cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hot Water Treatment and Insecticidal Coatings for Disinfesting Limes of Mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

Hot water immersion and insecticidal coatings were tested to determine if they could be used to disinfest Persian limes, Citrus latifolia Tanaka, of the mealybug pests Planococcus citri Risso and Pseudococcus odermatti Miller & Williams. A 20-min 49°C hot water immersion treatment is effective in killing mealybugs and all other arthropods tested found externally on limes, or under the calyx. No insects or mites were found to survive after the 20-min hot water treatment. In this test, 7,200 limes were treated with 1,308 insects killed and zero survivors. Treatment at 49°C for 20 min did not significantly affect quality when treated fruit were compared with untreated control fruit. Four coatings were tested at a 3% rate: two petroleum-based oils (Ampol and Sunspray oil), a vegetable oil (natural oil), and a soap (Mpede). The coatings gave up to 94% kill (Ampol) of mealybugs, which is not sufficient to provide quarantine security. The coatings might be effective as a postharvest dip before shipment.
Discussion of “On Guidance and Volatility”

Abstract Billings et al. (2015) hypothesize that managers issue guidance in response to increased market uncertainty about their firm's prospects, and that guidance is an effective way of reducing increased uncertainty. They test these hypotheses by examining changes in implied option volatility for a sample of firms that issue guidance in conjunction with earnings announcements. The findings support their hypotheses, but there are challenges in their interpretation given prior evidence that predictable information events cause similar patterns in implied option volatility.
EFFECT OF COLLAPSING CROSS-SECTION DATA ON FAST BREEDER PHYSICS PARAMETERS.

A technique is demonstrated which is an alternative to the necessity of using many groups in order to perform an accurate fuel-cycle analysis on a fast breeder. This is accomplished by the consiste...
Mouthparts of the Four North American Corethrella Species (Diptera: Chaoboridae), With Detailed Study of C. Appendiculata

Mouthparts of the 4 North American species of Corethrella were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The components are described and illustrated, and measurements of female structures of C. appendiculata, C. brakeleyi , and C. wirthi , the 3 eastern species, are compared statistically. Mouthparts from a single female specimen of C. laneana from California are described and the mandible illustrated. Mouthparts of male C. appendiculata and C. wirthi are described and illustrated. Mouthparts of female C. appendiculata differ significantly from those of C. brakeleyi and C. wirthi with respect the following characters: mandibles are shorter, narrower, and have fewer teeth, and maxillary palpi are longer. Corethrella wirthi differs significantly from the other 3 species in having mandibular teeth more than twice as long and conspicuously different in shape, and in having shorter labella.
Implementation of the federal health information technology initiative.

The 2009 HITECH Act allocated $29 billion to support the adoption of health information technology. The author reviews the accomplishments to date and the challenges ahead in creating a nationwide, interoperable, and secure electronic health information system.
Response to “Comment on the Companion Articles `Finding Faults in the Charleston Area, South Carolina: 1. Seismological Data' by I. Durá-Gómez and P. Talwani and `Finding Faults in the Charleston Area, South Carolina: 2. Complementary Data' by P. Talwani and I. Durá-Gómez” by R. Marple

In his comment ( Seismological Research Letters 82 (4), 599–605, Ronald Marple states, “Two different models have been presented to describe the geometry of the Woodstock fault near Summerville, South Carolina. The fault bend model of Marple and Miller (2006)” and the displacement model. The suggestion of a left-lateral offset in the Woodstock fault, referred to by Marple as the “displacement model,” was first made by Garner (1998). Subsequent studies have added to or modified the details of the offset, but the basic idea of the model has been maintained. Marple and Miller (2006) presented the “12° fault bend model” (referred henceforth as the “fault-bend model 2006”), wherein they averred that “the results of this study argue against this offset” (Marple and Miller 2006, 103). Their paper addressed the differences with the displacement model and arguments in favor of the fault bend model. Thus Marple has already discussed the differences between the two models and the arguments in favor of the “fault-bend model.” He has had his say and published his interpretation and his disagreement with the “displacement model.” We stand behind the basic geometry of the displacement model in our recent papers on the seismotectonic framework for the seismicity in the Middleton Place–Summerville seismic zone (Dura-Gomez and Talwani 2009; Talwani and Dura-Gomez 2009, henceforth collectively referred to as “SRL 2009”. So the question is the appropriateness of republishing Marple's disagreement with the displacement model, which he has already addressed at length. In his comment, Marple has chosen to modify the fault-bend model 2006 by incorporating some of the results from SRL 2009. This modified fault-bend model is henceforth referred to as “fault-bend model 2010.” This new, unpublished, unreviewed model shows the following changes from the fault-bend model 2006: 1. The original NW-trending Ashley river fault (ARF) is abandoned in favor of …
Factor Analysis, Information-Transforming Instruments, and Objectivity: A Reply and Discussion

