cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PW 2658 Human machine interaction system for providing neural interface based model for alerting and mitigation of spatial disorientation for pilots

Spatial orientation defines our natural ability to maintain our body orientation and/or posture in relation to the surrounding environment (physical space) at rest and during motion. Humans are genetically designed to maintain spatial orientation on ground but it is difficult to achieve in flight. Because of this, normal flight may be impacted by vehicle movement and external forces (hazard or disturbance), causing poor situational awareness (distraction), spatial disorientation (SD), and mode confusion, resulting in abnormal attitudes, abnormal trajectory, and loss of aircraft control, for example, a stall. Sense of balance or equilibrioception is one of the physiological senses related to balance and for spatial orientation. Navigating by sensory input alone during flight can be misleading: sensory input does not always accurately reflect the movement of the aircraft, causing sensory illusions. These sensory illusions include: the leans, the graveyard spin and spiral, and the Coriolis illusion. Recent studies in the issue of SD in terms of its prevalence and contribution to accidents show that SD accounts for some six percent to 32% of major accidents, and some 15% to 69% of fatal accidents. To detect spatial disorientation, we use a non-invasive brainwave monitoring helmet to create a hybrid map of data points of EEG and deep brain/3D brain mapping which will be used as a trigger to detect a possible disorientation in the pilot. The input from the pilot will be analyzed with predictive algorithms to predict when the pilot may experience disorientation. We have utilized a similar approach to develop a pilot in loop system to detect, identify, and mitigate spatial disorientation in pilots. Additional sensors and microprocessors can be used to not only detect spatial disorientation but also to monitor pilot health and fitness, improve performance and operational readiness, and develop fail-safes.
Dynamic liver test patterns do not predict bile duct stones

Numerous models have been developed to predict choledocholithiasis. Recent work has shown that these algorithms perform suboptimally. Identification of clinical predictors with high positive and negative predictive value would minimize adverse events associated with unnecessary diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) while limiting the use of expensive tests including magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for indeterminate cases. Consecutive unique inpatients who received their first ERCP at Los Angeles County Medical Center between January 2010 and November 2016 for suspected bile duct stones were reviewed. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with specific combinations of liver enzyme patterns, transabdominal ultrasound, and clinical features who had stones confirmed on ERCP. As a secondary outcome, we assessed the performance of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) risk stratification algorithm in our population. Of the 604 included patients, bile duct stones were confirmed in 410 (67.9%). Detailed assessment of liver enzyme patterns alone and in combination with clinical features and imaging findings yielded no highly predictive algorithms. Additionally, the ASGE high-risk criterion had a positive predictive value of only 68% for stones. For the 236 patients for whom MRCP was performed, this imaging modality was shown to have highest predictive value for the presence of stones on ERCP. Exhaustive exploration of various threshold values and dynamic patterns of liver enzymes combined with clinical features and basic imaging findings did not reveal an algorithm to accurately predict the presence of stones on ERCP. The ASGE risk stratification criteria were also insensitive in our population. Though desirable, there may be no “perfect” combination of clinical features that correlate with persistent bile duct stones. MRCP or EUS may be considered to avoid unnecessary ERCP and associated complications.
Manufacturing High-Gradient Freeform Continuous Phase Plates (CPPs) using Magnetorheological Finishing

Advanced MRF technology can be used to fabricate CPPs with high topographical gradients through careful selection of MRF parameters and removal functions. Appropriate figure-of-merit evaluation criteria also provide vital information to determine when imprinting is complete.
Desensitization of the adenylyl cyclase system in the rabbit corpus luteum

The corpus luteum in rabbits contains an adenylyl cyclase system that is responsive to both LH and betaadrenergic agonists. Earlier studies in rats and rabbits indicate that gonadotropin-induced desensitization of their luteal adenylyl cyclase involves reduced responsiveness of the enzyme to both LH and catecholamines. The present study was conducted to determine changes in the adenylyl cyclase components in luteal membranes from pseudopregnant rabbits that had been subjected to an intravenously injected desensitizing dose of hCG (100 lU) and then killed at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post injection. Enzyme activity in rabbit luteal membranes from control (0.9% saline i.v.) and desensitized (100 lU hCG i.v.) animals was determined in presence and absence of oLH, ISO, NaF and forskolin. Both hCG receptors and bSEâ-adrenergic receptors were assessed by Scatchard analysis. Total and available hCG receptors were guantitated and analyzed for each time point by means of an acid elution procedure that was developed for this purpose. This procedure enabled the dissociation of hCG from its receptor without altering the affinity or concentration of receptors present. Changes in Gg activity were assessed by
On the Role of Receptive Field in Unsupervised Sim-to-Real Image Translation

