cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring community social organization: Sense of community as a mediator in social disorganization theory

Abstract The current study utilized an updated systemic model of social disorganization to investigate neighborhood effects on both positive and negative youth outcomes. Although empirical support for updated social disorganization models has increased in recent years, the field continues to rely too heavily on behavioral indicators of community social organization. Unfortunately, these measures do not assess the truly important social processes and dynamics that result in cohesive and supportive neighborhoods. It was proposed that sense of community (SOC) was a more valid, comprehensive, and applicable measure for the mediating variables in social disorganization theory. Results supported the hypothesis that SOC mediates the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on youth outcomes and implications for the field are discussed.
Method for measuring color of soybean oil

1. The specific light absorption coefficients of concentrations of iodine (100 to 2,000 mgs. per liter) in two per cent potassium iodide solution in water at 560 milli mu are given. These absorption coefficients are proportional to the concentration.
The number of smallest knots on the cubic lattice

It has been shown that the smallest knots on the cubic lattice are all trefoils of length 24. In this paper, we show that the number of such unrooted knots on the cubic lattice is 3496.
Evolutionary programming for goal-driven dynamic planning

Many complex artificial intelligence (IA) problems are goal- driven in nature and the opportunity exists to realize the benefits of a goal-oriented solution. In many cases, such as in command and control, a goal-oriented approach may be the only option. One of many appropriate applications for such an approach is War Gaming. War Gaming is an important tool for command and control because it provides a set of alternative courses of actions so that military leaders can contemplate their next move in the battlefield. For instance, when making decisions that save lives, it is necessary to completely understand the consequences of a given order. A goal-oriented approach provides a slowly evolving tractably reasoned solution that inherently follows one of the principles of war: namely concentration on the objective. Future decision-making will depend not only on the battlefield, but also on a virtual world where military leaders can wage wars and determine their options by playing computer war games much like the real world. The problem with these games is that the built-in AI does not learn nor adapt and many times cheats, because the intelligent player has access to all the information, while the user has access to limited information provided on a display. These games are written for the purpose of entertainment and actions are calculated a priori and off-line, and are made prior or during their development. With these games getting more sophisticated in structure and less domain specific in scope, there needs to be a more general intelligent player that can adapt and learn in case the battlefield situations or the rules of engagement change. One such war game that might be considered is Risk. Risk incorporates the principles of war, is a top-down scalable model, and provides a good application for testing a variety of goal- oriented AI approaches. By integrating a goal-oriented hybrid approach, one can develop a program that plays the Risk game effectively and move one step closer to solving more difficult real-world AI problems. Using a hybrid approach that includes adaptation via evolutionary computation for the intelligent planning of a Risk player's turn provides better dynamic intelligent planning than more uniform approaches.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Leaving home at an early age: parents' decisions about out-of-home placement for young children with complex medical needs.

Abstract Qualitative methodology was used to examine the circumstances leading to the realization of the need for out-of-home placement. A series of in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 5 parents who had made the decision for out-of-home placement. Results indicated that these parents went through a similar process: initial feelings of excitement turn to weariness, first thoughts about the need for additional assistance in caring for their child, realization of the need for out-of-home placement based on minimal social supports, difficulties with services, overwhelming medical care, and mounting financial concerns (“triggering events”); need for approval for the decision; and reflections on the decision. Conclusions and implications for practice, policy, and future research are provided.
Collectives for multiple resource job scheduling across heterogeneous servers

Efficient management of large-scale, distributed data storage and processing systems is a major challenge for many computational applications. Many of these systems are characterized by multi resource tasks processed across a heterogeneous network. Conventional approaches, such as load balancing, work well for centralized, single resource problems, but breakdown in the more general case. In addition, most approaches are often based on heuristics which do not directly attempt to optimize the world utility. In this paper, we propose an agent based control system using the theory of collectives. We configure the servers of our network with agents who make local job scheduling decisions. These decisions are based on local goals which are constructed to be aligned with the objective of optimizing the overall efficiency of the system. We demonstrate that agents configured using collectives outperform both team games and load balancing, by up to four times for the latter.
Low-Frequency Raman Lines from Liquid Benzene, Benzene Derivatives, and Other Organic Liquids

Recently it has been possible to study some heretofore unobserved low‐frequency Raman lines from liquids. This study is concerned with some of these low‐frequency lines which occur mainly in the 30‐ to 85‐cm−1 region. The effects on these lines of temperature variations, different solvents, deuterium, and other substitutions, and dissolved salts are given. The depolarization ratios of the low‐frequency line from benzene and toluene (also carbon tetrachloride) are given. Approximate half‐widths and intensities relative to the benzene 75‐cm−1 line are given. Some other newly observed low‐frequency Raman lines are reported, including those from liquid and solid polystyrene. Evidence from this work indicates these low‐frequency Raman lines probably arise from intermolecular vibrations in liquids. The results can be interpreted on the basis of a somewhat disordered solid (quasicrystalline) structure for liquid benzene, and for some other liquids.
Effect of a simulated ice accretion on the aerodynamics of a swept wing

