cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic magnetism in Prussian blue analogue films

A series of Prussian blue analogue (PBA) thin films with thicknesses ranging from 25 nm to 2 μm and with the chemical formula RbjM1k[M2(CN)6]l·nH2O have been synthesized using sequential adsorption techniques (where M1 = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+and M2 = Cr3+ or Fe3+). Since the resulting materials possess the PBA structure, changing the metal ions effectively tunes the magnetization density because SCo = 3/2, SNi = 1, SCu = 1/2, and SZn = 0 on the divalent metal sites and SCr = 3/2 and SFe = 1/2 on the trivalent metal sites. The effect of changing metal ions on the magnetic susceptibility, and specifically the difference between parallel and perpendicular orientations of the films with respect to the applied magnetic field, was investigated with SQUID magnetometry, and all samples, except the ZnFe PBA films, showed magnetic anisotropy. The films were also characterized with infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
The Diffraction of X-Rays by Small Crystalline Particles

The problem of the diffraction of x-rays by small crystalline particles is discussed by the methods of Fourier analysis, and the calculation of the intensity of the x-ray scattering from a single particle is reduced to the evaluation of a simple Fourier transform. This approach leads immediately to the interference functions for the parallellepipedon and the octahedron as obtained by other authors. In addition, it makes possible the detailed discussion of the interference functions for the tetrahedron, the rhombic dodecahedron, the ellipsoid, and the elliptic cylinder. The method is shown to be applicable to any polyhedron. A simple method is also given for calculating the interference function and its integral breadth for specific directions of departure from the whole-numbered points. This is applied to obtain a partial discussion of the scattering from the tetrahexahedron and the trisoctahedron.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Suppresses Renin Gene Transcription by Blocking the Activity of the Cyclic AMP Response Element in the Renin Gene Promoter

We have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) down-regulates renin expression. To explore the molecular mechanism, we analyzed the mouse Ren-1c gene promoter by luciferase reporter assays. Deletion analysis revealed two DNA fragments from -2,725 to -2,647 (distal fragment) and from -117 to +6 (proximal fragment) that are sufficient to mediate the repression. Mutation of the cAMP response element (CRE) in the distal fragment blunted forskolin stimulation as well as 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) inhibition of the transcriptional activity, suggesting the involvement of CRE in 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-induced suppression. EMSA revealed that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) markedly inhibited nuclear protein binding to the CRE in the promoter. ChIP and GST pull-down assays demonstrated that liganded VDR blocked the binding of CREB to the CRE by directly interacting with CREB with the ligand-binding domain, and the VDR-mediated repression can be rescued by CREB, CBP, or p300 overexpression. These data indicate that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) suppresses renin gene expression at least in part by blocking the formation of CRE-CREB-CBP complex.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TRANSVERSE CURRENT MONITORING IN THE FRAM STRAIT

The horizontal refraction method (HRM) of transverse current acoustics monitoring in the Fram Strait environment is modeled numerically. The current profile was constructed on the basis of experimental data on the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) structure and the complex environment of the region presented by the sound speed profiles, which were derived from the experiments. The HRM is based on the measurements of the deflection of the horizontal modal rays due to the gradient of the refraction index produced by the transverse current. The signals received by the antennas in a receiving plane perpendicular to the propagation axis have a modal phase difference in proportion to the average transverse velocity, which is due to the different orientation of the acoustical path of the current. The interesting result is that even in a strong mode coupling environment the numerically obtained phase difference is quite close to its value as calculated by adiabatic approximation. The physical reason behind this is most likely that the mode coupling impact can be canceled at the sound signal propagation along the two very close paths.
Trade-Related Training for Trainers in Export Development and Promotion in Africa

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop an appropriate training mechanism for the development of the export/international trade sectors in Sudan. One of the activity components identified was the training of trainers in exporting/international marketing in selected sectors. In an effort to develop the most useful export development training program, an intensive needs assessment study was undertaken. The results of the study suggest that groups of respondents who share similar characteristics can be identified and profiled, and based on similar levels knowledge and skills they will be subjected to an intensive type of short export development and promotion training. Upon receiving the necessary training, the trainers will then train trainees in the field of international trade and export development.
Rheological evolution of a Mediterranean subduction complex

