cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Supplemental Note on the Correlation Between Fat Percentage and Yield of Milk, Milk Fat, Milk Energy

Summary Formulas are derived expressing the coefficient of correlation (r) between any two of the variables, fat per cent (f), milk yield (M), milk-fat yield (F) and milk-energy yield (FCM), entirely in terms of f and M. The 4 statistics, f ¯ \( = mean f \) , Vf \( = σ f / f ¯ \) , V M and r fM , computed from the observations of f and M afford the only data needed for the computation of r fF , r fFCM , r MF , r MFCM and r FFCM , by use of the formulas. It is presupposed that n is large and the frequency distributions normal, or fairly so. A previous result is confirmed: if r fFCM = 0 (as is characteristically the case among dairy cows) it follows as an algebraic corollary that − r fM = f ¯ 8 / 3 + f ¯ Vf VM . Biologically the relation, r fFCM = 0, is regarded as primary, and interpreted to mean that the amount of lactation metabolism is proportional to FCM and is a common denominator as between cows differing in f, but otherwise comparable.
Performance analysis of blind channel estimation for precoded multirate multiuser systems

We have proposed a blind channel estimation method for a precoded multirate multiuser communication system. The method requires subspace decomposition of a data covariance matrix. In this paper we analyze the method in the presence of imperfect estimation of the covariance matrix due to finite data sample effect. Based on perturbation theory, the first order perturbation of the noise subspace is derived. Then the covariance and the mean square error of the channel estimates are obtained in closed forms. They explicitly depend on the statistical properties of the input and the additive noise up to the fourth order. Therefore, they can be evaluated for different scenarios.
A computer based training system for process safety management

Abstract The Process Safety Management (PSM) regulations as specified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the code of federal regulations Chapter 29 Section 1910.119 (29 CFR 1910.119 ) requires employers to meet certain documentation and training requirements. A computer based system to meet both documentation and training requirement is proposed.
The frictional sliding response of elasto-plastic materials in contact with a conical indenter

Abstract Over the past decade, many computational studies have explored the mechanics of normal indentation. Quantitative relationships have been well established between the load–displacement hysteresis response and material properties. By contrast, very few studies have investigated broad quantitative aspects of the effects of material properties, especially plastic deformation characteristics, on the frictional sliding response of metals and alloys. The response to instrumented, depth-sensing frictional sliding, hereafter referred to as a scratch test, could potentially be used for material characterization. In addition, it could reproduce a basic tribological event, such as asperity contact and deformation, at different length scales for the multi-scale modeling of wear processes. For these reasons, a comprehensive study was undertaken to investigate the effect of elasto-plastic properties, such as flow strength and strain hardening, on the response to steady-state frictional sliding. Dimensional analysis was used to define scaling variables and universal functions. The dependence of these functions on material properties was assessed through a detailed parametric study using the finite element method. The strain hardening exponent was found to have a greater influence on the scratch hardness and the pile-up height during frictional sliding than observed in frictionless normal indentation. When normalized by the penetration depth, the pile-up height can be up to three times larger in frictional sliding than in normal indentation. Furthermore, in contrast to normal indentation, sink-in is not observed during frictional sliding over the wide range of material properties examined. Finally, friction between indenter and indented material was introduced in the finite element model, and quantitative relationships were also established for the limited effects of plastic strain hardening and yield strength on the overall friction coefficient. Aspects of the predictions of computational simulations were compared with experiments on carefully selected metallic systems in which the plastic properties were systematically controlled. The level of accuracy of the predicted frictional response is also assessed by recourse to the finite element method and by comparison with experiment.
Range from translational motion blurring

Lateral camera motion produces image blur inversely proportional to object range. Such an image, coupled with an unblurred image of the same scene (designated a blur-acute pair), has been studied to determine its usefulness for object ranging. It is demonstrated that a straightforward deconvolution process yields range when the scene is isoplanatic or can be approximated by a set of isoplanatic patches. It is also shown that a blur-acute pair contains more information than a stereo pair, permitting solutions in situations that are ambiguous for binocular stereo. A rotating mirror scheme is discussed which is capable of producing controlled lateral motion blur without the need for motion of the camera itself. >
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), guanylate cyclase, and intraocular pressure in the rabbit eye

Synthetic rat atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was examined for effects on guanylate-ana on adenylate cyclase activity in ciliary process homogenates and for effects on intraocular pressure in the albino rabbit eye. Ciliary process guanylate cyclase was associated predominantly with the particulate fraction and was partially activated by ANP (EC50∼1 nM) relative to a maximal dose of Na Nitroprusside (2 uM), whereas particulate adenylate cyclase (basal as well as forskolin-stimulated activity) showed no responses to ANP at doses up to 0.3 uM. Particulate cAMP phosphodiesterase activity was stimulated by low doses of cGMP (1–5 uM) in ciliary processes. Thus, ANP, acting via guanylate cyclase, has the potential to regulate phosphodiesterase activity and indirectly decrease cAMP levels in membranes derived from ciliary processes. Intravitreous injection of ANP (2–4 ug/eye) caused a small decrease (1–1.5 mm Hg) in intraocular pressure measured 16–24 hours after injection but the pressure had returned to normal...
Inference of locus-specific ancestry in closely related populations

