cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior of concentrated polymer solutions under periodic stresses

Experimental methods for measuring the mechanical properties of concentrated polymer solutions and other viscoelastic systems under periodically varying stresses are reviewed. These include direct measurements of stress and strain, measurements of response at resonance frequencies determined by the inertia of the apparatus, propagation of waves in extended media, and measurements of resonance vibrations. The conditions for the suitability of each method are discussed, and equations for the interrelation of the various quantities measured are given. Examples are shown to illustrate the fitting of experimental data to the calculated behavior of mechanical models, in order to obtain frequency-independent mechanical constants which can be interpreted in terms of molecular behavior.
The Role of Religion for Hospice Patients and Relatively Healthy Older Adults

As older adults approach the end of life, they frequently experience death anxiety and a decline in subjective well-being that are not always alleviated by increased religious participation. One possible explanation is the differential influences of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. The present study examined the effects of religious orientation and spiritual activities on subjective well-being and death attitudes among 103 relatively healthy older adults and 19 hospice patients (aged 61 and older). The results of path analyses showed that a sense of purpose in life rather than religiosity had a direct positive effect on subjective well-being and a direct negative effect on death fear after controlling for physical health and demographic characteristics. Intrinsic religiosity had an indirect positive effect on subjective well-being and a strong direct positive effect on approach acceptance of death. Extrinsic religiosity, however, was positively related to death anxiety and, for hospice patients, negat...
The development of a Martian atmospheric Sample collection canister

The collection of an atmospheric sample from Mars would provide significant insight to the understanding of the elemental composition and sub-surface out-gassing rates of noble gases. A team of engineers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology have developed an atmospheric sample collection canister for Martian application. The engineering strategy has two basic elements: first, to collect two separately sealed 50 cubic centimeter unpressurized atmospheric samples with minimal sensing and actuation in a self contained pressure vessel; and second, to package this atmospheric sample canister in such a way that it can be easily integrated into the orbiting sample capsule for collection and return to Earth. Sample collection and integrity are demonstrated by emulating the atmospheric collection portion of the Mars Sample Return mission on a compressed timeline. The test results achieved by varying the pressure inside of a thermal vacuum chamber while opening and closing the valve on the sample canister at Mars ambient pressure. A commercial off-the-shelf medical grade micro-valve is utilized in the first iteration of this design to enable rapid testing of the system. The valve has been independently leak tested at JPL to quantify and separate the leak rates associated with the canister. The results are factored in to an overall system design that quantifies mass, power, and sensing requirements for a Martian atmospheric Sample Collection (MASC) canister as outlined in the Mars Sample Return mission profile. Qualitative results include the selection of materials to minimize sample contamination, preliminary science requirements, priorities in sample composition, flight valve selection criteria, a storyboard from sample collection to loading in the orbiting sample capsule, and contributions to maintaining “Earth” clean exterior surfaces on the orbiting sample capsule.
Laboratory-scale techniques for the measurement of a material response to an explosive blast

Abstract Laboratory-scale experiments were performed to measure the deformation of thin plates in response to varying explosive impulse. Experiments were conducted with a known explosive mass suspended in air at a known distance from an aluminum witness plate clamped in a “shock-hole” fixture. Through the use of well-characterized PETN and TATP explosive charges, the explosive impulse applied to each witness plate was determined a priori. The witness-plate response was measured using high-speed digital cameras to determine time-resolved, three-dimensional surface motion and maximum plate deformation. The results show that the maximum dynamic plate deformation is a straightforward function of applied explosive impulse, as determined from the explosive characterization. The experimental trend is the same despite the two different explosives used, highlighting that explosive impulse, determined through a blast characterization, is the controlling parameter in material blast response. A new experimental technique is used here to measure the dynamic blast response and the experimental errors are documented. Ultimately, applications of laboratory-scale explosive testing to computational code validation, material response scaling, and high-speed material property definition are discussed.
Gene discovery in the embryonic chick retina.

