cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Frontiers in Family Law

In this book chapter, published in Martha Fineman's anthology on feminist and related critical theories about law, I explore the de-centered position of marriage from its historically privileged position in the academic discipline of family law. By discipline, I mean a defined branch of knowledge that is taught and researched as part of legal education. Historically, the topic of marriage -- its entrance rules, obligations, and exit rules -- constituted the core of family law. Today, largely due to feminist theorizing on the family, a range of family relationships and sexual practices other than marriage receive attention in family law courses and family law scholarship. This chapter examines some of the central feminist debates and research questions generated by the declining focus on marriage in the field of family law. It concludes with some predictions about the future trajectory of the discipline of family law in the next 25 years.
Robust Regression via Heuristic Corruption Thresholding and Its Adaptive Estimation Variation

The presence of data noise and corruptions has recently invoked increasing attention on robust least-squares regression (RLSR), which addresses this fundamental problem that learns reliable regression coefficients when response variables can be arbitrarily corrupted. Until now, the following important challenges could not be handled concurrently: (1) rigorous recovery guarantee of regression coefficients, (2) difficulty in estimating the corruption ratio parameter, and (3) scaling to massive datasets. This article proposes a novel Robust regression algorithm via Heuristic Corruption Thresholding (RHCT) that concurrently addresses all the above challenges. Specifically, the algorithm alternately optimizes the regression coefficients and estimates the optimal uncorrupted set via heuristic thresholding without a pre-defined corruption ratio parameter until its convergence. Moreover, to improve the efficiency of corruption estimation in large-scale data, a Robust regression algorithm via Adaptive Corruption Thresholding (RACT) is proposed to determine the size of the uncorrupted set in a novel adaptive search method without iterating data samples exhaustively. In addition, we prove that our algorithms benefit from strong guarantees analogous to those of state-of-the-art methods in terms of convergence rates and recovery guarantees. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the effectiveness of our new methods is superior to that of existing methods in the recovery of both regression coefficients and uncorrupted sets, with very competitive efficiency.
Discrimination and Sleep Mediate Ethnic/Racial Identity and Adolescent Adjustment: Uncovering Change Processes With Slope-as-Mediator Mediation.

This study employs slope-as-mediator techniques to explore how the daily association between ethnic/racial discrimination and sleep disturbances serves as an intermediary link between ethnic/racial identity (ERI) and psychological adjustment. In a diverse sample of 264 adolescents (Mage = 14.3 years old, 70% female, 76% United States born, 25% African American, 32% Asian American, 43% Latinx), discrimination was associated with sleep disturbance. Furthermore, ERI commitment buffered the impact of discrimination on sleep, whereas ERI exploration exacerbated the impact of discrimination. Finally, the daily level association between discrimination and sleep (i.e., daily slope) mediated the association between ERI and adolescent adjustment. Substantive links between discrimination and sleep are discussed as well as broader applications of slope-as-mediator techniques.
The differentiation of the Skaergaard Intrusion

We find no support for the claim that the Skaergaard magma followed the trend of common tholeiitic volcanic magmas, such as those of Iceland and the Scottish Tertiary. The end product of differentiation was not a large mass of rhyolite but an iron-rich, silica-poor liquid not unlike that deduced by Wager in 1960. The proposal that a large mass of rhyolitic liquid occupied the upper levels of the intrusion finds no support in the field. The thick series of ferrogabbos, which became richer in iron and poorer in silica until they reached a field of immiscibility cannot be reconciled with crystallization of a large mass of felsic magma. Mass-balance calculations that indicate otherwise are invalid, because they fail to take into account large volumes of rocks that differ in composition from those assumed in the calculations. While ignoring the existence of major units of the intrusion, Hunter and Sparks propose that lavas in Scotland and Iceland are more relevant to the liquid compositions than rocks that are intimately associated with the intrusion. Their argument that the Skaergaard Intrusion followed a trend of silica enrichment that is universal to tholeiitic magmas is based on an incomplete knowledge of the rocks and faulty calculations of mass-balance relations. We agree that much remains to be learned about the Skaergaard Intrusion and the basic mechanisms of magmatic differentiation. In this case, however, we are ready to hang our case on well-established field relations and a mass of laboratory data for what must be the most intensely studied body of rock on Earth.
The Bolivia Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Edited by Sinclair Thomson, Rossana Barragàn, Xavier Albó, Seemin Qayum, and Mark Goodale. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018. Pp. xx, 744. $34.95.)

