cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth most common cause of death from cancer among adults in the USA with an estimated 49,000 diagnoses and 38,000 deaths from pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in 2013. Eighty-five to 90% of patients present with disease that is not resectable (i.e., locally advanced or metastatic disease) at the time of diagnosis with a 3.5-month median survival for non-resected patients. In average-risk people, the lifetime risk of developing PC is 1 in 67 (1.49%) which increases with age with the mean age at diagnosis of 71 years. Modifiable risk factors include tobacco exposure, alcohol use, chronic pancreatitis, diet, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and certain abdominal surgeries and infections. However, certain groups, such as hereditary pancreatitis and those with a family history of PC, have increased risk to develop PDAC, especially at an early age. With 5-year survival rates, significant advances in the understanding of PC etiology and tumor biology, early detection, screening, and treatment are necessary. Given that only early or precancerous stages have reasonable expectation of low morbidity and mortality, increased efforts are imperative to improve risk stratification and early identification, while PC is still resectable in early-stage disease or premalignant conditions. Screening for hereditary pancreatic cancer is based on consensus opinion and only guideline based. Timing of screening is controversial, but the International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) recommends for Peutz-Jeghers patients to have endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with or without MRI/MRCP starting at age 50, while expert opinions recommend EUS and CA 19-9 every 2 years starting at age 25 with or without CT scan.
PPARγ Agonists for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with aging, genetic and environmental factors contributing to the development and progression of the disease. The complexity of this disease presents substantial challenges for the development of new therapeutic agents. AD is typified by pathological depositions of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles within the diseased brain. AD has also been demonstrated to be associated with a significant microglia-mediated inflammatory component, dysregulated lipid homeostasis as well as regional deficits in glucose metabolism within the brain. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a prototypical ligand-activated nuclear receptor which coordinates lipid, glucose and energy metabolism and is found at elevated levels in the AD brain. A recently appreciated physiological function of this type of receptor is its ability to modulate inflammatory responses. Thus, PPARγ may act to modulate multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms that contribute to the disease and represents an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
Building Dynamics: Exploring Architecture of Change: Edited by Branko Kolarevic and Vera Parlac, Routledge, 2015, 304 Pages, $69.95 (paperback)

Flexible, agile, adaptive, responsive, transformative, dynamic—popular terms in contemporary architectural discourse—embody the recurring themes addressed in the title Building Dynamics: Exploring ...
Application Cases in Systems Analysis & Design

A supplementary workbook that will include 3 complex case studies, each requiring the use of System Architect to complete; author is versed in the use of System Architect (he wrote the tutorial for the student edition of the tool which is packaged with Whitten 3rd ed.). This is not a stand-alone item, it is a supplement to accompany Whitten or any other SA&D text where the System Architect CASE Tool is being utilized. Table of contents How to Use This Casebook Introduction Project Overview The Build Your Own Case Project Alternative The Running Case Project Alternative Project Objectives Assignment and Schedule The Value of This Project To You CaseStudy 1 - Employee Self Service System (ESSS) CaseStudy 2 - Asset Tracking and Management System (ATMS) CaseStudy 3 - Build Your Own Case Appendix A - Milestone Evaluation Sheet
Do Subtle Linguistic Interventions Priming a Social Identity as a Voter Have Outsized Effects on Voter Turnout? Evidence From a New Replication Experiment

An ongoing debate in political psychology is about whether small wording differences have outsized behavioral effects. A leading example is whether subtle linguistic cues embedded in voter mobilization messages dramatically increase turnout. An initial study analyzing two small-scale field experiments argued that describing someone as a voter (noun) instead of one who votes (verb) increases turnout rates 11 to 14 points because the noun activates a person's social identity as a voter. A subsequent study analyzing a large-scale field experiment challenged this claim and found no effect. But questions about the initial claim's domain of applicability persist. The subsequent study may not have reproduced the conditions necessary for the psychological phenomenon to occur, specifically the electoral contexts were not competitive or important enough for the social identity to matter. To address the first of these critiques, as well as other potential explanations for different results between the first two studies, we conduct a large-scale replication field experiment. We find no evidence that this minor wording change increases turnout levels. This research provides new evidence that the strategy of invoking the self does not appear to consistently increase turnout and calls into question whether subtle linguistic cues have outsized behavioral effects.
Perspective on how the FDA should review diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals

See the associated article on page [868][1]. This article provides readers with some background on concerns raised by Dr. Marcus about the evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals in this issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine ([1][2]). In 1975, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed the
Revealing and Rationalizing the Rich Polytypism of Todorokite MnO2.

