cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulence-chemistry interactions in the intermediate regime of premixed combustion☆

Abstract A numerical model for the partially stirred reactor (PaSR) is developed, and the effects of turbulence on NO, CO, and other quantities are computed. Turbulent mixing is accounted for by the “Interaction-by-Exchange-with-the-Mean” submodel. The PaSR is described by a system of (2Ns+1) × Np first-order coupled o.d.e.'s in time, where Ns ≡ number of species, and Np ≡ number of particles. Combustion of a 50% CO 50% H 2 (by vol.) fuel premixed with air is considered, represented by 18 species and 43 reactions. In the limit of mixing frequency ω becoming small, the solutions tend to those of the plug flow as expected. NO and CO increase with mixing frequency. In the range of time scales relevant to turbulent combustion, say, 10 −4 s 1 ω −2 s, NO increases by a factor of about 2 as the mixing time becomes small enough to affect the concentration of oxyhydrogen radicals while CO increases by over an order of magnitude. These variations agree qualitatively with experimental data from turbulent combustors. In-combustor stirring clearly plays a large role even in premixed combustion. The algorithm converges to the perfectly stirred reactor solution at large mixing frequencies. The partial equilibrium model is found to be reasonable for CO H 2 fuels in the present range of conditions, and effects a computational speedup by a factor on the order of 100. Besides providing a useful combustion model, the PaSR provides a test-bed for mixing models, for simplified chemical schemes, and for algorithms intended for particle-tracking pdf transport models.
Induction of neuronal nitric oxide after hypothermic circulatory arrest

Background. Although hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) has become routine practice in cardiac surgery, it is associated with substantial neurotoxicity. We tested the hypothesis that increased nitric oxide production during HCA participates in neuronal death. We previously described a canine survival model of HCA that produces a consistent neurologic deficit and histopathologic pattern of selective neuronal death. Methods. Adult male hound dogs (n = 17) were subjected to 2 hours of HCA at a brain temperature of 18°C and reperfused to normothermia; they were sacrificed at various intervals up to 74 hours. Using in vivo cerebral microdialysis, dogs (n = 5) were given a simultaneous infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing l-[ 14 C]arginine or l-[ 14 C]arginine and l-nitroarginine methyl ester (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) in contralateral hemispheres while undergoing 2 hours of HCA and reperfusion to normothermia. Results. l-[ 14 C]citrulline recovery, a coproduct of nitric oxide, significantly increased during HCA in the hemisphere without the inhibitor (at 300 minutes: control, 236 ± 94 fmol/min versus l-nitroarginine methyl ester, 6 ± 6 fmol/min; p −7 mmol · mg −1 · min −1 and 7.52 ± 0.59 × 10 −7 mmol · mg −1 · min −1 , respectively) than before HCA (1.51 ± 0.09 × 10 −7 mmol · mg −1 · min −1 ; p p Conclusions. We conclude that neurotoxicity after HCA involves a significant, early induction in neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in neuronal processes leading to widespread augmented nitric oxide production in the brain.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists and low-molecular weight heparin in acute coronary syndromes.

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), composed of unstable angina (UA) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) account for account for more than one million hospitalizations yearly. 9 NSTEMI, in particular, has been associated with significantly worse patient outcomes, including higher mortality in the following year. Furthermore, a sizeable percentage of patients presenting with ACS go on to suffer serious sequelae, such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction or reinfarction, urgent or emergent revascularization procedures, congestive heart failure, or even death. Because it is not always possible to predict prospectively which patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes will go on to develop myocardial infarction (MI) or other complications, optimizing therapy in the earliest minutes to hours after presentation can be of utmost importance in positively influencing patient outcomes. Many patients presenting with ACS have underlying atherosclerotic coronary artery disease; however, as the clinician's understanding of the vascular biology of these syndromes has advanced, it has become evident that platelet thrombus formation, not atherosclerotic burden, plays the pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ACS in the vast majority of patients. This understanding has, in turn, allowed the author to target the pharmacologic therapy of patients with ACS at the level of the thrombus. The recent addition of two new classes of antiplatelet and antithrombotic drugs, the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists and low–molecular weight heparin, to the pharmacologic armamentarium used in the treatment of patients with ACS represents a significant shift in emphasis in their management. 63 The appropriate use of these agents has significantly improved the efficacy of medical therapy. In addition to increasing the safety and efficacy of revascularization procedures in these patients. These agents, in combination, have translated into significantly improved outcomes for many of these patients. Many questions regarding the optimal use of these agents remain unresolved; however, the specific role of these agents in the medical therapy of ACS is beginning to emerge. The recently revised American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and NSTEMI reflect the expanding role of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists and low–molecular weight heparin, and provide some recommendations regarding their use. 10 This review focuses on the use of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists low–molecular weight heparin in the setting of acute coronary syndromes.
Stereotactic Implantation of Deep Brain Electrodes Using Computed Tomography

