spam zombie detection algorithms based on the number and percentage of spam messages originated or forwarded by internal machines, respectively, and show that SPOT outperforms these two detection algorithms.
Real‐time simulation of electric machine drives with hardware‐in‐the‐loop

Purpose – This paper seeks to present a fully digital, real‐time (RT) hardware‐in‐the‐loop (HIL) simulator on PC‐cluster, of electric systems and drives for research and education purposes; to use the developed system to conduct several motor drives implementation and to evaluate the motor and the control algorithm performance in RT.Design/methodology/approach – This simulator was developed with the aim of meeting the simulation needs of electromechanical drives and power electronics systems while solving the limitations of traditional RT simulators. This simulator has two main subsystems, software and hardware. The two subsystems were coordinated together to achieve the RT simulation. The software subsystem includes MATLAB/Simulink environment, a C++ compiler and RT shell. The hardware subsystem includes FPGA data acquisition card, the control board, the sensors, and the controlled motor.Findings – The complexity of RT implementation of motor drives is greatly reduced by utilizing this simulator. The det...
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Recent Developments in Case Study Methods

▪ Abstract This article surveys the extensive new literature that has brought about a renaissance of qualitative methods in political science over the past decade. It reviews this literature's focus on causal mechanisms and its emphasis on process tracing, a key form of within-case analysis, and it discusses the ways in which case-selection criteria in qualitative research differ from those in statistical research. Next, the article assesses how process tracing and typological theorizing help address forms of complexity, such as path dependence and interaction effects. The article then addresses the method of fuzzy-set analysis. The article concludes with a call for greater attention to means of combining alternative methodological approaches in research projects.
A finite-element-boundary-integral method for scattering and radiation by two- and three-dimensional structures

A hybrid finite-element-boundary-integral formulation for scattering and radiation by 2-D and 3-D composite structures is described. In contrast to other hybrid techniques involving the finite-element method, the method is in principle exact, and can be implemented using low O(N) amounts of storage. This is of particular importance for large-scale applications, and is a characteristic of the boundary chosen to terminate the finite-element mesh, usually as close to the structure as possible. A general description of the method, without reference to any specific geometry or application, is given. A number of 2-D and 3-D applications are then considered, to demonstrate its accuracy, efficiency, and capabilities. Of particular concern in these applications is the choice of the fictitious boundary enclosing the structure. Boundaries of a certain class lead to convolutional boundary integrals, which can be evaluated by the fast Fourier transform without generating a matrix, thus retaining the O(N) storage requirement. >
Electron transport through molecules: Self-consistent and non-self-consistent approaches

A self-consistent method for calculating electron transport through a molecular device is developed. It is based on density functional theory electronic structure calculations under periodic boundary conditions and implemented in the framework of the nonequilibrium Green function approach. To avoid the substantial computational cost in finding theI-V characteristic of large systems, we also develop an approximate but much more efficient non-self-consistent method. Here the change in effective potential in the device region caused by a bias is approximated by the main features of the voltage drop. As applications, the I-V curves of a carbon chain and an aluminum chain sandwiched between two aluminum electrodes are calculated—two systems in which the voltage drops very differently. By comparing to the self-consistent results, we show that this non-self-consistent approach works well and can give quantitatively good results.
Life-Add: Lifetime Adjustable design for WiFi networks with heterogeneous energy supplies

WiFi usage significantly reduces the battery lifetime of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablets, due to its high energy consumption. In this paper, we propose “Life-Add”: a Lifetime Adjustable design for WiFi networks, where the devices are powered by battery, electric power, and/or renewable energy. In Life-Add, a device turns off its radio to save energy when the channel is sensed to be busy, and sleeps for a random time period before sensing the channel again. Life-Add carefully controls the devices' average sleep periods to improve their throughput while satisfying their operation time requirement. It is proven that Life-Add achieves near-optimal proportional-fair utility performance for single access point (AP) scenarios. Moreover, Life-Add alleviates the near-far effect and hidden terminal problem in general multiple AP scenarios. Our ns-3 simulations show that Life-Add simultaneously improves the lifetime, throughput, and fairness performance of WiFi networks, and coexists harmoniously with IEEE 802.11.
Recent developments in nonregular fractional factorial designs

