cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The genetic toxicity of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene and 3,3',4, 4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene: discordance between acute mouse bone marrow and subchronic mouse peripheral blood micronucleus test results.

Abstract 3,3′,4,4′-Tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) are dioxin-like chemicals that were investigated for toxicity in 13-week gavage studies in male and female B6C3F 1 mice and F344N rats by the National Toxicology Program. As part of the comprehensive toxicological investigation of these chemicals, peripheral blood smears from mice treated 5 days per week for 13 weeks with 0.1–30 mg/kg/day TCAB or TCAOB were analyzed for the frequency of micronucleated (MN) normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE). Both chemicals produced significant increases in MN-NCE in male and female mice. In contrast to these positive results in subchronic exposure studies, no significant increases were seen in acute bone marrow MN tests in male mice administered three daily injections of 50–200 mg/kg/day TCAB and TCAOB. The results with TCAB and TCAOB suggest that the routine integration of MN tests with subchronic toxicity studies may allow detection of mutagenic activity for some chemicals that fail to elicit responses in short-term, high dose tests. In addition, the integration of mutagenicity tests into general toxicity tests reduces the use of laboratory animals and the cost of the testing.
Optimal control of curve‐crossing systems

Controlling curve‐crossing dynamics of a model diatomic system between two dissociative electronic states through radiative coupling with a third bound state is examined. Starting with an initial wave packet on one of the crossing surfaces, optimal control theory is used to design the radiative field to either enhance or eliminate (at our choice) selectivity of one product channel over another. A new optimization procedure is introduced which filters out dc and low frequency components from the optimal field, but still allows for resonant transitions to a third bound state. This procedure forces the fields to employ interesting physical mechanisms involving the bound state in order to control the electronic branching ratios rather than directly negating or enhancing the diabatic coupling term in the Hamiltonian. A new propagation scheme for a multisurface Hamiltonian using Pauli matrices is also presented.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics with a single quantum dot coupled to a photonic molecule

We demonstrate the effects of cavity quantum electrodynamics for a quantum dot coupled to a photonic molecule consisting of a pair of coupled photonic crystal cavities. We show anticrossing between the quantum dot and the two supermodes of the photonic molecule, signifying achievement of the strong coupling regime. From the anticrossing data, we estimate the contributions of both mode-coupling and intrinsic detuning to the total detuning between the supermodes. Finally, we also show signatures of off-resonant cavity-cavity interaction in the photonic molecule.
Differential operators in terms of Clebsch-Gordon (C-G) coefficients and the wave equation of massless tensor fields

The quantum theory of angular momentum affords a treatment of tensors and vectors in a spherical basis. By using this theory we define the tensor differential operators: divergence, curl and gradient which act on a tensor of any rank, in terms of C-G coefficients. With these definitions we obtain a matrix representation and useful properties for those operators. An interesting application of this formalism is to find the wave equation of a tensor of any rank in a linear theory. This provides a new common way to look at the wave equations associated with both Maxwell's equations and the Maxwell-like equations for the linearized Weyl curvature tensor in gravitoelectromagnetism describing gravitational radiation on a Minkowski spacetime background.
Neurofibroma of the ovary

We report an unusual example of ovarian neurofibroma in a woman with neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease). The neoplasm caused ovarian enlargement which surgically simulated malignant neoplasm. Ovarian neurofibromas are extremely rare and may arise from small myelinated nerves in the ovarian hilum.
Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotating Different Aspect Ratio Channels

Fig. 1 Secondary  ow vectors and axial  ow contours (w/w0) in different aspect ratio channels. Re = 2.5 10, Ro = 0.5, and z0/ D = 10. by Intense Solar Radiation,’’ Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 107, No. 1, 1985, pp. 29– 34. Siegel, R., ‘‘Internal Radiation Effects in Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings,’’ Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1996, pp. 707– 709. Siegel, R., ‘‘Two-Flux Green’s Function Analysis for Transient Spectral Radiation in a Composite,’’ Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1996, pp. 681– 688. Siegel, R., ‘‘Two-Flux and Green’s Function Method for Transient Radiative Transfer in a Semitransparent Layer,’’ Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Radiative Heat Transfer (Kusadasi, Turkey), Radiative Transfer— 1, Begell House, New York, 1996, pp. 473– 487. Makino, T., Kunitomo, T., Sakai, I., and Kinoshita, H., ‘‘Thermal Radiative Properties of Ceramic Materials,’’ Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 50, No. 452, 1984, pp. 1045 – 1052. Siegel, R., and Howell, J. R., Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, 3rd ed., Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 1992, pp. 23, 33.
Tumor Localizing Agents VI: Radioiodinated Analogs of Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)

