cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diving into the Rio Grande Valley: Meaningful experiences in arts educator preparation

ABSTRACTAs the Texas Education Agency implements new standards for arts teachers and U.S. arts education policy stakeholders articulate a need for culturally competent educators, teacher preparation programs must respond and consider methods to prepare developing teachers to meet such standards. Preservice arts educators need exposure to a variety of art forms and opportunities to practice teaching in diverse settings in order to explore and exercise culturally responsive arts education. This research project examines the impact of a university program that places preservice teachers in the Rio Grande Valley near the Mexico/U.S. border in South Texas. The group surveyed includes 10 student teachers, two thirds of the total program participants. The research specifically examines the value of the experience for student teachers through surveys and follow-up interviews. The study concludes that student teaching in the Rio Grande Valley helps prepare participants to teach across identity markers and offers t...
GPU Acceleration of Document Similarity Measures for Automated Bug Triaging

Large-scale open source software bug repositories from companies such as Mozilla, RedHat, Novell and Eclipse have enabled researchers to develop automated solutions to bug triaging problems such as bug classification, duplicate classification and developer assignment. However, despite the repositories containing millions of usable reports, researchers utilize only a small fraction of the data. A major reason for this is the polynomial time and cost associated with making comparisons to all prior reports. Graphics processing units (GPUs) with several thousand cores have been used to accelerate algorithms in several domains, such as computer graphics, computer vision and linguistics. However, they have remained unexplored in the area of bug triaging. In this paper, we demonstrate that the problem of comparing a bug report to all prior reports is an embarassingly parallel problem, that can be accelerated using graphics processing unit (GPUs). Comparing the similarity of two bug reports can be performed using frequency based methods (e.g. cosine similarity and BM25F), sequence based methods (e.g. longest common substring and longest common subsequence) or topic modeling. For the purpose of this paper we focus on cosine similarity, longest common substring and longest common subsequence. Using an NVIDIA Tesla K40 GPU, we show that frequency and sequence based similarity measures are accelerated by 89 and 85 times respectively when compared to a pure CPU based implementation. Thus, allowing us to generate similarity scores for the entire Eclipse repository, consisting of 498,161 reports in under a day, as opposed to 83.4 days using a CPU based approach.
The US Food and Drug Administration’s role in improving nutrition: Labeling and other authorities

Abstract The US Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition establishes regulations and guidance to enable consumers to make nutritious, healthy food choices and to protect the public from contaminated or otherwise unhealthy foods. The Center is known for its robust portfolio in the area of food safety, including prevention of foodborne illness, but also in nutrition, which is the emphasis of this overview. The breadth of the agency’s efforts and accomplishments in this and related areas is demonstrated by recent regulations and policies issued on food labeling, trans fat, sodium, folic acid fortification, and inorganic arsenic in foods, each of which is briefly discussed. As this work was presented at the annual meeting of the National Nutrient Databank Conference held in 2016, implications of FDA’s actions for nutrient databases are included as appropriate.
Consequences of advanced aging on renal function in chronic hyperandrogenemic female rat model: implications for aging women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and reproductive disorder in premenopausal women, characterized by hyperandrogenemia, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation. Women who had PCOS during their reproductive years remain hyperandrogenemic after menopause. The consequence of chronic hyperandrogenemia with advanced aging has not been studied to our knowledge. We have characterized a model of hyperandrogenemia in female rats and have aged them to 22–25 months to mimic advanced aging in hyperandrogenemic women, and tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to hyperandrogenemia with aging has a deleterious effect on renal function. Female rats were chronically implanted with dihydrotestosterone pellets (DHT 7.5 mg/90 days) that were changed every 85 days or placebo pellets, and renal function was measured by clearance methods. Aging DHT‐treated females had a threefold higher level of DHT with significantly higher body weight, mean arterial pressure, left kidney weight, proteinuria, and kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1), than did age‐matched controls. In addition, DHT‐treated‐old females had a 60% reduction in glomerular filtration rate, 40% reduction in renal plasma flow, and significant reduction in urinary nitrate and nitrite excretion (UNOxV), an index of nitric oxide production. Morphological examination of kidneys showed that old DHT‐treated females had significant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, global sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis compared to controls. Thus chronic hyperandrogenemia that persists into old age in females is associated with renal injury. These data suggest that women with chronic hyperandrogenemia such as in PCOS may be at increased risk for development of chronic kidney disease with advanced age.
WE WILL CONTROL ALL THAT YOU HEAR: THE OUTER LIMITS AND THE AURAL IMAGINATION. (Music in Media No. 3)

The American Broadcasting Company aired The Outer Limits, a science fiction anthology series, from 1963–1965. The series was influential during a period when programs such as The Twilight Zone and ...
Pinterest: Pinning for Inspiration and Aspiration