The field of Bolivian studies has expanded rapidly in the past two decades, largely inspired by the mass uprisings of the early 2000s and the historic election of Evo Morales in 2005. This recent h...
The response of stratospheric water vapor to climate change driven by different forcing agents

Abstract. We investigate the response of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) to different forcing agents within the Precipitation Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP) framework. For each model and forcing agent, we break the SWV response into a slow response, which is coupled to surface temperature changes, and a fast SWV, which is the direct response to external forcing, but without any mediation from the surface temperature. Our results show that, for most climate perturbations, the slow SWV response dominates the fast response. The slow SWV response exhibits a similar sensitivity to surface temperature across all climate perturbations. Specifically, the sensitivity is 0.35 ppmv K−1 in the tropical lower stratosphere (TLS), 2.1 ppmv K−1 in the northern hemispheric lowermost stratosphere (LMS), and 0.97 ppmv K−1 in the southern hemispheric LMS. The fast SWV response only dominates the slow SWV response when the forcing agent radiatively heats the cold point region – for example, black carbon, which directly heats the atmosphere by absorbing solar radiation. The fast SWV response in the TLS is primarily controlled by the fast adjustment of cold point temperature across all climate perturbations. This control becomes weaker at higher altitudes and at higher latitudes below 150 hPa.
Characterization of adipogenic, PPARγ, and TRβ activities in house dust extracts and their associations with organic contaminants.

In this study, we sought to expand our previous research on associations between bioactivities in dust and associated organic contaminants. Dust samples were collected from central NC homes (n = 188), solvent extracted, and split into two fractions, one for analysis using three different bioassays (nuclear receptor activation/inhibition and adipocyte development) and one for mass spectrometry (targeted measurement of 124 organic contaminants, including flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluoroalkyl substances, pesticides, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Approximately 80% of dust extracts exhibited significant adipogenic activity at concentrations that are comparable to estimated exposure for children and adults (e.g. ~20 μg/well dust) via either triglyceride accumulation (65%) and/or pre-adipocyte proliferation (50%). Approximately 76% of samples antagonized thyroid receptor beta (TRβ), and 21% activated peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Triglyceride accumulation was significantly correlated with TRβ antagonism. Sixty-five contaminants were detected in at least 75% of samples; of these, 26 were correlated with adipogenic activity and ten with TRβ antagonism. Regression models were used to evaluate associations of individual contaminants with adipogenic and TRβ bioactivities, and many individual contaminants were significantly associated. An exploratory g-computation model was used to evaluate the effect of mixtures. Contaminant mixtures were positively associated with triglyceride accumulation, and the magnitude of effect was larger than for any individually measured chemical. For each quartile increase in mixture exposure, triglyceride accumulation increased by 212% (RR = 3.12 and 95% confidence interval: 1.58, 6.17). These results suggest that complex mixtures of chemicals present in house dust may induce adipogenic activity in vitro at environmental concentrations and warrants further research.
The Demand for Variety: A Household Production Perspective

Abstract Economists have devoted substantial attention to firms' supply of variety, but little to consumers' demand for variety. Employing the framework of home production, we trace differences in demand to differences in the opportunity costs of activities, associated with investments in human capital. Schooling alters time costs and changes the variety of activities household members choose. Time budgets from Australia, Israel, and West Germany show that higher own and spouses' incomes raise variety (suggesting positive income effects). Education increases variety independent of income and earnings; part of its impact goes beyond a correlation of educational attainment with preferences for variety.
Use of an Evidence-Based Approach to Improve Influenza Vaccination Uptake in Pregnancy

INTRODUCTION Influenza can be a significant health threat for any affected individual. Pregnant women are a high-risk population because of the likelihood of developing severe disease. Although the influenza vaccine has been recommended for use by pregnant women since 2004, current vaccination rates among pregnant women are lower than the general population and other high-risk groups. PROCESS A quality improvement project was undertaken during the 2019-to-2020 influenza season to increase the uptake of the influenza vaccine by women who were pregnant. The primary objective of the project was to increase the influenza vaccination rate compared with the rate in the previous season. The project had a secondary objective of standardizing documentation of the patient's vaccination status in the health record to capture data for performance measures. Interventions directed at patients, health care providers, and the health care system were simultaneously implemented as recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task Force. OUTCOMES Data were collected from 2967 records with 1480 from the 2018-to-2019 season and 1487 from the 2019-to-2020 season. Compared with records from the 2018-to-2019 season, the rate of those associated with a documented influenza vaccine was higher in the 2019-to-2020 season (63% vs 59%; P = .01). The rate of records without vaccination status codes was significantly less in the 2019-to-2020 season compared with the 2018-to-2019 season (14% vs 23%; P < .001). DISCUSSION Although interventions were effective in improving influenza vaccination uptake among pregnant women, vaccination rates still remain below the 80% goal set by the US Department of Health and Human Services. Bundled interventions have proven to be more effective than individual interventions, although which interventions are most effective remains unclear.
Stroke recovery enhancing therapies: lessons from recent clinical trials.