A characterization of the genetic variation of recently admixed populations may reveal historical population events, and is useful for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with diseases through association studies and admixture mapping. Inference of locus-specific ancestry is key to our understanding of the genetic variation of such populations. While a number of methods for the inference of locus-specific ancestry are accurate when the ancestral populations are quite distant (e.g. African–Americans), current methods incur a large error rate when inferring the locus-specific ancestry in admixed populations where the ancestral populations are closely related (e.g. Americans of European descent). Results: In this work, we extend previous methods for the inference of locus-specific ancestry by the incorporation of a refined model of recombination events. We present an efficient dynamic programming algorithm to infer the locus-specific ancestries in this model, resulting in a method that attains improved accuracies; the improvement is most significant when the ancestral populations are closely related. An evaluation on a wide range of scenarios, including admixtures of the 52 population groups from the Human Genome Diversity Project demonstrates that locus-specific ancestry can indeed be accurately inferred in these admixtures using our method. Finally, we demonstrate that imputation methods can be improved by the incorporation of locus-specific ancestry, when applied to admixed populations. Availability: The implementation of the WINPOP model is available as part of the LAMP package at http://lamp.icsi.berkeley.edu/lamp Contact: heran@icsi.berkeley.edu
Pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone during the rat estrous cycle: an increased ratio of FSH to LH is secreted during the secondary FSH surge.

The hormonal interactions required for the generation of a secondary surge of FSH on the evening of proestrus have not been clearly defined. The role of GnRH in driving a surge of FSH has been questioned by findings In previous studies. In the current study, gonadotropin secretion was measured from pituitary fragments obtained from rats at 0900 and 2400 h oneach day of the estrous cycle. Pituitary fragments were perifused in basal (unstimulated) conditions or in the presence of GnRH pulses to determine whether a selective increase in basal release of FSH and/or an increase in the responsiveness to GnRI-I occurs during the secondary FSH surge. Each anterior pituitary was cut into eighths and placed into a microchamber for periftision. Seven pulses of GnRH (peak amplitude = 50 ng/ml; duration = -2 mm) wereadministered at a rate of oneper hour starting at 30 mm. Fractions of perflisate werecollected every 5 mm and frozen until RIA for LB and FSH. The mean total amount of LH or FSH secreted during the hour interval following each of the last six pulses of GnRH (or the corresponding basal hour) was calculated. Analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that the evening secretion of UI on proestrus (2400 h) dropped significantly (p < 0.05) from a maximum on the morning of proestrus (0900 h), whereas the FSH secretion remained elevated at this time. Therefore, the ratio of FSH to UI secreted in response to GnRH pulses was highest during the secondary FSH surge and lowest on the morning of proestrus. In basal conditions, the secretion of UI decreased during the perifusion, whereas the secretion of FSH increased with increased periftision time. We presume that these increases are due to the effects of the acute removal of gonadal negative feedback, particularly mnhibin. Although there were no cycle stage differences in the total release of FSH, UI, or the ratio of FSH to UI in basal conditions, there were significant differences between groups with respect to the rate of rise of basal FSH secretion. The initial FSH secretion rate was higher on the evening of proestrus compared to the morning of proestrus. We hypothesize that both increased basal FSH release and maintained FSH responsiveness, but not UI responsiveness, to GnRH pulses contribute to the generation of the secondary FSH surge.
Manufacturing classification of CAD models using curvature and SVMs

This paper used surface curvatures and support vector machines for the identification of manufacturing processes in a database of mesh based CAD artifacts. The target is to classify prismatic machined and cast-then-machined parts into their respective classification to assist the manufacturing cost estimation. Current research on shape matching techniques has used shape functions to match the gross shapes of mesh models. However, they do not adequately discriminate artifacts manufactured by different processes. Our approach shows how different kinds of surfaces can distinguish different manufacturing processes. Statistics on surface curvatures are used to construct shape descriptors; then supervised machine learning classifier support vector machines are applied to separate the two classifications.
The Role of GABAB Receptors in the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of γ-Hydroxybutyrate in Rats: Time Course and Antagonism Studies

gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a neurotransmitter in brain and an emerging drug of abuse, although its mechanism of action is poorly understood. This study characterized the role of GABA(A), GABA(B), and other receptors in the discriminative stimulus effects of GHB. Eight rats reliably discriminated 200 mg/kg GHB from saline after a median of 35 (range: 23-41) training sessions. GHB, a metabolic precursor 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDL), and the GABA(B) agonist (+/-)baclofen all occasioned greater than 83% responding on the GHB lever. The onset of action was similar for GHB and 1,4-BDL; however, 1,4-BDL exhibited a longer duration of action than GHB. The GHB precursor gamma-butyrolactone, the benzodiazepine diazepam, the neuroactive steroid pregnanolone, the opioid agonist morphine, and the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist ketamine elicited substantial GHB-appropriate responding, although none occasioned greater than 66% drug-lever responding. The barbiturate pentobarbital and the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol did not occasion greater than 17% drug-lever responding at any dose tested. The benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil attenuated GHB-lever responding occasioned by diazepam, but not GHB. The GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP 35348 antagonized GHB-lever responding occasioned by baclofen or GHB. Small doses of the purported GHB receptor antagonist (2E)-(5-hydroxy-5,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[a][7]annulen-6-ylidene ethanoic acid (NCS-382) attenuated partially the effects of GHB, whereas larger doses of NCS-382 alone occasioned partial GHB-lever responding. These results implicate GABA(B) mechanisms in the discriminative stimulus effects of GHB and further suggest that the effects of 1,4-BDL under these conditions result from its conversion to GHB. That NCS-382 shares effects with GHB could explain the lack of antagonism reported for NCS-382 in some studies.
Model for estimating electrode face diameter during resistance spot welding

AbstractA mathematical model has been constructed to predict the electrode face diameter at various stages of electrode life. The model relates the electrode face evolution process to electrode design and welding parameters such as welding current, electrode force, etc. It requires a minimum amount of experimental data to determine the numerical constant in the model, which characterises electrode wear rate. To validate the model, constant welding current electrode life test data were used. These data were derived from earlier electrode life tests on six different galvannealed steels. The electrode face diameter was continuously recorded by carbon imprint tests at 200 weld intervals throughout the life tests. Excellent agreement between the experimental results and the model predictions has been achieved. Potential applications of the model in selecting electrode design and optimising welding schedules are also discussed.
SEED-HEAD FLY INTERACTIONS ACROSS DIVERSE KNAPWEED PATCHES

Abstract Short-fringed or tyrol knapweed, Centaurea dubia (Asteraceae) is an invasive plant of fields and roadsides in the eastern United States. Insects from the plant's native Eurasian range have been introduced into North America in an attempt to control the spread of related Centaurea species. One of these biological control agents, Urophora quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae), a picture-winged seed-head fly, has dispersed throughout northeastern North America. This study examined the response of this seed-head fly to a nontarget host's (C. dubia) patch characteristics and seed production in an old field. Ninety percent of all stems contained at least one seed-head attacked by U. quadrifasciata and 59% of C. dubia seed-heads were infested. Neither location in the field, plant height, nor number of stems per patch influenced U. quadrifasciata numbers within seed-heads. Number of seeds per seed-head was influenced by location and patch size but not stem height.
Capital Gains Taxes and the Risk-Return Tradeoff

We derive cross-sectional implications of a capital gains tax rate change on the risk-return tradeoff on stock investment and show that stocks with higher accrued capital gains experience a larger risk-return tradeoff improvement after a capital gains tax rate cut. Stocks with higher dividend yields experience a larger increase (decrease) in the risk-return tradeoff when the dividend tax penalty effect dominates (is dominated by) the effect of reduced dividend yield associated with the capital gains tax cut. Studying both the Tax Relief Act of 1997 and the Revenue Act of 1978, we find stocks with higher accrued capital gains experienced larger increases in the expected return, the systematic risk, and the risk-return tradeoff after the capital gains tax cut. Stocks with higher dividend yields experienced larger decreases in the risk-return tradeoff, suggesting that the reduction in dividend yield associated with the capital gains tax cut may have dominated the dividend tax penalty effect.
Overexpression of the Medicago falcata NAC transcription factor MfNAC3 enhances cold tolerance in Medicago truncatula

Cold stress is the main factor underlying the reduction in productivity of Medicago. Medicago falcata and Medicago truncatula are two subspecies of Medicago, whose geographic adaption is limited by water, salinity and temperature. However, the regulatory signaling pathway under cold stress in Medicago is unclear. In this study, we identified a gene, MfNAC3, induced under salt, drought and cold stress. By generating the overexpression lines of MfNAC3, we observed a typical cold-resistant phenotype under both cold-acclimated and non-acclimated conditions, featured by an increased survival rate and significantly higher expression levels of the cold-responsive genes MtCBFs and MtCASs. Further investigations revealed that this gene encodes a NAC-type transcriptional factor that is localized in the nucleus and exhibits transcription activity. By performing an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we found that MfNAC3 could bind to the CATGTG and CACG motifs in the promoter region of MtCBF4. Taken together, our results demonstrate that MfNAC3 exerts a positive role in cold response and provide evidence that MfNAC3 is a positive regulator of MtCBF4.
Oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers (OSCC) bearing transcriptionally active human papillomavirus (HPV) display distinct protein expression profile

