cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of digitalis on myocardial ionic exchange.

Prior to consideration of the effects of digitalis compounds on ionic exchange the basic mechanisms of active Na+ and K+ transport are discussed. It is generally accepted that digitalis is a specific inhibitor of the Na+-K+ activated ATPase located primarily in the sarcolemmal membrane. Present evidence supports the concept that positive inotropic effects of digitalis are not seen unless evidence of inhibition of the enzyme and, therefore, of the "Na pump" leads to a small increase of intracellular Na+. This leads to augmented activity of a Na+ transport system which is coupled, not to K+, but to Ca+ +. Evidence for the existence of Na+-Ca+ + coupling at excitable membranes is accumulating, and this is reviewed. The possibility that administration of digitalis, through its inhibition of the Na+-K+ coupled system produces an increase in Na+- Ca+ + coupled transport and thereby an increase of influx of Ca+ + to the myofilaments is discussed and is presented as a possible basis for the mechanism of digitalis...
Carbohydrate reserves of wild rodents from different latitudes.

Abstract Liver and muscle glycogen, plasma glucose and urea concentrations were compared in thirteen species and subspecies of wild rodents raised and sacrificed under standard conditions (Microtus oeconomus macfarlani, Microtus oeconomus operarius, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Microtus pennsylvanicus tananaensis, Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii, Peromyscus maniculatus borealis, Calomys ducilla, Calomys callosus, Acomys cahirinus, Lemmus trimucronatus, Lemmus lemmus, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus and Clethrionomys rutilus). o 1. Muscle glycogen concentrations showed a direct relation to latitude with mean values ranging from 0·5 mg/g (C. callosus) to 2·8 mg/g (M. o. macfarlani). 2. Plasma glucose concentrations were inversely related to lattitude with values ranging from 1·9 mg/ml (A. cahirinus) to 0·8 mg/ml (M. o. operarius). 3. Liver glycogen concentrations showed no clear trend with values ranging from 10 mg/g (C. callosus) to 23 mg/g (M. pennsylvanicus) with the three lemmings forming a distinct subset with values below 5 mg/g. 4. Highland C. ducilla (3·8 km) conformed to its thermal environment (∼45–50° lat.) rather than its actual latitude. 5. Urea levels for species ranged from 0·21 to 0·32 mg/ml (average 0·25) but showed no obvious pattern.
Inoculation of fumigated nursery soil increases nodulation and yield of bare-root red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.)

To determine if inoculation increases nodulation and yield of bare-root red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.), fumigated nursery plots were treated with inoculum and ammonium sulfate (28 kg N ha−1) in a factorial experiment. Inoculum was alder soil with 100 infective units of Frankia g−1. Seedlings were evaluated for nodulation at age 10 wk and when lifted, at age 9 mo. Inoculation produced earlier and more extensive nodulation and increased seedling root collar diameter, height, and dry weight. Fertilization decreased seedling height, but did not decrease nodulation. No interaction of fertilization with inoculation was found. Inoculated unfertilized plots had the highest yield of packable seedlings (257 m−2), and uninoculated fertilized seedlings had the lowest yield (126 m−2).
Observations on the Cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris, Grote, and its Principal Parasites

This paper is an account of an outbreak of the cutworm, Euxoa Auxiliaris Grote, on alfalfa at Vernal, Utah, in 1916, which seemed, but was not conclusively proven, to be controlled by parasites, of which about a dozen species were reared as follows: Berecyntus bakeri Howard, A panteles laeviceps Ashmead, Meteorus vulgaris Cresson, Amblyteles nuncius Cresson, Habrobracon erucarum Cushman, Paranomalon sp., Ernestia sp., Anthrax alternata Say, Anthrax willistonii Coquillet, Aphiochaeta . sp., and Phorichaeta cinerosa Coquillet. It contains some data on the life history, habits and occurrence of both the host and its principal parasites as observed in the field and while rearing them in an improvised insectary.
Poly C binding protein, a single-stranded DNA binding protein, regulates mouse µ-opioid receptor gene expression

Previously, a single-stranded (ss) DNA element, polypyrimidine (PPy) element, was found to be important for the proximal promoter activity of mouse micro-opioid receptor (MOR) gene in a neuronal cell model. In this study, we identified the presence of unknown ssDNA binding proteins specifically bound to MOR ssPPy element in the mouse brain, implicating the physiological significance of these proteins. To identify the ssDNA binding proteins, yeast one-hybrid system with PPy element as the bait was used to screen a mouse brain cDNA library. The clone encoding poly C binding protein (PCBP) was obtained. Its full-length cDNA sequence and protein with molecular weight approximately 38 kDa were confirmed. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) revealed that PCBP bound to ssPPy element, but not doubled-stranded, in a sequence-specific manner. EMSA with anti-PCBP antibody demonstrated the involvement of PCBP in MOR ssPPy/proteins complexes of mouse brain and MOR expressing neuroblastoma NMB cells. Functional analysis showed that PCBP trans-activated MOR promoter as well as a heterologous promoter containing MOR PPy element. Importantly, ectopic expression of PCBP in NMB cells up-regulated the expression level of endogenous MOR gene in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, above results suggest that PCBP participates in neuronal MOR gene expression.
Unique variation in genetic selection among Black North American women and its potential influence on pregnancy outcome