Poststroke recovery processes include restoration or compensation of function, respectively functions initially lost or new functions acquired after an injury. Therapeutic interventions can enhance these processes and/or reduce processes impeding regeneration. Numerous experimental studies suggest great opportunities for such treatments, but the results from recent large clinical trials using neuromodulators such as dopamine and fluoxetine are disappointing. The reasons for this are manifold affecting forward translation of results from animals models into the human situation. This “translational road block” is defined by differences between animals and humans with regard to the genetic and epigenetic background, size and anatomy of the brain, cerebral vascular anatomy, immune system, as well as clinical function and behavior. Backward blockade includes the incompatible adaption of targets and outcomes in clinical trials with regard to prior preclinical findings. For example, the design of clinical recovery trials varies widely and was characterized by the selection of different clinical endpoints, the inclusion a broad spectrum of stroke subtypes and clinical syndromes as well as different time windows for treatment initiation after infarct onset. This review will discuss these aspects based on the results of the recent stroke recovery trials with the goal to contribute to the currently biggest unmet need in stroke research - the development of a recovery enhancing therapy that improves the functional outcome of a chronic stroke patient.
Monitoring intra-urban temperature with dense sensor networks: Fixed or mobile? An empirical study in Baltimore, MD

Abstract The combination of heat waves and urban heat “island” (UHI) and “archipelago” (UHA) effects can adversely impact the health of city residents. These impacts could be amplified in the future, with low-income communities most affected, and neighborhood-scale temperature data provide essential information for adaptation. In recent years, fixed and mobile sensor approaches are widely used for intra-urban temperature monitoring. However, empirical studies comparing these two approaches and investigating how network designs can affect the information collected remain limited. This study analyzes temperature data collected by the two monitoring approaches in Baltimore, MD to address representation of spatio-temporal temperature variability within a city and to investigate the sensor distribution strategy that most efficiently capture the UHA. We find that: (1) vehicle-based mobile monitoring with only on-street data does not capture the full range of urban thermal environments; (2) the sampling bias of vehicle-based monitoring results in lower predictive accuracy for unmonitored locations under hot afternoon conditions; (3) single-event measurement campaigns on “hot” days do not capture spatial temperature variations observed for non-hot days; (4) the efficiency of a fixed sensor network can be significantly increased through appropriate designs. Each of these findings is important for improving future intra-urban temperature monitoring activities.
Quality of Service Provision for Distributed Multimedia via Trading Agent

In this paper we present a detailed review on the Trader’s Quality of Service Specifications. Enhanced Trader lists the resources necessary to support the application’s QoS requirements and makes them available for the Session Manager coordinating the session switching. The paper demonstrates that all the components of communication system should be involved in the QoS management process. The client’s requirements related to QoS must be adapted to various constraints supported by the distributed system components: client machines, server machines and transport system. The studies in contrast to the existing ones present a comprehensive view on the System Performance applying Trading Agent. http://m-hikari.com/z2002.html
Approximation by polynomial splines on curved triangulations

Abstract Spaces of polynomial splines defined on curved triangulations of curved domains are introduced and studied. In addition, some applications to interpolation and data fitting problems are discussed.
The relation of programmed cell death to development and reproduction: comparative studies and an attempt at classification.

Publisher Summary Cell death occurs at different stages of morphogenesis, growth, and development of metazoans and multicellular plants. During embryonic development, cell death plays a regulatory role in morphogenesis and in the disappearance or atrophy of various organs, members, or appendices. The concept of programmed cell death is founded on the study of a major morphogenetic mechanism-remolding. The chapter examines the diverse modes of degeneration and of the elimination of degradation products and also the role of cellular interactions in the mechanisms of the control of cell death. The three principal modes of degeneration are diffuse degeneration, autophagic degeneration, and degeneration by pyknosis. Degeneration of the cell can be followed by fragmentation of the cytoplasm. The several models of de-differentiation and cellular involution indicate that the phenomenon is of major biological interest in metazoans but that it occurs by several programmed mechanisms.
1 Reproduction in Cyclostome Fishes and its Regulation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the reproduction in cyclostome fishes and its regulation. Sexual reproduction is at once the most conservative and yet the most adaptive of functions in the propagation and evolution of species. The cyclostomes illustrate this principle very well. Furthermore, knowledge of how cyclostomes regulate their reproduction offers a basis for understanding the evolution of vertebrate reproductive control mechanisms in general. However, between the two major cyclostome groups, the differences in mechanisms regulating reproduction appear to be as great or greater than they are among the rest of the vertebrates as a whole. The basic differences in reproductive patterns between the two major agnathan groups, together with anatomical and paleontological evidence, indicate that the separation of the petromyzonids, or lampreys, and the myxinoids, or hagfishes, is a very ancient one.
(−)‐α‐pinene by isomerization of (−)‐β‐pinene

