cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of double coverage on health care utilization of children

Double coverage refers to a situation in which a person is covered by more than one health plan. In a family in which the husband and wife are both offered employer-provided insurances, it is possible for one or more family members to be double covered. This article is the first to examine double coverage of children and quantify the effects of double coverage on health care utilization for any population. Results show that double coverage does not affect the frequency at which children consume medical services, but rather double coverage leads children to consume more expensive forms of health care.
Second-Generation Biofuel from High-Efficiency Algal-Derived Biocrude

Abstract Algae represent a vast group of organisms that grow in nearly every environment on Earth, and are an increasing commercial source of nutraceuticals, food additives, feed supplements, fertilizers, and biofuels. As early as the 1950s, researchers have attempted to capitalize on microalgae's valuable lipid-producing properties to produce various biofuel products. First-generation biofuel synthesis techniques focused primarily on oil- and starch-based feedstocks, but increasing world demands on agricultural resources have made such endeavors cost-prohibitive. Second-generation biofuel undertakings have focused instead on microalgae as a source of renewable biofuels, including biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, biohydrogen, and biocrude. Barriers to cost-effective biofuel production remain substantial, and center on cultivation, harvest, and processing. But recent advances in algal science have allowed for cheaper and more efficient algal-derived biomass and biofuel production techniques, some of which are discussed in this chapter.
The Helsinki Rules, the UN Watercourses Convention and the Berlin Rules: Perspectives on International Water Law

Shared water resources remain the most important area without a universal treaty regulating the uses and protection of such resources. This is notwithstanding the extensive work of two scholarly non-governmental organizations, the Institute of International Law and the International Law Association, as well as the work of the International Law Commission of the United Nations. The work of those institutions resulted in some basic international water law rules, such as the Helsinki and Berlin Rules, and the United Nations Watercourses Convention. The paper analyzes those instruments, discusses the basic areas of similarities and differences among them, and examines the basic challenges facing international water law.
Development of an Animal Model for Radiofrequency Ablation of Primary, Virally Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Woodchuck

Purpose: To develop a consistent and reproducible method in an animal model for studies of radiofrequency (RF) ablation of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: Fifteen woodchucks were inoculated with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) to establish chronic infections. When serum -glutamyl transpeptidase levels became elevated, the animals were evaluated with ultrasound, and, in most cases, preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to confirm tumor development. Ultimately, RF ablation of tumors was performed by using a 1-cm probe with the animal submerged in a water bath for grounding. Ablation effectiveness was evaluated with contrast-enhanced MR imaging and gross and histopathologic analysis. Results: RF ablation was performed in 15 woodchucks. Modifications were made to the initial study design to adapt methodology for the woodchuck. The last 10 of these animals were treated with a standardized protocol using a 1-cm probe that produced a consistent area of tumor necrosis (mean size of ablation, 10.2 mm 13.1 mm) and led to no complications. Conclusions: A safe, reliable and consistent method was developed to study RF ablation of spontaneous primary HCC using chronically WHV-infected woodchucks, an animal model of hepatitis B virus‐induced HCC.
Combination vinorelbine and capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer using a non-body surface area dosing scheme

Purpose: This study sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose of flat-dosed vinorelbine in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer. At the time of study initiation, it was anticipated that vinorelbine would be developed as an oral capsule. A flat dosing scheme of both drugs was used to facilitate development of the oral regimen, and because neither drug’s clearance is associated with body surface area (BSA), pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic endpoints were explored. Experimental Design: Capecitabine was administered orally at 3,000 mg/day on days 1–14. The starting dose of vinorelbine was 20 mg intravenously on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. The vinorelbine dose was escalated until dose limiting toxicity (DLT). Vinorelbine pharmacokinetics were measured after the first dose. Patients underwent genotype analysis for polymorphisms in the CYP3A5 gene, and the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT), a phenotypic test of CYP3A enzyme activity. Results: Twenty five eligible patients were enrolled. Hematologic DLT was seen at the 50 and 45 mg vinorelbine doses; thus the recommended dose is 40 mg on days 1 and 8. Response rate was 30%, and disease stabilization rate was 64% (all dose levels included). Vinorelbine clearance was not associated with ERMBT, BSA, or age. CYP3A5 genotype in this small sample did not have an obvious relationship to clearance or toxicity. Conclusions: A non-BSA based dosing scheme of capecitabine and vinorelbine is safe and efficacious. BSA did not affect vinorelbine clearance. We recommend future studies with capecitabine and/or vinorelbine to compare the safety and efficacy of flat dosed versus BSA-dosed treatment.
Industrial emergency response training: An assessment of long-term impact of a union-based program

