cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family-Strengths-Based Intensive Child Case Management:

The author presents findings from a project undertaken to explore the implementation of a rural state's family-strengths-based intensive child case management program for families with children with severe emotional and behavioral disabilities. Interviews with 20 child case management staff were conducted for the purpose of examining the extent to which child case managers' perceptions regardmg work roles and activities reflected the new family-strengths-based philosophy of children's mental health service delivery. Thematic and content analysis of staff interviews revealed differences in staff perceptions regarding the role of the case manager and a hypothetical case example. The author discusses social work practice implications for the provision of intensive child case management programs and provides recommendations for areas of further inquiry.
A Twentieth Century Indian Sufi Views Hinduism: The Case of Khwaja Hasan Nizami (1879-1955)

This article explores how an early twentieth century Indian Sufi Muslim, Khwaja Hasan Nizami (1879-1955), treated various aspects of Hinduism in multiple Urdu publications. During the 1920s Nizami was identified as a primary activist in a “tabligh” campaign to counter Arya Samaj efforts to draw neo-Muslim populations back into the Hindu fold. Despite these politically charged activities, Nizami’s engagement with devotional and spiritual aspects of Hinduism suggests a willingness to continue the Hindu-Muslim cooperation of the Khilafat movement period (1919-1924) in order to embrace a national Indian identity based on mutual religious respect and tolerance.
Time-resolved observation of electron-phonon relaxation in copper.

Amplified 150--300-fs laser pulses are applied to monitor the thermal modulation of the transmissivity of thin copper films. Non- equilibrium electron-lattice temperatures are observed. The process of electron-phonon energy transfer was time resolved and was observed to be 1--4 ps increasing with the laser fluence.
Decomposing image computation for symbolic reachability analysis using control flow information

The main challenge in BDD-based symbolic reachability analysis is represented by the sizes of the intermediate decision diagrams obtained during image computations. Methods proposed to mitigate this problem fall broadly into two categories: Search strategies that depart from breadth-first search, and efficient techniques for image computation. In this paper we present an algorithm that belongs to the latter category. It exploits define-use information along executable paths extracted from the control-flow graph of the model being analyzed; this information enables an effective constraining of the transition relation and a decomposition of the image computation process that often leads to much smaller intermediate BDDs. Our experiments confirm that this reduction in the size of the representation of state sets translates in significant decreases in CPU and memory requirements.
Some Graphical Solutions of A-C. Circuits Founded Upon Non-Euclidian Geometry

This analysis indicates how, with the aid of a few elementary transformation theorems, the operation of electric circuits, machinery, and vibrations of all kinds may be visualized and their limitations and possibilities discerned without the aid of extensive mathematical formulas. A graphical method for the solution of alternating-current (ac) circuits is developed and discussed. Certain characteristics of circuits are identified which greatly simplify the graphical solutions of circuits and indicates a method for the computation of charts showing changes upon individual units comprising the system.
Intraocular hemorrhage and mimicking lesions: role of gradient-echo and contrast-enhanced MRI.

Abstract Intraocular hemorrhage and mimicking lesions on precontrast spin-echo magnetic resonance images were examined with contrast material and/or gradientecho pulse sequence. Twenty-two melanomas, nine retinoblastomas, four hemorrhages, one metastasis, and one toxocara endophthalmitis were examined. With contrast material, all tumors demonstrated enhancement, whereas hemorrhage did not. Retinoblastomas demonstrated a heterogeneous enhancement pattern. Computed tomography demonstrated corresponding intratumoral calcifications at the areas of no enhancement. Gradient-echo images demonstrated a heterogeneous pattern in the majority of the lesions compared to spin-echo images. However, relatively characteristic small round areas of signal drop-off representing calcification were observed in about half of the retinoblastomas.
Refined distributions for a multi-risk stochastic process

Abstract This paper considers a collective risk model formed linearly from four stochastic processes. The first process involves random sums of random variables, and portrays the insurance claims. The other three processes are Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes which serve as models for the random deviations in assumptions about investment performance, operating expenses, and lapse expenses. The model presented earlier (Beekman 1975b, 1976) is improved by using both calendar and operational times. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck distributions for finite time periods are derived, and tables are furnished. Probabilities of extreme deviations for the multi-risk process are discussed. The examples in (Beekman 1975b, 1976) are reconsidered, and made more realistic by an improved treatment of the time variables.
The play interactions of young children with and without disabilities: Individual and environmental influences

