cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymer effects on small- and large-scale two-dimensional turbulence.

We investigate the effect of dilute polymers on driven two-dimensional turbulence in a soap film. Transitions from strong to weak turbulence are identified by independently varying the polymer concentration $\ensuremath{\phi}$ and the energy injection rate ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{inj}}$. Studies of velocity structures in small scales reveal that strong saddles are suppressed, whereas weak ones become more populated. Interestingly, this redistribution of saddle points in turbulent flows strongly correlates with the quenching of velocity fluctuations on large scales, suggesting that this hydrodynamic structure may play a role in transferring energy from scale to scale.
Mechanical Design and Analysis of Land Grid Array (LGA) Sockets

Sockets offer a cost effective and high-volume manufacturing friendly interface between CPU packages and motherboards. Land-grid-array (LGA) technology offers avenues to enhance the electrical performance of sockets over its predecessors e.g. pin grid array (PGA) technology. The present paper will describe various technical challenges encountered in the design of Intel’s LGA sockets. The recently launched LGA775 socket will be used as a case study. Methods adopted to overcome these design challenges and successfully implement LGA sockets will be discussed. Design features like direct socket loading (DSL), various issues related to the design of socket housings, LGA contact design optimization and socket reliability enhancement under stresses such as thermal cycling, mechanical shock, vibration and bake will be discussed. DSL is an integrated mechanism that enables application of a compressive mechanical load between the LGA contact pins on the socket and the package LGA pads, so that their interfaces achieve and maintain electrical continuity through the socket design life. Similarly, optimizing the design of the socket contacts significantly impacts the stressing, reliability of the second level interconnect (SLI) ball grid array (BGA) that connects the LGA775 to the motherboard. The successful implementation of these designs is achieved through a combination of geometric tolerance stack analysis, numerical modeling studies, detailed experiments, reliability testing and correlation between these. The details of the same are be discussed in this article.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
FE Investigation of Material and Preload Parameters on FRP Strengthening Performance of RC Beams, I: Model Development

The effectiveness of FRP-rehabilitation of deteriorating and under-strength reinforced concrete beams depends not only on the properties of the FRP material, but also on the characteristics of other materials in the system, characteristics of the bond, and the relative nature of properties of materials at the interfaces. Response is also affected by the cracked condition of the beam prior to the external bonding of the FRP. An understanding of the effect of critical material and configuration parameters on strengthening response and failure mode is essential to optimize the technique. Most current models do not present a comprehensive overview of both response, and mechanisms and modes of failure. This paper reports on the development of a finite element analysis approach which not only provides characteristics of response, but also enables identification of damage mechanisms and their progression to failure. The model incorporates a fracture-based approach and includes modules for constitutive response of the concrete, reinforcing steel, FRP composite, and the FRP composite-concrete interface.
Visual discrimination in deermice

Five species of deermice (Peromyscus) were tested for a light-on, light-off discrimination with water reinforcement. All species acquired the discrimination similarly, but the number of bar pressing responses during the SD differed among the species. Species-specific reactions to the water deprivation and the test situation could account for the SD response rate differences.
Clinical Review of Pulmonary Embolism: Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common disease causing significant morbidity, mortality, and substantial socioeconomic costs. The correct diagnosis and management of PE, however, offers many challenges. As a result, ongoing research continues to develop and refine new and existing diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as therapeutic interventions, leading to significant improvements in the care of PE over the past 2 decades. This article summarizes the current literature to aid the clinician in the correct integration and implementation of these advances in the treatment of PE.
American paddlefish leukocytes demonstrate mammalian‐like cytochemical staining characteristics in lymphoid tissues

American paddlefish Polyodon spathula leukocytes demonstrated cytoplasmic staining patterns very similar to mammalian leukocytes when stained with acid phosphatase, α-naphthyl butyrate esterase and β-glucuronidase. American paddlefish monocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes stained positive for acid phosphatase. Monocytes stained positive for α-naphthyl butyrate esterase. Lymphocytes that stained positive for α-naphthyl butyrate esterase were designated type A. Lymphocytes that stained positive with antibodies to the L chain of white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus immunoglobulin (1g) were designated type B. Type A and type B lymphocytes stained positive for β-glucuronidase. All leukocytes observed were negative for Sudan Black B. Monocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes were present in the renal haematopoietic tissue, spleen, thymus, pericardial myeloid tissue, lamina propria of the spiral valve, and in meningeal myeloid tissue located dorsal to the brain, at the base of the brain and around the notochord. Peyer's patches were present in the gut. Morphological characteristics of leukocytes stained with Wright's and haematoxylin and eosin and appeared very similar to those of other fish species.
OPTICAL WEDGE EFFECTS IN INSTRUMENTS AND STANDARDS FOR MOLECULAR ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