Background The long-term impact of the United Automobile Workers’ (UAW) Industrial Emergency Response Training on health and safety conditions and practices in plants is described. Two strategies are combined in this 24-hour training: the use of peer (worker) trainers and a participant-centered approach, the Small Group Activity Method (SGAM). Methods Impact was assessed through a telephone survey of 67 trainees conducted on average 16.8 months post-training. Results 74% of trainees reported using at least one of the provided written training materials after training. Of those reporting an accident in their facility after training, 88% said it was handled differently because of training. Trainees report that peertrainers are more knowledgeable and communicate better than do other types of trainers. Trainees also reported that SGAM made training more applicable to their workplace. 98.5% of trainees like the methods utilized. Conclusions Worker-trainers and SGAM are effective training methods enhancing the long-term impact of union-based workplace health and safety training programs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:598‐605, 2000. fl 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Plasmodium falciparum PfGatp is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein important for the initial step of malarial glycerolipid synthesis.

During its 48-h asexual life cycle within human erythrocytes, Plasmodium falciparum grows to many times its own size and divides to produce 16–32 new parasites. This rapid multiplication requires active synthesis of new membranes and is fueled by phospholipid precursors and fatty acids that are scavenged from the human host. Plasmodium membrane biogenesis relies heavily on the expression of parasite enzymes that incorporate these precursors into phospholipids. However, little is known about the genes involved in membrane biogenesis or where this process takes place within the parasite. Here, we describe the analysis in P. falciparum of the first step of phospholipid biosynthesis that controls acylation of glycerol 3-phosphate (GPAT) at the sn-1 position. We show that this activity is of parasite origin and is specific for glycerol 3-phosphate substrate. We have identified the gene, PfGAT, encoding this activity in P. falciparum and reconstituted its codon composition for optimal expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PfGAT complements the lethality of a yeast double mutant gat1Δgat2Δ, lacking GPAT activity. Biochemical analysis revealed that PfGatp is a low affinity GPAT enzyme with a high specificity for C16:0 and C16:1 substrates. PfGatp is an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum expressed throughout the intraerythrocytic life cycle of the parasite but induced mainly at the trophozoite stage. This study, which describes the first protozoan GPAT gene, reveals an important role for the endoplasmic reticulum in the initial step of Plasmodium membrane biogenesis.
The Influence of Social Intelligence on Effective Music Teaching

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of social intelligence on effective music teaching. Forty teachers from “exemplary programs” and “more challenging programs” across band, chorus, orchestra, and general public school music programs were administered the Interpersonal Perception Task—15 (IPT-15). In addition, 84 external evaluators viewed teaching excerpts of 12 “exemplary” and “challenged” teachers and rated the (a) overall effectiveness and (b) main attribute that influenced their evaluations of each teaching excerpt. Results indicated no significant differences between the IPT-15 scores of “exemplary” teachers and “challenged” teachers.The external evaluators rated teachers identified as “exemplary” significantly higher than they rated teachers labeled as “challenged.” The majority of attributes influencing external evaluators’ ratings of overall teacher effectiveness were social, constituting more than 85% of all responses. All teachers who demonstrated effective social skills ...
Distributed probabilistic fault diagnosis for multiprocessor systems

A class of n-unit multiprocessor systems with O(n log n) interconnecting links is constructed, and a distributed probabilistic fault diagnosis algorithm whose probability of correctness converges to 1 as n to infinity is proposed. For small probability of unit failure, a distributed diagnosis whose probability also converges to 1 as the size of the system grows is proposed for the hypercube. On the other hand, it is proved that if a class of systems has fewer than kn log n links for a small constant k, the probability of correctness of every fault diagnosis converges to 0 as n to infinity . By combining the probabilistic and the distributed approach the authors' model of fault diagnosis removes the major drawbacks of the PMC (Preparata-Metze-Chien) model: the assumption of tests with complete fault coverage and the assumption of a fault-free central monitoring unit capable of performing diagnosis. >
The physics and limits of femtosecond laser micromachining

Laser-induced optical breakdown by femtosecond pulses is extraordinarily precise when the energy is near threshold. We examine the limits of femtosecond machining through studies of damage induced by tightly focused pulses in a variety of materials.
Attenuation of multiphase surface waves in the Basin and Range Province—III. Inversion for crustal anelasticity