The selection of intracranial targets for stereotactic functional neurosurgical procedures traditionally has relied on information derived from pooled brain atlases and supplemented by contrast encephalographic or angiographic data from the individual patient. The integration of stereotaxy with computed tomography (CT) has permitted direct identification of intracranial targets based on multiplanar reformatted CT images from each individual patient. Four patients underwent the CT stereotactic implantation of a single deep brain electrode for the control of chronic pain (two cases) or of multiple depth electrodes for long term electroencephalographic recordings in the management of seizure disorders (two cases). In all patients, accurate and precise electrode placement was achieved from CT images alone. The use of CT permitted detailed anatomical stereotactic study of each patient's brain, the preplotting of electrode trajectories before probe insertion, and the rapid confirmation of precise electrode placement. Intraoperative contrast encephalography was not necessary. Functional neurosurgery was performed successfully and advantageously using CT stereotactic technique alone.
Temperature- and pH-dependent aqueous-phase kinetics of the reactions of glyoxal and methylglyoxal with atmospheric amines and ammonium sulfate

Abstract Reactions of glyoxal (Glx) and methylglyoxal (MG) with primary amines and ammonium salts may produce brown carbon and N-containing oligomers in aqueous aerosol. 1H NMR monitoring of reactant losses and product appearance in bulk aqueous reactions were used to derive rate constants and quantify competing reaction pathways as a function of pH and temperature. Glx + ammonium sulfate (AS) and amine reactions generate products containing C–N bonds, with rates depending directly on pH: rate = (70 ± 60) M−1 s−1 fAld [Glx]tot fAm [Am]tot, where fAld is the fraction of aldehyde with a dehydrated aldehyde functional group, and fAm is the fraction of amine or ammonia that is deprotonated at a given pH. MG + amine reactions generate mostly aldol condensation products and exhibit less pH dependence: rate = 10[(0.36 ± 0.06) × pH − (3.6 ± 0.3)] M−1 s−1 fAld [MG]tot [Am]tot. Aldehyde + AS reactions are less temperature-dependent (Ea = 18 ± 8 kJ mol−1) than corresponding amine reactions (Ea = 50 ± 11 kJ mol−1). Using aerosol concentrations of [OH] = 10−12 M, [amine]tot = [AS] = 0.1 M, fGlx = 0.046 and fMG = 0.09, we estimate that OH radical reactions are normally the major aerosol-phase sink for both dicarbonyl compounds. However, reactions with AS and amines together can account for up to 12 and 45% of daytime aerosol-phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal reactivity, respectively, in marine aerosol at pH 5.5. Reactions with AS and amines become less important in acidic or non-marine aerosol, but may still be significant atmospheric sources of brown carbon, imidazoles, and nitrogen-containing oligomers.
A new versatile system for rapid control of gene expression in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The ability to regulate the expression of a gene greatly aids the process of uncovering its functions. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has so far lacked a system for rapidly controlling the expression of chromosomal genes, hindering its full potential as a model organism. Although the widely used nmt1 promoter displays a wide dynamic range of activity, it takes>14–15h to derepress. The urg1 promoter also shows a large dynamic range and can be induced quickly (< 2h), but its implementation requires laborious strain construction and it cannot be used to study meiosis. To overcome these limitations, we constructed a tetracycline-regulated system for inducible expression of chromosomal genes in fission yeast, which is easily established and implemented. In this system the promoter of a gene is replaced by simple one-step substitution techniques with a tetracycline-regulated promoter cassette (tetO7–TATACYC1) in cells where TetR/TetR 0 -based transcription activators/repressors are also produced. Using top1 and nse6 as reporter genes, we show that Top1 and Nse6 appear after just 30min of activating tetO7–TATACYC1 and plateau after ~4–6h. The amount of synthesised protein is comparable to that produced from the attenuated nmt1 promoter Pnmt8, which should be closer to wild-type levels for most genes than those generated from excessively strong promoters and can be controlled by changing the concentration of the effector antibiotic. This system also works efficiently during meiosis, thus making it a useful addition to the toolkit of the fission yeast community. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
"A model for real-time human decision-making in a multi-task environment"

The present research has sought to understand human information-processing and task selection procedures in a dynamic multi-task environment. The approach has been to assimilate the results of a joint experimental and analytic program into a normative dynamic decision model(DDM) for predicting human task sequencing performance. To this end, a general multi-task paradigm was developed that retains the essential features of task selection in a manageable, yet manipulative, context. Via this framework, we have studied the effects of length of opportunity window, task values, and processing times on the human decision-making processes.
Interactions between tributyl phosphate, phosphoric acid and water

