cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer's disease and tauopathy studies in flies and worms.

Abstract Progressive dementias like Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and other tauopathies are an increasing threat to human health worldwide. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases using cell culture and mouse models, the complexity of these diseases has still prevented a comprehensive understanding of their underlying causes. As with other neurological diseases, invertebrate models have provided novel genetic approaches for investigating the molecular pathways that are affected in tauopathies, including AD. This review focuses on transgenic models that have been established in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate these diseases, and the insights that have been gained from these studies. Also included are a brief description of the endogenous versions of human “disease genes” (like tau and the Amyloid Precursor Protein) that are expressed in invertebrates, and an overview of results that have been obtained from animals lacking or overexpressing these genes. These diverse models can be used to advance our knowledge about how these proteins acquire a pathogenic function and how disrupting their normal functions may contribute to neurological pathologies. They also provide powerful assays for identifying molecular and genetic interactions that are important in developing or preventing the deleterious effects.
Bounding the state of stress at oceanic convergent zones

Abstract An upper bound estimate of the vertical component of stress present at oceanic convergent zones is obtained by examining the flexural style of the downgoing plate. A least squares procedure is used to invert the equations governing the flexure of a thin elastic plate, yielding an estimate of the plate's rigidity, and the lateral distribution and magnitude of the vertical stress. The stress estimates obtained from the elastic plate model are upper bounds, since any anelasticity will tend to weaken the lithosphere and thus require a smaller load to produce the same flexural response. Analyses of the Mariana, Bonin, Kuril and Aleutian Trenches show that the stress inducing lithospheric flexure reaches a maximum of less than 20 MPa within a few kilometers arcward of the trench. In all but the Aleutian Trench, the load decays to less than 1 MPa within 60 km of the trench, well before the Benioff Zone dip steepens. The distance between the trench axis and the stress maximum, as well as the net force applied to the plate, increase with increasing convergence rate. The estimated stress profiles are consistent with a model in which the stress inducing flexure results from the collision of the two plates along a narrow zone of interplate coupling located 15 to 20 km arcward of the trench axis. The trenches studied do not require a large vertical load in the vicinity of the steep part of the Benioff Zone, indicating that the weight of the subducted slab does not contribute support to the trench/outer rise bathymetry. This requires the normal component of slab weight to be supported by the asthenosphere, allowing the remaining component of weight to act parallel to the plate axis.
Gm and Km(Inv) frequencies in two Roumanian populations.

Serum samples from 170 unrelated individuals from the Suceava District of Roumania and from 199 unrelated individuals from Bucharest, Roumania were tested for Gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 17, 21) and Km(1)[Inv(1)]. Selected samples were also tested for Gm(15) and Gm(16).
Chloride efflux from isolated choroid plexus.

Abstract Chloride efflux was analyzed in adult rat lateral ventricle choroid plexus (LVCP) incubated in artificial CSF (aCSF) at 37°C. Following steady-state loading of36Cl in LVCP, the tracer release from plexus to aCSF was quantified by the efflux coefficient (k, s−1), equal to ln2/t1/2. Cl efflux could be described by a 2-component model, with a t1/2 for the ‘fast’ component matching well that for [3H]sucr (extracellular marker) and a slower, drug-inhibitable component of36Cl release thought to reflect cellular washout. The cellular Cl efflux was more than twice as fast at 37°C than at 15°C. There was progressively more rapid efflux (k) of36Cl from cells as the aCSF was altered over a range of several pH values from 6.7 (k= 0.026s−1) to 8.2 (0.070 s−1). CSF medium anion replacement (isethionate and HEPES for Cl and HCO3, respectively) reduced the k for36Cl by 57%. Acetazolamide (0.1 mM) and other Cl transport inhibitors (disulfonic stilbenes and loop diuretic) reduced Cl efflux by 35–55%. Acetazolamide inhibited Cl release from LVCP into aCSF whether the latter contained Cl and HCO3, or not. Overall, the findings suggest that Cl extrusion from choroid plexus is by way of an anion exchanger and via channels.
Nitrenes and the Decomposition of Carbonylazides

The decomposition of organic carbonylazides can lead to the formation of nitrenes. Ethoxycarbonylnitrene is formed in the photolytic and thermal decomposition of ethyl azidoformate and by α-elimination from N-(p-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy)urethan. Both of the possible electronic states of this nitrene take part in intermolecular reactions. Pure singlet nitrene is formed by α-elimination from the urethan and on thermal decomposition of ethyl azidoformate, but changes so rapidly into the triplet form that the reactions of both forms are observed. Singlet ethoxycarbonylnitrene undergoes selective and stereospecific insertion into CH bonds and adds stereospecifically to olefins. Triplet ethoxycarbonylnitrene, however, does not undergo insertion into CH bonds, and adds to olefins with complete loss of the geometric configuration. By following quantitatively the stereospecificity of the addition reaction and by selective interception of the triplet and singlet forms of the nitrene, it can be shown that the photolysis of ethyl azidoformate leads directly to nitrene of which one third is in the triplet state. In the decomposition of aryl- and alkylcarbonylazides (acid azides), the removal of nitrogen is accompanied by a synchronous rearrangement to isocyanates (Curtius rearrangement). In this system, nitrenes are obtained only by photolysis. They add to double bonds and undergo very selective insertion into CH bonds, but do not rearrange at a measurable rate to isocyanates. The photolytic Curtius rearrangement is also a concerted reaction.
High strain rate testing of bovine trabecular bone

