cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Environmental Re-interpretation of the Permian Evaporite/Carbonate Shelf Sediments of the Guadalupe Mountains

Shelf sediments of the Delaware Basin crop out in the Guadalupe Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border and form a wedge of sediments pro-grading southeastward or basinward. They include shallow-water carbonates, aeolian quartz silts and supratidal evaporites. The following depositional environments are reflected by the sediments: shelf-edge (massive calcareous algal and sponge biolithite and silt-sized bioclastic intrasparite); apron (irregularly bedded, silt-sized, bioclastic intrasparite and boulder breccia); an island barrier and tidal flat complex (cross-bedded, well-sorted carbonate sands and fenestral, partly dolomitized intrasparite with and without pisolites of primary marine and secondary concretionary origin); lagoons (aphanitic to stromatolitic dolomitized carbonate muds); supratidal flats (aeolian quartz silt and sand inter-bedded westward with gypsum). The type of carbonate grains formed (for example, oolite or grapestone) depended on the rate of CaCO 3 precipitation and the hydrodynamics. During low sea level stands, seaward erosion of the island barrier complex beds produced low cliffs and rubble, partial infill of some voids and cracks with aeolian quartz, and development of desiccation polygons (over 30 m in diameter) with fractured and upturned “tepee”-like edges. High sea level stands and storm-induced marine floods resulted in an influx of marine sediments into fissures and voids, a solution of evaporites at the seaward edge of the supratidal flat (with dedolomitization of their matrix and the brecciation of up to 20 m of overlying beds), and reworking of shelf sediments. Penecontemporaneous cementation, neomorphism and dolomitization at shelf edge and barrier islands and flats occurred in highly saline, marine-derived waters. Penecontemporaneous dolomitization also occurred in the lagoonal and supratidal sediments.
Apparent Failure of Current Intravesical Chemotherapy Prophylaxis to Influence the Long-Term Course of Superficial Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

AbstractDuring the 4 decades since the first introduction of intravesical chemotherapy, 3,899 patients were enrolled in 22 randomized prospective controlled studies. Of these 22 studies 13 reported a statistically significant benefit of intravesical chemotherapy. With varying followup, the reported decrease in the incidence of patients with tumor recurrence averaged only 14 percent (range -3 to +43 percent). Unfortunately, long-term (5-year) studies show no decrease in the incidence of recurrent tumor. Maintenance chemotherapy has failed to improve these results and data suggest that a single early postoperative instillation may, in fact, be most effective. Among 10 studies that include progression data none showed decreased tumor progression, and overall among 2,011 randomized patients progression occurred in 7.5 percent of those receiving intravesical chemotherapy and 6.9 percent of those treated by surgery alone. Since intravesical chemotherapy has been demonstrated in animal models to be carcinogenic,...
Identification of a promoter region for mxaF (moxF) from the type I methanotroph, Methylobacter albus BG8

A fragment of Methylobacter albus BG8 DNA containing mxaF (moxF), the gene encoding the alpha subunit of methanol dehydrogenase, was previously cloned using a fragment of mxaF from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 as a probe (Stephens et al., J. Bacteriol. (1988) 170, 2063–2069). In this study we identified the 5′ portion of mxaF of M. albus BG8 and sequenced a 1.7-kb region containing the 5′ portion of mxaF and 1.5 kb of upstream DNA. The deduced N-terminal amino acid sequence of mxaF was found to have very high similarity to the previously sequenced mxaF genes. The region directly upstream of mxaF was cloned into a promoter probe vector (pGD500), and promoter activity was demonstrated when the fragment was present in the correct orientation with relation to the reporter gene (lacZ). Using reverse transcriptase, the transcription initiation start site was determined, which was separated from the translation initiation site by 190 nucleotides.
Associations between pain clinic density and distributions of opioid pain relievers, drug-related deaths, hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and neonatal abstinence syndrome in Florida.

Abstract Background Community-level associations between pain clinics and drug-related outcomes have not been empirically demonstrated. Methods To explore these associations we correlated overdose death rates, hospital-discharge rates for drug-related hospitalizations including neonatal abstinence syndrome, and emergency department rates for drug-related visits with registered pain clinic density and rate of opioid pills dispensed per person at the county-level Florida in 2009. Negative binomial regression was used to model the crude associations and associations adjusted for exposure measures and county demographic characteristics. Results An estimated 732 pain clinics operated in Florida in 2009, a rate of 3.9/100,000 people. Among the 67 counties in Florida, 23 (34.3%) had no pain clinics, and three had 90 or more. Adjusted negative binomial regression determined no significant association between pain clinic rate and drug-related outcomes. However, rates of drug-caused, opioid-caused, and oxycodone-caused death correlated significantly with rates of opioid and oxycodone pills dispensed per person in adjusted analyses. For every increase of one pill in the rate of oxycodone pills per person, there was a 6% increase in the rate of oxycodone-related overdose death. Conclusions Although pain clinics, some of which are “pill mills,” are clearly a source of drugs used nonmedically, their impact on health outcomes might be difficult to quantify because the pills they prescribe might be consumed in other counties or states. The impact of “pill mill” laws might be better measured by more proximal measures such as the number of such facilities.
The voltage sensor of ion channels revealed

Voltage-gated ion channels control the excitability of nerve, muscle, endocrine and other cell types, thereby regulating a broad spectrum of cellular processes. How these channels sense changes in the potential across the membrane has remained a mystery for decades. The long-awaited crystal structure of a voltage-gated ion channel was recently published by Jiang et al., revealing an unexpected and surprisingly simple mechanism of voltage sensing and gating in these channels.
Uncertainty in clinical decisions.