Abstract The distribution co-efficient for phosphoric acid between tributyl phosphate (TBP) and water increased with the acid concentration in the inorganic phase and correlated with the water behaviour in the organic phase. Water accompanying the acid into the TBP was salted out after the ratio 3 TBP·H 3 PO 4 ·6 H 2 O was reached but levelled off at one water per TBP regardless of the phosphoric acid concentration over the range 1–4 moles H 3 PO 4 per mole TBP. Evidence for a high degree of association in solutions of anhydrous H 3 PO 4 and TBP was obtained from ebullioscopic molecular weight determinations in ether and the viscosity of undiluted solutions. The maximum viscosity occurred at the 3 H 3 PO 4 to 1 TBP ratio and was about three times that of anhydrous, super-cooled H 3 PO 4 .
Body Mass Index at Age 25 and All-Cause Mortality in Whites and African Americans: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Abstract Purpose Approximately 20% of young adults in the United States are obese, and most of them gain weight between young and middle adulthood. Few studies have examined the association between elevated body mass index (BMI) in early adulthood and mortality or have examined that such effects are independent of changes in weight. To our knowledge, no such study has been conducted in African-American samples. Methods We used data from 13,941 African-American and white adults who self-reported their weight at the age of 25, and had weight and height measured when they were 45–64 years of age (1987–1989). Date of death was ascertained between 1987 and 2005. Hazard ratios and hazard differences for the effects of BMI at age 25 on all-cause mortality were determined using Cox proportional hazard and additive hazard models, respectively. Results In the combined ethnic–gender groups, the hazard ratio associated with a 5 kg/m 2 increase in BMI at age 25 was 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22–1.35), and the hazard difference was 2.75 (2.01–3.50) deaths/1,000 person-years. Associations were observed in all four ethnic–gender groups. Models including weight change from age 25 to age in 1987–1989 resulted in null estimates for BMI in African-American men, whereas associations were maintained or only mildly attenuated in other ethnic–gender groups. Conclusions Excess weight during young adulthood should be avoided because it contributes to increases in death rates that may be independent of changes in weight experienced in later life. Further study is needed to better understand these associations in African-American men.
Photoacid generation in polymeric films.

A major photoproduct from the irradiation of triphenylsulfonium salts is a Bronsted acid. This photochemical process has been used in several polymer film applications where the acid is used for crosslinking of films or to initiate some other acid catalyzed reaction. Despite the widespread applications of these materials, little has been published about the efficiency of acid generation in polymeric films or catalytic chain length associated with chemically amplified systems. This talk will describe the use of a merocyanine dye technique to analyze for acid production in polymer films. The amount of acid produced on irradiation (UV or E-beam) has been determined by this method and the catalytic chain length has been measured for one chemically amplified resist system.
On the Mysterious Demise of Consensual Norms in the United States Supreme Court

The early 1940s marked a period in which the consensus norms of the Supreme Court experienced a radical and apparently permanent change. The consistent pattern of relatively high cohesion characteristic of the Court's earlier years gave way to surging rates of concurring and dissenting opinions. The present research is an examination of the factors possibly contributing to the justices' sharply increasing tendency to express their individual views rather than to defer to the opinion of the Court. Using both historical and quantitative methods, the authors evaluate the impact of the Court's discretionary jurisdiction, changing caseload, associate justice characteristics, and judicial leadership. The evidence presented points to the conclusion that in combination with other factors the leadership style introduced by Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941 had a dramatic effect on the consensus norms of the Court.
Offense-Taking: Development and Validation of a Trait Self-Report Measure

Offense-taking is defined as the perceived deprivation of what is rightfully due to a person. Using this definition, a trait self-report measure of the proneness to take offense was developed and validated. The 16-item Offense-Taking Scale (OTS) yielded Cronbach α of .86 and .87, and a test–retest correlation over a 4-week interval of .76. Factor analyses revealed the two components of sensitivity (degree of reactivity to information as being offensive) and severity (degree of disruption related to taking offense). Support for convergent validity emerged from the predicted positive OTS correlations with hostility and arousability, and negative correlations with forgiveness, hope, concerns about making positive impressions, and life satisfaction. Potential OTS applications are discussed.
Effect of variety and maturation of cheese on supercritical fluid extraction efficiency.

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been utilized by the food industry in many applications to extract, fractionate, and recover compounds from various food matrices. However, little research has been conducted using SFE as an alternative process for producing reduced-fat cheese. Lipids in cheeses may be selectively extracted due to the nonpolar properties of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), without leaving residual chemicals as is the case in solvent extraction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence on the extraction process due to cheese variety and protein breakdown by age. A Latin square design was utilized to test the extractability of lipids from Parmesan and Cheddar cheeses, aged young (9−10 months) or old (24 months). Extraction took place in a 500 mL SFE vessel using 100 g of grated cheese samples. The SFE parameters of the extraction were 350 bar, 35 °C, and supercritical carbon dioxide at a flow rate of 20 g/min for 55 min. Compositional analysis measured all trea...
Controlled contamination studies in 193-nm immersion lithography

