cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiology and theory of tracer washout techniques for the estimation of myocardial blood flow: flow estimation from tracer washout.

Abstract The time course of washout of tracer from the myocardium provides an estimate of the flow per unit volume when the blood-tissue exchange is flow-limited. Methods of testing for the flow-limitation and for the absence of influences of low permeability or diffusion on the washout include the uses of paired or multiple tracers and the examination for similarity of the shapes of the residue function or washout curves at varied coronary blood flows. A conceptual framework for these studies is provided by a clearance-flow diagram for the myocardium where capillaries are long compared to radial intercapillary distances. This anatomic-physiologic framework coupled with a probabilistic, general analytical approach and with various experimental approaches to tracer studies of mass transport through the heart provides a general basis for methods of estimating myocardial blood flow in the whole organ and in its component regions.
Dehydroepiandrosterone is an anxiolytic in mice mice on the plus maze

Abstract Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEAS) are neurosteroids that have been shown to interact with the GABA system. The present study examined the effects of these compounds in mice on motor activity and behavior in the elevated plus maze. Doses of 0.5 mg/kg and above of DHEA reduced motor activity. This effect was blocked by diazepam, RO15-1788, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and ethanol. Both DHEA and DHEAS showed anxiolytic activity in the plus maze test, with DHEA being effective over a very wide range doses (5 μg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg). Both Ro15-1788 and PTZ blocked the anxiolytic effect of DHEA, there was no interaction with diazepam, and ethanol enhanced the anxiolytic effect of DHEA. At 1.0 mg/kg, DHEAS blocked the anxiolytic effect of ethanol. These results support the hypothesis that neurosteroids could be involved in the termination of a stress response.
Inhibition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood systems using oregano and cranberry phytochemical synergies and lactic acid

Abstract Several food additives are used to extend the shelf life of food, and delay or inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Extracts of plants, particularly herbs and spices, are rich in essential oils and phenolic secondary metabolites and several possess antimicrobial activity. Some of these plant extracts are used in the aroma and flavor industry, and are classified as “generally regarded as safe” (GRAS). Oregano and cranberry extract mix provide a GRAS-type phytochemical source with the potential to develop a natural and effective antimicrobial strategy against Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Different ratios of extract mixtures were optimized from oregano and cranberry, and evaluated for antimicrobial activity in laboratory medium and seafood products. The results indicated that the antimicrobial activity was enhanced in response to extract mixtures than individual extracts of each species. The efficacy was further improved by combination with lactic acid, which is also considered GRAS. These results show the potential of plant extracts to be antimicrobial and, when combined with lactic acid, they can be used as a more effective multiple-barrier food preservation system. Such a synergistic ingredient approach can have wide implications for improvement of food safety. Industrial relevance Phenolic phytochemicals are excellent sources of antioxidants and antimicrobials in the diet, which contribute positively to the management of oxidation-linked and infectious diseases. Traditionally, individual phenolics have been targeted as antimicrobials with low efficacy. In this manuscript, we have shown how mixtures of phenolic phytochemicals from cranberry and oregano, in synergistic combination with lactic acid, can inhibit V. parahaemolyticus in seafood systems. Such a strategy can be used for enhancing food safety in food industry.
Why the Devil Couldn't Beat Daniel Webster: Absolutes, Contradictions, and the Transference of American Legal Institutions

In this article I present a critique of efforts to extend the “rule of law model” to developing countries by the transfer of American legal institutions. I examine a popular American literary text, Steven Vincent Benet's The Devil and Daniel Webster, to reveal a basic contradiction between constitutionalism and democracy in American legal culture. I analyze the rule of law model as a discourse, relating the transfer of these contradictory values to unintended results of legal reform recently reported in Costa Rica. Finally, I present conclusions about how transferring the values of American legal culture through legal reforms is related to judicialization in developing countries.
The existence of a weighted mean for almost periodic functions

Abstract In a recent paper by Liang et al. (2010) [1] , the original question which is that of the existence of a weighted mean for almost periodic functions was raised. In particular, they showed through an example that there exist weights for which a weighted mean for almost periodic functions may or may not exist. In this note we give some sufficient conditions which do guarantee the existence of a weighted mean for almost periodic functions, which will then coincide with the classical Bohr mean. Moreover, we will show that under those conditions, the corresponding weighted Bohr transform exists.
Reliability of the Interprofessional Collaborator Assessment Rubric (ICAR) in Multi Source Feedback (MSF) with post-graduate medical residents

