cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A survey of recent results on generalized manifolds

Abstract In this article we report some of the recent results on generalized manifolds obtained by the author and Washington Mio. These results are mainly centered around embedding and transversality problems associated with nonlocally Euclidean generalized manifolds of dimension greater than 5.
The electrical conduction mechanism in highly disordered semiconductors

Abstract It is suggested that the carrier mobility of semiconducting glasses is considerably larger than the Hall-mobility because of potential perturbations due to a large density of charged defects and because of the ambipolar character of the conductivity. These potential perturbations force the main carrier transport to occur farther inside the bands at a distance E from the band edges, which is essentially given by the height of potential saddles between Coulomb-repulsive defects E ⋍ 0.2 eV for N rep. ⋍ 10 19 cm −3 ) , explaining the larger slope of the semiconductivity. The mean free path of carriers is estimated to be of the order of 100 A in agreement with the large pre-exponential factor of the semiconductivity. The Seebeck-effect—Hall-effect anomaly and the p-type semiconductivity can be explained due to the difference in effective masses of holes and electrons in simple bands.
The Many-Lined Spectrum of Sodium Hydride

A direct current arc was maintained between a water-cooled iron cathode and a sodium anode in a hydrogen atmosphere up to pressures of 3 or 4 cms. With potential differences from 20 to 30 volts, a many-lined spectrum was obtained in which several bands and branches have been identified in the region between $\ensuremath{\lambda}3900$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}5100$. Computations involving the usual quantum assumptions have led to the determination of the following molecular magnitudes:--- Some deviations from current quantum formulas are pointed out.
Forensic value of the multicopy Y-STR marker DYS464 ☆

Abstract The tetranucleotide Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) marker, DYS464, first reported by Redd et al. [Forensic Sci. Int. 130 (2002) 97] appears to be the most polymorphic Y-STR marker discovered to date. A single primer pair can generate up to four distinct peaks over an allele range of 9–20 repeats. Allele calls can be made based on peaks that are present (conservative approach; C-type) or a combination of alleles and peak height ratios (expanded typing method; E-type). We have observed 113 C-types and 179 E-types in 679 males from three US populations.
The phosphate of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is an acid/base catalyst in the mechanism of Pseudomonas fluorescens kynureninase.

Kynureninase (l-kynurenine hydrolase, EC 3.7.1.3) catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of l-kynurenine to l-alanine and anthranilic acid. The proposed mechanism of the retro-Claisen reaction requires extensive acid/base catalysis. Previous crystal structures showed that Tyr226 in the Pseudomonas fluorescens enzyme (Tyr275 in the human enzyme) hydrogen bonds to the phosphate of the pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) cofactor. This Tyr residue is strictly conserved in all sequences of kynureninase. The human enzyme complexed with a competitive inhibitor, 3-hydroxyhippuric acid, showed that the ligand carbonyl O is located 3.7 A from the phenol of Tyr275 (Lima, S., Kumar, S., Gawandi, V., Momany, C. & Phillips, R. S. (2009) J. Med. Chem. 52, 389–396). We prepared a Y226F mutant of P. fluorescens kynureninase to probe the role of this residue in catalysis. The Y226F mutant has approximately 3000-fold lower activity than wild-type, and does not show the pKa values of 6.8 on kcat and 6.5 and 8.8 on kcat/Km seen for the wild-type enzyme (Koushik, S. V., Moore, J. A. III, Sundararaju, B. & Phillips, R. S. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 1376–1382). Wild-type kynureninase shows a resonance at 4.5 ppm in 31P-NMR, which is shifted to 5.0, 3.3 and 2.0 ppm when the potent inhibitor 5-bromodihydrokynurenine is added. However, Y226F kynureninase shows resonances at 3.6 and 2.5 ppm, and no change in the peak position is seen when 5-bromodihydrokynurenine is added. Taken together, these results suggest that Tyr226 mediates proton transfer between the substrate and the phosphate, which accelerates formation of external aldimine and gem-diol intermediates. Thus, the phosphate of PLP acts as an acid/base catalyst in the mechanism of kynureninase.
Economic Losses from a Hypothetical Hurricane Event in the Houston-Galveston Area

Most articles in the literature on hurricane impact analysis have focused on historical hurricanes, and few of them have examined the potential losses caused by a hypothetical hurricane event that may occur in the future. This research proposes a systematic approach to estimating the economic losses of a hypothetical hurricane event and examining the spatial distribution of estimated losses. The approach focuses on the Houston-Galveston area as a case study region to demonstrate how the proposed method works for a large metropolitan area. First, it designs a scenario for a hypothetical major hurricane event in the area. Second, it utilizes the hurricane model in FEMA’s HAZUS package to estimate damage states of buildings in the area. Third, it adopts a regional input-output model based on geographic information systems (GIS) to calculate direct, indirect, and induced sectoral and aggregate effects. Finally, it allocates these predicted effects to small impact analysis zones and highlights the most vulnera...
Designing Trajectories in a Planet-Moon Environment Using the Controlled Keplerian Map

