cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Hypertension: Review of Updated Guidelines

1. Donald J. Weaver Jr, MD, PhD* 1. *Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, Levine Children’s Hospital at Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC * Abbreviations: ABPM: : ambulatory blood pressure monitoring BMI: : body mass index BP: : blood pressure DASH: : Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension After the publication of my review on pediatric hypertension, the American Academy of Pediatrics' Subcommittee on Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children issued new Clinical Practice Guidelines for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. (1)(2) These guidelines represent an update to the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents that was published in 2004. (3) For the new guidelines, the subcommittee consisted of 17 members and was co-chaired by a pediatric nephrologist and a general pediatrician. To develop these recommendations, an extensive literature review addressing the diagnosis, management, and treatment of pediatric hypertension was conducted. Articles were then reviewed by 2 subcommittee members. Selected articles were then evaluated for quality of evidence based on an AAP grading matrix. From this, 30 key action statements were developed. In addition, 27 additional recommendations based on consensus expert opinion were also provided. Herein I highlight 7 significant changes in the initial screening and management of pediatric patients with hypertension that are important to primary care pediatricians. ### New Definitions of Pediatric Hypertension Recently, the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology updated the definition of adult hypertension based on large observational studies that established a graded association between increased blood pressure (BP) and risk of cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, and mortality. (4) Specifically, a meta-analysis of 61 prospective studies determined that the risk of cardiovascular disease increased beginning at systolic BP levels greater than 115 mm Hg and diastolic BP levels greater than 75 mm Hg. The risk of death from ischemic heart disease …
From Punk Love to Compa Love: A Pedagogical Paradigm to Intervene on Trauma.

Emerging research shows that the number of young people experiencing trauma is alarmingly high and continuously increasing. In the midst of such pervasive trauma, teachers generally—and particularly in urban schools—must be equipped with a language and paradigm that prepares them to intervene in the traumatic stressors impacting the lives of students. Recent educational and trauma—informed scholarship suggest that in order for young people to heal from trauma and develop higher levels of resiliency, they must be around loving adults. By drawing from research that spans the fields of public health, psychiatry, psychotherapy, and education, as well as literature about love, critical pedagogy, and culturally sustaining pedagogies, I theorize and illustrate how Compa Love is a framework that enables us to practice love as an intervention to trauma within the context of urban classrooms.
Correction to: The role of synthetic biology in climate change mitigation.

After publication of this article [1], the author brought to our attention that there are some errors in the article.
A Review of GaN based Inverters for Integration of Renewables with the Grid

Increasing demand for electricity urges rapid development of renewable energy integration methods. The main candidates in this area, photovoltaics and wind energy systems enforce crucial requirements like high efficiency, low losses, high power density, fast switching and reliable semiconductor devices in order to facilitate enhanced system performance. With the advent of GaN based devices and the increasing trend of their usage, incorporation of such Wide-Band Gap devices has proven to be extremely advantageous. Combining these ideas, GaN based inverters for renewable energy integration applications has been a hot research topic. However, the collection of all possible topologies with necessary performance criteria evaluated is not readily accessible. This paper provides a review of GaN based inverters with possible topologies and applications, along with the evaluation of key performance metrics specifically for renewable energy integration.
Single-shot speckle tracking method based on wavelet transform and multi-resolution analysis

The wavelet-transform-based single-shot X-ray speckle tracking (WXST) method combined with a multi-resolution analysis process was proposed to provide higher noise robustness and faster data processing compared with the correlation-based single-shot X-ray speckle tracking (CXST) technique. The new method was experimentally validated by measuring phase errors of beryllium compound refractive lenses in the transmission geometry. Taking advantages of the wavelet transform and the multi-resolution analysis, the data-analysis efficiency can be improved by two orders of magnitude for samples with phase variation over a large dynamical range. The multiresolution WXST method also shows high reconstruction accuracy and noise robustness. This novel method can broaden the potential applications of speckle-tracking techniques in wavefront sensing, at-wavelength metrology and phase imaging by breaking the bottleneck of the data processing.
Enhanced absorption per unit mass for infrared arrays using subwavelength metal–dielectric structures

The absorption-to-mass ratio of the infrared arrays is enhanced to ∼1.33−7.33 times larger than the previously reported structures by incorporating two design characteristics: first, the coupling of evanescent fields in the air gaps around pixels to create effectively larger pixel sizes and, second, the use of guided-mode resonance (GMR) within the subwavelength metal–dielectric gratings. The bilayer Ti−Si3N4 gratings achieve broadband long-wave infrared (LWIR, λ∼8−12µm) absorption by the combined effects of free carrier absorption by the thin Ti films and vibrational phonon absorption by the thick Si3N4 films. In the presence of GMR, this broadband absorption can be enormously enhanced even with low fill factor subwavelength grating cells. Further, the spacing and design of the cells can be modified to form a pixel array structure that couples the light falling in the air gaps via evanescent field coupling. Calculations are performed using the finite difference time domain technique. Excellent broadband absorption is observed for the optimized arrays, yielding maximum absorption of 90% across the LWIR and an average absorption per unit mass (absorption/mass) per pixel of 3.45×1013kg−1.
Simulation-Based Study on the COVID-19 Airborne Transmission in a Restaurant

