cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formal verification of taint-propagation security properties in a commercial SoC design

SoCs embedded in mobile phones, tablets and other smart devices come equipped with numerous features that impose specific security requirements on their hardware and firmware. Many security requirements can be formulated as taint-propagation properties that verify information flow between a set of signals in the design. In this work, we take a tablet SoC design, formulate its critical security requirements as taint-propagation properties, and prove them using a formal verification flow. We describe the properties targeted, techniques to help the verifier scale, and security bugs uncovered in the process.
Simplified serum- and steroid-free culture conditions for high-throughput viability analysis of primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons

A serum- and steroid-free primary culture system was developed for the maintenance and automated analysis of cerebellar granule cell viability. Conventional poly-lysine coated 96-well tissue culture plates serve as a platform for growth, experimental manipulation and subsequent automated analysis of these primary cultured neurons. Cerebellar granule neurons were seeded at densities ranging from 2 x 10(4) to 1.25 x 10(6) cells/cm(2) and maintained in serum- and steroid-free culture conditions for 7 days. Viability was subsequently determined by the reduction of [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS), and the degree of cell death occurring over that period was determined by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). At appropriate cell densities, the results of the MTS reduction and LDH release assays were directly proportional to the initial number of cerebellar granule cells plated. Those results indicate that an initial cell density of 0.5 - 1.0 x 10(5) cells per well (0.32 cm(2)) was appropriate for simultaneous analysis with the MTS reduction and LDH release assays. Both assays were then used to demonstrate the utility of this model system for analysis of tert-butyl-hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress. Additionally, the MTS reduction assay was used to demonstrate that the NMDA-receptor selective antagonist MK-801 was neuroprotective against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. This study defines a powerful and flexible primary culture system for cerebellar neurons that is useful for high-throughput analysis of factors that influence neuronal viability.
62 MEVALONIC ACIDURIA. MEMBRANE COMPOSITION AND FLUIDITY IN AN INBORN ERROR OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

Mevalonate aciduria is an inherited disorder of cholesterol synthesis. Mevalonate kinase activity in lysates of fibroblasts from a patient was <1% of control mean and cholesterol synthesis in intact fibroblasts with labeled acetate or mevalonolactone was 33-54% of parallel controls. However, fibroblast growth rates in media containing whole serum and lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS), respectively, were normal. Mutant fibroblasts grown in the presence of whole serum had a normal cholesterol content and a normal free to ester-ified cholesterol ratio. Lipid fluidity of plasma membranes of fibroblasts was measured by steady-state fluorescence polarization. Fluorophores used were diphenylhexatriene (DPH), a cationic analogue (TMA-DPH), and a set of anthroyloxy fatty acids. For all fluorophores used the results for the mutant cells were within the normal range. Even when grown in LPDS medium, membrane fluidity of mutant cells was not increased. Hence, mutant cells were able to preserve, a normal growth rate and membrane function despite their impaired cholesterol synthesis. We are now investigating the compensatory mechanisms developed by cells with this mutation. (Supported by DFG grant K0756.)
Changes in Diet and Food Consumption of Largemouth Bass Following Large-scale Hydrilla Reduction in Lake Seminole, Georgia

Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides Lacepede growth (in length) increased an average of 14% and bioenergetics modeling predicted a 38% increase in total annual food consumption following a large-scale reduction of hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royle in Spring Creek, a 2,343-ha embayment of Lake Seminole, Georgia. Coverage of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) declined from 76% to 22% in 1 year due to a drip-delivery fluridone treatment. In contrast, largemouth bass growth only increased an average of 4% and bioenegetics modeling predicted a 13% increase in total food consumption over the same time period in the Chattahoochee River embyament, where SAV coverage naturally declined from 26% to 15%. Diets were collected from a total of 4,409 largemouth bass over a 2.5-year period in the two embayments; the primary diet item (by weight) for largemouth bass in both embayments was sunfish (mostly Lepomis spp.). Diets before and after SAV reduction were generally similar for fish greater than stock-size (≥203 mm) in the Spring Creek arm; however, fewer invertebrates were consumed after SAV reduction. Low diet similarity was observed in smaller fish, caused by a decline in consumption of grass shrimp and sunfishes and an increase in use of damselflies, shiners Notropis spp., and topminnows Fundulus spp. after SAV reduction. Diets were similar between the same time periods for all sizes of fish in the Chattahoochee River arm. These results agreed with many laboratory results describing the effects of aquatic plant density on largemouth bass food consumption and growth, and demonstrated that increased predation efficiency resulting from decreased plant abundance was likely a stronger factor determining growth rates than any potential diet shift that may occur as a result in vegetation decline.
Education in public health: expanding the frontiers.

