cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cascading Ecological Responses to an In-Stream Restoration Project in a Midwestern River

River restoration projects are increasingly common, but assessments of ecological responses and overall success of the vast majority of efforts are lacking. Information on potential positive ecological effects of restoration efforts can be used to justify further projects and refine methods. We examined responses of multiple trophic levels, aquatic insects and riparian birds, to a series of rock weirs installed in an Illinois river to stabilize the channel. We quantified adult insect emergence and performed weekly point counts of birds in spring at four weir and four nonweir (control) sites. Emerging insect abundance was higher at control sites, but species richness and diversity were higher at weir sites. Total insect emergence production did not differ between site types, but emergence production of larger-bodied taxa was higher at weir sites. Ordinations and analysis of similarity indicated differences in insect and bird assemblages between site types. Birds showed a positive numerical response to large-bodied emerging insects, and total bird abundance was higher at weir sites. Clutch size and feeding rates of a focal bird species, Prothonotaria citrea (Prothonotary Warbler), did not differ between sites, but the number of hatchlings and fledglings was higher at control sites. Molothrus ater (cowbird) parasitism was higher at weir sites, likely because of increased edge habitat associated with weir construction activities. Results show positive ecological impacts of in-stream restoration and provide justification for further efforts. However, forest disturbance associated with construction could offset some benefits to some species, and thus refinements to procedures may be necessary.
Resonant tunneling of electrons in a crossed-field nanogap

Summary form only given. In the emerging fields of nano-technology, electrode gaps with scales down to nanometer regime can be easily be fabricated. On such a nanoscopic scale., quantum effects such as electron tunneling will become important in the beam-gap interaction when the gap spacing is smaller than the electron wavelength. In this paper, we study the resonant tunneling of electrons in a crossed-field nanogap. By ignoring the space-charge effects, the combination of the magnetic field and the DC electrostatic field will produce a barrier-well-barrier like potential field. By solving the 1D time-independent Schrodinger equation, we find that the energy levels of the electrons are quantized, and resonant tunneling occurs when the emission energy of the electrons equals to the discrete energy levels. The transmission coefficient (T) of the electron is formulated as a function of normalized parameters, which depends on the gap spacing, DC gap voltage, magnetic field, emission energy, and surface potential energy of the cathode. Our results show that there is an optimum magnetic field for perfect electron transmission (T=1) from the cathode to the anode. The application of this work will be discussed.
Examining Racism, Power, and White Hegemony in Stodolska's Conditioned Attitude Model of Individual Discriminatory Behavior

Monica Stodolska has developed a “conditioned attitude model of individual discriminatory behavior” in an attempt to understand and predict how people acquire prejudicial attitudes and how such att...
The influence of some situational variables on initial hypnotic susceptibility.

Abstract The relationship between situational variables and hypnotic susceptibility has been a topic of considerable controversy. This study manipulated 2 situational variables: the attitude of E and the prestige of the experimental situation. 3 E-attitudes were presented by having E treat Ss in a warm, cold, or neutral manner. Prestige was varied by using a clinic conference room with E as a doctor and a laboratory storeroom with E as a student. The hypnotist was on tape and was clearly differentiated from E. The results do not support the idea that initial hypnotic susceptibility is affected by these extraneous variables.
Separation of vegetation and rock signatures in Thematic Mapper and polarimetric SAR images

A technique for separating classes of surface roughness and vegetation in semiarid regions using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Thematic Mapper data is developed. Polarimetric SAR data may be used to separate areas with less than 10 percent vegetation cover where one suite of model inversions may be applicable for derivation of surface roughness. In more vegetated regions, visible/near-infrared data provide a mechanism for determining the relative contribution of vegetation to multiple scattering in the SAR data. Thus, the synergistic use of the two data sets provides a more complete characterization of surface units and cover. This result is critical when trying to monitor dielectric constant variations related to changes in moisture content of soil and vegetation cover in arid to semiarid regions. A strategy for automating a procedure for measurement of surface roughness is proposed.
An infinite family of bounds on zeros of analytic functions and relationship to Smale’s bound

