cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent girls’ experiences and gender-related beliefs in relation to their motivation in math/science and English.

Although the gender gap has dramatically narrowed in recent decades, women remain underrepresented in many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This study examined social and personal factors in relation to adolescent girls’ motivation in STEM (math/science) versus non-STEM (English) subjects. An ethnically diverse sample of 579 girls ages 13–18 years (M = 15) in the U.S. completed questionnaires measuring their academic achievement, ability beliefs, values, and experiences. Social and personal factors were hypothesized to predict motivation (expectancy-value) differently in math/science (M/S) and English. Social factors included perceived M/S and English support from parents and peers. Personal factors included facets of gender identity (felt conformity pressure, gender typicality, gender-role contentedness), gender-related attitudes, and exposure to feminism. In addition, grades, age, parents’ education, and ethnicity were controlled. Girls’ M/S motivation was positively associated with mother M/S support, peer M/S support, gender-egalitarian beliefs, and exposure to feminism; it was negatively related to peer English support. Girls’ English motivation was positively associated with peer English support as well as felt pressure from parents; it was negatively related to peer M/S support and felt peer pressure. The findings suggest that social and personal factors may influence girls’ motivation in domain-specific ways.
Contrasting Effects of IG20 and Its Splice Isoforms, MADD and DENN-SV, on Tumor Necrosis Factor α-induced Apoptosis and Activation of Caspase-8 and -3

Abstract We identified a novel cDNA (IG20) that is homologous to cDNAs encoding a proteindifferentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells (DENN-SV) and human MADD (MAPK-activating deathdomain-containing protein). Furthermore, we show that the above variants most likely result from alternative splicing of a single gene. Functional analyses of these variants in permanently transfected HeLa cells revealed that IG20 and DENN-SV render them more susceptible or resistant to tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis, respectively. All variants tested could interact with TNF receptor 1 and activate ERK and nuclear factor κB. However, relative to control cells, only cells expressing IG20 showed enhanced TNF-α-induced activation of caspase-8 and -3, whereas cells expressing DENN-SV showed either reduced or no caspase activation. Transfection of these cells with a cDNA encoding CrmA maximally inhibited apoptosis in HeLa-IG20 cells. Our results show that IG20 can promote TNF-α-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase-8 and -3 and suggest that it may play a novel role in the regulation of the pleiotropic effects of TNF-α through alternative splicing.
Skeletal muscle creatine kinase MB alterations in women marathon runners.

Total creatine kinase (CK) and CK MB activities were determined in gastrocnemius muscle and serum obtained from 14 female marathon runners. The level of CK MB in muscle increased significantly (p<0.05) after chronic exercise training from 5.3% to 10.5% of the total CK activity, but not after acute exercise (post-marathon 8.9%). No significant differences in total CK activities were detected. However, the total CK activity in the muscles were significantly (p<0.05) less than those previously reported from the muscle of men runners (1800 U/g, 3000 U/g respectively). No significant correlation existed between fiber type and muscle CK MB activity. Additionally, trace amounts of mitochondrial CK and CK BB were present in muscle homogenates. A significant correlation was observed in the increase in mean serum total CK (597 UL−1) and CK MB (23 UL−1) activities 24 h after the race (r=0.97,P<0.05). These results suggest that gastrocnemius muscle in women adapts to training with increased CK MB activities and imply that skeletal muscle is the major source of elevated serum CK MB activities in women marathon runners.
Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conduction in Li3PO4 Electrolyte for a CO2 Gas Sensor

An electrochemical CO2 gas sensor using Li2CO3 and Li2TiO3 +T iO 2 as sensing and reference electrodes, respectively, and Li3PO4 as the electrolyte is the subject of this paper. The sensor response to CO2 gas showed a systematic deviation from the prediction of the Nernst equation at low pCO2 . Based on the electromotive force emf measurement, the transference numbers of Li3PO4, a lithium-ion conductor, were estimated for different pCO2 values, and the conduction domain boundary for Li3PO4 separating n-type electronic conduction from ionic conduction was constructed. The conduction domain predicts that change in the Li activity in the sensing side of the cell drives the Li3PO4 electrolyte to a mixed n-type electronic and ionic conduction region at low pCO2 . Hebb-Wagner dc polarization measurements also indicate n-type electronic conduction in Li3PO4 with a mixture of Li2CO3 and gold as a reversible electrode. The transference numbers obtained from both the emf measurement and the HebbWagner polarization measurements demonstrate that the origin of the non-Nernstian behavior of the CO2 sensor is due to the lithium mass transport from the Li2CO3-sensing electrode to the Li3PO4 electrolyte, resulting in nonstoichiometry of Li3PO4 at temperatures above 500°C.
Fluency and disfluency; Illusion and identification

