cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Missing Indirect Flight Muscles in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly with Droopy Wing Syndrome

The droopy wing syndrome of tephritid fruit flies is presented, and the indirect flight muscles of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are described. The droopy wing syndrome of Ceratitis is shown to be accompanied by the lack of, or deficiency of, various of the indirect flight muscles.
Psychopaths Show Enhanced Amygdala Activation during Fear Conditioning

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by emotional deficits and a failure to inhibit impulsive behavior and is often subdivided into "primary" and "secondary" psychopathic subtypes. The maladaptive behavior related to primary psychopathy is thought to reflect constitutional "fearlessness," while the problematic behavior related to secondary psychopathy is motivated by other factors. The fearlessness observed in psychopathy has often been interpreted as reflecting a fundamental deficit in amygdala function, and previous studies have provided support for a low-fear model of psychopathy. However, many of these studies fail to use appropriate screening procedures, use liberal inclusion criteria, or have used unconventional approaches to assay amygdala function. We measured brain activity with BOLD imaging in primary and secondary psychopaths and non-psychopathic control subjects during Pavlovian fear conditioning. In contrast to the low-fear model, we observed normal fear expression in primary psychopaths. Psychopaths also displayed greater differential BOLD activity in the amygdala relative to matched controls. Inverse patterns of activity were observed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for primary versus secondary psychopaths. Primary psychopaths exhibited a pattern of activity in the dorsal and ventral ACC consistent with enhanced fear expression, while secondary psychopaths exhibited a pattern of activity in these regions consistent with fear inhibition. These results contradict the low-fear model of psychopathy and suggest that the low fear observed for psychopaths in previous studies may be specific to secondary psychopaths.
Dispersal of a Scale Insect, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Homoptera: Coccoidea) on Iceplant in California

Experiments were performed with the iceplant scale, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi , to assess the effectiveness of small rodents, birds, humans, dogs, and wind in dispersing 1st instar nymphs (crawlers), ovisacs, and eggs. Large numbers of crawlers were collected on sticky-trap panels 3.45 m above the host plant canopy, indicating a strong tendency for dispersal by wind. Humans and dogs walking through infested field sites accumulated eggs, ovisacs, and crawlers. In the laboratory, mice and parakeets accumulated crawlers and ovisacs while foraging in infested iceplant and harbored them on body surfaces for periods up to 2 h. Wind appears responsible for the rapid spread of this insect pest in California.
Wildlife Conservation and Wilderness: Wishful Thinking?

ABSTRACT: Wilderness management objectives and wildlife conservation objectives often conflict with each other, despite conservation being one of six basic reasons for which wilderness is established. Most wilderness areas appear to have been established as the result of political or societal desires, but in the absence of critical ecological thought. In an era of increasing anthropogenic impacts to wildlife populations and to wildlife habitat outside of wilderness, those ostensibly “pristine” areas in and of themselves will become less and less effective as conservation tools, particularly for large, vagile mammals. Impacts occurring outside of wilderness areas have ramifications for wide-ranging animals that use those areas during portions of their annual cycles, thereby affecting wilderness character. Similarly, impacts occurring inside of designated wilderness also have ramifications for large, vagile mammals that also utilize proximate lands. There is a need to re-ignite the debate over the value of ...
Fue moderno el Holocausto

When discussing the Holocaust, the terms “factories of death,” “white-collar murderer,” and “bureaucratic efficiency” are frequently used, leading to a distorted idea of what really happened. This work contends that far from being an impersonal and purely systematic process the Holocaust was often a rather chaotic labor. Where the horrors it perpetrated in some sense “modern”? Was the Holocaust an expression or outgrowth of the terrible powers implicit in modernity? New empirical findings are shifting our attention away from what made the Third Reich emblematic of general patterns of modern society and remind us of the ways in which that regime was profoundly aberrant and atavistic. Although this swing of the interpretive pendulum hardly represents the last word, it deserves a careful consideration that shows how the primitivism of the Nazi project exceeds by far its modern attributes.
Peer Victimization in Adolescents With Severe Obesity: The Roles of Self-Worth and Social Support in Associations With Psychosocial Adjustment.

