cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure dependence of nickel partitioning between forsterite and aluminous silicate melts

Nickel partitioning between forsterite and aluminosilicate melt of fixed bulk composition has been determined at 1300°C to 20 kbar pressure. The value of the forsterite-liquid nickel partition coefficient is lowered from >20 at pressures equal to or less than 15 kbar to <10 at pressures above 15 kbar. Published data indicate that melts on the join Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2 become depolymerized in the pressure range 10–20 kbar as a result of Al shifting from four-coordination at low pressure to higher coordination as the pressure is increased. This coordination shift results in a decreasing number of bridging oxygens in the melt. It is suggested that the activity coefficient of nickel decreases with this decrease in the number of bridging oxygens. As a result, the nickel partition coefficient for olivine and liquid is lowered. Magma genesis in the upper mantle occurs in the pressure range where the suggested change in aluminum coordination occurs in silicate melts. It is suggested, therefore, that data on nickel partitioning obtained at low pressure are not applicable to calculation of the nickel distribution between crystals and melts during partial melting in the upper mantle. Application of high-pressure experimental data determined here for Al-rich melts to the partial melting process indicates that the melts would contain about twice as much nickel as indicated by the data for the low-pressure experiments. If, as suggested here, the polymerization with pressure is related to the Al content of the melt, the difference in the crystal-liquid partition coefficient for nickel at low and high pressure is reduced with decreasing Al content of the melt. Consequently, the change ofDNiol-andesite melt is greater than that ofDNiol-basalt melt, for example.
Changes in Gastrointestinal Characteristics of an Omnivorous Species, the Raccoon, with Lactation and Season

I investigated changes in the capacity of the alimentary canal in a moderately small, omnivorous mammal, the raccoon ( Procyon lotor ). Because of their diverse diet, omnivores may not be dependent upon changes in capacity of the alimentary canal to meet increased energy needs, as are strict herbivores and ruminants. I hypothesized that the capacity of the alimentary canal of lactating and nonreproductive female raccoons would not differ significantly. I also hypothesized that capacity would not differ between summer and winter. Raccoons were captured at Land-Between-the-Lakes, Kentucky. The wet and dry masses, length, and volume of the total gastrointestinal tract and individual organs of the alimentary canal were measured. Results showed that capacity can increase in an omnivorous species in the field. Lactating females had significantly greater wet or dry masses of the total gastrointestinal tract, stomach, and colon than did nonreproductive females. The lengths and volumes of the organs of the alimentary canal also were larger, although not to a significant extent, in lactating females. No significant effect of season occurred on total capacity of the alimentary canal or the capacity of any associated organ. My findings support the contention that change in capacity of the alimentary canal is a fundamental physiological response of mammals to sustained periods of increased demand for energy.
Comparison of Brachial and Radial Arterial Pressure Monitoring in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

The pressure in either the radial (n = 88) or proximal brachial artery (n = 82) was compared with aortic pressure before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in patients receiving coronary artery bypass grafts. Radial artery pressures were measured via 20-G 5-cm long catheters, brachial artery pre
The Chloroplast Small Heat-shock Protein: Evidence for a General Role in Protecting Photosystem II against Oxidative Stress and Photoinhibition

Summary We have recently shown that the chloroplast small heat-shock protein (chlpsHsp) protects oxygen evolution and electron transport of Photosystem II during heat stress, but it is not known if the chlpsHsp protects Photosystem 11 during other stresses. Here we show that the chlpsHsp was produced in vivo in leaves of Chenopodium album (L.) and Lycopersicum esculentum (Mill.) plants subjected to drought (in high light, but not in low light), ultraviolet -A radiation, exogenous abscisic acid treatment, and oxidative stress (induced by methyl viologen). Cold-shock treatment failed to induce the chlpsHsp in either species. Using an in vitro antibody-inhibition assay specific to the chlpsHsp, we provide evidence that the chlpsHsp can protect Photosystem 11 electron transport from oxidative stress (induced by H 2 O 2 ) and under conditions of photoinhibitory high light. These results indicate that the chlpsHsp plays a general role in the protection of Photosystem II against oxidative stress and photoinhibition.
Spatial Patterns of Hazardous Waste Generation and Management in the United States

Hazardous waste is generated in the production of almost all consumer goods, especially those that contain plastic. The United States is the world leader in generating hazardous waste with 214 million tons produced in 1995. The majority of this waste was wastewater generated by the fifty largest generating facilities, disproportionately concentrated along the western Gulf Coast. The largest facilities also treat most of their waste on site, particularly wastewater. Most smaller generators send waste an average of 200 miles for treatment or disposal. Among both citizens and state governments there is resistance to local siting of waste facilties. Local resistance has convinced businesses or government agencies to look elsewhere to site a proposed facility. State efforts to directly control the flow of hazardous waste have not been successful due to court challenges from industry and subsequent decisions that state restrictions violate the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Taxes on both in-state and...
The finite deformation of rate-dependent polycrystals—I. A self-consistent framework

