cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Performance Using a Three-Phase Homogeneous Model

In this study a three-phase homogeneous model was developed to simulate the performance of the molten carbonate fuel cell ~MCFC! cathode. The homogeneous model is based on volume averaging of different variables in the three phases over a small volume element. This approach can be used to model porous electrodes as it represents the real system much better than the conventional agglomerate model. Using the homogeneous model the polarization characteristics of the MCFC cathode was studied under different operating conditions.
Why Do States Build Walls? Political Economy, Security, and Border Stability

Borders constitute the international system of states. Accordingly, states will, from time to time, take assertive measures to secure the border, with among the most aggressive strategies being the construction of physical barriers, which we refer to as \border walls". Using original data on man-made border wall construction from 1800 to 2013, we theorize and nd that in many cases wall construction is about economic-security. Signicant economic disparities between the states will create incentives to illegally transport people or move goods readily available in the poorer country but highly regulated in the richer country. We nd that economic disparities have a substantial and signicant impact on the presence of a physical wall that is independent of formal border disputes and concerns over instability from civil wars in neighbors. In other words, the prominent example of the Maginot Line, constructed largely out of fear of attack, is an exception, not the exemplar, of the reasons states construct border walls.
The service grid: supporting scalable heterogeneous services in wide-area networks

Scalable delivery of network services to client applications is a difficult problem. We present a service architecture that is designed to accommodate the scalable delivery of heterogeneous services to clients with different QoS requirements. A prototype was built using the Legion wide area computing infrastructure to explore the design of application- and service-based replica selection and creation policies in a wide area network. The preliminary results demonstrate that application- and service-based policies outperform generic policies such as random and round robin. The results also show that overhead control is a key issue for latency sensitive requests.
A Comparison of Jungian, Person-Centered, and Gestalt Approaches to Personal Growth Groups.

Abstract This article compares a Jungian approach to personal growth groups to the Person-centered and Gestalt approaches. Similarities are noted, though a Jungian approach adds the dimension of a “cognitive map” not found in the other two. This cognitive map uses constructs from Jung's theory of the individuation process. It is hypothesized that the integration of these constructs into group work would foster member learning and development.
Theoretical Design of Thermosyphon for Process Heat Transfer From NGNP to Hydrogen Plant

The Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) will most likely produce electricity and process heat, with both being considered for hydrogen production. To capture nuclear process heat, and transport it to a distant industrial facility requires a high temperature system of heat exchangers, pumps and/or compressors. The heat transfer system is particularly challenging not only due to the elevated temperatures (up to ∼ 1300K) and industrial scale power transport (≥50 MW), but also due to a potentially large separation distance between the nuclear and industrial plants (100+m) dictated by safety and licensing mandates. The work reported here is the preliminary analysis of two-phase thermosyphon heat transfer performance with alkali metals. A thermosyphon is a device for transporting heat from one point to another with quite extraordinary properties. In contrast to single-phased forced convective heat transfer via ‘pumping a fluid’, a thermosyphon (also called a wickless heat pipe) transfers heat through the vaporization / condensing process. The condensate is further returned to the hot source by gravity, i.e. without any requirement of pumps or compressors. With this mode of heat transfer, the thermosyphon has the capability to transport heat at high rates over appreciable distances, virtually isothermally and without any requirement for external pumping devices. Two-phase heat transfer by a thermosyphon has the advantage of high enthalpy transport that includes the sensible heat of the liquid, the latent heat of vaporization, and vapor superheat. In contrast, single-phase forced convection transports only the sensible heat of the fluid. Additionally, vapor-phase velocities within a thermosyphon are much greater than single-phase liquid velocities within a forced convective loop. Thermosyphon performance can be limited by the sonic limit (choking) of vapor flow and/or by condensate entrainment. Proper thermosyphon requires analysis of both.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
THE EFFECT OF REFEEDING AND OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF A PITUITARY EXTRACT ON THE OVARIES OF UNDERNOURISHED GUINEA PIGS1

IN A PREVIOUS PUBLICATION (1) it was shown that undernutrition of the guineapig resulted in marked structural changes in the thyroid, characterized by atrophy and flattening of the acinar epithelium and retention of colloid suggesting a resting, inactivegland. Refeeding resulted in a rapid gain in body weight and return of thyroid structure to normal. The thyroid of the undernourished animals was markedly sensitive to stimulation by the thyrotropic principle of the anterior hypophsis. Evidence was presented which indicated that the structural changes observed in the thyroid of the undernourished animalswere due to impairment of the thyrotropic function of the anterior pituitary. The changes occurring in the ovaries of these animals are described in the present communication. For this study mature, female guinea pigs, weighing approximately 300 gm., were selected. Details of the care and feeding of these animals have been described (1). Animals eating a full diet were killed while gaining weight, to serve ...
Hydrologic variation during the last 170,000 years in the southern hemisphere tropics of South America

