cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Independence of Solar Wind Polytropic Index on Plasma Flow Speed

The paper derives the polytropic indices over the last two solar cycles (years 1995-2017) for the solar wind proton plasma near Earth (~1 AU). We use ~92-s datasets of proton plasma moments (speed, density, and temperature), measured from the Solar Wind Experiment instrument onboard Wind spacecraft, to estimate the moving averages of the polytropic index, as well as their weighted means and standard errors as a function of the solar wind speed and the year of measurements. The derived long-term behavior of the polytropic index agrees with the results of other previous methods. In particular, we find that the polytropic index remains quasi-constant with respect to the plasma flow speed, in agreement with earlier analyses of solar wind plasma. It is shown that most of the fluctuations of the polytropic index appear in the fast solar wind. The polytropic index remains quasi-constant, despite the frequent entropic variations. Therefore, on an annual basis, the polytropic index of the solar wind proton plasma near ~1 AU can be considered independent of the plasma flow speed. The estimated all-year weighted mean and its standard error is γ = 1.86 ± 0.09.
Keep your distance: People sit farther away from a man with schizophrenia versus diabetes

Although concrete behavior—such as avoidance, discrimination, rejection—is foundational to most definitions of stigma, knowledge of psychiatric stigma has been constructed mostly on the basis of measurement of self-reported attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. To help fill this gap, the current study e
Positions in the N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor GluN2C Subunit M3 and M4 Domains Regulate Alcohol Sensitivity and Receptor Kinetics.

Background Alcohol alters synaptic transmission in the brain. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR), a subtype of glutamate-gated ion channel, is an important synaptic target of alcohol in the brain. We and others have previously identified 4 alcohol-sensitive positions in the third and fourth membrane-associated (M) domains, designated M31-2 and M41-2 , of the GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B NMDAR subunits. In the present study, we tested whether the corresponding positions in the GluN2C subunit also regulate alcohol sensitivity and ion channel gating. Methods We performed alanine- and tryptophan-scanning mutagenesis in the GluN2C subunit followed by expression in HEK 293 cells and electrophysiological patch-clamp recording. Results Alanine substitution at the M31 (F634) and M41-2 (M821 and M823) positions did not alter ethanol (EtOH) sensitivity, whereas substitution of alanine at the M32 position (F635) yielded nonfunctional receptors. Tryptophan substitution at the M31-2 positions did not change EtOH sensitivity, whereas tryptophan substitution at the M41 position increased, and at the M42 position decreased, EtOH sensitivity. The increased EtOH sensitivity of the tryptophan mutant at M41 is in marked contrast to previous results observed in the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits. In addition, this mutant exhibited increased desensitization, but to a much lesser extent compared to the corresponding mutations in GluN2A and GluN2B. A series of mutations at M41 altered EtOH sensitivity, glutamate potency, and desensitization. Seven amino acid substitutions (of 15 tested) at this position yielded nonfunctional receptors. Among the remaining mutants at M41 , EtOH sensitivity was not significantly correlated with hydrophobicity, molecular volume, or polarity of the substituent, or with glutamate EC50 values, but was correlated with maximal steady-state-to-peak current ratio, a measure of desensitization. Conclusions The identity and characteristics of alcohol-sensitive positions in the GluN2C subunit differ from those previously reported for GluN2A and GluN2B subunits, despite the high homology among these subunits.
Definition of Pain Terms

There are different terms that describe different types of pain. Knowledge of these terms is very important to guide diagnosis and treatment.
Development of a prognostic risk score to aid antibiotic decision-making for children aged 2-59 months with World Health Organization fast breathing pneumonia in Malawi: An Innovative Treatments in Pneumonia (ITIP) secondary analysis.

Background Due to increasing antimicrobial resistance in low-resource settings, strategies to rationalize antibiotic treatment of children unlikely to have a bacterial infection are needed. This study’s objective was to utilize a database of placebo treated Malawian children with World Health Organization (WHO) fast breathing pneumonia to develop a prognostic risk score that could aid antibiotic decision making. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of children randomized to the placebo group of the Innovative Treatments in Pneumonia (ITIP) fast breathing randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Participants were low-risk HIV-uninfected children 2–59 months old with WHO fast breathing pneumonia in Lilongwe, Malawi. Study endpoints were treatment failure, defined as either disease progression at any time on or before Day 4 of treatment or disease persistence on Day 4, or relapse, considered as the recurrence of pneumonia or severe disease among previously cured children between Days 5 and 14. We utilized multivariable linear regression and stepwise model selection to develop a model to predict the probability of treatment failure or relapse. Results Treatment failure or relapse occurred in 11.5% (61/526) of children included in this analysis. The final model incorporated the following predictors: heart rate terms, mid-upper arm circumference, malaria status, water source, family income, and whether or not a sibling or other child in the household received childcare outside the home. The model’s area under the receiver operating characteristic score was 0.712 (95% confidence interval 0.66, 0.78) and it explained 6.1% of the variability in predicting treatment failure or relapse (R2, 0.061). For the model to categorize all children with treatment failure or relapse correctly, 77% of children without treatment failure or relapse would require antibiotics. Conclusion The model had inadequate discrimination to be appropriate for clinical application. Different strategies will likely be required for models to perform accurately among similar pediatric populations.
Photoinduced perturbations of the magnetic superexchange in core@shell Prussian blue analogues

