cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
African ape social structure: Is there strength in weak ties?

Abstract Prominent hypotheses on the structure of African ape social organization are examined from a network perspective. Data on chimpanzee and gorilla social ties are summarized and assessed with respect to the hypotheses. Contrary to most of the literature on African apes, a network analysis of social ties reveals that chimpanzees and gorillas have similar structural arrangements in their respective patterns of social organization. Granovetter's weak tie mode of integration of a population at the macro level is used to explain the data.
Metabolic behavior of acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine on interaction with rabbit platelets

The metabolic fate of 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine ([3H]-AGEPC) upon interaction with rabbit platelets was investigated. [3H]AGEPC was converted to a product identified as the long-chain fatty acyl analog. The reaction was unaffected by extracellular calcium. After a lag time of 30 to 60 s the kinetics of the conversion was linear. The rate of the reaction was found to be a function of platelet and AGEPC concentrations. Of the [3H]AGEPC (10−9m) 85 ± 5% was processed into the-long chain fatty acyl analog within 1 h when incubated at 37 †C with a 1.25 × 109 platelets per milliliter suspension. A maximal number of 1200 to 3600 [3H]AGEPC molecules were converted to the long-chain fatty acyl derivative per minute per platelet in the presence of 2 mm EDTA. Under similar conditions the 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-(lyso)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine ([3H]lysoGEPC) also was transformed to a comparable long-chain fatty acyl derivative at a much slower rate and to a lower extent. No significant increase in lysoGEPC was noted in incubation mixtures containing [3H]AGEPC. The possible direct transacylation of AGEPC upon interaction with platelets is discussed as well as the possible involvement of this reaction in directly triggering the platelet response to AGEPC stimuli.
A corresponding states correlation of saturated liquid volumes

A corresponding states correlation is presented for the prediction of saturated liquid volumes. Parameters required are the critical temperature, the acentric factor, and a scaling volume. The correlation is valid over the entire useful range of reduced temperatures from 0.2 to 1.0. The full temperature range has not been covered by previous corresponding states correlations. Average absolute deviations in predicted liquid volumes is one-quarter of 1% for 26 compounds. The correlation is also useful for calculating critical temperatures, pressures, and volumes when experimental critical data are lacking. The proposed method also provides a convenient means for calculating rapidly and accurately the statistical mechanical parameters used in the cell model correlation developed by Renon, Eckert, and Prausnitz.
RELATIONSHIP OF CLIENTS' SEX TO EFFECTIVE VOCATIONAL COUNSELING BY MALE COUNSELORS

-The findings indicare that there is no significant difference in male counselors' perception of the vocational aspirations of their female and their male clients. The over-all findings indicare that male counselors are reasonably perceptive of the vocational aspirations of their clients; 90% of the counselors participating in the study achieved significant relationships of moderate magnitude between their clients' occupational choices and their perceptions of their choice.
The Mouse Fused Locus Encodes Axin, an Inhibitor of the Wnt Signaling Pathway That Regulates Embryonic Axis Formation

Mutations at the mouse Fused locus have pleiotropic developmental effects, including the formation of axial duplications in homozygous embryos. The product of the Fused locus, Axin, displays similarities to RGS (Regulators of G-Protein Signaling) and Dishevelled proteins. Mutant Fused alleles that cause axial duplications disrupt the major mRNA, suggesting that Axin negatively regulates the response to an axis-inducing signal. Injection of Axin mRNA into Xenopus embryos inhibits dorsal axis formation by interfering with signaling through the Wnt pathway. Furthermore, ventral injection of an Axin mRNA lacking the RGS domain induces an ectopic axis, apparently through a dominant-negative mechanism. Thus, Axin is a novel inhibitor of Wnt signaling and regulates an early step in embryonic axis formation in mammals and amphibians.
Structure determination of maduralide: a new 24-membered ring macrolide glycoside produced by a marine bacterium (actinomycetales)

Abstract Maduralide ( 1 ), a novel macrolide possessing a 24-membered ring, was isolated from a marine bacterium grown in liquid culture. The structure of this new metabolite was determined by spectroscopic methods.
Linear independence of derivatives of link polynomials

Abstract Higher order link polynomials were defined by combining ingredients from link polynomials and Vassiliev invariants. It has been proved that each n th partial derivative of the Homfly polynomials is an n th order Homfly polynomial. This naturally raises two questions: Question 1. Are these partial derivatives linearly independent? Question 2. Do they span the space of higher order link polynomials? In this paper, we give an affirmative answer to Question 1. As a by-product, we determine all the higher order Conway polynomials.
Micro ion trap mass spectrometry

Experiments to perform mass spectrometry with ion traps of submillimeter dimension are described. Several trap geometries amenable to microfabrication have been explored. In these experiments, vapor-phase molecules were ionized by a pulse from a frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser. The ions were trapped and mass analyzed by manipulating the radiofrequency voltages on the trap electrodes. Effects of trapping parameters on mass resolution and sensitivity are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal interferometer designs for optical coherence tomography

