cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensory regulation of male mating behavior in caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans male mating behavior comprises a series of steps: response to contact with the hermaphrodite, backing along her body, turning around her head or tail, location of the vulva, insertion of the two copulatory spicules into the vulva, and sperm transfer. By ablation of male-specific copulatory structures and their associated neurons, we have identified sensory structures and neurons that participate in each of these steps: the sensory rays mediate response to contact and turning; the hook, the postcloacal sensilla, and the spicules mediate vulva location; the spicules also mediate spicule insertion and regulate sperm transfer. Generally, successful completion of each step places the male in a position to receive a cue for the next step in the pathway. However, the high degree of sensory regulation allows the male to execute some steps independently.
The Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Microstructural Evolution of an Al-Cu Alloy

Following solidification, an aluminum alloy microstructure is highly segregated. The microstructure consists of cored dendrites with various soluble and insoluble phases present in the dendritic regions. The solidification rate has a marked effect on the amount of coring that an alloy experiences. Understanding the effects of the solidification rate is important in explaining differences in microstructures. Subsequent heat treatments are performed to homogenize the microstructure. The microstructure evolution after each processing step is dependent upon the previous microstructures. The variation in local chemical composition may promote or hinder precipitation of new phases. A large volume fraction of coarse insoluble phases can lead to the occurrence of recrystallized grains via particle stimulated nucleation, while inhomogeneous solute distribution can lead to the precipitation of an uneven distribution of dispersoid phases. The effect of solidification rate and subsequent thermal treatments on the microstructure of an Al-4Cu alloy will be investigated and experimental and numerical results will be presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Undergraduate Gas Turbine Engine Design Using Spreadsheets and Commercial Software

A unique, three-part undergraduate gas turbine engine design project was developed to acquaint students, working in teams of two or three, with the process of engine cycle selection. The design application is a low-flying, Close Air Support (CAS) aircraft using a separate exhaust turbofan engine. Both spreadsheets and commercial software are used. The commercial software is included with the course textbook, “Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion” by Dr Jack D. Mattingly. Using commercial software, reinforced by classroom lectures, allows the students to focus on the design decisions. The first part of the project is Mission Analysis which introduces the student teams to the design problem. A spreadsheet template is given to each student team that includes aircraft and mission profile specifications. The students must complete the spreadsheet and develop the relationships for lift, drag, thrust required, and fuel burn to calculate a useable fuel remaining at the end to the mission. The spreadsheet allows the students to obtain an average specific fuel consumption that results in 1500 lbm of fuel remaining at the end of the mission. This target value is used in the second part of the design process, on-design Parametric Cycle Analysis (PCA), as a basis for engine cycle selection. Parametric Cycle Analysis is accomplished using the program PARA.EXE. PARA.EXE generates a carpet plot of possible engine design choices by varying the compressor pressure ratio, bypass ratio, and fan pressure ratio. From these carpet plots the students must identify three possible engine cycles that meet the target value for specific fuel consumption found during the mission analysis. Tradeoffs between thrust and fuel consumption are discussed and the students are required to justify their choices for the engine cycle. The last part of the project is the off-design Engine Performance Analysis (EPA) using the program PERF.EXE. The chosen engines must fly the mission and meet the required performance and mission constraint. Based on the overall mission performance, the students narrow the field of three possible engine cycles to one. Each student team then does a sensitivity study to determine if there is an additional benefit for slight changes in the design choices. The result of this sensitivity study is the students’ final engine cycle. With this cycle, an additive drag calculation is made using the program DADD.EXE to account for losses (off-design) and these losses are then factored back into the performance spreadsheet to check the engine’s capabilities for completing the mission. The iterative nature of the design process is emphasized throughout but only one pass through the process is accomplished. Units are given in English Engineering, as that is what is required for the project. Both SI and English Engineering units are taught in the course.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Sperm-damaging effects of electric current: possible role of free radicals

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sperm damage was evaluated in (a) samples obtained during electroejaculation (EE) of men with spinal cord injury and (b) in electrolyzed HAM's F-10 medium subjected to electric current in vitro. Chemiluminescence data showed a significant increase in ROS in the ejaculates (6 x 10(7) photons/ml) collected immediately after EE and in the electrolyzed medium (3 to 7 x 10(6) photons/ml) when compared to the control (4 to 7 x 10(4) photons/ml). Incubation of normal human sperm with the electrolyzed medium resulted in a significant threefold decrease in percent motility and a twofold decrease in percent viability. Sperm subjected to direct electric stimulation in vitro exhibited a significant twofold decrease in percent motility and percent viability. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased significantly in sperm subjected to direct electric current in comparison to the control or the sample incubated with electrolyzed medium. These studies indicate that in vitro and in vivo electrical stimulation generate reactive oxygen species and affect SOD activity, which in part are responsible for decreased sperm motion and viability.
Axillary granular parakeratosis.

