cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Visits: Examining Socio-demographic and Diagnosis Trends in the Emergency Department by the Pediatric Population

The emergency department (ED) is increasingly being used for mental health visits by children and adolescents. It is estimated that 21–23% of youth have a diagnosable psychiatric or substance use disorder. Using data from the ED of a tertiary medical center, we examined trends in mental health diagnoses over a 5-year period. In school age children the most prevalent diagnoses were anxiety disorders (28.4%); disorders first usually diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence (26.5%), and mood disorders (18.6%). High school students were more likely to visit the ED for anxiety disorders (30%). Females (34.5%) presented more for anxiety disorders compared to males (22.7%). Mental health visits and diagnoses were higher during school months (September–May) and lower in the summer months (June–August). The diagnosis trends identified in this study have clinical implications that can contribute to evidence-based restructuring of mental health resources and screenings.
M64. Real Time fMRI Feedback Targeting Default Mode Network (DMN) Reduces Auditory Hallucinations

M64. Real Time fMRI Feedback Targeting Default Mode Network (DMN) Reduces Auditory Hallucinations Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli;Clemens Bauer;Kana Okano;Paul Nestor;Elisabetta Del Re;Satra Gosh;Margaret Niznikiewicz; Schizophrenia Bulletin
Collecting Infectious Disease Data from LARS and Improving Data Quality in Taiwan

Objective To improve data quality and sustain a good quality data collected by Laboratory Automated Reporting System (LARS), we use a Three- stage Data Quality Correction (3DQC) strategy to ensure data accuracy. Introduction To immediately monitor disease outbreaks, the application of laboratory-based surveillance is more popular in recent years. Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (TCDC) has developed LARS to collect the laboratory-confirmed cases caused by any of 20 pathogens daily via automated submitting of reports from hospital laboratory information system (LIS) to LARS since 2014 [1]. LOINC is used as standardized format for messaging inspection data [1, 2]. There are 37 hospitals have joined LARS, coverage rate about 59% of all hospitals in Taiwan. Recently, more than 10,000 of data are collected weekly and used in monitoring pathogen activity [3]. Therefore, it is important to ensure data quality that the data will lead to valuable information for public health surveillance. Methods A 3DQC strategy was designed to improve data accuracy and carried out by teamwork among TCDC, Taiwan Association for Medical Informatics (TAMI) and IT Company (Figure 1). In the first stage of 3DQC, IT Company checked data format. In the second stage, TCDC verified information between hospital inspection reports and data receiving in LARS. In the third stage, TAMI evaluated LOINC mapping and TCDC monitored stability of data transmission. After correcting the data, hospitals were approved to join LARS. Results During the first stage of 3DQC, we observed that some problems with syntax error in data (e.g. incorrect patient identification number, or lack of residence codes). Because some data were stored in Hospital information system (HIS) but not in LIS, an error may occur while hospital accessed records from HIS. In the second stage, 50-70% of inspection reports provided by each hospital had problems with semantic information error. For example, a positive result of influenza A on a screening flu test recorded in LIS but hospital transferred the wrong result with influenza B positive into LARS. In the third stage, we found that 20-30% of terms mismatched to LOINC code. This study categorized these terms into two groups (1) the Exception codes, which were considered reasonable and (2) the Error codes, and also reviewed Error codes and made a modified advice for hospitals to improve LOINC mapping. Through 3DQC strategy, the LOINC mapping rate raised from 40 to 80%, Exception codes mapping was 20%, and the total mapping rate was near 95-99% (Figure 2). So far, most hospitals have maintained a good quality data even they formally participate in LARS. Conclusions This study suggested that 3DQC can effectively detect problems and reduce errors of data collected from LARS, and indicated that effect of 3DQC can be maintained even hospital formally participates in LARS. Future research will focus on development of automatic programming of 3DQC to ensure high-quality data. Figure 1. A Three-stage Data Quality Correction strategy
The Chinese Novel

The novel as a fictitious but consciously planned narrative was almost unknown in Ancient China. The earliest literature of Ancient China is factual, lyrical and didactic but rarely indulgent in the free use of imagination. There was no epic, no drama, no novel, no mythology of any elaborate type. Confucius once said: “The sole end of speech is to be understood.” Such a pragmatic concept of language tended to rule out all imaginative literature as useless and unnecessary.
Is our approach to forestry research adequate

The original motivating forces in European and American research are outlined. The concepts of basic and applied research are defined and discussed. The methods of handling research and research problems are discussed with particular reference to points of difference between the Irish and American approaches and the significance of the fundamental approach. Aspects of communication are discussed, with pointers on standardization of technique in scientific writing, and the need for better communication with the public at large.
Crisis Management Strategies and the Long-Term Effects of Product Recalls on Firm Value

