cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to review experience with neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum at a single institution, with emphasis on the pathology and clinical characteristics of this uncommon malignancy. METHODS: A study group of patients was identified from a prospective colorectal service database. Pathology was reviewed and neuroendocrine tumors were classified by a single pathologist. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: From March 1975 to September 1998, 38 patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas were identified from the colorectal service database comprising 6495 patients (0.6 percent). These neuroendocrine carcinomas did not include carcinoid tumors. Average patient age was 57 years (range, 29–86 years). There were 17 males (44.7 percent) and 21 females (55.3 percent). Tumors were located as follows: 17 colon, 14 rectum, 6 anal canal, and 1 appendix. The diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma was suggested preoperatively from tissue biopsy in 59.3 percent (16/27) of patients evaluable. Pathology was reviewed and tumors were categorized as small cell carcinoma (n = 22) or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 16). Most tumors (20/25 evaluable, 80 percent) stained positive by means of immunohistochemistry for neuroendocrine markers, including chromogranin (18/19), synaptophysin (10/15), and/or neuron-specific enolase (14/15). Metastatic disease was detected at the time of diagnosis in 69.4 percent of the patients (25/36). Tumors were advanced at the time of diagnosis, with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage I (n = 6), Stage III (n = 7), and Stage IV (n = 25) tumors. As a group, these tumors had a poor prognosis, with a median survival of 10.4 months. One-year, two-year, and three-year survival was 46 percent, 26 percent, and 13 percent, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival based on pathologic subtypes. Median follow-up time was 9.4 months (range, 0.6–263.7 months). CONCLUSIONS: Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum are uncommon, comprising less than 1 percent of colon and rectal cancers. Pathologically, these tumors are poorly differentiated carcinomas with distinctive cytoarchitectural features and are often immunoreactive for markers of neuroendocrine differentiation. The prognosis for highgrade neuroendocrine carcinomas is poor, as most patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis.
Characterization of nanoscale property variations in polymer composite systems : 2. Numerical modeling

Abstract In Part 1 (the companion paper) a technique utilizing the indenting capabilities of the atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to evaluate the local changes in material response of polymer composite systems near the fiber–matrix interface. Responses for two model composite systems at both room temperature and elevated temperatures were studied. In this paper (Part 2), we compare the AFM indentation results with finite element model predictions to gain a fundamental understanding of the influence that the interphase properties have on the measured responses. Good agreement between the finite element model predictions and the AFM measured results was found for all cases studied. The finite element results confirmed that the interphase region for an unsized graphite fiber is too small (relative to the physical size of the indentation probe) to conduct realistic characterization. It was shown, however, that the sized fiber case has an interphase region sufficiently large to obtain useful measurements. The finite element model was then used to identify the effects of interphase region size on the potential usefulness of the AFM as a viable interphase characterization method.
Health Insurance and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Abstract Background Compared with those with health insurance, the uninsured receive less care for chronic conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, and experience higher mortality. Methods We investigated the relations of health insurance status to the prevalence, treatment, and control of major cardiovascular disease risk factors—hypertension and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol—among Framingham Heart Study (FHS) participants in gender-specific, age-adjusted analyses. Participants who attended the seventh Offspring cohort examination cycle (1998-2001) or the first Third Generation cohort examination cycle (2002-2005) were studied. Results Among 6098 participants, 3.8% were uninsured at the time of the FHS clinic examination and ages ranged from 19 to 64 years. The prevalence of hypertension and elevated LDL cholesterol was similar for the insured and uninsured; however, the proportion of those who obtained treatment and achieved control of these risk factors was lower among the uninsured. Uninsured men and women were less likely to be treated for hypertension with odds ratios for treatment of 0.19 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07-0.56) for men and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.12-0.79) for women. Among men, the uninsured were less likely to receive treatment or achieve control of elevated LDL cholesterol than the insured, with odds ratios of 0.12 (95% CI, 0.04-0.38) for treatment and 0.17 (95% CI, 0.05-0.56) for control. Conclusion The treatment and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are lower among uninsured adults. Increasing the proportion of insured individuals may be a means to improve the treatment and control of cardiovascular disease risk factors and to reduce health disparities.
Reverse Mathematics and Ordinal Multiplication

This paper uses the framework of reverse mathematics to analyze the proof theoretic content of several statements concerning multiplication of countable well-orderings. In particular, a division algorithm for ordinal arithmetic is shown to be equivalent to the subsystem ATR0.
Effects of vicarious consequences on imitation and recall: Some developmental findings

