cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial Presentation and Prognostic Factors in 286 Patients with T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia.

Background: The prognosis of patients with T-cell large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is diverse, with some patients experiencing rapid progression of the disease while others surviving decades. Despite multiple case reports and a number of case series reported in literature, prognostic factors in this leukemia are unknown and no staging/prognostic system has been developed. Aim: To identify factors predicting the prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed T-cell LGL leukemia. Methods: We reviewed the presentation, laboratory data and the clinical course of patients with newly diagnosed T-cell LGL at seen at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester. T-cell LGL was diagnosed in patients with at least 2 of these criteria: morphological evidence of LGL leukemia on bone marrow biopsy or blood smear; LGL immunophenotype; evidence of clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. Results: 286 patients seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 6/1986 and 5/2005 met diagnostic criteria (52% male, median age at presentation 64 years (range 27–88)). Lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly were present in 9%, 4% and 1.5% of the patients respectively. Median hemoglobin was 11.7 g/dL (range 3.5 – 17.1). Median absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was 1.51 × 109/L (range 0.0 – 20 × 109/L) and median absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) was 2.2 × 109/L (range 0.1 – 24). Median LGL count on peripheral smear was 0.81 × 109/L (range 0.06–10.8 × 109/L). Cytogenetic studies were done for 122 patients, of which, only 9 were abnormal. 87 patients (29%) had associated autoimmune conditions: rheumatoid arthritis (n=29), Felty’s syndrome (n=11), other connective tissue disorders (n=9)). Pure red cell aplasia, aplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune hemolytic anemia were seen in 17, 5, 8, 1 patients respectively. Median follow up was 50 months (range 1–229) and estimated median survival was 74.3 months. In multivariate analysis, the only independent risk factors were: anemia (hemoglobin Conclusion: The prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed T-cell LGL is variable. The presence of anemia, severe neutropenia and lymphopenia are independent poor prognostic factors in T-cell LGL. Combining these factors allows the identification of patients at a high risk of death from the disease. Further studies are needed to prospectively validate these findings and establish if the high risk group would benefit from aggressive therapy.
CONTROL OF ENERGY METABOLISM IN MITOCHONDRIA

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the control of energy metabolism in mitochondria. The chapter describes a study in which glycolysis was reconstructed in a solution from purified enzymes and carried out metabolic functions nearly identical to those of the living tissue. Energy conservation as it occurs in the mitochondrion is a biological process indispensible to the continuity of life, particularly in the daily maintenance of biological structures. The intimate relationship of energy conservations in mitochondria and energy utilization in biological function is best illustrated in muscle where ATP breakdown in the contractile elements is counterbalanced by ATP formation in the mitochondria. The oxidative phosphorylation system of mitochondria exhibits control characteristics in response to the phosphorylation of ADP and to the accumulation of cations.
Geostatistical lithofacies modeling of the upper sandstone member/Zubair formation in south Rumaila oil field, Iraq

Geological facies modeling is a crucial problem for reservoir characterization as it affects the reservoir heterogeneities and fluid flow performance prediction. The main purpose of this research is to adopt a stochastic simulation to construct 3D lithofacies models of the tidal/estuarine depositional environment of the upper sandstone member in south Rumaila oil field, located in Iraq. Based on core measurements, the upper sandstone member has three main lithofacies: sand, shaly sand, and shale. Literature review indicates that the formation is encompassed of mainly sandstone with some inter-bedded shale zones. To reconstruct the 3D lithofacies model, the sequential indicator simulation (SISIM) was adopted to build the categorical image, pixel by pixel, considering the nonparametric condition distribution. Specifically, SISIM depends on the variogram to address and model the variation between any two spatial points from the available data. Therefore, 12 different variograms were constructed given the three lithofacies in four different azimuth directions: 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°.The resulting lithofacies models in the four selected azimuth directions have shown frequent tidal lithofacies channeling and indicate an approximate matching with the original description of the formation depositional environment of the tidal-dominated and sand-rich environment. The generated lithofacies model in 135° direction has sand channels prevailing towards the southeast shoreline of the reservoir. The created lithofacies model also preserves the reservoir complexity and heterogeneity because it was created using a high-resolution gridding system with approximately two million grids. Additionally, the resulting tidal lithofacies model ensures reservoir heterogeneity as the petrophysical properties are then distributed given each lithofacies with distinct indicator variograms.
Triglycerides: A reappraisal

Elevated cholesterol levels are clearly independently associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Another class of lipid particles, triglycerides, is also abundant in the human body and has been found in atherosclerotic plaques. Recent observational studies have demonstrated an association between elevated triglyceride levels and increased risk for future cardiovascular events. With this knowledge and the discovery of effective agents to lower triglyceride levels, the management of triglycerides is currently undergoing a renaissance. Unfortunately, no randomized, controlled clinical trials have been completed to date, proving that lowering triglycerides will reduce cardiovascular events. In this review we highlight some of the evidence that led to this stage and discuss the current data on pharmacologic intervention of triglyceride levels and the effect on clinical outcomes. Lastly, we want to give the reader insight on what the most recent lipid guidelines state about clinical triglyceride management, mention new pharmacological agents, and highlight the clinical evidence for safe and effective lowering of triglycerides levels with life style modification.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE INTERACTION IN RATS : II. RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE TO THE IMMUNOLOGIC STATUS OF THE DONORS

