cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometric analysis of two incorporated halogenated thymidine analogues and DNA in a mouse mammary tumor grown in vivo.

A technique was developed for the staining of nuclei for DNA using propidium iodide, and incorporated chlorodeoxyuridine (CldUrd) and iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) using two monoclonal antibodies that showed negligible cross-reactivity. The mouse mammary solid tumor MCaK was labeled in vivo by intraperitoneal injection of the nucleosides. Tumor cell nuclei were stained after isolation from ethanol-fixed solid tumor tissue and acid denaturation. The Br3 antibody, which specifically recognizes CldUrd, was applied first, followed by indirect staining with goat anti-mouse phycoerythrin. The direct fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate of the B44 antibody, which specifically recognizes IdUrd, was then applied. In the direct conjugate form this antibody reacted only minimally with CldUrd. The nuclei were then stained with propidium iodide. With this dye combination the coefficients of variations of the DNA histograms were consistently in the 2–4% range. Two other dye combinations were compared. The propidium iodide/phycoerythrin/fluorescein isothiocyanate dye combination was the simplest because of the compatibility with single laser flow cytometry. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hemodynamic Consequences of Oxygen Breathing in Left Ventricular Failure

As in normal men, oxygen breathing in patients with left ventricular failure is associated with a further reduction of cardiac index, partially the result of decreased stroke index and partially th...
Silica xerogels from rice hull ash: structure, density and mechanical strength as affected by gelation pH and silica concentration

Silica xerogels were produced from rice hull ash (RHA), and the structure, density and mechanical strength of the gels were investigated. Silica was extracted as sodium silicate from RHA using 1M NaOH. This silicate solution was concentrated by volume reduction and used to obtain silica concentrations of 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 g cm−3. The pH values of these silicate solutions were adjusted to 9.0, 10.0, 10.5, or 11.0 to produce silica gels. The silica gels produced were then dried at 80 °C for 24 h. X-ray diffraction demonstrated the amorphous nature of silica gels. Diffuse reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of gelation pH, and silica concentration on the chemical structure of the xerogel and concomitant effect on density and mechanical strength of the xerogel. The FTIR spectra demonstrated that at higher pH of gelation, siloxane bonding was the primary network in the xerogel. As the pH of gelation decreased, the structural silica gel network became the major interaction in the silica xerogel. At each gelation pH, the silica gel network increased with increase in silica concentration. The higher pH led to condensed glassy solids, while higher silica concentration produced highly porous silica xerogel. Hence, gelation pH and silica concentration of gel-forming solution had significant effects on the density and the mechanical strength of xerogels produced from rice hull silica. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Laparoscopy may be lowering the threshold to operate on patients with suspected appendicitis

Background: Although several randomized trials have compared postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing open and laparoscopic appendectomy, few have examined whether laparoscopy has affected preoperative decision making. We hypothesized that surgeon enthusiasm for laparoscopic appendectomy would lower the threshold to operate on patients with possible appendicitis. To examine this question we designed a retrospective cohort study in the setting of a tertiary care medical center. Methods: We studied a consecutive series of 130 patients taken to the operating room with preoperative diagnoses of appendicitis between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 1999. We excluded pregnant patients, those under 18 or over 75, those admitted electively for chronic symptoms, and those undergoing appendectomy incidental to another procedure. Measures included the proportion of patients with normal appendices or acute appendicitis (perforated and nonperforated), as determined from the pathology report. Other clinical and demographic data were obtained by review of the medical records. Results: During the study period, 87 patients (67%) underwent open appendectomy and 43 patients (33%) underwent laparoscopic appendectomy. Women were more likely to receive the laparoscopic approach than men (43% vs 24% p = 0.021). Preoperative use of advanced imaging tests (computed tomography or ultrasound) was more prevalent in the laparoscopic group (40% vs 30%, p = 0.271). Patients undergoing the laparoscopic procedure were considerably less likely to have acute appendicitis than those undergoing an open one (67% vs 92%, p <0.001). However, among patients with confirmed appendicitis, those undergoing laparoscopic surgery were less likely to be perforated than those who had an open procedure (4.6% vs 25% p = 0.004). Conclusion: At our hospital, the availability of the laparoscopic approach to appendectomy may have lowered the threshold to operate on patients with possible appendicitis, as reflected in higher negative exploration rates and lower rates of perforated appendicitis.
Target selection in lanchester combat: Heterogeneous forces and time‐dependent attrition‐rate coefficients

