cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leptomeningeal involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

purpose: This review and case report address the rare complication of leptomeningeal involvement in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. overview: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common form of leukemia, with more than 200,000 cases reported in the past 20 years. An uncommon complication of the disorder is central nervous system invasion. To date, only 21 cases have been reported, and their presenting symptoms have been heterogeneous and often nonspecific, including headache, cranial nerve abnormalities, confusion, ataxia, nausea, vomiting, and fever. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of a clonal population of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment is either intrathecal or intraventricular chemotherapy with adjuvant radiation therapy or radiation alone. Prognosis is improved by prompt and aggressive therapy. In this case report, a 61-year-old man developed severe ataxia, vertigo, and occipital headaches 4 weeks after diagnosis with otherwise asymptomatic chronic lymphocytic leukemia. After treatment with both radiation to the head and neck and intrathecal methotrexate the patient achieved complete symptom resolution. Thus far, no additional systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy has been necessary. clinical implications: Because central nervous system invasion is uncommon in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, it may go undiagnosed and under-reported. Providers of patients with this disease need to be aware of possible central nervous system invasion when patients present with cranial nerve signs or symptoms and/or nonspecific neurologic manifestations. Early identification and prompt central nervous system-directed chemotherapy can affect morbidity and quality of life positively.
Now you see it, now you don't: On turning semantic interference into facilitation in a stroop-like task

We use a masked priming procedure to test two accounts of the picture-word interference (PWI) effect: the lexical selection by competition account (Levelt et al., 1999; Roelofs, 1992) and the response selection account (Lupker, 1979; Miozzo and Caramazza, 2003). In the visible (standard) condition, we replicated the often-observed semantic interference effect. In the masked condition, we observed semantic facilitation. We take the polarity shift as a function of masking to mean that the semantic interference and semantic facilitation in the PWI task should be attributed to two qualitatively different processes. We argue that this conclusion follows naturally from the response selection account, but only with great difficulty from the lexical selection by competition account.
Red Antenna States of PS I of Cyanobacteria: Stark Effect and Interstate Energy Transfer†

Previously, Stark hole-burning spectroscopy and effects of pressure at low temperature were used to determine the number of red antenna states of the cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus and Synechocystis PCC6803 (Hayes,J. M.; Matsuzaki, S.; Ratsep, M.; Small, G. J. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000 104, 5625. Zazubovich, V.; Matsuzaki, S.; Johnson, T. W.; Hayes, J. M.; Chitnis, P. R.; Small Chem. Phys. 2002, 275, 47). Distinct differences in linear pressure shift rates, the magnitude of the permanent dipole moment change, fΔμ, and electron-phonon coupling strength clearly show that in Synechococcus there are three red states (C708, C715, and C719), whereas in Synechocystis, there are two red states (C708 and C714). In the Stark hole-burning spectra of the lowest states of these two systems, hole splitting was not observed, only hole broadening, for excitation polarization both parallel and perpendicular to the Stark field direction. The theories of Stark hole burning predict that splitting should occur for one of the polarizations unless there is a large, random component to the induced dipole moment change, Δμ i n d , which is not expected to be the case for pigment-protein complexes in which the orientations of pigments relative to the protein matrix are nonrandom. In this paper, Stark hole burning at higher resolution is used to reinvestigate the absence of splitting. However, even at higher resolution, no splitting is detected. This is explained by invoking large variations of the inherent dipole moment change Δμ 0 of the dimer (the origin of the red-state absorption) rather than of the induced dipole moment change. These arise from a distribution of the relative orientations and separations between the components of the dimer. This distribution also results in a random component of the polarizability change tensor, Δα. The random components of Δμ 0 and Δα not only obscure the Stark splitting but also cause the large inhomogeneous broadening observed for these lowest-energy red states. Temperature-dependent hole widths were also measured for C708 and C714 of Synechocystis. For C714, a T 1 , 3 temperature dependence was observed, consistent with dephasing by the disordered protein matrix. At 708 nm, however, much higher fluences were required to saturate the absorption of the blue edge of the C714 band and then begin to burn C708. The contribution of the C708 component to the broadening was weakly temperature dependent over the range measured, 2 to 14 K. This contribution is due to energy transfer from C708 to C714, and the width measured corresponds to an energy-transfer time of 6 ps. This observation provides further proof of the existence of two red antenna states, C708 and C714.
Engineering cardiospheres from human pluripotent stem cells

There has been limited progress toward the development of in vitro cardiac tissue models and cellular cardiac therapies due to the lack of an easily obtainable and expandable cell source. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a potentially unlimited source of cardiomyocytes for use in regenerative cardiac therapies as well as for the study of cardiovascular development, disease, and tissue homeostasis. An enhanced understanding of the interactions between cardiomyocytes and their surrounding microenvironment is required in order to generate appropriate in vitro models of human cardiac development and disease. In this study, we model cardiac microenvironments by generating 3D cardiospheres of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and control spheroid formation conditions to modulate both cardiomyocyte phenotype and physiological function.
The short form of the CheA protein restores kinase activity and chemotactic ability to kinase-deficient mutants.

