cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infragravity wave motions and runup over shallow fringing reefs

This paper presents the results of a combined laboratory and numerical investigation into the role of infragravity motions in the wave runup process over fringing coral reefs. Laboratory experiments were performed with a reef profile typical of fringing reef systems along the southeast coast of Guam. Spectral analysis of the measured time histories of surface elevation over the reef face and flats show significant changes to the wave energy spectrum shoreward of the break point. Most of the wave energy in the incident wave frequency band is dissipated within a few wavelengths of the reef face with the wave motions over the reef flat and shoreline dominated by oscillations at infragravity periods [O(100s) prototype]. The infragravity wave energy is minimum at the reef crest and increases as waves propagate shoreward over the reef flat and also with increasing water level on the reef. The dominant infragravity mode is the first reef oscillation mode with a wavelength approximately equal to four times the wi...
Transthoracic high frequency (7.5 MHz) echocardiographic assessment of coronary vascular reserve and its relation to left ventricular mass.

Abstract Transthoracic high frequency (7.5 MHz) ultrasonography can visualize the distal left anterior descending coronary artery. Thirty-seven patients were studied before and after administration of 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin to determine whether this technique could quantitatively record changes in coronary artery diameter after intervention. Left anterior descending coronary artery diameter increased from 2.2 to 2.8 mm (p These results demonstrate that high frequency ultrasound can detect nitroglycerin-induced changes in left anterior descending artery diameter. The percent increase is related to the diameter before nitroglycerin administration, which is related to the underlying diagnosis and left ventricular mass index.
Data entry for mobile devices: an empirical comparison of novice performance with Jot and Graffiti

Abstract In this article, we report on an empirical comparison of two common gesture recognition techniques. Thirty-one novices completed six realistic tasks using either Jot or Graffiti. An analysis of error-corrected data entry rates indicates that participants using Jot completed the tasks significantly faster than those using Graffiti. An analysis of uncorrected errors yielded no significant differences while several questions assessing subjective satisfaction yielded significantly more positive results for Jot. A new event called Period of Difficulty (PoD) is proposed to help identify situations were novices experience significant difficulty. Users experience more PoD when entering basic alphanumeric characters using Graffiti than they do using Jot. In contrast, Jot users experience more PoD when entering symbols than Graffiti users. Further, a detailed analysis of the PoD provides insights regarding the definition and use of the inherent accuracy metric while highlighting opportunities to improve the underlying technologies. We conclude by providing specific recommendations for improving the usability of Jot and Graffiti for novice users and outlining several additional directions for future research.
Thermal decomposition of ions. III. Protonated ethanol and diethyl ether

Abstract Above 550 K, the C2H5OH+2 ion decomposes to yield H3O+ and C2H4. An alternative decomposition channel is hydrogen loss to give CH3CHOH+, and deuteration studies suggest that one hydrogen atom originates from hydroxyl and another from the ethyl group. The decomposition products regenerate C2H5OH+2 by proton transfer to C2H5OH, thus forming reaction ‘cycles’ that reach steady states. At higher concentrations of C2H5OH, condensation with C2H5OH+2 forms (C2H5)2OH+, which in turn decomposes with the loss of C2H4 to regenerate C2H5OH+2, which results in another steady-state cycle. Decomposition rate constants are calculated from steady-state ion ratios, and at 650–670 K are in the range of 1–10 × 103 s−1 for all the reactions. The decompositions of C2H5OH+2 are at the low-pressure limit and those of (C2H5)2OH+ are at the high-pressure limit at 2–8 torr of CH4. The decompositions show Arrhenius activation energies of 24–30 kcal mol−1.
Shared Holes Trapped by Charge Defects in SrTi O 3

Using the techniques of EPR and optical irradiation in conjunction with optical-absorption measurements, we have gained useful information about the nature of some hole centers in SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Primarily, we have investigated, at temperatures near 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, single crystals doped with aluminum. Two principal centers have been explored: (1) the Al-${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ center---a hole shared among the oxygens which surround ${\mathrm{Al}}^{3+}$, and (2) the $X$-${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ center---a hole shared in a similar fashion, but more deeply trapped by a charge defect of unknown origin. The Al-${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ center arises after band-gap irradiation and is characterized at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by the following $g$ values and hyperfine constants: ${g}_{\mathrm{II}}=2.0137$, ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=2.0124$, ${A}_{\mathrm{II}}=8.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and ${A}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=7.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The $X$-${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ center is present before optical irradiation. No hyperfine structure is observed, but the isotropic $g$ value is 2.0130 at all temperatures from 4.2 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. An 800-nm absorption band arising after band-gap excitation has been correlated with the Al-${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ center. 430- and 600-nm absorption bands have been correlated with the absence of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ in the EPR spectrum, and a 500-nm band has also been observed. In addition, the role of iron in the photochromic processes of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is presented. Finally, theoretical work utilizing the molecular orbital $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}$ states in ${O}_{h}$ symmetry has provided a firm basis for the sharing model. The experimental $g$ values and hyperfine constants are discussed in light of this model and are found to be in good agreement.
Unemployment and underemployment: A narrative analysis about loss

