cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profiles of depression

Clinical depression in varied forms is a complex sociopsychobiologic maladaptation which may be mild or severe and acute, intermittent or chronic. Proceeding from psychoanalytic formulation, we presented a model of one central aspect of depressionimpaired self-esteem. The social roles prescribed by society, first represented by parenting figures, are assimilated and organized in the developing person into a more or less unified self. Fashioned from unfortunate developmental experiences, the self-image of the person prone to depression may be a dual image of opposites. Stated as a formula: (1) When inherited capacities are subjected to a preponderance of negative reinforcements in early life, a dual BAD-good self-image results; (2) In later life, perceptual dominance of the good component requires constant defensive work and continuous supporting social supplies; (3) Reduction of defense and/or supplies permits the BAD image to dominate in association with reduced self-esteem and depression.
Game-Theoretic Methods in CounterTerrorism and Security

Protecting against intentional attacks on homeland security is fundamentally different from protecting against accidents or acts of nature. In particular, an intelligent and adaptable adversary may adopt a different offensive strategy in response to our protective security measures, in order to circumvent or disable them. Game theory provides a way of taking this into account analytically. Thus, security can benefit from game-theoretic methods. This article discusses approaches for applying game theory to the problem of defending systems against attack. The results yield insights into the nature of optimal defensive investments. Keywords: homeland security; game theory; resource allocation; terrorism; counterterrorism
Pre-Clinical Models of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma.

Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a rare and incurable brain tumor that arises in the brainstem of children predominantly between the ages of six and eight. Its intricate morphology and involvement of normal pons tissue precludes surgical resection, and the standard of care today remains fractionated radiation alone. In the past 30 years, there have been no significant advances made in the treatment of DIPG. This is largely because we lack good models of DIPG and therefore have little biological basis for treatment. In recent years however, due to increased biopsy and acquisition of autopsy specimens, research is beginning to unravel the genetic and epigenetic drivers of DIPG. Insight gleaned from these studies has led to improvements in approaches to both model these tumors in the lab, as well as to potentially treat them in the clinic. This review will detail the initial strides towards modeling DIPG in animals, which included allograft and xenograft rodent models using non-DIPG glioma cells. Important advances in the field came with the development of in vitro cell and in vivo xenograft models derived directly from autopsy material of DIPG patients or from human embryonic stem cells. Lastly, we will summarize the progress made in the development of genetically engineered mouse models of DIPG. Cooperation of studies incorporating all of these modeling systems to both investigate the unique mechanisms of gliomagenesis in the brainstem and to test potential novel therapeutic agents in a preclinical setting will result in improvement in treatments for DIPG patients.
Quakers and Disability: Theory and Practice in the 19th Century

During the 19 th century, the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, were among the religious groups of the time who made sure to “take care of their own,” by ensuring that sick, dependent, or disabled members of their congregations who came to their official attention were cared for. The Quaker process was heavily influenced by the book of discipline that each Yearly Meeting adopted as a set of rules for living for their members and that particularly described ways of dealing with the poor. This paper examines the Quakers of the early to mid-19 th century, elements of the discipline of Indiana Yearly Meeting in particular, and examines the case of Samuel Price, who was supported as an “insane person” for 45 years. Use and interpretation of formal entries in the minutes of some parts of the Society of Friends in Indiana, in those days, is an important part of understanding what happened to Price, since the nature and extent of recording practices was deeply culturally embedded in the practices of Quakers who lived in a manner similar to that of Amish cultures in the 21 st century. The paper touches on changes in the Midwestern culture that surrounded the Friends and how it affected them. Some indications of parallels for today are also examined.
Seneca Valley Virus 3Cpro Substrate Optimization Yields Efficient Substrates for Use in Peptide-Prodrug Therapy

The oncolytic picornavirus Seneca Valley Virus (SVV-001) demonstrates anti-tumor activity in models of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), but may ultimately need to be combined with cytotoxic therapies to improve responses observed in patients. Combining SVV-001 virotherapy with a peptide prodrug activated by the viral protease 3Cpro is a novel strategy that may increase the therapeutic potential of SVV-001. Using recombinant SVV-001 3Cpro, we measured cleavage kinetics of predicted SVV-001 3Cpro substrates. An efficient substrate, L/VP4 (kcat/KM = 1932 ± 183 M-1s-1), was further optimized by a P2’ N→P substitution yielding L/VP4.1 (kcat/KM = 17446 ± 2203 M-1s-1). We also determined essential substrate amino acids by sequential N-terminal deletion and substitution of amino acids found in other picornavirus genera. A peptide corresponding to the L/VP4.1 substrate was selectively cleaved by SVV-001 3Cpro in vitro and was stable in human plasma. These data define an optimized peptide substrate for SVV-001 3Cpro, with direct implications for anti-cancer therapeutic development.
Further Assessment of the Iron Law of Financial Regulation: A Postscript to Regulating in the Dark

