cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulated Membrane Protein Entry into Flagella Is Facilitated by Cytoplasmic Microtubules and Does Not Require IFT

Summary The membrane protein composition of the primary cilium, a key sensory organelle, is dynamically regulated during cilium-generated signaling [1, 2]. During ciliogenesis, ciliary membrane proteins, along with structural and signaling proteins, are carried through the multicomponent, intensely studied ciliary diffusion barrier at the base of the organelle [3–8] by intraflagellar transport (IFT) [9–18]. A favored model is that signaling-triggered accumulation of previously excluded membrane proteins in fully formed cilia [19–21] also requires IFT, but direct evidence is lacking. Here, in studies of regulated entry of a membrane protein into the flagellum of Chlamydomonas , we show that cells use an IFT-independent mechanism to breach the diffusion barrier at the flagellar base. In resting cells, a flagellar signaling component [22], the integral membrane polypeptide SAG1-C65, is uniformly distributed over the plasma membrane and excluded from the flagellar membrane. Flagellar adhesion-induced signaling triggers rapid, striking redistribution of the protein to the apical ends of the cells concomitantly with entry into the flagella. Protein polarization and flagellar enrichment are facilitated by cytoplasmic microtubules. Using a conditional anterograde IFT mutant, we demonstrate that the IFT machinery is not required for regulated SAG1-C65 entry into flagella. Thus, integral membrane proteins can negotiate passage through the ciliary diffusion barrier without the need for a motor.
Simultaneous cerebral blood flow measured by direct and indirect methods

Abstract By diversion of the sagittal sinus blood flow of the dog, obliteration of the extracerebral veins communicating with the sinus, and determination of the amount of brain drained by the sagittal sinus, direct cerebral flow was measured and compared to indirect measurements determined by the modified Kety-Schmidt method using krypton-85 (85Kr) as the tracer gas. Twenty-two comparisons were made in 7 dogs at flows ranging from 25 to 98 ml. per 100 gm. per minute. In individual dogs small systematic differences in the values for cerebral blood flow generally were observed; the discrepancies could not be accounted for entirely by the method of converting direct flow (milliliters per minute) to flow per unit weight (ml./100 gm./min.). For the group no systematic difference was apparent and the results are considered confirmative evidence of the validity of the modified Kety-Schmidt method. When the calculations of indirect flows were made from a 10-minute saturation period with 85Kr and without extrapolation of the arteriovenous difference of 85Kr to infinity, a systematic error was introduced, resulting in a 5 to 10% overestimation at normal and low flow levels. The method for direct measurement of sagittal sinus flow offers promise for further laboratory studies of cerebral blood flow and metabolism.
Correlating structure and affinity for PEX5:PTS1 complexes.

Many proteins that are destined to reside within the lumen of the peroxisome contain the peroxisomal targeting signal-1 (PTS1), a C-terminal tripeptide approximating the consensus sequence −Ser−Lys−Leu−COO-. The PTS1 is recognized by the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains of PEX5, a cytosolic receptor that cycles between the cytoplasm and the peroxisome. To gain insight into the energetics of PTS1 binding specificity and to correlate these with features from the recently determined structure of a PEX5:PTS1 complex, we used a fluorescence-based binding assay that enables the quantitation of the dissociation constants for PTS1-containing peptide complexes with the TPR region of human PEX5. Through application of this assay to a collection of pentapeptides containing different C-terminal tripeptide sequences, including both natural and unnatural amino acids, the thermodynamic effects of sequence variation were examined. PTS1 variants that correspond to known functional targeting signals bind to the PEX5 ...
Effeminate behavior present in boys from childhood: ten additional years of follow-up.

Abstract This is a 10-year further follow-up of 16 boys with early effeminate behavior, a group of cases first reported in 1966. The average age at this follow-up was 22 years, and the average number of years elapsed since first seen was 14 years. Twelve of the 16 cases developed some form of deviant behavior—homosexuality in 10, transvestism in 1, and transsexualism in 1. Two of the cases were heterosexually oriented, and in the remaining two, no decision could be reached as to their sexual orientation.
Vibration-Induced Arterial Shear Stress

The enhancement of arterial wall shear stress by mechanical vibration is examined from the viewpoint of its relationship to circulatory disorders found in those using vibrating hand tools. With the use of recent results, it is shown that certain arterial wall physiological processes are influenced by arterial wall shear and that for sufficiently large shear stresses, eg, approximately 1,000 dynes/sq cm, endothelial damage does occur. Calculations are presented that predict the influence of vibration on arterial wall shear. For typical arterial flow conditions, it is estimated that shear stresses in excess of 1,200 dynes/sq cm may be produced by a vibrating tool at 20 hertz with a half-amplitude of 2.5 cm and allowance for 50% attenuation of the vibration impulse.
THE MORPHOGENESIS OF HIGH SYMMETRY: THE SYMMETRIZATION THEOREM

A multi-part theorem is presented concerning the morphogenesis of high-symmetry structures made of three-dimensional morphological units (MU's) free to move on the surface of a sphere. All parts of each MU interact non-specifically with the remainder of the structure, via an isotropic function of distance. Summing all interactions gives a net figure of merit, ℐ, that depends upon MU positions and orientations. The structure evolves via gradient dynamics, each MU moving down the local gradient of ℐ. The analysis is reresented with generality in Fourier space, which eases the expression of symmetry. Structures near symmetry, but far from a local minimum of ℐ, are analyzed. For each, a symmetrical configuration can be found, for which ℐ is an extremum with respect to symmetry-breaking perturbations. Under gradient dynamics, a quadratic measure of such deviations from symmetry decreases monotonically, anywhere in the large basin of attraction of a local minimum. Thus: high symmetry is an attractor. Application is made to icosahedral virus capsids. The Symmetrization Theorem shows that a stable capsid, maintained by non-specific interactions among its capsomeres, could arise generically in a "bottom-up" process. For animated evolutions that self-assemble into high symmetry, visit
Psychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease

Disclosure Declaration:  Matthew A. Menza, MD, has declared the following financial relationships: Research Support, National Institutes of Health (NINDS), Parkinson’s Study Group (PSG), Pfizer/Wyeth, and Novartis. Consultant, National Institutes of Health (NINDS), National Institute of Mental Health, Otsuka. He will discuss an unapproved/uninvestigated use of a commercial product in his presentation (Antipsychotics in impulse control disorders).  Jacob J Lindenthal, PhD, DrPH, Douglas Opler, MD, planning committee members, have no relevant financial relationships.
INDIRECT ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRIC METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THALLIUM AND AMMONIA

Abstract Indirect atomic absorption spectrometric methods for the determination of thallium and nitrogen (ammonia) have been developed based on the use of 12-molybdophosphoric acid as a precipitant. The molybdate obtained by dissolution of the precipitate, which is equivalent to a definite amount of thallium and/or ammonium ion, is determined by atomic absorption spectrometric measurement at 313 mμ. The optimum concentration ranges are 2 to 20 p. p. m. of thallium and 20–60 p. p. m. of nitrogen.
Total Dose and Single Event Effects Testing of the Intersil ISL70444SEH Hardened Operational Amplifier

We report the results of SEE and low and high dose rate total dose testing of the Intersil ISL70444SEH hardened operational amplifier together with a discussion of the part's electrical specifications and wafer fabrication process.
A general class of hierarchical ordinal regression models with applications to correlated roc analysis

The authors discuss a general class of hierarchical ordinal regression models that includes both location and scale parameters, allows link functions to be selected adaptively as finite mixtures of normal cumulative distribution functions, and incorporates flexible correlation structures for the latent scale variables. Exploiting the well-known correspondence between ordinal regression models and parametric ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves makes it possible to use a hierarchical ROC (HROC) analysis to study multilevel clustered data in diagnostic imaging studies. The authors present a Bayesian approach to model fitting using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and discuss HROC applications to the analysis of data from two diagnostic radiology studies involving multiple interpreters. RESUME Les auteurs s'interessent a une classe assez vaste de modeles de regression ordinale avec parametres de localisation et d'echelle, laquelle permet la selection adaptative de fonctions de lien s'exprimant comme melanges finis de fonctions de repartition normales et fournit des structures de correlation flexibles pour les variables d'echelle latentes. En exploitant la correspondance bien connue entre les modeles de regression ordinale et les courbes d'efficacite parametriques (CEP) des tests diagnostiques, il est possible d'analyser des donnees d'imagerie medicate diagnostique regroupees a plusieurs niveaux au moyen d'une CEP hieiarchique. Les auteurs decrivent une approche bayesienne pour l'ajustement de tels modeles au moyen des methodes de Monte Carlo a chaǐne de Markov et presentent deux applications concretes concernant l'interpretation de cliches radiologiques
Ability of emergency physicians with advanced echocardiographic experience at a single center to identify complex echocardiographic abnormalities.

Abstract Objectives To determine the ability of emergency physicians to detect complex abnormalities on point-of-care (POC) echocardiograms. Methods Single-blinded, nonrandomized, cross-sectional study. Twenty-five different emergency medicine clinical scenarios (video clips and digital images) covering a variety of echocardiographic abnormalities were presented to a group of emergency physician sonologists. The echocardiographic abnormalities included right ventricular dysfunction, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, regional wall motion abnormalities, Doppler abnormalities of pericardial tamponade physiology, left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and aortic abnormalities. All emergency physician sonologists were blinded to the study hypothesis. They reviewed echocardiography video clips and images individually, and their interpretations were compared with the criterion standard (expert echocardiographer interpretations). Results A total of 200 echocardiography studies (video clips and images) were independently reviewed by 8 emergency physician sonologists with varying POC echocardiography experiences. Emergency physicians accurately identified left ventricular systolic dysfunction 94% of the time, diastolic dysfunction (100%), and right ventricular dysfunction 80% of the time. Regional wall motion abnormalities were detected only 50% of the time. Doppler echocardiographic abnormalities of pericardial tamponade physiology were accurately identified 57% of the time. Emergency physicians who performed more than 250 POC echocardiograms were found to be more accurate in identifying complex echocardiographic abnormalities. Conclusions Our study results suggest that with increased experience, emergency physicians can accurately identify most of complex echocardiographic abnormalities.
Oviduct-specific glycoprotein is a molecular marker for invasion in endometrial tumorigenesis identified using a relevant mouse model.

The light microscopic distinction between complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH) and invasive endometrioid carcinoma (UEC) on endometrial sampling is problematic and often has significant clinical implications. Using mouse models of endometrial tumorigenesis based on two of the most common molecular alterations found in primary human UEC we sought to characterize the transition from CAH to carcinoma to identify clinically useful biomarkers. We used the previously described Pten+/−; Mlh1−/− mouse model. DNA was isolated from microdissected lesions (CAH and carcinoma) and analyzed for LOH and mutations of Pten and additional candidate genes. To identify novel candidate genes associated with invasion, global gene expression profiles were compared from uteri with extensive CAH and carcinoma. The majority of CAHs and carcinomas, arising in this model showed biallelic inactivation of Pten mediated through LOH or intragenic mutation of the wild-type allele suggesting that complete loss of Pten is insufficient for the development of carcinoma. The global gene expression studies detected increased expression of oviduct-specific glycoprotein (OGP) in carcinoma as compared with CAHs. This finding was validated using immunohistochemical staining in a collection of primary human UECs and CAHs. Our studies identify a molecular marker for invasive endometrial cancer that may have clinical significance, and highlight the usefulness of this mouse model in not only understanding the genetic underpinnings of endometrial carcinoma, but as a tool to develop clinically relevant biomarkers. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Introduction of explicit sensor models in error recovery

The application of numeric methods to the minimization of error has become an emerging paradigm for obj ect recovery. Typically, a parametric representation describing the object is postulated. Its parameters are then adjusted to minimize some measurement of the distance between the representation and the datapoints (the error-of-fit model). Characteristics of the sensor used to recover the points may be implicit in this formulation or may not be included at all. While sensors may be precise for a specific field of view no sensor is everywhere exact. A laser range finder for example, yields very sharp x- and y-coordinate values; however, its z-coordinate is less trustworthy. It becomes important to capture the strengths and weaknesses of a sensor and incorporate them into the recovery process. We seek to make explicit the contribution of a particular sensor by introducing a sensor model. This partitioning facilitates the development of an appropriate description of a sensor's characteristics. Also, it helps clarify interactions among different aspects of the recovery process ( i.e. error-of-fit model, sensor model, and parametric object representation). The sensor model is reflected in the certainty of sensed quantities (position, color, intensity) associated with a datapoint. We explore whether the introduction of an explicit sensor model yields an improvement in the recovery process. The PROVER (Parametric Representation Of Volumes: Experimental Recovery) System, a testbed used in the development of sensor models is described.
The Limits of Defense and Security Cooperation in Southeast Asia

Interest in regional security arrangements is burgeoning in the Asia-Pacific. Discussions about cooperative security either as an alternative or supplement to national defense reflect the concern that some form of cooperative security would provide greater stability than a reliance upon transitory balances of power; and reflect the belief that there should be a less costly and more stabilizing option superior to an exclusive dependence on individual national military buildups that could degenerate into a regional arms race. For Southeast Asia, the institutional solution to the security dilemma is located in ASEAN. In this article, I assess the barriers to a fuller security community in Southeast Asia; the current military situation in Southeast Asia, paying particular attention to the concurrent weapons modernization programs in most of the ASEAN countries; and focus on the role of China as a destabilizing power in the ASEAN region. More generally, I argue that ASEAN is a security community, that there is a set of ASEAN norms which promise greater security cooperation, and that there are real limits to security multilateralism in Southeast Asia.
The Summary Courts and Social Relations in Eighteenth-Century England

This article argues that it was in the summary courts rather than anywhere else that the people met and experienced the law in the eighteenth centruy. It explores the types of cases brought, the social background of those who used the courts, the wide plebeian useage, the nature of proceedings, and the complex and important roles they played in eighteenth-century social relations.
An overview of materials and process aspects of Josephson integrated circuit fabrication

Presented here is an overview of materials and process aspects of a method that has been developed for fabricating experimental integrated circuits containing Josephson junctions as active elements. Superconducting Pb-alloy thin films are used for forming the junction electrodes, and a combination of thermal and rf oxidation is used for forming the tunnel barrier oxides. In addition to the junctions, the circuits, which are formed above an insulated, superconducting Nb ground plane, also contain: superconducting Pb-alloy lines, contacts, and transformers; AuIn2, damping and terminating resistors; insulated crossings; etc. Insulation between the ground plane and overlying conducting layers is achieved through use of a combination of Nb2O5, and SiO. The latter is also used to achieve insulation between overlying conducting layers and as a final protective coating. Photoresist processes are used for layer patterning.
Conformations of Unsolvated Valine-Based Peptides

High-resolution ion mobility measurements and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to study the conformations of unsolvated valine-based peptides with up to 20 residues. In aqueous solution, valine is known to have a high propensity to form β-sheets and a low propensity to form α-helices. A variety of protonated valine-based peptides were examined in vacuo: Valn+H+, Ac-Valn-Lys+H+, Ac-Lys-Valn+H+, Valn-Gly-Gly-Valm+H+, Valn-LPro-Gly-Valm+H+, Valn-DPro-Gly-Valm+H+, Ac-Valn-Gly-Lys-Valm+H+, Ac-Valn+H+, and Arg-Valn+H+. Peptides designed to be β-hairpins were found to be random globules or helices. The β-hairpin is apparently not favored for valine-based peptides in vacuo, which is in agreement with the predictions of MD simulations. Peptides designed to be α-helices appear to be partial α/partial π-helices. Insertion of Gly-Gly, LPro-Gly, or DPro-Gly into the center of a polyvaline peptide disrupts helix formation. Some of the peptides that were expected to be random globules (because their m...
Canonical Diophantine representations of natural numbers with respect to quadratic “bases”☆

In 1957, Bergman proved that every natural number can be expressed uniquely as a sum of distinct, non-consecutive integral powers of φ=(1+5)/2. More recently, in 2009, Gerdemann showed how such a decomposition of n leads to the corresponding “Zeckendorf representation” of nFm, for all sufficiently large m, in which Fm denotes the mth Fibonacci number. Here we extend these results by replacing φ with an arbitrary quadratic irrational real number α. In this general setting, we will connect our new “base α” representation of n to Ostrowskiʼs decomposition of nqm, in which qm denotes the mth continuant associated with α.
CPU Generated Binary and Ternary Loads for Power Delivery Assessment

CPU generated loads useful for analysis and characterization of microprocessor power delivery networks are described along with potential applications. The loads are generated by a functional microprocessor operating in PLL BYPASS mode.
Forecasting Pacific SSTs: Linear Inverse Model Predictions of the PDO

Abstract A linear inverse model (LIM) is used to predict Pacific (30°S–60°N) sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), including the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). The LIM is derived from the observed simultaneous and lagged covariance statistics of 3-month running mean Pacific SSTA for the years 1951–2000. The model forecasts exhibit significant skill over much of the Pacific for two to three seasons in advance and up to a year in some locations, particulary for forecasts initialized in winter. The predicted and observed PDO are significantly correlated at leads of up to four seasons, for example, the correlation exceeds 0.6 for 12-month forecasts initialized in January–March (JFM). The LIM-based PDO forecasts are more skillful than persistence or a first-order autoregressive model, and have comparable skill to LIM forecasts of El Nino SSTAs. Filtering the data indicates that much of the PDO forecast skill is due to ENSO teleconnections and the global trend. Within LIM, SST anomalies can grow due to...
Inadequate margins of excision when undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer: which patients are at risk?

We analyzed the margin status and risk factors for inadequate margins among patients who underwent skin-sparing mastectomies (SSM) and traditional total mastectomies (TM). Patients undergoing mastectomies from 2003 to 2009 were included. Margins of excision were considered positive if carcinoma was at an inked margin and were considered close if such disease was within 2 mm of an inked margin. A total of 426 patients were identified. The mean age was 60 years and 90% were white. Mean tumor size was 2.6 cm and 44% had multiple ipsilateral carcinomas. Of 426 patients, 177 (42%) underwent SSM with reconstruction and 249 (58%) TM. The rate of positive or close margins on the initial specimen was 29% for SSM vs. 12% for TM (P < 0.01), and the rate of reoperation for margins was 7% for SSM vs. 2% for TM (P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that independent risk factors for initial close or positive margins included SSM (odds ratio 2.36, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.05–5.30), multiple ipsilateral tumors (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.05–4.24), and upper-inner quadrant location (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.07–6.19). Mean follow-up time was 28 months, and the local recurrence rate was 0.9%. Local recurrence rates were not different for those undergoing SSM (1.1%) vs. TM (0.8%, P = NS). Mastectomy patients undergoing SSM, with multiple ipsilateral tumors, and/or upper-inner quadrant disease are at significantly higher risk for inadequate margins of excision. These patients warrant more vigilant intraoperative attention to margin status to ensure adequate margins at the end of the first operation.
Effective action for a nonadiabatic quantum process.

A sum rule for the so-called quantum phases is established, without assuming adiabatic evolution. By considering two interacting quantum systems, conventionally designated as a boson and a fermionic one, we evaluate the effective bosonic action after integrating out the fermionic variables. This effective action contains a nontrivial topological part, which has the same origin as the quantum adiabatic phase. However, the derivation does not rely on any adiabatic assumption.
The relationship of the developing inner ear, subarcuate fossa and paraflocculus in the rat

A study of the development of the subarcuate fossa and its relationships to the semicircular canals and to the paraflocculus was made in the rat. Specimens ranging from 12-day embryos through 31 days after birth and adults were used for dissection and microscopic studies. Two distinct steps are identified in the development of the fossa. First preceded by the differentiation of the semicircular canals, a primitive subarcuate fossa, which is completely filled with loose vascularized connective tissue, develops in the periotic capsule. Second, the primitive dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa evaginates into the area of the primitive fossa displacing the loose connective tissue contained therein, to form a laterally projecting cavity from the posterior cranial fossa, the definitive subarcuate fossa. Thus, the primitive subarcuate fossa appears passively as a product of the pattern of development of the periotic capsule. The paraflocculus of the cerebellum does not appear to influence the development of the definitive subarcuate fossa since it secondarily occupies the area of the fossa. The pedunculated nature of the paraflocculus is associated with, and probably results from, the diameter of the ostium of the fossa being smaller than its greatest width. A comparison is made of the development of the subarcuate fossa within the periotic capsule in the rat and man. In the adult rat a definitive subarcuate fossa is present, while in adult man only a rudimentary counterpart exists.
(3Z,6Z,9Z)-Nonadecatriene and enantiomers of (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-Epoxy-nonadecadiene as sex attractants for two geometrid and one noctuid moth species.

Sex attractants for the geometrid mothsEufidonia convergaria andCaripeta angustiorata, and the noctuid mothRivula propinqualis have been elucidated during field screening of a series of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-triene hydrocarbons (C17–22), and the racemic and enantiomerically enriched monoepoxydienes derived from those hydrocarbons. Biologically active compounds were identified by a combination of field testing of synthetic standards, electroantennography, and coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection.E. convergaria males were optimally attracted by a 1∶1 blend of (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxy-nonadecadiene (3Z,9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-19∶H); other abbreviations follow the same system) with (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H). The 6R,7S enantiomer of the epoxide had no apparent biological activity, either as an attractant or as a behavioral antagonist. Male moths also were attracted to blends of the C18 and C20 homologs of the triene and the epoxide. 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and 3Z,6Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19∶H were identified inE. convergaria female pheromone gland extracts. Males of the geometrid moth speciesC. angustiorata were attracted by a 1∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-19∶H. Males of the noctuid mothR. propinqualis were attracted by an approximately 10∶1 blend of 3Z,6Z,9Z-19∶H and enantiomerically enriched 3Z,9Z-6S, 7R-epoxy-19∶H. The components were synergistic, with neither being attractive alone. The blend ratio was quite specific, as the attractiveness of blends decreased sharply on either side of the optimum ratio.
In situ quasi-elastic neutron scattering study of the hydration of tricalcium silicate

We report on the novel application of quasi-elastic neutron spectroscopy tos study the reaction mechanism between tricalcium silicate and water. The in situ data taken at a series of fixed temperatures varying from 10 to 40°C show that the amount of free water in the system remains relatively constant for an initial period, ranging from 1h at 40°C to 16h at 10°C. This is followed by an exponential decrease in the amount of free water that crosses over to a diffusion-limited behavior for later times. Fits to an Avrami type behavior allow us to determine an activation energy for the hydration process on the order of 30 kJ/mol.
Further studies on the enzymatic and chemical inactivation of hypothalamic FSH-RH.

The effect of chemical and enzymatic treatments on the biological activity of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (FSH-RH) was studied. FSH-RH activity was not affected by trypsin, pepsin, neuraminidase, carboxypeptidase A, aminopeptidase M and leucine aminopeptidase. However, incubation with chymotrypsin, subtilisin, papain and pyrrolidone carboxylyl peptidase abolished the FSH-RH activity as did treatment with hydrochloric acid (0.9 m, 1 h, 100 °C), diazotized sulfanilic acid, and N-bromosuccinimide. Nitrous acid, sodium metaperiodate, and ninhydrin did not affect the FSH-RH activity appreciably. Amino acid analyses of the purest FSH-RH preparation showed the following composition: His 1, Arg 1, Ser 1, Glu 1, Pro 1, Gly 2, Leu 1, Trp 1, and Tyr 1. These results and information obtained during purification procedures indicate that a basic polypeptide composed of ten amino acids possesses both LH-RH and FSH-RH activity.
The 3D stress field of a fiber embedded into a matrix and subjected to an axial load

In this investigation, the 3D stress field of a single cylindrical fiber, which is embedded into a plate matrix, is examined. The composite body is subjected to an axial loading and both perfect imperfect bonding conditions at the interface are considered. The analysis, which is based on analytical considerations, reveals the load transfer characteristics from the fiber to the matrix and vice versa. Numerical results for the displacement and stress fields are given and shown to be sensitive to the diameter to thickness ratio, the respective material properties and the applied load ratio between the fiber and the matrix. Comparisons with available experimental data shows a very good agreement.
Modulation of proliferation and antigen expression of a cloned human glioblastoma by interleukin-4 alone and in combination with tumor necrosis factor-α and/or interferon-γ

As part of continuing studies to investigate the possible regulatory effects of cytokines on malignant astrocytes, we investigated the effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) alone and in combination with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and/or interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) on the cell growth and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen expression of a cloned human glioblastoma cell line (9C). The 9C cells were treated with IL-4 alone or in combination with TNF alpha and/or IFN gamma and were examined for proliferation by crystal violet assay and for Class II MHC antigen by flow cytometry. Results indicated that IL-4 alone did not affect 9C proliferation. In combination with TNF alpha or IFN gamma, however, IL-4 significantly and dose-dependently inhibited cell growth. As previous reports have shown, TNF alpha combined with IFN gamma exerted an additive growth suppressive effect on glioblastoma cells, probably by enhancing TNF receptor expression. This additive effect of TNF alpha and IFN gamma was further enhanced by IL-4. In contrast, IL-4 did not modulate expression of Class II MHC antigen on 9C cells, even in combination with IFN gamma, which predictably enhanced this antigen. These results suggest that IL-4 is capable of modulating glioblastoma growth only in the presence of other cytokines, such as TNF alpha and/or IFN gamma. Further, the effect of IL-4 on glioblastoma proliferation is selective and independent of the mechanisms involved in regulating MHC antigen expression.
Benefits of wellness interventions for persons with chronic and disabling conditions: a review of the evidence.

Abstract Background Persons living with the effects of chronic and disabling conditions are often at increased risk for the development of secondary conditions and disabilities that can lead to further decline in health status, independence, functional status, life satisfaction, and overall quality of life. Objective The purpose of this study was to review the evidence for the benefits of wellness/health promotion interventions for persons with chronic and disabling conditions. Methods The authors conducted a Medline search (1990-2007) using terms related to wellness and health promotion cross-referenced with general terms for chronic and disabling conditions, as well as 15 specific chronic and/or disabling conditions (e.g., multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury). Selection of studies was limited to those published in English that reported randomized controlled trails or prospective studies that involved adult human subjects with a chronic and/or disabling condition. All selected studies focused on some aspect of a wellness or health promotion intervention and involved a comparison or control group. Of the 5,847 studies initially identified in the search using medical subject heading terms, 190 met the criteria for full review. Data were extracted from these publications and summarized using descriptive statistics. Results Almost all studies (95%) explored the effects of wellness intervention in a sample diagnosed with a single condition (e.g., cancer, stroke, arthritis). Although the mean sample size was 100, the range in sample size varied widely (6-688); 25% of the studies had sample of 30 or fewer. Almost all studies (89.5%) reported positive effects of the wellness intervention, although the delivery and content of interventions as well as the measurement of outcomes, varied greatly. Conclusions Our findings support an immediate post-intervention positive impact of wellness interventions across persons with a wide variety of chronic and disabling conditions. Future research that clearly specifies primary study outcomes and follows the CONSORT guidelines will strengthen future reviews of the evidence and facilitate application of the evidence of practice.
Promoting tourism in US cities

Abstract Urban tourism is a relatively recent phenomenon but is now being embraced by most US cities, which are using substantial funds to compete for visitors, creating elaborate new infrastructures in the process. This article provides an analytical overview of the steps a variety of US cities are taking — such as developing a new brand image, refurbishing run-down areas, touting for conference business, building shopping malls and creating ‘carousal’ zones — to promote tourism. The author also examines how far these strategies translate into economic and social success.
Three-dimensional analysis of contrast-filled microvessel diameters.

Abstract Organ blood flow is controlled, in part, by changes in diameter of resistance vessels. In thick tissue, vessels can be imaged with a microscope using contrast-enhancing methods (e.g., fluorescence) and image analysis techniques can be used for quantitative diameter estimations. However, a change in the position of a vessel with respect to the plane of focus can be misinterpreted as a diameter change. In order to address this problem, a 3D image in a light microscope is obtained by serial optical sectioning, and a 3D deconvolution procedure (Avinash et al ., 1991, "Fourteenth Association for Research in Otolaryngology Midwinter Meeting, St. Petersberg, FL," Abstract 156) is used to deblur 3D image data. Deblurred sections are computationally projected onto a 2D plane to give an extended-focus image, from which diameter estimates of microvessels are made using a quantitative, 2D diameter-tracking algorithm (Miles, 1987, "Semiautomatic Quantitative Image Analysis of Dynamic in Vivo Cochlear Microvessel Diameters." Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Michigan; Miles and Nuttall 1992, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. ). Justification for 3D preprocessing before diameter analysis is provided by absolute and relative error analyses using computer-generated synthetic vessels. The 3D diameter analysis technique is validated using a capillary tube of known diameter, filled with fluorescent solution. Demonstration of its applicability is shown in diameter measurements from the vessels of guinea pig cochlea. Our approach, using extended-focus images, minimizes overestimation of microvascular diameters and underestimation of relative diameter changes. Therefore, unambiguous diameter measurements are possible with extended-focus images.
Bilateral pneumothoraces after coronary bypass surgery - a case of 'buffalo chest'

(1997). Bilateral pneumothoraces after coronary bypass surgery - a case of 'buffalo chest' Clinical Intensive Care: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 154-155.
Flexible active-matrix OLED displays: Challenges and progress

Abstract— Organic light-emitting-device (OLED) devices are very promising candidates for flexible-display applications because of their organic thin-film configuration and excellent optical and video performance. Recent progress of flexible-OLED technologies for high-performance full-color active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) displays will be presented and future challenges will be discussed. Specific focus is placed on technology components, including high-efficiency phosphorescent OLED technology, substrates and backplanes for flexible displays, transparent compound cathode technology, conformal packaging, and the flexibility testing of these devices. Finally, the latest prototype in collaboration with LG. Phillips LCD, a flexible 4-in. QVGA full-color AMOLED built on amorphous-silicon backplane, will be described.
N5+: ein neuartiges homoleptisches Polystickstoff‐Ion als Substanz mit hoher Energiedichte

Das dritte Beispiel erst fur eine homoleptische Polystickstoff-Verbindung ist nach N2 und N3− das N5+-Ion; es ist erstaunlich stabil und kann in makroskopischem Masstab als AsF6−-Salz isoliert werden. Das Vorliegen der hier gezeigten, berechneten C2v-symmetrischen Struktur wurde durch IR- und Raman- sowie 14N- und 15N-NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen am isotopenmarkierten Produkt bestatigt.
Activation of the bone-related Runx2/Cbfa1 promoter in mesenchymal condensations and developing chondrocytes of the axial skeleton.

The Runx2/Cbfa1 transcription factor regulates a program of gene expression necessary for skeletal development. To understand signals mediating skeletal formation, we examined the in vivo spatio-temporal activity of the Runx2 P1 promoter which controls expression of the bone-related Type II isoform. Transgenic mice carrying 3 kb of Runx2 promoter fused to the lacZ gene exhibit localized promoter activity in early mesenchymal condensations shortly after the embryonic turning event. Expression in developing mesenchyme continues throughout chondrogenesis and is restricted to the axial skeleton. Our data support a function for Runx2 in establishment of the prechondrocytic skeletal primordium.
Treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis and linear IgA bullous dermatosis

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) are IgA-mediated autoimmune bullous diseases. They share an identical histopathology, but are differentiated on the basis of the pattern of IgA deposition on direct immunofluorescence. While DH responds to a gluten-free diet, LABD rarely responds to gluten restriction. In the management of DH, adhering to a gluten-free diet promotes healing of small intestine villus atrophy, resolution of cutaneous disease, and lowers the risk of lymphoma. Dapsone is palliative but not curative in the treatment of DH and LABD. Patients taking systemic dapsone or sulfa-based medication for the treatment of DH or LABD should have a reasonable knowledge of the inherent side effects.
Translational displacements versus deformation displacements in double-exposure holographic interferometry

Abstract Comments and experiments on the sensitivity of double-exposure holographic interferometry to deformation displacements and to translation displacements are presented. For deformation displacements, motion parallel to the difference vector k 1 − k 2 is most easily detected, whereas for translational displacements motion normal to the vector k 2 is most easily detected. For normal incidence and viewing the motion is parallel to k 1 + k 2 . The propagation vector of the incident or illuminating light is k 1 and the scattered, or observed light is k 2 .
Oxidative damage to DNA : Inhibition of guanine damage

One-electron oxidation of DNA results in chemical damage to nucleobases, partic- ularly guanine in multiple G sequences. Oxidation may be triggered by numerous events, in- cluding photosensitization. We describe studies of photoinduced oxidations of DNA trig- gered by irradiation of covalently linked anthraquinone derivatives under various conditions that affect the global structure of the DNA. These structural changes have subtle effects on the result of the one-electron oxidation.
Characteristics and trends in peer-reviewed publications in the field of psychosomatic medicine.

Background The field of psychosomatic medicine/consultation-liaison psychiatry, now a subspecialty in psychiatry, has focused its efforts on clinical care, education, and research at the interface of psychiatry, medicine, and neurology. Objective We sought to categorize characteristics and trends (over the past decade) in several journals intended primarily for practitioners of psychosomatic medicine. Methods We reviewed all articles published in 3 peer-reviewed journals (i.e., Psychosomatics , General Hospital Psychiatry , and the Journal of Psychosomatic Research ) in 2002 and 2012. Results Each of the 3 journals has a different approach to publication of original research, clinical reviews, and case reports. Conclusions The 3 journals demonstrate differing levels of international involvement, publish a different number of articles of different types (e.g., case reports, reviews, and original research), and focus on different types of medical-psychiatric problems.
Quantitative Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microscopy of Skin Optical Clearing Dynamics

CARS microscopy is used to quantitatively investigate the process of skin optical clearing. Using glycerol and dimethyl-sulfoxide as the clearing agents, we find that tissue scattering is a highly nonlinear function of agent concentration.
Photodynamic therapy-induced programmed cell death in carcinoma cell lines

The mode of cell death following photodynamic therapy (PDT) was investigated from the perspective of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Human prostate carcinoma cells (PC3), human non-small cell lung carcinoma (H322a), and rat mammary carcinoma (MTF7) were treated by PDT following sensitization with dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE). The response of these carcinoma cell lines to PDT was variable. An examination of extracted cellular DNA by gel electrophoresis showed the characteristic DNA ladder pattern indicative of internucleosomal cleavage of DNA during apoptosis. MTF7 and PC3 responded to PDT by inducing apoptosis while H322a had no apoptotic response. The magnitude of the response and the PDT dosage required to induce the effect were different in PC3 and MTF7. MTF7 cells responded with rapid apoptosis at the dose of light and drug that yielded 50% cell death (LD50). In contrast, PC3 showed only marginal apoptosis at the LD50 but had a marked response at the LD85. Furthermore, the onset of apoptosis followed slower kinetics in PC3 (2 hr - 4 hr) than in MTF7 (< 1 hr). H322a cells were killed by PDT but failed to exhibit any apoptotic response. This study indicates that apoptosis may occur during PDT induced cell death, but this pathway is not universal for all cancer cell lines.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Liquid chromatographic isolation of vincristine and vinblastine

A fundamentally new method is described for the separation of the dimeric indole alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine from monomeric indole alkaloid impurities. This method uses an RP-18 high-performance liquid chromatography column with a methanol-water mobile phase containing an inorganic acid and an unusually low concentration of inorganic buffer. By keeping the buffer concentration low, the elution of all indole alkaloids is retarded, but the dimeric ones are retarded more than the monomeric ones. A theoretical model developed to explain this behavior postulates that the anions of the buffer solubilize the protonated indole alkaloids by pairing with them. Lowering the buffer concentration reduces the availability of pairing ions and thus decreases the mobile phase affinity of protonated alkaloids, particularly those having a 2+ charge. A similar approach may be applicable in other situations where ionogenic organic compounds having a particular valence must be separated from related compounds having different valences, or from non-ionogenic compounds.
Carbon capture effects on water use at pulverized coal power plants

Abstract Significant quantities of water are utilized in thermoelectric power plants, mostly for the purpose of cooling. Water is becoming critically important for low carbon power generation. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from pulverized coal (PC) power plants, post-combustion carbon capture systems are receiving considerable attention. However, current systems require a significant amount of cooling, which puts further pressure on cooling water resource. This paper quantifies cooling water use and evaluates technical and economic effects of carbon capture on cooling systems at PC power plants. Included are recirculating systems with wet cooling towers and air-cooled condensers (ACCs) for dry cooling. For a wet cooling tower, water has to be provided to make up losses due mainly to evaporation and blowdown. Adding an amine-based carbon capture system to the plant would approximately double water use. When air-cooled condensers (ACCs) are used as the dry cooling system, in spite of the advantage in reducing water usage, the dry cooling system has a much larger capital cost than the wet cooling system, depending strongly on specific site and system characteristics.
Distribution, texture and composition of modern phosphate pellets in Peru shelf muds

Abstract Textural analysis, including estimates of concentrations of authigenic phosphate pellets, were made for eight sediment cores from the Peru continental margin. Phosphatic pellets separated from these modern organic-rich sediments are black, spherical-ovoidal in shape, and in thin section often display a concentric structure around a nucleus consisting of inorganic mineral grains. Some pellets have a gray-white exterior coating which appears to be secondary diagenetic calcite. Phosphatic pellets account for upwards of 80% of the sediment mass in some cores. Pellets concentrate in specific size classes, generally between 125 and 500 μm in diameter, and occur within a poorly sorted sediment.
Changing indications for fetal echocardiography in a University Center population.

Objectives We hypothesized that increased facility with fetal echocardiographic diagnosis by obstetricians is associated with changes in its indications and yields. Methods We reviewed 300 fetal echocardiograms (December 2002–August 2003) and compared our findings with previous studies. Results Mean maternal age was 31 ± 6 (range 16–44) years. Gestational age was 24 ± 5 weeks (mean ± SD; median 22, range 15–38). Indications for fetal echocardiography included family history of congenital heart disease (CHD) (23%), maternal diabetes (18%), obstetrical scan suspicious for CHD (13%), arrhythmia (12%) maternal rheumatologic disease (7%), extracardiac congenital anomalies (6%), chromosomal anomaly (6%) and exposure to a potential fetal teratogen (5%). High yield indications included chromosomal anomaly (47%) and a suspicious obstetrical scan (42%). Low yield indications included family history of CHD (4%) and teratogen exposure (0%). 1/7 of the patients with increased nuchal translucency had pulmonary atresia/intact ventricular septum. No anomalies were associated with the single umbilical artery. Conclusion Indications and yields of fetal echocardiography have changed over the last decade. The frequency of an obstetrical scan suspicious for CHD has increased 2.5 to 3 times over a decade and continues to have high yield. Thus, increasing prenatal detection of CHD depends, to a large extent, on increasing the skills of obstetricians. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.