cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strong Stretching of Poly(ethylene glycol) Brushes Mediated by Ionic Liquid Solvation.

We have measured forces between mica surfaces coated with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brush solvated by a vacuum-dry ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, with a surface forces apparatus. At high grafting density, the solvation mediated by the ionic liquid causes the brush to stretch twice as much as in water. Modeling of the steric repulsion indicates that PEG behaves as a polyelectrolyte; the hydrogen bonding between ethylene glycol and the imidazolium cation seems to effectively charge the polymer brush, which justifies the strong stretching. Importantly, under strong polymer compression, solvation layers are squeezed out at a higher rate than for the neat ionic liquid. We propose that the thermal fluctuations of the PEG chains, larger in the brush than in the mushroom configuration, maintain the fluidity of the ionic liquid under strong compression, in contrast to the solid-like squeezing-out behavior of the neat ionic liquid. This is the first experimental st...
Phylogeographic Characterization of Genetic Variation in the Biological Control Agent Milfoil Weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) throughout North America

Abstract This research addresses three primary goals: (1) to ascertain the genetic diversity of natural populations of Euhrychiopsis lecontei, a biological control agent currently used for the management of the invasive aquatic weed, Eurasian watermilfoil; (2) to determine the presence of any potential cryptic species of E. lecontei; and (3) to examine the phylogeography of E. lecontei to determine whether geographic patterns are identifiable in the genetic diversity. Sequence data from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were determined for E. lecontei from 35 populations throughout their native range in North America. A maximum likelihood tree indicates all haplotypes of E. lecontei form a monophyletic group. Based on branch lengths, the tree indicates there are two major subgroupings of haplotypes. This tree structure is further supported by the haplotype network, the SAMOVA results, and the geographic barrier to gene flow which clearly demonstrates genetic and geographic structuring within t...
Black Mathematics Educators: Researching toward Racial Emancipation of Black Students.

This article focuses on the scholarship of Black mathematics education researchers whose work focuses on Black students in P–20 mathematics spaces. We conducted a metasynthesis literature review of empirical studies by Black mathematics education researchers. The authors utilized critical theories of race and racism to aid in the synthesis of the literature. The Black researchers we reviewed challenged the perspective that failure and limited persistence in Black students who are learning and participating in mathematics is normative. As a critical defense, these scholars offer research that problematizes test score data, race and racism, opportunities to learn mathematics, identity considerations, and other constructs that produce unequal effects in mathematics learning. We found that Black mathematics education researchers strategically disrupt the deficit narrative about Black students. Black scholars select theoretical frameworks that allow them to focus on race and how racism operates in mathematics education. We present this research to incite dialogue among all mathematics educators about improving the mathematical context for Black students.
The Heterosexual Matrix as Imperial Effect

While Judith Butler’s concept of the heterosexual matrix is dominant in gender and sexuality studies, it is a curiously aspatial and atemporal concept. This paper seeks to re-embed it within space ...
Asthma, Environment and Pollution: Where the Rubber Hits the Road.

The detrimental effects of environmental pollution on one’s health are undeniable and have been demonstrated time and time again. Breathing in pollutants in ambient air often has consequences throughout the body, including cardiovascular disease, effects on the reproductive system, and oncologic implications. In the respiratory system, chronic exposure yields a number of outcomes, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma exacerbations, increased rates of hospitalizations, and increased severity of acute illnesses. On a macro-level, this morbidity and mortality then leads to vast and far-reaching public health consequences the world over, including the loss of billions of dollars’ worth of labor. This is especially applicable in developing countries, which often undergo rapid growth, industrialization and urbanization with a resultant increase in vehicular traffic, coal combustion, and fuel emissions as a whole. For this reason, environmental pollutants have been studied extensively, and countries around the globe have established laws that regulate ambient air levels of so-called criteria pollutants. This article will explore several of these criteria pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone, and their individual relationships to asthma pathophysiology. However, it is also emphasized that though each one of these toxins yields its own effects, the group of them often works together to have cumulative consequences. For these reasons and many more, it is important to remain aware and educated about these omnipresent environmental pollutants.
Transplantation of the Sensitized Patient: Histocompatibility Testing

A component necessary for successful transplantation of the sensitized patient is timely and high quality support from the histocompatibility laboratory that helps guide selection of the best route to transplantation and the clinical care of the patient. Responsibilities of the laboratory include risk assessment, HLA typing, and accurate antibody characterization.
Equilibrating Tertiary 2-Norbornyl Cations