The design of fuel-efficient trajectories that visit different moons of a planetary system is best handled by breaking the problem up into multiple three-body problems. This approach, called the patched three-body approach, has received considerable attention in recent years and has proved to lead to substantial fuel savings compared with the traditional patched-conic approach. We consider the problem of designing fuel-efficient multimoon orbiter spacecraft trajectories in the Jupiter―Europa―Ganymede spacecraft system with realistic transfer times. First, fuel- optimal (i.e., near-zero-fuel) trajectories without the use of any control are determined, but turn out to be infeasible due to the very long transfer times involved. We then describe a methodology that exploits the underlying structure of the dynamics of the two three-body problems, that is, the Jupiter―Europa spacecraft and Jupiter―Ganymede spacecraft, using the Hamiltonian structure-preserving Keplerian map approximations derived earlier and small control inputs in the form of instantaneous ΔV to get trajectories with times of flight on the order of months rather than several years. A typical trajectory constructed using the control algorithm can complete the mission in about 10% of the time of flight of an uncontrolled trajectory.
Evaluation of Bone Bruises and Associated Cartilage in Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Injured and –Reconstructed Knees Using Quantitative T1ρ Magnetic Resonance Imaging: 1-Year Cohort Study

Purpose To quantitate bone marrow edema–like lesions (BMELs) and the radiologic properties of cartilage in knees with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries using T 1ρ magnetic resonance imaging over a 1-year period. Methods Nine patients with ACL injuries were studied. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired within 8 weeks of the injury, after which ACL reconstruction surgery was performed. Images were then acquired 0.5, 6, and 12 months after reconstructions. The volume and signal intensity of BMELs were quantified at baseline and follow-up examinations. T 1ρ values were quantified in cartilage overlying the BMEL (OC) and compared with surrounding cartilage at all time points. Results BMELs were most commonly found in the lateral tibia and lateral femoral condyle. Nearly 50% of BMELs resolved over a 1-year period. The T 1ρ values of the OC in the lateral tibia, medial tibia, and medial femoral condyle were elevated compared with respective regions in surrounding cartilage at all time points; the difference was significant only in the lateral tibia ( P 1ρ values of OC in the lateral tibia was significantly correlated with BMEL volume ( r = 0.74, P 1ρ values despite improvement of BMEL. Conclusions In patients after ACL tear and reconstruction, (1) the cartilage overlying BMEL in the lateral tibia experiences persistent T 1ρ signal changes immediately after acute injuries and at 1-year follow-up despite BMEL improvement, (2) the superficial layers of the overlying cartilage show greater matrix damage than the deep layers, and (3) the volume of the BMEL may predict the severity of the overlying matrix's damage in the lateral tibia. T 1ρ is capable of quantitatively and noninvasively monitoring this damage and detecting early cartilage changes in the lateral tibia over time. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Bombesin antagonist prevents CO2 laser-induced promotion of oral cancer.

Abstract We previously reported that CO2 laser incisions in carcinogen-initiated fields promoted cancer development and caused release of growth factors. Here we examined the quantitative and additive properties of this tumor-promoting event and examined whether this promotion could be nullified by treatment with a bombesin antagonist, which down-regulates epidermal growth factor receptors. The model used for cancer promotion was the hamster buccal cheek pouch that had been treated with a carcinogen (9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene) for 6 weeks, producing premalignant lesions. These lesions would evolve into a cancer eventually without further treatment. Promotion was measured both by increased fluorescence in response to systemically administered Photofrin, measured noninvasively using an in vivo fluorescence photometer, and by the timing of appearance of clinical tumors. Laser incisions (0-3) were made into the hamster cheek 1 week apart, or three incisions were done 1 day apart. Another group of animals received bombesin antagonist RC-3095 for 4 weeks during the time incisions were made, again measuring promotion. Laser incisions 1 week apart produced additive promotion, whereas three incisions 1 day apart were not statistically different from the group receiving only one incision. RC-3095 treatment completely eliminated the promoting effects of incision and totally stopped promotion for the 4-week period of treatment. After discontinuing treatment with RC-3095, lesion progression resumed at the untreated control rate. This work confirms that the promoting event of a laser incision follows a comparable time course to release of growth factors after such an incision and that it can be eliminated by treatment with bombesin antagonists.
Sim: a utility for detecting similarity in computer programs

We describe the design and implementation of a program called sim to measure similarity between two C computer programs. It is useful for detecting plagiarism among a large set of homework programs. This software is part of a project to construct tools to assist the teaching of computer science.
Does prone positioning reduce small bowel dose in pelvic radiation with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for gynecologic cancer?

