cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of interface instability in a Hele-Shaw cell.

Experiments on the stability of the circular interface formed in a Hele-Shaw cell when air displaces a viscous oil have shown that available theories underestimate the wavelength of the most unstable wave when the capillary number (${N}_{\mathrm{ca})}$ is large. Apparently this is caused by a modification of the interface boundary condition by three-dimensional effects. At small values of ${N}_{\mathrm{ca}}$ the results overlap several of the theories and we are unable to choose among them on the basis of the present experiments.
Type and amount of available past instances in concept learning

Fifty-six high school Ss classified as high or low in associative memory (AM) participated in a study investigating the effect of two types of available past instances upon performance in a four-category concept problem. Instances which S had classified incorrectly provided either a record of S’s own classifications (SR) or a record of correct classifications (CR) at four levels of availability. The results indicated that performance was facilitated only in conditions in which a CR was available. Optimal performance of Ss low in AM was achieved at a low level of CR availability while Ss high in AM continued to improve as CR availability increased.
In practice—R U signed on?

Joining students' 24/7 instant messaging world sends dread through many an educator. Jodi Koslow Martin of Aurora University, by contrast, believes that being an easily accessible icon on her students' computer screens is an important part of her work.
The Chemistry of Metathesized Soybean Oil

New materials derived from metathesized soybean oil have been prepared and characterized. Thermal polymerization of metathesized soybean oil in the presence of air results in yellow, brittle gels. These materials display a curious tendency to produce audible popping sounds when exposed to chlorinated organic solvents, such as chloroform or dichloromethane. Complete hydrogenation of metathesized soybean oil has been accomplished in excellent yields utilizing 10% palladium on carbon in dichloromethane. A new, very mild, effective epoxidation procedure for soybean oil, utilizing methyltrioxorhenium (VII) (MTO) and pyridine as the catalyst system and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, has been developed. This epoxidation reaction affords excellent yields of epoxidized soybean oil with some control of the degree of epoxidation at very low MTO concentrations (< 0.5 mol%). This reaction is also very effective for the epoxidation of metathesized soybean oil to higher molecular weight epoxidized soybean oil materials.
Isolation of the Magic‐Size CdSe Nanoclusters [(CdSe)13(n‐octylamine)13] and [(CdSe)13(oleylamine)13]

The preparation, isolation, stoichiometric characterization, and dissolution of purified (CdSe)13 nanoclusters are described. We[1] and others[2] recently reported that (CdSe)13 nanoclusters were intermediates in the synthesis of CdSe quantum belts (nanoribbons). We now demonstrate that a lamellar intermediate phase[1] collected from the quantum-belt synthesis is [(CdSe)13(n-octylamine)13], the smallest, discrete, magic-size nanocluster of CdSe that has been observed.[3] Kinetic data show that free, soluble [(CdSe)13(oleylamine)13] nanoclusters are released from the insoluble [(CdSe)13(n-octylamine)13] upon ligand exchange.
Nitroxyl Radical Incorporated Electrospun Biodegradable Poly(ester Amide) Nanofiber Membranes

Biodegradable amino-acid-based poly(ester amide) (PEA) ultra-fine fibers pre-loaded with a nitroxyl radical model compound, 4-amino-2.2.6.6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy (4-amino-TEMPO), were prepared by electrospinning. The fiber size and morphology were shown to be greatly affected by the composition ratio of the solvent mixture (chloroform to DMF) prepared for electrospinning. Nano-size PEA fibers (approx. 640 nm) were obtained when PEA dope was electrospun from the chloroform/DMF solvent mixture at a volume ratio of 2 to 1 vs. 3.5 μm size PEA fibers obtained from chloroform-based electrospun dope. Due to the low glass transition temperature and completely amorphous structures, the PEA electrospun fibrous membranes gradually lost their fiber characteristic during 1 month incubation in PBS buffer at 37°C. The glass transition temperature and heat of fusion of PEA electrospun fibers increased with an increasing incubation time and the most significant change occurred in the first day of incubation in PBS. ...
Prediction and Comparison of Burst Pressure for Line Pipes