Abstract At approximately the same time, two lines of research have studied disfluencies from different orientations—one in stuttering and the other in normal speech. In certain important respects the findings of these separate lines differ. Resolution of these differences, which is particularly important for understanding stuttering in its relation to disfluency and fluency, has been precluded because the two research areas have remained essentially isolated from each other. Progress in understanding stuttering would benefit considerably from adequate attention to the findings of research on disfluency in normal speech, which already has yielded a substantial amount of information pertinent to the concepts of fluency and disfluency; the nature and extent of disfluency; the linguistic and cognitive significance of disfluencies; and the differentiation between normal and abnormal disfluency.
Changes in skeletal collagen cross-links and matrix hydration in high- and low-turnover chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases fracture risk. The results of this work point to changes in bone collagen and bone hydration as playing a role in bone fragility associated with CKD. Clinical data have documented a clear increase in fracture risk associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Preclinical studies have shown reductions in bone mechanical properties although the tissue-level mechanisms for these differences remain unclear. The goal of this study was to assess collagen cross-links and matrix hydration, two variables known to affect mechanical properties, in animals with either high- or low-turnover CKD. At 35 weeks of age (>75 % reduction in kidney function), the femoral diaphysis of male Cy/+ rats with high or low bone turnover rates, along with normal littermate (NL) controls, were assessed for collagen cross-links (pyridinoline (Pyd), deoxypyridinoline (Dpd), and pentosidine (PE)) using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay as well as pore and bound water per volume (pw and bw) using a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. Material-level biomechanical properties were calculated based on previously published whole bone mechanical tests. Cortical bone from animals with high-turnover disease had lower Pyd and Dpd cross-link levels (−21 % each), lower bw (−10 %), higher PE (+71 %), and higher pw (+46 %) compared to NL. Animals with low turnover had higher Dpd, PE (+71 %), and bw (+7 %) along with lower pw (−60 %) compared to NL. Both high- and low-turnover animals had reduced material-level bone toughness compared to NL animals as determined by three-point bending. These data document an increase in skeletal PE with advanced CKD that is independent of bone turnover rate and inversely related to decline in kidney function. Although hydration changes occur in both high- and low-turnover disease, the data suggest that nonenzymatic collagen cross-links may be a key factor in compromised mechanical properties of CKD.
Simulating blade-strike on fish passing through marine hydrokinetic turbines

The occurrence, frequency, and intensity of blade-strike of fish on an axial-flow marine hydrokinetic turbine was simulated using two modeling approaches: a novel scheme combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with Lagrangian particle tracking, and a conventional kinematic model. The kinematic model included simplifying assumptions of fish trajectories such as distribution and velocity. The proposed CFD and Lagrangian particle tracking methods provided a more realistic representation of blade-strike mechanisms by integrating the following components: (i) advanced unsteady turbulence simulation using detached eddy simulation (DES), (ii) generation of inflow turbulence based on field data, (iii) moving turbine blades in highly transient flows, and (iv) Lagrangian particles to mimic the potential fish pathways. The test conditions to evaluate the blade-strike probability and fish survival rate were: (i) the turbulence environment, (ii) the fish size, and (iii) the approaching flow velocity. The proposed Lagrangian method simulates potential fish trajectories and their interaction with the rotating turbine with the limitation that it does not include any volitional fish avoidance behavior. Depending upon the scenario, the percentage of particles that registered a collision event ranged from 6% to 19% of the released sample size. Next, by using a set of experimental correlations of the exposure-response for live fish colliding with moving blades, the simulated collision data were used as input variables to estimate the survival rate of fish passing through the operating turbine. The resulting survival rates were greater than 96% in all scenarios, which is comparable to or better than known survival rates for conventional hydropower turbines. The kinematic model predicted higher blade-strike probabilities and mortality rates than the Lagrangian particle-based method did. The Lagrangian method also offers the advantage of expanding the evaluation framework to include additional mechanisms of stress and injury on fish, or other aquatic biota, caused by hydrokinetic turbines and related devices.
A Methodology for Calculating Prestige Ranks of Academic Journals in Communication: A More Inclusive Alternative to Citation Metrics

The problem of how to rank academic journals in the communication field (human interaction, mass communication, speech, and rhetoric) is one of practical importance to scholars, university administrators, and librarians, yet there is no methodology that covers the field's journals comprehensively and objectively. This article reports a new ranking methodology based in empirical criteria. The new system relates independent measures of the prestige of the field's doctoral departments to information about where faculty members from those departments have published scholarly articles. This new approach identifies the field's most influential journals as those that more frequently publish the work of the field's top scholars and programs as perceived by their peers. This system was used to compute prestige weights (P-weights) for 65 communication journals. P-weights were found to be strongly correlated with ISI Web of Science journal impact factor scores and can be used to identify an overall prestige hierarch...
Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine attenuates the radial artery's vasoconstrictor response to α-adrenergic stimuli

