cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Characterization of the genes encoding beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase.

Abstract The poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic thiolase gene from Zoogloea ramigera was used as a hybridization probe to screen restriction digests of Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 DNA. Specific hybridization signals were obtained and two fragments (a 2.3-kilobase PstI fragment and a 15-kilobase EcoRI fragment) cloned in the Escherichia coli vector pUC8 (plasmids pAeT3/pAeT10 and pAeT29, respectively). Biochemical analysis of lysates of E. coli cells containing each plasmid identified significant levels of beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase enzyme activities in lysates of E. coli cells containing plasmids pAeT10 or pAeT29. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the pAeT10 insert identified two open reading frames which encode polypeptides of Mr = 40,500 and Mr = 26,300 corresponding to the structural genes for beta-ketothiolase (phbA) and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (phbB), respectively. Amino acid sequence homologies between the two bacterial and two mammalian thiolases are discussed with respect to the chain length specificity exhibited by the different thiolase enzymes.
A brief résumé of Quetelet's "A treatise on man"

(1899). A Brief Resume of Quetelet's “A Treatise on Man.”. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 366-376.
Cognitive Neuroscience Applications

Cognitive neuroscience is a discipline that attempts to determine the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes. Specifically, cognitive neuroscientists test hypotheses about brain–behavior relationships organized along two conceptual domains: functional specialization—the idea that functional modules exist within the brain, that is, areas of the cerebral cortex that are specialized for a specific cognitive process, and functional integration—the idea that a cognitive process can be an emergent property of interactions among a network of brain regions that suggests that a brain region can play a different role across many functions.
Securitization in Emerging Markets, Including Government Promotion of Securitization: A Comment on Hill & Arner

The articles by Professors Doug Arner and Claire Hill address two aspects of securitization in emerging markets. Professor Arner’s article, Emerging Market Economies and Government Promotion of Securitization, describes the benefits of securitization, provides an overview of the key underlying elements that are necessary for the development of securitization in emerging markets, and stresses the need for government leadership in the process. Professor Hill’s article, Whole Business Securitization in Emerging Markets, focuses on the benefits and value that could result in emerging markets from pursuing a relatively new form of securitization – the securitization of whole businesses.
A compiler that easily retargets high level language programs for different signal processing architectures

The authors describe a compiler for signal processing applications with high level language control structures and the ability to express computational parallelism. There are two expert system back-ends that generate code-using advice about the architecture of the target machine(s). The first back-end generates code for control flow, and the second generates code for computation. Both expert systems use a rule base that describes the number, type, and architecture of the target processors. If an instruction cannot be directly implemented, then functionally equivalent intermediate language statements are automatically generated. Currently, the prototype compiler generates TMS320 family assembly code and code for distributed memory parallel computers. >
The Correlation between the Internationalization Processes and Performance of Firms: The Case of Emerging Market Firms of the BRIC Countries

Abstract. In this empirical study we examine the correlation between the internationalization processes and financial performance of firms by focusing on the emerging market firms (EMNCs) that originate from the BRIC countries. We test the shape of the internationalization - performance curve and explore the differences on effectiveness of the sectors. Our sample data that is collected from the World Scope database that includes a total of 239 firms in which 13 of the firms are from Brazil, 58 of them from China, 156 from India, and 12 from Russia. The internationalization activities take place during the period of 2000 – 2010. Our results suggest that using only the first order term FSTS and second order term FSTS^2., demonstrates a positive relationship between DOI and ROA, a negative relationship between DOI and ROE, and DOI and ROS, and a positive relationship between DOI and ROA, DOI and ROS, and a negative relationship between DOI and ROE. The sign of the coefficient for FSTS are negative and for FSTS^2, positive. This result confirms the previous theories that financial performance decreases in the beginning of the internationalization processes, then increases with the expansion of international operations. These results are statistically significant and propose a U-shaped relationship between the financial performance of EMNCs and their degree of internationalization. Keywords: Emerging Markets, Emerging Market Multinationals, Financial Performance, Internationalization and Degree of Internationalization, Foreign Direct Investment. JEL Class.: F2, F21, F23.
Cleavage and Gastrulation in Leech Embryos

More is known about embryonic development in glossiphoniid leeches than for any other annelid. A detailed knowledge of leech developmental biology lends insight into the mechanisms by which the body plans of adult animals are first established in the embryo. Keywords: leech; cleavage; germ layer; gastrulation; segmentation
Fertility and pregnancy outcome in women with systemic sclerosis

