cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative and qualitative predictors of development for low[ndash ]birth weight infants of Latino background

Abstract Despite the large number of Latino infants and children in the United States, little Latino-specific data are available for these children. For this study a wide variety of factors that influence the cognitive and motor development of 123 high risk infants from low socioeconomic status Latino families were examined. Because there is not a consensus on the most predictive components of development in this population, a combination of objective and subjective measures were used. The objective measures used were the Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME), the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS), the Maternal Confidence Questionnaire (MCQ), Bayley scores, and the Parental Stress Index (PSI). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of the objective and subjective measures on the children's mental and motor development. Multiple regression indicated that the Bayley Mental scores at 24 months were predicted from three objective variables (social support, maternal confidence, and mother-infant interaction) and two subjective variables (report of stress and maternal income). For motor development, maternal income, the home environment, and maternal confidence explained most of the variance. The fact that stress, measured subjectively, was the most significant predictor of the cognitive development of Latino low[ndash ]birth weight infants points to the fact that this construct should not be overlooked and should not be measured by standardized objective measures. Furthermore, the subjective report of mothers in regard to the support they receive was not correlated to the objective measure of social support obtained. Our results indicate that certain factors may be better assessed by interview and subjective measures rather than well-tested objective measures.
NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are co-localized at individual excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampus

A CENTRAL assumption about long-term potentiation in the hip-pocampus is that the two classes of glutamate-receptor ion channel, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and the kainate/quisqualate (non-NMDA) subtypes, are co-localized at individual excitatory synapses1,2. This assumption is important because of the perceived interplay between NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in the induc-tion and expression of long-term potentiation: the NMDA class, by virtue of its voltage-dependent channel block by magnesium3,4 and calcium permeability5,6, provides the trigger for the induction of long-term potentiation, whereas the actual enhancement of synaptic efficacy is thought to be provided by the non-NMDA class7,9. If both receptor subtypes are present at the one synapse, such cross-modulation could occur rapidly and locally through diffusible factors. By measuring miniature synaptic currents in cultured hippocampal neurons we show that the majority (∼70%) of the excitatory synapses on a postsynaptic cell possess both kinds of receptor, although to different extents. Of the remaining excita-tory synapses, ∼20% contain only the non-NMDA subtype and the rest possess only NMDA receptors. This finding provides direct evidence for co-localization of glutamate-receptor subtypes at individual synapses, and also points to the possibility that long-term potentiation might be differentially expressed at each synapse according to the mix of receptor subtypes at that synapse.
Cell Death and the Caspase Cascade

The article by Yaoita et al1 in this issue of Circulation is the first of what will indubitably be many articles on the role of the caspases in cell death. This is an important event. Until 10 years ago, we could not define death at all. Instead, we relied on the process of necrosis, the decay of the cell after its death, as a way to tell us that cells had died. Typical experiments involved applying a death stimulus for different time periods and then waiting hours or days to see if the death stimulus had effected a critical “point of no return.” This point of view changed dramatically starting with the work of Horvitz in Caenorhabditis elegans. He defined three genes that made up a genetic pathway determining cell death in the nematode. These three genes were called ced-3 , ced-4 , and ced-9 . ced- 3 turned out to be a cysteine protease, that is, a protease with –SH in its active site instead of serine’s –OH. Today we know that there are at least 10 caspases, the new name for cysteine proteases, and these form a cascade controlling death in most situations studied thus far.2 3 The control of the caspases seems to depend on a simple principle: the enzymes are normally inactive as proforms. Activation requires proteolytic cleavage of the caspases at specific sites, and in most cases, these sites are themselves substrates for caspases. So, by analogy to coagulation, death is controlled by a cascade of proteases acting on each other. The promise of this as a therapeutic pathway emerges from two sources. First, a number of investigators, mainly in companies, have developed low-molecular-weight protease inhibitors. The specificity of these, as shown in the Figure⇓, is still broad, but it is …
Integrated chemical sensors based on carbon black and polymer films using a standard CMOS process and post-processing

We present an integrated chemical sensor array fabricated using a CMOS process followed by post-processing. The sensor presented in this paper incorporates 324 individually addressable sensing nodes. Post processing involves an electroless nickel and gold plating step to fabricate sensing contacts, and the deposition of a carbon black based polymer sensor material. The operation of the integrated sensor is confirmed. This sensor technology will allow the creation of large arrays of chemically diverse sensors.
Fashioning Piety: Women's Dress, Money, and Faith among Senegalese Muslims in New York City