Abstract Escherichia coli expresses two forms of the chemotaxis-associated CheA protein, CheAL and CheAS, as the result of translational initiation at two distinct, in-frame initiation sites in the gene cheA. The long form, CheAL, plays a crucial role in the chemotactic signal transduction mechanism by phosphorylating two other chemotaxis proteins: CheY and CheB. CheAL must first autophosphorylate at amino acid His-48 before transferring its phosphono group to these other signal transduction proteins. The short form, CheAS, lacks the N-terminal 97 amino acids of CheAL and, therefore, does not possess the site of autophosphorylation. Here we demonstrate that although it lacks the ability to autophosphorylate, CheAS can mediate phosphorylation of kinase-deficient variants of CheAL each of which retains a functional autophosphorylation site. This transphosphorylation enables these kinase-deficient CheAL variants to phosphorylate CheY. Because it mediates this activity, CheAS can restore to kinase-deficient E. coli cells the ability to tumble and, thus, to perform chemotaxis in swarm plate assays.
College Faculty Perception of the Importance of a Comprehensive View of Home Economics and an Orientation to the Field for Graduate Students

The importance which home economics faculty places on colleagues having a comprehen sive view of home economics was of concern to members of the American Home Economics Association's Graduate Commission and Agency Member Units. A study was undertaken where two faculty members each from fifty 1978–79 Agency Member Units, provided data. Using the Scheffe Multiple Range test, there was a significant difference (at the 0.05 level) regarding how important respondents by type of faculty responsibility, type of degree, and type of institution with which employed, believed it was for faculty to have a comprehensive view of the field. When asked whether an interdisciplinary orientation to home economics should be provided to graduate students with different backgrounds, there was a significant difference by type of faculty responsibility and type of degree. The strength of the belief, or degree of importance, was the point at which these groups differed significantly. Data were also collected regarding respondents' views of the usefulness of selected experiences thought to convey an interdisciplinary orientation to home economics. Findings from the study indicate that home economics college faculty believe it important that its members have a comprehensive view of the field, that graduate students be provided an interdisciplinary orientation to home economics, and that experiences periodically bring ing students together for study and dialogue provide meaningful ways to attain such an orientation.
The Ajtai random class of lattices

Ajtai has recently given a reduction from the problem of approximating a short basis for a lattice in the worst case, to the problem of finding a short lattice vector for a uniformly chosen lattice in a certain random class of lattices. Here we give an explicit formula for the number of lattices of the type used by Ajtai. We also prove some results about the average volume of the fundamental cell of such a lattice.
Functions of ion transport peptide and ion transport peptide-like in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum

Ion transport peptide (ITP) and ITP-like (ITPL) are highly conserved neuropeptides in insects and crustaceans. We investigated the alternatively spliced variants of ITP/ITPL in Tribolium castaneum to understand their functions. We identified three alternatively spliced transcripts named itp, itpl-1, and itpl-2. Expression patterns of the splice variants investigated by exon-specific in situ hybridization were somewhat different from those previously reported in other insect species. Most importantly, we found for the first time that itpl-1 transcripts are abundantly expressed in the midgut at the late larval stage, showing an expression pattern similar to that of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) in the crab Carcinus maenas. CHH was shown to function by increasing the body volume through fluid absorption, resulting in breakage of the outer shell at the time of molt. Exon-specific RNA interference (RNAi) was designed to distinguish between itp and itpl-1, but we were unable to design a dsRNA uniquely targeting or uniquely excluding itpl-2; therefore, RNAi targeting was limited to either itp/itpl-2 or itpl-1/itpl-2. For dsRNA injections in the larval stages, either RNAi led to gradually increasing mortality in the larval and pupal stages, with 100% cumulative mortality at the time of eclosion or shortly afterward. Developmental deficiencies in the adult tarsal segments were observed after RNAi suppressing either itp/itpl-2 or itpl-1/itpl-2. After dsRNA injections at the pupal stage, the most striking observation was a significant reduction in egg numbers (8% of control) and reduced survival of the offspring (5%) in RNAi targeting itpl-1/itpl-2, while a milder degree of the same phenotype was observed in that targeting itp/itpl-2.
Stress Relaxation by Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer in Highly Cross-Linked Thiol−Yne Networks

