cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid Packaged MEMS Tunable Capacitors With Fast Response Times and Reduced Vibration Sensitivity

A new developed liquid packaging approach dramatically improves the performance of MEMS tunable capacitors. Previous devices suffered from slow response times due to mechanical ringing and poor vibration immunity. By packaging the device in the appropriate liquid, critical damping has been achieved and response times as fast as 50ms have been demonstrated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Ultrafast microfluidic mixer and freeze-quenching device.

The freeze-quenching technique is extremely useful for trapping meta-stable intermediates populated during fast chemical or biochemical reactions. The application of this technique, however, is limited by the long mixing time of conventional solution mixers and the slow freezing time of cryogenic fluids. To overcome these problems, we have designed and tested a novel microfluidic silicon mixer equipped with a new freeze-quenching device, with which reactions can be followed down to 50 μs. In the microfluidic silicon mixer, seven 10-μm-diameter vertical pillars are arranged perpendicular to the flow direction and in a staggered fashion in the 450-pL mixing chamber to enhance turbulent mixing. The mixed-solution jet, with a cross section of 10 μm × 100 μm, exits from the microfluidic silicon mixer with a linear flow velocity of 20 m/s. It instantaneously freezes on one of two rotating copper wheels maintained at 77 K and is subsequently ground into an ultrafine powder. The ultrafine frozen powder exhibits e...
Diets of White Bass in the Ohio Waters of Lake Erie during June–October 1988

Abstract Although white bass Morone chrysops support a valuable commercial fishery in Lake Erie, little is documented about their diets, growth, abundance, or other population characteristics. This study sought to describe the growth and feeding habits of 1-year-old and older white bass in the Ohio waters of Lake Erie. Between 13 June and 31 October 1988, I sampled 246 white bass ranging from 158 to 332 mm in total length. White bass were primarily piscivorous, feeding on shiners (Notropis spp.), white perch M. americana yellow perch Perca flavescens and chironomids in June but shifting to primarily gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum during July–October (56–97%). Prey sizes of white bass reflected the change from a large number, but low biomass, of invertebrates in June and July (mean size, 3.15 and 6.45 mm, respectively) to mostly age-0 prey fish in August through October (mean prey size, 50.97–85.27 mm). During this time, growth of white bass was nearly linear. Walleye Stizostedion vitreum is the dominant...
Multiple primary intramedullary ependymomas: a case report and review of the literature

Abstract Background context Intramedullary ependymomas constitute the most frequent type of intramedullary tumor. In patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), multiple intramedullary ependymomas are known to occur. In the non-NF2 population, however, the presence of multiple synchronous intramedullary ependymomas is exceedingly rare. Purpose In this article, the authors report the second case in the literature of multiple primary synchronous intramedullary ependymomas. To the best of the authors knowledge, this report represents the first to provide a detailed pathology of all lesions, thereby giving an added level of confidence on the primary synchronous nature of the lesions. The authors have also performed a review of the literature regarding multifocal intramedullary ependymomas. Study design A review article and case report. Conclusions The concomitant localization of two primary intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas in the setting of nongenetic predisposition is an uncommon phenomenon. In this article, the authors present the second report of multiple, synchronous intramedullary ependymomas. A detailed review of the literature reveals that the presence of multiple intramedullary lesions in non-NF2 patients is both rare and deserving of further study.
CONFIGURING A CONSTITUTIONAL STATE: OFFICIALS AND ASSEMBLYMEN AT THE 1909 SICHUAN PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY MEETING

This article examines two potential configurations of the constitutional state at the time of Constitutional Reform. One was from Sichuan Governor-General Zhao Erxun, who claimed that “all political power belongs to the state.” The other was from the Sichuan assemblymen, who were inarticulate at first, but, when the meeting closed one and a half months later, firmly announced that “there would be no taxation without supervision.” Both views emerged during the 1909 Provincial Assembly meeting in Sichuan; via rounds of debates over forty-two bills, the differences between them gained sharp articulation as a clash of divergent political principles. There emerged not only a reaction of elite bitterness toward high-handed state policies but also a repertoire of political skills now in the practiced hands of an expanding circle of political leaders. The Sichuan Provincial Assembly meeting was a staging area for the revolutionary activism of the Railway Protection Movement two years later as well as for the deve...
Postmenopausal bleeding: a practical approach.

