cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of endemism of the eastern North American cave fauna

Aim Over 250 species of obligate terrestrial cave-dwelling animals (troglobionts) are known from single caves in the eastern United States. We investigate their geographical distribution, especially in relation to other troglobionts. We relate these patterns to taxonomic group, opportunities for dispersal and geographical location. Location Caves of the United States east of the Mississippi River. Methods We associated over 3000 records of more than 450 troglobiotic species and subspecies with hexagons of 1000, 5000 and 10,000 km2 in size. We calculated Moran's I, black–white joins and cubic regression of endemics on non-endemics at all three spatial scales. For 5000 km2 hexagons, we modelled the spatial autocorrelation of the residuals of the cubic regression of endemics on non-endemics. Results Differences among orders in percentage single-cave endemism were not significant, except for Pseudoscorpionida, which was higher (69%) than any other order. At all three scales, Moran's I and black–white joins were significant, indicating a clumped distribution of both single-cave endemics and other troglobionts. Spatial patterns were similar at all three scales and Moran's I was highest at 5000 km2. The cubic fit of endemics to non-endemics was consistently better, with less systematic error or residuals, than were linear or quadratic models. Residuals showed a significant geographical pattern with excess endemics in more southerly locations. Main conclusions There was both a non-spatial and spatial component to the pattern of single-cave endemism. The non-spatial component was the association of high levels of single-cave endemism with areas of high diversity of non-endemics. It may be that both are high because of high secondary productivity. Spatially, single-cave endemism is high in central rather than peripheral areas and in the southern part of the range. It is not higher in areas of more dissected limestone, which would reduce migration rates; if anything endemism is lower. Regional spatial effects are important, indicating that cave communities cannot be understood (or protected) in isolation.
Vision-based navigation and guidance of a sensorless missile

Abstract The objective of this paper is to develop a vision-based terminal guidance system for sensorless missiles. Specifically, monocular vision-based relative navigation and robust control methods are developed for a sensorless missile to intercept a ground target maneuvering with unknown time-varying velocity. A mobile wireless sensor and actor network is considered wherein a moving airborne monocular camera (e.g., attached to an aircraft) provides image measurements of the missile (actor) while another moving monocular camera (e.g., attached to a small UAV) tracks a ground target. The challenge is to express the unknown time-varying target position in the time-varying missile frame using image feedback from cameras moving with unknown trajectories. In a novel relative navigation approach, assuming the knowledge of a single geometric length on the missile, the time-varying target position is obtained by fusing the daisy-chained image measurements of the missile and the target into a homography-based Euclidean reconstruction method. The three-dimensional interception problem is posed in pursuit guidance, proportional navigation, and the proposed hybrid guidance framework. Interestingly, it will be shown that by appropriately defining the error system a single control structure can be maintained across all the above guidance methods. The control problem is formulated in terms of target dynamics in a ‘virtual’ camera mounted on the missile, which enables design of an adaptive nonlinear visual servo controller that compensates for the unknown time-varying missile–target relative velocity. Stability and zero-miss distance analysis of the proposed controller is presented, and a high-fidelity numerical simulation verifies the performance of the guidance laws.
Quality assurance of second opinion pathology in gynecologic oncology

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of routine second review of pathologic material that was sent to Ohio State University before initiation of therapy. Methods: All the gynecologic-oncologic histopathology review diagnoses made during a 1-year period were compared with original pathologic diagnoses. When there was a discrepant diagnosis with the second interpretation, the case was reviewed by at least two pathologists. Discrepancies were coded as no diagnostic disagreement, no diagnostic disagreement but pertinent information not included, diagnostic disagreement without clinical consequences, diagnostic disagreement with minor clinical significance, or diagnostic disagreement with major clinical significance. Proportions and confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Pathology reports from 295 referred patients were reviewed. Two hundred forty-five (83.1%) showed no discrepancy. Discrepancies were found in 50 cases (16.9%). There was significant information missing in four cases (1.4%), diagnostic disagreement with no clinical significance in 22 cases (7.5%), and diagnostic disagreement with minor clinical significance in 10 cases (3.4%). In 14 cases (4.7%, 95% confidence interval 2.28, 7.12) the changes in diagnoses had major therapeutic or prognostic implications that included changes from malignant or low malignant potential to benign (seven cases), malignant to low malignant potential (three cases), change in tumor type (two cases), and assessment of invasion (two cases). The cost of reviewing 295 specimens was approximately $39,235. The cost of identifying each major discrepancy was about $2802. Conclusion: Routine pathology review of gynecologic-oncologic cases before definite treatment revealed notable discrepancies in diagnoses. In 4.7% of cases, the change in diagnosis had a major effect on proper treatment planning or a significant prognostic implication.
Reactions of substituted pyridines and their N-oxides with ethanolic sodium hydroxide and various alkoxides