In an earlier companion essay, Regulating in the Dark, I contended that there is a systemic pattern in major U.S. financial regulation: (i) enactment is invariably crisis driven, adopted at a time when there is a paucity of information regarding what has transpired, (ii) resulting in off-the-rack solutions often poorly fashioned to the problem at hand, (iii) with inevitable flaws given the dynamic uncertainty of financial markets, (iv) but arduous to revise or repeal because of the stickiness of the status quo in the U.S. political framework of checks and balances. This pattern constitutes an “Iron Law” of U.S. financial regulation. The ensuing one-way regulatory ratchet generated by repeated financial crises has produced not only costly policy mistakes accompanied by unintended consequences but also a regulatory state whose cumulative regulatory impact produces over time an increasingly ineffective regulatory apparatus. This Postscript analyzes the experience with regulators’ implementation of Dodd-Frank since the publication of the earlier essay. After a discussion of broad issues related to the statute and its implementation, the analysis focuses on two provisions by which Dodd-Frank exemplifies the difficulties that are created by legislative strategies conventionally adopted in crisis-driven legislation, off-the-rack solutions along with open-ended delegation to regulatory agencies as legislators, who perceive a political necessity to act quickly, adopt ready-to-go proposals offered by the policy entrepreneurs to whom they afford access: the Volcker rule, which prohibits banks’ proprietary trading, and the creation of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The analysis bolsters the original essay’s contention regarding the inherent flaws in major financial legislation and the corresponding benefit for improving decision-making that would be obtained from employing, as best practice, the legislative tools of sunsetting and experimentation to financial regulation. The use of those techniques, properly implemented, advances means-ends rationality, by better coupling the two, and improves the quality of decision-making by providing a means for measuring and remedying regulatory errors.
A fast and flexible residue decoder based on the Chinese remainder theorem

An implementation of a fast and flexible residue decoder based on the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) is proposed for decoding a set of residues to its equivalent representation in a weighted binary number system. This decoder is flexible, since the decoded data can be selected to be either unsigned magnitude of two's complement binary number. It is shown that this residue decoder is extremely fast compared to previously proposed residue decoders. >
Sublingual Absorption of Progesterone and Anhydrohydroxyprogesterone

Introduction IT IS AN accepted fact that ingested progesterone is destroyed. On the other hand, ingested anhydrohydroxyprogesterone (17-ethinyl testosterone) is effective. It has been shown that the perlingual absorption of estradiol is superior to the stomachal or oral absorption (1). The administration of steroids by the sublingual route has in certain instances advantages of convenience. Sublingual administration of methyl testosterone has yielded at least as favorable results as has the oral administration (2). This paper deals with the absorption sublingually of a) pure crystalline progesterone and b) anhydrohydroxyprogesterone (1). The only previous work on the subject is that of Joel (3), in which anhydrohydroxyprogesterone was administered sublingually. Evidence of effective absorption of this preparation was seen in the subsequent secretory change in the endometrium which had been primed in advance by estradiol given sublingually. The criticism that proof of sublingual absorption of anhydrohydrox...
Rats classified as low or high cocaine locomotor responders: A unique model involving striatal dopamine transporters that predicts cocaine addiction-like behaviors

Individual differences are a hallmark of drug addiction. Here, we describe a rat model based on differential initial responsiveness to low dose cocaine. Despite similar brain cocaine levels, individual outbred Sprague-Dawley rats exhibit markedly different magnitudes of acute cocaine-induced locomotor activity and, thereby, can be classified as low or high cocaine responders (LCRs or HCRs). LCRs and HCRs differ in drug-induced, but not novelty-associated, hyperactivity. LCRs have higher basal numbers of striatal dopamine transporters (DATs) than HCRs and exhibit marginal cocaine inhibition of in vivo DAT activity and cocaine-induced increases in extracellular DA. Importantly, lower initial cocaine response predicts greater locomotor sensitization, conditioned place preference and greater motivation to self-administer cocaine following low dose acquisition. Further, outbred Long-Evans rats classified as LCRs, versus HCRs, are more sensitive to cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects. Overall, results to date with the LCR/HCR model underscore the contribution of striatal DATs to individual differences in initial cocaine responsiveness and the value of assessing the influence of initial drug response on subsequent expression of addiction-like behaviors.
Time-Dependent Uncoupling Between Myosin Phosphorylation and Contractile Force Induced by Ca2+-Depletion in Smooth Muscle