Smale's analysis of Newton's iteration function induce a lower bound on the gap between two distinct zeros of a given complex-valued analytic function f(z). In this paper we make use of a fundamental family of iteration functions B m (z), m > 2, to derive an infinite family of lower bounds on the above gap. However, even for m = 2, where B 2 (z) coincides with Newton's, our lower bound is more than twice as good as Smale's bound or its improved version given by Blum, Cucker, Shub, and Smale. When f(z) is a complex polynomial of degree n, for small m the corresponding bound is computable in O(n log n) arithmetic operations. For quadratic polynomials, as m increases the lower bounds converge to the actual gap. We show how to use these bounds to compute lower bounds on the distance between an arbitrary point and the nearest root of f(z). In particular, using the latter result, we show that, given a complex polynomial f(z) = a n z n + ... + a 0 , a n a o ¬= 0, for each m > 2 we can compute upper and lower bounds U m and L m such that the roots of f(z) lie in the annulus {z: L m ≤ |z| ≤ U m }. In particular, L 2 = 1/2/max(|a k /a 0 | 1/k : k = 1,...,n}, U 2 = 2 max{|a n-k /a n ] 1/k : k = 1,...,n}; and L3 = [(√5 - 1)/2]/max{(|a 1 a k-1 - a 0 a k |/|a 2 0 |) 1/k : k = 2,...,n + 1}, U 3 = [(√5 + 1)/2] max{(|a n-1 a n-k+1 - a n o n-k |/|a 2 n |) 1/k : k = 2,...,n + 1}, where a -1 = a n+1 = 0. An application of the latter bounds is within Weyl's classical quad-tree algorithm for computing all roots of a given complex polynomial.
Historicising outsiders on campus: The re/production of lesbian and gay insiders

Abstract This is a study of the process of lesbian and gay identity assumption among university students at one American university campus—the State University of New York, Oneonta. It is argued that participation in this gay and lesbian student group produces a particular construction of identity, one that privileges an essentialist understanding of sexual difference in which a coherent, unified identity is achieved by suppressing more complex, overlapping identities of ethnicity, gender, race and sexuality. Through particular discursive practices—public repetitions of coming out—and particular political practices—conventional student political activities—students assume a gay or lesbian identity by ‘performing’ as lesbians and gays. One result is the reproduction of politically active, community identified gay and lesbian youth, schooled in the methods of insider politics who go on to become volunteer and salaried workers in gay and lesbian community institutions.
Laparoscopic fenestration of non-parasitic liver cysts and health-related quality of life assessment

Although laparoscopic fenestration has become an established treatment in symptomatic liver cyst patients in the recent years, the success of surgical treatment cannot only be evaluated by post-operative morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the safety of laparoscopic fenestration of non-parasitic liver cysts and to assess the impact of this therapy on patients' quality of life. A total of 43 patients who underwent laparoscopic fenestration of non-parasitic liver cysts at our center were included in this study. Post-operative course was assessed and patients' quality of life was evaluated before surgery and at present time using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 (QLQ C-30). The results were that, post-operative morbidity and mortality rates were 0%. After a median follow-up of 49 months (19-97 months) the recurrence rate was 11.1% for simple liver cysts (SLC) and 42.9% for polycystic liver disease (PCLD). Thirty-one out of 43 patients (72.1%) completed the EORTC C-30 questionnaire. There was highly significant post-operative improvement in global health status (p < 0.001) as well as in physical (p = 0.002), role (p = 0.004), emotional (p = 0.003) and social (p = 0.001) functioning. Furthermore, a significant reduction of symptoms could be shown for pain (p < 0.001), nausea and vomiting (p = 0.001), appetite loss (p = 0.006), insomnia (p = 0.04) and fatigue (p = 0.025). To conclude, laparoscopic fenestration of symptomatic non-parasitic liver cysts is a safe procedure with good long-term results and the patients' benefit of this intervention is excellent as shown by highly significant improvement in patients' quality of life.
Stalking the Forest Coeval Fieldwork at the Site of Clashing Social Imaginaries

Over the past decade the concept of the social imaginary has gained considerable purchase in the social sciences, and in environmental studies as well, where the term "environmental imaginary" has begun appearing in the literature. (See R. Peet and M. Watts, Liberation Ecologies, London: Routledge 1996) The phenomenological study of how multiple collectively-wrought worlds may be anchored in the same physical space offers a way of retrieving the cultural and political aspects of ecological crisis that are typically bracketed out in environmental decision-making. This approach is one way of undertaking a critical task for the social sciences, which is, as Scott Lash puts it, "to lay bare the ontological foundations of communal being in the world" and to point, in the process, to "a grounded set of substantive goods as the basis of any sort of communal ethics" (Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and Scott Lash, Reflexive Modernization Stanford: Stanford University Press 1994).
Migraine and Biomarkers of Endothelial Activation in Young Women

Background and Purpose— There is mounting evidence of endothelial activation and dysfunction in migraine. Our objectives were to determine in a population of premenopausal women whether endothelial activation markers are associated with migraine. Methods— Women (18 to 50 years) with and without migraine and free from cardiovascular disease were evaluated with tests of coagulation (von Willebrand factor activity, prothrombin fragment), fibrinolysis (tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen), inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), and oxidative stress (homocysteine, total nitrate/nitrite concentrations, thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances). Results— Sixty-one participants had migraine with aura (MA), 64 had migraine without aura (MO), and 50 were controls. Compared with controls, women with migraine had higher adjusted odds ratios for elevated von Willebrand factor activity of 6.51 (95% CI, 1.94 to 21.83) in those with MA and of 4.59 (95% CI, 1.37 to 15.38) in those with MO, elevated high-...
Interferon-γ Protects against Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination

Evidence suggests that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), a proinflammatory cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, contributes a deleterious effect to immune-mediated demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Nevertheless, mouse strains that are normally resistant to EAE induction become susceptible when the gene encoding either IFN-gamma or its receptor is mutated, demonstrating that the role that this cytokine plays in demyelinating disorders is complex. We have examined the effect of IFN-gamma in a chemically induced model of CNS demyelination. Mice that receive through their diet the copper chelator cuprizone display extensive demyelination of the corpus callosum. Remarkably, transgenic mice that ectopically express low levels of IFN-gamma in the CNS did not display evidence of demyelination when treated with cuprizone, nor did they shows signs of oligodendroglial death, astrogliosis, or microgliosis, which are typically seen in treated animals. Myelin protein gene expression was, however, dramatically reduced in both the treated control and the transgenic animals, indicating that demyelination is not an obligatory consequence of a large diminution of myelin protein synthesis. Interestingly, the CNS of the IFN-gamma-expressing mice contained elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor I, which has been demonstrated to have a protective effect against the demyelinating action of cuprizone.
Role of the Bötzinger complex in fastigial nucleus–mediated respiratory responses

We have reported that the phrenic neurogram (PN) is modulated by stimulation of the fastigial nucleus (FN) of the cerebellum. The present study was undertaken to search for brainstem site(s) involved in the FN efferent pathway to modulate phrenic nerve activities. Experiments were performed on 35 anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated cats, using the PN as the index of the respiratory motor output. Results showed that bilateral electrolytic lesions of the red nucleus (RN), the paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN), or the pontine respiratory group (PRG) had little effect on the ability of FN stimulation to modulate the respiratory output. However, the modulation was abolished by bilateral electrolytic lesions of the Botzinger complex (BotC). Further studies showed that bilateral chemical inactivation of BotC neurons produced by topical microinjection of kainic acid or cobalt chloride failed to abolish the modulation. We concluded that fibers of passage, not synapses or cell bodies in the BotC, were involved in the modulatory effect of FN stimulation on the PN. The RN, PRN, and PRG appear not to be important in the neural circuitry responsible for the FN modulation of the phrenic activity. Anat Rec 254:542–548, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reaction in a Rigid Cyclophane and Its Corresponding Bimolecular Donor/Acceptor Complex

The back electron transfer following photoexcitation of the bimolecular charge-transfer complex between 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DMB) and 7,7-dicyanobenzoquinone methide (DCBM) is compared to the dynamics observed for the corresponding spatially constrained cyclophanes. In a recent letter (J. Phys. Chem. 1999, 103, 2740), we reported that the back electron transfer dynamics for two structurally related cyclophanes of DMB and DCBM were identical and that these data provided direct evidence for the through-bond mechanism of electron transfer in this bridged organic donor/acceptor systems. The study of the noncovalent bimolecular system herein enables us to experimentally determine the through-space electron transfer rate for this charge transfer pair. We find that the rate of back electron transfer is faster in the cyclophane than in the bimolecular complex. This difference in reaction rates can be accounted for quantitatively using the Bixon−Jortner equation for the electron transfer reaction rate, if the dif...
Chromosomal localization of human Na+,K+-ATPase α- and β-subunit genes

Abstract Na+,K+-ATPase is a heterodimeric enzyme responsible for the active maintenance of sodium and potassium gradients across the plasma membrane. Recently, cDNAs for several tissue-specific isoforms of the larger catalytic α-subunit and the smaller β-subunit have been cloned. We have hybridized rat brain and human kidney cDNA probes, as well as human genomic isoform-specific DNA fragments, to Southern filters containing panels of rodent × human somatic cell hybrid lines. The results obtained have allowed us to assign the loci for the ubiquitously expressed α-chain (ATP1A1) to human chromosome 1, region 1p21→cen, and for the α2 isoform that predominates in neural and muscle tissues (ATP1A2) to chromosome 1, region cen→q32. A common PstI RFLP was detected with the ATP1A2 probe. The α3 gene, which is expressed primarily in neural tissues (ATP1A3), was assigned to human chromosome 19. A fourth α gene of unknown function (αD) that was isolated by molecular cloning (ATP1AL1) was mapped to chromosome 13. Although evidence to date had suggested a single gene for the β-subunit, we found hybridizing restriction fragments derived from two different human chromosomes. On the basis of knowledge of conserved linkage goups on human and murine chromosomes, we propose that the coding gene ATP1B is located on the long arm of human chromosome 1 and that the sequence on human chromosome 4 (ATP1BL1) is either a related gene or a pseudogene.
Nolan's Memento, Memory, and Recognition

