cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HuR-dependent SOD2 protein synthesis is an early adaptation to anchorage independence

During metastasis, cancer cells must adapt to survive a loss of anchorage and evade anoikis. An important pro-survival adaptation is the ability of metastatic tumor cells to increase their antioxidant capacity and restore cellular redox balance. Although much is known about the transcriptional regulation of antioxidant enzymes in response to stress, how cells rapidly adapt to alter antioxidant enzyme levels is less well understood. Using ovarian cancer cells as a model, we demonstrate that an increase in protein expression of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase SOD2 is a very early event initiated in response to cellular detachment. SOD2 protein synthesis is rapidly induced within 0.5-2 hours of matrix detachment, and polyribosome profiling demonstrates an increase in the number of ribosomes bound to SOD2 mRNA, indicating an increase in SOD2 translation in response to anchorage-independence. Mechanistically, we find that anchorage-independence specifically induces cytosolic accumulation of the RNA binding protein HuR/ELAVL1 and leads to increased HuR binding to SOD2 mRNA. Using HuR siRNA-mediated knock-down, we show that the presence of HuR is necessary for the increase in SOD2 mRNA association with the heavy polyribosome fraction and SOD2 protein synthesis observed in anchorage-independence. Cellular detachment activates the stress-response protein kinase p38 MAPK, which is necessary for HuR-SOD2 mRNA binding and optimal increases in SOD2 protein expression. These findings illustrate a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of SOD2, enabling cells to rapidly increase their mitochondrial antioxidant capacity as an acute response to anchorage-independence.
Own the Fall: AOA Critical Issues.

ABSTRACT Falls are the most common cause of injury to older patients, resulting in >3 million emergency room visits per year and 290,000 hip fractures annually in the United States. Orthopaedic surgeons care for the majority of these patients; however, they are rarely involved in the assessment of fall risk and providing prevention strategies. Falls also occur perioperatively (e.g., in patients with arthritis and those undergoing arthroplasty). Preoperatively, up to 40% of patients awaiting joint arthroplasty sustain a fall, and 20% to 40% have a fall postoperatively. Risk factors for falls include intrinsic factors such as age and comorbidities that are not modifiable as well as extrinsic factors, including medication reconciliation, improvement in the environment, and the management of modifiable comorbidities that can be optimized. Simple in-office fall assessment tools are available that can be adapted for the orthopaedic practice and be used to identify patients who would benefit from rehabilitation. Orthopaedic surgeons should incorporate these strategies to improve care and to reduce fall risk and associated adverse events.
Essentiality conferred

In this article I introduce a certain kind of anti-realist account of what makes a property essential to an object and defend it against likely objections. This account, which I call a ‘conferralist’ account, shares some of the attractive features of other anti-realist accounts, such as conventionalism and expressivism, but I believe, not their respective drawbacks.
Identification and classification of cis-regulatory elements in the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis

Emerging research organisms enable the study of biology that cannot be addressed using classical "model" organisms. The development of novel data resources can accelerate research in such animals. Here, we present new functional genomic resources for the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, facilitating the exploration of gene regulatory evolution using this emerging research organism. We use Omni-ATAC-Seq, an improved form of the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin coupled with next-generation sequencing (ATAC-Seq), to identify accessible chromatin genome-wide across a broad time course of Parhyale embryonic development. This time course encompasses many major morphological events, including segmentation, body regionalization, gut morphogenesis, and limb development. In addition, we use short- and long-read RNA-Seq to generate an improved Parhyale genome annotation, enabling deeper classification of identified regulatory elements. We leverage a variety of bioinformatic tools to discover differential accessibility, predict nucleosome positioning, infer transcription factor binding, cluster peaks based on accessibility dynamics, classify biological functions, and correlate gene expression with accessibility. Using a Minos transposase reporter system, we demonstrate the potential to identify novel regulatory elements using this approach, including distal regulatory elements. This work provides a platform for the identification of novel developmental regulatory elements in Parhyale, and offers a framework for performing such experiments in other emerging research organisms. Primary Findings- Omni-ATAC-Seq identifies cis-regulatory elements genome-wide during crustacean embryogenesis - Combined short- and long-read RNA-Seq improves the Parhyale genome annotation - ImpulseDE2 analysis identifies dynamically regulated candidate regulatory elements - NucleoATAC and HINT-ATAC enable inference of nucleosome occupancy and transcription factor binding - Fuzzy clustering reveals peaks with distinct accessibility and chromatin dynamics - Integration of accessibility and gene expression reveals possible enhancers and repressors - Omni-ATAC can identify known and novel regulatory elements O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=198 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/460328v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (51K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8f2155org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d56218org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11b53a2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10fb13f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
A concurrent, object-oriented implementation for the tactical level of the rational behavior model software architecture for UUV control