Abstract To describe the context of play as well as to better understand the experience of inclusive classrooms for children with and without disabilities, young children’s play interactions and beliefs in inclusive preschool settings were examined. Individual interviews of 21 typically developing children and observations of 29 children with and without disabilities in the classroom and on the playground provided data for the study. Summaries of children’s play patterns showed a tendency for children without disabilities to engage in more cooperative play and less solitary play and onlooking behavior than did their peers with disabilities. Descriptive comparisons of activity choice showed a high level of similarity between the types of activities that children with and without disabilities selected during free play. Typically developing children spent less time interacting with their peers with disabilities than was expected, and children with disabilities interacted less with their typically developing peers than was expected. An understanding of disability was predictive of stated preference to play with hypothetical peers with disabilities. Actual interactions with peers with disabilities were predicted by children’s age and teacher presence, but not by an understanding of disability or stated playmate preference.
Source patterning in time-resolved infrared radiometry of composite structures

A quantitative thermographic NDE technique for the characterization of composite materials is under development along with supporting theoretical analysis. The TRIR technique differs from other pulsed thermography techniques in that the surface temperature of the specimen is monitored as a function of time during the application of a step heating pulse to the sample. Full-field images with temporal resolution faster than video frame rates are acquired with an infrared scanner by disabling the vertical galvanometer in the infrared camera and scanning the heating source across the sample. Alternatively, an InSb focal plane array is used to acquire the time-resolved images. The geometry of the heating source is selected to optimize the acquisition of information about the structure of composite materials. Experimental results in both simple and hybrid composite systems are discussed. The depth and lateral extent of interlaminar separation in composites subjected to impact loading are presented and the use of lateral heat flow techniques to image vertical defect structures is examined.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An alternative description of the stochastic process generating security returns

This research questions the appropriateness of the market model in describing the stochastic process generating security returns. A new descriptive model which considers the adaptive behaviour of economic agents and their partial adjustment to new information is proposed. Empirical results indicate that the proposed model is superior to the conventional market model in describing the returns generating process. These findings raise questions about previous studies concerning the information content of specific events or concerning the market efficiency.
Equilibrium viscosity of the Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass-forming liquid and viscous flow during relaxation, phase separation, and primary crystallization

Abstract The flow behavior of the supercooled Zr 41.2 Ti 13.8 Cu 12.5 Ni 10 Be 22.5 bulk metallic glass-forming liquid is studied in isothermal three-point beam-bending experiments. The experiments lead to the determination of the equilibrium viscosity as a function of temperature. Comparison with other glass-forming liquids shows that the Zr 41.2 Ti 13.8 Cu 12.5 Ni 10 Be 22.5 alloy is a strong liquid, similar to sodium silicate liquids. Flow measurements during phase separation and subsequent formation of crystals embedded in a non-crystalline matrix reveal a dramatic slowdown of the kinetics of the matrix that is expressed in an increase of the viscosity by several orders of magnitude.
Variable Reinforcement versus Constant Reinforcement in Eyelid Conditioning

Silmmary.-The conditioned eyelid response was developed i n 4 5 Ss. A pure tone served as CS and a puff of air to the cornea was utilized as UCS. The magnitude of the reinforcing puff was varied in such a way that for one group of Ss the series generated an arithmetic mean intensity of 6.5 psi and a geometric mean of 4.5 psi. Control groups were scimulated at a constant value of 4.5 or 6.5 psi throughout training which consisted of 70 trials for all groups. Conditioning occurred in all groups with differences significant between the constant groups and the 6.5 psi constant group and the variable group. Failure to find a significant difference between the 4.5-psi constant group and the variable group is interpreted as support of the conrenrion of Helson that it is the geometric mean of a series of stimuli which is its best representative value.
Glueball enhancements in p(gamma,VV)p through vector meson dominance

Double vector meson photoproduction, $p(\ensuremath{\gamma},G\ensuremath{\rightarrow}VV)p$, mediated by a scalar glueball $G$ is investigated. Using vector meson dominance (VMD) and Regge∕pomeron phenomenology, a glueball enhancement is predicted in the invariant $VV=\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\omega}$ mass spectra. The resonant cross-section profile is sensitive to the total glueball width, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{G}$, but is discernable for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{G}=125\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$ or less. The scalar glueball is assumed to be the lightest physical state on the daughter pomeron trajectory governing diffractive vector meson photoproduction. In addition to cross sections, calculations for hadronic and electromagnetic glueball decays, $G\ensuremath{\rightarrow}V{V}^{\ensuremath{'}}(V,{V}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{\rho},\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\phi},\ensuremath{\gamma})$, and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{v}V\ensuremath{\rightarrow}G$ transition form factors are presented based upon flavor universality, VMD, and phenomenological couplings from $\ensuremath{\phi}$ photoproduction analyses. Due to limited phase space, the predicted glueball $VV$ decay widths are sensitive to the uncertain glueball mass, however the extracted glueball $VV$ coupling constant is similar to an independent theoretical study. Possible signatures for glueball detection are also discussed.
Modular invariance of the thermo-partition function and global phase structure of the heterotic string.