OBJECTIVE : To examine the associations of peer victimization with internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, social competence, and academic performance in a clinical sample of adolescents with severe obesity, and whether self-worth and social support affect these associations. METHODS : Multisite cross-sectional data from 139 adolescents before weight loss surgery (Mage = 16.9; 79.9% female, 66.2% White; MBody Mass Index [BMI] = 51.5 kg/m(2)) and 83 nonsurgical comparisons (Mage = 16.1; 81.9% female, 54.2% White; MBMI = 46.9 kg/m(2)) were collected using self-reports with standardized measures. RESULTS : As a group, participants did not report high levels of victimization. Self-worth mediated the effects of victimization on a majority of measures of adjustment, and further analyses provided evidence of the buffering effect of social support for some mediational models. CONCLUSIONS : Self-worth and social support are important targets for prevention and intervention for both victimization and poor adjustment in adolescent severe obesity.© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. Language: en
High Resolution Optical Tracking to Identify Adhesive Events in Vitro

Glycoproteins serve as ligands on metastatic cancer cells to mediate labile adhesive interactions with the vascular endothelium. The sub-second transience of carbohydrate-protein bonding events poses challenges for quantification of adhesion by optical tracking. We report the development of a simple, shape- based algorithm with novelty in its application to high spatiotemporal resolution tracking. We report positional and morphological signals from the spatial, time, and frequency domains for rigid particles and distensible cells. Error was comparable with previous methods: the resolution-dependent positional precision was 7 nm upon minimization of mechanical noise under experimental conditions.
The radiolysis of CMPO: effects of acid, metal complexation and alpha vs. gamma radiation

The organophosphorus amide octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide (CMPO) is proposed for use in fuel cycle separations as a group actinide/lanthanide extractant. Alternative compounds such as the monoamides and diglycolamides (DGAs) proposed for actinide and/or actinide/lanthanide extraction also contain the amidic functional group, but do not contain the CMPO aromatic or phosphoryl groups. Their radiation stability is in the order monoamides > CMPO > DGA for irradiation under similar conditions. Although they produce similar radiolysis products, the kinetics of degradation for CMPO are completely different than for the other amides. CMPO degradation occurs in a zero-order fashion, and the –G-value for the change in [CMPO] is much lower when in the presence of acid. The DGAs and monoamides degrade with pseudo-first-order kinetics and are not protected by acidity. Possible mechanistic reasons for the differences between CMPO and the other amides are discussed, as are the effects of the diluent and metal complexation on CMPO free radical reaction rates. Finally, it is also shown that α-irradiation has much less adverse effects on CMPO degradation than β/γ irradiation, both with respect to –G-values, and radiolysis product generation.
Predictive Modeling of the Constitutive Response of Precipitation Hardened Ni-Rich NiTi

The effective thermomechanical response of precipitation hardened near-equiatomic Ni-rich NiTi alloys is predicted on the basis of composition and heat treatment using a microscale-informed model. The model takes into account the structural effects of the precipitates (precipitate volume fraction, elastic properties, elastic mismatch between the precipitates and the matrix, and coherency stresses due to the lattice mismatch between the precipitates and the matrix) on the reversible martensitic transformation under load as well as the chemical effects resulting from the Ni-depletion of the matrix during precipitate growth. The post-aging thermomechanical response is predicted based on finite element simulations on representative microstructures, using the response of the solutionized material and time–temperature–martensitic transformation temperature maps. The predictions are compared with experiments for materials of different initial compositions and heat treatments and reasonably good agreement is demonstrated for relatively low precipitate volume fractions.
A Posteriori Physicalism and the Discrimination of Properties

According to a posteriori physicalism, phenomenal properties are physical properties, despite the unbridgeable cognitive gap that holds between phenomenal concepts and physical concepts. Current debates about a posteriori physicalism turn on what I call “the perspicuity principle”: it is impossible for a suitably astute cognizer to possess concepts of a certain sort—viz., narrow concepts—without being able to tell whether the referents of those concepts are the same or different. The perspicuity principle tends to strike a posteriori physicalists as implausibly rationalistic; further, a posteriori physicalists maintain that even if the principle is applicable to many narrow concepts, phenomenal concepts have unique features that render them inferentially isolated from other narrow concepts (a dialectical move known as “the phenomenal concept strategy” (PCS)). I argue, on the contrary, that the case for the perspicuity principle is quite strong. Moreover, not only have versions of the PCS repeatedly failed, likely, all versions will, given the strange combination of lucidity and opacity that the PCS has to juggle (it requires that we come up with a lucid explanation of an irremediable cognitive blindspot). I conclude that a posteriori physicalists currently lack a principled objection to classic anti-physicalist arguments.
Veralltäglichung von Gewalt: das Beispiel Kolumbien

Das Land Kolumbien nimmt in politisch-gesellschaftlicher Hinsicht in Lateinamerika eine Sonderstellung ein. Einerseits zahlt es zu den wenigen Staaten der Region, in denen das Militar eine politisch untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Die politische Macht wurde ab Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts fast ohne Unterbrechung von den beiden traditionellen Parteien, der Konservativen und der Liberalen Partei, nach den Normen der Verfassung ausgeubt. Andererseits hat die Respektierung der Verfassung jedoch nicht verhindern konnen, das immer wieder bewaffnete Konflikte stattfanden, bei denen die Grund- und Menschenrechte, vor allem das Recht auf Leben und korperliche Unversehrtheit, massiv verletzt wurden (Pecaut 1992, S. 218f.).
ZI-Closure Scheme: A Method to Solve and Study Stochastic Reaction Networks