Pinterest is a social network community where users can share, curate, and discover pictures that represent their personal interests such as food, travel and DIY. Founded in 2008, Pinterest is one of the fastest growing online social networks, which currently represents the third-largest entity of its kind with 10 million total users only behind Facebook and Twitter (CCBy). This network provides a visual emphasis community that allows people with similar interests to post and share pictures. Pinterest focuses on the concept of personal lifestyle (Vaughan, 2012).
Conformal Antireflective Surface Formed onto 3-D Silicon Structure

This letter reports on the fabrication, simulation, and characterization of conformal antireflective black-silicon (BSi) nanowires on a 3-D silicon structure. The BSi nanostructures were formed on various facets of a 3-D Si structure including sharp tips and sidewalls using a metal-assisted chemical etching process. The conformal BSi design was simulated using an finite-difference time-domain Lumerical software. The antireflection capability was indicated by the quantified reduction in normalized intensity after the image processing of diffraction patterns. An optical iris of 1.00-mm circular aperture with conformal BSi nanowires was fabricated and characterized to demonstrate the anti-reflectivity capability at two visible wavelengths of 532 and 633 nm. The iris showed a significant reduction in glare around its Airy disc, up to $3\times $ smaller than the same one but without the BSi nanostructures. [2017–0277]
Study of Pattern Formation by Peafowl using LEM Multi-Agent Simulator

We present here a multiagent model of space utilization using LEM (Logic for Eco-Modeling) simulator and also discuss an uncommon interspecific relation that we discovered during the simulations. Our work involved a qualitative analysis of local routes selected by the peafowl within a real ecosystem. A simple model of route selection and adaptation to the food sources, that provide food at specific intervals of time as inspired by the real world observations is discussed in the paper. The model allows explaining the formation of patterns of daily movement that are observed in behavior of many bird species. LEM model editor provides facilities for specification of rules for an agent’s behavior. This allows studying the consequences of different assumptions about agent’s behavior and agent’s interaction. Here we present the results of a series of simulation experiments on space utilization by artificial species “&” that mimic spatio-temporal behavior of real peafowl species. The individuals act according to simple, biologically plausible rules. We observed various biologically plausible patterns of social organization emerging as consequences of simple behavioral rules. The most significant effect registered is the induction of behavioral change in “&” species due to the presence of another species that influence spatial adaptation of “&” and dramatically change dynamics of “&” population. We termed this uncommon effect as ethobiosis. These models also calibrate the simulator against real-world systems and demonstrate the simulator’s strength for ecological modeling.
Background and Importance

Pheochromocytoma is perhaps the most fascinating of all tumors. Its clinical expressions, often dramatic and explosive, are so variable that it has rightly earned the title of the “Great Mimic” (215). The manifestations of this neoplastic endocrinopathy and its associated disorders are almost endless. It is equally perplexing that the pathologist is unable to differentiate histologically whether a pheochromocytoma is benign or malignant.
Physicians in Management

Management roles can be divided into leading other clinicians and taking on management responsibilities outside of the direct line of clinical responsibility. Most physicians who become involved in management use a combination of progressively increasing levels of responsibility and training to achieve their goals. Prior leadership and management experience is paramount, and in some cases a physician may benefit from a formal education such as a master’s degree in business, administration or public health.
Feasibility of a team based prognosis and treatment goal discussion (T-PAT) with women diagnosed with advanced breast cancer.

Abstract Objective To assess the feasibility of a team-based prognosis and treatment goal discussion for women living with advanced breast cancer. Methods Female patients diagnosed with advanced breast cancer (n = 25) participated in a mixed methods study that evaluated the feasibility and effects of a planned and structured prognosis discussion. Audio analysis of the intervention appointments was conducted to assess intervention feasibility. Patient self-reports of prognosis related beliefs and treatment preferences were compared across intervention and usual care groups. Results Most patients found the T-PAT appointment challenging but worthwhile. Intervention uptake by clinicians was good, but some fidelity disruptions were noted. T-PAT participants were more likely to hold realistic beliefs about disease curability after the appointment. Conclusion Productive prognosis discussions can be delivered effectively by a practice-based clinical team within a semi-structured patient education appointment. It was perceived by patients with advanced breast cancer as both valuable and acceptable. T-PAT clinicians found the intervention easy to deliver. Practice implications Regular implementation of T-PAT may help clinicians’ build prognosis discussion communication skills. T-PAT documentation provides valuable information that can be used to tailor ongoing care.
Selectin-Targeting Peptide-Glycosaminoglycan Conjugates Modulate Neutrophil-Endothelial Interactions.

