cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implants containing β-amyloid protein are not neurotoxic to young and old rat brain

Because the cellular effects of beta-amyloid protein (beta-AP) are currently unclear, we evaluated the in vivo effects of beta-AP implants in a lipid matrix to prolong tissue exposure in the brains of rats. Young 3-month-old rats and aged 18-month-old rats received implants of beta-AP prepared in a cocoa butter matrix in the dorsal hippocampus and corpus striatum on one side of the brain and implants of either prolactin or scrambled beta-AP peptide in cocoa butter on the contralateral side. The old rats also received implants of beta-AP embedded in a cholesterol matrix or cholesterol alone in the frontal cortex. The young rats were sacrificed 3-4 days after implantation, while the old rats were sacrificed 6-8 weeks after implantation. Lesion size on the beta-AP implanted side did not differ significantly from lesion size observed with control peptides. Bielschowsky silver staining revealed few argyrophilic neurites and axonal spheroids associated with either beta-AP or control implants. Alz 50 and ubiquitin immunoreactivity were not observed. None of the implant sites demonstrated cytopathology characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. The results of this study indicate that beta-AP implantation into the brains of rats produced no consistent effect beyond that seen with control peptide implants.
SEXUAL SELECTION IN A BRENTID WEEVIL.

In most insects, differences between the sexes involve not only primary characters necessary for gamete production, copulation, and oviposition, but also sexual structures and behaviors involved in the acquisition of mates. The most striking of these secondary characters, such as exaggerated size, weaponry, or coloration, tend to occur in males, and have been claimed to be the full or partial result of sexual selection, reflecting competition among males for females, and female choice (Darwin, 1871; Fisher, 1930; Mayr, 1972). Documented examples of the potential for sexual selection in insects are provided by the experimental studies of mate selection in the Drosophilidae (Bateman, 1948; Petit and Ehrman, 1969; Spiess and Spiess, 1969; Ehrman, 1972), in which it is demonstrated that some male individuals are more often chosen than others. However, in most cases the precise nature of the variation upon which female choice operates (e.g., "male vigor") has been difficult to characterize (Alexander, 1975; Thornhill, 1979). Male-male competition for females has also been described, and species-specific competitive techniques compared (Richards, 1927; Moore, 1952; Johnson, 1962; Parker, 1970, 1974; Ziegler, 1972; Campanella and Wolf, 1974; Eberhard, 1979; Hamilton, 1979; McAlpine, 1979; Waage, 1979). However, there have been relatively few attempts to assess the consequences of individual variation for differential reproductive success in insects, especially in natural populations (Thornhill, 1976a, 1976b, 1976c, 1979; Scheiring, 1977; McCauley and Wade, 1978; McCauley, 1979; Mason, 1964, 1980). I report here the results of a study of the influence of body size on mate preference and on success in intrasexual competition, in a natural aggregation of the neotropical brentid weevil, Brentus anchorago L. (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Brentidae). Brentids make good candidates for studies of sexual selection and individual variation because most species of the family exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism (Muizon, 1960; Haedo Rossi, 1961; Damoiseau, 1967, 1971). The males generally possess greater body length, a stouter rostrum, and more powerful mandibles, one of which may be grossly enlarged (Darwin, 1871). Within each sex there is impressive phenotypic variation in body size, especially in males, which fight one another with snout and mandible for access to females (Wallace, 1869; Meads, 1976). The most size-variable brentid may be B. anchorago: after examining a large series of this species, Sharp (1895) commented that "the variation in length is enormous, and perhaps not equalled in the case of any other species of Coleoptera, small males being only 10-1I mm long, while large examples of the same sex attain 52 mm." Such variation in size is common within a single aggregation, and is important in male mating success, in female choice, and in patterns of mating in the aggregation as a whole.
Aquaporin-1-facilitated keratocyte migration in cell culture and in vivo corneal wound healing models

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water channels are expressed in corneal keratocytes, which become activated and migrate following corneal wounding. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of AQP1 in keratocyte migration. Keratocyte primary cell cultures from wildtype and AQP1-null mice were compared, as well as keratocyte cultures from pig cornea in which AQP1 expression was modulated by RNAi knockdown and adenovirus-mediated overexpression. AQP1 expression was found in a plasma membrane pattern in corneal stromal and cultured keratocytes. Osmotic water permeability, as measured by calcein fluorescence quenching, was AQP1-dependent in cultured keratocytes, as was keratocyte migration following a scratch wound. Keratocyte migration in vivo was compared in wildtype and AQP1 knockout mice by histology and immunofluorescence of corneal sections at different times after partial-thickness corneal stromal debridement. AQP1 expression in keratocytes was increased by 24 h after corneal debridement. Wound healing and keratocyte appearance near the wound margin were significantly reduced in AQP1 knockout mice, and the number of neutrophils was increased. These results implicate AQP1 water permeability as a new determinant of keratocyte migration in cornea.
Characterization of a selective AlN wet etchant

