cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contribution of the group process to successful project planning in R&D settings

An empirical study that compares the relative effectiveness of groups vs. individuals in developing a project plan and focuses on two aspects of planning effectiveness (quality and acceptance) is presented. Members of 80 groups completed a simulation, the Project Planning Situation, first individually and then as interacting groups. The results show that the quality of the project plans developed by the groups was significantly higher than the average quality of the plans developed by members working independently. The groups' plans also were better than those that were derived through nominal techniques. It is open to question, however, whether the groups' plans were always superior to those of their best members. The effectiveness of the groups in planning is related to the two basic elements of group process: the rational and the interpersonal. The rational elements of process determined the quality of the plan and the interpersonal factor were associated with the groups' acceptance of the project plan. The management implications of these findings are discussed.
Using Priming Methods to Address Self-Concept Problems That Arise From Deep Brain Stimulation

In their target article, Mecacci and Haselager (2014) argued as follows. Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been shown to be an effective treatment for particular disorders, there often are ...
HORTON'S LAW OF STREAM NUMBERS FOR TOPOLOGICALLY RANDOM CHANNEL NETWORKS

HORTON‘S LAW OF STREAM NUMBERS FOR TOPOLOGICALLY RANDOM CHANNEL NETWORKS CHRISTIAN WERNER University of California, Irvine ACCORDING to Horton’s law of stream numbers, the bifurcation ratio in a drainage network is fairly constant with an average value between 3.5 and 4, so that the stream numbers tend to form a geometric progression. This paper investigates drainage net- works whose structure is controlled by chance only. The mathematical analysis shows that the expected stream numbers also approach a geometric progression, and that the corresponding bifurcation ratios approximate the value 3.6 18. INTRODUCTION A scientific investigation of real world phenomena usually concentrates on selected properties and disregards all others. An example is the sequential pattern of merg- ing rivers in a drainage network. The apparent hierarchy of their mergers can be studied disregarding all other components (topography, hydrology, morphometry). What remains is the information regarding the number of tributaries the system contains, and how they are interconnected, i.e., the topological structure of the net- work. This structure is the subject of Horton’s famous law. To understand its content, a few network parameters have to be defined. Since the original concept of stream order introduced by Horton (1945, p. 281) still contains a geometrical element (angles), the refined version of Strahler (1952, p. 1120) will be used here. The stream segments starting from a source are called streams of first order, and the stream segments starting from the confluence of two streams of ith order are called streams of order i + 1 . The end of each stream is defined as the point where a higher-order stream starts. The bifurcation ratio of streams of order m is defined as the ratio between the number of streams (stream numbers) of order m and the number of order m + 1 . An example is shown in Figure 1. To avoid the problem of ambiguity, only rivers with a “mature” topography will be considered here; i.e., rivers with lakes and islands are excluded. We further assume that no more than two rivers merge in one point. FIGURE 1. Stream orders in a river net- work (after Strahler, 1952). XIV, 1, 1970 CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER,
Scientific Impact Recognition Award: Molecular breast imaging: A review of the Mayo Clinic experience

Abstract Background Molecular breast imaging (MBI) depicts functional uptake of targeted radiotracers in the breast using dedicated gamma cameras. Methods MBI studies were performed under several institutional protocols evaluating the use of MBI in screening and diagnosis. Results By using a single-head system, sensitivity for breast cancer detection was 85% (57 of 67) overall and 29% for tumors 5 mm or less in diameter. Sensitivity improved to 91% (117 of 128) overall and 69% for tumors 5 mm or less using a dual-head system. In 650 high-risk patients undergoing breast cancer screening, MBI detected 7 cancers, 5 of which were missed on mammography. In 24 of 149 (16%) breast cancer patients MBI detected additional disease not seen on mammography. The sensitivity of MBI was 88% (83 of 94) for invasive ductal carcinoma, 79% (23 of 29) for invasive lobular carcinoma, and 89% (25 of 28) for ductal carcinoma in situ. Conclusions MBI can detect invasive ductal carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive lobular carcinoma. It has a promising role in evaluating the extent of disease and multifocal disease in the breast for surgical treatment planning.
Compatibility among marginal densities