The influence of the immunologic status of the cell donors on the proliferative behavior of rat lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte interaction has been studied. Mixed cultures of cells from various parental and F1 combinations having morphologically distinguishable sex chromosomes exhibited unidirectional proliferative reactivity. The mitotic figures were predominately of parental origin. Lymphocytes from donors made tolerant at birth to homologous transplantation isoantigens were specifically unreactive against cells bearing antigens of the tolerance inducing strain, but not to indifferent third party homologous lymphocytes. Cells from animals that had been surgically thymectomized at birth exhibited a markedly and sometimes totally diminished reactivity against homologous lymphocytes. Presensitization of the cell donors resulted in a curtailment of proliferative reactivity in cultures with cells bearing the immunizing antigens. This may reflect the destructive properties that lymphocytes from sensitized animals are known to possess. The results of these experiments show that the proliferative activity of lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte interaction accurately reflects the immunologic status of the cell donors, and these findings provide further support for the premise that the mixed lymphocyte interaction represents a primary immunologic response by cells in culture against homologous cells bearing histocompatibility antigens.
Obesity management among patients with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a focus on lifestyle modifications and evidence of antiobesity medications.

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity has increased over the past three decades in the United States and worldwide. This article reviews landmark trials for lifestyle modifications as well as cli...
“All We Are Saying Is Give Peace a Chance”: A Sociological Response to Violence and Political Polarization

When I graduated from Hope College in 1983 and moved to Washington, DC, I took a job with a member of Congress, and I was elated. I was going to save the world! That naive optimism didn’t last long...
The Airlift Planning Problem

The U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) is responsible for planning and executing the transportation of U.S. military personnel and cargo by air, land, and sea. The airlift planning problem fa...
Künstliche Intelligenz (KI)

Die Leistungsfahigkeit von Computern unterscheidet sich nicht nur durch die Komplexitat ihrer Hardware, sondern auch ihrer Software. Hochentwickelte Programmiersprachen ermoglichen Wissensverarbeitung, die sich von der blos numerischen Informationsverarbeitung unterscheidet. Damit konnen wissensbasierte Systemprogramme geschrieben werden, die teilweise Probleme nach der Art menschlicher Experten losen.
R-PathCluster: Identifying cancer subtype of glioblastoma multiforme using pathway-based restricted boltzmann machine

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most fatal malignant type of brain tumor with a very poor prognosis with a median survival of around one year. Numerous studies have reported tumor subtypes that consider different characteristics on individual patients, which may play important roles in determining the survival rates in GBM. In this study, we present a pathway-based clustering method using Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM), called R-PathCluster, for identifying unknown subtypes with pathway markers of gene expressions. In order to assess the performance of R-PathCluster, we conducted experiments with several clustering methods such as k-means, hierarchical clustering, and RBM models with different input data. R-PathCluster showed the best performance in clustering long-term and short-term survivals, although its clustering score was not the highest among them in experiments. R-PathCluster provides a solution to interpret the model in biological sense, since it takes pathway markers that represent biological process of pathways. We discussed that our findings from R-PathCluster are supported by many biological literatures.
Case 20 A Skin Rash and Fever After Starting an Antibiotic

An 87-year-old female presented to the emergency department with fever and a rash, out of concern for possible Steven’s Johnson syndrome. Ultimately, it was discovered she had a medication error involving methotrexate, and the rash was felt to be due to methotrexate toxicity, rather than true Steven’s Johnson syndrome. The case discusses both Steven’s Johnson toxicity as well as methotrexate toxicity.
Heidegger’s philosophy of mind

The period after World War Two saw the emergence both of the so-called later Heidegger and of the corresponding problem of the unity of his thought. Although his major work, Sein und Zeit,1927, (= SZ) had announced Heidegger’s intention of working out the meaning of being (Sein), his publications up through 1943, with the exception of the brief Vom Wesen der Wahrheit, presented only his preparatory analysis of human being (Dasein). However, Heidegger’s post-war publications emphasized being itself (the history of being, being as language, pre-Socratic notions of being, the withdrawal of being in the modern world) and indeed almost seemed to hypostasize being into an “other” with a life of its own. This state of affairs, combined with Heidegger’s announcement in 1953 that SZ would be left a torso, gave rise to such questions as whether his later thought was still phenomenological, how it might be continuous with his earlier writings, and how, if indeed at all, it was to be understood.
AVALANCHES NEAR A DIELECTRIC SPACER IN NITROGEN GAS