The optical wedge of some older, individual solid NIST absorbance filter standards has been found to cause bias in the indicated absorbance readings of certain instruments. In a collimated-beam spectrophotometer, the sample beam is deflected by about half of the wedge angle in the sample. For inverted geometry designs, small deflections can give rise to large changes in the field of view of the entrance slit of the spectrometer downstream from the sample. Beam deflection is also found to induce small apparent wavelength shifts in data taken through a wedged sample, resulting in spectral artifacts derived from spectral features of the system or of an absorbing sample. These spectral artifacts turn out to be robust, and simple cell-reversal difference spectra can provide useful diagnostic indicators of optical wedge. Solid photometric standards are found to be reliable, if manufactured to wedge angles of less than 0.1 mrad. Despite a wedge tolerance of 0.9 m rad in the sealed cuvettes of a wavelength standard, wavelength shifts are shown to be negligible when compared to the stated uncertainties. For normal use, accuracy may be achieved by utilizing the same cell in the same orientation for both background and sample spectra or by hand selection of cells.
Influences of credibility of testimony and strength of statistical evidence on children’s and adolescents’ reasoning

According to dual-process models that include analytic and heuristic modes of processing, analytic processing is often expected to become more common with development. Consistent with this view, on reasoning problems, adolescents are more likely than children to select alternatives that are backed by statistical evidence. It is shown here that this pattern depends on the quality of the statistical evidence and the quality of the testimonial that is the typical alternative to statistical evidence. In Experiment 1, 9- and 13-year-olds (N = 64) were presented with scenarios in which solid statistical evidence was contrasted with casual or expert testimonial evidence. When testimony was casual, children relied on it but adolescents did not; when testimony was expert, both children and adolescents relied on it. In Experiment 2, 9- and 13-year-olds (N = 83) were presented with scenarios in which casual testimonial evidence was contrasted with weak or strong statistical evidence. When statistical evidence was weak, children and adolescents relied on both testimonial and statistical evidence; when statistical evidence was strong, most children and adolescents relied on it. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for dual-process accounts of cognitive development.
Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by perfluorinated fatty acids is dependent on the chain length of the fluorinated tail

Perfluorinated fatty acids (PFFAs), such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), are known peroxisome proliferators and hepatocarcinogens. A causal link between an increase in the oxidative stress by peroxisomes and tumor promotion has been proposed to explain the hepatocarcinogenicity of PFOA and PFDA. However, the down-regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) has also been linked to the tumor-promoting properties of many carcinogens. Therefore, the effect of PFFAs on GJIC in WB-rat liver epithelial cells was determined. The chain length of the PFFAs tested for an effect on GJIC ranged from 2 to 10, 16 and 18 carbons. Carbon lengths of 7 to 10 inhibited GJIC in a dose-response fashion, whereas carbon lengths of 2 to 5, 16 and 18 did not appreciably inhibit GJIC. Inhibition occurred within 15 min and was reversible, with total recovery from inhibition occurring within 30 min after the removal of the compound from the growth medium. This short time of inhibition suggests that GJIC was modified at the post-translational level. Also, this short time period was not long enough for peroxisome proliferation. The post-translational modification of the gap junction proteins was not a consequence of altered phosphorylation as determined by Western blot analysis. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid also inhibited GJIC in a dose-response fashion similar to PFDA, indicating that the determining factor of inhibition was probably the fluorinated tail, which required 7-10 carbons. Our results suggest that PFFAs could potentially act as hepatocarcinogens at the level of gap junctions in addition to or instead of through peroxisome proliferation.
Environmental Monitoring Instruments: Using ISS as a Testbed for Exploration

NASA began the Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control (AEMC) program in 1996. Its mission is to "provide future spacecraft with advanced, microminiaturized networks of integrated sensors to monitor environmental health and accurately determine and control the physical, chemical and biological environment of the crew living areas and their environmental control systems. In earlier years, AEMC focused on fundamental technology development, frequently performed by academia. Following the Vision for Space Exploration announcement in 2004, AEMC moved its focus to developing technologies for flight. Under a Memorandum of Agreement between the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate and the Space Operations Mission Directorate, AEMC is developing three instruments that will be tested on the International Space Station (ISS). Flight experience gained from utilization of the devices on-board ISS will help validate the technologies for Exploration class missions. These instruments are: a miniature gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer called VCAM (vehicle cabin atmosphere monitor) for trace contaminant monitoring; an atmospheric event monitor (electronic nose or ENose) to detect inadvertent release of specific chemicals; and a colorimetric solid phase extraction (CSPE) method for determination of biocides and other constituents in water systems. An additional instrument, the Lab-on-a-Chip Portable Test System (LOCAD PTS) has been launched to ISS, and will demonstrate sensitive microbial detection. This paper describes the status of development of each of these instruments.
The Federal Reserve (almost) 100

