cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomass deconstruction to sugars

The production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass relies on the depolymerization of its polysaccharide content into fermentable sugars. Accomplishing this requires pretreatment of the biomass to reduce its size, and chemical or physical alteration of the biomass polymers to enhance the susceptibility of their glycosidic linkages to enzymatic or acid catalyzed cleavage. Well-studied approaches include dilute and concentrated acid pretreatment and catalysis, and the dissolution of biomass in organic solvents. These and recently developed approaches, such as solubilization in ionic liquids, are reviewed in terms of the chemical and physical changes occurring in biomass pretreatment. As pretreatment represents one of the major costs in converting biomass to fuels, the factors that contribute to pretreatments costs, and their impact on overall process economics, are described.
CD19 is a major B cell receptor–independent activator of MYC-driven B-lymphomagenesis

PAX5, a B cell–specific transcription factor, is overexpressed through chromosomal translocations in a subset of B cell lymphomas. Previously, we had shown that activation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) proteins and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling by PAX5 contributes to B-lymphomagenesis. However, the effect of PAX5 on other oncogenic transcription factor-controlled pathways is unknown. Using a MYC-induced murine lymphoma model as well as MYC-transformed human B cell lines, we found that PAX5 controls c-MYC protein stability and steady-state levels. This promoter-independent, posttranslational mechanism of c-MYC regulation was independent of ITAM/BCR activity. Instead it was controlled by another PAX5 target, CD19, through the PI3K-AKT-GSK3β axis. Consequently, MYC levels in B cells from CD19-deficient mice were sharply reduced. Conversely, reexpression of CD19 in murine lymphomas with spontaneous silencing of PAX5 boosted MYC levels, expression of its key target genes, cell proliferation in vitro, and overall tumor growth in vivo. In human B-lymphomas, CD19 mRNA levels were found to correlate with those of MYC-activated genes. They also negatively correlated with the overall survival of patients with lymphoma in the same way that MYC levels do. Thus, CD19 is a major BCR-independent regulator of MYC-driven neoplastic growth in B cell neoplasms.
A Five-Year Chart Review of Children Biopsied to Rule Out Hirschsprung's Disease

A 5-year chart review of all children biopsied to rule out Hirschsprung's disease was conducted at Johns Hopkins Hospital. A total of 150 (90%) charts of the 160 children who were biopsied were obtained and reviewed. Twenty-four children (16%) had aganglionosis by surgical pathology report. All had the onset of symptoms in the neonatal period. Ninety-seven percent of children without Hirschsprung's disease and who were biopsied after the neonatal period did not have symptoms during the first 4 weeks of life. Despite having severe symptoms from birth, nine (37.5%) of the children with Hirschsprung's disease were not biopsied until an average age of 15 months.Data indicate that using the presence of bowel symptoms from the neonatal period as criteria for referral for biopsy would have missed none of the children with Hirschsprung's disease. Children with symptoms dating from the neonatal period should be considered for biopsy to avoid potential morbidity and mortality from the complication of enterocolitis.
The impact of speed post-processing methods on regional mobile emissions estimation

Average roadway segment travel speeds play an important role in estimating stabilized running vehicle emissions. Currently stabilized, or hot, running emissions are computed based on speeds produced during the travel demand modeling process. Speed data from the travel forecasting models are widely recognized as being insufficiently accurate for air quality purposes. Frequently post-processing techniques are seen as the most cost-effective means of improving the accuracy of the speed estimates. Using the Sacramento Metropolitan area, this paper focuses on the impacts of different speed post-processors on regional peak period emissions inventories. The results indicated that most post-processed speeds produce consistently and significantly higher running emissions, particularly in locations with heavy traffic. The observed differences in emissions between different types of post-processed speeds vary with congestion level, pollutant type and the underlying approach encapsulated in the speed post-processor calculations. The Sacramento case study suggests that the post-processor used to develop speeds for the purposes of calculating on-road emissions inventories can significantly influence the emissions inventories.
Digital Optical Imaging of Green Fluorescent Proteins for Tracking Vascular Gene Expression: Feasibility Study in Rabbit and Human Cell Models

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of using a sensitive digital optical imaging technique to detect green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed in rabbit vasculature and human arterial smooth muscle cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A GFP plasmid was transfected into human arterial smooth muscle cells to obtain a GFP–smooth muscle cell solution. This solution was imaged in cell phantoms by using a prototype digital optical imaging system. For in vivo validation, a GFP-lentivirus vector was transfected during surgery into the carotid arteries of two rabbits, and GFP-targeted vessels were harvested for digital optical imaging ex vivo. RESULTS: Optical imaging of cell phantoms resulted in a spatial resolution of 25 μm/pixel. Fluorescent signals were detected as diffusely distributed bright spots. At ex vivo optical imaging of arterial tissues, the average fluorescent signal was significantly higher (P < .05) in GFP-targeted tissues (mean ± SD, 9,357.3 absolute units of density ± 1,001.3) than in control tissu...
Perceptual learning in pigeons: Decreased ability to Discriminate samples mapped onto the same comparison in many-to-one matching

