cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sclerosing capillary hemangioma in a rhesus monkey.

A capillary hemangioma in the gastrocnemius muscle of a Rhesus monkey is reported. It is believed to be the fourth vascular neoplasm described in Rhesus monkeys and the first to have developed in skeletal muscle. The tumor was a firm, hemorrhagic mass 5.0 x 6.5 cm. It was composed of a benign bed of proliferating capillaries. No distinct capsule separated the mass from the adjacent muscle, but collagenous trabeculae subdivided the tumor into packets of capillaries. Neoplasms of vascular origin are rare in nonhuman primates. Only three vascular tumors, all in male Rhesus monkeys, could be found in a review of the literature through 1971. The first tumor was diagnosed as a spontaneous, benign hemangioendothelioma of the subcutaneous tissue over the left tibia (2), the second as an hemangioendothelioma of the lumbar vertebrae (I), and the third as an hemangioendothelioma of the liver (6). Although the monkey with the hepatic tumor had been irradiated with 800 rads of 55-MeV protons 2 years previously, it was the opinion of the authors that the neoplasm was not caused by the radiation. This paper reports another vascular neoplasm in a nonhuman primate.
Reactive liquid phase sintering of solution-derived YBa2Cu3O7−x superconducting thin films: Part I. Ambient and precursor effects on BaO–CuO liquid phase formation

Processing atmosphere and precursor effects on liquid phase formation were investigated in the BaO–CuO thin film system. Liquid phase was observed at a significantly lower temperature (∼620 °C) under N2 atmosphere with carboxylate solution precursors. In the processing of the YBCO oxide superconductors, formation of the liquid phase facilitated the decomposition of BaCO3 and crystallization of the YBCO grains. Larger grains and greater (00l) preferred orientation were also observed in the YBCO films prepared with the presence of the liquid phase.
NEP1 orthologs encoding necrosis and ethylene inducing proteins exist as a multigene family in Phytophthora megakarya, causal agent of black pod disease on cacao.

Phytophthora megakarya is a devastating oomycete pathogen that causes black pod disease in cacao. Phytophthora species produce a protein that has a similar sequence to the necrosis and ethylene inducing protein (Nepl) of Fusarium oxysporum. Multiple copies of NEP1 orthologs ( PmegNEP ) have been identified in P. megakarya and four other Phytophthora species ( P. citrophthora, P. capsici, P. palmivora and P. sojae ). Genome database searches confirmed the existence of multiple copies of NEP1 orthologs in P. sojae and P. ramorum. In this study, nine different PmegNEP orthologs from P. megakarya strain Mk-1 were identified and analyzed. Of these nine orthologs, six were expressed in mycelium and in P. megakarya zoospore-infected cacao leaf tissue. The remaining two clones are either regulated differently, or are nonfunctional genes. Sequence analysis revealed that six PmegNEP orthologs were organized in two clusters of three orthologs each in the P. megakarya genome. Evidence is presented for the instability in the P. megakarya genome resulting from duplications, inversions, and fused genes resulting in multiple NEP1 orthologs. Traits characteristic of the Phytophthora genome, such as the clustering of NEP1 orthologs, the lack of CATT and TATA boxes, the lack of introns, and the short distance between ORFs were also observed.
Liquid encapsulant and uniaxial calibration mechanical stress measurement with the ATC04 assembly test chip

A new assembly test chip, ATC04, designed to measure mechanical stresses at the die surface has been built and tested. This CMOS chip, 0.25 in. on a side, has an array of 25 piezoresistive stress sensing cells, four resistive heaters and two ring oscillators. The ATC04 chip facilitates making stress measurements with relatively simple test equipment and data analysis. The design, use, and accuracy of the chip are discussed and initial results presented from three types of stress measurement experiments: four-point bending calibration, single point bending of a substrate with an ATC04 attached by epoxy, and stress produced by a liquid epoxy encapsulant. >
Sulfur Poisoning and Regeneration of Ni-Based Anodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The effect of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) on the performance of nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) cermet anode for solid oxide fuel cells has been studied under various operating conditions. In all cases, a small amount of H 2 S (ppm level) causes a sharp drop in cell performance within the first few minutes of exposure, followed by a gradual but persistent deterioration in performance for several days. The extent of anode degradation caused by sulfur poisoning increases with increasing H 2 S concentration, increasing cell voltage (i.e., closer to open-circuit voltage or decreasing cell current density), or decreasing cell operating temperature. The initial sharp degradation in performance is attributed to rapid adsorption of sulfur onto the Ni surface, which blocks the active sites for hydrogen adsorption and oxidation. However, the mechanism for the subsequent slow degradation is still not clear. Upon removal of H 2 S from the fuel stream, the anode performance can be recovered fully or partially, depending on operating conditions and duration of H 2 S exposure. The rate of the recovery process increases with operating temperature and cell current density.
Evaluation of Surface Charge Density with Electrostatic Voltmeter - Measurement Geometry Considerations