ABSTRACT Electron avalanches were recorded near PMMA and Nylon insulator surfaces in nitrogen gas at 101.3 kPa. Photoemission from Nylon surface is believed to enhance the charge carriers in the test gap and cause significant distortion in the nature of such avalanches. The avalanches near a PMMA surface were very similar to those in the plain gas gap.
BCR-ABL-mediated inhibition of apoptosis with delay of G2/M transition after DNA damage: a mechanism of resistance to multiple anticancer agents

A critical determinant of the efficacy of antineoplastic therapy is the response of malignant cells to DNA damage induced by anticancer agents. The p53 tumor-suppressor gene is a critical component of two distinct cellular responses to DNA damage, the induction of a reversible arrest at the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint, and the activation of apoptosis, a genetic program of autonomous cell death. Expression of the BCR-ABL chimeric gene produced by a balanced translocation in chronic myeloid leukemia, confers resistance to multiple genotoxic anticancer agents. BCR-ABL expression inhibits the apoptotic response to DNA damage without altering either the p53-dependent WAF1/CIP1-mediated G1 arrest or DNA repair. BCR-ABL-mediated inhibition of DNA damage-induced apoptosis is associated with a prolongation of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M restriction point; the delay of G2/M transition may allow time to repair and complete DNA replication and chromosomal segregation, thereby preventing a mitotic catastrophe. The inherent resistance of human cancers to genotoxic agents may result not only by the loss or inactivation of the wild-type p53 gene, but also by genetic alterations such as BCR-ABL that can delay G2/M transition after DNA damage.
Information Trends and Resources

Bibliometric analysis has been used to track the growth of information on the topic of acidic deposition (Stoss, 1988; Lancaster and Lee, 1985). Such tracking can be useful in the identification of topics with scientific or policy significance. For environmental topics that are driven by strong policy developments (e.g. acid rain, global warming, hazardous waste disposal, ozone depletion), this tracking procedure can be useful for staying abreast of rapidly changing events and developments.
Wolf Recovery for Yellowstone National Park: A Simulation Model

A stochastic predator-prey model was developed to predict the probable consequences of wolf recovery in Yellowstone National Park and adjacent areas of Wyoming. Abundant prey enhances the probability that wolf recovery can be accomplished. Wolves are expected to reduce prey abundance in the park by 10–30%, with elk as the principal prey species. PrEdation by wolves should dampen the substantial fluctuations that park ungulates undergo due to variations in climate. Impacts of wolf recovery on native ungulates will depend upon management practices. For example, culling wolves that leave the park and poaching within the park should reduce the total number of wolves in the park, and increase the number of ungulates. Hunting of ungulates outside of park boundaries in Montana is compatible with wolf recovery. This is possible because there is no hunting within the park, culling rates on the northern herd outside the park are not high, and compensatory mortality and natality permit moderate levels of hunting as well as prEdation. Greater conflicts with elk hunting are predicted for the Jackson elk herd in Wyoming where hunting intensity is greater. Wolf recovery should reduce the need to cull elk in Grand Teton National Park.
A Dynamic Taint Analysis Tool for Android App Forensics

The plethora of mobile apps introduce critical challenges to digital forensics practitioners, due to the diversity and the large number (millions) of mobile apps available to download from Google play, Apple store, as well as hundreds of other online app stores. Law enforcement investigators often find themselves in a situation that on the seized mobile phone devices, there are many popular and less-popular apps with interface of different languages and functionalities. Investigators would not be able to have sufficient expert-knowledge about every single app, sometimes nor even a very basic understanding about what possible evidentiary data could be discoverable from these mobile devices being investigated. Existing literature in digital forensic field showed that most such investigations still rely on the investigator's manual analysis using mobile forensic toolkits like Cellebrite and Encase. The problem with such manual approaches is that there is no guarantee on the completeness of such evidence discovery. Our goal is to develop an automated mobile app analysis tool to analyze an app and discover what types of and where forensic evidentiary data that app generate and store locally on the mobile device or remotely on external 3rd-party server(s). With the app analysis tool, we will build a database of mobile apps, and for each app, we will create a list of app-generated evidence in terms of data types, locations (and/or sequence of locations) and data format/syntax. The outcome from this research will help digital forensic practitioners to reduce the complexity of their case investigations and provide a better completeness guarantee of evidence discovery, thereby deliver timely and more complete investigative results, and eventually reduce backlogs at crime labs. In this paper, we will present the main technical approaches for us to implement a dynamic Taint analysis tool for Android apps forensics. With the tool, we have analyzed 2,100 real-world Android apps. For each app, our tool produces the list of evidentiary data (e.g., GPS locations, device ID, contacts, browsing history, and some user inputs) that the app could have collected and stored on the devices' local storage in the forms of file or SQLite database. We have evaluated our tool using both benchmark apps and real-world apps. Our results demonstrated that the initial success of our tool in accurately discovering the evidentiary data.
Development of a Flexible Imaging Data Integration Tool for Multicenter Clinical Trials

