cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MACS: A Macintosh Program For Constructing Marine Magnetic Anomaly Profiles

MACS, an acronym for Magnetic Anomaly Construction Set, displays and calculates marine magnetic-anomaly profiles on the Macintosh computer. The program is unique in that it allows on-screen editing of magnetic reversals sequences prior to calculating anomaly profiles, so that sequences can be tailored to reproduce suspected gaps, duplications, or other discontinuities within observed magnetic profiles. The application uses a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm for anomaly profile calculations. Application profiles can be printed, saved to disk as a graphic image, or saved to disk for later reworking.
Cytomegalovirus Infection after Organ Allografting

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important determinant of success following organ allografting. Exposure to an infection with CMV is common in normal persons, with the age-specific prevalence of antibody to CMV exceeding 50% by adulthood in most parts of the world (Wentworth and Alexander, 1971). In the normal host and especially in children, infection with CMV is often asymptomatic, although it may be the cause of atypical mononucleosis syndrome during adolescence and early adulthood (Klemola and Kaariainen, 1965). Uncommonly, it is the cause of more serious illnesses such as pneumonia, encephalitis, or Guillain-Barre syndrome. With the exception of congenital CMV infection, however, CMV is rarely the cause of severe disease in immunologically normal persons.
Girls and Violence

After decades of girls’ violence taking place in private places and being shrouded in darkness, girls who fight have become the subject of widespread public concern, of academic research, and of policy debates. As the chapters in this volume make abundantly clear, scholars have shone much light into the dark place that is girls’ violence, and the result has been tremendous progress in our understanding of girls and aggression. As much as we have learned, though, any account of girls and aggression will be a never ending story, for several important reasons. First, scholarship on this topic has moved rapidly from a paucity of data to an overwhelming amount of new information, sometimes in the absence of theoretical frameworks for integrating and understanding results. The story of girls’ violence will quickly become even more rich and complex. Second, because girls are violent often in the context of relationships and because women are primarily responsible for rearing children, violent girls may become inept or even violent mothers, and transmit violence and aggression to their children. Third, because so few girls and women engage in serious violence as compared to boys, gender specific interventions are in the very early stages of development. Experts are unsure as to how to help the minority of women who behave violently, thus their behavior and its heart-wrenching consequences will likely continue.
Multiple Flaw Fracture Mechanics Model for Ceramics

A multiple flaw fracture mechanics model applicable to ceramic materials is formulated which includes the interaction between a distribution of flaws located on a critical fracture plane. The opening mode stress intensity factor K of this system of flaws, modeled as an array of circular cracks, is determined in terms of the area fraction, the remote uniaxial stress field and the flaw characteristic size. The resulting mixed boundary value problem is formulated in terms of the Papkovich-Neuber functions represented by appropriate series expansions which satisfy the Laplace equations. By imposing the boundary conditions, the problem is reduced to a set of dual series equations which can be rewritten as a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. This integral equation is then simply solved using known numerical techniques. Finally, the stress intensity factor K is obtained as the strength of the singularity of the near tip stress field by a limiting process. When this solution, expressed in terms of the local defect area fraction, is compared to the known plane strain solution for the stress intensity factor of collinear cracks, it can be shown that the simpler 2 dimensional plane strain solution is valid over a range of defect area fractions of interest in ceramics. Accordingly, a simpler engineering solution based on Koiter’s solution modified by an appropriate constant is proposed for estimating the strength of ceramics.
A Gaze-Based Virtual Keyboard Using a Mouth Switch for Command Selection

Portable eye-trackers provide an efficient way to access the point of gaze from a user on a computer screen. Thanks to eyetracking, gaze-based virtual keyboard can be developed by taking into account constraints related to the gaze detection accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new gaze-based virtual keyboard where all the letters can be accessed directly through a single command. In addition, we propose a USB mouth switch that is directly connected through a computer mouse, with the mouse switch replacing the left click button. This approach is considered to tackle the Midas touch problem with eye-tracking for people who are severely disabled. The performance is evaluated on 10 participants by comparing the following three conditions: gaze detection with mouth switch, gaze detection with dwell time by considering the distance to the closest command, and the gaze detection within the surface of the command box. Finally, a workload using NASA-TLX test was conducted on the different conditions. The results revealed that the proposed approach with the mouth switch provides a better performance in terms of typing speed (36.6 ± 8.4 letters/minute) compared to the other conditions, and a high acceptance as an input device.
The Limits of Language

Our language encloses us in certain conceptual horizons. As regards the range of our cognition, we can say with confidence that there is a terrain beyond our horizons but we cannot say what it is. With regard to languages, we can say that they will shift the horizon boundary but, of course, not say how. And considerations of general principles indicate that there will be some fact whose specification is beyond the capacity of any and all language whatsoever. Given that we cannot possibly tell what lies in this terra incognita, its existence has little practical importance for us but its theoretical importance is immense.
Bacterial community composition under long-term reduced tillage and no till management