Use and limitations of Kelvin probe based instruments for surface charge density measurements of dielectric materials are discussed. Three different devices are evaluated: a DC feedback electrostatic voltmeter (ESVM), an AC feedback ESVM and a fieldmeter. Special attention is paid to influence of geometry of the measured object. The effect of viewing angle of the probe, thickness of the sample as well as of stray capacitances are shown theoretically and verified experimentally.
Toll-like receptor signaling adapter proteins govern spread of neuropathic pain and recovery following nerve injury in male mice

Background Spinal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and signaling intermediaries have been implicated in persistent pain states. We examined the roles of two major TLR signaling pathways and selected TLRs in a mononeuropathic allodynia.
USING NLSY-GEOCODE DATA TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF TAXES AND MINIMUM AGE LAWS ON THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE DEMAND OF YOUNG ADULTS

In the present study, OLS and logit regression analysis are used to determine the effect that minimum age laws and taxes have on alcohol consumption and binge drinking. NLSY-Geocode data are used in order to construct individual-level demand equations. The use of this data allows for the identification of the individual’s state of residence and thus enables the researcher to properly match the individual to the appropriate state alcohol tax rate. Results indicate that taxes have a negative effect on alcohol consumption but no effect on binge drinking. Minimum age laws, however, are effective in reducing both the total quantity of alcohol consumed and binge drinking.
Phase diagram sample preparation

The procedures by which samples are prepared for phase diagram studies are examined and critically evaluated. The three key elements that require attention (alloy purity, homogeneity, and equilibrium) are separately addressed, and several examples of bad procedure are presented with information on their past and future consequences. The origin of commonly confronted problems are described and special procedures are suggested for their circumvention. Additionally, new methods for the early detection of some sample problems are presented, and the usefulness of rapidly solidified materials (as specimens) in phase diagram studies is illustrated.
Resonant electron scattering by metastable nitrogen

Abstract The resonant electron impact quenching of metastable molecules might be important for understanding the phenomena in the upper atmosphere. In order to obtain information about the relative importance of this scattering event the resonant cross sections for electron scattering by metastable nitrogen in the A 3 ∑ u + state were calculated using the “boomerang” model and quenching rates for this state were evaluated for the altitudes of 130,170 and 210km. The obtained quenching rates are small (≲5 × 10 −3 s −1 ), even with respect to the radiative transition rate showing that under the considered conditions this process is unimportant for population of nitrogen A 3 ∑ u + state in the Earth's thermosphere.
"It's like going through an earthquake": anthropological perspectives on depression among Latino immigrants.

Depression is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses in the community and is responsible for a significant amount of disability. According to epidemiological and primary care studies, Latinos suffer from depression at high rates. This paper examines in depth Latinos’ conceptions of depression and their attitudes towards and expectations of mental health treatment. The aim of this paper is to summarize several qualitative studies examining Latinos’ cultural understandings of mental health in general and depression in particular, as well as to obtain information about the barriers to care that this community experienced. The results are a compilation of findings from four different research projects in New Jersey and New York that examined diverse Latinos’ conceptions of mental health, treatment and barriers to care.
Neurons from radial glia: the consequences of asymmetric inheritance

Recent work suggests that radial glial cells represent many, if not most, of the neuronal progenitors in the developing cortex. Asymmetric cell division of radial glia results in the self-renewal of the radial glial cell and the birth of a neuron. Among the proteins that direct cell fate in Drosophila melanogaster that have known mammalian homologs, Numb is the best candidate to have a similar function in radial glia. During asymmetric divisions of radial glial cells, the basal cell may inherit the radial glial fibre, while the apical cell sequesters the majority of the Numb protein. We suggest two models that make opposite predictions as to whether the radial glia or nascent neuron inherit the radial glial fiber or the majority of the Numb protein.
An integrated cost model for software reuse

Several cost models have been proposed in the past for estimating, predicting, and analyzing the costs of software reuse. In this paper we analyze existing models, explain their variance, and propose a tool-supported comprehensive model that encompasses most of the existing models.
Anhydrous ammonia explosion in an ice cream plant

Causes and consequences of the explosion where firefighters and an employee barely escaped death or serious injury in December 1983.
On the finite element approximation of incompressible flows of an electrically conducting fluid

We consider the finite element approximation of incompressible flows field of an electrically conducing fluid in the presence of a magnetic where it is assumed that this field is prescribed. A weak form is chosen that is similar in some respects to a weak form used by many authors for the Navier-Stokes equations. Existence and uniqueness results are presented for the weak problem. A finite element Algorithm is given for the approximate solution of the weak problem and error estimates are derived.
Estradiol increases proteinuria and angiotensin II type 1 receptor in kidneys of rats receiving L-NAME and angiotensin II

