cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling multipolar radiation with symmetries for electromagnetic bound states in the continuum

Interferences in open systems embedded in a continuum can lead to states that are bound within the continuum itself. An electromagnetic state that naturally decays becomes bound at a unique point in phase space. We demonstrate the striking occurrence of multiple such peculiar states in coupled deep subwavelength resonators. The bound states in the continuum originate from the control of multipolar radiation and their symmetries. The architectures investigated here, using all-dielectric resonators, constitute a flexible and readily achievable platform for applications requiring strong light-matter interaction and light localization.
Abstract 12709: Dynamics of Flow-Responsive Kinase Cε Modulates Glycolytic Metabolites to Promote Vascular Repair

Hemodynamic shear stress has recently been reported to modulate vascular development and repair via canonical Wnt--catenin signaling pathway. It is recognized that protein Kinase C isoform epsilon (PKCe) signaling in mitochondria confers cardioprotection via VEGF and eNOS activation in response to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Here, we hypothesized that shear stress-responsive PKCe signaling modulates glycolytic metabolites to promote vascular repair. By performing a metabolomic analysis, both oscillatory (OSS: ±1 dynes·cm -2 at 1 Hz) and pulsatile shear stress (PSS: 23 dynes·cm -2 at 1 Hz) significantly increased endothelial glycolytic metabolites; namely, xylitol and dihydroxyacetone ( n =6, p p n =4, p Tg(flk1:GFP) zebrafish embryos, we performed micro-injection of GATA-1a morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) at 1-4 cell stage to inhibit hematopoeisis, thus decreasing viscosity and fluid shear stress. In response to tail amputation, GATA-1 MO impaired and delayed vascular repair compared with the control injection ( n =20, p Figure 1 ). Co-injection of PKCe mRNA with GATA-1a MO rescued tail repair ( n =5, p Figure 1. Tail repair in response to injection with GATA-1 MO or rescue by co-injection with PKCe mRNA, dpf: days post-fertilization; dpa: days post-amputation.
Timing and size of daily pollen meals eaten by adult females of a solitary bee ( Nomia melanderi ) (Apiformes: Halictidae)

Pollen feeding by solitary bees has been studied mainly with their larvae, overlooking pollen feeding by adults. To address this knowledge gap, we determined the amounts and temporal (daily and lifetime) schedules of pollen consumption by freely nesting, adult females of the alkali bee (Nomia melanderi, Halictidae). Nesting females of known ages were taken at different hours of the day from nesting aggregations managed for alfalfa pollination in southeastern Washington State (USA). Each dissected bee was visually scored for pollen fill of the crop, midgut, and hindgut; we also quantified the crop’s pollen capacity. Our dissections of 188 bees show that adult females ate pollen daily for at least the first 2 weeks following emergence. Most bees (85 %) had pollen boluses in one or more gut regions, indicating active pollen feeding. Pollen masses were most likely in the midgut; the daily volume consumed usually filled both the crop and midgut at least once. Full crops contained 34,000 alfalfa pollen grains, equivalent to <20 % of a full scopal load and 0.8 % of the pollen in a nest provision. Proportionately more females ate pollen as the day progressed, indicated by pollen masses in the crop. By early evening, crops of all bees were filled with pollen. Our study reveals the dietary importance of regular pollen feeding for nesting adult female solitary bees, and not just their larvae, with implications for bee foraging ecology, dietary physiology, reproduction, toxicology, and pollination ecology.
422 A Rare Case of Food-induced Anaphylaxis to Pink Peppercorns

Background The incidence and prevalence of food allergies appear to be on the rise over the past 20 years. The most common foods to produce an IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction in adults include peanut, tree nuts, and seafood. The increased use of spices in the U.S. has resulted in a growing number of patients presenting with hypersensitivity reactions.
Cauliflower response to gypsum on a coarse-textured soil: relationship between tipburn and leaf nutrient distribution

A field study was conducted on a Hubbard loamy sand low in exchangeable Ca to determine the influence of gypsum on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea Botrytis cv. ‘Snow Crown') nutrition, yield, and quality. Four rates of gypsum (0, 560, 1120, and 2240 kg/ha) were incorporated before planting. Extractable soil Ca and S increased linearly with increasing gypsum rate. Despite increases in tissue Ca with gypsum application, tipburn of immature leaves was apparent in all treatments. Gypsum had no effect on final yield, curd size, or tipburn severity. Relative levels of Ca, K, P, and Mg were determined in frozen‐hydrated and freeze‐dried leaf tissue from tipburned and non‐tipburned leaves using a scanning electron microscope with x‐ray microanalysis. Distribution of these elements was also determined in digested leaf tissue using an ICP spectrometer. Results of x‐ray microanalysis indicated that Ca was relatively low and K and P relatively high near necrotic tip areas. No consistent differences in Ca, K, ...
Sojusze obywatelskie – Palestyna 1947–1948