The global phase structure for heterotic string theory is studied. Three different types of representations for thermo-partition functions are provided. We show how modular invariance arises and analyze finite-temperature divergences. A three-phase structure, involving a new nonperturbative high-temperature phase, for the heterotic string is found. The transition into this new phase takes place at \ensuremath{\beta}=\ensuremath{\pi}/${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{h}$T, where ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{h}$ is the conventional ``Hagedorn temperature'' for the heterotic string.
“Is this city yours or mine?” Political Sovereignty and Eurasian Urban Centers in the Ninth through Twelfth Centuries

Numerous scholars have emphasized the “centrality” of Inner Asia to furthering our understanding of global, or cross-cultural phenomena, and the role of such phenomena in the preservation, modification, and transmission of historical experience. Yet the research has almost exclusively been carried out by specialists in Chinese civilization, and as one moves further away from the Chinese sphere of influence the notion of Eurasia as an integrated socio-political unit of historical analysis becomes more problematic. Here I attempt to bridge the western and eastern edges of the great steppe by focusing on a specific aspect of Inner Asian political culture—the phenomenon of shared sovereignty between military-based ruling dynasties and their urban constituencies—in the principalities of Rus' and the oases of Transoxiana, between the ninth and twelfth centuries. I propose that the dual administrative structure that developed in the two regions was an autochthonic, Eurasian state-formation, distinct from the city-state and imperial models, which emerged as a result of what Joseph Fletcher identified as “horizontal continuities.”
IN UTERO TOBACCO EXPOSURE EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIES PLACENTAL CYP1A1 EXPRESSION

The metabolic pathways used by higher-eukaryotic organisms to deal with potentially carcinogenic xenobiotic compounds from tobacco smoke have been well characterized. Carcinogenic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are metabolized sequentially in 2 phases: in phase I, CYP1A1 catalyzes conversion into harmful hydrophilic DNA adducts, whereas in phase II, GSTT1 enables excretion via conjugation into polar electrophiles. In an effort to understand susceptibility to in utero tobacco exposure, we previously characterized known metabolic functional polymorphisms and demonstrated that although deletion of fetal GSTT1 significantly modified birth weight in smokers, no polymorphism fully accounted for fetal growth restriction. Because smoking up-regulates CYP1A1 expression, we hypothesized that nonallelic (epigenetic) dysregulation of placental CYP1A1 expression via alterations in DNA methylation (meCpG) may further modify fetal growth. In the present article, we compared placental expression of multiple CYP family members among gravidae and observed significantly increased CYP1A1 expression among smokers relative to controls (4.4-fold, P < .05). To fully characterize CYP1A1 meCpG status, bisulfite modification and sequencing of the entire proximal 1-kilobase promoter (containing 59 CpG sites) were performed. CpG sites immediately proximal to the 5′-xenobiotic response element transcription factor binding element were significantly hypomethylated among smokers (55.6% vs 45.9% meCpG, P = .027), a finding that uniquely correlated with placental gene expression (r = 0.737, P = .007). Thus, in utero tobacco exposure significantly increases placental CYP1A1 expression in association with differential methylation at a critical xenobiotic response element.
Reduction of diffusion barriers in isolated rat islets improves survival, but not insulin secretion or transplantation outcome.

For people with type 1 diabetes and severe hypoglycemic unawareness, islet transplants offer hope for improving the quality of life. However, islet cell death occurs quickly during or after transplantation, requiring large quantities of islets per transplant. The purpose of this study was to determine whether poor function demonstrated in large islets was a result of diffusion barriers and if removing those barriers could improve function and transplantation outcomes. Islets were isolated from male DA rats and measured for cell viability, islet survival, glucose diffusion and insulin secretion. Modeling of diffusion barriers was completed using dynamic partial differential equations for a sphere. Core cell death occurred in 100% of the large islets (diameter > 150 μm), resulting in poor survival within 7 days after isolation. In contrast, small islets (diameter < 100 μm) exhibited good survival rates in culture (91%). Glucose diffusion into islets was tracked with 2-NBDG; 4.2 μm/min in small islets and...
Optical Measurement of the Contributions of Colloidal Forces to the Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions

Abstract A stress-optical relationship has been derived for colloidal suspensions which enables the use of optical dichroism measurements to distinguish between thermodynamic and hydrodynamic contributions to the stress tensor. Through rheological and optical measurements on suspensions of model, hard-sphere silica particles, we verify the stress-optical relationship and test current microstructural theories and simulations. Specifically, the 45° dichroism in the flow/gradient plane is found to be proportional to the thermodynamic contribution to the shear stress at all volume fractions studied. When appropriately normalized, this constant of proportionality is shown to be relatively insensitive to particle size and volume fraction, and is in agreement with an "exact" low-shear, dilute-limiting calculation. Three microstructural theories valid at finite concentrations are shown to deviate substantially from the measurements at higher concentrations. Using the stress-optical relationship, we show that the shear thinning of these suspensions is attributable to changes in the thermodynamic forces contribution to the stress, consistent with both theory and simulation. Also, we provide evidence that shear thickening is attributable to increased hydrodynamic interactions, which supports the view that shear thickening results from strong lubrication forces generated by the formation of nonpermanent clusters of particles.
Cellular ultra-structure ofFucus vesiculosus frond in summer and winter

