cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the electron-stimulated surface reactions of organometallic complexes to enable design of precursors for electron beam-induced deposition

Standard practice in electron beam-induced deposition (EBID) is to use precursors designed for thermal processes, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). However, organometallic precursors that yield pure metal deposits in CVD often create EBID deposits with high levels of organic contamination. This contamination negatively impacts the deposit’s properties (e.g., by increasing resistivity or decreasing catalytic activity) and severely limits the range of potential applications for metal-containing EBID nanostructures. To provide the information needed for the rational design of precursors specifically for EBID, we have employed an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) surface science approach to identify the elementary reactions of organometallic precursors during EBID. These UHV studies have demonstrated that the initial electron-induced deposition of the surface-bound organometallic precursors proceeds through desorption of one or more of the ligands present in the parent compound. In specific cases, this deposition step has been shown to proceed via dissociative electron attachment, involving low-energy secondary electrons generated by the interaction of the primary beam with the substrate. Electron beam processing of the surface-bound species produced in the initial deposition event usually causes decomposition of the residual ligands, creating nonvolatile fragments. This process is believed to be responsible for a significant fraction of the organic contaminants typically observed in EBID nanostructures. A few ligands (e.g., halogens) can, however, desorb during electron beam processing while other ligands (e.g., PF3, CO) can thermally desorb if elevated substrate temperatures are used during deposition. Using these general guidelines for reactivity, we propose some design strategies for EBID precursors. The ultimate goal is to minimize organic contamination and thus overcome the key bottleneck for fabrication of relatively pure EBID nanostructures.
Experimental and analytical phase change heat transfer

An experimental and analytical study was performed to evaluate and correlate the heat transfer results during melting and solidification of a phase change medium. The experimental work included determination of the thermal conductivities for the solid as well as the liquid phases of a phase change fluoride salt. A two-dimensional, transient, axisymmetric analytical model was developed to study the phase change heat transfer process in an energy storage system. The results of previously conducted experimental tests on the system were compared and correlated with the numerical results. Agreement was very good in most cases.
Spectroscopy and radiative transfer selected research and applications

This article is an overview of the author's 50 years of research on radiant heat transfer and the associated studies in quantitative spectroscopy that were performed in response to perceived public needs and because the scientific underpinnings appeared to be of sufficient interest in their own right to merit investigation. Many highly competent former students and colleagues participated in this adventure and made important contributions without which the author would have accomplished little. The topical coverage has remained important to this day and critical national and global decisions remain unresolved while frontier research on radiative energy transfer continues at many locations.
Free variables and the two-matrix model

Abstract We study the full set of planar Green's functions for a two-matrix model using the language of functions of non-commuting variables. Both the standard Schwinger-Dyson equations and equations determining connected Green's functions can be efficiently discussed and solved. This solution determines the master field for the model in the “ C -representation.”
The local Donaldson–Thomas theory of curves

The local Donaldson–Thomas theory of curves is solved by localization and degeneration methods. The results complete a triangle of equivalences relating Gromov–Witten theory, Donaldson–Thomas theory, and the quantum cohomology of the Hilbert scheme of points of the plane.
Far-from-equilibrium transport with constrained resources

The totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) is a well studied example of far-from-equilibrium dynamics. Here, we consider a TASEP with open boundaries but impose a global constraint on the total number of particles. In other words, the boundary reservoirs and the system must share a finite supply of particles. Using simulations and analytic arguments, we obtain the average particle density and current of the system, as a function of the boundary rates and the total number of particles. Our findings are relevant to biological transport problems if the availability of molecular motors becomes a rate-limiting factor.
Ordered Spaces, Metric Preimages, and Function Algebras

Abstract We consider the Complex Stone–Weierstrass Property (CSWP), which is the complex version of the Stone–Weierstrass Theorem. If X is a compact subspace of a product of three linearly ordered spaces, then X has the CSWP if and only if X has no subspace homeomorphic to the Cantor set. In addition, every finite power of the double arrow space has the CSWP. These results are proved using some results about those compact Hausdorff spaces which have scattered-to-one maps onto compact metric spaces.
Quantum field theories with compact noncommutative extra dimensions

We study field theories on spaces with additional compact non-commutative dimensions. As an example, we study 3 on 1,3 × 2θ using perturbation theory. The infrared divergences in the non-compact theory give rise to unusual dynamics for the mode of which is constant along the torus. Correlation functions involving this mode vanish. Moreover, we show that the spectrum of Kaluza-Klein excitations can be very different from the analogous commuting theory. There is an additional contribution to the Kaluza-Klein mass formula that resembles the contribution of winding states in string theory. We also consider the effect of noncommutativity on the four-dimensional Kaluza-Klein excitations of a six-dimensional gauge field.
The Kerzman-Stein operator for piecewise continuously differentiable regions