The rational behavior model (RBM) is a tri-level, multiparadigm software architecture for robotic vehicles, such as autonomous underwater vehicles. Among the RBM's strategic, tactical, and execution levels, the tactical level performs a role to bridge the strategic and execution levels. That is, it provides behaviors to the strategic level and controls the execution level based on the commands (behavior activations) from the strategic level. To meet these requirements while maintaining non-interrupted vehicle operation, the tactical level has to be able to handle the concurrently operating behaviors. This paper describes a concurrent, object-oriented implementation for the tactical level of the NPS autonomous underwater vehicle with use of the Ada task construct. This paper also presents evaluation scenarios and results obtained from the NPS AUV high fidelity dynamic simulator.
M. David Rudd, The Assessment and Management of Suicidality

‘‘The Assessment and Management of Suicidality,’’ which is part of the Practitioner’s Resource Series, provides a concise overview of how to assess and manage suicidal clients. Dr. Rudd emphasizes many aspects of clinical care including the importance of using precise technology, e.g., threat versus gesture, and distinguishing acute from chronic risk. The importance of the therapeutic relationship in conducting an accurate and thorough assessment is emphasized. The volume also covers other important risk factors that need to be assessed with suicidal clients, such as stressors, hopelessness, and impulsivity. The section on clinical management of the suicidal client includes a discussion of the pros and cons of no-suicide contracts. The book closes with a discussion of the importance of thorough documentation by the therapist, as well as the value of seeking consultation from other professionals whenever managing a suicidal client. ‘‘The Assessment and Management of Suicidality,’’ has many strengths. It is very easy to read, and provides useful tables, figures and appendices which will very likely enhance adoption of the materials by clinicians. Rudd meets his goal of providing a ‘‘pocket reference’’ for clinicians and trainees. The Standard Suicide Risk Assessment form provides all that is needed for a clinician to perform a thorough interview of a suicidal client. One form—the Commitment to Treatment Statement (CTS)—is particularly useful. Rather than using a ‘‘no-suicide’’ contract, Rudd advocates use of the CTS, which details the importance of attending and actively participating in therapy and implementing a crisis plan when needed. The Crisis Response Plan is also very useful, as it outlines what steps the client can take before contacting a friend or professionals. A minor weakness of the outline is Rudd’s decision not to include material on theory. He refers to his conceptualization of suicide risk as Fluid Vulnerability Theory. A brief description on the theory and its relation to his management strategies might have been useful. There is no discussion of the psychotherapy of suicidal clients but again this was not the stated purpose of the volume. Nonetheless, the author discusses how to use a thorough assessment of the suicidal client and his/her history of suicidal ideation and behavior in a therapeutic manner. This clearly written, well-organized book contains a brief but thorough summary of established practices as well as some innovative material that is very useful. Novice practitioners to seasoned clinicians should have this volume on their bookshelves. It provides in one slim book all that is needed to know on how to manage clients in crisis and in the few weeks after the acute episode of sucidality.
Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's disease.

Publisher Summary Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder of the aging brain after Alzheimer's dementia. Its clinical characteristics include resting tremor, slowness of movement, rigidity, and postural instability. This chapter reviews how inflammation is triggered in PD and which place it occupies in the sequence of events that ultimately leads to the demise of dopaminergic neurons. The chapter describes the composition of the inflammatory response in various parkinsonian syndromes, including PD per se as well as in animal models of PD. The potential beneficial and deleterious role of inflammation in PD and how it can be targeted for therapeutic purposes are also reviewed. Inflammation can involve any part of the body, including the brain. In many neurodegenerative diseases, the innate immune cells are activated and produce a variety of inflammatory mediators. There is often T-cell infiltration in affected brain areas in neurodegenerative diseases.
Ammonia Absorption from the Human Colon: The role of nonionic diffusion

Ammonia absorption from the human colon was studied by direct perfusion in 4 patients in whom surgical colon bypass procedures had been performed previously for chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Eight solutions at pH 5 (acetate buffer) and 8 solutions at pH 9 (trihydroxyaminomethane buffer) with varying NH3-N concentrations between 10 and 150 μg per ml were infused at 15 ml per min into a proximal colonic stoma for 20-min periods. In 2 patients, 12 infusions were also given at varying pH with both phosphate (pH 5.0, 6.6, 8.2) and trihydroxyaminomethane buffers (pH 7.0, 8.0, 9.0). Ammonia absorption was linearly or slightly curvilinearly related to infusate concentration in all patients at both pH 5 and pH 9. A pronounced pH effect was noted in all studies; absorption was always greater at pH 9 than at pH 5 at given ammonia levels. That the pH effect did not result solely from the different buffer anions employed was shown in 2 patients in whom absorption increased with increasing pH for each buffer system at given ammonia concentration. These studies clearly indicate that nonionic diffusion is operative in ammonia absorption from the human colon.
CM-Dragons'01 - Vision-Based Motion Tracking and Heteregenous Robots