Radical mediated addition-fragmentation chain transfer of mid-chain allyl sulfide functional groups was utilized to reduce polymerization-induced shrinkage stress in thiol-yne step-growth photopolymerization reactions. In previous studies, the addition-fragmentation of allyl sulfide during the polymerization of a step-growth thiol-ene network demonstrated reduced polymerization stress; however, the glass transition temperature of the material was well below room temperature (~ -20°C). Many applications require super-ambient glass transition temperatures, such as microelectronics and dental materials. Polymerization reactions utilizing thiol-yne functional groups have many of the advantageous attributes of the thiol-ene-based materials, such as possessing a delayed gel-point, resistant to oxygen inhibition, and fast reaction kinetics, while also possessing a high glass transition temperature. Here we incorporate allyl sulfide functional groups into a highly crosslinked thiol-yne network to reduce polymerization-induced shrinkage stress. Simultaneous shrinkage stress and functional group conversion measurements were performed during polymerization using a cantilever-type tensometer coupled with a FTIR spectrometer. The resulting networks were highly crosslinked, possessed super-ambient glass transition temperatures, and exhibited significantly reduced polymerization-induced shrinkage stress when compared with analogous propyl sulfide-containing materials that are incapable of addition-fragmentation.
Entry and product quality under price regulation

Spence (1975, footnote 5, p. 420) has shown that, in equilibrium, a price-regulated monopoly will supply a socially suboptimal level of quality. This tendency to undersupply quality has been used to justify an expansion of regulatory controls to the quality dimension in certain regulated industries (e.g., electricity and telecommunications). In this paper, we examine the effects of entry on equilibrium product quality in an industry which is price-regulated. A generalized conjectural variation model is used which allows both monopolistic and oligopolistic market structures. Using this model, we find that regulation generally leads to a socially nonoptimal (either too high or too low) level of quality, where the direction of the resulting departure from optimal quality depends upon the conjectures that firms form. Spence's result is obtained as a special case. We then demonstrate that a policy that encourages (or, at least, does not discourage) entry into the regulated market will cause equilibrium quality to move in a social-welfare-improving direction, regardless of the direction of the original distortion.
Use of Solvents To Improve the Productivity of Gas Condensate Wells

Experiments have been done with a retrograde gas condensate fluid to measure the decrease in gas relative permeability due to liquid dropout below the dew point and to evaluate the use of methanol to restore the gas relative permeability. The methanol was found to increase the end-point gas relative permeability by a factor of 1.2 to 2.5 depending on the initial water saturation. A likely reason for the increased gas permeability is the miscible displacement of the condensate and water phases by the methanol. The use of an inexpensive solvent such as methanol to improve the productivity of gas wells that have been damaged by production below the dew point due to condensate and/or water blocking presents an attractive approach deserving further investigation.
Selective long-term potentiation in the pyriform cortex

Electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb (OB) produces an evoked potential in the pyriform cortex (PC) characterized by an initial surface-negative wave (period 1) representing activation of PC pyramidal cells via the lateral olfactory tract, followed by a surface-positive wave (period 2) which is temporally associated with recurrent and feed-forward inhibition. The experiment reported here examined the changes that occur in the PC evoked potential following a pattern of stimulation that has been found to produce short- and long-term potentiation (LTP) in other areas of the forebrain. Male Long-Evans rats with electrodes in the OB and PC were divided into two groups. LTP animals received high-frequency stimulation of the OB (30 trains of 10 pulses each at a frequency of 100 Hz). Control animals received the same number of pulses at a lower frequency (1 Hz). This procedure was repeated 6 times at 2-day intervals. Neither high- nor low-frequency stimulation altered period 1 of the PC evoked potential, indicating that synaptic input arriving via the lateral olfactory tract was unaffected. However, LTP animals exhibited a marked increase in the amplitude and duration of period 2 which appeared to reflect two separate processes: a short-term change that peaked within 30 min of the trains; and a long-term change that accumulated across the 6 treatments. LTP of period 2 persisted in latent form for at least 32 days after the last treatment. Control animals exhibited only small changes that were attributed to the paired-pulse stimulation used for testing rather than the 1 Hz Control trains. These results suggest that repeated high-frequency stimulation of the OB causes a persistent alteration in the way information is processed within the PC. The form of LTP demonstrated here is markedly different from that found in the hippocampal formation, where potentiation of the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential is a prominent effect. The functional significance of this change cannot be determined with certainty from the present experiment, but available evidence suggests that it represents an enhancement of inhibitory processes within the PC.
A new in vivo model for studying invasion and metastasis of rat and human bladder carcinomas.

The biological potential of tumor cells is best evaluated at the organ site orthotopic to the tumor cells. Recent studies have documented site-specific differences in the potential of tumor cell growth. However, orthotopic implantation of bladder cancer cells into bladders of nude mice only resulted in a low tumor yield. We have developed a new model that consists of a rat bladder transplanted into the retroperitoneal space and connected to a reservoir s.c. placed in a nude mouse. Rat malignant bladder cancer cells (MYU3L and LMC19) transfected with the human growth hormone (hGH) gene as a biomarker were introduced into the transplanted bladder by percutaneous puncture of the attached reservoir. Successful uptake was indicated by a progressive rise in the hGH level in the bladder aspirate. When examined at 6-16 weeks post transplantation, all mice that had received MYU3L (n = 6) or LMC19 (n = 6) cells were found to have invasive carcinomas. MYU3L was highly invasive, forming multiple peritoneal implants, but was not metastatic. LMC19 was deeply invasive and metastasized to the retroperitoneal and subclavian lymph nodes and the lungs (4/6). Of two human bladder cancer cell lines (RT4 and T24) tested, RT4 formed multiple minute papillary tumors in five of six bladders, two of which were minimally invasive to the muscle layer. T24 cells formed only one to two small tumors in three of six bladders, and these were confined to the lamina propria. This system appears promising for studies of the mechanism of tumor invasion and metastasis and for evaluation of antineoplastic agents.
The role of commensal bacteria in the regulation of sensitization to food allergens

