cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Packet reordering in high-speed networks and its impact on high-speed TCP variants

Several recent Internet measurement studies show that the higher the packet sending rate, the higher the packet-reordering probability. This implies that recently proposed high-speed TCP variants are more likely to experience packet reordering than regular TCP in high-speed networks, since they are designed to achieve much higher throughput than regular TCP in these networks. In this paper, we first study the characteristics of packet reordering in high speed networks. Second, we verify the impact of packet reordering on high speed TCP variants and evaluate the effectiveness of the existing reordering-tolerant TCP enhancements using simulations. Our simulation results demonstrate that high-speed TCP variants perform poorly in the presence of packet reordering, and existing reordering-tolerant algorithms can significantly improve the performance of high-speed TCP variants.
Results in speckle photometry

Algorithms for reconstruction of isoplanically blurred point source pairs are considerably simpler and faster than full-blown image reconstruction techniques. Traditional autocorrelation approaches suffer from a 180 degree ambiguity, however, and only yield order of magnitude estimates for brightness ratios. A new asymmetric algorithm is here presented: the "Directed Vector Autocorrelation" (DVA), which is a rapid alternative to vector autocorrelation. Together with the 'Fork algorithm", a directional filter for estimating brightness ratios, the DVA algorithm has been used to resolve ambiguous orbits and produce differential color photometry for several binary stars.
Plants, fatty acids, compartments

Abstract Unlike bacteria and animals, all higher plants have specific organelles for fatty acid synthesis. In the leaf, the chloroplast is the only site while in the seed it is the proplastid. In both sites the principal fatty acid synthesized is oleic acid. This acid is then transported to the cytosol for further modification and utilization.
Interpretation of the optical absorption by indium ions in zinc oxide

Abstract The total optical reflectance, R∞, of indium-doped zinc oxide powders was measured over the wavelength range from 350 to 750 nm. The indium contents of the powders were from 119 to 255 ppm. Indium, which in solid solution forms a shallow, donor-like state in ZnO, produces a uniform decrease in the optical reflectance of ZnO powder over the visible spectrum. From the behavior of the remission function f(R∞) with respect to the In ion density N the optical absorption coefficient k is shown to be nonlinear with N, exhibiting an exponential dependence. The data can be interpreted to indicate that the donor electrons on the In are interacting among In ions, as both pair-wise In interactions and interactions of higher orders. It is demonstrated by experiment that the dependence of the In optical cross section upon ion density can be represented by an effective optical cross section for In given by δeff = δ exp(( 4 3 )π a3N) where δ is the photoionization cross section for the In ion, and a is the effective Bohr radius of the donor electron about the defect.
Retinal vasculature of adult zebrafish: In vivo imaging using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

Over the past 3 decades the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an important biomedical research species. As their use continues to grow additional techniques and tools will be required to keep pace with ongoing research using this species. In this paper we describe a novel method for in vivo imaging of the retinal vasculature in adult animals using a commercially available confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO). With this instrumentation, we demonstrate the ability to distinguish diverse vascular phenotypes in different transgenic GFP lines. In addition this technology allows repeated visualization of the vasculature in individual zebrafish over time to document vascular leakage progression and recovery induced by intraocular delivery of proteins that induce vascular permeability. SLO of the retinal vasculature was found to be highly informative, providing images of high contrast and resolution that were capable of resolving individual vascular endothelial cells. Finally, the procedures required to acquire SLO images from zebrafish are non-invasive, simple to perform and can be achieved with low animal mortality, allowing repeated imaging of individual fish.
Quantum trajectories for resonant scattering

Time-dependent wave packet resonant scattering for the double square barrier has been studied in terms of Bohm quantum trajectories. The high transmission probability for the wave packet with a resonant energy can be explained by the behavior of the quantum trajectories under the influence of the relatively slow formation of a node within the first barrier. This node splits the trajectories into reflected and transmitted components. During this stage, many particle trajectories pass through the double-barrier region and contribute to the transmitted part of the wave packet. Due to the transient nature of the nodes, trajectories in the reflected wave packet bunch together between the nodes for a finite period of time so that temporary structure (localization of particles and accompanying increase in the probability density) develops on small length scales. These calculations also show that the particles gain high momentum near the nodal points, and they reach a uniform momentum distribution after transmitting the barrier region. We have found that the presence of a node between the two barriers influences the different lifetimes of the quasi-bound states. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 81: 206–213, 2001
TNBCtype: A Subtyping Tool for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Motivation: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous breast cancer group, and identification of molecular subtypes is essential for understanding the biological characteristics and clinical behaviors of TNBC as well as for developing personalized treatments. Based on 3,247 gene expression profiles from 21 breast cancer data sets, we discovered six TNBC subtypes from 587 TNBC samples with unique gene expression patterns and ontologies. Cell line models representing each of the TNBC subtypes also displayed different sensitivities to targeted therapeutic agents. Classification of TNBC into subtypes will advance further genomic research and clinical applications. Result: We developed a web-based subtyping tool TNBCtype for candidate TNBC samples using our gene expression meta data and classification methods. Given a gene expression data matrix, this tool will display for each candidate sample the predicted subtype, the corresponding correlation coefficient, and the permutation P-value. We offer a user-friendly web interface to predict the subtypes for new TNBC samples that may facilitate diagnostics, biomarker selection, drug discovery, and the more tailored treatment of breast cancer.
Single crystal and far IR analysis of some lanthanide thiophosphates

