cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ARE HIGH RESPONSE RATES ESSENTIAL TO VALID SURVEYS

At present, the credibility of survey research findings is largely a function of response rate. Low return rates are presumed to suggest biases in data. This paper demonstrates that when surveys are made of homogeneous populations (persons having some strong group identity) concerning their attitudes, opinions, perspectives, etc., toward issues concerning the group, significant response-rate bias is probably unlikely. This is because on matters related to the group, persons having strong identification with the group tend to respond more as members of the group than as members of some social classification, such as the middle class, those over 50 years of age or members of the Democratic party. Although at first glance these survey conditions may seem rather unique, most surveys in the social sciences are probably precisely of this sort. Most are probably of homogeneous populations on matters obviously concerning them.
Random X inactivation in a girl with a balanced t(X;9) and an abnormal phenotype

X inactivation is the process by which mammalian females achieve dosage compensation by transcriptionally silencing one X chromosome. In chromosomally normal females, this process is random. However, most females with one abnormal X chromosome demonstrate complete skewing of X inactivation, presumably as the result of cell selection. We present a mentally retarded girl with a 46,X,t(X;9)(q28;q12) karyotype. Analysis of this patient's lymphocytes, using late replication banding and methylation assays for the androgen receptor (AR) and fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) genes, did not show the predicted nonrandom X inactivation pattern. Thus, this patient is functionally disomic for Xq28-qter in a proportion of her cells, most likely resulting in her abnormal phenotype. This case demonstrates the utility of correlating X inactivation patterns with phenotype in females with one structurally abnormal X chromosome, and suggests that both cytogenetic and molecular X inactivation studies should be included in the routine study of these individuals.
On barrier penetration in complete-fusion systems

Abstract We show that the width for thermal barrier penetration ( Γ out ) of a classically trapped (complete-fusion) trajectory can be important and that this decay mode may explain the enhanced fusion-fission yield observed in some systems.
Quantum gravity: an astrophysical constraint.

A quantum theory of gravity is proving elusive. Observations of radiation from the Crab nebula now place even stronger constraints on the likelihood of detecting the effects of quantum gravity.
HIGH DOSE ATORVASTATIN REDUCES PERIODONTAL ACTIVITY IN PROPORTION TO ATHEROSCLEROTIC INFLAMMATION: A POTENTIALLY NOVEL PLEIOTROPIC EFFECT OF STATINS

Periodontal disease (PD) is a common, chronic oral inflammatory condition and a risk factor for atherosclerosis (Athero). Here, we assessed whether high-dose atorvastatin (ATV) reduces periodontal (perio) inflammation (using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography [
The Second Heart Sound in Left Anterior Hemiblock

: The second heart sound was studied in 43 old people in order to ascertain whether left anterior hemiblock (LAHB) caused any change in the sequence of and the interval between the components of this sound. The second sound in LAHB was compared with that in subjects with a normal electrocardiogram, and the second sound in right bundle-branch block (RBBB) plus LAHB was compared with that in uncomplicated RBBB. Despite a slight trend toward a narrower degree of splitting (later A component) in LAHB, the difference did not prove statistically significant. Thus LAHB seems to cause no dynamic changes affecting the second heart sound.
Exchange induced unidirectional anisotropy at FeMn‐Ni80Fe20 interfaces

We have systematically investigated exchange coupled films of sputter deposited Ni80Fe20/FeMn and FeMn/Ni80Fe20 and obtained films with high exchange bias and low coercive forces. The variation of film properties with deposition conditions as well as with the permalloy and FeMn thicknesses have also been studied. The results demonstrated a strong dependence of exchange bias effect (HUA) on the amount of γ‐phase FeMn, the amount of impurities, as well as the abruptness of the transition profile at the interface. In addition, our results have also raised a number of new questions concerning the magnetic state of the interface and the origin of the interface coupling phenomena.
Cardiovascular Effects of d-Tubocurarine and Pancuronium in Newborn Lambs during Normoxia and Hypoxia