(−)-α-pinene by isomerization of (−)-β-pinene product: (−)-α-pinene Keywords: rearrangements; 1,3-diaminopropane; pinene, (-)-α-, purification by distillation from LiAlH4; pinene, (-)-β-, purification by distillation from LiAlH4; potassium 3-aminopropylamide; air sensitive solutions, handling; benzene; 1,3-diaminopropane, irritant; potassium hydride, fire hazard
The natural history and clinical characteristics of paranasal sinus mucoceles: a clinical review

Background A retrospective data analysis at a university tertiary referral center was conducted to characterize the natural history, clinical characteristics, management principles, and outcomes of paranasal sinus mucoceles. Methods A chart review was performed on 102 patients with a total of 133 paranasal sinus mucoceles who were treated between 1987 and 2011 at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Results The study population included patients with a mean age of 53.1 years (range, 22-82 years). Patients were diagnosed with a mucocele on average 5.3 years following prior functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), 17.7 years following prior paranasal sinus trauma, and 18.1 years following prior open sinus surgery. The most common presenting symptoms were headache (42.1%) and maxillofacial pressure (28.6%). The most common sites were the frontal, frontoethmoidal, and ethmoid sinuses. Fifty-seven mucoceles (44.9%) had intraorbital extension, intracranial extension, or both. Out of 133 mucoceles, 114 underwent ESS without complication. Conclusion The length of time between prior surgery or trauma and mucocele presentation highlights the importance of long-term follow-up in both patient care and in the understanding and reporting of surgical outcomes. In this study, most patients exhibited nonspecific symptomatology despite extensive mucoceles and a significant incidence of orbital and skull-base erosion. The endoscopic approach can be safely used for the management of such lesions.
Peptide Utilization by Amino Acid Auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa

Abstract The ability of auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa to grow on certain tripeptides, despite the presence of excess competing amino acids, suggests it has an oligopeptide transport system. In general, dipeptides did not support growth except in those instances where extracellular hydrolysis occurred, or where the dipeptide appeared to be accumulated by an uptake system which is sensitive to inhibition by free amino acids. Considerable intracellular peptidase activity toward a large number of peptides was demonstrated, including a number of peptides which could not be utilized for growth. The intracellular peptidase activity was shown to be selective for amino acid composition and sequence (N-terminal or C-terminal) within the peptide; glycine-containing peptides were particularly poor substrates for peptidase activity. Only a small amount of extracellular peptidase activity could be detected.
Triploidy: Case Report of a Live-born Male and an Ethical Dilemma

Triploidy (69 chromosomes) is found in as many as 12% of karyotyped spontaneous first trimester abortuses, but it is rare in live-born infants.1 The longest reported survival of an infant with complete triploidy is seven months.2 Multiple anomalies, poor weight gain, and neurodevelopmental arrest are characteristic of the few reported liveborn infants.2-5 The uniformly dismal outcome of these infants has been considered a contraindication for the use of extraordinary support, eg, mechanical ventilation, once the diagnosis is established. However, ethical issues concerning the treatment of such severely handicapped children are subjects of continuing controversy. The present report describes the course of a male infant with complete triploidy; his survival was artificially prolonged for four months in accordance with parental religious beliefs.
Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin, by Timothy Snyder

Yale University's Snyder has written several first-rate books on Eastern Europe. He knows the published sources in German, Russian Polish, Yiddish, and most of the other relevant languages. He has ...
T Cells from Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Exhibit an Abnormal Pattern of κB-specific DNA-binding Activity: A Preliminary Report

Recent data suggest that the poor induction of a T-cell response to human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may be related to alterations in signal transduction pathways. We report that T cells from RCC patients have two alterations in kappa B motif-specific DNA-binding activity. The first alteration involves the constitutive expression of substantial kappa B-binding activity in nuclear extracts, which was observed in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The magnitude of kappa B activity in unstimulated patient T cells was similar to that observed in T cells from normal individuals that had been activated in vitro. On the basis of Western blotting experiments using antibodies to kappa B/Rel family proteins, the kappa B-binding activity constitutively expressed in T cells from RCC patients is composed mostly of the NF-kappa B1 (p50) subunit. The second abnormality in kappa B-binding activity in T cells from these patients is that RelA, a member of the Rel homology family which is part of the normal NF-kappa B complex, was not induced in the nucleus following activation. Western blotting analysis did not detect any RelA in nuclear extracts either before or after stimulation of T cells. The altered kappa B-binding activity in T cells from RCC patients may impair their capacity to respond normally to various stimuli.
Comparison of energy relaxation in one-dimensional thermionic and tunneling transistors

We compare energy relaxation in 1-D tunnel field-effect transistors (FETs) vs. thermionic FETs, focusing on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In CNTs the strongest inelastic scattering process with optical phonons has very high energy, Λω OP « 0.18 eV, three times higher than in Si. We find the energy relaxation rate in tunnel FETs is up to 20 times slower than in thermionic FETs for −1000 μΑ/μπι current and −0.3 eV band gap, when most carriers are injected below the OP energy. More generally, this relaxation rate depends on band gap, phonon energy, inelastic scattering rate, and desired drive current. The results have strong implications for the design of new, low-energy transistors based on non-equilibrium tunneling transport.
High-Power Dynamic Life Tests of Transistors