We hypothesize that variations in the frequency of genetic polymorphisms, reflecting ancestral differences in living conditions and exposure to microorganisms, increase susceptibility to adverse pregnancy outcome among present day Black North American women. Striking differences were observed in the frequency of genetic variants between Black and White or Hispanic women in 5 genes (IL1RN, MBL2, PPARA, ATG16L1, CIAS1) associated with inflammation and anti-microbial immunity. The CIAS1 and IL1RN polymorphisms were associated with altered interleukin-1β serum levels; the MBL2 polymorphism resulted in a decreased serum mannose-binding lectin concentration. Gene polymorphisms associated with an alteration in innate immunity were most frequent in Black women. This may reflect an evolutionary selection in response to an ancient environment containing a high multitude of microorganisms, and may increase susceptibility of Black women to infection-associated preterm birth in the current North American environment.
Electrophilic adduction of ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 by N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate inhibits ubiquitin activation and is accompanied by striatal injury in the rat.

Previous studies have shown ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 to be sensitive to adduction through both Michael addition and SN2 chemistry in vitro. E1 presents a biologically important putative protein target for adduction due to its role in initiating ubiquitin based protein processing and the involvement of impaired ubiquitin protein processing in two types of familial Parkinson’s disease. We tested whether E1 is susceptible to xenobiotic-mediated electrophilic adduction in vivo and explored the potential contribution of E1 adduction to neurodegenerative events in an animal model. N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC) was administered to rats using a protocol that produces covalent cysteine modifications in vivo, and brain E1 protein adducts were characterized and mapped using shotgun LC-MS/MS. E1 activity, global and specific protein expression, and protein carbonyls were used to characterize cellular responses and injury in whole brain and dorsal striatal samples. The data demonstrate that DEDC treatment pr...
Projection of individual pyramidal tract neurons to lumbar motor nuclei of the monkey.

The projection of individual pyramidal tract (PT) neurons from the hindlimb area in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex to the lumbar spinal cord was studied in the monkey by systematically searching for sites within identified regions of the spinal gray from which the PT neurons could be antidromically activated by local stimulation. All investigated neurons belonged to the fast conducting fraction of PT neurons. The following results were obtained. 1. Each PT neuron could be activated from more than one region of the spinal gray matter, including identified spinal motor nuclei and areas dorsomedial to these nuclei, but not the intermediate nucleus or regions dorsal to it. “Passage areas” and “termination areas” were defined. 2. Half of the PT neurons with termination areas within motor nuclei had these areas in more than one nucleus. There were thus strong suggestions for synaptic contacts of some PT neurons with motoneurons of more than one muscle. 3. Four groups of three or four neurons were recorded simultaneously by the same cortical electrode. Comparisons of passage and termination areas within groups revealed both similarities and differences in projections of neighboring neurons. Every neuron was activated from some region(s) where others of the group were not. Common passage areas, or passage and termination areas, for two or three neurons of a group within at least one motor nucleus were found for all groups. Termination areas in the same motor nucleus have been found for the majority of the neurons of only one group. These common projection areas are compatible with, but do not prove, that a group of adjacent PT neurons has common target cells in the spinal cord.
Predictors of recurrence for patients with small (one centimeter or less) localized breast cancer (T 1 a,b NO MO)

Background. The frequency of small (≤ 1 cm) axillary lymph node negative invasive breast cancers (T1a,b N0 M0) is increasing because of wider implementation of breast cancer screening. Identification of prognostic factors for these patients has been based largely on retrospective pathology review. The authors analyzed histologic factors recorded in the original pathology reports to determine predictors of recurrence for patients with T1a,b N0 M0 breast cancer. Methods. Two hundred eighteen patients were studied. Potential prognostic factors including measured millimeter tumor size in three dimensions, histologic grade, nuclear grade, and presence or absence of lymphatic vessel invasion were documented prospectively in routine surgical pathology reports of a large community (nonuniversity based) hospital. Follow-up was performed annually by the tumor registry. Results. With a median follow-up of 6.9 years (range, 3-15.8 years), overall recurrence free survival was 93%. Poor nuclear grade (hazard ratio, 5.8 ; 95% confidence interval, 1.70-19.82 ; P = 0.004) and lymphatic vessel invasion (hazard ratio, 4.6 ; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-15.61; P = 0.01) were independent predictors of recurrence. Only 10% of patients had cancers with both poor nuclear grade and lymphatic vessel invasion and their 67% 7-year recurrence free survival (RFS) rate was significantly lower than the 92% RFS rate observed for patients with one of these two factors (P = 0.007) and the 99% RFS for patients with neither poor risk factor (P = 0.0001). Conclusions. The combination of poor nuclear grade and lymphatic vessel invasion identifies a very small subset (10%) of patients with T1a,b N0 M0 breast cancer with a significant relapse risk that warrants consideration of adjuvant systemic therapy. However, the majority of patients with T1a,b N0 M0 breast cancer have an exceptionally good prognosis.
Diseases of the hands and nails.