Polytypism, or stacking disorder, in crystals is an important structural aspect that can impact materials properties and hinder our understanding of the materials. One example of a polytypic system is todorokite–MnO2, which has a unique structure among the transition-metal oxides, with large ionic conductive channels formed by the metal oxide framework that can be utilized for potential functionalization, from molecular/ion sieving to charge storage. In contrast to the perceived 3 × 3 tunneled structure, we reveal a coexistence of a diverse array of tunnel sizes in well-crystallized, chemically homogeneous one-dimensional todorokite–MnO2. We explain the formation and persistence of this distribution of tunnel sizes thermochemically, demonstrating the stabilization of a range of coherent large-tunnel environments by the intercalation of partially solvated Mg2+ cations. Based on structural behavior of the system, compared to the common well-ordered alkali-stabilized polymorphs of MnO2, we suggest generaliza...
The Role of Applied Behavior Analysis in Evaluating Medication Effects

One need look no further than the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) to see that applied behavior analysts have largely ignored drugs as independent variables. Since the inception of the journal in 1968, less than a dozen studies primarily concerned with drug effects have graced its pages. This perhaps is understandable, for applied behavior analysis traditionally has involved the use of operant (or, less commonly, respondent) conditioning procedures to improve socially significant human behavior. Given this orientation, the majority of independent variables evaluated have consisted of response-consequence (reinforcement or punishment) operations. Pharamacotherapies are not easily conceptualized in terms of operant or respondent conditioning, and seem to imply faith in a medical model of behavioral problems that few behavior analysts share. We are nevertheless of the opinion that the research philosophy and analytical strategies characteristic of applied behavior analysis could serve as the basis for a fruitful science of clinical psycho-pharmacology. To demonstrate this, we will discuss seven dimensions of applied behavior analysis research as they relate to clinical drug evaluations. These characteristics were initially set forth by Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968) in the inaugural issue of JABA, and serve as a set of goals for research in applied behavior analysis.1
Nicotinic Receptors in the Central Nervous System

This chapter will review the structure, pharmacology, and physiology of neuronal nicotinic receptors, then consider the evidence that dysfunction of nicotinic receptors at interneuronal synapses is associated with any particular disorder. Only studies of receptors in vertebrates will be considered.
Protecting your assets: a well-defined credit policy is the key.

In Protecting Your Assets: A Well-Defined Credit Policy Is The Key – an essay by Steven V. Moll, Associate Professor, The School of Hospitality Management at Florida International University, Professor Moll observes at the outset: “Bad debts as a percentage of credit sales have climbed to record levels in the industry. The author offers suggestions on protecting assets and working with the law to better manage the business.” “Because of the nature of the hospitality industry and its traditional liberal credit policies, especially in hotels, bad debts as a percentage of credit sales have climbed to record levels,” our author says. “In 1977, hotels showing a net income maintained an average accounts receivable ratio to total sales of 3.4 percent. In 1983, the accounts receivable ratio to total sales increased to 4.1 percent in hotels showing a net income and 4.4 percent in hotels showing a net loss,” he further cites. As the professor implies, there are ways to mitigate the losses from bad credit or difficult to collect credit sales. In this article Professor Moll offers suggestions on how to do that. Moll would suggest that hotels and food & beverage operations initially tighten their credit extension policies, and on the following side, be more aggressive in their collection-of-debt pursuits. There is balance to consider here and bad credit in and of itself as a negative element is not the only reflection the profit/loss mirror would offer. “Credit managers must know what terms to offer in order to compete and afford the highest profit margin allowable,” Moll says. “They must know the risk involved with each guest account and be extremely alert to the rights and wrongs of good credit management,” he advocates. A sound profit policy can be the result of some marginal and additional credit risk on the part of the operation manager. “Reality has shown that high profits, not small credit losses, are the real indicator of good credit management,” the author reveals. “A low bad debt history may indicate that an establishment has an overly conservative credit management policy and is sacrificing potential sales and profits by turning away marginal accounts,” Moll would have you believe, and the science suggests there is no reason not to. Professor Moll does provide a fairly comprehensive list to illustrate when a manager would want to adopt a conservative credit policy. In the final analysis the design is to implement a policy which weighs an acceptable amount of credit risk against a potential profit ratio. In closing, Professor Moll does offer some collection strategies for loose credit accounts, with reference to computer and attorney participation, and brings cash and cash discounts into the discussion as well. Additionally, there is some very useful information about what debt collectors – can’t – do!
Inverse metamaterial design for controlling band gaps in scalar wave problems