In spinal vertebral burst fractures, the dynamic properties of the trabecular centrum, which is the central region of porous bone inside the vertebra, can play an important role in determining the failure mode. If the failure occurs in the posterior portion of the vertebral body, spinal canal occlusion can occur and ejected trabecular bone can impact the spinal cord resulting in serious injury. About 15% of all spinal cord injuries are caused by such burst fractures. Unfortunately, due to the uniqueness of burst fracture injuries, postinjury investigation cannot always accurately assess the degree of damage caused by these fractures. This research makes an effort to begin understanding the governing effects in this important bone fracture event. Measurements of the dynamic deformation response of bovine trabecular bone with the marrow intact and marrow removed using a modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus are reported and compared with quasistatic deformation response results. Because trabecular bone is more compliant and lower in strength than cortical bone, typical Hopkinson pressure bar experimental techniques used for high strain rate testing of harder materials cannot be applied. Instead, a quartz-crystal-embedded, split-Hopkinson pressure bar developed for testing compliant, low strength materials is used. Care is taken into account for the orthotropic properties in the bone by testing only along the principle material axes, determined through microcomputed tomography. In addition, shaping of the stress wave pulse is used to ensure a constant strain rate and homogeneous specimen deformation. Results indicate that the strength of trabecular bone increases by a factor of approximately 2-3 when the strain rate increases from 10(-3) s(-1) to 500 s(-1) and that the bone fractures beyond a critical strain.
Fine structure of endosperm protein bodies inSetaria lutescens (Gramineae)

Endosperm protein bodies are membrane bound. Internally, each body shows a pattern of dark and light concentric layers. A median dense core may also be present. These bodies stain for protein with mercuric bromphenol blue, but not for acid phosphatase.
Amdxidation and demethylation of N,N-dimethylaniline by rabbit liver and lung microsomes effects of age and metals

Abstract Lung N-oxidase enzyme activity was about three times higher than liver N-oxidase at the pH optimum, about pH 8.9, whereas the activities were nearly the same at more physiological ranges of pH. The lung N-oxidase was also stimulated about 2-fold by 100 mM Mg2+ and by 0.1 mM Hg2+, whereas liver N-oxidase activity was inhibited by these concentrations of ions. The difference in response of liver and lung enzymes to Mg2+ and Hg2+ was not altered by preparing the microsomes in the presence of 50 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in 0.1 M Tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane (Tris) buffer or 50 mM EDTA in 0.1 M KPO4 buffer, both at pH 7.6, indicating that the differences are probably not due to the presence of endogenous metals. The difference between the liver and lung N-oxidase systems may be due to the tissue environment rather than to the enzyme itself since mercury stimulation of lung N-oxidation began to disappear upon partial purification of the N-oxidase enzymes. In contrast to the effects of Hg2+ and Mg2+, 1 mM Ni2+ enhanced liver N-oxidase activity about 30% and 5 mM Ni2+ stimulated lung enzyme activity about 30% whereas concentrations above 10 mM were inhibitory to both N-oxidases. Both liver and lung demethylase activities were inhibited by these concentrations of Mg2+, Hg2+ and Ni2+. Various suifhydryl reagents were also tested for their effects on these enzymes. The mercurials, para-chloromercurybenzoate (pCMB) and phenylmercuryacetate (PMA) at concentrations of 0.1 mM had the same effect as HgCl2 inhibiting both demethylases and liver N-oxidase, but stimulating lung N-oxidase activity. However, 0.1 mM to 1 mMN-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and iodoacetamide had little if any effect on either liver or lung N-oxidase. It was also shown that Hg2+ effects on N-oxidase activity could be overcome by dilution. Changes in N,N-dimethyl aniline (DMA) metabolism with age were followed in rabbits from 4 days old to adult. There was a steady increase in lung demethylase activity and N-oxidase activity in the liver and lung to adult levels. However, the liver demethylase had a sharp increase in activity between 2 weeks and 1 month much like that seen with benzphetamine demethylase in rabbit liver. Activities of N-demethylase in liver and lung, and N-oxidr.se in liver from new-born rabbits were from 10 to 20 % of adult levels. However, in lung, N-oxidase activities in the newborn were about 50 % of adult levels. Microsomal N-oxidation in lungs from 2-day-old rabbits was stimulated by 0.1 mM mercury just as in the adult.
Twelve-Year Mapping and Change Analysis of Eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) Areal Abundance in Massachusetts (USA) Identifies Statewide Declines

