cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Three-Step Approaches for Auxiliary Variables in Latent Class and Latent Profile Analysis

In this article, 3-step methods to include predictors and distal outcomes in commonly used mixture models are evaluated. Two Monte Carlo simulation studies were conducted to compare the pseudo class (PC), Vermunt’s (2010), and the Lanza, Tan, and Bray (LTB) 3-step approaches with respect to bias of parameter estimates in latent class analysis (LCA) and latent profile analysis (LPA) models with auxiliary variables. For coefficients of predictors of class membership, results indicated that Vermunt’s method yielded more accurate estimates for LCA and LPA compared to the PC method. With distal outcomes of latent classes and latent profiles, the LTB method produced the lowest relative bias of coefficient estimates and Type I error rates close to nominal levels.
Comparison of the CAS-POL and IOM samplers for determining the knockdown efficiencies of water sprays on float coal dust

Float coal dust, generated by mining operations, is distributed throughout mine airways by ventilating air designed to purge gases and respirable dust. Float coal dust poses an explosion hazard in the event of a methane ignition. Current regulation requires the application of inert rock dust in areas subjected to float coal dust in order to mitigate the hazard. An alternate method using water sprays, which have been effective in controlling respirable dust hazards, has been proposed as a way to control float coal dust generated on longwall faces. However, the knockdown efficiency of the proposed water sprays on float coal dust needs to be verified. This study used gravimetric isokinetic Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) samplers alongside a real-time aerosol monitor (Cloud Aerosol Spectrometer with polarization; CAS-POL) to study the effects of spray type, operating pressure, and spray orientation on knockdown efficiencies for seven different water sprays. Because the CAS-POL has not been used to study mining dust, the CAS-POL measurements were validated with respect to the IOM samplers. This study found that the CAS-POL was able to resolve the same trends measured by the IOM samplers, while providing additional knockdown information for specific particle size ranges and locations in the test area. In addition, the CAS-POL data was not prone to the same process errors, which may occur due to the handling of the IOM filter media, and was able to provide a faster analysis of the data after testing. This study also determined that pressure was the leading design criteria influencing spray knockdown efficiency, with spray type also having some effect and orientation having little to no effect. The results of this study will be used to design future full-scale float coal dust capture tests involving multiple sprays, which will be evaluated using the CAS-POL.
Communicating Your Research with Social Media: A Practical Guide to Using Blogs, Podcasts, Data Visualisations and Video, by Amy Mollett, Cheryl Brumley, Chris Gilson, and Sierra Williams.

Drawing on their years of experience working on diverse and successful social media initiatives at the London School of Economics, the authors have written a useful guide for professionals in acade...
Case Study B: Radiation Monotherapy for Extensive Local and In-Transit Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Presentation: A 93-year-old male presented to the dermatologist with multiple firm, deeply erythematous nodules covering the majority of the parietal scalp (Fig. 13.1). He stated that the nodules appeared rapidly, never bled, and were not painful. Punch biopsies were performed at two locations and both were shown to be consistent with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). His past medical history was notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery disease.
Linear State Variable Feedback

With this chapter, we begin the study of the synthesis or design of compensation schemes for linear dynamical systems. Thus far, our attention has focused almost exclusively on a variety of procedures used in the analysis of these systems as well as the interrelations between various system representations. These initial investigations and the results which were obtained will now prove to be instrumental in the development of various alternative control and compensation techniques. The remainder of this text will therefore be devoted to the detailed development of a number of general control schemes including various types of feedforward and feedback compensators, as well as certain combinations of the two. We will employ both time domain and frequency domain methods for compensation, displaying any analogies between the two approaches when and where appropriate.
Cognitive Science and Philosophy of Language

Much contemporary philosophy of language can be viewed as a synthesis of three major traditions: ideal language philosophy, ordinary language philosophy, and cognitivism. From the ideal and ordinary language traditions come the use of formalisms, concern with language-world connections, and attention to the nuances of ordinary speech. From the cognitivist tradition comes a mentalistic and empirical approach to the study of language as implemented in the human mind and brain. This article describes the basic approaches and limitations of each of the three traditions and then reviews a recent example of work on proper names that integrates all three.
Evaluation of flow-injection tandem mass spectrometry for rapid and high-throughput quantitative determination of B vitamins in nutritional supplements.

