cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of bilingualism and culture on early attention: a longitudinal study in the U.S., Argentina, and Vietnam

A large body of literature suggests that bilingualism strongly influences attentional processes among a variety of age groups. Increasing studies, however, indicate that culture may also have measurable effects on attentional processes. Bilinguals are often exposed to multiple cultural backgrounds, therefore, it is unclear if being exposed to multiple languages and culture together influence attentional processes, or if the effect themselves are uniquely linked to different attentional processes. The present study explores the relevancy of different attentional processes-alerting, orienting, and executive control-to language and to culture. In the present study, 97 3-years-old (Mean age = 38.78 months) monolingual and bilingual children from three countries (the U.S., Argentina, and Vietnam) were longitudinally tested for a total of five time points on a commonly used non-linguistic attentional paradigm-the Attention Network Test. Results demonstrate that when other factors are controlled (e.g., socio-economic status, vocabulary knowledge, age), culture plays an important role on the development of the alerting and executive control attentional network, while language status was only significant on the executive control attentional network. The present study indicates that culture may interact with bilingualism to further explain previous reported advantages, as well as elucidate the increasing disparity surrounding cognitive advantages in bilingual literature.
Effects of a patient/family-centered practice change on the quality and cost of intensive care: research protocol

radwin l.e., ananian l., cabral h.j., keeley a. & currier p.f. (2010) Effects of a patient/family-centered practice change on the quality and cost of intensive care: research protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(1), 215–224. Abstract Aim. This paper is a description of a protocol for studying the impact of a patient/family-centered, evidence-based practice change on the quality, cost and use of services for critically ill patients at the end of life. Background. International attention currently is focused on the quality and cost/use of intensive care services. Empirical literature and expert opinion suggest that early, enhanced communication among the clinical team and the patient and family results in higher quality and less costly care at the end of life. Design. Our Medical Intensive Care Unit practice change involves three components: teaching sessions for all Registered Nurses and physicians assigned to the unit; patient/family meetings held in 72 hours of the patient’s admission to the unit; and formal documentation to support communication among clinicians. Ethical approval was obtained in April 2009. A two-group post-test design is used, with one group comprising patients hospitalized before the practice change and their families, and the second group of patients/families after the practice change. Data comprise medical record information and families’ responses to surveys. Final analytic models will result from multivariable regression techniques. Discussion. The study represents translational research in that interventions are brought to the bedside to reach the people for whom the interventions were designed. The practice change is likely to endure after the study because our research team is composed of both clinicians and scientists. Also, direct care clinicians endorse and are responsible for the practice change.
Faces in Relation : A Case Study

The co-construction of the intersubjective field is of interest to psychoanalysis, yet detailed clinical material illustrating the nonverbal dimension of this process remains rare. This case presentation of Dolores illustrates two themes of the 10-year, thrice-weekly treatment conducted sitting up: (1) the integration of the “faces” of Dolores herself, her multiple early attachment figures, and my own; and (2) traumatic loss and mourning. Dolores was preoccupied with the faces of her childhood, and she wanted to be able to find her own face in mine. But she could not look at me, her own face was dampened, and she was often silent. Extremely fearful, withdrawn, and dissociated, she nevertheless longed for attachment. The paper describes both the process of co-constructing our attachment, as well as her difficulty in using our attachment, in large part because of her difficulty in mourning the traumatic loss of her first mother. Although Dolores was a brilliant and accomplished professional woman, and capab...
Mirror, mirror on the wall … Comments on the chimeric face task used by Roszkowski and Snelbecker (1982)

Abstract A critique is presented of the chimeric face task used as a measure of cerebral laterality by M. J. Roszkowski and G. E. Snelbecker (1982, Brain and Cognition , 1 , 404–409). Problems arise because the faces used are not true mirror images of each other, but in fact differ in facial details. Data are presented to illustrate that the earlier results are not caused by cerebral laterality but by the fact that the two drawings are not equally happy—even when placed in the same left-right orientation.
Silicon solar cell designs based on physical behavior in concentrated sunlight

Abstract The physical behavior of silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight is described. The development of this description is guided and substantiated by exact numerical solutions of the basic differential equations governing the operation of solar cells. From the understanding of the physical behavior, three distinct cell designs having much higher efficiencies than achieved previously are evolved. The designs involve no significant departures from basically conventional silicon solar cell structures. Theoretical performance projections for these designs, supported in part by experiment, predict conversion efficiencies of about 20% for illumination levels in the range 25–100 suns (AM1).
Structure-activity relationship of ligands of the pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases

Eighty-seven pyrimidine base and nucleoside analogs were evaluated as inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase (UrdPase) and thymidine phosphorylase (dThdPase). These findings, together with an extensive literature review, have allowed construction of structure-activity relationships for the binding of ligands to UrdPase and dThdPase and provide a basis for the rational design of new inhibitors of these enzymes. Additionally, 2,6-pyridinediol and 6-benzyl-2-thiouracil have been identified as being potent inhibitors of UrdPase and dThdPase respectively.
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Patients Less Than 40 Years of Age