Abstract A self-consistent model is developed for the finite deformation of rate-dependent polycrystals. The formulation presented rigorously extends H utchinson 's (Proc. R. Soc. (Land.)A319, 247, 1970) implementation of H ill 's (J. Mech. Phys. Solids13, 89, 1965a) theory to include finite deformations and material strain rate sensitivity. The present framework is similar to the recent formulation of N emat -N asser and O bata (Proc. R. Soc. (Lond.)A407, 343, 1986), except that the averaging operations are approached from a different viewpoint. Useful formulae for the numerical implementation of the theory are also presented.
Surface immunoglobulins on hairy cells of 55 patients with hairy cell leukemia

Surface immunoglobulins (SIg) were determined on peripheral blood samples from 55 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and on hairy cells from spleen preparations of 14 of these 55 patients. The patterns of SIg for HCL was compared to the patterns on peripheral blood leukemic cells from 39 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 15 patients with poorly differentiated lymphocytic (PDL) lymphoma. Of the 55 HCL patients, 42 could be scored for individual heavy and light chains; 16 had only IgG, 14 had two or three heavy chains, 7 had only IgD, and 5 cases had no SIg and were E-rosette negative. This pattern was different from the B-cell pattern in CLL and PDL where there were few cases of IgG alone (5%) and many cases of IgM alone (50%). Surface marker profile did not correlate with survival in any of the sub-groups tested. HCL appears to be a B-cell lymphoproliferative disease in greater than 90% of cases; many combinations of heavy chains with only a single light chain can be demonstrated.
Effects of ethyl hydrazino acetate on gluconeogenesis and on ethanol oxidation in rat hepatocytes

Both ethyl hydrazinoacetate and aminooxyacetate strongly inhibit gluconeogenesis from L-lactate, but not from pyruvate or fructose, in rat hepatocytes. Ethyl hydrazinoacetate partially inhibits gluconeogenesis from polyols, and also partially inhibits ethanol oxidation. In contrast to results obtained with aminooxyacetate, increasing the ethyl hydrazinoacetate concentration from 0.2 to 2 mM does not tend to diminish the inhibitory effect of this transaminase inhibitor on ethanol or polyol utilization.
Adoption and the ownership of children.

Adoption has traditionally served infants, but an increasing number of children today come to adoption from divorce and remarriage and from foster placement. Many of these children are well out of infancy and have memories of and even existing relationships with persons from their past. A sense of continuity is clearly important to a child's development. The biological parents' serving as an object of projection by the adoptive family and an object of mystery and fascination by the adoptive child are well known sources of clinical problems. These phenomena might exert less influence if some kind of contact between all three parties were maintained. Suggestions for changing adoption policy open the door to potentially destructive relationships and loyalty conflicts. On the other hand, there are reasonable questions as to how well current practices serve all children. It is time to further our understanding of the effects of current practice so that adoption might optimally meet the needs of these young people.
Assuring the Quality of Milk

Abstract Production and delivery to the consumer of high quality milk and milk products involves the joint efforts of many people. The process begins with the producer, continues with the processor and distributor, and terminates with the consumer. Also involved are people from regulatory agencies, laboratories, and educational institutions. That the system works is demonstrated by the long shelf-life of present-day products and by the virtual absence of foodborne illness attributable to dairy foods that are properly handled and processed.
Analysis of Double‐stranded Polymerase Chain Reaction Products from the Bacillus cereus Group by Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

The analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products by electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR) has been achieved. Specifically, a 105 base-pair nucleotide portion of the ribosomal spacer region was amplified in two members of the B. cereus group (i.e. B. thuringiensis and B. cereus) using PCR. These amplified regions were then analyzed by gel electrophoresis and ESI-FTICR. Based on the predicted sequence of the PCR products for each organism, the mass measurement using ESI-FTICR matched the theoretical mass within experimental error and was consistent with gel electrophoresis results. In contrast, for the typical several hour time-scale of the gel electrophoresis experiment, the mass spectrometric analysis was completed in a matter of minutes. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first report demonstrating the ionization and detection of a double-stranded PCR product by ESI-MS. This preliminary result indicates the potential use of ESI-MS to analyze PCR products on a rapid time-scale, with potential for medical and taxonomic applications.
Classic limb patterning models and the work of Dennis Summerbell.