Humans often treat two stimuli that are associated with a common response as similar in other contexts. They do so presumably because those stimuli become conceptually or perceptually more similar to each other (perceptual learning). An analogous phenomenon may occur in pigeons when they are trained with a matching-to-sample procedure in which more than one sample is mapped onto the same comparison. In the present research, pigeons were trained to select one comparison following either of two samples (S1 or S2) and to select the other comparison following either of two different samples (S3 or S4). When the samples were then presented as positive and negative stimuli in a simple successive discrimination, samples that had been associated with the same comparison during original training (e.g., S1 vs. S2) were more difficult to discriminate than were samples that had been associated with different comparisons (e.g., S1 vs. S3). Thus, it appears that perceptual learning occurs in pigeons as well.
Active and Event-Driven Passive Mechanical Fault Identifcation in Ground Vehicle Suspension Systems

Data interrogation methodologies are needed for identifying loads and faults in suspensions, tires, and other vehicle components to help design more durable systems and reduce the total cost of ownership. The application of passive and active data interrogation methodologies to passenger vehicle suspension systems is discussed here. For passive diagnostics, operating acceleration response data in conjunction with fundamental mechanics models are utilized. Mechanical faults in suspension components, e.g. degradation to shock, are identified using force state maps and transmissibility functions. First, it is shown that damage causes changes in the frequency characteristics of restoring forces, provided by the force state maps, which help to detect damage. Second, autoregressive nonlinear transmissibility models are used to locate faults and also characterize the degree to which faults alter nonlinear correlations in the response data. Force state maps are suited to narrow band inputs (e.g., sinusoidal) and transmissibility models are suited to broad-band inputs (e.g., random). This difference in preferential bandwidth for the two different data analysis methods motivates the selection of the diagnostic algorithm in an event-driven manner. For active diagnostics, experimental sensitivity functions, which are algebraic combinations of measured frequency response data, estimate the change in the forced response of the system with perturbation in stiffness or damping. By comparing the sensitivity functions to finite difference functions, faults can be detected, located, and quantified. The passive and active techniques are applied to experimental vehicle data and various issues (e.g., quantifying faults) are discussed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Radiation Safety With Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography

Combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) has proven clinical utility, particularly in the diagnosis, staging, and management of cancer. The use of PET/CT has grown substantially in the past few years, with an increasing number of hospitals and imaging centers installing PET/CT systems each year. The combination of 2 procedures, which each imparting a radiation dose and hence the potential for deleterious health effects, creates unique radiation safety issues. This article addresses the radiation safety issues posed by PET/CT with regard to the protection and safety of PET/CT personnel, the public, and adult and pediatric patients.
Design considerations for a fast modulator in a 'crossed undulator'

The modulator, a short electromagnetic wiggler, can be used to generate a phase shift between the synchrotron radiation of the two undulators in a crossed undulator. The switching frequency between two polarization states can be as high as 10 Hz. A discussion is presented of some physical requirements for the modulator and a conceptual design of the magnet for a crossed undulator at the Aladdin storage rings (Synchrotron Radiation Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison) as a prototype development for the Advanced Light Source (ALS) and the Advanced Photon Source (APS). >
A goal-striving life event and the onset of hypomanic and depressive episodes and symptoms: perspective from the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory.

On the basis of the behavioral approach system (BAS) dysregulation theory of bipolar disorder, this study examined the relation between occurrence of a BAS activation-relevant life event—goal striving—and onset of hypomanic and depressive episodes and symptoms. In particular, the authors examined the relation between preparing for and completing final exams (a goal-striving event) and onset of bipolar spectrum episodes and symptoms in college students with bipolar II disorder or cyclothymia (i.e., “soft” bipolar spectrum conditions). One hundred fifty-nine individuals with either a bipolar spectrum disorder (n 68) or no major affective psychopathology (controls; n 91) were further classified on the basis of whether they were college students (i.e., completed final exams). Consistent with the BAS dysregulation theory, preparing for and completing final exams was associated with an increase in hypomanic but not depressive episodes and symptoms in individuals with a soft bipolar spectrum diagnosis. Furthermore, self-reported BAS sensitivity moderated the presence of certain hypomanic symptoms during final exams.
A communication synthesis infrastructure for heterogeneous networked control systems and its application to building automation and control