The glycocalyx is a layer of glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans that coats the luminal surface of most blood vessels. It effectively regulates adhesive interactions between leukocytes in flowing blood and the endothelium, where during inflammation, binding to E- and P-selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) promotes cell tethering and arrest under shear flow. In this study, we examine the targeting of E-selectin by an engineered peptide moiety bound to a dermatan sulfate backbone. We further investigate this conjugate, denoted as EC-SEAL, by observing its binding to inflamed endothelium, and quantifying its ability to modulate neutrophil–endothelium interactions. Binding data reveal that EC-SEAL recognizes domains on E-selectin, and to a lesser degree on P- and L-selectin, and ICAM-1. Further, EC-SEAL increases neutrophil rolling velocity, and decreases neutrophil arrest and migration on inflamed human microvascular endothelial cells under physiologically relevant flow conditions. We conclude that simple targeting strategies can mimic glycocalyx function under inflammatory conditions, effectively reducing neutrophil recruitment.
Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci From Genome-Wide Association Studies

Abstract This chapter presents a class of methods for detecting single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that impact the expression of quantitative traits. First, techniques that work for both phased and unphased SNPs and do not require knowledge of the evolutionary history among individuals are presented. Second, a set of approaches that incorporate the marginal evolutionary history among individuals to estimate a covariance structure among the trait values are given. The chapter closes with a method that applies to unphased SNP detection while still incorporating phylogenetic information among the trait values.
Let's Work This Out: Is Work A Basic Human Good?

In this paper, I explore the axiological status of work. I engage with a number of prominent natural law theorists who consider it a basic human good and explain why their arguments fail. In the process, I put forward a novel argument against the very possibility of work being considered a basic good. I conclude that whilst work may be very important to us psychologically and instrumentally it should not be considered a basic human good.
Predicting the Prognosis of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy by Using Scheimpflug Tomography.

Purpose To determine if Scheimpflug tomography pachymetry map and posterior elevation map patterns, central corneal thickness (CCT), and corneal backscatter can predict the prognosis of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). Design Cross-sectional study with follow-up of outcomes. Participants Ninety-six eyes (56 subjects) with a range of severity of FECD. Methods Corneas were graded by cornea specialists according to the area and confluence of guttae and the presence of clinically definite edema. Masked and randomized Scheimpflug imaging pachymetry map and posterior elevation map patterns were assessed by 1 observer for loss of regular isopachs, displacement of the thinnest point of the cornea, and the presence of posterior surface depression. The prognosis of eyes over a 5-year (median) follow-up period was determined based on FECD progression (new onset of clinically definite edema or ≥5% increase in CCT) or intervention by endothelial keratoplasty. Cumulative probabilities of progression and intervention were estimated from survival analyses, with risk factors determined by using Cox proportional hazards models. Main Outcome Measures Pachymetry map and posterior elevation map patterns, corneal backscatter, and CCT (ultrasonic pachymetry). Results In univariate analyses, loss of regular isopachs (hazard ratio [HR], 18.00) displacement of the thinnest point (HR, 11.53), focal posterior surface depression (HR, 10.21), and anterior corneal backscatter (HR, 1.22, per 1-grayscale unit increment), were risk factors for progression or intervention (P Conclusions Three Scheimpflug tomography pachymetry map and posterior elevation map patterns can predict FECD prognosis independent of CCT. The risk of FECD progression and intervention, including after uncomplicated cataract surgery, increases according to the number of parameters present.
Modeling and Optimization of Thermoelectric Modules for Radiant Heat Recovery

In this chapter, we present a detailed methodology for modeling and optimization of multielement thermoelectric (TE) power generation modules for radiant heat recovery application. Radiative heat sources such as concentrated solar irradiation and radiation from hot steel casting in steel production processes are considered as examples in this application. Large temperature difference across TE elements is typically created by the strong radiation heat transfer due to high-temperature source. Therefore, temperature-dependent TE material properties are considered for accurate simulation. Iterative simulation method based on one-dimensional finite element method is employed to obtain the precise temperature profile along heat flow direction in each of TE elements. Optical parameters such as emissivity of gray surfaces and shape factors are considered to quantify the accurate heat input to estimate the conversion efficiency under various conditions of the source and TE module. Using fractional area coverage and thickness of element as key design parameters, the power output of the system is optimized with significantly reduced material mass in use, ultimately for enhanced power-per-cost.
An Experimental Study of Cooperative Learning in Advanced Financial Accounting Courses.