Excerpt To the Editor:A recent article by Moskowitz and colleagues (1) that dealt with uncertainty, risks, and tradeoffs in clinical decision making was very interesting. The patient who was select...
BIODISTRIBUTION AND PDT EFFICACY OF A KETOCHLORIN PHOTOSENSITIZER AS A FUNCTION OF THE DELIVERY VEHICLE

C8KC is a new ketochlorin photosensitizer that must be formulated with an emulsifier because of its poor water solubility. In this report, we compare properties of Cremophor EL (CRM) and Tween 80 as delivery vehicles for C8KC. Unlike Tween 80, CRM altered the physical properties of both human and mouse plasma lipoproteins, resulting in decreased electrophoretic mobility of the individual lipoproteins along with the formation of a l ipoprotein degradation product: a phospholipid fraction of low buoyant density. In human plasma, where there was sufficient low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for a distinction to be made, CRM caused a shift in binding of a ketochlorin from albumin to LDL and the degraded lipoprotein fraction. In mice bearing the RIF tumor, the use of CRM for drug formulation was associated with longer plasma and tissue persistence of C8KC, and enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. These results indicate the importance of both sensitizer and vehicle as determinants of PDT efficacy.
Individualism/Collectivism and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Integrative Framework

In this study individualism and collectivism are, for the first time, incorporated into a conceptual model of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). I asked whether individualism and collectivism show systematic differences in their relationships with OCB, its motives, and the development of a citizen role identity. Collectivism most strongly correlated with OCB motivated by concern for coworkers. A concept of self as one who helps others at work was also associated with collectivism. Individualism was associated more with a commitment to the well-being of the institution per se rather than to its employees. Individualism and collectivism were related positively, suggesting that these seemingly opposing attributes are complementary; which of these traits predominates may depend on which citizenship behavior is needed at a given time. Overall, the findings suggest that it is not in amount of citizenship that individualists and collectivists differ, but in why they serve and how they perceive the experience.
354 HEIGHT, WEIGHT, AND WEIGHT/HEIGHT INDICES: PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 582 CAUCASIAN CHILDREN FROM BIRTH TO AGE 5

354 HEIGHT, WEIGHT, AND WEIGHT/HEIGHT INDICES: PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 582 CAUCASIAN CHILDREN FROM BIRTH TO AGE 5
Properties of the trajectories of set-valued integrals in banach spaces

Let F: T → 2 x \ { } be a closed-valued multifunction into a separable Banach space X . We define the sets and We prove various convergence theorems for those two sets using the Hausdorff metric and the Kuratowski-Mosco convergence of sets. Then we prove a density theorem of C F and a corresponding convexity theorem for F (·). Finally we study the “differentiability” properties of K (·). Our work extends and improves earlier ones by Artstein, Bridgland, Hermes and Papageorgiou.
Epicardial Origin of Vascular Smooth Muscle, Perivascular Fibroblasts and Intermyocardial Fibroblasts in the Avian Heart • 258

Epicardial Origin of Vascular Smooth Muscle, Perivascular Fibroblasts and Intermyocardial Fibroblasts in the Avian Heart • 258
Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting in ambulatory surgery

The management of PONV has improved significantly over the years but remains a frequent occurrence in postoperative patients. Evaluation of individual patient risk and the consideration for prophylactic antiemetic in high-risk populations should reduce these unpleasant symptoms and help direct appropriate clinical strategies. Treatment following failure of prophylactic antiemetic therapy requires knowledge of previously used antiemetics and the time of their administration.
Characterization of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5-degrading proteases produced throughout murine osteoblast differentiation.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) is uniquely regulated throughout MC3T3-E1 osteoblast differentiation: IGFBP-5 is first detectable in conditioned medium (CM) of replicating preosteoblasts (day 5); IGFBP-5 levels peak between culture days 8-12, then decline to almost undetectable levels in mature osteoblast cultures (> day 18) despite the persistence of IGFBP-5 messenger RNA. These observations suggest that IGFBP-5 concentrations may be regulated by posttranslational mechanisms. To determine whether proteolysis contributes to the disappearance of IGFBP-5 in CM of mature osteoblasts, serial samples of MC3T3-E1 cell CM obtained during a 30-day culture period were analyzed for IGFBP-5-degrading protease activity. Using [125I]recombinant human IGFBP-5 substrate zymography, we demonstrated that proteases with M(r) of 52-72 and 97 kilodaltons (kDa) were present in CM, and protease activity increased in concentration as cultures matured. The 52- to 72-kDa proteases were cation dependen...
Effects of divalent cations and glucose on mitotic-like events in fused interphase-metaphase cells☆

