cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CONDENSED MATTER ASTROPHYSICS: A PRESCRIPTION FOR DETERMINING THE SPECIES-SPECIFIC COMPOSITION AND QUANTITY OF INTERSTELLAR DUST USING X-RAYS

We present a new technique for determining the quantity and composition of dust in astrophysical environments using <6 keV X-rays. We argue that high-resolution X-ray spectra as enabled by the Chandra and XMM-Newton gratings should be considered a powerful and viable new resource for delving into a relatively unexplored regime for directly determining dust properties: composition, quantity, and distribution. We present initial cross section measurements of astrophysically likely iron-based dust candidates taken at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Advanced Light Source synchrotron beamline, as an illustrative tool for the formulation of our technique for determining the quantity and composition of interstellar dust with X-rays. (Cross sections for the materials presented here will be made available for astrophysical modeling in the near future.) Focused at the 700 eV Fe L III and L II photoelectric edges, we discuss a technique for modeling dust properties in the soft X-rays using L-edge data to complement K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure analysis techniques discussed by Lee & Ravel. The paper is intended to be a techniques paper of interest and useful to both condensed matter experimentalists and astrophysicists. For the experimentalists, we offer a new prescription for normalizing relatively low signal-to-noise ratio L-edge cross section measurements. For astrophysics interests, we discuss the use of X-ray absorption spectra for determining dust composition in cold and ionized astrophysical environments and a new method for determining species-specific gas and dust ratios. Possible astrophysical applications of interest, including relevance to Sagittarius A*, are offered. Prospects for improving on this work in future X-ray missions with higher throughput and spectral resolution are also presented in the context of spectral resolution goals for gratings and calorimeters, for proposed and planned missions such as Astro-H and the International X-ray Observatory.
NEUTRINO ASYMMETRY AROUND BLACK HOLES: NEUTRINOS INTERACT WITH GRAVITY

Propagation of fermions in curved spacetime generates gravitational interaction due to coupling of its spin with spacetime curvature connection. This gravitational interaction, which is an axial-four-vector multiplied by a four-gravitational vector potential, appears as a CPT violating term in the Lagrangian which generates an opposite sign and thus an asymmetry between the left-handed and the right-handed partners under the CPT transformation. In the case of neutrinos, this property can generate neutrino asymmetry in the Universe. If the background metric is of the rotating black hole, i.e. the Kerr geometry, this interaction for the neutrino is nonzero. Therefore the dispersion energy relation for the neutrino and its anti-neutrino are different which gives rise to the difference in their number densities and neutrino asymmetry in the Universe in addition to the known relic asymmetry.
Successful treatment of a guitarist with a finger joint injury using instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization: a case report

Finger injuries are common and can greatly affect a musician's quality of life. A 55-year-old man, who had injured the proximal interphalangeal joint of the left index finger 6 months prior to any intervention, was treated with a manual therapy approach incorporating instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM). Initial examination findings included self-reported pain and functional limitations and physical impairments that significantly impeded his ability to play the acoustic guitar. He was treated once a week for 6 weeks with IASTM, joint mobilization, therapeutic exercise, and ice massage. Additionally, a home exercise program and self-care instructions were provided. The patient gained positive outcomes with improvements in pain (Numerical Pain Rating Scale while playing the guitar: initial 5/10, discharge 1/10) and function (Disability Arm Shoulder Hand Sports-Performing Arts Optional Module: initial 75; discharge 6·25), each reaching a minimum clinically important difference. Importantly, he was able to play the guitar with minimal to no pain as desired. Physical measures also improved, including an immediate gain in finger range of motion with IASTM alone. Manual therapy approaches integrating IASTM may provide an effective conservative treatment strategy for patients with finger/hand conditions in the performing arts and other patient populations.
The Higgs mass bound in gauge extensions of the minimal supersymmetric standard model

The minimal supersymmetric standard model, and extensions, have stringent upper bounds on the mass of the lightest Higgs boson if perturbativity up to the Planck scale is assumed. We argue that these bounds are softened tremendously if the Higgs is charged under an asymptotically free gauge group. We present a model with an additional SU(2) gauge group which easily produces Higgs masses above 200 GeV while avoiding electroweak constraints. If one allows some fine-tuning of the high-scale value of the gauge coupling, Higgs masses greater than 350 GeV are achieved. Unification of couplings is predicted to similar accuracy as in the minimal supersymmetric standard model with only small deviations at the two-loop level.
Moral Hazard and Bail‐Out in Fiscal Federations: Evidence for the German Länder