The 1,2-di-p-anisyl-2-norbornyl cation is a particularly fascinating species with special historic interest. It is the first 2-norbornyl cation to be clearly characterized as a classical ion. It is also the first member to be investigated of a highly informative group of tertiary 2-norbornyl cations capable of existing either as a symmetrical σ-bridged nonclassical ion or as a pair of rapidly equilibrating classical ions. The experimental results clearly established the 1,2-di-p-anisyl-2-norbornyl cation to be the latter. The discovery was made by the individual who is still one of the leading exponents of σ-bridged cations. It must have been a heart-rending experience.
Living, Active, Elusive

Although the doctrine of scripture is central to systematic theology, one aspect of Christian scripture is rarely engaged, namely, the ongoing presence of textual variants. And although the reconstruction of the earliest form of Christian scripture is the primary object of textual criticism, text critics have rarely given a theological rationale for their discipline. Across the disciplinary divide, this essay attempts a rapprochement. For systematic theology, the essay underscores the challenges of the variable, fluid text that is Christian scripture. For textual criticism, it calls attention to two useful theological concepts and retrieves the bivalent reading strategies of two premodern scholars, Origen and Augustine, who artfully blended theology and nascent textual criticism.
Race-Based Medicine

Race-based medicine (RBM) or race-specific medicine asserts that race, understood as a biological reality and isolated from structural dynamics of discrimination, is the primary indicator for the predispositions of certain diseases. RBM is not a groundbreaking concept, but a recycled idea based out of the eugenics movement. Eugenics promoted specific social policies, ideologies, and biological classifications we ought not revive in the twenty first century.
Robust topology optimization of multi-material lattice structures under material and load uncertainties

Enabled by advancements in multi-material additive manufacturing, lightweight lattice structures consisting of networks of periodic unit cells have gained popularity due to their extraordinary performance and wide array of functions. This work proposes a density-based robust topology optimization method for meso- or macroscale multi-material lattice structures under any combination of material and load uncertainties. The method utilizes a new generalized material interpolation scheme for an arbitrary number of materials, and employs univariate dimension reduction and Gauss-type quadrature to quantify and propagate uncertainty. By formulating the objective function as a weighted sum of the mean and standard deviation of compliance, the tradeoff between optimality and robustness can be studied and controlled. Examples of a cantilever beam lattice structure under various material and load uncertainty cases exhibit the efficiency and flexibility of the approach. The accuracy of univariate dimension reduction is validated by comparing the results to the Monte Carlo approach.
The future of influenza forecasts

Recent years have seen a growing interest in generating real-time epidemic forecasts to help control infectious diseases, prompted by a succession of global and regional outbreaks. Increased availability of epidemiological data and novel digital data streams such as search engine queries and social media (1, 2), together with the rise of machine learning and sophisticated statistical approaches, have injected new blood into the science of outbreak forecasts (3, 4). In parallel, mechanistic transmission models have benefited from computational advances and extensive data on the mobility and sociodemographic structure of human populations (5, 6). In this rapidly advancing research landscape, modeling consortiums have generated systematic model comparisons of the impact of new interventions and ensemble predictions of outbreak trajectory, for use by decision makers (7⇓⇓⇓⇓–12). Despite the rapid development of disease forecasting as a discipline, however, and the interest of public health policy makers in making better use of analytics tools to control outbreaks, forecasts are rarely operational in the same way that weather forecasts, extreme events, and climate predictions are. The influenza study by Reich et al. (13) in PNAS is a unique example of multiyear infectious disease forecasts featuring a variety of modeling approaches, with consistent model formulations and forecasting targets throughout the 7-y study period (13). This is a major improvement over previous model comparison studies that used different targets and time horizons and sometimes different epidemiological datasets. While there is considerable interest among modelers in advancing the science of disease forecasts, the level of confidence of the public health community in exploiting these predictions in real-world situations remains unclear. The disconnect is in part due to poor understanding of modeling concepts by policy experts, which is compounded by a lack of a well-established operational framework for using and … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: viboudc{at}mail.nih.gov. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Part II Epilogue

This chapter concludes Part II with a discussion of where an emphasis on a scientific approach to business management research has positioned the business school. Where has an emphasis on wissenschaft taken us? Where has an emphasis on discovery of knowledge that will influence the practice of business taken us? Some observers have asserted that university-based business schools are not a source of new ideas for the practice of business. From a perspective of both pure science and applied science, this chapter ends with a discussion of whether we should expect business schools to be such a source of new ideas that influence practice.
Polymeric nanocomposite membranes for water treatment: a review

Water scarcity is a pressing global challenge. Filtration with actual polymeric membranes shows good capability for pollutant separation, but broad applications of polymeric membranes are limited. Filtration can be improved using nanocomposite membranes, which are formed by incorporating nanofillers into polymeric membrane matrixes. The most extensively investigated nanofillers are carbon-based nanoparticles and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles. Here, we review the performance of nanocomposite membranes in antifouling and permeability, their physical and chemical properties and we compare nanocomposite membranes with bare membranes. Nanocomposite membranes generally display better antifouling properties due to the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles and the reduced roughness of membrane. They also demonstrate higher permeability because of the higher porosity and narrower pore size distribution created by nanofillers. The concentration of nanofillers changes membrane performance, and the optimal concentration depends on both the properties of nanoparticles and the membrane composition. Higher concentrations of nanofillers above the optimal value result in poor performance due to nanoparticle aggregation. Despite intensive research in the synthesis of nanocomposite membranes, most previous efforts are limited to laboratory scale, and the long-term membrane stability following nanofiller leakage has not been extensively investigated.
The role of inflammation in prostate cancer.

