cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring critical dimensions and overlays as prescribed by the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

Continued demands on shrinking features with tighter tolerance on Critical Dimensions (CD's) and overlays (OL) are placing stringent requirements on parameters that are essentially the building blocks of the metrologies for CD's and overlays. This paper conducts a reality check on the precision and error budgets assigned to CD and overlay controls by the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors' (NTRS) in light of constraints on parameters that are fundamental to the above measurements.
Psychosocial Obstacles to Smoking Cessation Attempts Among Young Adult Sexual Minority Women Who Smoke.

Sexual minority women (SMW; i.e., women who identify their sexuality as lesbian, bisexual, or something other than heterosexual) report greater smoking behaviors than their heterosexual counterpart...
Number - Biological Enculturation Beyond Natural Selection.

Is there a biologically evolved capacity specific for number? [1]. I say ‘no’ because crucial biocultural phenomena necessary for the realization of exact symbolic quantification – number – occur outside the realm of natural selection [1]. In his comment, Nieder, whose work on the neural underpinnings of quantity encoding I have long admired, answers with a ‘clear “yes”’ [2]. Our diametrically opposed answers stem from fundamentally different views of the crucial concepts at stake: ‘human evolution’, ‘culture’, ‘number’, and ‘symbolic reference’.
A failed marriage between standardization and incentivism: Divergent perspectives on the aims of performance-based compensation in Shanghai, China

The Chinese province of Shanghai has gained international recognition as a high performing education system with strong teaching and learning outcomes. One accountability mechanism in Shanghai’s education reform strategy is statewide performance-based compensation (PBC), also known as performance- or merit pay. Providing a first time account of PBC in the Shanghai context, this study investigated variance in stated and perceived aims of this policy instrument. To explore this variance, the study drew on data from national, state, and school level policy documents, and data from interviews with 20 teachers and the principal in a high performing elementary school. The analysis revealed that PBC was intended to improve teaching quality. However, the teachers’ perceived merit pay was meant to increase teacher enthusiasm, job satisfaction, and participation in teacher and student development activities. Importantly, the teachers perceived these aims as tangential from instructional improvement goals. Based on these findings, I argue that this particular PBC policy, as a manifestation of the marriage of standardization and incentivism, is unable to fulfill the promises of this marriage – to link incentives with homogenous, uniform metrics associated with a generic and shared notion of teaching quality.
Extensive Hand Coverage with the Reversed Radial Forearm Flap

The patient was a 21-year-old woman who sustained an injury to the dorsum of her nondominant hand in a motor vehicle accident. Her hand was outside the vehicle when it rolled over, resulting in loss of skin and extensor tendons and fracture of all four finger metacarpals (Figure 8.1). Her initial care included surgical debridement and pinning of her metacarpals (Figure 8.2). The dorsal wrist ligaments were also repaired. Several debridements were required to achieve a clean wound. Consultation was received at 8 days postinjury.
Further Developments in Homology

The preceding chapters have introduced homology groups for polyhedra and homotopy groups for arbitrary spaces. The homotopy groups are more general since they apply to more spaces. The process of extending homology to spaces more general than polyhedra began in the years 1921–1933 and has continued to the present day. The pioneers in this work were Oswald Veblen, Solomon Lefschetz, Leopold Vietoris, and Eduard Cech. In this chapter we shall examine some additional theory and applications of simplicial homology groups, notably the famous fixed point theorem and relative homology groups discovered by Lefschetz, and the singular homology groups, also due to Lefschetz, which extend homology theory to arbitrary spaces.
Pyrimidine base catabolism in Pseudomonas putida biotype B

Reductive catabolism of the pyrimidine bases uracil and thymine was found to occur in Pseudomonas putida biotype B. The pyrimidine reductive catabolic pathway enzymes dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, dihydropyrimidinase and N-carbamoyl-β-alanine amidohydrolase activities were detected in this pseudomonad. The initial reductive pathway enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase utilized NADH or NADPH as its nicotinamide cofactor. The source of nitrogen in the culture medium influenced the reductive pathway enzyme activities and, in particular, dihydropyrimidinase activity was highly affected by nitrogen source. The reductive pathway enzyme activities in succinate-grown P. putida biotype B cells were induced when uracil served as the nitrogen source.
Isozymes as markers for studying and manipulating quantitative traits.