Accurate prediction of burst pressure in line pipes is critical for their safety design and operation. Different equations for predicting burst pressure of line pipes have been proposed over the years, but broad agreements between the prediction equations did not exist. To this end, the present authors recently developed a new multi-axial plastic yield theory that is referred to as Average Shear Stress Yield (ASSY) theory [6]. Based on this theory, a theoretical closed-form solution for predicting burst pressure was proposed as a function of the pipe diameter, thickness, ultimate tensile stress and strain hardening exponent. The results showed that the ASSY-based burst pressure solution predicts generally the average of experimental data, and gives the best prediction among different models in a comparison of over 100 full-size burst tests for different line pipe geometries and grades. This conclusion is consistent with the observation by Zimmerman et al. [7]. On the other hand, Law at al. [1–3] recently proposed a so-called CIS (cylindrical instability stress) model that can implicitly predict the burst pressure of line pipes, and claimed that the CIS model is the best one for predicting burst pressure. To clarify the argument and to determine a truly accurate prediction equation, this paper will reevaluate the available models of burst pressure using various experimental data used by Law et al. and others. Detailed comparisons and discussions on the predictions of burst pressure with the experimental results are performed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Some influences of frost penetration on the hydrology of small watersheds

An example of the influence of frost penetration on hydrologic as well as agronomic problems is presented and discussed. The data indicate frost penetration retards percolation thereby retaining water in the soil profile that normally would drain. Frost penetration through its influence on percolation and resultant available storage may affect infiltration for a considerable time after the frost period.
Microradiography as a Submicroscopic Tool

Abstract Drees, L.R. and Wilding, L.P., 1983. Microradiography as a submicroscopic tool. Geoderma, 30: 65–76. Contact X-ray microradiography is a microscopic application of conventional radiography. The resulting in situ shadow images on fine-grained photographic film can be viewed under the light microscope up to 500X without loss of detail or depth of focus distortions. Differential absorbance of X-rays by the sample offers a non-destructive means of examining the internal phases of a specimen which may be obscured in light transmission or SEM microscopy. Such phases include voids, nodules, concretions, occluded minerals, lithorelicts, and other chemical segregations. Microradiography is an especially convenient tool because of minimum sample preparation and the small investment cost for camera fabrication to existing X-ray equipment.
Optimum Filter for Determination of the Position of an Arbitrary Waveform in the Presence of Noise

This paper presents a general approach to solving the problem of defining the time of arrival of a signal in the noise, or the similar one of defining the position of a peak in a histogram. In particular, it solves the problem of a signal in white noise, giving the well know result that the optimum filter before a zero crossing discriminator should have an impulse response function equal to the derivative of the waveform to be observed. It then solves the problem of estimating the position of a peak in a histogram in which the number of counts in each bin has a variance equal to the number of counts in that same bin. The resulting optimum filter is the derivative divided by the function itself. Examples of applying the results are given and the un iqueness of the solution to the set of non-linear simultaneous equations resulting from the problem is demonstrated.
UGLM: A Pascal Program for Univariate Linear Modeling

A PC-based program is described, the purpose of which is to perform estimation and hypothesis testing for univariate linear models with options for post-hoc analyses including the determination of the most significant parametric function. The program, which is equally useful as a teaching or a research tool is based on the formulations of the univariate/unrestricted general linear model. The user is given complete freedom of expression for models, hypotheses, and parametric functions.
The Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program: 35 years of birth defects surveillance at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

BACKGROUND: The Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) is a population-based birth defects surveillance program administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that has been collecting, analyzing, and interpreting birth defects surveillance data since 1967. This paper presents an overview of MACDP current methods and accomplishments over the past 35 years. METHODS: MACDP actively monitors major birth defects among infants born to residents of five counties of metropolitan Atlanta, an area with approximately 50,000 annual births. Cases are ascertained from multiple sources, coded using a modified British Pediatric Association six-digit code, and reviewed and classified by clinical geneticists. RESULTS: MACDP has monitored trends in birth defects rates and has served as a case registry for descriptive, risk factor, and prognostic studies of birth defects, including studies of Agent Orange exposure among Vietnam War veterans, maternal use of multivitamins, diabetes, febrile illnesses, and survival of children with neural tube defects. MACDP has served as a data source for one of the centers participating in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, and for developing and evaluating neural tube defects prevention strategies related to the periconceptional use of folic acid supplements. CONCLUSIONS: Since its inception, MACDP has served as a resource for the development of uniform methods and approaches to birth defect surveillance across the United States and in many other countries, monitoring birth defects rates, and as a case registry for various descriptive, etiologic, and survival studies of birth defects. MACDP has also served as a training ground for a large number of professionals active in birth defects epidemiology. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:617– 624, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. †
Operant responding for food following lesions in the nuclei accumbens of the rat.