ABSTRACT: Nondepolarizing muscle relaxants are administered to hypoxic neonates (including those with severe cyanotic congenital heart disease) to reduce oxygen consumption. However, it is unknown whether paralysis actually reduces oxygen consumption or whether the drugs used affect the cardiovascular system of neonates. Therefore, we studied the effects of d-tubocurarine and pancuronium induced muscle paralysis on oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and tissue oxygen delivery in healthy normoxic and hypoxic 1- to 3-day-old lambs. We measured intravascular pressures, cardiac output and its distribution (microspheres), and blood gases and pH during: 1) spontaneous respiration with room air (control); 2) spontaneous respiration with a Pao2 of 27-33 mm Hg (hypoxia); 3) mechanical ventilation with room air; 4) mechanical ventilation with room air and paralysis with d-tubocurarine (0.3 mg/kg) or pancuronium (0.1 mg/kg); and 5) mechanical ventilation with hypoxia and paralysis. Mechanical ventilation, with or without muscle paralysis, had no effect on the oxygen delivery or oxygen consumption of normoxic animals. Hypoxia and spontaneous ventilation had no effect on oxygen consumption, but hypoxia, paralysis, and mechanical ventilation reduced it 35% (p<0.002 d-tubocurarine) and 50% (p<0.001 pancuronium). Cardiac output was unaffected by oxygenation, mechanical ventilation, or muscle paralysis. However, blood flow to the brain and heart increased during hypoxia, which maintained normal oxygen delivery to these organs. During hypoxia and spontaneous ventilation, mean pulmonary arterial pressures increased 34% (d-tubocurarine) and 54% (pancuronium) above control; during hypoxia, muscle paralysis, and mechanical ventilation, it increased 81%. Myocardial blood flows and right ventricular rate-pressure products increased during hypoxia and were greatest during hypoxia, paralysis, and mechanical ventilation. Serum lactate levels increased 30-50% during hypoxia and spontaneous ventilation and remained elevated for the rest of the study. These data indicate that muscle paralysis and mechanical ventilation reduce the total body oxygen consumption of hypoxic lambs, but have no effect on the oxygen consumption of normoxic lambs. They also show that muscle paralysis increases the level of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, but that paralysis does not interfere with hypoxia induced redistribution of blood flow. We conclude that similar muscle relaxant induced changes may be beneficial to most hypoxic neonates, but that the pulmonary vascular effects, if similar to those found in our lambs, may be undesirable in neonates with pumonary vascular or rightsided heart disease.
The origin and spread of human leukemia.

Abstract The human leukemias are a group of hematologic neoplasms characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells concerned with blood cell production. The cause(s) of human leukemia remains unknown. Bone marrow (BM) is believed to be the site of origin of human leukemias, although the specific locus(i) and/or cell(s) from which it arises have not been definitively identified. Generally, human leukemias and related proliferative diseases are thought to be clonal in nature; affecting a single hematopoietic stem cell, which then proliferates and replaces the marrow of normal hematopoietic stem cell systems. The condition is believed to be malignant in nature. Results of our current morphologic studies on well-fixed, ideally-stained thin sections of plastic-embedded bone marrow biopsies (BMB) from a large number of acute (AML, ALL) and chronic (CGL, CLL) leukemia patients suggest that human leukemias may not be clonal diseases. Instead, a large population of other resident cells — ‘endosteal cells’ — appears to become involved in the process and it is possible that all members of this group enter the activity simultaneously. This change (transformation) in the endosteal cell population might be due to an abnormality (qualitative or quantitative) of diffusable, humoral factors (yet to be identified) that are responsible for the growth and proliferation of these hematopoietic precursor cells. In this context, the human leukemias may be considered not as malignant, but rather the result of an aberration of factor(s) that control hematopoiesis. In this respect, the human leukemias, particularly AML, ALL and CML, might be analogous to pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia) as it was understood 40–50 years ago. The major deficiency at present is our lack of knowledge about the humoral factors and the activity of a different group of cells (endosteocytes), their relationship to hematopoiesis and their role in causing human leukemias.
Gastric ascariasis presenting as recurrent massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Ascaris lumbricoides is a parasitic nematode that, in its adult phase, lives in the human gastrointestinal tract. Ascaris lumbriciodes infects approxiamately one-fourth of the world's population. Most persons infected have minimal symptoms. Less commonly, weight loss, pneumonia and gastrointestinal/biliary obstruction can occur. We present a patient with recurrent massive gastrointestinal bleeding found to have Ascaris lunbricoides. A 63 year-old Bangladeshi female presented to the medical center with symptoms of weakness, fatigue, dark stools and coffee ground emesis. One year prior, she had been hospitalized elsewhere with an upper gastrointestinal bleed. The etiology was unclear. The patient reported that the physicians found a "small hole" in the stomach which was not amenable to endoscopic therapy. She was treated medically and sent home on an H2 blockers. Past medical history was significant for end stage renal disease requiring dialysis, hypertension, prior cerebrovascular accident and Chronic hepatitis C. Medications included amlodipine and famotidine. There was no aspirin or NSAID use. On admission, blood pressure 160/60, pulse 70 per minute, respirations 15 per minute. Physical exam was significant for anicteric sclera, dry mucosa, poor dentition, a III/IV systolic murmur and an arteriovenous fistula in the left arm. Abdominal exam revealed a non-distended abdomen with active bowel sounds, mild epigastric tenderness, no masses. Rectal exam showed guiac positive loose black stool. Laboratory analysis was significant for a hematocrit of 24. Although the patient had not eaten since the previous day, upper endoscopy, in the emergency room, was limited by food in the stomach. The patient was kept NPO; pantoprazole was begun intravenously. On subsequent endoscopy, there were linear ulcerations in the body of the stomach and mild gastritis. An actively bleeding duodenal ulcer was appreciated. An Ascaris worm was found in the blood and piercing the mucosa. The worm was removed by snare. The bleeding duodenal ulcer was injected with epinephrine. Hemostasis was completed with heater probe cauterization. Subsequent staining of pre-pyloric gastric biopsies failed to identify H. pylori. The patient was treated with albendazole and discharged home. This case report represents the first description of recurrent massive GI bleeding caused by Ascariasis.
Identifying phronotypes in psychiatry.