The effects of a selective AlN wet etchant, AZ400K, on the morphology and chemical composition of capped and uncapped GaN surfaces were investigated. After etching an uncapped GaN thin film at 80 °C for 8 h, the surface morphology was unchanged. After an annealing pulse of 1500 °C was applied, AlN-encapsulated GaN surfaces exhibited morphology change due to surface rearrangement. No reaction occurred between the GaN and AlN, preventing the complete removal of AlN. AZ400K was found to completely etch AlN without damaging the underlying GaN film, thus enabling plasma-free processing of power and optoelectronic devices.
Covalent CouN7 enzyme intermediate for acyl group shuttling in aminocoumarin biosynthesis.

Summary The last stages of assembly of the aminocoumarin antibiotics, clorobiocin and coumermycin A 1 , which target the GyrB subunits of bacterial DNA gyrase, involve enzymatic transfer of the pyrrolyl-2-carbonyl acyl group from a carrier protein (CloN1/CouN1) to the 3′-OH of the noviosyl moiety of the antibiotic scaffold. The enzyme, CouN7, will catalyze both the forward and back reaction on both arms of the coumermycin scaffold. This occurs via an O -acyl-Ser 101 -CouN7 intermediate, as shown by transient labeling of the enzyme with [ 14 C]acetyl- S -CouN1 as donor and by inactivating mutation of the active site, Ser 101 , to Ala. The intermediacy of the pyrrolyl-2-carbonyl- O -CouN7 allows net pyrrole transfer between distinct aminocoumarin scaffolds, for example, between the descarbamoylnovobiocin scaffold and coumermycin A 1 and vice versa. CouN7 also allows shuttling of surrogate acyl groups between noviosyl-aminocoumarin scaffolds to generate new antibiotic variants.
Establishment and Short-term Productivity of Annual and Perennial Bioenergy Crops Across a Landscape Gradient

Bioenergy crops may help achieve multiple energy, economic, and environmental objectives in the US Midwest, but a portfolio of crops must first be developed and tested in comparison to the current standard, maize (Zea mays L.). The nascent, but long-term and ongoing Landscape Biomass Project in Boone County, Iowa, USA examines five cropping systems including continuous maize, a modified maize–soy [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation, nurse cropped maize–switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), double-cropped triticale (Triticosecale × Whit.)/sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and intercropped triticale–aspen (Crandon [Populus alba × Populus grandidentata]) over an elevation gradient. Here, we report perennial establishment and crop productivity across five landscape positions during the first 4 years (2009–2012) of this experiment. Perennials (switchgrass and aspen) established successfully across the gradient with minimal effect of landscape position. Continuous maize had the highest biomass yields both within and over growing seasons, but they declined over time. In comparison, the diversified and perennial systems had lower, but stable or increasing yields over time, despite extreme weather conditions. Landscape position did not consistently influence biomass yield; its effect depended on year and cropping system. Cropping system productivity was generally consistent across the landscape within a given year with greater variability between years. Findings help explain why landscape is often disregarded in Midwestern crop management: it does not seem to substantially drive crop, and thus economic, performance in the short term. Conversely, related Landscape Biomass studies find landscape influences important ecosystem functions (e.g., soil carbon storage) and should be an integral management consideration.
Aid Eectiveness and Allocation: Evidence from Malawi

Our aim is to understand if and when aid is eective. This paper measures the impact of foreign aid, conditional on how and where it is spent. If aid has diminishing marginal returns, then aid should have the greatest impact when allocated to where it is needed most. Relatedly, when aid allocation is based on political favoritism, such aid may have less impact because need is not so high, or because the goal is merely to deliver aid projects to politically important constituencies rather than to achieve development goals. Our analysis has a two-stage approach that identies rst the determinants of aid allocation and then the impact of aid. We improve upon previous observational studies on the impact of foreign aid by focusing on how sector-specic aid projects aect outcomes in their respective sectors, rather than examining gross aid ows’ eect on general outcomes like economic growth. Our analysis draws on multiple data sources from Malawi that measure need for development aid, geo-coded distribution of aid projects, and development outcomes.
Nitrogen transformations at the sediment–water interface across redox gradients in the Laurentian Great Lakes