Abstract Purpose Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has been shown to reduce the radiation dose to small bowel in pelvic RT in gynecology patients. Prone positioning has also been used to decrease small bowel dose by displacement of small bowel from the RT field in these patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combination of both IMRT and prone positioning on a belly board can reduce small bowel dose further in gynecologic cancer patients undergoing pelvic RT. Methods and materials IMRT plans for pelvic RT were computed in 16 patients with gynecologic cancer who had undergone planning CT scans in both the supine and the prone positions on a belly board. For the gross tumor volume, the uterus, cervix, and tumor (or postoperative region) were traced. The clinical target volume was defined as the vessels and lymph nodes from the obturator level to the aortic bifurcation, presacral region, and upper 4 cm of the vagina, in addition to gross tumor volume. The planning target volume was defined as a 2-cm margin in addition to the gross tumor volume and upper 4 cm of the vagina, and 1.5 cm for lymph nodes and vessels. Normal tissue regions of interest included small bowel, large bowel, and bladder. IMRT plans using ( 1 ) the limited arc technique (180° arc length) and ( 2 ) the extended arc technique (340° arc length) were computed. Dose–volume histograms for normal tissue structures and target were compared between the supine and prone IMRT plans using the paired t test. Results Prone positioning on a belly board decreased the small bowel dose in gynecologic pelvic IMRT, and the magnitude of improvement depended on the specific IMRT technique used. With the limited arc technique, prone positioning significantly decreased the irradiated small bowel volume at the 25–50-Gy dose levels compared with supine positioning. Small bowel volumes receiving ≥45 Gy decreased from 19% to 12.5% ( p = 0.005) with prone positioning. With the extended arc technique, the decrease in irradiated small bowel volume was less marked, but remained detectable in the 35–45-Gy dose levels. Small bowel volumes receiving ≥45 Gy decreased from 13.6% to 10.1% ( p = 0.03) with prone positioning. The effect of prone positioning on large bowel and bladder was variable. Large bowel volumes receiving ≥45 Gy increased with prone positioning from 16.5% to 20.6% ( p = 0.02) in the limited arc technique and was unaffected in the extended arc technique. Conclusion These preliminary data suggest that prone positioning on a belly board can reduce the small bowel dose further in gynecology patients treated with pelvic RT, and that the dose reduction depends on the IMRT technique used.
Radiographic findings in acute segmental pyelonephritis.

Abstract Acute segmental pyelonephritis is an entity that presents clinically as acute pyelonephritis and radiographically as a mass lesion. A case is presented and the literature is reviewed.
RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION SCHEDULING IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR

A multiperiod mixed integer programming model has been developed for the production scheduling of several grades of a radioisotope in a nuclear reactor. Of special interest is the model's capability to evaluate possible future product “short falls” due to the acceptance of an unforecasted demand sales opportunity. The model is essential to decisions concerning reactor loading after an extended shutdown of several periods for modifications, maintenance, and upgrading.
Structural Topology Design Optimization for Controlled Crash Behavior

This paper presents a methodology to perform structural topology design optimization for crashworthiness considering a prescribed and safe structural behavior through the dynamic equilibrium equation. This implementation, called here controlled crash behavior, or CCB, is very useful for design engineers in the automotive industry since it allows them to ‘prescribe’ a structural behavior of the vehicle at given locations of interest. The methodology is based on previous work from the author where the optimum topology is determined using a heuristic (optimality) criterion to attain a design with prescribed levels of plastic strains and stresses. The paper includes a simple beam example to demonstrate the CCB approach. Results are consistent with the formulation of the optimization problem.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Plant-activation of the bicyclic aromatic amines benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl

Benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) are promutagenic bicyclic aromatic amines that are activated into frameshift and base pair substitution mutagens by plant systems. Using the plant cell/microbe coincubation assay, plant-activated benzidine from 0 to 50 μM induced a concentration-response in Salmonella typhimurium. At concentrations above 5 μM, plant-activated benzidine induced frameshift and base pair substitution mutations in the N- or O-acetyltransferase over-expressing strains, DJ460, YG1024, and YG1029. With plant-activated 4-ABP, concentrations above 250 μM induced a significant mutagenic response in strains YG1024 and YG1029. A tobacco cell-free mixture, TX1MX, activated benzidine and 4-ABP into mutagenic metabolites in S. typhimurium strains YG1024, YG1029, and DJ460. The mutagenic sensitivities of plant-activated benzidine and 4-ABP were the same with two different types of plant activation systems, TX1 suspension cells and TX1MX cell-free medium. The plant activation of these aromatic amines is mediated by tobacco cell peroxidase. Plant-activated benzidine and 4-ABP are converted into intermediates that serve as substrates for bacterial or humanacetylCoA: N-hydroxyarylamine N-acetyl-transferase to generate the ultimate mutagenic products. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 29:81–90, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An absence of ex-companion stars in the type Ia supernova remnant SNR 0509−67.5

