cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mainstreaming requires something more: The person — Environment fit

Abstract Academic Mainstreaming has been mandated by recent legislation, but it presents complex issues involving: (1) working with parents of students with special needs; (2) conflicts of values and priorities associated with efforts to change normal school settings in order to enhance services to students with special needs; and (3) developing and maintaining social acceptance and self acceptance in mainstreamed children. Mainstreaming is best understood as a social phenomenon which goes beyond the academic abilities of individual students. Considerations of social integration may be more important than the common focus on academic achievement. Successful mainstreaming may require examination of the classroom as a social environment and of different approaches to instruction and classroom management. Some literature suggests that cooperative instructional strategies and informal classroom styles may be more compatible with successful mainstreaming efforts than other teaching styles.
Optimal allocation of resources in a job shop environment

In this paper we study the allocation of production services (e.g., maintenance) to machining centers in a job shop when there is a limited amount of resources for such services. Different classes of jobs go through the shop. A job class is characterized by its route, its processing requirements, and its priority. The problem we address is how to optimally allocate production services (the resources) to machining centers so as to minimize the total Work-In-Process in the entire system. In order to analyze this problem we model the job shop as an open queueing network. Assuming certain relationships between performances of machining centers (i.e., speeds) and the amounts of resources allocated, we present methods for allocating the resources to the individual machining centers optimally.
EXCITATION TIME MODULATION STUDIES OF MOLECULARLY DOPED POLYMERS

Abstract Steady state vs. pulsed excitation decay kinetics were obtained for naphthalene doped PMMA (plexiglass). The triplet fusion kinetics for dilute samples depend drastically on the initial excitation kinetics. While the initial exciton densities are equal in both cases, the density distributions differ.
Seasonal Changes in the Critical Thermal Maxima of Four Species of Aquatic Insects (Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera)

Seasonal changes in the critical thermal maxima (CTmax) of four species of aquatic insects were determined from February 2012 to February 2013 from a first-order stream in northern Lower Michigan. Three of these species: Stenonema femoratum (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae), Hydropsyche slossonae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae), and Dolophilodes distinctus (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) exhibited seasonal changes in CTmax, increasing through the spring and summer and then decreasing into the subsequent fall and winter. CTmax of these species correlated strongly with both the seasonal ambient stream temperature and with a series of different laboratory acclimation temperatures, suggesting that organisms adapt to laboratory acclimation in a similar manner as they adapt to seasonal changes. In contrast, the CTmax of Parapsyche apicalis (Trichoptera: Arctopsychidae) remained constant regardless of ambient or acclimation temperature. All species exhibited greater thermal sensitivity relative to ambient temperature during the summer than the winter. Our study indicates that thermal tolerance patterns can be different among species in the same environment. It also provides the first winter and year-round thermal tolerance data for aquatic insects.
McRT-Malloc: a scalable transactional memory allocator

Emerging multi-core processors promise to provide an exponentially increasing number of hardware threads with every generation. Applications will need to be highly concurrent to fullyuse the power of these processors. To enable maximum concurrency, libraries (such as malloc-free packages) would therefore need to use non-blocking algorithms. But lock-free algorithms are notoriously difficult to reason about and inappropriate for average programmers. Transactional memory promises to significantly ease concurrent programming for the average programmer. This paper describes a highly efficient non-blocking malloc/free algorithm that supports memory allocation and deallocation inside transactional code blocks. Thus this paper describes a memory allocator that is suitable for emerging multi-core applications, while supporting modern concurrency constructs.This paper makes several novel contributions. It is the first to integrate a software transactional memory system with a malloc/free based memory allocator. We present the first algorithm which ensures that space allocated in an aborted transaction is properly freed and does not lead to a space blowup. Unlike previous lock-free malloc packages, our algorithm avoids atomic operations on typical code paths, making our algorithm substantially more efficient.
Interpolation of orientation for precise path generation in industrial robots

Abstract Industrial robots are versatile mechanical systems that require accurate tracking of continuous end-effector trajectories. However, a variety of control problems are encountered due to the deviation between the desired and actual paths. In this study, a new continuous path planning method based on an interpolation of orientation scheme is applied for precise path generation in robot welding. This method guarantees minimum deviation of positioning and orientation errors. Also, a new trajectory error evaluation strategy is developed to describe the trajectory errors at the effect points, which are very important in some robot jobs such as arc-welding operations. The simulation study of circular motions in arc-welding operations shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A self-contained method for the administration of fluids at regular rates.

Summary1. Various combinations of self-contained delivery units for the administration of fluid at regular rates are described, and the limits of usefulness of these units are delineated.2. Combinations of such units to permit the administration of various types of fluids, including those likely to destroy the elasticity of rubber, are described.
The allelic relationship between AIP (internal pigmentation) and ARC (red cabbage) in Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.

