cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding gun violence: Factors associated with beliefs regarding guns, gun policies, and gun violence

Objective: Gun violence is a pressing public health concern, particularly in the United States. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 was a record-breaking year with 43,551 deaths attributed to gun violence in the U.S., with almost 20,000 classified as murder/unintentional death and more than 24,000 classified as suicide (Gun Violence Archive, 2021). Black men are 10 times more likely to die from gun violence than are white men (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020c). Yet, in proportion to these sobering statistics, researchers' knowledge of the range of causes and possible remedies remains negligible. The purpose of this Special Issue of the Psychology of Violence devoted to Gun Violence was to highlight and spur additional, psychologically oriented research regarding firearm violence. Method: This Special Issue consists of seven original U.S.-based studies that address various aspects of gun violence, including individual, geographical, psychological, and sociological factors associated with attitudes toward guns, gun policies, and gun violence. Results: Individually and collectively, these studies provide novel insights regarding different types of gun perceptions and beliefs. These works consider a wide range of factors including media exposure, beliefs about the link between mental illness and gun violence, cumulative trauma, masculinity norms, regional norms, and trust in law enforcement. Discussion: This Special Issue is intended to spark greater interest in working to mitigate firearm violence and encourage researchers across scientific disciplines to collaboratively apply their theoretical perspectives and methodologies to reduce the devastating, but understudied, U.S. gun violence epidemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Disciplinary Placements in Alternative Schools: Reflections on Student Impact

In 2015, Illinois enacted groundbreaking legislation in the form of a school discipline reform act, Senate Bill 100 (“SB 100”), that has since changed the face of school discipline in Illinois. The intention of SB 100 was the “creation of safe and orderly schools while seeking to address excessive use of the most severe forms of punishment.” In order to accomplish this objective, SB 100 sets new standards for the use of suspensions, expulsions, and disciplinary transfers to alternative schools. For short-term suspensions, defined as three days or less out-of-school, a student must “pose a threat to school safety or disruption to learning opportunities.” For long-term suspensions, expulsions, or disciplinary transfers, a student must pose a threat to others or substantial disruption to the operation of the school and the school must have exhausted all other available and appropriate behavioral and disciplinary interventions. While data shows that school suspensions and expulsions have decreased as a result of this new legislation, the inverse is true of disciplinary transfers to alternative schools. This article will explore the impact on students of disciplinary transfers to alternative schools
A Case of Cerebral Vasculitis Due to Neurobartonellosis (1002)

Objective: To report a case of secondary CNS vasculitis due to neurobartonellosis in the adult population. Background: Neurologic manifestations of Cat-Scratch Disease (CSD) are uncommon and mostly present as encephalopathy. Only two pediatric case reports of suspected Bartonella henselae associated CNS vasculitis have been reported. To our knowledge, no adult cases are known. Design/Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: We report the case of a 60-year-old right-handed woman with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, reported family history of primary angiitis of the CNS in the mother, who presented with a three-week history of recurrent thunderclap headaches accompanied by photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. She reported one brief episode of slurred speech, expressive aphasia, right facial droop, and right hemiparesis suggestive of a TIA. Physical evaluation was unremarkable. CT head was negative; CTA head and neck suggested fibromuscular dysplasia in bilateral cervical internal carotid arteries and distal right vertebral artery. MRI brain showed no correlating abnormalities. An angiogram revealed multivessel intracranial medium and large vessel beading without evidence of vasospasm, suggesting vasculitis. Intracranial vessel wall MRI showed diffuse vessel wall enhancement. Transcranial Doppler showed no evidence of elevated velocity. CSF studies, serum inflammatory and infectious studies had been negative thus far. Empiric high dose intravenous steroids lead to complete symptom resolution. Final infectious workup revealed strongly positive serum Bartonella IgM titer of 1:256 and negative IgG, consistent with her reported cat exposure. She was started on an outpatient two-week course of doxycycline, rifampin, and oral steroids. Four weeks later, repeat vessel wall MRI brain, MRA head, and Bartonella serologies showed improvement. Conclusions: Bartonella henselae is an uncommon cause of CNS vasculitis, especially without encephalopathy as the presenting symptom. We suggest assessing animal exposure in patients with undetermined vasculitis etiology. Non-invasive imaging such as vessel wall MRI can be useful in assessing improvement over time. Disclosure: Dr. Poursheykhi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Garg has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cajavilca has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gadhia has nothing to disclose.
CONTROL OF TUNNELING

We study the conservative as well as the dissipative quantal dynamics in a harmonically driven, quartic double-well potential. In the deep quantal regime, we find coherent modifications of tunneling, including its complete suppression. In the semiclassical regime of the conservative system, the dynamics is dominated by the interplay of tunneling and chaotic diffusion. A strong correlation exists between the tunnel splittings and the overlaps of the associated doublet states with the chaotic layer. With weak dissipation, remnants of coherent behaviour occur as transients, such as the tunneling between symmetry-related pairs of limit cycles. The coherent suppression of tunneling observed in the conservative case is stabilized by weak incoherence. The quantal stationary states are broadened anisotropically due to quantum noise, as compared to the corresponding classical attractors.
Alienation, Praxis and Significant Social Transformation Through Historical Archaeology

