cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matrix Methods for Optimal Manifesting of Multinode Space Exploration Systems

This paper presents matrix-based methods to determine optimal cargo manifests for supplying resources in a space exploration system. An exploration system consists of transports (both in-space and on-surface) and resource demands occurring during both transportation between nodes and exploration at nodes. Each transport is defined by origin and destination nodes, departure and arrival times, and a cargo capacity. Matrices represent cargo carried by transports, cargo used to satisfy demands, and cargo transferred to other transports. The resulting matrix formulation is equivalent to a network flow problem representing the transportation of resources through a time-expanded network. The formulation allows for evaluating general exploration system feasibility by determining if a solution exists to a linear program (LP). In addition to modeling the manifesting problem, a few metrics, such as the transport criticality index, are formulated to allow for analysis and comparisons. The proposed matrix manifest modeling methods are demonstrated with a notional lunar exploration exploration system comprised of 32 transports including 8 cargo and 9 crewed landings at a base at the Lunar South Pole and several surface excursions to Malapert Crater and Schrodinger Basin. It is found that carry-along and pre-positioning logistics strategies can yield different manifesting solutions in which transport criticality varies. For the specific scenario considered in this study, it is found that transport criticality is larger for a pre-positioning strategy (mean value of 3.02) as compared to a carry-along case (mean-value of 1.99).
Combined optical coherence tomography and optical coherence elastography for glomerulonephritis classification

Acute Glomerulonephritis caused by anti-glomerular basement membrane disease has a high mortality due to delayed diagnosis. Thus, an accurate and early diagnosis is critical for preserving renal function. Currently, blood, urine, and tissue-based diagnoses can be time consuming, while ultrasound and CT imaging have relatively low spatial resolution. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that provides superior spatial resolution (micron scale) as compared to ultrasound and CT. Pathological changes in tissue properties can be detected based on the optical metrics analyzed from the OCT signal, such as optical attenuation and speckle variance. Moreover, OCT does not rely on ionizing radiation as with CT imaging. In addition to structural changes, the elasticity of the kidney can significantly change due to nephritis. In this work, we utilized OCT to detect the difference in tissue properties between healthy and nephritic murine kidneys. Although OCT imaging could identify the diseased tissue, classification accuracy using only optical metrics was clinically inadequate. By combining optical metrics with elasticity, the classification accuracy improved from 76% to 95%. These results show that OCT combined with OCE can be potentially useful for nephritis detection.
Othello , presented by the Royal National Theatre at the Olivier Theatre, July 4, 2013

A review of the National Theatre of Great Britain's production of Othello directed by Nicholas Hytner.
Basque-ing in America: The difference gender makes

This paper argues that, in order to understand the language use of Basque immigrants to southern California, it is essential to consider how language ideologies intersect with gender. First, although traditional Basque culture privileges men, the culture has changed in the American context in ways that may make it more welcoming to women. Second, speaking Basque has different social meanings for men and women when it comes to “performing” gender identities. For men, speaking Basque is appropriate for presenting oneself as a man and as a Basque. For women, speaking Basque is often incompatible with presenting oneself as a fashionable woman. Third, men are more likely to speak Basque in the public domain even in America, because of their greater access to employment and social networks composed of Basque speakers. At the same time, some women have increased their use of Basque after emigration, in part because the American context provides a less negative semantic space when it comes to women speaking Basque. The implications of these findings for Fishman’s theory on Reversing Language Shift are discussed.
Factors associated with extended treatment among tuberculosis patients at risk of relapse in California.

Setting California, United States. Objective To determine the frequency of tuberculosis (TB) patients at risk for relapse who received at least 9 months of anti-tuberculosis treatment (extended treatment) and to identify factors associated with not receiving extended treatment. Design We analyzed characteristics of culture-confirmed pulmonary TB patients reported to the California TB Registry during 2004-2009. Patients with cavities on initial chest radiograph and delayed culture conversion (⩾70 days) were at 'high risk of relapse', and anti-tuberculosis treatment of ⩾270 days was 'extended treatment'. We used a generalized linear model to identify independent risk factors for absence of extended treatment in the high risk of relapse group. Results Among 5680 TB patients, 483 (8.5%) were at high risk of relapse: 372 (77%) received extended treatment but 111 (23%) did not. Factors associated with absence of extended treatment included negative sputum smears (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 2.62, 95%CI 1.69-4.05), residence in three specific counties (aPR 1.71, 95%CI 1.19-2.46) and Black race (aPR 1.56, 95%CI 1.03-2.38). Conclusions Nearly a quarter of TB patients at high risk of relapse did not receive extended treatment. Increased efforts are needed to ensure that all patients who may benefit from extended anti-tuberculosis treatment receive it.
Simulation of SST variability in the North Pacific Ocean and ENSO by an interactive ensemble coupled model