2-Benzoylpyridine 1-oxide with ethanoiic sodium hydroxide yielded acyl nucleophilic displacement products and a redox product, 2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)pyridine. 3-Benzoylpyridine 1-oxide under the same conditions yielded only a reduction product, 3-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-pyridine 1-oxide, whereas 4-benzoylpyridine 1-oxide yielded only a redox product, 4-(α-hydroxy-benzyl)pyridine. The redox reaction which is promoted by base occurs with an α-hydroxybenzylpyridine 1-oxide which results from a carbonyl reduction of the starting material. The benzoyl-pyridine 1-oxides reacted qualitatively the same with sodium ethoxide or isopropoxide as they did with ethanoiic sodium hydroxide, but they reacted differently with potassium t-butoxide or aluminum isopropoxide. The cyano- and benzenesulfonyl-pyridine 1-oxides reacted with ethanolic sodium hydroxide to yield pyridinecarboxylic acids and 1-hydroxypyridones, respectively.
A new inducible protein expression system in fission yeast based on the glucose-repressed inv1 promoter

Studies of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have made major contributions towards understanding cell-cycle control and many other important aspects of cell biology. A series of pREP expression vectors that utilize the thiamine-repressible nmt1 promoter are used routinely to manipulate the expression of genes in fission yeast. A shortcoming of the nmt1 promoter is that it is very slowly induced following removal of thiamine from the growth medium, requiring approx. 16h for full induction. Invertase, an enzyme responsible for sucrose metabolism, is regulated transcriptionally by glucose derepression in S. pombe. Using the inv1 promoter, we have developed the pINV1 set of inducible protein expression vectors. A shift from glucose to sucrose-based culture medium leads to a very rapid induction of the inv1 promoter. Genes that are regulated by the inv1 promoter are fully induced within 1h of the shift to sucrose-based medium. The pINV1 vectors utilize a simple induction protocol and enable studies in fission yeast requiring tight and rapid regulation of protein synthesis.
Acute abdominal pain in the elderly.

Study objectives: To determine the incidences of both specific diagnosis and surgical diseases in patients more than 65 years old who present to the emergency department with nontraumatic abdominal pain of less than one week's duration, and to determine the ED staff's ability to diagnose and triage elderly patients with acute abdominal pain. Design: A 12-month retrospective review of all elderly patients who presented to the ED with acute, nontraumatic abdominal pain. Setting: A regional trauma center serving a predominately rural population in the Midwest. The ED has 55,000 patient visits yearly. Measurements and main results: Of the 127 patients enrolled, 30 (24%) had no specific diagnosis made in the ED. Biliary tract disease (12%) and small bowel obstruction (12%) were the two most common specific diagnoses. Overall, 53 patients (42%) required surgery, usually during the initial hospitalization. In four cases, the postoperative diagnosis differed significantly from the ED diagnosis. Of the 74 patients (58%) who did not undergo surgery, 51 had follow-up information available. In 14 patients, the follow-up diagnosis differed from the original diagnosis, but most of these changes did not appreciably alter the treatment and outcome. Conclusions: The incidence of surgical disease is high in elderly patients with acute abdominal pain, and ED staff are able to diagnose and triage these patients accurately.
Migration of Irganox 1010 from ethylene-vinyl acetate films to foods and food-simulating liquids

In a series of experiments on the migration of the antioxidant Irganox 1010 from ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) films into food-simulating liquids and foods, the antioxidant was found to migrate rapidly from EVA film into n-heptane, 100% ethanol and corn oil. The rate of migration into these media was greater from EVA than from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) under comparable conditions. In contrast, little migration of Irganox 1010 was recorded on exposure of the EVA film to aqueous media, whereas migration from LDPE into such media was relatively high.
Forensic and family psychiatry in abuse dwarfism: Munchausen's syndrome by proxy, atonement, and addiction to abuse.

Abstract The syndrome of abuse dwarfism is characterized by gross impairment of statural and intellectual growth and social maturation while the abused child remains in the domicile of abuse. The parents collude as child abusers, and are medical impostors regarding the symptoms of abuse. The syndrome as a whole is appropriately named Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. Though the mother typically initiates abuse, she cannot give a rational explanation for doing so. In her own history there is a sin that is expiated or atoned for symbolically by the sacrifice of the child- explainable in terms of the theory of opponent-process learning. In the two cases presented, the sin was the mother's own birth out of wedlock, in one case as a sequel to incest. The child's addiction to abuse is a challenge to the program of rehabilitation. With respect to parents at risk, the data of this paper are relevant to the prevention of a predisposition toward, or the actual implementation of child abuse, though a program of preven...
Lactation and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based study.

