cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing the Haig-Simons Income Tax and Reconstructing It as Objective Ability-to-Pay 'Cash Income' Tax

This article argues that the classic Haig-Simons formulation of personal income, namely, an individual’s consumption plus net increases in wealth for the taxable year, was not actually embraced by Simons himself, is contrary to fundamental political values, and (unnecessarily) raises intractable problems. Contrary to what adherents to the Haig-Simons concept assume, consumption is not an independent category of income, but only a deduction-disallowance principle of limited use. Likewise, the “accretion” notion of “changes in wealth” – referring to changes in asset values – cannot be maintained in the face of the realization principle – embraced by Simons – which (on the income side) is widely understood to refer to the receipt of cash or its deemed equivalent. On the deduction side, the notion of realization has erred by following accrual principles. Accordingly, not only should accrual taxation be abandoned, but the tax treatment of borrowing should be completely revamped, and depreciation would be eliminated. The problems attending the Haig-Simons income concept, as well as Simons’ goal of designing a tax compatible with a redistributive government, are resolved under an objective ability-to-pay personal income concept. Such a tax embraces the realization concept as a matter of principle. “Income” would refer to the flow of cash through an individual. Cash would be deemed to “flow out” not when it is spent on the purchase of an asset but rather when any asset purchased with cash is finally disposed of. Accordingly, the tax (called a “cash income tax”) would be a true income tax, as opposed to being a cash-flow consumption tax. The larger claim is that tax fairness should take a place at the tax policy table along with economic efficiency and welfarism. The contrary claims that tax fairness is a vague, subjective, and/or indeterminate notion are rejected. The notion of objective ability to pay is an internal-to-tax tax fairness norm that is constructed from the ground up by considering the role of taxation (in a liberal society) to raise cash revenue in an annual budget cycle. It is also shown that the concept dictates the content of a fair income tax with remarkable specificity, and in a way that is comprehensible and user-friendly. Numerous issues frequently disputed (or taken for granted) by tax commentators are covered, including those of income tax vs. consumption tax, imputed income, in-kind income, basis indexing, the personal deductions, the taxable unit, entity taxation, and even international taxation.
O-029 DIAGNOSTICALLY NEGATIVE SPONTANEOUS SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGES: CLINICAL COURSE, OUTCOME AND LONG-TERM ANGIOGRAPHIC FOLLOW-UP

Introduction Diagnostic evaluation is negative in 10 to 15% of patients with spontaneous SAH; however, the long-term angiographic follow-up in these patients is unknown. In this study, we report the long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up of a cohort of patients with diagnostically negative subarachnoid haemorrhage (DNSAH) enrolled in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT). Methods The BRAT study database of patients was analysed for patients with DNSAH. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of SAH and negative work up, including angiography and MRI of the brain and cervical spine. Follow-up was available at 6 months, one year and three years. Analysis included demographics, clinical course, mRS, and followup imaging studies. Results No aetiology for SAH could be identified in 56 of 471 (12%) patients enrolled in the BRAT study between March 2003 and January 2007. The mean age for the group with DNSAH was 51 years; 39 (70%) were female. Hydrocephalus required shunting in 4 (7.1%). Clinical symptomatic vasospasm occurred in 4 (7.1%) patients, leading to stroke in one. There were no re-bleeding events. Eleven patients were lost to follow-up and one died of unrelated causes. At one-year, a poor outcome (mRS>2) was present in 4 of 46 (8.7%). At 3-year follow-up, neurovascular imaging was available in 33 and was negative. Conclusion Hydrocephalus and vasospasm, while infrequent, do occur in DNSAH. Long-term neurologic outcomes are generally good. A thorough evaluation to rule out an aetiology of haemorrhage is necessary, however, imaging beyond 6 weeks from ictus has little utility and re-bleeding is unexpected. Disclosures A. Elhadi: None. G. A.C. Mendes: None. K. Almefty: None. C. McDougall: None. P. Nakaji: None. R. F. Spetzler: None. J. M. Zabramski: None.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Low-stretch ventilation improves survival

In a recent major study, patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome or acute lung injury were randomly assigned to have their respirators set to deliver tidal volumes of either 6 mL/kg or a more-traditional 12 mL/kg. Mortality in the low-tidal-volume group was 31.0%, compared with 39.8% in the traditional-tidal-volume group, a 22% difference (P = .007).
Orland lectureship. Heartland dentistry: a history of dental education and practice in Missouri and Kansas.

Cet article retrace l'histoire du developpement de l'enseignement et de la pratique de la dentisterie dans le Missouri et dans le Kansas depuis le XVIIIe siecle jusqu'a nos jours.
Using the Coefficient of Confidence to Make the Philosophical Switch From A Posteriori to A Priori Inferential Statistics.