Abstract As the Federal Reserve reaches its hundredth anniversary, understanding its achievements and failures serves as a useful guide to needed reforms. My paper is an invited comment on the analysis by Selgin, White, and Lastrapes who conclude that the Federal Reserve’s performance is not an improvement on pre-Federal Reserve policy. I draw a slightly different conclusion. The only periods in which the Federal Reserve achieved relatively steady growth and low inflation are the two periods in which if acted as if guided by a rule. The years are 1923–1928 under a modified gold standard and 1985–2003 when it acted as if it followed a Taylor rule.
Multi-temporal image analysis of historical aerial photographs and recent satellite imagery reveals evolution of water body surface area and polygonal terrain morphology in Kobuk Valley National Park, Alaska

Multi-temporal image analysis of very-high-resolution historical aerial and recent satellite imagery of the Ahnewetut Wetlands in Kobuk Valley National Park, Alaska, revealed the nature of thaw lake and polygonal terrain evolution over a 54-year period of record comprising two 27-year intervals (1951?1978, 1978?2005). Using active-contouring-based change detection, high-precision orthorectification and co-registration and the normalized difference index, surface area expansion and contraction of 22 shallow water bodies, ranging in size from 0.09 to 179?ha, and the transition of ice-wedge polygons from a low- to a high-centered morphology were quantified. Total surface area decreased by only 0.4% during the first time interval, but decreased by 5.5% during the second time interval. Twelve water bodies (ten lakes and two ponds) were relatively stable with net surface area decreases of ?10%, including four lakes that gained area during both time intervals, whereas ten water bodies (five lakes and five ponds) had surface area losses in excess of 10%, including two ponds that drained completely. Polygonal terrain remained relatively stable during the first time interval, but transformation of polygons from low- to high-centered was significant during the second time interval.
Trust in testimony about strangers: young children prefer reliable informants who make positive attributions.

Young children have been described as critical consumers of information, particularly in the domain of language learning. Indeed, children are more likely to learn novel words from people with accurate histories of object labeling than with inaccurate ones. But what happens when informant testimony conflicts with a tendency to see the world in a particular way? In impression formation, children exhibit a positivity bias in personality judgments. This study examined whether 3- to 7-year-olds would accept reliable testimony about a stranger’s personality that conflicted with a putative positivity bias (i.e., a negative trait attribution). Overall, participants accepted testimony from reliable informants more often than expected by chance, although they were significantly more likely to do so when the information was positive than when it was negative. These findings indicate that in addition to the reliability status of informants, information processing biases have a substantial impact on children’s use of informant testimony to learn about the social world.
Removal of Cationic and Ionic Dyes on Industrial−Municipal Sludge Based Composite Adsorbents

The new class of reactive adsorbents obtained by pyrolysis of individual and mixed industrial sludges were used as media for the removal of cationic (Basic Fuchsin) and anionic (Acid Red 1) dyes. Materials were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis (TA), potentiometric titration, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning eletron microscopy (SEM). Kinetic measurements showed a fast decolorization process. Dye adsorption isotherms were fitted to the Langmuir−Freundlich model isotherm. The limiting capacities for Acid Red were between 35 and 73 mg/g, whereas the capacities for Basic Fuchsin removal ranged between 70 and 127 mg/g. While the Acid Red removal capacity was comparable to that on commercial activated carbon, the sludge-derived materials adsorb more Basic Fuchsin than carbon. The high efficiency of adsorption for both cationic and ionic dyes was linked to surface chemical heterogeneity and a high volume of mesopores. The diversity in surface chemistry, which leads to ion exchange...
Calculator-Assisted Evaluation Of Reflectance Characteristics Of Fluorescent Films

The reflection properties of opaque fluorescent materials are measured with a 450/00 (illumination-viewing) spectroradiometer system interfaced to a desktop calculator. These measured values are then used to determine the samples' chromaticity coordinates and the fluorescent contribution to the radiance factor. To obtain these parameters, the calculator is used to optimize the design of an illuminant D-65 simulator; accept data for instrument calibration and reflectance measurements; calculate the sample's chromaticity coordinates; and graphically display the sample's non-fluorescent and total radiance factors. The performance requirements and chromaticity coordinates of a sample are displayed on a computer prepared plot to aid in evaluating a material's conformance to desired specifications.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Algebraic topology and the quantization of circulation in superfluid helium.

Onsager's argument for the quantization of circulation in superfluid helium is reconsidered in light of current discussions of quantum mechanics in multiply connected spaces (Aharanov-Bohm effect, fractional statistics, etc.). We find that there is no a priori reason to exclude multiple-valued functions of the order parameter. This results in circulation levels that still exhibit quantized changes of size h/m, but their absolute values are no longer integer multiples of this quantum of circulation. The implications of this theory for experiments using the Vinen vibrating-wire technique are discussed.
Molecular Imaging of Shear-Induced Polymer Migration in Dilute Solutions near a Surface

We measure the time-dependent concentration and stretch of λ-phage DNA molecules near a glass surface in torsional shear flow using epi-fluorescence microscopy. We find that the thickness of the de...
Measurement of neutron-induced genetic damage in mouse immature oocytes.