The preparation of 1,1-dichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(o-iodophenyl-125I)ethane and 1,1-dichloro-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-(m-iodophenyl-125I)ethane is reported. These compounds were prepared by chlorination of the appropriate iodoacetophenone, reduction to the corresponding carbinol, followed by acid-catalyzed condensation with chlorobenzene. Radioiodination was accomplished by isotope exchange with iodide-125. Preliminary studies in rats indicate that the position of the radioiodine has little influence on the predilection of these agents for adrenal tissue.
Daytime fire detection using airborne hyperspectral data

Abstract The shortwave infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, covering wavelengths from 1400 to 2500 nm, can include significant emitted radiance from fire. There have been relatively few evaluations of the utility of shortwave infrared remote sensing data, and in particular hyperspectral remote sensing data, for fire detection. We used an Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) scene acquired over the 2003 Simi Fire to identify the hyperspectral index that was able to most accurately detect pixels containing fire. All AVIRIS band combinations were used to calculate normalized difference indices, and kappa was used to compare classification ability of these indices for three different fire temperature ranges. The most accurate index was named the Hyperspectral Fire Detection Index (HFDI). The HFDI uses shortwave infrared bands centered at 2061 and 2429 nm. These bands are sensitive to atmospheric attenuation, so the impacts of variable elevation, solar zenith angle, and atmospheric water vapor concentration on HFDI were assessed using radiative transfer modeling. While varying these conditions did affect HFDI values, relative differences between background HFDI and HFDI for 1% fire pixel coverage were maintained. HFDI is most appropriate for detection of flaming combustion, and may miss lower temperature smoldering combustion at low percent pixel coverage due to low emitted radiance in the shortwave infrared. HFDI, two previously proposed hyperspectral fire detection indices, and a broadband shortwave infrared-based fire detection index were applied to AVIRIS scenes acquired over the 2007 Zaca Fire and 2008 Indians Fire. A qualitative comparison of the indices demonstrated that HFDI provides improved detection of fire with less variability in background index values.
Interaction between water and defective silica surfaces

We use the density functional theory method to study dry (1 × 1) α-quartz (0001) surfaces that have Frenkel-like defects such as oxygen vacancy and oxygen displacement. These defects have distinctively different effects on the water–silica interface depending on whether the adsorbent is a single water molecule, a cluster, or a thin film. The adsorption energies, bonding energies, and charge transfer or redistributions are analyzed, from which we find that the existence of a defect enhances the water molecule and cluster surface interaction by a large amount, but has little or even negative effect on water thin film–silica surface interaction. The origin of the weakening in film–surface systems is the collective hydrogen bonding that compromises the water–surface interaction in the process of optimizing the total energy. For clusters on surfaces, the lowest total energy states lower both the bonding energy and the adsorption energy.
Intracellular translocation and metabolism of fluorescent lipid analogues in cultured mammalian cells

Abstract Fluorescent analogues of phospholipids add a new dimension to studies of lipid metabolism by providing information about the distribution of lipid metabolites in living cells. Using this approach we present evidence for the ‘sorting' of lipids during their synthesis, transport and assembly into intracellular membranes.
Implications of an Arrest in Domestic Violence Cases: Learning From Korean Social Workers' Experiences in the U.S.

In response to the lack of research on the effect of arrest in deterring domestic violence in minority communities, a qualitative exploratory study was conducted with Korean American social workers providing services to Korean domestic violence victims in the New York metropolitan area. The authors examined study participants' perceptions about their clients' experiences of arrests in domestic violence situations. Findings reveal major barriers for Korean victims that prevent them from utilizing help from the police. Main themes from the data show both negative and positive results from arrests. Participants perceived arrest as an ultimately necessary tool for deterring domestic violence in the Korean community in the U.S. Participants suggested some changes in the criminal justice system to better respond to immigrant victims of domestic violence. Practice and policy implications are discussed.
Introduction: Measuring human resource effectiveness and impact

This special issue represents the collective wisdom of approximately 100 participants who attended the “HR Measurement Symposium” in late 1995. Sponsored by the California Strategic Human Resource Partnership, a human resources (HR) consortium consisting of top HR executives of 30 leading companies in Northern California, the symposium was designed to share and shape emerging thinking in the area of HR measurement. With Dave Ulrich and I acting as cochairs of the symposium, four academic thought leaders and six corporate speakers were invited to present their ideas and work in the one-and-a-half day conference. The presenters in the symposium were:
The capacitated dynamic lot size problem with variable technology.

