cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Original SYN: Finding machines hidden behind firewalls

We present an Internet measurement technique for finding machines that are hidden behind firewalls. That is, if a firewall prevents outside IP addresses from sending packets to an internal protected machine that is only accessible on the local network, our technique can still find the machine. We employ a novel TCP/IP side channel technique to achieve this. The technique uses side channels in “zombie” machines to learn information about the network from the perspective of a zombie. Unlike previous TCP/IP side channel techniques, our technique does not require a high packet rate and does not cause denial-of-service. We also make no assumptions about globally incrementing IPIDs, as do idle scans. This paper addresses two key questions about our technique: how many machines are there on the Internet that are hidden behind firewalls, and how common is ingress filtering that prevents our scan by not allowing spoofed IP packets into the network. We answer both of these questions, respectively, by finding 1,296 hidden machines and measuring that only 23.9% of our candidate zombie machines are on networks that perform ingress filtering.
Fully 3D Multiple Beam Dynamics Processes Simulation for the Tevatron

The Fermilab Tevatron has been, until 2010, the premier high-energy physics collider in the world. The data collected over the last decade by high-energy physics experiments running at the Tevatron have been analyzed to make important measurements in fundamental areas such as B meson masses and flavor oscillation, searches for the Higgs boson, and supersymmetry. Collecting these data at the limits of detectability has required the Tevatron to operate reliably at high beam intensities to maximize the number of collisions to analyze. This impressive achievement has been assisted by the use of HPC resources and software provided through the SciDAC program. This paper describes the enhancements to the BeamBeam3d code to realistically simulate the Tevatron, the validation of these simulations, and the improvement in equipment reliability and personal safety achieved with the aid of simulations.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene expression in the developing human gastrointestinal tract.

Expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide has been shown, by immunocytochemistry and biochemical assay, to follow the craniocaudal neural colonization of the mammalian gut. The aim of this study was to use in situ hybridization to see if it could provide more information on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene expression in the developing human gut. Immunocytochemistry of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and, to visualize the total innervation, protein gene product 9.5 was also applied. By 8 weeks of gestation, protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive neurons had colonized the gut lengthwise (17% of intestinal muscle area) but not transversely. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity was first detected at 9 weeks of gestation in a few nerve fibers of the upper gut, the origin of which could not be determined. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive ganglion cells were not seen until 18 weeks of gestation, whereas in situ hybridization showed messenger RNA in ganglion cells of the upper gut at 9 weeks. An adultlike pattern of peptide gene products (e.g., 2.5% and 3.1% of intestinal mucosal or muscle area, respectively) was detected by 20 weeks' gestation. The finding that the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene is expressed first in the upper human gut is consistent with craniocaudal neuronal colonization and maturation.
Laboratory Measurements of the Plasma Potential in the Presence of Strong Ion Cyclotron Turbulence

Electrostatic potential measurements in a fully ionized laboratory plasma containing strong ion cyclotron wave turbulence are reported. The waves are excited by drawing electron current aligned with the external magnetic field in a localized channel whose dimension perpendicular to the magnetic field is of the order of the hot ion Larmor radius. The waves are found to modify the plasma properties. They heat the plasma ions and, because of their large amplitude, modify the electron distribution function. The waves stimulate the generation of energetic electrons of at least 10 times the thermal energy. Although the classical conductivity along the magnetic field is extremely large, the turbulent plasma is shown to be able to support a weak electric field parallel to the magnetic field.
Understanding cultural obstacles to HIV / AIDS prevention in Africa.

The HIV/AIDS Prevention in Africa Support Program helps nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Kenya Rwanda Swaziland and Zimbabwe which operate AIDS awareness and prevention projects. They use KAP surveys to collect baseline quantitative data of the target population. Even though most respondents know about AIDS they see it a problem for others. Further most know that sexual contact is a mode of HIV transmission but they also hold misconceptions about transmission. For example some believe casual contact transmits HIV. Moreover many never use a condom and believe there is no need to use a condom. Several NGOs use focus group discussions to gather much needed qualitative data. A common belief in Zimbabwe is that bad air spreads diseases which may be the reason for the common fear of getting HIV through casual contact. Another belief in Zimbabwe is that men and women must have children to be accepted into the spirit world. This could explain why women do not require partners to wear condoms or choose to have children if they are HIV positive. In southeastern Zimbabwe many people believe that the disease runyoka afflicts and kills a married man who has sexual intercourse with a woman whose husband planted runyoka in her to penalize any man who seduces his wife. In fact 22% of respondents in rural and periurban Zimbabwe believe that AIDS is runyoka. So a faithful wife of a promiscuous husband may believe that she cannot be HIV infected. Hence she has little need to prevent HIV infection and is not worried about HIV passing to her children since she and the children are innocent. The NGOs in Zimbabwe can use this information to design an educational campaign to reduce behaviors that spread HIV. In conclusion NGOs must understand the local cultural and social context of AIDS.
Dramatic shape sensitivity of emission patterns for similarly deformed cylindrical polymer lasers

Summary form only given. We report experiments done on two different shaped dye (DCM)-doped polymer (PMMA) samples with effective index of refraction n = 1.49. The shapes used were the ellipse and the quadrupole are shown. Although the two shapes appear very similar to the eye, we report a dramatic change in the far field emission pattern.
Single‐base Mutation

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences are normally copied exactly during the process of chromosome replication; however, new sequences are formed if errors in either DNA replication or DNA repair occur. These errors are called mutations. Keywords: transition; transversion; missense; nonsense; synonymous; nonsynonymous
Capturing nuclear sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins by using simian virus 40-derived minichromosomes.

