cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Sealing Glasses for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

We studied three glasses in the La-Al-alkaline earth borosilicate system for their suitability as materials for joining yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. We heated specimens of glass on YSZ using two thermal cycles: one to simulate sealing at 1000°C followed by operation at 850°C with cycling down to 500°C and back; and the other a 60 hr treatment at 850°C. The heat treatments crystallized all three glasses to some degree. All glasses wet and bonded to the YSZ and showed no evidence of cracking from the thermal cycling. There was evidence of slight interaction between the glasses and the YSZ after the 60 hr heat treatment.
Surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis; a comparison of single-stage coloproctectomy with other procedures.

Abstract We would sum up our attitude as favoring total coloproctectomy when ulcerative colitis becomes intolerable and is no longer responsive to medical management. Medical management should be continued as long as the patient is able to adjust himself to the disease. We favor one stage over planned multiple stages for total resection with ileostomy because it brings immediate relief to the patient without a prolonged convalescence in which complications may arise and in which the patient suffers economic loss. Surgical mortality does not appear to be a factor against the one-stage procedure. The immediate postoperative convalescence is more satisfactory than with multiple-stage procedures probably because of the immediate and total removal of the source of the toxic absorption. While multiple stages may give the patient an opportunity to adjust to the acceptance of permanent ileostomy during the weeks or months between stages, we do not believe this is an important enough consideration to weigh against the use of the one-stage procedure.
Winds from Low Mass Protostars

In its last stages, star formation in molecular clouds includes the onset of a stellar wind that helps to clear away the surrounding placenta of gas and dust, thereby making the young stellar object optically visible. We discuss new observational evidence that the emerging wind is largely neutral and atomic in low-mass protostars. We then suggest a simple theoretical mechanism for the generation of such powerful neutral winds.
Exclusive radiative decays of Υ in soft-collinear effective theory

We study exclusive radiative decays of the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ using soft-collinear effective theory and nonrelativistic QCD. In contrast to inclusive radiative decays at the endpoint we find that color-octet contributions are power suppressed in exclusive decays, and can safely be neglected, greatly simplifying the analysis. We determine the complete set of Lorentz structures that can appear in the SCET Wilson coefficients and match onto them using results from a previous calculation. We run these coefficients from the scale ${M}_{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}$ to the scale $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$, thereby summing large logarithms. Finally we use our results to predict the ratio of branching fractions $B(\ensuremath{\Upsilon}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{f}_{2})/B(J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{f}_{2})$, $B(J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{f}_{2})/B({\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{f}_{2})$, and the partial rate for $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$.
The Amino Acid Sequence and Copper(II)-binding Properties of Peptide (1–24) of Bovine Serum Albumin

1. The amino acid sequence of peptide (1–24) obtained from limited peptic digestion of bovine serum albumin has been determined from characterization of its tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. The 3 histidyl residues have been shown to occupy positions 3, 9, and 18. 2. Hydrogen ion titration of this peptide with and without copper(II) ions indicates that at neutral pH there are two copper(II)-binding sites of appreciable strength on the peptide. Of these, one site binds copper(II) ions strongly while the other binds copper(II) ions more weakly. In addition to the differences observed by titration, marked differences between the sites are apparent from absorption spectra, circular dichroism spectra, and optical rotatory dispersion spectra. 3. Since the peptide binds only 2 copper(II) ions strongly, all 3 histidyl residues do not act with comparable effect in separate binding sites. 4. The site which binds the 1st copper(II) ion has been shown by hydrogen ion titration, absorption spectra, circular dichroism spectra, and optical rotatory dispersion spectra to have properties compatible with previous suggestions that it is composed of the α-amino nitrogen, the imidazole nitrogen from the histidine in position 3, and the 2 intervening peptide bond nitrogen atoms. 5. Occupancy of either site by copper(II) leads to absorption in several circular dichroic bands. In addition to the several bands in the visible and near ultraviolet that have some similarities to those observed previously with complexes of small peptides, it has been possible to resolve two bands of opposite sign centered near 300 to 308 mµ and 270 to 275 mµ. The high stability of the complexes permitted measurements at sufficiently low concentrations to avoid excessive total absorption. In some cases optical rotatory dispersion results were obtained at shorter wave lengths, and it was observed that values of [m']233 changed with pH.
The affect heuristic in early judgments of product innovations

According to the affect heuristic, people often rely upon their overall affective impression of a target to form judgments of risk. However, innovation research has largely characterized risk perception as a function of what the consumer knows rather than how they feel. In three studies, this research investigates the use of the affect heuristic in consumer judgments of product innovations. The findings indicate that judgments of risks and benefits associated with product innovations are inversely related and affectively congruent with evaluations of those innovations. Additionally, more affectively extreme evaluations are associated with increasingly disparate judgments of risk and benefit. This research contributes to our theoretical understanding of both consumers' evaluations of product innovations and the affect heuristic. Implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Multiple-Choice Quizzes to Assess Academic Progress and Enhance Student Success