Despite the hypothesized importance of the tropics in the global climate system, few tropical paleoclimatic records extend to periods earlier than the last glacial maximum (LGM), about 20,000 years before present. We present a well-dated 170,000-year time series of hydrologic variation from the southern hemisphere tropics of South America that extends from modern times through most of the penultimate glacial period. Alternating mud and salt units in a core from Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia reflect alternations between wet and dry periods. The most striking feature of the sequence is that the duration of paleolakes increased in the late Quaternary. This change may reflect increased precipitation, geomorphic or tectonic processes that affected basin hydrology, or some combination of both. The dominance of salt between 170,000 and 140,000 yr ago indicates that much of the penultimate glacial period was dry, in contrast to wet conditions in the LGM. Our analyses also suggest that the relative influence of insolation forcing on regional moisture budgets may have been stronger during the past 50,000 years than in earlier times.
Understanding passive and active service discovery

Increasingly, network operators do not directly operate computers on their network, yet are responsible for assessing network vulnerabilities to ensure compliance with policies about information disclosure, and tracking services that affect provisioning. Thus, with decentralized network management, service discovery becomes an important part of maintaining and protecting computer networks.We explore two approaches to service discovery: active probing and passive monitoring. Active probing finds all services currently on the network, except services temporarily unavailable or hidden by firewalls; however, it is often too invasive, especially if used across administrative boundaries. Passive monitoring can find transient services, but misses services that are idle. We compare the accuracy of passive and active approaches to service discovery and show that they are complimentary, highlighting the need for multiple active scans coupled with long-duration passive monitoring. We find passive monitoring is well suited for quickly finding popular services, finding servers responsible for 99% of incoming connections within minutes. Active scanning is better suited to rapidly finding all servers, which is important for vulnerability detection - one scan finds 98% of services in two hours, missing only a handful. External scans are an unexpected ally to passive monitoring, speeding service discovery by the equivalent of 9-15 days of additional observation. Finally, we show how the use of static or dynamic addresses changes the effectiveness of service discovery, both due to address reuse and VPN effects.
Photoperiod alters fear responses and basolateral amygdala neuronal spine density in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus).

a b s t r a c t Photoperiodism is a biological phenomenon in which environmental day length is monitored to ascertain time of year to engage in seasonally appropriate adaptations. This trait is common among organisms living outside of the tropics. White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) are small photoperiodic rodents which display a suite of adaptive responses to short day lengths, including reduced hippocampal volume, impairments in hippocampal-mediated memory, and enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity. Because these photoperiodic changes in brain and behavior mirror some of the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we hypothesized that photoperiod may also alter fear memory and neuronal morphology within the hippocampus–basolateral amygdala–prefrontal cortex fear circuit. Ten weeks of exposure to short days increased fear memory in an auditory-cued fear conditioning test. Short days also increased dendritic spine density of the neurons of the basolateral amygdala, without affecting morphology of pyramidal neurons within the infralimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex. Taken together, photoperiodic phenotypic changes in brain morphology and physiology induced by a single environmental factor, exposure to short day lengths, affect responses to fearful stimuli in white-footed mice. These results have potential implications for understanding seasonal changes in fear responsiveness, as well as for expanding translational animal models for studying gene–environment interactions underlying psychiatric diseases, such as PTSD.
Molecular Beams Studies of the Dissociation of Highly Excited NO2 Induced by Molecular Colliders

NO2 in high vibrational levels was prepared in a pulsed molecular beam by laser excitation of the mixed 12A1/22B2 state to energies hν below dissociation threshold D0, D0− hν = 0−500 cm-1. The beam of excited molecules was crossed with pulsed, neat molecular beams of HCl, CO2, N2O, and NH3 at relative collision energies of ∼2000 cm-1, and the NO produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID) was detected state-selectively. The CID yield spectra obtained by monitoring specific NO rotational levels while scanning the excitation wavelength show spectral features identical with those in the fluorescence excitation spectrum of NO2. The yield of the CID products, however, decreases exponentially (compared with the fluorescence spectrum) with the increase of the amount of energy required to reach the threshold of appearance of the monitored NO state. The average energy transferred per activating collision with polyatomic colliders is in the range 130−200 cm-1, having values similar to or lower than those for d...
Acute and chronic pancreatitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1940 to 1969.