Purpose: The chick embryo is a powerful model system for the study of retinal development. However, analysis of gene expression in the chick retina has lagged behind biological studies. The purpose of this study was to identity and characterize genes expressed in the chick embryo retina as candidate molecules involved in the development and function of photoreceptors and other retinal cell types. Methods: RNA from embryonic day (ED) 18 White Leghorn chick embryo retinae was used to generate an oligo dTprimed cDNA library. Bacterial colonies representing five thousand individual clones were arrayed onto nylon membranes using a microarray robot. Replicate membranes were hybridized with cDNA probes synthesized from ED 18 retina, brain and liver. Clones that appeared preferentially expressed in retina were identified by homology searches, and their spatial and temporal expression patterns were analyzed by in situ hybridization. Results: Two hundred and seventy-two clones were identified. Approximately forty percent of the clones represented potential novel genes, including ESTs, hypothetical proteins and clones with no assigned identities. Furthermore, many genes were identified that are the putative chick orthologues of genes cloned from other species. We determined the expression pattern of several clones for which sequence homologies suggested possible roles in transcriptional regulation, apoptosis or intercellular signaling. Their corresponding mRNAs were expressed in the embryonic retina in topographically specific, developmentally regulated patterns. Conclusions: We identified and characterized genes in the chick embryo retina using a combination of microarray analysis and in situ hybridization. Analysis of the expression patterns suggests involvement of several of these genes in key events during embryogenesis.
Clinical and immunologic results of ipilimumab (MDX-010) in patients with metastatic melanoma

Checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies has emerged as an exciting new therapeutic modality for patients with metastatic melanoma. At our center, we have participated in 5 clinical trials using ipilimumab, a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody developed by Medarex and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Similar studies are being conducted elsewhere, using tremelimumab, an IgG2 developed by Pfizer. Initial studies of both of these agents have shown clinical activity as monotherapy with a unique pattern of controllable immune related adverse events (irAEs). At MSKCC, we have enrolled a significant number of patients on the phase II ipilimumab trials for patients who have not responded to prior therapy. In these studies, we have made some intriguing observations concerning patterns of response and progression, as well as association with immunologic correlates. In general, patients demonstrate clinical benefit to ipilimumab at a later time point than would be expected for standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. Pooled data from prior phase I and II trials suggest an objective (partial + complete) response rate of approximately 15% at 12 weeks after initiation of therapy. However, a significant number of patients demonstrate long-term stabilization of disease, which can evolve into an objective response after time periods as long as 5 or 6 months. Even more curious is the observation that patients may have radiologic imaging suggestive of overt progression before eventually showing true clinical response many months later. This suggests that a unique set of criteria need to be developed for accurate classification of response to immunotherapy. We have also noted that several patients treated with ipilimumab have undergone lymphoid reconstitution during anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Prior lymphopenia, which is frequently induced by temozolomide therapy, was corrected with ipilimumab and this immune reconstitution correlated with clinical response. The underlying biology is currently a topic of investigation and we are actively attempting to model this in mice. One hypothesis is that homeostatic proliferation, present in the context of lymphopenia, is accelerated by checkpoint blockade with anti-CTLA-4. Clearly, this has implications for the design of future clinical trials combining cytotoxic therapies with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. As part of the clinical trials, investigators within the Ludwig Center at MSKCC have developed a comprehensive immune monitoring plan for patients receiving anti-CTLA-4 therapy. This includes phenotypic characterization of T-cell subsets pre- and post-treatment, antigen-specific immune responses (both serologic and T-cell) and analyses of T-cell repertoire spectratyping. This abstract was published in Cancer Immunity, a Cancer Research Institute journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research.
Therapeutic Change on Human Figure Drawings

There is considerable disagreement about the value of Human Figure Drawings (HFDs) in both clinical practice and clinical research. Adler (1970, p. 52) concluded that of all available psychological testing instruments, HFDs ... are second only to the Rorschach in frequency of use in hospitals and clinics in the U.S. [Sundberg, 1961]. At the same time, reviews of the HFD literature (Harris, 1963; Roback, 1968; Swensen, 1968) are almost universally pessimistic about the validity of this instrument as commonly used in clinical practice.
Canti di donne in lotta. L’esperienza veneta:

Negli anni 1970, all’apice delle proteste femministe italiane, il Veneto vede sorgere un’esperienza unica: il Comitato per il salario al lavoro domestico di Padova e Venezia. Le domande del comitat...
The Impacts of the European Rule for Fee-Shifting on Litigation Behavior

In honor of the international range and sophistication of Peter Hay's scholarship, this essay examines the impact of an important procedural rule that differs in Europe and the United States: shifting of attorneys fees in litigation. Existing studies suggest that, compared to a regime of no fee-shifting as in the United States, fee-shifting will have an ambiguous affect on the amount of litigation. In contrast, my analysis suggests that fee-shifting as actually practiced in many European countries will tend unambiguously to reduce the amount of litigation. It appears that actual experience in European courts confirms this theoretical prediction.
Arterial mechanics considering the structural and mechanical contributions of ECM constituents