The effect of a simulated glaze ice accretion on the aerodynamic performance of a three-dimensional swept wing is studied experimentally. A semispan wing of effective aspect ratio four was mounted from the sidewall of the UIUC subsonic wind tunnel. The model uses a NACA 0012 airfoil section on a rectangular planform with interchangeable tip and root sections to allow for 0- and 30-degree sweep. A sidewall suction system is used to minmize the tunnel boundary-layer interaction with the model. Surface pressure data from five spanwise stations are compared to earlier data from a similar tunnel. A three-component sidewall balance has been designed, built and used to measure lift, drag and pitching moment on the clean and iced model. The data compare well to the integrated pressure data and to theory on the clean model. In addition, helium-bubble flow visualization has been performed on the iced model and reveals extensive spanwise flow in the separation bubble aft of the upper surface horn. This compares well to the computational results of other researchers. Sidewall suction was found to have no effect on the aerodynamics of the swept wing.
Some global results for nonlinear eigenvalue problems

In this paper we investigate the structure of the solution set for a large class of nonlinear eigenvalue problems in a Banach space. Our main results demonstrate the existence of continua, i.e., closed connected sets, of solutions of these equations. Although the emphasis is on the case when bifurcation occurs, the nonbifurcation situation is also treated. Applications are given to ordinary and partial differential equations and to integral equations.
Rejection of Recharge Water from Madison Aquifer Along Eastern Perimeter of Bighorn Artesian Basin, Wyoming

Approximately half of the perimeters of Wyoming foreland artesian basins are characterized by structural continuity of the Paleozoic aquifers between the recharge areas and the interior parts of the artesian basins. A significant percentage of the ground water which circulates through such recharge areas is rejected through springs because there is a marked decrease in transmissivity basin-ward from the recharge areas. The transmissivity contrasts have developed since the recharge areas became morphologically differentiated from the basin interiors during post-Laramide time. Secondary enhancement of permeabilities is occurring in the recharge areas through dissolution of the rock matrix and cement, and in some locations the rocks were tectonically fractured. In contrast, the rates of dissolution within the basin interiors are substantially decreased, or processes of recrystallization, cementation, or compaction are operating to destroy permeability. The result is that in the case treated here, net recharge to the basin interior is a small fraction of measured stream losses in the headwaters of the recharge area.
A MMIC based injection locked oscillator for optically fed phased array antennas

A novel circuit, containing a high-gain-low-noise microwave injection-locked oscillator, has been developed to improve the interface between the optical and microwave sub-assemblies of optically fed phased array antennas. The circuit utilizes two FETs and a dielectric resonator, which serves as a frequency-dependent feedback element. The circuit provides significant amplitude and phase noise suppression and is designed to operate around 10 GHz. The circuit realization is fully compatible with MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) technology. >
Electron microscopy of erythropoiesis in the avian yolk sac.

The formation of the first blood cells which develop in the area vasculosa of the chick embryo have been examined to seven days of incubation. Angioblasts have been seen to arise from the mesoderm and to give origin to the first endothelium and intravascular blood islands. This occurs as the intercellular spaces enlarge and coalesce. The angioblasts and blood islands are not syncytial but are held in close relation by attachment areas and cytoplasmic processes. Two cell types arise concurrently from the blood islands, a stem cell and cells which have begun their differentiation into the primitive red cell series. The morphological events associated with this differentiation are similar to those in other hematopoietic organs. The definitive series of red blood cells arises from the stem cells at 4 to 5 days of incubation. The morphological differentiation of the definitive red cell is generally similar to that of the primitive series although the late and mature stages show structural differences. Nuclear structure, relation of interchromatin material to nuclear pores and the presence of marginal bands in the definitive series allow a differentiation between the two series. Granulocytes arise from extravascular stem cells at about five days of incubation but at seven days are not fully mature or abundant. Limited observations on the avian thrombocyte are reported.
A new method of determination of the I-V characteristics of negative differential conductance devices

A method for mapping the complete I-V characteristic of a negative differential conductance (NDC) device has been investigated. This method employs the measurable positive differential conductance (PDC) portions of the DC I-V curve together with the measured conductances at a fixed DC bias voltage in the PDC region with different RF signal levels using a standard semiconductor analyzer. The NDC regime of the I-V curve is numerically constructed from the measured conductances at a fixed DC bias voltage in the PDC region with different signal levels using a large-signal nonlinear-circuit analysis. >
Differing effects of nor-ursodeoxycholic or ursodeoxycholic acid on hepatic histology and bile acid metabolism in the rabbit

