cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ideal Lovibond Color System

Lovibond red, yellow, and blue glasses, widely used as color standards in industry, are assigned numerals in accord with the basic plan of marking each glass with the number of unit glasses of the same type through which light must be passed to produce its color. It is possible to compute from the spectral transmittances of the unit glasses defining the Lovibond scales the CIE specification of the color produced by all combinations of any number of unit glasses. Such specifications were computed in 1939 not only for all ideal red, yellow, and blue Lovibond glasses illuminated by CIE sources B (representing noon sunlight) or C (representing average daylight) but also for two-part (red-yellow, yellow-blue, or blue-red) combinations thereof. The present paper gives the results of such computations for CIE source A (representing gas-filled incandescent lamps). Although actual Lovibond glasses must unavoidably depart somewhat from this definition of the ideal Lovibond system, the computed color specifications serve to indicate with good reliability not only the CIE specification of the color produced by single glasses and two-part combinations, but also the choice of Lovibond glasses required to produce a color of any desired chromaticity within the gamut of the system.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Hydrolyzed Sugars in Commercial Gums

A modified GC method was utilized for the detection and quantitative determination of sugars derived from commercial gum, Agar, Carageenan, Xanthan, Gum Ghatti, Gum Arabic, Emulgum, Gum Tragacanth, and Gum Karaya. The polysaccharides were cleaved by acid hydrolysis, derivatized with “STOX” hydroxylamine to form oxime with “TMSI” or “HMDS+TFAA” for silylation. The separation and quantitation was performed by gas chromatography, using phenyl-BD-glucopyranoside as the internal standard for quantitative analysis. Sugar molar ratios (percent) for all commercial gums tested were similar to literature values.
Structures, spectra and related properties of group IVB-doped vitreous silica

Abstract Vibrational spectra and related physical properties were analyzed for titanium-, zirconium- and hafnium-containing vitreous silicas on the basis of glass structure. Linear functional relationhips were found between both partial molar volume and refractivity, and the dopant concentration throughout the dopant range examined. Analysis of the data suggested four-fold coordination with oxygen atoms by titanium atoms with greater coordination by zirconium and hafnium atoms. Raman and difference infrared spectra for these glasses showed an intensity decrease of the v3 (F2) band at 1068 cm−1 accompanied by the emergence of a band at circa 950cm−1 whose exact wavenumber was defined by the dopant species ( gv Hf > gv Zr > gv Ti ) and, in the case of TiO2- containing glasses, a band at 1110 cm−1. The intensities of these bands were proportional to the dopant concentration. Empirical spectral analysis suggested that upon TiO2 addition Ti-atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom of a SiO4-unit, while upon zirconia and hafnia addition each metal atom bonded to two oxygen atoms of a SiO4-unit. These structural models were consistent with ion coordination predictions based upon the physical property measurements.
Cellular edema regulates tissue capillary perfusion after hemorrhage resuscitation.

Background Hemorrhage-induced activation of endothelial cell Na+/H+-exchanger results in cellular swelling, which physically impedes capillary filling and compromises gut perfusion. We hypothesized that correction of the vascular volume deficit by conventional resuscitation does not improve capillary filling unless cellular swelling is prevented. Also, we hypothesized that adjunctive direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) with topical peritoneal dialysis solution (Delflex; Fresenius USA, Inc., Ogden, Ut) enhances capillary filling and gut perfusion by mechanisms that are independent of the Na+/H+ function. Methods In vivo intravital videomicroscopy and Doppler velocimeter were used by us to measure microvascular diameter and flow, capillary filling (index of functional capillary density, FCD), and endothelial cell function in the terminal ileum of anesthetized rats. Rats were bled to 50% mean arterial pressure for 60 min and resuscitated with the shed blood plus 2 volumes of saline (conventional resuscitation). Prevention of endothelial cell swelling was achieved with topical amiloride (specific Na+/H+ inhibitor) in the tissue bath before hemorrhage or simultaneously with conventional resuscitation. DPR was simulated by instillation of Delflex in the tissue bath as adjunctive to conventional resuscitation. Sham no hemorrhage group and a simulated DPR group that received topical amiloride treatment served as controls. Results Conventional resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock restored and maintained central hemodynamics but caused progressive and persistent intestinal vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion associated with low FCD and endothelial cell dysfunction. Prevention of endothelial cell swelling when combined with conventional resuscitation, preserved endothelial cell function, and restored local intestinal microvascular variables to near-prehemorrhage levels. Simulated adjunctive DPR produced rapid, sustained, and generalized vasodilation associated with restoration of endothelial cell function, and maximum recruitment of FCD independent of the Na+/H+-exchanger function. Conclusions Paradoxical endothelial cell swelling occurs early during hemorrhagic shock because of activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger. This cellular edema, which is not resolved by correction of the vascular volume deficit, explains the persistent postresuscitation endothelial cell dysfunction and gut hypoperfusion. Simulated adjunctive DPR in this study reversed endothelial cell swelling and enhanced gut perfusion by mechanisms that are independent of the Na+/H+ exchanger activity.
Comments on the Mechanisms of Heterogeneous Catalysis of the Hydrodenitrogenation Reaction