Background: Granular parakeratosis is a hyperkeratotic eruption of unknown etiology that occurs in the axilla and other intertriginous areas. The histologic features are unique for the retention of keratohyalin granules in the stratum corneum. Objective: The aim of the article is to review the clinical manifestations and treatment of granular parakeratosis. Methods: A case report and literature review are presented. Results: Twenty-six cases of granular parakeratosis now have been reported and reviewed. Conclusion: Granular parakeratosis occurs predominantly in middle age women and most frequently in the axilla. A number of treatments have been applied to the 26 cases reported to date, without consistent responses. No evidence-based therapy can be suggested at present.
Diagnostic examination of thermally abused high-power lithium-ion cells

Abstract The inherent thermal instability of lithium-ion cells is a significant impediment to their widespread commercialization for hybrid-electric vehicle applications. Cells containing conventional organic electrolyte-based chemistries are prone to thermal runaway at temperatures around 180 °C. We conducted accelerating rate calorimetry measurements on high-power 18650-type lithium-ion cells in an effort to decipher the sequence of events leading to thermal runaway. In addition, electrode and separator samples harvested from a cell that was heated to 150 °C then air-quenched to room temperature were examined by microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction techniques. Self-heating of the cell began at 84 °C. The gases generated in the cell included CO 2 and CO, and smaller quantities of H 2 , C 2 H 4 , CH 4 , and C 2 H 6 . The main changes on cell heating to 150 °C were observed on the anode surface, which was covered by a thick layer of surface deposits that included LiF and inorganic and organo-phosphate compounds. The sources of gas generation and the mechanisms leading to the formation of compounds observed on the electrode surfaces are discussed.
Mixed Tracer Injection Method to Measure Reaeration Coefficients in Small Streams

Reaeration coefficient (k), the rate of oxygen exchange between the atmosphere and water surface, is an important parameter for understanding water quality impairment and stream metabolism. We modified the propane injection method to measure gas exchange coefficients and evaluated its application for small streams. The tracer solution was prepared by solubilizing propane directly in a conservative solute solution, and it was injected as a constant-rate injection, a single slug, or an extended slug. Water samples were taken at four to five sampling stations along the study reach at the tracer concentration peak, and propane and conductivity were measured. The propane exchange rate (k propane) was calculated using the regression method with the propane/conductivity ratio against solute travel time (in hours). The mixed tracer injection method was conducted in four streams, and all k propane measurements (n = 8) were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The short-duration constant rate injection and extended slug injection provided k propane estimates with higher r 2 than the single slug injection. The k 20 measured with propane injection ranged from 5.4 to 40.0 day−1, and they were significantly correlated with empirically estimated k. The mixed tracer injection method with propane could potentially reduce field time, crew demands, and field equipment; thus, it would potentially lower the overall cost of gas exchange coefficient measurements and be an effective method in small, remote streams.
Mazindol attenuates the 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced formation of hydroxyl radicals and long-term depletion of serotonin in the striatum

The formation of hydroxyl radicals following the systemic administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was studied in the striatum of the rat by quantifying the stable adducts of salicylic acid and D-phenylalanine, namely, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and p-tyrosine, respectively. The repeated administration of MDMA produced a sustained increase in the extracellular concentration of 2,3-DHBA and p-tyrosine, as well as dopamine. The MDMA-induced increase in the extracellular concentration of both dopamine and 2,3-DHBA was suppressed in rats treated with mazindol, a dopamine uptake inhibitor. Mazindol also attenuated the long-term depletion of serotonin (5-HT) in the striatum produced by MDMA without altering the acute hyperthermic response to MDMA. These results are supportive of the view that MDMA produces a dopamine-dependent increase in the formation of hydroxyl radicals in the striatum that may contribute to the mechanism whereby MDMA produces a long-term depletion of brain 5-HT content.
MODIFICATION OF POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN)CARBON FIBER PRECURSOR VIA POST-SPINNING PLASTICIZATION AND STRETCHING IN DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE (DMF)