The prevalence of life-threatening anaphylactic responses to food is rising at an alarming rate. The emerging role of the gut microbiota in regulating food allergen sensitization may help explain this trend. The mechanisms by which commensal bacteria influence sensitization to dietary antigens are only beginning to be explored. We have found that a population of mucosa-associated commensal anaerobes prevents food allergen sensitization by promoting an IL-22-dependent barrier protective immune response that limits the access of food allergens to the systemic circulation. This early response is followed by an adaptive immune response mediated in part by an expansion of Foxp3+ Tregs that fortifies the tolerogenic milieu needed to maintain non-responsiveness to food. Bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, may contribute to the process through their ability to promote Foxp3+ Treg differentiation. This work suggests that environmentally induced alterations of the gut microbiota offset the regulatory signals conferred by protective bacterial species to promote aberrant responses to food. Our research presents exciting new possibilities for preventing and treating food allergies based on interventions that modulate the composition of the gut microbiota.
Ab initio non-adiabatic molecular dynamics.

Adiabatic nuclear potential energy surfaces (PESs) defined via the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation are a fundamental concept underlying chemical reactivity theory. For a wide range of excited-state phenomena such as radiationless decay, energy and charge transfer, and photochemical reactions, the BO approximation breaks down due to strong couplings between two or more BO PESs. Non-adiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) is the method of choice to model these processes. We review new developments in quantum–classical dynamics, analytical derivative methods, and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) which have lead to a dramatic expansion of the scope of ab initio NAMD simulations for molecular systems in recent years. We focus on atom-centered Gaussian basis sets allowing highly efficient simulations for molecules and clusters, especially in conjunction with hybrid density functionals. Using analytical derivative techniques, forces and derivative couplings can be obtained with machine precision in a given basis set, which is crucial for accurate and stable dynamics. We illustrate the performance of surface-hopping TDDFT for photochemical reactions of the lowest singlet excited states of cyclohexadiene, several vitamin D derivatives, and a bicyclic cyclobutene. With few exceptions, the calculated quantum yields and excited state lifetimes agree qualitatively with experiment. For systems with ∼50 atoms, the present TURBOMOLE implementation allows NAMD simulations with 0.2–0.4 ns total simulation time using hybrid density functionals and polarized double zeta valence basis sets on medium-size compute clusters. We close by discussing open problems and future directions.
Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome presenting with hypoglycemia and reversible paralysis

A patient with pharyngitis progressive to Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of lower extremity paralysis. This paraplegia was completely reversed with the administration of intravenous glucose. Hypoglycemia-induced paraplegia has not previously been reported in the medical literature, and this report emphasizes the importance of considering low-blood glucose as a potential etiology for patients who present with these neurological symptoms.
Energetic effects of molecular motor–cargo linkage

Abstract A Brownian motor needs a motor–cargo link to carry a cargo. The property of the link can affect the energetic efficiency of the motor. Consequently, inferring motor mechanisms from single-molecule experiments in terms of, e.g., the so-called Stokes efficiency can sometimes be misleading. Also, it was found that in some cases there is an optimal link stiffness for motor energy efficiency.
Energy-efficient, digitally-driven “fat pipe” silicon photonic circuit switch in the UCSD MORDIA data-center network

Using a compact (0.03 mm^2) silicon photonic thermo-optic switch with five cascaded thermo-topic phase-shifters, we demonstrate low insertion loss, low power, microsecond-scale cross-bar switching of twenty wavelength channels, each carrying 10 Gbit/second data concurrently.
Lesions of the dorsal vagal complex abolish increases in meal size induced by NMDA receptor blockade.

Rats increase meal size and duration after intraperitoneal injection of MK-801, a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. This effect depends upon intact vagal fibers, since the antagonist does not increase intake when visceral afferent and efferent pathways have been interrupted by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. NMDA receptors have been demonstrated on vagal afferent fibers and on second-order neurons in the medial subnucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the area postrema (AP), and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. To determine whether neurons in these structures are crucial for NMDA receptor effects on feeding, we examined the effect of MK-801 on intake of 15% sucrose in rats with aspiration lesions of the AP and adjacent NTS. MK-801 (100 μg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased sucrose intake in these lesioned rats compared to sham-lesioned rats (32.3±0.1 ml versus 23.3±0.1 ml, P<0.001). However, when the AP/NTS aspiration lesions were combined with bilateral electrolytic destruction of the medial NTS and the DMV, lesioned rats consumed nearly the same amount of sucrose after either saline or MK-801 (25.9±2.4 ml versus 24.3±3.0 ml; P=0.687). By contrast, sham-lesioned controls ingested significantly more sucrose following MK-801 compared to saline (19.8±1.0 ml versus 13.1±0.8 ml, P<0.001). These results suggest that an intact caudomedial NTS and/or DMV are necessary for increases in intake induced by NMDA receptor blockade. While the AP might participate in MK-801-induced enhancement of intake, it is not essential for this effect.
A theory of the normative force of pleas