Many Senegalese women migrate to make a living and build themselves up. The distance enables them to resist daily demands on their income and makes it possible for them to save and to invest in long term projects such as home building, their children's education, and family and religious celebrations. Yet, social criticism often blames women for the problems of marriage: such as the high divorce rate, infidelity, and financial squabbling between spouses. In this paper, I focus on the religious aspects of women's migration; I argue that Murid women deflect criticism of their wealth earned abroad by investing in the signs and symbols of a Muslim Sufi congregation. By visiting (ziyara), dressing up (sanse), and donating generously to shaykhs (addiya), Murid women display their wealth, convey the strength of their social networks, and construct themselves as candidates for salvation. Murid women engage in the global economy and preserve their distinctively Murid vision of the world and their place in it. Is it possible to understand their global engagement as a form of cosmopolitanism, as a practice and a form of consciousness, which is rooted in history and which is universal? The restructuring of the Senegalese state under neoliberal reform and its aftermath in the 1990s and into 2000 has made Muslim global networks important to livelihoods at home and yet, Muslim networks have come under scrutiny globally as the U.S. led Global War on Terror lingers on.
Quasi-weightings, Trading, and Desirability Relations in Simple Games

We investigate the problem of simultaneously characterizing various classes of simple games in three different ways: (i) the existence of “quasi-weightings” in which smaller numerical values are assigned to losing coalitions than are assigned to winning ones, (ii) the robustness of “winningness” with respect to trades involving groups of players, and (iii) the acyclicity of certain strict “orderings” that intuitively correspond to the idea of one player being more desirable than another.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number: C71.
High resolution 3D color flow mapping of breast vasculature

In order to develop a three dimensional (3D) color flow map of low velocity flow through small vessels, the authors explore the use of a high resolution velocity estimation technique and the use of 3D continuity to reconstruct a single vascular tree. Following the transmission of a wideband signal, a signal processing strategy which tracks the motion of red blood cells in small regions is used to estimate the axial velocity. A new method for optimization of the coherent signal interval is introduced. The authors also consider the effect of various noise sources on the resulting color flow map. Motion of the rib cage and breast tissue during cardiac systole are shown to display unique features and the authors evaluate the extent and velocity of this tissue motion.
Membrane and Core Periplasmic Agrobacterium tumefaciens Virulence Type IV Secretion System Components Localize to Multiple Sites around the Bacterial Perimeter during Lateral Attachment to Plant Cells

ABSTRACT Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) transfer DNA and/or proteins into recipient cells. Here we performed immunofluorescence deconvolution microscopy to localize the assembled T4SS by detection of its native components VirB1, VirB2, VirB4, VirB5, VirB7, VirB8, VirB9, VirB10, and VirB11 in the C58 nopaline strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, following induction of virulence ( vir ) gene expression. These different proteins represent T4SS components spanning the inner membrane, periplasm, or outer membrane. Native VirB2, VirB5, VirB7, and VirB8 were also localized in the A. tumefaciens octopine strain A348. Quantitative analyses of the localization of all the above Vir proteins in nopaline and octopine strains revealed multiple foci in single optical sections in over 80% and 70% of the bacterial cells, respectively. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-VirB8 expression following vir induction was used to monitor bacterial binding to live host plant cells; bacteria bind predominantly along their lengths, with few bacteria binding via their poles or subpoles. vir -induced attachment-defective bacteria or bacteria without the Ti plasmid do not bind to plant cells. These data support a model where multiple vir- T4SS around the perimeter of the bacterium maximize effective contact with the host to facilitate efficient transfer of DNA and protein substrates. IMPORTANCE Transfer of DNA and/or proteins to host cells through multiprotein type IV secretion system (T4SS) complexes that span the bacterial cell envelope is critical to bacterial pathogenesis. Early reports suggested that T4SS components localized at the cell poles. Now, higher-resolution deconvolution fluorescence microscopy reveals that all structural components of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens vir -T4SS, as well as its transported protein substrates, localize to multiple foci around the cell perimeter. These results lead to a new model of A. tumefaciens attachment to a plant cell, where A. tumefaciens takes advantage of the multiple vir- T4SS along its length to make intimate lateral contact with plant cells and thereby effectively transfer DNA and/or proteins through the vir- T4SS. The T4SS of A. tumefaciens is among the best-studied T4SS, and the majority of its components are highly conserved in different pathogenic bacterial species. Thus, the results presented can be applied to a broad range of pathogens that utilize T4SS.
Selenium Hyperaccumulators Facilitate Selenium-Tolerant Neighbors via Phytoenrichment and Reduced Herbivory