Studies of cooperative learning have been documented extensively in the education and psychology literature. Much of the research on cooperative learning indicates that it leads to improvements in ...
Dissemination and co-circulation of SARS-CoV2 subclades exhibiting enhanced transmission associated with increased mortality in Western Europe and the United States

Mechanisms underlying the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like clinical manifestations leading to deaths in patients who develop COVID-19 remain uncharacterized. While multiple factors could influence these clinical outcomes, we explored if differences in transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2 variants could contribute to these terminal clinical consequences of COVID-19. We analyzed 34,412 SARS-CoV2 sequences deposited in the Global Initiative for Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) SARS-CoV2 sequence database to determine if regional differences in circulating strain variants correlated with increased mortality in Europe, the United States, and California. We found two subclades descending from the Wuhan HU-1 strain that rapidly became dominant in Western Europe and the United States. These variants contained nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations in the Orf1ab segment encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (C14408T), the spike protein gene (A23403G), and Orf1a (G25563T), which resulted in non-conservative amino acid substitutions P323L, D614G, and Q57H, respectively. In Western Europe, the A23403G-C14408T subclade dominated, while in the US, the A23403G-C14408T-G25563T mutant became the dominant strain in New York and parts of California. The high cumulative frequencies of both subclades showed inconsistent but significant association with high cumulative CFRs in some of the regions. When the frequencies of the subclades were analyzed by their 7-day moving averages across each epidemic, we found co-circulation of both subclades to temporally correlate with peak mortality periods. We postulate that in areas with high numbers of these co-circulating subclades, a person may get serially infected. The second infection may trigger a hyperinflammatory response similar to the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) response, which could explain the ARDS-like manifestations observed in people with co-morbidity, who may not mount sufficient levels of neutralizing antibodies against the first infection. Further studies are necessary but the implication of such a mechanism will need to be considered for all current COVID-19 vaccine designs.
Multi-LED multi-datastream dome bulb for dense visible light communication networks

In this paper, we consider multi-datastream VLC networks serving dense IoT deployments and propose a "dome bulb" that consists of a multi-LED array with a dome-shaped lens structure to separate each LED's beam for spatial reuse. Each LED has Lambertian irradiance distribution that can be collected and directed to receiver location using a wide field-of-view (FOV) lens system. Within the FOV, each LED's divergence angle is narrowed to improve spatial reuse, which also brings the problem of spotty lighting. We analyze the dome bulb in terms of illumination uniformity and Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio (SINR) provided to receivers in the room. We also present a channel model based on the simulated SINR.
Abstract 12788: Cardiac MicroRNA-150 Confers Cardioprotection by Directly Repressing Pro-apoptotic Small Proline-rich Protein 1a, Sprr1a in Cardiomyocytes

Background and Aims: Cardiac injury induces dynamic changes in the expression of microRNAs (miRs). For example, the evolutionarily conserved miR-150 is downregulated in patients with multiple cardi...
Multiphysics Simulations of a Steady-State Lower Hybrid Current Drive Antenna for the FSNF

The Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) is a proposed tokamak reactor with the mission to investigate operation of a fusion reactor in a nuclear environment. The high neutron fluence component o...
Multiobjective Design of 2-D-Material-Based Field-Effect Transistors With Machine Learning Methods

Design optimization of emerging nanoscale transistor technologies often requires careful design tradeoff between many objectives, including speed, power, variability, and so on. By leveraging machine learning (ML) methods, we develop a multiobjective optimization (MOO) framework for 2-D-material-based field-effect transistors (FETs) near the scaling limit. The MOO design framework performs gradient-free efficient global optimization and offers the option of using active learning. Optimum designs with a tradeoff between transistor speed, power, and variability are identified automatically for transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) and black phosphorene FETs by applying the MOO design framework that couples ML methods to quantum transport device simulations. The design optimization results show that the International Roadmap of Devices and Systems (IRDS) target of 2025 and 2028 technology nodes can be met by 2-D FETs.
Do oropharyngeal throat packs prevent fluid ingestion during orthognathic surgery

The oropharyngeal throat pack is commonly used in oral and maxillofacial surgery despite debated evidence regarding its barrier function. The study objectives were to investigate whether the oropharyngeal pack reduces blood ingestion and to evaluate its relationship with postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and throat pain. This was a single-center, parallel group, single-blind randomized controlled trial. Participants undergoing orthognathic surgery, age ≥16 years, were included in the study. After intubation and prior to surgery start, the treatment group received oropharyngeal packing; the control group received no packing. Outcome variables were the quality of gastric contents aspirated by nasogastric tube (bloody or not bloody), PONV, and throat pain (visual analog scale). Thirty patients (treatment n = 15; control n = 15) were randomized and analyzed. There was no difference between the groups in quality of gastric contents (P = 1.00) or incidence of PONV at 2 hours and 24 hours (P = 1.00). Throat pain incidence and severity at 2 hours were both higher in the treatment group, but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.128, P = 0.223). The results indicate that the oropharyngeal pack is not an effective barrier against blood ingestion. Oropharyngeal packs do not improve or worsen PONV, but may increase throat pain.
Stochastic Modeling and identification of material parameters on structures produced by additive manufacturing