Dennis Summerbell was a leading contributor to our understanding of limb patterning prior to the advent of molecular biology. He published several groundbreaking papers, including one that developed a key model for patterning the limb from the shoulder to the fingertips and another that presented the co-discovery of the effect of retinoids on limb morphogenesis. He brought detailed quantitative analyses to bear on these studies, as highlighted in two of his insightful papers published in the Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , in which he provided elegant models that, today, remain relevant to limb patterning, as well as to many disciplines of developmental biology.
Assessment of a phosphorus fractionation method for soils: problems for further investigation

Abstract A sequential extraction method developed by Canadian researchers is described which allows the fractionation of biologically meaningful soil phosphorus (P) pools. The method was originally developed for use on neutral to mildly alkaline soils. Determination of microbial P as part of the fractionation scheme by the flush of NaHCO3-extractable P following CHCl3 fumigation is erratic in acid, highly weathered soils. This is explainable based on the large capacities of these soils to sorb P. Sequential extraction of both fumigated and unfumigated samples to determine the fate of P of microbial origin is an alternative. Sample processing can affect results. Incubation of previously air-dried soil reduces bioavailable (resin) P below that present in the air-dried soil. Grinding soil releases some microbial P. Although this is a valuable method, more research is needed on its application to a variety of soils.
A ligand that Trypanosoma cruzi uses to bind to mammalian cells to initiate infection

Abstract We purified a soluble gp83 trans-sialidase (gp83-TSA), from phospholipase C-treated Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote membranes, which binds to myoblasts, fibroblasts and macrophages to mediate trypanosome entry. Myoblasts display a single class of receptors for the gp83-TSA present at 4×104 per myoblast with a Kd of 8 nM. Monovalent Fab fragments of the monoclonal antibody 4A4 specific for gp83-TSA inhibit gp83-TSA binding to myoblasts, fibroblasts and macrophages, block the trypanosomes from attaching to and entering these cells and neutralize T. cruzi infection in BALB/c mice. This is the first demonstration that gp83-TSA is a ligand that T. cruzi uses to attach to cells.
Climate change mitigation and agriculture

The consensus on anthropogenic global climate change is as complete as any technical issue can be, to be sure. The quantitative details are mired in the uncertainty stemming from the nature of the ...
PROFLAVIN CATALYZED PHOTOPRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Abstract— Methyl viologen was reduced by EDTA and other organic compounds when aqueous solutions of these compounds were irradiated near 440 nm in the presence of catalytic quantities of proflavin. The photoreduced methyl viologen was readily oxidized in the dark by the enzyme hydrogenase or platinum asbestos. When the entire reaction was run in the light with hydrogenase or platinum, continuous production of hydrogen was observed. The yield of hydrogen was approximately stoichiometric to the EDTA present establishing that methyl viologen and proflavin were acting catalytically. To establish the structural requirements of the electron donor, eighty compounds were tested at seven pH values between 4 and 10. Of these, twenty served as electron donors for the photoproduction of hydrogen. The effective donors contained either a secondary or tertiary nitrogen atom with one or more carboxymethyl or β-hydroxyethyl groups, or a sulfhydryl group. The system could also reduce benzyl viologen but not methylene blue. Riboflavin did not replace proflavin for the photoproduction of hydrogen, This system may have potential for producing hydrogen with solar energy.
The Effects of Automation Reliability and Experience on Attention in a Computer Environment

Computer environments are often complex and require operators to work on multiple tasks at once. Diagnostic automation is purported to help by telling the operator when and where to look, but imper...
Multi-tube model for interplanetary magnetic clouds

Measurements of the polytropic index γ inside a magnetic cloud showed that there are two non-equal tubes inside the cloud [Fainberg et al., 1996; Osherovich et al., 1997]. For both tubes, γ < 1, but each tube has its own polytrope. We test equilibrium solutions which are a superposition of solutions with cylindrical and helical symmetry [Krat and Osherovich, 1978] as a new paradigm for a multi-tube model. Comparison of magnetic and gas pressure profiles for these bounded MHD states with observations suggests that complex magnetic clouds can be viewed as multiple helices embedded in a cylindrically symmetric flux rope.
Pulmonary function in individuals who underwent liver transplantation: From the US cystic fibrosis foundation registry

Severe liver disease affects 4.5% to 10% of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and is the third-leading cause of death. Liver transplantation (LT) is an accepted therapy, but the effects of liver disease and LT on pulmonary function in patients with CF are controversial. Our aim was to characterize changes in pulmonary function in LT patients with CF. Using mixed effect models, we analyzed pulmonary function before and after transplantation in 168 LT patients and 840 non-LT patients with CF who were matched by age, sex, pancreatic status, infections with US CF Foundation Patient Registry data (1989-2007). The primary outcome was the change in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1); percent predicted) in LT and non-LT in the 3-years periods before or after transplantation; second we compared FEV(1) changes. In the 3 years before transplantation, LT had lower initial FEV(1) values (71.5% ± 1.9%, P < 0.001) and a slower decline (+0.1% ± 0.4%/year, P < 0.001) than non-LT (79.6% ± 1.3% and -1.3% ± 0.2%/year, respectively). There was no difference in the FEV(1) decline after transplantation (-1.4% ± 0.4%/year for LT versus -2.1% ± 0.2%/year for non-LT, P = 0.14). Both the (P = 0.003) and (P = 0.001) had a slower FEV(1) decline in the period before transplantation versus after transplantation. In conclusion, pulmonary function is lower and declines more slowly in patients with CF before LT versus, but parallels the decline in non-LT after transplantation. LT is neither beneficial nor detrimental to pulmonary function in CF but returns FEV(1) decline to the same trajectory found for matched non-LT individuals with CF.
CD81 Associates with 14-3-3 in a Redox-regulated Palmitoylation-dependent Manner