Adrian Gargett, in his paper "Nolan's Memento, Memory, and Recognition," analyses Christopher Nolan's film Memento. Gargett employs Deleuzian film theory in a general consideration of the relationship between thought and film. Gargett proposes that Memento acts as a type of intellectual stimulant that has the viewer deciphering a puzzle in process: what is identified in Memento is the way in which memory and the work of memory are presented in the film's narrative construct. In his analysis Gargett argues that memory is not added on; rather, it is already present, and that the Deleuzian abstract quality does not lie in the negative relation to representation, externality, and figure. And it is there in the way memory is present: abstraction is not present simply because memory lacks a given determination, and thus all that is apparent in the film is memory in the abstract. Abstraction here means a particular type of filmic presentation and it is the employment of abstraction as an already determined form of film construction. This presentation and what allows the film to be abstract is the confrontation with the conventions of abstraction. Engaging with abstraction within abstraction must be understood in terms of the construction and in terms of a response to the construction/structure of the film, in which narrative/subject matter can only be identified with their emergence from the way in which particular sequences/scenes work. Adrian Gargett, "Nolan's Memento, Memory, and Recognition" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 4.3 (2002):
Corrosion studies of modified organosilane coated magnesium–yttrium alloy in different environments

Abstract Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have numerous potential applications as biodegradable implants, but the fast degradation rate of Mg alloys at the initial implanted stage could be a problem. This paper describes the modification of the water-based bis-[triethoxysilyl] ethane (BTSE) silane applied to the surface of magnesium–yttrium (Mg–4Y) to increase its corrosion resistance. Surface characterization by SEM, FTIR, and EDX showed that the hydrolysis and condensation of the silane resulted in a covalent bonding to the Mg–4Y surface. Corrosion behavior of the uncoated and coated Mg–4Y alloy was evaluated in different environments by using a novel self-developed corrosion probe. Based on the electrochemical results of DC polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), we conclude that the epoxy-modified BTSE silane coating successfully increases the corrosion resistance at the initial stage of implantation. The corrosion rates in the flesh of dead mice environments such as body cavity and subcutaneous tissue of the mice were lower than the corrosion rates in in vitro environments.
Effect of molecular weight on the crystallization behaviour of poly(aryl ether ether ketone): a differential scanning calorimetry study☆

Abstract The effect of molecular weight on the kinetics of the crystallization of poly(aryl ether ether ketone) has been investigated by means of a series of fractions of relatively narrow molecular-weight distribution. In this study the crystallization has been monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). Analysis of the sigmoidal crystallization curves by means of the Avrami equation leads to n ≈ 2. In order to obtain a uniform set of rate constants (k), small adjustments in the zero time were made. Measurements have been made of the crystallization of amorphous samples just above the glass transition temperature. The temperature dependence of the observed rate constants follows a Vogel equation, log k = U∗ 2.3R(T c − T ∞ ), where U∗ ≈ 4500 cal mol −1 and T∞ = Tg − 55. These parameters are consistent with the universal WLF parameters. The experimental glass transition temperature of each sample has been used. It is found that the rate of crystallization considered under iso-free-volume conditions depends on M−2 as expected for a diffusion-controlled process that involves entangled linear polymers. This conclusion is supported by an analysis of the onset temperature of crystallization in dynamic d.s.c. scans of the different molecular-weight samples. In another series of experiments the crystallization rates have been measured below the melting point of the samples. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the rate constants reveals that high-molecular-weight polymers crystallize at lower temperature (Tc = 270–290°C) according to regime III. Low-molecular-weight samples require higher temperatures in order to measure the rates of crystallization (Tc > 300°C). The temperature dependence of the rate constants suggests that in that case crystallization occurs according to regime II. One sample (Mw = 32 000) showed a regime III-regime II transition at about 298°C. These conclusions are not drastically affected by reasonable variations in U∗ , T∞ and the equilibrium melting temperature Tom.
Simple Wavelet Sets for Matrix Dilations in ℝ2

A partial answer is given to the question of which expansive integer matrix dilations in ℝ2 have wavelet sets that are finite unions of convex sets. New results are given supporting a conjecture that among matrices with determinant greater than 2, it is exactly matrices that have a power equal to a scalar that have such wavelet sets.
Social interaction, sensitive phases and the song template hypothesis in the white-crowned sparrow

Naive 50-day-old white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) were placed in cages with two compartments in which they could see and interact with a single social tutor. Birds were tutored with the song of their own subspecies, the song of a different subspecies, or that of an alien species, the strawberry finch (Amandava amandava). Each of the 12 birds learned the song of his social tutor. The alien song was learned even though there was abundant conspecific song present in the acoustic environment. These findings indicate that social tutoring can be effective beyond the 10–50-day sensitive phase found with tape tutoring, and that the song of an alien species can be learned from a social tutor. We conclude that neither the sensory template theory nor the current descriptions of the sensitive phase are adequate, without modification, to provide an understanding of song development in the white-crowned sparrow. Because young in the wild learn their songs from social tutors, data from studies of social tutoring provide a better basis to understand factors involved in song learning than data based on studies of tape tutoring.
Two Examples of Pressure Tuning Spectroscopy in Solid Polymeric Media