Davis Baird [1987] has called attention to a certain way of looking at statistical procedures used in the behavioral and social sciences, such as exploratory common factor analysis: they are information-transforming instruments. He believes that looking at exploratory factor analysis and other statistical procedures in this way renders incoherent any critique of them (such as mine, Mulaik [1985], [1988]) as, say, knowledge discovering procedures (a rather strong view one might have about these procedures) or as optimal hypothesis generating procedures (a somewhat more cautious view). Exploratory factor analysis and other exploratory statistical procedures are neither of these, Baird argues, by virtue of their being merely information-transforming operations that only produce data-not knowledge and not hypotheses-that may or may not be useful. Baird then portrays me as arguing that factor analysis produces hypotheses which then must be interpreted. But what is to be interpreted, he counters is data, not hypotheses. And the process of interpretation, he argues, is extrinsic to the process of factor analysis. There may be little consensus about how to understand or interpret the factors [produced by a factor analysis]. But, there will be complete agreement about what the output is; no one will argue about what the specific linear equations
Fundamental Physics, Partial Models and Time’s Arrow

This paper explores the scientific viability of the concept of causality—by questioning a central element of the distinction between “fundamental” and non-fundamental physics. It will be argued that the prevalent emphasis on fundamental physics involves formalistic and idealized partial models of physical regularities abstracting from and idealizing the causal evolution of physical systems. The accepted roles of partial models and of the special sciences in the growth of knowledge help demonstrate proper limitations of the concept of fundamental physics. We expect that a cause precedes its effect. But in some tension with this point, fundamental physical law is often held to be symmetrical and all-encompassing. Physical time, however, has not only measurable extension, as with spatial dimensions, it also has a direction—from the past through the present into the future. This preferred direction is time’s arrow. In spite of this standard contrast of time with space, if all the fundamental laws of physics are symmetrical, they are indifferent to time’s arrow. In consequence, excessive emphasis on the ideal of symmetrical, fundamental laws of physics generates skepticism regarding the common-sense and scientific uses of the concept of causality. The expectation has been that all physical phenomena are capable of explanation and prediction by reference to fundamental physicals laws—so that the laws and phenomena of statistical thermodynamics—and of the special sciences—must be derivative and/or secondary. The most important and oft repeated explanation of time’s arrow, however, is provided by the second law of thermodynamics. This paper explores the prospects for time’s arrow based on the second law. The concept of causality employed here is empirically based, though acknowledging practical scientific interests, and is linked to time’s arrow and to the thesis that there can be no causal change, in any domain of inquiry, without physical interaction.
The clinical utility of PD-L1 testing in selecting non-small cell lung cancer patients for PD1/PD-L1-directed therapy

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States and worldwide. Long thought to be nonimmunogenic, immunotherapy in lung cancer has historically been met with disappointing results. Programmed death-1 (PD-1), and the PD-1 ligand, PD-L1, are immune checkpoint proteins that fine-tune the antigen-specific T-cell response after stimulation of the T-cell receptor and are crucial for self-tolerance. This pathway in particular is co-opted by tumors through expression of PD-L1 on the tumor cell surface and within the tumor microenvironment, allowing for direct suppression of antitumor cytolytic T-cell activity by the tumor. Indeed, induction of the PD1/PD-L1 pathway represents an adaptive immune resistance mechanism exerted by tumor cells in response to endogenous antitumor activity. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two immuno-oncology agents, the PD-1 inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab, for the treatment of previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Coincident with the clinical trials that led to these regulatory approvals has been the development of several immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests of PD-L1 expression, which may serve to select patients who will derive the most benefit from PD1- or PD-L1-directed therapy. The PD-L1 IHC assays are distinct in their methods and interpretation, which poses a challenge to clinicians selecting patients for these therapies.
Do the Best Teachers Get the Best Ratings

We review recent studies that asked: Do college students learn relatively more from teachers whom they rate highly on student evaluation forms? Recent studies measured learning at two time points. When learning was measured with a test at the end of the course, the teachers who got the highest ratings were the ones who contributed the most to learning. But when learning was measured as performance in subsequent related courses, the teachers who had received relatively low ratings appeared to have been most effective. We speculate about why these effects occurred: Making a course difficult in productive ways may decrease ratings but enhance learning. Despite their limitations, we do not suggest abandoning student ratings, but do recommend that student evaluation scores should not be the sole basis for evaluating college teaching and they should be recognized for what they are.
Research progress of nutrition intervention among population with impaired glucose regulation

The developing process from normal to impaired function of glucose regulation means impaired glucose regulation( IGR), which refers to one's blood glucose level increases but is unable to satisfy the diagnostic criteria of diabetes. IGR includes impaired fasting glucose( IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance( IGT). Adjusting lifestyle plays an important role in preventing population with IGR from being patients with diabetes,such as adjusting the intake of food nutrition and controlling weight.
Advances in diagnosis of hematologic malignancies.

