cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Authority and Political Obligation

Legitimate political authority is often said to involve a “right to rule,” which is most plausibly understood as a Hohfeldian moral power on the part of the state to impose obligations on its subjects (or otherwise to change their normative situation). Many writers have taken the state’s moral power (if and when it exists) to be a correlate, in some sense, of an obligation on the part of the state’s subjects to obey its directives. Thus legitimate political authority is said to entail a general obligation to obey the law, and a general obligation to obey the law is said to entail legitimate political authority. With some version of this idea in mind, many writers attempt to establish full (or partial) legitimate political authority by first arguing for the intermediate conclusion that there exists a general (or partial) obligation to obey the law. This article argues that such a strategy is fundamentally mistaken, because while legitimate authority does indeed entail an obligation to obey the law, an obligation to obey the law does not, in and of itself, entail legitimate authority. This can be referred to as “the reverse entailment problem.” To avoid this problem, a theory of political authority must argue directly for the existence of the appropriate kind of moral power on the part of the state. This article argues for the “value-based” conception of a moral power, which states, very roughly, that one person holds a power over another if there is sufficient value in the former possessing the capacity intentionally to impose an obligation on the latter (or otherwise to change her normative situation). This seemingly simple understanding of a moral power gives rise to surprisingly strong adequacy conditions on what can count as an acceptable theory of legitimate political authority, and these conditions decisively rule out most of the standard theories in the literature.
The Effects of Acidic Deposition on Forested Soils

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of soil acidification that is one of the effects of acidic deposition on forest ecosystems. It also provides a brief synopsis of the dominant physical and chemical processes in forest ecosystems that interact with, modify, and respond to acidic inputs. The degree of interaction between acidic deposition and the forest canopy is illustrated. The chapter presents several case histories of soil change in regions where acid deposition may be causal and in regions where it is not. A set of recommendations is outlined, concerning areas for future research that are needed to be characterized properly and models for the effects of acidic deposition on forest soils are developed. Several hypotheses are proposed as the basis for future research on potential atmosphere–rhizosphere interactions that include above-ground physiology, nutrient uptake, heavy metal uptake, aluminum uptake, or microbes essential for nutrient absorption and changes in the forest ecosystem due to atmospheric deposition that alters rhizosphere regulation of root pathogens and soil saprophyte ecology.
Shape and microdynamics of ice particles and their effects in cirrus clouds

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the microdynamic aspects of ice particles focusing on ice processes in the atmosphere. The main effect discussed is the microdynamics of ice particles—the effect of their motions. The ice microdynamics is important because ice particles move in a viscous medium, namely, air. The motions cause complicated flow fields around the falling ice particles, influencing their growth rates and hence the overall development of the cloud. Other processes in the atmosphere, such as transport of trace chemicals and radiative transfer, are certainly influenced greatly by the cloud development. The chapter presents the mathematical descriptions of ice particles. The two-dimensional expressions and also the three-dimensional (3-D) expressions are described. The 3-D expressions allow the representation of hexagonal columns of finite lengths, hexagonal plates of finite thickness, and conical particles with elliptical cross sections. The chapter also deals with the numerical calculation of flow fields around falling ice particles. The main importance of such studies is that the flow fields determine the growth rates of ice particles for both diffusional and collisional modes.
Operation of the National Spherical Torus Experiment

Summary form only given. The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is a proof-of-principle experiment designed to study the physics of low aspect ratio toroidal plasmas. NSTX can be operated with a wide range of shapes to produce plasmas with R/a=0.85/0.68 m/spl sim/1.25, I/sub p/=1 MA, B/sub T//spl les/0.6 T, /spl kappa//spl les/2.2, /spl delta//spl les/0.5, and, eventually, with heating powers of up to 11 MW (6 MW high harmonic fast waves, 5 MW, 80 keV, D/sup 0/ neutral beam injection). Inductive breakdown is assisted by electron cyclotron resonance heating preionization. Co-axial helicity injection (CHI) can provide the opportunity for V-sec savings during startup. A mission of the NSTX research program is to study the global confinement and local transport properties of ST (Spherical Tori) plasmas. The large field line pitch on the outboard side, and small pitch on the inboard side, increases the time the field line spends in the good curvature regime, which should benefit both the transport and micro- and macro-stability properties of the NSTX plasmas. This increase in good curvature, coupled with a large shearing rate due to the low toroidal field, may reduce dramatically the electrostatic and electromagnetic microinstabilities that cause transport. Furthermore, with the presence of close fitting conducting plates to suppress external kink modes, and with optimized current and pressure profiles, plasma betas of up to 40% with 70% bootstrap fractions have been calculated to be stable.
Primary graft failure: a case control investigation of a purported cluster.