Coronary bypass patients less than 40 years of age were identified and compared with a control group previously studied at our hospital. In patients less than 40 years, the average age was 35 years. Men comprised 90.1 percent of group 1, and 83.4 percent of group 2. Operative mortality was 2.89 percent for group 1 and 2.1 percent for group 2. Patients less than 40 years were more likely to have positive family history (46.3 percent vs 21.94 percent), elevated cholesterol levels (25.62 vs 11.36 percent), and be smokers (59.09 vs 39.9 percent). Group 1 patients were less likely to have diabetes (4.54 vs 13.37 percent) or hypertension (18.18 vs 31.43 percent). The percentage of late deaths was much higher for younger patients. Postoperative angina and the need for reoperation was higher in group 1. (Chest 1988; 94:1138-41)
Solving the Navier-Stokes Systems with Weak Viscosity and Strong Heat Conduction Using the Flux-Corrected Transport Technique and the Alternating-Directional Explicit Method

The flux-corrected transport (FCT) technique and the alternating-direction explicit (ADE) method are coupled through a time-splitting technique. This new combination of both methods has been used successfully to solve the fully coupled Navier?Stokes system applied to ionospheric thermal plasma flows with a viscosity and strong heat conduction. The combined scheme gives convergent solutions within the time step set for nonlinear stability of the corresponding nondissipative flow fields, and the time-dependent solutions are consistent with other model results using different methods. To have a quantitative view of the flux-limiter of Boris' FCT version, a concept of local variation is defined to identify local extrema. The total variation diminishing scheme finds unique entropy solutions for vanishing dissipation. The ADE scheme, however, enables us to handle dissipation when the FCT technique alone can be inappropriate.
Spatial-frequency- and orientation-selectivity of simple and complex channels in region segregation

Abstract Models incorporating spatial-frequency- and orientation-selective channels explain many texture-segregation results, particularly when known nonlinearities are included. One such nonlinearity is complex channels . A complex channel consists of two stages of linear filtering separated by a rectification-type nonlinearity. Here we investigate the spatial-frequency- and orientation-selectivity of simple (linear) channels and of the complex channels' first stage. Observers rated the degree of segregation between two “textures” both composed of elements which were Gabor patches. When the textures differed in type of element (e.g. one composed of vertical and the other of horizontal Gabor patches), the segregation results yield bandwidth estimates for simple channels of approx. 0.5–1.0 octave on the spatial-frequency dimension and 5–20 deg of rotation on the orientation dimension. When the textures differ in the arrangement of elements (e.g. striped vs checkerboard arrangements, both of horizontal and vertical patches), the segregation results yield bandwidth estimates for the first stage of complex channels . These estimates, while differing substantially from one observer to another, were always substantially wider than those for simple channels (by at least a factor of two) but narrower than bandwidths of LGN cells (particularly on the orientation dimension where LGN cells show little selectivity at all).
Interpretation of Carrier Mobility Spectra of Liquids Electrified by Bubbling and Spraying

The homogeneous group of negative carriers of mobility 1.8 cm/sec. per volt/cm, produced by bubbling distilled water, consists of a normal negative ion in moist air. The positive and negative groups at mobilities +1.0 and -0.95 appear to be due to carriers containing an extra ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion, respectively. It is likely that the other distilled water groups are formed partly by the breaking of the thin bubble film in uniform fashion, and partly by the evaporation of larger carriers. The presence of electrolytic ions in the bubble film seems to cause irregular rupture, and thus a wide distribution of mobilities. With increasing concentration in solutions more concentrated than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ mole per liter, the reduced vapor pressure of the carriers containing solute causes the main maximum to shift gradually to lower mobilities (i.e., larger drop sizes). Presence of sucrose in the bubble film appears to provide "nuclei" so that a greater number of droplets are formed than is the case with distilled water. Thus more total charge and more types of carriers are produced. When distilled water is bubbled more violently than usual, the bubble films are more extensively torn into thick fragments by the air blast, so that the positive charges (which on Lenard's theory are in the under layer of the electrical double layer) are more frequently torn off. Hence the proportion of positive charge produced relative to the negative is greater. The less turbulent breaking of the bubble film in the case of gentle bubbling seldom exposes positive charges, so that no positive carriers are produced. The use of supersaturated air in the bubbling blasts inhibits evaporation so that only a wide distribution of carriers of all sizes is observed.
Melting of homopolymers under pressure