Abstract In this study, we conducted a narrative analysis of interviews with unemployed and underemployed adults to better understand their experiences and to learn how they are coping with job loss. Seven men and six women from diverse backgrounds who were receiving career exploration and job search services were interviewed at a one-stop career center in a northeastern city of the United States. Using narrative inquiry as the methodological lens, the findings revealed three themes: the story of unemployment, factors that affect the unemployment experience, and coping strategies for unemployment. The participants used both micro and macro perspectives in constructing meaning about their work-based problems. The participants who had access to financial resources, relational and instrumental support, and adaptive coping skills seemed to be managing the crisis reasonably well. Other participants, particularly those faced with health issues, poverty, and lack of relational and instrumental support were struggling, often manifesting feelings of despair and frustration. The three themes were integrated in the discussion, highlighting implications for theory, research, counseling, and public policy.
Central diabetes insipidus and adipsia due to astrocytoma: diagnosis and management

Adipsia and/or diabetes insipidus is rarely a direct complication of astrocytoma. We report a young man with recurrence of anaplastic astrocytoma who presented as severe hypernatremia. This case highlights key diagnostic and therapeutic challenges: (1) the interpretation of the response to exogenous vasopressin in a patient with steroid-induced hyperglycemia and (2) the potential risk of brain edema and herniation if excess water is prescribed along with vasopressin supplementation. The patient was successfully managed with prescribed fluid replacement, daily weights, and regular electrolyte monitoring but no exogenous vasopressin for 8 months until he succumbed to his tumor.
Relations between maternal input and theory of mind understanding in deaf children

This study investigates the relationship between theory of mind (ToM) skills in deaf children and input from their hearing mothers. Twenty-two hearing mothers and their deaf children (ages 4-10 years) participated in tasks designed to elicit talk about the mind. The mothers' mental state talk was compared with that of 26 mothers with hearing children (ages 4-6 years). The frequency of mothers' mental talk was correlated with deaf children's performance on ToM tasks, after controlling for effects of child language and age. Maternal sign proficiency was correlated with child language, false belief, and mothers' talk about the mind. Findings are discussed in relation to experiential accounts of ToM development and roles of maternal talk in children's social understanding.
The Evidence for and Meaning of the Universality of Hadronic Multiplicities

Abstract Recent measurements of hadronic multiplicities in e+e− annihilation confirm and extend previously observed universal behavior in pp, πp and γp collisions. It is argued that this result supports an underlying statistical picture, once leading particle effects are accounted for. The power law and QCD multiplicity formulas give very similar values up to p p collider energies, using the residual energy E. The results are further interpreted in terms of a phase transition of a quark, antiquark, gluon plasma at a temperature of the order of the pion mass.
Universal motion prediction

This paper investigates the motion prediction techniques used in hybrid video coding. We first present a unified interpretation of motion prediction in terms of the prediction of motion threads. It is demonstrated that most current motion prediction techniques can be regarded as linear predictors of motion threads. Based on this new interpretation of motion prediction, we discuss the optimal motion predictor in the framework of Markov universal prediction. We define Markov predictability in a way that it upper bounds the optimal prediction performance in perfect reconstruction scenario. Since most current video applications use lossy coding, this results in imperfect reconstructions of the motion threads used in prediction. However, the optimality with the above perfect reconstruction scenario still holds in this case in an almost sure sense.
Status of EPRI's hydrogen program

Abstract EPRI has, through a series of techno-ecomonic studies, market evaluations and a survey of utility consumption of hydrogen, determined that: (a) hydrogen produced by water electrolysis could be of near-term benefit to the utilities, (b) other thermochemical water-splitting cycles do not offer significantly lower costs or improved efficiencies and (c) developing reliable, cost-effective water electrolysers for utility applications would establish a “hands-on” technological basis. The R&D strategy and program plans for development of small (20–50kW) electrolysers for generator cooling, and for evolutionary growth towards use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, are presented.
Cu-L X-RAY EMISSION SPECTRA FROM HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS Y-Ba-CU-O BELOW AND ABOVE THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