Abstract Lesions in the nuclei accumbens (NAS) failed to affect either CRF or FR responding for food. It was conluded that the NAS plays a role in mediating behaviors controlled by negative but not positive reinforcers.
A meshless p-PUFEM Fokker-Planck equation solver with automatic boundary condition enforcement

In this paper the Fokker-Planck equation is solved by the meshless particle partition of unity finite element method with automatic boundary condition enforcement. An improved cover generation algorithm is presented to automatically minimize interference between boundary nodes and interior nodes in the solution domain. Radial basis functions are used at boundary nodes to automatically damp the solution to a desired small value at boundaries, thus eliminating the need of penalty method for boundary condition enforcement. This achieves two important goals: (i) improves the conditioning of discretized reduced order system and (ii) eliminates spurious modes created by penalty method, thus improving the quality of point spectrum of the discretized Fokker-Planck operator. This is particularly important for systems without stationary solution, in which spurious modes can prevent the construction of accurate approximation. Results shown for a two dimensional nonlinear oscillator with stationary solution agree well with our former results while also decreasing the total number of spurious modes significantly. Further, an undamped simple pendulum is examined to demonstrate the applicability of this method for systems without stationary solution.
Durable left ventricular assist devices – the minimum for referring cardiologists

Abstract Growing population of advanced heart failure patients represents one of the major burden for health care system. Heart transplantation is the gold standard for a severe HF but contraindications and lack of donors are ultimate hurdles for its widespread use. Heart replacement using durable mechanical circulatory support, e.g. continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), has grown fast in recent years. It is reasonable to assume that the number of LVAD implantations will continue to grow and will soon exceed the number of HTx. The review is intended to provide essential information on the results of clinical trials with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices, indications and implantation timing. General and specific risks of LVAD surgery, short and long term courses are described, and risk assessment is outlined.
Model for Nominal Bond-Shear Capacity of Pretensioned Concrete Girders

The 2010 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications includes requirements for proportioning flexural reinforcement at the end of pretensioned girders to carry longitudinal tie forces acting above the support. To prevent bond failure of the longitudinal tie, AASHTO requires that "any lack of full development [of the tie] shall be accounted for." This paper proposes a model for calculating nominal bond-shear capacity, which is defined as the attendant shear force at bond capacity of the longitudinal tie. The model gives explicit consideration for tie development length. Variables in the model include bearing and girder geometry, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement details, and inclination angle of cracking. Derivation of the model is presented, and the model is compared with a database of experimental results compiled from the published literature. The proposed model can be used for designing girders that are resistant to bond-shear failure, particularly when partial strand debonding is employed. In som...
Grain boundary kinetics—II. In situ observations of the role of grain boundary dislocations in high-angle boundary migration

Abstract The capillary-induced motion of near-Σ5 grain boundaries in Au was directly observed and video-recorded by means of hot-stage in situ transmission electron microscopy. The observed boundary motion differed from the boundary “displacement” caused by the stress-induced passage of secondary grain boundary dislocation (SGBD)-steps along the boundary which was studied in Part I of this work in the following respects. It occurred in a jerky fashion, no translation of one abutting crystal with respect to the other was observed (proving that the motion occurred by the growth of one crystal at the expense of the other), and quantative evidence proved that SGBDs were not involved. These results ruled out the SGBD-Step Model for the observed motion which was identified as common long-range boundary migration. In situ observations of the migration of more general high-angle boundaries in polycrystalline Al films revealed similar jerky motion and an apparent lack of any significant contribution to migration by observed SGBDs. Although it was impossible to rule out absolutely the SGBD-Step Model for these boundaries because all possible SGBDs could not be imaged, its applicability seems highly unlikely. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the migration of high-angle boundaries, in general, occurs mainly by the local conservative shuffling of atoms across the boundary. These shuffles take place either at pure steps or at other favorable sites, the details of which depend upon the boundary type.
Divergent dopaminergic regulation of TSH, free α-subunit, and TSH-β in pituitary cell culture

Abstract TSH is a glycoprotein hormone composed of two nonidentical, noncovalently associated subunits, alpha and beta. We have previously shown in vivo that intrapituitary free α-subunit and intact TSH have divergent responses to hypothyroidism and thyroxine treatment, suggesting fundamental differences in their regulation. To explore this further, we exposed anterior pituitary cell cultures from rats previously rendered hypothyroid to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), dopamine (DA), or TRH and DA and determined TSH, free α-subunit and TSH-β responses. While positive or negative trends were noted at four hours, the most significant changes were observed at 24 and 48 hours. TRH increased media TSH at 24 hours to 180% of its basal value (P
Cysteine cathepsin proteases as pharmacological targets in cancer

Proteolytic activity is required for several key pro-tumorigenic processes: angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Consequently, increases in protease expression and activity are frequently reported in human cancers, and correlate with malignant progression and poor patient prognosis. Cysteine cathepsin proteases have recently emerged as an important class of proteolytic enzymes in cancer development, and cysteine cathepsin inhibitors have been proposed as anticancer agents. In this review, we highlight recent studies that now allow us to evaluate critically whether cysteine cathepsin inhibition represents a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
The 3-ounce (90-cc) water swallow challenge: a screening test for children with suspected oropharyngeal dysphagia.

