cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Gait Abnormalities in Sprague-Dawley Rats after 6-hydroxydopamine Injection and the Experiment Efficient Design

This manuscript focuses on distinguishing the locomotion of 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rats from untreated control rats and the efficient design of the experiment. A 6-OHDA rat is a model of Parkinson's disease and the locomotion is determined by measuring ground reaction forces. The hypothesis that changes in measured locomotion parameters can noninvasively detect Parkinson's disease in rats is tested. A gait analysis system that measures locomotion parameters (LP) of each individual limb along with a logistic regression model is used to assess the locomotion impairments of Sprague-Dawley rats before and after injecting 6-OHDA into their right medial forebrain bundle (MFB). We observed changes in the rats' locomotion as soon as they walked again through the system after recuperating from the surgery. Before the surgery the locomotion of the rats was normal, whereas after surgery the six rats demonstrated impaired locomotion. The statistical model used 7 LPs that characterize non vertical ground reaction forces and associated time parameters. The sensitivity and specificity of the 7-LP model is 92% and 95%, respectively. This gait analysis system can be used to test the efficacy of new pharmaceutical treatments for Parkinson's disease and other neurological ailments modeled in rats or mice. A system for noninvasively diagnosing neurological ailments that affect locomotion in humans can be developed using similar methodologies.
Ha-ras oncogene expression abrogates a pH dependent endonuclease activity of apoptosis in normal rat kidney cells.

Abstract To investigate the role of oncogene expression in the resistance to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), we transfected the mutated T24-Ha-ras oncogene into the murine kidney cell line NRK and an alternative murine cell line C127 cells. The resulting transfectants, NRK-Ha and HC127, were assayed for TNF mediated cytotoxicity. Cellular cytotoxicity of 45% over 48h occurred with the NRK cells. However, ras transfectant NRK-Ha cells demonstrated 0% cytotoxicity over the same period. Both C127 cells and the ras transfectant HC127 demonstrated 40% and 25% cytotoxicity, respectively, over 48 h when incubated with TNF. Furthermore, DNA isolated from NRK, C127, HC127, but not NRK-Ha cells revealed the presence of DNA fragmentation ‘ladders’ indicative of successful apoptosis when the cells were incubated with TNF. To determine the possible mechanism in which the ras oncogene may have protected the NRK-Ha cells from TNF mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis, total nuclear endonucleases from the NRK cells and the ras transfectant NRK-Ha cells were isolated. We determined that the endonuclease activity in the NRK and the ras transfectant NRK-Ha cells was a pH dependent endonuclease. Significant degradation of the target DNA was observed only in pH 4–6 buffers containing the endonuclease. Furthermore, preliminary intracellular pH analysis suggested that while the NRK cells have an intracellular pH of 6.0, the ras transfectant NRK-Ha cells have an intracellular pH of 7.2 and may have abrogated its pH dependent endonuclease. Both the C127 cells and the ras transfectant HC127 cells did not express a pH dependent endonuclease but rather a Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ dependent endonuclease. Furthermore, preliminary intracellular pH analysis suggested that both the C127 and HC127 cells have the same intracellular pH. Our results indicate that in normal rat kidney cells, ras oncogene transfection may cause a disruption in the endonuclease activation involved in apoptosis.
Fundamental concepts in pharmacokinetics.

Abstract The main terms used in pharmacokinetics are listed, giving for each of them its proper definition and some suggestions for their correct use for the description of pharmacokinetic properties.
Fish Flour as a Protein Source in Calf Milk Replacers

Abstract Substitution of varying levels of fish flour protein for skimmilk protein in calf milk replacers was studied in growth and balance trials, using 108 Holstein calves. The effect of dietary fat on growth responses to fish flour also was investigated. Milk replacers (diluted to 15% dry matter) furnished the only source of nutrients to calves in growth and balance trials. Average daily gains and feed efficiencies were not significantly depressed when fish flour furnished up to 40% of the dietary protein. However, at 60 to 67% marked decreases (P Digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and ash decreased as amount of fish flour in milk replacers increased. Digestibility of crude protein in fish flour averaged about 80% compared to 90% for skimmilk protein. The per cent of digested nitrogen retained was significantly depressed (P
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS FOR DISCRETE-TIME DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

