cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review: On the Ruins of Babel: Architectural Metaphor in German Thought by Daniel Purdy

Daniel Purdy On the Ruins of Babel: Architectural Metaphor in German Thought Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011, 328 pp. $35 (paper), ISBN 3 9780801476761 In contemporary industry, technology and science, it is common to encounter the word architecture used in contexts outside of building design or construction. Most often, architecture refers to an overview or big picture of an enterprise, machine, or organism. Thus business architecture encompasses a company’s interoperability and responses to the external environment. Computer architecture assesses codes, data paths and processing, and computations that model virtual and physical states. Brain architecture looks into how experiences build complex circuits from simpler circuits so as to achieve higher levels of plasticity when it comes to impulse transmission between sensation and initiation. In each case, architecture describes a system’s production of information as a means of reasoning: statistical or morphological comparison, pattern recognition, or detail mapping. An architecture uses views or plans to picture a system’s operations and contribute to their enrichment. These and other instances of the word architecture to describe systemic operations outside of the architectural discipline raise the importance of studying architectural knowledge in an expanded field. In this regard, Daniel Purdy’s On the Ruins of Babel: Architectural Metaphor in German Thought is an ambitious attempt to chart some of the ways philosophers and writers have developed ideas about the world through architectural analogies. Put simply, the way we build finds a parallel in the way we think. And the architecture …
INNOVATION IN CONTROL SYSTEMS LAB: A LOW-COST SELF-BALANCING ROBOT

This paper reports an undergraduateengineering team’s solution to designing and implementinga self-balancing robot control system. The proposedsolution involves implementing a gyroscope andaccelerometer sensor into a proportional and derivativecontrol loop system. The control system is implemented onan R/C car the reasons being the R/C car is a cost effectiveway of purchasing both the motors and the motor controlcircuit and also provides an effective package for the finalproduct. The control system can be placed inside theexisting shell of the car and the robot will be presentable asa demo tool for the university. The sensors that wereselected for the control system require a digital filter andthe Kalman filter was selected for this portion of the design.The microcontroller selected for the control system will runa real time operating system to help control the timing ofthe control loop software. Index Terms – Inverted Pendulum, Kalman Filtering, PDController, Self-Balancing Robot.
Parents' Experiences in Educational Decision Making for Children and Youth With Disabilities

Abstract Families should be an active part of educational decision making for their children, and they can be particularly influential in advocating for inclusion for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Yet, significant research has shown that parents do not feel schools effectively collaborate with them. We interviewed 19 parents of children with disabilities to investigate the ways they were included and excluded from educational decision making and how they decided on their children's placement and services. Five themes emerged: parents' exclusion from decision making, parents' independent efforts to shape their children's educational services, parents' decisions as a result of school and district factors, parents' role changes to direct their children's education, and discrepancies between beliefs and experiences of inclusion. Parents' responses indicate that specific school structures and institutionalized procedures may regularly exclude parents from decision making. Results h...
The Role of the Microcomputer in the Proposed Center for Office Automation Research at Arizona State University

The College of Business at Arizona State University, like many other colleges and universities, is committed to implementing computerization at all levels of collegiate education. One way ASU has been able to deal with this aspect of computer training is through providing microcomputers for use in various types of business courses. In addition, ASU's College of Business is committed to provide each faculty member with a microcomputer to aid in his or her teaching and research. Because of this impact of computerization, the Department of General Business has recognized the need to design a Center for Office Automation Research (COAR), with emphasis on providing instruction and research in the latest developments in office automation.
Differential Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Peripheral Nerve Injuries Associated with Neurosurgical Procedures

Perioperative peripheral nerve injuries (PPNI) still occur despite advanced medical knowledge. These injuries are often due to insufficient knowledge of proper positioning techniques. PPNI cause a detriment to the patient, the provider, and the health care team that often result in legal claims. This chapter reviews the historical background, the diagnosis and management of PPNI, and specific nerve considerations. Anatomical clinical syndromes are reviewed and recommendations are made both from best quality evidence and author expert opinion on the prevention of PPNI.
Room-temperature ferromagnetism in Ni(II)-chromia based core–shell nanoparticles: experiment and first principles calculations

We have synthesized bimagnetic core–shell nanoparticles containing a first-of-its-kind Ni(II)-chromia nanophase shell and a well-defined, epitaxial core–shell interface. Magnetic measurements reveal a substantial coercivity of the nanoparticles and a significant exchange bias effect between the antiferromagnetic chromia core and the ferromagnetic Ni(II)-chromia shell at low temperatures. The ferromagnetism and a weak exchange bias effect are found to persist to room temperature in the core–shell nanoparticles of ∼57 nm average size. Our first principles Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations confirm that the novel corundum-structured Ni(II)-chromia phase has an equilibrium cluster-localized ferromagnetic spin configuration. In addition, the DFT-based calculations show that the Ni(II)-chromia phase is a Mott–Hubbard insulator, with a narrowed energy band gap and increased covalent bonding due to strong hybridization between Ni 3d and O 2p levels in the upper portion of the valence band and within the band gap region. The antiferromagnetic, ferromagnetic and magnetoelectric properties of our core–shell nanoparticles make these well suited for patterned recording media and biomedical applications.
Time at Sea, Time on Land: Temporal Horizons of Rescue and Refuge in the Mediterranean and Europe

