cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of and factors associated with posterior tibial tendon pathology on sonographic assessment

Objective To assess the frequency of and factors associated with supramalleolar posterior tibial tendon (PTT) pathology that often may be missed on sonography because of the limited field of view of ultrasound. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Setting Large academic center. Patients Patients with medial ankle pain and tenderness and with normal radiographs who presented for sonographic assessment (n = 217). Methods Two experienced musculoskeletal radiologists interpreted the studies by consensus. Main Outcome Measurement PTT pathology. Results Of the 217 patients, 33.2% had grade 1 PTT pathology (n = 72), 14.3% had grade 2 pathology (n = 31), and 2.8% had grade 3 pathology (n = 6). When stratified by location, 29.0% of patients (n = 63) had inframalleolar abnormalities, 11.5% had retromalleolar pathology (n = 25), and 11 patients had supramalleolar pathology (5.1%). Four patients had PTT subluxation or dislocation. Age was significantly associated with PTT pathology ( P = .02). A higher proportion of patients with supramalleolar (81.8%) and retromalleolar (72.0%) PTT pathology were women compared with patients who had inframalleolar (57.1%) PTT pathology. A higher proportion of patients with supramalleolar and retromalleolar PTT pathology had grade 2 tears compared with those with inframalleolar PTT pathology (36.4% for supramalleolar, 44.0% for retromalleolar, and 22.2% for inframalleolar pathology). Conclusions We present one of the largest studies on PTT pathology. PTT pathology can occur in the supramalleolar area, a region that often is not assessed on imaging. Although data are unavailable with regard to whether the natural history of supramalleolar PTT is different from that of other regions, patients with supramalleolar PTT pathology had more severe grades of tear and increased prevalence of tenosynovitis and were more often women. It is essential to recognize supramalleolar PTT pathology so that consequences of nontreatment such as medial arch collapse can be prevented.
Cytokine induction of granule protein synthesis in an eosinophil-inducible human myeloid cell line, AML14.

Study of eosinophil growth and differentia- tion has been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining ade- quate numbers of highly purifIed eosinophil progenitors or mature eosinophils for analysis. The AML14 myeloid leukemia cell line has the unusual ability to exhibit eo- sinophilic differentiation in response to stimulation by combinations of the eosinophil-active cytokines interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating fac- tor, and IL-S. We now demonstrate that AML14 cells can be stimulated by a combination of these cytokines to produce mRNA encoding all the eosinophil granule pro- teins, including major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), and the Charcot- Leyden crystal (CLC) protein (eosinophil lysophospholi- pase). The production of the mature proteins was demon- strated by Western blotting, and ultrastructural analysis demonstrated the presence of immature secondary gran- ules in cells that had been induced to differentiate to eo- sinophils. These findings demonstrate the utility of the AML14 cell line as a model for the study of cytokine in- duction of eosinophil growth and differentiation. J. Leu- koc. Biol. 56: 74-79; 1994.
The Mechanism of the Formation of α-Methylbutyrate from Carbohydrate by Ascaris lumbricoides Muscle

SUMMARY 1. Muscle strips from the helminth Ascaris Zumbricoides in- corporate acetate-l-Cl4 and acetate-2-Cl4 into ar-methylbutyrate. Isotope from acetate-l-Cl4 and acetate-2-Cl4 are incorporated into carbons 3 and 4 respectively of cr-methylbutyrate. 2. Ascaris muscle strips also incorporate propionate-1-U4, propionate-2-Cl4 and propionate-3-Cl4 into cw-methylbutyrate. Isotope from these species of propionate are incorporated into carbons 1, 2, and 5, respectively, of cr-methylbutyrate. 3. The degree of incorporation of isotopic acetate and pro- pionate into a-methylbutyrate, as well as the distribution of labeling found, indicate that the branched chain carbon skeleton of a-methylbutyrate is formed by a condensation of the acetate carboxyl carbon with carbon 2 of propionate. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. REFERENCES BUEDING, E., Physiol. Revs., 29, 195 (1949). BUEDING, E., AND CHARMS, B., J. Biol. Chem., 196,615 (1952). SAZ,
Maximum clock frequency distribution model with practical VLSI design considerations

A previous model derivation of the maximum clock frequency (FMAX) distribution for a VLSI design is reviewed to enable pre-silicon predictions of frequency bins and process/design optimization for specific product targets. Model projections were compared with measured FMAX data for a 0.25/spl mu/m microprocessor. In this paper, an additional comparison is performed with a 0.13/spl mu/m microprocessor, illustrating the close agreement between the simulated and measured distributions in mean, variance, and shape for different values of temperature and supply voltage. The previous model revealed that within-die variations primarily reduce the mean FMAX, or reciprocally, increase the mean of the maximum critical path delay (T/sub cp,max/) distribution. In this paper, a closed-form analytical equation of the T/sub cp,max/ mean increase is derived as an extension to the FMAX distribution model, which further elucidates the dependency on within-die variations. For a given set of process- and circuit-level parameters, this model provides insight into the delay guard-band required to achieve specific performance goals. Moreover, the model identifies the point of diminishing returns for redesigning critical paths in the tail of the timing histogram. To explore the region of validity, a model assumption for the shape of the critical path delay distribution is examined to guide practical VLSI design decisions.
Federal Sentencing Guidelines Revisited

