cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultural versus Biological Factors in Explaining Asia's "Missing Women": Response to Oster

Emily Oster argues that 75 percent of the "missing women" in China in the period 1980--90 can be accounted for by infection with hepatitis B. This is a remarkable claim based on some micro-studies indicating that women with hepatitis B have an elevated probability of having sons. If correct it would imply a need to revise the widely held view that the phenomenon of Chinas missing women is largely driven by a cultural preference for sons which is reflected in parental intervention to manipulate the sex composition of their family. This would be especially good news because if hepatitis B vaccination campaigns could redress most of the problem of unbalanced sex ratios they would greatly ease the task of Chinese policymakers who are currently engaged in the far harder task of reducing peoples preference for sons. Unfortunately this argument is hard to reconcile with the demographic data. The data from a huge sample of births for the period 1989--90 show that the only groups of women with elevated probabilities of bearing a son are those who have already borne daughters. (excerpt)
Acute pain in children and adults with sickle cell disease: management in the absence of evidence-based guidelines

Purpose of reviewAcute, vaso-occlusive pain is the most characteristic complication of sickle cell disease (SCD). Although there has been rigorous work examining the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusion, fewer studies have focused on approaches to the clinical management of acute pain. In this review, we
Lead Screening Among Low-Income Children in Galveston, Texas

The objective of this study was to report results of a lead-screening program for low-income children living in Galveston, Texas. We obtained blood lead by graphite furnace spectrophotometry on 1,571 children aged 6 months to 8 years. Nineteen percent of children had blood lead levels >10 mcg/dL. Risk factors included African-American ethnicity, young age, and residence in old housing. Follow-up was accomplished in only 50% of children with low-level toxicity. Lead screening is an important public health measure in communities with old houses. For screening to be successful, caregivers need to devote additional effort to follow-up.
Catalyst design: knowledge extraction from high-throughput experimentation

We present a new framework for catalyst design that integrates computer-aided extraction of knowledge with high-throughput experimentation (HTE) and expert knowledge to realize the full benefit of HTE. We describe the current state of HTE and illustrate its speed and accuracy using an FTIR imaging system for oxidation of CO over metals. However, data is just information and not knowledge. In order to more effectively extract knowledge from HTE data, we propose a framework that, through advanced models and novel software architectures, strives to approximate the thought processes of the human expert. In the forward model the underlying chemistry is described as rules and the data or predictions as features. We discuss how our modeling framework—via a knowledge extraction (KE) engine— transparently maps rules-to-equations-to-parameters-to-features as part of the forward model. We show that our KE engine is capable of robust, automated model refinement, when modeled features do not match the experimental features. Further, when multiple models exist that can describe experimental data, new sets of HTE can be suggested. Thus, the KE engine improves (i) selection of chemistry rules and (ii) the completeness of the HTE data set as the model and data converge. We demonstrate the validity of the KE engine and model refinement capabilities using the production of aromatics from propane on H-ZSM-5. We also discuss how the framework applies to the inverse model, in order to meet the design challenge of predicting catalyst compositions for desired performance.  2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Role of Hfq in an animal-microbe symbiosis under simulated microgravity conditions

Microgravity has a profound impact on the physiology of pathogenic microbes; however, its effects on mutualistic microbes are relatively unknown. To examine the effects of microgravity on those beneficial microbes that associate with animal tissues, we used the symbiosis between the bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and a motile, luminescent bacterium, Vibrio fischeri as a model system. Specifically, we examined the role of Hfq, an RNA-binding protein known to be an important global regulator under space flight conditions, in the squid-vibrio symbiosis under simulated microgravity. To mimic a reduced gravity environment, the symbiotic partners were co-incubated in high-aspect-ratio rotating wall vessel bioreactors and examined at various stages of development. Results indicated that under simulated microgravity, hfq expression was down-regulated in V. fischeri. A mutant strain defective in hfq showed no colonization phenotype, indicating that Hfq was not required to initiate the symbiosis with the host squid. However, the hfqmutant showed attenuated levels of apoptotic cell death, a key symbiosis phenotype, within the host light organ suggesting that Hfq does contribute to normal light organ morphogenesis. Results also indicated that simulated microgravity conditions accelerated the onset of cell death in wild-type cells but not in the hfq mutant strains. These data suggest that Hfq playsan important role in the mutualism betweenV. fischeriand its animal host and that its expression can be negatively impacted by simulated microgravity conditions. Received 20 July 2013, accepted 11 September 2013, first published online 25 October 2013
Hiding traffic flow in communication networks