Summary Background Soil surrounding selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator plants was shown earlier to be enriched in Se, impairing the growth of Se-sensitive plant species. Because Se levels in neighbors of hyperaccumulators were higher and Se has been shown to protect plants from herbivory, we investigate here the potential facilitating effect of Se hyperaccumulators on Se-tolerant neighboring species in the field. Results We measured growth and herbivory of Artemisia ludoviciana and Symphyotrichum ericoides as a function of their Se concentration and proximity to hyperaccumulators Astragalus bisulcatus and Stanleya pinnata . When growing next to hyperaccumulators, A. ludoviciana and S. ericoides contained 10- to 20-fold higher Se levels (800–2,000 mg kg −1 DW) than when growing next to nonaccumulators. The roots of both species were predominantly (70%–90%) directed toward hyperaccumulator neighbors, not toward other neighbors. Moreover, neighbors of hyperaccumulators were 2-fold bigger, showed 2-fold less herbivory damage, and harbored 3- to 4-fold fewer arthropods. When used in laboratory choice and nonchoice grasshopper herbivory experiments, Se-rich neighbors of hyperaccumulators experienced less herbivory and caused higher grasshopper Se accumulation (10-fold) and mortality (4-fold). Conclusions Enhanced soil Se levels around hyperaccumulators can facilitate growth of Se-tolerant plant species through reduced herbivory and enhanced growth. This study is the first to show facilitation via enrichment with a nonessential element. It is interesting that Se enrichment of hyperaccumulator neighbors may affect competition in two ways, by reducing growth of Se-sensitive neighbors while facilitating Se-tolerant neighbors. Via these competitive and facilitating effects, Se hyperaccumulators may affect plant community composition and, consequently, higher trophic levels.
Altered gill morphology in benthic macroinvertebrates from mercury enriched streams in the Neversink Reservoir Watershed, New York

Aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected from five sites in the Neversink Reservoir Watershed in Sullivan County, New York: Aden Brook, Biscuit Brook, Main Branch, Tison and Winnisook, and examined for gill abnormalities. The Neversink Reservoir is part of the New York City water supply system and is located in the Catskill Mountains. Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations were measured by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) in composite samples of macroinvertebrates at the five sites and ranged from 13.6 to 20.9 ng/g total mercury and 2.4-9.8 ng/g methylmercury. Gill deformities in the organisms were evident from each sampling site. These were observed as puckering or dimpling of the gill lamellae and interior spotting. The greatest percentage of gill morphological abnormalities were from invertebrates at the Main Branch site where 28% of invertebrate gills exhibited abnormalities. This site had the highest mercury/methylmercury concentration in composite invertebrate samples. Macroinvertebrates from a reference location showed little evidence of gill abnormalities. Other factors may have contributed to the abnormalities such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, other contaminants, and/or stream profiles.
Empirical Estimates of the Influence of Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards on the Green Economies of States

The contribution of state renewable energy portfolio standards (RPS) to green business and job growth is controversial. This research estimated the contribution of RPS to state green industrial gro...
Barriers to offering international experiences to pharmacy students by U.S. colleges of pharmacy

Abstract Objective To examine the barriers pharmacy schools face when providing international experiences to students and the formats and structures utilized by schools currently providing international experiences. Methods An electronic 28-question survey was sent to pharmacy school members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy ( n = 124). The survey included six domains: Demographics, Experience Format, Financial Support, Assessment of Learning, Advertisement Methods, and Barriers. Results Of the 61 respondents, nearly half offer global health didactic courses and 83.6% ( n = 51) offer international experiences, most commonly as 5–6 week-long rotations. The barriers found to be most significant to the respondents were financial (75%, n = 42), concerns for student safety (64.3%, n = 36), and lack of preceptorship (60.7%, n = 34). Private schools viewed lack of preceptorship and scheduling problems as more important barriers than public schools ( p ≤ 0.05). Schools with larger class sizes were more likely to view institutional liability and administrative support as barriers ( p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion Barriers are most significant for large, private institutions and those who have not established international experiences. Institutions offering experiences are willing to collaborate with those who are experiencing barriers to starting a program.
Genomewide Linkage Analyses of Bipolar Disorder: A New Sample of 250 Pedigrees from the National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative

We conducted genomewide linkage analyses on 1,152 individuals from 250 families segregating for bipolar disorder and related affective illnesses. These pedigrees were ascertained at 10 sites in the United States, through a proband with bipolar I affective disorder and a sibling with bipolar I or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. Uniform methods of ascertainment and assessment were used at all sites. A 9-cM screen was performed by use of 391 markers, with an average heterozygosity of 0.76. Multipoint, nonparametric linkage analyses were conducted in affected relative pairs. Additionally, simulation analyses were performed to determine genomewide significance levels for this study. Three hierarchical models of affection were analyzed. Significant evidence for linkage (genomewide P<.05) was found on chromosome 17q, with a peak maximum LOD score of 3.63, at the marker D17S928, and on chromosome 6q, with a peak maximum LOD score of 3.61, near the marker D6S1021. These loci met both standard and simulation-based criteria for genomewide significance. Suggestive evidence of linkage was observed in three other regions (genomewide P<.10), on chromosomes 2p, 3q, and 8q. This study, which is based on the largest linkage sample for bipolar disorder analyzed to date, indicates that several genes contribute to bipolar disorder.
Advanced modeling environment for developing and testing FES control systems