Abstract We are concerned with the design of metamaterials capable of exhibiting a user-defined frequency band gap in periodic media supporting scalar waves. We cast the metamaterial design problem as an inverse medium problem, and seek to reveal the properties of the metamaterial unit cell that would enforce the gap. To drive the inversion, we use a scalar objective functional – the negativity of a discriminant of the coefficients of a quadratic wavenumber eigenvalue problem – that defines uniquely the evanescent state associated with the gap. We use the medium’s dispersion characteristics to side-impose the underlying wave physics in the objective functional, and demonstrate the proposed inverse metamaterial design with numerical examples in both the frequency and time domains for the scalar wave case in one and two dimensions. The approach is systematic and can be generalized to the vector wave case, since the associated eigenvalue problem remains Hermitian.
Finite Element Multigrid Methods

The multigrid method provides an optimal order algorithm for solving elliptic boundary value problems. The error bounds of the approximate solution obtained from the full multigrid algorithm are comparable to the theoretical bounds of the error in the finite element method, while the amount of computational work involved is proportional only to the number of unknowns in the discretized equations.
An Efficient Trajectory-Based Routing Using Virtual Coordinates for Low-Power WSNs with Mobile Sinks

We present a trajectory-based routing (TBR) protocol, which efficiently routes data to a mobile sink on the shortest path in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Using the idea of vector images (sensors representing pixels), we use two kinds of geometric shapes, hyperbola and arc as the smallest elements within the shortest routing path. Our protocol let sink nodes transmit the compressed routing request to source nodes through a routing path. Each individual node uses the DV-Hop (Distance Vector Hop) of the virtual anchor nodes as the dictionary which helps in efficiently decipher a compressed routing request. Finally, the routing path is distributed to each individual node within the path. The mobile sink can integrate updated routing path to the existing active path by sending new requests. Our protocol relaxes the constraints such as use of nodes' GPS information, the reliability of nodes, and also, places no restrictions on the sink's moving speed and direction. Using a WSN test-bed, and simulations on TOSSIM, we show that our trajectory-based routing protocol using DV-Hop is faster, reliable against node failures, provide location anonymity of nodes, and transmits less routing packets than two other known approaches.
Endocrine Disruptors and Marine Systems

Abstract Environmental contaminants known as endocrine disruptors (or endocrine-disrupting chemicals, EDCs) are increasingly detected in marine systems. EDCs are structurally diverse compounds including steroids, phenols, phthalates, organochlorines, and organotins; these compounds are found in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, personal care products, plastics, and a variety of other products. EDCs in the marine environment wind up in the water column, in organisms, and adsorbed to sediments, especially in the shallow neritic zone and in bodies of water that experience limited water exchange. The fate of marine EDCs is determined by a combination of abiotic and biotic processes. Some EDCs are susceptible to degradation but are nonetheless perpetually present in marine systems due to continuous replenishment and are therefore considered pseudo-persistent. Others are remarkably stable and resist degradation and thus are considered persistent. Persistent EDCs are often lipophilic and thus tend to bioaccumulate and biomagnify. EDCs interact with the endocrine systems of animals by interfering with the concentrations or activities of hormones or their receptors, thereby leading to reproductive, developmental, metabolic, or behavioral dysfunction. Many EDCs agonize or antagonize hormone receptors, while others modulate the activities of enzymes involved in synthesis or metabolism of hormones or alter the expression of genes that encode receptors or protein hormones. Much has been learned in the last several decades about the presence of EDCs in marine systems and the effects of EDCs on some marine organisms. However, existing knowledge gaps must be addressed if we are to understand the scope of human impacts on marine systems. In addition, priority must be given to developing remediation strategies that both reduce the inputs of anthropogenic EDCs into marine systems and mitigate the effects of these chemicals in marine organisms.
“The Chemistry of Poisons”: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Integrating Chemical, Toxicological, and Medicinal Principles

An interdisciplinary course called “The Chemistry of Poisons” was created, featuring organic chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and toxicology content. This exploratory chemistry elective course was...
Na+ and K+ channels: history and structure.

Abstract In this perspective, we discuss the physiological roles of Na and K channels, emphasizing the importance of the K channel for cellular homeostasis in animal cells and of Na and K channels for cellular signaling. We consider the structural basis of Na and K channel gating in light of recent structural and electrophysiological findings.
Stability of milk fatty acid profile during simulated shipping for analysis by gas chromatography