Abstract The purpose of this commentary is to draw from recent observations in these laboratories and from literature examples to propose logical mechanisms that describe the catalytic pathways by which heterogeneous catalysts catalyze hydrodenitrogenation.
Helping families deal with Alzheimer's disease

Following a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, a prime role of medical professionals involves helping patients and families understand the disease and cope with its consequences. While some symptoms...
NSAIDs: a clinical approach to the problems of gastrointestinal side-effects

SUMMARY Despite the fact that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used drugs in medicine today, 2–10% of patients must discontinue their use primarily due to gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects. While the development of non-aspirin NSAIDs (NA-NSAIDs) has significantly reduced GI side-effects, major problems persist. A practical clinical approach to these problems includes informing the patient about the risks and benefits of NSAIDs, risk management during treatment with NSAIDs and investigation of symptomatic side-effects during treatment. Prophylaxis of GI side-effects is feasible in selected populations, but it has not been studied widely and may not be cost-effective. At present, costs of prophylaxis in all but selected populations with multiple risks probably outweigh the benefits.
American Incarnation: The Individual, the Nation, and the Continent

Introduction: One Man, One World 1. Starting with Columbus 2. The Mammoth Land 3. Necessary and Sufficient Acts 4. Plain and Fancy Fictions 5. Transgression and Transformation 6. The Rebirth of Tragedy Epilogue: After the Culmination Notes Works Cited Index
Recording of tactile observing responses for the study of selective attention

Apparatus is described, complete with circuit diagram, which provides continuous measurement of selective attention to spatially separate, tactile stimuli. Tactile and other responses to physical objects are recorded electrically. This permits direct observation of each observing response through-out the duration of a trial. An ink-on-paper record yields types, durations, frequencies, patterns, latencies and correctness of responses. This device has potential usage in both learning and psychophysical experimentation, particularly on the direction and/or degree of attention. Some preliminary data in a discrimination learning task are given which show that Ss spend less time touching irrelevant stimuli near terminal learning.
Cytokinin-induced changes in the population of translatable mRNA in excised pumpkin cotyledons

Abstract Polyadenylated mRNA obtained from excised pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo . L. cv. Halloween) cotyledons incubated with or without N 6 -benzyladenine (BA) for various periods of time using two culture techniques was assayed by translation in vitro in the presence of [ 35 S]methionine, and the synthesized proteins were analyzed by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specific sequences of mRNA were enhanced, reduced, induced or suppressed by the hormone. The earliest observable mRNA changes occur within 60 min of the application of BA to the excised cotyledons in the suspension culture. However, it requires 7.5 h of BA incubation in the filter paper culture to induce detectable changes in the mRNA population.
Intelligent Sensors for Integrated Health Management Systems

This paper describes work being conducted on the development of intelligent sensors with learning capabilities as part of an integrated systems approach. The integrated systems approach treats the sensor as a complete system with its own sensing hardware (the traditional sensor), A/D converter, processing and storage capabilities, software drivers, self-assessment algorithms, communication protocols and evolutionary methodologies that allow the system to learn its own behavior. The immediate application is the monitoring of rocket test stands, but the technology should be generally applicable to the Integrated Systems Health Monitoring (ISHM) vision. This paper outlines progress made in the development of intelligent sensors by describing the work done till date on Physical Intelligent Sensors (PIS) and Virtual Intelligent Sensors (VIS). The PIS as discussed here consists of a thermocouple used to read temperature in an analog form which is then converted into digital values. A microprocessor collects the sensor readings and runs numerous embedded event detection routines on the digital data. If any event, i.e. spike, drift, noise, is detected, it is reported, stored and sent to a remote system through an Ethernet connection. Hence the output of the PIS is data coupled with a confidence factor in the reliability of the data. The VIS discussed here is a virtual implantation of the PIS in the G2 software environment. The VIS is designed to mirror the operations of the PIS; however, the VIS works on a computer at which digital data is provided as the input. This work lays the foundation for the next generation of smart devices that have embedded intelligence for distributed decision making capabilities.© 2006 ASME
Hepatorenal syndrome: one size does not fit all

