cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting state obfuscation to detect hardware trojans in NoC network interfaces

We propose to exploit state obfuscation to facilitate hardware Trojan (HT) detection in the network interfaces (NIs) of Network-on-Chips (NoCs). The security of IP cores connected with the NoC infrastructure has been widely studied in previous work; however, countermeasures for the security threats in NoCs themselves lack investigation. In the first phase of our method, we add key bits to the finite state machine of the NI control unit and create dummy states to increase the difficulty for the execution of meaningful attacks. In the second phase, we examine the illegal states and illegal state transitions induced by a wrong key to detect the occurrence of HTs. Simulation results show that our method obtains a HT detection rate of over 97.5% and reduces the probability of a successful HT attack by 71.5%. Our synthesized netlist with a 65nm technology shows that the NI using the proposed method only increases the area overhead by 3.2%, over the baseline NI design.
Cardiac Rehabilitation The Role of Social Support in Recovery and Compliance

Recovery from a myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery is often accompanied by a host of psychological and physical problems (Bigos, 1981; Jenkins, Stanton, Savageau, Denlinger, & Klein, 1983; Magni et al., 1987; Stern, Pascale, & Ackerman, 1977). The consequences of a cardiac event include energy loss, recurring chest pain, dependence on others, and tension in social and sexual relationships. As patients begin to understand the ramifications of chronic heart disease and experience the emotions related to that understanding, enrollment in a structured, outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program can provide them with information, guidance, and support.
Receptors for Gut Peptides on Smooth Muscle Cells of the Gut

The sections in this article are: 1 Receptors for Cholecystokinin 2 Receptors for Tachykinins 3 Receptors for Opioid Peptides 4 Receptors for Bombesins 5 Receptors for Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide 6 Receptors for Neuropeptide Y 7 Receptors for Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide 8 Receptors for Galanin 9 Receptors for Somatostatin 10 Receptors for Motilin
Evaluation of Right Ventricular Myocardial Mechanics Using Velocity Vector Imaging of Cardiac MRI Cine Images in Transposition of the Great Arteries Following Atrial and Arterial Switch Operations.

Objective The aim of the study was to determine right and left ventricle deformation parameters in patients with transposition of the great arteries who had undergone atrial or arterial switch procedures. Setting Patients with transposition are born with a systemic right ventricle. Historically, the atrial switch operation, in which the right ventricle remains the systemic ventricle, was performed. These patients have increased rates of morbidity and mortality. We used cardiac MRI with Velocity Vector Imaging analysis to characterize and compare ventricular myocardial deformation in patients who had an atrial switch or arterial switch operation. Design Patients with a history of these procedures, who had a clinically ordered cardiac MRI were included in the study. Consecutive 20 patients (75% male, 28.7 ± 1.8 years) who underwent atrial switch operation and 20 patients (60% male, 17.7 ± 1.9 years) who underwent arterial switch operation were included in the study. Four chamber and short-axis cine images were used to determine longitudinal and circumferential strain and strain rate using Vector Velocity Imaging software. Results Compared with the arterial switch group, the atrial switch group had decreased right ventricular ejection fraction and increased end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, and no difference in left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes. The atrial switch group had decreased longitudinal and circumferential strain and strain rate. When compared with normal controls multiple strain parameters in the atrial switch group were reduced. Conclusions Myocardial deformation analysis of transposition patients reveals a reduction of right ventricular function and decreased longitudinal and circumferential strain parameters in patients with an atrial switch operation compared with those with arterial switch operation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of right ventricle failure in transposition of great arteries may lead to improved therapies and adaptation.
Integration of cancer genomics with treatment selection: from the genome to predictive biomarkers

The field of cancer genomics is rapidly advancing as new technology provides detailed genetic and epigenetic profiling of human cancers. The amount of new data available describing the genetic make-up of tumors is paralleled by rapid advances in drug discovery and molecular therapy currently under investigation to treat these diseases. This review summarizes the challenges and approaches associated with the integration of genomic data into the development of new biomarkers in the management of cancer.
Safety as Net Work: “Apps Against Abuse” and the Digital Labour of Sexual Assault Prevention

This study examines the results of the 2011 “Apps Against Abuse” app development challenge that was held through Challenge.gov, a popular U.S. government crowdsourcing platform. It highlights promising attributes of the resulting applications, with a focus on their social networking capabilities and the idea of instant evidence. It also highlights troubling aspects of the resulting applications, with a focus on issues of labour, surveillance, and interpersonal judgment. The larger purpose of the study is to begin the work of determining how the resulting applications from the “Apps Against Abuse” app development challenge came to include their specific mix of design features and qualities. Possible influences on the “Apps Against Abuse” app developer crowd include the contest guidelines and framings, but also pre-existing personal security practices. Both are examined in detail. The larger argument put forth is that the “Apps Against Abuse” app developer crowd seems to have been operating inside a general design pathway established by the “Apps Against Abuse” competition but also relatively “on its own” in terms of the crowd’s research and design process. The result of which was a set of applications that promote and encourage a new form of bioconvergence between information, technology, and people—one that de-emphasizes personal vigilance and preparedness, hallmarks of earlier women’s “self-defence” culture, in favour of having users create a networked, “crowd-sourced self.”
Carpe Diem: Reclaiming Success at the United Nations