AbstractCompanies increasingly face product harm crises resulting in product recalls, which often have a negative impact on firm value. Whereas prior research has studied the short-term effects of product recalls on firm value, the authors of this article focus on the long-term effects. They develop a conceptual framework and hypotheses about the main effect of recall volume and the moderating effects of crisis management strategies on the relationship between recall volume and long-term firm value. They empirically test the hypotheses in the auto industry context using both short-term abnormal returns analysis and long-term calendar-time portfolio analysis of 280 product recalls during 2005–2015. The findings reveal that the negative impact of product recall volume lingers over time. Brand (promotion) advertising has a significant positive (negative) effect on the relationship between recall volume and long-term abnormal returns. Furthermore, both voluntary recall initiation and postrecall remedial effor...
Intuition in healthcare communication practices: Initial findings from a qualitative inquiry

This brief paper reports on how healthcare providers negotiate stages of care and communication by using intuition. This focus shifts attention away from the product—patient records—and towards the process of medical communication. To support this claim, the paper presents preliminary findings from qualitative analysis of two individual ethnographic research projects with live-action clinical nursing simulations and emergency medical services. Using a grounded theory analysis that identified intuitive moments in the writing practices of healthcare providers, this brief paper demonstrates how intuition manifests in all five stages of care—anticipate, assess, plan, act and reassess, and document—and grounds medical assessment and decision making. Analysis suggests three takeaways for healthcare communicators and educators: 1. intuitive work supports patient specific and responsive care; 2. coding and highlighting mediate patient sense; and 3. recognizing and valuing patient sense is a learned skill. The paper concludes with suggestions for reflective activities that could support incorporating intuition into healthcare communication pedagogy.
Origins of Spatial Abilities

It is proposed that Homo sapiens’ biological adaptation was accomplished to survive under the environmental conditions that existed during the Paleolithic time. Recent man’s evolution, to a significant extent, corresponds to a cultural type of evolution, not necessarily requiring further overt biological changes. Strategies used for spatial orientation are reviewed; perceptual constancy, reference systems, and cross-cultural differences in visuoperceptual abilities are emphasized. It is pointed out that males usually perform better than females in spatial tests, even though there is not a clear explanation for this difference. The neurological bases of spatial cognition are further discussed, emphasizing the two brain areas supporting spatial cognition: the right parietal lobe and the hippocampus; some neuroimaging studies approaching the pattern of brain activation during different spatial tasks are examined. Finally, visuospatial impairments resulting from brain damage are discussed; it is explained that spatial agnosia represents an impairment in perception and the use of spatial-dependent information resulting from brain pathology. This type of disorder is generally associated with right parietal or parietal-occipital damage.
Orthorexia Nervosa: A Review of the Literature

ABSTRACTBackground: The phenomenon of orthorexia nervosa (ON) has been noted by clinicians since 1996 and described in the scientific literature, and yet there is no formal recognition of ON as a psychiatric diagnosis. Objective: Review the latest available literature regarding diagnoses similarities, presentation uniqueness, assessment/assessment tools, and suggested treatments of ON. Method/Design: A literature search of four databases focusing on articles published between 2000 and 2016 was conducted to evaluate the status of the literature on Orthorexia. Results: Among the 15 articles selected for this review, similarities with other psychiatric disorders emerged, confusion about use of assessment tools existed, and the lack of evidence based treatments for ON was pronounced. Conclusion: More research is needed to determine the prevalence of pathologically unhealthy, obsessive, “self-defined healthy,” eating behaviors, and to determine if ON is a unique eating disorder or just a subset of another diso...
A study of security and privacy issues associated with the Amazon Echo

More than 11 million US consumers have an Amazon Echo installed in their homes (Gonzales, 2017). While many consumers view the Amazon Echo as a useful helper in the home to provide information, play music, and order items online, consumers underestimate the device's security and privacy impacts. Additionally, law enforcement officials are beginning to see how consumer internet of things (IoT) devices can provide crucial evidence in cases. This paper presents security and privacy issues with the Amazon Echo and recent cases in which law enforcement officials have employed the Amazon Echo in an investigation. Due to the Amazon Echo's privacy issues and potential uses in court, this paper analyses the fourth amendment in regard to the Amazon Echo. This paper concludes with suggested recommendations that Amazon Echo owners should employ for greater security and privacy.
Mycobacterium neoaurum line-related bacteremia with pulmonary involvement: Case report and review of literature.