SUMMARY We identify investor moral hazard in the German fiscal federation. Our identification strategy is based on a variable, which was used by the German Federal Constitutional Court as an indicator to determine eligibility of two German states (Lander) to a bail-out, the interest payments-to-revenue ratio. While risk premia measured in the German sub-national bond market react significantly to the relative debt level of a state (Land), we also find that a larger interest payments-to-revenue ratio counter-intuitively lowers risk premia significantly. Furthermore, with increasing values the risk premia decrease more strongly. This is evidence of investor moral hazard, because a larger indicator value increases the likelihood of receiving a bail-out payment. Our findings are robust to a variety of sample changes. In addition, we provide a case study of the recent Federal Constitutional Court ruling on the Land Berlin, which had filed for additional federal funds. The negative response of the court did not lead to a change in financial markets' bail-out expectations. In sum, our results indicate significant investor moral hazard in the sub-national German bond market.
Structure and chemistry of metal/ceramic interfaces☆

Abstract The present state of knowledge is reviewed concerning the structure and chemistry of metal/ceramic interfaces. Experimental observations are described for several model systems and open problems concerning different aspects of structure and properties of heterophase boundaries are discussed.
Corporate multistate tax planning: benefits of multiple jurisdictions

Abstract We investigate how firms use differences in state income tax regimes to lower their state tax burdens. We develop a model that predicts that firms’ state effective tax rates first decrease then increase as a function of the number of states in which they file returns. Using firm-level data, we find evidence consistent with the model's predictions and we estimate that such rates are minimized at 24 states. Consistent with predictions from prior literature, our evidence also suggests that firms use sales factor apportionment to reduce state tax burdens.
Conducting polyaniline coatings for submicron lithography and SEM metrology

Polyaniline is a family of soluble, electrically conducting polymers that has a potential for a number of applications, in particular in the area of lithography. This paper focuses on a new family of water soluble conducting polyanilines made by oxidatively polymerizing aniline monomers on a polymeric acid template. The resulting polyanilines readily dissolve in water. These polymers are found to function as effective spin- applied, removable discharge layers for electron-beam lithography. In addition, they also provide a non-destructive method of performing high resolution scanning electron microscopic (SEM) metrology of masks or device wafers. It will also be shown that polyaniline can be patterned with submicron resolution. First, polyaniline itself can be inherently imaged resulting in a water developable, negative conducting resist capable of 0.25 micrometer resolution. In addition, a number of indirect methods of patterning polyaniline using conventional photoresist technology are described.
High Extracellular K+During Hypoxic Preconditioning Episodes Attenuates the Post-Ischemic Contractile and Ionic Benefits of Preconditioning

Hypoxic preconditioning improves contractile recovery and decreases calcium loading following ischemia and reperfusion. To test whether changing the trans-sarcolemmal K+ gradient during the preconditioning period changes preconditioning's benefits, isolated rat hearts were subjected to two, 5 min hypoxic intervals in the presence of normal K+ (5mM, NmlK-PC) or high K+ (10.3 mM, HiK-PC), separated by 5 min of normoxic reflow. Preconditioning with 5 mM K+ significantly improved developed pressure (DP) after 30 min of ischemia as compared to non-preconditioned control hearts (55.9+/-4.41% v 12.4+/-2.01% of baseline, P<0.05). DP recovery was diminished with 10.3 mM K+ (25.1+/-4.20% of baseline, P<0.05). At the end of reperfusion, cell Ca2+ trended lower in hypoxic preconditioned hearts compared with control hearts (12.9+/-1.9 v 19.4+/-2.6 micromol/g dry wt, P=0.09) and was significantly lower than high K+ hearts (22.9+/-1.4 micromol/g dry wt, P<0.006). Intracellular K+ during reperfusion was significantly higher in preconditioned compared with control hearts (P<0.02) and high K+ hearts (P<0.002) (231+/-10 v 166+/-17 v 155+/-14 micromol/g dry wt, respectively). Thus, the trans-sarcolemmal K+ gradient during the preconditioning period influences preconditioning effects; decreasing the gradient attenuates preconditioning's favorable influences on contractile recovery, cellular K+ loss, and calcium loading during reperfusion.
Board Diversity and Corporate Social Responsibility

This study examines the impact of board diversity on firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. Using seven different measures of board diversity across 1,489 U.S. firms from 1999 to 2011, the study finds that board diversity is positively associated with CSR performance. Board diversity is associated with a greater number of areas in which CSR is strong and a fewer number of areas in which CSR is a concern. These findings support the stakeholder theory and are consistent with the view that board diversity enhances firms’ ability to satisfy the needs of their broader groups of stakeholders. We find that gender, tenure, and expertise diversities seem to be the driving factors of firms’ CSR activities. Furthermore, we find that board diversity significantly increases CSR performance by increasing CSR strengths and reducing CSR concerns for firms producing consumer-oriented products and firms operating in more competitive industries. Our results remain robust using different measures of CSR performance, different estimation methods, and different samples.
Computing high-speed flows past an oscillating cylinder near a vertical wall