Multicenter clinical trials frequently require acquisition, processing, and transfer of data across multiple institutions in an efficient, secure, and reliable manner. The Clinical Trial Processor (CTP) developed by the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) has become an important tool for multicenter clinical imaging studies to handle critical needs, such as image de-identification and secure transfer. However, CTP, with a rigid pipeline design, is not flexible for complex tasks and has shortcomings when manual operations are required during image management. To tackle these disadvantages, we have developed an enhanced version of CTP by leveraging the JBoss Business Process Management (jBPM) platform that improves the flexibility and robustness of the original CTP. By re-engineering the core engine and extending functionalities, the enhanced processor, which allows a flow chart-like flexible task design approach, can handle more complex conditions and can notify users when interaction is required. We demonstrate the utility of the enhanced processor with realistic processes. Initial evaluation shows its efficiency. We believe that the enhanced system will become a powerful tool for the clinical imaging research community.
Introduction to Animals in Environmental Education: Whither Interdisciplinarity?

At least since the mid-1990s, environmental education researchers have challenged the anthropocentrism and humanism of the field with their compelling portrayals of animals as subjects in a wide array of educational settings, including classrooms and informal spaces. Published during the early stages of what is now referred to as the “animal turn” in the humanities and social sciences, this scholarship—as well as research in animal cognitive science, anthropology, ethology, geography, history, philosophy, political science, sociology, and other disciplines—sparked a flurry of interest in developing curricula and pedagogy that address human understandings of and ethical/moral obligations to animals. Although anthropocentric and humanist paradigms still dominate some environmental education research and practice, a groundswell of contemporary scholarship—drawing on diverse theoretical perspectives in critical animal studies, critical disability studies, decolonization, fat studies, feminism and ecofeminism, humane education, Indigenous thought, postcolonialism, posthumanism, and queer studies—has begun to transform the field in significant ways. In this introductory chapter, we briefly review the influence of the animal turn on environmental education to situate the current volumes’ contribution to the field. To conclude, we briefly summarize the chapters, highlighting the significance of each for curriculum and pedagogy in environmental education.
Not Just a Base, Use of “Swelling Agent” in a Claim for Emulsion Polymerization Patents: A Lesson from Organik Kimya AS v. Rohm & Haas Co.

Abstract Rohm & Haas Co. successfully defended the validity of their patents for manufacturing a core-shell polymer in Organik Kimya AS v. Rohm & Haas Co., 873 F.3d 887 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Relying on...
The iron deficiency response in Arabidopsis thaliana requires the phosphorylated transcription factor URI

Iron is an essential nutrient for plants, but excess iron is toxic due to its catalytic role in the formation of hydroxyl radicals. Thus, iron uptake is highly regulated and induced only under iron deficiency. The mechanisms of iron uptake in roots are well characterized, but less is known about how plants perceive iron deficiency. We show that a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Upstream Regulator of IRT1 (URI) acts as an essential part of the iron deficiency signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana The uri mutant is defective in inducing Iron-Regulated Transporter1 (IRT1) and Ferric Reduction Oxidase2 (FRO2) and their transcriptional regulators FER-like iron deficiency-induced transcription factor (FIT) and bHLH38/39/100/101 in response to iron deficiency. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) reveals direct binding of URI to promoters of many iron-regulated genes, including bHLH38/39/100/101 but not FIT While URI transcript and protein are expressed regardless of iron status, a phosphorylated form of URI only accumulates under iron deficiency. Phosphorylated URI is subject to proteasome-dependent degradation during iron resupply, and turnover of phosphorylated URI is dependent on the E3 ligase BTS. The subgroup IVc bHLH transcription factors, which have previously been shown to regulate bHLH38/39/100/101, coimmunoprecipitate with URI mainly under Fe-deficient conditions, suggesting that it is the phosphorylated form of URI that is capable of forming heterodimers in vivo. We propose that the phosphorylated form of URI accumulates under Fe deficiency, forms heterodimers with subgroup IVc proteins, and induces transcription of bHLH38/39/100/101 These transcription factors in turn heterodimerize with FIT and drive the transcription of IRT1 and FRO2 to increase Fe uptake.
Chemical properties of water and pH

Abstract This chapter describes the structure of water and the importance of hydrogen bonds to its physical and chemical properties. Water's high pointing point and surface tension result from extensive hydrogen bonding between molecules. The polar nature of water molecules determines the solubility of other substances, or lack thereof. Acid-base chemistry, pH, and their relevance to food are discussed. Chemical leavening, for example, employs acid-base chemistry to produce bread doughs that rise without yeast. The water content of food affects its texture and rate of spoilage. The concept of water activity and its importance to controlling spoilage, is described.
Mapping Behavioral Health Serious Game Interventions for Adults With Chronic Illness: Scoping Review