Abstract Two experiments were conducted using a multiple-item list in which each item consisted of a pair of pictures. The model indicated which member of each pair she preferred and was either positively reinforced, negatively reinforced, or received neutral consequences. The S then indicated his preferences (imitation test). Following the imitation test, each S was asked to recall the model's choices. Age was an independent variable in both experiments. Imitation scores of the children, preschool to sixth-grade age range, were strongly influenced by differential vicarious reinforcement. Vicarious reward increased imitation and vicarious punishment decreased it. College students' imitation scores were only minimally influenced by differential vicarious reinforcement. Within- and between-subjects variations of vicarious reinforcement had similar effects. Recall scores were surprisingly high and were not significantly influenced by differential vicarious reinforcement. Interestingly, age and percentage of correct recall were negatively correlated.
Identification of hydrogen selenide and other volatile selenols by derivatization with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Abstract A procedure is described for the trapping and identification of hydrogen selenide and methyl selenol (CH3SeH). The volatile selenols were generated by reducing selenious acid or dimethyldiselenide with Zn dust and hydrochloric acid under a stream of nitrogen and passing into a trapping solution compoosed of 50 m m 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene plus 83 m m sodium bicarbonate in 67% dimethylformamide:33% water. The selenols react rapidly to form stable dinitrophenyl (DNP) selenoethers that can be extracted into benzene; these are easily identified by TLC, HPLC, or mass spectrometry. Hydrogen selenide is trapped in 90–99% yield, primarily as the di-DNP-monoselenide with a trace of di-DNP-diselenide.
Energetic Ion and Electron Irradiation of the Icy Galilean Satellites

Galileo Orbiter measurements of energetic ions (20 keV to 100 MeV) and electrons (20-700 keV) in Jupiter's magnetosphere are used, in conjunction with the JPL electron model (less than 40 MeV), to compute irradiation effects in the surface layers of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Significant elemental modifications are produced on unshielded surfaces to approximately centimeter depths in times of less than or equal to 10(exp 6) years, whereas micrometer depths on Europa are fully processed in approximately 10 years. Most observations of surface composition are limited to optical depths of approximately 1 mm, which are indirect contact with the space environment. Incident flux modeling includes Stormer deflection by the Ganymede dipole magnetic field, likely variable over that satellite's irradiation history. Delivered energy flux of approximately 8 x 10(exp 10) keV/square cm-s at Europa is comparable to total internal heat flux in the same units from tidal and radiogenic sources, while exceeding that for solar UV energies (greater than 6 eV) relevant to ice chemistry. Particle energy fluxes to Ganymede's equator and Callisto are similar at approximately 2-3 x 10(exp 8) keV/square cm-s with 5 x 10(exp 9) at Ganymede's polar cap, the latter being comparable to radiogenic energy input. Rates of change in optical reflectance and molecular composition on Europa, and on Ganymede's polar cap, are strongly driven by energy from irradiation, even in relatively young regions. Irradiation of nonice materials can produce SO2 and CO2, detected on Callisto and Europa, and simple to complex hydrocarbons. Iogenic neutral atoms and meteoroids deliver negligible energy approximately 10(exp 4-5) keV/square cm-s but impacts of the latter are important for burial or removal of irradiation products. Downward transport of radiation produced oxidants and hydrocarbons could deliver significant chemical energy into the satellite interiors for astrobiological evolution in putative sub-surface oceans.
Complete anosmia -- The absence of olfaction at primary and accesory olfactory areas

Abstract A syndrome of complete anosmia is characterized by the absence of response to vapors at primary and accessory areas of olfaction, normal detection and recognition threshold for the four modalities of taste, absent or markedly diminished uvular and gag reflexes, and hypesthesia of the oral area. Patients with this syndrome also employ a distinctive maneuver to taste food.
Modeling the workflow of prescription writing

Computerizing the delivery of prescription medication, particularly in hospitals, has had many recent success stories. While the safeguards that computers can provide in preventing the incorrect administration of medications cannot be denied, little attention has been paid to the requirements engineering process in workflow automation. This paper discusses some of the techniques of workflow modeling that hold promise for medical informatics. This paper demonstrates that clinical workflows can be modeled using existing modeling tools.
Modeling the Impact of the Affordable Care Act and the Individual Mandate on Californians

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to provide health insurance to uninsured or underinsured individuals. We used the California Simulation of Insurance Markets (CalSIM) model to predict the experience of consumers in California, who will be faced with new insurance options through Medicaid, employer-sponsored insurance, and the individual market in 2014 and beyond. We explored the response and characteristics of Californians who will and will not secure insurance coverage, with and without the “individual mandate” or minimum coverage requirement (MCR). We found 1.8 million Californians (38 %) of the 4.7 million eligible uninsured will secure coverage by 2019 with the MCR, while only 839,000 (18 % of the eligible uninsured) would obtain coverage without it.
Blood island formation: longstanding observations and modern interpretations