Records of all residents of Rochester; Minnesota, who had acute and chronic pancreatitis between 1940 and 1969 were reviewed and abstracted; 151 clinical cases had been diagnosed, and 170 more were included as examples of incidental pancreatitis noted at laparotomy or autopsy. Incidence rates based only on the clinical cases revealed an increased incidence from the first to the second decade, but the rates during the last two decades remained fairly stable. These rates are thought to be minimal in view of the difficulties in diagnosing pancreatitis. Incidence rates of acute pancreatitis did not differ by sex during the last two decades, although among men there was a slightly greater role of chronic pancreatitis. Age-specific rates showed a gradual rise from 4 per 100,000, for those younger than 30, to 62 per 100,000, for those over 70 years old. Acute pancreatitis is more frequent than chronic pancreatitis in a ratio of slightly more than 3:1. Etiologically, biliary tract disease was present in 37% of the patients and alcohol abuse was identified in 19%. Nine clinical cases of pancreatitis had pre-existing diabetes mellitus, and 10 subsequently developed the disease. The association of these two diseases was appreciably greater than would be expected by chance.
Oral hypoglycemics and diabetic nephropathy.

It is all so logical. Americans are increasingly likely to be insulin resistant and at an earlier age (1); hence, more people are glycosylating themselves for longer periods of time (2). One would predict that this increasing frequency of type 2 diabetes bodes an ever-increasing incidence of untoward consequences, including diabetic nephropathy. A call to euglycemia is echoing across the land (3). Minions in pharmaceutical firms and advisory bodies are taking up the cause, much to the applause of the media, Wall Street, policy makers, and the polity. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has become a shibboleth. There is no argument that type 2 adult-onset diabetes represents a risk for premature macrovascular disease, resulting in myocardial infarctions, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease. There is no argument that type 2 adult-onset diabetes, no matter how defined, increases the likelihood of nephropathy. There is no argument that we have pharmaceuticals, new and old, that can lower blood glucose and HbA1c. The argument I am raising relates to whether lowering HbA1c or any other measure of blood glucose makes a clinically important difference for patients with type 2 adult-onset diabetes. Blood glucose concentration and HbA1c are surrogate measures. The extreme of hyperglycemia aside, elevations in blood sugar or in HbA1c do not cause symptoms. Because they correlate with the frequency of untoward clinical outcomes, it is assumed that if they are reduced, then the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular disease will follow. “Clinical experience” and observational data seem consonant with this assumption. Surrogate measures are seductive because they tend to be more sensitive to change both temporally and quantitatively. “Hard outcomes,” such as death, stroke, or renal failure, unfold at a pace that demands much more patience and many more patients, both of which can tax the resources of …
Wireless infrared transmission: How to reach all office space

A highly robust and flexible wireless infrared ad-hoc networking concept "reach-all-space" is presented. Reliable multipoint connectivity is achieved with virtual bandwidth adaptation allowing data rate vs distance trade-offs and graceful throughput degradation under hostile channel conditions. Achievable communication cells under realistic ambient light environments are predicted analytically and verified experimentally for data rates of 125 kbps to 4 Mbps.
Diffraction of microwaves by tandem slits

The diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by two identical slits in tandem is investigated for normal incidence with the polarization parallel to the edges of the slits. Theory shows that the scattering cross-section coefficient is proportional to the imaginary part of the far field forward scattering factor. The stationary form of the scattering cross section is developed in terms of the incident field and unknown currents on the edges of the conductors forming the slits. Calculations using the Kirchoff-type approximation in this stationary form for a tandem slit separation of 0.157\lambda are in good agreement with the experimental values for slit widths greater than 0.5\lambda . Similar calculations for zero tandem slit separation, corresponding to a single slit, and for slit widths greater than 0.3\lambda are in good agreement with those of the exact theory of Morse and Ruberstein, and as determined experimentally. The infinitely long slits are approximated experimentally by use of a parallel plate system described earlier by Row. The experimental results show an interesting resonance effect as the slit width changes.
Variable effects of a kelp foundation species on rocky intertidal diversity and species interactions in central California

The effect of foundation species on community assemblages in physically stressful environments has received much recent attention because of the importance of foundation species in ameliorating environmental stress. Many studies have described variable effects of foundation species on community diversity at small scales, but net positive effects over large scales. Egregia menziesii (Turner) J.E. Areschoug is a large and robust perennial kelp that creates a structurally complex habitat on rocky shores of the Northeast Pacific. This study investigated the effects of Egregia sporophytes on benthic assemblages of the rocky intertidal along the central California coast. Egregia sporophytes strongly impacted the structure of associated communities, due to wave-driven whiplash of fronds, shading, or habitat provision. A survey of Egregia populations at 10 stations along 200 km of the central California coast found effects of Egregia density on the intertidal to be consistent among sites. Increased Egregia sporophyte density negatively affected algal species richness, total algal cover, and cover of the most conspicuous species of algae. However, there was a positive relationship with algal crusts, geniculate coralline algae, and sessile invertebrates. Egregia removal experiments at two sites within the study area experimentally tested for the effects of Egregia on intertidal communities. Results from Soberanes Pt. were consistent with survey results because of the negative effect of Egregia on algal species diversity, subcanopy layering, and cover of abundant algal species. However, removal experiments at Pigeon Pt. resulted in a positive Egregia effect on algal diversity and cover of abundant algal species possibly due to lower Egregia densities, lower wave exposure than Soberanes Pt., and stress amelioration. In the lower energy environment, Egregia acted as a sand trap, yet sand accumulation did not negatively impact algal diversity. Negative effects of large brown algae on benthic assemblages have been observed in temperate waters around the world for certain intertidal or subtidal kelp in wave-swept environments allowing for scouring and substrate shading. This study shows that Egregia and morphologically similar brown algal species can have both negative and positive effects on community diversity depending on variation in density and local environmental conditions. Egregia has the opposite effect on community diversity than what has been previously reported for foundation species because it negatively affects biodiversity in stressful environments, but has a positive effect in less stressful environments.
Scalar potentials and accidental symmetries in supersymmetric U(1)' models