Abstract Cubic heterostructured core@shell particles of Prussian blue analogues, composed of a shell (∼80 nm thick) of ferromagnetic K0.3Ni[Cr(CN)6]0.8·1.3H2O (A), T c ∼ 70 K, surrounding a bulk ( ∼ 350 nm) core of photoactive ferrimagnetic Rb0.4Co[Fe(CN)6]0.8·1.2H2O (B), T c ∼ 20 K, have been studied. Below nominally 70 K, these CoFe@NiCr samples exhibit a persistent photoinduced decrease in low-field magnetization, and these results resemble data from other BA core@shell particles and analogous ABA heterostructured films. This net decrease suggests that the photoinduced lattice expansion in the B layer generates a strain-induced decrease in the magnetization of the NiCr layer, similar to a pressure-induced decrease observed by others in a similar, pure NiCr material and by us in our CoFe@NiCr cubes. Upon further examination, the data also reveal a significant portion of the NiCr shell whose magnetic superexchange, J, is perturbed by the photoinduced strain from the CoFe constituent.
Primary cilia deficiency in neural crest cells causes Anterior Segment Dysgenesis

ABSTRACT During eye embryogenesis, neural crest cells (NCC) of the periocular mesenchyme (POM) migrate to the anterior segment (AS) of the eye and then differentiate into the corneal stroma and endothelium, ciliary body, iris stroma, and the trabecular meshwork. Defective development of these structures leads to anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) that in 50% of the cases leads to glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness. Here, we show that the primary cilium is indispensable for normal AS development and that its ablation in NCC induces ASD phenotypes including; small and thin cornea, impaired stromal keratocyte organization, abnormal iridocorneal angle with reduced anterior chamber and corneal neovascularization. These defects are similar to those described in patients with AS conditions such as Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and Peter’s anomaly. Mechanistically, disruption of the primary cilium in the NCC resulted in reduced hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the POM, canonically activated by the Indian Hedgehog ligand expressed by endothelial cells of the choroid. This caused decreased cell proliferation in a subpopulation of POM cells surrounding the retinal pigmented epithelium. Moreover, primary cilium ablation in NCC also led to a decreased expression of Foxc1 and Pitx2, two transcription factors identified as major ASD causative genes. These findings suggest that primary cilia are indispensable for NCC to form normal AS structures via Hh signaling. Defects in primary cilia could, therefore, contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD, and to their complications such as congenital glaucoma.
Analysis on Construction and Development of Hubei Electricity Sale Market

Due to the lack of competition and unbalanced demand supply situation in current electricity market, deregulating electricity sale market has become the core of new electricity reform. The electricity market pattern of "multi-buyer-multi-seller" will be formed by opening up electricity sale market. In this paper, the construction and development of Hubei electricity sale market is introduced in detail. The first batch of electricity sale companies in Hubei Province is analyzed. The development stage of electricity sale market in Hubei Province is studied, including primary stage, growth stage and mature stage. The situation and suggestions of each stage are analyzed. The business development of electricity sale market in Hubei Province is proposed. The research results can provide a reference for other provinces in China to carry out electricity sale market reform.
1930 The fundamental theorem of natural selection

Abstract Sir Ronald Fisher (1930) showed that natural selection at a single locus will increase the mean fitness of the population and that increase will be proportional to the additive genetic variance for fitness. He called this result “The Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection”. This theorem has been invoked to suggest that natural selection will always result in a population being better adapted to its environment.
Advances in the biology of multiple myeloma : Therapeutic applications

Recent advances in the biology of multiple myeloma cell growth and survival have suggested new avenues for treatment and potential cure of this disease. Adhesion molecules on the myeloma cell surface mediate their localization in the bone marrow via binding to extracellular matrix proteins and stromal cells. Stromal cell to tumor cell contact and the secretion of transforming growth factor by tumor cells triggers interleukin-6 secretion from stromal cells and paracrine tumor cell growth. CD40 activation of myeloma cells changes their cell surface phenotype, triggers autocrine interleukin-6 secretion, and can regulate myeloma cell cycle in a p53-dependent fashion. Interleukin-6 is both a growth and survival factor for myeloma cells, and delineation of the signaling cascades mediating its effects permits the development of novel therapies either to interrupt growth or trigger apoptosis. New immune therapies offer the opportunity to treat minimal residual disease after stem cell transplantation, thereby improving outcome. Selected donor lymphocyte infusions after allografting and infusion of activated autologous T cells following autografting are examples of adoptive immunotherapy. Myeloma cell to dendritic cell fusions have been used in a vaccination strategy both to prevent and treat myeloma in an animal model, providing the rationale for similar clinical trials in humans. For the first time, a variety of novel treatment strategies derived from advances in understanding the disease pathogenesis offer the potential to achieve long-term disease-free survival in patients with multiple myeloma.
The Liberty of the Liberty Principle

