cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the agreement of ICESat-2 terrain and canopy height with airborne lidar over US ecozones

Abstract Despite its critical importance to carbon storage modeling, forest vertical structure remains poorly characterized over large areas. Canopy height estimates from current satellite missions such as ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2) offer promise to close this knowledge gap, but their validation is critically important to inform their measurement uncertainties and scientific utility. Using existing airborne laser scanning (ALS) data, the agreement of a variety of terrain and aboveground canopy height metrics including summary height statistics and percentiles, from ICESat-2’ Land, Water and Vegetation Elevation product (ATL08) product was assessed in 12 sites across six major biomes in the United States. The agreement between ATL08 and ALS heights was assessed using the mean bias (Bias, ATL08 – ALS), the mean absolute error (MAE) and their percent equivalents, percent bias (pBias) and percent MAE (pMAE), respectively. In general, the agreement between ATL08 and ALS terrain heights was high (Bias 0.18 m, pBias 0.1%) while canopy heights showed lower agreement (Bias −1.71 m, pBias −15.9%). Analyses by biome, time of acquisition and beam strength of the ICESat-2 photon data also showed generally higher agreement for ATL08 terrain than canopy heights. Analyses also showed the performance of ATL08 heights varied with canopy cover with ATL08 terrain heights showing the best agreement when canopy cover was between 40 and 70% while the best performance for ATL08 canopy heights was observed when canopy cover was greater than 80%. This observation, coupled with analyses by biome, indicate that ATL08 canopy heights are more suitable in relatively dense canopy environments such as conifer and broadleaf forests than relatively sparse environments such a temperate grassland and Savannas. Higher level canopy height percentiles (95th and 98th) showed higher agreement (mean Bias −12.5%) with ALS heights than lower percentiles (minimum, 25th, mean pBias ~39.2%). These findings indicate that ATL08 canopy heights show more promise for routine canopy height characterization using the 95th and 98% percentiles but is limited in characterizing intermediate vertical structure. The observed performance differences between ATL08 terrain and canopy heights are attributed to differences in photon sampling rates over terrain and canopy surfaces which, compounded with background noise in ICESat-2 photon data, led to different effectiveness for ATL08 processing routines in filtering terrain and off-terrain points. This assessment of the impact of a variety of factors provides the vegetation community with an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of height estimates from the ICESat-2 ATL08 product.
A First Course in Sobolev Spaces

Sobolev spaces are a fundamental tool in the modern study of partial differential equations. In this book, Leoni takes a novel approach to the theory by looking at Sobolev spaces as the natural development of monotone, absolutely continuous, and BV functions of one variable. In this way, the majority of the text can be read without the prerequisite of a course in functional analysis. The first part of this text is devoted to studying functions of one variable. Several of the topics treated occur in courses on real analysis or measure theory. Here, the perspective emphasizes their applications to Sobolev functions, giving a very different flavor to the treatment. This elementary start to the book makes it suitable for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students. Moreover, the one-variable part of the book helps to develop a solid background that facilitates the reading and understanding of Sobolev functions of several variables. The second part of the book is more classical, although it also contains some recent results. Besides the standard results on Sobolev functions, this part of the book includes chapters on BV functions, symmetric rearrangement, and Besov spaces. The book contains over 200 exercises.
Emotional competencies: Connecting to the emotive side of engineering and communication

This paper discusses engineering education in general, and technical writing courses in particular, and how emotional intelligence can be incorporated to help develop a more resilient and emotionally competent student. Seven emotional competencies are examined. These are then connected to the overall development of emotional intelligence. Three specific emotional competencies are discussed further — self-awareness, awareness of others, and emotional regulation. These specific competencies are examined in terms of how they can be incorporated into technical communication courses, and why it is important to do so. Practical strategies for doing this work — through team charters, progress reports, and personal logs, are examined with attention to with these three emotional competencies in the context group work, and group writing.
Aerobic Microbial Cellulase Systems