The copper Lα and Lβ x-ray emission spectra from high-Tc Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors, above and below the critical temperature, have been measured in a laboratory x-ray spectrograph. The Zn-Lα (1011 eV) photon energy was used to produce the Cu-2p1/2,3/2 primary vacancies (binding energies ~950 and 930 eVs, respectively). Changes in Cu-L x-ray emission spectra were observed indicating small changes in population of 3d and 4s electrons in the valence band when superconducting. For comparison Cu-L emission spectra £rom metallic Cu and £rom polycrystalline Cu2O (valence I) and Cu0 (valence II) were recorded at room temperature.
The burden of obesity on infectious disease

The world is now experiencing an epidemic of obesity. Although the effects of obesity on the development of metabolic and cardiovascular problems are well studied, much less is known about the impact of obesity on immune function and infectious disease. Studies in obese humans and with obese animal models have repeatedly demonstrated impaired immune function, including decreased cytokine production, decreased response to antigen/mitogen stimulation, reduced macrophage and dendritic cell function, and natural killer cell impairment. Recent studies have demonstrated that the impaired immune response in the obese host leads to increased susceptibility to infection with a number of different pathogens such as community-acquired tuberculosis, influenza, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, coxsackievirus, Helicobacter pylori and encephalomyocarditis virus. While no specific mechanism has been defined for the decreased immune response to infectious disease in the obese host, several obesity-associated changes such as excessive inflammation, altered adipokine signaling, metabolic changes and even epigenetic regulation could affect the immune response. This review will discuss what is currently known about the relationship between obesity and infectious disease.
Comparison of some fourth order difference schemes for hyperbolic problems

Our purpose is the comparison of a few difference schemes for application to hyperbolic equations such as those found in computational fluid dynamics. In order to provide a valid comparison we will use the optimal time-step @Dt and mesh spacing @Dx to achieve a preassigned accuracy. This means we assign an error in the solution to the equation, usually 5% or 0.5% relative error, and then determine the values of @Dt and @Dx to yield this error with minimal computational effort. In practice one cannot be this precise; however, this is the only reasonable way to compare the schemes. We will describe a graphical means to determine these optimal values for test problems for which the exact solution is known. We will also introduce two predictor-corrector schemes which, to our knowledge, have not previously been applied to hyperbolic equations. In addition to cost effectiveness a scheme should be evaluated on ''robustness'', that is, the ability to handle shocks, stiff equations, discontinuous coefficients, and a variety of boundary conditions. Perhaps problems involving the first three features will require special schemes tailored to that type of difficulty; however, a scheme should be able to handle a variety of boundary conditions subject only to the condition that these be properly posed. The leapfrog schemes are especially prone to boundary instabilities as the work of Oliger, Gustafsson, Elvius, and Sundstrom has shown.^7^,^8^,^9 Therefore, we also test some of these schemes for boundary instability. We test the leapfrog scheme using fourth order spatial differences, a predictor-corrector scheme based on the Milne corrector, another based on the implicit Runge-Kutta corrector, a standard Runge-Kutta scheme, and a variable time-step Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg scheme.^2^,^5
A Practical Approach to Resource Allocation in Video-on-Demand Servers

This paper addresses the problem of organizing resources in large video-on-demand (VoD) front-end servers, so a large collection of movie titles and concurrent channels can be made available at the lowest possible cost, and with the highest admission quality of service (QoS). Coarse-grained striping (CGS) in disk arrays is shown to be a viable candidate due to its cost-effective storage utilization and low admission latency. We study the feasibility of storage organizations in which disks are partitioned into several clusters to lessen service disruptions during reconfigurations. In parallel with this, we present an algorithm for optimal video allocation across clusters, and show that high service availability can be achieved cost-effectively with minor side-effects on customers' admission latency. We also identify specific situations when storing one movie per disk performs acceptably well. Finally, we show that full-fledged VCR functionality can be provided at reasonable cost.
A contribution to the petrology of Tutuila, American Samoa

Eight new chemical analyses of rocks of Tutuila Island are given, and 20 new analyses of rocks of the Manu'a Islands will be reported elsewhere. Like the older analyses, all are of alkalic rocks. Tholeiitic rocks have not been found in Samoa, although they may be present in the submerged basal parts of the volcanoes. The differentiation trend of Samoan rocks for the most part closely parallels that of the Hawaiian alkalic suite. In both areas the probable parent magma is oceanitic. Quartz trachytes of Tutuila and rhyolitic obsidians of Easter Island are clearly members of the alkalic suite, although the rhyodacite of Hawaii still appears to be a tholeiitic derivative. Differentiation of alkalic olivine basalt magma to trachyte in some instances and to quartz trachyte or even sodic rhyolite in others may result from differences in the proportion of pyroxene to olivine in the separated material, which may in turn be a function of the depth at which crystallization takes place. In the Samoan Islands caldera formation took place after a considerable period of eruption of alkalic rocks, instead of before the appearance of alkalic rocks as is the case in Hawaii. Thus the details of the Hawaiian pattern cannot be extended to all other oceanic volcanoes.
Evaluation of Flow-Based Traffic Signal Control Using Advanced Detection Concepts

