cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteoblastic bone metastases secondary to adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

The incidence of bone metastases secondary to adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas is unknown since radiological studies of the bones during life, routine bone scintigrams or extensive examination of the skeleton at autopsy is rarely undertaken in the absence of specific clinical indications. Symptom-producing bone metastases are relatively uncommon; a review of the literature suggests that the vast majority are osteolytic in nature with only a few isolated case reports of purely blastic deposits. In the authors' experience osteoblastic bone metastases are commoner than is generally recognised. Of 12 patients with symptom-producing bone deposits secondary to adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, five (41.6%) were purely blastic in nature. The clinical, radiological and pathological findings in these five cases are reported in order to emphasise that the pancreas is a potential source of purely blastic bone metastases and should be considered as a possible primary site in patients who present initially with osteoblastic bone deposits of unknown origin.
Barriers to prenatal detection of congenital heart disease: a population-based study.

Objective To evaluate the extent and determinants of missed prenatal detection of congenital heart disease (CHD) in a population-based setting. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of cases with CHD, excluding minor defects, identified between 1997 and 2007 by a statewide surveillance program. We examined a comprehensive list of potential risk factors for which data were available in the surveillance database from abstracted medical charts. We analyzed the association of fetal, maternal and encounter factors with 1) whether a prenatal ultrasound was performed and 2) prenatal detection of CHD. Results CHD was detected prenatally in only 39% of 1474 cases, with no improvement in detection rate over the 10-year period. Among the 97% (n = 1431) of mothers who underwent one or more ultrasound examinations, 35% were interpreted as abnormal; fetal echocardiography was performed in 27% of the entire cohort. Maternal and encounter factors increasing the adjusted odds of prenatal detection included: family history of CHD (OR, 4.3 (95% CI, 1.9–9.9)), presence of extracardiac defects (OR, 2.7 (95% CI, 1.9–3.9)) and ultrasound location i.e. high risk clinic vs clinic (OR, 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3–3.1)). Defects that would be expected to have an abnormal outflow-tract view were missed more often (64%) than were those that would be expected to have an abnormal four-chamber view (42%). Conclusion The majority of CHD cases over the 10-year study period were missed prenatally and detection rates did not increase materially during that time. The failure to detect CHD prenatally was related to encounter characteristics, specifically involving screening ultrasound examinations, which may be targeted for improvement. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correcting Fluctuating Baselines and Spectral Overlap with Genetic Regression

The application of a new algorithm, known as genetic regression (GR), to calibration problems with spectra containing complex fluctuating baselines is illustrated with the use of synthetic data. The ability of the algorithm to automatically compensate for the presence of linear and polynomial (quadratic and cubic) baselines in the presence of complex spectral overlap is investigated along with the effect of noise. GR is unique in that it provides an effective wavelength optimization technique by sorting through the spectral data and selecting and appropriately combining wavelengths that compensate for structured baseline and spectral overlap. The results obtained with GR are compared with those obtained with background-corrected linear regression. GR is shown to give much better results and, in constrast to traditional background correction, is much faster and can compensate for the presence of both structured baseline and complex spectral overlap simultaneously. The results of a noise study show that the method works at low signalto-noise ratio (SNR) and that the error in the final result is a function of the noise.
Radioimmunotherapy for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.

Abstract Radioimmunotherapy targeting CD20 is a promising novel treatment for lymphoma. Prior trials have established the safe dose of Zevalin (90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan; IDEC Pharmaceuticals) for patients with no more than 25% bone marrow (BM) involvement. Zevalin is expected to be an effective treatment for WM; however, the safe dose has not been defined. A phase I clinical trial has been designed to define the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of Zevalin in patients with WM and BM involvement up to 50%. Eligible patients need to have adequate hematologic indices (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] > 1,500/μL, platelets > 100,000/μL). The starting dose of 90Y-Zevalin is 0.08 mCi/kg. Dose escalation by 0.04 mCi/kg in cohorts of three to six patients will be performed. Patients will be re-treated at 12 weeks if there is no complete response, no progression, and no dose-limiting toxicity. If the degree of BM involvement remains in the 20% to 50% range, re-treatment will involve a similar dose of Zevalin; if it is
Over-the-wire catheter exchanges: reduction of the risk of air emboli.

