cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Great Eruption of η Carinae

Arising from A. Rest et al. , 375–378 (2012).10.1038/nature10775 During the years 1838–1858, the very massive star η Carinae became the prototype supernova impostor: it released nearly as much light as a supernova explosion and shed an impressive amount of mass, but survived as a star1. In the standard interpretation, mass was driven outward by excess radiation pressure, persisting for several years. From a light-echo spectrum of that event, Rest et al.2 conclude that “other physical mechanisms” are required to explain it, because the gas outflow appears cooler than theoretical expectations. Here we note that (1) theory predicted a substantially lower temperature than they quoted, and (2) their inferred observational value is quite uncertain. Therefore, analyses so far do not reveal any significant contradiction between the observed spectrum and most previous discussions of the Great Eruption and its physics.
Recovering logical structure from Charm++ event traces

Asynchrony and non-determinism in Charm++ programs present a significant challenge in analyzing their event traces. We present a new framework to organize event traces of parallel programs written in Charm++. Our reorganization allows one to more easily explore and analyze such traces by providing context through logical structure. We describe several heuristics to compensate for missing dependencies between events that currently cannot be easily recorded. We introduce a new task ordering that recovers logical structure from the non-deterministic execution order. Using the logical structure, we define several metrics to help guide developers to performance problems. We demonstrate our approach through two proxy applications written in Charm++. Finally, we discuss the applicability of this framework to other task-based runtimes and provide guidelines for tracing to support this form of analysis.
Confinement- and Transport-Induced Stress on Red Drum Juveniles: Effect of Salinity

Abstract Fingerling red drums (Sciaenops ocellatus; mean weight ± SE, 28.0 ± 0.9 g to 42.3 ± 1.1 g) were acclimated to salinities of 2, 4, 8, 16, or 35‰ (25°C) and then crowded in cages for up to 48 h. Fish in the intermediate salinities survived whereas most fish in the two extreme salinities died. Plasma osmolality values increased in fish confined in 35‰ salinity, decreased in fish confined in 2‰ water, and were stable in the fish confined in the intermediate salinities. All fish (weight, 20.2 ± 1.2 g to 37.1 ± 1.7 g) survived 9 h of simulated transport and a 3-d followup in 2, 4, 8, 16, or 35‰ salinity at temperatures of 25 or 30°C. Results of this study and others indicate that healthy red drum fingerlings tolerate confinement and transport well. Further, survival is enhanced if fish are handled and transported in water that is nearly isosmotic with the plasma of the fish (approximately 11‰).
Mechanisms of extinction and near-extinction in pulverized solid fuel combustion

Previous experimental studies of the late stages of pulverized solid fuel combustion have reported extinction-like events that greatly increase the time required to achieve the high conversions required in industrial practice. The present paper examines the complete mass and energy transport processes that govern char particle temperature and considers a number of separate mechanisms that can lead to extinction and extinction-like phenomena. The analysis confirms the conclusions reached by Essenhigh, Fortsch, and Klimesh that a transition from zone II to zone I can occur under pulverized coal combustion conditions and that this transition must be described explicitly to correctly model extinction behavior. The analysis further concludes that only some of the observed extinction-like events are associated with multiple pseudosteady-state solutions to the single-particle energy balance as described by the classical Semenov theory, others being continuous changes in particle temperature or “near-extinction” events. A model is developed, CBK8, that describes a large set of data on extinction and near-extinction for chars from pulverized coals of various rank at gas temperatures from 1100–1600 K and oxygen concentrations from 3–19 vol %. The model with the same parameter set also describes the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data of Jenkins et al. at 500°C for a wide range of U.S. coals, thus unifying reactivity measurements spanning over 1000 °C in particle temperature and 4–5 orders of magnitude in reaction rate.
Potential Systematic Errors in Droplet Temperatures Obtained by Fluorescence Methods

When liquid fuel is injected into a hot gas environment, heat is transferred to the fuel droplets. The temperature of an individual droplet is a key parameter in estimation of the heat and mass transfer rates. Fluorescence methods have been used to measure droplet temperatures. In this work, a light scattering model is combined with a simplified heat transfer model in order to identify systematic errors that may be present in the inferred temperatures. Design of experiments that minimize these systematic errors is discussed. 15 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
Human A1 is induced in leukemic cells by tumor necrosis factor-α and A1 overexpression protects against its toxicity

