cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The homogeneous dispersive lineshape as a wavelet basis

The frequency domain susceptibility of all materials results from the collective response of absorptive resonances. The concomitant dispersive response follows according to the Kramers-Kronig relations for causal transfer functions. For an inhomogeneously broadened spectrum that comprises a collection of frequency-shifted homogeneously broadened absorption lines, analysis of the response is in principle straightforward and repetitive. The prospect that these regular resonant features might serve as a mathematical basis for constructing an arbitrary spectral susceptibility suggests the use of their mathematical lineshape as a mother wavelet in a wavelet basis.
Effect of Foliar Application of Auxin on the Quality of Potatoes

Katahdin and Kennebec potatoes were sprayed with 10−5M auxin at the beginning of flowering. Tubers from the auxin-treated plants were compared with untreated controls for phenolic content, enzymatic discoloration, total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, free ammo acids, lipids, minerals, and ascorbic acid content. In both varieties auxin increased the phenols and enzymatic discoloration. However, no differences were observed in fatty acid composition and ascorbic acid content. Total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, free amino acids, crude lipid, phospholipid and magnesium content were higher, and iron lower, in Katahdin tubers from the treated plants.
Realization of Ag+/Na+ ion-exchanged surface and buried waveguides on germanate glasses

Ion-exchange technology on glass has been successfully used for more than twenty years to manufacture dependable and low cost integrated optics active and passive devices on silicate or phosphate glasses substrates in the telecommunication wavelengths operation range (from λ = 0.8 to 1.7 μm). However, the recent developments of integrated optics instruments for astronomical interferometers or biological sensors have lead to an increase of the devices operation range towards the mid-infrared. For these reasons, we present in this paper the realization of both surface and buried waveguides by means of ion-exchange on a glass which is transparent until λ = 5 μm. In this study, the choice of germanate glass BGA-G115 from Kigre Inc. has been made because of both its similarity with silicate glass, its content of Na + ions and its excellent transparency in the considered operation range. A complete study of the silver ion diffusion on this new glass matrix has been performed allowing the determination of silver and sodium ion-diffusion coefficients at working temperature and silver concentration. Using theses data, simulations have shown that an ion-exchange of 90 min in a 0.03AgNO 3- 0.97NaNO 3 molten salt at a temperature of 330°C can lead to the realization of surface single mode channel waveguides at either λ = 1.55 μm or λ = 3.39 μm depending on the diffusion window width. To demonstrate channel waveguides on BGA-G115, a specific technological process based on the deposition of a polycrystalline silicon masking layer has been implemented. Single-mode channel waveguides, with a 2.5 μm diffusion window width, have thus been realized and characterized at the wavelength of 1.55 m. Modal size has been measured to be 10 μm ± 1 μm x 7 μm ± 1 μm for propagation losses of 1.2 dB/cm ± 0.5 dB/cm for a 2 cm ± 0.1 cm long device. As for buried waveguides, their feasibility has been demonstrated on multimode ones where a burying depth of 25 μm ± 2 μm has been measured.
Time dependent rate theory for diffusional defect processes

Abstract Effective Medium Theory is used to derive the equation governing the time evolution of the volume averaged defect concentration in a system containing cavities and dislocations. Any generation of defects due to external causes is assumed to be spatially homogeneous but may vary with time in an arbitrary manner. Within the approximation of spatial uniformity the theory is suitable for application to the study of irradiation effects in fusion reactor components. Specific examples of the general formalism are analyzed in detail. These indicate that although differences do exist between the present theory and that which would be inferred from a simple extension of steady state considerations, such departures are of minor practical significance. The formalism also permits a more detailed justification of steady state growth models to be given than has heretofore been available. The main emphasis for irradiated materials is placed upon the domain where intrinsic recombination between interstitials and vacancies is a minor source of defect loss. However, a brief discussion of this process is appended in order to cast it within the present formalism.
Controlled mold geometry for surgical deficit treatment planning

The relatively precise placement of brachytherapy sources afforded by stereotactic frames for brain implants is not generally achievable for other sites, which lack the fixed geometry of the cranium and its contents. An exception is a source-containing rigid mold that delivers brachytherapy when inserted securely in a surgical defect. A technique has been developed in which an acrylic mold of the region to be treated is suspended in a demountable aluminum box, which is then filled to a suitable level with dental stone to form a casting that supports the mold and that can be removed intact. First, the box is aligned on a mill table and a ball mill is used to drill three parallel holes in the acrylic mold, with precisely known locations and depths and as widely separated as possible. The spherical air cavities that result from plugging these holes with ball-milled acrylic rods become reference markers in subsequent computed tomography (CT) scans. After optimum CT-coordinate locations have been planned for 125I seeds in catheters, they are transformed to mill coordinates using a matrix developed from the known marker coordinates in the two systems. Catheter holes are then drilled with the mold in the reassembled casting and box. The method has been used to treat both recurrent maxillary cancer and recurrent orbital rhabdomyosarcoma.
Upper level set scan statistic for detecting arbitrarily shaped hotspots

