cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric characterization of N-linked glycans and glycopeptides.

We combine liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC ESI FT-ICR MS) to determine the sugar composition, linkage pattern, and attachment sites of N-linked glycans. N-linked glycans were enzymatically released from glycoproteins with peptide N-glycosidase F, followed by purification with graphitized carbon cartridge solid-phase extraction and separation over a TSK-Gel Amide80 column under hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) conditions. Unique glycopeptide compositions were determined from experimentally measured masses for different combinations of glycans and glycopeptides. The method was validated by identifying four peptides glycosylated so as to yield 12 glycopeptides unique in glycan composition for the standard glycoprotein, bovine alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein. We then assigned a total of 137 unique glycopeptide compositions from 18 glycoproteins from fetal bovine serum, and the glycan structures for most of the assigned g...
Immunohistochemical localization of phosphorylated protein kinase R and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor-2α in the central nervous system of SJL mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Inflammatory cells enter the CNS and target myelin in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS, and inflammation is thought to induce stress responses in the CNS. Protein kinase R (PKR) and eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha (eIF2 alpha) undergo phosphorylation in response to stress, and the phosphorylated forms of these proteins play a key role in regulating protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression profile of phospho-PKR and phospho-eIF2 alpha during the course of EAE in order to advance the understanding of the stress response in this disease. In control animals (no encephalitogen with no emulsion; no encephalitogen with emulsion) and in preclinical EAE animals, phospho-PKR immunoreactivity was present in oligodendrocytes and some neurons, whereas, in EAE animals with active disease there was widespread labeling of inflammatory cells, and these cells were present during the recovery period of EAE, albeit to a lesser extent. Double-labeling studies revealed that T cells and a few macrophages were phospho-PKR(+). Phospho-eIF2 alpha immunoreactivity was detected in some oligodendrocytes in hindbrain sections of control animals. In EAE animals with active disease, the number of labeled oligodendrocytes increased, and inflammatory T cells also were labeled. Insofar as phospho-PKR activates nuclear factor-kappa B, it may facilitate cytokines expression by T cells. Alternatively, phospho-PKR and phospho-eIF2 alpha may promote apoptosis as a way to regulate T-cell number in the CNS. The expression of phospho-eIF2 alpha in oligodendrocytes during EAE likely is involved with inhibition of protein translation, which is a protective mechanism used to promote cell survival in response to inflammation.
Safe Delay Optimization for Physical Synthesis

Physical synthesis is a relatively young field in electronic design automation. Many published optimizations for physical synthesis end up hurting the final result, often by neglecting important physical aspects of the layout, such as long wires or routing congestion. In this work we propose SafeResynth, a safe resynthesis technique, which provides immediately-measurable delay improvement without altering the design's functionality. It can enhance circuit timing without detrimental effects on route length and congestion. When applied to IWLS'05 benchmarks, SafeResynth improves circuit delay by 11% on average after routing, while increasing route length and via count by less than 0.2%. Our resynthesis can also be used in an unsafe mode, akin to more traditional physical synthesis algorithms popular in commercial tools. Applied together, our safe and unsafe transformations achieve 24% average delay improvement for seven large benchmarks from the OpenCores suite. The relative contribution of safe and unsafe techniques varies depending on the amount of whitespace in the layout.
Patch-reef morphology as a proxy for Holocene sea-level variability, Northern Florida Keys, USA

A portion of the northern Florida Keys reef tract was mapped with the NASA Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) and the morphology of patch reefs was related to variations in Holocene sea level. Following creation of a lidar digital elevation model (DEM), geospatial analyses delineated morphologic attributes of 1,034 patch reefs (reef depth, basal area, height, volume, and topographic complexity). Morphometric analysis revealed two morphologically different populations of patch reefs associated with two distinct depth intervals above and below a water depth of 7.7 m. Compared to shallow reefs, the deep reefs were smaller in area and volume and showed no trend in topographic complexity relative to water depth. Shallow reefs were more variable in area and volume and became flatter and less topographically complex with decreasing water depth. The knoll-like morphology of deep reefs was interpreted as consistent with steady and relatively rapidly rising early Holocene sea level that restricted the lateral growth of reefs. The morphology of shallow “pancake-shaped” reefs at the highest platform elevations was interpreted as consistent with fluctuating sea level during the late Holocene. Although the ultimate cause for the morphometric depth trends remains open to interpretation, these interpretations are compatible with a recent eustatic sea-level curve that hindcasts fluctuating late Holocene sea level. Thus it is suggested that the morphologic differences represent two stages of reef accretion that occurred during different sea-level conditions.
Delayed laparotomy after selective non-operative management of penetrating abdominal injuries.

