cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is aging programed

Development and morphogenesis may easily be thought of as programed, in the sense that they result from a sequence of cellular and molecular events designed by natural selection to produce a given adult phenotype. Aging, except in exceptional cases such as the rapid decay and death of Pacific salmon, is not design but decay. The decay of senescence is not due to natural selection's designing hand, but to its absence. The empirical difference between programed and nonprogramed senescence becomes evident when comparing the stereotypical steps leading to death in salmon contrasted with the lack of such stereotypy in most organisms such as humans and mice. Understanding the distinction between programed development and nonprogramed senescence helps focus attention on the phenotypic performance of adults, which is the focus of natural selection, and therefore be attentive to any unwanted pleiotropic side-effects of genetic or environmental treatments which retard aging.
Isobaric Yield Distributions in the Interaction of 1.8-GeV Protons with Zr 96 , Mo 96 , and Ru 96

Cross sections for the formation of 4 isobars with $A=72$ in the interaction of 1.8-GeV protons with ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{96}$, ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{96}$, and ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{96}$, have been measured. Results have also been obtained for a number of other nuclides with $A=66\ensuremath{-}74$. It is found that the charge of the most probable product with $A=72$ increases by 0.6 units in going from ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{96}$ to ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{96}$, resulting in large differences in isobaric yield ratios for the different targets. These results are in qualitative agreement with cascade-evaporation calculations. A strong correlation between the peak position in the isobaric yield curve and the target $\frac{N}{Z}$ value is indicated both by the present results and previous measurements by Kaufman for a number of heavier targets.
Evaluation and Management of the Failed Ileovesicostomy

During an ileovesicostomy, urine is diverted to an abdominal stoma at low pressures, thereby avoiding the morbidity associated with cystectomy and allowing for the maintenance of native vesicoureteral junctions. This procedure gained popularity in the 1990s as an option for patients who were physically unable or unwilling to perform clean intermittent catheterization. Initial case series revealed fairly low morbidity with ileovesicostomy. However, subsequent larger case series revealed long-term complications that compromised the efficacy of ileovesicostomy, including recurrent urinary tract infections, bladder stones, upper urinary tract stones, urethral incontinence (persistent or de novo), fascial/stomal stenosis and ileal limb obstruction. Herein, we discuss the presentation, evaluation, and management of failed ileovesicostomy. In patients with an ileovesicostomy, recurrent urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, urinary incontinence and ileal limb obstruction should be evaluated with physical examination, fluoroscopic urodynamics and cystoscopy to determine the need for ileovesicostomy surgical revision, closure of the bladder outlet, repair of fistula or cystectomy with ileal conduit.
New Roles for Sport Psychologists: Teaching Life Skills Through Sport to At-Risk Youth

Following a discussion of the need to expand the definition of sport psychology to include the use of sport to enhance both sport and life skills, two sportrelated programs designed to enhance life skills are described. The focus of these programs is to promote both life and sport skills for adolescents, especially for those who are underserved. The conceptual framework for these programs is described as is the contents of the programs. The procedures for implementing the programs are delineated. Additionally, the roles played by sport psychologists, including a review of the necessary training to implement such programs, are detailed. Finally, a brief summary of the evaluation data and its connection to similar physical education programs is presented.
The hospice: Humane care for the dying

The hospice movement arose as a reaction to the dehumanizing atmosphere of acute-care hospitals, where excessive utilization of life support equipment deprived dying patients of a meaningful vision of their destiny. Respecting the spiritual quest of the terminally ill for wholeness and dignity, the hospice concept prescribes the rendering of compassionate and pastoral care by a benevolent community of family, health care staff, friends, and clergy. Approximately 800 hospice programs are currently evolving in the United States. St. Mary's (formerly “Hillhaven”) Hospice in Tucson, Arizona, offers the most comprehensive program of services, including home care, inpatient care, and artistic media through which the dying express their creativity. Numerous demonstration projects funded by several government agencies, principally the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), are expected to result in the legislative actions eliminating barriers to reimbursement of the cost of hospice services by Medicare, Medicaid, and other third-party payers. Existential analysis reveals the value of religion and spiritual support in enabling the dying to banish anxiety and muster the hope requisite for fully appreciating the authentic meaning of their destiny.
Fitting algebraic curves to noisy data

