cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reward dependence moderates smoking-cue- and stress-induced cigarette cravings.

Abstract Background Cigarette cravings following exposure to smoking cues in a smoker's environment are thought to play an important role in cessation failure. The possibility that dispositional factors may impact cue-induced cravings, though intriguing, has received little attention. According to Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Theory, factors such as reward dependence (RD), harm avoidance (HA), and novelty seeking (NS) may figure prominently in risk for addiction, as well as relapse, in individuals attempting to abstain from drug and alcohol use. Particularly interesting in this regard is the possibility that smokers with higher levels of RD, who are especially sensitive to reward signals, will have heightened craving reactions to smoking cues. Methods To that end, non-treatment-seeking nicotine dependent smokers (n = 96, mean age = 41.1, 47% African American, 17% Caucasian, 22% Hispanic, 19.3 cigs/day, FTND = 7.5) underwent a classic experimental cue-induction, during which they were exposed to imagery of: (1) smoking, (2) neutral, and (3) stress cues, and reported their cigarette cravings (0–100) before and after each exposure. Participants also completed the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Results Not surprisingly, smoking and stress cues (but not neutral cues) elicited significant elevations in craving (p's Conclusions Findings raise the possibility that dispositional characteristics, in particular, reward dependence, influence smoking by potentiating reactions to environmental smoking cues. Furthermore, the similar effects of RD on stress-induced craving suggest that both cue-and stress-induced cravings may be influenced by a common underlying disposition.
On the Derivation and Numerical Evaluation of the Weibull-Rician Distribution

The Weibull-Rician distribution and density functions are derived by a method based on conditional probability. The derivation is much simpler than the usual Rician approach, giving both the distribution and density as single integrals that are easy to evaluate numerically.
Evolution of singularities in unequal time correlator in thermalization of quark gluon plasma

Abstract We studied thermalization of strongly coupled gauge theory using a gravitational collapse model. In particular, we studied unequal time correlator for the glue ball operator. We found singularities of the correlator for zero momentum sector is consistent with a geometric optics picture in the gravitational theory. The singularities of the correlator indicates strong temporal correlation, thus the time after which the singularities disappear provides a measure of the temporal decoherence in the thermalization process.
Two new color tests for determining the presence of arylmetallics

Abstract Gilman's Color Test I has been modified in two different ways to enable it to detect aryl metallic compounds, even in the presence of metal alkyls, thus performing the function of Color Test III. In modification Color Test IC, where the C denotes catechol, an active organometallic reagent RM is added to Michler's ketone (Ar 2 C O) as usual. Water is added to hydrolyze the addition product to Ar 2 RCOH and is followed by 1–2 ml of 20% aqueous catechol, producing a buffered solution with a pH near 9. The trisubstituted methanol Ar 2 RCOH dissociates to the colored carbonium ion only if R is aryl. If R is alkyl, no color develops. A colorless solution may be tested further for the presence of alkyl by adding a few drops of glacial acetic acid: the appearance of a color indicates the presence of an alkylmetallic reagent. In modification Color Test IB, where the B denotes bisulfate, 1 ml of 20% aqueous solution of NaHSO 4 is added to the colored solution resulting from Gilman's Color Test I. The solution decolorizes for R alkyl, but the color remains for R aryl.
A Measure of Care Coordination

The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice and Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Section of General Internal Medicine and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
The characterization of hCG regulation in cultured human amniotic fluid cells

We showed previously that sodium butyrate stimulated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) measured by radioimmunoassay of medium from human second trimester amniotic fluid cell cultures, termed AF cells. We now find that stimulation of hCG in the presence of sodium butyrate takes as long as 20 h. When AF cells are preincubated with sodium butyrate, hCG levels increase in direct relation to length of the preincubation period. These findings suggest that elevation of hCG is not due merely to a release of hormone from the cells. Addition of cycloheximide or Actinomycin D inhibited protein synthesis and RNA synthesis, respectively, and prevented the stimulation of hCG by sodium butyrate. These results lend support for a mechanism of regulation involving protein and RNA synthesis, the increase in hCG levels being due to new synthesis of the hormone.
A stereological study of neocortical maturation in the precocial mouse, Acomys cahirinus

The development of neocortical area 17 of Acomys cahirinus was studied by quantifying changes in the numerical density of neurons and glia, and by examinations of subjects treated on the day of birth with tritiated thymidine. Unlike most laboratory species, Acomys is born in a relatively advanced state, with open and functional ears and eyes and coordinated locomotor abilities. Rapid neocortical growth occurred during the first 60 postnatal days and was accompanied by a 65% decrease in neuronal packing density. No evidence of neuronal proliferation was found in the neocortex, although labelling was found in the dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb. Glial densities remained relatively constant through the same time period, a consequence of continued proliferation. While previous studies have demonstrated that Acomys and the laboratory mouse undergo quite different patterns of olfactory bulb and hippocampal formation growth, the present study indicates that patterns of neocortical maturation are very similar in the two species. These findings suggest large variations both within and between species in patterns of brain growth.
Quadrupole-dipole Raman scattering at the 1 S yellow exciton in Cu 2 O