Abstract Nor-ursodeoxycholate, the C 23 analogue of ursodeoxycholate, is a potent choleretic agent in rodents when given acutely but, to be used in humans, chronic toxicity studies are required. In the rabbit, ingestion of ursodeoxycholate or chenodeoxycholate leads to accumulation of lithocholate, its major bacterial metabolite, in biliary bile acids, which causes inflammation in portal tracts of the liver and bile duct proliferation. To test whether chronic administration of nor-ursodeoxycholate would cause an analogous accumulation of nor-lithocholate and hepatotoxicity, rabbits were fed a Chow diet containing nor-ursodeoxycholate (5 or 50 mg/day): control groups received Chow alone, and "disease control" groups received Chow plus ursodeoxycholate or Chow plus chenodeoxycholate. After 3 wk, animals were killed, liver sections were interpreted by a pathologist, and the steroid moiety of the glycine (and taurine) conjugates of gallbladder bile acids were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Ingestion of nor-ursodeoxycholate did not cause hepatotoxicity, and neither it nor its presumed metabolite, nor-lithocholate, accumulated in biliary bile acids. To explain this unexpected finding, the hepatic metabolism of nor-ursodeoxycholate was investigated in biliary fistula rabbits. Norursodeoxycholate was well absorbed from the intestine and secreted in the bile as a glucuronide as well as the unchanged compound, but conjugation with glycine and taurine was not observed. As glucuronides are poorly absorbed from the gut, it is proposed that the hepatic biotransformation of norursodeoxycholate to a glucuronide rather than to a glycine amidate in the liver prevented its accumulation in the bile acid pool. Thus, shortening the side chain of ursodeoxycholate by a single carbon atom resulted in a bile acid with novel metabolism, which when administered chronically, does not accumulate in the enterohepatic circulation and does not cause hepatotoxicity.
Microstructural Evolution in cryomilled Inconel 625

Nanocrystalline Inconel 625 alloy, with a uniform distribution of grains, was synthesized using cryogenic mechanical milling. Microstructures of the powder, cryomilled for different times, were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that both the average powder particle size and average grain size approached constant values as cryomilling time increased to 8 hours. The TEM observations indicated that grains in the cryomilled powder were deformed into elongated grains with a high density of deformation faults, and then fractured via cyclic impact loading in random directions. The fractured fragments from the elongated coarse grains formed nanoscale grains. The occurrence of the elongated grains, from development to disappearance during intermediate stages of milling, suggested that repeated strain fatigue and fracture caused by the cyclic impact loading in random directions, and cold welding were responsible for the formation of a nanocrystalline structure.
Cyclosporin A inhibits CD40 ligand expression in T lymphocytes.

Abstract The ligand for CD40 is expressed on activated T lymphocytes and delivers contact-dependent activation signals to B lymphocytes. The mechanisms regulating CD40 ligand gene expression are largely unknown. Optimal expression of CD40 ligand required activation of protein kinase C and a rise in intracellular calcium concentration. CD40 ligand expression was inhibited by pretreatment of T cells with cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A analogues inhibited CD40 ligand expression with a potency mirroring the ability of each compound to inhibit calcineurin activity, indicating that calcineurin plays a key role in CD40 ligand gene expression. Cyclosporin A inhibited IL-4-driven CD40 ligand-dependent IgE isotype switching in PBMC but did not inhibit IgE synthesis induced by CD40 mAb plus IL-4. PBMC derived from transplant patients receiving cyclosporin A failed to express CD40 ligand upon stimulation. These results suggest that patients receiving cyclosporin A may be deficient in CD40 ligand-dependent T cell help.
Political Correctness and Organizational Nihilism

Political correctness represents the attempt to eliminate the father, often referred to as the patriarch, who is seen as having deprived us of our connection to mother and all of her goodness. But what has really deprived us of our connection to mother’s goodness is not the father, but reality itself. Political correctness therefore represents an attempt to destroy reality. This attempt to destroy the father as the representation of reality represents a different way of constructing meaning than we have in the traditional Oedipal arrangement. But the traditional arrangement made organization possible, whereas anti-paternal psychology undertakes to destroy organization. When organizations give themselves to political correctness they therefore reorganize themselves toward self-destruction. I call that process organizational nihilism.
Video-based observations of nearshore sand ripples and ripple migration