The Kerzman–Stein operator is the skew-hermitian part of the Cauchy operator defined with respect to an unweighted hermitian inner product on a rectifiable curve. If the curve is continuously differentiable, the Kerzman–Stein operator is compact on the Hilbert space of square integrable functions; when there is a corner, the operator is noncompact. Here, we give a complete description of the spectrum for a finite symmetric wedge and we show how this reveals the essential spectrum for curves that are piecewise continuously differentiable. We also give an explicit construction for a smooth curve whose Kerzman–Stein operator has large norm.
Transonic Shocks in Multidimensional Divergent Nozzles

We establish existence, uniqueness and stability of transonic shocks for a steady compressible non-isentropic potential flow system in a multidimensional divergent nozzle with an arbitrary smooth cross-section, for a prescribed exit pressure. The proof is based on solving a free boundary problem for a system of partial differential equations consisting of an elliptic equation and a transport equation. In the process, we obtain unique solvability for a class of transport equations with velocity fields of weak regularity (non-Lipschitz), an infinite dimensional weak implicit mapping theorem which does not require continuous Frechet differentiability, and regularity theory for a class of elliptic partial differential equations with discontinuous oblique boundary conditions.
Stabilization of industry

Details are discussed of a plan which would provide for the regulation of industry through mutual trade associations under federal supervision. Production, consumption, and other factors would be coordinated to reduce cyclic variations; employees would participate jointly in providing unemployment insurance protection and other benefits which would accumulate for the employee regardless of legitimate changes in company or industry affiliations.
General object-oriented software development: background and experience

Abstract The effective use of Ada requires the adoption of modern software-engineering techniques such as object-oriented methodologies. A Goddard Space Flight Center Software Engineering Laboratory Ada pilot project has provided an opportunity for studying object-oriented design in Ada. The project involves the development of a simulation system in Ada in parallel with a similar Fortran development. As part of the project, the Ada development team trained and evaluated object-oriented and process-oriented design methodologies for Ada. Finding these methodologies limited in various ways, the team created a general object-oriented development methodology that they applied to the project. This paper discusses some background on the development of the methodology, describes the main principles of the approach, and presents some experiences with using the methodology, including a general comparison of the Ada and Fortran simulator designs.
Coupling of integral acoustics methods with LES for jet noise prediction

This study is focused on developing a Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA) methodology that couples the near field unsteady flow field data computed by a 3-D Large Eddy Simulation (LES) code with various integral acoustic formulations for the far field noise prediction of turbulent jets. The LES code employs state-of-the-art numerical schemes and a localized version of the dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid-scale (SGS) model. The code also has the capability to turn off the SGS model and treat the spatial filter that is needed for numerical stability as an implicit SGS model. Noise computations performed for a Mach 0.9, Reynolds number 400,000 jet using various integral acoustic results are presented and the results are compared against each other as well with those from experiments at similar flow conditions. Our results show that the surface integral acoustics methods (Kirchhoff and Ffowcs Williams - Hawkings) give similar results to the volume integral method (Lighthill's acoustic analogy) at a much lower cost. To the best of our knowledge, Lighthill's acoustic analogy is applied to a Reynolds number 400,000 jet at Mach 0.9 for the first time in this study. The distribution of Lighthill sources that radiate noise in the direction of various observer locations is evaluated. A source decomposition shows significant cancellations among the individual components of the Lighthill source.
Generating Trees for Permutations Avoiding Generalized Patterns

We construct generating trees with one, two, and three labels for some classes of permutations avoiding generalized patterns of lengths 3 and 4. These trees are built by adding at each level an entry to the right end of the permutation, which allows us to incorporate the adjacency condition about some entries in an occurrence of a generalized pattern. We use these trees to find functional equations for the generating functions enumerating these classes of permutations with respect to different parameters. In several cases we solve them using the kernel method and some ideas of Bousquet-Melou [4]. We obtain refinements of known enumerative results and find new ones.
Duality and O(d,d) symmetries in string theory

The evolution of a closed bosonic string is envisaged in the time-dependent background of its massless modes. A duality transformation is implemented on the spatial component of string coordinates to obtain a dual string. It is shown that the evolution equations are manifestly O(d, d) invariant. The tree level string effective actions for the original and the dual string theory are shown to be equivalent.
A stabilization theorem for Hermitian forms and applications to holomorphic mappings

We consider positivity conditions both for real-valued functions of several complex variables and for Hermitian forms. We prove a stabilization theorem relating these two notions, and give some applications to proper mappings between balls in different dimensions. The technique of proof relies on the simple expression for the Bergman kernel function for the unit ball and elementary facts about Hilbert spaces. Our main result generalizes to Hermitian forms a theorem proved by Polya [HLP] for homogeneous real polynomials, which was obtained in conjunction with Hilbert's seventeenth problem. See [H] and [R] for generalizations of Polya's theorem of a completely different kind. The flavor of our applications is also completely different.
Vehicle-Follower Longitudinal Control for Automated Transit Vehicles

