cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copolymerization of Tri-n-butyltin Acrylate and Tri-n-butyltin Methacrylate Monomers with Vinyl Monomers Containing Functional Groups

Abstract A new approach to obtaining thermoset organotin polymers, which permits control of crosslinking site distribution and, through it, a better control of properties of organotin antifouling polymers, is reported. Tri-n-butyltin acrylate and tri-n-butyltin methacrylate monomers were prepared and copolymerized, by the solution polymerization method with the use of free-radical initiators, with several vinyl monomers containing either an epoxy or a hydroxyl functional group. The reactivity ratios were determined for six pairs of monomers by using the analytical YBR method to solve the differential form of the copolymer equation. For copolymerization of tri-n-butyltin acrylate (M1) with glycidyl acrylate (M2), these reactivity ratios were n = 0.295 ± 0.053, r2 = 1.409 ± 0.103; with glycidyl methacrylate (M2) they were r1 = 0.344 ± 0.201, r2 = 4.290 ± 0.273; and with N-methylolacrylamide (M2) they were r1 = 0.977 ± 0.087, r2 = 1.258 ± 0.038. Similarly, for the copolymerization of tri-n-butyltin methacryl...
Comparison of features of carcinogen-transformed human cells in vitro with sarcoma-derived cells.

Abstract To define characteristics of chemically transformed phenotypes during and after progression to neoplasia and to assess their relationship to those phenotypes expressed by surgically removed sarcoma lesions, we compared the characteristics in the following manner. We investigated: (1) alterations in growth patterns; (2) anchorage-independent growth; (3) reactivity with monoclonal antibodies directed against surface antigen; (4) invasiveness in embryonic chick skin; (5) tumorigenicity in nude mice; and (6) karyology. Fifty different sarcoma cell lines were examined which exhibited different rates and absolute numbers of population doublings. With one exception, all sarcoma cell lines exhibited a finite life span ranging from 60 to 100 population doublings. Populations of these cells that exhibited anchorage-independent growth in soft agar also reacted positively with a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 345.134S directed against a 115K-GP cell surface glycoprotein. Similarly, chemically transformed cells that grew in soft agar also reacted with the MoAb 345.134S, whereas cells with an inability to grow in soft agar did not. Cell lines established from human sarcoma and from chemically transformed human fibroblasts that reacted positively with the MoAb 345.134S were invasive for embryonic chick skin and formed tumors in nude mice. The selection medium used during culture of the carcinogen-treated cells resulted in the appearance of an altered phenotype that after at least 16 population doublings exhibited characteristics common to those cells derived from human sarcomas.
A legal-questionnaire study of psychiatric inpatients and medical surgical outpatients.

Abstract Prior to the Vietnam era a high percentage of patients hospitalized in Veterans Administration Hospitals for psychiatric illness could be described as marginal men. 1 These patients are characterized by poor occupational history, poor marital adjustment, a nomadic existence, dependency on an institutional way of life, and alcoholism. Both authors have noted that this type of patient seems to have more than his share of legal problems. Oftentimes the legal problems seem to be of top priority to the patient, i.e., unless they are solved, the patient cannot expect to make an adjustment within the community. A literature review revealed no information on the extent of this problem. The social psychiatric kinds of intervention employed in the treatment of these patients requires that all social factors be considered simultaneously with psychodynamic and biological factors in the patient's course. As part of an attempt to develop more meaningful interventions with this patient population, 2 we designed a survey to determine the extent of legal problems. It attempts to answer the following questions: Are psychiatric patients more prone to have legal problems than a medical surgical outpatients population? Are there any particular kinds of legal problems which differentiate the psychiatric population from the medical surgical out-patient population?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission rates in a sanatorium: implications for new preventive guidelines

Abstract Background: In 1990, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended substituting dust-mist particulate respirators for simple isolation masks in acid-fast bacillus isolation rooms, reasoning that air leaks around the simple masks could result in a higher rate of purified protein derivative skin-test conversion. In 1993, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention draft guideline proposed that high-efficiency particulate air filter respirators be used instead of dust-mist particulate respirators. Epidemiologic data were not available to assess the importance of these changes or their cost-effectiveness. Methods: The University of Virginia was affiliated with a tuberculosis hospital from 1979 until 1987. We surveyed physicians who had served as residents in internal medicine during this period regarding purified protein derivative skin-test history, duration of work at the tuberculosis sanatorium, and any history of unprotected exposures to patients with active pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis. Patients with active tuberculosis at the sanatorium were isolated in negative-pressure rooms with UV lights. Physicians wore simple isolation masks in these rooms. Results: Responses were received from 83 former resident physicians. Fifty-two physicians had worked on the tuberculosis wards for a total of 420 weeks, with no subsequent skin-test conversions (95% CI 0 to 1 conversion/8 physician-years). Conclusions: These data document a low risk of occupational transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to physicians who wear simple isolation masks in negative-pressure ventilation rooms with UV lights. This low rate predicts that the additional protective efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the more expensive high-efficiency particulate air filter respirators and the respiratory protection program will be low.
A network approach to cell formation in cellular manufacturing