The use of flow-injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for rapid and high-throughput mass spectral analysis of selected B vitamins, viz., B1, B2, B3, B5, and B6, in nutritional formulations was demonstrated. A simple and rapid (∼5 min) in-tube sample preparation was performed. Automated flow injection introduced 1 μL of the extracts directly into the mass spectrometer ion source without chromatographic separation. Sample-to-sample analysis time was 60 s. Quantitative capabilities of the flow-injection analysis were tested using the method of standard additions and SRM 3280. The quantity determined for each B vitamin in SRM 3280 was within the statistical range provided for the respective certified values. This approach was also applied to two different commercial vitamin supplement tablets and proved to be successful in the quantification of the selected B vitamins, as evidenced by an agreement with the label values and the results obtained using isotope dilution liquid chromatography/...
It’s Not Only Wins and Losses, It’s When You Play the Game: Chief Executive Dismissal in the NFL

Research on the antecedents of executive dismissal has primarily examined how performance and politics affect this decision. However, a variety of other factors are likely to also impact the evalua...
Platinum(IV)-Ferrocene Conjugates and Their Cyclodextrin Host–Guest Complexes

Reported here are new platinum(IV) (Pt(IV)) complexes bearing ferrocene (Fc) moieties. These systems differ from one another only by the nature of the functional group (ester vs amide) connecting the linker to the Fc subunits. This minor structural variation (one atom difference) leads to major differences in solubility, stability, and antiproliferative activity against lung (A549) cancer cells. The host-guest chemistry of these complexes was investigated in an aqueous medium in the presence of β-cyclodextrins (β-CD), either free or in the form of a covalently linked Fc-Pt-β-CD hybrid. An inclusion complex between Fc and β-CD is formed in aqueous media, presumably as a result of hydrophobic interactions involving the Fc and the inner β-CD cavity. Consequently, it proved possible to use a β-CD-based strategy to purify the Pt-Fc conjugates in this study under aqueous conditions (by means of C18 silica gel columns). The use of a β-CD adjuvant also allowed dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to be avoided as an organic cosolvent in cell studies. The amide version reported here (2) proved to be more soluble, more stable, and more active than the ester analogue (11) in A549 cells. The use of a β-CD functionalized with a fluorescent probe allowed intracellular Pt-Fc localization to be visualized by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
Induced Chaos in Speed Controlled Switched Reluctance Motor Drive

In this paper the occurrence of chaos in the hysteresis-controlled switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive under phase current saturation is examined. An 8/6 pole 4-phase SRM is used as the model for this study. To gain insight into this phenomenon, the analytical modelling of the SR drive system is derived and triggering condition for chaotic behaviors is discussed. The simulation and experimental analyses are conducted to uncover the underlying pattern of chaotic motion within this type of motor drive system.
Students’ Perceptions of a Gamified Reading Assessment:

To inform the development of gamified assessments, this study explored how students with or at risk for reading difficulties in Grades 6–8 (N = 202) perceived and interacted with a decoding assessm...
A Four-Port DC–DC Converter for a Standalone Wind and Solar Energy System

This article proposes an integrated, four-port, dc–dc converter for power management of a hybrid wind and solar energy system when it works in the standalone mode. Compared with existing four-port dc–dc converters, the proposed converter has the advantage of using a simple topology to interface sources of different voltage/current characteristics. The proposed converter is constructed for power management of a hybrid energy system, which consists of a photovoltaic panel, a wind turbine generator, a rechargeable battery bank, and a load. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed converter is capable of not only controlling the charge and discharge of the battery according to the state of the charge, but also maintaining the dc-link voltage to be constant.
Quantitative translation of dog-to-human aging by conserved remodeling of epigenetic networks

SUMMARY Mammals progress through similar physiological stages during life, from early development to puberty, aging, and death. Yet, the extent to which this conserved physiology reflects conserved molecular events is unclear. Here, we map common epigenetic changes experienced by mammalian genomes as they age, focusing on evolutionary comparisons of humans to dogs, an emerging model of aging. Using targeted sequencing, we characterize the methylomes of 104 Labrador retrievers spanning a 16 year age range, achieving >150X coverage within mammalian syntenic blocks. Comparison with human methylomes reveals a nonlinear relationship which translates dog to human years, aligns the timing of major physiological milestones between the two species, and extends to mice. Conserved changes center on specific developmental gene networks which are sufficient to capture the effects of anti-aging interventions in multiple mammals. These results establish methylation not only as a diagnostic age readout but as a cross-species translator of physiological aging milestones.
Effects of triglyceride accumulation on induction of urea synthesis by glucagon and dexamethasone in monolayer cultures of bovine hepatocytes.