Abstract Primary graft failure is a rare but major complication of penetrating keratoplasty. An apparent clustering of four cases during a 1-month period led to a review of all 778 keratoplasties performed by nine surgeons at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary from July 1, 1986 to June 30, 1988. The objectives of this study were (a) to investigate the possibility that cases of primary graft failure occurred in clusters within their physical environment of space, time, and personnel and (b) to determine the frequency of and evaluate possible risk factors for primary graft failure. Twenty-one cases of primary graft failure were found, resulting in an incidence rate of 2.7% during this period. A 13.3% incidence of primary graft failure was found in donor mates, suggesting improper tissue preparation. The charts and eye bank records of the 21 cases and 84 age-matched controls, randomly selected from the group of all keratoplasties, were reviewed for donor-, recipient-, surgeon-, and surgery-related characteristics. Improper tissue preparation was not associated with primary graft failure. An individual surgeon was the most significant risk factor [odds ratio = 6 (95% CI: 2.1-17.0)].
Interrogating Claims of Progress for Black Women Since 1970

Utilizing a comparative and historical perspective, we interrogate claims of progress focusing on low-wage Black and White women workers from 1970 to 2000. We begin by offering a historical perspec...
Improved Recovery Procedure for Evaluation of Sanitizer Efficacy in Disinfecting Contaminated Cantaloupes

: Improved methodology for recovering microbial contaminants from cantaloupe surface is needed. Recovery of bacteria from the entire rind of cantaloupes, obtained with a mechanical peeler, and use of a new method for calculating melon surface area were investigated using melons inoculated with Salmonella Poona or Escherichia coli NRRL B-766. Growth of Salmonella but not E. coli was found during post-inoculation storage at 20°C. The new sampling methodology was equivalent to use of replicate rind plugs, taken at multiple sites on the melon surface, in recovery of both organisms. Recovery was the same by both procedures for dip- and spot-inoculated samples, sanitized or not sanitized, and for post-inoculation holding times up to 72 h. Survival of Salmonella on dip- and spot-inoculated cantaloupe surfaces following sanitizer wash treatments was similar. Keywords: cantaloupe, dip-inoculation, spot-inoculation, recovery, disinfection, microbiological safety
Arabidopsis Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Expressed in Escherichia coli Is Insensitive to the Feedback Inhibitors

Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), the first enzyme unique to the biosynthesis of isoleucine, leucine, and valine, is the target enzyme for several classes of herbicides. The AHAS gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, including the chloroplast transit peptide, was cloned into the bacterial expression plasmid pKK233-2. The resulting plasmid was used to transform an AHAS-deficient Escherichia coli strain MF2000. The growth of the MF2000 strain of E. coli was complemented by the functional expression of the Arabidopsis AHAS. The AHAS protein was processed to a molecular mass of 65 kilodaltons that was similar to the mature protein isolated from Arabidopsis seedlings. The AHAS activity extracted from the transformed E. coli cells was inhibited by imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides. AHAS activity extracted from Arabidopsis is inhibited by valine and leucine; however, this activity was insensitive to these feedback inhibitors when extracted from the transformed E. coli.
COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THE ULVAPHYCEAE. III. THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUSES OF THE ANISOGAMETES OF DERBESIA TENUISSIMA (CHLOROPHYTA)1

The components of the flagellar apparatuses of the male and female gametes of Derbesia tenuissima (De Not.) Crouan are compared with those in other swarmers of green algae. Both the male and female gametes were found to have a cruciate microtubular root system, a non-striated capping plate which connects basal bodies, two electron dense terminal caps which partially cover the proximal end of the basal bodies, and two small system II fibrous roots. Similarities exist between these components and those suggested to be typical of ulvalean swarmers. Based upon these similarities, it is proposed that the Caulerpales be classified in the Ulvaphyceae rather than in the Charophyceae or Chlorophyceae.
STABLE hc/e VORTICES IN SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH SPIN-CHARGE SEPARATION

A phenomenological model, F, of the superconducting phase of systems with spin-charge separation and antiferromagnetically induced pairing is studied. Above Hc1, magnetic flux can always pierce the superconductor in vortices with flux hc/2e, but regimes are found in which vortices with flux hc/e are preferred. Little-Park and other experiments, which examine periodicities with a varying magnetic field, always observe a period of hc/2e. The low energy properties of a symplectic large-N expansion of a model of the cuprate superconductors are argued to be well described by F. This analysis and some normal state properties of the cuprates suggest that hc/e vortices should be stable at the lowest dopings away from the insulating state at which superconductivity first occurs.
Electronic Raman scattering from holes in InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots

A report is presented on the observation of hole excitations in unintentionally p-doped self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots by resonant Raman spectroscopy. The small difference in the valence intraband energy values obtained by Raman and PL spectra is explained by the Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes. However, the reason why the maximum resonance occurs at a slightly higher energy than that of the hole excitation seen in Raman spectra is unknown.
Electron beams diffraction gratings and radiation