The Carnegie report, Educating Lawyers, emphasises the importance of feedback. Best Practices for Legal Education endorses multiple-choice testing as a highly reliable way to evaluate factual knowledge and problem-solving skills. This paper describes how frequent multiple-choice quizzes can help students and teachers alike assess progress and enhance success in the crucial first semester of law school.
Systematic review: colitis associated with anti‐CTLA‐4 therapy

SummaryBackground Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) has an important role in T-cell regulation, proliferation and tolerance. Anti-CTLA-4 agents, such as ipilimumab and tremelimumab, have been shown to prolong overall survival in patients with metastatic melanoma, and their use is being investigated in the treatment of other malignancies. Their novel immunostimulatory mechanism, however, predisposes patients to immune-related adverse effects, of which gastrointestinal effects such as diarrhoea and colitis are the most common. Aims To discuss the existing literature and summarise the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features of anti-CTLA-4-associated colitis, and to present a management algorithm for it. Methods We searched PubMed for studies published through October 2014 using the terms ‘anti-CTLA,’ ‘ipilimumab,’ ‘tremelimumab,’ ‘colitis,’ ‘gastrointestinal,’ ‘immune-related adverse effect,’ ‘immunotherapy,’ ‘melanoma,’ and ‘diarrhoea.’ Results Watery diarrhoea is commonly associated with anti-CTLA-4 therapy (27–54%), and symptoms occur within a few days to weeks of therapy. Diffuse acute and chronic colitis are the most common findings on endoscopy (8–22%). Concomitant infectious causes of diarrhoea must be evaluated. Most cases may be successfully managed with discontinuation of anti-CTLA-4 and conservative therapy. Those with persistent grade 2 and grade 3/4 diarrhoea should undergo endoscopic evaluation and require corticosteroid therapy. Corticosteroid-resistant cases may respond to anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha therapy such as infliximab. Surgery is reserved for patients with bowel perforation or failure of medical therapy. Conclusion Given the increasing use of anti-CTLA-4 therapy, clinicians must be aware of related adverse events and their management.
Compact semiconductor device modelling using higher level methods

This paper describes an approach for generating compact semiconductor device models in SPICE (C/C++) from a higher-level representation in the form of an XML-based schema for device modelling. The methodology undertaken includes generation of low level C/C++ code for SPICE and SPICE-like simulators from higher level languages such as HDLs (VHDL-AMS, MAST and Verilog-A) or directly from XML utilizing existing graphical tools (Paragon). As such, the aim of the paper is to introduce the proposed XML-based standard and its associated methods, as well as highlight the modelling process through an instructive example.
INTRASPECIFIC REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT IN A POLYMORPHIC POISON DART FROG, DENDROBATES PUMILIO

Divergence in male mating signals and associated female preferences is often an important step in the process of speciation. Reproductive character displacement, the pattern of greater divergence of male signals and/or female preference in sympatry than in allopatry, has been observed in a variety of taxa with different degrees of postzygotic isolation. A number of selective processes, including reinforcement, have been proposed to cause such a pattern. Cases in which reproductive character displacement occurs among intraspecific variants are especially informative for understanding how selection acting within a species can lead to the evolution of reproductive barriers and speciation. This study tested the hypothesis that female strawberry poison dart frogs (Dendrobates pumilio) in polymorphic populations of the Bocas del Toro archipelago of Panama show stronger mating discrimination than do females from monomorphic populations, exhibiting an intraspecific pattern of reproductive character displacement. Our results contribute important insights into understanding selection’s role in generating the striking diversity of Bocas del Toro’s D. pumilio and provide a snapshot of what could be the early stages of reproductive isolation and speciation.
Applications of ion implantation to integrated optical spectrum analyzers

H implantation into bulk and Ti-diffused LiNbO3 is shown to result in the creation of optically absorbing layers. The induced absorption is characterized, and application to the suppression of optical noise in Ti:LiNbO3 integrated optical spectrum analyzers is considered. Potential uses include beam dumps, spatial filters, and the absorption of substrate modes.
Targeting IL-4/IL-13 signaling to alleviate oral allergen–induced diarrhea

Background Intestinal anaphylaxis (manifested by acute diarrhea) is dependent on IgE and mast cells. Objective We aimed to define the respective roles of IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptors in disease pathogenesis. Methods Wild-type mice and mice deficient in IL-4, IL-13, and IL-13 receptor (IL-13R) α1 (part of the type 2 IL-4 receptor [IL-4R]) were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA)/aluminum potassium sulfate and subsequently given repeated intragastric OVA exposures. The IL-4Rα chain was targeted with anti-IL-4Rα mAb before or after intragastric OVA exposures. Results IL4−/− (and IL4/IL13−/−) mice produced almost no IgE and were highly resistant to OVA-induced diarrhea, whereas allergic diarrhea was only partially impaired in IL13−/− and IL13Rα1−/− mice. IL13Rα1-deficient mice had decreased IgE levels, despite having normal baseline IL-4 levels. Intestinal mast cell accumulation and activation also depended mainly on IL-4 and, to a lesser extent, on IL-13. Prophylactic anti-IL-4Rα mAb treatment, which blocks all IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, suppressed development of allergic diarrhea. However, treatment with anti–IL-4Rα mAb for 7 days only partially suppressed IgE and did not prevent intestinal diarrhea. Conclusion Endogenously produced IL-13 supplements the ability of IL-4 to induce allergic diarrhea by promoting oral allergen sensitization rather than the effector phase of intestinal anaphylaxis.
From Collective Bargaining to Social Justice Certification: Workers’ Rights in the American Meatpacking Industry