A familiar feature of our moral responsibility practices are pleas: considerations, such as “That was an accident”, or “I didn’t know what else to do”, that attempt to get agents accused of wrongdoing off the hook. But why do these pleas have the normative force they do in fact have? Why does physical constraint excuse one from responsibility, while forgetfulness or laziness does not? I begin by laying out R. Jay Wallace’s (Responsibility and the moral sentiments, 1994) theory of the normative force of excuses and exemptions. For each category of plea, Wallace offers a single governing moral principle that explains their normative force. The principle he identifies as governing excuses is the Principle of No Blameworthiness without Fault: an agent is blameworthy only if he has done something wrong. The principle he identifies as governing exemptions is the Principle of Reasonableness: an agent is morally accountable only if he is normatively competent. I argue that Wallace’s theory of exemptions is sound, but that his account of the normative force of excuses is problematic, in that it fails to explain the full range of excuses we offer in our practices, especially the excuses of addiction and extreme stress. I then develop a novel account of the normative force of excuses, which employs what I call the “Principle of Reasonable Opportunity,” that can explain the full range of excuses we offer and that is deeply unified with Wallace’s theory of the normative force of exemptions. An important implication of the theory I develop is that moral responsibility requires free will.
Evidence That MRas1 and MRas3 Proteins Are Associated with Distinct Cellular Functions during Growth and Morphogenesis in the Fungus Mucor racemosus

Abstract The filamentous fungus Mucor racemosus provides a simple and unique model system for defining the function of individual ras genes in a gene family which is closely related to mammalian ras genes. The current study was designed to investigate the role of Mras1 and Mras3 in different stages of fungal morphogenesis, including sporangiospore germination, sporulation, and dimorphic transitions. The overall patterns of Mras1 and Mras3 transcript and protein accumulation were markedly different but, in general, transcripts and proteins were present at low levels during spherical growth and their accumulated level increased severalfold during polar growth (germ tube emergence and elongation). In contrast to Mras1, relatively high levels of Mras3 transcript accumulated during sporulation and MRas3 protein accumulated in sporangiospores. Transformation of M. racemosus with an activated allele of Mras3 reduced growth rate during aerobic sporangiospore germination, while a dominant-negative allele of Mras3 caused a 40% decrease in viable asexual spores. An activated allele of Mras1 increased growth rate during sporangiospore germination but neither activated nor dominant-negative alleles of Mras1 affected total number of asexual spores. Expression of MRas3 and MRas1 proteins appear to be subject to different regulatory mechanisms: exogenous dibutyryl–cAMP and fusidienol caused a strong repression of the level of MRas3 protein (but not MRas1) concurrent with the inhibition of polar growth. Differential posttranslational modification and intracellular localization of MRas1 and MRas3 proteins were also observed. The data strongly suggest that Mras3 and Mras1 play different roles in regulation of cell growth and morphogenesis in Mucor.
The Significance of Ventriculomegaly in the Newborn with Myelodysplasia

Hydrocephalus occurs in 69% to 92% of the meningomyelocele population, but rarely becomes manifest until after the meningomyelocele is closed. Ventriculomegaly is common at birth in these neonates, even in those without overt hydrocephalus. Thus, palpating the anterior fontanel and cranial sutures and measuring the head circumference as a means of detecting hydrocephalus may be misleading. We report a method used to identify spina bifida neonates who will subsequently develop hydrocephalus. Variables used in 25 neonates with meningomyelocele were Dubowitz gestational age, birth weight, birth head circumference, head circumference percentile, and the lateral ventricular ratio (LVR). The LVR was calculated from maximal ventricular width divided by the maximal hemispheric width, both measurements being obtained from an axial ultrasound image taken through the squamosal suture. The mean head circumference percentile was 47.7±7.7 SE (range: 95). Ventriculomegaly, defined by an LVR of greater than 0.32, was present in all but two of the neonates, and Pearson’s correlation test showed that only one-third of the elevated LVRs could be explained by the head circumference. Later ventricular shunting was eventually required in all but three infants, confirming the high accuracy of this method for detecting hydrocephalus in spina bifida neonates. We concluded that (1) clinical examination of the myelodysplasia neonate usually does not reveal evidence of hydrocephalus, and (2) ventriculomegaly seen on ultrasonograms predicts the later development of hydrocephalus following closure of meningomyelocele. (Child’s Nerv Syst 3: 239–241, 1987)
Cap-Independent Translation Is Required for Starvation-Induced Differentiation in Yeast

