cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relative salience of numerical and non-numerical dimensions shifts over development: A re-analysis of.

Abstract Visual displays of objects include information about number and other magnitudes such as cumulative surface area. Despite the confluence of cues, a prevalent view is that number is uniquely salient within multidimensional stimuli. Consistent with this view, Tomlinson et al. (2020) report that, in addition to greater acuity for number than area among both children and adults, number biases area judgments more than the reverse, at least in childhood. However, a failure to consider perceived area, undermines these results. To address this concern, we used an index of perceived area when assessing acuity and bias of number and area. In this context, number and area were comparable in acuity among children and adults. Bias, however, differed across development. Although adults showed greater bias of number on area judgments than the reverse, children experienced greater area bias on number judgments. Thus, contra Tomlinson et al., when differences in mathematical and perceived area are accounted for, area is more salient than number early in development. However, number does become the more salient dimension by adulthood, suggesting a role for experience with symbolic number and education in directing attention towards number within multidimensional visual stimuli.
Characterization of Bacterial and Fungal Infections in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Factors Associated With Health Care-Associated Infections

Background Patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at increased risk of health care-associated infections (HAIs), especially with prolonged hospital stays. We sought to identify incidence, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and outcomes associated with bacterial/fungal secondary infections in a large cohort of patients with COVID-19. Methods We evaluated adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between 2 March and 31 May 2020 and hospitalized >24 hours. Data extracted from medical records included diagnoses, vital signs, laboratory results, microbiological data, and antibiotic use. Microbiologically confirmed bacterial and fungal pathogens from clinical cultures were evaluated to characterize community- and health care-associated infections, including describing temporal changes in predominant organisms on presentation and throughout hospitalization. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate risk factors for HAIs. Results A total of 3028 patients were included and accounted for 899 positive clinical cultures. Overall, 516 (17%) patients with positive cultures met criteria for infection. Community-associated coinfections were identified in 183 (6%) patients, whereas HAIs occurred in 350 (12%) patients. Fifty-seven percent of HAIs were caused by gram-negative bacteria and 19% by fungi. Antibiotic resistance increased with longer hospital stays, with incremental increases in the proportion of vancomycin resistance among enterococci and ceftriaxone and carbapenem resistance among Enterobacterales. Intensive care unit stay, invasive mechanical ventilation, and steroids were associated with HAIs. Conclusions HAIs occur in a small proportion of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and are most often caused by gram-negative and fungal pathogens. Antibiotic resistance is more prevalent with prolonged hospital stays. Antimicrobial stewardship is imperative in this population to minimize unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotic use.
Was MiFID II effective in unbundling execution and research services

The European Commission passed Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II), in part, to unbundle brokers’ execution and research services. We empirically examine the effectiveness of MiFID II in achieving this goal and find that the trading volume generated by the brokers that issued recommendation revisions declined significantly after the enactment of MiFID II. In contrast, the aggregate trading volume response to revisions remained the same. Further, we find that the value of recommendation revisions did not change while forecast accuracy and bias improved. Finally, we evaluate the potentially asymmetric effect of MiFID II on brokers and independent research providers and find evidence suggesting that MiFID II helped level the playing field. These results, collectively, suggest that MiFID II was effective in separating research and execution services and leveling the playing field without significantly hurting the quality of sell-side equity research.
Presentación. Prólogo Nº2. Especial Género y Educación

Los estudios de genero tuvieron gran predicamento en la Espana de los anos ochenta y noventa, llegando a hacer aportaciones reflexivas y criticas de gran interes tanto socialmente como para la comunidad educativa. Pasados los anos, se han seguido continuando trabajos en diversos ambitos, basados principalmente en la aplicacion de criterios de igualdad o medidas para facilitarlas. Sin embargo, se ha avanzado poco en lo que respecta a la investigacion desde diferentes dimensiones socioeducativas que generan y reproducen modelos de desigualdad o trato desigual. El vocabulario ha cambiado subrayandose en los ultimos anos, terminologias que estan mas asociadas a la equidad, que son concepciones mas economicistas que sociales; como trasladando a otros ambitos mas difusos, menos concretos, las problematicas sociales y educativas. No se ha hecho sino avanzar en la visibilidad tanto de las acciones de mujeres y su papel, como en datos y cifras sobre violencia. Dichos datos siguen demostrando que el clima familiar y educativo, necesita acciones claramente favorecedoras que trabajen en la disolucion de situaciones de mantenimiento del poder desigual, aportando estrategias directas y rapidas. El papel de la investigacion, en este caso es clave.
Obesity, not a high fat, high sucrose diet alone, induced glucose intolerance and cardiac dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Nearly 60% of women of reproductive age are considered overweight or obese, cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality continue to be pervasive. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an obesogenic diet on the cardiometabolic health of dams during pregnancy and postpartum. Female mice were fed either a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHS) or a refined control diet (CON) for 8 weeks before initiation of pregnancy and throughout the study period. Mice in the HFHS showed two distinct phenotypes, obesity-prone (HFHS/OP) and obesity resistance (HFHS/OR). Pre-pregnancy obesity (HFHS/OP) induced glucose intolerance before pregnancy and during postpartum. Systolic function indicated by the percent fractional shortening (%FS) was significantly decreased in the HFHS/OP at late pregnancy (vs. HFHS/OR) and weaning (vs. CON), but no differences were found at 6 weeks of postpartum among groups. No induction of pathological cardiac hypertrophy markers was found during postpartum. Plasma adiponectin was decreased while total cholesterol was increased in the HFHS/OP. Our results suggested that obesity, not the diet alone, negatively affected cardiac adaptation during pregnancy and postpartum.
MO-BBO: Multi-Objective Bilevel Bayesian Optimization for Robot and Behavior Co-Design

Robot design is a time-consuming process involving repeated experiments in a variety of environments to optimize multiple, possibly conflicting performance metrics. Moreover, the optimal robot performance for a given design depends on how the robot adapts its behavior to its environment. We propose a multi-objective Bilevel Bayesian optimization (MO-BBO) technique to automate the process of form-behavior co-design. The approach expands the Pareto front of multiple metrics by simultaneously exploring the robot design and behavior. MO-BBO uses a bilevel optimization of the acquisition function with design and behavior parameters being the high- and low-level decision variables, respectively. In the low-level, we always choose environment-aware behaviors that maximize each metric. We evaluate MO-BBO in applications to grasping gripper design and bimanual arm placement, and show that our method can efficiently focus samples on the Pareto front and generate a diversity of designs.
Light pollution affects invasive and native plant traits important to plant competition and herbivorous insects

Invasions in urban settings have been understudied in terms of how invasions are impacted by uniquely urban stressors, such as streetlights. Plant physiology and phenology are impacted by artificial light at night (ALAN), but no studies have yet examined if light pollution differentially affects native versus invasive plant species. We tested the hypothesis that ALAN affects plant traits important to plant fitness and susceptibility to herbivory and whether they differ between invasive versus native grass species. We found that aboveground production of invasive cheatgrass was >5 × greater under ALAN than any other species in any treatment, and ALAN also altered plant traits important to herbivory. This suggests that ALAN may influence the outcomes of interspecific interactions. As urbanization increases, its role in invasion biology becomes more important, especially when an urban disturbance such as ALAN benefits the growth of invasive species.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Bonds and Recognizances: Expand Superior Court Jurisdiction of Bail Hearings; Create Rebuttable Presumption of Flight for Persons Accused of Certain Violent Crimes

The Act amends bail hearing procedures, providing that certain offenses are bailable only before a superior court judge. In addition, the Act limits when bail can be granted in cases involving certain offenses. Lastly, the Act creates a rebuttable presumption of flight for those defendants facing a second conviction for the commission of a serious violent felony.
The effect of gas injection configuration on two-phase countercurrent flow limitation in short vertical channels

Countercurrent flow limitation in channels with evaporation taking place inside them is examined. Countercurrent flow limitation is short, small-diameter channels subject to purely axial, purely radial, and combined axial and radial gas injection is studied. Experiments were performed using air and water, with channel diameters 0.475 to 1.91 cm and channel lengths 1.27 to 5.72 cm. Purely axial gas injection data are shown to agree with Wallis`s correlation but with coefficients that strongly depend on channel dimensions. Purely radial gas injection data and data obtained with combined axial and radial gas injection result in flooding curves significantly different from those representing the purely axial gas injection data and indicate that near complete flooding (zero liquid penetration) can occur in small-diameter and short channels due to relatively small radial gas injection rates. Flooding curves for long or large-diameter channels are insensitive to the gas injection configuration, however.
The X-Ray Spectral Properties of Photoionized Plasmas and Transient Plasmas

I present the fundamental concepts of X-ray spectral formation in X-ray photoionized plasmas and transient plasmas, emphasizing the role of atomic kinetics in determining the attendant spectral characteristics.
Integrating Priority with Share in the Priority-Based Weighted Fair Queuing Scheduler for Real-Time Networks

The Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) scheduler has been closely studied due to its desirable properties of bandwidth guarantee and bounded delay. However, the queuing delay bound of a communication session is tightly coupled with the session’s allocated service share. To receive a low queuing delay, a session must reserve a high share. In this paper, we study a new fair queuing algorithm called Priority-based Weighted Fair Queuing (PWFQ). PWFQ combines a session’s allocated share to achieve the bandwidth guarantee and the session’s priority to adjust the delay bound inside a sliding window. The new algorithm decouples the delay from the service share so that a session with a low share but a high priority may still receive a small delay. We analyze the worst-case delay bound of PWFQ and propose a simple algorithm to assign session priorities.
TOPICS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

There exist three special cases of the second degree equation Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 .: the ellipse, the parabola, and the hyperbola. Each of these three curves plus the circle, which is a special kind of ellipse, can be obtained as the intersection of a plane with a right circular cone. That is why these curves are called conic sections. This chapter discusses these curves. The graph of most second degree equations is a circle, an ellipse, a parabola, or a hyperbola. The exceptional cases, called degenerate conic sections, consist of equations of which graphs are straight lines, single points, or empty. An ellipse is the set of points ( x, y ) such that the sum of the distances from ( x, y ) to two given points is fixed. Each of the two points is called a focus of the ellipse. The chapter presents the calculation of the equation of an ellipse with examples. A parabola is the set of points ( x, y ) equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line that does not contain the fixed point. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is called the directrix. The chapter discusses how to calculate the equation of a parabola with examples. A hyperbola is a set of points ( x, y ) with the property that the positive difference between the distances from ( x, y ) and each of two given (distinct) points is fixed. Each of the two given points is called a focus of the hyperbola. The chapter presents how to calculate the equation of a hyperbola with examples. The curves have had their axes parallel to the two coordinate axes. To obtain curves like an ellipse, a parabola, and a hyperbola, it is only necessary to rotate the coordinate axes through an appropriate angle.
Transverse1H Cross Relaxation in1H–15N Correlated1H CPMG Experiments

Transverse 1H cross relaxation was observed in Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) experiments by recording 15N-1H correlated spectra of amides in HIV protease that was perdeuterated at nonexchangeable sites. Perdeuteration suppresses 1H-1H J coupling and improves spectral resolution and sensitivity. Measurements of cross-peak intensities, arising from cross relaxation, were made as a function of (i) Deltaf, the frequency difference between the spins, and (ii) tauCPMG, one-half of the duration between CPMG pi pulses. Cross peaks were observed when tauCPMG was less than 1/(2Deltaf), in agreement with theoretical calculations.
The Effects of PTSD Symptoms on Health Care Resource Utilization in a Low-Income, Urban Primary Care Setting

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms engage in greater rates of health care utilization. Existing literature is limited, however, because the number of visits to health care providers is exclusively used as an outcome. Low-income women (N = 96) screening positive for PTSD symptoms (n = 23; 23.9%) were compared to those who did not (n = 73) on a range of health care utilization outcomes obtained through a chart review. Significant PTSD symptoms were associated with more complaints per visit, ordered labs, and prescribed medications—beyond the effects of age, depression symptoms, and chronic illness. Individuals with PTSD symptoms are a challenge to primary care as currently practiced. Collaboration with mental health professionals and specific primary care procedures to diagnose and treat PTSD are needed. Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by AsianSTSS 標題 : 在低收入市區基層醫療中，創傷後壓力症症狀對醫療資源使用的影響。 撮要 : 有創傷後壓力症(PTSD)症狀的患者有較高醫療服務使用率，但是現存研究只使用醫療服務使用的次數作為結果，因而只有少量文獻。篩選患有PTSD症狀(n=23；23.9%)的低收入婦女(N=98)與沒有症狀者(n=73) 一起利用圖表覆查，比較兩者在一系列醫療服務使用的情況。顯著PTSD症狀與每次就診時較多投訴，更多化驗檢查，和更多處方藥物有關連，而這些關連與年紀、抑鬱症狀和慢性症病無關。患上PTSD症狀人士對基層醫療服務而言，是一大挑戰，所以加強與精神科醫療服務合作，及設立專屬基層醫療的診斷和治療PTSD的程序是必需的。 标题 : 在低收入市区基层医疗中，创伤后压力症症状对医疗资源使用的影响。 撮要 : 有创伤后压力症(PTSD)症状的患者有较高医疗服务使用率，但是现存研究只使用医疗服务使用的次数作为结果，因而只有少量文献。筛选患有PTSD症状(n=23；23.9%)的低收入妇女(N=98)与没有症状者(n=73) 一起利用图表覆查，比较两者在一系列医疗服务使用的情况。显著PTSD症状与每次就诊时较多投诉，更多化验检查，和更多处方药物有关连，而这些关连与年纪、抑郁症状和慢性症病无关。患上PTSD症状人士对基层医疗服务而言，是一大挑战，所以加强与精神科医疗服务合作，及设立专属基层医疗的诊断和治疗PTSD的程序是必需的。
Modeling of a high-energy laser pulse focused within an aerosol spray

A computer program is being developed for the theoretical analysis of the propagation of a laser pulse optically focused within an aerosol spray. The computer program can be applied, for example, to analyze laser ignition arrangements where a focused laser pulse would be used to ignite a liquid aerosol fuel spray. Laser light scattering and absorption of the individual aerosol droplets are evaluated using electromagnetic Lorenz-Mie theory. Initially, beam propagation is being modeled using a simple modified paraxial theory. Arbitrary input parameters to the computer program describing the optical/laser/aerosol spray arrangement include the liquid volume fraction, average droplet size, droplet size distribution, laser wavelength, laser pulse energy, laser pulse duration, lens focal length, beam diameter incident on the lens, and the choice of aerosol liquid and surrounding gaseous medium (through arbitrary inputted values of the thermodynamic and optical properties of the aerosol liquid and the gaseous medium). The output of the computer program includes, as a function of spatial position along the laser propagation axis within the spray, the laser pulse intensity and energy, the overall volumetric absorption of laser energy by the aerosol liquid and by the gaseous medium, and the overall average temperature rise of the aerosol liquid and of the gaseous medium.
Servo controlled rapid MCM target reacquisition using REMUS-100

We present a “rapid reacquire” solution for mine countermeasures (MCM) using Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUVs). The Rapid Reacquire system performs an initial search in the vicinity of a previously detected mine-like object (MLO) using low resolution side scan automatic target recognition (ATR). When a positive identification is made, the system breaks off the search to perform a high resolution survey. The high resolution sensor we have onboard is a forward look sonar, although the system was designed to allow other sensors to be used. The sonar images are analyzed and updated target positions are then sent via network packets from the analysis process to the vehicle control process which uses them to navigate, keeping the target centered in the sensor field of view. We completed and tested a first phase of the work, and have been developing improvements to be tested in our second phase. We present the results of the completed first phase and our ongoing second phase here.
Images of Gender, Race, Age, and Sexual Orientation in Disney Feature-Length AnimatedFilms

Abstract The Disney Corporation is one of the largest media companies in the world. Disney's full-length animated films have been a popular form of children's entertainment for more than 60 years. No research to date has examined the portrayals of the organizing societal principles of gender, race, age, and sexual orientation across a wide sample of these films. This study examines the portrayal of these organizing principles in a sample of 26 full-length animated Disney films. Findings indicate that gender, racial, and cultural stereotypes have persisted over time in Disney films. Few examples of positive portrayals emerged, but were increasingly common in later films. Marginalized groups were portrayed negatively, rarely, or not at all. Clinical implications for therapists are provided.
On the severity of Braess's paradox: designing networks for selfish users is hard

We consider a directed network in which every edge possesses a latency function that specifies the time needed to traverse the edge given its congestion. Selfish, noncooperative agents constitute the network traffic and wish to travel from a source vertex s to a destination t as quickly as possible. Since the route chosen by one network user affects the congestion experienced by others, we model the problem as a noncooperative game. Assuming that each agent controls only a negligible portion of the overall traffic, Nash equilibria in this noncooperative game correspond to s-t flows in which all flow paths have equal latency.A natural measure for the performance of a network used by selfish agents is the common latency experienced by users in a Nash equilibrium. Braess's Paradox is the counterintuitive but well-known fact that removing edges from a network can improve its performance. Braess's Paradox motivates the following network design problem: given a network, which edges should be removed to obtain the best flow at Nash equilibrium? Equivalently, given a network of edges that can be built, which subnetwork will exhibit the best performance when used selfishly?We give optimal inapproximability results and approximation algorithms for this network design problem. For example, we prove that there is no approximation algorithm for this problem with approximation ratio less than n/2, where n is the number of network vertices, unless P = NP. We further show that this hardness result is the best possible, by exhibiting an (n/2)-approximation algorithm. We also prove tight inapproximability results when additional structure, such as linearity, is imposed on the network latency functions.Moreover, we prove that an optimal approximation algorithm for these problems is the trivial algorithm: given a network of candidate edges, build the entire network. As a consequence, we show that Braess's Paradox--even in its worst-possible manifestations--is impossible to detect efficiently.En route to these results, we give a fundamental generalization of Braess's Paradox: the improvement in performance that can be effected by removing edges can be arbitrarily large in large networks. Even though Braess's Paradox has enjoyed 35 years as a textbook example, our result is the first to extend its severity beyond that in Braess's original four-node network.
Designing enhanced classifiers using prior process knowledge: Regularized maximum-likelihood

We propose a novel optimization-based paradigm for designing enhanced classifiers. The proposed paradigm allows us to incorporate available prior process knowledge into classifier design, thereby improving the performance of the resulting classifiers. In this work, we focus on dynamical systems that can be represented as finite-state multi-dimensional stochastic processes that possess labeled steady-state distributions. Given prior operational knowledge of the process, our goal is to build a classifier that can accurately label future observations obtained from the steady-state, by utilizing both the available prior knowledge and the training data. Simulation results show that the proposed paradigm yields improved classifiers that outperform traditional classifiers that use only training data.
Using Classroom Assessment When Group Supervision Is Not Working

Abstract Although there is a lack of formal research on group supervision, the process of classroom assessment can provide assistance to instructors in evaluating the everyday effectiveness of group supervision as a teaching tool. An illustration is provided of the use of classroom assessment in a situation where group supervision was not working. The outline of a structured strategy for enhancing group dynamics, which emerged out of the process of classroom assessment, is also included.
Decreased insulin response to sustained hyperglycemia in exercise-trained rats.

Male Wistar rats were studied to determine if exercise training reduces the insulin response to sustained hyperglycemia. Training (TN) for 8 wk on a treadmill resulted in significantly (P less than 0.05) increased time to exhaustion in TN compared to control animals (CN). Hyperglycemic glucose clamps at 11 mM for 90 min resulted in elevations of arterial plasma insulin to 23.6 +/- 4.3 ng.ml-1 (mean +/- SE, N = 7) in CN and 11.8 +/- 1.1 ng.ml-1 (N = 7) in TN (P less than 0.05). No significant difference between groups existed for the level of imposed hyperglycemia. Glucose infusion rates required to maintain the sustained hyperglycemia were 62.7 +/- 3.2 mg.kg-1 min-1 in CN and 68.5 +/- 3.0 mg.kg-1.min-1 in TN (P greater than 0.05) at the end of the glucose clamp. These data show that exercise training reduces the insulin response to sustained steady state hyperglycemia.
A spin on the information superhighway

Newly discovered materials could clear the way for blisteringly fast laptops and smartphones – ones that don't warm our laps and singe our ears
On the power of 2-way probabilistic finite state automata

The recognition power of two-way probabilistic finite-state automata (2PFAs) is studied. It is shown that any 2PFA recognizing a nonregular language must use exponential expected time infinitely often. The power of interactive proof systems (IPSs) where the verifier is a 2PFA is also investigated. It is shown that (1) IPSs in which the verifier uses private randomization are strictly more powerful than IPSs in which the random choices of the verifier are made public to the prover. (2) IPSs in which the verifier uses public randomization are strictly more powerful than 2PFAs alone, that is, without a prover; (3) every language accepted by some deterministic Turing machine in exponential time can be accepted by some IPS. Other results concern IPSs with 2PFA verifiers that run in polynomial expected time. >
Mechanical measurements of ultra-thin amorphous carbon membranes using scanning atomic force microscopy

Abstract The elastic modulus of ultra-thin amorphous carbon films was investigated by integrating atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging in contact mode with finite element analysis (FEA). Carbon films with thicknesses of ∼10 nm and less were deposited on mica by electron beam evaporation and transferred onto perforated substrates for mechanical characterization. The deformation of these ultra-thin membranes was measured by recording topography images at different normal loads using contact mode AFM. The obtained force-distance relationship at the center of membranes was analyzed to evaluate both the Young’s modulus and pre-stress by FEA. From these measurements, Young’s moduli of 178.9 ± 32.3, 193.4 ± 20.0, and 211.1 ± 44.9 GPa were obtained for 3.7 ± 0.08, 6.8 ± 0.12, and 10.4 ± 0.17 nm thick membranes, respectively. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used for characterizing the chemical and structural properties of the films, including the content of sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon atoms.
Focus on Molecules: Transglutaminase 2

Transglutaminase 2, also known as TGM2, tTG, TG2, TGC, and G-alpha-h (Accession numbers: Nucleotide NM_004613.2, Protein NP_004604.2; EC 2.3.2.13) has two isoforms due to alternative splicing: (a) has 13 exons encoding 687 amino acids (77kDa) and (b) has 10 exons encoding 548 amino acids (61.7kDA). The human transglutaminase 2 gene (TGM2) is located on chromosome 20q12. Transglutaminase 2 is secreted by an unknown non-conventional mechanism, since it lacks a signal sequence. Although potential glycosylation sites are present, no evidence of glycosylation has been reported. X-ray crystallography has revealed that TGM2 has four domains: an N-terminal β-sandwich domain (1-139), a transamidation core domain (140-454), and two C-terminal β-barrels (479-585 and 586-687, respectively) (Figure1). All four domains have particular roles. For example, the N-terminal domain interacts with fibronectin (Collighan RJ and Griffin M, 2009). The transamidation core domain is involved in GTP binding (Ser171 and Lys173), has an active triad site (Cys277, His335, and Asp358), and a calcium binding region. The Cterminal domain regulates transamidation activity, GTPase activity, as well as concealing the active site from contact with possible substrates. Upon calcium binding, the interaction between the active site and C-terminal domains is released, allowing transamidation enzyme activity.
The peptide enterostatin may produce early satiety

The time course of feeding, grooming, exploration, and sleeping behaviors has been measured following treatment with enterostatin, the signal pentapeptide from procolipase. The peptide was injected intraperitoneally prior to presenting food, and the frequency of feeding and grooming activity, drinking, and rest or sleeping were observed at 10-s intervals for 60 min. Enterostatin did not delay the onset of feeding but shortened the time spent eating compared to saline injected controls. Conversely, grooming activity appeared earlier following enterostatin, activity was reduced, and resting behavior occurred earlier with this peptide. There were no changes in the drinking behavior. For the first hour following enterostatin, eating represented 20.8% of the time, grooming 9.2%, activity 18.3%, and rest or sleep 47.2%, with drinking making up the other 4.4%. In contrast, saline-injected animals ate for 27.1% of the time, groomed for 12.4%, were active 28.5% of the time, had sleep or rest time equal to 27.9%, and drank for 4.1% of the time. In fasted animals, the onset of grooming, the decrease in activity, and the increase in time sleeping occurred earlier than with saline. These studies support the concept that enterostatin decreases food intake by producing early satiety.
The theological disposition of lay Catholic headteachers

The differing theological perspectives evident in the literature on Catholic schools and education suggest those who appoint headteachers in Catholic schools may need to know more about candidates than that they are practising Catholics. This paper summarises a doctoral research project aimed at identifying the dominant theological motifs that underpin how lay Catholic headteachers understand their faith. These dominant motifs are defined in terms of theological disposition.
Semantics-based context-aware dynamic service composition

This article presents a semantics-based context-aware dynamic service composition framework that composes an application through combining distributed components based on the semantics of components and contexts of users. The proposed framework consists of Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS), Component Runtime Environment (CoRE), and Semantic Graph based Service Composition (SeGSeC). CoSMoS models the semantics of components and contexts of users. CoRE is a middleware to support CoSMoS on various distributed computing technologies. SeGSeC is a mechanism to compose an application by synthesizing its workflow based on the semantics of components and contexts of users. The proposed framework is capable of composing applications requested in a natural language by leveraging the semantic information of components. The proposed framework composes applications differently to individual users based on their contexts and preferences. The proposed framework acquires user preferences from user-specified rules and also via learning. The proposed framework also adapts to dynamic environments by autonomously composing a new application upon detecting context change. This article describes the design and mechanism of the proposed framework, and also presents simulation experiments to evaluate the proposed framework.
Networked information in France, 1993: The internet’s future

The French are becoming world leaders in networked information. The key to this development is the immediate access to the general public provided by their national Minitel system. New networked libraries are being built, existing libraries are going online, and the crisis‐ridden French publishing industry is looking to networked information for its salvation. The French approach to networking offers interesting lessons for the Internet, not least because the French approach may ultimately be considered more attractive than the Internet′s for developing networked information in Asia and elsewhere
Pulmonary MnSOD is nitrated following hepatic ischemia-reperfusion

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) of remote organs is a common cause of lung injury. We observed that lung injury after partial hepatic I/R in mice coincides with the appearance of 3-nitrotyrosine (NT) in the lung tissue, a marker of peroxynitrite involvement and oxidant stress. Peroxynitrite can cause mitochondrial dysfunction by inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), the major antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria. Our aims were to examine whether pulmonary MnSOD is a target of nitration following hepatic I/R and whether nitrated MnSOD (N-MnSOD) correlates with acute lung injury. Methods: Five 20–25-g male C57BL/6 mice underwent laparotomy, and atraumatic occlusion of the portal and arterial blood supply to the upper three lobes of the liver for 90 min. This warm ischemic period was followed by 4 h of reperfusion, and the animals were then euthanized. Lung injury was assessed by LDH and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Pulmonary MnSOD activity in pulmonary homogen...
Purkinje cell dendrites grow in alignment with Bergmann glia

The pattern of growth of Purkinje cell dendrites has been analyzed and related to their interactions with Bergmann glial radial processes. In cerebellar slice cultures from mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, Purkinje cells were transfected and imaged with two-photon microscopy over 2 days. We report that while the Purkinje cell dendritic tree grows, individual dendrites increase or decrease in length. Importantly, we demonstrate that vertical growth of Purkinje cell dendrites occurs primarily in alignment with radial glial processes. These findings suggest that radial glial processes provide a structural substrate for the directional growth of Purkinje cell dendrites, thus influencing the shape of the dendritic tree.
Direction of Wording Effects in Balanced Scales

This study investigated the degree to which statistical item selection is effective in reducing direction-of-wording effects in balanced affective measures developed from relatively small item pool...
Metabolism of chlorobenzene with hepatic microsomes and solubilized cytochrome P-450 systems

Abstract Chlorobenzene is converted to mixture of o-, m-, and p-chlorophenols in perfused rat livers, and in the following cell-free hepatic preparations from rat: postmitochondrial supernatant, microsomes, and reconstituted soluble hemoprotein systems. The percentage of m-chlorophenol steadily decreases with increasing resolution of the hemoprotein-monoxygenase system. Prior treatment of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene results in a large increase in rate of formation of the ortho isomer in all hepatic systems. Prior treatment with phenobarbital results in moderate increases in rates of formation of all three chlorophenols. Formation of the three chlorophenols is inhibited to similar extents by carbon monoxide, metyrapone, and high concentrations of glutathione. SKF-525a and 7,8-benzoflavone inhibit formation of o- and p-chlorophenols to a greater extent than that of the meta isomer; with microsomal preparations NADH greatly potentiates NADPH-dependent formation of p-chlorophenol, moderately potentiates formation of m-chlorophenol and has little effect on formation of o-chlorophenol. Dihydrodiols are not significant metabolites of Chlorobenzene with the soluble hemoprotein systems. These results, in concert with changes in proportions of phenolic metabolites seen during resolution of hepatic systems from the intact cell of the perfused liver to the soluble hemoprotein, are at least consonant with the hypothesis that chlorophenol production from Chlorobenzene is catalyzed by three different enzymes, two of which form arene oxide intermediates and one of which catalyzes a direct formation of a phenol. Thus, o- and p-chlorophenols result, respectively, on isomerization of intermediate 3- and 4-chlorobenzene oxides, while formation of m-chlorophenol would appear to occur via a direct oxidative pathway. In vitro conjugation of the arene oxide with glutathione or hydration is not a significant pathway. Assay of chlorophenols and dihydrodiols of Chlorobenzene was by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
SU-GG-T-352: A Tracking Database for Clinical Implementation of Microdosimeters

Purpose: To develop a database tracking tool to facilitate clinical implementation of a patient microdosimetry system with Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeters. The database allows day to day tracking of treatment dose verification and long term analysis of microdosimeter efficacy and accuracy for all patients treated in a multi‐site department. Methods and Materials: The nanodot microdosimeters (Landauer, Inc., Glenwood, IL) are irradiated for one field per patient, once a week, at three hospital sites. The volume of data produced creates the need for an organized and systematic way of monitoring weekly dose reading results. It also provides a substantial base of information for evaluating the processes involved in the planning, placement, and reading of the nanodots. A nanodots tracking database package was created for this purpose using Microsoft Access. For each nanodot irradiated, parameters regarding the individual dosimeter, patient, staff involved and treatment site are recorded, along with the expected and measured doses. Results:Nanodot data has been collected in a tracking database composed of thousands of readings. This data is followed by the physicist and approved by the physician to verify dose delivery for a given patient's treatment. Examples are given illustrating how the nanodot data can presented graphically to evaluate results over time, and filtered for quality assurance evaluation of patient treatments within a multi‐machine multi‐site department. Conclusion: An organized database is essential for the management of a large scale implementation of patient microdosimetry use. The study of long term trends in microdosimeter data can be used to point to areas in which processes can be optimized and quality of care improved.
Improved error bounds for the modified secant method

New error bounds for the modified Secant method are provided. We show that our error estimates are better than the ones already existing in the literature, under the same assumptions.
Simulation of the model of workers’ assignment in cellular manufacturing based on the multifunctional workers

An attempt is made to analysis the change trend of total cost spent on workers according to the change of workerspsila multi-functionality under the conditions of changeable and unchangeable workerspsila cost in a cellular manufacturing, wherein, workerpsilas multi-functionality refers to the number of machines that can be operated by the worker. The cellular manufacturing as a main productive mode is researched and applied widely, and the researches in the field of cellular manufacturing have gained many effective results when designing layout of a cellular manufacturing, forming a cellular manufacturing and production scheduling. However, the factors considered in former papers mainly relate to improving the grouping of machines and parts, and factors from the HRM viewpoint are considered little. A model of multi-functional workerspsila assignment in cellular manufacturing is established with the objection of minimizing total cost spent on workers, which solves the problem of assigning which worker to which machine of which cell. Pluralities of simulations are obtained to explain the effect to total cost by workerspsila multi-functionality. Results indicates that the total cost decreases accompanying with the increasing of workerspsila multi-functionality under the condition of workerspsila cost unchangeable, and the total cost does not continuously decrease when the increasing of workerspsila multi-functionality accompanying with the increasing of workerspsila cost.
The optimal projection equations for fixed-structure decentralized dynamic compensation

The optimal projection equations for quadratically optimal fixed-order (centralized) dynamic compensation obtained in [5] are generalized to the case in which the dynamic compensator has, in addition, a fixed decentralized structure. Under a stabilizability assumption for the particular feedback configuration, the resulting optimality conditions provide the insight that each subcontroller must possess an internal model of not only the controlled plant but also of all other subcontrollers. This form of the solution provides insight into the mechanism by which the fixed-structure assumption resolves the difficulty of the "second guessing" phenomenon discussed in [1].
Use of vacuum-assisted closure system in the management of complex wounds in the neonate

The vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) system has become an accepted treatment modality for acute and chronic wounds in adults. The use of negative-pressure dressing has been documented in adults and, to some extent, in children. However, its use in premature infants has not been reported in the literature. The results of using the VAC system were examined in two premature infants with complex wounds. The VAC system was found to be effective in facilitating the closure of large and complex wounds in these patients. Complete epithelialization of the wounds was achieved in both patients without skin grafting. In conclusion, in two premature neonates with extraordinary soft tissue defects, the VAC system was a safe and effective choice to assist in closing these wounds.
ADAR1 is a novel multi targeted anti-HIV-1 cellular protein

Abstract We examined the antiviral activity of ADAR1 against HIV-1. Our results indicated that ADAR1 in a transfection system inhibited production of viral proteins and infectious HIV-1 in various cell lines including 293T, HeLa, Jurkat T and primary CD4 + T cells, and was active against a number of X4 and R5 HIV-1 of different clades. Further analysis showed that ADAR1 inhibited viral protein synthesis without any effect on viral RNA synthesis. Mutational analysis showed that ADAR1 introduced most of the A-to-G mutations in the rev RNA, in the region of RNA encoding for Rev Response Element (RRE) binding domain and in env RNA. These mutations inhibited the binding of rev to the RRE and inhibited transport of primary transcripts like gag, pol and env from nucleus to cytoplasm resulting in inhibition of viral protein synthesis without any effect on viral RNA synthesis. Furthermore, ADAR1 induced mutations in the env gene inhibited viral infectivity.
Synthetic triterpenoids attenuate cytotoxic retinal injury: cross-talk between Nrf2 and PI3K/AKT signaling through inhibition of the lipid phosphatase PTEN

PURPOSE. Evidence implicating oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration suggests that antioxidant therapy could play a role in preventing its progression. The aim of this study was to determine whether derivatives of the triterpenoid (TP) 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO; CDDO-imidazolide [-Im], CDDO-ethylamide [-EA], and CDDO-trifluoroethylamide [-TFEA]) confer cytoprotection from oxidative- and photooxidative-induced cellular damage and to explore the molecular mechanisms of this cytoprotection. METHODS. Retinal pigment epithelial and retinal photoreceptor cell lines were treated with TP derivatives. Induction of Nrf2 signaling was measured by reporter assay. Cytoprotection was quantified by MTT assay. To determine whether TPs confer in vivo cytoprotection, BALB/c mice were pretreated with CDDO-TFEA, and retinal degeneration was induced by light exposure. To explore the association of TPs with PTEN, a biotinylated derivative of CDDO (CDDO-Bt) was used. RESULTS. Treatment with CDDO-Im‐, -TFEA‐, or -EA‐induced Nrf2 signaling and TP pretreatment protected retinal cell lines from oxidant-induced cell death. The antioxidant and cytoprotective potential of these compounds was then examined in vivo. Treatment of BALB/c mice with CDDO-TFEA induced the Nrf2-regulated transcripts glcl and trx1 in retinal tissue and was protective from photooxidative retinal damage. Treatment with CDDO-Im leads to phosphorylation of AKT. CDDO-Bt directly binds cysteine 124 within PTENs active site and inhibits PTENs lipid phosphatase activity in vitro. Thus the stimulation of AKT activity is mediated by TP inhibition of PTEN activity. CONCLUSIONS. These studies highlight the potential of TPs in retinal cytoprotection and implicate PTEN inhibition as a target in cytoprotection. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50: 5339‐5347) DOI:10.1167/iovs.09-3648
The GGA proteins: adaptors on the move

The GGA proteins are a family of ubiquitously expressed, Arf-dependent clathrin adaptors that mediate the sorting of mannose-6-phosphate receptors between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. Recent studies have elucidated the biochemical and structural bases for the interaction of the GGA proteins with many binding partners, and have shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the GGA proteins participate in protein sorting.
Effect of Inorganic Polyphosphates on Ground Beef Characteristics: Some Chemical, Physical, and Sensory Effects on Frozen Beef Patties

Chemical, physical, and sensory effects of 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) and three commercial phosphate blends were studied in frozen beef patties over a 90-day storage period at −20°C. Addition of phosphates significantly (P 0.05) proximate analysis, texture, and flavor scores. Hunter L (lightness) and b (yellowness) values were also unaffected by phosphates. Overall quality of patties, as measured by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) numbers and cooking yields, was improved by all phosphates. There were indications that phosphates interfered with the distillation TBA test.
Greed sort: optimal deterministic sorting on parallel disks

We present an algorithm for sorting efficiently with parallel two-level memories. Our main result is an elegant, easy-to-implement, optimal, deterministic algorithm for external sorting with D disk drives. This result answers in the affirmative the open problem posed by Vitter and Shriver of whether an optimal algorithm exists that is deterministic. Our measure of performance is the number of parallel input/output (I/O) operations, in which each of the D disks can simultaneously transfer a block of B contiguous records. We assume that internal memory can hold M records. Our algorithm sorts N records in the optimal bound of t((N/BD) log(N/B)/ log(M/B)) deterministically, and thus improves upon Vitter and Shriver's optimal randomized algorithm as well as the well-known deterministic but nonoptimal technique of disk striping. It is also practical to implement.
Genetic diversity assessment in a metapopulation of the butterfly Euphydryas gillettii

Abstract Euphydryas gillettii is a Rocky Mountain endemic butterfly distributed in small, widely separated populations, which appear to be declining. This paper presents the results of a genetic diversity assessment within and among E. gillettii colonies comprising the Glacier National Park (GNP) metapopulation. Four colonies were assayed within GNP during 1988 and 1989, and two outgroups, colonies from Idaho and Wyoming, were also compared with GNP populations for allelic uniqueness and heterogeneity. Differences between the 1988 and 1989 data suggest that E. gillettii may exist as a biennial population. Minor differences were found among GNP populations while larger differences were found among Montana, Wyoming and Idaho populations. Heterozygosity was higher than expected, suggesting a potential selective advantage for heterozygotes. Heterozygosity was also found to be higher in populations that were distributed in a linear space along stream corridors relative to those in meadows. More research should be conducted with respect to dispersal along streams as it appears that these corridors may be significant in the maintenance of the metapopulation.