cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of anticoagulation in pylephlebitis.

Background Pylephlebitis may complicate any intra-abdominal infection and carries a high mortality rate. Acute cases are usually anticoagulated to prevent thrombus extension and enteric ischemia; however, the role of anticoagulation has not been clearly defined. Methods Over a 3-year period, Pylephlebitis was diagnosed in 44 patients with portal vein thrombosis on computed tomography scan with fever, leukocytosis, and/or positive blood cultures. The charts were reviewed for etiology, extent of venous thrombosis, and method and results of treatment. Results Eighteen patients were hypercoagulable, due to clotting factor deficiencies (6), malignancy (8), or AIDS (4). Fifteen patients had mesenteric vein involvement. Thirty-two patients were not anticoagulated, and 5 died (3 with hypercoagulable states and 2 with normal clotting function). Twelve patients were anticoagulated, and none developed subsequent bowel infarction or died. Conclusion Patients with pylephlebitis and a hypercoagulable state due to neoplasms or clotting factor deficiencies should be anticoagulated. Patients with normal clotting function and mesenteric vein involvement may also benefit. We believe anticoagulation in patients with thrombus isolated to the portal vein and normal clotting function may be unnecessary.
Environmental Perspectives of Blacks: Acceptance of the “New Environmental Paradigm”

Abstract Previous studies have shown blacks to be less supportive of environmental issues than whites. These findings could be interpreted to mean that blacks are anti-environment. However, an attitudinal survey of 603 southern, urban blacks revealed moderate support for a pro-environment perspective (NEP) by blacks. The results also indicated that level of education had a significant relationship with these environmental perspectives, although age and income did not. The present findings were compared with those of earlier studies of primarily white respondents. Both similarities and differences were noted. The comparison led to the conclusion that blacks are just as concerned as whites about environmental issues; they differ only on some specific points.
The Benefit of Using CAI with a Six-Year-Old Hearing Impaired Boy Learning Previously Unknown Vocabulary and Spelling Words.

Two single subject studies were conducted with hearing impaired subjects in a clinic situation at a midwestern university. Results demonstrated the usefulness of the design in allowing teachers empirical support for using particular software in instructing special needs students. Specifically, certain types of software (e.g., drill and practice) were more useful than others (e.g., gaming) in learning to spell and to define new words. The youngest subject, a 6 year‐old boy, had difficulty with both types of computer programs. Consequently, one design, the Spelling Tasks, was replicated on a hearing six year‐old girl.
Synthesis of (Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub x/(TiTe/sub 2/)/sub Y/ superlattices

(Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub x/(TiTe/sub 2/) superlattices with varying values of x and fixed y were prepared using modulated elemental reactants. A procedure to calibrate the ratio of the elements and the absolute amount deposited is discussed. The structure of a reactant designed to form a (Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub 3/(TiTe/sub 2/)/sub 3/ superlattice is followed as a function of annealing temperature. The annealing conditions obtained from this study enabled us to prepare a series of (Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub x/(TiTe/sub 2/)/sub y/ superlattices. The samples were characterized using X-ray reflectivity, X-ray diffraction, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA).
Laparoscopic treatment of post renal transplant lymphoceles

Background: Traditionally, a post transplant lymphocele (PTL) is drained by widely opening the wall connecting the lymphocele cavity to the intraperitoneal space via laparotomy. We hypothesize that laparoscopic techniques can be effectively used for the treatment of PTL.Methods: Patients requiring intervention for PTL between 1993 and 2002 were identified via a retrospective review. Results of drainage via laparotomy and laparoscopy were compared.Results: During the study period 685 renal transplants (391 cadaveric, 294 living) were performed. The incidence of lymphocele was 5% [34/685 (36 cases)]. The indications for surgical drainage were local symptoms (69%), graft dysfunction (14%), or both (17%). The mean time to surgical therapy was 4.9 months. Laparoscopic drainage was performed in 25 patients (74%) and open drainage in 9 patients (26%). Open procedures were performed in cases for: previous abdominal surgery (5), undesirable lymphocele characteristics or location (2), or with concomitant open procedures (3). There were no conversions or operative complications in either group. There was no difference in operative time for the laparoscopic group vs the open group (108 ± 6 vs 123 ± 18 min, p = 0.8). Hospital stay was significantly shorter for the laparoscopic group (1.7 ± 0.8 vs 3.8 ± 1.0, p = 0.0007), with 88% of laparoscopic patients being either overnight admissions or same day surgery. Two patients (5%) developed symptomatic recurrences requiring reoperation [1 laparoscopic (4%), 1 open (10%)].Conclusions: Laparoscopic fenestration of a peritransplant lymphocele is a safe and effective treatment. The large majority of patients treated with laparoscopic fenestration were discharged within one day of surgery. Unless contraindications exist, laparoscopy should be considered first-line therapy for the surgical treatment of posttransplant lymphocele.
A randomized trial comparing the combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for mobilization of dendritic cell subsets in hematopoietic progenitor cell products