The yolk sac blood islands have long been recognized as the first site for blood cell emergence during embryonic development. Much of our understanding of how blood islands form is derived from studies conducted in chick embryos. Similar processes are thought to be active during murine blood island development. But, how strong is the evidence that the process of blood island formation in the chick coincides with that documented in the mouse? This review will discuss some of the principle studies that led to two widely accepted definitions of blood islands and will examine more recent studies performed in murine embryos to determine whether either of these popular definitions can be directly applied.
Modelling the growth of Trichoderma virens with limited sampling of digital images

Aims: Using limited digital image sampling, a model of fungal growth in soil that considers both hyphal production and lysis was constructed for two strains of Trichoderma virens over a range of four temperatures. Materials and Methods: A growth model was developed by fitting the radial cross sectional data with a modified form of the Ratkowsky equation to determine maximum growth rate and a modified Arrhenius equation to determine maximal rate of decrease in area covered by mycelia. The parameters obtained from a combined equation were then verified by using the data obtained from the whole colony to determine the appropriateness of the model. Conclusions: Using a limited data set and a combination of the Ratkowsky and Arrhenius equations, the mycelial coverage of the T. virens colony was determined, relating microscopic hyphal growth to macroscopic colony growth. This model was sufficiently robust to predict growth across four temperatures for a genetically modified and wild-type strain of T. virens. Significance and Impact of Study: By using simple assumptions for the increase and eventual decline in fungal growth on a resource-limited medium, this model constructs an initial framework onto which additional parameters such as nutrient consumption could be incorporated for prediction of fungal growth.
Quantitative Petrology and Depositional Environments Within Essentially Isochronous Units of Detrital Sediment, Upper Devonian, New York: ABSTRACT

End_Page 777------------------------------Previously studied sedimentary environments and time-stratigraphic relations in the Sonyea Group (Upper Devonian) and adjacent units of New York provide an excellent framework for examining the effects of transport distance and environment of deposition on sediment composition and texture within an essentially isochronous unit of detrital sediment. Samples for this study consist of 250 thin sections from 54 exposures and 12 environments of deposition, ranging from nonmarine to marine-slope and basin. Preliminary petrographic analyses reveal the following basinward trends: (1) fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock fragments, a common constituent of the nonmarine sediments, are almost totally absent from sediments of the marine shelf, slope, and basin; (2) mean size of quartz grains ranges from fine sand in nonmarine environments to coarse silt in basin turbidites, whereas the maximum size ranges from granule to fine sand; (3) percentages of matrix range from 20% in nonmarine to over 80% in prodelta sediments; (4) rock fragments, including polycrystalline quartz, vary from 50% in nonmarine sediments to 4% in basin trubidites; an (5) monocrystalline quartz ranges from 23% in nonmarine sediments to over 40% in delta-front sediments. In addition to these general trends, different sedimentary environments with similar mean sizes of quartz grains are distinguished on the basis of differences in petrology and size distributions of quartz grains. For example, fluvial floodplain, estuary, delta-channel, and delta-front environments, all having a very fine mean size of quartz grains, show significant differences in percentages of quartz, rock fragments, and matrix, or in the nature of the size distributions of quartz grains. End_of_Article - Last_Page 778------------
Effect of age and gender on the activity of human hepatic CYP3A

Many pharmacokinetic investigations in the elderly population reveal decreased clearance of lipophilic drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes; however, few studies have evaluated aging-dependent or gender-related changes in specific cytochrome P450 enzymes. The clearance of quinidine, midazolam, triazolam, erythromycin, and lidocaine declines with age; these drugs are metabolized by the isoform, CYP3A. To determine whether these metabolic effects are due to changes in CYP3A, the effects of age and gender on CYP3A activity were examined. The activity of the human hepatic cytochrome P450, CYP3A, was quantified in vitro as erythromycin N-demethylation in microsomes prepared from forty-three resected human liver specimens obtained from patients, age 27 to 83, with normal liver function. Erythromycin N-demethylation varied 5-fold in human liver microsomes. CYP3A activity was 24% higher in females than males (P = 0.027). CYP3A activity did not correlate with age, smoking status, ethanol consumption or percent ideal body weight. Large interindividual differences and a small female-specific increase in CYP3A activity were obtained. However, CYP3A activity was unaffected by age over the range of 27-83 years, suggesting that the aging-related alteration in the clearance of CYP3A substrates is secondary to changes in liver blood flow, size, or drug binding and distribution with aging.
Schizophrenia and Disordered Neural Circuitry

The knowledge of how alterations in neural circuitry relate to the symptoms of schizophrenia may depend on our ability to disentangle a complex cascade of pathological events that affect multiple brain regions. Recent progress in Alzheimer's disease research may provide several useful guiding principles in this pursuit.
Divergent effects of intravenous dobutamine and nitroprusside on left atrial contribution to ventricular filling in dogs with chronic heart failure