Abstract Human A1 a Bcl-2 related gene, has been reported to be induced by TNF-α in endothelial and hematopoietic cells. In this study, we investigate the effects of up- or down-regulation of A1 expression on TNF-α induced apoptosis. We use U937 leukemia cell line that was transfected with a retroviral vector containing A1 cDNA in the sense or antisense orientation, as well as U937 cells that overexpress Bcl-2 or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). The effects of TNF-α on A1 mRNA (by Northern analysis) and toxicity (by apoptosis using Annexin V/flow cytometry and colony assay) were measured. Our results show that TNF-α (10-1000 ng/mL) induces A1 mRNA in all experimental groups except for U937 cells overexpressing Bcl-2, and, to a lesser degree, cells overexpressing A1 antisense. Chronic exposure of wild type U937 cells to low concentration of TNF-α (2-3 ng/mL) lead to overexpression of A1 mRNA and promote full protection against TNF-α induced apoptosis. Cells overexpressing A1 in the sense orientation are resistant to TNF-α induced apoptosis while those expressing antisense are more sensitive. U937 cells overexpressing Bcl-2 or MnSOD were also protected against TNF-α toxicity despite total suppression of A1 mRNA expression in the Bcl-2 cells. The addition of 25-50 μg/mL cycloheximide during TNF-α incubation reverses the protective effects of A1 and MnSOD but not that of Bcl-2. These results suggest that A1 may be induced by TNF-α as part of a protective mechanism against TNF-α toxicity in certain cell types. Furthermore, our results suggest a negative regulatory mechanism for A1 may be activated in the presence of high levels of Bcl-2.
Gastric intestinal metaplasia on routine endoscopic biopsy.

A 50-year-old male recently had an endoscopy by another physician for the indication of dyspepsia. The endoscopy demonstrated no abnormality but biopsy of normal-appearing gastric mucosa demonstrated intestinal metaplasia and infection with H. pylori. The patient comes to you for advice regarding management of gastric intestinal metaplasia.
Contracting Female Marriage in Anthony Trollope's Can You Forgive Her?

This essay demonstrates that Anthony Trollope was one of several Victorians aware of "female marriage," a term that Elizabeth Barrett Browning used to describe committed unions between women. After establishing that Trollope knew women in female marriages at the time that he was composing his novel Can You Forgive Her? (1864-65), the essay analyzes how female marriage inscribes itself within the form of the marriage plot. Trollope9s novel aligns female marriage with contractual marriage, associated with feminist demands to make unions between men and women more egalitarian as well as dissoluble. The novel works to discredit contractual forms of marriage and to celebrate indissoluble hierarchical marriage by associating the first with primitive savagery, the second with an ideal of civilization that can accommodate male violence.
The Janus-faced nature of the C2B domain is fundamental for synaptotagmin-1 function

Synaptotagmin-1 functions as a Ca2+ sensor in neurotransmitter release and was proposed to act on both the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes through interactions involving the Ca2+ binding top loops of its C(2) domains and the Ca2+-independent bottom face of the C(2)B domain. However, the functional importance of the C(2)B domain bottom face is unclear. We now show that mutating two conserved arginine residues at the C(2)B domain bottom face practically abolishes synchronous release in hippocampal neurons. Reconstitution experiments reveal that Ca2+-synaptotagmin-1 can dramatically stimulate the rate of SNARE-dependent lipid mixing, and that the two-arginine mutation strongly impairs this activity. These results demonstrate that synaptotagmin-1 function depends crucially on the bottom face of the C(2)B domain and strongly support the notion that synaptotagmin-1 triggers membrane fusion and neurotransmitter release by bringing the vesicle and plasma membranes together, much like the SNAREs do but in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
Can Leopards Change Their Spots? Between Xenophobia and Trans-ethnic Populism among West European Far Right Parties

Racism and xenophobia have fueled radical right-wing party electoral success across Western Europe. This article investigates whether key changes have occurred in radical right-wing xenophobia in recent years, mainly a moderating trend and a shifting out-group focus. The analysis in this article suggests such a 21st-century transformation. Radical right-wing party programmatic orientations have moderated and their appeals have broadened. The out-groups and immigrant enemies of the postwar era have been superseded, especially as anti-Semitism has been traded for anti-Muslim Islamophobia. Populism is explored in its potential causal logic for observed changes.
Making a life in the physical sciences

As a practicing physical chemist, I argue that the challenges faced by the physical sciences have more parallels with organization science than it might first appear. While the physical sciences do represent a strong paradigm endeavor, many of the same issues that were raised in the article “Making a life in the field of organizational science” arise in physical sciences. An essential difference between the physical sciences and organization science is the essentially capital intensive nature of our research. Ironically, the constant pursuit of the requisite research dollars leads to substantial similarity between the fields. The state of academic physical sciences is analyzed in this context informed by the current state of research funding in the United States. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between leaf injury and colonization of cabbage by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Abstract Mechanical and insect feeding injuries of cabbage provided sites for ingress by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . In field studies, injuries sustained by hitting cabbage heads with a blunt object penetrated several leaf layers and were readily infected by S. sclerotiorum . Incidence of Sclerotinia rot ranged from 15 to 36% infected plants in the hitting treatment. Disease incidence was low (0–5%) when wounds were created by allowing lepidopterous larvae (the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae L., the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hubner) to feed on cabbage leaves. The incidence of colonization of lepidopterous larvae feeding sites by S. sclerotiorum was greater in greenhouse studies (5–60% infected feeding sites) than in field studies. In greenhouse studies, disease incidence was significantly greater in plants receiving hitting injuries than tearing injuries. There was little evidence of inoculation day or injury day effects. Colonization frequency of tissue injured mechanically was similar whether wounds were inoculated immediately or 4 days later. Plants that were incubated in a dry environment developed fewer infections than plants held in a moist environment. Inoculated plants that were not injured did not develop disease.
Partial FFT demodulation: A detection method for doppler distorted OFDM systems