Abstract Recent experimental evidence concerning the nature of radiosensitive targets in mouse immature (resting) oocytes has led to new experimental designs that permit measurement of radiation-induced genetic damage in these important cells. We have previously reported initial results of the detection of genetic damage in mouse immature oocytes using monoenergetic 0.43-MeV neutrons. Here we provide a full report of our data and compare the genetic sensitivity of immature oocytes with those measured by others for maturing oocytes. Until recently, all attempts to detect radiation-induced genetic damage in mouse immature oocytes had failed. This appears to have been because the radiation types and modes of dose delivery used in those studies did not sufficiently spare the hypersensitive lethality target (the plasma membrane) while at the same time deposit enough dose in DNA to produce detectable mutations. Recoil protons from 0.43-MeV neutrons produce short ionization tracks (2.6 μm, mean) and can therefore deposit energy in the DNA without simultaneously traversing the plasma membrane. Using these particles, we have obtained dose-response relationships for both chromosome aberrations and dominant lethal mutations in oocytes from females irradiated 2–12 weeks earlier, when oocytes were immature. Results suggest that the intrinsic mutational sensitivity of mouse immature oocytes is not very different that of maturing oocytes.
Lumbar spinal stenosis: A review of current concepts in evaluation, management, and outcome measurements

The purpose of this review is to present current information from the literature regarding the pathoanatomy, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, treatment, and outcome assessment methods for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Lumbar spinal stenosis is a frequently encountered condition, particularly in the elderly. Treatment requires an accurate diagnosis, but differential diagnosis of lumbar stenosis can be difficult. The literature to date has focused primarily on surgical treatment. The long-term efficacy of surgery has been questioned, and surgical procedures are associated with increased costs and risks of morbidity in an elderly population. A trial of conservative care is recommended in most cases, but there are presently no randomized controlled studies in the literature comparing surgical versus conservative management, or evaluating the effectiveness of any specific conservative treatment approach. The existing literature has further been criticized for having poorly defined outcome measures. The assessment of treatment outcomes should be multifactorial, including measures of pathoanatomy and impairments, as well as patient-centered measures such as level of disability, patient expectations, and satisfaction. The present level of understanding of lumbar spinal stenosis is deficient in many areas, including differential diagnosis, treatment, and outcome assessment. Future research should address these deficits to improve the management of patients with this condition.
Deconvolution and Estimation of Transfer Function Phase and Coefficients for NonGaussian Linear Processes.

NonGaussian linear processes are considered. It is shown that the phase of the transfer function can be estimated under broad conditions. This is not true of Gaussian linear processes and in this sense Gaussian linear processes are atypical. The asymptotic behavior of a phase estimate is determined. The phase estimates make use of bispectral estimates. These ideas are applied to a problem of deconvolution which is effective even when the transfer function is not minimum phase. A number of computational illustrations are given.
Dye-coated europium monosulfide

Nanoparticles of EuS were synthesized using europium dithiocarbamate complexes. The resulting nanoparticles were coated with the dye, 1-pyrene carboxylic acid and the resulting material was characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, TEM, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to determine the relative energy of the conduction band edge to the excited state energy of the dye.
Blunt dissection technique for the removal of Kaposi's sarcoma.

217 According to Gonzalez-Martinez et al,1 surgery is the treatment of choice for the removal of nodular Kaposi’s sarcoma. While the literature documents surgical excision as a treatment option, the authors were unable to find any mention of blunt dissection as a surgical option in the treatment of nodular Kaposi’s sarcoma. The authors have found blunt dissection to be a useful technique for retrieving biopsy material and treating the cutaneous nodular form of Kaposi’s sarcoma (Fig. 1). The nodule seen in Kaposi’s sarcoma is amenable to blunt dissection because of the lesion’s histologic circumscription and demarcation from surrounding dermis (Fig. 2). The authors prefer to use a Freer periosteal elevator for blunt dissection of Kaposi’s sarcoma. The elevator allows removal of the nodular lesion without the need for sharp surgical excision. This is especially important when lesions are removed from the sole, where the potential for scarring should be minimized. With the elevator, deep pressure or tension is exerted on the instrument. This allows the borders of the nodule to be easily freed (Fig. 3). Once the borders of the nodule are released, the entire lesion can be scooped out in one motion. The cutaneous lesion is bluntly excised down to the level of the superficial fascia to ensure complete removal of the nodule. The superficial fascia can be easily distinguished from surrounding tissues by its glossy, white appearance (Fig. 4).2 Once the lesion is removed, the affected area can heal by secondary intention. The authors have found no recurrence of the lesion at the site from which it was removed. The blunt dissection technique for the removal of nodular Kaposi’s sarcoma offers the advantages of complete extirpation and preservation of the lesion for pathologic examination with a minimum of scarring. Blunt Dissection Technique for the Removal of Kaposi’s Sarcoma
An introduction to latent growth curve modeling

