cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen isotope tracers of high-temperature fluid-rock interactions: Case study of the Catalina Schist, California

Abstract Nitrogen isotope data for metasomatized rocks, veins, and pegmatites in the Catalina Schist subduction zone metamorphic complex allow futher characterization of complex, high-P/T metasomatic proceses and evaluation of the scales of isotopic equilibration and fluid transport during subduction-zone metamorphism. Throughout the Catalina Schist, N resides predominantly as NH4+ in white mica, which occurs in nearly all bulk compositions (i.e., metasedimentary, metamafic and, to a lesser extent, metaultramafic melange) at all grades. Within each metamorphic unit of the Catalina Schist (ranging in grade from lawsonite-albite to amphibolite facies), δ15N values of mica in metasomatized metamafic and metaultramafic rocks are consistent with the metasomatic addition of N from nearby, devolatilizing metasedimentary rocks into the initially N-poor mafic and ultramafic rocks. Within each unit, uniformity of mica δ15N in metasomatized rocks relative to the δ15N of metasedimentary rocks in the same unit implies mixing of N from nearby, heterogeneous metasedimentary sources, perhaps producing fluids with unifrom δ15N at up to the kilometer scale. However, the trend in δ15N of metasedimentary sources, with increasing metamorphic grade is inconsistent with larger scale up-temperature transfer of fluid (in this case, N2-bearing) in the Catalina Schist paleosubduction zone; such flow (at scales of up to tens of kilometers) has been inferred through previous oxygen isotope study. Nitrogen isotope compositions are instead believed to have been controlled at a more local scale than the O isotope systematics, due to the more rock-dominated fluid-rock mass balance for N. The δ15N of muscovite in leucosomes and pegmatites in amphibolite-grade metasedimentary exposures matches that of muscovite in metasedimentary hosts, implying minimal N-isotope fractionation during migmatization processes and possible transfer of metasedimentary N-isotope signatures in silicate melts. These results illustrate the potential of the N-isotope system to yield valuable information regarding fluid-rock interactions in the crust and mantle. The data for the Catalina Schist demonstrate the ability of N isotopes to trace the transfer of sediment-derived C O H S N fluids and silicate melts, and show the expected benefit of the N-isotope system in having a differing fluid-rock mass balance, relative to the more commonly used stable isotope systems, that can yield unique constraints in quantitative models of crustal fluid processes.
Stable isotope dilution multidimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for pancreatic cancer serum biomarker discovery.

A novel approach to pancreatic cancer biomarker discovery has been developed, which employs a stable isotope labeled proteome (SILAP) standard coupled with extensive multidimensional separation coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Secreted proteins from CAPAN-2 human pancreatic cancer derived cells were collected after conducting stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). The resulting SILAP standard contained <0.5% of individual unlabeled proteins. Pooled sera from patients with early stage pancreatic cancer or controls were prepared, and an equal amount of the SILAP standard was added to each sample. Proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) prior to two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC)–MS/MS analysis. A total of 1065 proteins were identified of which 121 proteins were present at 1.5-fold or greater concentrations in the sera of patients with pancreatic cancer. ELISA validation of these findings was successfully performed for two proteins, ICAM-1 and B...
Thermal and unroofing history of the Lhasa area, Southern Tibet—evidence from apatite fission track thermochronology

Abstract New fission track (FT) thermochronologic data from plutonic rocks at the Gangdese magmatic arc support the view that there was a pulse of rapid cooling (> 80°C/m.y.) and unroofing (> 2 mm/m.y.) around 20-15 Ma in the Quxu area, southern Lhasa terrane. The average cooling rate prior to 20 Ma and post to 15 Ma was only about 5–6°C/m.y. in this area. A fast cooling and unroofing event was not detected in other studied areas in the Lhasa terrane. Average cooling rates of 4–10°C/m.y. since the India-Asia continental collision (45-0 Ma) and unroofing rates of 0.1–0.3 mm/y can be deduced for these areas from the fission track data and previously reported 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data. These relatively slow unroofing rates can be viewed as a regional “background” in this mountain-building area, and the rapid unroofing recorded in the Quxu area as a “pulse” superimposed on it. Apatites from the granitic gneisses of the Nyainqentanglha range, west of the Yangbajain graben, yield exceptionally young FT ages of 3.3–5.1 Ma. These ages together with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data, allow cooling rates of 20 to ∼ 200°C/m.y. (9-0 Ma) to be deduced at several locations. These young ages and fast cooling rates are interpreted to be the result of recent rapid uplift and exhumation of the foot-wall of a major normal-faulting detachment zone accompanying the Yangbajain graben.
Tropospheric circulation and interplanetary magnetic sector boundaries followed by MeV proton streams

The MeV proton streams which Svestka et al. (1976) connected with certain sector boundary transits appear to select boundary transits associated with unusually active solar wind conditions. Changes in tropospheric circulation linked to the proton boundary transits were larger than those linked to other boundary transits observed during the same interval. This investigation of sector boundary transits also sheds light on the relationship between changes in solar wind velocity, density and magnetic field and terrestrial changes in the vorticity area index, geomagnetic activity, and cosmic ray flux at earth.
Concentrated Potassium Chloride Infusions in Critically Ill Patients with Hypokalemia

