cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anabolic skeletal therapy for osteoporosis

Antiresorptive agents for osteoporosis are a cornerstone of therapy, but anabolic drugs have recently widened our therapeutic options. By directly stimulating bone formation, anabolic agents reduce fracture incidence by improving bone qualities besides increasing bone mass. In this article, we review the role of anabolic treatment for osteoporosis. The only anabolic agent currently approved in the United States for osteoporosis, teriparatide [recombinant human parathyroid hormone(1-34)], has clearly emerged as a major approach to selected patients with osteoporosis. Teriparatide increases bone density and bone turnover, improves microarchitecture, and changes bone size. The incidence of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures is reduced. Teriparatide is approved for both postmenopausal women and men with osteoporosis who are at high risk for fracture. Other potential anabolic therapies for osteoporosis, including other forms of parathyroid hormone, strontium ranelate, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1, are also reviewed in this article.
Determining Future Cotton Variety Fiber Quality Objectives

Much of the fiber property variability exhibited by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at the textile mill has genetic origins. Therefore, due to the time and expense required to genetically improve fiber quality, it is important that breeders have clearly defined fiber property breeding objectives. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence that sixteen fiber properties have on open-end and ring spinning yarn tenacity based on a miniature test. Two plantings of nineteen varieties with two rep lications each were made in both Mississippi and South Carolina in 1986. The varieties represented a broad range of types grown across the country. Yarn tenacities of 42 tex ( 14 Ne) and 27 tex (22 N e) open-end and 30 tex (20 Ne) and 12 tex (50 Ne) ring miniature spinning were determined for the 152 samples. In general, variety effects were large for all fiber properties, and the variety by environmental interaction was nonsignificant. Therefore, correlations of the varietys' average fiber properties with y...
Synthesis of fatty acid esters of short-chain alcoh an acyltransferase in rat liver microsomes

Abstract Ethyl esters of fatty acids have been identified as the product formed when rat liver microsomes were incubated in the presence of ethanol, radioactive fatty acids, CoA, ATP, and Mg2+ . Ag+ thin-layer chromatography and preparative gas-liquid chromatography were used to identify the product. The biosynthesis of ethyl esters was optimal at a pH near 8. Other primary short-chain alcohols were also esterified and the Km for the alcohol decreased with increasing chain length from methanol to hexanol.
Sucrose-dependent increase in oligosaccharide production and associated glycosidase activities in the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)

Osmotic stress due to high sucrose concentration was imposed on the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), in an artificial diet situation. Thin layer chromatography resolved melezitose and six additional honeydew oligosaccharides. Significantly higher levels of these oligosaccharides were recovered from the honeydew of this species in response to feeding on increased dietary sucrose concentrations, pointing to an osmoregulatory response. In addition, carbohydrase activities from the potato aphid were described. A degree of specificity toward hydrolysis of the sucrose substrate over other α-glucosyl sugars was demonstrated. Also, sucrose was optimal for the formation of the oligosaccharides. A strong α-galactosidase activity was found and transgalactosylation ability was indicated. These major trends in carbohydrase activity were also found in the foxglove aphid, Acyrthosiphon solani (Kaltenbach), and the oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Fonscolombe.
In vitro evaluation of the release of albuterol sulfate from polymer gels: effect of fatty acids on drug transport across biological membranes.

ABSTRACTIn this investigation, the diffusion of the beta2 agonist albuterol sulfate (ABS) across several membranes (cellulose, hairless mouse skin, human cadaver skin) from polymer gels was studied, and the effects of several fatty acids on drug permeation through skin were evaluated. The results were then used to predict whether transdermal delivery would be appropriate for ABS. All in vitro release studies were carried out at 37°C using modified Franz diffusion cells. In preliminary studies, ABS release through cellulose membranes was studied from two polymeric gels, Klucel® (hydroxypropylcellulose) and Methocel® (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose). Three polymer concentrations were used for each gel (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%). From these experiments, Klucel 0.5% was selected as the optimal formulation to study ABS diffusion across hairless mouse skin. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of capric acid, lauric acid, and myristic acid as penetration enhancers. The results suggested that lauric acid...
An automatic method to generate domain-specific investigator networks using PubMed abstracts