Internal anthocyanin pigmentation (IP), previously reported to be controlled by a single gene dominant to aa of normal green cabbage, was studied further to determine its relationship to A RC A RC of red cabbage. When IP line R52 was crossed with an early red cabbage line. F1 heads were pigmented throughout, but pigment intensity was intermediate. Subjective classification of F2 plants by pigmentation intensity and distribution scores gave a ratio of 1 intense red throughout (red cabbage):2 medium red throughout:1 medium to light red, restricted to the central portion of the head (IP). The genotypes A RC A RC: A RC A IP: A IP A IP. respectively, are proposed to explain these 3 phenotypic classes. F2 progenies contained no normal green plants, supporting the conclusion that A IP and A RC are alleles.
Pituitary Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Receptors: Effects of TRH, Drugs Mimicking TRH Action, and Chlordiazepoxide

Binding of TRH to specific cell surface receptors on clonal GH4C1 cells is followed within 10 min by receptor sequestration and over 24 h by receptor down-regulation. These experiments were designed to determine if TRH-activated second messenger systems are responsible for changes in receptor localization or number. BAY K8644 and A23187, which increase intracellular calcium, alone or together with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), which activates protein kinase C, did not appear to internalize TRH receptors. Drug treatment did not alter the rate of [3H]MeTRH association or internalization, determined by resistance to an acid/salt wash, or the amount of [3H]MeTRH able to bind at 0 C, where only surface receptors are accessible. TPA (0-100 nM) alone or in combination with BAY K8644 or A23187, also failed to change receptor number or affinity after 48 h when TRH caused a 75% decrease in the density of specific binding sites. Chlordiazepoxide has been reported antagonize TRH binding and TRH-induced phospholipid breakdown. Chlordiazepoxide shifted the dose-response curves for TRH stimulation of PRL release and synthesis to the right, and did not change PRL release alone. The affinity of receptors for chlordiazepoxide was not affected by a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP whereas affinity for TRH was decreased; these properties are consistent with the classification of chlordiazepoxide as a competitive antagonist. Several experiments tested whether chlordiazepoxide would cause receptor internalization and down-regulation. Chlordiazepoxide did not appear to internalize TRH receptors, because TRH-binding sites became available rapidly and at the same rate after they had been saturated with chlordiazepoxide at 0 or 37 C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Note on asynchronous exponential growth for structured population models

Abstract In the present note we show asynchronous exponential growth for important age- and size-structured population models.
Off-Label Medication Use in Frontotemporal Dementia

Objective There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications indicated for the treatment of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We sought to determine the most commonly used drugs used to treat behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) in specialized dementia clinics.
Bihalide ion combination reactions in solution: electronic structure and solvation aspects

Abstract The Kim—Hynes theory for electronic structure for reaction systems in solution is applied to the reaction class of the title, focusing on the I - +I → I 2 - reaction in acetonitrile solvent from a valence bond perspective. The transition between a delocalized electronic structure at small internuclear separations r to localized structures at large r is described in terms of a two-dimensional nonequilibrium free energy surface; the second coordinate is a solvent coordinate gauging the state of the solvent orientational polarization. The reaction path on this surface is described, and is contrasted with an equilibrium solvation perspective. An important focus is the polarization force, defined as the force on the diatomic ion coordinate r due to the solvent, which arises from the charge shifting, or electronic structure change, in the solute system along the reaction coordinate. It is argued that this force should play a significant role in the vibrational relaxation of the I 2 - ion.
Absolute configuration of (+)‐trans‐2‐o‐tolyl‐trans‐5‐hydroxycyclohexanol: Metabolite of racemic trans‐2‐o‐tolylcyclohexanol

The absolute configuration of the urinary metabolite (+)-trans-2-o-tolyl-trans-5-hydroxycyclohexanol, isolated after administration of racemic trans-2-o-tolylcyclohexanol in male Holtzman rats, was established by relating it chemically to (1S,2R)-(+)-trans-2-o-tolylcyclohexanol of known absolute configuration. The results give unequivocal proof that the original tentative assignment of (1S,2R,5R)-(+)-trans-2-o-tolyl-trans-5-hydroxycyclohexanol is correct.
Proportional Control and Pressurizer Parameter Study of a Pressure Tube Reactor