Abstract Background Although the radial artery bypass conduit has excellent intermediate-term patency, it has a proclivity to vasospasm. We tested the hypothesis that brief pretreatment of a radial artery graft with the irreversible adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine attenuates the vasoconstrictor response to the vasopressors phenylephrine and norepinephrine compared with the currently used papaverine/lidocaine. Methods Segments of human radial artery grafts were obtained after a 30-minute intraoperative pretreatment with a solution containing 20 mL of heparinized blood, 0.4 mL of papaverine (30 mg/mL), and 1.6 mL of lidocaine (1%). The segments were transported to the laboratory and placed into a bath containing Krebs-Henseleit solution and 10, 100, or 1000 μmol/L phenoxybenzamine or vehicle. The segments were tested in organ chambers for contractile responses to increasing concentrations of phenylephrine and norepinephrine (0.5-15 μmol/L). Results Contractile responses to 15 μmol/L phenylephrine in control radial artery segments averaged 44.2% ± 9.1% of the maximal contractile response to 30 mmol/L KCl. Papaverine/lidocaine modestly attenuated contraction to 15 μmol/L phenylephrine (32.1% ± 5.9%; P = .22), but 1000 μmol/L phenoxybenzamine completely abolished radial artery contraction (−7.2% ± 4.4%; P P = .04). In contrast, 1000 μmol/L phenoxybenzamine showed the greatest attenuation of norepinephrine-induced contraction (−10.5% ± 2.0%; P Conclusions A brief pretreatment of the human radial artery bypass conduit with 1000 μmol/L phenoxybenzamine completely attenuates the vasoconstrictor responses to the widely used vasopressors norepinephrine and phenylephrine. Papaverine/lidocaine alone did not block vasoconstriction to these α-adrenergic agonists.
Vladimir Solov'ev on Symbolism and Decadence

^/^adimir Solov'ev occupies a puzzling place in the history of Russian Symbolism. On the one hand, he wrote devastating critiques of Valerii Briusov's Russian Symbolists. On the other hand, he played the role of mentor to Vyacheslav Ivanov and was viewed by Ivanov, Aleksandr Blok, Andrei Belyi?and even by Briusov himself?as a proto-Symbolist. In the present essay, I trace the development of Solov'ev's position vis-?-vis Symbolism by looking closely at some of his lesser-known literary criticism and as well as archival texts. Ultimately, I show how this seemingly minor issue had major consequences for the broader development of Russian Symbolism. Solov'ev's lengthy essay "The Buddhist Mood in Poetry" ("Budiiskoe nastroenie v poezii") supplies the first link in our chain. The intriguing title notwithstanding, this essay concerns the poetry of Arsenii Golenishchev-Kutuzov, a poet now all but forgotten, but whose verse Solov'ev genuinely admired. The essay appeared in two parts, in May and June of 1894 in The Herald of Europe (Vestnik Evropy). In its final section, Solov'ev assesses some of the weaknesses of Kutuzov's poetry, complaining that it lacks power and breadth. However, when placed in the context of his contemporaries, Kutuzov's virtues stand out: "Bo bchkom cAynae caMoe CAaGoe h pacnAbmnaToe craxoTBopeHHe Haniero aBTOpa HMeeT ropa340 6oAee o?mero c hcthhhoio no93Hio, Hence ah TaKoe, HanpHMep, pa3ManiHCToe npoH3Be4eHHe HOBenmero 4eKa4eHTCTBa."1 Solov'ev then cites (without attribution) a passage from a poem by Konstantin Fofanov, beginning "KaK yncacHO boiot nepHbie coGaKH / Ha 4Bope coro4Ha!"2 and ending with the line "HoHb noBHTa KpenoM, mwc?k nan hohk meMHa.."3 Solov'ev comments:
Chiral separation of labetalol stereoisomers in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis

A newly derivatized cyclodextrin [octakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-gamma-cyclodextrin] was investigated as a chiral selector in capillary zone electrophoresis in a study of the chiral separation of labetalol stereoisomers. Heptakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-cyclodextrin (HDAS-beta-CD) and octakis(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-gamma-cyclodextrin (ODAS-gamma-CD) were shown to be effective in separating labetalol stereoisomers. Optimal separating conditions of the four stereoisomers of labetalol were achieved with 10 mM HDAS-beta-CD and 10 mM ODAS-gamma-CD in an acidic pH buffer of low molarity. Data illustrating the effects of capillary length and cyclodextrin concentration on the separation are presented. The longer capillary length and high voltage enabled the baseline separation of all isomers in less than 15 min. The optimized method was applied to the analysis of human control plasma containing labetalol utilizing solid-phase extraction (SPE) in the 96-well format.
Size-Segregated Inorganic and Organic Components of PM in the Communities of the Los Angeles Harbor

The Los Angeles Ports complex consists of the port of Long Beach and the port of Los Angeles. Due to the high levels of particulate matter (PM) emitted from many sources in the vicinity of these ports and to their projected massive expansion, the Harbor area will be the focus of future governmental regulations. This study aims to characterize the physicochemical properties of PM at locations influenced by port-affiliated sources. PM samples were collected concurrently at six sites in the southern Los Angeles basin for a 7 week period between March and May 2007. Four sites were set-up within the communities of Wilmington and Long Beach; one site was located at a background location near the harbors of the Los Angeles port; the sixth site, near downtown Los Angeles, was chosen to represent a typical urban area. Coarse (PM 2.5 − 10 ), accumulation (PM 0.25 − 2.5 ), and quasi-ultrafine (PM 0.25 ) mode particles were collected at each site. Samples were analyzed for organic and elemental carbon content (OC and...
Three-dimensional structure of gap junctions in fragmented plasma membranes from rat liver