Between November 1947 (The UN Partition Plan for Palestine) and May 1948 (the creation of the State of Israel), many Jewish and Arab communities who cared for their country intensified the negotiations between themselves and initiated urgent encounters, some short and spontaneous, others planned meticulously to the last detail, during which the participants raised demands, sought compromises, set rules, formulated agreements, made promises, sought forgiveness, and made efforts to compensate and reconcile. In 2012, Ariella Azoulay directed a film based on archival documents depicting these events. Her essay reflects upon the importance of this chapter for a potential history of Palestine.
Securing America's Future Energy Report: Professional Liability after Quantum Leaps in Technology: The Advent of Autonomous Vehicles and Technology's Uncertain Fit within Existing Tort Law, Abbreviated Summary

Even before the Model-T’s release, the pervasive clash between “technocratic regulatory aspirations and the legal culture” became the locus of political debate, darling of scholarly intrigue and thorn in industry’s side. This ‘clash’ is a function of both rapid innovation and creeping legal development in the United States. Historically, government reluctance to adapt to, and evolve with, technological progress is compounded when radical innovations eventually (and predictably) become household items. In fact, “[t]he problem may not be that law misunderstands and misapplies science, but that we have misunderstood law.”Because the existing legal framework is adaptable, government can usher in new advanced technologies without breaking the current legal system. If government chooses a complimentary liability scheme, the path will safely facilitate creations and ultimately enhance quality of life on a national scale.The liability model that best answers the difficult policy questions accompanying new technologies exists. Congress’s practical application of the liability concepts will introduce autonomous vehicles to the United States, foster widespread adoption, and keep pace with international markets.
Touchscreen Voting Interface Design for Persons with Disabilities: Insights from Usability Evaluation of Mobile Voting Prototype

Using specifications gathered from previous research focused on mobile and/or accessible design, our research team designed and created a mobile voting user interface prototype for individuals with and without disabilities. Thirty-two participants, including individuals who have dexterity limitations, dyslexia, low vision, and those with no disabilities, evaluated the usability of our mobile voting prototype. Our study generally confirmed previous research, and we discovered further considerations for a universal mobile voting interface design. The majority of participants had a positive reaction and experience while voting using our prototype, and indicated they would use it in an election if it were available. Based on our results, recommendations are provided to inform user interface designers, election officials, voting system manufacturers, and the general public on the specific needs of different user groups and design considerations for a universal mobile voting interface.
A central mesencephalic reticular formation projection to medial rectus motoneurons supplying singly and multiply innervated extraocular muscle fibers

We recently demonstrated a bilateral projection to the supraoculomotor area from the central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF), a region implicated in horizontal gaze changes. C-group motoneurons, which supply multiply innervated fibers in the medial rectus muscle, are located within the primate supraoculomotor area, but their inputs and function are poorly understood. Here, we tested whether C-group motoneurons in Macaca fascicularis monkeys receive a direct cMRF input by injecting this portion of the reticular formation with anterograde tracers in combination with injection of retrograde tracer into the medial rectus muscle. The results indicate that the cMRF provides a dense, bilateral projection to the region of the medial rectus C-group motoneurons. Numerous close associations between labeled terminals and each multiply innervated fiber motoneuron were present. Within the oculomotor nucleus, a much sparser ipsilateral projection onto some of the A- and B- group medial rectus motoneurons that supply singly innervated fibers was observed. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated a direct synaptic linkage between anterogradely labeled reticular terminals and retrogradely labeled medial rectus motoneurons in all three groups. These findings reinforce the notion that the cMRF is a critical hub for oculomotility by proving that it contains premotor neurons supplying horizontal extraocular muscle motoneurons. The differences between the cMRF input patterns for C-group versus A- and B-group motoneurons suggest the C-group motoneurons serve a different oculomotor role than the others. The similar patterns of cMRF input to C-group motoneurons and preganglionic Edinger-Westphal motoneurons suggest that medial rectus C-group motoneurons may play a role in accommodation-related vergence.
Superior 3-year Value of Open and Endovascular Repair of AAA with High Volume Providers