10028 Background: It is known that among HPV DNA+ OSCCs only the transcriptionally active ones are biologically and clinically relevant. pRb downregulation by HPVE7 results in p16 upregulation. We ...
2. 217 MeV state in /sup 37/Ar

Cross section and vector analyzing power data for the 2.217 MeV state in /sup 37/Ar have been measured via the (d,p) reaction at an incident deuteron energy of 11 MeV. Distorted wave Born approximation analysis of the data establishes the spin parity of this relatively weak state as 7/2/sup +/. The data are fairly well reproduced by the calculations indicating that the one-step process plays a dominant role in populating the state in the (d,p) reaction. The spectroscopic factor for the state is found to be 0.04 +- 0.01. Model calculations indicate that two-step and compound nuclear processes have negligible effects on the conclusions.
Automatic Prevention of Loss of Control Due to Winds by Bandwidth Adaptation

This paper presents a control system for automatic prevention of loss-of-control (LOC) based on the Trajectory Linearization Control (TLC) technique. Wind effects on navigation and aerodynamics of aircraft dynamic model are analyzed by singular perturbation theory qualitatively and are considered in control system reconfiguration. In order to extend the stability margin in the presence of increased singular perturbation due to wind, a timevarying bandwidth adaptive control scheme is experimentally determined and augmented to the baseline controller for real-time trade-off between the tracking performance and maximum wind tolerance capability. The effectiveness of the proposed LOC prevention system is demonstrated for wind cases on a 6 Degrees-of-Freedom (DOF) fixed-wing aircraft model with stall characteristics and control effector saturations. Analytical studies of the proposed controller will be presented in a separate paper.
The metabolic cost of communicative sound production in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

SUMMARY Bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) produce various communicative sounds that are important for social behavior, maintaining group cohesion and coordinating foraging. For example, whistle production increases during disturbances, such as separations of mother–calf pairs and vessel approaches. It is clear that acoustic communication is important to the survival of these marine mammals, yet the metabolic cost of producing whistles and other socials sounds and the energetic consequences of modifying these sounds in response to both natural and anthropogenic disturbance are unknown. We used flow-through respirometry to determine whether the metabolic cost of sound production could be quantified in two captive dolphins producing social sounds (whistles and squawks). On average, we found that metabolic rates measured during 2 min periods of sound production were 1.2 times resting values. Up to 7 min were required for metabolism to return to resting values following vocal periods. The total metabolic cost (over resting values) of the 2 min vocal period plus the required recovery period (163.3 to 2995.9 ml O 2 or 3279.6 to 60,166.7 J) varied by individual as well as by mean duration of sounds produced within the vocal period. Observed variation in received cumulative sound energy levels of vocalizations was not related to total metabolic costs. Furthermore, our empirical findings did not agree with previous theoretical estimates of the metabolic cost of whistles. This study provides the first empirical data on the metabolic cost of sound production in dolphins, which can be used to estimate metabolic costs of vocal responses to environmental perturbations in wild dolphins.
A synthetic luciferin improves in vivo bioluminescence imaging of gene expression in cardiovascular brain regions

Bioluminescence imaging is an effective tool for in vivo investigation of molecular processes. We have demonstrated the applicability of bioluminescence imaging to spatiotemporally monitor gene exp...
Applying and debugging of ADPSS in Hebei electric power grid

The applying and debugging of ADPSS in Hebei electric power grid is presented.The Advanced Digital Power System Simulator(ADPSS) can be applied in the electric power stability analysis and dynamic security assessment system.ADPSS includes PC cluster and power supply amplifier system.The debugging of ADPSS includes the test of PC cluster management software and monitor software.The experiment is carried on when the simulator is connected with physical devices.The problem encountered when debugging and their solutions are introduced in detail.At present the installation and debugging of power system digital simulation laboratory in Hebei have been finished.It is to be made use of and it will be running-in test for one year.
Research for Test Bank of Engineering Graphics on the Intelligent Composition Technique

According to these characteristics that the main parts of examination paper are graphics,drawings and letters are mixed and the sizes of drawings are diverse,this paper describes the constraining rules of auto-composition technology,puts forward a simple,efficient and practical algorithm,achieves the aim of the intelligent auto-composition function of organizing test sheet system.
The Genetics of the Human Globin Gene Loci: Formal Genetics and Gene Linkage

Various aspects of globin gene segregation and inheritance have been discussed in earlier chapters. In this section the genetics of the hemoglobins and their mutations are considered more systematically, both to define the specific principles of globin gene inheritance, and to formulate a rational basis for genetic counseling of families affected with these disorders.
Effects of Probe Marks on Shear Test of Copper Ball Bonds in Two Pad Aluminum Thicknesses