The effect of pressure on the melting of polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(ethylene oxide), and poly-3,3-bischloromethyloxacyclobutane (Penton), has been studied up to 3000 atm. The melting temperature–pressure curves for all polymers studied rose indefinitely with pressure, thus behaving in a manner similar to that previously reported for long-chain hydrocarbons. For polyethylene, analysis of the total entropy change on melting, in terms of changes in configurational and volume entropies showed that the percentage of the total entropy change due to change in configurational entropy increased rapidly with pressure, attaining a value of 90% at 3000 atm. The changes in the configurational entropies of melting for polypropylene, poly(ethylene oxide), and Penton were subsequently shown to be lower than that of polyethylene suggesting more melt order. This could arise from helical conformations in the melt for polypropylene and polyethylene oxide and from a stabilized planar zigzag conformation in the Penton melt. A pronounced broadening of the melting range with pressure was attributed to pressuresensitive transitions which are known to occur near the melting temperature and also to the effect of molecular weight distribution.
An Economic Analysis of Performance in Preparative Chromatography of Proteins

Abstract An economic analysis of preparative chromatography of proteins is reported. We present a way to calculate and optimize the efficiency for isolating a desired protein from a given protein mixture with regard to feed, fractionation, product purity, throughput, and operating costs. Evaluation of the overall efficiency for the purification in subsequent steps is also demonstrated.
Development of Accurate Models for Individualized Prediction of Survival After Cytoreductive Nephrectomy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Background There is limited evidence to guide patient selection for cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) following the diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
Calmodulin distribution in peripheral nerve: an EM immunocytochemical study

Abstract We used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to study the distribution of calmodulin in rat sciatic nerve. Calmodulin immunoreactivity was found throughout the axoplasmic matrix, but particularly along microtubules. Schwann cell cytoplasm and nuclei demonstrated immunoreactivity, while compact myelin did not. There was particularly intense immuno-gold deposition within Schmidt Lanterman clefts. At the nodes of Ranvier, calmodulin appeared preferentially in the paranodal region, along the apposition of the axolemma to the paranodal loops of myelin and extending into the paranodal loops. The presence of calmodulin immunoreactivity along microtubules supports biochemical and pharmacological evidence of calmodulin involvement in regulating the assembly and phosphorylation of microtubules, and in fast axonal transport along microtubules. The co-localization of paranodal calmodulin immunoreactivity with Ca-ATPase activity demonstrated cytochemically (Mata et al.,Brain Research, in press) supports the notion that the paranodal Ca-ATPase activity may be regulated by calmodulin, and agrees with the in vitro biochemical evidence for Ca-ATPase of other cells.
Constantine before the riots of August 1934: civil status, anti-Semitism, and the politics of assimilation in interwar French Algeria

The anti-Semitic riots of 3–5 August 1934 in Constantine should be understood both as a long-term result of the colonial order's civic exclusions, and against the background of shifts in local politics following the 1919 reforms of the electoral process. After these reforms, Jewish citizens and Muslim colonial subjects found that the terms of their inclusion in the political process drove them into different alliances with the colonial state and its local representatives, exacerbating tensions between Muslims and Jews in the city. The article compares two moments of anti-Semitic agitation in which agitators from the settler population attempted to provoke violence against Jews by Muslims: a brief episode in 1920–21, which failed; and a more concerted effort between 1928 and 1933, which came very close to provoking a violent outburst against the city's Jews in the summer of 1933.
PASSAGE INDEPENDENCY AND QUESTION CHARACTERISTICS: AN ANALYSIS OF THREE INFORMAL READING INVENTORIES

ABSTRACT Three informal reading inventories were examined to identify passage independent test questions, questions which could be answered correctly without reading the corresponding passages. Fourth grade students of good and poor reading ability were administered the test questions orally without access to the passages. The percentage of questions answered correctly was calculated for each test. An analysis of variance procedure revealed that the Classroom Reading Inventory was the most passage independent followed by the Analytical Reading Inventory and Ginn 720 inventory respectively. However the two reader groups did not differ significantly in their performance across the three tests. An analysis of children's responses to the questions revealed that three question categories in particular tended to be passage independent in nature. These categories were: a) general information b) vocabulary meaning and c) affective. The investigation also examined the literal and inferential characteristics of the...
The IRAC point response function in the warm Spitzer mission

The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) is now the only science instrument in operation on the Spitzer Space Telescope. The 3.6 and 4.5 µm channels are temperature-stabilized at ~28.7K, and the sensitivity of IRAC is nearly identical to what it was in the cryogenic mission. The instrument point response function (PRF) is a set of values from which one can determine the point spread function (PSF) for a source at any position in the field, and is dependent on the optical characteristics of the telescope and instrument as well as the detector sampling and pixel response. These data are necessary when performing PSF-fitting photometry of sources, for deconvolving an IRAC image, subtracting out a bright source in a field, or for estimating the flux of a source that saturates the detector. Since the telescope and instrument are operating at a higher temperature in the post-cryogenic mission, we re-derive the PRFs for IRAC from measurements obtained after the warm mission temperature set point and detector biases were finalized and compare them to the 3.6 and 4.5 µm PRFs determined during the cryogenic mission to assess any changes.
The Role of the Experiment in the Social Sciences

