cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women in business families: from past to present: edited by Jarna Heinonen and Kirsi Vainio-Korhonen, New York/London, Routledge, 2018, 244 pp., $150.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-138-63596-8

This edited collection marks two new directions: providing research in English on the experiences of businesswomen throughout Europe as well as bringing together the research of historians of gende...
Convoy Detection using Sequence Alignment

In this paper, we investigate methods to detect convoys in trajectory data with locations sampled at irregular time intervals. In such cases, convoys that exist may not be detected in some algorithms. We explore three methods, one that involves adding interpolated points to trajectories, one that introduces flexibility to the temporal dimension, and one that uses sequence alignment. The algorithms are evaluated against a real-world data set.
Clinical assessment of generalized ligamentous laxity using a single test: is thumb-to-forearm apposition enough?

The complete Beighton criteria, commonly used to establish the diagnosis of generalized ligamentous laxity (GLL), include nine discrete examination maneuvers. However, busy examiners may perform only a single maneuver (e.g. passive apposition of the thumb to the forearm) as a rapid method of assessment. We hypothesize that the use of a single-joint hypermobility test does not reliably identify the presence of GLL. Healthy patients 2-18 years old presenting to a general pediatric orthopaedic clinic were screened for participation. Exclusion criteria included the presence of a systemic illness, neuromuscular disease, and inability to complete the examination. Subjects were assessed for GLL according to the Beighton criteria, using a cutoff score of 5. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratio were calculated for the thumb-to-forearm apposition test with the composite Beighton score used as the gold standard. Two hundred and four patients were included in the study, 111 females and 93 males, with an average age of 10.7 years. The prevalence of GLL was 13.3%. When thumb-to-forearm apposition was performed unilaterally, the PPV was poor (34%). Conversely, the NPV was excellent (99%). Sensitivity of thumb-to-forearm motion was extremely high (99%), although the specificity of this test was modest (67%). The likelihood ratio was fair (+3.3). Performing the test bilaterally did not significantly change its utility. Thumb-to-forearm apposition testing was equally effective in identifying the presence of GLL in males and females. When performed in isolation, assessment of thumb-to-forearm apposition has a poor PPV, excellent NPV, and modest likelihood ratio. It is an extremely sensitive test, with only fair specificity. Other upper extremity tests of GLL perform similarly. Therefore, while single tests like thumb-to-forearm apposition may be helpful for 'ruling out' GLL, they are less reliable at identifying it correctly. When single tests are used to identify GLL in either clinical or research settings, the results should be interpreted with caution. Level of evidence Level I (diagnostic).
Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Amputees.

Purpose:The purpose of this article is to review the currently available assessment tools for measuring renal function, body weight, and body surface area in the amputee population.Methods:PubMed a...
The Trade-Off Between Tax Administration and Tax Compliance

Abstract This paper revisits optimal tax enforcement policy, focusing on two elements of that policy: (1) the optimal mix of government-level tax administration and individual-level tax compliance; and (2) the optimal mix of this combination (together, tax enforcement) and tax rates. The standard view is that we should weight tax administration but not tax compliance by the government’s cost of funds because we must pay for tax administration, but not compliance, through dis-torting taxes. As a result, we might want to rely on tax compliance measures even when using tax administration would otherwise be less expensive. Using a ﬂexible model that allows the costs of tax ad-ministration and compliance to be imposed in arbitrary ways, I ﬁnd instead that we should choose between administration and compliance costs purely on eﬀectiveness grounds, without weighting. The reason is that tax administration and tax compliance impose equivalent types of costs and distortions. Both required forced exactions. Using this result, I derive a formula for the optimal mix of tax rates and the overall level of enforcement. Finally, I brieﬂy comment on how the analysis may change in a redistributive income tax context.
COVID-19 and Ecosyndemic Vulnerability: Implications for El Niño-Sensitive Countries in Latin America

Latin America has emerged as an epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador report some of the highest COVID-19 rates of incidence and deaths in the region. These countries also face synergistic threats from multiple infectious diseases (that is, ecosyndemic) and quasi-periodic El Nino-related hazards every few years. For example, Peru, which is highly sensitive to El Nino, already copes with an ecosyndemic health burden that heightens during and following weather and climate extreme events. Using an ecosyndemic lens, which draws on a multi-disease hazard context of place, this commentary highlights the importance of El Nino as a major factor that not only may aggravate COVID-19 incidence in the future, but also the broader health problem of ecosyndemic vulnerability in Latin America.
Variability in Hot Carbon-Dominated Atmosphere (hot DQ) White Dwarfs: Rapid Rotation?