Considering the organization and engagement behavior of different extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents in the medial and adventitial layer of the arterial wall, in this study, we proposed a new constitutive model of ECM mechanics that considers the distinct structural and mechanical contributions of medial elastin, medial collagen, and adventitial collagen, to incorporate the constituent-specific fiber orientation and the sequential fiber engagement in arterial mechanics. Planar biaxial tensile testing method was used to characterize the orthotropic and hyperelastic behavior of porcine thoracic aorta. Fiber distribution functions of medial elastin, medial collagen, and adventitial collagen were incorporated into the constitutive model. Considering the sequential engagement of ECM constituents in arterial mechanics, a recruitment density function was incorporated into the model to capture the delayed engagement of adventitial collagen. A freely jointed chain model was used to capture the mechanical behavior of elastin and collagen at the fiber level. The tissue-level ECM mechanics was obtained by incorporating fiber distribution, engagement, and elastin and collagen content. The multi-scale constitutive model considering the structural and mechanical contributions of the three major ECM constituents allows us to directly incorporate information obtained from quantitative multi-photon imaging and analysis, and biochemical assay for the prediction of tissue-level mechanical response. Moreover, the model shows promises in fitting and predicting with a small set of material parameters, which has physical meanings and can be related to the structure of the ECM.
Connectivity between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the non-human primate: neuronal tract tracing and developmental neuroimaging studies.

The lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTL) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) form the two poles of the ‘central extended amygdala’, a theorized subcortical macrostructure important in threat-related processing. Our previous work in nonhuman primates, and humans, demonstrating strong resting fMRI connectivity between the Ce and BSTL regions, provides evidence for the integrated activity of these structures. To further understand the anatomical substrates that underlie this coordinated function, and to investigate the integrity of the central extended amygdala early in life, we examined the intrinsic connectivity between the Ce and BSTL in non-human primates using ex vivo neuronal tract tracing, and in vivo diffusion-weighted imaging and resting fMRI techniques. The tracing studies revealed that BSTL receives strong input from Ce; however, the reciprocal pathway is less robust, implying that the primate Ce is a major modulator of BSTL function. The sublenticular extended amygdala (SLEAc) is strongly and reciprocally connected to both Ce and BSTL, potentially allowing the SLEAc to modulate information flow between the two structures. Longitudinal early-life structural imaging in a separate cohort of monkeys revealed that extended amygdala white matter pathways are in place as early as 3 weeks of age. Interestingly, resting functional connectivity between Ce and BSTL regions increases in coherence from 3 to 7 weeks of age. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a time period during which information flow between Ce and BSTL undergoes postnatal developmental changes likely via direct Ce → BSTL and/or Ce ↔ SLEAc ↔ BSTL projections.
SEMANTIC SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR THE ENTERPRISE

Business processes are generally fixed and enforced strictly, as reflected by the static nature of underlying software systems and datasets. However, internal and external situations, organizational changes and various other factors trigger dynamism, which is reflected in the form of issues, complains, Q&A, opinions, reviews, etc, over a plethora of communication channels, such as email, chat, discussion forums, and internal social network. Careful and timely analysis and processing of such channels may lead to early detection of emerging trends, critical issues, opportunities, topics of interests, contributors, experts etc. Social network analytics have been successfully applied in general purpose, online social network platforms, like Facebook and Twitter. However, in order for such techniques to be useful in business context, it is mandatory to integrate them with underlying business systems, processes and practices. Such integration problem is increasingly recognized as Big Data problem. We argue that SemanticWeb technology applied with social network analytics can solve enterprise knowledge management, while achieving integration.
Protein Kinase A-Directed Antisense Restrains Cancer Growth: Sequence-Specific Inhibition of Gene Expression

Increased expression of the RIα subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I has been shown in human cancer cell lines, in primary tumors, in cells after transformation, and in cells upon stimul...
Systematicity and the Continuity Thesis

Hoyningen-Huene (Systematicity: the nature of science, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013) develops an account of what science is, distinguishing it from common sense. According to Hoyningen-Huene, the key distinguishing feature is that science is more systematic. He identifies nine ways in which science is more systematic than common sense. I compare Hoyningen-Huene’s view to a view I refer to as the “Continuity Thesis.” The Continuity Thesis states that scientific knowledge is just an extension of common sense. This thesis is associated with Quine, Planck, and others. I argue that Hoyningen-Huene ultimately rejects the Continuity Thesis, and I present further evidence to show that the Continuity Thesis is false. I also argue that it is the systematicity of science that ultimately grounds the epistemic authority of science. Hoyningen-Huene thus draws attention to an important feature of science that explains the place of science in contemporary society.
Achieving Biosafety Level 3 through the Use of Biosafety Level 2 Facilities and Biosafety Level 3 Practices: A Prevalence Survey of Medical Research and Academic Institutions

Heightened interest in pathogens with the potential for aerosol transmission and for which prevention and medical treatment is not readily available has resulted in a need for more work environment...
Tuberculosis control in the Army.