Laboratory research is often criticized for its artificiality and its lack of random sampling. These criticisms are examined within the context of two approaches to social scientific knowledge: the descriptive and the formal. The goal of a descriptive theory is the explication of social events and processes as they exist at one point or specific points in time, while the goat of a formal theory is the development of law-like statements. We argue that if the concern is the development of descriptive theory the experiment can legitimately be criticized on the basis of artificiality and lack of random sampling. We argue further, however, that if the concern is the development of formal theory, artificiality is an advantage and random sampling is not a requirement.
A capacity-increasing mechanism in freeway traffic

Abstract A reason is unveiled for the time-varying pattern in discharge flow that is commonly observed at freeway bottlenecks. We hypothesize that four known effects in freeway traffic can interact upstream of a bottleneck in ways that trigger periodic bursts in its discharge flow. Repeated observations of a 3-km freeway stretch support the hypothesis. Controlled experiments show that the capacity-increasing mechanism can be favorably modulated by metering the site’s on-ramps in an unconventional manner. The unconventional strategy repeatedly produced higher average discharge flows and shorter on-ramp queues than did a more traditional metering policy.
Cell Division Intersects with Cell Geometry

Single-celled organisms monitor cell geometry and use this information to control cell division. Such geometry-sensing mechanisms control both the decision to enter into cell division and the physical orientation of the chromosome segregation machinery, suggesting that signals controlling cell division may be linked to the mechanisms that ensure proper chromosome segregation.
Picomolar Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase: Design and Crystallography of Naphthyl Phenyl Ethers

Catechol diethers that incorporate a 6-cyano-1-naphthyl substituent have been explored as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs). Promising compounds are reported that show midpicomolar activity against the wild-type virus and sub-20 nM activity against viral variants bearing Tyr181Cys and Lys103Asn mutations in HIV-RT. An X-ray crystal structure at 2.49 A resolution is also reported for the key compound 6e with HIV-RT.
Tail-pinch-induced hyperphagia in weanling rats with dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions

Dorsomedial hypothalamic lesions (DMNL) were produced in 26-day-old and 44-day-old male rats. Sham-operated rats served as controls. Tail-pinching (TP) was performed for five minutes at a time over two periods: the first TP period of six sessions each from post-operative day 1 to day 17 and the second TP period of eight sessions from post-operative day 18 to day 35. Three equicloric diets, high-carbohydrate, high-fat, and high-protein, were presented ad libitum in pellet form during the TP sessions. Lab chow was available ad libitum in the home cages. Rats with DMNL at age 26 days did not show TP-induced hyperphagia and HCD preference compared to the controls until the second TP period. In rats lesioned at age 44 days, TP-induced hyperphagia and HCD-preference (compared with controls) became evident immediately after the operation. In the home cages (lab chow), DMNL rats showed a decline in food intake from the first to the second TP period, while the sham-operated controls showed an increase. TP-induced hyperphagia in the rat with DMNL does not appear to be caused by some arousal-related process as has been shown for the rat with lateral hypothalamic lesions. Lesions in the nigrostriatal system have been reported to attenuate TP-induced feeding, while the present study indicates that lesions in the DMN enhance it. This suggests that fibers in the central nervous system may be involved in facilitation or inhibition of TP-induced eating.
Gertrude Stein's twin

When Gertrude Stein began constructing an archive of her life's work at Yale University Library in 1937, the first text she worked on was a novel, Ida. Stein wrote and rewrote this novel for three years and carefully saved a record of the process. Then concurrently in February 1941, Yale held an exhibition celebrating her archive and Ida was published. This essay argues that the two narratives, the making of the archive and the novel, should be read together. The twin-like relationship Stein created at the Yale exhibition, between the private manuscript and the public book, reflected a larger one she had been meditating on throughout the late 1930s: the relation of the private writer to her public work. She wanted to reverse the flow of interest so that people were studying not her personality but her texts. Stein's twin was her archive and Ida takes us to it: she wrote Ida as a composite novel, incorporating a number of previously written texts. Here is proof, then, that her creative practice was more co...
Defining a therapeutic target for pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia

Objective To create a data-driven computational model that identifies brain regions most frequently influenced by successful deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus (GP) for advanced, medication-resistant, generalized dystonia. Methods We studied a retrospective cohort of 21 DYT1 primary dystonia patients treated for at least 1 year with bilateral pallidal DBS. We first created individual volume of tissue activation (VTA) models utilizing neuroimaging and postoperative stimulation and clinical data. These models were then combined into a standardized probabilistic dystonia stimulation atlas (DSA). Finally, we constructed a candidate target volume from electrodes demonstrating at least 75% improvement in contralateral symptoms, utilizing voxels stimulated by least 75% of these electrodes. Results Pallidal DBS resulted in a median contralateral hemibody improvement of 90% (mean = 83%, standard deviation [SD] = 20) after 1 year of treatment. Individual VTA models of the 42 active electrodes included in the study demonstrated a mean stimulation volume of 501mm[3] ([SD] = 284). The resulting DSA showed that areas most frequently stimulated were located squarely in the middle of the posterior GP, with a common target volume measuring 153mm3. Interpretation Our results provide a map of the region of influence of therapeutic DBS for dystonia and represent a potential target to refine current methods of surgical planning and stimulation parameters selection. Based on their role in alleviating symptoms, these regions may also provide anatomical and physiological information relevant to disease models of dystonia. Further experimental and clinical studies will be needed to validate their importance. Ann Neurol 2014;76:22–30
Exact conditional tests for cross-classifications: Approximation of attained significance levels

A procedure is proposed for approximating attained significance levels of exact conditional tests. The procedure utilizes a sampling from the null distribution of tables having the same marginal frequencies as the observed table. Application of the approximation through a computer subroutine yields precise approximations for practically any table dimensions and sample size.
Endonuclease III is an iron-sulfur protein.

Elemental analyses, Mossbauer, and EPR data are reported to show that endonuclease III of Escherichia coli is an iron-sulfur protein. Mossbauer spectra of protein freshly prepared from E. coli grown on 57Fe-enriched medium demonstrate that the native enzyme contains a single 4Fe-4S cluster in the 2+ oxidation state, with a net spin of zero. Upon treatment with ferricyanide, a fraction (less than 25%) of the clusters is oxidized into a state which yields an EPR spectrum near g = 2.01 typical of a 3Fe-4S cluster. The magnetic field dependence of the linear electric field effect verifies this assignment. Electron spin echo modulation on the g = 2.01 form of the protein in deuterated solvent indicates the presence of exchangeable protons in the vicinity of the 3Fe-4S cluster. The data obtained show that the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster of the native enzyme is resistant to either oxidation or reduction, although photoreduction elicited a g = 1.94 type EPR signal characteristic of a [4Fe-4S]1+ cluster. These studies show that endonuclease III is unique in being both a DNA repair enzyme and an iron-sulfur protein. The function of the 4Fe-4S cluster remains to be established.
Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast with rhabdomyosarcomatous element: aspiration cytology with histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural correlations.

We studied a metaplastic breast carcinoma with a rhabdomyosarcomatous element from a 62-yr-old woman. In the fine-needle aspirates processed by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain, there were small undifferentiated cells with scanty cytoplasm and differentiated cells with red macronucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. Some differentiated cells contained a brown inclusion with a blue rim. Ultrastructurally, the brown inclusion correlated to a central aggregate of sarcomeres and the blue rim correlated to actin filaments surrounding the sarcomeres. The differentiated cells without cytoplasmic inclusions expressed cytokeratin and contained tonofilaments. A transitional cell type containing both sacromeres and tonofilaments was absent. Immunohistochemically, the small undifferentiated cells expressed vimentin diffusely and showed 90% MIB-1 proliferating index, whereas the differentiated cells expressed cytokeratin, actin, or myoglobin and had virtually absent MIB-1 nuclear labeling. Histologically, the small cells were more concentrated along the capsule and the large cells were more concentrated in the center of the tumor. These findings suggest the bidirectional differentiation of the small undifferentiated cells into carcinoma cells and rhabdomyosarcoma cells in this tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:153–158. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The neuropsychology of impulse control: New insights into violent behaviors

Environmental stressors, especially within penal environments, have led to increased violence within correctional settings. Knowledge of the neuropsychology of impulse control needs to be within the scope of knowledge of correctional officials at all levels. In this article we attempt to present the basics of neuropsychology of aggression along with the corresponding diagnostic classifications and general recommendations for environmental controls which may serve as strategies for reducing the incidence of disruption within the correctional setting.
Röntgenographische Charakterisierung des Reaktionsproduktes von Bis(S‐amino‐dithionitrito)‐nickel(II) mit Ammoniak, Formaldehyd und Methanol

Der Nickel(II)-Komplex Ni(N2S2)2C4H9NO (3) entsteht bei der Reaktion von Ni(HN2S2)2 (1) mit Ammoniak und Formaldehyd in methanolischer Losung. Er kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 8.293, b = 14.917, c = 9.191 A, β = 94.77° und Z = 4. Seine Struktur wurde mittels der symbolischen Additionsmethode bestimmt und bis zu R = 0.036 verfeinert. Die beiden ebenen NiN2S2-Ringe bilden einen Flachenwinkel von 4.5°. X-Ray Crystallographic Characterization of the Reaction Product of Bis (S-aminodithionitrito)nickel(II) with Ammonia, Formaldehyde, and Methanol The nickel(II) complex Ni(N2S2)2C4H9NO (3), which is formed during the reaction of Ni(HN2S2)2 (1) with ammonia and formaldehyde in methanol, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 8.293, b = 14.917, c = 9.191 A, β = 94.77° and Z = 4. The structure was solved by the symbolic addition procedure and was refined to R = 0.036. The two planar NiN2S2 rings intersect with a dihedral angle of 4.5°.
The Surgical Perspective in Palliative Care: “Cutting Edge” Questions Answered (523)

