cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact-induced lexical development in Yupik and Inuit languages

Lexical change in Yupik and Inuit languages was relatively slow until the period of widespread cultural change brought about by contact with Europeans over the past few centuries, probably because there had been little earlier contact with other language families. The colonial period brought various groups to the Arctic and different waves of language contact, primarily with Danish, French, English, and Russian. Lexical borrowing has been significant, and old borrowings, often the result of early trade, can be distinguished from later ones and often pertain to food, tobacco, tools, fabric and other areas where new goods were introduced. Later borrowings came about largely when European political structures were set up and may be less thoroughly integrated phonologically than older borrowings. Numbers of borrowings can be taken to reflect the extent of the foreign contact, as is clearly the case with Russian words in Alaskan languages, most numerous in Aleut, which had the most sustained Russian presence. New religious terms to describe Christianity came into the languages during the colonial period, sometimes as borrowings, but also as relexicalizations of old words pertaining to shamanism. A third means of lexical expansion is coinage, where new terms are invented based on native roots and suffixes. The languages and dialects may thus develop words for the same object or concept by borrowing from different European languages, by relexicalizing an old word, or by coining a new one, with a different result in each case. Different sources for new lexical items have resulted in an important level of differentiation among the languages, and this differentiation needs to be recognized.
Nature of T lymphocyte recognition of macrophage-associated antigens. III. Definition of the antigenic regions of human fibrinopeptide B involved in guinea pig T-cell responses.

Abstract The clonal diversity of guinea pig T-lymphocyte responses to the 14-amino-acid peptide antigen human fibrinopeptide B (hFPB, Bβ1–14) and sequential hFPB 3 homologs (Bβ5–14 and 7–14) was examined using bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and light elimination of T cell responses. PPD and hFPB-immune strain 2 guinea pig T cells and macrophages were stimulated in a first culture with PPD, Bβ1–14, 5–14, or 7–14; BUdR was added on the second day and the cultures exposed to light on the third day. The BUdR and light-treated T cells recovered from the first culture were restimulated in a second culture containing fresh stimulator macrophages and PPD, Bβ1–14, 5–14, and 7–14. BUdR and light-treated T cells initially stimulated with Bβ1–14 in the first culture showed no responsiveness to Bβ1–14, 5–14, or 7–14 in the second culture. BUdR and light-treatment of T cells initially stimulated with Bβ5–14 eliminated 70 to 80% of the subsequent response to Bβ1–14 and all of the responsiveness to Bβ7–14. Similar treatment of T cells stimulated with Bβ7–14 reduced responsiveness to Bβ1–14 by 50 to 60% and to Bβ5–14 by 60 to 70%. These observations indicate that T-cell responses are directed against three antigenic regions in the hFPB molecule; the major region defined by the carboxy-terminal sequence including residues 7 to 14, a second minor antigenic region including residues 5 and 6, and a third minor region including the amino terminal residues 1 to 4. Results are discussed with respect to the regions of the hFPB molecules that are recognized by antigen-binding T-cell receptors and the regions which interact with stimulator macrophages.
UNDERSTANDING EMOTION IN RAAG: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF LISTENER RESPONSES

A survey of emotion in North Indian classical music was undertaken to determine the type and consistency of emotional responses to raag. Participants listened to five one-minute raag excerpts and recorded their emotional responses after each. They were asked to describe the emotions each excerpt evoked and then to adjust six different sliders indicating the degree to which they felt the following: happy, sad, peaceful, tense, romantic, longing. A total of 280 responses were received. We find that both free-response and quantitative judgments of emotions are significantly different for each raag and quite consistent across listeners. We hypothesized that the primary predictors of emotion in these excerpts would be pitch-class distribution, pitch-class dyad entropy, overall sensory dissonance, and note density. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the most important factors, their relative importance, and their total predictive value (R 2). The features in combination explained between 11% (peaceful) and 33% (happy) of response variance. For all models, a subset of the features were significant, with the interplay between “minor” and “major” scale degrees playing an important role. Although the explanatory power of the current models is limited, the results thus far strongly suggest that raags do consistently elicit specific emotions that are linked to musical properties. The responses did not differ significantly for enculturated and non-enculturated listeners, suggesting that musical rather than cultural factors are dominant.
Industry acceptance of boundary scan