At Carnegie Mellon, we have developed several small-size robot teams that have helped us to investigate a variety of aspects of the small-size RoboCup competition. The CM-Dragons’01 is our new team complete with new hardware and sensing and behavior-processing algorithms. Although still in the development phase, a number of modules have been developed that we feel can contribute to the RoboCup community. In this paper, we briefly describe our vision and tracking modules, the new robot hardware and our new communications modules. Our primary interest is on presenting our advances in modeling and prediction using an Extended Kalman-Bucy Filter (EKBF) that tracks the ten robots and the ball through vision. We identify that Kalman-Bucy filters are susceptible to white noise caused by misidentifications. Within CM-Dragons’01, we developed a new approach, Improbability Filtering, that addresses this problem in a computationally efficient yet principled manner.
Primary amyloidosis. Review of the literature and report of a case.

Abstract A brief review of the literature on primary amyloidosis has been presented, and a recent case with oral involvement has been reported. The oral involvement seen in this case was most striking in that the patient's only impetus to seek medical attention was the result of abnormal oral symptoms. Several of the classic oral findings were present; these included macroglossia, decreased mobility of the tongue, and defective speech. All of these abnormalities can be attributed to amyloid deposits in the tongue and associated structures. The submucosal masses of amyloid were reflected clinically as pale yellow hyperkeratotic excrescences, especially in the cheek and lip areas. In addition to the oral findings, evidence of amyloid deposits was noted on the skin in such areas as the nose, anus, and genitals. Microscopic study of the tissues submitted for examination showed the amyloid to be confined to the submucosal areas, with no extensions into the epithelial layers. Muscle tissue in many areas was totally or partially replaced by deposits of amyloid, in which were embedded residual muscle striations and nuclei. This case serves as an excellent example of a systemic condition with oral manifestations. Because of the high frequency of oral involvement, the dentist is in a unique position for the early detection of some cases of amyloidosis. He should, therefore, include this condition in the differential diagnosis when the previously mentioned signs and symptoms are prevalent.
Biochemistry of bovine lens proteins. IV. Synthesis and aggregation of -crystallin subunits in differentiating lens cells.

Abstract The vertebrate lens is composed of two distinct cell types, the epithelial cells and the fiber cells. The absolute rate of synthesis of total protein and of purified α-crystallin, a structural polymeric protein found in both cell types, has been calculated using the kinetics of [3H]leucine incorporation into organ-cultured lenses. The data show that in adult epithelial cells about 2% of α-crystallin is renewed per day, as opposed to 0.3% in cortex fiber cells. The rate of α-crystallin synthesis is about 7 times higher in epithelial cells than in cortex fiber cells; for non-α-crystallin proteins, the corresponding ratio is approximately 24. Both epithelial cells and cortex fiber cells are shown to be highly specialized for the synthesis of α-crystallin; 60% of newly synthesized protein in adult epithelial cells is α-crystallin, whereas in cortex fiber cells the proportion is 75%. The polymeric α-crystallin has been dissociated into its component subunits and the resulting mixture of polypeptide chains has been analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four discrete bands are resolved by this technique, corresponding to two acidic subunits (αA1 and αA2) and two basic subunits (αB1 and αB2). The kinetics of aggregation of these subunits to form the polymeric α-crystallin has been investigated in adult epithelial cells. Two major points emerge from this study. (a) About 60% of the leucine incorporated into α-crystallin is accounted for by subunit αA2 and about 30% by subunit αB2. Since the relative concentrations of αA2 and αB2 within the aggregate are 60% and 30%, respectively, the incorporation data indicate that in adult epithelial cells the composition of newly formed α-crystallin is identical to that of the previously aggregated molecule. (b) No significant uptake of radioactive leucine in the polymeric molecule via subunit αA1 is detectable. This is consistent with our previous report that this subunit is not a product of direct genetic translation.
Fractals and phase separation

Fractal patterns are typically observed in systems that develop far from equilibrium. Because phase separating systems are far from equilibrium following a quench, we searched for fractal correlations in two quenched systems: borosilicate glasses and micellar solutions. Because scattering techniques are used, we review the expected scattering profiles expected for spinodal decomposition, nucleation and growth, and kinetic aggregation. In the borosilicate glasses, no non-classical structures are observed unless the boron-rich phase is leached out. Upon leaching, a peak appears in the scattering profile and, depending on leaching conditions, surface fractal porosity develops. We trace the observed structure to the leach process itself, which we believe produces phase separation by nucleation and growth. Short-range structure is explained in terms of reaction-limited dissolution. In micelle solutions, we find fractal patterns following a quench along the critical isochore into the unstable regime. A quench of equivalent depth off the critical isochore into the metastable regime produces no unusual structures. Fractal scattering profiles are also observed in the single-phase regime near the critical point. These observations suggest growth of polymeric structures in the single-phase regime.
The Model Penal Code's Conceptual Error on the Nature of Proximate Cause, and How to Fix It