Collaboration among investigators has become critical to scientific research. This includes ad hoc collaboration established through personal contacts as well as formal consortia established by funding agencies. Continued growth in online resources for scientific research and communication has promoted the development of highly networked research communities. Extending these networks globally requires identifying additional investigators in a given domain, profiling their research interests, and collecting current contact information. We present a novel strategy for building investigator networks dynamically and producing detailed investigator profiles using data available in PubMed abstracts. We developed a novel strategy to obtain detailed investigator information by automatically parsing the affiliation string in PubMed records. We illustrated the results by using a published literature database in human genome epidemiology (HuGE Pub Lit) as a test case. Our parsing strategy extracted country information from 92.1% of the affiliation strings in a random sample of PubMed records and in 97.0% of HuGE records, with accuracies of 94.0% and 91.0%, respectively. Institution information was parsed from 91.3% of the general PubMed records (accuracy 86.8%) and from 94.2% of HuGE PubMed records (accuracy 87.0). We demonstrated the application of our approach to dynamic creation of investigator networks by creating a prototype information system containing a large database of PubMed abstracts relevant to human genome epidemiology (HuGE Pub Lit), indexed using PubMed medical subject headings converted to Unified Medical Language System concepts. Our method was able to identify 70–90% of the investigators/collaborators in three different human genetics fields; it also successfully identified 9 of 10 genetics investigators within the PREBIC network, an existing preterm birth research network. We successfully created a web-based prototype capable of creating domain-specific investigator networks based on an application that accurately generates detailed investigator profiles from PubMed abstracts combined with robust standard vocabularies. This approach could be used for other biomedical fields to efficiently establish domain-specific investigator networks.
Gracilaria abbottiana sp. nov. (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales): a second intertidal species of Gracilaria from the island of Oahu, Hawaii

Abstract A new erect, compressed species of Gracilaria (G. abbottiana sp. nov.) is described from the island of Oahu Hawaii. It is the first compressed, and the second truly intertidal, species of the genus to be reported from that Island. In some respects the new species resembles three other compressed, generally nonproliferous species (G. Incurvata Okamura, G. textorii (Sur.) J. Ag. and G. sublittoralis Yamada et Segawa) from the Pacific, and differs from them primarily by its smaller habit, morphology, anatomy or habitat.
Change in Natural History of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy With Long-term Corticosteroid Treatment: Implications for Management:

In 2005, the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society published a practice parameter, based primarily on studies that involved 6 to 18 months of treatment, indicating that prednisone has a beneficial effect on muscle strength and function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and recommended that corticosteroids be offered (prednisone 0.75 mg/kg/d and deflazacort 0.9 mg/kg/d) as treatment. Recent reports emphasize that longer term treatment with corticosteroids (greater than 3 years) produces important sustained benefits in neuromuscular function without causing major side effects. This review highlights these reports and indicates that long-term corticosteroid therapy (1) prolongs ambulation by 2 to 5 years, (2) reduces the need for spinal stabilization surgery, (3) improves cardiopulmonary function, (4) delays the need for noninvasive nasal ventilation, and (5) increases survival and the quality of life of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Educational, vocational, and other social counseling is now a vital part of management for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
A Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme for Minimum Cost Delay-Constrained Multicast Tree under a Steiner Topology

This paper is concerned with a restricted version of minimum cost delay-constrained multicast in a network where each link has a delay and a cost. Given a source vertex $s$ and $p$ destination vertices $t_1, t_2, \ldots, t_p$ together with $p$ corresponding nonnegative delay constraints $d_1, d_2, \ldots, d_p$, many QoS multicast problems seek a minimum cost multicast tree in which the delay along the unique $s$--$t_i$ path is no more than $d_i$ for $1 \le i \le p$. This problem is NP-hard even when the topology of the multicast tree is fixed. In this paper we show that every multicast tree has an underlying Steiner topology and that every minimum cost delay-constrained multicast tree corresponds to a minimum cost delay-constrained realization of a corresponding Steiner topology. We present a fully polynomial time approximation scheme for computing a minimum cost delay-constrained multicast tree under a Steiner topology. We also present computational results of a preliminary implementation to illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm and discuss its applications.
Navier-Stokes calculations of rotor-airframe interaction in forward flight

A method for analyzing the mutual aerodynamic interaction between a rotor and an airframe model has been developed. This technique models the rotor implicitly through the source terms of the momentum equations. A three-dimensional, incompressible, laminar, Navier-Stokes solver in cylindrical coordinates was developed for analyzing the rotor-airframe problem. The calculations are performed on a simplified rotor-airframe model at an advance ratio of 0.1. The airframe surface pressure predictions are found to be in good agreement with wind tunnel test data. Results are also presented for velocity and pressure field distributions in the wake of the rotor.
Genetic Targeting of the Active Transcription Factor XBP1s to Dendritic Cells Potentiates Vaccine-induced Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antitumor Immunity

