cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Objective Unity of Apperception and the Logical Forms of Judgment: B-Deduction § 18 and § 19

Assuming the correctness of B-Deduction § 17, Kant has shown that (Ti) holds and the manifold of i is united in the concept of an object through the (Ti) thought, thereby yielding H knowledge of the single object that H thinks. ((Ti), it will be recalled, is the claim that, roughly, H thinks that there is a single object that has the features presented by i’s elements.) In the brief § 18 Kant urges that this unity in i’s manifold is objective, not subjective. Then in § 19 he argues that because H’s thinking the (Ti) thought produces such an objective, knowledge-yielding unity, (A) that thought is or is part of a knowledge-yielding judgment about the object that H thinks and knows through i. This judgment has a logical form, roughly a set of relations obtaining among the concepts in the judgment, whose holding is determined by the logical functions of thought in judgment. In § 19 Kant urges also that (B), the logical form of this judgment amounts to or derives from the objective unity of apperception that belongs to the concepts (or further judgments) in the judgment. As he argues in § 20, however, (C) because the logical functions of thought in judgment, through the holding of objective unity of apperception, determine the logical-form relations together of those concepts, the logical functions determine, also, the relations together of the conceptual elements of i’s manifold in such a way that the object that H thinks and knows through i falls under the categories.
Manpower: The Management Of Human Resources A Review Article

The article reviews the books “The Emergence of Manpower Policy,” by Garth Mangum and “Manpower Challenge of the 1970's: Institutions and Social Change,” by Stanley Ruttenberg.
Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Copper-Deficient Swine

SummaryThese experiments demonstrate the dependency of cuprozinc superoxide dismutase activity in red cells and liver on an adequate dietary intake of copper. The superoxide dismutase activity in red cells decreased to 15% of control values and, therefore, these cells may be used as a convenient model for studying the physiologic consequences of free radicals.The authors are grateful for the technical assistance of Mr. George Trappett, Mr. Dale Chlarson, Ms. Jacqueline E. Thomas, and Mrs. Alice W. Tustison.
Selection of Small-Colony Variants of Enterobacteriaceae by in Vitro Exposure to Aminoglycosides: Pathogenicity for Experimental Animals

Small-colony variants of gram-negative genera of Enterobacteriaceae were selected by in vitro exposure to gentamicin. These variants were shown to have decreased susceptibility in vitro to aminoglycosides. They were lethal for mice following intraperitoneal injection, with the LD50 (50% lethal dose) being the same as, or slightly less than, that for the parent organism. Variants of strain no. 2401 of Proteus mirabilis caused urinary tract infection in mice after implantation into their bladders. Although the variants grew somewhat less rapidly than did parent organisms, both parent and variant colonies alkalinized urine at the same rate. Electron microscopic study showed no differences between colonies of parents and variants. These studies indicated that small-colony variants of Enterobacteriaceae are pathogenic for experimental animals. Further, they may cause disease in humans and should not necessarily be regarded as only laboratory curiosities.
HYPERGLYCEMIA MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH POSTTRANSPLANTATION DIABETES.

ABSTRACT Objective: Posttransplantation diabetes (PTDM) is a common occurrence after solid-organ transplantation and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. There is a limited number of studies addressing strategies for hyperglycemia management in this population, with a few articles emerging recently. Methods: We performed a PubMed search of studies published in English addressing hyperglycemia management of PTDM/new-onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT). Relevant cited articles were also retrieved. Results: Most of the 25 publications eligible for review were retrospective studies. Insulin therapy during the early posttransplantation period showed promise in preventing PTDM development. Thiazolidinediones have been mostly shown to exert glycemic control in retrospective studies, at the expense of weight gain and fluid retention. Evidence with metformin, sulfonylureas, and meglitinides is very limited. Incretins have shown promising results in small prospective studies using sitagliptin, linaglitpin, and vildagliptin and a case series using liraglutide. Conclusion: Prospective randomized studies assessing the management of hyperglycemia in PTDM are urgently needed. In the meantime, clinicians need to be aware of the high risk of PTDM and associated complications and current concepts in management. Abbreviations: A1c = glycated hemoglobin A1c CHF = congestive heart failure CNI = calcineurin inhibitors CS = corticosteroids DM = diabetes mellitus DPP-4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4 GLP-1 = glucagon-like peptide-1 ICU = intensive care unit IGT = impaired glucose tolerance NODAT = new-onset diabetes after transplantation OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test PTDM = posttransplantation diabetes SU = sulfonylurea T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus TZD = thiazolidinedione
Dispelling the Myth that Organizations Learn from Failure

