cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperbolic Metamaterials for Single-Photon Sources and Nanolasers

Hyperbolic metamaterials are anisotropic media that behave as metals or as dielectrics depending on light polarization. These plasmonic materials constitute a versatile platform for promoting both spontaneous and stimulated emission for a broad range of emitter wavelengths. We analyze experimental realizations of a single–photon source and of a plasmonic laser based on two different architectures of hyperbolic metamaterials. At the heart of this material capability lies the high broadband photonic density of states originating from a rich structure of confined plasmonic modes.
Ultrasonic Transducer Radiation

Ultrasonic transducers are used as transmitters, to convert electrical energy to acoustical energy and project a beam of sound into a material. They are also used as receivers, to convert received sound into electrical energy. This chapter will model the sound beam generated by bulk wave transducers acting as transmitters. A number of different beam models will be discussed including surface integral (point source) models, line integral (boundary diffraction wave) models, multi-Gaussian beam models, and others. In later chapters, it will be shown that the properties of both the transmitted and received sound beams appear in a Thompson-Gray measurement model in the form of quasi-plane waves, i.e. plane waves modified by diffraction correction terms. Thus, explicit diffraction correction expressions will be obtained here for both focused and unfocused transducers in many common testing configurations.
Social Cognitive Theoretical Perspective of Self-Regulation

This chapter offers the social cognitive view of self-regulatory influence in human functioning in general, and in academic functioning in particular, moored in the theorizing of Albert Bandura and Barry Zimmerman. It begins with an overview of social cognitive theory and examines the role of self-regulation within it. The chapter next describes the subfunctions of self-regulation, the cyclical nature of self-regulation and performance, and the development of self-regulation. It then reviews research evidence describing unique and combined effects of the cognitive, behavioral, motivational, emotional, social, and environmental components of self-regulation in learning and performance. Furthermore, the chapter also offers several implications from current research about how educational practitioners and parents can support students' self-regulation. By attending to students' feelings and emotions, including adverse physiological arousal, parents and teachers can help students view their emotions adaptively and to surmount negative feelings.
Estimating school effectiveness with student growth percentile and gain score models

Measuring school effectiveness using student test scores is controversial and some methods used for this can be inaccurate in some situations. The validity of two statistical models – the Student G...
Hematopoietic Tumors of the Thyroid

Primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland is a relatively uncommon disease. The term “primary thyroid lymphoma” (PTL) is a nonspecific, broad term referring to any lymphoma restricted to the thyroid gland. Further classification of PTL is clinically necessary and should be based on histologic, phenotypic, and molecular features using the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification system. Both Hodgkin and many types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas can occur as a PTL. However, the most common types of PTL are extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphomas) and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, NOS (DLBCL).
Principles of Strategy: Advanced

In this final chapter, on the topic of advanced strategies, a selection of topics is discussed through essays across the functional (Sect. 9.1), business (Sect. 9.2) and corporate (Sect. 9.3) strategies. As noted earlier, the merit of defining these three categories is purely pedagogic: developing a strategy should always involve holistic approaches that appreciate the many potential interactions and intricacies within and beyond the proposed set of activities.
Current status of treatment of hepatitis B in children.

Viral Hepatitis B is the cause of significant disease worldwide. Acute infection occurs with hepatitis B, but chronic asymptomatic infection leading to chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma is a life long concern.
Transient and steady-state behavior of auto-igniting propane and dimethyl ether fuel jets in high-temperature vitiated coflows

Abstract In the current study, the auto-ignition dynamics of cold fuel jets issuing into a high-temperature, vitiated environments is investigated. Due to the short time scale of these events, high-speed measurements are used to resolve the coupled spatio-temporal behavior. The present study uses high-speed (20-kHz) OH* chemiluminescence imaging to identify the location and timing of the formation of the initial ignition kernels, providing visualization of the ignition dynamics and a detailed statistical evaluation of ignition heights and ignition delay times across a broad parameter space which includes variations in fuel type, dilution levels, coflow temperature, and coflow oxidizer content. The auto-ignition location and ignition delay times show a strong sensitivity to coflow temperature with increased sensitivities at lower coflow temperatures. Comparisons between kernel formation location for the transient jet and the fluctuating flame base of the subsequent, steady-state flame is presented, highlighting the role of flame propagation on flame stabilization. Results indicate that at lower temperatures the flame stabilization mechanism is dominated by auto-ignition, but at higher coflow temperatures, flame propagation plays a key role. The effects of variations in the hot, coflow oxidizer content on ignition properties were found to be noticeable, but still significantly less than variations in the temperature.
Plasma Physics for High Throughput Water Reuse