I shall talk today about the Guidelines' history. I worked for the Senate Judiciary Committee when Con gress considered sentencing reform. And I was a mem ber of the original Sentencing Commission, from 1985 to 1989, when Judge Billy Wilkins was the Chairman. Speaking from that perspective, I shall remind you of the Guidelines' original purposes, discuss the most difficult problems that we, the original Commission, sought to resolve, refer briefly to at least one important contemporary criticism, and make several recommen dations intended to provoke further discussion.
Taming hot CF3 radicals: incrementally tuned families of polyarene electron acceptors for air-stable molecular optoelectronics.

Breakthroughs in molecular optoelectronics await the availability of new families of air-stable polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) acceptors with incrementally- and predictably-tunable electron affinities and structures capable of inducing desirable solid-state morphologies in hybrid materials. Although the addition of electron withdrawing groups to PAHs has been studied for decades, producing new compounds from time to time, a generic one-step synthetic methodology applicable to potentially all PAH substrates has been, until now, an impossible dream. We herein report that at least seventeen common PAHs and polyheterocyclics can be trifluoromethylated by a new procedure to yield families of PAH(CF3)n acceptors with (i) n = 4-8, (ii) multiple isomers for particular n values, (iii) gas-phase experimental electron affinities as high as 3.32 eV and shifted from the respective PAH precursor as a linear function of n, and (iv) various solid-state morphologies, including the ability to form alternating π stacked hybrid crystals with aromatic donors.
Design of a predictive filter cache for energy savings in high performance processor architectures

Filter cache has been proposed as an energy saving architectural feature. A filter cache is placed between the CPU and the instruction cache (I-cache) to provide the instruction stream. Energy savings result from accesses to a small cache. There is however loss of performance when instructions are not found in the filter cache. The majority of the energy savings from the filter cache are due to the temporal reuse of instructions in small loops. We examine subsequent fetch addresses to predict whether the next fetch address is in the filter cache dynamically. In case a miss is predicted, we reduce miss penalty by accessing the I-cache directly. Experimental results show that our next fetch prediction reduces performance penalty by more than 91% and is more energy efficient than a conventional filter cache. Average I-cache energy savings of 31 % can be achieved by our filter cache design with around 1 % performance degradation.
A Meta-Analysis of Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict on IS Professional Job Satisfaction

There have been numerous IS studies on the topic of role ambiguity (RA) and role conflict (RC). The need for resolving the disagreement in understanding the impact of RA and RC on job satisfaction within an IS context motivated the current research. Employing Hunter and Schmidt's (1990) meta-analysis method, this study synthesizes empirical IS study results from twelve independent samples. The results revealed that both RA and RC are negatively correlated with IS professional's job satisfaction across diverse studies. Compared with non-IS related jobs, IS professionals are not necessarily more- or less-susceptible to the negative impacts of RA and RC on job satisfaction. Furthermore, the unexplained variance in the study effect sizes indicates the existence of potential moderating variables. Finally, an unexpected but noteworthy contribution of the current research is to raise the issue of misuse of the term meta-analysis within the IS research community.
Progress in Antimonide-Based Mid-IR Lasers *

Mid-infrared optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSLs) are presently being investigated for a variety of commercial and military applications. Active regions in such optically pumped lasers must meet the dual requirements of high gain and low loss at mid-IR wavelengths, combined with sufficient absorption of the optical pump at shorter wavelengths for efficient power conversion. In this paper we report the successful growth, fabrication, and characterization of high-performance OPSLs that employ novel active regions consisting of combinations of GalnAsSb integrated-absorber layers with type-II GaInSb/InAs quantum well regions. With 1.85-µm optical pumping at 85 K, OPSLs with such active regions have exhibited a peak output power of 2.1 W at 3.9 pm, improved beam quality, power conversion efficiency of ∼8%, and characteristic temperatures of ∼47 K.
Restricted spatial regression in practice: Geostatistical models, confounding, and robustness under model misspecification

In spatial generalized linear mixed models (SGLMMs), covariates that are spatially smooth are often collinear with spatially smooth random effects. This phenomenon is known as spatial confounding and has been studied primarily in the case where the spatial support of the process being studied is discrete (e.g., areal spatial data). In this case, the most common approach suggested is restricted spatial regression (RSR) in which the spatial random effects are constrained to be orthogonal to the fixed effects. We consider spatial confounding and RSR in the geostatistical (continuous spatial support) setting. We show that RSR provides computational benefits relative to the confounded SGLMM, but that Bayesian credible intervals under RSR can be inappropriately narrow under model misspecification. We propose a posterior predictive approach to alleviating this potential problem and discuss the appropriateness of RSR in a variety of situations. We illustrate RSR and SGLMM approaches through simulation studies and an analysis of malaria frequencies in The Gambia, Africa. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship of Plasma Galectin‐3 to Renal Function in Patients With Heart Failure: Effects of Clinical Status, Pathophysiology of Heart Failure, and Presence or Absence of Heart Failure