Pressure tuning spectroscopy has proved to be a powerful tool for characterizing electronic excitations, testing theories, and inducing electronic transitions of both scientific and technological significance. In this brief paper we outline two studies involving luminescence of molecules dissolved in solid polymers: (1) Two-photon excitation is a process of importance in the operation of many useful lasers. From our pressure study of Rhodamine B in poly(acrylic acid) , we characterize the differences between the paths for one- and two-photon excitation. (2) Some molecules can assume two different geometries in the excited state and have potential as switching devices. We test a model for the processes involved by showing that the change of the steady-state emission intensity as a function of pressure can be predicted from time-dependent data.
EDUCATIONAL ORIENTATIONS OF FACULTY: ASSESSING A PERSONALITY MODEL OF THE ACADEMIC PROFESSIONS

Summary.-This study examined faculty educational orientations and values in the context of Holland's personality and vocational choice model. Faculty (N = 237) completed the Faculty Orientations Survey and were assigned to a personality group based on Holland's theory. One-way analyses of variance across Holland-type groups generated significant Fs on each subscale. Tukey's HSD a posteriori comparisons yielded significant group differences on various educational "purpose and process" dimensions of the survey, with individuals in Holland's Social and Artistic groups tending to form one duster and individuals in the Realistic and Investigative groups forming another. Faculty educational orientations were judged to be generally congruent with the salient personality needs and characteristics of respective Holland groups. Discussion centered on the rationale for assessing faculty attitudes in areas critical to an institution's responsiveness to changing educational conditions, and the importance of theoretical models in these efforts. AS colleges and universities face what may be an indeterminate period of economic stringency, coupled with projections of relatively static if not declining enrollments, concerns of institutional viability are increasingly expressed. At many institutions, this concern is related to attracting and retaining students, and an implicit consideration in this regard is the enhancement of curricular and program "responsiveness" to an institution's student constituency. At most colleges and universities, faculty play a critical role in shaping the institution's academic programs and policies. Moreover, it is noted that discussions of academic programs and policies tend to be perennial topics for any group of faculty. There has been, howwer, little systematic research on the educational attitudes and orientations of faculty-attitudes about curricularinstructional "purpose and process" which may influence an institution's responsiveness or adaptability to a new set of educational needs and conditions.
Ribosomal RNA chain growth rate and RNA labeling patterns in Escherichia coli B / r

Abstract The labeling patterns of total, stable and unstable RNA in Escherichia coli B/r growing at a rate of 2·1 doublings/hr were analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The experiments employ the antibiotic rifampicin which specifically inhibits initiation of RNA chains without interfering with elongation and completion of nascent RNA chains. The results indicate that stable RNA accounts for 71 % of the instantaneous rate of total RNA synthesis while unstable RNA accounts for the remaining 29 %. The kinetics of labeling unstable RNA were observed to be consistent with an average half life for unstable RNA of 2·8 min. Furthermore, the transcription time of the 16S-23S-5S ribosomal genes (4620 nucleotides) was estimated to be 44 sec, which corresponds to a ribosomal RNA chain growth rate of 105 nucleotides per sec.
Acidic and Basic Catalysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses acidic and basic catalysis. The different viewpoints on acids and bases are closely associated with various theories of catalysis. The chapter reviews the theories of acids and shows their relationship to the development of theories of catalysis. According to the water ion theory, an acid is a hydrogen compound that gives hydrogen ions in water solution, and a base is a compound that gives hydroxyl ions in aqueous solution. These definitions have played an important role in catalysis in aqueous solutions, and the catalytic method has been used to determine hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentrations. The problem of homogeneous catalysis is intimately associated with the problem of reaction kinetics, and the early formulation of the laws of reaction velocity were made in connection with the measurement of the inversion of sucrose catalyzed by acids.
Expression of a Highly Unstable and Insoluble Transcription Factor inEscherichia coli:Purification and Characterization of thefork headHomolog Hnf3α

The HNF3 alpha transcription factor is highly enriched in adult hepatocytes and activates many liver-specific genes; its expression in hepatic primordia and neurogenic tissue implies a developmental role. HNF3 alpha is a member of a family of proteins, including fork head in Drosophila, which bind DNA at specific sites using a newly defined "winged helix" structural motif. We describe here the expression and purification of full-length HNF3 alpha containing an amino-terminal histidine tag and show that the protein binds DNA with dissociation constant in the sub-nanomolar range. The techniques used to isolate HNF3 alpha should be applicable to other members of the HNF3/fork head family which appear to be generally unstable and insoluble in Escherichia coli.
The Penetration Behavior of an Annular Gas–Solid Jet Impinging on a Liquid Bath: The Effects of the Density and Size of Solid Particles