The reigning view of unauthorized and forced Eurobound movements is that, whatever their various shapes, in essence they all impinge on the same contradiction between universal humanity and bounded citizenship. This contradiction now lies at the core of the European political order. Against it, the chapter argues that the period of 2015–2017 aggravated migrants’ plight but also brought several changes of substance and not just in magnitude. I compare the dynamic relationship of migration and its interception along two kinds of routes: over sea and over land. Important features of this relationship include how routes have changed and the way interception policies have been enacted. The framings used by politicians, officials, journalists and activists to understand migration also play a role, too. During the summer of 2015, European authorities and public opinion turned their attention from the Mediterranean alone to a combined focus on the sea and the overland parts of the Western Balkan route. Consequently, the route was considered to terminate not the migrants’ arrival on EU soil but at the last EU stop in their projected voyage. Meanwhile, differences emerged in how the various actors saw the people and their cause or reason for moving along either route: regarding trans-Balkans, the overarching frame for addressing the Mediterranean situation had been “saving lives”, yet it came to be seen as a “refugee crisis”. This difference in framing corresponds to the different role context and history play in the treatment of each route. The maritime scene cast migrants in danger of drowning as the emblems of abstract humanity, bringing to the forefront the obligation of universal hospitality, demanding action without needing a context or history. Against this context-less universality, the landed routes framed people along them as (mostly Syrian) refugees of war, which includes both a context and a history. The obligation these scenes demand of Europeans and their institutions changed as well, going from that of timeless humanitarian benevolence to one of retributive justice.
Throwing the Baby Out With the Bathwater: A Call to Reinstate the Public Housing Drug Elimination Program

In fiscal year 2002, the federal government, upon recommendation by the Office of Management and Budget, eliminated funding to the Public Housing Drug Elimination Program (PHDEP), a grant program designed to assist public housing authorities in fighting drugs and crime. In explaining its decision, the government cited (1) the program’s ineffectiveness, (2) its duplication of activities, and (3) the availability of other enforcement tools (e.g., evictions) to control crime and drugs in public housing. On the surface, the budgetary concerns appear to be sound. However, today, seven years later, crime and drug violence are still causing problems in public housing communities, and both scourges remain out of control. This article examines the policy rationale given for eliminating the PHDEP, critiques the government’s reasoning, and calls for reinstatement of the PHDEP.
Pascal's wager and competing faiths

L'A. presente le pari de Pascal qui se resume a ceci : si l'on croit a l'existence du Dieu chretien on a tout a gagner, si l'on y croit alors qu'il n'existe pas on a rien a perdre. L'A. reprend cette pensee en la confrontant a d'autres religions dont l'Islam.
tudor-domain containing protein 5-prime promotes male sexual identity in the Drosophila germline and is repressed in females by Sex lethal

For sexually reproducing organisms, production of male or female gametes depends on specifying the correct sexual identity in the germline. In D. melanogaster, Sex lethal (Sxl) is the key gene that controls sex determination in both the soma and the germline, but how it does so in the germline is unknown, other than that it is different than in the soma. We conducted an RNA expression profiling experiment to identify direct and indirect germline targets of Sxl specifically in the undifferentiated germline. We find that, in these cells, Sxl loss does not lead to a global masculinization observed at the whole-genome level. In contrast, Sxl appears to affect a discrete set of genes required in the male germline, such as Phf7. We also identify tudor domain containing protein 5-prime (tdrd5p) as a target for Sxl regulation that is important for male germline identity. tdrd5p is repressed by Sxl in female germ cells, but is highly expressed in male germ cells where it promotes proper male fertility and germline differentiation. Additionally, Tdrd5p localizes to cytoplasmic granules with some characteristics of RNA Processing (P-) Bodies, suggesting that it promotes male identity in the germline by regulating post-transcriptional gene expression.
Night-Interrupted Lighting Accelerates Flowering of Herbaceous Perennials Under Nursery Conditions in the Southern United States