In January 2001, all the pieces were in place for a mutually advantageous relationship between the United States and the UN. It is now in danger of being squandered. Here are five easy ways to put the U.S.‐UN relationship back on solid footing.
Immunological aspects of microglia: relevance to Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive dementing neurologic illness, and the most frequent cause of dementia in the elderly. Neuritic plaques are one of the main neuropathological findings in AD, and the major protein component is the beta-amyloid protein (A beta). Another striking feature of neuritic plaques is the presence of activated microglia, cytokines, and complement components, suggestive of "inflammatory foci" within AD brain. In this review, we will examine the mechanisms by which microglia become activated in AD, emphasizing the role in the A beta protein and proinflammatory cytokines. As well, pathways for suppression of microglial activation by immunosuppressive cytokines will be described. Inflammation mediated by activated microglia is an important component of AD pathophysiology, and strategies to control this response could provide new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of AD.
Cuban intelligence and the October crisis

(1998). Cuban intelligence and the October crisis. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 13, Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis, pp. 88-119.
On the subspaces ofL p (p>2) spanned by sequences of independent random variables

Let 2<p<∞. The Banach space spanned by a sequence of independent random variables inL p , each of mean zero, is shown to be isomorphic tol 2,l p ,l 2⊕l p , or a new spaceX p , and the linear topological properties ofX p are investigated. It is proved thatX p is isomorphic to a complemented subspace ofL p and another uncomplemented subspace ofL p , whence there exists an uncomplemented subspace ofl p isomorphic tol p . It is also proved thatX p is not isomorphic to the previously knownℒ p spaces.
Resonant photoemission processes at the 3d edge in UO2(111).

Photoemission intensity of the 4f levels is enhanced at the resonant excitation energies of the 3${d}_{3/2}$ (3728 eV) and 3${d}_{5/2}$ (3554 eV) deep core levels. Also, an intense Auger-like feature appears near the 4${d}_{3/2}$ photoemission peak. Transition-rate calculations agree semiquantitatively with observed relative intensity enhancements of the spin-orbit-split components of both subshells as well as with the multiplets of the ${M}_{4}$${N}_{6}$,7${\mathrm{N}}_{6}$,7 and ${M}_{5}$${N}_{6}$,7${\mathrm{N}}_{6}$,7 Auger spectra. The latter show dispersion and narrowing near resonance. The shakeup satellites associated with 4f photoemission show insignificant intensity change at resonance showing these final states to be inaccessible via autoionization.
Well-discharge: A method of computing the quantity water derived from storage within a given radius of a discharging well

Formulas involving the discharge of wells are being given increasing use in quantitative ground-water hydrology. The formulas are generally used in one of two ways, namely: (1) To determine the coefficients of storage and transmissibility of water-bearing materials; or (2) to determine the drawdown of the ground-water level caused by the discharge of a well or group of wells. The formulas necessarily are based on assumptions of ideal conditions that are rarely found in nature; thus, much of the work of the ground-water hydrologist deals with interpreting the effect on the solutions given by the formulas of the differences between the field and assumed conditions.
867 SELECTIVE TRANSMISSION OF INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES GENES

A major unresolved puzzle in IDDM genetics is the high frequency of this previously fatal disorder. One possible selective advantage would be differential transmission of diabetes predisposing genes. If so, we would predict that HLA alleles DR3 and DR4 will be preferentially transmitted to offspring compared to other allelee. In addition, if this mechanism operates via in utero selection, then certain HLA mating types may be more common among parents with a history of spontaneous abortion (SAB). We tested these hypotheses in 107 families ascertained through a child with IDDM. Affected and unaffected offspring inherited a parents' DR3 allele significantly more often than expected (67% vs 50%; p <.001). In addition, both affected and unaffected offspring inherited a father's DR4 allele significantly more often than a mother's DR4 allele (72.1% vs 55.6%; p <.005), providing an explanation for the recent observation that risk for IDDM is higher in offspring of male IDDMs. In support of the hypothesis that distorted transmission is mediated by in utero selection, we observed that IDDM couples with SABs had a DR4 father and DR3 haplotype mother significantly more often than did non-SAB IDDM couples (71.4% vs 21.8%; p < .001). Thus our data provide evidence for preferential in utero survival and transmission of HLA alleles that predipose to IDDM, and in addition provide a potential mechanism for the maintenance of the high population frequency for this previously genetically lethal disease.
Integration of pharmacology into a problem-based learning curriculum for medical students