In networked control systems the controller of a physically-distributed plant is implemented as a collection of tightly-interacting, concurrent processes running on a distributed execution platform. The execution platform consists of a set of heterogeneous components (sensors, actuators, and controllers) that interact through a hierarchical communication network. We propose a methodology and a framework for design exploration and automatic synthesis of the communication network. We present how our approach can be applied to the design of control systems for intelligent buildings. The input specification of the control system includes (i) the constraints on the location of its components, which are imposed by the plant, (ii) the communication requirements among the components, and (iii) an estimation of the real-time constraints for the correct behavior of the algorithms implementing the control law. The output produces an implementation of the control networks that is obtained by combining elements from a pre-defined library of communication links, protocols, interfaces, and switches. The implementation is optimal in the sense that it satisfies the given specification while minimizing an objective function that captures the overall cost of the network implementation.
Different but Equal? How Nonmajors and Majors Approach and Learn Genetics

Introductory biology courses are frequently offered separately to biology majors and nonbiology majors, with the assumption that the two groups of students are different enough to merit different courses. To assess the evidence behind this assumption, we compared students in two different genetics classes at the University of Colorado–Boulder, one class for nonscience majors (nonmajors) and the other class for biology majors and students planning a biology-related career (majors), to see whether these two groups of students were fundamentally different in performance and attitudes. To measure content knowledge, we administered identical assessments to both groups of students during the semester: a validated pre- and postcontent assessment (Genetics Concept Assessment), ungraded quizzes after problem-solving sessions, and questions on each exam. We measured attitudes, study time, and study techniques through online surveys. Majors outperformed nonmajors on content assessments, finishing with significantly higher learning gains. Nonmajors and majors also differed in their motivation, interest, study time, and expert-level of beliefs. We suggest that focusing on the process of science and its connection to students’ lives will better engage and motivate nonmajors while still helping them learn the fundamental concepts of genetics.
STEADY STATE AND DYNAMIC MODELLING OF A PACKED BED REACTOR FOR THE PARTIAL OXIDATION OF METHANOL TO FORMALDEHYDE I. MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract Several levels of mathematical models involving one and two dimensions as well as single and multiple phases are used to predict the steady state and dynamic behavior of a packed bed reactor for the partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Parametric sensitivity is examined for several heat and mass transfer parameters, kinetic parameters, and operating conditions. Yield is compared for various models, and significant differences are observed between the one-dimensional and two-dimensional models. The dynamic behavior after step changes in the operating conditions is found to be qualitatively similar for different models.
DRASTIC IMPROVEMENT OF THE RESOLUTION OF AEROSOL SIZE SPECTROMETERS VIA AERODYNAMIC FOCUSING: THE CASE OF VARIABLE-PRESSURE IMPACTORS*

Due to their finite inertia, particles carried in a gas follow trajectories that differ from fluid streamlines. They may thus be size-segregrated, though only with the modest resolving power allowe...
Isaac: ultra-fast whole-genome secondary analysis on Illumina sequencing platforms

Summary: An ultrafast DNA sequence aligner (Isaac Genome Alignment Software) that takes advantage of high-memory hardware (48 GB) and variant caller (Isaac Variant Caller) have been developed. We demonstrate that our combined pipeline (Isaac) is four to five times faster than BWA þ GATK on equivalent hardware, with comparable accuracy as measured by trio conflict rates and sensitivity. We further show that Isaac is effective in the detection of disease-causing variants and can easily/economically be run on commodity hardware. Availability: Isaac has an open source license and can be obtained at
Numerical simulation of amplification of space charge waves in n-InP films

a b s t r a c t The non-linear interaction of space charge waves including the amplification in microwave and millimeter wave range in n-InP films, possessing the negative differential conductance phenomenon, is investigated theoretically. Both the amplified signal and the generation of harmonics of the input signal are demon- strated, which are due to non-linear effect of the negative differential resistance. It is possible to observe an amplification of the space charge waves in n-InP films of submicron thicknesses at essentially higher frequencies f <70 GHz, when compared with n-GaAs films f < 44 GHz. The increment observed in the gain is due to the larger dynamic range in n-InP than in n-GaAs films. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Posttranslational modification of tubulin by palmitoylation: I. In vivo and cell-free studies.

