cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mucosal immunization with a candidate universal influenza vaccine reduces virus transmission in a mouse model

Pandemic influenza is a major public health concern, but conventional strain-matched vaccines are unavailable early in a pandemic. Candidate “universal” vaccines targeting the viral antigens nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 2 (M2), which are conserved among all influenza A virus strains and subtypes, could be manufactured in advance for use at the onset of a pandemic. These vaccines do not prevent infection but can reduce disease severity, deaths, and virus titers in the respiratory tract. We hypothesized that such immunization may reduce virus transmission from vaccinated, infected animals. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied mouse models for direct-contact and airborne transmission of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. We established conditions under which virus transmission occurs and showed that transmission efficiency is determined in part at the level of host susceptibility to infection. Our findings indicate that virus transmission between mice has both airborne and direct-contact components. Finally, we demonstrated that immunization with recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing NP and M2 significantly reduced the transmission of virus to cohoused, unimmunized mice in comparison to controls. These findings have broad implications for the impact of conserved-antigen vaccines, not only in protecting the vaccinated individual but also in protecting others by limiting influenza virus transmission and potentially reducing the size of epidemics. IMPORTANCE Using a mouse model of influenza A virus transmission, we demonstrate that a candidate “universal” influenza vaccine both protects vaccinated animals from lethal infection and reduces the transmission of virus from vaccinated to nonvaccinated mice. This vaccine induces immunity against proteins conserved among all known influenza A virus strains and subtypes, so it could be used early in a pandemic before conventional strain-matched vaccines are available and could potentially reduce the spread of infection in the community.
Asymptotic behavior and optimal properties of a consumption-investment model with variable time preference☆

Abstract This paper analyzes the convergence properties and the determination of an optimal consumption path in the consumption-investment model of Uzawa (1968) . Sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the optimal path are presented. Components of the utility functional are recovered when the optimal path is piecewise affine. The model is applied to the determination of the interest rate and income distribution under time preference differentials.
Lipopolysaccharide suppresses thrombin- and histamine-stimulated rises in intracellular calcium concentration in human endothelial cells

We examined the effect of LPS on thrombin- and histamine-stimulated rises in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC were incubated with LPS for up to 24 h. After harvesting and labeling with Quin-2/AM, HUVEC were stimulated with thrombin or histamine, and rises in [Ca2+] i were monitored. LPS (0.01-10 μg/ml) significantly suppressed the rise in [Ca2+]i induced by 2 U/ml thrombin or 10 μM histamine. The degree of suppression was dependent on the concentration of LPS, although LPS did not change unstimulated, basal intracellular calcium levels. After HUVEC were incubated with 10 μg/ml of LPS for 24 h, the rise in [Ca2+]i was measured in response to various concentrations of thrombin (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 U/ml). The rises in [Ca 2+]i were proportional to the concentration of thrombin, and the rises in [Ca2+]i in LPS-treated HUVEC were significantly lower than those in control HUVEC at any concentration of thrombin tested. The suppressive eff...
Toward A Sociology of Nuclear Weapons

This article serves as an introduction to the issue's special feature on "The Nuclear Threat." The early sociological literature on nuclear war related issues is reviewed and the dearth of sociological work in this area since the early 1960s is documented. A new call for sociological theory and research on the nuclear threat is issued and possible topics are outlined. The paper concludes with a brief review of the papers that make up the special feature. This issue of The Sociological Quarterly contains a section of articles that all deal, in one way or another, with the threat of nuclear war. As the guest editors of this special feature on "The Nuclear Threat," we feel that it is important to state our position at the outset. We believe that the prevention of nuclear war is the foremost political, social and moral issue of our time. We are strongly and passionately committed to ending the arms race, moving toward world nuclear disarmament, and building a just and lasting peace in the world community. Furthermore, we believe that sociologists have a social responsibility to become involved in the struggle against the nuclear threat. Sociologists must become active participants in the movement to prevent war and the effort to construct a just peace. Faced with this plea many sociologists will rightfully demand to know what, specifically, is being asked of them. How can sociologists contribute to the world peace movement? One answer has come recently from Allen Grimshaw (1983). He argues that sociologists can contribute to the peace movement through: "1) more explicit attention to conflict in all of their teaching and research, and a willingness to identify the implications of their own work for world conflict; 2) teaching and research on world conflict themselves; 3) active involvement in peace action outside the academy, whether in political action or
Embolization of left atrial myxoma after transseptal cardiac catheterization

Abstract Systemic embolization of an unsuspected left atrial myxoma during cardiac catheterization is described. Prompt histopathologic examination of the embolie specimen established the diagnosis, allowing the tumor to be successfully removed during cardiopulmonary bypass. The mechanism that led to the embolization and suggestions for avoidance of the complication are described.
INTEGRATOR ENZYME HYPOTHESIS FOR REPLICATION OF HEPATITIS-B VIRUS

A hypothetical model for the replication of hepatitis-B virus is presented. It is suggested that the D.N.A. polymerase associated with Dane particles facilitates integration of viral D.N.A. into the genome of the liver cell. The viral D.N.A. is then replicated with the host genome. The hypothesis accounts for certain curious experimental and clinical observations and makes several predictions which are amenable to laboratory investigation.
D1 and D2 dopamine receptors stimulate hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity in rats.