Abstract Mycobacterium neoaurum is a rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacterium which is ubiquitous in nature. While it can cause line related infections in immunocompromised host, case reports of urinary tract infections, cutaneous infections, pulmonary infections, and meningoencephalitis have also been reported. We report the first case of Mycobacterium neoaurum line related bacteremia with concomitant pulmonary involvement. Our patient responded well to a nine week course of antimicrobials after removal of infected central line.
Air-Blown Asphalt Made From Room Temperature And Ambient Pressure Under Ultrasound

In general, air-blown asphalt can be made by several methods, which employ high temperature and pressure conditions. A new method, which not only can overcome this high temperature and pressure problem, but also can effectively produce air-blown asphalt within a short time, is to increase asphaltene content rapidly by adding a surfactant into an asphalt emulsion system under ultrasound. This method can produce different types of asphalt for various usages such as sol-gel type asphalt for the encapsulation of hazardous material and gel type asphalt for metal surface coating.
Cyclic loading effects on durability of polymer systems

Publisher Summary This chapter concerns the response of polymer systems subjected to combined static and cyclic loads. It investigates the effects of mean stresses, stress amplitudes, frequencies, and temperature on the creep behavior of Nylon 6/6 and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The study is based on a systematic experimental program involving stress–strain tests, creep tests, vibrocreep tests and postcyclic stress strain tests. The results of the investigation demonstrate that under cyclic loading conditions, both the polymers exhibit accelerated creep rates. This phenomenon has been observed even in the range of stresses well below the visco-elastic linearity limit. It is shown that the vibrocreep behavior of the polymers is essentially nonlinear, as their response to superimposed sustained and cyclic loads does not represent a simple superposition of the responses to static and fully reversed cyclic loads applied separately.
Life as she knows it: The effects of adverse childhood experiences on intimate partner violence among women prisoners.

Abstract Most incarcerated women suffer from adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse (e.g., physical, sexual, emotional), neglect, (e.g., physical, emotional), and chaotic home environments (e.g., witnessing domestic violence), and adult intimate partner violence (IPV). Yet the majority of research on the relationship between ACEs and IPV has been limited to non-incarcerated populations. Using data from a stratified random sample of all incarcerated women in Oklahoma (n = 355), we explore the relationships between individual, cumulative, and clusters of ACEs as they relate to multiple forms of IPV in adulthood utilizing a feminist life course theory approach. Our findings indicate that individual ACEs, high accumulation of ACEs (five or more), and clusters of ACEs are linked to simple assault, aggravated assault, sexual abuse, and psychological abuse in adult intimate relationships in the pre-prison lives of women prisoners suggesting strong support for the use of a feminist life course theory approach in understanding these relationships.
Polymer Particles with a Low Glass Transition Temperature Containing Thermoset Resin Enable Powder Coatings at Room Temperature

Epoxy-based powder coatings are an attractive alternative to solvent-borne coatings. Here, in-house synthesized low glass transition temperature (Tg) particles containing epoxy resin and polymethyl methacrylate formed coatings at room temperature upon impact with a surface. Suspension polymerization was used to prepare particles as a function of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and methyl methacrylate ratios. Higher incorporation of DGEBA decreased the Tg to below ~20°C and eliminated the need to heat the particles and/or aluminum substrates to form coatings. Using an electrostatic powder coating apparatus, a ~70% particle deposition efficiency was achieved on aluminum substrates heated to 200°C. Whereas, at room temperature, high-speed single particle impact experiments proved that particle bonding occurred at a critical velocity of 438 m/s, comparable to commercial cold spray technologies. The in-house synthesized particles used in this study hold potential in traditional and emerging additive manufacturing applications.
Real-time Traffic Monitoring and SQL Injection Attack Detection for Edge Networks

Injection attacks are at the top of Open Web Application Security Project's Top 10 Application Security Risks list almost every year. SQL Injection (SQLI) is one such attack that presents the adversaries an opportunity to access personally identifiable information and commit identity theft, putting breach victims at risk. An intrusion detection and prevention system is a system or software application that continuously monitors a network for possible malicious activity or policy violations. A signature-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) relies on predefined signatures to detect an attack. The signatures used are usually released periodically by the company who owns the IDS software or by the admin. Writing these signatures manually or waiting on the releases of new rules can take up significant time, effort, and knowledge. In this paper, we develop a system that monitors traffic in real time, performs deep packet inspection on each incoming packet, and looks for possible SQLI patterns to form rules in Snort (IDS) database. Our method increases the baseline IDS performance by 4.7x, with only 23% of the resources required by the baseline, while performing in the order of a few milliseconds, suitable for real-time edge networks.
Diagnosing Data Pipeline Failures Using Action Languages: A Progress Report

In this paper we describe our work towards automating diagnosing failures of data processing pipelines at Google Inc. using action language Hybrid \(\mathcal {ALE}\). We describe Diagnostic Modeling Library - a component providing a novel abstraction layer on top of Hybrid \(\mathcal {ALE}\), describe the requirements and give an overview of our system, which has been deployed on a limited number of data processing pipelines.
Plant-pollinator interaction linkage rules are altered by agricultural intensification

