cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical localization of serotonin- and substance p-containing fibers around respiratory muscle motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus of the cat

Abstract Retrograde tracing with a fluorescent dye (Fast Blue) combined with immunohistochemistry was used to determine if the putative neurotransmitters, serotonin and substance P, are present around posterior cricoarytenoid muscle motoneurons. Fast Blue was injected into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle of the larynx. Following a 14–21-day survival time to allow for transport of the dye, the animals were perfusion fixed and the brainstem was removed for analysis under the fluorescence microscope. Retrogradely labeled cell bodies containing Fast Blue were found within the nucleus ambiguus from 0.5 to 3.0 mm rostral to obex. These motoneurons ranged in size from 23 to 38 μm. The same tissue sections containing labeled posterior cricoarytenoid muscle motoneurons were then used to determine the distribution of serotonin and substance P around these motoneurons using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. A dense network of serotonin-containing immunoreactive fibers was found around posterior cricoarytenoid muscle motoneurons. The fibers contained varicosities which were in close proximity, actually appearing to surround these motoneurons. Substance P immunoreactive fibers and varicosities were also found around posterior cricoarytenoid muscle motoneurons. The density and pattern of distribution of the substance P immunoreactivity was similar to that of the serotonin immunoreactivity. These results suggest that these putative neurotransmitters may be involved in influencing the activity of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle motoneurons. Serotonin and substance P are also present around other respiratory motoneurons such as phrenic motoneurons. Therefore, these two neurotransmitters may have a more general role in influencing respiratory motor outflow.
Preparation of single-mode and multimode graded-index fluoride-glass optical fibers using a reactive vapor transport process

A halide vapor-phase approach, termed reactive vapor transport (RVT) processing, has been developed for preparation of mid-IR transmitting fluoride-glass optical fibers. The novel technique has allowed for the first time the fabrication of both monomode and multimode graded-index fluoride- glass fibers, minimized fiber scattering from structural imperfections, reduced OH levels in the core glass, and prevented contamination from dirt particles as well as absorbing impurities during processing.
Actin reorganization and proplatelet formation in murine megakaryocytes: the role of protein kinase Cα

With the recent cloning and characterization of thrombopoietin, appreciation of the molecular events surrounding megakaryocyte (MK) development is growing. However, the final stages of platelet formation are less well understood. Platelet production occurs after the formation of MK proplatelet processes. In a study to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this process, mature MKs isolated from suspension murine bone marrow cell cultures were induced to form proplatelets by exposure to plasma, and the role of various cell-signaling pathways was assessed. The results showed that (1) bis-indolylmaleimide I, which blocks protein kinase C (PKC) activation; (2) down-modulation of conventional or novel classes of PKC by phorbol myristate acetate; and (3) ribozymes specific for PKCalpha each inhibited proplatelet formation. Inhibition of several MAP kinases, PI3 kinase, or protein kinase A failed to affect MK proplatelet formation. To gain further insights into the function of PKCalpha in proplatelet formation, its subcellular localization was investigated. In cultures containing active proplatelet formation, cytoplasmic polymerized actin was highly aggregated, its subcellular distribution was reorganized, and PKCalpha colocalized with the cellular actin aggregates. A number of MK manipulations, including blockade of integrin signaling with a disintegrin or inhibition of actin polymerization with cytochalasin D, interrupted actin reorganization, PKC relocalization, and proplatelet formation. These findings suggest an important role for PKCalpha in proplatelet development and suggest that it acts by altering actin dynamics in proplatelet-forming MKs. Identification of the upstream and downstream pathways involved in proplatelet formation should provide greater insights into thrombopoiesis, potentially allowing pharmacologic manipulation of the process.
Patients' Views of Family Involvement in Medical Care Decisions and Encounters:

This study was designed to examine the role of the third person in the doctor-older patient-companion triad at three points in the medical care decision process of older patients: before the medical encounter, during the medical visit, and subsequent to the medical encounter. Older patients accompanied on the medical visit were compared with older patients who came alone regarding the roles and activities of family and others leading to the older patients' medical visit as well as immediate outcomes upon completion of the medical visit and short-term outcomes 2 months after the initial medical visit. Older patients accompanied to the medical visit also assessed roles and assistance provided by the third-person companion during the medical encounter. Older patients accompanied on the medical visit were usually accompanied by the same person across medical visits. The third person was likely to be a spouse and was viewed as an asset during and after the medical encounter. Older accompanied persons were more...
Ethnic and ethical challenges in treatment planning: dealing with diversity in the 21st century.