Many plant characteristics (e.g., grain and forage yield, time of flowering, stress tolerance) show continuous variation. This usually implies that the inheritance of such traits is complex (quantitative) and probably involves the collective effects of numerous genetic factors. Classically, the activity of these factors has been characterized en masse, using biometrical procedures, and it has usually not been possible to isolate and measure the individual and interactive parameters of single factors (genes) or segments of chromosomes. Identification, mapping, and examination of individual genes affecting quantitative traits should provide knowledge concerning the organization of genomes and insight into the relative contribution of “major” and “minor” genes to such complexly inherited traits. With a better understanding of the inheritance of such traits, it should be possible to develop new methods for enhancing plant improvement.
Nuclear Import in Vitro

The eukaryotic cell, divided into several compartments, is faced with the problem of how to put macromolecules where they should be. For example, an mRNA molecule transcribed in the nucleus must move to the cytoplasm to be translated. Its protein product can either remain soluble in the cytoplasm or it can enter one of several different organelles or the cytoskeleton. The processes by which proteins and RNAs reach their final destinations are of great interest to cell biologists. In this review we will concentrate on one route of intracellular traffic, the import of macromolecules into the cell nucleus, with specific emphasis on. certain in vitro systems recently devised for studing nuclear import. Before discussing these in vitro systems, we will summarize some of what is known about nuclear import in vivo. The reader may also wish to refer to other reviews on nuclear import (Bonner 1978; Paine and Horowitz 1980; De Robertis 1983; Dingwall 1985; Dingwall and Laskey 1986; Newport and Forbes 1987; Silver and Hall 1987).
Orthopedia homeobox protein (OTP) is a sensitive and specific marker for primary pulmonary carcinoid tumors in cytologic and surgical specimens.

Introduction Orthopedia homeobox protein (OTP) was recently demonstrated to be a pulmonary neuroendocrine marker showing specificity for pulmonary carcinoid tumors in histologic sections. Little is known of OTP performance and specificity for pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors in lung fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cell blocks (CBs), however. Materials and Methods We evaluated OTP expression in lung non-neuroendocrine and neuroendocrine tumor CBs to determine its diagnostic utility in these specimens. Pulmonary typical carcinoid (TC) and atypical carcinoid (AC), small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SQ) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) CBs were retrieved along with matched surgical cases and assessed for nuclear OTP expression with immunohistochemistry. Results Nuclear OTP was seen in 82% TCs (9 of 11) and 83% ACs (10 of 12), but not in SCLC (0 of 9), LCNEC (0 of 9), SQ (0 of 10) or ADC (0 of 6) cytology cases. Similar to the cytologic specimens, nuclear OTP was seen in 82% TCs (9 of 11) and 80% ACs (8 of 10) but in none of the SCLC (0 of 8), LCNEC (0 of 7), SQ (0 of 8) or ADC (0 of 6) resections. Both AC and TC CBs showed a similar percentage of cells expressing nuclear OTP. By contrast, in resection specimens, 30% ACs (3 of 10) compared with 73% TC (8 of 11) cases showed >40% of cells nuclear OTP staining. Nuclear OTP demonstrated 80-83% sensitivity and 100% specificity for pulmonary carcinoid tumors in cytology and surgical specimens. Conclusion In the context of pulmonary malignancies, nuclear OTP immunohistochemistry is highly sensitive and specific in distinguishing carcinoid tumors from other pulmonary neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine malignancies in cytologic and surgical specimens.
Thromboprophylaxis in Adults With Atrio-Pulmonary Fontan.

Background:Although aspirin has been compared to warfarin for thromboembolic prophylaxis in the general Fontan population, little is known about the optimal preventative strategy for the atriopulmo...
Doubly resonant sum frequency spectroscopy of mixed photochromic isomers on surfaces reveals conformation-specific vibronic effects

Doubly resonant infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (DR-IVSFG) spectroscopy, encompassing coupled vibrational and electronic transitions, provides a powerful method to gain a deep understanding of nuclear motion in photoresponsive surface adsorbates and interfaces. Here, we use DR-IVSFG to elucidate the role of vibronic coupling in a surface-confined donor-acceptor substituted azobenzene. Our study reveals some unique features of DR-IVSFG that have not been previously reported. In particular, vibronic coupling resulted in prominent SFG signal enhancement of selective stretching modes that reveal electronic properties of coexisting photochromic isomers. Our analysis explores two concepts: (1) In partially isomerized azobenzene at the surface, coupling of the fundamental vibrations to the S0 → S1 transition is more prominent for the cis isomer due to symmetry breaking, whereas coupling to the S0 → S2 transition was dominant in the trans isomer. (2) A strong coupling between the fundamental vibrations and the valence π-electron density, promoted by the initial absorption of an infrared photon, may result in suppression of the intensity of the hot band vibronic transition. This may translate into a suppressed sum-frequency generation signal at sum frequency wavelengths resonant with the S0 → S2 transition of the trans isomer. The weaker coupling of the fundamental vibrations to the non-bonding electron density localized on the azo group can therefore produce detectable sum-frequency generation at the resonance wavelength of the weaker S0 → S1 transition in the cis form. These results are explained in the framework of a linear coupling model, involving both Franck-Condon and Herzberg-Teller coupling terms. Our theoretical analysis reveals the important role played by molecular conformation, orientation, and vibronic interference in DR-SFG spectroscopy.
Asymmetric Photocycloadditions with an Optically Active Allenylsilane: Trimethylsilyl as a Removable Stereocontrolling Group for the Enantioselective Synthesis of exo-Methylenecyclobutanes