Objectives: To investigate the clinical utility of the 3-ounce (90-cc) water swallow challenge alone to determine both aspiration status and oral feeding recommendations in children.Design: Cross-s...
Lentiviruses get specific

Lineage-specific and high-level expression of transgenes introduced into hematopoietic stem cells have been the holy grail of gene therapy for over a decade. Initial excitement and competitiveness to be first quickly faded into frustration and disappointment as 2 major hurdles were identified using
Statistical considerations in MOSFET calculations

Abstract The use of statistics in the calculation of the performance of MOS field-effect devices is considered. Since MOSFET's frequently operate with degenerate free-carrier concentrations at their surfaces, the proper formulation of the dependence of source-drain conductance in terms of Femri-Dirac statistics is discussed. Exact calculations are compared with results based on approximations that employ Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. Computer solutions for both the accurate and the approximate statistical formulations are given. The results are interpreted in terms of present technologies for silicon MOS structures and deposited CdS thin-film transistors. Inequalities are derived which permit an evaluation of the accuracy of Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics for calculation of source-drain conductance for an unspecified semiconductor. It is shown that this approximate procedure suffices for practical devices.
Perceived Gender Role Prescriptions in Schools, the Superwoman Ideal, and Disordered Eating Among Adolescent Girls

In this study of 866 adolescent girls from US private schools we examined disordered eating. Based on the feminist theory of conflicting gender roles, we hypothesized that girls with greater disordered eating attitudes would be more likely to: (1) perceive more conflicting gender role prescriptions at school, and (2) endorse the superwoman ideal. We also predicted that the mechanism through which perceptions of conflicting gender role prescriptions at school influenced disordered eating was an individual’s endorsement of the superwoman ideal. The data supported this mediation model. Girls with perceptions of more intense behavioral prescriptions for excellence in academics, appearance, dating, and the androgynous gender role, tended to endorse the superwoman ideal which, in turn, was associated with greater disordered eating.
The Reluctant Mediator

The Bush administration's efforts to directly involve the Egyptians, the Saudis, and the international quartet are a significant and welcome initiative. Unless it establishes a clear path along which to lead the rest of the world, however, its efforts will be for naught.
FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS OF COMPLEMENT IN IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS.

1. At a temperature of 1°C., C'2, C'4, and C'1 combine with sensitized sheep erythrocytes, while C'3 does not combine. 2. C'1, although combining with sensitized cells in the absence of C'4, is hemolytically inert unless C'4 combines previous to, or simultaneously with it. 3. C'4 does not combine in the absence of C'1. 4. Although C'3 is not fixed by antibody-sheep cell aggregates, it is essential for hemolysis, operating on the sensitized red cell after the fixation of C'4, C'2, and C'1 and behaving as if it were a catalyst.
Role reversal: the regulation of neuronal gene expression by microRNAs

In a similar fashion to transcription factors, non-coding RNAs can be essential regulators of gene expression. The largest class of non-coding RNAs is the microRNAs. These ∼22 nt double-stranded RNA molecules can repress translation or target mRNA degradation. There has been a surge of research in the past year stimulated by the recent availability of specialized techniques, both in vitro and in silico, for predicting and characterizing microRNAs. The accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs are ubiquitous regulators of gene expression during development. The combined actions of microRNAs and transcription factors are able to tune the expression of proteins on a global level in a manner that cannot be achieved by transcription factors alone.
Optic nerve sheath fenestration for vision preservation in idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

✓Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a condition of increased intracranial pressure without the presence of mass lesions and with normal cerebrospinal fluid composition. Patients may experience papilledema and vision loss. Optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) is one method of stabilizing visual function and decreasing optic nerve edema. The authors report on 10 patients who underwent bilateral ONSF and in whom visual function was stable or improved postoperatively. The results obtained in these cases suggest that ONSF plays a role in visual preservation in idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients in the acute setting.
Structures and aggregation states of fluoromethyllithium and chloromethyllithium carbenoids in the gas phase and in ethereal solvent.