As a member of the tetraspanin superfamily of proteins, CD81 has been linked to a number of biologic functions including cellular proliferation, differentiation, activation, and degranulation. As a co-receptor for hepatitis C virus, and a requirement for hepatocytes for infectivity of human Plasmodium falciparum and rodent P. yoelii sporozoite infectivity, CD81 may also play a vital role in pathology. Despite the importance of CD81 in multiple cellular functions, the molecular mechanism of action of CD81 in these processes has remained elusive. Here we report an association between CD81 and the epsilon isoform of 14-3-3, a serine/threonine-binding intracellular signaling protein. Furthermore, we provide evidence that in human, this association is influenced by the palmitoylation state of the CD81 cytoplasmic tails. We have generated a series of CD81 cysteine mutants to identify palmitoylated intracellular motifs of CD81, and reveal palmitoylation on the N- and C-terminal tails as well as the intracellular loop between transmembrane domains 2 and 3. One of these mutants lacks all five of its intracellular cysteines and therefore cannot be palmitoylated. This unpalmitoylated version of CD81 shows constitutive association with 14-3-3. Interestingly, we find that under oxidative conditions, CD81 palmitoylation is inhibited and that condition correlates with the association of CD81 and 14-3-3. These finding suggest that CD81 signaling events could be mediated by 14-3-3 adapter proteins, and these signals may be dependent on cellular redox.
Strength and tempo of selection revealed in viral gene genealogies

RNA viruses evolve extremely quickly, allowing them to rapidly adapt to new environmental conditions. Viral pathogens, such as influenza virus, exploit this capacity for evolutionary change to persist within the human population despite substantial immune pressure. Understanding the process of adaptation in these viral systems is essential to our efforts to combat infectious disease. Through analysis of simulated populations and sequence data from influenza A (H3N2) and measles virus, we show how phylogenetic and population genetic techniques can be used to assess the strength and temporal pattern of adaptive evolution. The action of natural selection affects the shape of the genealogical tree connecting members of an evolving population, causing deviations from the neutral expectation. The magnitude and distribution of these deviations lends insight into the historical pattern of evolution and adaptation in the viral population. We quantify the degree of ongoing adaptation in influenza and measles virus through comparison of census population size and effective population size inferred from genealogical patterns, finding a 60-fold greater deviation in influenza than in measles. We also examine the tempo of adaptation in influenza, finding evidence for both continuous and episodic change. Our results have important consequences for understanding the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of the influenza virus. Additionally, these general techniques may prove useful to assess the strength and pattern of adaptive evolution in a variety of evolving systems. They are especially powerful when assessing selection in fast-evolving populations, where temporal patterns become highly visible.
Roles of vaccinia virus genes E3L and K3L and host genes PKR and RNase L during intratracheal infection of C57BL/6 mice

The importance of the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) pathways in host interferon induction resulting from virus infection in response to dsRNA has been well documented. In poxvirus infections, the interactions between the vaccinia virus (VV) genes E3L and K3L, which target RNase L and PKR, respectively, serve to prevent the induction of the dsRNA-dependent induced interferon response in cell culture. To determine the importance of these host genes in controlling VV infections, mouse single-gene knockouts of RNase L and PKR and double-knockout mice were studied following intratracheal infection with VV, VVΔK3L, or VVΔE3L. VV caused lethal disease in all mouse strains. The single-knockout animals were more susceptible than wild-type animals, while the RNase L(-/-) PKR(-/-) mice were the most susceptible. VVΔE3L infections of wild-type mice were asymptomatic, demonstrating that E3L plays a critical role in controlling the host immune response. RNase L(-/-) mice showed no disease, whereas 20% of the PKR(-/-) mice succumbed at a dose of 10(8) PFU. Lethal disease was routinely observed in RNase L(-/-) PKR(-/-) mice inoculated with 10(8) PFU of VVΔE3L, with a distinct pathology. VVΔK3L infections exhibited no differences in virulence among any of the mouse constructs, suggesting that PKR is not the exclusive target of K3L. Surprisingly, VVΔK3L did not disseminate to other tissues from the lung. Hence, the cause of death in this model is respiratory disease. These results also suggest that an unanticipated role of the K3L gene is to facilitate virus dissemination.
Melting and possible amorphization of Sn and Pb in Ge/Sn and Ge/Pb mechanically milled powders