There are some movements within the project management profession to adopt a new posture regarding project failures. According to this new line of reasoning, failure should be embraced since it provides a learning opportunity to firms (Gino and Staats, 2015; Edmondson, 2011). This paper takes a contrasting point of view. Namely, that failure shouldn’t even be in a firm’s vocabulary. To learn, from failure or otherwise, a firm must have an organizational learning capability. If the firm has the learning capability in the first instance, why not apply it at the beginning of a project to prevent a failure, rather than waiting for a failure to occur and then reacting to it. A better use of this learning capability would be to anticipate the technologies to be encountered by a project, and develop up-front management approaches for handling them. By successfully handling these technologies, a firm improves their absorptive capacity in that subject area, and increases its capacity to learn new content in the area as well. This paper argues that a firm must succeed to learn the important lessons of how to develop and implement competitive strategies. A look backwards to past lessons learned, or to previous failures, or an overreliance on historical best practices, won’t even identify the challenges a new project might encounter, much less the mitigation approaches for handling them. Project management professional organizations offer knowledge maps of historical best project management practices that end up influencing practitioners into using similar processes universally. These firms tend to find a management approach that works, and then attempt to apply it across all of their projects. But each project is unique and requires different management approaches. The result of this overreliance on historical best practices is a fundamental failure of project practitioners to assess the forward-looking challenges a project is likely to encounter. Since the challenges are not identified, mitigation plans for handling them cannot be developed. The result is an industry where 95 percent of all new product development projects fail, and 83.8 percent of all IT projects are deemed unsuccessful.
Kinds of Knowledge

Our discussion of belief in the first three chapters should have prepared the reader for thinking about restrictions on knowledge that may be required before analysis can yield any interesting results. A restriction that was imposed on belief to yield results was to limit belief to factual belief. In a similar way, philosophical analysis of knowledge has been directed almost entirely to factual knowledge. The significance of this restriction is somewhat different in the two cases, and this is reflected by differences in the grammar of the relevant words used to express various states of belief and knowledge in human beings.
Rash in Breast-Feeding Mother: Standardized Patient Case for Clerkship Students

Abstract Introduction Adverse drug reactions are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The full impact of these reactions is often not recognized by health care providers, which can lead to a...
The trauma registry compared to All Patient Refined Diagnosis Groups (APR-DRG)

Abstract Background Literature has shown there are significant differences between administrative databases and clinical registry data. Our objective was to compare the identification of trauma patients using All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (APR-DRG) as compared to the Trauma Registry and estimate the effects of those discrepancies on utilization. Methods Admitted pediatric patients from 1/2012–12/2013 were abstracted from the trauma registry. The patients were linked to corresponding administrative data using the Pediatric Health Information System database at a single children’s hospital. APR-DRGs referencing trauma were used to identify trauma patients. We compared variables related to utilization and diagnosis to determine the level of agreement between the two datasets. Results There were 1942 trauma registry patients and 980 administrative records identified with trauma-specific APR-DRG during the study period. Forty-two percent (816/1942) of registry records had an associated trauma-specific APR-DRG; 69% of registry patients requiring ICU care had trauma APR-DRGs; 73% of registry patients with head injuries had trauma APR-DRGs. Only 21% of registry patients requiring surgical management had associated trauma APR-DRGs, and 12.5% of simple fractures had associated trauma APR-DRGs. Conclusion APR-DRGs appeared to only capture a fraction of the entire trauma population and it tends to be the more severely ill patients. As a result, the administrative data was not able to accurately answer hospital or operating room utilization as well as specific information on diagnosis categories regarding trauma patients. APR-DRG administrative data should not be used as the only data source for evaluating the needs of a trauma program.
Optimally-tuned plasmonic nanoantenna dimer arrays for electro-optical sensing

We present experimental results for gold nanoantenna dimer arrays whose optical resonance is tuned not only by choosing device length and material, but more subtly by modifying the array density and, in the case of connected devices, changing the location of electrical leads.
Congenital disorders of glycosylation.

Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of >130 diseases caused by defects in various steps along glycan modification pathways. The vast majority of these monogenic diseases are autosomal recessive and have multi-systemic manifestations, mainly growth failure, developmental delay, facial dysmorphisms, and variable coagulation and endocrine abnormalities. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and protein-linked glycan analysis with mass spectrometry can diagnose some subtypes of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), while many currently rely on massively parallel genomic sequencing for diagnosis. Early detection is important, as a few of these disorders are treatable. Molecular and biochemical techniques continue
Parameter estimation for multiphase porous media systems

Parameter estimation for multiphase flow in porous media involves estimation of nonlinear functional relationships. These include the capillary pressure - saturation relation and the relative permeability - saturation relation. Network models, which provide a topologically complex yet mathematically tractable description of the pore space of a porous medium, can be used to model basic fluid physics at the pore scale. Aggregation over many pores then allows the capillary pressure - saturation relation to be derived. The key parameters to be estimated in the network model are probability distributions that describe the pore sizes.
The effect of wing flexibility on sound generation of flapping wings.

