cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of α-Amino Radicals as the Reaction Activators

α-Aminoalkyl radicals are easily accessible through multiple pathways from various precursors. Apart from their utilization as N-containing building blocks, they have recently been used as halogen atom abstraction reagents or single-electron reductants to transform organic halides or sulfonium salts to their corresponding highly reactive radical species. Benefiting from the richness of various halides and the diverse reactivity of radical intermediates, new transformations of halides and sulfonium salts have been developed. This short review summarizes this emerging chemistry that uses α-amino radicals as the reaction activators.
Discussion to: Bayesian graphical models for modern biological applications by Y. Ni, V. Baladandayuthapani, M. Vannucci and F.C. Stingo

It is a pleasure to congratulate Ni et al. (Stat Methods Appl 490:1–32, 2021) on the recent advances in Bayesian graphical models reviewed in Ni et al. (Stat Methods Appl 490:1–32, 2021). The authors have given considerable thought to the construction and estimation of Bayesian graphical models that capture salient features of biological networks. My discussion focuses on computational challenges and opportunities along with priors, pointing out limitations of the Markov random field priors reviewed in Ni et al. (Stat Methods Appl 490:1–32, 2021) and exploring possible generalizations that capture additional features of conditional independence graphs, such as hub structure and clustering. I conclude with a short discussion of the intersection of graphical models and random graph models.
QCD $\theta$-vacuum in a Uniform Magnetic Field

We study the $\theta$-vacuum of QCD using two-flavor chiral perturbation theory ($\chi$PT) in the presence of a uniform, background magnetic field calculating the magnetic field-dependent free energy density, the topological density, the topological susceptibility and the fourth cumulant at one-loop order. We find that the topological susceptibility is enhanced by the magnetic field while the fourth topological cumulant is diminished at weak fields and enhanced at larger fields when $\theta=0$. However, in the QCD vacuum with $\theta\neq 0$, the topological susceptibility can be either monotonically enhanced or diminished relative to their $\theta$-vacuum values. The fourth cumulant also exhibits monotonic enhancement or suppression except for regions of $\theta$ near $0$ and $2\pi$, where it is both diminished and enhanced. Finally, the topological density is enhanced for all magnetic fields with its relative shift being identical to the relative shift of the up and down quark condensates in the $\theta$-vacuum.
Understanding Staphylococcal Nomenclature

Bacteria are often grouped by a variety of properties, including biochemical activity, appearance, and more recently, nucleic acid sequence differences. In the case of human pathogens, significant work goes into "typing" strains to understand relatedness. This is especially true when trying to understand the epidemiology of these organisms. In attempts to group Staphylococci, a variety of methods and nomenclatures have been employed, which can often serve as a point of confusion to those entering the field. Therefore, the intent of this chapter is to give a brief overview of some common methods and associated nomenclature used to type Staphylococci, with S. aureus as an example.
Development of the bait principle for boll-weevil control: III. Field-cage tests with a feeding stimulant and the protozoans Mattesia grandis (neogregarinida) and a microsporidian

Abstract When Mattesia grandis or a microsporidian were incorporated into a bait containing a feeding stimulant and a marker dye, and tested for suppression of a caged population of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis , about 30–40% of the adults fed on the bait. However, rain prevented continuous and optimum coverage of the plants with the bait. Both pathogens suppressed the populations of weevils, thus producing a further demonstration of the validity of the principle of using responseeliciting materials in a bait containing a pathogen to induce disease.
Interactive Critiquing forCatalog Navigation in E-Commerce

E-commerce sites can have large, essentially unbounded, catalogs. With large catalogs comes increasing difficulty for buyers in making use of standard search and browsing facilities. Particularly in the case of casual or occasional buyers and in the case of complex products, the gap between a product's specifications and the buyer's understanding of need can be hard to bridge. An effective e-commerce catalog must map user needs to products that can fulfill them. This paper describes an interactive, incremental, case-based, critiquing approach to solving this problem. The approach is interactive and incremental, so it does not require that the user have a completely specified need at the start. The system is case-based in that it emphasizes products over features or constraints, and uses case-based reasoning techniques for its product retrieval. Finally, the approach is based on the critiquing of presented examples, each critique redirecting the search to home in on appropriate products.
Abstract #5123: Oral administration of Psoralidin suppresses tumor growth in xenografts by inhibiting TNF-\#945;-mediated pro-survival signaling in prostate cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Tumor necrosis factor-\#945; (TNF-\#945;), a major inflammatory cytokine plays a dual role, either by regulating TRAF-2-mediated JNK activation and induction of apoptosis; or activating p38 and NF-\#954;B thereby resulting in cellular proliferation. Recently, we reported that psoralidin, a dietary compound isolated from Psoralea corylifolia , inhibited cell survival and induced apoptosis in androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC) cells (Kumar et al , Cancer Prevention Research, 2009). In this study we dissected the mechanism by which psoralidin induces apoptosis in AIPC cells (PC-3 and DU-145). Our results suggest that psoralidin downregulates TNF-\#945;-mediated NF-\#954;B activation in AIPC cells with a concomitant upregulation of DR-4- and Fas-mediated signaling in AIPC cells. Additionally, while studying the expression patterns of the various proteins in the IAP and Bcl-2 family of proteins, we observed that psoralidin induces the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins (Bid and Bax) while inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (XIAP, cIAP, Survivin and Bcl-2). We also observed that psoralidin executes its pro-apoptotic effect in AIPC cells through the activation of the caspase-9/caspase-3/PARP signaling. Oral administration of psoralidin (50mg/kg) for four weeks completely inhibited the growth of AIPC tumors in xenograft animal models. No significant difference in toxicity was observed between the normal and psoralidin-treated study animals. Currently, we are focusing on studying the expression levels of the pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in the control and psoralidin-treated tumor sections. Our future direction is to study the effect of psoralidin on transgenic prostate tumor models which will lead psoralidin to clinical trials. The outcome of our results highlight that psoralidin will have wide therapeutic application in human prostate cancer. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 5123.
Inducing sequentiality using grammatical genetic codes