The authors consider hiding traffic flow on a communication network from an outside eavesdropper. It is assumed that the eavesdropper can detect transmissions, but cannot understand the encrypted messages being sent. The solution proposed for the network is to choose a transmitter activation schedule independent of the traffic demand, and to use this schedule for all data transfers. For the spread spectrum broadcast model, the authors analyze the cost of using this scheme, as reflected in a possible reduction of throughput. >
Pipelining of lattice IIR digital filters

Rapid advances in VLSI technology have had much impact on modern signal processing. Some of the desirable properties for VLSI realization are regularity, local connection and pipelinability. Lattice digital filters, which have many applications in signal modeling, spectrum estimation, and adaptive filtering, exhibit good finite word-length behavior, but cannot be pipelined to finer levels (such as bit or multi-bit levels) due to the presence of feedback loops. Although lattice filters can be pipelined by the cut-set localization procedure, it should be noted that the maximum sample rate cannot be increased by this technique. In the paper, based upon the properties of the Schur algorithm, a pipelining method in lattice digital filters is introduced, by which the sample rate can be increased at any desired level. By constraining the poles to be located at equal angular and radial spacing, the denominator of the transfer function is forced to be in scattered look-ahead form. It is shown that this transfer function satisfies the pipelining property of lattice filters. Furthermore, based upon state variable description, new methods for scaling and output roundoff noise calculations are introduced; these can be easily applied to lattice IIR digital filters or lattice IIR digital filters connected with other type of filters. The relationship between pipelining stages and the output roundoff noise is analyzed using first and second-order IIR filters. The use of pipelined lattice IIR digital filters in low-power applications is also demonstrated. >
Signals, regulatory networks, and materials that build and break bacterial biofilms

Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that live attached to surfaces. Biofilm formation has received much attention in the last decade, as it has become clear that virtually all types of bacteria can form biofilms and that this may be the preferred mode of bacterial existence in nature. Our current understanding of biofilm formation is based on numerous studies of myriad bacterial species. Here, we review a portion of this large body of work including the environmental signals and signaling pathways that regulate biofilm formation, the components of the biofilm matrix, and the mechanisms and regulation of biofilm dispersal.
Mild hyperkalemia and low eGFR a tedious recipe for cardiac disaster in the elderly: an unusual reversible cause of syncope and heart block

Hyperkalemia affects the myocardial tissue producing electrocardiographic abnormalities, such as prolongation of the P-R interval, tall peaked T waves, a reduction in the amplitude and an increase in the duration of P wave, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, including variable degree heart blocks. Elderly patients are particularly predisposed to developing hyperkalemia and the associated abnormalities due to an age-related reduction in glomerular filtration rate and pre-existing medical problems. Therefore, the impact of aging on potassium homeostasis must be taken into consideration, and preventive measures, such as early recognition of possible hyperkalemia in the geriatric population treated with certain medications or supplements must be investigated. The threshold for cardiac arrhythmias in the elderly can be lower than the general population. We report 3 unusual cases of mild hyperkalemia in elderly patients presenting with hypotension, syncope and variable degree heart blocks which resolved spontaneously with the correction of hyperkalemia.
Adipose tissue mass and location affect circulating adiponectin levels

Aims/hypothesis Plasma levels of adiponectin are inversely associated with body mass. We hypothesised that adipose tissue distribution and body composition influences adiponectin levels.
Four-dimensional computed tomographic angiography of an arteriovenous fistula in the neck

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF), a type of vascular anomaly, is a relatively uncommon disease characterized by abnormal connections between the arterial and venous systems. Recently, remarkable advances in four-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (4D-CTA) have enabled detailed analysis of the hemodynamic features of vascular anomalies, which cannot be achieved by conventional imaging modalities. We report a case of AVF in a 59-year-old female presenting as a right neck mass. Using reconstructed animations from various viewing angles, 4D-CTA could clearly visualize not only a mass but the feeding artery and draining vein from the mass. 4D-CTA was useful for the diagnosis of AVF and to determine the surgical strategy preoperatively. Laryngoscope, 123:2723–2727, 2013
Rounding Error in Numerical Solution of Stochastic Differential Equations

The present investigation is concerned with estimating the rounding error in numerical solution of stochastic differential equations. A statistical rounding error analysis of Euler's method for stochastic differential equations is performed. In particular, numerical evaluation of the quantities E|X(t n )−Yˆ n |2 and E[F(Yˆ n )−F(X(t n ))] is investigated, where X(t n ) is the exact solution at the nth time step and Yˆ n is the approximate solution that includes computer rounding error. It is shown that rounding error is inversely proportional to the square root of the step size. An extrapolation technique provides second-order accuracy, and is one way to increase accuracy while avoiding rounding error. Several computational results are given.
Managed Care, Ethics, and Counseling