In mobile OFDM systems, such as underwater acoustic and digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, time variation causes severe inter-carrier interference (ICI) which limits data detection performance. To address this problem, a signal processing strategy using several partial-interval FFTs instead of a conventional full-interval single FFT is proposed. Weighted combining of the partial FFT outputs coupled with standard OFDM processing, allows high performance symbol-by-symbol detection even in highly time-varying channels. Numerical examples show performance gains of several dB over a conventional receiver, thus indicating that an order of magnitude reduction in BER is achievable at a minimal increase in complexity.
Effect of Graded Levels of Niacin in Corn-Soy and Wheat-Soy Diets on Laying Hens

An experiment was conducted using commercial egg-type hens to investigate their response to various levels of niacin supplementation of diets. Layer performance, hen nervousness, fertility, and hatchability were observed. No significant differences were found among dietary treatments for hen-day egg production, feed conversion, hen nervousness, mortality, fertility, or hatchability. Birds receiving wheat-soy diets consumed significantly (P less than .05) more feed and laid smaller eggs with higher specific gravity than hens fed corn-soy diets.
Exploring the information‐to‐knowledge experience of English Language Learner (ELL) students: From the cognitive, behavioral and affective perspectives

This study seeks to understand the information-to-knowledge experience of English Language Learner (ELL) students in a Guided Inquiry project undertaken by the school librarian and subject teachers. As a pilot study, it provides an in-depth examination of two Korean 11th grade students in a biology class of a high school in New Jersey. During the project, data were collected through questionnaire, surveys, search journal, search sessions, observation, students' papers, and semi-structured interviews. The findings of this study will contribute to understanding of how ELL students experience information search and knowledge building through a complex research project in English so that school environments, including school libraries, can provide meaningful instructional and service interventions for them.
MODELING FOR COST ANALYSIS OF JOHNE'S DISEASE CONTROL BASED ON EVELISA TESTING

Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is recommended for control of Johne's disease (JD) in the cattle industry. A recent report showed that prevalence of JD in dairy farms could be reduced by applying an ELISA-based control strategy, even though the sensitivity of the current ELISA has been reported to be lower than 30%. We previously developed a more sensitive ELISA test (EVELISA; Ethanol Vortex ELISA) for diagnosis of JD and, in this report, aimed to evaluate cost-effectiveness of the EVELISA in JD control compared to that of a current ELISA test. For simulation of population dynamics, we developed a deterministic, discrete-time mathematical model incorporating contact structure, possibility of adult infection and the concept of order of events. In our model, the number of animals infected with the causative agent of JD, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), increases in a 10-year simulation if no JD control measure is applied. When test results of ELISA or EVELISA are used for JD control, the increase in MAP-infected animals is less significant. According to our model, EVELISA-based control measures increase the annual per capita revenue of US dairy farms when compared to no JD control and ELISA-based JD control, respectively.
RFID medicine management system

This study proposes a framework of medicine management system based on the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). The heavy workloads of the hospital often result in that the nurses give patients the wrong medicine. This situation leads to the patient injury, and even death. In order to improve the quality of health care, this paper integrates the RFID, network and database techniques to develop a graphical medicine management system. In the proposed system, each patient has a RFID tag and each kind of medicine also is encoded to a RFID number. The digital patient information forms contain the medicinal information of each patient. When a nurse gives medicine to a patient, he or she must check the patient's RFID tag and the medicinal number to avoid the situation of taking wrong medicines.
Reverse Magnus force on a magnetically suspended ogive cylinder at subsonic speeds

Data are presented showing an additional domain of reversed sign Magnus force coefficient. This phenomenon was found in essentially incompressible flow in a length Reynolds number range of at least 0.77 x 106-1.1 X 106 and for an angle of attack range of 0 to ±4.5 deg. Furthermore the location of the center of pressure is independent of the sign of the Magnus force coefficient. Finally, the presence of a dummy sting support system and an artificially induced turbulent boundary layer causes the reversed sign region to vanish for all practical purposes.
Directing Attention in Online Aggregate Sensor Streams via Auditory Blind Value Assignment