In conclusion it may be stated that the control measures as applied in the Army, with admitted imperfections due to rapidity of mobilization and military exigencies, have been effective in maintaining a population with a very low tuberculosis rate. There is every reason to believe that these measures will have a favorable effect on the whole trend of tuberculosis in this country, through the early discovery of cases, removal of sources of contagion, and the pattern of large scale observation set by the procedure followed.
Facilitating Social Integration for People With Severe Mental Illness Served by Assertive Community Treatment.

Abstract Purpose This article explores the experience of workers on Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) teams surrounding their efforts to facilitate social integration for their clients. Design and methods Sixteen workers were individually interviewed and eight additional workers participated in two focus groups. Findings The formation of caring relationships between worker and client was an important first step towards social integration for ACT clients. Community activities offer opportunities for social interaction. Practice implications The frequency of community based activities should be increased. Social integration should be a targeted focus of service by structurally embedding a social integration specialist onto the ACT model.
Isolated ligamentous injury can cause posteromedial elbow instability: a cadaveric study.

Background Elbow posteromedial rotatory instability (PMRI) is known to occur with fracture of the anteromedial coronoid and injury to the posterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament (pMUCL). However, whether instability results from isolated pMUCL injury remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to quantify displacement about the ulnohumeral joint to evaluate whether isolated sectioning of the pMUCL results in elbow PMRI. Methods Nine cadaveric elbows underwent movements simulating PMRI by application of axial compression with varus and internal rotation moments. Gapping values at both the proximal and distal aspects of the medial ulnohumeral joint were then recorded for "intact" and "pMUCL-sectioned" elbows at positions of 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. Results After pMUCL transection, torsion increased by 2.6° ± 0.7° ( P = .054) at 30° and 4.5° ± 1.2° ( P = .039) at 60° of flexion. Proximal ulnohumeral joint gapping also increased at 30° (1.4 ± 0.4 mm; P = .039), 60° (1.5 ± 0.6 mm; P = .039), and 90° (1.5 ± 0.7 mm; P = .017), respectively. No increases in distal ulnohumeral gapping occurred at any angle of flexion. Discussion Sectioning of the pMUCL results in significant increases in torsion and displacement about the proximal ulnohumeral joint. Our findings demonstrate that elbow PMRI can occur secondary to isolated ligamentous injury. Clinicians mindful of this previously unrecognized role of the pMUCL as a stabilizer may wish to consider methods of restoring pMUCL integrity when treating medial elbow instability.
The Witness-People Myth and Its Alternatives

Jews are an important sign. A useful index of the witness-people myth’s influence among Christians is the degree to which Jews and their fate are profoundly significant for Christians. The special stature of the Jewish people was not lost in the angry disputes of the first century or the fateful parting of the ways in the second. Emerging “Christianity” of the first century ce defined itself primarily in relation to mainstream Judaism and its interpretation of Jewish Scripture.1 From the second to the fifth centuries the Jewish communities scattered about the Roman Empire remained special objects of curiosity and derision for Christians, as a vast body of adversos Judaeos literature from the pens of the church fathers attests. Even as the authorities of Talmudic Judaism were almost completely ignoring Christianity, Jews and Judaism remained of crucial interest for Christians.2 Since the time of Paul, in fact, the fate of “unbelieving” Jews following the appearance of Christ has been considered a divine mystery; and although this mystery is fully comprehended only by God, it is nonetheless significant for the church, since the ultimate salvation of Israel (Romans 11:26) is a sign of the consummation of God’s plan for history.
Accelerated mesh sampling for the hyper reduction of nonlinear computational models

Summary In nonlinear model order reduction, hyper reduction designates the process of approximating a projection-based reduced-order operator on a reduced mesh, using a numerical algorithm whose computational complexity scales with the small size of the projection-based reduced-order model. Usually, the reduced mesh is constructed by sampling the large-scale mesh associated with the high-dimensional model underlying the projection-based reduced-order model. The sampling process itself is governed by the minimization of the size of the reduced mesh for which the hyper reduction method of interest delivers the desired accuracy for a chosen set of training reduced-order quantities. Because such a construction procedure is combinatorially hard, its key objective function is conveniently substituted with a convex approximation. Nevertheless, for large-scale meshes, the resulting mesh sampling procedure remains computationally intensive. In this paper, three different convex approximations that promote sparsity in the solution are considered for constructing reduced meshes that are suitable for hyper reduction and paired with appropriate active set algorithms for solving the resulting minimization problems. These algorithms are equipped with carefully designed parallel computational kernels in order to accelerate the overall process of mesh sampling for hyper reduction, and therefore achieve practicality for realistic, large-scale, nonlinear structural dynamics problems. Conclusions are also offered as to what algorithm is most suitable for constructing a reduced mesh for the purpose of hyper reduction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Restriction on Vehicle Change and Its Interaction with Movement