Normally forbidden Raman scattering is observed from the seven odd-parity phonons of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O with the exciting laser in resonance with the quadrupole $1S$ yellow exciton. Polarization ratios are obtained in a number of scattering geometries and shown to be consistent with the third-rank tensor derived by Birman for Raman scattering mediated by quadrupole-dipole states. Enhanced scattering is observed from the LO components of the two polar modes which we attribute to the dipole term in the expansion of the Fr\"ohlich intraband exciton-lattice interaction. From a comparison of the intensities of Raman scattering from the LO and TO components of both polar modes the contributions of the Fr\"ohlich and deformation-potential interactions to the observed Raman scattering are estimated. Finally the symmetry of the Raman tensor for time-reversed processes and the relationship of scattering at an "in" resonance to that at an "out" resonance is demonstrated.
Density-functional study of U-Mo and U-Zr alloys

Density-functional theory previously used to describe phase equilibria in U-Zr alloys [A. Landa, P. Soederlind, P.E.A. Turchi, J. Alloys Comp. 478 (2009) 103-110] is extended to investigate the ground-state properties of U-Mo solid solutions. We discuss how the heat of formation in both alloys correlates with the charge transfer between the alloy components, and how the specific behavior of the density of states in the vicinity of the Fermi level promotes the stabilization of the U{sub 2}Mo compound. Our calculations prove that, due to the existence of a single {gamma}-phase over the typical fuel operation temperatures, {gamma}-U-Mo alloys should indeed have much lower constituent redistribution than {gamma}-U-Zr alloys for which binodal decomposition causes a high degree of constituent redistribution.
Solute partitioning in aqueous biphasic systems composed of polyethylene glycol and salt: The partitioning of small neutral organic species

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) represent wholly aqueous systems that are safe, nontoxic, and nonflammable, and thus, they represent relatively environmentally benign extraction media. Such systems could be employed as alternatives to traditional aqueous−organic systems for the separation of, inter alia, small organic molecules, thus it is important to develop a fundamental understanding of these systems and the variables that govern solute partitioning within them. The partitioning of a series of neutral, substituted benzene compounds and neutral, aliphatic compounds in ABSs composed of different molecular weights of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-1000, 2000, and 3400) and formed as a result of the addition of different salt types [K3PO4, K2CO3, (NH4)2SO4, Li2SO4, MnSO4, ZnSO4, and NaOH] has been examined. The results show that the distribution of organic solutes is a function only of the degree of phase divergence of the biphasic system as expressed by the difference in polymer concentration between the pha...
The sweet taste quality is linked to a cluster of taste fibers in primates: lactisole diminishes preference and responses to sweet in S fibers (sweet best) chorda tympani fibers of M. fascicularis monkey

Psychophysically, sweet and bitter have long been considered separate taste qualities, evident already to the newborn human. The identification of different receptors for sweet and bitter located on separate cells of the taste buds substantiated this separation. However, this finding leads to the next question: is bitter and sweet also kept separated in the next link from the taste buds, the fibers of the taste nerves? Previous studies in non-human primates, P. troglodytes, C. aethiops, M. mulatta, M. fascicularis and C. jacchus, suggest that the sweet and bitter taste qualities are linked to specific groups of fibers called S and Q fibers. In this study we apply a new sweet taste modifier, lactisole, commercially available as a suppressor of the sweetness of sugars on the human tongue, to test our hypothesis that sweet taste is conveyed in S fibers. We first ascertained that lactisole exerted similar suppression of sweetness in M. fascicularis, as reported in humans, by recording their preference of sweeteners and non- sweeteners with and without lactisole in two-bottle tests. The addition of lactisole significantly diminished the preference for all sweeteners but had no effect on the intake of non-sweet compounds or the intake of water. We then recorded the response to the same taste stimuli in 40 single chorda tympani nerve fibers. Comparison between single fiber nerve responses to stimuli with and without lactisole showed that lactisole only suppressed the responses to sweeteners in S fibers. It had no effect on the responses to any other stimuli in all other taste fibers. In M. fascicularis, lactisole diminishes the attractiveness of compounds, which taste sweet to humans. This behavior is linked to activity of fibers in the S-cluster. Assuming that lactisole blocks the T1R3 monomer of the sweet taste receptor T1R2/R3, these results present further support for the hypothesis that S fibers convey taste from T1R2/R3 receptors, while the impulse activity in non-S fibers originates from other kinds of receptors. The absence of the effect of lactisole on the faint responses in some S fibers to other stimuli as well as the responses to sweet and non-sweet stimuli in non-S fibers suggest that these responses originate from other taste receptors.
Cerebral hypoperfusion correlates with mild and parenchymal loss with severe multi-infarct dementia