Using high-level quantum mechanical calculations and various models to account for solvation effects, monomers and dimers of fluoromethyllithium and chloromethyllithium carbenoids are studied in the gas phase and in dimethyl ether solvent. A combination of explicit microsolvation and a continuum reaction field is required to account fully for the structural and energetic effects of solvation. One important effect of solvent is the stabilization of charge-separated structures in which the lithium-halogen distance is much greater than in the gas-phase structures. At the most complete level of theory the 173 K standard-state free energy of dimerization of fluoromethyllithium in dimethyl ether is predicted to be -0.9 kcal mol -1 , while that for chloromethyllithium in the same solvent is predicted to be 3.7 kcal mol -1 . This suggests that, under typical experimental conditions, dimers of chloroalkyllithiums will not be observed, while dimers of fluoroalkyllithiums may contribute to the equilibrium population at a detectable level.
DMD‐specific FISH probes are diagnostically useful in the detection of female carriers of DMD gene deletions

The challenge of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) carrier identification resides in the ability to identify the presence of a mutant gene over the background contributed by the normal allele. Current diagnosis of carrier status when a deletion has been identified in a proband is based on an analysis of a gene dosage. We present a diagnostic strategy that uses fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect female carriers with major deletions in the dystrophin gene. We screened a human X-chromosome-derived genomic library with a full-length dystrophin cDNA and isolated 15 dystrophin-specific cosmids that contain DMD gene exons. Six cosmids were further tested as FISH probes in control individuals and subsequently applied on chromosomes from eight males with DMD and known deletions and on samples from three female carriers. As expected, X chromosomes in normal females displayed four signals, two for the DMD-specific probe and two for the X-chromosome centromeric probe. Hybridization on chromosomal spreads from carriers of deletions revealed only one signal from the DMD-specific probe and two from the control centromeric probe. Males carrying deletions showed no DMD-specific signal for the deleted exons tested. Our data indicate that FISH could represent an alternative method for the detection of female carriers with DMD gene deletions.
Statistical Equilibrium in One-Step Forward Looking Economic Models

Abstract This paper combines statistical with economic equilibrium analysis in the context of one-step forward looking economic models. For a given state space, the economic analysis determines a set of Markov processes consistent with economic equilibrium, the set of expectational equilibria. The concept of statistical equilibrium rationalizes the introduction of a probability measure on the set of expectational equilibria. In the infinite observations limit, there exists a unique expectational equilibrium which is realized with probability one, the statistical expectational equilibrium. The statistical method is applicable whenever the set of expectational equilibria is a compact and convex set. Statistical expectational equilibrium is characterized as the maximum entropy expectational equilibrium. An exponential representation of statistical expectational equilibrium is derived for a large class of one-step forward looking economic models.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D50, C60, E10.
Equation of state and properties of lithium

The equation of state and one-electron properties of fcc and bcc Li are calculated for cell volumes between 0.175 and 3.0 times the experimental zero-pressure volume with use of the linear-combination-of-Gaussian-type-orbitals technique. These calculations utilize two distinct local-density-approximation (LDA) models. The fcc structure is found to be more stable for all volumes considered and for both LDA models, contrary to a recent prediction of bcc stability at high pressures. The bulk properties exhibit LDA-model dependencies similar to those recently noted in Fe, i.e., the best accord with experiment is achieved with the simple Kohn-Sham-Gaspar model. This somewhat surprising outcome holds not only at equilibrium but for pressures up to 250 kbar. The high-pressure band structure of Li is also presented for the first time. That band structure exhibits rather interesting modifications compared to the zero-pressure band structure.
Eigenvalues of two-dimensional harmonic systems with periodic structures

A recent technique of amplitude analysis for one-dimensional systems is generalized to a class of two-dimensional harmonic systems with nearest-neighbor interaction and periodic structures. The characteristic equation for the eigenvalues is reduced to a set of polynomial equations of order equal to the number of particles in the unit cell for finite and infinite crystals. Most of the analytic solutions demonstrated cannot be readily obtained by other methods. Numerical examples of precise eigenvalues and eigenvectors for some large but finite lattices (15 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 12, 15 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 21) can also be evaluated very accurately and efficiently. Analytic and numerical examples of several infinite strips are presented using both the fixed-end and cyclic-boundary conditions.
THE EFFECTS OF SEQUENTIAL PICTORIAL CUES, SELF‐RECORDING, AND PRAISE ON THE JOB TASK SEQUENCING OF RETARDED ADULTS

The present study investigated the effects of a self-recording procedure using sequentially organized picture cues on independent task changes of four mentally retarded adults. Independent task changes were identified as the beginning of new tasks without directives or instruction. In addition to investigating treatment effects, the long-term maintenance of the task-change behavior was measured. During self-recording and picture-cue training, the subjects completed an increased proportion of independent task changes, and this behavior was maintained for more than 10 wk following removal of the training procedures. Self-recording using picture cues was shown to be an effective procedure for teaching mentally retarded adults to function more independently in a job setting.
Clinical outcomes in lymphocytopenic lymphatic malformation patients