We use an example to present in exhaustive detail the algorithmic steps of the zero-information (ZI) closure scheme (Smadbeck and Kaznessis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:14261–14265, 2013). ZI-closure is a method for solving the chemical master equation (CME) of stochastic chemical reaction networks.
The Polish–Lithuanian borderlands, past and present: multicultural versus decolonial responses to local and state violence

This article presents the case of the Suwalki Triangle region on the current Polish–Lithuanian border to demonstrate how local activists developed a “multicultural” interpretation of social relatio...
Sequences in Metric Spaces

Sequences of real numbers and their limits play a large role in calculus and in applied mathematics. In this chapter you will study sequences in the broader context of metric spaces, but the results, of course, apply to sequences of real numbers. The chapter begins with a careful study of sequences in general and then passes to metric spaces where the concept of limit can be introduced. This is followed by a look at how sequences are related to metric properties, like closure or continuity. Finally, there is a brief study of Cauchy sequences and complete metric spaces.
Improving diversity in computing research: an overview of CRA-W activities

The Committee on the Status of Women in Computing is an action-oriented committee of the Computing Research Association with the goal of taking positive action to increase the number and success of women in the Computer Science and Engineering research pipeline. This paper describes CRA-Ws major programs and highlights some of their impacts as demonstrated through evaluation.
Does Clarithromycin Cause Hearing Loss? A 12-Year Review of Clarithromycin Therapy for Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis in Children.

Objective(s):The objective was to describe the characteristics of hearing losses documented in patients treated with clarithromycin alone for nontuberculous mycobacterial NTM lymphadenitis in a ped...
Keep Special Interest Groups Out of Healthcare: Allow Direct Access to Physical Therapy

As our state and federal governments continue to search for ways to reduce growing health care costs through restructuring, we must keep in mind that one of the best methods of reducing costs and improving healthcare is free market competition. One of the largest impediments to competition, especially in healthcare, is special interest group legislation that forbids or severely inhibits competition in the healthcare industry. Michigan preventing patients from having direct access to physical therapy is a perfect example of a law that inhibits competition in the healthcare industry to shelter a politically powerful group, the physician and chiropractor lobbies. Denying patients’ direct access to physical therapy significantly increases the cost of healthcare to patients, increases the waiting time for already backlogged physicians who are facing shortages, reduces the availability of alternative healthcare options thereby reducing the general quality of healthcare for patients.
Coping Strategy Profiles Used by Salespeople: Their Relationships with Personal Characteristics and Work Outcomes

Sales research to date has focused on coping styles as measured by problem-focused coping (PFC) and emotion-focused coping (EFC), but it has excluded time management perceptions and behaviors as ways of coping with stress (Srivastava and Sager 1999; Strutton and Lumpkin 1993). This study examines a coping model that integrates EFC, PFC, and time management behaviors in the rubric of a profile. The profile allows for practice of several coping behaviors simultaneously. Using data gained from salespeople, four tentative coping strategy profiles are developed and examined relative to personal characteristics and job outcomes. Study results suggest that salespeople who are able to better handle stress use time management behaviors more often in addition to using high levels of PFC and low levels of EFC.
Lithium Pharmacology and Physiology

The use of lithium in psychiatry has followed a slow evolutionary path since Cade’s first published report in 1949 (Cade, 1970). From 1949 to 1968 only 70 papers were published on the use of lithium in psychiatric patients (Kline, 1969). The way has been strewn with many hypotheses relating to the efficacy, mechanism of action, pharmacology, and toxicity of lithium. From this melange of data one can derive some basic principles which are critical to the proper interpretation of original articles, and using these precepts as a framework, one can construct a coherent body of information from one that originally seems so contradictory.
Impact of a standard versus collective-efficacy enhanced intervention to increase physical activity among mothers.

Objective: Mothers have lower moderate-to-vigorous physical activity than non-mothers and this negatively impacts health. Group dynamics interventions have been successful for increasing physical a...
Analogue holographic correspondence in optical metamaterials

We assess the prospects of using metamaterials for simulating various aspects of analogue gravity and holographic correspondence. Albeit requiring a careful engineering of the dielectric media, some hallmark features reminiscent of the hypothetical “generalized holographic conjecture” can be detected by measuring non-local optical field correlations. The possibility of such simulated behavior might also shed light on the true origin of those ostensibly holographic phenomena in the condensed-matter systems with emergent effective metrics which may not, in fact, require any reference to the string-theoretical holography.
In the hands of one nineteenth-century whaling cooper: Finding ourselves at sea