The techniques of molecular biology have been successfully applied to the classification of neoplastic syndromes that were formerly of controversial lineage. Many medical centers are already using those techniques in the diagnosis and management of patients with hematologic malignancies. In this sense, it can truly be said that molecular biology has come to the bedside.
Clinical review 1: Endocrine hypertension.

OR practical clinical considerations endocrine hypertension is adrenal hypertension. Adrenal hypertension may result from excessive production of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and mineralocorticoids. A significant number of patients with acromegaly, hyperparathyroidism, and, to a lesser extent, hyperthyroidism exhibit arterial hypertension as a subsidiary manifestation of the endocrine disorder and will not be considered here. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone complex by stenosis of a renal artery with the overproduction of angiotensin II provokes severe systemic hypertension. This and other forms of angiotensin II-mediated hypertension, such as renin-producing renal tumors, oral contraceptives, and coarctation of the aorta are beyond this discussion. Adrenocortical hypertension may be classified as in Table 1. It is likely that additional mineralocorticoid hypertensive syndromes will be described, since a large portion of the hypertensive population exhibits easily provokable hypokalemia and suppressed PRA. It is estimated that approximately 20% of all hypertensive patients have unexplained suppression of PRA not related to age. These patients have the appearance of the sodium surfeit state. This is the portion of the hypertensive population that responds dramatically to diuretic therapy, but who are equally vulnerable to the hypokalemic effects and magnesium depleting effects of diuretics.
Fetal hemoglobin, the neonatal red cell, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.

Organic phosphates modulate the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, a finding which has triggered new interest in the subject of oxygen transport by red cells. Since several comprehensive reviews of the subject are now available, the focus here is on those aspects of special interest to the pediatrician.
Glass wool column filtration versus mini-Percoll gradient for processing poor quality semen samples*

Objective To compare the quality and number of spermatozoa recovered from laboratory-induced severe Oligozoospermie specimens processed by mini-Percoll gradient and glass wool column filtration. Design Both sperm-processing procedures were compared in similar sperm samples adjusted to contain equal low numbers of motile spermatozoa using either dilution (oligozoospermia) or with the addition of killed sperm (oligoasthenozoospermia). The spermatozoa processed by both procedures samples were evaluated for motility, response to hypo-osmotic swelling test, and the hemizona assay. Patients Five healthy fertile sperm donors. Setting Private Andrology Laboratory and University Hospital. Main Outcome Measure Sperm motility, hypo-osmotic swelling test, and hemizona assay results determined the efficacy of the sperm-processing procedures. Results The concentration of sperm recovered after both procedures was not affected by either preparation or processing methods. Glass wool-processed sperm had higher motility in oligoasthenozoospermic samples, bound tightly to hemizonae in higher mean numbers, and demonstrated a higher percentage of membrane-intact spermatozoa in oligozoospermie samples. Conclusion Laboratory-prepared oligozoospermie samples subjected to glass wool filtration yielded more functionally intact spermatozoa than mini-Percoll gradient processing.
Evaluating the role of phase I expansion cohorts in drug development.

e13585 Background: There is a perception that the use of expansion cohorts (EC) in phase I trials is increasing. Yet the role of expansion cohorts in aiding drug development is unclear. Theoretical...
Differences between morning and afternoon colonoscopies for adenoma detection in female and male patients.

Background Colonoscopies performed in the afternoon (PM) have been shown to have lower adenoma detection rates (ADR) compared to those in the morning (AM). Endoscopist fatigue has been suggested as a possible reason. Colonoscopies tend to be technically more challenging in female patients. Furthermore, women have a lower incidence of adenomas then men. The impact of the timing of colonoscopy based on sex has not been studied. We hypothesized that any decrease in ADR in PM colonoscopies would be more pronounced in female patients when compared to male patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed colonoscopies performed for screening or surveillance in our outpatient endoscopy center from January 2008 to December 2011. Complete colonoscopies with a documented cecal intubation were included. All patients with a history of colorectal cancer or colonic resection, inadequate bowel preparation, or incomplete data were excluded. Results A total of 2305 patients (1207 female) were included. Overall, ADR was significantly higher in AM than in PM procedures. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ADR for females was lower in PM than in AM colonoscopies (odds ratio [OR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.91, P=0.015). There was a non-significant trend towards a lower ADR for males in PM (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.62-1.15, P=0.28). Females had a prolonged intubation time and a longer procedure time. Conclusion The difference in ADR between AM and PM procedures seems to apply mainly to female patients. No significant change in ADR was noted in male patients in the afternoon. Keywords Adenoma detection rate, morning colonoscopies, afternoon colonoscopies, timing of colonoscopies, female Ann Gastroenterol 2016; 29 (4): 497-501
Learning attention based saliency in videos from human eye movements