The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to describe a method of integration of pharmacology subject matter with other disciplines, in a problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum employed at the Northwest Center for Medical Education (NWCME), Indiana University School of Medicine; (2) to present various evaluation methods employed to assess students' learning of pharmacology knowledge; and (3) to compare the academic performance of students who underwent a traditional curriculum versus the PBL curriculum in terms of class evaluations and the standard national board medical licensure examinations. The PBL curriculum is designed for the first 2 years of medical education and consists of six sequential steps: steps 1 and 2 deal with biochemistry and anatomy respectively; steps 3, 4 and 5 deal with physiology, neuroscience and general pathology/microbiology respectively; and step 6 is a multidisciplinary step, which integrates basic science subjects with clinical medicine, emphasizing the mechanism of disease in an organ-system approach. In the PBL curriculum students start learning pharmacology within 6 months of admission. The content and process of pharmacology are spread across the first and in the second year. The pharmacology content is divided into three segments, each of which is integrated with other basic science subjects that have maximum mutual relevance. The three segments are as follows: the general and systemic pharmacology (50%) was included in step 3; the neuropharmacology and toxicology (35%) part was included in step 4; the third segment consisted of antimicrobial agents, anticancer and antiinflammatory agents (15%) and was included in step 5. The class evaluation of student performance in the PBL curriculum consisted of two elements, the content examinations and the process evaluations, which include the tutorial and the triple-jump evaluations of problem-solving skills. In order to assess the overall academic performance of the PBL curriculum and traditional curriculum groups, three classes of students who took the PBLC were compared with three classes of students who underwent a TC for performance in terms of class grades and scores of National Board examinations (NBMEI and/or USMLE I). The PBL curriculum students performed as well as or better than the TC students as measured by the NMBEI and/or USMLE I. The gain in pharmacology knowledge of PBL students is accompanied by the presence of a positive experience that learning pharmacology is enjoyable. Our experience suggests that the segmental integration approach of instruction coupled with a system of content (internal and external examinations) and process (tutorial and triple-jump) evaluations, as outlined in this paper is a contextualized learning method that offers an effective way of imparting pharmacology knowledge to medical students.
Setting multinational industrial marketing strategies

Abstract Nations of the world are striking out, from various starting points, along a variety of new development paths, reflecting a widespread repudiation of the conventional economic model of development based on a common, predetermined roadway to progress. Marketers who are bound by tradition may perceive the alternative development approaches as threats to standardized marketing strategies. Innovative marketers will view them as important keys to expanded market opportunities throughout the world.
Automated segmentation of lungs with severe interstitial lung disease in CT

Purpose: Accurate segmentation of lungs with severe interstitial lung disease (ILD) in thoracic computed tomography(CT) is an important and difficult task in the development of computer-aided diagnosis(CAD) systems. Therefore, we developed in this study a texture analysis-based method for accurate segmentation of lungs with severe ILD in multidetector CT scans. Methods: Our database consisted of 76 CT scans, including 31 normal cases and 45 abnormal cases with moderate or severe ILD. The lungs in three selected slices for each CT scan were first manually delineated by a medical physicist, and then confirmed or revised by an expert chest radiologist, and they were used as the reference standard for lung segmentation. To segment the lungs, we first employed a CT value thresholding technique to obtain an initial lung estimate, including normal and mild ILD lung parenchyma. We then used texture-feature images derived from the co-occurrence matrix to further identify abnormal lung regions with severe ILD. Finally, we combined the identified abnormal lung regions with the initial lungs to generate the final lung segmentation result. The overlap rate, volume agreement, mean absolute distance (MAD), and maximum absolute distance ( d max ) between the automatically segmented lungs and the reference lungs were employed to evaluate the performance of the segmentation method. Results: Our segmentation method achieved a mean overlap rate of 96.7%, a mean volume agreement of 98.5%, a mean MAD of 0.84 mm , and a mean d max of 10.84 mm for all the cases in our database; a mean overlap rate of 97.7%, a mean volume agreement of 99.0%, a mean MAD of 0.66 mm , and a mean d max of 9.59 mm for the 31 normal cases; and a mean overlap rate of 96.1%, a mean volume agreement of 98.1%, a mean MAD of 0.96 mm , and a mean d max of 11.71 mm for the 45 abnormal cases with ILD. Conclusions: Our lung segmentation method provided accurate segmentation results for abnormal CT scans with severe ILD and would be useful for developing CAD systems for quantification, detection, and diagnosis of ILD.
Crossing the threshold: practical foundations for government services on the World Wide Web