AIMS The purpose of this study was to assess impacts of long-term reduced tillage and no till management on bacterial communities in agricultural field soils. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples from surface soils were collected from field plots maintained under reduced tillage and no till conditions for 14 years. No till soils had significantly higher microbial biomass, as well as β-glucosidase activity, which is linked to organic matter breakdown. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed most variability in bacterial community composition was observed in low abundance community members. Diversity estimates (Chao 1, ACE, and Shannon indices) were lower in no till soils, and several bacterial taxa linked to organic matter breakdown were significantly higher in no till compared to tilled soils. CONCLUSIONS Long-term no till management can significantly enhance the size of soil microbial communities while negatively impacting bacterial diversity, through the lack of soil disturbance and breakdown of crop residues left on soil surfaces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides insights into how no till management can influence the microbial community's contribution to soil health and suggests that long-term no till field plots may benefit from occasional tillage.
Behavior of a Class of Second-order Planar Elliptic Equations with Degeneracies

Normalization results are obtained for classes of second-order elliptic equations in \(\mathbb{R}\)which degenerate along a simple closed curve or with an isolated singularity. The behavior of the solutions of the corresponding homogeneous equation in a neighborhood of the degeneracy as well as the maximum principle is studied.
Gas inflow and star formation near supermassive black holes: the role of nuclear activity

Numerical models of gas inflow towards a supermassive black hole (SMBH) show that star formation may occur in such an environment through the growth of a gravitationally unstable gas disc. We consider the effect of nuclear activity on such a scenario. We present the first three-dimensional grid-based radiative hydrodynamic simulations of direct collisions between infalling gas streams and a $4 \times 10^6~\text{M}_\odot$ SMBH, using ray-tracing to incorporate radiation consistent with an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We assume inflow masses of $ \approx 10^5~\text{M}_\odot$ and explore radiation fields of 10% and 100% of the Eddington luminosity ($L_\text{edd}$). We follow our models to the point of central gas disc formation preceding star formation and use the Toomre Q parameter ($Q_T$) to test for gravitational instability. We find that radiation pressure from UV photons inhibits inflow. Yet, for weak radiation fields, a central disc forms on timescales similar to that of models without feedback. Average densities of $> 10^{8}~\text{cm}^{-3}$ limit photo-heating to the disc surface allowing for $Q_T\approx1$. For strong radiation fields, the disc forms more gradually resulting in lower surface densities and larger $Q_T$ values. Mass accretion rates in our models are consistent with 1%--60% of the Eddington limit, thus we conclude that it is unlikely that radiative feedback from AGN activity would inhibit circumnuclear star formation arising from a massive inflow event.
Large-group, asynchronous, interprofessional simulation: Identifying roles and improving communication with student pharmacists and student nurses.

Abstract Background Accreditation standards for health professions training programs continue to require interprofessional education (IPE) activities. Therefore, it is important for faculty collaboration to satisfy these requirements and provide meaningful, mutually beneficial opportunities for students to participate and learn. The medication use process is an integral component of nursing and pharmacy education. When feasible, asynchronous IPE activities that promote medication administration safety and facilitate equal contribution from involved students should be introduced into respective curricula. Interprofessional educational activity This study employed a retrospective, pretest-posttest design to measure confidence, satisfaction, and communication. The asynchronous simulation included first-year (junior) student nurses (n = 126) and first year (P1) student pharmacists (n = 152). The simulation focused on the role-related knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to accurately call-in, retrieve, and fill a prescription. Details regarding design, setting, participants, facilitation of the simulation, and barriers overcome are described. Discussion Descriptive statistics are provided for satisfaction and confidence, with changes in confidence analyzed using binomial probability confidence intervals. This IPE simulation was an efficient and effective model for introducing students to the specific activity of communicating prescriptions among key members of the interprofessional team. Implications Students reported increased confidence and satisfaction with this activity, which supports future iterations of the asynchronous simulation.
Identification and characterization of the dominant thermal resistance in lithium-ion batteries using operando 3-omega sensors

Poor thermal transport within lithium-ion batteries fundamentally limits their performance, safety, and lifetime, in spite of external thermal management systems. All prior efforts to understand the origin of batteries' mysteriously high thermal resistance have been confined to ex situ measurements without understanding the impact of battery operation. Here, we develop a frequency-domain technique that employs sensors capable of measuring spatially resolved intrinsic thermal transport properties within a live battery while it is undergoing cycling. Our results reveal that the poor battery thermal transport is due to high thermal contact resistance between the separator and both electrode layers and worsens as a result of formation cycling, degrading total battery thermal transport by up to 70%. We develop a thermal model of these contact resistances to explain their origin. These contacts account for up to 65% of the total thermal resistance inside the battery, leading to far-reaching consequences for the thermal design of batteries. Our technique unlocks new thermal measurement capabilities for future battery research.
Multiple Linear Regression