Although concentrated infusions of potassium chloride commonly are used to treat hypokalemia in intensive care unit patients, few studies have examined their effects on plasma potassium levels. Forty patients with hypokalemia were given infusions of 20 mmol of potassium chloride in 100 mL of normal saline over 1 hour; 26 patients received the infusions through the central vein and 14 patients through the peripheral vein. Plasma potassium ([K]p) was measured at 15-minute intervals during and after the infusion in 31 patients. delta K was defined as the difference between each potassium determination and baseline plasma potassium concentration. Continuous electrocardiographic recording was carried out during the infusion and during the 1-hour period immediately preceding the infusion. Mean baseline [K]p was 2.9 mmol/L and all subsequent plasma concentrations significantly increased from baseline. Mean peak [K]p was 3.5 mmol/L, [K]p (1 hour postinfusion) was 3.2 mmol/L, and mean postinfusion delta K was 0.48 mmol/L (range -0.1-1.7 mmol/L). Arrhythmias, changes in cardiac conduction intervals, and other complications did not occur. The frequency of premature ventricular beats decreased significantly during the infusion compared with that of the control period. The high concentration (200 mmol/L) and rate of delivery (20 mmol/hr) of the potassium chloride infusions were well tolerated, decreased the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, and did not cause transient hyperkalemia.
Computer-Assisted Corneal Topography in Family Members of Patients With Keratoconus

• In about 6% of patients with keratoconus, there is a history of familial disease. High keratometric astigmatism and mildly irregular mires observed by placidois disc have been suggested to represent variable forms of expression of a gene in family members of patients with keratoconus. We used a computerassisted digital videophotokeratoscope to map the corneas of 28 family members of 5 patients with keratoconus. Abnormalities observed in family members included central steepening, greater steepening of the cornea inferior to the apex, and substantial asymmetry in the central dioptric power between the two eyes of the same individual. These findings were similar to, but less severe than, those found in patients with keratoconus and may represent the variable expression of a gene contributing to the development of keratoconus. Pedigree analysis in these families suggests an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
Cell integrins: commonly used receptors for diverse viral pathogens

When searching for their favorite host tissues, animal viruses frequently attach to cell-surface receptors that have key roles in normal cell physiology. Integrins are prime examples of physiologically important receptors that have been usurped by nonenveloped and enveloped viruses for attachment and/or cell entry. This family of heterodimeric receptors mediates cell adhesion, cell migration, tumor metastasis and cell differentiation. Recent investigations have shed new light on integrin structure as well as on the underlying molecular features of their association with viral ligands. In this review, we discuss several examples of virus-integrin interactions that highlight recent advances in this field. The continuing improvements in virus and cell imaging techniques have helped to uncover the molecular basis of how integrins are recognized by such a wide range of microbial pathogens to invade host cells.
Distinction between 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeled and unlabeled mitotic cells by flow cytometry†

Exponentially growing Friend leukemia cells are exposed to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for the time period equivalent to one generation. After fixation and incubation with RNase, DNA in situ is partially denatured by acid and the cells are stained with acridine orange (AO). Staining with AO under these conditions reveals the extent of denatured versus double stranded DNA and enables one to distinguish mitotic from interphase cells. It is observed that all BrdUrd treated cells, regardless of cell cycle phase, have decreased both green and red fluorescence. This finding suggests that BrdUrd interacts with AO not only in the complexes of the dye with double stranded DNA, but also with the single stranded biopolymer. The BrdUrd-attributed suppression of cell fluorescence is large enough to separate totally BrdUrd labeled from unlabeled mitotic populations. The combination of these two flow cytometric techniques, one which allows discrimination between interphase and metaphase cells and the other which allows further subdivision of metaphase cells into those which have incorporated BrdUrd and those which have not, provides an alternative to the autoradiographic procedure necessary for obtaining the fraction of labeled mitoses.
Progesterone regulation of uterine dendritic cell function in rodents is dependent on the stage of estrous cycle

Steroid hormones, such as progesterone, are able to modify immunity and influence disease outcome. Dendritic cells (DCs) drive potent immune responses, express receptors for steroid hormones, and may be a primary target of steroid hormone actions during infection of the genital tract, including uterine tissue. Here, we report that progesterone limited DC-associated activation marker expression and inhibited cytokine secretion by uterine DCs, which was associated with changes in signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activity. We also found that DCs from mice at stages with higher progesterone concentrations (diestrus, metaestrus) were more sensitive to progesterone than those in stages with lower progesterone concentrations (proestrus, estrus), both in vitro and in vivo. This difference correlated with the levels of progesterone receptor expressed by DCs. These data suggest that progesterone regulates DC function and could contribute to the susceptibility of females to uterine and other genital tract infections at selected time periods throughout the life cycle.
Synthesis and Elimination of C-3-Labeled Thiosialosides

The synthesis of C-3-labeled phenylthio sialic acid derivatives and an investigation of stereoselectivity in elimination reactions for the synthesis of 2,3-dehydro derivatives (glycals) is described. The experimental results are consistent with the existence of a conformational change and may be indicative of the intermediacy of an all-axial oxacarbenium ion.
Metacontrast masking depends on luminance transients.

