cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delivering Anticipatory Guidance About Technology Use to Adolescents in Primary Care: Rates in a Representative California Sample.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to investigate rates of anticipatory guidance about technology use in primary care, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics Bright Futures Guidelines, in a representative sample of California adolescents. Methods Adolescents 12–17 years of age were interviewed as part of the California Health Interview Survey, the largest state health surveillance survey in the U.S. Participants who reported seeing a doctor for a physical examination or checkup in the prior year were asked if their doctor had talked to them about technology use. Results Overall, 29.7% of the 742 participants reported that their doctor talked to them about technology use. There were no statistically significant differences in rates by age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, or family type. Conclusions While the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that providers deliver anticipatory guidance about technology use to adolescents in primary care, less than one-third of adolescents surveyed reported having conversations about this topic with their doctor. Given concerns about potential impacts of technology use on adolescent health, medical education should facilitate provider screening and counseling of adolescents about technology use in primary care settings.
A framework for positioning analysis: From identifying to analyzing (pre)positions in narrated story lines

Abstract Developed as a theoretical framework, Positioning Theory (e.g., Davies & Harre, 1990, 1999) focuses on how individuals are positioned in interactions and narratives as micro-level identities are constructed, projected, or negotiated. While the theory has been applied widely to studies across disciplines, I argue that a comprehensive and systematic analytic framework for positioning analysis that can be applied to discourses of educational contexts has not been offered yet. This paper offers an analytic framework that can be used in identifying and analyzing prepositioning and positions in narrated story lines. The framework consists of three layers of analysis: a) story lines and positions, b) relational positioning categories, and c) social consequences. Such a comprehensive framework is necessary in establishing trustworthiness in positioning studies, guiding researchers who wish to engage in positioning analysis, and understanding and analyzing identity work more thoroughly in narrated story lines. The current paper first introduces and explains this framework and then illustrates how it is applied to narrated story lines collected in the form of narrative frames (Barkhuizen, 2014) in a study on teacher identity.
The clinical associations with cardiomegaly in patients undergoing evaluation for pulmonary hypertension.

Background Chest radiographs can identify important abnormalities in patients undergoing diagnostic evaluation for cardiovascular diseases. Cardiomegaly often reflects cardiac chamber dilation, or cardiac muscle hypertrophy, or both conditions. The clinical implications of cardiomegaly depend on the underlying clinical disorder. Does cardiomegaly have any clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, and right heart catheterization associations in patients undergoing evaluation for pulmonary hypertension? Methods Patients referred to a pulmonary vascular disease clinic for possible pulmonary hypertension underwent a comprehensive evaluation that included right heart catheterization. These patients also had chest radiographs, laboratory studies, and echocardiograms. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of cardiomegaly. Results This study included 102 patients (63.7% female) with a mean age of 62.3 ± 15.0 years. Patients with cardiomegaly (n = 64) had elevated BNP, BUN, and creatinine levels. They had elevated right atrial pressures, right ventricular pressures, and pulmonary artery pressures and reduced cardiac indices and reduced mixed venous oxygen saturations. There were no differences in echocardiographic parameters between the two groups. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the presence of cardiomegaly on chest radiographs has important clinical implications, including increased BNP levels and increased right heart pressures, in patients undergoing evaluation for pulmonary hypertension. Consequently, the presence of cardiomegaly supports the need for additional evaluation, including right heart catheterization, and provides useful information for primary care physicians and specialists.
Behavior of entanglement entropy near periodic orbits in a hamiltonian dynamical system

Entanglement entropy growth is studied under a form of dynamics that is based on iteration. This approach allows the investigation of the role of decoherence in producing increases of entropy. This...
Total Lymphoid Irradiation for Immunosuppression

The therapeutic immunosuppressive effects of ionizing radiation were applied to transplant patients as long as 25 years ago by administration of full-body irradiation to prospective renal allograft recipients. The radiation dose required to prolong allograft survival produced severe bone marrow and other toxicities, and this approach was virtually abandoned by the mid-1960s.(1) Since then, various attempts have been made to direct radiation specifically at immunocompetent lymphoid cells,(2) including by local graft irradiation,(3) intralymphatic(4) or intravenous(5) administration of radioisotopes that focus upon lymphatic tissue, and by extracorpeal irradiation of blood(6) and lymph.(7) The radiation dose delivered by these techniques is difficult to control. The effect on allograft survival also has been variable, so that clinical application has been limited.
Biogas: Digesting Organic Wastes Anaerobically to Generate a Renewable Energy Source; Looking for a Solution