In liquid immersion lithography the last optical element is in intimate contact with the liquid for extended periods of time, and therefore is at risk of being contaminated by impurities in the liquid. The purity of the liquid must be kept under stringent control compared to "dry" lithography, since the density of liquid is ~ 1000 times higher than that of gas. Thus, 1 part per billion contaminant in the liquid may have an equivalent effect on the optics to 1 part per million in gas. The risk is that the combination of high contaminant density, short wavelength, and large laser dose will conspire to contaminate the optics, change its transmission, and possibly cause increased flare. In order to clarify the potential for such effects, we have begun a set of experiments with controlled contamination. In these studies, a 193-nm laser irradiates a sample in the presence of flowing clean water into which controlled amounts of contaminant have been injected. The sample is either bare fused silica or calcium fluoride protected with thin films. Results will be presented with organic contaminants such as isopropanol and acetone. These results will include an analysis on the implications for controlling water purity.
Probe Diffusion in Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate−Water: Experimental Determination of Sphere−Chain Binary Hydrodynamic Interactions

Quasi-elastic light-scattering spectroscopy was used to measure the diffusion coefficient of polystyrene latex spheres of diameters 14, 67, and 189 nm in relatively dilute (concentrations 0 ≤ c ≤ 20 g/L) solutions of polystyrene sulfonate. Polymer molecular weights were in the range 1.5 ≤ M ≤ 1188 kDa; solvents were in the high-salt (0.2M NaCl) regime. The measured low-concentration leading slope dD/dc is compared with the hydrodynamic calculation of this slope obtained from the procedure of Phillies and Kirkitelos (G. D. J. Phillies and P. C. Kirkitelos, J. Polym. Sci. 1993, 31, 1785), who used a Kirkwood-Risemann (J. G. Kirkwood and J. Riseman, J. Chem. Phys. 1948, 16, 565) type model for chain hydrodynamics. The experimental and calculated initial slopes agree with each other to within the errors in the experimental measurements.
Corrosion/precipitation in non-isothermal and multi-modular LBE loop systems

Abstract Precise simulations of all hydrodynamic conditions encountered in practical lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolant loop systems by use of flowing conditions in the laboratory are difficult and expensive, if not impossible. Therefore it is important and necessary to develop corrosion models to predict corrosion behaviors at the design stage of practical LBE coolant systems and to properly interpret and apply experimental results from test loops. In the present study, we extended a kinetic corrosion model for a simple LBE loop to a model for a loop with multiple modules to include effects of geometry variations. The model is applied to an ideal loop with contractions and expansions and a test loop named ‘DELTA’ set up in the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Analyses show the combined effects of the axial geometry variations and the axial temperature profile on the corrosion/precipitation distribution in the entire loop. The present study illustrates systematically different dependence of corrosion behaviors on the hydraulic factors in an open pipe flow, a simple loop flow and a multi-modular loop flow.
Mutual preference for large mates in green stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Abstract Experiments with green stink bugs in the laboratory demonstrated that females choosing between males preferred to mate with the larger of the two, when the confounding effect of direct physical male-male competition was removed. Similarly, males preferred to mate first with the larger of two females. A significant positive relationship between female body size and fecundity was found. Thus, the adaptive significance of male choice for large females is a direct reproductive gain while the advantage to females choosing large males is less clear. Mutual choice appears to lead to assortative mating in this system.
Adaptive sliding mode control algorithm for a microgravity isolation system

Abstract An adaptive sliding mode control algorithm has been developed to achieve the desired transmissibility function for a microgravity isolation system with uncertainties in parameters such as umbilical stiffnesses. The theory has been presented for the design of an adaptive controller in the context of a single-degree-of-freedom system. The reference model corresponds to the desired transmissibility. A sliding line with the boundary layer is chosen in the state space consisting of error between the output of the actual system and the reference model and its derivative. The adaptation mechanism is based on the sliding mode control theory. The results from numerical simulations are presented. It has been found that the resulting transmissibility can be quite close to the desired function by properly selecting the system bandwidth and the boundary layer thickness.
Electromotive force generation using the dynamic response of Ni 0 Mn 28.5 Ga 21.5 magnetic shape memory alloy

Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys (MSMAs) are materials that respond to a change in either compressive stress or magnetic field, and can be used for applications such as actuation, sensing, and power harvesting. MSMA prismatic specimens are usually loaded magneto-mechanically by a compressive stress applied along the longest side of the specimen and by a magnetic field applied normal to the direction of the compressive stress. Karaman et al. proved the viability of using MSMAs, specifically NiMnGa single crystals, for energy harvesting applications using up to 5 Hz of cyclic stress. The group proposed a simple mathematical model to predict electrical voltage output generated by the material during the shape recovery process. The voltage output predicted by the model matched well with experimental results recorded at low frequencies 1 . The magnetization reversal responsible for the voltage output has been approximated by Karaman et al. does not use the constitutive relations for the magneto-mechanical behavior of the material, such as that proposed by Kiefer and Lagoudas 2,3 . This work presents simulated and experimental results describing the electromotive force (EMF) producing capabilities of a NiMnGa magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) at frequencies of up to 10 Hz. Unlike previous work, the current paper uses the constitutive model developed by Kiefer and Lagoudas 2-4 and the corresponding magnetization relations to theoretically predict the voltage output of the material. COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a and Simulink were used to generate the simulated results for different constant bias magnetic fields and frequencies of excitation, partial reorientation strains and stress amplitudes. Simulated results are compared to experimental data and the reasons for data match/mismatch are discussed.
Infective endocarditis in childhood.

A total of 37 cases of infective endocarditis, in children aged two days to 13 years, were seen from 1971 to 1983 at the Children's Hospital, Camperdown. Structural heart disease was known to preexist in 95%. Cyanotic congenital heart disease was present in 15 children, of whom 11 had been palliated by a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. In five children, there was infection of a prosthetic valve. Identifiable precipitants of infection were rare. In particular, no child had had a preceding dental procedure within three months, while only 19% had had recent cardiac surgery. Organisms were identified by blood culture in 92%, the majority being streptococci (43% of cases) and staphylococci (27% of cases). While 59% of all organisms were penicillin sensitive, six of the seven early postoperative children were infected with organisms not sensitive to antibiotics, given for wound infection prophylaxis in the perioperative period. The overall death rate was 13.5%. Of the children infected withStaphylococcus aureus, 40% died, while no child withStreptococcus viridans endocarditis died. Of the survivors, four needed urgent valve replacement, and three had major central nervous system complications. Using these figures, a current profile of patients with infective endocarditis is presented.
Electrodermal responsiveness as related to psychiatric diagnosis and prognosis.

Electrodermal responsiveness as measured by orienting responses to tone stimulation and to a word-association task was evaluated in a group of schizophrenic patients upon admission to the hospital and after 5 weeks of hospitalization. Two evaluations were conducted, the first based on clinical recovery, the second based on electrodermal responsiveness at time of first testing. Results indicate that patients who demonstrate more rapid habituation at second time of testing have a better hospital discharge record than those who show no change in rate of habituation. Electrodermal responsiveness to the word-association task at first time of testing was related to such factors as clinical diagnosis, severity of illness, and adequacy of word associations. In general, patients who were most responsive demonstrated less pathology than those who were less responsive at first time of testing.
Amino acid compositions and evolutionary relationships with protein families

Abstract We have examined the merits of the three functions based on amino acid compositions which have been proposed to indicate the similarity in amino acid sequences of two proteins; the difference index, the composition divergence and the composition coefficient. We have taken the amino acid compositions and sequences of 41 cytochrome c 's and used the 820 values from all possible comparisons in the evaluation. We conclude that the functions do have a limited value in predicting proteins which are closely related in sequence and that the three functions are equivalent in this predictive ability. We have used the composition divergence values obtained from available pyruvate kinase amino acid compositions to generate a phylogenetic tree for this glycolytic enzyme.
Suppression of p160ROCK bypasses cell cycle arrest after Aurora-A/STK15 depletion

Alterations in the expression and activity of the centrosomal kinase, Aurora-A/serine/threonine kinase 15 (STK15), affect genomic stability, disrupt the fidelity of centrosome duplication, and induce cellular transformation. Here, we provide evidence that p160ROCK, a Rho-associate serine/threonine kinase, associates with Aurora-A in a protein complex with other STK15-associated factors. Suppression of Aurora-A by small interfering RNA in HeLa cells blocks the ability of centrosomes to organize normal mitotic spindles, induces G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, and promotes accumulation of tetraploid cells. In many cases, one outcome of such abnormalities is apoptosis. Introduction of a second genetic lesion, suppression of p160ROCK by RNA interference, can rescue abnormal mitotic spindle formation, release the G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, and alleviate apoptosis, leading to a greater accumulation of aneuploid cells. These results suggest that Aurora-A and p160ROCK act in a common genetic pathway that promotes and monitors progression through G(2)/M.
Tax exemption. Challenge and opportunity for not-for-profit hospitals.