The ability of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) administration to increase the content of blood leucocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) is well established, yet the effect of these cytokines on immune function is less well described. Recent data indicate that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC2) may inhibit cellular immune response. We hypothesized that administration of the combination of G-CSF and GM-CSF after chemotherapy would reduce the type 2, or plasmacytoid, DC2 content of the autologous blood HPC grafts compared with treatment with G-CSF alone. To test this hypothesis, 35 patients with lymphoma and myeloma were randomized to receive either G-CSF or the combination of G-CSF plus GM-CSF after chemotherapy, and blood HPC grafts were collected by apheresis. Cytokine-related adverse events between the 2 groups were similar. More than 2 x 10(6)CD34 + cells per kilogram were collected by apheresis in 14 of 18 subjects treated with G-CSF and in 16 of 17 subjects treated with GM-CSF plus G-CSF ( p = not significant). There were minor differences between the 2 groups with respect to the content of T cells and CD34 + cells in the apheresis products. However, grafts collected from recipients of the combination of GM-CSF plus G-CSF had significantly fewer DC2 cells and similar numbers of DC1 cells compared with recipients treated with G-CSF alone. A third cohort of patients received chemotherapy followed by the sequential administration of G-CSF and the addition of GM-CSF 6 days later. Grafts from these patients had a markedly reduced DC2 content compared with those from patients treated either with G-CSF alone or with the concomitant administration of both cytokines. These data, and recent data that cross-presentation of antigen by DC2 cells may induce antigen-specific tolerance among T cells, suggest that GM-CSF during mobilization of blood HPC grafts may be a clinically applicable strategy to enhance innate and acquired immunity after autologous and allogeneic HPC transplantation.
Management of Salicylate Intoxication

Salicylate intoxication is common. It results in impaired generation of adenosine triphosphate and produces a primary respiratory alkalosis. In adults the clinical manifestations may closely simulate a cerebrovascular event or alcoholic ketoacidosis. Central nervous system dysfunction, fever, glycosuria, ketonuria, respiratory alkalosis with an elevated anion gap, tinnitus, dehydration, hypokalaemia and haemostatic defects are common. The diagnosis may be made rapidly by the ferric chloride test or Phenistix test. Standard therapy includes gastric emptying, activated charcoal and alkalinisation of the urine. Osmotic diuresis is a controversial measure. Haemodialysis is indicated for patients with serum salicylate levels more than 100 mg/100ml, severe acid-base disturbance, or deterioration despite optimum therapy.
A time-optimal adaptive control system via adaptive switching hypersurface

This paper presents a technique for synthesizing a time-optimal adaptive control system. The technique consists of combining off-line memorization with simple on-line calculations to determine the control signal. The adaptive switching hypersurface consists of images of switching points of each plant in the extended state space (the present and past state variables). The approximation is obtained by linearizing the projection of the adaptive switching hypersurface in a subspace, and finally storing the parameters of the hyperplanes thus obtained in memory. The on-line calculation corresponds to a simple function generator. The function generator consists of the memory containing the values of parameters of the hyperplanes and a linear interpolator. The input of the function generator is the present and past state variables, and its final output is +K or -K . The technique is applied to the pitch axis adaptive regulator control of the F-101B aircraft in various flight conditions, and simulations of the system by the hybrid computer are obtained.
Fatigue-induced adaptive changes of anticipatory postural adjustments.

To examine the fatigue-induced adaptive changes (e.g., timing) of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), APAs of 30 research participants were recorded before (baseline) and after (post-test) conditions of either rest (control group, n = 15) or fatigue (fatigue group, n = 15). Muscle fatigue was generated using a dead-lift exercise performed to exhaustion. Self-initiated postural perturbations were induced using a rapid unilateral arm-raising maneuver (focal movement), and APAs were obtained using electromyography (EMG) recorded bilaterally in the lumbar and thoracic paraspinal muscles as well as the hamstring muscles. Postural stability during the focal movement was assessed using a force plate. Results showed that fatigue had no effect on postural stability during the focal movement, and yet caused earlier APA onsets in three of the six muscles evaluated. In spite of early APA activation, the APA EMG integrals of two of the three postural control muscles which exhibited fatigue-induced early APA onsets (T9 and L4 contralateral paraspinals) did not differ between baseline and post-test measures. The findings suggest that early APA onset may enhance postural stability by permitting a longer duration APA which can counteract fatigue-induced decreases in the force-producing capability of muscles that contribute to postural stability.
Possible role of macrophage mediated nonspecific cytotoxicity in tumour resistance.