In vivo dendritic cells (DC) targeting is an attractive approach with potential advantages in vaccine efficacy, cost, and availability. Identification of molecular adjuvants to in vivo “modulate ” DC to coordinately render improved Th1 and CD8 T cell immunity, and attenuated deleterious Treg effects, is a critical challenge. Here, we report that in vivo genetic targeting of the active transcription factor XBP1s to DC (XBP1s/DC) potentiated vaccine-induced prophylactic and therapeutic antitumor immunity in multiple tumor models. This immunization strategy is based on a genetic vaccine encoding both cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven vaccine Aghsp70 and DC-specific CD11c-driven XBP1s. The novel targeted vaccine induced durable Th1 and CD8 T cell responses to poorly immunogenic self/tumor antigen (Ag) and attenuated tumor-associated Treg suppressive function. Bone marrow (BM)-derived DC genetically modified to simultaneously overexpress XBP1s and express Aghsp70 upregulated CD40, CD70, CD86, interleukin (IL)-15, IL-15Rα, and CCR7 expression, and increased IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in vitro. XBP1s/DC elevated functional DEC205+CD8α+DC in the draining lymph nodes (DLN). The data suggest a novel role for XBP1s in modulating DC to potentiate tumor vaccine efficacy via overcoming two major obstacles to tumor vaccines (i.e., T cell hyporesponsiveness against poorly immunologic self/tumor Ag and tumor-associated Treg-mediated suppression) and improving DEC205+CD8α+DC.
Education for Civil Society: Evolutionary Guidance and the Democratic Ideal

This article honors Bela H. Banathy's work in social systems design and acknowledges his intellectual, professional, and humanitarian gifts to the system sciences community. The author examines Banathy's epistemology of conscious self-guided evolution and how it has influenced the author's thinking and research in design of educational systems, and in particular the study of education's role as an evolutionary guidance system for civil society. Specifically, the author examines Banathy's notions of evolutionary guidance systems (EGSs) and the design inquiry process. Design conversation is elaborated as a communication method for systems design and as a medium for communicative democracy. The concepts of civil society and democracy are examined in depth, providing an etymological analysis of each as a foundation for civil society as an ideal image. Consideration is given to Banathy's ideas of democracy and the New Agoras as ethical systems for the pursuit of conscious evolution. The author presents his con...
Developing an ethics review process in a social service agency

Ethics review committees have become important mechanisms for ethical decision making in the field of health care and have begun to emerge in social work settings. This article reviews the health care experience and considers its implications for the development of processes for ethics reflection and decision making in social service agencies. The design of explicit models for ethics review in social work should contribute to the integrity of the profession and its accountability to the community.
Mirror star-tracing performance in HIV-1 infection: an assessment of visuoconstructive skills?

This study examines the visuoconstructive skills of HIV-1+ individuals using an alpha-adrenergic challenge, mirror star-tracing. Participants were HIV-1+ and HIV-1− non-drug injecting men and women involved in a study examining endocrine functioning in relation to HIV infection under challenge conditions. Performance on the star-tracing task was based on the amount of errors committed when outlining a double-lined star with a pencil while looking only at its reflection in a mirror. Chi-square analysis indicated that significantly more HIV-1+ participants were in the high error group on the mirror star-tracing task than HIV-1− participants. This finding provides a potential novel approach for examining visuoconstructive skills in HIV-1+ individuals and warrants further research to better understand the meaning of such findings. Preliminary data from mirror star-tracing performances of HIV-1− injecting drug users (IDUs) a trend toward significantly more HIV-1− IDUs in the high error group. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TACT Imaging of primary caries

Abstract Objective. Tuned-aperture computed tomography, a new method for creating 3-D radiographic information based on optical aperture theory, was evaluated for diagnostic efficacy in primary caries detection. Study design. Sixty-four extracted teeth with 89 carious lesions were imaged with D-speed film, direct digital, and TACT modalities. A commercially available, 8-bit, charge-coupled device was used in the later two modalities. Six trained observers were asked to identify the presence or absence and depth of interproximal and occlusal lesions for all three modalities. The teeth were sectioned and examined microscopically to determine ground truth. Logistic regression analysis was performed for all three imaging systems for the detection task. Analysis of variance was used for depth determination. Detection of lesion, depth of lesion accuracy, and time for diagnosis were also examined. Results. For caries detection TACT and film were not different (p = 0.2216) with the Wald statistic. Film and TACT were significantly more accurate than the digital system (p = 0.0001). Scheffe's post hoc test revealed that TACT and film were more accurate than the direct digital system for determining lesion depth (p = 0.05) but not statistically different when compared with each other. The detection data were substantiated further by receiver operating characteristic analysis that demonstrated similar statistical relationships. Time required per diagnosis was not shown to be statistically different among the three imaging modalities. Conclusions. We conclude for caries detection and depth determination that TACT could not be distinguished from film despite the significant relative loss of information capacity in the charge-coupled device receptor. The relatively poorer performance yielded by the digital control images suggests that increased information capacity associated with more modern charge-coupled device detectors may improve diagnostic performance for both direct digital and TACT displays over that demonstrated in this investigation.
An evaluation of the arcan specimen for determining the shear moduli of fiber-reinforced composites