Abstract Phosphorylation of the 20,000-Da myosin light chain is an important regulatory mechanism of smooth muscle contraction. In this study, we investigated the uncoupling between carbachol-activated myosin phosphorylation and isometric stress in Ca 2+ -depleted bovine tracheal smooth muscle at low [Ca 2+ ]. In control tissues, lowering extracellular [CaCl 2 ] from 1.6 to 0.1 mM had insignificant effects on carbachol-activated steady-state isometric stress and myosin phosphorylation. In contrast, in Ca 2+ -depleted tissues, lowering [CaCl 2 ] 0 from 1.6 to 0.1 mM significantly reduced steady-state isometric stress without significantly changing steady-state myosin phosphorylation, thus uncoupling contractile force from myosin phosphorylation. Time-course data of myosin phosphorylation and isometric stress revealed that isometric stress and myosin phosphorylation were coupled at the beginning of contractions, but then gradually became uncoupled at steady state. We attempted to stabilize the cell membrane and contractile filaments using high [Mg 2+ ]. However, 25 mM [MgSO 4 ] further reduced steady-state isometric stress development at 0.1 mM [CaCl 2 ] 0 without significantly changing steady-state myosin phosphorylation. These results indicated that Ca 2+ -depletion induced a time-dependent cellular process which gradually uncouples contractile force from myosin phosphorylation. Furthermore, steady-state isometric stress appeared to he not limited by myosin phosphorylation, but sensitive to the [Ca 2+ ]/[Mg 2+ ] ratio near the cell membrane.
Design of Selective and Soluble Inhibitors of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Converting Enzyme (TACE)+

A program to improve upon the in vitro, in vivo, and physicochemical properties of N-hydroxyformamide TACE inhibitor GW 3333 (1) is described. Using the primary structure of pro-TNF-α, along with a homology model of the catalytic domain of TACE based on the X-ray diffraction coordinates of adamalysin, we synthesized N-hydroxyformamide TACE inhibitors containing a P2‘ arginine side chain. Introduction of nitro and sulfonyl electron-withdrawing groups covalently bound to the P2‘ guanidine moiety rendered the inhibitors electronically neutral at cellular pH and led to potent inhibition of TNF-α release from stimulated macrophages. Inhibitors containing these arginine mimetics were found to have increased solubility in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) relative to 1, allowing for the incorporation of lipophilic P1‘ side chains which had the effect of retaining potent TACE inhibition, but reducing potency against matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) thus increasing overall selectivity against MMP1, MMP3, and MMP9. Selec...
Maintaining Ecclesial Identity in Christian Higher Education: Some Thoughts from the Catholic Experience

By the mid-19th century, liberal protestant universities had allowed their religious identity to slip away. During the same period, Catholic institutions had maintained their religious identity. Catholicism's stance against modernist thought had held the day. In the 1960s, the Aristotelian-Thomistic hegemony was broken, allowing for a pluralistic approach. Today, many Catholic institutions continue to struggle with their ecclesial and university identities. Evangelical Protestant universities, represented in part by the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU), have maintained a solid religious identity. They suffer from similar tensions as their Catholic counterparts. The influence of secularized society, finding competent and faith-filled faculty, and the difficulties in maintaining funding impact their religious mission. This essay examines ways in which Catholic and Evangelical Protestants might learn from one another how to enhance religious identity, honor ecclesial tradition, and main...
Multimodal drug delivery using gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising nanocarriers for therapeutics due to their facile synthesis, ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, and inherent non-toxicity. The unique chemical and physical properties of AuNP monolayers provide versatility in delivery method and tunability of surface properties. Here, we discuss several strategies to utilize the properties of AuNPs for drug delivery.
On heliotropism in tendrils of Pisum sativum: A response to infrared irradiation.

In 1876, Darwin observed that tendrils of Pisum sativum oriented the long axis of their circumnutational sweep to keep it approximately normal to the direction of the sun's rays. Using various types of irradiation sources, the present study confirms Darwin's findings. Although blue light slightly increases the rate of circumnutation, only infrared irradiation (i.e. heat), effects the reorientation. The response can therefore be termed Diathermotropic. Diathermotropism in circumnutating tendrils is probably a device to bend the leaves of the elongating weak-stemmed plant away from the shade and toward the sun.
Ethnic, Social Class, and Gender Differences in Adolescent Drinking: Examining Multiple Aspects of Consumption

The independent effects of ethnicity and social class on multiple aspects of adolescent drinking were examined. African American, European American, and Mexican American high school students (1,134 females, 740 males) from three social classes completed measures of drinking frequency and quantity, drinking consequences, reasons for drinking, and the social context of drinking. Overall, European American students showed the highest frequency and quantity of drinking followed by Mexican Americans and then by African Americans. Despite differences in frequency and quantity, adolescents from the three ethnic groups showed similar drinking patterns, motivations, and consequences. However, European Americans engaged in more normative and outdoor drinking, and a larger minority of African American adolescents reported consuming alcohol alone and in school or work settings. The independent effects of social class were minimal.
Imaging features of posterior fossa neoplasms in children and adults