Hot white dwarfs (WDs) with carbon-dominated atmospheres (hot DQs) are a cryptic class of WDs. In addition to their deficiency of hydrogen and helium, most of these stars are highly magnetic, and a large fraction vary in luminosity. This variability has been ascribed to nonradial pulsations, but increasing data call this explanation into question. We present studies of short-term variability in seven hot DQ WDs. Three (SDSS J1426+5752, SDSS J2200−0741, and SDSS J2348−0942) were known to be variable. Their photometric modulations are coherent over at least two years, and we find no evidence for variability at frequencies that are not harmonics. We present the first time-series photometry for three additional hot DQs (SDSS J0236−0734, SDSS J1402+3818, and SDSS J1615+4543); none are observed to vary, but the signal-to-noise is low. Finally, we present high speed photometry for SDSS J0005−1002, known to exhibit a 2.1-day photometric variation; we do not observe any short-term variability. Monoperiodicity is rare among pulsating WDs, so we contemplate whether the photometric variability is due to rotation rather than pulsations; similar hypotheses have been raised by other researchers. If the variability is due to rotation, then hot DQ WDs as a class contain many rapid rotators. Given the lack of companions to these stars, the origin of any fast rotation is unclear—both massive progenitor stars and double degenerate merger remnants are possibilities. We end with suggestions of future work that would best clarify the nature of these rare, intriguing objects.
Quantifying the Mutational Robustness of Protein-Coding Genes.

We use large-scale mutagenesis data and computer simulations to quantify the mutational robustness of protein-coding genes by taking into account constraints arising from protein function and the genetic code. Analyses of the distribution of amino acid substitutions from 18 mutagenesis studies revealed an average of 45% of neutral variants; while mutagenesis data of 12 proteins artificially designed under no other constraints but stability, reach an average of 60%. Simulations using a lattice protein model allow us to contrast these estimates to the expected mutational robustness of protein families by generating unbiased samples of foldable sequences, which we find to have 30% of neutral variants. In agreement with mutagenesis data of designed proteins, the model shows that maximally robust protein families might access up to twice the amount of neutral variants observed in the unbiased samples (i.e. 60%). A biophysical model of protein-ligand binding suggests that constraints associated to molecular function have only a moderate impact on robustness of approximately 5 to 10% of neutral variants; and that the direction of this effect depends on the relation between functional performance and thermodynamic stability. Although the genetic code constraints the access of a gene’s nucleotide sequence to only 30% of the full distribution of amino acid mutations, it provides an extra 15 to 20% of neutral variants to the estimations above, such that the expected, observed, and maximal robustness of protein-coding genes are approximately 50, 65, and 75%, respectively. We discuss our results in the light of three main hypothesis put forward to explain the existence of mutationally robust genes.
The reflective practices of early and late career music educators

The purpose of this collective case study was to explore the self-initiated reflective practices of early and late career inservice music teachers in a variety of educational settings. This researc...
Evaluation and Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Acute ischemic stroke is defined as brain, spinal cord, or retinal cell death attributable to ischemia, based on neuropathological, neuroimaging, and/or clinical evidence of permanent injury. Recent advancements in acute stroke care have led to major reductions in stroke-related morbidity and mortality, but significant racial, gender, and geographic disparities persist. The goal of this chapter is to provide an up-to-date overview of current ischemic stroke epidemiology, pathophysiology, and acute treatment techniques.
Physical and Physiologic Effects of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis.

BACKGROUND Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is a useful tool for assessing low-gradient significant aortic stenosis (AS) and contractile reserve (CR), but its prognostic utility has become controversial in recent studies. We evaluated the impact of DSE on aortic valve physiological, structural and left ventricular parameters in low gradient AS. METHODS Consecutive patients undergoing DSE for low-gradient AS evaluation from September 2010 to July 2016 were retrospectively studied, and DSE findings divided into four groups with and without severe AS and CR. Relationships between left ventricular chamber quantification, CR, aortic valve Doppler during DSE and calcium score (by CT) were analysed. RESULTS There were 258 DSE studies performed on 243 patients, mean age 77.6±10.8 years and 183 (70.1%) were male. With increasing dobutamine dose, apart from systolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, flow, cardiac power output and longitudinal strain magnitude, along with aortic valve area and mean aortic gradient all significantly increased (P<0.05). Flow and mean gradient increased in both the presence and absence of CR, whereas stroke volume and aortic valve area increased mainly in those with CR only. The aortic valve area increased in both patients with low and high calcium score, however the baseline area was lower in those with a higher calcium score. CONCLUSION During DSE, aortic valve area increases with increase aortic valve gradient. Higher calcium score is associated with lower baseline aortic valve area, but the area valve area still increases with dobutamine even in presence of high calcium score.
Regularity of Self-Diffusion Coefficient

We consider the infinite particle system in Z d known commonly as symmetric random walk with simple exclusion. This consists of particles in Z d , each trying to execute a more or less independent random walk with jump probabilities p(x). We assume that p(x) is symmetric, i.e., p(x) = p(−x), and that it has finite range. If d = 1, we assume, in addition, that p(1) +p(−1) < 1, so that only the one-dimensional nearest neighbor random walk is excluded. Particles wait for an exponential time, pick a random jump size x with probability p(x), and try to jump to a new site defined by a jump equal to x. If the site is free, the jump is completed and things start all over again. Otherwise the jump is disallowed and things start all over again with the particle remaining in the old site. All the particles are doing this simultaneously and independently of each other. See [3] for a discussion of the model.
Preconditioning the Matrix Exponential Operator with Applications