Abstract Metacontrast (reduction in brightness of a test flash by the subsequent presentation of a spatially-adjacent masking flash) is abolished if the test and mask flashes are changed in hue with no luminance transients. To obtain metacontrast, the masking flash need only be a luminance transient of as little as 0.05 log unit.
Free and combined amino compounds in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) and fog waters from Northern California

Abstract Atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) collected during August 1997–July 1998 and wintertime fog waters collected during 1997–1999 at Davis, California were analyzed for free and combined amino compounds. In both PM2.5 and fog waters, the average concentrations of combined amino compounds (CAC, e.g., proteins and peptides) were generally 4–5 times higher than those of free amino compounds (FAC, i.e., amino acids and alkyl amines). Concentrations of total amino compounds (TAC=FAC+CAC) ranged from 1260 to 3650 pmol m−3 air in PM2.5, and from 1620 to 5880 pmol m−3 air in fog waters. Average values (±1σ) were 2500±879 and 3400±1430 pmol m−3 air, respectively. Concentrations of amino compounds in PM2.5 varied seasonally, with a peak during late winter and early spring. Ornithine was a major FAC component in both PM2.5 and fog waters (typically accounting for ∼20% of FAC), but these sample types otherwise had fairly different FAC distributions. FAC in PM2.5 were enriched in protein-type amino species such as glycine/threonine, serine and alanine, while fog water FAC had significantly higher levels of non-protein species such as methylamine, γ-aminobutyric acid and ethanolamine. The compositions of CAC in PM2.5 and fogs were fairly similar and were mainly protein-type. Mass concentrations of TAC in PM2.5 and fog waters were, on average, 302 and 399 ng m−3 air, respectively. Amino compounds were an important component of the organic carbon pool for both fog and particles, with TAC accounting for an average of 13% of the dissolved organic carbon in fog waters and ∼10% of the water-soluble organic carbon in PM2.5. At these levels amino compounds likely play important roles in the chemistry of fog drops and fine particles, for example by influencing their buffering capacity and basicity.
Oocyte atresia and reproductive success in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to acidified hardwater environments.

The ovarian histology of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) chronically exposed to three levels of environmental pH was examined for evidence of reproductive impairment. Exposures occurred in three experimental runningwater channels receiving Mississippi River water. One of these channels was not acidified and two were dosed with H2SO4. The pH was approximately 8 in untreated river water and 6 and 5 in the two channels receiving H2SO4. Fish for ovarian examination were taken from these channels at four stages of the reproductive season: initiation of spawning (June 19), mid-spawning (July 12), end of spawning (August 14–15), and approximately 1 mo. post-spawning (September 19).
Recurrent rhabdomyolysis in a collegiate athlete: a case report.

Purpose: Hereditary metabolic disorders can cause rhabdomyolysis in athletes. Team physicians should be aware of the presentation, workup, and management of the most common of these disorders, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) II deficiency and muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Methods: The case of a collegiate athlete with recurrent bouts of rhabdomyolysis is presented, and the diagnostic workup is discussed. Results: The patient described in this case has CPT II deficiency. The diagnosis and management of CPT II deficiency and muscle phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease) are discussed. Conclusion: Athletes with rhabdomyolysis, in the absence of an obvious cause such as drug toxicity, severe trauma, or excessive exercise, should be evaluated for the presence of a metabolic myopathy.
Bounds for positive solutions for a focal boundary value problem

Abstract We will be concerned with the focal boundary value problem (−1)nΔn[p(t)Δny(t − n)] = f(h,t,y(t), ..., Δn−1y(t)),Δiy(0) = Δn+iy(b + 1) = 0, 0 → i → n − 1. Using cone theory in a Banach space, we show that under certain assumptions on f, this focal boundary value problem has two positive solutions. In the special case −Δ2y(t − 1) = h2[yα(t) + yβ(t)], y(0) = δ(b + 1) = 0, where 0
Chromatic polynomaials for regular graphs and modified wheels

Let P(G ;λ) denote the chromatic polynomial of a graph G , expressed in the variable λ. A graph G is chromatically unique if P(G ;λ)= P(H ;λ) implies that H is isomorphic to G . We prove that complements of partial matching forests are chromatically unique. We construct an infinite family of counterexamples to the conjecture that all regular graphs are chromatically unique. We show that the coefficients of chromatic polynomials of certain connected graphs, relative to the tree basis, do not exhibit the strong logarithmic concavity property. We show that many of the coefficients have equal absolute value.
Amino acids of the Nogoya and Mokoia carbonaceous chondrites

