cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A View from the South

Lower Central America comprises the geographic region situated between the southeastern periphery of the Maya area in Honduras and El Salvador and the region of Darien in eastern Panama (Figure 1). It forms a natural bridge between Mesoamerica and the Andes, each of which saw the emergence of complex, state-level societies before the arrival of the Spaniards (cf. Santley and Pool, this volume; McAnany, this volume). However, in spite of the fact that Lower Central America was home to some of the earliest sedentary villages in the Americas, its indigenous societies never attained levels of sociopolitical integration enjoyed by their neighbors to the north and south. The region was instead characterized by an enormous number and variety of societies representing a number of different levels of sociopolitical complexity at any given time in prehistory. Prehistoric exchange systems were equally complex, forming networks of interaction between diverse groups within the region as well as contacts with societies to the north and south.
Cytopathologic evaluation of the in situ margin in patients undergoing hepatectomy

BACKGROUND: Margin status is a predictor of outcome for patients with liver malignancies, although what constitutes a negative margin is controversial. Traditionally, the completeness of resection is estimated by surgical histopathology of the resected specimen margin, despite the in situ margin being potentially more important. The true margin is often altered by parenchymal transection techniques. The authors propose that cytologic assessment of the in situ margin is more specific for determining the true margin. METHODS: A total of 84 patients with primary or metastatic liver tumors who were undergoing surgical resection were enrolled in this prospective Institutional Review Board-approved study. Specimen and in situ (patient) margins were assessed using a “scrape preparation” cytologic technique and compared with traditional surgical histopathology. Patients were followed for assessment of local disease recurrence. RESULTS: Follow-up data were complete for 64 patients for a median of 37 months (range, 12 months-56 months). Twenty patients were excluded because of perioperative death (6 patients; 7%) or a follow-up of < 12 months. Seven patients (12.2%) had positive histopathologic specimen margins, but only 1 was found to be positive by cytology (1.8%). No in situ cytologically positive margins were identified along the cut edge of the liver remnant. The rate of intra- or extrahepatic recurrences was 56.7%, whereas the local recurrence rate was 1.8%. One patient with local recurrence demonstrated simultaneous intra- and extrahepatic disease recurrences and had negative margins by all methods of evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first to demonstrate that in situ margins can be assessed using cytopathology. This method is quick and can be universally applied. Given the difficulty of accurately assessing margins after hepatectomy, cytopathologic evaluation may be more reflective of the true margin. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Design of a low-cost and efficient integrated starter-alternator

This paper details the design and construction of a low-cost electric machine to perform efficiently as both a starter and alternator. In addition to efficiency, considerations are made with regards to safety, size, manufacturability and cost. The design for this machine is chosen to be a single-sided axial flux with surface-mount permanent magnet excitation fitted with single-layer non-overlapping windings (NOW). An analysis of these design aspects will be presented and an accounting of the design procedures will be divulged where appropriate.
Polarization Mode Dispersion Properties of Spun Fibers in the Presence of Random Mode Coupling

This paper presents a study on scaling properties of polarization mode dispersion of spun fibers in the presence of random mode coupling. Simple equations are obtained for both optimal and non-optimal spin conditions
Streptococcal integration vectors for gene inactivation and cloning

Five streptococcal integration vectors containing different antibiotic resistance-encoding genes capable of expressing in both Streptococcus sp. and Escherichia coli are introduced. These plasmids can replicate in E. coli, but not in streptococci, because the plasmids lack a streptococcal origin of replication. If these plasmids carry a fragment of streptococcal DNA they can specifically integrate into the streptococcal chromosome via Campbell-like, single crossover homologous recombination. Methods are described to use these vectors for gene inactivation and cloning in streptococci.
Constraints upon the CKM angle ϕ2 (α) from Belle

The Belle experiment has measured branching fractions and CP asymmetries for the charmless decays B0 → π+π- and B0 → ρ±π∓. From these measurements, constraints upon the CKM angle ϕ2 can be obtained. These constraints indicate that ϕ2 is around 100°.
Genetic algorithm learning as a robust approach to RNA editing site prediction.

RNA editing is one of several post-transcriptional modifications that may contribute to organismal complexity in the face of limited gene complement in a genome. One form, known as C → U editing, appears to exist in a wide range of organisms, but most instances of this form of RNA editing have been discovered serendipitously. With the large amount of genomic and transcriptomic data now available, a computational analysis could provide a more rapid means of identifying novel sites of C → U RNA editing. Previous efforts have had some success but also some limitations. We present a computational method for identifying C → U RNA editing sites in genomic sequences that is both robust and generalizable. We evaluate its potential use on the best data set available for these purposes: C → U editing sites in plant mitochondrial genomes. Our method is derived from a machine learning approach known as a genetic algorithm. REGAL (RNA Editing site prediction by Genetic Algorithm Learning) is 87% accurate when tested on three mitochondrial genomes, with an overall sensitivity of 82% and an overall specificity of 91%. REGAL's performance significantly improves on other ab initio approaches to predicting RNA editing sites in this data set. REGAL has a comparable sensitivity and higher specificity than approaches which rely on sequence homology, and it has the advantage that strong sequence conservation is not required for reliable prediction of edit sites. Our results suggest that ab initio methods can generate robust classifiers of putative edit sites, and we highlight the value of combinatorial approaches as embodied by genetic algorithms. We present REGAL as one approach with the potential to be generalized to other organisms exhibiting C → U RNA editing.
The Hexagonal Honeycomb Conjecture