A simple, yet mathematically rigorous feedback control design method is proposed in this paper, which can make all the Lyapunov exponents of the controlled system strictly positive, for any given n-dimensional dynamical system that could be originally nonchaotic or even asymptotically stable. The argument used is purely algebraic and the design procedure is completely schematic, with no approximations used throughout the derivation. This is a rigorous and convenient technique suggested as an attempt for anticontrol of chaotic dynamical systems, with explicit computational formulas derived for applications.
Acute vascular effects of estrogen in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUNDAlthough hormone replacement therapy has been associated with reduction of cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women, the mechanisms that mediate this apparent benefit are unclear. Because improvement in vasomotor function may represent one of the beneficial effects of estrogen administration, we investigated the acute effects of physiological levels of estrogen on the vascular responses of estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women.METHODS AND RESULTSThe study included 40 postmenopausal women 60 +/- 8 years old (mean +/- SD), 20 of whom had one or more conditions associated with vascular dysfunction (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, or coronary artery disease). The forearm vascular responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine were studied before and during infusion of 17 beta-estradiol into the ipsilateral brachial artery. In 31 subjects, the effect of estradiol on the responses to the endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside was also studied. W...
Design of spatially aware graspable displays

We propose spatially aware portable displays which use movement in real physical space to control navigation in the digital information space within. This paper describes two interface design studies which use physical models, such as friction and gravity, in relating the movement of the display to the movement of information on the display surface. In combining input and output aspects of the interface into a single object, we can improve control and provide a meaningful relationship between the interface and the body of the user.
Global and local variational derivatives and integral representations of Gâteaux differentials

Let J be a real-valued functional on the space of continuous functions with the supremum norm. Suppose J has a continuous linear Gâteaux variation δJ[y; h]. Then δJ[y; h] has an integral representation δJ[y; h] = ∝ h dμy, where μy is a regular Borel measure depending on y. This article establishes conditions under which μy is absolutely continuous and its Radon-Nikodým derivative is a continuous function. Under these conditions, the (local) Volterra variational derivative is shown to exist everywhere and to be equal to the (globally defined) Radon-Nikodým derivative. The conditions are imposed directly on the Gâteaux variation. In addition, the article clears up some ambiguities in the literature on variational derivatives and provides a strong linkage between the global and local approaches to the variational derivative. Several of the lemmas developed for the proofs of the main results also establish what seem to be new measure-theoretic results for functions.
On Semi-Primary Self-Injective Rings and Faith's Quasi-Frobenius Conjecture

A long-standing conjecture of Faith in ring theory states that a left self-injective semi-primary ring A is necessarily a quasi-Frobenius ring. We propose a new method for approaching this conjecture, and prove it under some mild conditions; we show that if the simple A-modules are at most countably generated over a subring of the centre of A, then the conjecture holds. Also, the conjecture holds for algebras A over sufficiently large fields, i.e. if the cardinality of is larger than the dimension of the simple A-modules (or of A/Jac(A)). This effectively proves the conjecture in many situations, and we obtain several previously known results on this problem as a consequence.
Paths of Destruction and Regeneration: Globalization and Forests in the Tropics*

Abstract Globalization has spatially and temporally varied effects on forest cover in the tropics. It destroys primary forests (first nature) in some places at the same time that it creates secondary and scrub growth (second nature) in other places. In any one region, globalization first destroys forest and then induces some regrowth. It also contributes to the emergence of persistent rural poverty in tropical regions. Although forest destruction and regeneration would appear to have mutually offsetting environmental effects, the first effect is stronger than the second, so globalization exerts a negative net influence on biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. Case studies of change in forest cover in southeast Asia and west Africa illustrate these processes.
Quantum mechanics and the uniqueness of the world

The theory of quantum mechanics and its relation to the basic datum of everyday life, the uniqueness of the world, is discussed. The stochastic model of knowledge offered by both classical and quantum physics is described. Questions are raised about the adequacy and logical clarity of quantum mechanics. (M.C.G.)
When Absence Speaks Louder than Words: An Object Relational Perspective on No-Show Appointments

The rates of no-show appointments in community mental health are reported to be as high as 50%. Yet there is a striking scarcity of clinical literature on this subject compared with the abundance of articles written from an administrative point of view. This paper describes a variety of countertransference responses to missed appointments. Drawing from object relations theory, the author maps out different pathways to guide thinking about the use of countertransference, listening to clinical material following a no-show appointment, and responding to organizational pressures. The paper aims to help practitioners make greater sense of the patient’s inner world and of what is going on in the transference-countertransference matrix.
Forums for information systems scholars: III

Abstract Three hundred and sixty-four information systems faculty responded to a questionnaire rating 51 journals and 13 conferences associated with the information systems field. In addition to rating the value of the outlets, faculty were asked to state whether a journal was published primarily to disseminate information systems research or not. Relative rankings for each journal and conference were determined. As the third in a series of studies, comparisons were made between these findings and those of previous ones. The overall stability in the rankings of journals and conferences was also identified. A few journals and conferences were rated and ranked for the first time. Furthermore, a significant increase in the ratings of “pure” information systems journals was noted.
Cyclosporine and α-difluoromethylornithine exhibit differential effects on colon and pancreatic cancer in vitro