This chapter argues that progressive activist archaeologists should consider taking a more politically and socially radical approach to their research than has been typically practiced. While public, engaged, and community work has done much for the field, it is now time for us to do much more with our inherently socially transformative craft. Focusing on the concept of praxis, with a slightly different definition than is typically followed, we come to understand that critique and lifelong action that results in the elimination of material conditions of alienation can be at the forefront of our activism. Using an example from the Great Dismal Swamp of North Carolina and Virginia, it is also clear that we must actively seek sites and people of the past who lived lives through their praxis. Their praxis will nurture our own and our future effectiveness in transforming the wider alienating social world we have created.
Boundary Integral Solutions of Water Wave Problems

The Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM) is extended to solve three-dimensional, linearized, transient water wave problems. Only the radiation problems concerning long waves generated by an upthrust block of the sea bed are considered in this paper. Due to the linearization, free-surface boundary conditions are applied on the still water level rather than the actual location of the free surface. Thus the problem becomes a fixed boundary problem. A radiation boundary condition is used to truncate the computational domain. Reasonable agreement between present numerical results and previous analytical solutions is observed.
Social determinants of health and health-care solutions.

In 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Kaiser Permanente published a study on how adverse childhood experiences affected the health of adults.1 Abuse of all kinds and observing violence in childhood were associated with higher levels of smoking, alcohol abuse, depression, and poorer health in adulthood. In other words, battered children become battered adults.2,3 The world batters everyone in many ways, but some people are battered far worse than others. Part of our role as public health professionals is to help neutralize this battering.
Preliminary Constraints on 12C (α,γ)16O from White Dwarf Seismology

For many years, astronomers have promised that the study of pulsating white dwarfs would ultimately lead to useful information about the physics of matter under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. In this paper, we finally make good on that promise. Using observational data from the Whole Earth Telescope and a new analysis method employing a genetic algorithm, we empirically determine that the central oxygen abundance in the helium-atmosphere variable white dwarf GD 358 is 84% ± 3%. We use this value to place preliminary constraints on the 12C(α,γ)16O nuclear reaction cross section. More precise constraints will be possible with additional detailed simulations. We also show that the pulsation modes of our best-fit model probe down to the inner few percent of the stellar mass. We demonstrate the feasibility of reconstructing the internal chemical profiles of white dwarfs from asteroseismological data and find an oxygen profile for GD 358 that is qualitatively similar to recent theoretical calculations.
Dyslipidemia links obesity to early cerebral neurochemical alterations

Objective To examine the role of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia in potentially accounting for obesity-related brain vulnerability in the form of altered cerebral neurochemistry. Design and Methods Sixty-four adults, ages 40-60 years, underwent a health screen and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) of occipitoparietal gray matter to measure N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), and glutamate (Glu) relative to creatine (Cr). The causal steps approach and nonparametric bootstrapping were utilized to assess if fasting glucose, mean arterial pressure or peripheral lipid/lipoprotein levels mediate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cerebral neurochemistry. Results Higher BMI was significantly related to higher mI/Cr, independent of age and sex. BMI was also significantly related to two of the proposed mediators, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol, which were also independently related to increased mI/Cr. Finally, the relationship between BMI and mI/Cr was significantly attenuated after inclusion of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol into the model, one at a time, indicating statistical mediation. Conclusions Higher triglyceride and lower HDL levels statistically account for the association between BMI and myo-inositol, pointing toward a potentially critical role for dyslipidemia in the development of cerebral neurochemical alterations in obesity.
Parents, adolescents, children and the human papillomavirus vaccine: a review.

WALHART T. (2012) Parents, adolescents, children, and the human papillomavirus vaccine: a review. International Nursing Review59, 305–311 Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. It is also the most common STI in adolescents. This highlights a great clinical and public health concern that must be addressed. Parents are typically involved in the clinical decision-making process of vaccine administration to children and adolescents. Therefore, understanding the acceptability of the HPV vaccination as a method to prevent STIs and certain cancers is critical. Purpose: To present the three primary themes that emerged from the literature: parental attitudes, parental beliefs and parental barrier towards vaccinating children and adolescents with the HPV vaccine. Method: A literature search using Scopus to determine parents' attitudes and beliefs towards vaccinating children and adolescents with the HPV vaccine. The initial search included the key search terms of ‘children’ and ‘HPV vaccine’. The publication year was limited from 2006 to present. Findings: The three themes greatly influence parents' decisions to vaccinate their children. In the future, more attention needs to be paid to specific subgroups. Future research should include groups that are currently under-represented: fathers, urban populations, low socio-economic status and ethnic minorities. Conclusion: Since nurses worldwide are often sought as healthcare resources by parents in the clinical decision-making process, their understanding of the attitude, beliefs and barriers parents have towards the HPV vaccine is paramount.
Applications of item response theory to measurement issues in leadership research