Amino acids were found in acid hydrolyzed, hot water extracts of the Nogoya (C2) and Mokoia (C3V) chondrites. About 40 n moles/g of amino acids were found in the Nogoya extract while Mokoia contained less than 1 n mole/g. The amino acid composition of Nogoya differs from that of other C2 chondrites studied earlier. The results from Mokoia are similar to previous data obtained from the C3V chondrite Allende.
Assessing Wetland Changes in the Prairie Pothole Region of Minnesota From 1980 to 2007

Wetlands in the Minnesota Prairie Pothole Region are critical landscape elements because of their unmatched importance to breeding waterfowl, and other wildlife. They provide vast benefits to store runoff or act as nutrient sinks and offer other environmental and socio-economic returns. Data on location, extent and types of wetlands collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory is used for developing conservation strategies and evaluating net landscape changes affecting fish and wildlife populations. Minnesota wetlands were mapped 27 y ago by the National Wetlands Inventory. We examined 176 10.2-km 2 (4-mi 2 ) sample plots in the Minnesota Prairie Pothole Region, using aerial photo interpretation techniques, to determine the current accuracy of the National Wetlands Inventory data used in the eastern Prairie Pothole Region for conservation planning and evaluation. We stratified our analysis by Bailey’s (1995) Ecological Subsections. We estimated that across the entire Minnesota Prairie Pothole Region 4.3% of wetland area has been lost since 1980 with losses varying from 0 to 15% among Ecological Subsections. Implications of these findings suggest that National Wetlands Inventory data should be regularly updated in areas subject to rapid wetland change.
Parental investment in offspring in variable environments:theoretical and empirical considerations.

It has been argued that environmental variability favors variation in offspring size. We have examined theoretically the effects of three types of environmental heterogeneity on parental investment: spatial variation, spatial variation with density-dependent offspring fitness, and temporal variability. We concluded that environmental heterogeneity rarely favors the production of variable offspring. With spatial heterogeneity and no density dependence in fitness, a single offspring size is always optimal. Variable offspring may be favored if density-dependent fitness loss to offspring is large and if parents can control the dispersal of offspring to the appropriate habitats. If environments vary temporally, the predicted optimal parental investment strategy depends on the measure of fitness used. If the arithmetic mean of fitness is used, a single offspring size is always favored. Variable offspring sizes are sometimes selected if fitness is measured by the arithmetic mean discounted for the variance or by...
Computation of domains of analyticity for some perturbative expansions of mechanics

Abstract We compute the domain of analyticity of some perturbative expansions for invariant circles appearing in mechanics. We use Pade approximants for the perturbative expansions and introduce methods to ascertain their domain of convergence. We also use non-perturbative methods based on direct computation of the invariant circles and, in analogy with Greene's criterion, approximation by circles with rational rotation. We find that the domains computed by all the methods agree within the limits of accuracy. We also study rigorously the nature of the singularities when the frequency is rational.
Circular aperture synthesis for maximizing gain-coverage area product

A variant of alternate circular aperture synthesis is presented. The goal of this synthesis is defined in terms of system performance, and not in terms of pattern shape; the shape of the radiation pattern is therefore not a consideration here. The objective is to find the field distribution over a given circular aperture such that the minimum gain in a specified area is maximized. Only the aperture with radial variation field is considered. The gain-area product of the computed patterns is given. >
Reconstructing Polyhedral Swept Volumes from a Single-View Sketch

Solids-based Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems are essential tools for detailed designs of mechanical components and assemblies. At the conceptual design stage, however, designers still prefer freehand sketches on paper. Sketch-based computer interfaces can be an alternative tool bridging the gap, and many attempts have been made to reconstruct 3D models from 2D sketches or drawings. Among the reconstruction methods, inflating cubic corners is one of attractive tools due to its simple and analytic nature. However, it can only handle limited regular polyhedrons whose planes are all mutually perpendicular. An extended cubic corner algorithm is developed so that linear swept volumes of arbitrary polygonal profiles can be reconstructed. The recognized swept volumes can be easily converted to feature-based parametric CAD models for further detailed designs.
The AP-2 Adaptor β2 Appendage Scaffolds Alternate Cargo Endocytosis