In 1994, 1995, and 1996, seagrasses in 46 of the 89 coastal embayments and portions of seven open-water near-shore areas in Massachusetts were mapped with a combination of aerial photography, digital imagery, and ground truth verification. In the open-water areas, 9,477.31 ha of seagrass were identified, slightly more than twice the 4,846.2 ha detected in the 46 coastal embayments. A subset of the 46 embayments, including all regions of the state were remapped in 2000, 2001, and 2002 and again in 2006 and 2007. We detected a wide range of changes from increases as high as 29% y−1 in Boston Harbor to declines as large as −33% y−1 in Salem Harbor. One embayment, Waquoit Bay, lost all of its seagrass during the mapping period. For the 12-year change analysis representing all geographic regions of the state, only three embayments exhibited increases in seagrass coverage while 30 of the original 46 embayments showed some indication of decline. For the decadal period, rates of decline in the individual embayments ranged from −0.06% y−1 to as high as −14.81% y−1. The median rate of decline by region ranged from −2.21% y−1 to −3.51% y−1 and was slightly less than the recently reported global rate of decline for seagrasses (−3.7% y−1). Accounting for the gains in three of the embayments, 755.16 ha (20.6%) of seagrass area originally detected was lost during the mapping interval. The results affirm that previously reported losses in a few embayments were symptomatic of more widespread seagrass declines in Massachusetts. State and Federal programs designed to improve environmental quality for conservation and restoration of seagrasses in Massachusetts should continue to be a priority for coastal managers.
Contrast Ultrasound Techniques in the Detection and Quantification of Patent Foramen Ovale: Myth Versus Reality—A Clarification

To the Editor: We were pleased to see that our research was cited in a Letter to the Editor in Stroke , particularly in the context of paradoxical embolization and cryptogenic stroke.1 However, in both the Letter to the Editor and the Response to the Letter to the Editor, the results of our study were cited inaccurately.1,2 As such, we feel obliged to clarify some very important results from our study, so that misconceptions can be prevented. Specifically, in the Letter to the Editor, Dr. Schuchlenz …
INCREASED FREE RADICAL PRODUCTION AND INJURY IN THE FETAL RABBIT BRAIN FOLLOWING FETAL HYPOXIA. † 1475

INCREASED FREE RADICAL PRODUCTION AND INJURY IN THE FETAL RABBIT BRAIN FOLLOWING FETAL HYPOXIA. † 1475
Stability of export earnings of developing nations

The purpose of this paper is to examine export earning stability for 70 LDCs, over a time period from 1954 to 1968. Our intention is to test a traditional hypothesis that LDCs exporting a large percentage of primary products must on this account suffer from a large degree of export instability. Our results leads us to reject this hypothesis. We do not find any evidence in our work to support this view, in fact we find the opposite is true, that instability appears to be a larger problem for exporters of manufactured than non‐manufactured goods.
Freight Railroads Adjacent to High-Speed Rail: Assessing the Risk

By law, the California High-Speed Train System (CHSTS) must be designed and built along established transportation corridors, includes adjacent to or in shared right-of-ways with Class 1 freight railroads. The Adjacent Railroad Hazard Risk Assessment Model (ARHRAM) has been developed as a tool to assist the California High-Speed Rail Authority (Authority) in the assessment of hazard risk posed by adjacent freight railroads. This assessment assists the Authority in the risk-based prioritization of resources meant to mitigate the hazards presented by the adjacency of freight railroad operations. Use of the ARHRAM allows the Authority to apply consistent, objective assessment techniques across the entire system and throughout the various developmental phases.ARHRAM uses both quantitative and qualitative techniques to develop a characterization of the hazard risk at a particular location, as opposed to an exact probability of the occurrence of a derailment. FRA-reportable derailment data is used to establish the frequency of a derailment on the adjacent railroad at any location, normalized against the performance over a 10-year period. A review of characteristics at a particular location is then conducted, examining for the presence of sixteen separate site characteristics including alignment geometry, train control methods, speed, access, grade crossings, special trackwork, and operational modes. Each characteristic is given a value according to its presence (or not) and the total multiplied by the derailment factor for the railroad and volume of trains operated at the location.The result is a characterization of the levels of site-specific hazard risk that allows the Authority to prioritize mitigations (resources) in order to reduce risk to an acceptable level. The model is dynamic in that it can be modified if new characteristics need to be introduced or existing characteristics modified, and the model can be re-run should physical or operational conditions change in the future.This paper applies the model to an existing rail corridor adjacent the CHSTS, demonstrating how appropriate mitigations can be determined and residual risk accepted. The paper also identifies future applications of the ARHRAM in the development of the CHSTS, and potential applications for other systems or modes.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase: cloning and heterologous expression of the spinach gene, and purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme

We have achieved, to our knowledge, the first high-level heterologous expression of the gene encodingd-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase from any source, thereby permitting isolation and characterization of the epimerase as found in photosynthetic organisms. The extremely labile recombinant spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) enzyme was stabilized bydl-α-glycerophosphate or ethanol and destabilized byd-ribulose-5-phosphate or 2-mercaptoethanol. Despite this lability, the unprecedentedly high specific activity of the purified material indicates that the structural integrity of the enzyme is maintained throughout isolation. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate and divalent metal cations did not affect epimerase activity, thereby excluding a requirement for the latter in catalysis. As deduced from the sequence of the cloned spinach gene and the electrophoretic mobility under denaturing conditions of the purified recombinant enzyme, its 25-kD subunit size was about the same as that of the corresponding epimerases of yeast and mammals. However, in contrast to these other species, the recombinant spinach enzyme was octameric rather than dimeric, as assessed by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. Western-blot analyses with antibodies to the purified recombinant enzyme confirmed that the epimerase extracted from spinach leaves is also octameric.
Production replaces creation: Market forces and Frankenstein as critique of romanticism

(1988). Production replaces creation: Market forces and Frankenstein as critique of romanticism. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 27-33.
Smoothing Time Series with Local Polynomial Regression on Time

Time series smoothers estimate the level of a time series at time t as its conditional expectation given present, past and future observations, with the smoothed value depending on the estimated time series model. Alternatively, local polynomial regressions on time can be used to estimate the level, with the implied smoothed value depending on the weight function and the bandwidth in the local linear least squares fit. In this article we compare the two smoothing approaches and describe their similarities. Through simulations, we assess the increase in the mean square error that results when approximating the estimated optimal time series smoother with the local regression estimate of the level.
The role of CT scanning in patients with cancer of the breast, cervix, and endometrium

Abstract The CT scanner has been of great value in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with cancer l of the breast, cervix, and endometrium. It has increased the ability to evaluate the tumor and treatment volume and give an expanded perception of the relationship of the tumor volume, normal tissue, and isodose distributions in the treatment planning of patients with cancer.
Cognitive functions, bodily sensibility and the brain

Body representations traverse the whole of the brain. They provide vital sources of information for every facet of an animal’s behavior, and such direct neural connectivity of visceral input throughout the nervous system demonstrates just how strongly cognitive systems are linked to bodily representations. At each level of the neural axis there are visceral appraisal systems that are integral in the organization of action. Cognition is not one side of a divide and viscera the other, with action merely a reflexive outcome. There is no divide between cognition and bodily functions once the brain is involved. Cognitive mechanisms that permeate neural function are a cardinal piece of biological function and adaptation.
Blepharoptosis surgery complicated by late suture migration.

PURPOSE: To report late suture migration as a complication of blepharoptosis surgery. METHOD: Case reports. RESULTS: After upper eyelid blepharoptosis repair, two eyes of two patients developed unusual foreign body reactions and ulceration in the conjunctiva caused by migration of nonabsorbable suture from the levator aponeurosis to the upper conjunctival fornix. The foreign body caused eyelid edema, papillary changes in the upper tarsal conjunctiva, recurrent blepharoptosis, and a foreign body sensation that started more than 3 months after the surgery and persisted until the suture was removed. The sutures, hidden in edematous conjunctiva of the superior fornix, eluded detection. CONCLUSIONS: Foreign body reaction secondary to suture migration is an uncommon complication of blepharoptosis repair.
Robotic therapy provides a stimulus for upper limb motor recovery after stroke that is complementary to and distinct from conventional therapy.

Background. Individuals with chronic stroke often have long-lasting upper extremity impairments that impede function during activities of daily living. Rehabilitation robotics have shown promise in improving arm function, but current systems do not allow realistic training of activities of daily living. We have incorporated the ARMin III and HandSOME device into a novel robotic therapy modality that provides functional training of reach and grasp tasks. Objective. To compare the effects of equal doses of robotic and conventional therapy in individuals with chronic stroke. Methods. Subjects were randomized to 12 hours of robotic or conventional therapy and then crossed over to the other therapy type after a 1-month washout period. Twelve moderate to severely impaired individuals with chronic stroke were enrolled, and 10 completed the study. Results. Across the 3-month study period, subjects showed significant improvements in the Fugl-Meyer (P = .013) and Box and Blocks tests (P = .028). The robotic interve...
Resistant Hypertension: Concepts and Approach to Management

Resistant hypertension (RH), defined simply, is blood pressure (BP) requiring the use of four or more antihypertensive agents, whether controlled or uncontrolled. RH is an increasingly common problem in elderly patients and may affect as many as 20% of the hypertensive population. Unfortunately, at least 30% of patients evaluated for RH are actually adequately controlled when more carefully assessed by home BP monitoring or ambulatory BP monitoring, thus representing a white coat effect. It is also essential to exclude pseudoresistance resulting from improper BP recording techniques or failure of the patient to adhere to the prescribed treatment regimen. Concurrent use of drugs that may interfere with prescribed antihypertensive agents, including many over the counter herbal preparations, must also be excluded. The underlying mechanisms principally driving true RH include pathophysiologic abnormalities of aldosterone signaling, sodium and water retention, excessive sympathetic nervous system activity, and obstructive sleep apnea. Appropriate treatment regimens will usually include an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a calcium channel blocker, and a diuretic. An aldosterone receptor blocker can be instituted at any step, and is very effective as a fourth drug. Beta-blockers can also be integrated into these treatment plans and may be especially helpful when excessive sympathetic nervous system activity is suspected. Novel device therapies that interrupt sympathetic nerve stimulation at the carotid sinus and kidney are under investigation, and may add entirely new directions in the management of RH. What is most important is that treatment regimens should be targeted to specific patient profiles.
A New Astronomical Polarimeter