PURPOSE To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with a practical approach for the management of postmenopausal bleeding in office settings. DATA SOURCES Selected scientific literature and the author's own experience. CONCLUSIONS Postmenopausal bleeding should be considered cancer until proven otherwise, despite the fact that abnormal pathology is found in only 15% of endometrial biopsies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Post menopausal bleeding can be safely evaluated and managed by NPs using aspiration endometrial biopsies and/or transvaginal ultrasound. Hospitalization for dilation and curettage under anaesthesia can often be avoided.
Ship perturbation of irradiance measurements at sea. 1: Monte Carlo simulations

Most in-water irradiance and radiance measurements at sea are carried out by suspending an instrument from a hydrocable located relatively close to the ship, the presence of which can severely perturb the in-water light field. This paper describes Monte Carlo techniques which have been developed specifically to assess such perturbations. Sample computations of the perturbation to the upward and downward irradiances due to the presence of the ship are presented for the case of a homogeneous ocean. The results reveal situations in which the downward irradiance, in the case of collimated illumination, is relatively unperturbed, while large effects are observed in the case of diffuse illumination. Conversely, the upwelled irradiance just beneath the surface is seen to be strongly influenced by the ship’s presence for both types of illumination.
Adsorption of benzene on a Mo(112)-c(2x2)-[SiO4] surface

The orientation and growth of benzene and pyridine on a well-ordered Mo(112)−c(2 × 2)-[SiO4] have been investigated with high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), Auger spectroscopy (AES) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). Benzene on the c(2 × 2)-[SiO4] surface is bound with its molecular plane parallel to the surface plane at submonolayer coverages. At intermediate coverages (1−3 ML), in contrast to benzene adsorption on metal surfaces, a layer-by-layer growth mode is observed with the benzene molecules bonded parallel to the surface. Pyridine on the c(2 × 2)−[SiO4] surface, on the other hand, undergoes a phase transition from a parallel to a tilted configuration. This is the first reported observation of benzene multilayer growth in which the benzene molecules bond exclusively parallel to the surface plane. The origin for this unusual adsorption behavior of benzene is discussed.
Clasp partial dentures

In most instances, the clasp partial den­ ture is the restoration of choice in oc­ clusal reconstruction. The slight denture movement allowed by passive clasps avoids overworking of abutment teeth and tends to stimulate and preserve ridges. The controlled, permitted move­ ment of a removable partial denture dur­ ing the chewing cycle distributes the masticatory loads to teeth and other sup­ porting tissues without trauma to any specific region. The bar clasp is much to be preferred to the cast circumferential clasp from the standpoint of the patient’s welfare.
Stimulation of phospholipid methylation, Ca2+ influx, and histamine release by bridging of IgE receptors on rat mast cells.

Abstract Normal rat mast cells were stimulated by antibodies against IgE receptors (anti-RBL) or by anti-IgE, and [3H]methyl group incorporation into phospholipids, 45Ca uptake, and histamine release were examined. Anti-RBL or its F(ab')2 fragments and anti-IgE induced an increase in the incorporation of [3H]methyl into phospholipids, in 45Ca influx, and in histamine release. By contrast, Fab' monomer fragments of anti-RBL induced none of these reactions. The transient increase of [3H]methyl incorporation in lipids peaked within 15 sec after the addition of either anti-RBL or anti-IgE and fell to basal level in 30 sec. This was then followed by an influx of 45Ca that increased to a maximum in 2 min and by histamine release that reached a maximum in 3 min. Inhibition of phospholipid methylation resulted in an inhibition of 45Ca influx and histamine release. These findings demonstrate that phospholipid methylation in rat mast cells is induced by bridging of IgE receptors on the cell surface and that increased methylation of phospholipids sets the stage for an influx of Ca2+ and subsequent release of histamine.
The Puget sound environmental atlas update: Context and GIS database integration issues

Abstract Advances in cartographic technology since the 1970s have been reflected in digital databases ami published atlases of marine resources in Washington state, most recently the Pugel Sound Geographic Information System and the Puget Sound Environmental Atlas Update 1992 (Puget Sound Water Quality Authority, 1992). Discussion of each update phase recounts the processes (and pitfalls) of converting spatial data from tabular and computer-aided drafting (CAD) formats into an integrated geographic information system (GIS) database, standardised to a single basemap. Simultaneous digital and hardcopy output constitutes “digital map publishing,” yet digital cartographic products may also be viewed as software for different, future uses. The concept of data stewardship is presented as a model for an ongoing data-maintenance relationship between contributing agencies and the GIS coordinator.
Minimization of energy usage and cost for EV during reactive power service

Electric Vehicle (EV) becoming a promising reactive power service provider because of its short response time with no battery degradation during this service. Also EV would allow efficient adjustment of power flows in response to frequent changes in loads. In this paper we present a novel structure to evaluate the reactive power service potential of EVs. We formulate a linear program to minimize the operating cost of an EV that includes the battery degradation cost, under a range of practical constraints. These constraints include owner's desired state of charges and limitation in the current ripple from the DC-link capacitor of the EV charger. The developed optimization framework yields EV's optimal charging/discharging and reactive power service (injection/absorption) schedules. We also introduce an algorithm capable of determining the estimated compensation for the EV owner under different market structure and when real time events force the DSO to ask for more reactive power than pre-scheduled amount.
Topology-based scoring method for identification of responsive protein-protein interaction subnetwork