Abstract As healthcare reform is debated over the next several years, not-for-profit hospitals will see increased challenges to their tax-exempt status. Over the past forty years, the requirements for maintaining a tax-exempt status have undergone numerous changes. In the last several years, several states have challenged the right of hospitals to maintain this desired status. As we move toward the mid- 1990s, it will be critical for not-for-profit hospitals to demonstrate and communicate their commitment to charitable endeavors.
Spectroscopic Studies of Colloidal Solutions of Nanocrystalline Ru(bpy)32+−Zeolite Y

Preparation of suspensions of Ru(bpy)32+−zeolite Y has made it possible to use conventional optical transmission spectroscopic methods to examine the entrapped Ru(bpy)32+ species within the zeolite...
Temporal aspects in FMS scheduling: an overview

Abstract This work addresses the basic temporal concepts involved in FMS scheduling activities such as temporal factors and knowledge forms. Attention is also given to the major components of temporal frameworks: time representation schemes, constraint propagation formalisms, and consistency maintenance modules, as well as representation requirements. Major approaches to these issues are reviewed and discussed.
A new representation for retention time in supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract A new equation is given for describing the column retention time of species in a supercritical fluid chromatograph (SFC). The simplicity of this representation is such that the plot of the capacity factor versus density is predicted to be linear on log-log coordinates. Experimental capacity factor data are presented that confirm this hypothesis. As a result, the prediction and correlation of capacity factor data in SFC are made considerably easier when compared to the usual PT representation.
A new test for stochastic order of k⩾3 ordered multinomial populations

Abstract A new one-sided test for stochastic order of k ⩾ 3 ordered multinomial populations is offered. The test has desirable monotonicity properties in the sense that it is monotone in practical directions and admissible directions. A practical direction is one for which stochastic order is more readily convincing. An admissible direction is a requirement for a test to be admissible. The test is based on a directed chi-square statistic. In addition to the monotonicity properties the test is exact (nonasymptotic), readily calculated (a program is offered), and has favorable power properties when compared with competitors. The test can also be used when some data are censored.
Age-dependent effects of preconditioning aversive experiences on the retention of conditioned fear in weanling rats.

Two experiments investigated the effect of prior noncontingent shock experience upon the retention of fear in young rats. Rats given Pavlovian fear conditioning at 20 days of age and tested 2 or 4 weeks later showed less forgetting if they had received preconditioning shocks in infancy. The magnitude of this protection effect was inversely related to the age at which the prior experience had occurred. As preshock treatments did not appear to affect acquisition, the improved retention does not seem to be based upon changes in original learning. Early experience may enhance memory processes by increasing cue utilization.
Some observations on the chemistry of uranium and plutonium in anhydrous acetic acid

Abstract A survey of the chemistry of uranium and plutonium in anhydrous acetic acid has shown that the oxidation states U(III), U(IV), Pu(III), Pu(IV), and Pu(VI) are reasonably stable in this medium. Visible spectra are presented and a number of reactions and equilibria involving these oxidation states in anhydrous acetic acid are reported.
LPS Impairs Phospholipid Synthesis by Triggering β-Transducin Repeat-containing Protein (β-TrCP)-mediated Polyubiquitination and Degradation of the Surfactant Enzyme Acyl-CoA:Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase I (LPCAT1)

Acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) is a relatively newly described and yet indispensable enzyme needed for generation of the bioactive surfactant phospholipid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPtdCho). Here, we show that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes LPCAT1 degradation using the Skp1-Cullin-F-box ubiquitin E3 ligase component, β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), that polyubiquitinates LPCAT1, thereby targeting the enzyme for proteasomal degradation. LPCAT1 was identified as a phosphoenzyme as Ser178 within a phosphodegron was identified as a putative molecular recognition site for glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation that recruits β-TrCP docking within the enzyme. β-TrCP ubiquitinates LPCAT1 at an acceptor site (Lys221), as substitution of Lys221 with Arg abrogated LPCAT1 polyubiquitination. LPS profoundly reduced immunoreactive LPCAT1 levels and impaired lung surfactant mechanics, effects that were overcome by siRNA to β-TrCP and GSK-3β or LPCAT1 gene transfer, respectively. Thus, LPS appears to destabilize the LPCAT1 protein by GSK-3β-mediated phosphorylation within a canonical phosphodegron for β-TrCP docking and site-specific ubiquitination. LPCAT1 is the first lipogenic substrate for β-TrCP, and the results suggest that modulation of the GSK-3β-SCFβTrCP E3 ligase effector pathway might be a unique strategy to optimize dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine levels in sepsis.
An x-ray microanalysis survey of the concentration of elements in the cytoplasm of different mammalian cell types.

Electron probe energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was performed on freeze-dried tissue sections. The dry weight concentration of elements (mmole/kg dry weight) was measured in the cytoplasm of several cell types from adult mice and rats. This comparative investigation showed: (1) That the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of element concentration from the cytoplasm of a specific cell type allows one to distinguish this specific cell type from other cell types with considerable accuracy. (2) That there is a relationship between the concentration of the various elements and the ultrastructural features of the cytoplasmic regions being analyzed. For example, areas rich in ribosomes are also rich in P, K and Mg. (3) These data support the idea that K is directly involved in the control of protein synthesis. The catalog of element concentrations in the cytoplasm of 13 cell types from both mice and rats should be of value to others who seek to answer various questions about these cell types.
Temperature-dependent streaming potentials: 2. Laboratory