Realistic models of neuromusculoskeletal systems can provide a safe and convenient environment for the design and evaluation of controllers for functional electrical stimulation (FES) prior to clinical trials. We have developed a set of integrated musculoskeletal modeling tools to facilitate the model building process. Simulink models of musculoskeletal systems are created using two software packages developed in our laboratory, Musculoskeletal Modeling in Simulink (mms) and virtual muscle, in addition to one software package available commercially, simm (Musculographics Inc., USA). mms converts anatomically accurate musculoskeletal models generated by simm into Simulink blocks. It also removes run-time constraints on kinetic simulations in simm, and allows the development of complex musculoskeletal models without writing a line of code. Virtual muscle builds realistic Simulink models of muscles responding to either natural recruitment or FES. Models of sensorimotor control systems can be developed using various Matlab (Mathworks Inc., USA) toolboxes and integrated easily with these musculoskeletal blocks in the graphical environment of Simulink.  2002 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A DC voltage dependent switchable acoustically coupled BAW filter based on BST-on-silicon composite structure

A DC voltage dependent switchable, bulk acoustic wave (BAW) filter is presented in this paper. The filter has a composite structure consisting of a barium strontium titanate (BST) layer sandwiched between top and bottom platinum (Pt) electrodes deposited on silicon (Si) and oxide (SiO 2 ) layers. The electrostrictive property of ferroelectric BST allows for the filter to be turned on and off by applying an electric field across the BST layer. The Si and SiO 2 layers are used to increase the overall quality factor and mechanical strength of the structure. When the filter is turned on, the 3 dB bandwidth is 43 MHz at a center frequency of 1.08 GHz. After resonating out the input and output static capacitances of the filter using shunt inductors, the filter exhibits an insertion loss of 8.5 dB with the application of 25 V DC bias. The return loss and out-of-band rejection of the filter are 18 dB and 29 dB, respectively. In its off state, with no DC bias applied, the isolation between input and output ports is 37 dB.
Avoidance of Transverse Midventricular Disruption Following Mitral Valve Replacement

Abstract From 1974 through 1977 when our hospital mortality for aortic valve replacement and myocardial revascularization was 3.5% and 1.1%, respectively, hospital mortality for mitral valve replacement (MVR) was 8.3% (13/156)—as high as 14.9% in 1976. Transverse midventricular disruption (TMD) was present in 7 of 10 patients on whom an autopsy was done and was clinically diagnosed in 3 others without postmortem examination. Transverse midventricular disruption presented as refractory myocardial failure immediately on termination of bypass or later (1 to 5 days) after an initial period of good hemodynamics. It appeared to result when volume loading or afterload pressure was returned to the untethered ventricle after MVR performed with potassium-induced, cold cardioplegia and ischemic arrest. Operative techniques were modified to preserve a portion of the mitral suspensory mechanism, to extend the reperfusion interval following cardioplegia and ischemic arrest, and to control strictly ventricular volume and pressure loading following bypass. By utilizing these methods, TMD was avoided from 1978 through 1982, and hospital mortality for MVR was 3.7% (9/241). The improved hospital mortality and avoidance of TMD did not result from patient selection. Allowing adequate time for recovery of the myocardium after cardioplegia plus ischemic arrest prior to ventricular loading, preservation of mitral suspensory function, and strict control of preload and afterload pressures have been effective in lowering hospital mortality for MVR and have eliminated TMD in a 5-year period.
Active management of naturally separated flow over a solid surface. Part 1. The forced reattachment process

The forced reattachment of flow to an inclined flat surface, simulating a simple flap, was investigated experimentally. The transition from a separated to an attached state of the flow was initiated by an abrupt change in the frequency and the amplitude of periodic perturbations emanating from a slot at the flap shoulder. The excitation parameters determined the total duration of the reattachment process. Minimum reattachment time occurred at an optimal excitation frequency of , which was independent of amplitude and flap inclination. The control over the process was achieved by enhancing large spanwise vortices in the flow. Spatial amplification of consecutive vortices induces mean transport of fluid away from the flap surface which causes the main stream to reattach. The time scales of the excitation are at least an order of magnitude smaller than the typical reattachment times.
Weighing Physical Activity: The Impact of a Family-Based Group Lifestyle Intervention for Pediatric Obesity on Participants’ Physical Activity

Objectives To examine differences in self-reported physical activity (PA) between participants enrolled in the treatment versus active control condition of a pediatric obesity intervention, and to test associations between parent and child PA. Methods Participants (N ¼ 93) included children aged 7–17 years and their parent. Analyses tested whether participants in the treatment condition reported greater PA at postintervention and 12-month follow-up compared with the control condition. Further, researchers examined change in PA across time and whether change in parent PA was associated with change in child PA. Results Children in the treatment condition reported greater PA at 12-month follow-up. Parents in the treatment group reported a significant increase in PA between baseline and postintervention. Change in parent PA was associated with changes in child PA across multiple periods. Conclusions Family-based obesity interventions may promote long-term change in self-reported PA among youths, and change in parent PA may be a contributing factor.
Performance Degradation Due to Inexact Timing for Coded Noncoherent Communication