In response to water scarcity, water reuse initiatives demand advanced treatment techniques. Water technology must be effective, environmentally friendly, cost efficient and versatile. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are established effective disinfection methods, particularly for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). On the other hand, conventional AOPs are expensive due to higher capital, operational and maintenance costs from required consumables and associated infrastructure. Plasma injection in liquid water can also generate AOPs in solution while eliminating consumables and conversion efficiencies. Thus, in principle, plasma-based AOPs should be considerably cheaper and more effective than conventional AOPs.
A United States pharmacopeia chapter 800-centered process improvement proposal for compounding antineoplastic medications in an academic medical center pharmacy

It is well described that handling antineoplastic medications without proper personal and environmental protections leads to malignancy, reproductive toxicity, and organ damage. In December 2019, the United States Pharmacopeia Chapter 800 (USP ), which addresses the proper handling of hazardous drugs, will be enforceable for any facility handling these agents. Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, Illinois has developed a process improvement for the central pharmacy clean room to increase compliance to USP standards. This plan specifically focuses on adjusting the workflow of four antineoplastic agents that are compounded in their central pharmacy clean room .
Interference Avoidance for Wireless Systems

By definition, users of a multiple access communications system share the same medium, and such shared use leads to mutual interference. The usual methods for combating interference include channel assignment, power control and receiver signal processing. Interference avoidance is a recently developed tool which presupposes the existence of agile transceivers which can adapt their modulation and reception methods to suit the ambient environment. Thus interference avoidance, as implied by the name, seeks to place each user in that portion of the signal space where there is least interference. Greedy iterative application of this procedure optimizes various measures of multiple access performance including sum capacity and user capacity. As such, interference avoidance should be especially useful in unlicensed environments where no central control is assumed. Keywords: CDMA codewords; codeword adaptation; interference suppression; power control; Welch bound sequences; user capacity; sum capacity; total square correlation; mutual interference
Disenfranchisement and Economic Inequality: Downstream Effects of Shelby County v. Holder

The 1965 Voting Rights Act (VRA) is considered by many to be the most effective civil rights law ever passed. In 2013, the Supreme Court struck down important provisions from the VRA in Shelby County v. Holder. This paper first discusses how the potential weakening of minority political power brought about by Shelby County may have made the government less responsive to minorities' policy demands. Then we proceed to show that the lack of minority power is already producing economic inequality that is reflected in public-sector wages and in private-sector occupations with a high number of public workers.
Risk Factors for Loss to Follow-up in 3202 Patients at 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Implications for Identifying Health Disparities in the MOON Prospective Cohort Study.

Background:Understanding the risk factors for loss to follow-up in prospective clinical studies may allow for a targeted approach to minimizing follow-up bias and improving the generalizability of ...
The mindful attention and awareness scale is associated with lower levels of high‐frequency heart rate variability in a laboratory context

Trait mindfulness has been associated with well-being. A key component of trait mindfulness is intentional attention and awareness which is most commonly measured by the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS). This study investigated the relationship between the MAAS and cardiovascular (HF-HRV, heart rate) reactivity to two laboratory stressors that evoked different patterns of change in heart rate (HR). One stressor (viewing a video of a surgery) evoked HR deceleration while the other stressor (mental arithmetic) evoked HR acceleration. Undergraduate students completed the MAAS and were then exposed to the two stressors while ECG (electrocardiography) was recorded. Findings support the reliability of the stressors to induce expected differential cardiovascular responses and explicate the role of parasympathetic activation. Further, a main effect for MAAS was observed indicating that across laboratory conditions, persons scoring higher on the MAAS had lower HF-HRV relative to persons scoring lower on the MAAS. These findings suggest that higher levels of intentional attention and awareness in a laboratory context might promote parasympathetic withdrawal because these participants were more vigilant, experienced higher cognitive load, and detected more threat cues. Implications for the MAAS and cardiovascular responses to stress are discussed.
Schistosomiasis vaccine development: update on human clinical trials