COVID-19 has shown a high potential of transmission via virus-carrying aerosols as supported by growing evidence. However, detailed investigations that draw direct links between aerosol transport and virus infection are still lacking. To fill in the gap, we conducted a systematic computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based investigation of indoor air flow and the associated aerosol transport in a restaurant setting, where likely cases of airborne infection of COVID-19 caused by asymptomatic individuals were widely reported by the media. We employed an advanced in-house large eddy simulation (LES) solver and other cutting-edge numerical methods to resolve complex indoor processes simultaneously, including turbulence, flow-aerosol interplay, thermal effect, and the filtration effect by air conditioners. Using the aerosol exposure index derived from the simulation, we are able to provide a spatial map of the airborne infection risk under different settings. Our results have shown a remarkable direct linkage between regions of high aerosol exposure index and the reported infection patterns in the restaurant, providing strong support to the airborne transmission occurring in this widely-reported incidence. Using flow structure analysis and reverse-time tracing of aerosol trajectories, we are able to further pinpoint the influence of environmental parameters on the infection risks and highlight the needs for more effective preventive measures, e.g., placement of shielding according to the local flow patterns. Our research, thus, has demonstrated the capability and value of high-fidelity CFD tools for airborne infection risk assessment and the development of effective preventive measures.
Acquisition of a Joystick-Operated Video Task by Pigs ( Sus scrofa ).

The ability of 2 Panepinto micro pigs and 2 Yorkshire pigs (Sus scrofa) to acquire a joystick-operated video-game task was investigated. Subjects were trained to manipulate a joystick that controlled movement of a cursor displayed on a computer monitor. The pigs were required to move the cursor to make contact with 3-, 2-, or 1-walled targets randomly allocated for position on the monitor, and a reward was provided if the cursor collided with a target. The video-task acquisition involved conceptual understanding of the task, as well as skilled motor performance. Terminal performance revealed that all pigs were significantly above chance on first attempts to contact 1-walled targets (P < 0.05). These results indicate that, despite dexterity and visual constraints, pigs have the capacity to acquire a joystick-operated video-game task. Similar methodology may prove useful in future studies of the cognitive capacities of pigs and other domestic animals.
Selectivity and potency of natural product PIM kinase inhibitors identified by in silico docking

PIM3 (Proviral Integration site for Maloney murine leukemia virus kinase 3) is a proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity that prevents apoptosis, promotes cell survival, and stimulates protein translation. In addition, PIM3 functions in inflammation and immunity pathways. PIM3 inhibitors are being developed to treat cancer and inflammation-related disorders. Here we screen a 98,000 compound virtual library of natural products to identify those that are predicted to fit in the ATP site of PIM3. Since the structure of PIM3 has not been determined experimentally, we performed molecular structure prediction using the SWISS-MODEL tool to generate a PIM3 model structure for in silico screening. Compounds predicted to fit the ATP binding site of PIM3 were validated using biochemical assays, revealing activity against PIM3 for all eight candidates, with potencies mostly in the micromolar range. We tested several analogs of two validated candidates, the diosgenin glycoside dioscin and the biflavonoid hinokiflavone. Among five dioscin analogs, three exhibit similar potency against PIM3, and with some selectivity for PIM3 versus PIM1 and 2. Meanwhile, three of seven biflavonoid analogs exhibit sub-micromolar IC50 potency against PIM3, but with less selectivity for PIM3 versus PIM1 and 2.
A hybrid model connecting regulatory interactions with stem cell divisions in the root

Stem cells give rise to the entirety of cells within an organ. Maintaining stem cell identity and coordinately regulating stem cell divisions is crucial for proper development. In plants, mobile proteins, such as WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) and SHORTROOT (SHR), regulate divisions in the root stem cell niche. However, how these proteins coordinately function to establish systemic behaviour is not well understood. We propose a non-cell autonomous role for WOX5 in the cortex endodermis initial (CEI) and identify a regulator, ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN3)/GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR 1, that coordinates CEI divisions. Here, we show with a multi-scale hybrid model integrating ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and agent-based modeling that quiescent center (QC) and CEI divisions have different dynamics. Specifically, by combining continuous models to describe regulatory networks and agent-based rules, we model systemic behaviour, which led us to predict cell-type-specific expression dynamics of SHR, SCARECROW, WOX5, AN3 and CYCLIND6;1, and experimentally validate CEI cell divisions. Conclusively, our results show an interdependency between CEI and QC divisions.
Under and beyond the Law: Monarchy, Violence, and History in Thailand*:

Since the end of the absolute monarchy in Thailand on June 24, 1932, the rulers and the ruled have been locked into struggle, often violent, over what form the polity and the people’s participation...
Opioid Use Disorder Pharmacotherapy: A Historical Perspective on How We Practice, and Why

The modern era of pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorders began with the introduction of methadone maintenance in the 1960s. Since then, four medications, in different formulations, have received approval for its use by the United States’ Food and Drug Administration. Yet, practically speaking, only two medications, buprenorphine and naltrexone, are available to clinicians in addiction medicine. Why? What forces and events determined which medications are, and are not, available today? It is a story, largely untold, that continues to shape our practices and still governs our use of these medications. That story is the subject of this chapter. We hope its retelling will prompt readers to reflect on why we do what we do in using these medications, and reconsider what we can do, or not do, that may yet benefit our patients.
Meconium staining of the brainstem with open myelomeningocele

Meconium staining of open myelomeningoceles has been reported to occur both prenatally and postnatally, but meconium staining of the brainstem has not been previously documented. The authors present a case of meconium staining of the brainstem in an infant with a meconium-stained myelomeningocele, Chiari malformation Type II, and hydrocephalus and discuss possible implications for prenatal and perinatal care.
From Comparison Density to Two Sample Analysis

This paper on statistical data modeling is written to express my esteem for Professor Hirotugo Akaike in celebration of his 65th birthday by a U.S./Japan Conference on The Frontiers of Statistical Modeling: An Informational Approach(held May, 1992 at the University of Tennesse). I like to play the “how long have you known Professor Akaike” because I have the good fortune of knowing him since 1965.
Making chromosome counts inSolanum using corolla tissue

A technique is described for counting chromosomes inSolanum. Young corolla tissue has been found to be excellent for making preparations of mitosis. This makes it possible to obtain quick, accurate chromosome counts of plants when roots are not available.
Imparting strength and toughness to brittle composites

Appropriate intermittent coatings of fibers can produce areas of low and high toughness in brittle composites. Experiments using silicon vacuum grease (SVG) and polyurethane varnish (PUV) coatings that achieve weakly and strongly bonded interfaces are described. Tensile strength and edge-crack fracture toughness for both SVG and PUV coatings were plotted against the percentage coating (C). Both coating materials maintain tensile strengths in the order of the rule of mixture strength values up to a large C. It is suggested that both materials produce similar coated interfacial shear strengths while producing different effects on toughness.
On the stability of phases

Abstract We discuss the effect of varying the loads applied to a body upon the phases present in a body. The states obtainable by prescribing small variations in the loads lie in certain cone-like regions of state space determined by the condition (1.5).
Staccato social support in mobile health applications

Social support plays an important role in health systems. While significant work has explored the role of social support in CMC environments, less analysis has considered social support in mobile health systems. This paper describes socially supportive messages in VERA, a mobile application for sharing health decisions and behaviors. The short and bursty interactions in social awareness streams [36] afford a particular style of social support, for which we offer the label staccato social support. Results indicate that, in comparison to previous work, staccato social support is characterized by a greater prevalence of esteem support, which builds respect and confidence. We further note the presence of 'following up', a positive behavior that contributes to supportive interactions, likely via social pressure and accountability [7,38]. These findings suggest design recommendations to developers of mobile social support systems and contribute to understanding technologically mediated social support for health.
Evolution of the Modern Broiler and Feed Efficiency

Although the chicken was domesticated during the Neolithic period, the development of the modern broiler is a recent event that has occurred within the past 100 years. The chicken's adaptability has allowed it to be grown globally under a range of husbandry conditions. That is, the same genetic stock may be found in a range of environments, where it is noted for rapid growth to market weight and efficiency of feed use, which has increased dramatically, mainly through genetic selection. Under good husbandry and a high-energy diet, at 35 days of age a 1.40-kg broiler required 3.22 kg of feed in 1985. Twenty-five years later, we have a 2.44-kg broiler produced on 3.66 kg of feed. This review attempts to address the history of factors contributing to these changes, obstacles that have had to be overcome, and future limitations.
Positive posttraumatic stress disorder screens among first-time medical cannabis patients: Prevalence and association with other substance use

Twenty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed legislation allowing for the use of medical cannabis for those individuals with qualifying medical conditions, which include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for a growing number of states. Little information is available regarding PTSD among medical cannabis patients. This study seeks to provide initial data on this topic by examining the prevalence and correlates of positive PTSD screens among a sample of patients seeking medical cannabis certification for the first time (n=186). Twenty-three percent (42/186; 95% confidence interval [CI] =17%-29%) of the patients in the study sample screened positive for PTSD. Moreover, the group that screened positive for PTSD had higher percentages of lifetime prescription opioid, cocaine, prescription sedative, and street opioid use, as well as a higher percentage of recent prescription sedative use, than the group that screened negative for PTSD. These findings highlight the relatively common use of other substances among medical cannabis patients with significant PTSD symptoms, even when compared with other patients seeking medical cannabis for the first time. As a growing number of states include PTSD among the list of qualifying medical conditions for medical cannabis, additional research is needed to better characterize the longitudinal relationship between medical cannabis use and PTSD symptoms.
Differences in erythrocyte measurements of intersex and normal adult chickens.