A declared need is around for geoinformatic surveillance statistical science and software infrastructure for spatial and spatiotemporal hotspot detection. Hotspot means something unusual, anomaly, aberration, outbreak, elevated cluster, critical resource area, etc. The declared need may be for monitoring, etiology, management, or early warning. The responsible factors may be natural, accidental, or intentional. This proof-of-concept paper suggests methods and tools for hotspot detection across geographic regions and across networks. The investigation proposes development of statistical methods and tools that have immediate potential for use in critical societal areas, such as public health and disease surveillance, ecosystem health, water resources and water services, transportation networks, persistent poverty typologies and trajectories, environmental justice, biosurveillance and biosecurity, among others. We introduce, for multidisciplinary use, an innovation of the health-area-popular circle-based spatial and spatiotemporal scan statistic. Our innovation employs the notion of an upper level set, and is accordingly called the upper level set scan statistic, pointing to a sophisticated analytical and computational system as the next generation of the present day popular SaTScan. Success of surveillance rests on potential elevated cluster detection capability. But the clusters can be of any shape, and cannot be captured only by circles. This is likely to give more of false alarms and more of false sense of security. What we need is capability to detect arbitrarily shaped clusters. The proposed upper level set scan statistic innovation is expected to fill this need
Comments on scale invariance of time-frequency distributions

Two results concerning time-frequency distributions (TFD's) are presented. First, it is shown that the Cohen-Posch class of distributions (or "positive distributions") are scale invariant. Second, it is shown that the commonly stated condition for scale invariance of a TFD, namely, that the kernel be a product kernel, is not a necessary condition for signal-dependent kernels.
Ethics seminars: health care proxies and suicidal patients

Advance directives, health care proxies, and living wills are forms of advance planning that permit patients to make decisions regarding their health care and are used when the patient becomes incapacitated. The ethics of allowing these forms of advance planning are questioned when the patient has attempted suicide. The authors present an ethical analysis of a case of an elder patient who overdosed on sustained-release diltiazem and had a health care proxy who wanted all treatments stopped.
SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY OF LASER ANNEALED SILICON

Abstract The topography of silicon has been studied by Nomarski and scanning electron microscopy and by light diffraction techniques. In addition to the previously known ripple structure with wavelength perpendicular to the laser E vector, two new ripple structures of other orientations have been found. The heights of the structures have been determined for the first time.
Stress-induced abnormalities in myocardial perfusion imaging that are not related to perfusion but are of diagnostic and prognostic importance

Introduction Certain stress-induced ancillary findings on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy increase the likelihood that the patient has coronary artery disease (CAD); furthermore, among CAD patients, they indicate more severe and extensive disease, placing these patients at higher risk for future cardiac events. Indeed, in studies with no obvious perfusion defect yet with serious CAD—for example, balanced ischemia—it can be these high-risk findings that necessitate invasive intervention.
Combined Controller-Observer Design for Uncertain Time Delay Systems With Application to Engine Idle Speed Control

This paper sets forth two approaches for a combined controller-observer design procedure for a class of uncertain time delay systems. The first procedure uses a delay-independent LMI (linear matrix inequality) formulation that sets forth sufficient conditions for the existence of appropriate feedback and observer matrices that guarantee asymptotic stability of the system-error dynamic combination. The second procedure generates a similar delay-dependent LMI. Standard toolboxes can be used to generate solutions to the LMIs when solutions exist. The observer-control design techniques are applied to an internal combustion (IC) engine idle speed control problem; simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
Incidence and clinical features of glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1984.