Cellular internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) are untranslated segments of mRNA transcripts thought to initiate protein synthesis in response to environmental stresses that prevent canonical 5′ cap–dependent translation. Although numerous cellular mRNAs are proposed to have IRESs, none has a demonstrated physiological function or molecular mechanism. Here we show that seven yeast genes required for invasive growth, a developmental pathway induced by nutrient limitation, contain potent IRESs that require the initiation factor eIF4G for cap-independent translation. In contrast to the RNA structure-based activity of viral IRESs, we show that an unstructured A-rich element mediates internal initiation via recruitment of the poly(A) binding protein (Pab1) to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of invasive growth messages. A 5′UTR mutation that impairs IRES activity compromises invasive growth, which indicates that cap-independent translation is required for physiological adaptation to stress.
Minimally augmented Karlsruhe basis sets

We propose an extension of the basis sets proposed by Ahlrichs and coworkers at Karlsruhe (these basis sets are designated as the second-generation default or “def2” basis sets in the Turbomole program). The Karlsruhe basis sets are very appealing because they constitute balanced and economical basis sets of graded quality from partially polarized double zeta to heavily polarized quadruple zeta for all elements up to radon (Z = 86). The extension consists of adding a minimal set of diffuse functions to a subset of the elements. This yields basis sets labeled minimally augmented or with “ma” as a prefix. We find that diffuse functions are not quite as important for the def2 basis sets as they are for Pople basis sets, but they are still necessary for good results on barrier heights and electron affinities. We provide assessments and validations of this extension for a variety of data sets and representative cases. We recommend the new ma-TZVP basis set for general-purpose applications of density functional theory.
An Examination of One-to-One Computing in the Middle School: Does Increased Access Bring about Increased Student Engagement?

This study explores configurations of laptop use in a one-to-one environment. Guided by methodologies of the Concerns-Based Adoption Model of change, an Innovation Configuration Map (description of the multiple ways an innovation is implemented) of a 1:1 laptop program at a middle school was developed and analyzed. Three distinct configurations showed a range in fidelity of laptop integration at the school. A second finding showed a range of off-task behaviors as part of each configuration. We chose to more deeply explore if a relationship between the individual configurations and student off-task behaviors existed. We found that increased access to laptop computers does not always equate to increased student engagement. Implications of this study extend to teachers, school administrators, and teacher educators.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS: STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM OF DEGRADATION AS DEDUCED FROM ABSORBANCE-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS.

The mechanism of degradation—denaturation and some structural details of FMDV† were revealed by absorbance—temperature relationships. Phenolderived RNA was also studied. Its denaturation at 0·08 μ Na+ , pH 7·5, was reversible from 8 to 96°C; the T m was 57°C and hyperchromieity 1·24. Native FMDV at 0·01 to 1·08 μ Na+ degraded to protein and RNA followed by denaturation of the RNA. Prior to degradation, virus strikingly resisted any change in u.v.-absorbance until the temperature reached 52 to 58°C. This reflected a strong stabilization of the RNA core by its protein coat. RNA released from the virus at 0·13 or lower μ Na+ denatured abruptly; at 0·20 or higher μ Na+ . it first renatured to a more structured form than in the virus core before denaturing as the temperature was raised further. This transient renaturation produced a hypochromic trough in the absorbance—temperature curve. Existence of this trough is in accord with the finding that the double-helical content of RNA in situ is only two-thirds of that attainable after its release. Redenaturations at 0·01 and 0·04 μ Na+ of once degraded-denatured virus produced reversible absorbance-temperature profiles identical to those of RNA. Their upper portions were nearly coincident with the hyperchromic portion of the initial profile. At these μ Na+ the protein was soluble. At higher μ Na+ , anomalously high absorbances due to protein aggregation displaced or completely masked the redenaturation curves. After clarification, however, reversibly-denaturable RNA was detected in the same quantity as at low μ Na+ .
Sternal “Notching” Improves Clamshell Incision

Since its simultaneous introduction by Pasque’ and Bisson,2 the “clamshell” incision has been accepted as the best approach for bilateral single lung transplantation as well as an acceptable approach for bilateral pulmonary metastases and mediastinal tumor^.^.^ The usual technique is to transsect the sternum transversely at the level of the appropriate interspace (usually the fourth or fifth). This is accomplished with a Gigli saw (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN), Lebsche knife (Codman/J&J Co, Somerville, NJ), or more frequently, a sternal saw. In its application for bilateral single lung transplantation, the incision is taken to the anterior axillary Line bilaterally. Both internal mammary arteries are sacrificed and securely ligated before the sternum is transsected. The sternum is closed with standard stainless steel wires (#5 or #6). Some surgeons reinforce the closure with a K-wire (Zimmer) or a Steinmann pin (Zirnmer). One bothersome complication seen with this incision is that of sternal override, ie, usually anterior displacement of the inferior portion of the sternum.4 This may cause sternal instability, pain, and may contribute to respiratory difficulty. In our experience with the clamshell incision for bilateral single lung transplantation, we encountered several patients with sternal override (Figure I). Therefore, the method of transsecting the sternum was modified to allow a more precise fit at closure, to provide stability, and to prevent overriding of the sternal ends postoperatively.
Inelastic scattering of vibrationally excited KBr by small nonpolar and essentially nonpolar partners