SUMMARY In the Lancaster representation a joint density is decomposed into a sum of additive interactions. Using these interactions, we derive conditions for checking compatibility among a collection of marginal densities. The representation also shows how to construct an all-positive joint density additively from a given set of compatible marginals. An algorithm is proposed for reducing the dimension of the marginal densities so that compatibility can be checked in sequential increments. The representation may yield insights into the construction and simulation of models represented by undirected graphs.
Effect of White Oak Extracts on Feeding by the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Alcohol extracts of white oak, Quercus alba L., leaves and bark inhibited the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), from feeding upon treated potato leaves, Solanum tuberosum L., in laboratory and greenhouse studies. Of the three plant parts tested, young leaves, old leaves, and bark, extracts of bark were most deterrent. However, these extracts did not inhibit adult Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, or Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, from feeding upon treated bean leaves, Phaseolus vulgaris L., or grape leaves, Vitis labrusca L., respectively. Condensed tannin, (+)-catechin, inhibited feeding of adult CPB by 51% when a concentration of 0.0001 g/ml of water was applied to a leaf disk and 100% inhibition resulted with a concentration of 0.01 g/ml. First instars did not feed on leaves with a 0.01 g/ml concentration of (+)-catechin and died within 4 days. Another form of tannin, tannic acid, also inhibited feeding of adult CPB, but to a lesser degree.
Examination of barriered and barrierless hydrogen atom abstraction reactions by organic radical cations: the cytosine radical cation

Abstract The radical cations of the nucleobases cytosine and adenine are easily generated in a dual cell Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer by using the technique of laser-induced acoustic desorption coupled with electron ionization. The cytosine radical cation is found to undergo facile hydrogen atom abstraction reactions with a variety of neutral reagents even when barrierless, exothermic electron transfer reactions are expected to dominate. In contrast, the adenine radical cation undergoes hydrogen atom abstraction only slowly in most of the cases studied. The ionic curve-crossing model is used to rationalize these results. Some of the thermodynamic and molecular properties of a radical cation that are favorable for efficient hydrogen atom abstraction are described in this article. Based on this analysis, dimethyl sulfoxide radical cation was predicted to abstract hydrogen atoms efficiently. Indeed, it was found to abstract hydrogen atoms at rates similar to cytosine radical cation. The transition from barriered to barrierless hydrogen atom abstraction that occurs as the ionization energy of the neutral hydrogen atom donor is lowered was used to “bracket” the recombination energy of cytosine radical cation at 8.9 ± 0.2 eV.
Evaluation of Esophageal Electrodes for Recording His-Purkinje Activity Based Upon Signal Variance

Signal averaging the ECG to observe low level signals generated by His?Purkinje system (HPS) has many disadvantages and has not been widely used. This is partly due to the inability to distinguish between atrial and HPS potentials within the PR segment. To more clearly observe the onset of the HPS activity, several leads with an esophageal electrode were studied and compared to a bipolar surface lead. Signal variance was calculated to estimate the noise levels present in all lead systems. The bipolar surface lead consistently provided reproducible HPS waveforms with accurate estimates of noise levels. The leads with an esophageal electrode (bipolar or esophago?thoracic) failed to show reproducible HPS waveforms and had higher noise levels than the bipolar surface lead as measured by signal variance. The cause of these problems is the motion of the electrode within the esophagus, as visualized fluoroscopically. While the novel lead systems were not adequate for recording HPS waveforms, the analytic methods for evaluating signal averaged recordings from various lead systems provided a basis for optimizing this approach for quantifying low level cardiac signals.
Constructing a contextual concordance through Snobol

Wyatt (1975) and Pappin & Smith (1976) have previously reported in SIGLASH on the usefulness of the Snobol programming language (Griswold, 1973) for text processing. Other examples of text processing relevant to the humanities include the analysis of the Federalist Papers (Sedelow, 1970) to determine authorship and the analysis of the Brown Standard Corpus (Kucera & Francis, 1967) to determine current American English usage (e.g. Do people actually split infinitives? Does a 'like' and 'as' distinction exist?). Investigations into such questions may often be facilitated by constructing a concordance of the textual material being analyzed. A concordance which also includes a word's context would in many cases be even more useful. The program subsequently described was developed to construct such a contextual concordance. In addition, it was designed to be flexible, efficient, and easy to use. Although the program was developed to analyze Portuguese poetry (Kelly, 1976), it may be used for other textual material with little or no modification.
Optical properties of silicon nanocrystals synthesized in supercritical fluids

We developed a supercritical solution phase synthesis of silicon nanocrystals. High temperature and pressure (500°C, >140 bar) conditions allow a wet chemical approach to this challenging synthesis. Diphenylsilane was used as a silicon precursor and long chain thiols and alcohols were used to sterically stabilize the luminescent nanocrystals. Moderate size separation was achieved via size exclusion chromatography using crosslinked styrene divinylbenzene beads. Size separated fractions of silicon nanocrystals exhibit quantum efficiencies of 12% while polydisperse samples have quantum efficiencies of 5%. Nanocrystal size distributions have been determined with transmission electron microscopy and further characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM). These silicon nanocrystals have size tunable photoluminescence as indicated by their ensemble spectroscopy and further verified through AFM and single nanocrystal photoluminescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence intermittency (characteristic of single CdSe nanocrystals) is present in our isolated silicon nanocrystals and is one of the criteria used to distinguish single crystals from clusters of particles.
An a priori model for the effective species Lewis numbers in premixed turbulent flames