Increased attention on collaboration and teamwork competency development in medical education has raised the need for valid and reliable approaches to the assessment of collaboration competencies in post-graduate medical education. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a modified Interprofessional Collaborator Assessment Rubric (ICAR) in a multi-source feedback (MSF) process for assessing post-graduate medical residents’ collaborator competencies. Post-graduate medical residents (n = 16) received ICAR assessments from three different rater groups (physicians, nurses and allied health professionals) over a four-week rotation. Internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, inter-group differences and relationship between rater characteristics and ICAR scores were analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha, one-way and two-way repeated measures ANOVA, and logistic regression. Missing data decreased from 13.1% using daily assessments to 8.8% utilizing an MSF process, p = .032. High internal consistency measures were demonstrated for overall ICAR scores (α = .981) and individual assessment domains within the ICAR (α = .881 to .963). There were no significant differences between scores of physician, nurse, and allied health raters on collaborator competencies (F2,5 = 1.225, p = .297, η2 = .016). Rater gender was the only significant factor influencing scores with female raters scoring residents significantly lower than male raters (6.12 v. 6.82; F1,5 = 7.184, p = .008, η 2 = .045). The study findings suggest that the use of the modified ICAR in a MSF assessment process could be a feasible and reliable assessment approach to providing formative feedback to post-graduate medical residents on collaborator competencies.
Salinity stress proteins in Eurytemora affinis

Seasonal densities of Eurytemora affinis, a calanoid copepod in the Chesapeake Bay, seem to be controlled by temperature and salinity. To examine the role of osmotic stress we analyzed protein synthesis under various conditions of temperature and osmotic stress. Adult females were exposed in groups for 5 hours to different temperature and salinity regimes in the presence of isotope-labelled amino acid. Newly synthesized (stress) proteins could be separated and identified using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The protein profiles occurring in copepods experiencing osmotic shock alone were different from those of control animals. Copepods transferred to lower (2 and 5‰) and higher (15 and 20‰) salinities showed differences in the up- and down-regulation of specific proteins. Concurrent heat stress changed these protein patterns. Animals experiencing osmotic and heat shock at the same time exhibited enhanced expression of another set of proteins. Variation in induced proteins occurred among individuals.
Robot Formations Using a Single Camera and Entropy-based Segmentation

This work presents a new problem along with our new algorithm for a multi-robot formation with minimally controlled conditions. For multi-robot cooperation, there have traditionally been prevailing assumptions in order to collect the necessary information. These assumptions include the existence of communication systems among the robots or the use of specialized sensors such as laser scanners or omnidirectional cameras. However, they are not always valid, especially in emergency situations or with miniature robots. We, therefore, need to deal with the conditions that have received less attention in research regarding a multi-robot formation. There are several challenges: (1) less information is available than the well-known formation algorithms assume, (2) following strategies for deformable shapes in a formation with only local information available are needed, and (3) target segmentation without any markers is required. This work presents a formation algorithm based on a visual tracking algorithm, including how to process the image measurements provided by a single monocular camera. Through several experiments with real robots (developed at the University of Minnesota), we show that the proposed algorithms work well with minimal sensing information.
Plasmid-mediated tissue invasiveness in Yersinia enterocolitica.

Plasmids have an important role in the pathogenicity of certain bacterial species, and Escherichia coli provides the most complete example of the relationship involved. Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli, in addition to producing heat-stable and/or heat-labile enterotoxins, may also produce a haemolysin and fimbriate cell surface antigens which facilitate the adherence of the bacterial cell to the mucosa of the small bowel. Numerous studies have shown that these properties are plasmid-mediated1–5 and that the plasmids act in concert to confer on the host bacterium the ability to produce enteric disease in man and in animals. Moreover, studies with invasive strains of E. coli have shown that the Col V plasmid, which codes for the synthesis of colicin V, significantly enhances the pathogenicity of its host bacterium6,7. Although the relationship between Col V plasmids and virulence is unclear, reports indicate that Col V-containing strains of E. coli are better able to survive in the alimentary tract and that colicine V itself inhibits macrophage function7,8. It is probable that bacterial virulence is a complex phenomenon involving both chromosomal and plasmid genes. We describe here a virulence plasmid which mediates tissue invasiveness in human pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica.
Spacecraft-Doppler gravity-wave detection. II - Results

A description is presented of the results of experiments conducted to detect very-low-frequency (VLF)-band gravitational radiation. The experiments are based on Doppler tracking of the Voyager I spacecraft. There were basically two kinds of experiments performed. The first was concerned with the detection of solitary bursts of gravitational radiation such as might emanate from a single violent astrophysical event. There were no positive results of the search for such burst events at a level of 3 x 10 to the -14th, nearly two orders of magnitude away from the required sensitivity. The second kind of experiment performed was related to an attempt to detect the isotropic background of cosmic gravitational radiation. The negative results fail by a little over an order of magnitude to limit radiation below the existing limits due to cosmic evolution. In summary, there was no detection of gravitational radiation at an amplitude of 3 x 10 to the -14th for VLF waves of frequency around 0.001 Hz.
The neostriatal mosaic: compartmentalization of corticostriatal input and striatonigral output systems

