cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal antibodies to target epidermal growth factor receptor-positive tumors: a new paradigm for cancer therapy.

BACKGROUND Traditional cytotoxic approaches to tumor management are associated with efficacy and toxicity limitations. Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands is a novel approach to the treatment of human tumors that offers a noncytotoxic alternative to cancer treatment. METHODS An English-language literature search was conducted to identify studies assessing the in vitro and in vivo effects of EGFR blockade with an emphasis on approaches that use monoclonal antibody therapy. RESULTS The EGF pathway regulates normal cellular processes and appears to be correlated with the development of malignancy. Approximately 30% of human tumors express EGFR, which has been reported to be correlated with poor prognosis and diminished disease-free and overall survival in selected tumor types. A number of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies have been developed, which currently are undergoing clinical trials in humans. Effective anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies compete with endogenous ligands, primarily EGF and transforming growth factor–α, for receptor ligand-binding sites. Binding to EGFR blocks critical signaling pathways and interferes with the growth of tumors expressing EGFR. Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies that currently are under study include IMC-C225, EMD 55900, ICR 62, and ABX-EGF. CONCLUSIONS These antibodies have demonstrated promising results and appear to have been well tolerated. EGFR-targeted therapy addresses important, unmet needs in the treatment of human tumors, particularly EGFR-positive epithelial tumors including common malignancies of the head and neck, lung, and colon. Cancer 2002;94:1593–611. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10372
Genotype at increased risk of developing asthma after tobacco smoke exposure

Methods: Study patients participated in the Children’s Health Study (1993–1996), which included schoolchildren from southern California. Data on asthma status, age at onset, wheezing history, sociodemographic information, and exposure history were collected from self-administered questionnaires completed by the parents/guardians of 3128 non-Hispanic and Hispanic white children. Buccal cells were collected as a source of genomic DNA.
Growth of Haemophilus influenzae in Human Milk: Synthesis, Distribution, and Activity of IgA Protease as Determined by Study of iga+ and Mutant iga− Cells

The nonencapsulated, IgA protease-positive Haemophilus influenzae strain Rd and serogroup b clinical isolates were found to proliferate in human milk. Growth did not require supplemental X and V factors. In milk, strain Rd synthesized IgA protease, but it was completely inhibited by antibody, so secretory IgA in milk cultures remained intact. Inhibition was largely attributable to IgA1 antibodies. Rd cells also aggregated during growth in milk and showed colony size variation, whereas a protease-negative mutant of Rd (Rd225DK) aggregated less and had uniform colony size. Like differences in protease inhibition, these differences in growth pattern were mediated by secretory IgA1. Thus, milk antibody not only inhibited the extracellular protease but also interacted directly with the enzyme precursor or related antigens on growing bacterial cells. This self-protective property of milk secretory IgA may be an important immunologic attribute for the upper respiratory mucosa of the infant.
Grammatical and Phonological Manifestations of Null Copula in a Tri-Ethnic Contact Situation

L'A. analyse l'incidence de l'absence de copule en anglais vernaculaire afro-americain. L'analyse tient compte de la distribution qualitative et quantitative de l'absence de copule dans troix groupes de locuteurs : afro-americains, anglo-americains et indiens lumbee de Caroline du Nord
History precedes ethics.

As a historian and not a member of the bioethics inner sanctum, I see the question of disability policy in somewhat different institutional terms than does Mark Kuczewski (2001). Let me use this piece to spell out four differences—on the general theory that you have to and the room where the metaphysics exam is being given before you can look into the soul of the student sitting next to you (to twist Woody Allen’s twist). First, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), passed in 1990, is not the central piece of disability legislation. More important in terms of the amount of money spent and the inouence it has over the lives of people with disabilities is Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDA).1 This program pays beneats to people who are unable to engage in substantial gainful activities. As a consequence, the program contains a conception of disability that equates being disabled with being unable to work, a direct contradiction of the central premise behind the ADA. Because SSDI was created in 1956, however, it has what might be called a prior claim on disability policy. Second, things in the policy and physical environments are not arbitrarily designed so much as they are historically determined. Historical precedent, not some spontaneous arbitrary decision, determines how high grocery shelves will be. What has come before exercises an important inouence over what comes next. Third, the question of service provision is not as amenable to dialogue as Kuczewski implies. Who does what to whom inevitably involves the question of power as mediated by politics. Inequities invariably follow from situations in which different groups have different amounts of power. In the case of disability, the blind, alone among groups with disabilities, received a special category of welfare provision in the 1935 Social Security Act, not because they were more needy but precisely because they were less needy: They had more power to control the political process. Further, the question of service provision contains inherent conoicts: The curb cuts that beneat people in wheel chairs work against the interests of the blind. Fourth and anally, as Kuczewski himself recognizes, the disabled are not so homogeneous a group that they can be spoken of in such global terms as “the community integration of the disabled.” My 92-year-old father-in-law needs someone to supervise his disintegration from the community; a 17-year-old mentally retarded person probably needs something else. So before bioethicists start doing the heavy lifting and looking into people’s souls, they might wish to orient themselves to the realties that deane the subject before them. I suggest history as a useful tool. To state this principle sharply, one might say that history precedes ethics or at least that it should in the case of disability ethics.
Temperature aware thread block scheduling in GPGPUs