(MATH) Motivated by applications in vision and pattern detection, we introduce the following problem. We are given pairs of datapoints $(x_1, y_1)$, $(x_2, y_2)$, $\ldots,(x_m, y_m)$, a noise parameter $\delta > 0$, a degree bound $d$, and a threshold $\rho>0$. We desire "every" degree $d$ polynomial $h$ satisfying h(x_i) \in [y_i -\delta, y_i +\delta] & \qquad \nonumber for at least r fraction of i's.(MATH) We assume by rescaling the data that each $x_i, y_i \in [-1, 1]$.(MATH) If $\delta =0$, this is just the list decoding problem that has been popular in complexity theory and for which Sudan gave a $\poly(d,1/\rho)$ time algorithm.We show a few basic results about the problem. We show that there is no polynomial time algorithm for this problem as defined; the number of solutions can be as large as exp(d0.5 -e) even if the data is generated using a 50-50 mixture of two polynomials. We give a rigorous analysis of a brute force algorithm for the version of this problem where the data is generated from a mixture of polynomials. Finally, in surprising contrast to our "lower bound", we describe a polynomial-time algorithm for reconstructing mixtures of O(1) polynomials when the mixing weights are "nondegenerate.The tools used include classical theory of approximations.
A note on the effect of numerical quadrature in finite element eigenvalue approximation

In a recent work by the author and J.E. Osborn, it was shown that the finite element approximation of the eigenpairs of differential operators, when the elements of the underlying matrices are approximated by numerical quadrature, yield optimal order of convergence when the numerical quadrature satisfies a certain precision requirement. In this note we show that this requirement is indeed sharp for eigenvalue approximation. We also show that the optimal order of convergence for approximate eigenvectors can be obtained, using numerical quadrature with less precision.
One-Bead-One-Compound Library of End-Capped Dipeptides and Deconvolution by Microflow NMR.

As part of our program to identify novel small molecules with interesting biological activity, we have designed and synthesized a library of end-capped dipeptides with an emphasis on compound diversity, complexity, and membrane permeability. An ∼1500-member library was synthesized manually on large polystyrene beads using the mix-and-split method. The final compounds were cleaved into 384-well plates to generate individual stock solutions for input into high-throughput biological screens. Individual compounds were decoded using a combination of mass spectrometry and microflow NMR spectroscopy. In principle, this approach to deconvolution obviates the need for complicated binary encoding−decoding strategies for one-bead-one-compound libraries.
A unified approach to three finite element theories for geometric nonlinearity

Abstract The paper considers theoretical and numerical questions associated with finite element analysis of geometrically nonlinear structural problems. A variety of finite element theories have recently arisen leading to geometric stiffness matrices, initial displacement matrices, and other similar forms. The present analysis determines an integrated unified approach to these geometrically nonlinear problems. The development leads very readily to the resolution of questions pertaining to highly nonlinear problems, and the interrelations of recent emergent theories become apparent. The investigation includes evaluation of alternative approaches for numerical computations of incremental and single-step analyses and advocates specific basic approximations for particular applications.
Search for νμ - ντ oscillations using a large water cerenkov detector (GRANDE) exposed to a high energy neutrino beam from the SSC booster☆

Abstract A new search for νμ - ντ oscillations in a domain of Δm2 and ⊥Uμτ⊥2 which has remained unexplored is described using a beam of high energy muon neutrinos from the SSC Injector and the GRANDE neutrino observatory to detect the appearance of tau-neutrinos.
Studies in Abstraction with the White Rat

*Received for publication by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board, February 24, 1930. 1The work here reported was done during the tenure of a National Research Council Fellowship at Yale University, during the year 1928–29. The writer wishes to express here his acknowledgments to Professors Yerkes and Dodge for their kindly interest and assistance.
Mid foot kinetics characterize structural polymorphism in diabetic foot disease.

Background Diabetic foot disease is characterized by progressive foot deformities that lead to amputation and disabling morbidity. The purpose is to investigate the classification of two distinct phenotypes of mid foot structural polymorphism in individuals using plantar kinetic and pressure distribution and tarsal bone density assessments.
Synergistic effects of sulfation and co-doping on the visible light photocatalysis of TiO2

Abstract Sol–gel synthesis and sulfation process has been carried out to prepare Fe 3+ /Zn 2+ co-doped and SO 4 2− impregnated TiO 2 photocatalysts. The aim of the present investigation is to improve the visible light photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 using (i) co-doping with transition metal species, Fe 3+ /Zn 2+ and (ii) sulfur impregnation procedures. Structural (XRD) characteristics of SO 4 2− impregnated TiO 2 reveals the presence of anatase nanoparticles with average grain sizes of 9.8 and 14.8 nm. This sulfation process inhibits, the anatase to rutile phase transformation of TiO 2 at higher calcination temperatures (e.g. 600 °C) and increases the number and strength of surface acid sites. The UV–vis photocatalytic activity between the sulfated and non-sulfated Fe 3+ /Zn 2+ co-doped TiO 2 catalysts have been found roughly the same. However, there is an enhancement in the visible light photoactivity, which is clearly discernable from the degradation of phenol in aqueous medium.
Consequences of Schanuel's condition for zeros of exponential terms

Assuming “Schanuel's Condition” for a certain class of exponential fields, Sturm's technique for polynomials in real closed fields can be extended to more complicated exponential terms in the corresponding exponential field. Hence for this class of terms the exact number of zeros can be calculated. These results give deeper insights into the model theory of exponential fields. MSC: 03C65, 03C60, 12L12.
Quadruple systems of the projective special linear group PSL(2,q), q ≡ 1 (mod 4)