Gap junctions forming extensive hexagonal crystalline sheets (unit cell dimension, a = 89 A) were obtained by mild mechanical disruption of plasma membranes from rat liver. The sheets were analysed in three dimensions by negative stain electron microscopy and Fourier image processing. The crystallographic symmetry was shown to approximate to the two-sided plane group p622, indicating that the sheets are composed of two equivalent, oppositely-facing membrane assemblies. The structure of the connexon in these near-to-native junctions is essentially the same as that found in detergent-extracted junctions, the subunits appearing slightly tilted tangential to the central six-fold axis and aligned almost perpendicular to the membrane plane.
MODELS OF ORGANIZATION AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT: A COMPARISON AND CRITICAL EVALUATION

Total quality management (TQM) is examined in relation to the mechanistic, organismic, and cultural models of organization in an effort to bridge the gap between TQM practice and management theory. These models provide diverse analogues for explaining the management of organizations and highlight different issues concerning the practice of TQM. The article also suggests that research on TQM practice has potential to expand the understanding of these management models.
The influence of stents on the performance of an ultrasonic navigation system for endovascular procedures

Objective Image-guided surgery provides a mechanism to accurately and quickly assess the location of surgical tools relative to a preoperative image. Traditional image-guided surgery relies on infrared or radiofrequency triangulation to determine an instrument location relative to a preoperative image and has been primarily used in head and neck procedures. Advances in ultrasonic tracking devices, designed for tracking catheters within vessels, may provide an opportunity for image-guided endovascular procedures. This study evaluates the positional accuracy of an ultrasonic navigation system for tracking an endovascular catheter when different stents and graft materials have been deployed in an in vitro system. Methods Stent and graft materials commonly used in endovascular procedures were used for this study in combination with a custom three-head ultrasonic transducer navigation system. The stents evaluated were composed of Dacron/nitinol, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/nitinol, and bare nitinol. They were deployed into excised porcine tissue cannulized with a rotary drill, and a catheter with a custom microtransducer probe was inserted. The distance from each ultrasonic tracking module to a probe mounted on an endovascular catheter was measured using time of flight techniques, and the catheter position in three-dimensions was calculated using triangulation. Results The measured position was compared to the actual catheter position determined by a precision translation stage. The PTFE/nitinol, bare nitinol, and Dacron/nitinol stent materials were evaluated and resulted in a maximum error of 1.7, 3.0, and 3.6 mm and an SD of 0.7, 1.2, and 1.4 mm, respectively. A reduction in signal intensity of up to 6× was observed during passage of the endovascular probe through the stent materials, but no reduction in the accuracy of the ultrasonic navigation system was evident. Conclusion The use of an ultrasonic-based navigation system is feasible in endovascular procedures, even in the presence of common stent materials. It may have promise as a navigational tool for endovascular procedures.
Evidence for a Role of the N Terminus and Leucine-Rich Repeat Region of the Mi Gene Product in Regulation of Localized Cell Death

The tomato Mi gene confers resistance against root-knot nematodes and potato aphids. Chimeric constructs of the functional gene, Mi-1.2, with a homolog, Mi-1.1, were produced, and their phenotypes were examined in Agrobacterium rhizogenes–transformed roots. Exchange of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region of Mi-1.1 into Mi-1.2 resulted in the loss of ability to confer nematode resistance, as did substitution of a 6–amino acid sequence from the Mi-1.1 LRR into Mi-1.2. Introduction of the Mi-1.2 LRR-encoding region into Mi-1.1 resulted in a lethal phenotype, as did substitution of the fragment encoding the N-terminal 161 amino acids of Mi-1.1 into Mi-1.2. Transient expression of the latter two chimeric constructs in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves produced localized cell death. The cell death caused by the N-terminal exchange was suppressed by coinfiltration with a construct expressing the N-terminal 161 amino acids of Mi-1.2. The phenotypes of these and other constructs indicate that the LRR region of Mi-1.2 has a role in signaling localized cell death and that the N-terminal 161 amino acids have a role in regulating this death.
Plenty of Children Left Behind: High-Stakes Testing and Graduation Rates in Duval County, Florida

The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) is a high-stakes test that public school students must pass to be eligible for graduation from high school. Previous research suggests that high-stakes tests have a differential effect on students by race and ethnicity. This study finds that in one Florida school district African American and Hispanic students coming from poorer, less educated, or higher mobility households are less likely to meet graduation requirements than their higher socioeconomic, White, suburban counterparts. African American students and students from the lowest income households are also the most likely to encounter a negative graduation effect because the passing score on the FCAT rises each year. School characteristics also affect the probability of student success. High schools that hire more teachers with advanced degrees or offer a magnet program have better student FCAT scores. This results in higher probabilities that all categories of students will meet graduation requirements.
Volunteer Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Control with Herbicides and Cultivation in Field Corn (Zea mays)1

