cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crosstalk between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 and interleukin-12 in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated myocarditis: adding another link to the chain.

See related article, pages 248–257 Myocarditis, or inflammation of the myocardium, may arise from immune-mediated destruction of myocardium harboring foreign viral or microbial antigens or from a dysregulated immune system that is unable to distinguish self myocardial antigens from foreign antigens. Of these causes, immune-mediated myocarditis is a primary etiology. Although myocarditis remains a relatively rare event, prognosis following diagnosis remains poor, and 6 year mortality rates approaching 30% have been reported.1 T lymphocytes mediate acquired immunity against a foreign antigen via humoral or cell-mediated mechanisms and hence may affect the outcome of myocarditis. T-lymphocyte involvement was first shown in the 1970s, when T-lymphocyte depletion decreased the inflammatory response and increased survival in a murine model of Coxsackie virus B3–induced myocarditis.2 Since then, research has focused on delineating the roles of individual lymphocyte subtypes. In this issue, Love et al examine the role of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen (CTLA)-4 in CD8+ T-cell regulation by using a transgenic model of CD8+ T-lymphocyte–mediated myocarditis.3 One subset of T lymphocytes is the CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are antigen-specific cytotoxic cells that normally protect against infection by killing infected cells via effector molecules such as perforins and granzymes. In the myocardium, CD8+ lymphocytes regulate both myocarditis and allograft rejection by differentiating into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).4,5 Differentiation involves several effector functions, including increased proliferation and cytokine production.6 The CTL response to an infection can be divided into 4 phases. The first is the activation phase, in which naive CTL precursors are primed, undergo cell expansion, acquire effector function, travel to sites …
The past, present, and future of atomic time and frequency

The early history of atomic time and frequency standards is reviewed. The most accurate and stable present standards are described. Prospective future improvements, particularly with trapped ions and atoms, are discussed. A historical perspective on this topic is provided. >
Southeast State University: a simulation for higher education administration courses

The prototype institution, Southeast State University (SSU) is a self-developed, minimum structure simulation game that uses an in-basket format and assigns collegiate roles and statuses to class participants in higher education administration. Situations come from news media or are adapted from key personnel who fulfill academic, administrative, student service, and auxiliary campus functions. Topics cover policy change, fiscal mismanagement, student problems, harassment, hazing, academic freedom, and program revision. Students assume a hypothetical personality, contemplate issues, role-play, render decisions, and reflect on their choices. Participants express that SSU portrays the complex social, economic, and political nature of higher education administration.
Diabetes Self-Management Behaviors, Medical Care, Glycemic Control, and Self-Rated Health in U.S. Men by Race/Ethnicity.

Men, particularly minorities, have higher rates of diabetes as compared with their counterparts. Ongoing diabetes self-management education and support by specialists are essential components to pr...
Gynecologic complications associated with long-term adjuvant tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer

The antiestrogen tamoxifen was originally introduced as a therapy for advanced breast cancer. Today, tamoxifen is used to treat selected patients with all stages of breast cancer, and trials are underway to evaluate its effectiveness as a potential breast cancer preventive. When tamoxifen is used as an adjuvant or preventive, extended patient survival times can be expected, and concerns about iatrogenic complications arising from long-term treatment become important. This review discusses currently available laboratory and clinical data regarding the toxicology of tamoxifen and focuses in particular on the gynecologic complications potentially associated with long-term tamoxifen administration.
The role of Late Holocene climate variability in the expansion of yellow birch in the western Great Lakes region

Pollen records from the western Great Lakes region of North America show substantial increases in birch pollen percentages during the late Holocene. The vegetational and population dynamics underlying the birch increase have received little attention, in part because of the inability to discriminate among species of birch based on pollen morphology. We used analyses of pollen and plant macrofossils from four lakes in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to document that the birch pollen increase represents a regional expansion of yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ) populations, which was initiated c . 4500 years ago. Whether yellow birch invaded the region at this time or simply expanded from small, previously established populations is not clear, although it probably did not grow near our study sites before the expansion. The initial expansion occurred during an independently documented period of high moisture and high water levels in Lake Michigan. A subsequent expansion in yellow birch abundance and distribution occurred c . 3000 years ago, coinciding with a second period of increased moisture and high lake-levels. The yellow birch expansion may have been modulated by millennial-scale climate variability, with most rapid expansion occurring during relatively wet periods.
A NOVEL THERMO-HYDRAULIC TEST PLATFORM FOR MICROPILLARED ARRAY THERMAL WICK OPTIMIZATION