Abstract Observations of radiation produced by electrons skimming over a diffraction grating were first reported in 1953 [Phys. Rev. 92 (1953) 1069]. Early work was carried out with electron beams of low energy but recently there has been renewed interest in grating coupled radiation processes in the relativistic region. A brief review of the basic theory of grating coupled radiation and a summary of recent investigation of the properties of the radiation produced by relativistic electron beams moving over a grating are presented.
Laboratory confirmation of new emulsion stability model

A new emulsion stability model analyzes various reported and newly generated experimental data demonstrating that this model can provide quantitative insight into the mechanism of emulsion decomposition and formation. A variety of emulsion stability data is accurately correlated by means of the new emulsion stability model. The decomposition and formation rate constants, reaction order, limiting emulsion fraction, and emulsion half-life are determined from linearized experimental data. This study reconfirms that the order of the quiescent emulsion decomposition reaction is equal to 0.4, similar to Civan and Weers [SPE Production and Facilities (2001) 260], while the order of the emulsion formation reaction by mixing varies from 0.18 to 1.73 depending on the solvent conditions for the emulsions considered in this study.
Accuracy and comparative stability of three removable die systems

A study was performed to evaluate three removable die systems: the Accu-Trac, the Pindex, and the conventional brass dowel pin technique. The stability of the dies in the mesiodistal, bucco-lingual, and gingivoocclusal directions was compared. Under the conditions of this investigation, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. No significant difference was found in the shift of the removable die in a horizontal direction between any of the three systems. 2. No significant difference was found in the displacement of the removable die in the vertical direction with the Pindex system and the conventional dowel pin techniques. The slight displacement that did occur was in an upward direction. 3. A significant vertical displacement of the removable die in a downward direction was found with the Accu-Trac system compared with the other two systems.
A biomechanical comparison of the methods for treating Kienböck's disease.

Reduction of Innate compression is thought to promote revascularization of the Innate in patients with Kienbock's disease. The decompressing abilities of ulnar lengthening, radial shortening, capitate-hamate fusion, and scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid (STT) fusion were examined in axially loaded, whole arm specimens. Lunate strain was monitored by electronic strain gauges and found to be proportional to the axial load borne by the bone. The STT fusions and the procedures to alter relative radial and ulnar length were successful in relieving Innate loading throughout a functional range of wrist motion and forearm rotation, but the capitate-hamate fusion was ineffective. Only the STT fusion resulted in a significant decrease in wrist range of motion. Incremental ulnar lengthening and radial shortening revealed that approximately 2 mm of length change maximizes Innate decompression without greatly increasing the risk of disorders of the distal radioulnar joint and ulnocarpal impingement.
THRESHOLD BEHAVIOR OF CROSS SECTIONS OF CHARGED PARTICLES

Abstract The energy dependence of scattering and reaction cross sections at the threshold of a new channel with Coulomb forces is investigated. In the case of opposite charges an anomaly is found in which the average over the Coulomb bound state resonances below the threshold energy is discontinuously different from the limit from above. The resolution and precision necessary, however, make it very difficult to measure the phenomenon.
Potential for Improving Ground-Motion Relations in Southern California by Incorporating Various Site Parameters

This article evaluates the possibility of improving a particular ground-motion relationship for predicting peak acceleration (PGA) and absolute response spectral accelerations at the periods of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 sec in southern California. We use the attenuation model of Abrahamson and Silva (1997), which Lee et al. (2000) found satisfactory for this region. We examine differences between observed and predicted values (residuals) as a function of several site attributes to determine whether corrections can be made to improve the predictions. This study differs from that of Steidl (2000) in that we use an attenuation model that accounts for sediment amplification and nonlinearity (Steidl used only a rock-site relationship). Residuals are significantly correlated with basin depth. Depending on the specific frequencies considered, ground motions at the deepest part of the basin average 30% to 80% higher than at the edge of the basin. Residuals are also significantly correlated with the estimates of the average amplification of peak velocity due to the basin velocity structure (Olsen, 2000). Since the basin depth is correlated with the average basin amplification, there is no need to correct the ground-motion model for both effects. Detailed geology is generally found unhelpful in improving ground-motion predictions. Overall, correcting the ground-motion relation reduces the standard error of ground-motion predictions by about 5%. Whether the ground-motion relation modifications suggested here are significant in terms of the implied seismic hazard is evaluated in Field and Petersen (2000). The weak correlation of residuals with respect to site parameters motivated us to apply the test proposed by Lee et al. (1998). This involves plotting residuals versus residuals for stations that have recorded more than one earthquake. To the extent that systematic site effects cause the misfit between observations and the ground-motion model, such a plot will show correlation among the residuals. Correlation coefficients are, surprisingly, very low, ranging from 0.16 for PGA residuals to 0.26 for 3-sec response spectra. Thus it seems that it will be very difficult to refine ground-motion prediction equations beyond the very general categories now in use. Improved physical understanding of the site, source, and path contributions must play a major role in any future efforts to reduce the uncertainty in the ground-motion predictions.
Decisionmaking Regarding Unwanted Pregnancy among Adolescents in Mexico City: A Qualitative Study

Adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean confront difficult decisions when faced with unwanted pregnancies, especially given the region's legal restrictions on and widespread cultural opposition to abortion. Little research has been conducted on pregnancy decisionmaking among young people in this region. This study examines the role of peers, partners, family members, and health-care providers in adolescents' decisionmaking regarding pregnancy continuation or termination in Mexico City shortly after abortion was legalized in 2007. Qualitative in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in 2009 with participants aged 13–17 who experienced an unwanted pregnancy. Although participants were able to formulate preferences regarding pregnancy resolution, parents' wishes usually prevailed when their wishes conflicted. Peers were generally found to be supportive, whereas the role of partners varied. Results indicate the need for comprehensive sexuality education to promote adolescents’ autonomy, mechanisms other than legal mandates to encourage constructive parental involvement, and confidential counseling from health professionals offering options and supporting adolescents' ability to act on their decisions.
Bioavailability of intravenous versus subcutaneous administration of the dual GC-A and GC-B designer natriuretic peptide cenderitide in healthy canines

Background Heart failure (HF) remains a therapeutic challenge with high morbidity and mortality and frequent hospitalizations. Activators of guanylyl cyclase (GC) A and/or GCB such as naturally occurring or designer natriuretic peptides (NPs) are promising candidates for chronic drug therapy; however, parenteral administration is required. Pumps or subcutaneous administration similar to those used for insulin therapy are an attractive means of enabling chronic peptide delivery. Cenderitide (also known as CD-NP) is a Mayo designed chimeric NP consisting of C-type NP with the C-terminus of Dendroaspis NP currently in clinical development for the treatment of HF. Cenderitide is a dual agonist at both GC-A and GC-B and is relatively resistant to enzymatic degradation. This study was designed to assess the bioavailability of cenderitide when given as a subcutaneous (SQ) bolus as compared to an intravenous (IV) bolus. Hypothesis We hypothesized that given cenderitide’s relative resistance to enzymatic degradation it would have good SQ bioavailability as compared to IV administration. Methods
Effects of hypoxia-ischemia on monoamine metabolism in the immature brain

We measured acute changes in monoamine metabolites in corpus striatum of immature rat pups exposed to hypoxia-ischemia, hypoxia alone, or total global ischemia. Carotid ligations and two hours of 8% oxygen environment in 7-day-old pups led to asymmetrical turning behavior, a 70% decrease in endogenous striatal dopamine levels, and a 125% increase in homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations on the side of ligation. In contrast, hypoxia alone and total global ischemia alone were not associated with HVA level elevation. Elevation of HVA level with hypoxia-ischemia showed a threshold effect between 1 and 1.5 hours, and this time course paralleled that for production of gross morphological changes in rats raised to maturity. The data suggest that dopamine release from striatal nerve terminals is associated with events causing brain injury during perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. Tissue HVA in the animal model appears to be a quantitative marker for the effects of the insult on a population of nerve terminals.
Interference analysis in cooperative multi-hop networks subject to multiple flows

This paper studies the effects of allowing multiple packets to flow simultaneously in a cooperative multi-hop transmission system. Although, the packet delivery rate may increase with multiple packet flows, however, the desired signals of one packet may get interfered with the signals of the other packets in the network, thereby causing some of the packets to die off. This phenomenon is analyzed by modeling the multi-hop transmission as a conditional Markov process, followed by the derivation of its transition matrix. The resulting distribution is used to calculate the outage probability of a node in a cooperative environment in the presence of desired as well as interfering signals. The model is then used to obtain the network coverage, until which a packet can travel for a given packet delivery ratio constraint. Numerical simulations are performed to validate the analytical models.
Antioxidant interactions of catechin, cyanidin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and ellagic acid on human LDL oxidation

Abstract Flavonoids and phenolic acids are currently believed to exert cardioprotective effects in humans via their ability to inhibit oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The influence of chemical structure on antioxidant activity of catechin, quercetin, cyanidin, caffeic acid, and ellagic acid was evaluated by measuring inhibition of copper-catalysed human LDL oxidation in vitro . The five plant phenols investigated all possess a similar o -dihydroxy moiety. The order of antioxidant activity was catechin > cyanidin ≈ caffeic acid > quercetin > ellagic acid. The observed differences in activities are discussed in terms of structural dissimilarities of the compounds. Potential synergistic or antagonistic effects between catechin, cyanidin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and ellagic acid were investigated by measuring the antioxidant activities on LDL of 20 different combinations of two/three of these phenols. All the antioxidant effects were additive except for combinations including ellagic acid with catechin, where ellagic acid exerted a significant antagonistic effect. It is proposed that the mechanism behind this antagonistic interaction is due to hydrogen bonding between carbonyls in ellagic acid and o -dihydroxyl groups in catechin.
EFFECTS OF INITIAL PERFORMANCE AS MODERATED BY CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS AND SEX