State-of-the-practice signal timing techniques used at isolated actuated controlled intersections can result in suboptimal operation. This paper proposes a new tactical control algorithm that integrates real-time stop bar presence detection with real-time flow rate information to identify a downstream flow restriction. If a flow restriction is identified, a phase with a constant call could be terminated earlier than its specified maximum or split time. This algorithm was validated with real-time data to predict downstream bottleneck conditions and then by viewing the archived video for confirmation of the condition. The algorithm was applied during a 504-h period of signal operation. During this period, the algorithm identified 76 bottlenecks. Overall, 75.0% of these events were visually confirmed. Algorithm failures were caused by a variety of conditions such as large trucks, inattentive drivers, and detector errors.
Early, aggressive lipid management in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes

Evaluation of: Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(15), 1495–1504 (2004). The Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy (PROVE-IT) study has suggested that very early, aggressive therapy to reduce low-density lipoprotein levels beyond current recommendations (100 mg/dL) reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. PROVE-IT randomized subjects to either 40 mg of pravastatin or 80 mg of atorvastatin, daily. Atorvastatin therapy reduced the primary outcome (cardiovascular morbidity and mortality) by 16% compared with pravastatin during 2 years of follow-up. The PROVE-IT study adds valuable information to the medical literature in the acute treatment of acute coronary syndromes and suggests that the previous low-density lipoprotein goals for patients with acute coronary heart disease are not appropriate for all patients. The results of the PROVE-IT study were significant enough to lead to modifications of lipid guidelines. However, the PROVE-IT trial and subsequent alterations in guidelines have the potential for misinterpretation and misuse of high-dose statins. Based on the subgroup analysis of the study, acute coronary syndromes patients who have low-density lipoprotein concentrations greater than or equal to 125 mg/dL may benefit from early, high-dose statin therapy more than those with lower baseline low-density lipoprotein levels.
Assessing simple wheat and pea models using data from a long-term tillage experiment

Fresh green pea (Pisum sativum L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are grown in rotation with intensive tillage in northeast Oregon. We evaluated simple yield models for both crops using data from a long-term experiment that included four tillage treatments and soil water content measurements. Yields were affected by tillage for some of the 21 yr of study, but there was no consistent ranking among tillage treatments from year to year and no effect when data were pooled. Standardizing pea yields to a tenderometer reading of 100 failed to improve detection of treatment effect. Tillage affected wheat water use (ET) for three of the study years and water use efficiency (WUE ET ) for one. Conservation tillage reduced pea ET for seven of the study years. For combined years, however, there was no tillage effect on yield, ET, or WUE ET of either crop. Wheat yield was better predicted from ET (R 2 = 0.41) than by the Leggett model, which uses March soil water storage and spring rain (R 2 = 0.12). Yield prediction was improved when ET was divided by seasonal mean daily water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (R 2 = 0.53). Multiple-regression equations using monthly rain predicted wheat yield well (R 2 = 0.62), but coefficients differed among data sets. A model using monthly rain and heat degree day sum (HDDS) predicted pea yield much better (R 2 = 0.65) than ET-based equations (R 2 = 0.30), suggesting that pea yield is limited by factors other than water. For wheat, ET/ VPD-based models should replace the Leggett model. However, for pea, multiple regression models predict yield better than ET-based models.
Practices and pitfalls in the early detection and control of heart disease in children

A T T H E present time we are able to do far more than ever before to prevent and to control heart disease in children. Twenty years ago, the average annual death rate for diseases of the heart in children 5 to 9 years of age, the age group most susceptible to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, was approximately 8 per 100,000 in the United States. In 1953, this rate had fallen to 1.5.1 Two factors have been especially important in bringing about the gains that have been made over heart disease in this age group. Surgical procedures first became an effective means of repairing congenital malformations of the heart 20 years ago. In 1938, the first successful ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus opened the door to the extraordinary advances in surgical techniques for the repair of cardiac defects? Second, at about the same time, chemotherapy with sulfonamide drugs provided a method of preventing the recurrences of rheumatic fever which so frequently caused death or disability for the child who had once had an attack of rheumatic fever or
Low potency of intact male rhesus monkeys after long-term visual contact with their female partners