tons pr oduc ed by plants eac h year (1). M ost terrestrialcellulose isdeg raded by celluloly tic micr oo rganisms, pr imar ily fung iand bact eria,althoug hsome cellulose isrecy cled by Þr e and by phot odeg radation (2). A erobic micr oorganisms arerespo nsible for m u ch ofthe cellulose deg rada tion in soils,bu tther e also are ma ny species ofcelluloly tic anaer obic soil bact eria suc h as C lostridiu m therm ocellu m ,C. cellulovor ans ,andA cetivibrio cellulosolvens(3Ð5). Termit es and some other insects are very impor tant in cellu-lose deg radation, especially in tropical regions, and most cellulose deg rading insects containsymbiotic celluloly tic micr oorganisms, even thoug h man y termit es and other insects pro-duc e cellulases (6, 7). Some very celluloly tic termit es utiliz e aerobic symbiotic celluloly ticfung i to breakdo w n plant mat erial in their nests and then eat the fung i and residual plantmat erial (8). R uminants, suc h as cows, sheep , and deer , also are impor tant cellulose de-grading organisms but all of the cellulose that the y u tilize is d eg raded by sym biotic rumenmicr oorganisms, pr imar ily bact eria.The rumen is an extremely anaer obic en vironment andthis area has been review ed recently (9, 10), so that these organisms w illnot be discussedfu rth er h ere.M icroorganisms catalyz e cellulose deg radat ion by p roducing enzy mes called cellulases,whic h hyd rolyze the ! -1-4 linkages pr esent in cellulose. Almost allcelluly tic micr oorganismssecr ete their cellulases outside their cellwall, as bact eria and fung iare unable to transpor tinsoluble mat erials, like cellulose, inside the cell.T he soluble sugars pr oduc ed by cellulasedigestion of cellulose are transpor ted inside th e cell an d m etabolized . N ative cellu lose isvery resistant to hydr olysis because itis insoluble and contains crystalline regions in w hic hthe adjac ent cellulose molecules ha ve strong interactions, suc h as hydr ogen bonds andhydr ophobic stacking .T h us, the speciÞc activities of indi vidual cellulases are m uc h low ertha n tho se ofmo st enzy mes. H ow ever,in term s ofca talytic enha nc ement, cellulases are veryactive enzy mes, as the half-life of crystalline cellulose in wat er at neut ral p H is estimat edto be about 100 million years. It tak es conc ent rated sulfur ic acid at 125uC to hydr olyz enati ve cellulose at a reasonable rate.W hen cellulases are assa yed on low molecular w eightsoluble subst rates, the y sho w n or mal M ich aelis-M ent en kinetics and some ha ve hig h speciÞcactivities, sho w ing that the y are basically similar to other enzy mes. H ow ever,when cellulasesare assayed on in solu ble su bstrates, th ey h ave very d ifferen t p rop erties, as th e assays are
The Reproductive Life Plan as a Strategy to Decrease Poor Birth Outcomes

The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of implementing a life course perspective model that includes a reproductive life plan to improve health outcomes, especially in populations at risk for adverse outcomes. A reproductive life plan is a comprehensive strategy that can be incorporated into nursing practice at all levels to improve birth outcomes. Health care providers, especially nurses, should incorporate reproductive life planning into their daily encounters with patients.
An exploration of teaching methods used to develop leaders

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how educators can benefit from data on teaching methods or sources of learning used for the leader development of undergraduate students. To advance the field, the authors contend that programs for leader development need to clearly identify what area of development is being improved (e.g. conceptual understanding, personal growth, skill building, feedback), intentionally build connections toward those objectives for development, and incorporate experience within the structure of undergraduate education to facilitate better outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Ratings on the teaching methods used by participants with experience facilitating leader development activities for undergraduate students were solicited in an online survey. Each participant (n=66) responded to questions about 25 sources of learning for leader development. Questions asked the degree to which each source of learning provided the learning outcomes of conceptual understanding, feedb...
SAR-MTI processing of multi-channel airborne radar measurement (MCARM) data

This paper addresses the problem of developing signal processing, moving target detection, and image formation algorithms, for an airborne array radar system, called Multi-Channel Airborne Radar Measurement (MCARM), developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory at Rome, New York. Our approach is based on interpreting the MCARM data via a multichannel SAR system. SAR imaging and blind calibration of a dual along-track SAR-MTI system are then used for the MCARM data.
Secretion: Dense-core vesicles can kiss-and-run too

New measurements show that the entire transmitter contents of a dense-core vesicle can be released within a second through a narrow fusion pore that opens transiently. With other results, this raises the possibility that some dense core vesicles may, like small synaptic vesicles, undergo immediate recycling.
Structure-Reactivity Studies in Copper(II)-Catalyzed Phosphodiester Hydrolysis

We have investigated the ability of a series of three related copper complexes Cu([9-11]aneN(3))X(2) to hydrolyze the activated phosphodiesters bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) and ethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (ENPP). The compound Cu([10]aneN(3))Br(2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 20.693(4) A, b = 11.429(2) A, c = 20.138(4) A, beta = 104.78(3) degrees, V = 4605(2) A(3), and Z = 16. The compound Cu([11]aneN(3))Br(2) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, a = 13.7621(10) A, b = 8.7492(13) A, c = 10.0073(10) A, V = 1205.0(2) A(3), and Z = 4. The structure of Cu([9]aneN(3))Cl(2) was previously reported (Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 1379). The crystal structures of the three complexes show a progression in geometry from square pyramidal to distorted trigonal bipyramidal as the size of the macrocycle increases. Larger macrocycles also result in the copper ion being pulled closer to the plane defined by the three ligand nitrogens, which in turn results in an increase in the sum of the three N-Cu-N angles from 249 degrees to 257 degrees to 278 degrees along with a concomitant decrease in the X-Cu-X angle. Significantly, the rate constant for the hydrolysis of BNPP by Cu([9-11]aneN(3))X(2) increases by nearly an order of magnitude as the ligand size increases from a nine-membered to an 11-membered ring. Correlations have been made between the catalytic ability of Cu([9-11]aneN(3))X(2) and the structural and electronic properties of the complexes. All three catalysts exist in a monomer-dimer equilibrium in solution, with the monomer being the catalytically active species. As the ligand size increases, the dimer formation constant (K(f)) decreases due to steric constraint, thereby increasing the concentration of active species and hence the rate of hydrolysis. The contributions of Lewis acidity and steric constraint on both substrate binding (K(2)) and P-O bond cleavage (k(3) or k(cat)) are less important than the dimerization equilibrium constant in determining the rate of the reaction.
Observations of Juvenile Lobsters, Homarus americanus, on a Rock-Reef in Long Island Sound