The idea of preconditioning is usually associated with solution techniques for solving linear systems or eigenvalue problems. It refers to a general method by which the original system is transformed into one which admits the same solution but which is easier to solve. Following this principle we consider in this paper techniques for preconditioning the matrix exponential operator, eAy0, using different approximations of the matrix A. These techniques are based on using generalized Runge Kutta type methods. Preconditioners based on the sparsity structure of the matrix, such as diagonal, block diagonal, and least-squares tensor sum approximations are presented. Numerical experiments are reported to compare the quality of the schemes introduced.
A genetic algorithm for structure-based de novo design

Genetic algorithms have properties which make them attractive in de novo drug design. Like other de novo design programs, genetic algorithms require a method to reduce the enormous search space of possible compounds. Most often this is done using information from known ligands. We have developed the ADAPT program, a genetic algorithm which uses molecular interactions evaluated with docking calculations as a fitness function to reduce the search space. ADAPT does not require information about known ligands. The program takes an initial set of compounds and iteratively builds new compounds based on the fitness scores of the previous set of compounds. We describe the particulars of the ADAPT algorithm and its application to three well-studied target systems. We also show that the strategies of enhanced local sampling and re-introducing diversity to the compound population during the design cycle provide better results than conventional genetic algorithm protocols.
The Need for Enemies: A Bestiary of Political Forms

The Need for Enemies:. Bestiary of Political Forms. F. G. Bailey. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 223 pp.
Vasa expression in a colonial ascidian, Botrylloides violaceus.

SUMMARY Evolution of solitary or colonial life histories in tunicates is accompanied by dramatic developmental changes that affect morphology and reproduction. We compared vasa expression in a solitary ascidian and a closely related colonial ascidian, in an effort to uncover developmental mechanisms important during the evolution of these contrasting life histories, including the ability to reproduce by budding. In this study, we explored the origin of germ cells in new buds developing by asexual reproduction in a colonial ascidian, Botrylloides violaceus and compared it to the source of germ cells in a solitary ascidian Boltenia villosa. We studied expression by in situ hybridization of vasa, a DEAD box RNA helicase gene found in germ cells across the metazoans. In B. villosa, bv-vasa mRNA was expressed in putative germ cells and oocytes of adult gonads, and was sequestered into a posterior lineage during embryogenesis. In mature colonies of the ascidian B. violaceus, bot-vasa mRNA was expressed in putative spermatogonia, in oocytes of zooids, and in some circulating cells in the zooids and differentiating buds. We propose that expression of vasa in cells other than gonadal germ cells of zooids in a colonial ascidian may serve as a source of germ-line stem cells in the colony.
Lie Detection from Multiple Cues: A Meta-analysis

Summary Despite the importance of judgments of veracity in many settings, research suggests that it is difficult to detect lies. In this meta-analysis, we assess the detectability of lies from constellations of multiple cues, with a particular focus on whether lie detectability increases as the conditions approach real-life, forensic settings, as some critics of laboratory research have argued. We synthesized 144 samples, including 9380 liars and truth tellers providing a total of 26,866 messages. We examined the accuracy with which deception could be predicted on the basis of multiple behavioral cues and to what extent lie detectability was moderated by the motivation of the sender, the presence of strong emotion, the content of the lie, the context in which the lie was told, and the demographics of the senders. The findings show that lies can be detected with nearly 70% accuracy. This level of detectability is stable across settings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chapter 19 Lupin Alkaloids

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the lupin alkaloids. The “lupin alkaloids” are found in a wide variety of plants and small trees, such as broom, lupin, gorse, and laburnum, which are used diversely in gardens, for fodder, and as sand-binders. The alkaloids as a group are toxic, but as individuals find some use in veterinary medicine and in insecticide preparations. Chemical similarity rather than plant distribution links these alkaloids, since most of them contain-in actual or modified form-the quinolizidine ring structure. This basic nucleus was unknown prior to its discovery in the common lupin alkaloids: lupinine, cytisine, sparteine, lupanine, and anagyrine. In this respect quinolizidine has a history similar to that of its ring homolog, pyrrolizidine, which was unknown prior to its discovery in the Senecio alkaloids.
Photoluminescence and photoreflectance scanning of silicon-on-insulator materials

Photoluminescence (PL) and photoreflectance (PR) intensity maps of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers tend to reveal much more than bare silicon. They are often rich in features due to both reflectance variations arising from the optical properties of the multi-layer stack, and to electrical variations across the wafers. PL scanning of these materials reveals many qualitative features useful in tracking uniformity across the wafer and repeatability between wafers from different fabrication runs. >
Restriction and Modification of Bacteriophage in Bacillus stearothermophilus