Abstract The measurement of a variety of leadership constructs has been a persistent source of debate and critique for many areas of leadership research. As such, leadership researchers have devoted substantial efforts to demonstrating the psychometric quality of their measures. Yet, the techniques used in these efforts have not kept pace with the advances in psychometric theory and methods. This is regrettable given that modern psychometric techniques, such as item response theory, provide additional insights over and above those gained from classical psychometric techniques. This paper presents an introduction to item response theory and demonstrates the application of both cumulative and unfolding IRT models to measurement issues in leadership research using leader–member exchange as an example.
In silico models of cancer

Cancer is a complex disease that involves multiple types of biological interactions across diverse physical, temporal, and biological scales. This complexity presents substantial challenges for the characterization of cancer biology, and motivates the study of cancer in the context of molecular, cellular, and physiological systems. Computational models of cancer are being developed to aid both biological discovery and clinical medicine. The development of these in silico models is facilitated by rapidly advancing experimental and analytical tools that generate information-rich, high-throughput biological data. Statistical models of cancer at the genomic, transcriptomic, and pathway levels have proven effective in developing diagnostic and prognostic molecular signatures, as well as in identifying perturbed pathways. Statistically inferred network models can prove useful in settings where data overfitting can be avoided, and provide an important means for biological discovery. Mechanistically based signaling and metabolic models that apply a priori knowledge of biochemical processes derived from experiments can also be reconstructed where data are available, and can provide insight and predictive ability regarding the behavior of these systems. At longer length scales, continuum and agent-based models of the tumor microenvironment and other tissue-level interactions enable modeling of cancer cell populations and tumor progression. Even though cancer has been among the most-studied human diseases using systems approaches, significant challenges remain before the enormous potential of in silico cancer biology can be fully realized.
Escuchando a Las Maestras/os: Immigration Politics and Latina/o Preservice Bilingual Educators

Abstract This article draws from a larger study based in South Texas that examines the professional and personal narratives of 63 Latina/o preservice educators preparing to teach in bilingual classrooms. Using qualitative methods, we collected data where participants' voices and opinions regarding U.S. immigration issues were documented during classroom activities that stimulated such discussion. We also administered a survey on the same topic. Findings suggest that while many bilingual Latina/o preservice educators may be sympathetic to the plight of undocumented immigrants—and hence, are working toward political and ideological clarity—they lack specific knowledge of laws that protect such children in this country. In addition, many participants utilized their own immigrant histories as a resource in relating to and understanding the contemporary struggle of economic migrants.
The use of fascial plication to facilitate wound closure following microscopically controlled surgery

The closure of large wounds created by the Mohs method of skin cancer removal may often be facilitated by the plication of the underlying fascia. Fascial plication causes the movement of tissue without direct tension and vascular compromise on involved skin. This may be referred to as tissue drag. The tissue, once dragged toward the closure point by fascial movement, may often be stretched a further distance. Only the tension caused by stretching affects the vascular viability of the skin. This tension-alleviating maneuver may permit closure of wounds that might otherwise be subject to ischemic complications if only standard cutaneous and subcutaneous closures are employed.
Propafenone for Cardiac Arrhythmias

Electrophysiologic Effects Propafenone is a potent sodium-channel blocker with kinetic properties that are similar to other class Ic antiarrhythmic drugs. It is structurally related to beta-blockers and studies have confirmed this action in vitrol 3 and in vivo.4,5 Possible calcium-channel blockade in vitro also has been suggested.l,2 Propafenone causes QRS prolongation during normal sinus rhythm, a hallmark of class Ie drug action. !n vitro and in vivo studies have found the beta-blockmg potency ofpropafenone to be 2.5% to 5% that ofpropranol?l:l-3 The clinical significance of this beta-blockmg activIty has not been determined fully. Because plasma propafenone concentrations during chronic treat~ent may be 50 times greater than that observed durmg propranolol therapy, beta-blocking properties. coul~ b~­ come clinically relevant. At high concentrations, m Vttro studies have shown that propafenone can inhibit the inward current carried by calcium. The calciumchannel blocking effect of propafenone is approximately 100 times less potent than verap~~iU ~et~r­ mination of whether this property has chmcal SIgnIficance requires further study. In humans administration of propafenone results in significant' prolongation of PR and QRS in~ervals during sinus rhythm610 and of A V nodal and HIs-p~r­ kinje conduction.s,lo Propafenone prolongs the atrial effective refractory period and, to a lesser extent, the
Easing up on the introductory computer science syllabus: a shift from syntax to concepts

