cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle-induced unusual melting and solidification behaviours of metals.

Effective control of melting and solidification behaviours of materials is significant for numerous applications. It has been a long-standing challenge to increase the melted zone (MZ) depth while shrinking the heat-affected zone (HAZ) size during local melting and solidification of materials. In this paper, nanoparticle-induced unusual melting and solidification behaviours of metals are reported that effectively solve this long-time dilemma. By introduction of Al2O3 nanoparticles, the MZ depth of Ni is increased by 68%, while the corresponding HAZ size is decreased by 67% in laser melting at a pulse energy of 0.18 mJ. The addition of SiC nanoparticles shows similar results. The discovery of the unusual melting and solidification of materials that contain nanoparticles will not only have impacts on existing melting and solidification manufacturing processes, such as laser welding and additive manufacturing, but also on other applications such as pharmaceutical processing and energy storage. A material with a deep melted zone (MZ) but small heat-affected zone (HAZ) is ideal for manufacturing, but improving one zone comes at the expense of the other. Here, the authors resolve this contradiction in metals by adding nanoparticles, which change the metals’ properties in such a way that both expands MZ and minimizes HAZ.
Direct observation of intrinsic pinning by layered structure in single-crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ

The intrinsic pinning in twinned and untwinned single-crystal ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ is observed using a novel crossed-magnetic-field technique for obtaining angular resolutions of \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\theta}0.005\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The pinning occurs for magnetic-field directions within a critical angle ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} of the Cu-O planes. The data are discussed in the context of a lock-in transition of vortices in the a-b plane of the crystal.
PREVALENCE AND IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES OF UREMIC AND DIALYSIS PERICARDITIS: A UNITED STATES NATIONAL STUDY

Background: In the modern dialysis era, uremic and dialysis pericarditis (UDP) are less frequently encountered in clinical practice. We sought to determine the secular variation and in-hospital outcomes of UDP. Methods: Using the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases 2003 through 2012, we
Mechanisms of sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated vasoconstriction of rat afferent arterioles.

Aim Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) influences resistance vessel function and is implicated in renal pathological processes. Previous studies revealed that S1P evoked potent vasoconstriction of the pre-glomerular microvasculature, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. We postulated that S1P-mediated pre-glomerular microvascular vasoconstriction involves activation of voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels (L-VDCC) and the rho/rho kinase pathway. Methods Afferent arteriolar reactivity was assessed in vitro using the blood-perfused rat juxtamedullary nephron preparation, and diameter was measured during exposure to physiological and pharmacological agents. Results Exogenous S1P (10-9 -10-5 mol L-1 ) evoked concentration-dependent vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. Superfusion with nifedipine, a L-VDCC blocker, increased arteriolar diameter by 39 ± 18% of baseline and significantly attenuated the S1P-induced vasoconstriction. Superfusion with the rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, increased diameter by 60 ± 12% of baseline and also significantly blunted vasoconstriction by S1P. Combined nifedipine and Y-27632 treatment significantly inhibited S1P-induced vasoconstriction over the entire concentration range tested. In contrast, depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores with the Ca2+ -ATPase inhibitors, thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid, did not alter the S1P-mediated vasoconstrictor profile. Scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity significantly attenuated S1P-mediated vasoconstriction. Conclusion Exogenous S1P elicits potent vasoconstriction of rat afferent arterioles. These data also demonstrate that S1P-mediated pre-glomerular vasoconstriction involves activation of L-VDCC, the rho/rho kinase pathway and ROS. Mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores is not required for S1P-mediated vasoconstriction. These studies reveal a potential role for S1P in the modulation of renal microvascular tone.
Local recurrence patterns after postoperative stereotactic radiation surgery to resected brain metastases: A quantitative analysis to guide target delineation.