There has been much controversy over the null hypothesis significance testing procedure, with much of the criticism centered on the problem of inverse inference. Specifically, p gives the probabili...
David Oliver: Four riders of the NHS apocalypse.

The NHS faces an existential crisis. Last week, four news stories foretold its apocalypse. Think of them as the four horse riders from the Book of Revelation.1 On 11 October Chris Hopson, chief of NHS Providers, told the Commons health select committee that England’s 44 sustainability and transformation plans (STPs) seemed unrealistic and vastly overambitious, even to their authors. Drafted under excessive pressure, these plans were “at risk of blowing up.”2 Hopson’s earlier written evidence had warned of financial shortfalls and rising demand and costs, making even current service levels unsustainable.3 The plans …
PSR J1301+0833: A Kinematic Study of a Black-widow Pulsar

We have obtained spectroscopic measurements of the P s = 1.8 ms, P B = 6.5 hr black-widow (BW) pulsar PSR J1301+0833 as part of a program to investigate optical companions of wind-shrouded pulsars. The derived radial-velocity amplitude () and inclination () imply a neutron star mass , smaller (for similar fit assumptions) than that of the well-studied original BW pulsar PSR J1959+2048, which shares similar values of P s and P B . This fit, which assumes , indicates a small heated region on the (anomalously faint) companion. With a free distance and full surface heating the best fit is statistically acceptable, but the large inferred is inconsistent with the observed pulsar proper motion. Improved photometry and heating models will be needed to refine these measurements.
Complete Genome Sequences of Chikungunya Viruses Isolated from Plasma Specimens Collected from Haitians in 2014.

ABSTRACT Ten chikungunya virus isolates from human plasma collected in Haiti from May to August 2014, in the midst of a chikungunya fever outbreak, were fully sequenced. The resulting genomic sequences are nearly identical, and phylogenetic analyses indicate they belong to the Asian lineage of the virus.
Programmable Automation Controller Mechatronic Experiment

This paper describes the use of the OPTO-22 Programmable Automation Controller (PAC) Learning center in the undergraduate control systems course at California State Polytechnic University at Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona). The OPTO-22 PAC System is an integrated system of hardware and software used for industrial control, remote monitoring, and data acquisition applications. The paper compares the pros and cons of using a PAC versus Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) systems. The paper introduces the flowchart based programming environment used in PACs. The paper includes an illustrative example of how the OPTO-22 PAC system can be interfaced to an industrial based Mechatronics pick-and-place robot station. This example details the input/output interfaces of the OPTO-22 PAC unit and the SUN Equipment Mecahtronics pick and place robot unit. Details of the flow chart programming and I/O interfacing protocols are given in the paper. The I/O configuration dialog in the OPTO-22 PAC development environment are also presented in this paper.
The epidemiology of wrist fractures in older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study.

There is limited wrist fracture information on men. Our goal was to calculate frequency and identify risk factors for wrist fracture in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. We confirmed that fracture history and certain medications are predictors, and identified novel predictors including markers of kidney function and physical performance. To calculate the incidence of wrist fractures and their risk factors in older community-dwelling men from the US Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Using triannual postcards, we identified incident wrist fractures (centrally confirmed by radiology) in men aged ≥ 65. Potential risk factors included the following: demographics, lifestyle, bone mineral density (BMD), selected medications, biomarkers, and physical function and performance measures. Both baseline and time-varying models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, MrOS geographic location, and competing mortality risks. We observed 97 incident wrist fractures among 5875 men followed for an average of 10.8 years. The incidence of wrist fracture was 1.6 per 1000 person-years overall and ranged from 1.0 among men aged 65–69 to 2.4 among men age ≥ 80. Significant predictors included the following: fracture history after age 50 [hazard ratio (95% CI): 2.48 (1.65, 3.73)], high serum phosphate [1.25 (1.02, 1.53)], use of selective serotonin receptor inhibitor (SSRI) [3.60 (1.96, 6.63), decreased right arm BMD [0.49 (0.37, 0.65) per SD increase], and inability to perform the grip strength test [3.38 (1.24, 9.25)]. We did not find associations with factors commonly associated with wrist and other osteoporosis fractures like falls, diabetes, calcium and vitamin D intake, and alcohol intake. Among these older, community-dwelling men, we confirmed that fracture history is a strong predictor of wrist fractures in men. Medications such as SSRIs and corticosteroids also play a role in wrist fracture risk. We identified novel risk factors including kidney function and the inability to perform the grip strength test.
Elementary Functions and Factorizations of Zeons

Algebraic properties of zeons are considered, including the existence of elementary factorizations and homogeneous factorizations of invertible zeons. A “zeon division algorithm” is established, showing that every nontrivial invertible zeon can be written as a sum of homogeneously decomposable zeons. Elementary functions (exponential, logarithmic, hyperbolic, and trigonometric) are extended to zeons, and a number of properties and identities are revealed. Finally, fast computation of logarithms is discussed for homogeneously decomposable zeons.
Streams and Urbanization