It is conjectured that the planar hexagonal honeycomb provides the least-perimeter way to enclose and separate infinitely many regions of unit area. Various natural formulations of the question are not known to be equivalent. We prove existence for two formulations. Many questions remain open.
Negative regulation of TCR signaling by NF-κB2/p100

The positive regulation of the NF-κB-signaling pathway in response to TCR stimulation has been well-studied. However, little is known about the negative regulation of this pathway in T cells. This negative regulation is crucial in controlling the duration of TCR signaling and preventing abnormal lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Therefore, understanding the negative regulation of TCR-mediated NF-κB signaling is essential in understanding the mechanisms involved in T cell function and homeostasis. TCR stimulation of human CD4 + T cells resulted in an increase in NF-κB2/p100 expression with no appreciable increase in p52, its cleavage product. Due to the presence of inhibitory ankyrin repeats in the unprocessed p100, this observation suggests that p100 may function as a negative regulator of the NF-κB pathway. Consistent with this hypothesis, ectopic expression of p100 inhibited TCR-mediated NF-κB activity and IL-2 production in Jurkat T cells. Conversely, knockdown of p100 expression enhanced NF-κB transcriptional activity and IL-2 production upon TCR activation. p100 inhibited the pathway by binding and sequestering Rel transcription factors in the cytoplasm without affecting the activity of the upstream IκB kinase. The kinetics and IκB kinase γ/NF-κB essential modulator dependency of p100 induction suggest that NF-κB2/p100 acts as a late-acting negative-feedback signaling molecule in the TCR-mediated NF-κB pathway.
Stability and Aggregation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Natural Aqueous Matrices

There is a pressing need for information on the mobility of nanoparticles in the complex aqueous matrices found in realistic environmental conditions. We dispersed three different metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO(2), ZnO and CeO(2)) in samples taken from eight different aqueous media associated with seawater, lagoon, river, and groundwater, and measured their electrophoretic mobility, state of aggregation, and rate of sedimentation. The electrophoretic mobility of the particles in a given aqueous media was dominated by the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and ionic strength, and independent of pH. NOM adsorbed onto these nanoparticles significantly reduces their aggregation, stabilizing them under many conditions. The transition from reaction to diffusion limited aggregation occurs at an electrophoretic mobility from around -2 to -0.8 microm s(-1) V(-1) cm. These results are key for designing and interpreting nanoparticle ecotoxicity studies in various environmental conditions.
Thrombin generation in vascular tissue.

Summary. Background: Classically, it is thought that the vast majority of thrombin is generated on the surface of platelets, however, thrombotic events occur in patients despite treatment with potent antiplatelet agents. Methods and results: In freshly harvested left internal mammary artery (IMA) sections, addition of CaCl2 and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) were sufficient to stimulate a profound burst of thrombin and this effect was inhibited by antitissue factor antibodies. Ultracentrifugation of PPP to remove platelet microparticles had no effect on thrombin generation. Both the extrinsic and factor VIII-dependent pathways were necessary for IMA-supported thrombin generation as PPP derived from individuals deficient in factors V, VII, VIII or X did not support thrombin production. Small amounts of thrombin were generated utilizing factor IX (FIX)-deficient plasma, however, thrombin was not generated by aorta from FIX-deficient mice when FIX-deficient plasma was used. The addition of non-lipidated tissue factor (0.6 pm) and CaCl2 to actively proliferating cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) resulted in a pronounced burst of thrombin generation occurring between 3 and 15 min after treatment. In the absence of tissue factor, thrombin was generated but at a slower rate and with a peak value 26% of that observed in the presence of tissue factor. Conclusion: Significant thrombin generation can occur on vascular tissue in the absence of platelets or platelet microparticles and on the surface of non-apoptotic SMC.
Violence & the cultural order