The annual crude incidence rate of glossopharyngeal neuralgia per 100,000 population in Rochester, Minn., for 1945 through 1984, was 0.7 for both sexes combined, suggesting that glossopharyngeal neura
Egf1.5 is a second phenoloxidase cascade inhibitor encoded by Microplitis demolitor bracovirus

The three-member Egf gene family from the polydnavirus Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) encodes novel proteins distinguished by a shared cysteine-rich motif. Prior studies determined that one family member, Egf1.0, inhibits melanization of hemolymph from the moth Manduca sexta by disabling phenoloxidase activating proteinases (PAPs). Here we characterized a second family member, Egf1.5, which shares an identical cysteine-rich motif with Egf1.0, but possesses an extended C-terminal repeat domain. Similar to Egf1.0, Egf1.5 inhibited processing and the amidolytic activity of PAP1 and PAP3 from M. sexta. Egf1.5 also bound PAP1, PAP3 and serine proteinase homolog 2 (SPH2). Comparative studies indicated that Egf1.5 and Egf1.0 similarly inhibited melanization of plasma from two lepidopterans (Pseudoplusia includens and Helicoverpa zea) that are permissive hosts for M. demolitor and MdBV, and two lepidopterans (M. sexta and Bombyx mori) that are nonpermissive hosts. Expression studies showed that transcript abundance of egf1.5 and egf1.0 was also similar in MdBV-infected P. includens and H. zea. Taken together, our results indicate that Egf1.5 and Egf1.0 are functionally similar paralogs.
Continuum model for long-wavelength phonons in two-dimensional graphite and carbon nanotubes

A continuum model yielding dispersion relations for long-wavelength acoustic and optical phonons in two-dimensional graphite and achiral single-walled carbon nanotubes is developed. Close relations with the theory of thin elastic plates and cylindrical shells are established. The effective thickness of a nanotube determining the limits of validity of the continuum model is estimated. A qualitative analysis of vibrations of chiral nanotubes is presented.
Age of Chick-A Factor in the Response to Pelleted Corn

ABSTRACT RECENTLY Allred et al. (1956) have indicated that pelleting practical-type rations, individual constituents or combinations of individual constituents of practical-type rations improves chick growth. Although previous work had suggested that the growth improvement is due to increased density of the diet, their data indicates that density accounts for only part of the response and that a large part of the response probably results from a chemical change in the pelleted feed. They also indicated that corn was the ingredient effected most by pelleting and that pelleting had the greatest influence of any of the conditions imposed. It is of interest to note that Lipke and Fraenkel (1955), using the mealworm larva, Tenebrio molitor, have demonstrated a heat labile, non-dialyzable, toxic factor in intact corn and in defatted corn germ. The factor decreases average weights as well as number of larva surviving. They also noted an inverse relationship between the toxicity . . .
Unilateral skin vessel crises in the newborn.

Summary The causal mechanism of two types of cerebral birth injury – hemorrhages and the hypoxemic ganglion cell lesions – is discussed in connection with four cases of unilateral skin vessel crises in infants during the first months of life. At birth and during the initial postnatal period all the infants had been in a state of universal cyanosis, but, with one exception, they did not present any signs of a brain lesion. Within a period of 4 to 28 days after birth sudden attacks of severe pallor or redness occurred all over one half of the body, with sharp delimitation in the median line. The author has not been able to find similar observations in the literature. It is thought to be due to minor brain lesions occurring during delivery and located in or near the supraseg-mental autonomic centres in the medulla or the hypothalamus.
Mmpi Differences among Mexican-American Male and Female Psychiatric Inpatients

The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent Mexican-American male and female psychiatric patients, who share similar DSM-III--R diagnoses, differ on the MMPI. Differences were found on the Infrequency, Masculinity-Femininity, and Paranoia scales, with the 39 men obtaining significantly higher scores than the 21 women. These results, while suggesting possible differences in the phenomenology of depression, also suggest that MMPI differences between Mexican-American men and women may be reflective of culturally-defined sex roles. These results, when taken within the context of Mexican-American MMPI literature, indicate that researchers should always attempt to account for "gender" when conducting cross-ethnic MMPI comparisons. The practice of grouping the MMPIs of Mexican-American men and women for comparison with other ethnic groups should be discontinued in favor of comparisons that consider the effects of gender and ethnicity.
Proton NMR assignments for R,S‐1,1′‐binaphthol (BN) and R,S‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diyl hydrogen phosphate (BNDHP) interacting with bile salt micelles