We develop solutions to two fire distribution problems for a homogeneous force in Lanchester combat against heterogeneous enemy forces. The combat continues over a period of time with a choice of tactics available to the homogeneous force and subject to change with time. In these idealized combat situations the lethality of each force's fire (as expressed by the Lanchester attrition-rate coefficient) depends upon time. Optimal fire distribution rules are developed through the combination of Lanchester-type equations for combat attrition and deterministic optimal control theory (Pontryagin maximum principle). Additionally, the theory of state variable inequality constraints is used to treat the nonnegativity of force levels. The synthesis of optimal fire distribution policies was facilitated by exploiting special mathematical structures in these problems.
Impacts of land use, climate variability, and management on thermal structure, anoxia, and transparency in hypereutrophic urban water supply reservoirs

Reservoir water quality can be compromised by algal production and anoxia, which in turn are impacted by hydrodynamic stability and water temperature. We developed a conceptual model to quantify the dominant controls on stability, anoxia, and transparency using statistical analysis of a long-term (1990–2011) data set for four reservoirs in San Diego, California, each receiving runoff from a watershed with a different level of urban and agricultural land use. We hypothesized that water depth, not air temperature, controlled stability and that anoxia, after correcting for stability, increased and transparency decreased with increasing land use. Depth fluctuated widely interannually and was the dominant control on stability, which in turn controlled transparency in shallow reservoirs. Shallow depth and low stability correlated with low transparency. Transparency decreased with increasing development in the watershed. Water quality deteriorated over time in the reservoirs with the most and, contrary to our hypothesis, least developed watersheds. Deterioration of water quality in the pristine watershed coincided with the introduction of forage fish, which can suppress zooplankton density and translocate phosphorus to the photic zone. The interaction of land use, climate, water level management, basin morphology, and aquatic food webs can deteriorate water quality, even in reservoirs receiving runoff from pristine watersheds.
Are textures natural

We make the simple observation that, because of global-symmetry-violating higher-dimension operators, as for instance might be expected to be induced by Planck-scale physics, textures are generically much too short lived to be of use for large-scale structure formation.
Measurements of the solubility and solubility products of thulium trifluride by radiometric and other methods

Abstract The solubility and solubility product of thulium trifluoride were determined by radiometric, potentiometric and conductometric methods. Radiometric values (1.49 × 10 −5 M and 1.2 × 10 −18 ) for the solubility and solubility product, respectively seem to be more acceptable than those from other measurements, due to the least interference from foreign ions or complexed species, if any, in the saturated solutions. The values for the thermodynamic functions, ΔH 0 and ΔG 0 are both positive and that for ΔS 0 negative for the dissolution of TmF 3 (s) indicative of the reason for the slight solubility of this salt in water. The solubility when measured as a function of pH shows a minimum at a pH of about 3.0, a trend reported earlier in the case of other rare earth fluorides. The suppression of the solubility of TmF 3 and its subsequent increase with added fluoride ion show that the common ion effect competes with the complexation of Tm 3+ with the fluoride ion.
Choosing a sheltered middle path

Abstract We say that point x ∈ R 2 is sheltered by a continuum S ⊂ R 2 if x does not belong to the unbounded component of R 2 \ S . Suppose that points a and b are the endpoints of each of three arcs A 0 , A 1 and A 2 contained in R 2 . We prove that there is an arc B ⊂ A 0 ∪ A 1 ∪ A 2 with its endpoints a and b such that each point of B is sheltered by the union of each two of the arcs A 0 , A 1 and A 2 .
Congenital absence of penis.

Abstract A case of penile agenesis with dysplastic horseshoe kidney, bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and aganglionic megacolon is presented. Embryologic and practical considerations are discussed. We believe this to be the only known case of this congenital anomaly associated with both segmental renal dysplasia and aganglionic megacolon.
Biocatalytic synthesis towards both antipodes of 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanitrile a precursor to fluoxetine, atomoxetine and nisoxetine

Abstract The bakers’ yeast reduction of 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanenitrile (1) has been difficult to achieve due to a dominant alkylating mechanism. A library of 20 bakers’ yeast reductases, that are overexpressed in Escherichia coli, were screened against (1). Four enzymes were found to reduce this substrate and by varying the enzyme both enantiomers of 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanitrile (2) could be prepared with a high enantiomeric excess. In addition, the Escherichia coli whole-cell system can be optimized to nearly eliminate the competing alkylating mechanism. By using this system, a formal biocatalytic synthesis of both antipodes of fluoxetine, atomoxetine and nisoxetine has been demonstrated.
Factors Related to Delayed Graft Function After Laparoscopic Live Donor Nephrectomy