Heat pipes have immense potential in the future of thermal management in electronic devices. As a passive device, they rely solely upon capillary forces to recirculate the coolant from the condenser to the evaporator via a wicking structure. In intermediate temperature heat pipes the limiting factor for heat removal is the capillary limit, which indicates the maximum recirculation rate that the capillary forces can induce. This capillary limit must be increased to allow heat pipes to remain a viable option for heat management within electronic devices. The aim of this work is to characterize and optimize the capillary limit of micropillared thermal wicks for heat pipe application in microelectronics cooling. Towards this goal, an analytical model, and a novel thermohydraulic experimental setup was developed. The analytical model of the micropillared array wicking structure provides a theoretical basis from which the pillar geometry and arrangement can be optimized. A capillary limit model was used to determine the geometric relationship between the pillar arrays and the maximum capillary flow rate through the wick. This model considers the effects of gravity and mass transfer due to evaporation. Finally, the thermo-hydraulic characterization setup, designed to minimize environmental losses, was used to experimentally determine the capillary limits of different silicon based micropillared wick samples. The heater and wicking structure were enclosed in a temperature and humidity controlled vacuum chamber. The results obtained from this setup were used to validate the analytical model shown in this paper.
Origin of the Newberry Hotspot Track: Evidence from shear-wave splitting

Abstract Located in the northwestern United States, the Newberry Hotspot Track consists of a sequence of age-progressive silicic volcanic domes and lava flows, showing a monotonic age progression from east to west ending at the Newberry Caldera. While mantle plumes are often called upon to explain hotspot tracks, the Newberry track cannot be the direct product of plate motion over a stationary mantle source as its orientation is ∼120° to plate motion, making it a good case study for alternative causal mechanisms of hotspot tracks. Four end-member tectonic models have been proposed: (1) subduction counterflow, (2) gravitational flow along the base of the lithosphere, (3) lithospheric faulting, and (4) extension of the Basin and Range. To get fabric information about the asthenosphere and constrain the possible flow fields beneath the Newberry track, SKS splitting measurements were made for 27 events at 12 stations of the Oregon Array for Teleseismic Study (OATS) along the track. A gradual rotation of the fast direction is observed from ENE–WSW at the northwest end of the array to E–W to the southeast and the delay times average 1.65 s. We infer that the SKS splits are the product of anisotropy in the asthenosphere and the anisotropy orientation does not vary with depth beneath the track. The average fast directions ENE–WSW to the northwest are consistent with generation by mantle shear parallel to the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate, and the more E–W fast directions to the east are perhaps due to shear caused by the Basin and Range extension. Since the observed fast directions are not parallel to the Newberry track, as the subduction counterflow model or the gravitational flow model suggests, the age-progressive volcanism is unlikely a direct product of asthenospheric flow. Instead, we propose that the Newberry track is the product of lithosphere-controlled processes.
On-chip monopole antennas using pre-deformed cantilevers

In this paper, we propose a novel monopole antenna made of an out-of-plane pre-deformed cantilever beam caused by high residual stress. The proposed antenna has the following advantages: 1) radiating element is perpendicular to the plane of the wafer and is isolated from the lossy substrate by a ground plane. Thus, it can achieve high efficiency even with low-resistivity silicon substrates; 2) the fabrication process is fully compatible with conventional integrated circuit (IC) process which ensures low fabrication cost; 3) relatively wide bandwidth can be obtained from a monopole structure (more than 16%); 4) it can be fabricated on flexible substrates due to the very small anchor of the cantilever beam. Experimental results of the proposed antenna geometry and its full-wave numerically calculated radiation characteristics are presented in this paper.
Familial remitting chorea, nystagmus, and cataracts

We report on 2 brothers with chorea and monocular horizontal nystagmus beginning in early infancy, both of which remit during the first decade of life, and peripheral cataracts. While this condition shares manifestations with benign hereditary chorea and several other familial movement disorders, the slowly remitting course of the chorea combined with the visual abnormalities appears to be unique.
Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities and BCL2 rearrangement in interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma.

Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma (IDCS) is an extremely rare tumor of interdigitating dendritic cell origin. While lymph node is the most common site of involvement, extranodal presentations,...
Grading agricultural products with machine vision

Three applications of using machine vision to grade agricultural products are presented: grading container-grown ornamental plants; predicting the time of molting for soft-shelled crawfish; and detecting cracks in milled and brown rice. The soft-shelled crawfish system was able to predict the time of molting within three days for 75 to 85 percent of the crawfish. The ornamental plant grader was not able to match the human grader standards, but is was able to provide an objective set of measurements describing several plant features. The system to measure cracks had an accuracy of 86.5 percent for brown rice and 92.3 percent for milled rice. All three systems have the potential to be used with robotics and/or automation for grading and/or sorting operations. >
Intramolecular competition in the photodissociation of C3D3 radicals at 248 and 193 nm