SUMMARY A combined inversion/forward modelling procedure, in which the frequency dependence of shear-wave internal friction (Qμ-1) is allowed to vary with depth, was developed and applied to selected Rayleigh wave and Lg attenuation data in the Basin and Range Province of the south-western United States. Both Q and the frequency dependence of Lg waves were used to constrain the models. Many models can explain Rayleigh wave and Lg data sets within their uncertainties, but at 1 Hz most have low values of Qμ (50-80) in the upper 8 km of the crust, rapidly increasing values to about 1000 at mid-crustal depths, and decreasing values at greater depths. Models which include a layer of higher Q values (80-150) in the upper few kilometres of the crust, overlying a region of lower Q values, cannot be precluded by the attenuation data of this study. Assuming that Qμ varies with frequency as fζ, models for which the frequency dependence is low (ζ= 0.0-0.1) in the upper crust best explain the data of this study. In the lower crust that frequency dependence is not well determined, but the models which best explain both the fundamental-mode and Lg data and produce realistic models of Qμ are characterized at 1 Hz by high values of both Qμ and its frequency dependence. Because of that frequency dependence Qμ may be an order of magnitude lower at a period of 100 s (∼ 100) than it is at 1 s (∼ 1000). Investigations of the effects of changing crustal velocity on values for Lg Q and its frequency dependence indicate that realistic velocity changes cause only small changes in those values and thus are inconsequential to our results. The low Qμ values, and their constancy with frequency, in the uppermost crust can be explained by fluid flow in a network of cracks in brittle rock. Increasing Qμ with depth to 10-15 km can be explained by the closing of those cracks due to pressure and their enhanced healing with increasing temperature. Plastic flow at greater depths may contribute further to the dissipation of cracks and to further increases in Qμ. Decreasing Qμ values at greater depths can be explained as being the result of increasing temperature, increasing content of partial melt, enhanced dislocation motion or some combination of these effects.
Towards predictable real-time Java object request brokers

Distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) applications often possess stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements. Designing middleware for DRE applications poses several challenges to object request broker (ORB) developers. This paper provides the following contributions to the study of middleware for DRE applications. First, we outline the challenges present in one of the principal ORB components - the portable object adapter (POA) focusing on predictable and scalable demultiplexing. Second, we describe how these challenges are addressed in ZEN, which is an implementation of Real-time CORBA that runs atop jRate, an ahead-of-time compiler that implements most of the Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ). Third, we qualitatively and quantitatively compare ZEN's demultiplexing strategies with those of other popular Java ORBs, including JacORB, Sun JDK ORB, and ORBacus. Our results show that ZEN and jRate incorporate the strategies necessary to enable predictability using standards-based middleware and also provide a baseline for what can be achieved by combining Real-time CORBA and RTSJ.
ROLE OF VISUAL ACUITY IN TACHISTOSCOPIC RECOGNITION OF THREE-LETTER WORDS

It has been suggested that a correlation between word recognition and visual acuity would constitute a confounding influence in word-recognition studies within a laterality paradigm. 20 Ss made binary judgments concerning the presence or absence of a spatial gap in a tachistoscopically presented line target positioned at .75°, 1.5°, 3.0°, and 6.0° in either visual field. Gap detection was superior in the right visual field (p = .02) at the 6.0° position. Word recognition was determined for tachistoscopically presented three-letter words positioned along a 6.0° vertical meridian in either visual field. Visual acuity performance was not related to word recognition either for the group or for individual Ss. The data therefore do not encourage the view that normal variations in acuity significantly affect word recognition in laterality studies.
Exploring the Relationship between Consumer Productivity and the Socio-Economic Development of LDCS

The socio-economic development of less developed countries can be accelerated by employing strategies that are designed to improve consumer productivity. Consumer productivity is defined as the ratio of total utility obtained by consumers to the total resources (i.e. financial, mental and physical) spent by consumers. The paper explores ways in which the government and business can improve consumer productivity to achieve national development goals.
Functional Connectivity Is Associated With Altered Brain Chemistry in Women With Endometriosis-Associated Chronic Pelvic Pain

Abstract In contrast to women with relatively asymptomatic endometriosis, women with endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain (CPP) exhibit nonpelvic hyperalgesia and decreased gray matter volume in key neural pain processing regions. Although these findings suggest central pain amplification in endometriosis-associated CPP, the underlying changes in brain chemistry and function associated with central pain amplification remain unknown. We performed proton spectroscopy and seed-based resting functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging to determine whether women with endometriosis display differences in insula excitatory neurotransmitter concentrations or intrinsic brain connectivity to other pain-related brain regions. Relative to age-matched pain-free controls, women with endometriosis-associated CPP displayed increased levels of combined glutamine-glutamate (Glx) within the anterior insula and greater anterior insula connectivity to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Increased connectivity between these regions was positively correlated with anterior insula Glx concentrations (r = .87), as well as clinical anxiety (r = .61, P = .02), depression (r = .60, P = .03), and pain intensity (r = .55, P = .05). There were no significant differences in insula metabolite levels or resting-state connectivity in endometriosis patients without CPP versus controls. We conclude that enhanced anterior insula glutamatergic neurotransmission and connectivity with the mPFC, key regions of the salience and default mode networks, may play a role in the pathophysiology of CPP independent of the presence of endometriosis. Perspective Similar to other chronic pain conditions, endometriosis-associated pelvic pain is associated with altered brain chemistry and function in pain processing regions. These findings support central pain amplification as a mechanism of chronic pelvic pain, and clinicians should consider the use of adjunctive therapies that target central pain dysfunction in these women.
Soils of Canaan Valley and Adjacent Mountains