The computer science department has finished a pilot study in a different approach to the courses for its majors in the first year. The introduction of a well-known statically typed language that would eventually serve the students well as they started their careers was postponed, and object-oriented design was also introduced at a slightly later time in that year. This paper describes in detail the changes that were made in the first-year curriculum, and the results of the pilot study.
Utilizing commodity hardware and software to distribute a real‐world application: maximizing reuse while improving performance

Commodity computing hardware continues to increase performance while decreasing price. This combination is driving a renewed interest in parallel and distributed computing. In this study, we examine the performance of an existing application in a ten-node computing cluster using commodity off-the-shelf components. The application is a statistical analysis software package that processes categorical data used by state public safety programs. The study examines various network topologies and focuses on minimizing the software modifications required to distribute the application. We conclude that parallel computing using commodity components is an effective mechanism to increase the performance of real-world applications especially when the underlying application architectures have the flexibility to support efficient reuse of the existing code. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A switched-battery digital capacitance meter

A digital capacitance meter based on the RC discharge with battery voltage polarity switching is described. The meter parameters — resolution, linearity, and accuracy — have very low sensitivity to variations in internal meter circuits and to changes of internal switch parameters. Automatic control of changing phase timing reduces the initial condition error of the measurements. The proposed meter is intended for use in applications where precise measurements of small capacitance changes are required.
d-d excitations in bilayer manganites probed by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering

We report a high-resolution resonant inelastic x-ray scattering investigation of the bilayer manganites La{sub 2-2x}Sr{sub 1+2x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7} with x=0.36 and 0.5. The momentum dependence along the crystallographic (110) direction for energy losses 1 eV {le} {Delta}E {le} 15 eV has been measured in detail with the data analysis focusing on the energy-loss region 1 eV {le} {Delta}E {le} 5 eV, which includes a strong peak located at {Delta}E {approx} 2 eV. We observe a clear dispersion of up to 0.5 eV in the measured q range, which is direct evidence of the nonlocal character of this excitation. Further, we found that the intensity in this low-energy region strongly depends on both the reduced wave vector q=(h,h,0), h=0.1-0.5, and temperature, i.e., different ordered phases. Results can be explained via an intersite d-d charge-transfer excitation, proposed for pseudocubic manganites, where the hopping rate is strongly increased (decreased) by ferromagnetic (antiferromagnetic) alignment of neighboring in-plane Mn ion core spins.
Surfactant Protein (SP)-A Suppresses Preterm Delivery and Inflammation via TLR2

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition molecules that initiate the innate immune response to pathogens. Pulmonary surfactant protein (SP)-A is an endogenously produced ligand for TLR2 and TLR4. SP-A has been proposed as a fetally produced signal for the onset of parturition in the mouse. We examined the effect of interactions between SP-A and the pathogenic TLR agonists lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and polyinosinic:cytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) (ligands for TLR4, TLR2 and TLR3, respectively) on the expression of inflammatory mediators and preterm delivery. Three types of mouse macrophages (the cell line RAW 264.7, and fresh amniotic fluid and peritoneal macrophages, including macrophages from TLR4 and TLR2 knockout mice) were treated for up to 7 hours with pathogenic TLR agonists with or without SP-A. SP-A alone had no effect upon inflammatory mediators in mouse macrophages and did not independently induce preterm labor. SP-A significantly suppressed TLR ligand-induced expression of inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the chemokine CCL5) via a TLR2 dependent mechanism. In a mouse inflammation-induced preterm delivery model, intrauterine administration of SP-A significantly inhibited preterm delivery, suppressed the expression of proinflammatory mediators and enhanced the expression of the CXCL1 and anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10. We conclude that SP-A acts via TLR2 to suppress TLR ligand-induced preterm delivery and inflammatory responses.
Full 160-Gb/s OTDM to 16×10-Gb/s WDM conversion using a single nonlinear device

Using a temporal Fourier processor, we demonstrate full error-free demultiplexing of a 160-Gb/s OTDM signal with a single nonlinear interaction. Choice of the time-lens aperture is crucial to maximizing the overall system BER performance.
Syntheses of [BpBut,Me]AlMe2 and [BpBut,Me]GaMe2: structural comparison of a pair of bis(pyrazolyl)hydroborato aluminum and gallium methyl complexes

Abstract The aluminum and gallium dimethyl complexes, [BpBut,Me]AlMe2 and [BpBut,Me]GaMe2, are readily obtained by the reactions of [BpBut,Me]Tl with Me3Al and Me3Ga, respectively. [BpBut,Me]AlMe2 and [BpBut,Me]GaMe2 have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, which indicates that the most noticeable difference in these otherwise very similar structures is the C–M–C bond angle, which increases from 118.9(3)° for [BpBut,Me]AlMe2 to 124.0(2)° for [BpBut,Me]GaMe2.
Improving ground-penetrating radar data in sedimentary rocks using deterministic deconvolution