Moire interferometry was used to examine the strain distributions in Arcan-type specimens under shear loading. The compact geometry allowed longitudinal and transverse shear behavior to be considered. The best results for longitudinal moduli were obtained with fibers running from notch to notch. As with the losipescu configuration, strain averaging or correction factors were required for modulus determination in all fiber orientations. None of the bending problems that have been encountered in the losipescu specimen were observed. Some twisting was noticed, but its extent (less than 2 percent) was much less than has been noted in shear testing with losipescu specimens.
The tenability of the CIA estimates of soviet economic growth: A comment☆

Abstract This paper comments on a previous article by Michael Boretsky, in which he suggests that the CIA estimates of Soviet GNP growth are substantially understated. I find that Boretsky misinterpreted some aspects of the CIA methodology and has used a testing procedure that is itself biased. Allowances for these factors suggest that the CIA estimates of Soviet GNP growth are generally accurate although the distribution of GNP among producing sectors and end uses may be off somewhat.
Fluorescence lifetime characterization of bacteria using total lifetime distribution analysis with the maximum entropy method

Total lifetime distribution analysis was employed to obtain fluorescence lifetime profiles of the intrinsic fluorescence ofPseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, andStaphylococcus epidermidis. The lifetimes were measured using a multiharmonic Fourier transform phase-modulation fluorometer which can simultaneously measure the phase shift and demodulation at many modulation frequencies. The 364-nm line from an argon-ion laser and the 325- and 442-nm lines from a helium-cadmium laser were used for sample excitation. Broad emission windows were used to capture as much of the bacterial emission as possible for the lifetime measurements. The maximum entropy method was used to recover lifetime profiles from the multifrequency phasemodulation data. At all three excitation wavelengths, the bacteria exhibited three lifetime components, in the ranges of 0.5-1, 2–3, and 4–8 ns. Using 325-nm excitation, a fourth component, in the range of 9–14 ns, was recovered in all of the bacteria; using 364-nm excitation, the fourth component was resolved only in the two Gram-negative bacteria (P. fluorescens andE. coli). Excitation at 364 nm provided the most reproducible lifetime profiles and showed some differences among the four bacteria.
Associative Memory In A Phase Conjugate Resonator Cavity Utilizing A Hologram

The principle of information retrieval by association has been suggested as a basis for parallel computing and as the process by which human memory functions.1 Various associative processors have been proposed that use electronic or optical means. Optical schemes,2-7 in particular, those based on holographic principles,3,6,7 are well suited to associative processing because of their high parallelism and information throughput. Previous workers8 demonstrated that holographically stored images can be recalled by using relatively complicated reference images but did not utilize nonlinear feedback to reduce the large cross talk that results when multiple objects are stored and a partial or distorted input is used for retrieval. These earlier approaches were limited in their ability to reconstruct the output object faithfully from a partial input.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bias in the validity of predicted college grades in four ethnic minority groups.

Measures of high school achievement and scholastic aptitude are often used to predict college freshman grades. Are these predictions biased for members of ethnic minorities? Majority freshmen in a large state university in one year were used to develop a regression equation for predicting first-semester grade point average from high school grade point average and College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test scores. This majority-based equation was used to make predictions in ethnic minority groups of Asian, Hispanic, black, and American Indian students in two successive freshman classes. If unbiased, the predictions would have been (1) at the correct level of achievement in each group, and (2) of equal accuracy in each group. Predictive bias in the form of small but significant over prediction did occur, except among American Indians. Possible bias in predictive accuracy was made difficult to detect because the prediction error variances were moderately high in all ethnic groups in both years. Total error varia...
An efficient and secure protocol for sensor network time synchronization

The emerging field of wireless sensor networks offers countless possibilities for achieving large scale monitoring in a distributed environment. These networks of resource constrained nodes require time synchronization for various distributed operations, but traditional protocols have significant overhead and rapidly deplete battery power. This paper addresses the challenges of sensor network engineering by proposing an efficient and secure time synchronization protocol named Tempest. The protocol reduces overhead and conserves power by using passive participation. It allows a node to infer the canonical time by simply overhearing the communication of its neighbors. It also authenticates protocol messages, and uses cross-layer control to manipulate counters in an encryption module to prevent attacks. Its implementation uses only minimal processing and negligible state, while an emphasis on reuse and modularity reduces code size. The protocol is implemented on embedded sensor node hardware, and is shown to substantially reduce overhead while maintaining the synchronization accuracy of recent related work. This reduction in overhead saves valuable energy, extending the lifetime of each sensor node and the lifetime of the sensor network itself.
Reversal of phencyclidine-induced prepulse inhibition deficits by clozapine in monkeys