Traditionally, the technological coefficients in production models were assumed to be fixed. In recent years however, researchers have used the learning curve model to represent nonlinear technological coefficients, and the dynamic lot-sizing problem with learning in setups has received attention. This article extends the research to consider capacity restrictions in the single-level, multi-item case. The research has two goals, first, to analyze the effects of setup learning on a production schedule, and second, to investigate efficient ways of solving the resulting nonlinear integer model. Previously derived algorithms do not address the issue of capacity; thus a heuristic is developed and its solution is compared with the optimal solution, where possible, or to a lower bound solution.
Integrated far-infrared background from galaxies

The integrated radiation from galaxies is calculated at far-IR and submillimeter wavelengths. The peak of the far-IR background radiation is 100-130 microns, and its total energy content is 0.5-6 percent of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). At wavelengths longward of 400 microns, the CMB dominates over the far-IR radiation from galaxies in intensity. The autocorrelation of fluctuations from the average angle of the far-IR background of galaxies is calculated. The contribution of galaxies to the anisotropy of the background radiation at wavelengths longer than about 400 microns where the CMB is predominant is obtained. It is found that, in general, earlier galaxy formation predicts stronger far-IR background radiation. The prompt initial enrichment model for the chemical evolution of disk galaxies, in particular those with an exponential star formation rate, produces much larger intensity of the integrated radiation than the accretion model.
SigSpot: mining significant anomalous regions from time-evolving networks (abstract only)

Anomaly detection in dynamic networks has a rich gamut of application domains, such as road networks, communication networks and water distribution networks. An anomalous event, such as a traffic accident, denial of service attack or a chemical spill, can cause a local shift from normal behavior in the network state that persists over an interval of time. Detecting such anomalous regions of network and time extent in large real-world networks is a challenging task. Existing anomaly detection techniques focus on either the time series associated with individual network edges or on global anomalies that affect the entire network. In order to detect anomalous regions, one needs to consider both the time and the affected network substructure jointly, which brings forth computational challenges due to the combinatorial nature of possible solutions.We propose the problem of mining all Significant Anomalous Regions (SAR) in time-evolving networks that asks for the discovery of connected temporal subgraphs comprised of edges that significantly deviate from normal in a persistent manner. We propose an optimal Baseline algorithm for the problem and an efficient approximation, called S IG S POT. Compared to Baseline, SIGSPOT is up to one order of magnitude faster in real data, while achieving less than 10% average relative error rate. In synthetic datasets it is more than 30 times faster than Baseline with 94% accuracy and solves efficiently large instances that are infeasible (more than 10 hours running time) for Baseline. We demonstrate the utility of SIGSPOT for inferring accidents on road networks and study its scalability when detecting anomalies in social, transportation and synthetic evolving networks, spanning up to 1GB.
The power of music.

What an odd thing it is to see an entire species—billions of people—playing with listening to meaningless tonal patterns, occupied and preoccupied for much of their time by what they call ‘music.’ This, at least, was one of the things about human beings that puzzled the highly cerebral alien beings, the Overlords, in Arthur C. Clarke's novel Childhood's End . Curiosity brings them down to the Earth's surface to attend a concert; they listen politely and patiently, and at the end, congratulate the composer on his ‘great ingenuity’—while still finding the entire business unintelligible. They cannot think what goes on in human beings when they make or listen to music, because nothing goes on within them. They, themselves, as a species, lack music. Clarke likes to embody questions in fables, and the Overlords' bewilderment makes one wonder, indeed, what it is about music that gives it such peculiar power over us, a power delectable and beneficent for the most part, but also capable of uncontrollable and sometimes destructive force. We may imagine the Overlords ruminating further, back in their spaceships. This so-called ‘music,’ they would have to concede, is in some way efficacious to humans. Yet it has no concepts, and makes no propositions; it lacks images, symbols, the stuff of language. It has no power of representation. It has no relation to the world. These, indeed, are the very issues Schopenhauer raises in The World as Will and Representation —and Schopenhauer himself was passionately musical. Music, for him, was an embodiment of pure ‘will’—but this is not a notion that goes down well in a neuroscientific age. Another passionately musical philosopher, Nietzsche, said, ‘We listen to music with our muscles.’ This, at least, is something we can see. It is evident in all of us—we tap our feet, we …
Scalable consistency-based hardware trojan detection and diagnosis

Hardware Trojans (HTs) have become a major concern in modern IC industry, especially with the fast growth in IC outsourcing. HT detection and diagnosis are challenging due to the huge number of gates in modern IC designs and the high cost of testing. We propose a scalable and efficient HT detection and diagnosis scheme based on segmentation and consistency analysis of the gate-level properties. Furthermore, we develop a HT masking approach that prevents the HTs from functioning using selective device aging. We evaluate our HT detection and diagnosis schemes on a set of ISCAS and ITC benchmarks.
Electronic structure of the perturbed blue copper site in nitrite reductase: spectroscopic properties, bonding and implications for the entatic/rack state.

Low-temperature optical absorption, circular dichroism, magnetic circular dichroism, and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectra have been measured for the green “blue” copper center (type 1) in Achromobacter cycloclastes nitrite reductase. Combined with density functional calculations, the results of these spectroscopies have been used to define the extremely “perturbed” electronic structure of this site relative to that of the prototypical “classic” site found in plastocyanin. Experimentally calibrated density functional calculations have been further used to determine the specific geometric distortions which generate the perturbed electronic structure. These studies indicate that the principal electronic structure changes in nitrite reductase, relative to plastocyanin, are a rotation of the Cu dx2-y2 half-filled, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and an increase in the ligand field strength at the Cu center. The HOMO rotation increases the pseudo-σ interaction and decreases the π interaction of ...
Redox changes induced in hippocampal precursor cells by heavy ion irradiation.