Abstract Movements of juvenile Homarus americanus (American Lobster; hereafter lobster) on and around a naturally occurring rock reef were monitored over a 3-year period. Lobsters were sampled with baited traps deployed at each often sites. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and number of lobsters collected per trap haul was calculated for each sampling event. Physical habitat, visually characterized by underwater video and diver observations, differed among sites. Lobster CPUE was significantly greater at rocky sites (>70% density of cobble and/or boulder) containing complex structure, vertical relief from the seafloor, and colonies of macroalgae, sponge, and hydroids. Lobster CPUE was highest from late June to mid-July. Lobsters ranged from 18 to 82 mm carapace length (CL), with 90.7% of tagged lobsters measuring between 30 to 60 mm CL. Relative lobster abundance remained similar over the course of the study. Catch data were kriged to illustrate spatial patterns of distribution. Over the study period, a total...
EFFECT OF POST-PUBERTAL CASTRATION ON THERMO-REGULATORY FUNCTION OF RAT SCROTUM12

THE THERMOREGULATORY function of the mammalian scrotum has been demonstrated by Moore and Quick (i), Phillips and McKensie (2) and others and it JJL. has long been known that if the testes are experimentally removed from their normal scrotal environment and placed in the abdominal cavity, marked degeneration of the germinal epithelium occurs (3,4). Phillips and Andrews (5) reported that in the ram, bull and boar the scrotum acquires its thermo-regulatory ability as the testes begin the production of spermatozoa. Hamilton (6) was able to bring about marked scrotal development of the immature rat by the injection of testosterone acetate. Wells (7) concluded that the ascent of the testes of the adult ground squirrel to the abdominal cavity during the nonbreeding season was not due primarily to scrotal failure and found that testicular regression was paralleled by decreased male hormone production and decreased weight of the scrotal sac.
466. Comprehensive Analyses of Diverse Lentiviral and Retroviral Vectors for Post-Entry Restriction by TRIM5α and Implications for Gene Therapy

We analyzed HIV-1, FIV, EIAV, N-MLV and NB-(i.e., Moloney)- MLV vectors for post-entry restriction by human (Ref1) and monkey (Lv1) activities and by the respective species-specific TRIM5|[alpha]| proteins that mediate them. RT-normalized preparations were compared. FIV, EIAV and HIV-1 vector infectivity varied widely but concordantly in numerous non-primate mammalian cell lines. In contrast, in diverse human and monkey cells, relative restriction of FIV and EIAV compared to HIV-1 varied from none to substantial, with the greatest nonprimate vector infectivity deficits observed in human T cell lines. Using permissive (restriction factor-lacking) non-primate cells engineered to express human or rhesus TRIM5|[alpha]|, we compared restricted (HIV-1, FIV, EIAV, and N-MLV) and unrestricted (NB-MLV) retroviruses across wide ranges of viral inputs. EIAV, FIV and N-MLV vectors were restricted by rhesus and human TRIM5|[alpha]|, while HIV was only significantly restricted by the rhesus allele and NB-MLV was unrestricted. For FIV, human TRIM5|[alpha]| was less restricting than rhesus TRIM5|[alpha]|, while EIAV was approximately equivalently restricted by both alleles. N-MLV was much more proportionately restricted than FIV or EIAV by human TRIM5|[alpha]|. Rhesus and human TRIM5|[alpha]| proteins restricted in a saturable manner, since endogenous and introduced TRIM5|[alpha]| restrictions could be titrated by co-transduction with FIV, HIV-1 or EIAV virus-like particles. We achieved stable RNAi knockdown of endogenous rhesus TRIM5|[alpha]| in FrhK4 cells, which released the Lv1 restriction, resulting in marked increases in all lentiviral vector infectivities while having no effect on negative control NB-MLV. Interestingly, in canine cells but not feline cells, human TRIM5|[alpha]| supported minimal restriction of FIV compared to significant restriction of EIAV, a phenomenon which is under ongoing mechanistic investigation. We conclude that human and rhesus TRIM5|[alpha]| proteins restrict both FIV and EIAV vectors, with the degree of restriction in different human cell lines varying from none to substantial. Human T cells are more susceptible to transduction by HIV vector than either non-primate vector. Stable knockdown of rhesus TRIM5|[alpha]| releases LV1 restrictions. Differential restrictions in canine cells raise the possibility that these proteins may not function autonomously or that a canine factor may interfere. Further development of lentiviral vector gene therapy will benefit from informed appraisal of the consequences of Ref1/human TRIM5|[alpha]| restriction, which may be advantageous or disadvantageous depending on the particular application.
Population Nutrient Intake Approaches Dietary Recommendations: 1991 to 1995 Framingham Nutrition Studies