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: Conflicting literature exists regarding resource utilization for cardiovascular care when stratified by provider volume. This study investigates the differences in value of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair by high and low volume providers. The hypothesis of this study is that high volume providers will provide superior value AAA repairs when compared to low volume providers. Methods Using the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database and its linked death database, patients undergoing intact open and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) were identified over a 10-year period. Charge data was normalized to year 2016 dollars and the data stratified by repair modality and annual surgeon volume. Univariate technique was used to compare the two groups over a 3-year follow up period. Results 911 surgeons performed open AAA repairs and 615 performed EVAR. For both repair modalities, and despite a patient population with more vascular risk factors, the cumulative adjusted charge for all aneurysm related care was significantly less for high volume providers than low volume providers. The calculated 3-year value — patient life years per cumulative charge — was also superior for high volume providers compared to low volume providers (Table). This difference in charge and value persisted after propensity score matching for race, sex, insurance status, and common vascular comorbidities including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and a history of smoking. Conclusions High volume surgeons performing repair of aortic aneurysms provide superior value when compared to low volume providers. The improved value margin is driven by both lower charge and improved survival, despite an increased incidence of cardiovascular comorbidities. This study adds support for the regionalization of care for patients with aortic aneurysm.
Visualization of events using Twitter and Instagram

In this demo we present a tool that allows us to visualize the real world events on a map interface using the contents shared by users on Twitter and Instagram. Social networks have become popular in recent times for sharing contents about observations made by users. Our tool incorporates a novel algorithm that analyzes the data from both Twitter and Instagram for fusing the contents corresponding to the same event thereby enhancing the corroboration of the event detection techniques for the individual networks. In addition to providing a much cleaner information our tool leverages the various data available from both the social networks (text, images, geo-data) to improve the overall experience of the user visualizing the events.
Needed Training and Opportunities for the Industrial Economist

T IS fairly customary for a speaker to square off behind a lectern these days and stoutly claim that we are in a new era of business-that times have changed, and new thinking is needed. My business is measuring trends, not bucking them, so I am inclined to go along with this traditional beginning. For it is perfectly true that professional economists today are entering a new kind of work, and playing a new, major managerial role in business and industry. What has happened is very simple. It isn't possible these days just to "play business by ear." Today, business needs men who can read the notes.
Familial Head and Neck Paraganglioma and Genetic Testing

Paragangliomas are rare vascular tumors of neuroectodermal tissue arising from neural crest cells. They can be found at various locations of the paraganglion system throughout the body. Tumors originating from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are referred to as pheochromocytomas. Most paragangliomas are benign, but morbidity can result from either growth and compression of nearby structures or physiologic derangements secondary to abnormal secretion of catecholamines. The vast majority of head and neck paragangliomas are nonsecretory [1, 2].
On the Introduction of New Ideas in Science

Some new ideas or other sorts of innovative developments in science are recognized as more important than others, as highly significant, even “revolutionary.” With regard to such ideas or developments, however, we find ­ at least at first look ­ two very different sorts of situations. On the one hand, some of those acknowledgedly important ideas or developments seem to have had recognizable antecedents: the Copernican idea that the earth goes around the sun had been thought of by Aristarchus; the idea that species evolve had been around for a long time before the “Darwinian revolution.” In such cases, it seems that it was not the idea itself that was “new,” but some sort of impact it had. On the other hand, there are “new” ideas (or more general sorts of developments) which do seem ­ again, at least at first glance ­ to have been wholly unanticipated, without recognizable precedent. Paradigm cases usually cited as having these characteristics come from relativity, quantum mechanics, and their cosmological and field-theoretic offshoots. In this essay, I will examine this distinction: its legitimacy, and its basis and consequences to the extent that it is or is not legitimate. I will refer to important innovative ideas which seemprima facieto be of the first type as cases ofregular newnessand those which similarly seem to be of the second as examples ofradical newness.
Molecular Structure Calculations

Publisher Summary Molecular structure calculations deal not only with the ground state of systems but also with conformational analysis, studies of scattering phenomena, intermolecular energy surfaces, and the kinetics of chemical reactions. Many of these problems involve processes that depend both on the time t and the temperature T, and hence are not described by ordinary quantum mechanics, which deals with time-independent phenomena at T = 0°K. Since the discovery of modem quantum theory independently by Schrodinger, Heisenberg, and Dirac, it has generally been believed that the structure of the stationary or scattering states of any molecular system could be described by finding the eigenfunctions to the time independent Schrodinger equation. Since one can solve the Schrodinger equation in closed form only for a few exceptional cases, one has instead to rely on approximate methods in the study of molecular structure such that, in principle, these methods may give any numerical accuracy desired.
Problem-Based Learning in Educational Administration: Enhancing Learning Transfer*:

This paper presents a model for learning in an educational leadership preparation program. The model depicts various types of teaching and learning strategies that should be included in preparation...
Counterfeit ICs: Detection and Prevention of Recycled ICs Using On-Chip Sensors

As discussed in previous chapter, the counterfeiting of ICs is a major issue impacting the security of a wide variety of electronic systems. A counterfeit component is defined as an electronic part that is not genuine because it [D1]: (i) is an unauthorized copy; (ii) does not conform to the original component manufacturer’s design, model, and/or performance; (iii) is not produced by the original component manufacturer or is produced by unauthorized contractors; (iv) is an off-specification, defective, or used original component manufacturer’s product sold as “new” or working; (v) has incorrect or false markings and/or documentation.
East Coast fever: some recent research in East Africa.