Abstract This paper continues the work of reference [1], evaluating shear test results of Cu ball bonds over a variety of probe marks in two different pad aluminum (Al) thicknesses (0.8μm and 3μm). The presence of invasive probe marks on thick Al bond pads lowers certain shear force results.. Lower values of shear force imply reduced Cu bond reliability. Physical factors are investigated relating to poor intermetallic (IMC) formation in the Cu wirebond and bond shear force. Optical microscopic image analysis of Cu bonds, bond contact areas and Al “splash” are studied for correlation with the shear test results. Percent IMC coverage of bond contact areas decrease when invasive probe marks are present beneath the bond, which in turn may reduce the shear force. Probe mark features are studied to discover the characteristics of greatest influence on % IMC coverage and shear test values in each of the pad metal thicknesses.
The incidence and clinical outcomes of peroneal nerve injuries associated with posterolateral corner injuries of the knee.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the incidence of complete and partial peroneal nerve injuries in patients with posterolateral corner (PLC) knee injuries; additionally, to compare patient-reported outcomes among patients with and without peroneal nerve injury and to examine the factors that predict the recovery of nerve function. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients who underwent PLC reconstruction or repair from 2000 to 2012 with a minimum 6-month clinical follow-up. Peroneal nerve injuries were identified, and treatments and outcomes were analyzed. IKDC and KOOS outcome scores at the final follow-up were reported. There were 61 PLC injuries in 60 patients. Sixteen of the 61 knees (26.2%) had a peroneal nerve injury at initial presentation; there were 13 complete and 3 partial nerve injuries. The median age was 31 years (15 men and 1 woman) and 31 years (33 men and 12 women) in the nerve and non-nerve injury cohorts, respectively. The median follow-up in the nerve injury group was 26 months (interquartile range (IQR): 12–48), and in the non-nerve injury cohort (n.s.) 61 months (IQR 22–85). All 13 complete injuries were treated with neurolysis: 3 were complete transections and 10 were stretch injuries. Of the ten stretch injuries, five (50%) spontaneously recovered full nerve function at the final follow-up. The remaining six patients chose definitive treatment with ankle–foot orthoses. Two of the three transected nerve patients underwent successful posterior tibialis transfer, and one chose ankle–foot orthoses. All three partial nerve injuries underwent neurolysis and had complete nerve recovery at the final follow-up. The median IKDC scores in the nerve injury group and the non-nerve injury group were 64.4 (IQR 47.8–73.3) and 72.8 (IQR 59.3–87.9) (n.s.), respectively, and the median Lysholm scores were 85 (IQR 83–92) and 86.5 (IQR 79–90) (n.s.), respectively. There were no significant differences in the rates of complications, secondary surgeries, mechanism of injury, KDIII injuries, or other injuries. This study demonstrated comparable rates of peroneal nerve injuries in PLC injuries (26.2%) to that in the literature. The rates of nerve recovery for complete disrupted injury, complete stretched injury, and partial injury were 0, 50, and 100% with an overall rate of recovery of 50%. The outcome scores were similar between patients with and without nerve injuries; however, a small cohort size led to limitations in statistical analysis. Thus, a prolonged trial of non-operative treatment is recommended for peroneal nerve injuries to allow for assessment of nerve recovery and patient outcome before entertaining surgical treatments. Level IV.
Development of Maltodextrin-Based Immediate-Release Tablets Using an Integrated Twin-Screw Hot-Melt Extrusion and Injection-Molding Continuous Manufacturing Process

Abstract The combination of hot-melt extrusion and injection molding (HME-IM) is a promising process technology for continuous manufacturing of tablets. However, there has been limited research on its application to formulate crystalline drug–containing immediate-release tablets. Furthermore, studies that have applied the HME-IM process to molded tablets have used a noncontinuous 2-step approach. The present study develops maltodextrin (MDX)-based extrusion-molded immediate-release tablets for a crystalline drug (griseofulvin) using an integrated twin-screw HME-IM continuous process. At 10% w/w drug loading, MDX was selected as the tablet matrix former based on a preliminary screen. Furthermore, liquid and solid polyols were evaluated for melt processing of MDX and for impact on tablet performance. Smooth-surfaced tablets, comprising crystalline griseofulvin solid suspension in the amorphous MDX-xylitol matrix, were produced by a continuous process on a twin-screw extruder coupled to a horizontally opening IM machine. Real-time HME process profiles were used to develop automated HME-IM cycles. Formulation adjustments overcame process challenges and improved tablet strength. The developed MDX tablets exhibited adequate strength and a fast-dissolving matrix (85% drug release in 20 min), and maintained performance on accelerated stability conditions.
The pharmacological treatment of acute HIV infections in neonates.