Abstract Background Lactation has been associated with improvements in maternal glucose metabolism. Methods We explored the relationships between lactation and risk of type 2 diabetes in a well-characterized, population-representative cohort of women, aged 40-78 years, who were members of a large integrated health care delivery organization in California and enrolled in the Reproductive Risk factors for Incontinence Study at Kaiser (RRISK), between 2003 and 2008. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for age, parity, race, education, hysterectomy, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use, family history of diabetes, and body mass index while examining the impact of duration, exclusivity, and consistency of lactation on risk of having developed type 2 diabetes. Results Of 2233 women studied, 1828 were mothers; 56% had breastfed an infant for ≥1 month. In fully adjusted models, the risk of type 2 diabetes among women who consistently breastfed all of their children for ≥1 month remained similar to that of women who had never given birth (odds ratio [OR] 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-1.81). In contrast, mothers who had never breastfed an infant were more likely to have developed type 2 diabetes than nulliparous women (OR 1.92; 95% CI, 1.14-3.27). Mothers who never exclusively breastfed were more likely to have developed type 2 diabetes than mothers who exclusively breastfed for 1-3 months (OR 1.52; 95% CI, 1.11-2.10). Conclusions Risk of type 2 diabetes increases when term pregnancy is followed by
Electronic transitions in mono-olefinic hydrocarbons

Investigation of the onset of absorption in the spectra of liquid mono-olefins reveals transitions which seem too intense to be of a triplet ← singlet nature. Comparison with calculated intensities and excitation energies suggests that an R*←N(π→σ*) assignment migth be appropriate.
Robotics applications in electronics manufacturing

The author examines what robots are, why they are used, and where they are used. Applications in process manufacturing, parts manufacturing, and product manufacturing are outlined. Trends for the future are also discussed.
Determination of System Feasibility and Viability Employing a Joint Probabilistic Formulation

Presented at the 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 11-14, 1999.
Relationships within the family actiniidae (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) based on molecular characters

Current sea anemone systematics is based on relatively few morphological characters, and potentially could benefit from the use of molecular characters. In this paper, the phylogenetic relationships of 12 species from 6 genera in the family Actiniidae have been investigated using electrophoretically separated isozymes. A numerical cladistic analysis has produced an estimated phylogeny. The implications of this phylogeny for the taxonomic use of certain morphological characters are discussed.
Becoming Embedded: Incorporating Instant Messaging and the Ongoing Evolution of a Virtual Reference Service

The creation of an instant messaging (IM) service is described. The challenges encountered in developing, launching, and maintaining the project are examined and include technical support, archiving, balancing different formats, privacy, assessment, training, and the effectiveness of the IM channel. The process of choosing an aggregator and a widget and redesigning the online reference services portal is explored, and best practices that evolved are identified. Useful strategies and concerns that emerged are discussed. Factors contributing to an overall increase in use are outlined and include convenience, simplicity, and reliability.
Completing Coyne's Cycle: Dysphorics' Ability to Detect Deception

Abstract We tested the prediction, derived from Coyne's (1976b) interpersonal model of depression, that dysphoric individuals would be more sensitive than nondysphoric individuals to false reassurances and phoniness. In Part 1 of a two-part study, dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals watched videotapes of discussants talking about paintings they liked and disliked with an art student who had created some of the paintings herself. As predicted, the dysphorics were more accurate than the nondysphorics at discerning when the discussants really did like the paintings only when the discussions were about disliked paintings that were the art student's own work. The Part 2 stimuli were audiotaped lies and truths conveyed by men and women to attractive same-sex and opposite-sex targets. The dysphorics tended to be more accurate than the nondysphorics at identifying the truths and lies told to opposite-sex targets, and they were significantly more accurate at identifying the opposite-sex communications than the same-sex ones.
Encouraging ambiguous experience: guides for personal meaning making

I discuss a project in which an interactive edition of a poetry text was introduced in a classroom as a way to learn about designing for ambiguity. As several HCI researchers have noted, ambiguity can be a valuable attribute of designed objects, allowing users to create personal meaning. However, ambiguity can also lead to anxiety or frustration that precludes this kind of engagement. Based on observations, interviews and analysis of work produced by students, I suggest that while an interface designed with guides-features that orient users to an unfamiliar environment-can support and encourage personal meaning making, questions remain about the user's autonomy and the role of the designer in guiding ambiguous experiences.
Rigorous global search using taylor models

