cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A practical approach to automating petrochemical facility VAr control

Large customer-owned synchronous motors are often relied upon to provide reactive power for plant loads. Normally, these motors are operated with a constant setpoint of either terminal voltage or power factor. Dynamic control of these machines is usually not addressed in the plant power system, which often results in a less than optimum setpoint for the following: 1) dispatch of VAr from the synchronous machines; 2) transformer automatic load tap changer setpoints; and 3) utility interface power factor. This paper addresses the practical application of a control system utilizing a programmable logic controller (PLC) for automatic petrochemical facility VAr control. The controller uses input data from synchronous motors and utility interface power system parameters, and provides reactive power setpoints to the online synchronous motors. This will allow optimal utilization of available VAr capacity, whilst at the same time ensuring that plant bus voltages remain within allowable tolerances.
A 54-year-old man with obstructive sleep apnea.

DR BURNS: Mr J is a 54-year-old man with a history of sleep apnea. He lives in a suburb of Boston with his wife and 2 children, owns a small company, and has managed care insurance. In 1995, Mr J’s wife noted that he stopped breathing at night. Mr J also recalled that he awoke, on occasion, in the middle of the night with palpitations. He mentioned this to his primary care physician, Dr M, who referred him for a sleep study. The study revealed 206 obstructive events, giving an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of 36 per hour. He had oxygen desaturation to a nadir of 74%. Based on these results, his pulmonologist recommended that Mr J proceed with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration. The results of his CPAP study showed that 5 to 6 cm of water pressure eliminated the obstructive events and oxygen desaturation. Mr J seemed to have some difficulty falling asleep with the mask, but overall it appeared to be well tolerated during both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. With the nasal CPAP, Mr J’s palpitations ceased, but after about a year he discontinued the nasal CPAP because it interfered with his ability to fall asleep and with his sex life. A trial of clonazepam, 0.25 mg, about a half hour before sleep did not improve his ability to sleep with the CPAP. When he pursued the use of an oral device, Mr J was told that the most effective agent for treatment of sleep apnea was nasal CPAP, but he did not resume its use. Currently, Mr J states that he feels well. He falls asleep without difficulty and is able to sleep about 8 hours per night. He does not experience shortness of breath and he does not perceive any difficulties with his sleep patterns or daytime sleepiness. Mr J has a medical history of coronary artery disease (with stent placement), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diverticulitis, recurrent sinusitis, and L5-S1 radiculopathy. Because of his history of coronary artery disease and hypertension, Dr M strongly encouraged Mr J to use his nasal CPAP. Mr J stated that he could not tolerate CPAP, but he did lose 20 lb and now weighs 205 lb (his body mass index [BMI] is now 28.6). Mr J’s current medications include aspirin, atenolol, atorvastatin, gabapentin, and ibuprofen. He does not smoke and rarely drinks. Dr M and Mr J wonder whether Mr J still has sleep apnea and what evaluation and treatment they should consider at this time.
Auditory measures in clinically depressed individuals. I. Basic measures and transient otoacoustic emissions

This is the first paper in a series of two papers addressing possible differences in auditory function between individuals with and without clinical depression. Clinical depression is a common yet serious medical condition diagnosed based on the patient's symptoms. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed if the symptoms are determined to be consistent with low serotonin levels. Three groups of individuals were tested: the control group consisted of subjects with no depression; the medicated group consisted of subjects with depression who were on SSRIs for at least a month: the unmedicated group consisted of subjects with depression who were unmedicated for at least a month. The results indicated no significant differences between the groups in pure-tone threshold, uncomfortable loudness levels, dynamic range of hearing, and acoustic reflex thresholds However, the unmedicated group exhibited higher amplitudes of transient otoacoustic emissions compared to the control group, especially in the right ear.
On Explanatory Practice and Disciplinary Identity

: This essay explores connections between explanatory discourse and disciplinary identity. While explanation is frequently assumed to be one of the central aims of the sciences, I contend that if we want to appreciate explanation's role within scientific practice, we need to look elsewhere. Explanations encode the aims and values of particular scientific communities, telling practitioners what they should want to know about the world and how they should reason to get there. By inculcating patterns of reasoning consistent with these aims and values, explanatory discourse is crucial for the formation of cohesive scientific disciplines. Yet because such discourse is frequently grounded in exemplars, the implicit nature of exemplar-based training must be confronted. I argue that exemplars are an appropriate vehicle for communicating skill-based knowledge and methodological norms and, additionally, that exemplars are a practical means of grappling with the indeterminacy of theory application.
ATTACHED LEAVES, INFLORESCENCES, AND FRUITS OF FAGOPSIS, AN EXTINCT GENUS OF FAGACEOUS AFFINITY FROM THE OLIGOCENE FLORISSANT FLORA OF COLORADO, U.S.A.