The striatum (caudate-putamen) of the basal ganglia in the mammalian forebrain is a mosaic of two interdigitating, neurochemically distinct compartments. One type, the 'patch' compartment, is identified by patches of dense opiate receptor binding, and is enriched in enkephalin- and substance P-like immunoreactivity. The other compartment, the 'matrix', has a high acetylcholinesterase activity, and is shown here to have a dense plexus of fibres displaying somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. The present study demonstrates the two compartments have distinct connections, using a method that concurrently reveals striatal input, output and neurochemical systems in the rat. Patches receive inputs from the prelimbic cortex (a medial frontal cortical area with direct 'limbic' inputs from the amygdala and hippocampus); they also project to the substantia nigra pars compacta (the source of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system). Conversely, the matrix receives inputs from sensory and motor cortical areas; here it is shown to project to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (the source of the non-dopaminergic nigrothalamic and nigrotectal system). Also, an intrinsic striatal somatostatin-immunoreactive system is described that may provide a link between the two compartments. The striatal patch and matrix compartments thus appear to be functionally distinct and interactive parallel input-output processing channels.
Luminescence study of amorphous hydrogenated carbon grown with varying self-bias voltages

As a function of increasing self-bias voltage across the plasma, the following changes are observed in the grown amorphous hydrogenated carbon thin films: the photoluminescence intensity decreases while the peak position shifts only silightly to lower energy; the optical bandgap decreases; the hydrogen concentration decreases; and the carbon dangling bond electron spin resonance signal increases. We explain all these trends in terms of increased number of electron collisions in the plasma that break more carbon-hydrogen bonds in precursor ions and molecules, leading to larger clusters of graphite-like cores coated with hydrogen in the grown films.
Computer-controlled displays of bending motions

This paper describes a physical model and the mathematical equations specifying the dynamics of a bending line. A computer program is also described that will control real-time displays of a line of points in three-dimensional space and collect psychophysical data from human observers discriminating between different bending motions.
Development of an instrument to measure the quality of standardized/simulated patient verbal feedback

Standardized/simulated patients (SPs) are being asked to provide formative verbal feedback to medical students. There is a need to objectively measure the quality of this feedback. This paper describes the theoretical and empirical development of the Quality of Standardized Patient Feedback form (QSF), an instrument designed to measure the quality of standardized/simulated patient verbal feedback. The QSF consists of 7 categories derived from existing literature on feedback. Interrater and internal consistency reliabilities of QSF scores were calculated through two pilot studies. In the first, 2 standardized patient educators (SPEs) analyzed 14 videos of SP verbal feedback (weighted kappa = 0.73). In the second study, 14 SPs rated 3 videos (Intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92. Internal reliability was 0.79 (Cronbach’s alpha). Twenty-one expert SPEs were asked to rate the QSF categories as to their importance in providing feedback to learners. SPEs agreed on the importance of five of the seven categories, but were split on the importance of two categories. We found theoretical and practical support for the QSF categories. The QSF is a useful instrument for evaluating the quality of SP verbal feedback.
Efficient Location Identification of Multiple Line Outages With Limited PMUs in Smart Grids

The efficient location identification of multiple line outages is critical to not only cascading failure elimination but also repair cost reduction. Most of existing methods, however, fail to handle location identification well. This failure typically occurs because the methods cannot overcome two challenges: the very limited number of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and the high computational complexity. This paper presents an efficient algorithm inspired by the ambiguity group theory to identify the locations of line outages with limited PMUs. Using 14-, 57-, 118-, 300-, and 2383-bus systems, our experimental study demonstrates that the proposed technique successfully identifies the most likely multiple line outages while attaining a 500 $\times$ speedup when compared to the method of exhaustive search.
Sensation and Set in Reaction Time.

Simple auditory RT was measured in relation to 6 levels of stimulus intensity (55, 60, 65, 70, 75, and 85 db) and 2 variations of regular preparatory intervals (0.5 and 6.0 sec.). The results showed the louder the stimulus, the quicker the RT; more equivocally, and to a lesser extent, as stimulus intensity decreases, the role of preparatory interval increases. These results were discussed in terms of the factors set and sensation.
Mutant KRAS promotes hyperplasia and alters differentiation in the colon epithelium but does not expand the presumptive stem cell pool.