This squib presents a restriction on the phenomenon descriptively known as ‘‘vehicle change’’ that has not, to our knowledge, previously been noted. With vehicle change construed as a kind of ‘‘tolerable mismatch’’ between an ellipsis site and its antecedent, the data we present suggest that exactly the same mismatches cannot be tolerated between the members of a movement chain. While in principle one might consider the possibility that ellipsis and movement could be reduced to the same operation (Chomsky 1995:252–253)—that the deletion usually described as ellipsis might be the same operation as the deletion or ‘‘chopping’’ (in the sense of Ross 1967) that applies to the unpronounced (usually lower) copy in a movement chain—the differences in the kinds of mismatches that can be tolerated will pose a difficulty for this unification. We present the crucial data that suggest that such a unification is not tenable in section 1 and then outline an explanation of these facts in section 2. We state this explana...
Economic Analysis of Freeway Speed Limit Policy Alternatives

Recently, nationwide speed limit policy modifications have resulted in a general upward trend in many states, including Michigan. In Michigan legislation has been proposed to raise posted speed limits on limited access freeways for passenger vehicles and for trucks and buses. In response, research was performed to assess the economic impacts associated with speed limit policy alternatives under consideration. The economic assessment included estimation of the agency costs and user benefits and disbenefits for each proposed policy alternative, including those related to infrastructure modifications, fuel consumption, travel time, and fatal crash occurrence. Calculation of the benefit–cost ratios indicated several findings. First, scenarios that increased only the freeway truck and bus speed limit from 60 mph to 65 or 70 mph had favorable benefit–cost ratios (i.e., greater than 1) as long as diesel prices remained below approximately $3 per gallon and fatal crashes did not increase by more than one per year...
Psychovisual issues in the display of medical images

Given a recorded image as a continuous or discrete array of measured or computed intensities, display is the process by which that image is presented to the human viewer as a light image. PACS imposes certain requirements on display such as the use of digital, electronic display devices, the provision of wide-ranging interactions, and the presentation of multiple images simultaneously so that they can be compared. At the same time the digital displays give one considerable flexibility in specifying the display process, providing options that importantly affect the information transmitted from the recorded image to the observer. Essentially one must match the display process to the needs of the observer and capabilities of the display devices. In this paper the parameters of display will be set forth, relevant properties of the human visual system and of display devices will be surveyed, and display processes to provide the required match will be described. In particular, matters related to the size of the display, the number of display pixels, interpolation, the display scale, and the assignment of recorded intensity levels to the display scale will be covered.
Fatigue behaviour of direct metal laser sintered Inconel 718

This research focuses on characterising the high cycle fatigue (HCF) behaviour of Inconel 718 produced via the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process. Material anisotropy in three orthogonal build orientations was evaluated along with the influence of the as-fabricated surface quality on fatigue performance. Results showed that specimens produced in an optimal build orientation with machined surfaces correlated well with published data for traditionally processed Inconel 718.
Inverse Scattering of Pulsed Thermal Waves

Preliminary results on inversion of pulsed thermal wave images have been presented elsewhere [1–4]. In that work a technique was introduced for removing the blurring of thermal wave images of planar subsurface features such as delaminations. The purpose of the development of the technique was to provide an algorithm for inverting a single image obtained at some time after the interrogation of the sample with a thermal wave pulse, and to obtain the shape of the scatterer with a single calculation on that image. The method involves no tomographic reconstruction and does not rely on any kind of successive approximation scheme. Recently, we have extended the method to include thermally anisotropic materials and also multiple scattering effects. [5]
A New Perspective on Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

It is claimed that the United Nations International Decade for Water Supply and Sanitation of the 1980s, has served to provide more than 1.3 billion people with capabilities tor adequate water supplies, and about 750 million with sanitation. The principle impact has been in rural communities of developing countries. Unfortunately, a considerable portion of these facilities are abandoned and inoperative. While completely manageable in the rich industrialized countries, water related diseases, e.g. infant mortality, child diarrhoea, and cholera epidemics persist in the poor countries of South America, Africa and Asia. The situation has been exacerbated by explosive population growth in the poor countries of the world. Despite national and international commitment, water supply and sanitation services are not keeping up with the demand, and many investments have not been sustained. It is clear now that the major constraint, in the less developed countries, has not been the lack of funds or water supply and sanitation technology, but rather an absence of a capacity to develop, utilize and sustain the available resources. Capacity building in a given country must come from within and it is basically a social-political process. The commitment of a country for capacity building of the water sector should be approached on two levels. On the national level this may entail changes in water related policies, establishment of legal, regulatory, and information systems, and the involvement of citizen groups and national professional organizations. On the local level, it is imperative to strengthen local institutional resources, technical, managerial and financial capabilities, and community involvement. Integration of water supply and sanitation agencies with local irrigation districts is frequently advantageous where water reclamation options are feasible. Examples from Egypt are presented.
Using realistic factors to simulate catastrophic congestion events in a network