Hepatocyte monolayer cultures from two preruminating and two ruminating calves were used to study the effects of triglyceride accumulation on induction of ureagenesis by glucagon plus dexamethasone. Whether hepatocytes from preruminating and ruminating calves respond similarly to triglyceride accumulation and hormonal treatment was also determined. Hepatocyte monolayer cultures were incubated from 24 to 48 h with a physiological mixture of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA, 0 or 1.5 mM) and a hormone mixture containing glucagon plus dexamethasone (0 or 100 nM of both) added as a 2 x 2 factorial (NEFA x hormones). Ureagenesis was measured at 0, .25, and 5 mM NH4Cl from 48 to 51 h and activities of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) and arginase were measured at 48 h. There was no significant age-related interaction for any of the measurements. Therefore, monolayer culture of hepatocytes from preruminating calves provides a reasonable model for studying the effects of glucagon, dexamethasone, and triglyceride accumulation on ureagenesis in the ruminating bovine. Intracellular triglyceride was increased by NEFA (2.3 vs 15.6 +/- 1.9 microg TG/microg DNA, P < .001). Triglyceride-engorged cells exhibited decreased ureagenesis (1.04 vs .87 +/- .135 nmol/(microg DNA x h), P < .05) but had unaltered OTC and arginase activity. Hormone addition did not affect triglyceride accumulation but increased ureagenesis (.70 vs 1.21 +/- .135 nmol/(microg DNA x h), P < .0001). There was no interaction between hormone addition and triglyceride accumulation on ureagenesis. To separate the effects of dexamethasone from that of glucagon on ureagenesis, hepatocyte monolayer cultures from one ruminating and three preruminating calves were used. Hepatocyte monolayer cultures were incubated from 24 to 48 h with glucagon (0 or 100 nM) and dexamethasone (0 or 100 nM) added as a 2 x 2 factorial. Ureagenesis was measured at 0, .25, and 5 mM NH4Cl from 48 to 51 h. Glucagon increased ureagenesis (.77 vs 1.24 +/- .11 nmol/(microg DNA x h), P < .0001). Dexamethasone did not affect ureagenesis, nor was there any interaction between glucagon and dexamethasone. Therefore, glucagon alone was responsible for the induction observed with the mixture of glucagon and dexamethasone. In conclusion, glucagon is able to increase ureagenesis in bovine hepatocytes, and triglyceride accumulation does not interfere with the induction.
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know (or Didn’t Know You Wanted to Know) about Community Compost!

First paragraph: What once may have been an underground movement to save organic materials from the waste stream, community composting is now celebrated and further empowered by James McSweeney’s technical guide Community-Scale Composting Systems: A Comprehensive Practical Guide for Closing the Food Systems Loop and Solving Our Waste Crisis. The book meticulously unpacks this major challenge facing the food system in the U.S.—nothing short of a food waste crisis—and how to scale up in order to solve it. From the neighborly grassroots level to the budding entrepreneur, this tome feeds the budding “rotstar” on every scale—from backyard composting to organic waste haul­ing. There’s just something about composting for everyone. As McSweeney notes in the introduction, “Composting calls, it speaks from the beyond, drawing in believers. . . . A large number maintain a deep belief in composting as part of a holistic way of life” (p. 5). His new book is a well-researched, intricate foray into the world of community composting.
Pairing your Sox: identification of Sox11 partner proteins and interaction domains in the developing neural plate

Sox11, a member of the SoxC family of transcription factors, has distinct functions at different times in neural development. Studies in mouse, frog, chick and zebrafish show that Sox11 promotes neural fate, neural differentiation, and neuron maturation in the central nervous system. These diverse roles are controlled in part by spatial and temporal-specific protein interactions. Since little is known about the interactions underlying these diverse functions, here, we identify partner proteins and the domains of Xenopus Sox11(xSox11) required for protein interaction and function during neurogenesis. Our data show that Sox11 co-localizes and interacts with Pou3f2 and Ngn2 in the anterior neural plate and in early neurons, respectively. We also demonstrate that xSox11 does not interact with Ngn1, a high affinity partner of Sox11 in the mouse cortex, suggesting that Sox11 has species-specific partner proteins. Additionally, we determined that the N-terminus including the HMG domain of xSox11 is necessary for interaction with Pou3f2 and Ngn2, and established a novel role for the N-terminal 46 amino acids in the establishment of placodal progenitors. This is the first identification of partner proteins for Xenopus Sox11 and of domains required for partner protein interactions and distinct roles in neurogenesis.
Abstract B72: Lineage specifiers SOX2 and NKX2-1 inversely regulate tumor cell fate and neutrophil recruitment in lung cancer

The major types of non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, have distinct tumor immune microenvironments. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences is of particular importance given the success and current limitations of immunotherapy. We developed multiple mouse models of lung cancer to demonstrate that NKX2-1 potently suppresses SOX2-driven squamous tumorigenesis by repressing adeno-to-squamous transdifferentiation. Furthermore, SOX2 recruits, whereas NKX2-1 suppresses, tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) at least partly through inverse regulation of the chemoattractant CXCL5/6. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that TANs exhibit tumor-promoting features and distinct gene expression profiles compared to blood neutrophils. Finally, TANs cooperate with squamous-associated genetic alterations to promote squamous tumors. These data reveal how transcription factors with key functions in normal development dictate not only cancer cell identity but also distinct tumor immune microenvironments. Citation Format: Gurkan Mollaoglu, Alex Jones, Sarah Wait, Anandaroop Mukhopadhyay, Sangmin Jeong, Rahul Arya, Soledad Camolotto, Timothy Mosbruger, Chris Stubben, Christopher Conley, Arjun Bhutkar, Jeffery Vahrenkamp, Kristofer Berrett, Melissa Cessna, Thomas Lane, Benjamin Witt, Mohamed Salama, Jason Gertz, Kevin Jones, Eric Snyder, Trudy Oliver. Lineage specifiers SOX2 and NKX2-1 inversely regulate tumor cell fate and neutrophil recruitment in lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B72.
Data Analytics on Improvement of Spatial Visualization Skills

