cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and Stability Derivative Analysis using an Efficient Adjoint Harmonic Balance Technique

Sensitivity and stability derivative analysis using an adjoint harmonic balance technique is presented. A nominal flow solver based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations is used to find stability derivatives through a time spectral stability derivative approach. The nominal solver is adjointed with the aid of Tapenade, a source code transformation automatic differentiation tool, resulting in an adjoint solver with a computational cost roughly three times that of the nominal solver, regardless of the number of design variables considered. The adjoint sensitivities are used to match numerical to experimental results, study mesh convergence, and lay the groundwork for design optimization. In particular, sensitivities are computed of stability derivatives and flow variables with respect to input and shape design variables. This analysis is a precursor to aeroelastic and stability design optimization.
Heart Disease Strategies for Prevention

There has been a continuing debate among health professionals concerning the appropriate strategy of use for the prevention of ischemic heart disease: a targeted high-risk group strategy or a commu...
The Dispersal of Sterilized Codling Moths Released in the Wenas Valley, Washington

Traps baited with virgin female Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) were distributed inside of each commercial orchard plus 47 noncommercial sites throughout 32 square miles of the Wenas Valley, WA, to monitor the inter- and intra-orchard dispersion of sterile marked males. The males dispersed to all points within the orchards; migrated from backyard and abandoned trees located throughout the area into the orchards, and from orchards into these locations, frequently 1.5 miles and occasionally as much as 5.4 miles; and entered the valley from an adjacent orchard to the south of the Wenas Valley, or entered this orchard from the valley. Trap placement and numbers, female density, and wind were important factors that influenced intra-orchard dispersal. In open terrain, behavioral changes were noted in flight and searching, and the host plant was more attractive than pheromone traps. From this study, we can conclude that long-distance dispersal is not unusual but involves a small percentage of the population, and that codling moth populations tend to remain localized.
Research on Standard Device for Transmission Lines Power Frequency Parameters Tester

The standard device for transmission lines power frequency parameters tester can be used for calibrating the transmission lines power frequency parameters tester.The equip functions involve: positive /zero sequence impedance,positive/zero sequence capacitance,etc.The paper introduces the working principle and composition of the standard device,focusing on the technology of virtual complex impedance and accurately amplitude control.And it gives the relevant specification and experimental data in the end.The research of the standard device can be used to resolve the traceability of transmission lines power frequency parameters tester.
Discussion on the Cloud Service Platform Architecture of Agricultural Information Services

In this paper,the problems of agricultural information services were analyzed,and the concept and characteristics of cloud computing were introduced,as well as the feasibility of cloud computing applying in the agricultural information services discussed,and then a cloud service platform of agricultural information was constructed.The platform's main framework was consisted of infrastructure,resources layer,service layer and application layer,and then the basic functions of all levels were described to strengthen the application of the cloud computing in agricultural information services,and provide better theoretical and technological support for agricultural information service model innovation.
Generating Features using Burrows Wheeler Transformation for Biological Sequence Classification

Recent advancements in biological sciences have resulted in the availability of large amounts of sequence data (both DNA and protein sequences). The annotation of biological sequence data can be approached using machine learning techniques. Such techniques require that the input data is represented as a vector of features. In the absence of biologically known features, a common approach is to generate k-mers using a sliding window. A larger k value usually results in better features; however, the number of k-mer features is exponential in k, and many of the k-mers are not informative. Feature selection techniques can be used to identify the most informative features, but are computationally expensive when used over the set of all k-mers, especially over the space of variable length k-mers (which presumably capture better the information in the data). Instead of working with all k-mers, we propose to generate features using an approach based on Burrows Wheeler Transformation (BWT). Our approach generates variable length k-mers that represent a small subset of kmers. Experimental results on both DNA (alternative splicing prediction) and protein (protein localization) sequences show that the BWT features combined with feature selection, result in models which are better than models learned directly from k-mers. This shows that the BWT-based approach to feature generation can be used to obtain informative variable length features for DNA and protein prediction problems.
Addition of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to the Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index improves 90-day mortality prediction in critically ill patients

Background The Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index (DCCI) has low predictive value in the intensive care unit (ICU). Our goal was to determine whether addition of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels to the DCCI improved 90-day mortality prediction in critically ill patients.
Controlled vocabularies, thesauri, and taxonomies

Controlled vocabularies, thesauri, and taxonomies comprise a field that is closely related to indexing. Some indexers already do work in these areas, and others could find themselves called to do such work soon. Therefore, it is important for indexers to be familiar with these tools/methods for organizing information. This brief article defines the concepts more fully.
Electronics gets mechanical

Imagine two ultrathin gold wires that are in intermittent mechanical contact with one another. As the individual gold atoms come in and out of contact, the electrical resistance between the wires jumps fleetingly by discreet amounts. Now, researchers in Japan have harnessed this simple phenomenon to build a nano-scale mechanical switch. The device, built by Kazuya Terabe and coworkers at the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), ICORP-SORST/Japan Science and Technology Agency and RIKEN, may ultimately replace semiconductor switches in the electronic devices of the future (Nature 433 47–50).
Donor variability among anti-inflammatory pre-activated mesenchymal stromal cells.