Background: To determine if lymphocytopenia in patients with lymphatic malformation (LM) is associated with rates of infection and poor clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective case series at a tertiary pediatric hospital, of 21 consecutive patients (11 male and 10 female) undergoing LM treatment. Clinical data (i.e., age, clinical LM stage, presence of tissue hypertrophy, frequency/type of medical therapy, and number of hospitalizations) obtained from LM patients with lymphocytopenia (n = 6) was compared to LM patients without lymphocytopenia (n = 15). Results: The average age at the time of detailed leukocyte analysis was 67 months (Range 1–231). Six patients with lymphocytopenia (below 1500/cm3) were compared with 15 without lymphocytopenia (above 1500/cm3). All six patients with lymphocytopenia had large bilateral LM and normal neutrophil and platelet counts. The total number of hospital admissions was two times greater in lymphocytopenic patients (mean 8.3) compared to nonlym...
Oppositional decoding as an act of resistance

This essay, based on a reading of 10 years of the “No Comment” feature of Ms. magazine, argues that when submitting insulting advertisements and clippings from various mass media for republication in Ms. , readers are engaging in oppositional decoding. That is, the readers are resisting the “preferred readings,” to use Stuart Hall's term. The essay speculates why such oppositional decoding is a satisfying group process for the Ms. readership; it also notes that the fact that a particular interpretive community might decode oppositionally presents another challenge to conventional linear models of communication.
The future of inpatient psychiatry in general hospitals.

Managed care will demand that inpatient care be well integrated with the larger mental health services system and that it take responsibility for patient outcomes after discharge.
Blunt traumatic aortic injury: initial experience with endovascular repair.

Objectives Endovascular treatment of traumatic aortic injury (TAI) is an alternative to open repair (OR) in patients with blunt trauma. We report our initial experience after integration of endovascular repair using thoracic devices. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively collected institutional trauma registry was performed. Between September 2005 and November 2008, 71 patients with TAI presented to our institution. Based on imaging, TAIs were classified into grade 1-4 in severity. These included: grade 1, intimal tear; grade 2, intramural hematoma; grade 3, aortic pseudoaneurysm; and grade 4, free rupture. Initial management included resuscitation, blood pressure control, and treatment of associated injuries. After stabilization, all patients were considered for thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) using a thoracic device. If contraindicated, candidates underwent OR. Outcome measures were mortality, stroke, paraplegia, intensive care unit (ICU), and hospital stay. Results The mean age was 39.8 years, with 50 males. The mean injury severity score (ISS) was 42.6. Nineteen (27%) patients with a mean ISS of 60 died shortly after arrival prior to any vascular intervention. Ten (14%) patients with grade 1 injuries were managed medically. The remaining 42 (59%) patients with grade 2 and 3 injuries underwent repair. Median interval between admission and repair was 4.3 days (range, 0-109 days). Fifteen (21%) patients with a mean ISS of 34.4 underwent OR with no mortality, stroke, or paraplegia. Twenty-seven (38%) patients with a mean ISS of 36.7 underwent TEVAR with no mortality or paraplegia. One TEVAR patient suffered a perioperative stroke. Twenty-two patients had a TAG (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) device. Four patients had a Talent Thoracic (Medtronic Vascular, Santa Rosa, Calif), and 1 patient had an Excluder (W.L. Gore) device. The left subclavian artery was covered in 13 (48%) patients. Patients who underwent TEVAR were older than those who had OR (47.8 vs 31.1 years, P Conclusion In this initial experience, the results of TEVAR did not differ from OR. Long-term follow-up is required to determine the effectiveness of this treatment strategy. Adherence to follow-up imaging protocols is challenging in this patient population. Next generation devices will make TEVAR applicable to a wider range of patients.
Avian Community Use and Occupancy of California Oak Savanna

Abstract. California oak savanna is a habitat of sparse tree canopy that extends from northern Baja California to southern British Columbia and is under threat from land-use pressures such as conversion to agriculture, overgrazing, urban development, and fire suppression. Bird-conservation plans have been drafted for the region's oak woodlands. Yet it is unclear whether birds use California oak savanna at different frequencies than they do neighboring oak habitats. In the foothills of the central and northern Sierra Nevada, California, we explored patterns of avian community structure and habitat occupancy in four habitats: blue oak (Quercus douglasii) savanna with a well-developed grass and forb layer, blue oak savanna with a well-developed shrub layer, and two habitats with a denser canopy, blue oak woodland, and montane hardwood. Additionally, we assessed the effect of habitat characteristics on avian community structure and occupancy. Avian communities were uniquely grouped among the four habitats. Fi...
THE LOCKING MECHANISM OF THE HIP JOINT.