Plasma GAL-3 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with HF (n=75), control patients without HF (n=32), and control patients without HF with moderate renal insufficiency (n=12). Compared to controls without HF (14±4 ng/mL), GAL-3 was higher in patients with both acute decompensated HF (23±11 ng/mL) and stable HF (22±10 ng/mL) (P<0.001 versus controls for both) but did not differ between acute decompensated HF and stable HF (P=0.75). Likewise, GAL-3 was elevated in both HF with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (23±9 ng/mL) and HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (22±11 ng/mL) (P<0.001 versus controls for both) but did not differ between HF with preserved ejection fraction and HF with reduced ejection fraction (P=0.37). GAL-3 correlated strongly with estimated glomerular filtration rate, both in patients with HF (r=0.75, P<0.001) and in patients without HF (r=0.82, P<0.001), and this relationship was unaffected by the presence or absence of clinical HF. Conclusions-—Plasma GAL-3 is inversely related to renal function in patients with and without clinical HF. Concentrations of plasma GAL-3 do not seem to depend on the level of compensation or type of HF. Furthermore, the relationship between GAL-3 and renal function seems to be affected little or not at all by the presence or absence of clinical HF. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1: e000760 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.000760)
Differential mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of (±)‐benzo[a]pyrene‐trans‐7,8‐dihydrodiol and (±)‐anti‐benzo[a]pyrene‐trans‐7,8‐dihydrodiol‐9, 10‐epoxide in genetically engineered human fibroblasts

DNA repair-deficient (xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA)) and DNA repair-proficient (normal) human skin fibroblasts were genetically engineered by transformation with a controllable human cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 expression vector. Induction of CYP1A1 enabled these cells to metabolize (+/-)-benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol (BPD) into a potent cytotoxicant and mutagen. The XPA cells were more susceptible than the normal cells to the cytotoxic effects of both CYP1A1-metabolized BPD and exogenously supplied (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10- epoxide (BPDE). Furthermore, the differential cytotoxicity between XPA and normal cells induced by CYP1A1-metabolized BPD was 8.4-fold greater than that induced by exogenously supplied BPDE. The two cell lines had similar CYP1A1 activities, suggesting that a difference in metabolic potential was not the cause of the differential response to BPD. At comparable cytotoxicity in both XPA and normal cells, BPD treatment induced more mutants and more DNA adducts than BPDE treatment did. At similar levels of DNA adducts in XPA cells, the levels of cytotoxicity induced by CYP1A1-metabolized BPD and exogenously supplied BPDE were similar, but CYP1A1-metabolized BPD induced a threefold higher hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase mutation frequency. In contrast, at similar levels of adducts in CYP1A1-expressing normal cells, BPD induced less cytotoxicity and a lower mutation frequency. DNA adducts were identified and quantified by 32P-postlabeling analyses. The principal adduct formed by both CYP1A1-metabolized BPD and exogenously supplied BPDE was 10-beta-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)-7 beta,8 alpha,9 alpha-trihydroxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, indicating that the differential effects of BPD- and BPDE-induced adducts were not due to a difference in the types of adducts formed. The results of these studies suggest that CYP1A1-metabolized BPD may form adducts preferentially in transcriptionally active genes or that the intracellular concentration of BPDE may influence the balance between cytotoxicity and mutagenicity (or both).
Estimation of the Fatigue Life of Railroad Joint Bars

This paper investigates the influence of physical track conditions in the vicinity of a rail joint on the fatigue life of the joint bars. Recent derailments due to broken joint bars, such as the Minot, ND accident in January 2002, have highlighted the need for better understanding of the effects of joint conditions on premature joint bar failure. Fatigue life estimates can be used to guide the selection of inspection intervals for joint bars in service. Engineering approximations are used to infer the dynamic load factor at a rail joint due to joint characteristics including: • rail end gap; • joint efficiency (looseness); • track stiffness (vertical foundation modulus). A three-dimensional finite element analysis of a rail joint is conducted and the dynamic load is applied to develop an estimate of the live (bending) stresses at the joint due to passing wheels. These stresses are then used to estimate the fatigue life of the joint bars. The methodology is demonstrated for 132RE rail with companion joint bars. The effect of thermal expansion (or the temperature difference below the rail neutral temperature) is investigated. Typical wheel loads and railcar speeds are considered and results are presented for a baseline a joint condition.
Optimization of ring magnet geometry for field harmonic control in electric motors