Abstract The single crystal structures of GdPS4 (1), DyPS4 (2), and ErPS4 (3) are reported. In addition, the far infrared (IR) spectrum of 3 and NdPS4 (4) are reported. All three compounds crystallize in the tetragonal I41/acd space group. Unit cell dimensions are GdPS4: a=10.709(7), b=10.709(7), and c=19.102(17) A; DyPS4: a=10.7305(11), b=10.7305(11), and c=19.111(3) A; ErPS4: a=10.611(5), b=10.611(5), and c=18.947(13) A. Far IR spectra are consistent with slightly distorted tetrahedra for the PS4 −3 anions. The compounds reported here are isomorphous to several other lanthanide thiophosphates.
Analysis and optimization of the planar 6H-SiC ACCUFET

Abstract This paper discusses the optimization of the planar 6H-SiC ACCUFET structure based upon analysis, simulations and experimental results. Two-dimensional numerical simulations demonstrate that the maximum electric field in the gate oxide can be kept below 3.5 MV cm −1 even at the maximum blocking voltage of 1500 V, by proper device design thereby eliminating the oxide rupture problem seen in SiC UMOSFETs. The trade-off between specific on-resistance and the maximum gate oxide electric field is obtained using simulations. The fabricated 6H-SiC unterminated devices had a blocking voltage of about 350 V with a specific on-resistance of 18 mΩ cm 2 at room temperature for a gate bias of only 5 V. This measured specific on-resistance is within 20% of the analytically calculated and simulated specific on-resistance for the same device. High temperature measurements show that the threshold voltage decreases with temperature and the accumulation channel mobility (∼125 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ) is almost independent of temperature. The specific on-resistance exhibited positive temperature coefficient, as opposed to the undesirable negative temperature coefficient observed on previously reported high voltage SiC MOSFETs.
Colouring the damaged tissues on the burn wound surface

Abstract The use of a clinical test to identify non-viable cells would prove of tremendous assistance to the surgeon performing tangential excision or escharectomy procedures. Methylene blue has the ability to colour the dead and damaged tissue on the burn wound surface. This effect has been used with success as a diagnostic aid during the clinical and surgical assessment of the site, size and depth of the injured zone in 20 dermal burn wounds.
Identification and characterization of a protein kinase-interacting protein encoded by the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.

Abstract We have used a yeast two-hybrid system to identify a baculoviral gene encoding a protein kinase-interacting protein (PKIP). Thepkipgene is located at 15.8–16.2 m.u (map units) and represents ORF 24 in the sequence of 978944 of theAutographa californicanuclear polyhedrosis virus. PKIP is a 19.2-kDa protein and appears to stimulate the activity of the viral protein kinase-1in vitro.Northern blotting analysis revealed thatpkipis a late gene. Attempts to plaque purify apkip−virus were unsuccessful.
The M2 tide on the West Florida Shelf

The M2 tide on the West Florida Shelf was analyzed with data from five arrays of current meter and bottom pressure sensors spanning a 2-year period. The observations of the tidal fluctuations are consistent with a linear barotropic flow model. Internal tides do not contribute significantly to the variance. Consequently, the tidal currents do not change substantially (±25%) over the course of a year and the temperature fluctuations are caused by horizontal advection of the mean thermal gradients. Estimates of energy flux onto the shelf revealed that energy propagates at an angle oblique to the wave crests. The dissipation of tidal energy occurs primarily near shore (depth < 50 m), where the quadratic drag law for bottom friction with drag coefficient γ = 0.002 underestimates the observed dissipation rate. The energy loss over the mid-shelf region is small and consistent with a drag coefficient of 0.002. A one-dimensional model was developed to predict tidal sea level and current amplitudes across the shelf. The model requires only the coastal sea level and the cross-shelf topography. Results of the model are consistent with the observed tidal coefficients.
P-wave And Converted-waves Anisotropy Due to Multiple Fracture Sets