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are now widely used for photo-realistic image synthesis. In applications where a simulated image needs to be translated into a realistic image (sim-to-real), GANs trained on unpaired data from the two domains are susceptible to failure in semantic content retention as the image is translated from one domain to the other. This failure mode is more pronounced in cases where the real data lacks content diversity, resulting in a content \emph{mismatch} between the two domains - a situation often encountered in real-world deployment. In this paper, we investigate the role of the discriminator's receptive field in GANs for unsupervised image-to-image translation with mismatched data, and study its effect on semantic content retention. Experiments with the discriminator architecture of a state-of-the-art coupled Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) - GAN model on diverse, mismatched datasets show that the discriminator receptive field is directly correlated with semantic content discrepancy of the generated image.
Assessment of Metal Concentrations in Wild-Caught Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in the Southeastern US

Procyon lotor (Raccoon) is a widespread and abundant omnivore that uses a diversity of habitats. Therefore, this species can be useful for biomonitoring the exposure and availability of metals to wildlife. We measured the concentrations of 5 metals (cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], nickel [Ni], lead [Pb] and zinc [Zn]) in the liver tissue of 446 wild Raccoons that were collected at 2 sites in 2005 and 2006. We found that concentrations of Zn were positively correlated with those of Cu but negatively correlated with those of Ni. Liver concentrations of Cu and Zn exhibited strong negative relationships with body weight, whereas Cd had a positive relationship. Zn liver concentrations differed by sex, site captured, and year of sampling. Significant differences in Cd and Pb concentrations in liver tissue were observed due to sex and year, but no significant differences were found for the other 2 metals. Our results provide a large sample size of reference values for metal concentrations in livers of Raccoons collected from rural areas in the southeastern United States.
Head and neck oncological surgery and pearls in the elderly

Abstract Objective: To review special considerations of treating head and neck cancer in the elderly population. Finding: The number of adults aged 65 years and older projected to reach 90 million by 2050. The fastest growing age group, adults 85 years and older, is projected to triple by 2060. Determining the optimal treatment plan for elderly patients can be difficult for numerous reasons, including multiple medical co-morbidities, mental and physical disabilities, polypharmacy, cognitive state, social isolation, and lack of family support. Unfortunately, elderly patients frequently receive substandard care, while the literature suggests that age alone should not preclude an aggressive surgical approach or the avoidance of cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Conclusion: The elderly population undoubtedly represents a complex patient population due to numerous reasons. However, if there are no prohibitive medical co-morbidities, and the patient is not significantly frail, then elderly patients should receive the standard of care if able.
Finding Junctures in Learning Design and Entrepreneurship: A Case of Experiential Learning in Online Education

This design case focuses on an online learning experience for graduate students in a newly created online master of learning technologies at a large public university in the United States. It showcases how learner-centered design and innovative and entrepreneurial thinking may be incorporated into graduate education. Specifically, the design case discusses “Applied Learning Design,” an online graduate course that evolved into a comprehensive online learning experience. The case arises out of the fact that many programs in higher education are focused more on the transmission and replication of knowledge than on providing opportunities for learning in real-world application contexts. This chapter includes the inspiration behind the course design and the problems addressed with the design case, a design philosophy, and a detailed description of the case including context, participants’ profiles, and key design decisions. An analysis of the initial ideas, design team projects grounded on real-world educational problems, course content and evaluation, impact of design decisions, and difficulties encountered during the design case’s enactment completes the examination of the design effort and outcomes.
Use of Thin Dressings Under N95 Respirators: Exploring Their Effect on Quantitative Fit Testing Results to Guide Hospital Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

At the beginning of the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic, health care staff at a level 1 trauma center in the state of New York experienced facial irritation and skin breakdown under their N95 respirators due to increased and prolonged use. Purpose Members of the Certified Wound and Ostomy Nurse, Nurse Practitioners staff were charged with developing recommendations within 48 hours to help prevent and manage facial skin issues using available products that would not compromise the seal of the respirators. Method With the assistance of a health care safety specialist from the Environmental Health and Safety Department of the hospital, an ambient particle counting device was used to measure the N95 fit factor following application of a liquid skin barrier, transparent film dressing, light silicone-based adhesive dressing, or an extra-thin hydrocolloid dressing on the bridge of the nose and the cheekbones underneath an N95 respirator of 2 hospital staff members who volunteered to test the dressings. Results All thin dressings tested showed a fit factor over 100, reflecting an effective seal. The highest fit factors were seen with the liquid skin barrier in the 2 volunteers (200 and 198, respectively). Thin dressing usage information was included in the hospital guidelines for N95 respirators and shared with staff. Subsequent feedback suggests that the light silicone-based adhesive dressing and the extra-thin hydrocolloid dressing were preferred. Conclusion Thin dressing use may help reduce skin complications among hospital staff during periods of extended N95 respirator wear time. Because use of the dressings did not result in failure of the quantitative fit test, they were permitted for use by health care staff under their N95 respirators. Studies are needed to help health care facilities optimize N95 respirator use to protect staff from coronavirus disease-19 and respirator-related skin complications while supply shortages remain.
A feasibility trial of parent HPV vaccine reminders and phone-based motivational interviewing

We assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a sequential approach of parent-targeted HPV vaccine reminders and phone-based Motivation Interviewing (MI). In 2016, we selected all 11- to 12-year-old boys and girls seen in one clinic whose vaccine records did not include the HPV vaccine (n=286). By gender, we individually randomized parents of adolescents to an interactive text message (74 girls and 45 boys), postcard reminder (46 boys and no girls because of previously demonstrated efficacy), or standard care group (75 girls and 46 boys). Reminders were sent with medical director permission and a HIPAA waiver. Two months after reminders, among the adolescents whose vaccine records still did not include the HPV vaccine, we selected a gender-stratified random sample of 20 parents for phone-based MI. We assessed the percentage of deliverable messages, the percentage of parents’ responding to the interactive text message, parent acceptability of receiving a text message, and MI parent responsiveness and interviewer competence (MI Treatment Integrity Coding system). Nearly all messages were deliverable (98% of postcards and 74% of text messages). Six of the 88 parents (7%) receiving text messages scheduled an appointment through our interactive system. The acceptability survey response rate was 37% (38/102). Respondents were favorable toward vaccine reminders for all parents (82%). Among 20 sampled parents, 17 were reached by phone of whom 7 completed MI, 4 had or were getting the HPV vaccine for their child, and 5 expressed disinterest. Across the 7 MI calls, the interviewer was rated 100% MI adherent and scored an average 4.19 rating for Global Spirit. Without providing explicit consent to receive vaccine-related messages, parents nonetheless found postcards and interactive text messages acceptable. Centralizing MI to phone calls with trained staff was acceptable to parents and resulted in highly MI-adherent interviews.
A Sensor-Based Data Driven Framework to Investigate PM 2.5 in the Greater Detroit Area

PM2.5 are inhalable particles with aerodynamic diameters of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. PM2.5 concentrations require close monitoring as they impose negative effects on both human health and air quality. Monitoring PM2.5 concentrations in the metropolitan Detroit Area is increasingly important as its residents are being disproportionately exposed to harmful air pollution due to health inequities through economic divestment, limited educational and employment opportunities. The relations between PM2.5 and meteorological factors can be critical in understanding how particulate matter affects humans and the environment. This study utilizes PurpleAir sensors to measure PM2.5 along with some methodological factors such as humidity and applies temporal analysis of the impact of meteorological factors on PM2.5 concentrations and spatiotemporal analysis of PM2.5 distributions at different locations over the Greater Detroit Area via Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithms, respectively. Our findings show that although LSTMs with exogenous variables (i.e., the current values of PM2.5 concentration, meteorological features, and weather conditions) can accurately (i.e., average RMSE of $3.2~ {\mu }\text{g}/\text{m}^{3}$ ) predict levels of PM2.5, but there is no significant relation between the mentioned meteorological factors and PM2.5 concentrations over the Greater Detroit Area. Furthermore, DTW analysis portraits the similarity of PM2.5 behavioral patterns over the Greater Detroit Area.
Rational Design of Constrained Peptides as Protein Interface Inhibitors

The lack of progress in developing targeted therapeutics directed at protein-protein complexes has been due to the absence of well-defined ligand-binding pockets and the extensive intermolecular contacts at the protein-protein interface. Our laboratory has developed approaches to dissect protein-protein complexes focusing on the superfamilies of erbB and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors by the combined use of structural biology and computational biology to facilitate small molecule development. We present a perspective on the development and application of peptide inhibitors as well as immunoadhesins to cell surface receptors performed in our laboratory.
Cancer-related Emergency Department Visits: Comparing Characteristics and Outcomes.

Introduction: There is increasing appreciation of the challenges of providing safe and appropriate care to cancer patients in the emergency department (ED). Our goal here was to assess which patient characteristics are associated with more frequent ED revisits. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of all ED visits in California during the 2016 calendar year using data from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. We defined revisits as a return visit to an ED within seven days of the index visit. For both index and return visits, we assessed various patient characteristics, including age, cancer type, medical comorbidities, and ED disposition. Results: Among 12.9 million ED visits, we identified 73,465 adult cancer patients comprising 103,523 visits that met our inclusion criteria. Cancer patients had a 7-day revisit rate of 17.9% vs 13.2% for non-cancer patients. Cancer patients had a higher rate of admission upon 7-day revisit (36.7% vs 15.6%). Patients with cancers of the small intestine, stomach, and pancreas had the highest rate of 7-day revisits (22-24%). Cancer patients younger than 65 had a higher 7-day revisit rate than the elderly (20.0% vs 16.2%). Conclusion: In a review of all cancer-related ED visits in the state of California, we found a variety of characteristics associated with a higher rate of 7-day ED revisits. Our goal in this study was to inform future research to identify interventions on the index visit that may improve patient outcomes.
Cannabidiol activates neuronal Kv7 channels