Daedalus Winter 2007 Almost all theoretical and research approaches to violence begin with the assumption that, at its core, violence represents the breakdown of meaning, the advent of the irrational, and the commission of physical harm. Certainly the violence of language, representation, and the structures of everyday life are acknowledged as relevant examples of harm, but these are peripheral phenomena and dependent on the existence of bodily damage and vicious attack as a substrate to these more ethereal examples of violence. A similar ambiguity exists with regard to the way in which natural processes or zoological behaviors exhibit damage of a fleshy kind, but here the supposed reign of instinct and survival invites not only repugnance but also an absence of ethical evaluation. This informal cartography of the idea of violence in modern Western thinking indicates that orthodox solutions or responses to the problem of violence can only envisage its suppression, as a behavior inappropriate or misjudged to its ends. But what if violence is considered ennobling, redeeming, and necessary to the continuance of life itself? In other words, the legitimacy of violent acts is part of how they are constituted in the minds of observers, victims, and the perpetrators of such acts; and matters of legitimacy are not at all separate from the way in which given acts and behaviors are themselves considered violent in the 1⁄2rst place. Consonant with the recognition that violence is not a natural fact but a moral one, current anthropological thinking has moved steadily away from the notion that it is a given category of human behavior, easily identi1⁄2ed through its physical consequences and understood as emerging from the inadequacies of individual moral or social political systems of restraint, or from underlying genetic proclivities. In the light of not only encountering violence more frequently as part of ethnographic 1⁄2eldwork, but also through more properly understanding the historical importance of colonialism and neocolonialism in establishing certain codes of violent practice, anthropology has now moved toward ideas that Neil L. Whitehead
Characterization of gray-scale morphological granulometries

Use of granulometric size distributions to generate features for binary images was first studied by Matheron. Of late the method has been employed for numerous purposes including analysis of particle dispersion analysis of texture and image segmentation. Fundamental to the Matheron theory is his characterization of the most important class of granulometries the Euclidean granulometries. This characterization takes place in the context of his fundamental representation theorem for general binary tau-openings. The present paper provides a full extension of the Matheron theory of Euclidean granulometries to the gray scale.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pyrethroid and Organophosphorus Pesticides in Composite Diet Samples from Atlanta, USA Adults

Four pyrethroid (permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin) and 3 organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion) pesticides were measured in 4 days of 24 h duplicate diet samples collected from 12 Atlanta adults over two cycles (2005-2006). Samples were composited into 9 categories, by food type, to evaluate their contribution to daily intakes. The resulting 437 samples were analyzed using a multiresidue method using liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction followed by quantification via gas chromatograph with electron-capture detection. Total daily intakes (mg/kg-d) were calculated by summing the mass of a pesticide in all composites collected that day and dividing by body weight. Chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and cypermethrin in were detected in a range of composite types at frequencies > or =30%, whereas other pesticides were detected at lower frequencies. Concentrations ranged from the detection limits (0.38-0.88 ng/g) to several hundred ng/g, exceeding U.S. tolerances in a few cases. We also detected pesticides in some foods labeled organic. Total daily intakes were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's oral reference doses, except in 6% of cases when the organophosphorus concentrations were summed. Results show frequent dietary exposure of our participants to the target pesticides from a range of food types.
Restricted Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Gene Expression within Sensory Neurons in the Absence of Functional B and T Lymphocytes

Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) establishes a latent infection in sensory ganglion neurons. During latency no viral-specific proteins are detected and virus gene expression is restricted to the latency-associated transcripts. We report here that trigeminal ganglia of mice with severe combined immunodeficiency contain individual sensory neurons exhibiting restricted viral gene expression characteristic of latency; this occurred during acute (4-6 days) infection with the wild-type HSV-1 strain 17+ and after prolonged (4 weeks) infection with the replication impaired HSV-1 mutant in 1814. These results indicate that T and B lymphocytes, while important for the recovery from viral infections, are not required for the establishment or maintenance of latency in neurons.
Identification of a new, naturally occurring, non proteic amino acid in xylem sap of Pisum sativum.

Summary The xylem sap of nitrogen-fixing Pisum Sativum cv Homesteader has been examined by capillary gas chromatography and by gas chromatography mass spectrometry in both electron-impact and chemical ionization modes following the formation of N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl ester derivatives. One of the compounds thus detected had a mass of 389 and contained chlorine, one carboxylic acid group and a nitrogen atom. High-resolution mass spectrometry indicated that there were no other hetero atoms present in the molecule. The composition was determined to be C 4 H 8 NO 2 Cl. This composition can be explained only in terms of a chloroamino butyric acid.
Hold or roll: reaching the goal in jeopardy race games

We consider a class of dynamic tournaments in which two contestants are faced with a choice between two courses of action. The first is a riskless option (“hold”) of maintaining the resources the contestant already has accumulated in her turn and ceding the initiative to her rival. The second is the bolder option (“roll”) of taking the initiative of accumulating additional resources, and thereby moving ahead of her rival, while at the same time sustaining a risk of temporary setback. We study this tournament in the context of a jeopardy race game (JRG), extend the JRG to $$N > 2$$ contestants, and construct its equilibrium solution. Compared to the equilibrium solution, the results of three experiments reveal a dysfunctional bias in favor of the riskless option. This bias is substantially mitigated when the contestants are required to commit in advance how long to pursue the risky course of action.
Testing Hypotheses About the Power Law Process Under Failure Truncation Using Intrinsic Bayes Factors