Main concern during the practice of selective non-operative management (SNOM) for abdominal stab wounds (SW) and gunshot wounds (GSW) is the potential for harm in patients who fail SNOM and receive a delayed laparotomy (DL). The aim of this study is to determine whether such patients suffer adverse sequelae because of delays in diagnosis and treatment when managed under a structured SNOM protocol. 190 patients underwent laparotomy after an abdominal GSW or SW (5/04–10/12). Patients taken to operation within 120 min of admission were included in the early laparotomy (EL) group (n =153, 80.5 %) and the remaining in the DL group (n =37, 19.5 %). Outcomes included mortality, hospital stay, and postoperative complications. The median time from hospital arrival to operation was 43 min (range: 17–119) for EL patients and 249 min (range: 122–1,545) for DL patients. The average number and type of injuries were similar among the groups. Mortality and negative laparotomy were observed only in the EL group. There was no significant difference in the hospital stay between the groups. The overall complications were higher in the EL group (44.4 vs. 24.3 %, p =0.026). DL was independently associated with a lower likelihood for complications (OR 0.39, 95 % CI 0.16–0.98, p =0.045). Individual review of all DL patients did not reveal an incident in which complications could be directly attributed to the delay. In a structured protocol, patients who fail SNOM and require an operation are recognized and treated promptly. The delay in operation does not cause unnecessary morbidity or mortality.
The violence and oppression of power relations

At long last, imbalances in social and interpersonal power relations have begun moving out of the Dark Ages. No longer overlooked as simply traditional psychological dynamics supporting existing ideological frameworks, these imbalances has now entered public discourse. From the macrosystemic to the microsystemic level, these dynamics are being questioned. From women's rights, to the fall of American heroes, to the international involvement in Bosnia‐Herzegovina, power and its various uses have been increasingly challenged. Four people have been in the forefront of this challenge, each in their own sphere of influence: Mohandas K. Gandhi on social oppression; Iris Marion Young on women's rights; Michel Foucault on analytic philosophy; and Paulo Freire on liberation pedagogy. From each of these visionaries we can learn a great deal about how to better confront local, national, and international problems.
A tandem quadrupole-ion trap mass spectrometer

Abstract A new tandem mass spectrometer has been constructed by interfacing a Paul ion trap mass spectrometer to a quadrupole mass filter. Ions generated in an EI—CI source are mass-selected using the quadrupole and injected in 50–100 ms pulses into the ion trap at injection energies which range from nominally zero to 150 eV. Helium gas at a pressure of 1 mTorr is used to dampen the ion motion and thus trap the injected ions. Stored ions, as well as their dissociation and ion/molecule reaction products, are detected using the mass-selective instability scan mode of the ion trap. Ions generated from perfluorotributylamine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, xenon and tungsten hexacarbonyl all show efficient trapping at injection energies ranging from 10 to 110 eV. As the injection energy is raised, the internal energy deposited in the projectile increases, as demonstrated by displaying fragment ion abundances versus injection energy in the form of breakdown curves. Pyrene and other PAH ions undergo extensive fragmentation at injection energies ⩾ 100 eV to give spectra which resemble those recorded using surface-induced dissociation (SID). These and other data suggest that ions injected with sufficient kinetic energies collide with the trap surface during injection. Gas phase ion/molecule reactions also occur and lead to formation of [M + 17]+ from PAH molecular ions and abundant dinuclear ions from tungsten hexacarbonyl. The new instrument is evaluated and compared with other tandem mass spectrometers.
Time-dependent effects of kinesthetic input.

Sensory input can be used by the nervous system to control the spatial parameters of motor responses (e.g., distance, velocity, and direction) by initializing these parameters before movement onset and then by adjusting these parameters during movement. Sensory input can also be used to trigger movements. In the experiments reported in this paper, we compared the effects of kinesthetic input on a triggered motor response when the kinesthetic input was generated at different times relative to the onset of the motor response. Human subjects responded to a visual stimulus by intentionally increasing elbow torque to a target level. Kinesthetic input was generated by unexpectedly rotating each subject's elbow 100 ms before the onset of the intentional torque response (early) or coincident with the onset of the intentional torque response (late). The effect of early kinesthetic input on the intentional torque response markedly differed from the effect of late kinesthetic input. The effect of early kinesthetic input was relatively independent of the direction of elbow rotation, had a different dependence on the amplitude of rotation, and required a shorter duration of rotation compared to the effect of late kinesthetic input. These differences in the effects of early and late kinesthetic input might be related to the initialization, triggering, and adjustment of motor responses.
From Refugee to Transformer: A Bourdieusian Take on a Hmong Learner's Trajectory