Our increasingly diverse society demands great sensitivity and flexibility to accommodate the complex self-understandings of peoples within the multicultural milieu in which we practice. It is certainly the rare orthodontist who believes he or she has biased assumptions when dealing with patients of differing ethnicities. We are trained in our residencies to operate using long-established norms and values to provide appropriate treatment for everyone. Our profession also demands that we base our plan of action upon established orthodontic guidelines. However, these guidelines are not always appropriate in every situation. Errors in communication, planning, and execution may develop despite orthodontists being aware of treatment values for multiple ethnic groups. How could this be? This essay reviews common misunderstandings about race and ethnicity involving orthodontic treatment, including basic strategies for avoiding misconceptions and pitfalls. This includes thinking of our patients as having a distribution of many traits with multiple genealogies and a significant crossover of features. When I first began to practice, I was certain I was not prejudiced when it came to making treatment planning choices for people of differing ethnicities. As a young man taking a state Specialty Board Examination, I was presented with the records of an Asian male to establish a treatment plan. The records presented moderate crowding but with upright and non-proclined anterior teeth. Being aware that many Asians exhibit a fairly full dentition, I tried to demonstrate my new skills to produce a non-extraction plan, moving the anteriors to a comfortably protrusive position within the parameters established for this ethnicity’s norm. My plan was rejected by the examiner with incredulity and disbelief. ‘‘What is wrong with you?! This is a routine four bicuspid extraction case!’’ He flourished the posttreatment records and placed them on the table, lecturing further: ‘‘ Listen! These people now live in our state and want to look like everyone else!’’ I was mortified. The case was beautiful! After muttering some platitudes, I managed to pass the examination. However, I resolved that that this would never happen to my own patients as I believed I knew what the appropriate treatment should have been. A few months later I had my opportunity. An Asian professor brought in his son for care. It was a nearly identical clinical situation. When I presented a non-extraction visual treatment objective illustrating both hard and soft tissue projections, the professor stared hard at my outline and said…‘‘You know, we live here now. I really
Insulin resistance and thrombosis: a cardiologist’s view

Atherogenesis in the vasculature is accelerated by changes in the dynamic equilibrium between endogenous tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Increased expression of PAI-1, decreased expression of tissue plasminogen activator, or both can lead to decreased fibrinolytic activity and predispose to thrombosis. Increased concentrations of insulin (and proinsulin) in the plasma increase plasma PAI-1, although the mechanisms of this effect are not known. In addition, it has been observed that basal fibrinolytic activity is decreased in patients with type 2 diabetes; this may accelerate atherosclerosis by exposing vascular luminal wall surfaces to persistent and recurrent thrombi. Abnormalities in the vessel wall appear to contribute to the increased risk. There is also evidence that PAI-1 content is increased in atherosclerotic lesions of patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that interventions to reduce insulin resistance and improve glycemic control may improve the fibrinolytic response. Clinical studies in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (characterized by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, ovarian androgen overproduction, and impaired fibrinolytic capacity) demonstrated that treatment with troglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing agent, can markedly reduce blood levels of PAI-1. There is also clinical evidence that these agents may contribute to regression of intimal medial thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes, providing further indication that antidiabetic interventions may help inhibit the progression of early atherosclerotic lesions.
Single vs. double data entry in CAST.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether, using microcomputer-based data entry, double data entry (DE) significantly lowers data entry keying error rates when compared to single entry (SE). Clinical centers of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) participated in a randomized crossover design experiment comparing SE and DE. A total of 42,278 data items (fields) were checked for consistency between the paper data form and the computer database. The overall error rate was 19 per 10,000 fields. Error rates were 22 and 15 per 10,000 fields for SE and DE, respectively; P = .09 by Poisson regression. DE took 37% longer than SE, costing each clinic approximately an extra 90 min per month.
An education curriculum for space science in developing countries

Abstract A space science education curriculum incorporating recent discoveries and designed around the author's two recent books and a supporting website is proposed. This curriculum complements, extends and updates the worldwide approach to developing space science under the auspices of the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, including its Space and Atmospheric Science Education Curriculum. A variety of pedagogical tools are suggested for educating and stimulating a broad cross-section of students, including topics of direct human concern and the use of the worldwide web. The proposed curriculum is in two parts: the Sun, and the Moons and Planets. The content of each part is described through major scientific themes, supplemented by descriptions of their key ideas and fundamental discoveries. Our proposed curriculum could be supplemented by a discussion of artificial satellites, used for peaceful scrutiny of our globe. Other satellites are used for military purposes, which should always remain separate from space science.
The Na+/H+ exchange isoform NHE3 regulates basal canine ileal Na+ absorption in vivo