Boundary-scan has been a published standard since May 21, 1990. Since inception of the standard, several manufacturers have introduced boundary-scan methods and are actively building systems. In order to determine the success of boundary-scan in penetrating the marketplace, a survey was conducted which covered several key points. The survey was designed to determine the need for a test method like boundary-scan, to determine how well boundary-scan meets those needs, and to make projections on how well boundary-scan will develop in the future. Thirty three engineers were polled in the survey, with each representing a different company in the United States or Canada. All respondents were active in design work, component qualification, or system testing. While the sample size was small, trends were observed which indicated validity of the data. The results show that boundary-scan is entering segments of the testing arena, but acceptance is slow and not universal. The conditions examined include the following: 1) How important is system testing in the eyes of system manufacturers? Aspects of testing that were examined included success rates, cost of testing, and test methods used. 2) What are the testing needs of industry? How rapidly is the industry moving to fine pitch modules and components that are not easily tested with probing techniques? What are the failure mechanisms. 3) Does boundary-scan meet the testing needs? What are boundary scan shortcomings, cost issues, and testing effectiveness? 4) Is boundary-scan in the development plans of designers and test engineers?. >
Head‐out Water Immersion: Animal Studies

The sections in this article are: 1 The Gauer-Henry Hypothesis 2 Ratio of Blood Flow to Metabolism in Water Immersion 3 Transcapillary Fluid Shift in Water Immersion 4 Water Immersion as a Model for Hypervolemia 4.1 Methods for Eliciting Hypervolemia 4.2 Methodological Considerations for Animal Studies 5 Cardiovascular Receptors: Circulatory, Renal, and Hormonal Influences 5.1 Cardiac Receptors 5.2 Arterial Baroreceptors 6 Cardiovascular Responses to Water Immersion 6.1 Central Hemodynamics 6.2 Transcapillary Fluid Shift 7 Regional Vascular Responses to Water Immersion 8 The Renal Response to Water Immersion 9 Hormonal Responses to Water Immersion 9.1 Methodological Considerations 9.2 Vasopressin 9.3 Renin-Angiotensin II-Aldosterone System 9.4 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) 9.5 Renal Prostaglandins 9.6 Adrenergic System in Water Immersion 10 Conclusions
Longevity Without Aging: Possible Examples

The progressive increases in human life spans to unprecedented advanced ages throughout the world diverge from the historical premise that each species has a fixed maximum life span, due to a hard-wired genetic program. The record human life span of 122 years (Jeanne Calment) falls in the middle range of life spans of other multicellular species. As the most longevous among mammals, our life spans dwarf those of laboratory rodents by 30-fold (Finch 1990). Most other phyla also include species that differ widely, by powers of 10, in life spans (Fig. 1). The total range of life spans for individual organisms is nearly a million-fold, from yeast to conifers. One measure of the rate of senescence in a population is the time required for mortality rate doubling (MRD; Finch et al. 1990), which ranges at least 1,000-fold (Table 1). This diversity of life spans and rates of senescence within phyla suggests that the type of body plan (bauplan) itself does not set stringent limits on the range of life spans that may be evolved.
Comparison of BIAS correction techniques for GPCC rainfall data in semi-arid climate

Long-term historical precipitation data are important in developing metrics for studying the impacts of past hydrologic events (e.g., droughts) on water resources management. Many geographical regions around the world often witness lack of long term historical observation and to overcome this challenge, Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC) datasets are found to be useful. However, the GPCC data are available at coarser scale (0.5° resolution), therefore bias correction techniques are often applied to generate local scale information before it can be applied for decision making activities. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare five different bias correction techniques (BCT’s) to correct the GPCC data with respect to rain gauges in Iraq, which is located in a semi-arid climatic zone. The BCT’s included in this study are: Mean Bias-remove (B) technique, Multiplicative Shift (M), Standardized-Reconstruction (S), Linear Regression (R), and Quantile Mapping (Q). It was observed that the Performance Index (PI) of BCT’s differs in space (i.e., precipitation pattern) and temporal scale (i.e., seasonal and monthly). In general, the PI for the Q and B were better compared to other three (M, S and R) bias correction techniques. Comparatively, Q performs better than B during wet season. However, both these techniques performed equally well during average rainy season. This study suggests that instead of using a single bias correction technique at different climatic regimes, multiple BCT’s needs to be evaluated for identifying appropriate methodology that suits local climatology.
Compartmentalization of β-adrenergic signals in cardiomyocytes

Under β-adrenergic stimulation, the distribution of cAMP is highly restricted at distinct intracellular domains for compartmentalized activation of protein kinase A, which promotes selective phosphorylation of proteins for contractile responses in cardiomyocytes. This is primarily due to a concerted effort between restrictions of cAMP distribution by a family of phosphodiesterases and locally anchored protein kinase A by a family of scaffold A kinase-anchoring proteins. Moreover, these regulatory mechanisms underlie the cross talk between β-adrenergic signals and other receptor-stimulated signaling cascades, which alters the compartmentalized β-adrenergic signals for proper contractility in myocardium. Maintaining integrity of compartmentalized β-adrenergic signals is critical for physiological cardiac function and for preventing development of cardiac diseases.
An algorithm for baseline correction of MALDI mass spectra