This ethnographic case study of a male Hmong refugee, Vue Lang, is situated against a backdrop that is characterized by a burgeoning immigrant population in the United States and a growing need to provide them with English language instruction. The Bourdieusian concepts of capital, habitus, and field (Bourdieu, 1991) are used to explicate Vue Lang's development while enrolled in a community English as a second language (ESL) project. By drawing on data sources that included videotaped classroom lessons, field notes, and written artefacts, I demonstrate how, over the course of 6 months, he developed participation, curricular, and institutional competence. The article closes with implications for both practice and research. For classroom practice, it suggests the need for teachers to (a) facilitate habitus transformation, (b) be aware that the ESL classroom is a site of cultural politics, and (c) tap the personal experiences of learners by bringing the outside in (Baynham, 2005). For policy and research, this study highlights the importance of using case studies to trace the trajectories of language learners.
Surprisingly Low Aqueous Acidity at the α-Positions of Pyridiniums and Pyrimidinium: The Role of Solvation

The pKa’s of the 6-CH groups of N-methyl-2-methoxypyridinium, N-methyl-4-methoxypyridinium, and 1-methyl-2,4-dimethoxypyrimidinium ions in aqueous solution were determined to be about 33. The pKa values were nearly identical to each other and surprisingly similar to those reported for the neutral pyridones and uracil. Further determination of the enthalpies and entropies of the H−D exchange reactions revealed the role of solvation.
Macprofessionals Public Library iPad Checkout Solution

Portable devices have become a hot topic lately with Apple, Google, and Microsoft all creating mobile operating systems for tablets. These devices are portable, fun, productive, and, in many cases, cheaper than full computers—and they are often highly desired by library users. As a result, more and more libraries are considering purchasing and circulating tablets. If that includes your library, the first thing to consider is whether circulating tablets makes sense for your library and its users and, if so, which device best meets your needs. To make these determinations, consider what your users might want to do with tablets. They could take notes, use some of the many available medical apps, create presentations, or use video calling to communicate with remote members of study or project groups. Many database and journal vendors are creating mobile apps for easy access to online content, making a tablet a portable research tool. Finally, a number of tablets could be designated for staff use in roaming reference, thereby extending the library's reach beyond offices and service desks. The next major consideration is the time and expertise required to manage the devices. To manage tablets for checkout, you have to select, purchase, and install apps; delete unwanted content after each use; reinstall apps that patrons may have deleted; and correct other issues that may arise. Performing these tasks in-house requires significant staff time as well as technical experience, both of which may be very limited in smaller libraries. In such cases, a vendor solution may be the best option. Turnkey solutions for circulating tablets are a new area in the library automation market, so choices are somewhat limited. This reviewer is aware of only one vendor offering a full-service solution for libraries wishing to circulate tablets: Macprofessionals, which offers a product called the Public Library iPad Checkout Solution. Despite the name, this product is not just for public libraries. It can work well in any library that wishes to circulate iPads.
Maximum principles for a family of nonlocal boundary value problems

We study a family of three-point nonlocal boundary value problems (BVPs) for an n th-order linear forward difference equation. In particular, we obtain a maximum principle and determine sign properties of a corresponding Green function. Of interest, we show that the methods used for two-point disconjugacy or right-disfocality results apply to this family of three-point BVPs.
Community Development Strategies for Meeting Rural Housing Needs

Housing will be a major policy issue of the 1990s for community development practitioners. The role of state and local government policymakers in meeting housing needs will continue to grow in the 1990s. Their role in rural areas is especially critical since rural areas have some distinguishing characteristics that make urban-oriented housing assistance approaches, delivery systems, and programs inappropriate. As state and local government decision makers take responsibility for more of the housing burden, they need to be creative in developing strategies that will not induce fiscal strain at the local level. Community development practitioners can provide leadership in implementing these strategies by maximizing the use of federal resources, encouraging the development of nonprofits, and critically evaluating regulations that increase housing costs. They can institute open forums to discuss the issues and develop local solutions by educating citizens, as well as policymakers and program administrators, o...
A queueing network model for semiconductor manufacturing

We develop an open queueing network model for rapid performance analysis of semiconductor manufacturing facilities. While the use of queueing models for performance evaluation of manufacturing systems is not new, our approach differs from others in the detailed ways in which we model the different tool groups found in semiconductor wafer fabrication, as well as the way in which we characterize the effect of rework and scrap on wafer lot sizes. As an application of the model, we describe a method for performing tool planning for semiconductor lines. The method is based on a marginal allocation procedure which uses performance estimates from the queueing network model to determine the number of tools needed to achieve a target cycle time, with the objective being to minimize overall equipment cost.
A Panel Analysis of Liquidity Constraints and Firm Investment

Abstract The issue of financial constraints on company investment is revisited using the U.S. panel data of 561 firms from 1971–1992. A number of economically meaningful factors are discovered to partition firms into relatively homogeneous groups. A mixed fixed-and random-coefficients framework is then used to capture unobserved heterogeneity within groups. The prediction criterion is used to select the final specification and evaluate the importance of financial constraints on firm's investment decisions.
Sts1 Can Overcome the Loss of Rad23 and Rpn10 and Represents a Novel Regulator of the Ubiquitin/Proteasome Pathway