In this paper, we present a first general purpose GPU thermal management design that consists of both hardware architecture and OS scheduler changes. Our techniques schedule thread blocks from multiple computational kernels in spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal ways depending on the thermal state of the system. We can reduce the computation slowdown by 60% on average relative to the state of the art techniques while meeting the thermal constraints. We also extend our work to multi GPGPU cards and show improvements of 44% on average relative to existing technique.
A Theory of Perceptual Matching

When two patterns are compared, same judgments typically are faster than different judgments. This result is perplexing because same, but not different, judgments would seem to require full and exhaustive processing. Some models have depicted same processing as more efficient or powerful than different processing due to an identity reporter or to priming. When accuracy rather than reaction time (RT) is examined, however, same processing looks generally less efficient than different processing: Subjects are more likely to make false different responses to same pairs than false same responses to different pairs. The present noisy-operator theory holds that internal noise is more likely to produce spurious featural mismatches than matches and that the rechecking needed to remove these spurious differences produces the typically longer RT for different judgments. Data from comparisons of single-patter n (Cases 1, 2, and 3) or multiletter strings (Cases 4, 5, and 6) were fitted to a single-processor accumulative model based on the theory. This report deals with a deceptively simple task. A person is shown two patterns, either side by side or one after the other, and must decide as rapidly (and accurately) as possible whether they are identical or not. Trials are randomly intermixed, of course, so that the subject never knows beforehand whether he will see a same or different pair. The matching processes involved in this simple task are im
The prospects for ultrahigh-speed VLSI GaAs digital logic

Recent advances of GaAs integrated circuit fabrication technology have made possible the demonstration of ultrahigh performance GaAs digital ICs with up to 64 gate MSI circuit complexities and with gate areas and power dissipations sufficiently low to make VLSI circuits achievable. The authors evaluate, based on the current state of GaAs IC technology and the fundamental device physics involved, the prospects of achieving an ultrahigh-speed VLSI GaAs IC technology. GaAs IC fabrication and logic circuit approaches is reviewed. The experimental performance results are compared for the leading GaAs logic circuit approaches, both for simple ring oscillators and for more complex sequential logic circuits.
Recursive compositional models: Representation, learning, and inference

Recursive compositional models (RCMs) are hierarchical models which enable us to represent the shape/geometry and visual appearance of objects and images at different scales. The key design principle is recursive compositionality. Objects are represented by RCMs in a hierarchical form where complex structures are composed of more elementary structures. Formally, they are represented by probability distributions defined over graphs with variable topology. Learning techniques are used to learn these models from a limited number of examples of the object by exploiting the recursive structure (some of our papers use supervised learning while others are unsupervised and induce the object structure). In addition, we can exploit this structure to develop algorithms that can perform inference on these RCMs to rapidly detect and recognize objects. This differs from more standard “flat models” of objects which have much less representational power if they wish to maintain efficient learning and inference. The basic properties of an RCM are illustrated in figures (1, 2). Because RCMs give a rich hierarchical description of objects and images they can be applied to a range of tasks including object detection, segmentation, parsing and image parsing. In all cases, we achieved state of the art results when evaluated on datasets with groundtruth.
Oscillation and stability in a genotype selection model with several delays

(1996). Oscillation and stability in a genotype selection model with several delays. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 205-217.
Evaluating Suitability of a Military Duty Glove for Use in a Multi-Layered Chemical-Biological Protective Glove System