Prospective, placebo-controlled clinical trials suggest that estrogen may have adverse effects on the vascular system in women. The goal of this study was to determine if 17 β -estradiol (E2) would have adverse effects on the renovasculature in a rat model of renal injury characterized by low nitric oxide (NO) and high angiotensin II (AngII). We studied female Wistar rats that were sham-operated (sham), ovariectomized (OVX), or ovariectomized and replaced with E2 (OVX/E2). All rats were maintained on a high salt diet and renovascular injury was caused by treating rats with an inhibitor of NO synthase, N ω -nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), for 14 days, plus AngII on days 11 through 14. L-NAME/AngII treatment, as compared to placebo, caused proteinuria, glomerular injury, and fibrinoid necrosis of renal arterioles in sham-operated rats. Ovariectomy reduced L-NAME/AngII-induced renal damage, whereas E2 treatment increased L-NAME/AngII-induced damage in OVX rats. In rats treated with L-NAME/AngII, levels of AngII type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) protein were higher in the renal cortex of sham and OVX/E2 rats than in OVX rats. AT 1 R protein correlated with renal injury. E2 treatment also increased expression of AT 1 R mRNA. Thus, under conditions of low NO and high AngII, E2 exacerbated renal injury. E2-mediated increases in renal cortical AT 1 R expression may represent a novel mechanism for the adverse renovascular effects of estrogen.
Contrapuntal Geographies of Threat and Security: The United States, India, and Israel

This paper is concerned with discourses of threat and security deployed by the United States and India after September 11. In the context of the United States these discourses have been used to jus...
The Edge Experiment and the U.S. East Coast Magnetic Anomaly

The EDGE experiment offshore the U.S. east coast obtained near vertical incidence seismic reflection data, as well as wide angle seismic reflection and seismic refraction data. These results are combined with magnetic total intensity data in order to establish the origin for the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly (ECMA) and to hypothesize about geological events taking place at the time that opening was initiated in the North Atlantic.
A new novel local search integer-programming-based heuristic for PCB assembly on collect-and-place machines

This paper presents the development of a novel vehicle-routing-based algorithm for optimizing component pick-up and placement on a collect-and-place type machine in printed circuit board manufacturing. We present a two-phase heuristic that produces solutions of remarkable quality with respect to other known approaches in a reasonable amount of computational time. In the first phase, a construction procedure is used combining greedy aspects and solutions to subproblems modeled as a generalized traveling salesman problem and quadratic assignment problem. In the second phase, this initial solution is refined through an iterative framework requiring an integer programming step. A detailed description of the heuristic is provided and extensive computational results are presented.
High symptom burden in children with cancer and high parental satisfaction: why the disconnect?

Pediatric palliative care (PC) has emerged over the past two decades as an approach aiming to ease suffering for children and their families coping with life-threatening illness, and has become increasingly integrated, concurrently, with disease-directed care. There is also recognition of the need for improved PC services in low- and middle-income countries. While most innovations occurring in PC are taking place in industrialized countries, over 90% of global child cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (1). Barriers to care include delayed diagnosis, limited access to therapies, insufficient and undertrained personnel and lack of infrastructure (2). Where services do exist, financial barriers may remain a significant concern (3). Especially frustrating is that access to even relatively inexpensive and easy to use treatments, such as morphine, remains inadequate due to both concrete and conceptual barriers (2,3).
Synthesis and Evaluation of Quinazolines as Inhibitors of the Bacterial Cell Division Protein FtsZ.

The bacterial cell division protein FtsZ is one of many potential targets for the development of novel antibiotics. Recently, zantrin Z3 was shown to be a cross-species inhibitor of FtsZ; however, its specific interactions with the protein are still unknown. Herein we report the synthesis of analogues that contain a more tractable core structure and an analogue with single-digit micromolar inhibition of FtsZ’s GTPase activity, which represents the most potent inhibitor of Escherichia coli FtsZ reported to date. In addition, the zantrin Z3 core has been converted to two potential photo-cross-linking reagents for proteomic studies that could shed light on the molecular interactions between FtsZ and molecules related to zantrin Z3.
Concerted action of KCNJ15/Kir4.2 and intracellular polyamines in sensing physiological electric fields for galvanotaxis

Many motile cells, including epithelial cells, keratinocytes, leukocytes and cancer cells, can sense extracellular weak electric fields (EFs), and migrate directionally, a phenomenon termed electro...
Taxation with Misrepresentation