Abstract Dermatoses of the hands are one of the most common problems of both office and clinic dermatologic practice and include localized primary skin diseases as well as cutaneous manifestations of systemic illnesses. The etiological factors at times are evident, but in the large group referred to as eczematoid eruptions, an interplay of many conditions frequently makes etiologic diagnosis seem impossible. Not infrequently, the primary lesions of generalized infectious processes occur on the hands, and their identity is extremely important in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. The nails, being modified epidermal structures, occasionally take part in cutaneous diseases, and their altered growth reflects local pathology as well as general systemic disturbances.
Inflation and its predictability in high-inflation Latin American countries: Some evidence on two competing hypotheses – a research note

In this paper we argue that the relationship between inflation and the accuracy of inflation predictions in high-inflation countries, such as those in Latin America, is ambiguous. Several empirical studies have measured a positive link between the level of inflation and its variability, suggesting that inflation uncertainty rises with the level of inflation. Others have noted, however, that variability measures may not capture uncertainty and that the evidence on a positive relationship between inflation and its uncertainty is weak. In fact, the relationship could, in principle, be negative and we present here some evidence from Latin America that supports partially this latter view. The reason for the potentially negative effect of inflation on inflation uncertainty is that in a high-inflation environment economic agents invest more resources in generating accurate inflation forecasts and in developing instruments capable of reducing the uncertainty costs of high inflation. In general, however, there is no clear relationship between inflation and its predictability.
An Integrated CMOS Passive Self-Interference Mitigation Technique for FDD Radios

This paper presents an integrated passive self-interference mitigation (SIM) technique for FDD radios. A Four Port Canceller (FPC) serves a dual function as a receiver input matching network, and provides an auxiliary path from the transmitter (TX) to the receiver (RX) to perform leakage cancellation, with minimal penalty on the RX noise figure (NF), and power consumption. An example of this technique is applied to the design of a WCDMA front-end consisting of a low noise amplifier (LNA), the FPC, and an emulated power amplifier (PA) in a 40 nm, 6-metal-layer TSMC CMOS process. With proper tuning of the FPC and the use of an off-chip +30 dBm power amplifier, greater than 20 dB of TX leakage suppression is achieved over a cancellation bandwidth of 5 MHz.
On the First Law of Geography: A Reply

Daniel Sui has sent me a written version of comments presented by five geographers at a panel on the first law of geography organized byhim at the 2003 AAG meeting in New Orleans. The comments seem...
End-stage renal disease is associated with worse outcomes in hospitalized patients with peptic ulcer bleeding.

Background Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at increased risk of peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB). To our knowledge, there are no population-based studies of the impact of ESRD on PUB. Objective To determine nationwide impact of ESRD on outcomes of hospitalized patients with PUB. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Hospitals from a 2008 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Patients We used the International Classification of Diseases, the 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify patients who had a primary discharge diagnosis of PUB. Main Outcome Measurement In-hospital mortality, length of stay, and hospitalization charges. Interventions Comparison of PUB outcomes in patients with and without ESRD. Results Of a total of 102,525 discharged patients with PUB, 3272 had a diagnosis of both PUB and ESRD, whereas 99,253 had a diagnosis of PUB alone without ESRD. The mortality of ESRD patients with PUB was significantly higher than that of the control group without ESRD (4.8% vs 1.9%, P P Limitations Administrative data set. Conclusions ESRD is associated with a significant health care burden in hospitalized patients with PUB. The presence of ESRD contributes to a higher mortality rate, longer hospital stay, and increased need for surgery.
Racial differences in the prevalence of cardiac sources of embolism in subjects with unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography

Little is known about the distribution of cardiac sources of embolism among African-Americans with cryptogenic cerebrovascular events. We compared the prevalence of potential cardiac sources of embolism between black and white patients referred to our laboratory for transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) evaluation of unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack. Records were reviewed to exclude subjects with high-risk cardiac or vascular disorders likely to explain the index event. Of 297 patients satisfying the inclusion criteria, 196 were white and 87 black. Potential cardioembolic sources were significantly less common in blacks than in whites (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26 to 0.75), and related largely to the difference in prevalence of interatrial communication (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.74). In contrast, African-Americans had a higher prevalence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (OR 3.50; 95% CI 1.97 to 6.22), and particularly, moderate or severe hypertrophy (OR 4.03; 95% CI 1.88 to 9.65) compared with whites. In conclusion, in African-Americans with unexplained cerebrovascular events, the yield of TEE for potential cardioembolic sources, and especially interatrial communication, is lower than in their white counterparts. African-Americans exhibit a substantially higher prevalence of LV hypertrophy, which may be a marker for a higher burden of subclinical cerebrovascular disease involved in the pathogenesis of cryptogenic cerebral ischemia in this population.
Analysis of phosphines functionalized with crown ether groups by NMR and cyclic voltammetry