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex is a measure of sensorimotor gating, which occurs across species and is deficient in severe neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. In monkeys, as in rodents, phencyclidine (PCP) induces schizophrenia-like deficits in PPI. In rodents, in general, typical antipsychotics (e.g. haloperidol) reverse PPI deficits induced by dopamine (DA) agonists (e.g. apomorphine), but not those induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists [e.g. phencyclidine (PCP)], whereas atypical antipsychotics (e.g. clozapine) reverse PPI deficits induced by DA agonists and NMDA antagonists. However, some discrepancies exist with some compounds and strains of rodents. This study investigated whether a typical (haloperidol, 0.035 mg/kg) and an atypical (clozapine, 2.5 mg/kg) antipsychotic could be distinguished in their ability to reverse PCP-induced deficits in PPI in eight monkeys (Cebus apella). First, haloperidol dose was determined by its ability to attenuate apomorphine-induced deficits in PPI. Then, haloperidol and clozapine were tested in eight monkeys with PCP-induced deficits of PPI. Experimental parameters were similar to standard human PPI procedures, with 115 dB white noise startle pulses, either alone or preceded by 120 ms with a prepulse 16 dB above the 70 dB background noise. Clozapine reversed PCP-induced PPI deficits. In contrast, haloperidol did not significantly attenuate PCP-induced PPI deficits even at doses that significantly attenuated apomorphine effects. In this primate model, clozapine was distinguishable from haloperidol by its ability to attenuate PCP-induced deficits in PPI. The results provide further evidence that PPI in nonhuman primates may provide an important animal model for the development of novel anti-schizophrenia medications.
External ventricular drainage following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage

External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is standard of care in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage-associated hydrocephalus (aSAH). However, there are no guidelines for EVD placement and management after aSAH. Optimal EVD insertion conditions, techniques to reduce the risk of EVD-associated infection and aneurysmal rebleeding, and methods of EVD removal are critical, yet incompletely answered management variables. The present literature consists primarily of small studies with heterogeneous populations and variable outcome measures, and suggests the following: EVDs may increase the risk of rebleeding; EVDs are increasingly placed by non-neurosurgeons with unclear results; intraparenchymal ICP monitors may be safely considered (with or without spinal drainage) in the setting of difficult EVD placement; the optimal timing and manner of EVD removal has yet to be defined; and the efficacy of prophylactic systemic antibiotics and antibiotic-coated EVDs needs further investigation. Nevertheless, there are no definitive practice guidelines for EVD placement and management techniques in aSAH patients. Large prospective randomised trials are needed to definitively address important gaps in our understanding of EVD management principles in the neurocritical care setting.
The Research Center: creating an environment for interactive research consultations

Purpose – This paper aims to report on the University of Denver Penrose Library's Research Center, a new reference service model created to respond to the changing needs of students and to strengthen the connection between research and writing.Design/methodology/approach – An increase in reference questions requiring more time, a financial gift to the university which provided an opportunity to propose a new vision of integrating research and writing, and the opening of a new Writing Center in the library prompted the reference librarians to implement a consultation model in fall quarter 2008. A highly visible, dedicated space for one‐on‐one, in‐depth consultations, the Research Center reinforces skills learned in library instruction sessions and effectively promotes reference services.Findings – A successful new Research Center reaches a larger segment of the university community, better serves student research needs, and enhances library instructional services. During the course of the academic year, 85...
A Rapid Dual Method for the Hitchcock Problem

Building on the analysis of simple problems with three source zones, a general but approximate method for solving the transportation problem of linear programming is proposed. The method uses successive adjustments to the row dual variables, and rapidly reduces the number of columns which need to be considered. It offers promising computational capabilities for problems where the ratio of the number of columns to the number of rows is very large.
In vitro imaging using laser photostimulation with flavoprotein autofluorescence

Imaging of 300–500 μm mouse brain slices by laser photostimulation with flavoprotein autofluorescence (LFPA) allows the rapid and sensitive mapping of neuronal connectivity. It is accomplished using UV laser-based photo-uncaging of glutamate and imaging neuronal activation by capturing changes in green light (∼520 nm) emitted under blue light (∼460 nm) excitation. This fluorescence is generated by the oxidized form of flavoprotein and is a measure of metabolic activity. LPFA offers several advantages over imaging techniques that rely on dye loading. First, as flavoprotein imaging measures endogenous signals, it avoids the use of heterogeneously loaded and potentially cytotoxic dyes. Second, flavoprotein signals are large (1–20% above baseline), obviating the need for averaging. Third, the use of photostimulation ensures orthodromic neuronal activation and permits the rapid interrogation of multiple stimulation sites of the slice with a high degree of precision (∼50 μm). Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for the incorporation of LPFA into virtually any slice rig, as well as how to do the experiment.
DFIG with grid-connected rotor for wind energy conversion system