Abstract Milk fat trans-10 C18:1 can be used in diagnosing low milk fat production on dairy farms because it is a specific marker of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression. Individual fatty acids (FA), including the trans C18:1 isomer, can be determined only by gas-liquid chromatography. The analysis is currently available at a limited number of laboratories and often requires long-distance shipping. Expedited shipping with dry ice or ice packs is expensive. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat treatment before shipping, shipping temperature, and shipping time on milk FA profile. Samples were collected from 3 farms on 2 occasions and stored in a polystyrene foam cooler with an ice pack, at room temperature, or at 37°C for 1, 2, 3, and 7 d. Heating the sample before shipping, shipping temperature, and shipping time had very little effect on any FA analyzed. Differences observed were of small magnitude and not of practical importance, demonstrating that milk FA profile is expected to be very stable during shipping. Based on this, we propose that freezing samples and shipping in a sealed bag by second-day shipment is appropriate and demonstrated that this had little effect on FA profile of 48 milk samples. Importantly, these methods are recommended only for gas-liquid chromatography analysis of FA profile. Freezing is not appropriate for shipping for analysis by mid-infrared spectrometry-based methods or methods quantifying compounds per unit of milk because it is difficult to homogenize samples after freezing or extended shipping that results in denaturization of proteins and breaking of fat globules.
Type I Interferon-Activated STAT4 Regulation of Follicular Helper T Cell-Dependent Cytokine and Immunoglobulin Production in Lupus.

Objective To assess the role of STAT4 activation in driving pathogenic follicular helper T (Tfh) cell secretion of the cytokines interleukin-21 (IL-21) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) in murine and human lupus. Methods The effect of STAT4-dependent Tfh cell signaling on cytokine production and autoreactive B cell maturation was assessed temporally during the course of lupus in a murine model, with further assessment of Tfh cell gene transcription performed using RNA-Seq technology. STAT4-dependent signaling and cytokine production were also determined in circulating Tfh-like cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as compared to cells from healthy control subjects, and correlations with disease activity were assessed in the Tfh-like cells from SLE patients. Results IL-21- and IFNγ-coproducing Tfh cells expanded prior to the detection of potentially pathogenic IgG2c autoantibodies in lupus-prone mice. Tfh cells transcriptionally evolved during the course of disease with acquisition of a STAT4-dependent gene signature. Maintenance of Tfh cell cytokine synthesis was dependent upon STAT4 signaling, driven by type I IFNs. Circulating Tfh-like cells from patients with SLE also secreted IL-21 and IFNγ, with STAT4 phosphorylation enhanced by IFNβ, in association with the extent of clinical disease activity. Conclusion We identified a role for type I IFN signaling in driving STAT4 activation and production of IL-21 and IFNγ by Tfh cells in murine and human lupus. Enhanced STAT4 activation in Tfh cells may underlie pathogenic B cell responses in both murine and human lupus. These data indicate that STAT4 guides pathogenic cytokine and immunoglobulin production in SLE, demonstrating a potential therapeutic target to modulate autoimmunity.
Creep, Cracking and Shrinkage in Concrete Frame Structures

A mathematical model is developed for the study of time-dependent behavior of reinforced concrete structures. The model is formulated to account for creep, cracking, and drying shrinkage in the concrete. The output from the model includes forces, stresses, strains, and displacements in the structure. The model is formulated on the basis of idealizations in time and geometry. The idealization of incrementing the time is an expedient for integration of the hereditary strain-stress law for concrete. A linear law in functional form provides an accurate description of concrete strain-stress behavior within design stress ranges. The geometric idealizations are made so that the stiffness of the structure may be found. The structural members are divided into length increments, and each length increment is divided into depth increments so that bending and axial stiffness of a reinforced concrete member can be evaluated. Three examples are studied using the model: axially loaded column; reinforced concrete beams; and reinforced concrete frame.
Carcinoma of the Thymus

The causes of thymus carcinoma are unknown. Thymus carcinoma is more common among men than among women and occurs with equal frequency in Los Angeles County and in other regions of the country. Asian-Americans are at slightly higher risk than the members of other groups. Rates of occurrence begin to increase in middle age and they have been constant over the period in the county as a whole. No reason for the excess among women is known. No systematic pattern of occurrence is apparent, and therefore no local source of causation is proposed.
Permanent atrial pacing. Improved methods of electrode implantation and current therapeutic uses.

Abstract Permanent atrial pacing provides an important approach to refractory supraventricular and selected ventricular arrhythmias. This report reviews current techniques for instituting atrial pacing; namely, epicardial electrode implantation and transvenous coronary sinus placement. An improved method of atrial epicardial electrode implantation is described. Representative cases are reviewed to illustrate clinical settings in which permanent atrial pacing has controlled previously refractory arrhythmias.
Distribution of human colonic lymphatics in normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous tissue. Its relationship to metastasis from small carcinomas in pedunculated adenomas, with two case reports.