Therapeutic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are attractive in part due to their immunomodulatory properties, achieved by their paracrine secretion of factors including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Despite promising pre-clinical data, demonstrating clinical efficacy has proven difficult. The current studies were designed to develop approaches to pre-induce desired functions from naive MSCs and examine MSC donor variability, two factors contributing to this disconnect. MSCs from six human donors were pre-activated with interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) at a concentration and duration identified as optimal or interferon gamma (IFN-γ) as a comparator. Their secretion of PGE2 after pre-activation and secondary exposure to pro-inflammatory molecules was measured. Modulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion from M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages by co-cultured pre-activated MSCs was also measured. Our results indicated that pre-activation of MSCs with IL-1β resulted in upregulated PGE2 secretion post exposure. Pre-activation with IL-1β or IFN-γ resulted in higher sensitivity to induction by secondary stimuli compared to no pre-activation. While IL-1β pre-activation led to enhanced MSC-mediated attenuation of macrophage TNF-α secretion, IFN-γ pre-activation resulted in enhanced TNF-α secretion. Donor variability was noted in PGE2 secretion and upregulation and the level of improved or impaired macrophage modulation.
Collaborating in Dialogue for an Optimal Leadership Education

Four different perspectives—from the director of a scholarship of teaching and learning dialogue forum, the director of a leadership institute, and two undergraduate students—join together to discuss a collaboration in optimizing leadership education at Western Washington University.
Sharing Knowledge, Shaping Europe: US Technological Collaboration and Nonproliferation

There is a significant conceptual issue at the core of the deluge of recent books and articles dealing with the history of science and technology in the years from 1945 to 1990: what is ‘Cold War s...
Enhancing Direct Camera Tracking with Dense Feature Descriptors

Direct camera tracking is a popular tool for motion estimation. It promises more precise estimates, enhanced robustness as well as denser reconstruction efficiently. However, most direct tracking algorithms rely on the brightness constancy assumption, which is seldom satisfied in the real world. This means that direct tracking is unsuitable when dealing with sudden and arbitrary illumination changes. In this work, we propose a non-parametric approach to address illumination variations in direct tracking. Instead of modeling illumination, or relying on difficult to optimize robust similarity metrics, we propose to directly minimize the squared distance between densely evaluated local feature descriptors. Our approach is shown to perform well in terms of robustness and runtime. The algorithm is evaluated on two direct tracking problems: template tracking and direct visual odometry and using a variety of feature descriptors proposed in the literature.
The theory of surface-enhanced Raman scattering on semiconductor nanoparticles; toward the optimization of SERS sensors.

We present an expression for the lowest order nonzero contribution to the surface-enhanced Raman spectrum obtained from a system of a molecule adsorbed on a semiconductor nanoparticle. Herzberg–Teller vibronic coupling of the zero-order Born–Oppenheimer states results in an expression which may be regarded as an extension of the Albrecht A-, B-, and C-terms to SERS substrates. We show that the SERS enhancement is caused by combinations of several types of resonances in the combined system, namely, surface, exciton, charge-transfer, and molecular resonances. These resonances are coupled by terms in the numerator, which provide selection rules that enable various tests of the theory and predict the relative intensities of the Raman lines. Furthermore, by considering interactions of the various contributions to the SERS enhancement, we are able to develop ways to optimize the enhancement factor by tailoring the semiconductor nanostructure, thereby adjusting the locations of the various contributing resonances. This provides a procedure by which molecular sensors can be constructed and optimized. We provide several experimental examples on substrates such as monolayer MoS2 and GaN nanorods.
A controlled clinical trial of a clinically-tuned powered ankle prosthesis in people with transtibial amputation:

Objective:To determine whether there are changes in level walking performance for people using a powered ankle prosthesis that was tuned by an independent, manufacturer-certified prosthetist in acc...
Exile in a Land of Exiles: The Early History of Criminal Transportation Law in New South Wales, 1788–1809

This article considers the peculiar application of English criminal transportation law in the ‘convict colony’ of New South Wales during its foundation years. It demonstrates, first, that transport...
Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Skull Base in the Pediatric Population

Fibro-osseous lesions of the skull base include a variety of lesions with different biologic behavior. The most common lesions include fibrous dysplasia, osteoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, and juvenile ossifying fibroma. The diagnosis can usually be established with radiographic imaging. In the absence of symptoms, slow-growing lesions can often be observed. When surgery is indicated for relief of symptoms, endoscopic endonasal techniques are well suited for all age groups.
Olfactory Testing in Frontotemporal Dementia: A Literature Review