SUMMARY Formation of machine cells often results in some intercellular movements between the cells. These movements cause lack of segregation among the cells. This is in conflict with the main objective of group technology which aims at independently operating cells. This paper presents a non-heuristic network approach to form manufacturing cells with minimum intercellular interactions. The machine-part matrix containing machining times is represented as a network which is subsequently partitioned by using a modified Gomory-Hu algorithm to find a minimum intercellular interaction. The modified algorithm improves the computational efficiency.
Films of lysozyme adsorbed at air-water surfaces.

Abstract Films of lysozyme adsorbed at the air-solution surface were transferred on to clean aqueous surfaces and allowed to expand freely. The amount of protein in the expanded film was estimated by comparison of its force-area curve with a standard force-area curve of a spread film of lysozyme. The surface tensions of lysozyme solutions were also measured. From the amount of adsorption as a function of lysozyme concentration and the surface tension of lysozyme solutions as a function of concentration both at the end of 30 min, the force-area curve for the adsorbed film was constructed and compared with the force-area curve for spread lysozyme monolayers. The amount of lysozyme adsorbed was independent of protein concentrations for concentrations in excess of about 0.04% and, at saturation of the surface, the amount of protein adsorbed was about 4.5 mg/m 2 . The adsorbed film of lysozyme is much more condensed than is the spread film. The calculated thickness of a fully compressed adsorbed film is compatible with that of an adsorbed monomolecular layer of native lysozyme.
Cutaneous sarcoidosis: differential diagnosis

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease with cutaneous lesions present in 20%-35% of patients. Given the wide variability of clinical manifestations, it is one of the "great imitators," making it necessary to consider clinical, epidemiological, radiographic, laboratory, and histopathological criteria to make the diagnosis. Cutaneous lesions have been classified as specific and nonspecific, depending on the presence of noncaseating granulomas on histologic studies. Specific lesions include maculopapules, plaques, nodules, lupus pernio, scar infiltration, alopecia, ulcerative lesions, and hypopigmentation among others. Nail, mucosal, and childhood sarcoidosis represent a distinct subset of the disease process. The most common nonspecific lesion is erythema nodosum. Others include calcifications, prurigo, erythema multiforme, nail clubbing, and Sweet syndrome. The importance of considering cutaneous sarcoidosis in the clinical differential diagnosis of a given skin lesion relies on the association with systemic involvement and the convenience of the skin as a tissue source for histologic analysis.
Simultaneous production of hydrogen and carbon nanostructures by decomposition of propane and cyclohexane over alumina supported binary catalysts

Abstract Nano-scale, binary, 4.5 wt.% Fe–0.5 wt.% M (M = Pd, Mo or Ni) catalysts supported on alumina have been shown to be very effective for the decomposition of lower alkanes to produce hydrogen and carbon nanofibers or nanotubes. After pre-reduction at 700 °C, all three binary catalysts exhibited significantly lower propane decomposition temperatures and longer time-on-stream performances than either the non-metallic alumina support or 5 wt.% Fe/Al 2 O 3 . Catalytic decomposition of propane using all three catalysts yielded only hydrogen, methane, unreacted propane, and carbon nanotubes. Above 475 °C, hydrogen and methane were the only gaseous products. Catalytic decomposition of cyclohexane using the (4.5 wt.% Fe–0.5 wt.% Pd)/Al 2 O 3 catalyst produced primarily hydrogen, benzene, and unreacted cyclohexane below 450 °C, but only hydrogen, methane, and carbon nanotubes above 500 °C. The carbon nanotubes exhibited two distinct forms depending on the reaction temperature. Above 600 °C, they were predominantly in form of multi-walled nanotubes with parallel walls in the form of concentric graphene sheets. At or below 500 °C, carbon nanofibers with capped and truncated stacked-cone structure were produced. At 625 °C, decomposition of cyclohexane produced a mixture of the two types of carbon nanostructures.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND STAGING OF PANCREATIC CANCER