Mixtures of Ge–Sn and Ge–Pb powders were ball-milled to form a fine dispersion. After 32 h of milling the average diameter of the hard Ge particles embedded in the Sn (or Pb) matrix was about 10 nm. As the Ge concentration was increased in each system, the melting point, TM, and the enthalpy of fusion, ΔHM, of Sn (or Pb) decreased. Only small changes in ΔTM and ΔHM were observed after heating cycles in the DSC to above the melting point. The melting endotherm measured by DSC disappeared for Ge-rich compositions (88 and 95 vol.% Ge for Ge–Sn; 93.5 vol.% Ge for Ge–Pb). It is suggested that atomic disorder/melting is nucleated at the Ge/Sn (or Ge/Pb) interfaces and the melting point and enthalpy of fusion decrease as the interfacial area increases. When the Ge volume reaches a value where essentially all the Sn (or Pb) atoms are adjacent to the Ge particle surfaces, the Sn is in a disordered–perhaps amorphous–state such that no melting transition is observed.
A scalable counterflow-pipelined asynchronous radix-4 Booth multiplier

This paper introduces an asynchronous radix-4 Booth multiplier architecture, which is scalable to arbitrary operand lengths while maintaining a constant cycle time per Booth iteration. It has several novel features, including: (i) a novel counterflow organization, in which the data bits flow in one direction and the Booth commands piggyback on the acknowledgments flowing in the opposite direction; (ii) overlapped execution of multiple iterations of the Booth algorithm; and (iii) design modularity and bit-level pipelining, which enable the multiplier to be scaled to arbitrary operand widths without requiring gate resizing or cycle time overheads. Spice simulations in a 0.18 /spl mu/m TSMC CMOS process at 1.8 V indicate promising performance: the multiplier takes 640-650 ps per Booth iteration, regardless of the operand widths, thereby demonstrating the scalability of our approach. For 16-bit operands, this performance corresponds to nearly 200 Mops/s throughput. Furthermore, the multiplier is fully functional at reduced supply voltages (e.g., 1.5 V and 1.0 V), and thus capable of dynamically trading off performance for energy efficiency.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY: LIV. HARRY MILES JOHNSON: WAR WITHOUT PEACE

Harry Miles Johnson (1885–1953) took his Ph.D. under John B. Watson at Johns Hopkins University. During World War I Johnson was the first “aviation psychologist” and did pioneering research in visi...
A comparison of MODIS and NOHRSC snow-cover products for simulating streamflow using the Snowmelt Runoff Model

Remote sensing is an important source of snow-cover extent for input into the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) and other snowmelt models. Since February 2000, daily global snow-cover maps have been produced from data collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The usefulness of this snow-cover product for streamflow prediction is assessed by comparing SRM simulated streamflow using the MODIS snow-cover product with streamflow simulated using snow maps from the National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC). Simulations were conducted for two tributary watersheds of the Upper Rio Grande basin during the 2001 snowmelt season using representative SRM parameter values. Snow depletion curves developed from MODIS and NOHRSC snow maps were generally comparable in both watersheds: satisfactory streamflow simulations were obtained using both snow-cover products in larger watershed (volume difference: MODIS, 2·6%; NOHRSC, 14·0%) and less satisfactory streamflow simulations in smaller watershed (volume difference: MODIS, −33·1%; NOHRSC, −18·6%). The snow water equivalent (SWE) on 1 April in the third zone of each basin was computed using the modified depletion curve produced by the SRM and was compared with in situ SWE measured at Snowpack Telemetry sites located in the third zone of each basin. The SRM-calculated SWEs using both snow products agree with the measured SWEs in both watersheds. Based on these results, the MODIS snow-cover product appears to be of sufficient quality for streamflow prediction using the SRM in the snowmelt-dominated basins. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship of T2-Weighted MRI Myocardial Hyperintensity and the Ischemic Area-At-Risk