Schistosomiasis causes significant levels of morbidity and mortality in many geographical regions of the world. The disease is caused by infections with parasitic blood flukes known as schistosomes. The control of schistosomiasis over the last several decades has been centered on the mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ), which is the only drug currently available for treatment. Despite the concerted efforts of MDA programs, the prevalence and transmission of schistosomiasis has remained largely unchecked due to the fact that PZQ is ineffective against juvenile schistosomes, does not prevent re-infection and the emergence of PZQ-resistant parasites. In addition, other measures such as the water, sanitation and hygiene programs and snail intermediate hosts control have had little to no impact. These drawbacks indicate that the current control strategies are severely inadequate at interrupting transmission and therefore, implementation of other control strategies are required. Ideally, an efficient vaccine is what is needed for long term protection thereby eliminating the current efforts of repeated mass drug administration. However, the general consensus in the field is that the integration of a viable vaccine with MDA and other control measures offer the best chance of achieving the goal of schistosomiasis elimination. This review focuses on the present status of schistosomiasis vaccine candidates in different phases of human clinical trials and provide some insight into future vaccine discovery and design.
Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging for Battery Maintenance and Degradation Management

Battery management for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has attracted extensive research attention, with most existing studies focusing on PEV operating conditions. However, battery maintenance during idling remains largely unexplored, under which electrochemical side reactions can cause battery degradation. The degradation rate depends on battery states, e.g., state of charge (SOC) and temperature. Considering that PEV idling accounts for the majority of the time, the accumulated degradation could have a major impact on battery and vehicle lifetime. In this article, battery maintenance during extended idling periods is investigated by utilizing a commonly available infrastructure, i.e., the charging unit. An optimal charging profile is designed to maintain the battery states under desirable conditions to minimize degradation over the idling period while still satisfying the charging energy requirement. Optimal charging profiles are obtained under different ambient temperatures and stages of battery life, showing different features due to respective dominating degradation mechanisms. Compared with the optimal charging profile, constant-current (CC) charging could result in up to 51.6% higher capacity loss, and that of (fast) CC-constant-voltage charging could be up to 12.3 times higher under circumstances over a 12-h overnight idling period. Integration/accommodation of user and grid demand is also addressed by augmenting the optimization framework.
Application of a Beta Regression Model for Covariate Adjusted ROC

The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC (AUC) are widely used in determining the diagnostic capability of a binary classification procedure. Since the test performance is affected by covariates, the ROC and AUC have been utilized in a Generalized Linear Regression (GLM) setting. In this study, we revisit a problem where the AUC regression model was used in a clinical study with discrete covariates by considering ROC regression models with both discrete and continuous covariates. The two ROC regression models are based upon a widely used parametric model and a recently published model based upon fitting the placement values with the beta distribution. The two methods are illustrated using data from a clinic study.
Mechanics of heel-strike plantigrady in African apes

The initiation of a walking step with a heel strike is a defining characteristic of humans and great apes but is rarely found in other mammals. Despite the considerable importance of heel strike to an understanding of human locomotor evolution, no one has explicitly tested the fundamental mechanical question of why great apes use a heel strike. In this report, we test two hypotheses (1) that heel strike is a function of hip protraction and/or knee extension and (2) that short-legged apes with a midfoot that dorsiflexes at heel lift and long digits for whom digitigrady is not an option use heel-strike plantigrady. This strategy increases hip translation while potentially moderating the cost of redirecting the center of mass ('collisional costs') during stance via rollover along the full foot from the heel to toes. We quantified hind limb kinematics and relative hip translation in ten species of primates, including lemurs, terrestrial and arboreal monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Chimpanzees and gorillas walked with relatively extended knees but only with moderately protracted hips or hind limbs, partially rejecting the first hypothesis. Nonetheless, chimpanzees attained relative hip translations comparable with those of digitigrade primates. Heel-strike plantigrady may be a natural result of a need for increased hip translations when forelimbs are relatively long and digitigrady is morphologically restricted. In addition, foot rollover from the heel to toe in large, short-legged apes may reduce energetic costs of redirecting the center of mass at the step-to-step transition as it appears to do in humans. Heel strike appears to have been an important mechanism for increasing hip translation, and possibly reducing energetic costs, in early hominins and was fundamental to the evolution of the modern human foot and human bipedalism.
Therapeutic development of group B Streptococcus meningitis by targeting a host cell signaling network involving EGFR

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) remains the most common Gram-positive bacterium causing neonatal meningitis and GBS meningitis continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity. In this study, we showed that GBS penetration into the brain occurred initially in the meningeal and cortex capillaries, and exploits a defined host cell signaling network comprised of S1P2 , EGFR, and CysLT1. GBS exploitation of such network in penetration of the blood-brain barrier was demonstrated by targeting S1P2 , EGFR, and CysLT1 using pharmacological inhibition, gene knockout and knockdown cells, and gene knockout animals, as well as interrogation of the network (up- and downstream of each other). More importantly, counteracting such targets as a therapeutic adjunct to antibiotic therapy was beneficial in improving the outcome of animals with GBS meningitis. These findings indicate that investigating GBS penetration of the blood-brain barrier provides a novel approach for therapeutic development of GBS meningitis.
Prison official perceptions of technology in prison