The cooper, or barrel maker, on an American nineteenth-century commercial whaling voyage occupied such a valuable position that his life was not risked hunting whales. The cooper was both part of the action and distanced from it, enabling him to create, through his collection of casks of whale oil, the archive of the whaling voyage. A close reading of one cooper’s logbook from the 1850s allows us to consider the process of whaling from his standpoint, as well as to theorize how the cooper was like the archivist, the chronicler, of the voyage. The cooper gave the ocean a history by creating its archive with his barrels, bearing them safely to shore, and sharing them with the world. The single cooper discussed here presents readers with two archives – his barrels of whale oil and his private logbook – which expose two different temporalities in which the potential archives of scholars exist.
Student Affairs Professionals, Well-Being, and Work Quality

Little is known about student affairs professionals’ well-being. A hierarchical regression analysis of responses from 2,414 participants revealed a robust relationship between work quality variable...
Policy Dialogue: Black Teachers of the Past, Present, and Future.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the ranks of Black teachers and school administrators declined precipitously. Today, less than 7 percent of American teachers are Black. This loss has had a number of consequences for schools and communities, but perhaps especially for Black students. As recent research has found, Black students benefit socially and academically from having a Black teacher, are less likely to be suspended or expelled, and are more likely to enroll in college. For this inaugural policy dialogue, the HEQ editors asked Gloria Ladson-Billings and James D. Anderson to reflect on the past, present, and future of the Black teacher corps. Their wide-ranging exchange explores the various roles of educators, the legacy of segregation, the role of policy, and the Black experience. They close with a provocative list of research questions for emerging and established scholars to consider.
High-Energy Achilles Tendon Rupture With Associated Medial Malleolus Fracture and Traumatic Peroneal Dislocation: A Case Report

Fracture, Achilles tendon rupture, or traumatic dislocation of the peroneal tendons are often seen in isolation after a trauma or sports-related injury. However, in rare circumstances, a combination of these injuries can occur simultaneously. Multiple previous case reports describe a combination of 2 of these injuries. Missed or delayed diagnosis is common in these combination injuries and can lead to significant patient morbidity and result in long-term consequences. We report a case of a 35-year-old man who sustained an Achilles tendon rupture with an associated medial malleolus fracture and traumatic peroneal dislocation after a snowboarding injury. These injuries were treated surgically, and at 9 months postoperatively, the patient had returned to all activities. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for concomitant injuries with higher-energy trauma to the ankle and should perform a thorough history, physical examination, and plain radiographs at a minimum.Levels of Evidence: LEVEL 5.
Sexual Risk Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among College Students With Disabilities.

BACKGROUND In the past 20 years, there has been an increase in the number of college students with disabilities (SWDs) in the United States. Students with disabilities may have not received relevant, or accessible, sexual health education from medical providers, parents, or school health educators. Because of the lack of this education, the college social environment, and developmental timing of traditional college aged students, SWDs are at risk of engaging in health compromising sexual behavior. METHODS We conducted a secondary data analysis of traditionally aged (18- to 24-year-olds) college students who completed the National College Health Assessment administered in Fall 2017 and Spring 2018 (N = 95,119). We use prevalence and generalized linear models to describe self-reported sexual health behavior and outcomes among college students without disabilities and SWDs, by disability category. RESULTS Findings indicate that college students with disabilities-particularly students with attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder, psychiatric conditions, and multiple disabilities-are at higher risk than students without disabilities to engage in health compromising sexual health behavior and that students with multiple disabilities have higher adjusted prevalence ratios of being diagnosed and/or treated for a sexually transmitted infection. CONCLUSIONS Students with disabilities are not a monolithic population and there is cross-disability variability of engaging in health compromising and health promoting behavior. These findings highlight the need for college health promotion specialists and clinicians to advocate for accessible, sex positive, disability inclusive sexual health education.
A comprehensive analysis of personalized learning components

Personalized learning is a learning approach that aims to personalize the learning experience according to the unique needs, goals, and skills of individuals which can be achieved by using current instructional technology that provides unique learning experiences in different learning environments. Technology is the main component that will enable and enrich personalized learning experience; however, even though technology is available to personalize the learning experience, there is still a lack of unified agreement on what components need to be considered for a dynamic personalized learning approach that is to be able to provide a unique and effective learning experience to each learner. To address this need, this study aims to analyze and synthesize different personalized learning approaches that consider different learning components, so that we have an evolving agreement on personalized learning models and approaches. The findings of this research identified the following main components: learner profiles and attitudes, previous knowledge and beliefs, personalized adaptive learning paths, and flexible self-paced learning environments that are generated by learning analytics. These prominent characteristics imply that a personalized learning environment (PLE) would need to be dynamic to maintain a current record of learner interests and attitudes, past experiences and performance, and activities and interactions likely to match a particular learner and learning goal.
Hypothetical flavour ban and intention to vape among vape shop customers: the role of flavour preference and e-cigarette dependence