Abstract It is well established that microtubules interact with intracellular membranes of eukaryotic cells. There is also evidence that tubulin, the major subunit of microtubules, associates directly with membranes. In many cases, this association between tubulin and membranes involves hydrophobic interactions. However, neither primary sequence nor known posttranslational modifications of tubulin can account for such an interaction. The goal of this study was to determine the molecular nature of hydrophobic interactions between tubulin and membranes. Specifically, I sought to identify a posttranslational modification of tubulin that is found in membrane proteins but not in cytoplasmic proteins. One such modification is the covalent attachment of the long chain fatty acid palmitate. The possibility that tubulin is a substrate for palmitoylation was investigated. First, I found that tubulin was palmitoylated in resting platelets and that the level of palmitoylation of tubulin decreased upon activation of platelets with thrombin. Second, to obtain quantities of palmitoylated tubulin required for protein structure analysis, a cell-free system for palmitoylation of tubulin was developed and characterized. The substrates for palmitoylation were nonpolymerized tubulin and tubulin in microtubules assembled with the slowly hydrolyzable GTP analogue guanylyl-(alpha, beta)-methylene-diphosphonate. However, tubulin in Taxol-assembled microtubules was not a substrate for palmitoylation. Likewise, palmitoylation of tubulin in the cell-free system was specifically inhibited by the antimicrotubule drugs Colcemid, podophyllotoxin, nocodazole, and vinblastine. These experiments identify a previously unknown posttranslational modification of tubulin that can account for at least one type of hydrophobic interaction with intracellular membranes.
Absorption and fate of carfentrazone-ethyl in Zea mays, Glycine max, and Abutilon theophrasti

Abstract Carfentrazone-ethyl absorption, translocation, and metabolism was determined in Glycine max, Zea mays, and Abutilon theophrasti. Glycine max absorbed greater than 90% of applied carfentrazone-ethyl within 2 h after treatment (HAT) when nonionic surfactant (NIS) or crop oil concentrate (COC) were included in the treatment solution. The addition of 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) did not improve carfentrazone-ethyl absorption in G. max, but in Z. mays and A. theophrasti, UAN combined with NIS or COC increased the rate of carfentrazone-ethyl absorption. Carfentrazone absorption in A. theophrasti 2 HAT was 70% when UAN was combined with NIS or COC compared to 40% with NIS or COC alone; however, 24 HAT, absorption with NIS and COC were similar to treatments with UAN. Carfentrazone-ethyl did not translocate from the treated leaf to other plant parts in Z. mays and only small amounts of radiolabeled product were detected in the rest of the shoots of A. theophrasti (5%) and G. max (12%). Herbicide metabo...
Histologic Analysis of Bone Healing

The histologic analysis of fracture healing can be accomplished through a combination of techniques, including determination of callus area, grading of fracture union, fracture-gap tissue type, new bone formation, cell kinetics, immunohistochemistry, and tissue vascularity. Previous chapters have presented details on techniques related to bone labeling, tissue collection and fixation, embedding, sectioning, staining, and basic histomorphometry. This chapter focuses on measurements that determine the stage and quality of fracture healing.
Interactions of Anthropogenic Activities, Fire, and Rain Forests in the Amazon Basin

Evidence from soil charcoal studies indicates that fires have occurred since the Holocene in both Amazonian tropical rain forests (Saldarriaga and West 1986; Sanford et al. 1985) and Asian rain forests (Goldammer and Seibert 1989). However, it is likely that fire was an extremely rare event, because fire return intervals are many centuries in duration. The rarity of fire in this ecosystem is also reflected by the few apparent evolutionary relationships between rain forest vegetation and fire (i.e., the contribution of fire in shaping the structure and function of this ecosystem is not yet clear).
The Contemporary Relevance of Legal Positivism

A number of legal philosophers claim that legal positivism is the leading theory of law today. Nonetheless, there are many complaints that legal positivism is excessively abstract and irrelevant to real life concerns. The traditional inspiration underlying legal positivism was the timeless reminder that laws and legal systems can be bad or immoral. This article will argue that this core idea, known as the separation thesis, is now obscured by legal positivist theory (to its disservice), and must be dusted off and revived. The article begins with a brief history of the often acrimonious engagement between legal positivism and natural law. It argues that much of the disagreement has been a pseudo debate, and that legal positivists and natural lawyers have much in common. Specifically, both approaches are concerned about immoral laws and legal systems. The article shows, moreover, that natural lawyers espouse a version of the separation thesis in their own criticisms of legal systems. The article then describes the two main positivist schools of thought: inclusive legal positivism and exclusive legal positivism. Both schools are built on conceptual arguments about the nature of law. Neither approach preserves the traditional thrust of the separation thesis. Inclusive positivists have transformed the thesis into a pure abstraction (operative only in the imagination), while exclusive positivists adopt a strict version of the thesis that has limited significance when applied to actual legal systems. In contrast to these approaches, this article articulates a common sense version of the separation thesis that is relevant and applicable to all legal systems of any kind. The separation thesis proposed here even applies to fused systems of law and morality - to religious legal systems, to human rights law, and to legal provisions that incorporate moral standards like justice, fairness, and reasonableness. Dworkin and other critics have argued that these common types of legal provisions refute the legal positivist insistence that law is separate from morality because moral standards are utilized to determine what the law is. This article demonstrates, however, that even under such circumstances the separation thesis applies in the sense that we must nonetheless scrutinize whether the law or legal system at issue is good or right. Applying the separation thesis in this fashion is especially important today because legal systems increasingly incorporate or refer to moral or religious standards. The article proposes a broad way of understanding legal positivism that falls outside of the two main schools of analytical jurisprudence. It argues that they should be seen as narrowly specialized sub-approaches to legal positivism which do not monopolize or exhaust this perspective on law. The understanding proposed here is consistent with the views of many who are concerned with law, and it should also be congenial to natural lawyers who wish to criticize bad or immoral legal systems.
Efficient Synthesis of the Os−Os Dimers [Cp(CO)2Os]2, [Cp*(CO)2Os]2, and [(iPr4C5H)(CO)2Os]2 and Computational Studies on the Relative Stabilities of Their Geometrical Isomers