An interactive ensemble(IE)platform is established based on one standard coupled(SC)climate model by the Center for Earth System Science,Tsinghua University.This platform enables the couple of the ensemble of multiple atmospheric models or multiple realizations of one atmospheric model with other model components including the ocean model,land model and the sea ice model.In this study,seven realizations of the atmospheric model with different initial states are coupled with other model components.The integrations of 100years are used to analyze the simulation of the SST variance in the North Pacific Ocean and ENSO,which are compared to the results from SC.The results show that the IE procedure reduces the variance of SST by more than 85%in the middle and high latitudes of the North Pacific,indicating that much of the SST variability is driven by the atmospheric noise.Moreover,the influence from the atmosphere is mainly through the turbulent heat flux over the ocean surface.The low-frequency period of about 8years for the SST over Kuroshio extension and central subtropical gyre region in the North Pacific Ocean is mainly forced by the internal atmospheric dynamics.The IE model has more reasonable simulation about the relationship between ENSO and SST in the central North Pacific subtropical gyre region,and the connection between ENSO and middle-high latitude SST in the North Pacific Ocean,while the SC model could not reproduce these phenomena.This implies that strong atmospheric noise will mask out the relationship between ENSO and extratropical SST in the Pacific Ocean.The IE coupled model can reproduce the Pacific-North America(PNA)teleconnection pattern associated with ENSO and its impact on the SST through the turbulent heat flux,which is the main factor for the reproduction of the relationship between ENSO and middle-high latitude SST in the North Pacific.The above analysis validates the reasonable simulation of the proposed IE model.The IE model is proved to have potential application in the study of the air-sea interaction.
A Preliminary Version of Ramanujan’s Paper “On the Integral $$\int _{0}^{x}\frac{{\tan }^{-1}t} {t} dt$$”

This chapter is a preliminary version of Ramanujan’s paper on the inverse tangent integral.
The Thomist-Catholic View of Faith

ACCORDING to the most widespread view of the matter today faith is unevidenced or inadequately evidenced belief. To quote a typical definition, “The general sense is belief, perhaps based on some evidence, but very firm, or at least more firm, or/and of more extensive content, than the evidence possessed by the believer rationally war rants.” 1 Faith thu consists in believing strongly various propositions, of a theological nature, which the believer does not and cannot know to be true. To know here is taken to mean either to observe directly or to be able to prove by strict demonstration. Where this is possible, there is no room for faith. It is only that which lies beyond the scope of human knowledge that must be taken, if at all, on faith or trust. When in such a case we do adopt some belief, the lack of rational compulsion to assent is compensated by an act of will, a voluntary leap of trust, so that the man of faith comes to believe something which he cannot prove or see.
Patterns in Primate Evolution

Primates are one of most adaptively diverse orders of living mammals with an exceptionally good fossil record. However, the adaptive diversity of primates has changed through our evolutionary history. Diversity in body size has expanded through primate evolution, with large primates only appearing in the last 20 million years. While there have been folivorous primates since the Eocene, the earliest folivorous anthropoids date to the Miocene and greatly expanded with the evolution of Old World monkeys. There have been Primate leapers and quadrupeds since the Eocene, but suspensory taxa first appeared in the Miocene. Many behavioral and ecological adaptations, such as folivory, leaping, or suspensory behavior have evolved independently in many separate lineages of primates. The fossil record shows that the characteristic features of extant primate clades evolved in a mosaic fashion, and in many cases, fossils documents the sequence of their appearance. Many aspects of the biogeography of primate evolution can be related to global tectonic and climatic events. Extinction has been a common phenomenon in the evolutionary history of primates and is a threat to primates today.
Photoelectric quantum efficiency of niobium for λ = 193 nm and λ = 248 nm

We report a measurement of the quantum efficiency of a niobium photocathode for the wavelengths λ = 193 nm and λ = 248 nm. Charge yields for a 20 ns excimer laser pulse were measured as a function of DC accelerating anode voltage. Our experimental results for the quantum efficiency are e(248) = 3.2±0.6 × 10−6 and e(193) = 4.5±0.5 × 10−4. We conclude that niobium is a promising photocathode material for a superconducting rf electron gun if the laser wavelength is RE200 nm. Laser pulse energy requirements are estimated for such a gun.
Religion, Emotions, and Health

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the research evidence of salutary effects of religiosity, particularly among older persons. It suggests that attachment theory offers a promising way of integrating data on the etiologic mechanisms that may explain the observed effects of religion on health. The implication has been that religion can evoke positive, salutogenic emotions, given a secure religious attachment and positive cognitive–emotional schemas of the self and others born out of secure familial attachment. Emerging research on the relation between hostile right-wing authoritarianism and fundamentalist religions ought to catch the attention of psychologists seeking to understand the effects of early emotional climate on personality development and health and well-being in adulthood. The chapter suggests that the scientific study of religion an enduring and multifaceted aspect of human experience can contribute in many ways to ongoing efforts to understand the relation between emotion and health.
Power, policy, and protest: the politics of India’s special economic zones