In this study, the unsteady flow and acoustic characteristics of a three-dimensional (3D) flapping wing model of a Tibicen linnei cicada in forward-flight are numerically investigated. A single cicada wing is modelled as a membrane with a prescribed motion reconstructed from high-speed videos of a live insect. The numerical solution takes a hydrodynamic/acoustic splitting approach: the flow field is solved with an incompressible Navier–Stokes flow solver based on an immersed boundary method, and the acoustic field is solved with linearized perturbed compressible equations. The 3D simulation allows for the examination of both the directivity and frequency compositions of the flapping wing sound in a full space. Along with the flexible wing model, a rigid wing model that is extracted from real motion is also simulated to investigate the effects of wing flexibility. The simulation results show that the flapping sound is directional; the dominant frequency varies around the wing. The first and second frequency harmonics show different radiation patterns in the rigid and flexible wing cases, which are demonstrated to be highly associated with wing kinematics and loadings. Furthermore, the rotation and deformation in the flexible wing is found to help lower the sound strength in all directions.
Impact of chemotherapy relative dose intensity on cause-specific and overall survival for stage I-III breast cancer: ER+/PR+, HER2- vs. triple-negative.

To investigate the impact of chemotherapy relative dose intensity (RDI) on cause-specific and overall survival for stage I–III breast cancer: estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor positive, human epidermal-growth factor receptor negative (ER+/PR+ and HER2-) vs. triple-negative (TNBC) and to identify the optimal RDI cut-off points in these two patient populations. Data were collected by the Louisiana Tumor Registry for two CDC-funded projects. Women diagnosed with stage I–III ER+/PR+, HER2- breast cancer, or TNBC in 2011 with complete information on RDI were included. Five RDI cut-off points (95, 90, 85, 80, and 75%) were evaluated on cause-specific and overall survival, adjusting for multiple demographic variables, tumor characteristics, comorbidity, use of granulocyte-growth factor/cytokines, chemotherapy delay, chemotherapy regimens, and use of hormone therapy. Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan–Meier survival curves were estimated and adjusted by stabilized inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) of propensity score. Of 494 ER+/PR+, HER2- patients and 180 TNBC patients, RDI < 85% accounted for 30.4 and 27.8%, respectively. Among ER+/PR+, HER2- patients, 85% was the only cut-off point at which the low RDI was significantly associated with worse overall survival (HR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.09–3.40). Among TNBC patients, 75% was the cut-off point at which the high RDI was associated with better cause-specific (HR = 2.64; 95% CI 1.09, 6.38) and overall survival (HR = 2.39; 95% CI 1.04–5.51). Higher RDI of chemotherapy is associated with better survival for ER+/PR+, HER2- patients and TNBC patients. To optimize survival benefits, RDI should be maintained ≥ 85% in ER+/PR+, HER2- patients, and ≥ 75% in TNBC patients.
Horizontal convective boiling of R1234yf, R134a, and R450A within a micro-fin tube.

Abstract This paper presents local convective boiling heat transfer and Fanning friction factor measurements in a micro-fin tube for R134a and two possible low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant replacements for R134a, namely R1234yf and R450A. Test section heating was achieved with water in either counterflow or in parallel flow with the test refrigerant to provide for a range of heat fluxes for each thermodynamic quality. An existing correlation from the literature for single and multi-component mixtures was shown to not satisfactorily predict the convective boiling measurements for flow qualities greater than 40%. Accordingly, a new correlation was developed specifically for the test fluids of this study so that a fair comparison of the heat transfer performance of the low GWP refrigerants to that of R134a could be made. The new correlation was used to compare the heat transfer coefficient of the three test fluids at the same heat flux, saturated refrigerant temperature, and refrigerant mass flux. The resulting example comparison, for the same operating conditions, showed that the heat transfer coefficient of the multi-component R450A and the single-component R1234yf were, on average, 15% less and 5% less, respectively, than that of the single-component R134a. Friction factor measurements were also compared to predictions from an existing correlation. A new correlation for the friction factor was developed to provide a more accurate prediction. The measurements and the new models are important for the evaluation of potential low-GWP refrigerants replacements for R134a.
Rangelands and Grasslands

Rangelands are lands generally characterized by low and/or erratic precipitation, poor drainage, rough topography, and often low soil fertility.1 They occupy some 47% of the earth’s surface (Heitschmidt and Stuth 1991). Fire, rainfall, soil type, and grazing animals are driving forces determining plant species composition, distribution, and productivity. Management of rangelands ranges from nomadic pastoralism, to subsistence farming, to commercial ranching. Many rangelands have been used the same way for thousands of years, while others have a relatively short history of use.
Pharynx, Cervical Esophagus, and Oral Cavity Reconstruction