An optimization algorithm for shaping a multipole, continuous magnet for elimination of one or more harmonics is presented. The magnet is modeled as a continuous ring portion and an optimized section, modeled as a series of thin layers, at each pole. The analytical model investigated consisted of a radially magnetized four-pole motor with a solid ring stator. The algorithm successfully shaped the poles to eliminate selectively the 8th, the 12th, or the 16th harmonic, at the expense of increasing the amplitudes of the other harmonics. The solutions were not unique. A tradeoff in effectiveness existed between the minimum thickness of the continuous ring and the minimum sector angle of the outer pole layer. For thin rings and small outer layer sector angles, an optimum pole shape was readily found. However, if one parameter was too large, then the other had to be decreased for an effective solution to exist. >
A novel technique for enhancing the signal to noise of laser-based ultrasonic systems

Conventional laser ultrasonic systems use pulsed laser sources to generate broadband acoustic waves. The theoretical signal to noise ratio (SNR) of these systems, in the shot noise limit, is inversely proportional to the square root of the bandwidth of the detection system. Previous researchers have shown that improvements in the SNR can be made by generating narrowband acoustic signals using temporally and/or spatially modulated laser pulses, and reducing the detection bandwidth accordingly. The paper describes the generation of high frequency acoustic waves using an amplitude modulated continuous wave (CW) laser. The acoustic signals are detected using a path stabilized Michelson interferometer coupled to an RF lock-in amplifier. This allows for control of the detection bandwidth, which can be reduced by several orders of magnitude below typical broadband laser ultrasonic systems. Experimental results are given showing CW generated acoustic waves in various material systems. The magnitude and phase of the acoustic signals in the frequency domain are detected by the interferometer/lock-in amplifier system, and these data are in turn processed to synthesize the time domain response. The use of narrowband generation/detection combined with subsequent time domain reconstruction allows for a large increase in SNR without losing the ability to distinguish individual acoustic arrivals or modes in the time domain.
Motion planning with an analytic risk cost for holonomic vehicles

We present a robust motion planning algorithm for a holonomic mobile robot that incorporates the risk of collisions directly in the cost function. This deterministic algorithm uses analytic predictions of the path-following error statistics to quickly calculate the collision risk. The A* search algorithm is used to find motion plans that optimally balance the plan duration with the collision risk, and these plans have a higher probability of success than plans that do not consider the collision risk. We present experimental results for an autonomous marine vehicle.
The thermal conductivity and diffusivity of gases for temperatures to 10,000°K

A generalized method has been developed for the prediction of the diffusivity and thermal conductivity of nonpolar gases for temperatures up to 10,000°K. This method is applicable to monatomic gases and to diatomic gases existing in their molecular and dissociated states. Dimensional analysis has been used to obtain relationships for self- and mutual diffusivities and for the translational contribution to the thermal conductivity of these substances. For the internal contribution to thermal conductivity, a modified Eucken-factor relationship is presented. Furthermore, relationships have been developed for the calculation of these transport properties for the equilibrium mixture of a dissociating gas.
Adhesive Enhancement Technology for Directly Metal Plating on EMC

Plating on molding compound is a relatively new field with many possible applications. One major application is magnetic or electrical EMI shielding of active components. This is currently done by ...
Effect Of Chronic Administration Of Testosterone Enanthate On Sperm Production And Plasma Testosterone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, And Luteinizing Hormone Levels: A Preliminary Evaluation Of A Possible Male Contraceptive

Sixteen healthy adult male volunteers were studied to determine whether it would be possible to maintain azoospermia with testosterone enanthate (TE) administered at a dose level which would not result in plasma testosterone elevation above the pretreatment range. The study was divided into two phases: induction and maintenance. During the induction phase TE (200 mg/ml) was administered twice weekly for the first 2 weeks, weekly for 2 weeks, and once every other week for 1 month. This schedule of injections resulted in suppression of gonadotropins to undetectable levels and sperm production to azoospermia or less than 100,000 sperm/ml. During the first 3 to 4 weeks, elevation of plasma testosterone levels up to 100% of base line were noted. During the maintenance phase three different schedules of injections were investigated. Administration of TE every 3 weeks resulted in a partial release of gonadotropin blockade and the reappearance of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. Plasma testosterone levels remained within the pretreatment range. Administration of TE every 2 weeks maintained sperm production below 3 million/ml and was associated with normal plasma testosterone levels. Administration ofTE every 10 to 12 days maintained complete suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and azoospermia or severe (
Can a Pre-sketching Activity Improve Idea Generation?

This paper examines the influence of a pre-sketching activity on the quantity and novelty of the design solutions. A controlled experiment is used to investigate the influence of pre-sketching activity on quantity and novelty of the concepts. Two student groups sketched solutions for the same design problem; with one group given a pre-sketch activity before the design problem. Results reveal that this short pre-sketching activity positively affects the novelty of the solutions of the design problem (p-value=0.05 for novel means). Further, while the findings suggest that the pre-sketching activity resulted in more concepts generated, this was not found to be statistically significant (p-value=0.22). Therefore, it is recommended that idea generation methods be augmented with short pre-sketching activities before the sessions.
Why Has Firm-Specific Risk Increased Over Time?