Abstract A methodology enabling the representation, sampling, and identification of spatially-dependent stochastic material parameters on complex structures produced by additive manufacturing is presented. The modeling component builds upon earlier works by the authors and relies on the combination of two ingredients. First, a fractional stochastic partial differential equation is introduced and parameterized in order to automatically capture the complex features of additively manufactured parts. Information-theoretic transport maps are subsequently introduced with the aim of ensuring well-posedness in the forward propagation problem. The identification of stochastic elasticity tensors on titanium scaffolds produced by laser powder bed fusion is then discussed. To this end, we consider an isotropic approximation at a mesoscale where fluctuations are aggregated over several layers, and address both the calibration and validation of the probabilistic model by using different sets of physical structural experiments. Despite the high sensitivity of the forward map to applied boundary conditions, geometrical parameters, and structural porosity, it is shown that the calibrated stochastic model can generate non-vanishing probability levels for all experimental observations.
The Chain of Being and Having in Slavic

The complex diachronic and synchronic status of the concepts be and have can be understood only with consideration of their full range of constructions and functions. Data from modern Slavic languages (Russian, Czech, Polish, Bulgarian) provides a window into zero copulas, non-verbal have expressions, and verbal constructions. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, be and have are analyzed in terms of a blended prototype model, wherein existence/copula for be and possession/relationship for have are inseparably combined. These concepts are related to each other in their functions and meanings and serve as organizing principles in a conceptual network of semantic neighbors, including give, take, get, become, make , and verbs of position and motion. Renewal and replacement of be and have occur through processes of polysemization and suppletization involving lexical items in this network. Topics include polysemy, suppletion, tense/mood auxiliaries, modality, causatives, evidentiality, function words, contact phenomena, syntactic calques, and idiomatic constructions.
Photon Stimulated Desorption from Cryogenic Surfaces: Predicting the Vacuum Behavior of the Superconducting Supercollider

We describe planned experiments to measure photon stimulated desorption coefficients and related properties from copper-plated stainless steel and similar materials, at 4° K and 300° K. An accurate knowledge of the behavior of a vacuum system constructed of such materials, under intense synchrotron radiation, is neccessary to properly predict the vacuum behavior of the Superconducting Super Collider.
The Effect of a Shock-on-Vortex Interaction

Shocks interact with fluid dynamic instabilities in a variety of practical applications. These interactions may change the characteristics of the flowfield, alter the structure of the shock, or produce acoustic noise. In this project, we isolate a simple component of these complex interactions and consider an initially planar shock wave passing over a single or multiple compressible vortices. We use Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT) which is an explicit, finite-difference algorithm to simulate the interaction. In this paper, we focus on the effect of a strong shock on either a single vortex or a vortex pair. Under certain circumstances, we observed that a single vortex will split into two unequal corotating vortices.
Retrovirus Variation and Evolution

In this chapter, the author discusses two topics: the long-term association of virus and host as revealed by the study of endogenous proviruses and the short-term "evolution" that characterizes the association of some viruses, most notably human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with their host. Ancient endogenous proviruses were inserted into the germ line of a species prior to separation of that species from related species. To understand the host-provirus relationship better, the proviruses of mice is chosen as a model, in particular the C-type proviruses, which form the largest group related to known viruses. In some species of mice, the predominant endogenous proviruses are recombinant relative to those that had been studied in laboratory mice. Infection of the germ line is a rare event, yet endogenous proviruses have many times been independently fixed in the genomes of mice and other species. A final point concerning the evolution of endogenous viruses is an interesting correlation between virus lifestyle and endogenization. Retroviruses differ considerably in the amount of genetic variation observed among individuals within species. Divergence of up to 25% within the most variable regions (in env) has been observed, even when infection was initiated with known clonal virus. These observations are consistent with the evolution of HIV in vivo into a complex quasispecies. The high rate of replication of HIV during the entire course of the infection has important consequences for understanding genetic variation and its role in evolution, pathogenesis, and therapy.
Human cytomegalovirus UL144 open reading frame: sequence hypervariability in low-passage clinical isolates

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects a number of organs and cell types in vivo, leading to the hypothesis that HCMV disease and tissue tropism may be related to specific sequence variants. A potential component of HCMV variant strains is the UL144 open reading frame (ORF), which encodes a homologue of the herpesvirus entry mediator, HveA, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Sequence analysis of the UL144 ORF in 45 low-passage clinical isolates demonstrated significant strain-specific variability. In individual isolates, nucleotide substitutions occur at up to 21% of the 531 positions, resulting in approximately the same percentage of substitutions in the predicted 176-amino-acid sequence. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences diverge into three major groups. For genotypic comparison, the known hypervariable region encompassing the proteolytic cleavage site of the glycoprotein B (gB) gene was also sequenced. All of the isolates could be typed according to the four known gB groups; however, the gB and UL144 sequence groups appeared to be phylogenetically unlinked. The predicted UL144 product homology with tumor necrosis factor receptor family members, along with the unexpectedly high level of sequence variability of the UL144 ORF, suggests that the predicted product may play a role in HCMV infectivity and subsequent host disease.
A 4*4 spatial power-combining array with strongly coupled oscillators in multi-layer structure