The Model Penal Code reconceptualized proximate cause to see it as part of the offense culpability requirements rather than as, in the traditional view, a minimum requirement for the strength of the connection between the actor's conduct and the prohibited result. That conceptual error, rare in the well-thought-out Model Code, invites misinterpretation and misapplication of the proximate cause provision, and can produce improper liability results. The failure is all the more unfortunate because the Model Code drafters did have an important improvement to offer in dealing with the challenging issue of proximate cause. Their jettison of fixed detailed rules in favor of a useful general standard – "not too remote or accidental in its occurrence to have a [just] bearing on the actor's liability or on the gravity of his offense" – could have significantly simplified and improved proximate cause analysis, but their conceptual error created needless problems that helped lead most states to reject the Model Code provision.
Religion and the American West

The standard narrative of American religious history largely omits the story of religion and the American West. Integrating this story would produce a more coherent history of American religion, allowing nuanced consideration of interactions between Native Americans and colonists and eliminating gaps in the traditional narrative. The West serves as a microcosm and predictor of national religious developments and also contributes to the study of world religions. Five themes have emerged in recent scholarship on religion and the American West: race and ethnicity; transnationalism; the construction of the category of religion; religion and the environment; and the myth of the American West. Scholars in the field face four challenges: learning from Western history’s definitional debates and defining the boundaries of religion and the American West; showing that the American West is a useful unit of regional analysis; constructing synthetic narratives of religion and the American West; and integrating the story of religion and the American West into the story of American religion as a whole.
Culture in the Marketplace: Gender, Art and Value in the American Southwest

Culture in the Marketplace: Gender, Art and Value in the American Southwest Molly H. Mullin. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001. 232 pp. 10 black and white photos, bibliography, index. $18.95 (paper); $54.95 (cloth).
Estrogen increases low-density lipoprotein receptor—independent catabolism of apolipoprotein B in hyperlipidemic rabbits

Estrogen has been reported to increase the catabolism of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apolipoprotein (apo) B by increasing LDL receptor activity. To determine the effect of estrogen on LDL receptor-independent pathways, paired turnover studies of native LDL and chemically modified LDL (methyl-LDL) were performed before and during estrogen administration in female New Zealand rabbits consuming a diet containing 0.5% (wt/wt) cholesterol. Rabbits were matched by plasma cholesterol concentration and assigned randomly to receive estrogen (estradiol cypionate 0.5 mg/kg/wk) or placebo. The residence time of both the native LDL apo B tracer and the methyl-LDL apo B tracer in plasma was decreased by estrogen but not by placebo. Multicompartmental modeling of the paired, double-labeled turnover studies indicated that an increase in fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of the fast-turnover pool, a kinetically distinct LDL subpopulation in plasma, accounted for the observed decrease in residence time in plasma for both tracers. These data support the hypothesis that, in addition to any effect on the LDL receptor, estrogen promotes the activity of LDL receptor-independent pathways.
Effect of albumin coating on the in vitro blood compatibility of Dacron® arterial prostheses

A recirculating in vitro perfusion system was used to assess the effect of albumin precoating on the thrombogenicity of Dacron vascular grafts. A complete analysis of platelet activation was carried out, involving platelet count, release, adhesion and aggregation. Fibrin formation was assessed by measuring fibrinogen levels and fibrinopeptide A production; leucocyte interaction was analysed by measuring total leucocyte count as well as an analysis of cell adhesion to the surface by scanning electron microscopy. The platelet count decreased progressively with perfusion time for Dacron until by 30 min, it had declined to 69% +/- 2% of baseline. The platelet count did not, however, change significantly from baseline when albumin-coated Dacron was tested. Release of platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin at 180 min for Dacron was 37.8 +/- 29.8 times and 66.9 +/- 18.2 times baseline, respectively, while albumin coating caused significantly less (P less than 0.03) platelet release. Albumin coating diminished coagulation activation and fibrinopeptide A formation. The total leucocyte concentration decreased significantly for Dacron by 180 min, while that for albumin-coated Dacron did not change significantly from baseline levels. Albumin coating produced a film-like covering over the Dacron. For Dacron, there were numerous leucocytes and platelets adherent to the surface, whilst cellular deposition was minimal upon the albumin-coated surface. Thus, albumin coating improved the short-term blood compatibility of Dacron by all of the methods employed in this study.
The production and use of high resolution gamma rays

The extremely high resolution required to identify individual levels at high excitation can be obtained indirectly from slow neutrons by using them to produce variable energy gamma rays. The energy variability, resolution, and intensity of these gamma rays are discussed. Estimates of their interactions with nuclear levels are given. These estimates are supported by interpreting recent data on the scattering of thermal-neutron capture gamma rays. (C.E.S.)
Mnemonic effects of testosterone and its 5α-reduced metabolites in the conditioned fear and inhibitory avoidance tasks