Abstract In this paper basic considerations in longitudinal control for small automated transit vehicles operating at moderate speeds and short headways are examined. The objective of this paper is the evaluation of control system designs applicable to vehicles using a linear induction motor (LIM) for propulsion and braking. Evaluation is based on dynamic response during nominal and emergency operations, sensing and communication requirements, and simplicity of controller design. The study is restricted to the vehicle-follower control concept. Basic control philosophies and spacing policies and their implications are discussed. Mathematical models of the vehicle and LIM are developed. Since the LIM is a highly nonlinear device, linear design procedures can be used to develop qualitative controller designs but computer simulations are necessary to establish numerical values for control system gains. The dynamic response of velocity and spacing controllers during various modes of operation are examined and controllers are designed for a variety of data sensing and transmission requirements.
Falling Flat: Failed Technologies and Investment under Uncertainty

This study theorizes about the behavioral and knowledge creation implications of betting on the losing technology in a competing technology situation and focuses on three main outcomes. First, in a...
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of indole compounds as novel inhibitors targeting Gp41

A series of indole ring containing compounds were designed based on the structure of the gp41 complex in the region of the hydrophobic pocket. These compounds were synthesized using a Suzuki Coupling reaction, and evaluated using a fluorescence binding assay and cell-cell fusion assay. The observed inhibition constant of compound 7 was 2.1microM, and the IC(50) for cell-cell fusion inhibition was 1.1microM. Assay data indicated that 7 is a promising lead compound for optimization into an effective low molecular weight fusion inhibitor.
Optical Cluster Finding with an Adaptive Matched-Filter Technique: Algorithm and Comparison with Simulations

We present a modified adaptive matched filter algorithm designed to identify clusters of galaxies in wide-field imaging surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The cluster-finding technique is fully adaptive to imaging surveys with spectroscopic coverage, multicolor photometric redshifts, no redshift information at all, and any combination of these within one survey. It works with high efficiency in multi-band imaging surveys where photometric redshifts can be estimated with well-understood error distributions. Tests of the algorithm on realistic mock SDSS catalogs suggest that the detected sample is {approx} 85% complete and over 90% pure for clusters with masses above 1.0 x 10{sup 14}h{sup -1} M and redshifts up to z = 0.45. The errors of estimated cluster redshifts from maximum likelihood method are shown to be small (typically less that 0.01) over the whole redshift range with photometric redshift errors typical of those found in the Sloan survey. Inside the spherical radius corresponding to a galaxy overdensity of {Delta} = 200, we find the derived cluster richness {Lambda}{sub 200} a roughly linear indicator of its virial mass M{sub 200}, which well recovers the relation between total luminosity and cluster mass of the input simulation.
Price variation duopoly with differentiated products and random demand

Abstract : The paper shows that under the appropriate conditions the introduction of a random component to demand in a duopolistic (or more generally oligopolistic) market has the competitive effect of increasing stability in the sense that the market without a random component may have no noncooperative equilibrium point (in pure strategies) whereas the market with a random component has a noncooperative equilibrium point.
Ion chamber measurements of transverse gamma knife beam profiles.

A microchamber, PTW Pinpoint 31006, was used to measure transverse beam profiles for an Elekta Gamma Knife, Model B, and compared with profiles measured with film dosimetry. The microchamber sensitive volume has a diameter of 2 mm, which is smaller than the gamma knife beams, and a length of 5 mm. The chamber was mounted in a custom cassette in a spherical plastic phantom, supplied by Elekta, and oriented in a sagittal plane with the 2-mm dimension at right angles to the transverse plane. The phantom was manually moved across the beam, using the gamma knife x-coordinate trunnions, to measure the profiles. Profiles were also measured with V-film placed in a cassette mounted in the spherical plastic phantom. The films were scanned with a Scanditronix film scanner and converted to dose with a density to dose calibration curve. The results were superimposed for comparison. The beam width at the 50 intensity was measured from the film profiles to give the dimensions of the beams in the orthagonal planes. The ion chamber measurements are compared with the film results for the transverse, x profiles. Good agreement between the film and ion chamber transverse profiles is observed. 2002 American College of Medical Physics.
Fission fragment mass reconstruction from Si surface barrier detector measurement

Abstract A method for plasma delay and pulse-height defect corrections for Si surface barrier detectors (SBD) is presented. Based on known empirical formulae, simple approximations involving the measured time of flight (TOF) and energy of the ions were found and a mass reconstruction procedure was developed. The procedure was applied for obtaining the fission fragment mass and angular distributions from the 64Ni+197Au reaction at 418 and 383 MeV incident energy using an array of eight SBDs.
Chemistry of Impact-Generated Silicate Melt-Vapor Debris Disks