In this article, we propose a novel topology-based scoring and searching approach to extract protein protein interaction (PPI) subnetworks responsive to conditions being investigated according gene expression profiles. Each subnetwork is scored using both the activity of individual vertices and the network topology, instead of summing up only the activity of vertices as done in previous works. Using simulated data we demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method when the subnetworks contain highly significant hub genes, or high number of co-activated gene pairs. When applied to the sample data galFiltered in Cytoscape, our algorithm identified several biologically meaningful subnetworks that contain genes missed by vertex based scoring approach. Lastly we apply the new method to a human prostate cancer dataset and show that it can efficiently identify disease-relevant protein interactions. The new method is implemented as a Cytoscape Plugin jActiveModuesTopo. It is publicly available and can be used on most types of gene expression data.
Low-frequency modulation of inner hair cell and organ of Corti responses in the guinea pig cochlea

Low-frequency tones are used to study changes in responsiveness as a function of phase in inner hair cell (IHC) and organ of Corti (OC) responses recorded from second turn of the guinea pig cochlea. In these experiments a 40 Hz stimulus is combined with a variable frequency probe to determine the degree to which tones at and below best frequency (BF) are modulated. Changes in responsiveness produced by the low-frequency input are quantified and related to position of the basilar membrane which is estimated using the phase of the cochlear microphonic measured in the OC fluid space. Results obtained when 40 Hz is presented at its lowest effective level demonstrate that ac responses to low-level BF probes are reduced for basilar membrane displacements to scala tympani while probe tones well below BF are modulated in the opposite direction. The transition between these two response patterns occurs when the overall DC produced in the OC by the two-tone input changes from positive to negative. Because of this association, the frequency dependence exhibited in the bias results may be linked to mechanisms responsible for generating the two polarities of the summating potential and the DC receptor potentials that it reflects. An attempt is also made to relate bias-induced changes in hair cell receptor potentials to modulations in single-unit rate responses. In other words, to address variations in the temporal relationships between excitation and suppression measured in the auditory nerve.
Transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid: are there any long-term benefits?

Transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid: are there any long-term benefits?
The Intractable and the Undecidable - Computation and Anticipatory Processes

Representation is the pre-requisite for any form of computation. To understand the consequences of this premise, we have to reconsider computation itself. As the sciences and the humanities become computational, to understand what is processed and, moreover, the meaning of the outcome, becomes critical. Focus on big data makes this understanding even more urgent. A fast growing variety of data processing methods is making processing more effective. Nevertheless these methods do not shed light on the relation between the nature of the process and its outcome. This study in foundational aspects of computation addresses the intractable and the undecidable from the perspective of anticipation. Representation, as a specific semiotic activity, turns out to be significant for understanding the meaning of computation.
Fire as a Restoration Tool in Pacific Northwest Prairies and Oak Woodlands: Challenges, Successes, and Future Directions

Abstract In Pacific Northwest prairies and oak woodlands, cessation of anthropogenic burning in the mid-1800s resulted in large-scale degradation and loss of habitat due to tree and shrub encroachment. Widespread invasive species, deep thatch accumulations, and extensive moss cover now limit the ability of native plants to germinate and thrive. These changes in habitat structure and function have contributed to the decline of several plant and animal species. Over the past decade, prescribed fire has been increasingly applied throughout the Willamette Valley-Puget Trough-Georgia Basin Ecoregion and used in conjunction with other techniques (herbicide, seeding native species) to restore native habitat with variable results. This variability likely is a result of differential fire intensity, dictated by fuels, weather and application technique, all of which can be controlled for by altering fire season, fire frequency, pre-fire treatments and fire extent. In order to burn at the spatial and temporal scales ...
The Selective Reflection of Heat Waves by Linear Resonators

Vacuum-thermocouple.---The construction of a vacuum-thermocouple of high sensitivity and quick action for measuring heat radiation is described.Isolation of Long Heat Waves.---A method is given for isolating radiation of great purity and having a mean wave-length of 96 \ensuremath{\mu}. This radiation is obtained by combining a quartz lens focal isolation apparatus with reflecting surfaces of potassium iodide.The Reflection of Radiation by Linear Electric Resonators of Microscopic Dimensions.---Resonators were ruled from films of silver chemically deposited on glass plates. The reflecting power of such resonators was measured for the 96 \ensuremath{\mu} waves. Square resonators, the length of whose sides are small compared with the wave-length reflect little more than bare glass, provided the resonators are separated sufficiently to prevent conduction between adjacent edges. Resonators of equal width and separated by a distance of approximately one half of a wave-length were found to produce a maximum of reflection when their length was equal to 0.3 of the wave-length. The metal strips, although microscopic in size, thus show electrical resonance when stimulated by long heat waves. The results are in every way comparable with those that have been obtained with the longer electric waves.
EVALUATION OF A REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURE FOR ACCELERATING WORK RATE IN A SELF‐PACED COURSE1