A stimulatory role for endogenous dopamine (DA) in the regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity has previously been demonstrated. In the present study, the roles of D1 and D2 subtypes of DA receptors in the regulation of activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis were investigated. The intraperitoneal administration of either the D1 agonist, SKF 383393 (1-phenyl-2,3,4,5 tetrahydro-(iH)-benzazepine-7,8diol HCl, 5–20 mg/kg) or the D2 agonist quinpirole (0.05–1 mg/kg) dose-dependently elevated both adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CS) in serum. Similarly, administration of either SKF 38393 or quinpirole (1–100 μg) into the third ventricle dose-dependently elevated ACTH in serum. The response of ACTH to intraperitoneal SKF 38393 was blocked by pretreatment with the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (1-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5 tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine, 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) but not by the D2 antagonist sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p.). The response of ACTH to intraperitoneal injection of quinpirole was blocked by pretreatment with sulpiride and attenuated slightly by pretreatment with SCH 23390. Further, the co-administration of sub-maximum doses of SKF 38393 and quinpirole caused additive increases in ACTH in serum. These results suggest that both D1 and D2 subtypes of DA receptors contribute to the dopaminergic regulation of function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and support a role for DA neurons in the hypothalamus in this response. Further, these findings suggest that the D1 and D2 receptors, mediating the response of the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis are not tightly coupled. The involvement of DA neurons in the hypothalamus, as well as the potent effect of quinpirole, suggest that D3 receptors may mediate this response.
Antineoplastic agents. 561. Total synthesis of respirantin.

Total synthesis of the 18-membered ring cyclodepsipeptide believed to be respirantin (1b) has been achieved. The key step in the synthesis is an intramolecular transesterification of the β-ketoeste...
Thlaspi Arvense (French Weed) in Relation to Dairy Products

Summary Thlaspi arvense , known as penny-cress, French weed, or stink-weed, is a troublesome weed of the mustard family. It is the cause of a very objectionable taint in milk, cream, and butter. This weed is a serious pest in the grain growing areas of Manitoba, Sasketchewan, Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Montana, and reports indicate that it is spreading. The characteristic odor develops when the seed is in contact with water as the result of the action of an enzyme known as mycrosin, which hydrolyzes particular glucosides found in the plant. Apparently both oil of mustard and oil of garlic are formed. It was shown experimentally that the ingestion by a lactating cow of French weed seed to an amount between 90 and 150 grams or of the green forage to the amount of 500 grams or more results in the characteristic taint in the milk. The odor is more marked in the cream than in the milk and is most pronounced in the butter. This may be taken to indicate that the volatile products unite chiefly with fat. The most pronounced results were obtained when the interval between feeding the seed and milking was 3 hours. The effect was reduced after an interval of 5 hours and completely gone by 12 hours. Feed containing French weed seed can be fed immediately after one milking without danger to the quality of the product from the next milking. The common methods used to eliminate feed tastes from milk are only partially successful in removing the tainting of French weed. The taint could be detected in the butter from mixed cream when 15 per cent of the cream was tainted. French weed may be readily detected in mixed feeds in proportions as low as 0.5 per cent.
Visual contours in homogeneous space.

With the aid of the Julesz figures, we introduce the concept of the stereoscopic edge, an edge which exists visually in the absence of physical contours. This edge, as well as the full complex of normal stereoscopy, can be present in the complete absence of physical contours at the fovea to approximately ± 3.00 degrees from fixation.
Late Coronary Bypass Graft Flow: Quantitative Assessment by Roentgendensitometry

Abstract Quantitative assessment of the flow in 45 saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts in 30 patients was performed by a roentgendensitometric technique. Details of the technique are given. Mean graft flow for all grafts measured in the early postoperative period (two weeks) and again in the late postoperative period (six months to 3 years; average, 1.5 years) significantly decreased (72.6 ± 34.7 to 57.4 ± 28.6 ml/min; p p
Increasing the discrimination of synthetic aperture radar recognition models