Power, Policy, and Protest is a timely, informative volume on the policies and contexts shaping India’s special economic zones (SEZs.) Since the early 2000s, SEZs – politically and geographically d...
The interaction between monoamine oxidase A and punitive discipline in the development of antisocial behavior: Mediation by maladaptive social information processing

Previous studies demonstrate that boys' monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype interacts with adverse rearing environments in early childhood, including punitive discipline, to predict later antisocial behavior. Yet the mechanisms by which MAOA and punitive parenting interact during childhood to amplify risk for antisocial behavior are not well understood. In the present study, hostile attributional bias and aggressive response generation during middle childhood, salient aspects of maladaptive social information processing, were tested as possible mediators of this relation in a sample of 187 low-income men followed prospectively from infancy into early adulthood. Given racial-ethnic variation in MAOA allele frequencies, analyses were conducted separately by race. In both African American and Caucasian men, those with the low-activity MAOA allele who experienced more punitive discipline at age 1.5 generated more aggressive responses to perceived threat at age 10 relative to men with the high-activity variant. In the African American subsample only, formal mediation analyses indicated a marginally significant indirect effect of maternal punitiveness on adult arrest records via aggressive response generation in middle childhood. The findings suggest that maladaptive social information processing may be an important mechanism underlying the association between MAOA × Parenting interactions and antisocial behavior in early adulthood. The present study extends previous work in the field by demonstrating that MAOA and harsh parenting assessed in early childhood interact to not only predict antisocial behavior in early adulthood, but also predict social information processing, a well-established social-cognitive correlate of antisocial behavior.
On certain endomorphisms of \(L_R^\infty (Z,\mu )\)

In this chapter, unless we mention explicitly the contrary, we shall denote by ℒ1 = (Z1,µ1) and ℒ2 = (Z2,µ2) two objects, where Z1 and Z2 are locally compact spaces, µ1 ≠ 0 is a positive Radon measure on Z1 and µ1 ≠ 0 a positive Radon measure on Z2.
Revision and Updates in Possibly Action-Occurrence-Incomplete Narratives

We propose a framework for integrating belief revision with action narratives whose observations about properties of the world might be inaccurate. We define the notion of an acceptable revision of a narrative as a sequence of revision-candidate formulas which is used in revising the observations and creates a consistent narrative. We propose a more preferred relation among revisions and prove that this relation is transitive and irreflexive. We also define a notion of most preferred models of a narrative when likelihood of action occurrences are available and discuss an alternative characterization that takes into consideration preferences over revisions. We show that the more preferred relation among models is also transitive and irreflexive. We conclude the paper with a discussion on the related work.
The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in the Control of Intracellular pH

In spite of the obvious importance of carbonic anhydrase in affecting the pH value of biological fluids, there are surprisingly few studies on its contribution to the regulation of intracellular pH. There are two studies on the effect of inhibition of carbonic anhydrase on the intracellular pH of rat brain.
Modeling injection-induced seismicity through calculation of radiated seismic energy

Abstract Seismicity induced by the injection of fluid into the fractured ground is one of the most challenging issues facing geothermal and deep wastewater disposal industries. This paper introduces an energy-based numerical methodology to study roles of fluid injection in triggering rupture (seismic slip) along preexisting faults. The methodology is developed in the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) using its quasi-static and dynamic schemes and calculates the total seismic energy radiated by a rupture when more energy is made available in the system than can be stored or consumed. As an example of the application of the developed methodology, we study effects of fluid injection on rupture dynamics by pressurizing a single fault surrounded by impermeable rock, representing a simplified analogy for the injection process in deep wastewater disposal and geothermal activities. We discuss effects of raising the fluid pressure on initiating rupture over well-oriented (or critically loaded) and misoriented faults. Results show that fluid injection can trigger a rupture along both well-oriented and misoriented faults although the notion of seismicity may be observed along the well-oriented fault as early as the beginning of the injection process. The well-oriented fault generates higher seismic energy magnitude as more energy is available for rupture due to the higher peak shear stress and stress drop on the fault. Making simplifying assumptions, this study also found that fluid can be injected under a high-pressure increment before and after the fault initial activation while the radiated seismic energy remains relatively insignificant. However, gradually increasing the fluid pressure at the onset of rupture reduces the radiated seismic energy by 30%. Comparing the seismic moment and radiated seismic energy for each event reveals that while radiated seismic energy varies between different values of pressure increment, the calculated seismic moment stays constant, showing the possible ineffectiveness of the seismic moment in representing the intensity of injection-induced ruptures.
Calcium Phosphates Coprecipitated from Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Monophosphate and Diphosphate

