cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Phytoflavin, A Flavoprotein with Chloroplast Ferredoxin Activity.

During recent years considerable atteintion has been focused on the role of non-haem proteins containing iron in biological electron transfer systems. Several proteins of this type showing identical catalytic properties have been isolated from green cells (6). These proteins, which are localized in the chloroplasts, include the methaemoglobin reducing factor (5) from parsley, photosynthetic pyridine nucleotide reductase (17) from spinach, and the rotes Ferment (7) from Chlorella. All catalyze the photoreduction of NADP by chloroplasts. A protein possessing similar properties has been found in anaerobic bacteria. This protein has been named ferredoxin (14). Like the chloroplast protein, ferredoxin contains iron and sulfur as the only known constitutents other than protein. Ferredoxin functions as an electron carrier in nitrogen fixation (13), the synthesis (1) and cleavage (15) of pyruvate, formate oxidation (3), and in several hydrogenase coupled reactions including the reduction of hydroxylamine (24), NADP (22) and the oxidation of hypoxanthine (23). Ferredoxin also supports the photoreductioni of NADP by chloroplasts (21). Conversely, the related chloroplast protein can replace bacterial ferredoxin in the hydrogenase system of Clostridiuntii pasteuriantumi (21). For these reasons Tagawa anld Arnon (21) have proposed that the termi ferredoxini should also include the non-haem iron containing protein found in chloroplasts. This terminology will be adopted here, although it is to be noted that chloroplast and bacterial ferredoxins are not idenltical and differ in their absorption spectra, molecular weight and the number of labile iron and sulfur atoms per mole protein. The isolation of a new protein showing chloroplast ferredoxin activity is reported in this paper. This protein is not a ferredoxin. Since it contains FMN and mediates in the photoreduction of NADP by chloroplasts isolated from a variety of higher plants and algae, it has been named phytoflavin. The biological properties of phytoflavin will be described in a subsequent paper. A preliminary report of this work has appeared (20). Materials and Methods
Molecular genetics of supernumerary tooth formation

Despite advances in the knowledge of tooth morphogenesis and differentiation, relatively little is known about the aetiology and molecular mechanisms underlying supernumerary tooth formation. A small number of supernumerary teeth may be a common developmental dental anomaly, while multiple supernumerary teeth usually have a genetic component and they are sometimes thought to represent a partial third dentition in humans. Mice, which are commonly used for studying tooth development, only exhibit one dentition, with very few mouse models exhibiting supernumerary teeth similar to those in humans. Inactivation of Apc or forced activation of Wnt/β(catenin signalling results in multiple supernumerary tooth formation in both humans and in mice, but the key genes in these pathways are not very clear. Analysis of other model systems with continuous tooth replacement or secondary tooth formation, such as fish, snake, lizard, and ferret, is providing insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying succesional tooth development, and will assist in the studies on supernumerary tooth formation in humans. This information, together with the advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering, will pave ways for the tooth regeneration and tooth bioengineering.
Some alternatives in recursive estimation

Abstract A summary is presented of several different ways of computing recursive linear least-squares estimates for discrete-time stochastic processes. First focussing on processes with known finite-dimensional models—state-space, ARM A and lumped covariance. Several different algorithms are described—Riccati, square root, Chandrasekhar, fast square root—and also results on convergence and steady-state behaviour. Smoothed estimates and the use of scattering theory to describe their inter-play with filtered estimates are briefly mentioned. Secondly results available for general stationary and non-stationary processes are noted.
The Toxicity of Combustion Products of Pyrotechnics.

Abstract The inhalation toxicity of combustion products of nine smokes, flares and lights has been investigated. Toxic signs, such as eye irritation, could be directly attributed to the physical action of the particulate matter. Particulate retention in the nasal passages, as well as in the deep recesses of the lung, many days after exposure was observed with all pyrotechnics. The capacity of the particulate for causing injury from the smokes seemed to be more of a hazard than those from the light and flares studied.
Development and evaluation of a new microsatellite multiplex system for parental allocation and management of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstocks

Abstract Examination of microsatellite variation at several polymorphic loci is a widely accepted method for determining parentage and examining genetic diversity within rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) breeding programs. Genotyping costs are considerable; therefore, we developed a single-step method of co-amplifying twelve microsatellites in two hexaplex reactions to reduce costs and improve efficiency. The protocol is explicitly described to ensure reproducible results. We applied the protocol to samples analyzed at the National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture (NCCCWA) with previously reported marker sets for a comparison of results. Each marker within the multiplex system was evaluated for duplication, null alleles, physical linkage, and probability of genotyping errors. Data from four of the 12 markers were excluded from parental analysis based on these criteria. Parental assignments were compared to those of a previous study that used five independently amplified microsatellites. Percentages of progeny assigned to parents were higher using the subset of eight markers from the multiplex system than with five markers used in the previous study (98% vs. 92%). Through multiplexing, additional markers were used to improve parental allocation while also improving efficiency by reducing the number of required PCR reactions and genotyping runs. We evaluated our methods further through estimation of F -statistics, pairwise genetic distances, and cluster analysis among brood-years at the NCCCWA facility. These measures were compared to estimates from nine independently amplified microsatellites used in a previous study. The F st results calculated between brood-years show similar values of genetic differentiation using both marker sets. Estimates of individual pairwise genetic distances were used for constructing neighbor-joining trees. Both marker sets yielded trees that show similar subpopulation structuring and agreed with results from a model-based cluster analysis and available pedigree information. These approaches for detecting population substructure and admixture portions within individuals are particularly useful for new breeding programs where the founders' relatedness is unknown.
IMPACT OF ZERO CORONARY CALCIUM IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING RENAL TRANSPLANT EVALUATION

We hypothesized that zero calcium score (ZCS) would predict normal myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing evaluation for renal transplant. We enrolled 354 consecutive patients (65% men, mean age 52 ± 11 years) without known coronary artery disease
The use of biotyping and DNA fingerprinting in typing Canadida albicans from hospitalized patients

The application of typing procedures for the purpose of strain differentiation among isolates of Candida albicans obtained from hospitalized patients has been limited. We have applied biotyping and DNA restriction fragment analysis (DNA fingerprinting) by using EcoRI to the study of C. albicans isolates obtained from hospitalized patients. A total of 68 isolates from 15 patients were studied. Thirteen subtypes were identified by biotyping, 8 by DNA fingerprinting, and 21 by a combination of the biotyping and DNA fingerprinting approaches (composite subtype). Both techniques were highly reproducible. In examining the strain variation among isolates obtained from multiple anatomic sites over time, we found that similar, if not identical, strains were recovered from the oropharynx, urine, stool, and blood in a given patient, and these strains persisted. Only rarely did two patients share the same composite subtype suggesting sporadic nosocomial transmission. The combination of biotyping and DNA fingerprinting improved strain discrimination compared to either method alone. Further investigation with these and other epidemiologic typing methods will be necessary to enhance the understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of candidiasis in hospitalized patients.
Selective Molecular Sequestration with Concurrent Natural Product Functionalization and Derivatization: From Crude Natural Product Extracts to a Single Natural Product Derivative in One Step

A resin-bound nitroso compound sequestered a single unexpected component from crude plant seed extracts. Several plants, including Piper nigrum, Eugenia caryophyllata, and Pimenta dioica, were extracted with organic solvent in the presence of a nitroso-containing resin. The nitroso resin selectively sequestered a single compound, β-caryophyllene, via a chemo- and regioselective ene reaction. The ene product was released from the resin, and proper selection of the solid-phase linker and cleavage cocktail allowed concomitant further transformation of the primary ene product to a novel functionalized polycycle. Preliminary studies indicate that the new hydroxylamine-containing natural product derivatives have antibiotic activity.
Subendocardial Infarction: Report of Six Cases and Critical Survey of the Literature

In the ordinary evolution of an acute myocardial infarct the electrocardiogram shows T wave (ischemia), RS-T segment ("current of injury") and QRS (death of muscle) changes. This paper presents a special group of cases of infarction in which only T wave and RS-T segment changes developed even when patients were observed over a considerable period. Therefore, the curves as such could not be considered diagnostic of myocardial infarction. The authors here describe a unique and intriguing group of cases of fatal myocardial infarction with electrocardiograms resembling those seen in stress tests for coronary insufficiency and showing rimlike subendocardial infarcts at postmortem.
Modeling-error robustness of a viral-load preconditioning strategy for HIV treatment switching

In previous work, we have developed optimal-control based approaches that seek to minimize the risk of subsequent virological failure by “pre-conditioning” the viral load during therapy switches. In this paper, we use Monte-Carlo methods to evaluate the sensitivity of an open-loop implementation of these approaches to modeling errors. To account for hidden parameter dependencies, we use parameter distributions obtained from the convergence of Bayesian parameter estimation techniques applied to sets of clinical data obtained during serial therapy interruptions as the distribution from which the Monte-Carlo method samples.
Yield Stresses in Cooked Wheat Starch Dispersions