In this paper we propose a framework to learn and predict saliency in videos using human eye movements. In our approach, we record the eye-gaze of users as they are watching videos, and then learn the low level features of regions that are of visual interest. The learnt classifier is then used to predict salient regions in videos belonging to the same application. So far, predicting saliency in images and videos has been approached from mainly two different perspectives, namely visual attention modeling and spatio-temporal interest point detection. Such approaches are purely-vision based and detect regions having a predefined set of characteristics, such as complex motion or high contrast, for all kinds of videos. However, what is ‘interesting’ varies from one application to another. By learning features of regions that capture the attention of viewers while watching a video, we aim to distinguish those that are actually salient in the given context, from the rest. This is especially useful in an environment where users are interested only in a certain kind of activity, as in the case of surveillance or biomedical applications. In this paper, the proposed framework is implemented using a neural network that learns the low-level features defined in visual attention modeling literature (Itti's saliency model) based on the interesting regions as identified by the eye gaze movements of viewers. In our experiments with news videos of popular channels, the results show a significant improvement in the identification of relevant salient regions in such videos, when compared with existing approaches.
Poesía española en castellano escrita por mujeres (1970-2000): bosquejo a grandes pinceladas

An outstanding phenomenon of the literary history of Spain during the last third of the twentieth century is the proliferation of poetry written by women. A feminist paradigm of reading makes evident a collective voice. To sketch of the nature of the poetry written by women during this period the author makes reference to a painting by Maria Blanchard, “Mujer con abanico” and underscores the following characteristics: the representation of desire without false modesty, the proliferation of the long poem and the textual strategy of revisionism, the relation of the postmodern lyric subject to feminist perspectives, the representation of a nomadic subject, and the reevaluation of the semiotic order. Paradoxically, the strength of the collective voice opens a variety of subject positions and makes the “feroz individualismo” of the writers resound.
Simulation-Based Design of Off-Road Vehicles

Analytical and physical simulation tools and technologies for the design of off-road wheeled and tracked vehicles are presented. Advanced Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and supercomputer-based analytical tools for off-road vehicle design and evaluation are illustrated via applications. High-capacity hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulators are discussed, with illustrative applications in off-road vehicle development and evaluation. The basic theme of this paper focuses on how the application of simulation technology is becoming an integral part of the Army’s combat and tactical vehicle research, development and acquisition process. This paper presents two basic goals to form the basis for simulation-based Concurrent Engineering. The first is use and creation of simulation tools that not only predict vehicle performance, but also subsystem and component reliability. The second is the development of an integrated simulation capability and military vehicle design and performance data base to form the basis for simulation-based Concurrent Engineering.
Strain Localization in High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites

High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite (HPFRCC) is a cementitious composite, which consists of a specifically tailored cementitious matrix reinforced with short discrete fibers that have a proper geometry and enhanced bond properties in order to improve tensile properties of the overall composite. Despite all of its beneficial properties HPFRCC has not yet found its way into the engineering practice largely due to the lack of adequate numerical models. To this end, the main objective of this research was to develop and implement a combined analytical-numerical algorithm that can capture a stress-strain response and inception of strain localization in elastic-plastic HPFRCC. Multi-directional fibers are embedded into a matrix and modeled as a linear elastic material, while the resulting composite is described by a two-invariant non-associated non-linear Drucker-Prager hardening plasticity model. A diagnostic strain localization analysis was conducted for several uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression tests on a non-reinforced cementitious composite as well as on the HPFRCC. It was found that the presence of fibers delayed the inception of strain localization in all tests on the HPFRCC. Furthermore, it appears that the onset of strain localization in uniaxial tension on HPFRCC detects the inception of distributed cracking, while the onset of strain localization in uniaxial compression detects the onset of more localized cracking.
Characterization of 3D Elliptical Spatial Channel Model for MIMO Mobile-to-Mobile Communication Environment