In this article, the author addresses issues of managed care and ethics and how they relate to counseling. Specifically, a recent article published in The Counseling Psychologist (C. C. Cooper & M. C. Gottlieb, 2000) is reviewed. Implications for counselors and counselor educators are then explored.
The REEME Project: A Cooperative Model for Sharing International Medical Education Materials

Although the Internet has become an excellent source of medical education materials, in many specialties, including Emergency Medicine (EM), most of the information is in English. Few international EM practitioners can attend costly specialty conferences, importing foreign experts to teach at these conferences is costly and, even then, these experts are available for a limited time to relatively few people. Countries with minimal health care or medical education budgets find providing even basic materials for professional medical education difficult. An exciting international project now freely distributes Spanish language educational programs to health care professionals on topics relating to EM. The Recursos Educacionales en Espanol para Medicina de Emergencia (REEME; Educational Resources in Spanish for EM) Project (www.reeme.arizona.edu) was developed to overcome some of these problems by providing language-specific specialty information and widespread international availability, and by promoting international cooperation among professional health care educators. It also provides a ready source of Spanish medical vocabulary for those trying to learn the language. With computer support from the University of Arizona's Learning and Technology Center, REEME first went "live" on November 1, 2004. Three years later, as of November 1, 2007, the site had 575 programs from 411 donors representing 19 countries and the United Nations. There are currently about 645 downloads per month to users in 73 countries. The REEME Project demonstrates the power of the Internet as a means to achieve international cooperation in medical education, and can serve as a model for similar projects in other specialties and languages.
Sex differences in predictors of ischemic stroke: current perspectives

Globally, stroke is a significant public health concern affecting more than 33 million individuals. Of growing importance are the differences between males and females in the predictors and overall risk of stroke. Given that women have a higher lifetime risk for stoke and account for more than half of all stroke deaths, sex-specific stroke risk factors merit investigation and may help target public health interventions. This review aims to discuss the current body of knowledge regarding sex-specific predictors of ischemic stroke including both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, as well as specific pathologies known to increase stroke risk.
Reduction in arterial compliance alters carotid baroreflex control of cardiac output in a model of hypertension

Baroreflex regulation of cardiac output is determined by the performance of the heart as well as the available blood flow returning to the heart (i.e., venous return). We hypothesized that a decrea...
WINTERING YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLERS (DENDROICA CORONATA) TRACK MANIPULATED ABUNDANCE OF MYRICA CERIFERA FRUITS

Abstract Food availability during winter may determine habitat use and limit populations of overwintering birds, yet its importance is difficult to judge because few studies have experimentally tested the response of nonbreeding birds to changes in resource abundance. We experimentally examined the link between fruit availability and habitat use by manipulating winter abundance of Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae) fruits in managed longleaf (Pinus palustris) and loblolly (P. taeda) pine stands in South Carolina. Myrica cerifera is a common understory shrub in the southeastern United States and provides lipid-rich fruit in late winter (February and March), when insects and other fruits are scarce. On treatment plots, we covered fruiting M. cerifera shrubs with netting in early winter to prevent birds from eating their fruits. In late February, when M. cerifera fruit crops were largely depleted elsewhere on our study site, we uncovered the shrubs and documented the response of the bird community to those patc...
Philanthropy and dental education: "it is not necessary to change; survival is not mandatory".

Over the past sixty years, I have had the special opportunity to listen and speak with many of our dental colleagues all over the United States and even throughout the world. The more I listened and learned, the more I became convinced that we are fortunate to be part of a great profession. There is
In-Line Vacuum-Distillation Sodium Sampler

A prototype of an in-line vacuum-distillation sodium sampler has been successfully tested in the nonradioactive secondary sodium system at EBR-II. A 125-g sample of sodium is distilled in ∼3 h at a...
Gold‐Mediated Isomerization of ­Cyclooctyne to Ring Fused Olefinic Bicycles

Isomerization reactions of cyclooctyne mediated by N-heterocyclic carbene supported gold(I) leading to ring-contraction and the formation of 5/5-fused bicyclic alkenes have been observed. Isolation and complete characterization, including X-ray structural data of the cationic gold(I) complexes featuring the precursor alkyne and the product alkenes are also described.
Surface pressure measurements on a hypersonic vehicle

Extensive surface pressure measurements were obtained on a hypersonic vehicle configuration at Mach 8 for the purpose of computational fluid dynamics code validation. Experiments were conducted in the Sandia National Laboratories hypersonic wind tunnel. All measurements were made for laminar flow conditions at a Reynolds number (based on model length) of 1.81 x 10{sup 6} and perfect gas conditions. The basic vehicle configuration is a spherically blunted, 10{degree} half- angle cone, with a slice parallel to the axis of the vehicle. To the aft portion of the slice could be attached flaps of varying angle; 10, 20, and 30{degree}. Surface pressure measurements were obtained for angles of attack from -10 to +18{degree}, for various roll angles, at 96 locations on the body surface. All three deflected flap angles produced separated flow on the sliced portion of the body in front of the flap. Because of the three-dimensional expansion over the slice, the separated flow on the slice and flap was also highly three- dimensional. The results of the present experiment provide extensive surface pressure measurements for the validation of computational fluid dynamics codes for separated flow caused by an embedded shock wave.
Use of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in the treatment of neonatal acute lung injury

