cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Old Solution for a New Problem: Eloesser Flap Management of Infected Defibrillator Patches

Cardiac surgery patients with infected implantable cardioverter defibrillator hardware face high morbidity with both surgical and nonoperative management options. We present a case of infected epicardial patch defibrillator leads in a patient with prohibitively high risk of death with open surgical removal. As a less morbid alternative, an Eloesser flap was used to convert his presenting mediastinal empyema necessitans into a chronic, manageable wound.
Infusing an entrepreneurial mindset into mechanical engineering courses: Two case studies

Engineering programs are often criticized for focusing solely on technical education while ignoring industry and business needs. In order to address this situation, entrepreneurial ideas were incorporated directly into existing engineering classes. This paper provides information on the incorporation of entrepreneurial ideas and assignments into two courses offered in the Mechanical Engineering Department. The techniques used to convey the entrepreneurial ideas primarily come from the “Need-Approach-Benefits-Competition” or NABC approach. The successes and failures of the approaches are discussed. Examples are provided to illustrate how these ideas have been used to enhance the undergraduate learning experience.
Circuit Analysis Laboratory Workbook

Abstract This workbook integrates theory with the concept of engineering design and teaches troubleshooting and analytical problem-solving skills. It is intended to either accompany or follow a first circuits course, and it assumes no previous experience with breadboarding or other lab equipment. This workbook uses only those components that are traditionally covered in a first circuits course (e.g., voltage sources, resistors, potentiometers, capacitors, and op amps) and gives students clear design goals, requirements, and constraints. Because we are using only components students have already learned how to analyze, they are able to tackle the design exercises, first working through the theory and math, then drawing and simulating their designs, and finally building and testing their designs on a breadboard. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / This is my Breadboard / Introduction to Multisim / The Resistor Challenge / Voltage Division / Voltage Division Strikes Back / Temperature Indicator--P...
Re-Placing the Holy Land in Lope de Vega's Isidro: poema castellano (1599)

AbstractLope de Vega's Isidro: poema castellano (1599) includes an extended episode in which the protagonist journeys to Jerusalem. This episode has been widely ignored by critics, who have discarded it as symptomatic of Isidro's problematic hybridity (i.e. its heavy-handed erudition and uneasy engagement with epic conventions, in a poem still read as a fundamentally intimate, lyrical paean to the Castilian countryside). This paper argues, on the contrary, that Isidro's eminently political programme of constructing an encomium of the new Court capital, Madrid, hinges precisely on manipulating models of sacred geography and history established during Isidro's extended Holy Land ekphrasis, models that are subsequently appropriated throughout the poem in a bid to sacralize national territory. Far from constituting an onerous distraction from the poem's eminently local interests, then, I propose to rehistoricize the Holy Land voyage, arguing that Isidro's journey—and particularly its centrepiece, an ekphrasti...
Fundamentals of scale model experiments

Pilot plant studies can be potent tools toward understanding complex metallurgical processes. Since industries grow more economic with size, pilot plants are a necessary step in both the design and economics of process development.
The transmission of schizophrenia under a multifactorial threshold model.

Family studies of schizophrenia have reported elevated rates of both definite and definite-plus-probable schizophrenia among the relatives of definite schizophrenics. These elevated rates imply a strong association between the two forms of diagnosis and suggest some form of familial transmission. Here we have used recently developed maximum likelihood methods to investigate this association and characterize the nature of the familial transmission. Results indicated that although the two forms of diagnosis were strongly related, they could not be considered alternative manifestations of a single liability distribution. Heritability estimates for either form of diagnosis were comparable (h2 = .668 +/- .052 and c2 = .191 +/- .038 for definite while h2 = .628 +/- .073 and c2 = .236 +/- .106 for definite-plus-probable), although cultural transmission (i.e., c2) was statistically significant only for definite-plus-probable. For either form of diagnosis, residual twin resemblance was statistically significant and could not be explained in terms of the effects of genetic dominance. These results are comparable to those of an earlier analysis based upon a similar data set. Finally, the statistical correction used to adjust for between-study heterogeneity in morbidity risk figures did not noticeably alter the parameter estimates.
The Role of Self-Esteem in Family Identity Salience and Commitment among Blacks, Latinos, and Whites

Despite well established, ongoing, and vigorous research programs in sociological investigations of self-esteem and identity, and the two areas natural kinship and common roots, the self-esteem and identity nexus has nevertheless failed to receive adequate theoretical and empirical attention (see Cast & Burke, 2002; Ervin & Stryker, 2001; Thoits & Hewitt, 2001; Owens & Aronson, 1999 for recent exceptions). In addition, whether considered individually or collectively, both areas have much work to do with respect to understanding the role of race and ethnicity as a cause and correlate of self-esteem and identity (see Hunt, Jackson, Powell, Steelman 2000).
Pareto Optimization of Combinatorial Mutagenesis Libraries