An investigation of the transient behavior of a pressure tube reactor indicated a definite need for external control to handle even normal load perturbations. Three proportional controllers were developed which were effective in containing the transients of the system for changes in load. A comparison of the three controllers indicated little preference between them with regard to variations in reactor power, primary loop temperature or system pressure. The final selection of a controller was thus an economic consideration. The result of the parameter study of the pressurizer indicated that a pressurizer size of 30 cubic feet, ? of the total volume of the primary coolant, was adequate for the containment of the pressure and volume surge transients.
Properties Of Low Temperature Plasma CVD Diamond Films

In the microwave plasma deposition (PECVD) of diamond from methane, the variables available for controlling the microstructure of the resulting films are the plasma composition and density, the substrate surface properties, and the temperature. It has been demonstrated that the competition between nucleation site formation and the rate of reactive plasma etching is the critical feature in the development of the film microstructure. Through reducing the deposition temperature and enhancing the etching rates of sp2 carbon, fine grained optical quality diamond films have been produced.
Structural and immunocytochemical characterization of microtubule organizing centers in pteridophyte spermatogenous cells

During the development of the spermatogenous cells, the pteridophyteCeratopteris richardii produces three structurally well-defined microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). The blepharoplast, a spherical body that occurs during the last two spermatogenous divisions, organizes two microtubule (MT) arrays, one associated with a nuclear indentation and the other that organizes the spindle apparatus for the final divisions. After the last spermatogenous division, the blepharoplast reorganizes to produce two new putative MTOCs: the lamellar strip (LS) of the multilayered structure (MLS), which apparently organizes the spline microtubule array, and an amorphous zone (AM), that connects the basal bodies. Thin and semi-thin sections of this tissue were probed with antisera which recognize MTOCs in lower eukaryotes and animals to determine if any of these structures contain MTOC-associated proteins or epitopes recognized by monoclonal antisera. Gamma tubulin antibodies, which recognizeonly the minus ends of MTs in mammalian cells, label along the MT in all arrays found in the pteridophyte spermatogenous cells. Kinetochore MTs are unlabelled near the kinetochore, however. The monoclonal antibodies MPM-2 and C-9, that recognize centrosomal and nuclear epitopes in mammalian cells, label the interphase nucleus, the cytoplasm of mitotic cells, and the blepharoplast during both nuclear indentation and spindle formation. Double labelling of the blepharoplast-containing cells with anti-tubulin and either MPM-2 or C-9 reveals that the blepharoplast-associated fluorescence is the focus of the tubulin arrays. Centrin labels the reorganizing blepharoplast, the MLS, the AM, and a stellate pattern in the transition region of the flagella. These data indicate the usefulness of the structurally well-recognized MTOCs in pteridophyte spermatogenous cells in investigation of land plant MTOCs.
Revenue loss compensation mechanisms in regional trade agreements

For countries that have weak domestic tax administrations and rely heavily on trade taxes for government finances, lowering or eliminating tariffs on trade with regional partners can constitute a significant fiscal risk. In order to nevertheless pursue regional integration, provisions on revenue loss compensation have been introduced into a number of regional trade agreements. This paper reviews, compares and analyses the central design features of existing mechanisms. The discussion suggests that arrangements of limited duration that are based on revenues from domestic taxes while distributing compensation funds according to historical payout criteria have the best prospects of success. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensory-motor interactions modulate a primate vocal behavior: antiphonal calling in common marmosets.

A fundamental issue in neuroscience pertains to how different cortical systems interact to generate behavior. One of the most direct ways to address this issue is to investigate how sensory information is encoded and used to produce a motor response. Antiphonal calling is a natural vocal behavior that involves individuals producing their species-specific long distance vocalization in response to hearing the same call and engages both the auditory and motor systems, as well as the cognitive neural systems involved in decision making and categorization. Here we present results from a series of behavioral experiments investigating the auditory–vocal interactions during antiphonal calling in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We manipulated sensory input by placing subjects in different social contexts and found that the auditory input had a significant effect on call timing and propensity to call. Playback experiments tested the significance of the timing of vocal production in antiphonal calling and showed that a short latency between antiphonal calls was necessary to maintain reciprocal vocal interactions. Overall, this study shows that sensory-motor interactions can be experimentally induced and manipulated in a natural primate vocal behavior. Antiphonal calling represents a promising model system to examine these issues in non-human primates at both the behavioral and neural levels.
Active Control of the Anchoring of 4‘-Pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) at an Aqueous−Liquid Crystal Interface By Using a Redox-Active Ferrocenyl Surfactant

We report an experimental study that demonstrates control of the anchoring of a nematic liquid crystal (LC), 4‘-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), at an aqueous−LC interface by the reversible adsorption of a redox-active surfactant, 11-(ferrocenylundecyl) trimethylammonium bromide (FTMA). Whereas the anchoring of 5CB was found to be insensitive to the oxidation state of FTMA when using aqueous solutions of FTMA, oxidation of FTMA in aqueous mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and FTMA led to a near-planar-to-homeotropic transition in the orientation of 5CB. The change in orientation of 5CB was attributed to the competitive adsorption of CTAB (which causes homeotropic anchoring) and either FTMA or oxidized FTMA (both of which cause near-planar anchoring). Because oxidized FTMA is less surface active than FTMA, oxidation of FTMA in a mixture containing CTAB and FTMA leads to an increase in the surface concentration of CTAB. Reversible control of the anchoring of 5CB was achieved by sequential conta...
Stimulation of the summit of the right ventricular aspect of the ventricular septum during orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia.