Objective:To review the experience of using synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation(SIMV) in the treatment of neonatal acute lung injury. Methods:Sixty-two neonates suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome and requiring mechanical ventilation were devided into two groups,32 by SIMV and 30 by intermittent positive pressure ventilation(IPPV). FiO2,PIP,oxygenation index,average time of ventilation and complications were compared between the two groups. Results:FiO2 and PIP dropped in 6 hours of ventilation in SIMV group. Oxygenation index was obviously improved 2 h after use of SIMV and 6 h after use of IPPV. Average time of ventilation was shorter in SIMV group than in IPPV group. The rate of complications was less in SIMV group than in IPPV group. Conclusion:SIMV was superior to IPPV in the treatment of neonatal acute lung injury.
Breeding and Traits of New Maize Hybrid Jinzhu 2

Jinzhu 2, a new hybrid combination (10-11×Jiao 51) of maize, had been regis-tested and released by Guizhou Crop Variety Examination Committee in 2003. It showed high yield (7890～10800kg/ha in average), good (quality), higher resistance to adverse conditions and more wide adaptability in series of field experiments and extensive (production) test during 2000～2002. It is suitable to be extended in the areas below the altitude of 1300 m in Guizhou (province) and other regions with similar ecological conditions.
Magnetic Resonance–Guided Focused Ultrasound: A New Technology for Clinical Neurosciences

Transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (TcMRgFUS) is an old idea but a new technology that may change the entire clinical field of the neurosciences. TcMRgFUS has no cumulative effect, and it is applicable for repeatable treatments, controlled by real-time dosimetry, and capable of immediate tissue destruction. Most importantly, it has extremely accurate targeting and constant monitoring. It is potentially more precise than proton beam therapy and definitely more cost effective. Neuro-oncology may be the most promising area of future TcMRgFUS applications.
Exercise and Sleep Patterns of Pre-Clerkship Medical Students and Self-Reported Stress Levels

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among exercise, sleep, and stress in pre-clerkship medical students. Medical school students are known to experience stress with effects on physical and mental health. Benefits of exercise on physical and mental health have been established. Exercise behaviors and sleep patterns of medical students, and how these relate to minimizing stress, have not been studied. Two hundred twenty-three pre-clerkship students completed a survey about exercise habits, sleep habits, and stress levels during a “typical” vs. an exam week. Ninety-nine percent of respondents experienced stress, with increased stress during exam weeks. Ninety-one percent indicated exercise was important and met national exercise recommendations during a typical week, with decreased exercise during exam weeks. Those considering exercise less important did not meet exercise recommendations. Respondents slept significantly fewer hours than their estimated need, and fewer hours than recommended; 26 % reported excessive daytime sleepiness. Exercise was the most common method for reducing stress, followed by sleep. Participants were knowledgeable about benefits of exercise and its relationship to managing stress. Most met recommended guidelines for exercise. Participants were less aware of sleep needs, actual sleep they were getting, and effects on daily functioning. Despite increased awareness and focus on issues of student wellness, student behavior will not automatically change. Faculty/student education, along with curricular/extracurricular options for wellness activities, must continue. Peer/professional counseling programs should be encouraged. Medical trainees with positive attitudes toward healthy behaviors are more likely to maintain their own health and to promote wellness in their future patients.
Texte — Bilder — Strukturen Der Hortus deliciarum und die frühmittelhochdeutsche Geistlichendichtung

Es ergeben sich wesentliche Gemeinsamkeiten sowohl im Bereich des neuen Uberlieferungstypus der programmatischen Sammelhandschrift als auch bei Einzelkompositionen wie dem eingehend auf den Wort-Bild-Zusammenhang hin untersuchten Salomon-Zyklus des Hortus und dem deutschen Lob Salomons. Sie erhellen gemeinsame Hintergrunde in Denkschematik, Kompositionstechnik, Bilddenken und Exegese.
Modeling Studies of Turbulence Mechanisms Associated with Mesoscale Convective Systems