Abstract Experiments were conducted to examine whether performance in hippocampally-mediated learning tasks is influenced by testosterone (T) and/or its 5α-reduced metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 3α-androstanediol (3α-diol). Performance in the conditioned fear and inhibitory avoidance tasks were examined in intact and gonadectomized (GDX), androgen-replaced rats. In Experiment 1, the behavior of intact and GDX rats in the conditioned fear paradigm were compared. GDX rats spent more time freezing, an index of increased learning, in the context, hippocampally-mediated task, but not in the cued, amygdala-mediated task. In Experiment 2, GDX rats were administered T, DHT, 3α-diol, estrogen (E 2 ), or vehicle 1 mg/kg sc after training in the conditioned fear paradigm. T-, 3α-diol-, or E 2 -, compared with vehicle-administered rats, spent significantly more time freezing in the contextual, but not the cued, condition. In Experiment 3, intact compared with GDX rats had significantly longer crossover latencies, indicating better performance, in the inhibitory avoidance task. In Experiment 4, T, DHT, 3α-diol, or vehicle 1 mg/kg sc was administered to GDX rats immediately following training in the inhibitory avoidance task. Rats administered T, DHT, or 3α-diol had significantly longer crossover latencies compared with vehicle controls. In Experiment 5, androgen levels in the hippocampus were elevated 1 h following administration, when androgen exposure is essential for consolidation. These data indicate that androgens effects to enhance learning may be mediated in part by actions of 5α-reduced metabolites in the hippocampus.
Efficacy of buserelin in advanced prostate cancer and comparison with historical controls.

Buserelin (B) is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of native LHRH. Upon continued administration it reliably lowers the serum testosterone level to less than 100 ng/dl. It has been used in a clinical trial for the treatment of patients with stage C, D1, and D2 prostate cancer. Analysis of efficacy of testosterone suppression and toxicity included all 207 buserelin-treated patients. A comparison with historical controls from two National Prostate Cancer Project (NPCP) studies considered only the 147 evaluable patients with distant metastases (stage D2). All patients received buserelin, 500 micrograms q 8 hours subcutaneously (s.c.) for the first 7 days and then elected to take 200 micrograms s.c. daily or 400 micrograms q 8 hours by the intranasal (i.n.) route. Seventy-three percent elected s.c. administration. Only 2% changed the route of administration. The serum testosterone (T) level increased during week 1 in both the s.c. (426 ng/dl) and the i.n. (521 ng/dl) group but reached castrate (less than 100 mg/dl) levels by 4 weeks in 90% of patients. Subsequently, the likelihood of having a T level greater than 100 was higher for those treated by the i.n. than the s.c. route. The mean T level 4 and 12 months after therapy for the s.c. treated patients was 29 and 28. These values were 61 and 53 for those taking i.n. buserelin. This difference may in part be due to poor compliance. Toxicity was minor. Twelve percent of 151 s.c. treated patients had at least one episode of reaction at the injection site. None required discontinuation of the agent. Seventy-two percent experienced hot flushes; this was the same for both the s.c. and i.n. groups. Only 2 of 207 patients had a severe exacerbation of symptoms (spinal cord compression) during the first week of therapy. The criteria for response to therapy were those of the NPCP. There was no significant difference in the percentage of patients achieving a response when comparing the B-treated D2 patients to the NPCP D2 patients treated with DES, 3 mg daily, or orchiectomy. More of the B-treated patients entered with pain, a poor performance status, and weight loss than the DES/orchiectomy group. Nonetheless, the progression-free survival did not differ among the treatments. In summary, buserelin reliably lowers the serum T level by week 4 in 95% of men. Treatment efficacy is equivalent to a historical group treated with either DES or orchiectomy.
The standardization of the potential bone palliation radiopharmaceutical 117mSn(+4)DTPA.

Abstract Solution containing the potential bone pain palliation radionuclide 117mSn, in chloride form and as a diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) complex, have been standardized by 4πβ liquid scintillation (LS) spectrometry and 4π γ-ray spectrometry. massic activities of the stock solutions were measured in order to determine dose calibrator settings for the solutions using commericial dose calibrators. Excellent agreement in the measurement of solution massic activity between the two techniques was achieved. The massic activity of 117mSnCl4 stock solution was found to be 38.62±0.23 MBq g−1 and 38.81 ± 0.94 MBq g− with LS spectrometry and 4π γ-ray spectrometry respectively. The respective values of the massic activity of the 117mSnDTPA stock solution with LS spectrometry and 4π γ-ray spectrometry were 39.35±0.23 MBq g−1 and 39.70 ± 0.96 MBq g−1. Impurities were analyzed in several solutions and found to have emission rates on the order of 10−4 to 10−6 of the rate of the 117mSn emission at the end-of-bombardment. The largest impurities came from 113Sn and 125Sn, the activation products of isotopic impurities present in the 117Sn target. The relative proportions of the various impurities were found to be highly dependent upon the source of 117Sn target material. The implications of choice of half-life used in the decay correction of 117mSn are discussed.
Comparison of Health Professional Perspectives on the Nutritional Needs of Cancer Patients

Abstract This study assessed the best format and nutritional information components that health professionals should provide to patients during cancer treatment. A 16-item questionnaire was administered to Registered Nurses (RNs) (N=506) and Registered Dietitians (RDs) (N=367) at annual meetings attended by these professionals who work with oncology patients. Chi-square (χ 2 ) analyses (p= χ 2 analyses (p= χ 2 to determine differences between groups. Significant differences (p=
Electric and optical anisotropy and their osmotically induced changes of photoreceptor disk membrane vesicles.