Abstract Relative contributions of two potential pathogenetic factors for cognitive impairments among patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID) are reported. Cognitive test scores were correlated with measures of cerebral hypoperfusion and loss of brain parenchyma. Local cerebral blood flow values were determined utilizing stable xenon contrasted computed tomography and volumes for brain parenchyma were estimated from ratios of volumes of infarcted brain plus cerebrospinal fluid/total intracranial volume measured on the same CT slices among two groups of patients, one with mild and the other with severe MID. A total of 26 demented patients with multiple cerebral infarcts were divided into 2 index groups, one with mild and the other with severe MID (mild MID, CCSE ≥ 15, n = 16; severe MID, CCSE n = 10). Results were compared with similar measures among age-matched neurologically normal volunteers ( n = 14). Ratios for volumes of lost brain parenchyma were significantly higher among severe MID patients than among age-matched normal volunteers, whereas estimates of brain loss among patients with mild MID did not differ from elderly normal volunteers. In patients with mild MID, LCBF values for cortical gray matter were decreased compared with age-matched normal volunteers. Results suggest that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is an important determinant for mild dementia among patients in the early stages of MID, but volumes of lost cerebral parenchyma due to cerebral infarctions is an important determinant for advanced stages of MID.
Targeted gene disruption of the prostaglandin E2 EP2 receptor.

Prostaglandins comprise a diverse family of autacoids derived from cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolism of arachidonic acid to PGG/H2, leading to the generation of five principal bio-active prostaglandin (PG) metabolites: PGE2, PGF2a, PGD2, PGI2, and TXA2 1. The PGs play a role in a broad range of physiologic activities including modulating inflammation, ovulation and arterial blood pressure. These PG metabolites exert their effects at least in part by interacting with distinct G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) 2, each with distinct ligand selectivity and signal transduction pathways.
Use of Squamate Epidermis in Percutaneous Absorption Studies: A Review

AbstractThe similarities in structural, compositional, and permeability barriers in squamate (lizards and snakes) and mammalian epidermis are reviewed. The advantages of a novel model system for percutaneous transport utilizing shed squamate epidermis are discussed.
Laser plasma acceleration using the PW-class BELLA laser

Multi-GeV electron acceleration of electrons using intense laser pulses that excite multi-gigavolt fields in plasmas will be discussed. Experimental results with the new BELLA PW-class lasers and supporting simulations will be presented as well as a path forward to apply this acceleration method towards practical machines.
Fluorescence measurements of immune complexes of Mab 4-4-20 with isomeric haptens.

Relative differences in the active site environment of a monoclonal antibody when covalently bound to two isomeric haptens were studied using fluorescence quenching and lifetime measurements. Murine monoclonal antibody 4–4-20, a well-characterized high affinity antifluorescein antibody, served as the model IgG protein. Isomeric haptenic probes comparatively studied were fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC I, the immunogen) and fluorescein-6-isothiocyanate (FITC II). In kinetic binding studies, the association rate for the interaction of 4–4-20 with FITC I was greater than 2,000 times faster than the reaction with FITC II. Fluorescence lifetimes for FITC I covalently bound to 4–4-20 were 3.89 ns and 0.37 ns, indicative of hapten bound outside and inside the active site, respectively. Fluorescence lifetime for FITC II within the active site was indistinguishable from bound FITC I, indicating that interactions with active site residues which resulted in a decreased lifetime were similar for both isomers. A decreased lifetime for active site bound FITC I was consistent with the 90–95% quenching of fluorescein fluorescence. Dynamic fluorescence quenching experiments with iodide and FITC I in the active site showed no solvent accessibility, whereas bound FITC II showed significant accessibility. These results suggest that the difference in bond angle which accompanies binding of isomer II relative to isomer I within the active site probably leads to steric constraints resulting in a more open configuration of the 4–4-20 active site.
Effects of age, gender, and education on semantic fluency for living and artifact categories

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of age, gender and education on semantic fluency for four living and four artifact categories. Thirty males and thirty females in two age groups matched for education level were included. Results revealed females named significantly more fruit and furniture items while males named more tools. Participants with a college degree had a significant advantage for clothing. Older males and younger females named more four-footed animals than did their gender-matched peers. There was no significant difference between living versus artifact categories overall. Implications will be discussed.
Differences in optic discs in low-tension glaucoma patients with relatively low or high pressures

We evaluated the differences in the optic nerve head in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma (HTG) and those with low-tension glaucoma with either relatively high (between 16 and 21 mmHg [LTGH]) or low (< or = 15 mmHg [LTGL]) intraocular pressures. We included 36 patients in this study. We found that LTGL patients had a significantly greater mean area of peripapillary atrophy inferior to the optic disc (0.65 +/- 0.38 mm2) than LTGH (0.40 +/- 0.38 mm2) or HTG (0.34 +/- 0.25 mm2) patients (p < 0.005). No significant difference was found between groups for the area of the neural rim, optic disc, cup/pallor discrepancy, or peripapillary halo, or in the diameter of the largest artery or vein in the inferior and superior peripapillary area. This study raises the question of whether a separate mechanism of damage could exist at the optic disc in patients whose intraocular pressure is < or = 15 mmHg because of a greater extent of peripapillary atrophy than in patients with higher intraocular pressures.
A videotape course for computer education in the humanities