P and S waves velocity characteristics of hydrocarbon reservoirs are altered by hydraulically induced fractures. In the case where a reservoir is fractured at various stages, a complex fracture network is formed within the reservoir. In this abstract, the reflectivity method is used to compute reflection coefficients for PP, PS1 and PS2 waves at an interface of two initially VTI (vertically transverse isotropic) half-spaces (shales) and four vertical fracture sets are introduced in the lower half space at 0, 30, 60 and 90 degrees successively. Schoenberg and Sayers’ method is utilized to calculate the effective elastic constants of the fractured medium. Two shear waves in general anisotropic media are tracked based on the continuity of their polarization vectors instead of their velocities. This technique is important while tracing the continuity of reflection coefficients in the critical and supercritical zones. Fracture modeling suggests that velocity anisotropy in conjunction with AVAZ (Amplitude variation with Angle and Azimuth) response should be utilized to understand fractured media. It is observed that as the number of fracture sets increases, critical angle moves towards higher angle.
Student–Faculty Collaborative Research: A Qualitative Study of Experiences with the Authorship Determination Process

Mentoring students through collaborative research can be an effective method for cultivating student development as scholars; but negotiating the division of responsibilities and recognition may be difficult due to the inherent complexities of the relationship between collaborators and the research process itself. A national sample of 440 students and faculty in education and social science disciplines described their positive and negative experiences with authorship determination in student–faculty collaborative research. Qualitative analysis of these responses revealed important themes and informed the development of suggestions for articulating authorship to avoid potential difficulties.
Space charge lens for high current ion beams

Abstract A space charge or plasma lens consists of an axial electron trap produced with biased ring electrodes and an axial magnetic field to inhibit radial motion of electrons. It is useful for high current ion beams because it does not remove the neutralizing electrons from the beam. In this paper the design of the space charge trap is discussed qualitatively, the focal length is derived for a simple geometry, and a space charge lens in use in a 400 keV−25 mA deuteron beam transport system is described.
Red rats eater exposes recursion in children's word formation

The present study examines noun-noun compounds where the internal noun is pluralized (e.g., new books shelf), contrary to normal constraints that prohibit such constructions. It is proposed that these apparent violations are licensed by a recursive mechanism where word formation passes into Syntax and back into Morphology. Thirty-six 3- to 5-year-olds were tested on their interpretations of compounds fronted by an adjective. When asked to point to a picture of a red rats eater, children preferred a picture where the rats were red over one in which the eater was red. The opposite preference was found when children were asked to point to a red rat eater. These response patterns reflect a recursive-syntactic interpretation when the noun is plural, but a non-recursive interpretation when the noun is singular. The results suggest that children's word formation processes allow complex interactions between grammatical systems from early in acquisition.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ITEM CHARACTERISTICS AND AN INDEX OF DIFFERENTIAL ITEM FUNCTIONING (DIF) FOR THE FOUR GRE VERBAL ITEM TYPES

Two studies are reported. The first examined the factors that predict differences in item responses of two populations (Black and matched White examinees) to GRE analogies. Three factors were found to independently predict differential item responses of these two groups to 234 GRE analogy items: (1) item difficulty, (2) analogy stems with a part/whole relationship and (3) and analogy stems with an “attribute” relationship. An independent sample of 220 SAT analogy items was found to yield very similar results, especially for item difficulty and part/whole relationships. For both GRE and SAT analogies, Black examinees were found to do differentially better than matched White examinees on the hard analogy items. Since item difficulty was found to be the most important predictor variable in Study I, Study II explored the possible importance of item difficulty as a predictor of differential item responses of Black versus matched White examinees for three other verbal item types of both the GRE and SAT tests (these types were antonyms, sentence completions, and reading comprehension items). Item difficulty was found to be an important predictor of the observed differences. An overview of the results suggests that the amount of verbal context might be an important determinant of the magnitude of the relationship between item difficulty and differential performance of Black versus matched White examinees. That is, analogies and antonyms (which have minimal verbal context) produced a stronger correlation of difficulty with differential ethnic performance than did sentence completion and reading comprehension items. This was found for both the GRE and SAT verbal item types. Several hypotheses are advanced to account for some of the observed ethnic differences.
Enhanced performance of an AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor on Si by means of improved adatom diffusion length during MOCVD epitaxy

Four types of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures have been epitaxially grown on Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and fabricated into devices. To achieve crack-free device structures, various stress-engineering methods have been employed including the use of AlGaN/AlGaN-graded layers, insertion of low-temperature AlN layers and ion implantation of the AlN/Si substrate. To improve material quality, pulsed MOCVD is used to enhance adatom diffusion length during (Al) GaN epitaxy of various layers in the HEMT structure. A comparison between structural and morphological characteristics of the HEMTs shows improvement in the (0 0 0 2) symmetric rocking curve value to 837.9 s−1 and the surface roughness of 0.21 nm for HEMT structures grown using pulsed epitaxy. An OFF-state breakdown voltage of 217 V at a drain current of 1 mA mm−1 at Vg = −8 V was measured for the structure with enhanced material quality.
Modeling stress-dependent matrix cracking and stress-strain behavior in 2D woven SiC fiber reinforced CVI SiC composites