A common finding in motivational research has been that initial failure on a task will result in poorer subsequent performance than will initial success. One of the more recent attempts to explain the effects of initial task performance has been the attribution-theory analysis of achievement motivation (Weiner & Schneider, 197 1 ) . According to this explanation, persons high in need achievement (high nAch) perform effectively in response to failure because they attribUte poor performance to a lack of effort and subsequently try harder to succeed. On the ocher hand, the person low in nAch attributes failure to a lack of ability and subsequently exerts low effort. Kukla (1972) carried the analysis of Weiner and Schneider an additional step and predicted that subjects who are instructed that a task requires only effort for success should behave similarly to uninstructed persons high in nAch. Similarly, subjects told that a task requires high ability and no effort for success should behave similarly to uninstructed persons low in nAch. The present experiment was designed to test two hypotheses derived from the attribution analyses of Weiner and Schneider (1972), Weiner and Kukla ( 1970), and Kukla ( 1972). First, subjects told a task required only effort were predicted to perform better following an initial failure than subjects believing a task required only ability. Second, affective responses to task performance were hypothesized to correlate significantly with self-perceived success for subjects given task instructions which involve effort but not for those given task instructions involving ability.
Cytokine involvement in viral permissiveness and the progression of HIV disease

Many viruses have evolved novel means of exploiting host defense mechanisms for their own survival. This exploitation may be best exemplified by the interrelationships between certain viruses and the host cytokine networks. Many viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), rely on the liberation and cellular action of host immune cytokines to expand their host cell range, to regulate their cellular expression, and to maintain their dormant state until the proper extracellular conditions arise. As again exemplified by HIV-1, viruses may also take an active role regulating cytokine expression and cell surface cytokine receptors. Because the viral life cycle, and in particular the HIV-1 life cycle, is so intertwined with cytokine regulatory networks, these networks represent potential points for therapeutic intervention. As our understanding of cellular cytokine pathways involved in viral infection and replication continues to expand, so too will our ability to design rational anti-viral therapies to alter multiple steps along the viral life cycle.
Change in quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin after manual vacuum aspiration in women with pregnancy of unknown location.

Objective To determine whether the change in human chorionic gonadotropin after manual vacuum aspiration is predictive of an early abnormal intrauterine pregnancy in women with pregnancy of unknown location. Study Design This is a prospective cohort study of 23 clinically stable patients with an early abnormal pregnancy who had abnormally rising human chorionic gonadotropins and absence of sonographic evidence of an intrauterine pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy. The change in human chorionic gonadotropin within 24 hours after manual vacuum aspiration was compared with the pathologic diagnosis and the ultimate clinical diagnosis. Results Ten patients had ≥ 50% decrease (mean, 74%; range, 58-80%) in human chorionic gonadotropin after manual vacuum aspiration with confirmed chorionic villi on pathology results. Two patients had a > 50% drop in human chorionic gonadotropin but absence of chorionic villi, clinically consistent with complete spontaneous abortion. The remaining 10 patients who had either rising or Conclusion A ≥ 50% decrease in human chorionic gonadotropin within 24 hours after manual vacuum aspiration is predictive of an abnormal intrauterine pregnancy, thereby excluding an ectopic pregnancy and expediting the management of women with pregnancy of unknown location.
Approaches to Delivering Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: The South Australian Experience

Approximately 10% of children and adolescents experience mental health problems, however only a small proportion receive specialised help. Identifying approaches which can provide a balanced and effective service for the large number of children and adolescents with problems is currently a major challenge for child and adolescent mental health services in Australia. In South Australia, following a review in 1983, child and adolescent services were reorganised into two separate but closely related services. This paper draws on experience in South Australia over the last decade to identify approaches which can be employed in six key areas that significantly influence the effectiveness of child and adolescent mental health services. The paper also describes the specific features which were included in the South Australian child and adolescent mental health service to address these issues.
Physical activity and physical fitness counseling patterns of adult nurse practitioners

Purpose: This descriptive exploratory study examined factors related to physical activity counseling practices of adult nurse practitioners (ANPs) nationwide. The purposes of this study were to (a) examine physical activity assessment and counseling practices, (b) identify barriers to physical activity counseling, (c) describe knowledge and confidence in physical activity assessment and counseling, (d) identify personal physical activity practices, and (e) describe use of objective physical fitness measures in the primary care setting. Data sources: Participants were a randomly selected group of ANPs who are members of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. Conclusions: Most ANPs (95%) counsel patients on physical activity at least once a year. As for assessing physical activity, simply asking about it was the most common method (94%). The most common strategy for counseling was discussion (95%). The most common barriers to counseling were lack of time (48%) and preemption by more important concerns (47%). Of fitness measures, the most commonly used was body composition. Cardiorespiratory, strength, flexibility, and balance fitness tests were used infrequently or rarely. Implications for practice: NPs can use specific physical fitness measures to help assess, guide, and/or motivate physical activity in their patients.
Plasma Biochemistry Reference Values of Wild Bonnethead Sharks, Sphyrna tiburo