Mill’s Liberty Principle aims to protect ‘social’ freedom, which is traditionally understood as negative freedom. I argue that Mill’s conception of social freedom does not comfortably fit even a moralized conception of negative freedom, and that individuality, an ideal fundamental to On Liberty, is a robustly positive type of freedom. This raises the question of whether protecting social freedom involves an egalitarian, progressive (in the contemporary sense) state that ambitiously strives to create the social conditions of individuality. I consider the case for an affirmative answer to that question, then argue that the ideal of individuality itself blocks interventions that some contemporary egalitarian, progressive liberals consider at least consistent with the Liberty Principle. These include autonomy-enhancing paternalism, and outright prohibition of as opposed to time, place, and manner regulation of the expression of some opinions that adversely affect protected minorities. Though not libertarian, the Liberty Principle is not an expression of this type of egalitarian liberalism, as evidenced inter alia by Mill’s emphatic rejection of state control of education, and his categorical case against prohibiting the expression of even the most extreme and insidious opinions.
Annular Flow Simulation Supported by Iterative In-Memory Mesh Adaptation

Various flow regimes exist in a boiling water reactor (BWR) as the steam quality increases in the uprising coolant flow, from bubbly flow, slug/churn flow, to annular flow. The annular flow is char...
Non-contagious, second COVID-19 infection: Implications for organ donation eligibility.

As of May 19, 2020, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) shared evidence indicating an inability for COVID‐19 patients having contracted a second infection to spread the virus. Viral samples from re‐infected patients could not be grown in culture, a sign of dead virus particles, attributable to neutralizing antibodies. Accordingly, a negative COVID‐19 test may no longer be mandated for returning to school or work, or even donating organs. The transplant community should consider lifting donation constraints on patients testing positive for a second COVID‐19 infection.
The Stability Illusion in Financial Regulation

Post-2008 regulatory reform depends on U.S. Treasury bonds to anchor financial system stability. As a readily tradeable asset carrying negligible default risk, Treasuries have become the preeminent safe haven in troubled times. Financial firms must maintain buffers of Treasuries that can be sold for cash and insulate against insolvency. Treasuries also constitute the preferred form of collateral in the six-trillion dollar repurchase (or repo) market used by financial firms to fund their everyday activities. This Article shows that reliance on Treasuries in financial regulation rests on an assumption of stability that is illusory when viewed against the fragilities embedded in their market structure. It makes three claims. First, Treasury markets are subject to supply shocks arising from the unexplored interconnection between the Treasury-backed repo market and the market for trading Treasuries. The greater the volume of Treasuries collateral “trapped” in the repo market, the smaller the supply of Treasuries available to trade with investors in secondary markets. Secondly, intermediation is crippled by cost and diminishing incentives on the part of key intermediaries – the primary dealers – to keep markets resilient. Primary dealers confront opacity, unpredictability, and competition, reducing profits and eroding their incentives to invest in treasury market resilience. Finally, regulators are ill-equipped to fill the gaps and develop rules for the safe use and trading of Treasuries. Supervision of Treasuries rests on a system of fragmented oversight where regulators struggle to coordinate. Further, Treasuries trading and Treasuries-backed repo markets are subject to distinct regulatory approaches that do not reflect the interconnection between them. In concluding, this Article provides three pathways to repair the stability illusion in financial regulation: (i) greater reporting and transparency, particularly in the repo market; (ii) stronger private market incentives to invest in market continuity; and (iii) a coordinated approach to oversight that can harness agency expertise to protect the most systemically significant markets in the world.
Deep neural network model optimizations for resource constrained tactical edge computing platforms

With the advent of neural networks, users at the tactical edge have started experimenting with AI enabled intelligent mission applications. Autonomy stacks have been proposed for the tactical environments for sensing, reasoning and computing the situational awareness to provide the human in the loop actionable intelligence in mission time. Tactical edge computing platforms must employ small-form-factor modules for compute, storage, and networking functions that conform to strict size, weight, and power constraints (SWaP). Many of the neural network models proposed for the tactical AI stack are computationally complex and may not be deployable without modifications. In this paper we discuss deep neural network optimization approaches for resource constrained tactical unmanned ground vehicles.
Three-dimensional nonlinear dynamics of nonintegral riser bundle