Abstract We use field and microstructural observations, coupled to previously published P-T-time histories, to track the rheological evolution of an intracontinental subduction complex exposed in the Betic Cordillera in the western Mediterranean region. The body of rock we focus on, known as the Nevado-Filabride Complex (NFC), was originally part of the upper crust of the Iberian margin. It was subducted into hot asthenospheric mantle, then exhumed back toward the surface in two stages: an early stage of fast exhumation along the top of the subducting slab in a subduction channel, and a late stage of slower exhumation resulting from capture by a low-angle detachment fault rooted at the brittle-ductile transition. Each stage of deformation in the NFC was punctuated by changes in the dominant deformation mechanism. Deformation during initial subduction of the complex was accommodated by pressure-solution creep in the presence of a fluid phase – the grain sizes, stress magnitudes, and estimated strain rates for this stage are most consistent with a thin-film model for pressure solution in which the diffusion length scale is controlled by the grain size. During the early stages of exhumation within the subduction channel, deformation transitioned from pressure solution to dislocation creep due to increases in temperature, which resulted in increases in both water fugacity and grain size, each of which favor the dislocation creep mechanism. Differential stress magnitudes for this stage were ∼10 MPa, and are consistent with simple models of buoyancy-driven channel flow. With continuing subduction-channel exhumation, deformation remained within the dislocation creep field because sequestration of free water into hydrous, retrogressive minerals suppressed the pressure-solution mechanism. Differential stresses progressively increased to ∼100 MPa near the mouth of the channel during cooling as the rocks moved into mid-crustal levels. During the final, core-complex stage of exhumation, deformation was progressively concentrated into a narrow zone of highly localized strain beneath a mid-crustal detachment fault. Localization was promoted by a transition from dislocation creep to dislocation-creep-accommodated grain boundary sliding at temperatures of ∼350–380 °C, grain sizes of ∼4 μm and differential stress magnitudes of ∼200 MPa. Peak differential stress magnitudes of ∼200 MPa recorded just below the brittle-ductile transition are consistent with Byerlee's law in the upper crust assuming a vertical maximum principal stress and near-hydrostatic pore fluid pressures. Overall, the distribution of stress with temperature, coupled to independent constraints on strain rate from field observations and geochronology, indicate that the naturally calibrated Hirth et al. (2001) flow law for wet quartzite accurately predicts the rheological behavior of mid-crustal rocks deforming by dislocation creep.
Infrared Hole-Burning of Crystalline Ammonium Copper Tutton Salt: Tunneling Kinetics and Jahn−Teller Distortions

Irradiation of the N−D stretching band in crystalline deuterium-doped ammonium copper Tutton salt rotates the ammonium ion and changes the conformation of molecules about the copper. The crystal salt exists in at least two different crystal forms, each form containing a particular Jahn−Teller distorted copper conformation. We consider only the “A” form crystal. In this crystal, the minority conformation (B) appears with the majority conformation (A) as the temperature is raised. The spectral holes and antiholes produced by the changes in conformation occur in patterns that depend on the exact frequency of irradiation. Each pattern appears and eventually decays with different kinetics over a range of times. The variation of the hole widths, measured at different temperatures, reveals the presence of various conformations in the crystal lattice. This inhomogeneity is related to the statistical distribution of conformations A and B weighted by their thermal populations. The kinetics of the decay of the holes...
Overnight activities of medical students on call: is it really educational?

Background To validate self-report of activities and to assess time allocation of medical students taking in-house call during their third-year surgery clerkship. Methods Informed consent was obtained from students who agreed to participate while rotating on the third-year surgery clerkship. Students were randomized to 1 of 2 groups, either the self-report group or the shadow group. All students kept a log of their activities during weekdays. Students randomized to the self-report group kept a log of their activities on nights (6 pm to 7 am weeknights) and weekends (7 am to 7 am Saturday and Sunday) when they were assigned to in-house call. Students randomized to the shadow group kept a log of their activities and also were shadowed while on call by a research assistant (observer) who recorded their activities. All students categorized each activity as patient-care activities related to educational objectives (educational), patient-care activities unrelated to educational objectives (noneducational), and personal care (personal). To validate self-report, student and observer logs were compared. Percentages of time engaged in educational versus other activities were compared between the shadowed and nonshadowed groups and among weekdays (WD), weeknights (WN), weekend days (WED), and weekend nights (WEN). Results A total of 34 students (16 shadow, 18 self-report) agreed to participate. Five (15%) students, all in the self-report group, did not turn in their logs. Data were available for the remaining 29 students for 138 shifts (WD, 44; WN, 46; WED, 24; WEN, 24). Observer and self-report were correlated highly for educational and personal activities, but not for noneducational activities. On WD, students averaged 76.1% of their time in educational activities, compared with 46.7%, 63.3%, and 50.2% of their time while on WN, WED, and WEN, respectively (P <.05 for WD vs. all others). Students spent between 9% and 14% of their time in noneducational activities, and between 9% and 49% of their time in personal activities during call shifts. Conclusions This study validates student self-report of activities while on surgery call. Students spend significantly more time engaged in educational activities during weekdays than any call shifts (weeknights, weekend days, weekend nights). This information can be used for curricular planning.
Selling the Smart Grid-Part 2: How Consumers Will Interact with the Smart Grid

