cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Device-independent intermediate display files

A need exists for a standard definition of a device-independent intermediate display file. Such a file, often referred to as a 'metafile', 'pseudo display file', or device-independent 'plot-file', would be used to communicate pictures between users (either at the same site or at different sites), would act as an audit trail of picture development during a graphics session, or would allow users to make hardcopies of some or all pictures designed during an interactive graphics session.Several organizations have made initial passes at defining such a file. Each organization has had specific motives in preparing its definition.This paper reviews four existing, and assumed to be working, proposals for a device-independent meta-file (henceforth, referred to as 'metafile'). The design concepts that underly metafile definition are addressed individually. Each of the four proposals is discussed as it relates to each of the design concepts. An analysis follows each discussion.The basic metafile concepts have derived from the common points of the four proposals and the principles laid out in the GSPC 'CORE' report.
Global Metabolic Effects of Glycerol Kinase Overexpression in Rat Hepatoma Cells

Abstract Glycerol kinase has several diverse activities in mammalian cells. Glycerol kinase deficiency is a complex, single-gene, inborn error of metabolism wherein no genotype–phenotype correlation has been established. Since glycerol kinase has been suggested to exhibit additional activities than glycerol phosphorylation, expression level perturbation in this enzyme may affect cellular physiology globally. To investigate this possibility, we conducted metabolic investigations of wild-type and two glycerol kinase-overexpressing H4IIE rat hepatoma cell lines constructed in this study. The glycerol kinase-overexpressing cell lines exhibited a significantly higher consumption of carbon sources per cell, suggesting excess carbon expenditure. Furthermore, we quantified intracellular metabolic fluxes by employing stable isotope 13 C labeling with a mathematically designed substrate mixture, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and comprehensive isotopomer balancing. This flux analysis revealed that the pentose phosphate pathway flux in the glycerol kinase-overexpressing cell lines was 2-fold higher than that in the wild-type, in addition to subtler flux changes in other pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, the activity and transcript level of the lipogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, were also about 2-fold higher than that of the wild-type; these data corroborate the flux analysis results. This study shows that glycerol kinase affects carbon metabolism globally, possibly through its additional functions, and highlights glycerol kinase's multifaceted role in cellular physiology.
Propagation in a rectangular tunnel with two lossy walls

We re-examine one model in the classic paper by Mahmoud and Wait (for original paper see Rad. Sci., vol. 9, p. 1147-1158 (1974)) on rectangular tunnels. The model consists of two perfectly conducting and two imperfectly conducting walls. We have verified and reproduced the results in Mahmoud and Wait for both their modal and ray-optic solutions. The x-component of the electric field obtained in Mahmoud and Wait exhibits identical fall-off characteristic over axial distance. However, because we are interested in local placement of sensors, we have used a much finer digitization. We note that local field variation is as high as 30 dB, a fact that would greatly influence the signal-to-noise ratio in a receiver as it is moved down the tunnel. This rapid variation has been obtained by other researchers for other geometries.
Heart and respiratory detection and simulations for tracking humans based on respiration by using pulse-based radar

In this paper we present experimental findings of both the heart and respiratory rate of a static person using pulse based radar and we present a simulated system for tracking a moving person based on respiratory motion in an indoor environment. In the simulation the subject moves in one dimension and the system is able to track the subject by detecting their respiration. The presented system contains a transmitter, receiver, and channel model section, in addition to control section which controls the transceiver and processes the received data. The Gaussian monocycle is considered as transmitted pulse and the channel is modeled based on multipath delay and attenuation. The system first removes the person's movement using correlation between each received wave form. Then, the respiration rate of the target is calculated. Finally, the respiration rate is used to track the specific target in an indoor environment. The system is effective for accurate tracking of subjects walking in one direction, under 10 m/s. The algorithm for finding heart and respiratory rates is the same for both real and simulated environments.
Preoperative chemotherapy in the management of intracaval extension of Wilms' tumor☆

Extension of Wilms' tumor into the renal vein and vena cava complicates the operative treatment of a small but significant number of patients. Two children presented with Wilms' tumor and intracaval tumor extension. After biopsy, both children were given chemotherapy. In one case the tumor completely disappeared from the vena cava, and in the other the tumor regressed substantially, and proximal control became possible at the level of the infrahepatic vena cava. Both children then had an uneventful nephrectomy that was greatly simplified. We conclude that preoperative chemotherapy can induce resolution of intravascular tumor, and may be a useful option in cases of extension of Wilms' tumor into the vena cava.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetes: From Molecular Mechanisms to Functional Significance and Therapeutic Opportunities

