cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular approaches to thyroid cancer diagnosis

Thyroid nodules are common, and the accurate diagnosis of cancer or benign disease is important for the effective clinical management of patients. Molecular markers are a helpful diagnostic tool, particularly for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. In the past few years, significant progress has been made in developing molecular markers for clinical use in fine-needle aspiration specimens, including gene mutation panels and gene expression classifiers. With the availability of next generation sequencing technology, gene mutation panels can be expanded to interrogate multiple genes simultaneously and to provide yet more accurate diagnostic information. In addition, recently several new molecular markers of thyroid cancer have been identified that offer diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic information that might be of value in guiding individualized management of patients with thyroid nodules.
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of soybean trypsin inhibitor with optical activity and ultraviolet absorbance detection

The high-performance liquid chromatography of soybean trypsin inhibitor is re-examined by using simultaneous optical activity and ultraviolet absorption detection. Ratio plots of the two detector responses allow easy identification of impurities that are not related to the protein. The specific rotations of each of the separated components can be derived. We find that one denatured form has a distinctly lower specific rotation while another form shows no change in specific rotation. The on-column denaturation rate here was found to be slower than that from previous work. Column pretreatment may have resulted in milder column conditions through the elimination of irreversibly adsorbing sites.
Folate-sensitive and aphidicolin-inducible fragile sites are expressed in the genome of the domestic cat.

Abstract Peripheral blood lymphocytes from three clinically normal domestic cats were cultured for folate-sensitive and aphidicolin-inducible fragile site expression. Induction of folate-sensitive fragile sites was accomplished by culturing cells with trimethoprim plus caffeine. Chromosomes from all cats expressed both folate-sensitive and aphidicolin-inducible breaks and gaps. There were no significant differences between the two methods of fragile site induction in the percentage of cells expressing chromosome breaks and gaps or the mean number of breaks and gaps per cell. All three cats expressed specific chromosome breaks resembling fragile sites at A1q21–22, A1p22, and B1q32. All three sites were induced by aphidicolin. The sites at A1q21–22 and B1q32 were also induced in folate-deficient medium. This is the first report of the induction of chromosomal fragile sites in a feline species.
Alterations in Apoplastic and Total Solute Concentrations in Soybean Nodules Resulting from Treatments Known to Affect Gas Diffusion

Ureide concentration in the cortical apoplast of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) nodules increases rapidly in response to nodule excision. The objective here was to determine if changes in apoplastic ureide may be related to the control of resistance to gas diffusion which is thought to be localized in the nodule cortex. Following decapitation of shoots, nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) and ureide concentration in total nodule extracts declined over a period of several hours. Apoplastic ureide concentration relative to total nodule ureide was elevated under these conditions, but the treatment effect was small compared to non-decapitated controls. Decapitation also caused a significant decline in the concentrations of sucrose, glucose, and D-pinitol in nodules
Spectral and temperature-dependent infrared emissivity measurements of painted metals for improved temperature estimation during laser damage testing

A database of spectral and temperature-dependent emissivities was created for painted Al-alloy laser-damage-testing targets for the purpose of improving the uncertainty to which temperature on the front and back target surfaces may be estimated during laser-damage testing. Previous temperature estimates had been made by fitting an assumed gray-body radiance curve to the calibrated spectral radiance data collected from the back surface using a Telops Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (IFTS). In this work, temperature-dependent spectral emissivity measurements of the samples were made from room temperature to 500 °C using a Surface Optics Corp. SOC-100 Hemispherical Directional Reflectometer (HDR) with Nicolet FTS. Of particular interest was a high-temperature matte-black enamel paint used to coat the rear surfaces of the Al-alloy samples. The paint had been assumed to have a spectrally flat and temperatureinvariant emissivity. However, the data collected using the HDR showed both spectral variation and temperature dependence. The uncertainty in back-surface temperature estimation during laser-damage testing made using the measured emissivities was improved from greater than +10 °C to less than +5 °C for IFTS pixels away from the laser burn-through hole, where temperatures never exceeded those used in the SOC-100 HDR measurements. At beam center, where temperatures exceeded those used in the SOC-100 HDR, uncertainty in temperature estimates grew beyond those made assuming gray-body emissivity. Accurate temperature estimations during laser-damage testing are useful in informing a predictive model for future high-energy-laser weapon applications.
Solid-State NMR Study of the Human Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor CB2 in Lipid Bilayers