The Max Grip NT glove (Test Glove) has been approved for use as a duty glove for U.S. Army Combat Vehicle Crew and Aviation communities and is intended to either supplement or replace the current issue duty glove (Baseline) worn by these communities. The Baseline duty glove serves, however, as both a duty glove and as the outer glove component of a layered protective chemical biological (CB) glove system. In considering whether the Test Glove can fully replace the Baseline, it was necessary for the U.S. Army Program Manager Clothing and Individual Equipment (PM CIE) to determine whether the Test Glove could serve effectively in this second function as the outer layer of the CB glove system. The Ergonomics Team at U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center was asked to conduct an evaluation to determine, from a human factors perspective, the suitability of the Test Glove to be worn in conjunction with the currently fielded CB protective inner glove layers, known as 7 mil and 14 ...
Analysis of two translocation breakpoints and identification of a negative regulatory element in patients with Rieger's syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Rieger’s syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by eye, tooth, and umbilical anomalies. A gene responsible for Rieger’s syndrome, PITX2, has previously been cloned using two patients with balanced translocations, t(4;16) and t(4;11), with breakpoints that lie near the gene, but which do not interrupt it. METHODS: We sequenced both breakpoint regions on chromosome 4 and screened this area for novel genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to determine if PITX2 was still present on the 4:16 chromosome. Both the chromosome 16 and chromosome 11 breakpoints were cloned and sequenced using panhandle polymerase chain reaction (PHPCR). Transient transfection studies were performed to compare effects on a reporter gene between native chromosome 4 sequence and chromosome 11 sequence. RESULTS: The region surrounding PITX2 on chromosome 4 is rich in repetitive elements, but no novel genes were identified. FISH demonstrated that PITX2 was intact on the 4:16 translocation chromosome. The PHPCR experiments demonstrated that the translocated regions of chromosomes 16 and 11 were repeat-rich, and transfection studies revealed a slight enhancer effect with the chromosome 4 sequence, and a strong silencer effect when the chromosome 11 sequence was present. CONCLUSIONS: Given the lack of any novel genes near either breakpoint, changes in potential regulatory elements may be the best model to explain the loss of PITX2 expression in these patients and hence the Rieger’s syndrome phenotype. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 70:82–91, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY FOR ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS

Important areas of treatment for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have only begun to be explored empirically in the last decade. Fortunately, there has been growing interest in identifying how to best adapt treatments that have been demonstrated to be efficacious with broader populations to individuals with ASD. This article provides a review of the literature for cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders with modifications for adolescents and adults diagnosed with ASD. The majority of these studies incorporated manualized procedures, structured sessions, visual aids, use of worksheets, and an opportunity for social engagement, in addition to regular practice and feedback within a supportive environment. Treatment has been provided primarily in groups; however, researchers are beginning to explore the advantages of individualized treatment. Although only a handful of studies have been published on the use of CBT with adolescents or adults with ASD, results are promising. School psychologists will want to familiarize themselves with this literature to best meet the needs of students in their care. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
The Arabidopsis thaliana MERISTEM LAYER 1 promoter specifies epidermal expression in meristems and young primordia.

Summary The Arabidopsis thaliana MERISTEM LAYER 1 (ATML1) gene is expressed in the epidermis of developing embryos and shoot meristems. To identify regulatory sequences necessary for epidermis-specific expression, three fusions of overlapping ATML1 genomic sequences to the GUS reporter gene were introduced into Arabidopsis plants. All fusion genes conferred epidermis-specific expression of both GUS mRNA and protein activity but varied in both the timing and relative levels of expression, suggesting partial redundancy of ATML1 regulatory elements. This study defines L1-specific regulatory sequences that are sufficient to direct foreign gene expression in a layer-specific manner.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis malate synthase-and MPT51-based serodiagnostic assay as an adjunct to rapid identification of pulmonary tuberculosis

The 81-kDa malate synthase (MS; Rv 1837c) and the 27-kDa MPT51 (Rv 3803c) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are immunodominant antigens recognized by serum antibodies from ∼80% of human immunodeficiency virus-negative smear-positive tuberculosis patients from India. We now provide evidence that the use of the MS/MPT51-based serodiagnostic assay can serve as an adjunct to sputum microscopy in the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Synchrony-asynchrony transitions in neuronal networks