The capacity of a lake to remove reactive nitrogen (N) through denitrification has important implications both for the lake and for downstream ecosystems. In large oligotropic lakes such as Lake Superior, where nitrate (NO3 - ) concentrations have increased steadily over the past century, deep oxygen penetration into sediments may limit the denitrification rates. We tested the hypothesis that the position of the redox gradient in lake sediments affects denitrification by measuring net N-fluxes across the sediment-water interface for intact sediment cores collected across a range of sediment oxycline values from nearshore and offshore sites in Lake Superior, as well as sites in Lake Huron and Lake Erie. Across this redox gradient, as the thickness of the oxygenated sediment layer increased from Lake Erie to Lake Superior, fluxes of NH4 ? and N2 out of the sediment decreased, and sediments shifted from a net sink to a net source of NO3 - . Denitrification of NO3 - from overlying water decreased with thickness of the oxygenated sediment layer. Our results indicate that, unlike sediments from Lake Erie and Lake Huron, Lake Superior sediments do not remove significant amounts of water column NO3 - through denitrification, likely as a result of the
Enacting The Spirit Of The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities: The Role Of Postsecondary Faculty In Ensuring Access

Nations throughout the world have signed the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities. Many postsecondary educators support the ideals of access and equity for students with disabilities, but have received no training in how to ensure that these goals are achieved. This paper introduces the concepts of universal design and universal instructional design and provides specific guidelines for general communication and for creating accessible classrooms, lectures or presentations, documents, media, websites, and distance education courses.
Tsetse Visions: Narratives of Blood and Bugs in Colonial Northern Rhodesia, 1931–9

This article looks at different kinds of historical sources – colonial science and African rumours – and argues that both can be used to reconstruct the history of changing colonial policies, and African responses to them, for tsetse and game control in the Northern Province of Northern Rhodesia in the 1930s. These sources and the arguments I have developed from them can be read as separate and distinct historical narratives, but nevertheless each articulates a specific relationship between African farmers, shifting cultivation and wild animals. Each history discloses a vision of how best to control a dreaded disease, and each history describes a separate and distinct landscape in which Africans, insects and wild animals might best live together. Moreover, each source reveals the close links between African ideas about the forcible extraction of vital fluids and European ideas about sleeping sickness, insect vectors and deforestation.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Newer Biological Agents

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease of the brain due to a polyoma virus, JC virus. Despite the ubiquity of this virus, PML is rare and almost always seen in association with an underlying immunosuppressive condition. In the last 30 years, AIDS has been the most common predisposing factor. The observation of PML attending the use of certain monoclonal antibody therapies and other pharmacological agents has raised concerns about the safety profile of these agents, but has also provided a window into the pathogenesis of PML. Certain agents, such as the monoclonal antibodies natalizumab, an α4β1 and α4β7 integrin inhibitor, and efalizumab, an antibody directed against CD11a, appear to uniquely predispose to PML. Prior to their introduction for multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease with respect to natalizumab, and psoriasis with respect to efalizumab, PML had never been observed with these disorders. PML occurring with other agents that currently carry US FDA-mandated 'black-box' warnings, such as rituximab, an antibody directed to CD20, or mycophenolate mofetil, a drug that inhibits T- and B-cell proliferation, typically occur in the background of underlying disorders that have already been identified as risks for PML. This review will focus on the available data regarding the risk for PML with monoclonal antibodies and other drugs. A biologically plausible explanation for the increased risk of PML will be proposed, as well as potential strategies for mitigating disease risk.
Comparative In Vitro Susceptibilities and Bactericidal Activities of Investigational Fluoroquinolone ABT-492 and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Human Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas

We determined in vitro susceptibilities for ABT-492 and other antimicrobials against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma species. ABT-492 MICs were ≤1 μg/ml, and the agent was bactericidal against selected isolates of M. pneumoniae and M. hominis. ABT-492 has potential for treatment of infections due to these microorganisms.
Assessment of Psychosis Proneness in African-American College Students

The present study employed the psychometric high-risk method to investigate psychosis proneness in African-American and Caucasian college students recruited from three sites. The goals of the study were to develop norms for African-American students on the Perceptual Aberration (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1978), Magical Ideation (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), Revised Social Anhedonia (Eckblad, Chapman, Chapman, & Mishlove, 1982), and Physical Anhedonia Scales (Chapman, Chapman, & Raulin, 1976), as well as to assess the validity of this research method with African-American students. Structured diagnostic interviews were conducted to assess the concurrent validity of these scales for identifying psychosis proneness. The results supported the use of separate norms for male and female African-American students and provided support for the concurrent validity of this research method with African-American and Caucasian college students. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1601–1614, 2002.
Distributions of 3D DCT coefficients for video

The three-dimensional discrete cosine transform (3D DCT) has been proposed as an alternative to motion-compensated transform coding for video content. However, so far no definitive study has been done on the distribution of 3D DCT coefficients of video sequences. This study performs two goodness-of-fit tests, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test and the x2-test, to determine the distribution that best fits the 3D DCT coefficients of the luminance components of video sequences with low motion or structured motion. The results indicate that the DC coefficient can be well approximated by a Gaussian distribution and a majority of the high-energy AC coefficients can be approximated by a Gamma distribution. Knowledge of the coefficient distributions can be used to design quantizers optimized for 3D DCT coefficients and hence achieve better coding efficiency.
SOME EFFECTS OF PARTIAL STERILIZATION ON MINERAL NITROGEN IN A LIGHT SOIL