In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. In the past decade alone, it has become increasingly important that consumers find alternative energy resources to provide some relief for the environment. Carbon based fuels, like propane and natural gas, are running in short supply and it won't be long until another fuel source will be needed to sustain the energy needed for a growing world. Not only are scientists concerned about the energy crisis, they are also concerned with ozone depletion as a result of methane and carbon dioxide buildups in the atmosphere. This excess methane comes from a source that is well known wondwidelivestock. Livestock are the brunt of the dairy and meat industry across the globe and as long as there are livestock around, there wlll always be waste. It is true that livestock are some of the biggest producers of gas, methane in particular, and something must be done. This gas is collecting in the stratosphere and damaging the ozone layer. According to Renata De WinterSorkina, a writer for Atmospheric Environment, creating holes in the ozone layer will lead to an increase in UV radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. In turn, this will also increase in the incidence of skin cancer, cataracts, and impaired immune systems, cause damage to forests and aquatic organisms, and lead to a decrease in crop yields. Consumers can't un-do the damage that has already been done to the ozone layer, but scientists have been looking for ways to decrease the emissions causing the devastating problems in our atmosphere. This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol13/iss1/3 Biagas: Digesting Organic Wastes Anaerobically to Generate a Renewable Energy Source Looking for a Solution
EMI Performance of the AIRS Cooler and Electronics

The TRW pulse tube cryocooler for JPL’s Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument is required to meet stringent requirements for radiated electric and magnetic fields, conducted emissions on the input power bus, and electromagnetic susceptibility. To meet the radiated magnetic field requirements, special mu-metal shields were designed, fabricated, and fined to the cooler following an extensive period of magnetic testing with mock-up cooler hardware. Excessive magnetic fields is a generic issue with linear-motor cryocoolers, as is excessive levels of input ripple current. Solving the ripple current issue required the addition of a dedicated ripple filter as part of the spacecraft power system.
Document page decomposition by the bounding-box project

This paper describes a method for extracting words, textlines and text blocks by analyzing the spatial configuration of bounding boxes of connected component on a given document image. The basic idea is that connected components of black pixels can be used as computational units in document image analysis. In this paper, the problem of extracting words, textlines and text blocks is viewed as a clustering problem in the 2-dimensional discrete domain. Our main strategy is that profiling analysis is utilized to measure horizontal or vertical gaps of (groups of) components during the process of image segmentation. For this purpose, we compute the smallest rectangular box, called the bounding box, which circumscribes a connected component. Those boxes are projected horizontally and/or vertically, and local and global projection profiles are analyzed for word, textline and text-block segmentation. In the last step of segmentation, the document decomposition hierarchy is produced from these segmented objects.
Integrating process improvement practices into an undergraduate software engineering course

Most software development organizations are attempting to improve their practices in response to increasing competitive pressures to shorten development cycle time and increase quality. Their success is dependent upon the effectiveness of their software process improvement methodology. Software development teams must understand and be committed to this methodology for improvements to occur. This paper describes the introduction of software process improvement practices in an undergraduate software engineering course. The course requires students to work in teams of 5-6 persons to develop a software application in a one-semester time frame following a systematic development process. Software process improvement practices are integrated throughout the course in terms of both lecture material and team exercises. Teams are continuously challenged to examine their development practices for areas of improvement. This activity is facilitated through the use of previous class post mortem reports, a mid-stream process improvement exercise and the writing of their own post-mortem report upon completing their project. The results of applying these software process improvement practices are described along with examples of process improvements from the student teams.
Cellulosic ethanol production via consolidated bioprocessing at 75 °C by engineered Caldicellulosiruptor bescii

Background The C. bescii genome does not encode an acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase or an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and no ethanol production is detected in this strain. The recent introduction of an NADH-dependent AdhE from C. thermocellum (Fig. 1a) in an ldh mutant of this strain resulted in production of ethanol from un-pretreated switchgrass, but the thermolability of the C. thermocellum AdhE at the optimum growth temperature of C. bescii (78 °C) meant that ethanol was not produced above 65 °C. Open image in new window Fig. 1 Proposed scheme for the pyruvate to ethanol pathway in C. thermocellum and T. pseudethanolicus 39E. a The C. thermocellum ethanol pathway. The red colored AdhE (Cthe_0423) is already expressed and tested in C. bescii [26]. b The T. pseudethanolicus 39E ethanol pathway. The green colored AdhE (Teth39_0206) and blue colored AdhB (Teth39_0218) are expressed and tested in C. bescii in this study
Pediatric Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Augmentation Ileocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff Appendicovesicostomy: Complete Intracorporeal—Initial Case Report