Abstract Cannabidiol (CBD), a chemical found in the Cannabis sativa plant, is a clinically effective antiepileptic drug whose mechanism of action is unknown. Using a fluorescence-based thallium flux assay, we performed a large-scale screen and found enhancement of flux through heterologously-expressed human Kv7.2/7.3 channels by CBD. Using patch clamp recordings, we found that CBD at low concentrations activates Kv7.2/7.3 channels at subthreshold voltages, with 100 nM CBD producing a doubling of current at -50 mV. CBD shifted the voltage-dependence of channels in the hyperpolarizing direction, producing a shift in the midpoint of activation by ∼-14 mV at 300 nM. CBD also effectively enhanced native M-current in both mouse superior cervical ganglion neurons and rat hippocampal neurons. The potent enhancement of Kv2/7.3 channels by CBD seems likely to contribute to its effectiveness as an antiepileptic drug by reducing neuronal hyperexcitability.
Brownian lithographic polymers of steric lock-and-key colloidal linkages.

We design and lithographically fabricate two-dimensional preassembled colloidal linkages of custom-shaped, discrete, mobile microscale tiles that are sterically coupled together by lock-and-key sub...
An Interventionalist's Guide to Urology Consultations.

Image-guided percutaneous and endovascular procedures play a critical role in the management of genitourinary pathologic conditions, and interventionalists should have an understanding of genitouri...
Smoke alarms by type and battery life in rural households: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Although the use of smoke alarms is widely recommended, little guidance is available on the types of alarms and batteries that function best. This study examined smoke alarm and battery function 12 months after installation in rural residential households. METHODS: An RCT, involving the installation of either a photoelectric or ionizing smoke alarm with either a lithium or carbon-zinc battery, was conducted in 643 rural Iowa households in July 2003. The functionality of each installed smoke alarm was tested 12 months later. Generalized estimating equations were used to model the effects of alarm type and battery type on alarm function and false alarms 12 months after installation. RESULTS: Of 643 study homes, 98.8% had at least one functioning alarm, and 81.5% had all alarms functioning 12 months after installation. No difference was observed in alarm function between photoelectric alarms and ionizing alarms 12 months after installation (OR=1.30, 95% CI= 0.88, 1.92). However, photoelectric alarms had significantly lower odds of false alarms than ionizing alarms. Alarms with lithium batteries had 91% higher odds of functioning than those with carbon-zinc batteries. The main reasons for nonfunctioning included a missing battery (30.7%); a missing alarm (28%); and a disconnected battery (11.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Although lithium batteries and photoelectric alarms are more expensive than their counterparts, the financial investment might be worthwhile in terms of overall performance. Language: en
Accounting before Accountability

In this article, we will review several issues relating to the definition of “adequate yearly progress” (AYP), and its measurement, and offer some reasons why it may be prudent to separate the definition and measurement of AYP from its use in accountability. The design of accountability system includes general prescriptions about what data are relevant, policy questions that will guide the formulation of progress and productivity indicators based on students’ longitudinal test scores, and procedures for using the resulting indicators in accountability.
Vertex algebras for beginners

Preface. 1: Wightman axioms and vertex algebras. 1.1: Wightman axioms of a QFT. 1.2: d = 2 QFT and chiral algebras. 1.3: Definition of a vertex algebra. 1.4: Holomorphic vertex algebras. 2: Calculus of formal distributions. 2.1: Formal delta-function. 2.2: An expansion of a formal distribution a(z,w). 2.3: Locality. 2.4: Taylor's formula. 2.5: Current algebras. 2.6: Conformal weight and the Virasoro algebra. 2.7: Lie superalgebras of formal distributions and conformal superalgebras. 3: Local fields. 3.1: Normally ordered product. 3.2: Dong's lemma. 3.3: Wick's theorem and a "non-commutative" generalization. 3.4: Restricted and field representations of Lie superalgebras of formal distributions. 3.5: Free (super)bosoms. 3.5: Free (super)fermions. 4: Structure theory of vertex algebras. 4.1: Consequences of translation covariance. 4.2: Quasisymmetry. 4.3: Superalgebras, ideals, and tensor products. 4.4: Uniqueness theorem. 4.5: Existence theorem. 4.6: Borcherds OPE formula. 4.7: Vertex algebras associated to Lie superalgebras of formal distributions. 4.8: Borcherds identity. 4.9: Graded and Mobius conformal vertex algebras. 4.10: Conformal vertex algebras. 4.11: Field algebras. 5: Examples of vertex algebras and their applications. 5.1: Charged free fermions. 5.2: Boson-fermion correspondence and KP hierarchy. 5.3: gl and W. 5.4: Lattice vertex algebras. 5.5: Simple lattice vertex algebras. 5.6: Root lattice vertex algebras and affine vertex algebras. 5.7: Conformal structure for affine vertex algebras. 5.8: Superconformal vertex algebras. 5.9: On classification of conformal superalgebras. Bibliography. Index
Managing interactive systems for user effectiveness