Abstract Night-interrupted lighting (NIL) outdoors in a southern nursery setting was evaluated as a system for accelerated production of herbaceous perennials requiring long days to flower. Treatments were NIL beginning February 1, February 15, March 1, or March 15, and a natural photoperiod control. Compared to plants under the natural photoperiod and depending upon initiation of NIL treatment and year, NIL accelerated and increased flowering of ‘Moonbeam’ coreopsis (Coreopsis verticillata L. ‘Moonbeam’) 7 to 36 days and 20 to 244%, ‘Early Sunrise’ coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet. ‘Early Sunrise’) 3 to 20 days and 26 to 64%, ‘Sunray’ coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet. ‘Sunray’) 6 to 13 days and 21 to 44%, ‘Autumn Joy’ stonecrop (Sedum x ‘Autumn Joy’) 26 to 57 days and 200 to 300%, and ‘Blue Queen’ salvia (Salvia x superba Stapf ‘Blue Queen’) 7 to 12 days and 56 to 83%. Flowering of ‘Red Beauty’ obedient plant (Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. ‘Red Beauty) was accelerated 20 ...
Investigation of Liner Axial Displacement in a Complex Acoustic Environment

This paper investigates the effects of axial liner displacement on modal attenuation and scattering. Tests are conducted with a uniform liner mounted in the NASA Langley Curved Duct Test Rig, with a multimode source at flow conditions of Mach 0.0 and 0.3. The impedance of the liner is educed from data acquired in the NASA Langley Grazing Flow Impedance Tube. This impedance is then used as input to the CDUCT-LaRC propagation code to enable comparisons of predicted and measured modal content upstream and downstream of the liner as the axial displacement is varied. Results show that the liner position has a clear effect on the sound field as the number of modes is increased from two to six. The comparison of measured and predicted modal content is very good when only a few modes are present. For frequencies in which more modes are present, this comparison is less favorable very near resonance, but improves for frequencies away from resonance.
Stain-resistant, superomniphobic flexible optical plastics based on nano-enoki mushroom-like structures

In this paper, we demonstrate the stain-resistance and high pressure stability of superomniphobic flexible optical plastics. A scalable method for creating nano-enoki mushroom-like structures in plastics is presented that provides the re-entrant geometry needed to prevent infiltration from a variety of liquids. The surface demonstrates static contact angles over 150° and low contact angle hysteresis under 20° for a wide variety of organic liquids. The re-entrant tops and fluorination of the nano-enoki as well as the few micron spacing between nanostructures provide robust metastable solid–liquid–air interfaces in the presence of Laplace pressures of at least 900 Pa. In addition, compared to the initial bare plastic, the nano-enoki structures demonstrate comparable transmission values (86.4% versus 88.4% at a wavelength of 550 nm) and ultrahigh haze values (96.4% versus 1.1%). The surfaces exhibit stain-resistance for a variety of liquids including mustard and blood, where mustard and dried blood both flake off the samples without any residue. We also performed durability experiments which demonstrate that nano-enoki plastics are robust to bending with similar transmission, haze, wetting contact angle, and hysteresis values after 5000 cycles of bending.
Iran's Quiet Revolution: The Downfall of the Pahlavi State

Offering a new perspective on Iran's politics and culture in the 1960s and 1970s, Ali Mirsepassi challenges the prevailing view of pre-Revolution Iran, documenting how the cultural elites of the Pahlavi State promoted a series of striking 'Gharbzadegi' or 'Westoxification' discourses. Intended as ideological alternatives to modern and Western-inspired cultural attitudes, these influenced Persian identity politics, and projected Iranian modernity as a 'mistaken modernity' despite the regime's own ferocious modernisation programme. Focusing on the cultural transformations which defined the period, Mirsepassi sheds new light on the Pahlavi State as an ideological gambler, inadvertently empowering its fundamentalist enemies and spreading a 'quiet revolution' through secular and religious civil society. Proposing a new theoretical framework for understanding the anti-modern discourses of Ahmad Fardid, Jalal Al-e Ahmad, and Ali Shari'ati, Iran's Quiet Revolution is a radical re-interpretation of twentieth century Iranian political history which makes sense of these events within the creative, yet tragic Iranian nation-making experience.
Campylobacter taeniopygiae sp. nov., Campylobacter aviculae sp. nov., and Campylobacter estrildidarum sp. nov., Novel Species Isolated from Laboratory-Maintained Zebra Finches

Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) are laboratory animal species commonly used for modeling neurobiology and learning. Historically, using bacterial culture, biochemical analysis, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, bacterial isolates from feces of finches housed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology had been presumptively diagnosed as Campylobacter jejuni, which is commonly isolated from both domestic and wild birds. Although the zebra finches were not clinically affected, C. jejuni is a known zoonotic pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Human transmission is predominantly foodborne and associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry; however, humans can also become infected from contact with C. jejuni-infected reservoir hosts. Because C. jejuni-infected finches pose a risk to research personnel, a study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence and taxonomic identification of Campylobacter spp. present in the finch colony. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from a total of 26 finch fecal samples collected in 2003, 2010, and 2017. 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of all isolates determined that they shared 99% identity with either C. jejuni or Campylobacter lari. Sixteen of the isolates were subjected to further biochemical characterization and atpA and rpoB gene sequence analysis. Based on these analyses, three clusters of Campylobacter species were identified. The draft whole-genome sequences were determined for one representative isolate from each cluster. A pan-genomic phylogenetic tree, average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and orthologous gene analyses indicated that each isolate was its own novel species, distinct from C. jejuni and other avian Campylobacter species. We have named these novel species Campylobacter taeniopygiae, Campylobacter aviculae, and Campylobacter estrildidarum, and in each novel species, we identified virulence genes suggesting their pathogenic and zoonotic potential.
A phase 1b/2 study of duvelisib in combination with FCR (DFCR) for frontline therapy for younger CLL patients

Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) is highly effective initial therapy for younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); however, most eventually relapse. Duvelisib is a delta/gamma PI3K inhibitor approved for relapsed/refractory CLL. We conducted an investigator-initiated, phase 1b/2 study of duvelisib + FCR (DFCR) as initial treatment for CLL patients aged ≤65. A standard 3 + 3 design included two dose levels of duvelisib (25 mg qd and 25 mg bid). Duvelisib was given for 1 week, then with standard FCR added for up to six 28-day cycles, then up to 2 years of duvelisib maintenance. Thirty-two patients were enrolled. The phase 2 dose of duvelisib was identified as 25 mg bid. Hematologic toxicity was common, and all-grade non-hematologic toxicities included transaminitis (28%), febrile neutropenia (22%), pneumonia (19%), and colitis (6%). The best overall response rate by ITT was 88% (56% CR/CRi and 32% PR). The best rate of bone marrow undetectable minimal residual disease (BM-uMRD) by ITT was 66%. The rate of CR with BM-uMRD at end of combination treatment (primary endpoint) was 25%. Three-year PFS and OS are 73 and 93%, respectively. DFCR is active as initial therapy of younger CLL patients. Immune-mediated and infectious toxicities occurred and required active management.
Drug and Vaccine Development and Access

This Chapter explains how drugs and vaccines for COVID-19 can reach the market in the United States. As is always true, drug and vaccine manufacturers may seek U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of their products via traditional approval mechanisms and drug manufacturers may offer pre-approval access under the expanded access or right to try pathways. In a public health emergency like COVID-19, an additional mechanism is also available: the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) pathway. This Chapter (1) assesses how FDA has used its EUA authorities for COVID-19 drugs thus far, (2) considers how FDA has balanced the need for robust evidence of safety and effectiveness for COVID-19 pharmaceuticals against the urgent need to speed patients’ access amid the clinical and political realities of the pandemic, and (3) highlights considerations specific to vaccines should FDA be faced with a request to issue an EUA for a COVID-19 vaccine. The Chapter concludes with recommendations for policymakers and regulators at the federal and state levels. The recommendations aim to improve public understanding of the regulatory process for COVID-19 drugs and vaccines, protect scientific decision making from undue political pressure, and ensure that manufacturers develop robust evidence of safety and effectiveness—and ultimately safe and effective COVID-19 countermeasures. This paper was prepared as part of Assessing Legal Responses to COVID-19, a comprehensive report published by Public Health Law Watch in partnership with the de Beaumont Foundation and the American Public Health Association.
Decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) with moist heat generated by a multicooker.

Decontamination of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) is a crisis capacity strategy allowed when there are known shortages of FFRs. The application of moist heat is one decontamination method that has shown promise and is the approach approved in the Steris Steam Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). This effort examines the use of multicookers to apply moist heat, as they are available in retail stores and more affordable than methods requiring more sophisticated equipment. Four of five multicooker models examined met the acceptance criteria for the test and one model was selected for inactivation testing. Tests were performed on four different FFR models with SARS-CoV-2 suspended in culture media, simulated saliva or simulated lung fluid. Moist heat treatment reduced recoverable titres of SARS-CoV-2 virus to levels below the limit of detection in all tests. Furthermore, these four FFR models showed no loss in collection efficiency, inhalation resistance or visual damage after up to 10 decontamination cycles. Two (2) FFR models showed a slight change in strap elasticity (<9%). These data show that moist heat treatment using a multicooker is a viable option for FFR decontamination in a crisis capacity strategy.
Global Measurement of Physical Intimate Partner Violence to Monitor Sustainable Development Goal 5