Abstract The effects of Ca2+, Mg2+ and glucose on the mitotic-like events of prophasing and telophasing were studied in Sendai virus-fused interphase-metaphase (I-M) Chinese hamster binucleate cells. At normal extracellular ion concentrations and neutral pH, about 80–90% of I-M binucleates show prophasing (nuclear envelope dissolution and chromatin condensation) of the I nucleus and 10–15% show telophasing (nuclear envelope reformation and chromatin decondensation) of the M nucleus. To study the effects of cellular divalent cations, cells, depleted of about 77 % of exchangeable cell Ca2+ as determined by 45Ca2+ studies, were incubated in different concentrations of Ca2+ or Mg2+ for 30 min prior to cell fusion. We found that relatively high concentrations of Ca2+ or Mg2+ (0.84 mM) were essential for prophasing and that in the presence of 10-fold less Ca2+ or Mg2+ (0.084 mM) the majority of binucleates showed telophasing. In contrast to a differential effect of divalent cations on the nuclear changes, we found that glucose metabolism was required for both prophasing and telophasing. Additionally, interruption of glucose metabolism in the M cell, but not in the I cell, prior to cell fusion depressed the prophasing frequency about 70%. Although we do not know how divalent cations and glucose function in prophasing and telophasing, we will discuss evidence which suggests that the effects are not mediated through secondary effects on membrane potential, by changes in intracellular concentrations of Na+ or K+, by simple osmotic changes, or through inhibition of protein synthesis.
The theory of polymer dynamics

Abstract Recent years have brought exciting theoretical advances to understanding the behavior of macromolecular systems under nonequilibrium conditions. Developments in diffusion-controlled reactions of polymers are bringing molecular insights to reactive blending technologies, and improved theories relating to associating polymers should aid in the design of thickening agents and coatings. Recent progress in molecular theories of flow and deformation may facilitate the design of branched polymers with tailored rheological properties and improved adhesives.
Effects of heat processing and storage on flavanols and sensory qualities of green tea beverage.

This research was conducted to understand the effects of heat processing and storage on flavanols and sensory qualities of green tea extract. Fresh tea leaves were processed into steamed and roasted green teas by commercial methods and then extracted with hot water (80 °C) at 1:160 ratio (tea leaves/water by weight). Green tea extracts were heat processed at 121 °C for 1 min and then stored at 50 °C to accelerate chemical reactions. Changes in flavanol composition and sensory qualities of green tea extracts during processing and storage were measured. Eight major flavanols (catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, catechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, and gallocatechin gallate) were identified in the processed tea extract. Among them, epigallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin appeared to play the key role in the changes of sensory qualities of processed green tea beverage. The steamed tea leaves produced a more desirable quality of processed green tea beverage than the roasted ones.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Induces a Sustained Elevation of Neuronal Intracellular Calcium

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid biomediator enriched in the brain. A novel LPA-induced response in rat hippocampal neurons is described herein, namely, a rapid and sustained elevation in the concentration of free intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ). This increase is specific, in that the related lipids phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine did not induce an alteration in [Ca 2+ ] i . Moreover, consistent with a receptor-mediated process, there was no further increase in [Ca 2+ ] i after a second addition of LPA. The LPA-induced increase in [Ca 2+ ] i required extracellular calcium. However, studies with Cd 2+ , Ni 2+ , and nifedipine and nystatin-perforated patch clamp analyses did not indicate involvement of voltage-gated calcium channels in the LPA-induced response. In contrast, glutamate appears to have a significant role in the LPA-induced increase in [Ca 2+ ] i , because this increase was inhibited by NMDA receptor antagonists and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonists. Thus, LPA treatment may result in an increased extracellular glutamate concentration that could stimulate AMPA/kainate receptors and thereby alleviate the Mg 2+ block of the NMDA receptors and lead to glutamate stimulation of an influx of calcium via NMDA receptors.
A Computational Positron Emission Tomography Simulation Model for Imaging β-Amyloid in Mice

Purpose We aimed to develop a computational simulation model for β-amyloid (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.
Some biochemical and physiological aspects of growth and gametogenesis in Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis grown at sustained elevated temperatures.

Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) and Ostrea edulis L. were grown at sustained temperatures of 12°, 15°, 18° and 21°C for a period of 19 weeks. Regular assays of weight specific ammonia excretion rate were made, following which animals were sacrificed for estimation of dry meat weight, dry shell weight, biochemical composition (percentage carbon, nitrogen, carbohydrate, ash) and gonadal development (histological assessment). Crassostrea gigas grew from an intial live weight of 5·2 g to values of 23·5, 28·2, 34·6 and 38·7 g at 120, 150, 180 and 21 °C respectively.
A factor with procoagulant activity produced by stimulated human leukocyte cultures

Abstract Human leukocyte cultures stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or purified protein derivative (PPD) produce and release a procoagulant (PCF) that can correct the clotting defect in Factor VIII, but not Factor VII- or Factor X-deficient plasma. Since exogenous anticoagulants can suppress cellular immune responses, it is likely that certain patients with coagulation defects may have impaired reactions as well. The site of action of PCF, as elucidated by our in vitro studies, suggested that Factor VIII-deficient individuals should have normal delayed hypersensitivity responses, but Factor VII-deficient individuals should have diminished reactivity. In the limited number of patients available for study, this proved to be the case. These findings demonstrate the existence of a procoagulant that is either a lymphokine or lymphokine-induced monokine and provide indirect evidence for its role in in vivo reactions of cellular immunity.
Genomic, Phylogenetic, and Recombinational Characterization of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Strains

Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a major global pathogen, infecting 16% of people 15 to 49 years old worldwide and causing recurrent genital ulcers. Little is known about viral factors contributing to virulence, and there are currently only two genomic sequences available. In this study, we determined nearly complete genomic sequences of six additional HSV-2 isolates, using Illumina MiSeq. We report that HSV-2 has a genomic overall mean distance of 0.2355%, which is less than that of HSV-1. There were approximately 100 amino-acid-encoding and indels per genome. Microsatellite mapping found a bias toward intergenic regions in the nonconserved microsatellites and a genic bias in all detected tandem repeats. Extensive recombination between the HSV-2 strains was also strongly implied. This was the first study to analyze multiple HSV-2 sequences, and the data will be valuable in future evolutionary, virulence, and structure-function studies. IMPORTANCE HSV-2 is a significant worldwide pathogen, causing recurrent genital ulcers. Here we present six nearly complete HSV-2 genomic sequences, and, with the addition of two previously sequenced strains, for the first time genomic, phylogenetic, and recombination analysis was performed on multiple HSV-2 genomes. Our results show that microsatellite mapping found a bias toward intergenic regions in the nonconserved microsatellites and a genic bias in all detected tandem repeats and confirm that chimpanzee herpesvirus 1 (ChHV-1) is a separate species and that each of the HSV-2 strains is a genomic mosaic.
Linkage analysis of the glucokinase locus in familial type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic pedigrees.

Glucokinase is among the few genes which may play a key role in both insulin secretion and insulin action. Glucokinase is present in pancreatic beta cells where it may have a key role in the glucose sensing mechanism, and it is present in hepatocytes, where it may participate in glucose flux. Glucokinase defects have recently been implicated in maturity-onset diabetes of the young. To examine the hypothesis that glucokinase plays a key role in the predisposition to common familial Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, we typed 399 members of 18 Utah pedigrees with multiple Type 2 diabetic individuals for two markers in the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the glucokinase gene. Linkage analysis was performed under both dominant and recessive models. We also repeated these analyses with individuals with impaired glucose tolerance who were considered affected if their stimulated (2-h) glucose exceeded age-specific normal levels for 95 % of the population. Under several dominant models, linkage was significantly excluded, and under recessive models log of the odds (LOD) score was less than −1. We were also unable to demonstrate statistical support for the hypothesis that a small subgroup of pedigrees had glucokinase defects, but the most suggestive pedigree (individual pedigree LOD 1.8–1.9) ranked among the youngest and leanest in our cohort. We can exclude a major role for glucokinase in familial Type 2 diabetes, but our data cannot exclude a role for this locus in a minority of pedigrees. Further testing of the hypothesis that glucokinase defects contribute to diabetes in a small proportion of Type 2 diabetic pedigrees must await thorough sequence analysis of the glucokinase gene, including regulatory regions, particularly from pedigrees with positive LOD scores.
Mathematical models with exact renormalization for turbulent transport. II. Fractal interfaces, non-Gaussian statistics and the sweeping effect

This paper continues the study of a model for turbulent transport with an exact renormalization theory which has recently been proposed and developed by the authors. Three important topics are analyzed with complete mathematical rigor for this model: (1) Renormalized higher order statistics of a passively advected scalar such as the pair distance distribution and the fractal dimension of interfaces, (2) the effect of non-Gaussian turbulent velocity statistics on renormalization theory, (3) the “sweeping” effect of additional large scale mean velocities. A special emphasis is placed on renormalization theory in the vicinity of the value of the analogue of the Kolmogorov-spectrum in the model. In the authors' earlier paper, it was established that the Kolmogorov value is at a phase transition boundary in the exact renormalization theory. It is found here that the qualitative model, despite its simplicity contains, in the vicinity of the Kolmogorov value, a remarkable amount of the qualitative behavior of turbulent transport which has been uncovered in recent experiments and proposed in phenomenological theories. In particular, the Richardson 4/3-law for pair dispersion and interfaces with fractal dimension defect of 2/3 occur in the model rigorously as limits when the Kolmogorov spectrum is approached as a limit from one side of the phase transition boundary; alternative corrections to the Richardson law with the same form as those proposed heuristically in the recent literature and interfaces with fractal dimension defect 1/3, occur in the model when the Kolmogorov spectrum is approached from the other side of the phase transition. It is very interesting that fractal dimension defects of roughly the value either 1/3 or 2/3 for level sets and interfaces of passive scalars have been ubiquitous in recent turbulence experiments. As regards non-Gaussian the asymptotic normality of normalized integrals (B.56) corresponding to compactly supported blobs with mean zero. The proof of this latter fact is done in the same way as Step 2, Proposition B.3, using the fact that the corresponding random processes\(\tilde V_\delta (s)\) have finite domain of dependence. This concludes the proof of Proposition B.4.
FUNCTIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES OF CITIES OF THE AMERICAN SOUTH