Government leaders at every level are calling for bold, imaginative use of the World Wide Web (Web) to help achieve the goal of a National Information Infrastructure (NII). The Web promises service quality, efficiency, and convenience, but it also presents significant implementation challenges to public agencies. During 1996, the Internet Testbeds conducted at the New York State Center for Technology in Government explored the potential and the practical problems of creating Web-based government services. The Internet Services Testbed explored the organizational resources, processes, policies, and technologies that agencies need in order to develop and deliver specific information-based public services over the Web. The Internet Technologies Testbed examined the technical feasibility of using the Web as a universal platform for the delivery of services to citizens. The two testbeds identified five threshold factors that shape a government agency's ability to initiate Web-based services: The agency's own technical infrastructure, user capabilities, the management of information content, realistic cost estimates, and recognition and management of security risks. The public nature of most government Web sites gives these considerations special characteristics that set them apart from similar concerns in the private sector.
A Generalized Kappa Coefficient

Previously proposed methods for calculating the kappa measure of nominal rating agreement among multiple raters are not applicable in many situations. This paper presents a more general computation...
Soft tissue metastasis of a chemodectoma: a case report and review of the literature.

A case of a single soft tissue metastases (abdominal wall) occurring 15 years after removal of chemodectoma of the right carotid bifurcation is described. The tumor had apparently been completely removed with excision of portions of the common, external and internal carotid arteries up to the base of the skull. Seven years later osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions were noted in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae which were radiated with 3500 rad. The 19 previously reported cases of chemodectomas with distant metastases are reviewed. Cancer 42:2865–2869, 1978.
Memories of the future: Remaking Taiwanese-ness in Cape No. 7

ABSTRACTFocusing on the 2008 blockbuster Cape No. 7 (Wei Te-Sheng) as a case study, this article thinks through the vexed issue of Taiwan's national sovereignty. In the specific historical context of its release, Cape No. 7 was embraced by the domestic audience. This article examines how Wei Te-Sheng's film at once conjures up an imagined postcolonial community and exemplifies a post-capitalist trend to commodify cultural particularity. As Wei's low-budget commercial film indicates a revival of Taiwan's film industry, it engineers a nostalgia that envisions a flexible national identity.
Decompressive hemicraniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: are we shepherds or wolves?

n his Address at a Sanitary Fair, in April 1864, Abraham Lincoln adapted the parable of the Good Shepherd from the I Gospel of John to convey criticism of the Confederacy regarding the position of the southern states on slavery before the end of the American Civil War. “The shepherd drives the wolf from the sheep’s throat, for which the sheep thanks the shepherd as a liberator, while the wolf denounces him for the same act as the destroyer of liberty,” he said (10). Although the arc of history has confirmed what Lincoln knew then, that liberty has but one true definition regarding the equality of men; how individuals define and enjoy their personal freedom to live fulfilling lives is widely varied.
Underdiagnosed and uncontrolled asthma: findings in rural schoolchildren from the Delta region of Arkansas.

Background Studies of asthma in school-aged rural children in the United States are limited, and there are no studies of high-risk pediatric populations in rural environments. Objectives To examine the prevalence of asthma and to evaluate markers of morbidity in 2 rural school districts in the Arkansas Delta region. Methods Children at risk for asthma were identified by using a cross-sectional asthma case-finding survey. Surveys were distributed to students enrolled in the Marvell and Eudora school districts during the 2005–2006 school year. Results The response rate was 81% (964 of 1,190). The mean age of the 964 children who completed the survey was 10.3 years (age range, 4–17 years); 85% were African American, and 78% had state-issued insurance. Twenty-eight percent (268 of 964) of the children were categorized as being at risk for asthma by previous physician diagnosis (33%), algorithm diagnosis (16%), or both (51%). Of the 268 at-risk children, 79% reported persistent symptoms and 21% reported intermittent or no current symptoms. In the previous 4 weeks, 59% of the children experienced daytime and nocturnal symptoms and 62% used rescue medications. Activity limitation and treatment in the emergency department or hospitalization for asthma in the previous 2 years were reported by 82% and 49% of the children, respectively. Conclusions Active asthma symptoms are prevalent in this predominantly minority, low-income, rural population. High rates of undiagnosed and uncontrolled asthma are suggested by frequent asthma symptoms, activity limitation, rescue medication use, and emergency health care utilization. Future studies of pediatric asthma should focus on high-risk populations in rural locales.
Effect of metal-complexing agents on the oxygenase activity of sheep vesicular glands.