Visualization and differentiation of proteins in tissue are problems of increasing interest in computational systems biology, bioinformatics, and image processing. A platform for generating such proteomic information is matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). In imaging MALDI-MS, spatial information and protein expression can be created. However, data from imaging MALDI-MS spectra require considerable signal processing to generate quantitative results and to provide input to later classification algorithms. To compare MALDI-MS spectra at different spatial locations (sample-to-sample comparisons) or classify parts of the spectra, a processing step called baseline correction is essential. This paper reports a robust algorithm for computing the baseline correction of MALDI-MS spectra. The algorithm requires few user inputs and is suitable for automatically processing a large number of spectra, as is the case when generating images. The results of our algorithm are validated on a dataset of spectra available for comparison purposes.
Genomewide Weighted Hypothesis Testing in Family-Based Association Studies, with an Application to a 100K Scan

For genomewide association (GWA) studies in family-based designs, we propose a novel two-stage strategy that weighs the association P values with the use of independently estimated weights. The association information contained in the family sample is partitioned into two orthogonal components—namely, the between-family information and the within-family information. The between-family component is used in the first (i.e., screening) stage to obtain a relative ranking of all the markers. The within-family component is used in the second (i.e., testing) stage in the framework of the standard family-based association test, and the resulting P values are weighted using the estimated marker ranking from the screening step. The approach is appealing, in that it ensures that all the markers are tested in the testing step and, at the same time, also uses information from the screening step. Through simulation studies, we show that testing all the markers is more powerful than testing only the most promising ones from the screening step, which was the method suggested by Van Steen et al. A comparison with a population-based approach shows that the approach achieves comparable power. In the presence of a reasonable level of population stratification, our approach is only slightly affected in terms of power and, since it is a family-based method, is completely robust to spurious effects. An application to a 100K scan in the Framingham Heart Study illustrates the practical advantages of our approach. The proposed method is of general applicability; it extends to any setting in which prior, independent ranking of hypotheses is available.
Polymerization on glass-supported vanadium trichloride: Morphology of nascent polyethylene

Abstract A method is described for depositing vanadium trichloride crystals on glass surfaces. Subsequent treatment with aluminium triethyl yields a planar supported catalyst for polymerization of polyethylene. Coherent polyethylene membranes ranging in thickness from a few hundred Angstrom units to tens of microns could be polymerized on to the glass surface and examined by physical techniques. As the polyethylene was synthesized in a non-solvent medium (heptane or gas phase) then the resultant crystalline polymer must have been polymerized and crystallized simultaneously. Material from such a process is termed ‘nascent’ polymer, and its morphology was extensively examined by microscopic and radiation scattering techniques. X-ray and birefringence studies showed a preferred chain orientation in the membranes: chains were parallel to the substrate. The presence of significant anisotropic scattering and a DTA melting point of 141°C lead to the postulate that the nascent polyethylene chains are completely extended. Transmission and replica electron microscopy has led to description of the nascent morphology in terms of a proliferous, polyp-like structure.
Theoretical study of the geometry of Mn5

The geometry of Mn5 in rare gas matrices has been proposed to be a planar pentagon with 25 unpaired electrons. Simple unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) calculations have been carried out using a basis of STO-6G for 1s, 2s, and 2p orbitals with STO-4G for 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, and 4p in the HONDO5 program. The structure is optimized at the UHF level using the analytic gradient formalism for a planar pentagon. Binding energies and spinmixing are given for the optimized structure.
SNAr Displacements with 6-(Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo, Iodo, and Alkylsulfonyl)purine Nucleosides: Synthesis, Kinetics, and Mechanism1

SNAr reactions with 6-(fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, and alkylsulfonyl)purine nucleosides and nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur nucleophiles were studied. Pseudo-first-order kinetics were measured with 6-halopurine compounds, and comparative reactivities were determined versus a 6-(alkylsulfonyl)purine nucleoside. The displacement reactivity order was: F > Br > Cl > I (with BuNH2/MeCN), F > Cl ≈ Br > I (with MeOH/1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)/MeCN), and F > Br > I > Cl [with K+ -SCOCH3/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)]. The order of reactivity with a weakly basic arylamine (aniline) was: I > Br > Cl ≫ F (with 5 equiv of aniline in MeCN at 70 °C). However, those reactions with aniline were autocatalytic and had significant induction periods (∼50 min for the iodo compound and ∼6 h for the fluoro analogue). Addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) eliminated the induction period, and the order then was F > I > Br > Cl (with 5 equiv of aniline and 2 equiv of TFA in MeCN at 50 °C). The 6-(alkylsulfonyl)purine nu...
TU-C-M100F-02: Quantification of Global Changes in Normal Appearing Brain Tissue of Cerebral Tumor Patients During Early-Delayed Phase After Radiation Therapy