This paper studies the inducement of sequentiality in genetic algorithms (GAs) for uniformly-scaled problems. Sequentiality is a phenomenon in which sub-solutions converge sequentially in time in contrast to uniform convergence observed for uniformly-scaled problems. This study uses three different grammatical genetic codes to induce sequentiality. Genotypic genes in the grammatical codes are interpreted as phenotypes according to the grammar, and the grammar induces sequential interactions among phenotypic genes. The experimental results show that the grammatical codes can indeed induce sequentiality, but the GAs using them need exponential population sizes for a reliable search.
Partial Pressure Analysis of CF4/O2 Plasmas

Recently, reactive low-pressure RF glow discharges (plasmas) have become indispensable tools in the fabrication of microelectronic devices. However, despite the widespread use of glow discharges, a fundamental understanding of gas-phase and surface reaction mechanisms is generally lacking. Many diagnostic techniques exist for plasma analysis including optical emission and absorption spectroscopy1,2, laser-induced fluorescence1,5, and mass spectroscopy3,4,6. Of these methods, mass-spectroscopy offers the advantages of simple yet sensitive detection of both intermediate radicals within the discharge (flux analysis) and stable discharge products downstream (partial-pressure analysis). In addition, the data may be easily quantified to yield reactant and product partial pressure information within the discharge.
Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology: Intrusion of magma

INTRODUCTION Most field evidence indicates that igneous rocks have formed from upward-moving bodies of either magma, mixtures of magma and crystals, magma and gas bubbles, or even solid rock. Basaltic lava flows cover most of the ocean floor and large areas on continents. Rhyolitic lava flows and volcanic ash also cover large parts of continents. Clearly, magma of a wide range of composition is able to rise to the Earth's surface. Exposures of deeply eroded parts of the crust reveal that basaltic magmas most commonly rise through fractures and, on cooling, form steeply dipping sheet-like intrusions known as dikes . Rhyolitic magmas, in contrast, tend to rise in large dome-like bodies known as diapirs , which, on solidifying beneath the surface, form granite batholiths. Still other magmas with high volatile contents such as kimberlite, which bring diamonds up from depths of approximately 200 km, rise through pipe-like bodies known as diatremes and erupt explosively onto the Earth's surface. Regardless of the mode by which magma ascends, buoyancy is the main driving force. Magmas are simply less dense than most rocks and so tend to float toward the Earth's surface. When the upper mantle partially melts, a basaltic liquid is formed that is less dense than the refractory residue, so the liquid begins to rise. It does so slowly at first as an interstitial liquid moving through the pores of the deformable crystal mush (McKenzie, 1984). The flow then becomes channelized (Kelemen et al ., 1995), and the pressure causing the magma to rise is sufficient to propagate fractures through the lithosphere.
An Age–Period–Cohort Analysis of Political Tolerance in the United States

We employ hierarchical age–period–cohort models and the 1974–2010 General Social Survey data to examine changes in the political tolerance of gays and lesbians, communists, racists, and anti-religi...
De novo adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma presenting anew in an elderly patient with previous normal CT and MRI studies: A case report and implications on pathogenesis

Abstract Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas are histologically benign epithelial tumors which arise from embryonic remnants of the craniopharyngeal duct and Rathke’s pouch. They are thought to have a congenital origin and are histologically unique from papillary craniopharyngioma. We describe the case of an elderly male who presented with symptoms related to a large craniopharyngioma with previously normal brain magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging studies. These findings dispute the embryogenic theory that craniopharyngiomas observed in adults develop from the persistent slow growth of embryonic remnants.
Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cell injury and colitis in interleukin 2 (IL2)-deficient mice.