Abstract: Volunteer potato plants are difficult to control in rotational crops, and they harbor harmful diseases, nematodes, and insects. Five herbicide treatments were evaluated for control of volunteer potato in field corn grown under no-till and conventional tillage in 1994 and 1995. In mid-June, potato control was greater in conventionally tilled corn than no-till corn primarily due to the reservoir tillage that followed postemergence (POST) herbicide applications in the conventional system. Final potato tuber weight was not different between tillage levels in 1994 or 1995. Herbicide treatments reduced potato tuber weight 64 to 96% in no-till corn and 85 to 99% in conventionally tilled corn compared to nontreated checks. Atrazine applied preemergence at 1.1 kg ai/ha followed by dicamba plus 2,4-D applied POST at 0.28 plus 1.1 kg ae/ha, respectively, reduced potato tuber weight greater than 95% in both years and both tillage systems. Corn yield was not affected by tillage level or herbicide treatments ...
Finite length serial concatenation of SPC codes with conv. codes

This paper proposes a finite length serial concatenation of SPC (single parity check) codes with convolutional codes. The analytical and numerical results explain the convergence of the proposed codes.
On three-dimensional rotations, coordinate frames, and canonical forms for it all

Some properties of the eigenproblem for a three-dimensional rotation matrix are shown, and related to the geometrical rotation parameters. The problem of assigning a unique canonical coordinate frame to a set of three mutually orthogonal axes is considered. The assignment is such that it corresponds to a minimal overall rotation with respect to the reference system. It is noted that this problem is of interest for the unique and consistent labeling of the principal axes of various tensors related to physical properties of materials, and symmetric matrices that appear in various disciplines of engineering. >
Till Marriage Do Us Part: Adult Children’s Relationships With Their Parents

Although some emphasize the integrative character of marriage, others argue that marriage undermines relations with extended kin, including aging parents. Utilizing NSFH data (N= 6,108), we find that married women and men have less intense intergenerational ties than the never married and the divorced: The married are less likely to live with parents, stay in touch, and give or receive emotional, financial, and practical help. These differences hold even when we control for structural characteristics, including time demands, needs and resources, and demographic and extended family characteristics. We conclude that marriage is a greedy institution for both women and men. Given the inadequacy of structural explanations, we suggest that cultural explanations for this greediness should be explored.
Muscle activation patterns during force generation of the index finger

The article investigated whether joint postures affect index finger muscle activation patterns. Ten subjects attempted to produce submaximal isometric forces in six orthogonal directions (palmar, dorsal, abduction, adduction, distal and proximal) at each of 9 different joint postures. Activation patterns were recorded from intramuscular electrodes inserted into 6 of the index finger muscles. Post hoc statistical analysis revealed that joint angles significantly affected muscle activation levels for each of the force directions. Activation was especially sensitive to interphalangeal joint angles; changes in these angles led to not only changes in the magnitude of activation but to changes in patterns as well.
Low-rank one-step wave extrapolation for reverse time migration

ABSTRACTReverse time migration (RTM) relies on accurate wave extrapolation engines to image complex subsurface structures. To construct such operators with high efficiency and numerical stability, we have developed a one-step wave extrapolation approach using complex-valued low-rank decomposition to approximate the mixed-domain space-wavenumber wave extrapolation symbol. The low-rank one-step method involves a complex-valued phase function, which is more flexible than a real-valued phase function of two-step schemes, and thus it is capable of modeling a wider variety of dispersion relations. Two novel designs of the phase function leads to the desired properties in wave extrapolation. First, for wave propagation in inhomogeneous media, including a velocity gradient term assures a more accurate phase behavior, particularly when the velocity variations are large. Second, an absorbing boundary condition, which is propagation-direction-dependent, can be incorporated into the phase function as an anisotropic a...
The Lawyer's Dilemma: To Be or Not to Be a Problem-Solving Negotiator

The problem-solving approach to legal negotiation requires that lawyers both compete and cooperate with their adversaries. This article urges legal education, and clinical legal education in particular, to endorse and teach the problem-solving approach to legal negotiation as the preferred approach for both litigation and transactional practices. Trial lawyers have been reluctant to embrace the cooperative aspects of negotiation, and ethical rules of the legal profession often seem to discourage cooperation with adversaries. As a result, lawyers often fail to reach beneficial solutions and deals that create value for their clients. The act of making a voluntary settlement in litigation or an agreement in transactional practice transforms each party's subjective evaluation of a potential deal into objective and measurable value. All parties to a voluntary settlement or agreement walk away better off than they would have been without the deal. Thus, problem-solving negotiation allows lawyers to create value for their clients. It should be the standard for legal negotiation.
Saag and Makhi de Roti

In 1983, my paternal grandparents had arrived in the United States and moved in with my parents on their recently purchased grape farm. My grandparents' arrival allowed my family to continue many traditions and rituals from India. One important family ritual that has carried on is the making of a dish known as saag.
Analysis by Group Iteration Using Substructures