Multiparty collaborative applications in which groups of people act in concert to achieve some real-world goal abound. In these situations, it is useful for a central planning agent to receive online audio-visual isual information from all participants. However, as the size of the group grows, it becomes difficult to process all the sensory streams; cognitive overload prevents direct analysis of sensory streams for situational awareness. To avoid this situation, an automatic method is needed to assign value to each stream and direct the attention of the planning agent to those streams which are most valuable. We present an audio-based blind value assignment (BVA) method to address this problem, and experiments demonstrating the method'se efficacy. We demonstrate that use of audio BVA techniques results in automatic value judgments which are broadly similar to human value judgments and superior to automatic judgments based on video information.
Needs, Concerns, Strategies, and Advice of Daily Home Hemodialysis Caregivers

Improved patient outcomes have led to increased international interest in daily home hemodialysis as a kidney replacement therapy. Daily home hemodialysis often requires the assistance of a caregiver during and between treatments. Understanding the needs and concerns of caregivers of persons on daily home hemodialysis will inform the design of supportive interventions to improve caregiver retention and maintain their health and well-being. Using a descriptive qualitative design, the purpose of this study was to identify and describe the needs, concerns, strategies, and advice of family caregivers. Twenty-one caregivers were interviewed; five of these individuals were former caregivers of patients who had returned to outpatient hemodialysis. Data were collected via audio-recorded telephone interviews following a semistructured interview guide with five open-ended questions. A content analysis approach was used to code and analyze the data. Caregivers described needs, concerns, and strategies and offered advice in five predetermined major categories. Major findings included a need for respite services and a need for interventions to manage the emotional responses to caregiving. This study provides valuable information about relevant areas to consider when developing an intervention program for daily home hemodialysis caregivers.
Preweaning behaviors, developmental landmarks, and acrylamide and glycidamide levels after pre- and postnatal acrylamide treatment in rats

At high levels of exposure, acrylamide monomer (AA) is a known neurotoxicant (LoPachin, 2004 [23]). The effects of lower levels of exposure, such as those experienced via a typical human diet, have not been widely investigated. Data at these levels are particularly relevant given the widespread human exposure through carbohydrate-containing foods cooked at high temperatures. Additionally, daily AA intake is estimated to be higher for infants and children. Earlier, we described behavioral alterations in preweaning rats resulting from developmental AA treatment (0.5-10.0mg/kg/day) (Garey et al., 2005 [14]). In the present study, the effects of lower doses were measured as well as serum AA and glycidimide (GA) levels in dams, fetuses, and young pups. Pregnant Fischer 344 dams (n=48-58/treatment group) were gavaged with 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, or 5.0mg AA/kg/day beginning on gestational day 6 and ending on the day of parturition. Beginning on postnatal day 1 (PND 1) and continuing through PND 21, all pups/litter were gavaged with the same dose as their dam. There were no AA treatment effects on offspring fur development, pinnae detachment, or eye opening. Offspring body weight was somewhat decreased by 5.0mg/kg/day, particularly in males. However, righting reflex (PNDs 4-7), slant board (i.e., negative geotaxis) (PNDs 8-10), forelimb hang (PNDs 12-16), and rotarod behavior (PNDs 21-22) were not significantly altered by AA treatment. Male and female offspring of the 5.0mg/kg/day group were 30-49% less active in the open field at PNDs 19-20 (p<0.05). Serum AA levels of GD20 dams and their fetuses were comparable, indicating the ability of AA to cross the placental barrier. AA levels of pups were not affected by age (PND 1 and 22) or sex. In all rats, serum AA and GA levels exhibited a dose-response relationship. These data extend those of our previous study (Garey et al., 2005 [14]) and demonstrate that overt preweaning neurobehavioral effects are apparent in rats exposed to acrylamide pre- and postnatally, but only at the highest doses tested.
Expression of multiple water channel activities in Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA from rat kidney

To test the hypothesis that renal tissue contains multiple distinct water channels, mRNA prepared from either cortex, medulla, or papilla of rat kidney was injected into Xenopus oocytes. The osmotic water permeability (Pf) of oocytes injected with either 50 nl of water or 50 nl of renal mRNA (1 microgram/microliter) was measured 4 d after the injection. Pf was calculated from the rate of volume increase on exposure to hyposmotic medium. Injection of each renal mRNA preparation increased the oocyte Pf. This expressed water permeability was inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate and had a low energy of activation, consistent with the expression of water channels. The coinjection of an antisense oligonucleotide for CHIP28 protein, at an assumed > 100-fold molar excess, with either cortex, medulla, or papilla mRNA reduced the expression of the water permeability by approximately 70, 100, and 30%, respectively. Exposure of the oocyte to cAMP for 1 h resulted in a further increase in Pf only in oocytes injected with medulla mRNA. This cAMP activation was not altered by the CHIP28 antisense oligonucleotide. These results suggest that multiple distinct water channels were expressed in oocytes injected with mRNA obtained from sections of rat kidney: (a) CHIP28 water channels in cortex and medulla, (b) cAMP-activated water channels in medulla, and (c) cAMP-insensitive water channels in papilla.
An analogue of Bode's sensitivity integral for continuous-time, time-varying systems