Refinements in the methods of diagnosis for psychiatric disorders are critically needed. These new methods should be based on objectively measured brain characteristics that provide clinically useful information. Studying the brain with respect to psychiatric disorders, however, faces numerous challenges. Utilizing techniques learned in other areas of medicine to deal with symptoms that lead to complex disorders can provide insight into improving diagnostic models in psychiatry. Specifically, many areas of medicine use objective measures of an organ’s function or characteristic to guide clinical management of particular subjective complaints. In psychiatry, an objectively measured brain characteristic that provides clinically useful information is proposed to be that person’s “phronotype.” Important requirements to developing phronotypes are discussed. Identifying phronotypes in psychiatry will require a specific investigative approach that must be grounded in rigorous scientific methodology. Successfully developing such markers will have a profound impact on clinical care, clinical research, basic science research, and most importantly the lives of those suffering from these illnesses.
Planning for agricultural lands in British Columbia — progress and problems

With the passage of the Land Commission Act in April 1974, the province of British Columbia emerged as one of the leading innovators in agricultural land protection in North America. The British Columbia programme is unique, in that it encompasses a variety of incentives and disincentives to restrict the development of agricultural resources. While evidence suggests that the program has been quite successful, administrative weaknesses could endanger long-term viability. Regardless of the potential problems, British Columbia's experiences provide valuable lessons for other North American governments.
Relation Between Masses of Pseudoscalar Octet and Vector Octet

The effect of the splitting of a pseudoscalar octet on the splitting of a vector octet is investigated using a simple effective-range formula for the coupling of a vector to two pseudoscalars. Taking the observed masses of the pseudoscalar octet to be $\ensuremath{\eta}(548)$, $K(496)$, and $\ensuremath{\pi}(140)$, it is found that the mass differences among the members of the vector octet $\ensuremath{\phi}$, ${K}^{*}$, and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ give the order $\ensuremath{\phi}g{K}^{*}g\ensuremath{\rho}$. The magnitude of the calculated splitting is approximately twice the observed values. It is also shown that to first order in the mass splitting, if the pseudoscalar octet satisfies the Gell-Mann-Okubo mass formula, then the vector octet also satisfies the GMO formula. Furthermore, a deviation of the pseudoscalar masses from the GMO formula implies a somewhat larger deviation for the vector masses with an opposite sign. This result is in qualitative agreement with experimental values.
Synthesis, characterization, properties, and derivatives of poly(starch-g-(1-amidoethylene)). I: Synthesis and characterization

Poly(starch-g-(1-amidoethylene)) can be formed by aqueous, free radical polymerization of 2-propenamide on lintnerized, potato starch. Initiation is by attack of cerium ions (+IV) on the D-glucopyranosyl units of starch. The reaction produces a water-soluble thickener with molecular properties of the product controlled, in part, by the gel effect induced in virtually all syntheses. Yield of product varies from 38 to 100% with yields of 90–100% being common. Products containing less than 50 wt % sidechain were found to be difficult to dissolve once they were recovered from the synthesis mixture. A sample with a design molecular weight of 0.8 × 106 and 4 grafts per backbone formed 3.9 wt % of a water-insoluble solid in the reaction mixture. The solid, which had a composition similar to that of the reaction mixture, may be the result of selective reaction within the distribution of backbone molecules.
U.S. Counties’ Vulnerability to Methamphetamine Labs

This national study analyzes county-level risk factors for methamphetamine manufacture. Neural network and probit models are used to test the effectiveness of county-level characteristics in predicting methamphetamine production levels. Data on all 3,143 counties are drawn from the U.S. DEA’s Clandestine Laboratory Surveillance System, the 2000 U.S. Census and health service resources from the 2004 Area Resource File, and the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCRP) for the period 2002-2005. The resulting model accurately predicted methamphetamine production levels 85% of the time. The leading variables were existing methamphetamine problems, seizures in contiguous counties, families with “female head of household,” home value, and “percentage of White population.” Several variables that factored heavily in earlier single-community studies had very little impact in this national study. This study’s results suggest a new approach to assessing community vulnerability to drug manufacturer and a need to refocus...
Silver (Ag) as anode and cathode current collectors in high temperature planar solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Planar electrolyte supported solid oxide fuel cells were operated at 900 °C with humidified H 2 for 200 h using silver mesh and paste for cathode current collection. Continuous potentiostatic tests at 0.7 V appeared to induce migration of Ag towards electrode-electrolyte interphase, while continuous OCV tests caused no mass transport. Similar SOFCs fueled by coal syngas at 850 °C using Ag for both anode and cathode current collection indicated little, if any, Ag migration; providing the possibility of employing Ag for 100 h laboratory scale tests using coal-derived syngas. Use of high temperature steam, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide did not result in the formation of silver carbonates.
The Optimized Evaluation of Diabetic Foot Infection by Dual Isotope SPECT/CT Imaging Protocol