Speeimens showing staminate and pistillate infloreseenees attaehed to branehes bearing Fagopsis longifolia (Lesq.) Holliek foliage, from the Oligoeene Florissant flora of Colorado, permit a relatively eomplete eharaeterization of the extinet Fagopsis plant. The alternately arranged simple leaves have pinnate eraspedodromous venation and prominent simple teeth. Staminate infloreseenees are globose on a stout pedunele and eontain anthers with trieolporate pollen. Pistillate infloreseenees are ovoid heads with eompaet, helieally arranged three-flower units and are interpreted to have three styles per flower. The infrueteseenee eonsists of small wedgeshaped eupules, eaeh eontaining three tiny fruits, and subtended by a persistent bract. The eupules unravel from the swollen pedunele at maturity and are often dispersed as strings of adhering fruit-wedges whieh frequently take on a regular, more or less eireular appearanee. Fagopsis is unlike any living genus but has eharaeters whieh support a relationship to the Fagaceae. Unlike extant members of the family, which typically have fruits adapted for animal dispersal, Fagopsis is less obviously specialized and perhaps adapted for wind dispersal. The striking differences in fruiting structures between Fagopsis and extant Fagaeeae parallel the differenees between the extant genera Platyearya and Juglans in the Juglandaeeae, and Alnus and Corylus in the Betulaeeae. THE FOSSIL RECORD of flowering plants typically comprises dispersed, isolated plant organs. Occasionally, several of these fragments may be
Pastoral dimensions in death education research.

During the 1975–1976 school year a project to survey the attitudes of high school students regarding death and dying was initiated in Illinois. As the data were reviewed, implications for religious leaders became apparent. This manuscript summarizes the pertinent findings and introduces some practical considerations for church workers. Their involvement in existing death education programs is encouraged, and suggestions are made regarding ways for stimulating additional attitudinal exploration within their own congregations. The religious professional is urged to meet these challenges creatively and sensitively.
Unusual Metal Ion Catalysis in an Acyl-Transferase Ribozyme†

Most studies of the roles of catalytic metal ions in ribozymes have focused on inner-sphere coordination of the divalent metal ions to the substrate or ribozyme. However, divalent metal ions are strongly hydrated in water, and some proteinenzymes, such as Escherichia coli RNase H and exonuclease III, are known to use metal cofactors in their fully hydrated form [Duffy, T. H., and Nowak, T. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 1152−1160; Jou, R., and Cowan, J. A. (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 6685−6686]. It is therefore important to consider the possibility of outer-sphere coordination of catalytic metal ions in ribozymes. We have used an exchange−inert metal complex, cobalt hexaammine, to show that the catalytic metal ion in an acyl-transferase ribozyme acts through outer-sphere coordination. Our studies provide an example of a fully hydrated Mg2+ ion that plays an essential role in ribozyme catalysis. Kinetic studies of wild-type and mutant ribozymes suggest that a pair of tandem G:U wobble base pairs adjacent to the...
From Force Fields to Dynamics: Classical and Quantal Paths

Reaction path methods provide a powerful tool for bridging the gap between electronic structure and chemical dynamics. Classical mechanical reaction paths may usually be understood in terms of the force field in the vicinity of a minimum energy path (MEP). When there is a significant component of hydrogenic motion along the MEP and a barrier much higher than the average energy of reactants, quantal tunneling paths must be considered, and these tend to be located on the corner-cutting side of the MEP. As the curvature of the MEP in mass-scaled coordinates is increased, the quantal reaction paths may deviate considerably from the classical ones, and the force field must be mapped out over a wider region, called the reaction swath. The required force fields may be represented by global or semiglobal analytic functions, or the dynamics may be computed "directly" from the electronic structure results without the intermediacy of potential energy functions. Applications to atom and diatom reactions in the gas phase and at gas-solid interfaces and to reactions of polyatomic molecules in the gas phase, in clusters, and in aqueous solution are discussed as examples
Corn Harvest Strategies for Combined Starch and Cellulosic Bioprocessing to Ethanol

Conventional harvest and ethanol conversion strategies for corn (Zea mays L.) grain and corn stover involve multiple trips across the field and separate bioprocessing of the grain and stover. The objective of this study was to compare bioethanol yield between a traditional source separated corn harvest coupled with conventional separate starch and cellulosic bioprocessing streams, and novel whole-plant harvest strategies coupled with a whole-plant (starch plus cellulosic) bioprocessing platform. Composition analysis showed immature cut whole-plant fractions whether fresh processed (ImF) or ensiled (ImS), and mature cut whole-plant fraction (MWP) had higher glucan (56.0 ± 8.0% kg kg -1 dry biomass), lower xylan (13.3 ± 2.7%), arabinan (2.9 ± 0.6%) and acid-insoluble lignin (11.8 ± 2.6%) contents than mature cut source separated fractions of stover (MSep-S) and cob (MSep-C). Averaged across locations MWP corn had significantly higher bioethanol yield on a land area basis (6446 ± 974 L ha -1 ) than the other harvest strategies. There was no difference in ethanol yield on a land area basis between ImF (5679 ± 1046 L ha -1 ) or ImS (5294 ± 1052 L ha -1 ) indicating that conventional ensiling is a viable feedstock storage method for bioethanol production in future biorefineries. The results suggest that whole-plant corn harvesting coupled with whole-plant bioconversion to ethanol is a viable alternative to the convention of separate grain and stover harvesting and bioprocessing.
The nesC language: a holistic approach to networked embedded systems