Abstract A variety of agents that are known to complex copper can reversibly inhibit the oxygenation of unsaturated fatty acids by particulate preparations from sheep vesicular glands. The time-dependent activation of the oxygenase preparation by phenol, on the other hand, was not affected by the copper chelator, diethyldithiocarbamate. The results suggest that protein-bound copper could play a role in the interaction of the oxygenase enzyme with oxygen and the fatty acid substrates. Other findings indicate that phenanthroline type compounds may inhibit both the oxygenation reaction and phenol activation by binding to an hydrophobic site on the oxygenase.
On determining the best physiological predictors of activity intensity using phone-based sensors

Physical inactivity is a leading risk factor in worldwide deaths. This problem has led to the need for new research paradigms investigating the effect of sedentary behavior on negative health outcomes. Central to this need is the development of objective and ubiquitous sensors that provide accurate measurements of activity to assist in intervention. Phone-based kinematic sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes, are one such option. Current kinematic sensor models have limited capability in adjusting for inter-personal physiological differences in the maps from movement to activity intensity since they focus on weight and height information. It would be useful to explore what features are the best descriptors for a population. We present a family of regression techniques that incorporate an arbitrary number of physiological features and use this framework to determine the best physiological features to map movement to energy expenditure. We do this for rest, treadmill and overground walking since these are the most common activities for which intervention is necessary. Size-based features, such as height, weight and BMI were the best descriptors for personalization. BMI was the best descriptor for rest and height was the best descriptor for walking. Fitness based features, such as resting energy expenditure and resting heart rate, were the least useful descriptors, particularly for walking.
Overexpression of AtSTO1 leads to improved salt tolerance in Populus tremula × P. alba

One of the major abiotic stress conditions limiting healthy growth of trees is salinity stress. The use of gene manipulation for increased tolerance to abiotic stress has been successful in many plant species. Overexpression of the Arabidopsis SALT TOLERANT1 (STO1) gene leads to increased concen- trations of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase3, a vital enzyme in Arabidopsis abscisic acid biosynthe- sis. In the present work, the Arabidopsis STO1 gene (AtSTO1) was overexpressed in poplar to determine if the transgene would confer enhanced salt tolerance to the generated transgenics. The results of multiple greenhouse trials indicated that the transgenic poplar lines had greater levels of resistance to NaCl than wild-type plants. Analysis using RT-PCR indicated a variation in the relative abundance of the STO1 transcript in the transgenics that coincided with tolerance to salt. Several physiological and morphological changes such as greater overall bio- mass, greater root biomass, improved photosynthesis, and greater pith size were observed in the transgenics when compared to controls undergoing salt stress. These results indicated overexpression of AtSTO1 improved salt tolerance in poplar.
Antidepressant-like effects of cranial stimulation within a low-energy magnetic field in rats.

Background Evidence suggests that a novel type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan called echo planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (EP-MRSI) has mood-elevating actions in humans during the depressive phases of bipolar disorder. We examined whether a low-energy component of EP-MRSI (low-field magnetic stimulation [LFMS]) has antidepressant-like, locomotor-stimulating, or amnestic effects in rats. Methods We examined the effects of LFMS on immobility in the forced swim test (FST) and activity within an open field in separate groups of rats. After exposure to forced swimming, rats received LFMS (three 20-min sessions at 1.5 G/cm and .75 V/m) before behavioral testing. We also examined the effects of LFMS on fear conditioning (FC), a learning paradigm that also involves exposure to stressful conditions. Results Low-field magnetic stimulation reduced immobility in the FST, an antidepressant-like effect qualitatively similar to that of standard antidepressants. Low-field magnetic stimulation did not alter locomotor activity or FC. Conclusions Low-field magnetic stimulation has antidepressant-like effects in rats that seem unrelated to locomotor-activating or amnestic effects. These findings raise the possibility that electromagnetic fields can affect the brain biology and might have physiologic consequences that offer novel approaches to therapy for psychiatric disorders. These same consequences might render MRI-based scans more invasive than previously appreciated.
Bounds on asymptotic relative efficiencies of robust estimates of locations for contaminations by scale mixtures

Abstract We consider robust estimation of a location parameter θ when the CDF of the error is of the form F(x)=(1−e 0 )H(x)+e 0 H( x s ) , where H is symmetric and absolutely continuous. In practice, H is often taken to be the standard normal CDF Φ, as in the pioneering article of Tukey ( Contributions to Probability and Statistics , 1960). We assume s is random but we have the information that E ( s )= s 0 . Infimums and supremums of the asymptotic relative efficiencies of the Hodges-Lehmann estimate W , the median M and the general trimmed mean X α with respect to the sample mean are calculated under the assumption s ⩾ s 1 . Here e 0 , s 0 , s 1 are assumed known, but are otherwise arbitrary. Parseval's relation is used to prove that if either H( x ) or ψ( λ ) is log convex (for x , λ >0), where ψ is the characteristic function of H , then inf e(W, X ) and inf e(M, X ) are attained at F 0 (x)=(1−e 0 )H(x)+e 0 H( x s o ) over the class of distributions described above. This establishes, in a sense, the Tukey distribution as an extreme point of the family of distributions F = F: F(x)= ∫ (1−e 0 )H(x)+e 0 H x s d G(s) , where G satisfies the constraints given above. This result is not necessarily valid for a general trimmed mean, but it is proved that the mixing distribution on s corresponding to the infimum as well as the supremum is supported on at most three points. Extensive numerical studies indicate that the mixing distribution corresponding to the supremum is a two-point distribution and that corresponding to the infimum is usually degenerate (at s = s 0 ) but is occasionally two-point. It is also demonstrated that the infimum as well as the supremum of the efficiency remain bounded over F for each of the three estimates and, in fact, they are very close to each other. Thus, the efficiency remains stable over the entire class F . The family F thus behaves like a singleton set. These results also enable us to answer a general version of a question raised by Tukey: given s 0 , how large an e 0 >0 is required for the infimum of the efficiency over F to exceed 1?
Technical Errors During Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Could Overload Medial Patellofemoral Cartilage A Computational Analysis