Abstract Resolution is key to confidently identifying unique geologic features using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data. Source wavelet “ringing” (related to bandwidth) in a GPR section limits resolution because of wavelet interference, and can smear reflections in time and/or space. The resultant potential for misinterpretation limits the usefulness of GPR. Deconvolution offers the ability to compress the source wavelet and improve temporal resolution. Unlike statistical deconvolution, deterministic deconvolution is mathematically simple and stable while providing the highest possible resolution because it uses the source wavelet unique to the specific radar equipment. Source wavelets generated in, transmitted through and acquired from air allow successful application of deterministic approaches to wavelet suppression. We demonstrate the validity of using a source wavelet acquired in air as the operator for deterministic deconvolution in a field application using “400-MHz” antennas at a quarry site characterized by interbedded carbonates with shale partings. We collected GPR data on a bench adjacent to cleanly exposed quarry faces in which we placed conductive rods to provide conclusive groundtruth for this approach to deconvolution. The best deconvolution results, which are confirmed by the conductive rods for the 400-MHz antenna tests, were observed for wavelets acquired when the transmitter and receiver were separated by 0.3 m. Applying deterministic deconvolution to GPR data collected in sedimentary strata at our study site resulted in an improvement in resolution (50%) and improved spatial location (0.10–0.15 m) of geologic features compared to the same data processed without deterministic deconvolution. The effectiveness of deterministic deconvolution for increased resolution and spatial accuracy of specific geologic features is further demonstrated by comparing results of deconvolved data with nondeconvolved data acquired along a 30-m transect immediately adjacent to a fresh quarry face. The results at this site support using deterministic deconvolution, which incorporates the GPR instrument's unique source wavelet, as a standard part of routine GPR data processing.
The Effect of Varying the Light-Dark Ratio of Intermittent Pre-Exposure upon Subsequent Dark Adaptation in the Human Eye*

The course of dark adaptation was followed after pre-exposure to both intermittent and continuous light. The variable under investigation was the influence of the light-dark ratio of the intermittent pre-exposure. The rate of intermittence was 1 cycle/second and four light-dark ratios were used: 1/2–1/2, 1/4–3/4, 1/8–7/8, and 1/16–15/16. The intensities of pre-exposure were: 8860, 886, and 88.6 mL. At the lowest intensity no differences were found between any of the intermittent and their continuous control pre-exposures. At the two higher intensities the curves for the intermittent procedures were different from the control procedures and the differences were related to the light-dark ratios. It was found that, on the whole, the shorter the amount of light-time in the ratio the lower was the initial dark adaptation threshold, the greater the difference between the experimental and control curves throughout the course of dark adaptation, and the shorter the time elapsing before the appearance of the first colorless (rod) threshold stimulus.
Causes of Death After the Modified Norwood Procedure: A Study of 122 Postmortem Cases

Abstract Background . Although the results of the modified Norwood procedure as palliation for the hypoplastic left heart syndrome have improved considerably, in-hospital mortality remains high (28% to 46%). Methods . To establish the causes of death and consider their therapeutic applications, we reviewed our pathology experience from 1980 to 1995, inclusive, regarding 122 patients who died after undergoing the Norwood procedure. Results . The most important causes of death were found to be impairment of coronary perfusion (33 patients, 27%), excessive pulmonary blood flow (23 patients, 19%), obstruction of pulmonary arterial blood flow (21 patients, 17%), neoaortic obstruction (17 patients, 14%), right ventricular failure (16 patients, 13%), bleeding (9 patients, 7%), infection (6 patients, 5%), tricuspid or common atrioventricular valve dysfunction (6 patients, 5%), sudden death from presumed arrhythmias (6 patients, 5%), and necrotizing enterocolitis (3 patients, 3%). In 26 patients (21%), more than one factor appeared responsible for death. Conclusions . The leading causes of death after the Norwood procedure were found to be largely correctable surgical technical problems associated with perfusion of the lungs (36%), of the myocardium (27%), and of the systemic organs (14%).
Review of Corn Yield Response under Winter Cover Cropping Systems Using Meta-Analytic Methods

Extensive research on the use of winter cover crops (WCC) under different agricultural practices in the USA and Canada has shown both negative and positive effects on subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) yield. These contrasting results determine the need for a comprehensive quantitative review. The objective of this study was to use meta-analytic methods to summarize and quantitatively describe the effects of WCC on corn yield based on peer-reviewed published research. Thirty-six studies were included in the analysis representing different regions of the USA and Canada under different agricultural practices (i.e., species, fertilization, kill date, tillage, etc.). The effect-size used to compare studies was the response ratio, calculated as yield of corn following WCC over yield of corn following no cover. Biculture WCC increased corn yield by 21%, but there is greater variation due to the small number of studies in this group. Overall, grass WCC neither increased nor decreased corn yields and this response was not dependent on the use of N fertilizer. Legume WCC increased corn yield by 37% when no nitrogen (N) fertilizer was applied and this benefit decreased with application of N fertilizer.
Two-phase flow at the flooding point in an annulus