A new time-domain interpretation of H.W. Bode's (1945) integral is presented. This allows for a generalization to the class of time-varying systems which possess an exponential dichotomy. It is shown that the sensitivity function is constrained, on average, by the spectral values in the dichotomy spectrum of the unstable component of the open-loop dynamics.
Carbon nanotube based sensors for the detection of viruses

Abstract Carbon nanotube biosensors were assembled using a layer-by-layer (LBL) technique exploiting the chemical functionalization on nanotubes to tailor their interactions with viruses and antiviral antibodies. Gold electrodes were patterned in the form of resistors onto a Si/SiO 2 substrate, followed by stepwise LBL assembly to change the resistivity of the channel. Polyelectrolyte multilayer films were prepared by the sequential electrostatic adsorption of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(styrene sulfonate), and functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Viral antibodies were successfully immobilized between the electrodes and the binding of antibodies to the surface was enhanced by coating with poly( l -lysine). An antigen specific to the immobilized antibody was captured on these devices. The coupled antibody–antigen complex changed the conductance of the device and this change was related to the antigen concentration. The two factors affecting the performance of the device were the number of layers and the channel length between the electrodes. We were able to detect conductance change for a viral antigen with a titer of 10 2 TCID 50 /ml (50% tissue culture infective dose).
A 1.8V, sub-mW, over 100% locking range, divide-by-3 and 7 complementary-injection-locked 4 GHz frequency divider

A low-power wideband divide-by-odd-ratio ring-oscillator-based complementary-injection-locked frequency divider (CILFD) is proposed. The multiple-input complementary-injection scheme widens its locking range over 100% to sufficiently cover the PVT variations. The CILFD consumes dynamic power only with no additional power penalty for larger division ratios. The differential input and output are realized employing auxiliary cross-connected inverters. The CILFDs with division ratios of 3 and 7 are implemented in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The measurement results show a locking range from 1.4 to 4.4 GHz with an input incident power of −4 dBm. The power consumption while locked at 4.7 GHz is 0.9 mW from a single 1.8-V power supply.
Do Two Research Cultures Imply Two Scientific Paradigms

In A Tale of Two Cultures, Gary Goertz and James Mahoney (2012) seek to describe two distinct social science cultures: “quantitative” and “qualitative.” Cultural differences such as these often provide an excuse for groups to retreat to separate sides, to wallow in in-group solidarity, and to prepare for a long and stubborn dispute instead of seeking compromise and agreement. Goertz and Mahoney profess no desire to start a civil war in the social sciences. They are, they tell us, merely anthropologists who have encountered the “Quant” and the “Qual” tribes and who want to catalog their distinctive characteristics. In doing so, they want to make sure that both groups get the respect they deserve for their cultural uniqueness. After a few preliminary chapters, Goertz and Mahoney march through 14 chapters that present contrasting observations on how the Quants and the Quals search for causal relationships, explicate and measure concepts, and undertake research design. The chapters are all relatively short. Each one briskly and pithily illustrates, as in a 19th-century travel book cataloging the oddities of remarkably different groups in far off lands, the differences between the Quants and the Quals. Because they find the Quants and the Quals to be different, Goertz and Mahoney conclude “there is no set of principles that unifies all social scientific work” (chap. 17, p. 220). The two cultures are different, and each should be allowed to thrive on its own terms, although “there is room for dialogue between the quantitative and qualitative paradigms” (p. 220). And “If we allow for some division of labor and the possibility of mixing the two cultures, we arrive at a pluralistic vision of social science” (p. 226).
Protein Quality of Conventional and High Protein Rice and Digestibility of Glutinous and Non-Glutinous Rice by Preschool Children

The bulkiness of cooked rice imposes limits on the quanti ties that can be consumed, especially by infants and small children. Rices of higher protein content should offer a nutritional advantage if protein quality does not suffer. Protein quality of a high protein rice (IR480-5-9, 11.4% protein) was compared isonitrogenously with that of a rice of lower protein content (IR32, 7.1% protein) and with casein by nitrogen balance studies in eight children 12 to 18 months of age. Diets provided 100 to 125 kcal and 240 to 300 mg N/kg body weight/day constant for each child. Non-protein energy was supplied by sucrose and a blend (80:20) of soy bean :cottonseed oil. Two 7-day rice dietary periods (alternating IR32 and IR480-5-9) were preceded and followed by 9-day casein control periods. Apparent N absorption from rice ( 65.7 Â± 6.7% ) was significantly less than from casein ( 84.9 Â± 4.27Â? ) â€¢ Apparent N retention from IR480-5-9 was 23.0 Â± 2.5%, that from IR32 28.6 Â± 9.4% (initial casein period: 35.2 Â± 5.9%). Digestibility of these two non-glutinous rices was compared with that of a glutinous variety, IR29, in further studies in which equal quanti ties of rice (13.2 or 16.5 g/kg body weight/day) were consumed. Fecal wet weight tended to be lower during rice consumption than during con sumption of the control diet, significantly so only for IR29. Fecal dry weight, fecal energy and calculated fecal carbohydrate did not differ between rice and control periods. There were significant linear correlations of fecal wet and dry weight with fecal energy for both the rice and control diets. Al though several factors suggested that the protein quality of IR480-5-9 was inferior to that of IR32, this would more than be offset by the increased protein content of the former when equal quantities of rice were consumed. Overall digestibility of rice by children appeared to be excellent and should not limit consumption by this age group. J. Nutr. IOS: 1740-1747, 1978.
Historical analysis of environmental conditions during Florida Red Tide