The pancreatic cancer tumor remains difficult to cure in its advanced form making early diagnosis and accurate staging essential. There is debate regarding the single best diagnostic or staging modality as well as the best approach in imaging patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods: The recent literature regarding the staging of patients with pancreatic cancer was reviewed. Special attention was directed to comparative trials of imaging modalities that included endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Results: EUS accuracy ranges from 78–94% for pancreatic tumor staging and from 64–82% for nodal staging. EUS remains the most sensitive imaging modality for small pancreatic tumors. Conclusion: EUS remains the preferred imaging modality in many patients with pancreatic cancer by virtue of its ability to detect even the smallest lesions, determine the presence of vascular involvement, and acquire tissue of primary tumors, lymph nodes and distant metastases. Continued advances in ultrasound imaging and fine needle aspiration techniques will improve the yield of EUS. Interventional applications of EUS in patients with pancreatic tumors will provide an expanding role for EUS in the future.
18-acetoxy- and 18-hydroxypregna-1,4,20-trien-3-one from the telestacean octocoral (Duchassaing & Michelotti)

Abstract Two new pregnane derivatives were isolated from a telestacean octocoral Telesto riisei . The structures were deduced spectrally and confirmed by interconversion and by transformation to a ketone of known structure.
Culture of bovine embryos after exposure to

Abstract Fifty-four day-6 through day-10 (estrus=day 0) embryos were collected nonsurgically from 13 superovulated, brucellosis-free mixed breed cows. Forty-eight excellent and good zona pellucida-intact (ZP-I), three zona pellucida-defective (ZP-D), and three zona pellucida-free (ZP-F) embryos were incubated in media containing Brucella abortus . Subsequently, embryos were washed ten times in groups of one, two, three, or four. Embryos and serial washes were cultured for B . abortus . Brucellae were not isolated from any ZP-I embryo or from any washing beyond the sixth serial wash. Brucellae were not isolated from the three ZP-F embryos but were detected in the eighth wash for one and in the tenth wash for the others. Brucellae were isolated from one of three ZP-D embryos. Results show that ZP-I embryos can be effectively washed free of B . abortus .
Infliximab use in Crohn's disease.

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease can be quite severe, resulting in hospitalisation, requiring long-term treatment with a variety of medications and frequent surgeries. Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against tumour necrosis factor, a key cytokine in the inflammatory cascade of many diseases, including Crohn’s disease. Numerous studies have shown significant improvement in both clinical and endoscopic luminal and fistulising Crohn’s disease with infliximab treatment. The clinical efficacy, indications, safety profile and future of infliximab are reviewed.
Primary hyperinsulinemia reduces surface active material flux in tracheal fluid of fetal lambs.

Primary Hyperinsulinemia Reduces Surface Active Material Flux in Tracheal Fluid of Fetal Lambs
Impact of measuring electron tracks in high-resolution scientific charge-coupled devices within Compton imaging systems

Abstract We have implemented benchmarked models to determine the gain in sensitivity of electron-tracking based Compton imaging relative to conventional Compton imaging by the use of high-resolution scientific charge-coupled devices (CCD). These models are based on the recently demonstrated ability of electron-tracking based Compton imaging by using fully depleted scientific CCDs. Here we evaluate the gain in sensitivity by employing Monte Carlo simulations in combination with advanced charge transport models to calculate two-dimensional charge distributions corresponding to experimentally obtained tracks. In order to reconstruct the angle of the incident γ - ray , a trajectory determination algorithm was used on each track and integrated into a back-projection routine utilizing a geodesic-vertex ray tracing technique. Analysis was performed for incident γ - ray energies of 662 keV and results show an increase in sensitivity consistent with tracking of the Compton electron to approximately ±30°.
Cirrus Clouds and the Climate

Abstract Cirrus clouds may act to cool or warm the earth's surface, depending upon their infrared emissivity. Direct observation of cirrus cloud emissivities in mid-latitude and tropical environments indicates that cirrus may produce different effects at different latitudes. In the tropics, cirrus emissivities were large enough to cause a significant warming tendency while mid-latitude data showed a cooling effect.
Influence of time on the reversible association between large molecules: the collagen system.

IT is increasingly evident that reversible interactions between macromolecules underlie many important biological functions; the actomyosin system is a classical example. Time-related changes in association between large molecules, which give rise to altered solubility and tensile strength (often associated with increased order), are well known to polymer chemists. It is suggested here that biological systems which rely on controlled intermittent association between specific macromolecules may, by increasingly long periods of association, become fixed in an irreversible or very slowly reversible state, resulting in impaired or lost function.
Expression of α‐fetoprotein and stem cell factor/c‐kit system in bile duct ligated young rats