Abstract We address two closely related problems associated with the singlet scalars' potential that are often present in supersymmetric U ( 1 ) ′ models, especially those which maintain the gauge unification of the MSSM in a simple way. The first is the possibility of an accidental global symmetry which results in a light Goldstone boson. The second is the problem of generating a vacuum expectation value for more than one field without reintroducing the μ problem. We give sufficient conditions for addressing both issues and provide a concrete example to generate them.
Effects of Polymerized Whey Proteins on Consistency and Water‐holding Properties of Goat's Milk Yogurt

The effects of polymerized whey proteins (PWP) on functional properties of goat's milk yogurt were investigated. PWP were prepared by heating whey protein isolate (WPI) dispersion (8.0% protein, pH 7.0) at 90 °C for 30 min. Three reconstituted goat milk (RGM) (12% total solids [TS] as control; RGM with 2.4% unheated WPI; and RGM with 2.4% PWP) and 1 RGM with 16.7% TS were prepared and inoculated with 0.04% yogurt starter culture. Inoculated milk was incubated at 43 °C for 5 h, cooled to 4 °C in an ice-water bath, and then placed at refrigerator (4 °C) overnight before testing. Incorporation of PWP significantly (P < 0.001) increased the viscosity (by 80%) and decreased the syneresis (by 25%) of the yogurt samples, whereas addition of unheated WPI did not significantly affect the viscosity and syneresis compared with the control. There were no changes in pH, TS, ash, fat, protein, and lactose contents among yogurt samples except the solids fortified control. Yogurt with 16.7% TS had the lowest syneresis but did not improve in viscosity. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs demonstrated that the microstructure of the goat's milk yogurt gel with PWP was denser than the control. Results of this study indicate that polymerized whey proteins may be a novel protein-based thickening agent for improving the functional properties of goat's milk yogurt and other similar products.
Charged membrabe ultrafiltration of inorganic ions in single annd multi-salt systems

An experimental study of the ultrafiltratin of several ionic inorganic soluted, using a negatively-charged membrane, is detailed. Both single salt and multi-salt systems are investigated in a continuous flow, thin chappel unit, with and average transmembrane pressure difference of 2.76 × 105N/m2 and a channel Reynolds number of 2800, The solute rejection is predictable to some extent in terms of Donnan ion exclusion theory, and the water flux is dictated by the combined effects of osmotic pressure and membrane-cation interaction. In the single salt experiments, the anion rejections can be related to the inlet (feet) concentration by power functions of the form: rejection = 1 − K Cia, in which 0 < a < 1.0. The power a is 0.4 chloride salts 0.25 fo monovalent oxyanion salts, and 0.1 fir divalent oxynion salts, but a is indepedent of the cationn present (Na+, Ca2+, or La3+). The constant K is generally a function of both the anion (except in the case of SO42−, HPO42−, and CrO42−) and the cation, being determined by such factors as sistance to water flux is found to depend on cation charge and cation radius. For systems containing two or more salts, the presence of a divalent anion decreses the rejection of the monovalent anion. For multi-salt systems, a rejection of Ca2+ plus Mg2+ of 0.82 and a water flux of 12.9 × 10−4 cm/s (27.2 gal/ft2-day) are achieved at a transmembrane pressure difference of 4.10 × 105 N/m2 (4.1atm), indicating that the process has considerable potential for industrial water softening.
Enhanced adaptive filter-bank-based automated pavement crack detection and segmentation system

We incorporate, evaluate, and assess the feasibility of using filter banks in automated pavement distress systems from a system level. We integrate a novel filter-bank-based distress segmentation method, which, unlike previously researched methods, does not depend on highpass data. In addition, we incorporate the standard Said Pearlman set partitioning in hierarchical trees compression coder into the automated pavement distress system, which is a first in this area of research. A third contribution of the research is a statistical detection algorithm that assists in overall system performance. Preliminary testing using images provided by the Georgia Department of Transportation demonstrate the promise of the proposed method.
A self-biased feedback-controlled pull-down emitter follower for high-speed low-power bipolar logic circuits