1. Fixation in osmium, dehydration, and embedding of frond cells ofFucus vesiculosus L. proved to be more successful in winter than in summer, possibly because of biochemical changes in the cytoplasm or changes in permeability with the season. 2. There was no apparent change in the ultra-structure of chromoplasts from summer to winter. Six different lamellae, formerly believed to be four, were observable in a packet, and about 13 such packets across the thick part of the chromoplast. Globuli in chromoplasts appeared to consist of two membranes and have optically empty centers. 3. Cytoplasmic vacuoles appeared nearly filled in winter with an electron-dense material, while in summer, vacuoles were not so-filled, and some of the summer vacuoles appeared smaller than in winter.
Influence of an applied dc electric field on the plastic deformation kinetics of oxide ceramics

A modest dc electric field markedly reduced the tensile flow stress at high temperatures in three polycrystalline oxides, i.e. MgO, Al2O3 and yttria-stabilized tetragonal ZrO2 (Y-TZP). The reduction in flow stress ΔσE in Y-TZP consisted of three components: (i) ΔσT due to Joule heating, (ii) a rapid, reversible component obtained in on-off and electric field step tests and (iii) the cumulative effect of the field on microstructure. Only ΔσT and occurred in MgO and Al2O3. It is concluded that results from a reduction in the electrochemical potential for the formation of vacancies corresponding to the diffusion of the rate-controlling ion in the space-charge at the grain boundary. The calculated magnitude of the space-charge zone width and its temperature and solute composition dependence are in accord with theory and experiment; is attributed mainly to the retardation of grain growth by the field. The retardation could be due to one or more of the following effects of the field on the space-charge zone: (i...
Repeated Exposure to Trace Amounts of Woodchuck Hepadnavirus Induces Molecularly Evident Infection and Virus-Specific T Cell Response in the Absence of Serological Infection Markers and Hepatitis

Exposure to multiple small doses of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a frequent occurrence in high-risk groups, including close relatives of infected individuals, primary care givers, and intravenous drug users. It remains uncertain whether such repeated contact may culminate in a symptomatic infection coinciding with hepatitis in individuals not immunoprotected. In this study, we evaluated consequences of multiple exposures to small, liver-nonpathogenic amounts of infectious hepadnavirus in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B. Virus-naive animals were intravenously injected with 6 weekly doses of 110 DNase digestion-protected virions of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), injected again with 6 weekly 110-virion doses after 7.5 months, and then challenged or not with a liver-pathogenic dose of 1.1 × 10(6) virions of the same inoculum. The data revealed that two rounds of such repeated exposure did not result in serologically evident infection or hepatitis. However, a low-level WHV DNA-positive infection accompanied by a WHV-specific T cell response in the absence of antiviral antibody reactivity was established. The kinetics of the virus-specific and mitogen-induced (generalized) T cell responses and the inability to induce immunoprotection against challenge with a large, liver-pathogenic virus dose were closely comparable to those previously reported for occult infection initiated by a single liver-nonpathogenic dose of WHV. Thus, repeated exposures to small quantities of hepadnavirus induce molecularly evident but serologically silent infection that does not culminate in hepatitis or generate immune protection. The findings imply that the HBV-specific T cell response encountered in the absence of serological markers of infection likely reflects ongoing occult infection.
Blood chemistry alterations in rats after single and multiple gavage administration of polychlorinated biphenyl.

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (Aroclor 1254) was administered orally to young adult male Osborne-Mendel rats. Results from a range-finding study showed that estimates of the maximum nonlethal doses of PCB were 280 mg/kg of body wt for a single administration, 560 mg/kg when divided into five equal doses and administered over 2 1 2 weeks, and 1150 mg/kg when divided into five equal doses and given once each week. LD50 values for the same exposure regimens were 1010, 1530, and 1990 mg/kg, respectively. Similar biochemical effects were produced by one, five, and eight administrations of PCB. Two days after a single nonlethal dose of PCB (140 mg/kg), plasma glucose was decreased and blood lactate, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate were increased: these values returned to control levels at various rates over 24 days. Rats receiving multiple administrations of PCB (140 or 280 mg/kg) once each week for 5 weeks had decreased plasma glucose concentrations and increased relative liver weights, blood lactate, blood β-hydroxybutyrate, and serum cholesterol during the period of administration. Values for relative liver weights, cholesterol, lactate, and β-hydroxybutyrate were significantly different from control values 28 days after the last administration of PCB. When rats received PCB (70 or 140 mg/kg) once per week for 8 weeks, decreases were observed in plasma glucose and hexobarbital sleeping times; increases were observed in relative liver weights, serum cholesterol, and blood lactate during the 8-week period. Results indicated that changes in intermediary metabolite concentrations in blood, which occurred as early as 2 days after a single gavage administration of PCB or during multiple weekly administrations, were consistent with the previously reported inhibition of fasting gluconeogenesis after 3 or 4 weeks of dietary PCB administration.
Pulsed optical-optical double resonnance spectroscopy of A 1Σ+g state of 7Li2