Purpose:Radiation therapy (RT) affects the central nervous system manifesting in neurological complications. The aim was to quantitatively assess early‐delayed changes in normal‐appearing braintissue (NAT) ensuing RT using diffusiontensorimaging (DTI). We hypothesize that there are diffuse changes in NAT with degradation in structural integrity due to radiation. Methods: Twenty‐five patients with cerebral tumor (17 men, 8 women, median age 60 years) participated in IRB approved clinical MRI studies. Temporal changes in NAT were studied pre‐RT, 3‐ and 6‐weeks during RT, and post RT at ten‐, and 19‐weeks from start of RT. RT doses ranged from 50 to 81Gy. The DTI indices of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity 〈D〉, eigen‐diffusivities parallel (λ∥) and perpendicular (λ⊥) to axonal fibers, of water diffusion were calculated on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis from DTI. Normal braintissue, excluding tumor and cerbero‐spinal‐fluid was categorized into two volumes of interest, either ipsilateral or contralateral to tumor hemisphere. Temporal changes in DTI indices were expressed as percentages. For example, percent change in FA during third week of RT is expressed as = 100*[(FAt=3week − FAt=Pre‐RT)/ FAt=Pre‐RT]. Results: There were significant changes in DTI indices after completion of RT in both the ipsilateral and contralateral NAT. Post RT at 19‐weeks, there was 10% increase in λ∥, 15% increase in λ⊥, 13% increase in 〈D〉, and 13% decrease in FA. The λ⊥ increase was 1.5 times that of λ∥. Magnitude of change was higher in ipsilateral compared to contralateral, with ipsilateral changes assuming significance earlier. However, contralateral changes tended to approach those of ipsilateral at 19‐weeks. Conclusions: Significant and gradual increases in eigen‐diffusivities indicate degradation of structural integrity. Changes in ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres during and post RT signify diffuse bilateral structural degradation. Spatio‐temporal radioresponses noted herein emphasize minimizing dose to critical CNS structures and pathways.
Integrating Email Communication with Counseling at School

Children are immersed in technology, from television to the Internet, and increasingly, education curricula have embraced the powerful potential of integrating technology to facilitate student learning and success. However, to date, researchers and practitioners have not fully considered the potential for technology to help counselors access and enhance their empirically supported counseling services in schools. This article aims to fill this gap by initiating a discussion about the key considerations, merits, and limitations of using email with counseling services in schools. Beginning with a brief literature review, recent research describing the scope and potential benefits of telemental health is discussed. Specific legal and ethical considerations are outlined, as well as recommendations for counselors to consider when implementing this tool in counseling. This article also presents a case study to illustrate the key considerations in using email when counseling a student. Finally, future directions related to use of technology with counseling at school are explored.
Some properties of the deoxyribonucleic acid of phage alpha.

WE wish to report some results concerning the unique properties of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from the phage α grown on its host, Bacillus megatherium, strain Paris. This phage and its host have been studied by Drs. S. Aurisicchio, A. Celano, A. Coppo, P. Donini and F. Graziosi, and kindly supplied to us by them. These workers had found that the decay of phosphorus-32 incorporated in the DNA of the phage led to a time-dependent loss of viability similar to that of the phage ϕX-174 (Graziosi,, F., personal communication). Since the DNA of the latter phage has been shown to be single-stranded1, the DNA of phage α was expected to display similar properties. However, as will be indicated later, many of its properties resemble those of double-stranded DNA with the notable exception that, on denaturation, there are formed two denatured units with distinct buoyant densities in a caesium chloride gradient.
Tests and refinements of a general structure-activity model for avian repellents.

We tested the robustness of a structure-activity model for avian trigeminal chemoirritants. Fourteen benzoates and acetophenones were tested using European starlingsSturnus vulgaris as a bioassay. In general, the previously proposed model was a reasonable predictor of repellency (i.e., irritant potency). We found that the presence of a phenyl ring was critical to repellency. Basicity of the molecule is the next most critical feature influencing repellency. The presence of an acidic function within the electron-withdrawing functionality seriously detracts from repellency. The presence or absence of an electron-withdrawing or -donating group may potentiate repellent effects, but its presence is not critical, so long as the phenyl ring is electron rich. Our data suggest that there is ano-aminoacetophenone/methyl anthranilate trigeminal chemoreceptor in birds analogous to the mammalian capsaicin receptor. Both receptors contain a benzene site. However, birds seem to lack the associated thiol/hydrogen-bonding site present in mammals which is needed to activate the benzene site. Rather, birds may possess an associated exposed charged site that in turn may interact with the stimulus to activate the benzene site. These differences may explain the differential sensitivity of birds and mammals to aromatic irritants.
Purely refractive transient energy transfer by stimulated Rayleigh-wing scattering