Human peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 expressed in E. coli. has been purified, and successfully reconstituted in functional form into lipid bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS). The reconstitution was carried out by detergent removal from the CB2-lipid-detergent mixed micelles on an adsorbent column, or by rapid dilution below the critical micelle concentration followed by washing on a concentrator. Proteoliposomes prepared at the CB2:phospholipid molar ratio of 1:600 showed the following basic physical properties: Free of detergents (as analyzed by high-resolution 1H NMR), homogeneity of the CB2-to-lipid ratio over the proteoliposome particles (by sucrose gradient centrifugation), unilamellarity with a mean diameter of ∼150-200 nm (by dynamic light scattering), and functional integrity (by G-protein activation assay). Using the proteoliposomes, CB2-lipid interactions were investigated by solid-state NMR. Order parameters of the phospholipid acyl chains measured by 2H quadrupolar splittings indicated that CHS, a detergent-soluble analog of cholesterol, preferentially interacts with the 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipids over CB2. By probing 1H NMR saturation transfer, evidence for CB2-lipid interactions at the lipid acyl chains and less significant interactions at the glycerol backbone and the headgroups were observed. 1H spin-lattice relaxation rates decreased notably at the acyl-chains upon CB2 incorporation, indicating reduced motion on the nanosecond timescale corresponding to the restriction of phospholipid wobbling about the bilayer normal. Structure-function relationships in view of the role of interactions between CB2 and anionic phosphatidylserine in activation of G-protein will also be discussed.
Enzymes of glycogen metabolism in white blood cells. II. Activation and inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase of rat chloroma.

Summary 1. The properties of glycogen phosphorylase (α-1,4-glucan:orthophosphate glucosyl transferase, EC 2.4.1.1) of rat chloroma, a tumor composed entirely of immature granulocytes, and the interconversion of the active and inactive forms of the enzyme have been studied in crude chloroma extract. 2. Striking similarities in the properties of chloroma phosphorylase to liver phosphorylase have been noted. Thus, the following properties are shared by both enzymes: Two forms of enzyme can be identified, an active and an inactive form; the active form exhibits 65–80% of its activity in the absence of adenosine 5′-phosphate, the inactive enzyme is not significantly active even in the presence of the nucleotide; the activity of the enzyme is not enhanced by cysteine; the inactive enzyme shows considerable activity when assayed in the presence of high salt concentration; the enzyme is activated by glucagon. 3. A phosphorylase kinase (ATP:phosphorylase phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.38) capable of converting rabbit-muscle phosphorylase b to a and a phosphatase (phosphorylase phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.17) catalyzing the reverse reaction both active at neutral pH have been demonstrated in chloroma tissue.
Low power architecture for motion compensation filter in a 4K Ultra HD video codec accelerator

Video codec accelerators in hand-held devices are driving the need for low power operation. Motion Compensation in a video codec performs interpolation on blocks of reference image if the motion-vectors refer to fractional pixel positions to form the prediction image for inter macro-blocks. In this paper, we present low power architecture for this motion compensation filter engine used in a 4K Ultra HD AVC accelerator. The paper presents an on-the-fly pixel padding approach without which the DDR bandwidth and power for the output frame in a decoder would have become worse by 9.4% for a full-HD operation. The paper also describes selective transpose - a novel approach to reduce filter engine computation and power. The whole filter engine dissipates less than 5 mW for 4K UHD decoder in a 28nm low power process.
On the Fragility of the Western Achievement

The weight of evidence from evolutionary psychology suggests that human behavior is largely self-regarding. This implies that social structure will change as do the prevailing patterns of opportunities to pursue self-interested goals. Throughout the greater part of history the most rewarding opportunities have involved the coercive extraction of surplus production, “takers” living off “makers”. The Western achievement, the huge explosion of production and creativity that marks modernity, is the result of a highly anomalous set of circumstances whereby Western “makers” were able to throw off the “taking” yoke and make theirs the most successful strategy. This, however, created a further set of anomalies which have been progressively undermining the institutions of classical liberalism that the triumphant “makers” put in place. “Taking”, in revamped guises, may be on the way to reasserting its long-time hegemony as a life strategy, thus threatening the Western achievement.
The Effect of Light and Light Deprivation upon the Ultrastructure of the Larval Mosquito Eye. I. Polyribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum

By comparison with a photoreceptor cell that has been exposed to light for at least several hours, a cell from an animal grown in darkness is deficient in both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The free ribosomes of cells under either condition appear to be single or randomly clumped. Illumination of a previously light deprived cell stimulates the formation of free polyribosomes having a characteristic, probably helical, organizaation. They are found at first in association with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and after 30 minutes, fill the cell. The polyribosomes are mostly gone after two hours of illumination. Illumination also stimulates an increase in the amount of endoplasmic reticulum, which reaches its maximum density by 12 hours of illumination. The discussion is concerned with the possible significance of these light induced ultrastructural changes to the protein metabolism of the photo-receptor cell.
MALT lymphoma involving the kidney: a report of 10 cases and review of the literature.

Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) can arise at any anatomic site, but involvement of the kidney is rare. We describe 10 cases of kidney MALT lymphoma, including 6 localized cases. No predisposing inflammatory conditions were identified, with the possible exception of coexistent renal Actinomyces infection in 1 case. We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a malt 1 break-apart probe in 7 cases. A malt 1 gene rearrangement was identified in 1 case (14%). This case was further assessed by FISH using an IgH break-apart probe that showed IgH gene rearrangement. These results are suggestive of the t(14;18) involving malt 1 and IgH. Immunostaining for NF- κB p65 showed nuclear positivity, consistent with NF- κB activation, in 3 of 5 cases assessed. Our results indicate that kidney MALT lymphomas share similarities with MALT lymphomas arising at other sites in that MALT lymphoma–associated translocations and NF- κB activation occur in a subset of cases.
A measure of interrelationship for overlapping groups

A coefficient of interrelationship between overlapping groups that avoids indeterminacies inherent in the construction of fourfold tables for such purposes and, at the same time, is relatively insensitive to the absolute magnitude of marginal totals of fourfold tables, is developed. Under assumptions that are consistent with the objectives of organizational analysis, this coefficient is shown to be equivalent to a product-moment correlation coefficient. The advantages and limitations of this coefficient are pointed out. A numerical example giving computational procedures is presented.
Metabolic activation of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate to reactive intermediates. I: Covalent binding and reactive metabolite formation in vitro

Abstract Analogs of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (Tris-BP) either labeled at specific positions with carbon-14, phosphorus-32, or oxygen-18 or dual-labeled with both deuterium and tritium were used as metabolic probes to study the chemical and metabolic events in the bioactivation of Tris-BP to chemically reactive metabolites in liver microsomal preparations. Oxidation at the terminal (C-3) carbon atom of the propyl groups of Tris-BP yielded the direct-acting mutagen 2-bromoacrolein as the major metabolite that binds to DNA. Although this reactive metabolite also appears to bind to microsomal protein, the rate of binding of radiolabeled Tris-BP to protein is 15-20× greater than binding to DNA, and some metabolites that retain the phosphate group are bound. Studies with deuterated analogs of Tris-BP implicate oxidation at C-2 of the propyl group as a major pathway that leads to protein binding which is enhanced by phenobarbital pretreatment of rats. Moreover, investigations with 18O-Tris-BP and H218O show that Bis-BP that is formed from oxidation of Tris-BP incorporates one atom of oxygen from water. Deuterium isotope studies suggest that most of the Bis-BP arises from initial oxidation at C-2. Taken together these studies indicate that P-450 oxidation of Tris-BP at C-2 of the propyl group yields a reactive α-bromoketone metabolite of Tris-BP that can either alkylate proteins directly or be hydrolyzed to His-HP and an α-bromo-α′-hydroxyketone that can alkylate microsomal proteins.
Stochastic Bifurcation Processes and Distributions of Fractions

The stochastic bifurcation process, which partitions a unit into its positive fractions z 1, …, Z I ; such that z 1, + … + zI , = 1, is characterized by a topology and probability law governing the (I – 1) bifurcations. Aside from describing many natural phenomena, such as flows in dendritic networks, the stochastic bifurcation process also offers a device for generating families of multivariate distributions on the (I – 1)-dimensional simplex. In particular, the process with independent bifurcations governed by beta laws gives rise to the generalized Dirichlet family. Every member of this family is identified by the three-tuple: (1) the bifurcation topology, (2) the permutation of fractions, and (3) the parameters of the beta laws. Successively smaller subsets of bifurcation topologies, containing all possible topologies, only double-cascaded topologies, and only cascaded topologies, lead to progressively narrower distribution families of Types A, B, and C. Type C is the Connor-Mosimann distribution, whi...
Anger Management Style, Opioid Analgesic Use, and Chronic Pain Severity: A Test of the Opioid-Deficit Hypothesis

Anger management style is related to both acute and chronic pain. Recent research suggests that individuals who predominantly express anger (anger-out) may report heightened chronic pain severity due in part to endogenous opioid antinociceptive dysfunction. If exogenous opioids serve to remediate opioid deficits, we predicted that regular use of opioid analgesics by chronic pain patients would alter these relationships such that anger-out would be related to chronic pain severity only among opioid-free patients. For 136 chronic pain patients, anger management style, depression, anxiety, pain severity, and use of opioid and antidepressant medication was assessed. Results of hierarchical multiple regressions to predict chronic pain severity showed: (a) a significant Anger-out x Opioid use interaction such that high Anger-out was associated with high pain severity only among patients not taking opioids; (b) controlling for depressed affect and anxiety did not affect this association; (c) the Anger-out x Antidepressant use interaction was nonsignificant; (d) Anger-in did not interact with use of any medication to affect pain severity. Results are consistent with an opioid-deficit hypothesis and suggest that regular use of opioid medications by patients high in anger expression may compensate for an endogenous opioid deficit, and mitigate the effects of elevated anger expression on chronic pain intensity.
History and consequences of on-orbit break-ups