High-resolution numerical simulations have aided recent understanding of mechanisms responsible for convectively induced aviation turbulence (CIT) spatially removed from its parent moist convection. Anticyclonic jets occurring near the tropopause, which are often significantly enhanced by mesoscale convective systems or other forms of organized convection, influence a variety of different mechanisms of turbulence at commercial aviation cruising altitudes. Herein, we describe different CIT mechanisms that are possible near these anticyclonic outflow jets and illustrate them with examples from recent simulations.
Global Village: The Competitive Challenges of Internationalization

This chapter seeks to provide a broad overview of higher education internationalization since World War II. It begins by examining the contemporary dynamics behind the growth of internationalization in higher education. Then it explores the development and changes in the dominant institutional models that have characterized the development of higher education institutions within and across regions. Outlining some of the regional dimensions and implications in so far as internationalization means different things to different regions and countries follows this. The question of the hierarchies in international collaborations is discussed in the final part of the chapter.
Inflammation and depression in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients.

7037 Background: Depressed mood is a prevalent concern for individuals undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Recent research suggests that proinflammatory cytokines can activa...
Interdisciplinary Secondary Science Methods

Reforms in science teaching and learning in the United States (U.S.) date back to Sputnik and the race for space (Bybee & McInerney, 1995; NCEE, 1983; National Science Board, 1983). During this time, the U.S. began to emphasize science and mathematics more in schools and later included engineering and technology to what is now known collectively as STEM – for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (Bybee, 2013; NRC, 2011).
Nucleophilic and Reductive Remediation Strategies for Hazardous Halogenated Hydrocarbons (PCBs, HCB, PCP, TCE, CCl4, DCBP, EDB, DDT, AND DDE)

During the past half-century the world has made use of a large group of halogenated hydrocarbons. The applications include structural polymers [e.g., Polyvinylchloride (PVC)], pesticides (e.g., DDT, DCBP, EDB, PCP, DDE, and Lindane), cleaning solvents and degreasing agents (e.g., CCl4, TCE, methylchloroform, and DCE), and non-flammable pump oils, dielectrics, and heat-exchanger fluids (e.g., PCBs, HCB, and related polychlorinated aromatic molecules). In the manufacture and utilization of these materials halogenated wastes result, which have been stored, “dumped and flushed”, placed in landfills, and incinerated. Some of the disposal methods have produced contaminated soils, sludges, harbor muds, and land-fills. Most of the Super-Fund sites contain halogenated-hydrocarbon wastes as a major component and are the most extreme examples of poor “housekeeping” and inappropriate disposal.
Recurrent High-Grade Glioma Treated with Bevacizumab: Predictive Value of Biomarkers and Pretreatment MRI in Determining Response and Survival (IN10-1.008)

OBJECTIVE: In patients with recurrent high-grade glioma treated with bevacizumab in our center, we assessed baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tissue biomarkers as potential predictors of response and survival. BACKGROUND: Although bevacizumab represented an important advance in treatment of high-grade glioma, responses occur in fewer than half of patients and are short-lived. There have been limited efforts to identify predictors of response to bevacizumab treatment in this population, and there are no validated biomarkers for anti-angiogenic therapy that are available for routine clinical use. DESIGN/METHODS: MRI scans from 192 patients with recurrent high-grade glioma obtained immediately prior to initiating bevacizumab were reviewed for area of enhancement, area of necrosis, area of T2/FLAIR abnormality, average and minimum ADC values, and evidence of ependymal or leptomeningeal spread. Serial MRI scans following the initiation of bevacizumab were evaluated for response and progression using RANO criteria. Non-radiographic predictors included sex, histology, EGFR status, MGMT promoter methylation status, number of prior regimens, and bevacizumab use as monotherapy or with cytotoxic chemotherapy. RESULTS: 65 of 192 patients (36%) showed complete or partial imaging response at the time of their best response MRI scans, and 68 patients (36%) progressed without imaging response. For subjects who responded, the median progression free survival (mPFS) was 6.9 months and median overall survival (mOS) was 10.9 months. For the group without response, mPFS was 3.47 months and mOS was 6.1 months. The minimum ADC values within enhancing tumor were higher in subjects who responded (934 versus 839 10 -6 mm 2 /s, p=0.016). On multivariate survival analysis, ratio of T2/FLAIR to enhancing area was the only significant predictor of overall survival (hazard ratio= 0.961, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline minimum ADC value within enhancing tumor is predictive of treatment response with bevacizumab, while the ratio of T2/FLAIR to enhancing area is predictive of overall survival. Disclosure: Dr. Huang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maclean has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mukundan has received research support from Toshiba America Medical Systems and Siemens Medical Solutions. Dr. Wen has received personal compensation for activities with Merck & Co. and Novartis as a consultant and/or speaker. Dr. Wen has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for UptoDate. Dr. Wen has received research support from Amgen, Inc., Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, Inc., Exelixis, Genentech, Inc., Geron, Medimmune, Merck & Co., Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis and Vascular Biogenics LTD. Dr. Norden has nothing to disclose.
Effectiveness of Flow Management and Rainbow Trout Harvest on Long-Term Viability of Native Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the South Fork Snake River