The dynamic behaviour of a nonintegral riser bundle is studied parametrically. The dynamics of each component-riser is analysed by a three-dimensional, nonlinear, large deflection, small strain model with coupled bending and torsion. Component-risers are slender, thin-walled, extensible or inextensible tubular beam-columns, subject to response and deformation dependent hydrodynamic loads. The connector equations of equilibrium are used to derive the connector forces and moments. Substructuring can thus be achieved even though in three dimensions connectors do not impose linearly dependent deflections at substructure interfaces. The developed time incremental and iterative finite-element computer code is used to analyse the effects of water depth, distribution of connectors, distance between component risers and number of finite elements in the numerical model. The problem of total CPU (central processor unit) time and the advantages of substructuring are discussed by running cases of up to 1094 degrees of freedom.
Placental hematoma mimicking twin anemia-polycythemia sequence following selective laser photocoagulation for twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

A 31-year-old nullipara was transferred for fetal therapy at19weeks’ gestation following diagnosis of twin–twintransfusion syndrome (TTTS). Intake ultrasound evaluationconﬁrmed monochorionic, diamniotic twins with a posteriorplacenta and Quintero stage III TTTS. Speciﬁc ﬁndingsincluded donor twin anhydramnios, recipient twinpolyhydramnios (maximal vertical pocket of ﬂuid 10cm), 22%inter-twin growth discordance, Doppler study absent end-diastolic velocity in the donor twin umbilical artery withnormal peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery(MCA). The patient elected to undergo fetoscopic selectivelaser photocoagulation (SLP) of communicating vessels.Selective laser photocoagulation was performed at 19 1/7weeks gestational age under regional anesthesia. Two large-caliber arterio–venous anastomoses (AVA) were identiﬁed andphotocoagulated, as well as seven smaller superﬁcial arterio–arterial and veno–venous anastomoses. Time from the ﬁrst tolast coagulation was 20min. During photocoagulation of alarge AVA, using diode laser set to 40W and approaching theanastomosis perpendicularly, minor vessel bleeding wasencountered that was controlled with circumferentialphotocoagulation around the area of bleeding. The procedureconcluded with an amnioreduction of 1200cm
An information processing approach to the study of a complex motor skill.

Abstract This study undertook to investigate the general organizational plan used in attacking the problem of learning the tennis serve in light of recurring patterns, and to build a General Serve Problem Solving Model (GSPS) that would describe the plan of solving each new serve problem within the total task. Contributions to methodology and motor learning were envisioned. Verbal and motor data were collected on video tape and 16 mm movie film. A college freshman with no previous tennis experience was studied in 769 tennis serves involving seven learning sessions. Motor data were divided into properties, the values of which were coded and analyzed by computer. Verbal data were analyzed by means of graphs and the GPS model. Results were incorporated into the GSPS. The model was tested by running the subject's stated problems through the model by hand. Problems with solutions acceptable to the subject fit the model; rejected problems did not. It was evident that increases in motor behavior resulted from th...
The Usefulness of an Onesimus: The Sexual Use of Slaves and Paul's Letter to Philemon

The completion of this article was made possible by the generous support of a faculty research grant from Ball State University. 1 Unless otherwise noted, all classical references follow the available LCL translations. The translation of Horace is taken from Craig A. Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Mas culinityculinity in Classical Antiquity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 32, while the Petronius and Seneca translations can be found in Moses I. Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (New York: Viking, 1980), 96.
Fermented Dairy Products

The fermented dairy products category contains products with a diversity of flavors, textures, and appearances, all of which are directly dependent on microbial metabolism. The enzymes and metabolites required to produce these products are provided by a diverse set of microorganisms, including molds, yeasts, and bacteria. Of these organisms, homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of the greatest importance, as the manufacture of fermented dairy products is directly dependent on their primary metabolic end product, lactic acid. This chapter describes the potential for production of diacetyl and carbon dioxide from lactose metabolism in lactococci with reduced lactic acid dehydrogenase activity. The main volatile flavor components of fermented milks are acetic acid, acetaldehyde, and diacetyl. Proteolytic systems in LAB contribute to their ability to grow in milk and are necessary for the development of flavor in ripened cheeses. Peptides and amino acids formed by proteolysis may impart flavor directly or serve as flavor precursors in fermented dairy products. The dairy industry has employed improved sanitation regimens, utilized sophisticated starter culture propagation vessels, developed starter culture systems to minimize the impact of phage infection, and isolated and constructed starter strains with enhanced bacteriophage resistance. The power of recombinant DNA approaches is that strains can be constructed that differ in a single defined genetic alteration, e.g., inactivation of a specific gene.
Thermal design considerations for medium voltage power converters with 15 kV SiC IGBTs