Abstract Epithelial cell (EC) injury is a feature of all inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD). Although the mechanisms of EC injury are incompletely understood, it has been proposed that T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and production of inflammatory cytokines are involved. This hypothesis was tested using the interleukin 2-deficient (IL2 −/− ) mouse model of IBD and cultures of primary colonic EC to determine if abnormal cytokine production or cytotoxicity by colonic T cells cause EC injury. Although capable of cell-mediated killing of allogeneic target cells, IL2 −/− colonic T cells were unable to lyse syngeneic colonic EC. During disease progression, large numbers of IL4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ-producing CD4 + and CD8 + cells accumulated within the intraepithelial spaces and lamina propria of the colon of IL2 −/− mice. Although colonic EC expressed receptors for IFN-γ and TNF-α, these cytokines did not adversely affect EC viability or growth in vitro consistent with these cytokines not being the primary mediators of EC injury in IBD. Our novel colonic EC culture system provides an in vitro accessible system in which to investigate further the nature of EC–lymphocyte interactions.
Relation of sea water to fresh water in carbonate rocks in coastal areas, with special reference to Florida, U.S.A., and Cephalonia (Kephallinia), Greece☆

Abstract The principles controlling the equilibrium between the denser salty water and the lighter fresh water in coastal aquifers apply to carbonate as well as sand systems. However, under certain equilibrium conditions of fresh and salt water in parts of some carbonate aquifers unusual hydrologic phenomena result. Hydrologic conditions at Tarpon Springs, Florida, and Cephalonia, Greece, include deep vertical openings as sinkholes through a relatively impervious part of the aquifer system. In both cases the tops of the sinkholes or natural wells are exposed to sea water. At Tarpon Springs the dynamic equilibrium between salt water and fresh water fluctuates so that the flow of salt water from the spring to a lake 2 miles away is sometimes reversed. At Cephalonia, the head of fresh water does not exceed the head of salty water in the sinkholes; the flow of sea water into the aquifer, aided by a shallow channel from the sea, is continuous, and the water level in the sinkhole is continuously depressed below sea level. Both cases represent a partially confined U-tube system where water at the seaward, sinkhole end is denser than at the other end and where a low fresh-water head is less than the salt-water head.
Fault Injection Campaign for a Fault Tolerant Duplex Framework

Software based fault tolerance may allow the use of COTS digital electronics in building a highly reliable computing system for spacecraft. In this work we present the results of a fault injection campaign we conducted on the Duplex Framework (DF). The DF is a software developed by the UCLA group [1], [2] that allows to run two copies (or replicas) of the same program on two different nodes of a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) computer cluster. By the means of a third process (comparator) running on a different node that constantly monitors the results computed by the two replicas, the DF is able to restart the two replica processes if an inconsistency in their computation is detected. In order to test the reliability of the DF we wrote a simple fault injector that injects faults in the virtual memory of one of the replica process to simulate the effects of radiation in space. These faults occasionally cause the process to crash or produce erroneous outputs. For this study we used two different applications, one that computes an encryption of a input file using the RSA algorithm, and another that optimizes the trade-off between time spent and the fuel consumption for a low-thrust orbit transfer. But the DF is generic enough that any application written in C or Fortran could be used with little or no modification of the original source code. Our results show the potential of such approach in detecting and recovering from radiation induced random errors. This approach is very cost efficient compared to hardware implemented duplex operations and can be adopted to control processes on spacecrafts where the fault rate produced by cosmic rays is not very high.
Effects of Spectral Truncation on General Circulation and Long-Range Prediction

Abstract Although atmospheric prediction models appear to yield results similar to observation, both their detailed predictive capability and their time-averaged forecasts depend on space truncation. Such dependence may be readily studied with a spectral model because of the ease of modifying truncation. A simple, two-level, quasi-geostrophic, forced general circulation model was represented in spectral form and nine cases of different truncation were integrated for the same forcing, starting with initial conditions generated from a state of rest. The truncations ranged from six to sixteen meridional waves, from five to ten degrees of freedom with latitude, and the models were integrated for about 60 days with finite-amplitude nonlinearity. Considering the kinetic energy in the vertical mean flow, and separating this energy into zonal and eddy, the results show that the general circulation may be predicted with as few as twelve planetary waves and eight latitudinal degrees of freedom, whereas detailed pre...
A Scalable Multi-engine Xpress9 Compressor with Asynchronous Data Transfer

Data compression is crucial in large-scale storage servers to save both storage and network bandwidth, but it suffers from high computational cost. In this work, we present a high throughput FPGA based compressor as a PCIe accelerator to achieve CPU resource saving and high power efficiency. The proposed compressor is differentiated from previous hardware compressors by the following features:1) targeting Xpress9 algorithm, whose compression quality is comparable to the best Gzip implementation (level 9), 2) a scalable multi-engine architecture with various IP blocks to handle algorithmic complexity as well as to achieve high throughput, 3) supporting a heavily multi-threaded server environment with an asynchronous data transfer interface between the host and the accelerator. The implemented Xpress9 compressor on Altera Stratix V GS performs 1.6-2.4Gbps throughput with 7 engines on various compression benchmarks, supporting up to 128 thread contexts.
Optical measurement of atmospheric pollutants: accomplishments and problems