Abstract The most frequent and intense harmful algal blooms, of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis , occur on the West Florida Shelf. Many aspects relating to such blooms remain poorly known, including environmental conditions during their occurrence. Here the position of the Loop Current, river runoff, and along- and cross-shore winds are analyzed, isolating persistent periods of no bloom (less than 100 cells L −1 ) and large blooms (more than 10 5 cells L −1 ). From 1993 to 2007, 9 instances are detected with a large bloom and 37 instances are found with no bloom. A two-sample unequal variance T -Test analysis reveals that the difference between periods of large blooms and periods with no bloom are statistically significant to the 90% confidence level for the Loop Current's position. Periods of large blooms are found to occur only when the Loop Current is in its northern position, due to the enhanced retention on the shelf.
Plasma inflammatory and apoptosis markers are associated with dialysis dependence and death among critically ill patients receiving renal replacement therapy

Background Survivors of critical illness complicated by acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) are at an increased risk of dialysis dependence and death but the mechanisms are unknown.
The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America

The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America. George R. Milner. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2005. 224 pp.
Analysis of optimal ACK frequency over asymmetric GEO-space channels

The acknowledgement (ACK) strategy of the transmission control protocol (TCP) has been modified to improve its performance in asymmetric networks, like in the space communication environment. A general relationship between asymmetric channel ratio and optimal ACK frequency, to achieve maximal throughput, is not available. This paper studies optimal ACK frequency with respect to round-trip time (RTT) to achieve the maximum throughput over various asymmetric GEO-satellite links, using a test-bed, and builds a simple model for the relationship between optimal ACK frequency and asymmetric channel ratio.
Robust adaptive beamforming under uncertainty in source direction-of-arrival

Adaptive beamforming can be used as a method for estimating an unknown waveform from a source impinging on an array of sensors. When the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of the incoming signal is known, the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer provides a distortionless version of the signal while suppressing noise and interference. However, if there is a mismatch between the look direction of the beamformer and the actual DOA of the signal, there can be significant degradation in performance. We use a Bayesian approach with the MVDR criterion to derive an adaptive beamformer which has nearly optimal performance under good conditions, and is robust to uncertainty in DOA under poor conditions.
Kinematic convexity of spherical displacements and its application to collision prediction

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in developing geometric algorithms for kinematic computations. The aim of this paper is to present the notion of kinematic convexity as a key element for a new framework for spherical kinematic geometry that allows for the development of more elegant and efficient algorithms for geometric computations in kinematic applications. The resulting framework, called computational spherical kinematic geometry, is developed by combining the oriented projective geometry with the kinematic geometry of spherical motions. By extending the idea of convexity in affine geometry to an oriented image space of spherical displacements, the notion of kinematic convexity is proposed. A novel application to the collision prediction problem is presented to illustrate the theory developed.
A Spatial Filter for Use in Finite Area Calculations

Abstract A multidimensional filter which selectively removes 2Δx and 2Δy noise is introduced. The filter is designed to be effective in finite area models with nonperiodic horizontal boundary conditions. An economical splitting technique, requiring an intermediate boundary condition, is utilized in the calculations. The filter is tested on a finite difference representation of two-dimensional linear advection and compared with the Shapiro eighth-order filter. Tests on both uniform and variable grid configurations are conducted, as well as a finite element calculation. Influence of repeated applications of the filters upon a rectangular column is analyzed and comparisons between filter factors are made. Lastly, the proposed filter is inserted into the three-dimensional Penn State-NCAR regional model to test its performance in a state-of-the-art model and to study the importance of horizontal diffusion.
High Resolution N M R in Solids and Surfaces