[1] Observations of O(1 m) length and O(0.1 m) height sand ripples at Waimea Bay, a steep (slope ∼ 0.05) pocket beach on the north shore of Oahu, Hawaii, are presented. Time series of ripple patterns over a 900 m2 section of the nearshore in depths of 1–2 m are obtained using time-averaged video images from an Argus station overlooking the bay. Ripples are detected during weak wave conditions in the summer or between winter swell events. The ripple field exhibits narrow-band wave number structure, with ripple crests oriented parallel to the shoreline. The ripple wavelengths vary with wave orbital displacements, but they are shorter than predicted by orbital vortex ripple scaling relationships. A new suspension-limited model (Smith and Wiberg, 2006; Traykovski, 2006) in which the suborbital ripple wavelengths vary with wave period appears to describe well the observed ripple wavelength scaling. Lagged correlations between sequential Argus images reveal area-average ripple migration rates ranging from −3.3 m day−1 (offshore) to 4.5 m day−1. The corresponding estimated sediment transport ranges from −0.3 m3 m−1 day−1 to 0.5 m3 m−1 day−1, similar to previous estimates of cross-shore transport based on observed volume changes at the subaerial beach. This suggests that the recovery of beach sand following major swell-driven erosion events may be accomplished in part by the shoreward migration of seabed ripples.
Re-examinging the Wall of Separation: A Cross-National Study of Religious Pluralism and Democracy

Mutual autonomy between religious and state institutions is often seen as a key ingredient for democratization. Yet, there are a large number of democracies with an established religion. If a separation of church and state is desirable for the maintenance of a stable democracy, then why do so many democracies continue to support religious institutions and practices? As the evidence from this study reveals, the difference between democracies and non-democracies does not depend on a wall of separation between church and state, but instead, on the protection of religious freedom for minority groups and the promotion of secular legislation.
P53 overexpression is associated with bulky tumor and poor local control in T1 glottic cancer.

Abstract Purpose: To study the role of two possible prognostic factors, p53 and tumor bulk, and their interaction with other tumor and treatment variables in early-stage laryngeal cancer patients treated with curative radiotherapy. Methods: One hundred two patients with T1N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with definitive radiotherapy were analyzed. p53 status in pretreatment biopsy specimens was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using mouse monoclonal antibody DO-7. Tumors were classified as small surface lesions or bulky tumors. All tumor-related and treatment-related variables which might influence the outcome were analyzed. Local control after definitive radiotherapy was the end point of the study. Results: The local control at 5 years for the entire group of patients was 78% (80/102) and 91% (93/102) after surgical salvage. p53 overexpression by IHC was seen in 37% (38/102) of patients. Tumors were classified as small volume in 69 (68%) and bulky in 33 (32%) patients. Five-year local control was 48% for p53-positive patients as compared to 94% for p53-negative patients ( p = 0.0001). Tumor bulk was the other important prognostic factor, with 5-year local control of 91% for small tumors and 48% for bulky tumors ( p = 0.0001). Patients who had both p53 positivity and bulky tumors did worse, with a 5-year local control of 23% as compared to 92% for all other groups combined ( p = 0.0001). Among other variables, only the length of radiation time was of borderline significance. Conclusion: Both p53 overexpression and tumor bulk are independent prognostic factors for local control in early-stage glottic cancer treated with curative radiotherapy. The precise relationship between a genetic event, the p53 mutation, and an observable phenotype expression such as tumor bulk needs to be further defined.
The Signal Cable Sends, Part II - Interference from the Indecency Cases?

Part I of this Article surveys generally the development of content regulation in broadcasting and, specifically, control over indecent programming, culminating in Pacifica. It shows that Pacifica is unsupportable and technologically outdated. Censoring anything except legal obscenity, therefore, should be improper in both cable and broadcasting. Part II examines the distinctions between cable and broadcasting asserted in the case law to exclude cable from indecency regulation. Part III demonstrates that these asserted distinctions are unconvincing and inimical to the broader goal of viewing cable and broadcasting as fungible to afford each the same first amendment status as the print media. The approach of the cable indecency cases, therefore, should be abandoned.
2–4 GHz Q-tunable LC bandpass filter with 172-dBHz peak dynamic range, resilient to +15-dBm out-of-band blocker

This paper presents a new Q-enhancement LC bandpass filter capable of 2.25∼4.5 GHz frequency tuning range with independent Q control from 3 to 150. The BPF adopts both current-mode and voltage-mode drivers for more flexible operation in the intractable noise-linearity tradeoff space. A dual varactor inverse (DVI) control method is proposed to suppress varactor nonlinearity. Also, the BPF employs a dynamic negative resistance circuit that introduces a gain peaking when the filter output reaches 1-dB gain compression point, extending the P1db input power and therefore increasing the high power handling capability. The circuit is implemented in a 0.13 μm SiGe BiCMOS process. Measurement results show 9∼-8 dBm of maximum IP1db, 10∼18.5 dB of minimum NF, resulting in 146.5–172 dB Hz of normalized dynamic range when Q varies from 3 to 150 at f c =3.25 GHz. The BPF consumes 13–20 mA from 3.3 V supply. Chip size is 0.7×0.68 mm2.
The sum choice number of P 3 P n

A graph G is said to be f-choosable if there exists a proper coloring from every assignment of lists of colors to the vertices of G where the list sizes are given by f. The sum choice number of G is the minimum @?"v"@?"V"("G")f(v) over all f such that G is f-choosable. Here we determine the sum choice of the Cartesian product P"[email protected]?P"n to be [email protected]?n/[email protected]?. The techniques used here have applicability to choosability of other graphs.
Data Center Consolidation at the University at Albany

This paper describes the experience of the University at Albany (UAlbany) Libraries’ migration to a centralized University data center. Following an introduction to the environment at UAlbany, the authors discuss the advantages of data center consolidation. Lessons learned from the project include the need to participate in the planning process, review migration schedules carefully, clarify costs of centralization, agree on a service level agreement, communicate plans to customers, and leverage economies of scale.
Reply: Breast Cancer Staging: To Which Women Should 18F-FDG PET/CT Be Offered?