In this paper, we develop three dimensional (3D) elliptical cylindrical geometrical channel model for multiple-input–multiple-output mobile-to-mobile communication environments. It is assumed that both the mobile nodes are surrounded by uniformly distributed infinite number of scatterers sprinkled over the surfaces of an elliptical-based cylindrical shapes. The mobile nodes are located at the centers of the bottom surfaces of elliptical cylinders and both the mobile nodes are equipped with low-elevated multiple antenna arrays. The proposed model is designed for urban areas, where mostly the mobile subscribers reside and are on the move. This model takes into account the effect of multiple antenna array attributes, roadside infrastructure, the dimensions of the propagation medium, transmit–receiver distance and the velocity of mobile nodes. Using the proposed channel model, expressions for the joint and marginal cross correlation functions are derived for non-isotropic scattering environments. The derived expression are simulated for various parameters to verify their effect on the antenna correlations. The obtained correlation graph is compared with measured data that confirms a close agreement with it. Finally, by changing various parameters of the proposed channel model, some existing 2D and 3D channel models are deduced.
LGBTQ Inclusion as an Outcome of Critical Pedagogy

Students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, or queer (LGBTQ) are at greater personal and academic risk than their heterosexual peers (Kosciw et al, 2012). Many experience a negative school environment and few see themselves represented in the curriculum. According to the literature, few English/Language Arts teachers are utilizing LGBTQ-focused texts in their courses (Blackburn & Buckley, 2005; Author, 2014). This case study demonstrates how one English/Language Arts teacher provided challenging, safe, inclusive educational experiences for students. In so doing, the instructor also provides an example of critical pedagogy in practice. The multiple strands of the teacher’s instructional approach are discussed, with the goal of helping inservice and preservice teachers to envision ways in which they, too, might challenge inequity and support LGBTQ and other students.
THE CRAZY OBSESSION OF ANNIE WILKES IN THE MOVIE MISERY A PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEW

This study aims to investigate the role of the character Annie Wilkes, played by Kathy Bates through a psychoanalytic perspective. On the movie, Wilkes is a number one fan of the writer Paul Sheldon, played by James Caan, character who faces a car accident and wakes up in Wilkes’ house. She, being a nurse, takes care of him at first, however, quite soon, uses torture when he tries to escape from the house. We notice a case of kidnapping, which shows to the audience a mental problem carried by Wilkes. A study of psychoanalysis disorder, mental illness within a Freudian’s perspective will be conducted in this research as well as personality theories by Karen Horney so that the reader understands the protagonist’s actions and reactions through her obsession in keeping a person she admires in home imprisonment. A research of gender studies and its’ theories along the movie will also compose this work, mainly connected to psychoanalysis, which, according to Freud, the “feminine” in woman is not something simply “given and natural”. In this way we intend to analyze the character’s way of being, her behavior as a woman thought by society.
The role of emotional clarity and distress tolerance in deliberate self-harm in a sample of trauma-exposed inpatient adolescents at risk for suicide.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine distress tolerance as a moderator of the relationship between emotional clarity and deliberate self-harm (DSH) in a diverse sample of trauma-exposed adolescents in acute psychiatric care at high risk of suicidal behavior. It was hypothesized that distress tolerance would emerge as a significant moderator, such that the association between emotional clarity and DSH would be significant among youth with high, but not low, distress tolerance. Method Participants (N = 50; 52.0% female; M = 15.1 years, SD = 0.51; 44% White) completed measures of emotion dysregulation, DSH, history of suicide attempts, as well as a behavioral measure of distress tolerance. Results Controlling for history of suicide attempts, results revealed a significant interaction between distress tolerance and emotional clarity in relation to DSH. Specifically, emotional clarity difficulties were related to DSH at high, but not low, levels of distress tolerance. Conclusions Findings suggest that DSH among trauma-exposed youth with high rates of past suicide attempts is most likely when low emotion clarity is coupled with a high tolerance for emotional distress. Given that DSH significantly increases risk for suicide among youth with psychiatric needs, assessment of emotional clarity and distress tolerance deficits is apt to be warranted to facilitate identification of these youth for targeted intervention.
Conserved features of the primate face code

A recent paper demonstrated that the pattern of firing rates across ∼100 neurons in the anterior medial face patch is closely related to which human face (of 2,000) had been presented to a monkey [Chang L, Tsao DY (2017) Cell 169:1013-1028]. In addition, the firing rates for these neurons can be predicted for a novel human face. Although it is clear from this work that the firing rates of these face patch neurons encode faces, the properties of the face code have not yet been fully described. Based on an analysis of 98 neurons responding to 2,000 faces, I conclude that the anterior medial face patch uses a combinatorial rate code, one with an exponential distribution of neuron rates that has a mean rate conserved across faces. Thus, the face code is maximally informative (technically, maximum entropy) and is very similar to the code used by the fruit fly olfactory system.
Ratiometric quantitation of thiol metabolites using non-isotopic mass tags.