INTRODUCTION Recent goals of antiretroviral treatment of neonates have expanded from reducing morbidity and mortality to also aiming to facilitate HIV remission. Areas covered: In this review, we present and discuss the rationale and evidence-bases for each of these distinct goals. Next we discuss the challenges of how to identify HIV-infected neonates. Finally, we discuss the specific antiretroviral drugs that are preferred for this group, making distinctions between the use of these agents in prevention and treatment. Expert commentary: The clinical and scientific challenges of pharmacological treatment of acute HIV infection in neonates are complicated by externalities beyond biology. At the same time, these challenges are energized by the unique biological opportunities afforded by investigating this population, including a unique immune profile, ability to study both mother and neonate as well as transmitted and acquired virus, and time period spanning both the period soon after infection as well as the period of viral reservoir establishment and related damage. Given the unique scientific opportunities afforded by study of pharmacologic treatment of acute HIV infection in neonates, we hypothesize that over the next five years breakthroughs may occur that may lead to new interventions effective at achieving HIV remission.
Demonstrations of Friction Compensation

To demonstrate the accuracy of the friction model open-loop moves were undertaken. For the spatial motions demonstrated in sections 8.1 and 8.2, friction was predicted using a three component model: 1 Kinetic Friction; 2 Viscous Friction 3 A Table Lookup to Compensate for Position-Dependent Friction.
Beyond the Chatbot: Enhancing Search with Cognitive Capabilities

Conversational chatbot interfaces face pragmatic challenges that must be overcome in order for the user to obtain a positive end user experience. For example, users must understand the rules associated with the chatbot (domain, context, understanding of natural language, etc.). A null result will often end with, “Let me search the web for you”, which can lead to dissatisfaction in the technology or system. This paper discusses an enterprise solution, which turns the expectation around for the user. Starting with a traditional search, the cognitive agent can work with the search keywords in the background to determine if intervention will provide value. If the cognitive evaluation has sufficient confidence in a solution, it is provided in addition to the traditional search results, which will likely delight the user. If the cognitive evaluation has insufficient confidence, the user receives traditional search results with no loss in user expectation.
Herbicide Stress: Use of Biotechnology to Confer Herbicide Resistance to Selected Woody Plants

The control of weed competition with herbicides represents a major opportunity for increasing forest yields and decreasing the costs of production. However, many herbicides damage the crop trees unless precisely applied. As a consequence, suboptimum weed control is often accepted in current silvicultural practice. Herbicide selectivity for weeds versus crop can be achieved in three ways; avoidance, tolerance, and resistance. Broad spectrum herbicide selectivity in tree plantations is currently limited to avoidance and species-level tolerance. The new biotechnologies provide a means of imparting herbicide tolerance and resistance to specific tree genotypes, thereby allowing important improvements in weed control. The availability of herbicide-resistant hardwoods (angiospermous trees) would allow large-scale plantations of these trees in developed countries. The primary mode of action of an herbicide is a key to understanding the stress effects of that chemical on the forest stand and to evaluating it as a candidate for a biotechnology program. Some of the most promising ways of achieving herbicide tolerance or resistance in forest trees are through detoxification (metabolism) of the herbicide, overproduction of the target enzyme of the herbicide, and alteration of the target protein of the herbicide. Potentially genes for these characteristics could be incorporated in trees through somaclonal selection and recombinant DNA technologies. Based on several scientific, economic, and environmental criteria, glyphosate, the sulfonylureas, and the imidazolinones are good candidate herbicides for which to develop resistance in forest trees. Research in this area, initiated in 1984, is described.
Planned care for obesity and cardiovascular risk reduction using a stepped-down approach: A randomized-controlled trial.

Abstract Primary care-based approaches to address concurrent obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) that begin with a high intensity intervention that is subsequently decreased (i.e., stepped-down) if weight loss is achieved have not been rigorously examined. Our study is a 20-month, single-blind randomized controlled trial at five primary care clinics in San Diego, CA, in 2013, where 262 obese adults (aged 25–70 years; 32.1% male; 59.2% white) with at least one CVDRF were enrolled into planned care for obesity and risk reduction (PCORR) using a stepped-down approach or enhanced usual care (EUC). All patients received physician recommendations for weight loss and CVDRFs. EUC patients (n = 132) received an individual session with a health educator every 4 months. PCORR patients (n = 130) received individual and group sessions (in-person, mail, telephone, and email) in three steps, characterized by less contact if success was achieved. At 20 months, 40.7%, 23.8%, and 15.4% of PCORR patients were in steps 1, 2, and 3, respectively (25.2% were lost to follow-up). PCORR resulted in a between-group difference in reduction in body weight of 6.1% [95% CI, 5.3 to 6.9] compared to EUC 2.8% [95% CI, 2.0 to 3.6] p = 0.007, with a greater reduction in BMI (35.2 [95% CI, 34.4 to 35.9] to 33.7 [95% CI, 32.9 to 34.5] kg/m2) than EUC (36.0 [95% CI, 35.3 to 36.8] to 35.1 [95% CI, 34.3 to 35.9] kg/m2), as indicated by a significant treatment by time interaction (p = 0.009). PCORR resulted in greater weight loss over 20 months than EUC. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01134029
The Future of Intestinal Fibrosis Imaging