We introduce a family of power-conserving fiber-optic interferometer designs for low-coherence reflectometry that use optical circulators, unbalanced couplers, and (or) balanced heterodyne detection. Simple design equations for optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio of the interferometers are expressed in terms of relevant signal and noise sources and measurable system parameters. We use the equations to evaluate the expected performance of the new configurations compared with that of the standard Michelson interferometer that is commonly used in optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems. The analysis indicates that improved sensitivity is expected for all the new interferometer designs, compared with the sensitivity of the standard OCT interferometer, under high-speed imaging conditions.
The rapid chain extension of anthracene-functional polyesters by the Diels-Alder reaction with bismaleimides

The chain extension of anthracene end-capped oligoesters by reaction with bismaleimides constitutes a rapid route to high molecular weight polyesters. Polytransesterification of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate in the presence of a small amount of 2-hydroxyethyl 2-anthracenecarboxylate provides low molecular weight anthracene-terminated macromers with anthracene end group functionality (f AN ) of 1.66-1.85. These are subject to rapid chain extension with di(4-maleimidophenyl)methane by Diels-Alder cycloadditions resulting in consumption of the anthracene and maleimide end groups to generate polymers with M n > 2.0 x 10 4 g . mol -1 . Thus, generation of the polymeric structure is achieved rapidly by addition reactions rather than sluggish transesterification reactions in which a condensate must be removed from the viscous polymer melt.
Neutron Form Factors from Inelastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering

The differential cross section for quasielastic scattering of electrons from neutrons initially bound in deuterium has been measured at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} laboratory angle for values of the four-momentum transfer squared equal to 11, 15, 20, 25, and 35 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The yield of momentum analyzed scattered electrons was measured using C${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, C${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, and C targets. The Durand theory for the effects of deuteron binding is used to extract experimental values for the ratio of the electron-neutron and electron-proton differential cross sections. Over most of the range of the experiment $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}}$ is between 0.3 and 0.5. The neutron form factors obtained are consistent with previous measurements at lower momentum transfer. $|{G}_{\mathrm{En}}|$ remains less than 0.3 and $|{G}_{\mathrm{Mn}}|$ continues its decrease towards zero with increasing momentum transfer ($|{G}_{\mathrm{Mn}}|l0.2$ at ${q}^{2}=35$ ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$).
Frequency-dependent Monte Carlo simulations of phonon transport in two-dimensional porous silicon with aligned pores

In this work, phonon transport in two-dimensional (2D) porous silicon structures with aligned pores is investigated by Monte Carlo simulations considering the frequency-dependent phonon mean free paths (MFPs). A boundary condition based on the periodic heat flux with constant virtual wall temperature is developed for the studied periodic structures. Such periodic boundary conditions enable the simulation of the lattice thermal conductivities with a minimum computational domain. For the 2D case, it is found that phonon size effects caused by the periodically arranged pores can be remarkable even when the pore size and spacing are much larger than the averaged phonon MFPs. Our results show the importance of considering the frequency dependence of phonon MFPs in the analysis of micro- and nanostructured materials.
PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN PARANEOPLASTIC HYPERCALCÆMIA

Hypercalcaemia is often associated with malignant disease. Causes of elevated serum-calcium levels in the absence of bony metastases include parathyroid-hormone production by the tumour, osteolytic factors made by the tumour, and coexistent primary hyperparathyroidism. By measuring nephrogenous cyclic-A.M.P. excretion to assess parathyroid-hormone function, we have determined the mechanism of such hypercalcaemia in 15 patients. Nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. ranges from 0.05 to 2.40 mumol/g of creatinine in normal subjects, from 2.27 to 8.45 mumol/g in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and from 0.50 to 1.30 mumol/g in patients with proven non-hyperparathyroid hypercalcaemia without malignancy. 9 patients (60%) with hypercalcaemia and malignancy had normal levels of nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. (range 0.35-2.07 mumol/g creatinine). The other 6 (40%) had elevated nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. (range 2.70-5.55 mumol/g) consistent with increased parathyroid-hormone secretion. Surgical exploration of the neck in these patients showed that the increased parathyroid-hormone secretion was secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism, not ectopic hyperparathyroidism. Thus, the data indicate that coexistent hyperparathyroidism may be common in patients with hypercalcaemia and malignancy and that the measurement of nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. is very useful in identifying patients at risk for hyperparathyroidism.
On enumerative equivalence of group elements

Abstract Let G be a finite group acting on a finite set S . Burnside's formula expresses the number of orbits of S under G in terms of the numbers I(g) , where I(g) is the number of fixed points of S under the group element g . This paper characterizes the circumstances under which two group elements, g 1 and g 2 , satisfy I(g 1 )= I(g 2 ) for all actions of G . Several related questions are also discussed.
2-Phenylphenanthridinone and related compounds: aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists and suicide inactivators of P4501A1