Although Kras/KRAS mutation promotes serrated and hyperplastic morphologic features in colon epithelium, it is not able to initiate adenoma development, perhaps in part because activated Kras/KRAS signaling does not increase the number of presumptive stem cells in affected crypts.
Testicular microlithiasis: A benign condition with a malignant association

Testicular microlithiasis (TM), which usually affects both testes, is diagnosed primarily by ultrasound. TM has been found to be associated with benign conditions but has also been reported in association with testicular cancer. Echographically, TM is manifested by diffuse, punctate, non-shadowing, hyperechoic foci within the testicular parenchyma. To date, more than 80 cases of TM have been documented sonographically or pathologically; 25 of them have demonstrated an association with pathologically proven testicular cancer (p < 0.05). Thirty-two cases were associated with infertility/subfertility (p < 0.05). We believe the finding of TM on ultrasound should heighten the radiologist's suspicion of testicular malignancy. If no malignancy is identified on initial evaluation including CT of the chest and abdomen, close clinical follow-up with periodic (every 6 to 12 months) scrotal ultrasound examination is probably indicated.
Computing k-shortest path for nuclear spent fuel highway transportation

Abstract Four k -shortest path algorithms were implemented to select a set of optimal routes for transporting nuclear spent fuel on the U.S. Interstate highway system. Origin-destination pairs drawn from a selection of six nuclear reactors and two potential repository sites across the U.S. were used for evaluation of the computational performance of each algorithm. The first two algorithms maintained a priority queue under two different management systems, a linear search and a binary heap. The third was an adaptive algorithm which exploited the knowledge of the Euclidean distances between nodes to reduce search effort. The relative effectiveness of these algorithms in determining the k -shortest path was examined in terms of computation time. Finally, a simple (or loopless) path algorithm, which required only a minor modification of the original k -shortest path algorithm, was introduced for situations in which a large set of simple paths was needed.
Weapons of choice : Previous criminal history, later criminal activity, and firearm preference among legally authorized young adult purchasers of handguns

Objective To determine whether there is an association between criminal activity and preference for a particular class of handgun among young adults who purchase handguns legally. Design Historical cohort study. Materials and methods Subjects were 5,360 authorized purchasers of handguns in California in 1988 who were 21 to 25 years of age, divided into two groups: all eligible purchasers with a previous criminal history (n = 2,765), and a random sample of purchasers with no such history (n = 2,595). Handguns were classified as small and inexpensive or larger and expensive. Associations were assessed by relative risks adjusted for gender and race or ethnicity. Measurements and main results Handgun purchasers with a previous criminal history were more likely than those without such a history to purchase a small, inexpensive handgun (relative risk (RR) = 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16-1.42). Among handgun purchasers with no previous criminal history, those who purchased a small, inexpensive handgun were more likely than purchasers of other handguns to be charged with new crimes after handgun purchase (RR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.34-2.24) and were nearly twice as likely to charged with new crimes involving firearms or violence (RR = 1.93; 95% CI, 1.38-2.69). Conclusion In this population, criminal activity both before and after handgun purchase was associated with a preference for small, inexpensive handguns.
ERCP wire systems: The long and the short of it

Guidewires are routinely used at the time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to gain and maintain access to the desired duct and aid in the advancement of various devices. Limitations of the traditional long-wire systems have led to the introduction of three proprietary short-wire systems. These systems differ in many respects but share two main principles: They lock a shorter wire in position to allow advancement or removal of various devices without displacement of the wire and they all allow for physician control of the wire. In this comprehensive review, we describe the key features of the three currently available short-wire systems: RX, Fusion and V systems. We also focus on the potential benefits and drawbacks that accompany the short-wire concept as a whole and each specific system in particular. Although the available data are limited, it appears that the use of the short-wire systems lead to reduced procedure, fluoroscopy and device exchange times, decreased sedation requirements, improved wire stability and increased endoscopist control of the wire. Furthermore, the physician-controlled wire-guided cannulation has the potential to decrease ampullary trauma and the rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis. The short guidewire systems appear to be an improvement over the traditional long-wire systems but further studies directly comparing the two approaches are needed.
Models of the millimeter-centimeter spectra of the giant planets

In the present comparison of various model atmosphere calculations with data for all four giant planets, the absorption profile of ammonia at centimeter wavelengths was assumed to be represented by a Ben Reuven (1966) line profile; this permitted the derivation of information on the vertical distribution of ammonia in these planets' atmospheres. It appeared that ammonia must be depleted in the upper atmospheres of all four planets by a factor of 4-5 with respect to the solar abundance for Jupiter and Saturn, and by a factor of 100-200 for Uranus and Neptune. Given the vertical ammonia distribution in the atmospheres, as derived from the cm-data, a best fit to mm-data on all four planets was found by changing the high frequency tail of the ammonium lineshape profile.
Seismology examined at university