The independently folded appendages of the large α and β2 subunits of the endocytic adaptor protein (AP)-2 complex coordinate proper assembly and operation of endocytic components during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The β2 subunit appendage contains a common binding site for β-arrestin or the autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH) protein. To determine the importance of this interaction surface in living cells, we used small interfering RNA-based gene silencing. The effect of extinguishing β2 subunit expression on the internalization of transferrin is considerably weaker than an AP-2 α subunit knockdown. We show the mild sorting defect is due to fortuitous substitution of the β2 chain with the closely related endogenous β1 subunit of the AP-1 adaptor complex. Simultaneous silencing of both β1 and β2 subunit transcripts recapitulates the strong α subunit RNA interference (RNAi) phenotype and results in loss of ARH from endocytic clathrin coats. An RNAi-insensitive β2-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) expressed in the β1 + β2-silenced background restores cellular AP-2 levels, robust transferrin internalization, and ARH colocalization with cell surface clathrin. The importance of the β appendage platform subdomain over clathrin for precise deposition of ARH at clathrin assembly zones is revealed by a β2-YFP with a disrupted ARH binding interface, which does not restore ARH colocalization with clathrin. We also show a β-arrestin 1 mutant, which engages coated structures in the absence of any G protein-coupled receptor stimulation, colocalizes with β2-YFP and clathrin even in the absence of an operational clathrin binding sequence. These findings argue against ARH and β-arrestin binding to a site upon the β2 appendage platform that is later obstructed by polymerized clathrin. We conclude that ARH and β-arrestin depend on a privileged β2 appendage site for proper cargo recruitment to clathrin bud sites.
Initial Images of the Synthetic Aperture Radiometer 2D-STAR

Initial results are presented for the new synthetic aperture radiometer, 2D-STAR, which is a dual-polarized L-band radiometer that employs aperture synthesis in two dimensions. This airborne instrument is the natural evolution of the Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer, which employs aperture synthesis only in the across-track dimension, and represents a further step in the development of aperture synthesis for remote sensing applications. 2D-STAR was successfully tested in June 2003 and, then, participated in the SMEX03 and SMEX04 soil moisture experiments. A description of the instrument and initial results in the form of first images and a preliminary comparison with changes in soil moisture during SMEX03 are presented here.
An Analysis of Uplink OFDMA Optimality

Motivated by the increasing popularity of OFDMA, this paper studies the sum-rate optimality of OFDMA as an uplink multicarrier multiple-access scheme. We address the relationship between OFDMA and the optimal multicarrier multiple- access schemes. More specifically, we are interested in answering the following three questions: (i) what are the conditions under which OFDMA is sum-rate optimal? (ii) what is the probability of OFDMA being sum-rate optimal? and (iii) in the case OFDMA is suboptimal, what is the performance gap between OFDMA and the optimal multicarrier multiple access solution? Within a generic discrete multicarrier uplink framework, we present the necessary and sufficient conditions for OFDMA optimality and derive the probabilities of these conditions for both low and high SNR regions. Our results show that the number of shared subchannels under the optimal solution should be less than the number of total users, thus the performance gap between the OFDMA scheme and the optimal solution is negligible when the number of subchannels is large.
Heat Shock Protein 90 Mediates Efficient Antigen Cross Presentation through the Scavenger Receptor Expressed by Endothelial Cells-I

Ag cross presentation is an important mechanism for CD8+ T cell activation by APCs. We have investigated mechanisms involved in heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone-mediated cross presentation of OVA-derived Ags. Hsp90–OVA peptide complexes bound to scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells (SREC-I) on the surface of APCs. SREC-I then mediated internalization of Hsp90–OVA polypeptide complexes through a Cdc42-regulated, dynamin-independent endocytic pathway known as the GPI-anchored protein-enriched early endosomal compartment to recycling endosomes. Peptides that did not require processing could then be loaded directly onto MHC class I in endosomes, whereas longer peptides underwent endosomal and cytosomal processing by aminopeptidases and proteases. Cross presentation of Hsp90-chaperoned peptides through this pathway to CD8+ T cells was highly efficient compared with processing of free polypeptides. In addition, Hsp90 also activated c-Src kinase associated with SREC-I, an activity that we determined to be required for effective cross presentation. Extracellular Hsp90 can thus convey antigenic peptides through an efficient endocytosis pathway in APCs and facilitate cross presentation in a highly regulated manner.
Cement Origin of Supratidal Dolomite, Andros Island, Bahamas

ABSTRACT Dolomite in supratidal carbonates of northwest Andros Island, Bahamas, can be seen, by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), to be cement in primary porosity and not replacement of the carbonate sediments, as one widely held view suggests. These microcrystalline, calcian dolomite cements commonly occur in lithified lime mud crusts, but they also occur in unconsolidated sediments, mainly as intragranular precipitates. The voids in which the dolomite occurs vary in size from minute wall pores in rotaliid forams and endolithic borings to major intra- and interparticle pores. In the larger pores, dolomite commonly forms an isopachous fringe and may be followed by either aragonite or high-magnesium calcite (HMC) cement. Silt-sized bioclasts and pellets within crusts are often lithif ed by dolomite cement, which may totally fill much of the interparticle porosity. Within unpelleted lime mud, the interparticle porosity may also be filled by dolomite, which engulfs the needle mud particles. The needle mud inclusions or molds visible on polished, etched sections of this dolomite-filled mud are equivalent in abundance, size, and shape to the mud particles in non-dolomitic, unlithified muds embedded in plastic. That equivalence indicates that dolomite replacement of mud has not occurred. Framboidal pyrite present in a few samples appears to have formed prior to or contemporaneously with dolomite cement. The presence of pyrite and the depleted 13C values (-3.2 to -3.9 per mil) of dolomite-cemented crusts sug est that sulfate reduction may have had a role in the formation of Andros Island dolomite cement. Other Holocene and older dolomites from similar settings should be reexamined by means of SEM to determine if they formed partly or wholly as a cement rather than by replacement.
Ontogeny of a demethylation domain and its relationship to activation of tissue-specific transcription