Conventional Bayes factors for hypotheses testing cannot typically accommodate the use of standard noninformative priors, as such priors are defined only up to arbitrary constants which affect the values of the Bayes factors. To circumvent this problem, Berger and Pericchi (1996, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc., 19, 109-122) introduced a new criterion called the Intrinsic Bayes Factor (IBF). In this paper, we use their methodology to test several hypotheses regarding the shape parameter of the power law process. Assuming that we have data from the process according to the failure-truncation sampling scheme, we derive the arithmetic and geometric IBF's using the reference priors. We deduce a set of intrinsic priors that correspond to these IBF's, as the observed number of failures tends to infinity. We then use these results to analyze an actual data set on the failures of an aircraft generator.
Thermodynamic Constraints on the Morphology of Simulated Midlatitude Squall Lines

AbstractThis study examines how environmental thermodynamics constrain the morphology of simulated idealized midlatitude squall lines (SLs). The thermodynamic soundings used for simulating various SLs are specified primarily by prescribed vertical profiles of the convective available potential energy (CAPE) and the level of free convection. This framework, which contemplates the latent instability properties of both low- and midtropospheric air, is considered to be convenient for investigating layer-lifting convective phenomena.Results show that frequently used CAPE indices are unsuitable for diagnosing SL characteristics, while integrated CAPE (ICAPE) discriminates the amplitude of the storm-induced heating for a given value of environmental shear. The skill of ICAPE follows from its relation to the buoyancy attained by low- and midtropospheric parcels as they ascend over the cold pool under layer-lifting convection. Environmental kinematics also affect the storm-induced heating, with stronger low-level ...
Basic Engineering Software for Teaching (“BEST”) Dynamics

Engineering dynamics is the study of motion, but textbooks and chalkboards, the traditional classroom teaching tools, cannot show that motion. Mechanical models are helpful, but relatively inflexible; they are qualitative, not quantitative. Since July 1992, personnel from the University of Missouri-Rolla have been developing and classroom testing “BEST”* (Basic Engineering Software for Teaching) Dynamics with the goal of improving the teaching and learning of engineering dynamics. About forty-five different problem simulations, representing a selection of typical kinematics and kinetics problems for both particles and rigid bodies, have been completed. These problems enable the user to vary inputs to view a wide variety of configurations and behavior. Students using “BEST” Dynamics have reported improved ability to visualize motion, and somewhat improved problem solving ability. Recent work has focused on adding, to some of the problems, “Solutions” which give detailed support in writing and solving equations. This paper will introduce the reader to “BEST” Dynamics and its classroom use. It will also provide some philosophical commentary on the applicability of instructional software to the problem-solving-oriented engineering classroom.
Transforming properties of a Q18→E mutation of the microtubule regulator Op18

Summary We have identified a somatic mutation in Op18 in a human esophageal adenocarcinoma. The mutant form of Op18 (M-Op18) was cloned and sequenced, revealing a substitution of a G for C at nucleotide 155, which results in a Q18→E substitution in the protein. M-Op18 cDNA was expressed in NIH/3T3 cells, which resulted in foci formation and tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. Cell cycle analysis of M-Op18-expressing cells revealed a doubling in the percentage of cells in G2/M relative to cells overexpressing wild-type Op18, a decrease in M-Op18-specific phosphorylation, and alterations in tubulin ultrastructure in M-Op18-expressing cells. These results suggest that the somatic mutation identified in Op18 has profound effects on cell homeostasis that may lead to tumorigenicity.
Activatable cholesterol esterase and triacylglycerol lipase activities of rat adrenal and their relationship.

Abstract Activatable cholesterol esterase and triacylglycerol lipase of rat adrenal were 58–69% recovered in the 100 000 × g supernatant fraction. Activatable triacylglycerol lipase activity was differentiated from the activity of acid lipase and lipoprotein lipase also found in this fraction. Cholesterol esterase was activated 39.7 ± 13.6% (S.D.) and triacylglycerol liapse 11.9 ± 2.9% in a reaction dependent on ATP, cyclic AMP, and protein kinase. The two activities were shown by differential inhibition by an organophosphate, and by partial separation on salting out, to be largely due to separate enzymes. The two enzymes bound tightly to substrate emulsions with quantitatively similar distribution between competing emulsions, suggesting concerted binding. Coinciding gel filtration patterns reinforced, the hypothesis of a lipase complex. Cholesterol esterase comprised a major component of higher apparent Km for substrate and molecular weight 3 · 105–6 · 105 by gel filtration, and a minor component of lower apparent Km and heterogeneous molecular weight above 1 million, which was found mostly in complex with lipid.
Mitigation of optical turbulence effects using a modified simplex optimization approach: experimental study