Abstract With the rapid growth of the Internet, there has been increased interest in the research literature in the use of computer models to study the dynamics of communication networks. An important example of this has been the study of dramatic, but relatively infrequent, events that result in abrupt, and often catastrophic, failures in the network due to congestion. These events are sometimes known as phase transitions. With few exceptions, the models of such computer communications networks used in previous studies have been abstract graphs that include simplified representation of such important network factors as variable router speeds and packet buffer size limits. Here, we modify this typical approach, adding realistic network factors to a graph model of a single Internet Service Provider (ISP) network that can have more than a quarter million nodes. The realistic factors in our model, including router classes, variable router speeds, flows, the transmission control protocol (TCP), sources and receivers, and packet dropping, can be enabled and disabled in combinations. For each combination of realistic factors, we gradually increase network load, and gauge spread of congestion throughout the network. While there are realistic computer communications network models reported in the literature, to our knowledge none of these have been used to study catastrophic failures in computer networks. We show that the addition of realistic network factors to our model of an ISP network can mitigate catastrophic events. With the addition of variable router speeds or TCP, a phase transition to a congested state, where all routers are congested, does not appear. Yet, as load increases, ultimately the operation of the ISP network appears to decline, along with the ability of its nodes to communicate. The results of this study should be cautionary for other domains, such as electrical power grids, and the spread of viruses or diseases, where abstract graph models are often used to study phase transitions.
Grueneisen Gammas and Phonon Scattering

The anharmonic properties are described by Grueneisen parameters γ. One must distinguish between different γ ‘s, which are related to one another.
Comparison of multistate Markov modeling with contemporary outcomes in a reanalysis of the NINDS tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke treatment trial

Historically, ordinal measures of functional outcome have been dichotomized for the primary analysis in acute stroke therapy trials. A number of alternative methods to analyze the ordinal scales have been proposed, with an emphasis on maintaining the ordinal structure as much as possible. In addition, despite the availability of longitudinal outcome data in many trials, the primary analysis consists of a single endpoint. Inclusion of information about the course of disease progression allows for a more complete understanding of the treatment effect. Multistate Markov modeling, which allows for the full ordinal scale to be analyzed longitudinally, is compared with previously suggested analytic techniques for the ordinal modified Rankin Scale (dichotomous-logistic regression; continuous-linear regression; ordinal- shift analysis, proportional odds model, partial proportional odds model, adjacent categories logit model; sliding dichotomy; utility weights; repeated measures). In addition, a multistate Markov model utilizing an estimate of the unobservable baseline outcome derived from principal component analysis is compared Each of the methods is used to re-analyze the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke tissue plasminogen activator study which showed a consistently significant effect of tissue plasminogen activator using a global test of four dichotomized outcomes in the analysis of the primary outcome at 90 days post-stroke in the primary analysis. All methods detected a statistically significant treatment effect except the multistate Markov model without predicted baseline (p = 0.053). This provides support for the use of the estimated baseline in the multistate Markov model since the treatment effect is able to be detected with its inclusion. Multistate Markov modeling allows for a more refined examination of treatment effect and describes the movement between modified Rankin Scale states over time which may provide more clinical insight into the treatment effect. Multistate Markov models are feasible and desirable in describing treatment effect in acute stroke therapy trials.
An optofluidic metasurface for lateral flow-through detection of breast cancer biomarker.

Abstract The rapid growth of point-of-care tests demands for biosensors with high sensitivity and small size. This paper demonstrates an optofluidic metasurface that combines silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanophotonics and nanofluidics to realize a high-performance, lateral flow-through biosensor. The metasurface is made of a periodic array of silicon nanoposts on an SOI substrate, and functionalized with specific receptor molecules. Bonding of a polydimethylsiloxane slab directly onto the surface results in an ultracompact biosensor, where analyte solutions are restricted to flow only in the space between the nanoposts. No flow exists above the nanoposts. This sensor design overcomes the issue with diffusion-limited detection of many other biosensors. The lateral flow-through feature, in conjunction with high-Q resonance modes associated with optical bound states of the metasurface, offers an improved sensitivity to subtle molecule-bonding induced changes in refractive index. The device exhibits a resonance mode around 1550 nm wavelength and provides an index sensitivity of 720 nm/RIU. Biosensing is conducted to detect the epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2), a protein biomarker for early-stage breast cancer screening, by monitoring resonance wavelength shifts in response to specific analyte-ligand binding events at the metasurface. The limit of detection of the device is 0.7 ng mL−1 for ErbB2.
Case 255: Foot Binding.