We describe a portable astronomical polarimeter system employing a photoelastic modulator and digital synchronous detection to extract simultaneously three of the four Stokes' parameters of the incident light. Light polarization by the telescope optics is the major systematic offset error. A mini-computer is employed for data handling, control, and quick-look Fourier transformation of time-series data.
External beam radiotherapy for incidental adenocarcinoma of the prostate discovered at transurethral resection

This paper updates the results of 89 patients treated between 1967 and 1989 for incidental carcinoma discovered at transurethral resection of the prostate (Stanford stage T0 or AJC-UICC stage T1) with external beam irradiation. Twenty-two patients had Stanford T0 focal (less than 5% involvement of the prostatic chips) and 67 presented with Stanford T0 diffuse (5% or more involvement). Follow-up ranges from 4 months to 25.1 years, with a mean follow-up of 9.8 years. The actuarial local control for Stanford T0 focal is 100%, and 70% for Stanford T0 diffuse at 15 years. There was no difference in survival between Stanford T0 diffuse and T0 focal and the expected survival of an age-matched control population. Patients who were treated when younger than 65 had a similar local control and distant relapse when compared to those treated when 65 or older. There was no difference in local control, freedom from relapse, or disease-specific survival when the 38 patients who received irradiation to the prostate only are compared with the 29 who also received pelvic irradiation for Stanford T0 diffuse carcinoma. Patients with a Gleason score of 6 or more, when compared with those with a score of 5 or less, experienced more distant relapses and similar local control, suggesting that patients with a high grade tumor have occult metastases at presentation.
Conductivity reduction study for graphite — A tight binding calculation for neon intercalated graphite

Abstract Since the conductivity in pure graphite arises from small pockets of electrons and holes at the Fermi surface as a result of weak interaction between interlayer carbon-carbon atoms, it seems likely that the intercalation of an inert gas atom, which has a closed shell electronic configuration, will have the net effect of merely changing the periodicity of the graphite layers, hence reducing the conductivity, yet leaving the graphite layers essentially unchanged. In our model tight binding calculations, the neon atoms were assumed to form a centered hexagonal net flanked by two identical graphite layers. Band structure calculations were carried out for neon intercalated graphite in stages 1, 2, and 3 configurations. The neon-carbon interlayer distance was estimated by assuming carbon and neon to be hard spheres in contact. The tight binding overlap parameters were scaled from those of pure graphite. The calculations show that stage 1 remains conducting as in the case of pure graphite, while a narrow insulating gap appears in both stages2 and 3.
Absence of toxicity of chronic weekly intravenous gene therapy with pegylated immunoliposomes.

Purpose. Plasmid DNA-based gene therapy involves episomal gene expression and must be given on a chronic basis. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine for toxic side effects of the chronic weekly intravenous administration of plasmid DNA delivered with a nonviral gene transfer method using pegylated immunoliposomes (PIL). Methods. A 7-kb expression plasmid encoding for rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was encapsulated in PILs targeted with either the murine OX26 monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the rat transferrin receptor (TfR) or with the mouse IgG2a isotype control antibody. Rats were treated with weekly intravenous injections of 5 μg/rat/week of the TH expression plasmid DNA encapsulated in either the TfRMAb-targeted PIL or the mouse IgG2a-targeted PIL for a total period of 6 weeks. A third control group of rats was treated with saline. Results. The animals treated with either saline, the TfRMAb-PIL, or the mouse IgG2a-PIL had no measurable differences with respect to body weights, 14 serum chemistries, or organ histology of brain, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, or lung. Immunocytochemistry showed no evidence of inflammation in brain. The delivery to brain of the TH expression plasmid was confirmed with Southern blotting. Conclusions. The PIL nonviral gene transfer method causes no toxic side effects following chronic weekly intravenous administration in rats.
Exponential Band Tails in Random Systems

We present a simple derivation of the exponential band tails universally observed in three-dimensional disordered materials. The physical picture employed is that of Halperin and Lax in which states are localized by long-wavelength potential fluctuations. When the effect of the small-scale fluctuations of the potential are included as well, via the scaling arguments of Thouless, there results an exponential dependence of the density of states on energy below an energy ${E}_{1}$. The magnitudes and dependences of ${E}_{1}$ and the width of the tail on disorder agree with the experiment.
Measuring the Impact of Direct and Indirect R&D on the Productivity Growth of Industries: Using the Yale Technology Concordance