In the United States and in “Westernized” countries, the prevalence of both prostate cancer and prostate inflammation is very high, indicating that the two pathologies could be causally related. Indeed, chronic inflammation is now regarded as an “enabling” characteristic of human cancer. Prostate cancer incidence is thought to be mediated in part by genetics, but also by environmental exposures, including the same exposures that may contribute to the development of prostatic inflammation. As our understanding of the role of inflammation in cancer deepens, it is increasingly apparent that “inflammation” as a whole is a complex entity that does not always play a negative role in cancer etiology. In fact, inflammation can play potentially dichotomous (both pro and antitumorigenic) roles depending on the nature and the cellular makeup of the immune response. This chapter will focus on reviewing the current state of knowledge on the role of innate and adaptive immune cells within the prostate tumor microenvironment and their seemingly complex role in prostate cancer in preventing versus promoting initiation and progression of the disease.
Stability of Stochastic Delay Differential Equation with a Small Parameter

Abstract Stochastic delay differential equations with wideband noise perturbations is considered. First it is shown that the perturbed system converges weakly to a stochastic delay differential equation driven by a Brownian motion. Stability and asymptotic properties of stochastic delay differential equations with a small parameter are developed. It is shown that the properties such as stability, recurrence, etc., of the limit system with time lag is preserved for the solution x ∊(·) of the underlying delay equation for ∊ > 0 small enough. Perturbed Liapunov function method is used in the analysis.
Temperature Effects on Internal Shear Behavior in Reinforced GCLs

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the strength reduction of heat-treated and non-heat-treated needle-punched geosynthetic clay liners (NP GCLs) at elevated temperatures. For this ...
The clinical utility of the 2017 Fukuoka Guidelines and 2015 American Gastroenterological Association Guidelines for the management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.

640Background: Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma are malignant and mucinous pancreatic cysts (PC) have malignant potential. The management of PC remains controversial despite consensus guidelines. This s...
Chapter 1 – The World of Scientific Computing

Publisher Summary This chapter describes scientific computing, which is a collection of tools, techniques, and theories required to solve mathematical models of problems in science and engineering on a computer. Scientific computing draws on mathematics and computer science to develop the best ways to use computer systems to solve problems from science and engineering. It is viewed as the discipline that achieves a computer solution of mathematical models of problems from science and engineering. Hence, the first step in the overall solution process is the formulation of a suitable mathematical model of the problem at hand. In many physical problems, these factors concern the balance of forces and other conservation laws of physics. For example, in the formulation of a model of a trajectory problem, the basic physical law is Newton's second law of motion, which requires that the forces acting on a body equal the rate of change of momentum of the body.
Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among low-risk women with obesity at 37-41 weeks gestation.

Abstract Objective To evaluate adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes among women with obesity and no additional comorbidities at 37–41 weeks. Methods This was a population based retrospective cohort study performed using US vital statistics data from 2014−2017. We included women with body mass index ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 and a singleton, cephalic, non-anomalous pregnancy who attempted labor and delivered between 37 0/7–41 6/7 weeks. Women with chronic hypertension, gestational diabetes, or pregestational diabetes were excluded. The co-primary outcomes were composite neonatal morbidity (Apgar score 6 h, neonatal seizures, or neonatal death within 27 days) and composite maternal morbidity (admission to the intensive care unit, blood transfusion, uterine rupture, or unplanned hysterectomy) with completed weeks of gestation as the primary exposure variable. All outcomes were examined using multivariate Poisson regression and were reported as adjusted risk ratios (aRR) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Results There were 15.8 million live births between 2014–2017, of whom 5.1 million (32.1 %) met the inclusion criteria. Composite neonatal morbidity was significantly increased in women delivering at 37 weeks (aRR 1.84; 95 % CI 1.78−1.90), 38 weeks (aRR 1.14; 95 % CI 1.10−1.17), 40 weeks (aRR 1.19; 95 % CI 1.16−1.22), and 41 weeks (aRR 1.49; 95 % CI 1.44−1.53) compared to 39 weeks. Composite maternal morbidity was similarly increased at 37 weeks (aRR 1.26; 95 % CI 1.19−1.34), 38 weeks (aRR 1.07; 95 % CI 1.02−1.13), 40 weeks (aRR 1.16; 95 % CI 1.11−1.20), and 41 weeks (aRR 1.42; 95 % CI 1.34−1.49). Conclusion Composite neonatal and maternal morbidity among women with obesity and no additional comorbidities is increased with delivery at 37, 38, 40, or 41 weeks compared with 39 weeks.
Towards an Understanding of the Utility of Dual-Modality Haptic Feedback in Teleoperated Medical Devices