This chapter introduces the multiple linear regression model, the response plot for checking goodness of fit, the residual plot for checking lack of fit, the ANOVA F test, the partial F test, the t tests, and least squares. The problems use software R, SAS, Minitab, and Arc.
Nanoscale Materials Engineering for Microelectronics

Last five decades have seen unprecedented scaling of materials with desired properties to nanometer dimensions for computing and storage devices with computing cost per unit dropping almost by eight orders of magnitude. Manufacturing advances have demonstrated readiness to implement 10 nm and 7 nm nodes. This has been achieved through innovations, partnerships, consortia, infrastructure support, and attracting talented workforce. This chapter reveals my journey of research from macro to nanoscale materials integration. Moving forward, one of the key challenges in creating devices for the big data era is to move to heterogeneous integration of novel materials, devices and architecture and computing paradigms. New techniques for fast in situ measurement and the understanding of electrical and physical properties at atomic resolution are emerging.
Metabolic acidosis exacerbates pyelonephritis in mice prone to vesicoureteral reflux

Acute pyelonephritis is a common, serious bacterial infection in children. The prevalence of acute pyelonephritis is due at least in part to vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Although an association between abnormalities in electrolyte and acid-base balance and pyelonephritis is common in young children, the impact of metabolic acidosis (MA) on progression of acute pyelonephritis is not fully understood. In this study, the effect of MA on pyelonephritis was studied in C3H mouse strains prone to VUR. MA induced by ammonium chloride supplementation in food specifically impaired clearance of urinary tract infection with uropathogenic Escherichia. coli (UPEC-UTI) in innate immune competent C3H strains (HeOuJ, HeN), whereas kidney UPEC burden in Tlr-4-deficient HeJ mice was unaffected. Antibody-mediated depletion of myeloid cells (monocytes, neutrophil) markedly increased UPEC burden in the bladder and kidney confirming the pivotal role of neutrophils and tissue-resident macrophages in clearance of UPEC-UTI. MA concurrent with UPEC-UTI markedly increased expression of cytokine (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) and chemokine (CXCL 1, 2, and 5) mRNA in isolated kidney CD cells and kidney neutrophil infiltrates were increased four- to fivefold compared to normal, UPEC-infected mice. Thus, MA intensified pyelonephritis and increased the risk of kidney injury by impairing clearance of UPEC-UTI and potentiating renal inflammation characterized by an elevated kidney neutrophil infiltrate.
The Sky's the LEMit: New insights into nuclear structure regulation of transcription factor activity.

Abstract The nucleoskeleton has been associated with partitioning the genome into active and inactive compartments that dictate local transcription factor (TF) activity. However, recent data indicate that the nucleoskeleton and TFs reciprocally influence each other in dynamic TF trafficking pathways through the functions of LEM proteins. While the conserved peripheral recruitment of TFs by LEM proteins has been viewed as a mechanism of repressing transcription, a diversity of release mechanisms from the lamina suggest this compartment serves as a refuge for nuclear TF accumulation for rapid mobilization and signal stability. Detailed mechanisms suggest that TFs toggle between nuclear lamina refuge and nuclear matrix lamin-LEM protein complexes at sites of active transcription. In this review we will highlight emerging LEM functions acting at the interface of chromatin and nucleoskeleton to create TF trafficking networks.
Recent discoveries in the reaction mechanism of heterogeneous electrocatalytic nitrate reduction

The importance of maintaining a balanced nitrogen cycle and rectifying the accumulation of nitrate in water streams creates a need for technologies that can convert nitrate species. Heterogeneous electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (NO3RR) is a promising technology because it can use renewable electricity to convert nitrate to nitrogen or ammonia without chemical reductants, hydrogen gas, or the production of biological waste. This review discusses the fundamental mechanism of nitrate reduction by exploring the rate-determining conversion of nitrate to nitrite and NO, and the selectivity pathways that lead to ammonia, nitrogen gas, and nitrogen oxides. Additionally, it explores several important techniques for evaluating nitrate reduction electrocatalysts, including methods to quantify the electrochemically active surface area and the product selectivity. This review highlights the activity and selectivity trends for electrocatalysts which include metals, alloys, and more recent work on sulfides, oxysulfides, oxides, phosphides, and N-doped materials. Factors that influence the reactivity and selectivity trends, such as adsorption energy of the intermediates, reaction conditions, and surface contaminants are also discussed. Overall, this review shows how mechanistic studies have led to a better understanding of NO3RR. Targeted and controlled NO3RR studies can lead to better synergy between experimental and computational results, predictive mechanistic understanding, and discovery of new NO3RR electrocatalysts.
Validity of transactional analysis and emotional intelligence in training nursing students