A Taylor model of a smooth function f over a sufficiently small domain D is a pair (P,I) where P is the Taylor polynomial of f at a point d in D, and I is an interval such that f differs from P by not more than I over D. As such, they represent a hybrid between numerical techniques for the interval and the coefficients of P and algebraic techniques for the manipulation of polynomials. A calculus including addition, multiplication and differentiation/integration is developed to compute Taylor models for code lists, resulting in a method to compute rigorous enclosures of arbitrary computer functions in terms of Taylor models. The methods combine the advantages of numeric methods, namely finite size of representation, speed, and no limitations on the objects on which operations can be carried out with those of symbolic methods, namely the ability to treat functions instead of points and making rigorous statements.We show how the methods can be used for the problem of rigorous global search based on a branch and bound approach, where Taylor models are used to prune the search space and resolve constraints to high order. Compared to other rigorous global optimizers based on intervals and linearizations, the methods allow the treatment of complicated functions with long code lists and with large amounts of dependency. Furthermore, the underlying polynomial form allows the use of other efficient bounding and pruning techniques, including the linear dominated bounder (LDB) and the quadratic fast bounder (QFB).
Ethnicity and the role of group consciousness: a comparison between African Americans and Black immigrants

This article examines the role of context on the mobilization of politicized racial group consciousness among African Americans and Black immigrants. I use data from a nationally representative sample of African Americans and Black immigrants to gain a better understanding of what policy areas and political behaviors are influenced by racial group consciousness. This article, overall, not only sheds light on the circumstances under which group consciousness influences Blacks in the United States but it also provides a comparative analysis of how group consciousness influences African Americans and Black immigrants differently.
Electrochemical assay of plasminogen activators in plasma using polyion- sensitive membrane electrode detection

Abstract Two relatively simple electrochemical assay methods suitable for the measurement of plasminogen activators (including urokinase (u-PA), streptokinase (SK), and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)) in plasma samples are described. In one approach, the initial rate of decrease in the potentiometric response of a polycation-sensitive membrane electrode toward protamine is monitored after addition of a preincubated reaction mixture containing the sample and exogenous plasminogen. The plasmin formed from plasminogen by the activators catalyzes the decomposition of the arginine-rich protamine substrate, yielding smaller polycationic fragments that are not sensed by the electrode. Alternately, the sample, plasminogen, and protamine can be incubated together, and the remaining protamine in this reaction mixture can be measured at a fixed point in time by placing the electrode into the mixture and recording the electromotive force response. Working curves found with both methods for plasma samples spiked with varying levels of the activators cover the expected therapeutic activity ranges found in the plasma of patients treated with these “clot-busting” drugs.
Classical Trajectory Studies of the D + H2 → HD + H Reaction Confined in Carbon Nanotubes: Effects of Collisions with the Nanotube Walls

We use full-dimensional classical trajectories to study how reaction cross sections for the D + H2 → DH + H reaction are altered when the system is confined to move within various sized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We focus on trajectories with initial conditions such that collisions with the nanotube walls are possible. Unlike our previous studies where the initial conditions minimized the potential for such collisions [Lu, T.; Goldfield, E. M.; Gray, S. K. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 15260], we find that reaction cross sections are enhanced in all the differently sized CNTs compared to cross sections in the isolated systems, although the enhancements are larger for the smaller CNTs. We interpret our results based on a simple specular reflection model for collision cross sections within a cylinder.
Seepage design charts for flat bottom dams resting on heterogeneous media

Several researchers have developed numerical models that are capable of computing the flow in porous media by implementing the finite difference or the finite element method. In order to make an efficient use of such models, the results of flow estimates were compiled and plotted to form different sets of design charts. These design charts can be used to estimate the seepage quantity and exit gradient in heterogeneous media under flat bottom dams. A numerical model, employs the finite difference technique, was developed to solve for piezometric head and seepage velocity at all nodal locations within the permeable strata. The paper contains a description of the procedure adopted to calculate seepage quantity and exit gradient from the numerical results. The applicability and validity of the charts were examined and compared with flownets and relevant existing mathematical approximations. The present analysis yields accurate results in estimating seepage quantity and exit gradient compared with the mathematical approximation.
The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism

Should radical uncertainty about the distant future dissuade us from judging options by referring to their consequences? I argue no. Some short-run benefits are sufficiently high that we should pursue them, even if our long-run estimates possess a very high variance. I discuss the relationship between the epistemic argument and ‘fuzzy’ rankings and also ‘arguments from infinity’. Furthermore, extant versions of the epistemic argument require the assumption that we have no idea about the major consequences of our acts. Even a slight idea about some major consequences will render the epistemic argument less plausible. In most applications of the epistemic argument, long-run uncertainty is not the relevant confounding variable; on close examination the epistemic argument tends to trade on other principles altogether.
Mathematicians and World War I: The international diplomacy of G. H. Hardy and Gösta Mittag-Leffler as reflected in their personal correspondence