Abstract Spatial visualization skills have been identified as critical competence for success in STEM disciplines, particularly in engineering and technology fields. Several academic institutions have implemented a policy to have first-year students tested on such competence, and several initiatives to improve visualization skills have been implemented. A standardized visualization test (i.e., PSVT:R), which is widely accepted as indicator of spatial visualization skills, is used as an indicator to evaluate students. The goal of this study is to identify the most influential factors in the standardized test that will help in predicting score improvement, and therefore indicating adequate academic intervention. In this study the main factors are the specific question numbers in the standardized test (PSVT:R consist on 30 question with increasing degree of difficulty). The academic intervention is the equivalent to a one-credit course offered that focuses on improving spatial visualization skills. The improvement is measure by comparing pre- and post- intervention scores by incoming students.
Electrochemical profiles of crown-and-bridge alloys.

Abstract : The resistance of four crown-and-bridge alloys to halide attack was assessed. In aerated medium, the equilibrium behavior of two gold containing alloys was characterized by passivity, whereas that of two materials of lesser nobility was typified by active dissolution. Corrosion rates of the test alloys were accelerated in oxygen depleted medium. In deaerated solvent, the passive equilibrium condition was experienced only by a nickel-chromium based alloy. (Author)
Possibilities for data transmission from external hydro-meteorological sensors via AIS

This report describes the possibility of using hydro-meteorological information from external sensors. The essence is how the data that enters the ship through different communication systems can be used for comparison with the same ones extracted from the sensors of the vessels. The end result is to achieve even more accurate information about the meteorological situation on the high seas. The more accurately predicted the meteorological conditions, the greater the probability of preventing ships in distress and the absence of losses. Crew safety first in shipping!
Overcoming the "catastrophic forgetting" effect in transfer learning to achieve vendor independent performance for the COVID-19 pneumonia classification task using chest x-ray radiographs

In this work, we studied the catastrophic forgetting effect in transfer learning for the development of a deep learning model to perform COVID-19 pneumonia classification using chest x-ray radiographs. We demonstrated vendor differences using a large multi-vendor chest x-ray dataset for COVID-19 classification and investigated its impact on the generalizability of the model. We showed that the model trained from one particular vendor may not generalize well to other vendors. While both vendor-based fine-tuning and joint training can improve the performance on the new vendor test set, the first approach may cause performance degradation on the previous vendor test set.
A 5G communication based adaptive current differential protection for distribution networks

The fifth generation mobile communication (5G communication) technology provides new ideas for current differential protections of distribution networks by virtue of its advantages in bandwidth, transmission capacity, transmission rate and delay. This paper firstly introduces the characteristics of 5G communication technology and tests the 5G communication delay characteristics in a laboratory environment. The test results show that the 5G communication delay can meet the requirements of current differential protections in distribution networks. On this basis, an adaptive current differential protection is proposed, which includes the use of a distribution management system to realize the automatic topology identification of the distribution network and the automatic establishment of communication links. Finally, simulations on the RTDS platform are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme. Moreover, the protection scheme can still play a protective role when a single terminal of the distribution network fails or its communication fails, which greatly improves the reliability of the current differential protection of the distribution networks based on 5G communication.
Open-Source Thermometer, Temperature Controller, and Light Meter for Use in Animal Facilities and During Experiments

Experiments with biological samples require precise control of environmental conditions. In our work we use zebrafish (Danio rerio) to understand the neurobiology of sleep, which requires precise control of temperature and lighting. Like many labs, lighting and temperature in the animal facility are centrally controlled in the building. During behavioral experiments and microscopy sessions, we use custom-built heating systems and perform occasional manual checks of conditions. However, without a system to precisely record conditions, gradual changes in temperature can go unnoticed for a long time, and temporary failures may be missed entirely. Here we present the design and characterization of affordable open-source tools to record temperature and light conditions during animal experiments using an Arduino microcontroller or a Raspberry Pi compact computer. The waterproof temperature sensor has high stability over 50 days of recording and is precise to 0.1{degrees}C. The Arduino device can be used through a common serial port interface for which we present code in Python and MATLAB. The Raspberry Pi version can be accessed through a web interface, for which we provide an installation guide. We use the device to record and review temperature and lighting conditions in two zebrafish animal facilities. We use our platform to add a water heating system to maintain temperature at 28{degrees}C during in vivo light-sheet imaging of larval zebrafish. We show that a change in temperature from 28{degrees}C to 32{degrees}C affects resting heart rate of the animal, highlighting the importance of maintaining and recording conditions. The protocols presented here do not require advanced engineering, fabrication, or software skills, and provide an approach to accurately record and report experimental conditions.
Supersingular elliptic curves