“Urbanization” encompasses a diverse array of watershed alterations that influence the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of streams. In this chapter, we summarize lessons learned from the last half century of research on urban streams and provide a critique of various mitigation strategies, including recent approaches that explicitly address geomorphic processes. We focus first on the abiotic conditions (primarily hydrologic and geomorphic) and their changes in streams that accompany urbanization, recognizing that these changes may vary with geomorphic context and climatic region. We then discuss technical approaches and limitations to (1) mitigating water-quantity and water-quality degradation through site design, riparian protection, and structural stormwater-management strategies; and (2) restoring urban streams in those watersheds where the economic, social, and political contexts can support such activities.
Study of the Kinetics of an SN1 Reaction by Conductivity Measurement

Substitution reactions, a central part of organic chemistry, provide a model system in physical chemistry to study reaction rates and mechanisms. Here, the use of inexpensive and readily available commercial conductivity probes coupled with computer data acquisition for the study of the temperature and solvent dependence of the solvolysis of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane is described. Students obtain rate constants and activation parameters for a range of solvent compositions. This experiment takes advantage of curricular reform pedagogies by utilizing modern equipment and building linkages with earlier coursework.
The Place of Economic Crisis in American Constitutional Law: The Great Depression As a Case Study

This chapter considers the role that conditions of economic crisis might have played in cases involving judicial review of economic regulation decided by the Supreme Court of the United States between March of 1932 and June of 1937. Part I conducts a general examination of the possibility that contemporary economic conditions may have operated as an exogenous variable inducing the justices to uphold challenged regulations. Part II explores the extent to which underlying economic conditions might have operated as an endogenous variable that was relevant to analysis of whether particular regulatory measures could be supported by existing constitutional doctrine. An Appendix plots the timeline of cases involving constitutional challenges to ameliorative legislation against a variety of contemporary economic indicators.
Ethnic capital, migration, and citizenship: a Bourdieusian perspective

This article examines how ethnic capital operates in ethnic affinity migration and external citizenship. Criticizing the “methodological nationalism”, inadequate theorization of the state, and “gro...
In Situ Raman Monitoring of Kesterite CU2ZnSnS4 Phase Formation from Sulfurization of Sol-gel Oxide Precursors

Formation of kesterite CU2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films from sulfurization of sol-gel derived oxide precursor was successfully monitored using advanced in situ Raman microspectroscopy from room temperature up to ∼350°C. The obtained in situ Raman data revealed the emergence of CZTS phase after 30 minutes of sulfurization at 350°C in 100 ppm $\mathbf{H}_{2}\mathbf{S}+4\%\mathbf{R}_{2}+\mathbf{N}_{2}$ gas mixture, while Cu2s phase was observed to form upon continued sulfurization, which was attributed to the slight Cu-rich recipe used. Both phases remained stable upon cooling the sample down to room temperature. Room temperature XRD and EDS data for the in situ examined sample confirmed that CZTS phase successfully formed with its surface decorated by Cu2s particles.
Chronic Microangiopathy Due to DCR-MYC, a Myc-Targeted Short Interfering RNA

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is an emerging complication of oncologic therapy. Cancer-related causes of renal endothelial cell damage include cytotoxic chemotherapies, radiation given for myeloablation, and direct involvement of renal vasculature by tumor cells. Another class of therapeutic agents that has been implicated in TMA is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibitors, including the anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab and the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. These TMAs have been termed type II cancer drug–induced TMA and are distinguished from those associated with some cytotoxic chemotherapies (ie, type I) in that they are not dose dependent and patients are more likely to demonstrate some recovery of kidney function. Determination of the cause of TMA in oncologic patients often presents a significant challenge because patients frequently receive multiple chemotherapeutic agents simultaneously and clinicopathologic features often demonstrate substantial overlap, regardless of cause. We present a case of TMA with predominantly chronic features in a 70-year-old patient being treated for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast with a single agent, a short interfering RNA targeted against Myc (DCR-MYC).
Synthesis and characterization of polyisobutylene telechelic prepolymers with epoxide functionality

Abstract Syntheses of novel polyisobutylene telechelic prepolymers with various types of epoxide functionality, including aliphatic glycidyl ether, phenyl glycidyl ether, non-glycidyl aliphatic epoxide, and cycloaliphatic epoxide have been developed. The polyisobutylene prepolymers with aliphatic and phenyl glydicyl ether functionalities were achieved by reaction of primary alcohol-terminated and phenol-terminated polyisobutylene, respectively, with epichlorohydrin. Exo-olefin epoxide-terminated polyisobutylene was synthesized by direct epoxidation of exo-olefin-terminated polyisobutylene with a strong oxidizing agent, meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The cycloaliphatic epoxide-terminated polyisobutylene was obtained by nucleophilic substitution of primary bromide end-functional polyisobutylene with a pre-formed potassium cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate salt, followed by epoxidation with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that the functionality for all types of epoxide prepolymers was 2.0. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis showed that targeted molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution were achieved for these prepolymers and no polymer chain degradation or coupling occurred during post-polymerization modifications.
The evolution of species recognition labels in insects.