The existence of a facultative hepatic stem cell compartment in bile ductules that participates in the renewal process of epithelial cell populations in the liver is well documented. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the immature bile epithelium responds differently to growth stimulus induced by bile stasis to that seen in the adult animal. In addition, the possible involvement of the growth factor/receptor systems associated with early activation of hepatic stem cells in bile duct proliferation was also examined. Bile duct ligation was used to induce the proliferation of bile epithelial cells. The expression of full-length alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was used as an indicator for activation of the stem cell compartment. AFP was highly and selectively expressed in small bile ducts 7 days after bile duct ligation in immature rats up to 5 weeks of age. Although no significant increase in the expression of stem cell factor (SCF) c-kit, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) was observed 7 days after bile duct ligation in adult rats, the expression of all these growth factors was increased in bile duct ligated rats up to 5 weeks of age. These results suggest that the bile ductular epithelium in the young rats responds to bile stasis in a fashion that is phenotypically similar to that seen during early activation of hepatic stem cells in adult liver.
A lattice gas automata model for heterogeneous chemical reactions at mineral surfaces and in pore networks

Abstract A lattice gas automata (LGA) model is described which couples solute transport with chemical reactions at mineral surfaces and in pore networks. Chemical reactions and transport are integrated into a FHP-I LGA code as a module so that the approach is readily transportable to other codes. Diffusion in box calculations are compared to finite element Fickian diffusion results and provide an approach to quantifying space-time ratios of the models. Chemical reactions at solid surfaces, including precipitation/dissolution, sorption, and catalytic reaction, can be examined with the model because solute diffusion and mineral surface processes are all treated explicitly. The simplicity and flexibility of the LGA approach provides the ability to study the interrelationship between fluid flow and chemical reactions in porous materials, at a level of complexity that has not previously been computationally possible.
Assessing Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates in Semiarid Watersheds Using the USDA-ARS Walnut Gulch Gauge Network and TRMM PR

AbstractThe rain gauge network associated with the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) in southeastern Arizona provides a unique opportunity for direct comparisons of in situ measurements and satellite-based instantaneous rain rate estimates like those from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR). The WGEW network is the densest rain gauge network in the PR coverage area for watersheds greater than 10 km2. It consists of 88 weighing rain gauges within a 149-km2 area. On average, approximately 10 gauges can be found in each PR field of view (~5-km diameter). All gauges are very well synchronized with 1-min reporting intervals. This allows generating very-high-temporal-resolution rain rate fields and obtaining accurate estimates of the area-average rain rate for the entire watershed and for a single PR field of view. In this study, instantaneous rain rate fields from the PR and the spatially interpolated gauge measurements (on a 100 m × 100 m grid, updated every 1 min)...
The Politics of Discursive Authority in Research on the “Invention of Tradition”

Jean Jackson (1989) asks, in the title of an essay, "Is There a Way to Talk about Making Culture without Making Enemies?" I think that it would be fair to respond that, generally speaking, the answer is no, and this article explores a number of reasons as to why this is so. My concern here is with scholarly analyses of the "invention of tradition," and my point of departure is provided by responses to such work by people who see the traditions that are being discussed as their own. It is no secret that these responses have often been critical and at times quite angry. I want to present some ideas as to why anthropologists who lodge critiques that they see as progressive and anticolonialist have been accused of extending legitimations of white, postcolonial forms of discursive domination. These "native" critiques seem to have been largely marginalized or dismissed, and I think wrongly so, because they raise general questions about the politics of representation in scholarship, particularly anthropology. Constructivist studies of the invention of tradition and its relationship to nationalism and ethnicity were catalyzed by the publication of Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger's The Invention of Tradition (1983) and Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities (1991[1983]). These works have received so much critical attention that it hardly seems necessary to introduce readers to the notion that cultural forms that derive their authority from a perceived connection with the past are "invented," "imagined," "constructed," or "made." Anthropologists and folklorists such as John Dorst (1989), David Guss (1993, 1994b), Richard Handler (1984, 1985b, 1988; Handler and Linnekin 1984), Alan Hanson (1989), Michael Herzfeld (1982), Jean Jackson (1995a), Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett (in press), Roger Keesing (1989), and Jocelyn Linnekin (1983, 1991b) argue that traditions are created in the present, thus reflecting contestations of interest more than the cultural essence of a purportedly homogeneous and bounded "traditional" group. Affirming the authenticity of tradi-
Online placement infrastructure to support run-time reconfiguration

The requirements for placing modules in an automatic run-time reconfigurable (RTR) system differ from those of ASIC and other static environments. The most notable difference is the continual addition and removal of modules from the FPGAs. We examine the effectiveness of a collection of two-dimensional placement decision algorithms in a RTR environment. New algorithms are proposed in addition to several which have been adapted from their one-dimensional counterparts. All of the algorithms have been tested on a set of benchmark applications. Six programs used for testing include examples from encryption, image processing and matrix manipulations, as well as arithemetic, assignment, and looping benchmarks. These applications are multiplexed and simulated to run on our RTR system. A simple last-accessed removal scheme with no compaction is currently implemented. The merit of each algorithm is determined by a set of factors that include fragmentation, chip utilization, decision time, and program run-time benefit.
The low-temperature orthohydrogen conversion over supported oxides and metals