α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a known irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. Cyclosporine (CsA) has been reported to inhibit ODC activity in vitro. In the present study, we compared the effects of DFMO and CsA on growth, survival, and polyamine levels in mouse colon cancer (MC-26) and hamster pancreatic cancer (H2T) cells in vitro. The growth and survival of MC-26 and H2T cells were inhibited by both DFMO and CsA. However, H2T cells were observed to be significantly more sensitive than MC-26 cells to both CsA and DFMO. The inhibitory effects of CsA were blocked by the addition of the polyamine, putrescine, in both MC-26 and H2T cells. Polyamine levels were altered significantly in both MC-26 and H2T cells treated with CsA and DFMO. However, the profile of these alterations differed between MC-26 and H2T cell lines. Putrescine and spermidine levels in MC-26 cells were more sensitive to DFMO inhibition than were H2T cells. Spermine levels were consistently elevated in MC-26 cells exposed to CsA or DFMO, while the level of spermine in H2T cells decreased significantly in response to the same drugs. These results suggest that CsA and DFMO exhibit different effects on colon and pancreatic cancer growth in vitro. In addition, the differences in the sensitivity of pancreatic and colon cancer to CsA and DFMO indicate potentially important differences in polyamine metabolism between the two cell lines.
Effects of Increased Free Fatty Acid Availability on Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Storage in Men

Context: A portion of free fatty acids (FFA) released from adipose tissue lipolysis are re-stored in adipocytes via direct uptake. Rates of direct adipose tissue FFA storage are much greater in women than men, but women also have greater systemic FFA flux and more body fat. Objective: We tested the hypotheses that experimental increases in FFA in men would equalize the rates of direct adipose tissue FFA storage in men and women. Design: We used a lipid emulsion infusion to raise FFA in men to levels seen in post-absorptive women. Direct FFA storage (μmol·kg fat−1·min−1) rates in abdominal and femoral fat was assessed using stable isotope tracer infusions to measure FFA disappearance rates and an iv FFA radiotracer bolus/timed biopsy. Setting: These studies were performed in a Clinical Research Center. Participants: Data from 13 non-obese women was compared with that from eight obese and eight non-obese men. Intervention: The men received a lipid emulsion infusion to raise FFA. Main Outcome Measures: We me...
Effect of culture conditions on PLP and MAG gene expression in rat glioma C6 cells.

The effects of culture conditions on the expression of myelin-specific genes, i.e. proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in rat glioma C6 cells was studied. Early passage (40–46) cells had higher steady-state level of PLP- and MAG-specific mRNA than late (100) passage cells when grown in defined (serum-free) medium. The PLP gene expression was increased whereas the MAG gene expression was reduced in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum in either passage. The level of both PLP-and MAG-specific messages was also directly related to the cell density indicating cell contact-induced stimulation of the gene expression. Furthermore, the cells apparently secrete factors into the medium, which upregulate the gene expression in autocrine fashion. The results also indicate a dissimilarity of regulatory mechanisms involved in the expression of the PLP and MAG genes.
World investment report 2001: Promoting linkages

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2001. World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. New York and Geneva:United Nations. 384 pages. ISBN: 92-1-112523-5.
On Mean Meridional Circulations in the Tropics

Abstract Various models of the mean meridional circulations are examined in terms of the vorticity equation. These include: 1) the traditional model of two Hadley cells joining in a region of ascending motion near the equator; 2) a model with two “equatorial cells” enclosed between the traditional Hadley cells, implying subsidence over the equator; and 3) a model with a single “equatorial cell” enclosed between the two Hadley cells, with ascending motion on one side, and subsidence on the other side of the equator. All three models are considered compatible with the vorticity equation, under specific conditions of latitudinal and vertical distributions of absolute vorticity, frictional force, and vertical and zonal wind components. The existence of twin equatorial cells requires the eastward directed frictional force in the lower layers to decrease from the kinematical equator poleward, within the subsiding portion of either of the two equatorial cells. It is suggested that this may be related to the exis...
Partial Nuclear Pore Complex Disassembly during Closed Mitosis in Aspergillus nidulans

Abstract Background: Many organisms undergo closed mitosis and locate tubulin and mitotic kinases to nuclei only during mitosis. How this is regulated is unknown. Interestingly, the NIMA kinase of Aspergillus nidulans interacts with two nuclear pore complex (NPC) proteins and NIMA is required for mitotic localization of the Cdk1 kinase to nuclei. Therefore, we wished to define the mechanism by which the NPC is regulated during A. nidulans ' closed mitosis. Results: The structural makeup of the NPC is dramatically changed during A. nidulans ' mitosis. At least five NPC proteins disperse throughout the cell during mitosis while at least three structural components remain at the NPC. These modifications correlate with marked changes in the function of the NPC. Notably, during mitosis, An-RanGAP is not excluded from nuclei, and five other nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins investigated fail to locate as they do during interphase. Mitotic modification of the NPC requires NIMA and Cdk1 kinase activation. NIMA appears to be particularly important. Most strikingly, ectopic induction of NIMA promotes mitotic-like changes in NPC structure and function during S phase. Furthermore, NIMA locates to the NPC during entry into mitosis, and a dominant-negative version of NIMA that causes G2 delay dwells at the NPC. Conclusions: We conclude that partial NPC disassembly under control of NIMA and Cdk1 in A. nidulans may represent a new mechanism for regulating closed mitoses. We hypothesize that proteins locate by their relative binding affinities within the cell during A. nidulans ' closed mitosis, analogous to what occurs during open mitosis.
The transmural migration and release of blood cells in acute myelogenous leukemia.