A computational method to simulate unsteady flows involving moving rigid boundaries and interference has been developed. The method is used to solve inviscid equations governing the fluid flow and the dynamic equations governing the motion of rigid bodies. A second-order accurate, upwind-biased, and alterating-direction-implicit method is used to solve the governing equations of the flow. A kinematic domain decomposition (KDD) procedure is extended to treat 3D problems with a high degree of accuracy and generality. The method under consideration is applied to both transonic and supertransonic flows. Both cases involve flow past a cylinder which is forced to pitch sinusoidally near a vertical wall. Benefits of the proposed approach include accurate calculation of the flow around 3D moving multiple bodies with interference; reduction of a numerical error; in particular, the dispersion error which strongly affects wave propagation; and minimization of the phase error which is accumulated according to the time advance procedure.
Ground-state structure in a highly disordered spin-glass model

We propose a new Ising spin-glass model on Zd of Edwards-Anderson type, but with highly disordered coupling magnitudes, in which a greedy algorithm for producing ground states is exact. We find that the procedure for determining (infinite-volume) ground states for this model can be related to invasion percolation with the number of ground states identified as 2N, whereN=N(d) is the number of distinct global components in the “invasion forest.” We prove thatN(d)=∞ if the invasion connectivity function is square summable. We argue that the critical dimension separatingN=1 andN=∞ isdc=8. WhenN(d)=∞, we consider free or periodic boundary conditions on cubes of side lengthL and show that frustration leads to chaoticL dependence withall pairs of ground states occurring as subsequence limits. We briefly discuss applications of our results to random walk problems on rugged landscapes.
Correlation of fixed-spacing thermionic converter performance with variable-spacing test vehicle data

Seven fixed-spacing thermionic converters with planar electrodes and one with cylindrical electrodes were designed and built on the basis of data from a planar variable-spacing thermionic test vehicle operated at emitter temperatures of 1600-2000 K in 100 degree increments. Electrodes in the variable-spacing device and in five of the planar converters were of polycrystalline rhenium; those in the other two planar converters, and in the cylindrical converter were of vapor-deposited rhenium. The design performance of all fixed-spacing planar converters, compared with the test vehicle data, fell within 6.5 percent of predicted values; performance of the cylindrical converter was within 1.1 percent of the predicted value. The performance of the cylindrical converter was also compared with that of a corresponding planar converter and was found to be in excellent agreement. The converter designed for a 2000 K emitter temperature had completed 11 600 hours of life testing as of October 15, 1958, at a constant power output of approximately 27 W/cm2at 0.77 volt. It was also observed that the design points for the five planar converters with polycrystalline rhenium electrodes fell on a straight line when optimum power output was plotted as a function of emitter temperature.
Stability and Fourier–Mukai transforms on elliptic fibrations

Abstract We systematically develop Bridgeland's [7] and Bridgeland–Maciocia's [10] techniques for studying elliptic fibrations, and identify criteria that ensure 2-term complexes are mapped to torsion-free sheaves under a Fourier–Mukai transform. As an application, we construct an open immersion from a moduli of stable complexes to a moduli of Gieseker stable sheaves on elliptic threefolds. As another application, we give various 1–1 correspondences between fibrewise semistable torsion-free sheaves and codimension-1 sheaves on Weierstrass surfaces.
The isotopic composition of magnesium in the inner Solar System

Abstract We report high-precision MC-ICPMS measurements of 25Mg/24Mg and 26Mg/24Mg isotope ratios for 14 meteorites, both primitive and differentiated, 5 lunar basalts and breccia samples, 5 terrestrial basalts, 1 dunite and 3 peridotites. We estimate the δ26Mg value of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) at − 0.54 ± 0.04 (2SE) w.r.t. DSM3. Carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites show an average δ26Mg of − 0.52 ± 0.04 (2SE), martian meteorites show a narrow range in δ26Mg with an average δ26Mg of − 0.57 ± 0.02 (2SE), average δ26Mg of pallasite olivines is − 0.54 ± 0.04 (2SE) whereas that of lunar samples, including ilmenite basalts, olivine basalt and one crystalline breccia is − 0.51 ± 0.03 (2SE). Our data demonstrate that the overall stable Mg isotopic composition of the inner Solar System (average δ25Mg = − 0.273, δ26Mg = − 0.535) is homogeneous to within ± 0.04‰ for 26Mg/24Mg. This value is indistinguishable from that of the BSE and lunar samples demonstrating that the Mg isotopic composition of the Earth–Moon system is chondritic. Accurate determination of the Mg isotopic composition of the rocky planets is important for Mg isotope studies of surface processes on Earth as well as for using Mg isotope data to understand evaporation and condensation effects in the solar nebula. Consistent with a recent report we find that clinopyroxenes have higher δ26Mg than co-existing olivines and orthopyroxenes in mantle peridotites, although the magnitude of this difference varies (0.08 to 0.2‰). Such small mineral fractionations along with differences between components in primitive meteorites (CAIs, chondrules, and matrix) preclude the resolution of mass-dependent fractionation differences smaller than about 0.05‰ between Solar System objects. We demonstrate that our results do not support the recent claims that: (i) the Earth–Moon system has a unique Mg isotope composition different from chondrites, or (ii) the higher δ26Mg values (up to 0.0) reported for chondrites, achondrites, terrestrial basalts and peridotites. To address the issue of inter-laboratory discrepancies on the Mg isotopic composition of silicate rocks, we have prepared 3 pure Mg standards with wide ranging δ26Mg (− 3.75 to − 0.69 with respect to DSM3) as well as a large volume of homogenized olivine from the San Carlos peridotite, which will be available to the scientific community, for future comparative studies.
Limb-darkening scans of Jupiter