Abstract Application of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) from the right ventricular (RV) apex during orthodromic atrioventricular (AV) reentrant tachycardia has limitations both in the ability to shorten the succeeding atrial cycle length and in helping to identify accessory pathway location. Stimulation from the summit of the RV aspect of the septum during AV reentrant tachycardia was investigated as a new technique to improve the diagnostic utility of applying VPCs during AV reentrant tachycardia. VPCs were induced during AV reentrant tachycardia at 10 ms decrements in patients with left free wall (n = 15), posteroseptal (n = 5), and right free wall (n = 3) accessory pathways from the RV apex and then from the summit of the RV septum. When the His was refractory, shortening of the atrial cycle length was noted in 13% of patients with left free wall pathways, in 60% of patients with posteroseptal pathways, and in 100% of patients with right free wall pathways with VPCs from the RV apex, and in 47,100 and 100%, respectively, with VPCs from the summit of the septum. When all VPCs were considered, there was a significant shortening of the atrial cycle length in 67% of patients with left free wall pathways when stimulated from the RV apex, which increased to 93% with summit stimulation. An extrastimulus applied on or after the His effected a significant shortening of the atrial cycle length in no patients with left free wall pathways. The mean maximal shortening of the atrial cycle length when the His was refractory was 4 ± 11 and 9 ± 13 ms for left free wall pathways, 29 ± 30 and 40 ± 11 ms for posteroseptal pathways, and 35 ± 15 and 53 ± 35 ms for right free wall accessory pathway from the apex (p = 0.006) and summit (p = 0.0002), respectively. Stimulation of the summit of the RV septum improves the ability of VPCs to shorten the atrial cycle length during AV reentrant tachycardia.
Nasal reconstruction with the cheek island pedicle flap

Abstract Background: Reconstruction of the lower third of the nose can be challenging. Maintaining the nasal subunit symmetry and providing good tissue match with regard to color, sebaceous quality, and thickness is essential. For extensive defects in this area, paramedian forehead flaps are often considered. Objective: Our purpose was to develop the technique of preparing and executing the cheek island pedicle flap, as well as to define the limitations and "pitfalls" of the flap. Methods: The cheek island pedicle flap is described. Results: The cheek island pedicle flap can provide excellent cosmetic results in reconstructing defects of the lower third of the nose. The flap dynamics are predictable, and anticipated complications are described. Conclusion: The cheek island pedicle flap provides an excellent alternative to the paramedian forehead flap for reconstruction of extensive defects of the lower third of the nose.
Two-component signal transduction systems in eukaryotic microorganisms

Conserved signal transduction pathways that use phosphorelay from histidine kinases through an intermediate transfer protein (H2) to response regulators have been found in a variety of eukaryotic microorganisms. Several of these pathways are linked to mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. These networks control different physiological responses including osmoregulation, cAMP levels and cellular morphogenesis.
Everyday Politics in Public Administration

The politics-administration dichotomy was long ago dismissed as either a descriptive or (except for a few notable holdouts) prescriptive account of what the role of public administration should be. Yet the dichotomy endures in practice and in habit of mind, embedded in institutional traditions and in the legal code as well.Political involvement-coalition formation, symbol manipulation, constituency mobilization-by public administrators is an everyday occurrence. Inside and outside the agency are struggles over resource distribution, professional norms and proper procedures, or the level of threat/reassurance that should be attached to various events, groups, or individuals.Political engagement remains problematic for public administrators, however. If political involvement is permitted, someone will have to rethink the meaning of Progressivism, neutral competence, professionalism, and an expert-based civil service. More daunting still, compelling critiques of representative democracy have placed electoral...
Continuous electrophysiologic monitoring of cerebral function in the pediatric intensive care unit