(1955). FUNCTIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES OF CITIES OF THE AMERICAN SOUTH. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 269-280.
Intrinsic fluorescence as a potential rapid scoring tool for protein crystals

Genomics is on the verge of creating a large number of proteins for structure determination. Since X-ray crystallography is the main tool for determining protein structure, a corresponding large number of X-ray diffraction experiments will have to be performed. However, X-ray analysis is labor intensive so that the question of which protein crystal to choose for X-ray analysis from the vast pool of candidates becomes important from an economics standpoint. It is desirable to have a rapid and efficient method to score protein crystals regarding their likelihood for being of diffraction quality. We propose intrinsic protein fluorescence as a scoring tool and report preliminary data that demonstrate correlation between fluorescence spectra of single crystals and their internal order as determined by X-ray crystallography. Specifically, fine structure and maxima of fluorescence emission spectra of lysozyme, hyaluronate lyase, and germination protease crystals were found to correlate with resolution and mosaicity determined by X-ray analysis. If the correlation exhibited by these three proteins reflects a general relationship for the majority of protein crystals, a rapid fluorescence assay for scoring crystals can be developed and adapted for a variety of configurations of high throughput crystal growth apparatus.
Focus on Polar Research

A few of the scientific challenges of polar research are reviewed, with stress on the work being done by U.S. investigators. The accomplishments that have been made are impressive, but much remains to be done. An evaluation of future research goals and priorities in science per se and in the national interest is not attempted, but a research strategy for the future, presently planned by the National Research Council's Polar Research Board, should contribute to this end.
Genetic analysis of mechanisms of aging

Abstract A wide range of genetic models with postponed aging are now available, from selected mice and Drosophila to mutant Caenorhabditis elegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . These systems allow efficient testing of alternative mechanistic hypotheses for aging. Genetic analysis is forging stronger connections between particular alleles and susceptibility to particular ‘diseases of aging’, for example, two different genes for Alzheimer disease have been identified.
Paclitaxel Is Only a Weak Radiosensitizer of Human Cervical Carcinoma Cell Lines

Abstract Two human squamous cell cervical carcinoma cell lines, C-33A (HTB 31) and MS751 (HTB 34), were exposed to either paclitaxel alone or paclitaxel for 24 hr followed by graded doses of Cs-137 radiation. Each was then analyzed for both clonogenic survival and alterations to cell cycle progression. No radiosensitization or affect on the cell cycle was seen using 1 × 10 −9 M paclitaxel. Each line was equally sensitive to the drug with approximately 50% cell lethality seen after 1 × 10 −8 M of paclitaxel. This concentration of paclitaxel also produced substantial G 2 M arrest, seen immediately after drug exposure and lasting up to 2 days. Gamma radiation delivered during the time of G 2 M arrest showed only a small degree of radiosensitization by paclitaxel for the relatively radioresistant MS751 line at 4 Gy (SF 4 = 16.0 ± 3.2% → 5.7 ± 1.1%, P = 0.049) but no sensitization using radiation doses of conventional fraction size [sensitizer enhancement ratios 1.1 (0.80–1.40) and 1.3 (0.95–1.65) for the C-33A and MS751 cell lines, respectively]. It is concluded that paclitaxel produces only a modest radiosensitization effect, indicating that this compound will have limited benefit as a radiosensitizer for the treatment of cervical cancer.
Plasma radiometry with 30 chord resolution for fast transients in the DIII-D tokamak

A diagnostic capable of providing time resolved measurements of plasma radiated power during disruptions and other fast transients, e.g., edge localized modes has been employed in the DIII-D tokamak. The radiation is detected with absolute extreme ultraviolet (AXUV) photodiode arrays. Thirty chords from a single port provide measurements from a full slice of the plasma at one toroidal location. The analog bandwidth is up to 1 MHz for the brightest events, i.e., disruptions. Active cooling of the diode arrays prevents damage during high temperature vessel baking. Effective responsivity values of 0.12–0.18 A/W are taken from previous work on the application of AXUV diodes in DIII-D. The total radiated energy in disruptions typically agrees with bolometer measurements within about 12%.
Frankfurters with Lean Finely Textured Tissue as Affected by Ingredients