Objective To determine fertility and pregnancy outcome in women with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) who had disease onset before age 45 years. Methods All living women with scleroderma who had first been evaluated at the University of Pittsburgh Scleroderma Clinic after January 1, 1972 were sent a detailed self-administered questionnaire in 1986 specifically concerning pregnancy outcomes and infertility. This group was compared with 2 race- and age-matched control groups, one comprising women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and one comprising healthy neighborhood women identified by random-digit dialing. We determined the number, history, treatment, and outcome of women who either had never been pregnant or had attempted to become pregnant unsuccessfully for more than 1 year. We also obtained data regarding pregnancy outcomes, including the frequency of miscarriage, premature births, small full-term infants, perinatal deaths, and births of live healthy infants. Results The study group comprised 214 women with SSc, 167 with RA, and 105 neighborhood controls. There were no significant differences in the overall rates of miscarriage, premature births, small full-term births, or neonatal deaths between the 3 groups. Women with SSc were more likely than those without SSc to have adverse outcomes of pregnancy after the onset of their rheumatic disease, particularly premature births (also seen in RA women after disease onset) and small full-term infants. Although a significantly greater number of women with SSc had never been pregnant, there were no significant differences in the frequency of never having been pregnant or of infertility in the 3 groups after adjustment for contributing factors. Conclusion This study indicates that women with SSc have acceptable pregnancy outcomes compared with those of women with other rheumatic disease and healthy neighborhood controls. Infertility was not a frequent problem. We believe that there are no excessive pregnancy risks to women with SSc or their infants. However, a well-timed pregnancy with careful obstetric monitoring will maximize the likelihood of a successful outcome.
Analysis of performance and equity in ground delay programs

The discrepancy between the projected demand for arrival slots at an airport and the projected available arrival slots on a given day is resolved by the Ground Delay Program (GDP). The current GDP rationing rule, Ration-by-Schedule, allocates the available arrival slots at the affected airport by scheduled arrival time of the flights with some adjustments to balance the equity between airlines. This rule does not take into account passenger flow and fuel flow performance in the rationing assignment tradeoff. This paper examines the trade-off between passenger delays and excess surface fuel burn as well as airline equity and passenger equity in GDP slot allocation using different rationing rules. A GDP Rationing Rule Simulator (GDP-RRS) is developed to calculate performance and equity metrics for all stakeholders using six alternate rules. The results show that there is a trade-off between GDP performance and GDP equity. Ration-by-Passengers (a rule which maximizes the passenger throughput) decreased total passenger delay by 22% and decreased total excess fuel burn by 57% with no change in total flight delay compared to the traditional Ration-by-Schedule. However, when the airline and passenger equity are primary concerns, the Ration-by-Schedule is preferred.
Methodological concerns: longitudinal studies of dementia.

Abstract. Common methodological problems in longitudinal research on dementia are discussed, applying terms and constructs from the literature on normal aging. Critique of prevailing methods suggests that longitudinal studies of dementia could be improved by more extensive pilot examination of dependent measures and by more stringent control of instrumentation bias. The impact of attrition also needs to be more thoroughly evaluated before generalizations are stated about rates and patterns of decline in dementing illness.
How we treat higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes

Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are defined by patients who fall into higher-risk group categories in the original or revised International Prognostic Scoring System. Survival for these patients is dismal, and treatment should be initiated rapidly. Standard therapies include the hypomethylating agents azacitidine and decitabine, which should be administered for a minimum of 6 cycles, and continued for as long as a patient is responding. Once a drug fails in one of these patients, further treatment options are limited, median survival is <6 months, and consideration should be given to clinical trials. Higher-risk eligible patients should be offered consultation to discuss hematopoietic stem cell transplantation close to the time of diagnosis, depending on patient goals of therapy, with consideration given to proceeding to transplantation soon after an optimal donor is located. In the interim period before transplantation, hypomethylating agent therapy, induction chemotherapy, or enrollment in a clinical trial should be considered to prevent disease progression, although the optimal pretransplantation therapy is unknown.
Vinclozolin and p,p'-DDE alter androgen-dependent gene expression : in vivo confirmation of an androgen receptor-mediated mechanism