Host-controlled restriction and modification of TP-1C phage and infectious phage DNA occurs in Bacillus stearothermophilus and is subject to control by TP-8 or TP-12 prophage.
Computer Program to Assist in Making Decisions About Adjuvant Therapy for Women With Early Breast Cancer

PURPOSE: The goal of the computer program Adjuvant! is to allow health professionals and their patients with early breast cancer to make more informed decisions about adjuvant therapy. METHODS: Actuarial analysis was used to project outcomes of patients with and without adjuvant therapy based on estimates of prognosis largely derived from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results data and estimates of the efficacy of adjuvant therapy based on the 1998 overviews of randomized trials of adjuvant therapy. These estimates can be refined using the Prognostic Factor Impact Calculator, which uses a Bayesian method to make adjustments based on relative risks conferred and prevalence of positive test results. RESULTS: From the entries of patient information (age, menopausal status, comorbidity estimate) and tumor staging and characteristics (tumor size, number of positive axillary nodes, estrogen receptor status), baseline prognostic estimates are made. Estimates for the efficacy of endocrine therapy (5 years of...
System testing with an AI planner

System testing of software with command language interfaces can be automated using grammar based test generation or through generating tests from an application domain specification. When viewing test case generation as constructing a sequence of commands to achieve a testing goal, AI planning systems show promise. We report on automated test generation with an AI planning system and compare results to tests generated by Sleuth, a tool for automated application domain testing.
The mathematical theory of lateral impedance of visual activity and an application of Markov processes

The mathematical relationship describing recurrent lateral inhibition is expressed as a linear operator equation. Under quite general conditions, the operator equation is shown to have a unique nonnegative solution. It is also shown that the linear operator for recurrent impedance is representable as an integral operator and that, when in application to physiological models it is interpreted as recurrent inhibition, the corresponding linear equation assumes a form more general than the well known Hartline-Ratliff equation. Finally, we introduce a class of impedance operators based on the probabilistic theory of Markov processes, solve the corresponding linear integral equation, and apply the theoretical properties of the solution to the analysis of physiological and psychophysical phenomena.
Are There Semantic Natural Kinds of Words

Gareth Evans proposes that there are semantic natural kinds of words. In his development of this theory, he argues for two constraints on the identification of these kinds. I argue that neither of these constraints are justified. Furthermore, my argument against Evans' second constraint constitutes a direct argument for the existence of semantic natural kinds, something Evans himself never offers. I conclude by sketching some positive details of a more plausible theory of semantic natural kinds.
Metabolic correlates of optokinetic stimulation in the central visual system of the frog, Rana pipiens.

The [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method was used to identify those structures in the central visual system of Rana pipiens showing increased metabolic activity during binocular and monocular optokinetic stimulation at two pattern velocities (2 deg/sec and 9 deg/sec). Analysis of autoradiograms made with computer-assisted microdensitometry and pseudocolor image-enhancement techniques revealed that the greatest uptake of 2-DG occurred in the pretectal region, which included the large-celled nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (nLM), nucleus pretectalis, and pretectal gray. Both temporal-to-nasal (T-N) and nasal-to-temporal (N-T) directions of pattern motion were correlated with high levels of 2-DG uptake. However, the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) showed the greatest uptake of 2-DG for the N-T direction, which evokes little or no optokinetic (OKN) response in this species. These results suggest that the major efferent projection from nBOR to nLM may exert its greatest effect upon the ipsilateral pretectuni during N-T stimulation. Other regions showing substantial 2-DG uptake included a large region of the ventral thalamus, for all stimulus conditions tested, including those cell groups associated with the retinorecipient neuropil, corpus geniculatum. The pattern of uptake was less closely associated with specific parameters of optokinetic stimulation than was observed in the pretectum and accessory optic nucleus. Like nBOR, the auricular lobe of the cerebellum also showed greatest uptake of 2-DG for the N-T, monocular stimulus condition. The neural circuitry that underlies OKN and its directional asymmetry during monocular stimulation appears to involve a number of structures whose functional interrelationships are yet to be described.
Variable response to exogenous Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® consumed in different delivery vehicles