In part 1 of this article (IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, April 2012), the consumer was cast to a central role in the development of smart grid. The focus was how a thoroughly modernized grid would impact consumers by making the electricity system more reliable, efficient, and accessible to individuals. It was also argued that for the smart grid to succeed, consumers would have to be educated so that they could understand the benefits of a modern electricity system and participate in a more meaningful way.
Nanografting of silanes on silicon dioxide with applications to DNA localization and copper electroless deposition

We report the first, successful, partial nanoshaving of octadecyl- and octyl-dimethylmonochlorosilane monolayers on silicon dioxide, as well as nanografting of perfluorinated and aminosilanes on these substrates, using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip. Even partial nanografting of aminosilane patterns can be used for DNA localization or for binding palladium ions to serve as seeds for electroless deposition of copper lines. That is, even the substitution of a small fraction of chemical species at a surface during nanografting primes the surface to allow significant chemical changes to occur in subsequent processing steps. We characterize our surfaces using AFM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and contact angle goniometry.
A DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE ANALYSIS OF VIBRATION FOR RECTANGULAR STIFFENED PLATES

Abstract Structures consisting of thin plates stiffened by a system of ribs or diaphragms form a class of structural elements of practical importance in various engineering applications. A differential quadrature analysis of free vibration of plates with eccentric stiffeners is presented. The plate and the stiffeners are treated separately. Simultaneous governing differential equations are derived from the plate dynamic equilibrium, the stiffener dynamic equilibrium, and equilibrium and compatibility conditions along the interface of a plate segment and a stiffener. The plate and the stiffeners have displacements in three dimensions. Shear forces and in-plane forces in the plate are considered to satisfy the compatibility at the interface of a plate segment and a stiffener. Meanwhile, in-plane inertia effects in the plate and in the stiffener are ignored. The application of the differential quadrature method is demonstrated by three examples: a simply supported plate with central eccentric stiffener, a clamped square plate with central eccentric stiffener, and a double-ribbed plate with all edges clamped. The natural frequencies are compared with the experimental results, and with the results obtained by finite element analysis. Very good agreement was found.
Under the banner of sustainability: The politics and prose of an emerging US federal seafood certification

Abstract Growing interest in sustainable seafood has led to the proliferation of third-party certifications and eco-labels. This paper examines the ongoing debate that has surrounded a potential government-operated certification program for federally managed fisheries in the United States. Drawing on an analysis of transcripts from the Marine Fishery Advisory Committee meetings between 2007 and 2014, the paper considers the ways the proposed program was justified and how the multi-year discussion led to recommendations that encourage the National Marine Fisheries Service to create a framework for a certification program based on the principles defined in the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. It is through this discussion that it becomes apparent that sustainability claims extend beyond the scientific domain, making them fruitful grounds for understanding the emergence of policy and how power and legitimacy are negotiated and maintained through the process.
Lipstick and Logarithms: Gender, Identity, Institutional Context, and Representative Bureaucracy

According to the theory of representative bureaucracy, passive representation among public employees will lead to active representation in bureaucratic outputs. Existing research demonstrates that the link between passive and active representation exists for race but not for sex. Past research on this topic has not, however, taken into account the contextual environment that affects whether sex will translate into gender and lead to active representation in the bureaucracy. In this paper, we create a framework that specifies the conditions that affect whether passive representation results in active representation for sex and then test this framework using the case of education. We find that passive representation of women in education leads to active representation and that the institutional context affects the extent to which this link between passive and active representation occurs.
Moving Beyond “Sticks and Stones”: Chronic Psychological Trauma Predicts Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

To date, trauma research has focused on the impact of physical trauma on posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. Sometimes psychological trauma is measured with instances of physical trauma; however, less is known about solely psychological trauma. The current study addresses this by examining psychological trauma and PTS symptoms using the chronic relational trauma (CRT) model. The CRT model examines physical and possible concurrent psychological childhood, peer, and intimate partner trauma; however, psychological trauma alone has yet to be tested. A total of 232 female undergraduates (M age = 18.32, SD = 1.60) completed a series of questionnaires. Structural equation modeling indicated that childhood, peer, and intimate partner psychological trauma predict current PTS symptoms. Contributions of these findings are discussed.
Deep learning through generative and developmental system

Deep learning through supervised and unsupervised learning has demonstrated human competitive performance on some visual tasks; however, evolution played an important role in the development of biological visual systems. Thus evolutionary approaches, specifically the Hypercube-based NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies, are applied to deep learning tasks in this paper. Results indicate HyperNEAT alone struggles in image classification, but trains effective feature extractors for other machine learning approaches.
Instantaneous photochemical rates in the global stratosphere