Summary Field plots on loamy sand with and without the soil fumigant ‘D-D’ (dichloropropane-dichloropropene mixture) were sampled at 0–12, 12–24, and 24–64 cm depths during May 1966–8. All plots received 125 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer early in March each year and were cropped with sugar beet. Fumigation increased the total amount of mineral (NH4++ NO3−) nitrogen to a depth of 64 cm by 67 kg/ha on average, largely by increasing NH4+-nitrogen. In unfumigated plots some mineral nitrogen leached below 12 cm every year but there was at least 125 kg/ha in the surface 64 cm in 1966 and 1968; during the wet spring of 1967 much leached below 64 cm. Sequential sampling in 1968 confirmed that some of the fertilizer nitrogen moved down the profile during spring. Plots partially sterilized either one or two years previously and not again, contained the same quantity of mineral nitrogen as plots that had never been fumigated. Fumigation increased the mineral nitrogen in plots by a similar amount whether or not they had been fumigated previously. Thus, on this soil, partial sterilization with ‘D-D’ seemed to have little residual effect on mineral nitrogen.
Quantitative analysis of biofilm thickness variability

The thickness variability of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the binary population combination of these two species was quantified. The experimental method involved cryoembedding biofilms with a commercial tissue embedding agent, sectioning, and applying image analysis to construct thickness profiles along linear transects (up to 1 cm in length) across the substratum. Biofilms embedded and sectioned by this method were locally as thin as a single cell attached to the surface (<5 microm) and as thick as 1000 microm. Week-old biofilms of three different species compositions displayed distinct structural features as indicated by their mean thicknesses and by a roughness coefficient. Monopopulation biofilms of P. aeruginosa (29 microm mean thickness) or K. pneumoniae (100 microm mean thickness) were thinner than the binary population biofilm (400 microm mean thickness). A roughness coefficient developed in this investigation corroborated the qualitative visual characterization of P. aeruginosa biofilms as relatively uniformly thick (mean roughness coefficient 0.15), K. pneumoniae biofilms as patchy (mean roughness coefficient 1.14), and the binary population biofilm as intermediate (mean roughness coefficient 0.26). Whereas P. aeruginosa and binary population biofilms covered the substratum completely, significant areas of essentially bare substratum were apparent in K. pneumoniae biofilms. The patchiness of K. pneumoniae biofilms may be due to the fact that this organism is nonmotile. A spatial correlation analysis of the thickness data indicated that thickness measurements were still correlated even when separated by distances that exceeded the mean biofilm thickness. Cell aggregates, some of them hundreds of microns in size, were observed in the effluent of K. pneumoniae and binary population biofilm reactors. Measurements of thickness variability and other observations reported in this article provide a quantitative basis for analysis of microscale structural heterogeneity of biofilms.
Privacy-Preserving Data Imputation

In this paper, we investigate privacy-preserving data imputation on distributed databases. We present a privacy-preserving protocol for filling in missing values using a lazy decision tree imputation algorithm for data that is horizontally partitioned between two parties. The participants of the protocol learn only the imputed values; the computed decision tree is not learned by either party
Aggregate Effects on Pervious Portland Cement Concrete Static Modulus of Elasticity

The effects of aggregate gradation, amount, and size on pervious portland cement concrete (PCC) static modulus of elasticity were compared using four different mixtures. A standard mix and three variable mixes using a uniform gradation, increased aggregate amount, and increased aggregate size were used. The effective air void content was determined for each mixture. The compressive strengths and static elastic moduli were determined and compared at equal void contents. For a uniform gradation, the compressive strengths and static elastic moduli appeared to be higher within an optimal range of voids; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the results from the different gradations. An increased aggregate amount resulted in a statistically significant decrease in both compressive strength and static elastic moduli due to the subsequent decrease in paste amount. While the compressive strengths were higher for mixtures containing smaller aggregate sizes, there was no significant difference between the static elastic moduli when different aggregate sizes were used. Further research is needed to understand the effects of aggregate size on the static modulus of elasticity of pervious PCC.
Marketing opportunities and challenges in emerging markets in the new millennium: a conceptual framework and analysis

Abstract This paper develops a conceptual framework to analyze the significant events and developments in the recent past in terms of the seven major factors influencing international marketing. The framework identifies the type of environmental forces, predominant world region and impact of the event in terms of opportunities/benefits and challenges/threats. Next, each of the four papers included in this special issue is mapped onto this framework. Finally, the overall contributions of the special issue and the directions for future research are identified.
Shopping Motives and the Five Factor Model: An Integration and Preliminary Study:

In consumer psychology, a primary and recurring goal of retail patronage and research on segmentation has been the identification of enduring differences in shopping patterns and predispositions. G...
Expression and Functional Pathway Analysis of Nuclear Receptor NR2F2 in Ovarian Cancer

Context: Recent evidence implicates the orphan nuclear receptor, nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2 (NR2F2; chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II) as both a master regulator of angiogenesis and an oncogene in prostate and other human cancers. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether NR2F2 plays a role in ovarian cancer and dissect its potential mechanisms of action. Design, Setting, and Patients: We examined NR2F2 expression in healthy ovary and ovarian cancers using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. NR2F2 expression was targeted in established ovarian cancer cell lines to assess the impact of dysregulated NR2F2 expression in the epithelial compartment of ovarian cancers. Results: Our results indicate that NR2F2 is robustly expressed in the stroma of healthy ovary with little or no expression in epithelia lining the ovarian surface, clefts, or crypts. This pattern of NR2F2 expression was markedly disrupted in ovarian cancers, in which decre...
New and Improved Tools for In Utero Electroporation Studies of Developing Cerebral Cortex

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a method of choice for rapid gain and loss of function studies in embryonic cerebral cortex. In this review we highlight some of the proven and recent advances in IUE technology that make it applicable to an increasingly wide array of experiments requiring spatial and temporal control of gene expression. Recently, cell-type-specific promoters and tamoxifen-gated cre-recombinase have been shown to work effectively with IUE. Experiments can now be designed and carried out to test whether and which cell-type-specific mechanisms operate within defined periods of neuronal migration and maturation. We have recently adapted this conditional expression approach to implement conditional rescue experiments. In conditional rescue, expression of an RNA interference (RNAi) target is restored by tamoxifen-induced cre-mediated recombination. An initial disruption in migration, and resultant malformation, caused by DCX RNAi was reversed by delayed re-expression of Dcx. In the future, combinations of spatially directed, cell-type-specific, and tamoxifen-gated transgene expression can be used to address the complex mechanisms likely to operate during development of cerebral cortex.
Low-Speed Flames

In Chapter 21 the interface moved with the local fluid velocity only, and individual fluid particles did not cross the interface. In this chapter we consider interfaces across which a chemical reaction is converting one incompressible fluid into another. The interface moves with the local velocity of the unreacted fluid plus a reaction term that accounts for the conversion of one fluid into the other as material moves across the interface. Consider an interface separating liquid and gas regions where the liquid is actively vaporizing into the gaseous state. Juric and Tryg-gvason [90] developed a front-tracking approach to this problem using a δ-function formulation to treat the interface boundary conditions. Son and Dir [153] and Welch and Wilson [171] developed level-set-based and volume-of-fluid-based (respectively) approaches to this same problem also using a δ-function formulation.
May it Please the Classroom: Using Pending United States Supreme Court Cases to Teach Appellate Advocacy and Persuasive Writing

For more than two decades, professors at Vermont Law School have used pending United States Supreme Court cases to teach a three-credit, second-year course called Appellate Advocacy. Each professor in the Legal Writing Program picks a different pending case for the students to brief and argue. Students select Appellate Advocacy courses based on their interest in the subject matter of the cases selected. With six professors in the program, students have six cases to pick from. This article describes how the Appellate Advocacy course works, from case selection and preparation to the students’ oral arguments and the Appellate Advocacy Panel which concludes the semester. The article argues that the Vermont Law School Appellate Advocacy course is the best way to teach persuasive writing. Drafting briefs on pending Supreme Court cases energizes students to improve their writing because they can work on important, controversial issues that interest them.
Gender representation in the vision sciences: A longitudinal study

Understanding the current status and historical trends of gender representation within a research field is an important component of fostering a diverse and inclusive scientific community. Here, we report on the gender representation of a large sample of the vision science research community--the attendees of the Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society (VSS). Our analysis shows that the majority of scientists at all career levels in our sample are male. This imbalance is most pronounced for the senior scientists, whereas predoctoral students are nearly balanced between the genders. Historically, the gender imbalance was larger than it is at present, and it has followed a slow-but-steady trend toward gender parity over the past decade. A longitudinal analysis based on tracking individual attendees shows a larger dropout rate for female than male predoctoral trainees. However, among the trainees who continue in the vision science field after graduate school, evidence suggests that career advancement is quite similar between the genders. In an additional analysis, we found that the VSS Young Investigator awardees and the abstract review committee members reflect substantial gender imbalances, suggesting that these recognitions have yet to catch up with the greater gender balance of the rising generation of junior vision scientists. We hope that this report will encourage awareness of issues of diversity in the scientific community and further promote the development of a research field in which all talented scientists are supported to succeed.
Disintegration Schemes of Radioactive Substances. VI. Mn 56 and Co 56