A procedure developed to analyze complex structures by group iteration. The analysis is formulated by the displacement method, using substructures. A group iteration is used to relax the constraints imposed at the junctions of the substructures when each is analyzed separately with fixed boundaries. The procedure is applied to the analysis of a continuous concrete floor slab and indicates that the solution converges rapidly to sufficiently accurate results.
HIV/AIDS Sentinel Surveillance Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Mianyang,2010

Objective By understanding the current situation of the related knowledge,behavior and biology of HIV among men who have sex with men(MSM) in Mianyang city,to provide scientific evidence for health education and behavior intervention.Methods Totally 419 MSM were recruited from activity locations or by internet in Mianyang city,a face to face questionnaire survey was conducted by trained professional staff one by one;blood samples were collected and detected by HIV,HCV and syphilis antibody.Results A total of 419 MSM were investigated and the awareness rate of knowledge about HIV was 84.01%.There were 358 MSM(85.44%) had anal sex behavior in last 6 months.In which 170 MSM(47.49%) used condom every time;167 MSM(46.65%) used condom sometimes;21 MSM(5.88%) seldom used condom in recent 6 months,There were 87 MSM(20.76%) had sex with homosexuality,in which 28 MSM(32.18%) always used condom;36 MSM(41.38%) used condom sometimes;24 MSM(27.59%) never used condom.The positive rate of HIV,syphilis,HCV antibody was 6.68%,42% and 0 respectively in this study.Conclusions The average rate of HIV/AIDS related knowledge among MSM in Mianyang city is high,but the rate of condom using and their awareness about safe sex was is low;that indicated the separation of knowing and doing.
Assessing computer literacy: a comparison of self-assessment and actual skills

The ubiquity of the Internet in our daily lives and the pervasiveness of computer technology in K-12 education today suggest that incoming college students should be better prepared to use computer technology than their predecessors. This chapter presents the results of a study to determine the incoming computing skills levels of business students. The study also measured the difference between the students' self-assessment of these computer skills and an actual assessment of their computer skills. In discovering what level of computer literacy our students actually have, and pinpointing areas where students lack proficiency, we can look to develop curriculum to address the weaknesses. Our goal would be to look at developing a curriculum model that provides flexibility in tailoring content to accommodate the evolving literacy of students, ultimately providing a richer educational experience for our students.
Nonequilibrium radiation and dissociation of CO molecules in shock-heated flows

Vehicles descending onto a planet's atmosphere create shocks and radiative heat transfer. A theoretical study on the behavior of the excited electronic states of CO molecules sheds light on the determination of the radiative heat loads generated while attempting to land on Mars.
The Correct Cut

In this chapter, I begin with the Rawlsian intuition that we eliminate as decisive those factors that influence the distribution of social goods, and that affect one’s life chances, but that are arbitrary from a moral point of view. I also take seriously the intuition that our egalitarian duty is to hold constant those factors that affect life chances, but that are out of the control of the individual, and yet hold people morally responsible for inequalities that result from instances of genuine choice. Of course, a position that relies on identifying instances of genuine choice must take some position on the free will problem, and so I describe a contextualist view of responsibility, which side-steps the free problem, and allows us to describe responsibility along some reasonable continuum. In this way, I defend Cohen’s position against objections that either it is stuck in the free will problem with no solution, or that the solution requires us to hold people responsible for which it is either impractical or inappropriate.
Dipolar and Quadrupolar Ordering in S = 3 2 Ising Systems

We have studied in the molecular-field approximation the statistical-mechanical properties of the Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}=\ensuremath{-}h\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{}{i}{S}_{i}^{z}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{}{i,j}{J}_{\mathrm{ij}}{S}_{i}^{z}{S}_{j}^{z}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{}{i,j}{K}_{\mathrm{ij}}[{({S}_{i}^{z})}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}S(S+1)][{({S}_{j}^{z})}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}S(S+1)]$ for $S=\frac{3}{2}$ ions. We investigate the possibility of ordering in the independent parameters $M=〈{S}^{z}〉$ and $Q=〈{({S}^{z})}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}S(S+1)〉$. The phase diagram is discussed for positive and negative biquadratic interactions as a function of the ratio of bilinear to biquadratic interactions and as a function of the magnetic field $h$. Successive phase transitions and triple, critical, and tricritical points are found. We also show that the model gives a qualitative understanding of the phase transitions observed in DyV${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$.
Is Opioid Avoidance Warranted for a Patient with Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Postoperative Period

A 55-year-old man with a body mass index of 46, obstructive sleep apnea non-compliant with home continuous positive airway pressure, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and gastroesophageal reflux presents for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
The EU and the Pacific: A Tale of Unfulfilled Expectations