Objectives 1. Recognize concerns of hospital adminstrators about measures and rankings of hospitals, especially Medicare’s ‘‘Hospital Compare’’ measure of hospital mortality. 2. Illustrate to hospital administrators that an active palliative care program will not worsen mortality or public rankings, and might improve them in the future. 3. Discuss myths about hospital mortality scores, and reiterate the importance of palliative care and hospice for improving true quality of care. Introduction. Numerous entities such as Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and US News & World Report evaluate hospital quality based, in part, on risk-adjusted mortality rates. We have identified more than seven national entities that publicly disseminate hospital mortality rates and no two of them use the same approach. In our institution and elsewhere, palliative care (PC) programs have been implicated when mortality scores are worse than expected. Methods. (1) We reviewed 10 years of experience with all patients who died in our hospital before and after we opened our PC unit (PCU) in 2000. (2) We reviewed the methodological approach of each entity that evaluates hospitals using mortality rates and examined the degree to which PC involvement is taken into account. (3) We reviewed data from our hospital concerning the use of the ‘‘V66.7 Palliative Care Encounter’’ ICD-9 code to see whether that could possibly affect mortality rates. Results. The PC program concentrated dying patients on the PCU but total deaths did not change over 10 years and remained at about 3% of admissions. The proportion that died on the oncology floor and general units declined but the number of intensive care unit deaths did not change. At least two national entities take the ‘‘V66.7 Palliative Care Encounter’’ code into account when computing hospital mortality rates. But in our hospital this code usually falls below the ninth diagnosis position and thus would not be visible to these national entities. Conclusions, Our PC program did not increase the hospital-wide death rate, but PC programs may be missing some opportunities to positively influence hospital mortality rates. PC leaders should make themselves familiar with hospital mortality rates and be prepared to work with hospital administrators to understand and respond to publicly reported quality indicators that are relevant to PC.
Existence of generic homoclinic tangencies for henon mappings

It is an open question whether there is a strange attractor for the Henon mapping. We show that for certain maps close to the Henon map there are strange attractors.
Multi-dimensional heat flux reconstruction using narrow-band thermochromic liquid crystal thermography

An inverse algorithm is developed to reconstruct multi-dimensional surface heat flux using transient surface temperature measurements provided by narrow-band thermal liquid crystals (TLC) or phase-change material (PCM). In this thermographic technique, the information provided is the time it took a certain location to reach the characteristic temperature of the TLC or PCM. A quadratic functional to be minimized is formulated. The Levenberg-Marquardt method and genetic algorithms are used to minimize the functional. It is shown that GA's can be used successfully to retrieve surface heat flux distributions with significant error in input times to arrival at the TLC or PCM critical temperature.
Purified intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a ligand for lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1)

Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is a leukocyte cell surface glycoprotein that promotes intercellular adhesion in immunological and inflammatory reactions. It is an alpha beta complex that is structurally related to receptors for extracellular matrix components, and thus belongs to the integrin family. ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) is a distinct cell surface glycoprotein. Its broad distribution, regulated expression in inflammation, and involvement in LFA-1-dependent cell-cell adhesion have suggested that ICAM-1 may be a ligand for LFA-1. We have purified ICAM-1 and incorporated it into artificial supported lipid membranes. LFA-1+ but not LFA-1- cells bound to ICAM-1 in the artificial membranes, and the binding could be specifically inhibited by anti-ICAM-1 treatment of the membranes or by anti-LFA-1 treatment of the cells. The cell binding to ICAM-1 required metabolic energy production, an intact cytoskeleton, and the presence of Mg2+ and was temperature dependent, characteristics of LFA-1- and ICAM-1-dependent cell-cell adhesion.
Adolescents and Young Adults With Down Syndrome Presenting to a Medical Clinic With Depression: Phenomenology and Characterization Using the Reiss Scales and Aberrant Behavior Checklist

Caretakers of adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome (DS) may report the onset of a depressive illness in previously mentally well individuals. However, the behavioral phenomenology of these conditions has not been well characterized. We ascertained a cohort of DS patient-subjects presenting to a specialty clinic with medical and/or mental health concerns between 2002 and 2009.Caretakers completed questionnaires measuring psychopathology and maladaptive behavior on all subjects. When psychopathology was present a psychiatric diagnosis was made using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition-Revised (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria. DS subjects without mental health concerns served as a control group. Cases scored significantly higher (p < .0001) on the Anxiety, Attention, Autism, Depression, Psychosis, Withdrawn, Other behavior, and Total score of the Reiss Scales for Children's Dual Diagnosis (RSCDD) and the Stereotypy and Lethargy subscales of the Aberr...
Isolation of the virus of poliomyelitis from the stools, oropharynx and nose of contacts.