Introduction: Emotional intelligence (EI) is considered a critical componentof a nurse’s characteristic trait which is known as a significant predictor of aperson’s job performance and life success. Transactional Analysis (TA) plays a fundamental role in nurse-patient communication and managing emotionsduring difficult dialect with patients. The aim of this review is to discuss theframework of EI and TA, and how the combined theories can be utilized tofurther educate nurses and enhance the patient’s experience. Exploring the idea of combining EI, TA, and other theories and adding these addendums to the nursing curriculum may advance the empathy and communication skills of nursing students.Methods: The method used in this review is a literature search using databases, such as Medline, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, etc. to form a critical discussion of this area. Key words such as emotional intelligence, transactional analysis, nursing curriculum, and relating theoretical models were used to identify applicable documents. Four studies involving EI and TA were sampled. A combination of data collection tools, such as lecture series and intervention programs, were used to authenticate the results. Other instruments used were ego state questionnaires, empathy, and five point Likert scales. No study design or type of literature was excluded in healthcare to substantiate the application of EI and TA into the nursing curriculum.Results: Sixteen nurses attended a six-week psycho-education program using communication and empathy scales, and patient satisfaction surveys to improve their empathetic and communication skills. The result of the mean communication score (177.8±20) increased to (198.8±15) after training (p=0.001). The empathy score increased from 25.7±7 to 32.6±6 (p=0.001). The overall result reflects that training can improve emergency nurse’s communication and empathy skills.Conclusion: The data suggests there are under-researched theories withfuturistic topics that have value to the nursing community. Suitable evaluation of these theories is vital to nursing education. Implementation and training for nursing students and existing nurses may help shift the culture of medical education ahead by creating a more educated and empathetic work environment.Keywords: Emotional intelligence, Transactional analysis, Patient, Communication, Nursing, Students, Curriculum
Computationally efficient tracking of multiple targets by probabilistic data association using neural networks

The joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) algorithm previously reported by T.E. Fortmann et al. (1983) for tracking multiple targets in the presence of clutter has the drawback that its complexity increases rapidly with the number of targets and returns. An approximation of the JPDA is suggested that solves this problem by using an analog computational network to solve the data association problem. The problem is viewed as that of optimizing a suitably chosen objective function. Simple neural-network structures for the approximate minimization of such functions have been proposed by other researchers. The analog network used here offers a significant degree of parallelism and thus can compute the association probabilities more rapidly. Computer simulations indicate the ability of the algorithm to track many targets simultaneously in the presence of moderate density clutter. >
The Role of Universities in Preparing the Next Generation of Security Professionals

This article discusses the multifaceted role of universities in preparing the next generation of security professionals. The diverse activities carried out in this vein include: academic coursework and training; student internships and co-ops; guest lectures and job fairs; student professional organizations, exposure to security products, services, and publications; and career guidance and mentoring. Still, the article argues that challenges remain to students studying security and pursuing careers in that field.
Zebrafish as a Model for Human Diseases

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are small freshwater fish, the only vertebrate model in which a large-scale mutagenesis strategy has been undertaken as an approach to the study of the development of blood and vital organs. The development of techniques for gene mapping in zebra fish and the anticipated completion of the zebra fish genome sequencing project in 2002 will enhance the use of zebra fish as models for human diseases. Keywords: zebra fish; genetic screens; development; hematopoiesis; human diseases
A model for evaluating multi-route routing in ad hoc networks

An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the aid of any centralized administration. In the absence of a centralized administration node, routing is a challenging issue. We focus on a particular source initiated on-demand protocol, called dynamic source routing (DSR), and show how use of multipath techniques can reduce the frequency of route discovery. The frequency of route discovery in DSR is one of the main performance metrics in mobile ad hoc networks. This performance metric was studied using an exponential model, which might be an appropriate model for voice traffic, but is not a suitable model for data traffic. Studies have shown that data traffic is more precisely characterized by heavy-tailed distributions. We present an approach to characterize data traffic through the compound log-normal distribution. Reliability archetypes of series and parallel connections have been used in developing these models.
The use of generalized tests in medical research.

(1998). The use of generalized tests in medical research. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 497-508.
Transient Thermal Response of Skin Tissue

Recent improvements in infrared sensor and computer technology led to the resurgence of the infrared imaging in medicine. The technique has many advantages such as being noninvasive and relatively less expensive than MRI or ultrasound. These imaging techniques are based on the following principle: when a surface is heated or cooled, variations in the thermal properties of a structure result in identifiable temperature contours on it. These contours are characteristic of the structure’s shape, depth, and its thermal properties.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Forest monkeys and Pleistocene refugia: a phylogeographic window onto the disjunct distribution of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group