The central region of the supernova remnant SNR 0509−67.5 in the Large Magellanic Cloud is shown to contain no ex-companion star, which suggests it was formed by an explosion resulting from the merger of two white dwarf stars. Type Ia supernovae are thought to result from a thermonuclear explosion of a white dwarf star, arising from either the merger of two white dwarfs (the 'double-degenerate' path), or by mass transfer from a companion star ('single-degenerate' path). The precise identity of the progenitor is still controversial. Bradley Schaefer and Ashley Pagnotta have examined high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope images of the central region of the supernova remnant SNR 0509-67.5 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and find no sign of a point source. This lack of any ex-companion star rules out all published single-degenerate models for this supernova and points to a double-degenerate merger as the most likely origin. A type Ia supernova is thought to begin with the explosion of a white dwarf star1. The explosion could be triggered by the merger of two white dwarfs2,3 (a ‘double-degenerate’ origin), or by mass transfer from a companion star4,5 (the ‘single-degenerate’ path). The identity of the progenitor is still controversial; for example, a recent argument against the single-degenerate origin6 has been widely rejected7,8,9,10,11. One way to distinguish between the double- and single-degenerate progenitors is to look at the centre of a known type Ia supernova remnant to see whether any former companion star is present12,13. A likely ex-companion star for the progenitor of the supernova observed by Tycho Brahe has been identified14, but that claim is still controversial15,16,17,18. Here we report that the central region of the supernova remnant SNR 0509−67.5 (the site of a type Ia supernova 400 ± 50 years ago, based on its light echo19,20) in the Large Magellanic Cloud contains no ex-companion star to a visual magnitude limit of 26.9 (an absolute magnitude of MV = +8.4) within a region of radius 1.43 arcseconds. (This corresponds to the 3σ maximum distance to which a companion could have been ‘kicked’ by the explosion.) This lack of any ex-companion star to deep limits rules out all published single-degenerate models for this supernova. The only remaining possibility is that the progenitor of this particular type Ia supernova was a double-degenerate system.
Ultra-high-throughput microarray generation and liquid dispensing using multiple disposable piezoelectric ejectors.

The authors have constructed an array of 12 piezoelectric ejectors for printing biological materials. A single-ejector footprint is 8 mm in diameter, standing 4 mm high with 2 reservoirs totaling 76 µL. These ejectors have been tested by dispensing various fluids in several environmental conditions. Reliable drop ejection can be expected in both humidity-controlled and ambient environments over extended periods of time and in hot and cold room temperatures. In a prototype system, 12 ejectors are arranged in a rack, together with an X-Y stage, to allow printing any pattern desired. Printed arrays of features are created with a biological solution containing bovine serum albumin–conjugated oligonucleotides, dye, and salty buffer. This ejector system is designed for the ultra-high-throughput generation of arrays on a variety of surfaces. These single or racked ejectors could be used as long-term storage vessels for materials such as small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, or cell libraries, which would allow for efficient preprogrammed selection of individual clones and greatly reduce the chance of cross-contamination and loss due to transfer. A new generation of design ideas includes plastic injection–molded ejectors that are inexpensive and disposable and handheld personal pipettes for liquid transfer in the nanoliter regime. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2004:85-94)
The rise of the Brazilian blockbuster: how ideas of exceptionality and scale shape a booming cinema

Increased transnational partnerships, commercialization, and convergence largely shape the organizational and industrial dynamics of Brazilian media industries today. This article examines the current Brazilian blockbuster cycle as a production model as well as through discourses of exceptionality and distribution mentalities. Based on interviews and field research, trade stories suggest Brazilian filmmakers are not trying to replicate Hollywood but adapt parts of a production strategy to reimagine the scale and commercial nature of this national cinema. Overall, the 2000s blockbuster cycle follows traditional discourses surrounding the blockbuster such as scope, scale, and exceptionality on a local level, yet reflects an aim to promote the Brazilian economy and national identity as a powerful player on the global stage. A closer look at the Tropa de Elite film franchise reveals how the local blockbuster reflects industrial practices and discursive patterns of culture-as-resource. As a “mode of differenti...
Acetate cycling in the water column of the Cariaco Basin: Seasonal and vertical variability and implication for carbon cycling

Acetate oxidation frequently has been used as proxy of organic carbon decomposition in marine anoxic sediments. However, the importance of acetate uptake in carbon cycling in marine anoxic water columns is less well studied. Acetate concentrations and uptake rate constants, together with total bacterial numbers, primary and chemoautotrophic production rates, and particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes, were measured in the water column of the Cariaco Basin during upwelling and nonupwelling seasons between November 1995 and May 1999 as part of the international CARIACO (Carbon Retention In A Colored Ocean) program. Acetate uptake was found to vary strongly with depth and season. Zones of elevated acetate uptake were found in the surface waters and near the suboxic/anoxic interface. High acetate uptake in the surface oxic layer suggests that acetate cycling may be an important component of organic carbon oxidation in oxic environments as well as under anoxic conditions. Depthintegrated acetate uptake rates were correlated with the rates of organic carbon supply in the two zones ( r 2 5 0.37, P 5 0.017). Comparisons of acetate oxidation rates with rates of primary production, chemoautotrophic production, and POC flux show that, on average, acetate oxidation can account for respiration of between 16 and 46% of the organic carbon fixed in the water column.
Conducting Polymer-based Aptamer Biosensor for in situ Monitoring of Cytokine