The management of interactive systems at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center is based on the assumptions that the user's time and work product are valuable, and that the system he uses should be managed so that his ability to work is enhanced with least inconvenience to him. Within the financial limits on hardware and people it is possible to provide high quality interactive computing services which approach these objectives by placing highest priority on system reliability and availability followed by performance improvements and introduction of new functions. We find, first, that it is essential to maintain a management commitment to the goal of good service to the laboratory, and second, that published service schedules must be adhered to. At the same time, it is necessary to realize that users will have special problems, and management must be willing to work out solutions for these users. The computer operator has as his goal to keep the system up, and system programmers must avoid system changes which jeopardize stability.
The News Is Bad

just turn it off the wind now in the clotheslines between the apartments there's nothing to do about it, it's too big it just comes through little radios so you can throw them out the window and feel enormous in the dusk and you can vote but only on the characters not the story my pigeon peas and caramelized onions stick to the pan what can I do to stop Alberto Gonzales I can't even kill him they won't let us walk up the stone path to his neoclassical home even if we don't want to kill him, even if we are just trying to maintain kindness in our hearts and
BIOHYDROGENATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS BY RUMEN BACTERIA

Polan, C. E. (North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh), J. J. McNeill, and S. B. Tove. Biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by rumen bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 88:1056–1064. 1964.—A simple, rapid, specific assay for the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids was developed. With this assay, it was shown that washed suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria hydrogenate linoleic and oleic acids. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, a common rumen bacterium, is capable of hydrogenating linoleic acid to octadecenoic acid but not to stearic acid. Complete anaerobiosis is required, and with mixed rumen bacteria more activity is obtained in an atmosphere of hydrogen than of either nitrogen or helium, whereas carbon dioxide is inhibitory. The extent of biohydrogenation varies with the season of the year, and a variable stimulatory effect is obtained upon the addition of boiled rumen fluid. Biohydrogenation activity in B. fibrisolvens is markedly dependent upon the age of the organism and concentration of cells used in the medium. The presence of certain other rumen bacteria, which by themselves are incapable of carrying out the biohydrogenation reaction, can prevent loss of activity of B. fibrisolvens due to age or dilution. Two systems are involved in the complete hydrogenation of linoleic acid: one specific for the conversion of linoleic acid to a monoenoic acid, and the other for the hydrogenation of a monoenoic acid to stearic acid.
Rate controlled window protocol in networks with large bandwidth delay product

This paper investigates the interaction of rate control and window control in such networks. If acknowledgements are generated for each packet received, rate control is not as important. However, when acknowledgements are only generated periodically, rate control complements window control in reducing the network buffering resources.
Automated noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease using wavelet-based neural networks

This study examines the utility of neural networks for detecting coronary artery disease noninvasively by using clinical examination variables and extracting useful information from the diastolic heart sounds associated with coronary occlusions. It has been widely reported that coronary stenoses produce sounds due to the turbulent blood flow in these vessels. These complex and highly attenuated signals taken from recordings made in of soundproof room were detected and analysed to provide the feature set based on extrema representation of the fast wavelet transform coefficients. In addition, some physical examination variables such as sex, age, body weight, smoking condition, plus diastolic and systolic blood pressures were included in the feature vector. This feature vector was used as the input pattern to the neural network. >
Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks: effects on endurance cycling in the heat

On three occasions cyclists completed, as fast as possible, two exercise tasks (T1 and T2) separated by 30 min rest. T1 and T2 were equivalent to the work performed during 2 h cycling at 75% VO2max and 30 min at 75% VO2max, respectively. Every 20 min subjects drank 275 mL of a 6% (MC) or 2.5% (LC) carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage or a water placebo (P). The initial drink during both T1 and the rest period contained 20 g D2O as a marker for entry of ingested fluid into blood. No differences in drink effects were found for heart rate, sweat rate, change in plasma volume, rectal temperature, or D2O accumulation in blood. Blood glucose and respiratory exchange ratios were higher and T2 was performed faster with MC than with P. Ingestion of MC can help maintain blood glucose and enhance performance of prolonged cycling exercise without compromising fluid replenishment.
Biologically Active Nuclear-Substituted Sulfonamidles*: I. Chemical and Physical Properties of Some Nuclear-Substituted Sulfanilamido-2-thiazoles and their Syntheses

The 2-chloro-, 2-methyl-, and 3-methyl-benzene-ring substituted sulfathiazoles were prepared by interaction of the respective acetylated aminobenzene sulfonyl chloride and 2-aminothiazole in ethyl acetate, followed by hydrolysis of the acetyl group and purification. The 3-azobenzene derivatives were prepared by coupling of sulfa-thiazole with the diazonium salt of the respective anilines. The pKa of these compounds varied from 5.70 for 2- (3-azo-p-nitrobenzene sulfanilamido-) thiazole to 7.30 for 2- (2-methyl sulfanilamido-) thiazole. The acetylation number for the diazo compounds was abnormally high. The acetylated sulfonamides hydrolyzed at approximately the same rate. Attempts to determine the reactivity of the N4-amino group by acetylation, oxidation with ceric sulfate, and Schiffs base formation were unsuccessful. The absortion spectrum of 3-methyl-substituted compound differs greatly from the parent, suthiazole, the 2-methyl- and 2-chloro-sulfathiazole analogs, and the 3-azobenzene derivatives. This difference is attributed to steric effects.
Effect of leachate solutions from fly and bottom ash on groundwater quality