Over the past 3 decades we have witnessed an increase in the complexity of theoretical models that attempt to explain development in a number of behavioral domains. The conceptual movement to examine behavior from both developmental and contextual perspectives parallels recent methodological advances in the analysis of change. These new analysis techniques have fundamentally altered how we conceptualize and study change, and have prompted researchers to identify larger frameworks to integrate knowledge. One such framework is latent growth modeling. This article presents a basic latent growth modeling approach for analyzing repeated measures data and delineates several of its extensions, including analyses for multiple populations, accelerated designs, multivariate associative models, and a framework for sample size selection and power estimation.
Lengthening the G1 Phase of Neural Progenitor Cells is Concurrent with An Increase of Symmetric Neuron Generating Division after Stroke

The proportion of neural progenitors that remain in (P fraction) and exit from (Q fraction) the cell cycle determines the degree of neurogenesis. Using S-phase labeling with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and a double nucleoside analog-labeling scheme, we measured the cell-cycle kinetics of neural progenitors and estimated the proportion of P and Q fractions in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult rats subjected to stroke. Stroke increased SVZ cell proliferation, starting 2 days, reaching a maximum 4 and 7 days after stroke. The cell-cycle length (T(C)) of SVZ cells changed dynamically over a period of 2 to 14 days after stroke, with the shortest length of 11 h at 2 days after stroke. The reduction of the T(C) resulted from a decrease of the G(1) phase because the G(2), M, and S phases were unchanged. In addition, during this period, reduction of the G(1) phase was concomitant with an increase in the P fraction, whereas an augmentation of the Q fraction was associated with lengthening of the G(1) phase. Furthermore, approximately 90% of cells that exited the cell cycle were neurons and the population of a pair of dividing daughter cells with a neuronal marker increased from 9% at 2 days to 26% at 14 days after stroke. These data suggest that stroke triggers early expansion of the progenitor pool via shortening the cell-cycle length and retaining daughter cells within the cell cycle, and the lengthening of G(1) leads to daughter cells exiting the cell cycle and differentiating into neurons.
Fabrication of transition edge sensor X-ray microcalorimeters for Constellation-X

Abstract NASA's Constellation-X (Con-X) mission is a driver for advancing low-temperature detector technologies, requiring 1000-pixel two-dimensional arrays with >95% filling fraction and quantum efficiency at 6 keV and better than 4 eV energy resolution for 1–10 keV photons. We describe a robust transition edge sensor fabrication process that can produce detector arrays with integrated absorbers approaching the specifications of Con-X. We address issues such as the methods of superconducting bilayer deposition, detector geometry definition, and absorber interface.
On Cedric Robinson and Black Marxism : a view from the US academy

Cedric Robinson’s directorship of the Center for Black Studies at the University of California Santa Barbara reflected his genius as a radical communitarian during an era in which the US academy as a whole set itself on a path of increasing cultural and social isolation from mainstream society. As an academic enterprise, the Center mirrors the radical conservationism inherent in Black Marxism’s recuperation of the Black radical tradition.
Source modeling of the Hsingtai, China earthquakes of March 1966

Abstract The Hsingtai, China earthquakes of March 1966 were a series of destructive earthquakes associated with the Shu-lu graben. Five strong shocks of Ms ≥ 6 occurred within a period of less than a month, the largest of which was Ms 7.2. Body and surface waves over the period range from several to 100 s have been modeled for the four largest events using synthetic seismograms in the time domain and spectral analysis in the frequency domain. Data from ground deformation, local geology, regional seismic network, and teleseismic joint epicenter determination have also been used to constrain the source model and the rupture process. The fault mechanism of the Hsingtai sequence was mainly strike-slip with a small component of normal dip-slip. The strikes of the four largest shocks range from ∼ N26° to 30°E, approximately along strike of the major faults of the Shu-lu graben and the aftershock distribution. The source mechanisms can be explained with a NNW-SSE extensional stress and a NEE-SWW compressional stress acting in the area. The major shocks all had focal depths ∼ 10 km. The four largest shocks in the sequence were characterized by a relatively simple and smooth dislocation time history. The durations of the far-field source time functions ranged from 3.5 to 5 s, while the rise times were all ∼ 1 s. The seismic moments of the four largest earthquakes ranged from 1.43 × 1025 to 1.51 × 1026 dyne cm−1. The fault sizes of the four events were very close. Assuming circular faults, the diameters of the four events were determined to be between 10 and 14 km. Stress drops varied from ∼ 52 to 194 bars. A trend of increasing stress drop with earthquake size was observed. A survey of stress drop determinations for 15 major intraplate earthquakes shows that on the average the magnitude of stress drop of oceanic intraplate earthquakes and passive continental margin events is higher (∼ 200 to several hundred bars) than that of continental intraplate earthquakes (∼ 100 bars or less).
Salt Stress Activation of Wound-Related Genes in Tomato Plants