An a priori model for the effective species Lewis numbers in premixed turbulent flames is presented. This a priori analysis is performed using data from a series of direct numerical simulations (DNS) of lean (ϕ=0.4) premixed turbulent hydrogen flames, with Karlovitz number ranging from 10 to 1562 (Aspden et al., 2011). The conditional mean profiles of various species mass fraction versus temperature are evaluated from the DNS and compared to unstretched laminar premixed flame profiles. The turbulent flame structure is found to be different from the laminar flame structure. However, the turbulent flame can still be mapped onto a laminar flame with an appropriate change in the Lewis numbers of the different species. A transition from “laminar” Lewis numbers to unity Lewis numbers as the Karlovitz number increases is clearly captured. A model for those effective Lewis numbers with respect to the turbulent Reynolds number is developed. This model is derived from a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) formulation of the reactive scalar and temperature balance equations. The dependency of the effective Lewis numbers on the Karlovitz number instead of the Reynolds number is discussed in this paper. Unfortunately, given that the ratio of the integral length to the laminar flame thickness is fixed throughout this series of DNS, a change in the Karlovitz number is equivalent to a change in the Reynolds number. Incorporating these effective Lewis numbers in simulations of turbulent flames would have several impacts. First, the associated laminar flame speed and laminar flame thickness vary by a factor of two through the range of obtained effective Lewis numbers. Second, the turbulent premixed combustion regime diagram changes because a unique pair of laminar flame speed and laminar flame thickness cannot be used, and a dependency on the effective Lewis numbers has to be introduced. Finally, a turbulent flame speed model that takes into account these effective Lewis numbers is proposed.
Fiction: Silicon and surveillance

Sean Carroll finds Thomas Pynchon on compelling form in a tale of big data and bigger conspiracies.
Mitochondrial haplogroups and peripheral neuropathy during antiretroviral therapy: an adult AIDS clinical trials group study.

Objective: HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) can cause peripheral neuropathy that is a result of mitochondrial injury. Polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome define haplogroups that may have functional implications. The objective of this study was to determine if NRTI-associated peripheral neuropathy is associated with European mitochondrial haplogroups. Design: Case–control study of Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) study 384 and ACTG Human DNA Repository participants. Methods: ACTG study 384 was a treatment strategy trial of antiretroviral therapy with didanosine (ddI) plus stavudine (d4T) or zidovudine plus lamivudine given with efavirenz, nelfinavir, or both. Subjects were followed for up to 3 years. Peripheral neuropathy was ascertained based on signs and symptoms. For this analysis, polymorphisms that define European mitochondrial haplogroups were characterized in a majority of ACTG 384 participants, and associations with peripheral neuropathy were assessed using logistic regression. Results: A total of 509 subjects were included in this analysis of whom 250 (49%) were self-identified as white, non-Hispanic. Mitochondrial haplogroup T was more frequent in subjects who developed peripheral neuropathy. Among 137 white subjects randomized to receive ddI plus d4T, 20.8% of those who developed peripheral neuropathy belonged to mitochondrial haplogroup T compared to 4.5% of control subjects (odds ratio, 5.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–25.1; P = 0.009). Independent predictors of peripheral neuropathy were randomization to receive ddI plus d4T, older age, and mitochondrial haplogroup T. Conclusions: A common European mitochondrial haplogroup may predict NRTI-associated peripheral neuropathy. Future studies should validate this relationship, and evaluate non-European mitochondrial haplogroups and other NRTI toxicities.
Manganese hemoglobin: allosteric effects in stopped flow flash photolysis and sedimentation measurements.

Summary Conformational differences between manganese hemoglobin and its liganded derivatives are observed in the tetramer-dimer dissociation equilibrium, in the binding of 8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate (an analogue of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate) and bromthymol blue, and in the reaction with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The reaction of manganese hemoglobin with NO is readily followed by stopped flow, the resulting NO derivative is photodissociable, and rapid kinetic measurements exhibit the hemoglobin allosteric interaction.
Cytology of 100 samples of abdominal fluid from 100 horses with abdominal disease