We present nesC, a programming language for networked embedded systems that represent a new design space for application developers. An example of a networked embedded system is a sensor network, which consists of (potentially) thousands of tiny, low-power "motes," each of which execute concurrent, reactive programs that must operate with severe memory and power constraints.nesC's contribution is to support the special needs of this domain by exposing a programming model that incorporates event-driven execution, a flexible concurrency model, and component-oriented application design. Restrictions on the programming model allow the nesC compiler to perform whole-program analyses, including data-race detection (which improves reliability) and aggressive function inlining (which reduces resource consumption).nesC has been used to implement TinyOS, a small operating system for sensor networks, as well as several significant sensor applications. nesC and TinyOS have been adopted by a large number of sensor network research groups, and our experience and evaluation of the language shows that it is effective at supporting the complex, concurrent programming style demanded by this new class of deeply networked systems.
Forward and inverse functional variations in elastic scattering

This paper considers the response of various types of elastic collision cross sections to functional variations in the intermolecular potential. The following cross sections are considered differential, total, effective diffusion, and effective viscosity. A very simple expression results for the diffusion and viscosity cross sections at high energy relating the variations to the classical deflection function. Attention is first given to the forward sensitivity densities δσ(E)/δV(R) [i.e., the functional derivative of cross sections σ(E) with respect to the potential surface V(R)]. In addition inverse sensitivity densities δV(R)/δσ(E) are obtained. These inverse sensitivity densities are of interest since they are the exact solution to the infinitesimal inverse scattering problem. Although the inverse densities do not in themselves form an inversion algorithm, they do give a quantitative measure of the importance of performing particular measurements for the ultimate purpose of inversion. In addition, the ...
Control as an Organizational Process

The research reported is an attempt to discover to what extent the theory of self-regulating systems applies to human organizations in general and to one industrial plant in particular. Feedbacks of information on performance and objectives were found to have much influence on two types of executive decision processes: programming of routine work and innovation in the organization of executive functions. The control pattern included multiple, decentralized control loops. This combination worked adequately in an area---safety---where the results of decisions could not be forecasted with any accuracy.
catena-Poly[[aquabis[N-(pyridin-3-yl)isonicotinamide-κN (1)]copper(II)]-μ-fumarato-κ(2) O (1):O (4)].

In the title compound, [Cu(C4H2O4)(C11H9N3O)2(H2O)]n, CuII ions on crystallographic twofold rotation axes are coordinated in a square pyramidal environment by two trans O atoms belonging to two monodentate fumarate anions, two trans isonicotinamide pyridyl N-donor atoms from monodentate, pendant 3-pyridyl­isonicotinamide (3-pina) ligands, and one apical aqua ligand, also sited on the crystallographic twofold rotation axis. The exobidentate fumarate ligands form [Cu(fumar­ate)(3-pina)2(H2O)]n coordination polymer chains that are arranged parallel to [001]. In the crystal, these polymeric chains are anchored into supra­molecular layers parallel to (100) by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between aqua ligands and unligating fumarate O atoms, and N—H⋯O(=C) hydrogen bonds between 3-pina ligands. In turn, the layers aggregate by weak C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, affording a three-dimensional network.
Multiple fault analysis of delta-star transformer banks

The paper briefly describes the recent method advocated by J.C. Neupauer in America for dealing with the simultaneous application of single-line-to-earth faults on opposite sides of a delta-star transformer bank, and proceeds to compare this method with matrix methods of attack based on the work of Kron. The comparison of the two methods of approach demonstrates the inherent advantages possessed by the matrix treatment.The classical method of solution involves a large amount of nonstandard computation, and necessitates the employment of technical staff throughout. On the other hand, a swift formulation of the problem in matrix terms permits the mechanical solution to be performed by automatic means, or alternatively, by clerical staff.Neupauer's method cannot be readily extended to the study of simultaneous dissymmetries other than earth faults; the application of matrix techniques, however, causes no further complication in principle, and conciseness is retained.This versatility is illustrated by applying the matrix methods to the case of the simultaneous application of an earth fault and a double-line-to-earth fault on opposite sides of the transformer bank.
Impairment of Select Forms of Spatial Memory and Neurotrophin-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity by Deletion of Glial Aquaporin-4