Abstract Purpose In the treatment of resected metastatic brain disease, a recent phase 3 trial by the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (N107C/CEC.3) surprisingly found that the local control rate for whole-brain radiation therapy was better than that of stereotactic radiation surgery (SRS). To optimize target delineation, we performed a quantitative analysis of local failure patterns after postoperative SRS. Methods and materials Patients with brain metastases who were treated with surgery and SRS to the cavity were evaluated. Local failure was defined by pathologic confirmation or magnetic resonance imaging evidence of progression leading to further overlapping radiation therapy. T1 postgadolinium magnetic resonance imaging scans that were taken preoperatively and at recurrence were co-registered to the simulation computed tomography. Three volumes were compared: (1) Preoperative tumors, (2) resection cavities that were originally contoured as clinical target volumes for SRS, and (3) recurrent tumors. Overlap volume histograms quantified the proximity of the three volumes to the meninges. Results In the cohort of 173 patients, 18 patients experienced local failure in 19 resection cavities. The original SRS target volume overlapped with a median of 69.6% of the recurrent tumor. When the entire preoperative tumor was included, the overlap with the recurrent tumor increased to a median of 76.8%. Recurrent tumors were closer to the meninges than corresponding preoperative tumors (P = .03) but a median 8.2 mm expansion of the target volume from the meninges was needed to increase overlap with the recurrent tumor to 90%. Increases in overlap with the recurrent tumor were achieved most efficiently by uniformly expanding the contoured cavity and a median 2.8 mm expansion covered 90% of the recurrent tumor. Conclusions Our quantitative analysis of recurrence patterns suggests that a larger 3 mm uniform expansion of the SRS target volume substantially increases coverage of the volume that is later occupied by the recurrent tumor and may provide improved local control. The extent of the preoperative tumor in the target volume or expanding the target volume from the meninges provides little benefit.
A Nervous State: Violence, Remedies, and Reverie in Colonial Congo by Nancy Rose Hunt

Hunt, Nancy Rose. A Nervous State: Violence, Remedies, and Reverie in Colonial Congo . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016. Review by Dylan Atchley Proctor.
Effects of Naloxone and Caffeine on Responding under a Progressive-Duration Schedule of Food Delivery

In 2 experiments, we investigated the utility of a progressive-duration schedule as an assay for measuring drug effects. In both experiments, rats responded on a schedule of reinforcement in which food delivery was contingent upon response duration. Response requirements increased after each reinforcer delivery in a fashion similar to that of progressive-ratio schedules. Naloxone (1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in breaking points, a finding consistent with those of previous studies demonstrating that opioid antagonists may reduce the reinforcing efficacy of highly palatable foods in sated organisms. In a second experiment, caffeine (3.0, 6.25, and 12.5 mg/kg) sometimes produced increases in breaking points but reduced efficiency by increasing the proportions of lever presses that were too short to satisfy reinforcer requirements. Food deprivation had similar effects. The progressive-duration schedule shows promise as an assay sensitive to motivational aspects of behavior; however, distinguishing the rate-altering effects of drugs from their effects on motivating operations may pose interpretation challenges.
Patching the retina with stem cells

An engineered patch of retinal pigment epithelium shows promise in two macular degeneration patients.
The optimal noise-rejection threshold for normal and impaired hearing

Binary masking represents a powerful tool for increasing speech intelligibility in noise. An essential aspect involves the local criterion (LC), which defines the signal-to-noise ratio below which time-frequency units are discarded. But binary masking is a victim of its own success in one regard—it produces ceiling sentence intelligibility across a broad range of LC values, making the exact optimal LC value difficult to determine. Further, the optimal value for hearing-impaired (HI) listeners is largely unknown. In the current study, the optimal LC was determined in normal-hearing (NH) and HI listeners using speech materials less likely to produce ceiling effects. The CID W22 words were mixed with noise consisting of recordings from a busy hospital cafeteria, then subjected to ideal binary masking. LC values ranged from -20 to + 5 dB relative to the overall SNR of -8 dB. NH subjects were tested at 65 dBA and HI subjects were tested at 65 dBA plus NAL-RP hearing-aid gains. Preliminary results suggest that the optimal LC is similar for NH and HI listeners. Additional conditions involving different speech materials and noise types suggest that the optimal LC can vary as a function of speech and/or noise type. [Work supported by NIH.]Binary masking represents a powerful tool for increasing speech intelligibility in noise. An essential aspect involves the local criterion (LC), which defines the signal-to-noise ratio below which time-frequency units are discarded. But binary masking is a victim of its own success in one regard—it produces ceiling sentence intelligibility across a broad range of LC values, making the exact optimal LC value difficult to determine. Further, the optimal value for hearing-impaired (HI) listeners is largely unknown. In the current study, the optimal LC was determined in normal-hearing (NH) and HI listeners using speech materials less likely to produce ceiling effects. The CID W22 words were mixed with noise consisting of recordings from a busy hospital cafeteria, then subjected to ideal binary masking. LC values ranged from -20 to + 5 dB relative to the overall SNR of -8 dB. NH subjects were tested at 65 dBA and HI subjects were tested at 65 dBA plus NAL-RP hearing-aid gains. Preliminary results suggest that ...
A Multi-Attribute Auction Format for Procurement with Limited Disclosure of Buyer’s Preference Structure