In an effort to correlate failure modes observed on field return transistor failures to life test results, Delco Radio initiated a new type power pulse life test program. The program was added to the normally accepted storage and dc operating programs which did not supply adequate information on burn-through or punch-through failures. The test matrix was designed around a unique three-dimensional dynamic failure rate graphical model. This paper describes the engineering and development of the high-power test equipment required to prove the model. A number of photographs and illustrations of the equipment developed have been included. The design of test circuits for maximum reliability for dynamic testing are also discussed. At the conclusion of the paper, the actual results of the program which are applicable to circuit designers are presented.
982-68 Outcome Following Stress Testing: Are There Any Gender Related Differences? A Population Based Study

Gender differences in management after stress tests have been documented, possibly reflecting gender bias. Whether these differences impact on long-term outcome is not known but is critical to assess appropriateness of care. We conducted a retrospective population based cohort study of 604 persons (413 men, 191 women) who had a first stress test in 1987 in Olmsted County MN with complete follow up until 1994 or death. At study entry, women were older(55 ± 17 years oldvs 48 ± 14years old for men) and more likely to have typical angine (38% vs 29% of men), hypertension (37% vs 30% of men), a family history of coronary artery disease (72% vs 59% of men), and a positive stress test (19% vs 12% of men) (p l 0.05). The frequency and relative risks (RR) of cardiac event (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure cardiac death) with and without inclusion of revascularization (revasc) and overall death were: Women Men RR 95% CI Cardiac event 14(7%) 36(9%) 0.8 0.4 to 1.5 Cardiac event incl revasc 18(9%) 66(16%) 0.5 0.3 to 0.9 Overall death 16(8%) 19(5%) 1.7 0.9 to 3.4 After adjusting for history of myocardial infarction, symptoms, age, stress test results and comorbidity, no gender difference in risk of death was seen. Women with a negative stress test were at a lower risk of cardiac event (RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.0); when revascularization was included as cardiac event, the relative risk was lower in women than in men (RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.6). Conclusion These population based data suggest that there is no excess risk of overall death, cardiac death or myocardial infarction in women. The risk of cardiac event including revascularization, however, was lower in women: this may represent underutilization of revascularization in women or overutilization in men.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. VI: Factors associated with fatigue within 5 years of criteria diagnosis:

Objective: To determine the frequency, degree and associated features of fatigue among Hispanic (H), African American (AA) and Caucasian (C) patients with recent onset (5 yr) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at their baseline evaluation.Methods: H(n = 69), AA (n = 83) and C (n = 71) patients from the LUMINA (LUpus in MInority populations: NAture vs Nurture) cohort were studied. Fatigue [Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)] was defined as present if FSS score 3.0. Variables from functional, clinical, sociodemographic, health behaviors, behavioral and psychological and immunogenetics domains were ascertained at study entry. Associations were examined using regression models.Results: Eighty-six percent (85.7%) of patients reported having fatigue (82.6% H; 85.5% AA; 88.7% C); median FSS score, 5.3. Factors from the psychological and clinical domains were primarily associated with FSS; immunogenetic (HLA Class II phenotypes) features were not. Increased fatigue was strongly associated with decreasing function, both...
The effects of variable biome distribution on global climate

In projecting climatic adjustments to anthropogenically elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, most global climate models fix biome distribution to current geographic conditions. Previous biome maps either remain unchanging or shift without taking into account climatic feedbacks such as radiation and temperature. We develop a model that examines the albedo-related effects of biome distribution on global temperature. The model was tested on historical biome changes since 1860 and the results fit both the observed temperature trend and order of magnitude change. The model is then used to generate an optimized future biome distribution that minimizes projected greenhouse effects on global temperature. Because of the complexity of this combinatorial search, an artificial intelligence method, the genetic algorithm, was employed. The method is to adjust biome areas subject to a constant global temperature and total surface area constraint. For regulating global temperature, oceans are found to dominate continental biomes. Algal beds are significant radiative levers as are other carbon intensive biomes including estuaries and tropical deciduous forests. To hold global temperature constant over the next 70 years this simulation requires that deserts decrease and forested areas increase. The effect of biome change on global temperature is revealed as a significant forecasting factor.
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 expression during aging