In order to increase the hit rate of discovering diverse, beneficial protein variants via high-throughput screening, we have developed a computational method to optimize combinatorial mutagenesis libraries for overall enrichment in two distinct properties of interest. Given scoring functions for evaluating individual variants, POCoM (Pareto Optimal Combinatorial Mutagenesis) scores entire libraries in terms of averages over their constituent members, and designs optimal libraries as sets of mutations whose combinations make the best trade-offs between average scores. This represents the first general-purpose method to directly design combinatorial libraries for multiple objectives characterizing their constituent members. Despite being rigorous in mapping out the Pareto frontier, it is also very fast even for very large libraries (e.g., designing 30 mutation, billion-member libraries in only hours). We here instantiate POCoM with scores based on a target's protein structure and its homologs’ sequences, enabling the design of libraries containing variants balancing these two important yet quite different types of information. We demonstrate POCoM's generality and power in case study applications to green fluorescent protein, cytochrome P450, and β-lactamase. Analysis of the POCoM library designs provides insights into the trade-offs between structure- and sequence-based scores, as well as the impacts of experimental constraints on library designs. POCoM libraries incorporate mutations that have previously been found favorable experimentally, while diversifying the contexts in which these mutations are situated and maintaining overall variant quality.
Successful application of Eschscholzia californica to combat opioid addiction

In the US today a staggering people die daily due to the tragedy of being addicted to opioids Some estimates are that this epidemic will cripple the economy with an billion dollar burden on taxpayers who foot the bill for intervention legal fees and health for these individuals in the drug rsquo s insidious grip The crisis has permeated everywhere in our society hellip even into small towns across America and into my practice in rural CT In this editorial are two cases highlighting the power of botanical medicine which assisted several patient rsquo s to beat this addiction
Ethical challenges of edtech, big data and personalized learning: twenty-first century student sorting and tracking

With the increase in the costs of providing education and concerns about financial responsibility, heightened consideration of accountability and results, elevated awareness of the range of teacher skills and student learning styles and needs, more focus is being placed on the promises offered by online software and educational technology. One of the most heavily marketed, exciting and controversial applications of edtech involves the varied educational programs to which different students are exposed based on how big data applications have evaluated their likely learning profiles. Characterized most often as ‘personalized learning,’ these programs raise a number of ethical concerns especially when used at the K-12 level. This paper analyzes the range of these ethical concerns arguing that characterizing them under the general rubric of ‘privacy’ oversimplifies the concerns and makes it too easy for advocates to dismiss or minimize them. Six distinct ethical concerns are identified: information privacy; anonymity; surveillance; autonomy; non-discrimination; and ownership of information. Particular attention is paid to whether personalized learning programs raise concerns similar to those raised about educational tracking in the 1950s. The paper closes with discussion of three themes that are important to consider in ethical and policy discussions.
Food Security Status Among College Students Is Associated with Self-Rated Health, Weight Status, and Dietary Behaviors (P04-083-19)

The objective of this study was to examine the association between food security status and health and diet-related outcomes in UNC Chapel Hill students. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from 4984 students who completed an online questionnaire that was sent to all UNC Chapel Hill students with a publicly available email address in October and November of 2016. The questionnaire assessed food security status over the past 12 months using the 10-item US Adult Food Security Survey Module and included questions related to self-rated health, weight status, and coping strategies related to obtaining food that could impact diet quality. We used multinomial logistic regression to assess the association between food security status and health and diet-related outcomes. Statistical significance was considered P < .05. Among students in our sample, 56% experienced high, 22% marginal, 19% low, and 3% very low food security. Compared with students experiencing high food security, students experiencing marginal, low, and very low food security had a significantly greater odds of reporting lower self-rated health. Students experiencing marginal and low food security had a greater odds of experiencing overweight or obesity compared with students experiencing high food security, however, there were no significant associations between very low food security and weight status. Experiencing marginal, low, or very low food security was also significantly associated with sometimes or often eating more food than normal when food was plentiful; eating less healthy meals to be able to eat more; and purchasing cheap, processed food. Only slightly more than half of students in our sample reported experiencing high food security. This is especially concerning as we found a lower food security status to be associated with worse outcomes related to self-rated health and weight status, as well as an increased likelihood of using coping strategies to obtain food that contribute to poor dietary intake. This study was supported by a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Food for All micro-grant.
Cultural factors influencing self-care by persons with cardiovascular disease: An integrative review.