In this paper, we present a hybrid, two-round procurement auction that can be used when a buyer wants to procure a single unit of a multi-attribute item. In such cases, bids are measured on many attributes like price, quality, reliability, past history of the bidder, geographical distance between the locations of the bidder and the buyer. The problem is even more acute for Global Enterprises where additional attributes like tax and tariff structures of the country of the supplier become important as well. While such multi-attribute bids are commonplace in sealed bid tenders where the analysis of the bids can be carried out after all of them have been placed to determine the winner; it is difficult to handle such multi-attribute bids in other auction formats like English and Dutch auctions. The difficulty arises because in holding multi-attribute forms of English and Dutch auctions, the buyer needs to communicate information about his true preference amongst attributes to the participating suppliers. But by passing the information on preference between various attributes (termed as the preference structure), the buyer risks revealing sensitive strategic information to the suppliers. In this paper, we present a two-phase auction mechanism that guides the multi-attribute bidding of the participating suppliers, but ensures that only limited information about the buyer’s preference structure can be reverse interpreted by the buyers. We also provide results relating to proper choice of the amount of information that should be disclosed in such manner.
Goal velocity obstacles for spatial navigation of multiple virtual agents

We present the goal velocity obstacle for the spatial navigation of multiple virtual agents to planar goal regions in the two-dimensional workspace. Our approach uses velocity obstacles not only to compute collision-avoiding velocities with respect to other agents, but also to specify velocities that will direct an agent toward its spatial goal region. We demonstrate shorter path lengths and fewer collisions with only microseconds of additional computation per agent per time step than velocity-based methods that optimize on a single, preferred velocity toward the goal of each agent.
Ethical Mindsets of Christianity and Confucianism: A Comparative Study

This study investigates the application of an organizational mindset instrument to compare the ethical mindsets between Italy and Taiwan. Results suggest that there are not significant differences, but Italian business is perceived to practice some Machiavellianism that puts results ahead of ethical concerns.
Full-Field Determination of the Taylor-Quinney Coefficient in Tension Tests of Ti-6Al-4V at Strain Rates up to s蜢1

The percentage of plastic work converted to heat during plastic deformation, represented as β, and known as the Inelastic Heat Fraction (IHF) or the Taylor-Quinney coefficient is investigated in tension samples of Ti-6Al-4V tested to failure at strain rates ranging from 1 to 7000 s−1. Quasi-static tests at strain rates at 1 s−1 were completed on a load frame while tests ranging from 500 to 7000 s−1 were completed on two separate split-Hopkinson bars. For each test, strain measurements were recorded on one side of the sample using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) while simultaneous temperature measurements were captured on the opposite side of the sample via infrared thermography. A method to determine β by combining the full-field temperature and strain measurements with the recorded force data is presented. Results demonstrating the dependence of β on plastic strain and strain rate are also described.
Systematic Assessment of Miranda Comprehension

This chapter emphasizes ecological validity so that Miranda evaluations give full consideration to real-world circumstances within the boundaries of professional ethics. For Miranda comprehension, recall and understanding can often be tested via recordings by law enforcement and the advisement, pre-waiver interactions, and the subsequent waiver. Miranda abilities are best understood within a hierarchical model. An integrated understanding for Miranda rights depends on accurate recall; likewise, use of accurate recall relies on correct definitions of Miranda-relevant vocabulary. Sophisticated Miranda evaluations often include specialized Miranda measures that provide both nomothetic data as well as case-specific findings. In addition, open-ended (i.e., non-standardized) interviews and observations are essential in capturing the totality of circumstances as required by Miranda evaluations. Thus, this chapter provides a step-by-step approach for assessing Miranda comprehension and evaluating any efforts at feigned Miranda impairment.
Living with observational data in biological anthropology

The establishment of cause and effect relationships is a fundamental objective of scientific research. Many lines of evidence can be used to make cause-effect inferences. When statistical data are involved, alternative explanations for the statistical relationship need to be ruled out. These include chance (apparent patterns due to random factors), confounding effects (a relationship between two variables because they are each associated with an unmeasured third variable), and sampling bias (effects due to preexisting properties of compared groups). The gold standard for managing these issues is a controlled randomized experiment. In disciplines such as biological anthropology, where controlled experiments are not possible for many research questions, causal inferences are made from observational data. Methods that statisticians recommend for this difficult objective have not been widely adopted in the biological anthropology literature. Issues involved in using statistics to make valid causal inferences from observational data are discussed.
Children's Thoughts about the Future: A Comparison of Gifted and Non-Gifted Students:

In this study, children of both gifted and average ability levels confirmed that they are capable of reflecting on future occurrences, of assessing the probability of positive or negative outcomes, and of identifying implications of those future occurrences.This study compared positive versus negative attitudes of gifted and average children toward the future and found that gifted children identified themselves to be more pessimistic toward the future and were shown to respond more negatively to future issues of pollution, schools, and crime.Additionally, in analyzing responses to a call for implications of hypothetical future happenings, gifted children produced significantly more solution-oriented responses. No differences were seen between gifted and average students in the number of problem-oriented responses.Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to the developing of curricula and the teaching of gifted children in the schools.
Analysis of financial sustainability of survivorship clinics led by advanced practice providers.