Two applications of optical methods to the measurement of atmospheric pollutants are discussed. The combination of Fourier Transform Spectrometer and long path infrared absorption cell has been used to measure many compounds simultaneously in polluted air samples at Pasadena, California. The detection limit for most pollutants has been about 10−8 atmospheres partial pressure. A 4 km cell is being developed for use in 1976 with the objective of further lowering the detection limit by a factor of ten. Nondispersive spectral correlation techniques are also being applied in the ambient air. In this case a selected pollutant is measured by passing the infrared radiation from a thermal source through a train of passive components, including the atmospheric sample cell and a gas-filled filter cell. These spectral correlation methods show great sensitivity and selectivity and have a promising future for further application.
Synthesis and evaluation of new protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Part 2. Phenylhydrazones.

Abstract A series of 33 phenylhydrazone derivatives of polyhydroxylated benzaldehydes has been prepared and tested for inhibition of the protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck. The most potent of these compounds was a competitive inhibitor of p56lck with respect to a tyrosine-containing peptide substrate and was similar in potency to piceatannol, a naturally occurring protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
A test for the role of natural selection in the stabilization of transposable element copy number in a population of Drosophila melanogaster.

The numbers of members of three families of copia-like elements were counted on twenty X, 2nd and 3rd chromosomes collected from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. Theoretical predictions were computed for two models of copy number stabilization: (1) element frequencies are regulated by a simple genetic process such as copy number dependent transposition or excision, independent of chromosomal location; (2) elements are eliminated by natural selection against mutational effects of their insertion into the chromosome. Since insertions into the X can be expected to suffer more selection than autosomal insertions, due to expression of mutant phenotypes in the hemizygous state, hypothesis 2, called the disproportional model, predicts that the proportion of elements on the X will be smaller than the proportion of the genome contributed by the X, while hypothesis 1, called the equiproportional model, predicts that this proportionality will be unaffected. Two of the elements, 297 and roo, showed no evidence for deficiency of X-linked elements, but the data for a third element, 412, were consistent with the prediction based on the selective model.These results indicate that simple selection against mutational effects of insertions of transposable elements is not generally adequate to account for their distribution within populations. We argue that a mechanism such as recombination between elements at different chromosomal sites, leading to rearrangements with highly deleterious, dominant effects could play a role in stabilizing copy number. This process would lead to a higher abundance of elements in genomic regions with restricted crossing over. We present some data indicating such an effect, and discuss possible interpretations.
The Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) Optical System

Optical engineering decisions on the MMT uroject ranged over the following: (a) choice of a telescope-cluster geometry for maintenance of low infrared emissivity and for structural compactness; (b) use of lightweight fused-silica honeycomb structure for primary mirrors, slumped to an f/2.7 curvature; (c) use of alt-azimuth geometry, which simplified mirror support; (d) interchangeable sets of all optics (except the primary mirrors) to provide optimum reflectivity at wavelengths 0.3-20 microns; (e) maintenance of image co-alignment by tilt and focus of secondary mirrors; (f) use of a laser system with beam expansion by means of an auxiliary focus-controlled telescope and persicopes, followed by retro-reflectors, to give reference beams for the telescopes.
Regeneration in Hydra viridis with multiple-gastric region grafts: reversal of the middle piece.

The results of reversing the polarity of the middle gastric region in Hydra viridis with multiple-gastric region grafts (3grp animals) are contrasted to previously reported results on comparably elongated animals (3g animals) whose middle gastric regions retain their original polarity. The middle gastric regions of 3grp animals are also bisected (the animals are hemisected) at various times after grafting. Compound heads and compound feet form at the proximal and distal graft borders, respectively, in nearly all 3grp animals. The regeneration of structures at points is a built-in property, not influenced by reversing the polarity of pieces during grafting. Regeneration is accelerated when comparable wound surfaces are brought together by grafting with reversed polarity. Graft rejection is influenced by the total length of an animal and distances from terminal structures, but not the polarity of pieces. Budding is also influenced by total length and distance, but is dependent on polarity and diminished by head regeneration. When fresh wound surfaces are made on the middle piece of 3grp animals, an initial refractory period, during which head and foot (but not budding region) regeneration is inhibited in about half the animals, is followed by an indefinite period in which head and foot regeneration is permitted (and budding region regeneration prevented). Hemisection does not interfere with the regeneration of compound structures already in progress. These results are interpreted in terms of theories of competence, negative dominance, threshold (positional value), inhibition (positional signal), and induction (positive or constructive dominance, stimulation or enhancement).
Turnover’s Relationships with Sales, Tips and Service across Restaurants in a Chain