The South Fork Snake River supports one of the last remaining large-river populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT, Onchorynchus clarkia bouvierii). Rainbow (O. mykiss) and rainbow x cutthroat hybrid trout (collectively, RHT) established a self-sustaining population in the upper South Fork in the mid-1980s. In 2003, density of each species was 1400 fish per mile. In 2004, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation began delivering a spring “freshet” from Palisades Dam, and Idaho Department of Fish and Game removed harvest limits on RHT. We evaluated current and future effectiveness of these management actions with a stochastic simulation model parameterized with observed data. Total RHT + YCT recruitment is positively correlated with winter flow, and RHT recruitment is negatively correlated with maximum freshet flow. There is little temporal overlap in spawning, and hybridization alone does not explain the observed RHT invasion rate. Nonetheless, continued removal of RHT from spawning tributaries is necessary to prevent long-term loss of YCT. A model of juvenile competition between the two species based on experimental results of Seiler and Keeley explains observed invasion rates. Current densities of 1700 YCT/mi and 925 RHT/ mi indicate reversal in population trends since 2004, and our analysis suggests that this is due primarily to harvest of RHT, which increased from 7 percent in 2003 to 20 percent in 2005. About 15 percent exploitation on RHT is required to prevent YCT extinction. We considered a likely future scenario to include mean winter flow of 1600 cfs (72% of 1987-2007 mean but necessary to enable the freshet operation), maximum freshet flow averaging 20,000 cfs, and RHT harvest at 20. A percent assuming environmental variance as observed since 1987, the 25-yr population projection is about 1100 fish/mi of each species. Increased percentage of YCT requires higher RHT harvest and/or higher maximum flows, and increased abundance requires higher winter flows.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Moniker Fits the Science

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained widespread use in regenerative medicine due to their demonstrated efficacy in a broad range of experimental animal models of disease and their excellent safety profile in human clinical trials. Outcomes from these studies suggest that MSCs achieve therapeutic effects in vivo in non-homologous applications predominantly by paracrine action. This paracrine-centric viewpoint has become widely entrenched in the field, and has spurred a campaign to rename MSCs as “medicinal signaling cells” to better reflect this mode of action. In this commentary, we argue that the paracrine-centric viewpoint and proposed name change ignores a wealth of old and new data that unequivocally demonstrate the stem cell nature of MSCs, and also overlooks a large effort to exploit homologous applications of MSCs in human clinical trials. Furthermore, we offer evidence that a stem cell-centric viewpoint of MSCs provides a comprehensive understanding of MSC biology that encompasses their paracrine activity, and provides a better foundation to develop metrics that quantify the biological potency of MSC batches for both homologous and non-homologous clinical applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Humility in Romantic Relationships

A variety of theories have been used to examine the development and changes within romantic relationships, including attachment theory (Ainsworth, 1989; Bowlby, 1979), behavioral systems theory (Furman & Wehner, 1994; 1997), interdependence theory (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978), and crisis theory (Hill, 1949). All of these theories demonstrate ways in which relationships change, how partners react to stressors and transitions, and how partners may bring vulnerabilities to a relationship (e.g., via insecure attachments). Although these theories are commonly used to explain and describe functioning in romantic relationships,a more comprehensive model that combines aspects of all of these theories may be more useful in understanding functioning within romantic relationships during challenging times.
Microvascular Regulation: Normal Function and Disturbance in Disease

An understanding of the disturbance of microvascular regulation requires first that we understand the normal state. Our current understanding of normal regulation has developed slowly over many years. The earliest view of the regulation of the peripheral circulation was that blood flow to the tissues was determined essentially by sympathetic constriction of arterial vessels and by arterial perfusion pressure. To the extent that the special needs of organs for increased blood flow were recognized (such as skeletal muscle in exercise), it was thought that neurally mediated local vasodilation was responsible. Shunting of flow among organs according to local needs was also hypothesized. For example, the vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels observed during mental activity was thought to increase total peripheral resistance by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, increasing arterial pressure, and, thereby, forcing more blood through the brain [1]. A few workers such as Roy and Brown [2] did suggest that locally produced metabolities such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions may cause vasodilation in special circumstances such as exercise and reactive hyperemia. But there was an overriding emphasis on the central regulation of all aspects of peripheral circulatory function.
Nurses’ responses to interruptions during medication tasks: A time and motion study