Vinclozolin and p,p'-DDE induce antiandrogenic developmental effects in vivo and are potent inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) binding and AR-dependent gene expression in vitro. To determine whether this molecular mechanism is operative in vivo, the effects of these compounds on two androgen-regulated prostatic mRNAs were studied. Rats were sham operated or castrated and immediately implanted with one or two empty 2.5-cm silastic capsules or with one (1x) or two (2x) 2.5-cm capsules containing testosterone (T). T-implanted rats were treated by gavage for 4 days with vehicle (corn oil), vinclozolin (200 mg/kg/day), p,p'-DDE (200 mg/kg/day), or the antiandrogen flutamide (100 mg/kg/day) as a positive control. Vinclozolin, p,p'-DDE, and flutamide all induced a reciprocal decline in seminal vesicle (p < 0.01) and prostate (p < 0.01) weight as well as a reduction in immunohistochemical staining of AR in epididymal nuclei compared to vehicle-treated T-implanted controls. Specific AR antagonism was assessed by determining the ability of these chemicals to induce a testosterone-repressed prostatic message (i.e., TRPM-2) and/or repress a testosterone-induced prostatic message (i.e., prostatein subunit C3). Densitometry scans of Northern blots indicated that vinclozolin, p,p'-DDE, and flutamide each induced TRPM-2 mRNA and repressed C3 mRNA compared to vehicle-treated T-implanted controls. These antiandrogenic effects were competitively reduced in castrate rats implanted with two 2.5-cm T capsules (2x), where serum T levels were elevated more than twofold above physiological levels. Taken together, these data indicate that vinclozolin and p,p'-DDE act as antiandrogens in vivo by altering the expression of androgen-dependent genes.
A nonlinear lumped circuit model for gunn diodes

A nonlinear lumped circuit model for Gunn diodes which includes the effects due to domain extinction and nucleation phenomena is presented. The model is based upon physical principles and allows an arbitrary nonlinear drift velocity curve v(E) and a nonlinear diffusion curve D(E) to be specified by the user. It is valid for simulating arbitrary Gunn-diode circuits operating in any matured high-field domain mode, or in the LSA mode. Under additional assumptions, the model simplifies to other existing models. Several computer-simulated examples of Gunn-diode circuits operating under both steady-state and transient regimes are presented. Finally, a rigorous definition of a ‘DC’ I-V curve for Gunn diodes is offered and shown to be rather useful for predicting the qualitative behaviour of Gunn-diode circuits during all time intervals where a matured domain exists.
Modeling and control of tubular solid-oxide fuel cell systems. I: Physical models and linear model reduction

This paper describes the development of a transient model of an anode-supported, tubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Physically based conservation equations predict the coupled effects of fuel channel flow, porous-media transport, heat transfer, thermal chemistry, and electrochemistry on cell performance. The model outputs include spatial and temporal profiles of chemical composition, temperature, velocity, and current density. Mathematically the model forms a system of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs), which is solved computationally. The model is designed with process-control applications in mind, although it can certainly be applied more widely. Although the physical model is computationally efficient, it is still too costly for incorporation directly into real-time process control. Therefore, system-identification techniques are used to develop reduced-order, locally linear models that can be incorporated directly into advanced control methodologies, such as model predictive control (MPC). The paper illustrates the physical model and the reduced-order linear state-space model with examples.
Latency and connectivity analysis tools for wireless mesh networks

There has been a recent rise in interest in building networked control systems over a wireless network, whether they be for robot navigation, multi-robot systems, or traditional industrial automation. The wireless networks in these systems must deliver packets between the controller and the actuators/sensors reliably and with low latency. Furthermore, they should be amenable to modeling and characterization so they can be designed as part of a complete control system. Mesh networks are particularly suited for control applications because they provide greater reliability through path diversity.This paper introduces tools for characterizing the end-to-end connectivity of two points in a wireless mesh network as a function of latency. In particular, we use tools derived from Markov chain models to compare end-to-end connectivity in two routing protocols running on the Data Link/MAC layer provided by Dust Network's Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol (TSMP): Directed Staged Flooding (DSF) and Dust Network's Unicast Path Diversity (UPD). These models also allow us to calculate the traffic load, the sensitivity of end-to-end connectivity to link estimation error, and the robustness of the network to node failure. The paper gives an example of how these tools can be used to evaluate the feasibility of running control applications over sensor networks.
Novel Immunotherapies in GU Malignancies

Despite the development of several novel therapies in recent years, genitourinary (GU) malignancies remain associated with significant morbidity and mortality. An improved understanding of how the immune system responds to cancer has led to the clinical development of several targeted immunotherapies. Data from recent clinical trials suggests that these agents might improve the prognosis of patients with advanced GU malignancies. This review article will discuss the current state of immunotherapy and describe future directions in combination therapy and biomarker development for cancers of the kidney, bladder and prostate.
Practical calculation of amplitudes for electron-impact ionization

An integral expression that is formally valid only for short-range potentials is applied to the problem of calculating the amplitude for electron-impact ionization. It is found that this expression provides a practical and accurate path to the calculation of singly differential cross sections for electron-impact ionization. Calculations are presented for the Temkin-Poet and collinear models for ionization of hydrogen by electron impact. An extension of the finite-element approach using the discrete-variable representation, appropriate for potentials with discontinuous derivatives like the Temkin-Poet interaction, is also presented.
Unsaturated Side Chain β-11-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol Analogs