The authors have used recombinant simian virus 40 (SV40) minichromosomes to retrieve sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins derived from the cell nucleus of COS-7 cells. They showed that the transcription factors AX-1 and Sp1 are stably bound to the SV40 DNA late in viral infection. Under similar conditions, minichromosomes carrying the rat insulin (rINSI) enhancer, which is under negative regulation in COS-7 cells, bound two proteins which mapped to distinct regions of the rINSI enhancer. The SV40 P element competed for one of these proteins which bound to the region from -198 to -230. This factor may be related to AP-1. The other factor selectively bound a regulatory element in the region from -92 to -124 of the insulin enhancer. These proteins may play a role in regulating the rINSI enhancer function.
Response to Intervention and Evidence-Based Practices: Where Does Technology Fit?:

Advancements in technology-based solutions for students with learning disabilities (LD) offer tremendous opportunities to enhance learning as well as meaningful access to the general education curriculum for this group of students. This article examines technology integration within the context of response to intervention (RTI). At the forefront of special education reform, RTI is reshaping special education practice. This article seeks to connect RTI components (e.g., evidence-based practice) with technology-based solutions in order to further ways in which technology tools can be incorporated into the lives of students with LD. Three effective practices (graphic organizers, written instruction, explicit instruction) are examined. For each area, we briefly describe the approach, examine the evidence behind the approach, and discuss technology-based tools that embed these effective features.
Genomic signatures of specific sites of metastasis

s / The Breast 20 (2011) S12–S55 S14 management of the disease. In particular, we are interested in understanding how ER pathway contributes in leading molecular events in breast cancer metastasis. The predisposition of primary tumors to selectively invade different organs has been long recognized 3. Recent work has functionally identified and clinically validated sets of genes whose overexpression in ER-negative breast cancer and prostate cells confers a selective advantage for the colonization of bones4,5 or lungs6. The ability to subsequently colonize distant organs depends on the organ-colonizing faculties of disseminated tumor cells as well as on certain requirements that may be present in the otherwise restrictive microenvironment of target organs7. Our work focuses on breast cancer metastatic suppressor genes and their functions in themetastatic process. For this, we are using breast cancer cell line model and their derivatives, which have a strong metastatic capacity to lung and bone. We used these subpopulations to functionally validate a particular metastasis suppressor whose loss of expression in ERbreast cancer cells confers a selective advantage for the colonization of lung. Tumor cells under certain conditions cannot grow or survive in the absence of a supportivemicroenvironment. Indeed, the microenvironment may even drive tumor and metastasis development by selecting for highly invasive and resistant cancer cell phenotypes and systemically fostering the mobilization of marrow-derived progenitor cell. In particular, loss of expression of our gene of interest is selected in the primary tumor. Interestingly, how these particular gene controls the ability to subsequently colonize distant organs depends on the organ-colonizing faculties of disseminated tumor cells rather than interaction with the restrictive microenvironment of target organs. Collectively, these results show that genes selected for metastasis contribute to the different steps and represent the random accumulation of traits that provide the necessary advantage for adaptation to a different organ microenvironment and need at any time. 1. American_Cancer_Society. Cancer facts and figures. American Cancer Society (2007). 2. Ferlay, J., et al. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol 18, 581-592 (2007). 3. Paget, S. The dstribuition of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1, 571-573 (1889). 4. Kang, Y., et al. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 3, 537-549 (2003). 5. Lynch, C.C., et al. MMP-7 promotes prostate cancer-induced osteolysis via the solubilization of RANKL. Cancer Cell 7, 485-496 (2005). 6. Minn, A.J., et al. Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature 436, 518-524 (2005). 7. Gupta, G.P. & Massague, J. Cancer metastasis: building a framework. Cell 127, 679-695 (2006).
Vacuum thermal switch made of phase transition materials considering thin film and substrate effects