A total of 100 samples of abdominal fluid (AF) from 100 horses with abdominal disease were evaluated by cytology. Cytology results were subsequently correlated with the final outcome of the disease. The horses were classified into 4 groups: Group I, horses that were treated with conventional (nonsurgical) therapy and recovered; Group II, horses that had surgery and survived; Group III, horses that had surgery but died; and Group IV, horses that were subjected to euthanasia prior to surgery. Statistical analysis showed that both nucleated cell count and total neutrophils were significantly higher in Group III than in Group I; and that the total mesothelial cells were significantly higher in Group III than in Groups I and II. No significant differences were found for erythrocyte counts and fluid total protein levels among the 4 groups. The findings suggest that classifying AF as transudate, modified transudate and exudate, as well as grading of inflammation as mild, moderate and severe on the basis of nucleated cell count (NCC) and fluid total protein (AFTP) can be greatly misleading. Differential identification of the nucleated cells was found to be far more reliable than the NCC alone, with or without the AFTP, and rendered valuable information, which overruled many times a diagnosis of transudate or modified transudate. Bands, metamyelocytes, toxic changes, plasma cells, and neutrophils penetrating rafts or fronds of mesothelial cells, supported a diagnosis of inflammation, even when the NCC, and the AFTP (interpreted according to currently accepted values) suggested otherwise. Several morphological features were found, including some cell types for which little or no mention was found at all in 22 major studies of this fluid in horses. Among these were 'reddish neutrophils', large granular lymphocytes (LGL), plasma cells, Mott cells, blasts, and a unique hitherto undescribed granular mesothelial cell.
Step bunching: generalized kinetics

Our previous model of the effect of a parallel shear flow and anisotropic interface kinetics on the onset of (linear) instability during growth from a supersaturated solution is extended to allow for a kinetic coefficient which is a nonlinear function of the supersaturation and crystallographic orientation. The presence of impurities in the binary solution is also treated, although for typical impurity levels there is no explicit effect of impurities on morphological stability. As previously, a shear flow counter to the step motion enhances stability and a shear flow in the direction of the step motion promotes instability. Instability is enhanced when the kinetic coefficient increases rapidly with supersaturation. Specific calculations are carried out for parameters appropriate to the growth of ADP and KDP from solution.
Under diagnosis of alcohol misuse in the older adult population

Alcohol abuse in older adults is common, yet it is often under detected and misdiagnosed, and as a result associated with considerable morbidity. There is growing concern that as the population ages, there will be a substantial increase in the number of older adults needing treatment for alcohol misuse and currently, little is done to identify and address this situation. Factors contributing to under diagnosis include, but are not limited to, depression, dementia, physical changes associated with age, life events, late onset of alcoholism and lack of screening. A case report is presented and existing research findings are discussed. The importance of assessment, the use of screening tools, treatment issues and identification of other comorbidities are presented. The focus on increased awareness among clinicians as well as their role in identifying and addressing alcohol abuse issues in the older adult population is explored.
“Money, Employment and Prices: A Swedish View, 1761”

I. Introduction, 626. — II. Christiernin on monetary theory, 627. — III. Christiernin on flexible exchange rates, 632. — IV. Conclusion, 635.
Linear time-varying tracking control with application to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper presents a novel control algorithm for tracking of nonlinear dynamic systems. The tracking problem leads to linearized time-varying error equations. Hence new eigenvalue notions are introduced for linear time varying systems, and a PD eigenstructure assignment scheme is proposed for linear time-varying structure via a differential Sylvester equation. Also shown is that closed-loop systems could be stabilized by assigning PD-eigenvalues appropriately, and a desired performance could be obtained by assigning the PD-eigenvectors according to the design specifications. The present control algorithm has an internal framework for testing the controllability of the time varying system via Lyapunov transform. The algorithm proposed is very general, and in principle applicable to systems of any order of complexity with any degree or kind of nonlinearity. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle flight control application for a real aircraft is presented to validate the proposed algorithm.
Prognostic significance of the number of lymph nodes examined in patients with lymph node-negative breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND A recent report suggested that the number of lymph nodes examined was a strong predictor of survival in patients with lymph node-negative breast carcinoma. Among women who had ≥ 20 lymph nodes examined, the risk of dying from breast carcinoma within 5 years was increased nearly 4-fold compared with women who had fewer lymph nodes examined. Because these findings were based on a relatively small cohort of patients, corroborative studies with larger patient populations were needed. METHODS The authors studied the relation between the number of lymph nodes examined and breast carcinoma survival among 911 women with lymph node-negative breast carcinoma with a median length of follow-up of 84 months. The association between other prognostic indicators and survival and the number of lymph nodes examined also was investigated. RESULTS The number of lymph nodes examined was not found to be associated with either 5-year or long-term survival. The proportion of women dying from breast carcinoma was the same (8%) in both groups (those patients with ≥ 20 lymph nodes examined vs. those in whom < 20 lymph nodes were examined) and the hazard ratio was 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.58–1.64). CONCLUSIONS In this larger study population, the authors failed to confirm the findings of an earlier investigation in which having a larger number of lymph nodes examined was associated with poorer survival. This finding suggests that it is unlikely the number of lymph nodes examined is an important prognostic indicator in patients with lymph node-negative breast carcinoma. Cancer 2001;91:2258–62. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
A Comparison of Drop-Plate and Pour-Plate Methods for Bacterial Population Counts of Poultry Anaphage (Dehydrated Caged Layer Excreta)

Abstract Pour-plate and drop-plate methods for bacterial population counting of poultry anaphage (dehydrated caged layer excreta) were compared and were not found to be significantly different.
An exploratory study of sleep quality, daytime function, and quality of life in patients with mechanical circulatory support