Introduction E-cigarette users typically initiate vaping with flavoured e-liquids. People who vape flavours tend to underestimate the harm of vaping. We examined the inter-relationship between flavour preference, vaping for cessation purposes, e-cigarette dependence, e-cigarette harm perception and purchase/use intention, given a hypothetical flavour ban. We hypothesised that non-tobacco flavour preference and vaping for cessation would be negatively associated with harm perception of e-cigarettes and intention to continue vaping if a flavour ban occurred and that these effects would be mediated by e-cigarette dependence. Methods From July 2019 to March 2020, we conducted intercept interviews with 276 customers at 44 vape shops in California. The predictor variables were flavour preference and vaping for cessation. The outcome variables were harm perception of e-cigarettes and intention to purchase/use, given a hypothetical flavour ban. Multilevel structural equation modelling tested whether e-cigarette dependence mediates the effects of flavour preference on hypothetical continued vaping and purchase. Results Those who preferred flavours showed significantly lower intention to purchase e-liquids (β=−0.28, p Discussion Flavour preference was negatively related to intention to continue to vape within a hypothetical flavour ban. Our results also highlight the importance of e-cigarette dependence and use of e-cigarettes as smoking cessation methods. Implications for future flavour bans are discussed.
Strategic Choice in Negotiation: Asking the Right Questions

Most of the literature on negotiation describes five major categories of strategies that negotiators can choose from, individually and independently of each other, when facing an upcoming negotiation situation. Of course, they can also choose to switch strategies as the negotiation goes along, to another one of these five. However, how should one go about choosing a strategy, in practice? How does one decide which of these is likely to bring you, as a party to negotiation, to your desired outcome? This paper provides a starting point from which to begin to address that question. Taking a theory-to-practice approach, this paper incorporates and elaborates on a review of a number of theoretical frameworks and a series of research findings provided by Dean Pruitt, Jeffrey Rubin and Sung Hee Kim (2004), in their book Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement (3rd ed.), NY: McGraw-Hill This resource aims to provide negotiation teachers and trainers with a convenient teaching resource to supplement classroom activities on this topic.
Towards Universality in Multilingual Text Rewriting.

In this work, we take the first steps towards building a universal rewriter: a model capable of rewriting text in any language to exhibit a wide variety of attributes, including styles and languages, while preserving as much of the original semantics as possible. In addition to obtaining state-of-the-art results on unsupervised translation, we also demonstrate the ability to do zero-shot sentiment transfer in non-English languages using only English exemplars for sentiment. We then show that our model is able to modify multiple attributes at once, for example adjusting both language and sentiment jointly. Finally, we show that our model is capable of performing zero-shot formality-sensitive translation.
Early ANC leaders and the British world: ambiguities and identities

In the article the author interrogates the lives of a range of early African political leaders in the first two decades of the twentieth century to argue that their attitudes to things British were more complex and ambiguous than hitherto perceived by historians. British liberalism and culture strongly influenced the early leaders of the ANC. After the denial of full South African citizenship to black people in 1910 and the imposition of harsh anti-African legislation, their leaders appealed to Britain and to a sense of 'British justice' based on their professed Empire loyalism. 'British' themes remained part of the plethora of identities of ANC leaders until at least the twenties but complicated the assertion of African identities. There were many ambiguities in African attitudes to the British World, which could range from support for 'the glorious British Empire' to more ironic or even derisory references to being 'slaves under the Union Jack'. In die artikel ondersoek die skrywer aspekte van die lewens van vroee swart politieke leiers in die twintigste eeu om aan te dui dat hulle ingesteldheid teenoor dit wat Brits was, baie meer kompleks is as wat daar tot op die hede deur historici aanvaar is. Britse liberalisme en kultuur het die vroee leiers van die ANC bepaald beinvloed. Nadat swartmense in 1910 die reg geweier is om volwaardige Suid-Afrikaanse burgers te wees, en nadat diskriminerende wetgewing deurgevoer is, het hulle leiers 'n beroep op Brittanje gedoen om die 'Britse sin vir geregtigheid' te laat seevier op grond van hulle uitgesproke imperiale lojaliteit. 'Britse' temas het deel van die magdom identiteite gebly wat die leiers tot minstens in die twintigerjare openbaar het. Dit het egter manifestasies van Afrika-identiteite bemoeilik. Daar was baie dubbelsinnigheid in swart houdings teenoor die Britse wereld. Dit het gewissel van steun vir die 'glorieryke Britse Ryk', tot meer ironiese of selfs neerhalende verwysings na 'slawerny onder die Union Jack'. Onderliggend aan die sterk selferkende pro-Britse sentimente van ANC leiers was daar minder 'lojale' houdings en meer komplekse identiteite. Hierdie identiteite het gebly en bygedra tot die mengsel van sosiale en nasionale eienskappe wat houdings en opvattings in die teenswoordige Suid-Afrika beinvloed.
Interview with Kyoko Sato, Associate Director of the Stanford Program in Science, Technology and Society