Purpose: Delayed graft function after live donor transplantation affects 5% to 10% of recipients regardless of procurement technique. This delay in function is associated with an increased risk of rejection and decreased graft survival. In the present study we critically assess allograft recovery to identify the risk factors related to delayed graft function. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed donor and recipient medical records from 100 consecutive laparoscopic live donor nephrectomies from August 1997 to October 2001. Four criteria were used to classify delayed graft function: I) requirement of dialysis in postoperative week 1, II) creatinine 2.5 mg/dl or greater at postoperative day 5, III) time to half peak activity (mercaptoacetyltriglycine renal scan) at postoperative day 5 greater than 12.2 minutes (normal range 1 to 12.2) and IV) time to peak activity (mercaptoacetyltriglycine renal scan) at day 5 greater than 6.5 minutes (normal range 2.1 to 6.5). Patients could qualify for multiple outcome categories. Patients who did not match any of these criteria were classified as having normal renal function (outcome 0). Results: The number of patients in the delayed graft function categories were 5 with outcome I, 14 with outcome II, 39 with outcome III and 24 with outcome IV. There were 23 patients represented in more than 1 category and 59 patients were classified as having normal function. Recipient age, donor/recipient gender relationship, unrelated highly mismatched donors and cold/total preservation time were identified as risk factors related to impaired early renal function recovery. None of the variables related to the laparoscopic technique itself represented risk factors for delayed graft function. Conclusions: Female donor kidneys into male recipients and highly HLA mismatched donors represent factors that may be controlled by donor selection when feasible. All attempts should be made to decrease cold ischemia time and, therefore, total preservation time. Prolonged carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum, warm ischemia time, renal artery length or use of right kidney did not adversely affect the functional outcome of the allografts procured laparoscopically.
Eddy Current Flows Around Cracks in Thin Plates for Nondestructive Testing

Abstract : The boundary element method is used to calculate the induced electric current flow around cracks in thin conducting plates. A low frequency approximation leads to a Poisson equation for the current density potential or stream function. A kernel is used which produces the correct singularity at the crack tip. The boundary condition on the crack, derived from Faraday's law, requires the line integral of the current density around the crack to be zero. Numerical results for induced currents due to a circular induction coil are given. These results show that hot spots, due to Joule heating, can occur at the tips of the crack. Comparison of numerical results with infrared scanning experiments of eddy currents in a cracked plate are given. It is hoped that the numerical method presented here will provide a tool to simulate both new and conventional nondestructive eddy current testing techniques.
Metabolism and swimming efficiency of the bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo

Routine metabolic rates of bonnethead sharks,Sphyrna tiburo, of 95 to 4 650 g, ranged from 70.4 to 15.0 kcal kg−1 d−1. Over the size range 34 to 95 cm total length, shark swimming-velocities varied from about 29 to 67 cm s−1. Swimming velocities predicted using Weih's cost-optimization model were similar to observed velocities. The total cost of transport (the energetic cost of transporting 1 unit of body mass 1 km distance) for 1 to 8 kg sharks varied from 0.67 to 0.40 cal g−1 km−1. The “energetic range” (an estimation of the distance traveled after a 25% reduction in body weight) indicates that a 1 kg bonnethead shark would travel 500 km distance in 17 d before displaying a 25% reduction in weight. An 8 kg individual would travel 830 km in 23 d. Although the bonnethead shark is a continuously active species, its routine metabolic rate and the efficiency of its locomotory system may be similar to that of “typical” bony fishes.
Resources in Emerging Structures and Processes of Change

In this paper I argue that understanding resources through a social practice perspective enables us to understand more about the role of resources in change. In particular, social practice theory enables us to view resources in context as mutable sources of energy rather than as stable things that are independent of context, and to analyze the reciprocal relationship between actions and resources as they change. This approach to understanding resources requires an elaboration on current social practice theory and provides a new way to understand organizational change. This perspective is used to show how resources transform in unexpected ways as a result of change in organizational routines and how this transformation of resources makes resistance to change difficult to predict.
Detection of low levels of lipid contamination in lecithin by equilibrium spreading pressures

Abstract Lipid contamination of the order of 0.05 mole% in dimyristoyl lecithin is shown to have a profound influence on the equilibrium spreading pressure in the region of the gel-liquid-crystal transition temperature T c . This method is proposed as a means of testing routinely for very low levels of lipid contamination in lecithin.
In vivo [31P]NMR assessment of early hepatocellular dysfunction during endotoxemia.

Abstract Hepatocellular dysfunction, as a result of sepsis or endotoxemia, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple systems organ failure. Conventional methods to assay hepatic ATP require large tissue samples, making repeat measurements in the same animal impossible, and are unable to detect the minimal changes in metabolism consistent with early or reversible cellular injury. 31P NMR is a modality available for the in vivo measurement of high energy phosphates. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and phosphomonoester (PME) ratios (markers of cellular metabolism and viability) as well as fractionated ATP may be repeatedly quantitated. To assess the early effects of endotoxemia on hepatic function, phosphorus spectra of the liver were obtained using a 1.7-cm surface coil in six rats after the ip administration of 4 mg/kg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Conventional assay was performed on 24 matched controls. Pi, PME, α-, β-, and γ-ATP peaks (expressed as percentage total signal area) were collected over 20 min, integrated, and analyzed. Pi/β-ATP decreased over time until 6 hr reflecting ongoing uptake of inorganic phosphate and continued cellular metabolism. PME/β-ATP ratios, which indicate cellular viability, became significantly elevated at 6 hr. Using 31P NMR, β-ATP best reflected the early subtle energy changes present prior to cell death and subsequent organ failure with significant decreases at 2, 4, and 6 hr. Conventional assay for ATP confirmed similar trends. We conclude that 31P NMR is a valuable tool for the study of reversible hepatic energy changes during early endotoxemia.
Length of Stay After Free Flap Reconstruction of the Head and Neck