In the previous chapter, we showed that Brandt matrices for an order in a definite quaternion algebra B contain a wealth of arithmetic. In the special case where \({{\,\mathrm{disc}\,}}B=p\) is prime, there is a further beautiful connection between Brandt matrices and the theory of supersingular elliptic curves, arising from the following important result: there is an equivalence of categories between supersingular elliptic curves over \(\overline{\mathbb{F }}_p\) and right ideals in a (fixed) maximal order \(\mathcal {O}\subset B\). We pursue this important connection in this chapter for the reader who has a bit more background in algebraic curves.
COVID-19 INFECTIONS IN SARCOIDOSIS: A PROSPECTIVE SINGLE CENTER STUDY OF 886 SARCOIDOSIS PATIENTS

Sarcoidosis patients, especially those receiving immunosuppressive therapy (1), may have an increased risk for opportunistic infections including fungal infections and mycobacteria (1-3). Recent reports have suggested an increased rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in sarcoidosis patients (4-7). These studies were usually retrospective and/or self-reported cases. We report the results of a prospective study performed in our sarcoidosis clinic comparing the rate of COVID-19 infection in sarcoidosis to cancer patients.
The Law of Legislative Representation

Law has much to say about the practice of legislative representation. Legal rules from different substantive domains collectively determine the landscape in which legislators act. Most obviously, the law of democracy—the law regulating elections, redistricting, and money in politics—shapes the incentives that legislators face and the sorts of representation that they provide once in office. But so too does the law that governs legislative organization and procedure. Congress and other legislatures are governed by rich bodies of internal rules, many of which receive little attention from either the public or legal scholars. These internal rules can empower or constrain legislators. By the same token, they can empower or constrain those that seek to influence how legislators behave, such as party leaders and interest groups. This Article examines how law shapes representation. It takes a legislator’s point of view of public law, looking to how law shapes legislators’ choices and incentives. In taking this approach, the Article makes three principal contributions. First, it shows how the law of legislative representation is pluralist. Rather than unequivocally pointing legislators toward one type of representation or another, the law enables and encourages legislative responsiveness to each of three groups: constituents, interest groups, and party leaders. The law gives each of these groups distinct tools for exerting influence over legislative behavior, but it does not institutionalize the primacy of any one of them. Second, fully understanding representation requires focusing on internal legislative organization and procedure. Those topics can be just as consequential for American democracy as more familiar constitutional law and law of democracy topics. Centering legislative organization and procedure reveals powerful possible levers of congressional reform. Such creative approaches are especially important given the constitutional and political hurdles that stand in the way of many reforms to the law of democracy. Third, a detailed descriptive account of political institutions and legal rules should be part of our normative theorizing about representation. Because representation is a construct of law, understanding how it operates—and how it should operate—requires close attention to legal rules.
The effects of intraguild interactions (or lack of) on prey diversity in experimental ponds food webs

Abstract The interactions between top- and intermediate-level predators can have significant effects on community structure of food webs. The direct and indirect effects of top predators not only affect prey communities both negatively (e.g. predation) and positively (e.g. thinning effects), but can also impact intermediate-level predators (via intraguild predation [IGP]). These IGP interactions can have especially far-reaching implications when predators of increased ecological importance, such as keystone predators, are involved. Yet, the strength of these interactions are often context-dependent with relationships that are highly variable, and little is known about the factors that shape the outcomes. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test for the potential IGP interactions among top (invertebrate) and intermediate (amphibian) predators and their effects on a diverse prey community. We used larval Boyeria vinosa (Fawn Darner), a rarely studied member of the family Aeshnidae, and Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander), a known keystone predator in parts of its range, in a mesocosm study with an additive experimental design. Each mesocosm received an equal assemblage of five anuran prey species. Total prey survival was lowest when both predators were present, but A. opacum overwhelmingly reduced the survival of three prey species, lowering species diversity in all food webs when present. Species diversity was highest in the B. vinosa food web, with one prey species (Anaxyrus americanus) emerging smaller and sooner than from other food webs. We did not detect any interactions between predator species, indicating that B. vinosa may not be as voracious as other members of Aeshnidae. Our findings suggest that density mediated IGP interactions are non-existent among our focal species. Ultimately, we also demonstrate the importance of examining variability in keystone predators and how abundant, but less-known predator species affect community structure.
Cerebral changes in Alzheimer's disease.