J . V A R C O E , C . Z O O K , J . S U I , S . L E I G H T O N , F . B U S T A A N D L . B R A D Y . 2002. Aims: To study the effects of the delivery vehicle for Lactobacillus acidophilus on the human faecal microbiota. Our hypotheses were that (i) the delivery vehicle would influence faecal lactobacilli numbers and (ii) consumption of Lact. acidophilus would influence the populations of Bifidobacterium and hydrogen sulphide-producing bacteria. Methods and Results: Ten subjects each received Lact. acidophilus with skim milk or water. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and hydrogen sulphide-producing bacterial populations were analysed before, during and after each treatment. Regardless of the vehicle, faecal lactobacilli populations changed during treatment. Bifidobacteria and the hydrogen sulphide-producing bacteria underwent no statistically significant population changes. Intra- and intersubject variability was observed. Conclusions: The vehicle in which Lact. acidophilus was delivered did not influence faecal lactobacilli numbers. Consumption of Lact. acidophilus did not influence the populations of Bifidobacterium and hydrogen sulphide-producing bacteria. The lactobacilli populations of subjects were variable. The fed lactobacilli did not appear to colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Significance and Impact of the Study: We provide evidence that (i) there was no collective advantage to using skim milk as a delivery vehicle vs water; (ii) exogenous Lact. acidophilus did not affect endogenous bifidobacteria or hydrogen sulphide-producing bacteria; (iii) data should be carefully examined before pooling for analysis and (iv) continuous feeding was required to maintain an elevated lactobacilli population.
Monolithic planar Ge:Be arrays

As part of a program to extend the wavelength response of infrared array technology beyond the cutoff of extrinsic silicon photoconductivity, we have calculated the optimum parameters for a front-illuminated two dimensional array of Ge:Be detectors. Detector arrays to this prescription have been produced by indium bump bonding onto sapphire fanouts. We report a preliminary performance evaluation of these arrays.
Effect of Surface Charge of Immortalized Mouse Cerebral Endothelial Cell Monolayer on Transport of Charged Solutes

Charge carried by the surface glycocalyx layer (SGL) of the cerebral endothelium has been shown to significantly modulate the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to charged solutes in vivo. The cultured monolayer of bEnd3, an immortalized mouse cerebral endothelial cell line, is becoming a popular in vitro BBB model due to its easy growth and maintenance of many BBB characteristics over repeated passages. To test whether the SGL of bEnd3 monolayer carries similar charge as that in the intact BBB and quantify this charge, which can be characterized by the SGL thickness (L f ) and charge density (C mf ), we measured the solute permeability of bEnd3 monolayer to neutral solutes and to solutes with similar size but opposite charges: negatively charged α-lactalbumin (−11) and positively charged ribonuclease (+3). Combining the measured permeability data with a transport model across the cell monolayer, we predicted the L f and the C mf of bEnd3 monolayer, which is ~160 nm and ~25 mEq/L, respectively. We also investigated whether orosomucoid, a plasma glycoprotein modulating the charge of the intact BBB, alters the charge of bEnd3 monolayer. We found that 1 mg/mL orosomucoid would increase SGL charge density of bEnd3 monolayer to ~2-fold of its control value.
Confetti of Empire: The Conquest of Everest in Nepal, India, Britain, and New Zealand

The Conquest of Everest, the official film of the first ascent of Mount Everest, opens with the famous summit photograph of Tenzing Norgay holding aloft his ice axe, from which the flags of Britain, Nepal, India, and the United Nations flutter in the wind. Tenzing, a Sherpa raised in Nepal but for twenty years a resident of India, reached the summit with Edmund Hillary, a New Zealand beekeeper, on 29 May 1953, in a British expedition led by Colonel John Hunt. In the film, the summit photograph is followed by the opening credits and the scene in London on 2 June 1953, when news of the ascent was announced on the same day as Queen Elizabeth II's coronation. As crowds wave British flags to the beat of military bands, the Queen's gilded carriage rolls through ceremonial archways on the streets of London. The narrator then announces: “And to add to the cheers, the newspapers reported an extra of extras. Britain had one new victory: Men had climbed Mount Everest.”The Conquest of Everest, (1953), National Film and Television Archive, British Film Institute, London.
What is the significance of the intuition that laws of nature govern?1

Recently, proponents of Humean Supervenience have challenged the plausibility of the intuition that the laws of nature ‘govern’, or guide, the evolution of events in the universe. Certain influential thought experiments authored by John Carroll, Michael Tooley, and others, rely strongly on such intuitions. These thought experiments are generally regarded as playing a central role in the lawhood debate, suggesting that the Mill-Ramsey-Lewis view of the laws of nature, and the related doctrine of the Humean Supervenience of laws, are false. In this paper, I take on these recent challenges, arguing that the intuition that the laws govern should be taken seriously. Still, I find the recent discussions insightful, in certain ways. Employing some ideas from one of the critics (Barry Loewer), I draw some non-standard conclusions about the significance of the thought experiments to the lawhood debate.
Citation analysis for the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

Abstract This paper presents the results of a 2008 citation-analysis study that was undertaken for the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and its associated instruments. The overall objective of this study was to contribute towards a strategy for improved dissemination, awareness raising and communication about the Code and its implementation. For each citation, additional information was collected to identify patterns by year, topic, author affiliation or type of literature. Results support previously suggested anecdotal patterns, in particular related to the diversity of publishing outlets and the high proportion of fisheries information published as grey literature. The results also point to areas of concern for long-term preservation and dissemination of fisheries information.
I. Additive relations in alkylhalosilanes