Abstract INTRODUCTION RECENT, limited observations on some apparently normal commercial flocks of egg-type chickens indicate that intersex individuals may appear in a very low frequency of about 1:2000. These flocks are usually sexed at hatching to retain only the females. Phenotypically, the examined intersexes were intermediate in their secondary sexual characteristics to that of normal males and females. Karyotype analysis revealed two groups within these intersex chickens, one being triploid (3A-ZZW) while the other was mosaic for male and female karyotypes (Abdel-Hameed and Shoffner, 1971). The erythrocytes of an intersex chicken suspected of being triploid were observed by Oleson (1969) to be distinctly larger than those of its normal sisters. This observation suggested the present study in which red blood cell (R.B.C.) measurements for several intersexes and normal males and females are compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven intersex chickens about 8 months of age were secured from large flocks of commercial…
Magnetic resonance investigations of the infrared levels of photoexcited Nd+3 in LaCl3

Abstract The observation of a photoexcited EPR signal from the lowest Stark level of the 4 I 11 2 state of Nd +3 in LaCl 3 crystal at 4.2°K suggests a rapid relaxation process within the infrared states of Nd +3 .
Studies on copper metabolism. XXVI. Plasma copper in patients with tropical sprue.

Summary1. Plasma copper was determined in 29 patients with sprue in relapse, 27 patients with sprue in remission, and 6 patients with megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy. 2. Mean plasma copper concentration (± 1 S.D.) in patients with sprue in relapse was 87 ± 33 μg%; in treated patients, 114 ± 33; and in patients with megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy, 159 (105 − 242). 3. It is suggested that hypocupremia in sprue may frequently be due primarily to an inability to synthesize the protein portion of ceruloplasmin. In a few patients malabsorption of copper may be a contributing factor.
VLF observations at college, Alaska, of various D-region disturbance phenomena

Abstract Between late 1961 and mid-1964 several stabilized VLF transmitters have been monitored at College, Alaska. During that period 1846 optically detected solar flares were observed when our NBA recorder was operating and the path was completely sunlit. Of these, 66 produced phase anomalies on our NBA records. The probability of occurrence increased approximately linearly with flare area, but was less than probabilities for SID's determined by other methods. This indicates the VLF phase is not as sensitive as other SID indicators. The SPA decay was very nearly exponential on the College signals. The decay was significantly faster at 10.2 kc/s than at 20 kc/s frequencies. Polar cap precipitation events disrupt polar VLF propagation. The polar D -region was depressed significantly for periods of up to four or five days after relatively minor PCA events. Immediately after three events the phase from GBR was advanced 180 to 270 degrees beyond normal daytime values. VLF phase anomalies produced by (1) the U.S. and U.S.S.R. high altitude nuclear explosions in 1962, (2) the 20 July 1963 solar eclipse, and (3) the 1 October 1961, sub-auroral-latitude particle precipitation event are shown and discussed.
Vacuum energy in the presence of dielectric and conducting surfaces

Abstract The polarization of the electromagnetic vacuum is examined in the neighborhood of dielectric and conducting surfaces and the energy associated with this polarization is shown to depend on a cutoff related to the microstructure of the boundary. The appearance of the cutoff permits the vacuum energy to be expressed in terms of a surface tension and certain higher shape tensions. For the case of a dielectric boundary the surface tension reproduces the Schmitt-Lucas formula which accounts reasonably for the observed surface tensions of many materials. The curvature tension is also calculated and it seems the effect of this energy may well be accessible to experimental verification. For the case of perfectly conducting surfaces the first four shape tensions are calculated. It is shown that previous calculations of the vacuum energy due to perfectly conducting surfaces are in error and these errors are corrected.
Call for Nominations for the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Awards [Report of the Awards Committee]

Nominations are solicited for the 2014 AP-S awards. There are six awards that the Society can give this year. A new award, the ?Harrington-Mittra Award in Computational Electromagnetics,? is being introduced this year. A brief description of each award, its criteria, and a nomination form are provided below.
Medical Student Perceptions of Self-Paced, Web-Based Electives: A Descriptive Study