Purpose:To identify and describe: (1) characteristics of sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life (QOL) pre and post implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD); (2) chang...
Designing a personal guidance system to aid navigation without sight: progress on the GIS component

Abstract This paper reports on progress towards the development of a personal guidance system for a blind navigator. The system is being developed in light of the unique problems facing the blind traveller, which are discussed first. The system consists of four modules: a locator unit, a detailed spatial database, an algorithm for path selection and a user interface. Suggestions are offered for alternative ways of handling the locator problem using a global positioning system or a database query system. The nature of the geographic information system (GIS) to be used as a host for the database is discussed, followed by brief statement of the criteria for choosing an algorithm for path selection and suggestions on types of user interfaces best suited to the system. A report on a pilot-study GIS is presented. Special problems of database and system design are highlighted.
Predictable, system-level fault tolerance in composite

Intermittent faults are an increasingly challenging difficulty in embedded and real-time systems. As process technologies shrink circuitry, it becomes increasingly susceptible to transient faults from radiation sources such as cosmic rays. Additionally, as software complexity increases, intermittent faults such as race conditions challenge software reliability. Given these motivations, research has approached the paired problems of recovering from a fault, and doing so predictably. However, most past research has been limited in focus to the predictable recovery of faults at the application-level. Examples include systems infrastructures [2] enabling application fault recovery, and scheduling theory [3] that considers periodic faults, and the impact on schedulability for recovery and re-execution of failed applications.
Stochastic acceleration of electrons. I. Effects of collisions in solar flares

Stochastic acceleration of thermal electrons to nonrelativistic energies is studied under solar flare conditions. We show that, in turbulent regions, electron-whistler wave interactions can result in the acceleration of electrons in times comparable to or shorter than the Coulomb collision time. The kinetic equation describing the evolution of the electron energy distribution including stochastic acceleration by whistlers and energy loss via Coulomb interactions is solved for an initial thermal electron energy spectrum. In general, the shape of the resulting electron distributions are characterized by the energy E(c) where systematic energy gain by turbulence equals energy loss due to Coulomb collisions. For energies less than E(c), the spectra are steep (quasi-thermal) whereas above E(c), the spectra are power laws. We find that hard X-ray spectra computed using the electron distributions obtained from our numerical simulations are able to explain the complex spectral shapes and variations observed in impulsive hard X-ray bursts. In particular, we show that the gradual steepening observed by Lin et al. (1981) could be due to a systematic increase in the density of the plasma (due to evaporation) and the increasing importance of collisions instead of the appearance of a superhot thermal component.
Moving multichannel systems in a finite volume with application to proton-proton fusion

The spectrum of a system with multiple channels composed of two hadrons with nonzero total momentum is determined in a finite cubic volume with periodic boundary conditions using effective field theory methods. The results presented are accurate up to exponentially suppressed corrections in the volume due to the finite range of hadronic interactions. The formalism allows one to determine the phase shifts and mixing parameters of $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}KK$ isosinglet coupled channels directly from lattice quantum chromodynamics. We show that the extension to more than two channels is straightforward and present the result for three channels. From the energy quantization condition, the volume dependence of electroweak matrix elements of two-hadron processes is extracted. In the nonrelativistic case, we pay close attention to processes that mix the $^{1}S_{0}\ensuremath{-}^{3}S_{1}$ two-nucleon states, e.g. proton-proton fusion ($pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d+{e}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$), and show how to determine the transition amplitude of such processes directly from lattice QCD.
Time domain spectroscopy of Rydberg atoms

One of the most powerful forms of time domain spectroscopy is Fourier transform spectroscopy, pioneered by Pierre Jacquinot. Fourier transform spectroscopy has been widely applied, and it provides the basis of methods used to study Rydberg atoms in the time domain. While results obtained in the time and frequency domains are equivalent, it is often useful to think about a problem in both domains, and the application of time domain spectroscopy to Rydberg atoms has led to many new insights.
The Case of a High School Classroom: Dynamics of Practice and Theory

L'A. presente un projet, mene au Etats-Unis, nomme HERALD (Enseignement humanitaire, recherche et developpement du langage). L'objectif de ce projet est de developper les competences en anglais des etudiants du secondaire, majoritairement non anglo-saxons, par l'intermediaire de materiel innovant
The Behavior of the French Money Supply: 1938-54

It is surely idle, and probably dangerous, to attempt to control anything as vast and powerful as the national supply of money without knowing a good deal about its character, about the things which make it vary in quantity and composition.
Cohabitation and U.S. Adult Mortality: An Examination by Gender and Race

This study is the first to explore the relationship between cohabitation and U.S. adult mortality using a nationally representative sample. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey-Longitudinal Mortality Follow-up files 1997‐2004 (N = 193,851), the authors found that divorced, widowed, and never-married White men had higher mortality rates than cohabiting White men, and never-married Black men had higher mortality rates than cohabiting Black men. In contrast, the mortality rates of nonmarried White and Black women were not different from those of their cohabiting counterparts.Theresultsalsorevealedthatmortality rates of married White men and women were lower than their cohabiting counterparts and that these mortality differences tended to decrease with age. The authors found no significant mortality differences when they compared marriedBlack men or women to theircohabiting counterparts. The identified mortality differences were partially—but not fully—explained by income, psychological, or health behavior differences across groups.
Staying happy and productive as a mid-career professional.