Abstract In the present study, we theoretically demonstrate a vacuum thermal switch based on near-field thermal radiation between phase transition materials, i.e., vanadium dioxide (VO2), whose phase changes from insulator to metal at 341 K. Strong coupling of surface phonon polaritons between two insulating VO2 plates significantly enhances the near-field heat flux, which on the other hand is greatly reduced when the VO2 emitter becomes metallic, resulting in strong thermal switching effect. Fluctuational electrodynamics incorporated with anisotropic wave propagation predicts more than 80% heat transfer reduction at sub-30-nm vacuum gaps and 50% at vacuum gap of 1 μm. Furthermore, the penetration depth inside the uniaxial VO2 insulator is studied at the vacuum gap of 50 nm, suggesting the possible impact of reduced VO2 thickness on the near-field thermal radiation with thin-film structures. By replacing the bulk VO2 receiver with a thin film of several tens of nanometers, the switching effect is further improved over a broad range of vacuum gaps from 10 nm to 1 μm. Finally, the effect of SiO2 substrate for the thin-film emitter or receiver is also considered to provide insights for future experimental demonstrations. By controlling heat flow with near-field radiative transport, the proposed vacuum thermal switch would find practical applications for energy dissipation in microelectronic devices and for the realization of thermal circuits.
COMPOSITION AS A SECONDARY QUALITY

: The ‘special composition question’ is this: given objects O1, . . . , On, under what conditions is there an object O, such that O1, . . . , On compose O? This paper explores a heterodox answer to this question, one that casts composition as a secondary quality. According to the approach I want to consider, there is an O that O1, . . . , On compose (roughly) just in case a normal intuiter would, under normal conditions, intuit that there is.
Accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in rat brain slices: effects of prostaglandins.

Abstract Prostaglandin E 1 and E 2 and 15(S)-15-methyl PGE 2 methyl ester stimulate the accumulation of radioactive cyclic AMP in brain slices from Sprague-Dawley rats, labelled during a prior incubation with [ 14 C] adenine. Prostaglandins A 1 and B 1 have marginal effects and prostaglandin F 1α has no effect. Relatively high concentrations of about 80 μM PGE 1 , PGE 2 and 15(S)-15-methyl PGE 2 are required to elicit a maximal 2–5 fold increase in accumulation of cyclic AMP in slices from cerebrum, but significant increases are elicited by 3.5 μM prostaglandin. Similar increases are elicited in slices from neocortex, striatum or midbrain-thalamus-hypothalamus, while lesser increases pertain in slices from cerebellum, medulla-pons or hippocampus. The accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited by PGE 1 in slices from cerebrum was not blocked by naloxone, propranololphentolamine, tetracaine, theophylline, or by nearly equimolar concentrations of either of two prostaglandin antagonists, 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid and the dibenzoxazepine hydrazide, SC 19220. Morphine potentiated the effects of PGE 1 . The combination of 85 μM PGE 1 with either isoproterenol, norepinephrine, adenosine or veratridin did not increase the accumulation of cycli AMP significantly above those elicited by the isoproterenol, norepinephrine, adenosine or veratridine alone. The combined effect of PGE 1 and norepinephrine in the presence of a β-adrenergic antagonist, sotalol, was, however, additive. The results indicate that PGE 1 stimulates cyclic AMP formation in rat brain slices, but that it either has antagonist activity with respect to accumulations of cyclic AMP-elicited by other agents or has no detectable agonist activity when cyclases are maximally stimulated by other agents.
Partial purification and characterization of an ovarian tripeptidyl peptidase: a lysosomal exopeptidase that sequentially releases collagen-related (Gly-Pro-X) triplets.

Abstract The pregnant hog ovary is a rich source of a novel exopeptidase that catalyzes the release, at pH 5.0, of collagen-related (P 3 -P 2 -P 1 ) “triplets” such as Gly-Pro-Met, Gly-Pro-Arg, and Gly-Pro-Ala from arylamide derivatives, provided the N termini are unsubstituted. Corresponding derivatives of related (P 2 -P 1 ) dipeptides (Pro-Met, Pro-Ala) or (P 1 ) amino acids (Met, Arg, Ala) are not attacked. The enzyme was purified 58-fold from a detergent extract of a water-extracted tissue residue. Activity was determined on Gly-Pro-Met-2-naphthylamide at pH 4.5 and 37°C (K m 0.45 mM; V max 722 nmoles/min/mg protein). The responsible M r 55,000 exopeptidase, termed “tripeptidyl peptidase”, forms high-M r aggregates, belongs to the serine catalytic class, and has a lysosomal localization. Gly-Pro-Ala triplets were released sequentially at pH 5.0 from a M r 14,000 polypeptide, poly(Gly-Pro-Ala-). When this reaction was coupled to that of homologous dipeptidyl peptidase II, the liberated tripeptides were reduced to dipeptides and free amino acids: (Gly-Pro-Ala) n → nGly-Pro-Ala → nGly-Pro + nAla.
Dependence of stress on poisson's ratio in plane elasticity

Abstract The conditions in plane elasticity under which stress is independent of Poisson's ratio are well known. In the present note, the explicit dependence of stress on Poisson's ratio is derived for the case when these conditions are not met because of unbalanced forces on internal boundaries. The result shows that knowledge of stress in two models with different Poisson's ratios is sufficient for the determination of stress in a prototype of any Poisson's ratio. Extensions regarding body forces and dislocation, temperature and residual stresses are indicated.
Noninvasive quantification of regional blood flow in the human heart using N-13 ammonia and dynamic positron emission tomographic imaging