The focus of this work is optimizing recognition models for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signatures of vehicles to improve the performance of a recognition algorithm under the extended operating conditions of target articulation, occlusion, and configuration variants. The recognition models are based on quasi-invariant local features, scat- tering center locations, and magnitudes. The approach determines the similarities and differences among the various vehicle models. Methods to penalize similar features or reward dissimilar features are used to increase the distinguishability of the recognition model instances. Exten- sive experimental recognition results are presented in terms of confusion matrices and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to show the improvements in recognition performance for real SAR signatures of ve- hicle targets with articulation, configuration variants, and occlusion. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1517286) Subject terms: articulated object recognition; automatic target recognition; object similarity; recognizing configuration variants; recognizing occluded objects.
Capital taxation and accumulation in a growing world economy with deficit finance

Prior analyses of the incidence of capital taxation have assumed that the government budget is balanced and changes in capital taxes affect either other taxes, transfers, or government expenditures. The general conclusion is that an increase in the capital tax rate will increase the gross-of-tax interest rate and decrease capital accumulation. This article examines the steady-state effects of capital taxation on the gross-of-tax interest rate and capital accumulation within a two-country model of overlapping generations, which allows capital taxation to directly affect government budget deficits. It is shown that, under the residence tax system, if the after-tax-interest rate is greater than the growth rate, an increase in the capital tax rate willdecrease the gross interest rate andincrease the capital-labor ratio. This result holds even under the territorial tax system, with some additional assumptions.
Commentary on strengthening the assessment of factorial invariance across population subgroups: a commentary on Varni et al. (2013).

In his commentary on Varni et al.'s (Qual Life Res. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0370-4 , 2013) article, McIntosh (Qual Life Res. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0465-y , 2013) has two main arguments. First, we should have paid more attention to statistical tests (i.e., χ 2 values) instead of approximate fit indexes for our analysis, especially with the baseline model. Second, Bayesian methods are better than the frequentist methods we used in determining the model's invariance across age and gender groups. We believe that statistical tests do have a place in assessing model fit, but overemphasis on them, especially with larger sample sizes, can lead to errant decisions. Second, while we agree that Bayesian methods have the potential to contribute much to the field of assessing invariance, more development needs to be conducted before they can be widely utilized in assessing factorial invariance across groups.
Retention of Native American Nurses Working in Their Communities

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of Native American nurses working in their tribal communities to address retention. Design: An interpretive phenomenological study...
Pharmacokinetics of the insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone in cats.

OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics of troglitazone in healthy cats after i.v. and oral administration of a single dose of the drug. ANIMALS 5 healthy ovariohysterectomized adult cats. PROCEDURE Using a randomized crossover design, cats were given 5 mg of troglitazone/kg of body weight i.v. and 40 mg of troglitazone/kg orally. Blood and urine samples were collected after drug administration, and concentrations of troglitazone in plasma and urine were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Area-moment analysis was used to calculate pharmacokinetic variables. Terminal phase half-life was 1.1 +/- 0.1 hours. Steady-state volume of distribution was 0.23 +/- 0.15 L/kg. After i.v. administration, clearance was 0.33 +/- 0.04 L/h/kg. Drug was not detected in urine samples. Mean bioavailability of orally administered troglitazone was 6.9%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The overall disposition of troglitazone in cats was similar to that reported in other species, including humans. Troglitazone has low and variable oral bioavailability. Clearance of the compound is moderate. Little if any unchanged troglitazone is excreted in urine; thus, metabolism and biliary excretion play predominant roles in elimination of the drug. On the basis of troglitazone pharmacokinetics in healthy cats, as well as on the basis of pharmacodynamics of the drug in humans and other animals, a regimen that uses a dosage of 20 to 40 mg/kg administered orally once or twice per day to cats will produce plasma concentrations of the insulin-sensitizing agent that have been documented to be effective in humans.
Competition for the in vitro binding of radioiodinated human follicle-stimulating hormone in reptilian, avian, and mammalian gonads by nonmammalian gonadotropins

Abstract Radioiodinated human FSH (125I-hFSH) was used to study the specificity of the gonadotropin binding sites of various reptilian, avian, and mammalian gonadal tissues by examining competitive interactions with several nonmammalian gonadotropins. All preparations of nonmammalian gonadotropins showed some activity in these radioligand assays, but wide variations in activities were evident depending on the source of the tissue and source of the hormone. Several cases of marked species specificity in binding were apparent: Nonmammalian hormones were relatively inactive with porcine granulosa cells; frog and snake hormones were relatively inactive in turtle tissues; and frog hormones were essentially inactive in avian tissues. FSH-LH specificity of binding determined with hormones of nonmammalian origin differed significantly from that previously described with the aid of mammalian gonadotropins. In particular, when tested with some tissues, three preparations of LH, from the turkey, sea turtle, and frog, were in some cases more active in competing for 125I-hFSH binding than preparations of FSH from the same species; this activity could not be readily accounted for by FSH contamination. These comparative data demonstrate the existence of considerable overlap in the binding characteristics of some species of FSH and LH; the observed differences probably reflect evolutionary changes in both gonadotropin binding sites and in the structure of the gonadotropins.
Intralesional vinblastine injections for the treatment of oral Kaposi's sarcoma: Report of 10 patients with 2-year follow-up