Background. One third of women experience IPV and potential sequelae. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5.2, to eliminate all violence against women, including IPV, compels national governments to monitor such violence. We conducted the first global measurement-invariance assessment of standardized physical IPV items. Methods. Thirty-six Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 36 Lower-/Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) administering the same 18 IPV items during 2012-2018 were included. We performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA/CFA) with seven physical IPV items, which are the most behaviorally specific and reliable. Datasets meeting EFA/CFA model fit criteria (loadings>.35, RMSEA .95) were included in multiple-group CFA to test strict measurement invariance, and in alignment optimization (AO) to test approximate measurement invariance. We compared national rankings based on AO-derived scores and lifetime physical IPV prevalences, and correlated AO-dervied scores with physical, sexual, and psychological IPV prevalences. Results. Estimated lifetime physical IPV varied widely (5.6%-50.5%). All loadings and fit statistics met thresholds in country-specific EFA/CFAs. A unidimensional, seven-item physical IPV construct lacked scalar invariance in multiple-group CFA but achieved approximate measurement invariance in AO analysis, as 12.3% (<25%) of model parameters were non-invariant. National rankings of AO-derived scores and estimated physical IPV prevalences were similarly distributed, but national estimates often were not significantly different, so grouped score ranges or prevalence ranges are advised. Three items (slap, twist, choke) warrant cognitive testing to improve their psychometric performance. Correlations of AO-derived scores with IPV prevalences ranged from .48 to .66. Conclusions. Seven DHS physical-IPV items were approximately invariant across 36 LMICs spanning five regions and are reasonable for cross-national, grouped comparison of physical IPV. Measurement-invariance testing over time will inform their utility to monitor SDG5.2.1; cross-national and cross-time measurement-invariance testing of other IPV item sets is warranted.
The Political-Culture of Guns and Gun Control: A Means to Evaluate Theories on the Nature of Canadian-American Political Differences

This paper attempts to extend three leading schools of thought on the nature of Canadian and American political differences to other countries with a common English heritage, namely Australia and New Zealand. In so doing it will use the political-culture surrounding gun regulation and gun ownership to critically evaluate these theories. The theories of Can-Am differences of interest in this paper are Lipset’s ‘Origins Thesis,’ the ‘deep structures’ approach from Grabb and Curtis, and the legal-culture approach taken by Kaufman. The theories will be reviewed and the possible ways they may be extended will be outlined. The cases under review are Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. For each of these cases three questions will be asked and broadly reviewed: 1) what does the current firearms regulatory environment look like, 2) what historical path led to the contemporary environment, and 3) what does firearm ownership represent to the citizens of these countries. The answers to these questions will show that gun control is most severe in the United Kingdom and Australia, while it is least restrictive in the United States. It will also be shown that the gun culture is most developed, by a fairly wide margin, in the United States. The findings will lend strong support to Lipset’s thesis, moderate support for Kaufman’s work, and no support for the deep structures approach. America is clearly exceptional on this issue and it is quite possible that, as Lipset would suggest, this American exceptionalism has its roots in the American Revolution. Also, the values that gun ownership represents for many Americans are the same values that Lipset suggests makes American political-culture unique. Americans stand apart from the commonwealth countries in the contemporary relationship of firearms with self defense and with the tendency to attach symbology to guns and gun ownership which is not directly related to their instrumental purposes. For example, it is common for Americans to tie concepts such as freedom, liberty, and individualism with their decision to own guns. It will be shown that this is clearly not the case in the members of the commonwealth realm to be examined here. This paper presents the broad outline of a research agenda which will likely prove to be quite fruitful and it displays the value of extending theories of Canadian and American differences to other countries with a similar heritage.
Role of pavement radiative and thermal properties in reducing excess heat in cities

Abstract While pavements are currently a significant contributor to the urban heat island effect, modified pavements could play a role in cooling cities. Specifically, the radiative and thermal properties of pavements can be manipulated to alter the timing and magnitude of sensible heat storage and release into the urban airshed. The present study developed and applied a one-dimensional heat transfer model to Phoenix AZ as a case study to explore the potential for modified pavements in a hot desert climate. We explored solar reflective (0.35 albedo) and traditional (0.10 albedo) asphalt pavements. Pavement thermal conductivity and heat storage capacity values were varied across a reasonable range based on existing products. The results from this study show that daytime peak surface temperature of highly conductive (2.4 WK-1m−1) and thermally massive pavements (4.0 MJK-1m−3) is 17.5 °C cooler than less conductive (0.4 WK-1m−1) and thermally light (1.0 MJK-1m−3) pavements. However, at night, the more thermally massive and conductive pavements were as much as 10.8° C warmer than the less conductive and less massive counterpart. Therefore, when the focus is on reducing excess urban heat during the day, it is better to use pavement materials with higher conductivity and thermal storage. However, when the focus is on reducing the nocturnal heat island, it is wise to use lower conductivity and lower thermal storage pavements. Regardless of thermal properties, the use of reflective pavement surfaces will mitigate both the daytime and nocturnal urban heat island effect. We find up to a 10° C reduction in peak daytime surface temperature and a modest reduction of nocturnal temperatures (by up to 1.0° C) when pavement albedo is increased by 0.25. However, reflective pavements result in a higher influx of net radiation for pedestrians walking on these surfaces during the daytime. So, reflective pavement projects should be evaluated for potential adverse impacts on thermal comfort. Nevertheless, depending upon the time of day and the overall solar reflectivity of pedestrian clothing and skin, we argue that the benefits of reduced surface and air temperatures associated with highly reflective paving likely outweigh the adverse effects for pedestrians. However, for regions where daytime thermal comfort is of primary concern, pavements with higher thermal conductivity and thermal storage may perform better than reflective pavements.
Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

In this chapter, we illustrate the imaging features of cirrhosis and the progression to hepatocellular carcinoma using an algorithmic approach. We will then discuss the various imaging features of hepatocellular carcinoma according to the LI-RADS (Liver Imaging-Reporting and Data Systems) criteria.
Taxation Expatriation: Will the Fast Act Stop Wealthy Americans from Leaving the United States?