Wheat starch dispersions of 8–15% concentrations were cooked in the temperature range 60°–75°C for periods up to 75 min. Viscosities of the cooked dispersions were determined in a rotational viscometer at 60°C and 23°C. No yield points were observed in the viscosity behavior at 60°C. At 23°C, viscosity measurements showed yield points in the range 200–3.000 dynes/cm2 dependent on cook time, cook temperature, concentration and cooling history. Plots of log viscosity versus log shear stress were useful in establishing the existence of yield points where the usual plots of shear rate versus shear stress were ambiguous.
Out With the Old-In With the New: Thoughts on the Future of Educational Productivity Research

The purpose of this article is to present a review of-and to provide insight into future directions for research on-the literature surrounding the efficient production of educational outcomes. Research studies on educational productivity and efficiency generally support 2 dominant paradigms within the field of school finance: (a) Money Does Not Matter and (b) Money Does Matter. After a brief historical review, the article critiques the cost-minimization assumptions implicit to both paradigms, using public choice theory as a basis to acknowledge that nonmarket forces influence educational productivity. Next, suggestions are made surrounding normative economics concepts that need to be expanded, explored, and operationalized to measure educational efficiency more appropriately. Finally, it is suggested that researchers investigate at least 3 nontraditional methods to measure levels of economic efficiency in public educational organizations: (a) modified quadriform analysis, (b) data envelopment analysis, an...
Phenytoin and phenobarbital stable isotope studies in neonates

A pharmacokinetic study of phenytoin and phenobarbital with nonradioactive isotopes was performed in nine neonates in an intensive care unit setting. A single-pulse dose of either labeled phenobarbital (1,3-(15)N, 2-(13)C) or labeled phenytoin (2-(13)C, 1, 3-(15)N) was administered to neonates who manifested gestation between 25 and 40 weeks and were receiving maintenance medication. Blood samples were collected at fixed intervals, and with a computerized gas chromatography mass spectrometry system, plasma concentrations of the labeled and unlabeled drug in relation to time administered were obtained. According to the calculations obtained from labeled analogue, several kinetic characteristics related to drug absorption, clearance, and elimination were determined. The use of a nonradioactive labeled isotope overcomes the limitations of conventional pharmacokinetic methodology and can be specifically useful in neonates and infants in whom volumes of distribution are rapidly changing and steady state is not achieved.
Effect of short-term exogenous pulmonary surfactant treatment on acute lung damage associated with the intratracheal instillation of silica.

The objective of our study was to investigate whether coating the surface of silica with Survanta, a commercially available, bovine pulmonary surfactant, would reduce the in vitro cytotoxicity to alveolar macrophages (AMs), as well as attenuate lung damage in vivo following intratracheal instillation of silica. In the in vitro studies, alveolar macrophages from male Fischer 344 rats were incubated for 1 and 24 h with native or Survanta‐treated silica (0.5 mg/ml). At both time points, the native, uncoated silica caused a dramatic loss of AM viability. The AMs were protected, however, when the silica was treated with the Survanta surfactant. This protective effect was significantly greater after 1 h when compared with 24 h. In the in vivo studies, a high dose of silica (10 mg/100 g body weight) was suspended in Survanta and intratracheally instilled into the lungs of male Fischer 344 rats. A number of biochemical and cellular parameters were measured within the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) 1 and 14 d...
Water vapor as an active scalar in tropical atmospheric dynamics.

Water vapor is a constituent of the tropical atmosphere which, though to a significant extent locally controlled by vertical advection, precipitation, and surface evaporation, is also affected by horizontal advection. Water vapor affects the flow in turn, because a humid atmosphere supports deep, precipitating convection more readily than a dry atmosphere. Precipitation heats the atmosphere, and this heating drives the flow. Water vapor is thus a dynamically active constituent. Simplifications to the primitive equations of dynamical meteorology, based on the so-called weak temperature gradient approximation, are presented which highlight this behavior. The weak temperature gradient approximation is valid on large scales near the equator. It eliminates gravity waves, leaving only balanced dynamics, though the fundamental balance occurs in the temperature rather than the momentum equation (as is customary in most balance models of geophysical fluid dynamics). The dynamical role of water vapor is examined in...
Feedback control of the two-phase Stefan problem, with an application to the continuous casting of steel

A full-state feedback control law is derived that stabilizes the two-phase Stefan problem with respect to a reference solution using control of the Neumann boundary condition. Stability and convergence are shown via a Lyapunov functional on the error system with moving boundaries. A second control law is also derived, for which stability is proved and convergence is conjectured due to the clearly convergent simulation results. A simple Dirichlet controller is also considered, and is used to design a boundary-output-based estimator that, in combination with full-state feedback controllers, yields a plausible output feedback control law with boundary sensing and actuation. The performance of the control laws is demonstrated using numerical simulation.
Using audio cues to support motion gesture interaction on mobile devices