Objectives: To analyze the incidence and timing of postoperative complications after free tissue transfer (FTT) and relate that to length of stay (LOS.) Study Design: We reviewed one surgeon's experience with 97 patients undergoing 100 head and neck reconstructions via FTT for a variety of traumatic and ablative defects. Methods: Charts were reviewed for demographic data, type of defect and flap, complications, LOS, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, date of decannulation, and first oral intake, any readmission to the hospital, and preoperative radiation status. Results: Using strict guidelines, 31% of patients had some form of complication, including a 9% flap failure rate. Average postoperative LOS for all patients was 11 days. Average LOS for uncomplicated cases was 9 and for complicated cases was 16 days. For cases with flap-related complications the average LOS rose to 20 days. All reconstructive failures (defined as patients requiring subsequent surgical procedures after a flap-related complication, regardless of outcome) occurred within the first 7 postoperative days. Three patients were readmitted for various reasons: a partial flap dehiscence (postoperative day [POD] 9), meningitis (POD 24), and orocutaneous fistula (POD 22), for a 3.2% readmission rate. Fourteen percent of patients were on a regimen of oral intake, and 13% had decannulation by the time of discharge. Resumption of oral intake and tracheostomy decannulation were accomplished on an outpatient basis in the remainder of patients. Conclusions: There were no preventable complications associated with early hospital discharge, nor was there evidence of adverse patient outcome. We conclude that early hospital discharge is feasible after FTT reconstruction and is consistent with quality care.
A shear deformable plate element with an exact thin limit

Abstract We present a quadrilateral finite element developed within the framework of a shear deformable plate theory. The interpolation for the rotation takes advantage of internal rotational degrees of freedom (through the use of bubble functions), while the interpolation for the transverse displacement is linked to the nodal rotations. A careful study of the element behavior is performed using an extensive set of mixed patch tests; results from several numerical examples are also presented. The element has proper rank and excellent interpolating capacity. Moreover, without using any ad-hoc assumption (e.g., energy balancing schemes) the element presents no locking effects at all; in fact, the shear energy may be set identically equal to zero without introducing any ill-conditioning in the problem, thus recovering a proper thin plate limit.
PROPAGATION OF HANTZSCHIA SP. GRUNOW DAUGHTER CELLS BY NITZSCHIA ALBA LEWIN AND LEWIN(1)

Electron microscopic investigations of thin sections of Nitzschiaalba revealed that dividing cells yield both Nitzschia and Hantzschia daughter cells, suggesting that these genera are not taxonoinically distinct.
The Daily Stress Inventory: Validity and Effect of Repeated Administration

The Daily Stress Inventory (DSI) is a self-report measure of minor stressors which is administered daily. One test of the validity of a measure of daily stress is its sensitivity to the difference between the stressors of workdays and those of weekends. A second concern in establishing the validity of a test administered repeatedly is that self-monitoring may influence the obtained scores. The present study investigated these two issues using a sample of 70 community adults who reported full-time employment. These subjects provided a week of self-monitoring with the DSI. The results indicated that the DSI was sensitive to the difference between weekends and weekdays. The analyses of the effect of repeated administration suggested that the first day of self-monitoring may differ from the other days of self-monitoring. When the first day was eliminated, there was no significant difference among the days of self-monitoring, and the difference between the weekdays and the weekends remained. The data suggest that the DSI is a valid measure of the construct of daily stress and that any influence of repeated self-monitoring with the scale may be easily resolved.
Numerical Investigation of Mesoscale Circulations over the Los Angeles Basin. Part II: Synoptic Influences and Pollutant Transport

Abstract This paper describes the influence of large-scale flows on mesoscale circulations and pollutant transport in the Los Angels Basin. National Meteorological Center (NMC) gridded data for twenty-six basin smog episodes were composited, and summer and winter synoptic-scale wind and temperature profiles were created. The 24-h evolution of the atmosphere in and around the basin was simulated, both with and without large-scale winds, using a three-dimensional mesoscale model. Light large-scale winds had little influence on the strong summertime mesoscale circulations, but stronger large-scale winds exerted considerable influence on the weak mesoscale wintertime circulations. During both seasons, daytime upslope flows near the mountains ventilate the basin, inducing basinwide airflow and augmenting the sea breeze. Air from the basin's planetary boundary layer (PBL) travels upslope and rises over the ridgetops, where it mixes convectively to great heights; winds aloft then transport the air from the regio...
Nuclear waste: progress with public engagement.