Calcium phosphate compounds obtained by coprecipitation from sodium monophosphate and diphosphate aqueous solutions under the action of calcium chloride are described.
Adolescent Substance Use and Adolescent Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders: Relation to Suicidal Behavior

The leading external causes of adolescent morbidity and mortality are motor vehicle accidents, homicide, and suicide, in declining order. Adolescent psychoactive substance use disorders (APSUDs) and unprotected sex leading to teenage pregnancies, abortions, and communicable diseases including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are also major problems of epidemic proportion. In the United States, homicide represents the second-leading cause of death, accounting for 11.7 deaths/100,000 in the 15- to 19-year age group. However, among black adolescent males, homicide is the leading cause of death (Bearinger & Blum, 1987). Substance abuse, availability of arms, social stressors, low socioeconomic status, and increased interpersonal violence contribute to the problem.
Characterization of KEAP1-NRF2 genomic alterations across diverse tumor types: Co-occurring alterations, survival outcomes, and implications for targeting cancer metabolism.

2558Background: CRISPR–Cas9-based genetic screening and metabolomic analyses have revealed that KEAP1-NRF2-mutated cancers depend on increased glutaminolysis and are vulnerable to glutaminase inhib...
Sintering reduction of herbaceous biomass when blended with woody biomass: predictive and combustion tests

Abstract The objective of this study was to predict and reduce the sintering behaviour of two herbaceous biofuels (triticale and corn straw) by the addition of three woody biofuels (poplar, pine and eucalyptus). Two CIEMAT laboratory in-house methods (disintegration and sieving methods) and the technical specification on ash melting behaviour (CEN/TS 15370-1) were used to predict ash sintering properties of the studied biomasses, and to determine the adequate blends to be used in subsequent combustion pilot plant tests to minimise ash sintering. Moreover, the mechanisms for reducing the slagging and fouling were evaluated and studied by analyses (e.g. ICP-OES and XRD) of biomass and ash collected from the combustion pilot plant (0.5 MWth). Laboratory predictive methods were validated by comparing the information they provided with the results obtained by inspecting and analysing the ash collected in the pilot plant. The sieving and the disintegration methods can be used to predict ash melting behaviour and to select the optimal amount of woody biomass that should be blended with herbaceous biomass. The selected corn straw does not need to be blended with any woody biomass. In contrast, very high concentrations of woody biomass should be added to obtain significant results in reducing the sintering of triticale. These proportions of the woody biomass in the blend could be even clearly higher than 50 wt% (ash basis). The dilution effect seems to be the main mechanism for reducing the sintering.
Following: From Being Alone to Being a Disciple—Mentoring, Discipling, and Akoloutheo

Successful employees make good use of mentoring to more fully understand how to be successful in the firm or at a specific task in the firm. Also, successful employees seek out people who might disciple the employee to become more like the more senior, more successful disciple-er. An intense form of discipling is the Biblical concept of akoloutheo in which the employee seeks to ‘follow’ the master and become like the master until the employee becomes a master and has followers of his/her own.
Perinatal Navigator Approach to Smoking Cessation for Women With Prevalent Opioid Dependence.

Women who smoke during pregnancy face psychosocial barriers to cessation, and women with opioid use disorder (OUD) face amplified barriers. We pilot tested a Perinatal Wellness Navigator (PWN) prog...
Understanding the function of bonding courses in masonry construction: An investigation with mixed numerical methods

Abstract Bonding courses, also called leveling courses, are ubiquitous in historical masonry structures. While this technique is common, there is no clear understanding of their structural function. Many works have postulated that this construction typology denotes the end of a workday or the height of one shuttering. Additionally, many sources contradict each other about the structural functionality of bonding courses. While some works have claimed that they create a structural weakness, others have asserted that they must be a structural advantage since they are ubiquitous. The aim of this paper is to study the behavior of bonding courses to understand their potential structural functionality. Using a mixed numerical method, i.e., combining finite element modeling and distinct element modeling, the structural response of the bonding courses is simulated. Under differential settlement of foundations, damages were seen to be localized in the walls with bonding courses. Performed analysis indicates that bonding courses had a positive contribution to the structural safety of the walls. A study of how the height of the bonding course affects this performance was also carried out.
Genetics of heart rate in heart failure patients (GenHRate)