Dr. Sato is the Science, Technology and Society Associate Director and Honors Program Director at Stanford University. She earned her PhD in Sociology from Princeton University, MA in Journalism from New York University, and BA in English from the University of Tokyo. Before coming to Stanford, Dr. Sato was a postdoctoral associate at the Institute for the Social Sciences at Cornell University, and taught for Harvard University’s Committee on Degrees in Social Studies and Department of Sociology. This interview explores her personal connections to STS, her opinions about STS as a university discipline, and her recommendations for students exploring STS.
Optical/electrical hybrid switching for datacenter communications

We discuss optical/electrical hybrid switching for datacenters. Our current prototype uses an optical circuit switched architecture based on a wavelength-selective switch (WSS) that has a measured mean host-to-host network reconfiguration time of 11.5 μs.
Diffusion and native defects in GaAs

Native defects, i.e., vacancies and interstitials, are responsible for controlling the diffusion of atoms in GaAs. Three classes of experimental design are available to probe native defects: equilibrium, weak nonequilibrium, and strong nonequilibrium. The necessary and sufficient conditions required to define and quickly bring the native defect concentrations to their equilibrium values are discussed. Experimental results are presented which show that native defect equilibrium can be approximated in practice, and used to determine that interdiffusion of either Al or In occurs via a Ga vacancy, with a charge of -1, in both n- and p-type GaAs. Strong nonequilibrium which applies when substantial mass transfer occurs, is of little help in understanding diffusion. Weak nonequilibrium corresponds to a perturbation in the equilibrium concentration of one native defect. Such experiments have been used to show that positively charged Zn and Ga interstitials are the first defects in the crystal to equilibrate with the ambient vapor.
FORCES CONTRIBUTING TO THE CONFORMATIONAL STABILITY OF PROTEINS

For 35 years, the prevailing view has been that the hydrophobic effect is the dominant force in protein folding. The importance of hydrogen bonding was always clear, but whether it made a net favorable contribution to protein stability was not. Studies of mutant proteins have improved our understanding of the forces stabilizing proteins. They suggest that hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect make large but comparable contributions to the stability of globular proteins.
THE HUNT FOR RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENTAL REPORTS: DOCUMENT SEARCH AND EFFORTS FOR A ‘WHAT WORKS?’ META-ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT One of the most important phases of a meta-analysis is the search and retrieval of primary research documents. In essence, this represents the data collection stage of any research review. The author presents a detailed discussion of the process involved in searching, locating and retrieving documents for a meta-analysis of crime reduction field experiments. The inclusion criteria, the rationale for the searches used, the problems encountered, and a detailed presentation of major techniques, including electronic technology, are discussed The article concludes with recommendations for future meta-analyses.
A self psychological approach to treating the mentally ill, chemical abusing and addicted (MICAA) patient.

Abstract There is a growing population of mentaly ill, chemical abusing and addicted (MICAA) patients being admitted to inpatient psychiatric units. This article proposes a self psychological approach for this population and discusses how this model addresses the underlying intrapersonal and interpersonal reasons for chemical abuse. A synopsis of self psychology is presented and applied to both addiction and MICAA patients. A self psychological treatment approach is reviewed, including specific nursing interventions.
Evaluation of tungsten as a plasma-facing material for steady state magnetic fusion devices

Tungsten in the form of bulk-material, and relatively thick (1 mm) chemically deposited and plasma-sprayed coatings on molybdenum, has been evaluated as a plasma-facing material for near future steady state magnetic fusion devices, focusing on issues related to the divertor plate design. These issues are: (1) thermal outgassing; (2) plasma erosion; (3) deuterium retention; (4) disruption erosion; and (5) surface modifications. Total outgassing quantities from bulk tungsten and chemically deposited coatings are substantially smaller than those from graphites. Effects of redeposition and impurities on the erosion behavior due to deuterium plasma bombardment have been analyzed. Trace amounts of oxygen-containing impurities in the plasma can reduce the threshold energy for physical sputtering, affecting the overall erosion behavior of tungsten at energies below 500 eV. However, it has been found that at electron temperatures around 5 eV or lower, fragmentation of these impurities followed by positive ionization is significantly reduced, whereby plasma erosion data basically agree with sputtering theories and ion beam data. Thermal desorption measurements after plasma bombardment have indicated that the deuterium retention quantity in tungsten materials is of the order of 10 14–15 D atoms/cm 2 . At simulated disruption with an energy deposition of 6 MJ/m 2 , the effective heat deposition is found to be reduced to about 1%, due to a combined effect of molten layer protection and vapor shielding. Steady state plasma bombardment removes surface impurities and smooths the surface topography along with surface erosion whereas disruption causes microscopic cracking and surface melting.
META V. A model of photodegradation for the prediction of photoproducts of chemicals under natural-like conditions