Continuous learning, even for reasonably experienced and PhD-level workers, is both valued and expected.
What We Learned From the 9/11 First Anniversary

This article discusses how counselors can assist individuals, families, and communities to prepare and deal effectively with first-year anniversaries of traumatic events. These anniversaries repres...
Volume and Enthalpy Profile of Surfactant-Induced Protein Folding in Ferrous Cytochrome-C, using Co Photo-Dissociation Methods

Numerous studies have shown that under denaturing conditions, reduction of the Cytochrome-c (Cyt-c) heme group in the presence of carbon monoxide results in a disruption of the axial heme Methionine-80 bond ultimately unfolding the protein. CO-photolysis of this ferrous species results in the transient formation of a five-coordinate high-spin heme and favorable folding conditions allowing for the refolding reaction to be photo-triggered. In this study, we have utilized time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC) and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to probe the folding dynamics of ferrous Cyt-c in the presence of 0.74mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at pH∼7. Under these denaturing conditions, SDS binds to Cyt-c resulting in a partial unfolding of the protein and has been suggested to be in a molten globule (MG) conformation. The results from PAC indicate that Cyt-c folding initially occurs in a three-step process subsequent to CO-photodissociation with lifetimes of <50 ns, 626 ns and 2.6 μs and are attributed to CO dissociation from the heme, followed by a Methionine(80 or 65) and a non-native Histidine(23 or 33) residue coordination to the heme. These processes are accompanied by small volume changes of 1.5 mL/mol, 1 mL/mol, and 2 mL/mol and enthalpy changes of 69 kcal/mol, −7 kcal/mol, and 8 kcal/mol. The kinetic model suggest no large-scale protein collapse and consistent with the protein folding occurring from a compact MG state. The kinetics from PAC are similar to those obtained for CO-bound ferrous Cyt-c under high pH conditions and in the presence of low molar concentration of guanidine hydrochloride, suggesting a uniform mechanism for the earliest folding events regardless of the denatured environment. We have also explored PAC kinetic fits utilizing stretched exponential kinetics and have discovered the possibility of heterogeneous kinetics.
Microwave magnetic properties of (Ho0.58Tb0.2Dy0.22)Fe2

Abstract Microwave and static magnetic measurements were made on a low anisotropy, rare earth-Fe 2 Laves phase alloy. Saturation magnetization, M , magnetic anisotropy parameters and g values were determined from 290 to 550 K. The results are compared to a mean field model for M and g . The linewidths are consistent with an effective Landau-Lifshitz relaxation rate of 1.1 × 10 10 Hz.
Phosphorus requirements for the early growth of red clover, trefoil and flatpea

Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare the P requirements for early growth of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.). Phosphorus sorption isotherms were used to predict P fertilizer additions required to adjust two Appalachian soils to eight equilibrium solution P levels (0.005 to 0.50 ug P/m1). Flatpea dry matter production was equal to or greater than that of red clover and trefoil at low adjusted P levels. However, with increasing P level, flatpea dry matter yield peaked at a lower production level and at a lower adjusted P in soil solution than the other two legumes. The approximate P level in soil solution for 90% of maximum yield was as follows: flatpea, 0.074 ug P/ml; red clover, 0.104 ug P/ml; and trefoil, 0.141 ug P/ml. Flatpea apparently has a lower internal P requirement than either trefoil or red clover. Phosphorus concentrations in top growth for 90% of maximum yield were found to be: flatpea, 0.21%...
Preparation of misacylated aminoacyl-tRNAPhe's useful as probes of the ribosomal acceptor site

Several pyroglutamylaminoacyl-tRNA's were prepared by T4 RNA ligase mediated condensation of synthetic pyroglutamylaminoacyl-pCpA's with tRNA's from which the last two nucleotides at the 3'-end had been removed. The derived pyroglutamylaminoacyl-tRNA's were incubated in the presence of calf liver pyroglutamate aminopeptidase, which effected their conversion to free aminoacyl-tRNA's. The lack of contaminating esterase activities in the pyroglutamate aminopeptidase was verified by direct assay for the presence of the aminoacyl moieties in the formed aminoacyl-tRNA's and by the use of the deblocked aminoacyl-tRNA's as acceptors in the peptidyltransferase reaction using an Escherichia coli ribosomal system. These findings provide the wherewithal for a detailed investigation of the substrate specificity of the peptidyltransferase center and for the elaboration of polypeptides containing modified amino acids at predetermined sites.
SU(2)-flavor Schwinger model on the lattice