Abstract Objective To estimate population nutrient intake levels and to assess adherence to current dietary recommendations for health promotion and disease prevention. Design Cross-sectional analysis of nutrient intake estimated from 3-day food records. Median macronutrient and micronutrient intake levels for men, women, and the total population are reported along with the proportions of men and women who achieved intakes compatible with nutrient goals defined by published guidelines. Setting Adult participants (2,520: 1,375 women and 1,145 men) in the Framingham Offspring-Spouse Study surveyed between 1991 and 1995. Statistical analyses χ 2 Analyses were used to test for gender differences in the proportions of persons who had intakes that met nutrient guidelines. Results Population intake levels of certain key nutrients, including total and saturated fat, appear to be approaching recommended levels. High proportions of the Framingham population (70% or more) met current recommendations for intakes of protein, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, alcohol, vitamins C and B-12, and folacin. About half or fewer met guidelines for carbohydrate; total and saturated fat; fiber; beta carotene; vitamins A, E, and B-6; calcium; and sodium. Important gender differences in the proportion of those meeting nutrient guidelines were observed for 12 of the 18 nutrients examined, including carbohydrate; total, saturated, and monounsaturated fat; cholesterol; fiber; sodium; calcium; and several vitamins. Conclusions Although progress has been made toward achieving population adherence to preventive nutrition recommendations, large proportions of adults fall short of guidelines for some key nutrients. Differences in adherence rates between men and women suggest areas for gender-specific, targeted nutrition messages and behavioral interventions.
Objective and subjective social indicators of the quality of life in American SMSA'S: A reanalysis

The paper examines and critiques Schneider's work that related the subjective and objective indicators of quality of life in American cities. The work then employs data collected by Liu in 1973, and the Institute for Survey Research in 1972 as part of their national election study for 41 large and medium-sized Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) to re-examine the question of the relationship between the objective and subjective factors. Although the results of this paper are in general comparable with those obtained by Schneider, there are individual cases where they differ. The paper then concludes with a discussion of the reasons why objective and subjective indicators may coincide.
Reduced sexual dimorphism in upper arm muscle circumference associated with protein-deficient diet in a South American population.

Animal experiments have demonstrated that individuals exhibit differing tendencies to arrest growth and resorb muscle tissue under nutritional stress. Since placental and adrenocortical hormones are active in promoting muscle tissue resorption, sex differences may exist. In order to identify such sex differences, the upper arm circumferences of 362 individuals, aged one to 60 years, living in an area of chronic protein-calorie malnutrition were compared by age and sex with published data collected from U.S. and highland Peruvian populations. Sexual dimorphism for arm muscle circumference in the malnourished population is less than in U.S. samples of comparable age-categories. The highland population is closer to U.S. samples in the degree of dimorphism. The reduction in muscle circumference of males in the malnourished population appears to be the cause of the comparatively greater similarity of the sexes where protein-calorie malnutrition is experienced from infancy through adolescence. High muscle relief and excellent tonus in these same males indicate that reduced muscle circumference is not the result of flaccidity or higher ratios of compressible fat to muscle tissue. Reduction of muscle tissue in undernourished males is a reduction in total metabolic demand. Such reductions are adaptive in areas of chronic nutritional stress.
Biomimetic Carbohydrate Substrates of Tunable Properties Using Immobilized Dextran Hydrogels

Glycidylmethacrylate-modified dextran macromers (Dex-GMA) of different degrees of substitution (DS) were synthesized. The elastic modulus of the hydrogels produced using one-component and two-component macromer systems was measured using rheometry. When one macromer of DS 1/10 was used, a hydrogel modulus in the range of 0.2 Pa to 42 kPa was obtained by varying the Dex-GMA concentration from 80 to 200 mg/mL. When a mixture of two macromers of different DS (1/10 and 1/23) was used, a more uniform variation of modulus in the range of 0.4 Pa to 42 kPa was achieved by controlling the ratio of the two macromers. When dextran hydrogels were functionalized with fibronectin and immobilized onto glass substrates, the attachment, spreading, and growth of human aortic smooth muscle cells were modulated by the elastic properties of the dextran matrix. The dextran hydrogel system with tunable mechanical and biochemical properties appears promising for applications in cell culture and tissue engineering.
On the arg max of a Gaussian process

Abstract It is shown that if {Xt: t ∈ T} is a Gaussian process such that (T, ϱ) is a separable metric space, where ϱ(t, s) = Cov(Xt,Xs), then, with probability 1, no sample path of X can achieve its supremum at two distinct points of T. Conversely if Pr∗ {supt∈TXt 0 then (T, ϱ) is a separable pseudometric space.
Bounds on response of a class of coupled linear partial differential equations

The problem of obtaining bounds on the response of a distributed system which is governed by a class of coupled partial differential equations is considered. The Liapunov method is used and several general bounds on the peak response are developed. A variational optimization scheme for obtaining sharp bounds is presented. Bounds on the responses of a panel in an air stream and a tall structure under seismic excitations are obtained to illustrate the applicability of the method.
The influence of state-level economic conditions on the 1992 U.S. presidential election

Evidence is found that state-level economic conditions played a significant role in the defeat of George Bush in the 1992 U.S. presidential election. Evidence is also found which indicates that the entrance of Ross Perot into the race as an independent candidate was not instrumental in the Bush loss.
Intracellular NOD-like receptors in innate immunity, infection and disease.