Introduction To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of complete intracorporeal robotic-assisted laparoscopic augmentation ileocystoplasty and Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy in a pediatric patient, outlining the surgical technique and short-term results. Technical Considerations The operative steps of the open procedure were replicated laparoscopically using robotic-assistance. In brief, 5 transperitoneal laparoscopic ports were placed before docking the da Vinci S robotic system. A 20-cm ileal segment was isolated, and the gastrointestinal anastomosis was performed in an end-to-end fashion using intracorporeal suturing. The appendix was anastomosed to the right posterior wall of the bladder over an 8F feeding tube in an extravesical fashion. The bladder was incised in a coronal plane, and the simple ileal on-lay patch was anastomosed to the posterior and anterior walls of the bladder. A suprapubic catheter and pelvic drain were placed, and the Mitrofanoff stoma was then fashioned. Cystography was performed at 4 weeks postoperatively. Conclusions This preliminary first successful report suggests that robotic-assisted ileocystoplasty and appendicovesicostomy is feasible. A reasonable outcome with early recovery, resumption of normal activities, and excellent cosmesis can be achieved in selected patients. However, whether a robotic-assisted approach provides any significant advantages over conventional open procedures is yet to be determined with a large case series.
Proliferating cellular nuclear antigen expression as a marker of perivascular macrophages in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis.

Brain perivascular macrophages are a major target of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques and HIV infection in humans. Perivascular macrophages are distinct from parenchymal microglia in their location, morphology, expression of myeloid markers, and turnover in the CNS. In contrast to parenchymal microglia, perivascular macrophages are continuously repopulated by blood monocytes, which undergo maturation to macrophages on entering the central nervous system (CNS). We studied differences in monocyte/macrophages in vivo that might account for preferential infection of perivascular macrophages by SIV. In situ hybridization for SIV and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry demonstrated that SIV-infected and PCNA-positive cells were predominantly found in perivascular cuffs of viremic animals and in histopathological lesions that characterize SIV encephalitis (SIVE) in animals with AIDS. Multilabel techniques including double-label immunohistochemistry and combined in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed numerous infected perivascular macrophages that were PCNA-positive. Outside the CNS, SIV-infected, PCNA-expressing macrophage subpopulations were found in the small intestine and lung of animals with AIDS. While PCNA is used as a marker of cell proliferation it is also strongly expressed in non-dividing cells undergoing DNA synthesis and repair. Therefore, more specific markers for cell proliferation including Ki-67, topoisomerase IIα, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation were used which indicated that PCNA-positive cells within SIVE lesions were not proliferating. These observations are consistent with perivascular macrophages as terminally differentiated, non-dividing cells and underscores biological differences that could potentially define mechanisms of preferential, productive infection of perivascular macrophages in the rhesus macaque model of neuroAIDS. These studies suggest that within CNS and non-CNS tissues there exist subpopulations of macrophages that are SIV-infected and express PCNA.
Built and socioeconomic environments: patterning and associations with physical activity in U.S. adolescents

Inter-relationships among built and socioeconomic environmental characteristics may result in confounding of associations between environment exposure measures and health behaviors or outcomes, but traditional multivariate adjustment can be inappropriate due to collinearity. We used principal factor analysis to describe inter-relationships between a large set of Geographic Information System-derived built and socioeconomic environment measures for adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Wave I, 1995-96, n = 17,294). Using resulting factors in sex-stratified multivariate negative binomial regression models, we tested for confounding of associations between built and socioeconomic environment characteristics and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Finally, we used knowledge gained from factor analysis to construct replicable environmental measures that account for inter-relationships and avoid collinearity. Using factor analysis, we identified three built environment constructs [(1) homogenous landscape; 2) development intensity with high pay facility count; 3) development intensity with high public facility count] and two socioeconomic environment constructs [1) advantageous economic environment, 2) disadvantageous social environment]. In regression analysis, confounding of built environment-MVPA associations by socioeconomic environment factors was stronger than among built environment factors. In fully adjusted models, MVPA was negatively associated with the highest (versus lowest) quartile of homogenous land cover in males [exp(coeff) (95% CI): 0.91 (0.86, 0.96)] and intensity (pay facilities) [exp(coeff) (95% CI): 0.92 (0.85, 0.99)] in females. Single proxy measures (Simpson's diversity index, count of pay facilities, count of public facilities, median household income, and crime rate) representing each environmental construct replicated associations with MVPA. Environmental characteristics are inter-related. Both built and SES environments should be incorporated into analysis in order to minimize confounding. Single environmental measures may be useful proxies for environmental constructs in longitudinal analysis and replication in external populations, but more research is needed to better understand mechanisms of action, and ultimately identify policy-relevant environmental determinants of physical activity.
Making time count: Traveler activity engagement on urban transit