Prompted by 2 cases of lymphatic metastasis from focal carcinoma in the head of pedunculated adenomas, lymphatics were studied in the colonic mucosa in normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous tissue utilizing light and electron microscopic techniques. In all three tissues there is a lymphatic plexus associated with the muscularis mucosae, but there are no lymphatics above this level. This explains why lymphatic metastases from superficial intramucosal foci of carcinoma in adenomas do not occur. In lobules of adenomatous tissue, the total distance between the free surface and the muscularis mucosae may be considerably increased, and a focus of carcinoma in adenomatous tissue must at least reach the muscularis mucosae and its lymphatics in order to metastasize. This lack of lymphatics contrasts with the profusion of blood capillaries at the mucosal surface. This may be an example of a more general biological phenomenon in that other sites also concerned with water and ion transport, such as the renal glomerulus, the gallbladder mucosa, choroid plexus, and ciliary body lack lymphatics but exhibit a rich blood capillary network at their transporting surfaces.
Robotic aircraft refueling: a concept demonstration

A testbed has been developed to support experimental evaluation of the enabling technologies necessary for autonomous refueling. The goal of the refueling research project was to demonstrate the component technologies for a robotic-refueling concept. The project was divided into two areas: visual servoing and compliant control. The research accomplishments that lead to a successful concept demonstration are described. The refueling testbed is outlined. Visual servoing research is reviewed. Implementation and analysis of compliant control of the nozzle is presented. Research directions are discussed. Initial evaluations have successfully demonstrated algorithms for port detection, visual servoing, and compliant control of nozzle motion and insertion. >
Reperfusion of chronic tissue ischemia: nitrite and dipyridamole regulation of innate immune responses

Chronic and intermittent ischemic vascular disorders represent a burgeoning clinical challenge. Previous studies have focused on the idea that therapeutic angiogenesis strategies could alleviate tissue ischemia; however, it is now appreciated that vascular disease is not simply limited to vascular wall cells but also influenced by simultaneously occurring inflammatory responses. Our laboratory has discovered that pharmacological treatment of permanent tissue ischemia with dipyridamole significantly augments ischemic tissue reperfusion, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis over time. We have found that the beneficial effects of dipyridamole therapy are due to its ability to increase tissue nitric oxide bioavailability that corrects tissue redox imbalance. Importantly, we have also discovered that dipyridamole treatment invoking nitric oxide (NO) production significantly downregulates various innate immune response genes during chronic ischemic tissue injury. These findings demonstrate that dipyridamole-induced production of nitrite/NO significantly decreases inflammatory responses while increasing vascular growth in ischemic tissues.
Introducing the Law of Nonprofit Organizations and Philanthropy

This symposium issue of the Georgia Law Review provides an excellent opportunity to showcase both the subject matter of the January 2007 AALS section program and the growing field of legal study on matters concerning nonprofit and philanthropy law. Professor Garry Jenkins' article, included in this symposium, will provide foundational information concerning the section program. The panelists from the section program, including Professors Evelyn Brody, Susan Gary and Lizabeth Moody, have contributed to this symposium by submitting articles that address the general program topic of state-level reform of nonprofit law. Each panelist represents a different private entity in the United States that is attempting, to some degree, to take a serious look at state law and its affect on nonprofit institutions. These reform entities include the American Law Institute (ALI), the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) and the American Bar Association. But first, this short introduction to the symposium will outline other aspects of this growing field of law. It will describe the creation, development and purpose of the new AALS section, highlight the new Social Science Research Network (SSRN) abstracting journal on nonprofit law, and identify one of the major educational institutes that focuses on nonprofit and philanthropy studies.
A Fundamental Problem

In the year 1960, John Tukey published a paper on the so-called contaminated or mixed normal distribution that would have devastating implications for conventional inferential methods based on means. Indeed, any method based on means would, by necessity, suffer from a collection of similar problems. Tukey’s paper had no immediate impact on applied work, however, because it was unclear how to deal with the practical implications of his paper. But it served as the catalyst for the theory of robustness that was subsequently developed by Frank Hampel and Peter Huber, and their results laid the foundation for getting practical solutions to the problems revealed by Tukey.
Anisotropy shape control via light quenching and ground state depletion

Abstract The influence of light quenching (LQ) and ground state depletion on the shape of the angular distribution of the transition dipole moments of molecules in the first excited singlet state is calculated theoretically. The theoretical results are tested experimentally using fluorescein and DCM as fluorophores. Both effects were shown to occur under `normal' experimental conditions in ps-laser experiments. The initial fluorescence anisotropy can be reduced down to zero under ground state depletion or LQ. It is also shown that, using appropriate conditions the initial anisotropy can be increased up to values larger than could be achieved even with two photon absorption.
Simultaneous estimation of the demand and supply of differentiated audits

This study shows how the supply and demand for auditing services is analyzed in a simultaneous equations framework. An important aspect of the analysis is the assumption that an audit is a differentiated product that is valued for its productive attributes. A hedonic (multiattribute), nonlinear fee function defines the fees that clear the market for all audit packages traded. Analysis of marginal fees and quantities of audit attributes transacted requires simultaneous estimation of a supply and demand function for each attribute. Several approaches for estimating the hedonic fee function and achieving parameter identification in the underlying structural equations are suggested.
Psychosocial and sociodemographic associates of felt stigma in epilepsy.