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Three different Na+/H+ exchange isoforms have been localized in mammalian ileum: Na+/H+ exchange isoform 1 (NHE1) on the basolateral membrane and NHE2 and NHE3 on the brush border membrane. The aim of this study was to determine whether NHE3 is the predominant isoform serving basal ileal Na+ absorption. METHODS: Immunocytochemistry was performed on canine ileum with specific polyclonal antibodies. Absorption studies (n = 58) were performed in dogs with 25-cm ileal Thiry-Vella fistulas. In groups 1-4, luminal 5- (N,N-dimethyl)-amiloride (DMA) was administered at doses of 100 nmol/L, 5 mumol/L, and 0.7 mmol/L to inhibit NHE1, NHE2, and NHE3, respectively. In groups 5-8, 1 mmol/L phlorizin (PHLZ), 0.7 mmol/L DMA, and 1 mmol/L PHLZ plus 0.7 mmol/L DMA were administered intraluminally. RESULTS: NHE2 and NHE3 were present in the brush border of canine ileal villus epithelial cells. The highest concentration of DMA (0.7 mmol/L) caused a significant reduction (P > 0.05) in basal ileal water and sodium absorption. PHLZ and 0.7 mmol/L DMA each alone significantly reduced basal ileal absorption (P > 0.05), whereas PHLZ plus 0.7 mmol/L DMA had an additive effect. CONCLUSIONS: NHE3 seems to be the Na+/H+ exchange isoform involved in the modulation of basal ileal water and sodium absorption. Both Na+/H+ exchange mediated through NHE3 and Na(+)- glucose cotransport contribute to basal ileal water and sodium absorption. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jan;112(1):174-83)
Structural Mechanism of Action of Binding Protein Independent Mutant MalG511 of Escherichia Coli Maltose Transporter

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters couple the uphill transport of substances to the hydrolysis of ATP. Mutations in the E. coli maltose ABC transporter have been isolated that allow transport in the absence of periplasmic maltose binding protein (MBP), a protein that delivers maltose to the transporter with high affinity and stimulates the ATPase activity of the transporter. One such mutant, MalG511, shows an interesting biphasic behavior with low levels of MBP stimulating transport activity while higher levels (>50µM) inhibit transport activity. Remarkably, the rescuing effect of MBP suppressor mutants isolated at high, inhibitory MBP concentrations provided insight into regulatory mechanisms in the ABC transporter superfamily. Site directed spin labeling EPR spectroscopy was used to follow the catalytic cycle of MalG511 without any binding protein, with MBP and with suppressor MBP by attaching spin label at two positions in the MalK ATPase subunit (V16 and R129) that can be used to detect the closure of nucleotide-binding interface. MalG511 responded differently to the addition of ligands, including nucleotide and MBP, than wild type transporter. Notably, MalG511 can sample all conformational states (open, semi-open and closed interface) in the absence of MBP, as expected for a MBP-independent transporter. However, the closed state could be stabilized only in the presence of a transition state analogue (vanadate) suggesting that the mutations in MalG511 altered the conformational equilibrium of the transporter, favoring a semi-open over a closed conformation, even in the presence of ATP, plus or minus MBP. The addition of MBP, but not suppressor MBP, also resulted in a failure of the transporter to return to the fully open state at the end of a catalytic cycle, suggesting a mechanism for inhibition of transport at high MBP concentration.
Engineering Design of the 2X II

The 2X II, successor to the 2X Experiment at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, is now operational. This paper presents the engineering aspects of the facility including the magnetic and mechanical design of the magnet system, the attendant structure, and the vacuum system. Material problems are discussed as well as the scheduling, fabrication and assembly of the facility. Design problems associated with the injection of a neutral beam are included.
The role of endogenous dynorphin in ethanol-induced state-dependent CPP

The aim of this study was to determine the role of the endogenous dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (DYN/KOP) system in ethanol-induced state-dependent conditioned place preference (CPP). To this end, mice lacking the pro-DYN gene and their wild-type littermates/controls were tested for baseline place preference on day 1, received 15-min morning and afternoon conditionings with saline or ethanol (2g/kg) each day for three consecutive days and were then tested for CPP under a drug-free state on day 5 and following a saline or ethanol (1 or 2g/kg) challenge on day 8. Given that compensatory developmental changes may occur in knockout mice, the effect of nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), a KOP antagonist, on state-dependent CPP induced by ethanol was also studied in wild-type mice. On day 1, mice were tested for baseline place preference and, 4h later, treated with saline or nor-BNI (10mg/kg). On days 2-4, mice received 15-min morning and afternoon conditionings and were tested for CPP under a drug-free state on day 5 and following an ethanol (1g/kg) challenge on day 8. A comparable CPP was observed in mice lacking the pro-DYN gene and their wild-type littermates/controls as well as in wild-type mice treated with nor-BNI and their saline-treated controls. However, these mice compared to their respective controls exhibited a greater CPP response following an ethanol (1g/kg) challenge, suggesting that the endogenous DYN/KOP system may negatively regulate ethanol-induced state-dependent CPP.
Actual Popping Pressure of a Relief Valve With a Real Helical Spring Under Dynamic Load

This paper presents the describing equations of a poppet-type relief valve with a real helical spring, that is, a spring having distributed mass. The sinusoidal analysis shows that the actual popping pressure is very frequency dependent and may occur at pressures that are a fraction of the static popping pressure to twice that value. Experimental data which verify the theory are also presented.
Surgical correction of rhinophyma.