Humans normally integrate multiple haptic signals during dexterous manipulation with the natural limb. Operating telerobots such as surgical robots and upper-limb prostheses removes this multimodality feedback. While considerable research has focused on single-modality haptic feedback and discrete multimodality haptic feedback, little is known regarding the utility of continuous multimodality feedback. Here, we present an experimental framework designed to explore continuous multimodality haptic feedback for dexterous manipulation. Participants performed a grasp-and-hold task in a virtual environment with either direct or myoelectric control under different haptic feedback conditions: no feedback, vibrotactile feedback of object slip, squeeze feedback of grip force, and combined vibrotactile and squeeze feedback. Results from preliminary pilot studies highlight the gap in knowledge surrounding the potential utility of continuous multimodality feedback in differing telerobot control scenarios.
The Problem of Pain in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Explication of the Role of Biopsychosocial Mechanisms.

Objective To define biopsychosocial mechanisms of pain that go above and beyond disease activity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of patient-reported data in a population-based registry of 766 people with SLE. Predictors of pain intensity and interference were examined using hierarchical linear regression. We built two main hierarchical regression models: pain intensity regressed on disease activity and organ damage; and pain interference regressed on disease activity and organ damage. For each model, we sought to establish the relationship between pain outcomes and the primary exposures using sequential steps comprising the inclusion of each construct in six stages: demographic, socioeconomic, physical, psychological, behavioral and social factors. We also conducted sensivity analyses eliminating all overt aspects of pain in the disease activity measure and reestimated the models. Results Disease activity and organ damage explained 32-33% of the variance in pain intensity and interference. Sociodemographic factors accounted for an additional 4-9% of variance in pain outcomes, while psychosocial/behavioral factors accounted for the final 4% of variance. In the sensitivity analyses, we found that disease activity and organ damage explained 25% of the variance in pain outcomes. Conclusion Disease activity only explained 33% of the variance of pain outcomes. However, there was an attenuation in these associations after accounting for psychosocial/behavioral factors, highlighting their roles in modifying the relationship between disease activity and pain. These findings suggest that multilevel interventions may be needed to tackle the negative impact of pain in SLE.
Deep-learning-based motion correction in optical coherence tomography angiography

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a widely applied tool to image microvascular networks with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. Due to limited imaging speed, the artifacts caused by tissue motion can severely compromise visualization of the microvascular networks and quantification of OCTA images. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning-based framework to effectively correct motion artifacts and retrieve microvascular architectures. This method comprised two deep neural networks in which the first subnet was applied to distinguish motion corrupted B-scan images from a volumetric dataset. Based on the classification results, the artifacts could be removed from the en face maximum-intensity-projection (MIP) OCTA image. To restore the disturbed vasculature induced by artifact removal, the second subnet, an inpainting neural network, was utilized to reconnect the broken vascular networks. We applied the method to postprocess OCTA images of the microvascular networks in mouse cortex in vivo. Both image comparison and quantitative analysis show that the proposed method can significantly improve OCTA image by efficiently recovering microvasculature from the overwhelming motion artifacts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The street: a photographic field guide to American inequality

The study of racial and economic inequalities is brought to life in Naa Oyo A. Kwate’s The Street, which is an interdisciplinary field guide of US inequality in an urban context. Kwate assembles an...
Sex, But Not the City: Adult-Entertainment Zoning, the First Amendment, and Residential and Rural Municipalities

Adult entertainment's status as protected First Amendment speech has resulted in a confusing series of U.S. Supreme Court cases evaluating the zoning of adult businesses. Cases discussing the requirement that municipalities provide alternative avenues of communication for adult businesses have raised many questions as to how rural and residential municipalities may satisfy this obligation. This Note identifies three solutions that would help frame this inquiry. First, state or county legislative bodies should adopt countywide or statewide location restricdons on adult businesses. Second, courts should employ a regional analysis of the alternative avenues requirement when evaluating adultentertainment zoning restrictions. Third, courts should undertake a supply-and-demand analysis when assessing what constitutes sufficient alternative avenues of communication, Adoption of these solutions would help to ensure that the First Amendment obligations of rural and residential municipalities reflect the unique burdens of such municipalities while maintaining appropriate protection for free speech.
Litigating Change? Social Movements and the Court System