The radiations accompanying the decay of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{56}$ and of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{56}$ were studied by means of the magnetic lens spectrometer and coincidence methods. Both of these nuclei decay to stable ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}$ as the product nucleus. Four excited states of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}$ nucleus are definitely established with excitation energies 0.845 Mev, 2.11 Mev, 2.66 Mev, and 2.98 Mev, respectively. De-excitation of the three high energy states always leads to the 0.845-Mev level and thence to the ground state. The negatron spectrum of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{56}$ consists of three groups of maximum energies 2.86 Mev, 1.05 Mev, and 0.73 Mev, respectively, and relative abundance 60: 25: 15 leading to the first, third, and fourth of the excited states mentioned above. The positron spectrum of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{56}$ consists mainly of a single group of maximum energy 1.50 Mev, leaving the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}$ nucleus in the 2.11-Mev state. Orbital electron capture also takes place involving several other excited states. Altogether the energies of eight gamma-rays emitted by the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}$ nucleus are determined: 0.845 Mev, 1.26 Mev, 1.74 Mev, 1.81 Mev, 2.01 Mev, 2.13 Mev, 2.55 Mev, 3.25 Mev. Within the experimental uncertainty five of these energies appear to be the multiples 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of 0.425 Mev. All of the beta-ray spectra involved seem to have the "allowed" shape of the Fermi theory. The significance of this and of the relative probability of orbital electron capture is discussed in terms of the tensor interaction. It appears that all of the transitions should involve nuclear angular momentum changes $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ or $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=0$, with or without parity change. From the disintegration schemes one obtains the mass differences between neutral atoms, namely, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{56}$---${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}$=3.98 mMU and ${\mathrm{Co}}^{56}$---${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}$=4.96 mMU, and the threshold for the reaction ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}(p,n){\mathrm{Co}}^{56}:5.47$ Mev.
Memories of Justice: Rural Normales and the Cardenista Legacy

This article analyzes the Cardenista legacy in Mexico9s rural normales , teacher training schools for the rural population. Through an examination of oral histories, published memoirs, and autobiographies, I argue that rural normales9 origins, the political culture that developed therein, and the upward mobility they enabled, ingrained an enduring sense of justice in their students. Cardenas-era struggles and reforms were fundamental in this process as subsequent generations latched onto earlier battles over education as a way of understanding their own experience. This dynamic helps explain why rural normales have remained sites of student militancy. El presente articulo analiza el legado cardenista en las normales rurales mexicanas, instituciones forjadoras de educadores para el campo. Mediante una exploracion de historia oral, memorias y autobiografias, se revela que los origenes de las normales rurales, la cultura de militancia que se desarrollo dentro de ellas y la movilidad social que permitieron, brindaron un sentido de justicia social que ha perdurado en sus alumnos. En este proceso las reformas cardenistas y las batallas que se libraron en la epoca en torno a la educacion fueron fundamentales en la medida en que sucesivas generaciones las retomaron para dar sentido a su propia experiencia. Esta dinamica nos ayuda a entender por que las normales rurales han permanecido como espacios de militancia estudiantil.
Characteristics, Malignancy Rate, and Follow-up of BI-RADS Category 3 Lesions Identified at Breast MR Imaging: Implications for MR Image Interpretation and Management

Purpose To (a) evaluate the frequency of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category 3 assessment in screening and diagnostic breast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, (b) review findings considered indicative of BI-RADS category 3, and (c) determine outcomes of BI-RADS category 3 lesions, including upgrades, downgrades, and malignancy rates. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and compliant with HIPAA. The authors retrospectively reviewed the breast MR imaging database (2009-2011) to identify breast MR images classified as showing BI-RADS category 3 lesions. There were 9216 BI-RADS assessments in 5778 examinations (3360 women). Of the 9216 assessments, 567 (6%) in 483 women (average age, 47.2 years; median age, 47.0 years) were assigned BI-RADS category 3. In women with more than one BI-RADS category 3 lesion, the first lesion reported in the impression was used for data analysis. Outcomes data were available for 435 of the 483 women (90.1%). These women comprised the study cohort. Medical records from January 1, 2009, to May 31, 2015, were reviewed to obtain demographic characteristics and outcomes. χ(2) statistics and 95% exact confidence intervals (CIs) were constructed. Results MR imaging was performed for high-risk screening in 240 of the 435 patients (55.2%) and for diagnostic purposes in 195 (44.8%). Findings included mass (n = 125, 28.7%), focus (n = 111, 25.5%), nonmass enhancement (n = 80, 18.3%), moderate or marked background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) (n = 91, 20.9%), posttreatment changes (n = 16, 3.8%), and other findings (n = 12, 2.8%). Outcomes were as follows: 339 of the 435 patients (78%) did not have evidence of malignancy at more than 24 months, 28 (6.4%) underwent mastectomy (all benign), and 68 (15.6%) had lesion upgrades, with 11 cancers (2.5%). All 11 cancers were diagnosed in women with a genetic mutation or a personal history of breast cancer. No cancer was detected in cases of moderate or marked BPE. Conclusion Six percent of all breast MR imaging assessments were categorized as BI-RADS category 3, with a cancer rate of 2.5% (95% CI: 1.3%, 4.5%). All cancers were in women with a genetic mutation or personal history of breast cancer. Marked BPE does not necessitate a BI-RADS 3 assessment. (©) RSNA, 2016.
Materials, manufacturing, and enablers for future soldier protection