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous disorder featuring language impairment, personality changes, and executive defects, often due to the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Both FTD and FTLD are often associated with olfactory impairment, early biomarker for neurodegeneration, which can be evaluated with different techniques, among which low-cost olfactory tests are widely used. Therefore, we conducted a review of the literature focusing on papers published between January 1, 2007, and June 12, 2017, investigating the usefulness of olfactory testing in FTD/FTLD. A general decrease in the olfactory identification ability was seen in most of the articles and, taken together with a preserved odor discrimination, reveals a higher order impairment, possibly linked to cognitive decrease or language impairments, and not to a specific deficit of the olfactory system. This evidence could represent a useful add-on to the current literature, increasing the diagnostic value of olfactory assessment, particularly in cases where differential diagnosis is difficult.
The Effect of Texture on Acoustoelasticity

The theory for stress determination using acoustoelasticity is most frequently based on the evaluation of the motion of an infinitesimal plane wave propagating through an isotropic, elastic body which is subjected to a homogeneous deformation. The assumption of isotropy in this analysis allows the characterization of the acoustoelastic response to be carried out in terms of two second-order and three third-order elastic constants. Unfortunately, most structural materials do not behave isotropically, but instead have some degree of texture caused by the crystals aligning themselves in certain preferred orientations during the forming process. This paper examines the effect of texture on the acoustoelastic response of polycrystalline materials. In particular, the five second-order and nine third-order elastic constants of bodies exhibiting transverse isotropy are computed in terms of the elastic constants and orientation of the constituent crystals. Two methods of evaluating the constants are presented, the first being a Voigt type procedure in which the elastic stiffnesses are averaged for the chosen crystal orientation distribution, and the second being a Reuss type procedure in which the compliances are averaged. Acoustoelastic constants of the various waves in aluminum and copper are presented for the entire range of ideal textures in which all grains have the same direction cosines between the symmetry axis and the crystallographic axes.
Arthropods of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti): a checklist and bibliography

This work is a first attempt to integrate into one list and quantify all the known species of Hispaniolan arthropods. It includes all the terrestrial and surrounding marine arthropod species (plus those of Tardigrada and Onychophora) known to me to be reported for the island of Hispaniola until the end of 2007, as well as 158 species that are reported here as new records for the Dominican Republic and the island. A total of 8,237 valid species (6,833 extant and 1,404 fossils) are listed, of which the largest component are the insects (5,676 extant and 824 fossil species). Preliminarily, 2,521 arthropod species (36.9%) are considered to be endemic or unique to Hispaniola. Also 84 species are recognized as introduced. The bibliography complements the taxonomic information and includes over 4,000 titles. Brief annotations are also given on the history of entomology in Hispaniola.
Why an End to History

The idea that history has come to an end stands in remarkable contrast to conceptions of history that seem to make more common sense: history is cyclical; history is forever progressive; history is so profoundly affected by chance that it displays no comprehensible pattern but is just one thing after another. This article investigates the philosophical background of the thesis in Hegel and Marx, seeking to understand why these philosophers thought there was a philosophical necessity to affirm such an end of history. It proceeds briefly to clarify Alexandre Kojeve’s position–or more precisely, two positions (his earlier Marxist view that the end of history can be rationally grasped but is in reality yet to occur, and a later Hegelian view that history has in fact ended). Next, it reflects on Fukuyama’s revival of the end of history thesis and its application to the world at the end of the cold war, seeking to find in the political and philosophical condition of the times reasons for its surprisingly positive reception. It concludes with a consideration of how, toward the end of a life spent largely in the elaboration of a Socratic rationalism, Leo Strauss maintained a deeply serious interest in Kojeve’s arguments.
A 217µW −82dBm IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi LP-WUR using a 3 rd - Harmonic Passive Mixer

A 40nm CMOS IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi LP-WUR receiver is presented. The receiver demodulates OOK messages generated by an 802.11 OFDM Wi-Fi transmitter operating at 5.8GHz. The receiver improves sensitivity by allocating the image-less single sideband signal above the flicker noise floor. The 3rd harmonic down-conversion receiver reduces active power consumption, while rejecting unwanted harmonic components. The receiver achieves a sensitivity of −82dBm while consuming 217µW at a BER of 10−3 and data-rate of 62.5kb/s.
Abstract B068: Methionine aminopeptidase II (MetAP2) activated in situ self-assembly of small-molecule probes for imaging prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy among men in the United States and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The major clinical challenges in prostate cancer diagnosis include accurate staging, localizing tumors within the prostate, and developing imaging prognostic biomarkers. PET is routinely used in the clinical management of many cancers dues to its high sensitivity (10-15 M), spatial resolution (2-4 mm3), rapid whole-body scan times ( Citation Format: Jinghang Xie, Meghan Rice, Yunfeng Cheng, Guosheng Song, Christian Kunder, James D. Brooks, Tanya Stoyanova, Jianghong Rao. Methionine aminopeptidase II (MetAP2) activated in situ self-assembly of small-molecule probes for imaging prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Prostate Cancer: Advances in Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research; 2017 Dec 2-5; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(16 Suppl):Abstract nr B068.
Impact of Acute Kidney Injury on Patients Hospitalized for Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