A rad23Δ rpn10Δ double mutant accumulates multi-Ub proteins, is deficient in proteolysis, and displays sensitivity to drugs that generate damaged proteins. Overexpression of Sts1 restored normal growth in rad23Δ rpn10Δ but did not overcome the DNA repair defect of rad23Δ. To understand the nature of Sts1 suppression, we characterized sts1-2, a temperature-sensitive mutant. We determined that sts1-2 was sensitive to translation inhibitors, accumulated high levels of multi-Ub proteins, and caused stabilization of proteolytic substrates. Additionally, ubiquitinated proteins that were detected in proteasomes were inefficiently cleared in sts1-2. Despite these proteolytic defects, overall proteasome activity was increased in sts1-2. We propose that Sts1 is a new regulatory factor in the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway that controls the turnover of proteasome substrates.
Factors influencing the usable displayed area in an airborne scanning sensor

ABSTRACT The Usable Displayed Area (UDA) in an Airborne Scanning Sensor (ASS) depends on various factors, some of which areinterdependent. We analyze the effects of these factors on the overall geometry of the UDA and usefulness of the image.First we assume a static target-sensor scenario and conclude that the shape of UDA is roughly trapezoidal. Then we considerthe dynamics of the system and fmd out that the image can be divided into four regions where the central region offers thebest quality image.Keywords: Usable Displayed Area (UDA), Image Break-up, Ground Coverage Ratio, Look-down Angle 1. INTRODUCTION For the sake of brevity and to avoid confusion in notations, we shall restrict ourselves to the example case of a linear arraybased common module bi-directional scanning FLIR with a Wide Field of View (WFOV) = 17.8° (Horizontal) X 12.3° (Vertical) and a Narrow Field of View (NFOV) = 3.3° (Horizontal) X 2.3° (Vertical). For interlaced scanning, thecorresponding Instantaneous FOVs (IFOV) are taken for WFOV as 0.536 mrad X 0.8945 mrad and for NFOV as 0.099 mrad
Regulation of porcine granulosa cell 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I: synergism with follicle-stimulating hormone or protein kinase A agonist.

In species such as the pig and human, gonadal steroidogenesis is believed to be dependent upon the availability of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, before ovulation, Graafian follicles are impermeant to lipoproteins in the LDL class. Thus, de novo cholesterol biosynthesis via the rate-determining enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is likely to provide a significant mechanism for generating sterol substrate for steroidogenesis by granulosa cells before follicular rupture. As serum-free monolayer culture of (swine) granulosa cells offers an in vitro model of hormonally responsive HMG-CoA reductase, we generated a (porcine) complementary DNA and homologous complementary RNA to investigate by sensitive and specific ribonuclease protection assay the hormonal regulation of HMG-CoA reductase gene expression in ovarian cells from immature Graafian follicles. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we cloned and sequenced a 238-base pair complementary...
Combined PTCA and aortic valvuloplasty for acute myocardial infarction complicated by severe aortic stenosis and cardiogenic shock

Percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty (PAV) performed in patients with critical aortic stenosis has been shown to increase aortic valve area, decrease aortic valve gradient, and improve left ventricular function. However, the procedure is limited by rapid restenosis. Aortic valvuloplasty in the setting of critical aortic stenosis with cardiogenic shock can be a life-saving procedure, although morbidity and mortality remain high. We describe a patient with critical aortic stenosis who presented with an acute anterior myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty. Despite rapidly achieving patency of the culprit vessel, the patient spiraled into cardiogenic shock, which prompted an emergent PAV. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 42:283–285, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In Vitro Effects of Boron-Containing Compounds upon Glioblastoma Cells

Boron-neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is currently under investigation as a novel therapeutic modality for glioblastoma. This study was undertaken to determine whether boron-containing compounds 4-borono-2-fluoro-D,L-phenylalanine (FBPA) and FBPA-fructose have direct effects upon kinetics of A172, a glioblastoma cell line. Flow cytometry analyzed cell-cycle distribution and S-phase kinetics (bromo deoxyuridine [BUdR] incorporation). BUdR incorporation was increased during a 1-hr pulse after 24-hr or 72-hr exposure of cells to varying concentrations of FBPA or FBPA-fructose. Results suggest that boron-containing compounds may effect cell kinetics apart from neutron activation, and this effect should be further evaluated for potential impact upon tumor responsiveness to BNCT.
Variability of the serum protein binding of theophylline in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis.