Firm-specific risk climbed steadily between 1962 and 1999, but fell sharply between 2000 and 2003. We hypothesize that changes in the composition of the market, rather than fundamental changes in the economy or return-generating process, drive these changes in aggregate firm-specific risk over time. Specifically, we posit that three factors are primarily responsible for observed changes in firm-specific risk: changes in the market weights of "riskier" industries, changes in the relative role of small stocks in the market, and measurement error associated with changes in within-industry concentration. Our empirical tests reveal that each of these factors contribute to changes in firm-specific risk. Moreover, our analysis demonstrates that, combined, these three factors largely explain changes in firm-specific risk over the past 40 years.
Born‐Global Firms

A born global is a company that undertakes international business at or near its founding. Such firms may do business in twenty or more countries. International expansion typically occurs within three years after company founding. Managers in “born globals” typically have a strongly international orientation to business. Given their young age, born globals are usually small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with relatively limited resources. The emergence of born globals is intriguing because, historically, international business was dominated by large companies. Today, however, most international firms are SMEs, and many of them internationalized within a few years of their founding. The rise of born globals was fostered by globalization and the emergence of information and communications technologies. Born globals may internationalize due to export pull or export push. The born global phenomenon is associated with the emergence of a new academic field—international entrepreneurship. Keywords: business and management; entrepreneurship; globalization; technology
Using Bicycle Level of Service for Decision Making Comparison of Common Bicycle Level-of-Service Measures, Roadway Characteristics, and Perceived Bike Route Suitability

This study used infrastructure and cyclist survey data from Auburn, Alabama, to compare the rankings of common bicycle level-of-service (LOS) measures, perceived bicycle route suitability for different types of cyclists, and roadway characteristics. Specifically, four common types of bicycle LOS measures were identified, and a representative measure from each was calculated for all the major roadway segments within the city. Additionally, results from a survey of cyclists on the perceived bicycle route suitability were collected and summarized. The comparisons highlighted a surprising disconnection between LOS measures and suitability. Namely, suitability was perceived to be the same across different types of cyclists, but those segments that were ranked highly suitable did not correspond to those with high levels of service. Additionally, suitability was evaluated in terms of routes, whereas LOS rankings treated segments independently. The distribution of suitability and LOS rankings were significantly different as well: suitability had a few highly suitable routes and an increasing number of less-suitable locations, but the different LOS measures had varying distributions of what was acceptable or not. Significant recommendations are made on how city and regional transportation planners may make better-informed decisions about bicycle facility improvements.
Renal sulfate secretion is carbonic anhydrase dependent in a marine teleost, Pleuronectes americanus.

Though chemical assays indicate that carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity is present in marine teleost nephrons, CA inhibitors have no effect on urine pH or bicarbonate excretion, parameters typically CA dependent in almost all vertebrate groups. Because marine teleost renal sulfate secretion is associated with bicarbonate anion exchange, we investigated the effect of CA inhibition on transepithelial sulfate transport by flounder renal tubule primary monolayer cultures (PTC) and on renal sulfate secretion (Q˙so 4) by intact flounder. Both methazolamide and ethoxzolamide (10 μM) inhibited PTC secretory flux by ∼50%; reabsorptive sulfate flux, Na-dependent glucose transport, and transepithelial electrical resistance were unaffected. A CA inhibitor restricted to the extracellular space (10 μM polyoxyethylene-aminobenzolamide, 3.7 kDa) had no effect on PTC sulfate transport. Intravenous administration of methazolamide reducedQ˙so 4almost 40% and had no effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine flow rate, ...
Infection quarantining for wireless networks using power control

Malware propagation is a serious threat in wireless networks. We investigate a defense strategy based on optimal control that quarantines the malware by reducing the communication range of mobile nodes. We further characterize how such a solution affects performance of a wireless network through simulations. This will lead to a better understanding and prediction of defense protocols that would reduce the speed of malware propagation within wireless networks.
Subjektive Wahrscheinlichkeiten in der genetischen Beratung

Klienten, die eine genetische Beratungsstelle aufsuchen, bekommen haufig eine nu-merische Risikoziffer mitgeteilt. Bei ihrem Bemuhen, diese Risikoziffer in ein all-tagsrelev antes Moment umzuwandeln, entsteht eine subjektive Wahrscheinlichkeit. Diese kann von der objektiven Groβe abweichen. In diesem Artikel werden Fakto-ren aufgezeigt, die die Bildung subjektiver Wahrscheinlichkeiten beeinflussen. Bei-spiele aus der Literatur und der Beratungspraxis dienen der Illustration. Abschlie-βend werden Folgerungen in bezug auf die Beratungspraxis gezogen.
Economic Burden of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Pediatric Patients in the United States