Students in a self-paced child development course were assigned to one of seven groups. One bonus point, which contributed toward the student's final grade, was given for each unit completed during a specified two-week period. In a combined baseline-reversal design, bonus points could be earned at different times for each group, and some groups had weeks without bonus points interspersed between bonus weeks. All seven groups and 78% of individual students completed units at a faster rate during bonus periods than during the balance of the semester. For the 58 students completing the course, mean units per week during bonus periods was 2.40 (SD = 1.60); for the balance of the semester mean units per week was 0.96 (SD = 0.37). Awarding bonus points for a limited period early in the term appears to be a useful procedure for increasing rates during this period in which rates are typically low. Although similar effects have been reported by others (e.g., Miller, Weaver, and Semb, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1974, 7, 87–91), the advantage of the present procedure is that the increase in rate is accomplished by means of reinforcement for high rates rather than punishment (low grades or forced withdrawal) for low rates.
Coherent Soft-Photon States and Infrared Divergences. II. Mass-Shell Singularities of Green's Functions

This is the second in a series of four papers in which a new, field-theoretic approach to the problem of the infrared divergences of quantum electrodynamics is presented. The primary aim of the present paper is the study of the mass-shell singularities of the Green's functions, which are branch points rather than simple poles. This is an essential preliminary to the discussion of asymptotic states and scattering matrix elements in subsequent papers. A conventional separation is introduced between hard- and soft-photon regions of momentum space. It is shown that the soft-photon contribution to an arbitrary Green's function may be isolated in a single function of the external momenta, independent of the spins of the particles involved. An explicit expression for this function is obtained and its mass-shell singularities are studied in detail. In particular, it is shown that, in contrast to the case where there are no massless particles, the mass-shell singularities in different momenta are not independent, but depend on the order in which the various momenta are allowed to approach their mass shells.
Most Pathogenic Mutations Do Not Alter the Membrane Topology of the Prion Protein

Abstract The prion protein (PrP), a glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoprotein, contains a conserved hydrophobic sequence that can span the lipid bilayer in either direction, resulting in two transmembrane forms designated NtmPrP andCtmPrP. Previous studies have shown that the proportion ofCtmPrP is increased by mutations in the membrane-spanning segment, and it has been hypothesized that CtmPrP represents a key intermediate in the pathway of prion-induced neurodegeneration. To further test this idea, we have surveyed a number of mutations associated with familial prion diseases to determine whether they alter the proportions of NtmPrP andCtmPrP produced in vitro, in transfected cells, and in transgenic mice. For the in vitro experiments, PrP mRNA was translated in the presence of murine thymoma microsomes which, in contrast to the canine pancreatic microsomes used in previous studies, are capable of efficient glycolipidation. We confirmed that mutations within or near the transmembrane domain enhance the formation of CtmPrP, and we demonstrate for the first time that this species contains a C-terminal glycolipid anchor, thus exhibiting an unusual, dual mode of membrane attachment. However, we find that pathogenic mutations in other regions of the molecule have no effect on the amounts of CtmPrP and NtmPrP, arguing against the proposition that transmembrane PrP plays an obligate role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
Traitement endovasculaire des anévrismes mycotiques aortiques et des fistules aorto-aéro-digestives associées

Nous avons evalue les resultats a court et a moyen terme du traitement endovasculaire des anevrismes (TEVA) pour les anevrismes mycotiques. Nous avons revu les dossiers de tous les patients ayant un TEVA pour anevrisme mycotique dans notre etablissement. Pour etre en accord avec la litterature, les patients ayant une fistule aorto-aero-digestive associee etaient inclus. Le siege de l'anevrisme, la demographie, les resultats cliniques, le succes du TEVA, la morbidite, et la mortalite a court (
Long-term intracavernous therapy responders can potentially switch to sildenafil citrate after radical prostatectomy.

Objectives To assess whether long-term users of intracavernous (IC) injections after radical prostatectomy can switch to oral therapy with sildenafil citrate. Methods Forty-nine patients (mean age 60.9 years) with erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy were identified as long-term users of IC injections (3.7 ± 1.9 years). These patients received open-label treatment with sildenafil citrate (50 to 100 mg) for a minimum of 4 weeks or five attempts. The primary outcome measure of our study was assessed by the Sexual Health Inventory of Men (SHIM) questionnaire (International Index of Erectile Function-5 [IIEF]). A successful switch was prospectively defined as erection sufficient for vaginal penetration after sildenafil use and compliance to therapy. Patients were designated as responders or nonresponders on the basis of their ability to achieve vaginal penetration. Results Of 49 patients, only 36 agreed to receive oral open-label sildenafil (50 to 100 mg) for a minimum of 4 weeks or five attempts. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was used in 70% and triple therapy (PGE1, papaverine, and phentolamine) in the remaining 30%. Of the 36 patients, 15 (41%) successfully switched to sildenafil and discontinued IC injections. When the results were stratified by the type of IC solution, patients with high-dose triple therapy had a poor success rate of switch (7%) compared with patients using PGE1 treatment (67%). Of the 36 patients, 14 (38%) found sildenafil ineffective and continued using IC injections. Patients who switched to oral therapy had had a greater (P <0.001) total mean SHIM (IIEF-5) score with IC injections than those who did not switch (12.3 ± 7.8 versus 20.0 ± 4.9). Of the 36 patients, 7 (19%) found sildenafil alone to be suboptimal but continued using it, enhancing the efficacy of IC injections alone. The three predictive factors for a successful switch were high preoperative SHIM (IIEF-5) score, high post-IC injection SHIM score, and type of IC medication used (PGE1 alone versus high-dose triple therapy). Conclusions Long-term users of IC injection therapy can potentially switch to sildenafil citrate with acceptable sexual satisfaction. Patients will accept a lower degree of sexual satisfaction as measured by the IIEF-5 (SHIM) score if oral therapy is effective.
Mg2+ as an Extracellular Signal: Environmental Regulation of Salmonella Virulence