Medium Voltage (MV) Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices such as the 15 kV SiC IGBT have better thermal handling capability compared to Silicon (Si) based devices. These devices also have lower switching and conduction losses, at high switching frequencies and high power levels, respectively. The maximum safe operating junction temperature for the 15 kV SiC IGBT is 175 °C. This enables high power density design of the MV converters using this device. Heat sink with forced air cooling is sufficient for dissipating the heat generated during converter operation. In this paper, the thermal design of 3-phase MV converters based on 15 kV/40 A SiC N-IGBT is discussed. The design is carried out based on experimental loss data and the continuous heat-run test of the device. It is supported by analytical calculations and FEM simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. Hardware prototypes of the converters are developed and experimental results are given.
Existential Types for Imperative Languages

We integrate existential types into a strongly typed C-like language. In particular, we show how a bad combination of existential types, mutation, and aliasing can cause a subtle violation of type safety. We explore two independent ways to strengthen the type system to restore safety. One restricts the mutation of existential packages. The other restricts the types of aliases of existential packages. We use our framework to explain why other languages with existential types are safe.
THE INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF PHASE MISMATCH IN POTENTIAL SECOND HARMONIC GENERATORS.

When in search of new nonlinear crystals, one must consider phase matching as well as the strength of the nonlinearity. We have developed a technique to give us phase match (or mismatch) information about these crystals. The information can be obtained and interpreted as a function of crystal angle or temperature. This information is crucial when candidate harmonic crystals are being tested. The data come in the form of interferograms recorded on film obtained using the nonlinear Fizeau interferometer.1 By using this technique, we avoid the tedious process of measuring indices separately to high precision to get a reliable measure of index differences.
Impact of PBGA-ball-coplanarity on formation of solder joints

Type 225L PBGAs with eutectic balls are specially processed and assembled to determine the effect of ball-coplanarity on solder joint formation. A mathematical model is developed to predict the formation and shape of the joints as a function of the initial ball volume, coplanarity, and other part and process variables. The model-predicted values are in very good agreement with the observed ones. A method is also developed for characterizing the effect of PCB warpage, and sag during assembly reflow, on joint formation. The overall methodology may be used to set package coplanarity specifications that ensure acceptable solder joints. Hewlett-Packard will continue purchasing PBGAs that meet the JEDEC current 6-mil coplanarity specification. This study suggests that industrial processes can tolerate larger than 6-mil ball-coplanarities for PBGA's with collapsible balls. Hopefully, this work starts momentum within the industry to relax the JEDEC specification. The potential benefit is a substantial package cost savings for package suppliers and end-users.
EPOXY COATINGS FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF REINFORCEMENT STEEL

The bridge deck deterioration problem has been attributed to the corrosion of the reinforcement steel. Epoxy coating of reinforcement steel provides a positive means of preventing salt-induced rebar (reinforcement rod) corrosion. The epoxy coating process is a well-established manufacturing procedure capable of full-scale bridge deck production.
Luminal polyamines substitute for tissue polyamines in duodenal mucosal repair after stress in rats

The purpose of this study was to examine whether luminal polyamines administered exogenously accelerate the repair of stress-induced intestinal mucosal damage in rats. Rats were fasted for 22 hours, placed in restraint cages, and immersed in water to the xiphoid process for 6 hours. Animals were killed either immediately after the period of stress or at 4, 12, and 24 hours thereafter. Duodenal mucosa was examined histologically, and ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels were measured. Repair of duodenal mucosa after stress was extensively delayed by administering 500 mg/kg DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) IP. DFMO also inhibited ornithine decarboxylase activity and prevented increases in duodenal mucosal polyamine content. Intragastric administration of the polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine (100 mg/kg), immediately after stress significantly prevented the decreased rate of repair caused by DFMO. Spermidine or spermine accelerated healing better than putrescine in the DFMO-treated rats. Spermine also significantly increased the normal rate of repair of stress-induced damage. The delayed recovery of mucosal DNA, RNA, and protein content following stress in the DFMO-treated rats was prevented by exogenous polyamines. The reduced levels of duodenal mucosal spermidine and spermine in stressed rats treated with DFMO returned toward control levels after administration of exogenous spermidine. These results indicate that (a) luminal polyamines effectively substitute for endogenously synthesized polyamines in the repair process of the duodenal mucosa, (b) luminal polyamines can increase the normal healing rate and, (c) polyamines accelerate healing by increasing both an early phase and a later phase dependent on cell renewal.
Berry bioactive phenolics reduce DPP-IV expression and increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in vitro (LB412)

Berries are a rich source of bioactive phenolic compounds that are able to bind and inhibit the enzyme DPP-IV, a current target for type-2 diabetes therapy. The objective was to screen berry phenol...
Trends in the Western Historiography of the United States’ Occupation of Germany

This article examines the historiography of the U.S. Army’s occupation of Germany after World War II and how historians have portrayed the event in North-American literature. It argues that the central question dividing American historians is whether the U.S. occupation was too lenient or too harsh. This split began at the end of the war with Allied leaders divided between a harsh occupation of the Reich and containing the Soviets. This historiographical essay traces this, and other trends, in how historians have viewed the occupation.
Electrophysiological evidence for the action of light on the pineal gland in the rat.