Abstract Since 1961 more than eighty satellite fragmentation events have been identified. These occurrences are responsible for one-third of all man-made space objects cataloged since Sputnik 1 and constitute one-half of all satellites currently in orbit about the Earth. The two known mechanisms of artificial satellite break-ups are accidental (e.g. propulsion-related malfunctions) and deliberate (e.g. military-related activities) on-board explosions. However, the causes of half of all satellite break-ups remain undetermined. The steady increase in the near-Earth space debris population raises legitimate concerns about the mounting probability of satellite-satellite collisions. The limitations of ground-based radars suggest that the true population of Earth-orbiting satellites may be many times that officially registered. Recent laboratory tests indicate that a large number of potentially lethal fragments would be liberated during a hypervelocity collision in space.
Reactions of diethylmagnesium - ethyllithium solutions with pyridine

Abstract In contrast to the reactions of pyridine with diethylmagnesium or ethyllithium alone, which lead only to 1,2-addition, reactions with diethylmagnesium-ethyllithium solutions lead to significant amounts of 1,4-addition; magnesium ate species are proposed to be responsible.
Soil organic carbon pools of two tropical soils inferred by carbon signatures

Labile and stable soil organic carbon (SOC) pools of two tropical soils of Belize, Central America, as influenced by land use management, were investigated using a combination of 14 C and 13 C techniques. The sizes and mean residence times (MRT) of the labile pools were found to be in the range of 1.5 to 59.8 g/kg and 5 to 8 yr, respectively, and those of the stable SOC pools, 25.1 to 65.2 g/kg and 250 to 388 yr, respectively. Both the labile and stable SOC pools have significantly shorter MRT than those of the temperate soils. The labile SOC pools of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in continuous management averaged 12.9 and 19.8 g/kg, respectively, for Xaibe (Lithic Ustropept) and Louisville (Typic Pellustert) soils. Continuous sugarcane management reduced the labile pool to about one-third the size of the corresponding secondary forests. The labile SOC pool is sensitive to changes in management practices and its size represents the intrinsic sustainable soil productivity. A radiocarbon single-plot approach to study the dynamics of SOC pools was developed using the 14 C and 13 C signatures of the soil and those of the CO 2 evolved. The results of the single-plot method and that of the paired-plot method agree well within the range of the experimental errors.
Inverse temporal relationship between rate of neurite outgrowth and neurotransmitter function in rat superior cervical ganglion in vitro.

Abstract Explantation of the embryonic rat superior cervical ganglion initiated a retrograde response in noradrenergic neurons. By the 4th day of explantation, tyrosine hydroxylase activity per cell decreased to 62% of the day 0 control value. The rate of neurite outgrowth during the same period increased by 66%. By the 6th day both tyrosine hydroxylase activity and rate of neurite outgrowth returned to initial values. This inverse relationship is consistent with a proposed reordering of synthetic priorities that occurs in the parental cell body during axonal regeneration.
PCSIGV: a student-oriented program for calculating the parasitic capacitances for single-level interconnections on GaAs-based VLSI

A microcomputer-efficient algorithm to study the parasitic capacitances associated with high-density single-level interconnections on GaAs-based VLSI is presented and a student-oriented program called PCSIGV is discussed. The algorithm uses the method of moments in conjunction with a Green's function appropriate to the geometry of the interconnections. Results include the fringing fields as well as the effects of shielding due to the presence of the neighboring interconnection lines. PCSIGV has been used to study the dependence of the ground and coupling interconnections capacitances on various interconnection parameters. >
Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells from Poly(3-butylthiophene)/Fullerene Blends: In Situ Self-Assembly of Nanowires, Morphology, Charge Transport, and Photovoltaic Properties

Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on blends of regioregular poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) were created by in situ self-assembly of P3BT nanowires and the morphology and photovoltaic properties were investigated as a function of the blend composition. Transmission electron microscopy imaging of the blends revealed an interconnected network of P3BT nanowires of 11−15 nm width and 5−10 μm length and an amorphous continuous PC61BM phase. The photocurrent density, fill factor, and power conversion efficiency of the P3BT nanowire/PC61BM solar cells varied significantly with the blend composition whereas the open circuit voltage was relatively constant (570−610 mV). A maximum power conversion efficiency of 2.52% was achieved at a 1:0.5 (wt:wt) P3BT:PC61BM blend ratio. The hole mobilities in the P3BT nanowire/PC61BM blends measured by space-charge limited current and field-effect transistors were on the order of 1 × 10−3 cm2/V s and a linear dependence of curr...
Recent trends in anthropogenic mercury emission in the northeast United States