11560Background: Disease specific Survivorship Care Clinics (SCs) have been established within a comprehensive cancer center. Clinics are staffed by Advanced Practice Providers (APPs), Physician As...
Converging and Diverging Themes: A Synthesis of Contemporary Theological Literature on Disability

This paper will engage contemporary theological literature and the prevalent views articulated by contemporary Christian authors regarding disability. The themes will be drawn from the writings of ...
A Disinhibitory Circuit for Contextual Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex

SO_SCPLOWUMMARYC_SCPLOWContext strongly guides perception by influencing the saliency of sensory stimuli. Accordingly, sensory neurons respond differently to the same stimulus depending on the context in which the stimulus is embedded. In the visual system, the relationship between the features of the stimulus and those of the surround determine how excitatory neurons are modulated. Their responses are suppressed when center and surround share the same features but not when they are different. The mechanisms that relieve surround suppression and thereby generate contextual modulation remain unclear. Here we show that the disinhibitory circuit consisting of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) and vasoactive-intestinal-peptide-expressing (VIP) inhibitory neurons contextually modulates excitatory neurons in mouse primary visual cortex. When the stimulus and the surround share the same features, VIP neurons are inactive and SOM neurons can suppress excitatory neurons. However, when the features of the stimulus differ from those of the surround, VIP neurons are activated, thereby inhibiting SOM neurons and relieving excitatory neurons from suppression. Optogenetic silencing of VIP neurons, via disinhibition of SOM neurons, reduces the contextual modulation of excitatory neurons. We have identified a canonical cortical disinhibitory circuit which contributes to contextual modulation of excitatory neurons, and may thereby regulate perceptual saliency.
Volatility of Education Aid and Female Education

Positive contributions of females to economic growth cannot be denied and they can contribute more effectively to economic development if they get a better education. Thus, it is essential to explore the different ways of enhancing female education and reducing the gender gap. Such actions can be even more crucial in low-income countries where the need for higher economic growth is more pressing. The important point for these countries is that the scope and quality of education are highly dependent on foreign aid on education. This paper empirically investigates the link between schooling of female students and the volatility of foreign aid on education to better understand the impact of aid on female education and the ways of improving it. The results show that the share of female students increases with declining volatility of foreign aid in low-income countries. Another interesting finding is that the volatility of education aid also affects total students, but this effect is relatively weak when compared to female students only. The dataset covers the years 2002–2016 and 27 low-income countries from Africa and Asia.
Photoacoustic imaging with fiber optic technology: A review

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has achieved remarkable growth in the past few decades since it takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound (US) imaging. In order to better promote the wide clinical applications of PAI, many miniaturized and portable PAI systems have recently been proposed. Most of these systems utilize fiber optic technologies. Here, we overview the fiber optic technologies used in PAI. This paper discusses three different fiber optic technologies: fiber optic light transmission, fiber optic US transmission, and fiber optic US detection. These fiber optic technologies are analyzed in different PAI modalities including photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), and minimally invasive photoacoustic imaging (MIPAI).
HIV Persistence in the Spleen: Opportunities for Pharmacologic Intervention

The persistence of HIV in the spleen, despite combination antiretroviral therapy, is not well understood. Sustained immune dysregulation and delayed immune recovery, in addition to immune cell exha...
Ranging and territoriality in red-shanked doucs (Pygathrix nemaeus) at Son Tra Nature Reserve, Vietnam.

The home ranges of odd-nosed colobines as reported by a number of studies can vary greatly both within and between taxa. Evaluating Pygathrix, particularly within the context of the odd-nosed colobines, has proven challenging due to the comparable dearth of published data on all three species-Pygathrix nigripes, Pygathrix cinerea, and Pygathrix nemaeus. This dearth has also proven challenging when assessing territoriality within Pygathrix and contextualizing this behavior to odd-nosed colobines. For this study, we set out to assess home range, daily path length, and territoriality in a population of P. nemaeus at Son Tra Nature Reserve in Vietnam. We collected a total of 259 h of behavioral data using 10-min focal follows with 1-min instantaneous scans, including GPS recordings for each follow. We collected phenology and weather data, which were then used with Pearson's correlations to test whether ecological factors influenced variation in ranging or daily path length at both the monthly and seasonal levels. Finally, we used the Mitani-Rodman defendability index to assess territoriality in P. nemaeus. We found that our population of P. nemaeus had a home range of 36.00 ha with a core area of 8.02 ha and an average daily path length of 509.11 ± 244.87 m. Daily path length was correlated to precipitation such that daily path lengths were shorter during increases in rainfall (r(17) = 0.52, p = .03). These measures resulted in a defendability index of 0.75, suggesting that the population of P. nemaus on Son Tra does not travel far enough each day to actively defend territorial borders.
Burn Patient Insurance Status Influences Hospital Discharge Disposition and Utilization of Post-Discharge Outpatient Care.