Sequential Tc-99m hydroxymethylene-diphosphonate (HDP) 3-phase bone (BS) and In-111 leukocyte scanning (WBCS) have been frequently used to evaluate the diabetic foot, as nonosteomyelitis BS uptake is repeatedly observed and osteomyelitis (OM) in WBCS is often uncertain without BS correlation. Additionally, both modalities are limited in lesion localization because of low resolution and lack of anatomic details. We investigated a method that combined BS/WBCS, and if needed, WBCS/bone marrow scanning (BMS) using SPECT/CT to accurately diagnose/localize infection in a practical protocol. Blood flow/pool images were obtained followed by WBC reinjection and next day dual isotope (DI) BS/WBCS planar and SPECT/CT. BMS/WBCS SPECT/CT (step 2 DI) was obtained on the following day when images were suspicious for mid/hindfoot OM. Diagnosis accuracy and confidence were judged for the various imaging combinations. Diagnosis was classified as OM, soft tissue infection (STI), both OM/STI, and other/no bony pathology by microbiology/pathology or follow-up. Distinction between various diagnostic categories and overall OM diagnostic accuracy in 213 patients were higher for DI than WBCS or BS alone, and for DI SPECT/CT than DI planar or SPECT only. Diagnostic confidence/lesion site was significantly higher for DI SPECT/CT than other comparative imaging methods. In a group of 97 patients with confirmed microbiologic/pathologic diagnosis, similar results were attained. Step 2 DI SPECT/CT performed in 67 patients further improved diagnostic accuracy/confidence. DI SPECT/CT is a highly accurate modality that considerably improves detection and discrimination of STI and OM while providing precise anatomic localization in the diabetic foot. This combined imaging technique promises to beneficially impact diabetic patient care.
Attributions in the Advice Columns II. The Dimensionality of Actors' and Observers' Explanations for Interpersonal Problems

This study assessed the attributional dimensionality of explanations, largely for interpersonal problems, that occur naturally in the newspaper advice columns. We applied two definitions of controllability, along with stability, locus, and actor observer ratings, to 145 attributions extracted from the "Ann Landers" and "Dear Abby" columns by Schoeneman and Rubanowitz (1985). Controllability by subject (the person whose behavior is being explained) was confounded with locus, although controllability by anyone was independent of locus. Actors attributed their own problems to the enduring, willful behaviors of others (external, stable, controllable attributions). Observers did not attribute actors' problems to uncontrollable personality; they showed no attributional tendencies except a preference for stable attributions. We discuss the convergence of actor-observer effects with current research on interpersonal attributions and implications for future ratings of controllability.
Agricultural diversification and integrated pest management in Bangladesh

We study factors associated with a shift toward diversified, high-valued vegetable crops and the incentives associated with the use of IPM methods for vegetable producers in Bangladesh. The primary objective is to measure how IPM technologies affect the crop and technology choices of low-income rice farmers. A three-season household optimisation model is used to study crop and technology choice under price and yield uncertainty. The model is parameterised using data from vegetable farms and experimental IPM trials conducted in Bangladesh. Simulation results show that access to IPM technology and IPM availability combined with access to credit increase household welfare and lead to higher rates of vegetable adoption. Off-farm employment opportunities work against vegetable cultivation and IPM use by risk-averse farmers. Implications for policy and extension efforts are highlighted.
Feature fusion for basic behavior unit segmentation from video sequences

It has become increasingly popular to study animal behaviors with the assistance of video recordings. An automated video processing and behavior analysis system is desired to replace the traditional manual annotation. We propose a framework for automatic video based behavior analysis systems, which consists of four major modules: behavior modeling, feature extraction from video sequences, basic behavior unit (BBU) discovery and complex behavior recognition. BBU discovery is performed based on features extracted from video sequences, hence the fusion of multiple dimensional features is very important. In this paper, we explore the application of feature fusion techniques to BBU discovery with one and multiple cameras. We applied the vector fusion (SBP) method, a multi-variate vector visualization technique, in fusing the features obtained from a single camera. This technique reduces the multiple dimensional data into two dimensional (SBP) space, and the spatial and temporal analysis in SBP space can help discover the underlying data groups. Then we present a simple feature fusion technique for BBU discovery from multiple cameras with the affinity graph method. Finally, we present encouraging results on a physical system and a synthetic mouse-in-a-cage scenario from one, two, and three cameras. The feature fusion methods in this paper are simple yet effective.
Synergism between vasopressin and phorbol esters in stimulation of insulin secretion and phosphatidylcholine metabolism in RIN insulinoma cells

Summary The tumor promoter, tetradecanoylphorbolacetate (TPA), causes a significant increase in both insulin secretion and the incorporation of 32P1 into phosphatidylcholine (PC) in RIN insulinoma cells. The peptide hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), also stimulates these functions, although to a lesser degree. When added together, the effects on secretion and PC metabolism are synergistic. At the same time, TPA inhibits the AVP-stimulated rise in phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism. N either phloretin nor tamoxifen, reported to be inhibitors of protein kinase C activity, are able to block the effects of TPA on secretion, although both influence PC metabolism.
The Possibility of Separating Two Forms of the Ammonia Molecule