Abstract The compound benzo-3,4-[18-crown-6]-diphenylphosphine was characterized by 31 P, 13 C and 1 H NMR in CDCl 3 and CD 3 CN and by cyclic voltammetry in CH 2 Cl 2 and CH 3 CN. The phosphine crown ether was found to be similar to triphenylphosphine in electrochemical and spectroscopic properties. Addition of M + PF 6 − (M + =Li + , Na + , or K + ) to the samples resulted in minimal changes in the observed 31 P spectra but significant differences in the electrochemistry. This suggests that binding a metal cation to the crown ether can be monitored electrochemically.
The Efficiency of Milk Substitutes in Calf Feeding

Summary 1. Beef blood when combined with corn and oil meal in proportion of 8 parts corn meal, 1 part oil meal and 12 parts beef blood furnishes a reasonably successful milk substitute for feeding young calves. 2. The development of the calves when on pasture indicates that the feeding of Purdue Calf meal seems not to have impaired or stunted the growth impetus, as the gain in weight of calves fed Purdue Calf Meal was equal to the gain in weight of the milk fed calves while on pasture.
Oral and Hand Movement Speeds are Associated with Expressive Language Ability in Children with Speech Sound Disorder

This study tested the hypothesis that children with speech sound disorder have generalized slowed motor speeds. It evaluated associations among oral and hand motor speeds and measures of speech (articulation and phonology) and language (receptive vocabulary, sentence comprehension, sentence imitation), in 11 children with moderate to severe SSD and 11 controls. Syllable durations from a syllable repetition task served as an estimate of maximal oral movement speed. In two imitation tasks, nonwords and clapped rhythms, unstressed vowel durations and quarter-note clap intervals served as estimates of oral and hand movement speed, respectively. Syllable durations were significantly correlated with vowel durations and hand clap intervals. Sentence imitation was correlated with all three timed movement measures. Clustering on syllable repetition durations produced three clusters that also differed in sentence imitation scores. Results are consistent with limited movement speeds across motor systems and SSD subtypes defined by motor speeds as a corollary of expressive language abilities.
The role of pharmacogenetics in nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases

Genetic variation influences the absorption and efflux of drugs in the intestine, the metabolism of drugs in the liver and the effects of these drugs on their target proteins. Indeed, variations in genes whose products have a role in the pathophysiology of nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases, such as IBD, have been shown to affect the response of patients to therapy. This Review provides an overview of pharmacogenetics in the management of nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases on the basis of data from clinical trials. Genetic variants that have the greatest effect on the management of patients with IBD involve the metabolism of thiopurines. Variation in drug metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes also requires attention so as to avoid drug interactions in patients receiving tricyclic antidepressants and PPIs. Few genotyping tests are currently used in the clinical management of patients with nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases, owing to a lack of data from clinical trials showing their effectiveness in predicting nonresponse or adverse outcomes. However, pharmacogenetics could have a beneficial role in enabling pharmacotherapy for nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases to be targeted to the individual patient.
Hybrid transfinite element methodology for nonlinear transient thermal problems

Abstract A new transfinite element methodology for nonlinear transient thermal analysis is described. The proposed methodology is a hybrid approach that combines the major advantages of finite-element techniques, classical Bubnov-Galerkin schemes, and transform methods. Fundamental concepts of the methodology, including recent developments for application to nonlinear thermal problems, are described in technical detail. The applicability of the hybrid transfinite element approach to nonlinear transient thermal problems is quite novel. Comparative results of several test problems validate the basic capabilities of the proposed formulations. The hybrid transfinite element approach proposed here provides a computational methodology for nonlinear transient thermal analysis and has the potential for further extension.
Reaching the same point: Effects on consistency when pointing at objects in the physical environment without feedback

We present results from a study examining the impact of several human and technical factors on selection by pointing a handheld pointer at physical objects in a room without feedback. A basic mobile sensor assembly is used to demonstrate the feasibility of coarse target acquisition using this technique. Results show that the factors of relative target size and orientation, and postural constraints on pointing behaviour all impact consistency across individuals in the target acquisition end-point when pointing without feedback. Consistency increased when participants were allowed to move freely, contrary to the assumption that constraining body movement, position, and orientation across individuals would increase consistency. Overall pointing consistency also did not fall off when participants could not look at the targets during interaction (after having previously pointed to them). We present design considerations based on these findings.
Daphnia and Drosophila: two invertebrate models for O2 responsive and HIF-mediated regulation of genes and genomes