Neural prostheses often suffer from undesired chronic inflammatory tissue response. Therefore; a sensitive and real-time biosensor for inflammatory cytokine detection would provide invaluable information toward solving this problem. Such a biosensor based on an aptamer probe doped in polypyrrole and subsequent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been developed. PDGF, an important inflammatory cytokine, has been successfully measured in both offline EIS characterization and real-time impedance monitoring. For in situ detection of PDGF, the best sensitivity of 10 ng/ml has been achieved.
Distress, demoralization and psychopathology: Diagnostic boundaries

Background and Objectives: The objectives of the manuscript are: (a) to review the understanding of demoralization and its assessment; (b) to describe its clinical progression; (c) to explain the differences between demoralization and other form of psychological distress; (d) to propose a set of criteria for future research on demoralization. Methods: A MEDLINE search using the keywords distress, subjective incompetence, depression, demoralization, helplessness, hopelessness and psychopathology was conducted. This was supplemented by a manual search of the literature. Results: Demoralization can be distinguished from passing or transient distress, nonspecific distress, sub-threshold depression or anxiety, and certain mental disorders. Demoralization can be a risk factor for the manifestation of psychopathology, the prodromal phase of a mental disorder, or a trigger for exacerbation or recurrence of psychiatric distress symptoms. The domains of distress and demoralization are described and research diagnostic criteria for demoralization are presented. Conclusions: The scales discussed in this article differ in their time frames and have not yet been applied to the same population at the same time. The role of demoralization as a risk factor for mental disorders is just beginning to be understood. The domains and the diagnostic criteria for demoralization presented in this article need to be confirmed by epidemiological and empirical studies. Future research should continue to clarify its role in the pathogenesis of both mental disorders and physical illnesses and identify appropriate interventions for its arrest or prevention.
Planning an endgame move set for the game RISK: a comparison of search algorithms

Seven algorithms used to search for solutions in dynamic planning and execution problems are compared. The specific problem is endgame moves for the board game RISK. This paper concentrates on comparison of search methods for the best plan using a fixed evaluation function, fixed time to plan, and randomly generated situations that correspond to endgames in RISK with eight remaining players. The search strategies compared are depth-first, breadth-first, best-first, random walk, gradient ascent, simulated annealing, and evolutionary computation. The approaches are compared for each example based on the number of opponents eliminated, plan completion probability, and value of ending position (if the moves do not complete the game). Simulation results indicate that the evolutionary approach is superior to the other methods in 85% of the cases considered. Among the other algorithms, simulated annealing is the most suitable for this problem.
Distribution of the Beijing Family Genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Taiwan

To investigate the distribution of the Beijing family genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Taiwan, we collected 421 M. tuberculosis complex clinical isolates at random from four geographic regions of Taiwan and analyzed them by spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) in 2003. We found 113 resolved spoligotypes, among which we identified 28 (24.8%) clusters. One hundred eighty-seven (44.4%) isolates were Beijing family genotypes and consisted of 172 (40.9%) characteristic Beijing genotypes and 15 (3.6%) Beijing-like ones. We also found that substantially larger proportions of tuberculosis patients were infected with Beijing family genotypes in the northern (51.6%) and eastern (46.2%) regions of Taiwan, while 31.6 and 28.0% of the tuberculosis patients in the central and southern regions, respectively, were infected with these genotypes. The proportion of Beijing genotype isolates was the highest in patients below the age of 24 years (61.5%), the second highest in elderly patients over age 65 years (46.8%), and the lowest in middle-age patients between the ages of 45 and 54 years (34.0%). Geographic location and age were found by multivariate analysis to be associated with Beijing family genotypes. Antituberculosis drug resistance was found more often in Beijing family genotype strains (46.4%) than in non-Beijing family genotype strains (34.3%), with more Beijing family genotype strains being resistant to ethambutol and isoniazid. These findings suggest that M. tuberculosis Beijing family genotypes have been dominant for several decades and that they are the cause of a significant proportion of the recent transmissions of tuberculosis in Taiwan.
On handling QoS traffic in wireless sensor networks

Many new routing and MAC layer protocols have been proposed for wireless sensor networks tackling the issues raised by the resource constrained unattended sensor nodes in large-scale deployments. The majority of these protocols considered energy efficiency as the main objective and assumed data traffic with unconstrained delivery requirements. However, the growing interest in applications that demand certain end-to-end performance guarantees and the introduction of imaging and video sensors have posed additional challenges. Transmission of data in such cases requires both energy and QoS aware network management in order to ensure efficient usage of the sensor resources and effective access to the gathered measurements. In this paper, we highlight the architectural and operational challenges of handling of QoS traffic in sensor networks. We report on progress make to-date and outline open research problems.
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER : II. STUDIES IN LYMPHOID ACTIVITY.