Motivated by recent experimental work, a theoretical study of the photodissociation of perdeuterated propargyl (D2CCD) and propynyl (D3CCC) radicals has been carried out, focusing on the C–C bond cleavage and D2 loss channels. High-level ab initio calculations were carried out, and RRKM rate constants were calculated for isomerization and dissociation pathways. The resulting reaction barriers, microcanonical rate constants and product branching ratios are consistent with the experimental findings, supporting the overall mechanism of internal conversion followed by statistical dissociation on the ground state surface. We found loose transition states and very low exit barriers for two of the C–C bond cleavage channels and an additional CD2 + CCD channel, which had not been reported previously. Our results probe the extent of propargyl and propynyl isomerization prior to dissociation at 248 and 193 nm and deliver a comprehensive picture of all ongoing molecular dynamics.
Failure to filter: anxious individuals show inefficient gating of threat from working memory

Dispositional anxiety is a well-established risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders along the internalizing spectrum, including anxiety and depression. Importantly, many of the maladaptive behaviors characteristic of anxiety, such as anticipatory apprehension, occur when threat is absent. This raises the possibility that anxious individuals are less efficient at gating threat's access to working memory, a limited capacity workspace where information is actively retained, manipulated, and used to flexibly guide goal-directed behavior when it is no longer present in the external environment. Using a well-validated neurophysiological index of working memory storage, we demonstrate that threat-related distracters were difficult to filter on average and that this difficulty was exaggerated among anxious individuals. These results indicate that dispositionally anxious individuals allocate excessive working memory storage to threat, even when it is irrelevant to the task at hand. More broadly, these results provide a novel framework for understanding the maladaptive thoughts and actions characteristic of internalizing disorders.
The Putative Convergent and Divergent Natures of Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis

The postnatal function of blood vessels is determined by the physiology of individual tissues and organs as well as the size and mass of an individual species, and a corollary to this premise is the suggestion that not all blood vessels are created equal. Postnatally, new blood vessel growth occurs either by angiogenesis or arteriogenesis, and thus, it is anticipated that the mechanisms responsible for these processes will exhibit convergent and divergent features.1 Because angiogenesis involves the coordinated migration, proliferation, and differentiation of endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes from existing vascular beds and arteriogenesis, the growth of muscular arteries, requires similar events regulated by ECs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from preexisting arteries, it is anticipated that these cells will have evolved divergent mechanisms responsible for their postnatal development and growth.2,3 Indeed, a recent study by Hershey et al4 examined the relationship between angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in the development of functional collateral blood vessels in the rabbit ischemic hind limb model and observed that although capillary sprouting via angiogenesis occurred as an early response to tissue ischemia, improved collateral blood flow occurred only as a late response when arteriogenesis could be demonstrated using angiographic methods. These data suggest that a temporal relationship may exist between angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in which the angiogenic component precedes the arteriogenic component in the formation of a collateral vasculature visualized by angiographic methods. The angiogenesis factor, VEGF, is well described as a rapidly induced hypoxia-response gene.5 If angiogenesis and arteriogenesis were not temporally related, it is likely that the mechanisms responsible for the angiogenic and arteriogenic responses may both be due to the function …
INDUCIBLE POSTREPLICATION REPAIR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MINIMAL MEDIUM RECOVERY IN UV‐IRRADIATED Escherichia coliK–12

— Ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated Escherichia coliK–12 uvrA cells showed higher survival if plated on minimal growth medium rather than on rich growth medium, i.e., they showed minimal medium recovery (MMR). A 2-hour treatment of UV-irradiated cells with rifampicin inhibited the subsequent expression of MMR, and produced a large reduction in survival. We have recently isolated a new mutant (mmrA1) that does not show MMR. The mmrA mutation protected UV-irradiated uvrA cells from the effect of rich growth medium on survival, but not from the effect of rifampicin on survival. DNA daughter-strand gap (DSG) repair in UV-irradiated (4 J/m2) uvrA cells was inhibited to the same degree whether rich growth medium was added immediately after irradiation or after 10 min of postirradiation incubation in minimal growth medium. However, chloramphenicol added immediately after irradiation greatly reduced this repair; there was less reduction if it was added 10 min after UV irradiation. These findings suggest that MMR is an inducible repair phenomenon, and that rich growth medium inhibits this repair process itself rather than its induction.
MULTIPROSPECTOR: An algorithm for the prediction of protein–protein interactions by multimeric threading