Abstract A brief comparison of hypoxia-tolerant versus hypoxia-sensitive strategies to cope with periods of oxygen deprivation (hypoxia, anoxia) is presented with a particular focus on oxygen sensing via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) in two hypoxia-tolerant invertebrate models: Daphnia magna and Drosophila melanogaster . In Daphnia , HIF controls the hypoxic induction of multiple globin genes, which, not only causes a visible development of color, but also greatly facilitates O 2 delivery to hypoxic tissues as do HIF-driven erythropoiesis and angiogenesis in mammals. In contrast, expression of the single-copy drosophilid globin gene is HIF-dependently suppressed in hypoxic SL2 cells from late fly embryos. Invertebrate globin genes, therefore, demonstrate HIF's ability to confer trans-activation and trans-inactivation onto target genes. Strategies to acquire hypoxia-tolerance center around a regulated and reversible metabolic depression throughout which cellular ATP supply and demand functions are coordinatedly reduced. Our microarray-based elucidation of Drosophila 's genome-wide response to graded hypoxia revealed indeed numerous transcriptional inductions or suppressions that suggested an overall down-regulation of major ATP consuming processes (e.g. protein synthesis, cell cycle progression) in severely oxygen depleted SL2 cells. HIF control was implicated in some of these regulations and thus, might play an essential role to conserve energy during periods of limited O 2 supply in hypoxia-tolerant animals.
Compensation for idiotype suppression. I. Acquirement of ability to compensate for TEPC-15 idiotype suppression in mice during the early neonatal period.

Neonatal injection of BALB/c mice with antibodies specific for the idiotype of TEPC-15 myeloma protein (T15id), which is serologically identical to the major idiotype of anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) antibody, renders the recipients completely unresponsive to PC. C57BL/6, (BALB/c X C57BL/6)F1 and C.B20 mice, similarly treated with anti-T15id antibody, also displayed tolerance to PC although they were relatively more resistant (8-13%) than BALB/c mice (less than 2% control response). When anti-T15id antibody was injected into 15-day-old neonates, the resistance to the tolerance in C57BL/6 and C.B20 mice was much more apparent (up to 80% of the control response) in contrast to that in BALB/c mice, which was not significant. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from idiotypically suppressed BALB/c mice into 20-day-old, normal C. B20 mice resulted in suppression of T15id but not in tolerance to PC, due to increased production of non-T15id-bearing anti-PC antibody. These results suggest that the ability of clonal compensation for T15id suppression is acquired during early life (2-10 days), under the influence of gene(s) associated or linked with the Igh.
Tests of cesium iodide crystals for an electromagnetic calorimeter

Abstract A new electromagnetic shower detector will be constructed for the CLEO II experiment at CESR. It will consist of 8000 CsI(Tl) crystals coupled to solid state photodiodes. Extensive tests on the response of 175 CsI crystals are reported here. Each block measured 5 cm by 5 cm in cross section and 30 cm (16.2 radiation lengths) in depth. A fast and reliable method to determine acceptable light output and uniformity of crystals using a 137Cs radioactive source and photomultiplier readout was successfully developed. For test beam studies each crystal was equipped with four silicon photodiodes connected to a low-noise charge amplifier. Calibration with a positron test beam yielded average light output of 2500 photoelectrons per MeV and showed good correlation with the radioactive source exposures. In the beam tests at 180 (5000) MeV, energy resolutions of 4% (1.5%) and position resolutions transverse to the beam of 1.2 (0.3) cm were achieved. The effects of material between and in front of crystals, non-normal incidence, and staggering of adjacent crystals were studied, and together were found to degrade the energy resolution by only a modest amount. Operation of the system near room temperature will ensure low noise and stable response. The radiation sensitivity of a number of CsI blocks was measured and found to be acceptable for the radiation levels anticipated in CLEO II.
Electronic structure of the oxidized and reduced blue copper sites: contributions to the electron transfer pathway, reduction potential, and geometry☆

Abstract This is a review of our group's studies on the electronic structure of the blue copper site and its contribution to function. It starts with the known crystallographic results and demonstrates how spectroscopy allows these results to be extended to obtain fundamental insight into reactivity. These studies: (1) demonstrate that the unique spectral features associated with the oxidized blue copper site reflect a novel ground state wavefunction with high anisotropic covalency which plays a key role in activating specific electron transfer pathways; (2) provide the first description of the electronic structure of the reduced blue copper site obtained using variable energy photoelectron spectroscopy as a new method of bioinorganic spectroscopy and (3) determine the change in electronic structure on oxidation which allows for an evaluation of the Jahn-Teller distorting forces present in the oxidized blue copper site. The last result provides insight into whether the reduced geometry is in fact imposed on the oxidized site by the protein (i.e. the ‘entatic’ or ‘rack’ state).
The Effectiveness of a Group Teaching Interaction Procedure for Teaching Social Skills to Young Children with a Pervasive Developmental Disorder.

Abstract Deficits in social skills are characteristic of children with autism. Clinicians often include teaching these skills as part of comprehensive curriculum. One method of developing social skills for children with autism is the teaching interaction procedure. This procedure involves describing the behavior, providing a rational and cues when to use the behavior, dividing the skill into smaller steps, demonstrating the behavior, having the learner role play the behavior, and providing feedback. This study implemented a teaching interaction procedure as part of group social-skills instruction for five children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. A multiple-probe design across behaviors and replicated across participants was used. All five participants acquired the social skills taught to them and generalization was promoted.
Therapeutics. Review: heparin and mechanical compression are similar in reducing postsurgical VTE risk, but heparin increases bleeding.