A competent workforce is critical to the maintenance and expansion of public health activities. The signature degree in the field—the Master of Public Health (MPH)—is available to students who can commit 1–2 years (depending on prior degrees and experience) for full-time residential study; to those who can commit 2–4 years for part-time study; and as an online degree; to those who can pay tuition, often representing a heavy financial burden. Despite these multiple options for public health education, it is estimated that approximately 80% of local health department directors in the U.S. do not have graduate degrees in public health. Barriers to this training include the costs of tuition and the opportunity costs of taking time away from full-time work. The digital revolution offers the opportunity to expand the availability and uptake of education in public health, at much lower costs than programs that demand 1 or more years of full-time residence. Digital courses can be offered in a variety of formats. For instance, beginning in 2002, the Open CourseWare movement pioneered by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) offered the slide sets and lecture videos of some courses on a yearround basis; among other academic institutions, the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health has posted more than 100 of its courses as Open CourseWare. Only recently, however, have global improvements in Internet bandwidth permitted real-time video streaming, leading to the advent of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) that are much richer in format than most examples of Open CourseWare. These MOOCs not only permit the posting of lecture videos, but also the hosting of moderated discussion boards available to thousands of students, online administration of homework sets and exams, and assessment of students in a manner that is similar to conventional residential grading schemes. In contrast to the earlier generations of online education,
Structure and electronic properties of Thue-Morse lattices

We study a one-dimensional system which is neither periodic, quasiperiodic, nor random. We find that the structure factor of this system consists of a set of peaks whose heights scale with L, the length of the chain, according to ${L}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}(k)}$. We show that for k(1/2, \ensuremath{\alpha}(k)\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\alpha}((1/3)=ln3/ln2, so that all of the peaks vanish relative to the peak at the center of the Brillouin zone (which is associated with the periodicity of the underlying lattice) as the system grows. We also prove a number of other properties of these exponents. We discuss the energy spectrum of this system for both weak and strong potentials. We show how the gaps in the two limits are related, and we argue that, despite the expectations of naive perturbation theory, gaps persist in the L\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} limit.
Introduction to the germ line.

Copyright: © 2005 E. Jane Albert Hubbard and David Greenstein. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jane.hubbard@nyu.edu Introduction to the germ line* E. Jane Albert Hubbard, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
DEFLATING THE DREAM: RADICAL RISK AND THE NEOLIBERALIZATION OF HOMEOWNERSHIP

ABSTRACT:This article explores the contributions of neoliberal practice to the expansion of homeownership and the foreclosure crisis to illuminate the contradictions between the rhetorical goals of homeownership and the actual experiences of new homeowners. In doing so we explore the theories and practices that homeowners deploy to try to survive and keep their lives together. First, we review the aspects of housing policy in neoliberal regimes that led many of the homeowners we studied into both homeownership and foreclosure. In the second part, we analyze conversations from 14 focus groups in five cities with homeowners threatened with foreclosure to understand how neoliberal rhetoric and practices participated in their buying and potentially losing their homes and how they come to understand and act on their experiences of threat and failure. We conclude by redefining the foreclosure crisis and discussing the political moment of challenge to neoliberalism it created.
Characterization of the ascorbic acid transport by 3T6 fibroblasts.

Ascorbic acid transport by 3T6 mouse skin fibroblasts has been characterized using radiometric technique with l-[1-14C]ascorbic acid under the conditions in which oxidation of ascorbic acid was prevented by addition of 1 mM thiourea. The ascorbate transport is temperature-dependent with the energy of activation E and Q10 of 13.3 kcal/mol and 2.0, respectively. The transport requires energy and exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Km of 112 μM and Vmax of 158 pmol/min per mg protein, when the extracellular Na+ concentration is 150 mM. The ascorbate transport requires presence of extracellular Na+ and can be inhibited by ouabain treatment. At 40 and 200 μM ascorbate concentrations, respectively, 1.4 and 1.0 moles of Na+ bound the transporter molecule per each mole of ascorbate transported. Increased Na+ binding to the transporter at lower ascorbate concentration may signify multiple Na+-binding sites or ascorbate concentration dependent conformational changes in the transporter molecule. Increasing Na+ concentration decreases Km without affecting Vmax, suggesting that Na+ increases affinity of ascorbate for the transporter molecule without affecting translocation process. An increase in ascorbate concentration reduces the number of Na+ bound to the transporter from 1.4 to 1.0. The ascorbate transport is stimulated by Ca2+ and other divalent cations. The mechanism of stimulation by Ca2+ is not clear. Calcium increases both the Km and Vmax. The data presented support the hypothesis that the ascorbate transport by 3T6 fibroblasts is an energy and temperature-dependent active process driven by the Na+ electrochemical gradient. A potent inhibitor of ascorbate transport is also demonstrated in human serum.
Splitting the t-class group