Abstract Determining linkage rules that govern the formation of species interactions is a critical goal of ecologists, especially considering that biodiversity, species interactions, and the ecosystem processes they maintain are changing at rapid rate worldwide. Species traits and abundance play a role in determining plant-pollinator interactions, but we illustrate here that linkage rules of plant-pollinator interactions change with disturbance context, switching from predominantly trait-based linkage rules in undisturbed, natural habitats, to abundance-based linkage rules in intensive agricultural habitats. The transition from trait-based to abundance-based linkage rules corresponds with a decline in floral trait diversity and an increase in opportunistic interaction behavior as agricultural intensification increases. These findings suggest that agricultural intensification is changing the very rules determining the realization of interactions and the formation of communities, making it challenging to use the structure of undisturbed systems to predict interactions within disturbed communities.
Ring-bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl)uranium(IV)halides

A method was reported for synthesizing a series of highly stable biscyclopentadienyluranium(IV) halide systems. For the chloride compounds, anionic biscyclopentadienides containing a variable bridging group were reacted with uranium tetrachloride in tetrahydrofuran (-78/sup 0/). Mass spectral, NMR and ir methods were used to study the molecular structure and chemical properties with special emphasis on Li U/sub 2/Cl/sub 5/(CH/sub 2/(C/sub 5/H/sub 4/)/sub 2/)/sub 2/(OC/sub 4/H/sub 8/)/sub 2/. (DDA)
Localization of viral and host RNA within soybean cyst nematode via fluorescence in situ hybridization

Nematode-infecting RNA viruses have recently been discovered via transcriptome sequencing. In soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines), seven single-stranded RNA viruses have been identified from transcriptome data and experimentally confirmed with qRT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Presently, there is still much unknown about the relationship between these viruses and the nematode host. In this study, we localize three viruses within the soybean cyst nematode: SCN socyvirus-1 (SbCNV-1), SCN nyami-like virus (NLV), and SCN bunya-like virus (BLV). To visually locate the viruses, whole-mount fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methodology was developed for SCN pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles (ppJ2s). Two SCN populations with differing viral titers (LY1 and MM21) were used as a comparison for viral probe fluorescence intensity. Viral RNAs for all three viruses were abundant in cells throughout the SCN ppJ2 body of the high titer (LY1) population but absent within the majority of the intestinal tract. A significant reduction in viral fluorescence intensity was observed in a similar body pattern in ppJ2 of the low-titer (MM21) SCN, highlighting the specificity of the FISH method. As controls, viral RNAs were colocalized with host mRNA glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) for full body localization and a secretory ubiquitin protein (4G06) expressed specifically within the subventral esophageal glands. In addition, viral replication was confirmed in SCN eggs and ppJ2s via qRT-PCR detection of the anti-genomic RNA strands.
Long-term outcomes of Roux-en-Y gastric diversion after failed surgical fundoplication in a large cohort and a systematic review.

Abstract Background Roux-en-Y gastric diversion (RNYG) is an alternative approach for patients with persistent or recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) after surgical fundoplication, especially in patients with esophageal dysmotility or morbid obesity, because redo fundoplication could offer unfavorable outcomes. Objective To evaluate long-term outcomes of RNYG for failed fundoplication and its impact on esophageal function. Setting A retrospective cohort study and a systematic review. Methods Patients who underwent RNYG after failed fundoplication between 1995 and 2019 were identified. Surgical-related complications, GERD, dysphagia, and endoscopic and esophageal manometric findings were reviewed. A literature search for relevant studies was performed from several databases from database inception to September 2019. Results A total of 101 patients (mean age, 52.1 yr; 86.1% female; mean body mass index, 35.8 kg/m2) were included. Overall complication rates within and more than 30 days after surgery were 36.3% and 53.5%. GERD symptoms were resolved in 70.1% after RNYG. However, 39.7% had a recurrence during a median follow-up of 56.2 months. In patients with no baseline dysphagia (n = 36), 16 (44%) developed new-onset dysphagia after surgery. In patients with severe baseline dysphagia (n = 9), 5 patients (56%) had persistent dysphagia after surgery. Seven studies involving 381 patients were included in our systematic review. High rates of GERD improvement have been reported across studies; however, long-term GERD, dysphagia, and objective outcomes were infrequently reported. Conclusion RNYG is an effective alternative surgery in a subset of patients with intractable symptoms who failed fundoplication. However, patients should be informed of the risks of postoperative GERD symptoms and dysphagia. Referral for a careful evaluation by a multidisciplinary foregut team is warranted.
Bioactive, Ion-Releasing PMMA Bone Cement Filled with Functional Graphenic Materials