Abstract This study examines the phenomenon of flooding, defined as the transition from counter current to upward cocurrent flow, in an annular geometry. A total of 179 experimental determinations of the flooding point were made. The data cover two configurations that varied with respect to the method of approach to flooding. The two most widely used correlations for flooding in tubes, Wallis's and Kutateladze's, were applied to the data. Although both correlations could be fitted empirically to the data, only the Wallis correlation could be used with its original constants. Special consideration had to be given to formulating the hydraulic diameter to reflect the proper wetted perimeter corresponding to the observed flow configurations. The hydraulic diameter was based on a perimeter equal to the initial wetted perimeter for liquid only. A least-squares fit of the experimental data produced constants within 3% of those for the Wallis correlation for tubes.
Zeeman Effects in Complex Spectra at Fields up to 100,000 Gauss

A newly constructed electromagnet of the Bitter type has been arranged to give fields up to 100,000 gauss, uniform to 1 percent over a volume of 25 cc. A special type of horizontal arc, with electrodes of salts compressed in silver powder, is operated at 4 amp. and furnishes light transversely to the field to three grating spectrographs, which can be used to cover the range 2000 to 8000A in a single exposure. Plane-polarized components of the light are separated with a 2-inch quartz Rochon prism, and exposures of 5 to 30 minutes give dense spectrograms at resolutions of 100,000 and greater. Plates in the ultraviolet region have been obtained for cerium, columbium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, iron, neodymium, praseodymium, rhodium, ruthenium, thorium, tungsten, and ytterbium. On most of the plates lines of the second and third spectra are more in evidence than those of the first, and air lines are prominent. Typical portions of a rhodium plate at 90,500 and 70,000 gauss are shown, and data are given for a number of cerium, rhodium, and ruthenium lines.
A Comparison of Gel Permeation Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography for Epoxy Resin Analysis

Gel permeation chromatography and liquid Chromatography are used for analyzing various epoxy resins. The chromatograms are compared with related information available from each. Because the separation is based on different principles, each method gives unique and different information about the same sample. For a complete analysis of epoxy resins, both techniques seem to be required.
Technical Considerations in the Surgical Approach to Multiple Accessory Pathways in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Abstract Surgical techniques for the approach to and division of atrioventricular accessory pathways have been designed and perfected during the past 18 years. The standard method of exposure of a single left free wall accessory pathway is by a left atriotomy. All other single accessory pathways are exposed through a right atriotomy. Up to twenty percent of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome harbor multiple atrioventricular accessory pathways. In this subgroup, classic operative techniques, especially the methods of approach, must be combined or modified depending on the specific locations of the accessory pathways encountered. Eighteen of 90 patients operated on for WPW syndrome at Charlotte Memorial Hospital from August, 1983, through September, 1986, had multiple accessory pathways. Thirty-eight of thirty-nine pathways were successfully divided. One posterior septal accessory pathway reappeared 2 months postoperatively and was catheter ablated. The most frequent combination of atrioventricular accessory pathways included a right free wall and a posterior septal accessory pathway (10 patients). This combination is approached by a right atriotomy. The posterior septal space dissection is extended onto the right free wall area. Technically the most difficult combination includes a left free wall and a posterior septal accessory pathway (3 patients in the present series). Our preferred approach is begun with a right atriotomy for the posterior septal space dissection, followed by an atrial septotomy to expose the left free wall area. There are other methods, however, that may be advantageous depending on the exact locations of the accessory pathways encountered.
The Wonder Years

For those on the outside of the curtain of computing, there is much mystery behind the matter of software-intensive systems. To some, it looks like magic; to most, its inner workings are irrelevant in so far that it simply works. To those of us behind the curtain, however, we know that such systems are filled with chaos, regularity, and beauty. The first Web extra at http://youtu.be/HfGVE3kt8Og is an audio podcast of author Grady Booch reading his On Computing column, in which he peers behind the curtain of computing into the mystery behind software-intensive systems. To some, such systems look like magic; to most, the inner workings are irrelevant insofar that they simply work. To those of us behind the curtain, however, we know that such systems are filled with chaos, regularity, and beauty. The second Web extra at http://youtu.be/52ztwEAcmAA is a video in which Tim O'Reilly, CEO and founder of O'Reilly Media, and Grady Booch, IBM Fellow, IBM Chief Scientist for Software Engineering, and author of On Computing in IEEE Software magazine, speak with James Governor about the next stage of development of mobile apps and the focus on development practitioners prior to the IBM Impact 2013 Unconference, sponsored by IEEE Software magazine.
Pressure broadening of ammonia lines in the 6475åband at room and low temperatures