The traditional approach for advancing soldier protection has historically relied on a balance of materials and design with knowledge and characterization of the types of threats likely to be encountered. While this approach is still viable and indeed encouraged, future trends advocate for a more aggressive and comprehensive assessment that informs the development of materials in new and strategic ways. In this context, protection (and materials that enable protection) is part of a broader “survivability” perspective, and soldier survivability, mobility, and lethality are linked in a dynamic and evolving relationship. This linked relationship can thus influence materials across multiple length scales and challenge material developers to conceive of mass-efficient multifunctional materials that not only resist ballistic penetration, but mitigate transmission of adverse stress waves, store energy, enable situational awareness, and so on. Equally important are the advances in other technology areas, such as exoskeleton development and the exploitation of robotic and autonomous systems to augment soldier protection and performance. Both exoskeleton and autonomous ground and air platforms enable unprecedented potential to “unburden the soldier” while providing entirely new modes of enhancing soldier survivability and mobility. The materials opportunities are largely undefined for autonomous systems, and as such present exciting incentives for the academic, industrial, and government research communities to develop and deliver new, disruptive capabilities to ensure soldier survivability in the face of evolving threats and future operational environments.
HrcU and HrpP are pathogenicity factors in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora required for the type III secretion of DspA/E

Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens mediate host-microbe interactions via utilization of the type III secretion (T3S) system. The T3S system is a complex molecular machine consisting of more than 20 proteins. Collectively, these proteins translocate effectors across extracellular space and into the host cytoplasm. Successful translocation requires timely synthesis and allocation of both structural and secreted T3S proteins. Based on amino acid conservation in animal pathogenic bacteria, HrcU and HrpP were examined for their roles in regulation of T3S hierarchy. Both HrcU and HrpP were shown to be required for disease development in an immature pear infection model and respective mutants were unable to induce a hypersensitive response in tobacco. Using in vitro western blot analyses, both proteins were also shown to be required for the secretion of DspA/E, a type 3 effector and an important pathogenicity factor. Via yeast-two hybridization (Y2H), HrpP and HrcU were revealed to exhibit protein-protein binding. Finally, all HrcU and HrpP phenotypes identified were shown to be dependent on a conserved amino acid motif in the cytoplasmic tail of HrcU. Collectively, these data demonstrate roles for HrcU and HrpP in regulating T3S and represent the first attempt in understanding T3S heirarchy in E. amylovora.
Improving the performance of UCSD Pascal via microprogramming on the PDP-11/60

UCSD Pascal is implemented as a machine-independent virtual machine. This virtual machine is usually interpreted on a host computer by machine language instructions, which, in turn, are often interpreted by microcode. Performance of a virtual machine is generally a function of the number of levels of interpretation required to perform a computation. By bypassing one or more of these layers, it should be possible to enhance performance.To test this hypothesis, a Pascal interpreter was written for the PDP-11/60. After analysis of the Pascal machine, changes were made that interpreted selected portions of the virtual machine directly in microcode.This paper describes the microcode which was added, and discusses the improvements which resulted.
Reptile and amphibian response to oak regeneration treatments in productive southern Appalachian hardwood forest

Abstract Forest restoration efforts commonly employ silvicultural methods that alter light and competition to influence species composition. Changes to forest structure and microclimate may adversely affect some taxa (e.g., terrestrial salamanders), but positively affect others (e.g., early successional birds). Salamanders are cited as indicators of ecosystem health because of their sensitivity to forest floor microclimate. We used drift fences with pitfall and funnel traps in a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact design to experimentally assess herpetofaunal community response to initial application of three silvicultural methods proposed to promote oak regeneration: prescribed burning; midstory herbicide; and shelterwood harvests (initial treatment of the shelterwood-burn method) and controls, before and for five years post-treatment. Species richness of all herpetofauna, amphibians, reptiles, frogs, salamanders, or snakes was unaffected by any treatment, but lizard species richness increased in the shelterwood harvest. Capture rate of total salamanders decreased post-harvest in shelterwood units after a 2–3 year delay; Plethodon teyahalee decreased post-harvest in shelterwoods, but also in control units. In contrast, capture rate of total lizards and Plestiodon fasciatus increased in shelterwood stands within the first year post-harvest. Prescribed burn and midstory herbicide treatments did not affect any reptile or amphibian species. A marginally lower proportion of juvenile to adult P. teyahalee, and a higher proportion of juvenile P. fasciatus in shelterwood than control units suggested that heavy canopy removal and associated change in microclimate may differentially affect reproductive success among species. Our study illustrates the importance of longer-term studies to detect potential changes in herpetofaunal communities that may not be immediately apparent after disturbances, and highlights the importance of including multiple taxa for a balanced perspective when weighing impacts of forest management activities.
Simulating Queueing Systems