[1] We combine wintertime measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM) with a combustion tracer (carbon dioxide) at a background site in Connecticut to investigate changes in regional Hg emission from 1999/2000 through 2003/2004. This method allows timelier flux estimates than inventory approaches. We find a 20% decrease in emission between 1999/2000 and 2003/2004, although the rate has increased since 2001/2002. Air trajectory analysis reveals a source region of Hg influencing the site that encompasses most of the mid-Atlantic and New England states, and Maryland and Delaware, with small interannual variation. The significant interannual changes in Hg emission therefore cannot be fully explained by climatological changes. Inventory calculations of Hg flux from the regional electric power sector show significant correlation with the emission trend derived from the atmospheric measurements, suggesting that the power sector strongly influences the regional Hg flux to the atmosphere. However, averaged over the five winters, the Hg flux from the power sector was 47–75% of the atmospheric flux, which is assumed to be >95% elemental Hg. If 50% or more of Hg emitted by power sources is speciated and deposits locally, the power sector can account for only 23–40% of the observed elemental Hg flux to the atmosphere. Possible explanations include conversion of some reactive Hg emitted by power plants to elemental Hg, underestimation of inventory emissions from sources outside the power sector, the possibility that emissions from municipal and medical waste combustion have not been curbed to the EPA targeted level, or that a combination of these factors exists.
Morphodynamics of an anthropogenically altered dual-inlet system: John’s Pass and Blind Pass, west-central Florida, USA

Abstract The morphodynamics of the John's Pass–Blind Pass dual inlet system were investigated based on hydrodynamic and morphology measurements, and numerical modeling. The co-existence of the dual inlets is realized by the dominance of mixed-energy John's Pass in terms of tidal prism and size of the ebb delta and the artificial maintenance of the wave-dominated migratory Blind Pass. Due to the secondary role of Blind Pass, the aggressive anthropogenic activities there do not seem to have a significant influence on the morphodynamics of John's Pass. On the other hand, the opening (in 1848) and subsequent evolution of John's Pass had substantial influence on Blind Pass, causing it to migrate rapidly to the south. In addition, anthropogenic activities had much more influence on the morphodynamics of the secondary Blind Pass than that of the dominating John's Pass. Results from numerical modeling provide a semi-quantitative understanding of the hydrodynamics and morphodynamics of John's Pass and Blind Pass in association with cold front passages, which have substantial influences on inlet morphology. Two large eddies are modeled from the interactions between the southward longshore current and John's Pass ebb and flood flow, respectively. These eddies are closely related to the morphodynamics of the channel margin linear bar and longshore transport divergence at the downdrift side. Both are key features of a mixed-energy inlet. The shallow water and wave-breaking-induced longshore current and elevated sediment suspension along the ebb delta terminal lobe provide the pathway for sediment bypassing. The morphodynamics of Blind Pass are dominated by wave forcing. The weak ebb jet is not capable of forming a sizable ebb delta and tends to be deflected by the strong longshore current, causing elevated longshore transport along the downdrift beach. The 90-degree turn of the inlet, which is common for wave-dominated migratory inlets, results in weak ebb flushing along the updrift (north) side of the inlet, and is responsible for the alongshore migration of the inlet before the artificial stabilization and sedimentation along the northern side of the inlet following stabilization.
Maternal perception of child temperament and observed mother-child interaction.

This research explored the relationship between maternal perception of child temperament characteristics and observations of mother-child interaction in a free play situation. Children were divided into “difficult” and “easy” temperament groups on the basis of their mothers' responses to a temperament questionnaire. Mothers were also interviewed regarding their use of different child rearing techniques. The results indicated that difficult and easy children did not behave differently with their mothers. Mothers, however, did show behavioral differences as a function of their child's temperament classification. In addition, the children's behavior varied as a function of sex and temperament when level of maternal control was considered as a variable. These results suggest that control may be influential in determining whether a mother perceives her child as difficult or easy. The results also suggest that a child's temperament characteristics should not be considered in isolation from his or her sex: that being an easy or difficult child is different depending on whether one is a boy or a girl.
Foundation of evidence-based decision making for health care managers-part II: meta-analysis and applying the evidence.

Abstract This article is a continuation of a 2-part series that seeks to build the skills of health care managers and supervisors in critically reading and interpreting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The first article, part I, defined the types of systematic reviews and outlined the process of conducting them. This article, part II, focuses on meta-analysis, a type of systematic review. This article explains the additional procedures associated with meta-analyses and describes the potential shortcomings of both systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Finally, this article provides a way for health care managers and supervisors to appraise systematic reviews and meta-analyses and to determine whether the evidence applies to their problems and settings.
A material sparing test to predict punch sticking during formulation development