This study investigates the possibility of using a post-spinning plasticization and stretching process to eliminate suspected property-limiting factors in polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers. This process was performed with the intention of removing surface defects (to improve tensile strength), attenuating fiber diameter (to promote more uniform heat treatment), and reducing molecular dipole interactions (to facilitate further molecular orientation). Among the various organic and inorganic solutions tested, treatment using aqueous dimethyl formamide (DMF) offered far and away the best properties and was therefore selected for further testing. Tested individually (as single filaments), fibers exposed to 80% DMF for 10 s gave the highest precursor values of elastic modulus (9.07 GPa) and tensile strength (675 MPa). While fibers treated in 80% DMF gave a 73% improvement in elastic modulus and a 53% improvement in tensile strength over as-received PAN, limitations in sample preparation and carbonization necessitated a reduction in DMF concentration (to 30%) to allow extraction of individual carbon fibers for tensile testing. Despite this compromise, results for fibers carbonized at 1000°C ultimately showed a 32% improvement in carbon fiber elastic modulus and a 14% improvement in carbon fiber tensile strength over regularly prepared carbon fibers. These results show that, to a certain extent, improvements in PAN precursor properties can translate to corresponding improvements in subsequently produced carbon fibers. Additional characterization using wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggests that these improvements are due in part to improved lateral order as well as the successful elimination of surface defects and prevention of skin-core formation.
Sexual Dysfunction in Female Partners of Men Who Have Undergone Radical Prostatectomy Correlates with Sexual Dysfunction of the Male Partner

Abstract Introduction Preservation and restoration of erectile function after radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer has been extensively studied. However, the influence of RP on the sexual function of female partners is poorly understood. Aim The purpose of this retrospective study is to assess sexuality in men who have undergone RP for prostate cancer and their female partners. Methods Men who underwent RP for localized prostate cancer at our institution from 1996 to 2000 were identified and invited to participate in this study with their female partners. Both partners completed a demographic survey. Men completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and female partners completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and supplemental questions. Main Outcome Measures Correlation between IIEF and FSFI domain scores was determined in matched couples using Pearson correlation coefficient. Kappa statistics and Spearman correlation coefficient were calculated for supplemental questions and IIEF domain scores. Results Of 1,134 men contacted by letter, 90 (8%) couples completed demographic surveys and both the IIEF/FSFI. Pearson correlation coefficients of IIEF and FSFI domain scores in matched couples demonstrated significant correlation ( P Conclusions Response rate was very low. FSFI domain scores correlate with IIEF domain scores, indicating an interrelationship between male and female sexual dysfunction in these couples. Evaluation and treatment of sexual dysfunction after RP should involve both partners. Shindel A, Quayle S, Yan Y, Husain A, and Naughton C. Sexual dysfunction in female partners of men who have undergone radical prostatectomy correlates with sexual dysfunction of the male partner. J Sex Med 2005;2:833–841.
Electrocardiographic abnormalities after acute administration of cocaine in the rat

Abstract There have been reports of cocaine-associated cardiovascular events, including ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and sudden death, 1,2 even in patients with normal coronary artery anatomy. 3 This study examines the acute effects of an infusion of cocaine on electrocardiographic and hemodynamic indexes in rats.
Dissociating Explicit and Implicit Category Knowledge with fMRI

Neuroimaging of healthy volunteers identified separate neural systems supporting the expression of category knowledge depending on whether the learning mode was intentional or incidental. The same visual category was learned either intentionally or implicitly by two separate groupsof participants. During a categorization test, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to compare brain activity evoked by category members and nonmembers. After implicit learning, when participants had learned the category incidentally, decreased occipital activity was observed for novel categorical stimuli compared with noncategorical stimuli. In contrast, after intentional learning, novel categorical stimuli evoked increased activity in the hippocampus, right prefrontal cortex, left inferior temporal cortex, precuneus, and posterior cingulate. Even though the categorization test was identical in the two conditions, the differences in brain activity indicate differing representations of category knowledge depending on whether the category had been learned intentionally or implicitly.
Spinning the wheels and rolling the dice: life-cycle risks and benefits of bicycle commuting in the U.S

Abstract Objective To assess the net impact on U.S. longevity of the decision to commute by bicycle rather than automobile. Methods We construct fatality rates per distance traveled using official statistics and denominators from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey. We model the life-table impact of switching from auto to bicycle commuting. Key factors are increased risks from road accidents and reduced risks from enhanced cardiovascular health. Results Bicycling fatality rates in the U.S. are an order of magnitude higher than in Western Europe. Risks punish both young and old, while the health benefits guard against causes of mortality that rise rapidly with age. Although the protective effects of bicycling appear significant, it may be optimal to wait until later ages to initiate regular bicycle commuting in the current U.S. risk environment, especially if individuals discount future life years. Conclusions The lifetime health benefits of bicycle commuting appear to outweigh the risks in the U.S., but individuals who sufficiently discount or disbelieve the health benefits may delay or avoid bicycling. Bicycling in middle age avoids much fatality risk while capturing health benefits. Significant cross-state variations in bicycling mortality suggest that improvements in the built environment might spur changes in transit mode.
Impact of wind forcing, bottom topography, and inertia on midlatitude jet separation in a quasigeostrophic model

Abstract The persistence of unrealistic Gulf Stream separation in numerical models of the ocean has prompted many theories about possible mechanisms that influence the separation of a western boundary current from the coast. In this paper, the joint effects of (a) coastline orientation, (b) bottom topography, and (c) inertia on the midlatitude jet separation are explored in a wind-driven two-layer quasigeostrophic model. It is shown that topographic effects are of importance in high eddy activity regions and that eddy–topography interactions strongly influence the separation process. In order for the western boundary current to separate from the coastline and cross the f/h contours associated with the continental rise, eddy fluctuations need to be weak at the separation point. This can be achieved either by introducing a positive wind stress curl in the northern part of the domain or by increasing the inertia of the western boundary current. In both cases, the separation is facilitated by low eddy activit...
Dental health of elderly confederate veterans: evidence from the Texas State Cemetery.