This paper explores an alternative connection of a wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator to the power system, inverse to the conventional topology. In the proposed configuration, the rotor windings are directly connected to the grid, while the stator is connected through a power converter. This configuration could be preferable in terms of energy conversion efficiency, depending on the machine's circuit parameters and physical dimensions.
Universal power spectra for the reverse bifurcation sequence

Abstract Many dynamical systems exhibit forward and reverse period-doubling bifurcation sequences, the latter being intrinsically noisy. Feigenbaum has predicted the amplitude of sharp spectral components in the forward sequence from universality arguments. In the same spirit we derive the approximate form of the broad band features in the reverse sequence. Our results give a power-law behavior of the integrated noise spectrum similar to that recently reported by Huberman and Zisook.
Land transportation and tourism in Bermuda.

Abstract Tourism continues to be the principal contributor to Bermuda's economic prosperity. The automobile has become the visible symbol of economic prosperity to the extent that past and present policies to curtail the explosion in the growth of vehicles Is ineffectual. Like many island microstates, Bermuda's land area is very small. However, its economic prosperity has left very little room for the expansion of the supply of its road system. The land transportation problems threaten to damage the ‘Bermuda image’, the bedrock of the thriving tourist industry. Current transportation policy excludes rental cars on the island, making motor cycles the popular choice of tourists. Conflicts among means of land transportation, resident and tourist road users and the threat to the ‘Bermuda image’ call for more drastic measures to deal with the problem.
Efficient matching of pictorial structures

A pictorial structure is a collection of parts arranged in a deformable configuration. Each part is represented using a simple appearance model and the deformable configuration is represented by spring-like connections between pairs of parts. While pictorial structures were introduced a number of years ago, they have not been broadly applied to matching and recognition problems. This has been due in part to the computational difficulty of matching pictorial structures to images. In this paper we present an efficient algorithm for finding the best global match of a pictorial stucture to an image. With this improved algorithm, pictorial structures provide a practical and powerful framework for quantitative descriptions of objects and scenes, and are suitable for many generic image recognition problems. We illustrate the approach using simple models of a person and a car.
Load profile disaggregation by Blind source separation: A wavelets-assisted independent component analysis approach

In this paper, a Blind-source separation method, i.e. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is used for disaggregating the substation load profile into different patterns, i.e. residential and commercial groups. The smart meter data from a down town substation has been used. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is applied for data reduction. Wavelet analysis is used to extract the trend signal from the original load profile as inputs for the ICA routine. Final results verify the effectiveness of this load profile disaggregation approach.
Measuring the impact of a health information exchange intervention on provider-based notifiable disease reporting using mixed methods: a study protocol

Background Health information exchange (HIE) is the electronic sharing of data and information between clinical care and public health entities. Previous research has shown that using HIE to electronically report laboratory results to public health can improve surveillance practice, yet there has been little utilization of HIE for improving provider-based disease reporting. This article describes a study protocol that uses mixed methods to evaluate an intervention to electronically pre-populate provider-based notifiable disease case reporting forms with clinical, laboratory and patient data available through an operational HIE. The evaluation seeks to: (1) identify barriers and facilitators to implementation, adoption and utilization of the intervention; (2) measure impacts on workflow, provider awareness, and end-user satisfaction; and (3) describe the contextual factors that impact the effectiveness of the intervention within heterogeneous clinical settings and the HIE.
Exploring the conditional coregulation of yeast gene expression through fuzzy k-means clustering

Organisms simplify the orchestration of gene expression by coregulating genes whose products function together in the cell. Many proteins serve different roles depending on the demands of the organism, and therefore the corresponding genes are often coexpressed with different groups of genes under different situations. This poses a challenge in analyzing whole-genome expression data, because many genes will be similarly expressed to multiple, distinct groups of genes. Because most commonly used analytical methods cannot appropriately represent these relationships, the connections between conditionally coregulated genes are often missed. We used a heuristically modified version of fuzzy k-means clustering to identify overlapping clusters of yeast genes based on published gene-expression data following the response of yeast cells to environmental changes. We have validated the method by identifying groups of functionally related and coregulated genes, and in the process we have uncovered new correlations between yeast genes and between the experimental conditions based on similarities in gene-expression patterns. To investigate the regulation of gene expression, we correlated the clusters with known transcription factor binding sites present in the genes' promoters. These results give insights into the mechanism of the regulation of gene expression in yeast cells responding to environmental changes. Fuzzy k-means clustering is a useful analytical tool for extracting biological insights from gene-expression data. Our analysis presented here suggests that a prevalent theme in the regulation of yeast gene expression is the condition-specific coregulation of overlapping sets of genes.
Quadratically Convergent Optimal Power Flow