Several state prisons have provided tablets to imprisoned people which appears to be indicative of a larger trend to increase access to technology for imprisoned people. However, access to and the ...
Cytokinetic Abscission Regulation in Neural Stem Cells and Tissue Development

How stem cells balance proliferation with differentiation, giving rise to specific daughter cells during development to build an embryo or tissue, remains an open question. Here, we discuss recent evidence that cytokinetic abscission regulation in stem cells, particularly neural stem cells (NSCs), is part of the answer. Abscission is a multi-step process mediated by the midbody, a microtubule-based structure formed in the intercellular bridge between daughter cells after mitosis. Human mutations and mouse knockouts in abscission genes reveal that subtle disruptions of NSC abscission can cause brain malformations. Experiments in several epithelial systems have shown that midbodies serve as scaffolds for apical junction proteins and are positioned near apical membrane fate determinants. Abscission timing is tightly controlled and developmentally regulated in stem cells, with delayed abscission in early embryos and faster abscission later. Midbody remnants (MBRs) contain over 400 proteins and may influence polarity, fate, and ciliogenesis. As NSCs and other stem cells build tissues, they tightly regulate three aspects of abscission: midbody positioning, duration, and MBR handling. Midbody positioning and remnants establish or maintain cell polarity. MBRs are deposited on the apical membranes of epithelia, can be released or internalized by surrounding cells, and may sequester fate determinants or transfer information between cells. Work in cell lines and simpler systems has shown multiple roles for abscission regulation influencing stem cell polarity, potency, and daughter fates during development. Elucidating how the abscission process influences cell fate and tissue growth is important for our continued understanding of brain development and stem cell biology.
Community Health Center Residency Training: Improving Staffing, Service, and Quality.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Community-based residency programs are an important strategy to address rural and underserved primary care shortages, however, health centers report both benefits and challenges to training. This study aims to understand the impact of new Teaching Health Center (THC) residency programs on health center staffing, patient service, quality of care, and provider productivity. METHODS Using the Uniform Data System, we used inverse propensity score weighting to create a balanced sample of new THC and non-THC health centers in 2010. Using 2018 data, we applied propensity score weighted regressions to examine changes in staffing, service, quality of care, and productivity in THC versus non-THC health centers. RESULTS In 2018, health centers with new THC programs were associated with increased physician (16.40, P<.01) staffing, yet decreased physician visits per full-time equivalent (-425.3, P<.01) relative to non-THC centers. New THC centers had increased delivery visits (231.0, P<.05), and had a greater rate of early entry into prenatal care (4.90%, P<.01). CONCLUSIONS New residency programs are associated with increased provider recruitment, expanded patient service, and some improved health outcomes, but also with potential decreased provider productivity in health centers.
Perinatal Outcomes with Tamsulosin Therapy for Symptomatic Urolithiasis

Purpose: Medical expulsive therapy represents an effective adjunctive treatment for nonpregnant patients with symptomatic urolithiasis. Tamsulosin is classified by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) as a category B medication. However, to our knowledge no published data exist for human pregnancy. We explored the safety and efficacy of tamsulosin therapy for symptomatic urolithiasis occurring during pregnancy.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified patients treated with tamsulosin for stone disease during pregnancy at the Mayo Clinic during 2000 to 2014. This medical expulsive therapy cohort was matched 2:1 to pregnant women with symptomatic urolithiasis during pregnancy who did not receive medical expulsive therapy. Groups were compared using linear mixed models for continuous variables and exact conditional logistic regression models for nominal variables to take into account correlation due to matching.Results: A total of 27 patients receiving medical expulsive therapy comprised the stu...
Tourism and the Perceived Risk of Terrorism

Negative publicity can cause an increase in consumers’ perceptions of risk. Such was the case during 1985 and 1986, when increased terrorist activities caused many tourists to avoid travel to Europe. This paper presents a model of perceived risk as it relates to terrorism in tourist destinations. It then suggests strategies, based on the model, to overcome consumers’ perceptions of risk of terrorism. The author concludes that, while fear of terrorism has subsided, tourist marketers must plan ahead to avoid decline in demand resulting from similar incidents.
Compositional Asymmetries and Predicted Origins of Replication of the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Genome