Rationale: After acute myocardial infarction (MI), delineating the area-at-risk (AAR) is crucial for measuring how much, if any, ischemic myocardium has been salvaged. T2-weighted MRI is promoted as an excellent method to delineate the AAR. However, the evidence supporting the validity of this method to measure the AAR is indirect, and it has never been validated with direct anatomic measurements. Objective: To determine whether T2-weighted MRI delineates the AAR. Methods and Results: Twenty-one canines and 24 patients with acute MI were studied. We compared bright-blood and black-blood T2-weighted MRI with images of the AAR and MI by histopathology in canines and with MI by in vivo delayed-enhancement MRI in canines and patients. Abnormal regions on MRI and pathology were compared by (a) quantitative measurement of the transmural-extent of the abnormality and (b) picture matching of contours. We found no relationship between the transmural-extent of T2-hyperintense regions and that of the AAR (bright-blood-T2: r =0.06, P =0.69; black-blood-T2: r =0.01, P =0.97). Instead, there was a strong correlation with that of infarction (bright-blood-T2: r =0.94, P <0.0001; black-blood-T2: r =0.95, P <0.0001). Additionally, contour analysis demonstrated a fingerprint match of T2-hyperintense regions with the intricate contour of infarcted regions by delayed-enhancement MRI. Similarly, in patients there was a close correspondence between contours of T2-hyperintense and infarcted regions, and the transmural-extent of these regions were highly correlated (bright-blood-T2: r =0.82, P <0.0001; black-blood-T2: r =0.83, P <0.0001). Conclusion: T2-weighted MRI does not depict the AAR. Accordingly, T2-weighted MRI should not be used to measure myocardial salvage, either to inform patient management decisions or to evaluate novel therapies for acute MI. # Novelty and Significance {#article-title-48}
Market models and pricing mechanisms in a multihop wireless hotspot network

Multihop wireless hotspot network [A. Balachandran et al., (2003), F. Fitzek et al., (2003), Y-D. Lin et al., (1999), K-C. Wang et al., (2003)] has been recently proposed to extend the coverage area of a base station. However, with selfish nodes in the network, multihop packet forwarding cannot take place without an incentive mechanism. In this paper, we adopt the "pay for service" incentive model, i.e., clients pay the relaying nodes for their packet forwarding service. Our focus in this paper is to determine a "fair" pricing for packet forwarding. To this end, we model the system as a market where the pricing for packet forwarding is determined by demand and supply. Depending on the network communication scenario, the market models are different. We classify the network into four different scenarios and propose different pricing mechanisms for them. Our simulation results show that the pricing mechanisms are able to guide the market into an equilibrium state quickly. We also show that maintaining communication among the relaying nodes is important for a stable market pricing.
Chicano Students and The Courts: The Mexican American Legal Struggle For Educational Equality, Richard R. Valencia

New York, NY: New York University Press, 2008, 483 pages, $49.00 (hardcover). This book is very meaningful and relevant to understanding the educational reality facing Chicano students in the Unite...
A survey of mobile cloud computing for rich media applications

By leveraging Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC), resource-poor mobile devices are enabled to run rich media applications. In this article, we review mobile cloud computing, with focus on the technical challenges of MCC for multimedia applications, and briefly review the prototypes. The article is concluded with a discussion of several open research problems that call for substantial research efforts.
Moving target detection in foliage using along track monopulse synthetic aperture radar imaging

This paper presents a method for detecting moving targets embedded in foliage from the monostatic and bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data obtained via two airborne radars. The two radars, which are mounted on the same aircraft, have different coordinates in the along track (cross-range) domain. However, unlike the interferometric SAR systems used for topographic mapping, the two radars possess a common range and altitude (i.e., slant range). The resultant monopulse SAR images are used to construct difference and interferometric images for moving target detection. It is shown that the signatures of the stationary targets are weakened in these images. Methods for estimating a moving target's motion parameters are discussed. Results for an ultrawideband UHF SAR system are presented.
On the relationship between quasi-affine systems and the ` a trous algorithm

We seek to demonstrate a connection between refinable quasi-affine systems and the discrete wavelet transform known as the a trous algorithm. We begin with an introduction of the bracket product, which is the major tool in our analysis. Using multiresolution operators, we then proceed to reinvestigate the equivalence of the duality of refinable affine frames and their quasi-affine counterparts associated with a fairly general class of scaling functions that includes the class of compactly supported scaling functions. Our methods show that for negative scales only one of the generalized Smith-Barnwell equations is actually needed to establish the additivity property of the quasi-affine multiresolution operators. This fact is then identified with the a trous algorithm thereby illustrating the connection with quasi-affine systems. We then introduce the notion of a generalized quasi-affine (GQA) system, in which separate generating wavelets are used for non-negative and negative dilations. Sufficient conditions are described for two GQA systems to constitute dual frames, providing a means for the construction of frames from appropriate a trous systems. We conclude with a brief discussion of examples of GQA frames associated with two different biorthogonal wavelet systems. The novelty of this work is the connection established between the a trous algorithm and refinable quasi-affine systems together with the notion of GQA systems, which are introduced to exploit this connection.
Beauveria bassiana Horizontal Infection Between Cadavers and Adults of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)