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the major water channel in the CNS and is primarily expressed in astrocytes. Little is known about the potential for AQP4 to influence synaptic plasticity, although many studies have shown that it regulates the response of the CNS to injury. Therefore, we evaluated long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in AQP4 knock-out (KO) and wild-type mice. KO mice exhibited a selective defect in LTP and LTD without a change in basal transmission or short-term plasticity. Interestingly, the impairment in LTP in KO mice was specific for the type of LTP that depends on the neurotrophin BDNF, which is induced by stimulation at theta rhythm [theta-burst stimulation (TBS)-LTP], but there was no impairment in a form of LTP that is BDNF independent, induced by high-frequency stimulation. LTD was also impaired in KO mice, which was rescued by a scavenger of BDNF or blockade of Trk receptors. TrkB receptors, which mediate effects of BDNF on TBS-LTP, were not altered in KO mice, but p75NTR, the receptor that binds all neurotrophins and has been implicated in some types of LTD, was decreased. The KO mice also exhibited a cognitive defect, which suggests a new role for AQP4 and astrocytes in normal cognitive function. This defect was evident using a test for location-specific object memory but not Morris water maze or contextual fear conditioning. The results suggest that AQP4 channels in astrocytes play an unanticipated role in neurotrophin-dependent plasticity and influence behavior.
The role of peptides in feeding

Abstract Morley, Gosnell and Levine discuss the variety of peptides that have been demonstrated to play a role in the modulation of food intake. In particular, the endogenousopioid peptide, dynorphin, represents one of the major neurotransmitters involved in the initiation of feeding. Corticotropin releasing factor is important in the pathogenesis of stress-induced anorexia and may have an etiological role in anorexia nervosa. Calcitonin gene related peptide is also a potent central satiety factor. A number of gastrointestinal peptides including cholecystokinin, bombesin, glucagon, and somatostatin have been shown to provide important input as satiety signals from the gut. The integrative action of many of the neurotransmitters involved in appetite regulation can be conceived as a satiety cascade similar to the classical cascade systems regulating blood clotting and complement fixation. But the authors stress that our increased knowledge of satiety mechanisms has not simplified concepts of pharmacological appetite suppressants.
Unexpected pulmonary involvement in extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients.

Background This study aimed to assess the utility of sputum examinations and chest radiographs (CXRs) in patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (XPTB) to detect pulmonary involvement of tuberculosis (TB). Methods We studied 72 XPTB patients who were managed through the TB Program, King County, WA, from January 2003 through November 2004. Results The two most common sites of XPTB were the lymph nodes (36 [50%]) and pleura (12 [17%]). Thirty-five of 72 XPTB patients (49%) had abnormal CXR findings. Sputum was not obtained from 15 patients despite sputum induction. Of the 57 patients from whom sputum was collected, 30 (53%) had abnormal CXR findings, 5 (9%) had sputum smears that were positive for acid-fast bacilli, and 12 (21%) had sputum cultures that were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Weight loss was significantly associated with positive sputum culture findings in a multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 18.72; p=0.049). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of positive sputum culture results between patients with abnormal CXR findings and those with normal CXR findings (7 of 30 patients [23%] vs 5 of 27 patients [19%], respectively; p=0.656). Of 24 HIV-negative XPTB patients with normal CXR findings, 2 patients (8%) had positive sputum culture findings. Conclusions CXR results did not reliably differentiate XPTB patients with and without positive sputum culture findings. Some XPTB patients had positive sputum culture results despite normal CXR findings and negative HIV status. Weight loss in XPTB patients was associated with positive sputum culture results. Sputum examinations in XPTB patients, regardless of the CXR results, may identify potentially infectious cases of TB.
Comparisons of exercise dose and symptom severity between exercisers and nonexercisers in women during and after cancer treatment.

Context Although numerous studies of the efficacy of exercise are reported, few studies have evaluated changes in characteristics of exercise dose in women with cancer both during and after cancer treatment.
Magnetic Measurement of Plasma Confinement in a Partially Stabilized Linear Pinch

The current distribution in a discharge which compresses a longitudinal magnetic field originally set up in the tube by an external coil is described. The apparatus is described briefly. Contour plots of axial current density and magnetic field as a function of time are given. Also included are plots of magnetic fields as a function of radius at 2.5 μsec.
Counterattitudinal advocacy, ego‐involvement, and persuasive effect

(1976). Counterattitudinal advocacy, ego‐involvement, and persuasive effect. Western Speech Communication: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 236-248.
Never mind the paradigm, what about multiparadigm languages?