The early 1980s were a time of introspection and restructuring for universities. Faced with demographic projections indicating a decrease in university enrollment during the 1980s, many universities raised the possibility of cutting back on programs and faculty in order to survive into the 1990s, when the next mini-baby boom is expected. This period was also marked by changes in emphasis in federally funded research, as well as by new initiatives in the Earth sciences. Industry requirements for trained seismologists were very high initially but were substantially reduced in later years.
Dynamic bonds and polar ejection force distribution explain kinetochore oscillations in PtK1 cells.

Duplicated mitotic chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate maintain dynamic attachments to spindle microtubules via their kinetochores, and multiple motor and nonmotor proteins cooperate to regulate their behavior. Depending on the system, sister chromatids may display either of two distinct behaviors, namely (1) the presence or (2) the absence of oscillations about the metaphase plate. Significantly, in PtK1 cells, in which chromosome behavior appears to be dependent on the position along the metaphase plate, both types of behavior are observed within the same spindle, but how and why these distinct behaviors are manifested is unclear. Here, we developed a new quantitative model to describe metaphase chromosome dynamics via kinetochore–microtubule interactions mediated by nonmotor viscoelastic linkages. Our model reproduces all the key features of metaphase sister kinetochore dynamics in PtK1 cells and suggests that differences in the distribution of polar ejection forces at the periphery and in the middle of PtK1 cell spindles underlie the observed dichotomy of chromosome behavior.
A simulation model of the population dynamics and evolution of myxomatosis.

Myxoma virus was released into Australia to control the introduced Euro- pean rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. Within a few years after introduction, the virulence of the virus had declined to an intermediate level, while the resistance of field rabbits had increased sharply. In the nearly 40 yr since the disease was introduced, host resistance has continued to increase, while viral virulence has only recently begun to show signs of counter- increases in some areas. The two questions of interest are thus: Is this system in a coevo- lutionary arms race (Dawkins and Krebs 1979); that is, will both host and pathogen continue to evolve antagonistically? Will the virus continue to control the rabbit in the future? We present a simulation model based loosely on previous host-pathogen models (An- derson and May 1979), but with detailed accounting of the virus titer in infected hosts, and using realistic estimates of the demographic parameters of the rabbit, including age structure and seasonally varying reproduction. For a single virulence grade, by varying the non-disease (or "natural") mortality of the rabbit, the age at first reproduction of the rabbit, and the virulence grade of the virus, we explored the parameter range for which the rabbit population is controlled. For the most prevalent grades of the virus, grades IIIB and IV, the virus can control the rabbit for most realistic values of natural mortality and age at first reproduction. However, control is dependent on both natural mortality and virus virulence. Since natural mortality varies both geographically and seasonally, the usefulness of the virus may vary geographically and seasonally, and management policies must be sensitive to this variation. When competing against several virus strains that together encompass the complete range of virulence seen in the field, a strain of grade IV virulence competitively excludes strains of all other grades. This competitively dominant grade is close to the most prevalent virulence grades seen in the field. We discuss possible mechanisms of coexistence, including local competitive exclusion with global persistence, variability in host resistance, high mutation rates, and trade-offs between within-host and between-host competitive ability. By examining the effects of flea transmission efficiency, we are able to show that, contrary to commonly held belief, whatever effect fleas have upon the outcome of selection on virulence cannot be due to differences in transmission efficiency between fleas and mos- quitoes. Finally, by including host resistance, we improve our prediction of the most prevalent grade of virulence. We conclude that control of the rabbit by the virus is likely for the near future, but that until we understand the genetics of resistance in the rabbit and the rela- tionship between resistance and virulence for different grades of virulence, we cannot make a useful prediction of the long-term state of this system.
An object oriented layout for directed graphs

This paper discusses a clustering and layout approach for representing certain types of directed graphs in an object notation. The approach is particularly interesting when applied to program call graphs. An object-oriented abstraction of a call graph simplifies the diagram while highlighting the shared attributes among the programs. >
Bidirectional extracellular matrix signaling during tissue morphogenesis

Normal tissue development and function are regulated by the interplay between cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides biochemical and mechanical contextual information that is conveyed from the cell membrane through the cytoskeleton to the nucleus to direct cell phenotype. Cells, in turn, remodel the ECM and thereby sculpt their local microenvironment. Here we review the mechanisms by which cells interact with, respond to, and influence the ECM, with particular emphasis placed on the role of this bidirectional communication during tissue morphogenesis. We also discuss the implications for successful engineering of functional tissues ex vivo.
Mate Guarding in the Androdioecious Clam Shrimp Eulimnadia texana: Male Assessment of Hermaphrodite Receptivity