In the giant impact theory for lunar origin, the Moon forms from material ejected by the impact into an Earth-orbiting disk. Here we report the initial results from a silicate melt-vapor equilibrium chemistry model for such impact-generated planetary debris disks. In order to simulate the chemical behavior of a two-phase (melt+vapor) disk, we calculate the temperature-dependent pressure and chemical composition of vapor in equilibrium with molten silicate from 2000 to 4000 K. We consider the elements O, Na, K, Fe, Si, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, and Zn for a range of bulk silicate compositions (Earth, Moon, Mars, eucrite parent body, angrites, and ureilites). In general, the disk atmosphere is dominated by Na, Zn, and O2 at lower temperatures (<3000 K) and SiO, O2, and O at higher temperatures. The high-temperature chemistry is consistent for any silicate melt composition, and we thus expect abundant SiO, O2, and O to be a common feature of hot, impact-generated debris disks. In addition, the saturated silicate vapor is highly oxidizing, with oxygen fugacity () values (and hence H2O/H2 and CO2/CO ratios) several orders of magnitude higher than those in a solar-composition gas. High values in the disk atmosphere are found for any silicate composition because oxygen is the most abundant element in rock. We thus expect high oxygen fugacity to be a ubiquitous feature of any silicate melt-vapor disk produced via collisions between rocky planets.
Tensor constructions of open string theories II: Vector bundles, D-branes and orientifold groups

Abstract A generalized Chan-Paton construction is presented which is analogous to the tensor product of vector bundles. To this end open string theories are considered where the space of states decomposes into sectors whose product is described by a semigroup. The cyclicity properties of the open string theory are used to prove that the relevant semigroups are direct unions of Brandt semigroups. The known classification of Brandt semigroups then implies that all such theories have the structure of a theory with Dirichlet-branes. We also describe the structure of an arbitrary orientifold group, and show that the truncation to the invariant subspace defines a consistent open string theory. Finally, we analyze the possible orientifold projections of a theory with several kinds of branes.
Profit-Sharing Versus Fixed-Payment Contracts: Evidence From the Motion Pictures Industry

The choice between sharing and fixed-payment compensation schemes is examined using data on contracts from the motion pictures industry. Several competing explanations are explored, including moral hazard mitigation, risk sharing, liquidity constraints, and the superstar phenomenon. Detailed descriptive statistics are presented, and qualitative variation in contracting clauses is analyzed within this industry's institutional setting.
MEAN MOTION RESONANCES IN EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS WITH TURBULENCE, INTERACTIONS, AND DAMPING

This paper continues our previous exploration of the effects of turbulence on mean motion resonances in extrasolar planetary systems. Turbulence is expected to be present in the circumstellar disks that give rise to planets, and these fluctuations act to compromise resonant configurations. This paper extends previous work by considering how interactions between the planets and possible damping effects imposed by the disk affect the outcomes. These physical processes are studied using three related approaches: direct numerical integrations of the three-body problem with additional forcing due to turbulence, model equations that reduce the problem to stochastically driven oscillators, and Fokker-Planck equations that describe the time evolution of an ensemble of such systems. With this combined approach, we elucidate the basic physics of how turbulence can remove extrasolar planetary systems from mean motion resonance. As expected, systems with sufficiently large damping (dissipation) can maintain resonance, in spite of turbulent forcing. In the absence of strong damping, ensembles of these systems exhibit two regimes of behavior, where the fraction of the bound states decreases as a power law or as an exponential. Both types of behavior can be understood through the model developed herein. For systems that have weak interactions between the planets, the model reduces to that of a stochastic pendulum, and the fraction of bound states decreases as a power law P b t ?1/2. For highly interactive systems, however, the dynamics are more complicated and the fraction of bound states decreases exponentially with time. We show how planetary interactions lead to drift terms in the Fokker-Planck equation and account for this exponential behavior. In addition to clarifying the physical processes involved, this paper strengthens our original finding that turbulence implies that mean motion resonances should be rare.
Modular SCR Assemblies in VSCF Systems

The success of the cycloconverter based VSCF electrical system has clearly been dependent upon the development of the silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) as a high power electrical switch. The purpose of this paper is to describe the innovative work in process to improve the thermal characteristics of the SCR; and, thereby, improve the cycloconverter power quality and efficiency. The key parameter to improvements in the SCR performance is to reduce the thermal impedance from the semi-conductor junction to case. By improving this characteristic, lower junction temperature or smaller devices may be used in a given application. Significant improvements in this area, for 18 mm SCR pellets and larger, have been severely limited by the necessity for dry interfaces. Up to now, the thermal stresses developed at the silicon-copper interface during low temperature excursion preclude solder or other direct bonding techniques. The unique approach described in this paper eliminates the dry interface, incorporates built-in electrical isolation, and features structured copper, solder bonding, direct bond copper on beryllia, and a hermetic-sealed aluminum enclosure.
Three-Point Functions in N=4 SYM Theory at One-Loop