Abstract Ratiometric quantitation is used in mass spectrometry to account for variations in ionization efficiencies due to heterogenous sample matrixes. Isotopes are most commonly used to achieve ratiometric quantitation because of their ability to co-elute chromatographically with each other and to have similar ionization efficiencies. In the work presented here, a new non-isotopic quantitative tagging approach is presented which allows chromatographic co-elution and similar ionization efficiencies. Using two variations of maleimide tags, t-butyl and cyclohexyl maleimide, thiols are quantified with a high degree of linearity up to five-fold concentration differences. Because these two tags have similar hydrophobcities, they elute simultaneously which allows them to be used for ratiometric quantitation. Beyond the five-fold linear range, signal compression is observed. This technique was able to quantify thiol changes in both in vitro pharmacological treatments as well as in vivo diabetic tissue.
Critical timing of actions for transferring 911 calls in a wireless call center

The analysis in this article considers how dispatchers in a 911 wireless call center direct callers’ orientations from one possible trajectory of action (e.g. moving to close) to keeping the caller...
Complex sentential operators refute unrestricted Simplification of Disjunctive Antecedents

There is a longstanding debate about the status of the principle Simplification of Disjunctive Antecedents (SDA), according to which a counterfactual with a syntactically disjunctive antecedent [(φ ∨ ψ) > χ] entails a conjunction of counterfactuals [(φ > χ) ∧ (ψ > χ)]. This principle is highly intuitive for most examples that have been considered, but it has also been claimed to be subject to empirical counter-examples. However, there are promising pragmatic explanations for the currently known counter-examples, which have led several authors to argue in recent work that SDA is unrestrictedly valid after all. This short piece introduces new data involving sentential operators that impose both upper and lower bounds on confidence, frequency, etc., such as likely but not certain , there is an exactly n% probability , and usually but not always . These examples show clearly that SDA is not valid tout court . While SDA-supporting interpretations do exist and require an explanation, every theory of counterfactuals also requires an explanation of examples that can only be read in a way that does not support SDA. EARLY ACCESS
Education and Health: Disentangling Causal Relationships from Associations

In recent literature, economists employ innovative econometric methods to determine whether the association between education and health is causal. Although most studies are based on data from the US and the UK, data from around the world increasingly are being used to examine this relationship. This review focuses on empirical research on education and health in developed countries. The review is limited mainly to the work published in the last 10 years in economics journals. The goal is to highlight some provocative papers, synthesize results, and draw conclusions from studies that have attempted to distinguish causal relationships from associations between health and education.
On the relationship between lexical semantics and syntax for the inference of context-free grammars

Context-free grammars cannot be identified in the limit from positive examples (Gold 1967), yet natural language grammars are more powerful than context-free grammars and humans learn them with remarkable ease from positive examples (Marcus 1993). Identifiability results for formal languages ignore a potentially powerful source of information available to learners of natural languages, namely, meanings. This paper explores the learnability of syntax (i.e. context-free grammars) given positive examples and knowledge of lexical semantics, and the learnability of lexical semantics given knowledge of syntax. The long-term goal is to develop an approach to learning both syntax and semantics that bootstraps itself, using limited knowledge about syntax to infer additional knowledge about semantics, and limited knowledge about semantics to infer additional knowledge about syntax.
QUICK BREADS, EXTRUDED FOODS, AND PASTA

This chapter provides an account of quick bread, extruded foods, and pasta. Quick bread derive their generic name from the speed of their leavening action. The less development of gluten is desired in quick bread than in yeast bread, and the function of flour in some cases is overshadowed by those of other ingredients. Soft wheat all-purpose flour is used for most quick bread. Extruded foods are produced by the commercial process of extrusion. The chapter discusses the principles and some applications of extruded foods. Some extruders are simply forming extruders in which little or no cooking occurs. They are operated at low screw speeds and without external application of heat. Pasta constitutes one group of extruded foods. Pasta is cold extruded rather than extrusion cooked. Although their ingredients vary somewhat, pasta products differ from one another in physical form having a multitude of shapes and sizes, in addition to hollow tubes (macaroni) and solid rods (spaghetti).
Cortical Bone Mechanics and Composition: Effects of Age and Gender

Bone fragility fractures are a major health care concern for postmenopausal women and the elderly of both genders. Postmenopausal and age-related osteoporosis/osteopenia is a major contributor to the risk of such fractures. Since cortical bone is the major load bearing tissue, the effects of age, gender, and pathological changes on the mechanical competence of cortical bone tissues have been of great interest to bone researchers. This chapter provides the information on the current understanding of the micro/ultrastructural and compositional properties and their contribution to the bulk mechanical (elastic, plastic, and viscous) behavior of cortical bone tissues. In addition, the effect of age and gender on the structural/compositional properties and their impacts on the mechanical competence of cortical bone are also discussed.
Vaporizing neutron stars in low-mass x-ray binaries and the statistics of millisecond pulsars