Abstract 2D woven Hi-Nicalon and Sylramic-iBN SiC fiber reinforced chemical vapor-infiltrated (CVI) SiC matrix composites were tested at room temperature with modal acoustic emission monitoring in order to determine relationships for stress-dependent matrix cracking. The Hi-Nicalon composites varied in the number of plies (1–36), specimen thickness, and constituent content. The Sylramic-iBN composites were fabricated with balanced and unbalanced 2D weaves in order to vary the fiber volume fraction in the orthogonal directions. Not surprisingly, matrix cracking stresses tended to be, but were not always, higher for composites with higher fiber volume fractions in the loading direction. It was demonstrated that simple relationships for stress-dependent matrix cracking could be related to the stress in the load-bearing CVI SiC matrix. For low-density composites, the 90° minicomposites do not share significant loads and matrix cracking was very similar to single tow minicomposites. For higher-density composites, where significant load is carried by the 0° minicomposites, matrix cracking was dependent on the unbridged “flaw” size, i.e., the 90° tow size or unbridged transverse crack size.
The relationship between greater tuberosity osteopenia and the chronicity of rotator cuff tears.

This study investigated whether a relationship exists between greater tuberosity osteopenia and chronicity of rotator cuff tears. In a retrospective study, anteroposterior radiographs of 28 shoulders in 27 patients who had undergone surgical repair for rotator cuff tears were reviewed. Greater tuberosity osteopenia scores were created using National Institutes of Health digital image software. There was no significant difference in the mean age between patients with minimal to mild rotator cuff tear retraction (63.1 ± 6.14 years) and patients with moderate to severe rotator cuff tear retraction (63.4 ± 9.76 years; P = .77). Of the 13 patients with minimal to mild rotator cuff tear retraction, 10 (77%) were women and 3 (23%) were men. Of 14 patients (50%) with moderate to severe rotator cuff tear retraction, 7 were men and 7 were women. The mean greater tuberosity osteopenia score in the 15 patients with moderate to severe retraction (0.48 ± 0.095) was significantly less than the greater tuberosity osteopenia score in the 13 patients with minimal to mild retraction (0.58 ± 0.135; P P
A consensus sequence for cleavage by vertebrate DNA topoisomerase II

Topoisomerase II, purified from chicken erythrocytes, was reacted with a large number of different DNA fragments and cleavages were catalogued in the presence and absence of drugs that stabilize the cleavage intermediate. Cleavages were sequenced to derive a consensus for topoisomerase II that predicts catalytic sites. The consensus is: (sequence; see text) where N is any base and cleavage occurs at the indicated mark between -1 and +1. The consensus accurately predicts topoisomerase II sites in vitro. This consensus is not closely related to the Drosophila consensus sequence, but the two enzymes show some similarities in site recognition. Topoisomerase II purified from human placenta cleaves DNA sites that are essentially identical to the chicken enzyme, suggesting that vertebrate type II enzymes share a common catalytic sequence. Both viral and tissue specific enhancers contain sites sharing strong homology to the consensus and endogenous topoisomerase II recognizes some of these sites in vivo.
Externalities and benefits

Abstract This paper presents the theory of consumer externalities from the viewpoint of benefits. The theory is based on the social benefit function, which measures how much of a reference commodity bundle the individuals comprising an economy are willing to trade, collectively, for the opportunity to move to a given allocation. This function transforms the question of Pareto efficiency into an optimality principle — namely, the zero-maximum principle. In particular, it is shown that an allocation is Pareto efficient if and only if it maximizes the social benefit function and renders its value zero. Corresponding Pareto efficient prices are Lagrange multipliers of the benefit maximization problem. Competitive behavior is characterized by individual maximization of a private benefit function. Hence, the misalignment of competitive equilibria and Pareto-efficient allocations can be traced to the fact that (as is often argued intuitively) private benefits do not correspond to social benefits in the presence of externalities. The misalignment can be corrected by artificially converting the perceived private benefit function into the social benefit function. It is shown that traditional tax incentive systems essentially work that way.
Schistosoma mansoni: Pattern of release of secretory products

Abstract Adult Schistosoma mansoni were maintained in vitro for 1 hr with radioactively labeled precursors of protein, glycoprotein, and polysaccharides. The worms were then washed extensively and the supernates analyzed. The precursors N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, glucosamine, galactosamine, glucose, leucine, and fucose were incorporated into the worms and both large and small molecular weight products accumulated in the supernatant. For all the precursors except fucose, there was an initial rapid and then slower phase of release for both the large and small molecular weight materials. The amount of label retained by the worms as well as the proportion excreted as large molecular weight material was characteristic for the precursor used. In contrast, the products of fucose were released within 4 to 6 hr and therefore only exhibited the early secretory phase. There was no retention of fucose by the worms. Hydrolysis of large molecular weight products revealed that the N-acetylglucosamine-derived material was incorporated as amino sugars and fucose was incorporated as fucose. Therefore, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose precursors can specifically label secretory glycoproteins of schistosomes in a manner similar to that in mammalian systems.
Two antibodies that neutralize papillomavirus by different mechanisms show distinct binding patterns at 13 Å resolution