Ions are not traditionally thought to act as first messengers in signal transduction cascades. However, while searching for genes regulated by the PhoP/PhoQ virulence regulatory system of Salmonella typhimurium, we recovered two loci whose expression is controlled by the concentration of Mg2+. To determine whether Mg2+ is the signal modulating the whole PhoP/PhoQ system, we evaluated the gene expression pattern of six PhoP-activated genes. Growth in physiological concentrations of divalent cations repressed transcription of PhoP-activated genes and rendered wild-type Salmonella phenotypically PhoP-. Mg2+ changed the conformation of the periplasmic domain of PhoQ, identifying this protein as a Mg2+ sensor. A mutation in the sensing domain of PhoQ altered the set point for Mg2+ and rendered Salmonella avirulent.
Reactions of dimethyl- and diphenyl-platinum(II) complexes and isocyanides

Abstract Reactions of PtR 2 L 2 species (R = CH 3 , C 6 H 5 ; L = several phosphines) with methyl and p -chlorophenyl isocyanides were found to proceed either with ligand substitution or isocyanide insertion into the carbonmetal bond; the type of reaction was dependent on the nature of the phosphine and isocyanide. Substitution yielding PtR 2 (CNR′)(Phos), occurred for Phos = PPh 3 with both isocyanides and for PPh 2 -Me, with p -chlorophenyl isocyanide; insertion occurred for Phos = PEt 3 for both isocyanides and for PPhMe 2 with p -chlorophenyl isocyanides. Interestingly, no product was isolated in the reactions of PtR 2 Phos 2 (Phos = PPh 2 Me and PPhMe 2 ) with methyl isocyanide, a result attributed to the unfavorable position of an equiliborium, PtR 2 Phos 2 + CNMe ⇌ PtR 2 (CNMe)Phos + Phos, in these systems. If methyl iodide is added to these reaction systems two possible reactions can occur. A deficiency of methyl iodide can quaternize the free phosphine allowing the isocyanide substitution reaction product to be isolated (Phos = PPh 2 Me only). Alternatively, excess methyl iodide will add oxidatively to give the platinum(IV) species PtIMe 3 (L)Phos (L = Phos or CNMe).
Protection Motivation Theory and Skin Cancer Risk: The Role of Individual Differences in Responses to Persuasive Appeals

Undergraduates who sunbathed were assessed on personality variables and then randomly assigned to read one of 4 essays (with photos) that manipulated threat and coping appraisal information about sunbathing, skin damage, and skin cancer symptoms and prevention. High threat-appraisal information was by far the most powerful predictor of intentions to take precautionary measures against skin cancer. Coping appraisal information was associated with reduced perceptions of hopelessness concerning skin cancer risk. Individual-difference variables (i.e., appearance concern, need for cognition, health locus of control) predicted maladaptive coping modes and, to a lesser extent, adaptive behavioral intentions. Results suggest that tailoring persuasive appeals to individuals may modestly improve preventive efforts, and that invoking perceived threat effectively motivates most people.
Near-IR Phosphorescence of Iridium(III) Corroles at Ambient Temperature

The photophysical properties of Ir(III) corroles differ from those of phosphorescent porphyrin complexes, cyclometalated and polyimine Ir(III) compounds, and other luminescent metallocorroles. Ir(III) corrole phosphorescence is observed at ambient temperature at wavelengths much longer (>800 nm) than those of most Ir(III) phosphors. The solvatochromic behavior of Ir(III)-corrole Soret and Q absorption bands suggests that the lowest singlet excited states (S2 and S1) are substantially more polar than the ground state.
Positive-parity states in mass-13 nuclei

Abstract The strength of coupling between the positive-parity nucleon and the C12 core is investigated. Strong coupling, as implied by using the Nilsson model to generate wave functions, contradicts experiment. A reasonable picture arises from weak coupling with a strength consistent with that derivable from summing the two-body interaction integrals between the positive-parity nucleon and the core.
Nonlinear stochastic dynamics of mesoscopic homogeneous biochemical reaction systems—an analytical theory