Introduction Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a relatively novel clinical entity that is increasingly diagnosed. Several factors affect the outcome of patients suffering from TTS but little is known about the impact of acute kidney injury Objective To assess the impact of acute kidney injury (AKI) on mortality Methods Using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2012, 2013 and 2014, Health Care and Utilization Project (HCUP), we identified patients with a diagnosis of (TTS). We also identified patients with a concomitant diagnosis of AKI. Patients were divided into two groups; AKI group and non-AKI group. We compared the mortality rates among patients with vs. without AKI. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to adjust for age, gender and comorbidities included in the Charlson comorbidity index Results Among 17,163 admissions with a diagnosis of TTS, there were 3,018 (17.58%) with a concomitant diagnosis of AKI. Patients with AKI were younger compared to patients without AKI (mean age 68.4 vs. 66.9; p Conclusion Among patients hospitalized with TTS, AKI was associated with increased risk of inhospital mortality.
Finding Skill Similarity Matrix Utilizing Expert Recommended Skill Clusters

Humans cannot provide feedback on millions/billions of computer-calculated measures. This paper finds a way to adjust a large number of the calculated skill similarity pairs based on qualitative human expert feedback. The experts do not explicitly quantify millions of similarities. They only indicate what cluster a skill belongs to. This paper describes methods to correct a large similarity matrix corresponding to the expert recommended skill clusters.
A high carbon content of the Hawaiian mantle from olivine-hosted melt inclusions

Abstract The deep mantle carbon content and flux are fundamental quantities in understanding global volatile cycles and distributions. Here, we present CO2 concentrations measured in 407 olivine-hosted melt inclusions from Hualalai, Kilauea, Koolau, Loihi, and Mauna Loa to constrain the Hawaiian mantle CO2 content and flux. Quantification of melt inclusion CO2 is complicated by the ubiquitous presence of vapor or “shrinkage” bubbles. The contribution from exsolved shrinkage bubble CO2 was determined from the measured bubble size and a CO2 equation of state, and added to the dissolved CO2 to reconstruct total melt inclusion CO2 concentrations. Bubbles typically contain ∼90% of melt inclusion C, much of which may be sequestered in precipitated phases on bubble walls, and thus not amenable to measurement by Raman spectroscopy. Based on our dataset of total (dissolved + bubble) CO2 concentrations, we estimate that parental melts from the five Hawaiian volcanoes have CO2 concentrations ranging from 3900 to 10,000 ppm CO2. Among the active volcanoes, CO2 concentrations decrease to the northwest, likely reflecting mantle source heterogeneity, although differences in CO2 degassing related to the relative depths of the magma chambers may also play a role. Mantle sources of the Hawaiian volcanoes range from 380 to 480 ppm CO2 suggesting that the Hawaiian plume is at least a factor of ∼4 more C-rich than the upper mantle sampled by mid-ocean ridge basalts. This enrichment is likely due to the presence of recycled surficial C and/or C-rich primitive material in the Hawaiian mantle.
Impact of international classification of diseases, 10th revision, on head and neck surgery.

Objectives Review changes in the number of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes utilized in head and neck surgery service and associated changes in cost and charges of health services. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed utilizing the Nationwide Readmissions Database, 2015. The study population included patients who were admitted for a primary head and neck procedure. Patients discharged in the third quarter (Q3), coding system ICD-9-CM, compared to patients discharged in the fourth quarter (Q4), coding system ICD-10-CM. Results A total of 11,456 and 10,431 patients discharged in Q3 and Q4, respectively. Comparing the top 90% billed disease codes demonstrated that the number of ICD-10-CM codes was more by a factor of 1.20. However, classifying codes by type of surgery, fewer codes were used in patients who had laryngeal surgeries or tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy by a factor of 0.8. Codes used to document the primary diagnoses for patients who underwent tracheostomy increased the most by a factor of 1.42. Controlling for multiple factors that would affect the cost of health services, there were no significant changes in the cost of management per case (Q3: $70,189.00 ± 1,546.39 vs. Q4: $70,502.00 ± 1,560.17, P = 0.68) or hospital charges (Q3: $273,411.00 ± 7,852.78 vs. Q4: 265,996 ± 7922.77, P = 0.05). Conclusion The ICD-10-CM provides an expansion of codes. Initial indication is that utilization of ICD-10-CM codes for head and neck surgery is within expected parameters and appears not to affect the cost of management and hospital charges despite the overall increase in ICD codes in the newer version. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 130:398-404, 2020.
Model-based cognitive neuroscience: Multifield mechanistic integration in practice:

Autonomist accounts of cognitive science suggest that cognitive model building and theory construction (can or should) proceed independently of findings in neuroscience. Common functionalist justif...
Modeling and analysis of an impact-acoustic method for bolt looseness identification

Abstract Bolted joints are fundamental building blocks and have been widely used to hold multiple structural components together, while their looseness may lead to costly disasters in industries. Compared to current bolt loosening detection methods that are often hampered due to the need for highly experienced personnel or an overly complex sensor-structure interaction, a new percussion-based method using analytical modeling and numerical simulation was proposed to reduce cost and avoid contact-type sensor installation, which is a great contribution. Analytically, the bolted joint was modeled equivalently as a laminated plate by using the virtual material method and the layer-wise theory, and its percussion-induced sound pressure level (SPL) can be obtained via the acoustic radiation mode approach. The corresponding numerical simulation was developed with the focus on the acoustic-structure coupling, and the acoustic boundary conditions were satisfied through a perfectly matched layer (PML). Compared to prior work, another contribution of this paper is that the proposed method further considers the critical effect of bolted interfacial roughness, which affects radiation sound signals significantly. Finally, acoustic tests were carried out, and the good agreement between results of modeling, simulation, and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. As a rapid and non-invasive bolt looseness detection method, the investigations in this paper can provide guidance for the future development of bolt looseness detection methods.
Greyfish: An Out-of-the-Box, Reusable, Portable Cloud Storage Service

A scalable storage system is an integral requirement for supporting large-scale cloud computing jobs. The raw space on storage systems is made usable with the help of a software layer which is typically called a filesystem (e.g., Google's Cloud Filestore). In this paper, we present the design and implementation of an open-source and free cloud-based filesystem named as "Greyfish" that can be installed on the Virtual Machines (VMs) hosted on different cloud computing systems, such as Jetstream and Chameleon. Greyfish helps in: (1) storing files and directories for different user-accounts in a shared space on the cloud, (2) managing file-access permissions, and (3) purging files when needed. It is currently being used in the implementation of the Gateway-In-A-Box (GIB) project. A simplified version of Greyfish, known as Reef, is already in production in the BOINC@TACC project. Science gateway developers will find Greyfish useful for creating local filesystems that can be mounted in containers. By doing so, they can independently do quick installations of self-contained software solutions in development and test environments while mounting the filesystems on large-scale storage platforms in the production environments only.
Sociodemographic Characteristics Predict Readmission Rates After Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery.

Objective To evaluate the impact of social determinants of health (race/ethnicity, household income, insurance) and hospital surgical volume on 30- and 90-day readmissions after lumbar spinal fusion surgery. Methods A retrospective review of the State Inpatient Databases (SID) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) included all patients age ≥18 years who underwent an index lumbar spinal fusion procedure and met inclusion criteria in California (2007-2011), Maryland (2012-2014), Florida, and New York (2007-2014). Primary outcomes were unadjusted rates and adjusted odds of readmission at 30 and 90 days postoperatively. Results After assessing for exclusion criteria, 267,976 patients were included in analyses. The overall 30-day readmission rate was 7.5%, and the 90-day readmission rate was 11.6%. Black patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-1.19) and patients with nonprivate insurance (Medicare OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.37-1.51; Medicaid OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.36-1.56; or uninsured OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.00-1.35) had higher odds of 30-day readmission, with comparable effects at 90 days. The three highest quartiles of hospital lumbar spine surgical volume had decreased odds for 30- and 90-day readmission when compared with the lowest quartile. Median income had no effect on readmission rates, save for the top quartile having lower odds of 90-day readmission than the bottom quartile. Conclusions Sociodemographic disparities in primary insurance payer, race/ethnicity, and hospital surgical volume affect lumbar spinal fusion surgery readmission rates. Public health interventions may improve readmissions and clinical outcomes and reduce health care costs.
China’s education, curriculum, knowledge, and cultural inscriptions: dancing with the wind