Post-discharge services, such as outpatient wound care, may affect long term health outcomes and post-recovery quality of life. Access to these services may vary according to insurance status and ability to withstand out-of-pocket expenses. Our objective was to compare discharge location between burn patients who were uninsured, publicly insured, or privately insured at the time of their burn unit admissions. A retrospective review from July 1, 2015 to November 1, 2019 was performed at an ABA-verified burn center. All inpatient burn admission patients were identified and categorized according to insurance payer type. The primary outcome was discharge location, and secondary outcomes included readmission and outpatient burn care attendance. In total, 284 uninsured, 565 publicly insured and 293 privately insured patients were identified. There were no significant differences in TBSA (P=0.3), inhalation injury (P=0.3), ICU days (P=0.09), or need for grafting (P=0.1). For primary outcome, uninsured patients were more likely to be discharged without ancillary services(P<0.0001). Publicly insured patients were more likely to receive skilled nursing care (P=0.0007). Privately insured patients were more likely to receive homecare (P=0.0005) or transfer for ongoing inpatient care (P<0.0001). There was no difference in burn unit readmission (P=0.5); uninsured were more likely to follow up with outpatient burn clinic after discharge (P=0.004). Uninsured patients were less likely to receive post-discharge resources. Uninsured patients receive fewer post-discharge wound care resources which could result in suboptimal long-term results, and diminished return to pre-injury functional status. Increased access to post-discharge resources will provide comprehensive care to more patients.
Label differential privacy via clustering.

We present new mechanisms for \emph{label differential privacy}, a relaxation of differentially private machine learning that only protects the privacy of the labels in the training set. Our mechanisms cluster the examples in the training set using their (non-private) feature vectors, randomly re-sample each label from examples in the same cluster, and output a training set with noisy labels as well as a modified version of the true loss function. We prove that when the clusters are both large and high-quality, the model that minimizes the modified loss on the noisy training set converges to small excess risk at a rate that is comparable to the rate for non-private learning. We describe both a centralized mechanism in which the entire training set is stored by a trusted curator, and a distributed mechanism where each user stores a single labeled example and replaces her label with the label of a randomly selected user from the same cluster. We also describe a learning problem in which large clusters are necessary to achieve both strong privacy and either good precision or good recall. Our experiments show that randomizing the labels within each cluster significantly improves the privacy vs. accuracy trade-off compared to applying uniform randomized response to the labels, and also compared to learning a model via DP-SGD.
The Physical Education Public Information Project is ready to move

(1971). The Physical Education Public Information Project is ready to move. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 53-55.
Statistical Studies of Hadrons

In recent years my activities have shifted towards interesting beginning students in physics, helping to produce a 26-hour video called “The Mechanical Universe” on freshman physics, and the like. I am not currently active in studies of Hot Hadronic Matter. Therefore, this talk will be historical and reminiscent in nature. In brief, I’ll describe how I started with few-body issues, how the physics then led me to many-body and statistical studies, and how finally I learned that it could all be viewed as a manifestation of string theory.
A Bayesian Joint Mixture Framework for the Integration ofAnatomical Information in Functional Image Reconstruction

We present a Bayesian joint mixture framework for integrating anatomical image intensity and region segmentation information into emission tomographic reconstruction in medical imaging. The joint mixture framework is particularly well suited for this problem and allows us to integrate additional available information such as anatomical region segmentation information into the Bayesian model. Since this information is independently available as opposed to being estimated, it acts as a good constraint on the joint mixture model. After specifying the joint mixture model, we combine it with the standard emission tomographic likelihood. The Bayesian posterior is a combination of this likelihood and the joint mixture prior. Since well known EM algorithms separately exist for both the emission tomography (ET) likelihood and the joint mixture prior, we have designed a novel EM^2 algorithm that comprises two EM algorithms—one for the likelihood and one for the prior. Despite being dove-tailed in this manner, the resulting EM^2 algorithm is an alternating descent algorithm that is guaranteed to converge to a local minimum of the negative log Bayesian posterior. Results are shown on synthetic images with bias/variance plots used to gauge performance. The EM^2 algorithm resulting from the joint mixture framework has the best bias/variance performance when compared with six other closely related algorithms that incorporate anatomical information to varying degrees.
OCF for Embedded Devices