We have examined the possibility that prolonged visual contact between future sexual partners, in the absence of any direct sexual contact and mating activity, is sufficient to produce the familiar-female phenomenon and is associated loss of male potency. For 1 year, 32 intact, feral-reared male rhesus monkeys were housed so that 14 males were in constant visual contact with their four future testing females, and 18 of the males were without any visual contact with females. After 1 year, each male was then tested once with each ovariectomized, estrogen-treated female (128 tests). Males in the group having prolonged prior visual contact (group II) were significantly less potent than males without prior visual contact (group I), and this difference was not related to plasma testosterone levels, prior history, time since capture, or presumed age. Group II males had fewer ejaculations during tests and ejaculated with fewer partners, and this appeared to be because they required significantly more stimulation (mounting and thrusting) to reach ejaculation. The data suggested that the familiar-partner phenomenon was not restricted to the male and was associated with increased social affinity and decreased agonistic tension between partners. Under natural conditions, the phenomenon may encourage troop transfers and outbreeding, and in laboratory studies, prior visual contact between testing partners should be regarded as a potentially uncontrolled source of variation.
/spl alpha/-surface and its application to mining protein data

Given a finite set of points in three dimensional Euclidean space R/sup 3/, the subset that forms its surface could be different when observed at different levels of detail. In this paper we introduce a notion called /spl alpha/-surface. We present an algorithm that extracts the /spl alpha/-surface from a finite set of points in R/sup 3/. We apply the algorithm to extracting the /spl alpha/-surfaces of proteins and discover patterns from these surface structures using a pattern discovery algorithm. We then use these patterns to classify the proteins. Experimental results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed approach.
Iterative image restoration using approximate inverse preconditioning

Removing a linear shift-invariant blur from a signal or image can be accomplished by inverse or Wiener filtering, or by an iterative least-squares deblurring procedure. Because of the ill-posed characteristics of the deconvolution problem, in the presence of noise, filtering methods often yield poor results. On the other hand, iterative methods often suffer from slow convergence at high spatial frequencies. This paper concerns solving deconvolution problems for atmospherically blurred images by the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm, where a new approximate inverse preconditioner is used to increase the rate of convergence. Theoretical results are established to show that fast convergence can be expected, and test results are reported for a ground-based astronomical imaging problem.
Ground-Motion Modeling of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, Part II: Ground-Motion Estimates for the 1906 Earthquake and Scenario Events

Abstract We estimate the ground motions produced by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake making use of the recently developed Song et al. (2008) source model that combines the available geodetic and seismic observations and recently constructed 3D geologic and seismic velocity models. Our estimates of the ground motions for the 1906 earthquake are consistent across five ground-motion modeling groups employing different wave propagation codes and simulation domains. The simulations successfully reproduce the main features of the Boatwright and Bundock (2005) ShakeMap, but tend to over predict the intensity of shaking by 0.1–0.5 modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) units. Velocity waveforms at sites throughout the San Francisco Bay Area exhibit characteristics consistent with rupture directivity, local geologic conditions (e.g., sedimentary basins), and the large size of the event (e.g., durations of strong shaking lasting tens of seconds). We also compute ground motions for seven hypothetical scenarios rupturing the same extent of the northern San Andreas fault, considering three additional hypocenters and an additional, random distribution of slip. Rupture directivity exerts the strongest influence on the variations in shaking, although sedimentary basins do consistently contribute to the response in some locations, such as Santa Rosa, Livermore, and San Jose. These scenarios suggest that future large earthquakes on the northern San Andreas fault may subject the current San Francisco Bay urban area to stronger shaking than a repeat of the 1906 earthquake. Ruptures propagating southward towards San Francisco appear to expose more of the urban area to a given intensity level than do ruptures propagating northward.
A coarse-grained FPGA architecture for reconfigurable baseband modulator/demodulator

This paper proposes a coarse-grained FPGA architecture that serves as a core for a reconfigurable baseband modulator/demodulator. It can be configured as either an FFT processor or FIR filters with multiple correlators, a key module for supporting OFDM, DSSS and FHSS systems. It allows for different sizes of FFT and FIR and for different numbers of correlators. By incorporating variable rate multipliers the architecture can handle a wide range of data rates at minimal power dissipation. Our architecture is compared with those based on commercial FPGA, low-power DSP and other hybrid structures. We show that our approach can achieve better performance and lower power consumption for the targeted applications.
Lifting Brauer characters of p-solvable groups, II

Let IBr(G) denote the set of irreducible Brauer characters of the finite group G with respect to a fixed prime p and a fixed lifting of the p-modular roots of unity to the complex numbers. If 4 is a (complex valued) class function on G, we let I/J* denote the restriction of # to the p-regular elements of G. Thus if # is an (ordinary) character of G, then $* is a linear combination of IBr(G) with nonnegative integer coefficients. If G is p-solvable and v E IBr(G), then the Fong-Swan Theorem asserts that y = x* for some character x of G. (Necessarily, x E Irr(G), i.e. x is irreducible.) Our concern here is to choose the characters ,y in a consistent manner which respects restriction to normal subgroups. We shall construct for eachp-solvable group G, a uniquely defined subset oY(G) C Irr(G) such that:
Subwavelength displacement of the far-field image of a radiating dipole.