The Os−Os dimer [Cp(CO)2Os]2 was synthesized in good yield by reaction of Cp(CO)2OsI with NaK. The related Cp* dimer [Cp*(CO)2Os]2 (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) was prepared by reaction of Cp*(CO)2OsH with 2,2‘-azobis(isobutyrylnitrile) (AIBN). In contrast to [Cp(CO)2Os]2, which has only terminal CO ligands, spectroscopic and crystallographic data indicate that [Cp*(CO)2Os]2 has two bridging CO ligands. Reaction of tetraisopropylcyclopentadiene with [(CO)3OsI]2 provides (iPr4C5H)(CO)2OsI, which can be converted to (iPr4C5H)(CO)2OsH through reduction with NaK followed by treatment with EtOH. Reaction of (iPr4C5H)(CO)2OsH with AIBN gives [(iPr4C5H)(CO)2Os]2, which is much more soluble than [Cp*(CO)2Os]2. DFT (B3LYP) calculations on these Os−Os dimers reveal the energetics of different geometrical isomers. The anti and gauche isomers of [Cp(CO)2Os]2, with terminal CO ligands, are significantly more stable than the trans and cis isomers with bridging CO ligands, while the stability of the anti isomer of [Cp*(CO)2Os]2 is s...
Tree Isomorphism Algorithms: Speed vs. Clarity

No algorithm, other than brute force, is known for testing whether two arbitrary graphs are isomorphic. In fact it is still an open question [3] whether graph isomorphism is NP complete. But polynomial time isomorphism algorithms for various graph subclasses such as trees are known (see [3, p. 285 and p. 339] for a summary). In gene splicing, protein analysis, and molecular biology the chemical structures are often trees with millions of vertices. In such applications, the difference between 0(n), 0(n log n), and O(n2) isomorphism algorithms is of practical not just theoretical importance. Readers of MATHEMATICS MAGAZINE will find it of interest to see how such algorithms evolve and are analyzed. As in an earlier article [2], we have chosen dialogue to capture the spirit of discovery and failure in the search for a fast and clear tree isomorphism algorithm.
Soft Power: Stretchable and Ultra-Flexible Energy Sources for Wearable and Implantable Devices

The development of ultra-compliant power sources is prerequisite to the realization of imperceptible biomedical systems destined to be worn or implanted in the human body. This chapter assesses the viability of conformal piezo and triboelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic technologies as power sources for biomedical applications. It begins by identifying the amount of energy available to each of these modes of power conversion and then gives a brief overview on the methods of fabricating stretchable electronic devices using deterministic structures, random composites, or molecularly stretchable electronic materials. It then provides a detailed description of innovations in “soft power,” where the mentioned design techniques have been employed to develop mechanically compliant power scavengers amenable to integration with stretchable medical devices. The chapter concludes with an analysis of system level power requirements and application specific compatibility, the result of which identifies piezoelectrics and triboelectrics as well suited for intermittent and implantable devices, such as low-power pacemakers for piezoelectrics or higher power wearables and neural stimulators for triboelectrics. Thermoelectrics are highly compatible with epidermal and wearable applications, and can be used as a consistent source of power for tattoo chemical or heat sensors, and photovoltaics can generate large amounts of power in full sun, for high power applications like cochlear implants, or less energy in diffuse or ambient light, for powering hearing aids.
What should be the morphologic criteria for the subdivision of follicular lymphomas