Starting with the average actual distribution of ozone (Dutsch [15]) and temperature in the stratosphere, we have calculated the solar intensity as a function of wavelength and the instantaneous rates (molecules cm−3 sec−1) for each Chapman reaction and for each of several reactions of the oxides of nitrogen. The calculation is similar to that ofBrewer andWilson [5]. These reaction rates were calculated independently in each volume element in spherical polar coordinates defined by ΔR=1 km from zero to 50, δϑ=5° latitude, and δo=15° longitude (thus including day and night conditions). Calculations were made for two times: summer-winter (January 15) and spring-fall (March 22). As input data we take observed solar intensities (Ackerman [1]) and observed, critically evaluated. constants for elementary chemical and photochemical reactions; no adjustable parameters are employed. (These are not ‘photochemical equilibrium’ calculations.) According to the Chapman model, the instantaneous, integrated, world-wide rate of formation of ozone from sunlight is about five times faster than the rate of ozone destruction, and locally (lower tropical stratosphere) the rate of ozone formation exceeds the rate of destruction by a factors as great as 1000. The global rates of increase of ozone are more than 50 times faster thanBrewer andWilson's [5] estimate of the average annual transfer rate of ozone to the troposphere. The rate constants of the Chapman reactions are believed to be well-enough known that it is highly improbable that these discrepancies are, due to erroneous rate constants. It is concluded that something else besides neutral oxygen species is very important in stratospheric ozone photochemistry. The inclusion of a uniform concentration of the oxides of nitrogen (NOx as, NO and NO2) averaging 6.6×10−9 mole fraction gives a balance between global ozone formation and destruction rates. The inclusion of a uniform mole fraction of NOx at 28×10−9 also gives a global balance. These calculations support the hypethesis (Crutzen [10],Johnston [24]) that the oxides of nitrogen are the most important factor in the global, natural ozone balance. Several authors have recently evaluated the natural source strength of NOx in the stratosphere; the projected fleets of supersonic transports would constitute an artificial source of NOx about equal to the natural value, thus promising more or less to double an active natural stratospheric ingredient.
Excitation of nuclei by photon beams carrying orbital angular momentum

A drop in the efficiency of nuclear excitation through transitions of high multipolarity is related to the increase in the angular momentum difference between the nuclear states involved in the excitation transition. Such transitions need photons with a high angular momentum. It is well known that photon beams carrying a well-defined and arbitrarily high value of angular momentum about the beam axis can be produced. We discuss some features in the excitation of nuclei with the beams.
Force generation--deployment-aligned MIACs.

As the pressure mounts to supply more ground forces in Afghanistan, the Defence Medical Services (DMS) are directly supporting surge activity through ensuring the provision of deployable personnel. Delivery of this goal requires a change in the practice, focus and resources of the DMS. Identification, treatment and rehabilitation of injured service personnel is a priority in improving the pool of personnel available for deployment on Operations. This paper details the drivers, process and potential benefits of aligning Multi-Disciplinary Injury Assessment Clinic’s activity with a unit’s formation readiness cycle, to more appropriately and proactively manage injured service personnel to improve both the quality and quantity of Force Generation.
τ neutrino mass as possible evidence for a superstring inspired standard-like model

Abstract We investigate the low energy superpotential of our superstring inspired standard-like model. We study the neutrinos see-saw mass matrix and show that the τ neutrino is expected at a mass scale of O(10 MeV) while the lighter neutrinos can be light enough to avoid any cosmological problems.
Using the head to stabilize action: Reaching by young children

Even seemingly simple reaching task requires complex integration or remapping of reference frames with respect to eye, head and hand. Head-centered reference frame and head movement may play important roles in natural tasks and in the development of reaching. To understand the underlying control mechanism that support smooth reaching in particular and the seamless coordination of head and hand movements more generally, a semi-naturalistic experiment is designed for 1 ½ to 5 years old children, in which children are free to reach or not reach for the ball coming out from the slots on the puppet show. The fine-grained head and hand motion data were recorded. The analysis results show that (1) All the children participants stabilize their heads right before the reach; (2) During the reach, the head and hands move synergistically in the similar directions. (3) Large and variable head movements co-occur with more variable and jerky reaches. The coupling of the head and hands may suggest a dynamical integration of multiple reference frames.
Polar, Functionalized Diene-Based Materials. 2. Free Radical Copolymerization Studies of 2-Cyanomethyl-1,3-butadiene with Styrene and Acrylonitrile