A feedback-controlled active-pull-down emitter follower that is self-biased at a low steady-state current and allows the collector dotting and emitter dotting is proposed for high-speed low-power bipolar/BiCMOS digital logic circuits. The push-pull operation of this emitter follower is precisely controlled by a feedback mechanism and does not require any extra out-of-phase signal other than the emitter-follower input from the logic stage. Simulation results based on a 0.5-/spl mu/m advanced Si-bipolar technology show that the pull-down delay and drive capability of a loaded 1-mW feedback-controlled pull-down ECL gate are improved to the pull-up levels, 2.7 and 10 times better than those of the conventional resistor-pull-down ECL circuit, respectively. >
Osteochondral Allograft Augmentation of the Glenoid for Instability with Bone Deficiency

Glenoid bone defects in the setting of recurrent anterior shoulder instability can be difficult to treat. An intact glenoid articular arc is crucial for a stable articulation with the humeral head, and loss of articular congruency can prove detrimental in recurrent anterior shoulder instability. The size of the defect, coupled with patient-specific factors such as activity level, are major factors in determining appropriate treatment options. In general, defects 30 % of the glenoid width often require autograft or allograft glenoid augmentation. Defects between 15–30 % are in an indeterminate zone, and attention must be paid to the size of the defect and the demands of the patients. In general, patients in this group can be treated with direct fragment repair either through open or arthroscopic techniques as well as glenoid bone autograft or allograft augmentation. With appropriate patient selection criteria and sound surgical technique, the majority of patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability associated with a glenoid osseous defect can be effectively treated and returned to a high level of function without recurrent instability.
Commercial Rotational Instruments

Materials generally show a broad spectrum of behaviour, the rheological properties lying between the extremes of a truly elastic and an ideally viscous response. The rheological testing procedures involve measuring the response of a material to an applied deformation but, given that ideality in response is rarely encountered, a straightforward rheological test is not usually sufficient for a complete material characterisation. Also, materials often show considerable time dependent changes as well as markedly non—linear responses to an applied stress or strain, so that the rheological tests need to be chosen carefully. The deformation, or strain, can be applied in a variety of ways but the aim of any study, in establishing a relationship between material properties and the stress—strain—time conditions, means that only relatively simple and well characterisable shear conditions are used. Understandably, the most usual approach is to shear the material between two surfaces. Now, since it is only the relative movement within the material that is important, the approach used does not require that any one surface be stationary. However, from a practical point of view, a simple arrangement is to move the surfaces in contact with the material rather than move the material itself.
Issues Relating to the Applicability of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)

The posting contains drafts excerpts from a forthcoming new (4th) edition of John Honnold's treatise Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention. The posting is comprised of new materials proposed to be inserted in the discussion of certain rules governing the applicability of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Those rules are found in Articles 1, 3 and 4 of the CISG, discussed in §§ 39-48 and 57-70 of Professor Honnold's treatise. The issues addressed in the excerpts include: the extent to which the Convention's rules of applicability respect distinctions between legally-distinct entities; the treatment of services employed in producing goods in determining, pursuant to CISG Article 3(2), whether a contract is predominantly a service transaction; whether the Convention governs claims asserted by a buyer against parties other than the buyer's direct seller, such as manufacturers and other remote distributors of the goods; and the extent to which the CISG governs the question of who bears the burden of proving the elements of its provisions.
Credit Where Credit is Due: The Latino Community Credit Union

Five years after its launch, the Latino Community Credit Union had made remarkable progress, garnering 40,000 members and $22 million in assets. More extraordinary was the LCCU's customer base: Hispanic immigrants, many of them undocumented. The credit union's next bold step was to consider introducing credit cards for their customers. The question was how to make it work.
Body image disturbance and health behaviors among sexual minority men living with HIV.