Publisher Summary East Coast fever (ECF) is a disease of cattle with considerable economic significance in the development of livestock industry in eastern Africa. The disease is a syndrome resulting from the infection of cattle by one or several of the protozoan parasites of the family Theileriidae, indigenous to eastern Africa. It is almost invariably fatal, high-grade cattle being particularly susceptible. The three parasites that, separately or in combination, are responsible for ECF in East Africa are all members of the genus Theileria. The chapter presents the development of three parasites—namely, Theileria parva (T. parva), Theileria lawrencei (T. lawrencei), and Theileria mutans (T. mutans)—in the tick vectors. It describes the techniques for infecting ticks and for harvesting parasites from them. The life-cycle of T.parva in the bovine host is discussed. Because it appeared that the parasites could not be attenuated by irradiating them either in their tick vector or when they were in free suspension, attention was turned to the possibility of suppressing the parasite after its introduction into a susceptible host. Some success had been achieved in this respect by feeding infected ticks in ear-bags on the animals and by daily oral administration of chlortetracycline hydrochloride or oxytetracycline hydrochloride for 28 days after infestation. In parallel with the development of the infection and chemoprophylaxis method of vaccination, studies have continued on the possibility of producing a tissue culture vaccine against ECF. Such a vaccine might well be more acceptable because it would be safer and easier to administer.
Remarks on minimal realizations of 2-D systems

New sufficient conditions for minimal realization of 2-D systems are given. Based on these, a method of minimization of the dimension of a realization is proposed and illustrated by examples. Finally the question of the existence of a minimal realization is discussed.
Imaging in Emergency General Surgery

The rapid diagnosis and treatment of a patient with an emergent surgical pathology is critical to their outcome and survival. The choice of radiologic tests, interpretation of the images, and clinical correlation of the results are essential factors for the timely recognition of life-threatening situations. The myriad causes of abdominal pain require a detailed history, physical exam, laboratory tests, and the correct imaging modality for accurate treatment. In the clinical setting, concerns from the surgical team conveyed to the radiologist should reflect the differential diagnoses so that the radiologist can tailor the imaging modality to best evaluate those suspicions. Thus, depending on the problem suspected by the physician, the radiologic test can be appropriate, evidence-based, cost-effective, and at the greatest risk/benefit ratio to the patient. It is important to note that only after initial resuscitation and clinical stabilization should confirming a diagnosis via radiology be completed. Immediate operative intervention should supersede imaging if time does not allow for radiologic adjuncts. In the following section, the modalities of radiologic investigation for common emergency general surgery pathologies will be outlined and described.
Association between number of children and carotid intima-media thickness in Bangladesh

Previous studies on the association between number of children and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) were limited to Western populations. Pregnancy in women is associated with physiologic changes that may influence the risk of cardiovascular disease. Comparing the association between number of children and cIMT in men and women can provide insights on whether the association may be due to pregnancy. We investigated the association between number of children and cIMT among 718 female (mean age 37.5 years) and 417 male participants (mean age 41.3 years), randomly selected from the Health Effect of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS), a population-based cohort study in Bangladesh. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the association and to control for education attainment, history of diabetes, age, smoking, betel use, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. The average number of children was 4.43 for women and 3.74 for men. There were no nulliparous women. We observed a positive association between number of children and cIMT in women. Mean cIMT increased by 4.5 μm (95% CI, 0.8–8.1) per increment of one birth (P = 0.02). Compared to women with two children, cIMT in women with 4 children and ≥5 children was 23.6μm (95%CI, 2.6–44.7; P = 0.03) and 25.1 μm (95%CI, 3.5–46.6; P = 0.02) greater, respectively. The association was not modified by BMI, SBP, betel use or age. Data in men showed no evidence of association (P = 0.4). The finding suggests a role of high parity in atherosclerosis in women of a low-income, high parity population.
A comparative life cycle assessment of fresh imported and frozen domestic organic blueberries consumed in Indiana.