THE TAXATION aspects of interstate trade barriers present a problem of as much importance to marketing men as to students of public finance. Its study will reveal a curious mixture of unsound theory, bad ethics, ingenious subterfuge anid practical politics. In the first place, it ought to be selfevident that an honest tax measure is one which clearly states its objective and that a so-called revenue law which penalizes interstate commerce will, instead of increasing the state's income, curtail it through the decline or disappearance of the tax base. Hence, while we may justifiably complain about the general tax burden, we should not add the charge of trade barrier effects to the indictment. The principal matter to be discussed here is the increasing use of laws purporting to be revenue acts which have, in fact, a trade barrier objective. It is generally recognized, of course, that states have tremendously increased demands for public expenditure and that heavier taxes and new sources of funds are essential. It is equally apparent that a state has the right and duty to protect its income so long as discrimination is avoided. The temptation is ever present to blacklist many defensible restrictions against the evasion of domestic taxation by foreign corporations or individuals by calling them barriers to interstate commerce. So long as tax legislation tends only to equalize competitive opportunity, there should be no objection; but in our recently well-aroused indignation against the trend toward economic provincialism, we become more enthusiastic than selective in our condemnation. Not only do we apply the trade barrier stigma too freely in some directions, but we have probably failed to appreciate the restrictive effects that are found in others.1 We should conserve our energies to attack the invocation of the taxing power to hide purposes which could not be attained if legislation were subjected to the labeling and advertising restrictions borne by business enterprise. A tax which openly levies upon the possession of wealth or the receipt of income, which requires payment for the enjoyment of special benefits or privileges, or which is punitive to socially undesirable activities may involve problems of theoretical importance and may constitute a burdensome cost to the business community. However, it does not warrant as much critical attention as the action of legislators who, succumbing to lobbying pressure, pervert the state's tax authority for the benefit of special group interests. There is no question but that the states have the power to tax intrastate commerce, but the taxation of interstate commerce has constitutional and judicial aspects. There is no provision in the Federal Constitution specifically prohibiting the states from levying against trade between the states, but the courts have traditionally limited such a practice. Until very recently, at least, the accepted doctrine has been that the national government has control over matters of common interest to the entire country or which require uniformity of control, while affairs of purely local concern are the province of the states.
Gaming Perspective Based Visual Interactive Simulation for Validation of Simulated Construction Operations

Validating simulation models requires rigorous testing to establish the accuracy to which the real world operation under study is captured by the model. This exercise, in large part, requires learning about the simulated world. Computer games, a type of virtual reality environment, are capable of being effective learning tools because gamers are capable of understanding the underlying simulated world based on the game’s reactions to their actions. The gaming perspective can be extended for model validation. This paper describes how game-like simulation systems can significantly expand the nature and extent of model testing during validation, and the challenges faced in enabling such systems for construction. Specifically discussed are the challenges in developing virtual reality environments based on current 3D animation technology to establish user interaction with underlying discrete-event simulation models. This paper concludes with a brief overview of the related work completed and in progress by the authors.
mCAL: A New Approach for Versatile Multiplex Action of Cas9 Using One sgRNA and Loci Flanked by a Programmed Target Sequence

Genome editing exploiting CRISPR/Cas9 has been adopted widely in academia and in the biotechnology industry to manipulate DNA sequences in diverse organisms. Molecular engineering of Cas9 itself and its guide RNA, and the strategies for using them, have increased efficiency, optimized specificity, reduced inappropriate off-target effects, and introduced modifications for performing other functions (transcriptional regulation, high-resolution imaging, protein recruitment, and high-throughput screening). Moreover, Cas9 has the ability to multiplex, i.e., to act at different genomic targets within the same nucleus. Currently, however, introducing concurrent changes at multiple loci involves: (i) identification of appropriate genomic sites, especially the availability of suitable PAM sequences; (ii) the design, construction, and expression of multiple sgRNA directed against those sites; (iii) potential difficulties in altering essential genes; and (iv) lingering concerns about "off-target" effects. We have devised a new approach that circumvents these drawbacks, as we demonstrate here using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae First, any gene(s) of interest are flanked upstream and downstream with a single unique target sequence that does not normally exist in the genome. Thereafter, expression of one sgRNA and cotransformation with appropriate PCR fragments permits concomitant Cas9-mediated alteration of multiple genes (both essential and nonessential). The system we developed also allows for maintenance of the integrated, inducible Cas9-expression cassette or its simultaneous scarless excision. Our scheme-dubbed mCAL for " M: ultiplexing of C: as9 at A: rtificial L: oci"-can be applied to any organism in which the CRISPR/Cas9 methodology is currently being utilized. In principle, it can be applied to install synthetic sequences into the genome, to generate genomic libraries, and to program strains or cell lines so that they can be conveniently (and repeatedly) manipulated at multiple loci with extremely high efficiency.
The Moral Challenge of Dangerous Climate Change: Values, Poverty, and Policy