We report proton chemical shifts for two model chiral analytes that are commonly used in the study of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), R,S-1,1′-binaphthol (1, BN) and R,S-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl hydrogen phosphate (2, BNDHP), in the absence and presence of monomers and micelles of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate. The analytes undergo fast exchange in and out of the micelles, which perturbs the analytes' chemical shifts, and which we use to resolve some resonances that are degenerate at both 300 and 600 MHz. Although BN and BNDHP are simple molecules, the proton assignments are only unambiguously established with the aid of the exchange with micelles, an attractive alternative to other methodologies such as the use of paramagnetic shift reagents which may also cause spectral distortions. We rely also upon 2D-NOE spectra of samples in the presence of micelles to perform these assignments. Recently published assignments, which were based upon 2D-COSY spectroscopy, appear to be in error and are corrected here. Finally, we note that these shifts are information-rich reporters on the nature of the interactions of these model analytes with the micelles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibition and timing of preprandial insulin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Bay-m-1099, a new alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, was given along with insulin immediately before standard breakfasts, lunches and dinners to nine insulin-dependent diabetic patients to determine whether this combination therapy would produce postprandial glycemic control comparable to that achieved when insulin alone was administered 30 min prior to eating. To avoid potential hypoglycemia, 20% less insulin (0.12 vs. 0.15 U/kg) was given with Bay-m-1099. Despite plasma free insulin concentrations which were less than those observed when insulin alone was given (9.4 +/- 1.0 vs. 12.8 +/- 1.6 microU/ml/min, area under curves for all meals), postprandial hyperglycemia (area under curve) was not significantly different (P greater than 0.1) when insulin plus Bay-m-1099 was administered immediately before each meal (124 +/- 26 mg/ml/min) than when insulin was administered 30 min before each meal (113 +/- 17 mg/ml/min). Thus, the combination of immediate preprandial administration of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor along with insulin resulted in glycemic control comparable to that achieved when more insulin was taken 30 min prior to eating. We conclude that use of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors could lessen the inconvenience of intensive insulin regimens by permitting patients to take their insulin immediately before eating and thus result in greater patient compliance.
Prone positioning decreases cardiac output and increases systemic vascular resistance in neonates

Prone positioning decreases cardiac output and increases systemic vascular resistance in neonates
Scattered photons produced by beam-modifying filters

When a beam‐modifying filter such as a wedge or a compensator is placed in an x‐ray beam, scatteredphotons are generated in the filter material. The magnitude of the dose contribution from these photons for a 4‐MV x‐ray beam was measured. At a distance of 30 cm from the filter, a copper sheet of 1‐cm thickness produced a dose contribution on the centerline of about 6% of the transmitted primary dose in a 20×20 cm2 field. At the edges of the beam, this contribution was only about one‐half that on the centerline. The presence of these scatteredphotons leads to only minor dose errors in clinical applications if simple procedures are followed to account for their contribution.
Attainment of the final thermal preferendum in brown bullheads acclimated to different temperatures.

Abstract 1. Brown bullheads ( Ictalurus nebulosus ) were acclimated to temperatures of 7°, 15°, 24°, and 32°C for periods of 10 to 20 days. The fish were then placed in a thermal gradient and the selected temperature recorded continuously for one to two days. 2. Immediately after placement in the gradient, the four acclimation temperatures produced the following selected temperatures: 16°, 21°, 26°, and 31°C. 3. After 10 hr, the fish acclimated to 7° and 15°C were selecting 25°C water, and within one day were selecting water of 29–30°C. The final thermal preferendum of the brown bullhead is probably between 29° and 31°C.
Classical solutions of forced vibration of rectangular plate driven by displacement boundary conditions

Forced vibration of a rectangular plate excited by displacement boundary conditions is investigated. The system of boundary conditions is decomposed into two fundamental types of sub-systems, which involves only one side or one corner. The necessary conditions for the solutions to be of classical sense are discussed. The transformation is designed to convert the problems to those of forced vibration by body forces with homogeneous boundary conditions. The closed-form solutions are derived for these two types of problems, using Fourier series. Additional conditions are proposed to the boundary functions so that the differentiated series converges uniformly. And consequently, the solutions are verified to satisfy the differential equations in a classical sense with continuous derivatives.
Fast Hough Transform On A Mesh Connected Processor Array

Hough transform is an effective method for the detection of the shape of object boundaries in image pattern analysis. Since the Hough transform is very computation intensive, it is essen-tial to parallelize the computation. However, an effective parallel algorithm is harder to obtain because it requires global informa-tion. In this paper we present an efficient parallel Hough transform algorithm for the detection of straight lines using mesh connected processor arrays. While other parallel algo-rithms take either 0(n2) or 0(n2) time, where n is the number of distinct values of a parameter and N is the number of edge pixels, our algorithm takes 0(n) time.
Detoxification of substituted phenols by oxidoreductive enzymes through polymerization reactions