We analyze the one-loop correction to the three-point function coefficient of scalar primary operators in = 4 SYM theory. By applying constraints from the superconformal symmetry, we demonstrate that the type of Feynman diagrams that contribute depends on the choice of renormalization scheme. In the planar limit, explicit expressions for the correction are interpreted in terms of the hamiltonians of the associated integrable closed and open spin chains. This suggests that at least at one-loop, the planar conformal field theory is integrable with the anomalous dimensions and OPE coefficients both obtainable from integrable spin chain calculations. We also connect the planar results with similar structures found in closed string field theory.
Keck Spectra of Pleiades Brown Dwarf Candidates and a Precise Determination of the Lithium Depletion Edge in the Pleiades

We have obtained intermediate resolution spectra of 11 candidate brown dwarf members of the Pleiades open cluster using the Keck II telescope and Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrograph. Our primary goal was to determine the location of the "lithium depletion edge" in the Pleiades and hence to derive a precise age for the cluster. All but one of our 11 program objects have radial velocities appropriate for Pleiades members, have moderately strong Hα emission, and have spectral types M6-M8.5 as expected from their (R - I)C colors. We have constructed a color-magnitude diagram for the faint end of the Pleiades main sequence, including only stars for which high signal-to-noise spectra in the region of the lithium 6708 A absorption line have been obtained. These data allow us to accurately determine the Pleiades single-star lithium depletion edge at IC0 = 17.80, (R - I)C0 = 2.20, spectral type M6.5. By reference to theoretical evolutionary models, this converts fairly directly into an age for the Pleiades of τ = 125 Myr. This is significantly older than the age that is normally quoted, but does agree with some other recent estimates.
Network coding: does the model need tuning?

We consider the general network information flow problem, which was introduced by Ahlswede et. al[1]. We show a periodicity effect: for every integer m ≥ 2, there exists an instance of the network information ow problem that admits a solution if and only if the alphabet size is a perfect mth power. Building on this result, we construct an instance with O(m) messages and O(m) nodes that admits a solution if and only if the alphabet size is an enormous 2exp(Ω(m1/3)). In other words, if we regard each message as a length-k bit string, then k must be exponential in the size of the network. For this same instance, we show that if edge capacities are slightly increased, then there is a solution with a modest alphabet size of O(2m). In light of these results, we suggest that a more appropriate model would assume that the network operates at slightly under capacity.
Resolving hand over face occlusion

The ability to segment or track the hand is an important problem in computer vision. While various solutions have been proposed, many methods do not work against complex or cluttered backgrounds. Solving these cases is essential to solving many problems in the domain of computer vision such as, human-computer interaction (HCI), surveillance, and virtual reality (i.e., augmented desks). This paper presents a method to segment the hand over complex backgrounds, such as the face. The similar colors and texture of the hand and face make the problem particularly challenging. The method is not restricted to only segmenting hands across faces and uses no knowledge of hands. Our method is based on the underlying concept of an image force field. In this representation change is measured through how particles move through the field. Each individual image location consists of a vector value which is a nonlinear combination of the remaining pixels in the image. We introduce and develop a novel physics-based feature that is able to measure regional structure in the image thus avoiding the problem of local pixel-based analysis, which breaks down under our conditions. The regional image structure changes in the occluded region during occlusion, while elsewhere the regional structure remains relatively constant. We model the regional image structure at all image locations over time using a mixture of Gaussians (MoG) to detect the occluded region in the image. We have tested the method on a number of sequences demonstrating the versatility of the proposed approach.
Product management and the marketing of financial services

One of the most important developments in banking is the increased emphasis on marketing a wide array of financial services. This emphasis has led to the adoption of the product management system in one form or another by many large, full‐service commercial banks. The transition to a product management system has required banks to change how they organize and manage their operations. Examines several of the major challenges and issues faced by product managers in the banking environment, namely, the identification of the product manager’s task responsibilities; the role of organizational support in facilitating product management; the influence of organizational culture; and the impact of power and conflict on product managers and the product management system. Also examines how product managers assess their job performance, work satisfaction, and the performance of the overall product management system in their bank.
A Semiparametric Distribution for Willingness to Pay and Statistical Inference with Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Data

This paper proposes a semiparametric willingness to pay distribution and discusses several aspects of statistical inference with dichotomous choice contingent valuation data. We study likelihood-based estimation of the model parameters with and without controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, estimation of the mean and median willingness to pay, and specification tests. These statistical procedures are implemented using a data set. In this application we find that a parametric model is rejected in favor of our semiparametric model, that the heterogeneity can be adequately controlled using a simple density, and that the semiparametric model offers more robust mean willingness to pay estimates.
The structure of US food demand