The refractory state to transplanted cancer, induced by the subcutaneous injection of defibrinated blood, is accompanied in every case by a definite lymphoid crisis in the blood. The rise of lymphocytes is not present during the interval between the immunizing injection and the cancer inoculation but comes on sharply within twenty-four hours of the introduction of the cancer graft. In control animals where the graft leads to a definite take there is no such lymphoid response, but in instances of natural immunity the phenomenon is similar to that seen in artificially induced immunity, though the period of rise is often delayed for several days or a week. The lymphoid crisis is not merely an accompanying factor in the immune period; it is essential to the process. This is demonstrated by the fact that destruction of the lymphocytes by x-ray is accompanied by the loss of natural or induced resistance to the growth of inoculated cancer. The polymorphonuclear cells show a tendency to increase in the animals with growing tumors, but further study will be necessary before any conclusions regarding them can be drawn.
Promoter recognition by Bacillus subtilis sigmaW: autoregulation and partial overlap with the sigmaX regulon.

The recognition of promoters by RNA polymerase (RNAP) requires an associated ς specificity factor (9, 13). In Bacillus subtilis, the principle ς subunit, ςA, can be substituted by any of a number of alternate ς factors (11). Alternate ς factors control the expression of stress responses (ςB), flagellar motility, chemotaxis, and cell wall-related functions (ςD), and the gene expression cascade leading to formation of a dormant endospore (ςH, ςE, ςF, ςG, and ςK). Alternate ς subunits may interact with a small fraction of the available core enzyme to activate transcription of a subset of genes or, as appears to happen during sporulation, become the predominant specificity factor present at a given time. The mechanisms acting to control ς factor activity are remarkably diverse and include the production and regulation of specific anti-ς factors, proteolytic processing of active ς factors from inactive precursors, and regulated turnover. The sequencing of the B. subtilis genome has led to the identification of seven putative ς factors of the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) subfamily (18). ECF ς factors are found in a wide range of bacteria and control the uptake or secretion of specific molecules or ions and responses to a variety of extracellular stress signals (20). For example, ECF ς factors regulate ferric citrate uptake and heat shock responses in Escherichia coli (2, 7), alginate and exotoxin secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14, 21), antibiotic production in Streptomyces antibioticus (17), hairpin protein secretion in Erwinia amylovora (25), and carotenoid biogenesis in Myxococcus xanthus (8). The roles of the seven B. subtilis ECF ς factors, and the extent to which their functions may overlap, are largely unknown. We have previously reported studies of one of the B. subtilis ECF ς factors, ςX. Mutants lacking this protein have an increased sensitivity to elevated temperatures (15). We have determined the consensus sequence for recognition by holoenzyme containing ςX (EςX) and, using this information, were able to identify several target genes recognized by EςX in vivo and in vitro (16). In the course of this work, we noticed a similar promoter element preceding the gene encoding another putative ECF ς factor designated ςW. In this report, we demonstrate that the promoter element (PW) preceding the sigW-ybbM operon is transcribed by EςW both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, EςW recognizes a subset of promoters that are partially dependent on ςX for expression, consistent with previous in vivo data suggesting that these regulons overlap (16).
Influence of dominance relationships on the estimation of dominance variance with sire-dam subclass effects

Two data sets from the USDA Livestock and Range Research Laboratory were ana- lyzed to study dominance variance and the influence of dominance relationships. The first consisted of 4,155 birth weight (3,884 weaning weight) records of inbred USDA Line 1 Herefords. The second consisted of 8,065 birth weight (7,380 weaning weight) records from a line-cross experiment with five lines. Two models were used. Both included fixed effects of year-sex of calf and age of dam, and covariates for calving date, inbreeding of animal, and inbreeding of dam. For the second set, additional covariates were line composition and heter- ozygosity coefficients. Random effects were direct and maternal additive genetic, maternal permanent en- vironment, sire-dam subclass, and residual. Model 1 considered sire-dam subclasses unrelated. Model 2 related sire-dam subclasses with a parental dominance relationship matrix. Variance components were estimated using REML. Differences between estimates with Model 1 and 2 were unimportant except for dominance variance. For the first data set, estimates with Model 2 of relative genetic direct and maternal variances, direct-maternal correlation, per- manent environment, and dominance variances for birth weight were .35, .13, -.02, .03, and .25, respectively, and they were .39, .11, .04, .06 and .14 for the second data set. For weaning weight, the first data set estimates were .20, .15, -.37, .19, and .11, respectively, and they were .16, .20, -.07, .18, and .18 for the second data set. Changes, decreases and increases, in estimates of dominance variances may be due to increased information from relationships and family types other than full-sibs. The assumption of unrelated sire-dam subclasses might not be appropri- ate for estimation of dominance variance in popula- tions with many dominance relationships among sire- dam classes.
Combining antiplatelet and thrombolytic therapies for stroke