Abstract Background Self-care is critical for maintaining health, minimizing disease complications, and improving quality of life. Understanding valid, culturally-specific practices and their influence on self-care behaviors can inform development of interventions to improve outcomes for individuals living with cardiovascular disease (CVD). To date, the influence of culture on self-care behaviors has not been adequately examined in different CVD populations. Aim The aim of this review was to synthesize past empirical literature examining cultural factors influencing self-care in patients with CVD. Method An integrative review method was used. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Anthropology Plus, and the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBBS) computerized databases. No limit was placed on publication date. Articles were included if they were: (1) peer-reviewed original primary research studies, (2) published in English with full-text availability, (3) conducted in adults (≥19 years), (4) addressed culture related to health and health behaviors, (5) related to self-care or elements of self-care, and (6) related to CVD. Fourteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Results Culture influences self-care in general, but predominantly self-care maintenance behaviors. In African American and South Asian populations, cultural beliefs such as fatalism, collectivism and traditional gender roles clashed with dietary adherence. Traditional beliefs and ideas, collectivism, family and kinship ties, fatalism, cultural norms and normative thinking played critical roles in medication adherence and use of complementary/alternative medicine. Similarly, cultural beliefs and social norms influenced how individuals interpreted and responded to their symptoms. Conclusion The findings shed light on the importance of understanding cultural factors that help or hinder self-care behaviors among individuals with CVD. Understanding such influences is anticipated to facilitate the design of effective, tailored interventions.
Mitigating measurement errors in multiqubit experiments

Reducing measurement errors in multiqubit quantum devices is critical for performing any quantum algorithm. Here we show how to mitigate measurement errors by a classical postprocessing of the measured outcomes. Our techniques apply to any experiment where measurement outcomes are used for computing expected values of observables. Two error-mitigation schemes are presented based on tensor product and correlated Markovian noise models. Error rates parametrizing these noise models can be extracted from the measurement calibration data using a simple formula. Error mitigation is achieved by applying the inverse noise matrix to a probability vector that represents the outcomes of a noisy measurement. The error-mitigation overhead, including the number of measurements and the cost of the classical postprocessing, is exponential in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}n$, where $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the maximum error rate and $n$ is the number of qubits. We report experimental demonstration of our error-mitigation methods on IBM Quantum devices using stabilizer measurements for graph states with $n\ensuremath{\le}12$ qubits and entangled 20-qubit states generated by low-depth random Clifford circuits.
QSP-IO: A Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Toolbox for Mechanistic Multiscale Modeling for Immuno-Oncology Applications.

Immunotherapy has shown great potential in the treatment of cancer, however, only a fraction of patients respond to treatment and many experience autoimmune-related side effects. The pharmaceutical industry has relied on mathematical models to study the behavior of candidate drugs and more recently, complex, whole-body, quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models have become increasingly popular for discovery and development. QSP modeling has the potential to discover novel predictive biomarkers, as well as test the efficacy of treatment plans and combination therapies through virtual clinical trails. In this work, we present a QSP modeling platform for immuno-oncology (IO) that incorporates detailed mechanisms for important immune interactions. This modular platform allows for the construction of QSP models of IO with varying degrees of complexity based on the research questions. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the platform through two example applications of immune checkpoint therapy.
Matrix Stiffness Modulates Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cell Fates in Three-Dimensional Hydrogels.

Cancer progression is known to be accompanied by changes in tissue stiffness. Previous studies have primarily employed immortalized cell lines and 2D hydrogel substrates, which do not recapitulate ...
Ligand bias in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.

Ligand bias is the ability of ligands to differentially activate certain receptor signaling responses compared with others. It reflects differences in the responses of a receptor to specific ligands and has implications for the development of highly specific therapeutics. Whereas ligand bias has been studied primarily for G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), there are also reports of ligand bias for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). However, the understanding of RTK ligand bias is lagging behind the knowledge of GPCR ligand bias. In this review, we highlight how protocols that were developed to study GPCR signaling can be used to identify and quantify RTK ligand bias. We also introduce an operational model that can provide insights into the biophysical basis of RTK activation and ligand bias. Finally, we discuss possible mechanisms underpinning RTK ligand bias. Thus, this review serves as a primer for researchers interested in investigating ligand bias in RTK signaling.
A quantitative hydroclimatic context for the European Great Famine of 1315–1317

The European Great Famine of 1315–1317 triggered one of the worst population collapses in European history and ranks as the single worst European famine in mortality as a proportion of population. Historical records point to torrential rainfall, land saturation, crop failure, and prolonged flooding as important causes of the famine. Here we use the tree-ring based Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) to show that the average of each growing season preceding the Great Famine years (1314–1316) was the fifth wettest over Europe from 1300 to 2012 C.E. The spatial and temporal characteristics of our OWDA-estimated anomalies are in excellent agreement with available historical accounts. We also characterize a mode of European hydroclimate variability that is associated with the Great Famine, which we term the “Great Famine mode.” This mode emerges as the leading mode of European hydroclimate variability from 1300–2012 and is strongly associated with extreme wet and dry events in Europe over the last millennium. Exceptionally wet growing seasons, compared to the past 700 years, preceded the European Great Famine of 1315-1317 and are associated with a newly identified hydroclimate pattern, according to analyses of Europe-wide tree ring data.
Phrasal constructions and resultativeness in English