Evaluation of regional myocardial blood flow by conventional scintigraphic techniques is limited to the qualitative assessment of regional tracer distribution. Dynamic imaging with positron emission tomography allows the quantitative delineation of myocardial tracer kinetics and, hence, the measurement of physiologic processes such as myocardial blood flow. To test this hypothesis, positron emission tomographic imaging in combination with N-13 ammonia was performed at rest and after pharmacologically induced vasodilation in seven healthy volunteers. Myocardial and blood time-activity curves derived from regions of interest over the heart and ventricular chamber were fitted using a three compartment model for N-13 ammonia, yielding rate constants for tracer uptake and retention. Myocardial blood flow (K1) averaged 88 +/- 17 ml/min per 100 g at rest and increased to 417 +/- 112 ml/min per 100 g after dipyridamole infusion (0.56 mg/kg) and handgrip exercise. The coronary reserve averaged 4.8 +/- 1.3 and was not significantly different in the septal, anterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle. Blood flow values showed only a minor dependence on the correction for blood metabolites of N-13 ammonia. These data demonstrate that quantification of regional myocardial blood flow is feasible by dynamic positron emission tomographic imaging. The observed coronary flow reserve after dipyridamole is in close agreement with the results obtained by invasive techniques, indicating accurate flow estimates over a wide range. Thus, positron emission tomography may provide accurate and noninvasive definition of the functional significance of coronary artery disease and may allow the improved selection of patients for revascularization.
Stabilization of high-temperature noble gas matrices☆☆☆

Previously matrix isolation studies of vibrational energy relaxation and matrix dynamics using high-resolution infrared absorption have been limited to those molecules that were sufficiently soluble in noble gas liquids at cryogenic temperatures. A simple method is described here that can extend the useful temperature range while employing conventional matrix preparation techniques. A less volatile nonabsorbing overcoat is condensed onto the matrix which has been prepared using conventional pulse or continuous deposition methods. Use of the method has been limited to using pure Xe as an overcoat on Ar or Kr matrices and has performed satisfactorily for temperatures up to 60/sup 0/K. The nu/sub 3/ region for SF/sub 6/ in an Ar/SF/sub 6/+10,000 matrix both before and after annealing is shown as an example of use of the method. Studies carried out on CH/sub 3/F, CD/sub 3/F, and Ni(CO)/sub 4/ in Ar matrix are discussed briefly. (BLM)
Clinical considerations, EEG and EMG studies, in subacute sclerosing leucoencephalitis.

Summary Clinical considerations, as well as EEG and EMG studies from 8 patients, 7 males and one female, 5 to 11 years old, with SSLE are reported. Mental deterioration, involuntary rythmic movements coinciding with periodic EEG complexes, were constant findings. In all cases the EEG showed periodic discharges, at intervals of 5 to 20 seconds, on a more or less disorganized background activity. The EMG study revealed that the action potentials of the involuntary movements occurred at about the beginning of the periodic EEG changes. In deep sleep spontaneous jerking ceased while the EEG complexes persisted. Some activation of the rythmic discharges in the EEG appeared to occur during sleep and photic stimulation.
Inverse semigroups with isomorphic partial automorphism semigroups

It is shown that a so-called shortly connected combinatorial inverse semigroup is strongly lattice-determined “modulo semilattices”. One of the consequences of this theorem is the known fact that a simple inverse semigroup with modular lattice of full inverse subsemigroups is strongly lattice-determined [7]. The partial automorphism semigroup of an inverse semigroup S consists of all isomorphisms between inverse subsemigroups of S. It is proved that if S is a shortly connected combinatorial inverse semigroup, T an inverse semigroup and the partial automorphism semigroups of S and T are isomorphic, then either S and T are isomorphic or they are dually isomorphic chains (with respect to the natural partial order); moreover, any isomorphism between the partial automorphism semigroups of S and T is induced either by an isomorphism or, if S and T are dually isomorphic chains, by a dual isomorphism between S and T. Counter-examples are constructed to demonstrate that the assumptions about S being shortly connected and combinatorial are essential.
Return to work: Toward post-industrial engineering

Industrial engineering was originally founded as a discipline that focused on the study and design of work. Yet, today the field has largely distanced itself from this early concern. This paper tracks the decline of work studies in industrial engineering and explores the question of why the discipline lost its concern for work and, ultimately, its ability to speak to the kinds of social and economic changes that it was created to address. Our reading of historical documents and our analysis of data collected from nine industrial engineering departments from their founding to the present day reveal that changes in industrial engineering were tied to trends in society, to shifts in sources of funding, and to the field's concern with its own status. The decline of work studies in industrial engineering is especially problematic because the nature of work has dramatically changed over the past 50 years, as we outline in this paper. The upshot is that industrial engineering now finds itself unable to speak abo...
A comparison of YM-14673, U-50488H, and nalmefene after spinal cord injury in the rat