Hippocampal precursors retain the capacity to proliferate and differentiate throughout life, and their progeny, immature neurons, can undergo neurogenesis, a process believed to be important in maintaining the cognitive health of an organism. A variety of stresses including irradiation have been shown to deplete neural precursor cells, an effect that inhibits neurogenesis and is associated with the onset of cognitive impairments. Our past work has shown that neural precursor cells exposed to X-rays or protons exhibit a prolonged increase in oxidative stress, a factor we hypothesize to be critical in regulating the function of these cells after irradiation and other stresses. Here we report that irradiation of hippocampal precursor cells with high-linear energy transfer (LET) 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe ions leads to significantly higher levels of oxidative stress when compared to lower LET radiations (X-rays, protons). Irradiation with 1 Gy of 56Fe ions elicits twofold to fivefold higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to unirradiated controls, and at lower doses (≤1 Gy) neural precursors exhibit a linear dose response 6 h after heavy ion exposure. The use of the antioxidant lipoic acid (LA) was able to reduce ROS levels below background levels when added before or after 56Fe ion irradiation. These results conclusively show that low doses of 56Fe ions can elicit significant levels of oxidative stress in neural precursor cells. Given the prevalence of heavy ions in space and the duration of interplanetary travel, these data suggest that astronauts are at risk for developing cognitive decrements. However, our results also indicate that antioxidants delivered before as radioprotective agents or after as mitigating agents hold promise as effective countermeasures for ameliorating certain adverse effects of heavy ion exposure to the CNS.
State reduction and energy extraction from black holes

I show that attempts to detect Hawking quanta would reduce the quantum state to one containing ultra-energetic incoming particles; couplings of these to other systems would extract ultra-high energies from the gravitational collapse. As the collapse proceeds, these energies grow exponentially, rapidly become trans-Planckian, and quantum-gravitational effects must enter.
Explaining the role of norms and rationality in codeswitching

Abstract When does rationality favor making an unmarked choice versus a marked choice in codeswitching and vice versa? Within the framework of rational actor models (e.g., Elster 1979, 1989) and Lessig's (1995) examination of the regulation and construction of social meaning, the paper shows how the potency of unmarked choices is derived from existing norms and how selecting the marked choice is an attempt to construct new norms. Rational actor models (including the markedness model of Myers-Scotton, 1993, 1998) take account of large-scale societal factors, but not as directly determining linguistic choices. Rather, selection is located with the individual, and rationality itself is the mechanism by which choices are made. To act rationally means that a choice reflects a goal to enhance rewards and minimize costs - to optimize one's returns, given the prevailing circumstances. To engage in codeswitching at all is an instance of speakers acting rationally because codeswitching makes optimal use of the resources in their linguistic repertoires. When the switch is a marked choice, the message is that the speaker is attempting to construct a new social meaning for the speaker's own persona or the import of the ongoing discourse, thereby negotiating a new norm.
Collimation, Proper Motions, and Physical Conditions in the HH 30 Jet from Hubble Space Telescope Slitless Spectroscopy*

We present STIS spectral images of the HH 30 stellar jet taken through a wide slit over two epochs. The jet is unresolved spectrally, so the observations produce emission-line images for each line in the spectrum. This rich data set shows how physical conditions in the jet vary with distance and time, produces precise proper motions of knots within the jet, resolves the jet width close to the star, and gives a spectrum of the reflected light from the disk over a large wavelength range at several positions. We introduce a new method for analyzing a set of line ratios based on minimizing a quadratic form between models and data. The method generates images of the density, temperature, and ionization fraction computed using all the possible line ratios appropriately weighted. In HH 30, the density declines with distance from the source in a manner consistent with an expanding flow and is larger by a factor of 2 along the axis of the jet than it is at the periphery. Ionization in the jet ranges from ~5% to 40%, and high-ionization/excitation knots form at about 100 AU from the star and propagate outward with the flow. These high-excitation knots are not accompanied by corresponding increases in the density, so if formed by velocity variations the knots must have a strong internal magnetic pressure to smooth out density increases while lengthening recombination times.
EFFECTS OF DRILL MUD ON SEDIMENT CLEARING RATES OF CERTAIN HERMATYPIC CORALS