BackgroundThe influence of reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament on the patellofemoral force and pressure distributions has not yet been investigated.HypothesisTechnical errors can cause tension to develop within a reconstructed medial patellofemoral ligament, which will adversely alter the normal patellofemoral force distribution by increasing the load applied to the medial cartilage.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsFour computational knee models were used to simulate knee function from 30° to 90° of flexion with (1) an intact medial patellofemoral ligament, (2) an anatomically correct reconstruction using a double hamstring tendon autograft, (3) a 5-mm proximally malpositioned femoral attachment site, (4) a graft that is 3 mm shorter than the intact medial patellofemoral ligament, and (5) combined proximal malpositioning and a short graft.ResultsThe results were similar for the intact and anatomically reconstructed medial patellofemoral ligament. Proximal malpositioning of t...
Silicon as a standard material for infrared reflectance and transmittance from 2 to 5 μm

Abstract We have investigated the specular reflectance and transmittance of polished, high-resistivity single-crystal Si in the spectral range from 2 to 5 μm. Measurements were performed with a nearly collimated (≈0.7° divergence) beam at angles of incidence from 12° to 80°, and a spectral resolution of 16 cm−1. The measured values agree with the expected values obtained from the published index of refraction of Si to within 0.002. This represents a substantial reduction in experimental uncertainty compared to previous results and demonstrates the usefulness of Si as a standard material for infrared reflectance and transmittance.
Transition to Retirement: A Guide to Inclusive Practice

Transition to Retirement: A Guide to Inclusive Practice, by Roger J. Stancliffe, Nathan J. Wilson, Nicolette Gambin, Christine Bigby, and Susan Balandin, Sydney, Sydney University Press, 2013, 162 ...
The propagation of stress discontinuities according to the coupled equations of thermoelasticity

The method of the characteristics is used to study the influence of thermomechanical coupling on the magnitudes of discontinuities at the wavefronts of dilatational waves. A set of unified equations is employed, which is applicable to plane, cylindrical and spherical waves. The thermal conductivity is taken as a function of the space coordinate. For cylindrical and spherical symmetry the discontinuity at the wavefront of a diverging wave is subjected to both material damping and decay due to geometry. The sharp wavefront is attenuated over a very short distance. For converging waves the material damping is counteracted by an increase in magnitude due to geometry. It is shown that material damping is predominant, except at extremely small distances from the center which fall outside the realm of continuum theory.
The novel endosomal membrane protein Ema interacts with the class C Vps–HOPS complex to promote endosomal maturation

Endosomal maturation is critical for accurate and efficient cargo transport through endosomal compartments. Here we identify a mutation of the novel Drosophila gene, ema (endosomal maturation defective) in a screen for abnormal synaptic overgrowth and defective protein trafficking. Ema is an endosomal membrane protein required for trafficking of fluid-phase and receptor-mediated endocytic cargos. In the ema mutant, enlarged endosomal compartments accumulate as endosomal maturation fails, with early and late endosomes unable to progress into mature degradative late endosomes and lysosomes. Defective endosomal down-regulation of BMP signaling is responsible for the abnormal synaptic overgrowth. Ema binds to and genetically interacts with Vps16A, a component of the class C Vps–HOPS complex that promotes endosomal maturation. The human orthologue of ema, Clec16A, is a candidate susceptibility locus for autoimmune disorders, and its expression rescues the Drosophila mutant demonstrating conserved function. Characterizing this novel gene family identifies a new component of the endosomal pathway and provides insights into class C Vps–HOPS complex function.
Sexual and Reproductive Health in Cancer Survivors

As patients live longer after cancer diagnosis and treatment, attention to symptoms and quality of life (QoL) are of increasing importance both during treatment and throughout survivorship. Two complications of multi-modal cancer treatment that can profoundly affect both men and women are sexual dysfunction and infertility. Survivors at highest risk for treatment-related sexual dysfunction are those with tumors that involve the sexual or pelvic organs and those whose treatment affects the hormonal systems mediating sexual function. Sexual dysfunction may not abate without appropriate intervention. Therefore, early identification and treatment strategies are essential. Likewise, multiple factors contribute to the risk of infertility from cancer treatment and many cancer patients of reproductive age would prefer to maintain their fertility, if possible. Fortunately, advances in reproductive technology have created options for young newly diagnosed patients to preserve their ability to have a biologic child. This paper will focus on the sexual and reproductive problems encountered by cancer survivors and discuss some treatment options.
Is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease an endocrinological disorder? The estrogen-androgen paradox.