We examined DNA methylation throughout the endogenous murine testis-specific phosphoglycerate kinase (Pgk2) gene and in human PGK2 promoter/CAT reporter transgenes in mouse spermatogenic cells before, during, and following the period of active transcription of this gene. We observed the gradual development of a domain of demethylation beginning over the promoter and then expanding approximately 1 kilobase in each direction within the endogenous Pgk2 gene. This demethylation domain develops in the absence of DNA replication and precedes other molecular changes that potentiate tissue-specific activation of this gene. Studies with transgenes show that a signal residing in the Pgk2 core promoter directs this gene-, cell type-, and stage-specific demethylation process. These results are consistent with a model in which regulated, tissue- and gene-specific demethylation initiates a cascade of subsequent molecular events required for tissue-specific activation of transcription during spermatogenesis in vivo. gametogenesis, gene regulation, spermatogenesis, testis
Evaluating Simulation Education Via Electronic Surveys Immediately Following Live Critical Events: A Pilot Study

Background and Objectives: Simulation-based medical education has become popular in postgraduate training for medical emergencies; however, the direct impact on learners’ clinical performances during live critical events is unknown. Our goal was to evaluate the perceived impact of simulation-based education on pediatric emergencies by auditing pediatric residents immediately after involvement in actual emergency clinical events. Methods: Weekly team-based pediatric simulation training for inpatient emergencies was implemented in an academic tertiary care hospital. Immediately after actual pediatric emergency events, each resident involved was audited regarding roles, performed tasks, and perceived effectiveness of earlier simulation-based education. The audit was performed by using a Likert scale. Results: From September 2010 through August 2011, a total of 49 simulation sessions were held. During the same period, 27 pediatric emergency events occurred: 3 code events, 14 rapid response team activations, and 10 emergency transfers to the PICU. Forty-seven survey responses from 20 pediatric residents were obtained after the emergency clinical events. Fifty-three percent of residents felt well prepared, and 45% reported having experienced a similar simulation before the clinical event. A preceding similar simulation experience was perceived as helpful in improving clinical performance. Residents’ confidence levels, however, did not differ significantly between those who reported having had a preceding similar simulation and those who had not (median of 4 vs median of 3; P = .16, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Conclusions: A novel electronic survey was successfully piloted to measure residents’ perceptions of simulation education compared with live critical events. Residents perceived that their experiences in earlier similar simulations positively affected their performances during emergencies.
Routine use of a rapid test to detect bacteria at the time of issue for nonleukoreduced, whole blood–derived platelets

BACKGROUND: The Pan Genera detection (PGD) test is used to screen platelet (PLT) products for bacterial contamination. We report the experience of using the PGD test on whole blood–derived PLTs (WBPs) at two large centralized transfusion services (CTS). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Records of PGD test results were retrospectively reviewed. The PGD test was performed on individual WBP units or pools of WBPs ranging in size from 2 to 6 units at the time of issue. Bacterial culture was performed on PLT products with positive PGD tests, and at one CTS, the available cocomponents. RESULTS: A total of 70,561 WBP pools were screened with the PGD test. There were seven true-positive PGD tests and 242 false-positive tests (positive predictive value of PGD test, 2.81%). The overall contamination rate was 99 per 106 WBP pools (1:10,080; 95% confidence interval [CI], 40-204), and the false-positive rate was 3430 per 106 WBP pools (1:292; 95% CI, 3011-3890). All seven bacterial isolates were Gram positive. The median age of the individual WBP units in the seven contaminated pools was 5 days (range, 3-5 days) compared to 4 days (range, 1-5 days) in the false-positive pools (p = 0.0012). The same bacteria isolated from a positive PLT pool also grew in one red blood cell cocomponent. CONCLUSION: After testing more than 70,000 WBP pools at two large CTSs, the rate of contaminated WBP pools detected by the PGD test was 99 per 106 pools (1:10,080).
Reasoning About Change: Time and Causation from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence

Reasoning About Change presents a comprehensive approach to temporal reasoning in artificial intelligence.
The contribution of artificial D-region disturbances to the ionospheric VLF wave environment

Artificial ionospheric disturbances are created by intense high-frequency (HF) radiation from ground-based facilities and very-low-frequency (VLF) radiation from Navy transmitters. We apply Stanford Full-Wave Method (SFWM) to scattering of the VLF waves propagating in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide (EIW) by such ionospheric disturbances, using Born approximation. The waves are scattered both into the EIW (in the forward direction) and into the ionosphere (both forward and upward into a whistler “column”). In the case of HF heating, the upward-scattered wave intensity may significantly exceed the waveguide leakage into the ionosphere, while for the VLF-heated ionosphere, it is relatively small.
Research on fault diagnosis system base on output waveform of high voltage inverter