ABSTRACT The hermatypic corals Diploria strigosa, Montastrea annularis and Montastrea cavernosa were subjected to large uniform doses of four sediments; used whole drill mud, barite, aquagel and calcium carbonate (a sediment occurring naturally on coral reefs). The rates at which each species cleared itself of the sediment covers were measured in square millimeters per hour. No corals were able to remove the used whole drill mud, but all could rid themselves effectively of the other three sediments. Diploria strigosa exhibited a generally faster clearing rate than the other two species, but there was no difference in the rates at which any one species cleared itself of either barite, aquagel or calcium carbonate. It is suspected that the dramatic effect of used whole mud, which also caused mortality, was due to dissolved chemical components which we have yet to identify.
Differential modulation of GABAA receptor-channel complex by polyvalent cations in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Abstract The effects of divalent and trivalent cations on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced chloride current were studied with rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in primary culture using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Lanthanum (La 3+ ) reversibly potentiated the GABA-induced current with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) of 231 μM and the maximal potentiation to about 300% of control. La 3+ did not seem to compete with chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital or picrotoxin for binding sites, which indicated that the La 3+ binding site was distinct from any of the benzodiazepine, barbiturate and picrotoxin bindings sites on the GABA receptor-channel complex. Copper (Cu 2+ ) reversibly suppressed the current induced by GABA with an EC 50 of 19 μM in a non-competitive manner. Zinc (Zn 2+ ) and Cu 2+ had a very similar action on GABA response in terms of potency and efficacy. The degree of suppression of GABA-induced current by Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ was not affected by La 3+ , whereas Cu 2+ antagonized the blocking action of Zn 2+ in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, La 3+ does not interfere with the binding site(s) for Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ , whereas Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ may share a common site. These results are consistent with the presence of at least two distinct binding sites for polyvalent cations on the GABA-receptor channel complex: one for positive regulation by La 3+ and the other for negative regulation by Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ . These two sites are likely to be located at or near the external orifice of the chloride channel.
Locating the voice of logic: Disclosure discourse of sexual abuse

This essay explores the concept of voice by turning to disclosure discourse about sexual abuse. We argue that children who have been sexually abused are strategic and logical in the way they regulate access to this private information. We note that the children locate their voice of logic in their selection of confidants. By listening to and privileging their voices, we, as researchers, can position ourselves as conduits through which the voices of the children can be heard.
EVIDENCES OF COMMON‐AB HETEROKARYOSIS IN SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE

Since preliminary experimental evidence for the existence of common-AB heterokaryons in Schizophyllum commune was inconclusive, experiments were performed to test for and to characterize these heterokaryons. Prototrophic mycelia regularly result from the growing together of pairs of mutant strains of identical mating type which carry non-allelic nutritional deficiencies. Since crossfeeding through a dialyzing Cellophane membrane does not occur, the prototrophic common-AB mycelia apparently have both parental nuclear types within a common cytoplasm. Hyphal tips isolated from the peripheries of these prototrophic mycelia usually are not prototrophic. The distributions of the parental nuclear types in the subcultured prototrophic mycelia, as revealed by grid sampling, are irregular in pattern and extent; these, patterns probably reflect the nuclear ratios in the transfer inocula, as well as the distributions of nuclear types in various parts of the inocula. Since a common-AB prototroph typically consists of regions containing a single nuclear type as well as regions containing both nuclear types, marked fluctuations of the estimated nuclear ratio occur upon subculture, and many small transfer-inocula are not prototrophic as they contain only a single auxotrophic nuclear type. The patterns of nuclear distributions in prototrophic common-AB mycelia are probably maintained by the restriction of nuclear
Amorphous zirconium-nickel films formed by solid state reactions

Abstract We have formed an amorphous zirconium-nickel phase by annealing vapor deposited crystalline layers of elemental zirconium and nickel. Auger depth profiling and x-ray diffraction have been used to monitor the reaction. The thermodynamics of the process is explained in terms of a metastable free energy diagram which reflects the large negative heat of mixing between zirconium and nickel. The formation of an amorphous layer occurs via a diffusion limited reaction occurring at the zirconium-nickel interface.
Direct electrochemical evaluation of plasma membrane cholesterol in live mammalian cells.

Cholesterol is a tightly regulated structural component of the cell plasma membrane. Dysfunctional intracellular cholesterol transport machinery causes disease states with altered plasma membrane cholesterol. This Communication reports microelectrode evaluation of plasma membrane cholesterol of single cells at physiological temperature. Electrochemical data indicate that transport of intracellular cholesterol to the plasma membrane is active in an atherosclerotic macrophage model.
Social influences on first reproductive success and related behaviors in the saddle-back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis, callitrichidae)

Some aspects of sociosexual behavior and the age at which maturing females experienced their first evident pregnancy and at which maturing males caused their first evident pregnancy were recorded in Saguinus fuscicolliscohabiting from 6 months of age with either an adult or a maturing sex partner. The following pair combinations and trios were studied: young male -young female, young male-adult female, adult male-young female, and adult male-young male-young female. The most frequent type of social interaction between young animals was rough and tumble play, while huddling was the most frequent interaction between young animals and their adult partners. Grooming and sexual interactions were very infrequent and there were no differences in the frequencies of these interactions among subject groups. Maturing females cohabiting with an adult male conceived significantly earlier than maturing females cohabiting with a male of their own age. Maturing males cohabiting with adult females sired offspring at a significantly earlier age than males cohabiting with a female of their own age. Some possible behavioral and physiological processes involved in the causation of early reproductive success in young tamarins cohabiting with adults are discussed.
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction in the elderly aged ≥75 years.