Purpose This study evaluated the aerostatic properties of the catheter clamp during over-the-wire catheter exchanges and determined if protective devices reduce volumes of air emboli (AE). Materials and Methods A cuffed catheter was placed in an AE model in physiologic conditions and the volume of AE was recorded during 60 seconds ( n = 10). Similarly, the volume of AE entering the model during 30 seconds was recorded with the catheter clamp open ( n = 10) or closed over the wire ( n = 10), and with the sliding clamp in the open position ( n = 10). The volume of AE during 60 seconds was recorded with the sliding clamp closed over the wire ( n = 10) and with the aerostatic valve with ( n = 10) and without ( n = 10) a wire in place. Results Without a wire, no AE occurred with the catheter clamp closed (60 seconds, n = 10). There was no statistically significant difference between the volumes of AE with the catheter clamp open or closed over the wire during 30 seconds (43 mL ± 4 and 32 mL ± 11, respectively). With the protective devices in place and the wire unchanged in position, no AE occurred during 60 seconds. A positive control (sliding clamp and catheter clamp open, n = 10) yielded AE volumes of 44 mL ± 5 in 30 seconds. Conclusions AE can occur with the catheter clamp closed over a wire. Protective devices reduce the volume of AE under simulated physiologic conditions and are recommended with over-the-wire catheter exchanges.
Silenced by fear:: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work

Abstract In every organization, individual members have the potential to speak up about important issues, but a growing body of research suggests that they often remain silent instead, out of fear of negative personal and professional consequences. In this chapter, we draw on research from disciplines ranging from evolutionary psychology to neuroscience, sociology, and anthropology to unpack fear as a discrete emotion and to elucidate its effects on workplace silence. In doing so, we move beyond prior descriptions and categorizations of what employees fear to present a deeper understanding of the nature of fear experiences, where such fears originate, and the different types of employee silence they motivate. Our aim is to introduce new directions for future research on silence as well as to encourage further attention to the powerful and pervasive role of fear across numerous areas of theory and research on organizational behavior. “ If any human emotion is as old as our species it must , surely , be fear , and the end of its hold on us is not in sight .” ( Scruton, 1986 : 7)
Sequence complexity of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in sea urchin embryos

The sequence complexity of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in sea urchin gastrulas was measured by RNA-driven hybridization reactions with nonrepetitive sea urchin DNA. 28.5% of the sequence complexity of the genome is represented in the nuclear RNA. This amounts to 1.74 × 10^8 nucleotides of diverse sequence, more than 10 times the nucleotide complexity of the polysomal messenger RNA extracted from sea urchin embryos at the same stage. The complex set of nuclear RNA sequences driving this hybridization reaction was shown to be the same as the rapidly labeled hnRNA, using pulse-labeled nuclear RNA as driver.
Effect of potential shape on isomerization rate constants for the BGK model

Abstract As a model for isomerization reactions in liquids, we consider the motion, in a one-dimensional bistable potential, of a particle which suffers BGK collisions. We investigate how the relaxation rate constant as a function of collision frequency depends upon the shape of the potential. We discuss our results in relation to recent high-pressure NMR experiments involving cyclohexane isomerization. For a potential with narrow wells and a wide barrier, we find qualitative agreement between theory and experiment.
System-wide uranium feed and separative work conservation available with advanced reactors☆

Abstract A simple simulation model is used to compute the system-wide feed and isotope enrichment requirements of an expanding nuclear economy. A number of growth rates are used to estimate future nuclear generating capacity to the year 2030. Advanced reactors consisting of either the LMFBR or a high conversion ratio reactor operating on the thorium fuel cycle are introduced at various possible starting dates into the system, which initially consists of LWRs.
Antibiotic-releasing Porous Polymethylmethacrylate Constructs for Osseous Space Maintenance and Infection Control

The use of a strategy involving space maintenance as the initial step of a two-stage regenerative medicine approach toward reconstructing significant bony or composite tissue defects in the craniofacial area, preserves the void volume of bony defects and could promote soft tissue healing prior to the subsequent definitive repair. One of the complications with a biomaterial-based space maintenance approach is local infection, which requires early, effective eradication, ideally through local antibiotic delivery. The purpose of this study is to develop a dual function implant material for maintaining osseous space and releasing an antibiotic to eliminate local infection in bony defects. Colistin, a polymyxin antibiotic, was chosen specifically to address infections with Acinetobacter species, the most common pathogen associated with combat-related traumatic craniofacial injuries. Porous polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) constructs incorporating poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres were fabricated by mixing a clinically used bone cement formulation of PMMA powder and methylmethacrylate liquid with a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogel (40 or 50 wt%) to impart porosity and PLGA microspheres (10 or 15 wt%) loaded with colistin to control drug release. The PMMA/CMC/PLGA construct featured mild setting temperature, controllable surface/bulk porosity by incorporation of the CMC hydrogel, reasonably strong compressive properties, and continuous drug release over a period of 5 weeks with total drug release of 68.1-88.3%, depending on the weight percentage of CMC and PLGA incorporation. The concentration of released colistin was well above its reported minimum inhibitory concentration against susceptible species for 5 weeks. This study provides information on the composition parameters that enable viable porosity characteristics/drug release kinetics of the PMMA/CMC/PLGA construct for the initial space maintenance as part of a two-stage regenerative medicine approach.
Memory for intention-related material presented in a to-be-ignored channel.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the fate of intention-related material processed in a to-beignored channel. Participants were given an intention to respond to cues in a visual-processing stream while simultaneously trying to ignore information being presented in an auditory stream. Subsequent to the ongoing activity, a surprise recognition test for information presented in the to-be-ignored auditory modality was administered. As compared with comparable neutral information, corrected recognition memory for intention-related material was significantly better, depending on the type of event-based prospective memory task. These results suggest that holding certain kinds of intentions can bias attentional processes in a manner consistent with a perceptual readiness for uptake of intention-related material.
Crystal Structure Studies on Fibrinogen and Fibrin