Elevated resting heart rate (HR) is a risk factor and therapeutic target in patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Previous studies indicate a genetic contribution to HR in population samples but there is little data in patients with HFrEF. Patients who met Framingham criteria for HF and had an ejection fraction < 50% were prospectively enrolled in a genetic HF registry (2007–2015, n = 1060). All participants donated blood for DNA and underwent genome-wide genotyping with additional variants called via imputation. We performed testing of previously identified variant “hits” (43 loci) as well as a genome-wide association (GWAS) of HR, adjusted for race, using Efficient Mixed-Model Association Expedited (EMMAX). The cohort was 35% female, 51% African American, and averaged 68 years of age. There was a 2 beats per minute (bpm) difference in HR by race, AA being slightly higher. Among 43 candidate variants, 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in one gene (GJA1) were significantly associated with HR. In genome-wide testing, one statistically significant association peak was identified on chromosome 22q13, with strongest SNP rs535263906 (p = 3.3 × 10−8). The peak is located within the gene Cadherin EGF LAG Seven-Pass G-Type Receptor 1 (CELSR1), encoding a cadherin super-family cell surface protein identified in GWAS of other phenotypes (e.g., stroke). The highest associated SNP was specific to the African American population. These data confirm GJA1 association with HR in the setting of HFrEF and identify novel candidate genes for HR in HFrEF patients, particularly CELSR1. These associations should be tested in additional cohorts.
Racial Disparities, Outcomes, and Surgical Utilization among Hispanics with Esophageal Cancer: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program Database Analysis.

BACKGROUND Hispanic patients with esophageal cancer (EC) have racially disparate survival outcomes compared with white patients. OBJECTIVES We explored the impact on survival of racial differences in socioeconomic factors, tumor characteristics, and rates of surgical utilization in patients with EC. METHOD Using the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) registry, we identified 22,531 cases of EC in Hispanic and white patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years in 2003-2014. Of these, 6,250 cases had locoregional EC. Patients were categorized according to age, gender, education, tumor grade, histology, primary tumor site, and surgical status. Postdiagnosis survival was examined over time and compared by race and stratified by surgical status. RESULTS Compared with whites, Hispanics with EC had significantly higher unadjusted mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.17; p < 0.001) as did Hispanics with locoregional EC (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.03-1.29; p = 0.01). In the multivariate analysis, several socioeconomic and tumor factors were found to be independently associated with survival by race, including county of residence income and prevalence of smoking, tumor grade, stage, and primary site, and surgical utilization. After adjusting for demographic and tumor characteristics, surgical utilization in patients with locoregional EC had a significant interaction with race on overall mortality (p = 0.01). Hispanics with locoregional EC were significantly less likely to receive surgery than whites (46 vs. 60%; p < 0.001) and not receiving surgery was associated with a significantly lower overall survival (HR 2.84; 95% CI 2.65-3.04; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A lower rate of surgery among Hispanics with potentially resectable esophageal cancer was associated with a decreased survival rate when compared to whites, even when adjusting for relevant socioeconomic and tumor factors. These data support the need to better address patient barriers to surgical treatment and the systemic biases present in medical care.
Predicting ischemic stroke tissue fate using a deep convolutional neural network on source magnetic resonance perfusion images.

Predicting infarct volume from magnetic resonance perfusion-weighted imaging can provide helpful information to clinicians in deciding how aggressively to treat acute stroke patients. Models have been developed to predict tissue fate, yet these models are mostly built using hand-crafted features (e.g., time-to-maximum) derived from perfusion images, which are sensitive to deconvolution methods. We demonstrate the application of deep convolution neural networks (CNNs) on predicting final stroke infarct volume using only the source perfusion images. We propose a deep CNN architecture that improves feature learning and achieves an area under the curve of 0.871 ± 0.024, outperforming existing tissue fate models. We further validate the proposed deep CNN with existing 2-D and 3-D deep CNNs for images/video classification, showing the importance of the proposed architecture. Our work leverages deep learning techniques in stroke tissue outcome prediction, advancing magnetic resonance imaging perfusion analysis one step closer to an operational decision support tool for stroke treatment guidance.
Molecular oxygen generation from the reaction of water cations with oxygen atoms.

The oxywater cation (H2OO+), previously shown to form barrierlessly in the gas phase from water cations and atomic oxygen, is proposed here potentially to possess a 2A″ ←4A″ excitation leading to the H2⋯O2+ complex. This complex could then easily decompose into molecular hydrogen and the molecular oxygen cation. The present quantum chemical study shows that the necessary electronic transition takes place in the range of 1.92 eV (645 nm), in the orange-red range of the visible and solar spectrum, and dissociation of the complex only requires 5.8 kcal/mol (0.25 eV). Such a process for the abiotic, gas phase formation of O2 would only need to be photocatalyzed by visible wavelength photons. Hence, such a process could produce O2 at the mesosphere/stratosphere boundary as climate change is driving more water into the upper atmosphere, in the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko where surprisingly high levels of O2 have been observed, or at gas-surface (ice) interfaces.
Effects of stress-induced inflammation on reward processing in healthy young women