Abstract Blueberries are a crop with significant economic value and nutritional quality. Consumption of locally grown produce is generally considered more environmentally sustainable, but blueberries cannot be grown in all regions of the U.S. in all seasons. During the winter months, consumers in Indiana have the choice of purchasing domestically grown frozen blueberries or fresh blueberries imported from abroad, most commonly Chile. Although freezing uses more energy than refrigerating blueberries, the long transport distance between Chile and Indiana makes the consideration of which alternative is more sustainable a non-trivial question. Therefore, in this study, a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the environmental performance of Chilean fresh organic blueberries and frozen organic blueberries produced in two representative states in the U.S. This cradle-to-consumer LCA covered the farming and harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage stages. The farming and harvesting, postharvest processing, and transportation were identified as the environmental impact hotspots. The imported fresh blueberries were more sustainable than the domestic frozen blueberries in terms of acidification, global warming, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, fresh water and marine aquatic ecotoxicity, and photochemical oxidation, as well as human health endpoint impact. Whether consumers should choose the frozen or fresh blueberries was found to be highly sensitive to the length of frozen storage and the type of refrigerant used.
"It's not perfect but it's mine": Genital self-image among women living in Italy.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe Italian women’s attitudes toward their genitals, and the intersection of genital self-image (GSI) and reproductive and sexual health behaviors. Individual interviews were conducted with 46 reproductive-aged women. All interviews were transcribed verbatim with observer comments to identify emerging data patterns. Researchers completed coding between and within interviews for a constant comparative approach to data analysis to identify emergent themes. Participants expressed embarrassment discussing genitals and equated this with societal taboos; however, friends provided one opportunity to speak more openly. Odor discussions and hygiene practices were frequently occurring themes, especially during menstruation. GSI limited some daily activities and sexual experiences due to feelings of self-consciousness. Concerns stemmed from limited knowledge about how women’s genitals should look, smell, and feel. In contrast, some women detailed positive GSI in terms of autonomy and self-care. Results illustrate practical recommendations for healthcare providers to address women’s genital concerns and improve women’s GSI and overall reproductive and sexual health experiences.
The influence of visual complexity on initial user impressions: testing the persuasive model of web design

Shortly after fixating on webpages, users form initial impressions. These initial impressions influence how much users will use and return to websites. Researchers have understudied how objective d...
162 Homocysteine level in patients with lupus nephritis

Background In SLE, both disease-specific and traditional risk factors are important. Increased serum homocysteine levels are seen in approximately 15% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and are associated with an increased risk of atherothrombotic events in this population. The serum level of homocysteine in patients with lupus nephritis has not been well described. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients who had both, a biopsy proven lupus nephritis (class II-VI), and measured homocysteine levels for the first time during routine evaluation. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from review of medical records. Results Five patients with lupus nephritis had homocysteine level measured. The ages ranged from 29–47 years and were predominately African Americans. There were two patients with class III, one with class III-V, one with class IV, and one with class V lupus nephritis. All were female, with positive anti-dsDNA, low C4 and on hydroxychloroquine. Of the five patients, all had elevated homocysteine levels. Conclusions This study demonstrates that patients with lupus nephritis are at a high risk for developing elevated homocysteine levels. Funding Source(s): None
Writing skills development in an engineering geology course through practice and feedback on report submissions using a rubric

AbstractTechnical writing skills are widely considered to be critical for geologists and engineers. Iterative practice with technical writing throughout the undergraduate curriculum represents a co...
A modal interface contract theory for guarded input/output automata with an application in traffic system design

As a direct contribution to recent efforts of bringing formal design-by-contract methods to hybrid systems, we introduce a variant of modal interface contract theory based on input/output automata with guarded transitions. We present an algebra of operators for interface composition, contract composition, contract conjunction, contract refinement and some theorems to demonstrate that our contract object has reasonably universal semantics. As an application, we use our framework to aid the design of a networked control system of traffic.
Wild Relationality: The Skin Is Not an Epistemic Border

The present paper questions whether or not metatheoretical approaches to cognitive science that utilize dynamical systems theory (DST) require a definitive means of demarcating the cognitive from the non-cognitive. As more researchers utilize DST as means to describe relational properties that emerge in an organism’s interaction with its environment and then utilize relational properties as an account of cognition, we are forced to clearly specify (1) how relational properties differ from non-relational (i.e., intrinsic) properties, and (2) what, if any, roles the two types of properties play in constituting cognition. According to Wild Systems Theory (WST), this intrinsic-relational tension lies at the heart of current debates regarding extended cognition. WST asserts that if DST allows us to see cognitive phenomena in terms of relational properties, and not intrinsic properties, it might be the case that discovering the ‘bounds of cognition’ was never a problem in need of solving.
Illuminating Diverse Voices in Dance Education: Problems in the Academy and Creative Approaches to Practice.