Increasing salt concentration from 1.5 to 2.5% increased the emulsion stability of frankfurters made with lean finely textured tissue (LFTT). Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) at 0.25% improved stability and texture as well as processing and consumer cooking yields. Kappa (K)-carra-geenan (0.5%) reduced cooking losses and increased firmness. Isolated soy protein (ISP) at 2% also improved product stability and firmness but lowered sensory scores. The effect of ISP on sensory scores was greater for those frankfurters produced from lean finely textured beef than for those with lean finely textured pork. Increasing NaCl concentration or including STPP and K-carrageenan may improve comminuted meat products which contain 50% LFTT substituted for lean meat.
Long-term effects of commercial sawlog harvest on soil cation concentrations

Abstract There is increasing concern about the effects of nutrient removal associated with various forest harvesting practices on long-term site productivity. We measured exchangeable soil cation concentration responses to a commercial clearcut sawlog harvest in mixed hardwoods on a 59-ha watershed in the southern Appalachians. Soils were sampled 17 months prior to, and periodically for 17 years after, harvest. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K, increased significantly in the 0–10-cm soil layer for 3 years following harvest compared to pre-treatment levels. Concentrations of Mg and K were still significantly above pre-treatment levels 17–20 years following harvest. Calcium concentrations did not change significantly at the 10–30 cm depth, but both Mg and K showed significantly higher concentrations in some post-treatment years. Soils in the adjacent reference watershed showed no significant changes in soil cation concentrations over the same 17-year period. Results indicate that sawlog harvest using cable-yarding techniques on these sites does not adversely impact soil cation concentrations.
Comparison of efficacy between paclitaxel-eluting stents with different polymers in terms of major adverse cardiac events and stent thrombosis up to 12 months of clinical follow-up.

interns to appreciate the physiologic basis of murmurs, which may assist with accurate identification when at the bedside. In conclusion, cardiac auscultation skills among internal medicine interns can be improved and retained through a brief intervention that combines didactic teaching, computer simulation, and bedside teaching. While these data are encouraging, additional research is needed to help inform the continued development of cardiac auscultation skills throughout a physician's training and career.
Reduction of Inorganic Substances by Yeasts. I. Extracellular Reduction of Sulfite by Species of Candida.

of reducing substances formed by the cells during glucose metabolism.1*2 We have previously reported the presence in baker's yeast and in Candida albicans of systems utilizing reduced coenzyme II as hydrogen donor for the reduction of oxidized glutathione by glutathione reductase,3,4 and transferring hydrogen from reduced coenzyme I to cystine in the presence of its reductase.5 This paper describes sulfite reduction by yeasts with special reference to the pronounced abilities of some species of Candida to reduce inorganic sulfite when it is supplied as a bismuth complex in appropriate mediums. Certain species of
Weight gain, improvement in metabolic profile, and CD4 count with insulin administration in an AIDS patient.

Malnutrition with muscle wasting, weight loss, and decreased immunogenicity is a hallmark of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Several anabolic agents have been utilized for retarding or preventing progressive wasting with limited success. However, insulin, with its most effective anabolic properties, has not been tried in an attempt to prevent or reverse cachexia in AIDS or any other wasting disorders. We report here the effect of using subcutaneous (s.c.) daily administration of insulin 0.3 U/kg (BW) for 6 months in a subject with AIDS. We noted a marked weight gain, improvement in metabolic profiles, that is, lowering of triglyceride, liver enzymes, glycohemoglobin concentrations, as well as 24-hour urinary excretion of urea nitrogen, protein, and creatinine suggestive of positive energy balance. Simultaneously, a marked rise in CD4 counts and an improvement in the thyroid hormone profile were also noted. A deterioration in these parameters occurred during the period of insulin withdrawal following completion of the study protocol. Resumption of insulin administration, on patient's request, once again resulted in the marked improvement similar to that noted during the study period. No adverse effects, including hypoglycemic episodes, were noted during either phase of insulin administration. The possibility that insulin administration may improve the wasting associated with AIDS may warrant further evaluation.
DO STOCK MARKET PRICES AFFECT MERGERS

Merger activities and stock market prices tend to vary over time. An interesting issue is whether changes in stock market prices stimulate changes in merger activities, or vice versa. The results of this study, based on the Granger test for causality, indicate very strong causality going from stock market prices to merger activities. Increases in stock market prices, perhaps indicating a favourable economic environment, lead to increases in the number of mergers being completed.
Relationship between oculomotor nucleus and lateral geniculate body monophasic waves

Un delai de 175±65 S.D. msec entre les ondes monophasiques (precedant les mouvements oculaires) des noyaux oculomoteurs du pont et du noyau genicule lateral a ete observe chez le chat eveille.
Intermolecular Potentials and the Second Virial Coefficient

Students examine and adjust parameters associated with the hard-sphere, square-well, and Lennard-Jones potentials, noting differences while investigating the correlation between the form of these p...
Weak imposition of boundary conditions for the Navier-Stokes equations