The left atrial (LA) contribution to left ventricular (LV) filling is often attenuated in patients with heart failure. It remains uncertain, however, whether therapy with positive inotropic agents or vasodilators improves or further impairs this maladaptation. In the present study, the effects of intravenous dobutamine and nitroprusside on the LA contribution to LV filling was examined in seven dogs with chronic heart failure produced by multiple sequential intracoronary microembolizations. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used to measure mitral inflow velocity before and after an intravenous infusion of dobutamine (4 μg/kg/min) and an intravenous infusion of nitroprusside (3 μg/kg/min). The percent LA contribution to LV filling was calculated as the ratio of the time-velocity integral of the LA component of mitral inflow velocity (Ai) to the time-velocity integral of total diastolic inflow velocity (Ti) times 100. Dobutamine increased LV filling pressure, LV end-diastolic wall stress, LV end-diastolic stiffness, and Ei, but had no effect on Ai or the percent LA contribution to filling (14% ± 3% vs 12% ± 2%) (p < 0.34). In contrast, nitroprusside decreased LV filling pressure, LV end-diastolic wall stress, and end-diastolic stiffness, and increased Ei, Ai, and the percent LA contribution to LV filling (12% ± 2% vs 17% ± 2%) (p < 0.01). The results indicate that dobutamine and nitroprusside have divergent effects on the LA contribution to LV filling. In dogs with chronic heart failure, dobutamine appears to impair LA contribution to the LV filling by augmenting LA workload, whereas nitroprusside appears to elicit greater LA contribution to LV filling by reducing the LA workload.
The spiral configuration of sunspot magnetic fields

Distributions of circularly and linearly polarized intensities are computed using an analytical magnetic field model for an isolated sunspot, and these intensity distributions are compared with observed intensities in all Stokes parameters in the 5250-A line measured with the Marshall Space Flight Center's vector magnetograph. The qualitative agreement between measured and calculated linearly polarized intensity distributions is discussed with regard to implications as to the configuration of the transverse magnetic field of the isolated sunspot.
Fingerprinting rat liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 as a means of delineating sexually distinctive forms.

The cytochrome P-450 fraction of microsomes separated on lauric acid AH-Sepharose 4B columns contains about 75% of the microsomal P-450. This was finger-printed by means of two dimensional isoelectric focusing/ SDS-PAGE. Separation of the fraction by highly reproducible, standard procedures on carboxymethyl Sepharose CL6B into four fractions allowed ready isolation and purification of seven forms of P-450, RLM2, 2b, 3, f4, 5, 5a and f5a. Comparison of the four fractions CMI, CMII, CMIII and CMIV revealed qualitative differences in the proteins contained in CMI and CMII of male and female rats. Identification of these proteins revealed RLM2, present in the CMI fraction of adult male rats, is not present in detectable levels in the comparable fraction from females. Similarly, RLM3 and 5 were present in the CMII fraction of male rats but could not be detected in the corresponding fraction of females. Instead, another protein, fRLM4, was found in the females. RLM5a, found in the CMII fraction of males, was also present in females. Examination of the physical properties of these P-450 proteins revealed those isolated in the CMI and CMII fractions to have fairly neutral isoelectric points (7.1–7.6). Based upon the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, three classes of constitutive forms of P-450 can be recognized. All of the constitutive forms have methionine in position one and leucine in position seven. By comparing sequence homologies, RLM2 and 2b form one sub-class, RLM3, f4 and 5 form a second sub-class, and P-450f and RLM5a form a third sub-class.
The Effects of Case Management on Clinical Nutrition Practice for the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Patient

Abstract Case Management is a systemic clinical process which provides quality patient care within a predetermined time frame established by dianostic related groups. To achieve our goals, critical care paths were developed for selected diagnostic related groups. The pilot diagnostic related group for case management was the coronary artery bypass graft, which is a high volume case type. Collaboration with an interdisciplinary team, including the registered dietitian was the primary focus of this practice model. The greatest challenge for the dietitian was to educate more high acuity level patients within a shortened length of stay. In order to accomplish this goal, the following changes were made: a general assessment replaced an in-depth assessment of nutritional needs, weekly classes were changed from two, thirty minute classes to three fifteen minute classes, class content and informational materials were condensed, self-select hospital television educational programs were made available for patient viewing, and scheduled programming was discontinued. Finally, referral for follow-up was made to the newly created outpatient nutrition services. We believed this setting would be more appropriate to meet the long-term nutrition education needs of the patient. As a result of the case management changes contributed by all disciplines, a five day reduction in length of hospital stay and a savings of $1.5 million to the hospital was realized. Case management has now been applied to other cardiovascular diagnostic related groups as well as orthopedics, endocrinology, neurology, psychiatry, and respiratory. In all of these areas, the clinical dietitian is responsible for providing specialized nutrition therapies to patient and family populations and increasing patient satisfaction, while being accountable to fellow providers as a key member of a successful case management team.
Real Time Relative and Absolute Dynamic Localization of Air---Ground Wireless Sensor Networks