Abstract Gosta Mittag-Leffler was the founding editor of the journal Acta Mathematica. In the early 1870's it was meant, in part, to bring the mathematicians of Germany and France together in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, and the political neutrality of Sweden made it possible for Mittag-Leffler to realize this goal by publishing articles in German and French, side by side. Even before the end of the First World War, Mittag-Leffler again saw his role as mediator, and began to work for a reconciliation between German and Allied mathematicians through the auspices of his journal. Similarly, G. H. Hardy was particularly concerned about the reluctance of many scientists in England to attempt any sort of rapprochement with the Central European countries and he sought to do all he could to bring English and German mathematicians together after the War. His correspondence with Mittag-Leffler survives in the Archives of the Institut Mittag-Leffler, Djursholm, Sweden, and serves as the basis for this article, which focuses upon the attempts of Mittag-Leffler to reconcile mathematicians after the War, and to renew international cooperation.
Studies on the Potential for Genotoxic Carcinogenicity of Fragrances and Other Chemicals

Abstract The potential of fragrances, physiological chemicals, natural products and a group of randomly selected chemicals to induce cancers by a genotoxic mechanism (i.e. “genotoxic” carcinogenesis) was compared using structure–activity relationships (SAR) models. Fragrances are significantly less likely to induce genotoxic carcinogenicity than randomly selected chemicals or natural products. With respect to the latter potential, fragrances were indistinguishable from normal mammalian physiological constituents.
A bioeconomic model for estimating the optimal level of deer and tag sales

This paper presents a dynamic model that determines the optimal number of deer hunting permit sales, subject to the objective of maximizing the discounted economic benefits stream from both the consumptive and nonconsumptive uses of deer. This bioeconomic model integrates economic benefits estimated using the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method with biological growth constraints on deer. Using a hunting zone in California as a case study, the model found that the optimal levels of buck hunting permits sold should change on a rotational basis over time and that the current practice of not selling doe hunting permits for that zone is non optimal.
Orientation-averaged pair correlations in a molecular theory of nematic liquid crystals. II

In a previous paper (I) we carried out a model calculation for nematic liquid crystals which treats spatial correlations between molecules as for a classical isotropic liquid and orientational correlations in the meanfield approximation. Generalized Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon (BBGKY) equations were derived for the density function and an orientationally averaged pair-correlation function. They were solved for a simple pairwise potential chosen to fit certain experimental data on $p$-azoxyanisole (PAA). A free-energy expression was obtained by identifying its Euler-Lagrange equation to the first BBGKY equation. In this paper we reformulated the molecular theory of nematic liquid crystals rigorously on the basis of a general probability distribution function ${P}_{N}(1,\dots{},N)$. It was shown that both the mean-field theory (MFT) and the above-stated orientation-averaged pair-correlation theory (OAPC) arise from applying low-order approximations to ${P}_{N}$. In the case of MFT, ${P}_{N}$ was approximated as a product of single-particle functions. In the case of OAPC, spatial correlations were introduced, but decoupling of spatial and orientational dependences were assumed. It is now clear how higher-order-approximation schemes can be systematically constructed. Furthermore, for each scheme chosen, the present formulation offers a uniquely consistent formula for the free energy. This places our previous work on a firm theoretical foundation. The theory in OAPC approximation was applied to model systems described by a more general pairwise potential than that employed in I. Potential parameters were chosen to mimic PAA and methoxybenzylidene butylaniline. For each substance we calculated the isotropic-nematic coexistence curve, temperature dependence of the order parameter, latent heat, and volume change at transition. The results were compared to experimental data.
Impact of Impaired Receptor Internalization on Calcium Homeostasis in Knock-In Mice Expressing a Phosphorylation-Deficient Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTH-Related Peptide Receptor

Internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and desensitization of the hormonal responses are well characterized in vitro for several hormonal systems. The physiological role of internalization for a GPCR receptor involved in homeostatic functions has not been established, although it has been assumed based on in vitro data. We have previously shown that phosphorylation of the PTH/PTHrP receptor is required for its internalization and for the desensitization of the responsiveness to PTH and PTHrP in vitro; the internalization and desensitization response is impaired in a PTH/PTHrP receptor mutant bearing serine to alanine mutations in the phosphate acceptor sites. To understand the physiological role of receptor internalization on calcium homeostasis, we have knocked-in the internalization-impaired PTH/PTHrP receptor mutant using homologous recombination technology. The genetically modified animals exhibited calcium levels no different from control animals, but PTH levels were one third of thos...
Pharmacological Aspects of Concurrent Administration of Furosemide and Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