Source Citation Eppsteiner RW, Shin JJ, Johnson J, van Dam RM. Mechanical compression versus subcutaneous heparin therapy in postoperative and posttrauma patients: a systematic review and meta-anal...
ESTABLISHING NEW SITES OF POLARIZATION BY MICROTUBULES

Summary Background Microtubules (MTs) participate in the spatial regulation of actin-based processes such as cytokinesis and cell polarization [1]. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a rod-shaped cell that exhibits polarized cell growth at cell tips. MT plus ends contact and shrink from the cell tips and contribute to polarity regulation. Results Here, we investigate the effects of changing cell shape on MTs and cell-polarization machinery. We physically bend fission yeast cells by forcing them into microfabricated femtoliter chambers. In these bent cells, MTs maintain a straight axis and contact and shrink from cortical sites at the sides of cells. At these ectopic sites, polarity factors such as bud6p, for3p (formin), and cdc42p are recruited and assemble actin cables in a MT-dependent manner. MT contact at the cortex induces the appearance of a bud6p dot within seconds. The accumulation of polarity factors leads to cell growth at these sites, when the MT-associated polarity factor tea1p is absent. This process is dependent on MTs, mal3p (EB1), moe1p (an EB1-binding protein), and for3p but, surprisingly, is independent of the tea1p-tea4p pathway. Conclusions These studies provide a direct demonstration for how MTs induce actin assembly at specific locations on the cell cortex and begin to identify a new pathway involved in this process. MT interactions with the cortex may be regulated by cortical-attachment sites. These findings highlight the crosstalk between cell shape, polarity mechanisms, and MTs responsible for cell morphogenesis.
Antibodies to glycyl-transfer RNA synthetase in patients with myositis and interstitial lung disease

Objective. We have previously described anti-EJ antibodies, and provided evidence that these antibodies react with glycyl–transfer RNA (gly-tRNA) synthetase. The aim of the present study was to identify patients with anti-EJ antibodies and describe the clinical associations of the antibody, in particular, whether it is associated with the syndrome of myositis and interstitial lung disease (ILD) that has been previously associated with autoantibodies to the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for histidine, threonine, and alanine. Methods. Sera from patients with suspected or proven polymyositis or dermatomyositis (DM), sera with anticytoplasmic patterns, and control sera were tested for anti-EJ antibodies by immunoprecipitation (IPP). Positive sera and controls were tested for the ability to inhibit gly-tRNA synthetase by preincubation of the enzyme source with the serum. Results. Anti-EJ antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of 5 patients, by IPP of characteristic tRNAs and protein. Original serum EJ and each of the new sera significantly inhibited the enzymatic activity of gly-tRNA synthetase but not histidyl-tRNA synthetase. All 5 of the new patients had inflammatory myopathy, a typical DM rash, and ILD. One, who had an overlap syndrome with systemic lupus erythematosus, had anti-EJ at least 4 months before the development of clinical myositis. Arthritis and Raynaud's phenomenon, other features associated with antisynthetases, were also seen. Conclusion. Anti-EJ is associated with the syndrome of myositis and lung disease that is seen in association with other antisynthetases. The finding of specific inhibition of gly-tRNA synthetase by all anti-EJ–positive sera strongly supports the identification of EJ antigen as gly-tRNA synthetase.
Full-color tomographic imaging by full-field optical coherence tomography

A full-field optical coherence microscopy generates tomographic 3D representation of the object by combining quadrature phase-shifted interference images. Full-color rendering of the 3D object is obtained by illumination using red, green and blue LEDs. The principle is demonstrated in colored tomographic imaging of artificial as well as biological target objects.
Immunocytochemical and biochemical characterization of the connective tissue component of fibrous papular lesions of oral mucosa

In an attempt to define the fibroblastic components of fibrous papular lesions of oral mucosa. 21 cases representing these lesions were selected for study. Paraffin or frozen sections of the lesions were stained, using the immunoperoxidase technique, with antibodies to: alpha-l-antitrypsin. alpha-l-antichymotrypsin. lysozyme. fibro-nectin. act in. myosin, and for Clq binding Three of these cases were biochemically analyzed for collagen Types 1. III. and V. This study demonstrated the presence of cytochemical markers in fibrous papules that were similar to those observed for the compartment of circumvascular fibroblasts in control normal mucosa. Analysis of the collagens present indicated that in addition to histologic similarities, the gene products of these extracellular matrices were similar to those reported for angiofibromas and Shagreen patches in tuberous sclerosis. The cells in these lesions appear to be distinct from myofibroblasts and the high affinity complement binding fibroblasts characterized by Bordin et al. (1).
The Computer as Liberator: The Rise of Mechanical System Control

In this essay, on the observance of the 50th anniversary of the founding of ASME's Dynamic Systems and Control Division, I try to connect the technology of control to the way in which control practitioners think. Despite some tension between the conclusions implied in the introductory paragraphs and conclusions drawn later in the essay, I have left them to stand in their original form to emphasive tensions in control thinking, for which the source might not be apparent. The opinions expressed here are strictly my own, but I must acknowledge the creative proddings of my colleagues in getting these thoughts recorded at all
State Violence and Violent Crime