The solution free radical copolymerizations of 2-cyanomethyl-1,3-butadiene (CMBD) with styrene and acrylonitrile were studied. Traditional free radical polymerization kinetics were observed, giving copolymers with 〈Mn〉 values of 20 × 103−60 × 103 g/mol and polydispersities typically near 1.5. The reactivity ratios of CMBD and styrene of 3.0 and 0.23 and CMBD and acrylonitrile of 1.5 and 0.4 indicated that the cyano monomer was more reactive than styrene or acrylonitrile. The copolymerization behavior was consistent with the reactivity ratios measured, giving nonideal, nonazeotropic copolymerizations, where the copolymers were always richer in cyano monomer than in styrene or acrylonitrile. All of the copolymers showed only one glass transition temperature that agreed well with the theoretical values calculated by the Gordon−Taylor equation. Finally, the cyano diene units incorporated into the copolymers maintained a similar microstructure seen in the homopolymers of approximately 95% 1,4 and 5% 4,3 structure.
Inter-dependence of vitamin D levels with serum lipid profiles in multiple sclerosis

Abstract Objective To assess whether vitamin D (VD) levels in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients exhibit inter-dependence with serum lipid profile variables (serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein or HDL, low-density lipoprotein or LDL, and triglycerides) and to investigate the associations with clinical disability measures. Methods The study population consisted of consecutive 178 MS patients (age: 46.6 ± 10.6 years; disease duration: 13.8 ± 10.3 years). The patients were assessed for fasting lipid profile and VD obtained concomitantly. Neurological disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was obtained within ± 6 months of the lipid profile. The associations between the HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and total cholesterol to HDL ratio with deseasonalized VD levels and their relationships with EDSS and the MS Severity Score (MSSS) were analyzed using regression methods. Results The cholesterol to HDL ratio was associated with the deseasonalized VD ( r p = − 0.18, p = 0.019) and VD3 ( r p = − 0.17, p = 0.028) levels. The probability of VD3 sufficiency was associated with HDL > 60 mg/dl status ( p = 0.015, OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.86) and with total cholesterol to HDL ratio p p = 0.008, r p = 0.21) whereas MSSS was associated with deseasonalized 25-hydroxy VD3 ( p = 0.021, r p = − 0.18). The probability of EDSS ≥ 4.0 was also associated with total cholesterol to HDL ratio ( p = 0.011, OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.26). Conclusions The results suggest inter-dependence between the total cholesterol to HDL ratio and deseasonalized vitamin D levels in MS patients. Disability measures in MS are also associated with these inter-dependent variables.
Watch your language

Sure, object orientation is unnatural-computer programming in any language is. We must rely on good principles, good tools, and good languages. This author tells L. Hatton to blame C++ and its culture for the bad rap against OO, and to look elsewhere for a workable OO language. He suggests comparing C to a better OOP language. In his view, Eiffel fosters a culture embodying the best tendencies of OOP Most importantly, Eiffel offers programmers the ability to specify formally, at the implementation level, the behavior of a class. Several companies have reported that such specifications, written in Eiffel, can greatly improve the reliability of large scale software systems.
Evaluation of a commercial biologically based IMRT treatment planning system

A new inverse treatment planning system (TPS) for external beam radiation therapy with high energy photons is commercially available that utilizes both dose-volume-based cost functions and a selection of cost functions which are based on biological models. The purpose of this work is to evaluate quality of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans resulting from the use of biological cost functions in comparison to plans designed using a traditional TPS employing dose-volume-based optimization. Treatment planning was performed independently at two institutions. For six cancer patients, including head and neck (one case from each institution), prostate, brain, liver, and rectal cases, segmental multileaf collimator IMRT plans were designed using biological cost functions and compared with clinically used dose-based plans for the same patients. Dose-volume histograms and dosimetric indices, such as minimum, maximum, and mean dose, were extracted and compared between the two types of treatment plans. Comparisons of the generalized equivalent uniform dose (EUD), a previously proposed plan quality index (fEUD), target conformity and heterogeneity indices, and the number of segments and monitor units were also performed. The most prominent feature of the biologically based plans was better sparing of organs at risk (OARs). When all plans from both institutions were combined, the biologically based plans resulted in smaller EUD values for 26 out of 33 OARs by an average of 5.6 Gy (range 0.24 to 15 Gy). Owing to more efficient beam segmentation and leaf sequencing tools implemented in the biologically based TPS compared to the dose-based TPS, an estimated treatment delivery time was shorter in most (five out of six) cases with some plans showing up to 50% reduction. The biologically based plans were generally characterized by a smaller conformity index, but greater heterogeneity index compared to the dose-based plans. Overall, compared to plans based on dose-volume optimization, plans with equivalent target coverage obtained using the biologically based TPS demonstrate improved dose distributions for the majority of normal structures.
Peripheral Serotonin Levels in Women: Role of Aging and Ethnicity

Serotonin has been implicated to play an important role in regulating emotions and behavior, and it is well accepted that the platelet serotonergic system mirrors the presynaptic central serotonergic
A note on shock dynamics relative to a moving frame

In this paper it is shown how a previous theory for treating shocks moving into fluid at rest (Whitham 1957, 1959) can be changed to a form suitable for treating propagation into a steady uniform flow. It is necessary only to transform the original theory to a moving frame but the details are not trivial.
Early recognition of the Coffin‐Lowry syndrome

We report a 2-year-old male infant with the Coffin-Lowry syndrome, and describe the change in his clinical and radiographic manifestations during the first 2 years of life. Review of published cases of the Coffin-Lowry syndrome indicates that these manifestations are progressive, and that all of the associated characteristics may not be apparent in early childhood. The importance of continued evaluations of these patients and examination of relatives for mild manifestations is emphasized.
A map of temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40.