Allenylsilanes undergo enantioselective intramolecular photocycloaddition reactions with enones and enoates to give adducts in 76−99% enantiomeric excess and 67−90% yield. The silyl-substituted exo-methylenecyclobutane products undergo protodesilylation to give the parent unsubstituted exo-methylenecyclobutane. Optically active allenylsilanes may thus be used in enantioselective photocycloadditions in which the silyl moiety functions as a removable stereochemical controlling group.
Mapping time-distance

Abstract. Traditional maps are often direct visualizations of the Euclidean distances in space. As the concepts of time and distance are intrinsically intertwined in the human cognitive systems for environmental perception, the mapping of a unity of time and distance is thus either intuitive or convenient in many occasions. This paper presents three examples to demonstrate the value of visualizing time-distance instead of the physical Euclidean distance in contemporary mapping. The first example maps travel time as perceived distance in an urban environment. Visualizations of the time-space reflecting modern high-speed travel behaviours make it convenient to detect patterns and identify anomalies that matter for the functions in such space. The second example concerns trail mapping in a remote rainforest, where hand-drawn maps reflecting travel effort are more desirable than accurate GIS maps for local navigation and trail hiking purposes. The last example shows that traditional maps are ineffective in communicating hurricane flooding risks since the conventional spatial model based on surficial distance does not reflect non-surficial spatiotemporal dynamics for realistic representations of the risk space. While the Euclidean distance on the physical earth surface is what traditional maps chart and what our modern spatial thinking has been accustomed to, these examples show that such distance is limited in portraying many aspects of our perceived and experienced dynamic distances that affect our living. The adoption of spatial representations such as time-distance maps breaks the mental set accustomed to the traditional distance maps and is worth considering in many occasions.
Somali Stories: “I hope God will not isolate me from my community”

Coming to Minnesota in the 1990s to escape a devastating civil war, our Somali interviewees found themselves among the group with the highest poverty rate and living in rental units that had little resemblance to the homes they left behind. Units were too small for children and extended family; separated kitchen spaces enabled women to cook unveiled but made child supervision difficult; lack of places for children to play outdoors stressed mothers; and bathroom sinks did not lend themselves to washing prior to praying. Supporting well-being were rooms deodorized with unsi; walls adorned with Somali handicrafts and excerpts from the Quran; windows that recreated a familiar aesthetic; floors that served as the site for eating; and beds that transformed into libraries, communicating to children how the quest for knowledge can be a catalyst for success.
Association of SERPINA9 gene variants with carotid artery atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Carotid MRI Study.

The SNP rs11628722 in the SERPINA9 gene was previously associated with incident ischemic stroke in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Centerin, the protein encoded by SERPINA9, is involved in maturation and maintenance of naive B cells, which play a role in atherogenesis. We investigated whether 21 tag SNPs in the SERPINA9 gene are associated with features of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Carotid MRI data were obtained from 1,282 European Americans and 341 African Americans of the ARIC Carotid MRI study, which recruited participants from ARIC by a stratified sampling plan that over-sampled participants with carotid intima-media thickening. Five MRI measures, focused on carotid wall volume, wall thickness, and lipid core, were analyzed. Genetic associations between the MRI measurements and each of the 21 SNPs were analyzed in linear regression models with adjustment for sample weights and traditional risk factors. Rs11628722 was tested a priori. In African Americans, rs11628722 was significantly associated with carotid wall volume (p < 0.05). Among the other 20 SNPs, adjusted for multiple testing, rs4905204, which encodes an Ala to Val amino acid change, was significantly associated with maximum wall thickness (p < 0.000625) and suggestively associated with total wall volume (p < 0.0026) in European Americans. In conclusion, SNPs in the SERPINA9 gene showed race-specific associations with characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Replications in other populations are needed to validate findings of this study and to establish the SERPINA9 gene as a candidate in the etiology of carotid atherosclerosis.
Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity.

Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as “thrush,” is an opportunistic fungal infection that commonly affects the oral mucosa. The main causative agent, Candida albicans, is a highly versatile commensal organism that is well adapted to its human host; however, changes in the host microenvironment can promote the transition from one of commensalism to pathogen. This transition is heavily reliant on an impressive repertoire of virulence factors, most notably cell surface adhesins, proteolytic enzymes, morphologic switching, and the development of drug resistance. In the oral cavity, the co-adhesion of C. albicans with bacteria is crucial for its persistence, and a wide range of synergistic interactions with various oral species were described to enhance colonization in the host. As a frequent colonizer of the oral mucosa, the host immune response in the oral cavity is oriented toward a more tolerogenic state and, therefore, local innate immune defenses play a central role in maintaining Candida in its commensal state. Specifically, in addition to preventing Candida adherence to epithelial cells, saliva is enriched with anti-candidal peptides, considered to be part of the host innate immunity. The T helper 17 (Th17)-type adaptive immune response is mainly involved in mucosal host defenses, controlling initial growth of Candida and inhibiting subsequent tissue invasion. Animal models, most notably the mouse model of oropharyngeal candidiasis and the rat model of denture stomatitis, are instrumental in our understanding of Candida virulence factors and the factors leading to host susceptibility to infections. Given the continuing rise in development of resistance to the limited number of traditional antifungal agents, novel therapeutic strategies are directed toward identifying bioactive compounds that target pathogenic mechanisms to prevent C. albicans transition from harmless commensal to pathogen.
TELEPSYCHIATRY AND INNOVATIONS IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE DELIVERY IN NURSING HOMES