The reconstruction of evolutionary relationships among a group of closely-related taxa provides a valuable window onto their biogeographic history. This is the first such molecular phylogenetic study to survey all three taxa of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group, a group of Old World monkeys that includes C. lhoesti, Chlorocebus preussi, and Chlorocebus solatus. Representatives of each species were surveyed for two Y-chromosomal genes, TSPY (∼2240 bp) and SRY (∼780 bp), and one X-chromosomal intergenic region (∼9300 bp) homologous to a portion of human Xq13.3. Maximum likelihood topologies inferred from these sequences confirm that the lhoesti group is monophyletic within the tribe Cercopithecini, as suggested by earlier karyotype studies. Within this group, C. lhoesti (Albertine region) and C. preussi (Cameroon, Nigeria, Bioko) cluster to the exclusion of C. solatus (Gabon). This phylogeographic pattern, evaluated in the context of Pleistocene glacial cycles and lhoesti group ecology, suggests: (1) the common ancestor of the group probably arose in west central Africa, (2) dispersal to the Albertine region is likely to have occurred during a glacial maximum, rather than an interglacial pluvial, and (3) this dispersal probably occurred via a path north of the Congo Basin. Divergence date calculations suggest C. solatus separated from the ancestral stock at ∼2.1 Ma, whereas C. preussi and C. lhoesti bifurcated later, at ∼0.5 Ma. Taken together, these evolutionary analyses draw attention to one period in the Pleistocene (∼0.5 MYA) when a dispersal corridor suitable to montane taxa is likely to have connected the highlands of east central and west central Africa. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 154, 408–418.
The effects of chemical protective suits on human performance

Abstract Workers in the chemical industry are often required to wear protective suits while performing tasks. While these suits can be life saving, they increase the difficulty and discomfort faced by the wearer. This research explores the performance of individuals wearing the highly cumbersome Level A suit. The suits are heat-retentive and can cause fatigue that affects performance by increasing response time and decreasing accuracy. Members of Missouri’s Civil Support Team (CST) served as subjects for this research. They conducted fine and gross motor tests. Their completion time and accuracy were evaluated both out-of-suit and in-suit for the Level A chemical protective suits. A t-test was conducted to evaluate the effect of the Level A suits on performance. Results showed a significant increase in completion time and errors for gross motor tasks. This type of task had up to a 103% increase in time required and up to a 34% decrease in accuracy. The suit’s impact on fine motor skill was also significant, but to a lesser extent. Repeated measures test was performed to evaluate any potential time-in-suit effect. A decrease in mean task completion time was observed for some of the tasks. There was a corresponding decrease in accuracy but no consistent time-in-suit effect was identified. The results indicate the need for care when designing procedures and equipement to be used by humans wearing restrictive PPE. It is important to take human limitations into consideration in the design phase in order to decrease the need for human adaptation and increase system safety. To achieve this, understanding human factors is imperative when designing equipment, tasks, or procedures for workers wearing PPE.
The surface tension of viscous polymers

A procedure is described for measuring the surface tension of polymeric liquids whose bulk viscosity is at least 1500 times that of glycerol. The procedure is based on the determination of the force necessary to separate two spheres held in contact by the test liquid. A series of silicones was examined. Following a relatively sharp rise in surface tension for the lower members, the rate of increase in surface tension with bulk viscosity is extremely small and seems to be approaching a constant value.
EEG Epileptiform Abnormalities at Different Ages

UMMARY 1The EEGs of 1355 patients with epileptiform types of abnormalities were analyzed with regard to the age of the patient. 2The probability for a given abnormality at different ages shows that 3 and likely 4 different peaks occur for frontal, central, parietal, and occipital foci, in addition to centrencephalic patterns. These peaks are found at 4–8, 12–16, 30–39 and also likely at 60–69 years of age. 3A single peak is seen for hypsarhythmia (under 2 years) and also for positive spikes (14–16 years). The major peak for temporal foci is during adulthood (30–39 years), but another peak can be seen during adolescence. 4With regard to the probability of different epileptiform abnormalities at a given age, the temporal focus is the most likely during each decade, except during the second decade when positive spikes are the most common abnormality. The probability that a patient with an epileptiform abnormality will show a temporal lobe focus increases linearly with age. 5These data are discussed with regard to the likely etiological factors that may play a role in the production of these epileptiform abnormalities. RESUME 1Les E.E.G. de 1.355 sujets avec des anomalies epileptiques ont ete analysees en tenant compte de l'âge des patients. 2La probabilite pour une anomalie donnee de survenir a certains âges, montre l'existence de 3 et peut-etre meme 4 maximum en ce qui concerne les foyers frontaux, centraux, parietaux et occipitaux, en plus des decharges centrencephaliques. Ces maxima sont trouves a 4–8, 12–16, 30–39 et probablement aussi a 60–69 ans. 3Un seul maximum est trouve pour l'hypsarythmie (au dessous de 2 ans) et aussi pour les pointes positives (14–16 ans). Le maximum pour les foyers temporaux se situe chez l'adulte (30–39 ans), mais il y en a un second pendant l'adolescence. 4En ce qui concerne la probabilite pour differentes anomalies epileptiformes de survenir a un âge donne, les foyers temporaux sont les plus favorises pour toutes les decades, sauf pour la deuxieme au cours de laquelle les pointes positives sont les plus communes. La probabilite pour un patient de presenter un foyer temporal augmente avec l'âge de facon lineaire. 5Ces donnees sont discutees en fonction des facteurs etiologiques qui peuvent jouer un role dans la production de ces anomalies epileptiformes.
On estimation and attribution of long-term temperature trends in the thermosphere