Dynamically changing turbulence in the atmosphere distorts the wavefront of the laser beam propagating through it. The resulting spatial and temporal fields of the refractive index lead to performance degradation in the form of reduced signal power and increased BER, even for short link ranges. An electrically addressed liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) can be used to correct the optical path difference (OPD) pattern resulting from the atmospheric distortions. Approximating the phase profile of the distorted beam using well-known Zernike formalism reduces the complexity of controlling each pixel of the SLM. Real time correction of the wavefront can be achieved using the Simplex optimization procedure by Nelder and Mead. Previously, some modifications have been proposed to overcome the local minima problems as well as the faster convergence. Yet the better and faster performance could be achieved by more accurate prediction of the simplex initialization along with the modifications in the simplex procedure. This paper presents the experimental results of such modifications to the earlier proposed system.
How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism. By Eric Hobsbawm. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011. Pp. viii, 470. $35.00.)

That Karl Marx remains relevant today and will continue to be in the twenty‐first century are the two central points of this stimulating new book (5). The title reflects another vital aspect of the...
Making decisions about environmental management when conventional economic analysis cannot be used

A process is described for making comparative valuations of a wide range of environmental management activities when the combined social, economic, managerial, and political benefits of some (but not all) of these activities cannot be adequately described in economic terms and when budgetary constraints do not permit funding of all activities under consideration. The process accounts for subjective judgment and contains a formal rigorous decision strategy that takes the place of intuition when quantitative and qualitative values of environmental activities need to be evaluated.
Giardia lamblia RNA Polymerase II AMANITIN-RESISTANT TRANSCRIPTION

Giardia lamblia is an early branching eukaryote, and although distinctly eukaryotic in its cell and molecular biology, transcription and translation in G. lamblia demonstrate important differences from these processes in higher eukaryotes. The cyclic octapeptide amanitin is a relatively selective inhibitor of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and is commonly used to study RNAP II transcription. Therefore, we measured the sensitivity of G. lamblia RNAP II transcription to α-amanitin and found that unlike most other eukaryotes, RNAP II transcription in Giardia is resistant to 1 mg/ml amanitin. In contrast, 50 μg/ml amanitin inhibits 85% of RNAP III transcription activity using leucyl-tRNA as a template. To better understand transcription in G. lamblia, we identified 10 of the 12 known eukaryotic rpb subunits, including all 10 subunits that are required for viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The amanitin motif (amanitin binding site) of Rpb1 from G. lamblia has amino acid substitutions at six highly conserved sites that have been associated with amanitin resistance in other organisms. These observations of amanitin resistance of Giardia RNA polymerase II support previous proposals of the mechanism of amanitin resistance in other organisms and provide a molecular framework for the development of novel drugs with selective activity against G. lamblia.
Biochemical genetics and evolution of North American blackbirds, family Icteridae

Abstract 1. 1. Electrophoretic patterns of 14 proteins encoded by 15 genetic loci were examined from 35 populations of seven species of North American blackbirds, family Icteridae. 2. 2. Analysis of allelic variation revealed a genetic basis for considering the seven species as members of two groups previously established from morphological evidence. These are the Agelaiine group, which includes two species of meadowlarks, genus Sturnella, and the Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, and the Quiscaline group which includes the Brewer's Blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus, and two species of grackles, Cassidix mexicana and Quisculus quiscula. The more primitive Brownheaded Cowbird, Molothrus ater, was found to be most similar to members of the Quiscaline group. 3. 3. A phylogeny of the taxa is presented including divergence times for the seven species. Speciation of the forms appears to have been within the last 160,000 years, with a major portion of the divergence occurring during the Pleistocene glaciation.
Density-functional approach to local-field effects in finite systems: Photoabsorption in the rare gases

We present a formalism based on density-functional theory capable of describing polarization-type many-body effects influencing the photoresponse of small electronic systems. The self-consistent field approach we describe incorporates correlations into a local, effective single-particle potential which takes account of the time-dependent fields induced by an external radiation field. In this paper we present calculations of the static polarizabilities, total photoabsorption cross sections, and selected partial photoabsorption cross sections of the rare gases which yield results in good agreement with experiment. A study of the energy and spatial dependence of the local field leads to a clear physical picture of the dielectric properties of these systems.
Re-coordinating activities: an investigation of articulation work in patient transfers