Representative center-limb photometric measurements of several areas on Jupiter are presented in the form of limb-darkening scans taken through narrow-band interference filters which isolate continuum regions near the 3-0 and 4-0 hydrogen quadrupole bands (8200 and 6300 A, respectively). Results of scans measured through filters which isolate two regions dominated by methane absorption (6190 and 7250 A) are also discussed. Limb-darkening curves at all four wavelengths are computed for semiinfinite homogeneous isotropically scattering atmospheres with different values of the single-scattering albedo of the cloud particles. It is found that albedo values between 0.985 and 0.989 match the data over most of the northern component of the South Equatorial Belt. The single-scattering albedo values are used to show that the equatorial regions of Jupiter which emit at 5 microns may be relatively clear while the tropical regions may be relatively cloudy.
Anisotropic Flow at RHIC

We present the first measurement of directed flow (v1) at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). v1 is found to be consistent with zero at pseudorapidities η from -1.2 to 1.2, then rises to the level of a couple of percent over the range 2.4 < vηv < 4. The latter observation is similar to that from NA49 if the SPS rapidities are shifted by the difference in beam rapidity between RHIC and SPS. We studied the evolution of elliptic flow from p+p collisions through d+Au collision, and onto Au+Au collisions. Measurements of higher harmonics are presented and discussed.
Gonality of modular curves in characteristic~$p$

Let $k$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic $p$. Let $X(p^e;N)$ be the curve parameterizing elliptic curves with full level $N$ structure (where $p \nmid N$) and full level $p^e$ Igusa structure. By modular curve, we mean a quotient of any $X(p^e;N)$ by any subgroup of $\left( (\Z/p^e\Z)^\times \times \SL_2(\Z/N\Z) \right)/\{\pm 1\}$. We prove that in any sequence of distinct modular curves over $k$, the $k$-gonality tends to infinity. This extends earlier work, in which the result was proved for particular sequences of modular curves, such as $X_0(N)$ for $p \nmid N$. As an application, we prove the function field analogue of a uniform boundedness conjecture for the image of Galois on torsion of elliptic curves.
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF VENTILATION EQUATIONS.

Abstract The authors have verified experimentally the thoretic equations for the rate of dispersion or removal of a contaminant by a known rate of air flow relative to chamber volume. They also verify equations for calculating concentrations and exposures from intermittent sources of contamination.
Ginsparg-Wilson relation and spin chains

Abstract The Baxter 8-vertex model is equivalent to a particular lattice formulation of a self-interacting, massive Dirac fermion theory. In the time-continuum limit, the lattice Hamiltonian (XYZ spin chain) can be explicitly transformed to a lattice Dirac Hamiltonian. We show that the kernel describing the quadratic part of this Hamiltonian satisfies a one-dimensional version of the Ginsparg-Wilson relation. The corresponding conserved charge is derived and compared with the conserved arrow number of the 8-vertex model.
Appliance commitment for household load scheduling

This paper presents a novel appliance commitment algorithm that schedules thermostatically controlled household loads based on price and consumption forecasts considering users' comfort settings to meet an optimization objective such as minimum payment or maximum comfort. The formulation of an appliance commitment problem is described using an electrical water heater load as an example. The thermal dynamics of heating and coasting of the water heater load is modeled by physical models; random hot water consumption is modeled with statistical methods. The models are used to predict the appliance operation over the scheduling time horizon. User comfort is transformed to a set of linear constraints. Then, a novel linear-sequential-optimization-enhanced, multiloop algorithm is used to solve the appliance commitment problem. The simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm is fast, robust, and flexible. The algorithm can be used in home/building energy-management systems to help household owners or building managers to automatically create optimal load operation schedules based on different cost and comfort settings and compare cost/benefits among schedules.
XPLG—Experiences in implementing an experimental interactive graphics programming system

Abstract An experimental interactive graphics programming system has been built for a Xerox Sigma 5 computer based on William M. Newman's display procedures. The XPL compiler generator system was used for extending the syntax and semantics of the XPL language to produce a graphics language called XPLG. The XPLG compiler produces calls to a runtime support load module which handles windowing, viewports, clipping, boxing, 2-dimensional transformations, call naming, hit processing, etc. Independence from the numerous types of display and pointing devices is achieved by isolating all device dependent parts of the system in a separate, simple load module for each device. Several interesting implementation problems were solved.
On the nonlinear development of three-dimensional instability waves in natural transition