The nonlinear dynamics of biochemical reactions in a small-sized system on the order of a cell are stochastic. Assuming spatial homogeneity, the populations of n molecular species follow a multi-dimensional birth-and-death process on . We introduce the Delbruck–Gillespie process, a continuous-time Markov jump process, whose Kolmogorov forward equation has been known as the chemical master equation, and whose stochastic trajectories can be computed via the Gillespie algorithm. Using simple models, we illustrate that a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations on emerges in the infinite system size limit. For finite system size, transitions among multiple attractors of the nonlinear dynamical system are rare events with exponentially long transit times. There is a separation of time scales between the deterministic ODEs and the stochastic Markov jumps between attractors. No diffusion process can provide a global representation that is accurate on both short and long time scales for the nonlinear, stochastic population dynamics. On the short time scale and near deterministic stable fixed points, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Gaussian processes give linear stochastic dynamics that exhibit time-irreversible circular motion for open, driven chemical systems. Extending this individual stochastic behaviour-based nonlinear population theory of molecular species to other biological systems is discussed.
Tridimensional trunk surface acquisition for brace manufacturing in idiopathic scoliosis.

Brace manufacturing for idiopathic scoliosis requires trunk surface acquisition. Two methods are currently available to design the trunk shape: craft made technique based on a plaster mold and computer-aided design with 3-D reconstruction of the trunk by optical scanning. The objective of the present review was to compare these two methods. We describe the different steps to design and manufacture braces used for spinal deformities. Our prospective evaluation showed good results in terms of the correction achieved and regarding patients’ in-brace comfort. Optical scanning for computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) of trunk orthoses have proven their effectiveness. These technologies may help in monitoring conservative treatment and may enhance the brace interaction with the spinal deformity when orthopedic treatment is indicated.
Non-linear alignment of El Nino to the 11-yr solar cycle

[1] El Nino/La Nina episodes represent warm/cool phases of 2- to 7-yr period El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system. Modeling studies find ENSO self-excited or driven by ambient noise. Here we find most El Nino and La Nina episodes from 1900–2005 grouped into non-commuting pairs that repeat every ∼11 yrs, aligned with rising and falling transition phases of the ∼11-yr period quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO). These alignments arise from non-linear phase locking of 3rd and 5th harmonics near 3.6- and 2.2-yr to the 1st harmonic near 11-yr period. Here we find these alignments replicated in both coupled general circulation model and conceptual model driven by 11-yr solar forcing, wherein the solar-forced 1st harmonic initiates a non-linear cascade of higher odd harmonics that are phase-locked with the same alignments as observed. These solar-forced 3rd and 5th harmonics explain ∼52% of inter-annual variance in the Nino-3 temperature index from 1900–2005.
Hyponatremia: A Risk Factor for Early Overt Encephalopathy after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication in cirrhotic patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Hyponatremia (HN) is a known contributing risk factor for the development of HE. Predictive factors, especially the effect of HN, for the development of overt HE within one week of TIPS placement were assessed. A single-center, retrospective chart review of 71 patients with cirrhosis who underwent TIPS creation from 2006–2011 for non-variceal bleeding indications was conducted. Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics were collected. Factors associated with overt HE within one week were identified, and a multivariate model was constructed. Seventy one patients who underwent 81 TIPS procedures were evaluated. Fifteen patients developed overt HE within one week. Factors predictive of overt HE within one week included pre-TIPS Na, total bilirubin and Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD)-Na. The odds ratio for developing HE with pre-TIPS Na <135 mEq/L was 8.6. Among patients with pre-TIPS Na <125 mEq/L, 125–129.9 mEq/L, 130–134.9 mEq/L and ≥135 mEq/L, the incidence of HE within one week was 37.5%, 25%, 25% and 3.4%, respectively. Lower pre-TIPS Na, higher total bilirubin and higher MELD-Na values were associated with the development of overt HE post-TIPS within one week. TIPS in hyponatremic patients should be undertaken with caution.
Cardiovascular health promotion in children: program and policy implications.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States; it is also a major factor in rising health care costs. Risk factors for the disease are present in childhood, at the time when lifelong health habits are forming. Thus, strategies for improving the cardiovascular health of children through programs and policy may be expected to have a maximum effect. The cardiovascular health in children study identified the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in 2209 children age 8 to 11 years, attending 21 rural and urban public schools in North Carolina. Schools were randomly selected from three regions of the state (coastal, piedmont, mountain) in which the frequency of cardiovascular disease differs. Initial results of the study demonstrate the use of such findings in formulating health policy and in designing intervention programs.
Body language in Business Negotiation

Human beings communicate through a variety of channels. Language is not the sole means by which humans exchange information. In conversation, we express our ideas and feelings not only with words but also through facial expressions, voice tones, and gestures. These non-verbal languages are called “Body Language”. It is just like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture.
Segmentation moves to the fore.