Motion gestures are an underutilized input modality for mobile interaction, despite numerous potential advantages. Negulescu et al. found that the lack of feedback on attempted motion gestures made it difficult for participants to diagnose and correct errors, resulting in poor recognition performance and user frustration. Here, we describe and evaluate a training and feedback system consisting of two techniques that use audio characteristics to provide: (1) a spatial representation of the desired gesture and (2) feedback on the system's interpretation of user input. Results show that while both techniques provide adequate feedback, users prefer continuous feedback.
Stable Analogues of OSB-AMP: Potent Inhibitors of MenE, the o-Succinylbenzoate-CoA Synthetase from Bacterial Menaquinone Biosynthesis

MenE, the o-succinylbenzoate (OSB)-CoA synthetase from bacterial menaquinone biosynthesis, is a promising new antibacterial target. Sulfonyladenosine analogues of the cognate reaction intermediate, OSB-AMP, have been developed as inhibitors of the MenE enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtMenE), Staphylococcus aureus (saMenE) and Escherichia coli (ecMenE). Both a free carboxylate and a ketone moiety on the OSB side chain are required for potent inhibitory activity. OSB-AMS (4) is a competitive inhibitor of mtMenE with respect to ATP (K(i) =5.4±0.1 nM) and a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to OSB (K(i) =11.2±0.9 nM). These data are consistent with a Bi Uni Uni Bi Ping-Pong kinetic mechanism for these enzymes. In addition, OSB-AMS inhibits saMenE with K(i)(app) =22±8 nM and ecMenE with K(i)(OSB) =128±5 nM. Putative active-site residues, Arg222, which may interact with the OSB aromatic carboxylate, and Ser302, which may bind the OSB ketone oxygen, have been identified through computational docking of OSB-AMP with the unliganded crystal structure of saMenE. A pH-dependent interconversion of the free keto acid and lactol forms of the inhibitors is also described, along with implications for inhibitor design.
Death anxiety: comparison of psychiatrists, psychologists, suicidologists, and funeral directors

Death anxiety levels of 130 psychiatrists, 57 psychologists, 31 suicidologists, and 8 funeral directors in California were compared through a mail survey. The hypothesis that psychiatrists would ha...
An enriched meshless method for non‐linear fracture mechanics

This paper presents an enriched meshless method for fracture analysis of cracks in homogeneous, isotropic, non-linear-elastic, two-dimensional solids, subject to mode-I loading conditions. The method involves an element-free Galerkin formulation and two new enriched basis functions (Types I and II) to capture the Hutchinson–Rice–Rosengren singularity field in non-linear fracture mechanics. The Type I enriched basis function can be viewed as a generalized enriched basis function, which degenerates to the linear-elastic basis function when the material hardening exponent is unity. The Type II enriched basis function entails further improvements of the Type I basis function by adding trigonometric functions. Four numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method. The boundary layer analysis indicates that the crack-tip field predicted by using the proposed basis functions matches with the theoretical solution very well in the whole region considered, whether for the near-tip asymptotic field or for the far-tip elastic field. Numerical analyses of standard fracture specimens by the proposed meshless method also yield accurate estimates of the J-integral for the applied load intensities and material properties considered. Also, the crack-mouth opening displacement evaluated by the proposed meshless method is in good agreement with finite element results. Furthermore, the meshless results show excellent agreement with the experimental measurements, indicating that the new basis functions are also capable of capturing elastic–plastic deformations at a stress concentration effectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new I/O signal latchup phenomenon in voltage tolerant ESD protection circuits

We report for the first time a new type of unexpected latch-up phenomenon that can occur in deep sub-micron technologies with the required implementation of voltage tolerant ESD protection circuits. In contrast to the well known Standard latchup, this new latchup, dubbed Signal Latchup, becomes evident only through the interaction from neighboring I/O pins. The issues involved with this latchup effect and the subsequent trade-off with ESD are presented in detail. A new latchup specification is also proposed.
The protective role of gastric acidity in neonatal bacterial translocation

The acid environment of the stomach serves as an important defense against intestinal colonization by potentially pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of increased gastric pH on bacterial translocation in a neonatal rabbit model. Fifty-nine rabbit pups were delivered by cesarean section and randomly divided into normal acid (NA) and reduced acid (RA) groups. All were gavage fed and challenged with Enterobacter cloacae, 1 x 10(6) CFU/mL. The RA group received ranitidine, 20 mg/kg/d with all feeds. Gastric pH was measured by pH probe before and 4 hours after bacterial challenge. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN), spleen, liver, midjejunum, and cecum were harvested for culture at 72 hours. Gastric pH in the RA group was significantly increased before and 4 hours after the bacterial challenge. The incidence of bacterial translocation to the MLN, spleen, and liver was significantly higher in the RA group. Log cecal and jejunal colony counts were significantly increased in the RA animals. The authors conclude that the gastric acidity is protective against intestinal colonization and translocation of potentially pathogenic bacteria in this neonatal rabbit model.
Laboratory Evaluation of Novaluron as a Rodent Feed-Through Insecticide Against Sand Fly Larvae (Diptera: Psychodidae)

ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted to evaluate novaluron as a feed-through larvicide to control immature phlebotomine sand flies (Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae). The minimum effective concentration of novaluron against sand fly larvae fed hamster feces treated with novaluron, or feces of hamsters fed a diet containing novaluron, was 9.88 and 9.88 × 10-1 mg/kg, respectively. Feces of novaluron-treated hamsters were held under conditions simulating the inside of a rodent burrow for up to 30 d, and all larvae that consumed these feces died before pupation; a significant reduction in treated larval survival relative to control was observed when the feces were aged for up to 150 d. Novaluron was shown to be effective as a feed-though larvicide when novalurontreated food made up only a portion of the diet of hamsters. The results of this study suggest that novaluron could be effective as a rodent feed-through insecticide in a field setting.
Involvement of TRP channels in the CO2 chemosensitivity of locus coeruleus neurons

Catecholaminergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) play a role in the ventilatory response to hypercapnia. Here, we show evidence for the involvement of transient receptor potential (TRP) channe...
Quality characteristics of irradiated ready-to-eat breast rolls from turkeys fed conjugated linoleic acid

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of irradiation on the quality of ready-to-eat (RTE) breast rolls from turkeys fed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The oxidative stability of RTE turkey rolls was improved by the dietary CLA treatment. Irradiation increased the production of acetaldehyde, 3-methyl-butanal, 2-methyl-butanal, and total volatiles in turkey rolls but had little effect on other aldehydes. Irradiation also produced new volatiles, including sulfur compounds, not detected in nonirradiated turkey breast rolls. We detected significantly higher amounts of alkanes with nine or higher carbons in irradiated samples than in nonirradiated samples. Irradiation increased the redness of RTE turkey breast rolls, but the degree of redness and the amount of total volatiles decreased with storage. CLA treatment lowered the redness (a*) and increased the lightness (L*) of RTE turkey breast rolls during the entire storage period. Sensory evaluation revealed that irradiation produced off-flavor, but CLA and irradiation did not influence the texture and juiciness of RTE turkey breast rolls. Consumers did not like the off-flavor but preferred the color induced by irradiation to nonirradiated RTE turkey breast rolls.
Computation of the matrix sign function using continued fraction expansion

We describe an algorithm which computes the sign function of a complex matrix by using the continued fraction expansion of the inverse of the principal square root function at each step of the iteration. We show that the algorithm iteratively computes globally convergent main diagonal Pade/spl acute/ approximants. The proposed algorithm avoids computing large matrix powers and performs fewer matrix inversions than Newton's method. The algorithm is multiplication-rich and particularly suitable for implementation on vector and parallel computers. The stability analysis of the algorithm suggests that the errors introduced during a step are either suppressed or have limited effect on the next step. Finally, we summarize the results of our experiments on computing the sign function of certain matrices. >
The Problem for Normative Cultural Relativism

The key problem for normative (or moral) cultural relativism arises as soon as we try to formulate it. It resists formulations that are (1) clear, precise, and intelligible; (2) plausible enough to warrant serious attention; and (3) faithful to the aims of leading cultural relativists, one such aim being to produce an important alternative to moral universalism. Meeting one or two of these conditions is easy; meeting all three is not. I discuss twenty-four candidates for the label "cultural relativism," showing that not one meets all three conditions. In the end I conclude that cultural relativists have produced nothing that threatens universalism.
The Changing Professional Role of the Extension Economist

Cooperative extension (CE) as an organization faces possible extinction as a free, viable, and professionally challenging organization in the decade ahead. Its philosophic underpinnings are disappearing into history, becoming less real and less used as guidelines by economists entering the field today. Much of what might happen to CE depends on our own attitudes and efforts. Individual responsibility for being a professional cannot be denied--nor can shrinking resources, declining numbers of farmers, hardening preferences for status quo, and colleagues pressured to resort to rewards offered by others than those available in CE. While most of us recognize these aspects, what might we do to elicit other more preferable outcomes than those some of us see if no actions are taken. For example, I would rather talk today about the changing role of the professional economist in cooperative extension than the title above, because I think that is what really reflects our concerns.' My analytical framework, rough as it is, will first make some assumptions about CE's history, touch on a few of the organization's characteristics, mention some of the evolving pressures for changes in CE's organizational structure and the professional working in CE, and finally, speculate about the role of the economist in extension's future.
Time-resolved backscattering of circularly and linearly polarized light in a turbid medium