In this postgenomic era, the ability to identify protein–protein interactions on a genomic scale is very important to assist in the assignment of physiological function. Because of the increasing number of solved structures involving protein complexes, the time is ripe to extend threading to the prediction of quaternary structure. In this spirit, a multimeric threading approach has been developed. The approach is comprised of two phases. In the first phase, traditional threading on a single chain is applied to generate a set of potential structures for the query sequences. In particular, we use our recently developed threading algorithm, PROSPECTOR. Then, for those proteins whose template structures are part of a known complex, we rethread on both partners in the complex and now include a protein–protein interfacial energy. To perform this analysis, a database of multimeric protein structures has been constructed, the necessary interfacial pairwise potentials have been derived, and a set of empirical indicators to identify true multimers based on the threading Z-score and the magnitude of the interfacial energy have been established. The algorithm has been tested on a benchmark set comprised of 40 homodimers, 15 heterodimers, and 69 monomers that were scanned against a protein library of 2478 structures that comprise a representative set of structures in the Protein Data Bank. Of these, the method correctly recognized and assigned 36 homodimers, 15 heterodimers, and 65 monomers. This protocol was applied to identify partners and assign quaternary structures of proteins found in the yeast database of interacting proteins. Our multimeric threading algorithm correctly predicts 144 interacting proteins, compared to the 56 (26) cases assigned by PSI-BLAST using a (less) permissive E-value of 1 (0.01). Next, all possible pairs of yeast proteins have been examined. Predictions (n = 2865) of protein–protein interactions are made; 1138 of these 2865 interactions have counterparts in the Database of Interacting Proteins. In contrast, PSI-BLAST made 1781 predictions, and 1215 have counterparts in DIP. An estimation of the false-negative rate for yeast-predicted interactions has also been provided. Thus, a promising approach to help assist in the assignment of protein–protein interactions on a genomic scale has been developed. Proteins 2002;49:350–364. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cell search in 3GPP long term evolution systems

This paper reviews and presents the latest results in the cell search issue of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems. Cell Search is a basic function of any cellular system, during which process time and frequency synchronization between the mobile terminal and the network is achieved. Such synchronization is especially important for 3GPP Long Term Evolution systems, which rely heavily on the orthogonality of the uplink and downlink transmission and reception to optimize the radio link performance. As in conventional cellular systems, the mobile terminal in an LTE system acquires time and frequency synchronization by processing the synchronization channel. Design of the synchronization channel is being developed within the standardization activities of 3GPP Long Term Evolution and is still evolving. In this paper, we present the design considerations and various new and promising design concepts for the synchronization channel. We evaluate some specific solutions and provide numerical performance results.
Electrochemical features of ball-milled lithium manganate spinel for rapid-charge cathodes of lithium ion batteries

Lithium manganese oxide (LMO), mechano-chemically modified by ball-milling, is a potentially useful active material for high-power-density cathodes of lithium ion batteries. The present work investigates the electrochemical characteristic of a cathode prepared from a controlled mixture of nano- and micrometric LMO particles processed in this approach. The nanoparticles in the mixture support surface-localized insertion/extraction of Li and thus increase the cathode charge/discharge rates. The LMO micro-particles promote cathode cyclability by stabilizing the coexisting nanoparticles against segregation and strong electrolyte reactions. The underlying mechanisms of these effects are studied here using voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling, Ragone plot construction, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The relative timescales of charge transfer and diffusion of Li+ within the LMO lattice are determined, and the criteria for material utilization during rapid charge–discharge are examined.
Comparison of the Crystal and Solution Structures of a Cyanobacterial Hemoglobin

GlbN is a monomeric 2/2 hemoglobin found in several cyanobacteria. Physiological data suggest that, in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, GlbN protects the cell from damage associated with nitrate metabolism [1]. Under reducing conditions, GlbN undergoes a facile posttranslational cross-linking between His117 and the heme 2-vinyl. In a study of the enzymatic and chemical properties of GlbN, the solution structure of the protein in the ferric, bis-histidine state with heme posttranslational modification was determined by NMR methods. As this protein is paramagnetic (S = 1/2) and can be prepared in the reduced state (S = 0), heme methyl hyperfine chemical shifts were used to determine the orientation of the ligating histidines, and proton pseudocontact shifts were applied in the refinement. The NMR model contains regions that appear to sample multiple conformations, specifically the A helix and EF loop. Here we present the X-ray structure of GlbN. Crystals were obtained by the vapor diffusion hanging drop method, and data were collected under cryogenic conditions (National Synchrotron Light Source, BNL). The structure of the related Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 GlbN (1RTX) was used as the search model for molecular replacement. Iterative model building yielded a final structure at 1.65 A resolution. The X-ray data revealed a ruffled heme, provided a reliable representation of its environment in solution, and allowed for an assessment of the paramagnetic NMR approach. The X-ray data also gave an indication of the effect of crystal packing on the flexible regions of GlbN. Comparison with the Synechocystis GlbN structure highlighted the resilience of the 2/2 globin fold as well as subtle differences in the solvent accessibility of the heme active site.[1] Scott et al. (2010) Biochemistry 49:7000Supported by NSF MCB 0843439
The Yeast Cadmium Factor Protein (YCF1) Is a Vacuolar Glutathione S-Conjugate Pump*