Abstract An exactly aggregable system of Gorman Engel curves for US food consumption is developed and implemented. Box-Cox transformations on prices and income nest functional form. The model nests rank up to rank three. The model is estimated by nonlinear three-stage least squares with annual time series data on 21 foods, 17 nutrients, age and race demographics, and the distribution of income for 1919–1941 and 1947–2000. Results are consistent with full rank three. Point estimates for the Box-Cox parameters on income and prices are 0.86 and 1.09, respectively, strongly rejecting zero and one in both cases. No statistical evidence of serial correlation, specification errors, or parameter instability is found.
Room temperature light emission from the low-dimensional semiconductors AZrPS6 (A = K, Rb, Cs).

The new semiconducting thiophosphate compounds KZrPS6, RbZrPS6, and CsZrPS6 exhibit red light emission at room temperature. The materials have longer photoluminescence lifetimes than most of the inorganic chalcogenide semiconductors. They can be solution processed into thin films for potential device fabrication.
Hardy and BMO spaces associated to divergence form elliptic operators

Consider a second order divergence form elliptic operator L with complex bounded measurable coefficients. In general, operators based on L, such as the Riesz transform or square function, may lie beyond the scope of the Calderon–Zygmund theory. They need not be bounded in the classical Hardy, BMO and even some L p spaces. In this work we develop a theory of Hardy and BMO spaces associated to L, which includes, in particular, a molecular decomposition, maximal and square function characterizations, duality of Hardy and BMO spaces, and a John–Nirenberg inequality.
Monte Carlo simulations of vector spin glasses at low temperatures

Abstract In this paper I report results for simulations of the three-dimensional gauge glass and the four-dimensional XY spin glass using the parallel tempering Monte Carlo method at low temperatures for moderate sizes. The results are qualitatively consistent with earlier work on the three- and four-dimensional Edwards–Anderson Ising spin glass. I find evidence that large-scale excitations may cost only a finite amount of energy in the thermodynamic limit. The surface of these excitations is fractal, but I cannot rule out for the XY spin glass a scenario compatible with replica symmetry breaking where the surface of low-energy large-scale excitations is space filling.
The formation of ring-substituted titanocene derivatives containing chloro and carbomethoxy substituents

Abstract (Carbomethoxycyclopentadienyl)thallium has been prepared in high yield via a new and convenient procedure starting with sodium carbomethoxycyclopentadienide. Reactions of (carbomethoxycyclopentadienyl)thallium with either (η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride or titanium tetrachloride produce carbomethoxytitanocene dichloride or 1,1′-dicarbomethoxytitanocene dichloride, respectively, in good yield. Reductions of these dichlorides in the presece of carbon monoxide have afforded carbomethoxy- and 1,1′-dicarcomethoxytitanocene dicarbonyl. Chloro- and 1,1′-dichloro-titanocene dicarbonyl can likewise be prepared via reductive carbonylation of the respective chloro-substituted titanocene dichlorides.
Analysis and Optimization of the Thermal Performance of Microchannel Heat Sinks

– To provide modeling approaches of increasing levels of complexity for the analysis of convective heat transfer in microchannels which offer adequate descriptions of the thermal performance, while allowing easier manipulation of microchannel geometries for the purpose of design optimization of microchannel heat sinks., – A detailed computational fluid dynamics model is first used to obtain baseline results against which five approximate analytical approaches are compared. These approaches include a 1D resistance model, a fin approach, two fin‐liquid coupled models, and a porous medium approach. A modified thermal boundary condition is proposed to correctly characterize the heat flux distribution., – The results obtained demonstrate that the models developed offer sufficiently accurate predictions for practical designs, while at the same time being quite straightforward to use., – The analysis is based on a single microchannel, while in a practical microchannel heat sink, multiple channels are employed in parallel. Therefore, the optimization should take into account the impact of inlet/outlet headers. Also, a prescribed pumping power may be used as the design constraint, instead of pressure head., – Very useful design methodologies for practical design of microchannel heat sinks., – Closed‐form solutions from five analytical models are derived in a format that can be easily implemented in optimization procedures for minimizing the thermal resistance of microchannel heat sinks.
Surgically implantable magnetic resonance angiography coils improve resolution to allow visualization of blood flow dynamics.