Abstract Background The majority of interruption research has focused on the undesirable effects of interruptions, especially related to errors during medication tasks. However, there may be times when interruptions result in positive effects by providing new information to a situation or preventing an error. The study of nurses' responses to interruptions is limited. Since interruptions cannot (and possibly should not) be avoided, a reasonable method for handling interruptions might be to learn how best to prepare for and manage interruption-prone situations. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine nurses' responses to interruptions and explore contextual factors that influence interruption management during medication tasks. This is a secondary analysis of an original study aimed at describing interruptions and nurses' responses to interruptions during routine nursing work on medical-surgical units. Design and setting This descriptive study was conducted in 5 medical and/or surgical units at 2 acute care facilities in the southern United States, during weekday shifts. Participants Twenty registered nurses participated in the study. Methods The researcher observed nurse participants for at least 4.5 h during routine nursing work. Observation data were collected using time and motion software. Questionnaires were used to collect organizational, unit, and nurse level data. Interruptions during medication tasks were isolated and described as a secondary analysis. Results Approximately 39% of medication tasks were interrupted. Following an interruption, nurses were more likely to suspend the medication task to attend to the interruption task (51.1%) or multitask (40.3%) than delay responding to the interruption until the medication task was complete (12.6%). Several characteristics of the interruption task, including task type, source, method, and communication intent were associated with nurses' responses at the level of statistical significance. Conclusions The findings of this study reveal that nurses are interrupted frequently during medication tasks. The range of nurses' responses to interruptions was surprising in relation to the frequency with which nurses accepted the interruption task and the infrequency of delay responses. Additional study of nurses' responses to interruptions during medication tasks and the effect of different responses on patient safety outcomes is indicated.
Interventions for Supporting and Assessing Science Writing Communication: Cases of Asian English Language Learners

In seeking to support diversity, one challenge lies in adequately supporting and assessing science cognitions in a writing-intensive Biochemistry laboratory course when highly engaged Asian English language learners (Asian ELLs) struggle to communicate and make novice errors in English. Because they may understand advanced science concepts, but are not being adequately assessed for their deeper scientific understanding, we sought and examined interventions. We hypothesized that inquiry strategies, scaffolded learning through peer evaluation, and individualized tools that build writing communication skills would increase confidence. To assess scientific thinking, Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) software measured underlying analytic and cognitive features of writing despite grammatical errors. To determine whether interventions improved student experience or learning outcomes, we investigated a cross-sectional sample of cases within experimental groups (n = 19) using a mixed-methods approach. Overall trends of paired t-tests from Asian ELLs' pre/post surveys showed gains in six measures of writing confidence, with some statistically significant gains in confidence in writing skill (p=0.025) and in theory (p≤0.05). LIWC scores for Asian ELL and native-English-speaking students were comparable except for increased cognitive scores for Asian ELLs and detectable individual differences. An increase in Asian ELLs' cognitive scores in spring/summer over fall was observed (p = 0.04), likely as a result of greater cognitive processes with language use, inquiry-related interventions, and peer evaluation. Individual cases further elucidated challenges faced by Asian ELL students. LIWC scores of student writing may be useful in determining underlying understanding. Interventions designed to provide support and strengthen the writing of Asian ELL students may also improve their confidence in writing, even if improvement is gradual.
Anaerobic Reduction of Molybdenum by Sulfolobus Species

Summary The acidothermophilic Archaebacteria, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and S. brierleyi, oxidized elemental sulfur anaerobically producing sulfuric acid by using Mo (VI) as an apparent electron acceptor. Molybdenum reduction resulted in the formation of a blue color which was intensified in the presence of aluminum at concentrations of 20–50 mM. Molybdenum was not reduced when S. brierleyi was grown anaerobically on yeast extract as an energy source, suggesting that the organic substrate was utilized in a fermentative metabolism mode.
Attentional bias modification treatment for depression: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Theoretical models and empirical research point to negatively biased attention as a maintaining factor in depression. Although preliminary studies suggest experimentally modifying attentional biases (i.e., attentional bias modification; ABM) reduces depression symptoms and depression risk, relatively few rigorous studies with clinical samples have been completed. This clinical trial examines the impact of ABM on a sample of adults (N = 123) with elevated depression severity who also exhibit at least modest levels of negatively biased attention prior to treatment. Participants will be randomly assigned to either active ABM, placebo ABM, or an assessment-only control condition. Individuals assigned to ABM will complete 5 trainings per week (2 in-clinic, 3 brief trainings at-home) during a four-week period. Throughout this four-week period, participants will complete weekly assessments of symptom severity and putative treatment mediators measured across different levels of analysis (e.g., eye tracking, behavioral measures, and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging). This article details the rationale and design of the clinical trial, including methodological issues that required more extensive consideration. Our findings may not only point to an easily-accessible, efficacious treatment for depression but may also provide a meaningful test of whether a theoretically important construct, negatively biased attention, maintains depression.
A randomized double blinded study to determine the effectiveness of utilizing intraperitoneal bupivacaine: Does it reduce postoperative opioid use following laparoscopic appendectomy?