Eat up the apple or Eat the apple up ? Is there any difference in the messages each of these alternative forms sends? If there isn’t, why bother to keep both? On the other hand, is there any semantic similarity between eat the apple up and break the glass to pieces ? This study takes a fresh look at a still controversial issue of phrasal verbs and their alternate word order applying sign-oriented theory and methodology. Unlike other analyses, it asserts that there is a semantic distinction between the two word order variants phrasal verbs may appear in. In order to test this distinction, the author analyzes a large corpus of data and also uses translation into a language having a clear morphological distinction between resultative/non-resultative forms (Russian). As follows from the analysis, English has morphological and syntactic tools to express resultative meaning, which allows suggesting a new lexico-grammatical category – resultativeness.
Electronic Properties of Photovoltaic CdSe Material

CdSe is potentially an important material for making tandem junction solar cells with Si. It has the right bandgap (1.72 eV) and is a direct gap material. But not much is known about its electronic properties. In this paper, we report on photovoltaic related material properties such as deep defects and minority carrier diffusion length. The films were grown using evaporation. We show that post-deposition annealing in CdCl 2 vapor significantly improves these properties. Detailed characterization of the material using capacitance-frequency-temperature techniques a deep trap 0.53 eV below the conduction band in the material. Quantum efficiency vs. voltage techniques were used to.yield a value for hole mobility-lifetime (μτ) product in the range of 2×10−9 cm2/V. The standard device model using a constant range (μτF) where F is the electric field had to be modified to account for the field variation when interpreting QE vs. voltage data to deduce (μτ) product. The as-grown material is generally n-type with doping in the 1015/cm3 range. Heterojunction devices were made on FTO coated glass substrates using n-CdS as the n-heterojunction layer and organic materials such as PTAA, P3HT and PEDOT:PSS as the p-type heterojunction layer. Urbach energy of tail states was measured using subgap quantum efficiency and was found to be 15 meV.
Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease: screening, diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of review Pulmonary vascular disease resulting in pulmonary hypertension in the context of interstitial lung disease (PH-ILD) is a common complication that presents many challenges in clinical practice. Despite recent advances, the pathogenetic interplay between parenchymal and vascular disease in ILD is not fully understood. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge and recent advances in the field. Recent findings Clinical trials employing the phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitor sildenafil delivered negative results whereas riociguat showed harmful effects in the PH-ILD population. More recently, inhaled treprostinil showed positive effects on the primary endpoint (six-min walk-distance) in the largest prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial to date in this patient population. Additionally, a pilot trial of ambulatory inhaled nitric oxide suggests beneficial effects based on the novel endpoint of actigraphy. Summary In view of these novel developments this review provides an overview of the status quo of screening, diagnosis and management of pulmonary vascular disease and PH in patients with ILD.
A fast reduced model for a shell-and-tube based latent heat thermal energy storage heat exchanger and its application for cost optimal design by nonlinear programming

Abstract Numerical simulation of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems plays a fundamental role in studying the physical process and guiding the engineering design. Discretization of the PDEs describing the nonlinear solidification/melting process of phase change materials (PCMs) leads to a large-scale complex dynamics system, where the system behavior depends on a set of parameters. In a design setting, repeated model evaluations are required over the set of parameters results in significant computational burden. In this paper, an explicit analytic solution was built for the propagation of the solidification front in a cylindrical coordinate. The analytic solution approach is further employed to develop a low computational reduced model (RM) as a module for a shell-and-tube based LHTES heat exchanger. The levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) is used as a design metric and the RM model is used to apply system-level constraints in the nonlinear programming formulation that facilitates efficient global optimal design of the PCM properties, flow conditions and tube geometries. The use of LCOE as the design metric prevents over design of the heat transfer rate and also establishes a fair ground for evaluation of different thermal storage technologies and their integrated applications with other systems. Optimal results showed that a higher effectiveness results in a higher LCOE; the velocity of the HTF and the length of the channel are highly correlated with each other; both larger PCM latent energy and conductivity result in lower LCOE.
John Gregory's medical ethics elucidates the concepts of compassion and empathy.