Graphene oxide and functionalized graphenic materials (FGMs) have promise as platforms for imparting programmable bioactivity to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cement. To date, however, graphenic fillers have only been feasible in PMMA cements at extremely low loadings, limiting the bioactive effects. At higher loadings, graphenic fillers decrease cement strength by aggregating and interfering with curing process. Here, these challenges are addressed by combining bioactive FGM fillers with a custom cement formulation. These cements contain an order of magnitude more graphenic filler than previous reports. Even at 1 wt% FGM, these cements have compressive strengths of 78- 88 MPa, flexural strengths of 74-81 MPa, and flexural stiffnesses of 1.8-1.9 GPa, surpassing the ASTM requirements for bone cement and competing with traditional PMMA cement. Further, by utilizing designer FGMs with programmed bioactivity, these cements demonstrate controlled release of osteogenic calcium ions (releasing a total of 5 ± 2 µmol of Ca2+ per gram of cement over 28 d) and stimulate a 290% increase in expression of alkaline phosphatase in human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Also, design criteria are described to guide creation of future generations of bone cements that utilize FGMs as platforms to achieve dynamic biological activity.
Cascade synthesis and optoelectronic applications of intermediate bandgap Cu3VSe4 nanosheets.

Two-dimensional (2D) ternary materials recently generated interest in optoelectronics and energy-related applications, alongside their binary counterparts. To date, only a few naturally occurring layered 2D ternary materials have been explored. The plethora of benefits owed to reduced dimensionality prompted exploration of expanding non-layered ternary chalcogenides into the 2D realm. This work presents a templating method that uses 2D transition metal dichalcogenides as initiators to be converted into the corresponding ternary chalcogenide upon addition of copper, via a solution-phase synthesis, conducted in high boiling point solvents. The process starts with preparation of VSe2 nanosheets, which are next converted into Cu3VSe4 sulvanite nanosheets (NSs) which retain the 2D geometry while presenting an X-ray diffraction pattern identical with the one for the bulk Cu3VSe4. Both the scanning electron microscopy and transmission microscopy electron microscopy show the presence of quasi-2D morphology. Recent studies of the sulfur-containing sulvanite Cu3VS4 highlight the presence of an intermediate bandgap, associated with enhanced photovoltaic (PV) performance. The Cu3VSe4 nanosheets reported herein exhibit multiple UV-Vis absorption peaks, related to the intermediate bandgaps similar to Cu3VS4 and Cu3VSe4 nanocrystals. To test the potential of Cu3VSe4 NSs as an absorber for solar photovoltaic devices, Cu3VSe4 NSs thin-films deposited on FTO were subjected to photoelectrochemical testing, showing p-type behavior and stable photocurrents of up to ~ 0.036 mA/cm2. The photocurrent shows a ninefold increase in comparison to reported performance of Cu3VSe4 nanocrystals. This proves that quasi-2D sulvanite nanosheets are amenable to thin-film deposition and could show superior PV performance in comparison to nanocrystal thin-films. The obtained electrical impedance spectroscopy signal of the Cu3VSe4 NSs-FTO based electrochemical cell fits an equivalent circuit with the circuit elements of solution resistance (Rs), charge-transfer resistance (Rct), double-layer capacitance (Cdl), and Warburg impedance (W). The estimated charge transfer resistance value of 300 Ω cm2 obtained from the Nyquist plot provides an insight into the rate of charge transfer on the electrode/electrolyte interface.
Designing Health Interface Technologies to Support Patients’ and Healthcare Providers’ Individual and Collaborative Work

This dissertation research aims to improve the design of technologies that connect, facilitate interaction, and support the independent and collaborative work of patients and their healthcare providers (e.g., patient portals). Towards this end, I propose to analyze online patient questions about their health data asked both inside and outside of formal healthcare settings, as well as the answers that they receive, to generate insights into how these technologies can better meet patients’ needs and support shared decision making. In addition, to validate and extend this work, I will also directly engage stakeholders offline, with a special emphasis on understanding the perspectives and needs of diverse patient populations.
Skin Dose Distributions from Total Skin Electron Irradiation Therapy (TSET).