Hamiltonian lattice perturbation methods are used to study the (1 + 1) -dimensional, SU(2) -flavor Abelian gauge model. For a model with coupling constant g and fermion mass m, two distinct vacuum regions characterized by the magnitude of m/g are found. Expansions about the Ising-type vacuum corresponding to large m/g are carried out to order 1/g/sup 8/a/sup 8/ (a = lattice spacing) and improved using Pade approximants. The results compare favorably qualitatively and quantitatively with recent studies of the weak-coupling limit of the continuum theory. Expansions to order 1/g/sup 4/a/sup 4/ about the Heisenberg antiferromagnetlike vacuum corresponding to small m/g agree qualitatively with known results for the strong-coupling limit of the continuum theory.
Further Electrocardiographic Observations on Direct Epicardial Potentials in Congenital Heart Lesions: Differential Features of Right Ventricular Preponderance and Right Bundle-Branch Block

Epicardial electromotive potentials have been recorded at the time of open thoracotomy on 130 patients, 124 having congenital heart disease. These data confirm characteristic epicardial potentials with right ventricular preponderance, incomplete right bundle-branch block, and complete right bundle-branch block, as well as with normal rS and rSr9 complexes, as identified in the right precordial leads of unipolar electrocardiograms. The major differential feature between right ventricular preponderance and incomplete right bundle-branch block is a critical difference in onset of depolarization of the free wall of the right ventricle. This measurement, AB of figure 1, is 0.02 second with right ventricular preponderance and 0.03 second or greater with incomplete right bundle-branch block. Although rR9 or rsR9 right precordial QRS complexes are identified with both right ventricular preponderance and incomplete right bundle-branch block, the broad left ventricular S wave of the incomplete right bundle-branch block aids in differentiating them on the conventional electrocardiogram. A tall predominant late R wave in aV R , arising from the R9 component of the rR9 potential of the hypertrophied right ventricular outflow tract, serves to denote an advanced degree of right ventricular hypertrophy, whether the classic pattern of right ventricular preponderance or an incomplete right bundle-branch block associated with right ventricular preponderance presents on the routine electrocardiogram. The apparent slurred or pure R waves, the Rs and qR right precordial QRS complexes, seen with instances of right ventricular preponderance or incomplete right bundle-branch block, are actually rR9 or rsR9 complexes. Additional exploratory right anterior chest leads will invariably bring out the initial septal r wave component. The rR9 or rsR9 potentials of right ventricular preponderance or right bundle-branch block arise from a relatively selective site of the high medial outflow tract of the right ventricle.
Intragastric drinking in the rat: Evidence for a role of oropharyngeal stimulation

Abstract Two experiments analyzed the contribution of oropharyngeal stimulation to the acquisition and maintenance of intragastric self-injection of water in the rat. Animals were trained to press a lever for delivery of intragastric water routed to the stomach by either a subcutaneous gastric cannula or a nasopharyngeal catheter. Animals readily acquired the response via the nasal catheter but not via the gastric cannula. When switched from intragastric drinking via the nasal catheter to the gastric cannula, three of four animals showed extinction. Acquisition of self-injection behavior was precluded in nasal catheter animals if the water was warmed to 36.5°C, but when switched from 22°C to 36.5°C water, only one of five animals reached extinction. The one rat self-injecting by gastric fistula and all nasal catheter animals invariably licked and chewed metal objects during self-injections and thereby appeared to mediate the reinforcing properties of intragastric water with self-produced oral stimulation. Oropharyngeal stimulation, either experimenter-controlled or self-produced during metal licking, is important for reinforcing operant behavior with intragastric delivery of water in the rat.
An ultrastructural analysis of the photoreceptors of the squid and their synaptic connections. II. Intraretinal synapses and plexus.