Objectives We aimed to see whether primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) benefits for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the aged could be validated. Background Primary PCI benefits in elderly patients with STEMI remain uncertain. Methods We reviewed 947 consecutive patients treated with primary PCI for STEMI: 331 were aged ≥75 years (older) and 616 Results The older group had higher percentage of renal insufficiency (7.9% vs. 3.1%, P = 0.0010), prior stroke (9.4% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.0006), 30-day mortality rate (7.6% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.015), and cardiac mortality rate (6.6% vs. 3.7%, P = 0.045). Successful reperfusion rates were similarly high in both groups (90.0% and 92.7%, P = 0.16), despite the higher proportion of patients with door-to-balloon time >90 min (15% vs. 8.4%, P = 0.0016) in older patients. Successful compared with unsuccessful PCI significantly decreased 30-day mortality rates in the older group (6.0% vs. 21%, P = 0.0018) and in the younger group (2.8% vs. 18%, P 90 min (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-4.20; P = 0.19) did not. Conclusions Pre-existing comorbidities characterize older patients developing STEMI. Aggressive PCI in older patients improves prognosis, and short door-to-balloon time is an important parameter conditioning the prognosis.
Pulsatile growth hormone secretion during the breeding season in male reindeer and its association with hypophagia and weight loss.

Male deer reduce food intake and lose weight during the breeding season (rut) in autumn. Growth hormone (GH) is lipolytic in ruminants; therefore, pulsatile GH secretion was measured in three young reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) bulls during the natural period of weight loss during rut. Blood samples were withdrawn through a jugular cannula every 20 min for 16 hr on 5 occasions from late summer to early winter in unanaesthetised animals. The deer were group fed a pelleted concentrate ration ad libitum, and food intake, body weight, and testicular diameter were recorded. The hormone profiles were analysed by the pulse detection algorithm PULSAR. The bulls showed the normal pattern of rutassociated weight loss and reduced food intake followed by a period of weight increase in late autumn before weight plateaued in early winter. Mean GH was highest (P < 0.05) at the time of minimum body weight and food intake compared with all other sampling periods. Neither the amplitude nor the frequency of GH pulses, as detected by PULSAR, differed significantly with sampling period, although the high mean GH values were associated with a different pulse shape; pulses were longer, with a large area under the curve, presumably reflecting a longer duration of secretion or reduced clearance. Thus weight loss and low food intake were associated with long, large area pulses of GH. An opioid antagonist, naloxone, was given to reindeer intravenously at hourly intervals for 4 hr and blood sampling was continued for 7 hr. Naloxone increased mean GH but amplitude and pulse frequency were unaffected, suggesting that endogenous opioids were suppressing the amount of GH in each pulse rather than the mechanism of pulse release. The effect of naloxone on mean GH was most significant after the rut during the period of compensatory weight gain. There was no evidence that the elevated levels of GH during rut hypophagia were disproportionately influence by naloxone. Weight loss and low food intake during the rut are associated with high plasma levels of GH, a known lipolytic hormone. GH, by promoting lipolysis, may maintain energy balance in rutting stags, but the natural opioid system opposes this and forms a negative feedback loop.
Identification of recognition residues for ligation-based detection and quantitation of pseudouridine and N6 -methyladenosine

Over 100 chemical types of RNA modifications have been identified in thousands of sites in all three domains of life. Recent data suggest that modifications function synergistically to mediate biological function, and that cells may coordinately modulate modification levels for regulatory purposes. However, this area of RNA biology remains largely unexplored due to the lack of robust, high-throughput methods to quantify the extent of modification at specific sites. Recently, we developed a facile enzymatic ligation-based method for detection and quantitation of methylated 2'-hydroxyl groups within RNA. Here we exploit the principles of molecular recognition and nucleic acid chemistry to establish the experimental parameters for ligation-based detection and quantitation of pseudouridine (Psi) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A), two abundant modifications in eukaryotic rRNA/tRNA and mRNA, respectively. Detection of pseudouridylation at several sites in the large subunit rRNA derived from yeast demonstrates the feasibility of the approach for analysis of pseudouridylation in biological RNA samples.
Examining Measure Correlations With Incomplete Data Sets