The yeast cadmium factor gene (YCF1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which was isolated according to its ability to confer cadmium resistance, encodes a 1,515-amino acid ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein with extensive sequence homology to the human multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) (Szczypka, M., Wemmie, J. A., Moye-Rowley, W. S., and Thiele, D. J.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22853-22857). Direct comparisons between S. cerevisiae strain DTY167, harboring a deletion of the YCF1 gene, and the isogenic wild type strain, DTY165, demonstrate that YCF1 is required for increased resistance to the toxic effects of the exogenous glutathione S-conjugate precursor, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, as well as cadmium. Whereas membrane vesicles isolated from DTY165 cells contain two major pathways for transport of the model compound S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione (DNP-GS), an MgATP-dependent, uncoupler-insensitive pathway and an electrically driven pathway, the corresponding membrane fraction from DTY167 cells is more than 90% impaired for MgATP-dependent, uncoupler-insensitive DNP-GS transport. Of the two DNP-GS transport pathways identified, only the MgATP-dependent, uncoupler-insensitive pathway is subject to inhibition by glutathione disulfide, vanadate, verapamil, and vinblastine. The capacity for MgATP-dependent, uncoupler-insensitive conjugate transport in vitro strictly copurifies with the vacuolar membrane fraction. Intact DTY165 cells, but not DTY167 cells, mediate vacuolar accumulation of the fluorescent glutathione-conjugate, monochlorobimane-GS. Introduction of plasmid borne, epitope-tagged gene encoding functional YCF1 into DTY167 cells alleviates the 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-hypersensitive phenotype concomitant with restoration of the capacity of vacuolar membrane vesicles isolated from these cells for MgATP-dependent, uncoupler-insensitive DNP-GS transport. On the basis of these findings, the YCF1 gene of S. cerevisiae is inferred to encode an MgATP-energized, uncoupler-insensitive vacuolar glutathione S-conjugate transporter. The energy requirements, kinetics, substrate specificity, and inhibitor profile of YCF1-mediated transport demonstrate that the vacuolar glutathione conjugate pump of yeast bears a strong mechanistic resemblance to the MRP1-encoded transporter of mammalian cells and the cognate, but as yet molecularly undefined, function of plant cells.
Structural transition and orbital glass physics in near-itinerant CoV 2 O 4

The ferrimagnetic spinel ${\mathrm{CoV}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ has been a topic of intense recent interest, both as a frustrated insulator with unquenched orbital degeneracy and as a near-itinerant magnet which can be driven metallic with moderate applied pressure. Here, we report on our recent neutron diffraction and inelastic scattering measurements on powders with minimal cation site disorder. Our main new result is the identification of a weak $(\frac{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}a}{a}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4})$, first order structural phase transition at ${T}^{*}=90$ K, the same temperature where spin canting was seen in recent single crystal measurements. This transition is characterized by a short-range distortion of oxygen octahedral positions, and inelastic data further establish a weak $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\sim}1.25\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{meV}$ spin gap at low temperature. Together, these findings provide strong support for the local orbital picture and the existence of an orbital glass state at temperatures below ${T}^{*}$.
Food shopping behaviors of residents in two Bronx neighborhoods

Background: Numerous researchers have documented associations between neighborhood food environments and residents’ diets. However, few quantitative studies have examined the food shopping behaviors of residents in low-income neighborhoods, including the types of stores patronized and frequency of visits. This study presents findings on the food shopping behaviors of residents in the Bronx neighborhoods of West Farms and Fordham. Methods: Street-intercept surveys were conducted in spring 2012 with residents of West Farms and Fordham as part of a broader program evaluation. The survey included questions on general food shopping behaviors including visits to neighborhood bodegas (corner stores) and supermarkets, mode of transportation to the supermarket most commonly frequented, and the primary source for purchases of fruits and vegetables. Results: The survey was conducted with 505 respondents. The sample was 59% Hispanic and 34% black, with a median age of 45 years. Thirty-four percent of respondents had less than a high school education, 30% were high school graduates or had their GED, and 36% had attended some college. Almost all respondents (97%) shopped at supermarkets in their neighborhood; 84% usually shopped at a supermarket within their neighborhood, and 16% usually shopped at a supermarket outside of their neighborhood. Most respondents (95%) shopped at bodegas in their neighborhood, and 65% did so once per day or more. Conclusions: Residents of these neighborhoods have high exposure to local food stores, with the vast majority of respondents shopping at neighborhood supermarkets and bodegas and almost 2 in 3 respondents going to bodegas every day. These findings demonstrate the important role of supermarkets and bodegas in local residents’ shopping patterns and support the inclusion of these stores in efforts to create food environments that support and promote healthy eating.
Board of Directors and Exchange Requirements: Operating Performance of Traditionally Insider Controlled Boards

The main objective of this research is to examine the operating performance of the companies whose boards have been traditionally controlled by the insiders (insiders and/or affiliated insiders comprising more than 50% of the board membership) and whose boards now include majority of outsiders as required by law and exchange requirements. If, as suggested by Jensen & Meckling (1976) and others, having majority of outsiders on the board will lead to reduce agency costs between shareholders and managers, then the operating performance of the company is likely to improve as a result of the new requirements. On the other hand, as theorized by Harris & Raviv (2008), if insiders bring more firm specific knowledge to the board and thus help increase the shareholder value, we should expect a negative relationship between board independence and operating performance. The results presented here suggest that there is no statistical difference in the firm performance over a period of three years after the passage of the regulations requiring board independence.
Student pre-entry experience and first year of employment.