Complexes between bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) and examples of two sets of neutralizing, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to the major capsid protein (L1) were analyzed by low-dose cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction to 13 A resolution. mAb #9 is representative of a set of neutralizing antibodies that can inhibit viral binding to the cell surface, while mAb 5B6 is representative of a second set that efficiently neutralizes papillomaviruses without significantly inhibiting viral binding to the cell surface. The 3D reconstructions reveal that mAb #9 binds to L1 molecules of both pentavalent and hexavalent capsomeres. In contrast, 5B6 binds only to hexavalent capsomeres, reflecting the significant structural or environmental differences for the 5B6 epitope in the 12 pentavalent capsomeres. Epitope localization shows that mAb #9 binds monovalently to the tips of capsomeres whereas 5B6 binds both monovalently and bivalently to the sides of hexavalent capsomeres approximately two-thirds of the way down from the outer tips, very close to the putative stabilizing intercapsomere connections. The absence of mAb 5B6 from the pentavalent capsomeres and its inability to prevent viral binding to the cell surface suggest that receptor binding may occur at one or more of the 12 virion vertices.
Gustatory functions of the nucleus tractus solitarius in the rabbit.

Abstract Multiunit analysis revealed a rostral region of NTS containing cells responsive to taste stimulation of rostral tongue. Using representative stimuli for the 4 basic types of taste, maximal incidence and magnitude of response was found to NaCl, followed by HCl, sucrose and QHC1. Further analysis of temporal patterns of response to the tastants revealed differences among stimuli in latency and time course. A principal components analysis indicated that time course, apart from magnitude of response, could contribute to neural differentiation of tastants. Information was also derived on neural intensity functions for these basic types of tastants. Additional observations with sodium saccharin revealed minimal neuronal responsivity despite reported evidence of behavioral preference for this tastant by rabbits.
Rheological structure of the mantle of a super-Earth: Some insights from mineral physics

Abstract The rheological properties of the mantle of super-Earths have important influences on their orbital and thermal evolution. Mineral physics observations are reviewed to obtain some insights into the rheological properties of deep mantles of these planets where pressure can be as high as ∼1 TPa. It is shown that, in contrast to a conventional view that the viscosity of a solid increases with pressure (at a fixed temperature), viscosity will decrease with pressure (and depth) when pressure exceeds ∼0.1 TPa. The causes for pressure-weakening include: (i) the transition in diffusion mechanisms from vacancy to interstitial mechanism (at ∼0.1 TPa), (ii) the phase transition in MgO from B1 to B2 structure (at ∼0.5 TPa), (iii) the dissociation of MgSiO3 into MgO and SiO2 (at ∼1 TPa), and (iv) the transition to the metallic state (at ∼1 TPa). Some (or all) of them individually or in combination reduce the effective viscosity of constituent materials in the deep interior of super-Earths. Taken together, super-Earths are likely to have low viscosity deep mantle by at least 2–3 orders of magnitude less than the maximum viscosity in the lower mantle of Earth. Because viscosity likely decreases with pressure above ∼0.1 TPa (in addition to higher temperatures for larger planets), deep mantle viscosity of super-Earths will decrease with increasing planetary mass. The inferred low viscosity of the deep mantle results in high tidal dissipation and resultant rapid orbital evolution, and affects thermal history and hence generation of the magnetic field and the style of mantle convection.
Release of Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) from 7SK Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) Activates Hexamethylene Bisacetamide-inducible Protein (HEXIM1) Transcription

By phosphorylating negative elongation factors and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which is composed of CycT1 or CycT2 and CDK9, activates eukaryotic transcription elongation. In growing cells, it is found in active and inactive forms. In the former, free P-TEFb is a potent transcriptional coactivator. In the latter, it is inhibited by HEXIM1 or HEXIM2 in the 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), which contains, additionally, 7SK snRNA, methyl phosphate-capping enzyme (MePCE), and La-related protein 7 (LARP7). This P-TEFb equilibrium determines the state of growth and proliferation of the cell. In this study, the release of P-TEFb from the 7SK snRNP led to increased synthesis of HEXIM1 but not HEXIM2 in HeLa cells, and this occurred only from an unannotated, proximal promoter. ChIP with sequencing revealed P-TEFb-sensitive poised RNA polymerase II at this proximal but not the previously annotated distal HEXIM1 promoter. Its immediate upstream sequences were fused to luciferase reporters and were found to be responsive to many P-TEFb-releasing compounds. The superelongation complex subunits AF4/FMR2 family member 4 (AFF4) and elongation factor RNA polymerase II 2 (ELL2) were recruited to this proximal promoter after P-TEFb release and were required for its transcriptional effects. Thus, P-TEFb regulates its own equilibrium in cells, most likely to maintain optimal cellular homeostasis.
Design Process Error-Proofing: Benchmarking Gate and Phased Review Life-Cycle Models