La lumiere a un effet inhibiteur sur l'activite electrique tonique spontanee de l'epiphyse du rat, enregistree dans l'obscurite. Les elements photosensibles se trouvent au niveau des yeux. Le fait que la reponse a ete bloquee par le chlorure de hexamethonium suggere qu'elle est transmise a l'epiphyse par les nerfs sympathiques postganglionnaires.
Using Clinician-Rated Five-Factor Model Data to Score the DSM–IV Personality Disorders

Proposals suggest that many or all of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM–IV]; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) personality disorders (PDs) may be omitted from the DSM (5th ed.; DSM–V) and replaced with a dimensional trait model of personality pathology (Krueger, Skodol, Livesley, Shrout, & Huang, 2007; Skodol, 2009). Several authors have expressed concerns that this may be difficult for clinicians and researchers who are more comfortable with the extant PD diagnoses. In this study, we tested whether clinician ratings of traits from the Five-factor model (FFM; Costa & McCrae, 1990) can be used to recreate DSM–IV PDs. Using a sample of 130 clinical outpatients, we tested the convergent and discriminant validity of the FFM PD counts in relation to consensus ratings of the DSM–IV PDs. We then examined whether the FFM and DSM–IV PD scores correlate in similar ways with self-reported personality traits from the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (Clark,...
Changes of biological significance induced by metal ions in the structure of nucleic acids and nucleotides

We have previously shown that the action of metal ions on nucleic acids leads to a variety of perturbations in secondary structure, including crosslinking, mispairing, and degradation. We have demonstrated that metal ions also have a profound effect on the way in which nucleic acid molecules are packed together into highly organized aggregates [1]. These studies, along with those that reveal that metals also influence the enzymes that act on nucleic acids (such as cleavage enzymes and RNA polymerase) indicate how changes in cellular concentrations of metal ions can impact on cellular processes that depend on genetic information transfer. Many of the effects of metals on nucleic acids or other biomacromolecules involve conformational changes. We have recently been concerned with the ability of metal ions or complexes to induce interconversions among at least four nucleic acid conformers [2]. These studies were carried out with poly(dGdC)·(dGdC), which can exist in the Z-conformation, and we have discovered that conversion to Z-DNA can lead to further conversions to other DNA structures. These structures are all in equilibrium with each other, but each can be stabilized under appropriate conditions of nucleic acid and metal concentration. These conformational transitions are important because the biological activity of nucleic acids depends on their conformation. We have shown that different conformations of DNA have different activities as template for RNA synthesis. It has been reported that the progress of Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent form of senile dementia, is associated with the accumulation of aluminum in the chromatin of the brain [3, 4]. We have found that Al forms crosslinks between DNA strands and that Al binding to DNA in chromatin can be monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Al has also been implicated in dialysis dementia [5] through binding to ATP [6]. We have found by multinuclear NMR studies that Al forms four different complexes [7] with ATP. 27Al NMR is very sensitive to the chemical environment of Al and can be used in the identification of Al complexes in equilibrium with each other in a variety of systems of biological interest [8].
Lower bounds for Wiener integrals

Techniques are developed to sharpen lower bounds for density matrices occurring in statistical mechanics. The Wiener integrals are treated by insertion of trial functionals and parametric representations of unity that involve functionals of the path. Jensen's inequality is applied to suitable parameter-dependent path measures. These yield stronger forms than the basic Feynman bound. We also introduce trajectory insertions, and use coupling constant integration and the hierarchy for correlation functions to improve the bounds.
Good Clinical Practice and Audits for Dual X-ray Absorptiometry and X-ray Imaging Laboratories and Quality Assurance Centers Involved in Clinical Drug Trials, Private Practice, and Research

Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines, with an emphasis on quality and validation of processes and data, must be applied to the use of imaging in clinical drug development. All participants, including the sponsor, principal investigator, site staff, quality assurance centers, and contract research organizations, must be cognizant of the need for application of these principles to their activities related to the imaging programs. This article discusses the various aspects of GCP as they need to be applied to the use of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone densitometry and X-rays for vertebral fracture assessment in clinical trials for osteoporosis, as well as research and private practice settings. The theory of proper audit conduct to verify clinical trial data is presented.
Impact of exchange rate volatility on commodity trade between U.S. and China: is there a third country effect