This study is based upon observations made upon the hip joints of 12 embalmed cadavers. Windows were made into the joints and the effects of extension and flexion of the femur, produced both actively and passively, were noted. Particular attention was paid to associated movements. Use was made of x-rays as well as direct observation. It was determined that, as the femur extends it abducts and medially rotates; a terminal medial rotation takes up the last of the slack in the iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments. The locked position therefore is brought about by these three movements. There is no evidence of any medial displacement or translation of the femoral head on extension, as is commonly stated to occur. The passively extended femur also abducts and tends to rotate medially whereas the flexed femur laterally rotates and falls into a position about midway between abduction and adduction. The same general effects are reproducibile in the skeleton articulated in such a way as to leave hip motion practically unhindered. This would indicate that the ligaments play a passive role, restricting motion within physiological limits. The shape of the acetabulum and the direction toward which it faces, together with the topography of the articular surface of the head of the femur, are no doubt responsible for the associated movements.
Performance of search via track-before-detect for distributed sensor networks

We consider the search for moving targets over large areas using a network of fixed sensor nodes. The concept of track-before-detect is defined and used to both manage the information between sensors and reduce the likelihood of false searches. We develop expressions for the probability of search success and the probability of reporting false search in this system concept. Using these as performance measures, we examine how the track-before-detect search strategy impacts design choices in these networks, by showing which parameter changes in the sensor design have the greatest impact on improving the desired performance goals.
Investigation of laser annealing parameters for optimal laser-damage performance in deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

Laser annealing via preexposure to laser pulses at sub-damage-threshold fluences is known to improve the resistance of KDP crystals to laser-induced damage. Using a specific damage-testing method, we investigate the laser annealing process as a function of fluence and number of preexposure pulses (at 355?nm, 2.5?ns). Our aim is to reveal the key laser parameters in order to devise a practical and efficient protocol for optimizing performance of the material for operation in laser systems in the near UV. Results suggest that a near twofold improvement to the laser-damage performance can be achieved with a limited number of preexposure pulses.
Functional Specializations of Intestinal Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Subsets That Control Th17 and Regulatory T Cell Responses Are Dependent on the T Cell/APC Ratio, Source of Mouse Strain, and Regional Localization

Although several subsets of intestinal APCs have been described, there has been no systematic evaluation of their phenotypes, functions, and regional localization to date. In this article, we used 10-color flow cytometry to define the major APC subsets in the small and large intestine lamina propria. Lamina propria APCs could be subdivided into CD11c(+)CD11b(-), CD11c(+)CD11b(+), and CD11c(dull)CD11b(+) subsets. CD11c(+)CD11b(-) cells were largely CD103(+)F4/80(-) dendritic cells (DCs), whereas the CD11c(+)CD11b(+) subset comprised CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD103(+)F4/80(-) DCs and CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD103(-)F4/80(+) macrophage-like cells. The majority of CD11c(dull)CD11b(+) cells were CD103(-)F4/80(+) macrophages. Although macrophages were more efficient at inducing Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells than DCs, at higher T cell/APC ratios, all of the DC subsets efficiently induced Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells. In contrast, only CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD103(+) DCs efficiently induced Th17 cells. Consistent with this, the regional distribution of CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD103(+) DCs correlated with that of Th17 cells, with duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon. Conversely, CD11c(+)CD11b(-)CD103(+) DCs, macrophages, and Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells were most abundant in the colon and scarce in the duodenum. Importantly, however, the ability of DC and macrophage subsets to induce Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells versus Th17 cells was strikingly dependent on the source of the mouse strain. Thus, DCs from C57BL/6 mice from Charles River Laboratories (that have segmented filamentous bacteria, which induce robust levels of Th17 cells in situ) were more efficient at inducing Th17 cells and less efficient at inducing Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells than DCs from B6 mice from The Jackson Laboratory. Thus, the functional specializations of APC subsets in the intestine are dependent on the T cell/APC ratio, regional localization, and source of the mouse strain.
A Generic Approach to Coat Carbon Nanotubes With Nanoparticles for Potential Energy Applications