The transmural passage of malignant blood cells from the extravascular parenchyma into the sinusoidal lumen has been studied in the bone marrow of rats with myelogenous leukemia. The Shay myelogenous leukemia was chosen as a model system because an increased bone marrow cellularity is, in this leukemia, usually accompanied by an increase in circulating myeloid cells. By means of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron micrroscopy (SEM) it was found that the sinusoidal endothelial lining of the bone marrow remains intact and continuous even in advanced stages of the disease. SEM shows that the malignant myeloblast-like cell enters the sinusoidal lumen by means of a temporary migration pore, which appears only during the transmural passage of the cell. Certain nondegenerative changes in the sinusoidal blood vessels are associated with the myelogenous leukemia. The normal radial alignment of sinusoids about the central sinusoid is changed into a tortuous pattern, and intraluminal cytoplasmic bridges which impede the blood flow are formed by the endothelial cells.
Rifamycins as inhibitors of RNA and DNA polymerases

The rifamycins are a class of compounds obtained by chemical modification of one of the fermentation products of S t rep tomyces mediterranei (Sensi et al., 1966). This group of compounds was characterized in early reports to possess strong antimicrobial activity which led to their clinical application as antibiotics, particularly in the treatment of tuberculosis (Furesz et al., 1965). The interest of molecular biologists in these compounds was promoted by the finding of a specific anti-polymerase activity for bacterial RNA polymerase, which appears to be the mechanism by which the anti-bacterial activity is expressed. One of the compounds, rifampicin, was successfully used to elucidate steps of the complex process of RNA transcription. Although the low doses of drug required for inhibition and the stoichiometry of binding are indicative of specificity of the interaction of this complex molecule with the bacterial enzyme, other targets appear to be reached by the drug when high concentrations are used. For example, effects on mitochondrial RNA polymerase from N e u r o s p o r a crassa (Kuntzel and Schafer, 1971), on RNA synthesis in heart mitochondria (Gamble and McCluer, 1970), and on the multiplication of vaccinia virus (see Riva and Silvestri, 1972, for a review) have been reported, suggesting that a broader range of action involving polymerases from different sources might be inherent to this class of compounds. It seemed reasonable to assume that the limited effectiveness of rifampicin for polymerases from sources other than bacteria could be overcome by modification of the drug molecule. With this in mind, rifampicin and a few of its analogs were used as inhibitors of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of RNA tumor viruses at a time when the discovery of this enzyme was being utilized in studies designed to obtain an understanding of the mechanism of cell transformation and as a tool to explore the possible link between viruses and human cancer. In this article, the outcome of these studies, which indicated a common antipolymerase activity of rifamycin compounds, will be presented. An updated outline of the studies of rifampicin with the bacterial RNA polymerase, the subject of previous review articles (Wehrli and Staehelin, 1970; Riva and Silvestri, 1972), will be presented for parallel comparisons with the studies on the interaction of rifamycins with the viral reverse transcriptase and with eucaryotic RNA polymerases.
The Mayo Clinic experience.

Neurological illness brings pathos and shock but also an element of humanism. Thus, neurological disorders and their vicissitudes—in particular, the more disabling afflictions—speak to the imagination of book and screen writers. We wish to describe our experience of these art forms within the Neurology Book and Film Club at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. Our ‘club’ was initiated in 2010 by neurology residents and is supported and attended by residents, fellows and consultant staff. We hold a monthly event to discuss a book or movie with a neurological theme, suggested and voted upon by attendees (figure 1). Currently, each participant buys or loans the book. The event rotates between residents’ and consultants’ homes. The experience of cinema requires optimal display of sight and sound, and …
High performance configurable distributed hybrid memory in structured ASIC

Block memory or custom memory is one of the most important features in the Structured ASIC design. But block RAM is not suitable to form small memory array and also limited to the pre-defined location. On the other hand, the distributed memory is one of the most important features in FPGA to support small size memory application and available anywhere across the chip. But the distributed memory is not applicable in traditional Structured ASIC design due to design complexity and area constraint. In this paper, we presented a novel distributed memory architecture for Structured ASIC, Hybrid RAM (HRAM). It is built using HCell, the Altera HardCopy Structured ASIC logic cell. It is hybrid because it provides the advantages from both block RAM and distributed RAM. The HRAM also created using an innovative hybrid flow which is the combination of conventional custom design flow and ASIC design flow [2]. The implementation strategy will be shown in details and also various advantages for the HRAM architecture will be addressed in this paper.
Spectral shaping of electrically controlled MSM-based tunable photodetectors