Context: A qualitative and material sparing test for punch sticking was developed as a predictive development screening tool for comparison of formulation strategies and processing methods to eliminate punch adhesion.Objective: To develop a predictive test for a formulation’s potential to adhere to tablet punches during compression.Materials and methods: Two proprietary compounds, A and B, with histories of punch sticking during manufacturing but not in development, were formulated with microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. Matching placebos were also prepared by the same methods. Flat faced bevel edge (FFBE) punches of 1/2″ diameter were compared with 1/4″ SRC punches and 1/4″ Flat Faced (FF) punches for adhesion potential using a Kilian rotary tablet press and a Huxley Bertram compaction simulator.Results and discussion: Formulation accumulated on the punches after compression, which indicated potential for punch sticking that resulted in defective tablets w...
Global mind‐sets and cognitive shift in a complex multinational corporation

This article investigates attitudes that underlie international strategy processes. We propose survey scales of these attitudes and describe tests that support their reliability and validity as measures of constructs—including integration, responsiveness, and coordination—that researchers have used for many years in case analyses of international strategy and organization. We also propose and validate scales to capture the perceived alignment with firms' international objectives of key business policies that affect individuals, including accountability for global results, career opportunity and a globally shared meaning system that informs communication and discussion about change. Our discussion of these tests offers an assessment of how changing patterns of association among the measures over time conform to expectations generated by the case-based empirical literature. We argue that these patterns document a process of organizational learning that can link managers' mind-sets with senior managers' intentions in the course of proactive international strategic change. The analysis relies on survey responses taken in 1992 and 1995 from 370 managers in 13 country affiliates and the head office of a U.S.-based diversified multinational corporation (DMNC). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Food Ingredients from Navy Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by Roasting, Pin Milling, and Air Classification

Eight Navy bean samples, roasted between 92 and 125°C in a particle-to-particle heat exchanger, were ground to produce whole bean and hull flours. Dehulled bean flours were also separated into high protein (HPF) and high-starch fractions (HSF) by air classification. Whole bean flours contained 1.92% fat and 25.8% protein on the average. Hull flours contained between 31.2 and 50.2% dietary fiber, of which approximately 60% was crude fiber. Dehulled bean flour containing 26.8% protein was fractionated into HSF and HPF with average protein contents of 15.6 and 43.1%, respectively. Greater protein shift may be further accomplished by finer grinding and adjustment of the cut point. Residual trypsin inhibitor activity of HPF s ranged from 25–108 TIA/mg protein, down from 116 units in the raw control HPF. Hemagglutinins were inactivated from 110 HA units/mg to values ranging from 2.4–105 HA units/mg.
A 3.1- to 8.2-GHz zero-IF receiver and direct frequency synthesizer in 0.18-/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS for mode-2 MB-OFDM UWB communication

A direct conversion receiver for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications operates for 3.1 to 8.2 GHz and gives a noise figure of 3.3 to 4.1 dB and a conversion gain of 52 dB. The chip includes the RF receive chain and a 16-GHz quadrature VCO to generate seven carrier frequencies from 3.4 to 7.9 GHz. The circuit was fabricated in a 0.18-/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process and consumes 88 mA from a 2.7-V supply.
The oxidation of (arene)chromiumtricarbonyl alcohols by acetic anhydride - DMSO

Abstract A mixture of acetic anhydride and dimethyl sulfoxide is a useful reagent for the oxidation of (arene)chromiumtricarbonyl alcohols without loss of the Cr(CO)3 group. Yields are dependent on the nature of the starting alcohol.
Functional MRI Studies of Auditory Comprehension

The location of brain regions essential for auditory language comprehension is an important consideration in the planning of neurosurgical procedures that involve resections within the dominant temporal lobe. Language testing during intraoperative and extraoperative cortical stimulation has been the primary method for localizing these regions; however, noninvasive alternatives using functional neuroimaging have been sought. Here we report on a study of 14 subjects who listened passively to alternating sentences spoken in their native English language and in unfamiliar Turkish while functional magnetic resonance images were acquired. The English sentences produced strong activation within the left superior temporal sulcus in all subjects. Lesser activation was seen in homotopic right hemisphere locations in several subjects. In addition to these posterior temporal activations, 8 subjects also showed activation to English sentences in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Turkish sentences evoked no coherent region of activation in any subject. As both the Turkish and English sentences were read by the same speaker, and were matched for length, volume, and intonation, we conclude that the activation pattern evoked by the English sentences reflects auditory comprehension. This conclusion is further supported by additional control studies that have shown a markedly different pattern of activation by pure tone frequency glides.
Time-resolved probes of surface dynamics

The excited vibrational state dynamics of CO adsorbed on Pt(111) are explored using subpicosecond infrared pump-probe techniques. The response for a CO(v = 1) adlayer for coverages of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 monolayers is measured as a function of time delay and probe wavelength. The observed transient CO vibrational spectra reveal a shift to lower frequency of the CO internal stretch mode as the degree of excitation of the adlayer is increased. These spectra are discussed in terms of density matrix models which address the coherence time of the adlayer (v = 1) excitation and the excited state spectral characteristics of strongly-coupled anharmonic oscillators. The two-to-three picosecond recovery time of the transient response is consistent with relaxation through electron-hole pair creation. The relationship of the measured T1 decay to the observed lineshape is addressed.
Extracellular dopamine in rat striatum following uptake inhibition by cocaine, nomifensine and benztropine