Abstract A first-of-its-kind course at The George Washington University was taught entirely online using a self-paced, modular, case-based multispecialty format. Data on student perceptions of the course were obtained through a Web-based survey administered to students who had completed the course. Close-ended questions were analyzed using basic descriptive statistics in order to determine frequency of responses, whereas open-ended questions were analyzed thematically. Students reported having a favorable experience with the self-paced online course, with flexibility being the major benefit reported by respondents. Students in this asynchronous course perceived the two greatest challenges in online learning to be (1) decreased opportunity for social interaction and (2) technological barriers.
The technological fix as a frame in media debates about tailpipe emissions

Abstract Numerous studies of vehicle emission control policies suggest that, in many cases, technology and “technological optimism” shaped the policy process. This study contributes to this literature by content analyzing national media discourse on motor vehicle emissions from 2000 to 2008. We employ the social constructionism and policy design framework to identify problem definitions, policy solutions and policy actors in the media discourse and to deconstruct the role of technology in public debate about vehicle emissions. Our analysis indicates that tailpipe emissions are defined either as a public health or environmental issue, but in either case, ‘technological fixes’ are the most prominent solution promoted by policy actors in the media. The nature of the media debate conflicts with a growing consensus among transportation planners and the public that meaningful, additional reductions in vehicle emissions will require changes in individual travel behavior and transportation planning in addition to advances in technology.
A Great Indian Industrialist: Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, 1839-1904

Jamsetji Tata was once a merchant, like his father, but unlike his father he became a great industrialist. Instead of specializing in one huge concern, he spread out to establish many companies of high quality and strategic importance—the foundation of modern Industrial India. It was in part owing to his work that India was able recently to wage a war on the side of the Allies without much help from Britain.
Complete nucleotide sequence of an immunoglobulin VH gene homologue from Caiman, a phylogenetically ancient reptile.

Immunoglobulin variable (V) gene regions1–10 typify extensive multigenic families in terms of overall size, chromosomal arrangement and presence of large numbers of apparent pseudogenes. A unique mechanism of somatic reorganization involving recombination of VH, D and JH or VL and JL segments accompanies the differentiation of lymphoid cells5,6,11,12 and together with somatic mutation6,13,14 and other types of recombination15,16 accounts for V-region diversity. Although these processes have been well characterized in higher mammals, little is known concerning their origin and diversification during phylogenetic time. Previously, we described the blot-hybridization characteristics of murine VHIII probes with restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA isolated from several phylogenetically critical species, including Caiman crocodylus, a modern representative of an ancient reptilian subclass17. Here we have used a murine probe, S107V, to select homologous clones from a library of Caiman genomic DNA constructed in a λ bacteriophage. The complete nucleotide sequence of a Caiman gene homologous to the murine VH gene and its adjacent 5′ and 3′ region is described. Comparison of the sequence with mammalian prototypes shows evidence of considerable organizational and structural homology extending outside the presumed VH-coding region and including elements believed to be involved in somatic recombination. Inferences about the evolution of this multigenic family can now be extended to the level of phylogenetic class.
Effect of avian neurotensin on motility of chicken (Gallus domesticus) lower gut in vivo and in vitro

Mammalian neurotensin, originally isolated from bovine hypothalamus, differs from avian neurotensin (aNT) by 6 amino acid residues. Bovine neurotensin has been shown to affect motility of chicken crop and rectum and secretion of chicken ileum, but there have been no studies of the effects of aNT on avian intestinal function. This study was designed to characterize the effects of aNT on the motility of the chicken lower gut. Strain gauge transducers were used in vivo to measure contractions of chicken distal ileum, cecum, and distal colon in response to 30-min infusions of aNT at rates of 15, 30, 60 or 600 pmol.kg-1.min-1. In vitro experiments were conducted using segments of distal ileum, cecum or distal colon, stripped of mucosa, cut in either the longitudinal or circular plane, and suspended isometrically in isolated organ tissue baths at a resting tension of 1 g. Avian neurotensin, substance P (SP), or carbamylcholine (CCH) were administered to the bath and the tension generated by each tissue was recorded via a force transducer. A relaxation of chicken ileum was observed in response to aNT infusion in vivo. Except for stimulation of excretation, colon and cecum were not affected by aNT infusion. Both aNT and SP stimulated motility of chicken ileum and cecum in vitro. SP had no consistent effect on colon and aNT only increased contractile force of colon circular muscle. It was concluded that both aNT and SP may have a role in the regulation of lower gut motility in avian species.
A stepped approach to weight control: A minimal intervention and a bibliotherapy problem-solving program **