As co-chairmen of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future, we appreciate the comments offered by E. A. Rosa et al. in their Policy Forum “Nuclear waste: Knowledge waste?” (13 August, p. [762][1]) regarding the need to consult extensively with social scientists in the conduct of
Urethral Injectables for Stress Urinary Incontinence

The use of bulking agents dates to 1938, when Murless injected sodium morrhuate, a sclerosing agent, into the anterior vaginal wall of 20 incontinent women (1). The inflammatory response compressed the urethra, providing improved continence in 17 women; however, complications precluded further use of the agent. In 1955, Quackels successfully treated two patients with periurethral paraffin injections (2). Sachshe utilized Dondren, a sclerosing agent, in 1963; however, pulmonary emboli complicated the procedure (3).
Application of Stains-All for Demarcation of Cement Lines in Methacrylate Embedded Bone

Cement lines provide a record of sites of past remodeling buried in the matrix of bone. A method is reported for application of Stains-all, a cationic carbocyanine dye, for demarcation of cement lines in bone. The method, which is simple, works well for both glycol methacrylate and methyl methacrylate undemineralized embedments and produces good concomitant staining of cytoplasm and nuclei of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and marrow cells.
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Anticonvulsant Drugs

A rapid semiquantitative method for the determination of anticonvulsant drugs in blood and urine by thin-layer chromatography is described that is applicable in most laboratories. Utilization of SilicAR TLC-7GF with benzene:acetone (4:1), chloroform:acetone(9:1), and carbon tetrachloride:acetone(7:3) provides separation of Dilantin, phenobarbital, Mysoline, Phenylethylmalondiamide, Mesantoin, and Nirvanol.
In vivo two-photon microscopy to 1.6-mm depth in mouse cortex

Deep tissue in vivo two-photon fluorescence imaging of cortical vasculature in a mouse brain using 1280-nm excitation is presented. A record imaging depth of 1.6 mm in mouse cortex is achieved in vivo, approximately reaching the fundamental depth limit in scattering tissue.
HIV Testing in Correctional Agencies and Community Treatment Programs: The Impact of Internal Organizational Structure

This study compares the provision of HIV testing in a nationally representative sample of correctional agencies and community-based substance abuse treatment programs and identifies the internal organizational-level correlates of HIV testing in both organizations. Data are derived from the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies' National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices Survey. Using an organizational diffusion theoretical framework [Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York: The Free Press], the impact of Centralization of Power, Complexity, Formalization, Interconnectedness, Organizational Resources, and Organizational Size on HIV testing was examined in correctional agencies and treatment programs. Although there were no significant differences in the provision of HIV testing among correctional agencies (49%) and treatment programs (50%), the internal organizational-level correlates were more predictive of HIV testing in correctional agencies. Specifically, all dimensions, with the exception of Formalization, were related to the provision of HIV testing in correctional agencies. Implications for correctional agencies and community treatment to adopt HIV testing are discussed.
Understanding Vietnamese youth gangs in America: An ecological systems analysis

This article analyzes the problem of Vietnamese American youth gangs using Bronfenbrenner's ecological model. I first present a brief historical overview of Vietnamese migration to America, which is followed by examining risk factors that operate within five system levels: the micro-, meso-, exo-, macro-, and chrono-systems. Theories that explain relationships between the risk factors and gang involvement also are included. Finally, I draw implications for assessment, prevention, and intervention strategies at each systems level.
Assessing the Perceived Restorative Qualities of Vacation Destinations

The objective of this study was to develop a tool for assessing how and why a destination can facilitate vacationers’ recovery from mental fatigue. Using attention restoration theory as a theoretical foundation, this research developed an initial instrument for assessing the perceived restorative qualities of vacation destinations (i.e., perceived destination restorative quality [PDRQ]). A 30-item, six-factor structure of destination restorativeness was identified. The six dimensions are compatibility, extent, mentally away, physically away, discord, and fascination. The proposed PDRQ provides a baseline measure for understanding the specific restorative properties of a particular destination. The proposed PDRQ instrument can potentially be valuable to researchers and industry practitioners interested in planning, designing, and delivering optimal restorative vacation experiences. The assessment of how a tourism destination may provide restorative properties is an understudied area. This research brings m...
Was There Really a Social Efficiency Doctrine? The Uses and Abuses of an Idea in Educational History