REPORT OF A CASE A 56-year-old white man sought correction of a nasal deformity that progressed during an extended period of increased alcoholic intake. Abstaining from alcohol for 4 years did not slow the distortion of his nose. The patient was extremely depressed and withdrawn from society because of his striking appearance. Results of a physical examination revealed a bulbous enlargement of the tip of the nose that was greasy to touch, almost spherical in shape, of a firm puttylike consistency, and freely movable over the cartilaginous support of the distal nose. The follicular pattern was strikingly accentuated with sebaceous material that was easily extruded on mild compression of the orifices. The skin over the cartilaginous portions of the nose was erythematous, with irregular lobulated thickening. It was studded with the multiple superficial pustular and deep inflammatory nodular lesions of rosacea. The skin over the nasal bones at the bridge of the nose did not appear to be involved in the process.
CT Gray-Level Texture Analysis as a Quantitative Imaging Biomarker of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation Status in Adenocarcinoma of the Lung.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the radiogenomic correlation between CT gray-level texture features and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status in adenocarcinoma of the lung. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This retrospective study included 25 patients with exon 19 short inframe deletion (exon 19) and 21 patients with exon 21 L858R point (exon 21) EGFR mutations among 125 patients with EGFR mutant adenocarcinoma of the lung. The randomly formed control group consisted of 20 patients selected from 126 patients with EGFR mutation–negative (wild-type) adenocarcinomas. Five gray-level texture features (contrast, correlation, inverse difference moment, angular second moment, and entropy) were analyzed. RESULTS. Contrast differentiated both exon 19 (p = 0.00027) and exon 21 (p = 0.00001) mutants from the wild type. Wild-type adenocarcinomas had high scores for contrast (mean, 1598.547) compared with EGFR mutants (mean, 679.463). Correlation differentiated both exon 19 (p = 0.017) ...
Commentary on: The Role of Gravity in Periorbital and Midfacial Aging.

Mally et al1 have examined subjects in an upright and supine position, smiling and in repose. Observing that many of the signs of aging—cheek flattening, prominent nasolabial folds, malar bags, tear troughs, and steatoblepharon—were reduced by lying supine (recumbent) and smiling ( P = .0001), they conclude that the effects of gravity must therefore have caused these aging signs. They contend that because altering the direction of gravity’s pull by 90 (not 180) degrees makes the face look improved, the force of gravity must have created these changes of aging. If the question at hand is the effect of gravity and its reversal on the soft tissues of the midface, then one would expect to compare the upright face with the upside-down face. If so, there is a clear gravitational opposite, a model that might shed some light or at least some informed discussion on the question. By placing the patient in a recumbent position, the force of gravity pulls posteriorly on the face. This is an altogether different proposition. The soft tissues of the face are quite mobile2; a finger can push the skin of the face in ovals of various sizes, regardless of age. In an upright position, the face generally sits at its lowest limits of excursion, except for over the jowl, where there might be a few millimeters of give. When recumbent, the soft tissues slide posteriorly, much as a breast will slump laterally when supine.3 It is no accident that the authors found that the smile as well as recumbency had similar effects on the face. By the vagaries of evolution, the smile muscles have …
Destabilization of Simple Repetitive DNA Sequences by Transcription in Yeast

Simple repetitive DNA sequences in the eukaryotic genome frequently alter in length. In wild-type strains, we find that transcription through a repetitive poly GT tract destabilizes the tract four- to ninefold. In mismatch repair-deficient yeast strains, simple repeats are very unstable. High levels of transcription in such strains destabilize repetitive tracts an additional two- to threefold.
Credit or debit? Resource input changes population dynamics of city‐slicker birds

The underlying evolutionary mechanisms of urban bird populations have hardly been studied. High food density and low predation risk serve to explain the global pattern of extremely high urban bird population densities. Both these bottom-up and top-down effects are paradoxical since the per capita amount of food is small due to competition, and domestic predator density is high in cities. The bottom-up paradox can be resolved by taking into account the high food resource-predictability in cities. Concerning the top-down effect, recent studies suggest that at least when it comes to nest predation the effect of cats is minor. I suggest that the combination of high food predictability and low predation risk in cities alter bird foraging behaviour, which in turn affects population dynamics. In terms of density, the result is that bird populations exceed the carrying capacity of the urban environment, costing heavily on body condition and/or life span. Under such conditions the population should consist of a few winners and many losers. Only the winners have sufficient access to food resources and the opportunity to reproduce. The highly predictable continuous input of food in the urban environment allows them to “live on their credit”. They may trade off between offspring body condition and clutch size. In the lack of predation, the losers among the fledglings may survive for a relatively long period, getting just enough energy to survive. Though they may never become healthy enough to reproduce, they will have a major contribution to the observed population density. Results of several case studies seem to support the credit card hypothesis and suggest that it can serve as a general rule for the evolution of animal populations and communities in highly predictable human managed environments.
Stabilized Water Levels and Typha Invasiveness