Abstract Rate data corrected for diffusion effects have been obtained for the orthohydrogen → parahydrogen conversion at −196 °C and up to 28.2 atm over alumina-supported oxides of copper, nickel, manganese, and terbium. Other catalysts used were alumina-supported copper, nickel, and palladium metals, and zirconia-supported terbium oxide. The supported nickel metal catalysts showed the highest activity; a sample prepared by multiple impregnation, and hence containing highly dispersed nickel, was 90 times more active than commercial 19% chromia-alumina used for comparison. In relation to atomic radius and magnetic moment, the supported nickel metal was over 103 times more active than the oxides. Possible reasons for this effect are explored. Evidence is presented to show that the low-temperature conversion on nickel metal probably does not involve dissociated hydrogen.
Nuclear survivin as a biomarker for non-small-cell lung cancer

Survivin inhibits apoptosis and promotes mitosis. We determined whether nuclear or cytoplasmic localisation of survivin predicts survival of 48 patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients with nuclear staining of survivin had significantly worse survival (relative risk: 3.9, P=0.02). Therefore, survivin may be a biomarker for NSCLC.
Encoding specificity in the recall of pictures and words in children and adults

Abstract In this study, the modality of the retrieval cues (pictures or words) was varied in a cued recall task to determine how second and fourth grade children and college adults encode words (Experiment 1) and pictures (Experiment 2). According to the assumptions of the encoding specificity principle, cue modality should affect recall only to the degree to which subjects focus on modality specific (sensory) rather than nonmodality specific (semantic) information in stimuli. In both experiments, the results showed progressively smaller encoding specificity effects with increasing age. To ensure that differences in encoding activity were responsible for these effects, comparisons were made of recall patterns under intentional learn conditions, and under incidental conceptual and sensory orienting conditions. The recall patterns of the children in the conceptual orienting condition were similar to the adult patterns in the learn condition, and the adult recall patterns in the sensory orienting conditions were similar to those of the children in the learn conditions. These results suggest that there are developmental differences in encoding the sensory and semantic information in stimuli that may result from differences in the efficiency with which the semantic information in stimuli is processed. The results suggest that young children typically encode stimuli in a fashion that stresses the sensory aspects of the stimuli, and that recall suffers as a result.
The numerical solution of Theodorsen integral equation

Abstract In this paper, a numerical solution of the Theodorsen integral equation is studied. Using an adequate quadrature formula which eliminates the singularity of the integral part of the Theodorsen equation, we obtain a system of nonlinear algebraical equations. This system may be solved using a Jacobi type method and the procedure can be easily implemented using a programming language with parallel facilities. Examples are given using ADA, EVAL, and PARALLAXIS. A convergence result is established. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Upward Flame Spread Over Corrugated Cardboard

Abstract As part of a study of the combustion of boxes of commodities, rates of upward flame spread during early-stage burning were observed during experiments on wide samples of corrugated cardboard. The rate of spread of the flame front, defined by the burning pyrolysis region, was determined by visually averaging the pyrolysis front position across the fuel surface. The resulting best fit produced a power-law progression of the pyrolysis front, x p = At n , where x p is the average height of the pyrolysis front at time t , n = 3/2, and A is a constant. This result corresponds to a slower acceleration than was obtained in previous measurements and theories (e.g. n = 2), an observation which suggests that development of an alternative description of the upward flame spread rate over wide, inhomogeneous materials may be worth studying for applications such as warehouse fires. Based upon the experimental results and overall conservation principles it is hypothesized that the non-homogeneity of the cardboard helped to reduce the acceleration of the upward spread rates by physically disrupting flow in the boundary layer close to the vertical surface and thereby modifying heating rates of the solid fuel above the pyrolysis region. As a result of this phenomena, a distinct difference was observed between scalings of peak flame heights, or maximum “flame tip” measurements and the average location of the flame. The results yield alternative scalings that may be better applicable to some situations encountered in practice in warehouse fires.
Properties of polyisobutylene polyurethane block copolymers: 3. Hard segments based on 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H12MDI) and butane diol

A series of polyisobutylene (PIB) polyurethanes based on 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H12MDI) have been synthesized and their structure-property relationships have been investigated. The PIB glycol was synthesized by the ‘inifer’ technique. Sample compositions were designed for independent investigation of the effects on physical properties of hard segment content and soft segment molecular weight and for comparison with corresponding 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) based PIB polyurethanes. Increasing hard segment content resulted in improved dynamic and tensile modulus while elongation at break was unaffected. Increasing soft segment molecular weight led to decreased mechanical properties attributed to larger domain sizes as indicated by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Both the soft segment Tg and the extent of interfacial mixing as measured by SAXS were unaffected by hard segment content and soft segment molecular weight suggesting that the materials were highly phase separated. In comparison with corresponding MDI based materials the H12MDI based polyurethanes exhibited less hard segment ordering, slightly less interfacial mixing, smaller domain sizes, and slightly better ultimate tensile properties.
Ultraviolet and visible radiation in the atmosphere-ocean system: a tutorial review of modeling capabilities