Abstract Optical-optical double resonance using two nitrogen-laser pumped dye lasers has been used to make the first study of an excited 1σ+g state of 7Li2. Preliminary molecular constants in cm−1 are Te = 29972, Y10 = 227, Y20 = −1.92, Y01 = 0390, Y02 = −4.3 × 10−6and Y11 = −1.4 × 10−3,with re = 0. 351 nm.
A note on the determination of the diffraction pattern of interdigital surface-wave devices [Correspondence]

The diffraction pattern of piezoelectric surface waves generated by interdigital grids corresponds closely to a Fresnel diffraction pattern. A simple method for calculating this diffraction pattern and determining the direction of energy flow is shown and compared with experimental measurements.
An exploratory analysis of transfer times in a rural trauma system.

Background: Delays to definitive care are of particular concern in rural trauma systems, where prehospital times are significantly longer than average. Aims: We evaluated for differences between transferring hospitals in the total time required to transport patients to definitive care, and analyzed for associations between transport times and outcomes. Settings and Design: We employed a cross-sectional design to analyze Level One Trauma Center registry data on interfacility transfer of 3,303 acute trauma patients. Materials and Methods: We calculated time in minutes from injury to definitive care (total elapsed time (TET)), and analyzed for associations between TET and both mortality and length of hospital stay at our center. We mapped hospitals and catchment areas to illustrate statistics by transferring hospital. Statistical Analysis: We employed analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to analyze for the effect of TET and injury severity category upon hospital length of stay, and for the effects of TET and air transport as compared to ground transport. We evaluated for likelihood of in-hospital mortality using logistic regression. Results: TET had little or no effect upon length of hospital stay or in-hospital mortality. The effect of injury severity upon both length of stay and mortality was progressively greater with each categorical increase in severity. Air transport as compared to ground transport was associated with mild increases in length of stay and likelihood of mortality. Mapping revealed spatial patterns that were not evident by statistical analysis alone. Conclusions: Mapping of geographic variations holds promise as a supplement to quantitative needs assessments of trauma systems in rural regions and developing countries.
Effects of pioglitazone or exercise in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and insulin resistance: a pilot study.

Aims: To examine the effects of pioglitazone or endurance exercise training on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and insulin resistance. Methods: Seventy-eight adults (mean age ± SD: 65 ± 7 years) with central obesity and MCI were randomized to 6 months of endurance exercise, pioglitazone or control. Results: Sixty-six participants completed the study. Exercise training did not significantly increase peak oxygen uptake compared to control (p = 0.12). Compared to control, insulin resistance improved in the pioglitazone group (p = 0.002) but not in the exercise group (p = 0.25). There was no measureable effect of pioglitazone or exercise on cognitive performance compared to control. Conclusion: In this pilot study, pioglitazone improved insulin resistance but not cognitive performance in older adults with MCI and insulin resistance.
EFFECT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM UPON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONE

By use of exact balance studies Aub, Bauer, Heath and Ropes (1) demonstrated that calcium and phosphorus excretion are markedly increased in patients with hyperthyroidism, and that the same phenomena could be induced by feeding thyroid to normal individuals. This excessive excretion of calcium in hyperthyroid states has been reported in other clinical and experimental studies (2, 3, 4, 5, 6). In order to account for these findings and for the osteoporosis observed in hyperthyroidism by themselves and others (4, 7, 8, 9, 10), Aub, et al. (1, 11) postulated that thyroid has a specific stimulating catabolic effect on the calcium deposits in the bones. They pointed out that most of the other necessary body elements are not readily excreted to the degree of producing comparable negative balances. Parhon, Derevici and Derevici (12) reported slightly lower calcium content in the bones of the treated animals after feeding thyroid to 12 dogs over a period of 3 weeks.
Visible-light-mediated conversion of alcohols to halides

Visible light photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful technique for chemoselective activation of chemical bonds under mild reaction conditions. Here, visible-light-mediated conversion of alcohols to the corresponding bromides and iodides is described. The reaction proceeds in good yield with exceptional functional group tolerance, and minimizes the formation of stoichiometric waste.
A Discrete Control Model of Operator Function: A Methodology for Information Display Design

Recent advances in computer technology and the changing rule of the human in complex systems require changes in design strategies for information displays. The use of discrete control models to represent the human operator's cognitive and decisionmaking activities is described. The analytic procedures required to build a discrete control model show promise as a basis of a design methodology for the definition of an information display system for supervisory control tasks. The discrete control modeling procedures and their application for a simulated system is demonstrated.
Institutional Economics Revisited: Discussion