Twenty-six moderately obese subjects participated in a stepped approach to weight control. A minimal intervention program was presented in Step 1 and a bibliotherapy problem-solving program in Step 2. At the end of the year of treatment and the 3-month follow-up, 4 subjects needed only Step 1 and lost an average of 30.0 pounds (SD=12.5). Twenty-two subjects needed to use both Steps 1 and 2; 11 of them complied well with the bibliotherapy program and lost 24.8 pounds (SD=11.2) whereas 11 complied poorly and lost 15.7 pounds (SD=11.5). High compliers lost significantly more weight than low compliers and, at the end of treatment and follow-up, were significantly lower in percentage overweight. All subjects lost an average of 22.1 pounds (SD=12.4) and were modestly overweight by the end of follow-up (M=20.7, SD=14.3); six of these subjects reached their calculated ideal weight. Individual data were examined for subjects who were on the minimal intervention program only, for successful subjects who completed the bibliotherapy program, and for subjects who reached ideal weight or relapsed. It was concluded that subjects' differential response to treatment supported the use of a multi-level approach as a possible low-cost public health intervention for the treatment of obesity.
Isolation and structure of hemibastadinols 1-3 from the Papua New Guinea marine sponge Ianthella basta

Further investigation of the Bismarck Archipelago (Papua New Guinea) marine sponge Ianthella basta for biologically active constituents has led to the isolation of hemibastadins 1 (2), 2 (3), and 3 (4) and the new brominated tyrosine derivatives hemibastadinols 1-3 (9, 13, and 14). Isolation and structure elucidation of the monomethyl ether derivatives (7 and 8) of hemibastadins 1 and 2 and the 3-bromotyramine amide of oxalic acid amide (1a) concluded our chemical investigation of I. basta. The hemibastadins and hemibastadinols represent important biosynthetic links to a series of bromotyrosine tetramers collectively known as the bastadins. The antimicrobial activity of the bastadins, hemibastadins, and hemibastadinols is summarized.
Buck converter based on One-cycle control and PD control

Buck circuit based on one-cycle control has fast dynamic tracking ability, good robustness and high-quality output waveforms, but this system has disadvantages in dynamic characteristics, such as too big overshoot, too long rising time, and so on. Based on engineering application, a PD controller is designed which was introduced to the original system, and a negative feedback is constructed to achieve dynamic compensation. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of the system is highly improved.
Determinants of [Cl−] in recycling and late endosomes and Golgi complex measured using fluorescent ligands

Chloride concentration ([Cl-]) was measured in defined organellar compartments using fluorescently labeled transferrin, alpha2-macroglobulin, and cholera toxin B-subunit conjugated with Cl--sensitive and -insensitive dyes. In pulse-chase experiments, [Cl-] in Tf-labeled early/recycling endosomes in J774 cells was 20 mM just after internalization, increasing to 41 mM over approximately 10 min in parallel to a drop in pH from 6.91 to 6.05. The low [Cl-] just after internalization (compared with 137 mM solution [Cl-]) was prevented by reducing the interior-negative Donnan potential. [Cl-] in alpha2-macroglobulin-labeled endosomes, which enter a late compartment, increased from 28 to 58 mM at 1-45 min after internalization, whereas pH decreased from 6.85 to 5.20. Cl- accumulation was prevented by bafilomycin but restored by valinomycin. A Cl- channel inhibitor slowed endosomal acidification and Cl- accumulation by approximately 2.5-fold. [Cl-] was 49 mM and pH was 6.42 in cholera toxin B subunit-labeled Golgi complex in Vero cells; Golgi compartment Cl- accumulation and acidification were reversed by bafilomycin. Our experiments provide evidence that Cl- is the principal counter ion accompanying endosomal and Golgi compartment acidification, and that an interior-negative Donnan potential is responsible for low endosomal [Cl-] early after internalization. We propose that reduced [Cl-] and volume in early endosomes permits endosomal acidification and [Cl-] accumulation without lysis.
“The ‘De-materialisation’ Myth” and the Limits to Growth: a Commentary on Dr. Trainer's Paper

Abstract Dr. Ted Trainer's paper in this issue contends that “de-materialisation” (decreasing energy and material inputs per unit of output) is a “myth” that must now be dropped from arguments against the “limits to growth” thesis. His specific arguments against de-materialisation are questioned in this commentary. This paper goes on to argue that even if de-materialisation has not taken place, it does not follow that near-term “zero growth” becomes necessary. On the contrary, the “limits to growth” position rests on erroneous Malthusian projections, and if the scarcity and spillover effects of growth are appropriately priced, conservation and substitution will be induced. Economic growth will facilitate technological and economic solutions to pollution and depletion. Institutional arrangements that will structure incentives, such as making better use of markets to set appropriate prices, are at the heart of the sustainability problem.
Rare earth cobalt magnetic materials of the type Sm 0.6 R 0.4-x R' x CO 5 [R=Gd, Dy and R'=Pr, Nd]