Laccases from the fungiRhizoctonia praticola andTrametes versicolor as well as horseradish peroxidase and tyrosinase were evaluated for their ability to polymerize phenolic contaminants. The removal of phenols through polymerization depended on the chemical structure and concentration of the substrate, pH of the reaction mixture, activity of the enzyme, length of incubation, and temperature. The enzymes retained their activity throughout a broad range of pH (pH 3.0 to 10) and temperature (5 to 55°C). The removal of halogenated phenols decreased with increasing number of chlorines and increasing molecular weight of the substituent. Laccases fromR. praticola andT. versicolor removed 2,4-dichlorophenol at initial concentrations of up to 1,600 mg/L. The amount of the substrate removed increased with increasing enzyme activity. The precipitates formed during polymerization of 2,4-dichlorophenol constituted a mixture of oligomers with average molecular weights of up to 800 for the fraction soluble in dioxane. Mass spectra revealed the loss of chlorine atoms during enzymatic polymerization. The release of chloride ions into solution during polymerization amounted to up to 20% of the chlorine initially associated with the 2,4-dichlorophenol molecule. Dechlorination contributes to the overall detoxification effect which results from enzymatic polymerization.
Pressure Overload–Induced Alterations in Fibrillar Collagen Content and Myocardial Diastolic Function Role of Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) in Post–Synthetic Procollagen Processing

Background— Chronic pressure overload causes myocardial hypertrophy, increased fibrillar collagen content, and abnormal diastolic function. We hypothesized that one determinant of these pressure overload–induced changes is the extracellular processing of newly synthesized procollagen into mature collagen fibrils. We further hypothesized that secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) plays a key role in post–synthetic procollagen processing in normal and pressure-overloaded myocardium. Methods and Results— To determine whether pressure overload–induced changes in collagen content and diastolic function are affected by the absence of SPARC, age-matched wild-type (WT) and SPARC-null mice underwent either transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for 4 weeks or served as nonoperated controls. Left ventricular (LV) collagen content was measured histologically by collagen volume fraction, collagen composition was measured by hydroxyproline assay as soluble collagen (1 mol/L NaCl extractable) versus insolu...
Relative Abundances of Ions Formed as the Result of Inner-Shell Vacancies in Atoms

Relative abundances of differently charged ions were measured following the x irradiation of Xe, and, in separate experiments, of Hg. These studies were carried out for a variety of x-ray energies in order to obtain data as a function of the initial inner-shell vacancies. From the data we have derived charge spectra that result from producing an initial vacancy in each of the following shells: the $K$, ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$, ${L}_{\mathrm{II},\mathrm{III}}$, ${M}_{\mathrm{I}}$, ${M}_{\mathrm{II},\mathrm{III}}$, ${M}_{\mathrm{IV},\mathrm{V}}$, and $N$ shells of Xe; and the $L$, $M$, $N$, and $O$ shells of Hg. These data are correlated with earlier measurements on He, Ne, Ar, and Kr; and empirical rules are set up whereby one may estimate the average charge resulting from the atomic readjustment to a vacancy in any shell of any atom.
Computed tomography of aortoiliac atherosclerosis

Twenty-three patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease underwent angiography and CT of the aortoiliac segment within a 72-hour interval. Examinations were evaluated for depiction of disease in the aortic and iliac segments in five categories: stenosis, plaque morphology, vascular ectasia, calcification, and other pathologic conditions. Angiography and CT were equally accurate in their depiction of the degree of aortic stenosis or occlusion and in identification of aortic ectasia. Angiography proved superior to CT in the display of plaque morphology in 57% of aortic lesions and 74% of iliac abnormalities. Angiography also showed clear superiority over CT in quantification of iliac stenosis in 75% of patients with abnormalities, as well as in identification of iliac ectasia. CT detected both intimal calcification and incidental disease or congenital abnormalities better than angiography, including an unsuspected chronic contained aortic rupture. Overall, CT compared favorably with angiography in the identification of all types of aortic disease but major disadvantages of CT were evident in the iliac segment because of vessel tortuosity or heavy calcification. CT cannot replace arteriography in detecting atherosclerotic disease of the aortoiliac segment but can help to clarify angiographic findings in selected groups of patients.
Gray Markets and the Legal Status of Parallel Importation

The authors describe how and why gray marketing occurs in the context of legal and illegal (shadow) marketing activities. The regulatory and judicial decisions relating to gray marketing activities...
Near-infrared probe design with ultrasound guidance