Two-beam coupling is demonstrated in CS2 and other transparent Kerr liquids by use of frequency chirped, picosecond 532-nm-wavelength pulses with several polarization combinations. As the temporal delay between pulses is varied within the coherence time, the first pulse always loses energy while the second pulse gains this energy. The transferred energy at a fixed delay varies linearly with irradiance. The results are consistent with energy transfer from transient refractive gratings that are due to stimulated Rayleigh-wing scattering.
Nitrogen transport by vertically migrating diatom mats in the North Pacific Ocean

PHYTOPLANKTON production in the surface waters of stratified oceans is fed mainly by nitrogen that has been recycled within the euphotic zone1. The nitrogen that is lost from surface waters as organic matter exported to the deep ocean must be balanced by inputs of new nitrogen to the upper ocean2,3. Sediment trap studies2 have shown that the 15N/14N ratio (δ15N) of the exported organic matter is higher than that of the suspended particulates, and suggest that the rich nitrate pool below the euphotic zone is the source of 'new' nitrogen for the upper ocean. Yet steep vertical concentration gradients suggest that diffusive upward transport of nitrate is extremely limited, raising the question of how the nitrate reaches the surface waters. Here we present evidence that abundant diatom (Rhizosolenia) mats migrate vertically between surface waters and deep nitrate pools in the central North Pacific Ocean. Rising mats contain significantly larger internal nitrate pools than sinking mats. Mat δ15N is similar to that of the sub-nitricline nitrate, and consistently heavier than that of near-surface particulate organic matter. We conclude that Rhizosolenia mats may transport the equivalent of 50% of the new nitrogen requirements into the surface waters of the North Pacific gyre.
Growth rate of cultured Novikoff rat hepatoma cells as a function of the rate of thymidine and hypoxanthine transport.

Novikoff rat hepatoma cells were propagated in suspension culture in the presence of 1μm methotrexate and various concentrations of hypoxanthine (or adenosine plus guanosine) and thymidine and with or without the inhibitor of nucleoside and purine transport, Persantin (dipyridamole). Methotrexate-treated cells failed to replicate and died even if the medium was supplemented with either thymidine or a purine source, but normal replication occurred when both were present. The additional presence of Persantin reduced the rate of transport of thymidine or hypoxanthine and thus their incorporation into the nucleotide pool and decreased the rate of cell replication. The growth rate of the cells was directly proportional to the rate of incorporation of thymidine (in the presence of excess hypoxanthine) or of hypoxanthine (in the presence of excess thymidine) until the normal maximum growth rate was obtained. Normal cell replication in the presence of methotrexate and Persantin occurred only when the medium was supplemented with 500 μm hypoxanthine and 30 μm thymidine. The results illustrate a dependence of the growth rate of mammalian cells on the rate of transport of essential nutrients into the cell.
Measurements of optical properties of some molten oxides

Abstract A method based on a fine-focussed optical laser has been developed to measure the spectral reflectance and the transmittance of small ( ∽ 1 mm) liquid or single crystal materials. The measured normal spectral emittance for 633 nm light is about 0.9 for several molten refractory oxides, 0.8 for lithium niobate and 0.7 for molten sapphire. Sapphire and YAG experience a several-fold increase in emittance on melting. The absorption coefficient and the thickness for opaqueness are calculated and some consequences of the partial transparency of small hot materials, when their temperatures are measured by optical pyrometry, are discussed.
Local Government in Sweden

Ever since the publication of Marquis Childs' The Middle Way, Americans of liberal persuasion have tended to point to Sweden as a model, a nation which simultaneously has achieved rapid economic growth, eliminated poverty, and maintained individual and political freedom. Swedish cities, and especially Stockholm, are reputed to be among the best planned in the world. Yet, for all the admiration that has been expressed, there has been surprisingly little investigation by Americans of the legal and governmental framework within which the Swedes have accomplished so much.
The International Standard Text Code: Call to Action, or Distraction?

Book publishers now have more products to keep track of than ever before: books, eBooks, apps, online products, and the list goes on. Traditionally publishers have used the ISBN to track products in the supply chain. But with as many as 24 ISBNs now associated with a bestselling title, the publishing industry looks to a new identifier, the International Standard Text Code (ISTC), to keep ISBNs in check. In a sea of data, will the ISTC help keep publishers afloat, or weigh them down?
Representing Spence's Integral by Elementary Functions

Abstract An interesting connection exists between Spence's integral, used in Feynman diagrams in particle physics, and the variance of the reciprocal of a geometric random variable, used in probability theory. This linkage leads to approximate representations for Spence's integral over the unit interval which works well in practice. The result shows how the interplay between probability and physics can bear pragmatic fruit.
Assessment of DNA pooling strategies for mapping of QTLs.