IN addition to their role in specific tumour immunity1–3, macrophages seem to be the effector cells in mediating specific and nonspecific resistance to intracellular organisms in mice4–7, the critical factor being the development of a population of activated macrophages which resist destruction by and are able to destroy intracellular pathogens4,8. Because resistance to neoplasia seems to be primarily cell mediated, we have investigated whether the nonspecific cell-mediated resistance conferred by chronic intracellular protozoal infection provides protection against tumours. These infections conferred resistance to a variety of autochthonous and transplantable murine tumours9,10. Since the mechanism of resistance to tumours and unrelated infectious agents in the protozoan-infected mice might be similar, the effect of activated macrophages on target cells was evaluated. The results demonstrated that peritoneal macrophages from mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma have the capacity to non-specifically destroy target cells in vitro by a nonphagocytic mechanism.
Initial Oxidation and Hydroxylation of the Ge(100)-2×1 Surface by Water and Hydrogen Peroxide

We use density functional theory to investigate the surface chemistry of initial oxidation and hydroxylation of the Ge(100)-2×1 surface by water and hydrogen peroxide. Comparison of the reaction of water on the Si(100)-2×1 and Ge(100)-2×1 surfaces shows that the kinetics of oxidation of the Ge(100)-2×1 surface with water is slower. Our calculations also show that oxidation products on the Ge(100)-2×1 surface are less thermodynamically stable than on Si. We also investigate two competing dissociation reactions of H2O2 on the Ge(100)-2×1 surface. We find that dissociative adsorption via cleavage of the OH bond is less exothermic than OO dissociation. Furthermore, interdimer OO dissociation has a lower activation barrier than interdimer or intradimer OH dissociation, although interdimer dissociation products are found to be less stable compared than those formed from intradimer dissociation reactions. Finally, we find that the oxidation products formed from hydrogen peroxide are more stable than those formed...
Twenty Years of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings: We Hope You Will Enjoy the Show

The 20th anniversary of the Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings is celebrated by highlighting the scientist-practitioner philosophy on which it was founded. The goal of the Journal—to provide an outlet for evidence-based approaches to healthcare that underscore the important scientific and clinical contributions of psychology in medical settings—is discussed. The contemporary relevance of this approach is related to the current implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care and its focus on accountability and the development of an interprofessional healthcare workforce; both of which have been foci of the Journal throughout its history and will continue to be so into the future. Several recommendations of future topic areas for the Journal to highlight regarding scientific, practice, policy, and education and training in professional health service psychology are offered. Successfully addressing these topics will support the growth of the field of psychology in the ever evolving healthcare system of the future and continue ensure that the Journal is a key source of professional information in health service psychology.
A comprehensive review of reported heritable noggin-associated syndromes and proposed clinical utility of one broadly inclusive diagnostic term: NOG-related-symphalangism spectrum disorder (NOG-SSD)

The NOG gene encodes noggin, a secreted polypeptide that is important for regulating multiple signaling pathways during human development, particularly in cartilage and bone. The hallmark of NOG-related syndromes is proximal symphalangism, defined by abnormal fusion of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet. Many additional features secondary to NOG mutations are commonly but inconsistently observed, including a characteristic facies with a hemicylindrical nose, congenital conductive hearing loss due to stapes fixation, and hyperopia. The variable clinical presentations led to the designation of five different autosomal dominant syndromes, all subsequently found to have resulted from NOG mutations. These include (1) proximal symphalangism; (2) multiple synostoses syndrome 1; (3) stapes ankylosis with broad thumbs and toes; (4) tarsal-carpal coalition syndrome; and (5) brachydactyly type B2. Herein, we review the phenotypic features associated with mutations in the NOG gene, demonstrating the overlapping characteristics of these syndromes. Due to the variable phenotypic spectrum within families and among families with the same mutation, we propose a unifying term, NOG-related symphalangism spectrum disorder (NOG-SSD), to aid in the clinical recognition and evaluation of all affected individuals with these phenotypes. These NOG gene variants are available in a new locus-specific database (https://NOG.lovd.nl).
Global distribution of helium in the upper atmosphere during solar minimum

Abstract Helium in the Earth's thermosphere traces the dynamical systems that redistribute energy and mass. Measurements of the global helium distribution in the thermosphere, using Atmosphere Explorer satellite C . ( AE - C ), show a gradual seasonal change in the number density of helium for all latitudes. The enhancement in helium over the winter pole (the helium bulge) changes in magnitude slowly as seasons progress. The bulge builds and recedes following the progression of winter North to South and back again. This progression of the winter helium enhancement is presented in this paper using latitudinal profiles of helium number density for each month during the year. The absolute magnitude of the winter helium enhancement in the auroral regions is affected by auroral heating at low altitudes. The reduction in the winter helium bulge at low altitudes shown in AE - C data can be traced to this localized heating. The gradual variation in helium concentration measured at many latitudes for all seasons of the year implies that global thermospheric wind systems change gradually with the seasons.
Neoadjuvant induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation: a phase I trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil for advanced pancreatic/gastrointestinal malignancies.