Abstract Background Anhedonia, or loss of interest or pleasure, is a feature of depression and transdiagnostic construct in psychopathology. Theory and compelling evidence from preclinical models implicates stress-induced inflammation as a psychobiological pathway to anhedonic behavior; however, this pathway has not been tested in human models. Further, although anhedonia may reflect dysregulation in multiple dimensions of reward, the extent to which stress-induced inflammation alters these dimensions is unclear. Thus, the current experimental study used a standardized laboratory stressor task to elicit an inflammatory response and evaluate effects of stress-induced inflammation on multiple behavioral indices of reward processing. Methods Healthy young women (age 18–25) completed behavioral reward tasks assessing reward learning, motivation, and sensitivity and were randomized to undergo an acute psychosocial stressor (n = 37) or a no-stress active control (n = 17). Tasks were re-administered 90–120 min post-stress to coincide with the peak of the stress-induced inflammatory response. Blood samples were collected for assessment of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) at baseline and 90 and 120 min post stressor. Results Stress-induced IL-6 was associated with increased response bias during reward learning and increased motivation when probability of receiving a reward was low. Sensitivity to reward in the context of a motivation task was not altered in association with stress-induced IL-6. Conclusions Contrary to hypotheses, mild increases in IL-6 following acute stress were associated with increased reward responsiveness during reward learning and selective increases in motivation. Results contribute to an emerging and nuanced literature linking inflammation to reward processing, and demonstrate that behavioral effects of stress-induced inflammation may be detected in the laboratory setting. Clinical trial registration: NCT03828604.
130 Epidemiology of fall-related traumatic brain injury mortality in the United States, 2008–2017

Introduction During 2014, unintentional falls was one of the most common mechanisms of injury contributing to a traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related death and accounted for 29% of all TBI-related deaths in the U.S. Current information on national and state trends and decedent characteristics for this type of health event is lacking. Methods The national incidence of TBI-related deaths attributable to falls was determined by analyzing the multiple-cause-of-death files within the National Vital Statistics System. A death was determined to be TBI-related if any of the multiple-cause-of-death codes listed in the death record indicated a TBI-related diagnosis. TBI-related deaths attributed to unintentional falls were identified based on the single underlying-cause-of-death, specifically ICD-10 codes W00-W19, listed in each death record. Annual incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 population and age-adjusted to the U.S. year 2000 standard age distribution. Data years 2008–2017 were selected to produce 10-year age-adjusted national and state-specific trends that were modeled using the National Cancer Institute Joinpoint Regression Program. Estimated rate trends are reported in the form of average annual percentage changes accompanied by 95% confidence intervals. National rate trends of TBI-related deaths attributed to falls were analyzed by sex, age group, ethnicity/race, and level of urbanization. Results During 2017, there were 17,408 TBI-related deaths attributed to unintentional falls in the U.S. From 2008 to 2017, there was a 17% increase in the national rate of TBI-related deaths due to falls. Analysis of decedent characteristics revealed the fastest-growing rates of this specific health event were among older adults aged ≥75 years and persons living in non-core, non-metropolitan counties. At the state level, rates of TBI-related deaths due to falls increased significantly for 29 states from 2008–2017. Conclusion The rising national rate of TBI-related deaths due to falls highlights an emerging priority area for prevention. Targeted interventions to reduce incidence of this health event, especially among older adults and those living in non-metropolitan counties is needed.
Soft mechanical and biochemical sensors

Abstract Recent advances in electronics, material science, and robotics have led to development of intelligent wearable systems. They have been successfully used for physical health monitoring, gait analysis during rehabilitation, and even optimizing athletic performance. These soft wearable sensors attempt to monitor mechanical parameters and biochemistry of human body. The former attempt to infer stress and joint angles through strain sensors, while the latter focus on analyzing biofluids such as sweat, tears, saliva, wounds, and intestinal fluids.
Potential Heterotic Crosses in Hops as Estimated by AFLP-Based Genetic Diversity and Coefficient of Coancestry

Hop is a dioecious perennial with female plants grown commercially for brewing purposes. Parent selection in hop breeding on the basis of heterotic potential has not been reported in literature even though dominance has been reported in hops for several economically important traits. The objectives of this study were to determine if amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)-based genetic distance among male and female accessions accurately reflect pedigree relationships and present information on potential heterotic crosses in hop. Nineteen cultivars were analyzed for genetic distance to 82 male accessions representing the assumed diversity of U.S. hops. Genetic distances (GD) between male/female pairs were estimated using AFLP (490 polymorphic bands). Distance estimates comparing males with females ranged from 0.169 to 0.62 with an overall average of 0.306. For each hop female, the 10 most genetically diverse and 10 most genetically similar males were identified and grouped. Coefficients of coancestry (COA) for each male/female pair within these groups were calculated using pedigree analysis. Values of COA for the genetically similar pairs (COA avg = 0.046) were significantly higher than the COA for the diverse pairs (COA avg = 0.013), suggesting that choosing male/female pairs on the basis of AFLP-based genetic distance may predict heterotic potential in crosses when GD >0.36.
Persistent and specific influences of early acoustic environments on primary auditory cortex