Summary The innate immune system comprises several classes of pattern-recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs). TLRs recognize microbes on the cell surface and in endosomes, whereas NLRs sense microbial molecules in the cytosol. In this review, we focus on the role of NLRs in host defence against bacterial pathogens. Nod1 and Nod2 sense the cytosolic presence of molecules containing meso-diaminopimelic acid and muramyl dipeptide respectively, and drive the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kB. In contrast, Ipaf, Nalp1b and Cryopyrin/Nalp3 promote the assembly of inflammasomes that are required for the activation of caspase-1. Mutation in several NLR members, including NOD2 and Cryopyrin, is associated with the development of inflammatory disorders. Further understanding of NLRs should provide new insights into the mechanisms of host defence and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
Documentation Patterns Before Cataract Surgery at Ten Academic Centers

Purpose: To determine the adequacy of documenting the preoperative evaluation for cataract surgery using criteria derived from published practice guidelines. Methods: In 1990, 1139 surgeries that were performed on 1139 patients at ten institutions of the Academic Medical Center Consortium were reviewed for completeness of documentation of the preoperative evaluation. Criteria for completeness were derived from the American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern on cataract evaluation and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research-sponsored guidelines. Results: Twenty-six percent of charts lacked documentation of at least one of four basic elements of the preoperative evaluation. These four elements are (1) vision in the surgical eye; (2} vision in the fellow eye; (3) evaluation of the fundus, macula, or visual potential in the surgical eye; and (4) presence of some form (general or specific) of functional visual impairment. If, as stated in the guideline, a specific deficit in visual functioning should be identified, then 40% of charts fail to meet criteria. Conclusion: Documentation of the ocular preoperative assessment for cataract surgery is inadequate in more than one quarter of cases. The relation between lack of documentation and incompleteness of the examination is unknown. Improved documentation is needed to better measure and enhance the quality of care.
Red blood cell transfusion need at diagnosis adversely affects survival in primary myelofibrosis—increased serum ferritin or transfusion load does not

Serum ferritin level at diagnosis was available in 185 patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF); twenty-two (12%) patients had serum ferritin >1,000 ng/mL and 32 (17%) were red blood cell (RBC) transfusion-dependent. As expected, RBC transfusion need and increased serum ferritin displayed strong correlation (P < 0.0001); in addition, the latter but not the former correlated with advanced age (P < 0.0001). During median follow-up of 28 months (range 0.5-231), peak serum ferritin levels exceeded 1,000 ng/mL in 41 (22%) patients. On multivariable analysis that included age as a covariate, RBC transfusion need at diagnosis (P < 0.0001), but not increased serum ferritin or transfusion load, predicted shortened survival. The prognostic relevance of RBC transfusion need was independent of the International Prognostic Scoring System and was also illustrated for leukemia-free survival (P = 0.003). In PMF, the presence of a more severe erythropoietic defect, and not iron overload, has additional adverse prognostic value.
"Organic" and "psychotic" symptoms in unipolar (up) vs bipolar (bp) depressions.

Abstract Delusions and hallucinations are often part of the symptomatology in patients with affective disorders. The frequency of these symptoms in an outpatient population has been documented in a recent article by Guze et al. 1 They found that primary bipolar (BP) patients reported delusions and hallucinations in 53% of cases and primary unipolar (UP) patients in only 17% of the cases. These data suggest that there might be differentiating clinical symptoms that could distinguish BP depressed from UP patients. An earlier attempt was made to separate UP from BP depressed patients by Beigel and Murphy 2 on the basis of symptom complex. They found in this inpatient group matched for age, sex, and level of depression that there was no statistical difference ( p > .05) in the psychotic symptoms between UP (925–36%) and BP (325–12%) depressed patients. Though these did not reach statistical significance, the trend was the opposite of that reported by Guze. This contradiction could be explained by the rather apparent differences between these studies. Guze did not distinguish in his paper whether he was working with BP manic phase, BP depressed phase, or both. One would assume both. Beigel rated his BP patients specifically during the depressed phase of illness for at least two weeks. It has been noted that bipolar illness is characterized by a greater family history of affective disorder than unipolar illness; therefore, it may be considered more "genetic" or biological. 3 This finding makes it worthwhile to compare bipolar and unipolar depressions on the variable of organic (sensorium) symptoms as well as on psychotic symptoms.
Estimation of helicity of proteins from optical rotation dispersion measurements

Abstract The phenomenological equation proposed by Moffitt and Yang (1956) has been widely used for the estimation of helicity of proteins from optical rotation dispersion (ORD) data. Implicit in the use of this equation is the assumption that the ORD in the visible and near ultraviolet regions is a reflection solely of Cotton effects associated with the peptide linkage in helix and coil forms. Recently, in studying Cotton effects in tyrosine and tyrosine polymers, Hooker and Tanford (1964) and Fasman et al. (1964) have pointed out that uncritical interpretation of ORD data for proteins containing large amounts of amino acids with chromophoric side chains may lead to serious errors. The measurements to be reported here for α lactalbumin are a striking illustration of the large errors that may be incurred with such a protein. α Lactalbumin contains 5 tyrosine and 5 tryptophan residues out of a total of 126 ( Gordon and Ziegler, 1955 ). The comparative ORD properties of the native protein (pH 6) and the acid denatured form (pH 4 and below) ( Kronman et al. 1964 , Kronman et al. 1965 ) are the subject of this communication.
C–H Insertion Catalyzed by Tetratolylporphyrinato Methyliridium via a Metal–Carbene Intermediate