Renal perfusion relies upon cardiac output, renal blood fl ow, and autoregulation. HRS infl uences cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance, and establishing a pressure gradient across the glomerulus ensures renal blood fl ow and glomerular fi ltration rate [2,3]. In fl uid responsive patients, volume resuscitation is a key component of HRS management. Th e traditional target mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 65 mmHg to ensure renal perfusion assumes that ‘one size fi ts all’ in HRS. Th e kidneys are in the abdominal compartment, and intraabdominal pressure varies among individuals. Th e pressure of the compartment during disease states that cause ascites decreases renal perfusion pressure and should be overcome, especially when autoregulation is impaired [4]. In other words, the arbitrary suggestion of increasing the MAP by 10 mmHg (Table 6 in [1]) may not be enough (or may be too much). Titrating norepinephrine to a baseline MAP of 65 mmHg plus the intraabdominal pressure [4] and administering terlipressin or vasopressin (which may constrict the eff erent glomerular arteriole [5]) may be an eff ective hemodynamic strategy to ensure renal perfusion pressure. Although this recommendation may not be based on grade A evidence, it is physiologically sound (establishes a pressure gradient) and may inspire further studies of hemodynamic management in patients with HRS.
Mossbauer Efect in the Smectic Mesophase

Abstract Recently there has been a report(1) on the observation of the Mossbauer effect in the smectic phase of the liquid crystal 4,4′-bis(hepty1oxy)azoxybenzene. Due to experimental difficulties, it was not possible to determine the directional anisotropy of the emitted radiation. In this note we wish to propose a qualitative prediction for this quantity.
Bas-bleus, filles publiques, and the Literary Marketplace in the Work of Barbey d'Aurevilly

Barbey d’Aurevilly is renowned for his representation of women in Les Diaboliques and for his hostile criticism of women writers, particularly in Les Bas-bleus . This essay offers a reconsideration of this notoriety by investigating earlier portrayals of bas-bleus (in the work of Daumier and Nadar) in the context of the print industry and literary culture in nineteenth-century France. Barbey’s fiction and criticism contrast the figures of the bas-bleu and the sexually promiscuous woman and illustrate a pervasive resistance to changing gender and class roles in early bourgeois industrial culture. The idea that women who did not conform to traditional gender paradigms were either monstrous, criminal, or licentious is reflected in Barbey’s work in the juxtaposition of the woman writer with the promiscuous woman — from adulteress to prostitute. Similar representations are regularly featured in the literary, critical, and journalistic production in the decades that preceded Barbey’s publications. Les Diaboliques in dialogue with Barbey’s critical commentary of bas-bleus and the press exposes deep-rooted apprehensions towards a changing social climate and a scepticism of power relationships amid political instability and popular affinities for democratic ideals. Although Barbey is frequently singled out as a fierce misogynist, numerous textual and visual images of women resisting convention present a perversion of the newly accorded freedoms of a young consumer society and reinforce the suspicions and cultural reactions towards women and the expression of desire in public life.
Airborne Target Feature Extraction And Tracking For Gate Size Maintenance And Terminal Aimpoint Determination

An algorithm is described that is capable of determining and analyzing the placement of features within the target's image using the available edge information. This approach allows for the improved placement of the target gate about the target and the ability to select a terminal homing point for endgame or terminal tracking. The algorithm is simple but apparently effective against various targets situated against nominally cluttered backgrounds and is implementable as a real-time digital process with a relatively small amount of hardware. The approach is based on the use of thresholded edge information found within the target track gate.
Pressure, Temperature Reaction Phase Diagram for Ammonium Dinitramide

The pressure, temperature reaction phase diagram for ammonium dinitramide (ADN) was determined using a high-temperature−high-pressure diamond anvil cell with optical polarizing light microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser-Raman spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray diffraction. The phase diagram was determined between ambient pressure and 10.0 GPa over the temperature range from −75 °C to decomposition temperatures, or 120 °C. The diagram delineates the melting curve for α-ADN, a reversible phase transition in α-ADN forming a new high-pressure monoclinic polymorph, β-ADN, and also identifies the pressure and temperature conditions at which a solid phase rearrangement occurs to form ammonium nitrate (AN) and N2O. Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra were obtained for both α- and β-ADN as a function of pressure at room temperature.
Improved yield of carbon fibers by pyrolysis of natural gas in stainless steel tubes

Abstract Carbon fibers are produced by pyrolysis of natural gas inside stainless steel tubes. Lengthening of unthickened precursor carbon filaments is normally catalyzed by loose metal or carbide particles generated in situ, primarily by fragmentation of the growth tube wall. More direct methods of supplying a greater number of catalytic particles were investigated in an effort to increase fiber yield. Growth of fibers on the inner surface of steel tubes could be enhanced by either: 1. 1) local melting of the surface in the presence of air, or 2. 2) wetting the surface with an aqueous ferric nitrate solution. Both methods increased the number of carbon fibers produced per unit area about 20-fold over as-received stainless steel tubes. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that both procedures left the growth substrates covered with a rough, relatively thick layer comprised of a mixture of iron oxides. Precipitation of iron during reduction of the oxide mass is an important mechanism for providing an abundance of particles which catalyze carbon filament growth.
Losing claims of rights