This chapter, by Fijian diplomat Kaliopate Tavola, focuses on the Pacific and assesses the lack of momentum in its relations with the European Union (EU), as well as the weaknesses of Pacific regional integration, despite years of European support. The chapter considers both internal and external factors that have constrained the development of Pacific regionalism. Key internal challenges that the Pacific faces include: the vast economic and political disparities between Pacific countries; the dominance of Australia and New Zealand in the region; and a lack of leadership and political will to deepen Pacific regionalism. In this respect, as Tavola contends, the burden of responsibility for the failures of Pacific regional integration lies in large part within the region itself. At the same time, the EU’s support—provided under the framework of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) group—for the Pacific’s region-building efforts, has not met regional expectations, with Europe’s relationship with the Pacific ACP lacking impetus. Tavola argues in favour of deepening Pacific regionalism to achieve development, supported by a re-vitalised EU-Pacific ACP framework and by an economic partnership agreement (EPA) with the EU that takes into account the peculiar features and needs of the Pacific region.
Exploiting molecular motors as nanomachines: the mechanisms of de novo and re-engineered cytoskeletal motors

Cytoskeletal molecular motors provide exciting proof that nanoscale transporters can be highly efficient, moving for microns along filamentous tracks by hydrolyzing ATP to fuel nanometer-size steps. For nanotechnology, such conversion of chemical energy into productive work serves as an enticing platform for re-purposing and re-engineering. It also provides a roadmap for successful molecular mechanisms that can be mimicked to create de novo molecular motors for nanotechnology applications. Here we focus specifically on how the mechanisms of molecular motors are being re-engineered for greater control over their transport parameters. We then discuss mechanistic work to create fully synthetic motors de novo and conclude with future directions in creating novel motor systems.
Robot moderation of a collaborative game: Towards socially assistive robotics in group interactions

This paper presents an algorithm for enabling a robot to act as the moderator in a group interaction centered around a tablet-based assembly game. The algorithm uses one of two different objective functions: one intended to be “performance equalizing”, wherein the robot attempts to equalize scoring among users, and another intended to be “performance reinforcing”, wherein the robot attempts to help the group score as many points as possible. In an evaluation study with ten groups of three participants, we found that the “performance equalizing” algorithm improved task performance and reduced group cohesion, while the “performance reinforcing” algorithm improved group cohesion and reduced task performance.
Some Reflections on the Separation Phenomenon Idiosyncratic to the Experience of Missionaries and Their Children

This article deals with the effects of the multiple separations to which those in the mission profession, particularly their children, are constantly exposed. Its primary purpose is to share with m...
Environmental Toxins Found Historically in the Polycythemia Vera Cluster Area and their Potential for Inducing DNA Damage

In 2006, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry received a request to determine whether a cluster of polycythemia vera patients existed in a northeast Pennsylvania community. A significant cluster of PV cases was identified at the nexus of three counties near several hazardous waste sites. The current study evaluated the potential for a select number of environmental contaminants previously detected in the cluster area to induce DNA damage using in vitro assays with hematopoietic stem-cell derived progenitor cells. CD34+ cells were isolated from normal cord blood samples and were cultured for 48-72 hours to generate erythroid progenitor cells. Eighteen compounds were chosen for the assay; arsenic trioxide, benzo(a)pyrene, benzene, methylene chloride, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), trichloroethylene, potassium chloride, ethylbenzene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, styrene, cadmium chloride, hydroquinone, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, sodium cyanide, manganese chloride, chromium oxide, lead oxide, and sodium arsenite. Genotoxicity of the compounds was determined using the comet assay, and toxicity determined via the cell viability assay. Using the comet assay, 16 compounds at 10 nM concentration, induced a significant amount of DNA damage compared to the control. When evaluating whether a dose-dependent relationship was present, seventeen of the eighteen compounds led to greater DNA damage with increasing exposure concentrations. 2,3,7,8-TCDD was particularly potent, inducing DNA damage in virtually all cells at 1 μM. In conclusion, most of the toxins evaluated using the comet assay showed potential to induce DNA damage in hematopoietic cells, and the genotoxic effects were dose-dependent.
Induction and Purification of Phenol Hydroxylase from Tricosporon Cutaneum

Phenol, derived principally from industrial effluents, is a particularly troublesome contaminant of surface waters which are used for the public water supply. Disinfection by chlorination of phenol-contaminated water produces chlorophenols which give an unpleasant odor and taste, and can ultimately lead to off-flavor problems in estuarine fish and shell-fish (1). Mainly because of these problems the U.S. Public Health Service drinking water standards limit the content of phenols to 1 ppb (1µg/1), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations will soon apply the same limit to all surface waters.
Examples on Ordered Set Reconstruction

We prove that ordered sets are not reconstructible from the maximal deck and the minimal deck together. The construction also produces classes of more than two pairwise nonisomorphic ordered sets that have the same maximal deck and the same minimal deck.
Constructions and Uses of Pairwise Balanced Designs