From the moment I entered the academy as a Black female dance educator in 2008, I have been mired in the jargon of diversity and inclusion. “Inclusive Excellence,” a term first coined by Dr. Damon ...
The Study of the Classic Producer-consumer Problem in a Series of IT Courses

It is a time-consuming task for the instructors to design the examples, assignments, and projects to meet the requirement of learning outcomes. Luckily, most of the courses in information technology major are relevant and some are closely related to each other. Therefore, we propose to take advantage of the same problem which can be analyzed from different aspects under a series of IT courses. It will not only reduce the burden of the instructors to design the brand-new exercises but also help students quickly understand the foundation of the problem from what they studied and embark on exploring the high-level topics in new courses.In this paper, we use the classic producer-consumer problem as an example to present our proposition. This problem is generally shown up in operating systems course to illustrate the multi-process synchronization. We expand this problem from different angels and motivate the students to further explore other relevant topics: The objects? datatypes, properties, functions are declared in programming course and the built-in thread feature in some specific language like Java can also be demonstrated by this problem's solution. The design of data structure of the producer, the consumer, and the buffer can be discussed in data structure course. The collaboration between the producer and the consumer can be used for explaining the cause of deadlock in database course. Finally, the producer-consumer problem is used to clarify different application architectures in application/software design course. We expect that our methodology on IT education can illumine other educators looking to the similar mode in their program.
Prebirth Household Challenges To Predict Adverse Childhood Experiences Score by Age 3.

OBJECTIVES: With this study, we seek to understand the relationship between prebirth household challenges and the child’s adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) score by age 3 in a statewide-representative birth cohort to inform primary prevention strategies. METHODS: We used a longitudinally linked data set from the Alaska 2009–2011 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, its 3-year follow-up survey, and multiple administrative data sources. Using this linked data set, we predicted an expanded ACEs score by age 3 using maternal reported prebirth household challenges. RESULTS: The number of household challenges reported during the 12 months before or during pregnancy predicted ACEs score in a graded, dose-response manner. On average, reporting 4+ prebirth household challenges was associated with an ACEs score 4.1 times that of those reporting 0 challenges. Homelessness was associated with the greatest increase in ACEs score (relative rate ratio = 3.0). Prebirth household challenges that were independently associated with an elevated ACEs score in our final model included problems paying bills, someone close to the mother having a drinking and/or drug problem, homelessness, mother or husband or partner being in jail, husband or partner losing job, separation or divorce, and being checked or treated for anxiety or depression. CONCLUSIONS: The accumulation and certain prebirth household challenges are strongly associated with the accumulation of childhood ACEs. Addressing and reducing household challenges during the prebirth period may serve as a primary point of ACEs prevention. Many evidence-based, multidisciplinary intervention strategies can and should be implemented in the prebirth period to strengthen the household unit before the introduction of a new child.
Evolution-inspired dissection of caspase activities enables the redesign of caspase-4 into an LPS sensing interleukin-1 converting enzyme

Abstract Innate immune signaling pathways comprise multiple proteins that promote inflammation. This multistep means of information transfer suggests that complexity is a prerequisite for pathway design. Herein, we examined this possibility by studying caspases that regulate inflammasome-dependent inflammation. Several caspases differ in their ability to recognize bacterial LPS and cleave interleukin-1β (IL-1β). No caspase is known to contain both activities, yet distinct caspases with complementary activities bookend an LPS-induced pathway to IL-1β cleavage. Using unique caspases present in carnivorans as a guide, we identified molecular determinants of IL-1β cleavage specificity within caspase-1. This knowledge enabled the redesign of human caspase-4 to operate as a one-protein signaling pathway, which intrinsically links LPS detection to IL-1β cleavage and release, independent of inflammasomes. Strikingly, cat caspase-4 displays the activities of redesigned human caspase-4. These findings illustrate natural signaling pathway diversity and highlight how multistep innate immune pathways can be condensed into a single protein.
Examining the EMC effect using the F 2 n neutron structure function

The persistently mysterious deviations from unity of the ratio of nuclear target structure functions to those of deuterium as measured in deep inelastic scattering (often termed the ``EMC effect'') have become the canonical observable for studies of nuclear medium modifications to free nucleon structure in the valence regime. The structure function of the free proton is well known from numerous experiments spanning decades. The free neutron structure function, however, has remained difficult to access. Recently it has been extracted in a systematic study of the global data within a parton distribution function extraction framework and is available from the CTEQ--Jefferson Lab (CJ) Collaboration. Here, we leverage the latter to introduce a new method to study the EMC effect in nuclei by reexamining existing data in light of the the magnitude of the medium modifications to the free neutron and proton structure functions independently. From the extraction of the free neutron from world data, it is possible to examine the nuclear effects in deuterium and their contribution to our interpretation of the EMC effect. In this study, we observe that the ratio of the deuteron to the sum of the free neutron and proton structure functions has some ${x}_{B}$ and ${Q}^{2}$ dependencies that impact the magnitude of the EMC effect as typically observed. Specifically, different EMC slopes are obtained when data from different ${x}_{B}$ and ${Q}^{2}$ values are utilized. While a linear correlation persists between the EMC and short range correlation effects, the slope is modified when deuteron nuclear effects are removed.
Government Effectiveness in Comparative Perspective