Analysis of the skeletal remains of 50 Confederate veterans provided a unique opportunity to explore the dental health of a geriatric sample. These men, who died between 1907–1932, had an average age at death of 76.7 years. Ninety percent were institutionalized at the Confederate Home for Men (Austin, TX) prior to their deaths. This elderly sample was assessed in terms of caries, antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), abscesses, and linear enamel hypoplasias. On a per tooth basis, the AMTL rate was 57.2%. Of 39 dentate men, 33 (84.6%) had dental caries, and 24.4% (121 of 496) of teeth were carious. Ten (25.0%) of the dentate men had hypoplastic teeth. At least one abscess was seen in 14 (28%) of 50 individuals. Results from this geriatric institutionalized sample are compared to contemporaneous historical samples. Disparities in dental health among these groups may be due to differences in average age at death, and these comparisons allow a better understanding of dental changes that occur with age. The sample is also compared to modern elderly samples: modern groups have higher caries rates, possibly because they retained more teeth. This finding may be due in part to diets in the United States becoming increasingly cariogenic over time. In addition, dental care has moved from the reactive practices seen in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (such as tooth extractions) to modern proactive solutions dedicated to preserving and restoring teeth (such as tooth brushing, fluoride treatments, and dental fillings). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The initiation of parturition at term

Although the precise mechanisms that underlie the initiation of parturition in humans remain to be elucidated, a series of natural experiments and clinical observations provide valuable insights. Conditions that disrupt the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (eg, anencephaly in the absence of polyhydramnios) or the synthesis of estrogen by the placenta (eg, placental sulfatase deficiency) lead to prolonged gestation. That prostaglandins play a crucial role is suggested by the finding that prostaglandin synthase inhibitors delay parturition, whereas administration of prostaglandins initiate parturition. Thus, theories of the initiation of parturition in humans must reconcile the need for an intact fetal HPA axis, increasing placental estrogen synthesis, and enhanced reproductive tract prostaglandin activity.
Evaluating value-graph translation validation for LLVM

Translation validators are static analyzers that attempt to verify that program transformations preserve semantics. Normalizing translation validators do so by trying to match the value-graphs of an original function and its transformed counterpart. In this paper, we present the design of such a validator for LLVM's intra-procedural optimizations, a design that does not require any instrumentation of the optimizer, nor any rewriting of the source code to compile, and needs to run only once to validate a pipeline of optimizations. We present the results of our preliminary experiments on a set of benchmarks that include GCC, a perl interpreter, SQLite3, and other C programs.
Central American police perception of street gang characteristics

This article examines the characteristics of Central American street gangs perceived as successful from the perspective of police officers working in high concentration gang areas. About 126 officers from seven Central American countries prioritised a list of characteristics adopted from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's Sleipnir matrix. Results suggest some regional commonalities but also significant local variation in numerous characteristics. Gangs were perceived to share many success traits, including a propensity to use violence, foster strong group cohesion, and engage in intelligence gathering. Equally, however, gangs are a product of their local socioeconomic and political structures and significant variance was found between countries, specifically with regard to group cohesion, discipline and gang exploitation of corruption to further group aims. These (statistically significant) local differences have implications for the creation of national anti-gang policies and the research is the first t...
A Correlation Between the Optimum Levels of Hole Doping in the Sr‐ and Ba‐ Classes of Copper Oxide Superconductors

Considerations of the in‐plane Cu‐0 bond distance in a variety of cuprate‐based superconducting systems indicate: (1) that an optimum level of hole doping exists in these systems, and (2) that this optimum value is roughly the same for Sr‐ and Ba‐classes of superconductors when one normalizes for structural effects due to the difference in ionic size. Structural adjustment at the optimum level of doping leads to variations in T c between structure‐types.
Detecting open vegetation in a forested landscape: pollen and remote sensing data from New England, USA