Abstract Given their essential function in aerobic metabolism, mitochondria are intuitively of interest in regard to the pathophysiology of diabetes. Qualitative, quantitative, and functional perturbations in mitochondria have been identified and affect the cause and complications of diabetes. Moreover, as a consequence of fuel oxidation, mitochondria generate considerable reactive oxygen species (ROS). Evidence is accumulating that these radicals per se are important in the pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications. In this review, we first present basic concepts underlying mitochondrial physiology. We then address mitochondrial function and ROS as related to diabetes. We consider different forms of diabetes and address both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. We also address the role of mitochondrial uncoupling and coenzyme Q. Finally, we address the potential for targeting mitochondria in the therapy of diabetes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 12, 537–577.
The Effect of Functional Finishes and Laundering on Textile Materials Part II: Characterization of Liquid Flow

The effect of finishes and laundering on the liquid flow in cotton and polyester-fiber fabrics is investigated. The liquid flow can be categorized into vertical wicking and demand wettability. Since the liquid flow in fibrous materials is affected by the pore size, based on the Washburn equation, the effect of fabric pore size and pore-size distribution was also studied. The presence of the three different finishes (durable-press, stain-repellent, and antistatic) and laundering changed the vertical-wicking and demand-wettability phenomena owing to changes in the surface energy of fibers and/or changes in pore characteristics. However, the results from vertical wicking and demand wettability did not always agree. The vertical-wicking test was more sensitive to finishing treatments and responded in a more predictable way. In general, changes in liquid flow in finished fabrics can be predicted from the surface energy of the fiber in the fabrics and the pore size and pore-size distribution in the fabrics, as ...
Selective hydrogenation of monosubstituted alkenes by Pd nanoparticles embedded in polyelectrolyte films.

Pd nanoparticles embedded in multilayer polyelectrolyte films can be easily prepared through layer-by-layer adsorption of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(ethyleneimine)−Pd2+ (PEI−Pd(II)) complexes followed by reduction of Pd(II) with NaBH4. Transmission electron microscopy confirms the formation of Pd particles with diameters of 1−3 nm. Remarkably, [PAA/PEI−Pd(0)]3PAA films catalyze the hydrogenation of monosubstituted alkenes with turnover frequencies that are as much as 100-fold higher than turnover frequencies for hydrogenation of multiply substituted double bonds. Selectivities in the hydrogenation of monosubstituted over multisubstituted double bonds are higher than those of Wilkinson's catalyst. Moreover, the turnover frequency for the hydrogenation of allyl alcohol did not change when the catalyst was recycled three times. Intramolecular selectivity for the hydrogenation of monosubstituted alkenes also occurs when substrate molecules contain both mono and multiply substituted double bonds. The co...
Changes in copper, zinc and calcium during the molt/intermolt cycle of Oniscus asellus

Abstract 1. 1. Hepatopancreas Cu and Zn concentrations synchronously vary during the molt/intermolt cycle, peaking at postmolt. Ca levels vary but not with Cu and Zn; Ca peaks at intramolt. 2. 2. Exoskeleton Cu and Zn concentrations are highest at intramolt, while Ca peaks at intermolt. 3. 3. The hepatopancreas may play an important role in managing fluctuating Ca levels in ifO. asellus during the molt/intermolt cycle.
Far-Ultraviolet Reflectance Spectra and the Electronic Structure of Ionic Crystals

The use of synchrotron radiation as a light source has made possible the measurement of the normal-incidence reflectance spectra of a number of ionic crystals in the photon energy range $6 \mathrm{eV}l\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}l36 \mathrm{eV}$ for temperatures $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}lTl400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$. The crystals investigated include KCl, KBr, RbCl, CsCl, CsBr, Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, Sr${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, and Ba${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. The spectra are compared and analyzed with particular reference to their dependence on temperature, chemical composition, and crystal structure. Special attention is given to the region of the spectra dominated by electronic excitation of the $p$ core levels which form the outer shell of the + ions. Sharp peaks (width \ensuremath{\le}0.2 eV) characterize the lower-energy portion of this region. They are correlated with the identity of the + ion and are assigned to transitions in the Brillouin zone using their observed temperature dependence and separation. The evidence is analyzed and found to favor the interpretation of these peaks as core excitons. At higher energies, there appear broader structures (width g0.5 eV) considered to be caused by interband transitions of core electrons. Because the crystals studied here encompass three different crystal structures, it is possible to correlate the shape of the core interband spectra with not only the crystal structure, but in fact with the nearest-neighbor coordination of the + ions. The broadening of valence- and conduction-band energies by lattice vibrations at elevated temperatures produces strong temperature dependence of interband as well as excitonic structures throughout the spectral region. The inherent sharpness of the optical structures in ionic crystals, which allows the temperature broadening to be observed, is attributed to the strong ionic character and localization of the crystal eigenstates, because these properties produce fairly sharp interband densities of states as well as excitons.
Enhanced Field Bending Magnet for the APS