We determine the distribution of quadruple systems among the orbits of 4-element subsets under the action of PSL(2,q) on the projective line when q ≡ 1 (mod 4). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 11: 339–351, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10043
Sharp Trace Estimates of Solutions to Kirchhoff and Euler-Bernoulli Equations

This paper gives sharp estimates of second-order traces of solutions to mixed problems for Kirchhoff equations and Euler-Bernoulli equations with second- and third-order nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. The approach uses pseudodifferential analysis. These sharp trace regularity results have, among others, important implications in corresponding exact controllability/uniform stabilization theories; they allow the removal of geometrical conditions made in prior literature.
The microwave background anisotropies: Observations

Most cosmologists now believe that we live in an evolving universe that has been expanding and cooling since its origin about 15 billion years ago. Strong evidence for this standard cosmological model comes from studies of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), the remnant heat from the initial fireball. The CMBR spectrum is blackbody, as predicted from the hot Big Bang model before the discovery of the remnant radiation in 1964. In 1992 the cosmic background explorer (COBE) satellite finally detected the anisotropy of the radiation—fingerprints left by tiny temperature fluctuations in the initial bang. Careful design of the COBE satellite, and a bit of luck, allowed the 30 μK fluctuations in the CMBR temperature (2.73 K) to be pulled out of instrument noise and spurious foreground emissions. Further advances in detector technology and experiment design are allowing current CMBR experiments to search for predicted features in the anisotropy power spectrum at angular scales of 1° and smaller. If they exist, these features were formed at an important epoch in the evolution of the universe—the decoupling of matter and radiation at a temperature of about 4,000 K and a time about 300,000 years after the bang. CMBR anisotropy measurements probe directly some detailed physics of the early universe. Also, parameters of the cosmological model can be measured because the anisotropy power spectrum depends on constituent densities and the horizon scale at a known cosmological epoch. As sophisticated experiments on the ground and on balloons pursue these measurements, two CMBR anisotropy satellite missions are being prepared for launch early in the next century.
Asymmetric left-right model and the top pair forward-backward asymmetry

The forward-backward asymmetry measurement in top-pair production at the Tevatron is about $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ from the standard model prediction. We propose an asymmetric left-right model, which includes a ${W}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ boson with a right-handed coupling of down to top quark, and a ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ boson with diagonal couplings to the up, top, and down quarks with ${M}_{{W}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{\approx}175\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ and ${M}_{{Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{\approx}900\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. The model accounts for the asymmetry while remaining consistent with the top-pair total cross section and invariant mass distribution.
Combining Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatments for Obesity

Weight-loss medications are currently recommended for use only as an adjunct to diet, exercise, and behavior modification. Little, however, is known about the benefits of combining behavioral and pharmacological therapies or about the mechanisms that would make these combined approaches more effective than either used alone. This article reviews the effects of adding pharmacotherapy (i.e., principally sibutramine and orlistat) to a modest program of lifestyle modification. Studies revealed that the addition of medication typically improved short- and long-term weight loss compared with lifestyle modification alone. The best results, however, were obtained when medications were combined with an intensive, group program of lifestyle modification. The two approaches may have additive effects; behavioral treatment seems to help obese individuals control the external (i.e., food-related) environment, whereas pharmacotherapy may control the internal environment by reducing hunger, cravings, or nutrient absorption. The article examines possible methods of sequencing behavioral and pharmacological therapies and offers suggestions for future research.
New World School of the Arts: Creativity Across the Curriculum

In Miami, a unique collaboration of three educational systems has created New World School of the Arts. Talented young students study with professional artists, and in the process they earn high school and college credits and prepare for careers in dance, music, theater, and the visual arts.
Acculturation and the initiation of breastfeeding.

Abstract Despite the fact that breastfeeding is the most appropriate form of nutrition for the healthy term infant, the rate of initiation in the U.S. is declining. One demographic factor associated with this low rate is ethnicity and so in this study we measured acculturation (one aspect of ethnicity) into the U.S. and its relationship to the successful initiation of breastfeeding in a sample of women recruited approximately 2 months prenatally in a U.S.-Mexico border city. Interviews were administered in English or Spanish by bilingual interviewers prenatally ( n = 906), natally ( n = 788), and postnatally ( n = 715). Acculturation (measured with a 20 item instrument) was strongly related to the intent to ( p p p = 0.014) and education ( p = 0.002) were related to breastfeeding prenatally and natally. Initiation of breastfeeding was highest among those women least acculturated (52.9%) and lowest in those most acculturated (36.1 %) indicating an inhibiting effect of acculturation. To improve the rate of initiation of breastfeeding in the U.S. (a national health goal) intervention programs must consider cultural factors.
Inhibitory effect of triamcinolone acetonide on synthesis of inflammatory mediators in the equine

Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) are widely used anti-inflammatory agents in veterinary medical practice. These drugs are considered doping agents because they mask pain and thus, increase injury potential in equine athletes. They exhibit anti-inflammatory property by binding to glucocorticoids receptor (GR) to control the transcription of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes involved in the synthesis of bioactive eicosanoids. To evaluate the role of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on concentrations of bioactive eicosanoids in equine plasma, TA (0.04 mg/kg) was intravenously administered to horses. Before (0 h) and after TA administration, equine whole blood (EWB) samples were collected and challenged with either methanol (vehicle), calcium ionophore A-23187 (CI) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate ex-vivo synthesis of eicosanoids. Plasma concentrations of eicosanoids were quantified using LC-MS/MRM. Results showed that thromboxane B2 (TXB2) was not affected by TA administration when EWB was stimulated with CI. However, after LPS treatment, TXB2, PGE2, PGF2α and 15-(s)-HETE decreased during 2-8 h post-TA administration but recovered to concentrations which were not significantly different from those of pre-TA administration (0 h), after 24 h. When EWB was treated with CI, LTB4 was suppressed post-TA administration compared to 0 h. When EWB collected after TA administration was stimulated with LPS, LTB4 was not significantly different from those of 0 h. Administration of a therapeutic dose of TA (0.04 mg/kg, iv) in the horse suppressed biosynthesis of bioactive eicosanoids indicating the anti-inflammatory role of TA in the horse.
Abstract 5517: Distinct myeloid suppressor cell subsets correlate with plasma IL-6 and IL-10 and reduced interferon-α signal transduction in CD4+ T cells from patients with gastrointestinal malignancy

Interferon-alpha (IFNα) can promote anti-tumor immunity through its actions on immune cells. We have shown in murine models that a class of immune suppressor cells known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have inhibitory effects on IFN signal transduction and gene regulation. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 are produced by tumor cells in cancer patients and can regulate the survival and function of MDSC. This study evaluated relationships between plasma IL-6, IL-10, circulating MDSC subsets and IFNα-induced signal transduction in 40 patients with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Plasma IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in patients versus normal donors. CD33 + HLADR − CD11b + CD15 + and CD33 + HLADR −/low CD14 + MDSC were also elevated in patients versus normal donors (p + ) and monocytic (CD15 − ) subsets. Therefore relationships between CD15 expression on MDSC and cytokines elevated in GI patients were examined. A significant correlation between plasma IL-6 with CD33 + HLADRCD15 + MDSC (p=0.008) and IL10 with CD33 + HLADR − CD15 − MDSC (p=0.002) was observed. The level of CD15 + and CD15 − but not CD14 + MDSC subsets were inversely correlated with IFNα-induced STAT1 phosphorylation in CD4 + T cells, while co-culture with in vitro generated MDSC led to reduced IFNα-responsiveness in PBMC from normal donors. In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, an increased percentage of the CD33 + HLADR − CD15 − MDSC subset was associated with reduced overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.43; p = 0.049) while an increased percentage of the CD33 + HLADR −/low CD14 + subset was associated with greater overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.69, p=0.033). These data provide evidence for a unique relationship between specific cytokines, MDSC subsets and IFNα responsiveness in patients with GI malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5517. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5517
Interaction of recombinant surfactant protein D with lipopolysaccharide: Conformation and orientation of bound protein by IRRAS and simulations

Effective innate host defense requires early recognition of pathogens. Surfactant protein D (SP-D), shown to play a role in host defense, binds to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of Gram-negative bacterial membranes. Binding takes place via the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of SP-D. Recombinant trimeric neck+CRDs (NCRD) have proven valuable in biophysical studies of specific interactions. Although X-ray crystallography has provided atomic level information on NCRD binding to carbohydrates and other ligands, molecular level information about interactions between SP-D and biological ligands under physiologically relevant conditions is lacking. Infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) provides molecular structure information from films at the air/water interface where protein adsorption to LPS monolayers serves as a model for protein−lipid interaction. In the current studies, we examine the adsorption of NCRDs to Rd1 LPS monolayers using surface pressure measurements and IRRAS. Meas...
Transition behavior on lattices with ladders. Part II: Sensitivity to coupling

Abstract Quantum–mechanical studies have predicted, and experimental studies on SrCu 2 O 3 have confirmed, that the propagation of bound pairs on even-chain copper oxide ladders is possible, but not on ladders with an odd number of legs. To study whether this quantum–mechanical lattice parity effect has a classical analog, and to document the consequences of assuming different coupling scenarios between the ladder and adjacent sublattices, we develop a classical Markovian lattice-statistical model to monitor the efficiency of migration on a composite lattice. Regions of parameter space where significant departures from results obtained via a symmetrical random walk are identified.
Lifting a familiar object: visual size analysis, not memory for object weight, scales lift force