Abstract Based on the 2016 report by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it has been estimated that behavioral health disorders including dementia affect 65–90% of the estimated 1.5 million nursing home residents residing in 15,600 nursing homes across the United States. However, despite this, nursing home staff are often ill equipped to meet the mental health needs of their residents. Studies report that more than half of nursing homes do not have adequate access to psychiatric consultation, and three quarters are unable to obtain consultation and educational services for behavioral problems. The need for improved access to and quality of mental health services within nursing homes remains a pressing concern today. The aims of this session are to characterize the burden of mental illness in nursing home residents in the US and to describe the cutting-edge efforts to deliver psychiatric services to nursing homes by leveraging technology. First, Dr. Briana Mezuk from University of Michigan will describe a data science approach to estimate mental illness burden in nursing home as exemplified by her recent JAMA Psychiatry article on late-life suicides in long-term care facilities. Then, based on his ongoing AHRQ-funded randomized controlled trial, Dr. Glen Xiong from UC Davis will compare asynchronous telepsychiatry alongside synchronous telepsychiatry in skilled nursing facilities. Finally, Dr. Elizabeth Santos from University of Rochester will report the results from the analysis of the multifaceted URMC Geriatric Telepsychiatry Model implemented in 29 nursing homes across the Finger Lakes Region of New York State. Afterwards. Joel Streim from University of Pennsylvania will lead the discussion and Q&A with the audience.
Assessment of Coronary Allograft Vasculopathy by Intravascular Ultrasound 6 Weeks and One Year after Heart Transplantation: A Single Center Study

Purpose Coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) continues to be a common cause of morbidity and mortality in heart transplant recipients. Little is known about the timing of onset or progression of CAV after heart transplantation (HTx), or its relationship to donor acquired disease. We sought to assess the incidence of donor acquired disease and impact on disease progression in the first year post transplant. Methods We retrospectively analyzed consecutive HTx recipients at our center between January 2016 and December 2017, who underwent coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at 6 weeks (baseline) and 1 year after HTx. We assigned patients to one of 2 groups: Group 1 were those who had baseline ISHLT CAV≥1 or MIT≥0.5mm. Group 2 were those patients with CAV0 or MIT Results A total of 49 patients were identified, mean age 59 (+/- 12.1), 77 % male, 29 % ischemic etiology. Table 1. Eleven patients had baseline disease, while 38 did not. Between baseline and 1 year post-HTx, CAV developed in 9 patients in group 1 and 4 patients in group 2 (P-value Conclusion In our small single center study, we found that donor derived non-angiographic coronary disease is fairly common. Furthermore, CAV seems to progress in the first year significantly more in patients with baseline pre-existing disease than in those without. Further study is warranted to validate these findings and delineate clinical significance.
A programmable fate decision landscape underlies single-cell aging in yeast

Chromatin instability and mitochondrial decline are conserved processes that contribute to cellular aging. Although both processes have been explored individually in the context of their distinct signaling pathways, the mechanism that determines which process dominates during aging of individual cells is unknown. We show that interactions between the chromatin silencing and mitochondrial pathways lead to an epigenetic landscape of yeast replicative aging with multiple equilibrium states that represent different types of terminal states of aging. The structure of the landscape drives single-cell differentiation toward one of these states during aging, whereby the fate is determined quite early and is insensitive to intracellular noise. Guided by a quantitative model of the aging landscape, we genetically engineered a long-lived equilibrium state characterized by an extended life span.
Human-object interaction recognition for automatic construction site safety inspection

Abstract Today, computer vision object detection methods are used for safety inspections from site videos and images. These methods detect bounding boxes and use hand-made rules to enable personal protective equipment compliance checks. This paper presents a new method to improve the breadth and depth of vision-based safety compliance checking by explicitly classifying worker-tool interactions. A detection model is trained on a newly constructed image dataset for construction sites, achieving 52.9% average mean precision for 10 object categories and 89.4% average precision for detecting workers. Using this detector and new dataset, the proposed human-object interaction recognition model achieved 79.78% precision and 77.64% recall for hard hat checking; 79.11% precision and 75.29% recall for safety coloring checking. The new model also verifies hand protection for workers when tools are being used with 66.2% precision and 64.86% recall. The proposed model is superior in these checking tasks when compared with post-processing detected objects with hand-made rules, or applying detected objects only.
The Experience of Animal Assisted Therapy on Patients in an Acute Care Setting.