A source of great debate among educators is the choice of a programming language in the various computer science courses. In recent years the focus has shifted from features of various programming languages to arguments about the various paradigms that the languages embody. The approach suggested here is to expose students to all of the major paradigms, via the use of a multiparadigm language, as opposed to attempting to identify "the" correct paradigm. In this paper, we first describe the multiparadigm language Leda and its constituent paradigms. We then identify points in the curriculum at which to introduce a multiparadigm language, and some consequences of these choices.
Nature of the many-particle potential in the monatomic liquid state: Radial and angular structure

The atomic configurational order of random, symmetric, and crystalline states of sodium is investigated using molecular-dynamics simulations. Pair distribution functions are calculated for these states. Consistent with the liquid- and random-state energetics, we find that, by cooling, the liquid configurations evolve continuously to random-state structures. For sodium, the random pair distribution function has a split second peak characteristic of many amorphous materials and has the first subpeak exceeding the second subpeak. Experiments have shown this to be the case for amorphous Ni, Co, Cr, Fe, and Mn. A universal pair distribution function is identified for all random structures, as was hypothesized by liquid-dynamics theory. The peak widths of the random pair distribution function are considerably broader, even at very low temperatures, than those of the bcc and symmetric structures. No universal pair distribution function exists for symmetric structures. For low-temperature random, symmetric, and crystalline structures we determine average Voronoi coordination numbers, angular distributions between neighboring atomic triplets, and the number of Voronoi edges per face. Without exception the random and symmetric structures show very different trends for each of these properties. The universal nature of the random structures is also apparent in each property exhibited in the Voronoi polyhedra, unlikemore » for the symmetric structures. Angles between neighboring Voronoi triplets common to random close-packing structures are favored by the random structures whereas those hinting at microcrystalline order are found for the symmetric structures. The distribution of Voronoi coordination numbers for both random and symmetric structures are peaked at 14 neighbors, but while the symmetric structures are essentially all 14, the random structures have nearly as many 13 and 15 neighbor polyhedra. The number of edges per face also shows a stark difference between the random and symmetric structures; the number is broadly distributed about the peak value 5 for the random structures, but contains many more four- and six-edged faces (and very few five-edged faces) for the symmetric structures. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism incidence: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology.

Background The association between traditional cardiovascular risk factors and risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has not been extensively examined in prospective studies. Methods To determine whether atherosclerotic risk factors are also associated with increased incidence of VTE, we conducted a prospective study of 19 293 men and women without previous VTE in 6 US communities between 1987 and 1998. Results There were 215 validated VTE events (1.45 per 1000 person-years) during a median of 8 years of follow-up. The age-adjusted hazard ratio was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.9) for men vs women, 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2-2.2) for blacks vs whites, and 1.7 (95% CI, 1.5-2.0) per decade of age. Cigarette smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption were not associated with risk of VTE. Age-, race-, and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for body mass index categories (calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared) of less than 25, 25 to less than 30, 30 to less than 35, 35 to less than 40, and 40 or more were 1.0, 1.5, 2.2, 1.5, and 2.7, respectively (P Conclusions Our data showing no relationship of some arterial risk factors with VTE corroborate the view that the etiology of VTE differs from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In addition, the findings suggest a hypothesis that avoidance of obesity and diabetes or vigilance in prophylaxis in patients with those conditions may prevent some venous thromboses.
PLANTINGA'S PROPER FUNCTIONING ANALYSIS OF EPISTEMIC WARRANT

In recent articles and a forthcoming two-volume work, Alvin Plantinga formulates and defends a novel analysis of the concept of epistemic warrant.! He uses the term 'warrant' to designate the quality which, or quantity enough of which, is necessary and sufficient to make true belief knowledge. He argues that no other account of warrant (or justification) succeeds in being sufficient to fill this role. He holds that the primary difficulty with these views is their failure to incorporate as a necessary condition for warrant that one's cognitive equipment function properly in the production of beliefs. I will argue that there are good reasons for rejecting Plantinga's position as he intends it to be understood. My argument can be stated as a dilemma: (1) If the concept of proper functioning is analyzed in terms of an actual designing process or agent,2 then Plantinga's account is subject to at least one of two types of counterexamples which show that proper functioning is not necessary for warrant. (2) If the concept of proper functioning is not analyzed in terms of an actual designing process or agent, then Plantinga's account either offers no clear advantage over reliabilism, or it is not clearly distinguishable from reliabilism. Hence, (3) Either Plantinga's account is subject to counterexample, or it is not a satisfactory and distinctive alternative to reliabilism. I will now explain and defend (1) and (2).
Effector and regulatory B cells: modulators of CD4 + T cell immunity

B cells are essential for humoral immunity, but the role that they have in regulating CD4(+) T cell responses remains controversial. However, new data showing that the transient depletion of B cells potently influences the induction, maintenance and reactivation of CD4(+) T cells, with the recent identification of antibody-independent functions of B cells, have reinvigorated interest in the many roles of B cells in both infectious and autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we discuss recent data showing how effector and regulatory B cells modulate CD4(+) T cell responses to pathogens and autoantigens.
Chemical explanation and physical dynamics: Two research schools at the First Solvay chemistry conferences, 1922–1928