In the historiography on curriculum reform during the progressive era, one interpretive lens has dominated the study of 20th-century reform for more than 40 years: the idea of the social efficiency doctrine. In this historiographical essay, the authors briefly trace the rise of social efficiency as an idea in curriculum history, identify the four common assertions on which it is based, review the recent studies that challenge these assertions, and finally, suggest some ways to rescue the term from overuse and abuse. The authors argue that, historically speaking, social efficiency was a widely used, poorly defined, highly problematic term that had multiple uses for multiple scholars between the 1890s and the 1930s. Historiographically speaking, the authors argue the idea of the social efficiency doctrine has been an inconsistent, heterogeneous, and imprecise lens through which to explain long-term curriculum change.
Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB)

The Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, founded in 1962, gathered several research groups working on the structure and function of nucleic acids and proteins under one roof. The laboratory played a key role in the formation of the new science of molecular biology. Between 1962 and 2013, LMB researchers collected 10 Nobel Prizes for research performed in the laboratory, making it one of the most successful research institutions. The laboratory attracted many young researchers from around the world who spent their formative years at the LMB before moving on to set up their own laboratories, often exporting part of the LMB research culture. The LMB pursues fundamental research, but since the 1980s, it has also played an important role in technology transfer and in the creation of biotech start-ups in the Cambridge area. Key Concepts The LMB was the first institution to carry the term ‘molecular biology’ in its name. It played a key role in the formation of the new science. For a long time in Britain, the LMB was regarded as synonymous with molecular biology. The LMB is independent from the University of Cambridge. It is funded by the Medical Research Council. Many of the important achievements of the LMB lay in the development of innovative approaches for molecular structure determination, including X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, computational methods and sequencing techniques. The Sanger Institute in Hinxton, funded by the Wellcome Trust, started out as s a spin-off of the LMB, dedicated to the sequencing of model organisms and the human genome. The LMB pursues fundamental research, but since the 1980s, it has also played an important role in technology transfer and in the creation of biotech start-ups in the Cambridge area. Keywords: Sanger Institute
Quantum correction for Schottky's theorem☆

Abstract It is shown that the well-known quantum correction factor for thermal noise must also be introduced into Schottky's theorem for shot noise in single currents crossing barriers, since otherwise the second law of thermodynamics would be violated.
Genic and nongenic contributions to natural variation of quantitative traits in maize

The complex genomes of many economically important crops present tremendous challenges to understand the genetic control of many quantitative traits with great importance in crop production, adaptation, and evolution. Advances in genomic technology need to be integrated with strategic genetic design and novel perspectives to break new ground. Complementary to individual-gene-targeted research, which remains challenging, a global assessment of the genomic distribution of trait-associated SNPs (TASs) discovered from genome scans of quantitative traits can provide insights into the genetic architecture and contribute to the design of future studies. Here we report the first systematic tabulation of the relative contribution of different genomic regions to quantitative trait variation in maize. We found that TASs were enriched in the nongenic regions, particularly within a 5-kb window upstream of genes, which highlights the importance of polymorphisms regulating gene expression in shaping the natural variation. Consistent with these findings, TASs collectively explained 44%-59% of the total phenotypic variation across maize quantitative traits, and on average, 79% of the explained variation could be attributed to TASs located in genes or within 5 kb upstream of genes, which together comprise only 13% of the genome. Our findings suggest that efficient, cost-effective genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in species with complex genomes can focus on genic and promoter regions.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by Patients Enrolled Onto Phase I Clinical Trials

Purpose To describe the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and pattern of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in patients enrolled onto phase I trials. Patients and Methods Questionnaires were administered to 108 patients with advanced malignancies enrolled onto phase I chemotherapy trials at the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center (Rochester, MN). CAM was classified into two modalities, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic. Clinical and demographic data, including age, sex, and prior cancer treatment, were subsequently obtained from patient charts and examined for any correlation with CAM use, using χ2 analysis. Results One hundred two survey forms were returned. Among respondents, 88.2% (90 of 102) had used at least one CAM modality; 93.3% (84 of 90) and 53.3% (48 of 90) had used pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic CAM, respectively; and 46.7% (42 of 90) used both modalities. Vitamin and mineral preparations constituted 89.3% (75 of 84) of all pharmacologic CAM used. Intake was highe...
Contesting Pisco: Chile, Peru, And The Politics Of Trade*

This article examines the geography of pisco, a South American brandy claimed as the national drink of both Peru and Chile. The historic tension between these two nations—based notably on the ninet...
From mice to men. Commonalities in physiology for stem cell-based cardiac repair.