Background Student clinical and work-related experiences are available at many healthcare organizations, but little is known about how these experiences contribute to the employer/nurse work relationship that begins after graduation. This study examined the relationship of senior BSN students' past employer experience in describing first-year employer commitment and turnover. Methods The sample was 63 senior BSN students. Experience factors measured included job selection factors, pre- and one-year commitment, organizational climate, employer support, and first-year turnover. Results Organizational climate was the experience-related factor most important in explaining first-year commitment. Conclusion Findings suggest the importance of supportive work environments to new nurses both before and after accepting the first graduate nurse position.
Transient Surface Temperature Measurement With Micro Sensors for Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Micromachining of Nickel

In order to investigate and understand the complicated transient thermal phenomena in laser micro processing, it is essential to accurately measure time-resolved temperatures of the workpiece. Micro thin film thermocouples with a micrometer spatial and nanosecond temporal resolution were fabricated on electroplated nickel workpieces to measure transient surface temperatures in nanosecond pulsed laser micromachining by ablation. Transient temperatures were successfully measured, and the effect of laser energy fluences on the peak temperatures was experimentally investigated. This study demonstrates that the micro TFTCs can be useful in measuring the transient temperatures on the workpiece during laser micromachining, and the measured data can be utilized to validate and improve existing analytical and numerical models.© 2006 ASME
The role of yeasts other than Candida albicans in oropharyngeal candidiasis

Candida albicans has been recognized as the predominant infecting organism in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Yeasts other than C. albicans are commonly recognized as colonizing the oral cavity but have not been thought to be a significant cause of disease. This review will describe the emergence of yeasts other than C. albicans as causative pathogens in oropharyngeal candidiasis both as co-infecting organisms with C. albicans and as sole pathogens themselves. Diagnosis and treatment of these emerging infections will also be discussed.
Calculation of Power Frequency Electromagnetic Field Within Substation by Moment Method and Actual Measured Results

At first,the principle of moment method is presented,and corresponding calculation formula are derived;then using this method the electromagnetic environment within 110kV distribution area in the 110kV Guicheng substation located in Foshan,Guangdong province is calculated,and calculation results are compared with actual measured results.Comparison results show that the proposed method can compute electromagnetic field with substation.The on-site measured data of electromagnetic fields within substations in voltage classes from 110kV to 500kV in Foshan region are given,and measured data show that power frequency electric field strengths and magnetic flux densities in partial areas within some substations exceed specified limits.For this reason,the impacts of the heights,spacings and conductor diameters of overhead transmission lines and the earth-resistivity on the distribution of electromagnetic fields are analyzed.
The analysis of Holter of sinus bradycardia and II sinoatrial conduction block in children.

Objective To assess the action of vagus nerve tension which induce sinus bradycardia and Ⅱ sinoatrial conduction block in children.Methods Continuous eletrocardiographic monitorization by 24-hour Holter recordings was performed in 80 children of 0~15 years old to analyse the action of vagus nerve tension.Results Sinus bradycardia and Ⅱ sinoatrial conduction block of 0~2 years old infants were due to organic disease;sinus bradycardia and Ⅱ sinoatrial conduction block of 3~15 years old children were due to the enhancement of vagus nerve tension.Conclusion The action of vagus nerve tension is enhanced by the growth of children.
Temporal effects of estrogen and progesterone on behavioral and endocrinological responses to acute cocaine administration.

Estrogen and progesterone have been postulated to play a key role modulating cocaine-induced behavioral and neurochemical activation in female rats. This study investigated the temporal relationship between estrogen and progesterone in the modulation of cocaine-induced behavioral alterations. Ovariectomized Fischer rats received s.c. injections of estradiol benzoate 48 hr prior to cocaine or saline treatment and one s.c. injection of progesterone concurrently or 1, 4, 20, 24, 30, 44 or 48 hr after estrogen treatment. Forty-eight hours after estrogen treatment rats received either a single i.p. injection of 15 mg/kg of cocaine or 0.9% saline. Overall, cocaine induced increases in locomotor behaviors (ambulatory and rearing activity). A bimodal interaction between estrogen and progesterone was observed in the modulation of all locomotor activities. A gradual increase in behaviors, which peaked when progesterone was administered 24 hr after estrogen was followed by an inhibition of both ambulatory and rearing activity when progesterone was administered for a shorter period of time. This estrogen and progesterone interaction was not observed in the modulation of cocaine-induced stereotypic activity. However, shorter administration of progesterone in relation to estrogen administration resulted in lowered benzoylecgonine plasma levels when compared to longer progesterone administration times. On the other hand, longer administration of progesterone (48 hr of estrogen and progesterone) caused increases in corticosterone levels in cocaine-treated rats. Thus, the temporal interaction between estrogen and progesterone in the regulation of cocaine metabolism and hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA) activation do not completely correlate with that observed for locomotor behavioral activation. Taken together, these results suggest that temporal interactions between estrogen and progesterone may underlie some of the previously reported estrous cycle and sex effects on cocaine-induced behavioral and endocrinological alteration.
Using artificial neural networks to forecast economic impact of multi-hazard hurricane-based events