IN 1968 the Department of Computer Science at the University of South Carolina in Columbia committed itself to computer education in the humanities. As a result, during the past seven years I have developed several interdisciplinary computing courses for the liberal arts curriculum.1 One of these courses Computer Methods for Humanistic Problems (4 semester hours) has been taken by advanced undergraduate and graduate students in a large number of departments and has become a popular elective in several programs of study. According to the most recent survey in Computers and the Humanities, in 1974, it is the only course of its kind in the Southeast.
The effects of psychiatric symptoms on quality of life assessments among the chronic mentally ill.

Abstract This study of chronically mentally disabled persons in community residences examined the discriminant validity of subjective quality of life indicators and self-report mental health indices to determine the potential confounding effects of psychopathology on the assessment of quality of life (QOL). Factor analyses and difference-score reliabilities identified a general QOL construct and a general mental health construct with 27% common variance. However, psychiatric symptoms did not significantly (p > .05) alter the bivariate and multivariate relationships among the QOL ratings, except in the health domain in which the correlations of health-related QOL indicators with global QOL were significantly (p
Crack growth in transforming ceramics under cyclic tensile loads

The mechanisms of stable growth of short fatigue cracks (crack length up to 1 mm) at room temperature in magnesia-partially stabilized zirconia subjected to cyclic tensile loads were investigated. Single edge-notched specimens were fractured in the four-point bend configuration under cyclic and quasi-static tensile loads. At a load ratio of 0.1, the threshold stress intensity factor range, ΔK, for fracture initiation in cyclic tension is as low as 3.4 M Pam1/2, and catastrophic failure occurs at ΔK=6.6 M Pam1/2. For crack length less than 1 mm and for plane strain conditions, growth rates are highly discontinuous, and periodic crack arrest is observed after growth over distances of the order of tens of micrometres. Crack advance could only be resumed with an increase in the far-field stress intensity range. The mechanisms of short crack advance in cyclic tension are similar to those observed under quasi-static loads, and the tensile fatigue effect appears to be a manifestation of “static failure modes”. A model is presented to provide an overall framework for the tensile fatigue crack growth characteristics of partially stabilized zirconia. Experimental results are also described to demonstrate the possibility of stable room temperature crack growth under cyclic tension in fine-grained tetragonal zirconia polycrystals, partially stabilized with Y2O3. The growth of cracks in transformation-toughened ceramics is found to be strongly influenced by the crack size and shape, stress state and specimen geometry.
Large-scale microwave CVD system for synthesis of carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an interesting class of nanostructures which can be thought of as arising from the folding of a layer of graphite (a graphene sheet ) to form a hollow cylinder composed of carbon hexagons. However, practical applications are still limited by the intricate process of synthesis and the inability of present day methods for large scale production of carbon nanotubes. Morevoer high quality nanotubes with functionalization capability with polymers are desired for polymer MEMS, Nanodevices and BioMEMS. In this paper, an innovative CVD approach using microwave energy was developed for large scale production of single wall and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Straight and helical carbon nanotubes were obtained when acetylene decomposed over the cobalt catalyst at 700°C created by microwave field. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of microwave driven MWNTs revealed their homogenous nature. The high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed typical MWNT has 26 layers. The average diameter of the tubes was observed 20-30 nm. Electron microscope observations showed higher yield of nanotubes obtained from microwave CVD than thermal filament CVD method.
Renal nerve and blood pressure responses to stimulation of cardiac receptors in dogs and cats by bradykinin.

It has been recently demonstrated in anesthetized, sinoaortic denervated-vagotomized (SAD+Vx) cats that epicardial or intracoronary (IC) bradykinin (BK) evokes an increase in efferent renal nerve activity (RNA) and a pressor response which is mediated by the cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of epicardial, IC, and left atrial (LA) administration of BK on arterial blood pressure (ABP) and RNA in intact and SAD+Vx cats and dogs. A total of seven cats and eight dogs anesthetized with chloralose were prepared with a left circumflex coronary arterial catheter (dogs) or a LA catheter (cats). Changes in ABP and RNA were determined in both dogs and cats when 1 to 100 μg/ml of BK was applied to the anterior surface of the left ventricle or injected IC or LA (0.3 and 3.0 μg/kg BK) in the intact and SAD+Vx state. In both the intact and SAD +Vx cat, a pressor response was consistently elicited with epicardial BK. In the SAD+Vx state, epicardial BK increased ABP by 33.4±4.7 mm Hg (p<.001). RNA followed this same trend showing a consistent and significant increase with both LA and epicardial BK (+24.8±8.4% in the SAD+Vx state; P<.05). Changes in RNA in dogs were highly variable with epicardial and IC BK in intact and in SAD Vx dogs, resulting in insignificant changes in this parameter. The results of this study demonstrate that the reflex effects of stimulation of cardiac sympathetic afferents by BK are species specific and need not evoke an increase in peripheral sympathetic outflow.
Heterotopic pancreas as a rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the newborn: Report of a case