Background — Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) are of commercial, sport, research, and exhibit importance, however, blood chemistry reference values have been determined for few of these species. Objectives — The purpose of this study was to establish plasma biochemistry and PCV reference values for wild bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo). Methods — Heparinized blood samples were collected from 13 male and 7 female bonnethead sharks at the time of capture in trawl nets off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. Weight, length, PCV, total solids (TS, by refractometry), and plasma biochemical analyses were done using standard techniques. Wilcoxon rank-sum and Kendall tau b tests were used to compare values by animal size, boat and sex; 1-way ANOVA was used to compare TS and total protein concentrations. Results — Median (quartile; minimum-maximum) values were as follows: PCV 22% (22%, 26%; 17-28%), TS 6.3 (6.0, 6.8; 5.8-7.5) g/dL, total protein 2.9 (2.7, 3.4; 2.2-4.3) g/dL, albumin 0.4 (0.4, 0.4; 0.3-0.5) g/dL, globulins 2.6 (2.3, 3.0; 1.9-3.8) g/dL, sodium 282 (279, 285; 273-292) mmol/L, potassium 7.3 (6.4, 7.9; 5.7-9.2) mmol/L, chloride 290 (285, 296; 277-304) mmol/L, total CO 2 3 (2, 4; 0-5) mmol/L, calcium 16.8 (16.2, 17.4; 15.8-18.2) mg/dL, phosphorus 8.8 (7.5, 10.0; 5.9-12.7) mg/dL, urea nitrogen 1004 (986, 1028; 944-1068) mg/dL, creatinine <0.1 mg/dL, glucose 184 (165, 191; 155-218) mg/dL, aspartate aminotransferase 42 (33, 66; 15-132) U/L, lactate dehydrogenase <5 U/L, creatine kinase 82 (47, 233; 18725) U/L, and osmolality 1094 (1078, 1111; 1056-1139) mOsm/kg. No differences based on sex were detected. TS and total protein (TP) values were related by the fitted line TS = (1.006 � TP) + 3.318. Conclusions — Values reported here will be useful for evaluating the health status of bonnetheads in wild and captive research conditions and in exhibits. (Vet Clin Pathol. 2002;31:00-00)
Networks with large solvent recycle: Dynamics, hierarchical control, and a biorefinery application

A class of networks featuring large recycle of solvent is analyzed. This feature is central to numerous integrated processes which use solvents in various reaction and separation steps. A prototype network capturing the essential features of such networks is identified. Rigorous dynamic analysis reveals the presence of two time-scale dynamics exhibited by this prototype network. A systematic framework for model reduction and a subsequent hierarchical control design is proposed. The advantages of the proposed design over direct model-based control are demonstrated via a simulation case study. Finally, the application of the proposed framework to a newly proposed process for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose is also presented. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1764–1777, 2012
Satellite data networks for national development

Abstract This article assesses the telecommunications needs of developing countries and the possibility of using satellite communications to meet those needs. Three primary technological factors provide a guide to this application: small inexpensive satellite earth stations can provide a solution to the problem of limited ground facilities; satellites can operate in a broadcast and multiple acess mode as well as in a conventional point- to-point mode; and, the capacity required to support a single interactive digital terminal is about 1000 times less than that required to support a voice telephone and abput 1 000 000 times less than that required for video transmission. These factors lead to consideration of new forms of national networks based on satellites, microprocessors and small earth stations which do not follow the North American model. These new advanced forms of networks can co-exist with conventional voice networks, and can provide a realistic alternative for consideration by national telecommunications authorities.
Solid state chemistry of organic polyvalent iodine compounds. III. The crystal structures of 3-oxo-3H-2,1-benzoxiodol-1-yl m-chlorobenzoate (two polymorphs) and its isostructural derivative, 3-oxo-3H-2,1-benzoxiodol-1-yl benzoate