The cannabinoid side chain is a key pharmacophore in the interaction of cannabinoids with their receptors (CB1 and CB2). To study the stereochemical requirements of the side chain, we synthesized a series of cannabinoids in which rotation around the C1‘−C2‘ bond is blocked. The key steps in the synthesis were the cuprate addition of a substituted resorcinol to (+)-apoverbenone, the TMSOTf-mediated formation of the dihydropyran ring, and the stereospecific introduction of the β-11-hydroxymethyl group. All the analogs tested showed nanomolar affinity for the receptors, the cis-hept-1-ene side chain having the highest affinity for CB1 (Ki = 0.89 nM) and showing the widest separation between CB1 and CB2 affinities. The parent n-heptyl-β-11-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol was the least potent binding to CB1 (Ki = 8.9 nM) and had the lowest selectivity between CB1 and CB2.
PHYSIOLOGY OF AN OBLIGATE PHOTOAUTOTROPH (CHLAMYDOMONAS MOEWUSII). I. CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNCHRONOUSLY AND RANDOMLY REPRODUCING CELLS AND AN HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN THEIR POPULATION CURVES.

SYNOPSIS. Cultures of Chlamydomonas moewusii begun with log-phase cells of any age had the same lag phases and showed slight but demonstrable synchronous division. Those begun with stationary-phase cells had longer lag phases and showed pronounced synchronously reproductive tendencies. Cultures grown under favorable or unfavorable conditions, and their log-phase cells compared, behaved like log- and stationary-phase cells respectively. Both stationary phase and unfavorably grown cultures shared some of the characteristics of cultures synchronized by light-dark cycling. A light-dark cycled population divides synchronously in direct response to the cycle, and not as a result of being transferred from one medium to another. Synchronous division will occur as 8-fold increases with initial cell densities as low as 10 cells/ml and as high as 100,000 cells/ml. Initial concentrations above 100,000/ml will result in synchronous bursts of less than 8 times the cell number. Cycled cells will continue to divide synchronously when exposed to continuous illumination for an additional 24 hr (i.e., 1 entire “cycle” period). After 12 more hr, they divide exponentially. Continuously illuminated young log cells when subjected to a light-dark regimen begin growing and dividing synchronously by the end of the 1st 12-hr dark period (i.e., during the 2nd 24-hr cycle). The synchronized cell cycle is described cytologkally and quantitatively, and the degree of synchrony for each of the phases of the cell cycle analyzed. After comparing the data from the synchronously and randomly growing cultures, an hypothesis is suggested to explain exponential and synchronous growth and division.
Interaction between phenology and density effects on mortality from natural enemies

Summary 1. The gypsy moth is one of many early spring-feeding Lepidoptera that have outbreaks. Previous work has revealed that mortality from natural enemies varied between egg hatch dates separated by only a few weeks. However, this phenology effect was confounded with density differences caused by differential dispersal and early larval survival of the releases. 2. Five different densities of larvae were released at two different times in early spring, and monitored for the causes and amount of mortality in the field. We thus sought to separate the effects of timing and density on mortality. 3. Mortality in the larval stages due to parasitoids, disease and physiological causes was density-dependent for both release date treatments, but the slope of the mortality vs. density line was much steeper for the early release. Total mortality over the entire generation, which included additionally mortality from predation, was density-dependent for the early release but not for the late release. 4. The timing of egg hatch thus affects fecundity, mortality from natural enemies and the form of the relationship between density and mortality. These compounding effects may help explain why spring-feeding insects are liable to have outbreaks.
Deep venous thrombosis: Comparison of indirect multidetector CT venography and sonography of lower extremities in 26 patients

Objective: To compare the accuracy of indirect mutidetector row computed tomographic (MDCT) venography with lower extremity venous sonography for the diagnosis of femoropopliteal deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and to determine the frequency and location of DVT at MDCT venography. Materials and methods: Twenty-six consecutive patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism (PE) underwent both combined MDCT venography and MDCT pulmonary angiography and lower extremity venous sonography. Indirect MDCT venography was acquired from the upper calves to the mid-abdomen following MDCT pulmonary angiography. The CT venographic findings were compared with those of sonography for the diagnosis of femoropopliteal DVT. All CT scans were also reviewed for the frequency and location of DVT. Results: Indirect MDCT venography disclosed DVT in 19 patients, and 12 of whom also had PE. Seventeen patients with thrombosis in the femoropopliteal veins were identified in both indirect MDCT venography and sonography. The sensitivity and specificity of indirect MDCT venography for femoropopliteal DVT, as compared with sonography, were both 100%. In one patient DVT in the superficial femoral vein was detected using only indirect MDCT venography. MDCT venography also showed superior extension of femoropopliteal DVT to the inferior vena cava and iliac veins in four patients and thrombosis isolated to the inferior vena cava and common iliac vein thrombosis in one patient. Conclusions: Indirect MDCT venography is as accurate as sonography in the diagnosis of femoropopliteal DVT. MDCT venography can further reveal thrombus in large pelvis veins and the inferior vena cava, an important advantage over sonographic screening for DVT.
Effect of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) upon distribution and excretion of plutonium.