Animal assisted therapy (AAT) programs are popular and there has been a proliferation of programs across settings. However, the research to support this intervention has not kept pace. This is part...
Consequences of mesial temporal sparing temporal lobe surgery in medically refractory epilepsy.

Abstract Objective We compared long-term seizure outcome, neuropsychological outcome, and occupational outcome of anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) with and without sparing of mesial structures to determine whether mesial sparing temporal lobectomy prevents memory decline and thus disability, with acceptable seizure outcome. Methods We studied patients (n = 21) and controls (n = 21) with no evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) on MRI who had surgery to treat drug-resistant epilepsy. Demographic and pre- and postsurgical clinical characteristics were compared. Patients had neuropsychological assessment before and after surgery. Neuropsychological analyses were limited to patients with left-sided surgery and available data (n = 14 in each group) as they were at risk of verbal memory impairment. The California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II) (sum of trials 1–5, delayed free recall) and the Logical Memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale III or IV (WMS-III or WMS-IV) (learning and delayed recall of prose passages) were used to assess verbal episodic learning and memory. Seizure and occupational outcomes were assessed. Results The chance of attaining seizure freedom was similar in the two groups, so sparing mesial temporal structures did not lessen the chance of stopping seizures. Sparing mesial temporal structures mitigated the extent of postoperative verbal memory impairment, though some of these individuals suffered decline as a consequence of surgery. Occupational outcome was similar in both groups. Significance Mesial temporal sparing resections provide a similar seizure outcome as ATL, while producing a better memory outcome. Anterior temporal lobectomy including mesial structure resection did not increase the risk of postoperative disability.
Vegetation ecology with anthropic drivers and consequences

Current research on vegetation makes a difference in people’s lives. Plant community classification is a backbone of land management, plant communities are changing in response to anthropogenic dri...
Integrating culture in post-crisis urban recovery: Reflections on the power of cultural heritage to deal with crisis

Abstract Crisis disrupt people lives. Either if they are caused by disasters due to natural hazards, conflict situations, or diseases outbreaks, crisis affect livelihoods, economies, and social and personal welfare. The role of culture and cultural heritage to deal with these situations has been often underestimated. However, the COVID-19 pandemic is showing the importance of relying and using culture to help people handling difficult experiences. Likewise, culture is being progressively integrated into post-crisis recovery process, as reflected in the Culture in City Reconstruction and Recovery (CURE) Framework developed by UNESCO and the World Bank, under the common understanding that culture is the foundation on which cities are built. This paper will present some key aspects from this approach to integrate culture both as an asset and as a tool, in urban recovery processes, including some challenges such as the application of the build back better principle to cultural heritage contexts, as well as some reflections on their use during ongoing crisis.
Isoflurane effects on the N1 and other long-latency auditory evoked potentials in Wistar rats.

Abstract Long-latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEPs) may help further advances in understanding consciousness under general anesthesia and promote more objective means of assessing sedation depth than conventional clinical signs. Among the LLAEP components, the auditory N1 shows promise as a measure of sedation depth and a marker of consciousness, but findings are so far inconclusive. Research with animals can help elucidate the effects of various anesthetics on the N1 and other LLAEPs, but investigations of LLAEPs under anesthesia in animals is lacking. To address this deficit, we examined the P1, N1, P2, and N2, along with their corresponding peak-to-peak complexes, in 10 Wistar rats anesthetized with 1.5–2 % isoflurane in pure oxygen and again after recovery. While under anesthesia, subdermal needle electrodes were inserted and secured for electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. LLAEPs were assessed during a 20-min, passive, two-tone (500 ms inter-tone interval) paradigm with randomized short (1 s) and long (5 s) inter-pair intervals (IPIs). Overall, while the LLAEP peaks under isoflurane were less defined, they were not eliminated. The peak-to-peak amplitudes, particularly the P1-N1, were significantly smaller under isoflurane than during post-recovery. Our preliminary findings indicate that isoflurane produces global suppression across LLAEP components, presumably reflecting impaired integration of top-down and bottom-up attention and sensory systems under profound sedation with isoflurane.
Omega-3 Versus Omega-6 Fatty Acid Availability is Controlled by Hydrophobic Site Geometries of Phospholipase A2s.