[1] Recent analyses of long-term time series of ion temperature from two midlatitude incoherent-scatter radars have revealed very strong cooling, which is substantially greater than predicted by models for neutral temperature. There is also an indication that the cooling has substantially accelerated after a breakpoint around 1979 when the ozone hole was discovered. This has prompted a hypothesis that the accelerated cooling might have resulted from the ozone depletion and associated reduction in daytime radiative heating in the stratosphere. A lively discussion on relative roles of different cooling mechanisms has followed. The purpose of this note is to contribute to this discussion from a theoretical and modeling perspective. In particular, a possible misinterpretation of the modeling results behind the ozone hypothesis is clarified. It is also shown that model predictions of neutral temperature trends in the thermosphere agree well with, and hence are tightly constrained by, independent observations including trends in heights of ionospheric layers and in neutral density from satellite drag. However, they are up to an order of magnitude smaller than the observational estimates of trends in ion temperature. These widely different results cannot be quantitatively reconciled regardless of what known cooling mechanisms are invoked. This stark discrepancy should be addressed on the data analysis and theoretical fronts.
Adrenaline neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla innervate thoracic spinal cord: A combined immunocytochemical and retrograde transport demonstration

Abstract Adrenaline-containing neurons in the C1 group of the ventrolateral rostral medullary reticular formation which project to the thoracic spinal cord were identified by a combined retrograde transport immunocytochemical technique. No other medullary catecholamine neurons, including the A1 and A2 noradrenaline cells, project to thoracic spinal cord. These data, taken with results of other studies of spinal catcholamine innervation, suggest a segmental segregation of projections to spinal cord by dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and adrenergic neurons.
Theoretical nuclear database for high-energy, heavy-ion (HZE) transport

Theoretical methods for estimating high-energy, heavy-ion (HZE) particle absorption and fragmentation cross-sections are described and compared with available experimental data. Differences between theory and experiment range from several percent for absorption cross-sections up to about 25%-50% for fragmentation cross-sections.
Abstract 5432: Spirooxindole derivative (SOID-8) inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by blocking JAK2/STAT3 signaling in melanoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Melanoma is the most malignant skin cancer, and is generally refractory to current chemotherapy, so new treatment strategies are needed. In this study, we show that a spirooxindole derivative, SOID-8, which is a synthetic analogue inspired by the natural product, spirotryprostatin B, significantly inhibits cell proliferation in four established human melanoma cell lines. This decrease in viability of A2058 and A375 melanoma cells is associated with apoptosis, as confirmed by an increase in poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase cleavage. In addition, the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, a member of the Bcl-2 family, is downregulated and correlated with SOID-8 induced apoptosis. Morevoer, SOID-8 inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) in both melanoma cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast, phosphorylation of AKT (protein kinase B) is reduced by SOID-8 only at high concentrations, and phosphorylation of MAPK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) is not inhibited at all by SOID-8 in these cells. Furthermore, this compound decreases the phosphorylated Janus kinase-2 (JAK2) levels in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Importantly, SOID-8 inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2 induced by IL-6 stimulation in A2058 and A375 cells. In summary, our results show that SOID-8 selectively blocks JAK2/STAT3 signaling as well as expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins, associated with inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in melanoma cells. These data suggest that antitumor activity of the spirooxindole derivative SOID-8 is at least partially due to inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in melanoma cells and is a promising small molecule candidate for melanoma therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5432. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5432
Extra tarsal joints and abnormal cuticular polarities in various mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster.

The legs of flies from 16 different mutant strains ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined for abnormal cuticular polarities and extra joints. The strains were chosen for study because they manifest abnormal cuticular polarities in some parts of the body (10 strains) or because they have missing or defective tarsal joints (6 strains). All but three of the stocks were found to exhibit misorientations of either the bristles, hairs, or “bract-socket vectors” on the legs. The latter term denotes an imaginary vector pointing from a hairlike structure called a “bract” to the bristle socket with which it is associated. On the legs of wild-type flies nearly all such vectors point distally, as do the bristles and hairs. In the mutant flies, the most common vector misorientation is a 180° reversal. When the bract-socket vectors of adjacent bristle sites in the same bristle row point toward one another, the distance between the sites is frequently abnormally large, whereas when the vectors point in opposite directions, the interval is frequently abnormally small. This correlation is interpreted to mean that bristle cells actively repel one another via cytoplasmic extensions that are longer in the direction of the bract-socket vector than in the opposite direction. Repulsive forces of this kind may be responsible for “fine-tuning” the regularity of bristle spacing in wild-type flies.
RISK, ESCAPE FROM AMBUSH, AND HIDING TIME IN THE LIZARD SCELOPORUS VIRGATUS