We report herein a female infant in whom a heterotopic pancreas in the stomach caused gastrointestinal hemorrhage during the newborn period. Endoscopy was essential for ruling out other causes of hemorrhage and to follow the patient until the time of elective surgery at 6 months of age. Heterotopic pancreas should be borne in mind as a rare cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the newborn when an unexplained gastrointestinal hemorrhage continues, and the lesion was discussed in relation to our experience of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and a review of the literature.
Blockade of prostaglandin products augments macrophage and neutrophil tumor necrosis factor synthesis in burn injury

Cyclooxygenase products are believed to be a major regulator of host tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in response to trauma and sepsis. To study this relationship, Lewis rats underwent a 30% burn or sham burn. Dimethyl-prostaglandin E (dPGE, 50 μg/kg), ibuprofen (IBU, 2 mg/kg), or saline was administered twice daily. Rats were sacrificed at Day 7 to obtain Kupffer cells, peritoneal macrophages, splenic macrophages, and neutrophils. For in vivo studies, 106 cells from each group were cultured with 10 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For in vitro studies, cells from the burn and sham groups were cultured with LPS and dPGE (10 μg/ml), IBU (10 μg/ml), or saline. The supernatants were harvested after 2, 6, and 24 hr of culture and assayed for TNF-α (μ/ml) by L929 cytolysis. Burn injury resulted in a significant increase in Kupffer cell and neutrophil TNF-α production compared to the sham group (P < 0.001, ANOVA). The administration of IBU to burned animals led to a pronounced elevation of TNF-α production by Kupffer cells, peritoneal macrophages, and neutrophils compared to vehicle-treated burned animals (P < 0.001, ANOVA). With in vitro studies, IBU increased Kupffer cell, peritoneal macrophage, and neutrophil TNF-α release by 213, 327, and 198%, respectively (P < 0.05, ANOVA). dPGE caused a marked decrease in Kupffer cell and peritoneal macrophage TNF-α synthesis by 50 and 43%, respectively (P <0.01, ANOVA). In conclusion, prostaglandins are critical for down regulating TNF-α production. Clinical use of cyclooxygenase inhibitors may result in adverse outcomes due to the excessive TNF-α production.
Identifying Factors Consistently Related to Value Line Earnings Predictability

Earnings predictability can affect investment decisions and stock prices. An important source of earnings forecasts for a wide variety of empirical studies has been the Value Line Investment Survey. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that consistently account for cross-sectional differences in Value Line earnings predict-ability. A multivariate model consisting of four company variables and a set of industry indicator variables is used to evaluate the intertemporal consistency of factors related to earnings predictability. Quarterly and annual forecasts are used to measure earnings forecast accuracy. The results by year indicate that one factor, earnings variability, is consistently related to earnings predict-ability.
Pre-West Nile virus outbreak: perceptions and practices to prevent mosquito bites and viral encephalitis in the United States.

Mosquitoes can transmit over 100 of the viruses that can cause encephalitis, meningitis, and hemorrhagic disease in humans (Chin 2000; Gubler 1996; Monath 1989). While much is known about the ecology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of the arboviral encephalitides (Campbell et al. 2002; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997; Gubler 1998; Hayes 1989; Hubalek and Halouzka 1999), little empirical research exists regarding the U.S. population's knowledge of mosquitoes and arboviral encephalitis, particularly prior to the U.S. outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) in 1999. A nationally representative 55-item survey instrument was successfully administered to 1,500 adults in the United States and an additional 250 adults in six states in the Northeast (Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island) regarding mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viral encephalitis. A summary outcome measure for mosquito bite prevention was created. Analyses revealed that the following were statistically significant predictors of behaviors taken to prevent mosquito bites: being concerned about being bitten by mosquitoes, perceived effectiveness of staying indoors in late afternoon and early evening was protective, perceived effectiveness that mosquito repellent is not harmful to health, owning dogs and/or cats as pets, being married, and being > or = 18-44 years old. Being concerned about being bitten by mosquitoes was the most robust predictor of behavioral action to prevent mosquito bites (OR = 7.3; 95% CI = 4.3, 12.2). Observed misperceptions and inadequate knowledge regarding insect repellents suggest increased promotion of the safety and efficacy of DEET-containing insect repellents is warranted.
Organized spatial displays and texts : Effects of presentation order and display type on learning outcomes