Abstract Objectives To determine the adjusted incremental total costs (direct and indirect) for patients (aged 3–17 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the differences in the adjusted incremental direct expenditures with respect to age groups (preschoolers, 0–5 years; children, 6–11 years; and adolescents, 12–17 years). Methods The 2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey was used as the data source. The ADHD cohort consisted of patients aged 0 to 17 years with a diagnosis of ADHD, whereas the non-ADHD cohort consisted of subjects in the same age range without a diagnosis of ADHD. The annual incremental total cost of ADHD is composed of the incremental direct expenditures and indirect costs. A two-part model with a logistic regression (first part) and a generalized linear model (second part) was used to estimate the incremental costs of ADHD while controlling for patient characteristics and access-to-care variables. Results The 2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey database included 9108 individuals aged 0 to 17 years, with 458 (5.0%) having an ADHD diagnosis. The ADHD cohort was 4.90 times more likely (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.97–8.08; P P P P = 0.001) than among adolescents ($894.94; 95% CI $428.16–$1361.71; P P Conclusions Early diagnosis and use of evidence-based treatments may address the substantial burden of ADHD.
Utilization-based object recognition in confined spaces

Recognizing substantially occluded objects in confined spaces is a very challenging problem for ground-based persistent surveillance systems. In this paper, we discuss the ontology inference of occluded object recognition in the context of in-vehicle group activities (IVGA) and describe an approach that we refer to as utilization-based object recognition method. We examine the performance of three types of classifiers tailored for the recognition of objects with partial visibility, namely, (1) Hausdorff Distance classifier, (2) Hamming Network classifier, and (3) Recurrent Neural Network classifier. In order to train these classifiers, we have generated multiple imagery datasets containing a mixture of common objects appearing inside a vehicle with full or partial visibility and occultation. To generate dynamic interactions between multiple people, we model the IVGA scenarios using a virtual simulation environment, in which a number of simulated actors perform a variety of IVGA tasks independently or jointly. This virtual simulation engine produces the much needed imagery datasets for the verification and validation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the selected object recognizers. Finally, we improve the performance of these object recognizers by incorporating human gestural information that differentiates various object utilization or handling methods through the analyses of dynamic human-object interactions (HOI), human-human interactions (HHI), and human-vehicle interactions (HVI) in the context of IVGA.
Chapter Five – Protein Sulfhydration

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the gasotransmitters that modulates various biological processes and participates in multiple signaling pathways. H2S signals by a process termed sulfhydration. Sulfhydration has recently been recognized as a posttranslational modification similar to nitrosylation. Sulfhydration occurs at reactive cysteine residues in proteins and results in the conversion of an –SH group of cysteine to an –SSH or a persulfide group. Sulfhydration is highly prevalent in vivo, and aberrant sulfhydration patterns have been observed under several pathological conditions ranging from heart disease to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The biotin switch assay, originally developed to detect nitrosylation, has been modified to detect sulfhydration. In this chapter, we discuss the physiological roles of sulfhydration and the methodologies used to detect this modification.
Nonlinear Behavior of Superconducting Devices

Nonlinear effects in superconducting devices are an important limitation to applications of these devices. The phenomenology of the nonlinear behavior is presented. Methods of measurements and models of power dependence, intermodulation distortion, and harmonic generation are discussed. Currently, microscopic models do not explain all of the measurements. Measuring and modeling of the microwave properties of grain boundaries and grain-boundary Josephson junctions also are presented.
Predictors of on-site interview selection and admission for a doctor of pharmacy program using the pharmacy college application service (PharmCAS) variables.

Abstract Introduction The study aimed to identify predictors of selection for on-site interview and admission into the doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program using variables from the Pharmacy College Application Service (PharmCAS). Methods Admission data (de-identified) was obtained from University of Houston's College of Pharmacy for the years 2015 and 2016. The data consisted of relevant variables from the PharmCAS application system for all applicants during 2015 and 2016 admission cycles. Primary dependent variables were the admission committee decisions of (i) selection for on-site interview and (ii) admission into PharmD program. Descriptive frequency distributions, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the predictors of admission decisions. Results A total of 968 completed application records were obtained out of which 651 were selected for on-site interview and 413 were offered admission into the PharmD program. The logistic regression analyses indicated that as compared to pre-pharmacy grade-point-average (GPA) score of Conclusion The study findings can be used to optimize the applicant review process by assigning more weightage to the significant predictors in decision making towards admission into PharmD programs. Future studies evaluating the influence of the predictors on academic performance are warranted.
Analysis on Ultra-Fast Switching of SiC MOSFETs for Megahertz Applications Enabled by 3D Package and Embedded Components