This paper investigates the impact of direct and indirect R&D on the productivity growth of 30 French industries during the period 1978–92. The main aim of this paper is to assess the appropriateness of the Yale Technology Concordance (YTC) as a proxy for indirect R&D flows. We compare the effect on productivity growth of the Yale proxy with the traditional proxy based on goods input–output flows, and assess their suitability for different groups of industries. Results indicate that the indirect YTC proxy performs slightly better than the traditional proxy, as a result of superior performance in the high-tech and service sectors in particular.
Interaction of brain stimulation and conditioned taste aversion: Osmotically induced drinking

Water-sated rats received intraventricular injections of hypertonic saline and were given access to a previously poisoned saccharin solution or water on alternate days. Water intake was significantly greater than that of saccharin, which in turn did not differ from water intake following various control procedures. The data are interpreted as extending the finding of Wise and Albin (1973) of disruption of eating induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus by a conditioned taste aversion to the instance of drinking induced by central nervous system (CNS) osmostimulation.
Broadband CARS spectral phase retrieval using a time-domain Kramers-Kronig transform.

We describe a closed-form approach for performing a Kramers–Kronig (KK) transform that can be used to rapidly and reliably retrieve the phase, and thus the resonant imaginary component, from a broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectrum with a nonflat background. In this approach we transform the frequency-domain data to the time domain, perform an operation that ensures a causality criterion is met, then transform back to the frequency domain. The fact that this method handles causality in the time domain allows us to conveniently account for spectrally varying nonresonant background from CARS as a response function with a finite rise time. A phase error accompanies KK transform of data with finite frequency range. In examples shown here, that phase error leads to small (<1%) errors in the retrieved resonant spectra.
Anxiety, self-preoccupation and attention

A cognitive view of anxiety is outlined that emphasizes the role self-preoccupation plays in attention and information processing. Two applications of this theoretical approach are given, one in the area of test anxiety and the other relating to cognitive therapies for anxiety.
The Influence of Tumor Microfoci on Recurrence and Survival Following Pulmonary Resection of Metastatic Osteogenic Sarcoma

Abstract Factors that influence recurrence and survival following thoracotomy for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma are not well defined. We examined the clinical and pathological material from 51 patients who had no metastases at the time of operative treatment of osteogenic sarcoma at the University of Michigan from 1962 to 1982. Ages ranged from 2 to 30 years (mean, 15 years). Metastases developed in 37 patients (72.5%) at a mean of 8 months after initial operation. Thirteen patients were treated with chemotherapy only; 12 of them died after a mean survival of 7 months. Twenty-four patients were treated with chemotherapy and 45 thoracotomies (mean, 1.9 per patient-range, 1 to 5) during which 120 wedge resections or lobectomies were performed. Follow-up is available on 22 of these 24 patients, 11 (50%) of whom are alive (9, tumor free) at a mean of 51 months after thoracotomy. Eleven patients died after a mean survival of 27 months p ≤ 0.001 compared with the group having chemotherapy only). Microfoci of tumor (tumor cells separate from the gross tumor nodule) were found in resection specimens in 12 patients at the first thoracotomy; in 11 of these 12 patients, new metastases subsequently developed resulting in 10 reoperations. Twelve patients had no microfoci at the first operation; new metastases developed in 5; 3 underwent reoperation. Overall, microfoci were found at 29 operations; in patients with this finding, new metastases developed twenty-seven times (93%). New metastases developed in patients with microfoci at a mean of 5 months versus a 12-month recurrence rate in patients without this finding ( p ≤ 0.01). Six (67%) of 9 tumor-free survivors were without microfoci at operation, whereas 9 (82%) of the 11 patients who died had microfoci found at 1 or more operations. We conclude that the presence of micrometastases in the specimen obtained at pulmonary resection predicts a high rate of early and frequent recurrence of pulmonary metastases and low survival. Patients with this finding require more frequent follow-up and aggressive therapy. Despite the high rate of recurrence, aggressive pulmonary resection substantially prolongs survival compared with patients treated without operation. Therefore, the presence of microfoci should not preclude subsequent chemotherapy or surgical therapy.
Indirectly detected through-bond chemical shift correlation NMR spectroscopy in solids under fast MAS: studies of organic-inorganic hybrid materials

Indirectly detected, through-bond NMR correlation spectra between (13)C and (1)H nuclei are reported for the first time in solid state. The capabilities of the new method are demonstrated using naturally abundant organic-inorganic mesoporous hybrid materials. The time performance is significantly better, almost by a factor of 10, than in the corresponding (13)C detected experiment. The proposed scheme represents a new analytical tool for studying other solid-state systems and the basis for the development of more advanced 2D and 3D correlation methods.
Uplink Scheduling of Visual Sensors: When View Popularity Matters