The evolution of pre-zygotic reproductive isolation is a key step in the process of speciation. In many organisms, particularly insects, chemical labels are used as pheromones for species-specific ...
India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage

This book examines the historical and socio-cultural connections across the SAARC region, with a special focus on the relationship between India and Sri Lanka. It investigates hitherto unexplored narratives of history, popular culture and intangible heritage in the region to identify the cultural parallels and intersections that link them together. In doing so, the volume moves away from an organised and authorised heritage discourse and encourages possibilities of new understandings and re-interpretations of cross-cultural communication and its sub-texts. Based on original ethnographic work, the book discusses themes such as cultural ties between India and Sri Lanka, exchanges between Arthur C. Clarke in Sri Lanka and Satyajit Ray in India, cultural connectivity reflected through mythology and folklore, the influence of Rabindranath Tagore on modern dance in Sri Lanka, the introduction of railways in Sri Lanka, narrative scrolls and masked dance forms across SAARC countries, Hindi cinema as the pioneer of cultural connectivity, and women’s writing across South Asia. Lucid and compelling, this book will be useful for scholars and researchers of cultural studies, South Asian studies, cultural anthropology, sociology, popular culture, cross-cultural communication, gender studies, political sociology, cultural history, diplomacy, international relations and heritage studies. It will also appeal to general readers interested in the linkages between India and Sri Lanka.
The Magellan Adaptive Secondary VisAO Camera: diffraction-limited broadband visible imaging and 20mas fiber array IFU

The Magellan Adaptive Secondary AO system, scheduled for first light in the fall of 2011, will be able to simultaneously perform diffraction limited AO science in both the mid-IR, using the BLINC/MIRAC4 10μm camera, and in the visible using our novel VisAO camera. The VisAO camera will be able to operate as either an imager, using a CCD47 with 8.5 mas pixels, or as an IFS, using a custom fiber array at the focal plane with 20 mas elements in its highest resolution mode. In imaging mode, the VisAO camera will have a full suite of filters, coronagraphic focal plane occulting spots, and SDI prism/filters. The imaging mode should provide ~20% mean Strehl diffraction-limited images over the band 0.5-1.0 μm. In IFS mode, the VisAO instrument will provide R~1,800 spectra over the band 0.6-1.05 μm. Our unprecedented 20 mas spatially resolved visible spectra would be the highest spatial resolution achieved to date, either from the ground or in space. We also present lab results from our recently fabricated advanced triplet Atmospheric Dispersion Corrector (ADC) and the design of our novel wide-field acquisition and active optics lens. The advanced ADC is designed to perform 58% better than conventional doublet ADCs and is one of the enabling technologies that will allow us to achieve broadband (0.5-1.0μm) diffraction limited imaging and wavefront sensing in the visible.
Flow-driven spectral chaos (FSC) method for simulating long-time dynamics of arbitrary-order non-linear stochastic dynamical systems

Abstract Uncertainty quantification techniques such as the time-dependent generalized polynomial chaos (TD-gPC) use an adaptive orthogonal basis to better represent the stochastic part of the solution space (aka random function space) in time. However, because the random function space is constructed using tensor products, TD-gPC-based methods are known to suffer from the curse of dimensionality. In this paper, we introduce a new numerical method called the flow-driven spectral chaos (FSC) which overcomes this curse of dimensionality at the random-function-space level. The proposed method is not only computationally more efficient than existing TD-gPC-based methods but is also far more accurate. The FSC method uses the concept of enriched stochastic flow maps to track the evolution of a finite-dimensional random function space efficiently in time. To transfer the probability information from one random function space to another, two approaches are developed and studied herein. In the first approach, the probability information is transferred in the mean-square sense, whereas in the second approach the transfer is done exactly using a new theorem that was developed for this purpose. The FSC method can quantify uncertainties with high fidelity, especially for the long-time response of stochastic dynamical systems governed by ODEs of arbitrary order. Six representative numerical examples, including a nonlinear problem (the Van-der-Pol oscillator), are presented to demonstrate the performance of the FSC method and corroborate the claims of its superior numerical properties. Finally, a parametric, high-dimensional stochastic problem is used to demonstrate that when the FSC method is used in conjunction with Monte Carlo integration, the curse of dimensionality can be overcome altogether.
Lazy B and the Nation’s Court: Pragmatism in Service of Principle