The error probability is derived for a coded noncoherent communication system when the effect of inexact timing is taken into consideration. An approximation to the error probability expression makes it possible to estimate readily the performance degradation due to inexact timing, which is shown to have an upper bound of 2.4 dB.
Direct computation of ultrasound phased-array driving signals from a specified temperature distribution for hyperthermia

A method that obtains ultrasound hyperthermia applicator phased-array element driving signals from a desired temperature distribution is presented. The approach combines a technique which computes array element driving signals from focal point locations and intensities with a technique which calculates focal point locations and power deposition values from temperature requirements. Temperature specifications appear as upper and lower bounds within the tumor volume, and a focal point placement algorithm chooses focal patterns capable of achieving the temperature range objective. The linear algebraic structure of the method allows rapid calculation of both the phased-array driving signals and an approximate temperature field response. Computer simulations verify the method with a spherical section array (SSA) for a variety of temperature specifications and blood perfusion values. The scheme applies to any phased-array geometry. >
Ultra-wideband gain in microwave photonic links using four-wave mixing

We propose and investigate partially-degenerate four-wave mixing as an efficient and ultrahigh-bandwidth method for improving the microwave gain of analog fiber optic links. A flat 9-dB gain is experimentally demonstrated over an ultra-wideband of 14GHz.
Interconversion of Metarhodopsins

When the highly colored visual pigments of the eye absorb light, they communicate this fact to the membrane of the receptor cell in which they reside. This process of converting the energy of absorbed light into, the initial response of the membrane is called transduction, and, at the present time, the study of transduction is a popular one in many laboratories, including ours. We have chosen to study the pigments, on one hand, and the receptor response, on the other, hoping that we can ascertain what it is that links them in a cause-effect relationship. The receptor response under investigation is the one which is elicited from the rod-dominated eye of the albino rat. We picked this rod response because the visual pigment of rods, rhodopsin, can readily be obtained and studied in vitro.
Incremental, online, and merge mining of partial periodic patterns in time-series databases

Mining of periodic patterns in time-series databases is an interesting data mining problem. It can be envisioned as a tool for forecasting and prediction of the future behavior of time-series data. Incremental mining refers to the issue of maintaining the discovered patterns over time in the presence of more items being added into the database. Because of the mostly append only nature of updating time-series data, incremental mining would be very effective and efficient. Several algorithms for incremental mining of partial periodic patterns in time-series databases are proposed and are analyzed empirically. The new algorithms allow for online adaptation of the thresholds in order to produce interactive mining of partial periodic patterns. The storage overhead of the incremental online mining algorithms is analyzed. Results show that the storage overhead for storing the intermediate data structures pays off as the incremental online mining of partial periodic patterns proves to be significantly more efficient than the nonincremental nononline versions. Moreover, a new problem, termed merge mining, is introduced as a generalization of incremental mining. Merge mining can be defined as merging the discovered patterns of two or more databases that are mined independently of each other. An algorithm for merge mining of partial periodic patterns in time-series databases is proposed and analyzed.
Nucleotide sequence and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RPL19A gene encoding a homolog of the mammalian ribosomal protein l19

A gene designated RPL19A has been identified in the region downstream from the 3′-end of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MIS1 gene encoding the mitochondrial C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase. The gene codes for the yeast ribosomal protein YL19 which exhibits 57·5% identity with the mammalian ribosomal protein L19. RPL19A is one of two functional copies of the YL19 gene located on chromosome II. The disruption of RPL19A has no effect on the growth of the yeast. The RPL19A gene contains an intron located near the 5′-end. The 5′-flanking region contains one similar and one complete UASrpg upstream activating sequence. RPL19A was also found to be adjacent to the chromosome II AAC3 gene, encoding the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier protein. The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBanktm/EMBL data bank with the accession number Z36751.
Bubble Formation and Modification in the Sea and its Meteorological Significance

It is believed that the vast majority of the airborne salt nuclei arise from bursting bubbles at the air—sea water interface. Four natural mechanisms for the production of these bubbles have been studied. These are whitecaps, rain, snow and supersaturation of the surface waters of the sea due to spring warming. The bubble spectra from whitecaps and snowflakes have been measured and semi-quantitative and qualitative observations have been made on the bubble spectrum produced by raindrops. No evidence of bubble production by spring warming has been obtained. All of the measurements show that a majority of the bubbles are < 200 microns diameter and, in the case of bubbles from snowflakes, < 50 microns. In the vicinity of a breaking wave the bubble production rate is about 30 cm −2 sec −1 . Due to the effects of surface tension in increasing the bubble internal pressure all bubbles < 300 microns will go into solution even at sea water air saturations of 102 percent. Bubbles < 20 microns will go into solution at saturations up to 115 percent! The solution time for small bubbles of about 10 microns is about 10 sec and is not markedly affected by the water saturation percentage. It is concluded that the effects of the rate of solution of bubbles in sea water can, under some conditions, play a significant role in modifying the initial bubble spectrum. This, in turn, should influence the spectrum of airborne nuclei. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01867.x
Updating of context in working memory: An event related potential study