Recent data on low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) and msec pulsars (MSPs) pose a challenge to evolutionary theories which neglect the effects of disk and companion irradiation. Here we discuss the main features of a radiation-driven (RD) evolutionary model that may be applicable to several LMXBs. According to this model, radiation from the accreting compact star in LMXBs ‘vaporizes’ the accretion disk and the companion star by driving a self-sustained mass loss until a sudden accretion-turn off occurs. The main characteristics of the RD-evolution are: (1) the lifetime of RD-LMXB’s is of order 107 years or less; (2) both the orbital period gap and the X-ray luminosity may be consequences of RD-evolution of LMXB’s containing lower main sequence and degenerate companion stars; (3) the companion star may transfer mass to the primary even if it underfills its Roche lobe; (4) the recycled msec pulsar can continue to vaporize the low-mass companion star even after the accretion turn-off produced by a strong pulsar wind; (5) the RD-evolutionary model resolves the apparent statistical discrepancy between the number of MSP’s and their LMXB progenitors.
Are Publicity Rights Gone in a Flash?: Flickr, Creative Commons, and the Commercial Use of Personal Photographs

Flickr and the Creative Commons Movement teamed up to expand the commons by making it easier to license copyrighted creative works, like digital photographs. Creative Common licenses with commercial terms, however, may give away rights that copyright holders do not have, such as the publicity rights of private individuals. To remedy this, Flickr and similar websites that facilitate CC licensing should educate copyright holders about publicity right infringement, create a tagging system to provide potential image users with notice of consent from private individuals, and facilitate royalty negotiations between photographed individuals and potential commercial users. Without these changes the possibility of publicity right infringement inhibits the integrity of commercial licenses and imposes additional costs on potential image users. This Article briefly summarizes the history and goals of the Creative Commons Project, illustrates cases where CC commercial licenses have encouraged publicity right infringement, and suggests ways to implement methods of restoring the integrity of CC commercial licenses.
Forgetting in Social Chains: The Impact of Cognition on Information Propagation

Listening to a speaker selectively practicing previously encoded information leads to better memory for the practiced information, but at the same time results in induced forgetting of related memories. These effects have been found to occur due to the concurrent, and covert, retrieval of information on the part of the listener. Using a modified version of the method of serial reproduction (Bartlett, 1932), this study explored the degree to which rehearsal and retrieval-induced forgetting effects propagated in 64 3-person-chains of connected participants. We manipulated the degree of concurrent retrieval from the part of the listener by activating high and low relational motivations during the listening task. We showed that the degree of propagation of retrieval-induced forgetting was larger when concurrent retrieval was activated (high-relational motivation) than when concurrent retrieval was attenuated (low-relational motivation). This study provides a framework that aims to bridge between micro-level cognitive phenomena and macro-level social dynamics.
Open Source Presentation Attack Detection Baseline for Iris Recognition.

This paper proposes the first, known to us, open source presentation attack detection (PAD) solution to distinguish between authentic iris images (possibly wearing clear contact lenses) and irises with textured contact lenses. This software can serve as a baseline in various PAD evaluations, and also as an open-source platform with an up-to-date reference method for iris PAD. The software is written in C++ and Python and uses only open source resources, such as OpenCV. This method does not incorporate iris image segmentation, which may be problematic for unknown fake samples. Instead, it makes a best guess to localize the rough position of the iris. The PAD-related features are extracted with the Binary Statistical Image Features (BSIF), which are classified by an ensemble of classifiers incorporating support vector machine, random forest and multilayer perceptron. The models attached to the current software have been trained with the NDCLD'15 database and evaluated on the independent datasets included in the LivDet-Iris 2017 competition. The software implements the functionality of retraining the classifiers with any database of authentic and attack images. The accuracy of the current version offered with this paper exceeds 99% when tested on subject-disjoint subsets of NDCLD'15, and oscillates around 85% when tested on the LivDet-Iris 2017 benchmarks, which is on par with the results obtained by the LivDet-Iris 2017 winner.
Resource Mobilization for Agriculture and Food Security

Abstract Several current challenges render it imperative for agriculture to increase its output in order to feed 9.7 billion people by 2050. This urgent need to invest in agriculture, including the system that extends beyond production, is driven by population growth, urbanization, the structural transformation of economies, and food requirements of the world’s poor who mostly depend on the sector. A new strategy is necessary to mobilize investments to the sector and the agricultural system, which will involve increasing public expenditures, encouraging the private sector to invest in agriculture and the broader food system, and supporting smallholder farmers to better link to agricultural value chains and produce sustainably. The chapter discusses this new strategy and provides examples of successful experiences from the developing world.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Image Analysis for Prioritizing Power System Restoration