Abstract Two polymorphic modifications (IIα and IIβ) of 3-oxo-3H-2,1-benzoxiodol-1-yl m-chlorobenzoate (C14H8O4ClI) have been obtained through crystallizations from a variety of solvents but neither crystal structure is formed at room temperature during the various topotactic transformations of the isomeric 2-iodo-3′-chlorodibenzoyl peroxide crystal structure (the crystalline peroxide topotactically isomerizes to IIα at ∼65°C). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses have shown that the fundamental structural motif of the acicular (α) crystal structure (a = 6.376, b = 10.547, c = 20.066 A, β = 92.0°, z = 4, P2 1 n ) consists of two molecules mutually associated through two strong intermolecular I … O coordination bonds; the other polymorph (a = 5.057, b = 13.035, c = 10.339 A, β = 99.5°, z = 2, Pc) was investigated only in (100) projection where it appears that a chlorine rather than an oxygen atom is intermolecularly coordinated to the trivalent iodine. Although these coordination modes suggest a structural analogy of IIα and IIβ with the two known crystal structures of 3-oxo-3H-2,1-benzoxiodol-1-yl o-iodobenzoate [one of which is formed in the facile topotactic isomerization of bis-(o-iodobenzoyl)peroxide at ∼22°C], several differences are evident in their molecular conformations and packing modes. The only crystalline modification of 3-oxo-3H-2,1-benzoxiodol-1-yl benzoate, obtained from solvent crystallizations, is isostructural with IIα.
A New Decision Making Approach to Wind Energy Site Assessment

This paper describes an objective decision making approach for wind energy site assessment. It is often assumed that a full year of measured data is necessary to make a decision of whether or not to build a wind farm at a site, due to larger uncertainty in estimating the long-term wind resource associated with measurement periods less than one year. The approach in this paper considers if it is possible to make a decision well before a year of measurement is complete, despite the larger uncertainty. The basic premise is that at any point in the site assessment process, one can choose between stopping measurement and building a wind farm, stopping measurement and not building a wind farm, and continuing measurement. Portable ground-based device, such as SODAR and LIDAR, allow measurements to be stopped at a site and recommenced at another site. A decision making framework is developed, in which the three options are evaluated and compared after a period of data acquisition. This approach begins by utilizin...
The Conformational Dynamics of Model Slipped Strand DNA Structures are Determined by Base Pairing in the Heteroduplex Arm

Slipped strand DNA is formed from the out-of-register pairing of direct repeats into thermodynamically stable hairpin structures. The formation of slipped strand DNA is hypothesized to be an important intermediate in triplet repeat expansion, a mechanism associated with many hereditary and anticipative neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we use three-way DNA junctions as models for slipped strand DNA structures. Each of the three-way DNA molecules have two homoduplex arms and one heteroduplex arm, and the structures and conformational dynamics of the model substrates are characterized using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET). FRET can measure changes in the relative distances between two fluorophores that are sufficiently close together (20-80 A). In our experiments, junctions are end-labeled with donor and acceptor fluorophores, and the efficiency of energy transfer E between the fluorophores is measured as a function of time to approximate the distances between the fluorophores and to monitor the conformational dynamics of the arms. We find that the junctions have trigonal pyramidal geometry. In addition, we observe that the junctions with two or more A-A mispairs on the heteroduplex arm transition between two conformational states with conformer transition rates that are dependent on ionic strength. This investigation sheds light on the structural and dynamical properties of junctions formed by slipped strand DNA which are important for understanding how enzymes recognize and process these structures.
The harmonic measures of Lucy Garnett

Abstract This paper presents an improved approach to the theory of harmonic measures for foliated spaces introduced by Garnett. This approach is based on a method for solving elliptic equations on foliated spaces and on the Hille–Yosida theory. The diffusion semigroup of a general Laplacian and its infinitesimal generator are made explicit. Applications of the path space to the dynamical study of a foliated space are described. In particular, the final section studies cocycles on foliated spaces, a formula for their asymptotic limit, and some analytic and geometric consequences.
Comments on recent solutions to the inverse black body radiation problem

It is shown that both the Boltzmann and the Gibbs maximum-entropy (ME) methods are appropriate for the underdetermined inverse black body radiation problem. The choice of either or an alternative method is subjective. With a minimum of assumptions they are attractive alternatives to other formally correct but impractical solutions. The ME solutions illustrate, by means of a synthetic data example, the strong dependence of a most probable coldness distribution on measured data. >
Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering with N-Acyl functionalized ManNAc analogs: cytotoxicity, metabolic flux, and glycan-display considerations.

Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering is a maturing technology capable of modifying cell surface sugars in living cells and animals through the biosynthetic installation of non-natural monosaccharides into the glycocalyx. A particularly robust area of investigation involves the incorporation of azide functional groups onto the cell surface, which can then be further derivatized using “click chemistry.” While considerable effort has gone into optimizing the reagents used for the azide ligation reactions, less optimization of the monosaccharide analogues used in the preceding metabolic incorporation steps has been done. This study fills this void by reporting novel butanoylated ManNAc analogues that are used by cells with greater efficiency and less cytotoxicity than the current “gold standard,” which are peracetylated compounds such as Ac4ManNAz. In particular, tributanoylated, N-acetyl, N-azido, and N-levulinoyl ManNAc analogues with the high flux 1,3,4-O-hydroxyl pattern of butanoylation were compared with their counterparts having the pro-apoptotic 3,4,6-O-butanoylation pattern. The results reveal that the ketone-bearing N-levulinoyl analogue 3,4,6-O-Bu3ManNLev is highly apoptotic, and thus is a promising anti-cancer drug candidate. By contrast, the azide-bearing analogue 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAz effectively labeled cellular sialoglycans at concentrations ∼3 to 5-fold lower (e.g., at 12.5 to 25 μM) than Ac4ManNAz (50 to 150 μM) and exhibited no indications of apoptosis even at concentrations up to 400 μM. In summary, this work extends emerging structure activity relationships that predict the effects of short chain fatty acid modified monosaccharides on mammalian cells and also provides a tangible advance in efforts to make metabolic oligosaccharide engineering a practical technology for the medical and biotechnology communities.
Using model trees for evaluating dialog error conditions based on acoustic information