ABSTRACT Because Typha × glauca often dominates wetlands where humans have stabilized the natural hydrologic regime, we 1) compared its expansion rates where water levels were stabilized vs. fluctuating and 2) explored the potential for stabilized water levels to allow plants to accumulate more phosphorus (P) and increase growth. In three Wisconsin marshes, the area dominated by Typha expanded linearly over time, but rates were higher where water levels were stabilized than where they fluctuated naturally (based on nine aerial photos from 1963 to 2000). In a large wetland (412 ha) behind a dam, Typha × glauca expanded 81,152 m2/year, and clone diameters extended 3.9 ± 0.61 m/year. In contrast, a mixed stand (mostly T. angustifolia) in an upstream wetland with fluctuating water levels expanded only 2,327 m2/year, and clones extended only 2.5 ± 0.75 m/year. While various factors could have caused these differences, a separate two-factor experiment in outdoor microcosms supported the hypothesis that stabiliz...
A Revised Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification Index for the Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific Basins

Abstract A revised rapid intensity index (RII) is developed for the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins. The RII uses large-scale predictors from the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) to estimate the probability of rapid intensification (RI) over the succeeding 24 h utilizing linear discriminant analysis. Separate versions of the RII are developed for the 25-, 30-, and 35-kt RI thresholds, which represent the 90th (88th), 94th (92nd), and 97th (94th) percentiles of 24-h overwater intensity changes of tropical and subtropical cyclones in the Atlantic (eastern North Pacific) basins from 1989 to 2006, respectively. The revised RII became operational at the NHC prior to the 2008 hurricane season. The relative importance of the individual RI predictors is shown to differ between the two basins. Specifically, the previous 12-h intensity change, upper-level divergence, and vertical shear have the highest weights for the Atlantic basin, while the previous 12-h intensity change, symme...
The Effects of Time of Day on Student Teaching Evaluations: Perception versus Reality

The quality of one's teaching is a major criterion for tenure and promotion at most universities, and concern exists regarding the potential effect of early morning classes on student teaching evaluations. A survey of students and faculty found that very different perceptions exist on this matter, and neither perception was accurate. Only 30% of faculty, compared to 60% of students, felt that time of day did not impact teaching evaluations. A within-instructor, within-semester, within-course, within-day design using actual evaluation data found that the time of day a class is taught has no effect on student evaluation of teaching. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Multiple Forms of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Staphylococcus aureus

Activities for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent and NAD-independent forms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in cell-free extracts of Staphylococcus aureus strain PS 6 for the d and l isomers of lactate. Data obtained for the NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenases indicate that oxidation of both isomers of lactate is due to both an l-lactate-specific LDH and a lactate racemase. After acrylamide gel electrophoresis, two bands exhibiting LDH activity were detected in crude or in partially purified cell-free extracts. The fast band exhibited LDH activity that was not NAD-dependent for both isomers of lactate, whereas, the slow band had very high NAD-dependent LDH activity for the l isomer but just detectable activity or the d isomer. Both bands appeared when d-lactate was used as the substrate, but only the slow band was formed when l-lactate was the substrate. NAD-dependent LDH, in apparent association with a nonspecific tetrazolium-reducing protein, is responsible for the production of the slow band.
The simple analytics and empirics of the cyclical profit squeeze and cyclical underconsumption theories: Clearing the air

Abstract This paper examines the controversies that exist between the cyclical profit squeeze (CPS) and nutcracker theories of cyclical crisis. The simple analytics and empirics of both theories are examined. It is shown that the criticisms of the CPS advanced by Sherman (1997) are invalid, and that the two components of the nutcracker theory—a cyclical underconsumption crisis plus a non-labor cost-induced decline in profits—have little relevance for explaining postwar U.S. business cycles.
Effect of Parenteral Antibiotic Administration on Establishment of Intestinal Colonization by Candida glabrata in Adult Mice

We examined the effect of antibiotic treatment on establishment of intestinal colonization by Candida glabrata in adult mice. Subcutaneous ceftriaxone, piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin, and metronidazole promoted increased density of stool colonization, whereas cefepime, levofloxacin, and aztreonam did not. These findings suggest that antibiotics that inhibit intestinal anaerobes promote C. glabrata colonization.
Some implications of antitrust laws for cartel pricing

Abstract Price dynamics are characterized for a price-fixing cartel. Antitrust laws reduce cartel prices even though cartel detection occurs with probability zero. In response to cheating, the non-collusive price gradually moves from the collusive price to the static Nash equilibrium price.
Spatial and Temporal Control of Gene Expression in Drosophila Using the Inducible GeneSwitch GAL4 System. I. Screen for Larval Nervous System Drivers