A 4*4 spatial power-combining array with strongly coupled oscillators in a multilayer (3-D) structure is presented. By connecting oscillator unite with resistors to suppress undesirable modes, stable oscillation of the in-phase mode is achieved and the output power from individual oscillators is combined spatially in the broadside direction. With its multilayer structure, the main radiation pattern from the antenna side is not affected by the radiation from the circuit side. This type of array can be extended to include more oscillator units and is suitable for the application of monolithic power-combining arrays in the millimeter-wave region. >
The Fragility of Goodness: Rational animals and the explanation of action

What we are supplying are really remarks on the natural history of man: not curiosities however, but rather observations on facts which no-one has doubted, and which have only gone unremarked because they are always before our eyes. Wittgenstein, Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics 1 141 Our central question has been, how far and in what ways does (and should) the world impinge upon us as we attempt to live in a valuable way? How far are we creatures who, like plants, depend passively upon what is outside of us in the world of nature? How far are we purely active intellectual beings like the souls of Plato's middle dialogues? And what is, for a human being, the best (most praiseworthy) way to be? One of the things such questioning demands is, clearly, an account of human action. We need to consider how our various movements in the world are caused, if we are going to be able to say what sorts of causal relationships between world and agent diminish, or remove, the praiseworthiness of a life. Plato's thought about ethical self-sufficiency has relied implicitly on a picture of action. In the middle dialogues we are presented with a double story. On the one hand, there is the self-moving, purely active, self-sufficient intellect, generator of valuable acts; on the other, there are the bodily appetites, which are themselves passive and entirely unselective, simply pushed into existence by the world and pushing, in turn, the passive agent.
Galaxy Mergers: A Search for Chemical Signatures

We have gathered high resolution echelle spectra for more than two dozen high-velocity metal-poor field stars, including BD+80 245, a star previously known to have extremely low [alpha/Fe] abundances, as well as G4-36, a new low-alpha star with unusually large [Ni/ Fe]. In this kinematically selected sample, other chemically anomalous stars have also been uncovered. In addition to deriving the alpha-element abundances, we have also analysed iron-group and s-process elements. Not only does chemical substructure exist in the halo, but the chemical anomalies are not all the same within all elemental groups.
Modeling, simulation and perturbation analysis of continuous flow models

Summary form only given. A generic approach to modeling, simulation and sensitivity analysis of continuous flow processes is described. Based on a single-server device, it can serve as a building block in various network configurations, and its application can result in fast simulation and unbiased sensitivity analysis estimators.
Enrichment of Error-Free Synthetic DNA Sequences by CEL I Nuclease

As the availability of DNA sequence information has grown, so has the need to replicate DNA sequences synthetically. Synthetically produced DNA sequences allow the researcher to exert greater control over model systems and allow for the combinatorial design and construction of novel metabolic and regulatory pathways, as well as optimized protein-coding sequences for biotechnological applications. This utility has made synthetically produced DNA a hallmark of the molecular biosciences and a mainstay of synthetic biology. However, synthetically produced DNA has a significant shortcoming in that it typically has an error rate that is orders of magnitude higher when compared to DNA sequences derived directly from a biological source. This relatively high error rate adds to the cost and labor necessary to obtain sequence-verified clones from synthetically produced DNA sequences. This unit describes a protocol to enrich error-free sequences from a population of error-rich DNA via treatment with CEL I (Surveyor) endonuclease. This method is a straightforward and quick way of reducing the error content of synthetic DNA pools and reliably reduces the error rates by >6-fold per round of treatment. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 99:3.24.1-3.24.10. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: CEL I; error correction; synthetic DNA; Surveyor nuclease; synthetic biology; oligonucleotide; oligonucleotide synthesis
Age effects on social behavior deficits following prefrontal lesions in monkeys

Abstract Prolonged observation of rhesus monkey social behavior has shown no deficits among infants and yearlings which have undergone bilateral ablation of the prefrontal cortex. However, the behavioral deficits common to prefrontal lobectomy did appear with an increasing severity among 2- and 3-year-old juveniles and in adults. These deficits include decreased use of face and voice for communication, alterations in aggressiveness and patterns of grooming, decreased participation in play activity and frequent aimless hyperactivity. It appears that a certain degree of maturation is required for the social effects of prefrontal lobectomy to be expressed. Rhesus infants operated on at 2 weeks, 5 months and 12 months of age show minimal, if any, deficits. Older juveniles and adults, however, do not maintain most behavioral patterns of social interaction. Harlow's results regarding deficits in intellectual development on learning performance tests are discussed. It is concluded that the appearance of social awareness and of intellectual maturity may occur at different times in a monkey's development.
Every Life Has Equal Value