Precopulatory mate guarding primarily occurs when males encounter receptive females at a low enough rate that such females become a valuable resource once encountered. Such circumstances are common in aquatic crustaceans wherein females are only receptive for a short period directly after molting. In these species, males commonly mate guard by physically attaching themselves to their prospective mates for hours to days at a time. To be effective in mate guarding, males must be able to assess the time to receptivity in their mates, which is commonly via chemical cues associated with molting. Clam shrimp in the genus Eulimnadia exhibit mate guarding, but with an important variation: these species are mixtures of males and hermaphrodites (androdioecy) rather than males and females. Nonetheless, the mate guarding behaviors of these shrimp are much the same as in other aquatic crustaceans. In this study, three projects were undertaken to determine the ability of Eulimnadia texana males to assess hermaphroditic receptivity. Males were found to be unable to assess receptivity without physically contacting hermaphrodites. However, after physical contact, males spent a significantly greater amount of time guarding receptive relative to non-receptive hermaphrodites. Additionally, male interest in mate guarding was highest during the period between the dropping of one clutch of eggs and the extrusion of the following clutch. Because this period is also associated with hermaphroditic molting, it is consistent with the notion that males cue into chemicals associated with molting to determine hermaphroditic receptivity. These findings are consistent with previous studies of mating behavior in this species, and we discuss their importance to future tests of optimal mate guarding planned for these shrimp. Ethology
Murder in Black: A Media Distortion Analysis of Homicides in Baltimore in 2010

Crime stories, particularly homicide, are extremely prevalent in the media. The current study builds on previous literature by examining a nearly homogenous victim population (N = 223) to identify salient predictors of newsworthiness, particularly celebrated coverage, using The Baltimore Sun, the city’s largest newspaper. Contrary to prior research, in this analysis, neither race nor gender were found to be consistent significant factors in receiving media coverage. Various factors, including females, older victims, White victims, and homicides by stabbings, asphyxiation, or other circumstances, were found to be indicators of several types of celebrated coverage.
Effectiveness of a Constructivist Approach to Science Instruction for Prospective Elementary Teachers.

This study examines the effectiveness of a new constructivist curriculum model (Powerful Ideas in Physical Science) in improving prospective teachers’ understanding of science concepts, in fostering a learning environment supporting conceptual understanding, and in promoting positive attitudes toward learning and teaching science and chemistry in particular. A non‐equivalent pretest–post‐test control‐group design was employed. Analysis of covariance and repeated‐measures analyses of variance were performed to analyze the scores on concept tests and attitude surveys. Data from videotaped observations of laboratory sessions and interviews of prospective teachers were analyzed by employing a naturalistic inquiry method to provide insights into the process of science learning and teaching for the teacher trainees. The interpretations were made based on the findings that could be corroborated by both methodologies. Conclusions and limitations of the present study as well as recommendations for future implement...
Second-harmonic generation with the GaAs laser

The second harmonic of pulsed GaAs injection lasers was generated with the nonlinear crystal α-iodic acid (HIO 3 ) phase matched by angular tuning. The injection laser was operated with an external cavity, and the HIO 3 crystal was placed inside the cavity to increase the conversion efficiency. The maximum harmonic power observed was 15 μW with a fundamental power of 4.5 watts inside the cavity. Since the lasing bandwidth was typically 30 A and the calculated bandwidth for collinear harmonic generation was only 6.3 A, a grating was used to narrow the lasing bandwidth to 3 A. The expected large increase in harmonic power did not occur. It is shown that this is due to sum-frequency generation by laser modes lying outside the harmonic bandwidth. It is also found that the spectral width of the harmonic becomes bigger than the collinear bandwidth when a divergent laser beam is used.
Program for Reducing Pedestrian‐Motor Vehicle Crashes

Injury prevention has been identified as a component of emergency medicine. However, involvement of emergency physicians in injury prevention has been hindered by clinical responsibilities, lack of financial support, and limited expertise in skills necessary for effective injury prevention programs. This article describes the development and content of a statewide pedestrian safety plan prepared by the Department of Emergency Medicine at the University of New Mexico. The plan included a written document, community input through focus groups, and a public information campaign. The written document included a synthesis of published literature, state-specific data, information on community interventions, and recommendations for state agencies and other groups interested in reducing pedestrian injuries. This project can be modeled at other academic EDs with an interest in injury prevention and pedestrian safety.
Cationic polyelectrolyte-mediated delivery of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides for exon-skipping in vitro and in mdx mice