Abstract: Optimal-escape theory predicts that flight initiation distance (predator–prey distance when fleeing starts) increases as predation risk increases; optimal-refuge-use theory predicts that time spent hiding in refuge increases as risk upon emergence increases. I tested predictions of an extension of escape theory to a scenario in which an immobile predator stands near an immobile prey. When a previously immobile predator moves, the probability of fleeing is predicted to increase as predation risk increases. This scenario corresponds to ambush. I also examined potential effects of three poorly understood risk factors on time spent hiding in refuge. In the lizard Sceloporus virgatus, probability of fleeing was greater when the predator turned toward rather than away from prey, stood closer to prey before moving, or was oriented parallel to the prey rather than facing in the opposite direction. These findings and previous work indicate that cost–benefit considerations govern responses to ambush preda...
BASAL GANGLIA PATHOLOGY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: DOPAMINE CONNECTIONS and ANOMALIES

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects 1% of the world population. The disease usually manifests itself in early adulthood with hallucinations, delusions, cognitive and emotional disturbances and disorganized thought and behavior. Dopamine was the first neurotransmitter to be implicated in the disease, and though no longer the only suspect in schizophrenia pathophysiology, it obviously plays an important role. The basal ganglia are the site of most of the dopamine neurons in the brain and the target of anti-psychotic drugs. In this review, we will start with an overview of basal ganglia anatomy emphasizing dopamine circuitry. Then, we will review the major deficits in dopamine function in schizophrenia, emphasizing the role of excessive dopamine in the basal ganglia and the link to psychosis.
Feature saliency and recognition memory for schematic faces

Memory for schematic faces was studied using a recognition memory paradigm. Ss indicated whether two faces, separated by delays of 6, 12, or 18 sec, were the same or different. Theoretical interest centered on the effects of component feature saliency on response bias and detectability. The main results were that there were fewer misses and more false alarms on the more salient features. Analysis showed that the main effect of feature saliency was on response bias, not detectability.
Model analysis of stable crack growth

Abstract The results of a numerical model study of quasi-static crack growth are reported. This study made use of an elastic-plastic stringer sheet in which the stringers were broken in an appropriate manner to simulate crack growth. The stringer-sheet model was used to demonstrate the qualitative effect of material properties, specimen geometry, initial crack length, and type of applied load on crack growth. In addition, stringer sheet analogs were constructed for both the R-curve concept of linear elastic fracture mechanics and for a modification of this concept in which K is replaced by the J-integral. The modified R curve was called the Rp curve. Calculated stringer sheet R and Rp curves were not material properties, but were influenced by the extent of plastic yielding during stable crack growth. In general, however, the Rp curve provided a somewhat better correlation of crack growth than the R curve.
Contributions to nonparametric generalized failure rate function estimation

For a specified distribution functionG with densityg, and unknown distribution functionF with densityf, the generalized failure rate function γ(x)=f(x)/gG −1 F(x) may be estimated by replacingf andF byf n and $$\hat F_n $$ , wheref n is an empirical density function based on a sample of sizen from the distribution functionF, and $$\hat F_n (x) = \int\limits_{ - \infty }^x {f_n (t)dt} $$ . Under regularity conditions we show $$\mathop {\sup }\limits_{x \in C} |\gamma _n (x) - \gamma (x)|\mathop \to \limits^{w.p.l} 0$$ and, under additional restrictions $$\mathop {\sup }\limits_{x \in C} |\gamma _n (x) - \gamma (x)|\mathop = \limits^{w.p.l} o (n^{ - 1/3} \beta _n \log n)$$ whereC is a subset ofR and βn→∞. Moreover, asymptotic normality is derived and the Berry-Esseen type bound is shown to be related to a theorem which concerns the sum of i.i.d. random variables. The order boundO(n−1/2+∈c n 1/2 ) is established under mild conditions, wherec n is a sequence of positive constants related tof n and tending to 0 asn→∞.
Use of second derivatives of canopy reflectance for monitoring prairie vegetation over different soil backgrounds

Abstract Spectral derivative indices were compared with the commonly used near-infrared to red reflectance ratio ( NIR red ) and the normalized difference (ND) spectral indices. Two “windows” of second derivatives, ρ″0.69μm and ρ″0.74 μm, exist in the visible and NIR spectral regions, which can be used to estimate vegetation characteristics such as percent cover and leaf area index (LAI). Second derivatives centered on the red and NIR wavebands (MSS Bands 3 and 4) were calculated using broadband radiometer data for grassland sites which had been previously burned or had been left unburned for several years. The second derivative indices minimized the effect of the soil background differences caused by the prior burning treatments, and clearly showed the advantages of the derivative technique over the conventional NIR red ratio and ND spectral indices.
Rethinking Concepts of Job Satisfaction: The Case of Nebraska Municipal Clerks