Abstract The genesis of all soils is a function of the interactions of climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time, which are often called the five factors of soil formation. Because temperatures are cooler and precipitation is greater in Canaan Valley (hereafter, the Valley) than in most other parts of West Virginia, the Valley's soils tend to be wetter during most of the year than the soils on similar landscape positions in other parts of the state. Although the Valley's various soils differ in age, have developed on different parent materials, and are found in diverse landscape positions, most are acidic and/or wet. The Valley's soils vary from organic soils in depressions to sandy soils on the surrounding ridges. In the Valley, the common bedrock under the organic soils is Greenbrier Limestone. Mineral soils also formed on the Valley's floodplains and terraces. Many of these soils, especially those on the wet terraces, have slowly permeable, clayey subsoils that formed in alluvium or slack-w...
Divide and COIN: Evaluating Strategies for Stabilizing Afghanistan and the Region

As the United States and Coalition forces draw down in Afghanistan, the future of this strategic region remains uncertain and fraught with security threats. From terrorist safe-havens and nuclear weapons to the world’s economic and cultural crossroads, this region’s challenges and opportunities demand stability. Stability is possible when rooted in local realities, not untenable foreign ways. Providing for stability aligned with U.S. interests is critical — last time America turned away from this region after the Soviets withdrew, the U.S. lack of a post-Cold War strategy backfired with the 9/11 attacks and the ongoing consequences. This paper proposes a “Divide and COIN” strategy to achieve such stability. “Divide” refers to creating a confederation of (semi-) autonomous Afghan states based on traditional ethno-geographic groupings that mutually balance their conflicting interests. This division breaks down the intractably complex Afghan security problem into more manageable parts providing for increased isolation of key problem areas from the self-sufficient pro-American (or at least neutral) areas. The new states’ assertion of local control increasingly denies the territory and resources available to the insurgents and terrorists, providing more effective levers for turning the less committed and defeating the irreconcilable foes. The complementary “COIN” aspect refers to the use of counterinsurgency tools such as aid and military force. The political division facilitates the provision of direct local aid to reward success (with greater transparency and accountability on the smaller scale while also curbing central government corruption) as well as greater concentration of military forces in the remaining enemy hotspots, allowing for more effective use of the reduced troop numbers. The “Divide and COIN” strategy constructively employs the Afghan traditional society’s existing divisions and dynamics rooted in ethno-tribal allegiances and geopolitics that span the Afghan borders. Based on a comprehensive understanding of the strategic and operational environment, this approach incentivizes the capable areas to secure themselves — thereby stabilizing more of the whole and diminishing enemy strongholds making it possible to defeat them with a smaller U.S. footprint.
Effect of intrasplenic injections of alloxan in the rat.

SummaryThe present observations indicate that alloxan is just as effective as a diabetogenic agent when given intrasplenically as when given subcutaneously. Similar amounts of alloxan given intraperitoneally result in many instances in a milder diabetes. It appears that alloxan is not inactivated specifically in the liver.
What is a “history of the present”? On Foucault’s genealogies and their critical preconditions:

In this article Michel Foucault’s method of writing a “history of the present” is explained, together with its critical objectives and its difference from conventional historiography. Foucault’s shift from a style of historical research and analysis conceived as “archaeology” to one understood as “genealogy” is also discussed, showing how the history of the present deploys genealogical inquiry and the uncovering of hidden conflicts and contexts as a means of re-valuing the value of contemporary phenomena. The article highlights the critical observations of present-day phenomena from which a history of the present begins, paying particular attention to Foucault’s concept of “dispositif” and his method of problematization. Foucault’s analyses of Bentham’s Panopticon, of the disciplinary sources of the modern prison, and of the technology of confession are discussed by way of illustration.
Immunization with a single-repeat alpha C protein may prevent escape of lower repeat mutants of group B Streptococcus.

Group B streptococci (GBS) are the leading cause of meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis in neonates1. The alpha C protein, a protective surface protein is found in > 90% of non-serotype-III GBS. The prototype alpha C protein contains 9 identical tandem repeats5; clinical isolates of GBS showed variable number of repeats3. Previously, we showed in a mouse model that GBS with lower repeat number could escape the immune system when immunized with 9-repeat-elicited antiserum4. ELISA inhibition, using purified alpha C protein, indicated that 9- and 16-repeat-elicited antibodies recognize conformational epitopes present in higher repeat, but absent in lower repeat alpha C protein2. This may explain escape of the lower repeat mutants. Simultaneously, we observed equal binding affinities of 1- and 2-repeat-elicited antisera to all alpha C proteins, independent of their repeat number. This suggested that 1- and 2-repeat-elicited antibodies may prevent escape of lower repeat mutants. To study the importance of the repeat number for vaccine use, we immunized mice passively with rabbit antisera elicited to 1-, 2-, 9-, and 16-repeat alpha C protein and challenged their neonates with GBS strain A909 (expressing 9 repeats). We determined protection levels and analyzed the repeat number of the escape mutants, isolated from the spleens of these neonates, by western blotting.
Is wide local excision for pilonidal disease still justified