Abstract The authors developed a strategy that includes a novel approach of induction full-dose chemotherapy followed by traditional chemoradiation as a neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer. Here they report the results of a phase I/II trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and 5-FU for patients with advanced gastrointestinal malignancies.
Self-organized context-aware hybrid MANETs

Our society is highly dependent on mobile communications. However, coverage to mobile devices may be inadequate in a variety of infrastructure and outage circumstances. In particular, in disaster scenarios both victims and rescuers need network access to the outside world to aid in the search and rescue operation, while local wireless infrastructures may have been damaged. A hybrid mobile ad hoc network can be used to address this coverage problem without modifications to the existing wireless infrastructure. In this approach, a number of members called gateway nodes have connections to network infrastructure, capable of relaying data/information to destinations off of the MANET. In this paper, we seek to improve the design of hybrid mobile ad hoc networks for extending wireless coverage in disaster search and rescue scenarios through the use of self-organized context-aware data forwarding, which utilizes the location and mobility context of mobile devices inferred from their built-in sensors to improve the performance. We are building an Android application testbed that implements the hybrid MANET across a number of mobile devices to assess different design choices. We also plan to perform analytical modeling and numerical simulations to evaluate this hybrid system on extending wireless coverage in disaster scenarios.
Driving Cessation and Increased Depressive Symptoms: Prospective Evidence from the New Haven EPESE

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between driving cessation and depressive symptoms among older drivers. Previous efforts in this area have focused on the factors associated with cessation, not the consequences of having stopped. DESIGN: Cohort study SETTING: Urban community PARTICIPANTS: A driving survey was administered in 1989 to surviving noninstitutionalized members of the New Haven Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) cohort. Of 1316 respondents, 502 were active drivers as of 1988, 92 had stopped driving between 1982 and 1987, and the remainder had either never driven or had stopped before 1982. MEASUREMENTS: Information about independent and dependent variables other than driving status came from the in-person EPESE interviews in 1982, 1985, and 1988, except for medical conditions, which were updated yearly. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression (CES-D) scale. Analyses focused on the changes in depressive symptoms before and after driving cessation. Repeated measures multivariable analysis accounted for the effect of cessation on the outcome adjusting for the potential confounding due to sociodemographic and health-related factors. RESULTS: Individuals who stopped driving exhibited substantial increases in depressive symptoms during the 6-year interval. Driving cessation was among the strongest predictors of increased depressive symptoms (Coefficient 2.464, SE 0.758, P = .001) even when adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related factors. CONCLUSIONS: Driving cessation was associated with an increase in depressive symptoms even when accounting for sociodemographic and health-related factors. These consequences need to be taken into account when advising older drivers and when developing alternative transportation strategies.
OXIDATION OF α-KETO ACIDS

Enzyme systems that catalyze the lipoic acid-linked oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate have been isolated as multienzyme complexes with molecular weights of several million from bacterial, avian and mammalian cells. These multienzyme complexes have a distinct morphology and catalyze a coordinated sequence of reactions. The Eschcrichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex has been separated into three enzymes-pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, and a flavoprotein, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. The complex has been reconstituted from the isolated enzymes. The E. coli α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex also has been separated into three enzymes, analogous to those obtaind from the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and it, too, has been reassembled from the isolated enzymes. The three enzymes are α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl transsuccinylase, and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. Pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes isolated from pig heart muscle and from beef kidney mitochondria appear to be composed of three enzymes, analogous to those comprising the corresponding bacterial complexes. The macromolecular organization of the bacterial and mammalian α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes has been elucidated to a large extent by correlated biochemical and electron microscopic studies.
A self frozen in time and space: Catatonia as a kinesthetic analog to mirrored self-misidentification

Aspects of Northoff's argument lend themselves to the ongoing investigation of localizing the self in the brain. Recent data from the fields of neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience provide evidence that the right hemisphere is a candidate for localization of self. The data on catatonia further that proposition and add insight into the continuing investigation of self in the brain across sensory and motor domains.
P-value adjustment for multiple binary endpoints

The p-value-based adjustment of individual endpoints and the global test for an overall inference are the two general approaches for the analysis of multiple endpoints. Statistical procedures developed for testing multivariate outcomes often assume that the multivariate endpoints are either independent or normally distributed. This paper presents a general approach for the analysis of multivariate binary data under the framework of generalized linear models. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach is applied to estimate the correlation matrix of the test statistics using the identity and exchangeable working correlation matrices with the model-based as well as robust estimators. The objectives of the approaches are the adjustment of p-values of individual endpoints to identify the affected endpoints as well as the global test of an overall effect. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to evaluate the overall family wise error (FWE) rates of the single-step down p-value adjustment approach fro...
What’s the Big IDeA? Considerations for Implementing an Institutional Repository