The pharmacological aspects of concurrent administration of furosemide and the skeletal muscle relaxants, d-tubocurarine, succinylcholine, and chlordiazepoxide, were investigated with respect to the effects on diuresis and skeletal muscle relaxation in female albino rats. Administration of d-tubocurarine and chlordiazepoxide concurrently with furosemide produced no significant effects on furosemide-induced diuresis. Succinylcholine, when administered concurrently with furosemide, caused a decrease in the volume of urine excreted; other parameters of renal function were not affected. The skeletal muscle relaxant properties of d-tubocurarine, succinylcholine, and chlordiazepoxide were investigated upon concurrent administration of the muscle relaxants with furosemide by an in vivo study and an in situ study. The skeletal muscle relaxant action of succinylcholine was significantly potentiated by pretreatment of the animals with furosemide, both in the exercise wheel study and in the diaphragm-phrenic nerve preparation. A tendency toward an antagonism between d-tubocurarine and furosemide was observed on skeletal muscle relaxation both in vivo and in situ. The effect of d-tubocurarine on blood pressure was also antagonized by treatment of the animal with furosemide. Preliminary spectrophotometric evidence suggests that a complex between furosemide and d-tubocurarine exists, which may possibly explain an antagonism between the two drugs.
Utilization of conical equilibrium dialysis cells to shorten equilibration time

Equilibrium dialysis is commonly used to characterize the binding properties of macromolecules; however, it is not always preferred because of the lengthy time required to reach equilibrium. Consequently, other methods have been developed. This paper compares the disadvantages of various methods for obtaining binding data and shows that utilization of a conically shaped chamber can accelerate the process of equilibrium dialysis. For cylindrical and conical cells of different dimensions a linear relationship was found for the time of equilibration versus the ratio of volume to surface area. Minimizing the volume to surface area ratio by using a conical chamber shortens the time of equilibration by more than half and facilitates sampling of the chambers' contents.
Heat and strain-sensitive thin-film transducers

Abstract Thin-film technologies for heat and strain sensing show considerable promise for direct integration with silicon integrated circuits. When combined with on-chip processing of silicon micromechanical structures, wholly new design options for sensing systems can be considered. Miniature bolometers, thermocouple arrays and pyroelectric heat sensors are suitable thin-film heat sensors. Metallic and polycrystalline silicon piezoresistors, electrets and piezoelectric films are candidates for IC-compatible strain sensors. Features of the technology for r.f.-sputtered ZnO films on silicon are described.
Mitochondrial DNA from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha: circularly permuted linear molecules, head-to-tail concatemers, and a 5' protein.

Mapping predicts that the mitochondrial genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha exists as a circular molecule, although nearly all the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is found as genome-sized and multigenomic molecules in linear and branched form. We used restriction enzymes with one recognition site per genome, end-specific exonucleases and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to analyze the arrangement of genomic units and the terminal structure of the molecules. We find a head-to-tail arrangement in the concatemers and circular permutation in both the monomeric and multigenomic molecules. The termini contain covalently bound protein at the 5′ end and an open (unblocked) 3′ end. We find that the standard in-gel procedure used to prepare large DNA molecules for PFGE may introduce extraction artifacts leading to erroneous conclusions about the termini. These artifacts can be reduced by omitting high salt (high EDTA) and protease during mitochondrial lysis. Our results suggest that the mtDNA may use a T4 phage-like mechanism of replication and that the linear molecules may be due to strand breaks mediated by type II topoisomerase.
Cellular localization of androgen in the brain and pituitary after the injection of tritiated testosterone.

Nach Injektion von3H-Testosteron wurde mit Hilfe der Trocken-Autoradiographie eine selektive Aufnahme und Speicherung von Radioaktivitat in Kernen spezifischer Neurone im Hypothalamus, in der praoptisch-parolfaktorischen Region, im Septum, im Hippokampus und in der Amygdala beobachtet. Im Hypophysenvorderlappen war Radioaktivitat in den Zellkernen von Basophilen nachweisbar. Die autoradiographischen Ergebnisse unterstutzen das Konzept eines doppelten Androgen-≪Feedbacks≫ auf der Ebene des Zentralnervensystems und der Hypophyse.
Solid and papillary epithelial pancreatic neoplasm: an unusual tumor.

Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas are uncommon. These grow to a large size, are often palpable, and occur most often in young black women. The tumors have a characteristic histologic appearance and a low malignant potential. Heavy tumor calcification is an unusual finding. Two cases with radiologie-pathologic correlation are presented herein.
A vanishing theorem for supersymmetric quantum field theory and finite size effects in multiphase cluster expansions

We apply cluster expansion methods to to theN=2 Wess-Zumino models in finite volume, in two space-time dimensions. We show that in the region of convergence of the cluster expansion, a vanishing theorem holds for the supercharge of the theory; that is, the dimension of the kernel of the Hamiltonian is equal to the index of the supercharge.
Physiological, environmental, and hormonal factors at insemination which may affect conception.