The field lines of the Poynting vector for light emitted by a dipole with a rotating dipole moment show a vortex pattern near the location of the dipole. In the far field, each field line approaches a straight line, but this line does not appear to come exactly from the location of the dipole. As a result, the image of the dipole in its plane of rotation seems displaced. Secondly, the image in the far field is displaced as compared with the image of a source for which the field lines run radially outward. It turns out that both image displacements are the same. The displacements are of subwavelength scale, and they depend on the angles of observation. The maximum displacement occurs for observation in the plane of rotation and equals λ/π, where λ is the wavelength of the light.
Evaluating landowner-based beaver relocation as a tool to restore salmon habitat

a b s t r a c t Relocating American beavers (Castor canadensis) from unwanted sites to desirable sites (i.e., where damage exceeds stakeholder capacity) has been posited as a method to enhance in-stream habitat for salmonids in the Pacific Northwest region of the US; however, no studies have evaluated this method. From September–December 2011, we trapped and relocated 38 nuisance beavers using guidelines available to Oregon landowners. Release sites were selected from models that identified high values of beaver dam habitat suitability and where dams would increase intrinsic potential of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Mean distance moved from release sites within 16 weeks post-release was 3.3 ±0.2 (SE) stream km (max 29.2 km). Mean survival rate for relocated beavers was 0.47 ±0.12 (95% CI: 0.26–0.69) for 16 weeks post-release, while the probabilities of an individual dying to predation or disease/illness during the same period were 0.26 (95% CI: 0.09–0.43) and 0.16 (95% CI: 0.01–0.30), respectively. Dam construction was limited and ephemeral due to winter high flows, providing no in-stream habitat for coho. We conclude beaver relocation options available to landowners in Oregon may not be an effective option for stream restoration in coastal forestlands due to infrequent dam occurrence and short dam longevity.
Low-Overhead Decentralized Relay Assignment for Cooperative Diversity

We study the relay assignment problem for cooperative diversity using a wireless network setting in which the terminals (nodes) are randomly distributed. Specifically, we develop low-overhead and decentralized relay assignment protocols whose performance is close to the protocols which require more overhead in terms of handshaking and look-up tables or a centralized structure to assign relays to the transmitting nodes.
The Response of the South Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation to Intensified Irrigation in Global Climate Model Simulations

Agricultural intensification in South Asia has resulted in the expansion and intensification of surface irrigation over the twentieth century. The resulting changes to the surface energy balance could affect the temperature contrasts between the South Asian land surface and the equatorial Indian Ocean, potentially altering the South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) circulation. Prior studies have noted apparent declines in the monsoon intensity over the twentieth century and have focused on how altered surface energy balances impact the SASM rainfall distribution. Here, we use the coupled Goddard Institute for Space Studies ModelE-R general circulation model to investigate the impact of intensifying irrigation on the large-scale SASM circulation over the twentieth century, including how the effect of irrigation compares to the impact of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. We force our simulations with time-varying, historical estimates of irrigation, both alone and with twentieth century GHGs and other forcings. In the irrigation only experiment, irrigation rates correlate strongly with lower and upper level temperature contrasts between the Indian sub-continent and the Indian Ocean (Pearson's r = -0.66 and r = -0.46, respectively), important quantities that control the strength of the SASM circulation. When GHG forcing is included, these correlations strengthen: r = -0.72 and r = -0.47 for lower and upper level temperature contrasts, respectively. Under irrigated conditions, the mean SASM intensity in the model decreases only slightly and insignificantly. However, in the simulation with irrigation and GHG forcing, inter-annual variability of the SASM circulation decreases by *40 %, consistent with trends in the reanalysis products. This suggests that the inclusion of irrigation may be necessary to accurately simulate the historical trends and variability of the SASM system over the last 50 years. These findings suggest that intensifying irrigation, in concert with increased GHG forcing, is capable of reducing the variability of the simulated SASM circulation and altering the regional moisture transport by limiting the surface warming and reducing land-sea temperature gradients.
A surgical skills training curriculum for PGY-1 residents: AAOS exhibit selection.