Abstract A reproducible spinal cord injury model was used to compare the efficacy of three compounds previously shown to improve neurologic recovery after injury in rats: The thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, YM-14673; the specific κ-opioid agonist, U-50488H; and the opioid antagonist, nalmefene, which has increased activity at κ-receptors. A moderate injury in rats that results in recovery of uncoordinated gross locomotion was made at spinal T9 by rapid displacement (1.1. mm) of the cord. Compounds (or vehicle) were given either by intravenous bolus or by continuous mini-osmotic pump over 7 days, beginning 30 min after the injury as follows: controls (saline), YM-14673 (1 mg/kg bolus), U-50488H (10 mg/kg bolus), U-50488H (0.425 mg/kg/h continuous infusion × 7 days); nalmefene (0.1 mg/kg bolus); and nalmefene (0.021 mg/kg/h continuous infusion × 7 days). Neurologic recovery was assessed for 4 weeks by open-field walking, inclined plane, grid walking, and footprint analysis. The percentage of white matter spared was determined at the lesion epicenter. Only those groups given a bolus of YM-14673, U-50488H, and nalmefene had open-field performance better than the scores of controls. Animals that received a bolus of YM-14673 also scored better than controls on the inclined plane and were more likely than controls to recover sufficiently to be tested by both grid walking and footprint analysis. Improved behavioral recovery was not found in groups that received chronic drug infusion. Histology demonstrated significant sparing of white matter for the YM-14673-treated group compared with controls; groups given a U-50488H and nalmefene bolus showed a trend for greater sparing of white matter. The results confirm a beneficial effect for these compounds and suggest that they may be useful in treatment of clinical spinal cord injury.
Chronic rise in defibrillation threshold with a hybrid lead system.

Nonthoracotomy leads have become standard for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) because of low perioperative morbidity, mortality, and expense. Reported increases in defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) with these lead systems, however, have raised the possibility of an eventual loss of defibrillation efficacy. The mechanism of this increase is unknown. In contrast, defibrillation efficacy of traditional epicardial lead systems has been demonstrated to remain relatively stable. In the present study, we examined the implantation and chronic DFTs in 45 patients with a hybrid system (a high right atrial coil and an extrapericardial patch) that combines elements from both the thoracotomy and nonthoracotomy approach. The mean threshold increased from 11.7 ± 3.0 to 15.8 ± 10.0 J (p <0.001) and mean impedance increased from 37.0 ± 7.7 to 48.8 ± 9.0 ohms (p <0.0001). There was a marked (≥ 10 J) increase in DFT in 11 patients (24%) including 4 who required reoperation to obtain an adequate safety margin. The increase in DFT was unrelated to any of the analyzed variables. We conclude that the presence of an extrapericardial patch does not prevent the increase in DFT reported with nonthoracotomy lead systems. This increase is unpredictable and occurs in almost 25% of patients.
Pennsylvanian and Early Permian paleogeography of east-central California: Implications for the shape of the continental margin and the timing of continental truncation

Pennsylvanian and Early Permian paleogeographic features in east-central California include a southeast-trending carbonate shelf edge and turbidite basin that we infer paralleled a segment of the western margin of the North American continent. This segment of the continental margin was oblique to an adjoining segment on the north that trended southwestward across Nevada into easternmost California. We propose that the southeast-trending segment of the margin originated by tectonic truncation of the originally longer southwest-trending segment in Early or Middle Pennsylvanian to late Early Permian time, significantly earlier than a previously hypothesized Late Permian or Early Triassic continental truncation event. We interpret the truncating structure to have been a sinistral transform fault zone along which a continental fragment was removed and carried southeastward into the Caborca-Hermosillo region of northern Mexico, where it is now represented by exposures of Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic miogeoclinal rocks.
A mediational study of computer attitudes, experience, and training interests among people with severe mental illnesses

This study compares computer attitudes of people with severe mental illnesses to previously published results for other populations; examines the relationship between sociodemographic factors and computer attitudes among people with a mental illness; and studies the relationship between computer attitudes, experience and interest in computer training. Attitudes are measured using the Computer Attitude Scale developed by Gressard and Loyd [Association for Educational Data Systems Journal 18 (1986) 295]. A survey was conducted with 262 persons participating in mental health programs. Results indicate that people with severe mental illnesses have some experience with computers, have attitudes that are comparable to those of college students assessed in previous published studies, and both experience and attitudes predict interest in computer training. However, mediational analyses indicate that attitudes toward computers completely mediates the relationship between experience and interest in computer training. Discussion focuses on the need for more research that examines how experience and attitudes may interact in accounting for future computer-related interests. The results also suggest that the attitudes and interests of people with severe mental illnesses justifies the provision of computer training to those who are interested in order to increase their success in the labor market.
Trajectories of Cultural Stressors and Effects on Mental Health and Substance Use Among Hispanic Immigrant Adolescents