Abstract This study used restaurant level data from a casual-dining restaurant chain in the Midwestern United States to examine turnover's relationships with sales, tips and service. Turnover was negatively correlated with sales and service among high-volume restaurants but not among low-volume restaurants. Interestingly, the opposite pattern was observed for turnovers’ relationship with tip percentages—turnover was negatively correlated with tip percentages among low-volume restaurants but not among high-volume restaurants. Plausible explanations for these findings are discussed along with their practical implications.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT k-ε MODELS FOR INDOOR AIR FLOW COMPUTATIONS

Abstract In this article, Jive k-e, two-equation models are studied: the standard k-e model, a low-Reynolds-number k-e model, a two-layer k-e model, a two-scale k-e model, and a renormalization group (RNG) k-e model. They are evaluated for their performance in predicting natural convection, forced convection, and mixed convection in rooms, as well as an impinging jet flow. Corresponding experimental data from the literature are used for validation. It is found that the prediction of the mean velocity is more accurate than that of the turbulent velocity. These models are neither able to predict anisotropic turbulence correctly nor to pick up the secondary recirculation of indoor air flow; otherwise the performance of the standard k-e model is good. The RNG k-e model is slightly better than the standard k-e model and is therefore recommended for simulations of indoor airflow. The performance of the other models is not stable.
Assessment of the adhesive bond properties of allyl 2-cyanoacrylate

The adhesive bond of allyl 2-cyanoacrylate between steel substrates has been analyzed and compared to that of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate. Mechanical strength as well as thermomechanical, calorimetric, thermogravimetric, and dynamic mechanical response was observed. It was demonstrated that the allyl 2-cyanoacrylate bonds exhibit improved temperature resistance owing to the formation of heat-induced crosslinks in the adhesive layer, resulting in much improved lap-shear strengths. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces showed that plastic deformation occurred in the allyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesive after thermal aging, while interfacial and brittle failure dominated all other cases.
Infection risk and stability of a continuous 8‐h 250 mL rFVIII infusion

This study seeks to identify the delivery method of continuous infusion using a 250 cc IV bag via pump, change every 8 h. Additionally, the study will examine the infection risk with the use of 8 h infusions. Ten hemophilia A patients were identified for the study. Each patient received a bolus factorVIII (FVIII) infusion with a pre FVIII level and 1 h post FVIII level to determine recovery levels for optimal dosing. On the day of 8-h continuous infusion, the pt received a bolus VIII (Kogenate FS (™)) for correction to 100% followed by individually calculated continuous infusion (Kogenate FS (™)) FVIII. FVIII levels were drawn from the IV bag and peripherally from the patient in the opposite arm at time points: pre infusion, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 h. Additionally, blood cultures were drawn from the IV bag and from the IV tubing at time points pre infusion, 4 and 8 h. Fourteen subjects agreed to participate in the study; 4 failed to follow up, hence 10 subjects were included in the analysis of data; 7 severe, 2 moderate, and 1 mild hemophilia A. Age range was 26-62 years. Ethnic breakdown included 5 African American, 4 Caucasian, 1 Hispanic. With all infusions, the range of FVIII was 65-135% (blood) and 62-200% (bag). After the start of infusion, there were no significant differences noted between the hourly FVIII levels in the subjects and the IV values (P-value range 0.36-0.9). Additionally, given three time points with six cultures per patient, totaling 60 points of cultures drawn for the study, all cultures from the IV bag and patient were negative. The effective delivery method and safety of an 8-h continuous infusion of FVIII (Kogenate FS (™)) has been confirmed. This method can be helpful given that many hospitals may not carry the required mini-pumps, allowing a standard safe delivery of FVIII (Kogenate FS (™)) continuous infusion by available means.
Making strategic partnership a reality

Ed Lawler suggests HR follows the lead set by marketing and finance by dividing its strategic and administrative work into separate functions.
Membrane transport of proteins.

FACILITATED diffusion of small organic molecules across cell membranes is thought to be carrier-mediated in part because the process displays reaction kinetics. Models describing carrier transport assume that the transported molecule is associated with the membrane, reacting presumably with membrane proteins, and is then moved across the barrier. Many models also assume that the transported molecule becomes soluble in a membrane lipid phase as a result of this interaction. This assumption precludes treatment of large hydrophilic molecules, such as globular proteins, in a similar fashion, because it is not likely that one, or even several interactions with membrane proteins, would make the whole molecule sufficiently hydrophobic to completely enter a lipid phase. Our experiments show that proteins do cross membranes individually and that transit appears to be reaction dependent.
Comparison of pheromone trap bioassays for monitoring insecticide resistance of Phyllonorycter elmaella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Two pheromone trap assays were evaluated for monitoring insecticide resistance of Phyllonorycter elmaella (Doganlar & Mutuura). For both assays, male moths were collected in the field with pheromone-baited sticky traps. In the first test, we used topical application of 0.2 µl of an insecticide-solvent mixture to the dorsal surface of each moth. In the second assay, we incorporated the pesticide into the adhesive so that moths were exposed upon capture. The assays were compared for their ability to characterize the response to insecticides of susceptible and resistant field populations of P. elmaella. Both assays adequately described the concentration-mortality response to azinphosmethyl and oxamyl of susceptible male P. elmaella moths. However, only the topical assay was a suitable method for quantifying the mortality response of moths with high azinphosmethyl resistance. Concentration-mortality response lines could not be produced with the insecticide-laced adhesive assay for azinphosmethyl-resistant moths. Moths from commercial apple and cherry orchards treated topically with azinphosmethyl were 56-71-fold more resistant than moths collected from an isolated abandoned site. Azinphosmethylresistant P. elmaella male moths were still susceptible to oxamyI. Male P. elmaella moths did not avoid traps with oxamyl-Iaced adhesive, but moths from azinphosmethyl-resistant populations were repelled by azinphosmethyl at a rate of 10 mg (AI)/g adhesive, indicating the possibility of behavioral resistance and a bias in the collection of test subjects with this bioassay method. Despite these shortcomings, the insecticide-laced adhesive assay may still be useful for diagnostic-dose surveys and for resistance detection programs.
A tray based Rotman lens array with beamforming in two dimensions for millimeter-wave radar