Defects of the oral cavity, pharynx, and cervical esophagus pose a particular challenge in reconstructive surgery for patients with cancer because of their unique tissue elements, structure, integrated function, bacterial contamination, and proximity to other vital structures. The oropharynx and cervical esophagus are composed of specialized voluntary and involuntary muscles and fibrous connective tissue. The epithelial surfaces are thin, pliable mucosa coated with a film of saliva that supplies moisture, provides lubrication, initiates digestion, and controls bacterial flora. These tissues form elegant, compact, anatomically complex structures that have no exact autologous analogs to use for replacement. They are functionally integrated to coordinate speech, mastication, swallowing, and breathing. Impairment of one function necessarily affects each of the others to some degree. Complicating matters is the high level of bacterial colonization normally present in the oral cavity. Ordinarily, these bacteria are non-virulent but become so with surgery and/or radiotherapy-associated changes in the microenvironment. Finally, the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and portions of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X, XI, and XII are located immediately adjacent to the pharynx and cervical esophagus. These must be preserved and protected if they have not been removed with the tumor resection.
Einsatzmoeglichkeiten Von Bayes-Verfahren

In dem Beitrag wird verdeutlicht, das Einsatzmoglichkeiten fur Bayes-Verfahren selbst dann bestehen, wenn anstelle der kompletten a priori Verteilung nur rudimentare Vorkenntnisse vorliegen. Die allzu hohen Anspruche des ublicherweise benutzten Bayes-Ansatzes, bei dem das Optimum unter allen Verfahren gesucht wird, mussen zu diesem Zweck reduziert werden. Sucht man nicht mehr unter allen denkbaren Verfahren, sondern nur noch unter denjenigen einer geeigneten Klasse das bzgl. des Bayes-Kriteriums optimale Verfahren, so stellt man in vielen Fallen fest, das eine derartige Reduktion der Anspruche gleichzeitig eine drastische Reduktion der benotigten a priori Daten zur Folge hat. Exemplarisch werden die linearen Bayes-Schatzer behandelt und ihre Vorzuge insbesondere in der Stichprobentheorie und der Regressionsrechnung diskutiert.
Is increased precipitation during the 20th century statistically or ecologically significant in the eastern US

We address the climate versus disturbance debate to understand drivers of change in human-environment systems. We examine whether recent increased precipitation episodes (‘pluvials’) are unique and...
Characterizing User Skills from Application Usage Traces with Hierarchical Attention Recurrent Networks

Predicting users’ proficiencies is a critical component of AI-powered personal assistants. This article introduces a novel approach for the prediction based on users’ diverse, noisy, and passively generated application usage histories. We propose a novel bi-directional recurrent neural network with hierarchical attention mechanism to extract sequential patterns and distinguish informative traces from noise. Our model is able to attend to the most discriminative actions and sessions to make more accurate and directly interpretable predictions while requiring 50× less training data than the state-of-the-art sequential learning approach. We evaluate our model with two large scale datasets collected from 68K Photoshop users: a digital design skill dataset where the user skill is determined by the quality of the end products and a software skill dataset where users self-disclose their software usage skill levels. The empirical results demonstrate our model’s superior performance compared to existing user representation learning techniques that leverage action frequencies and sequential patterns. In addition, we qualitatively illustrate the model’s significant interpretative power. The proposed approach is broadly relevant to applications that generate user time-series analytics.
Reconstructing high-resolution chromosome three-dimensional structures by Hi-C complex networks.

Hi-C data have been widely used to reconstruct chromosomal three-dimensional (3D) structures. One of the key limitations of Hi-C is the unclear relationship between spatial distance and the number of Hi-C contacts. Many methods used a fixed parameter when converting the number of Hi-C contacts to wish distances. However, a single parameter cannot properly explain the relationship between wish distances and genomic distances or the locations of topologically associating domains (TADs). We have addressed one of the key issues of using Hi-C data, that is, the unclear relationship between spatial distances and the number of Hi-C contacts, which is crucial to understand significant biological functions, such as the enhancer-promoter interactions. Specifically, we developed a new method to infer this converting parameter and pairwise Euclidean distances based on the topology of the Hi-C complex network (HiCNet). The inferred distances were modeled by clustering coefficient and multiple other types of constraints. We found that our inferred distances between bead-pairs within the same TAD were apparently smaller than those distances between bead-pairs from different TADs. Our inferred distances had a higher correlation with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) data, fitted the localization patterns of Xist transcripts on DNA, and better matched 156 pairs of protein-enabled long-range chromatin interactions detected by ChIA-PET. Using the inferred distances and another round of optimization, we further reconstructed 40 kb high-resolution 3D chromosomal structures of mouse male ES cells. The high-resolution structures successfully illustrate TADs and DNA loops (peaks in Hi-C contact heatmaps) that usually indicate enhancer-promoter interactions. We developed a novel method to infer the wish distances between DNA bead-pairs from Hi-C contacts. High-resolution 3D structures of chromosomes were built based on the newly-inferred wish distances. This whole process has been implemented as a tool named HiCNet, which is publicly available at http://dna.cs.miami.edu/HiCNet/ .
Journal/Author Name Estimator (JANE)

The Journal/Author Name Estimator (JANE) is a free online bibliographic journal selection tool. Interfacing directly with PubMed/MEDLINE, the resource is web-based and allows users to easily input keywords, abstract text, or author names and view related articles based on terms. JANE is recommended for those working in health and biomedical fields.
Quantitative Ultrasound Detects Smooth Muscle Activity at the Cervical Internal Os in Vitro.