I have contended that acting on some principle and complaining when others act in accordance with the same principle in similar circumstances is morally improper. By wrongdoing one forfeits the right to claim the right (s)he disregards in interacting with others. This is not equivalent to a view that one's acting in a certain way justifies others acting in that way, i.e. that by wrongdoing one forfeits rights (s)he disregards in interacting with others. It may still be morally improper to treat malfeasors in the same way they treat us but, I have argued, they cannot themselves claim a right not to be treated in that way.
Building the Family Nest: Premarital Investments, Marriage Markets, and Spousal Allocations

We develop a model of the household in which spousal incomes are determined by premarital investments, the marriage market is characterized by assortative matching, and endogenously-determined sharing rules form the basis of intra-household allocations. By incorporating pre-marital investments and spousal matching into the collective household model, we are able to identify the fundamental determinants of endogenously determined and maritally sustainable intra-marital sharing rules. In particular, we find that all sharing rules along the assortative order support unconditionally efficient outcomes where both pre-marital investments and intra-household allocations are efficient. The efficiency of both pre-marital choices and household allocations then enables us to show that, for each couple, the marriage market generates a unique and maritally sustainable sharing rule that is a function of the distribution of pre-marital endowments and the sex ratios in the market.
Modeling underwater visual and filter-feeding by planktivorous shearwaters in unusual sea conditions

Short-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris ) migrate between breeding areas in Australia and wintering areas in the Bering Sea. These extreme movements allow them to feed on swarms of euphausiids (krill) that occur seasonally in different regions, but they occasionally experience die-offs when availability of euphausiids or other prey is inadequate. During a coccolithophore bloom in the Bering Sea in 1997, hundreds of thou- sands of Short-tailed Shearwaters starved to death. One proposed explanation was that the calcareous shells of phytoplanktonic coccolithophores reduced light transmission, thus im- pairing visual foraging underwater. This hypothesis assumes that shearwaters feed entirely by vision (bite-feeding), but their unique bill and tongue morphology might allow nonvisual filter-feeding within euphausiid swarms. To investigate these issues, we developed simu- lation models of Short-tailed Shearwaters bite-feeding and filter-feeding underwater on the euphausiid Thysanoessa raschii. The visual (bite-feeding) model considered profiles of diffuse and beam attenuation of light in the Bering Sea among seasons, sites, and years with varying influence by diatom and coccolithophore blooms. The visual model indicated that over the huge range of densities in euphausiid swarms (tens to tens of thousands per cubic meter), neither light level nor prey density had appreciable effects on intake rate; instead, intake was severely limited by capture time and capture probability after prey were detected. Thus, for shearwaters there are strong advantages of feeding on dense swarms near the surface, where dive costs are low relative to fixed intake rate, and intake might be increased by filter-feeding. With minimal effects of light conditions, starvation of shear- waters during the coccolithophore bloom probably did not result from reduced visibility underwater after prey patches were found. Alternatively, turbidity from coccolithophores might have hindered detection of euphausiid swarms from the air.
Sign Language for K-8 Mathematics by 3D Interactive Animation

We present a new highly interactive computer animation tool to increase the mathematical skills of deaf children. We aim at increasing the effectiveness of (hearing) parents in teaching arithmetic to their deaf children, and the opportunity of deaf children to learn arithmetic via interactive media. Using state-of-the-art computer animation technology we have designed and modeled three 3-dimensional virtual signers. The signs for mathematical terminology, performed by a non-hearing signer, have been captured with an electro-mechanical motion capture system and have been applied to the 3D characters. Macromedia Director MX Shockwave Studio has provided the platform for the design of interactive learning activities and for Web delivery. Smoothness of motion (in real time) and interactivity have been achieved via a new method of programmable blending of animation segments. Our program is the first attempt at using interactive 3D animation to improve the mathematical abilities of deaf pupils. Though our resea...
Is core formation a hot topic

The primitive Earth is thought to have undergone an early differentiation into a metallic core and a complementary silicate mantle. The segregation of metal to form the core should have profoundly depleted the residual silicate mantle in those elements (the siderophile elements) that enter the core. Siderophile elements are present in less than cosmic abundance in the Earth's mantle, the most siderophile elements being the most depleted. This is, qualitatively, the expected imprint of core segregation. But quantitative discrepancies of many orders of magnitude exist. Moderately siderophile elements like Co and Ni should be more depleted than they are by factors of 10–100, and they should be depleted by differing amounts even though they remain present in nearly cosmic proportions.
Periodic nanometric superstructures for photonic applications

In this paper, we will introduce a non-lithographic technique that utilizes self-organized, highly ordered anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) porous membrane as a template to form a variety of periodic nanometric superstructures. Materials as different as metals, semiconductors, and carbon nanotubes (CNT) can be adapted into this platform with equal ease. The flexibility with materials, the accurate control over the fabrication process, and the command over the alumina template attributes offers us a new degree of freedom of engineering various physical properties by templating the nanostructures with the desired shape, size, composition, and doping. The versatile nanometric superstructure platform realized by this unique approach can enable a broad range of applications including infrared detector and quantum dot lasers and so on.
Evolution of the power ("squeeze") grip and its morphological correlates in hominids.