In this study, we investigated a series of cationic polyelectrolytes (PEs) with different size and composition for their potential to improve delivery of an antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDAC) polymer series, especially PE-3 and PE-4, improves the delivery efficiency of PMO, comparable with Endoporter-mediated PMO delivery in vitro. The enhanced PMO delivery and targeting to dystrophin exon 23 was further observed in mdx mice, up to fourfold with the PE-4, compared with PMO alone. The cytotoxicity of the PEs was lower than that of Endoporter and polyethylenimine 25,000 Da in vitro, and was not clearly detected in muscle in vivo under the tested concentrations. Together, these results demonstrate that optimization of PE molecular size, composition, and distribution of cationic charge are key factors to achieve enhanced PMO exon-skipping efficiency. The increased efficiency and lower toxicity show this PDDAC series to be capable gene/antisense oligonucleotide delivery-enhancing agents for treating muscular dystrophy and other diseases.
Comment on: ''Markets versus Governments'' by Acemoglu, Golosov and Tsyvinski

One of the oldest and most fundamental debates in economics pertains to the role of markets andgovernment in the allocation of resources. There are two dimensions to this debate. The ﬁrst is inherentlynormative and revolves around the question: What role should markets and governments play in the allocationof resources? The second dimension is motivated by the varied combinations of markets and governmentsobserved in different economies. This leads to a series of positive questions: What factors can account for thesedifferent combinations of markets and governments? What is the role of political institutions and socialpreferences or culture in shaping the particular combinations that we observe? What are the properties of theallocations being implemented by these different arrangements? What are the resulting welfare implications?This paper seeks to contribute to the normative debate and explores the conditions that make markets moredesirable than governments. Since markets and governments are viewed as alternative allocation mechanisms,the outcome of this comparison depends crucially on the economic environment. Here, the presence ofidiosyncratic risk in labor productivity implies that the ability to enable risk-sharing plays a key role in theranking of markets and governments. This ability in turn depends on the particular way in which markets andthe government are modelled.There are many possible strategies to evaluate the comparative performance of different allocationmechanisms. One is to endow the economic environment with a primitive friction, such as private informationor limited commitment, and ask how close the market and the government can get to the best allocation thatcan be achieved given that friction. This paper instead presumes that markets and the government arecharacterized by a different set of frictions. In the market setting, anonymity or lack of enforcement imply thatthe equilibrium allocation cannot in general sustain full risk-sharing. On the other hand, the government’sability to provide insurance is limited by two different frictions. First, individual abilities are privateinformation. Second, the ruler is not benevolent and can appropriate rents. This approach implies that thecomparison of markets and government boils down to a ‘‘race’’ between frictions. The resulting analysisteaches us about the properties of optimal allocations under different sets of frictions, but it is silent about theintrinsic comparative advantages of markets and governments. Since the issue of what government andmarkets can best accomplish is not addressed, the question of what role they should play in resource allocationremains open.
Privatize This?: Assessing the Opportunities and Costs of Privatization

This book offers an expert examination of the ideology and motives behind the privatization or the nationalization of an industry, based on real case studies. * Nine case studies of privatization in a variety of contexts: cigarette and alcohol sales, oil production, port facilities, public transportation, prison management, and lotteries * Charts and figures for production and costs throughout each case study * A bibliography for each case study, as well as a comprehensive bibliography for the entire book * A comprehensive index of all topics, firms, policymakers, and important terminology
A decadal regional and global trend analysis of the aerosol optical depth using a data-assimilation grade over-water MODIS and Level 2 MISR aerosol products

Abstract. Using the ten-year (2000–2009) Data-Assimilation (DA) quality Terra MODIS and MISR aerosol products, as well as 7 years of Aqua MODIS, we studied both regional and global aerosol trends over oceans. This included both operational and data assimilation grade versions of the products. After correcting for what appears to be aerosol signal drift from the radiometric calibration of both MODIS instruments, we found MODIS and MISR agreed on a statistically negligible global trend of ±0.003/per decade. Our study also suggests that AODs over the Indian Bay of Bengal, east coast of Asia, and Arabian Sea show increasing trends of 0.07, 0.06, and 0.06 per decade for MODIS, respectively. These regional trends are considered as significant with a confidence level above 95%. Similar increasing trends were found from MISR, but with less relative magnitude. These trends reflect respective increases in the optical intensity of aerosol events in each region: anthropogenic aerosols over the east coast of China and Indian Bay of Bengal; and a stronger influence from dust events over the Arabian Sea. Negative AOD trends, low in confidence levels, are found off Central America, the east coast of North America, and the west coast of Africa, which indicate that longer periods of observation are necessary to be conclusive.
Angiogenesis in Prevascularized Biomaterials: an in silico study