Purpose/Objective(s) Total skin electron therapy (TSET) has been used to treat mycosis fungoides since the 1950s. Practitioners of TSET rely on relatively crude, phantom-based point measurements for commissioning and treatment plan dosimetry. Using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, this study presents resultant whole-body dosimetry for a patient receiving rotational, dual-field TSET. Materials/Methods The Monte Carlo codes, BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc, were used to simulate 6 MeV electron beams to calculate skin dose from TSET. Simulations were validated with experimental measurements. The rotational dual-field technique uses extended a source-to-surface distance with an acrylic beam degrader between the patient and incident beams. Simulations incorporated patient positioning: standing on a platform that rotates during radiation delivery. Resultant patient doses were analyzed as a function of skin depth-dose coverage and evaluated using dose-volume-histograms (DVH). Results Good agreement was obtained between simulations and measurements. For a cylinder with a 30 cm diameter, the depths that dose fell to 50% of the surface dose was 0.66 cm, 1.15 cm and 1.42 cm for thicknesses of 9 mm, 3 mm and without an acrylic scatter plate, respectively. The results are insensitive to cylinder diameter. Relatively uniform skin surface dose was obtained for skin in the torso area although large dose variations (> 25%) were found in other areas resulting from partial beam shielding of the extremities. To achieve 95% mean dose to the first 5 mm of skin depth, the mean dose to skin depth of 5-10 mm and depth of 10-15 mm from the skin surface was 74% (57%) and 50% (25%) of the prescribed dose when using a 3mm (9 mm) thickness scatter plate, respectively. Conclusion The Monte Carlo simulations provide details of skin dose coverage as a function of depth that experimental methods are unable to obtain. For the first time, the calculated 3D skin dose distributions can be analyzed by using dose-volume histograms (DVHs) for quantitative dose coverage at specified skin depths for the whole body skin. These results shed light on the patient entire skin dose coverage for treated with rotational technique and can be useful for clinicians in choosing the appropriate thickness of beam scatter(degrader) plate in order to achieve the desired skin depth dose coverage. Based on the result of this investigation we now use 3 mm instead of 9 mm thick beam scatter (degrader) plate for optimum skin depth dose coverage in our institution. We plan to follow the results with the 3 mm degrader as an expansion cohort on our ongoing prospective study for clinical effectiveness.
Chapter 8 Extending Cybersecurity, Securing Private Internet Infrastructure: the US Einstein Program and its Implications for Internet Governance

This chapter addresses US government efforts to “securitize” its connections to the Internet and resulting, potentially restrictive effects on multistakeholder Internet governance.
3-nitropropionic acid-induced changes in bilayer fluidity in synaptosomal membranes: implications for Huntington's disease.

The use of 3–nitropropionic acid (3–NP) and other mitochondria inhibitors to effectuate animal models of Huntington's disease has been well established. 3–NP administration has been shown to lead to pathology similar to that of HD, including massive loss of striatal neurons associated with oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induced by 3–NP also extends to the cortex, an area where little neuron loss occurs. No mechanism as of yet accounts for selective loss of striatal neurons while sparing cortical neurons. In the present study, a nitroxide stearate lipid bilayer-specific spin-label was utilized to probe 3–NP-induced fluidity changes in striatal and cortical synaptosomal membranes. In cortical synaptosomes, membrane fluidity increased in animals previously treated with 3–NP when compared to controls injected with saline vehicle, while in striatal synaptosomes, membrane fluidity decreased in animals treated with 3–NP when compared to controls. The results of the present study suggest that oxidatively-induced changes in membrane fluidity may be involved in mechanisms by which selective striatal neuronal loss occurs in this animal model of Huntington's disease.
Electrochemical Deposition of Metal Nano-Disk Structures Using the Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Silver nanodisk structures were electrochemically deposited on graphite surfaces using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The deposition of metal occurs via a two-step mechanism involving the fast (2–5 µsec) formation of a 7A-deep pit in the graphite surface, followed by nucleation and diffusion limited electrochemical deposition at this pit. M electrolysis time of 50 µsec produces diffusion-limited nanostructure dimensions of ≈200–400A in diameter and 20–50A in height. Silver nano-disk structures are stable in dilute aqueous solutions containing Ag+ at small (≈20mV) sample-negative imaging biases, but are unstable with respect to dissolution at sample positive biases or when immersed in a pure water ambient (irrespective of the applied bias). The mechanism of discharge of a nanometer-scale battery consisting of copper anodes and silver cathodes is examined.
Radio Continuum Observations of W1

Observations are presented of the continuum emission from the thermal radio source W1 (S171, NGC7822). The complete region has been accurately mapped at λ11cm using the 100-m telescope in both total power and polarized radiation. The central part of the object also has been observed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope at λ49, λ21, and λ6cm. In the light of these observations, the question of the existence of a non-thermal component of W1 is discussed, and indications for secondary star formation processes are examined.
In vivo activation of quiescent B cells by anti-immunoglobulin. II. Production of lysozyme-specific monoclonal antibodies of desired isotype.

We wished to determine whether injection of mice with anti-isotype antibody would be a means to regulate in vivo isotype expression and to obtain hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of desired antigen specificity and isotype. Treatment with a rat mAb (7D2) reactive with both the IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes of mouse Ig resulted in large increases in the serum concentrations of mouse IgG2(a + b). Moreover, injection of antigen-7D2 conjugates had a profound effect on the isotype distribution of hybridomas subsequently obtained from these animals. Thus, while greater than 95% of anti-hen eggwhite lysozyme (HEL) mAbs prepared from mice immunized with HEL alone were of the IgG1 isotype, 12/15 (80%) of the mAbs from mice injected with HEL-7D2 conjugates were of the IgG2a or IgG2b isotype. When tested for effector functions using HEL-coated erythrocytes, the mAbs showed the expected activities, i.e., the IgG2, but not IgG1 anti-HEL mAbs were able to fix complement, bind protein A, and mediate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. These results indicate that in vivo immunization with anti-isotype-antigen conjugates can be used to produce hybridomas of predetermined antigen and isotype specificities.
Measurement of marine picoplankton cell size by using a cooled, charge-coupled device camera with image-analyzed fluorescence microscopy.