Flexible control of behavior depends on the representation, maintenance, and updating of context information in working memory, which is thought to rely on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, in contrast to maintenance, the dynamics of context activation and updating have not been well studied. To identify neural signals associated with context updating, we compared event-related potentials associated with cues that did or did not provide task-relevant context information. The earliest effect of context was detected 200 msec following cue onset and had a scalp topography consistent with a generator in the PFC. Subsequent effects of context were detected at 400-700 msec following cue onset (P3b), with a broad scalp distribution spanning posterior areas, and during the final 300 msec preceding the target, with a probable generator in the medial frontal cortex. We propose that the effect of context on P2 is consistent with the onset of context updating in the PFC. Subsequent components may be indicative of activation of task-relevant posterior regions and context maintenance.
A study of model bivalve siphonal currents

We carried out experiments studying the hydrodynamics of bivalve siphonal currents in a laboratory flume. Rather than USC living animals, we devised a simple, model siphon pair connected to a pump. Fluorescence-based flow visualization was used to characterize siphon-jet flows for several geometric configurations and flow speeds. These measurements show that the boundarylayer velocity profile, siphon height, siphon pair orientation, and size of siphon structure all affect the vertical distribution of the excurrent flow downstream of the siphon pair and the fraction of cxcurrent that is refiltered. ‘The observed flows may effect both the clearance rate of an entire population of siphonate bivalves as well as the efficiency of feeding of any individual. Our results imply that field conditions arc properly represented in laboratory flume studies of phytoplankton biomass losses to benthic bivalves when the shear velocity and bottom roughness are matched to values found in the field. Numerical models of feeding by a bivalve population should include an effcctivc sink distribution which is created by the combined incurrent-excurrcnt flow field. Nearbed flows need to be accounted for to properly represent these benthic-pelagic exchanges. We also present velocity measurements made with a laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA) for a single configuration (siphons flush with bed, inlet downstream) that show that the siphonal currents have a significant local effect on the properties of a turbulent boundary layer.
Fatigue in organic semiconductors: Spectroscopic evolution of microstructure due to cyclic loading in poly(3-heptylthiophene)

Abstract Organic electronic materials have many characteristics that make them attractive for applications in which mechanical deformability—i.e., flexibility and stretchability—are required. While deformation often degrades the performance of these devices, very little is known about the effects of cyclic loading—i.e., mechanical fatigue—on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the active materials. This paper examines the evolution of microstructure, stiffness, and ductility of thin films of poly(3-heptylthiophene) (P3HpT) as the film undergoes cyclic straining using ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy and film-on-elastomer techniques. Thin films of P3HpT are cyclically stretched by 5, 10, or 25 percent (i.e., below, at, and above the yield point—the point at which the polymer plastically deforms with strain) up to 10000 cycles. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is taken in intervals and the weakly interacting H-aggregate model is used to determine the aggregate quantity (from the vibronic progression) and quality (from the exciton bandwidth) in the films. Films cyclically strained at 5 and 10 percent (below and at the yield point) do not undergo significant reduction in the aggregated fraction of polymer chains, while films strained to 25% (above the yield point) undergo a reduction in aggregated fraction of over 10% by the 2000th cycle. At 25% strain, a significant reduction in the buckling wavelength from 3.4 ± 0.4 μm to 2.4 ± 0.3 μm is observed within the first 100 strain cycles suggesting a significant reduction in the stiffness and resilience of the films. A significant decrease in ductility is observed in films cyclically strained, and the effect is found to increase with increasing levels of strain. These results suggest that materials cyclically strained below their yield point will retain a microstructure that is their most electronically favorable, and that the mechanical properties of materials strained above their yield point will evolve significantly under repeated deformation. This information can be used to inform design where accommodation of repetitive strain is required, such as outdoor, portable, and wearable devices.
Plumbate Origins and Development

The question of spatial and temporal origins for Plumbate ware is addressed with archaeological evidence from the eastern Soconusco region of the Pacific slope, and evidence from a recent stylistic and compositional study (the latter by neutron-activation analysis). This evidence confirms the Pacific coastal-origins hypothesis proposed by Shepard (1948), suggesting specifically that the first Plumbate, designated "Guayabal Plumbate," was produced in or near the littoral zone of southwest Guatemala. The development of Early Postclassic Tohil Plumbate out of Late Classic San Juan Plumbate is found not to involve a hypothesized intermediate stage (designated "Robles" in previous literature). The fancy abstract-incised and effigy style associated with Tohil Plumbate is argued to represent a stylistic departure of a small group of ceramic artisans who previously had worked in a long-lived "background" tradition.
Retrograde ureteral intussusception