Abstract Purpose: This study evaluated the use of intralesional vinblastine injections for the treatment of the intraoral lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma. Patients and Methods: Eighteen patients were treated with up to three intralesional injections of 0.1 mg/cc vinblastine. Results: All lesions responded to the local injections; 40% required one injection; 31%, two injections; and 29%, three injections. Large, exophytic lesions usually required the multiple injections. No complications were encountered, and the patients tolerated the protocol well. Ten patients were followed for 24 months. Eight died of their general disease during this period. Four patients developed new intraoral lesions, which were treated with, and responded favorably to, the three-injection protocol. Conclusion: Intralesional vinblastine injections are an effective and useful treatment alternative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated intraoral Kaposi's sarcoma.
Requirements for growing tissue-engineered vascular grafts.

Small diameter (<6 mm) vascular grafts are in large demand for coronary and peripheral bypass procedures. Although synthetic grafts have been developed, tissue-based vascular grafts that can better mimic native vessels will likely yield superior results. The success of a tissue-based graft depends on its ability to meet several requirements. First, a graft must possess a confluent, adherent and quiescent endothelium to resist thrombosis in vivo. The mechanical behavior of the graft must mimic the mechanical properties of a native vessel. Hence, a graft must have a highly organized collagen matrix to impart tissue strength. Finally, a graft must contain an elastin network to provide compliance and recoil.
Contested etiology: cancer risk among two Anatolian populations in Turkey and Europe.

This paper discusses the different explanatory models and the contested perceptions of cancer etiology among residents of two Anatolian villages and migrants from these villages in Turkey, Sweden, and Germany. These communities suffer from an endemic, deadly cancer called mesothelioma, the cause of which is associated with exposure to an environmental carcinogenic substance, erionite, which is present in large deposits in the ground, in the stones, and white stucco that the villagers used to build their homes, and in the air in the form of dust. However, an examination of patients' disease trends, experiences, and local explanations has led to new investigations of possible familial risk cofactors. This paper selectively focuses on different aspects of cancer risk and its manifestedmetaphors, aesthetics, and perceptions. The different categories of cancer risk freely interact, derive an important part of their meaning from the context of the doctor--cancer patient relationship, and are created and navigated by the cancer narrative.
Differentially expressed genes during seed development in soybean

Little reliable information exists about the genetic events that control the onset and timing of seed-fill in soybean cotyledons. To identify the genes involved in this process, cDNA libraries were prepared from mRNAs isolated from seeds at 7 and 21 days after flowering (DAF), which represent times just before and after the initiation of seed-fill. For the soybean variety Resnik, which was used for this study, seed-fill and the establishment of an endoreduplicative cell cycle occurred 12-14 DAF. Suppression subtractive hybridization was then applied to identify sequences that were differentially expressed at each of these two developmental stages. False positives in the libraries were reduced by using mirror orientation selection (MOS). The libraries of differentially expressed genes that resulted were analysed and the nucleotide sequences obtained were compared with those in existing databases. Several genes from each library were chosen and their expression profile during seed development was analysed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using RNA preparations originating from different seed developmental stages. Candidate genes for control of the stage shift from dividing cells to endoreduplication were identified.
Estimation of Acute Blood Loss in the Anticoagulated Rabbit Model Using 3 Modalities of Radio Frequency Energy Ablation

ABSTRACTPurpose: An anticoagulated animal model was tested to evaluate estimated acute blood loss (EABL) following tissue ablation with 3 modalities of radio frequency (RF) thermal energy.Materials and Methods: Four groups of randomly divided rabbits were established. Group 1 (3 control and 3 anticoagulated rabbits) underwent sham treatment (noRF), group 2 (2 control and 7 anticoagulated) received single probe dry RF (dRF) (475 KHz and 5 W for 2 minutes), group 3 (2 control and 7 anticoagulated) received single probe wet RF (wRF) (475 KHz with 14.6% hypertonic saline at 50 W for 40 seconds) and group 4 (3 control and 7 anticoagulated) was treated with vapor RF (vRF) (0.9% normal saline for 10 seconds). Oral warfarin sodium was the anticoagulant. Following a midline incision ablation was performed on the left kidney and liver. Pre-weighed gauze pads were used to collect EABL for a 5-minute observation period after needle probe removal. Temperature data were recorded from the right kidney using fiberoptic t...
Photorefractive waveguide grating switches for optical interconnects

A new optical switch design is reported consisting of two sets of parallel channel waveguides intersecting at right angles. Arrays based on Ti:LiNbO3 technology, with waveguide intersections iron doped to provide photorefractive sensitivity, have been fabricated. Interfering guided beams are used to write index gratings at the waveguide intersections, which in turn diffract a portion of an incident signal beam into the crossing waveguide. Arrays ranging from 15 x 15 up to 50 x 50 waveguides are constructed in an active area of 5 mm square. Diffraction efficiency and writing time measurements are reported along with a brief theoretical analysis. A proposal for a practical architecture offering nondestructive readout is described.
An improved model for fission product behavior in nuclear fuel under normal and accident conditions