Nonregular fractional factorial designs such as Plackett-Burman designs and other orthogonal arrays are widely used in various screening experiments for their run size economy and flexibility. The traditional analysis focuses on main e�ffects only. Hamada and Wu (1992) went beyond the traditional approach and proposed an analysis strategy to demonstrate that some interactions could be entertained and estimated beyond a few significant main effects. Their groundbreaking work stimulated much of the recent developments in design criterion creation, construction and analysis of nonregular designs. This paper reviews important developments in optimality criteria and comparison, including projection properties, generalized resolution, various generalized minimum aberration criteria, optimality results, construction methods and analysis strategies for nonregular designs.
On the decomposition of global conformal invariants II

Abstract This paper is a continuation of [S. Alexakis, The decomposition of global conformal invariants I, submitted for publication, see also math.DG/0509571 ], where we complete our partial proof of the Deser–Schwimmer conjecture on the structure of “global conformal invariants.” Our theorem deals with such invariants P ( g n ) that locally depend only on the curvature tensor R i j k l (without covariant derivatives). In [S. Alexakis, The decomposition of global conformal invariants I, Ann. of Math., in press] we developed a powerful tool, the “super divergence formula” which applies to any Riemannian operator that always integrates to zero on compact manifolds. In particular, it applies to the operator I g n ( ϕ ) that measures the “non-conformally invariant part” of P ( g n ) . This paper resolves the problem of using this information we have obtained on the structure of I g n ( ϕ ) to understand the structure of P ( g n ) .
S-(2-Pyrimidinyl)- and S-(2-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidinyl))-1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiouronium hexafluorophosphates: novel reagents for in situ peptide coupling

Abstract Two new reagents for in situ peptide coupling based on the 2-mercaptopyrimidine core have been developed. The readily prepared thiouronium salts were found to promote both peptide and segment coupling efficiently with low racemization/epimerization levels.
Credit Constraints in the Market for Consumer Durables: Evidence from Micro Data on Car Loans

We investigate the empirical significance of borrowing constraints in the market for consumer loans. Using micro data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (1984-1995) on auto loan contracts we estimate the elasticities of loan demand with respect to loan interest rate and maturity. The econometric specifications we employ account for important features of the data, such as selection and simultaneity. We find that — with the exception of high income households — consumers are very responsive to maturity changes and less responsive to interest rate changes. Both maturity and interest rate elasticities vary with the level of household income, with the maturity elasticity decreasing and the interest rate elasticity increasing with income. We argue that these results are consistent with the presence of binding credit constraints in the auto loan market, and that such constraints significantly affect the borrowing behavior of some groups in the population, low income households in particular.
Exploring terrestrial planet formation in the tw hydrae association

Spitzer Space Telescope infrared measurements are presented for 24 members of the TW Hya association (TWA). High signal-to-noise ratio 24 μm photometry is presented for all these stars, including 20 stars that were not detected by IRAS. Among these 20 stars, only a single object, TWA 7, shows excess emission at 24 μm at the level of only 40% above the star's photosphere. TWA 7 also exhibits a strong 70 μm excess that is a factor of 40 brighter than the stellar photosphere at this wavelength. At 70 μm, an excess of similar magnitude is detected for TWA 13, although no 24 μm excess was detected for this binary. For the 18 stars that failed to show measurable IR excesses, the sensitivity of the current 70 μm observations does not rule out substantial cool excesses at levels 10-40 times above their stellar continua. Measurements of two T Tauri stars, TW Hya and Hen 6-300, confirm that their spectacular IR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) do not turn over even by 160 μm, consistent with the expectation for their active accretion disks. In contrast, the Spitzer data for the luminous planetary debris systems in the TWA, HD 98800B and HR 4796A, are consistent with single-temperature blackbody SEDs and agree with previous IR, submillimeter, and millimeter measurements. The major new result of this study is the dramatic bimodal distribution found for the association in the form of excess emission at a wavelength of 24 μm, indicating negligible amounts of warm (100 K) dust and debris around 20 of 24 stars in this group of very young stars. This bimodal distribution is especially striking given that the four stars in the association with strong IR excesses are 100 times brighter at 24 μm than their photospheres. Clearly, two terrestrial planetary systems, HD 98800B and HR 4796A, exist in some form. In addition, there are at least two active accreting objects, TW Hya and Hen 6-300, that may still be forming planetesimals. The remaining stars may possess significant amounts of cold dust, as in TWA 7 and 13, that have yet to be found.
A Generalized Timed Petri Net Model for Performance Analysis