Impact of exchange rate uncertainty on trade flows still continues to dominate the literature. Most previous research has used aggregate trade data between one country and the rest of the world or between two countries at a bilateral level. A recent study, however, considered the trade between the U.S. and China at the commodity level, but excluded the “third-country” effect in its analysis. In this paper, we consider the commodity trade between the U.S. and China one more time and investigate whether volatility of the real U.S. dollar-Canadian dollar has any implication on the trade flows between the U.S. and China. The answer happens to be in the affirmative, though a more significant third-country effect is found in the short run as compared to the long run.
Model-based autonomy in deep space missions

The article discusses trade-offs involved in current-generation autonomy systems for deep-space applications and describes emerging research that will let future spacecraft operate unattended for significant periods of time, synthesizing control decisions in response to both planned and unplanned events.
Current status in cervical carotid artery stent placement

Abstract Carotid artery stenting has become a recommended alternative to carotid endarterectomy at many clinical centers in this country and aboard. Results of randomized clinical trials that established the efficacy of carotid endarterectomy are described and compared with retrospective analyses of results from investigative groups in this country and aboard. Introduction of cerebral protection devices appears to have decreased the 30-day stroke and death rate. These data suggest comparability with the results of carotid endarterectomy and support the value of currently on-going trials and registries. Increasing use of carotid artery stenting is predicted.
Reinvestigation of a Ru2-Incorporated Polyoxometalate Dioxygenase Precatalyst, “[WZnRu2III(H2O)(OH)(ZnW9O34)2]11−”: Evidence For Marginal, ≤0.2 Equivalents of Ru Incorporation Plus Faster Catalysis by Physical Mixtures of [RuII(DMSO)4Cl2] and the Parent Polyoxometalate [WZn3(H2O)2(ZnW9O34)2]12−

A 1997 Nature paper (Nature 1997, 388, 353−355) and subsequent 1998 J. Am. Chem. Soc. paper (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11969−11976) reported that a putative Ru2-substituted polyoxoanion, “[WZnRu2III(H2O)(OH)(ZnW9O34)2]11−”, (1), is an all inorganic dioxygenase able to incorporate one O2 into two adamantane C—H bonds to yield 2 equiv of 1-adamantanol as the primary product. In a subsequent 2005 Inorg. Chem. publication (Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 4175−4188), strong evidence was provided that the putative dioxygenase chemistry is, instead, the result of classic autoxidation catalysis. That research raised the question of whether the reported Ru2 precatalyst, 1, was pure or even if it contained two Ru atoms, since Ru is known to be difficult to substitute into polyoxoanion structures (Nomiya, K.; Torii, H.; Nomura, K.; Sato, Y. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 2001, 1506−1521). After our research group had contact with three other groups who also had difficulties reproducing the reported synthesis and composition ...
Electrochemical response of carbon paste electrode modified with mixture of titanium dioxide/zirconium dioxide in the detection of heavy metals: lead and cadmium.

Abstract A novel carbon modified electrode was developed by incorporating titanium dioxide/zirconium dioxide into the graphite carbon paste electrode to detect heavy metals—cadmium and lead. In this work, the development of the novel titanium dioxide/zirconium dioxide modified carbon paste electrode was studied to determine the optimum synthesis conditions related to the temperature, heating duration, amount and ratio of titanium dioxide/zirconium dioxide, and amount of surfactant, to create the most reproducible results. Using cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis, this study has proven that the novel titanium dioxide/zirconium dioxide can be utilized to detect heavy metals—lead and cadmium, at relatively low concentrations (7.6×10 −6 M and 1.1×10 −5 M for Pb and Cd, respectively) at optimum pH value (pH=3). From analyzing CV data the optimal electrodes surface area was estimated to be 0.028 (±0.003) cm 2 . Also, under the specific experimental conditions, electron transfer coefficients were estimated to be 0.44 and 0.33 along with the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants of 5.64×10 −3 and 2.42×10 −3 (cm/s) for Pb and Cd, respectively.
Electrical conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White (pre-excitation) syndrome.

Abstract D.C. electric shock proved to be a safe, effective method for abolishing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in 3 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In 1 case, the speed of action of electrical conversion (sec.) contrasted with that of drugs (3 days). Other patients with regular supraventricular tachycardias and narrow QRS complexes were also successfully treated electrically.
The N-dimensional tie-line problem

Abstract An analytical method is presented for determining whether two mineral assemblages can be related to one another by a balanced chemical reaction or whether their differing mineralogies must be attributed to differing bulk compositions. Projections and other chemographic methods are shown to be equivalent but less general than the method presented. Set theory and vector algebra are used to state the problem and to formulate a solution. Solutions are reached by the methods of linear programming and result in balanced chemical reactions, if such exist. Open and closed systems can be equally well treated, as can various projections, and numerous idealized and natural examples are presented to illustrate the method. It is concluded that chemographic analyses of phase equilibria in pelitic schists presented by Phinney (1962), and by Albee (1965), are consistent with the new method, and that the orthopyroxene isograd of the northwest Adirondacks may be as much the result of a metasomatic change of bulk composition as of an increase of metamorphic grade.
AAEM minimonograph #37: Facial and limb myokymia