Abstract Measurements of pressure broadened half-widths have been performed for four ammonia vibration-rotation lines in the 6475Aband. Self-, hydrogen- and helium-broadening have been measured over a temperature range of 175–295 K. Pressure broadening coefficients and temperature dependence indices have been obtained for each line and broadening gas. A rotational quantum number dependence for the line width has been observed for all broadening gases studied.
Behavioral treatment in the home: Effects on an untreated sibling and long-term follow-up

Time out and differential reinforcement were employed to control the disruptivebehavior of a 3-year-old boy. Treatment was carried out in the home by the child's mother. The frequency of the boy's objectionable behavior varied according to the combined use of differential attention and time out. Differential attention alone was not effective in altering the problem behaviors. Similar changes in behavior were observed in the boy's 5-year-old sister although she was not considered a problem and no specific treatment plan had been designed to modify her responses. Follow-up observations over a 10-month period revealed that behavioral changes were maintained.
Forming Shared Impressions Through Conversation: An Adaptation of the Continuum Model

This article adapts the assumptions of the continuum model of impression formation to address the development of shared impressions in dyads. Two experiments tested the additional assumption that the development of shared impressions depends on consensus motivation. Consensus motivation should focus conversation around stereotype-consistent information and encourage shared stereotypic impressions. However, when dyads are motivated by both consensus and accuracy, they should increase focus on stereotype-inconsistent information, then form shared individuated impressions. In both experiments, hypotheses generally were confirmed regarding consensus motivation. However, hypotheses regarding accuracy motivation met with mixed success; individuating processes were detected but failed to encourage individuated impressions. The discussion explores reasons why these experiments provide only partial support for the extended continuum model.
Climate Change and Range Expansion of the Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in Northeastern USA: Implications for Public Health Practitioners

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is an invasive species with substantial biting activity, high disease vector potential, and a global distribution that continues to expand. New Jersey, southern New York, and Pennsylvania are currently the northernmost boundary of established Ae. albopictus populations in the eastern United States. Using positive geographic locations from these areas, we modeled the potential future range expansion of Ae. albopictus in northeastern USA under two climate change scenarios. The land area with environmental conditions suitable for Ae. albopictus populations is expected to increase from the current 5% to 16% in the next two decades and to 43%–49% by the end of the century. Presently, about one-third of the total human population of 55 million in northeastern USA reside in urban areas where Ae. albopictus is present. This number is predicted to double to about 60% by the end of the century, encompassing all major urban centers and placing over 30 million people under the threat of dense Ae. albopictus infestations. This mosquito species presents unique challenges to public health agencies and has already strained the resources available to mosquito control programs within its current range. As it continues to expand into areas with fewer resources and limited organized mosquito control, these challenges will be further exacerbated. Anticipating areas of potential establishment, while planning ahead and gathering sufficient resources will be the key for successful public health campaigns. A broad effort in community sanitation and education at all levels of government and the private sector will be required until new control techniques are developed that can be applied efficiently and effectively at reasonable cost to very large areas.
New Detections of Interstellar HNO at 2 and 1.2 Millimeters: More N-O Bonds

The 2(sub 02) to 1(sub 01) and 3(sub 03) to 2(sub 02) transitions of HNO at 163 and 244 GHz have been detected toward several molecular clouds. In conjunction with previous measurements of the 1(sub 01) to 0(sub 00) line at 81 GHz, these observations secure the identification of interstellar HNO. The 2(sub 02) to 1(sub 01) transition of this species has been detected toward NGC 2024, Sgr B2 (NW), W51M, and Dr 21 (OH), while the 3(sub 03) to 2(sub 02) line at 1.2 mm was observed only in NGC 2024. Typical column densities of HNO observed toward these sources are N(sub tot) approximately 10(exp 12) to 10(exp 14)/sq cm, corresponding to fractional abundances of f(sub HNO) approximately 10(exp -11) to 10(exp -10). These values imply NO/HNO ratios of approximately 100 to 800. Both the HNO fractional abundances and NO/HNO ratios are in reasonable agreement with predictions of ion-molecule-type models of interstellar chemistry, provided early-time calculations are used. Such behavior contrasts with that of other nitrogen compounds, whose observed abundances are best duplicated by steady-state calculations. The chemistries of HNO and NO are thus likely to be related. These observations also suggest that interstellar N-O bonds may be more common than previously thought.
Changes in plasma somatotropin, prolactin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations in goats administered an epinephrine challenge