Pharmacological therapy for acute nonhaemorrhagic stroke has become a reality over the last 5 years. Mechanistically, both thrombolytic (tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase) and antiplatelet (aspirin) monotherapy have demonstrated efficacy. However, unintended actions limit the extent of clinical improvement in each circumstance. For example, in addition to excess bleeding, tissue plasminogen activator therapy has been associated with complement activation, neuronal toxicity and laminin degradation, while aspirin may reduce nitric oxide synthase activity and cerebral blood flow. Attention is now directed toward improving the therapeutic index for each class of agents. Generally, while thrombolytic therapy is focused on developing agents with greater fibrin specificity and safety (that is, a reduction in intracranial haemorrhage rate), the development of antiplatelet agents is primarily focused on achieving greater potency. The latter is being investigated by combining agents with different mechanisms (aspirin and dipyridamole, aspirin and clopidogrel) as well as agents designed to block the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, the final common pathway for platelet aggregation. Thus, combination therapy using both thrombolytic and antiplatelet agents will further attempt to improve the therapeutic index by increasing potency and improving the safety profile. Anecdotal case studies support the merits of this approach and are consistent with the data reported for myocardial ischaemia and interventional strategies. It is anticipated that drug therapy directed at both thrombolytic and antiplatelet targets will ultimately result in a widened therapeutic window that will allow acute stroke therapy to be administrated to a much greater number of patients than is currently possible.
Mating system divergence affects the distribution of sequence diversity within and among populations of recently diverged subspecies of Clarkia xantiana (Onagraceae)

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The population biology of outcrossing and self-fertilizing taxa is thought to differ because of the advantage that selfers have in colonizing unoccupied sites where mates and pollinators may be limiting (Baker's Law). This reduced tendency for outcrossers to colonize new sites, along with their greater dependence on pollinators to disperse pollen, has the potential to differently influence the genetic diversity and structure of outcrossing and selfing populations. METHODS We conducted a comparative population genetic study of two sister outcrossing and selfing subspecies of Clarkia xantiana that have very recently diverged. We used DNA sequence variation (>40 kb from eight nuclear loci) from large samples of individuals from 14 populations to assess geographic patterns of genetic diversity and make inferences about the demographic and colonization histories of each subspecies. KEY RESULTS We show that sequence variation is strongly reduced across all selfing populations. The demographic history of selfing populations exhibits recent colonization bottlenecks, whereas such bottlenecks are rarely observed for the outcrosser. The greater effect of genetic drift in the selfer has resulted in strong population genetic structure, but with no pattern of isolation by distance. By contrast, the stronger effect of gene flow in the outcrosser has resulted in considerably less structure, but a significant pattern of isolation by distance. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that selfing populations are not at migration-drift equilibrium, are affected by strong episodes of genetic drift during colonization, and experience little or no subsequent gene flow from other populations after those founder events.
A Unified Approach for H∞ Complementary Sensitivity Design of PID Controllers Applied to a DC Motor With Communication Delay

In this paper a graphical technique is introduced for finding all continuous-time and discrete-time proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers that satisfy the discrete-time H∞ complementary sensitivity constraint of an arbitrary order transfer function with time delay. These problems can be solved by finding all achievable PID controllers that simultaneously stabilize the closed-loop characteristic polynomial and satisfy constraints defined by a set of related complex polynomials. The key advantage of this procedure is that this method depends only on the frequency response of the system. If the plant transfer function is given, the procedure is still appropriate. The delta operator is used to describe the discrete-time controllers because it not only possesses numerical properties superior to the discrete-time shift operator, but also converges to the continuous-time controller as the sampling period approaches zero. A unified approach allows us to use the same procedure for discrete-time and continuous-time complementary sensitivity design of PID controllers. The method is demonstrated by using the experimental frequency response of a DC motor with communication delay for H∞ complementary sensitivity design of PID controllers.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Geometric Optimization Using Simple Code Representation

This paper extends previous work in shape optimization for trusses to the case in which a realistic objective function, derived by curve fitting, AISC tables of available members, is used. It is based upon the technique of neglecting the constitutive equations and working only with equilibrium which requires that the member weight be written in terms of the member force. This relationship is achieved by curve fitting.
Education and Job Mismatch

We develop an infinite-horizon dynamic search model to understand education-job mismatches in the labor markets where job seekers face three different types of labor markets based on their minimum educational requirements. Using a new data set, we find that our model matches the U.S. data well when we introduce heterogeneity through wage distributions. We find that regardless of the general unemployment level, education-job mismatches can exist due to the dynamics within the job markets. Highly educated job seekers may settle for jobs below their education level due to the frictions in the job market even when the unemployment is low, leading to a high degree of over education in the labor market and crowding out job seekers who have lower level of education. This means many jobs could be filled by overqualified candidates leading to possible inefficiencies in the economy. We use counterfactual experiments to show that even when the general unemployment level is kept constant, if the conditions within different job market types change, over education levels may increase or decrease dramatically.
The status of marine and coastal ecosystem-based management among the network of U.S. federal programs