Moellendorf describes this book as a work of ‘public philosophy’ (p. 5), by which he means that it is a philosophical discussion of an issue of public importance that is aimed at an audience broade...
General Aspects of Food

Our basic needs include air that contains an adequate amount of oxygen, water that is potable, edible food, and shelter. Food provides us with a source of energy needed for work and for various chemical reactions. Food also supplies chemicals for growth, for repair of injured or worn-out cells, and for reproduction. Food consumption can be a pleasurable experience, and a time for meeting with family and friends. Food is so necessary for our existence that the search for food has been the main occupation of human beings throughout history.
Replies to Kane, McCormick, and Vargas

This is a reply to discussions by Robert Kane, Kelly McCormick, and Manuel Vargas of Shaun Nichols, Bound: Essays on Free Will and Responsibility.
Channeling of terawatt-power, subpicosecond-duration light pulses through low-order optical waveguides

For a variety of applications, including electron-beam accelerators, high-intensity low- divergence x-ray sources, and high-order nonlinear optical interactions, it is necessary to channel high-intensity light for distances substantially in excess of conventional-optics Rayleigh ranges. A number of plasma-based schemes have been investigated, all of which rely on nonlinear interactions between a focused laser pulse and an initially uniform gas.1,2
Implementing an arc-length method for a robust approach in solving systems of nonlinear equations

Solving systems of nonlinear equations can be challenging and analysts are often required to provide an initial guess of the solution as a starting point for use in an iterative solver. Insight into approximate solutions leading to a good initial guess can usually be obtained if equations are representative of a physical system. However, this process may not be achievable for complex systems or when the analyst lacks familiarity or experience with the system. In this case, convergence may not be achieved if the initial guess is not close to the solution. A general nonlinear solver suite based on the arc-length method with these circumstances in mind was developed for the purpose of numerical experimentation and was found to be a useful alternative to the fsolve function inherent to the MATLAB software. Due to the additional unknown variable and supplemental constraint equation used by the arc-length method, curves representing solutions to example equation sets were found by embedding the solver in a loop. Restarts in the analysis were minimized as the arc-length method is capable of solving beyond local maxima or minima on smooth curves. Several examples are provided demonstrating the unique capabilities of arc-length solvers.
Effects of Transition Noise

For high density thin-film media, significant noise arises from written magnetic transitions. One extreme example is the experimental system used by IBM for the recent gigabit per-square-inch demonstration, where the transition noise was responsible for more than 90% of the total noise power [32]. Since transitions represent data bits, this noise depends on the written bit pattern and cannot be modeled as additive noise. In this chapter, we will assume the presence of such media noise as well as additive noise and investigate the performance of various RLL code/detector combinations.
COSTS OF DEPRESSION FROM CLAIMS DATA FOR MEDICARE RECIPIENTS IN A POPULATION-BASED SAMPLE.