Abstract Leaching experiments on fly and bottom ash for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb indicated a potential for contamination of ground- and surface-water supplies. Due to the variability in chemical composition of coals, it is difficult to make generalizations concerning the chemistry of leachate solutions from the ashes of the coals. A decrease in concentration with time of leaching was observed for all elements, except for Ca which was released at a constant rate. Fly ash from a Missouri coal generated a leachate enriched in Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Cd, reflective of the high Pb/1bZn mineralization present in the surrounding area. With a pH of 3.0 this ash has the greatest potential for groundwater contamination. Conversely, leachates from Wyoming fly and bottom ashes exhibited low trace-metal concentrations. These same solutions were high in K, Na, Ca and Mg, and also showed strong pozzolanic behvior, which will reduce the leachability of these ashes. In most instances, fly and bottom ash from Kentucky and Illinois coals yielded leachates intermediate in elemental composition to leachates of Missouri and Wyoming coal ashes. Leaching experiments indicate that it is not valid to predict the chemistry of leachates from fly and bottom ash based solely on the chemical composition of the ash. From the limited number of parameters and sites examined in this study, it is clear that many of the problems related to leachates from fly and bottom ash and gob piles are site specific as well as specific to the source of coal burned. These results are, nevertheless, indicative of problems likely to be encountered in working with these materials.
Secondary structure of histones and DNA in chromatin

Laser Raman spectroscopy indicates that the inner histones which are bound to DNA in chromatin or in isolated nu bodies are similar in conformation to the inner histones which are dissociated from DNA in high-salt solutions. This structure contains, on the average, 51+/-5% alpha-helix and no substantial beta-sheet conformation. It is proposed that the protein core of the nu body has a high alpha-helix content.
Toxicokinetics of riddelliine, a carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, and metabolites in rats and mice

Riddelliine is a representative pyrrolizidine alkaloid, a class of naturally occurring toxic phytochemicals present in plant species worldwide. Human exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloids occurs through consumption of herbal dietary supplements, including comfrey, and through contaminated livestock products (e.g., milk). A recently completed 2-year bioassay of riddelliine carcinogenicity showed that male and female rats and male mice, but not female mice, developed liver tumors. The toxicokinetics of riddelliine and two metabolites, the N-oxide and retronecine, were determined in serum following an oral gavage dose in male and female rats and mice using a validated liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometric method. The results are consistent with extensive metabolism of riddelliine and its more polar metabolites prior to excretion. It is concluded that factors other than toxicokinetics are responsible for the observed species/sex specificity of gross toxicity or liver tumor induction in rats and mice.
Buffering of life histories against environmental stochasticity: accounting for a spurious correlation between the variabilities of vital rates and their contributions to fitness.

Abstract: Life‐history theory predicts vital rates that on average make large contributions to the annual multiplication rate of a lineage should be highly buffered against environmental variability. This prediction has been tested by looking for a negative correlation between the sensitivities (or elasticities) of the elements in a projection matrix and their variances (or coefficients of variation). Here, we show by constructing random matrices that a spurious negative correlation exists between the sensitivities and variances, and between the elasticities and coefficients of variation, of matrix elements. This spurious correlation arises in part because size transition probabilities, which are bounded by 0 and 1, have a limit to their variability that often does not apply to matrix elements representing reproduction. We advocate an alternative analysis based on the underlying vital rates (not the matrix elements) that accounts for the inherent limit to the variability of zero‐to‐one vital rates, correc...
Hydrodynamic Modeling of First-Order Transport Timescales in the St. Louis Bay Estuary, Mississippi

AbstractThe transport timescales residence time, exposure time, and age of water are evaluated for the St. Louis Bay estuary, Mississippi, to investigate the impacts of freshwater inflows and tidal dynamics from Mississippi Sound on the estuary’s transport characteristics. The timescales are explicitly defined and computed using a hydrodynamic model and tracer experiments for a set of 11 hydrologic scenarios designed to represent permanent low, average, and high flow conditions. Results indicate that (1) the estuary’s residence time can vary between 2.0 and 134.5 days during high and low flow conditions, respectively; (2) under low flow conditions dispersive processes caused by the tidal dynamics at the estuary’s open boundary may be dominant, and the returning flows can increase the exposure times up to 30% in relation to the residence times; (3) during high flow conditions advective transport caused by the freshwater flows may be dominant resulting in exposure times similar to the residence times; and, ...
A Re-Examination of Cultural Factors that Mitigate Risk and Promote Resilience in Relation to African American Suicide: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations for Future Research

Suicide among African Americans has been acknowledged by the U.S. Surgeon General as a growing crisis. However, suicide remains understudied in this population. In this article, the authors examine the literature related to cultural protective factors that buffer African Americans from suicide risk. They present an overview of suicide among African Americans, review the culture and world-view of African Americans, and examine the degree to which these cultural variables protect against suicide risk. Finally, they discuss the limitations of the extant research on African American suicide, set an agenda for future research, and discuss its implications for clinical practice and public policy.
Competitive inhibition of phosphoribulokinase by AMP.