Time-resolved backscattering profiles of circularly and linearly polarized light were measured from a turbid medium composed of small and large polystyrene sphere particles in water. It is shown that, based on the measurements of the time-resolved backscattered copolarized and cross-polarized components of the incident polarized light, either linearly or circularly polarized light can be used to effectively image an object that is deep inside a turbid medium composed of small particles, depending on the depolarization properties of the object itself. For large particles such as in tissue, fog, and clouds, the experimentally observed polarization memory effect on the backscattering temporal profiles suggests that a significant improvement in the image contrast can be achieved by use of circularly polarized light.
Assessment of Myocardial Blood Flow and Volume Using Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography

The development of new microbubble agents and ultrasound imaging modalities now allows the assessment of myocardial perfusion with echocardiography. Microbubbles also can be administered intravenously as constant infusions, which allows their concentration in blood to reach steady state. If the relation between microbubble concentration and video intensity is within the linear range, then myocardial video intensity will reflect the concentration of microbubbles in that region, which at steady state is the myocardial blood volume. The ability to destroy microbubbles and measure their replenishment into the ultrasound beam provides an opportunity to evaluate microbubble (or red blood cell) velocity. The product of myocardial blood volume and red blood cell velocity represents myocardial blood flow.
The Influence of Interactive Context on Prelinguistic Vocalizations and Maternal Responses

ABSTRACTMany studies have documented influences of maternal responsiveness on cognitive and language development. Given the bidirectionality of interactions in caregiver-infant dyads, it is important to understand how infant behavior elicits variable responses. Prior studies have shown that mothers respond differentially to features of prelinguistic vocalizations that reflect phonological complexity; however, studies have also found that maternal responses vary as a function of interactive contexts. Thus, it is important to examine how infant phonological features and social context interact to influence maternal responsiveness because language development occurs in social interactions and moment-to-moment behaviors influence development. In the current study, we examined how maternal responses vary relative to infant vocal production and interactional context: puppet play, toy play, and book reading. Infants produced more syllable-like, consonant-vowels (CV) than vowel-like sounds (V) during book reading...
Granulocyte macrophage: Colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), ketoconazole, and mitoxantrone as second-line therapy in patients (Pts) with progressive hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC)

e16033 Background: A variety of docetaxel regimens have been tested in HRPC pts, yielding response rates between 38% - 69%. Docetaxel therapy has been widely used as first line therapy. Second line...
The Personal Liability of Corporate Officers for Patent Infringement

In this manuscript, I criticize the Federal Circuit's current standard for evaluating the individual liability of corporate officers for the patent infringement of their corporations as being based incorrectly upon a piercing of the corporate veil (a doctrine applicable only to corporate shareholders, not to officers). In adopting this piercing standard, the Federal Circuit has inadvertently and radically expanded the scope of individual officer liability and has exposed corporate officers to a form of strict liability for their corporation's infringing activities. I propose instead a standard that parallels the "personal participation" standard of traditional corporate doctrine, which would ensure that culpable corporate actors are held liable in appropriate circumstances, but would avoid wholesale imposition of personal liability upon officers for the patent infringement of their corporations.
Document processing

Curiously, the ACM First Glossary of Programming Terminology has no entry for the word "document." The American College Dictionary defines it as "a written or printed paper furnishing information or evidence, a legal or official paper." Without becoming lexicographers, we might observe that "write" means "to trace or form (characters, letters, words, etc.) on the surface of some material, as with a pen, pencil or other instrument or means; inscribe."
Rodent incisor microwear as a proxy for ecological reconstruction

Abstract Increasing attention has been directed toward rodents as a source of paleoenvironmental data due to their discrete home ranges and their ubiquity and abundance in many fossil and archeological assemblages. Further, rodents play a vital role in regulating ecosystem structure and function, and may be closely tied to local habitat. This study assesses the potential of incisor microwear textures of rodents as an environmental proxy and evaluates the extent to which effects of diet, substrate, and habitat can be parsed from the signal. Microwear textures on lower incisors were analyzed using confocal profilometry and quantified using scale-sensitive fractal analysis. Specimens analyzed (n = 430) represent omnivorous, herbivorous, and frugivorous species, some arboreal and some terrestrial, collected from African desert, savanna, woodland, and rainforest habitats. Results suggest diet, habitat, and substrate all contribute to rodent incisor microwear patterning, and that this approach holds potential to provide important information about the ecology of past species.
Complex zoning in apatite from the Idaho Batholith; a record of magma mixing and intracrystalline trace element diffusion