We prove the convergence of a finite element method for the Navier-Stokes equations in which the no-slip condition, [email protected]"i=0 on @C for i=1,2 is imposed by a penalty method and the no-penetration condition, u.n=0 on @C, is imposed by Lagrange multipliers. This approach has been studied for the Stokes problem in (Weak imposition of boundary conditions in the Stokes problem, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 1999). In most flows the Reynolds number is not negligible so the [email protected]?u inertial effects are important. Thus the extension beyond the Stokes problem to the Navier-Stokes equations is critical. We show existence and uniqueness of the approximate solution and optimal order of convergence can be achieved if the computational mesh follows the real boundary. Our results for the (nonlinear) Navier-Stokes equations improve known results for this approach for the Stokes problem.
Hadamard image domain high-performance EKF for low-SNR, long-range, small-target tracking

The Extended Kalman filter has been applied to track low SNR, subpixel targets and more recently for SDI applications. This approach has also been considered in long range tracking of spot targets. However the computational requirements do not fit well within the typical processing timelines of high speed missile applications therefore computationally faster but less optimal algorithms are usually selected. The computational complexity of the Extended Kalman tracking algorithm is closely related to the number of pixel observables for IR imagery. For missile closure scenarios as the target size grows so does the observation space. The Hadamard domain Extended Kalman Tracking approach first transforms IR image pixels into the Hadamard domain. A reduced set of observations in the Hadamard domain representing most of the target energy are selected to be processed by the Extended Kalman Tracker. With a significant reduction in the number pixels the Extended Kalman filter becomes computationally competitive With less optimal algorithms while preserving the optimal performance properties of Kalman filtering. This concept has been demonstrated on both synthetic and real IR imagery and shows expected improved tracking accuracy relative to the less optimal tracking algorithms. This approach is also superior to other observation space reduction techniques which do not possess the target energy preserving properties of image transforms such as the Hadamard transform.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
C-A1-03: Considerations in the Design and Use of an Oracle-based Virtual Data Warehouse

Background/Aims The amount of clinical data available for research is growing exponentially. As it grows, increasing the efficiency of both data storage and data access becomes critical. Relational database management systems (rDBMS) such as Oracle are ideal solutions for managing longitudinal clinical data because they support large-scale data storage and highly efficient data retrieval. In addition, they can greatly simplify the management of large data warehouses, including security management and regular data refreshes. However, the HMORN Virtual Data Warehouse (VDW) was originally designed based on SAS datasets, and this design choice has a number of implications for both the design and use of an Oracle-based VDW. From a design standpoint, VDW tables are designed as flat SAS datasets, which do not take full advantage of Oracle indexing capabilities. From a data retrieval standpoint, standard VDW SAS scripts do not take advantage of SAS pass-through SQL capabilities to enable Oracle to perform the processing required to narrow datasets to the population of interest.
The People you Know: The Impact of Residential Mobility on Mothers' Social Network Ties

The objective of this study was to examine whether residential mobility disrupts network ties. Data from a two-wave community study of the stress and support in families with young children in Syracuse, New York were analyzed, focusing on mobility distance, mobility frequency, kin presence in the network, and change in networks over time. Mobility distance was a predictor of network distance: respondents who had moved longer distances had networks that were more dispersed, and local movers had networks that were more proximate. In general, background characteristics explained more variance in networks than did mobility factors. Longitudinal analyses revealed that long-distance movers experienced an increase in network distance over the 3 years between waves and that the short-term effect of local moves on network proximity became non-significant. Mobility frequency had no significant effects on networks, net of controls, in either cross-sectional or longitudinal analyses. The longitudinal analyses suggest...
Printed Organic Electronic Sensors

There has been great progress recently in the use of organic and carbon-based materials as the active conductors in electronic sensors for chemical species (analytes). Three principal classes of such materials are conjugated oligomers/polymers, carbon nanotubes, and molecularly imprinted polymers. These materials may be equipped with receptor subunits for analyte binding specificity, and show changed conductances when analytes bind or adsorb. There has been further advancement in the assembly of devices based on these materials into circuit elements that provide output suitable for data processing and networking. Examples of sensors based on these principles, and the mechanisms by which they transduce chemical to electrical information, are reviewed in this chapter.
A stochastic approach to global error estimation in ODE multistep integration

Abstract In order to assess the quality of approximate solutions obtained in the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations related to initial-value problems, there are available procedures which lead to deterministic estimates of global errors. The aim of this paper is to propose a stochastic approach to estimate the global errors, especially in the situations of integration which are often met in flight mechanics and control problems. Treating the global errors in terms of their orders of magnitude, the proposed procedure models the errors through the distribution of zero-mean random variables belonging to stochastic sequences, which take into account the influence of both local truncation and round-off errors. The dispersions of these random variables, in terms of their variances, are assumed to give an estimation of the errors. The error estimation procedure is developed for Adams-Bashforth-Moulton type of multistep methods. The computational effort in integrating the variational equations to propagate the error covariance matrix associated with error magnitudes and correlations is minimized by employing a low-order (first or second) Euler method. The diagonal variances of the covariance matrix, derived using the stochastic approach developed in this paper, are found to furnish reasonably precise measures of the orders of magnitude of accumulated global errors in short-term as well as long-term orbit propagations.
A Review of Human Signatures in Urban Environments Using Seismic and Acoustic Methods