This report describes a number of product development life-cycle approaches theorized academically and observed in industry. The design process is an important part of the product life-cycle as decisions made then have the greatest impact on product quality and cost. Process formalization and improvement are a necessary step in enabling product development robustness and error-proofing. Process models such as gate approaches or phased review processes are used to structure and focus the process. Through benchmarking organizations such as General Electric, ABB, and NASA, comparisons on the focus and effectiveness of various methods can be made. The paper concludes with lessons on the implementation of such process models and future research to better implement and improve them.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Polarization stability of the helical beam antenna

An analysis of the axial ratio variation over the main beam of the helical beam antenna shows that the polarization stability improves with increasing number of turns, with smaller pitch angle, and with decreased To mode amplitude.
Modulation of Quinol/Quinone-Thioether Toxicity by Intramolecular Detoxication

A variety of cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic conjugates of GSH require processing by enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway to produce toxicity. However, metabolism of quinone-thioethers by gamma-GT can result in either activation or detoxication. For example, inhibition of gamma-GT completely protects against the nephrotoxicity caused by 2-bromo-bis-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone and 2,3,5-tris-(glutathion-S-ly)hydroquinone, whereas the same protocol potentiates the nephrotoxicity of 2,5-dichloro-3-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone and 2,5,6-trichloro-3-(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone. Which of these two scenarios occur as a consequence of metabolism by gamma-GT appears to be determined by the relative rate at which the product is transported into cells and/or interacts with cellular constituents, and the rate which the product undergoes intramolecular detoxication (cyclization) to a 1,4-benzothiazine. The same reaction may also explain why the mercapturic acid metabolite of menadione is nephrotoxic following systemic administration, whereas the GSH conjugate is without activity. Species differences exist in susceptibility to both 2-bromo-bis-(glutathion-S-ly)hydroquinone and 2,3,5-tris(glutathion-S-ly)hydroquinone induced nephrotoxicity. In this case, however, susceptibility does not correlate with renal gamma-GT activity, but rather to differences in the rate at which the corresponding cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates undergo N-acetylation/N-deacetylation cycling. Thus the guinea pig--which is the only other rodent species (in addition to the rat), that is susceptible to 2-bromo-bis-(glutathion-S-ly)hydroquinone and 2,3,5-tris-(glutathion-S-ly)hydroquinone mediated nephrotoxicity--expresses the lowest activity of renal gamma-GT but exhibits the highest N-deacetylation:N-acetylation ratio. Differences in kinetics of these two reactions therefore contribute to species susceptibility. The toxicity of quinol/quinone thioethers is dependent upon a number of physiological, biochemical, and electrochemical factors. The rates at which quinol-thioethers undergo oxidation, with the concomitant generation of reactive oxygen species (IV, Fig. 1), macromolecular arylation (V, Fig. 1), intramolecular cyclization (VI, Fig. 1), and acetylation-deacetylation cycling (III, Fig. 1) is dependent upon the substrate in question. All these factors will contribute to the cell, tissue, and species susceptibility of this interesting class of GSH conjugates.
Approximate degeneracies of zone boundary phonons in alkali halide crystals

Abstract We point out the existence of a pervasive pattern of near degeneracies of phonon frequencies in isobaric alkali halide crystals (NaBr, KCl, RbBr, CsI) which strongly suggests that their dynamical matrices are almost invariant under transformations which exchange positive and negative ions. We extend this hypothesis to a relation between phonon properties of “mirror” alkali halides in which the ions of one crystal are replaced by the oppositely charged isobaric ions of the other, such as RbCl and KBr. Experimental evidence supporting this can also be adduced. Similar near degeneracies universally occurring in NaCl structure alkali halides and alkaline earth oxides are also noted and a possible dynamical basis for understanding these suggested.
Sphincter preservation in rectal cancer

Distal rectal cancer poses two challenges to the oncologist: local tumor control and sphincter preservation. The abdominoperineal resection (APR), long considered the standard treatment of tumors with a distal edge located up to 6 cm from the anal verge, provides local control in many patients but results in sphincter loss with a permanent colostomy. This is a critical limitation. Consequently, there has been significant interest in sphincter-conserving approaches, frequently combining chemoradiation with surgery. These approaches have evolved along two fronts. For patients with small rectal cancers confined to the rectal wall, local excision techniques with and without chemoradiation may offer comparable local control and survival rates as an APR and preserve sphincter function. For patients with larger and more invasive tumors of the distal rectum where local excision is inappropriate, preoperative chemoradiation promotes tumor regression and may facilitate a resection sparing the sphincter with a coloanal anastomosis. Preliminary results from single institution studies appear promising. In both these settings (favorable and more invasive rectal cancer), chemoradiation is employed to compensate for the limitations of the sphincter-preserving surgical technique. In local excision procedures, the excision margins are invariably small, and the mesorectum (lymphatics, soft tissue) surrounding the tumor is not excised. For patients undergoing resection with coloanal anastomosis, there are narrow radial and distal surgical margins. With these approaches of chemoradiation and sphincter-sparing surgery, satisfactory local control and survival with avoidance of colostomy are possible for many patients with distal rectal cancer.
Identification of proapoa-I in rat lymph and plasma: Metabolic conversion to “mature” apoA-I