Apatite crystals in a sample of biotite granodiorite from the Idaho batholith display complex chemical zoning, characterized by abrupt changes in REE+Y+Si content, more subtle variations in S, Na, La/Yb, and Mn contents, and petrographic evidence for multiple episodes of partial resorption. The zoning is attributed to changes in melt composition, resulting from magma mixing and differentiation, although the possibility that some rounded cores may be inherited cannot be disproved. High S contents in apatite cores and the presence of an included anhydrite grain indicate crystallization from an oxidized host magma. Divalent cations that occupy the apatite Ca sites (Sr, Mn, Fe) show evidence of having been redistributed between zones by intracrystalline diffusion, whereas cations that participate in coupled substitutions involving the tetrahedral site (Si, Y, REE, Na, S) were not readily redistributed. The main REE substitution in this case is REE (super 3+) +Si (super 4+) Ca (super 2+) +P (super 5+) , and REE diffusion is rate-limited by slow Si diffusion. However, exchange of LREE (e.g., LaSm (sub -1) ) on the Ca sites does not involve Si and proceeds more rapidly, resulting in homogenization of La/Sm between zones within individual crystals. Relative diffusion rates inferred from zoning profiles in this study are: Mn, Sr, Fe, and LaSm (sub -1) are faster than Na, S, and LaYb (sub -1) , which are faster than Si. These data imply that REE patterns can be decoupled from REE abundances during diffusion, and that even apatite zones or cores that appear sharply bounded in backscattered electron images may not retain their original chemical or Sr-Nd isotopic traits.
Autonomous immunity in mucosal epithelial cells: fortifying the barrier against infection

Mucosal epithelial cells express an autonomous innate immune response that controls the overgrowth of invaded bacteria, mitigates the harmful effects of the bacteria carried within, and does not rely on other external arms of the immune response. Epithelial cell autonomous innate immunity "respects" the social biology of invading bacteria to achieve symbiosis, and is the primary protective mechanism against pathogens.
Disaster Medicine: A Multi-Modality Curriculum Designed and Implemented for Emergency Medicine Residents

OBJECTIVE: Few established curricula are available for teaching disaster medicine. We describe a comprehensive, multi-modality approach focused on simulation to teach disaster medicine to emergency medicine residents in a 3-year curriculum. METHODS: Residents underwent a 3-year disaster medicine curriculum incorporating a variety of venues, personnel, and roles. The curriculum included classroom lectures, tabletop exercises, virtual reality simulation, high-fidelity simulation, hospital disaster drills, and journal club discussion. All aspects were supervised by specialty emergency medicine faculty and followed a structured debriefing. Residents rated the high-fidelity simulations by using a 10-point Likert scale. RESULTS: Three classes of emergency medicine residents participated in the 3-year training program. Residents found the exercise to be realistic, educational, and relevant to their practice. After participating in the program, residents felt better prepared for future disasters. CONCLUSIONS: Given the large scope of impact that disasters potentiate, it is understandably difficult to teach these skills effectively. Training programs can utilize this simulation-based curriculum to better prepare the nation's emergency medicine physicians for future disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;0:1-4). Language: en
Survey of the pollution flashover characteristics of the insulators of ±800kV HVDC lines

In order to research the pollution characteristics of the insulators of ±800 kV UHVDC transmission line on high altitude,we expatiated on the necessary and significance of the research on that,and summed up contamination flashover characteristics at the high altitude both home and abroad,and pointed out the deficiencies of the existing research result.At last we had a conclusion that a pollution test of the ±800 kV UHVDC transmission line for our country is necessary.
A brief review of other notable electrophoretic methods.

Electrophoretic methodologies for qualitative and preparative purposes are commonly used in biological research and have been well established as an integral analytical tool for a long time in most research laboratories. Listed here are some of the more specialized innovations that have been developed in recent times for special purposes of study. These include micropreparative isoelectric focusing in liquid suspension, accelerated protease digestion by SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional SDS-PAGE for membrane protein resolution, carbon nanotube-modified page for resolution of complement C3, electrophoretic resolution of ultra-acidic proteomes in acidic media, and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of pre-beta/alpha lipoprotein A-I in agarose. All these methods are briefly reviewed in this chapter.
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Anemia and the Vascular Endothelium in Sickle Cell Disease Pathophysiology