We analyze correlations of base skews and origins of replication in the chromosomes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Putative origins of replication are predicted by extracting all genomic matches of an 11-base-pair consensus sequence of yeast autonomously replicating sequences (ARS), WTTTAYRTTTW. Although distances between polarity switches of the GC-skew and predicted ARS are shorter than expected when assuming a uniform distribution, further analyses reveal that the observed tendency is mostly a result of a clustering of the determined base skew polarity switches. It is concluded that the GC-skew does not give additional information about the location of chromosomal origins of replication in S. cerevisiae.
Flaws in Study of Management of Children with Febrile Illness

To the Editor.— I found the recent article 1 comparing the management of febrile children by pediatricians and general practitioners to be quite thought provoking but seriously flawed. The section regarding variability in laboratory use was interesting, but not enough information on subjects (particularly age and degree of temperature) was given to compare the care by either group of physicians with recent age-specific recommendations. 2-4 More importantly, the most relevant outcome conclusion was that "no significant differences in the measured outcomes of episodes of febrile illness seen by pediatricians or generalists was found."
Newton’s method on the complex exponential function

We show that when Newton's method is applied to the product of a polynomial and the exponential function in the complex plane, the basins of attraction of roots have finite area.
New Perspectives on the Validity of the GRE® General Test for Predicting Graduate School Grades

Given the serious consequences of making ill-fated admissions and funding decisions for applicants to graduate and professional school, it is important to rely on sound evidence to optimize such judgments. Previous meta-analytic research has demonstrated the generalizable validity of the GRE® General Test for predicting academic achievement. That research does not address predictive validity for specific populations and situations or the predictive validity of the GRE Analytical Writing section introduced in October 2002. Furthermore, much of the past GRE predictive validity research is primarily based on approaches that are correlational and univariate only. Stakeholders familiar with GRE predictive validity mainly in the form of zero-order correlation coefficients might automatically interpret the usefulness of the GRE solely through the prism of Cohen's (1988) guidelines for judging effect sizes and without regard to the larger context. However, by using innovative and multivariate approaches to conceptualize and measure GRE predictive validity within the larger context, our investigation reveals the substantial value of the GRE General Test, including its Analytical Writing section, for predicting graduate school grades.
Publish and be damned: New media publics and neoliberal risk

The public sphere is increasingly being depicted as a site of inadequately assessed risk when American undergraduates post blogs, videos, and Facebook updates that become viral, prompting others to...
A template candidate for miniature legged robots in quasi-static motion

The paper introduces the Switching Four-bar Mechanism (sfm), a new low-dimensional kinematic abstraction for miniature legged robots, aimed at quasi-static motion planning in the horizontal plane. The model comprises a rigid torso and four rigid legs which engage in an alternating tetrapod gait. As the gait is executed, the torso and the legs form two switching four-bar linkages, parameterized by the leg touchdown and liftoff angles, as well as the leg angular velocity. We show that the sfm model captures on average experimentally observed behaviors of an eight-legged miniature robot crawling at low speeds quasi-statically. This work represents a first step toward a template that captures critical aspects of the kinematic behavior of miniature legged robots implementing quasi-static gaits. Such template can be used as a tool to facilitate motion planning tasks with such robots.
Relation of dialect to phonological processing: African American Vernacular English vs. Standard American English

Abstract Standard American English (SAE) and African American Vernacular English (AAVE) dialects differ in emphasis and use of word-final consonant sounds, with some consonants and clusters that are fully pronounced in SAE reduced or absent in AAVE. In two studies, SAE and AAVE speakers (age 7–11) completed phoneme deletion tasks in which the position of the deleted phoneme was varied. In general, SAE speakers performed better on word-final deletions than on word-initial deletions, whereas AAVE speakers performed better on word-initial deletions than on word-final deletions. Also, phoneme deletion performance tended to correlate more strongly with reading ability among SAE speakers than among AAVE speakers. Implications for phonological reading instruction and for the use of phonological screeners to identify at-risk readers are discussed.
Beyond Cairo: Sexual and reproductive rights of young people in the new development agenda

At the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), women's rights advocates fundamentally shifted the way the global development community views poverty, gender equality and reproductive rights. While the ICPD's call to action led to a marked improvement in reproductive health, more remains to be done to secure the sexual and reproductive rights and health of all, particularly for young people. As we approach the 20-year anniversary of Cairo, several global processes are happening concurrently that have implications for the future of the sexual and reproductive health and rights agenda, including the 20-year review of progress towards achieving the Cairo Programme of Action, the review of the Millennium Development Goals, and the open group discussions about the sustainable development goals and the new development agenda post-2015. There are five key areas of action where significant investment is needed moving forward to ensure young people's access and safeguard t...
Methods of stimulating teaching in the power field