In Professor Weili Zhao’s new book, she presents us with a robust mix of ‘theory’ and ‘lived experience’ that allows us to imagine ourselves in theoretical spaces in the world in a way that illumin...
Whole blood transfusion versus component therapy in trauma resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Patients with hemorrhagic shock from trauma often require balanced blood product transfusion with red blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Resuscitation with whole blood resuscitation is becoming a common practice. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing whole blood transfusion with balanced component therapy in patients suffering from traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Methods We searched MEDLINE Ovid, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for human studies comparing whole blood with component blood therapy published from January 2007 to June 2019. We included studies from both civilian and military settings and that reported 24-hour, in-hospital, or 30-day mortality. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, assessing study quality, publication bias, and heterogeneity. We used meta-analytic models to determine the associations (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]) between whole blood transfusion and (1) 24-hour mortality, and (2) in-hospital or 30-day mortality. Results A total of 1759 identified studies, 12 (reporting on n = 8431 patients) met inclusion criteria. There was heterogeneity in the design, setting, interventions, and outcomes of the studies. On meta-analysis, whole blood transfusion was not associated with 24-hour mortality (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.56-1.24) or in-hospital/30-day mortality (OR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.48-1.31). Conclusion In this systematic review and meta-analysis, compared with conventional component transfusion, whole blood was not associated with 24-hour or in-hospital mortality. However, there were important limitations with and heterogeneity among the primary studies. Additional study is needed to determine the effectiveness of whole blood.
Cannabidiol (CBD) in Dietary Supplements: Perspectives on Science, Safety, and Potential Regulatory Approaches

The proliferation in the last few years of cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products in the U.S. markets has been greatly accelerated by changes in the regulatory environment, and by perceptions of their health benefits and presumed safety. The result has been aggressive marketing of many types of products, some of dubious quality, making or implying drug-type claims. The recent approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of CBD in the form of Epidiolex®, further complicates the regulatory picture. In addition, a number of studies suggest that, at least at high doses, there may be serious adverse effects or drug interactions associated with CBD. At present, CBD-containing products do not meet the strict definition of dietary supplements, but the FDA is continuing to consider some framework under which they might be allowed. Meanwhile, FDA has adopted a "risk-based" enforcement policy. Possible approaches to a new framework for regulation of CBD products as dietary supplements are discussed here, including expanded research emphasis, a robust corporate stewardship program, and a rigorous adverse event reporting program.
Spatial othering: Examining residential areas, school attendance zones, and school discipline in an urbanizing school district

Drawn from interdisciplinary perspectives of special education, critical geography, and education policy, in this study, we examined the spatial patterns of residential areas, school attendance zones, and school discipline rates of an urbanizing school district in Wisconsin to understand the construction of spatial “Other.” We measured the city’s dissimilarity index to examine racial and economic segregation between neighborhoods and elementary schools. We also measured the school district suspension rates to examine racial disproportionality in school discipline. We then analyzed to what extent the redrawing of elementary school attendance zones in the 2007-2008 school year was able to reduce the spatial concentration of racially and economically minoritized students in one elementary public school. We found that despite the well-intentioned efforts of the rezoning committee to lower the percentage of students from low-income families, spatial othering at the neighborhood level continued to funnel students from racially and minoritized backgrounds into the school, due to the concentration of low-income housing in the neighborhood of the school.
Proximal Tubular Oxidative Metabolism in Acute Kidney Injury and the Transition to CKD

The proximal tubule relies on oxidative mitochondrial metabolism to meet its energy needs and has limited capacity for glycolysis, which makes it uniquely susceptible to damage during Acute Kidney Injury, especially after ischemia and anoxia. In that setting, mitochondrial ATP production is initially decreased by several mechanisms, including fatty acid-induced uncoupling and inhibition of respiration related to changes in the shape and volume of mitochondria. Glycolysis initially is insufficient as a source of ATP to protect the cells and mitochondrial function, but supplementation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, augments anaerobic ATP production and improves recovery of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Incomplete recovery is characterized by defects of respiratory enzymes and lipid metabolism. During the transition to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), tubular cells atrophy but maintain high expression of glycolytic enzymes and there is decreased fatty acid oxidation. These metabolic changes may be amenable to a number of therapeutic interventions.
The Intersection of Forensic Techniques with Ecological Issues

Molecular forensic techniques to trace DNA from surfaces and sediments have played important roles in conservation and species protection for decades, but their application in the field of ecology is not as well established. In the 1990s, forensic sequencing was applied to non-human samples, illuminating how DNA shed in the environment can be used to track species, populations, and individuals, with implications for animal conservation and management cases. Concurrently, molecular markers such as DNA barcodes were increasingly being published for systematics and biodiversity surveys. Now, forensic techniques are being applied as metabarcoding and metagenomics for ecology and conservation, taking advantage of massive biodiversity DNA reference databases to trace and characterize everything in environmental samples from individuals to whole communities, revealing the provenance and timing of events. Sequencing environments across space and time provides key ecosystem biometrics that point to the causes—and often the culprits—of ecological change. Ecological forensics broadens translational research opportunities in conservation, policy, and environmental justice. This chapter specifically focuses on the increased use of environmental DNA (eDNA), which can be collected from soil, sediment, water, or air, in forensic ecological research from real-time to deep time. The rise of this new subdiscipline has the potential to shape the future of biodiversity management and discovery globally.
FDG Avid Abnormalities in the Breast: Breast Cancer Mimics