There is an ongoing debate regarding the optimal operation for chronic pilonidal disease. The current study analyzes the outcome of wide local excision (WLE) compared with unroofing and marsupialization (UM) as primary intervention for chronic pilonidal disease. A retrospective review of a single institution experience over a 5-year period was performed. Sixty-eight patients were treated for pilonidal disease. Their mean age was 25 years. There were 42 males (62%) and 26 females (38%). Twenty-six patients underwent WLE and 42 had UM. The type of operation was based on surgeon preference, but individual surgeons were consistent with their choice. Mean time for final healing was significantly higher for WLE compared with UM (21 vs. 6 weeks, P < 0.01). Postoperative complications and reoperative rate were significantly higher in the WLE group (P < 0.01). Nine patients in the WLE group (35%) required one or more reoperations compared with only one (2%) in the UM group (P < 0.01). This study demonstrates that WLE carries a high complication and reoperative rate. UM should be considered as the initial operation for most patients with pilonidal disease.
Dueling Co-Authors: How Collaborators Create and Sometimes Solve Contributorship Conflicts

Publishing is central to the academic reward system. Contributorship issues loom large in this context. The need for fairness in authorship decisions is upheld in most collaborations, yet some collaborations are plagued by “nightmare” issues ranging from inappropriate authorship credit to author order issues to exploitation of students and postdocs. This present work analyzes the mechanisms that researchers use for addressing problems in research collaboration and authorship. The data are derived from face-to-face, phone or Skype interviews with 60 university researchers. The extent to which author crediting decisions are explicitly or implicitly communicated and communicated in advance versus in the aftermath of the completion of research are central features in conflict resolution. Explicit approaches are associated with fields characterized by large or infrastructure-intensive projects, whereas implicit approaches often represent unspoken discipline-based norms. Efforts to educate students in how to manage authoring decisions tend to use advance methods. Problems stemming from a difficult researcher’s actions cross these categories. Early communication would seem to be useful for issue resolution, but it is not widely used in part because it can lock-in to an author crediting plan too tightly and reduce flexibility as research directions change.
SR Contribution to Calcium Cycling in Sino-Atrial Node Cells: As seen from Nanoscale Electron Microscopy and Numerical Modeling

The pacemaker cells of mammalian heart are long spindle-shaped cells confined within the Sino-Atrial node at the base of the right atrium. The pacemaking activity of the cells has been extensively studied, but ultrastructure of membranes involved in calcium cycling is known only in sketchy. In this ultrastructural study of SAN in rabbit heart we have confirmed the existence of three cell types. The “dark” and “light” cells contain very few myofibrils and are distinguished by the dense content of intermediate filaments in the former. “Intermediate” cells, at the boundaries of the node, have more myofibrils. Dark and light cells, independently of their position, have limited content of SR elements. A scarce free SR (fSR) is limited to the peripheral third of the cell and occupies ∼ 0.04% of the cell volume. The junctional SR (jSR) forms peripheral couplings (PCs) at the cell periphery at a frequency of 0.13 /µm of sectioned cell perimeter with an average profile length of 210 nm. Using the cross sectional area of the cells as a reference we estimate that 0.43 RyR2/µm2 of fiber cross section are available. By comparison the cells of the atrium have 0.28 PC profiles/µm of sectioned fiber perimeter and additionally contain internal corbular SR. Taking PCs and corbular SR into account, we estimate that 21.75 RyR2/µm2 of cross section are available. We conclude that the content of membranes and channels involved in calcium cycling are considerably reduced in SAN cell. The implications of these findings for SAN pacemaking function are examined using a new numerical model of SAN cell biophysics. Supported by NIH 2PO1 AR 052354 (P.D Allen PI, Core D CFA) and the Intramural Research Program of NIA.
How Can We Help? The Role of the Local Church and Other Religious Organizations When the Games Come to Town

Examining how faith-based organizations engage with local communities during mega-sporting events offer unique opportunities for positive social initiatives different from ordinary outreach. Our in...
Radar dynamic range specification and measurement

A large dynamic range and a matching spurious-free response are now common-place requirements for new high-performance radar systems. In addition resistance to high-level out-of-band electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an important consideration. The key radar subsystem determining these characteristics is the analog radar receiver and the analog-to-digital converters (ADC). A Babel of definitions has been proposed to specify and describe this type of performance for both radar and communication systems. This paper will highlight the definitions best suited to characterize radar performance for both in-band dynamic range and linearity, and tolerance to out-of-band interfering signals. An example of a measurement procedure, which can be used to quantify such performance, is presented and typical results are included.
Management of the Incidental Pulmonary Embolism.