Publisher Summary Alzheimer's disease, called “SDAT” (senile dementia, Alzheimer type), if it remains unprevented and untreated, is the coming plague of the future. Its emergence as a major health problem is directly related to improved medical care of organs outside the central nervous system. The chapter presents the prominent clinical and metabolic evidence for Alzheimer's disease as a disorder of the association cortex. The chapter reviews some the findings on the pathology, pharmacology, and chemistry of the disorder, which appear to raise questions or suggest leads that the clinical researcher might pursue in attempting to determine its fundamental cause and cure. Patients with Alzheimer's disease preserve their social amenities and sphincters to a remarkable degree in the early stages of the illness. They are hyperalert rather than drowsy, and while commonly aware of their disturbances, they often appear to suffer only a shallow emotional response to the awareness.
Magnetic studies on spherical monodispersed Co nanoparticles

In this paper, we report a detailed investigation of temperature dependences of magnetization of powders of monodispersed /spl epsi/-Co particles. In the zero-field-cooled and field-cooled low field magnetization measurements, we observe two size-dependent and one size-independent features, corresponding to (I) blocking of moments of nanoparticles, (II) a second phase peak, and (III) a feature which may be associated with freezing of surface moments. For small particles, field-induced interaction effects on the blocking temperature (I) has also been observed.
Modeling pedagogical interactions with machine learning

This paper describes our approach to coding pedagogical interactions that took place between avionics students and domain experts in an ITS for electronic troubleshooting called Sherlock 2. We also describe prototype machine learning systems that we developed to learn grammars of discourse structure. The grammars revealed instructional functions of particular speech acts that we had not been aware of, and provided concise models of explanations common in diagnostic tasks.
Broadband logarithmically periodic antenna structures

Antenna structures for which the input impedance and radiation patterns vary periodically with the logarithm of the frequency are described. For a particular class of these structures the variation of the electrical characteristics over a period is negligible, the result being an antenna for which the impedance and patterns are essentially independent of frequency over bandwidths greater than ten to one. The antennas are linearly polarised and bi-directional beams of approximately equal principal plane beamwidths are obtained. The beamwidth may be controlled to a considerable extent by the geometry of the structure.
Circuit Design Techniques For High Bit Rate and High Density Optical Interconnects

High density and high bit rate optical interconnects require higher level of integration and complexity. These solutions require circuits design techniques that result in low power and low crosstalk penalty which will be discussed in this paper.
Lessons learned from the institution of the Surgical Care Improvement Project at a teaching medical center.

Abstract Background The Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) was designed to reduce perioperative complications. We describe our institutional experience in 6 major areas: surgical site infection, venous thromboembolism prevention, use of perioperative β-blockade, serum glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL, normothermia, and the use of electric razors for hair removal. Methods This was a retrospective review of surgical cases. Evidence-based training and standardization of system and process were undertaken. Compliance with SCIP guidelines was determined. Results Overall SCIP compliance improved from 80% to 94% over a 2-year period. Standardized antibiotic dosing times improved compliance to more than 90%. Appropriate preoperative antibiotic choice improved to 100%. Cessation of antibiotics postoperatively within 24 hours remains a difficult task. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis has been difficult to achieve because of postoperative bleeding concerns. Administration of β-blockers has remained one of the most difficult problems to correct because of the multiplicity of avenues by which a patient may arrive to the operating suite. Conclusions Achievement of the SCIP goals is a formidable, but achievable, process requiring individual, cultural, systems, and institutional changes to achieve success.
Multivariate calibration applied to near-infrared spectroscopy for the quantitative analysis of dilute aqueous solutions

The penetration depths possible with near-infrared spectroscopy make it well suited for reagentless monitoring of analytes in body fluids or noninvasive monitoring of human tissue. As an initial step in achieving these goals, we have conducted near-infrared in-vitro experiments of dilute aqueous solutions containing analytes of physiological importance. By combining partial least squares (PLS) multivariate calibration methods with Latin Hypercube statistical designs, we have obtained precise near-infrared spectral determinations of urea, creatinine, and NaCl in dilute aqueous solutions. Cross-validated PLS calibrations for the three analytes and temperature were very precise and resulted in R 2 values greater than 0.997.
Adenallene and cytallene: Acyclic nucleoside analogues that inhibit replication and cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro

Abstract Although several antiretroviral compounds are already known, almost no acyclic nucleoside derivatives lacking an oxacyclopentane have been reported to exert significant inhibition against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro. We found two unsaturated acyclic nucleoside derivatives, adenallene [9-(4'-hydroxy-1',2'-butadienyl)adenine] and cytallene [1-(4'-hydroxy-1',2'-butadienyl)cytosine], that protect various CD4+ T-cell lines from the infectivity and cytopathic effect of HIV-1. These compounds inhibit the expression of HIV-1 gag-encoded protein and suppress viral DNA synthesis at concentrations that do not affect functions of normal T cells in vitro. They also inhibit the in vitro infectivity of another human retrovirus, HIV-2. Further in vitro analyses of the anti-HIV-1 activity revealed that the presence of two cumulated double bonds between the 1' and 2' carbons and between the 2' and 3' carbons confers antiretroviral activity in certain pyrimidine or purine derivatives containing a four-carbon chain. We have also found that the 4'-hydroxyl group is critical for the in vitro anti-HIV activity of adenallene. Our observations may provide structure-activity relationships for acyclic nucleoside analogues and may be of value in developing a new class of experimental drugs for the therapy of HIV-related diseases.
Potential Reduction of Contralateral Second Breast-Cancer Risks by Prophylactic Mammary Irradiation: Validation in a Breast-Cancer-Prone Mouse Model

Background Long-term breast-cancer survivors have a highly elevated risk (1 in 6 at 20 years) of contralateral second breast cancer. This high risk is associated with the presence of multiple pre-malignant cell clones in the contralateral breast at the time of primary breast cancer diagnosis. Mechanistic analyses suggest that a moderate dose of X-rays to the contralateral breast can kill these pre-malignant clones such that, at an appropriate Prophylactic Mammary Irradiation (PMI) dose, the long-term contralateral breast cancer risk in breast cancer survivors would be considerably decreased. Aims To test the predicted relationship between PMI dose and cancer risk in mammary glands that have a high risk of developing malignancies. Methods We tested the PMI concept using MMTV-PyVT mammary-tumor-prone mice. Mammary glands on one side of each mouse were irradiated with X-rays, while those on the other side were shielded from radiation. The unshielded mammary glands received doses of 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16Gy in 4-Gy fractions. Results In high-risk mammary glands exposed to radiation doses designed for PMI (12 and 16 Gy), tumor incidence rates were respectively decreased by a factor of 2.2 (95% CI, 1.1-5.0) at 12 Gy, and a factor of 3.1 (95% CI, 1.3-8.3) at 16 Gy, compared to those in the shielded glands that were exposed to very low radiation doses. The same pattern was seen for PMI-exposed mammary glands relative to zero-dose controls. Conclusions The pattern of cancer risk reduction by PMI was consistent with mechanistic predictions. Contralateral breast PMI may thus have promise as a spatially targeted breast-conserving option for reducing the current high risk of contralateral second breast cancers. For estrogen-receptor positive primary tumors, PMI might optimally be used concomitantly with systemically delivered chemopreventive drugs such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, while for estrogen-receptor negative tumors, PMI might be used alone.
ZrB2/Pt/Au Ohmic contacts on bulk, single-crystal ZnO

There is a strong interest in developing thermally stable metallization schemes for ZnO and boride-based contact stacks are expected to have potential because of their thermodynamic stability. The contact characteristics on bulk single-crystal n-ZnO of a ZrB2/Pt/Au metallization scheme deposited by sputtering are reported as a function of annealing temperature in the range 300–800°C. The contacts were rectifying for anneal temperatures <500 °C but exhibited Ohmic behavior at higher temperatures and exhibit a minimum specific contact resistivity of 9 × 10−3 Ω cm after 700 °C anneals. The contact stack reverts to rectifying behavior after annealing above 800 °C, coincident with a degraded surface morphology and intermixing of the Au, Pt and ZrB2. The boride-based contacts exhibit higher thermal stability but poorer specific contact resistivity than conventional Ti/Au metal stacks on ZnO.
First-principles calculations of second-order optical response functions in chalcopyrite semiconductors

Abstract The calculation of nonlinear optical response functions is reviewed. Results for II–IV–V2 and I–III–VI2 materials are compared. Some interesting and surprising results are highlighted. A related family of wurtzite based structures is briefly discussed.
THE PASSAGE OF RABBIT VIRULENT TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCI FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF RABBITS INTO THE LYMPHATICS AND BLOOD

1. Rabbit virulent Type III pneumococci when instilled into the nose or trachea were recovered from the lymphatics draining the area involved in the lymph collected during a subsequent 4 hour period. Their detection rarely failed, and not infrequently was possible at the end of the 1st hour. 2. The organisms practically invariably appeared first in the lymphatics and subsequently in a few cases were recovered from the blood during the 4 hour test period. 3. The intravenous administration of antiserum 2(1/2) to 3 hours before the instillation of organisms decreased the number of animals whose lymph or blood became positive and the total length of time in which organisms were recovered in lymph from the efferent lymphatics during the test period.
Fabrication of Flexible Conforming Laps