SummaryIntramuscular injection of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) in doses therapeutically effective in arsenic and mercury poisoning had no effect on the distribution and excretion of injected plutonium (hexavalent), whether given prior to or following the administration of the metal.
A new numerical method for shock wave propagation based on geometrical shock dynamics

In this paper, a new numerical method for calculating the motion of shock waves in two and three dimensions is presented. The numerical method is based on Whitham’s theory of geometrical shock dynamics, which is an approximate theory that determines the motion of the leading shockfront explicitly. The numerical method uses a conservative finite difference discretization of the equations of geometrical shock dynamics. These equations are similar to those for steady supersonic potential flow, and thus the numerical method developed here is similar to ones developed for that context. Numerical results are presented for shock propagation in channels and for converging cylindrical and spherical shocks. The channel problem is used in part to compare this new numerical method with ones developed earlier. Converging cylindrical and spherical shocks are calculated to analyse their stability.
Thyroxine-stimulated oxidative enzyme activity associated with precocious brain maturation in anurans. A histochemical study.

Abstract The administration of thyroxine to Rana pipiens larvae results in precocious maturation of many elements of the central nervous system. This communication reports on the demonstration, by histochemical means, of increased activity of NADPH (TPNH) diaphorase and possibly of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the hindbrain of such animals. These enzymes, in addition to their role in oxidative metabolism, may be intimately concerned with myelin biosynthesis. Enzyme activity is most striking in small neurons of the hindbrain mantle and in the ependyma. A prominent increase in enzyme activity in the ventral ependyma is associated with marked thyroxine-stimulated morphological alterations and seemingly with passage of aldehyde-fuchsin positive granules. It is suggested that this area may be involved in some thyroid-regulated secretory activity.
Oxidative coupling of methane with ac and dc corona discharges

The oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is being actively studied for the production of higher hydrocarbons from natural gas. The present study concentrated on the oxidative conversion of methane in an atmospheric pressure, nonthermal plasma formed by ac or dc corona discharges. Methyl radicals are formed by reaction with negatively-charged oxygen species created in the corona discharge. The selectivity to products ethane and ethylene is affected by electrode polarity, frequency, and oxygen partial pressure in the feed. Higher C2 yields were obtained with the ac corona. All the ac corona discharges are initiated at room temperature (i.e., no oven or other heat source is used), and the temperature increases to 300−500 °C due to the exothermic reactions and the discharge itself. The largest C2 yield is 21% with 43.3% methane conversion and 48.3% C2 selectivity at a flowrate of 100 cm3/min when the ac corona is at 30 Hz, 5 kV (rms) input power was used. The methane conversion may be improved to more than 50%...
Spatial imaging in the soft x-ray region (20-304 A) utilizing the astigmatism of a grazing incidence concave grating.

Soft x-ray (20–304-A) astigmatic line shapes were measured in order to evaluate the spatial imaging properties of a Rowland mounted concave grating in grazing incidence. The practicability of coarse 1-D spatial imaging in the soft x-ray region is demonstrated. Spatial resolution equivalent to ∼4 cm at a source distance of 2 m can be achieved with practical parameters (e.g., sensitivity and time resolution) for a fusion diagnostic spectrograph. The results are compared to computer-generated ray tracings and found to be in good agreement. The ray tracing program which models the grazing incidence optics is discussed.
Construction and Evaluation of a Number Sense Test With Head Start Children.

The reliability and, to a lesser extent, the validity of the newly created Number Sense Test was evaluated with a group of 40 3- to 5-year-old children attending Head Start. Six number sense skills (e.g., counting, number identification, addition-subtraction) and children's feelings about school were assessed both before and after instruction either in 2 of these skills (i.e., counting and number identification) or in insects (i.e., an attention control condition). The Number Sense Test was found to have high internal consistency and to be a valid means of assessing pre- to posttest improvements in instructed skills as a function of condition. Except for addition-subtraction, training effects did not generalize to non-instructed number sense skills. In neither condition did instruction have a harmful effect on children's largely positive feelings about school.
A conjectured explanation for room-temperature superconductivity in narrow channels in oxidized polypropylene

Two groups of scientists have observed conductivity at least five orders of magnitude higher than that of copper at room temperature in narrow channels perpendicular to surfaces of films in oxidized polypropylene. For pulsed currents, this conductivity starts at a minimum value of applied current, and is destroyed at a current of about 30–60 times this value. Because of the existence of an upper critical current and of the observation that electronic thermal conductivity is negligible in the channels, it is thought that the channels are superconducting. A study is made of the hypothesis that these results are due to enhanced pairing, as first suggested by Parmenter, when the drift velocity of current carriers becomes close to the velocity of sound or, in work by Hone and by the present author, to an appropriate phase velocity of optical phonons. Such enhancements can be expected to be larger in quasi-one-dimensional systems.
Effect of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin, cholera toxin and theophylline on ion transport in porcine colon.