The synthesis of “DNA pools” from segregating populations is an efficient strategy for identifying DNA markers closely linked to genes or genomic regions of interest. To-date, DNA pooling based solely upon phenotypic information, or “bulked segregant analysis”, has been employed only in the analysis of simply-inherited traits. We have assessed the utility of phenotype-based DNA pools for “tagging” (e.g., identifying DNA markers closely-linked to) quantitative trait loci (QTLs), segregating in the presence of other such loci, and expressing phenotypes which are influenced by the environment. Theoretical estimates suggest that QTL alleles with phenotypic effects of 0.75–1.0 standard deviations (SD), or larger, should be detectable in back-cross (BC), F2 and recombinant inbred (RI) or doubled haploid (DH) populations of manageable size (100–200 plants/lines). However, post hoc analysis of three data sets, used in QTL mapping of tomato and rice, indicate that the majority of QTLs identified had allele effects of less than 0.75 SD, and thus could not be easily tagged in DNA pools. Segregation distortion can have a large effect on the allelic composition of DNA pools, necessitating the use of more individuals in the pools to minimize false positive and false negative results. In general, we suggest that use of phenotype-based DNA pools might be successful in tagging QTLs of very large effect, but is unlikely to permit comprehensive identification of the majority of QTLs affecting a complex trait. DNA pools constructed from a priori information should, however, be useful in identifying new DNA markers for regions of the genome known to contain QTLs.
Medical Students in a Dementia Care Facility: an Enhanced Geriatric Psychiatry Experience.

The 2012 Institute of Medicine report “The Mental Health and SubstanceUseWorkforce For Older Adults: InWhoseHands?” describes the burgeoning population of elderly in the USA and the critical shortage of clinicians trained to meet their mental health-care needs [1]. The report makes specific recommendations for strengthening the nation’s geriatric mental health workforce and urges development of model curricula for the entire spectrum of health-care providers who care for older adults. With the current shortage of specialist physicians in this field, in the future most geriatric mental health care will be provided by non-specialists. It is imperative that medical school education include an enhanced focus on preparing future physicians to address the mental health needs of older patients. Negative attitudes and stigma toward older patients with dementia are pervasive among medical students and other health professions [2]. Despite the tremendous demand for geropsychiatric care for people with dementia, the number of medical school graduates choosing to enter the field of geriatric psychiatry is woefully inadequate [3]. Studies document that clinical encounters with older patients have a positive effect on students’ sensitivity to geriatric issues and attitudes toward older people [2, 4]. In one study, researchers suggest that geriatric psychiatry programs create exemplary initiatives in the early years of medical education [5]. We developed an educational innovation, the Enhanced Geropsychiatric Experience (EGE) for third yearmedical students in a dementia care facility, which exposed students to patients with dementia with behavioral and psychological symptoms. Goals included increasing student participation and comfort, changing negative attitudes towards patients with dementia, and piquing student interest in the field of geriatric psychiatry.
Predictors of septic shock in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

Summary Objectives Risk factors for septic shock associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia are not well described. We designed this study to assess the independent predictors of septic shock in patients with MRSA bacteremia. Methods This retrospective chart review included 234 patients with MRSA bacteremia admitted to a tertiary care academic medical center. Cases of septic shock and non-septic shock MRSA bacteremia were compared in terms of patient baseline characteristics and co-morbidities, modes of acquisition, and MRSA genotyping. Independent risk factors were determined by multivariable analysis. Results On univariate analysis the presence of chronic kidney disease, respiratory failure, acute renal failure, staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC mec ) type II, and higher APACHE II scores were significantly correlated with the presence of septic shock. On multivariate analysis, baseline APACHE II score (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for 1-point increase 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.22, p =0.005), acute renal failure (AOR 2.57, 95% CI 1.02–6.48, p =0.045), and SCC mec type II (AOR 2.60, 95% CI 1.01–6.75, p =0.049) were independently associated with MRSA bacteremic septic shock. Conclusions The development of septic shock associated with MRSA bacteremia was independently correlated with baseline severity of illness, presence of acute renal failure, and an MRSA genotyping consistent with nosocomially acquired MRSA infection.
Partnership in Electronic Learning.