C–H insertion reactions between different substrates and diazo reagents were catalyzed by tetratolylporphyrinato methyliridium (Ir(TTP)CH3). The highest yields were achieved for reactions between the bulky diazo reagent methyl 2-phenyldiazoacetate (MPDA) and substrates containing electron-rich C–H bonds. An intermediate metalloporphyrin complex was identified as a metal–carbene complex, Ir(TTP)(═C[Ph]CO2CH3)(CH3) (4), using 1H NMR and UV/vis absorption spectroscopy. The presence of 4 was further supported by computationally modeling the absorption spectra with time-dependent DFT (6-31G(d,p)/SBKJC basis set, PBE0 functional). Kinetic studies for C–H insertion reactions using different substrates showed substantial differences in the rate of MPDA consumption, suggesting that carbene transfer is rate-limiting. Furthermore, primary kinetic isotope effects of 3.7 ± 0.3 and 2.7 ± 0.4 were measured using toluene and cyclohexane, respectively. These data are consistent with a mechanism that involves direct C–H in...
Convective heat transfer in vertical cylindrical annuli filled with a porous medium

Abstract Convective heat transfer in the concentric vertical annulus filled with a porous medium has been investigated. Numerical results for the heat transfer are presented for moderate cylinder spacings and for high temperature differences. Perturbation results for the field variables are supplied which are valid for all cylinder spacings at low temperature differences. An asymptotic solution is given which is valid for very tall cylinders and all temperature differences. Finally, this multiplicity of solutions is consociated with a curve fit. The results are found to be in fair agreement where there is overlap in their independent variables. Furthermore, there is qualitative agreement with results for the horizontal concentric cylinders and spheres filled with a porous medium, although the dependence on the aspect ratio leads to some interesting phenomena.
Evidence for widespread atresia in the hypophysectomized estrogen-treated rat.

The question considered in this study concerns to what extent the ovaries of the immature hypophysectomized diethylestilbestrol-treated rat are populated by atretic follicles. Histological studies of ovaries on postoperative days 4–7 reveal the presence of numerous follicles showing signs of ill health. The granulosa cells constituting these follicles are heterogeneous and exist in three distinct zones. The cells in zone 1 are affixed to the basal lamina and form a tightly packed sheet of cuboidal epithelium one to two cells thick. The cells constituting zone 2 are located just medial to zone 1 and appear as a mass of loosely aggregated cells which show intense necrosis. Zone 3 is composed of the prospective cumulus-oocyte complex which appears completely normal. Results of histochemical studies show heterogeneity in the granulosa cells with respect to the presence and location of markers specific for atresia. In atretic follicles, the granulosa cells populating zones 1 and 2 contain lipid droplets and es...
Viscous interactions in Brownian coagulation

Abstract The assumption of additivity of the single particle Brownian diffusivities to describe relative diffusion during coagulation is replaced by an expression incorporating viscous interactions between two spheres. A modified colloid stability coefficient is thus obtained and sample calculations are performed to evaluate the influence of the viscous interactions. The calculations demonstrate that viscous effects can produce a retardation of the coagulation rate by an additional factor of about ten for thin double layers. The calculations also show that Hamaker constants estimated from measured coagulation rates under negligible repulsion can be greatly in error if viscous interactions are ignored. With values of the relative diffusivity presented here the extra labor required to incorporate the viscous interactions into stability calculations is small.
Uptake of polychlorobiphenyl congeners by purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) on the banks of the Hudson river

Transport of 42 polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) congeners by purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in two ecosystems is reported. The contaminated site was beside the Hudson River at Albany, New York, and the control site was two miles distant on wasteland. By transplanting and translocating the plants between the sites, systemic uptake from the roots and uptake from the air were determined. Uptake from ambient air was also measured with a 0.2-m3 field sampling chamber. The dominant route of uptake by the plant was via the roots. At high ambient concentrations (140 ng/m) PCB was scavenged from the air by the plants. At low ambient concentrations (8 ng/m3) 2-chlorobiphenyl and 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl were emitted by the plants.
Effects of Fusarium solani root rot and presprouting treatments on 'Jewel' sweet potato plant production

(1988). Effects of Fusarium solani root rot and presprouting treatments on 'Jewel' sweet potato plant production. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 240-245.
Allogenic controls on the evolution of storm to tidal shelf sequences in the Early Proterozoic Uncompahgre Group, southwest Colorado, USA