X-ray crystallography studies on fragments D and double-D from human fibrinogen and fibrin have revealed the details of knob-hole interactions between fibrin units, as well as the nature of the association at their ends. More recently, a lower-resolution structure of native chicken fibrinogen has provided details about the structure of the central domain, and particularly the arrangement of disulfide bonds. Parts of the fibrinogen molecule are so flexible that they have not been visualized in electron density maps. The elusive regions include the alpha C domain, the amino-terminal segments of the alpha and beta chains, and the carboxyl-terminal segments of the gamma chains. Nonetheless, when all the structural data are considered together, it is possible to construct a realistic model not only of a fibrinogen molecule but also of a fibrin protofibril.
Adipose pyruvate carboxylase: amino acid sequence and domain structure deduced from cDNA sequencing.

Abstract The complete amino acid sequence of 3T3-L1 adipocyte pyruvate carboxylase (PC) [pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.4.1.1] has been deduced from sequencing overlapping cDNA clones obtained from an adipocyte cDNA library constructed in the lambda Zap vector. The encoding mRNA for PC promoter contains 4067 nt, including a 3534-nt coding sequence and noncoding regions of 100 and 433 nt at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively. The biotinylated lysine of the encoded PC promoter (1178 amino acids with a calculated M(r) of apocarboxylase = 129,784) is located 35 residues from the COOH-terminal end and, as in most other biotin enzymes, is in the consensus sequence AMKM. The adipocyte PC is closely similar (53% identity) to the yeast enzyme and contains different segments that are homologous with regions from the biotin carboxylase component of Escherichia coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the keto acid-binding subunits of Propionibacterium shermanii oxaloacetate transcarboxylase and Klebsiella pneumoniae oxaloacetate decarboxylase, and to the biotin carboxyl-carrier protein of the bacterial biotin enzymes. In addition to the putative mitochondrial targeting signal, functional domains are readily identifiable in the sequence and are in the following order: biotin carboxylase-carboxyltransferase-biotin carboxyl-carrier protein, as proposed for yeast PC.
Strategic goals and development pathways for fusion

Abstract The strategic goal for fusion development and the development pathway to be followed are fundamental questions of fusion policy. Papers and workshop sessions at the meeting allowed discussion of views from around the world on these issues, for both the magnetic and inertial fusion programs. For this part of the summary, we focus on these questions and summarize first the discussion regarding magnetic fusion, and second, the discussion regarding inertial fusion.
An augmented drift-diffusion model in a semiconductor device

Abstract An “augmented” version of the drift-diffusion model in an n-semiconductor device is considered. The problem reduces to studying the equation ψxx = q(n − N) for the electric potential ψ, coupled with a parabolic equations nt − Dnxx = G for the electron concentration n, where G is a function not only of nx, ψx (as in the usual drift-diffusion model) but also of ψxt. Existence and uniqueness of solutions are established.
Protein engineering of thromboxane synthase: conversion of membrane-bound to soluble form.

Abstract Thromboxane A 2 synthase (TXAS) binds to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and catalyzes both an isomerization of prostaglandin H 2 (PGH 2 ) to form thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) and a fragmentation of PGH 2 to form 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT) and malondialdehyde (MDA). TXAS is a non-classic cytochrome P450 in that it does not require molecular oxygen or an external electron donor for catalysis. Difficulty in obtaining crystals from the membrane-bound TXAS prompted us to modify the protein to a soluble form. Results from site-directed mutagenesis, hydropathy analysis, and homology modeling led us to identify a putative membrane association segment near the end of helix F in TXAS. We report here the generation of a soluble form of TXAS by deletion of the amino-terminal membrane-anchoring domain and replacement of the helix F and F–G loop region with the corresponding region of the structurally characterized microsomal P450 2C5. The resultant TXAS/2C5 chimera is expressed in bacteria as a cytosolic and monomeric protein. Addition of an amino-terminal leader sequence to enhance expression and a tetra-histidine segment at the carboxyl-terminus to facilitate purification yielded ∼4 mg of nearly homogeneous TXAS/2C5 per liter of bacterial culture. The TXAS/2C5 chimera contains heme at nearly a 1:1 molar ratio and catalyzes the formation of TXA 2 , MDA, and HHT at a 1:1:1 ratio, although with a reduced catalytic activity compared to wild type TXAS. TXAS/2C5 exhibits electronic absorption spectra similar to wild type TXAS and has similar affinities toward distal heme ligands such as imidazole and U44069. The chimera was mono-dispersive and thus is promising for crystallization trials.
Improved Prosthetic Motility Following Enucleation

Enucleation is the beginning of a long-term relationship between the ophthalmologist and the patient to provide a comfortable, cosmetically acceptable, anophthalmic socket. The ideal socket should have a low risk of implant extrusion, normal volume, and normal motility of the prosthesis. Aspheric motility implants provide good motility, but pressure points between implant and prosthesis may lead to discomfort or extrusion. Spherical volume implants minimize pressure between implant and prosthesis, but have been criticized for inability to transmit motility to the prosthesis. The authors describe a modification of the traditional sphere implant technique that provides improved motility, ease in prosthetic fitting, and a comfortable socket.
Atmospheric particulates: specific surface areas and densities.