The brain can accurately predict the forces needed to efficiently manipulate familiar objects in relation to mechanical properties such as weight. These predictions involve memory or some type of central representation, but visual analysis of size also yields accurate predictions of the needed fingertip forces. This raises the issue of which process (weight memory or visual size analysis) is used during everyday life when handling familiar objects. Our aim was to determine if subjects use a sensorimotor memory of weight, or a visual size analysis, to predictively set their vertical lift force when lifting a recently handled object. Two groups of subjects lifted an opaque brown bottle filled with water (470 g) during the first experimental session, and then rested for 15 min in a different room. Both groups were told that they would lift the same bottle in their next session. However, the experimental group returned to lift a slightly smaller bottle filled with water (360 g) that otherwise was identical in appearance to the first bottle. The control group returned to lift the same bottle from the first session, which was only partially filled with water so that it also weighed 360 g. At the end of the second session subjects were asked if they observed any changes between sessions, but no subject indicated awareness of a specific change. An acceleration ratio was computed by dividing the peak vertical acceleration during the first lift of the second session by the average peak acceleration of the last five lifts during the first session. This ratio was >1 for the control subjects 1.30 (SEM 0.08), indicating that they scaled their lift force for the first lift of the second session based on a memory of the (heavier) bottle from the first session. In contrast, the acceleration ratio was 0.94 (0.10) for the experimental group (P < 0.011). We conclude that the experimental group processed visual cues concerning the size of the bottle. These findings raise the possibility that even with familiar objects we predict fingertip forces using an on-line visual analysis of size (along with memory of density), rather than accessing memory related to object weight.
Phosphorus incorporation in Escherichia coli ribo-nucleic acid after infection with bacteriophage T2.

Abstract Incorporation of medium phosphorus into RNA of T2r+-infected Escherichia coli has been demonstrated in a manner that reduces the contribution from uninfected bacteria to an insignificant level, and which unambiguously identifies such phosphorus with RNA phosphorus. In nutrient broth cultures containing P 32 O 4 , accumulation of labeled RNA takes place very shortly after infection with phage and then stops, whereas with P 32 O 4 in synthetic medium accumulation of labeled RNA continues almost linearly for at least 60 minutes after infection. The unequal specific activities of the RNA mononucleotides isolated from alkaline hydrolyzates of RNA requires a heterogeneous uptake of the phosphorus with respect to the total RNA phosphorus. Possible mechanisms to explain the data have been presented.
EIS support for the strategic management process

Abstract The success of an executive information system (EIS) depends upon many factors, including providing support for the strategic management process (SMP). The SMP is comprised of five phases: organizational objectives, environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategic control. The study empirically investigated (1) the support of EISs for the phases of the SMP and (2) the relationship between the amount of support provided and EIS success. Data were collected from EIS professionals and executive users in 51 organizations. Descriptive statistics were calculated and correlation analysis was used to test the hypothesized relationships. It was found that the success of an EIS is related to its support for operational objectives and strategy implementation. The findings can be understood by considering the conditions that surround the development of an EIS and revisiting the relationship between management activities and information requirements.
Large elastic deformations of three-dimensional foams and highly concentrated emulsions

Abstract We have developed a microrheological analysis for the nonlinear elastic behavior of a 'dry,' perfectly ordered, three-dimensional foam composed of thin liquid films with uniform surface tension. The undeformed cell structure is based on Kelvin's minimal tetrakaidecahedron, which contains six planar quadrilateral surfaces with curved edges and eight nonplanar hexagonal surfaces of zero mean curvature. Each film of the deformed foam has zero mean curvature, three films meet along an edge called a Plateau border at equal angles of 120°, and four Plateau borders join at each vertex. The nonlinear partial differential equation for film curvature is solved using finite difference methods. We consider uniaxial extension and examine a particular orientation of the foam that gives highly symmetric structures for all deformations up to the elastic limit. The elastic limit corresponds to a mathematical turning point at which the area of each film is finite; it does not coincide with the area of some films going smoothly to zero as expected from the theory for 'dry,' two-dimensional foams. The surface area and complete stress tensor for the foam are evaluated. We have also developed an approximate analytical theory by assuming that the undeformed foam consists of regular tetrakaidecahedra and that the films remain planar during deformation. The elastic limit for the planar model does coincide with films vanishing smoothly.
Three-dimensional uniform flow in an oxygenator.

A fully established three-dimensional blood flow in a uniform, rectangular channel with a moving wall (membrane) is calculated by using an implicit finite-difference approximation to the Navier-Stokes equations. The strength of the secondary flow, which provides a mechanism for the enhancement of oxygen transfer, is controlled by the relative motion between the membrane and the channel. The calculations simulate uniform flow establishment from rest, with and without secondary flow in a long channel.
Effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the disposition of intracisternally administered metaraminol-3H.