Both 1H N.M.R. chemical shift and dipolar spectra for polycrystalline samples of H2Os3 (CO)10, H4Ru4(CO)12, and H4Os4(CO)12 are discussed. These hydrogens bridging metal-metal bonds exhibit isotropic chemical shifts similar to those found in solution studies, and the total shift anisotropy is not greater than 30 ppm for any of these compounds. Unusual structured dipolar lineshapes are explained by an analytical solution to the problem of four dipolar coupled spin 1/2 particles, and resulting structural information is reported. Some other contributions to the field of solid state N.M.R. by Professor R.W. Vaughan and coworkers at the California Institute of Technology are outlined. Particular attention is given to a description of double resonance experiments.
Abstract TMP53: Elevated Blood Pressure Precedes Arterial Stiffening in Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Introduction: Elevated blood pressure (BP) and arterial wall stiffness are key aspects of essential hypertension. However, it is not clear whether elevated BP is a cause or the consequence of arterial wall stiffness or whether they influence each other during the aging process. This study assessed the temporal relationship between BP and arterial wall stiffness in a longitudinal study cohort. Methods: The study cohort consisted of 446 adults (342 whites and 104 blacks; age=32-51 years) enrolled in the bogalusa Heart Study. BP and aorta-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured at two time points over 6.8 years. A cross-lagged analysis model was performed to examine the temporal relationship between BP and PWV. Results: Baseline vs follow-up values of systolic BP (113 vs 115 mmHg), diastolic BP (77 vs 80 mmHg) and PWV (5.1 vs 6.9 m/msec) increased significantly over 6.8 years. Systolic and diastolic BP and PWV values were adjusted for age, sex and race and standardized to Z-scores prior to the cross-lagged analysis. As shown in the figure, the difference between the two cross-lagged path coefficients (0.16 vs 0.04) was marginally significant (p=0.071 for difference). The cross-lagged path coefficient (0.15) from baseline diastolic BP to follow-up PWV was significantly greater than the coefficient (0.02) from baseline PWV to follow-up diastolic BP (p=0.05 for difference). In the model with baseline and follow-up BMI included, the difference between the two cross-lagged path coefficients was significant (systolic BP: 0.17 vs 0.03, p=0.035 for difference; diastolic BP: 0.16 vs 0.01, p=0.024 for difference). Conclusions: These findings suggest that elevated BP precedes arterial stiffening, but arterial stiffness does not increase BP in young adults, thereby providing evidence that elevated BP accelerates arterial stiffening process due to increased “wear and tear” on the artery walls and subsequently muscle cell hypertrophy during the period of young adulthood.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene dune activity and wind regimes in the western Sahara Desert of Mauritania: Comment and Reply: COMMENT

[Lancaster et al. (2002)][1] provide some useful information on Quaternary eolian dune activity in western Mauritania. As outlined below, however, their publication could benefit from (1) a statement regarding the relevance of their research to the debate on the age of “Ogolien” dunes in western
Rheological Models for Continental Seismicity and Maximum Seismogenic Depth

In fault systems at plate boundaries, maximum seismogenic depth is likely defined by the transition with depth from unstable frictional slip to localized, high strain rate (γ≈10 11 /s) quasi-plastic shearing in trans-crustal, tabular fault zones; the transition being significantly affected by variations in regional heat flow. However, such deep driven rheological models are probably inappropriate for areas of intraplate seismicity such as the eastern United States where, despite the low cratonic heat flow, the larger earthquakes ( m b ≈5) seem to nucleate in the 5–10 km depth range. Similar shallow nucleation depths have also been noted for large intraplate events in the cratonic crust of Australia. A more appropriate model for such intraplate activity is to view the upper levels of cratonic crust as a remotely-loaded, flawed stress-guide, where time-dependent failure may occur through processes such as stress corrosion. A rheological criterion accounting for the depths of these cratonic events is that seismogenic failure can only occur when the loading strain rate is greater than the potential rate of flow relaxation within the focal volume, suggesting an important size effect. Loading strain rates estimated from likely earthquake recurrence intervals in such areas are extremely low ( −16 /s ). At such low strain rates, the upper crust is effectively decoupled, even though no geologically obvious strain signature will develop in the middle or lower crust over lengthy time periods. Available strain energy, and perhaps maximum earthquake size, may then be quite sensitively linked to maximum seismogenic depth. A range of intermediate mixed behavior must exist between these end-member models.
Study on Forecast of Occurrence Date of Spodoptera litura by Developmental Duration Method

According to the occurrence date of adults of Spodoptera litura trapped by lamp light and the developmental stage of larvae in the field,and consulting the relationship between growth duration and temperature,and the mean temperature in the same period of the past years,the occurrence date of S.litura was forecasted.And the forecasting result coincided with the real field occurrence.
Application of instantaneous reactive theory in dynamic var compensation