Suspended particulates in Pittsburgh air were collected on glass-fiber filters. The specific surface areas of particulates brushed from the filter surface varied from 1.55 to 4.51 square meters per gram when measured by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method with nitrogen and krypton, after 8-hour degassing of the samples at 25°C. Specific surfaces of the same samples varied from 4.3 to 8.00 square meters per gram after 4-hour degassing at 200°C. Bulk densities and densities of samples were 0.49 to 0.64 and 2.0 to 2.6 grams per cubic centimeter, respectively. These data provide some basis for explanation of unpredictable responses reported after inhalation of mixtures of pollutant gases and particles by animals and man; they should also assist in interpretation of gas-solid phase reactions in the atmosphere.
The cost-effectiveness of serial exchanges at the University of Florida library

Abstract Overall, the University of Florida Library's exchange program is cost-effective, even with the relatively high cost of staff salaries and barter subscriptions. The exchange program is responsible for acquiring well over $40,000 worth of serials for the library each year, many of which are still not available through regular subscription agents. Meanwhile, this cost-effectiveness study not only provided an excellent method for determining the relative dollar value of the University of Florida's exchange program, it also helped to greatly improve the efficiency of the program. While reviewing the entire exchange program during the course of this project, procedures were examined and ultimately streamlined and enhanced. And though the exchange program requires constant attention to remain cost-effective, new reports and indexes created using Fox-PRO have improved the productivity and speed of our entire operation. This study shows that the future of the University of Florida Library's exchange program remains bright. Not only did this year-long project essentially prove that the program was cost-effective, it indicated that many of the journals received on exchange were valuable to the collection. An important intangible of the exchange program is the opportunity for the library to promote its own name and that of the University. The University of Florida Library's exchange program currently has 605 partner institutions in the U.S. and around the world, reflecting positively on the University of Florida Library as an academic research center. In a decade of downsizing and tight budgets for most academic libraries, an exchange program needs strong support from collection management, technical services, and library administration. To keep this support, a program must be cost-effective and efficiently run. Therefore, cost-effectiveness studies are essential to the success of exchange programs. And although conducting a comprehensive study of this nature requires a large effort by the exchange staff, we believe that it will be time well spent.
Cytochemical contributions to differentiating GERL from the Golgi apparatus.

Recent studies from our laboratory are described which deal with endocrine cells (insulinoma, β-cells of the pancreas, thyroid epithelial cells), pancreatic exocrine cells, and hepatocytes. These emphasize the importance of the hydrolase-rich specialized region of endoplasmic reticulum, known as GERL, in secretory cells. Also reviewed in this paper are the varied molecular transformations which apparently occur in GERL in different cell types, as reported from other laboratories as well as our own. Evidence of the continuity of GERL with rough endoplasmic reticulum is presented. Two hydrolytic enzyme activities in GERL, in addition to acid phosphatase activity, are recorded. Finally, the use of cytochemical staining procedures in the study of microperoxisomes is briefly described.
The origin of immunoglobulins in opossum “embryos”☆

Abstract The appearance of immunoglobulins was studied in newborn and known aged pouch young opossums. Newborn serum collected from the neonate prior to the animals attachment to the teat, was studied for the first time. This newborn serum displayed a total lack of immunoglobulins. However, immunoglobulins were found present 12 hr after attachment and results indicated that the opossum embryos receive immunoglobulins through the mother's milk. The initial absence, the first appearance, and the later increase in concentration of these immunoglobulins was studied in a series of developing embryos using blood serum from known-aged neonates. IgG- and IgM-like serum proteins were identified in the adult opossum and a third protein class with IgA-like characteristics was isolated. Both IgG- and IgA-like antibodies were also identified in opossum milk.
Reactivity of carbon nucleophiles with disubstituted tricarbonyl(pentadienyl)iron(1+) cations: Application to the synthesis of lasiol and epi-lasiol