Abstract The effect of several monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the disappearance of intracisternally injected metaraminol- 3 H, a synthetic monoamine which is resistant to the action of monoamine oxidase, was studied in the rat. Pretreatment with phenelzine, pheniprazine or nialamide markedly accelerated the disappearance of metaraminol- 3 H from brain, while pargyline pretreatment substantially retarded its escape. In contrast, both pheniprazine and pargyline were found to significantly hasten the disappearance of the labeled amine from heart. Phenelzine or pheniprazine failed to alter the uptake of intracisternally injected metaraminol- 3 H into brain, and neither pargyline nor pheniprazine affected the disappearance of intracisternally administered urea- 14 C or a-aminoisobutyric acid- 14 C. These findings are consistent with the view that pargyline interferes with monoamine transport from brain, while pheniprazine, nialamide, and phenelzine act to displace metaraminol by promoting the accumulation of endogenous amines.
In vivo biosynthesis of tribromoheptene oxide in Bonnemaisonia nootkana

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented supporting the involvement of acetate and palmitate in the biosynthesis of tribromoheptene oxide in this red alga.
Formalization and experimental evaluation of cavity-enhanced holographic readout

We formalize the theoretical effects of optical resonator enhancement on diffraction efficiency, read rate, and write rate of plane wave holograms, with a view toward page based holographic data storage. Trade-offs in cavity enhancement are also examined. Theory predicts ~160% of enhancement in diffraction efficiency is feasible when power loss of the hologram is ~8% and diffraction efficiency is ~8%. We report experimental verification of ~30% enhancement of diffraction efficiency for a hologram written in 0.03% Fe:LiNbO3 (Deltronic Crystal Industries, Inc.) with a 532 nm wavelength, pulsed, DPSS, Nd-YAG, laser and read by a red He-Ne laser. The Bragg selectivity width under the cavityenhanced readout is experimentally confirmed to be unaffected by cavity enhancement, and it agrees with theoretical prediction.
Phosphate-dependent degradation of urea.

Jones and Lipmann1 recently proposed a direct mechanism for the phosphorolysis of urea. We have found that urea is phosphorolytically cleaved by extracts of Streptococcus allantoicus. However, the urea moiety is indirectly decomposed as made evident by the requirement for glyoxylate. Co-factors for the following scheme of urea degradation in which glyoxylurea is an intermediate are diphospho-pyridine nucleotide (DPN), magnesium, and phosphate or arsenate : Oxamic transcarbamylase catalysing reaction (3) has been previously described by Valentine and Wolfe2.
Evaluation of commercially available, wide-pore ultrafiltration membranes for production of α-lactalbumin–enriched whey protein concentrate

Abstract Commercially available, wide-pore ultrafiltration membranes were evaluated for production of α-lactalbumin (α-LA)–enriched whey protein concentrate (WPC). In this study microfiltration was used to produce a prepurified feed that was devoid of casein fines, lipid materials, and aggregated proteins. This prepurified feed was subsequently subjected to a wide-pore ultrafiltration process that produced an α-LA–enriched fraction in the permeate. We evaluated the performance of 3 membrane types and a range of transmembrane pressures. We determined that the optimal process used a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (molecular weight cut-off of 50kDa) operated at transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 207kPa. This membrane type and operating pressure resulted in α-LA purity of 0.63, α-LA:β-LG ratio of 1.41, α-LA yield of 21.27%, and overall flux of 49.46L/m 2 ·h. The manufacturing cost of the process for a hypothetical plant indicated that α-LA–enriched WPC 80 (i.e., with 80% protein) could be produced at $17.92/kg when the price of whey was considered as an input cost. This price came down to $16.46/kg when the price of whey was not considered as an input cost. The results of this study indicate that production of a commercially viable α-LA–enriched WPC is possible and the process developed can be used to meet worldwide demand for α-LA–enriched whey protein.
Thermochemical Kinetics for Multireference Systems: Addition Reactions of Ozone

The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of ozone to ethyne and ethene provide extreme examples of multireference singlet-state chemistry, and they are examined here to test the applicability of several approaches to thermochemical kinetics of systems with large static correlation. Four different multireference diagnostics are applied to measure the multireference characters of the reactants, products, and transition states; all diagnostics indicate significant multireference character in the reactant portion of the potential energy surfaces. We make a more complete estimation of the effect of quadruple excitations than was previously available, and we use this with CCSDT/CBS estimation of Wheeler et al. (Wheeler, S. E.; Ess, D. H.; Houk, K. N. J. Phys. Chem. A 2008, 112, 1798.) to make new best estimates of the van der Waals association energy, the barrier height, and the reaction energy to form the cycloadduct for both reactions. Comparing with these best estimates, we present comprehensive mean unsigned errors f...
Membranous nephropathy associated with childhood sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisytemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. It is relatively rare in children. Renal involvement in sarcoidosis is described less commonly than other organ involvement such as pulmonary, eye, musculoskeletal, and skin. We report a 13-year-old girl with sarcoidosis and nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy showed findings of membranous nephropathy. She received intravenous pulse methylprednisolone and oral cyclophosphamide with resolution of the symptoms of fever and edema, and improvement of the proteinuria. Her condition is stable with no progression of her renal disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of membranous nephropathy associated with childhood sarcoidosis.
The antithiamine activity of the 2-alkylthio analogs of thiamine in microorganisms.