In practice, travel time is assigned a cost and treated as a disutility to be minimized. There is a growing body of research supporting the hypothesis that travel time has some value of its own, and the proliferation of information and communication technology (ICT) may be contributing to that value. Travelers’ attitudes are confounded with their mode choice, and as telecommunications mediate travel behavior, analysts must recognize the interaction between time use and customer satisfaction for appropriate travel demand management. To that end, this paper presents results from jointly estimated models of travelers’ latent satisfaction and on-board activity engagement using Chicago transit rider data gathered in April 2010. The simple questionnaire and small sample corroborate the findings of past research indicating travel attitudes and activity engagement have potential to influence travelers’ value of time, and many transit riders consider transit a better use of time and/or money than driving. The findings affirm the need for a more holistic understanding of value of time for travel demand management and infrastructure valuation. As time use has an influence on users’ valuation of the transit mode, offering opportunities to conduct certain leisure activities could improve the perceived value of travel time.
Modified solution for finding the optimal angle of spacecraft walls under orbital debris impacts

stream of the onset of breakdown, are apparent by comparing images acquired at successive times. The concept of a switch in sign of the azimuthal vorticity at the onset of vortex breakdown is shown to be an essential feature of the vortex breakdown process. This criterion, first proposed in the theoretical model of Brown and Lopez, persists during transient development of vortex breakdown following cessation of pitching motion of the wing.
Lexical processing and text integration of function and content words: Evidence from priming and eye fixations

The results of two experiments comparing processing of function words and content words are reported. In Experiment 1, priming was present for both related function and related content word pairs, as measured in lexical decision response times. In Experiment 2, participants’ eye movements were monitored as they read sentences containing either a high- or a low-frequency function or content target word. Average word length and word frequency were matched across the function and content word conditions. Function words showed frequency effects in first-fixation and gaze duration that were similar to those seen for content words. Clear differences in on-line processing of function and content words emerged in later processing measures. These differences were reflected in reading patterns and reading time measures. There was inflated processing time in the phrase immediately following a lowfrequency function word, and participants made more regressions to the target word in this condition than in the other three conditions. The priming effects in lexical decision and the word frequency effects in initial processing measures in silent reading for both word types were taken as evidence of common lexical processing for function and content words. The observed differences in later processing measures in the eye-movement data were taken as evidence of differences in the role that the two word types have in sentence processing beyond the lexical level.
cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline and ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate prevent myogenesis of C2C12 muscle cells and block MyoD1 and myogenin expression.

cis-4-Hydroxy- l -proline (cis-OH-Pro) and ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB), two distinct inhibitors of collagen synthesis, prevented myogenesis in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells. Both inhibitors blocked myotube formation and the expression of sarcomeric myosin heavy chain. Northern blot analysis showed that cis-OH-Pro- and EDHB-treated C2C12 muscle cells did not express the myogenic regulatory genes, MyoD1 and myogenin, but continued to express nonmuscle isoforms of actin (β and γ) and α-tropomyosin. 10TFL2-3B cells, a C3H10T1/2 cell line permanently transfected with myogenin cDNA, constitutively expressed exogenous myogenin in the presence of cis-OH-Pro but failed to activated endogenous myogenin and to undergo myogenesis. These results demonstrate that commitment to terminal differentiation and activation of myogenic regulatory genes requires active synthesis of the extracellular matrix component collagen.
Significance of concordant fluctuation and loss of leukocyte sensitivity to two allergens during injection therapy with one nonspecific desensitization.

Abstract Concordant, nearly parallel fluctuations in leukocyte sensitivity to 2 unrelated allergens were repeatedly observed during injection therapy with one of the allergens. In one case, complete loss of sensitivity or unresponsiveness to 2 unrelated allergens occurred during injection therapy with one. This nonspecific desensitization is considered to result from exposure of the sensitized leukocytes to concentrations of one of the allergens below the concentration required for detectable histamine release. This explanation is supported by data obtained by exposure of leukocytes in vitro to subthreshold concentrations of allergen, which resulted in decreased response in histamine release by the allergen used for desensitization and an unrelated allergen. In addition, intravenous infusion of allergen in low concentration into children likewise induced nonspecific desensitization of circulating leukocytes to 2 unrelated allergens. Concordant fluctuations and occasional nonspecific loss of leukocyte sensitivity to unrelated allergens during customary subcutaneous injection therapy may result from uneven or inadequate absorption of free allergen from the subcutaneous tissues into the circulation, thereby reaching desensitizing concentrations intermittently. This phenomenon calls for caution in assuming that the fluctuations of peripheral leukocyte sensitivity during injection therapy are necessarily a reflection of sensitivity of cells in the tissues.
Examples of inconsistent Bayes procedures based on observations on dynamical systems

Abstract We consider observations from distributions whose parameters evolve according to dynamical systems. Under conditions on the prior distribution for the unknown initial condition, it is shown that the posterior distribution does not concentrate as the sample size grows.
A qualitative examination of a state-wide initiative to empower families containing children and adolescents with behavioral health care needs