Plants respond to various stresses by expressing distinct sets of genes. The effects of multiple stresses on plants and their interactions are not well understood. We have discovered that salt stress causes the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and the activation of other wound-related genes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants. Salt stress was also found to enhance the plant's response to wounding locally and systemically. The tomato mutant (def-1), which has an impairment in the octadecanoid pathway, displayed a severe reduction in the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors under salt stress, indicating that salt stress-induced accumulation of proteinase inhibitors was jasmonic acid dependent. The analysis of salt stress in another tomato mutant, spr-1, which carries a mutation in a systemin-specific signaling component, and transgenic tomato plants that express an antisense-prosystemin cDNA, showed that prosystemin activity was not required for the salt-induced accumulation of proteinase inhibitors, but was necessary to achieve maximal levels. These results suggest that a prosystemin independent- but jasmonic acid-dependent pathway is utilized for proteinase inhibitor accumulation in response to salt stress.
Fragmentation and attrition of coal char particles undergoing collisions during combustion at temperatures from 900 to 1100 K

Abstract Yields of small char particles, formed from larger particles by attrition and fragmentation during combustion, were measured at temperatures characteristic of fluidized bed combustors. The small particles were generated by burning char in a furnace on a vibrating screen. Particles passing through 1.3 × 1.3-mm openings were collected outside the furnace and weighed after complete destruction of the parent particles. The use of the screen isolates the process of fragment formation from the process of elutriation, and allows greater control of collision energy and frequency than is possible in a fluidized bed. Pittsburgh Seam char initially 5 mm in diameter was burned at temperatures of 900, 1000, and 1100 K in the presence of 2, 5, 10, and 21 mol% oxygen. By varying the vibration frequency and energy of collisions, the yield of fines was varied from 0 to 40 wt% of the fixed carbon in a batch feed. The yield of fines decreased with increasing temperature, decreased with increasing oxygen, and increased with simultaneous increases in the energy and frequency of collisions. The results were consistent with a model for parallel attrition and fragmentation, in which attrition is viewed as purely mechanical, proportional to collision frequency, and proceeding at a rate independent of combustion. Fragmentation was seen as occurring at a critical value of the char porosity, at a rate controlled by the removal of char by combustion. The critical porosity depends upon collision energy, rather than collision frequency. The model reproduced important features in the dependence of the fine particle yield on vibration frequency, collision energy, oxygen concentration, and temperature, in both diffusion and chemical rate-controlled combustion regimes, under conditions at which attrition made a greater contribution to small particles than fragmentation, and vice versa.
Cylindrical Hall Thrusters

The cylindrical Hall thruster, proposed and studied at the PPPL features high ionization efficiency, quiet operation, ion acceleration in a large volume-to-surface ratio channel, and performance comparable with the state-of-the-art Hall thrusters. These characteristics were demonstrated in low and medium power ranges. For a miniaturized 100 W cylindrical thruster, we achieved performance improvements, including a 30-40% plume narrowing, reliable discharge initiation, and stable operation in the discharge voltage range of 50-600 V. -
Immunologic status in lung cancer

Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity was studied in 219 patients with carcinoma of the lung to observe if there was a correlation between the immunologic status of the patients and the major clinical features of the disease. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity correlated with the cell type differentiation of the tumor, the stage of the disease, the response to chemotherapy, the prognosis and the survival. Patients with anergia often had undifferentiated cell tumors, failed to respond to therapy, had advanced disease and died in a short time. Patients with a good skin test reaction often had limited disease, responded more frequently to therapy and survived for longer periods. Data obtained suggest that immunologic deficits associated with lung cancer could indicate late disease and may be useful in the clinical management of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.
Extended depth of field through wave-front coding

We designed an optical‐digital system that delivers near-diffraction-limited imaging performance with a large depth of field. This system is the standard incoherent optical system modified by a phase mask with digital processing of the resulting intermediate image. The phase mask alters or codes the received incoherent wave front in such a way that the point-spread function and the optical transfer function do not change appreciably as a function of misfocus. Focus-independent digital filtering of the intermediate image is used to produce a combined optical‐digital system that has a nearly diffraction limited point-spread function. This high-resolution extended depth of field is obtained through the expense of an increased dynamic range of the incoherent system. We use both the ambiguity function and the stationary-phase method to design these phase masks.
Sonography of the segmental human pancreatic transplant.