“Context matters.” So wrote Justice Sandra Day O’Connor in Grutter v. Bollinger, one of her 676 opinions during 25 Terms on the U. S. Supreme Court. This essay assesses the impact of Justice O’Connor’s formative years growing up on “Lazy B,” her family’s cattle ranch in the Great American Southwest. The ranch, which remained in the Day family for 113 years, was a hard, unforgiving, isolated place that taught self-reliance and strength of character. Young Sandra’s father, a crusty, demanding, but deeply fond parent to her, schooled Sandra in solving problems with her own wits and whatever materials came to hand. Her mother, who made the Day home a welcoming place to all, remained to the end of her days a gentle, refined presence who, despite the harsh habitat, wore heels and up-to-date fashions. The family’s only other companions at the ranch were a motley lot of cowboys, in whose men’s world, and not for the last time, Sandra earned the right to be treated as an equal. Much of the essay is spent exploring the myriad ways in which this upbringing influenced Justice O’Connor substantively, as on the subject of federalism, throughout her life and career, including as the first female Justice. But the article also examines the Lazy B’s impact on O’Connor’s judging style. Her clerks often called it “pragmatism in service of principle.” That approach seems, in significant part, a product of her very practical, get-it-done upbringing at the Lazy B. Many of the Justice’s opinions were infused with a keen sense of what it felt like to live in the shoes of affected litigants and ordinary citizens, and with an almost urgent need to make certain that the outcome of the case was not just doctrinally sound, but also real-world workable. Her case-by-case decision making required deliberation by incrementalism and, as such, was both more realistic and more cautious -- both more moderate and more conservative -- than the bright-line approaches that she sometimes was criticized for eschewing. The author regrets that the loss of Justice O’Connor’s give-it-to-me-straight, cowgirl mentality may cause spillover effects on the Court beyond merely the subtraction of her one vote, and that the Justices’ focuses may shift perceptibly toward doctrinally-driven outcomes and away from practical, yet principled, problem-solving.
The congested city and situated social inequality: Making sense of urban (im)mobilities in Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract Lagos is often depicted as a city of immobility and inequality. Based on a micro-sociological study in the public transit system and an ethnographic study in an urban neighborhood, this article provides a nuanced analysis of situational inequality. Given the enduring traffic congestion and prevailing social inequality in the city, moments of aggressive cutting in line on roads and disputes over light collision accidents demonstrate a spontaneous unequal power relationship that is at odds with the existing social inequality structure. These moments can impose a sense of frustration on the private car drivers who are assumed to have a higher social status while bringing delight to minibus (danfo) drivers and passengers who have lower status. This emergent situational inequality, the paper argues, provides lower-class people with affective elements which can contribute to making sense of (im)mobilities, urban lifestyle, and conceptualization of Lagos. However, the effects of situational inequality are limited to the individual level, as it cannot largely transform the spatiality and temporality of traffic congestion, the socioeconomic class structure, and the traffic governance in Lagos. This dialectical situational inequality does not become a practical living strategy but reifies their individual philosophies of living in Lagos embodied through narratives. The sociological account of situational inequality in this paper showcases an approach to interpret the meaningfulness of micro mobility experiences with regard to macro urban conditions, thereby enriching our understandings of the relationship between mobility and inequality.
Perinatal DEHP exposure induces sex- and tissue-specific DNA methylation changes in both juvenile and adult mice.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a type of phthalate plasticizer found in a variety of consumer products and poses a public health concern due to its metabolic and endocrine disruption activities. Dysregulation of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, has been shown to be an important mechanism for the pathogenic effects of prenatal exposures, including phthalates. In this study, we used an established mouse model to study the effect of perinatal DEHP exposure on the DNA methylation profile in liver (a primary target tissue of DEHP) and blood (a common surrogate tissue) of both juvenile and adult mice. Despite exposure ceasing at 3 weeks of age (PND21), we identified thousands of sex-specific differential DNA methylation events in 5-month old mice, more than identified at PND21, both in blood and liver. Only a small number of these differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) overlapped between the time points, or between tissues (i.e. liver and blood), indicating blood may not be an appropriate surrogate tissue to estimate the effects of DEHP exposure on liver DNA methylation. We detected sex-specific DMCs common between 3-week and 5-month samples, pointing to specific DNA methylation alterations that are consistent between weanling and adult mice. In summary, this is the first study to assess the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in liver and blood at two different aged cohorts in response to perinatal DEHP exposure. Our findings cast light on the implications of using surrogate tissue instead of target tissue in human population-based studies and identify epigenetic biomarkers for DEHP exposure.
Statistical Arbitrage for Multiple Co-Integrated Stocks