Though the capabilities of available imaging technologies to assess intestinal damage have substantially improved, emerging alternative non-invasive imaging methods may offer advancements in detecting and quantifying intestinal fibrosis in the inflammatory bowel diseases. Both the immediate clinical need to measure fibrosis for therapeutic decision-making and the near-future need for tools to assess pipeline anti-fibrotic medications highlight the demand for better non-invasive biomarkers of fibrosis in Crohn’s disease. Developing imaging platforms assessing tissue mechanical properties, perfusion characteristics, and structural protein content provide new perspectives and possibilities for approaching intestinal fibrosis quantitation. In this chapter, we will discuss existing, emerging, and experimental imaging methods using ultrasound elastography, novel MRI sequences, and photoacoustic imaging to measure fibrosis in Crohn’s disease.
Herding tendency among investors with heterogeneous information: Evidence from China’s equity markets

Abstract We investigate herding behavior using daily data of 87 Chinese stocks cross-listed on the A- and B-markets between 1996–2012, and shed light on herding within and between groups of investors with heterogeneous information. In addition to examining unconditional herding before and after the 2001-02 Chinese market liberalization, we explore different patterns of herd formation under different information environments. The results show that herding is present in both markets; however, while its intensity dropped significantly in the B-market after liberalization, it remains relatively unchanged in the A-market. Investors in the A-market exhibit intentional (non-fundamental) and unintentional (fundamental) herding over the entire period, while investors in the B-market exhibit intentional herding prior to market liberalization as well as both intentional and unintentional herding thereafter. Additionally, the results reveal possible interactions among and between arbitrageurs and noise traders in both markets.
Morbidity and Mortality of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia: How Can Emergency Medicine Clinicians Impact Outcomes?

Acute mesenteric ischemia is a relatively uncommon condition with a very high mortality. Emergency medicine physicians can limit these adverse outcomes by maintaining a high suspicion in those patients with abdominal pain and risk factors. Avoiding and preventing delays in making a diagnosis is paramount in those patients with suspected acute mesenteric ischemia. Early surgical involvement for definitive management, including revascularization and/or removal of ischemic bowel, within the first 12 h can improve outcome. Despite the high mortality of this disease, those patients who undergo early, successful intervention have relatively little morbidity secondary to this disease.
Stress and parenting predict changes in adolescent respiratory sinus arrhythmia.

Adolescence is a critical period for the development of physiological emotion regulatory systems. While stressful life experiences are known to inhibit adaptive regulation, less is known about how parental socialization of emotion regulation may affect this relation. We examined the effect of stressful life experiences on changes in the resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) levels of 107 (Mage = 12.84, SD = 0.85) young adolescents over a year, moderated by supportive parental responses to negative emotions. The significant interaction (B = 0.02, p = 0.04) indicated that young adolescents who experienced low levels of supportive parenting in the context of high levels of stressful life experiences showed significant decreases in resting RSA over the year, while adolescents who experienced high levels of supportive parenting showed minimal decreases in RSA. Thus, more supportive parenting significantly compensated for the effect of greater stressful life experiences on changes in resting RSA over time.
Provider Perspectives on Stressors, Support, and Access to Mental Health Care for Latinx Youth:

Despite risk for mental health difficulties, Latinx youth have among the lowest rates of mental health care utilization. With this study, we contribute to our ongoing community-based participatory research (CBPR) efforts to explore stressors and protective factors experienced by low-socioeconomic status (SES) Latinx youth, and how these factors influence mental health care utilization. We interviewed community providers and stakeholders (N = 11) from organizations serving low-SES Latinx youth. Coded data yielded seven categories of specific stressors, protective factors, and processes by which these factors influence service utilization. Across categories, providers emphasized how combined family and socioeconomic risk contributed to disengagement from services and described schools and community programs as buffering this risk. Findings suggest that the unique experiences of low-SES Latinx youth contribute to low rates of service utilization, and that intervention should address specific factors at the family, school, and community level to improve access to care.
Temporal speckle-averaging of optical coherence tomography volumes for in-vivo cellular resolution neuronal and vascular retinal imaging