Our study focuses on two research questions. The first is what is government effectiveness? This relates to how we measure government effectiveness or performance in terms of the whole government, not just in terms of an agency or several networked agencies. The second research question is how countries compare in terms of perceived government effectiveness. We use the World Bank dataset Governance Matters VI, which covers 212 countries and measures six dimensions of governance (voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption) from 1996 until 2006. We focus on government effectiveness to investigate the variation in government effectiveness across both countries and time, and show that much of the variation in effectiveness is explained by national income. After we account for this, we identify those countries that are relatively high and low performing. Finally, we draw conclusions about the focus of the next generation of research on government effectiveness in public administration.
Liutex and Third Generation of Vortex Identification Methods

Vortex is intuitively recognized as the rotational/swirling motion of fluids. However, a rigorous mathematical definition for vortex was absent for centuries. Liutex is a new physical quantity to represent fluid rotation or vortex, discovered by Liu et al. at University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) in 2018. Liutex is thought as one of the most important breakthroughs in modern fluid dynamics. There are three generations of vortex identification methods in history. In 1858, Helmholtz first defined vortex as vorticity tubes, which is classified as the first generation of vortex identification. Science and engineering applications have found that the correlation between vortex and vorticity is very weak, especially in the near-wall boundary region. During the past four decades, many vortex identification criteria including Q, Δ, λ2 and λci methods have been developed, which are classified as the second generation of vortex identification. They are all based on the eigenvalues of the velocity gradient tensor. However, they are all scalars and thus strongly threshold-dependent, which have problems with uniqueness and wrong dimension. In addition to lack of physical meanings, they are all contaminated by stretching and shearing. Liutex, as the third generation of vortex definition and identification, is defined as a vector which uses the real eigenvector of velocity gradient tensor as its direction and twice the local angular speed of the rigid rotation as its magnitude. The major idea of Liutex is to extract the rigid rotation part from fluid motion to represent vortex. After that, a number of vortex identification methods have been developed by Liu and the UTA Team including Liutex vector, Liutex vector lines, Liutex tubes, Liutex iso-surfaces, Liutex-Omega methods, Objective Liutex and, more recently, Liutex Core Line methods. The Liutex definition, Liutex-based vortex identification, Principal Coordinate, Principal Decomposition, vorticity RS decomposition, velocity gradient tensor UTA R-NR decomposition, proposed by Liu et al., integrate the Liutex theoretic system and pave the foundation for new fluid kinematics, new vortex science and new quantified turbulence research.
Consumers' decisions to access or avoid added sugars information on the updated Nutrition Facts label.

The Nutrition Facts (NF) label was recently updated and now includes the added sugars content in an effort to reduce added sugars consumption. This study investigated whether consumers wanted to access or avoid the added sugars content using an online experiment and five product categories (yogurt, cereal, fruit juice, snack bar, ice cream). We recruited a sample of 490 U.S. adults (49% female; 73% White/Caucasian). Respondents were randomly assigned to an information treatment (simple or full) before making decisions on whether to access or avoid the added sugars content. The simple information treatment explained that added sugars information was now available on the NF label, while the full information treatment included additional details (e.g., how to interpret the added sugars content and associated diseases). After making the access or avoid decisions for each product category, respondents rated their likelihood of purchase for ten products (two per category). Rates of information avoidance were much lower than what has been observed in previous studies, and rates of avoidance did not vary by information treatment. The majority of respondents (75–87% across the five product categories) preferred to access the added sugars content. Still, we found some consumers preferred to avoid this information, with higher rates of avoidance for the ice cream product category. Additionally, we found significant differences in likelihood of purchase ratings between information accessors and avoiders. Respondents who chose to access the added sugars information exhibited healthier purchasing behaviors for all product categories; they were more likely to purchase low added sugars products and less likely to purchase high added sugars products relative to information avoiders. Given consumers’ demonstrated interest in accessing the added sugars content, it is important that the new changes to the NF label be broadly communicated to promote healthy eating behaviors.
Nation/Translation: An Afterword

Taking points of departure from each essay, the Afterword considers the peculiarities of distinct literary historical traditions across Europe, the enduring influence of nineteenth-century paradigms, and some aspirations for future work.
BOTTOM ASH: AN ENGINEERING MATERIAL