A tutorial review is provided of ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation transport in the atmosphere-ocean system. Emphasis is placed on the basic physical principles involved, rather than on mathematical/numerical aspects. To illustrate the application of the theory, the effects of an ozone depletion on UV irradiance at the surface are discussed. A comparison of measured and predicted UV penetration into the ocean under the Antarctic ozone hole is also provided. Our ability to model the transport of UV and visible light in the atmosphere-ocean system seems to be limited to a large extent by the lack of information about inherent optical properties of marine constituents, especially in the UV spectral range. To make progress in this area, measurements are needed of spectral absorption and scattering coefficients and volume scattering functions. Identification of the marine constituents that give rise to these optical properties and their variability in space and time is also of crucial importance.
How to Measure Reproductive Success

To date there have been few empirical comparisons between alternative methods for measuring reproductive success (RS). We consider the pros and cons of alternative measures of RS to provide guidance for the design of field studies in human behavioral ecology. We compare cross-sectional measures that count offspring alive at the time of the interview and retrospective measures that require data on offspring age at death or censoring. We consider analyses that include adult women (yielding age-specific estimates of RS) as well as analyses restricted to postreproductive women (yielding data on lifetime RS). These methods are applied to reproductive data for the Dogon of Mali, West Africa.
Cells that present both specific ligand and costimulatory activity are the most efficient inducers of clonal expansion of normal CD4 T cells.

Abstract Clonal expansion of naive CD4 T cells is a necessary step in most adaptive immune responses. Two distinct signals are required for clonal expansion to occur, ligation of T-cell receptors by an antigenic peptide bound to self major histocompatibility complex-encoded class II molecules (signal 1) and a costimulatory signal derived from an antigen-presenting cell (signal 2). To study whether these two signals need to be delivered by a single cell in order to induce clonal expansion of normal CD4 T cells, we have used anti-CD3 bound to Fc receptors as a ligand for the T-cell receptor to deliver signal 1 to all CD4T cells, and we have inactivated signal 2 with a newly generated monoclonal antibody or by using Fc receptor-positive cells that lack the costimulator. Costimulation was delivered by cells whose Fc receptors were blocked with anti-Fc receptor monoclonal antibody. Our results indicate that delivery of ligand and costimulator on one cell is at least 30-fold more efficient than separate delivery. No significant clonal expansion was observed when signals 1 and 2 were delivered by different cells. We have also carried out experiments using fibroblast transfectants that can deliver either or both of these two signals. These studies show that separate delivery of these two signals is at least 80-fold less efficient than their combined delivery by one cell. These findings may explain why tissues can express autoantigens and contain active antigen-presenting cells without inducing autoimmunity.
Abstract A6: The synergy between IL-12 priming of CD8 T cells and lymphodepletion is mediated by host IL-7.

Adoptive T-cell transfer therapy (ACT) is a promising approach for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Using the pmel-1 transgenic mouse as a source of melanoma-reactive CD8 T-cells, our lab has shown that priming these tumor-specific cells ex vivo with IL-12 (pmel IL-12 ) prior to ACT results in significant anti-tumor synergy and enhanced persistence in combination with cyclophosphamide (CTX). Here we demonstrate that other currently accepted lymphodepletion approaches, total body irradiation (TBI) alone or in combination with CTX, are also capable of synergizing with ACT of pmel IL-12 . Interestingly, all 3 regimens (CTX, TBI and CTX + TBI) showed a similar ability to synergize with pmel IL-12 , suggesting a common underlying mechanism. To elucidate the mechanism(s) behind this observed synergy, we evaluated whether the persistence of pmel IL-12 cells transferred into a lymphopenic host required the cytokines IL-7 and IL-15, which are known to be increased in the host post lymphodepletion. We found that the early expansion of pmel IL-12 in an irradiated host was partially dependent on IL-7, but not IL-15, as both the percentage and total number of donor cells recovered from spleens of irradiated hosts 1-week after ACT were greatly diminished in mice treated with an antibody against the IL-7 receptor alpha, CD127, or with an IL-7 neutralizing antibody (clone M25). In vitro these pmel IL-12 cells were able to proliferate in response to IL-7 to a much greater extent than pmel CD8 T-cells activated without IL-12. Together, these findings demonstrate that activated CD8 T cells primed with IL-12 display enhanced responsiveness to IL-7, and that IL-7 is necessary for maximal persistence of these cells in an irradiated host. Therefore, we conclude that the observed synergy between IL-12 priming of CD8 T cells and lymphodepletion is due in part to increased availability of host IL-7 after lymphodepletion. Citation Format: Christopher Bryce Johnson, Bennett R. May, Colleen A. Cloud, Mark P. Rubinstein, David J. Cole. The synergy between IL-12 priming of CD8 T cells and lymphodepletion is mediated by host IL-7. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A6.
Effects of clinical characteristics on successful open access scheduling.