The “squeeze” form of power grip is investigated for the purposes of clarifying the hand posture and activities associated with the grip, assessing the potential in chimpanzees for using the grip, and identifying morphological correlates of an effective power grip that may be recognized in fossil hominid species. Our approaches include: (1) the analysis of the human grip, focusing on both the hand posture involved and hand movements associated with use of the grip in hammering; (2) the analysis of similar chimpanzee grips and associated movements; (3) comparative functional analysis of regions in the hand exploited and stressed by the grip and its associated movements in humans; and (4) a review of the literature on the power grip and its morphological correlates. Results of the study indicate that humans use a squeeze form of power grip effectively to wield cylindrical tools forcefully as extensions of the forearm. Several morphological features occur in high frequency among humans which facilitate the grip and are consistent with the large internal and external forces associated with it in hammering and in other tool-using activities. Chimpanzee hand postures resembling this form of human power grip are not fully comparable and lack some of these morphological correlates that facilitate its use. The hand of Australopithecus afarensis does not appear to have been stressed by use of the grip, but there is some evidence for this type of stress in the metacarpals from Sterkfontein Member 4. Hands from Olduvai and Swartkrans do not provide sufficient evidence for assessment of power grip capabilities. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The electroencephalogram in Parkinson's syndrome.

Abstract 1. 1. The EEG is abnormal in 39 of 75 patients with Parkinson's syndrome. Of these 16 were mildly abnormal, 14 moderately, and 6 markedly so. 2. 2. The abnormality is usually a random diffuse slow activity in the theta and delta range, most often restricted to the posterior portion of the head, occasionally dominant on one side or less commonly restricted to one side. 3. 3. There is no obvious correlation with the clinical diagnoses of post-encephalitic arteriosclerotic, or idiopathic types of this condition. We have found this clinical sub-classification of very limited usefulness. Abnormalities are not related to the age of the patient nor to the duration of his disease. 4. 4. EEG abnormalities are most closely related to the existence of those Parkinson's syndrome phenomena entitled “akinetic”, and their appearance is an unfavorable sign for basal ganglion neurolytic surgery, as well as for improvement by the commonly used medications. 5. 5. No consistent abnormalities have been seen by operative depth recording. A permanent focal slow wave focus is usually produced by basal ganglion destructive operations.
β2-glycoprotein 1 as a marker of antiphospholipid syndrome in women with recurrent pregnancy loss

Abstract Objective: To determine if β2-glycoprotein 1 (β2-GP1) antibodies are a better marker of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) in women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Design: Evaluation and testing of sera from women with RPL. Setting: A university-affiliated reproductive endocrinology practice. Patient(s): 90 women with RPL; 45 women met criteria for APS and 45 women met criteria for RPL without antiphospholipid antibodies (APA). Both groups were of similar age and had a similar history of RPL. Intervention(s): Patient sera were obtained from women with RPL and were tested for APA and β2-GP1. Main Outcome Measure(s): A standard antiphospholipid antibody assay was employed to detect the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM, and IgA antibodies in serum against cardiolipin, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Samples were also assayed with a commercial β2-GP1 assay for IgG antibodies. Result(s): Among the 45 women with APS, 10 (22.2%) had positive IgG antibodies for β2-GP1. Only 1 woman (2.2%) of 45 was positive for β2-GP1 among the control group of women with RPL but negative APA. There was no correlation noted among the β2-GP1–positive patients for a specific phospholipid antibody or isotype. Conclusion(s): These data suggest that IgG β2-GP1 antibodies are less sensitive than antiphospholipid antibodies for the diagnosis of APS.
Proteolytic processing of the protease which initiates degradation of small, acid-soluble proteins during germination of Bacillus subtilis spores.