The proportional cover of forest and grassland vegetation, known as landscape openness, has been particularly difficult to reconstruct because of differences in pollen productivity and transport between the two vegetation types. To begin to calibrate landscape openness in eastern North America, we collected 21 samples of surface sediments from small ponds (less than 60 ha) in the Upper Connecticut River Valley of New England, USA. Pollen assemblages from these surface samples were compared with vegetation composition around each pond assessed with three different remote sensing methods: land cover digitized from aerial pho- tographs, the National Land Cover Database and a spectral mixture analysis of vegetation structure using LANDSAT data. A principal component analysis indicates that most of the variation in land cover among sites is captured by pollen data and each of the three vegetation methods. Because spectral mixture analysis contains at least as much vegetation information as the other two techniques, while avoiding the problem of classifying vegetation into categories, it is better for comparison with pollen data and detection of landscape openness. Even though there is a relationship between non-arboreal pollen percentages and a metric of landscape open- ness, it is inadvisable to use pollen percentages alone to infer landscape openness across regions either in mod- ern or ancient times. Quantitative assessments and reconstructions of plant abundance at a higher taxonomic resolution will require detailed vegetation surveys to correlate with pollen data from surface samples and pos- sibly simulations of modern and ancient landscapes. Open areas in a landscape that is over 75% forested can be detected, allowing for future quantitative reconstructions of landscape openness.
The evaluation of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in naturally occurring osteoarthritis of the stifle joint in dogs

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has expanded from the original uses of human urinary calculi treatment to veterinary orthopaedic applications. This paper investigates the feasibility and efficacy of treating dogs with osteoarthritis of the stifle joint with ESWT. In this study, dogs with persistent stifle lameness despite previous surgical or medical treatment were either treated with ESWT or served as untreated controls. The more lame rear limb of each dog was determined by force platform analysis. The range of motion (ROM) of the stifle joints was assessed by goniometry. Force platform gait analysis and goniometry were performed on both groups for four visits at three-week intervals and a final examination four weeks later. Shock wave therapy was performed three times on the treated dogs, once at each of the first three examinations. A placebo treatment consisting of clipping and wetting the hair was performed on the control dogs. The vertical forces were evaluated for objective analysis of treatment response. For peak vertical force (PVF), four of seven treated dogs improved, while only one of five of control dogs improved. The PVF for the within group analysis did not show any significant change for the treated group, however, the control group has a significant decrease (p = 0.05) in PVF consistent with an increase in lameness. The range of motion (ROM) of the stifle joint improved in five of seven treated dogs and three of five controls. Dogs in the treated group had a trend toward increased ROM (p = 0.07) and a 'positive slope' when compared to dogs in the control group which did not have a significant change (p = 0.78) and had a negative slope indicating the dogs were developing a decrease in ROM. The subjective data provided by client questionnaire did not show significant difference between groups.
Experiments in Concept Modeling for Radiographic Image Reports

Objective : Development of methods for building concept models to support structured data entry and image retrieval in chest radiography. Design : An organizing model for chest-radiographic reporting was built by analyzing manually a set of natural-language chest-radiograph reports. During model building, clinician-informaticians judged alternative conceptual structures according to four criteria: content of clinically relevant detail, provision for semantic constraints, provision for canonical forms, and simplicity. The organizing model was applied in representing three sample reports in their entirety. To explore the potential for automatic model discovery, the representation of one sample report was compared with the noun phrases derived from the same report by the CLARIT natural-language processing system. Results : The organizing model for chest-radiographic reporting consists of 62 concept types and 17 relations, arranged in an inheritance network. The broadest types in the model include Finding, Anatomic Locus, Procedure, Attribute, and Status. Diagnoses are modeled as a subtype of finding. Representing three sample reports in their entirety added 79 narrower concept types. Some CLARIT noun phrases suggested valid associations among subtypes of Finding, Status, and Anatomic Locus. Conclusions : A manual modeling process utilizing explicitly stated criteria for making modeling decisions produced an organizing model that showed consistency in early testing. A combination of top-down and bottom-up modeling was required. Natural-language processing may inform model building, but algorithms that would replace manual modeling were not discovered. Further progress in modeling will require methods for objective model evaluation and tools for formalizing the model-building process.
Photothermoelectric Effect in Suspended Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes

We have performed scanning photocurrent microscopy measurements of field-effect transistors (FETs) made from individual ultraclean suspended carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We investigate the spatial-dependence, polarization-dependence, and gate-dependence of photocurrent and photovoltage in this system. While previous studies of surface-bound CNT FET devices have identified the photovoltaic effect as the primary mechanism of photocurrent generation, our measurements show that photothermoelectric phenomena play a critical role in the optoelectronic properties of suspended CNT FETs. We have quantified the photothermoelectric mechanisms and identified regimes where they overwhelm the photovoltaic mechanism.
Determination of the Major Free Fatty Acids of Cheddar Cheese