Irregular spike timing over long durations or relative asynchronous spiking between cells is a ubiquitous phenomenon observed in many brain nuclei both in vivo and in vitro. Subthalamic neurons (STN) and globus pallidus (GP) neurons of the basal ganglia are good examples of such neuronal irregularity. They fire asynchronously normally, but become synchronous in Parkinson’s disease [1,2]. These cells have been shown to be autonomous, i.e., their oscillations are sustained in the absence of synaptic transmission. The prevalence of irregularity in such oscillatory neurons, and their tendency to become synchronous under disease conditions poses several challenges. They necessitate a detailed study of the interaction of oscillatory mechanisms that may contribute to synchronization between neurons with the sparsity of their interactions, the size of the network, and the external synaptic input. We study synchrony-asynchrony transitions in a model network of synaptically coupled STN or GP neurons with varying degrees of network size (N) and connectivity (number of presynaptic neurons per postsynaptic neuron, M <=N). We find the critical size (Ncrit) and critical number of connections (Mcrit for given N) needed in order to achieve global synchrony, as well as explore the nature and size of local cluster sates in the asynchronous state. The STN and GP neurons are modeled using Hodgkin-Huxley type of equations that incorporate sodium, potassium, calcium, a low-threshold calcium (T), and an afterhyperpolarization (AHP) activated potassium current [3]. In a network of two or more mutually excitatory neurons, for example, spike-to-spike synchrony can be achieved by increasing the coupling conductance beyond a critical level. In the unsynchronized regime, a phase drift between spike times of the neurons as well as multiple-frequency locked states can result. The level of mutual coupling required for synchrony in an all-to-all coupled network is found to increase as square root of N. In a sparsely connected network local cluster states emerge for weaker coupling, but spike-to-spike synchrony is also achieved for stronger coupling. Synchrony breaks down if the number of presynaptic neurons is fewer than a critical number. An external common synaptic inhibitory input given at Poisson intervals with a fixed arrival rate can cause asynchrony as well as enhance the frequency of the network at all network sizes.
The Burgess-Rosen critique of nominalistic reconstructions†

In the final chapter of their book A Subject With No Object, John Burgess and Gideon Rosen raise the question of the value of the nominalistic reconstructions of mathematics that have been put forward in recent years, asking specifically what this body of work is good for. The authors conclude that these reconstructions are all inferior to current versions of mathematics (or science) and make no advances in science. This paper investigates the reasoning that led to such a negative appraisal, and it produces a rebuttal to this reasoning.
The extracellular matrix microtopography drives critical changes in cellular motility and Rho A activity in colon cancer cells

We have shown that the microtopography (mT) underlying colon cancer changes as a tumor de-differentiates. We distinguish the well-differentiated mT based on the increasing number of "pits" and poorly differentiated mT on the basis of increasing number of "posts." We investigated Rho A as a mechanosensing protein using mT features derived from those observed in the ECM of colon cancer. We evaluated Rho A activity in less-tumorogenic (Caco-2 E) and more tumorigenic (SW620) colon cancer cell-lines on microfabricated pits and posts at 2.5 μm diameter and 200 nm depth/height. In Caco-2 E cells, we observed a decrease in Rho A activity as well as in the ratio of G/F actin on surfaces with either pits or posts but despite this low activity, knockdown of Rho A led to a significant decrease in confined motility suggesting that while Rho A activity is reduced on these surfaces it still plays an important role in controlling cellular response to barriers. In SW620 cells, we observed that Rho A activity was greatest in cells plated on a post microtopography which led to increased cell motility, and an increase in actin cytoskeletal turnover.
Sexual maturation of Mexican-American adolescents.

The sexual maturation patterns of 1403 Mexican-American adolescents are described. The report is based on data from the Hispanic Health and Examination Survey...which was carried out by the National Center for Health Statistics from 1982 to 1984. Ages of subjects ranged from 10 through 17 years....Comparison of median ages at entry [into puberty] to results from studies around the world reveals that Mexican-Americans begin and end puberty a few months later than is usual. (EXCERPT)
'Choice': what we mean by it, and what that means for preventing childhood obesity.

Objective (i) To map how US adults value 'choice' in the context of obesity policy and (ii) to discuss implications for obesity prevention in children. Design Semi-structured interviews (n =105) were conducted between 2006 and 2009 about causes of and solutions to childhood obesity. Quotes captured in field notes from community meetings (n = 6) on childhood obesity prevention were also analysed. Each use of the word 'choice' and its variants was identified in these texts. Content and discourse were analysed to identify the implied values and meaning in each use. Setting North-eastern USA. Subjects One hundred and five adults, some involved in childhood obesity prevention initiatives. Results Three distinct frames of 'choice' emerged: (i) having choices (choice as freedom), (ii) making choices (choice as responsibility) and (iii) influencing choices (contextual constraints and impacts on choice). Many speakers used more than one frame over the course of an interview. Most people using the third frame seemed to share the values behind the first two frames, but focused on conditions required to enable people to be accountable for their choices and to make truly free choices. A small subset thought outside the frame of individual choice, valuing, as one person put it, a 'social contract'. Conclusions Public debate in the USA about responsibility for and solutions to rising obesity rates often hinges on notions of 'choice'. These frames, and the values underlying them, are not mutually exclusive. Respecting the values behind each 'choice' frame when crafting obesity prevention policy and employing all three in public communications about such policy may facilitate greater consensus on prevention measures.
Community annotation in biology