The student trained in the wide-band frequencies will bring more to the power industry than the student trained in 60 cycle alone. To attract the student to the power industry, he must be shown that new and challenging frontiers exist. One of the first steps in the program recommended is the creation of a list of challenging thesis subjects to guide the student to the door of the power industry.
Growth Factor Receptors Define Cancer Hierarchies

Normal and neoplastic tissues display cellular hierarchies that integrate extracellular cues to maintain tissue function through bidirectional signals mediated via cell surface proteins. Two papers in Cancer Cell, one in this issue (Day and colleagues) and one in a recent issue (Binda and colleagues), describe how Eph receptor tyrosine kinases critically define and regulate the growth of cancer stem cells.
Strategies for the prevention of laparoscopic common bile duct injuries

There have been many recent reports regarding the safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Common bile duct injury is considered the most significant complication. Regional tertiary centers are reporting a dramatic increase in the number of referrals for management of injuries to the common bile duct following laparoscopic cholecystectomy [22]. The high incidence of injuries has been attributed to problems inherent to the laparoscopic technique or to such secondary factors as inexperience, inadequate instruction, insufficient caution, or patient selection. In response to these numerous reports, the New York State Department of Health has recently implemented credentialing and privileging guidelines for laparoscopic surgery [11]. The purpose of this review is to assimilate the current literature on when and why common bile duct injuries occur in order to present possible strategies for their prevention.
Re-Affirming Outreach: A University/High School Partnership Program

This case addresses the state-mandated end of discrimination and preferential treatment and the subsequent use of university outreach programs to increase the college eligibility of underrepresented students. The principal of an inner city high school asks for help from a state university to increase his students' eligibility to Tier I public universities. The university sets up outreach programsat his school but the administrators, the teachers, parents and students are dissatisfied with them. This case illustrates leadership issues that may arise in connection with university outreach programs as well as pre-existing leadership issues at a school.
CFD Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade With Winglets

This study is aimed at investigating the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine blade with winglets and compares its performance in terms of the power generated with a regular straight blade without winglet. Adding a winglet to the wind turbine blade improves the power production without increasing the projected rotor area. A parameter study is carried out where two of the key parameters which describe a winglet design namely the cant angle and the winglet height are varied. The winglet is bent towards the pressure (upstream) side. Pro/ENGINEER is used to generate a straight wind turbine blade which is then modified in SPACECLAIM to attach a winglet to it. Single blade analysis approach is chosen to carry out the computation, as this involves less computational time and low cost. Results show that adding a winglet to a straight blade increases its power output by 2% to 20%. In addition, winglet which has a cant angle of 45° performs better, generating more power than the winglet which is perpendicular to the blade (cant angle 90°). Also, the power generation increases with the increase in the winglet height. Amongst the four winglet designs discussed, the design W4 with cant angle of 45° and winglet height of 4% rotor radius performs the best resulting in 20% improvement in the power generation when added to a straight blade.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On gyroscopic problems in elasticity

Abstract By reducing the governing gyroscopic nonpolar classical elasticity field equations to a specialized first order form, an orthogonality principle is established for singly and multiply connected 3-D configurations whose motions are characterized by small dynamic deformations superposed on large static deformations. The generality of the principle is such that the gyroscopic fields considered consist of both Coriolis and centripetal acceleration forces wherein the rotation vector is arbitrarily oriented. The properties of the frequency eigenvalues associated with such fields are ascertained by developing a new singly and multiply connected version of Rayleigh's quotient. Based on the inherent form of the orthogonality principle, a singly and multiply connected integral transform procedure is developed which can handle the transient response of gyroscopic problems subject to time dependent deterministic and nondeterministic exciting forces. Additionally, the orthogonality procedure is also specialized to handle transient responses governed by the gyroscopic field equations of motion obtained from finite element, difference or lumped parameter models.
On Establishing Elastic–Plastic Properties of a Sphere by Indentation Testing

Abstract Instrumented indentation is a popular technique for determining mechanical properties of materials. Currently, the evaluation techniques of instrumented indentation are mostly limited to a flat substrate being indented by various shaped indenters (e.g., conical or spherical). This work investigates the possibility of extending instrumented indentation to non-flat surfaces. To this end, conical indentation of a sphere is investigated where two methodologies for establishing mechanical properties are explored. In the first approach, a semi-analytical approach is employed to determine the elastic modulus of the sphere utilizing the elastic unloading response (the “unloading slope”). In the second method, reverse analysis based on finite element analysis is used, where non-dimensional characteristic functions derived from the force–displacement response are utilized to determine the elastic modulus and yield strength. To investigate the accuracies of the proposed methodologies, selected numerical experiments have been performed and excellent agreement was obtained.
Juvenile retention polyps.