The brains of children admitted to intensive care units are at considerable risk. Electrophysiologic techniques are the most suitable of available methods for uninterrupted surveillance of brain function. Although the use of routine electroencephalography for this purpose is impractical, automated electroencephalographic signal analysis and application of digital computer technology have made continuous monitoring of cerebral function feasible. Various methods of displaying modified electroencephalographic data in an understandable and interpretable form have been developed; the most commonly used devices are the cerebral function monitor and the compressed spectral array. Practical clinical applications and limitations of continuous cerebral function monitoring are discussed.
A mathematical model for mesh's dynamic behavior

Abstract We discuss a mathematical model for an m × n mesh system in this paper. Besides specifying its static behavior, we mainly focus on the impact of the dynamic factors of the mesh system. Particularly, we try to capture the unavailability of certain connections between two adjacent processors in the mesh system, either because of physical absence or saturation due to heavy traffic. We believe we have presented a rather elegant mathematical model for a fairly large class of mesh systems, which is also more general than the models available at present. As a demonstrative example, we make some preliminary analysis with respect to the average time to carry out interprocessor communication, within this model.
The Distributional Impact of Statewide Property Tax Relief: the Michigan Case

This study uses data from a random survey of 2001 Michigan households to analyze the extent to which the Michigan ctreuit-breaker has been successful in reducing the income regressivity of the property tax and in changing relative property tax burdens. Because of its relatively extensive coverage, including renters as well as homeowners and the nonaged as well as the aged, the circuit-breaker has yielded a more equal distribution of income within Michigan. Its potential to change the distribution of income depends on the particular formula utilized, but redistributional effects have thus far been lamited because program participation has been positively correlated with income. To the extent that reductions in the price ofpublic services created by the circuit-breaker are perceived by households, the biggest stimulus appears to be in high property tax/high-income counties
Videomagnetograph studies of solar magnetic fields. I - Magnetic field diffusion in weak plage regions

Observations of magnetic field diffusion in weak plage regions have been made using the analog videomagnetograph at the California Institute of Technology. Points of magnetic flux, usually described as ‘vertex points’ of the magnetic network, were found to have a mean lifetime of three to four days, and to disperse primarily by means of two mechanisms: a random walk with a step time short compared to 24 h, and a sudden transport of magnetic flux over distances of 5000 to 20000 km during a time span of one to three hours. The second mechanism is probably the predominant one. Similar observations have been made using K3 spectroheliograms.
Photocurable silicon-based materials for imprinting lithography

Step and flash imprint lithography (SFIL) is low cost, high resolution patterning process and has found its way into a multitude of front end of the line (FEOL) and back end of the line (BEOL) applications. SFIL-R, a reverse tone variant of SFIL, and imprintable dielectrics are examples of such applications, and both require the design of specialized, silicon-based materials. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) liquids were modified through a dual functionalization strategy to introduce photosensitive acrylate and thermally curable benzocyclobutane (BCB) groups to the molecule. The optimal functional group ratio was observed to be 3:5 acrylate to BCB, and the result was an imprintable dielectric with good mechanical properties and minimal post-exposure shrinkage. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed good thermal stability with minimal mass loss under annealing conditions of 400°C for 2 hours. Si-14 was designed to be a non-volatile, etch-resistant planarization layer for SFIL-R application. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) derivative was modified to introduce acrylate functional groups and side branching for photosensitivity and low viscosity, respectively. Characterization of the material showed ideal planarization characteristics - low volatility (0.77 Torr at 25°C), low viscosity (15.1 cP), and minimal post-exposure shrinkage (5.1%).
Role of Wireless Grids in Outsourcing and Offshoring: Approaches, Architectures, and Technical Challenges

The growing incidence of outsourcing and offshoring of professional applications is motivating increasing interest in the use of grid computing and grid topologies for meeting the infrastructure requirements. A Wireless Grid facilitates the exchange of information and the interaction between heterogeneous wireless and wired devices. Depending on the nature of the interactions among the constituencies served by the wireless grid, various layouts can be envisaged to provide ubiquitous services. A wireless grid is similar to the wired grid in terms of its distributed nature, the requirement for standards and protocols, and the need for adequate Quality of Service. In addition, a Wireless Grid has to deal with the complexities of the limited power of the mobile devices, the limited bandwidth, and the increased dynamic nature of the interactions involved. The ability of the grid models to address outsourcing needs is contingent upon the efficient resolution of multiple technical challenges.
Macroeconomic Patterns and Monetary Policy in the Run-Up to Asset Price Busts

We find that inflation, output and the stance of monetary policy do not typically display unusual behavior ahead of asset price busts. By contrast, credit, shares of investment in GDP, current account deficits, and asset prices typically rise, providing useful, if not perfect, leading indicators of asset price busts. These patterns could also be observed in the build-up to the current crisis. Monetary policy was not the main, systematic cause of the current crisis. But, with inflation typically under control, central banks effectively accommodated these growing imbalances, raising the risk of damaging busts.
Biochemical and immunochemical evidence for the induction of an ethanol-inducible cytochrome p-450 isozyme in male syrian golden hamsters☆