Decentralized camera sensors capture a 3D scene of interest from multiple perspectives. The captured video signals need to be transmitted to a central station over a shared wireless channel. A collocated server streams the gathered data to a collection of clients interested in experiencing the scene interactively. We design a constrained optimization framework for sharing the transmission bandwidth of the wireless channel across the sensors such that the average video quality over the client population is maximized. We consider scheduling the uplink resources of the wireless channel at the view or packet level. In the first case, the central station partitions the channel capacity across a select subset of views that are transmitted entirely. In the second case, the station coordinates the packet transmissions of every sensor. We formulate exact and approximate algorithms to solve the optimization of interest. We examine their transmission efficiency via simulation experiments that demonstrate considerable gains over the state-of-the-art and study the impact of view popularity.
A blocking ELISA for the detection of specific antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been adapted to detect specific antibodies in bovine sera to respiratory syncytial virus using a horseradish peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibody to the fusion protein of the virus. This assay plus an indirect blocking ELISA and indirect ELISA were used to detect antibodies to the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in 159 field-origin bovine sera. Results of these assays were compared with serum antibody titers measured by the serum neutralization (SN) test. Over a 56-day period, the mean neutralization titers and the mean delta absorbance values for the blocking ELISA, on the same sera, showed similar declines. However, the calculated correlation coefficients between mean SN titer and mean absorbance value for the blocking ELISA of the individual sera ranged from -0.2 to -0.5 depending on the source of sera. Similar values were obtained whether using crude or purified viral antigen in the assays. Corresponding calculated correlation coefficients were generally higher for the indirect blocking ELISA or indirect ELISA than for the blocking ELISA. The blocking ELISA was between 70 and 64% as sensitive as the serum neutralization test with a specificity of 100 or 90% using the crude and purified viral antigen, respectively. The indirect blocking ELISA and indirect ELISA had similar calculated sensitivities and specificities. The blocking ELISA was faster to run than either of the other ELISA's or the neutralization test. Further, nonspecific background absorbance was obviated because the blocking ELISA detects antibodies to 1 specific viral protein, the fusion protein. These studies suggest that the blocking ELISA should be useful as a serological test for BRSV antibodies.
Robust prediction of network traffic using Quantile Regression Models

Reliable network traffic prediction is essential for efficient resource management schemes. Based on the quantile regression, we propose a robust prediction procedure which is resistent to outliers. For long-term predictions, the predicting intervals have a coverage probability that is very close to the pre-assigned nominal level. The detailed distributional information of the estimated quantities can be efficiently characterized by using different quantiles. The performance of the prediction is tested on a large telecommunication network traffic data. The results indicate that the proposed quantile regression provide relative accurate prediction and is not sensitive to outliers.
Housing Affordability and Child Well-Being

We test three hypotheses about the role of housing affordability in child cognitive achievement, behavior, and health. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we apply both propensity-score matching and instrumental-variable modeling as identification strategies and test the sensitivity of results to omitted variable bias. The analysis reveals an inverted-U-shaped relation between the fraction of income devoted to housing and cognitive achievement. The inflection point at approximately 30% supports the long-standing rule-of-thumb definition of affordable housing. There is no evidence of affordability effects on behavior or health.
Sarcopenia and Myopathies in the Elderly

Muscle disease symptoms and myopathies are not uncommon in the elderly population. Inflammatory and noninflammatory myopathies lead primarily to proximal extremity or axial weakness and are superimposed upon the intrinsic age-related changes that occur in muscle mass, strength, and function (sarcopenia). This chapter surveys the more common myopathies in the elderly population based upon a review of the process of sarcopenia, and how these age-related changes in muscle structure and function affect the results of the standard assessments of muscle disease in the elderly individual.
The Assessment of Guide Sign Informational Load

The informational load of highway guide signs was measured in laboratory experimentation by having subjects view projected highway signs and choose the highway lanes leading to preassigned destinations. The informational load was measured in terms of response times and errors. Subjects were able to very quickly select the proper lane when they viewed common freeway signs and fictitious signs with as many as eight possible destinations. The inclusion on the sign display of unfamiliar destinations and nonguidance information did not appreciably slow subjects' responses. When the destination was not on the sign, subjects had to make navigational decisions, relating sign information to what they knew about the routes. The associated response times were significantly longer than when scanning alone was required. The findings are interpreted in terms of their implications for the design of highway signs.
SiC and GaN MOS Interfaces – Similarities and Differences

We have comparatively characterized the electrical characteristics of 4H-SiC and 2H-GaN MOS capacitors and FETs. While progressive refinement of gate oxide processes, notably with NO anneal, has resulted in better threshold voltage control, reduced subthreshold slope and higher field-effect mobility for 4H-SiC MOSFETs, we have recently reported more superior MOS parameters for 2H-GaN MOSFETs. In addition, we have performed MOS-gated Hall measurements to extract the intrinsic carrier concentration and MOS mobility, indicating that both less channel electron trapping and scattering take place in 2H-GaN MOSFETs.
Safe Personal Habits and Practices