Background Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is clinically useful but of limited applicability to small animal models due to poor signal resolution, with typical voxel sizes of 1 mm3 that are insufficient to analyze vessels of diameter Methods A custom MRA coil was surgically implanted near the carotid artery of a New Zealand White rabbit. A stenosis was created in the carotid artery to induce complicated, non-laminar flow. Phase contrast images were obtained on multiple axial planes with 3T MRA and through-plane velocity profiles were calculated under laminar and complicated flow conditions. These velocity profiles were fit to a laminar flow model using ordinary least squares in order to quantify the degree of flow complication (Matlab). Flow was also measured with a Doppler flow probe; vessel diameters and flow velocities were compared with duplex ultrasound Results Carotid artery blood flow was 24.7 ± 2.6 ml/min prior to stenosis creation and reduced to 12.0 ± 1.7 ml/min following injury (n=3). An MRA voxel size of 0.1×0.1×5 mm was achieved. The control carotid artery diameter was 1.9 ± 0.1 mm, and cross-sectional images containing 318 ± 22 voxels were acquired (n=26). Velocity profiles resembled laminar flow proximal to the stenosis, and then became more complicated just proximal and distal to the stenosis. Laminar flow conditions returned downstream of the stenosis Conclusion Implantable, extra-vascular coils enable small MRA voxel sizes to reproducibly calculate complex velocity profiles under both laminar and complicated flow in a small animal model. This technique may be applied to study blood flow dynamics of vessel remodeling and atherogenesis
Evolving density and static mechanical properties in plutonium from self-irradiation

Abstract Plutonium, because of its self-irradiation by alpha decay, ages by means of lattice damage and helium in-growth. These integrated aging effects result in microstructural and physical property changes. Because these effects would normally require decades to measure, studies are underway to assess the effects of extended aging on the physical properties of plutonium alloys by incorporating roughly 7.5 wt% of highly specific activity isotope 238Pu into the 239Pu metal to accelerate the aging process. This paper presents updated results of self-irradiation effects on 238Pu-enriched alloys measured by immersion density, dilatometry, and tensile tests. After nearly 90 equivalent years of aging, both the immersion density and dilatometry show that the enriched alloys continue to decreased in density by ∼0.002% per year, without void swelling. Quasi-static tensile measurements show that the aging process increases the strength of plutonium alloys.
Line Emission from Cooling Accretion Flows in the Nucleus of M31

The recent Chandra X-ray observations of the nucleus of M31, combined with earlier Very Large Array radio and Hubble Space Telescope UV spectral measurements, provide the strictest constraint thus far available on the nature of accretion onto the supermassive black hole (called M31* hereafter) in this region. One of the two newly detected sources within roughly an arcsecond of M31* may be its X-ray counterpart. If not, the X-ray flux from the nucleus must be even lower than inferred previously. Some uncertainty remains regarding the origin of the UV excess from the compact component known as P2. In our earlier analysis, we developed a unified picture for the broadband spectrum of this source and concluded that M31* could be understood on the basis of the accretion model for Sgr A* at the Galactic center, although with several crucial differences. Contrary to the "standard" picture in which the infalling plasma attains temperatures in excess of 1010 K near the event horizon, the best-fit model for M31*, under the assumption that the UV radiation is in fact produced by this source, appears to correspond to a cool-branch solution arising from strong line cooling inside the capture radius. Starting its infall with a temperature of about 106 K in the postshock region, the plasma cools down efficiently to about 104 K toward smaller radii. An important prediction of this model is the appearance of a prominent UV spike from hydrogen line emission, which for simplicity was handled only crudely in the earlier work. It is our purpose here to model this line emission with significantly greater accuracy using the algorithm CLOUDY and to correctly take into account the attenuation along the line of sight. We show that this level of sophistication reproduces the currently available multiwavelength observations very well. Very importantly, we predict a spectrum with several additional prominent emission lines that can be used to verify the model with future high-resolution observations. A nondetection of the predicted line emission from M31* would then tilt the favored accretion picture in the direction of a hot Sgr A* type of model, although with only a single point remaining in the spectrum of M31*, additional observations at other wavelengths would be required to seriously constrain this system.
Parallel computation of geometry control in adaptive truss structures

The fast computation of geometry control in adaptive truss structures involves two distinct parts: the efficient integration of the inverse kinematic differential equations that govern the geometry control and the fast computation of the Jacobian, which appears on the right-hand-side of the inverse kinematic equations. This paper present an efficient parallel implementation of the Jacobian computation on an MIMD machine. Large speedup from the parallel implementation is obtained, which reduces the Jacobian computation to an O(M-squared/n) procedure on an n-processor machine, where M is the number of members in the adaptive truss. The parallel algorithm given here is a good candidate for on-line geometry control of adaptive structures using attached processors.
Structural biology of copper trafficking.