[1] Streaming potentials and zeta potentials were measured at equilibrium conditions, while at elevated temperatures of 23°–200°C and pressures of 20 MPa, on intact rock samples of Fontainebleau Sandstone, Berea Sandstone, and Westerly Granite using the oscillatory data collection method. The streaming potential coupling coefficient for Fontainebleau Sandstone decreased in magnitude from 195 nV/Pa at 23°C to 33 nV/Pa at 160°C before rising to 41 nV/Pa at 200°C. The Berea Sandstone coupling coefficient decreased in magnitude from 100 nV/Pa at 23°C to 23 nV/Pa at 160°C and then increased in magnitude to 100 nV/Pa at 200°C. The Westerly Granite coupling coefficient increased in magnitude from 23 nV/Pa at 40°C to 68 nV/Pa to 120°C, then decreased in magnitude to 43 nV/Pa at 160°C, and then increased in magnitude to 50 nV/Pa at 200°C. The zeta potential for all three samples increased in magnitude with increasing temperature, during these equilibrium experiments, which did not mirror the coupling coefficient responses. The temperature dependence of the zeta potential provides indications of possible chemistry changes occurring within sample, such as pH, ionic concentration, and ionic composition. These experiments confirm that knowledge of rock/solution chemistry is important for modeling coupling coefficients and zeta potentials. Results of the experimental work are compared to a model that predicts zeta potential variation with temperature, and reasonable correlations are obtained.
Massive transfusion coagulopathy.

Coagulopathy following massive transfusion is a consequence of post-traumatic and surgical hemorrhage. Bleeding following massive transfusion can occur due to hypothermia, dilutional coagulopathy, platelet dysfunction, fibrinolysis, or hypofibrinogenemia. Transfusion of 15 to 20 units of blood products causes dilutional thrombocytopenia, and both antiplatelet agents (eg, clopidogrel [Plavix ® , Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ]) and hemostatic inhibitors (eg, low-molecular-weight heparins, pentasaccharides, and direct thrombin inhibitors) are contributing factors to bleeding. Tests for platelet dysfunction are not readily available. Excessive fibrinolysis and low fibrinogen are also causes of bleeding in these patients. Currently, however, there are several agents that have been reported to be effective for the prophylaxis of hemorrhage in surgical patients, including aprotinin for cardiac surgery, orthopedic surgery, and hepatic transplantation, and the off-label use of recombinant activated factor VII (NovoSeven ® , Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) as rescue therapy for life-threatening hemorrhage.
Ricoeur on Religious Selfhood: A Response to Mark Wallace

This essay responds to Mark I. Wallace's claim that Paul Ricoeur's thought should be read ‘from scripture to phenomenology ’, given Ricoeur's respect for the specificity of religious traditions over against the pretension of phenomenology to ground philosophy in the certainty of the cogito. Although I agree that Ricoeur challenges the Cartesian tendencies of phenomenology, I argue against Wallace that the understanding of religious selfhood must for Ricoeur proceed ‘from phenomenology to scripture’, inasmuch as it is the general structure of selfhood as conscience that makes the appropriation of the Christ image possible to begin with.
Mathematical Methods for the Rapid Development of New High Performance Thermal Interface Materials

New developments in the electronics industry have resulted in higher power chips. Unfortunately as these devices run at higher power, they dramatically increase the heat produced. New thermal management materials that exceed the performance of current commercially available greases, gels and adhesives were developed to meet these higher thermal loads. These materials were created using a dense particle packing theory. Rather than use empirical scattershot approaches, this new method uses a mathematical tool to optimize formulations. This theory not only helped produce new thermal materials but also dramatically reduced developmental time.
Pyroglutamylated Amyloid-Beta Peptide Reverses Cross Beta-Sheets by a Prion-Like Mechanism

The amyloid hypothesis causatively relates the fibrillar deposits of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). More recent data, however, identify the soluble oligomers as the major cytotoxic entities. Pyroglutamylated Aβ (pE-Aβ) is present in AD brains and exerts augmented neurotoxicity, which is believed to result from its higher β-sheet propensity and faster fibrillization. While this concept is based on a set of experimental results, others have reported similar β-sheet contents in unmodified and pyroglutamylated Aβ, and slower aggregation of pE-Aβ as compared to unmodified Aβ, leaving the issue unresolved. Here, we assess the structural differences between Aβ and pE-Aβ peptides that may underlie their distinct cytotoxicities. Transmission electron microscopy identifies a larger number of prefibrillar aggregates of pE-Aβ at early stages of aggregation and suggests that pE-Aβ affects the fibrillogenesis even at low molar fractions. Circular dichroism and FTIR data indicate that while the unmo...
Chromosome 22-specific low copy repeats and the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: genomic organization and deletion endpoint analysis