Abstract Let D be an integral domain and S a saturated multiplicatively closed subset of D. We say that S is a splitting set if for each 0 ≠ d ϵ D, we can write d as the product d = sa, where s ϵ S and a ϵ D, with s'D ∩ aD = s'aD for all s' ϵ S. An important example of a splitting set is the multiplicatively closed set generated by a set of principal primes having the property that for each 0 ≠ d ϵ D, there is a bound on the length of a product of these primes dividing d. If S is a splitting set, then T = {0 ≠ t ϵ D | tD ∩ sD = tsD for all s ϵ S} is a saturated multiplicatively closed subset of D. We show that the map from the monoid T(D) of t-ideals of D to the cardinal product T(DS) x c T(Dt), given by A → (ADS, ADT), is an order-preservin g monoid isomorphism. Moreover, the induced map Clt(D) → Clt(DS) x Clt(Dτ), given by [A] → ([ADS], [ADτ]), is an isomorphism which splits the t-class group of D. Applications and examples of this splitting are given.
Access and social inclusion in aphasia: Interactional principles and applications

Background: People with aphasia are often excluded from full participation in communicative events and social interactions. Many consider the aphasic language deficit as the cause of social exclusion. However, social exclusion is a complex process that is situated within the wider realm of human social action. While the aphasia literature has provided data on resources and strategies that impact on inclusion and participation, other realms of social science have targeted social action in all its authenticity and complexity, and have focused on how social action is effectively established, negotiated, and sustained. A study of this literature can expand our understanding of issues involved in inclusion, participation, and communicative access of people with aphasia. Aims: This article will review a selected corpus of social science research that is outside the clinician's typical experience, but that is relevant to the issues of accessibility and social inclusion in aphasia. Main Contribution: Four interac...
The Effect of Arm Position on Hill-Sachs Engagement: A Finite Element Study

Bony lesions of the glenohumeral joint are important risk factors that often lead to recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation. A Hill-Sachs lesion is defined as bone loss from the posterior-superior aspect of the humeral head due to a compression fracture. It has been shown that the Hill-Sachs lesion is present in about 80% of initial dislocation cases and almost 100% of recurrent dislocations cases. The importance of the engaging Hill-Sachs lesion has been described by Burkhart and De Beer. The lesion is considered “engaging” when its long axis is parallel to the anterior glenoid, with the shoulder in a functional position of humero-thoracic abduction and external rotation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Permutation Representations of loops

Abstract The paper proposes a permutation representation concept for loops. A permutation representation of a loop includes a Markov chain for each element of the loop. If the loop is associative, then the concept specializes to the usual notion of a permutation representation of a group, the transition matrices of the Markov chains becoming permutation matrices in this case. The class of permutation representations of a given loop is closed under disjoint unions and direct products, each representation decomposing into a disjoint union of irreducible representations. In contrast with the group case, where regular actions abound as summands in large direct powers of a faithful representation, it is shown that a loop need not be recoverable to within isomorphism from a faithful permutation representation. The paper concludes with an application of loop permutation representations to the investigation of Lagrangian properties of a loop.
Talking Instead of Typing: Alternate Access to Computers via Speech Recognition Technology.

Speech recognition technology has been used extensively to enhance the performance of persons without disabilities. In general, speech input has proven helpful whenever optimal task performance requires the intensive coordination of the user's hands and eyes. For many people with disabilities, alternate access to computers through speech recognition technology holds the promise of lessening their dependence on others and promoting the development of their adaptive abilities. In this article, the importance of alternate access for persons with disabilities and the ways in which speech recognition technology has been used to accomplish this goal are discussed. Illustrative studies of the use of speech recognition by persons with disabilities are reviewed, and implications for the effective application of this technology are described.
Probing Titan's Atmosphere with the 1995 August Stellar Occultation

Abstract On 1995 August 21, Saturn's moon Titan occulted the 13th magnitude star GSC5254-00997. The predawn event was observed at 2.3 μm with the NASA 3.0-m Infrared Telescope Facility. We measured the average atmospheric scale height between latitudes 50°S and 67°S by fitting isothermal models to the immersion portion of the occultation lightcurve. Within the altitude range of 300 to 500 km, we find an isothermal scale height of Titan's sunset atmosphere of 55±9 km. Our derived temperature of 180±30 K is consistent with modeled temperature profiles derived from Voyager 1 IRIS observations (A. Coustenis and B. Bezard 1995, Icarus 115 , 126–140) and the 28 Sagittarii occultation event (W. B. Hubbard et al. 1993, Astron. Astrophys. 269 , 541–563). The atmospheric albedo asymmetry due to low level haze (Caldwell et al. 1992, Icarus 96 , 1–9) is inferred from the difference in Titan's center-of-light (determined from precise astrometric measurements of images of Titan and the star before and after the occultation) and the actual center of Titan (determined from the occultation analysis). We find the southern hemisphere to be brighter than the northern hemisphere, a result consistent with Combes et al. (1997, Icarus 129 , 482–497), Gibbard et al. (1999, Icarus 139 , 189–201), and Smith et al. (1996 Icarus , 119 , 336–349).
Colony spatial structure in polydomous ants: complimentary approaches reveal different patterns