When natural disasters such as a hurricane or earthquake occur, it can result in considerable damage to the electricity delivery infrastructure. Different levels of damage will be experienced in different areas and neighborhoods. Restoration of the electricity system is critical for the population to be able to resume their activities. This paper describes how the process of power system restoration can be improved significantly by using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and image processing methods to prioritize relief efforts. We develop a method to analyze satellite images before and after the destruction using an edge-detection and neural network method. A set of indicators of the level of damage inflicted on the power infrastructure is utilized in combination with known locations and type of critical loads such as hospitals, to develop restoration prioritization schemes. We then utilize deep learning techniques to analyze the prioritized areas to identify elements of the power system infrastructure directly affected by the disaster.
A Mixed-Integer Distributionally Robust Chance-Constrained Model for Optimal Topology Control in Power Grids with Uncertain Renewables

This paper proposes a distributionally robust chance-constrained (DRCC) optimization model for optimal topology control in power grids overwhelmed with significant renewable uncertainties. A novel moment-based ambiguity set is characterized to capture the renewable uncertainties with no knowledge on the probability distributions of the random parameters. A distributionally robust optimization (DRO) formulation is proposed to guarantee the robustness of the network topology control plans against all uncertainty distributions defined within the moment-based ambiguity set. The proposed model minimizes the system operation cost by co-optimizing dispatch of the lower-cost generating units and network topology—i.e., dynamically harnessing the way how electricity flows through the system. In order to solve the problem, the DRCC problem are reformulated into a tractable mixed-integer second order cone programming problem (MISOCP) which can be efficiently solved by off-the-shelf solvers. Numerical results on the IEEE 118-bus test system verify the effectiveness of the proposed network reconfiguration methodology under uncertainties.
Abstract P2052: Differential Association of Measures of Adiposity With 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Control in Adults on Antihypertensive Monotherapy

Background: Regional measures of adipose distribution, such as visceral adiposity and waist circumference, are more strongly associated with metabolic activity of adipose tissue and longitudinal ca...
A Novel Riemannian Optimization Approach and Algorithm for Solving the Phase Retrieval Problem

Several imaging applications require constructing the phase of a complex signal given observations of its amplitude. In most applications, a subset of phaseless measurements, say the discrete Fourier transform of the signal, form an orthonormal basis that can be exploited to speed up the recovery. This paper suggests a novel Riemannian optimization approach for solving the Fourier phase retrieval problem by studying and exploiting the geometry of the problem to reduce the ambient dimension and derive extremely fast and accurate algorithms. The phase retrieval problem is reformulated as a constrained problem and a novel Riemannian manifold, referred to as the fixed-norms manifold, is introduced to represent all feasible solutions. The first-order geometry of the Riemannian manifold is derived in closed-form which allows the design of highly efficient optimization algorithms. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed approach outperforms conventional optimization-based methods both in accuracy and in convergence speed.
Assessing the Real-Time Mental Health Challenges of COVID-19 in Individuals With Serious Mental Illnesses: Protocol for a Quantitative Study.

Background: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused significant stress and mental health problems among the general public. However, persons at greatest risk for poor mental health outcomes, such as people with serious mental illness, have been largely overlooked. Objective: This paper presents the protocol for a study that aims to examine the mental health impact of COVID-19 and social distancing behaviors in people with serious mental illness and the behaviors undertaken to prevent COVID-19 infection in this group. Methods: Participants will include individuals with serious mental illness (eg, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) and nonpsychiatric control participants who are currently participating in or have previously participated in several ongoing parent observational studies. Data will be collected from April 2020 through August 2020. Participants will complete phone interviews at 2 time points to assess their current emotional functioning and discuss the measures they have taken to prevent COVID-19 infection. Baseline (pre-COVID-19) mental health, sampled by ecological momentary assessment over an extended period, will be compared with current mental health, also sampled by ecological momentary assessment over an extended period. Demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors at baseline will be used to examine risk and resilience to current mental health and coping. Results: The inclusion of participants for the first round of telephone assessments started on April 3, 2020 and will be completed by May 31, 2020. As of April 30, 2020, 101 individuals had completed these first-round assessments. The second round of telephone assessments will likely occur between June 1, 2020, and August 31, 2020. Study results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Conclusions: Our findings will have broad implications for understanding the psychological consequences of COVID-19 among vulnerable persons with serious mental illness and will provide the opportunity to identify targets to reduce negative outcomes in the future. We also hope our efforts will provide a roadmap and resources for other researchers who would like to implement a similar approach.