A novel approach for relative and absolute localization of wireless sensor nodes using a potential field method is presented. The main idea of our work is to develop relative and absolute localization algorithms for the position estimate of stationary unattended ground sensor (UGS) nodes using a potential field method. A dynamical model is derived for each sensor node to estimate the relative and absolute position estimates under the influence of a certain fictitious virtual force. In the algorithm the sensor nodes do not move physically, but a virtual motion is carried out to generate optimal position estimates. The convergence of the estimator system to a least squares solution is guaranteed using Lyapunov theory. Separate control algorithms for relative and absolute localization are developed which guarantee the convergence of the position estimates. The relative localization algorithm assumes that distance (i.e. range) measurements between UGS nodes are available and for absolute localization algorithm, uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAV) are available with on board GPS such that they have absolute position information together with range measurement information. In the relative localization algorithm the UGS nodes are localized with respect to an internal co-ordinate frame. In absolute localization the UGS nodes are localized with respect to the known absolute position of UAV in the air---ground network. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is highlighted by the real time implementation results.
An Efficient State Variable Transmission Line Model

Lumped models of distributed systems (power transmission lines) are considered. It is shown that models derived by a finite Fourier cosine transform are quite efficient, when compared to conventional pi and tee section models, in that the number of state variables is minimized. This paper is an introduction to the use of distributed system "modes of response" in developing these lumped models for single and multiconductor transmission lines including ground conduction and skin effect.
Losses in Transformers for Use With Mercury Arc Rectifiers

This paper developes the mathematical formulas and discusses the assumption involved in the methods for determining the losses of transformers for use with mercury arc rectifiers. The methods discussed have been proposed for the A. I. E. E. Standards. From test readings of current taken under service conditions, a rigid calculation of copper losses is made. From this calcutlation it is shown that the proposed methods give values that are accurate within satisfactory limits. The paper also presents the advantages of the proposed methods for determining the losses of transformers for use with mercury arc rectifiers.
Geodetic evidence for en echelon dike emplacement and concurrent slow slip during the June 2007 intrusion and eruption at Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii

[1] A series of complex events at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, 17 June to 19 June 2007, began with an intrusion in the upper east rift zone (ERZ) and culminated with a small eruption (1500 m3). Surface deformation due to the intrusion was recorded in unprecedented detail by Global Positioning System (GPS) and tilt networks as well as interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data acquired by the ENVISAT and ALOS satellites. A joint nonlinear inversion of GPS, tilt, and InSAR data yields a deflationary source beneath the summit caldera and an ENE-striking uniform-opening dislocation with ∼2 m opening, a dip of ∼80° to the south, and extending from the surface to ∼2 km depth. This simple model reasonably fits the overall pattern of deformation but significantly misfits data near the western end of an inferred dike-like source. Three more complex dike models are tested that allow for distributed opening including (1) a dike that follows the surface trace of the active rift zone, (2) a dike that follows the symmetry axis of InSAR deformation, and (3) two en echelon dike segments beneath mapped surface cracks and newly formed steaming areas. The en echelon dike model best fits near-field GPS and tilt data. Maximum opening of 2.4 m occurred on the eastern segment beneath the eruptive vent. Although this model represents the best fit to the ERZ data, it still fails to explain data from a coastal tiltmeter and GPS sites on Kīlauea's southwestern flank. The southwest flank GPS sites and the coastal tiltmeter exhibit deformation consistent with observations of previous slow slip events beneath Kīlauea's south flank, but inconsistent with observations of previous intrusions. Slow slip events at Kīlauea and elsewhere are thought to occur in a transition zone between locked and stably sliding zones of a fault. An inversion including slip on a basal decollement improves fit to these data and suggests a maximum of ∼15 cm of seaward fault motion, comparable to previous slow-slip events.
Software and the Concurrency Revolution: Leveraging the full power of multicore processors demands new tools and new thinking from the software industry.

Concurrency has long been touted as the "next big thing" and "the way of the future," but for the past 30 years, mainstream software development has been able to ignore it. Our parallel future has finally arrived: new machines will be parallel machines, and this will require major changes in the way we develop software. The introductory article in this issue describes the hardware imperatives behind this shift in computer architecture from uniprocessors to multicore processors, also known as CMPs.
Synthesis, structure, and properties of hybrid organic–inorganic composites based on polysiloxanes. I. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers containing silica

Various synthetic protocols were used to prepare several classes of poly- siloxane-silica filler systems. The structures of these fillers and their interactions with the polysiloxane matrices were studied using small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering. In addition, the mechanical properties of the composites were characterized using equi- librium stress-strain isotherms in elongation. The results indicated that manipulation of the chemical reactions used to generate the filler can lead to a wide range of complex structures and unusual properties. Some of the observed mechanical properties were correlated with information on the composite structures and on elastomer-filler inter- actions. q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 1167-1189, 1998
Generalized perfectly matched layer for the absorption of propagating and evanescent waves in lossless and lossy media