Abstract Qualitative data were generated from an evaluation of the Families and Systems Teams (FAST$) Initiative, a funding stream that involved over 5000 families in Ohio containing children and adolescents with behavioral health care concerns. The FAST$ evaluation addressed three program areas – family empowerment, service enhancement, and systems collaboration – that were hypothesized to be associated with positive youth well-being outcomes. Twelve focus groups ( n = 75) were conducted throughout the state of Ohio with family caregivers ( n = 20), parent advocates ( n = 21), and service providers/program administrators ( n = 34). Data analyses documented that the three program areas promoted family caregiver empowerment through greater family “voice and choice” about their children's behavioral health care needs. These positive gains existed alongside evidence of collaboration amongst representatives of the behavioral health care system and enhanced service offerings to families, both of which also impacted youth well-being. In addition, several aspects for improving the FAST$ initiative were evident from the data and are discussed for improvements to family empowerment efforts.
Germany and energy security in the 2000s: Rise and fall of a policy issue?

After some two decades of inattention, the issue of energy security once again moved to the top of the policy agenda in Germany in the mid-2000s. After briefly achieving renewed prominence, however, it was eclipsed in German energy policy, at least temporarily, by heightened concerns about climate change. This paper explains the re-emergence of concerns about energy insecurity in recent years as well as the reasons for their subsequent overshadowing. It describes and explains the steps that have been taken during this period to promote German energy security and analyzes their adequacy. The paper identifies a number of reasons to be skeptical about how much the agreed policies will improve Germany's energy security, but it concludes that there are nevertheless good reasons to expect the issue to regain the attention of policy-makers in the future.
Genetic Diversity in Restoration Materials and the Impacts of Seed Collection in Colorado’s Restoration Plant Production Industry

The ever increasing demand for native plants and seed for use in restoration and revegetation has created a sizable industry. The large-scale production and planting of native plants have given rise to a suite of ecological concerns including collection impacts, genetic diversity, and provenance. This study examines the practices and beliefs of 12 restoration plant production companies in Colorado with regard to arising ecological issues and identifies where further research is needed. We found that native seed collection in Colorado was largely unregulated and unmonitored and impacts were unknown. Maintaining genetic diversity in restoration materials is costly and does not have universal support. The use of provenance material (or local ecotypes) was hotly contested with strong and sound arguments on both sides of the issue. Procurement of pure ecotypes was difficult because of the variety of institutions involved in production and complications such as artificial selection and cross-pollination.
Masseter muscle excitation induced by stimulation of periodontal and gingival receptors in man.

Abstract The electrical activity of the masseter muscle was recorded with bipolar surface electrodes while subjects maintained a steady biting pressure on a wooden stick placed between the right or left first molars. Under these experimental conditions, tapping the labial surface of an upper central incisor, or electrical stimulation of the labial gingiva overlying the root of an incisor, evoked a short latency excitatory reflex in the masseter muscle. The latency of the reflex was consistently shorter than that of the monosynaptic jaw-jerk reflex. Following this excitatory reflex the tonic electrical activity in the masseter muscle was abolished for approximately 20 msec. The administration of a local anesthetic to the stimulus tooth markedly reduced both the excitatory and inhibitory reflexes evoked by the tooth tap and completely blocked the reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of the gingiva. The hypothesis is put forth that synaptic interaction between the cell bodies of intra-oral and muscle spindle primary afferent neurons, located in the mesencephalic nucleus V, is the central mechanism responsible for the excitatory masseteric reflex evoked by periodontal and gingival receptor stimulation.
Negative externalities and welfare improving preference changes

When the over-consumption of open access resources and congestible public goods generate negative externalities and social welfare losses, many individuals and environmental advocacy organizations offer as an alternative nongovernmental solution the adoption of new “ecology sustaining” preferences. This paper shows that exogenously inducing a change in preferences and the adoption of new “externality internalizing” preferences, which increase an individual's marginal rate of substitution between a private good and a good whose consumption imposes external costs on others, not only reduces the aggregate output of the negative externality but also produces an economic state that is “socially superior” to the initial state. Because it is based on both the initial and new preferences, the social superiority welfare criterion makes possible meaningful welfare comparisons of economic states generated by preference changes. A computational general equilibrium model is then used to simulate preference changes and to calculate the resulting allocative and welfare effects. The computer simulations reveal that important factors in the attainment of a socially superior state include (i) the particular characteristics of an individual's negative externality reaction function, (ii) the magnitude of the preference change, and (iii) the number of individuals changing preferences.
Mechanistic studies on the bioavailability of calcium fluoride for remineralization of dental enamel