Masses in the posterior fossa may be divided into extra-axial and intra-axial lesions. Because of its multiplanar capabilities, improved soft-tissue resolution and contrast, and the absence of scanning artifacts related to the osseous skull base, which are frequently present on CT, MRI is the imaging modality of choice in evaluating lesions arising in the posterior fossa. It is the best means of critically localizing lesions and determining the extent of disease. Analysis of the signal characteristics of a lesion on multiple different imaging sequences (T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and enhanced images) may provide information about the tissue constituents within a mass/neoplasm, such as the presence of cellularity, necrosis, and hemorrhage. MRI is also useful in guiding localization for brain tumor biopsies and assists in planning radiation therapy. However, CT also plays an important role. CT is frequently the first imaging study performed in patients with posterior fossa masses who often present with nausea, vomitting, ataxia, and other signs of increased intracranial pressure. It is a quick, available, and relatively inexpensive study to assess neurological emergencies including hydrocephalus, hemorrhage, and herniation syndromes. In addition, it frequently provides complimentary information, such as the presence of calcification or bony remodeling (osteosclerosis or osteolysis), which MRI is less sensitive in detecting.
Chronic lithium administration to rats selectively modifies 5-HT2A/2C receptor-mediated brain signaling via arachidonic acid.

The effects of chronic lithium administration on regional brain incorporation coefficients k* of arachidonic acid (AA), a marker of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation, were determined in unanesthetized rats administered i.p. saline or 1 mg/kg i.p. (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI), a 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist. After injecting [1-14C]AA intravenously, k* (brain radioactivity/integrated plasma radioactivity) was measured in each of 94 brain regions by quantitative autoradiography. Studies were performed in rats fed a LiCl or a control diet for 6 weeks. In the control diet rats, DOI significantly increased k* in widespread brain areas containing 5-HT2A/2C receptors. In the LiCl-fed rats, the significant positive k* response to DOI did not differ from that in control diet rats in most brain regions, except in auditory and visual areas, where the response was absent. LiCl did not change the head turning response to DOI seen in control rats. In summary, LiCl feeding blocked PLA2-mediated signal involving AA in response to DOI in visual and auditory regions, but not generally elsewhere. These selective effects may be related to lithium's therapeutic efficacy in patients with bipolar disorder, particularly its ability to ameliorate hallucinations in that disease.
On spreading a rumor

Suppose that one of n people knows a rumor. At the first stage, he passes the rumor to someone chosen at random; at each stage, each person already informed (“knower”) communicates the rumor to a person chosen at random and independently of all other past and present choices. Denote by $S_n $ the random number of stages before everybody is informed. How large is $S_n $ typically? Frieze and Grimmet, who introduced this problem, proved that, in probability, $S_n /( \log _2 n + \log n ) \to 1$. In this paper we show that, in fact, $S_n = \log _2 n + \log n + O( 1 )$ in probability. Our proof demonstrates that the number $I( t )$ of persons informed after t stages obeys very closely, with high probability, a deterministic equation $I( {t + 1} ) = n - ( {n - I( t )} )\exp ( - I( t )/n )$, $t\geqq 0$. A case when each knower passes the rumor to several members at every stage is also discussed.
Comment on "Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens"

Mekel-Bobrov et al. (Reports, 9 September 2005, p. 1720) suggested that ASPM, a gene associated with microcephaly, underwent natural selection within the last 500 to 14,100 years. Their analyses based on comparison with computer simulations indicated that ASPM had an unusual pattern of variation. However, when we compare ASPM empirically to a large number of other loci, its variation is not unusual and does not support selection.
Ultrastructure of potential photoreceptor organs in the larva ofScrupocellaria bertholetti (bryozoa)

Pigmented spots have been implicated as potential photoreceptors in many bryozoan larvae which display phototactic behavior. Larvae ofScrupocellaria bertholetti, initially photopositive on release from the brood chambers, have a pair of identical posterolateral pigmented spots and a third morphologically different spot in the anteromedian line. The presumed photoreceptoral organelle in each is composed of numerous unmodified cilia which have the typical 9+2 arrangement of microtubules with electron-dense arms extending from thea-microtubule of each peripheral pair. The posterolateral pigmented spot is composed of two modified coronal cells and a basal sensory cell. Cilia arising from the apical part of this basal cell are aligned vertically. Densely packed pigment vesicles in the three cells form a shield that restricts light entry to one direction. The anteromedian pigmented spot is composed of four cells, two lateral and two posterior. Cilia of the opposing lateral cells are horizontally aligned, whereas cilia of the posterior cells are vertical and curve outward from the oral margin of the pigmented spot. Pigment vesicles are present in all four cells to form a complete shield. Extensions of the larval nervous system are in direct contact with the four cells of the anteromedian spot and the basal cells of the posterolateral spots. The posterolateral pigmented spots share structural and topological similarities with the pigmented spots ofBugula neritina, the only other supposed photoreceptors in lophophorates which have been studied at the ultrastructural level. It is not yet possible to homologize these potential photoreceptors with those of other groups.
Energy spectrum based calculation of the half and the tenth value layers for brachytherapy sources using a semiempirical parametrized mass attenuation coefficient formulism