This article examines the economic and political forces that shape the characteristics of jobs in the meatpacking industry and assesses worker- and consumer-based strategies to improve pay and working conditions. I analyze one example of each strategy: first, the mid-twentieth century United Packinghouse Workers of America labor union and second, ongoing efforts to create a social justice certification program for kosher meat products. I argue that neoliberal patterns of economic organization and policy have undercut labor unionism and supported consumer-based strategies, but that these latter strategies have a limited potential to restructure power relations in the meatpacking industry and may even contribute to market fragmentation and worker exclusion. These programs are contradictory in their effort to use market mechanisms to resolve the exploitative conditions created by the market, and they raise important questions about the relationship between political rights and economic democracy in contempor...
Constraints to watershed planning: group structure and process.

Floress, Kristin, Jean C. Mangun, Mae A. Davenport, and Karl W.J. Williard, 2009. Constraints to Watershed Planning: Group Structure and Process. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1352-1360. Abstract: The roles that agencies and other partners play in collaborative watershed management are not always clearly identified. Key factors contributing to group-level outcomes in watershed groups include both structural and procedural elements. Structural elements include membership systems, project partners, and funding, while procedural elements include leadership, shared vision, and mission development. The current research reports on a case study conducted with a Midwestern watershed group that received Clean Water Act Section 319 funds to undertake a watershed planning process. Data come from focus groups, interviews, public comments, and meeting observation, and were analyzed using grounded theory. Findings of this study indicate that homogenous skill set, discord over group and partner roles, and failed problem identification contributed to the organizational inertia experienced by the watershed group. Implications of this research for groups receiving 319 funds are provided.
How to Justify a Pragmatic Position on Anthropogenic Climate Change

A least-cost pathway to cap cumulative anthropogenic carbon emissions at 1000 gigatonnes (Gt) between 1991 and 2100, thereby limiting further average global surface temperature increases to 1.6−2.8 °C, is suggested as a pragmatic position on climate change due to the emission of “greenhouse gases” (CO2, CH4, N2O, and halocarbons) by human activities. CO2 produced in fossil fuel combustion and cement production is the major anthropogenic greenhouse gas, but represents only 4% of its natural circulation. However, at least 97% of the “greenhouse effect” that keeps the average global surface temperature at +15 °C rather than −18 °C is due to atmospheric water vapor in various forms and is, therefore, benign. It is also shown that roughly doubling pre-industrial CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas concentrations would theoretically increase the effective global emission temperature from the troposphere by only 1.2 °C, but the effect on the average global surface temperature is obscured by other poorly defined factors.
The role of allergy evaluation in children with eosinophilic esophagitis

To our knowledge, in Asia, data on utility of allergy tests in management of eosinophilic esophagitis are lacking. The objective of our study was to determine the role of allergy evaluation in management of Saudi children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Children diagnosed as having eosinophilic esophagitis during the period from 2009 to 2012 were referred to an allergist for allergy evaluation. The allergy evaluation consisted of total IgE level, radio-allergosorbent assay, and skin prick test. Depending on the results of the allergy tests, a restricted or elemental diet was established. Swallowed fluticasone inhaler was prescribed to patients who rejected or failed to respond to the diet. Clinical, endoscopic, and histological evaluation was performed in 8 weeks to assess response. Eighteen children with eosinophilic esophagitis were included (13 males; mean age 5 years, range 1–11). Sensitization to foods was demonstrated in 14 patients: 4 with a positive test for a single food (28.5 %), 1 for 2 food allergens (7 %), and 9 for ≥3 food allergens (64.5 %). The most common food allergens were milk, soybean, wheat, egg, and nuts. Three young children out of the total 14 patients responded to elemental formula. Four of the 10 older children on the allergy testing guided-dietary restriction achieved partial remission and the remaining 6 did not respond. All 10 patients responded to a swallowed fluticasone inhaler. Although food sensitizations in Saudi children with eosinophilic esophagitis are common, the allergy tests had limited predictive value for the response to dietary elimination.
Structure, bonding, and fluorescence of bivalent metal chelates of o,o'-dihydroxyazobenzene

The structure and bonding of bivalent metal chelates of o,o'-dihydroxyazobenzene (DHAB) have been studied by PMR and absorption spectroscopic methods. These studies indicate that fluorescence, which is observed only for the MgDHAB chelate, may arise from a greater degree of ionic character in the metal-oxygen bonds of this compound than in the other metal(II) chelates examined. Possible structures of these chelate compounds are proposed and discussed.
ISOLATION OF INFORMATION IN LEARNING