Many outpatient clinics are experimenting with open access scheduling. Under open access, patients see their physicians within a day or two of making their appointment request, and long term patient booking is very limited. The hope is that these short appointment lead times will improve patient access and reduce uncertainty in clinic operations by reducing patient no-shows. Practice shows that successful implementation can be strongly influenced by clinic characteristics, indicating that open access policies must be designed to account for local clinical conditions. The effects of four variables on clinic performance are examined: (1) the fraction of patients being served on open access, (2) the scheduling horizon for patients on longer term appointment scheduling, (3) provider care groups, and (4) overbooking. Discrete event simulation, designed experimentation, and data drawn from an intercity clinic in central Indiana are used to study the effects of these variables on clinic throughput and patient continuity of care. Results show that, if correctly configured, open access can lead to significant improvements in clinic throughput with little sacrifice in continuity of care.
β-Lactoglobulin directed photoisomerization of retinal and related compounds

Abstract The 11-cis enriched photostationary state mixture of retinal trapped in BLG, a water soluble protein, is similar to that of retinal in heptanol. The results, along with those of the lower homologs, are consistent with a model involving specific protein interaction with the cyclohexenyl portion of the substrate and remote protonation of the aldehyde carbonyl group.
The Association of Infectious Disease Diagnoses With Incarceration-related Factors Among Prison Inmates:

Prison inmates present with higher rates of infectious disease than the general population. Decisions on how to manage and treat infectious diseases in the prison setting are often contingent upon ...
"A really excellent scientific contribution": scientific creativity, scientific professionalism, and the Chicago Drainage Case, 1900-1906

Le cas du drainage de Chicago donna aux historiens l'occasion d'etudier l'aspect juridique du dossier a travers le regard de scientifiques qui defenderent l'aspect ecologique, bacteriologique et sanitaire du projet
Quality medical homes: meeting children's needs for therapeutic and supportive services.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether the quality of a medical home is associated with access to needed therapeutic and supportive services among children with special health care needs. METHODS Data from the 2000-2001 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs were used in the analysis. The primary group of interest was children who were 0 to 17 years of age and needed therapeutic (n = 15,793) or supportive (n = 23,376) services. For each characteristic of a quality medical home, the percentage of children who needed and received therapeutic and supportive services was generated. Logistic regression was used to control for covariates while modeling the association between overall quality of a child's medical home and having unmet needs for therapeutic or supportive services. RESULTS Of all children identified as needing services, 16.2% had unmet therapeutic and 9.8% unmet supportive service needs. Only 23.9% of the children who needed therapeutic and 32.5% of children who needed supportive services met the criteria of having a quality medical home. High-quality care within medical homes was associated with a decreased likelihood of having unmet needs for therapeutic and supportive services. Each characteristic of a quality medical home was associated with unmet need, as were severity of the child's condition, family income of <200% of the federal poverty level, underinsurance, and maternal education beyond high school. CONCLUSIONS Among other factors, having a poor-quality medical home seems to be a barrier to receiving needed therapeutic or supportive services for children with special health care needs. Efforts on the part of pediatricians to establish quality medical homes for all children could have the added benefit of facilitating access to needed therapeutic and supportive services and promoting the health and well-being of children with special health care needs and their families.
REVIEW: The Somatomedin Hypothesis 2007 : 50 Years Later

Context: The somatomedin/IGF hypothesis was based on the observation that GH was inactive when added to an in vitro incubation system but required a GH-dependent substance in the circulation to mediate its activity. Newer experimental evidence has led to several modifications of the hypothesis, but none of the proposed modifications accounts for all of the integrated actions of GH and IGF-I. In this paper, we propose an augmentative/counteractive modification of the existing hypothesis that takes into account all the actions of the GH-IGF system. Evidence Acquisition: The modification is based on experimental evidence published since the hypothesis was originally developed. Evidence Synthesis: The modification is based on an integration of the results of published experimental evidence regarding the actions of GH and the IGF complex. Conclusion: We propose a new augmentative/counteractive modification of the hypothesis that the actions of the GH-IGF system provide a distinct evolutionary advantage to the ...
Primate mating systems