Attempts to engage the scientific community to annotate biological data (such as protein/gene function) stored in databases have not been overly successful. There are several hypotheses on why this has not been successful but it is not clear which of these hypotheses are correct. In this study we have surveyed 50 biologists (who have recently published a paper characterizing a gene or protein) to better understand what would make them interested in providing input/contributions to biological databases. Based on our survey two things become clear: a) database managers need to proactively contact biologists to solicit contributions; and b) potential contributors need to be provided with an easy-to-use interface and clear instructions on what to annotate. Other factors such as 'reward' and 'employer/funding agency recognition' previously perceived as motivators was found to be less important. Based on this study we propose community annotation projects should devote resources to direct solicitation for input and streamlining of the processes or interfaces used to collect this input.
Charge collection spectroscopy

Monitoring pulses measured between the power pins of a microelectronic device exposed to high LET (linear energy transfer) ions yields important information on the SEU (single event upset) response of the circuit. Analysis of p-well CMOS devices is complicated by the possibility of competition between junctions, but the results suggest that charge collection measurements are still sufficient to determine SEU parameters accurately. It is shown that the charge collection obtained off the power lines of a p-well CMOS device can be explained if one takes into account the fact that the well-substrate and source-well junctions compete for the diffusion charge. To produce a pulse that lies within the peak, the ion must cross the top and bottom junctions of the sensitive volume. The first-order model remains a valid approximation of the complicated charge collection mechanisms that occur when an ion strikes each of the junctions. A comparison of experimental data with the new theories is given. >
Multicast scheduling in WDM switching networks

Optical WDM networks are attracting more and more attention because of its huge bandwidth to meet ever increasing demand of modern networking applications. In this paper we study supporting multicast in WDM switching networks. Multicast is the operation to send information from one source to multiple destinations. In WDM switching networks, contention occurs when one output fiber is the destination of more than k inputs, where k is the number of wavelengths on each fiber. In this paper, we study scheduling algorithms which can select a group of multicast connection requests that are contention-free. We first prove that the problem of scheduling the maximum number of such connection requests through the network simultaneously is NP-hard. On the other hand, lack of optical buffers in WDM switching networks requires a very fast scheduling algorithm. We then turn to develop approximation scheduling algorithms that can provide sub-optimal solutions. We present four polynomial approximation scheduling algorithms and study their performance through simulations. We also discuss their performance ratio to the optimal algorithm. Our results demonstrate that one of the simple algorithms (the fastest one) yields throughput close to other three more complex algorithms, thus could be a good candidate for multicast scheduling in WDM switching networks.
Dynamic application placement under service and memory constraints

In this paper we consider an optimization problem which models the dynamic placement of applications on servers under two simultaneous resource requirements: one that is dependent on the loads placed on the applications and one that is independent. The demand (load) for applications changes over time and the goal is to satisfy all the demand while changing the solution (assignment of applications to servers) as little as possible. We describe the system environment where this problem arises, present a heuristic algorithm to solve it, and provide an experimental analysis comparing the algorithm to previously known algorithms. The experiments indicate that the new algorithm performs much better. Our algorithm is currently deployed in the IBM flagship product Websphere.
PROTONATION AND CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

Light changes the structure of chloroplasts. This effect was investigated by high resolution electron microscopy, photometric methods, and chemical modification. (a) A reversible contraction of chloroplast membrane occurs upon illumination, dark titration with H(+), or increasing osmolarity. These gross structural changes arise from a flattening of the thylakoids, with a corresponding decrease in the spacing between membranes. Microdensitometry showed that illumination or dark addition of H(+) resulted in a 13-23% decrease in membrane thickness. Osmotically contracted chloroplasts do not show this effect. (b) Rapid glutaraldehyde fixation during actual experiments revealed that transmission changes are closely correlated with the spacing changes and therefore reflect an osmotic mechanism, whereas the light scattering changes have kinetics most similar to changes in membrane thickness or conformation. (c) Kinetic analysis of light scattering and transmission changes with the changes in fluorescence of anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound to membranes revealed that fluorescence preceded light scattering or transmission changes. (d) It is concluded that the temporal sequence of events following illumination probably are protonation, changes in the environment within the membrane, change in membrane thickness, change in internal osmolarity accompanying ion movements with consequent collapse and flattening of thylakoid, change in the gross morphology of the inner chloroplast membrane system, and change in the gross morphology of whole chloroplasts.
The immediately available physician standard.