Urban high schools in the USA are in a difficult position – they need to provide essential and fundamental education in core content areas, while also ensuring that students attain and meet requirements of computer and information literacy. These skills are not just required by the state education agencies, but increasingly by employers and institutions of higher education. This article is a case study of a special year‐long bibliographic instruction (BI) program developed by three separate organizations: an academic library, a university department of education, and selected high school teachers. This unique three‐way partnership was called the Electronic Learning Partnership. This article discusses the BI, the pedagogy used, the goals of information literacy in an urban high school environment, and the evaluation of the program.
Combined approach for complete excision of congenital nasal masses in children

Abstract Congenital nasal masses such as dermoids, gliomas, and encephaloceles rarely occur and provide diagnostic and management challenges. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography both are helpful in characterizing the nasal mass and potential intracranial or skull base involvement. Multidisciplinary participation with otolaryngologists, neurosurgeons, plastic surgeons, and head and neck radiologists is important in both the diagnosis and management of these unusual masses. Complete removal, prompt repair of skull base defects, and optimal aesthetic results are important in all cases. Newer surgical approaches such as the open rhinoplasty, transnasal endoscopic, and the combined transcranial-endoscopic techiques for management of congenital nasal masses are discussed.
Measuring abundance: the case of Cittaslow's attempts to support better quality of life

True economic advances promote abundance – the condition when all people feel that they have enough, and are enabled to live life as art, meaning self-expression to others. How can we assess whether particular projects are creating greater abundance? This question is addressed by reference to an actual attempt to improve quality of life: the Cittaslow network of cities, which began in Italy but now has member cities in a number of different countries. Are cities that belong to this network creating the conditions for greater abundance? Applying a list of criteria based on the concept of abundance to Cittaslow's charter and list of standards shows that issues of equity receive little attention, while issues of environmental quality and the stimulation of local economic development are addressed comprehensively. The analysis also shows that a list of criteria based on the concept of abundance can be used to pinpoint important policy gaps.
The effect of mergers on credit union performance

Abstract The motivation for mergers in the credit union industry differs from the commercial bank industry due to the lack of residual claimants to benefit from wealth gains. In the cooperative ownership environment of credit unions, the owners/members gain utility via the rates offered for loans and deposits. Credit union regulators also gain utility when mergers remove risky credit unions from the industry. We measure these utility gains using the event study method of Bauer [Bauer, K., 2008. Detecting abnormal credit union performance. Journal of Banking and Finance 32, 573–586] employing quadrant tests based on a multivariate test of equality of centroids. We find gains to the owners/members of the target credit union and to the regulators but not to the acquiring firm. We posit that the acquiring credit unions may encounter regulatory pressure to merge. In addition, the owners/members of the acquiring firm may avoid potential disutility in the cooperative insurance environment were the target firm allowed to fail.
Chromatin assembly factor 1 interacts with histone H3 methylated at lysine 79 in the processes of epigenetic silencing and DNA repair.

In eukaryotic cells, chromatin is classified into euchromatin, which is active in transcription, and heterochromatin that silences transcription. Histones in these two domains contain distinct modi...
The Effect of Hydrodynamic Flow Field on Colloidal Stability

Abstract Colloid-colloid interactions are important in understanding the macroscopic properties of flowing suspensions. In many processes of technological and biological interest, it is important to identify conditions which promote or inhibit colloidal aggregation. In this paper, we use trajectory analysis to understand the effect of hydrodynamic and nonhydrodynamic forces on colloidal stability. All linear hydrodynamic flows can be represented in a finite region of the tr L2-deT L plane, where L is the normalized velocity gradient tensor with constant magnitude. We calculate the stability ratio W for different flow types, specified by tr L2 and det L. For purely attractive interparticle potentials, a small region around simple shear flow (tr L2 = 0, det L = 0) shows uniquely high stability. Small changes in tr L2 or det L, which are equivalent to changes in the relative magnitude of vorticity or the relative orientation between vorticity and extension, cause a great decrease in stability. Away from simple shear flow, W is independent of changes in flow type for the entire class of linear flows with open streamlines (tr L2 ⩾ 0). Interparticle potentials with primary and secondary minima exhibit the same stability as purely attractive potentials as long as the Debye screening length is less than a critical value. Greater Debye lengths lead to complete stability (W → ∞). The critical Debye length depends on fluid flow type and the value of inverse critical Debye length correlates with the strength of the flow field. The magnitude of the particle surface potential has little effect on the stability ratio. Taken together, the results show the type of hydrodynamic flow to be an important determinant of the aggregation behavior of colloidal particles. Furthermore, aggregation in simple shear flow is different than that in other linear flows, and we caution against extrapolating aggregation behavior in simple shear to more complex fluid flow situations.
The Nothing and the Ontological Difference in Heidegger's What is Metaphysics?