Summary The major individual free fatty acids (FFA), acetic through linolenic, were determined in 14 samples of Cheddar cheese. A technique utilizing two methods of column chromatography plus gas-liquid chromatography was necessary for resolution of the complete series of FFA. Formic and propionic acids were not observed in any of the cheeses. Acetic acid showed the greatest variability in concentration and was usually the most abundant. Among the FFA which can arise through the hydrolysis of milk fat, free butyric acid was always found in about twice the percentage reported for esterified butyric acid. The individual FFA from caproic through linolenic, however, were present in nearly the same ratio as the same esterified acids in milk fat. Excluding two rancid samples, the average concentrations (expressed as mg of FFA per kg of cheese) were as follows: 2:0, 865; 4:0, 115: 6:0, 38; 8:0, 41: 10:0, 49; 12:0, 81; 14:0, 218; 16:0, 503; 18:0, 172; 18:1, 467; 18:2, 69; 18:3, 40. In the two rancid samples the concentrations of acetic acid fell within the range found in the 12 other samples. Each of the individual FFA from butyric through linolenic, however, was present in the rancid samples in about ten times the average concentration found in the 12 other samples.
Do Islamic Orientations Influence Attitudes Toward Democracy in the Arab World? Evidence from Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Algeria:

Research on democratic transitions and consolidation has emphasized the importance not only of structural factors, such as institutional reform and economic development, but also political culture....
Multi-fractal thermal characteristics of the southwestern GIN sea upper layer

Abstract Multifractal characteristics of the upper layer thermal structure in the southwestern Greenland Sea, Iceland Sea, and Norwegian Sea (GIN Sea) are analyzed using high-resolution, digital thermistor chain data. The energy spectrum at 20 m depth (cold sublayer) shows the existence of a spike at the scale of approximate 3 km representing the chimney scale. The graph dimension varies from higher values such as 1.89 at the surface to 1.44–1.50 in the warm intermediate layer. The stationarity decreases from the ocean surface to the warm intermediate layer. However, the information dimension varies slightly (0.92 to 0.90) that indicates low singularity.
A Bayes method for assessing product-reliability during development testing

A fully Bayes approach is presented for analyzing product reliability during the development phase. Based on a Bayes version of the Barlow-Scheuer reliability-growth model, it is assumed that the product goes through a series of test/modification stages, where each product test yields attribute (pass-fail) data, and failure types are classified as fixable or nonfixable. Relevant information on both the failure probabilities and the reliability-growth process is used to motivate the prior joint distribution for the probability of each failure type over the specified range of testing. Results at a particular test-stage can be used to update the knowledge about the probability of each failure type (and thus product reliability) at the current test-stage as well as at subsequent test-stages, and at the end of the development phase. A relative ease of incorporation of prior information and a tractability of the posterior analysis are accomplished by using a Dirichlet distribution as the prior distribution for a transformation of the failure probabilities. >
Late‐Life Depression: Detection, Risk Reduction, and Somatic Intervention

In light of recent statistics suggesting that geriatric depression is highly prevalent, complicates and promotes medical illness, and strongly impacts quality of life, this paper explores numerous aspects of depression in late life, including proper detection and treatment barriers, risk reduction, and somatic intervention. Additionally, the relationship between depression and morbidity is highlighted given that the prevalence of depressive symptoms increases in older adults with medical disorders and greatly impacts outcome. Finally, empirically supported somatic treatments and their side effects are discussed with emphasis on the efficacy and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), exercise, and phototherapy (bright light therapy).
On Complete Sublattices of the Algebra of Truth Values of Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

The algebra of truth values of type-2 fuzzy sets contains isomorphic copies of the algebra of truth values of type-1 fuzzy sets and the algebra of truth values of interval-valued fuzzy sets. The algebra of truth values of type-2 fuzzy sets is not a lattice, but these subalgebras are lattices, and in fact, are complete lattices. There are many other subalgebras that are lattices, for example, the subalgebra of convex normal elements. This paper examines several subalgebras which are lattices, with the goal of determining whether or not they are complete.
A coordination framework for weakly centralized mobile robot teams

In this paper, we describe a coordination framework for weakly centralized mobile robot teams in which the leader is not specified a priori, but it is selected dynamically during the mission depending on the task and the environment. The key to our approach is the integration of both centralized and decentralized coordination strategies at the individual robot level. Each robot relies on the local sensory system and makes decisions on the role selection as well as the best control for a given task. This allows the robots to reconfigure the formation dynamically in the presence of obstacles or other uncertainties in the environment. In addition, since the coordination decisions can be decentralized, our framework can be naturally scaled to groups of tens and hundreds of robots. We applied the framework on teams of two-wheeled differential driven mobile robot systems and consistent system behaviors observed from both numerical simulations and experimental results.
Interdisciplinary direct observation: impact on precepting, residents, and faculty.