In the wake of September 11, 2001, several influential lawmakers have sought to pass tax legis lation that would reduce the tax benefits that may result from an American citizen expatriating to a foreign nation. An individual who relinquishes his or her U.S. citizenship and does not have a tax purpose for the expatriation ceases to be taxed as a U.S. citizen for U.S. income tax purposes. The estate of an individual who relinquished his or her U.S. citizenship with a "principal purpose" of tax avoidance is generally subject to a certain U.S. estate tax regime for ten years following expatriation. The Draft Fast Act is likely to deter certain individuals from expatriating for tax reasons. If a taxpayer views tax expatriation as a financial decision and solely weighs the financial benefits and costs of the decision, the denial of the tax benefits outlined in the Draft Fast Act would likely lean a potential tax expatriate against choosing to expatriate.Another factor that appears to be driving the refocus on the Draft Fast Act is the worsening budget deficit. By denying tax expatriates many of the tax benefits of expatriation, the Draft Fast Act is likely to lean the average taxpayer against expatriation based on a cost-benefit analysis.
Influence of Nonlinear Rotor-Platform Interface on Dual-Spin Attitude Dynamics

Atmosphere Explorer-C-a dual-spin spacecraft-exhibits a bounded attitude instability characterized most importantly by persistent coning of its spin axis about the intended direction of spin. Nonlinearities, presumably at the rotor-platform interface, were identified as the likely cause of the observed behavior. In the present paper, a rational nonlinear interface model is developed, and it is shown by integration of quasilinear equations of motion, and by approximate analysis, that the hypothesized model leads to behavior which predicts that observed. A A b br C c D dm / [I] [_/' ]
Yield improvement in 2x node technology by introducing backside cleaning

Advanced technology nodes require low defects counts at every processing step. Wafer cleaning of the backside is a neglected area. During HVM (high volume manufacturing) for 2x nm nodes we found that cleaning the backside (BS) of the wafer have dramatic improvements in defectivity reduction and yield increase. During HVM of 2x node, defects from BS of wafer were found to fall on the wafer underneath while in the FOUP (Front Opening Unified Pod), specifically in BEOL processing. This contamination fell on the device side/ front side (FS) of the wafer surface and resulted in missing pattern, blocked plating, line voids and surface defects. In this paper, we present the impact of BS cleans on defectivity reduction, and on downstream process resulting in significant yield increase for 2x node HVM.
Qualification test results for DOE solar photovoltaic flat panel procurement - PRDA 38

Twelve types of prototypes modules for the DOE Photovoltaic Flat Panel Procurement (PRDA 38) were subjected to qualification tests at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory according to a new specification. Environmental exposures were carried out separately and included temperature cycling, humidity, wind simulation, and hail. The most serious problems discovered were reduced insulation resistance to ground and ground continuity of the metal frames, electrical degradation, erratic power readings, and delamination. The electrical and physical characteristics of the newly received modules are also given.
Heuristic analysis of convective finite difference techniques

A heuristic analysis is made of the Lax, Rusanov, Lax-Wendroff two-step and MacCormack techniques to determine truncation, stability and utility conditions for practical application of the methods. A simple artificial viscosity is introduced for compression region in the second order techniques, which reduced the overshoot at shock waves to less than 0.2% of the waves' defined strength.
Speech recognition on Mandarin Call Home: a large-vocabulary, conversational, and telephone speech corpus

We describe IBM's most recent efforts for speech recognition on a conversational-speech database, the Mandarin Call Home corpus. While it is similar to the well-known Switchboard corpus, the Call Home task addresses several major challenges in the domain of spoken language systems, including spontaneous dialogue with no pre-specified topics, limited-bandwidth telephone signal, and recognition of other languages than English. We particularly describe the methodology used in Mandarin Call Home corpus to address language-specific issues. We also examine and compare our results with those of the English Switchboard corpus. Preliminary experiments show that a 58.7% character error rate can be achieved in the context of April 95 Mandarin Call Home data set. The experimental results are comparable to those of the state-of-the-art IBM Switchboard system with similar amount of training data.
A simple technique for obtaining a colon biopsy specimen per rectum.