A tray based Rotman lens array is presented, which consists of several low-profile Rotman lenses with beam control circuitry, miniature dual-polarized horn antenna arrays, and tray selection circuitry for elevation beamforming. The array achieves broad bandwidth from 34 to 40 GHz, and beamforming in two dimensions is realized. In azimuth, switched beamforming is implemented with the Rotman lens beam control circuitry. In elevation, adaptive beamforming using MUSIC (multiple signal classification) is implemented with the individual Rotman lens trays. A proof of concept beamforming experiment was conducted, where the locations of targets within a three dimensional space were detected with 2.5 cm range resolution.
Serials—The Constant Midlife Crisis

Serials and the serials information chain have changed rapidly since the development of the electronic journal. Many recent developments are briefly described, including electronic resource management systems (ERMS) and functional requirements for bibliographic records (FRBR). The constantly changing nature of serials is compared to a psychological midlife crisis.
Fever-range whole body hyperthermia increases the number of perfused tumor blood vessels and therapeutic efficacy of liposomally encapsulated doxorubicin.

Purpose: Two major questions were addressed: (1) Can fever-range whole body hyperthermia (FR-WBH) affect the number of perfused tumor blood vessels? (2) Can pre-treatment with FR-WBH improve accumulation or anti-tumor efficacy of doxorubicin or DOXIL (liposomal doxorubicin)?Materials and methods: Perfused blood vessels were visualized by intravenous injection of the fluorescent dye (DiOC7(3)) and the number of labeled vessels in tumors and normal organs of unheated mice and those previously heated to 39.5°C for 6 hours were compared. Using three animal tumor models (one syngeneic murine model and two human tumor xenografts in SCID mice) we also compared tumor growth and amount of intratumoral doxorubicin (given as free drug or as DOXIL) in control mice or those given pre-treatment with FR-WBH.Results: FR-WBH had no effect on the number of CD-31 labeled blood vessels. However, in tumors, but not in normal organs of the same animals, FR-WBH resulted in a significant increase in those blood vessels which cou...
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

Since the introduction of the expression “communicative competence” by Hymes in 1972, programs for the teaching and testing of English as a second or foreign language have increasingly been evaluated in terms either of their ability to promote communicative competence or of their sensitivity to a communicative view of language competence and performance. Unfortunately, despite this evident trend, there is no consensus on the nature of the communicative competence construct(s), nor has sufficient empirical support been provided for the various explanatory models proposed. The present study was conducted to survey the theoretical literature related to communicative competence; to identify major variables said to comprise the construct(s); to test for the comparative presence and measurability of such variables in typical native/nonnative speaker university academic communication; to propose a tentative model of communicative competence as- a synthesis of these variables; and to examine the relationship of Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), Test of Spoken English (TSE), and Test of Written English (TWE) scores with the various elements of the tentative model. Accordingly, a schema was devised for the systematic elicitation of academic communicative language performance and this schema was applied in the assessment of the 79 adult, English-as-a-second language students who were chosen for the study. In all, 158 hours of video-recorded language-interaction episodes and 12 communicative writing samples were gathered by trained interlocutors, and observations on 40 communicative competence variables (21 in an oral modality, and 19 in a written modality, of which 18 in each modality are reported here) were rated by trained evaluators. Variables were examined for reliability and correlation with subtest and total scores of the TOEFL, TSE, and TWE examinations. Results provide information about the comparative contributions of some theory-based communicative competence variables to domains of linguistic, discourse, sociolinguistic, and strategic competencies. In turn, these competency domains were investigated for their relation to components of language proficiency as assessed by the TOEFL, TSE, and TWE tests. Twelve oral and twelve written communication tasks were also analyzed and rank ordered for suitability in eliciting communicative language performance.
Collaborative systems engineering and social-networking approach to design and modelling of smarter products