As different types of radionuclides (e.g., 131Cs source) are introduced for clinical use in brachytherapy, the question is raised regarding whether a relatively simple method exists for the derivation of values of the half value layer (HVL) or the tenth value layer (TVL). For the radionuclide that has been clinically used for years, such as 125I and 103Pd, the sources have been manufactured and marketed by several vendors with different designs and structures. Because of the nature of emission of low energy photons for these radionuclides, energy spectra of the sources are very dependent on their individual designs. Though values of the HVL or the TVL in certain commonly used shielding materials are relatively small for these low energy photon emitting sources, the question remains how the variations in energy spectra affect the HVL (or TVL) values and whether these values can be calculated with a relatively simple method. A more fundamental question is whether a method can be established to derive the HVL (TVL) values for any brachytherapy sources and for different materials in a relatively straightforward fashion. This study was undertaken to answer these questions. Based on energy spectra, a well established semiempirical mass attenuation coefficient computing scheme was utilized to derive the HVL (TVL) values of different materials for different types of brachytherapy sources. The method presented in this study may be useful to estimate HVL (TVL) values of different materials for brachytherapy sources of different designs and containing different radionuclides.
Lattice instabilities and the effect of copper-oxygen-sheet distortions on superconductivity in doped La2CuO4

Synchrotron x-ray and neutron-diffraction measurements demonstrate that ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ substitution at the ${\mathrm{La}}^{3+}$ site in both metallic and insulating ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ induces low-temperature structural instabilities which reorient the tilting of the copper-oxygen octahedra. These structural transformations strongly affect superconductivity. In addition, there is a bicritical point involving phases of Bmab, Pccn, and P${4}_{2}$/ncm space-group symmetries in the structural phase diagram of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.6\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ at x\ensuremath{\sim}0.15. There are also anomalies in the structural transformation temperatures and the superconducting transition temperatures when x\ensuremath{\sim}1/8, providing evidence for an electronic instability at this doping level.
Factorization of operator-valued polynomials in several non-commuting variables☆

Abstract A version of Fejer–Riesz factorization and factorization of positive operator-valued polynomials in several non-commuting variables holds. The proofs use Arveson's extension theorem and matrix completions.
Selling Coffee, or Selling Out?: Evaluating Different Ways to Analyze the Fair‐Trade System

Consumers have been increasingly associating gourmet coffee with ethical questions in recent years, leading to a confusing array of claims by retailers about how coffee farmers are treated. Among these competing claims, fair trade stands out as the only system to have wide activist support. Is fair trade just another marketing claim? A consumption paradigm shift? Or a social movement? In this article, I review three potential interpretations of fair trade: as the partial introduction of gifting into a market context, as the commodification of new realms, and as a social movement. I conclude that seeing fair trade as gifting overdraws the difference between fair trade and other commerce, failing to take into account research that blurs the differences between gift and commodity and obscuring the considerable power inequalities in the system. It makes sense to see fair trade as the commodification of activism. And we can see the fair-trade system as a social movement with active participants and more passive supporters. Ultimately, we should not characterize the entire system as one phenomenon, but see it as articulating modes of social transformation. I conclude with a discussion of the moral connotations of each interpretation.
Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: State of the art

Effective treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (ABE) reduces the number of such exacerbations in such patients and may decrease or eliminate background symptoms and improve pulmonary function. The pathologic and physiologic abnormalities of the bronchial system in chronic bronchitis that predispose to bacterial infection probably include impaired mucociliary clearance, obstructed bronchioles, and bacterial infections of the bronchial epithelium. Exacerbations of bronchopulmonary symptoms are usually observed with ABE, although these symptoms are not unique to ABE. While culture and sensitivity testing is not usually required, microscopic examination of sputum is critical to determine the presence of bacterial infection. Bacteria in numbers significantly above the levels present when the patient's condition is stable and at least a doubling of the sputum neutrophil inflammatory level are essential criteria. Bacterial species observed with ABE include Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Neisseria species, with a lesser incidence of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas species. One or more elements of background therapy for ABE should accompany antimicrobial therapy, for example, physiotherapy, bronchodilators, and so forth. Ampicillin is effective, safe, economical, and thus remains the drug of choice for ABE. Quinolones are an effective alternative when ampicillin cannot be tolerated or if organisms are resistant. Dosing is at the upper range of recommendations, and the chosen drug should be given for a 10-14-day regimen. Patients should be reevaluated if symptoms and physical findings do not return to baseline after 5-7 days.
Molecular Endocrinology of Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