The clinical and radiographic features in this patient are indicative of bound feet in childhood; major findings include bilaterally deformed feet in an elderly Chinese woman in combination with images showing degenerative changes in the midfoot, bone erosions in the proximal phalanges, and a pes cavus deformity.
Exertion-induced heat stroke in a military setting

Heat stroke is a medical emergency characterized by sudden loss of consciousness and by failure of the heat-regulating mechanism, as manifested by high fever (usually above 104 degrees F) and cessation of sweating. Fatality rates for patients with heat stroke can vary from 0% to more than 40%. Immediately after heat stroke has occurred or is suspected, aggressive cooling measures should be initiated. This case illustrates a 24-year-old commissioned officer who developed heat stroke while running in PT formation dressed with shorts and a T-shirt. Although this patient was in good shape and the wet bulb was only 74.4 degrees F, he developed the classic symptoms of heat stroke, with a core temperature of 105.9 degrees F. He further developed hepatic and skeletal muscle enzyme abnormalities (SGOT, 4680; CPK, 327; LDH, 821) with hyposphosphatemia (0.8). This patient had no significant risk factors, and after the appropriate treatment, his enzyme abnormalities returned to normal without sequelae. This paper will discuss symptoms, predisposing factors, complications, treatment, and prevention of heat stroke--a topic that is important to all military physicians, especially to those deployed to hot, humid environments. Language: en
High-Risk Pregnancy: Pregnancy-Related Problems

A parturient is designated as “high risk” because of the various problems that might arise in the antenatal or peripartum periods. Anesthetic management – both in choice and technique – should be based on a thorough understanding of the physiology of pregnancy and also on the pathophysiology of the problems that made the parturients “high risk.” Any high-risk parturient can be a potential candidate for an obstetric emergency. Hence, continuous vigilance and constant communication with the obstetric team is mandatory.
Feeding Disorders in the Developmentally Disabled Population

Consistent with the growing focus on health promotion, eating and other food-related problems have received increased attention in the behavioral medicine literature. Experimental investigations have spanned a continuum of eating problems from eating excesses, such as obesity and bulimia, to eating deficits, such as anorexia nervosa and nonorganic failure-to-thrive. More recently, researchers have attended to the treatment of organic feeding problems that may be associated with a chronic medical illness (such as short gut syndrome) or produced iatrogenically secondary to medical treatment (e.g., Ginsberg & Klonoff, 1985).
She Who Shall Not Be Named: The Women That Women's Organizations Do (and Do Not) Represent in the Rulemaking Process

Though the concept of intersectionality has been in circulation for nearly 30 years and women's organizations have long been criticized for failing to prioritize the concerns of women of color, poor women, and LGBTQ women, more research is needed to determine precisely why women's organizations do and do not discuss those intersectional identities during policy debates. This study analyzes 1,021 comments that women's organizations submitted to rulemakers to test a series of hypotheses about how women's organizations’ references to women's intersectional identities increase or decrease depending on the organization's primary constituency and ideology, the proposed rule's target population, and other features of the policy-making context. Using automated text analysis and a series of models, it shows that women's organizations do discuss intersectionally marginalized women in their comments. However, not all subgroups of women are equally represented during the process. Women's organizations focus on women's sexual orientations and gender identities more than their races, ethnicities, nationalities, or socioeconomic statuses. Intersectionally marginalized women also tend to receive the most attention when commenters are from organizations that are explicitly focused on representing intersectionally marginalized women and when bureaucrats include references to intersectionally marginalized women in their proposed rules.
Detection of low-frequency mutations and removal of heat-induced artifactual mutations using Duplex Sequencing

We present a genome-wide comparative and comprehensive analysis of three different sequencing methods (conventional next generation sequencing (NGS), tag-based single strand sequencing (eg. SSCS), and Duplex Sequencing for investigating mitochondrial mutations in human breast epithelial cells. Duplex Sequencing produces a single strand consensus sequence (SSCS) and a duplex consensus sequence (DCS) analysis, respectively. Our study validates that although high-frequency mutations are detectable by all the three sequencing methods with the similar accuracy and reproducibility, rare (low-frequency) mutations are not accurately detectable by NGS and SSCS. Even with conservative bioinformatical modification to overcome the high error rate of NGS, the NGS frequency of rare mutations is 7.0E-4. The frequency is reduced to 1.3E-4 with SSCS and is further reduced to 1.0E-0\5 using DCS. Rare mutation context spectra obtained from NGS significantly vary across independent experiments, and it is not possible to identify a dominant mutation context. In contrast, rare mutation context spectra are consistently similar in all independent DCS experiments. We have systematically identified heat-induced artifactual mutations and corrected the artifacts using Duplex Sequencing. All of these artifacts are stochastically occurring rare mutations. C>A/G>T, a signature of oxidative damage, is the most increased (170-fold) heat-induced artifactual mutation type. Our results strongly support the claim that Duplex Sequencing accurately detects low-frequency mutations and identifies and corrects artifactual mutations introduced by heating during DNA preparation.
Three pillars of educational neuroscience from three decades of literature