An enhanced field bending magnet (EFBM), a pie-shaped dipole magnet that produces a peak field of about 1.2 T at the center of its gap of 4.9 cm, was recently designed for Sector 2 at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The By field is maximized and its multipole components over X and Y are minimized by introducing two different chamfers on each edge of the iron poles. The calculated roll-off fields around the gap center in the region of ±1.5 cm in X and ± 1.8 cm in Y are 1.4 × 10-4 and 8.3 × 10-5, respectively, at the center of the EFBM length in Z. This is a different idea as compared to shaping the top surface of iron poles by changing the gap size over the horizontal direction to get a good roll-off field, as was done for the standard APS dipole. The peak field at the center of the gap of the EFBM as a function of the current shows there is no magnetic saturation on the iron poles up to a field of 1.2 T.
Statistical Analysis of the 1975 Intercomparison Study on Lake Erie

Abstract An intercomparison experiment was carried out at two sampling stations on Lake Erie on June 10, 1975 by three laboratories that are conducting environmental monitoring programs on the lake. The laboratories simultaneously collected water samples from three sampling depths at each station. The samples were divided into thirds, one third to be analyzed by each of the laboratories using their standard procedures. A number of physical, chemical, and biological properties were determined from each of the water samples. One of the principal results of the statistical analyses is that significant differences exist for most of the properties under study due to which laboratory analyzed the samples. However, the effect due to which laboratory obtained the samples is much less important. These results are in direct agreement with results reported in 1974 by Robertson, Elder, and Davies, IFYGL Chemical Intercomparisons, Proc. 17th Conf. Great Lakes Research.
Effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on cardiac pacemakers and its safety in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers.

UNLABELLED Effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were studied on 15 pacemakers (standard single chamber n = 5, dual chamber n = 6, rate responsive single chamber [Activitrax] n = 4). In-vitro testing involved suspending the pacemakers in a bath of degassified, deionized water firmly taped to a platform at the point of maximal pressure, i.e., second focal point (F2), where they received pressure shocks (means = 1300) from the HM3 Dornier lithotriptor. The pacemakers, programmed to their most sensitive setting, were continuously pacing at nominal outputs (atrial and ventricular pacing in the DDD mode). All units were assessed by a pacing system analyzer before and after the study, then underwent destructive analysis. During standard single chamber pacing (VVI) the pacing stimulus triggered ESWL. For dual chamber devices, ESWL was triggered by the atrial paced event which induced inhibition of the ventricular output in two pacemaker. This was eliminated by reprogramming to a less sensitive setting. The pacemaker can, hermetic seal and internal circuitry were undamaged in all units. Two rate responsive single chamber pacemakers had their activity sensing piezoelectric elements shattered when placed at F2. Two other units placed 5 cm from F2 were stimulated to their maximum upper programmed pacing rate with ESWL therapy, but were otherwise unaffected. Subsequent to this study, six patients with pacemakers programmed to the VVI (five), DDD (one) modes implanted in the thorax underwent successful ESWL without pacemaker or arrhythmic event. CONCLUSIONS (A) It is generally safe for patients implanted with standard single chamber devices in a ventricular application to undergo ESWL without modifying the pacing/sensing parameters. (B) Patients implanted with dual chamber devices who pace in the atrium should be reprogrammed to the VVI mode during ESWL. (C) Patients with piezoelectric activity sensing rate responsive single chamber pacemakers should have this feature programmed off during ESWL and, if implanted in the abdomen, probably should not undergo ESWL.
Direct Measurements of Overall Effectiveness and Heat Flux on a Film Cooled Test Article at High Temperatures and Pressures

The energy requirements associated with recovering greenhouse gases from Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) or Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) power plants are significant. The subsequent reductions in overall plant efficiency also result in a higher cost of electricity. In order to meet the future demand for cleaner energy production, this research is focused on improving gas turbine efficiency through advancements in gas turbine cooling capabilities.For this study, an experimental approach was developed to quantify overall effectiveness and net heat flux reduction for a film-cooled test article at high temperature and pressure conditions. A major part of this study focused on validating an advanced optical thermography technique capable of distinguishing between emitted and reflected radiation from film-cooled test articles exposed to exhaust gases in excess of 1000°C and 5 bar. The optical thermography method was used to acquire temperature maps of both external and internal wall temperatures on a test article with fan-shaped film cooling holes. The overall effectiveness and heat flux were quantified with one experiment. The optical temperature measurement technique was capable of measuring wall temperatures to within ±7.2°C. Uncertainty estimates showed that the methods developed for this study were capable of quantifying improvements in overall effectiveness necessary to meet DOE program goals. Results showed that overall effectiveness increased with an increase in blowing ratio and a decrease in mainstream gas pressure while heat flux contours indicated consistent trends.© 2013 ASME
Fetal blood volume responses to acute fetal hypoxia