The perfectly matched layer (PML), proposed by Berenger (1994), has been proved very effective in absorbing propagating waves in lossless media. However, it has been found that the original construction of PML cannot effectively absorb evanescent waves. Also, significant reflection can appear as PML is applied to terminate lossy media. This paper describes a generalized perfectly matched layer (GPML) that extends the original PML to absorb both propagating and evanescent waves in lossless and lossy media. The generalized perfectly matched layer is derived from the Maxwell's equations in stretched coordinates and can be easily implemented in finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) programs. This paper also presents proper selection of parameters in the numerical implementation of the generalized perfectly matched layer to achieve good performance in absorption.
Thyrotropin (TSH) Response to Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) in Children with 18q-Syndrome † 434

Thyrotropin (TSH) Response to Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) in Children with 18q-Syndrome † 434
Bis-hydroxymethyl sulfone: A major aerosol product of atmospheric reactions of SO2(g)

Abstract The compound previously referred to by the authors as an organic S(IV) species found in the plumes of coal and oil fired power plants and in urban atmospheres has been shown to be bis-hydroxymethyl sulfone. It is probable that the sulfone is formed in the atmosphere by reaction of SO 2 (g) with ethylene and ozone.
Use of fertilization and grazing exclusion in mitigating lost meadow production in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA

The effects of a single fertilizer treatment (ammonium phosphate at 841 kg/ha, plus dolomite at 336 kg/ha) and cattle exclusion were studied in two meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California in the USA. Grazing exclusion had no effects on soil bulk density during the three years of the study. Fertilization had no effect on total soil nitrogen, soil pH, or crude protein concentrations in graminoids or forbs. Saturated soils and the development of anaerobic conditions close to the surface may have led to denitrification and the loss of usable nitrogen. Fertilization did result in short-term (one- to two-year) increases in available soild phosphorus in the drier of the two meadows, and in total phosphorus concentrations in graminoids and forbs, which were otherwise generally deficient in phosphorus. Few changes in plant species composition or production were detected, although a combination of fertilization and grazing exclusion increased forb production in the drier meadow. Based on our initial results, fertilization with phosphorus was the recommended treatment for meadow improvement projects in the central Sierra Nevada.
Programmed hydrolysis of nanoassemblies by electrostatic interaction-mediated enzymatic-degradation

Electrostatic interaction-mediated enzymatic-hydrolysis of poly(lactide)-containing nanoscale assemblies is described. At physiological pH, degradable core–shell morphologies with charged shells can readily attract or repel enzymes carrying opposite or similar charges, respectively.
A High-Brightness Source for Polarized Atomic Hydrogen and Deuterium

Abstract An atomic beam source for polarized hydrogen and deuterium is described. The source, which will be used to supply atoms to a polarized gas target cell for internal-target experiments in storage rings, was designed to optimize the flux of polarized atoms into a 1 cm diameter 13 cm long tube placed 26 cm from the end of the last magnet. High-field permanent magnet sixpoles with a tapered bore are employed. Studies of gas scattering and dissociator output were combined with ray tracing calculations of atomic trajectories to find an optimum source design. The beam is cooled by thermal accomodation to an aluminum dissociator nozzle at 84 K. The beam intensity which passes through the 1 cm diameter, 13 cm long tube is (6.7 ± 0.1) × 10 16 atoms/s. The total hydrogen beam intensity is 8.6 × 10 16 atoms/s in two hyperfine spin states. The measured beam profile and intensity agree with calculations to within 10%.
A measure of health-related quality of life among patients with localized prostate cancer: results from ongoing scale development.

Abstract Background We revised our prostate cancer–specific measure to better address the physiologic complications of the 3 major therapies for clinically localized prostate cancer and to assess the impact of symptoms on broader aspects of patient functioning. The study used a crosssectional design, and participants completed the measure in a clinical setting. Patients and Methods Participants underwent radical prostatectomy (n = 130), external beam radiation therapy (n = 120), or brachytherapy (n = 129). Their mean age was 66 years (standard deviation [SD], 8.2 years), and the median time since treatment was 12.36 months (mean, 21.7; SD, 25.4). Items were derived from previously validated instruments or developed based on the clinical experience of a multidisciplinary group of health professionals. Results The revised instrument included 46 items that formed 8 physiologic scales (2 urinary, 3 sexual, and 3 bowel function); 3 associated bother scales; and cancer worry, treatment regret, and treatment satisfaction scales. Correlations among scales provided evidence of convergent/divergent validity. Significant group differences were found using analysis of covariance (with time since treatment and age as covariates) on 6 of the 8 physiologic scales and on bowel bother and treatment satisfaction. Conclusion The instrument provides a sensitive measure of physiologic differences across the 3 primary treatment groups and indicates that there are few differences across treatment groups on broader aspects of health-related quality of life. Further development of the measure is recommended.
Solute adsorption during the corrosion of tin in solutions of sodium alkyl sulphate