OBJECTIVE. The incidental pulmonary embolism (PE) is being identified at an increasing rate because of use of MDCT and presents a management challenge because of a lack of prospective data. Most cl...
On Indivisibles and Infinitesimals: A Response to David Sherry, “The Jesuits and the Method of Indivisibles”

In “The Jesuits and the Method of Indivisibles” David Sherry criticizes a central thesis of my book Infinitesimal: that in the seventeenth century the Jesuits sought to suppress the method of indivisibles because it undermined their efforts to establish a perfect rational and hierarchical order in the world, modeled on Euclidean Geometry. Sherry accepts that the Jesuits did indeed suppress the method, but offers two objections. First, that the book does not distinguish between indivisibles and infinitesimals, and that whereas the Jesuits might have reason to object to the first, the second posed no problem for them. Second, seeking an alternative explanation for the Jesuits’ hostility to the method, he proposes that its implicit atomism conflicted with the Catholic doctrine of the sacrament of the Eucharist, and was therefore heretical. In response to Sherry’s first criticism I point out that the Jesuits objected to all forms of the method of indivisibles, and that the distinction between indivisibles and infinitesimals consequently cannot explain the fight over the method in the seventeenth century. With regards to the Eucharist, I agree with Sherry that the Jesuits were indeed concerned about the method’s affinity to atomism and materialism, though for a different reason: these doctrines were antithetical to their efforts to impose divine hierarchy and order on the world. In as much as the technical details of the miracle of the Eucharist mattered, they provided no grounds for objecting to a mathematical (rather than physical) doctrine.
Democratic Demands and Citizen Capabilities

In this chapter, the author develops his thesis that an individual’s personality is a durable and measurable manifestation of unconscious brain processes that systematically influence individuals’ civic aptitude, that is, the quality of one’s engagement with the political world. The chapter examines a vast array of works across the academic fields of psychology, sociology, political science, philosophy, genetics, and neuroscience. In particular, this chapter builds the argument that the Big Five (also known as the Five Factor Model) personality traits are significant contributors to the successes and failures citizens have in understanding and participating in politics in four separate areas: (1) citizens’ ability to understand politics with abstract notions like liberal and conservative; (2) know factual information about important public policy areas; (3) connect their own personal policy preferences to the correct party; and (4) understand their own relationship with government programs.
Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (GI-PROMIS) Symptom Scales in Subjects With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (GI-PROMIS) Symptom Scales in Subjects With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
The Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is a recurring expression of the synchronized interaction between the hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian system. The goals of each cycle are to: 1) Mature a follicle containing an ovum, leading to ovulation and fertilization. 2) Cause structural and functional changes in target tissues (uterus, oviducts, and vagina) to facilitate fertilization and implantation. 3) Support early pregnancy. The cycle of ovarian activity is divided into three main phases: the follicular phase during which oocytes are recruited for ovulation; the ovulatory phase in which the ovum is expelled from the ovary and the luteal phase during which, the egg may be fertilized and pregnancy occurs. Thus the ovary has two functions, to produce the female gamete (gametogenesis) and to support the growing gamete by steroidogenesis. The predominant hormones involved in the primate and human female are gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH from the hypothalamus), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary, and estradiol (an estrogen), progesterone (a progestogen) and inhibin from the ovary. Although the duration of each phase, and therefore the length of the cycle, differs in various species (Table 1), the processes occurring within the ovary are basically similar. In the lower animals, the cyclic activity is called the estrus cycle, and in primates and the human female it is called the menstrual cycle.
The role of pharmacy organizations in transforming the profession: the case of pharmaceutical care.

At is my pleasure to discuss the role of national pharmacy organizations in fostering the practice philosophy of pharmaceutical care. Let me begin with a caveat. I have invested substantial time and energy in bringing my own organization "on board" with the concept. Hence, I am hardly a disinterested observer. Nevertheless, I have tried, in preparing these remarks, to be objective; you will have to decide for yourself how well that goal has been achieved. An issue that has interested me for a long time is the extent to which, and the pace at which, a professional organization can influence change in the practice of pharmacy. In the framework of the "diffusion of innovations" model of Everett Rogers,1 can a pharmacy association be an effective, forceful change agent? This is the underlying question I address in this paper, using pharmaceutical care as a case study. Research on the diffusion of innovations shows that (1) the time it takes for innovations to be adopted varies but the overall pattern of adoption is predictable, innovation to innova-
Monoclonal antibodies to myeloid differentiation antigens: in vivo studies of three patients with acute myelogenous leukemia