In this chapter, we present a compact version of the OpenCard Framework for embedded devices. At the time this book is written, the API of OpenCard for Embedded Devices is under review at the technical workgroup of the OpenCard Consortium.
Controlled Enrichment System for Experimental Fumigation of Plants in the Field with Sulfur Dioxide

A prototype Free-Air Controlled Enrichment (FACE) system was developed at Brookhaven National "Laboratory (BNL) for the experimental control of gas concentrations in an open field, without any form of enclosure. This FACE system consists of a toroidal plenum chamber, 15 m in diameter, with a series of 32 vertical vent pipes from which the release of a test gas can be controlled. Data on gas concentration at the center of the array and wind velocity are fed to a microprocessor where a proportional, integrative, differential (PID) algorithm is used to regulate a mass-flow controller. Data on wind direction are used to control the opening and closing of the vertical vent pipes to maintain an upwind release. In 72 hours of continuous operation during which wind velocity varied between 0.3 to 8 m sec-1, the FACE prototype maintained 1 -min averaged concentrations within twenty percent of the 40 ppb set point 94 percent of the time.
Quantifying the nitrous oxide source from coastal upwelling

[1] A continuous record of atmospheric N2O measured from a tower in northern California captures strong pulses of N2O released by coastal upwelling events. The atmospheric record offers a unique, observation-based method for quantifying the coastal N2O source. A coastal upwelling model is developed and compared to the constraints imposed by the atmospheric record in the Pacific Northwest coastal region. The upwelling model is based on Ekman theory and driven by high-resolution wind and SST data and by relationships between subsurface N2O and temperature. A simplified version of the upwelling model is extended to the world's major eastern boundary regions to estimate a total coastal upwelling source of ∼0.2 ± >70% Tg N2O-N/yr. This flux represents ∼5% of the total ocean source, estimated here at ∼4 Tg N2O-N/yr using traditional gas-transfer methods, and is probably largely neglected in current N2O budgets.
Return Volatility, Trading Imbalance and the Information Content of Volume

In this paper, we examine the relationship between volume and return volatility using the transaction data. We introduce transaction and volume imbalance measures to capture the information content of trades. These two information measures are shown to have a strong explanatory power for return volatility and contain incremental information about the asset values over and above that conveyed by the size and frequency of trades. Also, return volatility is significantly correlated with the percentage of trading volume taking place at NYSE. This result suggests that NYSE trades are more informative and contribute more to price discovery. There is evidence that price discovery concentrates in more heavily traded stocks, particularly the Dow Jones Stocks. Finally, return volatility is found to be persistent at the intraday level. The persistence level is higher for less frequently traded stocks. Return volatility also exhibits temporal variations. In particular, return volatility is significantly higher in the opening half-hour for less frequently traded stocks. Thus, stocks with different frequencies of trades may follow different volatility processes.
Rectal biopsy in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease: value of multiple biopsies and serial sectioning.

Abstract We performed a retrospective evaluation of 243 rectal biopsies from 90 patients who eventually had Crohn's disease proven clinically or by surgery. A portion of each rectal biopsy was serially sectioned. Twenty-five of the 90 patients (28%) had epithelioid granulomes. Half of these patients had an epithelioid granuloma in only one of two or more biopsies. Sixteen percent of these granulomas were so small as to be seen in only six or less successive serial 4-μM sections. This high yield of granulomas is probably attributable to the examination of at least 90 serial sections, usually from each of two rectal biopsies per patient. Using partial serial sectioning, epithelioid granulomas were found almost as frequently in grossly normal as in grossly abnormal appearing mucosa. No granulomas were seen in suitable controls including normals and patients with ulcerative colitis or other diseases. When the differential diagnosis between idiopathic ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is uncertain, we recommend taking two rectal biopsies and serially sectioning part of each.
Designation, plausibility, protocol assistance, clinical benefit, similarity, reassessment: Rules and experiences

Orphan legislation provides incentives to industry to investigate rare conditions that otherwise would be unlikely to be investigated. These incentives include, free access to scientific advice during the development of their clinical programs (‘protocol assistance’); reduction in fees payable to EMA for review of the marketing authorisation and subsequent licence maintenance fees; sustained market protection in the form of market exclusivity in addition to a range of national incentives. To qualify for these incentives companies must apply for orphan designation confirming the seriousness of the condition which has inadequate alternative therapeutic options (for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment) and that the condition qualifies in terms of low prevalence in the European community. The company must also provide evidence of medical plausibility including likely significant medical benefit for patients to be treated with the product for the proposed orphan indication. If an application for orphan designation is not accepted then a company is able to appeal providing detailed grounds for reassessment and will receive a second opinion from the PDCO. The period of market exclusivity awarded by orphan designation will require that future applications received by the EMA for the same condition have to undergo an assessment of similarity to ensure that no variations or new applications for ‘similar’ medicinal products are granted licences during this ten year period. Products gaining orphan designation provide regular/annual reports regarding their development status, status of global regulatory submissions and any change likely financial returns predicted for the indication.
When Is Noise Not Noise – A Microstructure Estimate of Realized Volatility