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of acute hypoxia on the volume of blood circulating in the fetus. The oxygen content of air inspired by chronically catheterized, near-term pregnant sheep was reduced and supplemented with carbon dioxide in an attempt to maintain fetal carbon dioxide tension constant. Control fetal arterial oxygen tension averaged 22.3 ± 0.7 (SE) mm Hg. During a 30-minute hypoxic period, reductions in fetal arterial oxygen tension by 2.4 to 12.5 mm Hg in individual animals were associated with decreases in fetoplacental blood volume of 1.1 % to 14.3%. On the average (n = 14), fetal blood volume decreased by 6.7% ± 0.8% when oxygen tension decreased by 7.7 ± 0.9 mm Hg. Both arterial and venous pressures increased significantly during the hypoxic period. Upon the return to breathing of room air, there was a transient overshoot in fetal P O 2 of 1.0 ± 0.4 mm Hg at 10 minutes, but fetal blood volume did not return to normal until 30 minutes after the hypoxia. Thus, the data suggest that acute fetal hypoxia causes rapid and sustained reductions in fetal blood volume whereas volume returns to normal only slowly after elimination of the hypoxia.
Microvascular Complications of Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) serves as a marker for the state of insulin resistance and predicts both large- and small-vessel vascular complications, independent of a patient’s progression to diabetes. Patients with IGT are at significantly increased risk for death and morbidity due to myocardial infarction, stroke, and large-vessel occlusive disease. IGT is more predictive of cardiovascular morbidity than impaired fasting glucose, probably because it is a better surrogate for the state of insulin resistance. IGT is also independently associated with traditional microvascular complications of diabetes, including retinopathy, renal disease, and polyneuropathy, which are the topics of this review. Inhibition of nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, endothelial injury due to increased release of free fatty acids and adipocytokines from adipocytes, and direct metabolic injury of endothelial and end-organ cells contribute to vascular complications. Early detection of IGT allows intensive diet and exercise modification, which has proven significantly more effective than drug therapy in normalizing postprandial glucose and inhibiting progression to diabetes. To what degree intervention will limit recognized complications is not known.
Transcriptional analyses of two mouse models of spina bifida.

BACKGROUND Spina bifida is one of the most common of all human structural birth defects. Despite considerable effort over several decades, the causes and mechanisms underlying this malformation remain poorly characterized. METHODS To better understand the pathogenesis of this abnormality, we conducted a microarray study using Mouse Whole Genome Bioarrays which have ∼36,000 gene targets, to compare gene expression profiles between two mouse models; CXL-Splotch and FKBP8Gt(neo) which express a similar spina bifida phenotype. We anticipated that there would be a collection of overlapping genes or shared genetic pathways at the molecular level indicative of a common mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of spina bifida during embryonic development. RESULTS A total of 54 genes were determined to be differentially expressed (25 downregulated, 29 upregulated) in the FKBP8Gt(neo) mouse embryos; whereas 73 genes were differentially expressed (56 downregulated, 17 upregulated) in the CXL-Splotch mouse relative to their wild-type controls. Remarkably, the only two genes that showed decreased expression in both mutants were v-ski sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (Ski), and Zic1, a transcription factor member of the zinc finger family. Confirmation analysis using quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR indicated that only Zic1 was significantly decreased in both mutants. Gene ontology analysis revealed striking enrichment of genes associated with mesoderm and central nervous system development in the CXL-Splotch mutant embryos, whereas in the FKBP8Gt(neo) mutants, the genes involved in dorsal/ventral pattern formation, cell fate specification, and positive regulation of cell differentiation were most likely to be enriched. These results indicate that there are multiple pathways and gene networks perturbed in mouse embryos with shared phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability and Change in Ethnic Identity among Latino Emerging Adults in Two Contexts

This longitudinal study investigated ethnic identity development among Latinos during the first year of college in two contexts. The contexts differed in both the density of ethnic minorities and the density of the target group studied. Participants were 128 first-year Latino college students from two public universities in California. Change in ethnic identity was analyzed in two ways: change in strength of ethnic identity using ANCOVA, and change in membership in ethnic identity statuses using cluster analysis. ANCOVAs yielded no significant overall changes in ethnic identity across time in either of the two contexts. Cluster analyses yielded three interpretable clusters: achieved, moratorium, and unexamined. Shifts in cluster membership across time were consistent with developmental models of ethnic identity change.
Cytotoxicity analysis of water disinfection byproducts with a micro-pillar microfluidic device