Abstract The reactions of 1,2-dimethyl-, 1-phenyl-2-methyl-, 1,4-dimethyl-, and 1-phenyl-4-methyl- substituted tricarbonyl(pentadienyl)iron(1+) cations ( 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b respectively) with lithium dimethylcuprate and with sodium dimethylmalonate were examined. Regiospecific nucleophilic attack was observed in cases where the directing effects of the two substituents were matched. The reaction of 4a with sodium dimethyl methylmalonate was examined, and the product was subsequently transformed into a mixture of epi-lasiol and lasiol, a terpene with a novel rearranged skeleton.
MEMS technology at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The MEMS Technology Group is part of the Microdevices Laboratory (MDL) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The group pursues the development of a wide range of advanced MEMS technologies that are primarily applicable to NASA's robotic as well as manned exploration missions. Thus these technologies are ideally suited for the demanding requirements of space missions namely, low mass, low power consumption and high reliability, without significant loss of capability. End-to-end development of these technologies is conducted at the MDL, a 38,000 sq. ft. facility with approximately 5500 sq. ft. each of cleanroom (class 10 - 100,000) and characterization laboratory space. MDL facilities include computer design and simulation tools, optical and electron-beam lithography, thin film deposition equipment, dry and wet etching facilities including Deep Reactive Ion Etching, device assembly and testing facilities. Following the fabrication of the device prototypes, reliability testing of these devices is conducted at the state-of-the-art Failure Analysis Laboratory at JPL.
Immunologic status of Hodgkin's disease

The immunological defect of early active Hodgkin's disease is characterized by depression of delayed hypersensitivity and can be assessed by negative reactions to a battery of skin allergens or by the inability to acquire contact sensitivity. Unlike a similar defect in patients with other neoplastic conditions, the deficiency in Hodgkin's disease is seen in patients in good clinical condition with an apparently localized process. While the homograft reaction is depressed in these Hodgkin's patients, antibody formation is largely intact and the lymphocyte count is normal or but slightly decreased. There is preliminary evidence that the anergy of early Hodgkin's disease is a peripheral defect—a manifestation of abnormal lymphocyte function. Later in the course of the disorder profound lymphopenia develops and most probably contributes to the more severe and complex immunological deficiencies and infectious complications of advanced Hodgkin's disease.
Regionalization, seasonality, and trends of streamflow in the US Great Lakes Basin

Analysis of historical streamflow trends and their relationship to landscape characteristics is essential for understanding geographic differences in runoff within the Great Lakes basin and for distinguishing temporal trends from temporal variance. Factor analysis of streamflow records (1956-1988) from 32 US Geological Survey gauging stations within the Great Lakes basin revealed distinct spatio-temporal patterns of stream runoff within five different regions of the basin. Streams represented by the first annual factor occurred in southern Wisconsin and the lower peninsula of Michigan, and exhibited a linear increase in mean annual streamflow over the 33 year period caused by increased autumn and winter runoff. The second annual factor represented streams in New York and eastern Ohio, which exhibited sharply increased autumn discharge during the 1970s and 1980s. The remaining three annual factors distinguished groups of streams in western Ohio, Minnesota, and the upper peninsula of Michigan with differing annual and seasonal flow patterns but no consistent trends in annual flow. Factor analysis of monthly flow expressed as a proportion of annual flow identified three seasonal proportion factors that were temporally distinct but geographically dispersed. Annual yield (annual streamflow per unit watershed area) was greatest from watersheds with greater topographic relief and forest cover, and February yield was greatest from small, lower elevation watersheds having a small proportion of wetland area. Understanding past spatio-temporal patterns of streamflow variability within the US Great Lakes basin and their relationship to landscape properties provides a basis for evaluating future change.
Molecular Structure and Dynamics in Organic Solids: High Resolution Low Temperature 13 C NMR Studies

Abstract The development of cross polarization-magic angle spinning (CPMAS) has resulted in the achievement of near-liquid resolution in solid state 13 C NMR spectra. Therefore, the structure and dynamics of organic solids can now be studied on a carbon-by-carbon basis. Low temperature CPMAS capability permits the investigation of molecular dynamics in solids, and in particular in a temperature range heretofore inaccessible to high resolution NMR (15-200 K). We have developed and used low temperature CPMAS to study solid state effects on chemical exchange processes in organic and organometallic compounds and in carbonium ions. We have also developed a technique for measuring carbon-carbon bond lengths in amorphous solids using NMR. The geometry of cis-and trans-polyacetylene has been determined using this method.
Embryonic and larval development of a cold adapted Antarctic ascidian

Ova of the Antarctic ascidian Cnemidocarpa verrucosa were mature at 240–245 μm. At 0 to −1.5°C, embryos hatched as swimming tadpoles at 8 days from fertilization, which is close to the ages at which some Antarctic echinoderm and nemertean embryos hatch as blastulae. Comparisons of Antarctic and temperate ascidian larvae suggest that the ascidian’s development rate is affected by low environmental temperatures to about the same extent as embryos and larvae of an echinoid, nemertean, and calanoid copepods. The ascidian’s tadpoles were bright orange and large, >2 mm in length including tunic and >1.5 mm in length without tunic. The large and brightly colored tadpoles were conspicuous when swimming, which supports the hypothesis that larvae of C. verrucosa are chemically defended against predators. Metamorphosed juveniles were found in cultures within 16 days from fertilization, when some unsettled tadpoles still moved but were less active. The potential pelagic period may therefore be 16 or more days with 8 days as an unhatched embryo and up to 8 or more days as a tadpole. The resting metabolic rate of tadpole larvae was 15 pmol O2 h−1 individual−1 which is equivalent to larval respiration rates in Antarctic echinoderms. A low resting metabolic rate suggests a potential mechanism for the extended larval lifespan in C. verrucosa.
Mergers in the mountains: West Virginia division and unification