1. The serum protein binding of theophylline was studied in 28 asthmatics and 11 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who were receiving the drug regularly. Peak theophylline samples were collected at 2 week intervals on four occasions in each asthmatic and on three occasions in each CF patient. The binding was measured using ultrafiltration at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4. The total and free (unbound) theophylline concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. 2. The mean free-fractions (+/- s.d.) in asthmatics (0.50 +/- 0.03) and in CF patients (0.51 +/- 0.04) were not significantly different. The intra- and inter-subject variability in the free-fraction (fu) was relatively small in both patient groups. The binding was found to be concentration-independent at serum theophylline concentrations up to 30.9 micrograms ml-1. The effects of age, gender, serum albumin and total serum protein on the free fraction were evaluated. 3. The results indicate that the binding of theophylline is similar in the two disease states. The low degree of variability in serum theophylline binding indicates that measurements of total serum theophylline concentrations will reflect unbound serum concentrations with acceptable accuracy in both patient groups studied.
Kinetic investigation into glucose‐, fructose‐, and sucrose‐activated autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsion

Autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsions in aqueous phosphate buffer solutions in the presence of glucose, fructose, and sucrose has been studied by the rate of oxygen uptake. Oxidation rates increased with increasing concentration of sugars in the system. At comparable molar ratios of sugar to methyl linoleate the rate of oxidation in the presence of fructose was greater than with glucose which, in turn, was greater than with sucrose. Oxidation rates increased with pH until a maximum rate was reached at pH 8.00. There was less conjugation and more CO2 with fructose than with glucose at a comparable level of oxygen uptake and pH value. This suggested concurrent oxidation of methyl linoleate and sugars; fructose is the most readily oxidized of those studied.
Regulation of acetylcholine synthesis in the presence of hemicholinium mustard.

Abstract High affinity choline uptake (HACU) is a critical element in the synthetic path-way for acetylcholine (ACh), and is known to demonstrate activity-dependent regulation in vivo and in vitro. However, little is known about this important sodium-dependent transport protein at the biochemical level, and about the nature of its interaction with the ACh synthetic enzyme ChAT. Hemicholinium mustard (HCM), an irreversibly binding analog of hemicholinium-3 (HC3), was used to create a preparation with HACU that is completely inhibited in order to investigate the immediate source of Ch for ACh synthesis. Rat brain synaptosomes were pre-incubated with HCM and washed before transport incubations of increasing length (0–6 min) were carried out. The contribution of endogenous and extracellular (tracer) Ch to the ACh level was measured at each time point using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) system that allows quantitative measurement of endogenous (unlabelled; [ 2 H 0 ]) Ch as well as tracer (deuterium-labelled; [ 2 H 4 ]) Ch. The hypothesis was that if an endogenous intraterminal Ch pool can be used for ACh synthesis, an increase in unlabelled ACh across time would be observed. In neither HCM-treated nor control synaptosomes was an increase observed in intraterminal (pellet) unlabelled ACh. To test the effects of high tissue demand, in other experiments synaptosomes were depolarized with addition of 40 mM KCl to the buffer after HCM treatment; again, no significant increase in intraterminal unlabelled ACh was observed across time. These experiments demonstrate that endogenous unlabelled Ch does not contribute to ACh synthesis, even when HACU is inactivated, and under conditions of high demand.
Tiagabine in the Management of Postencephalitic Epilepsy and Impulse Control Disorder.

Abstract Rationale. Anticonvulsants are used as primary or adjunctive agents in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic modulation has been shown to be important in impulsive aggression. We investigated the treatment of impulse control disorders with aggressive features in two patients with post-encephalitic epilepsy using the anticonvulsant tiagabine, a novel GABA reuptake inhibitor. Methods. The cases of two patients who were previously treated with other anticonvulsants, had uncontrolled behaviors with intractable seizures and were placed on adjunctive tiagabine with control of both psychiatric and neurologic symptoms, were analyzed. Results. In case 1, 12 mg adjunctive tiagabine daily resulted in behavioral improvement that further improved with increased titration; however, when tiagabine was discontinued, abrupt behavioral decompensation occurred. In case 2, adjunctive tiagabine resulted in both seizure control and marked diminution of disinhibited behaviors with aggressive outbursts; however, when tiagabine was titrated from 20 mg daily to 24 mg daily increased irritability was noted that resolved with tiagabine reduction to 20 mg daily. Conclusion. In two cases, adjunctive tiagabine was effective in the management of both epilepsy and severe impulse control disorder. Optimal dosing to maximize anticonvulsant and psychotropic effects needs to be established. Further studies using tiagabine in the treatment of impulse control disorders are indicated.
Urinary kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) as risk markers for heart failure in older adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study.