In this paper we construct and analyse a multi-asset model to be used for long-term statistical arbitrage strategies. A key feature of the model is that all assets have \textit{co-integration}, which, if sustained, allows for long-term positive profits with low probability of losses. Optimal portfolios are found by solving a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, to which we can introduce portfolio constraints such as market neutral or dollar neutral. Under specific conditions of the parameters, we can prove there is long-term stability for an optimal portfolio with stable growth rate. Historical prices of the S\&P500 constituents can be tested for co-integration and our model calibrated for analysis, from which we find that co-integration strategies require a terminal investment horizon sufficiently far into the future in order for the optimal portfolios to gain from co-integration. The data also demonstrates that statistical arbitrage portfolios will have improved in-sample Sharpe ratios compared to multivariate Merton portfolios, and that statistical arbitrage portfolios are naturally immune to market fluctuations.
A “War for Peace”? German-Speaking Pacifists’ Views on the Boxer Conflict

In the spring of 1900, a movement in northern China known in the West as the Boxers sparked a conflict and riveted Europeans’ attention. German-speaking pacifists used the events of 1900 to advance well-settled aims concerned mainly with Europe. They hoped that the emergence of an international coalition to crush the Boxers would foster European transnational unity. The Boxer uprising revealed the limits of German pacifism, as pacifists favored the use of force to suppress it. Their position differed both from the militaristic agenda of the German Right and from the thoroughgoing critique of imperialism articulated by German Social Democrats. Although pacifists worried about excessive bloodshed more than many Westerners, they celebrated signs of solidarity among enlightened European peoples against barbarous enemies who they believed threatened the advance of international law and civilization. China stood outside the family of civilized nations according to this view. Although pacifists hoped to moderate the violence, they reasoned that European harmony justified the costs of what one pacifist termed a “Friedenskrieg,” a “war for peace.”
The Line-Item Veto in Executive-Legislative Relations

This chapter examines use of the line-item veto by Georgia governors, focusing on the executive budget era since 1962. Georgia was the first state to adopt the line-item veto, doing so in 1865. The line-item veto first appeared in the United States in 1861 in the Constitution of the Confederate States of America:
Analysis: An Introduction

This self-contained text, suitable for advanced undergraduates, provides an extensive introduction to mathematical analysis, from the fundamentals to more advanced material. It begins with the properties of the real numbers and continues with a rigorous treatment of sequences, series, metric spaces, and calculus in one variable. Further subjects include Lebesgue measure and integration on the line, Fourier analysis, and differential equations. In addition to this core material, the book includes a number of interesting applications of the subject matter to areas both within and outside the field of mathematics. The aim throughout is to strike a balance between being too austere or too sketchy, and being so detailed as to obscure the essential ideas. A large number of examples and 500 exercises allow the reader to test understanding, practise mathematical exposition and provide a window into further topics.
Adding judgments of understanding to the metacognitive toolbox

Abstract Two experiments investigated how the framing of metacognitive judgment prompts affects metacognitive accuracy. In Experiment 1, college students viewed a multimedia science lesson and were asked to make either judgments of learning (JOLs) or judgments of understanding (JOUs). The results indicated large correlations of JOUs with retention and transfer, and medium correlations of JOLs with retention and transfer. In Experiment 2, college students received the same lesson along with metacognitive prompts framed in terms of one's amount of knowledge (“how much”), one's confidence in knowledge (“how confident”), one's ability to answer questions (“how many”), or one's perceived difficulty in learning (“how difficult”). The former three judgments significantly predicted retention and transfer performance, but the judgment of difficulty did not significantly predict transfer. These results show the benefits of including judgments of understanding and transfer tests in studies that examine metacomprehension, and the importance of choosing appropriate wording for judgment prompts.
A "medical mission" at home: the needs of rural America in terms of otolaryngology care.

Objectives: Describe the population, Medicaid, uninsured, and otolaryngology practice demographics for 7 representative rural Southeastern states, and propose academic-affiliated outreach clinics as a service to help meet the specialty care needs of an underserved rural population, based on the “medical mission” model employed in international outreach clinics. Methods: A needs assessment was conducted via review of medical licensing and practice location data from state medical licensing authorities, together with population, Medicaid, and uninsured data from state health/human services departments and the US Census Bureau. Results: In all states examined, there are significantly more practicing otolaryngologists per capita in urban areas compared to rural areas (P < .05), with the exception of West Virginia, where the difference was not statistically significant (P= .33). In the majority of the states examined, there were higher rates (expressed as a percentage of total county population) of both Medicaid recipients and uninsured patients in rural counties compared to urban counties. Notable exceptions include Louisiana and West Virginia, where there are higher percentages of Medicaid patients in urban areas, and Kentucky and Tennessee, where there are higher percentages of uninsured patients in the urban areas (P < .05 for each comparison). Conclusions: Borrowing design elements from the international outreach clinics, which involve many US otolaryngologists, a similar medical mission model could be of benefit domestically. There are rural areas of the Southeast where visiting outreach clinics could improve access to otolaryngology care and facilitate effective use of existing “safety net” health care resources.
Nietzsche, Camus, and the Ghost of Christianity