The vascular endothelium is a heterogenous collection of cells whose actions contribute significantly to sickle cell disease pathophysiology. At the cellular level, the endothelium elaborates vasoactive, adhesive, and inflammatory signals that drive acute and chronic injury causing ultimately irreversible organ damage. The endothelium is also fundamentally involved in the cardiovascular adaptations to anemia. Vasodilation lowers systemic vascular resistance and allows higher cardiac output to maintain oxygen transport in an anemic state. Cardiovascular adaptations to anemia and hypoxia may play a role in the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. Some measures of endothelium-dependent vasodilation appear to be impaired in people with sickle cell disease, but this may be due in part to the effects of chronic anemia. Endothelium-derived vasoactive molecules, such as endothelin-1 and nitric oxide, appear dysregulated and may also contribute to the vascular complications of sickle cell disease. The therapeutic potential of pharmacologically manipulating these molecules has not yet been achieved; however, evidence from patients treated with hydroxyurea and hematopoietic stem cell transplant shows that although it may be difficult to reverse pre-existing injury, effective therapies for sickle cell disease do change endothelial behavior. Ongoing investigations will determine how best to exploit our understanding of endothelial biology and pathobiology to develop new treatments for people with sickle cell disease.
Role of putative central neurotransmitters in self-stimulation behaviour

Self-stimulation is a positively reinforced (rewarded) behaviour in which a subject repeatedly presses a bar to get electric stimulation at certain areas of the brain through an implanted electrode. In the rat, such positive reinforcement has been demonstrated with respect to various brain areas extending from the forebrain to the rostral pons, most prominent among them being the medial forebrain bundle in the posterior lateral hypothalamus (Olds, 1958; 1962).
Factor analysis and kinetic modeling for PET: are they relevant for clinical applications?

Anatomic and functional aspects of biologic processes are studied with multi-modality imaging. PET can perform this in-vivo and almost real-time. The dynamics and kinetics of new drugs, their optimal dose and individual response need to be determined. In human cancer, non-responders to therapy need to be separated from responders, and patients surveyed to detect recurrence. We explored the potential of factor analysis (FA) by extracting vessels and tissues from the dynamic images. With thresholding techniques a volume-of-interest (VOI) is delineated and regional blood clearance (input function) and tissue uptake (output function) measured. kinetic modeling (KM) estimates the rate constants between compartments representing the underlying biologic pathways. Tracers used were: 11C-acetate, 13N-ammonia, 18F-fluoride, 18F- FDOPA, 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG. Dynamic studies were acquired with high temporal sampling during the first 2 minutes, decreasing over the next phase to 5 min frames. Total image acquisition varied from 20-75 min dependent on tracer and organ investigated. Breast and prostate cancer, brain tumor, myocardial perfusion, and osteoporosis were evaluated. FA was successful in all cases and produced clear parametric images. Accurate input functions could be derived for all situations. Tissue or tumor uptake can be low and images noisy, yielding sub-optimal output functions. Comparison of the FA input function to plasma blood samples in breast cancer showed excellent concordance. KM provided rate constants that did not reveal significant differences between input curves from blood samples vs FA derived. KM may help elucidating the metabolic pathways, e.g. 18F-FDOPA revealed a different mechanism for tumor than striatum. 11C-acetate kinetics in prostate cancer differ completely from those in myocardium. 18F-FLT uptake reflects cell proliferation and shows the greatest decrease within 1 week after treatment in responders. Our procedure is automated and virtually user independent; this processing tool facilitates PET as a reproducible quantification method in routine clinical applications.
Design considerations to minimize the impact of drug absorption in polymer-based organ-on-a-chip platforms

Biocompatible polymers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), are the materials of choice for creating organ-on-a-chip microfluidic platforms. Desirable qualities include ease of fabrication, optical clarity, and hydrophobicity, the latter of which facilitates oxygen transport to encased cells. An emerging and important application of organ-on-a-chip technology is drug discovery; however, a potential issue for polymer-based microfluidic devices has been highlighted by recent studies with PDMS, which have demonstrated absorption (and thus loss) of hydrophobic drugs into PDMS under certain experimental conditions. Absorption of drug in the polymer can also lead to undesirable transfer of drug between adjacent microfluidic lines. Given the benefits of polymers, it is essential to develop a comprehensive understanding of drug absorption. In this study, we considered convection, dissolution, and diffusion of a drug within a polymer-based microfluidic device to characterize the dynamics of drug loss in a quantitative manner. We solved Fick's 2nd law of diffusion (unsteady diffusion–convection) by finite element analysis in COMSOL®, and experimentally validated the numerical model for loss of three hydrophobic molecules (rhodamine B, cyanine NHS ester, and paclitaxel) in PDMS. Drug loss, as well as the unintended mixing of drugs by adjacent microfluidic channels, depends strongly on platform design parameters, experimental conditions, and the physico-chemical properties of the drug, and can be captured in a simple quantitate relationship that employs four scalable dimensionless numbers. This simple quantitative framework can be used in the design of a wide range of polymer-based microfluidic devices to minimize the impact of drug absorption.