The complexity of the vertebrate nervous system has driven many to search for simplifying or organizing principles. For more than a century, studies of the developing neural tube have hinted that serial subdivision might be an important underlying mechanism through which regional specializations and patterns emerge [1]. For example, in the region of the future hindbrain, or rhombencephalon, the otherwise smooth neural tube is interrupted by a series of flexures separating small domains that extend rostro-caudally over a few tens of cells. These 'neuromeres', termed rhombomeres, were proposed to be the basic building blocks of the hindbrain. However, conflicting findings and a paucity of solid data on the precise nature of neurogenesis in the rhombencephalon (or other regions of the neuraxis) relegated these concepts to the subject of arguments and prevented them from serving as catalysts for experimental insights. As a result, research on brain patterning proceeded largely separately from the neuromere concept.
Guided model checking for programs with polymorphism

Exhaustive model checking search techniques are ineffective for error discovery in large and complex multi-threaded software systems. Distance estimate heuristics guide the concrete execution of the program toward a possible error location. The estimate is a lower-bound computed on a statically generated abstract model of the program that ignores all data values and only considers control flow. In this paper we describe a new distance estimate heuristic that efficiently computes a tighter lower-bound in programs with polymorphism when compared to the state of the art distance heuristic. We statically generate conservative distance estimates and refine the estimates when the targets of dynamic method invocations are resolved. In our empirical analysis the state of the art approach is computationally infeasible for large programs with polymorphism while our new distance heuristic can quickly detect the errors.
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells control eosinophil homeostasis

Eosinophils are specialized myeloid cells associated with allergy and helminth infections. Blood eosinophils demonstrate circadian cycling, as described over 80 years ago, and are abundant in the healthy gastrointestinal tract. Although a cytokine, interleukin (IL)-5, and chemokines such as eotaxins mediate eosinophil development and survival, and tissue recruitment, respectively, the processes underlying the basal regulation of these signals remain unknown. Here we show that serum IL-5 levels are maintained by long-lived type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) resident in peripheral tissues. ILC2 cells secrete IL-5 constitutively and are induced to co-express IL-13 during type 2 inflammation, resulting in localized eotaxin production and eosinophil accumulation. In the small intestine where eosinophils and eotaxin are constitutive, ILC2 cells co-express IL-5 and IL-13; this co-expression is enhanced after caloric intake. The circadian synchronizer vasoactive intestinal peptide also stimulates ILC2 cells through the VPAC2 receptor to release IL-5, linking eosinophil levels with metabolic cycling. Tissue ILC2 cells regulate basal eosinophilopoiesis and tissue eosinophil accumulation through constitutive and stimulated cytokine expression, and this dissociated regulation can be tuned by nutrient intake and central circadian rhythms.
On the stability of steady-state response of certain nonlinear dynamic systems subjected to harmonic excitations

Considered are dynamic systems whose response can be described by a set of nonlinear differential equations with harmonic coefficients that are proportional to a small parameter ɛ. The stability of the non-trivial steady-state solution is studied for cases in which the corresponding linear autonomous system of equations, obtained by setting ɛ = o, is in the Jordan canonical form with two equal non-zero characteristic values. The asymptotic method of Krylow, Bogoliubov, and Mitropolsky is used, and it is shown that certain steady-state solution exists, whose description involves fractional powers of ɛ. The results are illustrated for a beam of a rectangular cross-section, which is simply supported at both ends and is subjected to a pulsating follower transverse load at the center.
Resolution versus depth of focus in the resolution-enhanced optical system for lithography

Practical resolution of optical lithography is often defined as the minimum feature size which can be fabricated with acceptable depth of focus. It can be predicted by calculating diffraction image contrast in various defocused plane. However since large volume of calculation is required to know image contrast under partially coherent illumination, evaluation of optical lithography systems with regard to use of the practical resolution is time consuming and does not give us quick and clear forecast on optimum optical parameters for a given lithography specifications. In this paper, we propose an analytical and intuitive method for getting image contrast in defocused planes, by use of the theory of interference fringe formation. By using this method, relations among defocus, numerical aperture, wavelength, coherence factor and image contrast are derived analytically and these parameters can be optimized for given lithography methods, which employ not only the conventional but also various resolution-enhanced methods, such as annular illumination, phase-shift, illumination control and others.
Regulation of KLF4 Turnover Reveals an Unexpected Tissue-Specific Role of pVHL in Tumorigenesis

The transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is an important regulator of cell-fate decision, including cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, and stem cell renewal, and plays an ambivalent role in tumorigenesis as a tissue-specific tumor suppressor or oncogene. Here, we report that the Von Hippel-Lindau gene product, pVHL, physically interacts with KLF4 and regulates its rapid turnover observed in both differentiated and stem cells. We provide mechanistic insights into KLF4 degradation and show that pVHL depletion in colorectal cancer cells leads to cell-cycle arrest concomitant with increased transcription of the KLF4-dependent p21 gene. Finally, immunohistochemical staining revealed elevated pVHL and reduced KLF4 levels in colon cancer tissues. We therefore propose that unexpectedly pVHL, via the degradation of KLF4, is a facilitating factor in colorectal tumorigenesis.
Multi-human dialogue understanding for assisting artifact-producing meetings