This paper examines the status of two vowel mergers in a rural area of the United States. The front-lax merger has traditionally been a southern US merger, and the low-back merger has traditionally been a northern or western US merger. In areas of West Virginia, the same speakers demonstrate both. This geographic overlap of both mergers reinforces the idea that West Virginia is a transitional dialect region. In addition, the traditionally distinct dialect regions of West Virginia are finding increased unity in this overlap of mergers.
Executive summary of the Tucson Aggregation Workshop

Abstract ‘Aggregation’ refers to spatial averaging of some heterogeneous surface variable to obtain an effective value representative of an area. The effect of surface heterogeneity on interactions between land and atmosphere is relevant to near-surface hydrology, ecology, and climate, and is the common theme of the papers in this issue. Even though the full effect of heterogeneity must be neglected owing to limited spatial resolution of large-scale models, it is important to understand when and how the presence of heterogeneity requires recognition in any aggregate representation. In March 1994, a workshop, which has come to be known as the ‘Tucson Aggregation Workshop’, was convened to assess the state of the art in aggregation research, and the papers in this issue are the product of that workshop. The principal findings of the workshop can be summarized as follows: 1. 1. substantial progress has been made in producing aggregated representations of flat terrain. Simple aggregation rules applied to surface properties have given rise, in some studies, to simulated surface energy fluxes that are within 10% of fluxes produced from models with full representation of heterogeneity. 2. 2. Aggregation rules are relatively straightforward in the case of patch-scale heterogeneity (variability on the order of hundreds to thousands of meters) of vegetative characteristics which control surface exchanges, although aggregation of soil hydraulic properties and possibly of soil moisture remains problematic. In addition, some of the effects of meso-scale heterogeneity (variability on the order or 10–100 km) in surface cover will need to be addressed through more complicated types of parameterization. 3. 3. There is convincing evidence that the regional energy balance (over, say, 10 5 km 2 ) is insensitive to gentle topography, provided that surface vegetation and water availability are uniform, but in mountainous terrain the influence of topography on near-surface meteorology must be considered. 4. 4. It appears that the value of simple combinations of remotely sensed radiances representing areal-average measurements are influenced only slightly by unresolved variability, although the averaging of some derived variables based on these radiances offers a greater challenge, especially with sparse canopies.
Further evidence for a phycobilisome model from selective dissociation, fluorescence emission, immunoprecipitation, and electron microscopy.

Abstract Phycobilisomes, isolated in 500 mM Sorensen's phosphate buffer pH 6.8 from the red alga, Porphyridium cruentum , were analyzed by selective dissociation at various phosphate concentrations. The results are consistent with a structural model consisting of an allophycocyanin core, surrounded by a hemispherical layer of R-phycocyanin, with phycoerythrin being on the periphery. Such a structure also allows maximum energy transfer. Intact phycobilisomes transfer excitation energy ultimately to a pigment with a fluorescence emission maximum at 675 nm. This pigment is presumed to be allophycocyanin in an aggregated state. Uncoupling of energy transfer among the pigments, and physical release of the phycobiliproteins from the phycobilisome follow a parallel time-course; phycoerythrin is released first, followed by R-phycocyanin, and then allophycocyanin. In 55 mM phosphate buffer, the times at which 50% of each phycobiliprotein has dissociated are: phycoerythrin 40 min, R-phycocyanin 75 min, and allophycocyanin 140 min. The proposed arrangement of phycobiliproteins within phycobilisomes is also consistent with the results from precipitation reactions with monospecific antisera on intact and dissociated phycobilisomes. Anti-phycoerythrin reacts almost immediately with intact phycobilisomes, but reactivity with anti-R-phycocyanin and anti-allophycocyanin is considerably delayed, suggesting that the antigens are not accessible until a loosening of the phycobilisome structure occurs. Reaction with anti-allophycocyanin is very slow in P. cruentum phycobilisomes, but is much more rapid in phycobilisomes of Nostoc sp. which contains 6–8 times more allophycocyanin. It is proposed that allophycocyanin is partially exposed on the base of isolated intact phycobilisomes of both algae, but that in P. cruentum there are too few accessible sites to permit a rapid formation of a precipitate with anti-allophyocyanin. Phycobilisome dissociation is inversely proportional to phosphate concentration (500 mM to 2 mM), and is essentially unaffected by protein concentration in the range used (30–200 μg/ml). Phycobiliprotein release occurs in the same order (phycoerythrin > R-phycocyanin > allophycocyanin) in the pH range 5.4–8.0.
Making and Breaking the Working Class: Worker Recruitment in the National Textile Industry in Interwar Egypt