When I finished I ended at the spot I always end. It is to regret once again that economics as a field of study ever became detached from political economy. No credit is due Jevons and others who declared the economy to be reducible to a set of mathematical equations. Jevons, it may be remembered, explained that "economy, if it be a science at all, must be a mathematical science" (quoted by Gray, p. 341). So it is that many mainstream economists, who have not advanced an inch or a centimeter in
O-Linked Glycosylation at Threonine 27 Protects the Copper Transporter hCTR1 from Proteolytic Cleavage in Mammalian Cells

The major human copper uptake protein, hCTR1, has 190 amino acids and a predicted mass of 21 kDa. hCTR1 antibodies recognize multiple bands in SDS-PAGE centered at 35 kDa. Part of this increased mass is due to N-linked glycosylation at Asn-15. We show that in mammalian cells the N15Q mutant protein trafficked to the plasma membrane and mediated copper uptake at 75% of the rate of wild-type hCTR1. We demonstrate that the extracellular amino terminus of hCTR1 also contains O-linked polysaccharides. Glycosidase treatment that removed O-linked sugars reduced the apparent mass of hCTR1 or N15Q mutant protein by 1-2 kDa. Expression of amino-terminal truncations and alanine substitution mutants of hCTR1 in HEK293 and MDCK cells localized the site of O-linked glycosylation to Thr-27. Expression of alanine substitutions at Thr-27 resulted in proteolytic cleavage of hCTR1 on the carboxyl side of the T27A mutations. This cleavage produced a 17-kDa polypeptide missing approximately the first 30 amino acids of hCTR1. Expression of wild-type hCTR1 in mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells that were unable to initiate O-glycosylation also resulted in hCTR1 cleavage to produce the 17-kDa polypeptide. The 17-kDa hCTR1 polypeptide was located in the plasma membrane and mediated copper uptake at about 50% that of the rate of wild-type hCTR1. Thus, O-linked glycosylation at Thr-27 is necessary to prevent proteolytic cleavage that removes half of the extracellular amino terminus of hCTR1 and significantly impairs transport activity of the remaining polypeptide.
Residual-stress determination by means of neuron diffraction

Neutron diffraction is becoming an increasingly important tool for the determination of triaxial residual stress distributions for materials science and engineering applications. Indeed, virtually all of the major neutron centers in the world have, or are planning, programs in this area. In this paper the basic principles of the technique will be described, along with advantages and limitations relative to other nondestructive residual stress measurement methods. Examples of the application of the technique to sub-surface residual stress determination in metals and composites will be presented, along with some near-surface results. The significant features of new neutron instruments for residual stress study will be summarized.
Microparticulate β-glucan upregulates the expression of B7.1, B7.2, B7-H1, but not B7-DC on cultured murine peritoneal macrophages

Beta-1,3-(D)-glucan from a variety of biological sources has been shown to enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses to a variety of antigens, infectious agents, and tumors. Nevertheless, its mode of action has not been fully defined. We sought to determine whether a 1-2 microm diameter microparticulate form of beta-glucan (MG) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae could regulate expression of B7 family glycoproteins on resident peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. We discovered that MG uregulated B7.2 mRNA expression and enhanced the surface membrane expression of B7.2 glycoprotein. Although B7.1 mRNA was not upregulated above constitutive levels, MG treatment enhanced B7.1 glycoprotein expression on the macrophages, albeit to a lesser extent than B7.2. At the same time, the gene and cell surface expression of B7-H1, a putative negative regulator of T cell activity, was also upregulated by MG. The expression of B7-DC, another B7 family molecule with negative regulatory activity, was not affected by incubation with MG. This study has demonstrated that a microparticulate form of beta-glucan can enhance B7 co-stimulatory molecule expression on macrophages, thereby enabling these antigen-presenting cells to deliver the second signal to T-lymphocytes that express CD28. In addition, because MG also induces the expression of B7-H1, it may enable macrophages to provide a concomitant downregulatory signal to T-lymphocytes expressing PD-1 or related receptors.
State-specific detection of trapped HfF+ by photodissociation

Abstract We use (1 + 1′) resonance-enhanced multiphoton photodissociation (REMPD) to detect the population in individual rovibronic states of trapped HfF+ with a single-shot absolute efficiency of 18%, which is over 200 times better than that obtained with fluorescence detection. The first photon excites a specific rotational level to an intermediate vibronic band at 35 000–36 500 cm−1, and the second photon, at 37 594 cm−1 (266 nm), dissociates HfF+ into Hf+ and F. Mass-resolved time-of-flight ion detection then yields the number of state-selectively dissociated ions. Using this method, we observe rotational-state heating of trapped HfF+ ions from collisions with neutral Ar atoms. Furthermore, we measure the lifetime of the 3 Δ 1 v = 0 , J = 1 state to be 2.1(2) s. This state will be used for a search for a permanent electric dipole moment of the electron.
Target edge sharpness and temporal brightness enhancement.