BACKGROUND Direct observation of residents for training and assessment is a core recommendation in medical education policy initiatives. Limited research exists about the impact of direct observation on precepting, and we are unaware of any research examining the impact of interdisciplinary precepting on trainees or preceptors. Over the past 3 years we have implemented an Interdisciplinary Direct Observation Precepting Model (IDOPM). Residents are directly observed via closed-circuit television by a behavioral scientist and family physician team. METHODS Surveys and focus groups were used to examine the impact of the IDOPM. Authors analyzed survey responses and focus group transcripts using an immersion/crystallization approach to arrive at themes. RESULTS Between February and June 2009, 24 residents, 14 physician faculty, and eight behavioral science faculty members participated in 19 IDOPM clinics. Eighty-two percent of residents and 95% of faculty responded to surveys. Key findings were (1) Residents and faculty report addressing topics that are not usually discussed in traditional precepting, including communication skills, time management, electronic medical record use, responding to emotional complexity, and physical exam skills, (2) The model reinforced a biopsychosocial approach to care, (3) Residents report ambivalent feelings about being observed, and (4) Faculty value the team approach to strengthen training and promote faculty development. CONCLUSIONS The IDOPM addresses many core skills that are overlooked in traditional precepting encounters. Interdisciplinary direct observation may strengthen faculty ability to provide formative competency assessment in preparing residents to work in the complex world of primary care.
The Permeability of the Placenta of the White Rat to a Specific Hemolysin.

In view of the controversy upon placental permeability, the following experiments were undertaken to keep the animal under observation for a longer period than has heretofore been done, and to test placental permeability by means of a definite indicator (in this case immune serum hemolysin against guinea pig corpuscles). The white rat was used as it has been shown (Nicholas, 1925,1 19262) that this animal is capable of withstanding the shock incident to the necessary surgical procedure without subsequent abortion. Frequent injections could, therefore, be made into the foetus, and its condition followed through frequent observations.Specific immune serum hemolysins were prepared by the following method: 3 cc. of a 50 per cent suspension of washed guinea pig corpuscles were injected intraperitoneally twice a week for 3 weeks; the animals were not injected during the succeeding 10 days. The second series of injections was begun at the end of this period, twice a week for 3 weeks, consisting of a 60 per cent ...
Molecular structural basis of ligand selectivity for 5-HT2 versus 5-HT1C cortical receptors

A molecular structural criterion of ligand selectivity for the 5-HT2 versus 5-HT1C receptor was hypothesized on the basis of radioligand binding data. Despite the large number of compounds which have been tested at both receptors, analysis of published data led to the identification of only five agents which are greater than 10-fold selective for the 5-HT2 versus the 5-HT1C receptor. Comparison of the two-dimensional structures revealed that, although these five compounds represent three distinct structural classes, they share a common structural feature located in the region hypothesized to be involved in receptor binding: a carbonyl or carboxyl oxygen interposed spatially between an aromatic ring and nitrogen atom. This structural feature was used to predict the relative selectivity of compounds that had not previously been analyzed at both the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptors. All six drugs tested which contain the identified reactive carbonyl or carboxyl group were found to be selective for the 5-HT2 versus the 5-HT1C receptor with selectivity ratios ranging from 26 to 380. By contrast, three agents which are structurally similar but do not contain the reactive carbonyl or carboxyl group displayed equally high affinity for both receptor binding sites. Since the physiological roles of the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1C receptor are markedly different, it would be of potential clinical and scientific value to utilize this molecular structural feature to further identify chemical compounds which would selectively interact with only one of the two receptors.
POD Analysis of Coherent Structures in a Transient Buoyant Reacting Jet

The spatial evolution of a circular buoyant reacting jet at moderate Reynolds number (Re = 10) has been investigated using large-eddy simulation (LES). The Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model is used for the unresolved small scale turbulence. Infinitely fast chemistry of a Burke-Schumann formulation is employed to model the combustion process. Dynamic puffing phenomena is observed and corresponds to the formation of large-scale vortex structures near the plume base. These toroidal vortical structures break down into smaller, disorganized eddies with increasing distance downstream. Two-point correlation variances of temperature and velocities generated from LES are analyzed using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method. The The energy of the flow is found to be well represented by a finite number eigenmodes. For example, our results indicate the first 20 modes capture over 70% of the total energy in the transitional region. Further, the corresponding eigenfunctions accurately capture the large-scale coherent structures: namely, the vortex rings in the laminar region and a large-scale strong helical motion in the turbulent region. In the near-field region the dominant vortex-shedding frequency obtained from Fourier analysis agrees well with experimental data of Cetegen. POD analysis in the transitional and turbulent regions reveals the domiance of subharmonic frequencies indicating of vortex merging in the downstream flow that cannot be detected from Fourier analysis of raw LES data.
Biological Characteristics of and Rice Yield Affected by Sagittaria trifolia Linn.