AbstractA soft tissue mass causing ureteral obstruction should be considered malignant until proved otherwise. We report a case of retrograde ureteral intussusception that caused obstruction. To our knowledge, this condition has not been described in the recent literature
Adapting Response Surface Methodology for Computer and Simulation Experiments

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a powerful experimental strategy for optimizing products and processes. RSM originated in the chemical process industry (CPI), but it has found widespread application beyond the CPI, including finance. Traditional RSM is a sequential learning process that assumes a relatively few number of important factors. It also assumes that low order Taylor series approximations are appropriate over localized experimental regions.
Fractographic analysis of failed porous and surface-coated cobalt-chromium alloy total joint replacements

Fractographic analyses were performed on retrieved porous and surface-coated cobalt-chromium alloy prostheses which were revised because of metallurgical fracture. Two femoral neck fractures and one fractured post of a femoral component of a total knee replacements were retrieved and analyzed via light, stereo and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In all cases, fatigue was the mechanism of failure. The life time of these prostheses was 3-5 years. The porous coating; microstructural features, including large grains, carbides, porosity, inclusions and defects; design and manufacturing defects were all likely causative factors in these fatigue failures. In light of these and other reported fractures, further study of fatigue mechanisms and improvement of design and manufacturing processes are warranted.
Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation of the surface chemistry and treatments of copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)

The surface and near surface structure of copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) absorber layers is integral to the producing a high-quality photovoltaic junction. By using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and monitoring multiple elemental absorption edges with both theory and experiment, we are able to identify several features of the surface of CIGS as a function of composition and surface treatments. The XAS data shows trends in the near surface region of oxygen, copper, indium and gallium species as the copper content is varied in the films. The oxygen surface species are also monitored through a series of experiments that systematically investigates the effects of water and various solutions of: ammonium hydroxide, cadmium sulfate, and thiourea. These being components of cadmium sulfide chemical bath deposition (CBD). Characteristics of the CBD are correlated with a restorative effect that produces as normalized, uniform surface chemistry as measured by XAS. This surface chemistry is found in CIGS solar cells with excellent power conversion efficiency (<19%). The results provide new insight for CIGS processing strategies that seek to replace CBD and/or cadmium sulfide.
Low-temperature fabrication of lithium aluminum oxide phosphate solid electrolyte thin films from aqueous precursors

Low-temperature routes to solid electrolytes are important for construction of solid-state batteries, electrochromic devices, electrolyte-gated transistors, high-energy capacitors and sensors. Here we report an environmentally friendly aqueous solution route to amorphous thin films of the solid electrolyte lithium aluminum oxide phosphate (LiAlPO). This route allows production of high quality films at very low temperatures (275 °C), 600 °C lower than traditional melt quenching routes to LiAlPO. Films of thicknesses ranging from 20–150 nm produced by this route are extremely smooth and fully dense, with temperature dependent conductivities similar to those reported for samples made by melt quenching techniques. The average room temperature conductivity of LiAlPO films was measured to be σDC = 2.6 × 10−8 S cm−1. Film evolution was monitored by TGA-DSC and FTIR, and resulting films were characterized using FTIR, XPS, SEM, and XRD. These techniques indicate that water and nitrate removal is complete by 250 °C, and the films remain amorphous to 400 °C. The approach developed demonstrates a simple, inexpensive and environmentally benign deposition route for the fabrication of inorganic solid electrolyte thin films, using LiAlPO as a model system.
A novel near-field robotic scanner for surface, RF and thermal characterization of millimeter-wave active phased array antenna

This work describes the concept and current development of a novel automated system to characterize active phased array antennas. The proposed system, called an RF Scanner, has been conceptualized and developed by the Advanced Radar Research Center (ARRC) at the University of Oklahoma (OU). This system enables the full characterization of electromagnetic, surface, and thermal properties of an active phased array antenna. An industrial 6-axis articulated robot is used to move a sensor suite to perform near-field measurements as well as surface and thermal inspection of the antenna under test (AUT). The sensor suite consists of a mechanical fixture supporting an infrared camera, a high-precision laser, a high-definition camera, and an antenna array probe. The AUT, the robotic manipulator, and the sensor suite are located inside of an environmental chamber. This environmental chamber enables characterization of the AUT under controlled temperature and humidity. The combination of the high precision robot, sensor suite, environmental chamber, and vector network analyzer (VNA), along with a software interface, allows fully automated characterization of an active phased array antenna from 1 GHz to 18 GHz, up to 60 GHz if the VNA is upgraded, over a temperature range of 0° C to 50 ° C.
Using Site Specific Fluorescent Probes to Examine Replication Fork Destabilization by Regulatory Proteins of the Bacteriophage T4 DNA Replication Complex

The reconstituted T4 DNA replication complex serves as the simplest model system to examine the ‘core’ replication mechanisms of higher organisms. In this study we used site-specifically introduced fluorescent base analogues to track local conformational changes of the nucleic acid bases, as well as Cy3/Cy5 dye-pairs inserted into the sugar-phosphate backbones to monitor backbone motions at defined positions within the DNA during interactions of the fork with regulatory proteins. By combining low energy circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescent measurements of the site-specifically introduced fluorescent base analogues with single molecule (sm) FRET experiments with cyanine dyes, we have monitored the binding stoichiometries and interactions of the regulatory proteins with model replication fork constructs. The assembly pathways and binding stoichiometries of gp59 (the helicase loader protein), gp41 (the hexameric helicase) and gp61 (the primase) were studied using functional assays as well as single molecule imaging experiments. The results showed that the stoichiometry of gp59/gp41/gp61 subunits within the functional complex is 1:6:1. CD and fluorescence experiments with base analogue probes show that gp59 preferentially binds to and perturbs the bases at the junction of a forked DNA construct, and that the addition of the gp41 helicase hexamer extends this conformational perturbation deep into the DNA duplex. In contrast, the addition of gp61 perturbs the bases at the fork junction, but not base-pairs deep in the duplex sequence. Based on these results and our previous studies we propose a possible model for DNA duplex unwinding by the helicase loader-primosome-single-strand binding protein complex within the T4 replication system.
Abridging the acronym: Neoliberalism and the proliferation of identitarian politics

ABSTRACTSexual and gender minorities have long quibbled over whether the “LGBT” moniker (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) is inclusive enough. While we celebrate the proliferation of sexual and gender identities, we also believe that this ever-expanding moniker has become an alibi for disavowing institutional violence—particularly in higher education. Grounding our analysis in our experiences co-advising a lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and ally (LGBTQA) student organization, we illustrate how the focus on a deradicalized “inclusivity”—a trademark of moniker style politics—serves the needs of the corporatized university. This neoliberal vision of inclusion transforms LGBTQA “safe spaces” into spaces safe from critical thinking and ultimately ignores the needs of multiply minoritized queer and trans students, faculty, and staff.
Detrital zircon geochronology and provenance of the Middle Cambrian Flathead Sandstone, Park County, Wyoming

Abstract We report the results of analyses of detrital zircon from the middle Cambrian Flathead Sandstone from four locations in Park County, WY. The Flathead U-Pb zircon age spectra (n=355) includes one peak at 2702–3345 Ma (95%) and two small age peaks at 1784 Ma (4%) and ∼1830 Ma (1%). Regional paleocurrent data for the Flat-head indicate sediment transport from east to west but the dominant Archean detrital zircons in our sample suite indicates a proximal source in structurally and topographically high Wyoming Province crust. The Archean ages are consistent with the >3.0 Ga fraction being derived from basement rocks present in the northern Beartooth Range and areas further to the west. The 2.8–3.0 Ga grains were derived from the Beartooth-Bighorn magmatic zone, which directly underlies and extends to the south and east of these Flathead sampling localities. The 1.7–1.8 Ga grains were derived from 100s of km to the south and east, in the Cheyenne Belt or more distal Yavapai Province rocks. This 1.7–1.8 Ga crust was uplifted along the Transcontinental Arch during late Precambrian time. The Transcontinental Arch, and perhaps the Midcontinent Rift further to the east as well, prevented easterly-sourced (i.e. Grenville) zircons from reaching the Wyoming Sauk shoreline.
A Generalization of Neuber's Rule for Numerical Applications

Abstract In this paper, a generalization of Neuber's rule for a quick and easy elastic/plastic notch analysis is established and discussed. The proposed generalization allows for a numerical and/or graphical solution for any notch geometry as well as its associated stress concentration factor, k t , and fatigue notch factor, k f . It is shown that the so called Neuber's “master” curve, involved in such analysis, is unique and is only material dependent. This is obtained by a simultaneous solution of the Ramberg-Osgood relationship and Neuber's rule. These solutions are plotted in terms of the product of nominal stress, S , times stress concentration factor, k t (or k f ), versus the actual notch root strain, e. The Neuber's “master” curve can be interactive and is applicable for both monotonic and cyclic loading situations. The present formulation is pertinent to conditions when applied nominal stresses, S , is below material's yield stress, σ 0 , i.e. | S | ≤ σ 0 . The proposed method is particularly suitable for rapid fatigue life predictions and material screening during pre-prototype phase of notched component design.
Optical signal reconstruction using transmit-side DSP

We present a method for linear impairment emulation of optical signals using transmit-side DSP to enable the generation of realistic stressed waveforms and thus the testing of receivers without the network. We experimentally demonstrate CD and phase noise emulation.