Current treatments for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) involving successful restoration of blood flow into the infarct-related artery either by percutaneous methods or by fibrinolytic therapy have shown to be of benefit in reduction of short-term mortality. While the advantages of these
The Contact Angle and Interface Energetics

Information on the outermost few angstroms of solid surfaces is very difficult to obtain. One of the most sensitive methods known for obtaining true surface information is solid/liquid/vapor (S/L/V) or solid/liquid/liquid (S/L/L) contact angles. These methods are unique in that the equipment required is relatively simple and inexpensive. Although interpretation of the results obtained is dependent on a number of assumptions, each of which is somewhat controversial, a first-order interpretation is possible and has proven to be very useful in practically all areas of surface science and engineering. Most of the surface science texts briefly referred to in Chapter 1 contain one or more chapters on surface tension, capillarity, or contact angle methods. In addition, a number of the monographs and review serials cited in Chapter 1 also contain chapters on the contact angle technique.
A Proximal-Gradient Homotopy Method for the L1-Regularized Least-Squares Problem

We consider the l1-regularized least-squares problem for sparse recovery and compressed sensing. Since the objective function is not strongly convex, standard proximal gradient methods only achieve sublinear convergence. We propose a homotopy continuation strategy, which employs a proximal gradient method to solve the problem with a sequence of decreasing regularization parameters. It is shown that under common assumptions in compressed sensing, the proposed method ensures that all iterates along the homotopy solution path are sparse, and the objective function is effectively strongly convex along the solution path. This observation allows us to obtain a global geometric convergence rate for the procedure. Empirical results are presented to support our theoretical analysis.
MULTI-CRITERIA APPROVAL FOR EVALUATING LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES (CASE STUDY: FRUŠKA GORA NATIONAL PARK)

This paper deals with the problem of multi-criteria evaluation of four management strategies for Fruska Gora National Park. The criteria set was defined in ac­cordance with the IUCN guidelines for management of national parks. Four strategies were evaluated by testing preference intensities for each alternative with the respect to each cri­terion. Alternatives with preference above the approval threshold were approved, and a multi-criteria approval matrix was generated. According to the matrix, the most suitable management strategy was identified. It implies an intense protection of natural resources and landscape diversity in the national park by applying bio-engineering measures. This illustrative example proved that multi-criteria approval can be considered as a good deci­sion support tool when there is no need for a deeper insight into cardinal values of criteria weights and alternatives, or if the decision maker has to select few from many of alterna­tives to reduce the decision problem. For a more precise analysis, it is recommended to combine multi-criteria approval with other decision support tools, and future studies might deal with this problem in order to define an alternative framework for decision making in landscape management. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 174003: Theory and application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in multi-criteria decision making under conditions of risk and uncer­tainty (individual and group context]
Optical measurement of photosensitizer concentration using a probe with a small source-detector fiber separation

We present a novel minimally invasive method to measure the concentration of photodynamic therapy drugs in real time. The method is based on measurements of backscattered and fluorescence light using a steady state fluorescence spectrometer. The ratio of the fluorescence to scattered light is found to be linearly proportional to the absorption coefficient of the photosensitizer. The fiber-optic probe used for the measurements has a small source-detector separation, therefore the measurements could be performed through the working channel of an endoscope.
RNA Interference Mediated Interleukin-1β Silencing in Inflamed Chondrocytes Decreases Target and Downstream Catabolic Responses

Posttraumatic activation of the catabolic cascade plays a major role in degradation of cartilage. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a primary instigator in the catabolic axis, is upregulated in chondrocytes following injury. IL-1β activates key degradative enzymes, including MMPs and aggrecanases, and other proinflammatory mediators such as PGE2 which contribute to ECM breakdown. Posttranscriptional silencing of IL-1β by RNA interference (RNAi) may drive a reduction in IL-1β. We hypothesized that transduction of chondrocytes using rAAV2 expressing a short hairpin RNAi motif targeting IL-1β (shIL-1β) would significantly decrease IL-1β expression and, in turn, decrease expression of other catabolic enzymes. Chondrocyte cultures were transduced with rAAV2-tdT-shIL-1β in serum-free media. The fluorescent protein, tdTomato, was used to determine transduction efficiency via flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. Cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 48 hours following transduction. After 24-hour stimulation, supernatants were collected for cytokine analysis, and cells lysed for gene expression analysis. IL-1β knockdown led to significantly decreased expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and ADAMTS5. PGE2 synthesis was also significantly downregulated. Overall, effective silencing of IL-1β using rAAV2 vector expressing a short hairpin IL-1β knockdown sequence was shown. Additionally, significant downstream effects were evident, including decreased expression of TNF-α and ADAMTS5. Targeted silencing of catabolic cytokines may provide a promising treatment avenue for osteoarthritic (OA) joints.
An Approach of Terrain—Matching for Terrain—Aided Navigation