This article examines how worker mediation to secure jobs for relatives and co-villagers in the nationalist textile industry influenced working-class formation in interwar Egypt. Mediation was conducted out of a sense of communal commitment or for commission, or indeed both. The fact that rank-and-file workers were able to intervene in the recruitment process reveals that workers were successfully able to manoeuvre in such a way as to balance their unjust work relations with the huge mill and to manipulate its system. On the other hand, this method of recruitment became a source of violence among workers when they fought one another, sometimes fatally, whenever one side failed to respect the terms of the financial arrangements agreed. In most cases it strengthened the communal solidarity based on kinship and geographical origin. In both cementing and distracting from working-class solidarity, worker interference in the recruitment processes was part of the developing sense of social transformation and bonding among a distinctive and connected professional community that hoarded its own bargaining power.
Rate-independent inhibition of 5-HT release by 5-HT in the somadendritic regions of raphe neurons

Abstract The somadendritic regions of raphe neurons respond to exogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with an inhibition of spontaneous rate and a consequent reduction in local transmitter release, providing evidence for the operation of negative feedback regulation of spontaneous rate. Experiments were done to determine if a release process for 5-HT might also operate in the somadendritic regions that is independent of negative feedback and rate regulation. Slices of rabbit brain containing medullary or midbrain raphe nuclei, were stimulated in vitro at predetermined frequencies and the efflux of 3 H -transmitter determined. The stimulation-induced pattern of transmitter release was independent of frequency, pointing to the absence of feedback. Further, exogenous 5-HT (1×10 −6 M) depressed the release of 3 H -transmitter, but the inhibition, monitored over a range of frequencies, did not reflect competition with endogenous 5-HT for receptor sites. The antagonist methiothepin (3×10 −6 M) attenuated the inhibitions by 5-HT but did not by itself potentiate transmitter release, as expected if feedback inhibition were operative. Labeled transmitter release was antagonized by pretreatment with fluoxetine prior to 3 H -HT incubation, and was severely curtailed in a calcium deficient medium, confirming that a neuronally relevant pool of transmitter was involved. It is concluded that serotonergic somadendritic sites contain inhibitory receptors for 5-HT release that operate independently of rate regulation and feedback. These findings could explain how other transmitters, and 5-HT itself (through dendritic release of transmitter), could exert synaptic effects on serotonergic and other neurons without being promptly countermanded by a somadendritic feedback-induced rate correction.
Scopolamine in rats impairs acquisition but not retention in a 14-unit T-maze

To follow up a previous report noting that scopolamine impaired acquisition performance of young rats in a shock-motivated 14-unit T-maze, the present study assessed the effects of muscarinic antagonism on retention aspects of the same task. The broader objective was to further the investigation of possible defects in cholinergic neurotransmission that might underlie the age-related impairments previously observed in this task. Young (3-month) male F-344 rats were given preliminary training to criterion in one-way active avoidance in a straight runway. Then on the first day of complex maze training, each rat received 5 acquisition (AQ) trials followed by a second 10-trial retention (RET) session conducted the following day. Subjects were assigned to one of eight groups receiving an intraperitoneal injection of either scopolamine hydrochloride (1.0 mg/kg) or saline as follows: (a) 30 min prior to training on the first day (PRE-AQ); (b) 30 min prior to training on both the first and second day (PRE-AQ-RET); (c) immediately after completing the trial on the first day (POST-AQ); (d) 30 min prior to testing on the second day (PRE-RET). Dependent measures included errors, alternation errors, run time, number of shocks, and total shock received. On the first day of maze training, all performance measures except for alternation errors were significantly higher for the two acquisition groups (PRE-AQ and PRE-AQ-RET) compared to all other groups which did not differ significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Semi-classical eigenvalues using the classical Born-Oppenheimer adiabatic approximation

Abstract The classical Born-Oppenheimer method is applied to the two-degrees-of-freedom Henon-Heiles potential. The resulting one-dimensional potentials are then treated semi-classically to give the eigenvalues for the regular states. No trajectories are needed and the results are in good agreement with the exact results.
Abstract 16: Thermal enhancement with optically activated gold nanoshells sensitizes breast cancer stem cells to radiation therapy