within a short period after exposure, particularly if they are young children3 or, if adults, if the degree of exposure has been large,4-8 e.g., parents of a clinically recognized case or others with prolonged exposure. Virus has also been isolated, although much less frequently, from the oropharynx of contacts of clinical cases of poliomyelitis6-9 and from the tonsils and adenoids of noncontacts.9
Temperature fluctuations and flicker noise in p-n junction diodes

A simple and elementary calculation is carried out which shows that microscopic temperature fluctuations produced by the shot-noise nature of the p-n junction diode current can cause 1/f-flicker noise.
Relationships between plasma membrane depolarization, nuclear membrane breakdown, and the appearance of cytoplasmic factors during the first meiotic division in Rana pipiens oocytes.

Abstract The present study examines the relationship among three events which occur in Rana pipiens oocytes following hormone-induced reinitiation of meiosis: (i) plasma membrane depolarization, (ii) nuclear membrane breakdown, and (iii) the appearance of specific cytoplasmic factors. Preventing plasma membrane depolarization with a voltage clamp did not prevent nuclear breakdown. Transfer of cytoplasm from hormone-induced oocytes into naive oocytes resulted in both depolarization and nuclear breakdown. Depolarization of injected oocytes was dependent on protein synthesis, whereas nuclear breakdown was not. These findings, together with other recent evidence, suggest that different cytoplasmic factors may initiate protein synthesis-independent nuclear membrane events and protein synthesis-dependent plasma membrane events.
A comparison of model-based (2D) and design-based (3D) stereological methods for estimating cell number in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the C57BL/6J mouse.

The substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is a compact brain structure that contains a variable distribution of cells in both medial to lateral and rostral to caudal dimensions. The SNpc is the primary brain structure affected in Parkinson's disease, where loss of dopaminergic neurons is one of the major hallmarks of the disorder. Neurotoxic and genetic models of Parkinson's disease, as well as mechanisms to treat this disorder, are modeled in the mouse. To accurately assess the validity of a model, one needs to be assured that the method(s) of analysis is accurate. Here, we determined the total number of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc of the C57BL/6J mouse by serial reconstruction then compared that value to estimates derived using model-based stereology and design-based stereology. Serial reconstruction of the SNpc revealed the total number of SNpc dopaminergic neurons to be 8305±540 (±SEM). We compared this empirically derived neuron number to model based and design-based stereological estimates. We found that model based estimates gave a value of 8002±91 (±SEM) while design-based estimates were 8716±338 (±SEM). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between estimates generated using model- or design-based stereological methods compared to empirically-derived counts using serial reconstruction.
Hydrogen absorption and its effect on structure and magnetic behavior of GdNi2

Abstract The compound GdNi2 having the cubic Laves phase structure absorbs hydrogen to from GdNi2H4. The x-ray diffraction pattern indicates that there is no long-range atomic ordering in the hydride. Magnetization studies have been carried out on GdNi2H4 and the results are compared with those on crystalline and amorphous GdNi2. The Curie temperature of GdNi2H4 is only 8 K, much smaller than 38 K for amorphous GdNi2 and 81 K for cyrstalline GdNi2.
Ebstein anomaly and duplication of the distal arm of chromosome 15: report of two patients.

Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve is an uncommon congenital heart defect. We report two unrelated patients with Ebstein anomaly and duplication of the distal long arm of chromosome 15 (15q22 → qter and 15q24 → qter). Duplication of 15q is a well-described phenotype that includes congenital heart defects, and these are the first cases with Ebstein anomaly. Duplication of 15q likely affects the early morphogenesis of cardiac structures, including the normal formation of the tricuspid valve. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Completion Angiography After Cardiac Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease: Complementing the Intraoperative Imaging Modalities