Purpose This paper draws on eighteenth-century British medical ethics to elucidate compassion and empathy and explains how compassion and empathy can be taught, to rectify their frequent conflation. Compassion in the history of medical ethics The professional virtue of compassion was first described in eighteenth-century British medical ethics by the Scottish physician-ethicist, John Gregory (1724-1773) who built on the moral psychology of David Hume (1711-1776) and its principle of sympathy. Compassion and empathy defined Compassion is the habitual exercise of the affective capacity to engage, with self-discipline, in the experience of the patient and therefore become driven to provide effective care for the patient. Empathy is the habitual exercise of the cognitive capacity to imagine the experience of patient and to have reasons to care for the patient. There are rare clinical circumstances in which empathy should replace compassion, for example, in responding to abusive patients. Because the abstract concepts of medical ethics are translated into clinical practice by medical educators, we identify the pedagogical implications of these results by setting out a process for teaching compassion and empathy. The task ahead Eighteenth-century British medical ethics provides a clinically applicable, philosophical response to conflation of the moral virtue of compassion and the intellectual virtue of empathy and applying them clinically.
Seasonal differences in emergency department visits for scooter associated injuries

Hoverboards and electric scooters have surged in popularity in the past decade. These devices carry their own injury profiles and have caused increasing emergency department visits for injury. The purpose of this study was to compare both hoverboards and electric scooters to more traditional scooters and evaluate seasonal variations in their injury patterns. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was used, downloading cases with the appropriate consumer product codes. Four distinct scooter groups were created, and were: non-powered scooters, powered scooters, electric scooters, and hoverboards. Statistical analyses were first performed with SUDAAN software to account for the stratified and weighted nature of the data to obtain national estimates of injuries and associated demographic variables. Cosinor analyses were performed to analyze the estimated number of emergency department (ED) visits for rhythmic variation by month and weekday of injury. Weekday by month analyses were studied using a three-dimensional topographic concept. Overall, there were over 1 million ED visits over the 20 years for injuries due to the four different types of scooters (75.8% nonmotorized scooters, 12.4% motorized scooters, 6.8% hoverboards, and 2.4% electric scooters). Cosinor analyses demonstrated that there was a peak in injuries in the summer and on weekends for all scooters, except for hoverboards. For hoverboards 21% of all ED visits occurred in December, with mostly occurring exactly around Christmas Day. This study confirms previous findings that scooter injuries occur mostly in warmer months and is the first to demonstrate a topographical "Christmas Effect" of hoverboard injuries. This information can be used in health care resource allocation as well as design of potential prevention strategies.
Serologic response to sequential vaccination with enhanced influenza vaccines: Open label randomized trial among adults aged 65-74 years.

Abstract Background The effects of sequential vaccination with enhanced influenza vaccines are poorly understood. We conducted an exploratory open-label study to assess serologic response to sequential vaccination in older adults. Methods 160 adults aged 65 through 74 years were randomized (1:1:1) to receive trivalent inactivated standard dose (SD), high-dose (HD), or MF59-adjuvanted (AD) vaccine in 2016/17. In 2017/18, HD and AD recipients received the same vaccine; SD recipients were re-randomized to HD or AD. Hemagglutination inhibition assays were performed using turkey erythrocytes against A/California/7/2009(H1N1)-like and B/Brisbane/60/2008(B/Victoria)-like in both seasons, and A/Michigan/45/2015(H1N1)-like in season 2. Microneutralization assays were performed against cell-propagated A/Hong Kong/4801/2014(H3N2)-like using MDCK-SIAT1 cells. Postvaccination geometric mean titer (GMT), percent with titer ≥ 40, and mean fold rise (MFR, ratio of postvaccination versus prevaccination titer) in season 2 were compared across groups, and ratio of MFR in season 2 versus season 1 was assessed for each strain. Results Analysis included 152 participants (55 HD → HD, 58 AD → AD, 19 SD → HD, and 20 SD → AD). Season 2 postvaccination GMTs and percent with titer ≥ 40 did not differ between HD → HD and AD → AD recipients for vaccine strains examined. However, a higher percent of HD → HD and AD → AD recipients had postvaccination titer ≥ 40 than SD → AD recipients for A/H1N1 (86%-89% versus 60%) and SD → AD and SD → HD recipients for A/H3N2 (83%-87% versus 40%-53%). GMTs were higher in AD → AD versus SD → AD recipients for A/H1N1 (p = .01) and A/H3N2 (p = .002). MFRs in season 2 were low in all groups for A/H3N2 (1.5–2.2) and B/Victoria (1.7–2.3). MFR was lower in season 2 versus 1 for HD → HD and AD → AD recipients for all vaccine strains (1.6–3.7 versus 2.6–6.2). Conclusions Sequential vaccination with enhanced vaccines did not reduce immunogenicity in adults aged 65 through 74 years. Serologic response to cell-propagated A/H3N2 was suboptimal for all vaccines. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier. NCT02872311
The Effects of Static Disorder on Polaron Transport

The motion of charge carriers in chalcogenide glasses presents very particular properties. Emin(1) suggested that the transport properties of these low mobility solids can be described by a model in which a self- trapped carrier, the small polaron, hops between lattice sites. The steady state transport properties of the hopping system are described by the mobility y and by the diffusion coefficient D. For an ordered lattice, D can be written as D = W a2, where W is the jump rate between neighboring sites and a is the lattice constant. In a disordered lattice, W is not identical for all pairs of adjacent sites, therefore we have to find a suitable averaging procedure. We solve the problem by calculating coherent hopping rates which result from an effective medium average.
Grave Injustice: The American Indian Repatriation Movement and NAGPRA