Background Many persons with depressive disorder are not treated and associated costs are not recorded. Aims of the study To determine whether major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with higher medical cost among Medicare recipients. Methods Four waves of the Baltimore-Epidemiologic Catchment Area (Baltimore ECA) Study conducted between 1981 and 2004 were linked to Medicare claims data for the years 1999 to 2004 from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Generalized linear models specified with a gamma distribution and log link function were used to examine direct medical care costs associated with MDD. Results Medicare recipients with no history of MDD in either the ECA or CMS data had mean six-year medical costs of US $40,670, compared to $87,445 for Medicare recipients with MDD as recorded in CMS data and $43,583 for those with MDD as recorded in Baltimore-ECA data. Multivariable regressions found that compared to Medicare recipients with no history of depression, those with depression identified in the CMS data had significantly higher medical costs; about 1.87 times (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32 to 2.67) higher. Medicare recipients with a history of depression identified in the ECA data were no more likely to have higher costs than were Medicare recipients with no history of depression (relative ratio 1.33, 95% CI 0.87 to 2.02). Discussion Medicare recipients with a history of depression identified in claims data had significantly higher medical costs than recipients with no history of depression. However, no significant differences were found between Medicare recipients with depression in the community-based Baltimore ECA data and those with no history of depression. The results show that the source of diagnosis, in treatment versus survey data, produces differences in results as regards costs. Limitations This study involved only Medicare recipients with claims data over the six years 1999 to 2004. Many of the ECA respondents were too young to qualify for Medicare. Implications for health policy Depressive disorder involves substantial medical care costs. The findings provide information on the economic burden of depression, an important but often omitted dimension and perspective of the burden of mental illnesses.
Analysis of Thrombi Retrieved from Cerebral Arteries of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Abstract To obtain insights into the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, we analyzed thromboemboli and other occlusive material retrieved acutely from the cerebral arteries of patients. The experimental design was an observational study in 25 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke treated by endovascular mechanical thromboembolectomy. Patients with acute occlusion of a proximal cerebral artery, a disabling neurologic deficit, and either initiation of therapy within 8 hours of onset or initiation of therapy beyond 8 hours if imaging demonstrated substantial residual penumbral tissue at risk were treated at a tertiary Comprehensive Stroke Center (the UCLA Stroke Center). Thrombus was removed by an endovascular mechanical embolectomy device (Merci® Retriever System, Concentric Medical, Mountain View, CA) after placement by angiographic catheter into the occluded intracranial carotid artery, middle cerebral artery or vertebral-basilar artery under fluoroscopic guidance. Our results show that the large majority (20 of 25) of extracted thrombi have similar histologic architecture, a complex of layered, sometimes serpentine, lengths of fibrin:platelet deposits interspersed with linear streaks of nucleated cells. This histology was prevalent with both cardioembolic and atherosclerotic etiologies, indicating the same pathogenetic influences of blood flow and shear in thrombus formation. This histologic pattern among thrombi was present in both the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Clots composed uniformly of erythrocytes were uncommon (3 of 25) and were observed only with incomplete extractions, suggesting that sampling was of the proximal thrombus tail where post-occlusion thrombosis had occurred under conditions of stagnant flow. Calcifications or cholesterol were not present. Thrombus size, not histology, predicted the site of arterial occlusion, with no thrombus larger than 3 mm width causing stroke limited to the MCA and no thrombus larger than 5 mm width removed from the ICA. Fungus-containing thrombus was extracted from one patient who had mycotic valvular disease, and an unusual complication occurred in another case, namely, scraping of a small atheroma and attached intima from the MCA, albeit without clinical consequence. We conclude that thromboemboli that cause acute ischemic stroke are of similar, complex structure, regardless of macroscopic dimensions, and are similarly influenced by blood flow, whether the primary etiology is cardioembolic or atherosclerotic. Embolus size is the critical aspect that determines its ultimate destination, those of more than 5 mm width appearing to bypass the cerebral vessels entirely. The mixed fibrin:platelet pattern present in the preponderance of thromboemboli provides foundation for the success of both antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment strategies in stroke prevention.
Three Modes of Human Aggression, Plus Pure Evil

Human beings are remarkable among primate species for the killing of members of their own species—not that other species are exempt from this practice. Three distinct modes can be identified for human conspecific killing. The first and most common type are crimes of passion, of drunkenness—or of what is called diminished capacity. The second and third types of killings are purposive—with those purposes being either selfish (as in the case of armed robbery) or self-transcending as in doing battle against an enemy. But we have ample evidence that human beings also kill in a way that is neither caused nor reasoned—but simply out of what must be called pure evil.
Low-Choice Culture in Undergraduate Engineering and Autonomy-Supportive Exceptions

AbstractOver the last century, colleges and universities in the United States have increasingly provided students with opportunities in the curriculum to choose the courses they take. Have engineer...
Evolution of crystalline phase during laser processing of Zr-based metallic glass

Abstract Understanding the crystallization behavior of metallic glasses (MGs) during laser processing is important in additive manufacturing of MGs, which would overcome the limitation of section-thickness. Experiments were conducted to study the crystalline phase evolution, particularly in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), during laser processing of LM105 (Zr52.5Ti5Al10Ni14.6Cu17.9 (at.%)) MG plates. Three regions with distinct degree of crystallization in HAZ were found, which were caused by different thermal histories. The crystallization can be suppressed, however, by increasing the laser scan speed (100 mm/s in this study) while the laser power is fixed (100 W in this study). A complete model integrating the heat transfer and the classical nucleation/growth theory was developed to calculate the thermal history and the evolution of crystalline volume fraction. Modeling predictions on the depth of fusion zone (FZ) and thickness of HAZ for different laser processing parameters were validated by comparing with the experimental measurements. This study has demonstrated that at a specific location in the MG material, the use of critical cooling rate alone is not adequate to determine if the material is crystallized; instead the thermal history that the material experienced during both the laser heating and cooling processes is the key factor affecting the final crystallization. The model provides comprehensive understanding of the crystallization behavior during laser-MG interaction.
An immunologic network.