Abstract Background Lack of a sufficient range in socioeconomic status (SES) in most prior studies of felt stigma and epilepsy has hampered the ability to better understand this association. Methods We assessed the burden and associates of felt stigma in 238 individuals with prevalent epilepsy aged 18 and older, comparing low SES with high SES. Results Reported levels of stigma were higher in low SES than in high SES (p Conclusions Low SES alone did not account for felt stigma; rather, we found that quality of life, depressive symptoms, and social support have the greatest impact on reported felt stigma in individuals with prevalent epilepsy.
Lymphoreticular hyperplasia of the stomach (pseudolymphoma)

Four cases of gastric lymphoreticular hyperplasia are described. Gastroscopic biopsies obtained in 3 of the 4 patients were not sufficiently representative to unequivocally establish the diagnosis, but the repeated absence of malignant neoplasia in these specimens strongly suggested a relatively benign process. Although localized lesions should be resected both for treatment and to confirm the diagnosis, consideration probably should be given to radiation therapy, rather than surgery, in the diffusely involved stomach of the poor-risk patients when multiple endoscopic biopsies show only lymphoreticular hyperplasia.
Reply to 'Comment on 'Quantum measurement and decoherence''

While agreeing with our exact expression for the time dependence of the motion of a free particle in an initial superposition state, corresponding to two identical Gaussians separated by a distance d, at temperature T, Gobert et al., in the preceding Comment [Phys. Rev. A70, 026101 (2004)], dispute our conclusions on decoherence time scales. However, the parameters they used to generate their figures are outside the regime of validity of our interpretation of the results and, moreover, are not of physical interest in that they correspond to T{approx_equal}0. The point is that in their figures they have chosen the thermal de Broglie wavelength {lambda}{sub th}=({Dirac_h}/2{pi}){radical}(mkT) to be equal to slit spacing d, whereas we have clearly stated [in the paragraph preceding Eq. (21) of our paper] that decoherence occurs and that our expression for the decoherence time applies only in the limit where d is large compared not only with the slit width {sigma} but also with the thermal de Broglie wavelength, d>>{lambda}{sub th},{sigma}.
Media and Religion in Colonial Spanish America

The Protestant wave that the rulers of the Spanish Empire feared long ago is now engulfing Latin America, unbalancing centuries-long alliances once evident in media. As the Roman Catholic Church's absolute domination of religion in Latin America has declined, the independence of church-affiliated media has increased. The magnitude of that change can only be fully appreciated in contrast to the colonial legacy of monopolies and strict censorship that enforced church controls over publication and distribution of printed materials. An analysis of press regulations and pamphlets and newspapers published in Lima, Peru, and Mexico City, Mexico, the two most important colonial cities, demonstrated that media was part of a complex system of interdependence that kept the church and the crown in power for three centuries. Even during a short period of press freedom, religious publications remained subject to prior restraint. Editors not only accepted those restrictions but also defended them in print, indicating th...
Physicist's “Sounds of Space” enters the repertoire of classical music on Earth

With the support of NASA, AGU member Don Gurnett (SPA) has been collecting “sounds of space” from planetary magnestospheres and from interplanetary space. He collected these sounds over a 40-year period using plasma wave receivers on over 30 space missions, including such well-known missions as Voyagers 1 and 2, Galileo, and Cassini. A chamber work in 10 movements based on some of these sounds, and written for the San Francisco-based Kronos Quarter, had is second performance at the Wortham Center in Houston, Txas, on January 23.
Analyzing Economic Performance Using DEA and the Bootstrap Approach

The objective of this study is twofold. First, the author uses the Data Envelopment Analysis DEA to determine the technical efficiency of 42 African countries for the period 1992 to 2007. Second, the author evaluates the determinants of the technical efficiency index using the bootstrapped bias-corrected efficiency scores. The DEA analysis indicates that lower income economies in Africa have very low levels of efficiency and have low levels of energy use. On the other hand, upper-middle African income economies appear to be more efficient in using their resources than all other income groups. Bootstrap and truncated regression results show that improvements in governance, promotion of FDI, and information communication technologies are major drivers of technical efficiency. Therefore, a major focus of policies must be directed towards improving governance and increasing capital investment, including the adoption and deployment of modern technologies.
Efficient transition path sampling for nonequilibrium stochastic dynamics

The transition path sampling methodology is adapted to the efficient sampling of large fluctuations in nonequilibrium systems evolving according to Langevin's equations of motion. This technique is used to simulate the behavior of the bistable Maier-Stein system at noise intensities much lower than those previously possible.
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Repair Through Bone Tunnels (Palmer Type 1D)

The triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is an important and complex anatomic structure. At the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), the TFCC provides mechanical stability and absorbs axial and translational forces. Discrete anatomic structures impart specific functions. By adulthood, the blood supply is limited to the peripheral border, and the radial origin of the TFCC has minimal vascularity. Acute traumatic tears frequently follow high-force injuries onto an outstretched hand and are classified according to Palmer. Tears occurring along the radial border of the TFCC (Palmer class 1D) have poor healing potential because of the lack of vascularity. Magnetic resonance arthrogram has high sensitivity and specificity for TFCC injuries. Palmer class 1D lesions are identified by standard wrist arthroscopy. TFCC tears are debrided, with the radial TFCC origin is resected to bleeding bone. Meniscal repair sutures are carefully placed through the TFCC via an ulnar-based cannula. Bone tunnels are then created in the appropriate orientation, and the sutures are passed through the radius. A small radial-sided incision is made overlying the exiting sutures, which are tensioned and tied over bone or a biotenodesis screw. Patients are immobilized in a long-arm splint for 2 weeks followed by a graduated rehabilitation program.
Sex and environmental policy in the U.S. House of Representatives

Abstract Using LCV score data, we find that female legislators favor stricter environmental policies than do their male counterparts. Moreover, gender-corrected estimates suggest that voters do not push environmental policy towards the middle, but rather select the ideologically closest candidate.
The role of evaporation in the hydrologic cycle

Hydrologists have recognized a serious need for means of measuring water-losses resulting from evaporation and transpiration from drainage-areas, from land-surfaces as well as from free-water surfaces. The fact that only a portion of the water from a given rainstorm can be accounted for as surface-runoff and base-flow is due to the fact that a part is required to replace the field-moisture which has been removed from the soil by evaporation and transpiration since the previous rain. In the unit-graph method of computing hydrographs from precipitation-data the principal difficulty is due to uncertainty as to the magnitude of the runoff-coefficient. In the channel-storage method the chief difficulty is related to lack of knowledge as to the rate at which field moisture-deficiency develops. In both cases, if data on losses from the watershed by evaporation and transpiration were available, they could be subtracted from the precipitation-values and remainders obtained which would permit the determination of the actual amount of water available for runoff.
The influence of process-focused knowledge acquisition on evaluative judgment during a systems assurance task

Abstract This study examined whether using a process-focused framework for acquiring task-specific knowledge influenced cognition during an information systems reliability evaluation. The thesis was that a process focus would prime encoding through episodic memory while the traditional taxonomic focus would prime encoding through semantic memory. As a result, the process focus would require less encoding effort than the taxonomic focus. In a laboratory experiment, novices evaluated the results of control tests to evaluate overall system reliability using either the process- or the taxonomic-focused framework for knowledge acquisition. Results suggest that participants who used the process focus rated the task as less complex. They also exerted less encoding effort as evidenced by (a) a higher primacy bias in their reliability assessment and (b) inferior recall for the decision cues they examined. Findings suggest that the process focus, which has recently been implemented by several business assurance firms, has a direct influence on cognition during knowledge acquisition. These findings motivate research that examines how the process focus influences decision performance for experienced professionals in the field.
Classification of Six Ordinary Chondrites from Texas

Based on optical microscopy and electron microprobe analyses, eight previously undescribed or poorly known chondrites were classified into compositional groups, petrologic types, and degree of shock alteration. These chondrites are: Leander, L4b; Nazareth(a), L6d; La Villa, H4b; Mereta, H4c; Gail, H4d; Shafter Lake, H5a; Uvalde, H5d; and Howe, H5d.
Process Evaluation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis with Filtrate Recycle for the Production of High Concentration Sugars

Process simulation and lab trials were carried out to demonstrate and confirm the efficiency of the concept that recycling hydrolysate at low total solid enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the options to increase the sugar concentration without mixing problems. Higher sugar concentration can reduce the capital cost for fermentation and distillation because of smaller retention volume. Meanwhile, operation cost will also decrease for less operating volume and less energy required for distillation. With the computer simulation, time and efforts can be saved to achieve the steady state of recycling process, which is the scenario for industrial production. This paper, to the best of our knowledge, is the first paper discussing steady-state saccharification with recycling of the filtrate form enzymatic hydrolysis to increase sugar concentration. Recycled enzymes in the filtrate (15–30% of the original enzyme loading) resulted in 5–10% higher carbohydrate conversion compared to the case in which recycled enzymes were denatured. The recycled hydrolysate yielded 10% higher carbohydrate conversion compared to pure sugar simulated hydrolysate at the same enzyme loading, which indicated hydrolysis by-products could boost enzymatic hydrolysis. The high sugar concentration (pure sugar simulated) showed inhibition effect, since about 15% decrease in carbohydrate conversion was observed compared with the case with no sugar added. The overall effect of hydrolysate recycling at WinGEMS simulated steady-state conditions with 5% total solids was increasing the sugar concentration from 35 to 141 g/l, while the carbohydrate conversion was 2% higher for recycling at steady state (87%) compared with no recycling strategy (85%). Ten percent and 15% total solid processes were also evaluated in this study.
Guidelines for Genetic Risk Assessment of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Early Disagreements and Low Utilization