A newly developed sparse implementation of an optimization method using exact second derivatives is applied to the optimal power flow problem. Four utility systems are studied using a variety of objective functions, including fuel costs, active and reactive losses, and new shunt capacitors. Systems solved range from 350 buses to 2000 buses. Comparisons are made with an older algorithm which uses an Augmented Lagrangian to demonstrate the advantages of run time and robustness of the new method. The algorithm and accompanying software represent a technological breakthrough, since they are suitable for solving systems on the order of 2000 buses and demonstrate solution speeds of 5 minutes on large mainframe computers. The method is particularly well suited to infeasible, or even divergent starting points. An option to add shunt capacitors in the event of hopeless infeasibility guarantees an optimal solution for many difficult to solve systems. An automatic scaling feature is added to correct numerical ill-conditioning resulting from series compensation or poor R/X ratios.
Case 197: Malignant Paraganglioma Manifesting with Calvarial Metastases

Paragangliomas, when not found in one of the typical locations, such as the adrenal gland, carotid bifurcation, or jugular foramen, can be difficult to diagnose at imaging because of their variable appearance.
Identification and partial characterization of a somatostatin‐14 binding protein on rat liver plasma membranes

Binding of somatostatin-14 to rat liver plasma membranes was characterized with 125-labeled[tyr11] somatostatin-14. Binding at 24 degrees C reached a plateau at 50 min and was reversible by synthetic somatostatin-14. Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of binding sites (affinity constant = 2.4 +/- 0.2 nmol/L, binding capacity = 148 +/- 0.02 fmol/mg protein). Specificity for somatostatin-14 was demonstrated by the inhibition of 125I-[tyr11]somatostatin-14 binding by biologically active somatostatin analogs but not by a biologically inactive somatostatin analog or unrelated peptides. The radioiodinated binding site complex could be cross-linked with disuccinimidyl suberate. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel autoradiography revealed a 70,000-Da band. Dithiothreitol, a reducing reagent, did not alter the mobility of the band, and the band could be abolished in the presence of 10 mumol/L synthetic somatostatin-14. Covalently cross-linked, iodinated binding protein complexes could be solubilized by the nonreducing detergents Zwittergent 3-12 and 3-([3-cholamidopropyl] diethylammonio)-1-propanesulfonic acid (CHAPS). Solubilized complex bound to wheat-germ agglutinin-agarose columns and was eluted by N,N',N"-triacetylchitotriose. Binding to wheat-germ agglutinin agarose columns was lost after pretreatment with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F. Binding studies with liver plasma membranes, 125I-labeled[tyrosine11]somatostatin-14 and guanine nucleotides showed inhibition of binding in the presence of guanine nucleotides. These results indicate that the purified rat liver plasma membranes contain a specific binding protein for somatostatin-14, the binding protein appears to be glycosylated and somatostatin-14 binding to rat liver plasma membranes may be regulated by G proteins.
Variability in the measurement of radar backscatter

A variety of systems and platforms have been used over the past three decades to acquire radar backscatter data of terrain. The variability in the reported data was evaluated for agricultural crops under "similar" phenological conditions and for approximately the same sensor parameters (frequency, polarization, and angle of incidence). The evaluation reveals wide variations in the magnitude of the scattering coefficient among different measurement programs. While it is difficult to determine the exact causes of these variations it is quite evident that extreme care must be employed in 1) monitoring the measurement system transfer function, 2) calibrating the system on an absolute basis, and 3) acquiring and reporting detailed target parameter information.
Comparison of the Binding of Various Bile Acids and Bile Salts in Vitro by Several Types of Fiber

The binding in vitro of the sodium salts of cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurocheno- deoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, glycocheno- deoxycholic acid, and glycodeoxycholic acid by alfalfa, bran, cellulose, lignin, and cholestyramine was measured. Cholestyramine bound an aver age of 81.3% of all the bile acids and salts tested whereas cellulose bound only negligible amounts (1.4%). Of the other substances tested, lignin bound 29.2%, alfalfa, 15.9% and bran, 9.0%. No distinct pattern of bind ing was discerned. It is therefore apparent that the validity of statements concerning the effect of fiber on bile salt metabolism rests upon the specificity of the composition of the fiber involved and the bile acids or salts tested. J. Nutr. 106: 1292-1294, 1976.
Intentional Practices in Supervision of Family Counseling: The Use of Supervisory Letters