Spectral shaping of electrically controlled metal-semiconductor-metal-based tunable photodetectors is experimentally demonstrated in the telecommunication C-band. By illuminating the device with more interference patterns, we can shape and design the spectral response of the detector for various system applications. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with the mathematical models.
Brainstorming, negotiating and learning in group decision support systems: an evolutionary approach

Certain tasks undertaken by groups using Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) can be viewed as search problems. These tasks involve arriving at a solution or decision where the problem is complex enough to warrant the use of computerized decision support tools. Also, the task or situation must require more than one person to adequately address the problem. For these types of GDSS tasks, we propose to model the brainstorming, negotiating and learning processes undertaken by the group as a simple genetic algorithm. The simple genetic algorithm is a generalized search technique that is based on the principles of evolution and natural selection. Simply put, the best points in the search space are more likely to be selected and combined through genetic operators to determine new points. We propose that groups using GDSS to address certain tasks behave like a simple genetic algorithm in the manner in which possible solutions are generated, enhanced and altered in attempting to reach a decision or consensus.
Mechanisms of steroid-triggered programmed cell death in Drosophila

Studies in Drosophila have provided a detailed understanding of how programmed cell death is regulated by steroid hormones during development. This work has defined a two-step hormone-triggered regulatory cascade that results in the coordinate induction of central players in the death pathway, including the reaper and hid death activators, the Apaf-1 ortholog dark, and the dronc apical caspase gene. Recent transcriptional profiling studies have identified many new players in this pathway. In addition, genetic studies are providing new insights into the control of autophagic cell death and revealing how this response is related to, but distinct from, apoptosis.
Connectivity distribution and attack tolerance of general networks with both preferential and random attachments

A general class of growing networks is constructed with both preferential and random attachments, which includes random and scale-free networks as limiting cases when a physical parameter is tuned. Formulas are derived characterizing the evolution and distribution of the connectivity, which are verified by numerical computations. Study of the effect of random failures and intentional attacks on the performance of network suggests that general networks which are neither completely random nor scale-free are desirable.
Mechanisms of Intracellular Scaling

Cell size varies widely among different organisms as well as within the same organism in different tissue types and during development, which places variable metabolic and functional demands on organelles and internal structures. A fundamental question is how essential subcellular components scale to accommodate cell size differences. Nuclear transport has emerged as a conserved means of scaling nuclear size. A meiotic spindle scaling factor has been identified as the microtubulesevering protein katanin, which is differentially regulated by phosphorylation in two different-sized frog species. Anaphase mechanisms and levels of chromatin compaction both act to coordinate cell size with spindle and chromosome dimensions to ensure accurate genome distribution during cell division. Scaling relationships and mechanisms for many membrane-bound compartments remain largely unknown and are complicated by their heterogeneity and dynamic nature. This review summarizes cell and organelle size relationships and the experimental approaches that have elucidated mechanisms of intracellular scaling.
Dissociated or fabricated? Psychiatric aspects of repressed memory in criminal and civil cases

During the last decade, clinicians, courts, and researchers have been faced with exceedingly difficult questions involving the crossroads where memory, traumatic memory, dissociation, repression, childhood sexual abuse, and suggestion all meet. In one criminal case, repressed memories served as the basis for a conviction of murder. In approximately 50 civil cases, courts have ruled on the issue of whether repressed memory for childhood sexual abuse may form the basis of a suit against the alleged perpetrators. Rulings that have upheld such use underscore the importance of the reliability of memory retrieval techniques. Hypnosis and other methodologies employed in psychotherapy may be beneficial in working through memories of trauma, but they may also distort memories or alter a subject's evaluation of their veracity. Because of the reconstructive nature of memory, caution must be taken to treat each case on its own merits and avoid global statements essentially proclaiming either that repressed memory is always right or that it is always wrong.
A General Tractable Density Concept for Graphs

In many applications it is an important algorithmic task to find a densest subgraph in an input graph. The complexity of this task depends on how density is defined. If density means the ratio of the number of edges and the number of vertices in the subgraph, then the algorithmic problem has long been known efficiently solvable. On the other hand, the task becomes NP-hard with closely related but somewhat modified concepts of density. To capture many possible tractable density concepts of interest in a common model, we define and analyze a general concept of density, called F-density. Here F is a family of graphs and we are looking for a subgraph of the input graph, such that this subgraph is the densest in terms of containing the highest number of graphs from F relative to the size of the subgraph. We show that for any fixed finite family F, a subgraph of maximum F-density can be found in polynomial time. As our main tool we develop an algorithm, that may be of independent interest, which can find an independent set of maximum independence ratio in a certain class of weighted graphs. The independence ratio is the weight of the independent set divided by the weight of its neighborhood.
Detecting and measuring rater effects using many-facet Rasch measurement: part I.