Abstract 2-Methylthio, 2-ethylthio, and 2- n -propylthio analogs of thiamine were synthesized and their inhibitory effect for the growth of Kloeckera brevis (A.T.C.C. 9774) and Lactobacillus fermenti 36 (A.T.C.C. 9338) was compared with pyrithiamine and oxythiamine. The order of decreasing effectiveness as an antithiamine for K. brevis was: 2-methylthiothiamine > pyrithiamine > 2-ethylthiothiamine > 2- n -propylthiothiamine > oxythiamine; and for L. fermenti 36 was: pyrithiamine > 2-methylthiothiamine > 2-ethylthiothiamine > oxythiamine > 2- n -propylthiothiamine. In K. brevis , when thiamine pyrophosphate was used as a vitamin source, 2-ethylthiothiamine was found to be a stronger growth inhibitor than pyrithiamine. Indirect evidence appeared to indicate that in K. brevis , the site of inhibition of 2-methylthiothiamine or of pyrithiamine would be different from that of oxythiamine. 2-Methylthio-, 2-ethylthio-, 2- n -propylthio-, and 2-allylthiopyramins were antagonists of pyridoxine in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (A.T.C.C. 4228). The order of decreasing antimetabolic potency was: 2-methylthiopyramin > 2-ethylthiopyramin > 2- n -propylthiopyramin = 2-allylthiopyramin.
Computer Technology of Interval-Set Analysis in MATLAB

A computer technology of interval-set analysis is considered. The technology is implemented as the so-called Interval-Set Analysis Toolbox in MATLAB, i.e., as a problem-oriented collection of new MATLAB-functions. Theoretical foundations of the technology are analyzed and a categorization of the new functions is given. Examples of using the technology for set-theoretic solution of a system of linear inequalities are considered.
Surface Integrity in Hard Machining of 300 M Steel: Effect of Cutting-edge Geometry on Machining Induced Residual Stresses☆

Abstract 300 M steel is widely used in the aerospace industry to manufacture landing gears due to its ultrahigh strength and high fracture toughness. Surface integrity in the hard turning process (one of the final manufacturing processes in making landing gears) can be influenced by tool geometries and cutting conditions. An experimental study is conducted on 300 M steel to understand the role of cutting tool geometry and cutting conditions on surface integrity (surface roughness and residual stresses). Cutting tool geometries are varied along the nose edge region (chamfer, hone, and chamfer-hone). These varied geometries are tested at different cutting conditions to highlight the combinational complexity of cutting edges and cutting conditions in producing surface roughness and residual stresses. The results show the necessity of edge preparation in improving machining surface integrity in such a material.
Acromegaly with moderate hyperprolactinemia caused by an intrasellar macroadenoma.

Background A 31-year-old woman presented 12 months after discontinuing the oral contraceptive pill with progressive headache to her primary-care physician. She had previously presented with irregular menses to her obstetrician–gynecologist 4 months after discontinuing the oral contraceptive pill. Her serum prolactin levels were 153 µg/l and a pituitary MRI revealed a 13 mm intrasellar mass consistent with an adenoma. The patient was given 0.5 mg cabergoline twice weekly, and after 6 weeks her prolactin levels fell to 31 µg/l. After 6 months, however, she complained of persistent frontal headache and a repeat MRI revealed that the adenoma had increased in size to 16 mm. The patient was referred to an endocrinologist for further evaluation. Investigations Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and growth hormone levels measured 2 h after ingestion of 75 g of oral glucose. Diagnosis Acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia caused by a mixed-cell adenoma, secreting growth hormone and prolactin. Management Trans-sphenoidal surgery followed by medical therapy with 20 mg intramuscular octreotide–LAR monthly.
1-Methyl-3-hydroxy-2-pyridinone and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-pyridinone complexes of the trivalent metal ions of Fe(III), Ga(III), Al(III), In(III) and Gd(III): potentiometric and spectrophotometric determination of stabilities