The nonlinear development of a pair of symmetrical three-dimensional oblique instability waves in transitioning boundary layers is investigated based on critical-layer nonlinearity (CLN). Particular emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanisms leading to the naturally occurring transition in which the amplitudes of the plane and oblique modes can be of the same order. Results indicate that the self-interaction of the oblique waves reduces their growth rate. A relatively large oblique mode can either suppress or enhance the growth of the plane mode, depending on the initial phase difference. If the plane mode amplitude is not negligible with respect to that of the oblique modes, it causes a strong amplification of the oblique mode at the subharmonic frequency. The comparison with observations are quite encouraging and several novel features of the natural transition process are revealed.
The spirit of capitalism, social status, money, and accumulation

This paper demonstrates the unambiguous existence of the Tobin portfolio-shift effect in the wealth-is-status and the spirit-of-capitalism models of growth. Namely, higher inflation leads to higher capital stock in the long run, and inflation increases the endogenous-growth rate of the economy.
Optical techniques for determining dynamic material properties

Miniature plates are laser-launched with a 10-Joule Nd:YAG for 1D impacts on to target materials much like gas gun experiments and explosive plane wave plate launch. By making the experiments small, flyer plates (3 mm diameter X 50 micron thick) and targets (10 mm diameter X 200 micron thick), 1D impact experiments can be performed in a standard laser-optical laboratory with minimum confinement and collateral damage. The laser-launched plates do not require the traditional sabot on gas guns nor the explosives needed for explosive planewave lenses, and as a result are much more amenable to a wide variety of materials and applications. Because of the small size very high pressure gradients can be generated with relative ease. The high pressure gradients result in very high strains and strain rates that are not easily generated by other experimental methods. The small size and short shock duration (1 - 20 ns) are ideal for dynamically measuring both strengths of micron-thick coatings. Experimental techniques, equipment, and dynamic material results are reported.
Chemoselective, metal-mediated oxidation of (dienol)iron complexes with N-methylmorpholine N-oxide

Abstract The oxidation of (dienol)iron complexes to the corresponding (dienal)iron complexes by amine N-oxides is reported. This oxidation is selective for a hydroxyl group adjacent to the complexed diene.
Root Statistics of Random Polynomials with Bounded Mahler Measure

The Mahler measure of a polynomial is a measure of complexity formed by taking the modulus of the leading coecient times the modulus of the product of its roots outside the unit circle. The roots of a real degree N polynomial chosen uniformly from the set of polynomials of Mahler measure at most 1 yields a Pfaan point process on the complex plane. When N is large, with probability tending to 1, the roots tend to the unit circle, and we investigate the asymptotics of the scaled kernel in a neighborhood of a point on the unit circle. When this point is away from the real axis (on which there is a positive probability of nding a root) the scaled process degenerates to a determinantal point process with the same local statistics (i.e. scalar kernel) as the limiting process formed from the roots of complex polynomials chosen uniformly from the set of polynomials of Mahler measure at most 1. Three new matrix kernels appear in a neighborhood of 1 which encode information about the correlations between real roots, between complex roots and between real and complex roots. Away from the unit circle, the kernels converge to new limiting kernels, which imply among other things that the expected number of roots in any open subset of C disjoint from the unit circle converges to a positive number. We also give ensembles with identical statistics drawn from two-dimensional electrostatics with potential theoretic weights, and normal matrices chosen with regard to their topological entropy as actions on Euclidean space.
Natural and Man-Made Noise in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity at Extremely Low Frequencies (Schumann Resonances and Man-Made ‘Interference’)

The equations for the Earth-ionosphere cavity resonance fields are given and some of the approximations used in their derivation are indicated. Typical electric and magnetic 5 to 20 Hz Schumann resonance field intensities are listed and compared with the level of other natural and man-made electromagnetic noise. Applications of Schumann resonances to thunderstorm location and measurement of global lightning activity are reviewed briefly. Ionospheric conductivity profiles appropriate for this frequency range are discussed and the importance of atmospheric conductivity below 60 km is pointed out.
Asymmetric Synthesis and Pharmacology of Methylphenidate and Its Para-Substituted Derivatives

We report the first asymmetric synthesis of the individual enantiomers of methylphenidate (1). From d-pipecolic acid, the (2R,2‘R) and (2S,2‘R) enantiomers of 1 were obtained in >99% optical purity while the (2S,2‘S) and (2R,2‘S) enantiomers of 1 were derived from l-pipecolic acid in 96% optical purity. The versatility of this methodology is demonstrated with the synthesis of the (2R,2‘R) and (2S,2‘S) enantiomers of p-bromo and p-methoxy derivatives in similar yields and enantiomeric purities. Comparative neurochemical assessments of these synthesized enantiomers at purported dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin uptake sites along with locomotor activity studies in rats are also reported.
Z/E Selective Synthesis of β,β-Disubstituted and (Z)-β-Monosubstituted Baylis-Hillman Adducts Via Anionic Additions of Vinylcuprates to Aldehydes