Earlier work had suggested that the adsorption of sodium alkyl sulphates upon tin surfaces was instrumental in initiating corrosion. A compound of this class labelled with 35S has now been used in a study of the adsorptive process. Adsorption was greater on rough surfaces than on smooth and increased with concentration. Solutions of 0·1 g.-mole per litre were found to behave irregularly and to form multilayers, thus explaining the reduced corrosivity at this concentration. Desorption of sodium alkyl sulphate was found to be slow but almost complete, indicating little chemisorption on the tin surface.
Electronics in vehicle instrumentation

The use of electronics for vehicle instrumentation has increased significantly over the past three years. This technology has allowed new implementations of historical instrumentation functions, and the introduction of new features. This paper provides an overview of the Ford Motor Company electronic instrumentation products, some reflection on the major benefits and problems, and an assessment of the challenges for future growth.
Measurement of the establishment process of acoustic streaming using laser Doppler velocimetry

Acoustic streaming generated by 5.05 MHz CW ultrasound in water has been measured using a laser Doppler velocimeter to clarify the establishment process of the streaming. When the ultrasound is switched on, the streaming velocity along the beam axis increases, monotonously approaching a steady value as long as the applied voltage to the transducer is low. At a farther distance from the transducer, it takes more time to settle down and some cases show overshooting in the velocity changes. At higher voltages, the streaming velocity increases rapidly and there appears anomalous behavior in the establishment process showing plateaus and humps.
Relationships Among Measures of Career Self-Efficacy, Generalized Self-Efficacy, and Global Self-Esteem:

This study involved the examination of relationships among behavior-domain-specific measures of career self-efficacy and measures of generalized self-efficacy and global self-esteem. Correlations o...
Vascular gene transfer : from bench to bedside.

Since the initial experiments nearly a decade ago, remarkable progress has been made in the field of vascular gene transfer, and trials with human subjects already are under way. The potential of vascular wall gene transfer as therapy for various vascular diseases is considerable.1 2 The purpose of this review is 2-fold: (1) to delineate the methods and principles underlying vascular gene transfer and (2) to discuss how gene transfer might be used in the treatment of vascular diseases. An overview of the basic principles of vascular gene transfer provides a perspective of its potential for vascular wall gene therapy. In this section, methods of gene transfer to the vascular wall, shortcomings of the available vectors, and techniques of vector delivery to the vascular bed are discussed. ### Methods of Gene Transfer to the Vasculature As a target organ for gene transfer, the vasculature has several unique features (Table 1⇓). The principal methods of introducing genetic material into the vasculature include a cell-based approach, ex vivo gene transfer to vessel segments, and in vivo gene transfer to the vascular wall. View this table: Table 1. Unique Features of Vasculature as Target Organ for Gene Transfer #### Cell-Based Gene Transfer Cell-based gene transfer requires harvesting vascular wall cells, in vitro transduction, followed by seeding the vessel wall with transduced cells. Although this strategy has several potential applications, it is technically difficult (Table 2⇓). Both of the major vascular wall cell types, the smooth muscle cell (SMC) and the endothelial cell (EC), can be modified genetically for vascular gene transfer. View this table: Table 2. Cell-Based Vascular Gene Transfer ##### SMCs In culture conditions, vascular SMCs are robust, do not have stringent growth requirements, and are transduced relatively easily. Hence, these cells are ideal for cell-based vascular gene transfer. Potential applications include modulating local vascular phenomena and obtaining systemic gene delivery.3 Feasibility of cell-based vascular gene transfer was demonstrated first by Plautz …
Improving the FPGA design process through determining and applying logical-to-physical design mappings

While creating CCM-platform-independent, device-specific readback support for hardware debugging in the JHDL design environment, we have found that knowing how design elements from the user's logical design were mapped to their counterparts in the FPGA physical implementation can be very useful and important. With only a partial mapping from the logical to the physical, we would not be able to provide users of JHDL with a complete view of what their circuit is doing during hardware execution via FPGA readback mechanisms. As an example of how to determine logical-to-physical mappings of FPGA circuits, we outline the process of supporting readback for Xilinx XC4000 and Virtex designs under the JHDL environment. This same process should apply to other structural design methodologies and for other purposes. Synthesis methodologies require some additional steps to relate how the high-level HDL design mapped to the FPGA vendors' library elements.
STUDIES ON PSEUDORABIES (INFECTIOUS BULBAR PARALYSIS, MAD ITCH) II. ROUTES OF INJECTION IN THE RABBIT, WITH REMARKS ON THE RELATION OF THE VIRUS TO OTHER VIRUSES AFFECTING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