In order to economize power energy, the high voltage inverter is used widely in the production of industry and agriculture. The security and reliability problem is more and more important. However, the high voltage inverters controller system can check the base problem, such as under voltage protection, open-phase protection, IGBT over current, IGBT over voltage, IGBT over heat etc. Therefore, it is very necessary to research a deep fault diagnosis system. The paper gives a wavelet transform method of the fault diagnosis of high voltage inverter, and introduces the hardware structure and software flow of the fault diagnosis system.
An empirically derived taxonomy of pilot violation behavior

Violations occur when pilots deliberately break safety rules; they are a serious and vexing problem in aviation. Study one engaged cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling and Pathfinder network analysis on an experimentally derived similarity matrix of violation causes to discover the structure of violation reasoning. Using the insights so gained, a classification was constructed based on actor intent with four categories: • Improvement. The intention is to increase safety or production, a desire to do better. • Malevolent. The intention is to cause harm or reduce production, a desire to do damage. • Indolent. The intention is to increase operator ease, a desire for lethargy. • Hedonic. The intention is to increase operator excitement, a desire for sensation. Study two tested the taxonomy for reliability by having aviation experts assign categories to six accident reports. The taxonomy was found to have a free-marginal multirater kappa of 0.82, which is considered excellent.
Discovery and representation of human strategies for visual search

Visual search can simply be defined as the task of looking for an object of interest in a visual environment. Due to its foveated nature, the human visual system succeeds at such task by making many discrete fixations linked by rapid eye movements called saccades. However, very little is known about how saccadic targets (fixation loci) are selected by the brain in such naturalistic tasks. Discoveries to be made are not only invaluable to the field of vision science but are very important in designing automated vision systems, which to this day lag in performance vis-a-vis human observers. What I have sought to accomplish in this dissertation has been to reveal previously unknown saccadic targeting and target selection strategies used by human observers in naturalistic visual search tasks. My driving goal has been to understand how the brain selects fixation loci and target candidates upon fixation, with the objective of using these findings for automated fixation selection algorithms employed for visual search. I have proposed a novel and efficient technique akin to psychophysical reverse correlation to study human observer strategies in locating low-contrast targets under a variety of experimental conditions. My technique has successfully been used to study saccadic programming and target selection in various experimental conditions, including visual searches for targets with known characteristics, targets whose orientation attributes are not known a priori, and targets containing multiple orientations. I have found visual guidance in saccadic targeting and target selection under all experimental conditions, revealed by observers' selectivity for spatial frequencies and/or orientations of stimuli close to that of the target. I have shown that under uncertainty, observers rely on known target characteristics to direct their saccades and to select target candidates upon foveal scrutiny. Moreover, I have demonstrated that multiple orientation characteristics of targets are represented in observer search strategies, modulated by their sensitivity/selectivity for each orientation. Some of my findings have been applied towards applications for automated visual search algorithms.
Decentralized Variable Structure Control of Power Networks

This paper concerns the stabilization of interconnected power systems by means of a decentralized variable structure controller. A near-optimal decentralized variable structure control design is introduced and applied to frequency regulation for a two-area power network in response to tie line disturbance. A numerical example is given to illustrate the approach. The example uses a recently published model for a two-area power network which is particularly suitable for decentralized control.
Cash Rents and Land Values in U.S. Agriculture

A firm-level land valuation model is deduced which depends on the expected growth rate in net cash returns to land, inflation expectations, and property, income, and capital gains taxes. It is then aggregated to obtain an aggregate two-sector land valuation model. That model is then estimated for twenty-four individual states for the period 1960–81. In addition, a pooled cross-sectional regression model is estimated combining the twenty-four-state data. The model results demonstrate that significant state differences exist in the land market and that in many states, agricultural land values are influenced by nonagricultural demand for land.
Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) are defined by a significant decline from a previous level of cognitive functioning. This category consists of three syndromes: major NCD, mild NCD, and delirium. Major and mild NCD are diagnosed when an individual shows impairment in at least one of the following cognitive domains: complex attention, executive ability, learning and memory, language, perceptual motor, or social cognition. Delirium is characterized by a temporary disturbance in attention. This article includes the history, development, and diagnosis of NCD.
Real Estate Market Efficiency: Issues and Evidence

This paper provides a review of the studies that have examined the efficiency of the real estate market. Existing evidence suggests that real estate market segments (i.e., housing, income-property,...
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sublingual sufentanil in the treatment of post-operative pain

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia using opioids is frequently used to provide perioperative analgesia. However, there are a number of drawbacks for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. The sufentanil sublingual tablet system is a major evolution in technology and drug development for postoperative pain management.Areas Covered: We reviewed the use of sublingual sufentanil in postoperative pain management, with a focus on chemistry, pharmacokinetics and clinical use in different surgical patients.Expert Opinion: The sufentanil sublingual tablet system can decrease intravenous patient-controlled analgesia-related safety issues. Current clinical studies have demonstrated this novel system to be safe and effective in postoperative pain management.
Peer Reviewed Article Vicious (or Virtuous) Circle? Rote Repetition, Contact Improvisation, and Flow in Learning Breath Support