1. The effect of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) of Escherichia coli, cholera toxin (CT), and theophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) on ion and water transport was studied with an in vivo isolated loop system of the pig colon. 2. All three agents abolished net Na absorption as a result of a decrease in the lumen to blood Na flux alone. With all three agents, net Cl absorption was reduced, but not abolished, and net HCO3 secretion was elicited. Luminal pCO2 was reduced with CT and theophylline from that observed in normal Ringer alone. 3. Theophylline resulted in a prompt and sustained increase in both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) levels in colonic mucosa studied in vitro. ST selectively elevated cyclic GMP, whereas CT selectively elevated cyclic AMP. These responses paralleled the time course and magnitude of response of the transepithelial electrical potential difference (ψLB) measured in vivo. 4. Ion replacement studies in the presence or absence of theophylline showed that in the absence of Na, Cl absorption was slightly reduced and HCO3 secretion was elicited; no further additive effects of theophylline in the absence of luminal Na were observed. In the absence of luminal Cl, net Na absorption was abolished and HCO3 was absorbed; theophylline resulted in significant net Na and HCO3 secretion. Theophylline also increased ψLB in the absence of either luminal Na or Cl. 5. Results suggest that in the presence of theophylline or enterotoxin, the coupled Na—H and Cl—HCO3 exchange processes that are normally responsible for at least half of the net NaCl absorption by this tissue are interrupted. Active HCO3 secretion is observed and Cl absorption under these conditions can be entirely explained as a consequence of ψLB. Thus, these studies indicate that the colon may participate in the production of diarrhoea of enterotoxigenic origin. They also suggest an important functional role of cyclic nucleotides in controlling the acidity and volume of colonic contents.
Clones of Chinese hamster cells cultivated in vitro not permanently resistant to azaguanine

Abstract The frequency of clones not permanently resistant to azaguanine (AG) was measured in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) grown in vitro by plating them in 7.5 μg/ml AG and isolating a number of clones in the course of 5 experiments. Such isolated clones were propagated to a point at which their resistance to both AG and the reverse selective medium, HAT, could be determined. Out of a total of 13 clones isolated, 4 of these could not be distinguished from the parent CHO line, either on the basis of their growth in a gradient of AG concentrations or the reverse selective HAT medium or on the basis of their mutation frequency to resistance to 30 μg/ml AG. All four of the apparent phenocopies were isolated from plates in which although lower numbers of cells were seeded, a higher frequency of clones able to grow in AG was yielded. This suggests that the higher “mutation” frequencies obtained at lower cell densities are due to the appearance of phenocopies which occur only under these conditions. It is concluded that under low plating density conditions, the lower levels of AG (7.5 μg/ml) are not satisfactory for mutagenesis and mutation rate studies.
Specifying behavior and semantic meaning in an unmodified layered drawing package

In order to create and use rich custom appearances, designers are often forced to introduce an unnatural gap into the design process. For example, a designer creating a skin for a music player must separately specify the appearance of the elements in the music player skin and the mapping between these visual elements and the functionality provided by the music player. This gap between appearance and semantic meaning creates a number of problems. We present a set of techniques that allows designers to use their preferred drawing tool to specify both appearance and semantic meaning. We demonstrate our techniques in an unmodified version of Adobe Photoshop®, but our techniques are general and adaptable to nearly any layered drawing package.
The Relations between Capital and Landed Property: A Reply to Fairweather:

This essay concerns the status of explanations of social change raised by John Fairweather's discussion of settler colonial development in New Zealand (1985). He opposes his own 'internalist' theory of the organisational dynamic of capital investment in pastoral economy, to an 'externalist' perspective he attributes to me, among others, characterised as 'class-based explanations of changes in agriculture' (1985, 238). What I attempt is to critique Fairweather's organisational focus as economistic and governed by a belief in technical rationality. I also respond to his caricature of my argument by restating it and examining why his own epistemology produces caricature. His 'internalist'/'externalist' dichotomy of explanations reveals the limits of an undialectical materialist analysis of the arrangement of factors of production. Thus he claims that 'the key to explanation of colonial development is the role of land and capital in pastoral capitalism' (Fairweather, 1985, 238).
A valuation-based language for expert systems