Eusocial insects often live in colonies comprised of an extensive network of interconnected nests and estimating colony spatial structure and colony boundaries may be difficult, especially in cryptic, subterranean species. A combination of aggression assays and protein marking was used to estimate nest spatial distribution in field populations of the highly polydomous cornfield ant, Lasius neoniger. The estimates were first obtained via 1-on-1 aggression tests for workers collected from different nests within the research plots. The aggression tests were followed by mark-recapture field studies which utilized rabbit IgG protein. The ants were allowed to self-mark by feeding on sucrose solution spiked with the IgG protein. Colony spatial structure was detected by sampling ants from different nests and analyzing them for the presence of the marker using an ELISA test. Estimates based on aggression tests were substantially higher relative to those based on protein marking. The average colony size based on aggression tests was 2.0 ± 0.2 m2 and was significantly higher than the 1.1 ± 0.4 m2 estimate based on protein marking. The estimate based on protein marking was even lower, 0.2 ± 0.1 m2, when a Fluon-coated ring restricted ant feeding to the focal nest and prevented ants from other nests from feeding on the protein-marked sucrose. No significant correlation was detected between internest aggression and internest distance. Likewise, no correlation was detected between distance from the focal nest and the percentage of workers testing positive for the protein marker. The results show that both approaches have their own limitations, but their simultaneous use allows for a more accurate assessment of colony spatial structure. The advantages and limitations of each technique are discussed.
Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of alveolar macrophages after long-term treatment with amiodarone.

Abstract Treatment with the iodine-containing antiarrhythmic drug, amiodarone, can cause pulmonary toxicity. Alveolar macrophages are particularly susceptible to formation of lipid-rich lamellar bodies in amiodarone-treated animals. Amiodarone and several of its metabolites accumulate in the cell. Previously, we have reported that the technique of X-ray microanalysis is useful in monitoring the distribution of iodine in freeze-dried cryosections of alveolar macrophages from Fischer 344 rats 24 hr after a single dose of amiodarone. In the present study, we examine the effects of longer term amiodarone treatment of 1 or 9 weeks. Substantial changes in iodine distribution occur in the cells with increasing length of drug treatment. High concentrations of iodine are found early in the lamellar bodies. The iodine levels in the nuclei slowly increase with the length of treatment, and after 9 weeks of treatment, approach those found in the lamellar bodies. It is possible that this accumulation of iodine in the nuclei is due to the presence of polar metabolites. In addition, the potassium concentration in the cell decreases and the sodium increases with treatment duration. These changes in cations are most likely due to altered ion transport in the macrophages by the inhibition of membrane NaK-ATPase by the drug and its principal metabolite, desethylamiodarone.
Electro-osmosis on inhomogeneously charged surfaces.

The electro-osmotic flow generated by an electric field ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{E}}_{\mathrm{ext}}$ in a fluid bounded by surfaces bearing a charge varying in space is considered. Focusing on a slab geometry, I characterize the formation of steady convective rolls and describe their morphology as a function of the slab thickness. These rolls can be used to generate net currents and forces, even for zero average surface charge density. Moreover, the current (or the force) can be perpendicular to the applied field, opening the way to a variety of microscopic electromechanical devices.
Scheduling with multiple voltages

This paper presents a low power design technique at the behavioral synthesis stage. A scheduling technique for low power is studied and a theoretical foundation is established. The equation for dynamic power, P"d"y"n = V"d"d^2"l"o"a"df"s"w"i"t"c"h, is used as a basis. The voltage applied to the functional units is varied, slowing down the functional unit throughput and reducing the power while meeting the throughput constraint for the entire system. The input to our problem is an unscheduled data flow graph with a timing constraint. The goal is to establish a voltage value at which each of the operations of the data flow graph would be performed, thereby fixing the latency for the operation such that the total timing constraint for the system is met. We give an algorithm to minimize the system's power; the algorithm finds an optimal schedule. The timing constraint for our system could be any value greater than or equal to the critical path. The experimental results for some high-level synthesis benchmarks show considerable reduction in the power consumption. Using 5 and 3 V supply voltages we achieve a maximum reduction of approximately 40% given tight timing constraints. Similarly, we obtain a 46% reduction using 5, 3 and 2.4V supply voltages. For larger timing constraints, the maximum reduction is about 64% using 5 and 3 V supply voltages and a maximum reduction of about 74% using 5, 3 and 2.4 V supply voltages.
Comparative benefit-cost analysis of the Abecedarian program and its policy implications