A FEW years ago it was observed by Baly and Duncan (Jour. Chem. Soc., 121, 1008; 1922) that ammonia gas drawn quickly from a cylinder containing liquid ammonia was less rapidly decomposed on a hot platinum wire than gas drawn slowly from the same cylinder, or obtained in certain other ways. They offered as a possible explanation that ammonia molecules may exist in two forms of different reactivity, which may be separated or perhaps converted entirely into one form under suitable conditions.
A personal construct psychology view of relapse: indications for a narrative therapy component to stuttering treatment.

Abstract Relapse following treatment for stuttering is a common problem for many clients. It has often been suggested that one factor contributing to relapse is the client’s difficulty in adjusting to a new role as a fluent speaker. In this tutorial article, we first present a personal construct view of relapse, which suggests that this difficulty may be addressed by increasing the meaningfulness of the fluent speaker role for the speaker. Section 3 proposes that post-treatment success for persons who stutter may be facilitated by the use of a narrative approach to counseling in which the meaningfulness of the fluent speaker role is elaborated. In this approach, clients are guided through a process of deconstructing their stuttering-dominated personal narrative, followed by the reconstruction of an alternative narrative that is more compatible with being a fluent speaker. Educational objectives: The reader will (1) learn about a personal construct psychology perspective on resistance and relapse in stuttering therapy, (2) be able to describe a narrative approach to counseling for people who stutter that is directed toward the long-term maintenance of fluent speech and the steps of deconstruction of the dominant stuttering narrative and reconstruction of a new, more fluent personal narrative, and (3) be able to prepare a series of narrative interview questions with which to engage clients in conversations that may facilitate the deconstruction and reconstruction processes.
Smith equivalence of representations for odd order cyclic groups

THEOREM A. There exist odd order cyclic groups which have Smith equivalent but nonisomorphic representations. After a short background discussion, we shall give a list of conditions (1.1) which are important in the development of this paper and state more precise versions of our results. Theorem B provides nonisomorphic Smith equivalent representations if one has nonisomorphic representations of G which satisfy (1.1). Corollary C shows the existence of infinitely many groups which have nonisomorphic representations which satisfy (1.1). The orders of some cyclic groups of this type are described by Lemma 2.5 and Corollary 2.6. Taken together, Theorem B and Corollary C prove Theorem A. The concept of Smith equivalence is based upon a question posed by P. A. Smith in a 1960 survey article [32, p. 4061. In our terminology the question is whether Smith equivalent representations are linearly isomorphic. Atiyah-Bott [3] and Milnor [17] established an affirmative answer for cyclic groups of odd prime power order and for representations with semifree action. By definition a group acts semifreely if each point is left fixed by only the trivial group element or by each group element. An extension of this work by Sanchez [28] implied the answer also to be affirmative if G is cyclic of order pq where p and q are odd primes. Bredon [6] showed for 2-groups that Smith equivalent representations are isomorphic if their dimension is large in comparison to the order of the group. The first negative answers to Smith’s question were established by the second author for odd order abelian groups with at least four noncyclic Sylow subgroups. See [23], [24]. Subsequently a number of papers have established a negative answer for even order groups, but the case of odd order cyclic groups has remained open. For cyclic groups of even order see the papers [7], [25], [ 111, [3 13, For noncyclic abelian groups and nonabelian 2-groups, see [34] and [S]. There are many interesting results and ideas in these papers. Results and techniques used in answering Smith’s question varj markedly according to the parity of the order of G. In Remark 1.2(ii) we explain the difference of the geometric and number theoretic treatment of even and odd order groups as it arises from the Atiyah-Bott extension of the Lefschetz Fixed Point theorem. One interesting question, untouched here, is to relate the differentiable structure of a homotopy sphere Z and the isotropy representations of an action of G on Z with exactly two fixed points. Some general remarks on this appear in the problem section of the forthcoming proceedings of the 1983 conference on group actions at Boulder [393. It can be shown that the homotopy spheres with group actions that are constructed by our method are all standard spheres. The methods of Schultz (e.g. in [29] and other papers) are relevant to realizing these actions on exotic spheres.
Infrared array detectors in astrophysics

Abstract A brief review is presented on the present status and recent advances in infrared array technology and its application to astronomical observations, both for ground-based and space applications. Future developments in array technology are discussed as well as future astronomical instrumentation.
Task-specific devices and the perceptual bottleneck☆