Abstract Electro-optical characterization of the photoreceptor disk membrane vesicle is performed by examining the electric field and concentration dependence of the steady-state birefringence of aqueous suspensions of the vesicles. The electric polarizability anisotropy is found to be negative and of large magnitude: α 1 −α 2 = −(1−3) × 10 −10 cm 3 . The optical anisotropy is determined to be also negative but of small magnitude: g 1 − g 2 = −1 × 10 −7 . The specific Kerr constant deduced from the concentration dependence of the Kerr constant is found to be very large: K sp = 7 × 10 −4 c.s.u. Upon deforming the vesicles osmotically from the spherical shell to the disk structure, the steady-state birefringence increases by an order of magnitude which is attributed solely to the increase in optical anisotropy attending the corresponding change in the geometric eccentricity of the vesicle. A plausible birefringence mechanism based on the known structural features of the vesicles is proposed, which would account for these findings.
Nanophotonics for Solid-State Imaging

I explore the challenges and opportunities for nanophotonics that have emerged in solid-state image sensors as pixel size is scaling down to the single wavelength range following scaling of feature sizes in advanced semiconductor processes.
The game's afoot: seeking viruses that cause chronic and degenerative neurologic and psychiatric disorder.

The game's afoot: seeking viruses that cause chronic and degenerative neurologic and psychiatric disorder
THE MOTION OF TAYLOR BUBBLES IN VERTICAL TUBES. II, EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND SIMULATIONS FOR LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW

The numerical method presented in Part I is used to simulate the liquid flow around a single Taylor bubble in a vertical tube. A modified low Reynolds number k—e model is incorporated in the simulation for accurate prediction of the wall shear stress when liquid flow is turbulent. A model for free surface damping of turbulence is also included in the numerical process. The predicted rise velocity and the shape of the bubble as well as the film thickness and the wall shear stress are in good agreement with new experiments as well as earlier data.
Observation and modeling of inner divertor re-attachment in discharges with lithium coatings in NSTX

In the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX), modifications to the inner divertor plasma regimes are observed in high triangularity, H-mode, NBI heated discharges due to lithium coatings evaporated on the plasma facing components. In particular, the drop in the recombination rate, the reduced neutral pressure and the reduced electron density (inferred from Stark broadening measurements of high-n deuterium Balmer lines) suggested that the inner divertor, which is usually detached in discharges without lithium, re-attached. Experimental results are compared to simulations obtained with a 1D partially ionized plasma transport model integrated in the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiation transport code CRETIN to understand how the reduced recycling affects the divertor parameters in NSTX discharges with lithium coatings.
Hardening and microstructure evolution in proton-irradiated model and commercial pressure-vessel steels

In an effort to understand the mechanisms of irradiation embrittlement of reactor pressure-vessel steels, hardening and microstructure evolution in a number of simple ferritic model alloys and complex bainitic steels irradiated with 3.2 MeV protons over a range of doses, dose rates and temperatures were characterized. Irradiations were conducted on selected model alloys to 1 dpa, which is a much higher dose than has been explored for neutron irradiations of these materials. Irradiation hardening was determined from Vickers hardness measurements, and the microstructures were characterized using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in selected cases. At low-to-intermediate dose, the hardening trends in the proton-irradiated ferritic alloys without nickel were similar to those under neutron irradiation. Hardening also decreased with the proton irradiation temperature in this case, broadly consistent with neutron irradiation trends, and was generally relatively insensitive to dose rate. Quantitative difference...
Optical transillumination tomography with tolerance against refraction mismatch

Optical transillumination tomography (OT) is a laser-based imaging modality where ballistic photons are used for projection generation. Image reconstruction is therefore similar to X-ray computed tomography. This modality promises fast image acquisition, good resolution and contrast, and inexpensive instrumentation for imaging of weakly scattering objects, such as for example tissue-engineered constructs. In spite of its advantages, OT is not widely used. One reason is its sensitivity towards changes in material refractive index along the light path. Beam refraction artefacts cause areas of overestimated tissue density and blur geometric details. A spatial filter, introduced into the beam path to eliminate scattered photons, will also remove refracted photons from the projections. In the projections, zones affected by refraction can be detected by thresholding. By using algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) in conjunction with suitable interpolation algorithms, reconstruction artefacts can be partly avoided. Reconstructions from a test image were performed. Standard filtered backprojection (FBP) showed a round mean square (RMS) deviation from the original image of 9.9. RMS deviation with refraction-tolerant ART reconstruction was 0.33 and 0.24, depending on the algorithm, compared to 0.57 (FBP) and 0.06 (ART) in a non-refracting case. In addition, modified ART reconstruction allowed detection of small geometric details that were invisible in standard reconstructions. Refraction-tolerant ART may be the key to eliminating one of the major challenges of OT.
Two low-cost measures of child and adolescent functioning for services research