This study examined the job satisfaction and quality of work life of 117 municipal clerksfrom small cities in Nebraska. It found that the clerks had a high level of job satisfaction, eventhough the...
Salinity Stress Induced Tissue-Specific Proteins in Barley Seedlings

Protein changes induced by salinity stress were investigated in two barley cultivars, California Mariout, a salt-tolerant variety and Prato, a salt-sensitive variety. Rapidly growing young barley seedlings were exposed to NaCl and the newly synthesized proteins were resolved on two dimensional polyacrylamide gels following isoelectric focusing or nonequilibrium pH gradient gel electrophoresis in the first dimension. Salinity induces distinct protein changes in root and shoot tissues. In roots, the salinity effects are identical in both cultivars. First, salinity modulates the synthesis of two different sets of proteins, one of which is elevated, and the other, depressed. Second, six new proteins are induced all of which are low in molecular weight, 24 to 27 kilodaltons, with an isoelectric point range of 6.1 to 7.6. In contrast to roots, salinity induces cultivar-specific shoot proteins. Five new shoot proteins are induced whose molecular weights and isoelectric points fall within the range of 20 to 24 kilodaltons and 6.3 to 7.2, respectively. Three of the newly induced proteins are unique to Prato. In addition, salinity inhibits the synthesis of a majority of shoot proteins. The new proteins produced in roots and shoots are unique to each tissue and their induction is apparently regulated coordinately during salinity stress.
Identification and catabolism of (Z)-II-Octadecenyl acetate in Drosophila funebris (diptera:drosophilidae)

1. 1. (Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate (Z11-18:Ac) was found in the ejacultory bulbs and on the surface of D. funebris mature males. 2. 2. Virgin female D. funebris do not have Z11-18:Ac; however, during mating over 1 μg of Z11-18:Ac was transferred from the male to the surface of the female fly. 3. 3. D. funebris females and female flies of a number of Drosophila species catabolized Z11-18:Ac and other aliphatic acetates applied to the surface of the flies. 4. 4. Live D. funebris females catabolized R-14C-Z11-18:Ac to the corresponding alcohol, whereas cuticles contained only the esterase to hydrolyze Z11-18:Ac to the corresponding alcohol, whereas homogenized internal tissues of females could not hydrolyze Z11-18:Ac, but could oxidize (Z)-11-octadecenyl alcohol to fatty acids and CO2.
Effect of Prostaglandin F2α on the Number of LH Receptors in Ovine Corpora Lutea

An experiment was conducted to determine if injections of prostaglandin (PG) F3� influenced the number of receptors for LH in ovine luteal tissue and to compare the time course of change in the numbers of LH receptors and progesterone secretion. Ewes on Day 9 of the estrous cycle were given 2 injections of PGF3a-tham salt (6.7 mg, i.m.) at 4 h intervals. Corpora lutea were removed from each of 6 ewes at 2.5, 7.5, and 22.5 h after the initial injection of PGF3a and from 6 control ewes on Day 10 of the cycle. Jugular blood samples for analysis of progesterone were collected at 20 mm intervals for 1 h prior to treatment and at 0.5, 1 or 2 h intervals in ewes in which corpora lutea were collected at 2.5, 7.5 and 22.5 h after injection of PGF2 a, respectively. Luteal weight, luteal progesterone concentrations and total number of luteal LH receptors and the number of receptors occupied by endogenous LH were determined. Serum concentrations of progesterone were not decreased at 2.5 h after the initial injection of PGF2O, but had decreased by 7.5 and 22.5 h (P<O.01). There was no change in luteal weight, luteal concentration of progesterone, total number of LH receptors or the number of receptors occupied by LII at 2.5 or 7.5 h when compared to luteal tissue from control ewes. However, each of these parameters had decreased by 22.5 h. The affinity of the receptor for LH did not differ at any of the times studied. These data indicate that progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum after PGF2 a administration decreased well before (7.5 h) decreases in the number of occupied or unoccupied receptors for LH could be detected (22.5 h).
The effect of radiation upon forced-convection heat transfer

A study has been made to determine the influence of radiation heat transfer upon the forced-convection Nusselt number. The particular situation considered was that of flow of a fluid transparant to radiation across a flat plate having a constant surface heat rate per unit area. The analysis was restricted to first order radiation effects, and these results were in turn employed to estimate under what conditions radiation may be neglected. It was found that the radiation influence may be extremely severe for laminar flow, but is considerably less important with regard to turbulent forced convection.
Stage of readiness to control weight and adopt weight control behaviors in primary care

BACKGROUND: While the majority of adults are attempting weight loss at any given time, few engage in optimal diet and exercise. We examined factors associated with being in advanced stages of behavior change for weight loss, diet, and exercise.