Background: Serious games for health are increasingly being used to address health outcomes in patients with chronic illnesses. These studies vary in their study designs, patient populations, frameworks, outcome variables, and degree of specificity of the serious game intervention. Objective: This scoping review aims to clarify the conceptual features of the existing research related to serious games designed to improve cognitive and behavioral outcomes in adults with chronic illness. Methods: We applied the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) methodology, including an a priori research question. We searched 4 electronic databases to identify articles published through November 2019. Inclusion criteria encompassed (1) adults 18 years or older; (2) patients with a diagnosis of chronic illness; (3) a serious game intervention; and (4) defined patient outcomes that assess patients’ behavioral, cognitive, or health outcomes. Results: Of the 3305 articles identified, 38 were included in the review. We charted and analyzed the theoretical frameworks, key concepts, and outcome variables of these studies with summaries of features across articles. The majority of studies used a randomized controlled trial design (23/38, 61%), included a custom serious game intervention (22/38, 58%), and lacked a theoretical framework (25/38, 66%). Common outcome variables included quality of life (16/38, 42%), mood (15/38, 39%), cognitive function (13/38, 34%), symptoms (12/38, 32%), and physical activity (9/38, 24%). Key differences between studies included whether or not serious games aimed to train versus teach patients, be widely accessible versus tailored interventions, or replace versus complement current treatments. Conclusions: This scoping review defines the current landscape of research in serious games for health research targeting behavioral and cognitive outcomes in adults with chronic disease. Studies have addressed a variety of patient populations and diverse patient outcomes. Researchers wanting to build on the current research should integrate theoretical frameworks into the design of the intervention and trial to more clearly articulate the active ingredients and mechanisms of serious games.
Neuroform Atlas™ for treatment of symptomatic flow-limiting stenoses of the distal cervical ICA: Advantages of a fifth generation stent

Abstract Cervical carotid artery dissections (CAD) usually produce ischemic symptoms as a result of thromboembolic phenomena, but hemodynamic insufficiency from flow-limiting stenosis can cause symptoms in a few patients [1]. CAD of the distal cervical and petrous ICA can be challenging to treat, particularly in the presence of vessel kinking or marked tortuosity of the distal cervical ICAs. The carotid stent systems used for atherosclerotic disease at the proximal ICA or carotid bulb are typically too stiff and large to safely track into a tortuous distal carotid artery, and the low radial force of the Pipeline flow diverter may occasionally result in inadequate flow restoration and even stent collapse in flow-limiting carotid dissections with large intramural thrombus burden [2,3]. In this paper, via 2 illustrative cases, we detail our experience with the latest iteration of the Neuroform stent system, the Neuroform Atlas (Stryker Neurovascular, Freemont, CA), for treatment of symptomatic flow-limiting distal cervical ICA dissections, with an emphasis on the advantages of the updated stent design.
The RECOVERY Platform.

The RECOVERY Platform Sharon-Lise Normand provides a biostatistician’s view of the preliminary findings on dexamethasone for Covid-19, noting that the results represent an important step and that t...
Developmental and medical factors associated with parenting stress in mothers of toddlers born very preterm in a neonatal follow‐up clinic

The purpose of this exploratory, cross-sectional study was to identify child-related factors associated with maternal parenting stress in toddlers born very preterm and followed in a neonatal follow-up (NFU) clinic. The study aimed to describe the associations of current medical complications and presence of developmental delays with total parenting stress. Participants were 53 mother-child dyads presenting in a NFU clinic. Mothers completed the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), and children were administered the Brigance Early Head Start Screen II. Medical variables were also collected from the child's medical record. Approximately 24% of mothers had at least one elevated subscale score on the PSI-SF. Regression analyses indicated that receipt of early intervention services was associated with increased parenting stress among mothers of toddlers born very preterm, though number of current medical complications was not. Parents of children born very preterm are at increased risk for parenting stress that extends beyond discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit . Clinicians working in NFU clinics are positioned to monitor for increased parenting stress, particularly among families of children with emerging signs of developmental delay.
Effects of increases in carboxyhemoglobin percent saturation and tissue hypoxia on carbon monoxide binding to canine skeletal and heart muscle extravascular tissue