Last year's American Society of Criminology conference examined the theme “Violent Crime and Its Victims.” Yet amidst the hundreds of papers it produced, only a handful addressed state violence and its countless victims. Despite its neglect by the mainstream, state violence is an important criminological concern that is essential to any meaningful discussion of crime control. The problem of state violence must be faced in its own right. But understanding its connections to more traditional violent crimes will also be our only hope for alleviating suffering in our societies. As an exercise in peacemaking criminology, we must illustrate the problem of state violence, identify its different forms (including those most often ignored by criminol‐ogists), and describe the connections between state crime and traditional violent crimes.
Understanding Dogs and Dognition: a New Foundation for Design

(1990). Understanding Dogs and Dognition: a New Foundation for Design. Connection Science: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 251-252.
Photochemically Machined, Glass Ceramic, Optical Fiber Interconnection Components

An optical fiber array interconnection substrate for computer applications was dgveloped based around a photomachinable glass-ceramic material having the trade name Fotofore% Devices incorporating up to 32 fibers on a single chip were shown to be possible, and the material was demonstrated to be patternable with accuracies approaching single crystal silicon. The glass-ceramic material has several advantages over silicon in that it is less brittle, can be easily loaded with fibers, and can be assembled using UV curable epoxies.
Marginal Pedagogy: How Annotated Texts Affect a Writing-from-Sources Task.

Historically, annotations have provided a means for discussing texts and teaching students about reading practices. This study argues that giving students annotated readings can influence their per...
Soliton excitations in a commensurability 2 mixed peierls system

Abstract We consider a one-dimensional half-filled band system with the electrons coupled to both internal mode and bond modulation. For weak and intermediate coupling strength the site dimerization are mutually exclusive in the uniform ground states and inside neutral solitons. They coexist however inside charged solitons. The solitons carry charge ± e 2 per spin. Creation energy decreases as the two couplings become less different. The position of the gap state depends on the occupation number.
A Stackelberg model of Social Security acceptance decisions in dual career households

Abstract The joint Social Security acceptance decisions of husbands and wives are modeled as a Stackelberg game with male leadership. The analysis focuses on whether an individual accepts reduced Social Security retirement benefits prior to age 65 or full benefits at age 65 or older. Full information maximum likelihood estimates are presented for a sample of dual career households from the Retirement History Survey. The results indicate that Social Security acceptance decisions in dual career households depend on several individual and household characteristics as well as financial incentives.
Transformed Poisson−Boltzmann Relations and Ionic Distributions

For many applications, charge distributions around macromolecules in aqueous solution are of greater interest than the electrical potential. We show that it is possible to use the Poisson−Boltzmann...
pp60src-Dependent protein phosphorylation in membranes from Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts

Abstract The Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-transforming protein, pp60 src , is a plasma membrane-associated tyrosine-specific protein kinase. A 36,000-Da cellular polypeptide (p36) which is phosphorylated at tyrosine in RSV-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts (RSV-CEF) is also plasma membrane associated. To determine if p36 is directly phosphorylated by pp60 src , and to examine the effects of mutations within src on pp60 src phosphorylation and kinase activity in situ in the plasma membrane, src -dependent protein phosphorylation in membranes isolated from RSV-CEF has been characterized. These membrane preparations contained high ATPase and phosphoprotein phosphatase activities; but when sufficient concentrations of [γ- 32 P]ATP were used, the phosphorylation of pp60 src and the phosphorylation of p36 were linear for 1 min or more, and the initial rates of phosphorylation could therefore be determined. In membranes from RSV-CEF pp60 src and p36 became phosphorylated predominantly at tyrosine, while in membranes from uninfected cells p36 was phosphorylated at low levels at serine. When membranes from RSV-CEF were preincubated with tumor-bearing rabbit (TBR) serum, the IgG became phosphorylated while the phosphorylation of p36 was inhibited, suggesting that p36 is directly phosphorylated by pp60 src . Phosphorylation of pp60 src , p36, and TBR-IgG was dependent on growth temperature in membranes from cells infected by a temperature-sensitive mutant, ts NY68, although some dependence on growth temperature was observed even with membranes from wild-type RSV-infected cells. However, at the nonpermissive temperature, ts NY68 pp60 src retained 20–40% of its kinase activity, providing supporting for the proposal (B. M. Sefton, T. Hunter, and K. Beemon (1980, J. Virol , 33 , 220–229) that transformation may result from a small quantitative change in pp60 src activity. The phosphorylation of pp60 src and its kinase activity were not coordinately affected by growth temperature or mutations within src , indicating that different factors affect the phosphoacceptor capacity and kinase activity of the protein.
Population dynamics and global change: the need for new conceptual maps.