The effects of isolation of information in a word list was studied using 24 learning disabled children. Subjects learned a list of either high or low meaningful three letter words (e.g., BUS, XIB). Four types of isolation were studied: (a) no isolation, (b) meaningfulness isolation, (c) color isolation, and (d) a combination of color and meaningfulness isolation. Analysis indicated that the influence of type of isolation was dependent on the level of meaningfulness of the list learned. In highly meaningful lists color isolation produced the greater effect. In lists low in meaningfulness the isolation of a highly meaningful item was most effective. Learning disabled children who learned highly meaningful lists made more correct responses and fewer total errors than subjects who learned lists low in meaningfulness.
New polyfluoroalkoxysulfonyl fluorides. Part VI. Heterocyclic ether derivatives

Abstract The reaction of CF 2 CF 2 OS O 2 with heterocyclic haloalkanes in the presence of silverfluoride has been used to prepare two novel reactive polyfluorosulfonyl fluoride derivatives,i.e. ROCF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F (R  O(CH 2 ) 3 OC HCH 2 CH 2 and O(CH 2 ) 4 C HCH 2 ). Infrared, mass andNMR spectra are presented in order to support the assigned structures.
The pregnant woman's place and where to find it

A two-part study examined attitudes toward pregnancy. The first part — a department store survey — looked at the location of maternity clothes in different status stores. Clothes were located differently, depending on the social class of the store. High status stores located them in or near lingerie and/or loungewear. Lower status stores located them in or near uniforms and/or half sizes. It is suggested that these differences reflect differential attitudes toward pregnancy in the different social classes. The second part of the study examined pregnant women's attitudes toward themselves. In line with the department store findings, there were differences between upper-class women and working-class women in self-report data. These data suggest that pregnancy is viewed differently, depending on social class.
GROUP DECISION‐MAKING AND THE RISKY SHIFT A TRANS‐NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Abstract On admet generalement que le degre de risque pris au niveau de la decision est plus eleve lots d'une decision de groupe que lors d'un choix individuel antetieur. Un nouvel instrument (Exercise Kalomon) a ete utilise pour tester la valeur interculturelle de cette hypothese dans cinq pays: Colombie, Curacao, Angleterre, France et Japon. Les resultats revelent bien certaines differences culturelles quant au degre de risque pris individuellement avant la discussion mais les decalages entre les strategies individuelles et concertees ne refletent aucun effet systematique attribuable a la culture. Ils ne montrent pas davantage de glissement methodique dans le sens d'un accroissement du risque. Il semblerait donc que la simple information provenant de la connaissance du choix de ses partenaires soit insuffisante pour provoquer un decalage dans le sens d'une strategie plus audacieuse. Il convient de prendre aussi en consideration l'information emanant de la tache elle-měme.
Gate oxide leakage current analysis and reduction for VLSI circuits

In this paper we address the growing issue of gate oxide leakage current (I/sub gate/) at the circuit level. Specifically, we develop a fast approach to analyze the total leakage power of a large circuit block, considering both I/sub gate/ and subthreshold leakage (I/sub sub/). The interaction between I/sub sub/ and I/sub gate/ complicates analysis in arbitrary CMOS topologies and we propose simple and accurate heuristics based on lookup tables to quickly estimate the state-dependent total leakage current for arbitrary circuit topologies. We apply this method to a number of benchmark circuits using a projected 100-nm technology and demonstrate accuracy within 0.09% of SPICE on average with a four order of magnitude speedup. We then make several observations on the impact of I/sub gate/ in designs that are standby power limited, including the role of device ordering within a stack and the differing state dependencies for NOR versus NAND topologies. Based on these observations, we propose the use of pin reordering as a means to reduce I/sub gate/. We find that for technologies with appreciable I/sub gate/, this technique is more effective at reducing total leakage current in standby mode than state assignment, which is often used for I/sub sub/ reduction.
Diameter and treewidth in minor-closed graph families, revisited

Eppstein [5] characterized the minor-closed graph families for which the treewidth is bounded by a function of the diameter, which includes, e.g., planar graphs. This characterization has been used as the basis for several (approximation) algorithms on such graphs (e.g., [2] and [5]–[8]). The proof of Eppstein is complicated. In this short paper we obtain the same characterization with a simple proof. In addition, the relation between treewidth and diameter is slightly better and explicit.
Adenovirus E3 Proteins: 14.7K, RID, and gp19K Inhibit Immune-Induced Cell Death; Adenovirus Death Protein Promotes Cell Death

Abstract The adenovirus E3 transcription unit encodes proteins named E3-14.7K, RID, and E3-gp19K that prevent killing of infected cells by the host immune system. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine secreted by activated monocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), can induce apoptosis when it engages the TNF receptor on target cells. E3-14.7K and RID independently prevent TNF-induced apoptosis. Fas ligand, which is expressed on activated CTL and natural killer cells, induces apoptosis when it engages its receptor, Fas, on target cells. RID blocks apoptosis through Fas by stimulating the clearance of Fas from the infected cell surface and its degradation in lysosomes. CTL induce apoptosis when the T cell receptor engages the MHC class I antigen–peptide complex on target cells. E3-gp19K inhibits killing by CTL by blocking transport of MHC class I antigens to the infected cell surface. After virus replication is complete, the cell lyses and releases virus particles; this cell lysis is mediated by the E3-coded adenovirus death protein.
Vertical transitions between transmission lines and waveguides in multilayer liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrates

In this paper we present two vertical transitions, in multilayer LCP substrates for millimeter wave (mmW) imaging application. The first transition is from conductor-backed co-planar waveguide (CBCPW) to strip line, and the second one connects CBCPW to substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The multilayer structure consists of three LCP layers and four metal claddings. The CBCPW is designed on the top LCP layer, the strip line is sandwiched by the top and middle layers, and the SIW is built within the middle and bottom layers. Micro vias construct the side wall for the SIW, and electrically connect the transmission lines and waveguides. Both of the transitions perform low loss and low reflection at 77 GHz. They can efficiently connect the passive and active components in the front-end RF module of our mmW imager. Additionally, they may have promising application in high-performance systems, requiring high density, low size, weight, and power (SWaP).
Molecular cloning and characterization of Atp6v1b1, the murine vacuolar H+ -ATPase B1-subunit.

Abstract The multisubunit vacuolar-type proton-translocating ATPases (H+-ATPases) mediate the acidification of various intracellular organelles. In a subset of tissues, they also mediate H+ secretion at the plasma membrane. Two isoforms of the H+-ATPase B-subunit exist in humans; we have shown that mutations in ATP6V1B1, encoding the B1-isoform, cause the clinical condition distal renal tubular acidosis. Here we report the cloning and characterization of murine Atp6v1b1, which encodes a 513-amino acid (aa) protein with 93% identity to human ATP6V1B1. Genomic organization is conserved between the murine and human H+-ATPase B1-subunits, and Atp6v1b1 maps to a region of mouse chromosome 6 syntenic to human 2p13, the location of ATP6V1B1. Northern blotting detects a 2.2-kb Atp6v1b1 transcript in the kidney and testis, but not other major organs. In mouse kidney, the B1-subunit localizes to intercalated cells of the cortical and medullary collecting duct. B1 protein levels were not increased in either mouse renal cortex or medulla after either 2 or 7 days of oral acid loading. These results demonstrate that Atp6v1b1 encodes the murine ortholog of human ATP6V1B1 and provides a tool for future development of animal models based on manipulation of the Atp6v1b1 genomic locus.
Polysaccharide constituents in fulvic and humic acids extracted from soil

Abstract Soil humic materials extracted from three dissimilar soil profiles were studied by infra-red spectroscopy. Carbohydrates in the form of polysaccharides were present in close relation or as constituent components in the fulvic and hymatomelanic acids encountered in both the surface and deeper layers of the soils examined. The fractionation procedure that yielded polysaccharide from hymatomelanic acid failed to do so when used on humic acid. At least two kinds of polysaccharides were encountered - those from fulvic acid, with a single peak at 1,650 cm −1 , and those from hymatomelanic acid, with twin peaks at 1,650 cm −1 and 1,400 cm −1 . Fulvic acid in acid brown forest soil formed under pine vegetation had a stronger phenolic or lignoid character and a weaker polysaccharide character than did fulvic acid in a chestnut and an alluvial soil formed under grass vegetation. This difference was especially pronounced in the surface soil, but disappeared in the subsoil. The infra-red spectra of polysaccharides in the hymatomelanic acids of the surface layers of the three soils were, however, surprisingly similar.
Application of microwave heating to the synthesis of [18F]fluoromisonidazole

A modified synthesis of [18F]fluoromisonidazole is reported which makes use of microwave heating to reduce the synthesis time to ca 70 min from EOB. A remote system for column purification, concentration and delivery to an HPLC syringe, which reduces the total absorbed dose to the operator, is also described.
Role of glucagon and adrenergic receptors in thyrocalcitonin release in the dog.

Data obtained in the dog during thyroid perfusion support the hypothesis that glucagon and epinephrine stimulate thyrocalcitonin release via adenyl cyclase activation and consequently by the intracellular level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The studies also suggest that agonists acting at alpha adrenergic loci may lead to a reduction in cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the parafollicular thyroid cells. (Endocrinology 88: 1337, 1971)
Ontogenetic scaling of skeletal proportions in the talapoin monkey