The following guidelines for personal habits and practices in the laboratory are primarily directed toward the prevention of occupation- ally produced physical injury or disease. However, observing these practices can also improve the quality of laboratory work by reducing the possibilities for contamination of experimental materials. The reasons for many of these recommended precautions and practices are obvious, but going into some detail will make it possible to determine whether the practice is applicable to each laboratory situation.
Effects of Methyl Parathion, DDT, and Toxaphene on the Boll Weevil, Bollworm, and Cotton Plant in North Carolina

Toxaphene + DDT, methyl parathion + DDT, and toxaphene + DDT + methyl parathion sprays applied early and late in the cotton season provided adequate control of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, and the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), during 1961–63. Differences in effectiveness of these treatments against these insects were not significant. Also, no significant differences in total square or boll production, plant height at harvest, or total yield were found among these treatments. Treatments of methyl parathion + DDT and toxaphene + DDT + methyl parathion delayed squaring about 5–10 days, and this delay in squaring resulted in a corresponding delay in maturity. Thus, the reproductive physiology of cotton was affected slightly by methyl parathion.
REAL TIME SIMULATION OF A LOW COST GPS NAVIGATOR FOR NONPRECISION APPROACHES

This paper describes a real time simulation designed to evaluate the flyability of a low-cost GPS navigator to be used by general aviation. The performance of such a GPS navigator may be degraded by satellite shielding during aircraft maneuvers associated with a nonprecision approach. Furthermore, the Department of Defense is proposing to reduce the navigation accuracy available to civil users of the GPS military satellite system. These concerns about the flyability of a low-cost GPS navigator have motivated the development of a real time simulation in which a human pilot flies a general aviation trainer along an approach course guided by a computer simulated GPS navigation algorithm. By including the pilot and aircraft response characteristics, this simulation provides a direct comparison of the operational performance of a proposed low-cost GPS navigator with the present VOR/DME system. Results of test pilots flying a simulated nonprecision approach procedure are given for VOR/DME and a low-cost GPS navigator with errors due to satellite shielding and a hypothetical intentional degradation of GPS signals. These results indicate that the operational performance characteristics of the low-cost GPS navigator are noticeably different from VOR navigation and may require different flying techniques as a result. Pilots may be confused by false wind indications due to intentional degradation of GPS signals. An unstable interaction between pilot and navigation may occur if more than one low-elevation satellite can be shielded by turning the aircraft in different directions. The simulation described herein provides an experimental tool for investigating further the reaction of GA pilots to intentional degradation of GPS navigation accuracy and methods for reducing errors due to satellite shielding.
"Hybrid" repair of aneurysms of the transverse aortic arch: midterm results.

Background Aneurysms of the transverse aortic arch, especially those involving the mid to distal arch, are technically challenging to repair with conventional open techniques. We present our results with a combined open/endovascular approach ("hybrid repair") in such patients. Methods From August 11, 2005, to September 18, 2008, 28 patients underwent hybrid arch repair. For patients (n = 9) with distal arch aneurysms but 2 cm or more of proximal landing zone (PLZ) distal to the innominate artery, right to left carotid-carotid bypass was performed to create a PLZ by covering the left carotid origin. For patients (n = 12) with mid arch aneurysms but 2 cm or more of PLZ in the ascending aorta, proximal ascending aorta-based arch debranching was performed. For patients (n = 7) with arch aneurysms with no adequate PLZ ("mega aorta") but adequate distal landing zone, a stage 1 elephant trunk procedure was performed to create a PLZ. For the first two groups, endovascular aneurysm exclusion and debranching were performed concomitantly, whereas the procedures were staged for the group undergoing an initial elephant trunk procedure. Results Mean patient age was 64 ± 13 years. Primary technical success rate was 100%. Thirty-day/in-hospital rates of death, stroke, and permanent paraplegia/paresis were 0%, 0%, and 3.6% (n = 1), respectively. At a mean follow-up of 14 ± 11 months, there have been no late aortic-related events. Two patients (7%) required secondary endovascular reintervention for a type 1 endovascular leak. No patient has a type 1 or 3 endovascular leak at latest follow-up. Conclusions Hybrid repair of transverse aortic arch aneurysms appears safe and effective at midterm follow-up and may represent a technical advance in the treatment of this pathology.
Understanding who you are and how you work: the role of self-assessment

Abstract Routine and meaningful self-assessment is a key step in continuing professional development and can help guide professional decisions and improve effectiveness. Strategies for self-assessment include use of self-assessment tools such as personality or skills inventories, which provide insight into an individual's traits, attitudes, or interests. Strengths-based self-assessments focus on identifying and developing individual talents instead of improving weaknesses. A personal mission statement can be used to establish personal and professional values and goals. Results of such self-assessment activities can be applied to the workplace to enhance performance and better align work activities with individual interests or strengths. In addition to incorporating self-assessment into professional development activities and decision making, it should also be a routine part of day-to-day work activities. Strategies for routine self-assessment of teaching, scholarship, and service are presented.