Abstract Child care and education are to some extent joint products of preschool programs, but public policy and research frequently approach these two goals independently. We present a benefit–cost analysis of a preschool program that provided intensive education during full-day child care. Data were obtained from a randomized trial with longitudinal follow-up through age 21. Study participants were 104 economically disadvantaged children and their families. Economic benefits include increased maternal earnings, decreased K-12 schooling costs, increased lifetime earnings and decreased costs related to smoking. Net present value is positive over a range of reasonable discount rates. Program benefits are compared to estimates from other studies with particular attention to a benefit–cost analysis of a half-day preschool program that did not provide child care. Returns to early childhood policy could be improved by greater attention to how programs might maximize education and child care benefits together regardless of the primary aim of the policy's agency sponsor.
Histological evaluation of microfilled and conventional composite resins on monkey dental pulps

Summary. The pulpal responses to two micro-filled composite resins and a conventional composite resin were investigated in adult rhesus monkey teeth. All materials were randomly placed in unetched and unlined class V buccal cavity preparations. A total of 90 teeth were used in the study. Each material was evaluated at 3 days, 5 weeks and 8 weeks. Following perfusion, the teeth were prepared using routine histological procedures. The results indicated that the pulpal response to the microfilled and conventional composite resins were similar for all time periods, characterized by an initial slight to moderate response at 3 days, followed at 5 and 8 weeks by a zero to slight response with evidence of reparative dentine formation. Brown and Brenn staining for bacteria indicated positive staining reactions along the cavity wails of all teeth for all materials at each time period.
Passive Multi-Source Energy Harvesting Schemes: Multiplicity of Piezoelectrics

Energy harvesting technologies present a solution to decreasing battery size and to the in-situ recharging of batteries in mobile devices or wireless sensor nodes. Combining multiple energy harvesters to power one system can increase the viability of potential designs as solutions for many applications. This work uses LTspice circuit simulations to examine passive circuit topologies for a multiplicity of piezoelectrics as a multisource energy harvesting solution. The simulation results show increases in the maximum instantaneous power seen on the storage capacitor for both a series and parallel circuit topology. There is also an increase in the available voltage level for the series topology. However, these increases in output power and voltage are sensitive to differences in the harvester outputs. Therefore, passive multi-source topologies present a viable solution for combining the energy from a multiplicity of piezoelectric harvesters.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
An efficient wireless network discovery scheme for heterogeneous access environments

Purpose – Several new network types have emerged over the last couple of years. Many of these networks are being connected together to provide mobile users with the capability of staying always connected to the Internet which requires seamless transitions from one network to another without causing interruption to on‐going connections. To maintain connectivity during handoff, all the networks that are accessible to the mobile station need to be known. The paper aims to propose a novel energy‐efficient network discovery approach that enables fast discovery and selection of available access networks.Design/methodology/approach – The performance of the proposed approach over an actual network testbed consisting of heterogeneous networks (such as wireless local area, cellular) is evaluated.Findings – It was found that the approach yields between 12.4 and 19.1 per cent improvement in battery power consumption over other network discovery approaches.Originality/value – The paper proposes and implements a novel ...
A pipeline architecture for computing cumulative hypergeometric distributions

The hypergeometric distribution is a widely used arithmetic function and is fundamental to many statistical sampling and statistical pattern recognition problems. Computation of the cumulative hypergeometric distribution function, H(a), is extremely time-consuming. As a result, many approximation algorithms have been proposed to evaluate the cumulative hypergeometric distribution. This paper describes a two-level pipeline architecture for computing H(a) with computation complexity reduced to c+a, where c is a constant. The main part of the design is a type of recurrence computation. A modular and systematic approach is suggested to implement the recurrence formula. The computation complexity of the proposed architecture is also compared with various other known methods. The highly regular structure of the design can lead to efficient VLSI implementation.
Computer-aided, case-based diagnosis of mammographic regions of interest containing microcalcifications

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mapped-database diagnostic system in reducing the incidence of benign biopsies and misdiagnosed cancers among mammographic regions of interest (ROIs). Materials and Methods. A novel neural network was devised (a) to respond to a query ROI by recommending to biopsy or not to biopsy and (b) to map each ROI in the database as a dot on a computer screen. The network was designed so that clusters in the array of dots help the radiologist to find proved ROIs visually similar to the query ROI. This mapped-database diagnostic system was restricted to ROIs with visible microcalcifications. The neural network was trained with a stored database of 80 biopsy-proved ROIs. Results. Four radiologists acting independently on 100 ROIs recommended biopsies for 18, 15, 28, and 18 benign ROIs and misdiagnosed cancers in 11, 12, 7, and eight ROIs, respectively. Interaction with the mapped-database system reduced the numbers of benign biopsies to 11, eight, 18, and 10 cases and of misdiagnosed cancers to eight, seven, four, and three cases, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that three radiologists achieved significant improvements at P ≤ .02 and the fourth achieved a substantial improvement at P ≤ .07. Conclusion. By using a mapped database of proved mammographic ROIs containing microcalcifications, radiologists may statistically significantly reduce the numbers of benign biopsies and misdiagnosed cancers.
The ultraviolet spectrum of the oxygen afterglow and the night airglow