A total of 364 optical source-detector pairs were uniformly deployed over a 9 x 9 cm2 probe area initially, and then the total pairs were gradually reduced to 60 in experimental studies. For each source-detector configuration, 3D images of a 1 cm diameter absorber of different contrasts were reconstructed form the measurements made with a frequency domain system. The results have shown that more than 160 source-detector pairs are needed to reconstruct absorption coefficient within 60% of the true value and appropriate spatial and contrast resolution. However, the error in target depth estimated from 3D images was more than 1 cm in all source-detector configurations. With the a priori target depth information provided by ultrasound, the accuracy of the reconstructed absorption coefficient has been improved by 15% and 3% on average for high and low contrast cases, respectively. The speed of reconstruction has been improved by 10 times on average.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An improved initial value method for a contact problem with a nonplane punch

Abstract Solution of an axisymmetric three dimensional contact problem of a nonplane punch pressing into a finitely thick elastic layer is presented. The method consists in deriving a Cauchy system for two auxiliary functions. This initial value problem is readily solved by modern computers. Complete displacement and stress fields as well as the penetration of the center of the punch, and the force required to push it are determined. This is a direct method, and no successive approximations or series expansions are used. The results are obtained for all radii of contact of the punch with the elastic layer.
Biosynthetic studies with 13C : The antifungal antibiotic ilicicolin H

Abstract The results of feeding experiments conducted with 13C-labeled acetates, 15N-labeled phenyl-alanine, and 14C-labeled phenylalanine in fermentations of Cylindrocladium ilicicola MFC 870 are consistent with the polyketide pathway to ilicicolin H, the principal metabolite. The origin of the 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl-α-pyridone) unit in ilicicolin H is via an intermediate tetramic acid derivative, analogous to the biosynthesis of the same unit in tenellin. The two reduced carbocyclic rings of ilicicolin H are derived through cyclization of a linear polyketide precursor.
Organization of the trigeminal motor nucleus before and after metamorphosis in lampreys

Summary During metamorphosis of the lamprey the simple muscles of the mouth of the larvae are replaced with the elaborate muscles of the sucker, rasper and pharynx in adults. The purposes of the present experiments were the identification of motoneurons to mouth muscles and the determination of their patterns in the trigeminal nucleus before and after metamorphosis. (1) Motoneurons were identified physiologically by observation of contractions in motor units following intracellular stimulation and by antidromic stimulation. Locations of motoneurons were also determined morphologically by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. (2) The trigeminal motor nucleus was subdivided into regions containing motoneurons to specific groups of ipsilateral muscles both in larvae and in adults. The medial-caudal portion of the nucleus contained motoneurons innervating muscles of the oral hood in larvae and the annularis muscles of the sucker in adults. The simple ventral muscles of the larva were replaced by the elaborate muscles of the rasper and piston of adults, yet motoneurons were located in rostral portion of the nucleus in both stages. Likewise, the dissimilar muscles innervated through the basilar nerve had motoneurons in the lateral part of the nucleus in larvae and adults. The velum becomes much smaller during metamorphosis, but motoneurons innervating it in larvae and adults had the same lateral location. (3) It is concluded that the pattern of cells in the trigeminal motor nucleus is not changed during metamorphosis of the lamprey. Perhaps the same motoneurons make new peripheral connections during and after metamorphosis, or new neurons form in the same general regions of the trigeminal nucleus and innervate the new muscles forming in the corresponding regions.
Cultural Receptivity among Foster Parents: Implications for Quality Transcultural Parenting

Foster parents' ability to support a minority youth's cultural needs is critically important to the appropriate development of the youth's cultural identity and avoidance of negative reactions to real or perceived rejection or dismissal of their cultural values or traditions. This study assessed the ability of a set of practice-based measures to identify indicators of positive transcultural parenting. It involved a cross-sectional, nonprobability sample of 78 licensed foster parents who completed standardized foster parent assessments. Discriminant function analysis was used to correctly classify 91% of respondents into two distinct groups of low- and high-scoring foster parents on a cluster of demographic and fostering predictors of openness to effectively parenting culturally different children. Foster parents' race, education level, dedication to fostering, available time to foster, understanding of certain foster parent roles, and knowledge of transcultural parenting activities were the strongest predictors of cultural receptivity, a precursor for competence in transcultural parenting. These findings demonstrate the potential usefulness of a set of psychometrically sound measures for prescreening and enhancing transcultural parenting skill sets among prospective foster parents who would likely support the psychological, social, and cultural development of youths of a different race, ethnicity, or culture from themselves.
Achieving Secret Communication for Fast Rayleigh Fading Channels