The strikingly lower incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in premenopausal women than in men of the same age suggests an important role for sex hormones in the etiology of MI. Supporting such a role are studies, carried out mostly in men, that report abnormalities of sex hormone levels in patients with MI, correlations of sex hormone levels with degree of atherosclerosis and with levels of risk factors for MI, and changes in the levels of risk factors with administration of sex hormones. Studies have also reported a prospective relationship in men of testosterone level with progression of atherosclerosis, accumulation of visceral adipose tissue, and other risk factors for MI. Puzzling, however, is that neither the level of testosterone nor of estrogen was found to be predictive of coronary events in any of the eight prospective studies that have been carried out. Also puzzling is that whereas the gender difference in incidence of MI would suggest that testosterone promotes and/or estrogen prevents MI, ...
Histidine-Controlled Two-Dimensional Assembly of Zinc Phosphite Four-Ring Units

Despite there being numerous examples of metal−organic frameworks in which metal centers or clusters are joined together by bi- or polydentate ligands into extended structures, biologically important amino acids, histidine in particular, are rarely known to serve as bridging ligands for the construction of open-framework architectures. Here, we report hydrothermal self-assembly between neutral zwitterionic histidine molecules and inorganic secondary building units (i.e., (Zn−O−P−O)2 four-rings) into a crystalline solid containing infinite two-dimensional arrays. We demonstrate that the acid−base and coordination chemistry of histidine can be controlled to promote the formation of open architectures with bridging histidine ligands instead of the commonly observed metal−chelates with chelating histidine ligands. Crystallographic data for Zn(HPO3)(dl-C6H9N3O2)(H2O)1/2, C2/c, a = 15.1307(3) A, b = 8.4230(2) A, c = 16.6322(4) A, β = 100.420(1)°, V = 2084.75(8) A3, Z = 8.
Computed Effects of Rotor-Induced Swirl on Brush Seal Performance—Part 2: Bristle Force Analysis

This paper analytically investigates the aerodynamic bristle force distributions in brush seals used in aircraft gas turbine engines. These forces are responsible for the onset of bristle tip lift-off from the rotor surface which significantly affects brush seal performance. In order to provide an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms governing the bristle force distributions, a full Navier-Stokes flow simulation is performed in a streamwise periodic module of bristles corresponding to the staggered square configuration. As is the case with a companion paper (Sharatchandra and Rhode, 1996), this study has the novel feature of considering the combined effects of axial (leakage) and tangential (swirl) flows. Specifically, the effects of intra-bristle spacing and bristle inclination angle are explored. The results indicate that the lifting bristle force increases with reduced intra-bristle spacing and increased inclination angle. It was also observed that increases in the axial or tangential flow rates increased the force component in the normal as well as the flow direction.
Legionella pneumophila LidA Affects Nucleotide Binding and Activity of the Host GTPase Rab1

ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a severe pneumonia known as Legionnaires9 disease, intercepts material from host cell membrane transport pathways to create a specialized vacuolar compartment that supports bacterial replication. Delivery of bacterial effector proteins into the host cell requires the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system. Several effectors, including SidM, SidD, and LepB, were shown to target the early secretory pathway by manipulating the activity of the host GTPase Rab1. While the function of these effectors has been well characterized, the role of another Rab1-interacting protein from L. pneumophila, the effector protein LidA, is poorly understood. Here, we show that LidA binding to Rab1 stabilized the Rab1-guanosine nucleotide complex, protecting it from inactivation by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and from nucleotide extraction. The protective effect of LidA on the Rab1-guanine nucleotide complex was concentration dependent, consistent with a 1:1 stoichiometry of the LidA-Rab1 complex. The central coiled-coil region of LidA was sufficient for Rab1 binding and to prevent GAP-mediated inactivation or nucleotide extraction from Rab1. In addition, the central region mediated binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and other phosphoinositides. When bound to Rab1, LidA interfered with the covalent modification of Rab1 by phosphocholination or AMPylation, and it also blocked de-AMPylation of Rab1 by SidD and dephosphocholination by Lem3. Based on these findings, we propose a role for LidA in bridging the membrane of the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) with that of secretory transport vesicles surrounding the LCV.
Buffer strips in composites at elevated temperature