I. Introduction II. 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Ketosteroid Isomerase (3β-HSD/KSI) A. Physiological and pharmacological significance B. Cloning and expression of the 3β-HSD/KSI cDNAs C. Structure, regulation, and tissue-specific expression of the 3β-HSD/KSI genes D. 3β-HSD deficiencies III. 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases A. Physiological and pharmacological significance B. Cloning and expression of the 17β-HSD cDNAs C. Structure, regulation, and tissue-specific expression of the 17β-HSD genes D. 17β-HSD deficiency IV. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases A. Physiological and pharmacological significance B. Cloning and expression of the 11β-HSD cDNAs C. Structure, regulation, and tissue-specific expression of the 11β-HSD genes D. 11β-HSD deficiency V. 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases A. Physiological and pharmacological significance B. Cloning and expression of the 3α-HSD cDNAs C. Structure, regulation, and tissue-specific expression of the 3α-HSD genes D. 3α-HSD deficiencies VI. 20α-Hydroxysteroid Deh...
J-C Theory with Radiation Reaction: Neoclassical Theory

The Jaynes-Cummings paper treats the problem of one-atom interacting with one cavity mode with two alternative theories: quantum electrodynamics and semiclassical theory, and compares the predictions. The semiclassical theory was later extended to treat a single atom in free space interacting with a classical field including radiation reaction. The resulting theory was called Neoclassical theory, and is described by nonlinear optical Bloch equations. These nonlinear equations have shown up in a number of physical systems and were the subject of the famous Jaynes-Franken bet that was a prominent feature of the early Rochester Coherence and Quantum Optics Conferences. We will touch on all of these topics in a historical review.
Assessment of Alcohol Use Disorders Among Court-Mandated DWI Offenders

This article reports on a study undertaken to assess convicted driving while intoxicated (DWI) offenders (n = 549) for alcohol use disorders. The results showed that repeat offenders had twice the rate of both lifetime and current alcohol use disorders compared with first-time offenders. The authors conclude by recommending guidelines for determining alcohol problems in DWI offenders.
Association between Depressive Symptoms and Negative Dependent Life Events from Late Childhood to Adolescence

The association between stressful life events and depression has been consistently supported in the literature; however, studies of the developmental trajectories of these constructs and the nature of their association over time are limited. We examined trajectories of depressive symptoms and negative dependent life events and the associations between these constructs in a sample of 916 youth assessed annually from age 9 to 16, using latent growth curve modeling. Youth depressive symptoms, as rated by youth, parents, and teachers, decreased from late childhood into adolescence, whereas rates of youth-rated life events did not change significantly over time. Initial levels of depressive symptoms were positively associated with initial levels of life events. Furthermore, after controlling for the initial association between the two constructs, increases in depressive symptoms (as assessed by parents and youth) were positively associated with increases in life events over time. The study builds on prior research by focusing specifically on negative dependent life events, examining results across multiple informants, and employing latent growth curve modeling to evaluate associations between trajectories of life events and depressive symptoms in a longitudinal adolescent sample. Additional studies employing latent growth modeling to examine the changes in this association during adolescence are needed.
The Expected Role of Librarian 2.0 in the Library 2.0 Era

The idea of Library 2.0 originated from the concept of Web 2.0 social interactions within the Web. From this aspect, Library 2.0 is a library blended with Web 2.0. The most remarkable features of Library 2.0 are interactions and user involvement. Users' roles in new library environments are greater since they can contribute to establishing a library collection by annotating, blogging, reviewing, etc. While users roles become important, the responsibilities of the librarians increase due to the unfiltered information created by users. Librarians now should extend their roles as information creators, organizers, providers, managers, as well as moderators. In this paper, we reviewed the current literature on the new paradigm of digital libraries. Library 2.0, and the development of Library 2.0. In addition, we discuss the extended role of the Librarian 2.0 in Library 2.0.
Thermal Cycling Assessment of Steel-Based Thermal Barrier Coatings for Al Protection

There is a strong interest from the transportation industry to achieve vehicle weight reduction through the replacement of steel components by aluminum parts. For some applications, aluminum requires protective coatings due to its limited wear and lower temperature resistance compared to steel. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of amorphous-type plasma-sprayed steel coatings and conventional arc-sprayed steel coatings as thermal barrier coatings, mainly through the evaluation of their spalling resistance under thermal cycling. The microstructures of the different coatings were first compared via SEM. The amorphicity of the coatings produced via plasma spraying of specialized alloyed steel and the crystalline phases of the conventional arc-sprayed steel coatings were confirmed through x-ray diffraction. The thermal diffusivity of all coatings produced was measured to be about a third of that of bulk stainless steel. Conventional arc-sprayed steel coatings typically offered better spalling resistance under thermal cycling than steel-based amorphous coatings due probably to their higher initial bond strength. However, the presence of vertical cracks in the steel-based amorphous coatings was found to have a beneficial effect on their thermal cycling resistance. The amorphous plasma-sprayed steel coatings presented indications of recrystallization after their exposure to high temperature.
Effect of Germicidal Aerosol Treatment on the Microbial Flora of Laboratory Air