Series Editors' Introduction Preface Acknowledgments Introduction: White Noise, Double Silence Part 1. The Historical and Legal Contexts of the Repatriation Movement 1. Museums and Objects of Empire 2. History of the Repatriation Movement, 1880s to 1970s 3. History of the Repatriation Movement, 1980s Part 2. Interpretation, Compliance, and Problems of nagpra 4. nagpra and Repatriation Efforts in the 1990s 5. nagpra as a Cultural and Legal Product Conclusion: There Is No Conclusion to the Repatriation Movement Series Editors' Afterword Appendix: Full Text of the nagpra Law Notes References Index
Chromosomal defects track tumor subpopulations and change in progression in oligodendroglioma

To assess karyotypic changes and tumor subpopulations in progression of oligodendroglioma (ODG) we analyzed histologically diagnosed 1p/19q codeleted cases using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray data. We separated cases according to grade, which was assigned blind to karyotype information beyond 1p/19q status. The 51 WHO grade II (O2) and 18 WHO grade III (O3) specimens showed frequent chromosomal locations and patterns of change including loss of heterozygosity (LOH), often copy-neutral, on 9p and LOH on 4p and 4q together. Analysis of co-occurrence indicated that most defects were independent but also suggested increased likelihood of defects on 11q, 13q, and 14q in the presence of defects on 18, 4, and 9, respectively. We used the relative degree of change in B-allele frequency as an indicator of an abnormality's extent, and we present simulated data to clarify how information on subpopulations was thus inferred. Among 9p defects, 89.3% involved the whole tumor, whereas only 47.6% of 4q defects did so. We modeled extent through the tumor as due to a karyotypic change's likelihood of occurring and the fitness it confers on its subpopulation, and used group data to estimate these values. To assess progression directly, we evaluated specimens from six patients who underwent multiple resections since 1996. Four of these patients had received no chemotherapy or radiation, permitting assessment of the natural history of the tumor karyotype in situ. Defects present throughout a tumor at first resection remained so, whereas among subpopulations, some expanded, some remained constant, and some disappeared. The rate of expansion among subpopulations that did so was not uniform, and estimates of fitness predicted subpopulation composition at recurrence. These results extend prior studies of increased karyotypic abnormality in progression of oligodendroglioma and reveal the complex dynamics of subpopulations in the tumor over time.
Linear Modal Analysis of a Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blade

In this work, mode shapes and modal frequencies of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade are found. The blade is modeled as a pre-twisted beam under bend-bend-twist deformations, and the strain, gravitational potential and kinetic energy expressions are found. These expressions are then simplified for linear theory, and further by using the assumed modes method in which assumed modes are chosen independently for flapwise, edgewise, and twist deflections from a cantilevered uniform beam. Lagrange’s equations of motion are applied to the assumed modal coordinates, and coupled linear equations are thus found. Modal analysis is applied to the assumed modal equations to find the resonance frequencies, and the resulting mode shapes are recombined to express the mode shapes in the bend-bend-twist coordinates. The approach was applied to a uniform twisted rectangular beam, and the first three mode shapes are found to be combinations of the in-plane and out-of-plane bending. The results of the modal analysis are compared with results from a finite element analysis, and the mode shapes and frequencies are consistent. The method is also applied to NREL’s 5 MW wind turbine blade to find its bend-bend-twist mode shapes and natural frequencies.
Multiple Roles for ATP in the Synthesis and Processing of mRNA by Vaccinia Virus: Specific Inhibitory Effects of Adenosine (β,γ-Imido) Triphosphate

Abstract Adenosine (β,γ-imido)triphosphate (AMP-PNP) and guanosine (β,γ-imido)triphosphate (GMP-PNP) are analogs of ATP and GTP with non-hydrolyzable γ-phosphates. Although both AMP-PNP and GMP-PNP were used in place of ATP and GTP by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to transcribe vaccinia virus DNA, only GMP-PNP was used by the transcriptase present within vaccinia virus cores. AMP-PNP specifically prevented initiation of transcription, since RNA initiated in the presence of ATP, GTP, and CTP was subsequently elongated by incubating the washed cores in the presence of AMP-PNP, GTP, CTP, and UTP. The RNA formed in this manner, however, was (i) several times longer than normal transcripts, indicating a defect in chain termination and/or cleavage of nascent RNA, (ii) was not polyadenylylated (although free polyadenylic acid formed), and (iii) was not extruded from the virus cores. Nearest neighbor analysis demonstrated that AMP-PNP was incorporated adjacent to all four nucleotides, and hybridization to restriction endonuclease fragments of vaccinia virus DNA indicated that the high-molecular-weight RNA was transcribed from representative fractions of the entire genome. The possibility of a block in processing rather than or in addition to a block in chain termination was suggested by the cleavage of the high-molecular-weight RNA within the core after replacement of AMP-PNP with ATP. Cleavage of purified high-molecular-weight RNA by a soluble endoribonuclease extracted from vaccinia virus cores, however, was not dependent upon ATP, nor was it inhibited by AMP-PNP. The latter results suggest that AMP-PNP blocks a step preceding cleavage.
Laboratory and Field Studies of the Acoustics of Multiphase Ocean Bottom Materials