REPLY: We thank Drs. Groheux and Hindie for their comments on our article ([1][1]). Their position and ours are quite similar. We both support the growing evidence for using 18F-FDG PET/CT for systemic staging of patients with newly diagnosed stage III or IIB breast cancer ([1][1],[2][2]), because
Analogical Probability in Shakespeare's Plays

\O fl\5/h the "irregular genius" tradition with its inevitable corollary, panegyrics to "beauties" of characters, manners, and style. But his own critical rationale, despite its eloquent plea for recognition of a profound unity in Shakespeare, has, ironically, helped to perpetuate the persistent error of treating of parts with inadequate reference to the whole. In the Platonic dialectic which formed his esthetic-moral creed, poetry and truth are synonymous, poetry and life as "living power" are synonymous, poetry and poet are synonymous. It is the degree to which ultimate, innate truth informs a writing that it is poetry, and its writer a poet. In opposing "symbols of living power" to "the lifeless mechanism" of "servile imitation", Coleridge says: "The spirit of poetry, like all living powers, must of necessity circumscribe itself by rules, were it only to unite power with beauty. It must embody in order to reveal itself; but a living body is of necessity an organized one; and what is organization but the connexion of parts in and for a whole, so that each part is at once end and means . . . ?" (pp. 230-231). Coleridge therefore, despite his distaste for critics who found beauties in isolated parts while denying the art of the whole in Shakespeare, could quite consistently defend his position by praising parts, that is, parts of "divine truth", not parts of dramatic constructions:
Natal dispersal and population structure in a migratory songbird, the indigo bunting

Male and female indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) were equally likely to return and breed in their natal areas. The distances and number of territories between natal and breeding sites were similar between the sexes. The breeding site was not limited by prior occupation of sites by breeding adults closer to the natal territory. Dispersal distances were independent of whether parents or siblings of either sex returned in the same year. Variation in distance within the natal area appeared to be independent of local population density, social competition, active kin recognition, and avoidance of incest, but was affected by date of birth. The local distribution of dispersal distances approximated a neutral model with a decreasing probability of settling with distance from the natal site. A population inbreeding coefficient ΔF of 0.01 was estimated from known genealogies and matings. The proportion of nestlings recaptured in a later year on their natal area was 1.65% of 1,212 nestlings at the George Reserve and 8.78% of 1,332 nestlings at Niles. Locally born birds comprised 1.6% and 13.0% of the breeding population in areas of 10 and 4 km2 . Evidently most buntings settle and breed more than 2 km from their natal site. The results are inconsistent with predictions of social and avoidance-of-inbreeding hypotheses that are based on the local natal demographic environment. The results are consistent with a model of neutral dispersal within a genetically open population.
Ultrastructure of adenovirus keratitis.

PURPOSE We determined the ultrastructure of mouse adenovirus keratitis, a model for human adenovirus keratitis. METHODS Adenovirus keratitis was induced in C57Bl/6j mice by intrastromal injection of human adenovirus species D type 37 (HAdV-D37) with a heat-pulled, glass, micropipette needle under compressed air. At select time points after infection, mice were euthanized and their corneas removed, fixed, and sectioned at 70-nm thickness for electron microscopy. RESULTS Injection of HAdV-D37 into the mouse corneal stroma placed virus predominantly in the pericellular corneal stromal matrix. Virus was seen bound to and entering stromal cells at 1 and 2 hours after infection, respectively. Cell membrane transit by virus was seen to involve two distinct structures resembling caveolae and macropinosomes. However, later during infection intracellular virus was not seen within membrane-bound organelles. By 8 hours after infection, intracellular virus had accumulated into densely packed, perinuclear arrays. Virus disassembly was not obvious at any time point after infection. Infiltrating neutrophils seen by one day after infection had engulfed degraded stromal cells by 4 days after infection. CONCLUSIONS By transmission electron microscopy, injected HAdV-D37 readily enters stromal cells in the C57Bl/6j mouse cornea and induces stromal inflammation, as was shown previously by light microscopy. However, electron microscopy also revealed dense, static arrays of intracytoplasmic virus, suggesting a block in viral capsid disassembly and viral DNA nuclear entry. These findings may explain why human adenoviruses do not replicate in the mouse corneal stroma.
Sustained Impairments in Brain Insulin/IGF Signaling in Adolescent Rats Subjected to Binge Alcohol Exposures during Development.