A pairwise balanced design (PBD) of index unity is a pair (X,A) where X is a set (of points) and A a class of subsets A of X (called blocks) such that any pair of distinct points of X is contained in exactly one of the blocks of A (and we may also require |A| ≥ 2 for each A ∈ A). Such systems are also known as linear spaces. PBD’s where all blocks have the same size |A| = k are known as balanced incomplete block designs (BIBD’s) of index λ = 1, as 2 - (v,k,1) designs, and as Steiner systems S(2,k,v). The more general concept, where multiple block sizes are allowed, was introduced by BOSE, Shrikhande & Parker [4] and H. Hanani [9], and played important roles in their respective work on orthogonal Latin squares and Bibd’s.
What Economists Have Taught Us About Venture Capital Contracting

This paper synthesizes recent theoretical and empirical research on the terms of venture capital financings of portfolio companies and limited partnership agreements with investors. The objective is to better understand the ways in which these contracts respond to the conditions of extreme information asymmetry and agency cost among venture capitalists, venture capital investors, and the management of VC-funded firms.
Synthesis and characterization of bio-compatible shape memory polymers with potential applications to endovascular embolization of intracranial aneurysms.

Abstract Intracranial aneurysms (ICAs) are focal dilations in the brain's arteries. When left untreated, ICAs can grow to the point of rupture, accounting for 50–80% of subarachnoid hemorrhage cases. Current treatments include surgical clipping and endovascular coil embolization to block circulation into the aneurysmal space for preventing aneurysm rupture. As for endovascular embolization, patients could experience aneurysm recurrence due to an incomplete coil filling or compaction over time. The use of shape memory polymers (SMPs) in place of conventional platinum coils could provide more control and predictability for mitigating these complications. This study was focused on characterization of an aliphatic urethane-based SMP to evaluate its potential as a novel biomaterial for endovascular embolization. Twelve compositions of the SMP were synthesized and their thermomechanical properties together with the shape recovery behavior were comprehensively investigated. Our results showed that the SMPs experienced a significant decrease in storage and loss moduli as heated above their glass transition temperatures (32.3–83.2 °C), and that all SMPs were thermally stable up to 265 °C. Moreover, the SMPs exhibited both composition-dependent stress relaxation and a decrease in elastic modulus during cyclic loading. The shape recovery time was less than 11 s for all SMP compositions, which is sufficiently short for shape changing during embolization procedures. Several candidate compositions were identified, which possess a glass transition temperature above body temperature (37 °C) and below the threshold of causing tissue damage (45 °C). They also exhibit high material strength and low stress relaxation behavior, suggesting their potential applicability to endovascular embolization of ICAs.
Rotten to the Core: Why Micronuclei Rupture.

A recent study in Nature from Liu et al. (2018) suggests that the rupture of micronuclei and resulting exposure of genomic DNA to the cytosol is driven by microtubule-induced defects in the biochemical composition of their bounding membranes.
The Learning Curve After Implementation of Collaborative Care in a State Mental Health Integration Program.

Objective:This study examined organizational variability of process-of-care and depression outcomes at eight community health centers (CHCs) in the years following implementation of collaborative c...
12 – Design of Clinical Trials

Clinical trials represent an important research instrument, and patient participation in clinical trials is required to achieve progress in medicine. Poorly conducted clinical trials slow medical progress, waste the invaluable goodwill of participants, and erode public confidence. Poorly conducted clinical trials waste both time devoted to the conduct of the trial and time spent by subsequent investigators. It is important for physicians to study the fundamental principles of clinical trial design. A significant breakthrough has been made in public awareness and acceptance of clinical trials as a result of publicity surrounding trials demonstrating the safety and efficacy of breast conservation surgery compared to mastectomy. Physicians should make use of this opportunity and actively participate and encourage patients to enroll in clinical trials. Moreover, these trials must be designed and conducted with proper attention to detail to produce meaningful and useful results.
Stressors contributing to burnout amongst pediatric radiologists: results from a survey of the Society for Pediatric Radiology

A recent study showed a high prevalence of burnout in pediatric radiology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate potential stressors contributing to burnout in pediatric radiology. Society for Pediatric Radiology members received an invitation for an anonymous survey evaluating stressors contributing to burnout. Stressors evaluated included call burden, financial stress, work-life balance, health care evolution and job market changes, and radiology as a career choice. Additional questions regarding demographics were obtained. The response rate was 460/1,453 (32%). The prevalence of emotional exhaustion was 66% (286/435), depersonalization was 61% (265/433) and perceived lack of personal accomplishment was 15% (67/436). In a backward selective logistic regression model, work-life imbalance and call burden were the only significant factors predicting higher emotional exhaustion (P<0.001). Using a similar model, work-life imbalance, call burden and decreased rate of reimbursement were significantly associated with higher probability of depersonalization (P=0.033, 0.0002 and 0.015, respectively). Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were significantly associated with higher odds of a radiologist’s wish to work in another medical specialty (P=0.011 and 0.002, respectively). Key stressors contributing to burnout in pediatric radiology include work-life imbalance, pediatric call burden and a decreased rate of reimbursement. Burnout in pediatric radiology is a serious issue that needs to be addressed and prioritized on the individual and departmental/institutional levels and further investigated to develop effective interventions to mitigate it.