The promulgation of the immediately available physician standard has contributed to the rapid decline in vaginal birth after cesareans (VBACs). While having an immediately available obstetrician during a VBAC trial will reduce risk, it is not clear that similar advantage wouldn't also accrue to women without uterine scars. However, many hospitals can't staff up to that standard. In this article we suggest 1) set a goal of providing an immediately available team for all women in labor, 2) tailor informed consent to women's unique risks– unique because of their own risk profile (e.g., previous scar, hypertension, etc) or unique because of characteristics of the birthing site (e.g. a team is or is not available), 3) in smaller hospitals, if an immediately available team cannot be routinely provided, consideration should be given to bringing in a team for the occasional patient requesting a trial, and to allowing labor for lower risk trials.
Increased generalization of learned associations is related to re-experiencing symptoms in veterans with symptoms of post-traumatic stress

One interpretation of re-experiencing symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is that memories related to emotional information are stored strongly, but with insufficient specificity, so that stimuli which are minimally related to the traumatic event are sufficient to trigger recall. If so, re-experiencing symptoms may reflect a general bias against encoding background information during a learning experience, and this tendency might not be limited to learning about traumatic or even autobiographical events. To test this possibility, we administered a discrimination-and-transfer task to 60 Veterans (11.2% female, mean age 54.0 years) self-assessed for PTSD symptoms in order to examine whether re-experiencing symptoms were associated with increased generalization following associative learning. The discrimination task involved learning to choose the rewarded object from each of six object pairs; each pair differed in color or shape but not both. In the transfer phase, the irrelevant feature in each pair was altered. Regression analysis revealed no relationships between re-experiencing symptoms and initial discrimination learning. However, re-experiencing symptom scores contributed to the prediction of transfer performance. Other PTSD symptom clusters (avoidance/numbing, hyperarousal) did not account for significant additional variance. The results are consistent with an emerging interpretation of re-experiencing symptoms as reflecting a learning bias that favors generalization at the expense of specificity. Future studies will be needed to determine whether this learning bias may pre-date and confer risk for, re-experiencing symptoms in individuals subsequently exposed to trauma, or emerges only in the wake of trauma exposure and PTSD symptom development.
Preparing Professionals to Serve in a Reformed Health Care System

As our elected officials craft legislation that could transform US health care into a more equitable system that rewards high-value and coordinated care, academic leaders must embrace the challenge of training medical and health care professionals to serve successfully in this new environment. During the past few decades, professional associations and organizations have called for health profession education reform, asserting that current programs inappropriately emphasize memorization of scientific knowledge over teamwork, clinical judgment, practical skills, and character/values development.1,2 Indeed, students in health professions currently are educated in a highly competitive environment that fosters individual knowledge, responsibility, and autonomy. After completing training, most of today's physicians enter private practice, where the world is often centered around them. However, in a high-quality, integrated health care system, the world must be centered on the patient. In the essay “American Medical Education 100 Years After the Flexner Report,” Cooke et al3 said that “the moral dimension of medical education requires that students and residents acquire a crucial set of professional values and qualities, at the heart of which is the willingness to put the needs of the patient first.” In April 2009, more than 150 national leaders gathered at Mayo Clinic's site in Rochester, MN, for the National Symposium on Health Care and Medical Education Reform to build consensus on how to realign US education programs to create a workforce capable of realizing this patient-centered vision. Participants acknowledged the mismatch between how professionals are currently being educated and the needs of society. Through discussion and submission and ranking of reform principles, participants identified 3 priorities for education reform: culture, curriculum, and financing.
Collaboration between the hemispheres of a callosotomy patient Emerging right hemisphere speech and the left hemisphere interpreter

Summary Split brain patients who are initially unable to produce speech in their right hemispheres sometimes develop the ability to do so. Patient J. W., the subject of this report, is such a patient. At the time of his callosotomy, J.W. had a language dominant left hemisphere; his right hemisphere could understand both spoken and written language, but he was unable to speak. Fourteen years after his surgery, we found that J. W. was capable of naming ~25% of the stimuli
REVIEW: Hepatitis delta