Abstract The effects of several 2-substituted phenanthridinones (2-nitro-, 2-t-butyl-, 2-bromo-, 2-phenyl-, 2-ethyl-, 2-methoxy-, 2-iodo-, 2-n-butyl-, 2-chloro-, 2-trifluoromethyl-, 2-fluoro-, 2-isopropyl-, and 2-methyl) and phenanthridinone as ligands for the rat liver cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor were determined using a competitive binding assay and 2,3,7,8-[3H]tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as the radioligand. The competitive binding IC50 values varied from 317 (2-trifluoromethyl-) to 5870 nM (2-methoxyphenanthridinone); the relative low Ah receptor binding affinities for these compounds were paralleled by their weak activity as inducers of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells; however, there was not a correlation between their structure-binding and structure-induction relationship. In cells cotreated with 1 nM TCDD plus different concentrations (0.01-10 μM) of the 2-substituted phenanthridinones, several of these compounds inhibited induction of EROD activity by TCDD; 2-t-butyl- and 2-phenylphenanthridinone (2-PP) were the most active compounds, causing a >80% reduction in the induced response. 2-PP was selected as a model to further investigate the mechanism of this inhibitory response. The results of interactive studies in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells cotreated with 2-PP plus TCDD or [3H]TCDD showed that 2-PP did not inhibit formation of the nuclear Ah receptor complex or induction of CYP1A1 mRNA levels or CYP1A1 protein. In contrast, incubation of 2-PP with either rat hepatoma H4IIE cells treated with TCDD or hepatic microsomes from TCDD-treated rats resulted in a rapid loss of EROD activity. In parallel experiments, [3H]2-PP was incubated with hepatic microsomes from TCDD-treated rats and analysis by denaturing electrophoresis showed that [3H]2-PP formed a covalent adduct with a 50- to 55-kDa protein and thus acted as a suicide inactivator of CYP1A1.
Lower estimates for the singular values of random matrices

Abstract Let Γ be an n × n matrix, whose entries are independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables satisfying the subgaussian tail estimate. We obtain polynomial type lower estimates of the singular numbers of Γ, which hold with probability close to 1. We also show that if A is an N × n matrix with N > n , whose entries are i.i.d. subgaussian random variables, then with high probability the space E = A R n satisfies the conditions of Kashin's theorem, i.e. the l 2 N and l 1 N norms are equivalent on E. Moreover the distance between these norms polynomially depends on δ = ( N − n ) / n . To cite this article: M. Rudelson, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 342 (2006).
Evaluation of AMSR-E-Derived Soil Moisture Retrievals Using Ground-Based and PSR Airborne Data during SMEX02

Abstract A Land Surface Microwave Emission Model (LSMEM) is used to derive soil moisture estimates over Iowa during the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02) field campaign, using brightness temperature data from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Radiometer (AMSR)-E satellite. Spatial distributions of the near-surface soil moisture are produced using the LSMEM, with data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS), vegetation and land surface parameters estimated through recent Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface products, and standard soil datasets. To assess the value of soil moisture estimates from the 10.7-GHz X-band sensor on the AMSR-E instrument, retrievals are evaluated against ground-based sampling and soil moisture estimates from the airborne Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) operating at C band. The PSR offers high-resolution detail of the soil moisture distribution, which can be used to analyze heterogeneity within the scale of the AMSR-E pixel. Prelim...
Visualization of HIV-1 interactions with penile and foreskin epithelia: clues for female-to-male HIV transmission.

To gain insight into female-to-male HIV sexual transmission and how male circumcision protects against this mode of transmission, we visualized HIV-1 interactions with foreskin and penile tissues in ex vivo tissue culture and in vivo rhesus macaque models utilizing epifluorescent microscopy. 12 foreskin and 14 cadaveric penile specimens were cultured with R5-tropic photoactivatable (PA)-GFP HIV-1 for 4 or 24 hours. Tissue cryosections were immunofluorescently imaged for epithelial and immune cell markers. Images were analyzed for total virions, proportion of penetrators, depth of virion penetration, as well as immune cell counts and depths in the tissue. We visualized individual PA virions breaching penile epithelial surfaces in the explant and macaque model. Using kernel density estimated probabilities of localizing a virion or immune cell at certain tissue depths revealed that interactions between virions and cells were more likely to occur in the inner foreskin or glans penis (from local or cadaveric donors, respectively). Using statistical models to account for repeated measures and zero-inflated datasets, we found no difference in total virions visualized at 4 hours between inner and outer foreskins from local donors. At 24 hours, there were more virions in inner as compared to outer foreskin (0.0495 +/− 0.0154 and 0.0171 +/− 0.0038 virions/image, p = 0.001). In the cadaveric specimens, we observed more virions in inner foreskin (0.0507 +/− 0.0079 virions/image) than glans tissue (0.0167 +/− 0.0033 virions/image, p<0.001), but a greater proportion was seen penetrating uncircumcised glans tissue (0.0458 +/− 0.0188 vs. 0.0151 +/− 0.0100 virions/image, p = 0.099) and to significantly greater mean depths (29.162 +/− 3.908 vs. 12.466 +/− 2.985 μm). Our in vivo macaque model confirmed that virions can breach penile squamous epithelia in a living model. In summary, these results suggest that the inner foreskin and glans epithelia may be important sites for HIV transmission in uncircumcised men.
The structure of amorphous polymers near surfaces: athermal systems