Body image disturbance is a common experience for many sexual minority (i.e., gay and bisexual) men living with HIV (Sharma et al., 2007). Not only do elevated levels of body image disturbance, in and of itself, confer significant distress, but it has also been associated with arguably the two most important health behaviors for individuals living with HIV—antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and sexual health (Blashill & Vander Wal, 2009; Wilton, 2009). The pathways in which body image disturbance impacts ART adherence and sexual health are less clear; however, preliminary data suggest depression may serve as a mediator between body image disturbance and poor ART adherence (Blashill, Gordon, & Safren, in press). Additionally, some studies have noted that body image disturbance negatively impacts one’s confidence in using condoms (e.g., Gillen, Lefkowitz, & Shearer, 2006), a known risk factor for enagaging in HIV sexual risk behaviors (O’Leary et al., 2005). Both biological and sociocultural factors likely influence the degree to which sexual minority men living with HIV experience body image disturbance. Lipodystrophy, a condition defined by lipoatrophy and/or lipohypertrophy, is prevalent among individuals living with HIV, (Caron-Debarle, Lagathu, Boccara, Vigouroux, & Capeau, 2010) and is also known to increase body image disturbance (Sharma et al., 2007). Socioculturally, appearance investment, or an orientation that values the often unrealistic Western societal ideals of beauty and body shape (e.g., lean muscularity), leads to, and perpetuates, body image disturbance (Cafri, Yamamiya, Brannick, & Thompson, 2005). Pathways to and from body image disturbance among sexual minority men living with HIV are varied and complex. However, to date, no known study has examined these outcomes simultaneously in a model with proposed antecedents to body image disturbance. Thus, the current study aimed to present and test a biopsychosocial model of body image disturbance and self-care behaviors amongst this population (see Figure 1). It was hypothesized that investment in appearance and lipodystrophy severity would predict elevated body image disturbance, which in turn would predict poorer ART adherence (through depressive symptoms) and increased HIV sexual transmission risk behaviors (through poorer condom use self-efficacy).
A mobile learning system based on the WSAN

In order to solve the problem among the real-time interaction,each takes what he needs and other aspects,a new method to enable mobile learning using emerging technology such as Wireless Sensor and actor network( WSAN) was put forward in this paper. Ranking index and search guidance mechanism were used to clarify the relationship between learning objects,mobile learning objects between WSAN nodes based on the lightweight storage system were shared,and global learning object information who can shared was obtained with Bayes' theorem,finally the mobile learning system based on WSAN was realized. Research on work based on WSAN technology and fault-tolerant sensing technology further enriched the information form of mobile learning,enhanced the learner-centered training and education level,and made the personalized learning and anytime,anywhere access to learning become possible,as well as it has a higher application and reference value in the field of mobile learning.
Immune genetic algorithm and applications in optimization

The article pointed out the inadequacies of genetic algorithm,and proposed immune genetic algorithm by introducting immunology theory to genetic algorithm.To the present research situation in optimized problem of immune genetic algorithm,it made a conclusion in aspects of coding technique,apriori knowledge,operator,introduction of chaos theory,method of multi-population and the combination with Niche theory,and pointed out the inadequacies.Finally,proposed the problems to be further studied and the trends of developments in this field.
Economic Impact Study of McLean County Museum of History-Cruisin’ withLincoln on 66 Visitor Center

The aim of this paper is to determine the McLean County Museum of History's total effects, as well as the visitor center's total effects (thus far), on the Bloomington-Normal economy by calculating an aggregate monetary value for income earned to all businesses within the community. This will be done through an economic impact study, keeping in mind that "input-output modeling and aggregate income multipliers are particularly important" (Llop & Arauzo, 2012). It is hoped that this research will further our knowledge about the impact of cultural activities and how they are transmitted throughout the economy. This will help organizations aimed at tourism to better understand and plan the allocation of resources in an efficient
A Dynamic Theory of Learning

In this thesis, a dynamic theory of learning, also called online learning in computer science, is presented as stochastic approximations of the regression function from reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS). We show by probabilistic upper bounds that these algorithms may achieve the same convergence rates as "batch learning", and thus asymptotically reach the optimal rates in some senses.
The Discovery of Bound Iron–Sulfur Clusters in Photosystem I by EPR Spectroscopy

Summary The discovery of bound iron‐sulfur proteins in chloroplast membranes was made in 1971 using EPR spectroscopy. This chapter describes the events leading up to that discovery and the conclusions drawn concerning the structure and function of these proteins.
Qué nos aporta la cirugía híbrida de revascularización miocárdica

El conocimiento actual nos indica que la cirugia de revascularizacion miocardica (CRM) es el patron-oro en el tratamiento de diversos grupos de pa-cientes afectos de cardiopatia isquemica (CI). Esto esta bien definido en las recientes guias de practica clinica conjuntas de la European Society of Cardiology (ESC) y la European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery (EACTS)
Ejection Fraction: Misunderstood and Overrated (Changing the Paradigm in Categorizing Heart Failure)

The long-standing emphasis on ejection fraction (EF) is misguided. EF is erroneously assumed to be a measure of myocardial contractility. Of greater concern is the widespread classification of patients with heart failure (HF) based on whether EF is preserved (HFpEF) or reduced (HFrEF). In fact, EF does not provide any specific information on causation or underlying mechanisms. We believe that a revision or abandonment of this nomenclature is warranted, and categorization of patients with HF should more strongly emphasize underlying pathophysiology EF is a characterization of ventricular ejection: the stroke volume (SV) expressed as a fraction of end-diastolic volume (EDV). Knowledge of EDV is essential to translate SV expressed as a percentage (EF) into absolute SV, a quantity of more physiological and clinical significance, hence our admonition that no one should ever mention EF without, in the same breath, diastolic volume. In the 1950s, physiologists used the instantaneous change in SV/EDV (ie, the change in EF) as a measure of change in contractility under conditions of constant load. Over time we have largely forgotten that (1) EF is influenced by both preload (diastolic) and afterload (systolic) and cannot be interpreted as an index of contractility without knowledge of left ventricular (LV) loads; and (2) structural changes leading to increases or decreases in LVEDV will strongly influence the EF at a given level of contractility and SV. So EF is twice removed from an …
Cognitive Presence in Minecraft Online Discussion Forums: How Question Framing Affects Subsequent Discussions