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to offer some considerations for the implementation of an institutional repository.Design/methodology/approach – While the article outlines the process IUPUI followed to create its own IR, the piece is universalized to address the concerns of any new IR implementer.Findings – Continually increasing journal costs have pushed libraries and research institutions to consider alternative forms of scholarly publication. One such form is that of the institutional digital repository (IR).Orginality/value – As an early implementer of DSpace, an open‐source institutional digital repository software product, IUPUI offers those just beginning to think about IRs an overview of issues such as: choosing a repository platform, staffing and technology needs, metadata and controlled vocabulary concerns, promotion, and time challenges.
Hip Arthroscopy Update

The management of hip injuries in the athlete has evolved significantly in the past few years with theadvancement of arthroscopic techniques. The application of minimally invasive surgical techniques has facilitated relatively rapid returns to sporting activity in recreational and elite athletes alike. Recent advancements in both hip arthroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging have elucidated several sources of intraarticular pathology that result in chronic and disabling hip symptoms. Many of these conditions were previously unrecognized and thus, left untreated. Current indications for hip arthroscopy include management of labral tears, osteoplasty for femoroacetabular impingement, thermal capsulorrhaphy and capsular plication for subtle rotational instability and capsular laxity, lateral impact injury and chondral lesions, osteochondritis dissecans, ligamentum teres injuries, internal and external snapping hip, removal of loose bodies, synovial biopsy, subtotal synovectomy, synovial chondromatosis, infection, and certain cases of mild to moderate osteoarthritis with associated mechanical symptoms. In addition, patients with long-standing, unresolved hip joint pain and positive physical findings may benefit from arthroscopic evaluation. Patients with reproducible symptoms and physical findings that reveal limited functioning, and who have failed an adequate trial of conservative treatment will have the greatest likelihood of success after surgical intervention. Strict attention to thorough diagnostic examination, detailed imaging, and adherence to safe and reproducible surgical techniques, as described in this review, are essential for the success of this procedure.
The dietary status of practicing macrobioticst†: A preliminary communication

Ten‐day dietary records from eight subjects consuming Zen Macrobiotic diets suggested that low intakes of energy, riboflavin and calcium could adversely affect the nutritional status of adults. According to the Recommended Dietary Allowances for the United States the intake of iron and niacin were inadequate for women and men respectively. One dietary record pointed out the danger of a severe overall nutritional inadequacy when the macrobiotic regimen was applied to infants.
A Digital Open-Loop Adaptive Processor

A new technique for adaptive processing applications, which is superior to the conventional Applebaum-Howells adaptive loop, is presented. The new technique is based on open-loop digital processing and does not have the limitations of the conventional closedloop analog processor. In contrast with the conventional adaptive loop, the open-loop processor has effectively infinite gain, is unconditionally stable, and does not depend on the power level of the auxiliary signal.
The design of a channel-access protocol for a wireless ad hoc network with sectored directional antennas

A packet scheduler and a medium access control (MAC) protocol are presented for a direct-sequence spread-spectrum, wireless ad hoc network that contains a mix of nodes with directional antennas and nodes with omnidirectional antennas. The scheduler and MAC protocol are designed to prevent the co-site interference problem that arises in some types of nodes employing directional antennas. It is shown that the presence of nodes with directional antennas exacerbates the vulnerability of the network to the receiver blocking problem. A modification of the MAC protocol is presented that mitigates the receiver blocking problem, and it is shown to improve the performance of a network that includes nodes with directional antennas.
Protein self-assembly creates a nanoscale device for biomineralization

Mammalian enamel is the unique hierarchically organized bioceramic material that owes its existence to a transient precursor, the enamel organic extracellular matrix. The organic matrix is biosynthesized by epithelial derived cells called ameloblasts and the selection of genes expressed, the timing and amount of proteins expressed serve to impose constraints on the matrix. The protein matrix components undergo self-assembly to form a microenvironment that regulates the mineral phase, serving to control crystal habit and spacing between crystallites. We have focused on amelogenin, the most abundant protein of the enamel organic matrix. Amelogenin self-assembles into nanospheres that participate in control over enamel organization. Ameloblasts also interact with the matrix and these interactions are important to the organization of hydroxyapatite crystallites into woven bundles. Changes to conserved domains within amelogenin alter protein-to-protein interactions as well as cell to matrix interactions. Changes to enamel organization observed during evolution may be accounted for, in part, by changes to critical domains within enamel proteins that form the matrix.
Effects of chromatic adaptation on color discrimination and color appearance