Abstract Temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40 (SV40), representing each complementation class, have been mapped by marker rescue with Endo R fragments of wild-type SV40-DNA. The 41 mutants mapped cover most of the genome, but there is a notable absence of mutants mapping between 0.43 and 0.85 map-units. Mutants which are defective in viral DNA synthesis (tsA mutants) all map in the “early” region of the genome; 12 of 13 such mutants are clustered in about one-fourth of the “early” region between 0.32 and 0.43 map-units. Mutants in complementation classes defective in a late function map in the “late” region and also show clustering: eight of nine B mutants map between 0.94 and 0.06 map-units, all C mutants map between 0.06 and 0.11 map-units, and seven of eight BC mutants map between 0.11 and 0.17 map-units. D mutants, which are thought to be defective in virus uncoating at high temperature, all map between 0.85 and 0.94 map-units, i.e., in a small segment of the “late” region. Therefore, the genomic segment associated with the defect of D mutants likely codes for a virion protein. One C mutant proved to be a double mutant with one mutation in the B region and another in the C region, both mutations being required for the tsC phenotype. On the basis of the mapping data and prior complementation tests we suggest that B, C, and BC mutations are in one cistron, complementation occurring at the protein level.
Role of glycosylation on the conformation and chain dimensions of O-linked glycoproteins: light-scattering studies of ovine submaxillary mucin

The effect of carbohydrate on the conformation and chain dimensions of mucous glycoproteins was investigated by using light-scattering and circular dichroism studies of native, asialo, and deglycosylated (apo) ovine submaxillary gland mucin (OSM). OSM is a large glycoprotein that is extensively O-glycosylated by the disaccharide alpha-NeuNAc(2-6)alpha-GalNAc-O-Ser/Thr. Measurements of root mean square radius of gyration, (Rg2)1/2, and hydrodynamic radius, Rh, for OSM and its derivatives were carried out as a function of molecular weight by using static and dynamic light-scattering techniques. The results were fit to the wormlike chain model for describing the dimensions of extended polymer chains. By use of this model, values of h, the length per amino acid residue, and q, the persistence length, which is a measure of chain stiffness, were obtained. These values were then used to assess the conformation and degree of chain extension of intact OSM and its partially and totally deglycosylated derivatives. Native and asialo mucin are found to be highly extended random coils, with asialo mucin having a somewhat less extended structure than intact mucin. Upon the complete removal of the carbohydrate side chains, the extended structure characteristic of intact and asialo mucin collapses to chain dimensions typical of denatured globular proteins. Conformational analyses based on the rotational isomeric state model were also performed by using the probability maps of N-acetyl-O-(GalNAc)-Thr-N-methylamide as starting conformations for native and asialo mucin. The results suggest that both the glycosylated and nonglycosylated residues in native mucin may occupy a small region of conformational space having -90 degrees less than phi less than -60 degrees and 60 degrees less than psi less than 180 degrees, while a slightly broader range is found to fit asialo mucin. The proposed conformations obtained for these mucins are consistent with their circular dichroism spectra. Significantly larger ranges of phi and psi values were obtained for apo mucin, as would be expected from its circular dichroism spectra and increased flexibility. These results indicate the expanded mucin structure is the direct result of peptide core glycosylation. These observations together with the results of earlier studies indicate that steric interactions of the O-linked GalNAc residue with the peptide core are primarily responsible for the expanded mucin structure and that these perturbations extend to the nonglycosylated amino acid residues. This expanded mucin conformation must be a significant determinant of the viscoelastic properties of these molecules in solution.
Intravenous immunoglobulin and thymoglobulin facilitate kidney transplantation in complement-dependent cytotoxicity B-cell and flow cytometry T- or B-cell crossmatch-positive patients.