Background: Chronic or binge ethanol exposures during development can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) which consists of an array of neurobehavioral deficits, together with structural, molecular, biochemical, and neurotransmitter abnormalities in the brain. Previous studies showed that perinatal neurodevelopmental defects in FASD are associated with inhibition of brain insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling. However, it is not known whether sustained abnormalities in adolescent brain structure and function are mediated by the same phenomena. Aims:Using an early postnatal (3rd trimester equivalent) binge ethanol exposure model, we assessed neurobehavioral function, structure, and the integrity of insulin/IGF signaling in young adolescent cerebella. Methods:Long Evans male rats were treated with 50 μl of saline (vehicle) or 2 mg/kg of ethanol by i.p. injection on postnatal days (P) 2, 4, 6, and 8. On P19-20, rats were subjected to rotarod testing of motor function, and on P30, they were sacrificed to harvest cerebella for histological, molecular, and biochemical studies. Results: Binge ethanol exposures impaired motor function, caused sustained cerebellar hypocellularity, and reduced neuronal and oligodendrocyte gene expression. These effects were associated with significant deficits in insulin and IGF signaling, including impaired receptor binding, reduced Akt, and increased GSK-3β activation. Conclusions: FASD-associated neurobehavioral, structural, and functional abnormalities in young adolescent brains may be mediated by sustained inhibition of insulin/IGF-1 signaling needed for cell survival, neuronal plasticity, and myelin maintenance.
Simulation of Distributive Generation Using Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems

Fuel cell hybrid technology has the potential to significantly change our current energy infrastructure. Past studies have shown that the combination of fuel cells and turbines can produce power at remarkably high efficiencies with low levels of pollution. The work presented in this paper is an initial step to further development of a hybrid system model. The fuel cell model discussed is used to perform parametric studies to aid in the optimization of a hybrid system. This paper provides an overview of fuel cell hybrid systems and distributive generation. A fuel cell model is implemented in SIMULINK using basic balance equations. Key issues of modeling specifically high temperature fuel cells are discussed along with their transient response and how it may affect the performance of a distributive generation system.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Workplace Deviance: A Longitudinal Field Study

This paper explores employee deviant behaviors under uncomfortable, abnormally hot versus typical, weather conditions. A positive relationship between increases in ambient temperature and workplace deviance is proposed. To test this relationship two studies using time-period data collection method were conducted within a large chain of retail stores. The individual level survey data and observed behavioral store-level data were used to assess interpersonal and organization-directed deviance. The results of our analysis support the hypotheses. The implications for theory and research are discussed.
Repellency of the lotus leaf: resistance to water intrusion under hydrostatic pressure.

In an attempt to better understand the repellency of the lotus leaf, a model was constructed from hydrophobic hemispheres arranged on a hexagonal array. Two scenarios were considered. In the first, the hemispheres were smooth. In the second, the hemispheres had a secondary roughness. The model shows that, without the secondary structure, the repellency of this surface geometry is relatively poor. The secondary structure directs the surface tension upward, allowing much greater resistance to penetration of water and prevents the loss of repellency. From the proposed model, the maximum intrusion pressure (or so-called Cassie–Wenzel transition) of the lotus leaf is estimated to be 12–15 kPa. The predicted maximum pressure agrees well with reported values from experimental measurements.
The Role of Stress and Spirituality in Adolescent Substance Use

ABSTRACTBackground: Substance use can occur as a result of coping with stress. Within the school context, youth are exposed to stressors related to school achievement and peer-relationships. Protective factors, such as spirituality, may moderate adolescents' engagement in substance use. Objective: The current study investigated the role of spirituality in the association between stress and substance use, in an effort to test the hypothesis that spirituality moderates the association between stress and substance use. Methods: This study used data from youth in grades 6–8 attending 40 parochial private schools. A total of 5,217 students participated in the web-based survey administered in Spring 2013. Multilevel structural equation models were used to examine the association between stress, spirituality, and substance use, while accounting for the nested nature of the data (i.e., students within schools). Results: Higher stress was significantly associated with increased alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use...
Nucleotide Variation of Poliovirus Isolated From Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Hebei Province,2009-2011

Objective To analysis the VP1 nucleotide variation of poliovirus isolated from acute flaccid paralysis(AFP) cases and close contacts in Hebei province during 2009-2011,so as to detect vaccine-derived poliovirus(VDPV) and Circulating VDPV(VDPVs) timely and provide the evidence for maintaining polio free status.Method All stool samples from acute flaccid paralysis(AFP) cases and close contacts were virally isolated and identified according to the World Health Organization(WHO) Polio Laboratory Manual and then performed VP1 sequencing.Results During 2009-2011,24 cases AFP cases and 7 cases of AFP close contact were isolated with poliovirus.After single type isolation from the mixed,38 single type were obtained,and 36 strains of which occurred mutation with VP1 gene nucleotide,with a mutation rate under 10%.Poliovirus positive cases were higher in males than that in females and mainly in low age groups.Conclusion During 2009 to 2011,the polioviruses were all vaccine strains.The high variability of the virus appeared in local areas;vaccine derived polio virus case were not found.Hebei province continues to maintain the polio-free status.
Research on Making Electret Fiber by Tearing Electret Film Method