There is a critical need for genetic methods for the inducible expression of transgenes in specific cells during development. A promising approach for this is the GeneSwitch GAL4 system of Drosophila. With GeneSwitch GAL4 the expression of upstream activating sequence (UAS) effector lines is controlled by a chimeric GAL4 protein that becomes active in the presence of the steroid RU486 (mifepristone). To improve the utility of this expression system, we performed a large-scale enhancer-trap screen for insertions that yielded nervous system expression. A total of 204 GeneSwitch GAL4 lines with various larval expression patterns in neurons, glia, and/or muscle fibers were identified for chromosomes I–III. All of the retained lines show increased activity when induced with RU486. Many of the lines reveal novel patterns of sensory neurons, interneurons, and glia. There were some tissue-specific differences in background expression, with muscles and glia being more likely to show activity in the absence of the inducing agent. However, >90% of the neuron-specific driver lines showed little or no background activity, making them particularly useful for inducible expression studies.
Activation of Phenotypic Subpopulations in Response to Ciprofloxacin Treatment in Acinetobacter baumannii

Summary The multidrug-resistant, opportunistic pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii, has spread swiftly through hospitals worldwide. Previously, we demonstrated that A. baumannii regulates the expression of various genes in response to DNA damage. Some of these regulated genes, especially those encoding the multiple error-prone DNA polymerases, can be implicated in induced mutagenesis, leading to antibiotic resistance. Here, we further explore the DNA damage-inducible system at the single cell level using chromosomal transcriptional reporters for selected DNA damage response genes. We found the genes examined respond in a bimodal fashion to ciprofloxacin treatment, forming two phenotypic subpopulations: induced and uninduced. This bimodal response to ciprofloxacin treatment in A. baumannii is unique and quite different than the Escherichia coli paradigm. The subpopulations are not genetically different, with each subpopulation returning to a starting state and differentiating with repeated treatment. We then identified a palindromic motif upstream of certain DNA damage response genes, and have shown alterations to this sequence to diminish the bimodal induction in response to DNA damaging treatment. Lastly, we are able to show a biological advantage for a bimodal response, finding that one subpopulation survives ciprofloxacin treatment better than the other.
A New Specific Assay for Urinary Creatinine

A new specific assay for urinary creatinine is described. The procedure is based on the separation of creatinine from other urinary components by Sephadex gel filtration, and subsequent measurement of the compound at 235 nm against a phosphate buffer blank. No interference by other substances has been encountered. The standard deviations in a series of assays using standard solutions are less than 2%, and the recovery of added known amounts of creatinine from urine is excellent. The method has been found satisfactory for simultaneous determination of creatinine and hippuric acid in urine.
Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation for Control Development in EHPV Applications

The creation of a PC-based Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation facility for testing hydraulic and other drive components and their controllers is described. High performance electric motors are used to produce both drive and load characteristics as commanded by the simulated environment. To enable rapid development of new application scenarios an integrated software environment has been incorporated to rapidly model, program and simulate the environment’s behavior and the controlled response. In order to validate the HIL testbed developed, the experiment is performed on hydraulic component with wide range of applications. For the next stage, a novel Electroi Hydraulic Popper Valve (EHPV) is targeted to be studied.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Harmonic Generation of Shallow Water Waves Over Topography

Abstract We investigate the reflection and nonlinear interaction between the first and second harmonics of a two-dimensional Boussinesq wavetrain. Effects of topography are included, the depth departing from a constant in a finite region. It is found that topography can speed up or retard energy transfer between first and second harmonics. The reflection coefficient in the present context is significantly different from the one obtained by using linear theory. This is partly due to partitioning of energy between harmonics.
Una revisión del género Pavonia en México

Las 24 especies de Pavonia que se encuentran en Mexico son colocadas en cinco secciones. Se presenta una clave para identificacion de las especies. Los siguientes nombres nuevos son propuestos: Pavonia oblongifolia (Moc. & Sesse ex DC.) Fryx. stat. nov., P. candida (Moc. & Sesse ex DC.) Fryx. comb. nov., P. chlorantha (Kunth) Frvyx. comb. nov. , y P. pleuranthera (Moc. & Sesse ex DC.) Fryx. comb. nov. Diecisiete de las 24 especies son endemicas en Mexico, y tres mas casi lo son.
One Dimensional Heat Flow

In Chapter 1, it was indicated that many phenomena of physics and engineering are expressed by partial differential equations PDEs. The PDE is termed a Boundary Value Problem (BVP) if the boundary conditions of the dependent variable u and some of its partial derivatives are often prescribed. However, the PDE is called an Initial Value Problem (IVP) if the initial conditions of the dependent variable u are prescribed at the starting time t=0. Moreover, the PDE is termed Initial-Boundary Value Problem (IBVP) if both initial conditions and boundary conditions are prescribed.
strained AlGaInP/GaInP multiple-quantum-wire laser heterostructures

Quantum wire semiconductor lasers offer a number of advantages over quantum well lasers, including lower threshold current densities, increased modulation band widths, narrower spectral linewidths, and reduced temperature sensitivities. Several methods have been utilised to produce wire-like structures.1 However, the realization of the benefits described above have so far been limited by the defects caused by the fabrication techniques used and minimum obtainable wire dimensions.
Age, Cohorts, and the Life Course