Brightness increases with duration for presentation times less than %I00 msec. and is independent of duration for times greater than about 200 msec.’ With sufficient luminance contrast. intermediate duration stimuli appear brighter than longer or shorter stimuli. a phenomenon termed “temporal brightness enhancement” or the “Broca-Sulzer effect.” Blurring the contours of a target causes a decrease in apparent brightness (Enoch. 1958: Thomas and Kovar. 1965) and an increase in the luminance required for threshold detection (Enoch. 1958: Ogle. 1960: Hood. 1973). Does blurring affect temporal brightness enhancement’! Arend (1973) reported that the Broca-Sulzer erect did not occur with targets whose contours were blurred. Other studies. investigating variations in the apparent contrast of grating patterns with the exposure duration of the grating (Kitterle and Rysberg. 1976: Kitterle and Corwin. L978) have shown that for sine-wave gratings of low spatial frequency (less than 0.95 c deg). apparent contrast was enhanced for exposures of 80-100 msec relative IO shorter and longer durations. Sine-wave gratings are inherently “blurred” targets. and this result suggests that sharp edges may not be a critical factor for obtaining temporal brightness enhancement. Further. temporal contrast enhancement is not evident for gratings of high spatial frequency (56cideg or more) (Kitterle and Corwin. 1978). Since by Fourier analysis the high spatial frequency components of a pattern represent sharp-edged contours. visual mechanisms sensitive to higher spatial frequencies may have no role in generating the Broca-Sulzer effect. A disc target contains both high and low spatial frequencies. Blurring selectively attentuates high spatial frequencies. Thus. the Arend and the Kitterle results are contradictory. Consequently we investigated the question of uhether the presence of sharp
High energy x-ray refraction system to characterize inner surfaces or interfaces in materials

X-ray refraction is a relatively new technology for the characterization of inner surfaces or interfaces in structures. When an X-ray crosses an interface in an object, X-ray refraction occurs. The index of refraction, n=1-δ, where δ~1x10 -6 for typical X-ray energies, leads to refraction angles of several arc seconds. As the X-ray energy increases, the refraction angle decreases, making it more difficult to separate the refraction beam from the main X-ray beam. Most X-ray refraction work has used low energies, typically under 35 keV. The penetration of X-ray beams with energies below 35 keV is poor, limiting the method to low density objects or very small samples. It is desired to apply this method to larger samples of aerospace materials such as aluminum and titanium alloys and composite structures. The ability to nondestructively detect micro-porosity and crack initiation at length scales of 0.1 to 100 microns would greatly advance the understanding of the properties of these materials. In particular, this will enable the detection of very small cracks generated in the early stages of fatigue during a specimen life cycle. In our current work, we are evaluating the use of high energy polychromatic X-ray beams to generate refraction signals from material discontinuities. This paper includes the design and preliminary results for our high energy refraction system. We have demonstrated a refraction signal at boundaries using a filtered 120 kVp beam. We also discuss the limits to refraction analysis, and describe our plans for further development of our X-ray refraction system.
The impact of composition on the physical properties and evaporative mass transfer of a PCE–diesel immiscible liquid

The impact of immiscible-liquid composition on mass transfer between immiscible liquid and vapor phases was evaluated for a complex mixture of chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons. A mixture of tetrachloroethene and diesel was discovered at a site in Tucson, Arizona. Partitioning of tetrachloroethene into a layer of diesel has been observed, with resultant concentrations of tetrachloroethene up to approximately 15% by weight. The density, viscosity, surface tension, and interfacial tension were measured for tetrachloroethene-diesel mixtures with tetrachloroethene fractions ranging from 7% to 32%, and the results indicated that immiscible-liquid composition did impact the physical properties of the tetrachloroethene-diesel mixture. The results of batch phase-partitioning experiments were compared to predictions based on Raoult's Law, and the analysis indicated that immiscible-liquid/vapor and immiscible-liquid/water partitioning were both essentially ideal. Flow-cell experiments were conducted to characterize steady-state tetrachloroethene removal from the tetrachloroethene-diesel mixture via vapor extraction. The effluent concentrations for the experiment conducted with free-phase immiscible liquid were comparable to equilibrium values. Conversely, the effluent concentrations were significantly lower for the experiment wherein a residual saturation of immiscible liquid was distributed within sand. The lower concentrations for the latter experiment were attributed to dilution effects associated with a nonuniform distribution of immiscible liquid within the flow cell.
Strategic options and firm value

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss how firms make investment decisions and the impact of these decisions on firm value, considering the strategic impacts of such investments.Design/methodology/approach – Built on real options and game‐theoretic models, simulations are used to find out how investment decisions and firm values change in face of network effects and potential competition.Findings – It is found that high intensity of network effects lowers the investment threshold as well as the expected value of the firm at the investment threshold. It is also found that potential competition makes an innovating firm less likely to invest. Moreover, in a more competitive environment, the value of the firm when it is indifferent between investing and waiting tends to be high.Practical implications – It is shown that overestimating and failure to capture the network values may lead to poor investment decisions, resulting in firms or projects with little value. The research also has important implications for ...
Evaluation and validation of research data in primary prevention.