The members of the Pathology Panel for Lymphoma Clinical Studies undertook a collaborative study with the hope of resolving some of the controversies regarding the criteria and methods for the subclassification of follicular lymphomas (FLs). A group of 105 patients with FL were subclassified by seven hematopathologists according to two methods. In the first method, cases were subclassified according to the Rappaport, Lukes and Collins, and Working Formulation systems. In each of these systems, FLs are subclassified by estimation of the different cell populations, without actual counting of cells. In the second method, precise counts of different cells were made according to the standard and modified Berard methods. With this counting method, diagnoses were independently derived, based on counts provided by the seven pathologists, for large cleaved (LC), small noncleaved (SNC), and large noncleaved (LNC) cells. To ascertain what method and which criteria are most useful in predicting survival, we made clinicopathologic correlations. When the subjective (first method) diagnoses were rendered, and when the consensus diagnoses of the seven pathologists were used, there were no significant differences in survival among patients with the different subtypes. On the other hand, when we used the counting method of Berard (second method) and the cut-off points for the cell counts suggested by him for the subclassification, we were able to divide the patient population into prognostic subgroups. Because the cut-off points proposed by Berard are not derived objectively, we made statistical comparisons of survival curves to determine cut-off points (and thus to establish objective criteria). We found that the patient population could be separated into at least two prognostic groups, for SNC and/or LNC and for SNC + LNC + LC cells. The cut-off points which we derived differed with cell type, however. Until the usefulness of these new cut-off points is established, we recommend that the cut-off points and the counting method of Berard be used for the subclassification of FL. Because the choice of treatment for the different subtypes of FL is totally dependent on the histologic diagnosis, and because of the variability among the diagnoses of pathologists, treatment planning is difficult.
Tibial Plateau Fractures in Elderly Patients

Tibial plateau fractures are common in the elderly population following a low-energy mechanism. Initial evaluation includes an assessment of the soft tissues and surrounding ligaments. Most fractures involve articular depression leading to joint incongruity. Treatment of these fractures may be complicated by osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and medical comorbidities. Optimal reconstruction should restore the mechanical axis, provide a stable construct for mobilization, and reestablish articular congruity. This is accomplished through a variety of internal or external fixation techniques or with acute arthroplasty. Regardless of the treatment modality, particular focus on preservation and maintenance of the soft tissue envelope is paramount.
An Extremely Rare Case of Advanced Metastatic Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Sinonasal Tract

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SNEC) is a rare form of malignancy. It mainly presents as bronchogenic neoplasm, and the extrapulmonary form accounts for only 0.1% to 0.4% of all cancers. These extrapulmonary tumors have been described most frequently in the urinary bladder, prostate, esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum, gall bladder, head and neck, cervix, and skin. Primary SNEC of the sinonasal tract is extremely rare with only less than 100 cases reported in the literature. Because of extreme rarity and aggressiveness of the tumor, the management for this entity varies considerably mandating multimodality approach. In this paper, we report a patient presented with left-sided facial swelling, and the histopathologic examination confirmed primary SNEC of left sinonasal tract. The tumor involved multiple paranasal sinuses with invasion into the left orbit and left infratemporal fossa and metastasized to cervical lymph nodes and bone. The patient encountered devastating outcome in spite of optimal medical management and treatment with palliative chemotherapy highlighting the necessity for further research of primary SNEC of head and neck.
Development of a Novel Food Waste Collection Kiosk and Waste-to-Energy Business Model

The U.S. generates more than 37 million metric tons of food waste each year, and over 95% of it is disposed of at U.S. landfills. This paper describes the development of a novel food waste collection kiosk and business model called “Greenbox” that will collect and store food waste from households and restaurants with incentives for user participation to spur food waste-to-energy production in a local community. Greenbox offers a low-cost collection point to divert food waste from landfills, reduce greenhouse gases from decomposition, and aid in generating cleaner energy. A functional prototype was successfully developed by a team of engineering students and a business model was created as part of a senior design capstone course. Each Greenbox unit has the potential to reduce 275 metric tons of food waste per year, remove 1320 kg of greenhouse gases, and create 470,000 liters of methane gas while providing a payback period of 4.2 years and a rate of return of 14.9%.
Enacting Musical Worlds: Common Approaches to Using NIMEs within Both Performance and Person-Centred Arts Practices

Live music making can be understood as an enactive process, whereby musical experiences are created through human action. This suggests that musical worlds coevolve with their agents through repeated sensorimotor interactions with the environment (where the music is being created), and at the same time cannot be separated from their sociocultural contexts. This paper investigates this claim by exploring ways in which technology, physiology, and context are bound up within two different musical scenarios: live electronic musical performance; and person-centred arts applications of NIMEs. In this paper I outline an ethnographic and phenomenological enquiry into my experiences as both a performer of live electronic and electro-instrumental music, as well as my extensive background in working with new technologies in various therapeutic and person-centred artistic situations. This is in order to explore the sociocultural and technological contexts in which these activities take place. I propose that by understanding creative musical participation as a highly contextualised practice, we may discover that the greatest impact of rapidly developing technological resources is their ability to afford richly diverse, personalised, and embodied forms of music making. I argue that this is applicable over a wide range of musical communities.
Preparing engineers for careers in social innovation and sustainable development