This paper examines the use of model trees for evaluating user utterances for response to system error in dialogs from the Communicator 2000 corpus. The features used by the model trees are limited to those which can be automatically obtained through acoustic measurements. These features are derived from pitch and energy measurements. The curve of the model tree output versus dialog turn is interpreted to be a measure of the level of user activation in the dialog. We test the premise that user response to error at the utterance level is related to user satisfaction at the dialog level. Several different evaluation tasks are investigated: on an utterance level we applied the model tree output to detecting response to error and on the dialog level we analyzed the relation of model tree output to estimating user satisfaction. For the former, we achieve 65% precision and 63% recall and for the latter our predictions show significant .48 correlation with user surveys.
Internal-friction measurements of dislocation inertial effects in dilute alloys of lead

The temperature dependence of the yield stress of pure lead and lead containing 3000 ppm of tin was measured using amplitude-dependent internal-friction measurements. The results are used to distinguish between models for the effect. It is shown that the temperature dependence of the stress drop is not consistent with existing rate theories, but is as expected from the inertial model. However, the low-temperature dependence of the yield stress is characteristic of a thermally-activated rate process and indicates that a mechanism combining thermal activation and inertial effects is required. It is concluded that the effect is initiated by the thermal overcoming of obstacles by dislocations, followed by inertial overcoming of subsequent obstacles.
Host Country Effects on the Success of International Private Equity Investments

Using a sample of 72 cross-border acquisitions made by U.S. and U.K. private equity firms, this article examines the effects of host-country characteristics on the success of private equity investments. The findings indicate that several aspects of the host country positively impact the rate of return of the foreign investment, including the host nation’s level of business freedom, trade protection, and government size. Conversely, the host country’s burden of taxation is negatively related to the acquisition’s rate of return. Acquisition success is not affected by the host country’s economic size, price stability, openness, corruption, or cultural distance.
Further studies of suppression of the homograft reaction by thymectomy in the mouse.

Summary1. Mice thymectomozid immediately after birth do not grow normally, fail to resist common infections, and die before the 4th month of life. 2. Thymectomy performed within 24 hours after birth allows the acceptance of skin homografts in all donor-host combinations studied, even in those differing at the H-2 histocompatibility locus, such as the C3H with (A X C3H)F1 and the DBA/2 with C3H. 3. Thymectomy at 35 days of age results in slight prolongation of skin homograft survival only in few animals in strain combinations sharing the H-2 locus.
Targeting Criminal Recidivism in Mentally Ill Offenders: Structured Clinical Approaches

Decreasing criminal recidivism in justice-involved individuals with mental illness, is among the most consistently desired outcomes by programs, policy makers and funding agencies. Evidencebased practices with track records of effectiveness in treating mental illness and co-occurring substance abuse, while important clinically, do not necessarily address criminal recidivism. Addressing recidivism, therefore, may require a more targeted criminal justice focus. In this paper, we describe recent challenges to decriminalization approaches and review factors associated with recurrent criminal behavior. In particular, we focus on structured clinical interventions which were created or adapted to target the thoughts and behaviors associated with criminal justice contact.
Low-voltage electron-beam-pumped lasing of CdS at atmospheric pressure

Lasing has been observed in CdS crystals in air at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature. The crystals were pumped with pulsed 20-kV electrons through a vacuum-tight, electron-permeable nickel film. Voltage threshold for lasing is reached for a 13-kV electron beam incident on the film and is about the same for the crystals in vacuum or air. Laser life at 20 kV is also the same for the two environments--about 106pulses of 50-ns duration.
Use of body components during starvation in Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Abstract Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) were starved for 2.5 months to determine which of the main body components (gut, gonad, body wall) are used for nutritive storage. The gut decreased in size and organic content during the first month, then remained relatively stable. The gonads decreased in size throughout the experiment, especially during the second month. Organic material in the gonads decreased after 2 weeks, and was significantly less after 10 weeks of starvation. The body wall maintained similar size, but decreased in organic content throughout the experiment. These observations suggest that the gut is used for short term nutrient storage and, as starvation continues, material in the gonads and body wall become more important. Thus, all of the main body components may be used as nutrient reserves during starvation.