Abstract A theoretical model for the prediction of the behavior of the gaseous and volatile fission products in nuclear fuels under normal and transient conditions has undergone substantial improvements. The major improvements have been in the atomistic and bubble diffusive flow models, in the models for the behavior of gas bubbles on grain surfaces, and in the model for iodine solubility. The theory has received extensive verification over a wide range of fuel operating conditions, and can be regarded as a state-of-the-art model based on our current level of understanding of fission product behavior. Because of existing uncertainties in both materials properties and mechanisms of fission product response, any verified mechanistic description of fission product release entails assumptions in these areas. The diffusivity of fission gas bubbles during transient conditions, the effect of irradiation induced grain boundary gas-atom re-solution on intragranular diffusive flow rates, and the effect of iodine solubility on iodine release rates are aspects of fission product behavior that are currently clouded with uncertainty. The assumptions that have been made in the theory have been evaluated and are discussed in relation to the model verification, uncertainties in the existing data base, and other theoretical descriptions of fission product behavior.
Differences in Belowground Heterogeneity Within a Restoration of a Dewatered Reservoir in Southwestern Wisconsin

Integrating belowground properties into ecological restoration is critical for understanding aboveground response. We investigated a recently dewatered basin in southwestern Wisconsin to test hypotheses related to the magnitude, heterogeneity, and spatial dependence of physicochemical properties between sediments and buried soils. A spatial grid was established in a 2.4-ha basin to sample 7 physical and 13 chemical properties. Sediment depth (Sd) averaged 43 cm (std dev = 15) across the study area. The mean bulk density (BD) of the buried soils (1.41 g/cm3) was significantly greater than the sediments (0.97 g/cm3), which corresponded with a significantly higher soil moisture content (SMC) and hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of the sediments. Relative to one another, buried soils had significantly higher concentrations of Bray P, Cu, and Mn, whereas sediments had higher concentrations of Bray K, K, total phosphorus, Na, S, Al, and Ca and thus had a higher pH; Fe and B concentrations were similar between the sediments and the buried soil. Sediments were consistently less spatially heterogeneous than the buried soils. Using geostatistics, sediment BD and SMC displayed both small-scale spatial structures and large-scale trends, whereas Sd and the buried soil SMC displayed only small-scale variability. Distance from the former dam was positively related to nine physicochemical properties and negatively related to only S, SMC, and the percentage of clay; no trends were found in the buried soils. These results demonstrate that damming, inundation, and dewatering due to dam removal yielded a spatially distinct and homogenized substrate relative to the soils that were buried.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a neonate receiving fluconazole

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening mucocutaneous condition, which may occur as an adverse reaction to a number of medications. The anitifungal agent, fluconazole, has been associated with TEN in limited reports, mainly in adults with HIV infection. We describe the case of a neonate with liver disease who developed TEN, presumably induced by fluconazole.
Equilibrium behavior and repeated play of the prisoner's dilemma

Abstract This paper examines a model of the prisoner's dilemma in which the nature of the Nash equilibria of the game can be varied. Two equilibrium indices are derived and are compared with two cooperation indices proposed by Rapoport and Chammah (1965) . Preliminary experimental results indicate that the nature of the equilibria of a game affect the amount of cooperation.
When Infants Wail: Frustration and Gender as Variables in Distress Disclosure

Gender and differences in self-disclosure following a frustrating event were investigated. The Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale assessed the extent to which 100 male college students and 100 female college students were willing to disclose their emotions. The frustrating stimulus presented was a tape of an infant crying, played at 85 dB for 10 min. Men exposed to the noxious stimulus were less willing to disclose than men who were not. All of the men were less willing than the women to disclose in either condition. Women in the two conditions showed no differences in disclosure. These findings are interpreted with respect to how disclosure is affected by the immediate environment and with respect to male-female differences.
Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Case Presentation 1: A 9-year-old boy suddenly collapsed during a basketball game. Emergency medical services was called, but bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was not provided. Emergency medical services personnel arrived 14 minutes later. After 30 minutes of CPR, successful defibrillation, and several doses of epinephrine, he had return of spontaneous circulation. On arrival in the pediatric intensive care unit, left ventricular ejection fraction was 30% by echocardiography and improved to 50% after hemodynamic support with a dobutamine infusion. To minimize further neurological injury, his temperature was maintained at 36°C to 37°C with a cooling blanket and an explicit normothermia protocol.1 An electroencephalogram (EEG) 2 hours after admission showed a burst-suppression pattern consistent with severe neurological injury,2 and continuous EEG monitoring revealed nonconvulsive status epilepticus on the following day. Case Presentation 2: A 2-year-old boy was found at the bottom of a swimming pool by his mother. Because he was blue and lifeless when removed from the pool, his mother started chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing. His sister called 9-1-1, and emergency medical services arrived within 6 minutes. They continued CPR another 1 to 2 minutes until they saw the boy cough and move his arms and feet. When he arrived in the emergency department, he was breathing spontaneously and had return of spontaneous circulation with good pulses and poor perfusion. His initial arterial pH was 6.95 with a pco 2 of 35 mm Hg and lactate of 5.4 mmol/dL. Supportive care was provided, including mechanical ventilation and a dobutamine infusion for postarrest myocardial dysfunction, and neurological status was monitored closely. More than 5000 children experience a nontraumatic pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) each year in the United States.3 Critical factors that influence survival include the environment in which the arrest occurs, the child's preexisting condition, …
Establishing the Program of Origin Firing during S Phase in Fission Yeast