THE PROPERTIES AND USES OF BOTTOM ASH, A BY-PRODUCT FROM BURNING COAL IN POWER PLANTS, ARE DISCUSSED. SELECTED SAMPLES OF BOTTOM ASH FROM THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA AND THE SURROUNDING AREA WERE SUBJECTED TO ENGINEERING IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND PROPERTY TESTS. IDENTIFICATION TESTS THAT WERE CONDUCTED INCLUDED GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES. TESTS CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE BOTTOM ASH AS AN AGGREGATE AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL INCLUDED SULPHATE SOUNDNESS, LOS ANGELES ABRASION, RELATIVE DENSITY, STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION, CONSTANT HEAD PERMEABILITY, ONE DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION, AND SHEAR STRENGTH. IT WAS FOUND THAT BOTTOM ASH FROM SEVERAL OF THE SOURCES SATISFIED SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO THE USE OF THE MATERIAL AS AN AGGREGATE. IN COMPARING THE BEHAVIOR OF BOTTOM ASH TO THAT OF SAND, IT WAS FOUND THAT THE CHARACTERISTICS WERE QUITE SIMILAR. /AUTHOR/
Translational Medicine in Action: Anti-CD20 Therapy in Lymphoma

The introduction of rituximab for B cell lymphoma in the late 1990s inaugurated a new era of cancer therapy showcasing mAbs. mAbs are in principle an amalgamation of two characteristics of a perfect anticancer drug. First, rituximab is a therapy targeted to the tumor cell, but it carries fewer side effects than does chemotherapy. Second, with its ability to directly engage the host immune system, it could potentially elicit longer lasting anticancer immunity, although this remains to be proven. This review highlights the fundamental scientific discoveries that allowed the development of clinically successful anti-CD20 mAbs. Since the approval of rituximab, a considerable amount of work has been undertaken by different groups trying to understand the workings and limitations of anti-CD20s. All of these efforts will be critical in designing new mAbs to CD20 and other targets and, ultimately, of anticancer mAbs that will improve on, or even replace, chemotherapy.
Managing Water for People and Nature

Growing water scarcity and rapid declines in aquatic biodiversity indicate water policies are failing to protect life9s most vital resource. A major reason for growing water scarcity and freshwater ecosystem decline is that water is undervalued the world over. In this Policy Forum, the authors recommend equitable market-oriented mechanisms, including realistic pricing, integrating watershed protection costs into water prices, and charging polluters for their effluents. Science plays an essential role in providing information needed to make these mechanisms work effectively.
Simulated Annealing: An Improved Computer Model for Political Redistricting

This year, the next decennial United States census has begun. When the results of the new census are released, nearly every state may be forced to redraw the boundary lines defining its state and federal legislative districts. The goals and methods a state adopts for political redistricting pose important policy questions for the state. The location of the boundary lines will greatly influence the composition of the legislatures, and the new legislatures will, in turn, affect the direction of states for years into the future. Since the U.S. Supreme Court first held political redistricting to be justiciable in Baker v. Carr, l redistricting has been constrained by legal decisions defining constitutional requirements for drawing district lines.2 Political redistricting has thus become a question of law as well as policy. Recently, redistricting has also become a new playground for computers. The improvements in computer technology made during the past decade will allow political groups to use computers in order to construct carefully gerrymandered districting plans; redistricters will be able to draw plans "manually" and use the computer to measure quickly the political impact such plans would have.3 As implied by the term gerrymander, this new use of computers as "bookkeepers" in redistricting can be expected to produce district boundaries that directly benefit those drawing the lines and may strongly decrease the value of many state residents' votes. One can expect that these new plans, though gerrymandered, will meet the
Difference between meaningful and psychologically rewarding occupations: Findings from two pilot studies

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Meaningful occupations are hypothesized to be healing because they activate the dopaminergic neural pathways in the brain. We investigated whether: 1) self-selected meaningful occupations activated the dopaminergic neural pathways; and 2) there were differences in the categories of occupations that were perceived by study participants to be; a) meaningful, b) psychologically rewarding (likely to activate the dopaminergic or reward neural pathways), and/or c) both meaningful and psychologically rewarding. Method: In study number one, participants’ brains were scanned on fMRI while they watched themselves engaging in various types of occupations. In study number two we used the Experience sampling method and Repeated Measures designs. Findings: Self-selected meaningful occupations did not activate the reward neural pathways as hypothesized. Occupational category had an effect on mood and meaningfulness. Fun occupations elicited the most positive mood, especially when they were mentally...
The modern flight simulator

The modern flight simulator is one of the largest and most complex types of electromechanical analogue computing equipment manufactured in production quantities for use outside the laboratory. Its history, economics, and design are considered here.