A two-stage procedure for estimation and testing of observed measure correlations in the presence of missing data is discussed. The approach uses maximum likelihood for estimation and the false discovery rate concept for correlation testing. The method can be utilized in initial exploration oriented empirical studies with missing data, where it is of interest to estimate manifest variable interrelationship indexes and test hypotheses about their population values. The procedure is applicable also with violations of the underlying missing at random assumption, via inclusion of auxiliary variables. The outlined approach is illustrated with data from an aging research study.
The fertility of north American catholics: A comparative overview

Las investigaciones de post-guerra acerca de la fertilidad diferencial de los Estados Unidos nos han documentado acerca de la mayor fertilidad delos catolicos en relacion a los no-catolicos; al mismo tiempo, han revelado grandes diferencias de fertilidad entre los diferentes grupos etnicos de catolicos. Tambien han establecido diferencias en los patrones matrimoniales, lo que puede incidir sobre la fertilidad general.
Evaluation of sampling methods for determining infestation rates of the tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi R.) in colonies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) : spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal effects

Current sampling methods for estimating infestation rates of tracheal mites in colonies of the honey bee,Apis mellifera, assume that infested bees are randomly distributed and that temporal fluctuations in infestation rates occur homogeneously throughout the colony. We examined these assumptions. Samples of bees were collected from up to five locations in each of eight colonies, and colonies were sampled several times throughout the year. Estimates of infestation rates varied, depending on the location in the colony from which a sample was obtained. Temporal fluctuations in infestation rates did not always occur homogeneously with respect to sampling location. These results demonstrate that assumptions of current sampling protocols for estimating tracheal-mite infestation rates are often violated. Consequently, estimates derived using these methods may not be accurate, and conclusions based on such estimates may not be valid.
On the role of solvent in complexation equilibiria. II. The acid-base chemistry of some sulfhydryl and ammonium-containing amino acids in water—acetonitrile mixed solvents

The macroscopic and microscopic acid-base chemistry of a series of sulfhydryl and ammonium-containing amino acids HS−R−NH3 [R=−CH2CH(COOH)−, cysteine (CYS); R=−C(CH3)2CH(COOH)−, penicillamine (PEN); R=−CH(COOH)CH2CH2CONHCH(−CH2)CONHCH2COOH, glutathione (GSH)] was characterized in water and its binary mixtures with acetonitrile (16.3, 34.2, and 53.9 mass % acetonitrile). Macroscopic acid dissociation constants were obtained by potentiometric titration using the glass-calomel electrode pair. Microscopic acid dissociation constants were calculated from ultraviolet absorption measurements at ca. 232 nm where the deprotonated sulfhydryl group absorbs. The macroscopic constants decrease uniformly as the solvent becomes enriched in acetonitrile. The microscopic constants, which characterize the relative concentrations of the two monoprotonated tautomers of the molecules (I and II)
Muscarinic receptors regulate striatal neuropeptide gene expression in normal and amphetamine-treated rats.

This study investigated the effects of pharmacological blockade or stimulation of muscarinic receptors on constitutive and amphetamine-stimulated preprodynorphin, substance P and pre-proenkephalin gene expression in rat striatum. Acute administration of the non-selective muscarinic antagonist, scopolamine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.), caused a dose-dependent increase in preprodynorphin and substance P, but not preproenkephalin, messenger RNA expression in the dorsal and ventral striatum as revealed by quantitative in situ hybridization. In contrast, acute injection of the non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist, oxotremorine (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), caused a dose-dependent increase in basal levels of preproenkephalin messenger RNA in the dorsal striatum, without causing a significant effect on constitutive striatal preprodynorphin and substance P expression. Pretreatment with scopolamine (2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly augmented striatal induction of preprodynorphin and substance P messenger RNA induced by acute injection of amphetamine (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), whereas scopolamine blocked amphetamine-stimulated striatal preproenkephalin expression. Pretreatment with oxotremorine (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly attenuated amphetamine (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.)-stimulated striatal preprodynorphin and, to a lesser degree, substance P messenger RNA expression. Oxotremorine tended to increase amphetamine-stimulated preproenkephalin messenger RNA expression, but the effect did not reach statistical significance. In addition, scopolamine increased spontaneous, and enhanced amphetamine-stimulated, behavioral activity, whereas oxotremorine attenuated amphetamine-stimulated behaviors. These data support the concept that cholinergic transmission, via interaction with muscarinic receptors, inhibits basal and D1 receptor-stimulated striatonigral dynorphin/substance P gene expression and facilitates striatopallidal enkephalin gene expression.
Minimal genetic influences on plasma fibrinogen level in adult males in the NHLBI twin study