Forty-three ultrasound examinations have been done on 17 segmental pancreatic transplants performed for juvenile onset diabetes mellitus. The pelvic transplant was readily studied by both real-time and articulated-arm techniques. Transplants of normal sonographic appearance had normal endocrine function. The most common finding was peripancreatic fluid ranging from a slight halo above the transplant to tense pancreatic ascites—the result of the functional exocrine pancreas' normal function.
Baclofen: Unexpected disinhibitory effects of lioresal on cardiovascular and respiratory neurons

Abstract Lioresal® (baclofen) was tested for its effects on sympathetic vasomotor reflexes, steady state arterial pressure and on the activity of intercostal motoneurons. Administered by the intravenous route, baclofen elevated arterial pressure when the buffer nerves were intact, and converted the depressor responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve, aortic nerve or cervical vagus nerve to pressor episodes. The original depressor responses were restored by the GABA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin. Baclofen also abolished the inhibition of sympathetic vasomotor discharges induced by conditioning trains applied to the aortic nerve and vagus nerve, and by pressor doses of metaraminol. Inhibition of intercostal inspiratory discharges during Hering-Breuer reflex activation was also suppressed by baclofen. Intravenous injections also depolarized intercostal motoneurons and increased the spike frequency and the duration of inspiratory and expiratory bursts. By microelectrophoretic application, baclofen as well as GABA depressed intercostal motoneurons. The inhibition was antagonized in some tests by bicuculline. It is concluded that baclofen has direct inhibitory effects and remote disinhibitory effects.
Phase fluctuations and electron-electron scattering in disordered superconducting films

Abstract Thermal phase fluctuations and inelastic electron-electron scattering are observed below T c in uniform, weakly disordered, superconducting Al films from their effects on the low-voltage resistance of low-resistance Al/AlO x /Cu tunnel junctions. The inelastic electron-electron rate has the expected magnitude and temperature dependence, decreasing rapidly as T decreases from T c . Super-currents associated with thermal phase fluctuations generate a pair-breaking rate roughly linear in T and resistance per square of the film, in agreement with a simple model. A microscopic theory is needed.
Dopamine Release in Chronic Cannabis Users: A [11C]Raclopride Positron Emission Tomography Study

Background Low striatal dopamine 2/3 receptor (D 2/3 ) availability and low ventrostriatal dopamine (DA) release have been observed in alcoholism and cocaine and heroin dependence. Less is known about the dopaminergic system in cannabis dependence. We assessed D 2/3 availability and DA release in abstinent cannabis users compared with control subjects and explored relationships to cannabis use history using [ 11 C]raclopride positron emission tomography and an amphetamine challenge paradigm. Methods Sixteen recently abstinent, psychiatrically healthy cannabis-using participants (27.3 ± 6.1 years, 1 woman, 15 men) and 16 matched control subjects (28.1 ± 6.7 years, 2 women, 14 men) completed two positron emission tomography scans, before and after injection of intravenous d-amphetamine (.3 mg/kg). Percent change in [ 11 C]raclopride binding after amphetamine (change in nondisplaceable binding potential, ΔBP ND ) in subregions of the striatum was compared between groups. Correlations with clinical parameters were examined. Results Cannabis users had an average consumption of 517 ± 465 estimated puffs per month, indicating mild to moderate cannabis dependence. Neither baseline BP ND nor ΔBP ND differed from control subjects in any region of interest, including ventral striatum. In cannabis-dependent subjects, earlier age of onset of use correlated with lower [ΔBP ND ] in the associative striatum when controlling for current age. Conclusions Unlike other addictions, cannabis dependence of mild to moderate severity is not associated with striatal DA alterations. However, earlier or longer duration of use is related to lower DA release in the associative striatum. These observations suggest a more harmful effect of use during adolescence; more research is needed to distinguish effects of chronicity versus onset.
Mechanically induced potentials in fibroblasts from human right atrium.

SUMMARY It has been shown that cardiac fibroblasts of the human heart are electrically non-excitable and mechanosensitive. The resting membrane potential of these cells is -15.9 ± 2.1 mV and the membrane resistance is 4.1 ± 0.1 GΩ. Rhythmic contractions of the myocardium associated with stretch of the surrounding tissue produce reversible changes in the membrane potential of cardiac fibroblasts. These mechanically induced potentials (MIPs) follow the rhythm of myocardial contractions. Simultaneous recording of the action potential of cardiomyocytes and MIPs of cardiac fibroblasts demonstrates a delay of 40.0 ± 0.4 ms after the action potential before the appearance of the MIP. Contraction produces a MIP which is more positive or more negative than the reversal potential - the membrane potential due to current injection at which the MIP reverses its direction. Regardless of the initial orientation of the MIP, intracellular polarization increases the amplitude towards the reversal potential if the background MIP had depolarized the membrane or away from the reversal potential if the initial background MIP had hyperpolarized the membrane. Artificial intracellular polarization changed the amplitude but not the frequency of the MIP. The pool of electrically non-excitable mechanosensitive cells, which change their electrical activity during contraction and relaxation of the heart, may play a role in the mechano-electrical feedback mechanism which has to be taken into account in the normal function of the heart as well as in pathological processes.
Effect of intrinsic factor concentrate on vit. B12 absorption by gastrectomized rats.