The Parent and Youth Vanderbilt Functioning Indexes (VFI-P and VFI-Y) are functioning problem indexes for children and adolescents. These are specialized assessment tools distinct from the lengthy procedures used by clinicians to assess functioning. The VFIs low cost permits adequate sample sizes in outcome evaluations of large numbers of children. They collect information on child behavior from two important sources, parents and youths. They are inexpensive to administer, require no clinicians or trained raters and produce predictive validities better than interview-based measures of functioning and popular checklist measures of pathology and competence, especially for measuring serious impairment. Each VFI was developed by; (a) selecting face-valid functioning problems; (b) eliminating all problems not adding significant predictive validity; (c) evaluating the reliability and validity of the index; and (d) comparing the VFIs validity with other popular assessments of child functioning.
Development of Clemson variable-rate lateral irrigation system

Crops in the Southern United States are generally produced in fields which are known to have a high degree of variability in soil type, water holding capacity, infiltration rates, and other major factors which affect crop production. In these fields, the ability to turn irrigation water on or off or apply variably to different segments of the field is advantageous over the conventional uniform application. A variable-rate lateral irrigation (VRLI) system was developed for site-specific application of water to match field variability. The system consists of solid-state relays controlled by custom software, air-actuated diaphragm valves, a forward speed control system and a GPS receiver. The Clemson VRLI system applies variable-rate water utilizing the nozzle-pulsing technique and variable speed control system. This system could monitor and apply water based on the actual soil moisture content, pan evaporation data, or the U.S. Climate Reference Network (CRN) data. Uniformity tests show that the system is able to control the irrigation rate from 0 to 2.5cm of irrigation water and can control the forward speed between 145 and 29m/h. The pulsing technique to deliver variable amounts of irrigation had little adverse effect on system uniformity and nozzle flow rate with an average application error of less than 2%.
Fault tolerant topology control for one-to-all communications in symmetric wireless networks

This paper introduces the problem of fault tolerant topology control for one-to-all communications in symmetric wireless networks. We investigate two algorithms to address the problem, namely Minimum Weight-Based Algorithm (MWBA) and Nearest Neighbour Augmentation Algorithm (NNAA) and prove that the former is a 4k approximation and the latter is a (k + 4) approximation. Through simulations, we evaluate the average performance of these two algorithms and find that MWBA is slightly better than NNAA in terms of the total power consumption.
A thermodynamic and kinetic basis for understanding chromium depletion in Ni-Cr-Fe alloys

Abstract Thermodynamic and kinetic models are constructed to describe the development of the chromium depleted zone in Ni-Cr-Fe alloys heated in the range 773–1173 K. The models are interactive and constitute a computer program called DEPLETE. The thermodynamic model is constructed using the Kohler method for the description of the free energy of a multi-component system. It provides the chromium concentration at the carbide-matrix interface as a function of alloy composition and temperature. The kinetic model tracks the shape of the chromium profile as a function of time at temperature and grain size. Model results show that the interfacial chromium concentration decreases for increasing carbon concentration and decreasing heat treatment temperature. Experimental verification of the model is made using high resolution energy despersive X-ray analysis via STEM. Measured results agree well with model results for the dependence of chromium depletion on various input parameters as well as the magnitude and shape of the chromium depleted zone. Experimental measurements also show that the grain boundary carbides are of the form M7C3 where M is about 96% chromium. Results confirm that carbide precipitation at the grain boundary is controlled by volume diffusion of chromium in the matrix and that in the temperature range 873 to 1073 K the chromium concentration in the grain boundary accurately approximates the carbide-matrix interfacial concentration.
In vitro and in vivo studies of ICE inhibitors

Interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE) is a cysteine protease responsible for proteolytic activation of the biologically inactive interleukin-1β precursor to the proinflammatory cytokine. ICE and homologous proteases also appear to mediate intracellular protein degradation during programmed cell death. Inhibition of ICE is a new antiinflammatory strategy being explored by the design of both reversible inhibitors and irreversible inactivators of the enzyme. Such compounds are capable of blocking release of interleukin-1β from human monocytes. ICE inhibitors that cross react against multiple ICE homologs can also block apoptosis in diverse cell types. ICE inhibitors impart protection in vivo from endotoxin-induced sepsis and collagen-induced polyarthritis in rodent models. Further optimization of the current generation of peptidyl ICE inhibitors will be required to produce agents suitable for administration in chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 64:19–26. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Counterexample Concerning Uniform Ergodic Theorems for a Class of Functions