If electret fiber can be used,collecting efficiency of fiber filter will be improved greatly.The technology of tearing electret film is one of methods of making electret fiber.The key technology of making electret fiber is making electret film.The thesis research is about how to make electret film and what factors affected the surface voltage.Then polypropylene electret film,which has stable charge,was developed by using corona-charging method.The study shows that stable electret fiber film can be got from polypropylene film by using the method of corona charging,and then the electrical fiber can be made by the technology of tearing electrical film.The surface voltage of electret film have relationships with charging voltage,temperature,distances between electrodes and charging time,and will attenuate in index.
Some thoughts on ESO held by state-owned listed company's administrators

As an important stimulus,administrator's ESO(Executive Stock Option)is widely applied in foreign countries,but there exist many problems in applying ESO to China's listed companies,esp.state-owned listed companies.So,a discussion is made of the application of administrator's ESO,its advantage,and its effective ways in management.
Law Is a Battlefield: The Colonel Blotto Litigation Game

Martin Shubik introduced the dollar auction game in a short paper published in 1971 in The Journal of Conflict Resolution. In the original version of Shubik’s game, an auctioneer auctions off a dollar bill (or other fixed prize) to the highest bidder. In addition, both the highest bidder and the second-highest bidder must pay their respective bids to the auctioneer. Scholars have discovered real-life “dollar auctions” in a wide variety of settings, including mergers and acquisitions, free agency in sports, arms races and patent races, international conflict, and even romance. To this list of real-world applications of the dollar auction, we would add civil litigation. Although some commentators have remarked in passing on the possible parallels between civil litigation and the dollar auction game, in this paper we explore this potential connection in greater detail. In particular, we explain the equivalence between placing a bet and making a bid in the context of litigation.
Abstract 2760: Does a short open reading frame (sORF)-encoded protein participate in DNA repair

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is one of the major mechanisms for rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks. Knowledge of the molecular mechanism of NHEJ will help us to understand how this process preserves genome integrity, and how NHEJ errors cause chromosomal rearrangements that lead to cancer. Several critical participants in the NHEJ pathway have been identified and some mechanistic steps have been characterized. At present, a significant gap in our understanding of NHEJ is how NHEJ factors assemble at DSBs. It is plausible that additional, as yet unidentified, factors contribute to NHEJ assembly. We have biochemical and biological data implicating a short open reading frame (sORF)-encoded protein in NHEJ. sORFs are found in all genomes. Ribosome profiling, mass spectroscopy and RNA sequencing have predicted the existence of numerous sORF-encoded proteins of Citation Format: Les Hanakahi, Matthew Summerlin, Yi-Chia Tang, Jinho Heo. Does a short open reading frame (sORF)-encoded protein participate in DNA repair. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2760.
Association of cigarette smoking and microRNA expression in rectal cancer: Insight into tumor phenotype

Abstract Smoking is known to influence messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are known repressors of mRNAs, we hypothesize that smoking may influence miRNA expression, thus altering mRNA expression. Our sample consisted of 1447 CRC cases that had normal colorectal mucosa and carcinoma miRNA data and lifestyle data. We examined current smoking, current versus never and former versus never (C/F/N) smoking 1 1C/F/N smoking: Differential miRNA expression in subjects who were current smokers at time of diagnosis compared to subjects who never smoked, and differential miRNA expression in former smokers compared to those who had never smoked., and pack-years smoked with miRNA expression in normal mucosa as well as differential miRNA expression between paired normal and carcinoma tissue for colon and rectal tissue to determine associations between smoking and miRNA expression. We adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR). Significant associations were seen for rectal differential miRNA expression only. We analyzed miRNAs significantly associated with smoking with CIMP and MSI status, using a polytomous logistic regression. Two hundred and thirty-one miRNAs were differentially expressed with current smoking, 172 with C/F/N, and 206 with pack-years smoked; 111 were associated with all three. Forty-three miRNAs were unique to current smoking, 14 were unique to C/F/N and 57 were unique to pack years smoked. Of the 306 unique miRNAs associated with cigarette smoking, 41 were inversely associated and 200 were directly associated with CIMP high or MSI tumor molecular phenotype for either colon or rectal cancer. Our results suggest that cigarette smoking can alter miRNA expression and, given associations with CIMP high and MSI tumor molecular phenotype, it is possible that smoking influences tumor phenotype through altered miRNA expression.
Bortezomib and Thalidomide, a Steroid Free Regimen in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Multiple Myeloma.