Abstract Accurate measurement of the biomass and size distribution of picoplankton cells (0.2 to 2.0 microns) is paramount in characterizing their contribution to the oceanic food web and global biogeochemical cycling. Image-analyzed fluorescence microscopy, usually based on video camera technology, allows detailed measurements of individual cells to be taken. The application of an imaging system employing a cooled, slow-scan charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to automated counting and sizing of individual picoplankton cells from natural marine samples is described. A slow-scan CCD-based camera was compared to a video camera and was superior for detecting and sizing very small, dim particles such as fluorochrome-stained bacteria. Several edge detection methods for accurately measuring picoplankton cells were evaluated. Standard fluorescent microspheres and a Sargasso Sea surface water picoplankton population were used in the evaluation. Global thresholding was inappropriate for these samples. Methods used previously in image analysis of nanoplankton cells (2 to 20 microns) also did not work well with the smaller picoplankton cells. A method combining an edge detector and an adaptive edge strength operator worked best for rapidly generating accurate cell sizes. A complete sample analysis of more than 1,000 cells averages about 50 min and yields size, shape, and fluorescence data for each cell. With this system, the entire size range of picoplankton can be counted and measured.
Abstract P1-16-02: Multidisciplinary breast cancer care is associated with a higher rate of breast conservation in comparison with non-multidisciplinary care

Background Mastectomy rates, both therapeutic and prophylactic, are on the rise in the United States. After recent implementation of a multidisciplinary breast clinic for newly diagnosed women at our institution, we sought to examine the impact of multidisciplinary care on surgical decision making. Materials/Methods Women with newly diagnosed breast cancer at our institution are referred to a multidisciplinary breast clinic where they are seen by a team of breast specialists (MDC) or to an individual practitioner (non-MDC) for initial consultation. We retrospectively analyzed rates of breast conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy among women with newly diagnosed breast cancer seen in either setting. For mastectomy cases, we designated the mastectomy as clinically indicated vs not clinically indicated based on National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for breast conservation. T-test and chi-square were used to examine the comparability between MDC and non-MDC cohorts. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the overall prevalence of BCS among MDC and non-MDC cohorts. Stratification analysis was further conducted to examine BCS rates among women in each cohort receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy vs up front surgery. Results A total of 341 consecutive patients were analyzed, including 202 MDC and 139 non-MDC patients seen in initial consultation between June 2012 and April 2014. The MDC and non-MDC cohorts were statistically equivalent in terms of age, tumor and nodal stage, histology, biomarker status, receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and proportion with genetic mutations. In the MDC cohort, 66% underwent BCS vs 42% in the non-MDC cohort (p Conclusions Breast cancer patients seen in an MDC setting at the time of initial diagnosis are significantly more likely than women seen in a non-MDC setting to undergo breast conservation. We hypothesize that the MDC model of breast cancer care, via facilitation of more informed medical decision making, may be a viable strategy to curtail rising mastectomy rates in the United States. Citation Format: Caitlin L Gomez, Pin-Chieh Wang, Nicole A Dawson, Robyn L Dvorak, Nova Foster, Anne Hoyt, Sara A Hurvitz, Amy Kusske, Charles Y Tseng, Susan A McCloskey. Multidisciplinary breast cancer care is associated with a higher rate of breast conservation in comparison with non-multidisciplinary care [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-16-02.
Pioneering community-oriented primary care.

This is a retrospective report on the importance of Kark and Cassels 1952 paper on community-oriented primary care (COPC). In 1978 WHO and UNICEF endorsed COPC. However the ideas girding and framing this approach had first been given full expression in practice some four decades earlier. In Depression-Era South Africa Sidney Kark a leader of the National Department of Health converted the emergent discipline of social medicine into a unique form of comprehensive practice and established the Pholela Health Center which was the explicit model for COPC. COPC as founded and practiced by Kark was a community family and personal practice; it also was a multidisciplinary and team practice. Furthermore the innovations of COPC entailed monitoring evaluation and research. Evaluation is the essence of Kark and Kassels paper which offers a convincing demonstration of the effects of COPC. Its key findings include the following: 1) that there was a decline in the incidence of syphilis in the area served by the health center; 2) that diet and nutrition improved; and 3) that the crude mortality rate as well as the infant mortality rate--the standard marker--declined in Pholela. In the succeeding decades OPC had an international legacy (through WHO and H. Jack Geigers influence in the US Office of Economic Opportunity) which came full circle in the 1980s when a young generation of South Africans began to search their history for models for their health care programs at the dawn of the post-Apartheid Era.
Attached Growth of Sphaerotilus and Mixed Populations in a Continuous-flow Apparatus