Abstract A new language based on valuations is proposed as an alternative to rule-based languages for constructing knowledge-based systems. Valuation-based languages are superior to rule-based languages for maintaining consistency in the knowledge base, for caching inferences, for managing uncertainty, and for nonmonotonic reasoning. An abstract description of a valuation-based language is given. Two specific instances of valuation-based languages are described. The first is designed to represent categorical knowledge. The ability of such a language to maintain consistency and cache inferences is demonstrated with an example. The second is an evidential language—a valuation-based language in which valuations are belief functions. The ability of evidential languages to perform nonmonotonic reasoning and manage uncertainty is demonstrated with an example.
From Redlining to Benevolent Societies: The Emancipatory Power of Spatial Thinking

Abstract This study highlights the power of place, and reconceptualizes geography education as integral to the larger project of teaching for democratic citizenship. Using an interactive web platform, the researchers asked 29 seventh grade girls to research and map significant cultural and historical places associated with an ethnic group, or women, in the city of Seattle. The students worked in teams and commented frequently on each other's contributions. Adopting a participatory action research method, the researchers studied the multiple ways in which a greater understanding of spatial production, such as processes of exclusion and inclusion, or mapping and counter-mapping, can give students the knowledge and will to challenge prevailing norms about the “naturalness” of a segregated urban landscape, or the inequitable allocation of resources. This approach follows recent feminist, anti-racist, and internationalist articulations of citizenship education, which advocate a social justice or emancipatory c...
Three dimensional power spectrum analysis of the Large Bright Quasar Sample

Abstract We use power spectrum analysis for spherical volumes to investigate clustering of the Large Bright Quasar Sample, taking into account the influences of q 0 , the boundary effect and errors in redshift determination and comparing with the results of autocorrelation function. We conclude that the quasars of this sample is not clustered, or very weakly clustered.
The readability of federal land management plans

Regulations to implement the National Environmental Policy Act state that environmental impact statements shall be written in “plain language”. Federal land management agencies operate under this guideline when they prepare plans for their lands. We examined 23 agency plans, using the Flesch Reading Ease Scale, to determine if they met this criterion. The scores show that the plans are written for people with three to six years of college education, far beyond the reading ability of the average person. The results suggest that the plans may limit or bias who participates in agency planning. National policy on the readability of the plans needs to be clarified, and agencies need to evaluate, and defend or revise, their writing programs.
Image synthesis from nonimaged laser-speckle patterns: comparison of theory, computer simulation, and laboratory results

The performance of an imaging technique relying on the spatial correlation of laser-speckle intensity measurements is evaluated on the basis of theoretical analysis, computer simulation, and laboratory results. A theoretical expression for the signal-to-noise ratio of the recovered imaging target’s power spectrum is used to estimate the imaging performance expected in the computer simulation and laboratory experiment. Power-spectrum estimates for an imaging target, obtained both in the laboratory and through simulation, are compared with the theoretical results and with the true spectrum of the target. Images recovered from the simulation data and the laboratory data are also compared. Our results suggest that the signal-to-noise ratio expression provides an accurate means for estimating the recoverable frequency content of a simple target.
The effect of hyposensitization on alternaria-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis.

Abstract Twenty-one atopic children were treated with alternaria hyposensitization therapy. Leukocytes from these children were cultured with and without alternaria and phytohemagglutinin prior to treatment, and after 6 and 12 months of treatment. Patients demonstrating positive immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity showed significant lymphocyte transformation prior to hyposensitization whereas the skin test-negative patients did not. The skin test-negative patients developed significant lymphocyte transformation after 6 months of hyposensitization. Twelve months after the initiation of therapy both skin test-negative and skin test-positive patients showed a decreased lymphocyte reactivity, and there was no longer any significant change in the concomitant phytohemagglutinin responses indicating that hyposensitization had a specific effect on alternaria-induced in vitro lymphocyte reactivity. Plasma factors were found to have modulating effects on the lymphocyte reactivity of hyposensitized patients.
iRhom2 is required for the secretion of mouse TNFα

TNFα is a powerful inflammatory stimulus, central both to the control of infection, and as an agent of inflammatory disease. The most potent inducers of TNFα secretion signal through the Toll-like receptors, and we describe here a chemically-induced mutation that impairs this response in macrophages. A missense mutation was revealed in the gene encoding the inactive rhomboid protease iRhom2, which was not complemented by a null allele of the same gene. Neither the missense nor the null allele affected TLR-induced secretion of IL-6. Moreover, unlike a mutation in TNFα, the iRhom2 missense mutation did not cause enhanced susceptibility to colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. These results establish a specific role for iRhom2 in the secretion of TNFα, and present a new target for the modulation of inflammation.
Wetting effects on boiling heat transfer: The copper‐stearic acid system