Abstract The behavior of adult Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) in the presence of Beauveria bassiana sporulating on cadavers was studied to determine the likelihood of disease infection as beetles emerge from the soil and colonize host plants. In 2001, the movement of single adult Colorado potato beetles was monitored in arenas containing infective cadavers in differing spatial patterns between four potato plants. In 2002, a similar design was used, but was under the more natural conditions of a potato field. In both experiments, direction, time, and directness of beetle travel was not significantly affected by the presence or absence of infective cadavers, showing no avoidance of these cadavers by adult Colorado potato beetles. The likelihood that emerging adults would contact infective cadavers on the soil surface was quantified at different cadaver densities. A curvilinear relationship (y = 4.8313x0.4459) best describes the frequency of encounters of adults as a factor of increasing...
Action of Dieldrin and Related Compounds on Synaptic Transmission

The symptoms of poisoning by dieldrin (HEOD) and related bicyclodiene insecticides in vertebrates (Gowdey et al., 1952; 1954; Gowdey and Stavraky, 1955; Khairy, 1960; Natoff and Reiff, 1967; Revzin, 1968), and insects (Gianotti et. al., 1956; Yamasaki and Narahashi, 1958), and of lindane in insects (Yamasaki and Ishii, 1954; Narahashi, 1971) suggest a similar excitatory action somewhere in the central nervous system by all of these compounds.
FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS FOR A WORK POTENTIAL -BASED DESIGN METHODOLOGY

This paper outlines the foundational concepts and the initial formulation of a methodology for revolutionary energy systems identification and design. Fundamental laws of physics, thermodynamic optimization, and a form of exergy analysis establish the foundation for this methodology. The ultimate objective is to develop a physics-based methodology to provide the capacity to identify revolutionary systems capable of achieving a specified objective most effectively and efficiently. The method has been formulated with a multilevel structure to facilitate this broad applicability to many aspects and phases of system development from system identification and conceptual design to subsystem detailed design. It provides the necessary generalized tools to consider a wide range of potential concepts in the absence of concept specific analysis tools—immediately providing results adequate for comparison. Once a concept has been selected, the method also provides a common framework within which all concept subsystems can be designed and optimized for common system level objectives. The concepts presented in this paper form the foundation of what is expected to mature into a holistic work potential-based developmental methodology providing for the complete design and optimization of energy systems taking under consideration technical, economic, and environmental issues.
Stndy on Rheogeniometer

The rheogeniometer is an equipment of medical treatment,which is used widely in clinic examination.The testing results of some equipments may have errors by several times.The inward quality,the notice and the mehod to identify an irresponsible equipment are to be discussed.
THE ADVANCES OF RESEARCH ON STRUCTURAL DAMAGE INTELLIGENT DIAGNOSIS

The advances of research on structural damage diagnosis is presented in this paper. The application of artificial neural networks to structural damage identification is discussed. The structural damage detection and some expert systems based on artificial neural networks are introduced. Tendencies of structural damage diagnosis are pointed out.
Unsupervised relation detection using automatic alignment of query patterns extracted from knowledge graphs and query click logs.

Traditional methods for building spoken language understanding systems require manual rules or annotated data, which are expensive. In this work, we present an unsupervised method for bootstrapping a relation classifier, which identifies the knowledge graph relations present in an input query. Unlike existing work, we utilize only one knowledge graph entity instead of two for mining relevant query patterns from query click logs. As a result, the mined patterns can be used to infer both explicit relations (where the objects of the relations are expressed in the queries) and implicit relations (where the objects of the relations are being asked about). Using only the mined queries, the final classifier achieves an F-measure of 55.5%, which is significantly higher than the previous unsupervised learning baselines.
Reimbursable pharmacy teaching program for adrenalectomy patients.

A three-step, pharmacist-taught education program for adrenalectomy patients is described. Twenty-three patients were trained during the two years of the project. Training included: (1) an explanation of the patient's disease state and need for supplementary medication; (2) an explanation of each medication taken; and (3) training on self-administration of an i.m. dose of dexamethasone. Blue Cross agreed to pay the hospital o25 per patient trained. Thirteen patients were available for interviews designed to evaluate the program. All patients knew the signs and symptoms of adrenal crisis and had excellent recall of information about their medication. Eight patients had increased their oral steroid doses as instructed to avoid adrenal insufficiency during stress. Substantial cost savings resulted from the program. The costs saved by offering the program justified the cost of supplying the service.
Trajectories from Colonialism

How did differing experiences of colonialism and its aftereffects shape later racial orders? I begin with an examination of Brazil, where arguments for such historical determinacy have been employed to explain the later lack of racial domination. To check such arguments, I then turn to comparisons with the colonies that would become South Africa and the United States. Portuguese Brazil The image of a Portuguese colonial legacy of racial tolerance is tantamount to an official ideology, at least within the former colonial power. Modern Portuguese officials have claimed that among Europeans, their predecessors “alone practiced the principle of multi-racialism, which all now consider the most perfect and daring expression of human brotherhood … in which men are limited only by their ability.” As early as 1923, the usually astute W. E. B. Du Bois agreed that “between the Portuguese and the African and the near-African there is naturally no racial antipathy – no accumulated historical hatreds, dislikes and despisings.” According to Gilberto Freyre, the leading advocate of this thesis, “the absence of violent rancors due to race constitutes one of the peculiarities of the feudal system in the tropics,” characteristic of Portuguese rule. In their colonies, the Portuguese supposedly pursued policies of incorporation more than imposition, consistent with a “plasticity of the national character, of its classes and institutions, which are never indurated or definitely stratified.”
Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: An Evaluation of Selection Methods and Some Cautionary Notes