Abstract Scattering intensities as functions of angle and velocity, for the interaction of highly vibrationally excited potassium bromide with neon, argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide under molecular beam conditions, are. reported. Long range attractive forces are of relatively little importance in these systems; energy transfer proceeds through essentially impulsive interactions. Inelastic collisions transferring large amounts of vibrational energy into translation occur with cross sections on the order of 20A2. Effects due to competition between V → V and V → T processes are clearly present in some systems.
Use of fuzzy logic to calculate the statistical properties of strange attractors in chaotic systems

Abstract Nonlinear systems are important in many fields of science, mathematics, and engineering. The complexity of these systems, however, makes it difficult to ascertain their global behavior using classical methods of analysis. This is particularly true when the system is chaotic. In recent years, simple cell mapping (SCM) and generalized cell mapping (GCM) methods have been proposed and successfully used to analyze nonlinear systems. This paper combines fuzzy logic with cell to cell mapping techniques in order to analyze the global properties of nonlinear, dynamical systems. We refer to this new cell to cell mapping method as fuzzy cell mapping (FCM) to differentiate it from the other methods. Unlike SCM, FCM can handle chaotic systems and can do so without the added computational complexity required by GCM. In order to illustrate these different methods, we analyze a chaotic system using FCM and then compare our results with those obtained with SCM and GCM methods.
Effect of Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperglycemia on Lipid Profiles, Formation of Advanced Glycation Endproducts in Lesions, and Extent of Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice

Investigations into the mechanisms by which diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis have been hampered by the lack of suitable animal models. We hypothesized that streptozotocin-treated LDL receptor-deficient mice would be a good model of diabetic atherosclerosis because streptozotocin causes diabetes in the parent C57BL/6 strain and because in these mice diet-induced hypercholesterolemia leads to the formation of advanced atherosclerotic lesions throughout the aorta. Diabetes was induced in 18 mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Low-dose insulin was given subcutaneously to prevent excessive mortality and extreme elevations in triglyceride levels. The control group was subjected to sham injections. Both groups were fed a diet containing .075% cholesterol for six months. Average blood glucose was higher in the diabetic group than in the control group (257 +/- 67 mg/dL versus 111 +/- 7 mg/dL, P < 0.05). Although plasma cholesterol was similar (966 +/- 399 versus 1002 +/- 180 mg/dL) in both groups, VLDL cholesterol was higher whereas LDL cholesterol was lower in the diabetic group. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated significantly more advanced glycation end-product (AGE) epitopes in the artery wall of the diabetic group, whereas staining for oxidation-specific epitopes was similar in both groups. Sera of diabetic mice also contained significantly more IgG autoantibodies that bound to several AGE epitopes than did sera from control mice. Despite the presence of hyperglycemia, diabetic dyslipidemia, and enhanced AGE formation in the diabetic mice, both groups had a similar extent of atherosclerosis (diabetic, 17.3 +/- 5.2; control, 16.5 +/- 6.6% of the aortic surface). These data suggest that, at least under conditions of marked hypercholesterolemia; hyperglycemia and enhanced AGE formation do not contribute significantly to atherogenesis in LDL-/- mice.
Adventures of a Theoretical Physicist, Part I: Europe

I was born in Budapest, Hungary, on July 7, 1907, and this first part of my interview with Andor Frenkel focuses on my life and work in Europe. After my elementary and secondary education I studied mathematics at the University of Budapest for two years. I went to the University of Gottingen in 1928 where I attended Max Born’s lectures on quantum mechanics, which influenced me to change from mathematics to physics, and as a consequence I focused on filling the gaps in my physics background. When ready to turn to research work I followed the advice of my friend Edward Teller and spent three months in Werner Heisenberg’s group at the University of Leipzig in the summer of 1930. That fall I returned to the University of Budapest, where I received my Ph.D.degree in the summer of 1932. Two months later, because I had become entangled in the illegal Communist Party, I was arrested and sentenced to fourteen months in prison. Fifteen months after my release, I joined Lev Landau’s group at the Ukrainian Physical-Technical Institute in Kharkov, passed Landau’s so-called “theorminimum” program on my second attempt, began research on the theory of liquid helium, and lost my faith in communism following Stalin’s repressive measures. I obtained an exit visa through the Hungarian Legation and returned to Budapest in June 1937. That September, again with the help of my friend Edward Teller, I attended a conference in Paris where I met Fritz London and Edmond Bauer, who arranged for me a small scholarship and an association with the Langevin laboratory at the College de France. Four months later, in January 1938 Kapitza, and John F. Allen and A. Donald Misener reported their independent discovery of the superfluidity of helium, which London and I explored theoretically and I explained with my two-fluid theory later in 1938. Following the German invasion of France, my wife and I left Paris for Toulouse in June 1940, obtained exit visas to enter Spain and Portugal in February 1941, and boarded a Portuguese ship for New York the following month. The second part of this interview, covering my life and work in America, will appear in the next issue.
Social and Economic Distress in Large Cities, 1970–1990: A Test of the Urban Crisis Thesis☆☆☆