We have developed a Generalized Timed Petri Net (GTPN) model for evaluating the performance of computer systems. Our model is a generalization of the TPN model proposed by Zuberek [1] and extended by Razouk and Phelps [2]. In this paper, we define the GTPN model and present how performance estimates are obtained from the GTPN. We demonstrate the use of our automated GTPN analysis techniques on the dining philosophers example. This example violates restrictions made in the earlier TPN models. Finally, we compare the GTPN to the stochastic Petri net (SPN) models. We show that the GTPN model has capabilities for modeling and analyzing parallel systems lacking in existing SPN models. The GTPN provides an efficient, easily used method of obtaining accurate performance estimates for models of computer systems which include both deterministic and geometric holding times.
The Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Vibration Characteristics of Chopped- Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

The effects of exposure to elevated temperatures and common auto motive fluids on the dynamic stiffness and internal damping of several E-glass/polyester automotive composite materials have been measured. A previously developed forced flexural vibration technique was modified to suit the requirements of the environmental conditions. Stiffness and damping of three chopped-fiber-reinforced composites and of two hybrid chopped/continuous-fiber-reinforced composites were measured over the temperature range 20° - 120°C and during 1000 hour soaking tests in distilled water, salt water, motor oil, gasoline, and anti-freeze solutions. Correlations between types (and amounts) of environmental exposure and corresponding changes in dynamic properties are discussed.
Has rural infrastructure rehabilitation in Georgia helped the poor

This article proposes a research strategy to deal with the scarcity of data on beneficiaries for conducting impact assessments of community-level projects. Community-level panel data from a regular household survey augmented with a special community module are used to measure the impact of projects. Propensity score-matched difference in-difference comparisons are used to control for time-invariant unobservable factors. This methodology takes into consideration the purposeful placement of projects and their interactions at the community level. This empirical approach is applied to infrastructure rehabilitation projects, for schools, roads, and water supply systems, in rural Georgia between 1998 and 2001. The analysis produces plausible results regarding the size of welfare gains from a particular project at the village level and allows for differentiation of benefits between the poor and the non-poor. The findings of this study can contribute to evaluations of the impact of infrastructure interventions on poverty by bringing new empirical evidence to bear on the welfare and equity implications.
Decomposing economic mobility transition matrices

The intergenerational mobility literature has consistently found that the distribution of adult economic outcomes differ markedly depending on parental economic status, yet much remains to be understood about the drivers or determinants of this relationship. Existing literature on potential drivers focuses primarily on mean effects. To help provide a more complete picture of the potential forces driving economic persistence, we propose a method to decompose transition matrices and related indices. Specifically, we decompose differences between an estimated transition matrix and a benchmark transition matrix into portions attributable to differences in characteristics between individuals from different households (a composition effect) and portions attributable to differing returns to these characteristics between individuals from different households (a structure effect). We also incorporate a detailed decomposition, based on copula theory, that decomposes the composition effect into portions attributable to specific covariates and their interactions. We illustrate our method using data on white men from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Estimation is based on an extended Mincer equation that includes cognitive and non-cognitive measures. To address the potential endogeneity of education, we implement an IV strategy that allows us to estimate causal effects and investigate the role of unobserved ability.
Extended Fibonacci Cubes

The Fibonacci Cube is an interconnection network that possesses many desirable properties that are important in network design and application. The Fibonacci Cube can efficiently emulate many hypercube algorithms and uses fewer links than the comparable hypercube, while its size does not increase as fast as the hypercube. However, most Fibonacci Cubes (more than 2/3 of all) are not Hamiltonian. In this paper, we propose an Extended Fibonacci Cube (EFC/sub 1/) with an even number of nodes. It is defined based on the same sequence F(i)=F(i-1)+F(i-2) as the regular Fibonacci sequence; however, its initial conditions are different. We show that the Extended Fibonacci Cube includes the Fibonacci Cube as a subgraph and maintains its sparsity property. In addition, it is Hamiltonian and is better in emulating other topologies. Specifically, the Extended Fibonacci Cube can embed binary trees more efficiently than the regular Fibonacci Cube and is almost as efficient as the hypercube, even though the Extended Fibonacci Cube is a much sparser network than the hypercube. We also propose a series of Extended Fibonacci Cubes with even number of nodes. Any Extended Fibonacci Cube (EFC/sub k/, with k/spl ges/) in the series contains the node set of any other cube that precedes EFC/sub k/ in the series. We show that any Extended Fibonacci Cube maintains virtually all the desirable properties of the Fibonacci Cube. The EFC/sub k/s can be considered as flexible versions of incomplete hypercubes, which eliminates their restriction on the number of nodes, and, thus, makes it possible to construct parallel machines with arbitrary sizes.
Nonconventional carbon additions to azomethines. aryl amination/indoline synthesis by direct aryl radical addition to azomethine nitrogen.