The plexus level of the retina of the common squid, Loligo pealei was studied by electron microscopy and was found to be layered in the sclerad direction by imprecise zones respectively characterized by receptor collaterals, synaptic profiles, horizontal fibers, and receptor axons and other neurites ensheathed in glia. Receptor axons characteristically contained microtubules and dense mitochondria, passed vertically through the layer of horizontal fibers and then turned horizontally as they became collectively ensheathed. Receptor collaterals emerged at the level of the most proximal receptor nuclei and at intermittent regions across the retina entered into gap junctions with similar appearing processes. Horizontal fibers may represent efferents which originate in similar fibers sheathed in retinal glia and also seen in the optic nerve and lobe. They occasionally formed en passant synapses on receptors which were characterized by clusters of small clear vesicles and increased membrane density. They also gave rise to branches whose terminals have not been directly traced. Some of these branches showed both clear and dense-cored vesicles. Synapses on receptors had a cluster of small clear vesicles and one to three large dense-cored vesicles which were not involved in the cluster. Increased density of the synaptic membrane was best seen after primary osmium fixation. Aldehydeosmium and direct osmium fixed material are presented for comparison. Fibers somewhat similar in appearance to horizontal fibers but which were smaller and more dense had regions filled with smaller dense-cored vesicles which never showed clustering on a membrane or a consistent relationship with a putative post-synaptic cell. The possible origins of the neurites of the retinal plexus are discussed.
In situ-polymerized wicks for passive water management in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract Air-delivery is typically the largest parasitic loss in PEM fuel cell systems. We develop a passive water management system that minimizes this loss by enabling stable, flood-free performance in parallel channel architectures, at very low air stoichiometries. Our system employs in situ -polymerized wicks which conform to and coat cathode flow field channel walls, thereby spatially defining regions for water and air transport. We first present the fabrication procedure, which incorporates a flow field plate geometry comparable to many state-of-the-art architectures (e.g., stamped metal or injection molded flow fields). We then experimentally compare water management flow field performance versus a control case with no wick integration. At the very low air stoichiometry of 1.15, our system delivers a peak power density of 0.68 W cm −2 . This represents a 62% increase in peak power over the control case. The open channel and manifold geometries are identical for both cases, and we demonstrate near identical inlet-to-outlet cathode pressure drops at all fuel cell operating points. Our water management system therefore achieves significant performance enhancement without introducing additional parasitic losses.
Attritious Wear of Silicon Carbide

Attritious wear of silicon carbide in simulated grinding tests against a cobalt base superalloy at high speed and extremely small feed rate was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an auger electron spectroscope (AES). In many cases the wear area of silicon carbide was found to be concave rather than planar in shape. Several microcracks and grain boundary fracture were also observed. No evidence of metal build-up was observed on silicon carbide which was not the case with aluminum oxide. AES study of the rubbed surface on the work material and transmission electron microscope (TEM) investigation of the wear debris suggest that attritious wear of silicon carbide is due to one or more of the following mechanisms: 1 – Preferential removal of surface atoms on the abrasive, layer by layer, by oxidation under high temperature and a favorably directed shear stress; 2 – disassociation of silicon carbide at high temperature and (a) diffusion of silicon into the work material and formation of metal silicides and (b) diffusion of carbon into the work material and formation of unstable metal carbides (in the present case Ni3 C and Co3 C) which decompose during cooling to metal and carbon atoms; 3 – pinocoidal cleavage fracture of silicon carbide on basal planes c(0001) resulting in the removal of many micron-sized crystallites.
The effect of source location on the structural-acoustic interaction of an infinite elastic shell

This paper deals with the response of an infinite elastic shell to simple acoustic sources (monopole and dipole). This simplified model is considered in order to gain insight into the characteristics of aircraft interior noise. The shell represents the aircraft fuselage and the sources are due to the propellor. Specifically, in this study the location of the source with respect to the cylinder is the major concern. How this affects acoustic line power, intensity flow into the shell and internal sound pressure is analyzed.
ILSE: The next step in heavy ion fusion research

Induction Linac Systems Experiments is the next experiment planned by the Heavy Ion Fusion Accelerator Research (HIFAR) group at LBL, following the recent completion of the MBE-4 experiment. ILSE at 10 MeV will address many of the key physics and technology issues of HIF such as performance of a multiple beam, high voltage injector, high intensity electrostatically-focused transport, beam combining, high intensity magnetically-focused transport, drift-compression and energy-tilt removal, high intensity transport around a magnetic bend, and, possibly, recirculation. Presuming a “new start” in FY 94, experiments could begin with ILSE in FY 97.
Validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children: a comparison between psychiatric and pediatric referrals.

The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) was used to evaluate 40 psychiatric referrals aged 7-11 and 40 pediatric referrals matched for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. Each parent and child was interviewed separately using parallel versions of the interview, DISC-P and DISC-C, and parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The psychiatric referrals had more psychiatric diagnoses and higher symptom scores than the pediatric referrals. Parent reports discriminated better between the criterion groups than child reports. In both groups, mild oppositional behavior and fears were commonly reported by parents, whereas mild separation anxiety, fears, and dysthymia were commonly reported by children. Attention deficit disorder, conduct disorder, and affective disorders were much more common among psychiatrically referred children. There was an association (chi 2 = 37.1, p less than .001) between abnormally high CBCL scores and diagnoses derived from the interview with the parent, but the association between the CBCL and the child interview was not significant. Over all, the results support the validity of the DISC-P, and to a lesser extent that of the DISC-C, in discriminating psychiatric from pediatric referrals, at the level of both symptoms and severe diagnoses, but not at the mild/moderate level of diagnosis.