The talapoin monkey is distinct from its close relatives in the genus Cercopithecus in a variety of morphological and ecological features, inclining some to place it in its own genus, Miopithecus . It is also the smallest of the extant catarrhines, and in this investigation the extent to which the morphological distinctions of the talapoin monkey are the result of allometric factors is analysed. A series of cranial and postcranial measurements were taken on the skeletons of young and adult talapoin monkeys ( C. talapoin ) and moustached monkeys ( C. cephus ). Ontogenetic scaling (i.e., allometric extrapolation) was utilized as a criterion of substraction in both bivariate and multivariate comparative allometric analysis. Adult cranial and postcranial proportions do differ significantly between C. talapoin and C. cephus , but in almost all cases these adult shape differences result from the sharing of common underlying patterns of ontogenetic allometry. Use of additional data from Verheyen's (1962) monograph suggests that the marked differences in skull form within the Cercopithecus group (from talapoin to patas monkeys) may also be primarily a product of ontogenetic scaling. The specific postcranial proportions seen in adult talapoins do not accord with expectations derived from several recent biomechanical models for primates which engage in frequent leaping and climbing behaviors, though the comparative growth allometric perspective utilized here does clarify these adult shape differences. The predominantly paedomorphic morphology of the talapoin monkey appears to be a direct and correlated allometric consequence of a decrease in overall growth rates and terminal body size, which may be related to increased propensities for leaping behavior and a more insectivorous diet.
Effect of Temperature on the Standard Transformed Thermodynamic Properties of Biochemical Reactions with Emphasis on the Maxwell Equations

When the standard transformed Gibbs energy (ΔfG‘°) of formation of a reactant (sum of species) in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be expressed as a function of temperature, pH, and ionic strength, all the other standard transformed properties of the reactant (ΔfS‘°, ΔfH‘°, , and NH) can be calculated as functions of temperature, pH, and ionic strength by taking partial derivatives. Since there is very little data on heat capacities of species in biochemical reactions, the calculations presented here are based on the assumption that the heat capacities of species are equal to zero at zero ionic strength. The most basic data on a biochemical reactant consists of ΔfG°, ΔfH°, charge number, and number of hydrogen ions for the species involved. These data can be used to derive functions of temperature, pH, and ionic strength that give the standard transformed thermodynamic properties of reactants, such as ATP, ADP, H2O, and inorganic phosphate. This makes it possible to obtain the functions that represent Δr...
The effect of long-term corticosterone treatment on blood cell differentials and function in laboratory and wild-caught amphibian models

The effect of long-term stress on amphibian immunity is not well understood. We modeled a long-term endocrine stress scenario by elevating plasma corticosterone in two species of amphibians and examined effects on white blood cell differentials and innate immune activity. Plasma corticosterone was elevated in American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) by surgically implanting corticosterone capsules and in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) by immersion in corticosterone-treated water. To provide a context for our results within endogenous corticosterone fluctuations, diurnal plasma corticosterone cycles were determined. A daily low of corticosterone was observed in X. laevis at 12:00, while a significant pattern was not observed in L. catesbeianus. Elevated plasma corticosterone levels increased the ratio of peripheral neutrophils to lymphocytes, in both species, and decreased eosinophil concentrations in L. catesbeianus over a long-term period. Whole blood oxidative burst generally correlated with neutrophil concentrations, and thus was increased with corticosterone treatment, significantly in L. catesbeianus. In L. catesbeianus, an endogenous response of eosinophils and lymphocytes to implanted empty (sham) capsules was observed, but this effect was attenuated by corticosterone. Peripheral monocyte and basophil concentrations were not significantly altered by corticosterone treatment in either species. Our results show that long-term stress can alter amphibian immune parameters for extended periods and may play a role in susceptibility to disease.
THEORY OF ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE IN TYPE-I SUPERCONDUCTORS.

In order to determine whether electron spin resonance in type-I superconductors is experimentally possible, we have extended Dyson's theory to the case of a superconductor, taking into account the penetration depth of electromagnetic fields, the change in phase of the surface impedance, and the change in group velocity and relaxation time of the quasiparticles compared to the normal case. We have calculated line shapes and magnitudes of power absorbed and rf field transmitted for various frequencies and temperatures for thin-film superconductors. From our calculation, we determine the optimum temperatures and frequencies, and conclude that even for these conditions, the experiment would be difficult.
TIME AGGREGATION AND TIME LAG IN MACRO‐LEVEL DETERRENCE RESEARCH*

Recent arguments in research on individual-level deterrence suggest that the effect of perceived sanction risk on illegal behavior might occur over a shorter time period than the yearly lags typically incorporated in panel studies. This study raises the same issue for macro-level deterrence research by suggesting that panel studies using yearly data might have failed to capture the deterrent effect. The analysis uses ARIMA models with data aggregated monthly, quarterly, and semiannually to estimate the reciprocal effects between arrests and crimes for robbery, burglary, larceny, and auto theft in Oklahoma City from 1967 through 1989. No effect of crimes on arrests is found, but significant effects of arrests on crimes appear for three of the four offenses in the shorter temporal aggregations. The results suggest a need to reconsider conclusions based on panel studies that have used time aggregations and time lags that might be too long to uncover deterrent effects.
Short and Long Period Orbits

We study the orbits near the Lagrangian points L4 and L5 in a rotating model of a barred galaxy. The families of short period orbits (SPO) and long period orbits (LPO) are joined by an infinity of bridges. We study the evolution of these families as the bar perturbation changes. In particular we find the change of the connections between various families at particular collisions of bifurcations. When L4, L5 become unstable the SPO and LPO join away from the Lagrangian points. At the same time the LPO characteristics form spirals or infinite figure eight oscillations on one side of L4 (or L5). An infinity of such spirals are formed by the higher order bifurcations. The similarity with the restricted three body problem (especially the cases µ>µ1 = 0.03852 and µ = 0.5) is pointed out.
A recommendation against the use of alkaline soil extractions in the study of allelopathy