Abstract An on-going challenge for educational neuroscience is in defining the field, particularly in relation to the broader fields of education, psychology and neuroscience. The field is rapidly growing; the number of papers published under search terms “neuroscience and education” has skyrocketed in recent decades with various viewpoints debated. As interest expands to teachers, policymakers, and the popular media, the answer to “What is educational neuroscience?” becomes increasingly important. We approached this question through a systematic review of the literature and thematically analyzed all reported definitions and mission statements with three major themes emerging: application, interdisciplinary, and translation of language. This review discusses how these pillars have served as a foundation for the field and must support its future growth.
Poverty, urban-rural classification and term infant mortality: a population-based multilevel analysis.

U.S. mortality rate of term infants is higher than most other developed countries. Term infant mortality is associated with exogenous socio-environmental factors. Previous research links low socioeconomic status and rurality with high infant mortality, but does not examine the effect of individual level factors on this association. Separating out the effect of contextual factors from individual level factors has important implications for targeting interventions. Therefore, we aim to estimate the independent effect of poverty and urban-rural classification on term infant mortality. We used linked 2013 period cohort birth-infant death files from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Counties were assigned to low, medium and high poverty groups using US Census Bureau county-level percent of children ≤18 years living in poverty, and were classified based on NCHS urban-rural classification. Bivariate and multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate odds of term infant death, accounting for individual and county level variables. There were 2,551,828 term births in 2013, with an overall term mortality of 2.1 per 1000 births. Odds of term infant mortality increased from 1.4 (95% CI: 1.2, 1.6) to 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6, 2.0) comparing births over increasing county poverty to those in the lowest. The associations remained significant in the multivariable model, for highest poverty 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.5). Similarly, the odds of term infant mortality increased with increasing rurality, from 1.3 (95% CI: 1.2, 1.5) in medium metro counties to 1.7 (95% CI: 1.5, 2.0) in non-core counties compared to large fringe metro counties. However, only rural non-core counties remained statistically associated with increased risk of term infant mortality after adjusting for individual level maternal characteristics. High poverty and very rural counties remained associated with term infant mortality independent of individual maternal sociodemographic, health and obstetric factors. Interventions should focus on contextual factors such as economic environment and availability of health and social services in addition to individual factors to reduce term infant mortality.
Lecture Notes in State and Local Public Finance: (Parts I and II)

This book is based on lectures conducted for two classes at the Maxwell School, Syracuse University: A Public Finance Seminar for PhD students in public administration and State and Local Public Finance for master's students in public administration.
Common Bottlenose Dolphin Foraging: Behavioral Solutions that Incorporate Habitat Features and Social Associates

Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) live in a large variety of habitats, where they confront a wide range of ecological challenges to which they have developed diverse behavioral solutions. They inhabit shallow marsh creeks, estuaries, bays, open coasts, islands, shelves, and deep open ocean. Abiotic factors such as physiography, salinity, temperature, depth, tidal excursions, and currents influence ecological factors that in turn help shape behaviors of bottlenose dolphins, within their morphological and physiological constraints. Among the ecological factors of greatest importance for influencing bottlenose dolphin behavior is its prey, and foraging serves as the focus of this review. Bottlenose dolphins consume a wide variety of prey, primarily fish and squid, that typically are taken in one bite. Prey vary in size, energy content, behavior, schooling tendency, speed, maneuverability, seasonal availability, sensory abilities, sound production, defenses, location in the water column, and use of habitat features or structures. The availability of potential prey to the dolphins is dictated largely by the dolphins’ biology and the development of appropriate skills for detecting, capturing, and handling prey. The interplay of characteristics of the fish, features of their environment, and capabilities of the dolphins themselves shape the dolphins’ foraging behaviors and influence dolphin sociality.
The behavior of pain in response to sit-stand workstations: a systematic review

AbstractBackground: Chronic neck and/or low back pain (LBP) is the most common musculoskeletal complaint among individuals employed in sedentary jobs. Literature is available on the behavior of chr...