Top-blow injection of a gas–solid jet through a circular lance is used in the Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Process. One problem associated with this injection is the severe erosion of the hearth refractory below the lances. A new configuration of the lance to form an annular gas–solid jet rather than the circular jet was designed in this laboratory. With this new configuration, the solid particles fed through the center tube leave the lance at a much lower velocity than the gas, and the penetration behavior of the jet is significantly different from that with a circular lance where the solid particles leave the lance at the same high velocity as the gas. In previous cold-model investigations in this laboratory, the effects of the gas velocity, particle feed rate, lance height of the annular lance, and the cross-sectional area of the gas jet were studied and compared with the circular lance. This study examined the effect of the density and size of the solid particles on the penetration behavior of the annular gas–solid jet, which yielded some unexpected results. The variation in the penetration depth with the density of the solid particles at the same mass feed rate was opposite for the circular lance and the annular lance. In the case of the circular lance, the penetration depth became shallower as the density of the solid particles increased; on the contrary, for the annular lance, the penetration depth became deeper with the increasing density of particles. However, at the same volumetric feed rate of the particles, the density effect was small for the circular lance, but for the annular lance, the jets with higher density particles penetrated more deeply. The variation in the penetration depth with the particle diameter was also different for the circular and the annular lances. With the circular lance, the penetration depth became deeper as the particle size decreased for all the feed rates, but with the annular lance, the effect of the particle size was small. The overall results including the previous work indicated that the penetration behavior of an annular jet is much less sensitive to the variations in operating variables than that of a circular jet. Correlation equations for the penetration depth that show good agreements with the measured values have been developed.
Trapping of Thiol-Terminated Acrylate Polymers with Divinyl Sulfone To Generate Well-Defined Semitelechelic Michael Acceptor Polymers

Herein we report the synthesis of vinyl sulfone end-functionalized PEGylated polymers by reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for conjugation to proteins. Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGA) was polymerized in the presence of 1-phenylethyl dithiobenzoate with 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) as the initiator to generate well-defined polyPEGAs with number-average molecular weights (Mn) by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of 6.7, 11.8, and 16.1 kDa. Postpolymerization, the majority of polymer chains contained the dithioester functional group at the omega chain end, and the polydispersity indexes (PDI) of the polymers ranged from 1.08 to 1.24. The dithioesters were subsequently reduced via aminolysis, and the resulting thiols were trapped with divinyl sulfone in situ to produce semitelechelic, vinyl sulfone polyPEGAs with efficiencies ranging between 85% and 99%. It was determined that the retention of vinyl sulfone was directly related to reaction time, ...
Parental, Peer, School, and Neighborhood Influences on Adolescent Substance Use: Direct and Indirect Effects and Ethnic Variations

The current study examined how contextual influences are related to adolescent substance use using an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents. A total of 5,992 adolescents (5,185 European American, 330 African American, 160 Hispanic American, 179 Asian American, and 138 Southeast Asian American) from Dane county, Wisconsin, completed surveys at school. Structural equation modeling was conducted to examine direct versus indirect effects of parental, peer, school, and neighborhood influences and differences in associations across ethnicity. Results indicated that contextual influences on adolescent substance use were both direct and indirect; the strength of associations between contextual influences and adolescent substance use varied across ethnic groups.
Acoustic attenuation properties of the lung: an open question.

Between 1961 and 1986, a number of investigators studied the propagation properties of ultrasound (US) in the lungs. These studies revealed high attenuation levels in the lung tissue at all levels of lung inflation. In contrast, some clinical investigators have, in the past decade, used US at 5 to 7.5 MHz to penetrate the collapsed lung effectively during intraoperative thoracic ultrasonography. There is a discrepancy between these clinical imaging results and the high attenuation levels found in the earlier studies of US propagation in the lungs. We studied the attenuation of US in the lungs with an ultrasonic analyzer, designed for highly attenuating materials, and utilizing linear sweep-based transmission measurements. Our data also revealed high attenuation levels at various low levels of lung inflation, inconsistent with the findings of intraoperative thoracic ultrasonography. These results imply that the US attenuation properties of the lung are far from accurately established.
Men of Good Will: The Religious Education Association, J. Elliot Ross, and the National Conference of Jews and Christians

Abstract An impetus of the Religious Education Association (REA) toward becoming an actively intercultural and interreligious agency emerged in the third decade of its existence. This article explores this period through an examination of the involvement of the REA members, Father John Elliot Ross. and others (1884–1946) in a series of seminars conducted by the National Conference of Jews and Christians. These gatherings sought to foster tolerance and goodwill among Jews, Protestants, and Roman Catholics in the years prior to the intercultural movement of the 1940s and 1950s. The journal, Religious Education, became the forum for numerous descriptive articles on these seminars and showcased the Association's emerging self-understanding and public image as an interreligious agency.
Attachment Anxiety, Relationship Context, and Sleep in Women With Recurrent Major Depression

Objective:To examine the relationship between attachment anxiety, marital status, bed-partner status, and sleep in recurrently depressed women.Methods:The current study measured polysomnography (PSG) and subjective sleep quality in 107 women with recurrent major depression. Women were categorized as
Impact of speech presentation level on cognitive task performance: implications for auditory display design.