Dominantly coarse-grained, shallow-marine, metasedimentary rocks of the Early Proterozoic Uncompahgre Group (UG) record periods of shoaling and drowning on different temporal scales that are attributed to episodic long-term oscillations in relative sea-level with superimposed shorter duration excursions in relative sea-level. Long-term events are probably tectonic whereas short-term events are eustatic. The 2–5 km thick Uncompahgre Group consists of 250–600 m thick, dominantly coarse-grained quartzite units (Q1–Q4) and 200–300 m thick mudstone/pelite units (P1–P5). Five depositional systems comprise the Uncompahgre Group. The outer shelf system (OSS) is composed of Bouma-type beds and intercalated mudstones that are transitional vertically to parallel-laminated to wave-rippled sandstones and hummocky cross-stratified sandstones of the inner shelf system (ISS). Trough cross-stratified sandstones comprise the shoreface system (SHS). The tidal inner shelf/shoreface system (TIS/SHS) consists of a complex interlayering of cross-bedded sandstones, thin-bedded conglomerates, mudstones and rippled sandstones. Trough cross-bedded pebbly sandstones and thin- to thick-bedded conglomerates represent the alluvial system (ALLS). Depositional systems in the UG are associated in transgressive and highstand-systems tracts that make up four sequences (1 to 4). Sequence boundaries do not correspond with lithostratigraphic boundaries but are defined by subtle unconformities. The basal Q1–P1 unit (lower sequence 1) consists of ALLS to TIS/ SHS to ISS comprising a transgressive systems tract. A maximum marine incursion is reflected by deposition of OSS facies in stratigraphic units P1–P2. Shoaling in the transition from P2 to the uppermedial portion of Q2 (OSS—ISS—SHS to a thick TIS/SHS—ALLS) records the highstand systems tract of upper sequence 1. A subtle disconformity/paraconformity delineates a type 2 sequence boundary at the top of the highstand systems tract. The drowning to shoaling pattern is replicated in sequence 2 (upper Q2 to P3 to upper medial Q3); sequence 3 (upper Q3 to P4 to upper-medial Q4); and an incomplete sequence 4 (upper Q4 through P5). Thinner shoaling intervals of OSS—ISS—SHS in P3 and in lower Q2, Q3 and Q4 represent parasequences. Sequences of 107 years duration are attributed to periods of increasing and decreasing subsidence rates due to tectonism marginal to the sedimentary basin. Parasequences record shorter duration temporal controls of c. 104 to 105 years related to eustatic oscillations. As a consequence of shoaling and aggradation/ progradation in the highstand systems tract, TIS/SHS and ALLS overlie and are temporally separated from OSS to ISS to SHS. This transition records filling of the basin to sea-level leading to a shelf geometry that was conducive to tidal amplification. A composite relative sea-level curve integrating long-term pulsatory subsidence and short-term eustasy best explains the stratigraphic evolution of the Uncompahgre Group.
Criteria for Biological Research to Improve Agriculture in Less Developed Countries

The views expressed in this paper are those of the writer and not necessarily those of the Department of State. An expanding interest by biologists in the United States in the problems of less developed countries is quite evident. For example, almost every university now has an office, or more than one, dealing with international studies, foreign students, and contracts or grants involving its staff in other countries. The National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges has established an International Rural Development Office in Washington, D.C. Universities, professional, and other organizations sponsor seminars and workshops on international problems and suggest solutions. In late 1963 the International Council of Scientific Unions appointed a Special Committee for an International Biological Programme, which includes participation by biologists in our universities and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA also is engaged in foreign work, not only by their Agricultural Attaches but also in developing training and educational programs for foreign visitors and students. In addition, the International Agricultural Development Service of the USDA administers numerous Participating Agency Service Agreements, financed by the Agency for International Development, through which their scientists perform advisory and research functions in many less developed countries. Added to the above efforts are those of several philanthropic organizations such as the Rockefeller Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Agricultural Development Council, religious groups, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism and Survival of Asexual Propagules of Sedum wrightii

In Sedum wrightii grown in a growth chamber, detached leaves could survive for at least 120 d with a high rate of success for propagule formation. The pattern of gas exchange, associated with CAM, may be important in extending the period during which the detached leaf remains physiologically active. The added benefit for the developing propagule, still attached to the "parent" leaf, is an additional source of water and saccharide reserves over an extended period necessary for rooting. Drought survival of propagules may be determined by the amount of water-storing tissue in the detached leaf.
Association between corneal biomechanical properties and glaucoma severity.

Purpose To investigate the association between corneal biomechanical parameters using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and glaucoma severity. Design Observational cross-sectional study. Methods Two hundred ninety-nine eyes of 191 patients with confirmed or suspect glaucoma were recruited at the University of California, San Diego. Corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were obtained from all participants. Standard automated perimetry was done using the 24-2 Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements were obtained using GDx ECC and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The association between ORA parameters and disease severity was evaluated using univariable and multivariable regression models. Results CH and CRF were both positively associated with mean defect (MD) (R 2 = 0.03; P 2 = 0.10; P P P = .77). In the GDx ECC subgroup (204 eyes), there was a weak association between CH and CRF and average RNFL thickness (R 2 = 0.07; P 2 = 0.05; P 2 = 0.01; P = .30 and R 2 = 0.01; P = .21). After adjusting for central corneal thickness, age, and axial length, the relationship of CH and CRF to RNFL thickness no longer reached statistical significance. Conclusions The current study found only a weak relationship between corneal biomechanical parameters and measures of structural and functional damage in glaucoma.
Stochastic completeness and volume growth in sub-Riemannian manifolds