Abstract Rectal and uterine temperatures of lactating dairy cows were recorded at insemination and 14.5 ± 4.6 h (mean ± standard deviation) later for the first three services. Blood samples were collected from a subcutaneous abdominal vein at the later time. Plasma corticoids and progesterone were quantified by competitive protein-binding analysis. Climatological data were obtained throughout the experiment from September through August. Means and standard deviations of 226 rectal and uterine temperatures at insemination were 38.4 ± .04 C and 38.6 ± .03 C and later, 38.1 ± .03 C and 38.3 ± .03 C. Mean corticoid and progesterone (ng/ml) at the later time were 8.02 ± .32 and .28 ± .06. Uterine temperature at insemination; maximum, minimum, and average temperature the day of insemination; and maximum, minimum, and average temperature the day after insemination were associated with variation in conception. Uterine temperatures and average ambient temperature on day of insemination were inversely related to fertility. Progesterone at the later time was related to environmental temperatures on day of insemination. Plasma concentrations of progesterone and corticoids, sampled at the later time postinsemination, had no detectable association with conception.
Buried object remote detection technology for law enforcement

A precise airborne temperature-sensing technology to detect buried objects for use by law enforcement is developed. Demonstrations have imaged the sites of buried foundations, walls and trenches; mapped underground waterways and aquifers; and been used to locate underground military objects. The methodology is incorporated in a commercially available, high signal-to-noise, dual-band infrared scanner with real-time, 12-bit digital image processing software and display. The method creates color-coded images based on surface temperature variations of 0.2 degree(s)C. Unlike other less-sensitive methods, it maps true (corrected) temperatures by removing the (decoupled) surface emissivity mask equivalent to 1 degree(s)C or 2 degree(s)C; this mask hinders interpretation of apparent (blackbody) temperatures. Once removed, it is possible to identify surface temperature patterns from small diffusivity changes at buried object sites which heat and cool differently from their surroundings. Objects made of different materials and buried at different depths are identified by their unique spectral, spatial, thermal, temporal, emissivity and diffusivity signatures. The authors have successfully located the sites of buried (inert) simulated land mines 0.1 to 0.2 m deep; sod-covered rock pathways alongside dry ditches, deeper than 0.2 m; pavement covered burial trenches and cemetery structures as deep as 0.8 m; and aquifers more than 6 m and less than 60 m deep. The technology could be adapted for drug interdiction and pollution control. For the former, buried tunnels, underground structures built beneath typical surface structures, roof-tops disguised by jungle canopies, and covered containers used for contraband would be located. For the latter, buried waste containers, sludge migration pathways from faulty containers, and the juxtaposition of groundwater channels, if present, nearby, would be depicted. The precise airborne temperature-sensing technology has a promising potential to detect underground epicenters of smuggling and pollution.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The BFG and the Spaghetti Book Club: A Case Study of Children as Critics

Situated at the intersections of ethnography, childhood studies, literary studies, and education research, this reception study seeks to access real children’s responses to a particular text, and to offer empirical description of actual reading experiences. Survey data is generated by taking advantage of an online resource: an archive of children’s book reviews of Roald Dahl’s The BFG posted on the website of the Spaghetti Book Club, a for-profit educational organization that provides web hosting services for school classes and their students’ book reviews. Thirty different reviews and their accompanying illustrations are analyzed; all were produced by fourth-grade students ranging in age from 8 years old to 11, and representing a broad diversity of American demographic groups and geographic areas. Far from revealing an “essential” or passive child reader, this sample set bears witness to children’s capacity to derive highly personal meaning from the text while simultaneously manifesting self-awareness about their status as children in a larger reading community. More importantly, these child-reviewers represent themselves as capable of sophisticated negotiations between self and story. A significant number of individuals demonstrate a capacity or propensity to approach the text as an aesthetic—rather than a bibliotherapeutic—experience. This study prompts us to re-evaluate the primary significance of categorical distinctions between fantasy and reality when analyzing reader response.
In vitro effects of straight-chain alkanes (n-hexane through n-dodecane) on rat liver and lung cytochrome P-450

To evaluate the effect of straight-chain alkanes on normal detoxication reactions, we studied the in vitro effect of the homologous series n-hexane through n-dodecane on two cytochrome P-450 (EC 1.14.14.1) enzyme activities. Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (BaPOHase) and 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase activities were measured in liver and lung microsomes of control and beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats. In the presence of 2 mM n-hexane through n-dodecane, liver BaPOHase activity decreased from 67% of control with n-dodecane to 21% of control with octane. Lung benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase was insensitive to all tested alkanes at 2 mM. In the presence of 2 mM alkanes, liver 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity decreased from 73% of control with n-octane to 28% with n-octane. Lung 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase was also sensitive to the alkane series. In the presence of 2 mM alkane the greatest effect was obtained with n-octane and represented a 56% loss in activity. Alkane concentration-dependence measurements showed 0.02-0.20 mM as the sensitive region of the curve for n-octane with maximal loss of activity achieved at 0.20 mM. Liver ethoxycoumarin deethylase activity from beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats was less sensitive towards the reactive alkane, n-octane, than the activity from control rats. Double-reciprocal-plot analysis revealed the maximal velocity (Vmax) was decreased in the presence of 0.2 mM n-octane. Hence this hydrocarbon did not exert its effect solely as an alternate substrate. The data show the n-alkanes, n-hexane through n-dodecane, interfered with a normal detoxication pathway in a manner that was chainlength-dependent, tissue-specific, and dependent on the preexposure history of the animal.
Oxidation States of Active Species for Syndiotactic-Specific Polymerization of Styrene