We review and evaluate selection methods, a prominent class of techniques first proposed by Hedges (1984) that assess and adjust for publication bias in meta-analysis, via an extensive simulation s...
Geneticists Speak Out: Culture, Ethics, and History

Australian clinical geneticists work very much within the traditional Western framework of medical ethics, in that their main focus is on individual welfare, rather than social goals.
Discovering Unseen Social Contexts and Potential Levers for Social Change

Like many people, I entered sociology out of a concern for social justice and equity. This decision was largely inspired by my father, a pediatrician who had many low income patients, from whom he learned about the dynamics of poverty and its pervasive effects. His experiences working with low income populations led him to work in progressive causes which he considered to be preventive medicine. He started the first poison control hotline in the state of Indiana, advised the first Headstart program in Indiana, worked with Planned Parenthood, and spoke publicly about the need for increased supports for disadvantaged populations. My awareness of poverty and my commitment to social justice came out of my admiration for my father and his work.
Collaborative Care for Women With Depression: A Systematic Review

Background The collaborative care model has been found to be effective for depression management in various primary care populations; however, no review has synthesized trials tailored to treat women. Objective The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the current evidence for collaborative depression care for women. Methodology We searched for English language articles via MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and reference lists of key articles. Published English language studies were included if they described collaborative care models that targeted women, regardless of study design. Studies were excluded if components of collaborative care were absent (based on criteria described by the Advancing Integrated Mental Health Solutions Center at the University of Washington), if the focus of the intervention was not women, if the studies were not conducted in primary care or gynecological settings, or if there were no outcome data. Results This review resulted in 7 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Included studies were 6 randomized controlled trials and 1 observational study. Among those, 4 studies focused on pregnant or postpartum women. In general, collaborative care interventions focusing on women were more effective than usual care for the management of depressive disorders in women with 5 of the 6 randomized studies showing positive depression outcomes. Conclusions There is evidence that collaborative care interventions are effective for treating depressed women in nonmental health settings. Future studies should examine differences in implementation of collaborative care in "real world" settings and define modifications needed based on a woman's reproductive life stage.
Internalized smoking stigma in relation to quit intentions, quit attempts, and current e-cigarette use

ABSTRACTBackground: Reducing the social acceptability of smoking is associated with lowered smoking prevalence. However, denormalization strategies can also contribute to the stigmatization that some smokers may feel about their smoking. Smoking stigma may be more acute if smokers are also members of other stigmatized groups, such as racial/ethnic minorities. This study examined correlates of smoking self- and felt-stigma and discrimination, among current smokers. Methods: Participants were recruited in the United States via a national commercial consumer panel to complete a cross-sectional, Web-based survey. Participants were 1528 current cigarette smokers aged 14 and older. Measures included the Internalized Stigma of Smoking Inventory (ISSI), Heaviness of Smoking Index, quit intentions, past-year quit attempts, and current use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Results: Self-stigma was significantly associated with higher intent to quit in the next 6 months (odds ratio [OR] = 2.47, P < .01) and i...
Compromising Security of Economic Dispatch in Power System Operations

Power grid operations rely on the trustworthy operation of critical control center functionalities, including the so-called Economic Dispatch (ED) problem. The ED problem is a large-scale optimization problem that is periodically solved by the system operator to ensure the balance of supply and load while maintaining reliability constraints. In this paper, we propose a semantics-based attack generation and implementation approach to study the security of the ED problem.1 Firstly, we generate optimal attack vectors to transmission line ratings to induce maximum congestion in the critical lines, resulting in the violation of capacity limits. We formulate a bilevel optimization problem in which the attacker chooses manipulations of line capacity ratings to maximinimize the percentage line capacity violations under linear power flows. We reformulate the bilevel problem as a mixed integer linear program that can be solved efficiently. Secondly, we describe how the optimal attack vectors can be implemented in commercial energy management systems (EMSs). The attack explores the dynamic memory space of the EMS, and replaces the true line capacity ratings stored in data regions with the optimal attack vectors. In contrast to the well-known false data injection attacks to control systems that require compromising distributed sensors, our approach directly implements attacks to the control center server. Our experimental results on benchmark power systems and five widely utilized EMSs show the practical feasibility of our attack generation and implementation approach.