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is primarily produced in the liver during inflammation and regulates biological activities of IGF-I. Here we demonstrate that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulates IGFBP-1 mRNA production in a dose-dependent manner in hepatocytes from Fisher 344 rats. Employment of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 resulted in 3-fold reduction of IGFBP-1 mRNA and protein levels, indicating that IL-1β-induced IGFBP-1 production is mediated through JNK activation. We further show that hepatocytes from aged rats (20-22 mo), as compared to young (3-4 mo), exhibit up to 2-fold higher levels of IGFBP-1 in response to IL-1β. IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of JNK was also significantly higher in aged hepatocytes, and SP600125 treatment eliminated age-related differences in IGFBP-1 mRNA production. Moreover, glutathione depletion in hepatocytes from young rats potently activated JNK, as well as increased IL-1β-induced IGFBP-1 mRNA levels, suggesting that age-related oxidative stress underlies the upregulated JNK activation and IGFBP-1 expression.
Minimal nutrition intervention with high-protein/low-carbohydrate and low-fat, nutrient-dense food supplement improves body composition and exercise benefits in overweight adults: A randomized controlled trial

Background Exercise and high-protein/reduced-carbohydrate and -fat diets have each been shown separately, or in combination with an energy-restricted diet to improve body composition and health in sedentary, overweight (BMI > 25) adults. The current study, instead, examined the physiological response to 10 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance exercise (EX) versus exercise + minimal nutrition intervention designed to alter the macronutrient profile, in the absence of energy restriction, using a commercially available high-protein/low-carbohydrate and low-fat, nutrient-dense food supplement (EXFS); versus control (CON).
An investigation of multiproduct, multimachine production scheduling and inventory control of a flow-shop system

Unlike most of the previous studies of the multiproduct, multimachine systems, hero an attempt is made to consider the man-machine overtime and idleness costs together with the usual inventory-related costs (the set-up costs, carrying costs, and back-logging costs). The major assumptions of the model include: (a) demand for each product is captive and constant; (b) single or multiple facility work centres may be employed: (c) the total manufacturing operations of any single product must be completed before another product can be started; (d) all the manufacturing facilities are set up simultaneously for each of the products and its production can be started only after all the machines are ready. The annual total variable cost function is found to be very complex. Therefore, a recursive algorithm is required to solve this function for the values of optimal produetion-cycle-thnes of the individual products, Tj *,s . As the facilities are assumed to produce only one product at a time, these cycle time values...
Cutis verticis gyrata in a neonate.

: The primary form of cutis verticis gyrata, a rare skin lesion, is described for the first time in a neonate in whom it was associated with other congenital anomalies. The combination of a historically normal skin biopsy from the lesion and neurologic deficit supported the diagnosis; follow-up at 7 months of age showed persistent hypotonia and significant developmental delay. Differentiation of primary and secondary forms of cutis verticis gyrata and currently recognized etiologies are also briefly reviewed.
Integer Prim-Read Solutions to a Class of Target Defense Problems

We study the choice of a deployment and firing doctrine for defending separated point targets of potentially different values against an attack by an unknown number of sequentially arriving missiles. We minimize the total number of defenders, subject to an upper bound on the maximum expected value damage per attacking weapon. We show that the Greedy Algorithm produces an optimal integral solution to this problem.
Toward a self-similar theory of microbial populations.

A fresh quest is made of segregated cell models of microbial populations with a view to determine whether the multivarite distribution of physiological states, during transient growth, can attain self-similar forms (i.e., become time invariant) when each physiological state variable is scaled with respect to its population average. Such self-similar growth situations are believed to be more general than those of balanced growth. The conditions under which self-similarity is possible are investigated. Thus conditions are stipulated on the synthesis rates of different physiological entities, cell division rate, and the partitioning of the parent cell's components among the daughter cells (assuming binary division) in order for self-similar growth to be attained. Subject to the attainment of self-similar growth, it is shown that cytometric data can be analyzed systematically to determine how the rates of syntheses of various biochemical entities and cell division rates vary with the physiological entities that are measured. Inverse problems, represented by algebraic systems, are identified which will potentially allow flow cytometric data to be inverted to yield quantitative information on the absolute rates of cellular growth and reproductory processes as a function of the cell states chosen for measurement. It is suggested that the methods become more effective when cytometry can be used to make direct observations on dividing cells so that the number of unknowns in the inverse problem can be reduced, thus facilitating its more complete solution. Preliminary analysis of cytometric data obtained in the literature show promise of self-similarity and thus the possibility of application of the methods discussed here. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A dynamic programming method for determining optimum liquidation quantities for slow-moving inventories

Abstract This paper has developed a dynamic programming method which ensures a mathematically optimum solution to the inventory liquidation problem when specific requirements are known over a finite time horizon. A computer code which implements this algorithm is available from the lead author.
The Ids Have It

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Anido et al. demonstrate that Id1 is the likely arbiter of divergent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in glioma-initiating cells (GICs) from different tumors. These findings hold both the promise and potential peril of therapeutic targeting of the TGF-β pathway.
Nonadiabatic theory of collision-broadened atomic line profiles