Metered doses of a quaternary ammonium, glycol, alcohol formulation were dispensed automatically by motorized apparatus at 15-min. intervals around the clock for 1 month, and the effects of such treatment on the microbial flora of the air in a heavily trafficked area were studied. Data indicate that, despite large variations in number and types of microorganisms found in the air, especially during periods of heavy traffic, continued aerosol treatment was capable of sharply reducing mean population values and in altering the flora from a predominantly bacterial population to one dominated by members of the Penicillium — Aspergillus group of fungi.
Competencies, Cracks, and Conflicts: Regional Mobilization in the European Union

Over the past 5 years, a new and unexpected form of interest representation has developed in the European Union: subnational governments that mobilize directly in Brussels. The authors propose explanations for this phenomenon, drawing on theories of public choice, resource mobilization, and multilevel governance. The first set of hypotheses is concerned with the material and cultural resources that may induce a subnational government to organize in the European arena. The second set of hypotheses explains regional representation as an outcome of overlapping competencies, tensions, and conflicts in a system of multilevel governance. Logistic analysis of the probability of regional representation provides support for the second set of hypotheses. The authors find that subnational representation is positively associated with the degree of overlap between the competencies of subnational and supranational governments and with the political distinctiveness of a region and the relative strength of citizens' regi...
Some historical aspects of the concept, phobia.

Some of the pertinent writings on phobias prior to the end of the nineteenth century are reviewed. The changing terminology is described, as well as early clinical formulations.
Chemical agents capable of affecting lipid metabolism in the aorta.

Control of lipid metabolism in the surviving bovine aorta by chemical agents has been demonstrated. For this demonstration an internally controlled technic was developed. This teehnic is briefly described as well as the results assaying several hormones and 2 vitamins.
A NEW METHOD FOR EXAMINING THE JUDGMENT OF BIGNESS

Su~nmary.--80 children (40 three-yr.-olds, 23 boys and 17 girls, and 40 five-yr.olds, 22 boys and 18 girls) were presented pairs of quadrangles (square vs rectangle) and triangles (two isosceles triangles) and asked to select the bigger one. The pairs were varied on the area ratio of paired stimuli and magnitude in differences between height and width. Although 3-yr.-olds tended to rely on area in malung their judgments and also occasionally relied on height, almost all 5-yr.-olds re Coley & Gelman, 1989; Sena & Smith, 1990). Although these findings are very interesting, the tasks used in the previous studies present some methodological problems. The task has two rectangles: one has a larger area but is short in height and broad in width, while the other has a smaller area but is tall in height and narrow in width. If a subject selects the former rectangle, he is identified as using the area rule, and if the subject selects the latter, he is identified as using the height rule. Thus, use of the area rule appears to compete with or be contra&ctory to use of the height rule. However, the subject may respond by using the width rule when he selects the former rectangle, because the former is broader than the latter. Thus, use of the area rule covaries with use of the width rule. The purposes of this study were to devise a new task which can assess use of the area, the height, and the width rules independently and to examine the rules used in selecting the "bigger one" by 3- and 5-yr.-olds.
Recent Heavy Quarkonia Results from PHENIX

Abstract Measurements of quarkonia production in heavy ion collisions provide a direct probe of the screening length in the quark gluon plasma (QGP). However, a full interpretation of the heavy ion results requires a detailed understanding of the baseline cold nuclear matter (CNM) effects. These proceedings present recent PHENIX results on quarkonia production in heavy ion collisions, including new measurements of J / ψ production in Au + Au collisions at s N N = 39 & 62.4 GeV , as well as measurements of quarkonia production in d+ Au collisions used to quantify the CNM effects present at RHIC. New measurements of ψ ′ production in d+ Au collisions at midrapidity show a suppression in central events which is significantly larger than that observed for the J / ψ , a result which is unexpected based on measurements of J / ψ and ψ ′ production in p + A collisions at lower energies.
Mechanisms and management of toxicities associated with high-dose interferon alfa-2b therapy

PURPOSE: The toxicity associated with adjuvant high-dose interferon-alfa-2b therapy (HDI) for high-risk melanoma can lead to premature discontinuation. It is important to understand the expected adverse events and their underlying mechanisms and to anticipate and aggressively manage toxicity during treatment in order to ensure that patients receive the maximum therapeutic benefit. METHODS: The toxicity profile of HDI was reviewed by examining data from the United States cooperative group trials. Available published data related to the potential mechanisms responsible for the observed adverse events are discussed, and comprehensive recommendations for managing side effects are presented. RESULTS: The HDI regimen is associated with acute constitutional symptoms, chronic fatigue, myelosuppression, elevated liver enzyme levels, and neurologic symptoms. The majority of patients tolerate 1 year of therapy with an understanding of the anticipated toxicities in conjunction with appropriate dose modifications and ...
Milk Iodine as Influenced by an lodophor Teat Dip