The bond between age and time is central to a theoretical understanding of the life course and its foundational traditions, sociocultural and cohort-historical (Elder 1975). In the sociocultural perspective, age distinctions are expressed as social expectations regarding the timing of events and social roles, whether early, on time, or late. As normative age grades from childhood to old age, these age groups constitute a basis for self-other definition and evaluation as exemplified by the process of leaving childhood for the transition to young adult status. From a cohort-historical perspective, chronological age as birth year locates individuals in historical context and time through membership in a particular cohort, such as the Americans born during the first decade of the twentieth century.
Impacts of Predators: Center Nests Are Less Successful than Edge Nests in a Large Nesting Colony of Least Terns

The spatial and temporal patterns of breeding success of Least Terns Sterna antillarum were studied within a large colony at Sandy Point, Connecticut, an ocean beach on the East Coast of North America. Contrary to the 'selfish herd' hypothesis, nests located in the center of the colony suffered from significantly higher levels of predation and had correspondingly lower hatching and fledging success than nests located at the edge (particularly during 1988). Breeding success dropped from 0.56 chicks per nesting attempt during 1987 to 0.08 chicks per nesting attempt during 1988, primarily due to increased predation by Black-crowned Night-Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax). Abandonment levels were proportionally equal for center and edge. Abandonment decreased slightly during 1988 when Black-crowned Night-Heron predation was most intense. Different patterns of predation were observed for the two major predators, Black-crowned Night-Herons and American Crows (Corvus brachyrhnchos). Predation by herons included chicks and eggs, began just prior to peak hatching, and was primarily in the center, whereas predation by crows was confined to eggs and was restricted to the edge of the colony. Results from this study suggest that the different impacts of these two predators may be due to the effectiveness of Least Tern antipredator behavior (viz. mobbing). Least Terns appeared not to mob predatory Black-crowned Night-Herons, but the extent of other antipredator behavior is unknown. The high concentration of Least Terns at the Sandy Point makes this colony particularly vulnerable to predators.
Comparison of the Distribution of Bromine-77-Bromovinyl Steroidal and Triphenylethylene Estrogens in the Immature Rat

The specific uptake and distribution of steroidal and non-steroidal [77Br]bromovinylestrogens were studied in immature female rats to assess the potential of these radioligands for imaging or therapy of estrogen receptor (ER) positive cancers. E-17 alpha [77Br]bromovinylestradiol, its 3 methyl ether and 11 beta-methoxy derivative, as well as the triphenylethylene estrogen, 1,1-bis[4-hydroxy-phenyl]-2-[77Br]bromo-2- phenylethylene all showed diethylstilbestrol inhibitable, specific uptake of radiobromine between 2 and 16 hr after i.p. administration. The highest concentrations in the estrogen target tissues and the highest target tissue-to-blood ratios were found with E-17 alpha-[Br]bromovinyl-11 beta-methoxyestradiol, but it also had rather high nonspecific uptake in all tissues. The triphenylethylene estrogen showed comparable specific uptake in estrogen target tissues to 17 alpha [77Br]bromovinylestradiol at 2 hr but better apparent retention, indicated by higher specific target tissue levels at the later time points. Thus, [77Br]bromovinyl-11 beta- methoxyestradiol and 1,1-bis[4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-[77Br]bromo-2-phenylethylene appear most favorable for these applications.
Analysis on the influential factors of completing tuberculosis treatment among patients who had transferred out of Gansu province

Objective To explore the influential factors of completing the treatment for tuberculosis(TB) patients who had transferred out in Gansu province.Methods Selected 22 counties with high TB prevalence rate and with large amount of patients who had transferred out in Gansu province.The investigators were responsible for conducting the survey and filling out the querastionnaires.Results The treatment completion rate was significantly higher among the following groups than their counter parts: patients who had been given with the medications(OR = 13.281,95% CI:5.557~31.739);patients who had informed information about going out to their physicians.(OR = 5.025,95% CI:2.520~10.020);the patients who had spent ≥500 RMB for treatments(OR = 2.554,95% CI:1.087~5.999);the patients who had received health education on TB before infection(OR = 2.200,95% CI:1.112~4.352).Conclusion To locate patients who intended to shift at an early stage,we should be alert and pay more attention to strengthen the communication between physicians and patients,especially among the high risk groups.It is important to strengthen health education and to improve treatment completion rate when patients were initially diagnosed with TB.Prepare a certain amount of medications for the patients who insisted on shifting to ensure uninterrupted treatment.
Efficacy of pyrethrins aerosol against cockroaches

Objective To observe the efficacy of pyrethrins aerosol against cockroaches by bioassay. Methods According to GB13917.2-92 and GB/T17322.2-1998. Results In lab,after spraying aerosol with dose of 0.5～1.0 g per barrel against Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana.The KT_(50) was 1.01～8.06 minutes.The mortality of 72 hours was 100%.While in mimic field,after spraying aerosol with dose of 2.5 and 5.0 g/m~2,the killing rate of one hour was 100%.The mortality of 72 h was 100%. Conclusion Pyrethrins aerosol was safe for use and had high efficacy.It should be generalized.
Bioelectronics and cancer