Supervisors perform various roles in helping to guide the supervisee through the challenging process of family counseling. The use of letters in supervision helps to focus the supervisory processes...
Chaos in small-amplitude surface gravity waves over slowly varying bathymetry

We consider the motion of small-amplitude surface gravity waves over variable bathymetry. Although the governing equations of motion are linear, for general bathymetric variations they are non-separable and cannot be solved exactly. For slowly varying bathymetry, however, approximate solutions based on geometric (ray) techniques may be used. The ray equations are a set of coupled nonliner ordinary differential equations with Hamiltonian form. It is argued that for general bathymetric variations, solutions to these equations - ray trajectories - should exhibit chaotic motion, i.e. extreme sensitivity to initial and environmental conditions
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the older dental patient: how do dentists respond?

Background Gastrointestinal complications from antibiotic use, including Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), can have significant morbidity, especially among older patients. This descriptive study surveyed dentists to find out how they would respond to a patient with signs indicating potential CDI. Methods A survey on prescribing medications for older patients was mailed to 1,000 dentists in New Jersey. Questions were asked regarding antibiotic selection, probiotic use, and approach to a patient scenario of diarrhea after antibiotic use. Results Respondents chose amoxicillin most frequently as an antibiotic, and clindamycin if penicillin allergy. When informed their patients had diarrhea, 64.5% advised them to stop the antibiotic. If the patient continued to have diarrhea on follow-up, 75.5% contacted the patient's physician. Most (61.6%) do not prescribe probiotics prophylactically. Conclusions Most dentists respond appropriately to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in advising to stop the antibiotic, and seeking physician involvement if no improvement, but there are still many who make recommendations that could delay appropriate care. Dentists may wish to learn more about benefits of probiotics.
Poverty, policy, and public transportation

By all appearances, the circumstances surrounding employment and income distribution in the United States have remained notably the same over the past 30-40 years. At the same time, policies for improving the conditions of low-income persons have remained relatively unchanged. Relevant published accounts continue to cite poorly integrated residential and employment location patterns and poor public transportation service as critical obstacles to improving the economic and social conditions of low-income persons. The relationship between poverty and public transportation was researched extensively during the late 1960s and the early 1970s; however, little recognition has been given to these efforts by more recent research efforts. To learn from the past we should review public transportation policies from 1960 to 2000 to highlight federal policies that affected urban areas during this time period, especially in relation to low-income transportation mobility.
HMGB1 in renal ischemic injury.

Factors that initiate cellular damage and trigger the inflammatory response cascade and renal injury are not completely understood after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). High-mobility group...
Excitation of Forbidden Lines in Gaseous Nebulae. II. Calculations for 3p q Ions

The formulation for electron collisions with ions in configurations 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 and 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3q q has been given in paper I of the present series (Saraph, Seaton & Shemming 1969). The present paper gives results of numerical calculations for 3p q ions, made in the distorted wave approximation. Collision strengths are obtained for all inelastic transitions in the configurations 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p q , q = 1 to 5. Calculations are made for three different energies and for values of the residual change z in the range z = 1 to z = 15. Results may be interpolated for all members of the isoelectronic sequences up to nickel.
Immunonephelometric quantification of group‐specific component protein in patients with acute liver failure

Serum levels of group-specific component (Gc) protein are useful in evaluating the likelihood of survival in patients with acute liver failure (ALF) who may be candidates for liver transplant surgery. Most methods for quantifying Gc protein concentration are either isotopic, manual, technically demanding, and/or time consuming to perform, and thus are not well suited for routine clinical use in a hospital setting. We modified and evaluated a recently described nonisotopic, fully automated, immunonephelometric method for quantifying serum Gc protein concentration and compared it to our previous immunoblotting method. In addition, we evaluated the effect of G-actin on the immunonephelometric measurement of Gc protein. Serum samples from 20 patients with ALF and from 20 age- and sex-matched clinic patients without liver disease were quantified by both immunoblotting and immunonephelometry. We assessed the intra-assay precision, correlation, and diagnostic accuracy of these methods in discriminating between individuals with no preexisting liver disease and those with ALF. Actin in 1.3- to 4-fold excess of Gc protein levels demonstrated minimal to no interference in the quantification of Gc protein by immunonephelometry. Immunonephelometry was more precise than immunoblotting. Gc protein values by immunonephelometry were similar to those obtained by immunoblotting, and the diagnostic accuracy of Gc protein concentration by immunonephelometry was similar to that observed by immunoblotting. Immunonephelometry provides a nonisotopic, fully automated, rapid, precise, accurate, and cost-effective method for quantifying serum levels of total Gc protein that is well suited for routine use in a hospital-based clinical laboratory.