Plasma fibrinogen was determined in 189 twins participating at the Indiana center during the third examination of the NHLBI twin study with a mean age of 63 years. Moderate heritability estimates were obtained from 44 complete MZ pairs and 39 complete DZ pairs. After adjustment of fibrinogen levels for age and other confounding variables related to cardiovascular disease risk, the maximum likelihood heritability estimate was only 30% (p = 0.03). Plasma fibrinogen was most strongly associated with smoking and the presence of diabetes. Omitting all subjects with diabetes or cardiovascular disease further reduced the heritability estimates slightly, and most path models including genetic parameters provided no significant improvement in fit over a model determined solely by random environmental effects. Our results are consistent with the environment rather than genetic influences having a greater influence on the level of plasma fibrinogen.
Boundary variance reduction for improved classification through hybrid networks

Several researchers have experimentally shown that substantial improvements can be obtained in difficult pattern recognition problems by combining or integrating the outputs of multiple classifiers. This paper provides an analytical framework that quantifies the improvements in classification results due to linear combining. We show that combining networks in output space reduces the variance of the actual decision region boundaries around the optimum boundary. In the absence of network bias, the added classification error is directly proportional to the boundary variance. Moreover, if the network errors are independent, then the reduction in variance boundary location is by a factor of N, the number of classifiers that are combined. In the presence of network bias, the reductions are less than or equal to N, depending on the interaction between network biases. We discuss how the individual networks can be selected to achieve significant gains through combining, and support them with experimental results on 25-dimensional sonar data. The analysis presented here facilitates the understanding of the relationships among error rates, classifier boundary distributions, and combining in output space. © (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PEPA-1* Genotype Affects Return Rate for Hatchery Steelhead

Abstract Allozymes continue to be useful as genetic markers in a variety of studies; however, their utility often hinges on the selective neutrality of the allelic variation. Our study tested for neutrality between the two most common alleles (*100 and *110) at the cytosol nonspecific dipeptidase locus (PEPA-1*) in steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from Dworshak National Fish Hatchery in Idaho. We tested for differential growth and survival among fish with the *100/100, *100/ 110, and *110/110 genotypes rearing in a hatchery or a natural stream. We repeated the study for two year-classes, using heterozygous (*100/110) adults to make the experimental crosses. This design avoided differences in family contribution among genotypes because each cross produced all three genotypes. We divided the progeny from each family into two groups. One group was reared in a hatchery for 1 year and then released for migration to the sea and subsequent return to the hatchery as adults. The other group was released into a natura...
Organizational design issues in the structure of hospitals.

This paper concerns health care organizations. Its focus is on the design and structure of institutions responsible for the delivery of health care services. The perspective presented is that of management. Management is a field of study and practice concerned ultimately with the use of scarce resources such as people, money, time, space, supplies and equipment. Social legal, economic, psychological, and financial dimensions of organizations are all important in management.
How Might One Teach Slavic Bibliology to the Humanist and Social Scientist: A “Modest” Critique of Consumerism in Slavic Bibliography

This 1978 essay—first delivered as talk the previous year—evaluates contemporary programs of instruction in Slavic bibliography at several major American institutions. It identifies two basic approaches to teaching Slavic bibliography and attempts to articulate a rationale for the ways in which such courses could be taught in the future. The author suggests that an in‐depth course in Slavic “bibliology” can provide a much more thorough introduction to the creation, distribution, preservation, and exploitation of the written documentation of the Slavs than the kind of subject‐specific bibliographic instruction that has been offered in the past.
High mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) is an independent prognostic factor and novel therapeutic target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND. High mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) proteins are architectural transcription factors that are overexpressed by pancreatic adenocarcinomas. The authors hypothesized that tumor HMGA1 status represents a novel prognostic marker in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. They also tested the hypothesis that HMGA1 promotes anchorage-independent cellular proliferation and in vivo tumorigenicity. METHODS. Tumor HMGA1 expression was examined by immunohistochemical analysis of tissues from 89 consecutive patients who underwent resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated RNA interference was used to silence HMGA1 expression in MiaPaCa2 and PANC1 pancreatic cancer cells. Anchorage-independent proliferation was assessed by using soft agar assays. The roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling were investigated by using specific inhibitors and adenoviral dominant-negative/active Akt constructs. In vivo tumorigenicity was assessed by using a nude mouse xenograft model. RESULTS. Tumor HMGA1 expression was detected in 93% of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients with HMGA1-negative tumors had a significantly longer median survival than patients with HMGA1-expressing cancers in univariate analysis (P = .0028) and in multivariate analysis (P<.05). shRNA-mediated HMGA1 silencing resulted in significant reductions in anchorage-independent proliferation in soft agar. Forced HMGA1 overexpression promoted proliferation in soft agar through a process that was dependent on PI3-K/Akt-activited signaling, but not on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/ERK signaling. Targeted silencing of HMGA1 reduced tumor growth in vivo through reduced proliferation (Ki-67 index) and increased apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling). CONCLUSIONS. The current findings suggested that HMGA1 is an independent predictor of poor postoperative survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, HMGA1 promotes tumorigenicity through a PI3-K/Akt-dependent mechanism. HMGA1 warrants further evaluation as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.