To soil taken from an area dominated byAdenostoma fasciculatum H & A, (chamise), andArctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. spp.mollis (Adams) Wells, (manzanita), was added a solution containing a mixture of phenolic compounds which have previously been reported to be produced by these shrubs. The soil was then subjected to an alkaline soil-extraction technique similar to those commonly employed for the determination of soil phenolics in various allelopathic studies. Gas-chromatographic analysis revealed the compounds yielded in this extraction to be of three sources: 1) those compounds extracted from the soil prior to the addition of the phenolic compounds, 2) those phenolic compounds which were added to the soil, and 3) compounds which probably owe their origin to the action of the alkaline extractant upon the added phenolic compounds. The likelihood of the introduction of phenolic artifacts, the result of alkaline degradation of soil organic matter, into soil extraction results is discussed. It is concluded that the use of alkaline soil extraction techniques is inappropriate for the purpose of allelophathic studies.
Effects of irrigation and coppicing on above-ground growth, physiology, and fine-root dynamics of two field-grown hybrid poplar clones

Abstract To determine the effects of irrigation and coppicing on above- and below-ground growth dynamics, a plantation of Populus X euramericana cv. 'Eugenei' and Populus tristis X Populus balsamifera cv. 'Tristis 1' was established in May 1984 on a level site in East Lansing, MI, USA. Supplemental water in the form of drip irrigation was applied to half the trees beginning the first growing season. All trees were cut down in March 1988 and the stumps allowed to coppice. Pre- and post-coppice height and diameter growth of 'Eugenei' always exceeded that of 'Tristis', and the former clone showed a positive response to irrigation, whereas the latter did not. The greater growth of 'Eugenei' was primarily due to its full use of the growing season. Post-coppice rates of photosynthesis were not affected by irrigation in either clone, but stomatal conductances were reduced in non-irrigated trees. Analysis of microvideo images taken in minirhizotron tubes buried in the soil close to the trees showed that 'Tristis' produced a greater length and number of fine roots in the top 30 cm of soil than 'Eugenei', regardless of treatment. Irrigated trees consistently produced more fine roots at 0–30 cm soil depth than non-irrigated trees only in 'Eugenei', but both clones showed greater fine-root production in non-irrigated trees at 30–100 cm. Both clones also showed substantial fine-root production in the spring immediately following coppicing, with no evidence of a shock-induced dieback of roots. The root systems of these two poplar genotypes apparently contain sufficient carbon and nitrogen reserves to fuel a spring flush of fine-root growth, even though the tops have been severed during the dormant season.
Theoretical study of the energetics of the O3(X̃ 1A1) → O2(X 3Σ−g) + O(3P) dissociation process

Abstract The dissociation energy ( D e ) for the O 3 (X 1 A 1 ) → O 2 (X 3 Σ − g ) + O( 3 P) process is computed using MC SCF, CI, MBPT, and CCD methods. A full-valence MC SCF calculation utilizing a [9s5p3d1f/5s3p2d1f] basis set yields a D e value of 0.43 eV, far below the experimental value of 1.13 eV, demonstrating the importance of correlation effects involving non-valence orbitals. A CI calculation in the same basis set allowing for all single and double excitations from three-reference configuration yields a D e value of 0.72 eV. This value is increased to 1.06 eV when the Davidson correction is included. When the number of reference configurations is increased to eight, the resulting CI calculation gives a D e value of 0.82 eV prior to the Davidson correction and 1.10 eV after this correction.
Reversibility of lesions in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Preliminary observations.

Abstract Severe pulmonary hypertension with obliterative vascular disease was induced in 13 of 44 dogs subjected to systemic-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis to the left diaphragmatic lobe. In 11 of these, plus 4 with high pressure but normal histology and 4 with normotensive lobes, for a total of 19, reanastomosis to the main pulmonary artery was performed. Only 1 of the histologically abnormal lobes maintained vascular patency; the 5 other dogs with patent reanastomoses had normal vascular histology. Our findings support the reluctance of surgeons to correct cardiac shunts when obstructive vascular disease due to severe pulmonary hypertension is present; in humans pulmonary artery pressure would not drop as much as in our model since the pulmonary vascular resistance of both lungs is high. On the other hand, if a normal lung were transplanted at the same time, the retained abnormal lung would probably lose vascular perfusion.
Clinical applications of physical anthropology

In recent decades physical anthropology has moved from its more traditional confines into many areas of clinical interest including growth and development, nutrition, clinical medicine, dysmorphology, and physical fitness. The “clinical applications” of physical anthropology is a broad topic, given the space limitations of a review. Hence, selected clinical applications, emphasizing anthropometry at the expense of physiology and genetics, are considered. Since the author is a pediatrician, the review concentrates largely on areas dealing with children.
The Ileal Ureter Neobladder is Associated with a High Success and a Low Complication Rate