Social movement actors increasingly turn to the law and pursue litigation in their efforts to bring about social change. Our article provides an overview of scholarship on collective and politicized litigation, drawing from sociolegal studies, political science, and sociology. We consider scholarship that illuminates why activists turn to litigation tactics in the first place and circumstances in which a social movement litigation strategy can be successful. We also consider additional impacts of movement litigation. Given that social movement researchers in sociology have, to date, paid only limited attention to activist litigation, we encourage scholars in the discipline to investigate further this important form of social movement mobilization.
Happiness, Flourishing, and Life Satisfaction

Happiness, subjective well-being, and a sense of flourishing reflect positive levels of mental health. They are evaluations that people make about the quality of their lives and have been used as measures in several studies to assess how people feel, either positively or negatively, about their state of psychological well-being and overall life satisfaction. Keywords: sociology of emotions; sociology of health and illness; sociology of mental health
Adjustment with growth

Abstract This paper describes and examines simple versions of the analytical approaches employed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in designing adjustment programs that support their lending activities. In the case of the Bank this means essentially a variant of the two-gap growth model, and for the Fund a model derived from the monetary approach to the balance of payments. An attempt is also made to merge the Fund and Bank approaches within a consistent framework to demonstrate their complementarity.
Potential neurotoxicity of the solvent vehicle for cyclosporine.

Nervous system complications resulting from i.v. administration of cyclosporine (CS) are especially frequent in liver transplant recipients. Because CS is insoluble in water, the i.v. preparation is formulated in a polyoxyethylated castor oil and ethyl alcohol. Rat dorsal root ganglion neurons exposed in vitro to the i.v. preparation exhibited axonal swelling and degeneration. No effect of CS (dissolved directly in serum) was seen on testing individual components of the i.v. solution. However, 0.1% polyoxyethylated castor oil (volume of solute/volume of solvent) produced axonal swelling and degeneration and 0.001% polyoxyethylated castor oil produced demyelination in vitro. Polyoxyethylated castor oil is manufactured by reacting castor oil with ethylene oxide, and we speculate that residual ethylene oxide or a polymerization product may be responsible for the in vitro neurotoxicity. Although little is known about the pharmacokinetics of polyoxyethylated castor oil, plasma levels of 0.001 to 0.01% polyoxyethylated castor oil (volume of solute/volume of solvent) are probably achieved with therapeutic doses of the i.v. CS preparation.
Limits of log canonical thresholds

Let Tn denote the set of log canonical thresholds of pairs (X, Y ), with X a nonsingular variety of dimension n, and Y a nonempty closed subscheme of X. Using non-standard methods, we show that every limit of a decreasing sequence in Tn lies in Tn 1, proving in this setting a conjecture of Kollar. We also show that Tn is closed in R; in particular, every limit of log canonical thresholds on smooth varieties of fixed dimension is a rational number. As a consequence of this property, we see that in order to check Shokurov's ACC Conjecture for all Tn, it is enough to show that 1 is not a point of accumulation from below of any Tn. In a different direction, we interpret the ACC Conjecture as a semi-continuity property for log canonical thresholds of formal power series. R´´. Dans cet article, nous analysons les ensembles Tn de seuils log canoniques de paires (X, Y ), ou X est une variete lisse de dimension n, et Y est un sous-schema ferme non-vide de X. En employant des methodes nonstandard, nous montrons que chaque limite d'une suite strictement decroissante de Tn appartiennel'ensemble Tn 1 (ce resultat ` ´ete conjecture par J. Kollar dans ses travaux sur le sujet). Nous montrons ´ que l'ensemble Tn est ferme dans R, et on deduit que les valeurs adherentes de l'ensemble des seuils log canoniques des pairs (X, Y ) sont rationnelles, si la dimension de X est majoree. Une autre consequence de nos resultats concerne la Conjecture ACC de Shokurov pour les Tn. En effet, nous montrons qu'elle sera une consequence de l'´enonce suivant : pour tout n, la valeur 1 ne peut pasobtenue comme limite d'une suite strictement croissante de nombres contenus dans Tn. Dans une autre perspective, nous interpretons la Conjecture ACC comme une propriete de semicontinuite de seuils log canoniqes des series formelles.
The potential for using thread-level data speculation to facilitate automatic parallelization

As we look to the future, and the prospect of a billion transistors on a chip, it seems inevitable that microprocessors will exploit having multiple parallel threads. To achieve the full potential of these "single-chip multiprocessors", however, we must find a way to parallelize non-numeric applications. Unfortunately, compilers have had little success in parallelizing non-numeric codes due to their complex access patterns. This paper explores the potential for using thread-level data speculation (TLDS) to overcome this limitation by allowing the compiler to view parallelization solely as a cost/benefit tradeoff rather than something which is likely to violate program correctness. Our experimental results demonstrate that with realistic compiler support, TLDS can offer significant program speedups. We also demonstrate that through modest hardware extensions, a generic single-chip multiprocessor could support TLDS by augmenting its cache coherence scheme to detect dependence violations, and by using the primary data caches to buffer speculative state.
Top Ten List in Interstitial Lung Disease