Background. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Thymoglobulin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy on the clinical outcome of a putatively high-risk group of kidney transplant recipients who have positive B-cell complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) along with positive T- or B-cell flow cytometry (FC) crossmatch results. Methods. We prospectively studied the effects of IVIG and Thymoglobulin induction treatment in B-cell CDC, and T- or B-cell FC crossmatch-positive kidney transplant recipients (seven women and one man; mean age, 43±12 years). Results. Mean peak panel-reactive antibody (PRA) was 47±32. Three patients had donor-specific antibody by flow PRA (two anti-DR4 and one anti-A2). Each recipient received induction treatment with IVIG 100 mg/kg for 3 days and Thymoglobulin 1.5 mg/kg for 5 days after transplantation. No acute cellular rejections occurred during a median follow-up of 15 months (range, 12–17 months). Only one acute humoral rejection occurred 8 days after transplantation, which responded to plasmapheresis, IVIG, and rituximab. One allograft was lost because of polyoma nephritis. Patient survival was 100% and allograft survival was 88%. Conclusion. Our results indicate that IVIG and Thymoglobulin induction treatment may facilitate kidney transplantation in B-cell CDC and T- or B-cell FC crossmatch-positive patients.
Kinetic modeling studies of transition metal-exchanged zeolites as catalysts for redox reactions

Abstract A kinetic modeling program based on a regenerative oxidation-reduction mechanism was used to simulate experimental data on the catalytic activities of Fe-Y and Fe-mordenite zeolites for the oxidation of CO with O 2 , NO, and N 2 O. The model was also used to simulate catalytic activities of Y-zeolites exchanged with different first row transition metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) for the oxidation of CO with NO and the decomposition of N 2 O into its elements. It was found that the model could predict the relative qualitative activities of the catalysts by assuming only that the energy of the bond between base exchange cations and adsorbed extralattice oxygen was a function of the base exchange metal. Since this model simulates successfully most of the general catalytic trends of transition metal-exchanged zeolites for these redox reactions, it is proposed that it be used as a guide to future experimental work for related reactions. As an example, the model was used to estimate activities of transition metal-exchanged zeolites for the partial oxidation of methane. The simulations predict that high yields of methanol and formaldehyde are more likely to be obtained with zeolites exchanged with cations that cannot be easily oxidized to higher oxidation states, such as Co(II).
The impact of age, marital status, and physician‐patient interactions on the care of older women with breast carcinoma

Understanding why older women with breast carcinoma do not receive definitive treatment is critical if disparities in mortality between younger and older women are to be reduced. With this in mind, the authors studied 302 women age > or =55 years with early stage breast carcinoma. Data were collected from surgical records and in telephone interviews with the women. The main outcome was receipt of definitive primary tumor therapy, defined either as modified radical mastectomy or as breast-conserving surgery with axillary dissection followed by radiation therapy. The majority (56%) of the women underwent breast-conserving surgery and axillary dissection followed by radiation therapy. After statistical control for four variables (comorbidity, physical function, tumor size, and lymph node status), patients' ages, marital status, and the number of times breast carcinoma specialists discussed treatment options were significantly associated with the receipt of definitive primary tumor therapy. The authors concluded that when older women have been newly diagnosed with breast carcinoma and there is clinical uncertainty as to the most appropriate therapies, patients may be better served if they are offered choices from among definitive therapies. In discussing therapies with them, physicians must be sensitive to their fears and concerns about the monetary costs and functional consequences of treatment in relation to the expected benefits.
Defining severe discrepancy in the diagnosis of learning disabilities: A comparison of methods

Abstract Given the significant increase in the number of students identified as learning-disabled (LD) and the growing concern about the overidentification of LD cases, attention has been focused on methods for determining a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement. Two such methods (a z -score discrepancy and a regression procedure) were compared by means of two different cutoff procedures on scores for 236 LD referrals. These results were then contrasted with a policy dictating that the lowest-achieving of those referred be considered as LD. Each student was evaluated with an individual intelligence scale and an achievement test. The results indicated that the regression procedure identified fewer students than did the z -score method. When the percentage of identified children is held constant, the methods were similar with respect to the types of errors made (false positives and false negatives). Data indicated that selecting the lowest-achieving students would have yielded about the same percentage of correct decisions, as defined by the multidisciplinary team, as did the two discrepancy methods. The policy implications of these findings are also considered.
Photolysis of methane and the ionosphere of Uranus

Abstract Photochemical calculations for Uranus predict an extensive region of condensation of acetylene, ethane and methane in the vicinity of the temperature inversion layer. This could explain why ethane was not detected on Uranus, unlike Neptune which has a much warmer inversion layer. Subsequent snow-out of the condensibles is expected to result in reduced visibility in the troposphere. Ionospheric calculations for the equatorial region to be probed by Voyager, indicate peak electron concentrations on the order of 5×10 3 cm −3 , if dynamical effects are important. Upper limit to the electron peak is 3×10 4 cm −3 . Exospheric temperatures as high as 200–250K are conceivable.
Induction of epidermal NAD(P)H:quinone reductase by chemical carcinogens: A possible mechanism for the detoxification