Abstract Color discrimination and color appearance were examined at a number of chromaticities along an equal luminance line running from red to green as a function of adaptation to several lights along the same line. Like K. J. W. Craik's results for brightness discrimination [ J. Physiol. 92 , 406–421]. color discrimination proved best for chromaticities nearest the adapting light with a worsening of discrimination (relative to neutral adaptation) for more distant chromaticities. This result is explicable in terms of a sliding of the “working range” of red-green opponent cells along an axis of chromaticity. Consistent with this interpretation are the systematic changes in color appearance brought about by preexposure to chromatic light. An ancillary part of the investigation revealed that a flickering adapting light produces lesser adaptive shifts than steady light of the same time average luminance. This latter result rules out the possibility that photopigment bleaching, under these conditions, plays more than a minimal role in controlling the sensitivity of the cones or more proximal neurons.
Americans' Talk to Dogs: Similarities and Differences With Talk to Infants

Common knowledge tells us that people talk "baby talk" to dogs, but how similar talk to dogs and infants is remains unexplored. In this study, people's talk to dogs during 46 play interactions was coded and compared with previous studies about talk to infants. Talk to dogs and infants shared numerous features, including a high-pitch register, a low mean length of utterance, high frequencies of grammatically acceptable utterances, present-tense verbs, repetitiveness, and attention-getting devices. Differences were also present. Talk to dogs contained shorter sentences and more imperatives and exact repetitions; talk to infants had more questions, declaratives, and deictic utterances. Reasons for the similarities and differences are elaborated on. Both forms involve communicating with a limited and inattentive addressee, controlling the addressee's attention and behavior by focusing on an object or activity, and expressing friendliness and affection. They differ in that talk to infants is more likely to tre...
CON: Immediate colonoscopy is not necessary in patients who have polyps smaller than 1 cm on computed tomographic colonography.

CON: Immediate Colonoscopy Is Not Necessary in Patients Who Have Polyps Smaller Than 1 cm on Computed Tomographic Colonography
Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing worldwide demand for pharmaceuticals due to its limited scalability and high cost. Plants have shown to be one of the most promising alternative pharmaceutical production platforms that are robust, scalable, low-cost and safe. The recent development of virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. To further optimize the utility of the transient expression system, we demonstrate a simple, efficient and scalable methodology to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium into plant tissue in this study. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with both syringe and vacuum methods have resulted in the efficient introduction of Agrobacterium into leaves and robust production of two fluorescent proteins; GFP and DsRed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique advantages offered by both methods. Syringe infiltration is simple and does not need expensive equipment. It also allows the flexibility to either infiltrate the entire leave with one target gene, or to introduce genes of multiple targets on one leaf. Thus, it can be used for laboratory scale expression of recombinant proteins as well as for comparing different proteins or vectors for yield or expression kinetics. The simplicity of syringe infiltration also suggests its utility in high school and college education for the subject of biotechnology. In contrast, vacuum infiltration is more robust and can be scaled-up for commercial manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins. It also offers the advantage of being able to agroinfiltrate plant species that are not amenable for syringe infiltration such as lettuce and Arabidopsis. Overall, the combination of syringe and vacuum agroinfiltration provides researchers and educators a simple, efficient, and robust methodology for transient protein expression. It will greatly facilitate the development of pharmaceutical proteins and promote science education.
THE MUSCULAR HYDROSTAT OF THE FLORIDA MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS): A FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGICAL MODEL OF PERIORAL BRISTLE USE

Facial musculature was examined in the Florida manatee, Tricbecbus manatus latirostris, in order to develop a functional model of perioral bristle use. Muscles identified include the M. levator nasolabialis, M. buccinatorius, M. maxillonasolabialis, M. centralis nasi, M. lateralis nasi, M. spbincter colli profundus pars oris, M. orbicularis oris, M. mandibularis, and M. mentalis. A new muscle, M. centralis nasi, has been named and is an integral part of perioral bristle movement. The snout of the Florida manatee is capable of performing complex movements. The prehensile ability of Florida manatees can be explained in the context of a muscular hydrostat as defined by Kier and Smith (1985). Eversion of certain bristles in the upper lip occurs by shortening longitudinal, transverse, and semicircular muscles in combination with volume displacement due to compensatory changes in the shape of the snout. Midline sweeping of these bristles is accomplished by the contraction of M. centralis nasi. Eversion of bristles on the lower jaw is a result of shortening of M. mentalis. Contraction of M. orbicularis oris pushes vegetation into the oral cavity. All observed movement patterns and uses of perioral bristles can be explained by variation of these sequences within the context of muscular hydrostat function.
Sums of squares of distances in m-space