This paper studies the joint distribution of tick by tick returns and durations between trades. Returns are decomposed into changes in full information prices and microstructure noise, but the noise is modeled in accordance with various models of market microstructure allowing rich correlation structures both with the efficient price and over time. The full information price has time varying volatility which depends upon the arrival time of trades. The paper aims at three contributions: First, the noise is modeled to allow asymmetric information, inventory and order processing costs, and delayed quote setting. Second, the response to the trade arrival times allows trade durations to be informative on future volatility. Third, the estimated state space models can act as a laboratory to examine various non-parametric approaches to realized volatility estimation. Both simulated and actual data can be compared across methods and the accuracy and efficiency assessed as long as the parameteric model is viewed as a sufficiently accurate representation. We apply the above model to 10 NYSE stock transactions data series with varying transaction rates. It appears that contemporaneous duration has little effect on the volatility per trade after conditioning on the past, which means average per second volatility is inversely related to the duration between trades. Microstructure noise is found to be informative about the unobserved efficient price, and the informational component explains 45% of the total variation of the microstructure noise.
A review of nutritional and motivational factors contributing to the performance of regurgitation and reingestion in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

Abstract Regurgitation and reingestion (R/R) is a common phenomenon in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), but it has never been reported in wild populations. Although changes in diet have been shown to reduce the behavior, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that lead to its development and maintenance. In this paper, a comparative analysis of ruminatory behavior in humans and stereotypic behavior in captive, domesticated animals reveals several nutritional and motivational factors that may contribute to the sustained performance of this behavior in captive gorillas. Additional research is needed to evaluate temporal, seasonal, gustatory, social, individual, and medical influences on this behavior.
Snurps and scyrps

Small nuclear and cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteinssnRNPs and scRNPs (pronounced snurps and scyrps)-are complexes of small RNAs with protein, found in eucaryotic cells. They fall into discrete classes, are abundant and are highly conserved across species. The idea that these particles might utilize intermolecular RNA-RNA interactions to provide the precise recognition necessary for the accurate processing of RNA transcripts has suggested possible roles for snRNPs and scRNPs in the metabolism of other RNA molecules. Already there exists evidence implicating one snRNP in the splicing of hnRNA. Our current picture of snRNPs and scRNPs has emerged from the union of knowledge in two distinct fields-small RNAs (see Zieve, Cell 25, 296-297, 1981) and antigen-antibody systems associated with lupus erythematosus. Although small nuclear RNAs have been known to exist for some time, their functions have remained mysterious. Recently it has become apparent that different ones can be grouped according to the proteins they bind. The small ribonucleoprotein particles we focus on here fall into three classes and one subclass: the Sm snRNPs [with subclass (Ul)RNP], the Ro scRNPs and the La snRNPs. Each class is specifically recognized by antibodies from different lupus patients (see Table).
Cell cycle regulation in a dinoflagellate, Amphidinium operculatum: identification of the diel entraining cue and a possible role for cyclic AMP.

Abstract This research describes the diel phasing of the cell cycle in the dinoflagellate, Amphidinium operculatum Claparede and Lachmann, and investigates the mechanisms that serve to link the cell cycle to the diel cycle. Unlike many dinoflagellates, A. operculatum has a naturally high division rate of approximately 1 division day −1 , which yields a nearly synchronous population, making it useful for population studies. When grown on a 16:8 h light/dark cycle, S-phase begins 10 h and mitosis 14–16 h after the onset of light, as determined by flow cytometry. Alterations in the timing of the dark/light and light/dark transitions showed that the cell cycle is entrained by the dark/light transition, with the light/dark cue being uninvolved. Cells in logarithmic phase growth also undergo diel changes in cell size (9–14 μm), reaching a maximum size late in the light phase, concurrent with mitosis. Stationary phase cells or cells blocked in G1 of the cell cycle with a cell cycle inhibitor, olomoucine, showed no size changes or reduced size changes over the diel cycle, suggesting a coupling of cell size to the cell division cycle. In Euglena , cAMP-dependent signaling appears to mediate diel phasing of the cell cycle. Therefore, the role of cAMP in cell cycle control in A. operculatum was investigated. Measurement of intracellular cAMP by radioimmunoassay (RIA) revealed that cAMP concentrations varied on a diel basis, but increases observed appeared to correlate with cell size increases, and did not correlate with light cues at the dark/light or light/dark transition. However, when cells were treated with the cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX, cell cycle progression was inhibited at both the G1/S and the G2/M phase transitions. This supports a role for cAMP-dependent signaling in the dinoflagellate cell cycle and is in agreement with the documented role of cAMP in the cell cycle control of higher eukaryotes.
Many-body theory of excitons bound to charged defects