Abstract Our goal was to create a photodegradation model based on the META expert system [G. Klopman, M. Dimayuga, J. Talafous, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 34 (1994a) 1320–1325]. This requires the development of a dictionary of photodegradation pathways. Equipped with such a dictionary, we found that META successfully predicts degradation pathways of organic compounds under UV light. Our model was tested on a wide range of industrial compounds for which literature data exists. The results were excellent as the hit/miss ratio was better than 92%. This work complements our previous elaboration of equivalent mammal metabolism, aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation models.
Transcriptional Induction of Collagenase-1 in Differentiated Monocyte-like (U937) Cells is Regulated by AP-1 and an Upstream C/EBP-β Site

In this report, we demonstrate that the AP-1 site and a distal promoter element regulate transcriptional induction of collagenase-1 during monocytic differentiation. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression constructs containing regions of the human collagenase-1 promoter were stably or transiently transfected into U937 cells, and reporter activity was assessed at various times after the onset of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-mediated differentiation. Rapid and strong induction of promoter activity was lost in constructs with a mutant AP-1 element; however, at 16–96 h post-PMA, the mutant collagenase-1 promoter displayed AP-1 independent PMA-mediated transactivation. The AP-1 mutant constructs also showed delayed transcriptional activation in PMA-treated fibroblasts. Western and supershift analyses indicated that functional Jun and Fos proteins were present in nuclear extracts of PMA-differentiated U937 cells. Promoter deletion constructs demonstrated the potential role of distal promoter sequences in regulating collagenase-1 transcription. In particular, Western, supershift, and promoter deletion analyses suggested a role for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBP-β) binding site between −2010 and −1954 in regulating transcription of collagenase-1 in monocytic cells. Our findings suggest that distinct regulatory elements, acting somewhat independently of each other, control expression of collagenase-1. In addition, our data suggests that the rapid PMA-mediated induction of collagenase-1 transcription is controlled by a mechanism distinct from that regulating the sustained expression of this proteinase in activated macrophages.
Frameworks of Education: Perspectives of Southeast Asian Parents and Head Start Staff

Purpose: Interviews with Southeast Asian families and Head Start staff, participant observation of family and staff conferences, observations of teacher-child and parent-child interactions, and a r...
A Conceptual Model for Mystery Shopping Motivations

This study addresses the need for more research regarding mystery shopping evaluations by conducting a grounded theory analysis of the motivations of mystery shoppers, integrating quantitative survey data into the results. First, a detailed literature review provided researchers with a guideline for volunteer and employee motivations. Next, a qualitative study using information from interviews with current mystery shoppers was conducted using a 3-stage grounded theory method of analysis. The results identified 14 dimensions of mystery shopper motivations, including: enjoyment, excitement, escapism, undercover aspect, impact, personal development, learning opportunity, discretionary compensation, nondiscretionary compensation, pride, exclusivity, prestige, client benefit, and mystery shopping company benefit. Finally, a model is presented showing these motivators as variables that are influential in the motivation to perform mystery shops.
Fundamental experimental and theoretical aspects of high-order Ge-hydride chemistry for versatile low-temperature Ge-based materials fabrication

We present an exploratory study to extend Ge-hydride chemistry and materials science beyond the classic GeH4 case to higher order analogs. We emphasize the Ge4H10 and Ge5H12 compounds for possible applications as chemical sources for the next generation Ge-based semiconductor technologies. Quantum chemistry simulations, based on the hybrid B3LYP DFT functional, are used to predict fundamental structural, vibrational and thermochemical properties of Ge5H12 conformers and isomers for the first time. Structural results for seven distinct isomers including neo-Ge5H12, two branched conformers (i1-Ge5H12 and i2-Ge5H12) and four chained isomers derived from the linear chain n-Ge5H12 are presented, and reveal geometry and bonding motifs very similar to those found in tetragermane. This structural analogy is then used to interpret the vibrational spectrum of Ge5H12 in relation to Ge4H10 and identify key distinguishing features. Hindered-rotor corrected free-energies of the prototypical neo (tetrahedral) and n (linear) Ge5H12 isomers are predicted to be +3.4 kJ mol−1 and +2.8 kJ mol−1 above that of the branched ground state structure. This thermochemistry data is then combined with corresponding results for the GenH2n+2 (n = 1–4) compounds to study their sequential reactions via germylene insertion, which convert an nth-order molecule to its (n + 1)th relative, culminating in Ge5H12. The equilibrium for these reactions is then solved for a range of temperature and initial reactant concentrations and indicates that germane is the dominant species, followed by Ge4H10 and Ge5H12 in various ratios, depending on conditions. Our simulations may provide useful guidance for optimizing the production of Ge3H8, Ge4H10 and Ge5H12 as main products. The simulations are corroborated by initial experimental studies which also provide spectroscopic evidence for the formation of Ge5H12. The latter was subsequently used to undertake the first proof-of-principle depositions of high quality Ge structures on Si(100) indicating that this compound may represent both a viable and unique CVD precursor for ultra low-temperature and low-pressure fabrication.
Early stroke mortality, patient preferences, and the withdrawal of care bias