Employing systems engineering (SE) methodology and principles to the development of smart products has the potential of establishing a novel field of research. This paper summarises previous work in this area in order to define and characterise a revolutionary SE and social-networking framework for collaborative education, design and modelling of the next generation of smarter products. A conceptual framework and practical applications of SE approaches and social networking to support smarter product development is proposed. Future challenges that collaborative SE and interactive social networking techniques are likely to face in this domain are also discussed.
Photochemical Sources of Organic Acids. 1. Reaction of Ozone with Isoprene, Propene, and 2-Butenes under Dry and Humid Conditions Using SPME

Formation of C4 and smaller carboxylic acids from gas-phase ozonolysis of several alkenes under dry (relative humidity (RH) < 1%) and humid (RH ) 65%) conditions have been investigated. We have developed a technique based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) to quantify the acids, as well as other products, and applied it to the reactions of ozone with propene, trans-2-butene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, and isoprene. Acetic acid yields from propene and trans-2-butene ozonolysis in the presence of an OH scavenger were 2.7 ( 0.6 and 2.9 ( 0.6%, respectively, under dry conditions and 1.8 ( 0.4 and 2.3 ( 0.5% at 65% RH. Isoprene ozonolysis produced methacrylic and propenoic acids with yields of 5.5 ( 1 and 3.0 ( 1%, under dry conditions and 4.1 ( 1 and 1.5 ( 0.3% under wet conditions, respectively. That water inhibits acid formation indicates that the water reaction with stabilized Criegee intermediates is at most a minor source of acids. Acids that may form as coproducts of the OH radical elimination pathway, acetic acid from 2,3-dimethylbutene and isoprene, and propenoic acid from isoprene were also observed with significant yields (up to 10%), although the production of acetic acid was not a linear function of the alkene reacted. Carbonyl products are also reported.
THE ANALYSIS OF TRAVEL AS AN EXAMPLE OF COMPLEX HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN SPATIALLY-CONSTRAINED SITUATIONS: DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT ISSUES

Abstract This paper argues for greater attention to the definition, measurement and causal modeling of travel behaviors in cities of “advanced” economies. Greater discrimination and flexibility in definition and measurement is required to distinguish between “trips” and “trip chains” as choices, and “travel patterns” as deeply ingrained habits, for example. In addition, trips, trip chains or travel patterns may be the outcome of environmental constraints on behaviors, or of avoidance or other strategies, and not the usual choices or decisions, for many, at all. Thus, current models and modeling strategies based on classical choice theories may be badly misspecified and produce unacceptable results in the transportation and energy policy arenas. The paper outlines a “revised” choice theory to handle this situation, and feasible empirical research methods to begin judiciously to develop it.
Reverse transport of glutamate during depolarization in immature hippocampal slices

We studied the source of extracellular glutamate released by hippocampal slices obtained from P14 or adult rats, during 50 mM K+ depolarization by using two potent inhibitors of Na+-dependent glutamate transport: l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC), which is a relatively non-selective inhibitor of various glutamate transporter subtypes and dihydrokainic acid (DHK), a specific inhibitor of the glial transporter, GLT-1. Most depolarization-induced glutamate release was Ca2+-dependent in adults, while in P14 slices most glutamate release was Ca2+-independent. PDC decreased depolarization-induced glutamate release in P14 slices but not in adults. DHK increased glutamate release in adults but not in P14 slices. These data suggest that most depolarization-induced glutamate release in immature hippocampal slices is due to reversal of transport through a PDC-sensitive Na+-dependent glutamate transporter, presumably acting on presynaptic or cytoplasmic neuronal pools, and is not due to exocytosis from vesicular pools.
Effect of X-Rays on the Morphogenesis of the Embryonic Chick Tibiotarsus

Rudiments of long-bones from embryonlc chicks were exposed to doses of 0, 102, 256, 6401, 1600, and 4000 r and then studied. The results suggest that the length, wet weight, and dry weight are depressed in rudiments exposed to more than 256 r. However, statistical analyses indicate that only the effects produced by doses greater than 640 r are significant. The data also show that the rudiments exposed to 4000 r increased in length by 119%. Also, exposure to 4000 r depressed the wet and dry weights after 6 days cultivation 49.5 and 55.8% of the non-irradiated rudiments, respectively, whereas the length was only depressed by 24.9%. From the results, it was concluded that cell division and hypertrophy in the tibiotarsus are independent processes. (P.C.H.)
The large difference in infectivity for mice of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites cannot be correlated with their ability to enter into hepatocytes

Sporozoites of P. yoelii nigeriensis are 50-100-times more infective to mice than the strain NK65 of P. berghei. To study the mechanisms involved in this striking difference in the infectivity of these closely related species of malaria parasites, we have developed a quantitative PCR targeted to parasite-specific ribosomal RNA. Using this method, we detect RNA from a single sporozoite, and exo-erythorcytic forms of RNA in the livers of mice injected with 200 sporozoites. We find that 20 h after sporozoite injection, there is no significant difference between the amounts of P. berghei and P. yoelii rRNA in the livers of C57/BL6 mice, indicating that these two parasite species invade hepatocytes with similar efficiency. Between 20 and 40 h, however, P. yoelii RNA increases 11 times, while P. berghei RNA increases only 1.6 times. We conclude that the greater infectivity of P. yoelii sporozoites in these mice reflects, at least in part, their superior development in hepatocytes. These data provide for the first time in vivo evidence supporting the notion that species-specificity of malaria is not determined by mechanisms associated with sporozoite attachment and penetration into the hepatocytes.
Sense organs of the lateral line system in some electric fish of the Gymnotidae, Mormyridae and Gymnarchidae.