This essay gives an interpretation of Heidegger's “What is Metaphysics?” lecture in light of passages from his other writings and lecture courses of the period. This exegetical task is important, for interpreters of “What is Metaphysics?” have been confused by puzzling phrases in the lecture without noticing that Heidegger makes the same points in clearer terms elsewhere. In particular, these interpreters ignore Heidegger's crucial distinction between entities and the being of entities. Since Heidegger's “nothing” is an aspect of being, this difference is at the core of Heidegger's lecture. The present interpretation establishes a conditional conclusion: If the ontological difference makes sense, then we have a sound basis for understanding “What is Metaphysics?” and do not need to read Heidegger as an irrationalist who debunks science or rejects the principle of contradiction. This paper does not give independent justification for the ontological difference.
Opportunitites for promoting energy efficiency in buildings as an air quality compliance approach

Abstract Increasing the energy efficiency of end-use equipment in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors can reduce air pollution emissions and greenhouse gases significantly. Because energy efficiency is an effective means of reducing multi-pollutant emissions, it is important to ensure that energy efficiency is a fully engaged component of emission-reduction programs. However, while energy-efficiency measures are perceived by many stakeholders to be important options for improving air quality, some members in the air quality community are concerned about the ability of these measures to fit in a regulatory framework—in particular, the ability of emissions reductions from energy-efficiency measures to be real, quantifiable, certifiable, and enforceable. Hence, there are few air quality programs that include energy efficiency as a tool for complying with air quality regulations. This paper describes the connection between energy consumption and air quality, the potential role of energy-efficiency measures to meet air quality regulations, the barriers and challenges to the use of these measures in the air quality regulatory environment, and the opportunities that organizations could exploit in this area.
Epidemiological Studies on Tumor Incidence in Cell Phone Users [Health Effects]

There is a general agreement among researchers that people who use a cell phone for ten years or fewer are not more likely to develop a brain tumor than those who do not regularly use it. This has been the emerging trend for several years, and it recently has been confirmed by publication of the summary report of a large international epidemiological study-the INTERPHONE project. However, the challenge is what happens after ten or more years of regular use, since brain tumors are known to have latencies longer than ten years and maybe as long as 30 years. A very important aspect of this and all epidemiological studies is RF exposure assessment. Objective information on the frequency and duration of cell phone use are obtained from cell phone operators and from the information stored in the cell phone currently in use, as surrogates. Information on the extent of exposure to RF fields from cell phones and on other known and suspected risk factors for childhood brain tumors are obtained by means of computer-assisted personal interviews.
Diagnostic Applications of Nail Clippings

"Nail clipping is a simple technique for diagnosis of several nail unit dermatoses. This article summarizes the practical approach, utility, and histologic findings of a nail clipping in evaluation of onychomycosis, nail unit psoriasis, onychomatricoma, subungual hematoma, melanonychia, and nail cosmetics, and the forensic applications of this easily obtained specimen. It reviews important considerations in optimizing specimen collection, processing methods, and efficacy of special stains in several clinical contexts. Readers will develop a greater understanding and ease of application of this indispensable procedure in assessing nail unit dermatoses."
Ideologies of sexuality, menstruation and risk: girls' experiences of puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania

This paper examines girls' voiced experiences of menstruation, puberty and schooling in northern Tanzania. The study was conducted in Moshi and Rombo Districts of Kilimanjaro, a predominantly Chagga region with historically strong support for girls' education. The major question explored was how the onset of menses and puberty may be impacting on girls' school participation, given societal implications of pubertal onset and potentially gender discriminatory school environments. The methodology included a comparative case study using in-depth interviews and participatory research with young women living in urban and rural Kilimanjaro. Along with important findings about how menstrual onset creates challenges for girls attending school emerged findings about the significant gaps in girls' knowledge about body changes, sexual health and HIV/AIDS. These findings underline the importance of identifying new girl-centred approaches to guidance on bodily development and HIV prevention.
Biomarkers in the Clinic: A Cautionary Tale

Biomarker profiling is well established as a powerful research tool. These so-called “omics” tests are based on signatures of molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. In recent years, the potential utility of such tests in diagnosis and prognosis has attracted much commercial investment. Consequently, the institutions developing these tests are under increasing pressure to deliver them to the clinic. In some cases, this urgency has led to clinical trials of tests that are unfit for purpose, having been generated from error-ridden data. A notable example of this situation occurred at Duke University, where flawed genomic test profiles were used in cancer trials. The recent article by Kaiser (1), summarized below, discusses the failures that led to the controversy at Duke and reviews the lessons learned to help …
On the order of convergence of the discontinuous Galerkin method for hyperbolic equations

The basic error estimate for the discontinuous Galerkin method for hyperbolic equations indicates an O(h n+½ ) convergence rate for nth degree polynomial approximation over a triangular mesh of size h. However, the optimal O(h +1 ) rate is frequently seen in practice. Here we extend the class of meshes for which sharpness of the O(h +½ ) estimate can be demonstrated, using as an example a problem with a "nonaligned" mesh in which all triangle sides are bounded away from the characteristic direction. The key to realizing h n+ ½ convergence is a mesh which, to the extent possible, directs the error to lower frequency modes which are approximated, not damped, as h→ 0.