Water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are a class of chemicals that are produced when chemical disinfectants react with organic materials in untreated water. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DBPs have been systematically evaluated to compile a comparative, quantitative database of in vitro mammalian cell toxicity of DBPs. However, one of the most challenging limitations for current DBP cytotoxicity assessment assays is sample availability. Although our current cytotoxicity assay using a 96-well microplate has been designed to reduce sample consumption, further minimization of the size of the test system would allow us to explore various possibilities for point-of-care applications. We have developed a microfluidic device with micro-pillars that shows high uniformity in distribution of cells across all chambers with low cell count. We compare the performance between the 96-well microplate and the microfluidic device by running 72-hour standalone-on-chip cell culture and cytotoxicity analysis experiments, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol as model toxic agents, and bromoacetic acid (BAA) as a representative DBP. The results show close agreement between the two systems. The measured LC50 values for the 96-well microplate and the microfluidic device are 1.54% v/v and 1.27% v/v for DMSO, 1.44% v/v and 2.92% v/v for ethanol, and 17.6 μM and 8.20 μM for BAA, respectively. The micro-pillar microfluidic device offers a great reduction in sample consumption while maintaining the accuracy of the cytotoxicity analyses of water disinfection byproducts.
Enhancement of thermoelectric efficiency by uniaxial tensile stress in n-type GaAs nanowires

The thermoelectric power-factor (PF) and efficiency (ZT) of GaAs nanowires (NWs) can be improved by (i) choosing a proper wire growth and channel orientation, (ii) by applying uniaxial tensile stress, and (iii) suitable wire cross-section size. In this work we study the impact of these three factors on the PF and the ZT. Tensile stress, channel direction and cross-section size allows bandstructure engineering to tune the electronic conductance (G) and the Seebeck coefficient (S). [110] GaAs NWs grown on (111) surface provide maximum PF (∼3X) and ZT (∼1.3X) compared to [100]/(100) NWs, which can be attributed to the G enhancement induced by the L valley contribution under strain.
Impact of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Process Conditions on Ignition Delay in Compression Ignition Engines

In recent experiments with two wood-derived flash pyrolysis oils manufactured through the NREL and ENSYN processes, it was found that the NREL oil exhibited considerably better ignition characteristics than the ENSYN oil. An investigation was conducted to explore the relationship between pyrolysis production parameters and combustion characteristics, and to explain the observed differences between the ENSYN and NREL oils. This will help guide pyrolysis oil production. It was found that the most important parameters were water content and the severity of thermal cracking, with lower water content and greater cracking yielding better performing oils. The differences in volatiles collection and in physical properties were found to be less important.
Regulatory, financial and ethical aspects of routine clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

After years of technological development, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is now being used with increasing frequency as a routine diagnostic tool for medical evaluation of patients. The transition of MRS from the realm of pure research to that of routine clinical application has been accompanied by some confusion regarding regulatory, financial and ethical matters. This contribution summarizes these issues from the author's perspective and calls for increased discussion and learning within the MRS community regarding practical matters associated with routine clinical implementation of MRS.
Thermal analysis of electromigration test structures

Analytical expressions are derived for estimating the temperature profile along a straight-line resistor test structure due to the joule heating generated by a high current-density stress, such as is used in accelerated stress tests to characterize metallizations for electromigration. It is shown how an improved estimate of the mean metallization stress temperature may be made and how the thickness and thermal conductivity of the underlying electrical insulator affect the temperature profile of the metallization. Recommendations for the design of electromigration test structures are developed that will promote reduced temperature gradients in the metallization during stress testing and improved reproducibility of electromigration characterizations.
Photoelectric Effect of Aluminum Films Evaporated in Vacuum

Sensitivity curves of aluminum films deposited by evaporation in vacuum have been determined. A new threshold value of 2830A and a selective maximum around 2700A have been found. The cell has the form of a horn, absorbing all the incident light. Charcoal was used for producing high vacuum and for giving off gases that influence the position and inclination of the sensitivity curves.
Supposition and the Fallacy of Figure of Speech in the Abstractiones

Abstract I undertake to examine the practice of Richard, Master of Abstractions, with respect to supposition in his dealing with the fallacy of figure of speech. His practice turns out to support the ‘single theory’ account of the theory of personal supposition, as does his treatment of a functional equivalent of simple supposition, but his practice of proposing additional solutions points to changing attitudes with respect to species as separate entities. Questions having to do with material supposition and the like are completely absent, even in discussions where we might expect to find them.
Tuning σ-Holes: Charge Redistribution in the Heavy (Group 14) Analogues of Simple and Mixed Halomethanes Can Impose Strong Propensities for Halogen Bonding

Halogen bonding between halide sites (in substituted organic molecules or inorganic halides) and Lewis bases is a rapidly progressing area of exploration. Investigations of this phenomenon have improved our understanding of weak intermolecular interactions and suggested new possibilities in supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering. The capacity for halogen bonding is investigated at the MP2(full) level of theory for 100 compounds, including all 80 MH(4-n)X(n) systems (M = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb; X = F, Cl, Br, and I). The charge redistribution in these molecules and the (in)stability of the sigma-hole at X as a function of M and n are catalogued and examined. For the mixed MH(3-m)F(m)I compounds, we identify a complicated dependence of the relative halogen bond strengths on M and m. For m = 0, for example, the H(3)C-I----NH(3) halogen bond is 6.6 times stronger than the H(3)Pb-I----NH(3) bond. When m = 3, however, the F(3)Pb-I----NH(3) bond is shorter and approximately 1.6 times stronger than the F(3)C-I----NH(3) bond. This substituent-induced reversal in the relative strengths of halogen bond energies is explained.
Cybersquatting at the Intersection of Internet Domain Names and Trademark Law