A description of complex networks paraphrased and abbreviated from Waddington (1977) seems to apply nicely to the immune system: Input signals are parcelled into different circuits which branch and rebranch to give different output signals or products which need not be independent. Within the network positive feedback circuits tend to destabilize while negative feedback circuits tend to stabilize the system. Networks are difficult to model and often behave in unexpected ways because of difficulties in estimating rates of reactions, because of the absence or failure of components, or because the system is oscillating to a new equilibrium.
Array Phase Shifters: Theory and Technology

While there are a myriad of applications for microwave phase shifters in instrumentation and metrology, power combining, amplifier linearization, and so on, the most prevalent use is in scanning phased-array antennas. And while this market continues to be dominated by military radar and tracking platforms, many commercial applications have emerged in the past decade or so. These new and potential applications span low-Earth-orbit (LEO) communications satellite constellations and collision warning radar, an aspect of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System or Automated Highway System. In any case, the phase shifters represent a considerable portion of the overall antenna cost, with some estimates approaching 40 percent for receive arrays. Ferrite phase shifters continue to be the workhorse in military-phased arrays, and while there have been advances in thin film ferrite devices, the review of this device technology in the previous edition of this book is still highly relevant. This chapter will focus on three types of phase shifters that have matured in the past decade: GaAs MESFET monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC), micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), and thin film ferroelectric-based devices. A brief review of some novel devices including thin film ferrite phase shifters and superconducting switches for phase shifter applications will be provided. Finally, the effects of modulo 2 phase shift limitations, phase errors, and transient response on bit error rate degradation will be considered.
Politics, Semiotics and Law: Self and State

The book shows lawyers how semiotics leads to an untraditional and in-depth understanding of legal practice and law’s discourse, in essence to law as a system of specific meanings and signs. Semiotics in general is part of Peirce’s ‘evolutionary cosmology,’ an all-embracing world-view, which plays its role in legal discourse. His anthropological intuition concentrated in the formula ‘man is a sign’, became a tool for understanding a subject’s position in law, her position as author of legal discourse and as an individual subjected to law. Tensions between chance and continuity in legal discourse interest the creation of legal meaning in law’s practices. Novelty, Peirce suggested, occurs by the grace of chance rather than of continuity and fixed traditions. Tyche, the Ancient Goddess of fate and fortune, is because of Peirce’s references most at home in the US legal semiotic tradition. Her fame and influence reaches beyond law and became supported by recent archeological discoveries, publications and exhibitions, which underline her possible influence on modern legal thinking. Tyche unfolds her role in legal discourse and directs a lawyer’s position.
Solvent Selection and Modification for FAB Mass Spectrometry

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry involves the dissolution of the sample in a liquid matrix, and the bombardment of the sample surface with energetic primary particles. A small fraction of the sample is sputtered as secondary ions, and another fraction is damaged by the irradiation. Since FAB experiments persist for extended periods, during the analysis the sample will have ample time to react with the matrix itself, with matrix impurities, and with reactive species formed during irradiation. A liquid matrix can actually trap and concentrate these reactive intermediates, making the resultant spectral complication almost inevitable.
Enhanced Bladder Cancer Detection with the Lewis X Antigen as a Marker of Neoplastic Transformation

Recent evidence indicates that the Lewis X determinant is a tumor-associated antigen in the urothelium. Immunohistochemical analyses on frozen and deparaffinized, formalin-fixed tissue sections have demonstrated that the Lewis X antigen is not detected in normal adult urothelium except for occasional umbrella cells. However, papillomas and transitional cell carcinomas express this blood group-related antigen in more than 90% of the cases regardless of the grade or stage of the tumor, or the blood type or secretor status of the individual. To determine the presence of Lewis X antigen on exfoliated bladder epithelial cells we used an anti-Lewis X monoclonal antibody (P-12) and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique on 129 bladder barbotage specimens. Of 40 controls 34 were negative for Lewis X antigen, for a specificity of 85%. The 89 bladder tumor patients consisted of 14 with papilloma, 13 with flat carcinoma in situ, 49 with transitional cell carcinoma, and 13 with a positive cytology and negative biopsy results. Of these 89 patients 76 were considered positive for Lewis X antigen, for an over-all sensitivity 85.4%. The sensitivity for cytology alone was 61.2%. However, the combination of a positive cytology and/or positive Lewis X antigen result yielded a sensitivity of 93.2%. The data suggest that immunocytological detection of the Lewis X antigen on exfoliated bladder cells enhances the detection of urothelial tumor cells, particularly from low grade and low stage neoplasms.
Making oil essential: Emerging patterns of petroleum culture in the United States during the era of the great war

Providing proper context to the First World War requires that historians consider the resource-based narrative approach that is informed by environmental history. Of these resources that were transformed by the Great War, energy, and particularly petroleum, presents a most revealing narrative. Across a spectrum of compounding uses, the tipping point to alter petroleum’s status was the Great War. From planes to tanks, the strategy and process of battle became firmly entwined with the burning of petroleum. However, this is just part of the story of petroleum’s emerging importance in this period. A variety of global economic and regional political and social factors converged on the era of the Great War to catapult the moderately valuable commodity of petroleum to new standards of value, systemisation, and competition for access. Indeed, by the end of the conflict, petroleum had become a commodity of global significance—even meriting the term ‘essential’.
Executive function and academic achievement: Longitudinal relations from early childhood to adolescence.

Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care (N = 1273) were analyzed to assess the longitudinal relations among executive function (EF) components in early childhood (54 months) and adolescence (15 years) and their prediction of academic achievement. We found that after controlling for early achievement, demographic, and home environment variables, only working memory at 54 months significantly predicted working memory at 15 years and that working memory was the only significant EF predictor of achievement at age 15. In contrast, all early achievement measures were significant predictors of later achievement. Furthermore, no demographic or home environment variables at 54 months significantly predicted EF at 15, and only maternal education significantly explained variance in adolescent math and literacy achievement. These findings demonstrate the predictability of working memory and highlight its importance for academic outcomes across development. However, the lack of associations of preschool inhibition and attention measures, after controlling for early achievement, demographic, and home environment variables, to corresponding measures in adolescence suggests the need for more developmentally sensitive measures of EF. Given that the EF measures used in this study are commonly used in educational and psychological research, more care should go into understanding the psychometric properties across development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Effect of Electric Fields on Biofilm Formation

Nearly half of the American population over 30 has some form of gum disease and one in four children have untreated cavities 1. The start of the problem is dental plaque; which is a formation of mature biofilm, composed of several species, in the oral cavity. The continuous growth can lead to many oral health issues that can become life-threatening, leading to a costly visit to the emergency room.
Update on sebaceous neoplasia: the morphologic spectrum and molecular genetic drivers of carcinoma

Abstract Tumors with sebaceous differentiation represent a challenge to diagnose, classify and occasionally to treat. The histopathologic spectrum of sebaceous neoplasia includes sebaceous adenoma, sebaceoma, and sebaceous carcinoma, while sebaceous hyperplasia represents hyperplasia of benign sebaceous glands surrounding a hair follicle. While often recognizable on morphologic grounds alone, sebaceous lineage also be informed by the application of immunohistochemical studies, including antibodies for adipophilin and Factor XIIIa (AC-1A1 clone). Sebaceous tumors are important to recognize given the relationship to the Muir-Tore autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome. However, although it is well accepted that a sebaceous tumor might exhibit defects in mismatch repair, whether such a defect is related to germline defects in mismatch repair genes (or are due to somatically acquired alterations limited to the tumor cells) remains a critical clinical question with significant implications for the patient. Finally, recently published molecular studies have elaborated a molecular-genetic framework by which to understand the drivers of sebaceous carcinomas arising in different anatomic locations.
Safety of School Playgrounds: Field Analysis From a Randomized Sample:

Research supports recess, however, playground injuries are prevalent with more than 200,000 cases per year requiring medical attention. School playgrounds are among the leading location for injury. The purpose was to identify the safety and risk factors of playground environments and impact attenuation characteristics of surfacing materials. Results demonstrated 46% playground spaces protected students from traffic. Results found 75% of playgrounds were exposed to full sun, and unitary surface materials were up to 49°F warmer than the air temperature. There was an increase in the probability of risk whether equipment height was over 9 ft for loose fill surfacing materials or over 6 ft for unitary surfaces. Loose strings or ropes looped over equipment were found on 23% of playgrounds. This study provides discussion and data pertaining to numerous aspects of playground safety. Strategies for school nurses are shared to shape policies and education for playground safety practices.
Temporal lobe proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of patients with first-episode psychosis.

Objective: The authors measured the ratio of N-acetyl aspartate (a putative neuronal marker) to cratine-phsophocreatine in patients with first-episode psychosis by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Method: Temporal lobe 1 H MRS was performed bilaterally on 13 patients with first-episode psychosis and 15 comparison subjects. The N-acetyl aspartate/creatine-phosphocreatine and choline/creatine-phosphocreatine ratios were determined. Results: The N-acetyl aspartate/creatine-phosphocreatine ratio of the psychotic patients was significantly lower than that of the comparison subjects. Conclusions: Theses preliminary data suggest that abnormalities in temporal lobe N-acetyl aspartate concentration are present early in psychotic illness
Duration and Self-Striving

This chapter begins with a detailed contrast between duration and representative conceptions of time. It shows that philosophers reduce becoming either to an appearance or to an unfolding of what is already given (dialectics) or to a subjective notion (Kant) because they miss that the fusion of moments, and not their passage, defines duration. Conceived as fusion, time is creative continuity and the very substance of reality. This durational monism establishes that tension and relaxation respectively define consciousness and materiality and that their unity is productive of effort. With this notion of effort, the chapter moves to characterize freedom as self-creation: the reality of novelty refutes both determinism and the idea of freedom as the ability to choose between given alternatives.