Among advantages of Wide bandgap (WBG) power devices, fast switching characteristic has attracted tremendous interests for high frequency power conversion systems. High frequency operation enables size reductions on magnetic components in converters, which will increase power density of entire systems. However, commutation inductance distributed in power conversion systems poses limitations for switching speed improvement. Thus, innovative high density power module solutions are required to address parasitic inductance reduction. In this paper, the impact of parasitic inductance distributed in power module, including parasitics at drain, source and gate loop, was analyzed by simulations and experiments. A previously proposed Three-dimensional (3D) power module solution for 1.2kV SiC MOSFETs in half bridge is analyzed. The 3D solution enables ultra-low parasitic inductance, 1.3nH, in the half bridge power module. Additionally, embedded component is employed in the 3D package SiC power module. Simulations and tests proves that the 3D solution with embedded components facilitates ultrafast switching speed for 1.2kV SiC MOSFETs, 12ns turn-on and 8ns turn-off, with limited ringing even at >700Vdc. The proposed SiC half bridge module in 3D package with embedded components provides solutions for Megahertz high density power conversion systems.
Abstract TP230: Ischemic Strokes in Anti-Coagulated Patients - Treatment Failure or Alternate Etiology?

Background: Patients experiencing ischemic strokes while already on therapeutic anti-coagulation are often considered anti-coagulant failures if they are compliant with treatment, and pose a manage...
Muscarinic-dependent phosphorylation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor by protein kinase G is mediated by PI3K-AKT-nNOS signaling.

Post-translational modifications of proteins involved in calcium handling in myocytes, such as the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), critically regulate cardiac contractility. Recent studies have suggested that phosphorylation of RyR2 by protein kinase G (PKG) might contribute to the cardioprotective effects of cholinergic stimulation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Here, using murine ventricular myocytes, immunoblotting, proximity ligation as-says, and nitric oxide imaging, we report that phosphorylation of Ser-2808 in RyR2 induced by the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol is mediated by a signaling axis comprising phosphoinositide 3-phosphate kinase, Akt Ser/Thr kinase, nitric oxide synthase 1, nitric oxide, soluble guanylate cyclase, cyclic GMP (cGMP), and PKG. We found that this signaling pathway is compartmentalized in myocytes, as it was distinct from atrial natriuretic peptide receptor–cGMP–PKG–RyR2 Ser-2808 signaling and independent of muscarinic-induced phosphorylation of Ser-239 in vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. These results provide detailed insights into muscarinic-induced PKG signaling and the mediators that regulate cardiac RyR2 phosphorylation critical for cardiovascular function.
Criminal contagion: How governor detentions weakened the PRI

Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented rise of Mexican governors prosecuted and incarcerated for corruption, most of which were from the ruling party PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional). Could these judicial cases partly explain the resounding electoral loss suffered by the pri party in 2018? In this paper, I argue that the criminal behavior of PRI governors who were prosecuted affected the PRI’s most recent presidential electoral outcome. First, I argue that this criminal behavior affected the partisan reputation of the pri. I illustrate this claim by showing that these criminal actions were often referenced by the media as evidence not only of individual malfeasance but of networks —embodied in the PRI party— that had enabled the criminal behavior. Second, I argue that these discourses affected electoral choice. I propose that if these discourses were indeed affecting the PRI vote, we should observe lower support for PRI among voters that are most exposed to these discourses such as voters of places with criminal governors and voters in districts with higher access to internet. Using a difference-in-differences setup and a cross-sectional analysis, I show that both of these groups indeed voted less frequently for the PRI. I conclude the paper by discussing the aftermath of the election and what the existence of this contagion means for partisan accountability.
The Anti-Social Effects of Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage: Fact or Fiction?

Previous research examines the effects of same-sex marriage on many child and family outcomes, but only a small subset examines the effects of laws on those outcomes. We evaluate the effects of same-sex marriage legalization in the USA on four socio-familial outcomes. We use currently available public data from the U.S. Census and CDC to analyze changes in state-level legalization of same-sex marriage on rates of child poverty, divorce, marriage, and children living in single-parent households within each state from 2011 to 2016. The estimators use traditional cross-sectional time-series methodologies, along with adjusting for high-dimensional fixed-effects (HDFE) clustering to account for both spatial and temporal dependence of state-time observations. We find no evidence to validate claims of negative ramifications from same-sex marriage legalization on these outcomes. With respect to the arguments articulated in Supreme Court amici briefs, we show that assertions of negative social effects of legalized same-sex marriage are largely unsupported. In addition to illustrating the gains from HDFE estimators, we conclude that warnings of likely negative effects from same-sex marriage, such as disallowing adoption by same-sex couples, are not credible.
A simulated crime scene footwear impression database for teaching and research purposes.