Summary The Crosby capsule can be modified for colon biopsy per rectum by securing the instrument to a long flexible rectal tube with strips of adhesive plaster. This biopsy method is simple, rapid, safe, and well tolerated by patients. Specimens thus obtained are ideal for histologic study.
Cognitive, psychomotor, and subjective effects of sodium oxybate and triazolam in healthy volunteers

Rationale Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has received attention as a “date rape drug” that produces robust amnesia; however, there is little experimental evidence in support of GHB’s amnestic effects.
Products of the tyrosine-dependent oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin by rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase, a tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-dependent oxygenase, catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. During this physiological reaction, the oxidation of BH4 is tightly coupled to the hydroxylation of the amino acid substrate with a stoichiometry of 1 mol of BH4 oxidized for every mole of tyrosine formed. In the presence of an activator and certain analogues of either the amino acid or the pterin coenzyme, the enzyme also catalyzes a partially uncoupled reaction in which the amount of tetrahydropterin oxidized exceeds the amount of amino acid hydroxylated. With tyrosine as the amino acid analogue, the reaction is completely uncoupled, i.e., the enzyme functions as a tetrahydropterin oxidase with no net hydroxylation of the amino acid. We have investigated whether the normal pterin intermediate, a 4a-hydroxytetrahydropterin, is formed during the completely uncoupled reaction and whether oxygen is reduced exclusively to the level of water, as in the tightly coupled reaction, or whether some reduction to hydrogen peroxide occurs. We present direct evidence that both the normal hydroxytetrahydropterin intermediate and hydrogen peroxide are formed. The amount of hydrogen peroxide formed, however, is not stoichiometric with the amount of oxygen reduced, an indication that there are at least two pathways for this reduction, one leading to the formation of water and one to hydrogen peroxide. We also postulate that hydrogen peroxide and the hydroxytetrahydropterin are both derived from alternate routes of breakdown of a common precursor, the corresponding 4a-hydroperoxytetrahydropterin. By contrast, in the normal tightly coupled reaction, we suggest that this peroxy compound participates in the hydroxylation of the amino acid substrate.
High-Technology Gastroenterology Disorders in Children

Although improvements in managing pediatric gastrointestinal diseases have occurred over time, the use of technical adjuncts to aid in management has greatly improved the survival and quality of life for these patients. This has increased the scope of presenting disorders, unique and challenging adverse effects, complications, and technical difficulties for which emergency care providers must be familiar. This article will include a review of gastrointestinal tubes and their complications and presurgical and postsurgical considerations for gastroschisis, omphalocele, and Hirschsprung disease. In addition, with increasing pediatric survival from organ transplantation, pretransplantation and posttransplantation issues will be discussed, specifically for liver and small bowel transplantation. Pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome are being encountered more frequently and use multiple high technical adjuncts to aid in their survival. These adjuncts, as well as a review of short bowel syndrome, will be discussed.
Hypotension-induced expression of the c-fos gene in the medulla oblongata of piglets

Neural networks that mediate the reflex response to baroreceptor withdrawal were explored in Sus scrofa. Induction of c-fos was used as a monitor of synaptic activity in response to hypotension sustained by systemic administration of a peripheral vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside. Patterns of c-fos gene expression were compared between Saffan-anesthetized experimental animals and age-matched normotensive controls administered vehicle. Effects of other variables were controlled including 1 h preoperative accommodation to the novel environment, anesthesia, blood gases and pH. Identical post-stimulus survival periods were allowed for accumulation of transcript. The c-fos protein, Fos, was identified immunocytochemically with two rabbit antisera raised against amino acids 1-131 of Fos or residues 4-17 of synthetic human transcript. Fos was identified in catecholaminergic neurons labeled with an antiserum to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Fos was induced in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of hypotensive piglets. Neurons encoding Fos matched projection patterns of first order visceral afferents. Induction was prominent in the dorsolateral nucleus coinciding with the baroreceptor field. Indices of increased neuronal activity were evident in other baroreceptor terminal sites, e.g., medial subnucleus, the medial commissural field, the intermediate subnucleus and a ventral A2 noradrenergic area. In reticular formation c-fos protein was induced in circumscribed columns in the lateral tegmental field (LTF) extending from facial nucleus to calamus scriptorius. Catecholaminergic (TH-positive) neurons expressed Fos in the porcine C1 and A1 areas of ventrolateral medulla. Fos was also induced in a dorsal intermediate reticular zone of LTF. Minor or inconsistent differences between experimental and control were observed in nucleus raphe pallidus, rostral paramedian reticular formation, upper thoracic intermediolateral cell column, and stellate ganglia. In conclusion, baroreceptor withdrawal in young animals induced patterns of neuronal response along established cardiovascular reflex pathways.
Direct measurements of skin friction in high-enthalpy high-speed flows