(2003). Sums of Squares of Distances in m-Space. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 110, No. 6, pp. 516-526.
Obstetric triage: management of acute nonobstetric abdominal pain in pregnancy

Acute, nonobstetric abdominal pain is a common complaint during pregnancy. Both anatomic and physiologic variations in pregnancy cloud the clinical picture when attempts at clinical decision-making and triage are made. Abdominal disorders such as appendicitis, gallbladder disease, pancreatitis, bowel obstruction, liver disease, pyelonephritis, and inflammatory bowel disease are explored from an obstetric triage perspective. Key triage points are noted to augment clinical assessment by the practitioner.
Planar silicon diodes and transistors

In the planar design of diodes or transistors, the device is fabricated to its final shape during the diffusion operations, rather than during a mesa operation subsequent to diffusion. The planar process involves the application of a suitable coating on the silicon surface prior to the diffusion operations so that the junctions emerge from the bulk of the material under the coating and are protected from environmental contamination. Two types of devices made by the process will be described: a planar diode and a planar NPN transistor. Dopants used in both cases are boron and phosphorus and the lateral limitation of the diffused layers is obtained by oxide masking of suitable shape. The outstanding property of planar units is the very tight distribution of diode reverse currents over a large sample of units. Values of these currents are in close agreement with those calculated from bulk reverse currents. Life test data indicate improved reliability at high temperature storage over mesa units of similar characteristics. Data on unencapsulated units will also be presented.
Susceptibility of Six Wheat Cultivars to Oviposition by Rice Weevils Reared on Wheat, Corn or Sorghum

Seeds of 6 cultilars of wheat, originating in the hard winter wheat area of Kansas, were aged for 3 yr at 60% RH and 26.5°C, and then exposed to parent Sitophilus Oryzae (L.) from wheat, corn, and sorghum cultures. The susceptibility or resistance to oviposition ratings of the samples of all cultivars to insects from the 3 culture sources (based on progeny production) were very similar. The susceptibility or resistance ratings of the grains also were similar to those obtained prior to the start of the 3 yr aging. The overall effect of either the corn or sorghum culture source of parent adult insects was to reduce the progeny production of the samples of all cultivars below that seen with the parent insects from the wheat culture.
Optimizing test confidence based on life cycle cost

Current Army acquisition policy states that systems shall demonstrate reliability requirements with high confidence, but the policy fails to state what `high' confidence means. Despite this, for every system there is an optimal confidence level with which to demonstrate the reliability requirement. The optimal confidence level may be driven by many competing factors including cost, schedule, Soldier safety, and mission criticality. Most of these factors are difficult to quantify, and leave the community to make a judgment call on the appropriate confidence level. In the absence of other driving or quantifiable metrics, one way to choose an optimal confidence level is to balance test cost against the risk to life cycle cost. This method deals in a natural metric: money. It is easily understood by the layman, and is straightforward to compare to most other programmatic risks. Conveniently it provides objective support for the common sense solution that inexpensive systems (to buy and test) that will be purchased in large quantities should be tested at higher confidence, while expensive systems (to buy and test) bought in low quantities possibly should be tested at lower confidence. If the other factors are not overwhelming, or do not suggest a particular confidence level, confidence can be optimized by balancing test cost against life cycle cost.
Inclusion and Mainstreaming Revisited---Again Teaching Experience and Specialist Support: A Survey of Preschool Teachers Employed in Programs Accredited by NAEYC

A national mail survey of preschool teachers (N = 500, return rate of 55.2%) employed in programs accredited by the National Association for the Education of Young Children was conducted to gain de...
Is the top of atmosphere dust net radiative effect different between Terra and Aqua

[1] We assess the difference in Top of Atmosphere (TOA) cloud-free Net Radiative Effect (NRE) of dust aerosols between the Terra and Aqua satellites using three years of collocated Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data over the Atlantic Ocean [0–30°N, 10–60°W]. The dust aerosol optical thickness at 0.55 μm (τdust) was first separated from the total aerosol column aerosol optical thickness (τ) and our results indicate that the Terra minus Aqua difference for both τ and τdust is approximately 10%, with Terra values generally being slightly higher. The resulting difference in TOA NRE from dust aerosols is less than 1 Wm−2. The difference between Terra and Aqua NRE lies well within previously reported uncertainties indicating that data from either satellite can be used interchangeably if independent adjustments for diurnal effects and clear-sky sample biases are made.
Assessment and management of interfractional variations in daily diagnostic-quality-CT guided prostate-bed irradiation after prostatectomy.