Abstract : LONG-TERM GOALS: The long-term scientific objective of this project is to increase our understanding of sound propagation in ocean bottom sediments, including water-saturated sands and muds, gas-bearing sands and muds, and sediments which support seagrass. This in turn benefits buried object detection, sonar operation and acoustic communications in shallow water. The proposed study includes continued analysis of data collected during Shallow Water 06 (SW06), development of apparatus and procedures for propagation and sediment studies for the next planned shallow water experiment (referred to herein as SW12) and continued laboratory studies of the acoustics of the multiphase sediment materials mentioned above. Another goal for the out years is to develop techniques and apparatus for in situ classification of ocean bottoms for Naval fleet operations. OBJECTIVES/APPROACH: The origin of this project was an Entry Level Faculty Award in 2005, then a follow-on grant for 2008 2009. In this time, impedance tube and resonator methods, originally developed by the author for the investigation of bubbly liquids [1, 2], have been successfully modified for the investigation of ocean bottom sediments [3, 4]. In addition, the technique has been applied to the study of gassy sediments [5, 6] and seagrasses [7, 8]. In Refs. [3] through [8], sound speeds have been measured from 100 Hz up to 300 kHz. This work resulted in the author being awarded the 2007 A.B. Wood medal in underwater acoustics [9]. Analysis of SW06 data has also resulted in sound speed and attenuation inferences down to 40 Hz [10]. We now continue the use of these experimental methods to investigate sound propagation in multiphase ocean bottom sediments.
Synchronization in Network Protocols

As the number and diversity of networks increases, the need for sophisticated network protocols has grown. Because network protocols must deal with distant parties, they are prey to all the well-known problems faced by distributed systems. This paper addresses one of these problems: synchronization. Though connectionless protocols require little knowledge of the other party’s state, in connection-oriented protocols, we hope that the parties remain synchronized. Thus, for example, if one party disconnects, we expect the other to disconnect. If one party thinks that a connection has been established, we expect the other to agree. In this paper we address two issues: the loss of synchronization itself, and detection of this loss.
Prognostic factors that increase the risk for reduced white matter volumes and deficits in attention and learning for survivors of childhood cancers

Objective In children, CNS-directed cancer therapy is thought to result in decreased cerebral white matter volumes (WMV) and subsequent neurocognitive deficits. This study was designed as a prospective validation of the purported reduction in WMV, associated influential factors, and its relationship to neurocognitive deficits in a very large cohort of both acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and malignant brain tumors (BT) survivors in comparison to an age similar cohort of healthy sibling controls. Procedures The effects of host characteristics and CNS treatment intensity on WMV were investigated in 383 childhood cancer survivors (199 ALL, 184 BT) at least 12 months post-completion of therapy and 67 healthy siblings that served as a control group. t-Tests and multiple variable linear models were used to assess cross-sectional WMV and its relation with neurocognitive function. Results BT survivors had lower WMV than ALL survivors, who had less than the control group. Increased CNS treatment intensity, younger age at treatment, and greater time since treatment were significantly associated with lower WMV. Additionally, cancer survivors did not perform as well as the control group on neurocognitive measures of intelligence, attention, and academic achievement. Reduced WMV had a larger impact on estimated IQ among females and children treated at a younger age. Conclusions Survivors of childhood cancer that have undergone higher intensity therapy at a younger age have significantly less WMV than their peers and this difference increases with time since therapy. Decreased WMV is associated with significantly lower scores in intelligence, attention, and academic performance in survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1074–1079. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Occurrence and Significance

Many different monosaccharidic compounds are present as constituents of a variety of substances in higher and lower plants, animals, and microorganisms. Among the naturally occurring compounds that contain monosaccharidic components are antibiotics, glycolipids (see Chap. 7), glycosphingolipids (see Chap. 7), glycoproteins (see Chap. 8), C-glycosyl compounds, glycosyl esters, lipopolysaccharides (see Chap. 7), nucleosides, nucleotides, oligosaccharides (see Chap. 5), peptidoglycans (see Chap. 6.1), glycosides of a variety of substances in algae and higher plants, polysaccharides (see Chap. 6), protein polysaccharides (see Chap. 6), proteoglycans (see Chap. 6.1), and teichoic acids. Among the types of monosaccharidic constituents found in one or more of these classes of compounds are alditols, aldoses, aminodeoxysugars, anhydrosugars, branchedchain sugars, deoxysugars, ketoses, thiosugars, and uronic acids. These monosacccharidic constituents usually contain five or six carbon atoms, i.e., are pentoses or hexoses, respectively. The monosaccharide units in these compounds are joined to other constituents by glycosidic, glycosylamine, or ester linkages, with the former being in an overwhelming majority.
Metabolic Engineering of the Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Vegetable Oils