Abstract The inhibition of ATP-dependent CO2 fixation by AMP has been observed in cell-free extracts of Thiobacillus , thioparus , T. , novellus , Chromatium , D , spinach, and T. , ferrooxidans (Johnson and Peck, 1965 ; Mayeux and Johnson, 1966 ; Johnson, 1966 ; and Gale 1966). The locus of the inhibition is apparently phosphoribulokinase and it has been suggested (Johnson, 1966) that the mechanism involves some direct action by AMP on the enzyme, which is not competitive inhibition. The present studies conducted on cell-free extracts of T. , ferrooxidans indicate that the inhibition of CO2 fixation by AMP is of a competitive nature between AMP and the normal substrate ATP for the phosphoribulokinase enzyme.
Isn't it time you had an emulab?

Emulabs, network testbeds on which experiments can be carried out through a web interface, are widely recognized as useful research environments. We believe that Emulabs are also excellent platforms for teaching courses in operating systems and networking. Moreover, equipment costs have fallen, and Emulab software has evolved, to the point where any school could conceivably afford their own. This raises the obvious question: "Should institutions build and operate their own Emulab?". To get a handle on this question, we describe our experiences building and operating Edulabs--Emulabs specifically designed for education--at Calvin College and the University of Kentucky. We argue that with the right technical support, owning and operating one's own Emulab is a worthwhile endeavor that has many benefits. We acknowledge, however, that in the absence of good technical support, deploying one's own Emulab can be a difficult enterprise. We also describe how we enhanced Emulab to improve its utility in an educational setting.
Auditory Function in Rat Pups Exposed Perinatally to Zidovudine (ZDV)|[dagger]| 693

Prenatal and postnatal treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns with zidovudine is routinely used to reduce transmission of the virus to the fetus/newborn. However, little is known about the effects of ZDV-treatment on the fetus. A high incidence of auditory dysfunction has been noted among children in the Pediatrics AIDS Program at USF. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences exist in the auditory development of rat pups treated in utero and throughout infancy with ZDV as compared with untreated pups. METHODS: ZDV syrup was added to the water supply (2mg/ml)of six timed pregnant rats throughout pregnancy and lactation beginning on day three of pregnancy. A control group of six pregnant rats was provided with plain water. Intake was measured. After a normal gestation, all rats delivered within a ten hour period. On postnatal day (pnd) three, pups within the two groups were randomly cross-fostered to five dams (8 pups/dam; 40 pups/group) to control for litter effects. On pnd 21, auditory brainstem responses were recorded under light sedation and auditory brainstem conduction time (ABCTs) were measured. On pnd 28, cochlear function (sensory cell) was assessed using distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). Analyses of variance (ANOVA) of pup weights, ABCTs and DPOAEs and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) with weight as the covariant were performed on the measures of auditory function. RESULTS: Weights of pups treated with ZDV were significantly lower on pnd 3, 21 and 28. ANOVA of ABCTs revealed significantly slower conduction times in the ZDV treated pups. When weight was controlled for by ANCOVA, these differences were not statistically significant. DPOAEs in the lower end of the frequency range (below 6k Hz) were significantly lower (decibels, sound pressure level) in the ZDV treated group even after controlling statistically for weight differences. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that ZDV may have no direct effect on the development of the brainstem auditory pathway, but cochlear development in rats may be altered by perinatal exposure to ZDV. Table
2-Hydroxyisophthalic acid: hydrogen-bonding patterns in the monohydrate and the tetraphenylphosphonium salt. An instance of dramatic acidity enhancement by symmetric, internally hydrogen-bonded anion stabilization.

The monohydrate of the title phenolic diacid (C 8 H 6 O 5 .H 2 O, 2-hydroxybenzene-1,3-dioic acid or 3-carboxysalicylic acid) adopts a planar conformation, with the phenol hydrogen internally hydrogen-bonded to the carbonyl of one highly ordered carboxyl, which, in turn, donates a hydrogen bond to the oxygen of water. The second carboxyl is disordered and hydrogen-bonded both to water and to the disordered carboxyl of a centrosymmetrically related neighbor in a static disorder arrangement extending over two full asymmetric units. The water accepts either one or two hydrogen bonds and donates a long bifurcated hydrogen bond shared equally by O atoms of the phenol and the disordered carboxyl. The hydrogen bonding includes no standard carboxyl pairing and is entirely two-dimensional. The resulting planar ribbons stack translationally at a distance of 3.413 (8) A, in an offset arrangement having non-translational interplanar distances of 0.821 (5) and 2.592 (6) A. This structure is compared with two previously reported for this compound. The title compound forms a monoanion, whose tetraphenylphosphonium salt is described (C 32 H 25 O 5 P, tetraphenylphosphonium 2,6-dicarboxyphenolate, tetraphenylphosphonium 2-oxidoisophthalic acid or tetraphenylphosphonium 3-carboxysalicylate). The phenol oxygen is the site of formal negative charge on the anion, which is stabilized in a planar arrangement by symmetrical hydrogen bonds from both ortho-carboxyl groups. The energetics of this arrangement, the phenol and carboxyl acidities, and factors affecting those acidities and providing anion stabilization are discussed.
Moxalactam penetration of normal and osteomyelitic bon