In order to match the requirement of a national defense pre-researching project,the approaches used in TAN were studied and a new approach in this dissertation was designed which based on measurement of terrain- entropy and absolute difference to carry out terrain-matching locating function.Experiments testify that the approach can be quite accurate and shows ideal effect when applied in TF/TA.
Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Vaccine Immunization on Infants and Reimmunization on Low- and NonResponders in Qingpu District,Shanghai

[Objective]To study the infants’ basic responses to hepatitis B vaccination and the influencing factors in Qingpu District of Shanghai and probe the responses to re-vaccination of those who showed no or low response in the prior.[Methods] With simple random sampling,a total of 677 infants,who were born from February 1,2008 to March 30,2009 in Qingpu District of Shanghai and vaccinated with 5μg recombinant beer yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines(YDVs) or 10μg Hansenula YDVs according to the 0-1-6 immunization schedule,were enrolled as the study subjects.The antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen(anti-HBs) was detected by chemiluminescence microparticle immuno assay.Questionnaires were also employed among the parents to investigate the birth and vaccination course.[Results] Of all the 677 infants enrolled,the response rate of the first-course immunity was 82.72%,and the low/non-response rate was 17.28%(2.22% non-response and 15.07% low-response).The group vaccinated with 10μg Hansenula YDVs showed a higher response rate than the group accepted 5μg beer YDVs.Logistic regression analysis showed a higher response rate in the infants who were female,vaccinated with Hansenula YDVs or full-term(OR=1.529,3.617 or 9.356,respectively).Among those who showed no or low response after the first course of vaccination,the response rate of the first and the third shots in the second course vaccination were 91.40% and 94.50% respectively.The response rates of the first and the third shots in the second course of vaccination were obviously higher than that in the first course(P0.05).[Conclusion] The infants who received a full course of the hepatitis B vaccination showed a higher response rate of anti-HBs,but there were still 17.28% of them showed low/nonresponse.Premature birth,low dosage of vaccine inoculated and mothers with positive hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) are the risk factors for low/non-response.Such infants should be re-vaccinated with another 10μg of Hansenula YDVs.
Assessement of results of detection of leishmaniasis pateints with rk39 dipstick

Objective To assess results of detection of leishmaniasis patients with rk39 dipstick and provide some basic data for field investigation. Methods Based on the results of pathological examination or effect of treatment the sensitvity and specificity of rk39 dipstick in detection of leishmaniasis patients were assessed. Results Of 83 patients tested with rk39dipstick and pathology 56 were positive by both tests and 4 were negative with a coincidence rate of 100% (56/56), while other 23 cases only positive by rk39 dipstick showing that the positive rates of pathological and rk39 dipstick methods were 70.89% (56/79) and 100% (79/79), respectively. In addition, 12 out of 51 patients without pathological tests were detected positive by rk39 dipstick. All of 35 cases identified by rk39 dipstick and treated with sodium sibogluconate were either cured or effective. Conclusion It is indicated that rk39 dipstick is a highly sensitive method for detection of clinical leishmaniasis cases (100%) in this observation. Compared with pathological method, the rk39 dipstick is rapid, simple, high sensitivity and specificity (P0.01). Thus it is suitable for application in at grassroots levels.
SU-G-BRA-10: Marker Free Lung Tumor Motion Tracking by An Active Contour Model On Cone Beam CT Projections for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer.

Purpose: To develop a novel strategy to extract the lung tumor motion from cone beam CT (CBCT) projections by an active contour model with interpolated respiration learned from diaphragm motion. Methods: Tumor tracking on CBCT projections was accomplished with the templates derived from planning CT (pCT). There are three major steps in the proposed algorithm: 1) The pCT was modified to form two CT sets: a tumor removed pCT and a tumor only pCT, the respective digitally reconstructed radiographs DRRtr and DRRto following the same geometry of the CBCT projections were generated correspondingly. 2) The DRRtr was rigidly registered with the CBCT projections on the frame-by-frame basis. Difference images between CBCT projections and the registered DRRtr were generated where the tumor visibility was appreciably enhanced. 3) An active contour method was applied to track the tumor motion on the tumor enhanced projections with DRRto as templates to initialize the tumor tracking while the respiratory motion was compensated for by interpolating the diaphragm motion estimated by our novel constrained linear regression approach. CBCT and pCT from five patients undergoing stereotactic body radiotherapy were included in addition to scans from a Quasar phantom programmed with known motion. Manual tumor tracking was performed on CBCT projections and was compared to the automatic tracking to evaluate the algorithm accuracy. Results: The phantom study showed that the error between the automatic tracking and the ground truth was within 0.2mm. For the patients the discrepancy between the calculation and the manual tracking was between 1.4 and 2.2 mm depending on the location and shape of the lung tumor. Similar patterns were observed in the frequency domain. Conclusion: The new algorithm demonstrated the feasibility to track the lung tumor from noisy CBCT projections, providing a potential solution to better motion management for lung radiation therapy.