Background Metastatic disease and recurrence are hypothesized to result, at least in part, from the residual cancer stem cells (CSCs), also referred to as tumor-initiating cells (TICs), which evade initial treatment. In several genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models that resemble human breast cancer, the tumor subpopulation CD29+/CD24+/lin− has been shown to be more tumorigenic as compared to other subpopulations by both in vitro and in vivo assays. We and others have demonstrated that the tumorigenic CD29+/CD24+/lin− subpopulation repairs radiation-induced DNA strand breaks more efficiently than the other subpopulations. Therefore, we hypothesized that hyperthermia, known to inhibit DNA repair, may radiosensitize CSCs to radiation therapy (RT) by delaying and inhibiting the repair of DNA strand breaks. Methods To test this hypothesis, we assayed for tumorigenic CD29+/CD24+/lin− cells in a p53null mouse mammary tumor model with and without radiation, and in combination with hyperthermia (42°C) administered using optically-activated gold nanoshells. We then determined the percentage of functional CSCs by FACS analysis and limiting dilution transplantation assays. Results These studies confirmed that CD29+/CD24+/lin− cells were more radiation resistant and that their relative proportion was increased after RT, as compared to the other cell populations. In contrast, post-irradiation treatment with 20 minutes of local hyperthermia, using intravenously administered optically activated gold nanoshells, a larger reduction in tumor size was observed, without a concomitant increase in the percentage of CD29+/CD24+/lin− tumorigenic cells. Using functional limiting dilution transplantation assays to assay for CSCs, we demonstrated that 48 hours after treatment cells derived from tumors treated with RT and hyperthermia exhibited a decreased frequency of TICs compared to untreated controls, while in contrast tumors treated with RT alone exhibited an increase in TIC frequency. Thus, there was a 20-fold difference in TIC frequency between the RT only, and RT and hyperthermia treated tumors. Importantly some of the tumors that grew out after radiation and hyperthermia treatment were less aggressive histologically as compared to those treated with radiation alone, which actually displayed a more aggressive histology than mock treated tumors. These results obtained with the GEM model were validated using two different primary triple-negative breast cancer xenografts. Conclusion These results suggest that localized hyperthermia administered using optically-active gold nanoshells serves as a simple strategy to selectively sensitize radioresistant CSCs to enhance their response to radiation therapy. Supported by grants NCI R01 CA112305 and CA16303. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 16.
Non-trivial Berry phase for an asymmetric one-dimensional potential in the free electron limit

We find a non-trivial Berry phase for a finite potential, even in the delocalized-electron limit. We obtain this result for a one-dimensional, periodic sawtooth potential, though our analysis is applicable to other systems. We show that this result is due to both the periodicity of the time-independent wave function and the effects of interband degeneracies. We also find, for the sawtooth potential, that each band is uniquely characterized by its Berry phase’s functional dependence on the potential’s parameters. Thus, each band may be identified by the behavior of its Berry phase.
Politics from the Spirit of Poetics: The Aesthetic Perspective of Ernst Jünger's Der Arbeiter

Junger's expressed intention notwithstanding, his essay Der Arbeiter which appeared in 1932 is a poetic rather than a theoretical statement about a nascent society. Its terminology and ideas stem to a large extent from German literary and aesthetic tradition, which illustrates the primacy of aestheticism in the essay. Only from this point of departure may the political ramifications of the work be evaluated. ≫Es zahlte zu den Maximen des Prokonsuls, das echte Politik nur moglich sei, wo Dichtung vorausgegangen war.≪
Difference spectra and extinction coefficients of P700

Abstract From the flash-induced absorption changes due to the redox reaction of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine coupled with P700, the difference extinction coefficients were determined to be 64 mequiv−1·cm−1at 700 nm for digitonin-treated Photosystem-I particles of spinach, and 70 mequiv−1·cm−1at 701 nm for Triton-treated Photosystem-I particles of Anabaena variabilis. The values were consistent with those obtained by the method using either cytochrome c or Euglena cytochrome 552 as direct electron donor after proper corrections. These extinction co-efficients and the difference spectra constructed from the exponential recovery phases further strengthened the notion that P700 was a form of chlorophyll a.
Safety of liposome extended-release bupivacaine for postoperative pain control.

Background: Ideal postoperative pain management requires a multidisciplinary approach in combination with a variety of dosage regimens. Approximately 21-30% of patients experience moderate to severe pain in the postoperative period, which may have a significant impact on recovery rate, standard of living, psychological health, and postoperative complications. Objective: Analysis of the incidence and characterization of reported adverse effects with DepoFoam bupivacaine compared to conventional bupivacaine or placebo. Methods: A systematic review of prospective studies on the use of DepoFoam versus bupivacaine or placebo was performed in order to answer the clinically-relevant question: Is DepoFoam a safer formulation in place of bupivacaine single injection or continuous local infusion techniques for postoperative pain management? Inclusion criteria required randomized, controlled, double-blind trials in patients 18 years old or older, single dose used for postoperative pain control, and a primary procedure performed. Results: Six studies fit the inclusion criteria for analysis, DepoFoam bupivacaine used in therapeutic doses was well-tolerated, had a higher safety margin, and showed a favorable safety profile compared to bupivacaine and control groups. Conclusion: Extended drug delivery system of DepoFoam bupivacaine is a promising drug formulation that may significantly improve postoperative care and pain control in surgical patients.
Charm and fancy changing neutral currents with five quarks

Abstract We propose a five-quark weak interaction model based on the SU(2) × U(1) × U(1)′ gauge group. The fifth quark f with fancy flavor has electric charge 2 3 . The model induces the charm and fancy changing neutral currents in a natural fashion which are responsible for substantial D0 − D 0 mixing to explain the observed wrong-sign dimuon events. However, these flavor changing neutral currents do not couple to leptons, thus forbidding trimuons to appear as the experiments indicate thus far. We discuss in addition how our model can be extended to a vector-like theory.