Five η5-L-TiCl3 catalyst precursors, where L is Cp, substituted Cp, Ind, or substituted Ind, having differing resistance to reduction, have been activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) under identical conditions. Their activities for syndiotactic-specific styrene polymerization and the concentrations of Ti(III) species under polymerization conditions as determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) have been measured and compared. A linear but inverse relationship was obtained for log(activity) vs log[(%Ti = Ti(III))], with the precursor most resistant to reduction having the highest activity. The results indicate that both η5-L-Ti+(IV)L‘P and η5-L-Ti+(III)P intermediates, where P is the propagating chain and L‘ is Cl or CH3, catalyze styrene polymerization, with the former being 10−20 times more active than the latter.
A theory of thermospheric dynamics. II.

Geomagnetic activity, 27 day variation, and semiannual variation of thermosphere affected by solar activity
Memories of Clifford Truesdell

I consider myself to have been among the most fortunate of men: I have had a teacher and friend, indeed, more than a friend, in effect, an elder brother, who was the leading scholar in my science and who gave me encouragement, sound advice, and every type of help that I might need, even when I did not know that I needed it. Most important of all, he taught me that careful scholarship and the persistent search for insight and understanding are far more important than facile skill in the use of contemporary techniques for the solution of currently popular problems.
Orthogonal control of dissociation dynamics relative to thermodynamics in a main-chain reversible polymer

A pair of homologous and soluble reversible polymers display nearly identical solution structures but dramatically different dissociation dynamics (1.0 vs ca. 100 s-1) along their main chains. The polymers are formed by organopalladium-pyridine coordination, and steric effects at the metal center control the dynamics. Importantly, the association constant is not significantly affected by the sterics. The resulting orthogonal control over dissociation kinetics provides a general tool for studying the effects of dynamics independent of thermodynamics in supramolecular systems, particularly main-chain reversible polymers.
Can group discussion promote cooperative ultimatum bargaining

The influence of discussion-induced shared cognition on bargaining behavior was examined. Three studies tested the hypothesis that shared cognition regarding the best method for reaching a bargaining agreement would decrease the frequency of selfish offers. Consistent with this prediction, participants who engaged in such a group discussion made less selfish offers than those who did not discuss (all studies) or those who engaged in a group discussion regarding commonalities that they shared (Study 2). Study 3 showed that the discussion effect was mediated by shared cognition developed through the discussion. Thus, discussion regarding how best to reach bargaining settlements may develop shared cognition that assists in cooperative bargaining. Implications and limitations of the studies are discussed.
Modulus of lateral retardation and its application to the analysis of piles in seismically active zones

When poor subsoil conditions are encountered on a building site deep foundations in the form of piles offer an economical solution to support the proposed structure. If, in addition, the site is located in a seismically active zone then the design of the piles must incorporate the loads imposed on them by the inertial effects of the surrounding soils which are in turn caused by the action of the earthquakes. These seismic loads may indeed exceed those imposed by the structure under normal loading conditions by several orders of magnitude. The present paper discusses a method of analysis for dealing with such forces. The concept of modulus of lateral reaction, which is the present hypothesis employed in the design of piles subjected to lateral loading, is modified to include a term representing the damping effects observed in the soil structure interactions. It is shown that without this term, christened the modulus of lateral retardation, the analysis would not lead to an ultimate stationary state. The results of some analyses are presented graphically. These diagrams clearly indicate that under unfavorable conditions (e.g. a weak soil layer sandwiched between two stronger layers) the earthquake action can lead to permanent deformation of the piles rendering them ineffectual.
Incentives for solving the scrap tire problem through existing markets

Abstract The nature and causes of the scrap tire problem are examined from the viewpoint of the discipline of economics rather than a technological perspective. State governmental responses to the problem and commonly proposed remedies are briefly reviewed and the nature of the tire market's failure to prevent the scrap tire problem is examined in order to gain insight into effective and efficient corrections, without involving direct governmental participation in funding of recycling, market development and technology selection. Those functions remain in the private sector. The role of government suggested is the traditional one: that of setting the market “rules of the game”. A completely market-based mechanism involving a tire disposal fee that remains wholly in the private sector is developed for dealing with new scrappage and a method is suggested by which to calculate a cost-effective disposal fee. This article will be of interest to state and local environmental officials concerned with the tire problem and who wish an understanding of the fundamental causes of the problem.