Background Kidney damage and reduced kidney function are potent risk factors for heart failure, but existing studies are limited to assessing albuminuria or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We evaluated the associations of levels of urinary biomarkers of kidney tubular injury (interleukin 18 [IL-18] and kidney injury molecule 1 [KIM-1]) with future risk of heart failure. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants 2,917 participants without heart failure in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) cohort. Predictors Ratios of urine KIM-1, IL-18, and albumin to creatinine (KIM-1:Cr, IL-18:Cr, and ACR, respectively). Outcomes Incident heart failure over a median follow-up of 12 years. Results Median values of each marker at baseline were 812 (IQR, 497-1,235)pg/mg for KIM-1:Cr, 31 (IQR, 19-56)pg/mg for IL-18:Cr, and 8 (IQR, 5-19)mg/g for ACR. 596 persons developed heart failure during follow-up. The top quartile of KIM-1:Cr was associated with risk of incident heart failure after adjustment for baseline eGFR, heart failure risk factors, and ACR (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.02-1.70) in adjusted multivariate proportional hazards models. The top quartile of IL-18:Cr also was associated with heart failure in a model adjusted for risk factors and eGFR (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.05-1.73), but was attenuated by adjustment for ACR (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.89-1.48). The top quartile of ACR had a stronger adjusted association with heart failure (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.53-2.51). Limitations Generalizability to other populations is uncertain. Conclusions Higher urine KIM-1 concentrations were associated independently with incident heart failure risk, although the associations of higher ACR were of stronger magnitude.
Social stimulation and the resumption of copulation in Rhesus (Macaca mulatto) and stumptail (Macaca arctoides) Macaques

Copulatory data derived from observations of social groups of rhesus and stumptail macaques were analyzed to test the hypothesis that pairs of animals would resume copulation significantly sooner if a second male copulated with the female shortly after the first male’s ejaculation. Data from both groups supported the hypothesis. These results, extending previous studies in Macaca nemestrina,suggest that the shortening of copulatory intervals by social stimuli occurs in several species, both in social groups and in experimentally created triads. These findings also are consistent with the hypothesis that socially mediated resumption of mating is related to intrasexual competition among males.
PPARs and Bone Metabolism.

Welcome to the inaugural special issue of PPAR Research: PPARs and Bone Metabolism. In addition to the key roles PPARs play in numerous processes including glucose and fat metabolism, inflammation, cancer, and central nervous system maintenance, a new role for PPAR-γ has recently emerged: the maintenance of bone homeostasis during aging and disease. In this premier issue we have assembled what is close to a comprehensive overview of the role of PPAR-γ in the control of bone maintenance. This takes into account PPAR-γ's role in mesenchymal stem cell lineage allocation, possible cross-talk with relevant nuclear receptors, examination of PPAR-γ gene polymorphisms and bone mineral density in humans, a role of PPAR-γ in bone loss due to skeletal disuse, evidence that human bone is vulnerable to antidiabetic therapies with PPAR-γ agonists, the thiazolidinediones, and evidence that the antiosteoblastic activity of PPAR-γ can be separated from its proadipocytic and antidiabetic activities by using selective modulators. We also present a novel hypothesis that PPAR-γ acts as a regulator of chondrocyte development and cartilage homeostasis. We realize that we have not covered all aspects of PPARs involvement in the control of bone maintenance; however, this introduction should serve as a competent first attempt to present these new aspects of bone biology to the broader audience of our readers. Beata Lecka-Czernik
Sensitivity of the global ocean circulation to parameterizations of mesoscale tracer transports

Abstract The isopycnal transport parameterization of Gent and Mc Williams has been implemented in the GFDL ocean general circulation model, replacing the physically unjustifiable horizontal mixing of tracers. The effects of this parameterization are investigated in a global domain. A comparison of its results with those of the conventional horizontal diffusion shows substantial and significant improvements in several climatically important aspects of the ocean circulation. These improvements include a sharper main thermocline, cooler abyssal ocean, elimination of the Deacon cell as a tracer transport agent, zonally integrated meridional heat transport and surface heat fluxes in better agreement with observations, and better confinement of the locations where deep convection occurs. The sensitivity of the model to the magnitude of the horizontal and isopycnal diffusion coefficients is also studied, showing that the domain averages of potential temperature and salinity, the mass transport of the Antarctic C...
ERADICATION OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN AN INNER CITY CHILDHOOD POPULATION: AN ENDANGERED TRIUMPH OF PROPHYLAXIS

ERADICATION OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN AN INNER CITY CHILDHOOD POPULATION: AN ENDANGERED TRIUMPH OF PROPHYLAXIS
Spatial relationships of axons arising from the substantia nigra, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus within the intermediate gray of the cat superior colliculus.

We have utilized two different anterograde transport methods (Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin [PHA-L] immunocytochemistry and autoradiography) in the same experiment to compare the sublaminar location and arrangement of tectopetal axons arising from the substantia nigra pars reticulata, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Our findings reveal that the nigrotectal projection terminates in a patchy fashion within three horizontally oriented sublaminae of the stratum griseum superficial (SGI), the dorsal, middle and ventral. The middle tier of nigrotectal axons exhibits an exquisite, puzzle-like, complementary spatial relationship with trigeminotectal axons. In contrast, axons arising from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus overlap with patches of nigrotectal axons within the middle tier. Thus the middle tier of the SGI consists of domains of overlapping nigral and pedunculopontine tegmental inputs which interdigitate with domains rich in somatosensory inputs.
Proportional amplification of individual HLA-A and -B antigens during upregulated expression of total class I HLA molecules.