Abstract This paper is a test of the urban crisis thesis, which argues that the social and economic conditions of large cities have continued to deteriorate since 1970. In addition, we examine the factors that account for differences in social distress among the cities. Finally, we investigate the regional location effect on urban social distress. In general the findings show both cross-sectionally and longitudinally that (1) the urban crisis has become worse over the years; (2) differences in social distress among cities are largely a function of economic distress, urban scale, and regional location; and (3) levels of distress have converged among cities in the old industrial North (the Rustbelt) and the South and West (the Sunbelt). In fact, the most distressed cities in the country are in the Sunbelt.
Accurate ab initio spectroscopic properties of HOPx and HPOx (x=−1,0,+1)

The structure, rotational constants, vibrational frequencies and stability of HOPx and HPOx (x=−1,0,+1) anion, cation, and neutral species have been studied with the coupled cluster method using a variety of cc-pVXZ and aug-cc-pVXZ Dunning basis sets. HPO is more stable than the HOP isomer. The energy difference is 34.2 kcal mol−1. HPO is bound with respect to dissociation into H + PO by 65.5 kcal mol−1. HOP is 15.4 kcal mol−1 lower in energy on the triplet surface than HOP on the singlet surface, suggesting that HOP (3A″) is the ground state for HOP. The isomerization barrier of HPO to HOP is estimated to be 64.7 kcal mol−1 on the singlet surface. Dissociation of HPO into H + PO is found to be competitive with its isomerization. The ionization energy of HPO is calculated to be 239.9 kcal mol−1, and its electron affinity is 22.5 kcal mol−1. Structural and energetic properties of the cation and anion of HPO and HOP are reported for the first time. Isomerization transition states and barriers have been located for both the cation and anion. The isomerization barrier for HOP+→HPO+ is quite high, suggesting that the cation of HOP should be experimentally observable.
Domain view: a web tool for protein domain visualization and analysis

The identification of sequence-based protein domains and their boundaries is often a prelude to structure determination. An accurate prediction of disordered regions, secondary structures and low complexity segments of target protein sequences can improve the efficiency of selection in structural genomics and also aid in design of constructs for directed structural biology studies. At the Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics (CESG) we have developed DomainView, a web tool to visualize and analyze predicted protein domains, disordered regions, secondary structures and low complexity segments of target protein sequences for selection of experimental protein structure attempts. DomainView consists of a relational database and a web graphical-user interface. The database was developed based on MySQL, which stores data from target protein sequences and their domains, disordered regions, secondary structures and low complexity segments. The program of the web user interface is a Perl CGI script. When a user searches for a target protein sequence, the script displays the combinational information about the domains and other features of that target sequence graphically on a web page by querying the database. The graphical representation for each feature is linked to a web page showing more detailed annotation information or to a new window directly running the corresponding prediction program to show further information about that feature.
ADDITIVE DENSITY FUNCTIONAL CORRELATION CORRECTIONS TO SINGLE PARTICLE THEORIES

The correlation energy functional Ec of the Hartree-Fock density is investigated. It was previously established that Ec produces the exact ground-state energy when added to the Hartree-Fock energy. Except when certain degeneracies occur, it is here shown that Ec is bounded from below when the coordinates of the Hartree-Fock density are scaled uniformly by λ, as λ ∞. Consequently, approximations to Ec should display this bounded property, which is a second-order perturbation energy. It is also shown that a corresponding result applies to that correlation energy functional, Ec, which is to be added to a completed exact exchange-only (in the OPM sense) density functional calculation. Scaling requirements are presented for each order in the perturbation expansion for Ec. For instance, the second-order term is dimensionless. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sensitivity of the thermal response of buildings to perturbations in the climate

Abstract The thermal well-being of building occupants is strongly influenced by interactions among four basic elements: outside micro-climate, structure, inside space, and occupant. Using inside surface temperature distribution and inside air temperature as measures of the thermal response of indoor occupied space to perturbations in the climate, computational tests were made to determine sensitivities to outdoor wind speed, solar and longwave radiation inputs to the roof and opaque or transparent walls, and to infiltration. Three different building constructions were investigated: solid concrete block, hollow concrete block and light weight plywood panel. In addition to temperature distribution, heat load was used as a measure of thermal response for some cases. All of the computational tests were conducted with an explicit forward differencing algorithm using a digital computer.