Since its founding in 2002, Engineers Without Borders-USA has grown to have a chapter at almost every university across the nation. Alongside, academic programs in humanitarian engineering and social entrepreneurship are popping up globally. Administrators often think about such programs as vehicles for students to develop their soft skills and meet ABET requirements. There is ample evidence that such experiences develop students' technical skills as well as non-technical skills like teamwork, communication, and ethical decision-making. However, many students get involved because they want to leverage their engineering education to pursue lifelong careers improving the human condition. An approach to helping these students is to identify potential career pathways to aid them in navigating their way. We spent three years interviewing hundreds of STEM innovators working on a range of societal challenges across diverse sectors and organizations in the US and globally. We learned about their work, professional preparation, and career trajectories, and asked them, “What advice do you have for professors and universities as they educate the next generation of social innovators?” This session fosters discussion on the recurrent themes and insights based on their decades of living on the bleeding edge of social innovation.
Virulence factor activity relationships (VFARs): a bioinformatics perspective.

Virulence factor activity relationships (VFARs) – a concept loosely based on quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) for chemicals was proposed as a predictive tool for ranking risks due to microorganisms relevant to water safety. A rapid increase in sequencing capabilities and bioinformatics tools has significantly increased the potential for VFAR-based analyses. This review summarizes more than 20 bioinformatics databases and tools, developed over the last decade, along with their virulence and antimicrobial resistance prediction capabilities. With the number of bacterial whole genome sequences exceeding 241 000 and metagenomic analysis projects exceeding 13 000 and the ability to add additional genome sequences for few hundred dollars, it is evident that further development of VFARs is not limited by the availability of information at least at the genomic level. However, additional information related to co-occurrence, treatment response, modulation of virulence due to environmental and other factors, and economic impact must be gathered and incorporated in a manner that also addresses the associated uncertainties. Of the bioinformatics tools, a majority are either designed exclusively for virulence/resistance determination or equipped with a dedicated module. The remaining have the potential to be employed for evaluating virulence. This review focusing broadly on omics technologies and tools supports the notion that these tools are now sufficiently developed to allow the application of VFAR approaches combined with additional engineering and economic analyses to rank and prioritize organisms important to a given niche. Knowledge gaps do exist but can be filled with focused experimental and theoretical analyses that were unimaginable a decade ago. Further developments should consider the integration of the measurement of activity, risk, and uncertainty to improve the current capabilities.
Seismic expression and geomorphology of igneous bodies: A Taranaki Basin, New Zealand, case study

AbstractVery little research has been done on volcanic rocks by the oil industry due to the misconception that these rocks cannot be “good reservoirs.” However, in the past two decades, significant quantities of hydrocarbons have been produced from volcanic rocks in China, New Zealand, and Argentina. In frontier basins, volcanic piles are sometimes misinterpreted to be hydrocarbon anomalies and/or carbonate buildups. Unlike clastic and carbonate systems, the 3D seismic geomorphology of igneous systems is only partially documented. We have integrated 3D seismic data, well logs, well reports, core data, and clustering techniques such as self-organizing maps to map two distinct facies (pyroclastic and lava flows), within a Miocene submarine volcano in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Three wells; Kora-1–3 drilled the pyroclastic facies within the volcano encountering evidence of a petroleum system, whereas the Kora-4 well drilled the lava-flow facies, which was barren of hydrocarbons. By integrating results ...
Storming the playing Field: Title IX, Social Change, and the Complex Dialogue over Women's Sports

While womenâ€™s rights have dramatically increased over the past century, one culturally pervasive realm still maintains hostility towards women: the realm of sport. While the number of women attending law and medical schools now rivals that of men, the number of female college athletes is still substantially lower. Diverse womenâ€™s rights organizations, in the context of continuing the womenâ€™s rights movement, fight for womenâ€™s right to equal sports opportunities, although they are divided along ideological lines. The purpose of this paper is to examine sports law, particularly Title IX, and social change through the eyes of womenâ€™s rights activists. Idit Kostinerâ€™s article, â€œEvaluating Legality: Toward a Cultural Approach to the Study of Law and Social Change,â€ provides the criteria for determining the impact of this movement.
Accelerated light protection performance measurement technology validated for dairy milk packaging design