AbstractIn 2 experiments, students were shown a visual display and then a related text passage, or vice versa. The Kulhavy model of text learning with organized spatial displays led the authors to predict that the students who viewed a visual display before reading related text would recall significantly more information from the stimulus materials than would the students who read the text first. The prediction was supported in both experiments; 2 populations (college students and middle-school students) participated, and 2 types of visual displays (geographical maps and scientific diagrams) were used. In the 2nd experiment, the authors predicted that a scientific diagram altered to have map-like properties would result in better acquisition of knowledge than an unaltered scientific diagram would. The groups that studied the map-like diagram earned higher scores on various measures of knowledge acquisition, but the difference was not statistically significant. Several explanations for this result are offe...
The Transportation Land-Use Link:

Transportation decisions clearly affect land-use patterns, and land-use decisions clearly affect transportation systems. Urban theorists have addressed the cyclical land-usetransportation relationship for many decades and economists have modeled it extensively. Field studies demonstrate what the economists have predicted and what many theorists have feared: that, in many ways, highways shape urban areas. Yet little of that knowledge has found its way into planning practice, and land-use planning and transportation planning remain separate decision-making processes. Now that Congress has mandated that transportation planners consider both land-use plans and the land-use impacts of their decisions, the literature of planning practice should draw on the theoretical and research literature and provide guidance to planners on how to manage the transportation-land-use cycle.
Slavs in Fredegar and Paul the Deacon: medieval gens or ‘scourge of God’?

This article presents a new interpretation of the accounts of Slavs given by two early medieval Latin narrative sources. The first section discusses Fredegar's Wendish account, while the second section considers Paul the Deacon's view of the Slavs in his Historia Langobardorum. The instrumental use of the Slavs in the domestic affairs of the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms constitutes the emphasis of the last section, in which the author compares Fredegar's and Paul the Deacon's historiographical perspectives.
Regulation of oxytocin receptor expression in cultured human myometrial cells by fetal bovine serum and lysophospholipids.

Oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression in human myometrium increases over 150-fold from the beginning of pregnancy to the end. In the present studies, we examined potential mechanisms of OTR up-regulation, using myometrial cells in primary culture from women in late gestation. OTR ligand-binding sites and steady-state mRNA levels were down regulated by serum starvation, and up-regulated by restoration of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Transcriptional activity of the OTR gene was the same with or without FBS treatment, but FBS increased OTR mRNA half-life about 5-fold. Lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate), which are present in serum, had similar effects as FBS. Lysophospholipid receptor mRNAs of the endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) family (Edgs 1, 3, 4, and 5) were demonstrated in myometrial cells by RT-PCR. These G protein-coupled receptors have been shown to be coupled to Gi/o and to mediate activation of phosphoinositol 3-phosphate kinase. Indeed, the effects of the lysopho...
Thermal dispersion in thick-walled tubes as a model of porous media

Abstract A theoretical study of thermal dispersion in porous media is presented. The contribution of pore level velocity distributions on dispersion is captured in an analysis of thermal transport in a thickwalled tube containing a flowing fluid. It is shown that the cases of an applied steady-state temperature gradient and a traveling temperature wave produce different thermal dispersivities. In both cases, the dispersion coefficient is defined by the static thermal conductivity plus a term due to dispersive flow. The dispersive term is proportional to the Peclet number squared. The proportionality coefficient is shown to be a function of porosity, fluid and solid thermal properties, and the temperature field. Through consideration of a bundle of tubes of various radii, the contribution of heterogeneities on thermal dispersion is evaluated. Variations of pore diameters are shown to cause orders of magnitude increases in dispersion. Satisfactory comparisons of the dispersion model with published experimental data are presented.
Carbamazepine hypersensitivity and rickettsiosis mimicking Kawasaki disease

We report on two patients whose clinical presentation resembled that of Kawasaki disease. The first patient was a boy with epilepsy, whose symptoms first appeared following treatment with carbamazepine. The second boy had Mediterranean Spotted Fever. The significance of medical history in avoiding overdiagnosis of Kawasaki disease is emphasized.
Surgery for disseminated abdominal sarcoma

Abstract Seventy-two consecutive patients with disseminated soft tissue sarcoma in the abdomen were prospectively placed in a program of debulking surgery. The tumor was completely resectable in 64% of the patients. Following the first exploration, the median survival was 23 months for those with resection of metastases and 9 months for those without resection (p ≤ 0.01); the former group had a survival rate of 28% at 3 years, 18% at 4 years, and 4% at 5 years (44%, 37%, and 10%, respectively, for low-grade sarcomas, i.e., grade I or II sarcomas), whereas in the latter group, none survived for 3 years. In the group with resection, patients with grade III tumors had a median survival longer by 6 months, and those with low-grade tumors by 28 months (p ≤ 0.001), over the respective median survival of patients with unresectable tumors. Metastasectomy appeared to prolong survival in all patients and significantly so in patients with lowgrade tumors and those with long disease-free intervals
Comparative histopathology of a granulosis and a nuclear polyhedrosis of Spodoptera frugiperda.