Abstract In the United States, management of marine and coastal resources has moved towards ecosystem-based management (EBM), which is a more systematic and integrated approach than conventional (e.g., single sector or single species) approaches. This paper summarizes the status of EBM for federal programs under the agencies of the National Ocean Council that implement or support marine and coastal EBM activities. Using social network analysis techniques, including network visualization, cohesion measures, programs degree and betweenness centrality, similarities among programs in different topic areas (e.g., type of audience, partners, training, EBM best management practices and principles) were explored. Results highlight substantial differences in perceived and effective performances across programs, with Management programs showing a higher level of integration of EBM approaches than Non-Management programs. The use of EBM best management practices and principles among programs is unbalanced, with some key elements of EBM strategies less commonly employed in the management planning. This analysis identified gaps in the implementation of EBM strategies that can inform natural resource managers and other interested parties. This paper presents the results of the analysis and discusses the implications for the implementation of EBM approaches and strategies at the federal level.
The Properties of Rubber Cements

Abstract Rubber cements used in factories manufacturing rubber goods consist of rubber-solvent dispersed systems. They usually contain, in addition to rubber, various pigments, softeners, curing agents, etc. The smoothness and thickness of the films deposited, the readiness with which the films break over small apertures in dipped objects, the viscosity, and the stability of the cements as liquid systems are characteristics which affect their utility. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of empirical data relating such working properties and important variables in composition. Whereas there is in the literature much data on the properties of extremely dilute rubber solutions, obtained in the course of theoretical researches, little information is available concerning the much more concentrated cements used commercially. Of the classical properties of liquids only viscosity will be discussed in this paper.
Coverage-Dependent Adsorption of Bifunctional Molecules: Detailed Insights into Interactions between Adsorbates

Adsorption of bifunctional molecules is important for chemical modification of semiconductor surfaces, since such molecules can be used to alter the terminal functionality. In this work, the effect of coverage in the reaction of catechol (1,2-benzenediol) and resorcinol (1,3-benzenediol) with the (100) surface of germanium is investigated by surface spectroscopy experiments and theoretical methods. The benzenediols are site-specifically adsorbed on the Ge surface dimers through dissociative adsorption of either one or two of the −OH groups. Infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory results suggest that the dually tethered products selectively assume certain geometrical configurations at the surface. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies reveal that singly tethered species become increasingly prevalent as the coverage approaches saturation. Monte Carlo simulations that account for specific binding configurations and interadsorbate interactions, identified through density functional theo...
MEASUREMENT OF THE RATIO OF ~(99m)Tc AND ~(99)Mo INTENSITY IN ~(99)Mo-~(99m)TC BALANCED SOURCE

The measurement of the total β intensity of a ~(99)Mo-~(99m)Tc balanced source byextrapolation absorption method of 4πβ-γ coincidence and the measurement ofabsolute intensity of ~(99m)Tc in the balanced source by a S--80 MCA HPGE γspectrometer with the efficiency calibrated by an accurately standardized sourceof ~(99m)Tc are described. The ~(99m)Tc/~(99)Mo intensity ratio is found to be 0.974±0.023. This result is compared with the compilation value. Thus a experimentallymeasured correction factor of ~(99m)Tc is 0.1088±0.0023 for the absolute standar--dization of ~(99)Mo.
Public Facilities Location Under Stochastic Demand

AbstractThis paper extends the current state of public facilities location problems on a road network to cover situations in which the number of users at each node may be a random variable. The basic location model is reformulated as a chance-constrained programming problem with fractile criterion. A computational procedure for solving the non-linear deterministic equivaent problem derived is presented. Finally, a hypothetical numerical example i1lustrates the pos-sibility of changes in the location decision when the stochastic nature of the problem is taken into account.
Three Functionally Distinct DRw52 Subtypes Are Alleles of the DRβIII Locus

Several clusters of class II HLA genes contribute to the HLA-DR cluster, most of the variation is due to the variation in human antigen-presenting capacity. In the highly polymorphic DRβI gene. Recent work by others (1) has shown some nucleotide and implied amino acid sequence variation in DR1III chains, but this variation was not known to be functionally significant. We previously described a subset of HLA-DRw52 called “BO1,” defined by T-cell clones B33–25 and B33–30, that is found on all cells with DR5 and a subset of DR3 and DRw6 cells. Testing 58 lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) each having a single DRw52 haplotype, showed that clone 30 has somewhat broader reactivity than clone 25 and that, together, the two clones define three DRw52 subtypes, DRw52.1 (25−30−), DRw52.2 (25+30+), and DRw52.3 (25−30+). DR3 cells were either DRw52.1 (strongly correlating with HLA-B8) or DRw52.2 (strongly correlating with HLA-B18). The DRw6 cells fell into all three groups: 26% DRw52.1, 26% DRw52.2, and 48% DRw52.3. Both DR5 and DRw8 cells gave uniform results; all DR5 cells were DRw52.2 and all DRw8 cells fell into the double-negative (DRw52.1) category. The DRw8 cells probably should not be considered as DRw52.1, however, as explained below.