Friedrich Nietzsche and Albert Camus had much in common. Both were atheists. Both were skeptics who affirmed the inability of human reason to make sense of the universe. Both denied that there was a source of meaning objectively there in the world a part from the human will. When Camus cites Nietzsche, it is more often than not with sympathy. Yet there are some major differences between these two quintessentially modern European thinkers. This essay argues that one major difference was that Nietzsche made a more consistent and decisive break with the Christian values of European culture. Camus, in contrast, despite his atheism, retained a surprising amount of Christianity in his world view.
Effects of self‐disclosure and responsiveness between couples on passionate love within couples

Previous work shows that high-self-disclosure interactions between couples can increase feelings of closeness within couples. We investigated whether couple friendships created in the lab through high-self-disclosure and closeness-building activities would boost feelings of passionate love. In Study 1, couples randomly assigned to a high (vs. low) closeness induction task, either alone or with another couple, showed significantly greater increases in passionate love when they were highly self-disclosing with other couples. Study 2 showed that the responsiveness of the other couple mediated the effects of self-disclosure on increases in passionate love following high-self-disclosure interactions with other couples. The creation of couple friendships may be an additional way to reignite feelings of passionate love in romantic relationships.
Annealing properties of oligoribonucleotides derived from T5 DNA-directed RNA compared to those from T2 and T7 DNA-directed RNAs.

Abstract RNA made in vitro on a T5 phage DNA template was partially digested with ribonuclease T1 and fractionated according to chain length. The oligoribonucleotides of various chain lengths were tested for their annealing at different temperatures to denatured DNAs immobilized on membrane filters. As observed before for the T-even and other T-odd phage DNAs, a chain length of 10 or more ribonucleotides is required to form a ribonuclease-resistant complex with denatured T5 DNA in the absence of Mg2+. The shortest oligoribonucleotides capable of forming a complex with denatured T5 DNA display a high degree of specificity for species: these oligoribonucleotides do not anneal to either T2 or T7 DNA. As expected, the temperature for optimum complex formation and the melting temperature of the oligoribonucleotide-denatured DNA complex increase with the chain length of the oligoribonucleotide. With increasing chain length, the average base composition increasingly reflects the base composition of the parent RNAs. For the same chain length, T5-produced oligoribonucleotides having a G+C content intermediate between those of T2- and T7-produced oligoribonucleotides form complexes having stabilities intermediate between those of the latter. There are linear relationships between the melting temperatures and the G+C contents for oligoribonucleotides of a defined chain length. This makes it possible to characterize oligoribonucleotide-denatured DNA complexes as a function of both the chain length and the base composition of the oligoribonucleotide.
Choosing mates based on the diet of your ancestors: replication of non-genetic assortative mating in Drosophila melanogaster

Assortative mating has been a focus of considerable research because of its potential to influence biodiversity at many scales. Sharon et al. (2010) discovered that an inbred strain of Drosophila melanogaster mated assortatively based on the diet of previous generations, leading to initial reproductive isolation without genetic evolution. This behavior was reproduced by manipulating the microbiome independently of the diet, pointing to extracellular bacterial symbionts as the assortative mating cue. To further investigate the biological significance of this result, we attempted to reproduce this phenomenon in an independent laboratory using different genotypes and additional mating assays. Supporting the previous result, we found that a different inbred strain also mated assortatively based on the diets of previous generations. However, we were unable to generate assortative mating in an outbred strain from North Carolina. Our results support the potential for non-genetic mechanisms to influence reproductive isolation, but additional work is needed to investigate the importance of this mechanism in natural populations of Drosophila.
Discourse, Small d, Big D

The notion of “Big ‘D’ Discourse” (“Discourse” spelled with a capital “D”) is meant to capture the ways in which people enact and recognize socially and historically significant identities or “kinds of people” through well-integrated combinations of language, actions, interactions, objects, tools, technologies, beliefs, and values. The notion stresses how “discourse” (language in use among people) is always also a “conversation” among different historically formed Discourses (that is, a “conversation” among different socially and historically significant kinds of people or social groups). The notion of “Big ‘D’ Discourse” sets a larger context for the analysis of “discourse” (with a little “d”), that is, the analysis of language in use. Keywords: cultural/critical communication; identity; language and social interaction; discourse; discourse analysis
Modeling nonlinear amplifiers for communication simulation