The major goal of this article was to quantify relationships of the carboxyhemoglobin % saturation, a calculated tissue PCO, and tissue hypoxia to the binding of carbon monoxide (CO) to canine skeletal and heart ventricular muscle extravascular (EV) tissue under normal conditions and during CO poisoning scenarios. These data are relevant to CO poisoning because CO bound to EV cellular hemoproteins evoke metabolic changes that produce toxic effects. Skeletal and heart muscle EV CO contents were calculated from data obtained from biopsies performed on living anesthetized dogs reported in previous publications (Coburn RF, Mayers LB. Am J Physiol 220: 66-74, 1971; Coburn RF, Ploegmakers F, Gondrie P, Abboud R. Am J Physiol 224: 870-876, 1973). Results include normal values of EV CO contents of resting skeletal muscle and heart ventricular muscle, effects of increasing COHb% saturation and a calculated mean tissue PCO on skeletal muscle EV CO binding, and effects of tissue hypoxia evoked by arterial hypoxemia on EV CO binding in both of these tissues. This study is the first that shows that tissue hypoxia-induced CO shifts out of blood resulting in increased EV CO binding are a mechanism that causes CO toxicity. Projections of results to tissue PCO levels occurring during different severe CO toxicity scenarios predict that skeletal muscle EV CO contents could increase as much as 100 to 300 fold.NEW & NEWSWORTHY This article provides quantification of some physiological parameters that determine carbon monoxide (CO) binding to skeletal and heart muscle extravascular tissue hemoproteins during normal and CO poisoning conditions. This is important information because toxicity occurring during CO poisoning is determined in part by CO binding to these proteins that results in detrimental changes in cellular metabolism.
Civil Rights Enforcement and the Racial Wage Gap

We present new evidence on three measures of civil rights enforcement—litigation, judge dismissal, and plaintiff win rates—across US district courts from 1979 to 2016. Across courts, higher shares of Republican judges are associated with higher dismissal rates regardless of court composition in terms of gender and race. Further, we find that states with higher litigation rates also exhibit higher racial wage gaps, whereas states with higher judge dismissal (plaintiff win) rates experience higher (lower) racial wage gaps. Our results highlight the importance of legal institutions on the persistence of racial inequality.
Students' perceptions of FSBio 201, a CURE-based course that scaffolds research and scientific communication, align with learning outcomes

Incorporating active research opportunities into undergraduate curricula is one of the most cited elements demonstrated to improve inclusive excellence and retention in all STEM fields. Allegheny College has a long and nationally-recognized tradition of collaborative student-faculty research within the academic curriculum and as co-curricular opportunities. We present an example of the former, a Course-based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE), FSBio 201, that has been central to Allegheny's biology curriculum for over two decades. The course emphasizes biological research design, execution, and communication. We have coded and analyzed feedback from student evaluations and from the national CURE project database, both of which measure students' perceptions and attitudes towards the course. The majority of the student feedback related to the course learning outcomes of fostering independent research and communication skills was positive. However, we also see areas for improvement, such as how we employ peer-to-peer mentoring and how we teach quantitative and computer-based skills. We conclude that students' self-reported data are in line with our learning outcomes and provide FSBio 201 as a model for introducing college undergraduates to biological research.
Systemic mastocytosis

Systemic mastocytosis is a rare clinical disorder characterized by the proliferation of mast cells, which are commonly in the skin but may be found in other body sites as well. Mast cells contain chemically active substances that, on release, produce symptoms associated with the disease. The intent of this review is to provide some insight into the clinical nature of this disorder.
Book Review: Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory by Patricia Hill Collins

In her most recent monograph, Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory, Patricia Hill Collins explores the groundwork that determines what intersectionality is, what it can do and what it ought ...
Mechanism Of Anti-Myeloma Effects Due To Silencing Of Deptor

DEPTOR is a recently described 48 kDa protein that binds to mTOR and inhibits this kinase within TORC1 and TORC2 complexes. Over-expression of DEPTOR specifically occurs in the multiple myeloma genetic sub-class that contains IgH translocations. Most interestingly, DEPTOR knock-down in over-expressing MM cell lines induces growth arrest and apoptosis, indicating DEPTOR could serve as a therapeutic target in selected patients. To investigate the mechanism of MM cytoreduction induced by DEPTOR silencing we generated a doxycycline-inducible DEPTOR shRNA. Induced DEPTOR knockdown in 8226 and OPM-2 cell lines resulted in phosphorylation of p70S6K and 4E-BP1 (due to release of TORC1 inhibition) as well as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and senescence. RAPTOR knockdown in these MM cells prevented TORC1 stimulation and the anti-MM effects resulting from DEPTOR silencing. Thus, the acute activation of TORC1 mediated the apoptosis and growth arrest. Although DEPTOR silencing and mTORC1 activation resulted in depressed AKT activity, probably due to the TORC1-PI3K/AKT negative feedback loop, this was not relevant to anti-MM effects as over-expression of wild type or a phosphomimetic version of AKT did not prevent the adverse effects. Similarly, induction of ER stress was also not relevant to the anti-MM effects as markers for UPR activation did not occur during DEPTOR silencing. Although western blot did not show alteration of p53 expression, p21 and p27 were induced subsequent to DEPTOR knockdown. Associated RAPTOR knockdown prevented the upregulation of p21 but did not affect p27 levels. In addition, over-expression of AKT did not prevent the upregulation of p21. To test whether p21 was integral to DEPTOR knockdown effects, we silenced p21. P21-silenced MM cells were protected against apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and senescence induced by DEPTOR knockdown. Furthermore, DEPTOR knockdown in a murine xenograft model, achieved by ingestion of doxycyline, resulted in tumor regression, TORC1 activation, apoptosis and p21 induction. These data indicate a novel pathway to explain the lethal effect of DEPTOR knockdown in MM cells. The pathway is initiated by acute activation of mTORC1, with subsequent p21 induction. The data also suggest that DEPTOR over-expression in some MM clones is pro-tumoral due to its ability to suppress expression of CDK inhibitors like p21 and p27. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The very personal history of Nithard: family and honour in the Carolingian world