1.1. Background The use of copper in biological systems coincides with the advent of an oxygen atmosphere about 1.7 billion years ago. The presence of O2 both allowed the oxidation of insoluble Cu(I) to the more soluble and bioavailable Cu(II) and led to the requirement for a redox active metal with potentials in the 0-800 mV range. Not only did copper meet this need, but the oxidation of Fe(II) to the insoluble Fe(III) form rendered the use of iron more energetically expensive.1-5 As a result, copper plays a key role in many proteins that react with O2. Generally, O2-reactive centers are mononuclear (type 2), dinuclear (type 3), or trinuclear (type 2 and type 3). Well studied mononuclear copper enzymes include the monooxygenases dopamine-β-hydroxylase and peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase as well as oxidases that also contain organic cofactors, such as amine, galactose, and lysyl oxidases.6 Dinuclear copper proteins include the O2 carrier hemocyanin and enzymes like tyrosinase and catechol oxidase.7 Copper also plays a key role in numerous electron transfer proteins. Mononuclear type 1 (blue copper) centers are found in proteins such as plastocyanin and azurin.8 The multicopper oxidases like laccase, ascorbate oxidase, and ceruloplasmin contain both a catalytic trinuclear type 2/type 3 site and an electron transfer type 1 site.9,10 The classification of copper centers into types is derived from optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic properties, and there are some notable exceptions, including the cysteine-bridged dinuclear CuA electron transfer site in cytochrome c oxidase11 and nitrous oxide reductase, the tetranuclear catalytic CuZ center in nitrous oxide reductase,12 and the proposed catalytic copper center in particulate methane monooxygenase.13-15 The same redox properties that render copper useful in all these metalloproteins can lead to oxidative damage in cells. Reaction of Cu(I) with hydrogen peroxide and re-reduction of Cu(II) by superoxide via Fenton and Haber-Weiss chemistry yields hydroxyl radicals that can damage proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.16 Thus, intracellular copper concentrations must be controlled such that copper ions are provided to essential enzymes, but do not accumulate to deleterious levels. In humans, deficiencies in copper metabolism are linked to diseases such as Menkes syndrome, Wilson disease, prion diseases, and Alzheimer’s disease.17 Several classes of proteins, including membrane transporters,18-20 metallochaperones,21,22 and metalloregulatory proteins,23,24 are implicated in copper homeostasis. These proteins have two functions. First, they ensure that copper is provided to the correct proteins and cellular compartments for necessary activities. Second, these proteins detoxify excess copper. Just as copper-containing proteins and enzymes are found in all kingdoms of life, members of these groups of homeostatic proteins are also widespread,5 and have been structurally and biochemically characterized from eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Accumulation of Sedimentary Debris in the South Polar Region of Mars and Implications for Climate History

A detailed modeling of the observed crater populations in stratigraphic unit mappings of the Martian south pole region is presently used to establish absolute constraints on the age of materials' emplacement. Modeling results indicate that cratered terrains poleward of 65 deg south latitude have subsequently experienced a steady-state net accumulation of materials at about 0.1 km/Ga; equatorial cratered terrains have by contrast retained a virtually pristine form.
A Dutch book against sleeping beauties who are evidential decision theorists

In the context of the Sleeping Beauty problem, it has been argued that so-called “halfers” can avoid Dutch book arguments by adopting evidential decision theory. I introduce a Dutch book for a variant of the Sleeping Beauty problem and argue that evidential decision theorists fall prey to it, whether they are halfers or thirders. The argument crucially requires that an action can provide evidence for what the agent would do not only at other decision points where she has exactly the same information, but also at decision points where she has different but “symmetric” information.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Primary and Secondary Amino Ketones: Efficient Asymmetric Syntheses of (−)‐Arbutamine and (−)‐Denopamine

Two beta-receptor agonists (-)-denopamine and (-)-arbutamine were prepared in good yields and enantioselectivities by asymmetric hydrogenation of unprotected amino ketones for the first time by using Rh catalysts bearing electron-donating phosphine ligands. A series of alpha-primary and secondary amino ketones were synthesized and hydrogenated to produce various 1,2-amino alcohols in good yields and with good enantioselectivies. This Rh electron-donating phosphine-catalyzed asymmetric hyderogenation represents one of the most promising and convenient approaches towards the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino alcohols.
Effects of the Existence and Identity of Major Customers on Supplier Profitability: Is Wal‐Mart Different?

ABSTRACT: We investigate how buyer power in the retail market affects suppliers' profitability. Buyer power exists when suppliers depend on a concentrated set of retailers. Further, Wal‐Mart, the world's largest retailer, possesses additional buyer power because it has a dominant position in many product supply chains, advanced inventory management practices, and cutting edge technology. We form a sample of firms that supply retailers and utilize the major customer disclosure (SFAS No. 131) to proxy for dependence on major customers and the incremental Wal‐Mart effect associated with buyer power. We find that as sales to major customers increase, supplier gross margins and return on assets decrease while their inventory and payables management improves. Wal‐Mart is incrementally associated with increasing gross margins, improving cash collections, and extended payment terms with its vendors. Supplier power offsets some of the adverse effects. Our findings provide insight on financial implications of suppl...