Current approaches to population: 1) focus too much on humans and not on their interactions over time with populations of other species; 2) focus too much on the number of humans and not on their differential resource use and environmental impact; 3) accept uncritically the assumptions and concepts of industrial society regarding the nature of progress and the neutrality of technologies, markets, and trade. Broader and more integrated approaches are needed to address current international and global realities and trends.
SPOROGENESIS AND EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT OF HESPEROCALLIS AND LEUCOCRINUM IN RELATION TO THEIR SYSTEMATIC POSITION

with potassium nitrite as a source of nitrogen. Conspicuous differences were observed in the ability of the seven lines to use various carbon or nitrogen sources. Thiamine was the only vitamin of seventeen tried that increased growth. It had a greater beneficial effect on some lines than on others. When thiamine was present, substances in "vitamin-free" casein hydrolysate increased the growth of all lines tested. No differences in carbon, nitrogen, or vitamin nutrition of the various lines were associated clearly with their pathogenic capabilities.
Dislocations in gadolinium gallium garnet (Gd3Ga5O12)—I. Dislocations at inclusions

Abstract Dislocations near inclusions in gadolinium gallium garnet crystals have been examined by optical microscopy. The inclusions were 5–200 μm in diameter and were compressed by the matrix. Dislocations were detected by means of the optical birefringence they induced or from the etch pits formed where they met the sample surface. The dislocations were loops 0.01–0.5 mm in diameter which encircled the inclusions and lay on {111}, {110} and {100}. The Burgers vectors of the loops were perpendicular to their plane. Loops were formed by climb and were of the interstitial variety. Mechanisms for the formation of interstitial loops at inclusions compressed by the matrix are described.
Tolerance to MHC class II disparate allografts through genetic modification of bone marrow

Induction of molecular chimerism through genetic modification of bone marrow is a powerful tool for the induction of tolerance. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that expression of an allogeneic MHC class II gene in autologous bone marrow cells, resulting in a state of molecular chimerism, induces tolerance to MHC class II mismatched skin grafts, a stringent test of transplant tolerance. Reconstitution of recipients with syngeneic bone marrow transduced with retrovirus encoding H-2I-Ab (I-Ab) resulted the long-term expression of the retroviral gene product on the surface of MHC class II-expressing bone marrow-derived cell types. Mechanistically, tolerance was maintained by the presence of regulatory T cells, which prevented proliferation and cytokine production by alloreactive host T cells. Thus, the introduction of MHC class II genes into bone marrow-derived cells through genetic engineering results in tolerance. These results have the potential to extend the clinical applicability of molecular chimerism for tolerance induction.
Enzyme activities as a component of soil biodiversity: A review

Summary Soil enzyme activities are the direct expression of the soil community to metabolic requirements and available nutrients. While the diversity of soil organisms is important, the capacity of soil microbial communities to maintain functional diversity of those critical soil processes through disturbance, stress or succession could ultimately be more important to ecosystem productivity and stability than taxonomic diversity. This review examines selected papers containing soil enzyme data that could be used to distinguish enzyme sources and substrate specificity, at scales within and between major nutrient cycles. Developing approaches to assess soil enzyme functional diversity will increase our understanding of the linkages between resource availability, microbial community structure and function, and ecosystem processes.
Translation of the FMR1 mRNA is not influenced by AGG interruptions

The fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene contains a CGG-repeat element within its 5 0 untranslated region (5 0 UTR) which, for alleles with more than � 40 repeats, increasingly affects both transcription (up-regulation) and translation (inhibition) of the repeat-containing RNA with increasing CGG-repeat length. Translational inhibition is thought to be due to impaired ribosomal scanning through the CGG-repeat region, which is postulated to form highly stable secondary/tertiary structure. One striking difference between alleles in the premutation range (55–200 CGG repeats) and those in the normal range (<� 40 repeats) is the reduced number/absence of ‘expansion stabilizing’ AGG interruptions in the larger alleles. Such interruptions, which generally occur every 9–11 repeats in normal alleles, are thought to disrupt the extended CGG-repeat hairpin structure, thus facilitating translational initiation. To test this hypothesis, we have measured the translational efficiency of CGG-repeat mRNAs with 0–2 AGG interruptions, both in vitro (rabbit reticulocyte lysates) and in cell culture (HEK-293 cells). We demonstrate that the AGG interruptions have no detectable influence on translational efficiency in either a cell-free system or cell culture, indicating that any AGG-repeatinduced alterations in secondary/tertiary structure, if present, do not involve the rate-limiting step(s) in translational initiation.
A gridless multilayer channel router

A technique for routing gridless channels is presented. This technique can handle channels of two or more layers without restricting layers to vertical or horizontal direction. Also, it considers all the important routing metrics simultaneously. Since this technique is based on the design rules, it is also capable of handling grid-based channels. The algorithm has been implemented in C on Sequent Balance 8000, which uses the UNIX operating system. The algorithm was run on several examples of gridless and grid-based channels with two or more layers, and for all of them it achieved good results. Besides its capability of routing both types of channels, having no restriction on the direction of each layer was important in achieving a more efficient solution for a channel. On both layout designs, this feature helped minimize the channel with the wire length, and the number of contacts. >