The consensus statement on the nomenclature of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP) is a landmark article. By integrating the clinical, pathologic, and radiographic characteristics for each of the diseases, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is described as a progressive disease characterized by usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) histology. The definitions for definitive IPF using open-lung biopsy or probable IPF using major and minor criteria from high-resolution CT, physiology, and clinical course will be used to ensure studies are including comparable patient populations. The six IIPs other than IPF (acute interstitial pneumonia [AIP], desquamative interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia [previously termed, idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia], nonspecific interstitial pneumonia [NSIP], lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, and respiratory bronchiolitisassociated interstitial lung disease) are described as individual diseases with a better prognosis than IPF.
Excretion and distribution of two occupational toxicants, tetrachloroazobenzene and tetrachloroazoxybenzene in the rat☆

The clearance profile and tissue distribution of 2 occupational toxicants, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB), were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. TCAB was found to be cleared from the body more rapidly than TCAOB when a single dose of 14C-labeled TCAB or TCAOB was administered orally. While 66% of the administered TCAB dose was excreted via the urine and feces within the first 24 h, TCAOB-treated animals were only able to clear 37% of the administered dose by the same elimination route. The half-lives for elimination of TCAB and TCAOB were estimated to be 18 h and 34 h, respectively. Examination of the tissue distribution of the remaining radioactivity indicated that, for both compounds, the adipose tissue contained the highest level of radioactivity. The rapid elimination of TCAB and TCAOB by rats may explain in part the reduced toxicity of these 2 compounds to whole animals in comparison to the isosteric 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
Understanding the internal processes of behavioral engagement in a national park: A latent variable path analysis of the value-belief-norm theory

Theoretical advances in research on the antecedents of human behavior have offered promising explanations for why people choose to undertake environmentally friendly action. This investigation provides further insight on the psychological processes driving self-reported behavioral engagement among visitors to Channel Islands National Park in the United States. We used latent variable structural equation modeling to test the hypothesized structure stipulated by the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory of environmentalism. Biospheric-altruistic values geared toward non-human species and concern for other people positively predicted environmental worldview and pro-environmental behavior, whereas egoistic values negatively influenced moral norm activation. Consistent with previous research, findings also showed that belief structures and personal moral norms gave rise to conservation behaviors reported by visitors to the park.
Forecasts and predictions of eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, USA: 1975-1984

Abstract Public statements about volcanic activity at Mount St. Helens include factual statements, forecasts, and predictions. A factual statement describes current conditions but does not anticipate future events. A forecast is a comparatively imprecise statement of the time, place, and nature of expected activity. A prediction is a comparatively precise statement of the time, place, and ideally, the nature and size of impending activity. A prediction usually covers a shorter time period than a forecast and is generally based dominantly on interpretations and measurements of ongoing processes and secondarily on a projection of past history. The three types of statements grade from one to another, and distinctions are sometimes arbitrary. Forecasts and predictions at Mount St. Helens became increasingly precise from 1975 to 1982. Stratigraphic studies led to a long-range forecast in 1975 of renewed eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, possibly before the end of the century. On the basis of seismic, geodetic and geologic data, general forecasts for a landslide and eruption were issued in April 1980, before the catastrophic blast and landslide on 18 May 1980. All extrusions except two from June 1980 to the end of 1984 were predicted on the basis of integrated geophysical, geochemical, and geologic monitoring. The two extrusions that were not predicted were preceded by explosions that removed a substantial part of the dome, reducing confining pressure and essentially short-circuiting the normal precursors.
125Te, 13C and 1H NMR characterization of a series of diorganotellurium(II) and tetraorganotellurium(IV) compounds

125Te, 13C and 1H NMR studies on a series of symmetric diorganotellurium(II) [R2 Te, where R = Me, Et, n-Bu, CH2SiMe3, allyl, vinyl, CCMe, CCEt, CC(n-Pr), CC(t-Bu), CC(SiMe3) and CCPh], unsymmetric diorganotellurium(II) (RTeR′) (where R = allyl, R′ = Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu; R = Me and R′ = benzyl), symmetric bis(alkyltelluro)ethyne (RTeC=CTeR, where R = Me and Et) and symmetric tetraorganotellurium(IV) (R4Te, where R = Me, n-Bu, CH2SiMe3 and vinyl) compounds are presented. 125Te was acquired under 1H-decoupled and 1H-coupled conditions. Whereas the 1H-decoupled 125Te NMR spectra are extremely useful in identifying low levels of tellurium containing impurities, the 1H-coupled 125Te experiments allow for structure determination and identification of long- and short-range coupling pathways. 1H and 13C NMR were used to assess purity in terms of organic materials which can include solvents, decomposition byproducts and unwanted organometallic compounds from side reactions occurring during synthesis. 125Te satellites are observed in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra and are useful in resonance assignments and in identification of long- and short-range coupling pathways. The effects of substituents on chemical shifts and coupling constants are discussed.
Elevated allergen-induced IL-13 secretion predicts IgE elevation in children ages 2-5 years.