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, which includes DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes (DGS/VCFS), is the most common microdeletion syndrome. The majority of deleted patients share a common 3 Mb hemizygous deletion of 22q11.2. The remaining patients include those who have smaller deletions that are nested within the 3 Mb typically deleted region (TDR) and a few with rare deletions that have no overlap with the TDR. The identification of chromosome 22-specific duplicated sequences or low copy repeats (LCRs) near the end-points of the 3 Mb TDR has led to the hypothesis that they mediate deletions of 22q11.2. The entire 3 Mb TDR has been sequenced, permitting detailed investigation of the LCRs and their involvement in the 22q11.2 deletions. Sequence analysis has identified four LCRs within the 3 Mb TDR. Although the LCRs differ in content and organization of shared modules, those modules that are common between them share 97-98% sequence identity with one another. By fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, the end-points of four variant 22q11.2 deletions appear to localize to the LCRs. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization have been used to identify rearranged junction fragments from three variant deletions. Analysis of junction fragments by PCR and sequencing of the PCR products implicate the LCRs directly in the formation of 22q11.2 deletions. The evolutionary origin of the duplications on chromosome 22 has been assessed by FISH analysis of non-human primates. Multiple signals in Old World monkeys suggest that the duplication events may have occurred at least 20-25 million years ago.
Development of the visual pathways: Effects of neural activity

Very early in the development of neural connections in the brain, axons find their targets without the aid of neural activity. In subsequent stages of development, however, neural activity plays an important role. The visual pathway has provided important clues to the role of activity in brain development. The development of the precise point-to-point connections that underlie a functionally normal visual system requires patterned neural activity that in some cases is generated by the nervous system itself. Thereafter, neural activity generated by visual stimuli is required for the development and maintenance of precise connectivity. Lastly, neural activity must lead to long-term changes that mediate visual learning and memory. A good deal of evidence suggests that the mechanisms involved in the activity-dependent development of neural connections are similar to those underlying long-term changes in synaptic strength in the adult brain.
The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study: baseline characteristics of participants and reliability of baseline measures.

The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study (OS) was established to explore the predictors and natural history of important causes of morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women, and to serve as a secular control for the WHI Clinical Trial (CT). It enrolled 93,676 ethnically diverse women born in four different decades, from those who came of age in the depression-era, to the first members of the baby boom. Accordingly, this cohort reflects a wide range of socio-cultural influences on opportunities and health behaviors. OS participants will contribute longitudinal data on health status, risk exposures and disease events. The followup interval will be slightly shorter than that in the clinical trial, approximately 7 years. All OS women had a physical examination at baseline and 3 years. Additional data are obtained with annual mailed questionnaires. These forms explore risk exposures, health behaviors, and the prevalence of less common diseases to provide a comprehensive view of both classical and novel risk factors, as well as secular trends in the predictors of healthy aging and disease events. Because of its size, the OS will permit exploration of factors associated with less common diseases. This article describes the demographic, reproductive, dietary, and health characteristics of the OS women by eth-
Temporal Variations in the Hepatitis C Virus Intrahost Population during Chronic Infection

ABSTRACT The intrahost evolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) holds keys to understanding mechanisms responsible for the establishment of chronic infections and to development of a vaccine and therapeutics. In this study, intrahost variants of two variable HCV genomic regions, HVR1 and NS5A, were sequenced from four treatment-naive chronically infected patients who were followed up from the acute stage of infection for 9 to 18 years. Median-joining network analysis indicated that the majority of the HCV intrahost variants were observed only at certain time points, but some variants were detectable at more than one time point. In all patients, these variants were found organized into communities or subpopulations. We hypothesize that HCV intrahost evolution is defined by two processes: incremental changes within communities through random mutation and alternations between coexisting communities. The HCV population was observed to incrementally evolve within a single community during approximately the first 3 years of infection, followed by dispersion into several subpopulations. Two patients demonstrated this pattern of dispersion for the rest of the observation period, while HCV variants in the other two patients converged into another single subpopulation after ∼9 to 12 years of dispersion. The final subpopulation in these two patients was under purifying selection. Intrahost HCV evolution in all four patients was characterized by a consistent increase in negative selection over time, suggesting the increasing HCV adaptation to the host late in infection. The data suggest specific staging of HCV intrahost evolution.
A New Approach for the Geodesic Voronoi Diagram of Points in a Simple Polygon and Other Restricted Polygonal Domains

We introduce a new method for computing the geodesic Voronoi diagram of point sites in a simple polygon and other restricted polygonal domains. Our method combines a sweep of the polygonal domain with the merging step of a usual divide-and-conquer algorithm. The time complexity is O..nC k/ log.nC k// where n is the number of vertices and k is the number of points, improving upon previously known bounds. Space is O.nC k/. Other polygonal domains where our method is applicable include (among others) a polygonal domain of parallel disjoint line segments and a polygonal domain of rectangles in the L1 metric.