Abstract A review of current treatment of colonic polyps reveals two schools of thought. Treatment varies depending on whether the polyp is felt to be a benign inflammatory process or part of the family of adenomatous polyps. In 38 children with colonic polyps seen at The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1949 to 1967, no case of adenomatous polyp was found unassociated with one of the multiple polyposis syndromes. This absence of isolated neoplastic lesions suggests strongly that laparotomy is rarely indicated for colonic polyps in children.
PET imaging of human cardiac opioid receptors.

The presence of opioid peptides and receptors and their role in the regulation of cardiovascular function has been previously demonstrated in the mammalian heart. The aim of this study was to image µ and δ opioid receptors in the human heart using positron emission tomography (PET). Five subjects (three females, two males, 65±8 years old) underwent PET scanning of the chest with [11C]carfentanil ([11C]CFN) and [11C]-N-methyl-naltrindole ([11C]MeNTI) and the images were analyzed for evidence of opioid receptor binding in the heart. Either [11C]CFN or [11C]MeNTI (20 mCi) was injected i.v. with subsequent dynamic acquisitions over 90 min. For the blocking studies, either 0.2 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg of naloxone was injected i.v. 5 min prior to the injection of [11C]CFN and [11C]MeNTI, respectively. Regions of interest were placed over the left ventricle, left ventricular chamber, lung and skeletal muscle. Graphical analysis demonstrated average baseline myocardial binding potentials (BP) of 4.37±0.91 with [11C]CFN and 3.86±0.60 with [11C]MeNTI. Administration of 0.2 mg/kg naloxone prior to [11C]CFN produced a 25% reduction in BP in one subject in comparison with baseline values, and a 19% decrease in myocardial distribution volume (DV). Administration of 1 mg/kg of naloxone before [11C]MeNTI in another subject produced a 14% decrease in BP and a 21% decrease in the myocardial DV. These results demonstrate the ability to image these receptors in vivo by PET. PET imaging of cardiac opioid receptors may help to better understand their role in cardiovascular pathophysiology and the effect of abuse of opioids and drugs on heart function.
Comparison of Interference Effects for Manganese in Constant Temperature vs Pulse-type Electrothermal Atomization

The application of electrothermal atomization techniques for atomic absorption spectroscopy has increased many fold in recent years. Along with this widespread application, matrix interferences in pulse-type electrothermal atomizers have been observed. Until recently, very few interference studies have involved constant temperature electrothermal atomizers. In this paper a comparison is made of interferences in pulse-type vs constant temperature atmoziers for various metal chlorides on the Mn atomic absorption signal. The results show no interferences in the constant temperature system while significant matrix interferences are observed in the pulse type unit. It is proposed that the observed differences are due mainly to the rate at which volatilized analyte attains atomization temperature and the residence time in the hot environment.
A comparison of complications between ultrasound-guided prostate brachytherapy and open prostate brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose: Prostate brachytherapy has reemerged during the 1990s as a treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. The renewed popularity of prostate brachytherapy is largely due to the use of transrectal ultrasound of the prostate, which allows for more accurate isotope placement within the prostate when compared to the open approach. The present study investigates whether this improved cancer control is at the expense of increased morbidity by comparing the morbidity after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate brachytherapy to the morbidity after prostate brachytherapy performed via an open approach. Methods and Materials: All men in the Medicare population who underwent prostate brachytherapy in the year 1991 were identified. These men were further stratified into those men who underwent prostate brachytherapy via an open approach and the men who underwent prostate brachytherapy with ultrasound guidance. All subsequent inpatient, outpatient, and physician (Part B) Medicare claims for these men from the years 1991–1993 were then analyzed to determine outcomes. Results: In the year 1991, 2124 men in the Medicare population underwent prostate brachytherapy. An open approach was used in 715 men (33.7%), and ultrasound guidance was used in 1409 men (66.3%). Mean age for both cohorts was 73.7 years with a range of 50.7–92.8 years for the ultrasound group and 60.6–92.1 years for the open group. A surgical procedure for the relief of bladder outlet obstruction was performed in 122 men (8.6%) in the ultrasound group and in 54 men (7.6%) in the open group. An artificial urinary sphincter was placed in 2 men (0.14%) in the ultrasound group and in 2 men (0.28%) in the open group. A penile prosthesis was implanted in 10 men (0.71%) in the ultrasound group and in 4 men (0.56%) in the open group. A diagnosis code for urinary incontinence was carried by 95 men (6.7%) in the ultrasound group and by 45 men (6.3%) in the open group. A diagnosis code for erectile dysfunction was carried by 90 men (6.3%) in the ultrasound group and by 64 men (9.0%) in the open group. Conclusion: Prostate brachytherapy performed with ultrasound guidance does not appear to increase significantly complications resulting from the procedure. Both techniques appear to offer similar rates of procedures performed to correct urinary incontinence, bladder outlet obstruction and erectile dysfunction. The limitations of claim information in determining patient outcomes, however, must be considered when evaluating this data.
Short-lived diabetes in the young-adult ZDF rat does not exacerbate neuronal Ca2+ biomarkers of aging