State-of-the-art models for nonlinear power amplifiers such as traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) are reviewed and critically analyzed. Emphasis is on modeling amplifiers with memory. Particular attention is given to the models of H.B. Poza et al. (1975), A. Saleh (1981), and M.T. Abuelma'atti (1984). A novel model which eliminates some of the faults of the old models is also introduced. This model is based on characterizing the response of a single sinusoidal component of a modulated signal in the presence of the many other tones that make up the modulated signal. >
Differences in waste generation, waste composition, and source separation across three waste districts in a New York suburb

Abstract Six tonnes of discards and recyclables from three waste districts in a New York suburb were sorted in 2012. The districts were chosen because one had a higher recycling percentage, one had median performance, and one was a low performing district. ASTM standards were followed for the waste composition sorting. The results showed, as expected, that the waste district with the highest recycling rate appeared to have the highest separation efficiencies, leading to greater amounts of recyclable materials being source separated. The waste districts also had different overall waste generation, both in terms of the amounts of wastes generated, and their composition. The better recycling district generated less waste, but had a higher percentage of recyclables in the waste stream. Therefore, in some sense, its waste stream was enriched in recyclables. Thus, although the residents of that district recovered materials at a higher rate, they also left large amounts of recyclables in their discards – as did the residents of the other districts. In fact, the districts only recycled between one quarter and less than half of all available recyclables, so that their discards were comprised of up to one third recyclable materials. This level of performance does not appear to be unique to this Town; therefore, we believe that additional recovery efforts through post-collection sorting for recyclables may be warranted.
In search of perioperative nursing data elements.

ABSTRACT A 14-member task force appointed by the AORN Board of Directors began the process of identifying perioperative nursing data elements in November 1993. During the ensuing two years, the task force members identified perioperative nursing intervention data elements, linked these data elements to specific patient outcomes, and asked 232 AORN members to validate the list of intervention data elements. This article explains the value of data elements to perioperative nurses, describes the consensus process used by the task force, and presents the Perioperative Nursing Data Elements: Interventions, Version 1.0. AORN J 63 (May 1996) 926–931.
A finite element model for wave refraction and diffraction

Abstract A two-dimensional hybrid finite element method is developed to study the scattering of water waves by an island and to calculate wave forces and moments on offshore structures. The offshore structure, which could be either semi-submerged or fully extended in the water, is assumed to be stationary. The numerical model is based on the mild-slope equation. It can be applied to both long-wave and short-wave problems. A special treatment for the problem with the semi-submerged structure is introduced. Comparisons are given with existing analytical solutions and other numerical results. The present model is shown to be an efficient and accurate method for the solution of wave refraction and diffraction problems.
Electronic Structure of Activated Bleomycin: Oxygen Intermediates in Heme versus Non-Heme Iron

Bleomycin (BLM) is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by the fungus Streptomyces verticillus which is used clinically for anticancer therapy. It is most active as an iron complex. A detailed spectroscopic and theoretical study of the ferric form of the drug, Fe(III)BLM, and its activated form, ABLM, is reported. ABLM, which has been shown to be a ferric hydroperoxide complex, is the last detectable intermediate in the reaction cycle of BLM that leads to a DNA radical and subsequent cleavage. Both forms of the drug are low-spin Fe(III) complexes and were studied with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and absorption (ABS) spectroscopy. In addition, resonance Raman (rR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra are reported for Fe(III)BLM. The g matrix was analyzed in detail, and Griffith's model for low-spin d5 complexes was experimentally evaluated. A ligand field analysis of the d−d region of the optical spectra resulted in a complete determination of the ligand field par...
The Allocation of Resources to Education in Less Developed Countries

In the last few years, many less developed countries have suddenly and apparently to their surprise found themselves with too many (relative to the absorptive capacity of their economies) rather than too few workers with intermediate educational attainments. Yet, even as surpluses of educated workers grow larger and larger, the school systems continue to expand and the people continue to demand education. Elsewhere,’ we have sought to understand the persistence of a high demand for educatic;n in countries characterized by a substantial surplus of educated labor. In this paper, we construct a political model of the allocation of resources to education in less developed countries to try to explain why educational systems continue to grow in the face of such surpluses. The specific plan of the paper is as follows. We begin in sect. 2 by briefly summarizing some of the available evidence on educational and labor market phenomena in less developed countries. In sect. 3, we offer a political model whereby more schools are constructed so long as the private demand for education exceeds the supply. Sect. 4 describes the path of adjustment toward and nature of equilibrium as predicted by our model. Finally, we conclude by considering some welfare and policy implications of the analysis. At this point, we remark that the political model presented herein is in no way limited in applicability to the less developed countries. Although not within the
Design, syntheses and potentiating activities against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus of cyclic analogs of LY301621

Abstract Previous SAR studies of the diastereomers of LY301621 suggested the importance of a β-turn conformation for biological activity. In the present study, cyclic analogs were designed and synthesized that possess Type II and II' β-turns. Their biological activity will be discussed.