Abstract NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, which plays an important role in the detoxification of carcinogenic metabolites as well as oxidative cellular damage, was found to be present in epidermal cytosol where its specific activity far exceeds (140–160%) the corresponding hepatic value. The effect of topical application of crude coal tar, 3-methylcholanthrene and polychlorinated biphenyl Aroclor 1254, on epidermal and hepatic cytosolic NAD(P)H:quinone reductase activities was investigated in neonatal rats, Sencar and athymic nude mice. A single topical application of each agent resulted in significant increases in epidermal (185%–389%) and hepatic (150–255%) enzyme activities. This inducible enzyme may play an important role in the detoxification of reactive quinone species during the course of malignant neoplasia and against oxidative cellular damage in skin.
On Elastic Properties of Covalent Crystals

Elastic properties of cubic, covalently bonded, monoatomic solids are discussed in terms of a new model based on a general expression for the potential energy which is a function of the interatomic distances and angles between the bonding electronic orbitals. Earlier theories are based on parametric expressions for forces, and cannot be used to obtain any additional information. The energy method used here is as general as the classical central force model. Hooke's law for high pressures is derived and effective elastic constants and their pressure derivatives are formulated. Diamond is used as a model solid, and encouraging agreement was found between the theoretical predictions and measured values of the second-order elastic constants and the Gruneisen parameter. Die elastischen Eigenschaften von kubisch kovalenten Festkorpern werden anhand eines neuen Modells diskutiert, welches auf einem allgemeinen Ausdruck fur die potentielle Energie beruht. Die potentielle Energie hangt von den Atomabstanden und den Winkeln zwischen den Bahnfunktionen der Bindungselektronen ab. Fruhere Theorien basieren auf parametrischen Ausdrucken fur die Krafte und konnen nicht fur eine zusatzliche Information benutzt werden. Die hier verwendete Energiemethode ist so allgemein wie das klassische Zentralkraft-Modell. Das Hookesche Gesetz fur hohen Druck wird abgeleitet, und die effektiven elastischen Konstanten und ihre Druckdifferentiale werden formuliert. Bei Diamant als Modell-Festkorper findet man ermutigende Ubereinstimmung der theoretischen Voraussagen fur die elastischen Konstanten und fur die Gruneisen-Parameter mit gemessenen Werten.
Temperament and Sensory Features of Children with Autism

This study sought to characterize temperament traits in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ages 3-7 years old, and to determine the potential association between temperament and sensory features in ASD. Individual differences in sensory processing may form the basis for aspects of temperament and personality, and aberrations in sensory processing may inform why some temperamental traits are characteristic of specific clinical populations. Nine dimensions of temperament from the Behavioral Style Questionnaire (McDevitt and Carey in Manual for the behavioral style questionnaire, Behavioral-Developmental Initiatives, Scottsdale, AZ, 1996) were compared among groups of children with ASD (n = 54), developmentally delayed (DD; n = 33), and the original normative sample of typically developing children (McDevitt and Carey in J Child Psychol Psychiatr 19(3):245-253, 1978; n = 350) using an ANOVA to determine the extent to which groups differed in their temperament profiles. The hypothesized overlap between three sensory constructs (hyperresponsiveness, hyporesponsiveness, and seeking) and the nine dimensions of temperament was analyzed in children with ASD using regression analyses. The ASD group displayed temperament scores distinct from norms for typically developing children on most dimensions of temperament (activity, rhythmicity, adaptability, approach, distractibility, intensity, persistence, and threshold) but differed from the DD group on only two dimensions (approach and distractibility). Analyses of associations between sensory constructs and temperament dimensions found that sensory hyporesponsiveness was associated with slowness to adapt, low reactivity, and low distractibility; a combination of increased sensory features (across all three patterns) was associated with increased withdrawal and more negative mood. Although most dimensions of temperament distinguished children with ASD as a group, not all dimensions appear equally associated with sensory response patterns. Shared mechanisms underlying sensory responsiveness, temperament, and social withdrawal may be fruitful to explore in future studies.
How should the English Teacher's attitude and approach be influenced by linguistic knowledge?

(1968). How should the English Teacher’s attitude and approach be influenced by linguistic knowledge? English in Education: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 4-6.
Promotores de Salud: Educating Hispanic Communities on Heart-Healthy Living.

Abstract Background: Age-adjusted cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rates for Hispanics are lower than for non-Hispanics. However, CVD is the leading cause of death among Hispanics, and there is an increasing heart health problem among this population. One strategy for preventing CVD is the use of community health workers (CHWs). A CHW is a member of the community who disseminates information, attempts to foster healthy behavior, and provides education, advice, social support, and assistance to the community. Although the efficacy of CHWs has been tested, few studies have examined their effectiveness in educating communities and facilitating behavior change. Purpose: This study explored whether trained CHWs can effectively deliver education on heart-healthy behaviors among Hispanics. Methods: Two group of participants received education programs delivered by CHWs, popularly known in the Hispanic community as promotores de salud. A pretest/post-test design was implemented to assess intervention effect...