The 2013 Lasker∼Bloomberg Public Service Award will be given to Bill and Melinda Gates "for leading an historic transformation in the way we view the globe's most pressing health concerns and improving the lives of millions of the world's most vulnerable."
The performance of a convectively cooled thermoelement used for power generation

Abstract The differential equations which describe the steady-state temperature distribution in a thermoelement with constant properties and with convective heat transfer from its longitudinal surface are presented and solved by analytical methods. The closed-form analytical solutions are applied to a single-element thermoelectric generator to determine the effect of surface heat transfer upon the power output and efficiency over a range of values for the heat-transfer parameters. The results show that in all cases the surface heat transfer increased the power output under matched load conditions; in many cases both the power output and the thermal efficiency were increased through the use of surface heat transfer. The conclusion is drawn that surface heat transfer can be beneficial in many applications, especially in cases where maximum power output is of primary importance, or in cases where the cold-junction fin area is greatly restricted by weight, space, or cost considerations.
Focal Volume Confinement by Submicrometer-Sized Fluidic Channels

Microfluidic channels with two lateral dimensions smaller than 1 μm were fabricated in fused silica for high-sensitivity single-molecule detection and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The effective observation volumes created by these channels are ∼100 times smaller than observation volumes using conventional confocal optics and thus enable single-fluorophore detection at higher concentrations. Increased signal-to-noise ratios are also attained because the molecules are restricted to diffuse through the central regions of the excitation volume. Depending on the channel geometries, the effective dimensionality of diffusion is reduced, which is taken into account by simple solutions to diffusion models with boundaries. Driven by electrokinetic forces, analytes could be flowed rapidly through the observation volume, drastically increasing the rate of detection events and reducing data acquisition times. The statistical accuracy of single-molecule characterization is improved because all molecules are c...
Experimental and biphasic FEM determinations of the material properties and hydraulic permeability of the meniscus in tension

Tensile tests and biphasic finite element modeling were used to determine a set of transversely isotropic properties for the meniscus, including the hydraulic permeability coefficients and solid matrix properties. Stress-relaxation tests were conducted on planar samples of canine meniscus samples of different orientations, and the solid matrix properties were determined from equilibrium data. A 3-D linear biphasic and tranversely isotropic finite element model was developed to model the stress-relaxation behavior of the samples in tension, and optimization was used to determine the permeability coefficients, k1 and k2, governing fluid flow parallel and perpendicular to the collagen fibers, respectively. The collagen fibrillar orientation was observed to have an effect on the Young's moduli (E1=67.8 MPa, E2=11.1 MPa) and Poisson's ratios (v12=2.13, v21 =1.50, v23=1.02). However, a significant effect of anisotropy on permeability was not detected (k1 =0.09x10(-16) m4/Ns, k2=0.10x10(-16) m4/Ns). The low permeability values determined in this study provide insight into the extent of fluid pressurization in the meniscus and will impact modeling predictions of load support in the meniscus.
Suspected Spinal Epidural Empyema and Associated Vertebral Osteomyelitis (Physitis)in a Dog

Summary A 1 year old female Aurstralian Heeler dog was presented for fever and paraplegia of recent onset. Radiography and myelography revealed osteolysis of the first lumber (L1) vertebra and extensive epidural spinal cord compression from the level of the thirteenth thoracic (T13) to the fourth lumbar (L4) vertebra. A decompressive hemilaminectomy was performed; purulent-appearing fluid and inflamed epidural fat were present in the vertebral canal. The neurologic recovery of the dog was satisfactory 6 months following surgery.
Jaw relation records for fixed prosthodontics

This article discusses and reviews general principles of jaw relation records, including the purpose of a jaw relation record and the concept of a tripod of vertical support with adequate horizontal stability to allow opposing dental casts to be mounted accurately on an articulator. The use of the maximum intercuspal position for the vast majority of patients is favored when the goal of restorative treatment is to maintain a patient's pretreatment intercuspation and vertical dimension of occlusion. In addition, articulator choice, purpose of a face bow, and materials for jaw relation records are discussed. Common errors in making impressions, pouring impressions,mounting casts, and making interocclusal records are elucidated, providing the practitioner important information with which to avoid inaccuracies that may lead to additional time spent making intraoral occlusal adjustments at the insertion of fixed restorations.
Photoelectron imaging and photodissociation of ozonide in O3(-)⋅(O2)n (n = 1-4) clusters.