Purpose We sought to determine the extent to which initial levels and over-time trajectories of cultural stressors (discrimination, negative context of reception, and bicultural stress) predicted well-being, internalizing symptoms, conduct problems, and health risk behaviors among recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents. Addressing this research objective involved creating a latent factor for cultural stressors, establishing invariance for this factor over time, estimating a growth curve for this factor over time, and examining the effects of initial levels (intercepts) and trajectories (slopes) of cultural stressors on adolescent outcomes.
Impact of oral sildenafil on exercise performance in children and young adults after the fontan operation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial

Background— Children and young adults with single-ventricle physiology have abnormal exercise capacity after the Fontan operation. A medication capable of decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance should allow improved cardiac filling and improved exercise capacity. Methods and Results— This study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial conducted in children and young adults after Fontan. Subjects were randomized to receive placebo or sildenafil (20 mg three times daily) for 6 weeks. After a 6-week washout, subjects crossed over for an additional 6 weeks. Each subject underwent an exercise stress test at the start and finish of each phase. After taking sildenafil, subjects had a significantly decreased respiratory rate and decreased minute ventilation at peak exercise. At the anaerobic threshold, subjects had significantly decreased ventilatory equivalents of carbon dioxide. There was no change in oxygen consumption during peak exercise, although there was a suggestion of improved oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold. Improvement at the anaerobic threshold was limited to the subgroup with single left or mixed ventricular morphology and to the subgroup with baseline serum brain natriuretic peptide levels ≥100 pg/mL. Conclusions— In this cohort, sildenafil significantly improved ventilatory efficiency during peak and submaximal exercise. There was also a suggestion of improved oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold in 2 subgroups. These findings suggest that sildenafil may be an important agent for improving exercise performance in children and young adults with single-ventricle physiology after the Fontan operation. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00507819.
Efficiency with Costly Information: A Reinterpretation of Evidence from Managed Portfolios

We investigate the informational efficiency of mutual fund performance for the period 1965-84. Results are shown to be sensitive to the measurement of performance chosen. We find that returns on S&P stocks, returns on non-S&P stocks, and returns on bonds are significant factors in performance assessment. Once we correct for the impact of non-S&P assets on mutual fund returns, we find that mutual funds do not earn returns that justify their information acquisition costs. This is consistent with results for prior periods. Coauthors are Martin J. Gruber, Sanjiv Das, and MAtthew Hlavka. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Elevation of plasma bromide levels in patients following halothane anesthesia: Time correlation with total halothane dosage.

Plasma bromide concentrations of 25 patients were determined before and after halothane anesthesia. A high correlation (r greater than .70) between exposure to halothane in MAC-hours and plasma bromide levels 24, 48 and 72 hours later was found. Peak bromide levels occurred 48-72 hours after anesthesia in 16 patients (64 per cent), and ranged from 52 mug/ml (0.65 mEq/l) to 180 mug/mo (2.25 mEq/l). Bromide levels remained elevated for prolonged periods (at least 22 days in some patients). Possible sedative or psychoactive effects of increased plasma bromide levels are discussed.
Atomic Electric Dipole Moment Measurement Using Spin Exchange Pumped Masers of 129^Xe and 3^He

We have measured the $T$-odd permanent electric dipole moment of ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ with spin exchange pumped masers and a ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ comagnetometer. The comagnetometer provides a direct measure of several systematic effects that may limit electric dipole moment sensitivity, and we have directly measured the effects of changes in leakage current that result when the applied electric field is changed. Our result, $d{(}^{129}\mathrm{Xe})\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.3(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}e\mathrm{cm}$, is a fourfold improvement in sensitivity.
The optical absorption of orthorhombic thallous iodide

Abstract The optical absorption of strain reduced thallous iodide films has been measured. Strong absorption of the order of 105 cm-1 is observed and a number of relatively sharp lines appear. An exciton-longitudinal optical phonon coupled state sideband to the first exciton peak is observed.
Autoradiographic Evaluation of Gingival Response to Injury: IV. Surgical Trauma in Low-Protein-Fed Young Adult Rats

Low-protein-fed rats demonstrated lower levels of proliferative activity in non-injured periodontal tissues than was noted in ad-libitum-fed or pair-fed rats. Gingival wounding resulted in tissue compensation, at the site of injury, for the reduction in proliferative activity present in low-protein-fed young adult rats.
Staff Attitudes toward CDC's Hand Hygiene Guideline

ISSUE: Although it has been four years since the publication of the new CDC Hand Hygiene Guideline for Healthcare Settings, to date no study has assessed the attitudes of staff toward recommendations in the new Guideline. PROJECT: “Attitudes Regarding Practice Guidelines” questionnaire was administered to a sample of ICU staff members in 38 U.S. hospitals. The tool has a 6-point Likert scale and two sections: Section 1 includes attitudinal statements about practice guideline in general (18 statements) and Section 2 includes 18 parallel statements specifically regarding the Hand Hygiene Guideline. Possible scores range from 0-180, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes. Additionally, the instrument asks the respondent to name the most important factors that would either facilitate or prevent the use of the Guideline, and asks them to self-report the proportion of time when they use an alcohol hand degermer. RESULTS: 1,974 surveys were distributed, 1,346 were returned (68.2%). The respondents included of 996 nurses (74%), 222 physicians (16%), and 128 others (10%). 80% of the respondents agreed there was sufficient administrative support and resources in their setting to allow the implementation of the Guideline. 861/ 1282 (67%) reported using alcohol ‘almost always’ in their practice. Those with higher scores on the survey reported using alcohol hand hygiene significantly more frequently than those with lower scores (ANOVA, p LESSONS LEARNED: Recommendations in the Guideline seem to be widely implemented, and a more positive attitude toward practice guidelines was associated with increased use of alcohol hand hygiene products. Nevertheless, reported barriers to hand hygiene do not seem to have changed since publication of the Guideline.
Diagnostic rigid endoscopy: otoscopy, rhinoscopy, and cystoscopy