Rat apoA-I polymorphism has been analyzed in lymph and plasma. Two major proteins were present and their relative distribution was different in lymph and plasma lipoproteins. The basic protein (pI 5.60) was quantitatively most abundant among plasma lipoproteins and the acidic protein (pI 5.50) was predominant in lymph chylomicrons and lipoproteins. Microsequence amino acid analysis of the two proteins isolated by preparative isoelectrofocusing revealed that pI 5.50 apoA-I was proapoA-I with six additional amino acids (H2N-Ser-Glu-Phe-Trp-Gln-Gln) at the N-terminal end of “mature” apoA-I (pI 5.60 apoA-I). When radioiodinated proapoA-I was injected in rats, a conversion to “mature” apoA-I was observed and the process reached 92% completion in six hours. These data demonstrate the origin of apoA-I polymorphism in vivo.
Mutagenesis of Residue βArg-246 in the Phosphate-binding Subdomain of Catalytic Sites of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase

Abstract Residues responsible for phosphate binding in F1F0-ATP synthase catalytic sites are of significant interest because phosphate binding is believed linked to proton gradient-driven subunit rotation. From x-ray structures, a phosphate-binding subdomain is evident in catalytic sites, with conserved βArg-246 in a suitable position to bind phosphate. Mutations βR246Q, βR246K, and βR246A in Escherichia coli were found to impair oxidative phosphorylation and to reduce ATPase activity of purified F1 by 100-fold. In contrast to wild type, ATPase of mutants was not inhibited by MgADP-fluoroaluminate or MgADP-fluoroscandium, showing the Arg side chain is required for wild-type transition state formation. Whereas 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) inhibited wild-type ATPase essentially completely, ATPase in mutants was inhibited maximally by ∼50%, although reaction still occurred at residue βTyr-297, proximal to βArg-246 in the phosphate-binding pocket. Inhibition characteristics supported the conclusion that NBD-Cl reacts in βE (empty) catalytic sites, as shown previously by x-ray structure analysis. Phosphate protected against NBD-Cl inhibition in wild type but not in mutants. The results show that phosphate can bind in the βE catalytic site of E. coli F1 and that βArg-246 is an important phosphate-binding residue.
A pharmacodynamic model of triglyceride transport and deposition during feed deprivation or following treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the rat.

Abstract A simplified model of fat metabolism was developed to predict fat synthesis, transport, deposition, and metabolism as a function of feed consumption, as a means of testing mechanisms proposed for the disruption in fat metabolism caused by TCDD. Rates of triglyceride (TG) synthesis and lipolysis were made directly dependent on daily average levels of feed consumption, which could be constant or follow other patterns. Seven compartments, including plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (1), plasma free fatty acid (FFA) (2), plasma VLDL remnants (3), lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-VLDL complex (4), liver TG (5), white adipose tissue (WAT) TG (6), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) TG (7) were required to obtain realistic rates of TG deposition in storage fat while maintaining normal levels of plasma TGs and FFA. The steady-state level of hepatic TG was very sensitive to the rate of storage fat lipolysis and hepatic VLDL export. Because plasma TG is taken up very rapidly by extra-hepatic tissues, reduction of WAT uptake rates had a greater effect on plasma TG than increasing rates of hepatic synthesis and VLDL export. Our results indicate that neither increased hepatic VLDL synthesis nor a simple inhibition of WAT LPL can, by themselves, explain the combined occurrence of hyperlipidemia and loss of fat observed in TCDDtreated animals. However, a TCDD-mediated enhancement of WAT TG lipolysis and consequential physiological responses in liver and BAT yield results compatible with experimental data.
Susceptibility of Idaho populations of Colorado potato beetle to four classes of insecticides

A laboratory study was conducted in 1984 to establish base-line data on insecticide tolerance and to detect incipient resistance to representative insecticides within the four major classes of insecticides that are used to control Colorado potato beetles in Idaho. Insecticides tested were aldicarb (a carbamate), endosulfan and DDT (chlorinated hydrocarbons), azinphosmethyl and disulfoton (organophosphates) and fenvalerate (a pyrethroid). Compared with results obtained elsewhere, Idaho populations of Colorado potato beetle proved relatively susceptible to the insecticides tested. However, significant differences were detected among sample populations indicating the potential for insecticide resistance exists.
An education in narratives

AbstractI argue for a broad education in narratives as a way to address several problems found in moral psychology and social cognition. First, an education in narratives will address a common problem of narrowness or lack of diversity, shared by virtue ethics and the simulation theory of social cognition. Secondly, it also solves the ‘starting problem’ involved in the simulation approach. These discussions also relate directly to theories of empathy with special significance given to situational empathy.
Plasma membrane phosphoinositide organization by protein electrostatics