Abstract Following the methods of Toyozawa and Haken, the problem of excitons bound to charged defects is considered from the many-body point of view. A Hamiltonian is derived which takes into account the fact that the screening by the dielectric constant is a function of the distances between the particles.
Design of a Flow Reactor for Testing Multi-Brick Catalyst Systems Using Rapid Exhaust Gas Composition Switches

In recent years, diesel exhaust gas aftertreatment has become a core combustion engine research subject because of both increasingly stringent emission regulations and incentives toward more fuel-efficient propulsion systems. Lean NOX traps (LNT) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts represent two viable pathways for the challenging part of exhaust gas aftertreatment of lean burn engines: NOX abatement. It has been found that the combination of LNT and SCR catalysts can yield synergistic effects. Switches in the operation mode of the engine, temporarily enriching the mixture, are required to regenerate the LNT catalyst and produce ammonia for the SCR. This paper describes the design of a catalyst flow reactor that allows studying multi-brick catalyst systems using rapid exhaust gas composition switches and its initial validation. The flow reactor was designed primarily to study the potential of combining different aftertreatment components. It can accommodate two sample bricks at a time in two tube furnaces, which allows for independent temperature control. Moreover, the flow reactor allows for very flexible control of the composition and flow rate of the synthetic exhaust, which is blended using mass flow controllers. By using a two-branch design, very fast switches between two exhaust gas streams, as seen during the regeneration process of a LNT catalyst, are possible. The flow reactor utilizes a variety of gas analyzers, including a 5-Hz FTIR spectrometer, an emissions bench for oxygen and THC, a hydrogen mass spectrometer, and gas chromatographs for HC speciation. An in-house control program allows for data recording, flow reactor control, and highly flexible automation. Additionally, the hardware and software incorporate features to ensure safe testing. The design also has provisions for engine exhaust sampling.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Interference with tolerance induction in vivo by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis.

Abstract Prostaglandins (PG) have been implicated as modulators of both humoral and cellular immune responses. In order to evaluate a possible role for PG in tolerance, the effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on tolerance induction and circumvention has been investigated. Injection of deaggregated human -γ-globulin (DHGG) into A/J mice leads to unresponsiveness to a subsequent challenge with immunogenic aggregated human γ-globulin (AHGG). Administration of indomethacin (IM) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) shortly before and after DHGG injection prevents tolerance induction. PGE 2 reverses the tolerance overriding effect provided by IM. IM is not able to overcome unresponsiveness when given 10 and 20 days after tolerance induction, at a time point when both T and B lymphocytes are tolerant. As previously shown, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) both inhibits the induction of tolerance to HGG and circumvents tolerant T helper cells late in tolerance when competent B cells are present. In contrast, IM is unable to circumvent T-helper cell tolerance when given at Day 60 after tolerogen, when B cells (but not T cells) are responsive. Furthermore, LPS acts as an adjuvant, B-cell mitogens, inducer of polyclonal Ig secretion, and primes mice when given with tolerogen, while IM has none of these properties. These results indicate a difference between the effects of IM and LPS on tolerance and a possible role of PG in DHGG-mediated tolerance induction.
Localization of SpoVAD to the Inner Membrane of Spores of Bacillus subtilis

The products of the hexacistronic spoVA operon of Bacillus subtilis may be involved in the transport of dipicolinic acid into the forespore during sporulation and its release during spore germination. The major hydrophilic coding region of B. subtilis spoVAD was cloned, the protein was expressed in Escherichia coli as a His tag fusion protein, and a rabbit antiserum was raised against the purified protein. Western blot analyses of fractions from B. subtilis spores showed that SpoVAD is an integral inner membrane protein present at levels >50-fold higher than those of the spore's nutrient germinant receptors that are also present in the inner membrane. SpoVAD also persisted in outgrowing spores.
The legislative calendar

In this paper, we model a legislative calendar as an ordered list of issues to be considered in sequence. We present two equilibrium models of legislative scheduling, one presuming that the calendar is itself the object of collective choice, and the other considering which calendars are immune from ''discharge'' (the change of at most one element of the calendar by a decisive coalition in the legislature). We then examine the question of designing a scheduling process consistent with a preexisting decisive structure. We show that, so long as the status quo policy is Pareto efficient, then for any legislative calendar there exists a nontrivial scheduling process under which the calendar in question is stable. The results have implications for the robustness of structure induced equilibria in general and the design of intralegislative ''gatekeepers'' (such as the Rules Committee in the U.S. House of Representatives) in particular.