Abstract Vapnik and Cervonenkis (1971), and Talagrand (1987), have characterized the Glivenko-Cantelli Property for independent random variables. We show that these characterizations fail to hold for stationary ergodic processes.
Na+-activated K+ channels are widely distributed in rat CNS and in Xenopus oocytes

Abstract We recorded the activity of K+ channels activated by sodium (KNa channels) in two widely used preparations, primary cell cultures prepared from neocortex, cerebellum, midbrain, brainstem and spinal cord, and Xenopus oocytes. KNa channels from all regions shared an absolute dependence on [Na+], had conductances of 140–170 pS in symmetrical 150 mM K+ and exhibited characteristic substates. The role of this channel must now be considered in terms of its widespread distribution.
When small effects are impressive

Effect size is becoming an increasingly popular measure of the importance of an effect, both in individual studies and in meta-analyses. However, a large effect size is not the only way to demonstrate that an effect is important. This article describes 2 alternative methodological strategies, in which importance is a function of how minimal a manipulation of the independent variable or how difficult-to-influence a dependent variable will still produce an effect. These methodologies demonstrate the importance of an independent variable or psychological process, even though they often yield effects that are small in statistical terms
Effects of repeated lithium injections on temperature, activity, and flavor conditioning in rats

Two experiments investigated the effects of lithium chloride on activity and rectal temperature in rats. Lithium injections, relative to saline injections in controls, caused decreases in both activity and temperature. Importantly, lithium’s effects did not diminish over the course of eight repeated injections, although preexposure to lithium did attenuate its conditioning effectiveness in a flavor-conditioning trial. The results support the idea that drug tolerance is not of great importance in the lithium-mediated US-preexposure effect in flavor conditioning.
Depression, pain, exposure to stressful life events, and long-term outcomes in temporomandibular disorder patients

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the role of psychological factors in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Orofacial pain patients' pretreatment levels of depression, disability caused by pain, and exposure to stressful life events were measured, and differences on these variables between temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease patients and patients whose pain was of muscular origin (MPD) were evaluated. The use of these variables and patient diagnostic status in predicting response to treatment in a subsample of these patients was also evaluated. Patients and Methods: Before undergoing treatment, 258 patients were administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Pain Disability Index (PDI), and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). Follow-up data on pain disability, current level of pain, depression, and satisfaction with treatment were obtained on 48 of these patients who were contacted at varying intervals after completing treatment. Results: BDI scores obtained at the outset of treatment were significantly elevated and were positively correlated with SRRS and PDI scores. MPD patients had higher SRRS, BDI depression, and PDI pain disability scores than TMJ patients, and differences between the 2 groups in pain disability were greatest in areas that are often sources of interpersonal stress. Among follow-up patients, PDI scores declined after treatment, with MPD patients showing greater decreases than TMJ patients. Independent of patients' diagnostic status, their pretreatment PDI scores were predictive of their pain level at follow-up and were inversely related to their degree of satisfaction with treatment at follow-up; their pretreatment BDI scores were predictive of their depression level at follow-up. Conclusions: The findings are consistent with previous research indicating a link between emotional dysfunction and TMD and are largely supportive of the conclusion that psychological factors play a more pronounced role when pain is of muscular origin. Promising behavioral interventions are available for TMD patients in whom psychological factors appear to be playing a significant role. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION : II. ENTRY AND SPREAD AFTER EXPOSURE OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE

Direct exposure to poliomyelitis virus of the central end of a cut branch of the V cranial nerve was followed by centripetal spread of infection to the semilunar (Gasserian) ganglion, involvement of which was detected both histologically and by subinoculation as early as the 3rd day. In some instances infection did not progress further; in others it spread into the CNS with initial involvement of the trigeminal centers in the pons and medulla as early as the 4th day and by the 5th day was further advanced but still limited to the brainstem. Once infection was established it progressed both rostrally and caudally, at times with great rapidity, through the brainstem and reached the cord on the 6th or a later day. Incidental exposure in traumatized muscle of peripheral fibers of the VII motor nerve led in some instances to spread along that pathway directly into the CNS. Application of the experimental results to human poliomyelitis is of interest chiefly in four respects. (1) The ascent of infection from a peripheral ganglion of the head area to the CNS with initial encephalitis of the brainstem and subsequent descent to the spinal cord is believed to parallel the evolution of the human disease as suggested by the character and order of development of the early symptoms and signs. (2) The failure in some instances of infection to spread from an infected peripheral ganglion to the CNS may parallel inapparent ("subclinical") poliomyelitis in man. (3) Invasion of virus through traumatized muscle directly to the CNS also has possible analogues in human experience which will be discussed in a later paper. (4) The presence of well marked and sometimes extensive lesions in the brainstem one or more days before symptoms emerge is also believed to parallel the human case.