Abstract 29 Si NMR chemical shifts of simple alkylhalosilanes have been shown to follow an additive relation with first and second order coefficients. Grant and Paul's method is extended to 29 Si NMR and 175 pieces of data are fit to 32 dependent variables with a correlation of 0.994 and a standard error of 7.67 ppm. The relative importance of the diamagnetic term in the shielding expression is discussed.
Time-Resolved Thermal Surface Flow Structures in Impinging Slot Jet Flows

This paper presents low-frequency time-resolved measurements of impingement surface temperature in a turbulent submerged impinging slot jet flow at an exit Reynolds number of 22,500 using infrared (IR) thermography. The nozzle-to-surface spacing was varied from 0.5 to 5 nozzle hydraulic diameters. Time-traces of temperature at specific locations of interest, identified from mean temperature maps, are presented. At a nozzle spacing of 5 hydraulic diameters corresponding to transitional jet impingement, the time traces of surface temperature show mild, but periodically repeating hot and cold streaks, suggesting the presence of near-wall streamwise counter-rotating vortex pairs along the impingement line. At a closer nozzle spacing of 0.5 hydraulic diameter corresponding to impingement of the jet potential core, the temperature streaks at the impingement line could not be detected. Previously unreported distinct thermal streaks are observed at locations corresponding to the local minimum and secondary maximum in heat transfer. Data of rms-averaged temperature fluctuations for the two spacings corroborate well with time trace observations.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Enhancement of migration by protein kinase Cα and inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle progression by protein kinase Cδ in capillary endothelial cells

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) induces angiogenesis, migration, and proliferation of endothelial cells (EC), but can also prevent growth factor-induced EC proliferation. To determine whether these disparate effects are mediated by substrates of individual PKC isoenzymes, PKCalpha and PKCdelta were overexpressed in rat microvascular EC. Basal and stimulated migration were enhanced in PKCalpha EC compared with either PKCdelta or control EC. Serum-induced growth of PKCdelta EC was decreased, while that of PKCalpha cells was similar to control EC. Phorbol ester markedly inhibited PKCdelta EC growth but enhanced growth of PKCalpha and control EC. To determine possible causes for this altered proliferation, the effect of PKCdelta on adhesion, mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, and cell cycle progression was measured. Adherence of PKCdelta EC to vitronectin was significantly enhanced. Serum-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 activity was increased equally in both PKCalpha and PKCdelta EC above that of control, while extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 activity was similar in all EC. Cell cycle analysis suggested that PKCdelta EC entered S phase inappropriately and were delayed in passage through S phase. Thus, PKCalpha may mediate some proangiogenic effects of PKC activation; conversely, PKCdelta may direct antiangiogenic aspects of overall PKC activation, including slowing of the cell cycle progression.
On the homology of sln(tC[t]) and a theorem of Stembridge

Abstract In this paper we apply the Garland–Lepowsky Theorem to compute the homology of the Lie algebra N=sl n (t C [t]) . By suitably taking Euler characteristics we derive a theorem of Stembridge which gives a combinatorial decomposition of a virtual character of SL n ( C ) . In his theorem, Stembridge indexes the Schur functions that appear in his decomposition by an integer vector of length n and a permutation in Sn. An additional feature of our approach is that we interpret the integer vector and permutation in terms of the affine Weyl group of the Kac–Moody Lie algebra of type A. A second result, given in the Garland–Lepowsky paper (extending an earlier result of Kostant), is an explicit formula for the eigenvalues of the Laplacian in the Koszul complex for computing the homology of N. We give an alternative quite different in nature description of those eigenvalues. The Garland–Lepowsky formula is algebraic, stated in terms of differences of squared norms. Our description is combinatorial, stated in terms of structural features of certain graphs. In order to make this combinatorial interpretation seemingly more natural, we link it directly with the paper of Kostant. We work in this part with the Lie algebra L=T⊕N where T is the span of x⊗1 with x taken from the strictly upper triangular matrices in sl n ( C ) .
Artificial neural network based fault identification scheme implementation for a three-phase induction motor.

Abstract This paper presents results from the implementation and testing of a PC based monitoring and fault identification scheme for a three-phase induction motor using artificial neural networks (ANNs). To accomplish the task, a hardware system is designed and built to acquire three-phase voltages and currents from a 1/3 HP squirrel-cage, three-phase induction motor. A software program is written to read the voltages and currents, which are first used to train a feed-forward neural network structure using the JavaNNS program. The trained network is placed in a LabVIEW™ based program formula node that monitors the voltages and currents online and displays the fault conditions and turns the motor off. The complete system is successfully tested in real time by creating different faults on the motor.
An efficient CNC programming approach based on group technology