This study demonstrates that the adult form of 'tonotopic maps' of sound frequency in the rat primary auditory cortex (A1) arises from parallel developmental processes involving two cortical zones: the progressive differentiation and refinement of selectively tone-responsive receptive fields within an initially broadly-tuned posterior zone, and the progressive loss of tone-evoked, short-latency response over an initially large, very broadly tuned anterior zone. The formation of tonotopic maps in A1 was specifically influenced by a rat pup's early acoustic environments. Exposure to pulsed tones resulted in accelerated emergence and an expansion of A1 representations of those specific tone frequencies, as well as a deteriorated tonotopicity and broader-than-normal receptive fields. Thus, auditory experiences during early postnatal development are important in shaping the functional development of auditory cortical representations of specific acoustic environments.
Integrating Assistive Technology into Special Education Teacher Preparation Programs

Current legal mandates require that students with disabilities in K-12 settings have access to assistive technology (AT) devices and services. Therefore, educational teams serving students with Individualized Educational Programs (IEPs) must consider various ATs and identify services to support their implementation in educational settings. However, research has reported that insufficient teacher expertise continues to impede effective student access to AT and that models and strategies for improving teacher expertise, particularly at the preservice level, are desperately needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a model for integrating AT throughout a preservice undergraduate special education teacher preparation program at a large public university. Results indicated that special education teacher candidates were satisfied with their AT instruction and felt prepared for using ATs with students. Discussion and implications for integrating AT throughout a teacher education program are provided.
RRL: A Rewrite Rule Laboratory

The RRL (Rewrite Rule Laboratory) is a theorem proving environment based on equational logic and rewriting techniques. It currently provides facilities for (i) automatically proving theorems in first-order predicate calculus with equality, (ii) generating decision procedures for first-order (equational) theories, (iii) different approaches for proving formulae by induction methods based on the inductionless-induction approach as well as the explicit induction approach, (iv) checking the consistency and completeness of equational specifications, (v) an interpreter for an equational functional language, (vi) solving equations modulo a (equational) theory (a la logic programming) using narrowing methods.
Simultaneous administration of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine with acellular or whole-cell pertussis vaccine: effects on reactogenicity and immune responses to pertussis vaccines.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of simultaneous Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate (Hib) vaccination on the safety and immunogenicity of selected acellular (DTaP) and whole-cell (DTP) pertussis vaccines with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined. Methods. Enrollment of infants into a large multicenter study of the safety and immunogenicity of 13 DTaP and 2 DTP vaccines was partially completed when the first Hib vaccine, HbOC (Haemophilus b oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine), was licensed for use in infants. Thereafter, at each immunization most infants received HbOC simultaneously with DTaP (or DTP), administered in opposite thighs. Postvaccination geometric mean titers or concentrations (GMTs) of pertussis antibodies as measured by six different assays were compared pairwise among groups of infants receiving 0, 1, 2, or 3 simultaneous HbOC immunizations. The incidence of reactions was compared between infants who received only DTaP or DTP and those who received HbOC simultaneously. Results. Comparison of postvaccination GMTs was possible among groups of infants receiving different numbers of simultaneous immunizations for 10 of the 13 DTaP and both DTP vaccines. Increased HbOC exposure had no consistent dose-response effect on antibody titers for DTaP or DTP vaccines in any assay. Significant differences between groups in postvaccination GMTs were observed with 4 DTaP vaccines in 1 to 2 assays each ; the GMTs were higher with increasing HbOC exposure for 2 DTaP vaccines and lower for 2 others. There was no significant increase in reactions with simultaneous HbOC and DTaP immunization. Conclusions. Based on these retrospective analyses, there did not seem to be an interference in pertussis immunogenicity or alteration in reactogenicity associated with the simultaneous administration of HbOC and DTaP. These findings are encouraging with respect to the development of DTaP-Hib combination vaccines. Pediatrics 1995 ;96 :576-579 ; acellular, antibody, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, pertussis, vaccine, whole-cell, whooping cough.
Berry's phase and topological effects in molecules

Berry's prediction1 of an additional phase acquired during adiabatic evolution of quantum systems has recently attracted a great deal of attention.
High Capacity Surface-Modified LiCoO2 Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The surface of LiCoO 2 cathodes was modified with Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , and ZrO 2 by a chemical processing procedure followed by heat treatment at 300°C in air for 4 h. The surface-modified LiCoO 2 samples show much better capacity retention at both 25 and 60°C than the unmodified LiCoO 2 cathode to higher cutoff charge voltages of as high as 4.7 V vs. lithium. For example, Al 2 O 3 -modified LiCoO 2 shows approximately 180 mAh/g at 4.5 to 3.2 V with a capacity fade of only 8% in 100 cycles, compared to 32% for the unmodified LiCoO 2 . Transmission electron microscopic studies reveal that the guest materials are present as loose oxides (Al 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 ) or as monolayers (TiO 2 ) on the surface of LiCoO 2 particles. The improved capacity retention and the higher reversible capacity (180 mAh/g) of the surface-modified LiCoO 2 compared to the unmodified LiCoO 2 (140 mAh/g) could be due to a suppression of the chemical and structural instabilities of the charged Li 1 - x CoO 2 cathodes and/or reduction of interparticle stresses and strains.
Structure–property relationships for sulfonated poly(butylene terephthalate)