A paradigm shift is currently taking place in orthopaedic surgical skills education1. Traditionally, surgical skills have been acquired through an apprenticeship method, which has produced skilled surgeons. However, recent reports have attributed over 60% of errors in the operating room (OR) to technical problems2,3. Incoming orthopaedic residents have little to no surgical training, and it is virtually impossible to assess the surgical skills aptitude of individual residency candidates4. An increased focus on patient safety, the mandate for trainee work-hour restrictions, and the advent of more skills-intensive technology have driven the need to develop standardized skills training curricula. Other surgical specialties such as general surgery have required simulation training and have developed skills curricula that are used in residency training5. The Residency Review Committee (RRC) for Orthopaedic Surgery and the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) have recently mandated that residency training programs implement a structured surgical skills curriculum for resident education in postgraduate year (PGY)-16. The curriculum must include skills required for emergency orthopaedic care and provide initial training in basic skills of orthopaedic surgery. In advance of these new requirements, our Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation developed and piloted a one-month surgical skills course with a structured curriculum for PGY-1 orthopaedic residents. The curriculum incorporated multiple instructional elements, including background reading and didactic teaching (cognitive knowledge), live and video-recorded expert demonstrations, expert-guided and independent dedicated practice (skills training), and multiple opportunities for assessment and critical feedback. We herein describe the course from its initial planning through curriculum development and finally to its implementation. Lessons learned from the experience and potential areas for improvement are highlighted. ### Source of Funding The course was funded in part by an OTA (Orthopaedic Trauma Association) grant, an OREF (Orthopaedic Education and Research Foundation) grant, a …
Graphical Models and Message-Passing Algorithms: Some Introductory Lectures

Graphical models provide a framework for describing statistical dependencies in (possibly large) collections of random variables. At their core lie various correspondences between the conditional independence properties of a random vector, and the structure of an underlying graph used to represent its distribution. They have been used and studied within many sub-disciplines of statistics, applied mathematics, electrical engineering and computer science, including statistical machine learning and artificial intelligence, communication and information theory, statistical physics, network control theory, computational biology, statistical signal processing, natural language processing and computer vision among others.
New properties of the two-locus partial selfing model with selection.

Analytic solutions are obtained for the equilibria of a simple two-locus, heterotic selection model with mixed selfing and random outcrossing. Two general phenomena are possible, depending upon the viabilities and the degree of selfing: (1) Negative disequilibrium potential, under which only gametic disequilibrium is possible; and (2) positive disequilibrium potential, which can result in permanent gametic disequilibrium provided that linkage is sufficiently tight. Under random mating (s = 0), these two situations correspond to negative and positive additive epistasis, respectively. With partial self-fertilization, however, this is no longer true, and a more appropriate measure of gametc disequilibrium potential, Δ(s), is introduced. A numerically aided examination of the model results in the discovery of two new properties of partial selfing with selection: (1) With negative disequilibrium potential (Δ(s) 0), the opposite is true. (2) Gametic disequilibrium can increase or decrease as the degree of selfing is increased. Therefore, it is apparent that partial selfing and linkage are not analogous as regards the maintenance of disequilibrium.
Structural Design Sensitivity Analysis: Continuum and Discrete Approaches

A unified approach for structural design sensitivity analysis involving both shape and sizing variables is presented. Starting with a continuum formulation and a general response functional needing sensitivity analysis, the direct variation and adjoint approaches are derived. Discretization of the continuum expressions for the two approaches is presented and the numerical implementation aspects are discussed. The discretized forms of the continuum sensitivity expressions are compared with the ones obtained by starting with the discretized model ab initio. This comparison shows that the two approaches give similar discretized expressions for numerical calculations. Therefore, exactly same procedures can be used for computer implementation of both the approaches. The continuum approach, however, gives certain insights that would not be possible with only the discrete approach. The presented analyses and insights lead to a unified view point for numerical implementation of design sensitivity analysis which is quite straightforward with existing or new finite element analysis codes. The explicit design variations (partial derivatives with respect to the design variables) of the internal and external nodal forces are the major calculations needed to implement the design sensitivity analysis. An implementation scheme is suggested that is quite general and simple needing minimal programming.
Taming the White Bear: Initial Costs and Eventual Benefits of Distractor Inhibition

Previous research indicates that prior information about a target feature, such as its color, can speed search. Can search also be speeded by knowing what a target will not look like? In the two experiments reported here, participants searched for target letters. Prior to viewing search displays, participants were prompted either with the color in which one or more nontarget letters would appear (ignore trials) or with no information about the search display (neutral trials). Critically, when participants were given one consistent color to ignore for the duration of the experiment, compared with when they were given no information, there was a cost in reaction time (RT) early in the experiment. However, after extended practice, RTs on ignore trials were significantly faster than RTs on neutral trials, which provides a novel demonstration that knowledge about nontargets can improve search performance for targets. When the to-be-ignored color changed from trial to trial, no RT benefit was observed.
Phenomenal Experience and the Scope of Phenomenology: A Husserlian Response to Some Wittgensteinean Remarks