AbstractPurpose: Several different methods to construct a bladder substitute after cystectomy have been described. We evaluated our experience with the Studer ileal ureter neobladder during the last 5 years.Materials and Methods: We reviewed retrospectively the results in 32 patients who underwent construction of a slightly modified ileal neobladder from that originally described. Mean followup was 25 months (range 6 to 68).Results: Patients experienced few complications and only 1 required reoperation. Daytime and nighttime continence rates were 94 and 74 percent, respectively. One patient sustained a ureteral stricture resulting in hydronephrosis (1 of 64 renal units).Conclusions: The results reveal the ileal neobladder to be an easily constructed pouch with a low complication rate, and a high success rate in regard to continence and the establishment of adequate capacity at low pressure. Within the study period upper tract preservation was excellent. However, a 10 to 15-year followup is indicated to co...
Chromatographic, Mass Spectral, and Visible Light Absorption Characteristics of Toluidine Blue O and Related Dyes

Contrary to earlier literature reports, the impurities in toluidine blue O were shown by column chromatography, TLC, and mass spectrometry to be N-methyl homologs of 2-methylthionine rather than N-methyl homologs of thionine. Small amounts of 2-methyl-3-amino-7-methylaminophenothiazine and 2-methyl-3,7-diaminophenothiazine were identified in commercial samples of toluidine blue O. However, sample handling and a warm alkaline environment can cause rapid demethylation of the dye.
50 Years Ago in CORR: Survival Car II Murray E. Gibbens MD CORR 1962;23:299–300

Accidents and the safety of motorists and pedestrians have been concerns since the development of automobiles more than a century ago. Prussia required the licensing of drivers beginning in 1903, and because of public outcry over fatalities, New York became the first state in the United States to require licensing in 1910 [3]. Other efforts subsequently included traffic laws and highway designs for vehicles of ever-increasing speed. However, serious research of automobile accidents and the design of safer automobiles arose later in the mid-20th Century, most likely owing to the rise in the numbers of fatalities and injuries with high speed vehicles and new highways allowing high speeds. Perhaps the earliest efforts were from the Cornell University Automotive Crash Injury Research project, begun in 1952 [1]. Col. John Stapp, a physician who researched issues such as acceleration and deceleration for the US Air Force, developed an interest in vehicular safety, and in 1956 organized the first of many annual meetings on car crashes [4]. These developed into what became known as the Stapp Car Crash Conference®, now in its 56th year. In the same year, Dr. Jacob Kulowski collected a series of 36 contributions from various authors on motorist injuries and safety that were published in three subsequent issues of CORR® [6–8]. Also in 1956, Liberty Mutual® funded a project at Cornell University to design the Cornell Safety Car. Clearly, these researchers and others had realized the design of the vehicle was as important as traffic laws, licensing, education, and the designs of streets and highways (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 The illustration shows the Survival Car II with 22 proposed safety features. Reprinted with permission and © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, from Gibbens ME. Survival Car II. Clin Orthop. 1962;23:299–300 In 1962, Murray Gibbens, Chair of the Committee for the Advancement of Automobile Safety of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, gave a report of the Survival Car II that resulted from the collaboration between Cornell University and Liberty Mutual® [5]. Twenty-two specific modifications were recommended, most of which we take for granted today: restraining seat belts and shoulder harnesses, collapsible steering columns, whiplash protection, smaller steering wheels to improve forward visibility, and so on. A key concept was “Packaging the Passenger,” developed by Francis Crandell, an engineer employed by Liberty Mutual® [2]. While many of these were passive approaches, others such as power brakes and steering were designed for crash avoidance, an element of safety that has received considerable recent attention. Worldwide vehicle safety has substantially evolved through the combined efforts of researchers, the automotive industry, insurance companies, and governments.
Parametric Design and Power-Flow Analysis of Parallel Force∕Velocity Actuators

In this paper we introduce a dual-input actuator, based on an epicyclic gear train, called parallel force/velocity actuator (PFVA) designed for variable response manipulation. The focus of this work is to formulate a parametric representation for internal and external power flows, and effective inertia in this actuator. Dimensionless criteria have been developed to judge the design of a PFVA, based on the above phenomena. These criteria are then related to two fundamental dimensionless parameters of a PFVA: (i) a design parameter called the relative scale factor that describes the relative kinematic scaling between the two inputs of the PFVA and (b) an operational parameter called the velocity mixing ratio that represents the velocities of the inputs relative to each other. Some numerical examples have been considered using PFVA designs based on positive-ratio drives to convey the practical implication of our parametric models. Based on this study a set of design and operational guidelines has been suggested, which we believe will be useful to the designer in evaluating PFVA designs and operational scenarios on the basis of power-flow and effective inertias. As a representative result, it was observed that the efficiency of a PFVA decreases approximately 19% from the basic efficiency when the relative scale factor was increased approximately 6.5 times (from 4.7 to 25.27) and the velocity mixing ratio was increased 10 times (from 4.16 to 41.6).