Abstract 2867 Poster Board II-843 Corticosteroids have historically been the backbone of most myeloma targeted therapies. However, they are often the major cause of toxicities, especially in elderly patients. In recent years, novel agents such as bortezomib and thalidomide have demonstrated significant anti-myeloma activity with increased overall response rates. We thus designed a study combining these two agents in a steroid-free regimen. Bortezomib (B) and thalidomide (T) were examined as first line treatment in 27 patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma between September 2004 and September 2006. Patients received B 1.3 mg/m 2 on days 1, 4, 8 and 11 every 21 days and T 150 mg daily for a maximum of 8 cycles. The overall response rate was 81.5%, with a near CR or greater of 25.8% and a CR (immunofixation negative) of 11%. A major response identified by greater than 90% reduction in the paraprotein was seen in 33% of the patients. Responses were rapid: median time to first response was 36.5 days (range, 14-101 days) and median time to best response was 61 days (range, 16-171 days). The most common grade 3 toxicities were peripheral neuropathy (22%), pneumonia (15%) and fatigue (7%). The only grade 3 hematologic toxicity was anemia (7%). No grade 4 toxicities were seen. 3 patients had mild peripheral neuropathy (PN) at baseline. PN was the most common reason for dose reduction with an average B dose of 1.1mg/m 2 and T of 110mg daily. The major cause of discontinuation of treatment was PN. The PN completely resolved in 80% of the patients upon completion of therapy. No venous thromboembolic events (VTE) were observed even in the absence of prophylactic anticoagulation. It should be noted that upon completion of the study all patients received either B or T maintenance and no patients proceeded onto stem cell transplant immediately. The median progression free survival (PFS) was 16.8 months (95% CI 8.7-21.6 months). Median overall survival has not yet been reached at a median follow up of 39 months. The 3 year overall survival is 74%. This study demonstrates: 1) the excellent efficacy of a steroid-free regimen; 2) good PFS in the absence of stem cell transplantation; and 3) that most treatment-related PN resolves. Disclosures: Huff: Celgene: Consultancy. Borrello: Celgene: Speakers Bureau; Mellenium: Consultancy.
Proteolysis of Sars-Associated Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) mediates attachment, receptor engagement and entry via its spike glycoprotein (S). S-dependent viral entry requires the presence of a primary receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), while the C-type lectins, DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR, and LSECtin act as attachment factors, promoting binding to a subset of target cells. SARS-CoV S, like other coronavirus spike glycoproteins, contains two leucine/ isoleucine heptad repeats (HR1 and HR2) located in the C-terminal third of the glycoprotein. By homology to other fusion proteins, such as influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and HIV gp160, HR1 and HR2 are thought to drive membrane fusion through their interaction together. HR1 and HR2 from each member of the trimeric spike pack together to form a highly stable structure known as the six-helix bundle. The events following receptor engagement and leading up to six-helix bundle formation are less defined. Viral entry mediated by SARS-CoV S is exquisitely sensitive to compounds able to raise the pH of cellular endosomes. Thus, a pH-dependent component appears to be required for cell-free viral infection mediated by S. However, S-dependent cell-to-cell fusion can occur at neutral pH, and furthermore fusion is not enhanced by acidic pH. Therefore, it appears unlikely that S has a direct requirement for acidic conditions in order to undergo the conformational rearrangements required for six-helix bundle formation, as is seen for other pH-dependent fusion proteins such as HA. In contrast, when cells expressing endogenous, low levels of ACE2 were used as targets for cellto-cell fusion, treatment of the S glycoprotein expressing effectors with trypsin is necessary in order for efficient fusion to be observed. Thus, we hypothesize that in order for efficient cell-free virus infection to occur, similar proteolytic activity is required, and that trypsin mimics the activity of a pH-dependent cellular protease, hence explaining the sensitivity to compounds able to raise endosomal pH.
Single-case cognitive neuropsychology in the age of big data

Historically, single-case studies of brain-damaged individuals have contributed substantially to our understanding of cognitive processes. However, the role of single-case cognitive neuropsychology has diminished with the proliferation of techniques that measure neural activity in humans. Instead, large-scale informatics approaches in which data are gathered from hundreds of neuroimaging studies have become popular. It has been claimed that utilizing these informatics approaches can address problems found in single imaging studies. We first discuss reasons for why cognitive neuropsychology is thought to be in decline. Next, we note how these informatics approaches, while having benefits, are not particularly suited for understanding functional architectures. We propose that the single-case cognitive neuropsychological approach, which is focused on developing models of cognitive processing, addresses several of the weaknesses inherent in informatics approaches. Furthermore, we discuss how using neural data from brain-damaged individuals provides data that can inform both cognitive and neural models of cognitive processing.