Abstract Our recent studies demonstrated that each specific HLA-A or -B antigen is not expressed in equal quantity in cells of an individual and that the relative amounts of different HLA-A and -B antigens are genetically predetermined following Mendelian laws. These findings suggest the potential genetic importance of varied quantitative HLA expression on target cells in determining the sensitivity to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It would be important to know whether the amounts of different HLA antigens are differentially or proportionally amplified after upregulated expression of total HLA antigens. We have therefore determined the effects of IFN treatment, EBV transformation, and influenza virus infection on the quantitative expression of total HLA antigens and the relative quantities of different specific HLA-A and -B antigens in human fibroblast cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. In contrast to earlier studies using the transfected HLA genes, our results show that different individual HLA-A and -B antigens are proportionally and not differentially amplified during upregulated expression of total class I HLA molecules. This finding indicates that the genetic predetermination of varied quantitative expression of HLA antigens may play a role in influencing antiviral immunity and disease susceptibility.
Money Talks, When Nothing Else Works

used to collect and quantify bacteria from the surfaces of hospital bed mattresses of a single community hospital. Prior to use, the 30 cm2 of the medium on each film plate was hydrated with 0.9 milliliters of buffered peptone water broth. Mattresses were sampled either by rubbing 30 cm2 of mattress surface with amoistened swab or by pressing (10 seconds) the film plates onto areas adjacent to the areas sampled by the swabs. Swabs were applied to 5% sheep blood agar medium (BA) and streaked for isolation; growth was examined after BA was incubated 18-24 hours at 378C in 5-7% CO2. Film plates were incubated as above and then blotted onto BA, which was incubated as above. The McNemar test was used to compare the results of the cultures. Results: 91 mattresses were sampled by both methods: 62 from mattresses that had undergone terminal cleaning, and 29 from mattresses that were dirty and ready for terminal cleaning. Comparing samples from the same mattress: 34 (37.4%) of the mattresses produced growth by both methods; 6 (6.6%) produced growth by neither method, 46 (50.5%) produced growth by the film plate method but no growth was identified by the swab method; 5 (5.5%) produced growth by the swab method only. The difference between the sensitivity of the two methods was statistically significant (p,0.001). Bacteria isolated by both methods represented normal skin bacteria and environmental bacteria expected in hospital patient rooms; the isolates included; Staphylococcus species, Bacillus species, Gram-negative rods, Micrococcus species, Streptococcus species, and diphtheroids.
Pavlov: an interface builder for designing animated interfaces

Conventional interface builders provide little support for interactive development of interfaces with application-specific graphics. Some Programming by Demonstration (PBD) systems do provide such support, but none provide full support for demonstrating interfaces, such as those in games, in which the graphics are animated. This article proposes a number of techniques for creating animated interfaces, all of which have been included in an exploratory system, Pavlov. Many of the techniques are based on the addition of timing controls to a form of PBD called stimulus-response demonstration. Others are based on an adaptation of a traditional animation time-line that integrates end-user interaction with animation. The article also evaluates Pavlov with (1) a comparison to other PBD systems in terms of the behaviors that can be specified interactively and (2) a report on an informal user study comparing development in Pavlov to development in a conventional interface builder.
TU‐E‐BRB‐05: Performance‐Based QA for Radiotherapy: TG‐148 — Tomotherapy Quality Assurance

History Helical tomotherapy is a relatively new modality with integrated treatment planning and delivery hardware for radiation therapytreatments. In view of the uniqueness of the hardware design of the helical tomotherapy unit and its implications in routine quality assurance, the Therapy Physics Committee (TPC) of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) commissioned Task Group 148 (TG148) to review this modality and make recommendations for quality assurance related methodologies. General Outline of Report The report is divided into three main chapters that cover treatmentimaging,treatment planning, and treatmentdelivery. Each chapter gives an overview of the unique accepts and proceeds to describe the recommended QA tests. A final chapter summarizes the QA recommendations and details daily, monthly, quarterly, and annual QA procedures. Major Highlights This report is designed with the intent to provide guidance to the physicist on the routine QA aspects of the tomotherapy unit. Since the imaging and treatment planning aspects are intimately connected with the physical machine hardware each aspect is covered in this review. Implementation Plan The summary chapter list daily, monthly, quarterly, and annual tests. This chapter is designed to facilitate the implementation of recommended QA procedures. Timeline for Report Release This TG report is currently under review by the Therapy Physics Council.
Principles for successful systems and software processes

This paper summarizes several iterations in developing a compact set of four key principles for successful systems engineering, which are 1) Stakeholder Value-Based Guidance 2) Incremental Commitment and Accountability 3) Concurrent Multidiscipline Engineering, and 4) Evidence- and Risk-based Decisions. It provides a rationale for the principles, including short example case studies of failed projects that did not apply the principles, and of successful projects that did. It will compare the principles with other sets of principles such as the Lean Systems Engineering and the Hitchins set of principles for successful systems and systems engineering, and indicate how the principles will help projects and organizations cope with increasing needs for process diversity and change.
Intraductal carcinoma of the breast. (1960-1969).