Abstract Bioavailability problems have been encountered for calcium fluoride as a fluoride source in the remineralization of dental enamel. Satisfactory performance of a prototype delivery system in vitro could only be achieved under conditions of small particle size (sub-micron) and high loading (5 mg) of calcium fluoride. The most likely causes of this particle size/load effect were investigated. Dynamic dialysis studies revealed that any increased intrinsic solubility for the sub-micron calcium fluoride would be too small to account for the greater efficacy of this material for remineralization. The technique also indicated that the surface area of calcium fluoride should not be a crucial factor influencing the fluoride release rate under normal solution conditions. Studies conducted under conditions simulating those used for in vitro remineralization, however, revealed a marked inhibition of calcium fluoride dissolution by other components of the remineralizing system. The particle size effect/load effect on bioavailability of calcium fluoride is interpreted as an indirect surface area dependence resulting from the formation of an inhibitory surface complex which involves both solution calcium and phosphate ions.
Submersed macrophyte growth at low pH : I. CO2 enrichment effects with fertile sediment.

Vallisneria americana was grown for six weeks in a greenhouse on relatively fertile sediment to test for factors other than nutrient limitation which may slow growth of this submersed macrophyte at pH 5. On the basis of dry mass accumulated, (1) low pH significantly depressed Vallisneria growth at constant free CO2 levels; (2) free CO2 enrichment, however, greatly stimulated Vallisneria growth at pH 5, by 2.8-fold and 10-fold at 3.2 times and 10 times air-equilibrated CO2 levels, respectively; and (3) growth was greater by far at pH 5 than at higher pH with constant total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Free CO2 availability was thus an important controller of growth at low pH by Vallisneria americana on fertile sediment, and low pH was not directly deleterious. Field surveys of acidic lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of New York state revealed that DIC levels in low pH lakes were often well above equilibrium values and could potentially support vigorous macrophyte growth. Aluminum and/or iron toxicity did not appear to impair growth at low pH, and aluminum concentrations in Vallisneria shoots significantly decreased with increasing free CO2 concentrations at pH 5.0, perhaps due to growth dilution. Rosette production (a measure of asexual reproduction), maximum leaf length, and extent of flowering within treatments were positively correlated with plant biomass, rather than with pH or free CO2 levels per se.
Investigation of in Vivo Diferric Tyrosyl Radical Formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rnr2 Protein: REQUIREMENT OF Rnr4 AND CONTRIBUTION OF Grx3/4 AND Dre2 PROTEINS*♦

The β2 subunit of class Ia ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) contains a diferric tyrosyl radical cofactor (Fe2III-Tyr•) that is essential for nucleotide reduction. The β2 subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a heterodimer of Rnr2 (β) and Rnr4 (β′). Although only β is capable of iron binding and Tyr• formation, cells lacking β′ are either dead or exhibit extremely low Tyr• levels and RNR activity depending on genetic backgrounds. Here, we present evidence supporting the model that β′ is required for iron loading and Tyr• formation in β in vivo via a pathway that is likely dependent on the cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins Grx3/Grx4 and the Fe-S cluster protein Dre2. rnr4 mutants are defective in iron loading into nascent β and are hypersensitive to iron depletion and the Tyr•-reducing agent hydroxyurea. Transient induction of β′ in a GalRNR4 strain leads to a concomitant increase in iron loading and Tyr• levels in β. Tyr• can also be rapidly generated using endogenous iron when permeabilized Δrnr4 spheroplasts are supplemented with recombinant β′ and is inhibited by adding an iron chelator prior to, but not after, β′ supplementation. The growth defects of rnr4 mutants are enhanced by deficiencies in grx3/grx4 and dre2. Moreover, depletion of Dre2 in GalDRE2 cells leads to a decrease in both Tyr• levels and ββ′ activity. This result, in combination with previous findings that a low level of Grx3/4 impairs RNR function, strongly suggests that Grx3/4 and Dre2 serve in the assembly of the deferric Tyr• cofactor in RNR.
The glucocorticoid receptor protein binds to transfer RNA

The glucocorticoid receptor from mouse AtT-20 cells exists in three forms: the untransformed receptor (9.1S; Mr of 319,000), a large oligomeric molecule that does not bind to DNA; the transformed receptor (4S; Mr of 96,000), which is formed by dissociation of untransformed receptor after steroid binding and which binds to DNA to modulate gene expression; and an intermediate size receptor (6S; Mr of 132,000), which also binds to DNA and contains a bound small RNA molecule. This RNA species has now been purified and identified as transfer RNA (tRNA). The three tRNA's for the basic amino acids accounted for about 78% of the total amino acid-accepting activity [arginine (52%), lysine (17%), and histidine (9%)], while the remaining 22% was represented by six other tRNA species. This tRNA-binding activity of the glucocorticoid receptor may reflect post-transcriptional mechanisms of regulating gene expression, such as alterations in the translational efficiency of or the modulation of the stability of hormone-induced proteins.
Wavefront correction using a Fourier-based image sharpness metric