Diagnostic examinations are markedly improved by using rigid endoscopy in the ear, nasal cavity, and urinary tract. This article presents the procedure, equipment, indications, and examples of abnormalities of rigid endoscopy in these areas. Textbooks, "hands-on" courses, and in-hospital training are methods for learning about these techniques and their applications. In addition to improving diagnostics, endoscopy can also be used for therapy in these three body areas.
A shop is not a home: Nineteenth‐century American sweatshop discourse

The sweated labor, or sweating, system of clothing manufacturers, contractors, and subcontractors who exploited ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ workers was a lamentable fixture of antebellum America. A wide range of reformers called for abolition of the system. Yet it was not until the ‘discovery of poverty’ in the 1890s with its attendant campaigns for public hygiene and tenement house reform that the term ‘sweatshop’ arose to christen the oppressive labor site. This essay traces the ideological reasons for the shift in naming. It correlates the term's adoption with the East European and Italian ethnics who replaced earlier native‐born workers and in so doing analyzes the ideologies embedded in antebellum, Gilded Age, and Progressive‐era discursive practices.
Satiated With Belongingness? Effects of Acceptance, Rejection, and Task Framing on Self-Regulatory Performance

Seven experiments showed that the effects of social acceptance and social exclusion on self-regulatory performance depend on the prospect of future acceptance. Excluded participants showed decrements in self-regulation, but these decrements were eliminated if the self-regulation task was ostensibly a diagnostic indicator of the ability to get along with others. No such improvement was found when the task was presented as diagnostic of good health. Accepted participants, in contrast, performed relatively poorly when the task was framed as a diagnostic indicator of interpersonally attractive traits. Furthermore, poor performance among accepted participants was not due to self-handicapping or overconfidence. Offering accepted participants a cash incentive for self-regulating eliminated the self-regulation deficits. These findings provide evidence that the need to belong fits standard motivational patterns: Thwarting the drive intensifies it, whereas satiating it leads to temporary reduction in drive. Accepted people are normally good at self-regulation but are unwilling to exert the effort to self-regulate if self-regulation means gaining the social acceptance they have already obtained.
Untangling Gloxinieae (Gesneriaceae). I. Phylogenetic patterns and generic boundaries inferred from nuclear, chloroplast, and morphological cladistic datasets

Tribe Gloxinieae has been estimated to include 22 genera and approximately 290 species. This study presents maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions sequences, the chloroplast DNA trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region sequences, a morphological cladistic dataset, and combined analyses of these datasets. These analyses suggest that the genera Gloxinia, Phinaea, and (possibly) Diastema are polyphyletic; Kohleria is paraphyletic in relation to Capanea; Bellonia and Pheidonocarpa should be considered members of tribe Gesnerieae; and Lembocarpus is a member of tribe Episcieae. Furthermore, the historically recognized genus Seemannia, now included in Gloxinia, appears to form a strongly supported monophyletic group; several Gloxinia species from southern Brazil appear to be most closely related to Goyazia; Capanea, Kohleria, Pearcea s.l., and Diastema vexans appear to form a strongly supported clade; and Diastema, Monopyle, Phinaea (in part), and a few Gloxinia species (Gloxinia dodsonii, G. lindeniana, and G racemosa) form a clade. Classification issues and generic boundaries of these lineages are discussed in detail.
TC operations and Latin bricks

Abstract The term condition for an operation generalizes a cancellation property of linear functions on a module. It has had several applications in Universal Algebra. Operations satisfying the term condition are called TC operations . For a set A , we denote by TC n ( A ) the set of all n -ary TC operations on A . Berman and McKenzie proved that for | A | = 2 and | A | = 3, the cardinality of TC n ( A ) is, respectively, 2 n + 1 and 3 2 n + 1 + 3·2 2 n + 1 − 18 n − 6, and that for | A | = k ⩾4, we have k( k − 1 ) n + 1 ⩽ |TC n (A)| ⩽ 2k (k − 1 )n + 1 + m , where m = k 2 + … + k k − 2 . In this paper we introduce the notion of a Latin brick , and show that counting TC operations on a certain set A is equivalent to counting TC Latin bricks defined on some sets that depend on A . In particular, this enables us to compute |TC 2 ( A )| for | A | = 4. We also characterize TC Latin bricks defined on certain types of product sets; those Latin bricks are induced by Abelian groups.
Résultats à long terme du traitement endovasculaire des lésions occlusives athéroscléreuses chroniques des artères digestives