Abstract The cervix has two biomechanical functions: to remain closed while the fetus develops throughout pregnancy, and to open for delivery of the fetus at full term. This dual function is principally attributed to collagen within the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, recent evidence suggests that other ECM, and non-ECM, components play a role as well. One component is smooth muscle cells arranged circumferentially near the internal os. In this study, we investigate correlations between cervical smooth muscle cell force generation and the effective scatterer diameter (ESD), a quantitative ultrasound parameter directly related to the acoustic impedance distribution and, therefore, a potential biomarker of muscle contractility. Using whole cervical slices (N = 5), we determined significant positive correlations (quantified with Pearson's r) between muscle force generation and ESD immediately after administration of oxytocin (median r = 0.90). In summary, the ESD may prove a useful biomarker for studying structure and function of cervical smooth muscle in vivo.
Joint Stripmap/Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar enabled by Element-Level Digital Arrays

This paper presents a concept for a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) enabled by element-level digital arrays (EDAs). SARs with arrays which employ analog beamforming for azimuth processing gain are required to trade cross-range resolution for total swath. An EDA mitigates this trade through multiple receive beams, enabling simultaneous spotlight and stripmap SAR. An algorithm is presented along with a demonstration of the realized wide-swath and narrow cross-range resolution.
Risk factors for incident prostate cancer in a cohort of world trade center responders

Despite a relatively young average age and no routine screening, prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men who worked at the World Trade Center (WTC) following the 9/11/2001 disaster. This study evaluated whether re-experiencing stressful memories of a traumatic event was associated with prostate cancer incidence. Participants were males from one clinical center that monitors the health of first-responders (N = 6857). Monitoring began in July 2002 and occurs annually but does not include prostate cancer screening. Severity of physical exposures and of re-experiencing memories and stress responses were measured at study enrollment using standardized and validated methods in all participants. The outcome was incidence of diagnosed prostate cancer after enrollment (n = 68). Bivariate analyses provided age-adjusted incidence rates (aIR). Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate incidence; hazards ratios (HR) were reported. The mean age of responders on 9/11/2001 was 37.9 years. Prostate cancer incidence was lowest in responders with no re-experiencing stress (aIR = 250.83/100,000 person-years, [233.41–268.25]) and highest in responders with severe re-experiencing stress (aIR = 818.49/100,000 person-years, [801.07–835.91]). Cox proportional hazards regression revealed that re-experiencing the stressful events of 9/11/2001 was associated with increased prostate cancer incidence (HR = 1.96 [1.26–3.05], P = 0.003), even upon adjusting for confounders. This is the first study to identify a positive association between re-experiencing a traumatic event and prostate cancer incidence. Our results are consistent with recent rodent model evidence demonstrating a direct biological link between stress pathways and prostate tumorigenesis and offer new hypotheses in the causality of prostate cancer.
Modeling the pseudogap metallic state in cuprates: Quantum disordered pair density wave

We present a way to quantum-disorder a pair density wave and propose it to be a candidate of the effective low-energy description of the pseudogap metal which may reveal itself in a sufficiently high magnetic field that suppresses the $d$-wave pairing. The ground state we construct is a small-pocket Fermi liquid with a bosonic Mott insulator in the density-wave-enlarged unit cell. At low energy, the charge density is mainly carried by charge $2e$ bosons, which develop a small insulating gap. As an intermediate step, we discuss the quantum disordering of a fully gapped superconductor and its excitation spectrum. A simplified 1D model, which we solve numerically, is used to illustrate the introduced concepts. We discuss a number of experimental consequences. The interplay between the electron and the small-gap boson results in a step-function background in the electron spectral function which may be consistent with existing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy data. Optical excitation across the boson gap can explain the onset and the magnitude of the mid infrared absorption reported long ago.
Mapping plant growth forms using structure-from-motion data combined with spectral image derivatives.

ABSTRACTMapping plant growth forms are useful to classify and monitor chaparral shrubland community types in southern California. This study evaluates the utility of plant height information, deriv...
Parents' Voices Regarding Using Interventions for Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Parent-implemented interventions (PIIs) hold promise for young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their families. Yet, reports of parent and family perceptions regarding PIIs are limi...
The Genetic Architecture of Leaf Stable Carbon Isotope Composition in Zea mays and the Effect of Transpiration Efficiency on Elemental Accumulation