Techniques for sensing footstep vibrational frequencies, typically below 100 Hz, by seismic sensors are well- developed human detection methods. Walking styles (standard, soft, or stealthy) and the background noise floor limit the detection range of footsteps. Walking style changes the dynamic footstep force on the ground and the influences the footstep detection range. The seismic background noise floor is much higher in urban areas and in buildings than in rural areas, dramatically influencing detection range. Alternatively, high- frequency passive and active ultrasonic methods for human detection are being developed. High-frequency sound produced by friction forces between a foot and the ground/floor allow passive footstep detection in urban areas and in buildings. The active method utilizes continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. Simultaneously collecting Doppler motion and footstep ultrasonic signals reveals correlated timing features between the footstep friction and the Doppler shift from the human motion. Discrimination between human and other moving targets is accomplished by analyzing the envelopes of footstep signatures.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging changes in amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment during encoding and recognition tasks.

Functional MRI (fMRI) shows changes in multiple regions in amnestic MCI (aMCI). The concept of MCI recently evolved to include non-amnestic syndromes so little is known about fMRI changes in these individuals. This study investigated activation during visual complex scene encoding and recognition in 29 cognitively normal (CN) elderly, 19 individuals with aMCI and 12 individuals with non-amnestic MCI (naMCI). During encoding CN activated an extensive network that included bilateral occipital-parietal-temporal cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate, thalamus, insula, and medial, anterior, and lateral frontal regions. Amnestic MCI activated an anatomic subset of these regions. Non-amnestic MCI activated an even smaller anatomic subset. During recognition, CN activated the same regions observed during encoding except the precuneus. Both MCI groups again activated a subset of the regions activated by CN. During encoding, CN had greater activation than aMCI and naMCI in bilateral temporo-parietal and frontal regions. During recognition, CN had greater activation than aMCI in predominantly temporo-parietal regions bilaterally while CN had greater activation than naMCI in larger areas involving bilateral temporo-parietal and frontal regions. The diminished parietal and frontal activation in naMCI may reflect compromised ability to perform non-memory (i.e., attention/executive, visuospatial function) components of the task.
Evolutionary genetics of genotype H1 measles viruses in China from 1993 to 2012

Virologic surveillance is a critical component of measles management. One of the criteria for verification of elimination of endemic measles is genetic analysis of wild-type viruses to demonstrate lack of an indigenous genotype. Measles is yet to be eliminated in China, and genotype H1 has been detected continuously since virologic surveillance was initiated in 1993. Virologic surveillance has been very active in China, providing a unique opportunity to conduct a detailed study of the evolution of a single, endemic genotype over a timespan of nearly two decades. Phylogenetic analysis performed on the 450 nt coding sequence for the C-terminal 150 amino acids of the nucleoprotein (N-450), fusion (F) gene and haemagglutinin (H) gene confirmed the continued circulation of genotype H1 viruses for 19 years. No evidence of selective pressure for the H protein was found. The substitution rates ranged from 0.75×10−3 substitutions site−1 year−1 for H to 1.65×10−3 substitutions site−1 year−1 for N-450. The time of most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for genotype H1 was estimated as approximately 1985 (95 % highest probability density, 1979–1989). Finally, the overall diversity of measles sequences from China decreased from 2005 to 2012, coincident with a substantial decrease in measles cases. The results suggest that detailed evolutionary analyses should facilitate the documentation of eventual measles elimination in China. Moreover, the molecular approaches used in this study can be applied in other countries approaching measles elimination.
Molecular and Cellular Determinants of Lung Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive and potentially fatal disease with a limited number of therapeutic options. Two key lesions underlie the pathophysiology of this disease. The principal lesion is found in large- and intermediate-sized blood vessels and is characterized by medial and adventitial hypertrophy/hyperplasia, with distal extension of smooth-muscle layers into normally nonmuscularized vessels. The second lesion, found prominently in severe forms of pulmonary hypertension, originates in small precapillary vessel segments, commonly at blood vessel bifurcations. This "plexiform lesion" is a lumen-obliterative lesion comprised, at least in part, of cells that share endothelial cell attributes, but that have lost the "law of the monolayer." Indeed, the endothelial contribution to the (mal-)adaptive response in pulmonary hypertension is becoming increasingly apparent, with evidence that endothelium plays an important role in promoting the vasoconstriction and hyperproliferation of medial and adventitial cell layers in large- and intermediate-vessel sizes, and lumen obliteration in the plexiform lesion. Recent evidence indicates endothelial cells along the pulmonary artery and precapillary segments are phenotypically distinct and may fulfill different roles in these site-specific lesions. Thus, the present review summarizes our current understanding of pulmonary endothelial cell heterogeneity and discusses the potential role(s) of endothelial cell heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.