Purpose: To quantify interfractional anatomic variations and limitations of the current practice of image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) for prostate-bed patients and to study dosimetric benefits of an online adaptive replanning scheme that addresses the interfractional variations. Methods: Contours for the targets and organs at risk (OARs) from daily diagnostic-quality CTs acquired with in-room CT (CTVision, Siemens) were generated by populating the planning contours using an autosegmentation tool based on deformable registration (ABAS, Elekta) with manual editing for ten prostate-bed patients treated with postoperative daily CT-guided IMRT. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) obtained by maximizing the overlap of contours for a structure between the daily and plan contours was used to quantify the organ deformation between the plan and daily CTs. Three interfractional-variation-correction schemes, the current standard practice of IGRT repositioning, a previously developed online adaptive RT (ART), and the full reoptimization, were applied to these daily CTs and a number of dose-volume quantities for the targets and organs at risk were compared for their effectiveness to account for the interfractional variations. Results: Large interfractional organ deformations in prostate-bed irradiation were seen. The mean DSCs for CTV, rectum, and bladder were 86.6 ± 5.1% (range from 61% to 97%), 77.3% ± 7.4% (range from 55% to 90%), and 75.4% ± 11.2% (range from 46% to 96%), respectively. The fractional and cumulative dose-volume quantities for CTV and PTV: V100 (volume received at least 100% prescription dose), and rectum and bladder: V45Gy and V60Gy (volume received at least 45 or 60 Gy), were compared for the repositioning, adaptive, reoptimization, and original plans. The fractional and cumulative dosimetric results were nearly the same. The average cumulative CTV V100 were 88.0%, 98.4%, 99.2%, and 99.3% for the IGRT, ART, reoptimization, and original plans, respectively. The corresponding rectal V45Gy (V60Gy) were 58.7% (27.3%), 48.1% (20.7%), 43.8% (16.1%), and 44.9% (16.8%). The results for bladder were comparable among three schemes. Paired two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed and it was found that ART and reoptimization provide better target coverage and better OAR sparing, especially rectum sparing. Conclusions: The interfractional organ motions and deformations during prostate-bed irradiation are significant. The online adaptive replanning scheme is capable of effectively addressing the large organ deformation, resulting in cumulative doses equivalent to those originally planned.
Towards improved detection of attackers in computer networks: New edges, fast updating, and host agents

This paper focuses on several important topics related to subgraph anomaly detection for computer networks. First, we briefly discuss a graph based view of a computer network consisting of nodes (computers) and edges (time-series of communications between computers), and how stochastic models of groups of edges can be used to identify local anomalous areas of the network indicating the traversal of attackers. Next, the concept of a new edge, an edge between two computers that have never communicated before, is introduced, and a model for establishing the probability of such an event is provided. We follow this with a discussion of exponentially weighted moving averages for updating models of edges. Next, as measuring network data for the purposes of anomaly detection is difficult we discuss a host agent designed specifically to gather this type of data. Finally, the performance of anomaly detection using this host agent to collect data is compared with that of DNS data.
Interactions of a nonionic detergent. III. Further observations on hydrophobic interactions

Abstract Nonionic detergents of the Triton series are widely used as dispersing agents, but little is known about their capacity to interact with proteins and other molecules of biological interest. The critical micellar concentration of this detergent can be accurately measured taking advantage of an ultraviolet spectral shift during micelle formation, and this procedure was adapted to measure the amount of detergent bound to human and bovine serum albumin. In addition, the effects of the lower straight-chain alcohols on detergent micelle formation were investigated. Triton X-100 has an 8-carbon tertiary alkyl chain and 9–10 ethylene oxide units as the hydrophile. Triton X-102 has the same alkyl group, but 12–13 ethylene oxide units, and Triton N-101 has a 9-carbon alkyl chain and 9–10 ethylene oxide units. It was found that Triton N-101 bound almost as well to the albumins as the other two, but at a free concentration of approximately one-third of the others. The difference between the binding of Triton X-100 and Triton X-102 was only slight. This strongly suggests that hydrophobic interactions were most significant in the binding. Furthermore, low concentrations of n-butanol, but not secondary nor tertiary butanol, appeared to hydrophobically favor micelle formation of the Triton X-100 molecules. In comparable concentrations, methanol, ethanol and propanol had no such effect, tending rather to raise the critical micellar concentrations. This may have some relevance to the unique solubilizing role of n -butanol with retention of biological activities of proteins.
Novel reciprocal and square-root VLSI cell: architecture and application to signal processing

A novel high-speed cell, capable of performing a square-root or a reciprocal function in two clock cycles, is presented. Its performance signifies an estimated three-fold increase in speed over existing approaches. Furthermore, since both functions are performed on the same cell, an area advantage of a factor of two is realized. The cell therefore has a figure of merit of six. The underlying principle used is second order interpolation which leads simultaneously to high accuracy and a very small ROM table. The statistical performance of the cell is presented. The application of the new cell is demonstrated by its use in two systolic architectures, namely an L-U decomposition architecture and a Cholesky decomposition architecture. >