With increased demand on freshwater resources for agriculture, it is imperative that more water-use efficient crops are developed. Leaf stable carbon isotope composition, {delta}13C, is a proxy for transpiration efficiency and a possible tool for breeders, but the underlying mechanisms effecting {delta}13C in C4 plants are not known. It has been suggested that differences in specific leaf area, which potentially reflects variation in internal CO2 diffusion, can impact leaf {delta}13C. However, at this point the relationship has not been tested in maize. Furthermore, although it is known that water movement is important for elemental uptake, it is not clear how manipulation of transpiration for increased water-use efficiency may impact nutrient accumulation. Here we characterize the underlying genetic architecture of leaf {delta}13C and test its relationship to specific leaf area and the ionome in four biparental populations of maize. Five significant QTL for leaf {delta}13C were identified, including both novel QTL as well as some that were identified previously in maize kernels. One of the QTL regions contains an Erecta-like gene, the ortholog of which has been shown to regulate transpiration efficiency and leaf {delta}13C in Arabidopsis. Our data does not support a relationship between {delta}13C and specific leaf area, and of the 19 elements analyzed, only a weak correlation between molybdenum and {delta}13C was detected. Together these data begin to build a genetic understanding of leaf {delta}13C in maize and suggest the potential to improve plant water use without significantly influencing elemental homeostasis. Article SummaryQuantitative genetics approaches were used to investigate the genetic architecture of leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination ({delta}13C) in maize. Developing a better understanding of leaf {delta}13C could facilitate its use in breeding for reduced transpirational water loss. Several genomic regions were identified that contribute to the variation observed in leaf {delta}13C. Furthermore, contrary to what has been observed in other species, leaf {delta}13C was not correlated with specific leaf area. Finally, a leaf ionomic analysis indicates that a reduction in transpiration, and thus mass flow, would not result in a decrease in nutrient accumulation.
Chapter 10 – Foraging Ecology and Diets

A remarkable diversity of organisms is eaten by amphibians and reptiles. Most frog larvae and some lizards are herbivorous and the remaining species eat everything from tiny springtails (Collembola) to animals as large or larger than the predator. Foraging varies from sit-and-wait to active or wide foraging. This diversity is summarized, taking into account methods of prey detection, capture, and ingestion. Some of the more interesting mechanisms of prey capture include injected venoms, projectile tongues, and inertial suction feeding. Herbivory has evolved independently in several lizard groups, some of which are large in body size and others small. Diets often change ontogenetically, and dietary shifts are evident in a phylogenetic sense.
Orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII drives the myofibroblast metabolic shift leading to fibrosis

Recent studies demonstrated that metabolic disturbance, such as augmented glycolysis, contributes to fibrosis. The molecular regulation of this metabolic perturbation in fibrosis, however, has been elusive. COUP-TFII (also known as NR2F2) regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in many organs. Its contribution to organ fibrosis is undefined. Here, we found increased COUP-TFII expression in myofibroblasts in fibrotic kidneys and lungs. Genetic ablation of COUP-TFII in mice resulted in the attenuation of injury-induced kidney fibrosis. A non-biased proteomic study revealed the suppression of fatty acid oxidation and the enhancement of glycolysis in COUP-TFII overexpressing fibroblasts. Overexpression of COUP-TFII in fibroblasts was sufficient to enhance glycolysis and increase alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and collagen1 levels. Knockout of COUP-TFII decreased glycolysis and collagen1 levels. Chip-qPCR assays revealed the binding of COUP-TFII on the promoter of PGC1α, a critical regulator of mitochondrial genesis and oxidative metabolism. In conclusion, COUP-TFII drives the myofibroblast metabolic shift to glycolysis, leading to fibrosis. Targeting COUP-TFII serves as a novel treatment approach for mitigating fibrosis in chronic kidney disease and potential other organ fibrosis.
A Modified SQP-based Model Predictive Control Algorithm: Application to Supercritical Coal-fired Power Plant Cycling

In this paper, a modified sequential quadratic programming (SQP)-based model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is developed and implemented for power plant cycling applications. These applications...
Dielectric Metasurfaces with High-Q Toroidal Resonances

Toroidal dielectric metasurface with a Q-factor of 728 in 1500 nm wavelength are reported. The resonance couples strongly to the environment, as demonstrated with a refractometric sensing experiment.
Contributing Factors and Trends in the Usage of IT Outsourcing in Manufacturing and Service Sectors

The study projects long-term trends in the IT outsourcing in the manufacturing and service sectors of the United States. The findings suggest that the respondents perceive that there is approximately an equal usage of IT outsourcing in each of manufacturing and service sectors. Furthermore, the Desired Characteristics of Outsourcing – enabler of organisational flexibility, dynamics, and adaptability, redirection of resources, and increased control of operating costs – are positively related to the change in the requirement of IT outsourcing in the case of manufacturing. Meanwhile for the service sector, the Administrative Motivation for Outsourcing – lack of expertise, promising service offerings to subscribe, shrinkage in system life cycle – are positively associated with growth/no-growth in IT outsourcing.
A Risk Score to Predict Clostridioides difficile Infection.

Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of severe diarrhea. In this retrospective study, we identified CDI risk factors by comparing demographic and clinical characteristics for Kaiser Permanente Northern California members ≥18 years old with and without laboratory-confirmed incident CDI. Methods We included these risk factors in logistic regression models to develop 2 risk scores that predict future CDI after an Index Date for Risk Score Assessment (IDRSA), marking the beginning of a period for which we estimated CDI risk. Results During May 2011 to July 2014, we included 9986 CDI cases and 2 230 354 members without CDI. The CDI cases tended to be older, female, white race, and have more hospitalizations, emergency department and office visits, skilled nursing facility stays, antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor use, and specific comorbidities. Using hospital discharge as the IDRSA, our risk score model yielded excellent performance in predicting the likelihood of developing CDI in the subsequent 31-365 days (C-statistic of 0.848). Using a random date as the IDRSA, our model also predicted CDI risk in the subsequent 31-365 days reasonably well (C-statistic 0.722). Conclusions These results can be used to identify high-risk populations for enrollment in C difficile vaccine trials and facilitate study feasibility regarding sample size and time to completion.
Wing buzzing as a potential antipredator defense against an invasive predator

Abstract Blow flies are primary colonizers of carrion and thus interact with many organisms in a highly competitive environment. Due to the large variety of insects that utilize carrion resources, predators are also often in high abundance, placing selective pressures on necrophagous insects to develop antipredator defenses. Blow fly antipredator defenses are largely studied for larval stages as they are heavily predated on when feeding on a carcass. Consequently, our understanding of adult defenses are limited. In this paper, a potential antipredator defense against the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta (Buren) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)), an invasive species to the Southeastern United States that is known to compete with and prey on necrophagous insects, was observed. During the summer and winter of 2019 in central Texas, USA adult blow flies (Lucilia spp. and Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)) were observed attempting to colonize chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) and rat (Rattus norvegicus) carcasses already colonized by fire ants. Ovipositing flies approached by fire ants buzzed their wings, seemingly to repel fire ants as they did not buzz their wings for flight unless engagement by fire ants was persistent or severe enough to drive the fly from the carcass. Wing buzzing is a common phenomenon across several insect orders and is thought to be used in part for defensive purposes. The primary non-flight related behavior regarding wing movements in blow flies is a mating display involving wing fanning in Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). However, this behavior is generally slower and more rhythmic than the aggressive “buzzing” flies exhibited against fire ants. Wing buzzing as an antipredator defense has been shown to increase survivorship in other insects, though wing damage may occur and wing movements cost energy. Further investigation of adult blow fly interactions with native and non-native predators will increase our understanding of wing buzzing as a potential antipredator defense in blow flies, and their consequences in applied fields.
Cryptic halogenation reactions in natural product biosynthesis

Covering: Up to December 2020 Enzymatic halogenation reactions are essential for the production of thousands of halogenated natural products. However, in recent years, scientists discovered several halogenases that transiently incorporate halogen atoms in intermediate biosynthetic molecules to activate them for further chemical reactions such as cyclopropanation, terminal alkyne formation, C-/O-alkylation, biaryl coupling, and C–C rearrangements. In each case, the halogen atom is lost in the course of biosynthesis to the final product and is hence termed “cryptic”. In this review, we provide an overview of our current knowledge of cryptic halogenation reactions in natural product biosynthesis.
Structure of the electrical double layer at the ice–water interface

The surface of ice in contact with water contains sites that undergo deprotonation and protonation and can act as adsorption sites for aqueous ions. Therefore, an electrical double layer should form at this interface and existing models for describing the electrical double layer at metal oxide–water interfaces should be able to be modified to describe the surface charge, surface potential, and ionic occupancy at the ice–water interface. I used a surface complexation model along with literature measurements of the zeta potential of ice in brines of various strength and pH to constrain equilibrium constants. I then made predictions of ion site occupancy, surface charge density, and partitioning of counterions between the Stern and diffuse layers. The equilibrium constant for cation adsorption is more than 5 orders of magnitude larger than the other constants, indicating that this reaction dominates even at low salinity. Deprotonated OH sites are predicted to be slightly more abundant than dangling O sites, consistent with previous work. Surface charge densities are on the order of ±0.001 C/m2 and are always negative at the moderate pH values of interest to atmospheric and geophysical applications (6–9). In this pH range, over 99% of the counterions are contained in the Stern layer. This suggests that diffuse layer polarization will not occur because the ionic concentrations in the diffuse layer are nearly identical to those in the bulk electrolyte and that electrical conduction and polarization in the Stern layer will be negligible due to reduced ion mobility.
Disparities in patient access and disease targets in upfront clinical trials for gynecologic cancers