Residual structural pathology after cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease may complicate postoperative recovery. Completion angiograms obtained in the operating room may facilitate early detection and therapy of residual structural abnormalities. Our objective here is to report our institutional experience performing completion angiograms after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Between October 2007 and August 2008, 31 patients underwent completion angiograms after 32 cardiac surgical procedures. The median age was 7.5 months (range, 50 days to 31.2 years) and the median weight was 6.5 kg (range, 3.1–153 kg). Type of procedure, angiographic findings, and therapeutic decision were retrospectively reviewed. Procedures (proc) evaluated through completion angiography included comprehensive stage II or Glenn (n = 13), aortic arch reconstruction/conduit (n = 3), repair/palliation of tetralogy of Fallot or pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (n = 4), PVR or conduit replacement (n = 5), and others (n = 7). Unexpected pathology was identified in 18 of 32 (56.3%) proc, which included left pulmonary artery (LPA) stenoses (n = 15), right pulmonary artery (RPA) stenoses (n = 11), and stenosis impairing coronary blood flow (after DKS; n = 1). In 9 of 32 (28.1%) proc, findings may have led to a change in therapeutic management. This included surgical revision (n = 1), ‘Hybrid’ therapy in the same setting (n = 2: LPA stent, 1; RPA balloon, 1), early catheterization within 3 months (n = 4), and change in medical management (n = 2: change in anticoagulation, 1; early CT, 1). Complications related to completion angiography were seen in only a single procedure (LPA staining). In conclusion, completion angiograms using a dedicated Hybrid cardiac operating suite may aid in early diagnosis and therapy of postsurgical abnormalities. They complement other methods of intraoperative imaging and may reduce the potential need for early surgical or transcatheter reintervention.
Electromagnetic response of disordered superconductors

We use the exact eigenstate formalism to construct a gauge-invariant theory for correlation functions for disordered superconductors. The density response and the longitudinal and transverse current response at zero temperature are calculated explicitly for Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductors with arbitrary amounts of disorder. At small frequencies and wave numbers this can be done analytically, and we discuss the coherence length, the penetration depth, and the Anderson-Bogolubov mode at various degrees of disorder. We then calculate the longitudinal dielectric function numerically for larger frequencies and wave numbers. We find that the disorder does not change the absence of low-lying collective modes in charged superconductors. Implications for the quasiparticle inelastic lifetime are discussed.
Multi-DoF probe trajectory reconstruction with local sensors for 2D-to-3D ultrasound

Handheld 2D ultrasound is very useful for intra-operative imaging, but requires some reconstruction effort in order to create 3D US volumes, unless one is using large and expensive 3D US probes. Unlike common probe tracking approaches involving either global or local tracking algorithms (suffering from jitter and complexity or from drift), we propose to use a combination of local sensors to reconstruct the probe trajectory with multiple degrees of freedom. The presented sensors are very low-cost- optical mice and a Wii Remote - yet enable flexible 3D US acquisition with no global tracking overhead. The resulting trajectories are then used as input for a dynamically expanding, pixel-nearest-neighbor 3D US volume reconstruction.
Parallel asynchronous connected components in a mesh

Abstract Leviald introduced a parallel synchronous algorithm for counting the number of connected components in a binary image embedded in an n × n mesh of processors that runs in time O( n ).We describe a parallel asynchronous algorithm for the same problem achieving the same time bound.
Human Dimensions of Wildlife in Europe: The Italian Way

In comparison to North America, human dimensions of wildlife (HDW) remains a relatively new field in Europe, especially in Italy. This article provides a European overview of HDW using Italy as a case study. Overall, 300 European HDW documents were retrieved, out of which 32 were found for Italy. Multiple languages and unpublished documents limited the findings at a European level. The case study highlights the constraints of conducting a review at a larger scale. A bibliometric analysis was used to investigate the trends, the main themes and actors playing a role in the Italian HDW up to and including 2009. The majority of Italian documents were gray literature, about general public attitudes toward large carnivores. Most of the results of the case study can be generalized to Europe. Although HDW is growing, the discipline still strives to be recognized academically and as a decision-making tool.
The Role of CpG Sequences in the Induction of Anti-DNA Antibodies

To investigate the role of CpG sequences in anti-DNA induction, immunization experiments were performed in mice to assess the immunogenicity of native Escherichia coli (EC) and calf thymus (CT) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The effects of CpG sequences were further tested by comparing the adjuvant properties of a synthetic phosphorothioate oligonucleotide with a CpG motif to one with a GpC sequence. Both EC and CT DNA alone induced a limited anti-DNA response. For CT DNA, the addition of a CpG ODN significantly enhanced responses whereas for EC DNA, the presence of a CpG oligonucleotide (ODN) or control GpC ODN did not increase responses compared to EC DNA alone. Specificity analysis by ELISA indicated that these immunizations led to the generation of cross-reactive anti-DNA autoantibodies. These results thus extend the adjuvant effects of CpG sequences to self antigens and suggest mechanisms by which self and foreign antigens can interact in the generation of autoimmunity.
A Closer Look at Eastern European Modernism

(2002). A Closer Look at Eastern European Modernism. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 539-539.
Invariant densities for piecewise linear maps of the unit interval

We find an explicit formula for the invariant density h of an arbitrary eventually expanding piecewise linear map τ of an interval [0,1]. We do not assume that the slopes of the branches are the same and we allow arbitrary number of shorter branches touching zero or touching one or hanging in between. The construction involves the matrix S which is defined in a way somewhat similar to the definition of the kneading matrix of a continuous piecewise monotonic map. Under some additional assumptions, we prove that if 1 is not an eigenvalue of S, then the dynamical system (τ,h⋅m) is ergodic with full support.