We consider a secret communication scenario where Alice wants to transmit secretly to Bob in presence of a passive eavesdropper Eve. The Alice-Bob channel is a fixed-SNR AWGN channel, while the Alice-Eve channel is a fast Rayleigh fading channel, with the channel states only known to Eve. Alice knows the statistics of Alice-Eve channel, but not the exact realizations. We investigate the achievable secrecy rates for this channel model with Gaussian signaling and discrete signaling. For Gaussian signaling, several transmission strategies according to the main channel's relative channel gain are proposed and evaluated. For discrete signaling, achievable secrecy rates with Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) are evaluated. When Bob's channel is much better than Eve's channel, simple Gaussian signaling can perform close to the upper bound, and is better than the rate achieved with M-QAM. When Bob's channel gain is on average worse than the eavesdropper's average channel gain, positive secrecy rate can still be achieved for Gaussian signaling with artificial noise injection and a burst signaling strategy. Moreover, M-QAM can outperform Gaussian signaling. The key factor that enables secret communication in this case is that both M-QAM and artificial noise limit the leakage of information when Eve's channel is unusually good.
Genomic and physiological approaches to advancing forest tree improvement

The recent completion of a draft sequence of the poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray ex Brayshaw) genome has advanced forest tree genetics to an unprecedented level. A "parts list" for a forest tree has been produced, opening up new opportunities for dissecting the interworkings of tree growth and development. In the relatively near future we can anticipate additional reference genome sequences, including the much larger Pinus genome. One goal is to use this information to define the genomic attributes that affect the phenotypic performances of trees growing in various environments. A first step is the definition of ideotypes that constitute optimal tree and stand-level performance. Following this, the genome can be systematically searched for genetic elements and their allelic variants that affect the specified traits. Knowledge of these alleles and their effects will facilitate the development of efficient tree improvement programs through genome-guided breeding and genetic engineering and further our mechanistic understanding of trait variation. Improved mechanistic understanding of tree growth and development is needed to develop process models that will allow us to anticipate and manage change in forest ecosystems. Here we consider the development of an ideotype for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and discuss genomic approaches for studying the component traits that will enable advances in process model development and the genetic improvement of this important conifer.
Sensitivity analysis of power system dynamics: A digraph approach

Abstract A novel method based on graph theory is proposed to study the sensitivity of the system parameters of power system dynamics. The approach decomposes the power system dynamic model into a number of irreducible, acyclically interconnected subsystems and the eigenvalues of the total system are the eigenvalues of the subsystems taken together. Explicit eigenvalue sensitivities with respect to any specific system parameter are derived.
An investigation of the smartphone user's in-game purchase intention

The in-game sale strategy is considered one of the most promising business models for mobile gaming application industry. However, little knowledge has been found about the antecedent factors of a smartphone user's consumption intention. We integrate the hedonic use perspective with value based theories to investigate the effects of influential factors on the smartphone user's in-game purchase intention IGPI. We find that a user's perceived playfulness and the user's perceived added value of gaming applications on smartphones both have significant positive effects on the user's IGPI. We also instantiated five factors according to the mobile fun framework and empirically validated their influences on the user's perceived playfulness of gaming applications. The findings will contribute to the future gaming application commercialisation research, and provide several practical implications to gaming application developers.
Possible Future Development of Implants and Breast Augmentation

Since the introduction of the silicone gel prosthesis in 1962, breast augmentation has become one of the most frequently performed operations in plastic surgery. As we strive for perfect results, it is important to continue to gather and review data evaluating innovative techniques and devices. Now we even have more options available for breast augmentation, whether we use them in combination or alone. By combining all of the available options (acellular dermal matrix products, silicone implant, fat grafting), we have been able to create "bioengineered breasts" with high patient and surgeon satisfaction. As always in plastic surgery, our concern is with safety; as newer technology and products are introduced to us, patient education, consent, and follow-up remain important.
1188 INTERCOSTAL RETRACTOMETER FOR ESTIMATION OF INTRA-PLEURAL PRESSURE

Top of pageAbstract We have developed an intercostal retractometer for the non-invasive estimation of intrapleural pressure. It consists of a scored lucite disc covered by a thin acetate membrane. The scored lines and the membrane with the disc form a small space which is filled with liquid. The membrane is attached to the skin and any retractive force applied to the device by the intercostal space is translated into pressure changes in the liquid, detected by a P50A Statham strain guage. Twelve studies were performed in 3 infants with hyaline membrane disease, averaging 1180 g weight, and 30 wks G.A. Comparison with estimated intrapleural pressure was made using an esophageal balloon placed in the mid-thorax. The retractometer was calibrated by measuring the occluded airway pressure, which followed changes in esophageal pressure to within ± 1 cm H2O over a range of 30 cm H2O. This calibration method also allows for the detection of artifacts due to inappropriate positioning of the device. The regression line of retractometer output vs esophageal pressure had an average slope of 0.4 and predicted the esophageal pressure to within ± 1.7 cm H2O (95% confidence limit). In using the device, care must be taken to eliminate artifacts due to movement of the instrument and faulty attachment to the chest wall. The response of the device is attenuated by subcutaneous tissue, roughly in proportion to the thickness of the tissue. (Supported in part by Contract HR 6-2093)
The intracellular distribution of liver glycogen