(2009). Peer Reviewed Article Vicious (or Virtuous) Circle? Rote Repetition, Contact Improvisation, and Flow in Learning Breath Support. Voice and Speech Review: Vol. 6, Moving Voice, pp. 49-58.
A New Predacious Fungus

1. Zoophagus tentaclum has been found growing loosely epiphytic on filaments of Nitella flexilis from Areola, New Jersey, as a predacious parasite of species of Monostyla and Distyla.2. The thallus...
Imaging systemic inflammation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Despite the impressive decline of acute mortality, myocardial infarction (MI) doggedly occupies the top position in worldwide mortality and therefore remains a research focus in need of clinical progress. Recent studies in mouse models of MI using sophisticated research tools, along with new insights in basic immunology, revealed that myocardial ischemia triggers systems-wide activity of innate immune cells. In particular, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages respond abundantly in the infarct and also in remote, nonischemic myocardium in mice. After a quick spike of neutrophil activity, macrophages dominate the myocardial wound in 2 distinct phases. Recruitment of classical monocytes gives rise to inflammatory macrophages first, followed by macrophages with less inflammatory phenotypes that participate in tissue regeneration and resolution of inflammation. During the first inflammatory phase, macrophages remove necrotic cells. During the resolution phase, macrophages orchestrate rebuilding of tissue, for instance, through cross-talk with myofibroblasts and by secreting vascular endothelial growth factor. These 2 phases occur in humans with MI.1 Experimental studies in mice revealed that a misbalance of these 2 phases, for instance, attributable to expanded systemic supply of inflammatory monocytes, compromises infarct healing and leads to heart failure.2 It also emerged recently that the inflammatory stimulus of acute MI increases supply of immune cells to nonculprit atherosclerotic plaque and thereby accelerates progression of atherosclerosis. These data potentially explain why reinfarction is common.3 Article see p 811 Inflammatory innate immune cells such as neutrophils and monocytes are made by hematopoietic stem cells, which predominantly reside in the bone marrow of adult mammals. A splenic monocyte reservoir provides ≈50% of the initial burst of monocytes to acute infarcts in mice.4 In mice with chronic inflammatory atherosclerosis5 and acute MI,6 the spleen may also produce monocytes, likely after release of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow. …
PREPARATION OF Ag DOPED YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ) THICK FILMS BY ELECTROPHORETIC COPRECIPITATION

Ag doped YBa\-2Cu\-3O\- 7- δ thick films were prepared by electrophoretic coprecipitation. The contents of Ag in films increased with Ag addition in original powder mixture. The relation of coulomb values between YBa\-2Cu\-3O\- 7- δ and Ag particle by absorbing protons was expressed as formula Q \- YBCO =-0.1638 Q \- Ag +0.1519 F . Additive glycol weakened the repulsive electrostatic effect, which made the surface of films smooth. There was YBa\-2Cu\-3O\- 7- δ texture formed on Ag substrate surface grown along a b crystal plan. It might be induced by orientated Ag substrate.
Robust dispatching mode of electrical power system to cope with renewable energy power

To cope with the multiple stochastic factors of power system with large-scale renewable energy, a multi-time scale dispatching mode is proposed. The proposed mode is based on the rolling optimization of "robust dispatching plan" + "robust operational region". First, the problems of traditional dispatching mode are analyzed. Based on these problems, an improved mode of robust dispatching is put forward. Then, the implementation process of robust dispatching is detailed and an example is studied to demonstrate the process. The advantages of the proposed mode are verified by comparing with the traditional dispatching mode. Finally, the key technologies to realize the proposed robust dispatching mode are discussed, which can provide the reference for the dispatching of power system connected with large-scale renewable energy.
Stabilization of numerical interchange in spectral-element magnetohydrodynamics

Auxiliary numerical projections of the divergence of flow velocity and vorticity parallel to magnetic field are developed and tested for the purpose of suppressing unphysical interchange instability in magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The numerical instability arises with equal-order C 0 finite- and spectral-element expansions of the flow velocity, magnetic field, and pressure and is sensitive to behavior at the limit of resolution. The auxiliary projections are motivated by physical field-line bending, and coercive responses to the projections are added to the flow-velocity equation. Their incomplete expansions are limited to the highest-order orthogonal polynomial in at least one coordinate of the spectral elements. Cylindrical eigenmode computations show that the projections induce convergence from the stable side with first-order ideal-MHD equations during h-refinement and p-refinement. Hyperbolic and parabolic projections and responses are compared, together with different methods for avoiding magnetic divergence error. The projections are also shown to be effective in linear and nonlinear time-dependent computations with the NIMROD code Sovinec et al. 17, provided that the projections introduce numerical dissipation.