Abstract Background Improving postoperative pain control may lead to improved outcomes including decreased opioid use, shorter hospital stays, and improved patient satisfaction. This study examined the effects of instilling intraperitoneal bupivacaine following laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, patients with appendicitis were randomized to receive either the bupivacaine or normal saline instilled at the appendectomy site prior to close. Postoperative pain scores, opioid doses and length of stay were recorded. Results Pain scores were lower (mean 2.48 versus 3.8; p = 0.014), and postoperative opioid use was lower (mean 7.394 mg versus 16.921 mg; p = 0.007) in the bupivacaine group. Conclusions Instilling bupivacaine at the base of the cecum at the conclusion of laparoscopic appendectomy was associated with reducing postoperative pain scores and in hospital opioid use. Statement This prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study enrolled subjects with acute appendicitis undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy. Subjects were randomized to receive either bupivacaine or normal saline intraperitoneally at the close of surgery. In the bupivacaine group, pain scores at 1 h were improved and inpatient postoperative opioid use was less.
From Pangaea to Partnership

Over the past decade, the rise of what has been called the Global Land Grab suggests the return of rural development as a privileged (if problematic) site for accumulation, modernization, and growth. In this paper, I analyze a set of rural development efforts in Mozambique, a country seen by many as the potential heart of a new African food regime. I build a framework for understanding contemporary dynamics by drawing on the triple metaphor of fields : first, I build on the sociological concept of field as strategic social space; second, I bring together disparate disciplinary fields, including political economy, development, science and technology studies, and agrarian studies; and third, I situate the paper on fields as cultivated ground, the literal arena in and on which rural development takes place. The paper is narrated through four stories that illuminate the relationships and dynamics within and across different “strategic action fields.” These stories highlight the role of knowledge and power within distinct but related arenas of rural development and suggest the importance of seeing fields as in contestation even when they are not necessarily in conversation.
Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Abstract Objectives We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NES) on prevention of critical care myopathy and its effect on various clinical outcomes in the intensive care unit (ICU). Review methods used This study involved systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing NES (applied to different muscle groups combined with usual care) and usual care (passive and active exercises along with early mobilisation and rehabilitation). Included studies enrolled adult patients managed in the ICU for medical or surgical diseases who were or were not mechanically ventilated. The primary outcome was global muscle strength measured by the Medical Research Council grading system. Secondary outcomes included ICU mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), and ICU length of stay. Risk ratio for dichotomous data and mean difference (MD) for continuous data with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Data source A search in major electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase, from inception to November 2018 was carried out. Results Six RCTs were included, representing 718 patients. The mean age 60 ± 15.3 years, and 60.6% were male. There was no significant difference between NES and usual care on global muscle strength measured by Medical Research Council grading system (MD: 0.45; 95% CI: −2.89 to 3.80; p = 0.79), ICU mortality (risk ratio: 1.30; 95% CI: 0.95–1.78; p = 0.10), duration of MV (days) (MD: -2.07; 95% CI: −5.06 to 0.92; p = 0.18), or ICU length of stay (days) (MD: -3.06; 95% CI: -9.79 to 3.68; p = 0.37) in comparison with the usual therapy alone in critically ill patients. Conclusion NES combined with usual care was not associated with significant differences in global muscle strength, ICU mortality, duration of MV, or ICU length of stay in comparison with usual care alone in critically ill patients. Further RCTs are needed to determine patients with maximum benefit and to examine NES safety and efficacy.
The legacy of larval infection on immunological dynamics over metamorphosis

Insect metamorphosis promotes the exploration of different ecological niches, as well as exposure to different parasites, across life stages. Adaptation should favour immune responses that are tailored to specific microbial threats, with the potential for metamorphosis to decouple the underlying genetic or physiological basis of immune responses in each stage. However, we do not have a good understanding of how early-life exposure to parasites influences immune responses in subsequent life stages. Is there a developmental legacy of larval infection in holometabolous insect hosts? To address this question, we exposed flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) larvae to a protozoan parasite that inhabits the midgut of larvae and adults despite clearance during metamorphosis. We quantified the expression of relevant immune genes in the gut and whole body of exposed and unexposed individuals during the larval, pupal and adult stages. Our results suggest that parasite exposure induces the differential expression of several immune genes in the larval stage that persist into subsequent stages. We also demonstrate that immune gene expression covariance is partially decoupled among tissues and life stages. These results suggest that larval infection can leave a lasting imprint on immune phenotypes, with implications for the evolution of metamorphosis and immune systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.