AbstractIn multi-hazard events, it remains difficult to communicate the collective effect these hazards have on the envisioned outcome or impact to the public. Currently, there are multiple models in use by emergency management and other government personnel to predict effects of hazards that put emphasis on wind damage (just as the Saffir–Simpson scale does), which tend to leave out the non-wind driven precipitation hazard. Experts who work with hazard events consistently build a knowledge base over time from experience that accounts for the collective effects of these multiple hazards in relation to locational vulnerabilities. In this study, an original artificial neural network is developed and used in an effort to mimic the previously mentioned learned and experienced-based knowledge. The output from the neural network model is an Impact Level Ranking System that ranks hurricanes based on total economic damage. The use of population affected, landfall location(s), wind speed, pressure, storm surge, an...
Abstract 756: Myo-inositol modulates the tumor microenvironment in a mouse model of lung cancer chemoprevention

Background: Myo-inositol is a nutritional supplement that has been investigated as a chemopreventive agent for lung cancer. We have investigated the effect of myo-inositol in a CC-LR (CCSPCre/LSL-K-rasG12D) mouse lung cancer model. Blood, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lungs were collected from CC-LR and LR littermate control mice at 14 weeks of age, when mice had a large number of premalignant lesions with only small foci of adenocarcinoma. Methods: Lesion burden and stage was quantified using macroscopically evident lung surface tumor counts as well as histology from paraffin sections. Serial paraffin sections were also used for immunohistochemistry. Plasma was analyzed using high-sensitivity liquid-chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations in BALF were quantitated using multiplex immunobead assays. Results: Myo-inositol treated mice (n = 20) had fewer tumors (p Conclusions: Myo-inositol treatment both reduced tumor burden and lesion grade in a KRAS model of lung cancer. Our findings of a substantial impact of myo-inositol treatment on the host response suggests novel mechanisms for its chemopreventive activitiy. Citation Format: Nese Unver, Kirubel T. Zeleke, Ximing Tang, Samantha Holt, Seyed Javad M. Moghaddam, Hong Wang, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Samir M. Hanash, Edwin J. Ostrin. Myo-inositol modulates the tumor microenvironment in a mouse model of lung cancer chemoprevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 756.
Discrete Approaches to Quantum Gravity

The approaches considered in this chapter all describe discrete fundamental (i.e. theoretically basic) entities at high-energy and emphasise the importance of the notion of background independence.
Scaffolded Semi-Flipped General Chemistry Designed To Support Rural Students’ Learning

Students who lack academic maturity can sometimes feel overwhelmed in a fully flipped classroom. Here an alternative, the Semi-Flipped method, is discussed. Rural students, who face unique challenges in transitioning from high school learning to college-level learning, can particularly profit from the use of the Semi-Flipped method in the General Chemistry classroom. This method brings together preparation before class, active learning in class, and a supportive homework system, and it appears to have significant benefits both for students and for the instructor.
Modern political economy, global environmental change and urban sustainability transitions

Our paper has two major aims: to argue that lessons from modern political economy are critical for urban transitions to sustainability and to position relevant urban sustainability transitions literature within distinct focus areas of modern political economy—in particular, endogenous institutions. We address those aims by providing examples of recent scholarship on institutional change and modern urban political economy that has significant implications for the understanding of urban transitions to sustainability. Furthermore, we explore the relevance of endogenous institutions for global environmental change and urban sustainability transitions; we utilize three relevant conceptual areas: (i) the choice of institutions and institutional change; (ii) the maintenance of institutions and institutional robustness; (iii) effective or ‘good’ urban governance and government failures.
Rooneyia , Postorbital Closure, and the Beginnings of the Age of Anthropoidea

“A large fl ange of the frontal descends behind the orbits [of Rooneyia]. Judged from the postorbital constriction of the skull, part of the major mass of the temporalis muscle extended slightly anteriorly above the orbits. In the case of Rooneyia the orbital partition, perhaps the homologue of that part of the postorbital funnel in Tarsius, platyrrhines and catarrhines, appears to be the bony wall which kept the muscles from intruding into the orbit. Possibly this partition is the initial adaptation responsible for the role of protecting the eyeballs and associated structures from the contraction of the temporalis.” Szalay (1976:349).
Abstract 464: Chemokine Receptor CCR6 Expression on B Cells Augments Local IgM Production and Atheroprotection