FDG PET/CT is a highly sensitive tool for the diagnosis, staging, and response assessment of multiple malignancies and conditions. Incidental findings requiring further diagnostic workup are often identified, including increased FDG uptake in the breast. Familiarity with causes of increased FDG uptake in the breast is essential. Benign and malignant etiologies can cause uptake in the breast at FDG PET/CT that mimics primary breast cancer. The radiologist plays an important role in identifying the finding, recommending appropriate breast imaging follow-up that may confirm an etiology, and performing image-guided biopsy. Timely diagnosis is essential, as this can alter patient treatment strategies. While the imaging characteristics of benign and malignant findings in the breast can overlap, the radiologist must be familiar with relatively common benign and malignant causes of FDG uptake in the breast.
Hypotensive Resuscitation

Hypotensive resuscitation is a component of damage control resuscitation, the evolving approach to resuscitation in severely injured trauma patients. Resuscitation strategies used in treating severely injured trauma patients have changed dramatically over the last 20 years. The purpose of this review is to examine the current literature pertaining to hypotensive resuscitation, explore its use in damage control resuscitation, and examine blood pressure management in the setting of severe trauma.
Cardiovascular Health of Youth During Gender-Affirming Testosterone Treatment: A Review.

Abstract Purpose Many birth-assigned female/transgender male and nonbinary people (identified as masculine spectrum here) begin gender-affirming testosterone therapy by the age of 24 years. Few data inform assessment of cardiovascular health of masculine spectrum youth as a specific subgroup of the 1.5 million transgender people in the United States. The purpose of this review is to help youth-serving practitioners consider, understand, and evaluate cardiovascular health in adolescent and young adult masculine spectrum patients receiving gender-affirming testosterone treatment. Methods This is a narrative review intended to synthesize a broad body of clinical and research literature. Results Common cardiovascular health changes associated with testosterone include increased red blood cell mass and likely insignificant changes in high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein levels. Changes in heart mass, heart electrophysiology, and endothelial reactivity are likely, based on extrapolation of data from adults. Testosterone may have indirect effects on cardiovascular health through influences on depression, anxiety, stress, and anorexia nervosa as well as on behaviors such as tobacco use. Conclusions Testosterone contributes importantly to the cardiovascular health and well-being of masculine spectrum gender-diverse youth. We need to do a better job of supporting these young people with data on cardiovascular health over the life span.
Hidden Gems - Finding Teaching Improvement Opportunities Buried in Negative Student Evaluations

Often, professors overlook or even ignore the negative feedback in their Student Evaluations of Teachings (SETs) for a multitude of reasons. Most notably, the negative feedback appears unimportant if the instructor overall is well-liked or teaches well. However, the data found in negative feedback has not been studied to assess its potential to provide improvement in teaching. This paper qualitatively explores the negative feedback found in SETs for instructors of entry-level accounting courses at the post-secondary level to identify potential avenues for improvement in teaching and encourage all instructors to take negative comments seriously and with a positive frame of mind. With a sample of multiple SETs collected for instructors (N=50) of entry-level accounting classes, we will use the literature of classroom justice to perform qualitative content analysis to enhance understanding of how negative feedback is present in SETs to improve teaching. Along with propositions for further studies, we will provide a framework to review one's negative feedback in SETs for improvement in teaching.
Traffic Entry Judgments by Aging Drivers

It was hypothesized that older, neurologically normal drivers would compensate appropriately for their slower abilities by choosing larger gaps when entering traffic. To test this hypothesis an instrumented vehicle and radar gun were used to study 18 legally licensed, neurologically normal drivers ranging from 22 to 72 years old. Drivers were asked to press a button to mark the last possible moment they would cross the road in front of an oncoming vehicle. The authors measured speed and distance of the oncoming vehicles and calculated time-to-contact (TTC). The older drivers made more conservative gap acceptance decisions based on higher TTC than younger drivers. This pilot study identified trends in effects of age upon traffic entry judgments, suggesting that neurologically normal older drivers are more conservative when deciding to enter traffic than younger drivers.
The bacterial tubulin FtsZ requires its intrinsically disordered linker to direct robust cell wall construction.

The bacterial division protein FtsZ recruits cell wall synthesis enzymes to the cytokinetic ring. Sundararajan et al. show that FtsZ deletion variants alter peptidoglycan structure without detectable effects on enzyme recruitment, suggesting an additional role in the regulation of cell wall metabolism.
Choice of Order in Regression Strategy

Regression analysis is viewed as a search through model space using data analytic functions. The desired models should satisfy several requirements, unimportant variables should be excluded, outliers identified, etc. The methods of regression data analysis such as variable selection, transformation and outlier detection, that address these concerns are characterized as functions acting on regression models and returning regression models. A model that is unchanged by the application of any of these methods is considered acceptable. A method for the generation of all acceptable models supported by all possible orderings of the choice of regression data analysis methods is described with a view to determining if two statisticians may reasonably hold differing views on the same data. The consideration of all possible orders of analysis generates a directed graph in which the vertices are regression models and the arcs are data-analytic methods. The structure of the graph is of statistical interest. The ideas are demonstrated using a LISP-based analysis package. The methods described are not intended for the entirely automatic analysis of data, rather to assist the statistician in examining regression data at a strategic level.
Quasi-Static Steady Crack Growth in Small-Scale Yielding