Nomenclature An experimental investigation was conducted to measure skin friction along the chamber walls of a SCRAMjet combustor model. Measurements were made in the Direct Connect Arcjet Facility (DCAF) SCRAMjet combustor at the NASA AMES Research Center in two separate test series. Flow conditions in the Applied Physics Laboratory built model ranged from total pressures of 275-400 psia (1900-2750 kPa) and total temperatures from 5800-8400 R (3222-4667 K). This gives enthalpies in the range of 1700-3300 BTU/lb, (3950-7660 KJ/kg) and simulated free stream Mach number from 9 to 13. A direct force measurement device was used to measure the small tangential shear force passing over a non-intrusive floating element. The floating head is mounted to a stiff cantilever beam arrangement with deflection due to the shear force on the order of O.ooO5 in (0.0125 mm). This small deflection allows the balance to be a non-nulling type. The design includes active cooling of the floating sensor head to eliminate non-uniform temperaturc effects between the head and the surrounding chamber wall. The key to this device is the use of a quartz tube cantilever with strain gages bonded at orthogonal positions directly on the surface at the base. A symmetric fluid flow was developed inside the quartz tube to provide cooling to the backside of the floating head. Bench tests showed that this did not influence the force measurement. Numerical heat transfer calculations were conducted for design feasibility and analysis, and to determine the effectiveness of the active cooling of the floating head. Skin friction coefficients between 0.0005-0.0053 were measured. Analysis of the measurement uncertainty in cold supersonic flow tests show that accuracy under 8% is achievable, but variations in the balance cooling during a particular test raiscd uncertainty up to 20% in these very hot flow tests during the first test series. Improvements to the strain gages and balance cooling reduced uncertainty for the second test series to under 15%. t/ Graduate Research Assistant, Member AIAA *Department Chairman and W. Martin Johnson Prolessor, '-i Fellow AIAA 0 1 9 9 a l y s l m ~ l n n i m ~ . s d A r r o a m i . . P As~-%JrcAUF&bWaamd Cf = skin friction coefficient D = diameter of the floating head G = gap around the floating head
Effects of data traffic in Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission and reception

With the tremendous growth in data usage in cellular networks, many operators and vendors are looking towards transmission schemes which enable high network efficiency under the interference limited environments. As one of the potential technology candidates, Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) Transmission, which mitigates or even exploits inter-cell interference, seems to give fairly promising performance gains. Since CoMP technology is still being developed, it has not been fully studied in consideration of the randomness of the data traffic and load imbalance among cell sites. This paper provides an analysis of the effects of practical data traffic pattern on candidate CoMP technologies under various deployment scenarios and summarizes some enhancement challenges for CoMP.
Alkali-soluble and insoluble collagen in infant, adult and cirrhotic livers.

SummaryConcentration of hydroxyproline in the liver, as a measure of collagen, is lower in human infants than in adults, and histologically-stainable collagen and silver impregnated reticulum fibers are fewer. While in cirrhosis, total collagen concentration is 10 times greater than in infant livers, in both cirrhotic and infant livers the ratio of alkali-soluble collagen to total collagen is similar and considerably higher than in control adults. This suggests that formation of new collagen fibers, under both physiological and pathological circumstances, is associated with a relative increase of alkali-soluble collagen.
An experimental investigation of Li and SF6 wick combustion

An experimental investigation of liquid-metal wick combustion at subatmospheric pressures is reported. Liquid lithium and gaseous sulfur hexafluoride are used as fuel and oxidizer. The combustion is a multiphase process with white-color, submicron flaky powder (particulates) formed on the fuel-lean surface and black coatings of granular or crystal-like structures formed on the fuel-rich surface. The element analysis suggests that LiF is the major species in powder combustion products and Li{sub 2}S in black-coating products. The experiments also quantified the flame emission spectrum over the spectral regime 400--700 nm. The measured emission spectrum is found to coincide with the six spontaneous emission lines of lithium atoms in this spectral regime. The resonance doublet centered at 670.78 nm is the strongest component of the emission spectrum. Simultaneous measurements of the emission lines as a function of spatial locations are accomplished using an intensified CCD camera for the spectral regime 400--500 nm, and the results are used to establish an emission thermometry. The thermometry measurements show that the temperature decreases as combustion proceeds. A mean temperature of 3,500--2,500 K is found for the region bounded by the stoichiometry and the wick surface and the corresponding ``apparent`` flame temperatures are 4,000 and 2,600 K.more » An error of 400--200 K is estimated for the temperature measurements. The temperature data also suggest that the lithium-sulfur hexafluoride wick combustion is not a steady-state process for the burner employed and future experiments are needed to quantify the interfacial conditions to advance the understanding of the liquid-metal wick combustion.« less
Instrumentation of double-sided silicon strip detectors for multi-particle detection

Abstract A compact, modular, low-cost, high-density readout system for double-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSD) has been developed. The system, composed of a customized high-density, multi-channel preamplifier unit combined with commercial CAMAC modules, provides for the individual readout of each of the 32 segments in a 16 × 16 crossed-strip DSSD. This system permits X–Y position sensitivity to be achieved for multiple-particle events, making double-sided silicon strip detectors powerful tools for the study of nuclear reactions leading to many-charged-particle final states.