A method of fabricating flexible laps with predictable deflection behavior is described. Rates of deflection versus loading show a nominally linear deformation of 15X with 400-g loading for a 5-cm diam lap.
Effect of ice on airfoil stall at high Reynolds numbers

Introduction I wing design it is very important to determine the maximum lift coefficient as accurately as possible, since this lift coefficient corresponds to the stall speed that is the minimum speed at which controllable flight can be maintained. Any further increase in angle of incidence will increase flow separation on the wing upper surface, resulting in a loss of lift and a large increase in drag. Despite the significant advances in computational fluid dynamics, our ability to predict the maximum lift coefficient and poststall behavior of single airfoils, wings, multielement airfoils, or wings is still not satisfactory. The chief culprit is the lack of an accurate turbulence model to represent flows with extensive separation. Inaccuracies of numerical solutions of the conservation equations at these flow conditions, as well as difficulties in modeling of flow near the trailing edge of an airfoil or wing, add to this dilemma. Recently Cebeci et al. described an interactive boundary-layer method, together with the e approach to the calculation of transition, for predicting stall and poststall behavior of airfoils at low and high Reynolds numbers. The turbulence model was based on the Cebeci-Smith algebraic eddy-viscosity formulation with improvements for strong pressure gradient effects and transitional flows at low Reynolds numbers. Comparison of calculated results for incompressible flows indicated good agreement with experiment for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. Preliminary calculations for low-Mach-number flows with this interactive method that applies compressibility corrections to the panel method also indicated good agreement with data and showed that at a Mach number of 0.30, the compressibility effect on (Q)max was not negligible. The ability of the calculation method of Ref. 1 to predict the effect of ice on airfoil stall at high Reynolds numbers is examined here, and the results are presented in the following section. The interactive boundary-layer method previously developed for iced airfoils and coupled to the LEWICE code for predicting ice shapes' is replaced with the calculation method of Ref. 1. Appropriate changes are made to this method, including roughness effects due to ice, and the results are presented in the following section.
Simultanagnosia as the Initial Sign of Degenerative Dementia

In a study of 10 patients with degenerative brain disease that manifested as simultanagnosia, our aims were (1) to elucidate their clinical, neuropsychologic, and radiologic findings to determine whether these patients might represent a group distinguishable from those with typical Alzheimer's disease and (2) to help clinicians recognize this entity. All patients were initially examined by ophthalmologists because of visual difficulties, and the simultanagnosia remained undiagnosed until nonophthalmologic complaints developed. Optic ataxia developed in six patients, and all patients had mildly impaired eye movements. All 10 patients could identify colors appropriately. Nine patients had language deficits (anomia, decreased auditory comprehension, alexia, and agraphia) but were fluent and had relative preservation of sentence repetition, and four performed in the normal range on a test of associative fluency. Two patients scored in the normal range on memory tests, all had preserved insight, and nine had no family history of degenerative dementia. The mean age at onset of the disorder was 60 years (range, 50 to 69). Neuroimaging disclosed prominent bilateral occipitoparietal atrophy in nine patients and generalized atrophy in one. With this unusual but consistent clinical, neuropsychologic, and anatomic profile, these patients are clinically distinguishable from those with typical Alzheimer's disease, but until a specific cause has been found, we cannot be certain that they constitute a specific biologic entity. Clinicians should consider this diagnosis in relatively young patients who have slowly progressive nonocular visual complaints.
Volume changes on mixing in the cyclohexane-n-heptane-benzene system

Abstract It is well known that when petroleum fractions of different boiling range are mixed, their volumes are not strictly additive. However, little effort has been made to investigate the effect of composition, chemical nature of the components, and temperature on the magnitude and sign of the deviation from additivity. In order to obtain information on these factors, but to avoid the difficulties attendant with the interpretation of the data on such a complex mixture as petroleum, a study was made of the ternary system, cyclohexane- n -heptane-benzene. Volume changes on mixing were computed from the specific volumes of the pure compounds and their binary and ternary mixtures which were determined experimentally at 60°F and 100°F. An increase in volume on mixing was noted in all mixtures studied, with the value of the maxima at 60°F ranging from about 0·30% in the case of a 60-40 mixture (by weight) of cyclohexane and n -heptane to 0·70% in the case of a 50-50 mixture of cyclohexane and benzene. In the ternary system a maximum of about 0·7% increase in volume was found in mixtures containing equal proportions of cyclohexane and benzene and up to 20 weight % n -heptane. The magnitude of the effect was reduced by an increase in temperature. It was found that the experimental results could be represented satisfactorily by equations based on the theory of regular solutions. The data are of interest in connection with the manufacture of certain petroleum products that are prepared by the blending of different fractions.
Some structure theory of table algebras and applications to association schemes

Abstract In this paper we prove some basic structure theorems for arbitrary table algebras. In particular, we prove a Krull–Schmidt theorem for arbitrary table algebras, and give applications to association schemes.