Objective: Early mortality is a potential measure of the quality of care provided to hospitalized stroke patients. Whether in-hospital stroke mortality is reflective of deviations from evidence-based practices or patient/family preferences on life-sustaining measures is unclear. Methods: All ischemic stroke mortalities at an academic medical center were reviewed to better understand the causes of inpatient stroke mortality. Results: Among 37 deaths or discharges to hospice in 2009, 36 occurred after a patient/family decision to withdraw/withhold potentially life-sustaining interventions. An independent survey of 3 vascular neurologists revealed that some early deaths could have been delayed beyond 30 days if patients or families had agreed to more aggressive measures. From these data, we estimate the magnitude of a “withdrawal of care” bias to be approximately 40% of the observed short-term mortality. Conclusions: Acute stroke mortality may be more reflective of patient/family preferences than the provision of evidence-based care.
Seizure-like activity and cellular damage in rat hippocampal neurons in cell culture

Neurons dissociated from the hippocampal formations of neonatal rats were grown in medium containing kynurenic acid (a glutamate receptor antagonist) and elevated Mg2+. Such chronically blocked neurons, when first exposed to medium without blockers (after 0.5-5.0 months), generated intense seizure-like activity. This consisted of bursts of synchronous electrical responses that resembled paroxysmal depolarization shifts and sustained depolarizations that, in some neurons, nearly abolished the resting potential. Sustained depolarizations were usually reversed by timely application of kynurenate or 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, indicating that continuous activation of glutamate receptors was required for their maintenance. Prolonged periods of intense seizure-like activity usually killed most neurons in the culture. This system allows seizure-related cellular mechanisms to be studied in long-term cell culture.
Why and how marine-invertebrate larvae metamorphose so fast.

It is argued that larviparous development has evolved at least eight times among extant animals. A 'need for speed hypothesis' is proposed to explain profound convergence on a pattern of small larvae and rapid metamorphosis across six marine invertebrate clades. Shared selection pressures include limits to larval size, the plankton-to-benthos transition, extreme hazards on the benthos, and the profound helplessness of metamorphosing animals. The adaptive mechanisms include: (1) development of juvenile structures in larvae before they are metamorphically competent; (2) external cues trigger metamorphosis; and (3) rapid cell-to-cell conductance of the metamorphic signal to bring about rapid loss of larval structures and release of juvenile structures. Both pattern and mechanisms contrast in every regard with those of the other two major larviparous clades, Insecta and Amphibia.
Clarification of pear juice by hollow fiber ultrafiltration

Hollow fiber ultrafiltration was successfully applied to obtain a clear, amber-colored pear juice. For the three hollow fiber membrane cartridges tested (50,000, 30,000, and 10,000 dalton molecular weight cut-off), the process parameters were optimized and found to be similar. The permeate flux increased with increased transmembrane pressure and then declined. Flux reached a maximum at an average transmembrane pressure of 157 kPa with an average feed stream velocity of 0.15 meters/set at 50°C. Higher flux was obtained at higher temperatures within the temperature limitations of the membrane. Flux decreased linearly with the logarithm of the concentration.
The Work Lives of the Low-Income Welfare Poor:

The work lives of the low-income welfare poor vary greatly from those in the primary job market with respect to barriers to employment, availability of child care, workplace conditions, wages and hours of work, job stability, industries of employment, and health benefits. Returners have a pattern of consistently greater barriers to employment, reflective of their gender, racial, and single parent status and their neighborhood environments. Both groups appreciate job training and search activities and could benefit from greater offerings, especially efforts geared to their specific barriers and workplace issues. These findings suggest that the work lives of the low-income poor can be improved by supplementation of wages, increases in the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and minimum wage, enhanced child care, and neighborhood development programs.
The magneto-ionic theory for bound electrons

Abstract The magneto-ionic theory for bound electrons is developed. The result includes the Appleton-Hartree equation as a particular case. The case when the Lorentz term is included in the above theory is discussed in the Appendix.
Vacuum Device for Collecting and Dispensing Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Other Insects into Small Cages

A portable vacuum device, powered by a 12-V battery, is described for collecting and dispensing adult honey bees, Apis mellifera L., and other insects into small wirescreen cages of variable sizes and shapes. Bees can be sampled rapidly from combs, hive entrances, flowers, and other sources. A transparent vacuum chamber permits viewing of samples during collection.
Pioneer III and IV Space Probes

A description of the over-all objectives of the Pioneer III and IV experiments is presented. Included is an analysis of the payload design philosophy, a description of the flight hardware, and a synopsis of the results of the experiments.