Human phospholipase A2's (PLA2) constitute a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 acyl-chain of glycerophospholipids, producing lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. Each PLA2 enzyme type contributes to specific biological functions based on its expression, subcellular localization, and substrate specificity. Among the PLA2 superfamily, the cytosolic cPLA2 enzymes, calcium-independent iPLA2 enzymes, and secreted sPLA2 enzymes are implicated in many diseases, but a central issue is the preference for double-bond positions in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) occupying the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids. We demonstrate that each PLA2 has a unique preference between the specific omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA), which are the precursors of most pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory or resolving eicosanoids and related oxylipins. Surprisingly, we discovered that human cPLA2 selectively prefers AA, whereas iPLA2 prefers EPA, and sPLA2 prefers DHA as substrate. We determined the optimal binding of each phospholipid substrate in the active site of each PLA2 to explain these specificities. To investigate this, we utilized recently-developed lipidomics-based LC-MS/MS and GC/MS assays to determine the sn-2 acyl chain specificity in mixtures of phospholipids. We performed μs timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to reveal unique active site properties, especially how the precise hydrophobic cavity accommodation of the sn-2 acyl chain contributes to the stability of substrate binding and the specificity of each PLA2 for AA, EPA, or DHA. This study provides the first comprehensive picture of the unique substrate selectivity of each PLA2 for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
Retraverser le gouffre sur la terre: La fluidité salvatrice dans L’Esclave vieil homme et le molosse

This article argues that in Chamoiseau’s novel L’Esclave vieil homme et le molosse (1997), the author translates Glissant’s concept of the « gouffre » into a liquid, earthly rhizome. The forest in ...
Synthesis and structure of the tetradeca-iron(III) oxide–alkoxide cluster [Bu4N]2[Fe14O8(OCH2CH3)20Cl8]

Abstract The iron(III) oxide–alkoxide cluster, di-tetra-n-butylammonium octachloro-tetra(μ3-oxo)-tetra(μ4-oxo)- icosa(μ2-ethoxo)-tetradeca-iron(III), has been isolated and its X-ray crystal structure determined.
Emergence of critical rates in multiple access network control schemes

A new approach to analyzing the efficiency of multiple access network control schemes is presented. The novelty is based on looking at the throughput allowed by the dynamics of the protocol itself in a way that is decoupled from the issue of packet generation by making a "busy network" approximation. The method allows the critical output bandwidth needed to ensure that a model for a LAN does not accumulate packets unboundedly in its queues to be computed. This is an emergent property of the network that follows from decentralized microscopic laws. The result follows from the stationary distribution property of ergodic Markov chains.
Restaurant Entrepreneurs Revisited: Systematic Vs. Intuitive Entrepreneurs And The Restaurants They Operate

Questionnaire responses from 158 California restaurant entrepreneurs indicate that their problem-solving and decision-making processes are addressed by two different approaches—systematic and intui...
Atomic calculations for the Fe XX X-ray lines

The atomic data presented here and in Bhatia and Mason (1980) allow the calculation of theoretical intensity ratios for all the EUV, UV, and X-ray lines from Fe XX. Tabulations are presently given for the transitions between levels in the 2s2 2p3, 2s2 2p2 3s, and 2s2 2p2 3d configurations of Fe(19+), and electron collision strengths are calculated by means of the 'distorted wave' approximation. In addition to the theoretical X-ray line intensity ratios, new spectral line identifications from a solar flare are presented.
Distribution of Nonstructural Variation along Three Chromosome Arms between Wheat Cultivars Chinese Spring and Cheyenne.

Metaphase I (MI) pairing of wheat homologous chromosomes is usually reduced in hybrids between cultivars relative to the parental inbred lines. Previous work suggested that this phenomenon is caused by polymorphism in nucleotide sequences (nonstructural chromosome variation) among wheat cultivars. The present work investigated the distribution of this variation along three selected chromosome arms between cultivars Chinese Spring and Cheyenne. Chinese Spring ditelosomics 3Aq, 6Ap and 6Bp were crossed with disomic substitutions of Cheyenne chromosomes 3A, 6A and 6B in Chinese Spring, respectively. The resulting F1 plants, called substituted monotelodisomics, were crossed with the respective Chinese Spring monosomics, producing potentially "recombinant" substituted monosomics. When these "recombinant" chromosomes were combined with the parental Chinese Spring telosomes, marked reductions in mean telosome-pairing frequency were found compared with the corresponding Chinese Spring monotelodisomics. The mean pairing frequencies of the "recombinant" chromosomes showed a continuous distribution between those of the substituted and Chinese Spring monotelodisomics. The results suggest that the nonstructural variation that reduces MI pairing between chromosomes of different wheat cultivars is not localized in a specific site but distributed along each chromosome arm. Little variation was found among monotelodisomics for either the number of ring bivalents per cell or the number of univalents other than those constituting the heteromorphic pair. This implies that the reductions in MI pairing between the Cheyenne and Chinese Spring chromosomes are caused by something residing within these specific chromosomes that does not affect the pairing of the remaining Chinese Spring chromosomes in the same cell. Furthermore, the absence of parental types among the "recombinant"-substituted monotelodisomics suggests that the sequences involved in the variation studied here are capable of converting heterohomologous chromosomes to something intermediate in nature in the span of only a single generation.
Studying Heritage Languages with a Focus on Multilingualism