Community-shared open-source forensic footwear databases are relatively rare, although it is generally agreed that access to such resources can support a multitude of research and teaching/training goals. The objective of this technical report is to detail the creation of such a dataset that includes both high-quality exemplars and simulated crime scene impressions. To achieve this goal, a variety of shoe makes, models, sizes, substrates, matrices, lifting methods, and enhancement (chemical/digital) techniques were employed and are fully described. The result is an open-source dataset available for download, and comprised of 214 high-quality impressions (87 right outsoles × 2 replicates + 40 left (close non-mated) outsoles), 138 dust impressions (46 outsoles × 3 replicates), and 73 blood impressions (24 outsoles × 3 replicates = 72 + 1 additional replicate). Of the 138 dust impressions, 117 are provided in a digitally enhanced form (via Adobe® Photoshop and/or Photoshop Camera Raw software), and 120 are provided in an unenhanced form for a total of 237 images. For the blood impressions, all 73 are provided in both unenhanced and chemically enhanced forms for a total of 146 images. Thus, in addition to the outsole scans, a total of 597 simulated crime scene and/or known test impressions are included and fully documented.
Maine U.S. Senate Race: Independent-Minded Republican Senator Susan Collins Retains Her Seat with Crossover Appeal

The reelection of Susan Collins (R-ME) was in question throughout the campaign. She cast what was widely seen as the key vote in confirmation of Justice Brett Kavanaugh. The move brought unwelcome national attention that made her an early target of Democrats. Her ties to a Republican Party headed by President Trump threatened to drag down her campaign in a state where predicted to support Joe Biden. Despite long odds, Collins survived a challenge from former state House speaker Sara Gideon and will serve a fifth term in the U.S. Senate.
Clinical Parameters and Radiographic Resorption of a Novel Magnesium Based Bone Void Filler

Abstract Background Bone voids can present challenging problems for the Orthopaedic surgeon, and are often treated with backfilling followed by structural stabilization. Recently, a magnesium based, and presumably resorbable, bone void filler (BVF) has been developed, but has limited longitudinal clinical data. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate clinically relevant parameters and radiographic resorption characteristics of this novel magnesium based BVF (MgBVF) with long-term clinical data. Methods All patients who underwent surgery by a single surgeon in which MgBVF was utilized from 2019-2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical parameters including evidence of infection, wound breakdown, and wound drainage were reviewed. Radiographic resorption, evidence of joint extrusion of BVF, heterotopic ossification, and subsidence was assessed at each post-operative visit. Those with less than 6 month follow up were excluded from radiographic analysis of resorption. Postoperative images at two weeks were compared to each subsequent radiograph during follow up, and reviewed by each of the three authors in blinded fashion. Interval radiographs were assigned a grade of radiographic resorption which corresponded to estimated percent resorption: grade 1 (0-25%), grade 2 (25-50%), grade 3 (50-75%), or grade 4 (75-100%). After 2 weeks, this process was repeated, and both inter and intraobserver reliability scores were calculated. Results Forty-two patients were identified for clinical review, and 18 for radiographic review. Average length of follow up was 209±113 days. Five patients experienced a postoperative complication: two wound infections, one delayed wound healing, one sterile serous drainage, and one catastrophic failure of the fixation construct. Four patients were noted to have postoperative joint subsidence of 2mm or less. Average grade of resorption was found to be 1.5±0.8, 1.7±0.9, 2.9±0.9, and 3.6±0.6 at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year, respectively (p Conclusion This novel MgBVF demonstrates clinically relevant resorption, provides structural support in challenging bone voids, and does not appear to significantly increase risk of complications, setting it apart from previously described BVF's.
Renegotiation--An Answer and Its Problems

(TATUTORY renegotiation rests upon one foundation: the demand of the public conscience that no man shall gain from the common calamity of war. That this was its historical and political basis is clear. The sequence of specific legislative attempts to limit profits from war contracts, culminating in Section 403 of the Sixth Supplemental National Defense Appropriation Act, I942, leaves no doubt as to the motivating force behind the enactment.' Consideration of subsidiary policies of the act and of its administration reveals a second truth, less obvious but equally important. No basis other than profit limitation for its own sake will adequately explain statutory renegotiation. Careful, intelligent, and well-informed administration can prevent renegotiation from operating to defeat or unduly to impair competing objectives. Some additional purposes may even be served almost as well as by means primarily designed for them. But there is no understandable and defensible end, except control of war profits for its own sake, which is better served by renegotiation than it would be by other means and methods. The foregoing remarks are intended in definition of renegotiation and not in criticism. The objective of limiting war profits is a legitimate one. More than that, it is of such importance as to justify extreme measures and substantial expense in man hours, so long as other and more vital requirements are not sacrificed in the process and other essential ends are adequately served. In the first place, the morale of the fighting forces and of the general civilian public, whether suffering extreme privation or merely undergoing minor annoyance and inconvenience, is sure to be impaired by the spectacle of great fortunes acquired in time of war. This is especially true if the fortunes are earned by those who produce materiel of war and are paid directly or indirectly from the common treasury. All should recognize the necessity in a democracy of preserving the belief that the enor-