This is a tutorial about the basic elements of domain name system and trademark law focussing on the interactions between them and specifically on the concept of cybersquatting. Cybersquatting is the registration (with the intent to profit) of a domain name that is the trademark of another. The tutorial reviews the structure of the domain name space and it's associated protocols as well as the legal context for trademarks and the recent advances for adjudication of disputes related to cybersquatting. Intermixed with the technical discussion, the paper also provides four rationales for engineers concerned with the design of communications protocols and related information systems to give consideration to aspects of law, in this case trademark law, that may impact the design or usage of these protocols and information systems. Some potential impacts of recent extensions proposed for the gTLD domain name space are also considered.
Warning Compliance: Behavioral Effects of Cost and Consensus

Two laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the behavioral effects of cost and consensus on warning compliance. Subjects performed a chemistry demonstration task using a set of instructions that contained a warning directing them to wear a safety mask and gloves. In Experiment 1, cost was manipulated by locating the masks and gloves in either an accessible location (low cost) or a less accessible location (high cost). In Experiment 2, consensus was manipulated by the additional presence of a confederate subject who either did or did not comply with the warning. The results showed reduced compliance to the warning when the cost was high, and that the compliance rate was biased up or down depending on the behavior of the confederate. Implications of this research for facilitating warning effectiveness and safety are discussed.
Improved scheme for preparative countercurrent chromatography (CCC) with a rotating coil assembly

Abstract Efforts have been successfully made to improve a preparative CCC scheme utilizing a slowly rotating coil assembly by optimizing the orientation of the coiled column. By the aid of a standard set of test samples and a two-phase solvent system, the performance of the single coil was examined in both eccentric and coaxial orientations with respect to the axis of rotation. In the eccentric location 10 cm away from the rotation axis, changes in the skew angle and/or inclination of the apparatus failed to improve the separation significantly. On the other hand, the coils mounted coaxially around the rotation axis in various helical diameters all produced excellent peak resolution at critical rotational speeds due to a high level of stationary phase retention. This finding facilitated the development of a new separation column consisting of multiple layers of the coil coaxially arranged around the rotary support. The preparative capability of this multi-layer coil was demonstrated in the separations of ...
The Continental League: A Personal History

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, organized baseball, like the rest of the country, faced serious change. After a decade of prosperity, both the nation itself and the game of baseball reached some...
Hot-electron effects and oxide degradation in MOS structures studied with ballistic electron emission microscopy

The application of the STM-based technique of ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) to the study of transport properties of SiO2 gate oxide layers is reviewed. Oxide degradation observed on a local scale of nanometer dimensions ranges from the filling of electron traps with low-kinetic-energy electrons injected just above the oxide barrier, to trap generation and filling triggered by electrons with kinetic energies ≥2 eV. BEEM provides means to determine the spatial distributions of the traps. Only positively charged traps are observed for thin (≤4 nm) SiO2 layers upon electrical stressing. Oxide breakdown is seldom induced by local stressing, suggesting that it occurs at extrinsic defect sites that are widely separated. BEEM also provides unique opportunities to address fundamental issues. In that regard, examples of the dynamic response of the SiO2 dielectric to a moving electron are presented, as well as the determination of the dispersion of the electron mass of the conduction-band electrons. The latter is achieved by modeling quantum interference oscillations in the BEEM current.
Urologic management of congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type.

Abstract A 7-month-old girl with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) of the Finnish type was referred to our group for surgical evaluation and recommendation of a treatment plan. A Medline literature search was conducted using data bases from 1980 to 1996, on the topics of “congenital nephrotic syndrome” and “surgery.” Although there were several articles on CNS in the nephrology and pediatric journals, we found none in the urologic literature. Although a few medical centers advocate a less invasive unilateral nephrectomy or percutaneous renal ablation, most institutions still recommend bilateral nephrectomy to manage patients with CNS in whom aggressive medical management fails. Bilateral nephrectomy followed by dialysis and transplantation should remain the standard of care in 1997 for children with severe CNS.
Cost-effectiveness of proton pump inhibitor therapy for acute peptic ulcer-related bleeding*