Three patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in relapse were treated with intravenous infusions of one or more purified murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for differentiation antigens on normal and malignant myeloid cells. Three of the MoAbs used were IgM immunoglobulins that react with glycolipids, while the fourth, an IgG2b, reacts with a protein antigen. Peripheral blood leukemia cell counts decreased significantly, but transiently, during treatment. Evidence of in vivo binding of each MoAb to leukemia cells was obtained, although two of the four MoAbs could not be detected in the plasma following infusion, perhaps due to circulating blocking factors. Antigenic modulation was not encountered in these studies. However, the induction of human antibody to murine MoAb was observed in one patient who was treated over a 70-day period. Toxicities encountered were minimal and included fever (3 patients), back pain (1 patient), and arthralgias and myalgias (1 patient). This is the first reported clinical trial of (1) IgM MoAbs, (2) MoAb therapy in patients with AML, (3) combinations of MoAbs directed toward different myeloid differentiation antigens, and (4) MoAbs directed to glycolipids. The relative lack of toxicity and the positive effects of MoAb treatment in the reduction of leukemia cell counts permit the continued study of more innovative approaches to the treatment of AML with MoAbs.
Leningrad, 1941–42: Morality in a City under Siege. By Sergey Yarov. Translated by Arch Tait. (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2017. Pp. xi, 392. $35.78.)

The Leningrad blockade, which lasted 872 days between September 1941 and January 1944, was one of the most horrific events in world history. The number of Soviet civilians trapped within the blocka...
Loss of Prefrontal Cortical Higher Cognition with Uncontrollable Stress: Molecular Mechanisms, Changes with Age, and Relevance to Treatment.

The newly evolved prefrontal cortex (PFC) generates goals for “top-down” control of behavior, thought, and emotion. However, these circuits are especially vulnerable to uncontrollable stress, with powerful, intracellular mechanisms that rapidly take the PFC “off-line.” High levels of norepinephrine and dopamine released during stress engage α1-AR and D1R, which activate feedforward calcium-cAMP signaling pathways that open nearby potassium channels to weaken connectivity and reduce PFC cell firing. Sustained weakening with chronic stress leads to atrophy of dendrites and spines. Understanding these signaling events helps to explain the increased susceptibility of the PFC to stress pathology during adolescence, when dopamine expression is increased in the PFC, and with advanced age, when the molecular “brakes” on stress signaling are diminished by loss of phosphodiesterases. These mechanisms have also led to pharmacological treatments for stress-related disorders, including guanfacine treatment of childhood trauma, and prazosin treatment of veterans and civilians with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Association between number of sexual partners and utilization of family planning and sexually transmitted infection services by men aged 15–44 in the United States

Unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) pose a huge public health problem in the United States. Efforts towards reducing unintended pregnancies have previously focused on women, but the role of men in family planning and preventing unwanted pregnancy is becoming clearer. The primary objective of the study was to fully examine the utilization of family planning services by men in the US, and to determine whether factors such as race, health insurance type and number of sexual partners influenced their utilization and receipt of family planning services and STI-related health services. Data were from the 2006–2010 National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG) study conducted in the US. The study sample comprised 7686 men aged 14–44 who ever had sex with women, and who had had at least one sexual partner in the 12 months before the survey. The receipt of family planning and STI-related health services by this group of men was estimated. The results showed that non-Hispanic Black men were more likely to receive family planning and STI-related services than Hispanic and non-Hispanic White males. Given that non-Hispanic Black men are disproportionately affected by STIs and are a high-risk group, the finding that this group received more family planning and STI services is a positive step towards reducing the disproportionately high prevalence of STIs in men in this under-privileged population.
Highly Flexible Synthetic Routes to Functionalized Phospholanes from Carbohydrates

Highly functionalized phospholanes 15, 17, and 26 and the corresponding diastereomers in which the configurations of the phospholane carbon-2 and carbon-5 are inverted can be readily prepared from d-mannitol by displacement of the appropriate dimesylate or cyclic sulfate with dilithiumphosphide reagents. The diols from which these ligands are prepared can also be converted into diarylphosphinite ligands. A route to related monophosphines bearing hemilabile tert-butylthio groups is also described. Complexes of these ligands and of related deprotected derivatives are potentially useful for enantioselective catalysis in organic and aqueous media.
Climate-driven habitat change causes evolution in Threespine Stickleback