In this paper I take issue with Wittgenstein’s characterization of phenomenology in his Remarks on Colors (1950). Wittgenstein argues that “there is no such thing as phenomenology, but there are indeed phenomenological problems”, and that if there were such thing as phenomenology it would be “something midway between logic and natural science.” Phenomenological problems would thus be problems concerning exclusively the qualitative dimension of experience. Pace Wittgenstein, I argue Husserl’s work proves that a properly understood phenomenology (1) has a bearing on logic in that it clarifies the status of logical entities and relations; (2) has a bearing on natural science in that it clarifies the status of empirical being in its essential relation to consciousness, thereby grounding its amenability to theoretical research; (3) is a unitary discipline, and not a set of scattered problems.
“Pretty Much Fear!!” Rationalizing Teacher (Dis)Engagement in Social Justice Education

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes how teachers in U.S. classrooms navigate, dialogue, debate, and absorb the ideas of privilege, power, and the presence of various forms of injustices. Through their understanding of these topics, we explore how K-12 teachers engage, disengage, and rationalize issues of social justice in education, society, and their own classrooms. This article utilizes teachers' dialogue through one curricular design used by a group of teacher educators to ensure safety, dialogue, and reflection. Using a grounded theory approach, we find that teachers lie on a continuum somewhere between shirking or embracing their role and responsibilities towards social justice. By highlighting K-12 teachers' understandings and positionalities regarding social justice, this study helps teacher educators charged with preparing teachers to better recognize the challenges we face in bringing social justice curricula to teacher education programs.
Investigation on Sources of Occupational Stress and Coping Strategies among Emergency Nurses of Children's Hospitals

Objective To investigate the sources of occupational stress of emergency nurses of children's hospital,so as to explore effective coping strategies.Methods From March to December 2011,55 emergency nurses from shanghai children's hospice were involved in the study.The data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire to identify the sources of job stress and to determine the types of coping strategies.Results Perceived occupational stress was mainly associated with income lower than expected,high work intensity and both high strength and low income.Significant differences were observed on high work intensity,lower than expected income,bleak occupational outlook and interpersonal relationship(P0.05).Reduction of labor intensity and aids to ease the psychological pressure were the most effective response for nurses of all ages to relieve occupational stress.There was no significant difference in needs to mitigate occupational stress on nurses with different ages and titles(P0.05).Conclusion High work intensity and lower than expected income are the main occupational stressors of pediatric emergency nurses.Reduction of labor intensity and aids to ease the psychological pressure were the effectives response for nurses to relieve occupational stress.
Studying of countermeasures and analysing of factors about physical education textbook reform in the universities of China

The study sampled 28 ordinary universities to ascertain the exigency of physical education textbook situation of university and the athletic character of the structure and content of physical education textbook and the defect of construction of physical education textbook. The results indicate the main factors influencing the quality of physical education textbook, and to raise under this basis: conduction the reform of physical education textbook with the function and object of physical education in university; application the reform of physical education textbook with discretion kinds of relations in the practice of the reform of physical education textbook; the key of the reform of physical education textbook are to complete the structure and content of the physical education textbook.
Radiographic examination of the equine foot.

Radiographic examinations of the equine head can be performed with portable x-ray machines. The views comprising the examination depend on the area of the head being examined. With a knowledge of radiographic anatomy and radiographic signs of disease, valuable diagnostic information can be obtained from the radiographic examination. In addition, the radiographic information can also be used to develop a prognosis and determine the most appropriate therapy.
Secure big data computations in the cloud

The shift to cloud-based computing is a paradigm change that offers considerable financial and administrative gains. But governmental and business institutions wanting to tap into these gains are concerned with security issues prevalent in cloud-based systems today. The cloud offers many new vulnerabilities and at the same time is dominated by new kinds of applications, which calls for new security solutions. Intuitively, byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) replication has many benefits to enforce integrity and support privacy in clouds. But BFT systems are not at all suited for typical "data-flow processing" cloud applications which analyze large amounts of data in a parallelizable manner: indeed, existing BFT solutions focus on replicating single monolithic servers, whilst data-flow applications consists of several different stages, each of which may give rise to multiple components at runtime to exploit cheap hardware parallelism; similarly, BFT replication hinges on comparison of redundant outputs generated, which in the case of data-flow processing can represent huge amounts of data. We present a system that secures computations being run in the cloud by leveraging BFT replication coupled with variable-degree clustering, sampling/hashing, and separation of duty, to achieve a parameterized tradeoff between fault tolerance and overhead in practice.
Gliomas of the Supratentorium, Ventricular System, and Visual Pathways, and Tumors of the Sellar Region

Supratentorial astrocytomas accounted for 36% of all pediatric brain tumors in the SEER registry review of 1973–1980 (25% low-grade astrocytomas and 11% high-grade astrocytomas) (Duffner et al. 1986). No predilection for either sex has been noted. Age at time of presentation ranges from infancy to 20 years, with the median at 12.7 years.