The coordination of distributed activities is central to organizational work. The effective functioning of organizations hinges on their ability to manage interdependencies both within (intra-) and between (inter-) various departments. However, more than just the management of these individual interdependencies is required for smooth work system coordination. Organizations must also manage the interactions between intra- and inter-departmental activities. To investigate how these interactions manifest in organizational work, we conducted a field study examining patient transfer process. We highlight the cross-boundary breakdowns that occur when intra-departmental and inter-departmental activities related to patient transfers negatively affect each other. We then describe the re-coordinating activities performed to mitigate the effects of cross-boundary breakdowns. We discuss a framework of inter-departmental coordination work that describes the relationship between cross-boundary breakdowns and re-coordinating activities. Furthermore, we classify the re-coordinating activities as a type of articulation work performed by hospital staff. This research can help us develop empirically-driven and theoretically-based design guidelines for coordination tools to maintain overall organizational workflow by balancing the goals and requirements of the various departments.
Disintegrating Agents in Hard Gelatin Capsules. Part II: Swelling Efficiency

AbstractThe wicking and swelling properties of pure disintegrants were investigated from plugs prepared under conditions similar to those used in encapsulation of powder mixtures into hard gelatin capsules. Pure AcDiSol exhibited the greatest wicking and swelling action followed by Primojel, Polyplasdone-XL 10 and corn starch. The swelling properties of pure disintegrants correlated best with the swelling of formulation mixtures and the efficiency of these materials in enhancing the dissolution of hydrochlorothiazide. A change in the penetrating liquid from dilute acid to water altered the liquid uptake and swelling of AcDiSol and Primojel but not those of Polyplasdone-XL 10 and corn starch. The extent of swelling per unit volume of liquid absorbed, defined as the swelling efficiency, varied with time and type of disintegrant. The swelling efficiencies of pure AcDiSol and corn starch were unaffected by the nature of the penetrating liquid while Primojel and Polyplasdone-XL 10 exhibited greater efficiencie...
MHD turbulence in the Earth's plasma sheet: Dynamics, dissipation, and driving

[1] The turbulent flows and tangled magnetic fields of the Earth's plasma sheet are explored theoretically and by means of ISEE-2 plasma and magnetic-field measurements. The goal is to obtain a basic understanding of (1) the dynamics, (2) the driving, and (3) the dissipation of the turbulence. Dynamically, the turbulence of the plasma sheet appears to be a turbulence of eddies, rather than a turbulence of Alfven waves or other MHD modes. In this respect, it is similar to the two-dimensional turbulence of the solar wind. Previously published statistical arguments that the correlation length (= integral scale = eddy size) of the turbulence fluctuations in the plasma sheet is leddy ∼ 1.6 RE are confirmed by analyzing plasma sheet magnetic-field measurements during two special “sweeping” intervals that follow the passage of interplanetary shocks. For dissipation of the turbulence, two mechanisms appear to be important. The first is a cascade of energy in the turbulence to small spatial scales, where internal dissipation at non-MHD spatial scales should occur. The second mechanism is electrical coupling of the turbulent flows to the resistive ionosphere, which introduces a “quasi-viscosity” to the plasma sheet. This quasi-viscosity is complicated owing (1) to a time delay associated with Alfven-transit-time coupling (introducing a viscoelasticity to the turbulence), (2) to a scalesize dependence of the coupling (introducing a hypoviscosity), and (3) to a dependence of the coupling on the sign of the flow shear (introducing a sign-vorticity effect). For the coupling of the plasma sheet turbulence to the ionosphere, retarded-time Reynolds numbers R* are derived to describe the importance of the resulting dissipation (quasi-viscosity) and a Deborah number D is derived to describe the importance of the time lag (elasticity). The difference of the plasma sheet turbulence from homogeneous turbulence is discussed; this dissimilarity is owed to (a) dissipation at all wave numbers in the plasma sheet, (b) the presence of boundaries, and (c) the limited range of spatial scales that will allow scale-invariant dynamics. A better description of the plasma sheet turbulence would be “turbulence in a box” or a turbulent wake.
Intelligence and bribing behavior in a one-shot game

Abstract We investigate the relationship between intelligence and bribing behavior in a simple one-shot game of corruption. We find a robust relationship between intelligence and the probability of bribing in which a higher intelligence quotient (IQ) leads to a lower probability of bribing in the game. This result holds after controlling for other determinants such as gender, attitude toward corruption, and perceptions of corruption. By revealing the gender of the matched player, we also show that gender perceptions of corruption are strong determinants of bribery.
Thermodynamics of the dissociation of 2-aminopyridinium ion in synthetic seawater and a standard for pH in marine systems

Buffer solutions composed of 2-aminopyridinium chloride and 2-aminopyridine in synthetic seawater are useful as a supplement to buffers of ‘Tris’ (pH 8.2) and ‘Bis’ (pH 8.8) in standardizing measurements of hydrogen ion concentration (pmH or pH(SWS)) in oceanography. The dissociation constant of 2-amino-pyridinium ion over the range of salinities (S) from 30 to 40 has now been determined from the emf of cells without liquid junction at eight temperatures (T) from 278.15 to 313.15 K. The results fit the equation pK=2498.31/T−15.3274+2.4050 lnT+S(0.012928−2.9417×10−5T) with a standard deviation of 0.0023. Thermodynamic constants for the dissociation process and standard reference values of pmH and pH(SWS) were derived from the data. The pmH of the buffer consisting of 2-aminopyridinium chloride and 2-aminopyridine (each 0.04 molal) in synthetic seawater of salinity 35 varies from 7.356 at 278.15 K to 6.601 at 313.15 K.
A Follow-up Assessment of a Second-Grade Problem-Centered Mathematics Project.