Abstract Many studies and reports support the significant impact of the application of group technology on various aspects of product design and manufacturing. The fact that group technology is the common solution to similar problems is the main source of such impact. In this paper, one of the less frequently utilized features of CNC technology known as parametric part programming is used to implement the common solution feature of group technology in processing a set of similar parts. Using three part families, the advantages of blending the concept of group technology and parametric programming for CNC machining operations are illustrated. The efficiency improvement due to the use of parametric programming in terms of number of setups and size of program is discussed.
Quantitative assessment of an integrated hydrodynamic thermal-capillary model for large-diameter Czochralski growth of silicon: comparison of predicted temperature field with experiment

Abstract Accuracy in the prediction of the thermal field in a Czochralski (CZ) crystal growth system is crucial for quantitative application of models. Predictions of the integrated hydrodynamic thermal-capillary model (IHTCM) are compared to experimental measurements of the thermal field from growth of 83 mm diameter crystals and the melt/crystal interface shape of a 100 mm diameter crystal obtained in a conventional CZ system. The temperature measurements show good quantitative agreement with predictions irrespective of the model for melt convection. However, the predicted melt/crystal interface shape is much more sensitive to the type and state of convection in the melt. The IHTCM includes steady-state laminar flows driven by crystal and crucible rotation, natural convection and thermocapillarity. Although flows at the correct intensity can be computed for each mechanism separately, solutions for the combined driving forces only are found when the viscosity of the melt is set artificially high. Calculated values of the thermal stress in the crystal exceed the critical resolved shear stress near the melt/solid interface for all flow conditions. The maximum stress at the melt/solid interface depends on the interface shape and varies between 2.8 and 6.2 times the critical resolved shear stress, depending on the flow.
Mononucleotides of the cell nucleus.

1. It has been demonstrated by ion exchange chromatography that the cell nucleus contains mononucleotides of adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, together with diphosphopyridine nucleotide, and several uridine diphosphate derivatives; the adenine nucleotides predominating in amount. Nucleotide components in the cell nucleus are in close agreement both quantitatively and qualitatively with those found in the cytoplasm. 2. In calf thymus sucrose nuclei, nucleotide monophosphates can be phosphorylated to the energy-rich triphosphate form without participation of cytoplasmic components. As to the nature of the phosphorylation, it has been shown that there exist certain differences as well as resemblances between nuclei and mitochondria. A distinctive feature of nuclear phosphorylation is that only intranuclear monophosphates seem to be phosphorylated. The process is completely inhibited by cyanide, azide, and dinitrophenol. However, certain reagents which block oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria, namely dicumarol, Janus green B, methylene blue, and calcium ions, have no effect on phosphorylation within the nucleus. 3. The bulk of mononucleotides is preserved within thymus nuclei after their isolation in sucrose. Nucleotides are surprisingly well retained by nuclei in a sucrose medium whether or not electrolytes are present and in buffers ranging from pH 3 to 10; under all conditions sucrose is required for retention. 4. Dilute acetate in sucrose releases nucleotides from the nucleus below pH 5.1. As to the effective pH of acetate, there is a sharp boundary between pH 5.1 and pH 5.9. At pH 5.9, and above, acetate does not remove nucleotides from the nucleus. The effects of propionate, formate, and monochloroacetate on the nuclei are the same as that of acetate. 5. When nuclei are exposed to a wide variety of conditions a close correlation is found between the retention in the nucleus of nucleotides and of potassium. This suggests that both substances are part of a common complex in the cell nucleus. 6. It has been shown that upon removal of nucleotides and potassium from calf thymus sucrose nuclei by acetate, the ability to incorporate C14-alanine into nuclear protein is greatly impaired.
Species specificity of the platelet responses to 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.

Abstract A semi-synthetic 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (alkylacetyl-GPC) was shown to be highly species selective in its capacity to cause platelet aggregation and serotonin release. No effects were elicited on the rat or mouse platelets while platelets from human, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig and horse were highly sensitive to alkylacetyl-GPC. The hypotensive activity in the rat was not associated with thrombocytopenia. Preliminary evidence suggested that the inability of platelets of the rat and mouse to respond to alkylacetyl-GPC was not due to a difference in plasma inactivation of the substance but due to a difference in platelet responsiveness per se . The data also support the concept that the potent hypotensive property of this substance readily observed in the rat, is a result of an effect which is platelet-independent.
A systems approach to business writing

Organized thought can ease the flow of words and enhance communication in business writing. A systematic approach involves knowing the receiver — his familiarity with the subject and his opinion of the writer; providing a frame of reference in the opening statement; properly dividing thought groups; and building paragraph-to-paragraph continuity.
Correlations between neuronal morphology and electrophysiological features in the rodent superficial dorsal horn