BACKGROUND BRCA1/2 testing is one of the most well-established genetic tests to predict cancer risk. Guidelines are available to help clinicians determine who will benefit most from testing.
The effect of plasma-deposited polymers on the nucleate boiling behavior of copper heat transfer surfaces

Abstract The effect of plasma deposited polymers on the nucleate boiling behavior of copper heat transfer surfaces, using water as the boiling liquid, was determined. The monomers used were tetrafluorethylene (TFE) and methane. It was found that an 18 nm thick coating of TFE enhanced the nucleate boiling, while a 150 nm thick coating reduced the nucleate boiling. Both 15 nm and 150 nm thick coatings of methane reduced the nucleate boiling, with the effect being more pronounced with the thicker coating. A surface energy effect is postulated to explain the enhanced boiling observed.
A nurse's guide to "How-to-Parent" manuals.

Since nurses are often in ideal situations to recommend reading for parents and expectant parents, they should have an overview of the field of “how‐to‐parent” manuals. The following article discusses parenting manuals from several perspectives: historic, why parents read them, who writes them, how to evaluate them, and so forth. A special section discusses specifically the nurse's role in recommending reading.
Molecular characterization of proteinaceous material in the Florida coastal Everglades

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is the least known component of the nitrogen cycle, in part as a result of the lack of adequate analytical methods for its molecular characterization. In this study proteinaceous material in DON, collected at six geomorphologically different sites in the Florida coastal Everglades, was characterized by amino acid analysis and protein gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the samples suggests that the canal DON was more degraded and subject to higher microbial inputs than the mangrove marshwater and marine end-member stations. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) results supported this observation as distinctly different protein profiles were obtained for the canal waters compared to samples collected at other stations. These preliminary results highlight the potential of combining amino acid and intact protein analysis to fingerprint the sources of DON in different aquatic environments, and show SDS-PAGE as a potentially useful method to characterize DON.
A Model to Determine Open or Closed Cellular Convection.

The horizontal asymmetry of cellular convection is demonstrated to be detectable by consideration of the vertical asymmetry of the driving force. A two-dimensional numerical model for convection in an internally heated and cooled fluid is presented, based on equations for the conservation of temperature and vorticity. Attention is focused on the steady-state finite-amplitude solutions for fixed Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, and aspect ratio. Temperature in the model corresponds to potential temperature under dry conditions and the equivalent potential temperature under saturated conditions. Slowly varying convection driven by asymmetric boundary fluxes is expressed in terms of steady-state convection driven by an asymmetric internal heat source. It is shown that heating near the ground produces open convection patterns where most of the fluid is descending, while cooling near the top of the flow leads to closed cellular patterns with a preponderance of ascending fluid. Extension of the model to three dimensions is indicated.
MR Imaging of the Small Bowel

Cross-sectional imaging techniques such as CT and MR imaging have advantages over traditional barium fluoroscopic techniques in their ability to visualize superimposed bowel loops better and to improve visualization of extraluminal findings and complications. This article discusses MR imaging of the small bowel with enterography and enteroclysis techniques. It reviews the advantages, limitations, technique, and indications and reviews the results that have been obtained in evaluating different disease processes.
Evaluation of the effect of feedforward training displays of search strategy on visual search performance

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of three feedforward training displays on novice visual search performance. Each display depicted the visual search strategy of an expert inspector. A static display, a dynamic display, and a hybrid display were used to instruct novices on visual search strategy. The hybrid display combined features of the static and dynamic displays. The ensuing search performance of the novice participants was compared to a control group receiving no feedforward information. Analyses of variance revealed a significant treatment effect (F (3,21)=4.64, p 0.0 5 ). The largest number of defects was detected by the hybrid display group, followed by the dynamic, static, and control groups. Least significant difference multiple comparison analysis revealed that the performance of the hybrid display group was significantly better than that of the control and static display groups, but was not significantly different from the dynamic display group. One reason for this might be that the dynamic and hybrid displays both illustrate the search strategy as it develops, rather than presenting the entire search process at one time, as the static display does. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that hybrid or dynamic feedforward displays of expert visual search performance be used in the training of novice inspectors on visual inspection tasks, such as those involved in printed circuit board inspection. Relevance to industry The results of this study can be used to improve training for visual inspection tasks, such as those involved in printed circuit board inspection.