Abstract The effects of NH4Cl concentration, organic nitrogen compounds, glucose concentration, dissolved oxygen concentration, and flow rate on the attached growth of pure cultures of Sphaerotilus natans and of a mixed population in a continuous-flow apparatus are described. Low concentrations of NH4Cl and oxygen, and high flow rates resulted in attached populations that were dominated by Sphaerotilus. The conditions that allowed maximal attached growth in pure culture did not correspond to the conditions that promoted attached growth of Sphaerotilus in a mixed population.
Water-rock-CO2 interactions in saline aquifers aimed for carbon dioxide storage: Experimental and numerical modeling studies of the Rio Bonito Formation (Permian), southern Brazil

Abstract Mineral trapping is one of the safest ways to store CO 2 underground as C will be immobilized in a solid phase. Carbon dioxide will be, therefore, sequestered for geological periods of time, helping to diminish greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate global warming. Although mineral trapping is considered a fairly long process, owing to the existence of kinetic barriers for mineral precipitation, it has been demonstrated both experimentally and by numerical modeling. Here the results of experimental and numerical modeling studies performed in sandstones of the saline aquifer of the Rio Bonito Formation, Parana Basin, are presented. The Rio Bonito Formation consists of paralic sandstones deposited in the intracratonic Parana Basin, southern Brazil, during the Permian (Artinskian–Kungurian). These rocks have the largest potential for CO 2 storage because of their appropriated reservoir quality, depth and proximity to the most important stationary CO 2 sources in Brazil. Here it is suggested that CO 2 can be permanently stored as carbonates as CO 2 reacts with rocks of the Rio Bonito Formation and forms CaCO 3 at temperatures and pressures similar to those encountered for CO 2 storage in geological formations. Results of this work will be useful for studies of partitioning mechanisms for C trapping in CO 2 storage programs.
Unsteady flow to a well produced at constant pressure in a fractured reservoir

The objective of this study is to delineate the characteristics of a well flowing at a constant pressure in a naturally fractured reservoir. Methods are suggested to determine system parameters. Consideration is given to both pseudosteady state and unsteady state fluid transfer from the matrix system to the fracture system. If pseudo steady state flow governs the transfer of fluids, then the rate data exhibit an initial period of decline indicating the depletion of the fracture, followed by a period in which the rate is nearly constant and finally a rapid decline in rate. The period of constant rate reflects replenishment of the fracture by the matrix. If unsteady state flow in the matrix governs the well response, then the constant rate period does not exist. Instead, the rate vs. time graph is a straight line on log-log coordinates with slope equal to 0.5. 18 refs.
Neutron detector development at Brookhaven

Abstract Two-dimensional thermal neutron detectors have been the subject of research and development at Brookhaven for over 20 years. Based primarily on multi-wire chambers filled with a gas mixture containing 3 He, these detectors have been used in wide-ranging studies of molecular biology and material science samples. At each phase of development, experimenters have sought improvements in key parameters such as position resolution, counting rate, efficiency, solid-angle coverage and stability. A suite of detectors has been developed with sensitive areas ranging from 5×5 to 50×50 cm 2 . These devices incorporate low-noise-position readout and the best position resolution for thermal neutron gas detectors. Recent developments include a 1.5 m×20 cm detector containing multiple segments with continuously sensitive readout, and detectors with unity gain for ultra-high rate capability and long-term stability.
An alternative method for transient analysis via wavelets

This paper presents an alternative method for the transient analysis of dynamical systems. The method consists of the traditional frequency domain analysis to capture the steady state operation of the system and a wavelet-based transient analysis which captures the disturbance. The total solution is obtained from the superposition of the steady state and disturbance solutions. This paper focuses on the second part of the solution method. The authors have named this method WBTA (wavelet-based transient analysis). It can be implemented using any set of orthogonal wavelets. In this paper, they present an implementation with Daubechies wavelets. The results obtained using this method are compared and verified with a numerical time-domain analysis method. A concise description of the method is presented followed by examples.
What are the therapeutic needs in schizophrenia and how are they satisfied by new antipsychotics

Although considerable progress has been made in the management of schizophrenia, much remains to be achieved in meeting the therapeutic needs of patients with this illness. Conventional antipsychotics have revolutionized treatment, but a substantial proportion of patients derive inadequate benefit and many suffer from adverse effects. Compliance with medication remains an enormous problem. With a number of new drugs soon to be available, it is hoped that valuable alternatives can be provided, increasing the possibility of good therapeutic response and increasing the benefit-to-risk ratio.