Initiation of eukaryotic DNA synthesis occurs at origins of replication that are utilized with characteristic times and frequencies during S phase. We have investigated origin usage by evaluating the kinetics of replication factor binding in fission yeast and show that similar to metazoa, ORC binding is periodic during the cell cycle, increasing during mitosis and peaking at M/G1. At an origin, the timing of ORC binding in M and pre-RC assembly in G1 correlates with the timing of firing during S, and the level of pre-IC formation reflects origin efficiency. Extending mitosis allows ORC to become more equally associated with origins and leads to genome-wide changes in origin usage, while overproduction of pre-IC factors increases replication of both efficient and inefficient origins. We propose that differential recruitment of ORC to origins during mitosis followed by competition among origins for limiting replication factors establishes the timing and efficiency of origin firing.
An interlaminar bonding theory for delamination and nonrigid interface analysis

This study presents a theory for investigating composite laminates with delamination or nonrigid interfaces. It is extended from a previous study, the so-called Interlayer Shear Slip Theory (ISST), in examining composite laminates with shear slip in terfaces. The ISST consists of the Interlaminar Shear Stress Continuity Theory (ISSCT) and a shear slip theory. It has been proved to be feasible for studying composite laminates with shearing-mode (mode II and mode III) fractures. Based on a previous study on the Interlaminar Stresses Continuity Theory (ISCT), the present study adds both shear slip and normal separation to the composite interfaces. It then is useful for studying open- mode (mode I) and mixed-mode fracture problems.
Code Aperture Agile Spectral Imaging (CAASI)

This paper shows the mathematical framework for a new architecture, the Code Aperture Agile Spectral Imaging (CAASI), which extends the capabilities of the Code Aperture Spectral Imaging (CASSI) to allow multiple measurements.
Kathrynn Engberg. The Right to Write: The Literary Politics of Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley

Now that Early American studies is no longer synonymous with Puritan studies, it is difficult to draw definitive connections across the tremendously broad geographic, racial, generic, and even ling...
Biological Invasion by Myrica faya Alters Ecosystem Development in Hawaii

The exotic nitrogen-fixing tree Myrica faya invades young volcanic sites where the growth of native plants is limited by a lack of nitrogen. Myrica quadruples the amount of nitrogen entering certain sites and increases the overall biological availability of nitrogen, thereby altering the nature of ecosystem development after volcanic eruptions.
A Boolean Map Theory of Visual Attention.

UNLABELLED A theory is presented that attempts to answer two questions. What visual contents can an observer consciously access at one moment? ANSWER only one feature value (e.g., green) per dimension, but those feature values can be associated (as a group) with multiple spatially precise locations (comprising a single labeled Boolean map). How can an observer voluntarily select what to access? ANSWER in one of two ways: (a) by selecting one feature value in one dimension (e.g., selecting the color red) or (b) by iteratively combining the output of (a) with a preexisting Boolean map via the Boolean operations of intersection and union. Boolean map theory offers a unified interpretation of a wide variety of visual attention phenomena usually treated in separate literatures. In so doing, it also illuminates the neglected phenomena of attention to structure.
Two-dimensional hybrid photonic/plasmonic crystal cavities.