The appearance of oxygen on our globe induced profound changes in the nature of living systems which started to differentiate and build complex structures with complex functions. Oxidation was added to fermentation and unbridled proliferation was subjected to regulation. Fermentation demanded no structure, being the result of the action of a series of single molecules. Oxidation, with its electron flow, demanded structure and electronic mobility. To produce meaningful structures and complex functions the action of the single molecules had to be integrated. The question is: how could oxygen bring about these transformations? These changes are not limited to the distant past because in every division the cell has to revert, to some extent, to the undifferentiated, fermentative, proliferative state of ist earlier anaerobic period. After having completed its division, it has to find its way back to its oxidative resting state. If this road of return is deranged the cell has to go on dividing as it does in cancer. By elucidating the details of these processes we can hope to be able to control them. We can control only what we understand (Bernal). That oxygen can induce profound changes in cell life can be demonstrated even in the acute experiment. L. Pasteur showed that fermentation is inhibited by the admission of oxygen (“Pasteur Reaction”), and H. G. Crabtree demonstrated the opposite effect. The intimate relation of cancer and oxygen was made evident by H. Goldblatt and G. Cameron who provoked malignant transformation in their tissue culture by periodically limiting their oxygen supply. O. Warburg attributed the changes, induced by O2, to a wealth of energy it produced. Undoubtedly, without a new and rich source of energy these changes could not have occurred. Energy made them possible, but energy offers no mechanism. The chemical mechanism underlying these transformations will be the main topic of this paper and it will be shown that charge transfer is one of the central biological reactions. A biologist trying to understand life without electronic mobility is comparable to a Martian trying to understand our civilization without knowing about electricity. This paper will chiefly be concerned with principles. The chemical methods employed will be discussed in a subsequent paper by Dr. L. Egyud.
Latino Electoral Participation: Variations on Demographics and Ethnicity

Using the 2012 Latino Immigrant National Election Study, the 2012 American National Election Study, and the 2012 Current Population Survey, we document the demographic factors that influenced Latino (native-born and immigrant) voter turnout and participation in the 2012 presidential election. We estimate multivariable models of turnout and participation, including standard demographic characteristics (education, income, age, gender, marital status) as explanatory variables. Our findings indicate that the relationships between these characteristics and participation are much less consistent across these datasets than the conventional wisdom would suggest. Understanding these results likely requires survey data—with large sample sizes—including information on the resources (including education and income) available to immigrants in their home countries to better understand the lingering influences of immigrants’ experiences in their countries of origin on voter turnout.
Receptor coupling to phosphoinositide signals.

A number of neurotransmitters have been shown to activate phospholipase C (PLC) through a G protein and/or Ca2+ pathway resulting in hydrolysis of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2], leading to the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(l,4,5)P3] and diacylglycerol (DAG). Growth factors stimulate phospholipase C γl (PLCγ) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns 3-kinase) by tyrosine phosphorylation of these enzymes. Ins(l,4,5)P3 mobilizes intracellular calcium from a non-mitochondrial, ATP-dependent pool. Ins(l,4,5)P3 can be phosphorylated to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(l,3,4,5)P4] by inositol polyphosphate 3-kinase (Bansal and Majerus, 1990). Ins(l,3,4,5)P4 modulates cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels by mobilizing Ca2+ or sequestering Ca2+ into storage pools mobilized by Ins(l,4,5)P3 (Gawler et al., 1990; Hill et al., 1988). Ins(l,4,5)P3 and Ins(l,3,4,5)P4 are further catabolized by a variety of inositol phosphate-specific phosphatases (Fig. 1). Ptdlns 3-kinase, which phosphorylates phosphoinositides at the 3-position, has been implicated in the transduction of mitogenic signals. The products of Ptdlns 3-kinase are the novel phosphoinositides, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, which are not hydrolyzed by PLC (Ruderman et al., 1990).
A Case for Clumsy Packet Processors

Hardware faults can occur in any computer system. Although faults cannot be tolerated for most systems (e.g., servers or desktop processors), many applications (e.g., networking applications) provide robustness in software. However, processors do not utilize this resiliency, i.e., regardless of the application at hand, a processor is expected to operate completely fault-free. In this paper, we will question this traditional approach of complete correctness and investigate possible performance and energy optimizations when this correctness constraint is released. We first develop a realistic model that estimates the change in the fault rates according to the clock frequency of the cache. Then, we present a scheme that dynamically adjusts the clock frequency of the data caches to achieve the desired optimization goal, e.g., reduced energy or reduced access latency. Finally, we present simulation results investigating the optimal operation frequency of the data caches, where reliability is compromised in exchange of reduced energy and increased performance. Our simulation results indicate that the clock frequency of the data caches can be increased as much as 4 times without incurring a major penalty on the reliability. This also results in 41% reduction in the energy consumed in the data caches and a 24% reduction in the energy-delay-fallibility product.