Nithard's Histories of the civil wars fought between Louis the Pious's sons reveal much about mid-ninth-century nobility, political values, and the author's changing social position. This article considers how Nithard's immediate familial history affected the text's composition. We argue that his incorporation of authorial voice and detail, crafting of the royal lineage, and emphasis on fraternitas suggest that Nithard employed the text to fight for legitimacy and honour, both familial and individual. We propose that the Histories should be read as a social commemoration of Nithard's familial memories, thus complicating the assumption that family histories were the purview of women.
(1R,3S)-1-Aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (RS-ACPD) reduces intracellular glutamate levels in astrocytes.

(+/–)-1-Aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD) is an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers: (1S,3R)-1-Aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (SR-ACPD) and 1R,3S-1-Aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (RS-ACPD). t-ACPD and SR-ACPD have been commonly used as agonists for metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). Here we demonstrated that RS-ACPD, but not SR-ACPD, is transported into astrocytes with a Km of 6.51 ± 2.38 mm and Vmax of 22.8 ± 3.4 nmol/mg/min. This low-affinity transport is Na+-dependent and is competitively blocked by glutamate or other substrates for the glutamate transporter. RS-ACPD therefore is probably taken up by the glutamate transporter. Prolonged incubation with high levels of RS-ACPD (> 500 µm) induced significant swelling of astrocytes. At lower concentrations (100 µm), RS-ACPD reduced intracellular glutamate content ([Glu]i) by > 50% without obvious morphological changes. The reduction in [Glu]i was accompanied by an increase in [glutamine]i. The RS-ACPD's effect on [Glu]i required glutamine and high levels of phosphate, suggesting that RS-ACPD inhibited phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG). These data suggest that astrocytic PAG is actively involved in determining the equilibrium between intracellular glutamate and glutamine. By reducing [Glu]i, RS-ACPD reduces the amount of glutamate available for release.
Atomic ordering in AlxGa1−xN thin-films

Abstract Samples of Al x Ga 1− x N with x Al = 25%, 48%, and 78% were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition and examined using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. All samples were shown to exhibit both (0 0 0 1) type ordering spots and streaking. The morphology of the ordered regions was determined to be plate-like on (0 0 0 1) planes, with unequal axes in-plane.
Stereo image coding

An approach to stereo image coding based on disparity compensation and subspace projection is proposed and evaluated. Traditional stereo image coding techniques employing block-based disparity compensation have problems with occlusion regions and photometric variations. We show that the results of these algorithms can be improved if the subspace projection technique (SPT) is employed as a post processing technique after disparity estimation. SPT is an orthogonal basis approach. It combines block-based disparity estimation with two-dimensional first order approximation. For the regions where disparity estimation fails, such as occlusion regions, first order approximation provides a decent estimate. On the other hand, zeroth order term compensates for photometric variations. Empirical results verified that SPT performs better than the disparity compensation in the rate-distortion sense.
Genetic Relatedness Among Mycoplasmas as Determined by Nucleic Acid Homology

Reich, Paul R. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.), Norman L. Somerson, James A. Rose, and Sherman M. Weissman. Genetic relatedness among mycoplasmas as determined by nucleic acid homology. J. Bacteriol. 91:153–160. 1966.—A sensitive membrane filter method to detect nucleic acid homology was used to determine genetic relatedness among mycoplasma isolates. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from mycoplasmas and used as a primer for synthesis of tritium-labeled, complementary ribonucleic acid (RNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. DNA from each mycoplasma isolate tested was reacted separately with complementary RNA synthesized with homologous or heterologous DNA as primer. The quantity of DNA-RNA hybrids formed was assayed by the nitrocellulose membrane filter method. The amount of radioactivity bound to the membrane filter was used to measure the degree of homology between the nucleic acids. The three mycoplasma isolates from human oral cavities (DC 63, V2785, Botteicher) and the prototype strain PG21 placed in the Mycoplasma hominis type 1 group by gel diffusion and complement-fixation testing were investigated with this technique. Analysis of the data confirmed their immunological grouping with the M. hominis type 1 and their distinction from other human mycoplasmas. In contrast to the data from immunological studies, none of the four isolates tested appeared to be identical to any other. Preliminary experiments with DNA from four other mycoplasma isolates from tissue cultures inoculated with human material revealed them to be closely related, and possibly identical. The advantages of this nucleic acid homology technique for the study of relatedness among mycoplasmas are described.
Inference of transcriptional regulation in cancers.