We quantitated the increase of iodine in milk from iodophor teat dips and determined the mode by which that iodine entered the milk. In one trial with teat dipping for 1 wk, iodine in milk increased 8.8 microgram/100 ml. In another trial, only right udder halves were dipped with the iodophor. Samples of milk from the left udder half increased in iodine corresponding to the right udder half only slightly less. Tincture of iodine was applied to the skin between the vulva and the point of udder attachment of cows. Samples of milk from the group with tincture increased markedly in iodine content over the control group. Iodophor teat dips increased the iodine in milk by 8 to 10 microgram/100 ml. The primary mode of increased iodine appears to be absorption through the skin and entry into the milk by the milk synthesis process rather than by contamination from the teat's surface.
Self-healing network for scalable fault-tolerant runtime environments

The number of processors embedded on high performance computing platforms is growing daily to satisfy the user desire for solving larger and more complex problems. Scalable and fault-tolerant runtime environments are needed to support and adapt to the underlying libraries and hardware which require a high degree of scalability in dynamic large-scale environments. This paper presents a self-healing network (SHN) for supporting scalable and fault-tolerant runtime environments. The SHN is designed to support transmission of messages across multiple nodes while also protecting against recursive node and process failures. It will automatically recover itself after a failure occurs. SHN is implemented on top of a scalable fault-tolerant protocol (SFTP). The experimental results show that both the latest multicast and broadcast routing algorithms used in SHN are faster and more reliable than the original SFTP routing algorithms.
Fundamental properties characterizing low-pressure microwave-induced plasmas as excitation sources for spectroanalytical chemistry

Abstract Experimental measurements of the spectroscopic temperature and the electron temperature in low-pressure rare gas plasmas sustained by a microwave generator operating at 2450 MHz have revealed divergent values. These measurements have been interpreted on the basis of a radiative recombination model originally proposed by Schluter. The importance of Penning ionization by metastable rare gas atoms in the excitation of foreign atoms has been discussed in terms of this model. On the basis of the radiative recombination model for these plasmas, the parameters of analytical importance are the concentration and energy of electrons in a high energy electron group, the concentration and energy of electrons in a low energy electron group, and the concentration of metastable rare gas atoms. Measurements of the spectroscopic temperature of an argon plasma have revealed that the energy of electrons in the low energy electron group is not greatly affected by applied microwave power and pressure over the range from 1–25 torr. The energy of electrons in the high energy electron group is not greatly affected by pressure and applied microwave power over the range studied, but has been shown to depend on the ionization potential of the plasma gas. The total electron concentration is not greatly affected by gas pressure for low applied powers, but varies with applied power, particularly at low pressures. The concentration of metastable argon atoms has been shown to depend on both the applied power and pressure. Studies of the excitation of mercury by these plasmas have led to results which are consistent with the radiative recombination model.
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer in respiratory epithelium and submucosal gland cells in human fetal tracheal organ culture.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Since the discovery of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator ( CFTR ) gene, cystic fibrosis has been an attractive target for gene therapy. Postnatal gene transfer in the respiratory epithelium has been difficult and particularly inefficient in the submucosal gland cells, the target cells for CFTR gene transfer. The authors hypothesized that during development, there is a favorable environment for fetal gene therapy with fewer physical barriers to efficient gene transfer and more accessible epithelial and submucosal gland precursor cells. The authors tested this hypothesis in a novel human fetal tracheal organ culture system using a serotype 2 recombinant AAV that contains an enhanced green fluorescent protein ( eGFP ) reporter gene ( AAV-CMV-eGFP ). Methods: Human fetal tracheas at between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation age were used in this study. The distal end of each trachea was ligated and secured in an upright position with the open proximal end facing up. Only the ante-lumenal surface was exposed to culture media. 5 × 10 9 particles of AAV-CMV-eGFP were administered intratracheally through the open end. Fetal tracheas were maintained in tracheal organ culture media and harvested at either 2 weeks (n = 3) or 4 weeks (n = 7) after injection. The fetal tracheas were processed for routine H&E, standard electron microscopy (EM), and fluorescence microscopy for analysis of eGFP transgene expression. Results: Histology confirmed the preservation of structural integrity out to 4 weeks of fetal tracheal organ culture. EM showed intact tight junctions of the apical respiratory epithelium. At 2 weeks after AAV-CMV-eGFP injection, there was minimal transgene expression. However, at 4 weeks there was extensive transgene expression in not only the respiratory surface epithelium but also the submucosal gland cells of the human fetal tracheal organ culture. Transgene expression was seen in nearly all cells in the submucosal glands. Conclusions: AAV-mediated gene transfer in human fetal tracheal organ culture was highly efficient with excellent transgene expression at 4 weeks in both respiratory surface epithelium and submucosal gland cells. This highly efficient gene transfer may result from fewer physical barriers and more accessible target precursor cells. These results are consistent with more efficient gene transfer in fetal tracheobronchial epithelium and show the potential for fetal gene therapy using AAV for the treatment of congenital airway disease such as cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Surg 37:1051-1057. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.