Abstract The effects of ethanol and of phenobarbital pretreatment on hamster microsomal metabolism of aniline and p-nitrophenol have been investigated. Hydroxylation of both compounds was increased over 2-fold by ethanol pretreatment, whereas phenobarbital pretreatment had little effect on either activity. Ethanol pretreatment had no effect on the specific content of total cytochrome P-450, while phenobarbital pretreatment increased the specific content 1.6-fold. Comparison of the specific activities for aniline hydroxylation and p-nitrophenol hydroxylation of individual microsomal samples from control, ethanol-pretreated and phenobarbital-pretreated animals showed a high degree of correlation r2 = 0.98) consistent with the involvement of the same site for catalysis of these two compounds. Antibody to rabbit ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 (isozyme 3a) inhibited over 80% of the aniline (high affinity) and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activities of microsomes from ethanol-treated hamsters. A comparison of the antibody-inhibitable rates for both hydroxylase activities with microsomes from untreated, ethanol- or phenobarbital-pretreated hamsters suggested that an isozyme homologous to rabbit isozyme 3a (hamster cytochrome P-450alc) was induced in hamsters about 3.5-fold by ethanol and was unaffected by phenobarbital. The induction of hamster cytochrome P-450alc was confirmed by immunoblot analysis of hamster microsomes. A single protein with a molecular weight of approximately 54,000 was recognized by antibody to the rabbit isozyme. Quantification of the immunoblots demonstrated that the hamster isozyme was increased about 3-fold, in good agreement with the induction determined by a comparison of the antibody-inhibitable rates. The results indicated that, although there was no change in the total spectrally observable cytochrome P-450, there was a marked change in the distribution of the isozymes of cytochrome P-450, with an increase in the alcohol-inducible form after 28-day ethanol consumption by chow-fed hamsters. This isozyme can be readily monitored by either high-affinity aniline or p-nitrophenol hydroxylation or by Western immunoblot analysis and appears to be the ethanol-inducible form of cytochrome P-450 in hamsters.
A Practical Approach to Disturbance Decoupling Control

In this paper, a unique dynamic disturbance decoupling control (DDC) strategy, based on the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) framework, is proposed for square multivariable systems. With the proposed method, it is shown that a largely unknown square multivariable system is readily decoupled by actively estimating and rejecting the effects of both the internal plant dynamics and external disturbances. By requiring as little information on plant model as possible, the intention is to make the new method practical. The stability analysis shows that both the estimation error and the closed-loop tracking error are bounded and the error upper bounds monotonously decrease with the bandwidths. Simulation results obtained on two chemical process problems show good performance in the presence of significant unknown disturbances and unmodeled dynamics.
AN INTERACTIVE TOOL FOR THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE BASES

It is widely accepted that more knowledge means more intelligence. In many knowledge intensive applications, it is necessary to have extensive domain-specific knowledge in addition to general-purpo...
A digital readout vibrational activity monitor for newborn animals

Abstract We describe a device to monitor activity in the preambulatory neonatal rat. It can be readily accommodated to larger animals as well. It consists of (1) an inexpensive mechanical-to-electrical transducer, (2) a pulse height analyzer, limiter, and one-shot multivibrator, and (3) a digital electronic counter with LED display. These components attach to a polygraph and record, in real time, the number of vibrations produced above an adjustable threshold. The device is extremely sensitive, highly adjustable and thoroughly reliable. Detailed description, calibration, and supporting data for the activity monitor are presented.
Management of LVAD Patients for Noncardiac Surgery: A Single-Institution Study.

Objective To describe the experience regarding the perioperative management of patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) who require anesthesia while undergoing noncardiac surgery (NCS) at a single medical center. Design Retrospective chart review Setting Academic medical center Participants Patients with LVADs Interventions Medical records from April 1, 2009 through January 31, 2014 were reviewed for patients who underwent Heartmate II LVAD placement at this facility. Individual records were reviewed for NCS after LVAD placement, specifically investigating perioperative and anesthetic management. Measurements and Main Results Seventy-one patients underwent LVAD placement during this time period. Thirty-five patients (49%) underwent a total of 101 NCS procedures. Arterial catheters were placed in 19 patients (19%), and 33 patients (33%) were intubated for their procedure. No complications or perioperative mortality occurred related to the NCS. Conclusions Noncardiac surgery is becoming more common in patients with LVADs. Anesthetic management of these patients outside of the cardiac operating room is limited. Patients with Heartmate II LVADs can safely undergo noncardiac surgery.
Face colorings of embedded graphs

We characterize those graphs which have at least one embedding into some surface such that the faces can be properly colored in four or fewer colors. Embeddings into both orientable and nonorientable surfaces are considered.
Wilderness 2.0: what does wilderness mean to the Millennials?