Le traitement percutane des lesions atherosclereuses chroniques symptomatiques des arteres digestives devient rapidement de plus en plus populaire. Notre etude evalue les resultats anatomiques et fonctionnels a long terme du traitement endovasculaire des lesions occlusives atherosclereuses chroniques des arteres digestives dans un centre medical academique de reference tertiaire. Une analyse retrospective des dossiers des malades ayant eu une intervention endovasculaire au niveau des arteres digestives entre 1984 et 2006 pour ischemie intestinale chronique a ete realisee. Les cas d'ischemie aigue ou les cas associes a une resection intestinale ont ete exclus. Les resultats ont ete standardises en fonction des criteres de la Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS). Des analyses de survie selon Kaplan-Meier ont ete realisees pour apprecier les resultats en fonction du temps. L'analyse des facteurs a ete realisee en utilisant soit un modele multivarie pour les variables fixes, soit un modele proportionnel de Cox pour les variables dependant du temps. Les donnees sont presentees sous la forme de la moyenne plus ou moins l'ecart-type. Trente et un malades (84% de sexe feminin, âge moyen 70 ans, extremes 43 et 90 ans) avec 41 interventions au niveau des arteres digestives ont ete identifies. Les indications etaient un amaigrissement superieur a 10 kg (61%) et/ou des douleurs post-prandiales (94%). Le score SVS median de comorbidites etait de 15 (extremes 10 et 24). Tous les malades avaient des lesions occlusives atherosclereuses des trois arteres digestives avec une mediane de deux arteres occluses a l'arteriographie. Le nombre median d'arteres revascularisees etait de deux. Dans tous les cas, une stenose et non une occlusion a ete traitee. La mortalite a 90 jours etait de 20% et le taux de morbidite majeur de 6%. Alors que les taux de permeabilite primaire et primaire assistee a 7 ans etaient de 69 ± 8% et 72 ± 9% respectivement (moyenne ± ecart-type, n ≥ 10), l'indemnite cumulee de recidive des symptomes etait seulement de 56 ± 10%. Vingt pour cent des arteres ont developpe une restenose apres un intervalle median de 0,29 ans (extremes 0,3 et 2,8), avec une indemnite de restenose de 79 ± 8% a 5 ans. Cinquante pour cent de ces malades, ayant tous des symptomes recidivants, ont ete traites a nouveau avec succes par angioplastie par ballonnet et ont vu leurs symptomes disparaitre. Il n'y avait pas de difference significative entre les resultats concernant le tronc coeliaque et l'artere mesenterique superieure. La correlation de la recidive des symptomes et des restenoses etait significative (p
Moving on up: is it safe for patients to relocate to higher altitude following the fontan procedure?

The change in clinical status of patients status post–Fontan surgery who relocated from low ( 4,000 feet) altitude was assessed. Cardiology databases were queried for patients meeting inclusion criteria. The clinical records of these patients for the 6 months before and 6 months after relocation were then reviewed. Between 1990 and 2010, 16 patients relocated to moderate altitude. All patients developed a new cardiac-related adverse event within 6 months of relocation. A decrease in New York Heart Association functional classification occurred in 15 (94 %) patients, and 11 (69 %) of these required hospitalization. Clinical deterioration at higher altitude is common in patients who have undergone Fontan surgery. Physicians at lower altitudes should caution these patients about the potential risks of relocation to moderate altitude.
Schedule-dependent molecular effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer.

Abstract Background 26S proteasome inhibitors are a novel class of compounds entering clinical trials as a method to increase tumor sensitivity to standard chemotherapy. We determined the effect of alternate sequencing regimens of a proteasome inhibitor and gemcitabine on molecular and cellular responses in pancreatic cancer cells. Materials and methods MIA-PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib either before, simultaneously or following exposure to gemcitabine. Expression of the cell cycle proteins p21 WAF1/CIP1 and p27 KIP1 , and the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 were determined by Western blotting. Cell cycle changes and immediate or delayed induction of apoptosis were quantitated. Results Gemcitabine followed by bortezomib induced the greatest induction of apoptosis and long-term inhibition of cell growth. Bortezomib treatment led to accumulation of p21 WAF1/CIP1 and p27 KIP1 and decreased BCL-2; gemcitabine decreased p27 KIP1 , induced BCL-2 and had no effect on p21 WAF1/CIP1 . When these agents were given in combination or sequence, intermediate changes in these proteins were observed, and the alterations did not correlate with immediate or delayed induction of apoptosis. Conclusions Inhibition of the 26S proteasome following chemotherapy appears to be the most effective regimen, though changes in BCL-2, p21 WAF1/CIP1 , p27 KIP1 do not necessarily correlate with the cellular effects when various sequences are examined. Therefore, these proteins may not be the most appropriate surrogate markers of efficacy of this regimen. These data provide the background for the development of the optimal regimen to be used in clinical trials.