Abstract A new method has been developed for the synthesis of achiral β,β-disubstituted and (Z)-β-monosubstituted Baylis-Hillman adducts with excellent Z/E stereospecificity in some cases. The process involves the conjugate additions of R2CuLi or RMgBr-CuBr-DMS to α,β-acetylenic esters and followed by additions of anionic α-(alkoxycarbonyl)vinyl]copper intermediates to aldehydes. The individual Z- and E- isomers of the resulting β-branched α-(hydroxylalkyl)acrylates can be separated by column chromatography in modest to excellent yield.
X-Ray Transmission in Cold Matter: Nonrelativistic Corrections for Compton Scattering

Obscuration by cold matter is frequently observed in a variety of X-ray sources. With the improved sensitivity and energy resolution of the new generation of X-ray detectors, such as those aboard ASCA, it may not always be possible to neglect electron scattering for column densities much greater than ~1023 cm-2. We derive simple, approximate, analytic expressions for a spherical geometry, which enable the transmitted flux to be corrected for nonrelativistic Compton scattering. The method allows the use of arbitrary element abundances, photoelectric absorption cross sections, and input spectra and is computationally fast enough for use in a spectral fitting code. The approximations can be used for column densities up to ~5 × 1024 cm-2. The maximum observed energy for which the approximations are valid depends on the column density and is ~18.5 keV for NH = 1023 cm-2 and ~10 keV for NH = 5 × 1024 cm-2. The model provides a significantly improved description of the transmitted spectrum compared to the usual model, in which only attenuation due to the absorption opacity is considered, and scattering is neglected altogether. The latter leads to errors in the transmitted spectrum that can exceed 1 order of magnitude, especially around the Fe K edge.
MECI: A Method for Eclipsing Component Identification

We describe an automated method for assigning the most probable physical parameters to the components of an eclipsing binary, using only its photometric light curve and combined colors. With traditional methods, one attempts to optimize a multiparameter model over many iterations, so as to minimize the χ2 value. We suggest an alternative method, in which one selects pairs of coeval stars from a set of theoretical stellar models and compares their simulated light curves and combined colors with the observations. This approach greatly reduces the parameter space over which one needs to search and allows one to estimate the components' masses, radii, and absolute magnitudes, without spectroscopic data. We have implemented this method in an automated program using published theoretical isochrones and limb-darkening coefficients. Since it is easy to automate, this method lends itself to systematic analyses of data sets consisting of photometric time series of large numbers of stars, such as those produced by OGLE, MACHO, TrES, HAT, and many others surveys.
String-string duality for some black hole type solutions

Abstract We apply the duality transformation relating the heterotic to the IIA string in 6D to the class of exact string solutions described by the chiral null model and derive explicit formulas for all fields after reduction to 4D. If the model is restricted to asymptotically flat black hole type solutions with well defined mass and charges the purely electric solutions on the heterotic side are mapped to dyonic ones on the IIA side. The mass remains invariant. Before and after the duality transformation the solutions belong to short N = 4 SUSY multiplets and saturate the corresponding Bogomol'nyi bounds.
Eddy-Driven Recirculations from a Localized Transient Forcing

AbstractThe generation of time-mean recirculation gyres from the nonlinear rectification of an oscillatory, spatially localized vorticity forcing is examined analytically and numerically. Insights into the rectification mechanism are presented and the influence of the variations of forcing parameters, stratification, and mean background flow are explored. This exploration shows that the efficiency of the rectification depends on the properties of the energy radiation from the forcing, which in turn depends on the waves that participate in the rectification process. The particular waves are selected by the relation of the forcing parameters to the available free Rossby wave spectrum. An enhanced response is achieved if the parameters are such to select meridionally propagating waves, and a resonant response results if the forcing selects the Rossby wave with zero zonal group velocity and maximum meridional group velocity, which is optimal for producing rectified flows. Although formulated in a weakly nonli...
Advances in transmission over a few-mode fiber: State of the art and research results

We investigate the design of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for few-mode fiber supporting two mode groups at the signal wavelength. We investigate the achievable gain region, gain equalization and system sensitivity to pump perturbations.
High Accuracy Reconstruction from Wavelet Coefficients

Abstract The accuracy of the wavelet approximation at resolution h = 2 −n to a smooth function f is limited by O ( h N ), where N is the number of vanishing moments of the mother wavelet ψ. For any positive integer p , we derive a new approximation formula which allows us to recover a smooth f from its wavelet coefficients with accuracy O ( h p ). Related formulas for recovering derivatives of f are also given.
Finite-State Compensators for Continuous Process

Mathematical representation of feedback systems composed of both continuous and finite-state processes is discussed. Such a representation provides a new viewpoint for the design of computer control systems for industrial processes, and clarifies areas in which further research is required. Some motivating examples are provided.
Higgs decays into leptons