Abstract An agent-based model is developed to simulate angiogenesis in porous biomaterial scaffolds. This study investigates the influence of the existence of preperformed capillaries within the scaffolds on angiogenesis. Different configurations of capillary structures were tested and compared with empty scaffolds. Simulation results indicate that prevascularization of scaffolds before implantation supports rapid and stable blood vessel network development. The results were consistent with experimental studies from the literature.
The Ito Formula

A process M t = (M t 1, ... ,M t d ) taking values in R d is a martingale with respect to the increasing σ-field family (F t ) if (M t i , F t ) is a martingale for each i = 1, ... ,d, or equivalently, if (θ,M t ,) is a real-valued martingale with respect to (F t ) for every θ, ∈ R d . Here we use (,) to denote inner product in R d . (M t , F t ) with M 0 = 0 (a.s.) is a d-dimensional, continuous L 2-martingale if for every θ ∈ R d , (θ,M t ) is a continuous L 2-martingale with respect toF t . It is then easy to verify the existence of a unique d × d-matrix—valued process A t , = (A t ij ) with the following properties: a. Each A t ij is F t -measurable. b. A 0 = 0 and A t (ω) is continuous in t for almost all ω. c. For θ ∈ R d , (A t θ,θ) is the (continuous) increasing process associated with (θ,M t ).
Reading Guidance: Death and Grief.

Guidelines are given for the librarian using reading guidance. A brief annotated bibliography on the subject of death and grief is provided.
Don't Shoot: Police and Overcoming Implicit Racial Bias

Ferguson. New York. Cleveland. Increasing deaths of unarmed African-American men – at the hands of police. News articles relay how Ferguson is similar to many economically and racially divided towns across America. Most police academies now have trainings on cultural diversity, the majority of departments have policies on racial profiling, and many departments focus on hiring people of color as officers. And yet accusations continue to plague police officers of using unnecessary violence against unarmed African-American men. The pervasive root problem of racial bias influences the use of force by citizen gun-owners and police officers alike. This essay advocates the training of both police officers and citizen-gun owners. This proposition draws together implicit bias research with shooting simulation trainings. The essay examines not only the underlying influence of bias, but also trainings and exercises available to reduce the association of people of color with fear, and violent response with impulse. Indeed, the Department of Justice has brought in trainers for the Ferguson police. Hopefully, these shooting simulation trainings focused specifically on race may promise a path to safer communities.
Relative epicenter determination using P-wave arrival-time differences

abstract A precise model for relocation of earthquakes of a region or the multiple ruptures of a large earthquake, using P -wave arrival-time difference data, is given by the equation of condition of the standard single-event location model (Geiger model). The use of P -wave arrival-time differences provides ray path redundancies from earthquakes in a limited source region to a given station set. Thus, this relocation model implicitly compensates certain time anomalies caused by lateral velocity heterogeneities, leading to good relative locations without the requirement of a set of master residuals. Because the solution vector of the arrival-time difference model may be significantly nonzero at convergence, the second-order terms of the Geiger model are derived and used to determine the size of the neighborhood in which this arrival-time difference formulation will give acceptable location resolution. Evaluation of these second-order terms shows that accurate, teleseismically-determined relative locations are possible with the arrival-time difference method for events within 2 1 2 ° distance of a reference earthquake9s epicenter. The use of this relocation method with teleseismic data requires independent depth information. The cosine term relative location model, often used with arrival-time difference data to graphically locate multiple ruptures, is an approximation to the Geiger model as it is used here.
Ballistic Phonon Transport in Holey Silicon

When the size of semiconductors is smaller than the phonon mean free path, phonons can carry heat with no internal scattering. Ballistic phonon transport has received attention for both theoretical and practical aspects because Fourier’s law of heat conduction breaks down and the heat dissipation in nanoscale transistors becomes unpredictable in the ballistic regime. While recent experiments demonstrate room-temperature evidence of ballistic phonon transport in various nanomaterials, the thermal conductivity data for silicon in the length scale of 10–100 nm is still not available due to experimental challenges. Here we show ballistic phonon transport prevails in the cross-plane direction of holey silicon from 35 to 200 nm. The thermal conductivity scales linearly with the length (thickness) even though the lateral dimension (neck) is as narrow as 20 nm. We assess the impact of long-wavelength phonons and predict a transition from ballistic to diffusive regime using scaling models. Our results support stro...