Conventional wavefront correction uses direct wavefront sensing methods such as the Shack-Hartmann sensor to measure the wavefront at the pupil of the system. Image sharpening is an indirect wavefront sensing method where the wavefront correction is performed using measurements from the image plane. Wavefront correction using image sharpening is advantageous in systems where a point source isn't available or where the number of optical components needs to be reduced by using the scientific camera that is already in place. Correction is performed by measuring the sharpness value as the correction device, such as a deformable mirror, cycles through until the sharpness value is maximized and continues to adapt as the aberrations change. A sharpness metric, or definition, is needed to measure the sharpness value such that it reaches a maximum when aberrations are minimized. This work investigates the use of the Fourier transform of the image, the image spatial frequency spectra, as a Fourier-based sharpness metric. The image spatial frequency spectra is obtained two ways, digitally by computing the Fourier transform of the image plane and optically with a coherent source by using the Fourier transform properties of a convex lens. Affects of aberrations on the intensity at various spatial frequencies are investigated to obtain a sharpness metric that reaches a maximum and aberration strengths decrease. Results from experimentation of various optical configurations are presented to evaluate the performance of these Fourier-based metrics.
A Lab of Their Own: Genomic sovereignty as postcolonial science policy

Abstract This paper analyzes the emergence of ‘genomic sovereignty’ policies as a newly popular way for postcolonial countries to frame their investment in genomics. It identifies three strands in the genealogy of this policy arena—the International Haplotype Mapping Project as a model and foil for postcolonial genomics; an emerging public health genomics field which stands in contrast to Western pursuits of personalized medicine; and North American drug companies increased focus on ethnic drug markets. I conceptualize postcolonial genomics as a nationalist project with contradictory tendencies—unifying and differentiating a diverse body politic, cultivating national scientific and commercial autonomy and dependence upon global knowledge networks and foreign capital. It argues that the ‘strategic calibration’ of socio-political versus biological taxonomies in postcolonial genomics creates two primary challenges for this arena, which I refer to heuristically as dilemmas of mapping and marketing .
Isolation of a nuclease-resistant decoy RNA that can protect human acetylcholine receptors from myasthenic antibodies

The muscular weakness and fatigability associated with myasthenia gravis are engendered by autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions. The pathogenic consequences of this immune response can potentially be modulated by molecules that bind such autoantibodies and block their interaction with these receptors. We report the isolation of a small nuclease-resistant RNA molecule that binds both a rat monoclonal antibody that recognizes the main immunogenic region on the acetylcholine receptor, and autoantibodies from patients with myasthenia gravis. Moreover, this RNA can act as a decoy and protect acetylcholine receptors on human cells from the effects of these antibodies.
Type II pulmonary epithelial cells of the newborn opossum lung

The air chambers of the newborn opossum are lined by a respiratory epithelium which appears similar to that lining alveoli of other species. The type II pulmonary epithelial cell is cuboidal in shape, shows apical microvilli, several Golgi complexes, lipid droplets, and numerous cytosomes. The cytosomes contain osmiophilic lamellae and are similar in appearance to whorls of osmiophilic material lying free within the alveolar lumina and on the surface of the respiratory lining epithelium. In the newborn opossum lung, examination of the air chambers with the scanning electron microscope permits the observation of several type II pulmonary epithelial cells in a single field. The potential use of the air chamber of the newborn opossum as an experimental model is suggested.
Large-area scintillating fiber optic neutron detector using an intensified CCD camera system

We have been developing and testing a scintillating fiber detector (SFD) for use as a fast neutron sensor which can discriminate against neutrons entering at angles non-parallel to the fiber axis (`directionality'). The detector/convertor component is a fiber bundle constructed of plastic scintillating fibers each measuring 10 cm long and either 0.3 mm or 0.5 mm in diameter. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations were made to optimize the bundle response to a range of fast neutron energies and to intense fluxes of high-energy gamma-rays. The bundle is coupled to a set of gamma-ray insensitive electro-optic intensifiers whose output is viewed by a CCD camera directly coupled to the intensifiers. Two types of CCD cameras were utilized: (1) a standard, interline RS-170 camera with electronic shuttering and (2) a high-speed (up to 850 frame/sec), field-transfer camera. Measurements of the neutron detection efficiency and directionality were made using 14 MeV neutrons, and the response to gamma-rays was performed using intense fluxes from radioisotopic sources (up to 20 R/hr). Recently, the detector was constructed and tested using a large 10 cm by 10 cm square fiber bundle coupled to a 10 cm diameter GEN I intensifier tube. We present a description of the current detector system and report the results of experimental tests.
Early mortality of acute myocardial infarction in patients with and without prior coronary revascularization surgery. A Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registry Study.