A numerical analysis of quasi-static, steady-state crack growth under small-scale yielding conditions has been carried out for antiplane shear (Mode III) and plane strain, Mode I. In addition to results for an elastic-perfectly plastic solid, the study includes results relating to the influence of strain hardening on stable crack growth. Limited results based on a corner theory of plasticity give some indication of the extent to which stable crack growth predictions are sensitive to the type of plasticity theory used.
Unique Prime Cartesian Factorization of Graphs Over Finite Fields

A fundamental result, due to Sabidussi and Vizing, states that every connected graph has a unique prime factorization rel- ative to the Cartesian product; but disconnected graphs are not uniquely prime factorable. This paper describes a system of modular arithmetic on graphs under which both connected and disconnected graphs have unique prime Cartesian factorizations. The Cartesian product of two simple graphs G = (V (G); E(G)) and H = (V (H); E(H)) is the graph G H with V (G H) = V (G) V (H), and (u; x)(v; y) 2 E(G H) if either u = v and xy 2 E(H), or uv 2 E(G) and x = y. This product is commutative and associative: G H = H G and G (H K) = (G H) K (up to isomorphism) for all graphs G, H and K. Also G H is connected if and only if both G and H are connected. For a full treatment of this product, see Chapter 4 of Imrich and Kla zar (2). We denote the empty graph (i.e. the graph with no vertices) as O, and the complete graph on n vertices as Kn. Notice that G O = O and G K1 = G for all graphs G. If n 2 N, then nG denotes the graph that is the disjoint union of n copies of G (or O if n = 0). Note n(G H) = nG H = G nH. For a positive integer n, we dene G n = G G G (n factors) and we adopt the convention G 0 = K1. A graph G is prime if it is nontrivial and G = G1 G2 implies G1 = K1 or G2 = K1. Every graph G has a prime factorization G = G1 G2 Gp, where each factor Gi is prime. A fundamental theorem, proved indepen- dently by Sabidussi (3) and Vizing (4) states that the prime factorization of a connected graph is unique, that is if a connected graph G has prime factor- izations G1 G2 Gp and H1 H2 Hq, then p = q and Gi = Hi for 1 i p (after reindexing, if necessary). But disconnected graphs are not uniquely prime factorable, in general. One standard example is the graph G = K1 + K2 + K 2
Generalized Balance of Inline, Vee and Opposed Piston Engines

This is a technological assessment of alternate piston engine cylinder and crankshaft configuration alternatives. The balance characteristics of automotive engines have been generalized here in terms of four mathematical expressions which describe the unbalanced forces and moments of a piston engine as functions of the number of cylinders, vee angle, crankshaft configuration and cylinder bank offset. These unique relations permit any inline, vee and opposed engine to be evaluated for balance. And, this made it possible to identify all of the inherently balanced configurations with uniform radially spaced crank throws, for any cylinder vee angle and for any crank configuration with up to 24 cylinders
Seroflocculating Steroids. IX. New Syntheses of Ethyl 3β‐Chloro‐II‐Cholenate; other Active Compounds

Two new syntheses of the compound, ethyl 3β-chloro-11-cholenate, used as the screening test standard in seroflocculation studies, are described. Additional compounds were synthesized and screened for activity.
DNA-dependent Protein Kinase Is Not Required for Accumulation of p53 or Cell Cycle Arrest after DNA Damage

In response to DNA damage, cells transduce a signal that leads to accumulation and activation of p53 protein, transcriptional induction of several genes, including p21, gadd45, and gadd153, and cell cycle arrest. One hypothesis is that the signal is mediated by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which consists of a catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and a regulatory subunit (Ku). DNA-PK has several characteristics that support this hypothesis: Ku binds to DNA damaged by nicks or double-strand breaks, DNA-PKcs is activated when Ku binds to DNA, DNA-PK will phosphorylate p53 and other cell cycle regulatory proteins in vitro, and DNA-PKcs shares homology with ATM, which is mutated in ataxia telangiectasia and involved in signaling the p53 response to ionizing radiation. The hypothesis was tested by analyzing early passage fibroblasts from severe combined immunodeficient mice, which are deficient in DNA-PK. After exposure to ionizing radiation, UV radiation, or methyl methane-sulfonate, severe combined immunodeficient and wild-type cells were indistinguishable in their response. The accumulation of p53, induction of p21, gadd45, and gadd153, and arrest of the cell cycle in G1 and G2 occurred normally. Therefore, DNA-PK is not required for the p53 response or cell cycle arrest after DNA damage.