Summary1. Gastrectomized rats and appropriate control animals were fed 50-200 mμg cobalt-60 labeled vit. B12 with and without intrinsic factor concentrates. Absorption was determined by scintillation counting of feces homogenates. 2. No absorption of vit. B12 by the gastrectomized animals was noted. 3. Absorption by control animals was inhibited by intrinsic factor concentrate, the extent of inhibition increasing with the quantity of concentrate administered.
Active specific local and systemic desensitization by aerosols of antigen.

Abstract These are thought to be the first examples of (a) active specific systemic desensitization and (b) sustained local but not systemic desensitization by aerosols of antigen. Twelve guinea pigs, actively sensitized by aerosols, had mild anaphylactic reactions to weak aerosols of antigen 10 days later. Repeated aerosol exposures to progressively stronger concentrations of antigen for 5 days induced local desensitization, i.e., complete tolerance for aerosols of concentrated antigen. Six of these pigs, Group I, were exposed to aerosols of concentrated antigen three hours daily for four weeks, except on weekends. There were no reactions to the aerosols, showing that local desensitization persisted. Intravenous injections of anaphylactic doses of antigen elicited no reactions in five pigs. The sixth pig had a mild, transient (1+) anaphylactic reaction. This was interpreted as virtually complete active systemic desensitization by aerosols of antigen. The other six pigs, the Group II controls, were challenged with concentrated antigen aerosols once a week for four weeks. None of them reacted, signifying that local desensitization was maintained. Intravenous injections of antigen elicited anaphylactic reactions in all six controls. This was interpreted as maintenance of local desensitization without producing systemic desensitization. Possible clinical application of these observations is discussed.
Brief announcement: RedRem: a parallel redundancy remover

Policies defined by a sequence of predicate-decision rules, with first-match semantics, are widely used; a notable example is their use in firewalls, where the rules are used to decide whether to accept or discard each packet. Owing to the critical importance of correctness of such policies, as well as the need for high performance, they have been the subject of considerable analysis. In earlier work, we have demonstrated that the problem of removing redundant rules from firewalls is theoretically equivalent to verifying that a firewall satisfies a property, and proposed that this theorem be used to build a high performance redundancy remover. In this paper, we realize this promise, and build a fast linear-space redundancy remover, one to three orders of magnitude faster than current approaches. Further, we show that our algorithm is easy to parallelize- there exists a natural way to partition a large instance of the problem into independent small ones.
A Computerized approach to evaluating rest and exercise‐induced ecg/vcg changes after cardiac rehabilitation

Summary: A computerized method of acquiring and analyzing rest and exercise test 12-lead electrocardiographic and three-dimensional lead vectorcardiographic data before and after cardiac rehabilitations is described. Fourteen coronary heart disease patients were exercise tested before and after a mean of five months of aerobic exercise training. The only significant ST-segment improvements were found in three-dimensional space. Spatial measurements should be considered in the assessment of electrocardiographic changes secondary to exercise training.
The effects of substrate texture on the mechanics of quadrupedal arboreal locomotion in the gray short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

Among small mammals, the ability to move on tree trunks, branches, and twigs is nearly ubiquitous. Performance and locomotor mechanics on arboreal substrates may be influenced by variation in the coefficient of friction between the hands/feet of the animal and the surface of the arboreal substrate. To test this, I examined speed, substrate reaction forces, and torque around the long axis of two cylindrical trackways with rough and smooth surfaces in gray short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica). Speed was determined with videography, and forces and torques were measured by an instrumented section of the trackway. The opossums traveled more slowly on the smooth arboreal trackway. There was also significant interaction between limb (forelimbs, hindlimbs) and substrate texture (rough, smooth) in braking, propulsive, and laterally directed impulses. Running on the smooth trackway had the effect of reducing some between-limb (forelimb vs. hindlimb) differences. Stability on the rough trackway was probably maintained by relatively high momentum, but on the smooth trackway, the opossums used static methods (many limbs contacting the substrate, greater muscular effort, lower momentum) to remain stable and avoid toppling. Clearly, momentum and dynamics are often important biomechanical considerations for this generalized mammal. Highly arboreal animals can remain dynamically stable on a wider variety of substrate textures.