Objectives: Clinical trials are critical for guiding evidence-based cancer treatment that maximizes survival in balance with toxicities of therapy, yet only 2-4% of patients participate, more often in the setting of recurrence rather than upfront therapy. Access to trials depends on patient, disease, and treating facility characteristics and is not equitable. Our objective was to assess for disparities in upfront clinical trial participation and associations with overall survival. Methods: Retrospective study of patients with cancers of the uterus, cervix, ovary/fallopian tube, vulva, and vagina from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). NCDB samples approximately 70% of new diagnoses in the US and includes information on upfront treatment, including participation in a clinical trial. Patients with unknown trial participation status, or receiving unknown or no treatment were excluded. Disparities in upfront trial participation were assessed through comparison of characteristics using t-tests, chi2 tests, and multivariable logistic regression. Impact on overall survival was assessed with cox proportional hazards models. Download : Download high-res image (333KB) Download : Download full-size image Results: From the NCDB, we identified 877,534 patients diagnosed 2004-16, of which 461 (0.05%) were enrolled in a clinical trial of upfront therapy. Participants in upfront clinical trials were on average younger, had fewer comorbidities, and were less likely to be Hispanic. Participation was focused on ovarian (70.1%) and advanced stage disease (77.9%), with over 60% of those in trials having stage III-IV ovarian cancer. Trial participants had similar rate of surgery (85.5% vs. 86.9%), but more frequently received chemotherapy (87.8% vs 39.4%; p Conclusions: Participation in upfront clinical trials is rare across gynecologic cancers. Upfront trials disproportionately study treatment of advanced stage ovarian cancer with chemo- or immunotherapies. Access is not equitable, with greater participation among younger, better-educated, privately insured patients. Future clinical trial development should consider these disparities in disease targets, and strategies for outreach and recruitment.
Selective destabilization of polypeptides synthesized from NMD-targeted transcripts.

Polypeptides synthesized from mRNAs containing a premature termination codon are selectively destabilized compared with the same polypeptide sequences synthesized from mRNAs with a normal terminati...
Infant Gaze Behaviors

The perception of eye gaze is a crucial component of social understanding from infancy to adulthood. Individuals can use eye gaze as a nonverbal means to communicate interests, intentions, and other mental states. Gaze behaviors increase in complexity with development. This article reviews the emergence of four gaze behaviors: visual scanning, gaze cueing, alternating gaze, and gaze following. A deep understanding of infants' gaze behaviors has implications for language, autism spectrum disorders, robotics, and theory of mind.
Consumer Boycotts v. Civil Litigation: A Rudimentary Efficiency Analysis

Facial legal equality has not quelled the importance of achieving overall equality, especially economic equality. Consider that blacks as a whole have made little, if any, economic progress from the pre-civil rights movement era to the present. Activists for racial equality must continue to employ methods geared towards achieving equality in the areas of economics and resources. However, the Supreme Court has flatly rejected the idea of equality via outcomes. Moreover, the costs associated with traditional litigation strategies continue to rise, while availability of effective remedies falls. The solution to this quandary may lie in a traditional, privately engaged, civil rights tested, internationally recognized protest tactic: the consumer boycott. Boycotts have been successfully employed in a variety of circumstances, in differing eras, and in all parts of the world. They are particularly beneficial to a capitalist market because they expedite the elimination of inefficient racial discrimination in the marketplace. As a means for blacks to address economic inequality, anyone interested in fighting for justice can participate at no or a relatively low cost, and the demands of the boycott can garner tangible remedies from unlawful discriminators. To further facilitate the advantages of consumer boycotts, an organization (newly created or an arm of an existing civil rights organization) should be established and dedicated to the specific task of effecting economic justice using the market power of black consumers.
Diffusional creep and creep-degradation in dispersion-strengthened Ni-Cr base alloys.

Dispersoid-free regions were observed in the dispersion-strengthened alloy TD-NiCr (Ni-20 Cr-2 ThO2) after, slow strain rate testing (stress rupture, creep, and fatigue) in air from 1145 to 1590 K. Formation of the dispersoid-free regions appears to be the result of diffusional creep. The net effect of creep in TD-NiCr is the degradation of the alloy to a duplex microstructure. Creep degradation of TD-NiCr is further enhanced by the formation of voids and intergranular oxidation in the dispersoid-free bands. Void formation was observed after as litte as 0.13 pct creep deformation at 1255 K. The dispersoid-free regions apparently provide sites for void formation and oxide growth since the strength and oxidation resistance of Ni-20 Cr is much less than Ni-20 Cr-2 ThO2. This localized oxidation does not appear to reduce the static load bearing capacity of TD-NiCr since long stress-rupture lives were observed even with heavily oxidized microstructures, but this oxidation does significantly reduce the ductility and impact resistance of the material. Dispersoid-free bands and voids also were observed in two other dispersion-strengthened alloys, TD-NiCrAl (Ni-16Cr-4 Al-2 ThO2) and IN-853 (Ni-20 Cr-2.5 Ti-1.5 Al-1.3 Y2O3). Thus, it appears that diffusional creep is characteristic of dispersion-strengthened alloys and can play a major role in the creep degradation of these materials.