Nonhuman primates have many different types of social systems, including solitary ranging, territorial units, uni-male–multi-female groups, fission–fusion communities, and large multi-male–multi-female troops. Mating takes place within the context of the social unit but does not for all primates circumscribe the identity or number of mating partners. The causes of primate social and mating systems are not clearly understood, but it is assumed they are associated with some combination of environmental adaptation and past evolution forces. Primate mating patterns tend to be different for each species or genus. The variation in mating patterns includes nature of courtship, the presence or absence of consortships, the tendency to engage in heterosexual and homosexual behavior, the speed and timing of mounting and ejaculation, and so forth. Keywords: heterosexuality; homosexuality; primate mating system; primate social system
Scalability of node degrees in random wireless network topologies

In many geometrically generated random network topologies it is a common phenomenon that the expected degree of an average node tends to infinity with the network size, whenever asymptotic connectivity is required. This is clearly an obstacle to scalability, as a real node cannot handle an unbounded number of links within bounded processing time. We call it the lack of degree scalability. To investigate this phenomenon, we set up a general modeling framework that contains many different random graph models as special cases. In this framework we identify two conditions and prove that whenever they are present, they make the lack of degree scalability unavoidable. As our general conditions are directly checkable in most specific cases, even in complicated ones, they can serve as powerful tools to show that a possibly complex random network topology model lacks degree scalability. Often this would otherwise be rather hard to prove via direct analysis of the stochastic geometry of the model.
Tele-graffiti: a pen and paper-based remote sketching system

Tele-Graffiti is a system allowing two.or more users to communicate remotely via hand-drawn sketches. What one person writes at one site is captured using a video camera, transmitted to the other site(s), and displayed there using an LCD projector. The advantage of our system over other intelligent desktops and white-boards is that the users are free to move the pieces of paper on which they are writing. In Tele-Graffiti, paper detection and tracking is based on real-time paper boundary detection.
Biotic interactions, ecological knowledge and agriculture

This paper discusses biotic interactions in agroecosystems and how they may be manipulated to support crop productivity and environmental health by provision of ecosystem services such as weed, pest and disease management, nutrient cycling and biodiversity conservation. Important elements for understanding biotic interactions include consideration of the effects of diversity, species composition and food web structure on ecosystem processes; the impacts of timing, frequency and intensity of disturbance; and the importance of multitrophic interactions. All of these elements need to be considered at multiple scales that depend in part on the range of the movement of the organisms involved. These issues are first discussed in general, followed by an examination of the application of these concepts in agricultural management. The potential for a greater use of ecological management approaches is high; however, owing to the nature of complex interactions in ecosystems, there is some inherent unpredictability about responses to management interventions under different conditions. Such uncertainty needs to be accommodated in the development of recommendations for farm management. This requires an increased emphasis on the effective synthesis of complex and often apparently contradictory information and on field-based adaptive research, monitoring and social learning by farmer/researcher collaborations.
PCA-based linear combinations of oligonucleotide frequencies for metagenomic DNA fragment binning

In this paper we have investigated linear combinations of oligonucleotide (k-mer) frequencies for binning the metagenomic DNA fragments of short-to-moderate lengths. The k-mer frequencies have been widely used for gene prediction, phylogenetic tree construction, and metagenomic binning. However, the k-mer frequencies will lead to a high dimensional feature space even for a modest value of k. Existing methods to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space focus on particular oligonucleotide patterns or rather small values of k. We have applied the principal component analysis (PCA) on the oligonucleotide frequencies, based on which we can not only achieve a reduction of the feature dimensionality at a ratio higher than five, but can also retain the most informative features. Our experiments on simulated metagenomic data sets with four types of classifiers have shown that (i) the PCA-based linear combinations of k-mer frequencies are capable of capturing the intrinsic characteristics of DNA fragments and can therefore adequately serve as the binning features; (ii) the PCA-based linear combinations of k-mer frequencies tend to be more effective and stable as the DNA fragment length increases; and (iii) the rather simple linear classifiers can achieve high accuracy for the metagenomic DNA fragment binning at various taxonomic levels, even at a level as specific as species.
Analysis and Design of Planar, Spiral-Shaped, Transmission-Line Transformers

Coupled microstrip line theory is applied to analyze planar Ruthroff transmission-line transformers (TLTs). The results demonstrate that the TLT's low frequency response improves as the microstrip line's even-mode impedance increases, whereas the ratio of load impedance to the line's odd-mode impedance controls the high frequency response. Analysis of an approximate model of coupled microstrip lines formed into a spiral leads to a technique for predicting the performance of planar, spiral-shaped, Ruthroff TLTs. Microwave measurements up to 10 GHz are compared with predictions from the model for regular and suspended Ruthroff TLTs fabricated through a multichip-module deposited (MCM-D) process