A microdialysis/smallbore chromatographic system was used to monitor changes in extracellular dopamine concentration in the striatum of the rat following administration of drugs that block catecholamine uptake. Analysis of 0.5 microliter of dialysate every 5 min showed dose-dependent elevations in extracellular dopamine following systemic administration of nomifensine (1 and 10 mg/kg), benztropine (5 and 25 mg/kg) and cocaine (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg). The order of potency in vivo was nomifensine greater than cocaine greater than benztropine. The short sampling interval allows accurate temporal profiles following pharmacological manipulations to be acquired.
Virtual components consisting of form, function and behavior

Abstract Software can produce a product model of a building as a consequence of the designers' actions in drawing and evaluating the design. The actions of the designer include interpreting, predicting and assessing the emerging design and describe the building in terms of forms, functions and behaviors. A software prototype has been implemented that incorporates this understanding of the design process in the field of building design. It employs object-oriented classes to represent forms, functions and behaviors. As a software user draws and interprets the design for multiple evaluation issues, the software creates a unique `virtual component' for each entity. During automated reasoning to evaluate the emerging design, virtual components collect and organize form, function and behavior instances to describe the parts of the building. In comparison to other product models, our approach, which we refer to as a `Virtual Product Model', better accommodates change, provides increased support for the design process and enriches the product representation by including function and behavior.
Measurement of blood flow in the skin and oral mucosa of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) using laser doppler flowmetry

Abstract 1. 1. It is generally assumed that oral blood flow is higher than that of skin, and invasive methods to measure blood flow support this view. 2. 2. However, it was not known whether this finding would be confirmed by laser Doppler flowmetry, which is a noninvasive method to measure blood flow. 3. 3. The purpose of this study was to compare blood flow in oral and skin regions of the rhesus monkey using laser Doppler flowmetry. 4. 4. The results demonstrated that blood flow was significantly higher in oral regions as compared to facial skin ( P 5. 5. This finding is most likely related to the more abundant capillary supply in oral mucosa as compared to skin.
The algebraic theory of latent projectors in lambda matrices

Multivariable systems and controls are often formulated in terms of differential equations, which give rise to lambda matrices of the form A(@l) = A"[email protected]^n + A"[email protected]^n^-^1 + ... + A"n. The inverses of regular lambda matrices can be represented by the latent projectors or matrix residues that have very specific properties. This paper describes the general theory of latent roots, latent vectors, and latent projectors and gives the relationships to eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and eigenprojectors of the companion form.
SEQUENTIAL CONJUGATE GRADIENT-RESTORATION ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEMS WITH NONDIFFERENTIAL CONSTRAINTS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the sequential conjugate gradient-restoration algorithm for optimal control problems with nondifferential constraints. The conjugate gradient phase involves a single iteration and is designed to decrease the value of the functional while satisfying the constraints to first order. During this iteration, the first variation of the functional is minimized, subject to the linearized constraints. The minimization is performed over the class of variations of the control and the parameter, which are equidistant from some constant multiple of the corresponding variations of the previous conjugate gradient phase. For the special case of a quadratic functional subject to linear constraints, various orthogonality and conjugacy conditions hold. The restoration phase involves one or more iterations and is designed to restore the constraints to a predetermined accuracy, while the norm of the variations of the control and the parameter is minimized, subject to the linearized constraints.
An overlap-invariant mutual information estimation method for image registration

A class of implementations of mutual information (MI) based image registration estimate MI from the joint histogram of the overlap of two images. The consequence of this approach is that the MI estimate thus obtained is not overlap invariant: its value tends to increase when the overlapped region is getting smaller. When the two images are very noisy or are so different that the correct MI peak is very weak, it may lead to incorrect registration results using the maximization of mutual information (MMI) criterion. In this paper, we present a new joint histogram estimation scheme for overlap invariant MI estimation. The idea is to keep it a constant the number of samples used for joint histogram estimation. When one image is completely within another, this condition is automatically satisfied. When one image (floating image) partially overlaps another image (reference image) after applying a certain geometric transformation, it is possible that, for a pixel from the floating image, there is no corresponding point in the reference image. In this case, we generate its corresponding point by assuming that its value is a random variable following the distribution of the reference image. In this way, the number of samples utilized for joint histogram estimation is always the same as that of the floating image. The efficacy of this joint histogram estimation scheme is demonstrated by using several pairs of remote sensing images. Our results show that the proposed method is able to produce a mutual information measure that is less sensitive to the size of overlap and the peak found is more reliable for image registration.
Effects of Alcohol Deprivation on Alcohol Consumption Using a Sipper-Tube Procedure