Abstract Degradation of small, acid-soluble spore proteins during germination of Bacillus subtilis spores is initiated by a sequence-specific protease called GPR. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of either Bacillus megaterium or B. subtilis GPR expressed in B. subtilis showed that GPR is synthesized at about the third hour of sporulation in a precursor form and is processed to an approximately 2- to 5-kDa-smaller species 2 to 3 h later, at or slightly before the time of accumulation of dipicolinic acid by the forespore. This was found with both normal levels of expression of B. subtilis and B. megaterium GPR in B. subtilis, as well as when either protein was overexpressed up to 100-fold. The sporulation-specific processing of GPR was blocked in all spoIII, -IV, and -V mutants tested (none of which accumulated dipicolinic acid), but not in a spoVI mutant which accumulated dipicolinic acid. The amino-terminal sequences of the B. megaterium and B. subtilis GPR initially synthesized in sporulation were identical to those predicted from the coding genes' sequences. However, the processed form generated in sporulation lacked 15 (B. megaterium) or 16 (B. subtilis) amino-terminal residues. The amino acid sequence surrounding this proteolytic cleavage site was very homologous to the consensus sequence recognized and cleaved by GPR in its small, acid-soluble spore protein substrates. This observation, plus the efficient processing of overproduced GPR during sporulation, suggests that the GPR precursor may autoproteolyze itself during sporulation. During spore germination, the GPR from either species expressed in B. subtilis was further processed by removal of one additional amino-terminal amino acid (leucine), generating the mature protease which acts during spore germination.
Valid clocking in wavepipelined circuits

In thispaper, we conskier the problemof clocking wavepipelined circuits. Wavepipelined circuits can operate at a much higher clock rate than conventional pipelined circuits, because its maximum rate is limited only by the path delay difference instead of the maximum path delay, [Cot69]. Current research in this area has focused on minimizing the path delay difference, hence maximizing the achievable clockfrequency. In this paper, we present an analysis of valid clock rates in wavepipelined circuits using a technique called Timed Boolean Functions. We show that the valid intervals for the clock period can be disconnected. Thus, it is insufslcient to only know the minimum valid clock period in guaranteeing proper operation of pipelined circuits. We provide analytic expressions for the valid clock intervals in terms of both topological delay as well as 2-vector longest and shortest delays. Also uncertainties arising from manufacturing are taken into account. We also illustrate some potential dimulties in computing the exact valid clock intervals by demonstrating discontinuity and non-monotonicity of the harmonic number H (r) (the number of valid simultaneous data waves allowed) as a+tion of the clock period r.
Biochemical and Immunocytochemical Assessment of Neural Progestin Receptors Following Estradiol Treatments that Eliminate the Sex Difference in Progesterone-Facilitated Lordosis in Guinea-Pigs.

Abstract A single injection of estradiol benzoate (10 mug), while highly effective in ovariectomized female guinea-pigs, does not prime castrated males to display progesterone-facilitated lordosis. In contrast, adult males and females exhibit the same, high degree of progesterone-facilitated lordosis when primed with two, 2.0 mug injections of free estradiol-17ss (pulse regimen). We compared neural progestin receptor induction after these different estradiol treatments by in vitro radioligand binding assays and immunocyto-chemistry. Binding assays confirmed previous observations of lower concentrations of cytosol progestin receptors in the mediobasal hypothalamus-preoptic area in estradiol benzoate-treated males than in females. No such sex difference was observed in animals that had been exposed to the behaviorally effective estradiol pulse regimen; rather, hypothalamic-preoptic area progestin receptor concentrations in these animals did not differ from the low levels observed in males treated with the behaviorally ineffective estradiol benzoate regimen. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed progestin receptor-immunoreactivity in fewer cells in the medial preoptic nucleus-anterior hypothalamic nucleus, periventricular preoptic area and arcuate nucleus of estradiol pulse- as compared to estradiol benzoate-treated males and females. Estradiol benzoate treatment induced progestin receptor-immunoreactivity in more cells in the medial preoptic area and ventrolateral hypothalamus than estradiol pulses in males, but not in females. Surprisingly, in these regions estradiol benzoate-treated males had significantly more progestin receptor-immunoreactive cells than females. These experiments yield two major findings: First, as has been shown in rats, the display of progesterone-facilitated lordosis is not inflexibly differentiated according to sex in guinea-pigs. Furthermore, reduced concentrations of estradiol-induced progestin receptors in the hypothalamus and preoptic area cannot account for the lack of progesterone-facilitated lordosis that is observed following priming with estradiol benzoate in males. Secondly, in the medial preoptic area and ventrolateral hypothalamus of female guinea-pigs, estradiol pulses are as effective as estradiol benzoate in inducing progestin receptors. These observations, taken together with the finding of equal behavioral efficacy of the two estradiol treatments, are consistent with the hypothesis that estradiol-induced progestin receptors in these regions of the brain are involved in progesterone-facilitated lordosis in female guinea-pigs.
Vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory: Computational and neural bases.