In recent decades, the field of applied linguistics has witnessed a growth of interest in the study of multilingualism. A particular subset of studies in multilingualism is that of heritage languages (Montrul, 2010). A heritage language (HL) can be broadly defined as an ancestral language with which one feels a cultural connection (Van Deusen-Scholl, 2003), or more narrowly defined as a home language that a person is exposed to in early childhood before becoming socialized into the host country’s dominant language (Valdes, 2001). The present discussion suggests a direction for future research for HLs. First, the various approaches through which HLs have been studied will be mentioned. Next, Cenoz and Gorter’s (2011) Focus on Multilingualism (FOM) approach will be presented and discussed in relation to its potential contributions to the study HLs.
Common issues for parents in a methadone maintenance group

Change has been noted in some of the group members. For example, one long-term group member who never spoke when she was in a previous group that focused on addiction-related problems has become the role model for other members. In this group, she says, she feels more competent. She is appropriately outspoken and has established relationships with her children which consistently underpin the parent-child boundaries that need to be drawn. One specific issue she resolved involved her 19-year-old son and his girlfriend who was pregnant with the group member's grandchild. By role playing the different positions that each of these people held in the home (the group member was paying the rent and had the right to set the rules, the girlfriend was feeling unaccepted by the group member and was acting out inappropriately, and the son was caught between trying to please the two females), the group member was able to clarify for herself how to approach future conflicts. A second member has improved her relationship with her youngest son (age 3) but still struggles with her 15-year-old daughter. What has been most effective for her was teaching her to count to 10 before responding to what she considers the goading of both of her children. In addition, she was feeling pressured by her mother, in whose house she lives, to have her son toilet trained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Viable allocations of information in financial markets

Abstract We study, in the context of a financial market, allocations of information that are consistent with endogenous information acquisition. We focus on whether information is concentrated within a fraction of the market or is diffuse. The aggregation of information in prices tends to make signals more complementary than they would be if considered in isolation, favoring concentration of information. However, the ability to use some signals together with prices to predict other signals may increase the degree of substitutability among signals. We present conditions under which each of these effects is particularly strong.
Effects of pH, salt, and macromolecular crowding on the stability of FK506-binding protein: an integrated experimental and theoretical study.

Environmental variables can exert significant influences on the folding stability of a protein, and elucidating these influences provides insight on the determinants of protein stability. Here, experimental data on the stability of FKBP12 are reported for the effects of three environmental variables: pH, salt, and macromolecular crowding. In the pH range of 5–9, contribution to the pH dependence of the unfolding free energy from residual charge–charge interactions in the unfolded state was found to be negligible. The negligible contribution was attributed to the lack of sequentially nearest neighboring charged residues around groups that titrate in the pH range. KCl lowered the stability of FKBP12 and the E31Q/D32N double mutant at small salt concentrations but raised stability after ∼0.5 M salt. Such a turnover behavior was accounted for by the balance of two opposing types of protein–salt interactions: the Debye–Huckel type, modeling the response of the ions to protein charges, favors the unfolded state while the Kirkwood type, accounting for the disadvantage of the ions moving toward the low-dielectric protein cavity from the bulk solvent, disfavors the unfolded state. Ficoll 70 as a crowding agent was found to have a modest effect on protein stability, in qualitative agreement with a simple model suggesting that the folded and unfolded states are nearly equally adversely affected by macromolecular crowding. For any environmental variable, it is the balance of its effects on the folded and unfolded states that determines the outcome on the folding stability.
VIIRS RDR to SDR data processing for ocean color EDR

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) ocean color (OC) Environmental Data Records (EDR) (or Level-2 data) are one of the most important product sets derived from the visible and near-infrared (NIR) moderate resolution (M) bands of VIIRS Sensor Data Records (SDR or Level-1B) data. NOAA Interface Data Processing System (IDPS) only produces the operational SDR from Raw Data Records (RDR or Level-0 data) in the forward mode (no reprocessing). As the ocean color EDR are highly sensitive to the quality of the SDR, while the forward processed SDR by nature have large uncertainty, VIIRS SDR need to be reprocessed from RDR periodically with improved instrument calibration algorithm and look-up tables (LUTs), primarily the F-factors LUTs (F-LUTs), for ocean color EDR. The NOAA VIIRS ocean color team has been building the capability of processing the RDR to SDR efficiently for VIIRS entire mission as well as any selected areas with any selected time periods. In this paper, we describe our effort to develop two approaches in VIIRS RDR to SDR data processing. The first one is to process the raw RDR data into SDR using an internal offline-processing tool, which is based on Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) Algorithm Development Library (ADL) with updated calibration LUTs. This tool allows one to select the IDPS/ADL version and input auxiliary/ancillary data for the VIIRS RDR to SDR reprocessing. The second approach, however, is for the case where only the F-LUTs are updated (most cases). We have developed a ratio approach, which is based on the linear relationship between the SDR radiance/reflectance and the F-factors. This approach requires only about one hundredth computational effort compared to the ADL approach and can also significantly reduce the storage requirements. With the ratio approach, the updated SDR are generated from the old SDR and only the bands that are interested are processed.
Plasmaalbuminverschiebungen in der Haut nach zweitgradigen Verbrennungen