Biological characteristics of Sagittaria trifolia Linn.were observed in the fields of the late-season rice.Their effects on the rice yield were evaluated.Most S.trifolia seedlings sprouted 30 days after the late-season rice fields were plowed and leveled.The sprouting might last for 46 days.The numbers of green leaves and total leaves on the plant provided a quantifiable index for the weed growth.They increased,stabilized and decreased during the weed's lifespan,while the number of withered leaves always increased with age.On average,0.5-0.8 new leaves appeared every 3 days.The average length and width of the leaves ranged from 8.45 to 15.14㎝and 1.23 to 2.59㎝,respectively.The average stem length reached 40.53 cm,and the average number of roots came to 44.73.Branching was not found in S.trifolia.The durations of bloom and fruit were 28-day and 12-day,respectively;and the average number of flowers and fruits were 2.15 and 1.85,respectively.About 70% of the corms of S.trifolia were found in 5 to 15 cm beneath the surface of soil.The rice yield could be reduced by 2.94% to 23.53% depending on the growth density of the weed.When the number of S.trifolia was 20 to 25 per square meter,the weeds started to induce a significant on rice production.
Renal Growth and Scarring in Kidneys with Reflux and a Concentrating Defect

A study was done to determine if kidneys with reflux and an associated renal concentrating defect grew less well and had more scars than kidneys with reflux but no renal concentrating defect. To test our hypothesis we measured renal growth and assessed radiographs for renal scars in 11 children with and 20 children without a renal concentrating defect. Kidneys with reflux and a renal concentrating defect grew less well and had more scars than those kidneys with reflux but no renal concentrating defect. A persistent renal concentrating defect may be a predictor of kidneys more likely to have impaired growth and renal scars.
Voltammetric Characterization of Cu(II) Complexation in Real-Time

Aqueous metal behavior is strongly regulated by speciation, which in turn is highly dependent on complexation. Trace metal complexation is difficult to characterize in dynamically changing systems due to a lack of analytical methods that can rapidly report free-metal concentrations. In this paper, we perform proof-of-principle experiments that demonstrate the utility of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) for providing speciation information in real-time by characterizing dynamic Cu(II) binding. We study Cu(II) FSCV responses in 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer and characterize the hydrodynamic aspects of our experimental setup (continuously stirred tank reactor). We observe Cu(II) complexation in real-time using five ligands with differing formation constants of Cu(II) complexation. Finally, we utilize geochemical models to fit our real-time experimental Cu(II)-binding curves. Our proof-of-principle experiments show that FSCV is a powerful tool for studying real-time Cu(II) complexation...
Enhanced contrast CARS for biochemical and environmental analysis

Modern quantum control methods enhance Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signal by maximizing vibrational coherence. Chirped pulse based methods in CARS will be discussed with applications to biomedical and environmental analysis.
Food Plant Engineering Systems

The component parts of a manufacturing system are important. Without peripherals and services such as pumps, boilers, power transmission, water treatment, waste disposal, and efficient lighting, the system will collapse. Food Plant Engineering Systems, Second Edition fills the need for a reference dealing with the bits and pieces that keep systems
Like-Charge Regions (LCRs) and other Evolutionarily Conserved Features Regulate FG Network Formation at the Center of the NPC

Nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the unique gateway for bidirectional traffic of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus and has therefore been the subject of extensive research in the recent years. However, the underlying mechanism of nucleocytoplasmic transport is not yet known. NPC is a macromolecular machine made up of approximately 30 different types of proteins named nucleoporins (Nups). The unique, fast and selective function of NPC in translocating cargos is associated to the disordered Nups (lacking secondary structure) that are rich in phenylalanine-glycine repeats, known as FG Nups.In this study, by means of various bioinformatics methods, we investigated the evolutionarily conserved sequence-based features of disordered domains of FG Nups in a database of more than a thousand FG Nups.Our studies show that polar residues and specific sequences of charged residues named like-charge regions (LCR)s have regulatory role in FG network formation. LCRs are defined as regions of the sequence that contain only one type of charged residue (negative or positive). The evolutionarily conserved co-localization of positively charged LCRs and polar residues near the N-terminus of FG Nups implies their key functional and conformational role in NPC. Overall, specific localization of LCRs, polar residues, FG repeats and charged residues regulate FG network formation in the center of NPC (see further details in Peyro, Soheilypour, et al., Sci. Rep., 2015). To further explore the role of LCRs in distribution of FG Nups inside the nuclear pore, we studied the behavior of FG Nups grafted on a ring in wild-type and LCR-mutated cases by means of a coarse-grained molecular dynamics model. Our results support the regulatory role of LCRs in the FG network formation at the center of the NPC.