In this paper, we explore the hypothesis that human vocabulary acquisition processes and verbal short-term memory abilities utilize a common cognitive and neural system. We begin by reviewing behavioral evidence for a shared set of processes. Next, we examine what the computational bases of such a shared system might be and how vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory might be related in mechanistic terms. We examine existing computational models of vocabulary acquisition and of verbal short-term memory, concluding that they fail to adequately relate these two domains. We then propose an alternative model which accounts not only for the relationship between word learning and verbal short-term memory, but also for a wide range of phenomena in verbal short-term memory. Furthermore, this new account provides a clear statement of the relationship between the proposed system and mechanisms of language processing more generally. We then consider possible neural substrates for this cognitive system. We begin by reviewing what is known of the neural substrates of speech processing and outline a conceptual framework within which a variety of seemingly contradictory neurophysiological and neuropsychological findings can be accommodated. The linkage of the shared system for vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory to neural areas specifically involved in speech processing lends further support to our functional-level identification of the mechanisms of vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory with those of language processing. The present work thus relates vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory to each other and to speech processing, at a cognitive, computational, and neural level.
Chemistry of metal atoms reacting with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is utilized to investigate the behavior of vapor-deposited K, Au and Ti atoms on several alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAM). The goals are to acquire information about chemical reactions between metal atoms and surface organic functional groups, penetration of metal atoms through the SAMs, growth modes of metal overlayers on top of the SAMs and damage of organic molecules. It is found that appearance of new characteristic peaks and disappearance of initial peaks may indicate chemical reactions or decomposition of organic molecules. The relationship between metal dose and intensity of surface organic functional group-related peaks provides information about penetration or cluster-formation of metal atoms. In addition, removing the metal overlayers by chemical etching and then characterizing samples again is a complementary approach that can reveal valuable information about the location of the metal atoms.
Structure-based design of bacterial nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

Inhibition of bacterial nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) has the potential to improve the efficacy of antimicrobials used to treat infections by Gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. However, inhibitor specificity toward bNOS over the mammalian NOS (mNOS) isoforms remains a challenge because of the near identical NOS active sites. One key structural difference between the NOS isoforms is the amino acid composition of the pterin cofactor binding site that is adjacent to the NOS active site. Previously, we demonstrated that a NOS inhibitor targeting both the active and pterin sites was potent and functioned as an antimicrobial (Holden, , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110, 18127). Here we present additional crystal structures, binding analyses, and bacterial killing studies of inhibitors that target both the active and pterin sites of a bNOS and function as antimicrobials. Together, these data provide a framework for continued development of bNOS inhibitors, as each molecule...
Variability in clinical assessment of neuroimaging in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Purpose Neuroimaging is critical in deciding candidacy for epilepsy surgery. Currently imaging is primarily assessed qualitatively, which may affect patient selection and outcomes.
Periodic, consecutive-collision orbits in the restricted problem forμ≠1/2

Sequences of periodic, consecutive-collision orbits in the restricted problem of three bodies have been found for cases where the two primaries are not of equal mass. Each sequence is imbedded in a family of consecutive-collision orbits. There seems to be an infinite number of such families and an infinite number of members in each sequence. Some of the orbits are shown graphically.
Distribution of IgM and IgG antibodies to oxidized LDL in immune complexes isolated from patients with type 1 diabetes and its relationship with nephropathy

Modified lipoproteins are immunogenic and play a key pathogenic role in vascular disease. Antibodies to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) are mostly of the pro-inflammatory IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes. We measured IgG and IgM oxLDL antibodies in immune complexes (IC) isolated from 36 patients with type 1 diabetes using a nested case control design. IgG antibodies predominated over IgM antibodies by an 8:1 ratio. IgG antibody concentrations were higher in the nephropathy cases compared to controls (p = 0.09), but no significant difference was observed because of two patients included in the study who had end-stage renal disease (creatinine > 5 mg/dL and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 17 mL/min). After eliminating these patients from the analysis, significant positive associations of IgG antibody concentration with serum creatinine and albumin excretion rate were observed. Similarly, a negative correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate was observed in this subsample of 34 patients. Differences in IgM antibody concentrations by nephropathy classification were not supported by the data. In conclusion, the predominance of pro-inflammatory IgG oxLDL antibodies is associated with existence of diabetic nephropathy, and a protective role of IgM antibodies could not be demonstrated.
The impact of power amplifier characteristics on routing in random wireless networks

Power amplifiers for wireless transmission provide a limited radiated power, and their efficiency depends highly on the operating point. We show that power control and routing strategies in multi-hop wireless networks are strongly affected by these non-ideal amplifier characteristics. For the analysis, we prove that the distances in random networks are governed by a generalized Rayleigh distribution, and we determine the power efficiency of different routing schemes. The main result is that nearest-neighbor routing is highly inefficient if the network has to be connected with high probability.
Innovation and instrumentation: endovascular repair of the aortic arch.