The composite material 'buffer strip' concept is presently investigated at elevated temperatures for the case of graphite/polyimide buffer strip panels using a (45/0/45/90)2S layup, where the buffer strip material was 0-deg S-glass/polyimide. Each panel was loaded in tension until it failed, and radiographs and crack opening displacements were recorded during the tests to determine fracture onset, fracture arrest, and the extent of damage in the buffer strip after crack arrest. At 177 + or - 3 C, the buffer strips increased the panel strength by at least 40 percent in comparison with panels without buffer strips. Compared to similar panels tested at room temperature, those tested at elevated temperature had lower residual strengths, but higher failure strains.
Circulation in bubble columns

Liquid circulation in bubble columns influences many system properties such as mass transfer and catalyst dispersion. Conditions favorable for liquid circulation often exist only for highly turbulent slurries. Experiments under conditions of lowered surface tension proved conclusively that uniform circulation can exist even in the bubbly-flow regime. Moreover, the measured circulating velocity profile is more plug-shaped in the center core than traditional models, which take a parabolic shape. These observations led to the application of a circulation theory based on an energy-dissipation model for turbulent eddy viscosity, which can be easily computed as a simple function of superficial-gas velocity. Two length scales were used in model calculations depending on flow regime: bubble diameter for bubbly flow and column diameter for churn turbulence. The liquid-velocity profile contained a tuned dimensionless proportionality constant, which resulted in two different average values, k = 2.51 for bubbly flow and 0.0242 for churn turbulence, when tuned to experimental data. The integral average eddy viscosity is numerically equivalent to the eddy dispersion coefficient for bubbly flow. Predicted liquid velocity compared very favorably with new measured values under conditions of low surface tension and with literature values.
New diabetes nutrition resources.

Advances in diabetes management and the variety of nutrition care services available to individuals with diabetes make this an exciting time for dietetics professionals to be working in the field of diabetes. Evidence supporting the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for diabetes management continues to grow, with documented decreases in A1C of 2% in cases of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, and of 1% in cases of type 2 diabetes with an average duration of 4 years and in newly diagnosed people with type 1 diabetes (1). These outcomes are highly significant. For example, for a person newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who initially has an A1C of 9.0% and sees a registered dietitian for MNT, the expected outcome would be a reduction of A1C to 7.0%, which actually represents a 24% improvement. In January 2002, the American Diabetes Association published an updated position statement, “Evidence-Based Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes and Related Complications” (2), along with a technical review that discusses in detail the published research for each principle and recommendation (3). These recommendations replace previous documents written in 1994. Additionally, the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and the Diabetes Care and Education dietetic practice group developed Medical Nutrition Therapy Evidence-Based Guides for Practice—nutrition practice guidelines for type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes (4), and gestational diabetes mellitus (5), as well as other diseases. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services requires use of nationally recognized protocols, such as the ADA evidence-based guides for practice, for the Medicare MNT benefit (6). In response to these events, the American Diabetes Association and the ADA initiated a review of the client education pieces they copublish. In early 2002, a Nutrition Publications Advisory Task Force was appointed by the publications departments of the two associations. The charges of this task force were to (a) review existing diabetes nutrition education publications for consumers; (b) evaluate their purpose and clinical usefulness based on actual sales data from the two associations, feedback from staff, and consensus of the experienced members of the task force; and (c) make recommendations to staff for revisions. The primary goal was to ensure that all publications were consistent with the 2002 American Diabetes Association’s nutrition position statement and the ADA evidencebased guides for practice for diabetes care (type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes).
Discussion: Strength-to-fracture scaling in scratching

Abstract In their paper, Lin and Zhou (2013) add a new dimension to the scratch test analysis, challenging the applicability of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics to scratch tests. The question raised is how to integrate the three-dimensionality of scratch tests into the energetic Size Effect Law (SEL) formulated by Bažant for quasi-brittle materials. We show that Lin and Zhou’s analysis, although relevant is incomplete, as it neglects the blade width, which is critical for the fracture property assessment. In return, if the blade width is properly taken into account, the SEL here proposed is a formidable means to ascertain the fracture toughness from scratching.
EVALUATION OF COMPLEMENTARITY TECHNIQUES FOR MINIMAL COORDINATE CONTACT DYNAMICS

In this article, the non-smooth contact dynamics of multi-body systems is formulated as a complementarity problem. Minimal coordinates operational space formulation is used to derive the dynamics equations of motion. Depending on the approach used for modeling Coulomb’s friction, the complementarity problem can be posed either as a linear or a nonlinear problem. Both formulations are studied in this paper. An exact modeling of the friction cone leads to a nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP) formulation whereas a polyhedral approximation of the friction cone results in a linear complementarity problem (LCP) formulation. These complementarity problems are further recast as non-smooth unconstrained optimization problems, which are solved by employing a class of Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms. The necessary theory detailing these techniques is discussed and five schemes are implemented to solve contact dynamics problems. A simple test case of a sphere moving on a plane surface is used to validate these schemes, while a twelve-link pendulum example is chosen to compare the speed and accuracy of the schemes presented in this paper.Copyright © 2014 by ASME