Five second-grade classes in two schools participated in a project that was generally compatible with a constructivist theory of knowing. At the end of the school year, the students in these classes and their peers in six non-project classes in the same schools were assigned to ten textbook-based third-grade classes on the basis of reading scores. The two groups of students were compared at the end of the third-grade year on a standardized achievement test and on instruments designed to assess their conceptual development in arithmetic, their personal goals in mathematics, and their beliefs about reasons for success in mathematics. The levels of computation performance on familiar textbook tasks were comparable, but former project students had attained more advanced levels of conceptual understanding. In addition, they held stronger beliefs about the importance of working hard and being interested in mathematics, and about understanding and collaborating. Further, they attributed less importance to conforming to the solution methods of others.
A test of significance for determining if one new testing procedure is better than another relative to a standard procedure.

Abstract Frequently, a patient with a disease such as coccidioidomycosis is placed into one of t stages upon diagnosis of the disease. The stage in which a patient finds himself is a measure of the severity of his disease. Ordinarily there is some standard methodology for placing a patient into one of the t stages. However, one or more new procedures, thought to be more accurate, less costly, and generally more useful than the standard procedure, may be developed for the purpose of staging patients. The purpose of this paper is to develop a test of significance to determine which (if either) of two new procedures is the better one, relative to a standard procedure in staging patients. We shall thus assume that the standard procedure classifies patients without error. Generally, limits are set by which a new procedure may differ in its stage number from the standard procedure. A match is said to occur between the new and standard procedure if, and only if, they both classify the given patient within these limits. Currently, more data are required before the theory developed herein can be refined to consider the number of stages by which the new procedure differs from the standard. In the specific example employed, we apply the test of significance to show that the LBCF method of staging patients with coccidioidomycosis is superior to the Microtiter method relative to the Smith method which is the standard method for staging coccidioidomycosis patients. This superiority is exhibited when a one-stage difference is allowed between methods on a given patient as well as for the exact matching situation.
Long-term survivors of breast cancer. A qualitative descriptive study.

The purpose of this study was to explore the daily lived experience of women who have survived breast cancer beyond 5 years without recurrence. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to collect and analyze the stories of 25 women, 40–78 years of age, with 5–26 years of survival time. Informants
Steady Bingham fluid flow in cylindrical pipes: a time dependent approach to the iterative solution

The main goal of this article is to discuss a novel iterative method for the numerical simulation of a steady Bingham fluid flow in a cylindrical pipe. The method is of the primal-dual type and can be interpreted as an implicit scheme of backward Euler type, applied to a well chosen time dependent variant of the problem under consideration. A key ingredient of the algorithm is a kind of dynamical Tychonoff regularization of the fixed point relation verified by the dual solution. After proving the convergence of the method, we apply it to the solution of test problems and verify its anticipated good convergence properties. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing and characterization of carbon fibre-reinforced polynaphthoxazine composite

In order to attain a high-temperature resistant composite with good performance as well as processability, a polynaphthoxazine composite with 60% by volume of carbon fibre has been successfully developed. The naphthoxazine monomer was modified to obtain lower melting point and higher solubility for improved processability. The density and void content of this composite were measured at room temperature. The Tg and the activation enthalpy of the glass transition process were measured by dynamic mechanical analysis, and the effect of cure temperature on the Tg of the composite was studied. The thermal characteristics of this composite were studied in terms of the weight loss after isothermal ageing, the decomposition temperature from thermogravimetric analysis, and the change in dynamic storage moduli at high temperatures. Flexural and interlaminar shear tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of this composite. A good balance between strength and toughness of this composite was achieved. A very high char yield of 90% was gained after carbonization in a nitrogen atmosphere. This polynaphthoxazine composite compares favourably with the bismaleimide composites in terms of mechanical properties and thermal stabilities.
School Psychologists as Instructional Consultants in a Response-to-Intervention Model

The 2004 authorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act affords an opportunity to shift the classification of Learning Disabilities (LD) from a “refer-test-place” to a Response-to-Intervention (RtI) service delivery model. As a result, there are implications for the professional activities of school psychologists. School psychologists, who historically devoted much of their time to testing struggling learners for learning disabilities, will need to engage in a different type of practice, specifically providing instructional consultation in a tiered assessment and intervention model. This article describes instructional consultation skills and knowledge school psychologists must possess to promote the learning outcomes of students with achievement deficits, including students with disabilities. Survey data collected from 249 California school psychologist practitioners highlight the need to modify school psychology pre-service training and on-going professional development to enable school psychologists to become effective instructional consultants.
The politics of situating knowledge: An exercise in social epistemology