Abstract The spectrum of the oxygen afterglow has been obtained between 3350 and 4500 A with sufficient resolution to resolve the rotational structure of the Herzberg oxygen bands. Six unknown spectral features are present which cannot be identified with the postulated Broida-Gaydon oxygen bands. The vibrational intensity distribution of the Herzberg bands of the oxygen afterglow is compared to their distribution in the night airglow. Several of the unknown afterglow emissions appear to be able to be identified with unknown night airglow emission features. These unknown bands must come from some molecule other than oxygen.
Stiction Suppression in High Volume MEMS Products

Analog Devices has shipped over 120 million MEMS inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyros). Most are used in automotive air bag systems so high reliability is absolutely critical. the DMD die used in the Texas Instruments’ DLP image projection systems have up to 1.3 million micromirrors on each die that are designed to touch and release. the DLP product line also has a well-established record of high reliability. Clearly, both Companies have solved the problem of MEMS stiction to the extent that it no longer impacts field reliability. However, stiction remains a primary cause of failure in other micromachined products that are produced on less mature processes than those employed by high volume manufacturers like ADI and TI. This paper discusses the fundamental causes of stiction and the techniques that commercial MEMS suppliers use to suppress it.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Application of the Saha Equation to High Temperature ( or = 6000K) rocket Exhaust

Abstract : Using the SAHA equations and spectroscopic constants, the computer program in this report calculates the species populations of diatomic molecules, neutrals, ions, and electrons in a plasma. The code considers the equilibrium of a two-elements, chemically reacting plasma, by calculating the partition function for each species. By rederiving theoretically, as the JANNAF tables do, the thermodynamic properties of a rocket propellant, but using extended excitation levels, the program can estimate (above 6000 K) performance of advanced propulsion concepts. This second edition code described here considers in addition to mixtures of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (0), the species of argon (Ar), up through Cv, HII, NIV, OV, and ArV; any diatomic combination of these elements, both neutral and singly ionized. The user can enter in spectroscopic data for his own elements. Program results agree with JANNAF tables at 6000 K, for dominant species; output graphs of nitrogen species densities (3000 K to 30,000 K) and air species mole fractions (3000 K to 10,000 K) match published data. The second edition also has the additional feature of being able to calculate rocket performance based upon the input of a specific quantity of energy when running the code. This is especially valuable for calculating the high temperature performance of laser, fusion, and antiproton thermal propulsion systems which add heat to a working fluid or propellant.... SARA Equations, Interplanetary missions, Spectroscopy constants thermodynamic properties of rocket propellants, Fortran code.
Post-ischemic stress induces Erk 1/2 activation via ligand-independent activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in model intestinal epithelia

Abstract Introduction: Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate cell survival after ischemic stress. However, the upstream factors responsible for MAPK activation in this setting remain undefined. We have shown in intestinal epithelia that following ischemic stress activation of ERK 1/2 becomes evident. This post-ischemic activation occurs independently of PKC but is sensitive to the EGFR inhibitor tyrphostin AG1478 and the Src inhibitor PP2. Aim: To further define the mechanism of post-ischemic activation of ERK 1/2 in intestinal epithelia. Methods: Transient ischemic stress was induced in human intestinal T84 cells by incubation in substrate-free buffer plus the metabolic inhibitors 1μM oligomycin-A and 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose for 60 min, followed by return to glucose-containing buffer. Activation of ERK1/2 was determined by western blots of whole cell lysates comparing total to phosphorylated levels of ERK 1/2. EGFR activation and Src activation was assessed by immunoprecipitation of EGFR and Src respectively and then probing for phosphotyrosine. EGFR and TGFα neutralizing antibodies were used to prevent ligand binding to EGFR. Results: After completion of the ischemic stress, a marked increase of ERK 1/2 phosphorylation was observed starting after 20 minutes (n = 3) and lasting for 30 minutes. This response, which was attenuated by both AG1478 (n = 3) and PP2 (n = 3), was associated with an increase in EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation (n = 3) as well as an increase in Src phosphorylation. However, neutralizing antibody for the EGFR ligand and autocrine factor TGFα failed to block downstream ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, neutralizing antibody that prevents ligand-dependent activation of EGFR also failed to block downstream ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Conclusions: ERK 1/2 activation in response to post-ischemic stress is associated with phosphorylation (activation) of EGFR and Src in intestinal epithelia. However, post-ischemic stimulation of EGFR appears to occur in ligand-independent fashion by a mechanism that may involve Src. The findings are consistent with a potential role for EGFR as a therapeutic target in conditions associated with intestinal epithelial ischemia.
Method for Determination of Oxygen-18 Content of Inorganic Phosphate