Despite the rapid accumulation of tumor-profiling data and transcription factor (TF) ChIP-seq profiles, efforts integrating TF binding with the tumor-profiling data to understand how TFs regulate tumor gene expression are still limited. To systematically search for cancer-associated TFs, we comprehensively integrated 686 ENCODE ChIP-seq profiles representing 150 TFs with 7484 TCGA tumor data in 18 cancer types. For efficient and accurate inference on gene regulatory rules across a large number and variety of datasets, we developed an algorithm, RABIT (regression analysis with background integration). In each tumor sample, RABIT tests whether the TF target genes from ChIP-seq show strong differential regulation after controlling for background effect from copy number alteration and DNA methylation. When multiple ChIP-seq profiles are available for a TF, RABIT prioritizes the most relevant ChIP-seq profile in each tumor. In each cancer type, RABIT further tests whether the TF expression and somatic mutation variations are correlated with differential expression patterns of its target genes across tumors. Our predicted TF impact on tumor gene expression is highly consistent with the knowledge from cancer-related gene databases and reveals many previously unidentified aspects of transcriptional regulation in tumor progression. We also applied RABIT on RNA-binding protein motifs and found that some alternative splicing factors could affect tumor-specific gene expression by binding to target gene 3′UTR regions. Thus, RABIT (rabit.dfci.harvard.edu) is a general platform for predicting the oncogenic role of gene expression regulators.
Introduction and Preliminaries

An outline of the stochastic inference problem, in general terms, is presented in this chapter. This includes the notions of distinctness of hypotheses to be tested as well as the associated parameter estimation from observations. Then, how both these questions can be unified into a broad framework of a decision theory is discussed. These ideas will be elaborated later on and then their application to various classes of stochastic processes will take the center stage.
A Discrete Time Nonrecursive Linear Phase Transport Processor Design Technique

Abstract A discrete time transport processor is a discrete time system that is comprised only of delays, adds and subtracts. For example, a linear time invariant digital filter whose implementation uses only coefficients of + 1, − 1 and 0 is a discrete time transport processor. This chapter develops a technique for the design and implementation of frequency selective linear phase discrete time transport processors. This technique determines an optimal integer valued finite impulse response and determines a linear time invariant transport processor structure that can realize this impulse response.
Structural Assets of a Tumor Suppressor

PTEN is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor proteins in human cancer. Many investigators are interested in what this protein does and how disruption of its activity enables cells to circumvent growth control. In a Perspective, Tonks and Myers discuss the recent publication of the crystal structure of PTEN and what the structure tells us about PTEN9s ability to remove phosphate groups from proteins and phospholipids and how this relates to its anti-cancer function.
A 10-/spl mu/s-tuning MEMS-actuated Gires-Tournois filter for use as a tunable wavelength demultiplexer and a tunable OCDMA encoder/decoder

We use a wavelength-tunable GTI mux/demux with 10 /spl mu/s switching time to demonstrate rapid wavelength switching of data streams in a WDM system as well as code hopping in a time-wavelength OCDMA system. We observe <0.5dB power-penalty.
Light-front quark model analysis of electroweak decays of pseudoscalar and vector mesons

We investigate the electroweak form factors and semileptonic decay rates of pseudoscalar and vector mesons using the light-front constituent quark model. Our method of analytic continuation in the Drell-Yan-West (q^+=q^0+q^3=0) frame to obtain the weak form factors avoids the difficulty associated with the contributions from the nonvalence quark-antiquark pair creation. This method seems to provide a promising step forward to handle the exclusive processes in the timelike region. Our calculation reveals that the zero mode contribution is crucial to obtaining the correct values of the light-front current J^{-} in the q^+=0 frame. Our numerical results are overall in a very good agreement with the available exprimental data.
Unitary K+ currents in growth cones and perikaryon of identified Helix neurones in culture

Unitary potassium (K + ) currents of several different conductances have been recorded from the growth cones of isolated Cl neurones from Helix aspersa. The isolated neurones were maintained in culture for up to 1 week. Similar unitary currents were recorded in the growth cones of other isolated Helix neurones. The activity of one type of unitary K + current recorded from the growth cones of the Cl neurone and other neurones was very similar to that described for the S-channel of the perikarya of Aplysia sensory neurones. Another type of unitary K + current showed fast flickering and reduced amplitude when the membrane was held at large positive potentials, which is suggestive of channel block by some agent. The conductances of the K + channels in the growth cones of isolated Cl neurones were generally smaller than those recorded in this and in previous studies from the perikarya of Cl neurones in situ . However, unitary K + currents recorded from the perikaryon of the Cl neurone, and from other identified neurones, in culture also had lower conductances than those recorded in situ. The mean resting potential of the isolated neurones was smaller than those from neurones in situ . This and other results suggested that reduced intracellular K + concentration in the isolated neurones might be an important factor in deciding the conductance of the recorded channels.