Several prominent culture critics (including Bill McKibben and Richard Louv) worry that with the emergence of anthropogenic climate change and decline of direct experience with the out-of-doors, the idea of wilderness may no longer have meaning to twenty-first century Americans. Are they right? Does the wilderness tradition still speak to Millennials? To investigate this question, we organized an essay contest, inviting anyone born after 1980 to submit an essay on the meaning of wilderness. We analyze the 41 contest entries and the invited essays to determine common themes, identifying continuities and discontinuities with the inherited wilderness tradition. We conclude that the wilderness tradition remains vital and powerful, but we should expect it to evolve in new directions as social and environmental conditions change.
Polar heterojunction interfaces

A study of heterojunction interface geometry based on our measured differences in $3d$ core-state binding energies for germanium and gallium at Ge-GaAs heterojunctions of different crystallographic orientations is reported. For the interfaces which have been studied, i.e., (110), (100) Ga, (100) As, (111) Ga, and ($\overline{1}\overline{1}\overline{1}$) As, orientation-dependent variations in dipole contributions to valence-band discontinuities of about 0.2 eV have been observed. From electrostatic considerations we deduce the simplest interface geometries consistent with the facts that the differences are small and no large charge accumulations can occur at the junction. An abrupt planar junction is allowed for the (110) interface, but the polar interfaces require at least two transition planes of atoms with compositions which are deduced from the two conditions above. The electrostatic calculations were based upon the differences in nuclear charge and are unaffected by the resulting polarization of the bonds if that polarization is described in an "electronegativity" approximation. In this approximation there would in fact be no dipole shift for the ideal geometries proposed. An improved treatment of the bond polarization based upon the bond-orbital model gives residual dipole shifts somewhat smaller than those observed, and in poor agreement with our measurements. Inclusion of lattice-distortion effects at the interface also fails to account for the observed dipole shifts. We conclude that the experimentally prepared junctions must contain deviations from the ideal atom arrangements. The number of these deviations required to account for the observed shifts is on the order of one for every fifteen interface atoms.
A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Service-Learning on Students:

Service-learning (SL) has become a popular teaching method everywhere from elementary schools to colleges. Despite the increased presence of SL in the education world, it is still unclear what student outcomes are associated with SL programs and what factors are related to more effective programs. A meta-analysis of 62 studies involving 11,837 students indicated that, compared to controls, students participating in SL programs demonstrated significant gains in five outcome areas: attitudes toward self, attitudes toward school and learning, civic engagement, social skills, and academic performance. Mean effects ranged from 0.27 to 0.43. Furthermore, as predicted, there was empirical support for the position that following certain recommended practices—such as linking to curriculum, voice, community involvement, and reflection—was associated with better outcomes. Current data should be gratifying for educators who incorporate SL into their courses, and should encourage more SL research to understand how students benefit and what conditions foster their growth and development.
Sliding behavior and deformation textures of heated illite gouge

Abstract The run products of a series of triaxial friction experiments on an illite-rich gouge have been examined petrographically to study the relationship between textural development and sliding mode. The samples show a complete range of textures, from ones in which the entire gouge layer is deformed to ones in which the deformation is concentrated along narrow subsidiary shears and the rest of the gouge layer is massive. The samples with a pervasively developed deformation fabric slide stably, whereas the samples containing shear bands show stick-slip motion if the intersection angles between boundary-parallel and cross-cutting (Riedel) shears are also relatively high. These textural differences suggest that localization of shear combined with higher-angle Riedel shears are somehow involved in stick-slip motion. The orientation of Riedel-type shears in natural fault zones may also have potential as a paleoseismological tool.
Removal of ‘soluble’ iron in the Potomac River estuary: A reply

Sholkovitz (1980) states that the observations of Eaton (1979) on freshwater removal of soluble Fe in the Potomac River actually represent cation coagulation at very low salinities. It is shown here that the salinity does not change over the region of Fe removal and thus the original hypotheses of Eaton (1979) are a better explanation in this case.
Massively parallel SIMD simulation of discrete time stochastic Petri nets

Performance modeling using Petri nets is becoming increasingly popular due to their versatility. Simulation remains the only feasible method of solving Petri nets with generally distributed firing times. Previous work on parallel simulation of Petri nets mostly involved some restricted classes of timed Petri nets that have been simulated on MIMD machines. This paper proposes a synchronous algorithm for SIMD simulation of a general class of timed Petri nets with discrete transition firing times. Implementation on a MasPar MP-2 shows that good speedups are achievable and a parallel implementation can significantly outperform a sequential implementation using a workstation.
Comparing Desegregation Intervention Strategies