The close-coupled theory of atomic scattering in a radiation field can be used to calculate nonadiabatic effects on collision-broadened atomic line profiles. When the strength of the radiation field is not too large, reduced free-free dipole matrix elements, which are independent of the field strength and are analogous to the free-free Franck-Condon factors of line profile theory, can be defined in terms of the $S$-matrix elements for light-induced atomic scattering. The profile can then be calculated even when the molecular states are mixed by off-diagonal terms in the molecular Hamiltonian due to the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Numerical close-coupled scattering calculations are used to calculate the profile for the asymptotically forbidden, collision-induced radiative transition $\mathrm{O}^{1}S+\mathrm{Ar}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{O}^{1}D+\mathrm{Ar}+h\ensuremath{\nu}$. The profile was calculated in two ways: (1) with the use of the normal Born-Oppenheimer approximation for the final states and (2) with the use of the new technique to treat the nonadiabatic mixing among the $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, $^{1}\ensuremath{\Pi}$, and $^{1}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ final states. The Coriolis interaction mixes the Hund's case-($a$) $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ states asymptotically to give Hund's case-($e$) states. The central and red-wing parts of the profile which originate primarily from large internuclear separations are strongly affected by this mixing. The calculated profile which takes this mixing into account agrees well with the experimental profile but differs significantly from the Born-Oppenheimer profile. The differences are explained in terms of intensity borrowing and Hund's case-($e$) selection rules.
Occurrence of Permafrost at an Arctic Lake

A FIELD investigation was carried out in April 1961 to determine the distribution of permafrost below a lake in the Mackenzie River delta1–3. This study was of special interest inasmuch as the delta lake is situated in an old river bed and the occurrence of permafrost is considerably affected by the large number of lakes and channels in the immediate vicinity. A similar but more detailed investigation was undertaken by the Division of Building Research of the National Research Council of Canada during April and May 1964 at a small lake about 5 miles north-east of Inuvik, Northwest Territories. This lake was selected because it was completely isolated from other bodies of water which might influence the ground thermal regime.
The microbial ocean from genomes to biomes

Numerically, microbial species dominate the oceans, yet their population dynamics, metabolic complexity and synergistic interactions remain largely uncharted. A full understanding of life in the ocean requires more than knowledge of marine microbial taxa and their genome sequences. The latest experimental techniques and analytical approaches can provide a fresh perspective on the biological interactions within marine ecosystems, aiding in the construction of predictive models that can interrelate microbial dynamics with the biogeochemical matter and energy fluxes that make up the ocean ecosystem.
Plasmodium gallinaceum: mechanisms of anemia in infected chickens.

Abstract Erythrocyte labeling by random and cohort techniques was used to study erythrocyte survival in normal chickens and chickens infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum. Occurrence of erythrocyte destruction during the prepatent period was apparent in infected chickens by both techniques. Treatment with the antimalarials chloroquine and quinacrine not only cleared the circulation of parasites promptly but brought about an equally prompt cessation of disease-related erythrocyte destruction. Plasmodium gallinaceum infection caused a transitory decrease in blood volume at the time of rapid decrease in packed cell volume. The blood volume returned to preinfection values before the packed cell volume returned to normal. Parasitized erythrocytes were present in capillaries of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow during the entire prepatent period of the infection, thus providing a reasonable explanation for erythrocyte destruction observed in the absence of parasitemia during the prepatent period.
Measurement Capability of Field Portable Organic Vapor Monitoring Instruments Under Different Experimental Conditions

The performance of field portable direct-reading organic vapor monitors (DROVMs) was evaluated under a variety of experimental conditions. Four of the DROVMs had photoionization detectors (ppbRAE, IAQRAE, MultiRAE, and Century Toxic Vapor Analyzer), one had a flame ionization detector (Century Toxic Vapor Analyzer), and one was a single-beam infrared spectrophotometer (SapphIRe). Four of each DROVM (two Century Toxic Vapor Analyzers and SapphIRes) were tested. The DROVMs were evaluated at three temperatures (4°C, 21°C, and 38°C), three relative humidities (30%, 60%, and 90%), and two hexane concentrations (5 ppm and 100 ppm). These conditions were selected to provide a range within the operational parameters of all the instruments. At least four replicate trials were performed across the 18 experimental conditions (3 temperatures × 3 relative humidities × 2 concentrations). To evaluate performance, the 4-hr time-weighted average readings from the DROVMs in a given trial were compared with the average of t...
The interaction of relative air humidity and carbon dioxide enrichment in the growth of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat☆