Myokymia is a clinical phenomenon associated with characteristic electromyographic activity referred to as myokymic discharges. These are spontaneously generated bursts of individual motor unit potentials with each burst recurring rhythmically or semirhythmically, usually several times per second. It involves facial muscles more commonly than those of the extremities, and is most often seen in association with Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, radiation plexopathy, pontine tumors, and timber rattlesnake envenomation. An alteration in the biochemical microenvironment of axon membranes at one of the various sites along the motor axon is the likely basis for the altered membrane excitability that underlies the myokymic discharges in most cases. The similarity of these discharges to those seen with hypocalcemic tetany, and the ability to manipulate myokymic discharges by altering serum-ionized Ca++, suggests that decrease in the ionized Ca++ in the microenvironment of the axon may play an important role.
Ubiquity of scalar timing with Poisson clock

Abstract A Poisson pacemaker/accumulator system for perceiving and remembering time is studied. It is shown that were the Poisson process the only source of variance, the distribution of estimates of a remembered time would follow a compound gamma law. However, when multiplicative, mnemonic variance is introduced via encoding and retrieval constants, the scalar property is induced and dominates other sources of variance which may be present but invisible.
Radioimmunoassay of Plasma 16a-Hydroxyprogesterone

Abstract This report describes a radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of unconjugated 16a-hydroxyprogesterone (16a-P) in plasma. Utilizing an antiserum against 16a-P combined with a one step celite microcolumn chromatographic system, we have measured this steroid accurately in small a liquors of plasma from both male and female subjects. The mean value ± S.D. for nine adult male subjects was 0.69 ± 0.16 ng/ml. Plasma 16a-P was significantly higher (p <0.01) during the luteal (1.20 ± 0.24 ng/ml) than during the follicular phase (0.57 ± 0.18 ng/ml).
A Numerical Model of Deep Moist Convection: Part I. Comparative Experiments for Variable Ambient Moisture and Wind Shear

Abstract This study concerns the influence of ambient conditions upon the behavior of deep moist convection in the atmosphere. By means of a two-dimensional numerical model, an anelastic system of hydrodynamic and thermodynamic equations is integrated in order to simulate convection of the squall-line type. Liquid precipitation and the effect of pressure perturbations upon the buoyancy are included. The joint influence of low-level relative humidity and mid-tropospheric wind shear upon the intensity and persistence of the convection at maturity is investigated. Nine comparative experiments are performed using three values of each parameter, including cases without shear. The various cases are compared with regard to airflow and rainfall patterns. Basic features of the perturbation fields for flow, temperature and pressure are interrelated. It is found that the greater the moisture supply and the weaker the shear, the more intense is the convection in terms of both peak updraft velocity and rainfall rate. ...
Fluctuations of gaps and voids

Abstract The fluctuations of spatial patterns from event to event, when quantified and measured, can reveal greater details about the underlying dynamics than average properties. One aspect of a pattern is the emptiness in a populated space, as contrasted to regions where particles are detected. When the event multiplicity is low, rapidity gaps can provide important information about soft interaction. When it is high as in nuclear collisions, cuts should be made to reveal the fluctuating patterns that may signal quark-hadron phase transition. The scaling behavior of voids can provide such a signature. We describe the gap and void analyses of generated events from theoretical models.
The 2014 Joint Mathematics Meetings Exhibition of Mathematical Art

‘The mathematical art exhibit this year is bigger and better than it's ever been!’I heard words to that effect often enough at the 2014 Joint Mathematics Meetings (JMM) to be struck by the fact tha...
Gas—liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry of mono- and dithiols as their tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives

Abstract The use of gas—liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry with derivatizing agents that give stable derivatives and consistent fragmentation patterns allows for accurate identification of a variety of compounds. In this study either N-methyl- N-tert.-butyldimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide or N-tert.-butyldimethylsilylimidazole were employed to derivatize a range of mono- and dithiols: from ethanethiol to 1-hexadecanethiol and 1,2-ethanedithiol to 1,9-nonanedithiol. When analyzed in this way, the resulting tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of the 24 thiols tested were readily distinguishable. Complete baseline separation of each derivative by capillary gas—liquid chromatography was achieved, and each produced a prominent mass minus 57[M+ − 57] fragment. The tert.-butyldimethylsilyl-thioethers were colorless and were stable at room temperature for over 3 months. This method may provide a convenient approach to the analysis of thiol compounds from a wide variety of sources.