Valid research findings require a) a random or representative sample of sufficient size; b) a statement of the experimental treatment and the anticipated effect of the treatment; c) criteria representative of the ultimate objective of reduced incidence rates; d) simple, easily understood statistical techniques with replication as the best test of significance; and e) an interpretation that summarizes not only the findings but their practical significance for various situations.
Ab initio prediction of coexistence of ferrimagnetism and ferroelectricity in rhombohedral Bi2FeNiO6

Abstract First-principles calculations within local spin density approximation (LSDA)+U show that Bi2FeNiO6, as a potential multiferroic, possess ferrimagnetization as large as 1.86 μ B per formula unit with a relatively higher magnetic ordering temperature and a spontaneous polarization of 23.05 μ C / cm 2 caused mainly by the ferroelectric distortions of stereochemically active lone pair of Bi-6s2. In view of the orbital-resolved density of states (ODOS) of the Fe-3d and Ni-3d states, Fe and Ni experience charge disproportionation, as 2 M 3 + > Fe 3 − δ + Ni 3 + δ , in Bi2FeNiO6 in the rhombohedral phase.
High linearity and high efficiency of class-B power amplifiers in GaN HEMT technology

A 36-dBm high-linearity single-ended common-source class-B monolithic-microwave integrated-circuit power amplifier is reported in GaN high electron-mobility transistor technology. We also describe the design and simulation of highly linear and highly efficient common-source and common-drain class-B power amplifiers. Single-ended class-B amplifiers with bandpass filtering have equivalent efficiency and linearity to push-pull configurations. The common-source class-B circuit demonstrates high linearity, greater than 35 dBc of third-order intermodulation (IM3) suppression and high power-added efficiency (PAE) of 34%. Simulations of common-drain class-B designs predict a PAE of 54% with a superior IM3 suppression of more than 45 dBc over a wider range of bias due to the strong series-series negative feedback offered by the load resistance.
Comparative Mass Spectrometric Analyses of Enamel Matrix Proteins from Five Species Suggest a Common Pathway of Post-Secretory Proeteolytic Processing

This study was undertaken to examine probable initial pathway(s) of amelogenin proteolysis, making comparisons between species and thus searching for a common theme. Specimens of developing dental enamel matrix were obtained from (i) mouse, 6 days post natal, (ii) male pig, (iii) female bovine, (iv) rat, and (v) female human. In collaboration with the Mass Spectrometry Facility of the School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, samples of the lyophilized proteins were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results were complex, a large number (15-30 components) being identified in each case. Mass values obtained for each sample were compared with computed values derived from segments of the known amino acid sequences for the principal amelogenins of the five species. Putative identity with an experimental figure was accepted when the mass numbers agreed to within +/-2.0 daltons. In each case it was found that some components could be identified with sequences of the parent amelogenin. In the case of the mouse and rat strong evidence was obtained for sequential proteolytic processing from the carboxy-terminus of both the 180 and 156 residue amelogenins. A comparison between the five species showed, a fragment (cow, man, pig and mouse) uniquely identified as being derived by the processing of the parent amelogenin to the first proline residue from the carboxy-terminus, leading to the cleavage of 11 residues of the anionic carboxy-terminal sequence. In addition, it was found in each case, that mass identity of experimental data with the known sequences was only obtained assuming the presence of a single phosphorylated residue.
Velocity and flow quantitation in the superior sagittal sinus with ungated and cine (gated) phase‐contrast MR imaging

Normal blood flow and velocity in the superior sagittal sinus were measured in 30 patients. A fast two-dimensional ungated phase-contrast (PC) pulse sequence was compared with a peripherally gated cine PC technique for velocity and flow quantitation. The same imaging parameters were used for both methods. Measured values for mean velocity and flow obtained with the two methods were compared by using regression analysis and t testing. For blood flow, the correlation coefficient was 0.976. For velocity measurements, r was 0.950. Mean flow was 285 mL/min ± 19 with the ungated PC method and 281 mL/min ± 19 with the cine PC method. The mean velocities measured with the two methods were 12.94 cm/sec ± 1.1 and 13.59 cm/sec ± 1.1, respectively. There was no significant difference (paired t test) between the methods for mean flow or velocity data. This was true even though flow in the superior sagittal sinus is moderately pulsatile, as shown with the cine PC technique. The ungated PC method provided these data in 13 seconds versus 3.5 minutes for the cine PC method.