An approach to the problem of organization in human action is presented. The approach describes the observable forms of behavior in terms of the dynamics of task-specific devices (TSD). The properties of a TSD delineate problems for research. The properties are task specificity, smartness, determinism, soft assembly and reduction, controllability, scale specificity, assembly over properties of organism and environment, and modifiability to new purpose. Nonlinear properties of four subsystems of the human action system are described. The subsystems are the link-segment system, the musculotendon system, the circulatory system, and the nervous system. A methodological dilemma is created by the need to do justice in description to all four subsystems while at the same time not being completely overwhelmed by the extreme complexity. A strategic resolution is to describe the simpler dynamics of TSD's. This strategy holds the promise of working backwards to the complex dynamics of the subsystems from which a TSD is assembled. Finally, TSD's require perceptual access to the dynamics. The characteristics of the human perceptual system lead to the perceptual bottleneck. Information about the dynamics of actions and events must be preserved over two mappings. One mapping is from the dynamics to the kinematics of an event. This introduces the identification problem in perception. How do the qualitative properties of an event allow an observer to recognize it? The second mapping is from the ratio-scaled kinematics of an event to the nonratio-scaled structure of the optic, acoustic, and haptic arrays. This introduces the scaling problem in perception. How do the qualitative properties of an event allow an observer to judge the scale values in an event?
Study of design parameters affecting the motion of DNA for nanoinjection

This paper reports the effects of various parameters on the attraction and repulsion of DNA to and from a silicon lance. An understanding of DNA motion is crucial for a new approach to insert DNA, or other foreign microscopic matter, into a living cell. The approach, called nanoinjection, uses electrical forces to attract and repel the desired substance to a micromachined lance designed to pierce the cell membranes. We have developed mathematical models to predict the trajectory of DNA. The mathematical model allows investigation of the attraction/repulsion process by varying specific parameters. We find that the ground electrode placement, lance orientation and lance penetration significantly affect attraction or repulsion efficiency, while the gap, lance direction, lance tip width, lance tip half-angle and lance tip height do not.
SU‐FF‐J‐94: Characterization of Respiratory Motion of the Breast

Purpose: The precise definition of breast PTV is required if IMRT is to be performed in radiotherapy of the breast. There is no equivalent of “flash” to account for intra‐ and inter‐fraction variation. Respiratory motion is one component of that PTV variation. The purpose of this study is to characterize respiratory motion of the breast. Method and Materials: Eight healthy female volunteers aged 29 to 53 were placed in a vac‐lock bag on a wing board with both arms up on a Varian Exact couch. The BrainLAB Body system with stereoscopic infra‐red cameras and spherical infrared reflectors was used to monitor motion. Reflectors were positioned in the four quadrants of the breast and a central point. Prior to each acquisition the table was moved a known distance to confirm system accuracy. The motion was tracked for 3 minutes and the coordinates were sampled at half‐second intervals. The mean position was determined for each patient and each axis (vertical, longitudinal and lateral) and the difference from that point was plotted over time. The standard deviations and maximum excursions were determined. Results: The plots showed between ∼20 and ∼80 respirations with regular motion in the anterior‐posterior and super‐inferior directions, with the occasional larger movement of short duration, and some variation from volunteer to volunteer reflecting relaxation over time. The standard deviations for all volunteers were 1.0 mm (vertical), 0.9 mm (longitudinal), and 0.3 mm (lateral). The maximum recorded excursions were 10.1 mm (vertical), 10.3 mm (longitudinal), 2.8 mm (lateral). Conclusion: The respiratory component of breast PTV positional variation can be accommodated 95% of the time with a margin of ∼2 mm (two standard deviations) in this cohort. Set up accuracy, PTV shape variation, intrafraction non‐respiratory movement and other factors also need to be addressed.
A novel dimeric structure of the RimL Nα-acetyltransferase from Salmonella typhimurium

RimL is responsible for converting the prokaryotic ribosomal protein from L12 to L7 by acetylation of its N-terminal amino group. We demonstrate that purified RimL is capable of posttranslationally acetylating L12, exhibiting a V(max) of 21 min(-1). We have also determined the apostructure of RimL from Salmonella typhimurium and its complex with coenzyme A, revealing a homodimeric oligomer with structural similarity to other Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily members. A large central trough located at the dimer interface provides sufficient room to bind both L12 N-terminal helices. Structural and biochemical analysis indicates that RimL proceeds by single-step transfer rather than a covalent-enzyme intermediate. This is the first structure of a Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase family member with demonstrated activity toward a protein N(alpha)-amino group and is a first step toward understanding the molecular basis for N(alpha)acetylation and its function in cellular regulation.
A 10 b, 100 Ms/s pipelined A/D converter

An ADC (analog-to-digital converter) that is fabricated in an oxide-isolated bipolar process offering 4-GHz n-p-n transistors at the low bias currents used throughout is described. The two-step subranging architecture consists of a 4-b coarse quantizer, followed by a 7-b fine quantizer. The ratio of signal to noise plus distortion and the spurious free dynamic range are measured for full-scale sinusoidal inputs up to 50 MHz, verifying conversion at about 9 1/2 effective bits linearity at the highest input frequency. The performance is maintained to within +or-1 dB over the entire commercial temperature range. >
Characterization of spontaneous unit activity in hypothalamus and reticular formation recorded with semimicroelectrodes