It has been recently demonstrated that structures corresponding to the cell bodies of highly transparent cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer could be visualized noninvasively in the living human eye by optical coherence tomography (OCT) via temporal averaging. Inspired by this development, we explored the application of volumetric temporal averaging in mice, which are important models for studying human retinal diseases and therapeutic interventions. A general framework of temporal speckle-averaging (TSA) of OCT and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is presented and applied to mouse retinal volumetric data. Based on the image analysis, the eyes of mice under anesthesia exhibit only minor motions, corresponding to lateral displacements of a few micrometers and rotations of a fraction of 1 deg. Moreover, due to reduced eye movements under anesthesia, there is a negligible amount of motion artifacts within the volumes that need to be corrected to achieve volume coregistration. In addition, the relatively good optical quality of the mouse ocular media allows for cellular-resolution imaging without adaptive optics (AO), greatly simplifying the experimental system, making the proposed framework feasible for large studies. The TSA OCT and TSA OCTA results provide rich information about new structures previously not visualized in living mice with non-AO-OCT. The mechanism of TSA relies on improving signal-to-noise ratio as well as efficient suppression of speckle contrast due to temporal decorrelation of the speckle patterns, enabling full utilization of the high volumetric resolution offered by OCT and OCTA.
American Society of Anesthesiologists' Status Association With Cost and Length of Stay in Lumbar Laminectomy and Fusion: Results From an Institutional Database.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize the costs associated with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, and to determine the extent to which ASA status is a predictor of increased cost and LOS following lumbar laminectomy and fusion (LLF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Spinal fusion accounts for the highest hospital costs of any surgical procedure performed in the United States, and ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) status is a known risk factor for cost and length of stay (LOS) in the orthopedic literature. There is a paucity of literature that directly addresses the influence of ASA status on cost and LOS following LLF. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of an institutional database of patients undergoing single-level LLF at an academic tertiary care facility from 2006 to 2016. Univariate comparisons were made using χ tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables. Multivariate linear regression was utilized to estimate regression coefficients, and to determine whether ASA status is an independent risk factor for cost and LOS. RESULTS A total of 1849 patients met inclusion criteria. For every one-point increase in ASA score, intensive care unit (ICU) LOS increased by 0.518 days (P < 0.001), and hospital length of stay increased by 1.93 days (P < 0.001). For every one-point increase in ASA score, direct cost increased by $7474.62 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION ASA status is a predictor of hospital LOS, ICU LOS, and direct cost. Consideration of the ways in which ASA status contributes to increased cost and prolonged LOS can allow for more accurate reimbursement adjustment and more precise targeting of efficiency and cost effectiveness initiatives. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Flow Evolution and Unsteady Spectra of Dynamic Stall at Transitional Reynolds Numbers

Dynamic stall experiments were performed on a NACA 0012 airfoil subjected to a constant pitch rate maneuver at three transitional Reynolds numbers of Rec=0.2×106, 0.5×106, and 1.0×106. The primary ...
An interface-controlled Mott memristor in α-RuCl3

Memristor devices have history-dependent charge transport properties that are ideal for neuromorphic computing applications. We reveal a memristor material and mechanism in the layered Mott insulator α-RuCl3. The pinched hysteresis loops and S-shaped negative differential resistance in bulk crystals verify memristor behavior and are attributed to a nonlinear coupling between charge injection over a Schottky barrier at the electrical contacts and concurrent Joule heating. Direct simulations of this coupling can reproduce the device characteristics.
Markers of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in the AACR Project GENIE database.

e15091Background: Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been shown to be effective in many tumor types, some highly lethal cancers are not responsive to ICI. Potential biomarkers of ICI...
Over-the-counter bite splints: A randomized controlled trial of compliance and efficacy.

BACKGROUND Occlusal splints are often used to curb the impacts of sleep bruxism (SB) on the dentition, and over-the-counter (OCT) options are becoming increasingly popular. OTC splints are usually fabricated at home by patients, but not routinely evaluated by dental professionals. It is unclear how OCT splints compare with more traditional splints that receive dental oversight. OBJECTIVES The present randomized controlled study tested how an OTC splint compared with a gold standard bite splint in terms of patient compliance (primary outcome) and efficacy (secondary outcomes). METHODS Sixty-seven subjects were randomly assigned to receive either the OTC (SOVA, N = 35) splint or the gold standard "Michigan" bite splint (MI, N = 32), with 61 completing the study (SOVA, N = 30; MI, N = 31). OTC-splint subjects were required to fabricate their splints to clinically acceptable standards. Both groups wore the splints nightly for four months. Compliance was measured via daily diary. Efficacy outcomes evaluated stability, retention, periodontal health, night-time rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA), and material wear. RESULTS OTC-splint subjects had difficulty fabricating splints to clinically acceptable standards. The number of night-time RMMA bursts was significantly greater for the OTC splint group. Compliance and all other efficacy measurements were not significantly different between-groups. CONCLUSIONS The results support the potential use of OTC splints for curbing the impacts of SB. However, the results strongly suggest that dentists should be actively engaged in overseeing patients' use of self-fabricated appliances. This clinical trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier number NCT02340663.
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Analysts’ Forecasts: A Review of the Literature

This study conducts a comprehensive review of the literature published during 1996– 2017 to identify the factors that affect the accuracy of financial analysts’ forecasts. We organize our review around three main groups, namely, (a) drivers of analyst forecast accuracy, (b) quality financial reporting, and (c) accounting standards. Among the several factors found, some factors (experience of the analyst, earnings quality, audit quality, IFRS adoption, and annual report readability) have a positive relationship with the accuracy of analysts’ forecasts while others (politically connected firms, firms audited by Non-Big 4, and international GAAP differences) have a negative relationship. Our findings contribute to future research by examining the factors affecting analyst forecast accuracy from different perspectives, which will prove to be useful for academicians, regulators, investors, and financial analysts.