In this note we generalize A. Grigor’yan’s volume test for the stochastic completeness of a Riemannian manifold to a sub-Riemannian setting. As an application of this result, and of a new estimate of the growth of the volume of the metric balls at infinity, we give a different proof of (and extend) a theorem in Baudoin and Garofalo (Arxiv preprint, submitted paper, 2009) stating that when a smooth, complete and connected manifold satisfies the generalized curvature-dimension inequality introduced in that paper, then the manifold turns out to be stochastically complete.
A Prototype-driven Framework for Change Detection in Data Stream Classification

This paper presents a prototype-driven framework for classifying evolving data streams. Our framework uses cluster prototypes to summarize the data and to determine whether the current model is outdated. This strategy of rebuilding the model only when significant changes are detected helps to reduce the computational overhead and the amount of labeled examples needed. To improve its accuracy, we also propose a selective sampling strategy to acquire more labeled examples from regions where the model's predictions are unreliable. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, both in terms of reducing the amount of model updates and maintaining high accuracy
Modeling basin-scale hydrology in support of physical climate and global biogeochemical studies: An example using the Zambezi River

Human activity is an important agent defining the contemporary hydrologic cycle. We have documented the potential impacts of impoundment, land use change and climate change on the Zambezi River system in southern Africa and found that they can be substantial. A full analysis requires construction and parameterization of a simulation for the entire catchment. This paper develops a strategy for implementing catchment-scale models of the major hydrologic processes operating within the basin. A coherent data set for calibrating the models has also been assembled. The algorithms consist of a Water Balance (WBM) and a Water Transport (WTM) operating at 1/2° spatial scale and at monthly timesteps. These models transform complex patterns of regional climatology into estimates of soil water, evapotranspiration, runoff, and discharge through rivers of various size. The models are dependent on the characteristics of the terrestrial surface, principally soil texture and land cover. A simulated river network is also required. Additional tabular data sets are essential for model testing and calibration. These include subcatchment areas; observed river discharge at selected points; flooding, storage and loss characteristics of major wetlands; floodwave translation; and, volume, surface area, withdrawal and evaporative losses from impoundments. An important design consideration for the numerous impoundments in the Zambezi requires an understanding of the seasonal variation in discharge, in particular how it might respond to climate and land use change. The research strategy offered here lays a framework for addressing such issues. Although the primary focus of this work is hydrologic, we discuss how the model can be extended to consider constituent transport and biogeochemical cycling issues at the continental scale.
Das Philadelphia Chromosom

1. Das Philadelphia Chromosom (Ph1 Chromosom) ist ein teilweise deletiertes Chromosom der Gruppe 21–22. Es ist ungewis, ob an der Entstehung des Ph1 Chromosoms immer das gleiche Paar der Gruppe 21–22 beteiligt ist. Der Grad der Deletion ist variabel. 2. Das Ph1 Chromosom erlaubt die Unterteilung der chronisch-myeloischen Leukamie (CML) in eine prognostisch gunstige Ph1-positive und eine prognostisch ungunstige Ph1-negative Gruppe. Innerhalb der Ph1-positiven Gruppe deuten sich weitere Untergruppen an; mannliche Patienten mit Ph1-positiver CML, deren Leukamiezellen das Y Chromosom verloren haben, besitzen zum Beispiel eine besonders gunstige Prognose. 3. Das Ph1 Chromosom ist eine spezifische Anomalie des myeloproliferativen Syndroms. Das Ph1 Chromosom ist am haufigsten mit der CML vergesellschaftet, wurde aber auch in akuter myeloischer Leukamie, Polycythamie, Thrombocythamie und myeloischer Metaplasie beobachtet. 4. In der akuten Transformation (Blastenphase) treten in 70% der Falle zusatzliche Chromosomenanomalien auf. Diese zusatzlichen Anomalien sind nicht die Ursache der akuten Transformation. Ein bestimmtes cytogenetisches Profil ist fur diese Phase der CML noch nicht nachgewiesen worden. 5. Zwischen dem Ph1 Chromosom und der alkalischen Leukocyten Phosphatase-Aktivitat besteht keine Gen-Dosis-Beziehung. 6. Ionisierenden Strahlen konnte unter verschiedenen zur Entstehung des Ph1 Chromosoms fuhrenden Ursachen eine besondere Rolle zukommen. 7. Es gibt einige Hinweise fur die Annahme, das die Entstehung des Ph1 Chromosoms und der CML von mehr als einer einzigen alterierten Stammzelle ihren Ausgang nehmen kann. Es ist daruber hinaus moglich, das die Entstehung des Ph1 Chromosoms nicht immer in der Stammzellenkategorie erfolgt, sondern das sie auch in bereits differenzierteren Zelltypen vorkommen kann.
Response to Drs. Jacobs et al.

TO THE EDITOR: We appreciate the interest by Jacobs et al. (1) regarding our article (2) and thank them for their comments. Both points raised by them could have the effect of improving the cost-effectiveness ratio of vaccination against acute hepatitis A viral infection.