We discuss the prospects for the discovery of neutral Higgs bosons (ϕ 0 = H 0 , h 0 , A 0 ) in multi-Higgs doublet models via their decays into leptons at hadron colliders. A major focus will be searching for Higgs bosons produced with bottom quarks via Higgs decays into muon pairs p p → b b ¯ ϕ 0 → b b ¯ μ μ ¯ + X at the CERN Large Hadron Collider within the framework of the minimal supersymmetric model.
The Supercritical Peanut: The Navy's Pioneer in High-Speed Flight Research

Prologue O N 7 May 1940—a year and a half before Pearl Harbor—test pilot Woodward Burke climbed into a specially instrumented Brewster XF2A-2 experimental Navy fighter (Fig. 1), took off from Langley Field at 6 a.m. and headed for a remote area of the Chesapeake Bay on the Virginia peninsula. He was about to carry out the most dangerous of a series of high-speed test dives that had been under way during the previous week. These dives, carefully engineered and planned during the previous two years by the NACA Flight Loads group, working with the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, were part of the world’s first scientific in-flight investigation of supercritical flow around an airplane wing. Reaching an altitude of 30,000 ft, Burke made a final check of the cockpit gauges, switched on the special instrumentation circuits with their automatic data recording devices, and then nosed the chunky Brewster (unofficially dubbed “The Peanut Special” by Navy pilots) down into a terminal-velocity dive designed to produce during the ensuing 11g, 575-mph pullout a supercritical flight condition involving a pocket of supersonic flow on the specially instrumented inboard section of the wing. Watching the dive through binoculars were two NACA aerodynamicists, John Stack and John Becker, who had driven out to Grandview as concerned observers; as Becker later wrote1: “We were most apprehensive as we watched the dive through binoculars. This was before the possible effects of compressibility (significant flow density variations) on the buffeting and control of diving airplanes had been highlighted by the P-38 tragedy of 1941; nevertheless, our knowledge of shock-stalled flows in the wind tunnel left little doubt about the dangers of this dive. Happily, the flight was completed successfully without any undue difficulties. . . .” Although the results of these dive tests and the related transonic wind tunnel corroboration had been an important milestone in highspeed aerodynamics research, they were destined to be unsung. The only documentation was in the form of an informal classified September 1940 memo of very limited distribution, appearing only later in an obscure mid-1943 NACA wartime report, by which time other, better known tests had overshadowed the achievement. The present paper seeks to redress this lack of recognition by giving for the first time a complete and fully documented account of why and how this pioneering and very successful research project was car-
Nanoparticle-mediated intervalence transfer.

Nanoparticle-mediated intervalence transfer was reported with ferrocene moieties that were attached onto the ruthenium nanoparticle surface by ruthenium−carbene π bonds. The resulting particles exhibited two pairs of voltammetric waves with a potential spacing of about 200 mV and a rather intense absorption peak in the near-infrared range (∼1930 nm) at mixed valence. Both features suggested Class II characteristics of the intraparticle intervalence transfer that mainly arose from through-bond interactions between the metal centers. Quantum calculations based on density functional theory showed that the nanoparticle core electrons served as conducting band states for the effective charge delocalization between particle-bound ferrocene moieties.
Percutaneous coronary intervention in native arteries versus bypass grafts in prior coronary artery bypass grafting patients: A report from the national cardiovascular data registry

Objectives This study examined a large registry to determine the frequency, predictors, and outcomes of native coronary artery versus bypass graft percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Background The PCI target vessel and corresponding outcomes in prior CABG patients are poorly studied. Methods We analyzed the frequency and factors associated with native versus bypass graft PCI in prior CABG patients undergoing PCI between January 1, 2004, and June 30, 2009, in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) CathPCI Registry. Generalized estimating equations logistic regression modeling was used to generate independent variables associated with native versus bypass graft PCI and in-hospital mortality. Results During the study period, PCI in prior CABG patients represented 17.5% of the total PCI volume (300,902 of 1,721,046). The PCI target was a native coronary artery in 62.5% and a bypass graft in 37.5%: saphenous vein graft (SVG) (104,678 [34.9%]), arterial graft (7,517 [2.5%]), or both arterial graft and SVG (718 [0.2%]). Compared with patients undergoing native coronary artery PCI, those undergoing bypass graft PCI had higher-risk characteristics and more procedural complications. On multivariable analysis, several parameters (including graft stenosis and longer interval from CABG) were associated with performing native coronary PCI, and bypass graft PCI was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.12 to 1.32). Conclusions Most PCIs performed in prior CABG patients are done in native coronary artery lesions. Compared with native coronary PCI, bypass graft PCI is independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality.
Radiation Shielding for Fusion Reactors