The generality of a new method for aryl amination has been defined. Ketimines derived from o-bromophenethylamine cyclize to the N-substituted indoline when treated with nBu3SnH and a radical initiator. The pH-neutral conditions tolerate base- and acid-sensitive functionality. The observed regioselectivity is nonconventional for addition reactions involving carbon radicals and carbon−heteroatom π-bonds.
Central limit theorems for cavity and local fields of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model

One of the remarkable applications of the cavity method in the mean field spin glasses is to prove the validity of the Thouless-Anderson-Palmer (TAP) system of equations in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) model in the high temperature regime. This naturally leads us to the study of the limit laws for cavity and local fields. The first quantitative results for both fields were obtained by Chatterjee using Stein's method. In this paper, we approach these problems using the Gaussian interpolation technique and establish central limit theorems for both fields by giving moment estimates of all orders.
The systemic velocity of Eta Carinae

High-resolution spectra of molecular hydrogen in the Homunculus nebula allow for the first direct measurement of the systemic velocity of η Carinae. Near-infrared long-slit data for H 2 1-0 S(1) λ21218 obtained with the Phoenix spectrometer on the Gemini South telescope give V sys = -8.1 ± 1 km s -1 (heliocentric), or V LSR = -19.7 ± 1 km s -1 , from the average of the near and far sides of the Homunculus. This measurement considerably improves the precision for the value of -7 ± 10 km s -1 inferred from neighbouring O-type stars in the Carina nebula. New near-infrared spectra also provide a high-resolution line profile of [Fe II] λ 16435 emission from gas condensations known as the Weigelt objects without contamination from the central star, revealing a line shape with complex kinematic structure. Previously, uncertainty in the kinematics of the Weigelt knots was dominated by the adopted systemic velocity of n Car.
Chiral corrections to matrix elements of twist-2 operators

We compute the leading non-analytic contributions of the form m{sub q} Log(m{sub q}) to matrix elements of twist-2 operators in the nucleon and pion using effective field theory. Previously omitted one-loop contributions that are related to tree-level matrix elements by chiral symmetry are included.
On the True Nature of Turbulence

i n this article, I express some of my' views o n the nature of turbulence. These views are mainly drawn from my recent results on chaos in partial differential equations [12]. Fluid dynamicists bel ieve that Navier-Stokes equations accurately descr ibe turbulence. A mathematical proof on the global regularity of the solutions to the Navier-Stokes equat ions is a very challenging problem. Such a proof or d isproof does not solve the problem of turbulence. It may help in unders tanding turbulence. Turbulence is more of a dynamical system problem. I will explain my reasons for bel ieving that t u r b u l e n c e c a n n o t be averaged . 7be hope is t h a t t u r b u l e n c e c a n be con trolled.
Identity and individual economic agents: a narrative approach

Abstract This paper offers an account of how individuals act as agents when we employ a narrative approach to explaining their personal identities. It applies Korsgaard's idea of a “reflective structure of consciousness” to provide foundations for a richer account of the individual economic agent, and uses this to explain and distinguish the concepts of personal identity, individual identity, and social identity. The paper argues that individuals’ personal identities may be in conflict with their socially constructed individual identities. Individuals’ social identities are represented as a link between personal identity, and individual identity. The overall framework is proposed as an alternative to the atomistic individual conception and a contribution to the socially embedded individual conception.
Incentives and Stability in Large Two-Sided Matching Markets

The paper analyzes incentives and stability in two-sided matching markets when the number of participants is large and the length of the preference list is finite. Building on and extending Immorlica and Mahdian (2005), we first investigate the scope for manipulation in a many-to-one market. When preference lists are drawn from an arbitrary distribution for one side of the market and under a mild independence assumption on the distribution for the other side, we establish that the fraction of participants who can profitably misrepresent their preferences via truncation is small. Moreover, the scope of manipulations via capacities and pre-arranged matches approaches zero as the size of the market becomes large. With an additional bounded distribution assumption, truthful reporting is an approximate equilibrium, implying efficiency of the resulting matching.
Adaptive state regulation in the presence of disturbances of known frequency range