It is unclear if early immune responses to allergens, specifically Th1 and Th2 cytokine production, predict later immune responses, including increased IgE levels. In a group of children (n = 151) with a parental history of allergy or asthma followed from ages 2 through 5 years, we examined IL-13, IL-4, and IFN-γ secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and to dust mite (Der f 1), cockroach (Bla g 2), and cat (Fel d 1) allergens in relation to elevated IgE. Elevated IgE was defined either as a positive IgE-specific response to at least one allergen (dust mite, cockroach, cat, and ovalbumin) or as an elevated total IgE level above a specified cut-off value. In multivariate logistic regression models including 181 observations made between the age of 2 through 5 years and accounting for repeated measures, we found an association between increased IL-13 secretion in response to Der f 1 and elevated IgE (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–1.34). Age did not modify this relationship. No association was found between allergen-induced IFN-γ secretion and IgE production. Among the group of children with measurements made at age 4–5 (n = 70), IL-13 in response to Der f 1 (p = 0.046), and IL-4 in response to PHA (p = 0.04) were increased among children with elevated IgE. In a smaller subset of children with measurements made at both age 2–3 and age 4–5 (n = 36), IL-13 levels at age 2–3 were also significantly increased in response to Der f 1 (p = 0.01) and Fel d 1 (p = 0.002) among those with elevated IgE at age 4–5. In a group of children ages 2–5 years, there is an association between IL-13 and elevated IgE.
Researchers investigate submarine faults north of Puerto Rico

A 23-day marine geophysical expedition in the summer of 1996 revealed a previously unidentified strike-slip fault zone within 60–100 km of the densely populated northern coast of Puerto Rico. The purpose of the expedition, which was held aboard the U.S. research vessel Maurice Ewing, was to map the northeastern portion of the North America Caribbean plate boundary. The 3000-km-long North America-Caribbean plate boundary stretches from Guatemala to the Lesser Antilles arc. The dominantly left-lateral strike-slip boundary accommodates slow (1–2.6 cm/yr) eastward motion of the Caribbean plate relative to North America. Distributed interplate motion in the region generates large earthquakes (Figure 1, inset). In 1976, an M 7.5 left-lateral, strike-slip earthquake in Guatemala killed approximately 23,000 people and left a quarter of the nation's population homeless.
High-throughput assay for bacterial adhesion on acellular dermal matrices and synthetic surgical materials.

BACKGROUND There has been increasing use of synthetic and acellular dermal matrix materials in surgery, ranging from breast reconstruction to hernia repairs. There is a paucity of data on how acellular dermal matrix compares with other surgical materials as a substrate for bacterial adhesion, the first step in formation biofilm, which occurs in prosthetic wound infections. The authors have designed a high-throughput assay to evaluate Staphylococcus aureus adherence on various synthetic and biologically derived materials. METHODS Clinical isolates of S. aureus (strains SC-1 and UAMS-1) were cultured with different materials, and bacterial adherence was measured using a resazurin cell vitality assay. Four materials that are commonly used in surgery were evaluated: Prolene mesh, Vicryl mesh, and two different acellular dermal matrix preparations (AlloDerm and FlexHD). The authors were able to develop a high-throughput and reliable assay for quantifying bacterial adhesion on synthetic and biologically derived materials. RESULTS The resazurin vitality assay can be reliably used to quantify bacterial adherence to acellular dermal matrix material and synthetic material. S. aureus strains SC-1 and UAMS-1 both adhered better to acellular dermal matrix materials (AlloDerm versus FlexHD) than to the synthetic material Prolene. S. aureus also adhered better to Vicryl than to Prolene. Strain UAMS-1 adhered better to Vicryl and acellular dermal matrix materials than did strain SC-1. CONCLUSIONS The results show that S. aureus adheres more readily to acellular dermal matrix material than to synthetic material. The resazurin assay provides a standard method for evaluating surgical materials with regard to bacterial adherence and potential propensity for biofilm development.
Near-ideal lasing with a uniform wiggler