Abstract A histopathological study of two virus diseases of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, revealed that the granulosis virus attacks only the fat body, causes a proliferation of cells, and requires a relatively long time to produce mortality; however, the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus attacks a wide variety of tissues, does not cause a proliferation of cells, and produces mortality in a relatively short period of time.
CNCing Is Believing

In 1984, paleontologist Jack Sepkoski of the University of Chicago published a now-famous paper documenting three successive waves of animal groups that dominated marine ecosystems during the past half-billion years (see the figure) ( 1 ). The earliest, the Cambrian fauna, was composed of trilobites, inarticulate brachiopods, and a host of lesser-known animals. Within 90 million years, these groups were largely replaced by the Paleozoic fauna, which included crinoids, ammonites, and articulate brachiopods. This second assemblage dominated for another 200 million years before suffering a catastrophic decline during the Permo-Triassic mass extinction about 250 million years ago. The Modern fauna, which includes familiar groups such as bony fishes, gastropod mollusks, and sea urchins, filled the void and has dominated marine ecosystems to this day.
Surgical treatments for rectal prolapse: How does a perineal approach compare in the laparoscopic era?

Patients with rectal prolapse often have significant comorbidities that lead surgeons to select a perineal resection for treatment despite a reported higher recurrence rate over abdominal approaches. There is a lack of data to support this practice in the laparoscopic era. The objective of this study was to evaluate if risk-adjusted morbidity of perineal surgery for rectal prolapse is actually lower than laparoscopic surgery. A retrospective review of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database as performed for patients undergoing surgical treatment of rectal prolapse between 2005 and 2011. Outcomes were analyzed according to procedure-type: laparoscopic rectopexy (LR), laparoscopic resection/rectopexy (LRR), open rectopexy (OR), open resection/rectopexy (ORR), and perineal resection (PR). A multivariate logistic regression was used to compare risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality between each procedure. Main outcome measures were 30-day morbidity and mortality. Among 3,254 cases sampled, a laparoscopic approach was used in 22 %, an open abdominal approach in 30 %, and PR in 48 %. Patients undergoing PR were older (76) and had a higher ASA (3) compared to laparoscopic (58, 2) and open abdominal procedures (58, 2). Risk-adjusted mortality could not be assessed due to a low overall incidence of mortality (0.01 %). Overall morbidity was 9.3 %. ORR was associated with a higher risk-adjusted morbidity compared to PR (OR: 1.89 CI (1.19–2.99), p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in risk-adjusted morbidity found between LR and LRR compared to PR (OR 0.44 CI (0.19–1.03), p = 0.18; OR 1.55 CI (0.86–2.77), p = 0.18). Laparoscopic cases averaged 27 min longer than open cases (p < 0.001). Laparoscopic rectal prolapse surgery has comparable morbidity and mortality to perineal surgery. A randomized trial is indicated to validate these findings and to assess recurrence rates and functional outcomes.
A ‘‘Forward Genomics’’ Approach Links Genotype to Phenotype using Independent Phenotypic Losses among Related Species

Genotype-phenotype mapping is hampered by countless genomic changes between species. We introduce a computational "forward genomics" strategy that-given only an independently lost phenotype and whole genomes-matches genomic and phenotypic loss patterns to associate specific genomic regions with this phenotype. We conducted genome-wide screens for two metabolic phenotypes. First, our approach correctly matches the inactivated Gulo gene exactly with the species that lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C. Second, we attribute naturally low biliary phospholipid levels in guinea pigs and horses to the inactivated phospholipid transporter Abcb4. Human ABCB4 mutations also result in low phospholipid levels but lead to severe liver disease, suggesting compensatory mechanisms in guinea pig and horse. Our simulation studies, counts of independent changes in existing phenotype surveys, and the forthcoming availability of many new genomes all suggest that forward genomics can be applied to many phenotypes, including those relevant for human evolution and disease.
Contamination in Nansen-type vertical plankton nets and a method to prevent it

Abstract Four ways in which shallow living copepod species can contaminate deep plankton samples collected with a Nansen-type vertical net are discussed. It is concluded that shallow species enter and remain in the net while it is being lowered through the water to the sampling depth. A method to prevent contamination by closing the net with a pressure operated release is described. Two investigations are cited as examples in which species vertical distribution may be in error and it is suggested that the interpretation of other bathypelagic collections obtained by vertical nets may be affected.
ExCEss ThyROID hORmONE AND CARbOhyDRATE mETAbOlIsm