After intramuscular, intradermal and subcutaneous inoculation, the pseudorabies virus reaches the central nervous system by way of the peripheral nerves, although it is circulating in the blood. Centrifugal spread from the infected nervous tissues by the neural route also occurs. After intracerebral inoculation the virus passes in the reverse direction, down the nervous axis. The Aujeszky strain invades the blood stream more readily than does the Iowa strain; but possibly with repeated passage the latter is approximating in this respect more closely the classical Aujeszky strain. After intravenous inoculation, effective with even small doses, virus is rapidly removed from the blood, and multiple infective foci are established in various organs; thence ascent of the virus by the peripheral nerves leads to infection of the central nervous system, the symptomatology differing according to whether the spinal cord or the medulla is first reached. The lack of evidence that the virus can penetrate directly the hemato-encephalic barrier deserves emphasis. When subcutaneous inoculation is practised in an area deprived of its nerve supply, the ability of the virus to invade the blood stream permits it to establish infective foci in the various viscera, and, after a predictable delay, the course of infection resembles that following intravenous injection. The pseudorabies virus is pantropic; i.e., it readily attacks cells derived from any embryonic layer. Lesions in the adrenal gland following intravenous inoculation are very like those due to herpes virus similarly introduced, this being one point of similarity in the pathogenic action of the two organisms. The relation of the pseudorabies virus to other viruses affecting the central nervous system is discussed.
The Impact of Kurt Lewin's Life on the Place of Social Issues in His Work

This article, based on personal memories of his daughter, explores aspects of Lewin's own life experiences that had the greatest impact upon his professional focus on social issues, such as intergroup relations and prejudice, and that influenced his general field theoretical approach to psychology. Selected aspects of his childhood, his education, his experiences as a combat soldier in World War I, and his experiences with anti-Jewish prejudice earlier in his life resulted in the unusual equalitarianism that so many people who knew him observed, as well as a distinctive approach to psychology. The massive impact of fascism—the effect of his flight from Germany, his efforts to rescue his extended family, and the death of his mother in the Holocaust—greatly influenced his choice of and his approach to research problems.
Manteia, a predictive data mining system for vertebrate genes and its applications to human genetic diseases

The function of genes is often evolutionarily conserved, and comparing the annotation of ortholog genes in different model organisms has proved to be a powerful predictive tool to identify the function of human genes. Here, we describe Manteia, a resource available online at http://manteia.igbmc.fr. Manteia allows the comparison of embryological, expression, molecular and etiological data from human, mouse, chicken and zebrafish simultaneously to identify new functional and structural correlations and gene-disease associations. Manteia is particularly useful for the analysis of gene lists produced by high-throughput techniques such as microarrays or proteomics. Data can be easily analyzed statistically to characterize the function of groups of genes and to correlate the different aspects of their annotation. Sophisticated querying tools provide unlimited ways to merge the information contained in Manteia along with the possibility of introducing custom user-designed biological questions into the system. This allows for example to connect all the animal experimental results and annotations to the human genome, and take advantage of data not available for human to look for candidate genes responsible for genetic disorders. Here, we demonstrate the predictive and analytical power of the system to predict candidate genes responsible for human genetic diseases.
ERROR ESTIMATION OF EIGENFREQUENCIES FOR ELASTICITY AND SHELL PROBLEMS

In this paper, a method for deriving computable estimates of the approximation error in eigenvalues or eigenfrequencies of three-dimensional linear elasticity or shell problems is presented. The analysis for the error estimator follows the general approach of goal-oriented error estimation for which the error is estimated in so-called quantities of interest, here the eigenfrequencies, rather than global norms. A general theory is developed and is then applied to the linear elasticity equations. For the shell analysis, it is assumed that the shell model is not completely known and additional errors are introduced due to modeling approximations. The approach is then based on recovering three-dimensional approximations from the shell eigensolution and employing the error estimator developed for linear elasticity. The performance of the error estimator is demonstrated on several test problems.
Femtosecond time-resolved mass and photoelectron spectroscopic study of OC1O photodissociation. Coherent energy transfer in a stepwise reaction

Abstract Femtosecond time resolved mass spectroscopy (TRMS) and photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) are applied to the study of OC1O photodissociation near 3.21 eV of excitation. The reaction is found to proceed in two steps: a slow approach to an intermediate state (time constant = 4.6 ps) which falls apart in 250 fs. Pronounced vibrational coherence is observed in the TRMS/PES of OC1O. Weak coherence is also observed in the TRMS of C1O but not in the corresponding PES. The observation is consistent with a mechanism that the vibrational coherence survives a slow surface-crossing reaction, then is destroyed during fragmentation.