Relationships between the morphology of individual neurones of the spinal superficial dorsal horn (SDH), laminae I and II, and their electrophysiological properties were studied in spinal cord slices prepared from anaesthetized, free-ranging hamsters. Tight-seal, whole-cell recordings were made with pipette microelectrodes filled with biocytin to establish electrophysiological characteristics and to label the studied neurones. Neurones were categorized according to location and size of the somata, the dendritic and axonal pattern of arborization, spontaneous synaptic potentials, evoked postsynaptic currents, pattern of discharge to depolarizing pulses and current-voltage relationships. Data were obtained for 170 neurones; 13 of these had somata in lamina I and 157 in lamina II. Stimulation of the segmental dorsal root evoked a prompt excitatory response in almost every neurone sampled (161/166) with nearly 3/4 displaying putative monosynaptic EPSCs. The majority of neurones (133/170) fitted one of several distinctive morphological categories. To a considerable extent, neurones with a common morphological configuration and neurite disposition shared electrophysiological characteristics. Five of the 13 lamina I neurones were relatively large with extensive dendritic arborization in the horizontal dimension and a prominent axon directed ventrally and contralaterally. These presumptive ventrolateral projection neurones differed structurally and electrophysiologically from the other lamina I neurones, which had ipsilateral, locally arborizing axons and/or branches entering the dorsal lateral funiculus. One hundred and twenty lamina II neurones fitted one of five morphological categories: islet, central, medial-lateral, radial or vertical. Central cells were further divided into three groups on functional features. We conclude that the spinal SDH comprises many types of neurones whose morphological characteristics are associated with specific functional features implying diversity in functional organization of the SDH and in its role as a major synaptic termination for thin primary afferent fibres.
The role of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the stimulus effects of hallucinogenic drugs. I: Antagonist correlation analysis.

Investigations conducted over the past 3 decades have demonstrated that serotonergic receptors, specifically the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C subtypes, play an important role in the behavioral effects of hallucinogenic compounds. The present study was designed to determine the respective significance of these two receptors in the stimulus effects of LSD and (−)DOM in the rat. Specifically, the interactions of a series of serotonergic antagonists (risperidone, pirenpirone, metergoline, ketanserin, loxapine, LY53857, pizotyline, spiperone, cyproheptadine, mesulergine, promethazine, and thioridazine) with the LSD stimulus and the (−)DOM stimulus in LSD-trained subjects was defined. From these data, IC50 values were determined for the inhibition of the LSD-appropriate responding elicited by either 0.1 mg/kg LSD (15-min pretreatment time) or 0.4 mg/kg (−)DOM (75-min pretreatment). In addition, the affinities of these antagonists for 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors were determined in radioligand competition studies. 5-HT2A affinity correlated significantly with IC50 values for the blockade of the LSD (r=+0.75,P<0.05) and (−) DOM (r=+0.95,P<0.001) stimuli in the LSD trained subjects. 5-HT2C affinity did not correlate significantly with either series of IC50 values. These data indicate that (1) the stimulus effects of LSD, and (2) the substitution of (−)DOM for the LSD stimulus are mediated by agonist activity at 5-HT2A receptors.
Secondary reactions on metal-zeolite catalysts used in synthesis gas conversion☆

Abstract The mechanism of synthesis gas conversion over cobalt-ZSM-5 catalysts to gasoline-range hydrocarbons has been examined. A correlation exists between the methane yield and the percentage aromatics in the liquid hydrocarbon product. This could be due to heat transfer effects or to the hydrogenolysis of propane and butane over cobalt, leading to the formation of additional methane. The formation of additional alkanes (propane and butane) is known to accompany the aromatization process. The percentage of methane made by the bifunctional catalyst 4.2% Co SiO 2 + ZSM-5 was 1.7 times that made by the Co SiO m2 catalyst with a feed of H 2 CO = 1 at 280 ° C , 21 atm, and WHSV = 0.77. An attempt was made to inhibit secondary hydrogenolysis reactions by the addition of copper to the cobalt catalyst. Under similar process conditions, this provided a very small help in keeping down the increase in percentage of methane upon the addition of ZSM-5. Addition of 5 and 10% propane to the synthesis gas showed no additional methane made by hydrogenolysis. If indeed some of the methane produced over cobalt-ZSM-5 catalysts is coming from hydrogenolysis of light alkanes, it is a small amount.
Little Higgs Goes to Tasi

A few years before the start of the LHC program, electroweak symmetry breaking remains poorly understood. The detailed quantitative fit of Standard Model predictions to precision experiments at the weak scale strongly suggests that electroweak symmetry is broken by one or more weakly coupled Higgs doublets. However, fundamental scalar particles suffer from a radiative instability to their masses, leading us to expect additional structure (such as compositeness, supersymmetry, little Higgs, ...) near the weak scale. Interestingly, we can turn this problem into a prediction for the LHC. The argument goes as follows: Let us assume that precision electroweak data are indeed telling us that there are no new particles beyond the Standard Model (with the exception of possible additional Higgs doublets) with masses at or below the weak scale. Then physics at the weak scale may be described by an “effective Standard Model” which has the particle content of the Standard Model and in which possible new physics is parametrized by higher dimensional operators suppressed by the new physics scale Λ > ∼ TeV. All renormalizable couplings are as in the Standard Model. If there are additional Higgs fields then more complicated Higgs self-couplings as