The ability of moxalactam, a new cephalosporin, to cross the capillary membrane and enter the interstitial fluid space of normal and osteomyelitic bone in the dog was investigated. Moxalactam was noted to readily traverse the capillary membrane of both normal and osteomyelitic bone. The calculated concentrations of moxalactam in the interstitial fluid space corresponded to the simultaneously obtained serum concentrations determined with a bioassay.
Charged particle track studies in lunar rock 12013

Abstract Etched samples from an interior chip of rock 12013 show fossil nuclear particle tracks in Ca-feldspar, K-feldspar, and pyroxene. These fossil tracks are attributed predominantly to galactic cosmic rays. The track density in the pyroxene is much lower than in the feldspars, suggesting that tracks have been partially recovered by thermal annealing or mechanical shock. If it is assumed that no recovery has occurred in the feldspars, the data give an exposure age of 15 ± 3 × 10 6 yr on the surface of the moon. The interior chip also contains grains of a phosphate mineral which exhibits an inhomogeneous distribution of etch pits of the kind normally produced by tracks. The density of these pits is higher than the background density of cosmic ray tracks and could be produced by the spontaneous fission of uranium. Maps of the uranium distribution show strong local concentrations that are frequently, if not always, associated with phosphates. The U concentration in one grain leads to a fission-track age of ≲ 1.4 × 10 9 yr, again suggesting partial recovery. No evidence for excess fission tracks from the decay of 244 Pu is found. The track density rises sharply towards the surface showing the effects of low energy solar particles. By studying the track densities in the vicinity of an impact pit, it is concluded that the pit was formed relatively recently in the history of the rock (≲ 3 × 10 6 yr ago).
Gender, general strain, and delinquency: An empirical examination

Despite an increase of research on general strain theory (GST), an empirical analysis investigating potential differences between males and females has not been conducted. Here we conduct univariate and multivariate comparisons between males and females to assess whether significant differences exist across groups. In longitudinal models predicting delinquent behavior, we find evidence of the positive effect of strain on subsequent delinquency net of other predictors. Moreover, in comparing the effects of predictors across groups, we find evidence that the effects of GST-related predictors do not differ between males and females at conventional levels of significance. In focusing on crime-specific effects for violent and property-related delinquency, however, we find some evidence of gender differences in the effects of negative life events and experiences on subsequent delinquency. We discuss future directions for examining the gendered nature of delinquent behavior from a GST perspective.
A comparative electron microscopic study of human and rat colonic polyps and carcinomas.

Abstract Colonic polyps and carcinomas of rats induced by 3-2′-dimethyl-4-aminodiphenyl were studied electron microscopically and compared to similar human lesions. Both showed significant alterations of microvilli, desmosomes, and nuclei when compared to the normal. However, altered goblet cells were observed in the lesions of the rat but not in the human neoplasms. Large dense cellular inclusions were noted in the rat cecal mucosa and a polyp and in the human polyps and carcinomas. Small, dense, loose groups of intranuclear bodies were seen in two human carcinomas. Their nature was not evident. The electron microscopic findings represent another area of similitude between an experimental model for the study of large bowel neoplasms and the human.
Vocal fold paresis: etiology, clinical diagnosis and clinical management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent papers on incidence of unilateral paresis in general and for specific causes; techniques to assist clinical diagnosis; computer and animal modeling leading to new assessment tools; and studies on the effectiveness of clinical management. RECENT FINDINGS There is much interest in being able to assess unilateral paresis in patients both pre and post-thyroidectomy. Because the gold standard for defining the presence of paresis is by laryngeal electromyography, which is not routinely available, much interest has been placed in finding other measures that correlate with electromyographic findings, including use of ultrasound imaging and high-speed videoendoscopy. Paresis is also being seen as an underlying factor in other voice disorders, such as reflux and presence of granulomas. Animal modeling is providing insights into the mechanisms that will help our understanding of vocal fold asymmetry. The development of trial injections to determine if more permanent interventions will provide good outcomes is an important step in good patient care. SUMMARY Randomized clinical trials need to be completed to provide level 1 evidence for the efficacy of treatments. Centers that have access to laryngeal electromyography need to lead the way in developing assessment tools and treatment trials for patients with paresis.