The trivalent metal ion stability constants for tris bidentate chelates of 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-pyridinone (MH2P) and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-pyridinone (DH2P) were determined by potentiometric and spectroscopic methods at 25.0 °C, 0.100 M KCI. The overall log stability constants for Fe(III) complexes (log βFeL3=[FeL3]/[Fe][L]3) are 29.99 and 28.18, respectively, and are lower than that of 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone (DMHP), published previously (35.88). The placement of the bidentate hydroxy oxygen donors relative to the pyridyl nitrogen atom of the ligand influences the 3:1 stabilities for each of the trivalent metal ions studied (i.e. Fe(III), Ga(III), Al(III), In(III) and Gd(III)), as the relative order of stability is DMHP>MH2P>DH2P. Among these ligands, the relative order of magnitude of metal ion stability is Fe(III)> Ga(III)>Al(III)>In(III)>Gd(III). Influences of structural and inductive effects (resulting from hydroxyl and methyl substitution of hydroxypyridinone ligands) are evaluated.
Toxicity of mixtures of organic chemicals to microorganisms

Abstract Approaches developed by toxicologists in analyzing joint effects of two or more chemicals on fish were used to analyze and predict joint effects on microorganisms. Based on the results, the joint toxic effects of the 50 chemicals tested in this study can be considered simply additive. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) technique is proposed for predicting the concentrations of the components of a mixture that would cause 50% inhibition by joint action. The concentrations predicted by the proposed QSAR method are shown to agree well with those experimentally measured with r2 = 0.8 at a level of significance, P = 0.0001.
Phenobarbital does not prevent total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in noninfected neonates.

Cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a serious complication of this therapy for which there is no known treatment other than beginning enteral feeds. Phenobarbital is commonly used in other cholestatic disease states, but its benefit in this syndrome has not been demonstrated. We conducted a retrospective review of phenobarbital use in neonates receiving concurrent TPN. Thirty-one noninfected neonates were studied. They were without evidence of intrinsic liver disease at the institution of exclusive TPN therapy. For the purposes of this study, TPN-associated cholestasis was defined as a serum bilirubin in excess of 3 mg/dl at postnatal age of 3 weeks or more. Fourteen of the study infants received phenobarbital therapy for neurologic indications. Sixty percent of the phenobarbital-treated infants developed TPN-associated cholestasis, as compared to 33% of the untreated patients. Phenobarbital therapy was not effective in preventing TPN-associated cholestasis. (Journal of Parente...
Oxidative metabolism of dihomogammalinolenic acid by guinea pig epidermis: Evidence of generation of anti-inflammatory products

Abstract Reports that vegetable oils which contain gammalinolenic acid :3n-6) may exert beneficial effects on cutaneous disorders prompted us to investigate whether epidermis possesses the ability to transform dihomogammalinolenic acid (20 : 3n-6), the epidermal elongase product of 18 : 3n-6, into oxidative metabolites with anti-inflammatory potential. Incubations of [1–14C] 20:3n-6 with the 105, 000 g particulate (microsomal) fraction from guinea pig epidermal homogenate resulted in the formation of the 1-series prostaglandin PGE1. The identity of this product was confirmed by argentation thin-layer chromatography (TLC), reverse phase-HPLC, and conversion with alkali treatment to PGB1. Incubations of [1–14C] 20:3n-6 with the 105,000 g supernatant (cytosolic) fraction from guinea pig epidermal homogenate resulted in the formation of the 15-lipoxygenase product 15-hydroxy-8, 11, 13-eicosatrienoic acid (15-OH-20:3n6). The identity of this product was confirmed by normal phase-HPLC and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thus, data from these studies indicate the capacity of enzymes in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions of guinea pig epidermal homogenates to transform 20:3n-6 to the eicosanoids PGE and 15-OH 20:3n-6, products which reportedly have anti-1 inflammatory properties. The in vivo significance of these findings remains to be explored.
The Origin of Interspecific Genomic Incompatibility via Gene Duplication

One of the great unsolved mysteries of evolutionary biology concerns the genetic mechanisms underlying the origin of genomic incompatibilities between species. Two prevailing thoughts are that such incompatibilities often result from epistatically interacting genes that act as loss-of-function alleles in hybrid backgrounds or from chromosomal rearrangements that result in mis-segregation during meiosis in hybrids. However, it is unclear how genes that cause a radical breakdown in hybrids arise without reducing fitness within species, and numerous cases of speciation appear to be unassociated with obvious chromosomal rearrangements. Here we suggest that duplicate genes, and more generally any kind of genomic redundancies, provide a powerful substrate for the origin of genomic incompatibilities in isolated populations. The divergent resolution of genomic redundancies, such that one population loses function from one copy while the second population loses function from a second copy at a different chromosomal location, leads to chromosomal repatterning such that gametes produced by hybrid individuals can be completely lacking in functional genes for a duplicate pair. Under this model, incompatibility factors accumulate with essentially no loss of fitness within populations as postulated under the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller (BDM) model of speciation and despite the fact that they arise from degenerative mutations. However, unlike the situation often envisioned under the BDM model, no change in the mode of gene action in hybrid backgrounds need be invoked. The plausibility of this model derives from a number of recent observations, including the fact that most genomes harbor substantial numbers of gene duplicates whose turnover is common and ongoing process and the fact that many genes have complex regulatory regions that facilitate their divergent resolution in sister taxa.