The author examines the question of which type of desegregation plan most effectively reduces segregation in American public schools. This study departs from previous research in that the school desegregation plans are not categorized as mandatory and voluntary. Rather, a choice-assignment continuum is created to account for more of the variation between diverse desegregation orders that have been implemented in urban America. By several rigid criteria, desegregation plans relying on assignment techniques reduce the level of segregation to a greater degree than choice techniques.
Solder bond applications in a piezoelectric sensor assembly

A procedure to use solder technology in the assembly of a single-crystal quartz accelerometer was developed. 87.5 Au-12.5 Ge (wt.%) solder films 0.5*10/sup -6/, 1.0*1.0/sup -6/, and 2.0*10/sup -6/ m thick were formed by the electron beam deposition of individual layers of Au and Ge with thicknesses so that the bulk film composition equaled the eutectic composition. The 2.0*10/sup -6/ m thick quartz/Au-Ge/quartz bonds had an adhesive tensile strength of 17+or-2 MPa. The strength increased to 29+or-3 MPa and 27+or-12 MPa after thermal shock and thermal cycle exposures, respectively. The 1.0*10/sup -6/ m thick bonds exhibited strengths of 16+or-3 MPa, and 15+or-8 MPa in the as-fabricated, post-thermal shock, and post-thermal cycled samples, respectively. The 0.5*10/sup -6/m joints produced a large degree of scatter in the strength values. >
The Simplicity Behind the Elucidation of Complex Structure in Ribosomal RNA

The elucidation of 16S and 23S rRNA Higher-Order Structure has been addressed by Comparative Sequence Methods for more than a decade. During these years our comparative methods have evolved as the number of complete 16S and 23S rRNA sequences have increased significantly, resulting in the maturation of the higher-order structure models for 16S and 23S rRNA.
Narratives of Commitment: Looking for Work with a Criminal Record

Unemployment is one of the most often cited barriers to reentry, yet we know little about how understandings of work inform the job-search strategies of men and women with felon status. How and why...
Understanding the transmission of H5N1

H5N1 influenza virus is now endemic in many regions of the world. Outbreaks continue to occur with devastating impact to local economies and threatening human health. The transmission of the virus involves a complex interplay between the spatio-temporal dynamics of the potential avian hosts, the ecology of the virus and poultry farming and trade. Despite increased monitoring of wild bird populations and poultry trade, control measures remain insufficient to mitigate the spread of the virus. Here, we focus on the influence of seasonality of migration and breeding in the transmission of H5N1. We also review recent findings on the interaction between migratory birds and poultry in the pattern of recurrence of H5N1 outbreaks. Finally, impacts of vaccination and co-circulation of avian influenza strains are discussed in the context of re-emergence and silent spreading of the disease.
Prototype stopping rules in software development projects

Custom software development projects under product specification uncertainty can be subject to wide variations in performance (duration, cost, and quality) depending on how the uncertainty is resolved. A prototyping strategy has been chosen in many cases to mitigate specification risk and improve performance. The study reported here sought to illuminate the case where duration was the highest priority project constraint, a feature that has often called for a concurrent development process. Unlike concurrent engineering, however, the process in this paper was a sequential, three-phase approach including an optional, up-front prototyping phase, a nominal-duration construction phase, and a variable length rework phase that grew with the arrival of specification modifications. The source of uncertainty was the modification arrival time; the management control point was the amount of time spent engaged in prototyping activities. Results showed that in situations where the modification arrival rate was sufficiently faster during prototyping than during construction, a minimal-duration choice was available. The model also returned the solution to perform no prototyping in cases where arrival rates were nearly equivalent between phases, or when the rework cost associated with modifications was consistently low.
Concurrent design of input shaping and vibration absorbers

Systems that exhibit flexible dynamics are susceptible to vibration caused by changes in the reference command, as well as, from external disturbances. Feedback control is an obvious choice to deal with these vibrations, but in many cases, it is insufficient or difficult to implement. Input shaping has proven beneficial for reducing vibration that is caused by changes in the reference command. However, input shaping does not deal with vibration excited by external disturbances. On the other hand, vibration absorbers have long been used to decrease vibration from external sources, particularly sinusoidal disturbances. In the paper, vibration absorbers and input shaping are designed concurrently to reduce vibration from both the reference command and external sources. The usefulness of this combined approach for dealing with both external and reference command disturbances is demonstrated through computer simulations.