The purpose of this two-part paper is to introduce researchers to the many-facet Rasch measurement (MFRM) approach for detecting and measuring rater effects. In Part II of the paper, researchers will learn how to use the Facets (Linacre, 2001) computer program to study five effects: leniency/severity, central tendency, randomness, halo, and differential leniency/severity. As we introduce each effect, we operationally define it within the context of a MFRM approach, specify the particular measurement model(s) needed to detect it, identify group- and individual-level statistical indicators of the effect, and show output from a Facets analysis, pinpointing the various indicators and explaining how to interpret each one. At the close of the paper, we describe other statistical procedures that have been used to detect and measure rater effects to help researchers become aware of important and influential literature on the topic and to gain an appreciation for the diversity of psychometric perspectives that researchers bring to bear on their work. Finally, we consider future directions for research in the detection and measurement of rater effects.
Buzzwords at play: gender, education, and political participation in Kenya

The discourse around development is full of buzzwords, including gender and a myriad of variants that underscore the importance of development policies addressing gender imbalances. Despite their prevalence in development policy and research, terminology related to gender is often used broadly, inappropriately, and without nuance. For international education policy in particular, discussions related to gender equality and equity in education are engaged in such a way that assumes shared meanings between policy designers and policy recipients. Using Kenya as a site of analysis, and in the spirit of a vertical case study for data collection, this study explores how the abstractness of a buzzword functions in the microcosm of the school classroom. In comparing gendered representations in textbooks with students' perceptions of those representations to explore how development discourse plays out in Kenyan schools, findings here demonstrate that there is minimal impact due to textbooks' mixed messages, reinfor...
Differential DNA recognition and glycosylase activity of the native human MutY homolog (hMYH) and recombinant hMYH expressed in bacteria

Human MutY homolog (hMYH), an adenine DNA glycosylase, can effectively remove misincorporated adenines opposite template G or 8-oxoG bases, thereby preventing G:C-->T:A transversions. Human cell extracts possess the adenine DNA glycosylase activity of hMYH and can form protein-DNA complexes with both A/G and A/8-oxoG mismatches. hMYH in cell extracts was shown to be the primary binding protein for A/G- and A/8-oxoG-containing DNA substrates by UV cross-linking. However, recombinant hMYH expressed in bacteria has much weaker glycosylase and substrate-binding activities towards A/G mismatches than native hMYH. Moreover, the protein-DNA complex of bacterially expressed hMYH migrates much faster than that of native hMYH in a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Dephosphorylation of native hMYH reduces the glycosylase activity on A/G more extensively than on A/8-oxoG mismatches but does not alter the gel mobility of the protein-DNA complex. Our results suggest that hMYH in human cell extracts may be associated with other factors in the protein-DNA complex to account for its slower mobility in the gel. hMYH and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (hAPE1) co-migrate with the protein-DNA complex formed by the extracts and A/8-oxoG-containing DNA.
Effects of metal atomization, arc and pressure fluctuations on the final particle size distribution in the wire arc spraying process

Summary form only given, as follows. In a wire arc spray process, an arc between tow wire tips melts the wire tips and a high velocity gas flow shears the molten metal of the tips and propels it towards a substrate. While the implementation of this process is relatively simple, the physical principles are very complicated and better understanding of them is required for improved process control and improved coating quality. In particular, a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in metal atomization, arc jet interactions, along with the effects of system operating parameters on final particle sizes is needed to stimulate device innovations and system improvements. Three approaches will be presented to illustrate the physical mechanisms involved in this process. High-speed photography is used to view the arc and wire electrodes to identify the various melting and primary atomization mechanisms involved. Power spectrum analysis of arc voltage signal, i.e. arc fluctuations, and system sound signal, i.e. jet/arc pressure fluctuations, are used to identify intrinsic system frequencies at various system operating parameters. Characterization of the final particle sizes in the form of particle size distributions as well as characteristic average quantities are used to identify the effects of the system operating parameters, i.e arc current and gas flow rate. The above-mentioned studies are correlated to give a complete picture of the fundamental workings of the wire arc spray process.
Structural basis of ligand binding by a c-di-GMP riboswitch

The GEMM riboswitch is conserved in diverse bacteria and recognizes the second messenger c-di-GMP which mediates many processes, such as the transition between sedentary and motile behavior. The structure of the GEMM riboswitch with ligand now elucidates ligand recognition and specificity.
Cellular automata for generating deterministic test sequences