SmCo 5 magnets exhibit temperature coefficient of magnetization of -0.04% per deg C between 0 and 200°C. Earlier studies have indicated that good temperature compensated magnetic materials may be prepared by replacing part of Sm in SmCo 5 with other heavy rare earth elements such as Gd and Dy. In the present study quaternaries of the type Sm 0.6 [(Gd,DY) 0.4-x (Pr, Nd) x ]Co 5 [x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3] have been investigated. These were prepared by induction melting of the respective metals. X-ray diffraction technique was used to determine the presence of single phase. Magnetic measurements were performed on aligned powders. Sm 0.6 Nd 0.1 DY 0.3 Co 5 was found to have the lowest value for temperature coefficient of magnetization α. Its magnetic properties are: 4\piM_{s}=9.12 kG, 4\piM_{r}=8.76 kG, H_{ci}=3.1 kOe and H_{A}=95 kOe at room temperature. The value of α = -0.0148% per deg C from 20 to 220°C. Results for other compositions and their systematic trends are discussed.
Prevalence and consequences of adult sexual assault of men: review of empirical findings and state of the literature

Male victims of adult sexual assault (ASA) are understudied as compared with female victims. Further, commonly-held myths about sexual assault suggest that men cannot be victims or that, if men are victims, they are relatively physically and emotionally unharmed by sexual assault. The goal of this paper was to systematically review the empirical literature on ASA among men to evaluate the veracity of these myths. This paper also sought to examine the methodological quality of the body of research in this area, identify limitations and gaps in the current literature, and suggest directions for future research. Eighty-seven relevant studies were identified through a systematic review of the literature. The reported prevalence of men's sexual aggression varied widely depending on the methods used and the population studied; some populations (e.g., veterans, prison inmates, and gay and bisexual men) reported higher rates of ASA than men in the general population. Few studies have systematically examined the consequences of male ASA; however, those that have suggest that ASA can have notable adverse physical and psychological consequences for some men.
Predicting Soil Water Content through Remote Sensing of Vegetative Characteristics in a Turfgrass System

Scouting to determine soil water status throughout a golf course or large athletic field complex is quite time consuming and requires numerous observations to characterize variability across the site. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of a ground-based remote sensing system to predict soil water content through partial least squares regression analysis of canopy reflectance data collected from perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.) maintained at 12.7 mm and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) maintained at 6.3 mm during 2002 and 2003 on a Coland silty clay loam. Volumetric soil water at a 5 cm depth was measured by time domain reflectometry and was collected in conjunction with spectral radiance measurements obtained using a fiber optic spectrometer. Volumetric soil water content was best predicted with partial least squares regression analysis of of creeping bentgrass canopy reflectance data with a maximum r 2 of 0.64 (P < 0.001) 1 d before development of drought stress symptoms. Similar results were observed for canopy reflectance data collected from perennial ryegrass plots, indicating that this technology and method of data analysis may be useful in the development of automated turfgrass irrigation management systems.
Plasmonic Mode Engineering with Templated Self-Assembled Nanoclusters

Plasmonic nanoparticle assemblies are a materials platform in which optical modes, resonant frequencies, and near-field intensities can be specified by the number and position of nanoparticles in a cluster. A current challenge is to achieve clusters with higher yields and new types of shapes. In this Letter, we show that a broad range of plasmonic nanoshell nanoclusters can be assembled onto a lithographically defined elastomeric substrate with relatively high yields using templated assembly. We assemble and measure the optical properties of three cluster types: Fano-resonant heptamers, linear chains, and rings of nanoparticles. The yield of heptamer clusters is measured to be over 30%. The assembly of plasmonic nanoclusters on an elastomer paves the way for new classes of plasmonic nanocircuits and colloidal metamaterials that can be transfer-printed onto various substrate media.
Automated registration of coronary arterial trees from multiple phases in coronary CT angiography (cCTA)

We are developing an automated registration method for coronary arterial trees from multiple-phase cCTA to build a best-quality tree to facilitate detection of stenotic plaques. Cubic B-spline with fast localized optimization (CBSO) is designed to register the initially segmented left and right coronary arterial trees (LCA or RCA) separately in adjacent phase pairs where displacements are small. First, the corresponding trees in phase 1 and 2 are registered. The phase 3 tree is then registered to the combined tree. Similarly the trees in phases 4, 5, and 6 are registered. An affine transform with quadratic terms and nonlinear simplex optimization (AQSO) is designed to register the trees between phases with large displacements, namely, registering the combined tree from phases 1, 2, and 3 to that from phases 4, 5, and 6. Finally, CBSO is again applied to the AQSO registered volumes for final refinement. The costs determined by the distances between the vessel centerlines, bifurcation points and voxels of the trees are minimized to guide both CBSO and AQSO registration. The registration performance was evaluated on 22 LCA and 22 RCA trees on 22 CTA scans with 6 phases from 22 patients. The average distance between the centerlines of the registered trees was used as a registration quality index. The average distances for LCA and RCA registration for 6 phases and 22 patients were 1.49 and 1.43 pixels, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using automated method for registration of coronary arterial trees from multiple cCTA phases.
Physiologic versus pathologic hypertrophy and the pressure-overloaded myocardium