Abstract The Wall PRISM theory of Yethiraj and Hall for calculating the distribution of a polymer liquid near a hard wall is generalised to the case of polymers with complex monomeric architectures, consisting of multiple sites. Results are shown for freely jointed chains, alkanes, isotactic polypropylene, polyisobutylene, and polydimethyl siloxane. It is found that the side chain groups in the substituted polymers are preferentially present near the wall, and tend to shield the atoms on the chain backbone from the surface. Wall PRISM is found to give accurate results for the polymer density distribution beyond about 2 A from the wall. In the immediate vicinity of the wall, the theory satisfactorily predicts the distribution for a melt of hard chains, but is not rich enough to account for the subtle effect of intermolecular interactions on the local distribution in the immediate vicinity of the surface.
Can good learners always compensate for poor learners

Can a good learner compensate for a poor learner when paired in a coordination game? Previous work presented an example where a special learning algorithm (FMQ) is capable of doing just that when paired with a specific less capable algorithm even in games which stump the poorer algorithm when paired with itself. We argue that this result is not general. We give a straightforward extension to the coordination game in which FMQ cannot compensate for the lesser algorithm. We also provide other problematic pairings, and argue that another high-quality algorithm cannot do so either.
Shifting strategies for the parallel QR algorithm

Consider the problem of finding all eigenvalues of a real square matrix A that has no special structure to exploit. The QR algorithm has been the method of choice for solving such problems for the past 30 years. However, in recent years it has been suggested that the days of the QR algorithm may be numbered, for the QR algorithm has proven difficult to parallelize. Such predictions are at best premature. A simple modification of the shifting strategy promises to improve the parallel performance of the QR algorithm significantly and keep the competition at bay for years to come.
Incidence of advanced intravenous access in 2 urban EDs.

Abstract Background In an emergency department (ED), intravenous (IV) access is frequently accomplished by inspection and palpation of peripheral veins. Failure of these methods indicates severe IV access difficulty and necessitates advanced techniques. Here, we estimate the incidence of advanced IV access in 2 urban EDs with varying resident coverage. Methods In this multiple-cohort study, we enrolled data from 2 neighboring urban EDs—a tertiary care ED and a community hospital affiliate. The 2 have similar volumes but the tertiary care ED has more resident coverage (112 vs 20 hours/d). In a prospective data collection (April 2012-2013), we enrolled consecutive patients during hours of scheduled shifts for research assistants. In a retrospective data collection (March 2011-2012), we reviewed charts of a random sample of patients from each ED for similar outcomes. We calculated the incidence of advanced IV access by dividing the number requiring advanced techniques by the number requiring IV access. Results We determined IV outcomes for 790 patients in the prospective cohort and 669 patients in the retrospective cohort. Between groups, there was no difference in the incidence of advanced IV access in the prospective collection ( P = .08) or in the retrospective collection ( P = .7). Pooling data from both cohorts and both hospitals, the overall incidence was 3.2 [95% confidence interval, 1.9-5.2] per 100 attempts. Conclusion Advanced IV access is needed in 3.2% of IV attempts in 2 urban EDs with varying levels of resident coverage. We found similar incidence in both EDs.
The X-Ray Evolution of Hickson Compact Groups

The Hickson compact groups, displaying regions of high galaxy densities, should provide environments where galaxy evolution occurs rapidly. The repeated galaxy interactions and mergers present in compact groups increase the rate of star formation and increase the number of X-ray binaries. A fraction of the H I gas will also become heated via stirring and shocks, which yields extended diffuse, hot gas halos that can encompass all members of a compact group. Using a sample of 16 Hickson compact groups from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory archives, we report on a correlation between the diffuse X-ray gas and the total X-ray point source population luminosities. The correlation of the X-ray gas and point source luminosities is further examined to establish a general evolutionary trend.
The Intellectual Influence of Entrepreneurship Journals: A Network Analysis:

As entrepreneurship emerges into an independent field of study, it is important for scholars and administrators to have a good understanding of the main channels for disseminating knowledge within ...
The identification and characterization of a GABAergic system in the cholinergic neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid clone NG108-15

Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity were identified and characterized in the cholinergic neuronal cell clone NG108-15. GAD activity is similar to form A in rat brain by being temperature sensitive and independent of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in the assay mixture. Most of the NG108-15 GAD activity is inactivated by 1 mM amino-oxyacetic acid. In contrast to NG108-15 choline acetyltransferase, GAD activity is not enhanced when cells are grown with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The GAD activity shows a cell-density dependent increase that does not correlate with changing level of endogenous GABA. The identification of GABAergic properties in the NG108-15 clone enhances its use as a neuronal model for studies of differentiation and neurotoxicity of drugs or chemicals.
New adsorbents for direct warm-gas capture of mercury

A new class of adsorbents for direct capture of mercury from warm-gases has been developed. In these adsorbents, a dicarboxylic acid (DCA) is dissolved in a selective ionic liquid (IL) layer; the DCA + IL solution is coated on a mesoporous support. Mercury is absorbed by the IL and reacts with the DCA to form a halatopolymer, immobilizing the captured mercury. A prototype adsorbent was prepared by coating the IL [bmim]Cl and azelaic acid on mesoporous silica. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the adsorbent is thermally stable at the target operating temperature. Fixed-bed adsorption tests of elemental mercury capture from nitrogen at 160°C show that this adsorbent can capture 44 mg Hg0/g adsorbant. Leaching tests indicate that the captured mercury is held tightly by the adsorbent. The high mercury capacity and high adsorption temperature suggest that the prototype adsorbent is competitive with modified carbons currently used in integrated gasification combined cycle applications.
Polymorphisms in the mannose binding lectin-2 gene and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Although clinical predictors for the development to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are well recognized, a minority of patients with these risks develop ARDS (1). Genetic susceptibility to acute lung injury may explain the observed interindividual differences in risk and in outcomes (2-4). Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is a member of the collectin family important in the initiation of the lectin pathway of complement activation and opsonin-induced phagocytosis (5-7). The MBL protein is encoded by the mannose binding lectin-2 (MBL-2) gene on chromosome 10. It is now known that circulating MBL levels are due largely to three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in codon 52 (db SNP ID rs5030737), 54 (db SNP ID rs1800450), and 57 (db SNP ID rs1800451) in exon 1 and a promoter SNP at codon -221 (MBLXY; db SNP ID rs7096206) (7). The variant exon 1 alleles are known as D, B, and C, respectively, whereas the wild-type alleles are known collectively as the A allele. The variant alleles in exon 1 and the X allele in the MBLXY polymorphism have been found to be associated with serum MBL deficiency especially in individuals homozygous for the variant alleles (8, 9). In clinical studies, variant MBL-2 alleles have been associated with increased susceptibility to meningococcemia (10), invasive pneumococcal infection (11), hepatitis B (12, 13), severe acute respiratory syndrome (14), and other infections (8, 9, 15-17). In critical illnesses, two small studies have found an association between the variant MBL-2 alleles and increased incidence of systemic inflammatory syndrome from both infectious and noninfectious causes, increased severity of sepsis, and/or increased mortality in sepsis (18, 19). In both studies, the variant alleles were associated with serum MBL deficiency with the lowest levels found among those patients who were homozygous for the variant alleles. Genes that are important in sepsis are likely to be relevant in ARDS because of the many common links between sepsis and ARDS. Sepsis is the leading cause of ARDS (1). Most patients who die from ARDS die of refractory infection and sepsis, not from respiratory failure (20-22). We describe a nested case-control study of patients at risk for ARDS. We hypothesized that the X allele of the MBLXY polymorphism and the variant D, B, and C alleles of the codon 52, 54, and 57 in the MBL-2 gene are associated with increased susceptibility to and increased mortality in ARDS.
Is Mate Provisioning Predicted by Ornamentation? A Test with Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis)

Male birds of many species feed their mates during courtship and incubation. The amount of food provided can be substantial and even essential for successful reproduction in some species, and can influence female nest attentiveness in many others. Additionally, mate provisioning may predict later nestling feeding rates. Females may thus benefit from being able to determine male provisioning effort. We assessed the expression of several ornaments, known to indicate condition in male northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), and compared these with mate provisioning rates, nestling feeding rates, and nest attentiveness. We found that male ornamentation may not be indicative of mate provisioning rates. Mate provisioning rate did not co-vary with reproductive success, male feedings to nestlings, or nest attentiveness of females. However, females which were fed more often during incubation tended to provision nestlings less. Reduced female parental effort following extensive incubation feeding may be indicative of females using incubation feeding to assess future male parental effort. Male hormonal condition that favors high rates of nestling provisioning may be a proximate cause of mate provisioning during incubation, even in the absence of selection, favoring high rates of mate provisioning. Both sexes may have capitalized on this unselected behavior.
A Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task with symmetrical joystick responding for nonhuman primates

The serial reaction time (SRT) task is a simple procedure in which participants produce differentiated responses to each of a series of stimuli presented at varying locations. Learning about stimulus order is revealed through decreased latencies for structured versus randomized sequences. Although widely used with humans and well suited to nonhumans, this paradigm is little used in comparative research. In the present article, we describe an SRT procedure that uses colored circles as stimuli, a circular layout of locations, and symmetrical joystick deflections as responses. In two experiments, we showed that four rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) learned to track sequences up to eight items long, with three animals showing faster responding to repeating sequences than to randomized versions. After extended training, these participants also showed evidence of faster responding at all positions within repeating sequences. This method minimizes response effort, equates effort and travel distance across stimulus locations, and is applicable to any joystick-capable species.
Bi-directional Translation of Relational Data into Virtual RDF Stores