Summary The convening of the first three Solvay Chemistry Conferences in Brussels from 1922–1928 marked an important turning point for the discipline of chemistry. Whereas much of nineteenth-century chemical endeavour had focused on compositional and functional analysis of chemical compounds, many leaders in chemistry were turning to questions of molecular dynamics by the early twentieth century. Two competing schools of chemical dynamics, which were represented at the Solvay Conferences, were a predominantly English group (Lowry, Lapworth, Robinson, Ingold) who worked out electron and ionic interpretations of organic reaction mechanisms, and a French group (Perrin, Job) who developed a generalized radiation hypothesis of reaction activation. While differences in conceptual and stylistic approach separated the two schools, they agreed on the need to apply contemporary physical theory to old chemical problems, and to develop a theoretical chemistry complementary to theoretical physics.
Hydro-meteorological variability in the greater Ganges -Brahmaputra-Meghna basins

The flows of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM) are highly seasonal, and heavily influenced by monsoon rainfall. As a result, these rivers swell to their banks and often overflow during the monsoon months. This is most pronounced in the downstream regions, particularly in Bangladesh, which is the lowest riparian country. The objective of this paper is to study this hydro-meteorological variability in the greater GBM regions, including the headwater regions in India and their role in streamflows in Bangladesh, and explore the large-scale oceanic factors affecting this hydro-meteorological variability. Global precipitation data, Bangladesh rainfall and streamflow records have been analysed and related to large-scale climate patterns, including upstream rainfall, regional atmospheric circulation and patterns of sea-surface temperature. The findings have quantified how the streamflows of these rivers in Bangladesh are highly correlated with the rainfall in the upper catchments with typically a lag of about 1 month. Therefore, streamflows in Bangladesh could be reasonably estimated for 1 to 3 months in advance (especially for the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers) by employing simple correlation, if rainfall data from countries further up are available on a real-time and continuous basis. In the absence of rainfall data, streamflow forecasts are still possible from unusually warm or cold sea-surface temperatures in the tropics. The study concludes that hydro-meteorological information flow between Bangladesh and other neighbouring countries is essential for developing a knowledge base for evaluating the potential implications of seasonal streamflow forecast in the GBM basins in Bangladesh. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Identification of 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose and anthranilic acid in cultures of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune.

Identification of 1-(o-Carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose and Anthranilic Acid in Cultures of the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune
Evolving strategies in treatment of isolated symptomatic innominate artery disease.

Purpose: To examine the evolving roles of endovascular and open approaches in treatment of symptomatic innominate artery (IA) disease. Methods: Patients treated for symptomatic IA lesions with or without involvement of the right common carotid and/or right subclavian arteries between 1997 and 2006 were identified. Charts and diagnostic studies were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Of 18 patients treated, 8 required open reconstruction. Ten patients with high-grade focal stenosis were stented. Immediate technical and clinical success was 100% among all patients. Mean follow-up time was 25 and 27 months for endovascular and open interventions, respectively. The primary patency rates were 78% ± 14 and 80% ± 10 for endovascular and open groups, respectively. Assisted primary patency rate was 100% for both groups. There were no peri-operative mortalities or neurological events. We encountered two systemic (pulmonary) complications and one access-related complication among open and endovascular patients, respectively. Conclusion: Endovascular repair is evolving as a primary mode of therapy for focal IA lesions while open approach is reserved for more extensive disease. Patho-anatomical characteristics of a given IA lesion along with peri-operative risk assessment determine a proper surgical approach.
Structure-Activity Relationships for Pyrethroids and DDT Analogs as Modifiers of [3H]Batrachotoxinin A 20α-Benzoate Binding to Mouse Brain Sodium Channels

Abstract A variety of pyrethroid insecticides and DDT analogs were surveyed to determine the effects of insecticide structure and stereochemistry on the modification of [3H]batrachotoxinin A-20-α-benzoate ([3H]BTX-B) binding to mouse brain voltage-sensitive sodium channels. For the α-cyano pyrethroids, the modification of specific [3H]BTX-B binding was qualitatively correlated with intrinsic mammalian toxicity. Whereas deltamethrin and the 2S stereoisomers of fenvalerate allosterically enhanced [3H]BTX-B binding, nontoxic isomers were either inhibitory or without effect. Similarly, DDT analogs and metabolites enhanced [3H]BTX-B binding in a manner that was correlated with mammalian toxicity. DDT, the most efficacious compound in this category, produced a greater degree of enhancement than other less toxic analogs and metabolites. In contrast, toxic noncyano pyrethroids either enhanced, inhibited, or had no effect on specific [3H]BTX-B binding in a manner that was not correlated with acute toxicity. Additional experiments were conducted to discern the mechanism of inhibition of specific [3H]BTX-B binding by certain pyrethroids. The α-R epimer of deltamethrin inhibited specific [3H]BTX-B binding with a plateau of inhibition at 40%. An equimolar mixture of deltamethrin and its α-R epimer produced only a marginal enhancement of [3H]BTX-B binding. Kinetic experiments were conducted to determine the effects of both an enhancer and an inhibitor of [3H]BTX-B binding on the rate of dissociation of the ligand-receptor complex. Deltamethrin decreased the rate of dissociation of the ligand-receptor complex by 28%, but the inhibitory enantiomer of deltamethrin increased the rate of dissociation by a factor of two. Whereas this assay system allows for the characterization of the binding of some pyrethroids to their recognition site on the sodium channel, the failure of certain toxic noncyano pyrethroids to enhance specific [3H]BTX-B binding represents a limitation in the use of this assay as a screen for intrinsic neurotoxicity.
Surface vibrational studies of organic molecule chemisorption on silicon