Radiation shielding requirements for fusion reactors present different problems than those for fission reactors and accelerators. Fusion devices, particularly tokamak reactors, are complicated by geometry constraints that complicate disposition of fully effective shielding. This paper reviews some of these shielding issues and suggested solutions for optimizing the machine and biological shielding. Radiation transport calculations are essential for predicting and confirming the nuclear performance of the reactor and, as such, must be an essential part of the reactor design process. Development and optimization of reactor components from the first wall and primary shielding to the penetrations and containment shielding must be carried out in a sensible progression. Initial results from one-dimensional transport calculations are used for scoping studies and are followed by detailed two- and three-dimensional analyses to effectively characterize the overall radiation environment. These detail model calculati...
Causal viscous hydrodynamics for central heavy-ion collisions II: meson spectra and HBT radii

Causal viscous hydrodynamic fits to experimental data for pion and kaon transverse momentum spectra from central Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200\,\text{GeV}$ are presented. Starting the hydrodynamic evolution at 1 fm/c and using small values for the relaxation time, reasonable fits up to moderate ratios, η/s≃0.4, can be obtained. It is found that a percentage of roughly 50 η/s to 75 η/s of the final meson multiplicity is due to viscous entropy production. Finally, it is shown that with increasing viscosity, the ratio of HBT radii Rout/Rside approaches and eventually matches the experimental data.
Experimental Evaluation of a Cylindrical Parabolic Solar Collector

Results are presented for a series of solar collector experiments in which the incident solar flux was concentrated by a single-axis tracking parabolic trough mirror. The concentrated solar flux was directed onto an absorber tube whose axis coincided with the focal axis of the concentrator. The performance of the collector was evaluated using three different absorbers; a black painted tube designed to operate near ambient temperature, a heat pipe which had a selective solar absorber coating applied to its surface, and a heat pipe which had its surface coated with a nonselective black paint. The peak efficiency for the collector in the absence of heat losses is approximately 62 percent when the incoming solar energy is normal to the collector aperature. The heat losses which occurred at elevated temperatures (300degreeC) decreased the peak efficiencies to 50 and 30 percent, respectively, for the selectively coated and black painted tubes. The experimental results establish the technical feasibility of using parabolic trough collectors for applications requiring thermal energy at temperatures up to 300degreeC.
A Rademacher Type Formula for Partitions and Overpartitions

A Rademacher-type convergent series formula which generalizes the Hardy-Ramanujan-Rademacher formula for the number of partitions of 𝑛 and the Zuckerman formula for the Fourier coefficients of 𝜗4(0∣𝜏)−1 is presented.
On the coherence properties of random Euclidean distance matrices

In the present paper we focus on the coherence properties of general random Euclidean distance matrices, which are very closely related to the respective matrix completion problem. This problem is of great interest in several applications such as node localization in sensor networks with limited connectivity. Our results can directly provide the sufficient conditions under which an EDM can be successfully recovered with high probability from a limited number of measurements.
Efficient Simulations of Early Structure Formation and Reionization

Detailed theoretical studies of the high-redshift universe, and especially reionization, are generally forced to rely on time-consuming N-body codes and/or radiative transfer algorithms. We present a method to construct seminumerical "simulations," which can efficiently generate realizations of halo distributions and ionization maps at high redshifts. Our procedure combines an excursion-set approach with first-order Lagrangian perturbation theory and operates directly on the linear density and velocity fields. As such, the achievable dynamic range with our algorithm surpasses the current practical limit of N-body codes by orders of magnitude. This is particularly significant in studies of reionization, where the dynamic range is the principal limiting factor, because ionized regions reach scales of tens of comoving Mpc. We test our halo-finding and ionization-mapping algorithms separately against N-body simulations with radiative transfer and obtain excellent agreement. We compute the size distributions of ionized and neutral regions in our maps. We find even larger ionized bubbles than do purely analytic models at the same volume-weighted mean hydrogen neutral fraction, H I, especially early in reionization. We also generate maps and power spectra of 21 cm brightness temperature fluctuations, which for the first time include corrections due to gas bulk velocities. We find that velocities widen the tails of the temperature distributions and increase small-scale power, although these effects quickly diminish as reionization progresses. We also include some preliminary results from a simulation run with the largest dynamic range to date: a 250 Mpc box that resolves halos with masses M ≥ 2.2 × 108 M☉. We show that accurately modeling the late stages of reionization, H I 0.5, requires such large scales. The speed and dynamic range provided by our seminumerical approach will be extremely useful in the modeling of early structure formation and reionization.
A SHARP STABILITY CRITERION FOR THE VLASOV-MAXWELL SYSTEM

We consider the linear stability problem for a 3D cylindrically symmetric equilibrium of the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system that describes a collisionless plasma. For an equilibrium whose distribution function decreases monotonically with the particle energy, we obtained a linear stability criterion in our previous paper [24]. Here we prove that this criterion is sharp; that is, there would otherwise be an exponentially growing solution to the linearized system. We also treat the considerably simpler periodic \(1\frac{1}{2}\)D case. The new formulation introduced here is applicable as well to the non-relativistic case, to other symmetries, and to general equilibria.