Die Dynamik des Plasmaalbumin-Shifts bei tiefen zweitgradigen Verbrennungen wird mit Hilfe von Direktmessungen von RISA-Depots und mit autoradiographischen Methoden untersucht. Die zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten erhaltenen Werte (15 Minuten bis 6 Stunden nach der Verbrennung) werden diskutiert. 3 Anstiege der Extravasation bei 15 Minuten, 2 Stunden und 5 Stunden wurden gefunden. Das Fettgewebe zeigte eine Barrierefunktion fur die Diffusion des Albumins von der Haut her. Graduelle lymphatische Dilatation war zu beobachten. Der Wassergehalt der Haut als ein Mas des Odems wurde untersucht. Die Histologie der Haut der Versuchstiere wird beschrieben.
Vegetation Effects on Fish Distribution in Impounded Salt Marshes

We compared the density and biomass of resident fish in vegetated and unvegetated flooded habitats of impounded salt marshes in the northern Indian River Lagoon (IRL) Estuary of east-central Florida. A 1-m 2 throw trap was used to sample fish in randomly located, paired sample plots (n = 198 pairs) over 5 sea- sons in 7 impoundments. We collected a total of 15 fish taxa, and 88% of the fishes we identified from the samples belonged to three species: Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead Minnow), Gambusia holbrooki (Eastern Mosquitofish), and Poecilia latipinna (Sailfin Molly). Vegetated habitat usually had higher density and biomass of fish. Mean fish density (and 95% confidence interval) for vegetated and unveg- etated sites were 8.2 (6.7-9.9) and 2.0 (1.6-2.4) individuals m -2 , respectively; mean biomass (and 95% confidence interval) for vegetated and unvegetated sites were 3.0 (2.5-3.7) and 1.1 (0.9-1.4) g m -2 , respectively. We confirmed previous findings that impounded salt marshes of the northern IRL Estuary produce a high standing stock of resident fishes. Seasonal patterns of abundance were consistent with fish moving between vegetated and unvegetated habitat as water levels changed in the estuary. Differences in density, mean size, and species composition of resident fishes between vegetated and unvegetated habitats have important implications for movement of biomass and nutrients out of salt marsh by piscivores (e.g., wading birds and fishes) via a trophic relay.
Ion acoustic waves excited by boundary sheaths

Abstract Low frequency signals applied to a grid immersed in a plasma excite ion acoustic waves at the plasma boundaries simulataneous with those excited at the grid. A mechanism is suggested which involves the “direct coupled signal”.
How traditional Chinese medicine acupuncturists would diagnose and treat chronic low back pain: results of a survey of licensed acupuncturists in Washington State.

Abstract Objectives: This survey was undertaken to learn how Traditional Chinese Medicine acupuncturists' diagnose and treat patients with chronic low back pain in order to develop a standardized treatment for a clinical trial of that condition. Design: We surveyed a randomly selected group of 56 acupuncturists in Washington State, USA about styles of acupuncture they used for treating chronic low back pain, diagnoses made, and key features of treatment for this condition. Results: While substantial variability existed among practitioners, there was agreement on several broad features of treatment including: the use of local and distal acupuncture points (86% of practitioners), the use of acupuncture points on the meridians traversing the back (especially the UB meridian, 90%) the use of acupoints determined by palpation (82%), the importance of eliciting de qi (60%), and of providing up to eight treatments for achieving therapeutic results (79%). Conclusion: The use of practitioner surveys can enhance the systematic development of acupuncture treatment protocols and should be part of this process in future clinical trials of common conditions.
Advancing the national and global knowledge economy: the role of research universities in developing countries

Research universities are a central part of all academic systems. They are the key points of international contact and involvement. Research is produced, disseminated and in many cases imported. For developing countries, the mechanisms for the involvement of research universities in the global knowledge economy is complex, and includes issues of mobility, the use of technology, collaboration, and other elements.
Rescuing a failing heart: putting on the squeeze.

Numerous drugs have been invented to counteract heart failure, but some have not lived up to their initial promise. As David Kass explains, the development of drugs to increase cardiac contractility has been particularly frustrating—but failure is also leading to new biological insights and new experimental approaches. Mark Anderson and Peter Mohler explore new ways of targeting calcium-mediated signaling in the heart—with a focus on combating heart failure by targeting 'local' forms of signaling in heart muscle.
Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide as a Bactericide in Poultry Chiller Water

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a bactericide in poultry chiller water reduced aerobic organisms by 95–99.5% with 6,600 ppm or higher H2O2, and E. coli by 97–99.9% with 5,300 ppm or higher. Even higher concentrations were required for similar bacterial reductions on carcasses; aerobic organisms on carcasses were reduced by 94% with 11,000 ppm and E. coli were reduced by 80% with 12,000 ppm. However, the reaction of H2O2 with catalase from the blood resulted in a bleached and bloated carcass which would be commercially undesirable for fresh or frozen retail sales, but may not be objectionable when used for deboned meat.