The reaction of inorganic phosphate and mercuric cyanide at temperatures from 240° to 300°C leads to the quantitative conversion of the phosphate oxygens to carbon dioxide. This report describes the proper conditions for the advantageous use of this reaction for the determination of the oxygen isotope composition of the inorganic phosphate.
The changing management of childhood Hodgkin's Disease

Between 1929 and September 1974, 211 children under 15 years of age with biopsy-proven Hodgkin's disease were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. For analysis these patients were placed into three historical groups which displayed the most marked changes in diagnostic workup and therapy. They are as follows: Pre-1959-80 patients with "clinical" staging, local field radiation therapy, palliative chemotherapy; 1960-1969-86 patients with lymphangiographic staging, extended field radiation therapy, palliative chemotherapy; 1970-September 1974-45 patients with "contemporary" staging, including laparotomy, involved field radiation therapy, and/or multiple drug chemotherapy. Twenty-seven children with Stage IV disease at diagnosis or those with recurrent disease received this multiple drug regimen. This consisted of Adriamycin, followed by combined prednisone, procarbazine, and vincristine, then cyclophosphamide. Drug cycles were repeated every 3-4 months for a period of about 24 months. Twenty-five achieved remission, 20 complete and 5 partial. The median duration of complete remission was 18 plus months. This multidisciplinary management of Hodgkin's disease has shown early, encouraging results. Longer followup is needed to determine that this improvement in survival will persist into adulthood.
Quality Improvement of Canned Mung Bean (Vigna radiafa) Sprouts

The effect of calcium, ascorbic acid, citric acid and EDTA on texture, color and flavor of mung bean sprouts canned as a low-acid food (pH > 4.6) and the effect of acidification by acetic, citric, gluconic, lactic and malic acids on quality of mung bean sprouts canned as an acid-food (pH < 4.6) were examined. Either the addition of calcium or acidification enhanced texture. Texture of products canned as low-acid food increased with decreasing pH. Color was markedly improved by either EDTA combined with ascorbic acid or acidification. Processing in plain (uncoated) cans or treatment with acetic acid was detrimental to flavor. Overall, the best low-acid food product was obtained by the combination of calcium, ascorbic acid, citric acid and EDTA while the best acid-food product was obtained by acidification with gluconic acid.
Electrical ‘tuning’ in muscle spindle receptors

A variety of mechanical and electrical mechanisms have been shown to tune sensory receptors to selected stimuli. This study demonstrates the presence of electrical tuning in the mammalian muscle spindle. Apamin and tetraethyl ammonium ions (TEA), blockers of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, and ZnCl2, a Ca2+ channel blocker, were shown to change the dynamic behavior of the muscle spindle. We conclude that a Ca2+-activated K+ channel in the sensory nerve of the spindle provides negative feedback which alters its dynamic behavior tending to compensate for muscle dynamics. This mechanism is similar to that found in sensory hair cells in the cochlea and vestibule and may represent a general strategy for tuning in sensory receptors.
Seasonal patterns of growth and composition of phytoplankton in the lower Chesapeake Bay and vicinity

A twenty-three month study of lower Chesapeake Bay phytoplankton was made from February 1982 to December 1983. The major seasonal growth periods were dominated by a diatomaceous flora and a pico-nanoplankton complex composed mainly of cyanobacteria, chlorophytes and other cells <5μm in size. There was a pattern of multiple pulses throughout the year. However, the trend for maximum development occurred during the winter-spring and fall periods. The dominant diatoms were Skeletonema costatum, Leptocylindrus danicus, and Asterionella glacialis. Seasonal comparisons were made to earlier phytoplankton composition studies in the Bay. Over the past 60 years there has been a change in phytoplankton assemblages and concentrations in the Bay. Skeletonema costatum has remained a dominant species, but a more abundant and broader base of small sized, chainforming diatoms have become established. In addition, high concentrations of the pico-nanoplankton, chrysophyceans and cryptophyceans were abundant.
On the reputation of state supreme courts