One-hundred and twelve patients with intraductal carcinoma of the breast were studied. This lesion was more commonly seen in elderly patients and Negro females than lobular carcinoma in situ. The lesion is histologically multicentric in origin. Three fourths of the lesions were accompanied with benign or atypical papillomatosis or duct hyperplasia. It often requires paraffin section examination of the surgical specimen to establish diagnosis. Total removal of the breast tissue with adjacent lymph nodes is the treatment of choice. There was one patient with positive axillary lymph nodes and one patient who died with metastases in this study.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Determination of Single Nanocrystal Core Sizes via Correlation with Mass Spectrometry

We show that single alkanethiol-passivated gold nanocrystals can be identified by core size in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments, through a comparison of the measured STM heights with a direct determination of the gold core sizes by mass spectrometry. We take advantage of the discrete size distribution to correlate the peaks in a histogram of nanocrystal heights with the distinct abundance peaks in a mass spectrum. The correlation establishes a mapping from STM height to core mass or mean core diameter. This is vitally important for the interpretation of size-dependent “single-molecule” tunneling spectra from nanocrystal compounds.
Nuclear structure studies in the Pt region with (d, p), (d, t) and (d, d′) reactions

A survey has been made of the particle, hole and collective states in seven Pt isotopes (A = 193−199) by (d, p), (d, t) and (d, d′) reactions on Pt194,Pt195, Pt196 and Pt198. The incident deuteron energy is 15 MeV. The p12, p32,f52,f72 and i132 quasi-particle states are located in all odd-mass isotopes from an analysis of (d, p) and (d, t) cross sections and (d, p) angular distributions. Several p and f states are found distributed up to an excitation of 1.6 MeV. The g92 state is located around 1.8 MeV in Pt195, Pt197 and Pt199. Above this level several strongly excited states are observed in (d, p) reactions, which are presumably the neutron states in the N = 126−184 shell. In Pt195 the 0.210 MeV state (and possibly the 0.240 MeV state also) is found to be strongly excited in (d, p), (d, t) and (d, d′) reactions, indicating particle and phonon admixtures. The excitation spectra of the three even-mass isotopes are very similar to one another. From (d, p) and (d, t) cross sections the pairing theory parameters V2j for Pt194 and Pt196 are determined for the p12 state only.
Discovery of a Molecular Outflow in the Haro 6-10 Star-forming Region

We present high sensitivity 12 CO and 13 CO J=1!0 molecular line maps covering the full extent of the parsec scale Haro 6-10 Herbig-Haro (HH) flow. We report the discovery of a molecular CO outflow along the axis of parsec-scale HH flow. Previous molecular studies missed the identification of the outflow probably due to their smaller mapping area and the confusing spectral features present towards the object. Our detailed molecular line study of the full 1.6 pc extent of the optical flow shows evidence for both blueshifted and redshifted gas set in motion by Haro 6-10 activity. The molecular outflow is centered at Haro 6-10, with redshifted gas being clumpy and directed towards the northeast, while blueshifted gas is in the southwest direction. The molecular gas terminates well within the cloud, short of the most distant HH objects of the optical flow. Contamination from an unrelated cloud along the same line of sight prevents a thorough study of the blueshifted outflow lobe and the mass distribution at the lowest velocities in both lobes. The cloud core in which Haro 6-10 is embedded is filamentary and flattened in the east-west direction. The total cloud mass is calculated from 13 CO J=1!0 to be � 200 M⊙. The lower limit of the mass associated with the outflow is � 0.25 M⊙. Subject headings: ISM: clouds – ISM: jets and outflows – ISM:Herbig-Haro objects – individual Haro 6-10 – stars: formation
Rotation‐plasty: Surgical technique of resection and reconstruction in the treatment of osteosarcoma about the knee in children

Resection of malignant tumors about the knee, followed by reconstruction of the lower limb by rotating it through an arc of 180 degrees is becoming a popular method of treatment of osteosarcoma in growing children. Following rotation, the rotated ankle functions as the knee joint, powering a custom-made prosthesis. The functional result is superior to above-knee amputation with better propioceptive feedback and the absence of phantom limb pain. The children are able to climb stairs well and participate in running sports. The surgical technique is demanding, requiring a precise knowledge of the surgical anatomy. To be successful, the sciatic, peroneal, and tibial nerves must be preserved. The femoral and popliteal artery may be resected and reconstructed if necessary. The remaining growth of the child is determined so that the rotated ankle can be positioned at the level of the contralateral normal knee.