Background: When rats with prior experience drinking ethanol solutions are deprived of ethanol for various time periods, a transitory increase in alcohol consumption is observed when ethanol solutions are again made available. This has been termed the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE). The ADE has been observed in limited-access operant procedures in which small dippers of ethanol are presented following completion of a lever press requirement. However, it has not been determined if the effect occurs in an operant model of ethanol self-administration that separates the ethanol-seeking responding from the consummatory drinking (the sipper procedure). Methods: Rats were initiated to drink ethanol from a sipper tube using the sucrose-substitution procedure. Once initiated, the rats had to make 30 lever presses to gain access to a sipper-tube containing the ethanol solution for 20 min. The effects of 2–3 days, 7 days, and 14 days of ethanol deprivation were examined on ethanol consumption and extinction responding (seeking response). Results: There were no effects of deprivation on intake at any deprivation period examined. Contrary to expectations, the alcohol-seeking response as measured by extinction responding was decreased after 7 and 14 days of deprivation. Conclusions: The data from this study and others using the limited access operant procedures suggest that the ADE may be more related to consummatory control (i.e., loss of control) and not to ethanol-seeking behaviors (i.e., craving).
CT and MR imaging in the staging of colorectal carcinoma: report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group II.

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the relative accuracy of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the staging of colorectal carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT and MR studies were independently interpreted in a group of 478 patients with colorectal carcinoma in a study conducted from 1989 to 1993. The accuracy of each modality was assessed in a subset of 365 patients with primary tumors with respect to staging of local extent of tumor, status of local-regional lymph nodes, and the presence of liver metastases. RESULTS: In the staging of local extent of tumor, CT is more accurate than MR imaging, particularly in the definition of penetration of the muscularis propria by rectal cancer (74% vs 58%). Accuracies of CT and MR imaging were equivalent in depiction of transmural extent in colon cancers. CT and MR imaging exhibited accuracies of 62% and 64% in assessment of lymph node involvement with sensitivities of 48% and 22%, respectively. The accuracy of MR imaging and of CT (85% fo...
Fluorination of a bicyclic ketolactam with sulfur tetrafluoride

Abstract 1-Azabicyclo[5.3.0]decane-5,10-dione has been prepared and fluorinated using sulfur tetrafluoride at different temperatures. Whereas the carbonyl ketone was fluorinated at room temperature, the amidic CN bond remained essentially untouched even at 160 °C for 24 h. The resulting difluorobicyclic lactam was reduced to the corresponding bicyclic tertiary amine which proved to be more stable than the hydrocarbon analog.
Age-related changes in androgen receptor levels in cranial nerve nuclei of male rats.

Abstract Sensory and motor events are important for mating, and several cranial nerve nuclei mediating these events contain androgen receptors (AR). Since mating behavior declines with age, we tested whether AR binding is decreased in cranial nerve nuclei of old male rats. Cytosol and cell nuclear androgen receptor (AR) binding was assessed in the cochlear, hypoglossal and facial nuclei in young (4 months) and old (20 months) male Fischer 344 rats. For comparison with other neural and non-neural tissue, AR binding in combined hypothalamus, preoptic area and amygdala (HPA), and muscle tissue from tongue and masseter were examined. Cytosol AR binding was significantly decreased in all three cranial nerve nuclei of old males. No age-related changes were observed in HPA or muscle. Cell nuclear AR binding was unaffected by ergs in all of the tissues analyzed. Neuron n umbers in motor nuclei of the hypoglossal, facial and trigeminal nerves were compared between young and old rats. A significant decrease in neuron number was found only in the hypoglossal nucleus of old rats, indicating that neuronal loss is not a factor in the reduction of AR's in cranial nerve nuclei. It is suggested that the bas of AR's in cranial nerve nuclei of old rats contributes to the decline in male copulatory behavior by reducing responsiveness to sensory end motor cues.
The scrotal approach

This paper presents results from a case record review of the transcrotal approach to undescended testes, hydrocoecle, and hernia in 457 children at the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital between 1984 and 1991. Our results show that orchidopexy for the palpable undescended testis and routine inguinal herniotomy in children can be safely performed through a single high scrotal incision. This approach involves much less dissection. Healing is excellent and complications are minimal. The procedure lends itself to the day-case child.
Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis of the mineral content of corn bran treated in vitro and by passage through the pig Gastrointestinal tract

Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was tested as a method for examining the mineral contents of corn bran loaded in vitro or passed through the GI tract of pigs. Particles of dry-milled corn pericarp treated in vitro or retrieved from the stomach, ileum, and colon of killed pigs were prepared as microtomed bulk specimens directly embedded in resin. Because of heterogeneity caused by differences in substrate cell density and mineral content, X-ray count averages for a number of different specimens had a coefficient of variation ⩾0.24.