Abstract Semi-microelectrode recordings of electrical activity from anterior hypothalamus (AH), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) were carried out to ascertain whether these electrodes can record the activity of single units. Classical criteria for defining single-unit activity were used, including polarity and stability of amplitude of the recorded discharge; a definable relationship between spike amplitude and electrode depth; and waveform characteristics. It was found that 117 units met these criteria, and in some of the recordings, characteristic burst discharges were observed, providing additional assurance that single-unit activity had been recorded. Thus, electrodes of 60 μm diameter are capable of recording the activity of single neural units in isolation from other neural tissue responses.
The Political Economy of Ethnic Change

An attempt is made to evaluate two theories of ethnic solidarity and change, one functionalist, the other reactive, in the light of quantitatime evidence concerning England and the Celtic fringe from 1885 to 1966. The conceptualization of ethnicity as a "primordial sentiment" has led to the expectation that class or functional cleavages should come to predominate over cultural distinctions in the politics of industrial societies. Ecological data drawn from British countries do not wholly support this expectation. While this process has substantially occurred in England, it has been retarded in the Celtic fringe. In part, this is a function of the continued salience of culturaldistinctions in the determination of income in Wales and parts of Scotland. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that ethnic solidarity in complex societies is best seen as a response to patterns of structural discrimination faced by certain groups in the society at large. It is concluded that ethnic solidarity is not usef...
Nutrition coupled with high-load or low-load blood flow restricted exercise during human limb suspension

Background High-load resistance exercise (HRE) and low-load blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise have demonstrated efficacy for attenuating unloading related muscle atrophy and dysfunction. Protein consumption immediately before and/or after exercise has been shown to increase the skeletal muscle anabolic response to resistance training. The purpose of this study was to compare the skeletal muscle adaptations when chocolate milk intake was coupled with HRE or low-load BFR exercise during simulated lower limb weightlessness.
Protecting chickens against coccidiosis in floor pens by administering Eimeria oocysts using gel beads or spray vaccination

SUMMARY Control of avian coccidiosis is increasingly being achieved by the administration of low doses of Eimeria oocysts to newly hatched chicks. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of gel beads containing a mixture of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella oocysts as a vaccine to protect broilers raised in contact with litter. Newly hatched chicks were either sprayed with an aqueous suspension of Eimeria oocysts or were allowed to ingest feed containing Eimeria oocysts-incorporated gel beads. Control, 1-day-old chicks were given an equivalent number of Eimeria oocysts (103 total) by oral gavage or received no vaccine (nonimmunized controls). All chicks were raised in floor-pen cages in direct contact with litter. At 4 wk of age, all chickens and a control nonimmunized group received a high-dose E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella challenge infection. Chickens immunized with Eimeria oocysts in gel beads or by spray vaccination displayed significantly (P < 0.05) greate...
Effect of diffusible hydrogen level on heat-affected zone hydrogen-induced cracking of high-strength steels

The implant test was used to investigate the heat-affected zone (HAZ) hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) sensitivity of two high-strength naval steels, HY-100 and HSLA-100. Welding was performed using the gas-metal arc welding process, and a high and a low hydrogen level was introduced using an Ar-15%H2 and an Ar-5%H2 shielding gas, respectively. The lower critical stress for HIC at the two hydrogen levels was determined using the implant test. In both cases, failure occurred in the coarse-grained HAZ (CGHAZ). The microstructures of the CGHAZ of the two steels were characterized by means of both optical and transmission electron microscopy, and Vickers hardness measurements. The fracture behavior was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Both the implant test results and the fractographic analysis indicate that HSLA-100 has better resistance to HAZ cracking and better tolerance to higher hydrogen contents than HY-100. This is attributed to the presence of a mixed martensitic/bainitic microstructure in the HSLA-100 CGHAZ, relative to a fully martensitic CGHAZ with higher hardness in HY-100.
DISPOSITION OF S35-PROCHLORPERAZINE IN THE RAT.

Prochloroperazine was shown to be distributed in the organs of the rat much like other weak organic bases. Drug absorption was retarded in repeatedly treated rats and certain tissues appeared to play a storage role. Excretion studies revealed that the fecal route plays the major role in prochlorperazine excretion, less than 25 per cent of the administered dose being excreted in the urine of intraperitoneally dosed control rats. A trend toward decreased urinary and increased fecal excretion was observed in repeatedly treated intraperitoneally dosed and orally dosed rats. Excretion via the bile was shown to be a major route in intraperitoneally dosed rats. Unchanged prochlorperazine and three metabolites were demonstrated in the urine.
Organizational change: Motivation, communication, and leadership effectiveness

Research indicates that numerous variables have an impact on a leader's effectiveness. This study explores the behaviors associated with leadership effectiveness in driving change. The findings confirm previous research that identifies change effectiveness skills, while isolating the specific leader behaviors deemed most valuable to implementing change: motivation and communication.
Antimasking effect of crossed olivocochlear bundle stimulation with loud clicks in guinea pig.