We propose an on-chip test pattern generator that uses a one-dimensional cellular automaton (CA) to generate either a precomputed sequence of test patterns or pairs of test patterns for path delay faults. To our knowledge, this is the first approach that guarantees successful on-chip generation of a given test pattern sequence (or a given test set for path delay faults) using a finite number of CA cells. Given a pair of columns (C/sub u/,C/sub v/) of the test matrix, the proposed method uses alternative "linking procedures" P/sub j/ that compute the number of extra CA cells to enable the generation of (C/sub u/,C/sub v/) by the CA. A systematic approach uses the linking procedures to minimize the total number of needed CA cells. Experimental results show that the hardware overhead is often reasonable. The performance of the scheme depends on an appropriate choice of linking procedures P/sub j/.
Development of computer-assisted virtual field trips to support multidisciplinary learning

Multidisciplinary courses are being developed at a number of US colleges and universities to highlight the connections between the rise or fall of world civilizations and the sustainable or unsustainable uses of soil and water resources. The content presented in these courses is complex because it includes concepts from disciplines as varied as geology, soil science, politics, economics, history, and anthropology. The learning goals for the courses include developing skills in the critical analysis of complex ''real-world'' problems for which there is often no simple or correct solution. Didactic materials for such courses are limited. Field trips to sites around the world that present some of the issues covered in the course would be ideal, but are logistically challenging. We considered that a series of virtual field trips (VFTs) to sites around the world would allow us to present students with complicated real-world situations, with which to practice critical analysis skills. The VFTs envisaged are neither tutorials nor field/lab exercises. Rather, they are meant to be complex, multi-faceted representations of a past or current civilization and how it affects or is affected by its environment. We expect that the students will use the VFTs to explore the relationships between physical geography and culture and how the decisions or actions of a civilization impact natural resources and the environment and thus affect its fate. A goal of the VFTs is that through consideration of their experiences, students arrive at novel associations that lead to dynamic in-class dialogue about the material presented and a deeper understanding of the intricacies of the situation in the field. This article describes the process of assembling a VFT, and analyzes the technological and didactic choices the process requires. Our experience with a pilot VFT suggests that no single medium (i.e., video clips, interactive maps, animation sequences, etc.) is comprehensive enough to meet the course learning goals. Thus, a web-based, open architecture format was selected for the VFTs because of its simplicity, flexibility and extensibility. Each medium was selected for its ability to support the course learning goals. The learning process was mediated by the VFT text, questions for thought, and in-class discussions. Preliminary results with the pilot VFT are encouraging.
The Banking Crisis of 1933: Some Iowa Evidence

ECONOMIC historians have not provided a satisfactory discussion of the banking collapse of 1933. There are two reasons for their disinterest. First, while state systems contributed 80 percent of the commercial bank failures during the crisis year, banking statistics from state authorities are erratic, difficult to consolidate, and in some cases simply not available. Second, there already exists a set of generalizations based upon contemporary accounts which provides plausible answers to most of the obvious questions.' The purpose of the following article is to explore the usefulness of these generalizations by applying them to 1932-1933 failure patterns in Iowa, and to suggest further research activities which need to be undertaken in order to construct a more powerful analysis. By 1930 the United States had already experienced a decade of unusually high bank suspension rates. Between 1920 and 1930 the annual incidence of failure per one hundred active banks did not fall below 1.2; this compared with an average record of 0.4 suspensions per hundred from 1900 to 1920.2 While the geographical distribution of bank failures shifted markedly during the 1920's, the West North Central states maintained-during this decade and during the years from 1930 to 1933-a level of failure which consistently exceeded the national average. The West North Central average annual suspension rate was 3.2 per hundred banks during 1921-1929 and 10.6 per hundred banks over the period 1930-1933.
Overview of Yield Improvement Strategies for Secondary Metabolite Production in Plant Cell Culture

Often when a project is initiated plant cell cultures produce low levels of a desired compound. For the project to move to a commercial level, time-dependent volumetric yields (mg.product/L-day) must typically be increased several orders of magnitude. Typically, no single growth enhancing strategy will give such a large increase, but in many cases the simultaneous application of multiple-strategies results in a synergistic interaction and the large increases necessary to bring yields in a plant cell culture process to a useful level. Yield improvement strategies include selection of stable, high-yielding variants; manipulation of medium components and/or gas phase composition; metabolic manipulation through gene manipulation or use of inhibitors; precursor feeding; use of elicitors;in situproduct removal; and use of immobilization or more differentiated or organized plant material.
AUV state estimation and navigation to compensate for ocean currents

This paper presents a novel approach to water-current compensation for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) state estimation and navigation. The approach is twofold: first, an extended Kalman filter estimates both the AUV state and water-currents in the north and east directions; second, these water-current estimates are used in a modified heading controller to calculate a current-compensated desired heading for the AUV to follow. Both the extended Kalman filter and modified heading controller are presented and simulated using historical experimental data for noise estimation. The presented results are a promising first step towards further testing and real-time implementation on the AUVs for localization and navigation in ocean environments.
315TOXOPLASMA GONDIICATHEPSIN L, TgCPL: CHARACTERIZATION AND INHIBITOR DESIGN.