We present a 2-D plasmonic crystal design with visible band-gap by combining a 2-D photonic crystal with TM band-gap and a silver surface. Simulations show that the presence of the silver surface gives rise to an expanded band-gap. A plasmonic crystal defect cavity with Q ~300 and mode volume ~1.9x10−2 (λ/n) 3 can be formed using our design. The total Q of such a cavity is determined by both the radiative loss of the dielectric component, as well as absorption loss to the metal. We provide design criteria for the optimization of the total Q to allow high radiative or extraction efficiency.
A bio-optical model suitable for use in forward and inverse coupled atmosphere-ocean radiative transfer models

Abstract A simple, yet complete bio-optical model for the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of oceanic waters is developed. This bio-optical model is specifically designed for use in comprehensive, multiple scattering radiative transfer models for the coupled atmosphere–ocean system. Such models can be used to construct next-generation algorithms for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol and marine parameters. The computed remote sensing reflectance R rs ( λ ) is validated against field measurements of R rs ( λ ) compiled in the SeaBASS data base together with simultaneous chlorophyll concentrations (C) ranging from 0.03 to 100 mg m - 3 . This connection between R rs and C is used to construct a chlorophyll concentration retrieval algorithm that yields reliable results for a large range of chlorophyll concentrations. The overall performance of a MODIS/VIIRS chlorophyll concentration retrieval algorithm is found to be less satisfactory.
Generalizing From Single Case Studies

Although studies of single cases occur throughout research fields, they are only recently beginning to appear in evaluation. These studies are difficult to generalize from, because statistical techniques do not apply. This article offers a variety of suggestions for logically analyzing the relationship between a single case and a population so that reasonable generalizations may be possible. Methodologies used by clinicians and by court justices are also examined for their relevance to evaluation methodology.
Human eosinophils express IL-18 mRNA and protein

Abstract Rationale The role and contribution of eosinophils to allergic inflammation is under re-evaluation and may include activities that regulate lymphocyte function. For example, recent studies in mice suggest that IL-18 regulates polarization of Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes and results in generation of IL-4 and IL-13 to cause airway dysfunction. We sought to determine whether human eosinophils are capable of producing IL-18 and thus participate in regulation of Th1 or Th2 lymphocytes. Methods Human peripheral blood eosinophils and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophils (obtained 24 hours post segmental antigen challenge) were isolated and then assayed for the expression of IL-18 mRNA and secreted IL-18 protein by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA assays, respectively. Results Isolated peripheral blood eosinophils that were cultured for up to 24 hours were found to secrete IL-18, which was not modulated by IL-5 treatment. Quantitative real time PCR revealed that eosinophils purified from BAL also express IL-18 mRNA. ELISA analysis of the corresponding BAL fluid detected IL-18 protein with a mean concentration of 84 pg/mL in atopic individuals and 48 pg/mL in nonatopic controls. Conclusions We demonstrated that human eosinophils can express IL-18 mRNA and secrete IL-18 protein. Given that the precise role for eosinophils in the asthmatic lung airway is unclear, we propose that eosinophil secretion of cytokines, such as IL-18, may play a regulatory role in airway inflammation by modulation of Th1 or Th2 lymphocytes.
Semen Production, Fructose Content of Semen and Fertility of Dairy Bulls as Related to Sexual Excitement

Summary Three levels of sexual excitement, namely unrestraint, one false mount and two false mounts prior to the first ejaculate, were related to semen production, semen characteristics, fructose concentration and fertility of the semen of mature dairy bulls in two 18-wk. experiments. It was found that all of these criteria of responses except fertility can be influenced markedly by controlled sexual excitement. There appears to be an inverse relationship between fructose concentration and spermatozoan density of semen. The results indicate that one false mount can be recommended for routine practice by bull studs.
Infrared absorption in a high density electron-hole plasma in germanium at low temperatures☆

Abstract Measurements of the absorption in the temperature range 1.8–9 K have been made for wavelengths between 3.1 and 4.2μm, in germanium highly excited by a 1.06μm laser. The shape of the absorption curve is noted to be similar to that observed by Pokrovskii and Svistunova at lower excitation levels, and somewhat broader than that calculated by Smith, Chen and McGill for exciton absorption. A cross section of 4.5 (±1.1) × 10 -17 cm 2 at 3.39μm is deduced from normalization with the theoretical curves of Smith et al.
A Case Tracking System with Electronic Medical Record Integration to Automate Outcome Tracking for Radiologists

Radiologists make many diagnoses, but only sporadically get feedback on the subsequent clinical courses of their patients. We have created a web-based application that empowers radiologists to create and maintain personal databases of cases of interest. This tool integrates with existing information systems to minimize manual input such that radiologists can quickly flag cases for further follow-up without interrupting their clinical work. We have integrated this case-tracking system with an electronic medical record aggregation and search tool. As a result, radiologists can learn the outcomes of their patients with much less effort. We intend this tool to aid radiologists in their own personal quality improvement and to increase the efficiency of both teaching and research. We also hope to develop the system into a platform for systematic, continuous, quantitative monitoring of performance in radiology.
Sources of Diversity in Community Development Practice

This paper focuses on diversity as it exists in community development practice. The authors present the conclusions of a three-year, qualitative study of community development practice conducted in eight countries. Data were collected by visiting each country and interviewing practitioners, observing their work, and photographing community projects. Sources of diversity were found in the characteristics of individuals, groups, the community setting, and the practitioners themselves. Just as the concept of diversity is multi-faceted and complex, diversity in community development was found to have many sources and interacting factors.
On the existence of multiple conformations in cyclopropylamine

Abstract The vibrational spectra of cyclopropylamine have been reconsidered; the results are consistent with our earlier studies describing a trans/gauche conformational equilibrium. The conformer having the amino protons trans to the ring CC bonds is more stable than the gauche conformer. The equilibrium in cyclopropylamine is discussed and contrasted with a recent report in which only one conformer was identified.
Medical management of abdominal compartment syndrome: case report and a caution.