A state supreme court, in making and justifying choices, uses a variety of sources of information and authority—its own precedents, scholarly commentaries, articles in law reviews, encyclopedias, restatements, and so forth. Quite often a state supreme court appeals to the wisdom or rejects the lack of it in the decision of a sister court in order to arrive at or buttress reasoning in a particularly problematic case. These citations—construed as derogation or deference—yield very handy and nonreactive indicators of hierarchies of prestige between and among the highest appellate courts of the several states. In this paper, I develop a simple and general measure of judicial reputation, present evidence on the hierarchy of state supreme courts as of 1975, show how this ranking has changed in the last 50 years, and examine competing and sometimes complementary explanations of judicial prestige. Taken together, social diversity, judicial professionalism, political ideology, and the size of case load provide an impressive explanation of the reputation of state supreme courts.
Family issues affecting women in medicine, particularly women surgeons.

o w t i s r r “ p e sent a questionnaire (Appendix 1) to 150 board-certified omen surgeons asking them to talk about their families of rigin, their experiences growing up that influenced their ecision to go to medical school, and their experiences as omen in the field of surgery (in medical school, during heir residency, and during their career as surgeons). We eceived 90 responses to our questionnaire to date. We btained the names of the respondents from 3 sources: the ssociation of Women Surgeons, which published our letter f solicitation in their bulletin; several surgical residency raining programs; and, finally, some respondents provided s with the names of other women surgeons they knew and ere interested in participating. The ages of our respondents range between 31 and 68 ears; the average age is 43.9 years. (Three women did not rovide their age.) One woman retired at age 52 because of llness, and 2 others chose to retire after age 60. All the thers are professionally active. Therefore, the majority of ur respondents are in the midcourse of their careers. Sixty f our respondents are married, and 15 of them do not have hildren. Six respondents are divorced and now single, hereas 6 have remarried after divorce. Seventeen never arried, and 1 is a widow. Sixty-nine of our respondents are hite, 4 black, 12 Asian, 3 Eurasian, 1 Native-American, nd 1 did not state her ethnicity. General surgeons comprise he largest group among our respondents. Early in the analysis of our data it became apparent that he majority of our respondents had experienced significant tress arising from the intense demands of their profession nd conflicting family pressures. According to our survey, he most stressful time for a woman surgeon was during the ears of residency training. Many women physicians beome pregnant during their residency years, yet only 16% of S programs make concessions for the women residents’ ew family needs. These concerns have been addressed by several authors. eborah Rhode [1] wrote that often “our conventional wis-
The Acute Effects of Nonstimulant Over-the-Counter Dietary Herbal Supplements on Resting Metabolic Rate.

ABSTRACTBackground: Weight loss supplements are widely advertised and highly sought out products. Many supplements claim to increase body fat utilization, increase resting metabolic rate (RMR), and to improve body composition by decreasing total body fat composition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the acute effect of nonstimulant herbal supplements on RMR and substrate utilization. Methods: Ten female and 16 male participants (mean age 23.7 ± 3.9 years; mean weight 79.2 ± 18.2 kg) completed a random-repeated measures crossover study. Participants completed a total of three RMRs by either ingesting a placebo (P) or one of two supplements [raspberry ketones (R) or metabolic activator blend (MAB)] 2 hours prior to testing. Results: No significant difference was found for RMR for P vs. MAB (p = .130), vs. R (p = .588), and MAB vs. R (p = .636). No significant difference was found for respiratory quotient for P vs. MAB (p = .056), vs. R (p = .149), and MAB vs. R (p = .764). No significan...
A recursion-based approach to simulating airline schedule robustness

Flight disruptions due to events such as inclement weather or mechanical failure are an increasing occurrence in today?s air travel. It is important to develop flight schedules that are not only economically feasible, but also provide opportunities to absorb these disruptions so as to reduce downstream delays. In this paper, we present a simulation algorithm to evaluate a flight schedule?s ability to mitigate disruptions by analyzing propagation effects on the flight network. This task is challenging for two reasons: the interdependence of flights, due to shared resources (e.g. cockpit/flight crews, aircraft), and the cyclic nature of the schedule, which repeats on a daily basis. We show how a recursion-based approach to the simulation enables us to overcome these challenges.
In Search of a Relational Theory

The author searched for empirically based theories and models with an interpersonal and relational focus. This search was conducted in spite of academic and professional psychology's general avoidance of theory building coupled with an exaggerated reliance on empirical evidence, producing a chaotic proliferation of models unrelated to each other. Requirements for any theory are verifiability, applicability, redundancy, and fruitfulness. Many two-factor relational theories and models derive from the two assumptions of space and time. From these models and theories two stand out: attachment theory and relational competence theory (RCT). Both theories attempt to link heretofore separate fields: research and practice. The major asset of attachment theory has been a multitude of studies in the English-speaking world. The major shortcoming of RCT is that research to support the validity of its models has been conducted only in Italy. However, many test instruments, enrichment programs, and interactive practice exercises for some models of RCT are available in English. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).