We report an accelerated measurement technology for prediction of light protection performance of milk packaging by quantifying the ability of a package to preserve a light-sensitive nutrient present in milk. This measurement technology consists of a light exposure instrument and a detection approach to track changes to the light-sensitive nutrient, riboflavin (RF), in a light-exposed solution sample. The light exposure instrument provided an intense, controlled light exposure and a consistent sample environment for an aqueous RF marker solution. Coupled with the light exposure instrument, two alternative detection approaches were used to determine the RF concentration of light-exposed marker solutions: an accelerated ex situ (AES) approach by high-performance liquid chromatography or an accelerated in situ (AIS) approach by ultraviolet–visible spectrometry. The capability of each RF determination method was confirmed using measurement systems analysis, and their statistical equivalency was demonstrated. To explore application of the measurement technology for use in package design, a set of high-density polyethylene packages incorporating surface-treated TiO2 pigments was evaluated for light protection performance by AES and AIS. For the same package set, experiments monitoring RF degradation in extended-shelf-life milk products under retail dairy storage conditions showed strong correlation with the AIS method (R2 > 0.97). Riboflavin retention increased under both retail and accelerated light exposure conditions for package designs containing greater loadings of surface-treated TiO2 confirming its light protection efficacy. This research illustrates the utility of the accelerated methods to quantitatively evaluate package designs for light protection performance for nutrient preservation.
A Theoretical Investigation into the Role of Surface Defects for Oxygen Evolution on RuO2

The inability of conventional theoretical models to corroborate the well-known experimental activity of RuO2 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has recently been the subject of numerous research efforts. In this study, we use density functional theory calculations to investigate the possibility that surface defects formed during dissolution are responsible for the OER activity of RuO2. It has been well-established experimentally that RuO2 undergoes dissolution during OER, yet little is known about the atomic structure or catalytic reactivity of the resulting defect sites. Through simulation of point defects, steps, and kinks derived from the RuO2 (110) surface, we discover a 0.7 eV range in the primary descriptor for OER activity, with the most active sites outperforming those at the ideal (110) surface by nearly 0.5 eV. We postulate that these variations in reactivity are due to differences in the local electronic structure, and we investigate in more detail the electronic structure of two singly co...
Teacher-Directed Violence and Stress: the Role of School Setting

Teacher-directed violence (TDV), or violence in schools directed toward teachers, is a growing concern in contemporary schools (Bounds & Jenkins, Contemporary School Psychology, 20, 1–9, 2016; Espelage et al. 2011). Existing research suggests that some teachers are more at risk of TDV (e.g., teachers whom are White, female, homosexual, religious, older, or those teaching high school) but it is unclear if teachers from all school settings (i.e., rural, urban, or suburban) experience similar levels of TDV and stress associated with TDV. Additionally, there has been no research in the USA examining how teachers cope with teacher-directed violence. Little is known about to whom teachers reach out for social support and if that social support is effective in moderating teacher stress. Past research demonstrates that teaching is a high-stress occupation (Fimian, Exceptional Children, 52, 436–442, Fimian 1988), and some of this stress could be related to experiences of violence. The current study examined differences in TDV experiences among 117 rural, urban, and suburban teachers in the Midwest. Analyses revealed that teachers in urban schools experienced the highest levels of TDV, followed by teachers in rural schools, then suburban teachers. A similar result was found when teachers were asked about stress they experienced that was specific to violence at work. Interestingly, when assessing work stress, suburban teachers had the highest levels of work stress, followed by urban, then rural teachers.
Knowledge acquisition: investigations and general principles

After describing research goals in knowledge acquisition, a summary of the more system is provided. more interviews domain experts for information of diagnostic significance, and provides a shell for building diagnostic systems. This is followed by a summary of current research issues.
Mapping cyber-collective action among female muslim bloggers for the women to drive movement

Social media platforms have been lauded for their democratizing potential. They serve as facilitating platforms for activists seeking to replace or alter authoritarian regimes and to promote freedom and democracy. However, regardless of the prominent role of Twitter, Facebook, and other social media platforms in various recently observed social movements, there is a scarcity of rigorous studies that go beyond mere descriptive tendencies and suggest theoretical underpinnings for the manifestations of cyber-collective actions. In this study, we propose a methodology to gain deeper insights into online collective action by analyzing how decentralized online individual actions transform into cyber-collective actions. The proposed model is experimentally analyzed on the data collected for the Saudi women campaigns on driving prohibition. The data consists of female Muslim bloggers' postings from 23 different countries during 2007 and 2012, including various events organized through the Internet (primarily via social media), such as the Saudi Arabian Women campaign of September 2007, International Women's Day of March 2008, and Women to Drive campaign of June 2011. As conceptualized, utilized and illustrated in the study, our novel methodological approach highlights several key contributions to the fundamental research on online collective action as well as computational studies on social media. The tools and methodologies proposed here enable the study of collective actions in broader settings, such as digital/hashtag activism for equitable human rights and citizen engagement for better governance.