ABSTRACT Objective To review the pertinent basic and clinical research describing the complex effects of excess thyroid hormone on carbohydrate metabolism. Methods We performed a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature using a combination of words (ie, "thyrotoxicosis and diabetes," "diabetic ketoacidosis and thyroid storm," "carbohydrate metabolism and hyperthyroid," "glucose homeostasis and thyrotoxicosis") to identify key articles addressing various aspects of the thyroid's influence on carbohydrate metabolism. Results Thyroid hormone affects glucose homeostasis via its actions on a variety of organs including increased hepatic glucose output, increased futile cycling of glucose degradation products between the skeletal muscle and the liver, decreased glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle, altered oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism, decreased active insulin output from the pancreas, and increased renal insulin clearance. Thyroid hormone also affects adipokines and adipose tissue, further predisposing the patient to ketosis. Conclusions Thyrotoxicosis can alter carbohydrate metabolism in a type 2 diabetic patient to such an extent that diabetic ketoacidosis develops if untreated. Based on the current understanding of this relationship, all diabetic patients should be screened for thyroid dysfunction because correcting hyperthyroidism can profoundly affect glucose homeostasis. Similarly, patients presenting in diabetic ketoacidosis should undergo a thyroid function assessment. (Endocr Pract. 2009;15:254-262)
On the Mass and Energy Loading of Extreme-UV Bright Points

We discuss the appearance of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) bright points (BPs) in the analysis of long-duration observations in the He II 304 A passband of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SOHO EIT). The signature of the observed 304 A passband intensity fluctuations around the BPs suggests that the primary source of the mass and energy supplied to the magnetic structure is facilitated by relentless magnetoconvection-driven reconnection, forced by the magnetic evolution of the surrounding supergranules. Furthermore, we observe that if the magnetic conditions in the supergranules surrounding the footpoints of the cool 304 A BPs are sufficient (large net imbalance with a magnetic field that closes beyond the boundaries of the cell in which it originates), the magnetic topology comprising the BP will begin to reconnect with the overlying corona, increasing its visibility to hotter EUV passbands and possibly soft X-rays.
Overrating or Dismissing the Value of Evidence-Based Practice: Consequences for Clinical Practice

Current implementation of the evidence based practice (EBP) model in social work has focused on empirical evidence from efficacy studies, with far less attention to practitioner judgment and client values. Among many clinical social workers the opposite is often true: clinical judgment supersedes the use of scientifically tested techniques. Clinicians may reject EBP as coming out of narrowly focused, possibly irrelevant research, and adherents of EBP run the risk of discounting psychotherapy techniques derived from practice experience or the vast diversity of client situations—both positions threaten our effectiveness. Reasserting clinical judgment and the centrality of clients’ experience into EBP, while enhancing traditional psychotherapy with strong treatment-effectiveness evidence, will improve clinical social work practice, especially in addressing the wide array of human problems and suffering that clients present, especially in the context of globalization and cultural diversity.
Theoretical Investigation of Heat Transfer in Glass Forming

A theoretical study to investigate internal heat transfer in glass undergoing cooling between glass and mold, as well as plunger, during and after pressing, is described. A thermal model has been formulated to simulate the cooling. The heat-transfer analysis accounts for the spectral nature of radiation in glass, the dependence of the thermophysical properties of glass on temperature, and the contact heat transfer between and after pressing, as well as subsequent cooling. Heat exchange between glass and mold by contact conduction across a very small gap and that by thermal radiation are considered separately. Numerical solutions have been obtained for typical conditions simulating symmetric and nonsymmetric cooling, and the results obtained are presented and discussed. During the dwell time, thermal-contact conduction between glass and mold is the dominant mechanism for heat extraction from glass. Results show that radiation from the surface of the glass plays a relatively small role in the heat extraction from the glass, but that radiation from the interior of the glass is much more significant.
On the essential test sets of discrete matrices

We consider discrete matrices with distinct rows. A test set of a matrix is a subset of columns such that all the corresponding subrows are distinct. The essential test set of a matrix is the intersection of all the test sets. A relationship between the size of a matrix and the cardinality of the essential test set is derived. Also, we investigate matrices having essential test sets of maximum cardinality, and characterize a relationship of such matrices with trees.
Urinary tract infections in non-catheterized nursing home residents

Sixty-five elderly non-catheterized residents of a 275 bed skilled nursing home had 119 separate urinary tract infections as determined by the presence of clinical signs and symptoms as well as a urine culture demonstrating > 105 CFU of a known pathogen between January 1 and June 30, 1989 (mean 1.8 per person). Pyuria was noted in all but 7 infections and all responded clinically to treatment. Presenting signs or symptoms included fever (59.1%), change in mental status (12.4%), genitourinary symptoms (11.7%), lethargy (7.6%), among others. Despite the nursing home's close proximity to an acute hospital where a relatively high incidence of virulent and multiply resistant organisms would be expected, Escherichia coli was the most common infecting organism. It was of note, however, that 30% of the Escherichia coli were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Although women were infected most commonly, no relationship was found to coexisting illness, level of mobility, 6 month mortality, or frequency of hospitalization. Since clinical improvement was noted in all cases, there should be a high index of suspicion for UTI in this population. Due to the large number of atypical and/or nonspecific presentations of UTIs in this population, caution is advised to not too quickly label a urinary tract infection as being an “asymptomatic” bacteriuria.