BACKGROUND The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry is used to evaluate the effect of various baseline clinical and angiographic factors on mortality after acute out-of-hospital myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with and without prior coronary bypass surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS Among the CASS Registry patients, there were 985 medical and 369 surgical patients who had an MI out of the hospital within 3 years after enrollment. In the medical group, 20% died before hospitalization. Medical patients with baseline three-vessel disease or left ventricular (LV) dysfunction were at high risk of immediate death. For medical patients who were hospitalized with MI, mortality was higher for older patients and those with severe angina as well as for those with extensive disease and LV dysfunction. The total 30-day mortality for medical patients was 36%. In the surgical group, 12% died before hospitalization. Surgical patients with LV dysfunction or prior MI were at highest risk of immediate death. For surgical patients hospitalized with MI, mortality was significantly increased only for patients with baseline LV dysfunction. Mortality was not significantly higher for surgical patients with multivessel disease. The total 30-day mortality for surgical patients was 21%. The prior use of aspirin or beta-blockers was not associated with reduced mortality from subsequent MI for either medical or surgical patients. Although the prevalence of cigarette smoking was high among patients who had an MI, cigarette smoking did not alter the infarct-related mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS The surgical group had lower mortality rates than the medical group both immediately (p = 0.001), after hospitalization (p less than 0.0001), and at 30 days (p less than 0.0001).
Crossing boundaries in doctoral education: Relational learning, cohort communities, and dissertation committees

This chapter explores the critical nature of relational learning and boundary crossing in a doctoral program that combines low-residency and community online learning.
Creating Learning Prisms with an Interdisciplinary Case Study Workshop

With increasing specialization, most academic disciplines have become highly compartmentalized. Numerous organizations in higher education strongly encourage interdisciplinary collaboration at the faculty and student level. The purposes of this article are (a) to provide a conceptual framework for explaining how and why an interdisciplinary case study method is a catalyst for the development of students and faculty; (b) to document the conception, planning, organizing, and results of an interdisciplinary case study workshop; and (c) to provide recommendations to encouragechange others who might want to apply this model to their own interdisciplinary efforts.
A hierarchical approach to multigroup factorial invariance

A procedure is presented which permits the analysis of factor analytic problems in which several groups exist. The analysis incorporates a hierarchical scheme of searching for factorial invariance and is an extension of Meredith's (1964) Method One procedure. By overlaying a contextual frame of reference on a traditional factor analysis solution, it is possible to use this technique to examine structural similarity and dissimilarity between groups. The procedure is exhibited in an example and in addition a comparison is made to discriminant analysis.
Hole Transport in Nonstoichiometric and Doped Wüstite

We propose ways to enhance the conductivity of wustite (i.e., naturally p-type FeO), a visible-light-absorbing, inexpensive, abundant, and nontoxic potential alternative material for solar energy conversion devices. Unfortunately, the conversion efficiency of FeO is inhibited by its low hole conductivity. Increasing the iron vacancy concentration or adding p-type dopants improves FeO conductivity by increasing the number of holes; however, it is not known which strategy introduces larger energy traps that would hinder hole conductivity. Here we employ the small polaron model along with ab initio calculations on electrostatically embedded clusters to analyze the local trapping effects of iron vacancies and several substitutional p-type dopants that are soluble in FeO, including copper, nitrogen, lithium, and sodium, and also hydrogen as an interstitial dopant for comparison. We find that vacancies create stronger traps than dopants and that copper and nitrogen dopants form deeper traps than lithium, sodium...
Diagnosing DSM-IV--Part I: DSM-IV and the concept of disorder.

Abstract In this first article in a two-article series, I ‘diagnose’ a problem with DSM-IV, specifically, the overinclusiveness of its diagnostic criteria. Using the harmful dysfunction analysis of the concept of disorder (Wakefield, 1992a, American Psychologist, 47, 373–388) as a framework, I argue that DSM-IV criteria for many diagnostic categories fail to satisfy the analysis’ ‘dysfunction’ requirement, that is, the criteria do not distinguish harmful conditions due to internal dysfunctions from harmful conditions that are nondisordered ‘problems in living’. The overinclusiveness problem, I suggest, can be partly dealt with by giving up purely symptomatic criteria and contextualizing diagnosis to take into account the relationship between triggering causes and resulting symptoms. In Part II (Wakefield, 1997, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 651–665, I examine Eysenck's (1986, Contemporary directions in psychopathology: Toward the DSM-IV) proposal for a dimensional diagnostic system to supplant DSM-IV.
Fatal acute pancreatitis following steroid treatment for active systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)

As many as half of all patients with SLE have abdominal pain, but clinical pancreatitis is rare. We report a rapidly fatal episode in a young woman after treatment with high-dose corticosteroids for active SLE. Clinicians should be aware of the mechanisms, spectrum, and diagnostic difficulties of severe pancreatitis in SLE.