The photoelectron images of O3− and O3− ⋅ (O2)n (n = 1–4) have been measured using 3.49 eV photon energy. The spectra exhibit several processes, including direct photodetachment and photodissociation with photodetachment of O− photofragments. Several spectra also exhibit autodetachment of vibrationally excited O2− photofragments. Comparison of the bare O3− photoelectron spectra to that of the complexes shows that the O3− core is preserved upon clustering with several O2 molecules, though subtle changes in the Franck-Condon profile of the ground state photodetachment transition suggest some charge transfer from O3− to the O2 molecules. The electron affinities of the complexes increase by less than 0.1 eV with each additional O2 molecule, which is comparable to the corresponding binding energy [K. Hiraoka, Chem. Phys. 125, 439-444 (1988)]. The relative intensity of the photofragment O− detachment signal to the O3− ⋅ (O2)n direct detachment signal increases with cluster size. O2− autodetachment signal is onl...
Seismic Spatial-Temporal Character and Effects of a Deep (25–30 km) Magma Intrusion below North Lake Tahoe, California–Nevada

In 2003, a magma intrusion event occurred at 25-30 km in the lower crust under the northwestern corner of Lake Tahoe, as evidenced by both an earth- quake swarm and a geodetic displacement. This study examines the seismicity as- sociated with that event and subsequent seismicity in the upper crust. HYPODD relocations showed that the deep swarm of approximately 1600 microearthquakes at the intrusion site was concentrated on a planar area with a strike of N42°W, dipping at 39° to the northeast. The largest microearthquake in this swarm was M 2.2, and an anomalously high b-value of 2.0 is seen in the recurrence-versus-magnitude plot. The swarm progressed over this plane in a somewhat irregular pattern for a period of roughly 5 months. Focal mechanisms of the deep-swarm events are highly variable and do not reflect the known regional stress field. Two months after the deep-swarm activity started, a shallow swarm of approximately 1100 microearthquakes began at 10-12-km depths in the shallow crust almost immediately above the deep swarm and continued through 2005. This swarm had a maximum M of 2.4 and a relatively high b-value of 1.5. Based on HYPODD relocations, hypocenters in this swarm are con- centrated in a narrow pipelike volume, and event depths progressed steadily upward over the more than 2 yr of observation. Focal mechanisms in this shallow swarm are more consistent with the regional stress field than those of the deep swarm. Within one focal depth horizontally of the deep swarm, postintrusion seismic activity increased significantly compared to prior years. Stress triggering from the deep magma intru- sion, although based on sub-bar stress changes in the shallow crust, is a feasible ex- planation of the observed increase.
Vesicular properties of stereoisomeric surfactants

All of the stereoisomeric forms of the surfactant, sodium 3-[2-methyl-4,5-bis(hexadecyloxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]propane-1-sulfonate, have been prepared : the enantiomers (+)-1 and (-)-1, the racemate (±)-1 (by two different methods), and meso 2 and meso 3. Vortexed vesicles of these materials were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering, to give vesicle sizes, and by differential scanning calorimetry, to give bilayer phase transition temperatures and associated enthalpies. Different calorimetry results were obtained for (+)-1 [(-)-1], (±)-1, 2, and 3. In particular, a comparison of the results for (+)-1 [(-)-1] and (±)-1 indicated the operation of enantiomer discrimination. The criteria of the absolute method of stereochemistry applied to this study were not completely fulfilled.
Association of Coffee Intake With Reduced Incidence of Liver Cancer and Death From Chronic Liver Disease in the US Multiethnic Cohort

Background & Aims Coffee consumption has been proposed to reduce risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic liver disease (CLD), but few data are available from prospective, US multiethnic populations. We evaluated the association of coffee intake with HCC and CLD in 162,022 African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites in the US Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Methods We collected data from the MEC, a population-based prospective cohort study of >215,000 men and women from Hawaii and California, assembled in 1993–1996. Participants reported coffee consumption and other dietary and lifestyle factors when they joined the study. During an 18-year follow-up period, there were 451 incident cases of HCC and 654 deaths from CLD. Hazard rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox regression, adjusting for known HCC risk factors. Results High levels of coffee consumption were associated with reduced risk of incident HCC and CLD mortality ( P trend ≤ .0002). Compared with non-coffee drinkers, those who drank 2–3 cups per day had a 38% reduction in risk for HCC (RR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.46–0.84); those who drank ≥4 cups per day had a 41% reduction in HCC risk (RR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.35–0.99). Compared with non-coffee drinkers, participants who consumed 2–3 cups coffee per day had a 46% reduction in risk of death from CLD (RR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.42–0.69) and those who drank ≥4 cups per day had a 71% reduction (RR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.17–0.50). The inverse associations were similar regardless of the participants' ethnicity, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, or diabetes status. Conclusions Increased coffee consumption reduces the risk of HCC and CLD in multiethnic US populations.