Structure–property relationships have been developed for sulfonated poly(butylene terephthalate) copolymers. The compositional variables investigated were sulfonate content, molecular weight, and polymer endgroup composition, and the fundamental polymer properties evaluated were melt viscosity, crystallization kinetics, and impact strength. It was found that all compositional variables significantly affect all of the polymer properties of interest. The most interesting effect is the influence of polymer endgroup composition on polymer properties. The trends indicate that the carboxylic acid endgroups form intermolecular interactions with sodium sulfonate groups, resulting in a decrease in the strength of intermolecular ionic interactions between sodium sulfonate groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4662–4771, 2006
The role of lysine 529, a conserved residue of the acyl-adenylate-forming enzyme superfamily, in firefly luciferase.

Firefly luciferase catalyzes the highly efficient emission of yellow−green light from the substrates luciferin, Mg-ATP, and oxygen in a two-step process. The enzyme first catalyzes the adenylation of the carboxylate substrate luciferin with Mg-ATP followed by the oxidation of the acyl-adenylate to the light-emitting oxyluciferin product. The beetle luciferases are members of a large family of nonbioluminescent proteins that catalyze reactions of ATP with carboxylate substrates to form acyl-adenylates. Formation of the luciferase−luciferyl−AMP complex is a specific example of the chemistry common to this enzyme family. Site-directed mutants at positions Lys529, Thr343, and His245 were studied to determine the effects of the amino acid changes at these positions on the individual luciferase-catalyzed adenylation and oxidation reactions. The results suggest that Lys529 is a critical residue for effective substrate orientation and that it provides favorable polar interactions important for transition state st...
A methodology for pattern matching of complex objects

Abstract A complex object is an entity made up of movable subparts. This paper presents a method to recognize and determine the position and orientation of an observed complex object with respect to a database of known objects. Each database complex object is described by a special type of relational graph, which guides a localized matching algorithm to determine the position and orientation of each complex object subpart. The feasibility of the assignments based on the kinematics of the subparts is then determined. Global assignments are made based on the feasibility of the local assignments.
A diagrammatic exposition of the logic of collection action

During the decade since the appearance of Mancur Olson’s The Logic of Collective Action, a number of economists and political scientists have focused their efforts on further developing the model of group behavior analyzed by Olson.2 While these efforts have contributed to both the precision and the generality of the theory of collective action, the theory remains a somewhat loosely connected set of verbal and graphical assertions about group behavior, and the central results of the theory have not all been demonstrated using the same analytical style. This paper attempts to remedy this deficiency in some major respects.3 The analysis is made particularly easy to follow because of a result discussed in the Appendix which enables the analysis of both Cournot and Pareto optimal behavior using the same graph. It is hoped that this method of presentation will contribute to a consolidation of the theory of collective action and will also make the theory more easily accessible to the average reader.
Asymmetrical wake and propulsor effects on control surface effectiveness on AUVs

This study considers the influences of wake asymmetries and propulsor effects on the forces and moments created by control surfaces. Traditional quasi-steady state-space models developed for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) tend to neglect these effects. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations were used to assess the impact of asymmetrical inflow due to forward appendages as well as changes in the flow field created by an operating propeller on control surface effectiveness. For the AUV tested, substantial asymmetries in the flow field near the upper and lower rudders create significant differences in their respective performances. This discrepancy between the rudders has the potential to create considerable and unsuspected maneuvering reactions. The presence of the propeller was also seen to noticeably influence the performance of the control surfaces.
Management of Ascites

The development of ascites indicates a pathological imbalance between the production and resorption of intraperitoneal fluid. The appearance and composition of ascites are variable, based on the underlying pathophysiology. Most commonly, ascites develops in the setting of decompensated cirrhosis, peritoneal infection, carcinomatosis, congestive heart failure or a combination (mixed ascites). The diagnosis can be difficult in some patients. Management options for ascites from decompensated liver disease focus on low-sodium diets and diuretics supplemented by large-volume paracentesis, transvenous intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and liver transplantation. The development of refractory ascites, hepatic hydrothorax, hyponatraemia or hepatorenal syndrome presents unique challenges to the provider and the patient. In some of these patients, therapy with liver transplantation will be the only viable therapeutic option. The diagnosis of infectious ascites, such as tuberculosis, and carcinomatous ascites remain diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for the clinician.