TSC(Thyristor Switching Capacitor),a kind of dynamic reactive power compensation device,is presented.Its structure and characteristics are analyzed.With the consideration of both detection accuracy and fast response,a method of signal detection based on instantaneous reactive power theory is proposed according to the structure and working principle of TSC.The concept of instantaneous active and reactive power is defined and its implementation is discussed.Simulation is carried out with MATLAB and results show that,it detects the reactive power of TSC system quickly and effectively and meets its requirement for dynamic response.
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS OF OUT-OF-CORE DATA MANAGEMENT FOR PLANETARY TERRAIN

Rendering terrain on a planetary scale can quickly become a large problem. Many challenges arise when attempting to render terrain over a spherical body as well as deal with the large amount of data that needs to be used to accurately display the terrain of a planet. Most research in the area of terrain rendering is specific to a given region of a planet, therefore needing few datasets for a proper rendering. However, since planets are made up of larger areas, a different approach needs to be taken in order to display high-detail terrain around a viewer while sorting through the large amount of planetary data available. Additionally, since modern desktops have a relatively small amount of memory, a system to swap data from the hard drive into graphics processing unit (GPU) memory must be created. Therefore, we present the software design for a data caching mechanism which can efficiently swap only the data around a viewer into and out of the GPU memory in real-time. We also present a prototype of the software which achieves efficient framerates for high-quality views of a planet’s surface while minimizing the time it takes to find data centered around a viewer and display it to the screen.
Discovery, Development, and Adoption of Medications to Treat Alcohol Use Disorder: Goals for the Phases of Medications Development.

For more than 25 years, advances have been made in developing medications to treat alcohol use disorder (AUD), highlighted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's approval of naltrexone (oral and long-acting) and acamprosate. Despite this progress, more work remains to be done in this area because these medications, although effective for some people, do not work for everyone. A high priority for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol is to put into place a solid infrastructure to aid in the development of medications that are more effective than those currently available and with few side effects. Medication development, especially for a disorder as complex as AUD, is challenging and involves multiple phases, including discovery of "druggable" targets, preclinical studies, human clinical trials, and the adoption and implementation of the new medication into mainstream medicine. A successful medications development program requires clearly established goals for each phase to ensure that a candidate compound is not trapped in one particular phase, a condition known as "the valley of death." In this article, the phases of medication development are described as they apply to AUD, and specific goals of each phase are identified for the next decade. In addition, several important crosscutting themes are outlined for each phase, all of which are essential for advancing medications development. These include identifying and validating screening models and druggable targets, making use of precision medicine, and establishing partnerships among key stakeholders. Our goal in writing this article is to provide a guide on medications development that will aid the alcohol research community in planning, testing, and developing medications for AUD.
The Effect of Business Strategy Type on Marketing Organization Design, Product-Market Growth Strategy, Relative Marketing Effort, and Organization Performance

This article reports an empirical investigation of the underlying relationships between business strategy type, the design of the marketing function, product-market growth strategies, relative marketing effort, and organization performance in 410 firms across a cross-section of six service industries. Business strategy type was operationalized by using the Miles and Snow (1978) typology which characterizes businesses as defenders, prospectors, analyzers, or reactors based on their product-market scope. The fmdings provide empirical support to the Miles and Snow (1978) typology in everyone of the six service industries. The managerial implications are presented and discussed.
The changing face of anatomy in the United States.

Over the past decade, the discipline of anatomy has undergone significant changes in the United States. Some of these changes are specific to the discipline of anatomy; others reflect the evolution of the basic biomedical sciences; still others reflect societal changes in the United States. One of the most important trends is the homogenization of basic biomedical research, with scientists in many fields using very similar approaches. This trend is accompanied by an increasing disparity between what anatomy faculty teach and what they do in their research. American medical education is well into a major phase of curricular reform, with greater emphasis on self-learning and problem-oriented approaches. Nevertheless, there is currently a wide spectrum of educational approaches, ranging from very traditional disciplinary teaching to the complete abandonment of the traditional basic science disciplines in totally problem-oriented approaches. Along with the homogenization of basic biomedical research is a much greater intermingling of disciplines represented by new faculty members. Many new anatomy faculty (and faculty of other basic science departments, as well) have been trained in other disciplines. Because of this, they do not have the traditions or loyalty to their discipline of new faculty of previous eras; on the other hand, they introduce an element of "hybrid vigor" that is essential for the evolution of any discipline. Ph.D. programs themselves are increasingly becoming merged into common programs in American medical schools. Adapting to rapid change is the dominant theme in American medical education today.
Morphology of Camel and Llama Erythrocytes as Viewed with the Scanning Electron Microscope

SUMMARY Morphologic features of erythrocytes from two camels and a llama were studied using the scanning electron microscope. The distinctive elliptical erythrocytes of both animals appeared to be thin and wafer-like. Their surface was generally smooth and the cellular outline was regular. An occasional camel erythrocyte exhibited a shallow surface depression near the margin of the cell. A rare camel and llama erythrocyte appeared spatulate. The thin wafer-like form of the camel erythrocytes was congruous with their known resistance to osmotic lysis.