This essay forges links between Popperians and feminists by considering the connections between Donna Haraway's “situated knowledge” and Karl R. Popper's “situational logic.” It is concerned with the political commitments behind methodological issues, with the degree to which there can be a Popperian contribution to the feminist vision of a successor science, and with ways of dealing with, while not resolving, the political differences between socialist feminists and libertarian Popperians.
Autonomic and Decisive Forms of Competition

A basis is proposed for a theory of competition which will cover all its forms and all areas of social relationship where it occurs. Forms may be classified as either autonomic, in which entities are ordered or winners determined by the process itself; or decisive, in which results are determined by a decision-maker. The first category includes two subclasses: crescive, in which relative rates of growth determine winners, and Richardson competition, in which competitors seek to outachieve one another.—Editor
Effects of long-term cardiatectomy-allatectomy on mitochondrial respiration in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis

Abstract A biochemical relationship is described between the corpora cardiaca and fat body mitochondria of Blaberus discoidalis Serv. Polarographic measurements reveal that both fat body homogenates and mitochondria from 30-day cardiatectomized-allatectomized males consume oxygen at significantly lower rates than controls. The addition of key glycolytic and Krebs cycle intermediates, disrupted cardiaca, or metabolic co-factors has no significant effect on the oxygen consumption of these preparations. The ineffectiveness of added substrates and co-factors suggests that the biochemical lesion may be a basic change in the structural or enzymatic unity of the mitochondria.
The Legal Framework for Reproducible Scientific Research: Licensing and Copyright

As computational researchers increasingly make their results available in a reproducible way, and often outside the traditional journal publishing mechanism, questions naturally arise with regard to copyright, subsequent use and citation, and ownership rights in general. The growing number of scientists who release their research publicly face a gap in the current licensing and copyright structure, particularly on the Internet. Scientific research produces more than the final paper: The code, data structures, experimental design and parameters, documentation, and figures are all important for scholarship communication and result replication. The author proposes the reproducible research standard for scientific researchers to use for all components of their scholarship that should encourage reproducible scientific investigation through attribution, facilitate greater collaboration, and promote engagement of the larger community in scientific learning and discovery.
GM-CSF-Facilitated Dendritic Cell Recruitment and Survival Govern the Intestinal Mucosal Response to a Mouse Enteric Bacterial Pathogen

Summary Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promotes dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and survival in vitro. However, its role in host defense at the intestinal mucosa is unknown. We report that infection with the mouse enteric pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium , increased colonic GM-CSF production and CD11c + DC recruitment. After infection, GM-CSF −/− mice had fewer mucosal CD11c + DCs, greater bacterial burden, increased mucosal inflammation and systemic spread of infection, decreased antibody responses, and delayed pathogen clearance. This defective mucosal response was rescued by GM-CSF administration to GM-CSF −/− mice and mimicked by CD11c + DC depletion in wild-type animals. Diminished mucosal DC numbers in infected GM-CSF −/− mice reflected decreased DC recruitment and survival, with the recruitment defect being related to a failure to upregulate epithelial cell production of the DC chemoattractant, CCL22. Thus, GM-CSF produced in the intestinal mucosa acts to enhance host protection against an enteric bacterial pathogen through regulating recruitment and survival of DCs.
Stop the technology, I want to get off: Tips and tricks for media selection and acquisition

Abstract Media selection and acquisition is highly dependent on a number of variables, perhaps the most important of which is changing technologies. New technology is a wonderful and frightening thing, with a high level of impact on media collection development. New technologies can improve sound and visual quality, but can also play havoc with established collections and budgets. Availability of various media formats and titles is a very fluid phenomenon, which poses a unique set of challenges to media librarians and selectors.
Natural daily temperature acclimation of eastern red efts, Notophthalmus v. viridescens (Rafinesque) (Amphibia: Caudata).

Abstract 1. 1. Red efts ( Notophthalmus viridescens ) exposed to daily temperature fluctuations in the field increased their critical thermal maximum (CTM) l°C in 10hr. 2. 2. Animals kept at a constant 19°C or exposed to field temperatures no higher than 24°C did not show any change in temperature tolerance. 3. 3. Efts voluntarily exposed themselves to temperatures of 26–28°C although lower temperatures were readily available. 4. 4. Efts became dehydrated during the day. Those that were kept dehydrated overnight retained the high CTM produced by the day's exposure while those allowed to rehydrate lost the high CTM but retained acclimation at lower levels of heat incapacitation.