As online discussion forums are increasing in size and popularity, we see the potential of informal online forums in promoting learning. The relationship between question framing and subsequent discussions found within online forums for the video game Minecraft suggests opportunities for discussions to generate higher level of critical thinking. Questions found within the forum were analyzed by the Cognitive Presence Tool proposed by Garrison et al. [2]. We propose that seeding forums with appropriate question structures may be useful for framing as well as improving community-regulated learning.
A hybrid, coupled approach for modeling charged fluids from the nano to the mesoscale

Abstract We develop and demonstrate a new, hybrid simulation approach for charged fluids, which combines the accuracy of the nonlocal, classical density functional theory (cDFT) with the efficiency of the Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) equations. The approach is motivated by the fact that the more accurate description of the physics in the cDFT model is required only near the charged surfaces, while away from these regions the PNP equations provide an acceptable representation of the ionic system. We formulate the hybrid approach in two stages. The first stage defines a coupled hybrid model in which the PNP and cDFT equations act independently on two overlapping domains, subject to suitable interface coupling conditions. At the second stage we apply the principles of the alternating Schwarz method to the hybrid model by using the interface conditions to define the appropriate boundary conditions and volume constraints exchanged between the PNP and the cDFT subdomains. Numerical examples with two representative examples of ionic systems demonstrate the numerical properties of the method and its potential to reduce the computational cost of a full cDFT calculation, while retaining the accuracy of the latter near the charged surfaces.
Effective computational detection of piRNAs using n-gram models and support vector machine

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a new class of small non-coding RNAs that are known to be associated with RNA silencing. The piRNAs play an important role in protecting the genome from invasive transposons in the germline. Recent studies have shown that piRNAs are linked to the genome stability and a variety of human cancers. Due to their clinical importance, there is a pressing need for effective computational methods that can be used for computational identification of piRNAs. However, piRNAs lack conserved structural motifs and show relatively low sequence similarity across different species, which makes accurate computational prediction of piRNAs challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel method, piRNAdetect, for reliable computational prediction of piRNAs in genome sequences. In the proposed method, we first classify piRNA sequences in the training dataset that share similar sequence motifs and extract effective predictive features through the use of n-gram models (NGMs). The extracted NGM-based features are then used to construct a support vector machine that can be used for accurate prediction of novel piRNAs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed piRNAdetect algorithm through extensive performance evaluation based on piRNAs in three different species – H. sapiens, R. norvegicus, and M. musculus – obtained from the piRBase and show that piRNAdetect outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods in terms of efficiency and accuracy.
Printing and measurements of ink-jet deposited transmission lines for space electronics

This paper demonstrates the ink-jet printing of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line on Kapton™ and Willow Glass substrates for space electronics. A customized Nordson EFD fluid dispensing system with xQR41 Series Microdot™ needle valve was used to print CPW transmission lines using DuPont 5025 conductive paste with feature sizes approximately 200 μm. The printing challenges related to viscosity of ink, deposit size, and fluid inlet pressure were identified and solutions are provided. The characterization of the propagation constant and reflection coefficient of the CPW lines have been carried out using a multiline TRL calibration technique. Additionally, the PNA was calibrated to the probe tips using a GGB Picoprobe Short-Open-Load-Thru (SOLT) calibration standard wafer for measuring the CPW lines over a broader bandwidth (up to 50 GHz). The RF power handling capability and the adhesion tape testing results of the CPW lines are also presented. At 10 W input power, the Kapton bent upwards and the CPW line discolored. Despite all these observed variations, the CPW line operated well.
Giving Appointments to Patients for Surgeries, and Scheduling Surgeries to Operating Rooms in a Day

Among several decision making problems in running the surgical suite in a hospital efficiently, this chapter considers three most important ones: allocating available operating room times to various departments, fixing surgery dates to incoming patients, and sequencing the various surgeries to be performed by a surgeon over the time of a day. We describe the approaches adopted to solve them to find efficient solutions.
CRISPR/dCas9-mediated cell differentiation