This chapter discusses engineering of plants for yield and composition of edible and industrial triacylglycerols (TAGs). Total oil production has been increased moderately by overexpression of genes for the first and last steps of oil synthesis, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), respectively. However, the single enzyme approach has proved less than satisfactory, and further progress may depend on identification of regulatory genes affecting overall expression of the lipid synthesis pathways and partitioning of carbon between oil and other plant products. The fatty acid composition of oilseeds has been more amenable to modification. Development of edible oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (18:1) has been achieved in several oilseeds normally dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 18:2. Approaches have included both chemical mutagenesis and transgenic alteration of the FAD2 genes responsible for desaturation of 18:1 to 18:2. Proportions of 16:0 have been reduced substantially by reduction of FatB, the gene for the thioesterase that releases 16:0 from the acyl carrier protein (ACP) on which it is assembled. The last major goal in edible oil modification, production of a temperate crop sufficiently rich in saturated fatty acids for use without hydrogenation and its associated trans‐fatty acid production, remains elusive. Mechanisms for minimizing transfer of the upregulated saturated fatty acids to plant membranes are currently lacking. Excess saturated fatty acids in plant membranes are particularly damaging in colder temperature ranges. Finally, a wide range of genes have been identified that encode enzymes for synthesis of unusual fatty acids with potential as food additives or industrial feedstocks. Genes for production of γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) and polyunsaturated ω‐3 fatty acids have been introduced into plants, as have genes permitting production of 10:0 and 12:0 for the detergents industry, long‐chain fatty acids for plastics and nylons, novel monounsaturated and conjugated fatty acids, and fatty acids with useful epoxy‐, hydroxy‐, and cyclic moieties. With the notable exception of the shorter‐chain fatty acids, these efforts have been hampered by inadequate yields of the novel products. Given that plants from which many of the applicable genes were isolated do produce oils with high proportions of unusual fatty acids, increased yields in transgenic crops should be achievable. It is probable that introduction of the novel fatty acids must be coupled with appropriate modifications of the enzymes responsible for their flux into vegetable oils.
Using a Lifecourse Context for Exploring Alcohol Change Attempts and Treatment Efforts Among Individuals With Alcohol Dependency

This article explores the importance of incorporating past attempts at changing one's drinking during current assessment and treatment processes, as well as when interpreting research outcomes. It is hypothesized that the current change efforts might be influenced by the change attempts that individuals have experienced over the lifecourse or “career” of their alcohol use disorders. In addition to formal treatment efforts, previous attempts might include other less easily recognized change strategies categorized as “informal” and “self-change” efforts. The authors describe initial development of an assessment strategy, the Lifecourse Alcohol Change Attempt interview protocol, and the results of a pilot test involving current and retrospective data collection. Results are indicative of both the feasibility and clinical utility of applying a lifecourse approach to self-change attempts and inclusion of self-perceptions regarding attempt outcomes, barriers, and facilitators of change. Implications for social ...
Total and leisure-time walking among U.S. adults should every step count?

Background Although walking is a popular leisure-time activity, a substantial amount of total daily walking occurs in nonleisure contexts (i.e., occupation, transportation, and household work). Because nonleisure walking is not assessed by traditional leisure-time activity surveys, total walking among U.S. adults may be underestimated. This study describes walking estimates obtained from a measure of leisure-time activity and a specific measure of total walking in all contexts. Methods A national sample of adults ( n =6626), selected by random-digit dialing, was surveyed between May 1999 and November 2000. Estimates of walking prevalence and of weekly time spent walking were examined from two separate modules: (1) an assessment restricted to leisure-time activity, and (2) an assessment of total walking. Results Walking prevalence based on the total walking module was nearly double that based on the leisure-time module (81% vs 43%, respectively). The median weekly minutes of walking also nearly doubled using the total walking module (239 vs 130 minutes, respectively). Among those with jobs involving substantial walking, median weekly walking minutes were more than three times greater with the total walking module (476 vs 130 minutes, respectively). Conclusions U.S. adults, particularly those with jobs involving walking, do a substantial amount of walking not captured by traditional leisure-time activity surveys. This may affect the appropriate targeting of physical activity interventions, as well as the evaluation of the effectiveness of physical activity promotions and policies. However, further characterization of nonleisure walking is needed to determine its contribution to health and meeting physical activity guidelines.