The effect of acute adrenergic stimulation on changes in selected pituitary hormone and energy metabolite concentrations in plasma was investigated in goats administered an i.v. epinephrine challenge test. Two separate experiments were conducted using a crossover design with ten crossbred, non-pregnant goats (average BW 42 ± 5 kg) fitted with jugular vein catheters following a 16 h fast. Blood was sampled at 10 min intervals from 60 min before treatment (PRE) to 120 min after treatment. Plasma was analyzed for somatotropin, prolactin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). In Experiment 1, goats were given an i.v. dose of saline (CON) or epinephrine HCl in saline (1 μg kg−1 BW). Plasma somatotropin (mean PRE 18.8 ± 2.3 ng ml−1) decreased 10min after epinephrine administration and then increased 154% above PRE at 50min after treatment (P 0.10) of epinephrine on plasma somatotropin or prolactin concentrations. Plasma glucose (mean PRE 3.03 ± 0.16 mmol l−1) and NEFA (mean PRE 429 ± 40 μequiv l−1) increased (P < 0.02) in epinephrine-treated goats, peaking at 30% (20 min POST) and 22% (10 min POST) above PRE levels, respectively. In nonpregnant goats, adrenergic stimulation using an i.v. epinephrine challenge resulted in variable hormonal responses, but rapid and measurable metabolic responses. The metabolic responses to the epinephrine challenge were similar to those reported in other species.
In vitro inhibition of glutathione reductase by arsenotriglutathione

Arsenotriglutathione, a product of the reaction of arsenate or arsenite with glutathione, is a mixed-type inhibitor (Ki = 0.34 mM) of the in vitro reduction of glutathione disulfide by purified yeast glutathione reductase. Notably, arsenotriglutathione was a 10-fold more potent inhibitor than either arsenite or glutathione. The inhibition of glutathione reductase by arsenotriglutathione was partly reversed by the addition of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). However, high concentrations of DMSA also inhibited the reduction of glutathione disulfide by the yeast enzyme (IC50 of 7 mM with 0.1 mM glutathione disulfide). Ultrafiltration of the enzyme-arsenotriglutathione complex recovered about 74% of the original (non-inhibited) activity, suggesting that the inhibition of glutathione reductase by arsenotriglutathione had both reversible and irreversible components. The relatively high potency of arsenotriglutathione as an inhibitor of glutathione reductase may alter the reduction of glutathione disulfide and affect the availability of glutathione that is required for the reduction of arsenate to arsenite and for the formation of the arsenotriglutathione complex.
A high power lithium thionyl chloride battery for space applications

A high power, 28 V, 330 A h, active lithium thionyl chloride battery has been developed for use as main and payload power sources on an expendable launch vehicle. Nine prismatic cells, along with the required electrical components and a built-in heater system, are efficiently packaged resulting in significant weight savings over presently used silver-zinc batteries. The high rate capability is achieved by designing the cells with a large electrochemical surface area and impregnating an electrocatalyst, polymeric phthalocyanine, into the carbon cathodes. Passivation effects are reduced with the addition of sulfur dioxide into the thionyl chloride electrolyte solution. The results of conducting a detailed thermal analysis are utilized to establish the heater design parameters and the thermal insulation requirements of the battery. An analysis of cell internal pressure and vent characteristics clearly illustrates the margins of safety under different operating conditions. Performance of fresh cells is discussed using polarization scan and discharge data at different rates and temperatures. Self-discharge rate is estimated based upon test results on cells after storage. Results of testing a complete prototype battery are described.
Prediction of Soil Resistivity and Ground Rod Resistance for Deep Ground Electrodes

A technique for the prediction of soil resistivity and ground rod resistance for deep ground electrodes has been developed. The method extrapolates limited test ground rod data to a factor of up to ten times the known depth values. The technique has been shown to accurately predict the effectiveness of installing deep ground electrodes and the predicted results are compared to actual field test results.
Structures of 2-Acetylaminofluorene Modified DNA Revisited: Insight into Conformational Heterogeneity

Despite the extensive data on dG-AAF, the major DNA adduct derived from the model carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene, little is known with respect to its solution structures. Here, we provide NMR/CD evidence for three conformers of dG-AAF in duplex DNA: major groove B-type (B), base-displaced stacked (S), and minor groove wedge (W). The S/B/W-conformational heterogeneities were found to be sensitive to the nature of the flanking DNA sequence contexts and pH.
Mixed medullary-papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: A previously unrecognized variant of thyroid carcinoma

Two unusual medullary carcinomas of the thyroid gland and their metastases contained a population of cells (20% to 25%) with the characteristic clear nuclei of papillary carcinoma. The predominant component of the tumors exhibited the typical growth pattern and cytologic features of medullary carcinoma with abundant amyloid deposits. The cells with clear nuclei lined follicle-like or tubular structures. In both the primary and the metastatic lesions, immunoreactive thyroglobulin was demonstrated only in the cells with clear nuclei, while calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen, and neuron-specific enolase were present only in cells of the predominant medullary carcinomatous component. Moreover, intense and diffuse staining for cytokeratin was seen only in the cells with clear nuclei, but not in those of the major medullary carcinomatous component. These findings suggest the existence of a distinctive variant of mixed medullary-papillary carcinoma that can be recognized with routine stains.