Morphological aspects of lateral line system of Gymnotidae, Mormyridae and Gymnarchidae were studied: “Ordinary” and specialized sense organs were identified and their somatic distribution and their relation to the lateral line nerves established. An attempt was made to classify the specialized sense organs of the lateral line system in these families. The morphological results are discussed in relation to recent physiological data permitting identification of one of the specialized sense organs as a newly recognized sense organ, the electroreceptor.
Additional Evidence of the Predictive Validity of the Stanford Early School Achievement Test

The ability of the Stanford Early School Achievement Test (SE-SAT), Primary Battery II, to predict scores on the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT), Primary Battery I, was assessed by using pupils from a large midwest suburban school district. Observed SESAT-SAT correlations ranged from .257 to .723. All of the 72 correlations were statistically significant. Obtained correlations were then compared with previously reported results. Comparisons between 66 relations common to both studies showed 19 (29%) to be significantly different. These differences ranged as high as .38. All of these significant differences were associated with higher values for the sample used in the current study.
Biochemical Tests Indicative of Reaction of Castor Bean to Botrytis.

Pectic and cellulolytic enzymes caused browning and maceration of capsules of susceptible varieties of castor bean but not of resistant varieties. Results of tests in which pericarp tissue of the capsule was treated with vanillin and H2SO4 and with an aqueous solution of FeCl3 and K3Fe(CN)6 showed that resistance to the hydrolytic enzymes was correlated with both a low concentration of flavanols and related compounds and the presence of oxidized compounds in injured tissue. Resistance appeared to be due to inactivation of pectic, cellulolytic, and other hydrolytic enzymes by oxidation products of phenolic compounds. The biochemical tests made rapid measurement of resistance possible.
Current Source for Testing Long Line EMP Surge Arrestors

A 1.4-mH energy storage inductor is used with explosively actuated circuit breakers to simulate SREMP current injection into powerlines for testing prospective surge arrestors. By use of inductive energy storage, current through the surge arrestor is maintained in spite of device impedance changes. The energy storage inductor is energized by a self-excited homopolar generator. Current levels of up to 65 kA, corresponding to a stored energy of 3 MJ, are obtained by selecting initial generator speed. Discharge of this inductor into a surge arrestor results in a decaying current pulse with a duration determined by the L/R time constant of the circuit. For a surge arrestor resistance of 0.1 ?, the resulting pulse duration is > 10 ms. With addition of a pulse transformer this pulse generator can deliver 10-kA currents for periods >100 ms.
IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody production induced by Epstein-Barr virus from B cells of human marrow transplant recipients

This investigation shows that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-activated human B cells from marrow transplant recipients can produce in vitro IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody (anti-TT) without booster immunizations with tetanus toxoid (TT). Purified B cells (E-rosette negative) from 8 normal subjects, 6 healthy long-term marrow graft recipients, and 15 long-term marrow graft recipients with chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), were stimulated for 12 days with EBV to induce anti-TT production in culture supernatants. The amount of anti-TT in culture supernatants was quantitated using a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. B cells from all 8 normal controls produced in vitro IgG anti-TT after EBV stimulation. Five of 6 healthy recipients had B cells that produced anti-TT after EBV stimulation. Four of 15 recipients with chronic GVHD had B cells capable of producing anti-TT after EBV stimulation. The number of cultures making anti-TT responses was less in those with chronic GVHD than in those without chronic GVHD or normal individuals (P less than 0.001). B cells from patients with chronic GVHD had fewer responses exceeding the overall median of 0.7 ng/ml when compared with the other two groups (P less than 0.03). These data show that B cells of donor origin can produce in vitro IgG anti-TT antibody to tetanus toxoid antigen in a T-independent fashion.
Theory of ice premelting in monosized powders

Abstract The gradual freezing of water in inert porous media is considered to be a consequence of interfacial and grain boundary melting combined with curvature-induced depression of the melting point. The unfrozen fraction is calculated for monosized powders of spherical particles. It is found that the unfrozen fraction contains separate terms associated with interfacial and curvature melting, with distinctive dependencies on temperature and particle size. The calculated fraction is in excellent agreement with measurements on pure water in graphitized carbon black and polystyrene micron-sized spheres. The introduction of dissolved impurities adds a third term, with an intermediate functional dependence.