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of adjunctive oral and intravenous proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapies for patients with acute peptic ulcer-related bleeding of sufficient severity to warrant hospitalization. Design Cost-effectiveness investigation. Four clinical scenarios were considered: scenario 1, diagnostic endoscopy with oral PPI therapy; scenario 2, diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy with high-dose intravenous PPI therapy; scenario 3, diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy available with oral PPI therapy; and scenario 4, diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy (no PPI). Effectiveness was evaluated in terms of episodes of bleeding averted and quality-adjusted life years. Setting University teaching hospital in the United States. Patients Hospitalized patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Therapeutic endoscopy with high-dose intravenous PPI therapy (scenario 2) was the most cost-effective approach in terms of bleeding episode averted (8,490 vs. 10,201 US dollars for scenario 1, 8,756 US dollars for scenario 3, and 12,459 US dollars for scenario 4) and per quality-adjusted life year (4,810 vs. 5,533 US dollars for scenario 1, 4,946 US dollars for scenario 3, and 5,876 US dollars for scenario 4). The high-dose intravenous PPI scenario was the dominant approach as evidenced by both superior effectiveness and lower costs over the range of probability and cost variables used in the sensitivity analysis. However, the dominance would be lost if the purchase cost of the intravenous PPI was substantially higher than the baseline cost assumed in this investigation (61 US dollars per 3-day course of therapy). Conclusion High-dose intravenous PPI therapy in conjunction with therapeutic endoscopy is the most cost-effective approach for the management of hospitalized patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding.
From anxiety to autism: spectrum of abnormal social behaviors modeled by progressive disruption of inhibitory neuronal function in the basolateral amygdala in Wistar rats

Rationale Social behaviors are disrupted in several psychiatric disorders. The amygdala is a key brain region involved in social behaviors, and amygdala pathology has been implicated in disease states ranging from social anxiety disorder to autism. Objective To test the effects of progressive disruption of the inhibitory function within the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) on conspecific social interaction in rats and investigate functional networks from the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFCv) to the BLA. Materials and methods BLA inhibitory tone was disrupted by priming it with the stress-peptide corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) receptor agonist urocortin 1 (Ucn 1, 6 fmol), or by selective lesioning of a subset of BLAGABAergic interneurons containing neurokinin 1 receptors using the targeted toxin SSP-Saporin. The effects of the disruption of GABAergic tone in the BLA were examined using a repeated exposure and habituation paradigm of social interaction (SI/h). Lesions and selectivity of lesions were confirmed postmortem. Additionally, effects of stimulating mPFCv on cFos activity in interneurons of the BLA were examined. Results Rats primed with Ucn 1 showed persistent social inhibition, which could be overcome with habituation, putatively modeling social anxiety. Rats with a selective lesioning of a subset of GABAergic interneurons in the BLA exhibited persistent social inhibition that was not reversed by SI/h paradigm. We also demonstrate selective functional inputs to this subset of interneurons when mPFCv was activated. Conclusions These models with different gradations of disrupted BLA inhibition could help to study social dysfunction in disorders ranging from social anxiety to autism spectrum disorders.
The combined effects of dependence and relationalism on the use of influence in marketing distribution systems

This study uses data from the automotive replacement tire industry to test the proposition that dependence and relationship structure interact to determine frequency of influence-strategy use in distribution systems. The findings support the expectation that dependence is positively associated with recommendations, information exchanges, promises, requests, legal pleas, and threats. However, increases in dealer dependence increase the use of requests, legal pleas, and threats only in systems characterized by trivial levels of relationalism.
Impact of simultaneous omission of a variable and an observation on a linear regression equation

Abstract The impact of omitting a variable on a regression equation has a venerable history. One of the earliest references is Cochran (1938). The study of the influence of an observation on a regression equation is of more recent origin but has been extensively studied; see e.g., Cook (1977), Andrews and Pregibon (1978), Hoaglin and Welsch (1978), Belsley, Kuh, and Welsch (1980), Draper and John (1981), Velleman and Welsch (1981), and Cook and Weisberg (1982). In this article we attempt to study the joint impact on a regression equation of simultaneous omission of a variable and an observation. Each observation affects the fitted regression equation differently and has a different influence on each variable. We elucidate this interrelationship among variables and observations and examine its impact on the fitted regression equation. Closed form analytical expressions for the impact of simultaneous omission of a variable and an observation on the residual sum of squares, the fitted values, and the ith predicted value are derived. We also give a statistic for testing the significance of the jth variable when the ith observation is omitted. Our analysis shows explicity the direction and magnitude of the impact of deleting the ith observation on the jth regression coefficient. The method of analysis we present has considerable significance for variable selection problems and can unearth situations where a single observation is instrumental in retaining (removing) a variable in (from) a multiple regression equation. An example using a real-life data set is used to illustrate the new methodology.
Fighting for an intervention in history in the face of dreams deferred in the making: Twenty years of South African democracy