Results from clinical studies provide evidence that cognitive changes relatively late in life may be traced to antecedent conditions including diabetes, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and an atherogenic diet. As such, several traits of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) could be considered pathogenic factors of aging, contributing to age-dependent cognitive decline and our susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. It appears that both the duration of metabolic condition and the age of the individual, together can contribute to the potential impact on peripheral as well as brain health. Because of robust evidence that in animal models of aging, Ca(2+) dysregulation alters neuronal health, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory processes, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral metabolic dysregulation could exacerbate Ca(2+) dysfunction in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Using intracellular/ extracellular electrophysiological and Ca(2+) imaging techniques, we show that Ca(2+)levels at rest or during synaptic stimulation, the Ca(2+)-dependent afterhyperpolarization, baseline field potentials, and short-term synaptic plasticity were not significantly altered in young-adult male Zucker diabetic fatty rats compare to their lean counterparts. Our observations suggest that early phases of T2DM characterized by high levels of glucose and insulin may be too transient to alter hippocampal CA1 physiology in this animal model of diabetes. These results are supported by clinical data showing that longer T2DM duration can have greater negative impact on cognitive functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory.
Elite Social Circles

We describe a method for locating the denser, or more cohesive, parts of networks. The method starts from the identification of cliques, or maximal complete subgraphs. Since there are numerous such subgraphs in most networks, they are then aggregated when they overlap sufficiently. The resulting aggregated subgraphs are frequently large, not necessarily disjoint, and comparatively denser regions of the full network; frequently, they have the characteristics of social circles. Applied to an interaction network containing nearly 900 individuals from the American Leadership Study, we identify a number of these denser regions, most of which are small cliques, based on the shared interests and institutional locations of their members. One large central circle also results, and we discuss its interpretation in terms of integration of the overall network.
Do You See the Signs? Evaluating Language, Branding, and Design in a Library Signage Audit.

Signage represents more than directions or policies; it is informational, promotional, and sets the tone of the environment. To be effective, signage must be consistent, concise, and free of jargon and punitive language. An efficient assessment of signage should include a complete inventory of existing signage, including an analysis of the types of signs, its location, language, and its design. This article outlines the steps involved in a comprehensive signage audit, which along with a literature review, provides the foundation for creating a signage policy, best practices guidelines, and a branding strategy for future signage.
An inversion formula for the dual horocyclic Radon transform on the hyperbolic plane

Consider the Poincare unit disk model for the hyperbolic plane H2. Let Ξ be the set of all horocycles in H2 parametrized by (θ, p), where eiθ is the point where a horocycle ξ is tangent to the boundary |z| = 1, and p is the hyperbolic distance from ξ to the origin. In this paper we invert the dual Radon transform R* : μ(θ, p) (z) under the assumption of exponential decay of μ and some of its derivatives. The additional assumption is that Pm(d/dp)(μm(p)ep) be even for all m ∈ ℤ. Here Pm(d/dp) is a family of differential operators introduced by Helgason, and μm(p) are the coefficients of the Fourier series expansion of μ(θ, p). (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Non-Newtonian and Thermal Effects on Film Generation and Traction Reduction in EHL Line Contact Conjunctions

The thermal circular non-Newtonian model accompanied with three specialized models was used to study the mechanisms of film generation and traction reduction in EHL line contact conjunctions. Results revealed that the film generation capability is mainly controlled by the inlet zone pressure buildup and the inlet zone piezothickening. The diffusion time effect enhances the thermal thinning that reduces this capability. On the other hand, the piezoviscosity and the shear rate in the central contact zone are the main traction generation factors whereas shear skidding and thermal skidding are the traction reduction mechanisms. Results also showed that neglecting either viscous heating or the combination of shear thinning and shear stress reduction in formulating an EHL simulator is inaccurate for many cases