Abstract Previous studies restricted to low level clicks in the cat showed that crossed efferent stimulation further reduces a partially masked neural response from the cochlea. The problem was reinvestigated over a wider range of click intensities in anesthetized guinea pigs with middle ear muscle attachments cut and differential electrodes placed in the basal cochlear turn. With high level click stimuli it was found that efferent stimulation significantly increases the masked neural response. The peak to peak amplitude of the gross neural response of the cochlea was plotted as a function of click level both with and without efferent stimulation with no background stimulus and also with a masking noise present. The input-output functions strongly suggest that there is a low threshold afferent fiber moiety whose response to low level signals is blocked by crossed efferent stimulation, but which are then available for excitation by higher level signals. It is suggested that these fibers are excited by both outer and inner hair cells.
Effect of particle orientation on high density recording

Self-consistent computer calculations are used to investigate the effect of media orientation on digital recording. The vertical contribution to the readback pulse is found to roll off more slowly than the in-plane, hence vertically oriented and isotropic media have the highest amplitude at extremely high densities. A loop model is derived for media exhibiting cubic anisotropy. Results on the possible advantages of such a medium over isotropic media with uniaxial anisotroy are inconclusive.
Circadian Gene Expression and Clinicopathologic Correlates in Pancreatic Cancer

The circadian rhythm is responsible for physiologic homeostasis, behavior, and components of multiple metabolic processes. Disruption of the circadian rhythm is associated with cancer development, and several circadian clock genes have been implicated in loss of cell cycle control, impaired DNA damage repair, and subsequent tumor formation. Here, we investigated the expression profiles of several circadian clock genes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the circadian clock genes (brain-muscle-like (Bmal)-ARNTL, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock), cryptochrome 1 (Cry1), cryptochrome 2 (Cry2), casein kinase 1e (CK1e), period 1 (Per1), period 2 (Per2), period 3 (Per3), timeless (Tim), and timeless-interacting protein (Tipin)) in PDA, as well as matching adjacent and benign tissue. Logistic regression models with robust variance were used to analyze the gene expression levels, and Kaplan–Meier survival curves were generated based on gene expression. In the tumor tissue of PDA patients, compared to their matched adjacent tissue, expression levels of all circadian genes were lower, with statistical significance for Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Tipin, Tim, CK1e, Bmal-ARNTL, and Clock (p < 0.025). PDA tumors also expressed significantly lower levels of the circadian genes when compared to benign lesions for Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry2, Tipin, and CK1e. A significant association between low levels of expression in the tumors and reduced survival was found with Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry2, Tipin, CK1e, Clock, and Bmal-ARNTL. Our results reveal for the first time a dysregulated transcription of several circadian genes in PDA. Elevation of the gene levels in the benign and matched adjacent tissues may be indicative of their role during the process of tumorigenesis. The potential of using circadian genes as predictive markers of the outcomes and survival and distinguishing PDA from benign pancreas must be studied in larger populations to validate and demonstrate their eventual clinical utility.
The Effects of Industry Specialization on Auditors' Inherent Risk Assessments and Confidence Judgements*

This study experimentally examines how industry specialization affects auditors' inherent risk assessments and their confidence in those risk assessments. Two groups of participants - experienced banking specialist auditors and equally experienced nonbanking auditors - provided inherent risk assessments for a hypothetical banking client for two financial statement accounts. They assessed inherent risk for an industry-specific account (loans receivable) and for a nonindustry-specific account (property and equipment). The results indicate that nonbanking auditors assessed inherent risk significantly higher than industry specialists for all but the valuation assertion for the loans receivable account. However, the difference between the nonbanking auditors' and banking specialists' inherent risk assessments was not as great for the property and equipment account. Further, nonspecialists were less confident about the appropriateness of their inherent risk assessments compared with industry specialists. Potential implications for research and practice are discussed in light of the study's findings.
The Relation between Salt and Ionic Transport Coefficients

The reflection coefficient was originally introduced by Staverman to describe the movement of nonelectrolytes through membranes. When this coefficient is extended to salts, one has a choice of defining this term for the whole salt moving as a single electrically neutral component or for the individual ions of the salt. The latter definition is meaningful only in the absence of an electric field across the permeability barrier. This condition may be achieved with the voltage clamp or short-circuit technique and is especially useful in dealing with biological systems in which one rarely has only a single salt or even equal concentrations of the major anion and cation. The relations between the transport coefficients for the salt and its individual ions are derived. The special conditions which may result in negative osmosis through a charged membrane in the presence of a salt are discussed.
Erratum to: Leg Pain in a Patient with Myasthenia Gravis

Erratum to: J Gen Intern Med DOI: 10.1007/s11606-013-2497-y In the metadata of the original publication, the surname of the third author is incomplete. The correct abbreviated name is Fernandes Filho, JA.
Zone-level occupancy counting with existing infrastructure

Through accurate and dynamic occupancy detection, building actuation systems can fine tune the targets of their actions to better fit the patterns of usage in modern buildings. We outline a method for achieving this through existing wireless infrastructure and present a demonstration of its viability in a corporate environment.