A generic and material-independent dry route based on electrostatic force directed assembly (ESFDA) is used to assemble various nanoparticles onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Charged and nonagglomerated aerosol nanocrystals are first produced using a mini-arc plasma source and then delivered in an inert carrier gas to electrically biased CNTs. The electric field near the CNT is significantly enhanced, and the aerosol nanoparticles are attracted to the external surface of CNTs. For the first time, CNTs have been sequentially coated with nanoparticles of multiple materials to realize the multicomponent coating. High resolution transmission electron microscopy images show that the nonagglomerated entity of nanoparticles and the crystallinity of both nanoparticles and CNTs are preserved during the assembly. The ESFDA technique enables unique hybrid nanostructures attractive for various energy applications.
Biotech's twentieth birthday blues

Suggestions that the FDA is the main obstacle to creating new drugs are widespread and have the effect of diverting attention from more significant problems facing the biotech industry. These include counterproductive management and organizational trends, as well as a crisis in biomedical research.
Anti-AIDS Agents 81. Design, Synthesis, and Structure—Activity Relationship Study of Betulinic Acid and Moronic Acid Derivatives as Potent HIV Maturation Inhibitors

In our continuing study of triterpene derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents, different C-3 conformationally restricted betulinic acid (BA, 1) derivatives were designed and synthesized in order to explore the conformational space of the C-3 pharmacophore. 3-O-Monomethylsuccinyl-betulinic acid (MSB) analogues were also designed to better understand the contribution of the C-3' dimethyl group of bevirimat (2), the first-in-class HIV maturation inhibitor, which is currently in phase IIb clinical trials. In addition, another triterpene skeleton, moronic acid (MA, 3), was also employed to study the influence of the backbone and the C-3 modification toward the anti-HIV activity of this compound class. This study enabled us to better understand the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of triterpene-derived anti-HIV agents and led to the design and synthesis of compound 12 (EC(50): 0.0006 microM), which displayed slightly better activity than 2 as a HIV-1 maturation inhibitor.
The effects of education and cognitive skill on earnings: How much do occupations and jobs matter?

Abstract To what extent are occupations and jobs useful contexts for understanding why and how education and cognitive skill are related to earnings? Analyses of data from the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) revealed several important findings. First, less than half of the education and skill effects on earnings are due to occupational sorting into broad occupations with varying skill demands. Second, education and cognitive skills remain positively related to earnings among workers within narrowly defined occupations. Third, while occupational and job level skill demands are related to workers’ earnings, neither accounts for education and skill effects on earnings within occupations. Finally, cognitive skills matter more for earnings for workers employed in more skill intensive occupations.
Hebbian synapses in visual cortex

We discovered in slices of rat visual cortex that reliable long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic responses in layer III could be elicited by theta burst stimulation delivered to a site in the middle of the cortical thickness, corresponding mainly to layer IV. This synaptic plasticity was reflected in the extracellular field potentials and intracellular EPSPs in layer III, but was not observed in the intracellular responses of layer V neurons, suggesting a preferential involvement of synapses on layer III neurons. Tetanus-induced LTP in this preparation was input specific, and was blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist (but not by an antagonist of nitric oxide synthase). In addition, LTP of layer IV-evoked responses could also be produced reliably by pairing low-frequency synaptic stimulation (approximately 100 pulses at 1 Hz) with strong intracellular depolarization of layer III neurons. Thus, LTP in this circuit satisfies the definition of a "Hebbian" modification. Tetanic stimulation of the white matter, in sharp contrast, consistently failed to elicit LTP in layer III unless a GABAA receptor antagonist was applied to the slice. Analysis indicated that the critical difference between layer IV and white matter stimulation was not the magnitude of the responses to single stimuli delivered to the two sites, but that it might lie in the postsynaptic response during high-frequency stimulation. Consistent with this idea, "associative" LTP could be elicited from white matter when converging but independent inputs from the white matter and layer IV simultaneously received tetanic conditioning stimulation. A hypothetical model is presented to account for the differences between layer IV and white matter stimulation. According to this "plasticity gate hypothesis," inhibitory circuitry in layer IV normally acts as a sort of band-pass filter that constrains the types of activity patterns that can gain access to the modifiable synapses in layer III. By stimulating in layer IV, we have bypassed this filter and therefore do not need to block GABAA receptors to achieve the threshold for LTP in layer III.
Exponentially Aggressive Preservation of Nearly Depleted Nodes for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, exponentially aggressive preservation of nearly depleted nodes is employed to discourage a node with considerably low residual energy from being selected as a routing node in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Simulation model shows that geographical and energy aware routing (GEAR) with dynamically adaptive transmission power (DATP) and exponentially aggressive preservation of nearly depleted nodes can send over 65% more packets than the GEAR for both uniform and non-uniform traffic regardless of network size. The exponentially aggressive preservation of nearly depleted node can be applied to various existing energy aware routing protocols to potentially extend the life-spans of WSNs