We report the case of a 55-year-old woman who developed abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) following total gastrectomy for caustic ingestion. Contributing factors for the development of ACS included peritonitis and massive fluid resuscitation for cardiovascular support of septic shock. The adverse cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) were reversed with pharmacological neuromuscular blockade (NMB). Surgical decompression of ACS was, therefore, postponed, but the patient required re-operation for intra-abdominal sepsis several days later and subsequently died. Although medical management of ACS with NMB may lower IAH and reverse its negative cardiopulmonary effects, surgical decompression may still be required for definitive treatment. ( Asian J Surg 2002;25(3):244-6)
Akt- and CREB-Mediated Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation Inhibition by Nexrutine, a Phellodendron amurense Extract

Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that plant-based diets can reduce the risk of prostate cancer. However, very little information is available concerning the use of botanicals in preventing prostate cancer. As a first step toward developing botanicals as prostate cancer preventives, we examined the effect of Nexrutine on human prostate cancer cells. Nexrutine is a herbal extract developed from Phellodendron amurense. Phellodendron extracts have been used traditionally in Chinese medicine for hundreds of years as an anti-diarrheal, astringent, and anti-inflammatory agent. The present study investigated its potential antitumor effect on human prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest that it inhibits tumor cell proliferation through apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell survival signaling. The results of the present study indicate that Nexrutine treatment 1) inhibits the proliferation of both androgen-responsive and androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells through induction of apoptosis; 2) reduces levels of pAkt, phosphorylated cAMP response-binding protein (pCREB), and CREB DNA-binding activity; and 3) induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells stably overexpressing Bcl-2. Further Akt kinase activity was reduced in cells treated with Nexrutine, and ectopic expression of myristoylated Akt protected from Nexrutine induced inhibition of proliferation, implicating a role for Akt signaling.
Overview of continuum and particle dynamics methods for mechanical modeling of contractional geologic structures

Abstract Mechanically-based numerical modeling is a powerful tool for investigating fundamental processes associated with the formation and evolution of both large and small-scale geologic structures. Such methods are complementary with traditional geometrically-based cross-section analysis tools, as they enable mechanical validation of geometric interpretations. A variety of numerical methods are now widely used, and readily accessible to both expert and novice. We provide an overview of the two main classes of methods used for geologic studies: continuum methods (finite element, finite difference, boundary element), which divide the model into elements to calculate a system of equations to solve for both stress and strain behavior; and particle dynamics methods, which rely on the interactions between discrete particles to define the aggregate behavior of the system. The complex constitutive behaviors, large displacements, and prevalence of discontinuities in geologic systems, pose unique challenges for the modeler. The two classes of methods address these issues differently; e.g., continuum methods allow the user to input prescribed constitutive laws for the modeled materials, whereas the constitutive behavior ‘emerges’ from particle dynamics methods. Sample rheologies, case studies and comparative models are presented to demonstrate the methodologies and opportunities for future modelers.
Pilot and safety trial of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and thalidomide in advanced non small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract We performed a pilot study to assess the safety of thalidomide in combination with standard chemotherapy in patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. Patients with unresectable stage IIIA, IIIB, or IV disease were enrolled starting in July 1999. Patients received paclitaxel 225 mg/m2 over 3 hours and carboplatin area under the curve = 6.0 with thalidomide at a starting daily dose of 200 mg. The thalidomide dose was escalated, if tolerated, by 200 mg per week to a target dose of 1000 mg per day and could continue for up to 6 months. Patients with stages IIIA and IIIB disease without effusion received radiotherapy with concurrent thalidomide after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Nine patients were enrolled: one with IIIA disease, three with IIIB disease, and five with stage IV disease. Five of nine patients had previously been treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The most frequent side effects noted were fatigue, myalgia, constipation, neuropathy, and myelosuppression. Sixteen of the 17 (94%) episodes of grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity occurred in the five patients who had previously received chemotherapy, although no patients developed neutropenic fever. The median tolerated daily thalidomide dose was 600 mg. One patient with IIIA disease had a partial response after 2 cycles of chemotherapy and went on to receive radiotherapy with thalidomide. One patient with stage IV disease continues on this study with stable disease at 187 days. The median time to progression was 118 days. This preliminary data supports the further investigation of this combination in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer.