cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lawyers, Anthropologists, and the Study of Law: Encounters in the New Guinea Highlands

Legal anthropology, though ostensibly an interdisciplinary field, occasionally has the aspect of a tribal war between lawyers and anthropologists, with members of each discipline misunderstanding, misconstruing, and refusing to acknowledge the contributions of the other. This bellicose metaphor is prompted, in large part, by the experience of reading Gordon and Meggitt's Law and Order in the New Guinea Highlands: Encounters with Enga, a work that is both a discussion of tribal fighting in Papua New Guinea and another salvo in the continuing academic wars. The authors' attacks on lawyers and legal scholarship are as fierce as an Enga raid. Everything lawyers say enrages Gordon and Meggitt. They quote with approval Ivan Illich's dictum that law is the "disabling profession" (at 241) and assert that "law in the third world is the bastard child of neocolonialism and professionalism" (at 240). They accuse lawyers of wearing "ideological blinders" caused by "the constraints of their profession" (at 238). Lawyers of every political perspective come in for equal vituperation (at 5-7). The
MONOLAYERED EXPLANTS IN THE STUDY OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL BEHAVIOR IN CULTURE

A technique that permits removal of viable retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) explants of determined size from Bruch's membrane, and the transfer of such explants with maintained apico-basal polarity to cell culture dishes is presented. The RPE is a polarized tissue where the apical surface is involved in the interchange of material between the choroid and sensory retina and in phagocytosis of visual receptor outer segments. The maintenance of this polarity is of importance in studies aimed at elucidating these functions on pure RPE explants in early primary culture. No previous work has presented a method that permits this maintenance. The possibility of standardizing the size of these explants should facilitate quantitative studies on phagocytosis and uptake of markers and labelled compounds. The described dissection procedure is also currently used to separate the RPE as a pure cell population from surgically removed chorio-retinal biopsies for cell culture purpose.
black like this: race, generation, and rock in the post-civil rights era

In this article, I demonstrate that the intersection of race, class, generation, and education had a decisive impact on African American rock musicians who came of age during the post-civil rights era from the late 1960s to the present. By analyzing life stories, I connect rock musicians' experiences with school desegregation to the position they occupy between black and white mainstreams and discuss how they critique discourses of black authenticity through the identities and practices they have produced as members of the
Properties of central motor neurons exciting locomotory cilia inTritonia diomedea

A pair of large, identifiable neurons (Pd 21), one in each pedal ganglion, can excite previously inactive locomotory cilia on the sole of the foot ofTritonia diomedea (Audesirk, 1978; Fig. 3). These neurons exert their effect via axons which innervate the foot and are probably central motor neurons for pedal cilia. IntactTritonia are stimulated to crawl by the application of 1.5 M NaCl to the tail, and conversely usually stop crawling when the chemosensitive oral veil is touched with food (sea whip,Virgularia sp.). The Pd 21 neurons are excited by 1.5 M NaCl applied externally to the tail, and are inhibited by sea whip touch to the oral veil (Figs. 4 and 5). When aTritonia performs its escape swim, the cilia move strongly, and the Pd 21 neurons fire bursts of spikes in phase with dorsal flexions (Figs. 6 and 7). After a swim, aTritonia rapidly crawls along the substrate; during this time the spiking rate of the Pd 21s is greatly accelerated. Interneurons thought to drive swim bursts produce monosynaptic EPSPs in the Pd 21s (Fig. 8). The Pd 21s are coordinated in their spike activity by synaptic activity which is synchronous in the two neurons regardless of the site of external stimulation, and by electrical coupling between the two cells via axons in a pedal commissure (Figs. 9 and 10). The coupling coefficient for passively conducted potentials is quite high, about 0.15, despite an axon 8 to 12 mm long separating the two cells.
The Telephone Problem and the Road to Telephone Regulation in the United States, 1876–1917

Between 1876 and 1917, government philosophy toward telephone regulation began moving away from laissez-faire and toward some kind of involvement in economic affairs. However, while some early studies of regulation suggest business hostility to that policy, AT&T actively sought regulation, jogging government and the public in that direction. But this study is not just a restatement of the interest-group-capture theory, as offered by such economists as Stigler or historians as Kolko. Regulation resulted from the convergence of interests of many affected players, including residential and business telephone subscribers, the independent telephone companies that competed with AT&T, and the state and federal governments, as well as AT&T. I employ a multiple interest theory to account for telephone regulation, but unlike other studies using such a framework, I suggest that government is an independent actor with impact on the final policy outcome, and not merely an arena where private interests battle for control over policy outcomes, as is so common among other multiple interest studies of regulation.
Polymerization and crystallization behavior of a LaRC‐TPI powder

The crystallization and polymerization behavior of a crystalline LaRC-TPI powder at elevated temperatures have been studied. The characterization methods include differential scanning calorimetry and the measurements of inherent viscosity, ηinh, and viscoelastic properties of the fully imidized samples. The as-Received material possesses an initial crystal melting peak temperature of 272°C. For the material annealed at temperatures below 320°C, a semicrystalline polymer can be obtained. On the other hand, a purely amorphous structure is realized in the samples annealed at temperatures above 320°C. Isothermal crystallization kinetics are studied by means of the simple. Avrami equation. The likely nucleation path is attributed as an intermolecular oligomer nucleation type. The isothermal polymerization behavior is quantified by inherent viscosity measurements. A single cure is found to correlate values of Tg and ηinh for samples experiencing different thermal histories. Fully imidized amorphous and semicrystalline LaRC-TPI samples are successfully molded based on the information obtained from thermal analyses. The viscoelastic properties of these samples are also reported.
Development of prostate cancer after pituitary dysfunction: a report of 8 patients

Abstract Objectives. Eight patients with a history of pituitary dysfunction were seen in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for evaluation of their prostate carcinoma. Because prostate cancer is a hormonally responsive cancer, hormonal abnormalities from pituitary dysfunction may have played a role in its development. In addition, many patients with pituitary dysfunction receive exogenous hormonal replacement. The histories of these 8 patients were reviewed to look for any common underlying factor in the development of their prostate cancer. Methods. The radiation oncology charts, hospital charts, and pathology reports were reviewed. The cause and treatment of the pituitary disorder were reviewed. Hormonal dysfunction, hormonal replacement, and treatment duration were recorded. The interval to the development of prostate cancer, stage at diagnosis, prostate-specific antigen level, Gleason score, treatment, and treatment outcome were also investigated. Results. We found a variety of pituitary disorders and treatments. However, all patients received testosterone replacement therapy prior to the development of their prostate cancer (median of 30 months). The time to the development of the cancer ranged from 26 to 250 months (median 98). Patients had Stage T2 or T3 tumors at diagnosis. Patients were treated either with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Six of the 8 patients were alive and doing well at their last follow-up examination. Conclusions. Prostate cancer has been shown to be androgen responsive. All the patients in this series were placed on physiologic testosterone replacement for pituitary dysfunction. The role of testosterone in the initiation of prostate cancer has been debated. However, at the present time, it seems appropriate to establish close monitoring for prostate cancer in patients receiving androgen therapy for pituitary dysfunction.
Slow and fast state variables for three-dimensional flight dynamics

The identification of a new fast variable for three-dimensional flight dynamics is discussed. It is shown that the variable gives a value of the flightpath angle which is consistent with the velocity-altitude state equations and that the accuracy of single-perturbation analyses is increased by decreasing the magnitude of boundary-layer corrections. The values of the flightpath angle along the three-dimensional energy-state extremal are found to be lower by approximately an order of magnitude than those along the two-dimensional energy-state solution.
A community-based approach to disseminate health information on the hazards of prenatal mercury exposure in Brooklyn, NY

Exposure to mercury (Hg) in utero can have neurotoxic effects on the developing fetus. Mercury exposure in women of childbearing age has been associated with frequent fish consumption, coastal proximity, foreign birth, and exposure during ritualistic practices. The aim of this study was to identify culturally-appropriate strategies to disseminate messages on the hazards of in utero Hg exposure in fertile and pregnant women in a predominantly urban immigrant community in Flatbush, Brooklyn, following findings from a recent study on mercury exposure in this community. Nineteen key informant interviews were conducted in Flatbush, Brooklyn with community members, medical professionals, fishmongers, and a religious practitioner to solicit feedback on culturally sensitive methods to educate the community on Hg hazards. The main themes identified include clinical integration, where providers integrate the message in routine care; community integration, whereby influential organizations and community members foster message delivery; media usage; and message reinforcement via continuous exposure. It is vital for healthcare providers and public health practitioners to be culturally sensitive in educating their patients on fish selection during pregnancy and safety of handling Hg. Instead of a single approach, a combination of media and educational strategies would help to reinforce the message. These findings form a basis for public health campaigns to apprise other urban immigrant communities of the hazards of in utero Hg exposure.
Altair jig: an in-plant evaluation for fine coal cleaning

Abstract Coal preparation plants treat a majority of the run-of-mine coal using various gravity processes, which are known for their low cost and high process efficiency values. Due to the inefficiencies of conventional gravity-based processes in treating −1 mm coal, froth flotation processes are traditionally employed at a relatively high cost. To address cost and separation performance issues, several enhanced gravity separation technologies have been developed and evaluated which may allow effective gravity-based separation to particle sizes as small as 25 μm. The Altair centrifugal jig is an enhanced gravity technology, whose suitability for fine coal cleaning has been demonstrated through an in-plant study as reported in this publication. A relatively low specific gravity cut-point of 1.50 with a probable error value of 0.11 over a wide particle size range 1 mm ×45 μm is indicative of the excellent separation performance achievable from the Altair jig. Tests performed with and without ragging material were performed with the goal that the latter would provide enhanced throughput capacities. However, although the performance was close to the theoretical limits over the broad range of product grades generated, the no-ragging experiments resulted in a significant loss in coal recovery under the given conditions. Overall, the centrifugal jig achieved 80% ash rejection and 50% total sulfur rejection while recovering nearly 80% of the combustibles.
The kinetic isotope effect in the rearrangement of neopentylchlorocarbene

Abstract The kinetic isotope effect for the 1,2∼H/1,2∼D shift of neopentylchlorocarbene ranges from 2.5–3.5.
Experimental investigation of hydrogen production by variable volume membrane batch reactors with modulated liquid fuel introduction

Abstract A novel dynamically-controlled membrane batch reactor, which combines the variable volume operation of CHAMP (CO2/H2 Active Membrane Piston) with the direct injection of liquid fuel of DDIR (Direct Droplet Impingement Reactor) for enhanced power density, is demonstrated and experimentally characterized in this study. A laboratory-scale CHAMP-DDIR, consisting of a variable volume piston-cylinder reactor chamber and an actively-controlled micro injector for liquid fuel atomization, is used with a Pd–Ag foil membrane and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst to steam reform methanol for hydrogen generation. Two modes of CHAMP-DDIR operation, pulse-modulated fuel injection and batch reaction with dynamically-adjusted reactor volume, were investigated, and their performance was quantified using metrics such as hydrogen yield and volumetric power density, and compared with those for a baseline operation (single fuel injection with fixed reactor volume). The experimental results showed that the residence time for the same hydrogen yield can be reduced by compressing the reactor volume during the conversion cycle. The residence time reduction was primarily as a result of higher hydrogen partial pressure in the reactor chamber and thus higher rates of hydrogen permeation. In addition, pulse-modulated fuel injection experiments revealed that a significant reduction in required reactor volume can be achieved with multi-shot split fuel introduction. Both the reduction in required cycle time and the reduction in required reactor volume increase the volumetric power density of CHAMP-DDIR. The demonstrated power density enhancement achieved through the dynamic compression of reactor volume was 17%, and the enhancement achieved through time-modulated fuel introduction was 38% (for 85% hydrogen yield efficiency and under the constraints of the same maximum operating pressure and total amount of fuel).
Simplified method for the calibration of an atom-probe field-ion microscope

A simplified method for determining the mass‐to‐charge ratio of single pulse‐field evaporated atoms in a time‐of‐flight (TOF), atom‐probe, field‐ion microscpoe (FIM) is described. The method is rather insensitive to the value of the pulse factor (α). This is achieved physically by making the pulse voltage a constant small fraction (f) of the steady‐state imaging voltage, where f is much less than unity and is as small as possible to maximize the mass resolution. Examples of the W+3 and W+4 spectra of specimens pulse‐field evaporated at ∼25 K in a background vacuum of 6×10−10 Torr are presented. The W+3 spectrum exhibited very clearly the five naturally occurring isotopes (180W, 182W, 183W, 184W, and 186W) with isotopic abundances that are in good agreement with the handbook values. The value of α chosen has only a very minor effect on the exact shape of the W+3 and W+4 spectra. The ratio of W+4 events to the total number of events (W+3 and W+4) is 0.17 for the (551) plane.
Dynamics of a Sonoluminescing Bubble in Sulfuric Acid

The spectral shape and observed sonoluminescence emission from Xe bubbles in concentrated sulfuric acid is consistent only with blackbody emission from a spherical surface that fills the bubble. The interior of the observed 7000 K blackbody must be at least 4 times hotter than the emitting surface in order that the equilibrium light-matter interaction length be smaller than the radius. Bright emission is correlated with long emission times (approximately 10 ns), sharp thresholds, unstable translational motion, and implosions that are sufficiently weak that contributions from the van der Waals hard core are small.
Reduced Sigma of Ground-Motion Prediction Equations through Uncertainty Propagation

Abstract Ground-motion prediction equations are commonly developed using regression techniques that treat the input variables or parameters as exact, neglecting the uncertainty associated with the measurement of shear-wave velocity, moment magnitude, and site-to-source distance. This parameter uncertainty propagates through the regression procedure and results in a model uncertainty that overestimates the inherent variability of the ground motion. We present methods of quantifying the uncertainty of the input parameters and incorporating the parameter uncertainty into the regression of ground-motion data using a Bayesian framework. The quantified parameter uncertainty of V S 30 is explicitly accounted for in this study, and a reduction in the sigma (standard deviation of ground-motion prediction equation in natural log units) of on average 5% and upwards of 10% in the longer period spectral ordinates is realized.
The publications of Gordon A. Macdonald, 1934–1978

Dr. Gordon Andrew Macdonald’s publication list reflects the developments in volcanology over more than 40 years. Of his publications, 227 are recorded in this bibliography, which is divided into three sections: Scientific articles, Books, and Miscellaneous papers.
Health Literacy: A Review

Illiteracy has become an increasingly important problem, especially as it relates to health care. A national survey found that almost half of the adult population has deficiencies in reading or computation skills. Literacy is defined as the basic ability to read and speak English, whereas functional health literacy is the ability to read, understand, and act on health information. Up to 48% of English-speaking patients do not have adequate functional health literacy. The consequences of inadequate health literacy include poorer health status, lack of knowledge about medical care and medical conditions, decreased comprehension of medical information, lack of understanding and use of preventive services, poorer self-reported health, poorer compliance rates, increased hospitalizations, and increased health care costs. The medical community must acknowledge this issue and develop strategies to ensure that patients receive assistance in overcoming the barriers that limit their ability to function adequately in the health care environment.
Lack of Cyclophilin B in Osteogenesis Imperfecta with Normal Collagen Folding

Summary Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heritable disorder that causes bone fragility. Mutations in type I collagen result in autosomal dominant osteogenesis imperfecta, whereas mutations in either of two components of the collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylation complex (cartilage-associated protein [CRTAP] and prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 [P3H1]) cause autosomal recessive osteogenesis imperfecta with rhizomelia (shortening of proximal segments of upper and lower limbs) and delayed collagen folding. We identified two siblings who had recessive osteogenesis imperfecta without rhizomelia. They had a homozygous start-codon mutation in the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase B gene (PPIB), which results in a lack of cyclophilin B (CyPB), the third component of the complex. The proband’s collagen had normal collagen folding and normal prolyl 3-hydroxylation, suggesting that CyPB is not the exclusive peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in collagen folding, as is currently thought.
A comparison study of carbon dioxide adsorption on polydimethylsiloxane, silica gel, and Illinois No. 6 coal using in situ infrared spectroscopy

Adsorption of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), silica gel (SiO2), and Illinois No. 6 coal was compared using in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy at pressures up to 14 MPa and temperatures at 40 °C and 50 °C. Only physical adsorption of CO2 was recorded for PDMS, SiO2, and Illinois No. 6. There was no evidence of the formation of carbonic acid, bicarbonates, carbonates, or any other reaction product between CO2 and PDMS, SiO2, and Illinois No. 6 coal. Carbon dioxide adsorption on PDMS and SiO2 produced a linear isotherm while a typical Langmuir-like isotherm was observed for Illinois No. 6 coal. Attempts to measure CO2 induced swelling of the three materials was unsuccessful due to the design of the ATR-FTIR cell.
Androgen receptor mediates the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2 B15 and B17 genes.

BACKGROUND Enhanced androgen receptor (AR) activity by increased testosterone availability may play important roles in prostate cancer progressing to castration resistant state. Comparison of expression profiles in androgen dependent and independent prostate tumors demonstrated a marked increase of the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15), an androgen catabolic enzyme. We investigated mechanisms controlling the differential expression of UGT2B15 and B17 in response to androgen treatments. METHODS Gene expression was determined by RT-PCR. The association of AR with UGT2B15/B17 genes was determined by Chromatin immuno-precipitation (CHIP). RNA interference was used to knock-down gene expression. RESULTS UGT2B15 and B17 genes were not expressed in AR negative prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and DU145, while they were expressed in AR positive cell lines, LNCaP, LNCaP-abl (an androgen independent LNCaP sub-line), and VCaP. The expression levels of UGT2B15/B17 were up-regulated in LNCaP-abl comparing to those in LNCaP. These results suggest the requirement of AR for the expression of UGT2B15/B17. Treatment with DHT down-regulated the expression of UGT2B15/B17 in LNCaP in a time and dose dependent manner and this down-regulation was competitively antagonized by flutamide and bicalutimide, suggesting a pathway mediated by AR. Further CHIP experiments demonstrated the direct interaction of AR with the promoter regions of UGT2B15/B17 genes. Knocking down AR expression in LNCaP significantly reduced the expression of UGT2B15/B17 and completely inhibited the DHT-induced down-regulation of UGT2B15/B17 genes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that UGT2B15 and B17 are primary androgen-regulated genes and AR is required for both their basal expression and their androgen-regulated expression. Prostate 68:839–848, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tissue-specific Expression of βKlotho and Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Receptor Isoforms Determines Metabolic Activity of FGF19 and FGF21

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 subfamily of ligands, FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, function as hormones that regulate bile acid, fatty acid, glucose, and phosphate metabolism in target organs through activating FGF receptors (FGFR1–4). We demonstrated that Klotho and βKlotho, homologous single-pass transmembrane proteins that bind to FGFRs, are required for metabolic activity of FGF23 and FGF21, respectively. Here we show that, like FGF21, FGF19 also requires βKlotho. Both FGF19 and FGF21 can signal through FGFR1–3 bound by βKlotho and increase glucose uptake in adipocytes expressing FGFR1. Additionally, both FGF19 and FGF21 bind to the βKlotho-FGFR4 complex; however, only FGF19 signals efficiently through FGFR4. Accordingly, FGF19, but not FGF21, activates FGF signaling in hepatocytes that primarily express FGFR4 and reduces transcription of CYP7A1 that encodes the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. We conclude that the expression of βKlotho, in combination with particular FGFR isoforms, determines the tissue-specific metabolic activities of FGF19 and FGF21.
Taxonomic review of the Pterostichini and Loxandrini fauna of New Caledonia (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

The generic-level taxa included in Pterostichini and Loxandrini from New Caledonia are reviewed and a key to genera and species provided. Two new genera are described, Paniestichus and Abacophrastus, with the following new species: Paniestichus subsolianus, Abacophrastus millei, Abacophrastus chapes, Abacophrastus carnifex, Abacophrastus hobbit, Abacophrastus megalops, Abacophrastus reflexus and Abacophrastus bellorum. Abacoleptus curtus new species, is described. Notonomus irideus and Notonomus savesi are moved to Prosopogmus. Four new species of Prosopogmus are described: Prosopogmus koghisensis, Prosopogmus lescheni, Prosopogmus fortis and Prosopogmus aoupiniensis. Homalosoma griseolum is moved to Sphodrosomus. Cerabilia is newly recorded from New Caledonia and the genus is moved from Platynini to Loxandrini and therefore is the first report of Loxandrini from New Caledonia. An apparent adventive from Australia, Darodilia, is newly reported from New Caledonia.
Distraction plating for the treatment of highly comminuted distal radius fractures in elderly patients.

Purpose To evaluate internal distraction plating for the management of comminuted, intra-articular distal radius fractures in patients greater than 60 years of age at two level 1 trauma centers. We specifically desired to determine whether patients would have acceptable results from the clinical standpoint of range of motion, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, and the radiographic measurements of ulnar variance, radial inclination, and palmar tilt. Our hypothesis was that distraction plating of comminuted distal radius fractures in the elderly would result in acceptable outcomes regarding range of motion, DASH score, and radiographic parameters and would, thereby, provide the upper extremity surgeon with another option for the treatment of these fractures. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 33 patients over 60 years of age with comminuted distal radius fractures treated with internal distraction plating at two level 1 trauma centers. Patients were treated with internal distraction plating across the radiocarpal joint. At the time of final follow-up, radiographs were evaluated for ulnar variance, radial inclination, and palmar tilt. Range of motion, complications, and DASH scores were also obtained. Results We treated 33 patients (mean age, 70 y) with distraction plating for comminuted distal radius fractures. At final follow-up, all fractures had healed, and radiographs demonstrated mean palmar tilt of 5° and mean positive ulnar variance of 0.6 mm. Mean radial inclination was 20°. Mean values for wrist flexion and extension were 46° and 50°, respectively. Mean pronation and supination were 79° and 77°, respectively. At final follow-up, the mean DASH score was 32. Conclusions In the elderly, distraction plating is an effective method of treatment for comminuted, osteoporotic distal radius fractures. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Fatigue damage accumulation in grey cast iron

Abstract Observations and results of constant-amplitude, completely reversed strain-control fatigue tests are reported for a pearlitic grey cast iron. Both axial and torsional cyclic load cases have been investigated. A damage parameter based upon the product of the tensile stresses and strains ( σ max Δe /2) gives good correlation of all the fatigue tests performed. The specimens employed were produced using a developmental ‘lost foam’ casting process. Defects present in the castings had a detrimental effect on fatigue life. A continuum damage model was used to account for the influence of the defects on fatigue life. Fatigue behaviour of grey cast iron castings containing inclusions and porosities has been quantified on the basis of smooth specimen uniaxial fatigue data.
a common core dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a scientific red herring?

The reinforcement/extinction disorder hypothesis (Sagvolden et al.) is an important counterweight to the executive dysfunction model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, like that model, it conceptualises ADHD as pathophysiologically homogeneous, resulting from a common core dysfunction. Recent studies reporting neuropsychological heterogeneity suggest that this common core dysfunction may be the scientific equivalent of a red herring.
Limits of precision in analog ICs

The degree of precision that can, or will be achieved by analog ICs will be assessed by the panelists. Applicability of MOS and bipolar processes to analog problems will be examined. Discussions will cover fundamental limits, such as idealized noise, practical limits involving complexity and design time, and knowledge limits based on existing and anticipated circuit configurations.
The prevalence and endemic nature of dengue infections in Guangdong, South China: an epidemiological, serological, and etiological study from 2005-2011.

Objectives Frequent outbreaks of dengue are considered to be associated with an increased risk for endemicity of the disease. The occurrence of a large number of indigenous dengue cases in consecutive years indicates the possibility of a changing dengue epidemic pattern in Guangdong, China.
Quota vs positional power in four-person apex games

Abstract In coalition formation experiments, which coalitions will form and how players in coalitions will allocate their jointly gained rewards are typically predicted as a function of the players' relative power. In this paper, we isolated two logically independent sources of a player's power: the player's contribution to the rewards obtainable by coalitions of which he may be a member (“quota power”), and the number of distinct coalitions which a player may join (“positional power”). The separation of the two types of power is clearly shown in apex games, where a single player (Apex) attempts to lure any of the other players (Base) from the coalition of all Bases. A series of four-person computer-controlled apex and nonapex characteristic function games, varying with respect to the relationship of quota power to positional power, were played by 15 quartets of male players. Quota power was strongly manifested in all outcome measures, while positional power appeared only as a bias toward equal allocations of reward when coalitions among players of equal positional power formed. Neither of two social psychological theories that are applicable, pivotal power and weighted probability theory, predicted coalition frequencies. In a test of five solution concepts, the competitive bargaining set predicted payoff allocations better than either of the two aforementioned theories, the kernel, or an equal-split model.
Histological and histochemical periodicity of cervine Leydig cells in relation to antler growth.

Seasonal variation in the testicular interstitial cells and seminal vesicles of 52 Colorado mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), aged 1.5–7.0 years, was related to phases of the antler cycle to determine whether gonadal activity was altered at the time antler growth was initiated. Concomitant with the onset of antler growth (April), resurgence of testicular activity was indicated by restoration of spermatogenesis and increased nuclear volume and straining intensity of succinic dehydrogenase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and fluoride-sensitive esterase in Leydig cells. Changes in enzyme localizations and enhancement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase indicated stimulation of seminal vesicle glandular epithelium 3–4 weeks after renewed Leydig cell activity. Maximal Leydig cell activity was attained in late September subsequent to velvet shedding. Regression began during the rutting season (November) and proceeded to a baseline of minimal activity (January) that was extant during antler shedding and retained until renewed antler growth. The temporal relatioship between antler growth and gonadal stimulation suggests that gonadotropin secretion is augmented commensurate with antler formation.
Observation of the early stages of heteroepitactic growth of BaTiO3 thin-films

Thin-films of barium titanate (BaTiO3) have been deposited onto single-crystal MgO substrates using pulsed-laser ablation. The early stages of film growth have been examined using transmission electron microscopy by deposition of very thin films onto specially prepared electron transparent thin-foil substrates. The films, which were crystalline as deposited and close to stoichiometric composition, were formed by the nucleation and growth of small islands.
Fluctuating field defects: A preliminary report

In three eyes of persons affected by Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS), a neuropsy-chiatric disorder, visual field defects were seen to be fluctuating over a short period of time when examined repeatedly. This is quite unlike any reported in the literature.
An o-toluidine method for detection of carbohydrates in protein hydrolysates.

Abstract The o-toluidine high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for detection of reducing sugars has been demonstrated to be a facile method for composition analysis of protein hydrolysates with a maximum sensitivity range of 50–100 pmol. The solution phase reaction of o-toluidine with reducing sugars has been previously used for spectrophotometric detection of glucose at 480–630 nm. In contrast, the heterogeneous reaction of o-toluidine with reducing sugars resolved by thin-layer chromatography produces chromophoric derivatives which have a broad absorbance at 295 nm. Detection of these chromophoric derivatives is achieved by uv diffuse reflectance scanning densitometry. It is demonstrated that detection limits of less than 10 ng can be achieved by using HPTLC plates and is therefore equal or more sensitive for some sugars than recently reported high-pressure liquid chromatography methods using amperometric or fluorescence detection.
Re-engineering letter-to-sound rules

Using finite-state automata for the text analysis component in a text-to-speech system is problematic in several respects: the rewrite rules from which the automata are compiled are difficult to write and maintain, and the resulting automata can become very large and therefore inefficient. Converting the knowledge represented explicitly in rewrite rules into a more efficient format is difficult. We take an indirect route, learning an efficient decision tree representation from data and tapping information contained in existing rewrite rules, which increases performance compared to learning exclusively from a pronunciation lexicon.
Home Hyperalimentation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has become a useful tool in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the past, it was felt that TPN would have a therapeutic role in IBD, but experience has shown that it functions more as an adjunct to other therapeutic interventions. The specific roles of TPN in IBD include: (1) nutritional maintenance in the short bowel syndrome, (2) TPN as adjunctive therapy in jejunoileitis of Crohn's disease, (3) home TPN (HTPN) in Crohn's colitis, and (4) preoperative repletion of significantly depleted patients going to surgery. The adaptation of hospital techniques to the home situation has allowed patients to carry out long-term TPN therapy at home. Patients with IBD on HTPN are subject to the same mechanical and metabolic problems as are other patients on HTPN and, in addition, have a higher infection rate. When carried out appropriately, however, HTPN is a valuable technique in the management of patients with IBD and may provide an improved quality of life.
The cost-effectiveness of placing urinary tract infection treatment over the counter

We use cost-effectiveness analysis to estimate the economic and health implications of approving the over-the-counter sale of oral antibiotics for treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI). We consider two alternatives for over-the-counter availability and examine the reduced economic cost from avoided doctors' visits, along with the potential additional costs associated with higher over-the-counter treatment prices or increased use due to greater access. We also consider important noneconomic costs such as reduced symptom days, restricted activity days, and growing resistance to antibiotics. Our analysis covers a 20-year time horizon to capture the long-term effects, from a societal perspective, of a policy decision to place UTI treatment over the counter today. In addition, we present sensitivity analyses to test the effects of the assumptions in our model. We estimate that the economic costs of placing UTI treatment over the counter outweigh the benefits, unless there is extensive patient education and a mechanism for allowing patients to properly self-diagnose to reduce markedly the number of doctors' visits, mistreated symptoms, and threat of resistance to antibiotics. Only if doctors' visits were reduced to 64.6% of current levels would the economic benefits of over-the-counter treatment begin to be realized. UTI is one of the most common complaints among women and accounts for a large number of doctor visits each year. However, the costs of over-the-counter distribution of UTI treatment, particularly those due to the risk of decreasing the time until standard treatments become ineffective due to bacterial resistance, outweigh the short-term gains of decreased symptom days and increased access to treatment.
Calculations on the Hanle effect with phase and amplitude fluctuating laser fields

Calculations on the Hanle effect in a J - J:i atomic transition are performed for laser fields with a) Brownian motion phase diffusion b) Gaussian amplitude fluctuations and c) fluctuating real and imaginary parts of the laser electric field amplitude (chaotic field model). We use the Fokker-Planck operator approach to stochastic differential equations. The zero-field level-crossing dip broadens at high laser intensity significantly less so as the laser bandwidth increases or if the amp]itu(le fluctuates.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Laparoscopic creation of stomas

Background: Some indications for laparoscopic bowel surgery are still controversial. However, the use of laparoscopic techniques for the treatment of benign disorders is less often challenged. Moreover, the morbidity of nonresectional procedures is less than that encountered with resectional cases. Therefore, stoma creation seems ideally suited to laparoscopy. The aim of our study was to assess the outcome of laparoscopic stoma creation.
Global Mapping of Infectious Diseases: Methods, Examples, and Emerging Applications

In 1849, John Snow pioneered the application of mapping to public health by producing a map depicting locations of cholera cases around the Broad Street pump in London (1). Thus, any book describing recent advances in mapping infectious disease is potentially of interest to practicing public health officials. The topics covered in the 11 chapters in this book range from the very technical, such as descriptions of satellite-obtained environmental data, to the geographic and climatic distribution of dengue and yellow fever, plotted in risk maps for those diseases. However, most public health officials will likely find this book overly specialized, particularly the first 4 chapters. These contain detailed descriptions of the technical aspects of measuring, modeling, and analyzing climatic and geospatial data. Public health officials are likely to appreciate the chapters describing the distribution and factors potentially affecting further spread of disease. These chapters present data on the distribution of malaria, dengue, yellow fever, soil-transmitted helminths, and tickborne diseases, and information on how global transport systems and climate changes could alter the distribution of diseases. Some of the authors have fallen prey to the rather regrettable tendency to address “hot topics,” such as bioterrorism and the spread of pandemics, even if such topics are somewhat outside the domain of the rest of the book. The result is that in 1 chapter there are 1 or 2 pages in which the authors briefly, and mostly uncritically, review some of the most well-known literature on these topics. Readers would have been better served had the authors of that chapter focused on vectorborne diseases, for which they are justly well known. Furthermore, even in chapters focusing on practical aspects of disease distribution, many sections contain detailed descriptions of methods that most public health officials are likely to want to skip over. Placed at the back of the book are the color plates of maps (the central feature of such a book). This placement is annoying because it makes it difficult to quickly find the figures being described in a given chapter. Overall, this book is more likely to appeal to the specialist, who will find it a useful addition to a technical library, while most public health officials will likely be better served in seeking a book containing more general descriptions of mapping infectious diseases.
Louisiana’s Ethical Culture and Its Effect on the Administrative Failures Following Katrina

Louisiana’s history of colorful politics and corruption in government is legendary, and within Louisiana, it is something celebrated—or at least warmly embraced—as part of the cultural richness of the state. An oft-repeated phrase is that Louisiana is no more corrupt than any place else, it’s just that Louisianans are proud of it. Though such sentiment is certainly not true of everyone in Louisiana, it is a quality that permeates discussions of federal financial assistance to the state in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and helps explain the widespread misuse of assistance funds. Yet beyond concern for the loss of dollars are the very real and tragic consequences for the citizens who were most affected by Hurricane Katrina—who have received but a trickle of the flood of money that has poured into the state. For these people, who remain without adequate shelter, resources, educational opportunities, health care, and support networks, the recovery progress has remained basically unchanged over the last two years. An overview of the ethical culture of Louisiana and reflections on how that culture contributed to and exacerbated administrative failure in the wake of Katrina is presented here.
A turn in the road: How studies on the pharmacology of glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors led to the identification of a lysosomal phospholipase A2 with ceramide transacylase activity

A series of inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthesis, the PDMP based family of compounds, has been developed as a tool for the study of sphingolipid biochemistry and biology. During the course of developing more active glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors, we identified a second site of inhibitory activity for PDMP and its structural homologues that accounted for the ability of the inhibitors to raise cell and tissue ceramide levels. This inhibitory activity was directed against a previously unknown pathway for ceramide metabolism, viz. the formation of 1-O-acylceramide. In this pathway the addition of a fatty acyl group to the primary hydroxyl of ceramide occurs through a transacylation with either phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine as a substrate. However, both in the absence and presence of ceramide, water serves as an acceptor for the fatty acid. Thus the enzyme may be considered to be a phospholipase A2. The enzyme is unique in that it has an acidic pH optimum and is localized to lysosomes by cell fractionation. More recently, the 1-O-acylceramide synthase has been purified, sequenced, and cloned. This phospholipase A2 was discovered to be structurally homologous to lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). However, this phospholipase A2 does not recognize cholesterol and lacks the defined lipoprotein-binding domain present in LCAT. We now refer to this enzyme as lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2). Although acidic phospholipase A2 activities have been previously identified, LPLA2 appears to be the first lysosomal PLA2 to have been sequenced. This new phospholipase A2 lacks an obvious and proven biological function. Published in 2004.
When and how did plate tectonics begin? Theoretical and empirical considerations

Plate tectonics is the horizontal motion of Earth’s thermal boundary layer (lithosphere) over the convecting mantle (asthenosphere) and is mostly driven by lithosphere sinking in subduction zones. Plate tectonics is an outstanding example of a self organizing, far from equilibrium complex system (SOFFECS), driven by the negative buoyancy of the thermal boundary layer and controlled by dissipation in the bending lithosphere and viscous mantle. Plate tectonics is an unusual way for a silicate planet to lose heat, as it exists on only one of the large five silicate bodies in the inner solar system. It is not known when this mode of tectonic activity and heat loss began on Earth. All silicate planets probably experienced a short-lived magma ocean stage. After this solidified, stagnant lid behavior is the common mode of planetary heat loss, with interior heat being lost by delamination and “hot spot” volcanism and shallow intrusions. Decompression melting in the hotter early Earth generated a different lithosphere than today, with thicker oceanic crust and thinner mantle lithosphere; such lithosphere would take much longer than at present to become negatively buoyant, suggesting that plate tectonics on the early Earth occurred sporadically if at all. Plate tectonics became sustainable (the modern style) when Earth cooled sufficiently that decompression melting beneath spreading ridges made thin oceanic crust, allowing oceanic lithosphere to become negatively buoyant after a few tens of millions of years. Ultimately the question of when plate tectonics began must be answered by information retrieved from the geologic record. Criteria for the operation of plate tectonics includes ophiolites, blueschist and ultra-high pressure metamorphic belts, eclogites, passive margins, transform faults, paleomagnetic demonstration of different motions of different cratons, and the presence of diagnostic geochemical and isotopic indicators in igneous rocks. This record must be interpreted individually; I interpret the record to indicate a progression of tectonic styles from active Archean tectonics and magmatism to something similar to plate tectonics at ∼1.9 Ga to sustained, modern style plate tectonics with deep subduction—and powerful slab pull—beginning in Neoproterozoic time.
Ultrasonic sensor for the characterization of colloidal slurries

A bulk wave acoustic sensor capable of measuring PSD (particle size distribution) for both low- and high-concentration slurries has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The principle of operation of the sensor is based on the measurement of the variation of the attenuation of the acoustic wave in the slurry as a function of frequency. The attenuation data are then incorporated into a theoretical model to predict the PSD of TiO/sub 2/ particles in the slurry. The sensor is capable of detecting the PSD of the TiO/sub 2/ particles with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 10 mu m in high-concentration slurries, up to 75 weight percent. A potential application of the sensor is in process control in the manufacture of pigments or slurries for use in paints and paper coatings. >