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), which comprises only about 1% of the phospholipids in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane, is the source of three second messengers, activates many ion channels and enzymes, is involved in both endocytosis and exocytosis, anchors proteins to the membrane through several structured domains and has other roles. How can a single lipid in a fluid bilayer regulate so many distinct physiological processes? Spatial organization might be the key to this. Recent studies suggest that membrane proteins concentrate PIP2 and, in response to local increases in intracellular calcium concentration, release it to interact with other biologically important molecules.
Monoamine‐containing neurons in the nerve cord and body wall of Lumbricus terrestris

This study represents an attempt to reconcile recent quantitative findings of large amounts of monoamines in the earthworm with early histological findings of only small numbers of chromaffin cells in that animal. Using the highly sensitive and specific fluorescence method for the histochemical localization of monoamines, it has been demonstrated that the earthworm nervous system contains large numbers of monoaminergic neurons. At least one-tenth of the motor and interneuronal population in a typical ganglion of the ventral nerve cord contain either serotonin or primary catecholamines. In addition a large number of neurons containing a primary catecholamine form an extensive sensory system with their cell bodies in the epidermis and their axons terminating in the ventral nerve cord.
An overlaying technique for solving linear equations in real-time computing

A computer organization for solving a continuous stream of sets of linear equations A*b with relatively close consecutive parameters is described. The conditions of closeness enabling this technique are monitored during the computations. The cycles of the computational process are divided into two stages: finding a solution of a current set of linear equations by multiplying components of a polynomial approximation of the inverse matrix by a right-hand-side vector; and calculating this inverse matrix in order to arrange for an approximation of the next inverse matrix. The former procedure can be performed in O(n/sup 2/) operations, reducing the time for obtaining the solution of linear equations. The more lengthy calculation of the inverse itself, which requires O(n/sup 3/) operations, can overlay the preparation of the upcoming set of equations in the next cycle. The approach can be effectively utilized for organization of real-time computations. >
Studies in the morphology and life history of Anisogramma anomala.

SUMMARY A morphological and cytological study of the life history of Anisogranmmna anonmala which causes a cankering disease of commercial hazelnut, Corylus avellana, was undertaken. Mycelium colonizes the phloem forming a pressure cushion of pseudoparenchyma which eventually develops into a stroma. Perithecia form from primordia which are scattered throughout the hypostroma. The primordia consist of an "outer coil" of filamentous hyphal cells terminated by a nonfunctional trichogyne, surrounding an "inner coil" of more isodiametric ascogonial cells. The centrum arises from this inner coil as a loose clump of ascogenous cells which lack croziers. Asci arise from mononucleate cells of the ascogenous hyphae. The asci go through a typical meiosis followed by two successive mitotic divisions giving rise to eight unequally two-celled, hyaline ascospores. Spore dissemination occurs in response to hydration of both the ascocarp and individual asci. The pathology and histology of the host's response to infection are discussed.
Taming Inflation Is Never Easy.

Many states have implemented, or are implementing, accountability systems for schools and educators that incorporate test-based indicators. There is substantial disagreement on the merits of this t...
Alteration in erythrocyte membrane structure in duchenne muscular dystrophy

Freeze-fracture studies of erythrocytes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy revealed depletion of particles on both fracture faces of the plasma membrane. This study indicates that the structure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane is abnormal in Duchenne dystrophy and supports the concept that a generalized membrane abnormality is present in this disease.
TRAINING MATH AND SCIENCE TEACHER–RESEARCHERS IN A COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR MATH AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

In this mixed-methods study, the effect of training teacher–researchers in a collaborative research environment is examined for a cohort of teachers enrolled in a Math and Science Partnership (MSP) master’s degree program. The teachers describe changes in their research views and in their application of research in practice, and detail the challenges they faced during the process. The findings of the study suggest training teachers as researchers is likely to encourage teacher interest in conducting and applying theory in math and science classrooms. The results of this study have implications for bridging the gap between theory and practice in math and science education in general.
Correlation of Dative Bond Length and Donor Proton Affinity in Adducts of SO3: A Good Predictor for HCCCN–SO3

Abstract The rotational spectrum of HCCCN–SO3 has been observed using Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The vibrationally averaged structure is that of a symmetric top, with the HCCCN axis along the C3 axis of the SO3, and the nitrogen end near the sulfur. The N–S bond length is 2.567(13) A, which is slightly shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii. The NSO angle is 91.7(4)°, indicating a small but distinct distortion of the SO3 from planarity, and the N–S interaction can be described as a chemical bond in an early stage of its formation. The N–S bond lengths in a series of SO3 adducts with amines, nitriles, and pyridine are shown to correlate well with the proton affinities of the bases. In addition, for the bases considered here, the proton affinities vary in a regular manner with the ionization energies corresponding to removal of a lone pair electron. Thus, the trend in proton affinities follows the variation in energy gap between donor and acceptor orbitals in these complexes, accounting for the utility of the proton affinity in correlating aspects of structure and bonding across the series.