Adaptive state regulation via adaptive observation and asymptotic feedback matrix synthesis in the presence of bounded disturbances of known frequency range is considered. The adaptive observer uses a filtered output error to adapt parameter and state estimates. The filter is designed to attenuate in the disturbance frequency range. It is shown that, with persistent excitation, parameter and feedback gain errors are bounded by a quantity which is proportional directly to the attenuated disturbance magnitudes and inversely to the degree of persistent excitation. Closed-loop stability is proven when the ratio of filtered disturbance magnitude to degree of persistent excitation is sufficiently small. A computer simulation demonstrates the method.
Trade Credit and Taxes

Abstract This paper analyzes the extent to which tax differences affect the use of trade credit. U.S.-owned affiliates in low-tax countries use trade credit to lend, whereas those in high-tax countries use trade credit to borrow: 10% lower local tax rates are associated with net trade credit positions that are 1.4% higher as a fraction of sales. The use of trade credit to get capital out of low-tax, low-return environments is also illustrated by the temporary repatriation tax holiday in 2005, which was used most intensively by affiliates with positive net trade credit positions.
Economies of scale in banking, confidence shocks, and business cycles

Equilibrium indeterminacy due to economies of scale (ES) in financial intermediation is quantitatively examined in a monetary business-cycle environment. Financial intermediation provides deposits that serve as a substitute for currency to purchase consumption, and depositing decisions are susceptible to nonfundamental shocks to confidence. The analysis considers various assumptions on nominal rigidities and the timing of deposit decisions. The results suggest that indeterminacy arises for small ES, and the resulting confidence shocks qualitatively mimic monetary shocks. A calibration exercise concludes that U.S. economic volatility from this nonfundamental source has increased over time while volatility from fundamental sources has decreased.
Towards MIGO, the matter-wave interferometric gravitational-wave observatory, and the intersection of quantum mechanics with general relativity

A dynamical non-Euclidean spacetime geometry in general relativity theory implies the possibility of gravitational radiation. Here we explore novel methods of detecting such radiation from astrophysical sources by means of matter-wave interferometers (MIGOs), using atomic beams emanating from supersonic atomic sources that are further cooled and collimated by means of optical molasses. While the sensitivities of such MIGOs compare favorably with LIGO and LISA, the sizes of MIGOs can be orders of magnitude smaller, and their bandwidths wider. Using a pedagogical approach, we place this problem into the broader context of problems at the intersection of quantum mechanics with general relativity.
Selenium Accumulation in Soils and Its Absorption by Plants and Animals

Soils producing crop plants that are toxic because of selenium are confined to small areas, but occur throughout the world. Such soils are confined to semiarid regions or areas of impeded drainage. They contribute no significant hazard to human health and only locally to animal health. Environmental contamination with selenium is increasing, but will probably stay well below a hazardous concentration. Locally, mining and industrial wastes may produce minor hazards. However, the effect of added selenium in the atmosphere and waters in combination with other contaminants is not known and should be studied.
Selection of diversity and modulation parameters for Nakagami fading channels to jointly satisfy outage and bit error requirements

Outage events occur when the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio or bit error rate fall into an unacceptable operational regime. Outage performance analysis is traditionally carried out for diverse channel behaviors and transmission techniques, leaving the identification of unacceptable operational regime to user specified performance requirements. An alternative approach is taken in this work and an acceptable combination of system parameters are identified such that the user specified quality of service (QoS) constraints are satisfied. The QoS constraints are specified jointly in terms of outage probability, outage duration and probability of occurrence of errors during the outage event. This work presents inter-dependencies between the QoS constraints and modulation, diversity and signal parameters in closed form. The analysis assumes identically, independently distributed Nakagami interferers using maximal ratio diversity combining (MRC)
System Implications of Large Radiometric Array Antennas

Current radiometric earth and atmospheric sensing systems in the centimeter wavelength range generally employ a directive antenna connected through a single terminal pair to a Dicke receiver. It is shown that this approach does not lend itself to systems with greatly increased spatial resolution. Signal-to-noise considerations relating to antenna efficiency force the introduction of active elements at the subarray level; thus if Dicke switching is to be used, it must be distributed throughout the system. Some possible approaches are suggested. The introduction of active elements at the subarray level is found to ease the design constraints on time delay elements, necessary for bandwidth, and on multiplebeam generation, required in order to achieve sufficient integration time with high resolution.
On a nonparametric notion of residual and its applications