Background: CCR6 mediates immune cell recruitment to inflammatory sites and has cell type-specific effects on diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice. Recent studies implicate the local immune respons...
Local Recurrence of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Management

Local recurrence (LR) after surgery for renal cell carcinoma is relatively uncommon, which is likely due to the tendency of RCC to be unifocal and well encapsulated. Local recurrence presents unique challenges. This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, and management of local recurrence for patients with RCC. Local recurrence occurs primarily as ipsilateral recurrence in the renal fossa after radical nephrectomy and within the residual parenchyma after partial nephrectomy or thermal ablative procedures. In each of these settings, a fundamental issue must be resolved: is this an isolated LR or does it occur in the setting of disseminated disease? Due to the trend toward thermal ablative therapies, for which long-term efficacy has not yet been established, LR for RCC has become a particularly relevant topic.
The topology of evolutionary novelty and innovation in macroevolution

Sewall Wright's fitness landscape introduced the concept of evolutionary spaces in 1932. George Gaylord Simpson modified this to an adaptive, phenotypic landscape in 1944 and since then evolutionar...
Lean Pork for Lipid-lowering Diets

Abstract The conventional recommendation that lipid-lowering diets contain reduced amounts of red meats limits an important dietary source of nutrients. In an effort to address this problem, we analyzed 10 cuts from the loin and shoulder of a newly developed leaner pork (LP) product (5 boneless, 5 bone-in, n=12 ea) for total fat, fatty acids, and cholesterol using standard AOAC techniques. We found that fat content of LP cuts is 34.5 to 61.0 % lower (p
In Vitro Evaluation of an Injectable EEG/ECG Sensor for Wireless Monitoring of Hibernation in Endangered Animal Species

Hibernation is a unique metabolic adaptation employed by several animal species for survival where its study would further enhance our understanding of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. As a primate animal with close genetic ties to humans, the recent discovery of hibernation in dwarf lemurs of Madagascar has attracted the attention of researchers. Traditional recording systems require the physical tethering of the animals to the recording apparatus or the use of implantable devices. Scalp and needle electrodes interfere with the natural hibernation process and limit the continuity of the experiments, while invasive procedures are banned on endangered species. By integrating a full-wave rectifier, low-noise signal conditioning circuit, frequency modulation transmitter, and antenna in a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), we have developed an ultra-miniaturized wireless system that measures $34 \times 4 \times 2.6$ mm3 in volume. It only requires three off-chip components (a coil wound around a ferrite rod and two external capacitors) to be powered wirelessly through a 1-MHz inductive link, such that it can be packaged inside a glass or polymer capsule and injected subcutaneously underneath the scalp or chest without requiring a surgery, thereby addressing the shortcomings of the traditional monitoring systems. Our recording device provides an input/output correlation coefficient greater than 80% for input amplitudes ranging from 60 to 260 $\mu V_{\mathrm{ pp}}$ , with a wireless data transmission range of ~2.5 cm while operating near the 902–928 MHz ISM frequency band. This system would enable future studies of electroencephalography and electrocardiography in hibernating dwarf lemurs. The ASIC was fabricated using the ON Semiconductor 0.5- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process with an active area of 2.5 $\times $ 1 mm2 and has a power consumption of 7.75 mW from a 3.1 V supply. In this paper, we demonstrate the in vitro functionality of the system using simulated physiological signals directly applied to the ASIC or through standard stainless steel electrodes immersed in saline solution.
Delayed unpaired extinction as a treatment for hyperarousal of the rabbit nictitating membrane response and its implications for treating PTSD.

Abstract Treatment for PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder) is rarely available immediately after trauma and often delayed for weeks or months after an event. In a rabbit eyeblink conditioning model of PTSD, we have previously shown that presentations of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and shock unconditioned stimulus (US) in an explicitly unpaired manner known as unpaired extinction is effective in reducing CS responding and US hyperarousal even if shock intensity is reduced eight-fold and elicits only minimal responding. Here we determined if delayed delivery of unpaired extinction would still be effective in extinguishing hyperarousal. Rabbits were tested for sensitivity to shock before CS-US pairings and after six days of unpaired extinction presented a day, a week or a month after CS-US pairings. Hyperarousal was extinguished a day and a week after conditioning but not after a month suggesting a significant delay in “treatment” can make hyperarousal persist. We next assessed if this persistence of hyperarousal was associative by comparing rabbits given CS-US pairings to those given explicitly unpaired CS and US presentations, measuring hyperarousal a day and a month later, followed by unpaired extinction and hyperarousal assessment. After four weeks, there was an increase in responding for all rabbits but only rabbits receiving CS-US pairings showed a significant increase in associatively-mediated hyperarousal. Importantly, both paired and unpaired groups showed increased levels of responding after unpaired extinction suggesting treatment delayed for too long may no longer be effective and could cause generalized hyperarousal.