Unlike most protozoa, T. gondii has a limited repertoire of clan CA cysteine proteinases, with only one cathepsin B (TgCPB), one L (TgCPL), and three cathepsin C9s (TgCPC1, 2, and 3) identified in the genome project. These enzymes are attractive drug targets, as specific inhibitors of TgCPB blocked invasion in vitro and in vivo. Consequently, we cloned the cathepsin L from a cDNA library. Amino acid sequence homology was closest to the cathepsins of Sarcocystis muris (54%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (36%). The sequence contains the highly conserved ERFNIN motif of cathepsin L9s with a transmembrane span. The recombinant protein was expressed as a promature enzyme in Pichia pastoris and then self-processed into the active enzyme. We have identified the preferred peptide substrates of TgCPL: Z-Phe-Arg and Z-Arg-Arg and based on these findings have begun to test biological substrates. Testing a range of pH, cathepsin L cleaves peptide substrates optimally at a pH of 6.0. E-64 inhibits > 99% of the activity of cathepsin L, consistent with its specific inhibition of cysteine proteinases. Antibodies have been developed to help localize this enzyme9s site of action. We have also successfully screened an epoxide library and specific cathepsin L inhibitors are currently being used to help in further characterizing TgCPL9s biological activity. Determining the crystalline structure of cathepsin L may eventually lead to targeted drug design.
William J. Mayo

Recognition of Dr. William J. Mayo in an endocrine surgery text relates to him being the first surgeon to operate on an insulinoma. Unfortunately, the tumor proved to be an unresectable, metastatic islet cell carcinoma from which the patient died. Without question, his recognition along with his brother Charles derives in part from their success as surgeons, and their legacy, the Mayo Clinic, is probably the most prestigious medical center internationally. They established the first multidisciplinary medical practice based on collaboration of care by specialists, most importantly, centered on the patient. Emphatically, this physician and surgeon interaction was without regard for individual financial gain. Although the brothers Mayo were almost inseparable in their professional and social lives, this tribute is principally focused on “Dr. Will.” It details his background, surgical evolution, and especially his thoughts on clinical practice, education, establishment and key principles of Mayo Clinic, and his reverence for his brother, Dr. Charlie.
SU-F-T-258: Efficacy of Exit Fluence-Based Dose Calculation for Prostate Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of exit-fluence-based dose computation for prostate radiotherapy by determining if it estimates true dose more accurately than the original planning dose. Methods: Virtual exit-fluencebased dose computation was performed for 19 patients, each with 9–12 repeat CT images. For each patient, a 78 Gy treatment plan was created utilizing 5 mm CTV-to-PTV and OAR-to-PRV margins. A Monte Carlo framework was used to compute dose and exit-fluence images for the planning image and for each repeat CT image based on boney-anatomyaligned and prostate-centroid-aligned CTs. Identical source particles were used for the MC dose-computations on the planning and repeat CTs to maximize correlation. The exit-fluence-based dose and image were computed by multiplying source particle weights by FC(x,y)=FP(x,y)/FT(x,y), where (x,y) are the source particle coordinates projected to the exit-fluence plane and we denote the dose/fluence from the plan by (DP,FP), from the repeat-CT as (DT,FT), and the exit-fluence computation by (DFC,FFC). DFC mimics exit-fluence backprojection through the planning image as FT=FFC. Dose estimates were intercompared to judge the efficacy of exit-fluence-based dose computation. Results: Boney- and prostate-centroid aligned results are combined as there is no statistical difference between them, yielding 420 dose comparisons per dose-volume metric. DFC is more accurate than DP for 46%, 33%, and 44% of cases in estimating CTV D98, D50, and D2 respectively. DFC improved rectum D50 and D2 estimates 54% and 49% respectively and bladder D50 and D2 47 and 49% respectively. While averaged over all patients and images DFC and DP were within 3.1% of DT, they differed from DT by as much as 22% for GTV D98, 71% for the Bladder D50, 17% for Bladder D2, 19% for Rectum D2. Conclusion: Exit-fluence based dose computations infrequently improve CTV or OAR dose estimates and should be used with caution. Research supported in part by Varian Medical Systems.
12. Place and time adverbials in native and non-native English student writing

This chapter builds on previous research that has established the spoken nature of learner writing by providing quantitative and qualitative accounts of time and place adverbs of student writing in comparison to published academic English writing and native English conversation. The chapter shows that the frequency differences among learner groups are not nearly as great as the frequency differences between student writing and conversation. The qualitative analyses point to some L1-L2 differences, particularly with respect to here . The other most pronounced differences were not found as L1-L2 differences but instead showed evidence of divergence due to language background.