The causative agent of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the most unusual of all causative agents for all hepatitis viruses. Current knowledge of the molecular biology of HDV strengthens its proposed classification within the satellites, a family of subviral agents, some of which are pathogens of higher plants. Hepatitis delta virus is the only virus in the satellite family known to infect animal species, with hepatitis D having affected more than 10 million people worldwide who are also infected with its helper virus, HBV. Recently, the world map for hepatitis D appears somewhat modified, with decreasing HDV prevalence in certain areas and some new foci of HDV endemicity. Despite changing HDV prevalence, hepatitis. D, particularly the chronic form, is still an important health problem worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality (mainly due to chronic liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma). Molecular studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the life cycle of HDV and of the function of its proteins. The new molecular information is of clinical relevance, with implications for the pathogenesis of liver damage, the diagnosis of HDV infection, for the natural course of the disease and, potentially, for therapy. Sensitive assays for HDV-RNA by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing techniques have clarified the patterns of HDV transmission and have confirmed the existence of unusual clinical forms of the virus and their relationship to replicative levels and genotypes of HDV. Prevention and treatment of hepatitis D are still in their infancy. However, liver transplantation for delta cirrhosis has proven far more successful than in any other viral form of cirrhosis, with few reinfections of the grafted liver, and has given important information on HDV biology and the pathogenesis of liver damage.
Neurogastronomy: How the Brain Creates Flavors and Why it Matters: By Gordon M. Shepherd

(2013). Neurogastronomy: How the Brain Creates Flavors and Why it Matters: By Gordon M. Shepherd. Food, Culture & Society: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 327-330.
Actuality, Integrity, and Freedom in Hegel's Philosophy of Right

The central claims of this paper are two: first, that the theory of agency central to Hegel's Philosophy of Right identifies integrity as a constitutive condition of freedom; second, that the conception of integrity Hegel develops - as a matter of upholding multiple commitments both in the face of contingencies and in relation to one another - can help make sense of the possibilities for political action available to participants in late-modern societies, as well as the often surprising texture of the experience of such activity. The paper defends these claims through a close reading of the 'Morality' section of the Philosophy of Right oriented toward resolving a dilemma in contemporary democratic theory
Nanostructured composites for high energy batteries and supercapacitors

High power energy storage devices, such as Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors, are critical for the development of zero-emission electric vehicles, large scale smart grid, energy efficient ships and locomotives, wearable devices and portable electronics. This review will focus on our progress with the developments of nanocomposite electrodes capable to improve both the energy and power storage characteristics of the state of the art devices. We review recent advancements in ultra-high capacity conversion-type anodes and cathodes for Li ion batteries as well as carbon-metal oxide and carbon-conductive polymer (nano)composite electrodes for supercapacitors. Various routes to overcome existing challenges will be discussed, including various solution deposition techniques, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and electro-deposition. Several designs and implementations of multi-functional electrodes will also be presented.
Ferrocene Groups Tethered to Clay Surfaces Effect of Surfactant Chain Length on Electroactivity

A homologous series of ferrocenyl surfactants, Fc(CH 2 ) n N(CH 3 ) + 3 where n = 1, 6, or 11, have been intercalated into thin clay films in an effort to design novel electroactive nanocomposites. Cyclic voltammetry of clay-modified electrodes has been used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the surfactants. The rate of interealation into the clay and steady-state currents were found to be highly dependent on chain length. Of the three, the compound containing one carbon in the chain is the only molecule to be effectively modeled by an ion-exchange mechanism, implying that the ferrocene resides close to the surface of the clay. The electrochemistry of the two longer chain compounds is markedly different from the one with a single carbon in the chain. The six-and eleven-carbon chain compounds have been shown to generate a larger capacitive current in the clay and represent possible charge-storage devices.
Quantitative Characterization of Binder Blending: How Much Recycled Binder Is Mobilized During Mixing?

The current tendency in the asphalt paving industry is to increase the use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS). However, a major concern that limits the use of RAP or RAS is the uncertainty about how much of the aged binder in RAP or RAS can be blended into virgin binder. Studies have focused on the diffusion between old and new binders. However, little research has been conducted to determine how much recycled binder could be mobilized and made available to coat aggregates. This study developed a laboratory procedure to quantify the rate at which aged binder was mobilized for recycled mixtures containing up to 80% RAP and 10% RAS. A new term, “large molecular size percentage (LMSP),” was derived from gel permeation chromatography testing and used to characterize recycled and virgin binders as well as their blends. Blending charts were generated for virgin–aged binder blends containing 0% to 100% RAP or RAS binder in LMSP. The relationship was found to be linear between ...
DELETION OF DNA SEQUENCES BETWEEN PRE-SELECTED BASES