Speech displays and verbal response technologies are increasingly being used in complex, high workload environments that require the simultaneous performance of visual and manual tasks. Examples of such environments include the flight decks of modern aircraft, advanced transport telematics systems providing in-vehicle route guidance and navigational information and mobile communication equipment in emergency and public safety vehicles. Previous research has established an optimum range for speech intelligibility. However, the potential for variations in presentation levels within this range to affect attentional resources and cognitive processing of speech material has not been examined previously. Results of the current experimental investigation demonstrate that as presentation level increases within this ‘optimum’ range, participants in high workload situations make fewer sentence-processing errors and generally respond faster. Processing errors were more sensitive to changes in presentation level than...
CHARACTERIZATION OF A DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE OF MUSTELUS CANIS LIVER.

Summary The presence of an enzyme which hydrolyzes thermally-denatured T4 DNA has been demonstrated in extracts obtained from Mustelus canis livers. The enzyme was detected by its ability to decrease the serologic activity of thermally-denatured T4 DNA when tested with experimentally produced antibodies to denatured T4 DNA. This unique assay was used during purification and characterization of the enzyme. Thermally-denatured DNA was shown to be the preferred substrate for the enzyme. Selective destruction of denatured DNA by the enzyme was demonstrated when mixtures of native and thermally-denatured T4 DNA were exposed to the nuclease and then subjected to CsCl 2 centrifugation. The activity towards thermally-denatured DNA was optimal in 0.1 M NaCl. It showed a requirement for divalent metals which could be satisfied by Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Co 2+ . The nuclease has a pH optimum of 8.0. The rate of hydrolysis of thermally-denatured DNA suggested that the digestion proceeded endonucleolytically.
Multivariate statistical analyses of air quality data and bacterial mutagenicity data from ambient aerosols

Abstract As part of the 1982 Detroit Summer Air Pollution Study, the relationships between the mutagenicity of ambient aerosols and other air quality components were examined. Thirty-one samples of total suspended particulate matter collected at a site in central Detroit were extracted with dichloromethane and fractionated into 16 fractions using thin layer chromatography. The individual fractions were then examined for mutagenicity by the Ames test using tester strains TA98, TA98NR and TA98DNP6. The results showed that most of the mutagenicity (64%) was contained in four polar fractions, and one polar fraction accounted for 34% of the total activity. Using principal component and multiple linear regression analyses, we examined relationships between the mutagenicity in each fraction and the air quality and meteorological variables. Overall, the measured observables explained about 40% of the mutagenicity variance. A single component containing SO2 emissions was the most important component as it explained 20% of the mutagenicity variance. The component containing motor vehicle emissions explained 13% of the mutagenicity variance. Photochemically-initiated reactions appear to play a minor role as this component explained an insignificant amount of the mutagenicity variance. The liquid water content of the ambient aerosol explained a significant part of the mutagenic variance of several fractions.
Kinetic modeling of hormone release: application to time-averaged met-enkephalin release.

Abstract The time course of hormone concentrations in response to a stimulus can be characterizied with kinetic methods to express rates of hormone release and elimination, total amount of hormone release and expected best times for blood sampling. Routine application of kinetic methods should increase the sensitivity and applicability of hormonal challenge tests. Applications to the TRH test and to prolactin release measurements are reviewed. A new kinetic model for continuously collected samples is applied to measurements of met-enkephalin release in rats. Calculations indicated an initial concentration of 1876 pg/ml and a ventricular volume of distribution of 0.25 ml. After exposure of rats to nitrous oxide, the rate of release of met-enkephalin-like activity into the ventricles rose from 3.4 to 8.3 pg/min.
Taste Tests: Pizza and the Gastropolitical Laboratory in Mumbai

AbstractThis article is about experiments in taste. Focused on the cultural politics of pizza in Mumbai, it highlights the visceral work required to naturalize consumer choice as a catalyst of social futures in contemporary India. It emerges out of interviews and observations among food marketers and among customers and workers in a pizza restaurant. Guided by the concept of ‘experimentality’ elaborated in medical anthropology and science and technology studies, the article reframes definitions of food in experimental terms through two ethnographic registers. The first narrative focuses on the marketing of pizza, and explains how marketers turned their restaurants into laboratories of cosmopolitan cultivation. The second narrative shows how laboring bodies become enrolled in that laboratory, as young adults recruited from low-income neighborhoods come to work at a pizza restaurant. Such experiments blur the lines between evidence and enjoyment, and ultimately add up to a revaluation of public eating itself.
Invariant imbedding and potential theory