The myocardium consists of myocytes and capillaries embedded in a connective tissue matrix. Myocardial mass, which is predominantly a function of myocyte size, is determined by systolic tension; when systolic pressure is gradually elevated above the normal range, mass will increase. The hypertrophic process is a continuum consisting of subtle transitions that take place within the muscular, collagenous, and vascular compartments; these transitions, however, need not be temporarily concordant. We would identify three phases to the hypertrophic process. First, there is an evolutionary phase, whereby the structural and biochemical remodeling of the various compartments of the myocardium is in transition, with each compartment having its own rate of adjustment. During this evolutionary phase, myocardial contractility, as reflected by stress-length and stress-velocity relations, may or may not be normal, but ventricular pump function and O2 delivery are preserved. Second, there is a physiologic phase during which the structural and biochemical remodeling of the compartments reaches a coordinated balance. The myocardial stress-length relation and ventricular function are each normal, but rate-dependent indices of contractility may be abnormal. During the physiologic phase of hypertrophy, the remodeled myocardium will revert to normal when the abnormal loading condition is removed. Finally, there is a pathologic phase. In this phase, compartment remodeling is no longer balanced (e.g., the ratio of structural versus maintenance proteins), and length and rate-dependent indices of myocardial contractility are depressed. Ventricular pump function is also abnormal in the pathologic phase; consequently. O2 delivery to the tissues is impaired. This imbalance in O2 demand and supply may be apparent at rest in more advanced expressions of disease or may appear during the physiologic stress of exercise in less severe disease. In the latter case, the patient's aerobic capacity is reduced to the extent that it can be used to grade the severity of heart failure and to predict the cardiac reserve. During the pathologic phase of hypertrophy, the structural and biochemical remodeling of the myocardium may be irreversible, although this may not be the case for each compartment. Finally, it is important to distinguish cardiac (or myocardial) failure from the clinical syndrome of congestive heart failure. The latter arises from congested organs and hypoperfused tissues; its clinical manifestations are dependent on the activation of the adrenergic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems and the presence of a salt-avid kidney. Congestive heart failure is a late clinical feature of chronic pressure overload and pathologic hypertrophy.
The Association Between Overinvolved Parenting and Young Adults’ Self-Efficacy, Psychological Entitlement, and Family Communication

This study sought to examine the association between parental behavior indicative of overinvolvement and control and young adult child self-identity, namely self-efficacy and psychological entitlement. Participants in this study were 339 parent-young adult child dyads who completed survey measures of family environment, parenting, family communication, and family satisfaction. Young adults also completed measures of self-efficacy and entitlement. Results showed that balanced family adaptability and cohesion, open family communication, and authoritative rather than authoritarian parenting, were positively associated with parents’ and young adults’ family satisfaction. Parental behavior that emphasized control over the child was associated with diminished self-efficacy and exaggerated psychological entitlement in young adult children. The relationship between these two classes of variables was amplified by open parent-child communication.
Doing It All: An Exploratory Study of Predictors of Media Multitasking

Multitasking with media is increasing. This shift in media consumption presents challenges to advertising practitioners and researchers because it may affect people's attention, perception, and memory for advertising contained in those media. However, while audience multitasking behavior has recently received increased attention, the individual predictors of media multitasking are underexplored. To better understand the audience factors associated with heavy media multitasking we conducted a survey with samples from a student population (N = 308) and a national consumer population (N = 501). Age and gender were significant predictors only in the national sample, while personal control and need for simplicity were predictors only in the student sample. Results also indicated that sensation seeking and creativity were significant predictors of multitasking in both samples. Interestingly for advertisers, increased perception of advertising utility was also a predictor of multitasking in both the student and ...
Second-order isomorphism of internal representations: Shapes of states ☆

Abstract It is argued that, while there is no structural resemblance between an individual internal representation and its corresponding external object, an approximate parallelism should nevertheless hold between the relations among different internal representations and the relations among their corresponding external objects. In support of this “second-order” type of isomorphism, subjective judgments of the similarities among the shapes of 15 states of the U. S. are found (a) to be very much the same whether the states to be compared are pictorially displayed or only imagined, and (b) to be related, in both cases to identifiable properties of their actual cartographic shapes.
Critical Path Scheduling with Resource and Processor Constraints

An investigation is made of the worst-case performance of two related algorithms for scheduling unit-execution-time task systems with resources. Unlike most previous scheduling results for task systems with resources, it is assumed that there are a fixed number of processors in the system. This assumption has both practical and theoretical interest. An upper bound is given for the worst-case performance of critical path scheduling for these task systems. This bound depends on both the number of processors and the number of resources. Moreover, it is shown that this is (asymptotically) the best possible upper bound. It is also noted that exactly the same bound holds for the worst-case performance of Coffman-Graham scheduling. 13 references.