Most realistics computer and communication systems are very complex networks of subsytems and the jobs processed by such systems involve wide-ranging service requirements. In many cases the arrival and service processes are non-Markovian and the service discipline may use priorities in scheduling service requests. While Mean Value Ananlysis can be used to obtain average performance values for a computer and communication system, the result will still be based on simplifying assumptions. Discrete event simulations can be used to model and analyze complex systems exhibiting intricate interactions. In this chapter, we describe how discrete event simulations can be designed to represent large computer sysytems. A detailed MATLAB based simulation of M/M/1 queuing network is included. Other open source simulation tools are also introduced.
Bitkisel Yağ ile Farklı Sıcaklıklarda Muamele Edilen Toros Göknarı Odununun Bazı Fiziksel Özellikleri

Masif ahsap malzemeyi bozucu zararlilara karsi korumak icin bazi farkli metotlar kullanilmaktadir. Bunun yaninda, odunun fiziksel ozelliklerini modifiye etmek icin isil islem modifikasyonu gibi bazi metotlarda kullanilmaktadir. Endustriyel uygulamalarda, isil islem modifikasyonunun kullanimi son on yilda artmistir. Toros goknari ( Abies cilicica ) odunu biyolojik olarak cok cabuk bozulabilir bir odundur ve farkli alanlarda kullanilmadan once bazi koruyucu maddelerle muamele edilir. Bu calismada, Toros goknari bitkisel yag ile farkli sicakliklarda muamele edilmistir. Bu metot odunu korumak icin kullanilan metotlardan birisidir. Islem sonrasi, odunun, agirlik artisi, yogunluk, denge rutubeti miktari, teget sisme, radyal sisme ve hacmen sisme, lif doygunluk noktasi gibi bazi fiziksel ozellikleri belirlenmistir. Ayrica, agirlik artisi ile genisleme yuzdeleri arasindaki iliski belirlenmistir. Gruplar arasindaki istatistiksel olarak onemli farklar ANOVA kullanilarak belirlenmistir ve onemli bazi sonuclar rapor edilmistir.
Strong attractive force between graphene sheets at terahertz induced by extraordinary wavelength reduction

We numerically demonstrate optical force between graphene sheets can be enhanced by 50× at terahertz from the extraordinary wavelength reduction of quasi-TEM modes. Unlike step-index waveguides, the force is attractive irrespective of the waveguide dispersion.
Habitat use by small mammals in southeastern Utah, with reference to Mexican Spotted Owl management

We determined temporal and spatial differences in abundance and habitat use by small mammals in southeastern Utah as part of an effort to enhance management of the Mexican Spotted Owl ( Strix occidentalis lucida ), listed by the federal government as threatened. Woodrats ( Neotoma spp.) were captured only in canyons and most frequently in the pinyon-juniper ( Pinus edulis-Juniperus osteosperma ) vegetation type. White-footed mice ( Peromyscus spp.) were found in a variety of vegetation types in both canyons and mesas. The deer mouse ( P. maniculatus ) was generally the most frequently captured species among vegetation types. We found seasonal and yearly differences in relative abundance of each small mammal species. Our data suggest that the pinyon-juniper vegetation type within canyons is an important component of Mexican Spotted Owl habitat.
Not your model minority: Own-group activism among Asian Americans.

OBJECTIVES Research on Asian American activism is neglected in the collective action literature. This study examined a model of Asian American activism that included a context-specific variable, model minority beliefs, and 3 traditional predictors of collective engagement: experiences of discrimination, collective racial identity, and structural awareness. METHOD Participants completed a survey on their sociopolitical attitudes and behaviors. All participants identified as Asian American (N = 187; Mage = 32.99) and were generally well-educated (76.8% had a college degree or higher), politically liberal (68.5%), and female (74.2%). RESULTS Controlling for gender, age, political orientation, and immigrant generation, the results of the serial mediation model revealed that structural awareness, collective racial identity, and model minority beliefs significantly mediated the relationship between discrimination and own-group activism. Results also showed that model minority beliefs negatively predicted own-group activism. CONCLUSIONS In addition to replicating broad findings from the collective action literature among Asian Americans, this research highlights the importance of contextualized group-based beliefs about inequality (model minority beliefs) for understanding engagement among racial minority groups. (PsycINFO Database Record