Abstract An equivalent formulation of a mixed boundary-value problem as an initial-value problem is presented. This is accomplished by use of the theory of dual integral equations which allows the potential problem to be solved in terms of a Fredholm integral equation, followed by application of the theory of invariant imbedding. The equivalence between the problems is proved. The particular problem treated is a thermal diffusion problem in a cylinder proposed by Das. The initial-value presentation has obvious computational advantages. The results presented here are applicable to a wide variety of potential problems.
Complexation/speciation studies of Ni2+ion with ortho silicic acid in perchlorate media

The complexation behavior of Ni2+with ortho-silicic acid (o-SA) has been studied as a function of ionic strength (I) from 0.20 to 1.00M (NaClO4) at pcH 4.55±0.05 and 25 °C by a solvent extraction technique with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) as the extractant. The stoichiometry of the extracted species was determined to be Ni(DEHP)2(HDEHP)2. Ni2+forms a 1:1 complex, Ni(OSi(OH)3)+, as the predominant species withconcentrations of 1.00. 10-3to 1.00. 10-2M o-SA. The stability constant (logb1) values for Ni(OSi(OH)3)+complex formation decrease with increased ionic strength. These values have been fitted with the extended Debye-Huckel expression to obtain the value of logb1=6.34±0.03 at I=0.00M. The data allowed the calculation of speciation of the Ni2+- silicate system as a function of ionic strength.
Increased AP‐1 DNA Binding Activity in PC12 Cells Treated with Lead

The possibility that the mechanism of lead neurotoxicity may be at the level of transcription was investigated in PC12 cells. In electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays Pb 2+ was found to increase activator protein-1 complex (AP-1) DNA binding activity in PC12 cells; the increase was time- and concentration-dependent. Exposure to Pb 2+ also resulted in an increase in AP-1-driven transcription in cerebellar granule cells transfected with a luciferase gene reporter construct. The increase in AP-1 DNA binding activity by Pb 2+ required protein synthesis. The increase was mediated by protein kinase C because depletion of protein kinase C and an inhibitor of protein kinase C prevented the increase in AP-1 DNA binding activity by Pb 2+ . Fra-2 and JunD were found in supershift assays to be the major components of the AP-1 that was increased by Pb 2+ . In summary, our studies indicate that Pb 2+ increases AP-1 DNA binding activity in PC12 cells by a pathway that requires protein kinase C and new protein synthesis.
Technologies for ubiquitous supercomputing: a Java interface to the Nexus communication system

We use the term ubiquitous supercomputing to refer to systems that integrate low- and mid-range computing systems, advanced networks, and remote high-end computers with the goal of enhancing the computational power accessible from local environments. Such systems promise to enable new applications in areas as diverse as smart instruments and collaborative environments. However, they also demand tools for transporting code between computers and for establishing flexible, dynamic communication structures. In this article, we propose that these requirements be satisfied by introducing Java classes that implement the global pointer and remote service request mechanisms defined by a communication library called Nexus. Java supports transportable code; Nexus provides communication support and represents the core communication framework for Globus, a project building infrastructure for ubiquitous supercomputing. We explain how this NexusJava library is implemented and illustrate its use with examples.
Molecular epizootiology of genotoxic events in marine fish : Linking contaminant exposure, DNA damage, and tissue-level alterations

Molecular epizootiological studies are increasingly being used to investigate environmental effects of genotoxic contaminants. The assessment of damage to DNA and linking the damage to subsequent molecular, cellular, or tissue-level alterations is a central component of such studies. Our research has focused on the refinement of the 32P-postlabeling assay for measuring covalent DNA-xenobiotic adducts arising from exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds, using DNA adducts as molecular dosimeters of genotoxic contaminant exposure in biomonitoring studies, and investigating the relationship of DNA adduct formation to toxicopathic liver disease, including neoplastic lesions. A combination of field and laboratory studies using the 32P-postlabeling assay has shown that DNA adducts in marine fish are effective molecular dosimeters of genotoxic contaminant exposure. Investigations of the relationship of DNA adduct formation to neoplastic liver disease have shown that elevated levels of DNA adducts in certain fish species from contaminated coastal sites are associated with increased prevalences of toxicopathic hepatic lesions, including neoplasms, and that the ability to assess DNA damage has helped to explain, in part, species differences in lesion prevalence. Moreover, in a study of a site in Puget Sound contaminated with polycyclic aromatic compounds, we have shown, for the first time, that elevated levels of hepatic DNA adducts are a significant risk factor for certain degenerative and preneoplastic lesions occurring early in the histogenesis of hepatic neoplasms in feral English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus). These latter findings coupled with our current studies of mutational events in the K-ras proto-oncogene should provide further mechanistic substantiation that mutagenic events resulting from exposure to complex mixtures of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic compounds are involved in the etiology of hepatic neoplasia in English sole.