Climate change can shape evolution directly by altering abiotic conditions or indirectly by modifying habitats, yet few studies have investigated the effects of climate-driven habitat change on contemporary evolution. We resampled populations of Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) along a latitudinal gradient in California bar-built estuaries to examine their evolution in response to changing climate and habitat. We took advantage of the strong association between stickleback lateral plate phenotypes and Ectodysplasin A (Eda) genotypes to infer changes in allele frequencies over time. Our results show that over time the frequency of low-plated alleles has generally increased and heterozygosity has decreased. Latitudinal patterns in stickleback plate phenotypes suggest that evolution at Eda is a response to climate-driven habitat transformation rather than a direct consequence of climate. As climate change has reduced precipitation and increased temperature and drought, bar-built estuaries have transitioned from lotic (flowing-water) to lentic (still-water) habitats, where the low-plated allele is favoured. The low-plated allele has achieved fixation at the driest, hottest southernmost sites, a trend that is progressing northward with climate change. Climate-driven habitat change is therefore causing a reduction in genetic variation that may hinder future adaptation for populations facing multiple threats.
Regional Courts, Domestic Politics, and the Struggle for Human Rights

Despite substantial growth in past decades, international human rights law faces significant enforcement challenges and threats to legitimacy in many parts of the world. Regional human rights courts, like the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights, represent unique institutions that allow individuals to file formal complaints with an international legal body and render judgments against states. In this book, Jillienne Haglund focuses on regional human rights court deterrence, or the extent to which adverse judgments discourage the commission of future human rights abuses. She argues that regional court deterrence is more likely when the chief executive has the capacity and willingness to respond to adverse regional court judgments. Drawing comparisons across Europe and the Americas, this book uses quantitative data analyses, supplemented with qualitative evidence from many adverse judgments, to explain the conditions under which regional courts deter future rights abuses.
Some Factors in State TANF Participation by Immigrants: An Examination Using the Group Threat Hypothesis

This study asked what happens as the proportion of immigrants on states’ Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) rolls changes, employing the group threat hypothesis to analyze data dating 2...
Why Dominance Incites Deference: A Social Norms Account

Behavioral displays of dominance are a widely documented antecedent to high social rank in both human and non-human species. Yet the reasons dominant actors incite deference in others are not entir...
Concentration‐Dependent Structural Transition of the HIV‐1 gp41 MPER Peptide into α‐Helical Trimers

The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41 contains epitopes for at least four broadly neutralizing antibodies. Depending on solution conditions and construct design, different structures have been reported for this segment. We show that in aqueous solution the MPER fragment (gp160660-674 ) exists in a monomer-trimer equilibrium with an association constant in the micromolar range. Thermodynamic analysis reveals that the association is exothermic, more favorable in D2 O than H2 O, and increases with ionic strength, indicating hydrophobically driven intermolecular interactions. Circular dichroism, 13 Cα chemical shifts, NOE, and hydrogen exchange rates reveal that MPER undergoes a structural transition from predominately unfolded monomer at low concentrations to an α-helical trimer at high concentrations. This result has implications for antibody recognition of MPER prior to and during the process where gp41 switches from a pre-hairpin intermediate to its post-fusion 6-helical bundle state.
Mechanical Characterization of a Fly Ash and Glass Fibers Reinforced Hybrid Epoxy Composite

Epoxy has versatile industrial applications due to its brilliant characteristics, but on the other hand due to the delamination, brittleness, low toughness of epoxy limited its usage. These constraints of epoxy can get over by inclusion with the help of reinforcement before their industrial and aerospace application. In recent days, glass fiber reinforced composites are in demand as structural materials as well as aerospace parts due to low density. Authors have presented the last ten years review articles on different glass fiber composites. The interest of the present study is the focus on the mechanical properties of epoxy hybrid composite, made up of glass fibers, and reinforced with fly ash. Experimental data has been shown by picking various ratios of glass fiber (E-300, MAT form) with epoxy resins and with different composition of fly ash reinforced that fly ash significantly increases hardness as well as compressive strength in epoxy composite.
Deeper than the surface: Exploring symbolic cultural cues behind skin color among three groups of women of Chinese heritage

We integrated cosmetic and appearance-related scenario elicitation and in-depth interviews to explore aesthetic attitudes toward skin color in bicultural contexts among three groups of emerging Chinese adults. Results indicated that Chinese women, who grew up in China until age 18 and then moved to the US, generally leaned toward Chinese culture, found lighter skin more beautiful, and chose shades of makeup foundation lighter than their skin color. Chinese adoptees, raised in the US by Euro-American parents, leaned toward Euro-American culture, considered tanned skin more attractive, and chose darker colored foundations in most social contexts other than professional. Chinese Americans, raised in the US by first-generation Chinese parents, expressed mixed preferences. Women’s preferences revealed how everyday decisions reflect cultural beliefs and symbolic values behind skin color, suggesting that attitude formation is contextually dependent. People favor different shades of foundation makeup for different occasions, suggesting agentic awareness and the use of behavioral modification to gain acceptance in a given context. Appearance manipulation is a form of self-expression and conveys sociocultural cues. Understanding subtle sociocultural meanings and aesthetics in complex cultural contexts has significant implications for body image and colorism-related research, promoting the exploration of cultural influences on appearance, ideal skin color internalization, and decision-making.