Abstract Given a random vector ( X , Z ) , we define a notion of nonparametric residual of X on Z that is always independent of Z . Given ( X , Y , Z ) , we use this notion of residual to develop a test for the conditional independence between X and Y , given Z .
Market Power and Structural Adjustment The Case of West African Cocoa Market Liberalization

Liberalization of the cocoa market in West Africa, due to structural adjustment reforms, has resulted in the elimination of para-statal marketing boards and initiated the creation of new institutions to replace the marketing services of those agencies. Concerns have been raised as to the effects of these reforms on prices of cocoa received by farmers, welfare measures and competitiveness of marketing channels. Of particular importance is backward integration of multinational processing firms, who take over exporting activities and may collect rents previously captured as export taxes. This paper uses a conjectural variations approach to estimate the degree of market power present in the post-liberalized cocoa bean markets of Ivory Coast and Nigeria. Evidence of market power is found in the Ivory Coast markets between the farmgate and U.S./EU15 imports. The market power, exercised by multinational exporter/processors, must be considered in concert with the Ivorian government who is still collecting export taxes. In contrast, no evidence of market power is found in the Nigerian markets or domestic (farmer to trader) markets of Ivory Coast.
Evolution of a strategy for preparing bioactive small molecules by sequential multicomponent assembly processes, cyclizations, and diversification

A strategy for generating diverse collections of small molecules has been developed that features a multicomponent assembly process (MCAP) to efficiently construct a variety of intermediates possessing an aryl aminomethyl subunit. These key compounds are then transformed via selective ring-forming reactions into heterocyclic scaffolds, each of which possesses suitable functional handles for further derivatizations and palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions. The modular nature of this approach enables the facile construction of libraries of polycyclic compounds bearing a broad range of substituents and substitution patterns for biological evaluation. Screening of several compound libraries thus produced has revealed a large subset of compounds that exhibit a broad spectrum of medicinally-relevant activities.
Computing near‐optimal solutions to the steiner problem in a graph using a genetic algorithm

A new genetic algorithm (GA) for the Steiner Problem in a Graph (SPG) is presented. The algorithm is based on a bitstring encoding of selected Steiner vertices and the corresponding Steiner tree is computed using a deterministic SPG heuristic. The GA is tested on all SPG instances from the OR-Library having from 500 to 2500 vertices and up to 62,500 edges. For these graphs, the algorithm finds a global optimum in 70% of all program executions and is within 1% from the global optimum value in 90% of all executions. The performance is compared to that of two branch-and-cut algorithms and two of the very best deterministic heuristics : an iterated version of the Takahashi and Matsuyama heuristic (ITM) and an iterated version of the Kou, Markowsky, and Berman heuristic (IKMB). In almost all cases, even the worst result ever found by the GA is equal to or better than the best result of ITM and IKMB. Furthermore, while none of the deterministic heuristics or the branch-and-cut algorithms are capable of solving all problem instances within a reasonable time limit, the GA finds a near-optimal solution to every problem in a moderate amount of time.
Steady-state analysis and design of a switched-capacitor DC-DC converter

A representative switched-capacitor DC-DC converter topology is presented, circuit operation is explained, and control strategies are identified. State-space averaging is used to analyze steady-state performance and to develop control criteria and design equations. The analytical results are verified by SPICE simulation. >
Academic careers, patents, and productivity: industry experience as scientific and technical human capital

We examine career patterns within the industrial, academic, and governmental sectors and their relation to the publication and patent productivity of scientists and engineers working at university-based research centers in the United States. We hypothesize that among university scientists, intersectoral changes in jobs throughout the career provide access to new social networks and scientific and technical human capital, which will result in higher productivity. For this study, the curriculum vitae of 1200 research scientists and engineers were collected and coded. In addition, patent data were collected from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The overarching conclusion from our analysis is that the academic scientists’ and engineers’ research careers we studied are quite different than characterized in the research productivity literature that is a decade or more old. The wave of center creation activity that began in the early 1980s and continues today has resulted not only in greater ties between universities and industry, but also markedly different academic careers. Published by Elsevier B.V.