Abstract We discuss the most interesting results of an extensive research program on the chemisorption properties of organic molecules on semiconductor substrates. Specific systems discussed in detail are benzene, pyridine and thiophene on cleaved Si(111). In particular, we find that the chemisorption of benzene or pyridine on room-temperature substrates leads to the breaking of C-H bonds in the absorbed molecules and to the formation of Si-C bonds.
Effects of US-Presentation and CS-termination contingencies on avoidance extinction following partial and continuous reinforcement☆

Abstract The present study assessed the role of both the US-presentation (punishment) and CS-termination contingencies on the maintenance of the shuttlebox avoidance responding in gerbils following acquisition under either partial reinforcement (PR) or continuous reinforcement (AV). Following PR, a stronger relationship obtained between delay of CS termination CR frequency than was found between delay of punishment and extinction performance. Following AV training, however, delay of CS termination and delay of punishment were equally effective determinants of avoidance extinction. These results were interpreted in terms of both the enhanced efficacy of the CS-termination contingency, possibly due to its increased informational value, and the attenuation of punishment suppression in PR-trained Ss.
Simple Non-PM Fiber Based Beam Combination Architecture

Efficient combination of an array of lasers requires alignment of their polarization states. We demonstrate a simple architecture for polarization control by coherently combining eight passive non-PM fibers resulting in a PER of 19 dB.
Pathways to Motivate Reluctant Readers: Exploring Teachers’ Perception of Using Children’s Picture Books to Increase English Language Learners’ Reading Motivation

Reluctant reading, aliteracy, and readicide are issues that were recently developed as a result of the remarkable decline of learners’ reading motivation. One of the major causes of these vexing issues was the paucity of materials that could be implemented to increase learners’ reading motivation. To fill this gap, the current study explored teachers’ experiences of using children’s picture books to increase students’ reading motivation. Two English as a second language teachers from the fifth and sixth grades participated in this study. Classrooms were observed and both teachers were interviewed at the end of the fieldwork of this study. Findings from classroom observation notes indicated that teachers spent 462 minutes in delivering reading instructions, tasks, and activities. In the same vein, students spent 329 minutes in reading practices throughout the assigned reading sessions. Finally, both teachers affirmed an increasing interest of reading practices in the participating classrooms comparing to previous reading-periods.
Recumbent Exercise Bicycle for Low-Impact Rehabilitation of Obese Individuals

It is often difficult for persons who are extremely overweight to find exercise systems that are accessible and safe to use. Seating is required to handle heavier loads of up to 500 lbs. and provide safe access to the exercise unit. Additionally, the exercise should not cause additional pain or possible damage if the person needs to suddenly stop. A multidisciplinary team of undergraduate engineers participated in a training course to interview a non-technical customer to determine design requirements and then underwent a rigorous design process to implement the best solution. Mechanical analysis was performed to determine the best solution for the concept, materials, and resistance. An exercise machine with a rotating chair was selected as the best solution. The chair rotates 90 degrees so that the user can sit down without having to step onto the machine. Once the user sits, the chair can then rotate 90 degrees until the chair is in the exercise position; in either position the chair locks into position for stability. This particular concept uses a bicyle exercise. This exercise minimizes impact on the knees, which is a safety issue for patients with knee problems. A sitting position for this exercise eliminates the stability issue raised with a standing exercise, where there is worry of falling. This exercise is beneficial for cardiovascular exercise. Resistance is implemented using a magnet. Fluid resistance and fly-wheel resistance would create too much momentum which was not desired by the customer. Electrical analysis was performed to determine the best method to sense heart rate, speed, and computer interface. Wired handles were selected to monitor the heart rate. These are hand held and are much easier to use than a chest strap. An optical sensor was used to sense speed. It was placed near the center of the wheel and rotations were indicated by a tab to break the connection in the sensor. This method was selected over a Hall effect sensor because it is a much simpler sensing method that does not require an addition magnetic component that is not too accurate a low speeds. The computer interface was a Motorola HC12s since it had the necessary I/O interfaces and was low cost. A custom interface was created with seven segment displays to show the heart rate and time of exercise. The system was then developed, tested, and delivered to the customer for use. This project was supported by Grant No. 0607883 from the National Science Foundation.
Gender differences in presenting signs and symptoms of acute ischemic stroke: a population-based study.