In order to study effects of wetting on heat transfer in the nucleate boiling regime, stearic acid was boiled in contact with different crystal planes of single crystals of copper. One crystal plane being wetted by the acid more completely than the other, they are called wetted and nonwetted surfaces. In the region of low heat flux, where heat transfer is primarily nonboiling natural convection, the nonwetted crystal required higher values of temperature difference than the wetted crystal for the same flux. At high values of heat flux, though not in the vicinity of the critical temperature difference, the situation was reversed; that is, the nonwetted surface required lower temperature difference than the wetted surface. In the present studies, stearic acid was boiled at about 465°F., corresponding to a pressure of 17 mm. of mercury. Heat flux ranged from 3,450 to 63,300-B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.), and temperature difference between the copper crystal and the stearic acid ranged from 38° to 132°F. The corresponding range of heat transfer coefficient was from 91 to 510 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.).
Development, preliminary testing and future applications of a rational correlation for the grain densities of vapour-deposited materials

It is conjectured and found in this work that the grain densities (suitably normalized) of vapour-deposited solid materials depend principally on competition between the successful arrival rate of their reagent molecules and the surface diffusion rate of admolecules on their growing surfaces. The ratio of these two rates defines an important dimensionless Damkohler number, called here the “burial” parameter, β. Available grain density data for seven vapour deposited materials [silicon (Si), gallium arsenide (GaAs), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), titanium oxide (TiO2), boron nitride (BN) and graphite (C)] are used to establish and test the “universality” of the proposed normalized grain density versus burial parameter correlation. As anticipated, these data show that the normalized grain densities of these materials increase with their corresponding burial parameters. Moreover, for estimated burial parameters much less than unity, the deposits formed are indeed reported to be amorphous, while the deposits are observed to be crystalline under conditions for which β ≫ 1 is estimated. As the burial parameter decreases, the reported grain densities of turbostratic, “layered”, materials are found to decrease more gradually than for materials with no turbostratic structure. While the present implementation of this basic hypothesis cannot be regarded as “complete”, it is argued that a rationally-based, reasonably “universal” vapour deposit density correlation of this general form can be quite useful in making rational predictions of deposit quality. Moreover, it appears that this path to such mechanistically plausible correlations, which, using available experimental data, can be implemented/tested even in the absence of a “complete” theory, can be broadened to include other important deposit characteristics via the introduced of additional characteristic time ratios.
Spatial Analysis of Changes in the Number of Farms During the Farm Crisis

This analysis reexamines factors affecting farm change during the Farm Crisis using spatial analysis techniques to identify important spatial factors and correct for spatial autocorrelation. Results indicate the importance of indicators of farm structure, percent of prime farmland, and state-level processes in predicting changes in the number of farms. The findings also suggest a spatially-dependent process: counties near each other in space experienced similar types and rates of change in the number of farms. Reasons for the effects of geographic proximity are explored.
Helical Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Aggregation Induced by Biotin–Avidin Interaction

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is applied to demonstrate avidin-induced cross-linking in a system consisting of a helical anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte (P1) and a biotin-tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) conjugate (2). In a previous study, we used fluorescence spectroscopy to demonstrate that 2 binds to P1 via intercalation of the TMR chromophore into the P1 helix. Addition of avidin to the P1/2 complex induces little change in the fluorescence of the system; however, FCS reveals a remarkable increase in the diffusion time of the P1/2 complex in the presence of avidin. This change is attributed to supramolecular polymer aggregates produced by cross-link formation between the biotin unit of intercalated 2 and avidin. Atomic force microscopy imaging provides evidence supporting the existence of these aggregates. The highly sensitive FCS method is used to develop a novel sensor for the biotin-avidin interaction, with a detection limit of <100 pM for avidin.
Rise of the New York skyscraper, 1865-1913

A chronicle of the history of New York's first skyscrapers. It challenges the conventional wisdom that it was in Chicago, not in New York, that the skyscraper was born.
Language, power, and pedagogy: Whose school is it?

Abstract This article describes a collaborative research and school improvement project with the village of Manokotak, the local school district, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks. This collaborative project was ostensibly about the language of instruction, English and/or Yup'ik. However, the project caused a deep rupture between the university and the school district as issues of power and ideology surfaced. This conflict reflected a deeper ongoing internal struggle between community members of Manokotak, and, in fact, the larger indigenous community about resolving dilemmas of being modern and tribal.
Nietzsche's radical experimentalism

The literary complexity of Nietzsche's writings is by now largely familiar; it needs no further display. Instead, I try to reconstruct some of his ideas such that they amount to a sustained philosophical argument and promising project, namely, an attempt to understand — after the Kantian and Darwinian turns — the very possibility of the formation and continuation of infinite varieties of forms of life.