Abstract Plants of Chrysanthemum × morifolium cultivar ‘Fiesta’ were grown hydroponically for 6 weeks in growth chambers at relative humidity (RH) levels of 50 and 95% and CO 2 levels of 340 and 940 μl l −1 in a Latin square combination. High RH as well as high CO 2 resulted in increased relative growth rate (RGR), increased dry weight of leaves, stems and roots, and increased leaf area on main and lateral stems during the first 2 weeks of growth. During this period, high CO 2 levels interacted to stimulate the RH effects. During the third to sixth weeks of growth, the interaction of RH and CO 2 was either lost or, as in the case of RGR and root dry weight, reversed in such a way that a negative effect of high CO 2 at high RG was found. At 6 weeks there were positive main effects of RH and CO 2 , but no interaction on plant height, number of leaves on lateral shoots, number of lateral shoots, and length of lateral shoots. The shoot to root dry weight ratio increased at high RH. Water consumption of plants decreased sharply at high RH and moderately at the high CO 2 level. Stomatal aperture was larger at high RH, but smaller at the high CO 2 level. It is concluded that increased plant growth resulting from increased RH might be caused by an increase in stomatal aperture which in turn facilitates CO 2 absorption and utilization.
Down-regulation of glucocorticoid binding sites by retinoic acid in squamous carcinoma cells resistant to the induction of keratinization by hydrocortisone.

Physiologic concentrations of retinoic acid strongly inhibit the in vitro maturation of human squamous carcinoma cells in serum-free medium. Differentiation, as measured by the capacity to synthesize cornified cell envelopes, could be induced by hydrocortisone in retinoic acid-treated SqCC/Y1 and CE-81T cells. However, two other cell lines (C4-1 and A431) were less competent to spontaneously form cornified cell envelopes and resistant to the induction of envelope competence by hydrocortisone in the presence of retinoic acid. To investigate the mechanism underlying the resistance of these two lines to hydrocortisone, the characteristics of glucocorticoid receptors were analyzed. Whole cell dexamethasone binding sites ranged from 1300 to 9000 sites per cell for the four cell lines. The binding affinity for dexamethasone was similar in all four squamous carcinoma cell lines (1.32 to 4.75 nM). During retinoic acid-treatment, the binding of dexamethasone by intact SqCC/Y1 and CE-81T cells increased 1.5- to 3.0-fold over 48 h. In contrast, the number of dexamethasone binding sites were decreased by 80% in retinoic acid-treated A431 and C4-1 cells. In each case, the regulation of dexamethasone binding was dependent on the concentration of retinoic acid, with maximal effects being observed at 10-6 M. Thus, the manner in which retinoic acid regulates the availability of dexamethasone binding sites might explain, in part, the effects of glucocorticoids on differentiation of retinoic acid-treated squamous carcinoma cell lines.
Monovalent-ion carrier effects on transport of Rb86 and Cs137 into bush bean plants.

Bush bean plants were exposed to either Rb86 or Cs137 for 24 hours with different monovalent cations as carriers in single-salt solutions except for the presence of 10−4M CaCl2. Ratio of uptake of the radionuclides at 10−3 to 10−2M was used as an index of the carrier ability of various cations. Different monovalent cations decreased uptake of Cs137 and its transport to shoots unequally when 10−2M salts were compared with 10−3M salts. Rubidium and cesium salts decreased Cs137 uptake equally but potassium salts were less effective in decreasing uptake when the ratios of the two concentrations were considered. All monovalent cations decreased uptake of Cs137 at the 10−2M carrier concentration but some did not at 10−3M. Nitrate nitrogen was a big factor in these results. Cesium and rubidium salts were most effective. Potassium appeared to increase Cs137 transport to shoots particularly at 10−3M KNO3. Only cesium, rubidium, and potassium salts decreased uptake of Rb86 when 10−2M salts were compared with 10−3M. Rubidium and cesium salts decreased uptake essentially equally and potassium salts again were less effective. All nitrate salts tended to increase Rb86 transport to shoots more consistently than with Cs137. It is concluded that absorption and transport to shoots were not equivalent for potassium, rubidium, and cesium.
Overview of the TGFBI corneal dystrophies

Several phenotypically distinct clinicopathologic entities involving the cornea are caused by mutations in the transforming growth factor beta induced (TGFBI) gene. These disorders include different types of granular corneal dystrophy (GCD): GCD type 1, GCD type 2 (Avellino corneal dystrophy), GCD type 3 (Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophy) as well variants of lattice corneal dystrophy type 1 and Thiel-Benhke corneal dystrophy. Investigations of these inherited corneal diseases throughout the world strongly suggest that specific mutations in the TGFBI gene account for the specific phenotypes and that the corneal opacities that account for the clinical features of the different phenotypes result from the deposition of all or part of the mutated encoded protein. To date the mutated protein is only known to accumulate in the cornea eventhough the TGFBI is widely expressed throughout the body in experimental animals. This presentation will provide an overview of the TGFBI corneal dystrophies and offer a hypothesis to explain the different phenotypes caused by different mutations in TGFBI.