Haulon and colleagues have long been at the forefront of endovascular technology and should be commended for reporting their evolving experience with double-branched endovascular aortic arch repair (EAAR). Currently, there are several competing strategies for complete EAAR (which involves at least 2 branching vessels of the aortic arch) that use a variety of experimental devices (eg, custom-made branched or fenestrated devices, large-diameter baremetal stents, multilayer flow modulators) and experimental applications of existing, approved devices (eg, paralleldevice approaches [eg, snorkels, periscopes, chimneys] and ad hoc fenestration of standard devices in situ). The literature abounds with case reports, small series, and creative approaches. In this publication, the authors present the largest series (n 1⁄4 38) of double-branched EAAR to date. Much can be learned from their global, multicenter experience using these custom-fabricated, inner-branched devices electively in high-risk surgical patients. These authors have been intimately involved with the development of branched and fenestrated endovascular approaches to thoracoabdominal aorta aneurysm repair and perhaps consider EAAR the natural progression of endovascular technology. However, the local environs of thoracoabdominal aorta aneurysm repair and EAAR are different in terms of pulsatility, elasticity, mobility, and curvature— even these seasoned experts found a perilously steep learning curve while transitioning this technology to the aortic arch. An important early improvement was the shift from cuffs to inner branches to be used with bridging stents. In their analysis, the authors chose to compare the first 10 cases with the last 28, both to indicate significant improvement over time and to set reasonable expectations for clinical outcomes in these high-risk patients. Whereas the overall 30-day mortality rate was 30.0% in the first 10 cases, it was an improved 7.1% in the latter 28; these results rival the best contemporary open arch results. Despite procedure-related aortic manipulation and the risk of low cerebral flow during implantation, there were only 2 cases
Integrating Sounds and Motions in Virtual Environments

Sounds are often the result of motions of virtual objects in a virtual environment. Therefore, sounds and the motions that caused them should be treated in an integrated way. When sounds and motions do not have the proper correspondence, the resultant confusion can lessen the effects of each. In this paper, we present an integrated system for modeling, synchronizing, and rendering sounds for virtual environments. The key idea of the system is the use of a functional representation of sounds, called timbre trees. This representation is used to model sounds that are parameterizable. These parameters can then be mapped to the parameters associated with the motions of objects in the environment. This mapping allows the correspondence of motions and sounds in the environment. Representing arbitrary sounds using timbre trees is a difficult process that we do not address in this paper. We describe approaches for creating some timbre trees including the use of genetic algorithms. Rendering the sounds in an aural environment is achieved by attaching special environmental nodes that represent the attenuation and delay as well as the listener effects to the timbre trees. These trees are then evaluated to generate the sounds. The system that we describe runs parallel in real time on an eight-processor SGI Onyx. We see the main contribution of the present system as a conceptual framework on which to consider the sound and motion in an integrated virtual environment.
RideSharing: Fault Tolerant Aggregation in Sensor Networks Using Corrective Actions

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the users' objective is to extract useful global information by collecting individual sensor readings. Conventionally, this is done using in-network aggregation on a spanning tree from sensors to data sink. However, the spanning tree structure is not robust against communication errors; when a packet is lost, so is a complete subtree of values. Multipath routing can mask some of these errors, but on the other hand, may aggregate individual sensor values multiple times. This may produce erroneous results when dealing with duplicate-sensitive aggregates, such as SUM, COUNT, and AVERAGE. In this paper, we present and analyze two new fault tolerant schemes for duplicate-sensitive aggregation in WSNs: (1) cascaded ridesharing and (2) diffused ridesharing. These schemes use the available path redundancy in the WSN to deliver a correct aggregate result to the data sink. Compared to state-of-the-art, our schemes deliver results with lower root mean square (RMS) error and consume much less energy and bandwidth. RideSharing can consume as much as 50% less resources than hash-based schemes, such as SKETCHES and synopsis diffusion, while achieving lower RMS for reasonable link error rates
Theory of soliton stability in asynchronous modelocking

A new type of fiber laser modelocking is examined where a phase modulator is driven asynchronously with respect to a harmonic of the roundtrip cavity frequency. An asynchronous drive is able to produce high repetition rate (>1 GHz) soliton pulses that are shorter than the classic, active modelocking pulse width limit. It is shown that with a proper choice of fiber parameters, noise cleanup and soliton pulse shaping can be obtained using filtering and asynchronous phase modulation. Limits of asynchronous detuning are derived and a comparison with the parameters ranges for synchronous phase modulation is also presented.
Social Distance, Framing, and Judgment: A Construal Level Perspective

Drawing upon construal level theory, this research investigates the influence of social distance on individuals’ responses to persuasive messages. Experiment 1 (N = 133) demonstrates that the persuasive impact of a gain frame becomes stronger when people make judgments for socially distant (e.g., others) versus proximal entities (e.g., selves). On the other hand, the persuasive impact of a loss frame remains the same across different levels of social distance. Experiment 2 (N = 135) shows that the persuasiveness of a societal frame becomes stronger when people make judgments for socially distant versus proximal entities, whereas the persuasiveness of an individual frame is unaffected by social distance. Experiment 3 (N = 80) provides evidence that mental salience of positive and societal outcomes of an action increases as social distance increases, whereas mental salience of negative and individual outcomes remains the same across different levels of social distance.