A vast majority of the world’s valuable data currently exists in relational databases and other legacy storage systems. In order for Semantic Web applications to access such legacy data without replication or synchronization of the same, the gap between the two needs to be bridged. Several efforts exist that publish relational data as Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples, however almost all current work in this arena is uni-directional, presenting the existing and new data from an underlying relational database into a corresponding virtual RDF store in a read-only manner. This paper expands on previous relational-to-RDF bridging work, by enabling the bridge to be bi-directional and allowing data updates specified as triples to be propagated back to the relational database as tuples. Algorithms to translate the triples to be updated/inserted/deleted into equivalent relational attributes/tuples whenever possible are presented. A widely embraced open-source tool called D2RQ is enhanced with these algorithms to serve as evidence of the bi-directionality of our translation process.
Effect of cation local structure on the physical properties of sulphonated polyurethane ionomers based on toluene diisocyanate

Abstract A series of sulphonated polyurethane ionomers based on poly(tetramethylene oxide) of molecular weight 1000, neutralized with Ca 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cs + and Eu 3+ were examined by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The degree of local order shown by EXAFS correlates inversely with the strain at which stress crystallization begins, indicating that the cohesiveness of the ionic aggregates controls the large-strain behaviour of the materials by suppressing ion-hopping. Upon hydration, the materials lose their mechanical strength. The local structure in the Ca 2+ -neutralized material is insensitive to hydration, while that in the Ni 2+ -neutralized material changes dramatically.
The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive–sensitization view

The question of addiction specie cally concerns (1), the process by which drug-taking behavior, in certain individuals, evolves into compulsive patterns of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior that take place at the expense of most other activities and (2), the inability to cease drug-taking; the problem of relapse. In this paper current biopsychological views of addiction are critically evaluated in light of the “incentivesensitization theory of addiction”, which we e rst proposed in 1993, and new developments in research are incorporated. We argue that traditional negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, and hedonic accounts of addiction are neither necessary nor sufe cient to account for compulsive patterns of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. Four major tenets of the incentive-sensitization view are discussed. These are: (1) Potentially addictive drugs share the ability to produce long-lasting adaptations in neural systems. (2) The brain systems that are changed include those normally involved in the process of incentive motivation and reward. (3) The critical neuroadaptations for addiction render these brain reward systems hypersensitive (“sensitized”) to drugs and drug-associated stimuli. (4) The brain systems that are sensitized do not mediate the pleasurable or euphoric effects of drugs (drug “liking”), but instead they mediate a subcomponent of reward we have termed incentive salience (drug “wanting”). We also discuss the role that mesolimbic dopamine systems play in reward, evidence that neural sensitization happens in humans, and the implications of incentive-sensitization for the development of therapies in the treatment of addiction.
Science in Action: How Middle School Students Are Changing Their World through STEM Service-Learning Projects.

The purpose of Science in Action (SIA) was to examine the relationship between implementing quality science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) service-learning (SL) projects and the effect on students' academic engagement in middle school science, civic responsibility, and resilience to at-risk behaviors. The innovative project funded by the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS) included 6,000+ middle school at-risk students (eligible for at least 50% free or reduced-cost lunch), 126 science teachers who integrated STEM problem-based SL pedagogy into science instruction to teach students to solve real problems in schools and communities. The project involved 20 schools and communities with assistance from 120 community partners. Participants completed pre- and post-SL surveys on academic engagement, civic responsibility, and resilience; qualitative data were collected from journals, interviews, focus groups, observations, and field notes. Results highlight exemplary SL projects that...
Professional Preparation regarding the Recognition and Treatment of Exertional Heat Stroke: The Student Perspective.

Context: Current evidence suggests rectal temperature(Tre) and cold-water immersion (CWI) are the most effective means to diagnose and treat exertional heat stroke (EHS), respectively. Educators, clinicians, and students should be apprised of this evidence to guide their practice. Objective: Investigate what athletic training students (ATS) are learning regarding EHS, both in the classroom and clinical settings that may one day influence their practices as athletic trainers (AT). Design: Qualitative design using in-person focus groups. Setting: National meeting in San Antonio, Texas, 2009. Patients or Other Participants: Thirteen rising senior ATS in a Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE)-accredited athletic training education program. Data Collection and Analysis: Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using open coding techniques. Peer debriefing and multiple-analyst triangulation were used to ensure trustworthiness of the data. Results: Two higher order themes e...
Comparison of parameters from Heidelberg Retina Tomographs 2 and 3.