Abstract Directed differentiation is a critical tool for regenerative medicine as well as bioengineering. While conventional methods for cell state manipulation rely on separate viral vectors for each transcription factor and occasionally repeated transfections for long-term overexpression, CRISPR/dCas9-mediated endogenous activation may offer a simpler and potentially more attractive alternative. By combining the DNA-binding domain of an inactive Cas9 protein with the catalytic domain of epigenetic or transcriptional effectors, endogenous gene expression or repression can be achieved at a specific locus with the addition of a guide RNA. Here, we outline the toolset built on these dCas9 fusion proteins and its application to generate target cells with directed differentiation from stem cells or direct conversion from adult cells. Further, we look toward the potential role that dCas9 can play in the more accurate recapitulation of cell states and efficient manipulation for applications in regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
Helplessness Mediates Racial Discrimination and Depression for African American Young Adults

Racial discrimination is associated with depressive symptoms for young African American adults. Yet few studies have examined the psychological mechanisms for this association. The purpose of this ...
Real-time symptom monitoring of dyspnea via ecological momentary assessment

Background: Dyspnea is an overwhelmingly unpleasant sensation associated with qualitative descriptors such as "suffocation," "choking," and "drowning."Like all memory recall, retrospective dyspnea symptom reports are subject to bias and may be influenced by affective components. However, real-time symptom monitoring is more accurately reflective of physiological airway changes. Evidence of real-time dyspnea symptom tracking using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) via smartphone technology is limited. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and utility of a technology-enabled symptom monitoring intervention in individuals with chronic respiratory disease (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma). Methods: An iterative design process was used by a multidisciplinary team (physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and respiratory psychophysiologist) to develop the Smartphone Airway Monitoring System (SAMS). A cross-sectional repeated measures design was used to evaluate EMA combined with Bluetooth-enabled inhalers for real-time smartphone monitoring (n=20). Results: Smartphone real-time respiratory symptom tracking is acceptable and feasible in adults and children with chronic respiratory disease. The majority of patients own a smartphone, but new/replacement smartphones loans are needed for some patients. Discussion: An mHealth platform (SAMS) enabled real time symptom assessment in the home environment. An iterative design enhanced engagement. Ongoing investigations focus on the accuracy of symptom perception, self-efficacy, momentary factors that impact adherence behaviors and effective monitoring approaches in both pediatric and adult populations.
Jacob & Esau: Jewish European History Between Nation and Empire

Jacob and Esau is a profound new account of two millennia of Jewish European history that, for the first time, integrates the cosmopolitan narrative of the Jewish diaspora with that of traditional Jews and Jewish culture. Malachi Haim Hacohen uses the biblical story of the rival twins, Jacob and Esau, and its subsequent retelling by Christians and Jews throughout the ages as a lens through which to illuminate changing Jewish-Christian relations and the opening and closing of opportunities for Jewish life in Europe. Jacob and Esau tells a new history of a people accustomed for over two-and-a-half millennia to forming relationships, real and imagined, with successive empires but eagerly adapting, in modernity, to the nation-state, and experimenting with both assimilation and Jewish nationalism. In rewriting this history via Jacob and Esau, the book charts two divergent but intersecting Jewish histories that together represent the plurality of Jewish European cultures.
State of Outrage: Immigrant-Related Legislation and Education in Arizona

In April 2010, Arizona made national headlines when Governor Jan Brewer signed SB 1070, the “Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act” which was aimed at deterring illegal immigration to Arizona. SB 1070 is the most prominent of a series of laws and other state policies targeting immigrants in Arizona that date back to the late 1990s. This period of active legislating coincides with a dramatic increase in the state’s Hispanic population. In this paper, we provide an analysis of the state laws that have influenced the educational experiences of immigrants in Arizona passed during this period: Proposition 203 and HB 2064 (Bilingual Education), HB 2281 (Ethnic Studies Courses), and Proposition 300 (Higher Education and Adult Education).
Impact of Solar Radiation on the Thermal Design of Outdoor Enclosures for 5G Devices in Automotive Transmission Platform with Thermal Risk Analysis

5G mm Wave Technology is under extensive development within the Automotive Transmission Platform (ATP) market segment since future vehicles will need immense sensing capability [1]. At present, 5G trials are being conducted on cars for 4K video streaming at data rates of 1 Gbps downlink and 600 Mbps uplink in moving connected vehicles with mm Wave RF chips and antennas [2]. Designing a thermal solution for outdoor applications housing power-hungry radio frequency components is challenging due to the need to maintain high performance in extreme environmental conditions with solar loading [3]–[5]. This study focuses on building an efficient thermal solution that takes advantage of the air-conditioned environment inside the cab of a car to actively cool a 5G chip mounted inside a shark fin enclosure on top of the roof. An effort is made in this paper to capture the effect of solar radiation on the junction temperature of 5G mm Wave silicon. Thermal simulation results are used to create simple mathematical parametric models that predict junction temperature of the 5G chip in Corvallis, OR and Tucson, AZ at any time of the year.