Abstract Over the years the Los Alamos FEL team has reduced or eliminated many of the experimental problems that resulted in non-ideal lasing. The major problems were accelerator instabilities that cause noise and fluctuations in current, energy, and timing; wakefield effects in the wiggler and beamline that introduce fluctuations in the beam's energy; and mirror nonlinearities caused by free carriers produced in the mirror by the high light levels, which caused extra light losses and interfered with the diagnostics. Lasing is now thought to be ideal in that it lacks major disturbing effects and is limited only by emittance, energy spread, and peak current. In this paper we describe the features of lasing that we have observed over a range of optical power of 1000, from the onset of lasing, to the threshold of the sideband instability, to the organization of regular optical spikes, to the region of chaotic spikes. Cavity-length detuning is presented as an ideal technique, in most circumstances, to completely suppress sidebands. With detuning one can easily switch operating modes from that giving the highest efficiency (chaotic spiking) to that giving the narrowest spectral line (no sidebands). Alternative techniques for sideband suppression normally use some kind of wavelength selective device (e.g., a grating) inserted in the cavity. With detuning, there is no need for such a device, and, therefore, no conflict between the wavelength control exerted by this extra optical component and that exerted by the energy of the electron beam. Lasing, therefore, starts easily, a shift in wavelength, i.e., chirp, is easily accomplished, and the consequences of inadequate control of the electron beam energy are not severe.
Predictors of Criminal Justice Outcomes Among Mental Health Courts Participants: The Role of Perceived Coercion and Subjective Mental Health Recovery

Internationally, one effort to reduce the number of people with serious mental illness (SMI) in jails and prisons is the development of Mental Health Courts (MHC). Research on MHCs to date has been disproportionately focused on the study of recidivism and re-incarceration over the potential of these problem-solving courts to facilitate mental health recovery and affect the slope or gradient of opportunity for recovery. Despite the strong conceptual links between the MHC approach and the recovery-orientation in mental health, the capacity for MHCs to facilitate recovery has not been explored. This user-informed mental health and criminal justice (MH/CJ) community based participatory (CBPR) study assesses the extent to which MHC practices align with recovery-oriented principles and may subsequently affect criminal justice outcomes. We report on the experiences and perceptions of 51 MHC participants across four metropolitan Mental Health Courts. Specifically, the current study assesses: 1) how defendants' perceptions of court practices, particularly with regard to procedural justice and coercion, relate to perceptions of mental health recovery and psychiatric symptoms, and, 2) how perceptions of procedural justice and mental health recovery relate to subsequent criminal justice outcomes. The authors hypothesized that perceived coercion and mental health recovery would be inversely related, that perceived coercion would be associated with worse criminal justice outcomes, and perceptions of mental health recovery would be associated with better criminal justice outcomes. Results suggest that perceived coercion in the MHC experience was negatively associated with perceptions of recovery among MHC participants. Perceptions of "negative pressures," a component of coercion, were important predictors of criminal justice involvement in the 12 month period following MHC admission, even when controlling for other factors that were related to criminal justice outcomes, and that an increase in procedural justice was associated with a decrease in symptoms but curiously not to an increase in attitudes toward recovery. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Linear Inversion In Layered Viscoacoustic Media Using a Time-domain Method

Real Earth media attenuate and disperse propagating waves. If these effects are neglected, inversion can produce erroneous results. Viscoelasticity provides an appropriate and powerful tool to model these anelastic effects, so forms a plausible basis for inversion algorithms. The {tau}-p (intercept time-slowness)domain permits economical modeling and inversion of 3-D wave propagation in layered media. The adjoint state method leads to an efficient algorithm for linear least squares inversion of short wavelength model components. Numerical experiments show that accurate inversion requires conditioning of the data by a time varying gain, hence also of the simulator output, to equalize the influence of earlier strong events and later attenuated events.
Surface intraoral genioglossus emg recording technique for kinesiologic studies

Electromyographic (EMG) recordings from intraoral genioglossus surface electrodes were compared to fine-wire recordings of the left genioglossus muscle during selected activities that involved (1) rest, (2) tongue protrusion without resistance, (3) isometric tongue protrusion, (4) jaw opening without resistance, (5) isometric jaw opening, and (6) swallowing. Right and left lateral protrusions of the tongue were evaluated also. Recordings from both surface and fine-wire configurations showed similar onset times, relative amplitude changes, and cessation times of EMG activity during unresisted tongue protrusion and isometric tongue protrusion. Swallowing EMG activity occurred somewhat earlier and was longer in duration in the surface electrode recordings than the fine-wire recordings; however, maximum amplitudes occurred at similar times. Neither type of electrode recorded significant EMG activity during jaw opening or isometric jaw opening. These findings support the validity of recording EMG activity of the genioglossus muscle by surface recording electrodes supported by an acrylic appliance. The development of such an appliance may be an important biofeedback tool to control genioglossus activity during such activities as tongue thrusting.