Purpose To compare stereometric parameters and classification results from the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph version 2 (HRT2); HRT3; and HRT3 Glaucoma Probability Score (GPS), an automated method of obtaining optic nerve head analysis without the need for manual definition of disc margin. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Participants Five hundred four eyes from 281 consecutive subjects (glaucoma, glaucoma suspect, and healthy) evaluated in a glaucoma clinic. Methods All participants had HRT2 scanning of the optic nerve head. Inclusion criteria were scans with good centration and focus, even illumination, an overall quality score by HRT3 of acceptable or better, and standard deviation Main Outcome Measures Heidelberg Retina Tomograph version 2 and HRT3 stereometric parameters, MRA, and global GPS. Results There was a statistically significant difference between HRT2 and HRT3 global disc area, rim area, cup area, rim volume, cup volume, height variation contour, and retinal nerve fiber layer cross-sectional area stereometric parameters. All of those parameters were smaller using HRT3, due to a manufacturer-reported horizontal scaling error of 4% in HRT2 that was corrected in HRT3. κs for agreement were 0.60 between classifications (within normal limits, borderline, and outside normal limits) of MRA by HRT2 and HRT3 and 0.47 between HRT3 MRA and GPS. Conclusions The HRT3 generally provided smaller stereometric disc measurements than HRT2. There was no clear conversion between HRT3 and GPS parameters, as the 2 methods for measuring the stereometric parameters differ.
Amino acid sequence of the light chain derived from a rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibody of restricted heterogeneity.

Abstract The amino acid sequence of the light chain from a specifically purified rabbit (No. 2717) anti- p -azobenzoate antibody preparation (b4 allotype) of restricted heterogeneity has been determined. This light chain is composed of 216 residues, including seven half-cystine residues located at positions 23, 80, 88, 134, 171, 194 and 216. Three intrachain disulfide bonds appear to be present in contrast to only two disulfide bonds as has been so far described for Bence Jones protein and light chains of human and mouse. This light chain was sequenced by isolating the tryptic peptides, sequencing the peptides and establishing their order within the molecule. Unambiguous identification of the overlaps was achieved by taking into account the partially characterized tryptic peptides from citraconic anhydride-treated light chains and chymotryptic and peptic peptides from digests of both untreated and citraconylated light chains. Comparison of this amino acid sequence with the amino acid sequence of the car☐ylterminal half of the b4 light chains from unimmunized rabbits reveals differences at positions 165, 166, 169 and 176 indicating the existence of more than one sequence in the b4 “constant” region. There is substantial sequence homology between the variable half of 2717 light chain and human Bence Jones protein. Indeed, 46 positions in the V region (42%) are occupied by the same residues in this light chain and in human subgroup V κIII .
A Lost Decade for Japanese Corporate Governance Reform?: What’s Changed, What Hasn’t, and Why

Analysis of Japanese corporate law reveals a striking amount of formal institutional change in the past ten years, occurring at an ever-accelerating pace. This feature of law reform can be traced to a heightened awareness of the organizational straightjacket imposed on Japanese firms by the Commercial Code, and to a more competitive and market-responsive environment for the production of corporate law. It has been a "sea change decade" for Japanese corporate law. Yet it has been an ambiguous decade for Japanese corporate practices. Signs of change in response to the new institutional environment can be found in the areas of shareholder activism, corporate mergers and acquisitions and other organizational changes, board structure, and corporate finance. At the same time, however, domestic institutional investors remain passive, management remains largely insulated from the market for corporate control, and "lifetime" employment practices, while covering a shrinking subset of the Japanese workforce, remain firmly in place. This paper accounts for the observed pattern of change and non-change by analyzing the political economy of corporate law reform, the complementarities at work between corporate law and other institutions, and the relationship between corporate law and corporate governance. Japanese corporate law has become more adaptable and responsive to "demand-side" impulses, but it also increasingly reflects the interests of Japanese management, an organized group potentially threatened by corporate law reform. Without external pressures, Japanese managers are able to use the newfound flexibility of the corporate law to entrench themselves as well as to improve returns to shareholders. Moreover, while the corporate law has improved, several complementary institutions needed to complete the institutional package are still incomplete. Ultimately, corporate law bears only a limited relationship to corporate governance. Changes in corporate practices are brought about by dynamics external to the formal corporate governance institutions. Thus, the sea change in Japanese corporate governance must await further changes in the distribution of shareholders, in the capital markets, and in the incentive structures for management, and the further erosion of corporate norms that promote employee and managerial interests over shareholder interests.
Representing, Analyzing, and Visualizing Scholarly Data in Support of Research Management

This paper describes a data management system that serves leaders and members of scholarly units (e.g., research groups, laboratories or centers) to organize, store, and access information relevant to their work and to the operation of their unit. In particular, we discuss the representation of major data types such as people, projects, teaching, publications, presentations, calls & events, datasets, software, hardware, and funding as well as their interlink ages. Based on this representation, different analyses and visualizations become possible. Each visualization is presented in detail and its usage and relevance for the management and presentation of a unit's operation is discussed. We conclude with an outlook and discussion.
Human Capital, Marital and Birth Timing, and the Postnatal Labor Force Participation of Married Women:

Using materials from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Young Women, this article analyzes postnatal labor force participation data for married husband-present women over a 15-year period in order to study factors associated with the length of time out of the labor force following the first birth. Survival analyses and proportional hazards models indicate that human capital variables (education, prebirth work experience, and income) and marital and birth-timing variables (age at first marriage and age at first birth) have significant estimated effects on the rate and timing of reentry into the paid labor force.
RecoNode: A reconfigurable node for heterogeneous multi-robot search and rescue

Search and rescue robots can benefit from small size as it facilitates access to voids and movement in cramped quarters. Yet, small robots cannot be the entire answer for urban search and rescue because small size limits the size of actuators, sensor payloads, computational capacity and battery capacity. Nonetheless, we are attempting to alleviate these limitations by developing the hardware and software infrastructure for heterogeneous, wireless sensor/actuator/control networks that is well-suited to miniature search and rescue robots, as well as a host of other relevant applications. These networks of application-specific sensors, actuators and intelligence will be assembled from a backbone that includes scalable computing, a flexible I/O bus, and multi-hop data networking. But two things will ultimately give our wireless infrastructure its novelty: a dual-baseband communications layer and the embedded virtual machine. The dual-baseband communications layer augments the standard data communication layer with a secondary, sub-millisecond synchronization layer to permit high-fidelity, deterministic, distributed control across the network. The determinism of this dual-baseband communications layer, in turn, enables the creation of the embedded virtual machine, which is a programming construct that abstracts away the physical sensor/actuator/control nodes. With this infrastructure, programming will not be done at the node level, as in conventional wireless sensor networks. Instead, programming will be done at the task level with port-based objects distributed across physical resources as necessary at either compile-time or run-time. At compile-time, the system can assist in the specification of the physical network, while at run-time the system can react to changes in configuration, such as nodes exhausting their batteries or losing connectivity. This paper describes progress to-date on developing this scalable infrastructure, specifically the RecoNode high-performance, dynamically-reconfigurable computational node for the Terminator-Bot crawling robot and the FireFly mid-performance node, as well as their real-time software.
U.S. Weather Highlights 2011: Unparalleled Weather Extremes

The deadliest tornado outbreak in over 70 years, deadliest single tornado in over 60 years, record flooding in the Missouri and Mississippi Valleys, devastating heat and drought in the South, the “...
Testis-Specific Histone H1t Gene Is Hypermethylated in Nongerminal Cells in the Mouse

The testis-specific histone H1t gene is expressed only in pachytene primary spermatocytes during spermatogenesis. There is a correlation between the specific binding of testis nuclear proteins to a rat histone H1t promoter sequence, designated the H1t/TE element, and the onset of transcription in primary spermatocytes. Our laboratory has shown that mice bearing the rat gene with a deletion of the TE promoter element and replacement with a heterologous stuffer DNA fragment fail to express the rat H1t transgene in any tissue. In this study we report that five CpGs located within the H1t proximal promoter, including two CpGs located within the essential TE promoter element, contain unmethylated cytosines in vivo in genomic DNA derived from primary spermatocytes where the H1t gene is expressed. All seven CpGs are hypermethylated in vivo in genomic DNA derived from liver cells where gene expression is repressed. Further, in vitro methylation of an H1t promoter-driven reporter plasmid markedly reduced expression in a transient transfection assay system. These results suggest that cytosine methylation may contribute to the transcriptional silencing of the testis-specific histone H1t gene in nonexpressing tissues such as liver.
Characterization of Oxidized Polymer‐Derived SiBCN Fibers

The oxidation behavior of a developmental amorphous SiBCN fiber was investigated. Fibers were heat-treated in stagnant laboratory air at temperatures of 1300°-1500°C for 1 or 2 h. The oxidized SiBCN fibers contained three distinct concentric layers, each increasing in oxygen concentration from the core to the outer surface. The unreacted fiber core retained its amorphous nature. The first oxidation layer next to the core consisted of a mixture of amorphous SiBCNO and turbostratic BN, which evolved into a more oxygen-rich glass with hexagonal and turbostratic BN grains dispersed throughout nearer the surface. The second layer consisted of essentially pure silica glass with no detectable B, C, or N present. The outermost layer in the fiber oxidized at 1500°C had devitrified to cristobalite. The fiber suffered significant strength degradation after oxidation.
Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy and Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy

With increasing public awareness of the risk for breast cancer and modern techniques of reconstruction, the option of surgical prophylaxis for risk reduction is becoming increasingly popular. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy for women at increased risk of developing breast cancer and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy for those with unilateral breast cancer seeking symmetry, risk reduction, and ease of follow-up are acceptable options for many women. However, prophylactic surgery is not an inconsequential decision, and careful consideration should be given to the risks and benefits of such procedures.