This essay offers critical framing of the articles in the Special Issue on Twenty Years of African Democracy. It prioritizes the ideas of radical scholars and their take on how contemporary South African democracy is being experienced. It focuses on a series of important paradoxes, such as those presented by the challenge to provide truly free and accessible public education and the challenge to provide rights to the city for rural women migrants, the challenge to navigate the foreign policy role of South Africa on the African continent, the challenge posed by new laws for the protection of the reproductive rights and the prohibition of gender-based violence, and the challenge offered by popular cultural production that intervenes in African humanities. These essays explicitly think about South African democracy beyond the basic and normative terms of measuring whether or not democracy has been consolidated and can deliver steady and safe support for civil society and competing political and social intere...
Critical Pedagogy Reloaded: Dispatches From Las Entrañas de la Bestia:

This article has been slightly revised from the introduction and postscript to Capitalists and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy Against Empire (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005). The article challenges the Bush administration’s invasion and occupation of Iraq and ties its recent history of political unilateralism and the War on Terror to the history of imperialist aggression by the United States against sovereign nation states.
A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents with Perinatally or Transfusion Acquired HIV Infection: Sexual Knowledge, Risk Reduction Self-efficacy and Sexual Behavior

As HIV-positive children are surviving to adolescence and beyond, understanding their HIV knowledge and sexual behavior is critical. Forty HIV+ adolescents/young adults were interviewed twice, approximately 21 months apart (mean age 16.6 and 18.3 years, respectively). Data on demographics, safer sex knowledge, sexual risk behaviors, risk reduction self-efficacy, and Tanner stage were collected. Twenty-eight percent of HIV+ youth at Time 1 and 41% at Time 2 reported being sexually active. HIV transmission/safer sex knowledge was low, increased with age, and both self-efficacy for and actual condom use was relatively high. Secondary prevention messages should be incorporated into routine medical settings.
Efficient distortion metrics calculation for hyperspectral waveforms in broadband nonlinear amplifiers with memory

We present a method for efficient, physics-based calculation of distortion metrics for hyperspectral waveforms (i.e. wide-band, with large number of frequency components) in broadband nonlinear amplifiers with memory. It leverages the acceleration potential of our recently developed framework for massively parallel frequency-domain simulation of hyperspectral waveforms [1]. We introduce a generalized distortion metric that accounts for memory effects, such as dispersion and wave reflections, and we study the effect of varying the parallelization parameters on the accuracy of the distortion calculation.
Redox regulation of MAPK phosphatase 1 controls monocyte migration and macrophage recruitment

Monocytic adhesion and chemotaxis are regulated by MAPK pathways, which in turn are controlled by redox-sensitive MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). We recently reported that metabolic disorders prime monocytes for enhanced recruitment into vascular lesions by increasing monocytes’ responsiveness to chemoattractants. However, the molecular details of this proatherogenic mechanism were not known. Here we show that monocyte priming results in the S-glutathionylation and subsequent inactivation and degradation of MKP-1. Chronic exposure of human THP-1 monocytes to diabetic conditions resulted in the loss of MKP-1 protein levels, the hyperactivation of ERK and p38 in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and increased monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. Knockdown of MKP-1 mimicked the priming effects of metabolic stress, whereas MKP-1 overexpression blunted both MAPK activation and monocyte adhesion and migration induced by MCP-1. Metabolic stress promoted the S-glutathionylation of MKP-1, targeting MKP-1 for proteasomal degradation. Preventing MKP-1 S-glutathionylation in metabolically stressed monocytes by overexpressing glutaredoxin 1 protected MKP-1 from degradation and normalized monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis in response to MCP-1. Blood monocytes isolated from diabetic mice showed a 55% reduction in MKP-1 activity compared with nondiabetic mice. Hematopoietic MKP-1 deficiency in atherosclerosis-prone mice mimicked monocyte priming and dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders, increased monocyte chemotaxis in vivo, and accelerated atherosclerotic lesion formation. In conclusion, we identified MKP-1 as a central redox-sensitive regulator of monocyte adhesion and migration and showed that the loss of MKP-1 activity is a critical step in monocyte priming and the metabolic stress-induced conversion of blood monocytes into a proatherogenic phenotype.
Generation of low energy resonant electrons during relaxation of57Fe

Collection of low energy electrons (<15 eV) duringConversionElectronMossbauerSpectroscopy (CEMS) provides enhanced surface sensitivity. Spectra collected from a 0.92857Fe foil using retarding field energy analyzers in conjunction with spiraltron electron multipliers demonstrates both resonant and nonresonant count rates which decrease by as much as 50% at 10 eV bias potential. Spectra from samples with the topmost 1.0 nm chemically labeled had total spectral areas of 99.0%mm/sec. The area ratio of the resonant 1.0 nm overlayer to the resonant substrate was 1.43 at 0 eV bias potential while at 15 eV the ratio decreased to 0.72. By vacuum evaporating a 5.0 nm copper coating on the sample, near complete attenuation of the low energy electrons from the 1.0 nm overlayer was achieved. These results suggest that some low energy electrons below 15 eV are formed as primary products of electronic relaxation following nuclear decay and that they are not the result of straggling or other scattering phenomena.