In this paper we present the dialogue-understanding components of an architecture for assisting multi-human conversations in artifact-producing meetings: meetings in which tangible products such as project planning charts are created. Novel aspects of our system include multimodal ambiguity resolution, modular ontology-driven artifact manipulation, and a meeting browser for use during and after meetings. We describe the software architecture and demonstrate the system using an example multimodal dialogue.
Physiological factors limit fruit set of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under chronic, mild heat stress

The effects of chronic, mild heat stress on fruit set, fruit production, release of pollen grains, photosynthesis, night respiration and anther dehiscence were examined in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) differing in high-temperature sensitivity. Plants were grown under three temperature regimes: (1) 28/22 or 26/22 °C (optimal temperature); (2) 32/26 °C (high temperature); and (3) 32/26 °C day/night temperatures relieved at 28/22 °C for 10 d before anthesis, then returned to 32/26 °C (relieving treatment). FLA 7156 was the only cultivar with fruit set at 32/26 °C. All five cultivars, however, had fruit set under the relieving treatment (RT). The longer the relief, the higher the percentage of fruit set. Longer periods of relief also increased the number of pollen grains released, and linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the number of pollen grains released and the percentage of fruit set. Germination of pollen grains was also lowered in high-temperature-grown plants. The number of pollen grains produced, photosynthesis and night respiration did not limit fruit set under chronic, mild heat stress, however. This suggested that cultivar differences in pollen release and germination under heat stress are the most important factors determining their ability to set fruit.
A data skimming service for locally resident analysis data

A Data Skimming Service (DSS) is a site-level service for rapid event filtering and selection from locally resident datasets based on metadata queries to associated 'tag' databases. In US ATLAS, we expect most if not all of the AOD-based datasets to be replicated to each of the five Tier 2 regional facilities in the US Tier 1 'cloud' coordinated by Brookhaven National Laboratory. Entire datasets will consist of on the order of several terabytes of data, and providing easy, quick access to skimmed subsets of these data will be vital to physics working groups. Typically, physicists will be interested in portions of the complete datasets, selected according to event-level attributes (number of jets, missing Et, etc) and content (specific analysis objects for subsequent processing). In this paper we describe methods used to classify data (metadata tag generation) and to store these results in a local database. Next we discuss a general framework which includes methods for accessing this information, defining skims, specifying event output content, accessing locally available storage through a variety of interfaces (SRM, dCache/dccp, gridftp), accessing remote storage elements as specified, and user job submission tools through local or grid schedulers. The advantages of the DSS are the ability to quickly 'browse' datasets and design skims, for example, pre-adjusting cuts to get to a desired skim level with minimal use of compute resources, and to encode these analysis operations in a database for re-analysis and archival purposes. Additionally the framework has provisions to operate autonomously in the event that external, central resources are not available, and to provide, as a reduced package, a minimal skimming service tailored to the needs of small Tier 3 centres or individual users.
Preassigning the boundary of diametrically-complete sets

In a Minkowski space with unit ballS, a setD(λ) is diametrically complete ifD(λ)=∩{. In this paper a method is given for generating such setsD(λ) which contain an arbitrary setX. This technique is then employed to find necessary and sufficient conditions for a setA to lie on the boundary of some suchD(λ) and bounds are given on the acceptable values of λ.
Short-Acting β-Agonist Prescription Fills as a Marker for Asthma Morbidity

Objectives Hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) visits have traditionally been used to assess the strength of association between environmental exposures, such as air pollution, and asthma morbidity. In the current study, we evaluate the use of short-acting β-agonist (SABA) prescriptions as a surrogate marker for asthma exacerbation with respect to these more traditional markers Methods Claims data for recipients covered by Illinois Medicaid with a diagnosis of asthma were obtained for fiscal-years 1996 through June 1998. Claims for short-acting bronchodilators and asthma-related ED visits and hospital admissions for 31,140 adults were identified. The odds ratio for the association of either an ED visit or hospital admission and an SABA prescription was calculated for time lags ranging from − 28 to + 28 days. Individual-subject heterogeneity and seasonal effects were corrected for using the Mantel-Haenszel method Results After adjustment for individual and seasonal effects, there was a significant positive association between SABA prescriptions and ED visits or hospital admissions for asthma on any single day. In addition, a significant positive association was also found between the ED visits or hospital admissions occurring on the few days prior to an SABA prescription. No significant relation was found (after adjusting for subject and seasonal effects) between prescriptions and admissions when an SABA prescription date preceded that of a hospital admission or an ED visit Conclusions A very strong and significant association between ED visits or hospital admissions for asthma and SABA prescriptions was observed, which suggests that SABA prescription fills can be used as a marker for asthma morbidity. In addition, a temporal association exists between claims for ED visits or hospital admissions for asthma and SABA prescription claims when an ED visit or hospital admission precedes the SABA prescription