Publisher Summary Blunt-end ligation of a “filled-in” HindIII, Sa1 I, Ava I, or Bc1 I restriction site with a DNA fragment having A, G, C, or τ as the terminal 3´ nucleotide regenerates the corresponding restriction site. A combination of this property with the action of BAL 31 nuclease, which progressively removes basepairs from the ends of linear DNA, can generate deletions extending to desired preselected nucleotides and introduce unique restriction sites at those positions. Similarly, other restriction sites can be used to select for the deletion of sequences between specific di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-nucleotides. This chapter presents a method in which 10 base pairs were deleted from the end of a restriction fragment carrying the late promoter for bacteriophage T7 gene 1.1 to create a molecule with a unique restriction site at the initiation codon for translation.
Vibrational spectra and structure of small-ring compounds: XI. β-Butyrolactone1

Abstract The ir spectrum of β-butyrolactone in both the gaseous and liquid states has been recorded from 4000-33 cm−1. The Raman spectrum of the liquid phase has also been recorded and the thirty normal vibrations have been assigned. The interesting torsional vibration has been assigned to a band observed at 223 cm−1 in the ir spectrum of the vapor. The three-fold barrier to internal rotation was calculated to have a value of 3.3±0.3 kcal mole−1. The ring-puckering vibration was observed in the Raman spectrum at 130 cm−1 and found at 111 cm−1 in the far ir spectrum of the vapor. The data show that the first upper-state transition of the ring puckering vibration is centered at 105 cm−1. The nature of the potential energy function governing the ring-puckering vibration is discussed, and it is shown that the far- ir spectrum is consistent with a planar four-membered ring skeleton. Thermodynamic functions have been calculated for the temperature range 200–1000°K on the basis of a rigid rotator, harmonic oscillator model for all vibrations except the internal rotation for which we have used the functions for a hindered rotator.
PS-290 How An Individualised Approach Could Change The Short Bowel Syndrome Fate. Experience From Paediatric Autologous Bowel Reconstruction And Rehabilitation Unit

Background and aims Multidisciplinary treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS) can be considered to be one of the success stories of paediatric surgery. The authors present their experience during the last decade as a specialist unit using improved techniques and individualised approaches in the management of this condition. Methods Based on data from intestinal rehabilitation program started in 2000, children presenting with SBS were identified. Diagnosis, length of residual bowel, age at definitive surgery, length of bowel pre and post lengthening, and survival were recorded. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Results Fifty-three children were identified (27 boys, 26 girls). Overall survival was 94%. Forty-five children required bowel lengthening and 8 children had simple bowel reconstruction while on our protocol. 7 patients was referred after lengthening complication and after our treatment managed postoperatively in other centres outside the UK. Age at definitive surgery was 10.74 ± 7.9 months. Residual bowel length in patients’ primary treated in our unit was 32.48 ± 25.89 cm. After bowel lengthening, the bowel length was 69.91 ± 42.30 cm (p = 0,0001). Excluding the 3 patients who died, from 50 patients, 25 (50%) are now off TPN and 25 are weaning HPN (Home Parenteral Nutrition) regimen with a 3.87 ± 2.10 nights off. Conclusions Our series shows improved results not only with survival but also in the number of patients that are off TPN. Individualised approach consisting of both medical and surgical expertise is necessary in the management of these patients. The authors advocate centralisation of short bowel services to experienced centres with multidisciplinary expertise.
Selective keratinocyte stimulation is sufficient to evoke nociception in mice

The skin epidermis is densely innervated by peripheral sensory nerve endings. Nociceptive neurons, whose terminals are in close contact with epidermal keratinocytes, can be activated directly by noxious physical and chemical stimuli to trigger pain. However, whether keratinocytes can signal acutely to sensory nerve terminals to initiate pain in vivo remains unclear. Here, using the keratin 5 promoter to selectively express the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in keratinocytes of TRPV1-knockout mice, we achieved specific stimulation of keratinocytes with capsaicin. Using this approach, we found that keratinocyte stimulation was sufficient to induce strong expression of the neuronal activation marker, c-fos, in laminae I and II of the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn and to evoke acute paw-licking nocifensive behavior and conditioned place aversion. These data provide direct evidence that keratinocyte stimulation is sufficient to evoke acute nociception-related responses.
Evidence of Breakdown of Pneumococcal Polysaccharides in Vivo

SummaryType-specific PCP vaccines (types 1 and 8) were fractionated twice on Sephadex G-200 to eliminate antigen of <70,000 Mr and the vaccines were injected i.p. into rats. PCP of <70,000 Mr was excreted in the urine within 72 hr after injection, and within 1 week most of the PCP in the urine was <70,000 Mr. PCP in the urine had increased electrophoretic mobility and showed only partial immunologic identity in comparison with the injected PCP. Deposits of PCP in the renal mesangium and endothelium declined with time and were eventually eliminated from the tissue. These data indicate that types 1 and 8 PCP are slowly degraded in rats.