Abstract Background There are few population-based data regarding gender differences in signs and symptoms of acute ischemic stroke, and previously reported data have been inconsistent and conflicting. Objective The goal of this study was to address the gender differences of the presenting signs and symptoms of acute ischemic stroke in a population-based study. Methods All patients with first ischemic stroke occurring between 1985 and 1989 were identified; subjects were residents of Rochester, Minnesota. Signs and symptoms were collected via review of comprehensive medical records. Differences were identified using the Pearson χ 2 test. Results A total of 449 cases of first ischemic stroke were identified; 268 (60%) were women. Symptoms at ischemic stroke presentation differed between men and women. Women more commonly presented with generalized weakness ( P = 0.005) and mental status change ( P = 0.0001). Men more commonly presented with paresthesia ( P = 0.003), ataxia ( P = 0.006), and double vision ( P = 0.005). Signs at ischemic stroke presentation differed between men and women. Men more commonly presented with nystagmus ( P = 0.002) on examination. Significant trends were that women more commonly presented with fatigue ( P = 0.02), disorientation ( P = 0.04), and fever ( P = 0.02), whereas men more commonly presented with sensory abnormalities ( P = 0.02). Conclusions There were gender differences in signs and symptoms at presentation of ischemic stroke in these study patients. In addition to selected focal symptoms, women more commonly presented with diffuse symptoms of generalized weakness, fatigue, disorientation, and mental status change.
Magnetic circular dichroism of molecules in dense media: Dimerization of benzoic acids

Abstract The purpose of this communication has been to show the application of MCD to dimerization of benzoic acid and its derivatives. We present results of the dimerization equilibrium constants from resolving the observed MCD spectra of the intramolecular charge transfer band (CT) into the spectra of monomers and dimers, and of the B -coefficients (or the magnetic rotational strengths) of the CT band of MCD of monomers and dimers.
Temperature and solvent effects upon the 5D35D4-transition of Tb3+ in POCl3:SnCl4

Abstract Excitation of Tb 3+ in POCl 3 :SnCl 4 with ultraviolet light gives rise to fluorescence emission arising from both the 5 D 3 and the 5 D 4 -states of Tb 3+ whose relative contribution is a function of both the composition of the solvent and the temperature at constant [Tb 3+ ]. The fluorescence lifetime of the light emitted via the transitions 5 D 3 → 7 F J (J = 0, 1, …, 6) increases at lower [POCl 3 ] [SnCl 4 ] -ratios and temperatures. The nonradiative process 5 D 3 → 5 D 4 is brought about via interactions between the excited Tb 3+ and POCl 3 molecules at very low [Tb 3+ ]. The activation energy barrier of the electronic excitation energy transfer from Tb 3+ to the solvent is 3.4 kcal/mole at [POCl 3 ] [SnCl 4 ] = 12.5 and increases slightly at higher ratios, to a maximum of 4.15 kcal/mole at [ POCl 3 ]/ [ SnCl 4 ] = 55.5.
Initial training in professional psychology: The practicum competencies outline.

The practicum is the first practice-based step toward independent professional competence in psychology. As the practicum becomes a focus of interest in psychology education, there is a strong need to identify the domains and levels of competence that should be the focus of practicum training. To address this need, the current report introduces the Practicum Competencies Outline, a summary of competency domains and expected levels of competence that may be attained during practicum. The relationship between the Outline and other recent work on competencies in psychology is discussed, and its potential uses in education and training are reviewed.
Temporal profile of ischemic tissue damage, neutrophil response, and vascular plugging following permanent and transient (2H) middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat

We investigated the temporal profile of ischemic tissue damage, neutrophil response, and vascular occlusion after permanent and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by advancing a nylon monofilament to occlude middle cerebral artery (MCA). Two groups of rats were investigated: (1) those with permanent MCA occlusion (n = 29), and (2) and those having the arterial occlusion released after 2 h (n = 34). Experiments were terminated at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h after the onset of ischemia, and brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological evaluation. Initially, the cortical lesion was smaller in rats subjected to transient MCA occlusion than in rats subjected to permanent MCA occlusion (p < 0.02). The surface area of the lesion was identical in both groups at 48 h after the onset of ischemia. Neutrophil infiltration into tissue and the time of peak neutrophil infiltration occurred earlier after transient MCA occlusion than after permanent MCA occlusion (6 h, 48 h in transient; 12 h, 72 h in permanent). Within the lesions, the number of occluded vessels was significantly lower in the transient ischemia group than in the permanent ischemia group during the time interval between 12-48 h (p < 0.01). Our data suggest that the temporal evolution of the lesion, the pattern of neutrophil infiltration and the chronology of microvascular occlusion differs depending on whether the MCA occlusion is transient (2 h) or permanent; however, significant differences in the size of the brain lesion disappeared 48 h after onset of ischemia.