Abstract 1. 1. A study has been made of the histochemically demonstrable glycogen of rat liver particulate fractions obtained by differential centrifugation of sucrose homogenates. 2. 2. Histochemically demonstrable glycogen was found in mitochondria, microsomes, a poorly sedimentable fraction of proteinaceous material isolated by centrifugation at 13,000 g, and as particulate glycogen not associated with proteinaceous material. No glycogen could be demonstrated histochemically in isolated nuclei. 3. 3. Quantitative chemical determinations of glycogen on these fractions were in general agreement with the histochemical findings. 4. 4. In terms of ratio of glycogen to nitrogen contents of the particulate fractions, microsomes were highest, and mitochondria lowest. 5. 5. The use of calcium ion to agglutinate mitochondria resulted in the carrying down of a markedly increased fraction of the total nitrogen of the homogenate, without any increase in the fraction of total glycogen in these particulates. 6. 6. Despite the carrying out of all operations in the cold room, a very large fraction of the total glycogen initially present in the liver was found as reducing sugar. 7. 7. The occurrence in liver of particulate glycogen not associated with protein, first reported by Lazarow, is confirmed. 8. 8. An appreciable fraction of the total glycogen content of liver is present in solution in the cytoplasm.
Quadratic renormalization of the average potential and the naturalness of quadratic mass relations for the top quark

We formulate an effective action for averages of fields for the coupled system of scalars and (chiral) fermions. The renormalization group equations for the scale dependence of the average potential exhibit a quadratic renormalization in addition to the usual logarithmic renormalization. It is independent of the regularization scheme and the momentum cutoff. We investigate to what extent quadratic relations for the top quark mass, which were formerly based on the vanishing of the quadratic divergence, can be motivated in the light of these results.
The limits of superconductivity in MoGe nanowires

Abstract As the diameter of a superconducting wire is decreased to the order of the coherence length or less, the wire is no longer able to sustain the long range phase coherence and a non-zero resistance is measured. Based on the theory for quantum phase slips, we estimate that if the normal resistance of the wire is larger than 450 Ω per coherence length, the wire will stay resistive even at T ≪ T c . On the other hand, the localization effects may be weakening the superconductivity in the smallest wires due to enhanced Coulomb repulsion as the one-dimensional limit is approached.
System design and advanced technology development for a lightweight, low cost, satellite radar altimeter

A lightweight (16.1 kg), low-power (35-W) small satellite radar altimeter suitable for launch on a Pegasus launch vehicle is described. The altimeter is capable of measuring ocean surface height with a precision of 3.5 cm from an altitude of 800 km. Risk reduction is achieved by the use of nondevelopmental items and devices. >
What Makes Principals Feel Successful

The question, “Who feels successful as a principal?” and its partner, “What makes some principals feel more successful than others?” beg for answers. This study of 434 Maine school principals provides a prime opportunity to examine the questions.
Automated failure population creation for validating integrated circuit diagnosis methods

Integrated circuit (IC) diagnosis typically analyzes failed chips by reasoning about their responses to test patterns to deduce what has gone wrong. Current trends use diagnosis as the first step in extracting valuable information from a large population of failing ICs that include, for example, design-feature failure rates and defect-occurrence statistics. However, it is difficult to examine the accuracy of these techniques because of the unavailability of sufficient fail data where such information is known. This paper describes an approach for benchmarking and verifying diagnosis techniques through failure population creation that builds on prior work in this area. Specifically, we describe how a population of realistic IC failures is created through circuit-level simulation of extracted layouts. The most novel feature of the work is that the virtual test responses produced are both a precise function of defect type and the three-dimensional location within the layout. The extended approach is demonstrated using twelve placed-and-routed circuits. An example application of the developed framework is given to illustrate the utility of having a failure population where the location and type of defect are known a priori.
Rottlerin-induced autophagy leads to the apoptosis in breast cancer stem cells: molecular mechanisms.

Autophagy is an indispensable lysosomal self-digestion process involved in the degradation of aggregated proteins and damaged organelles. Autophagy is associated with the several pathological processes, including cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play significant roles in cancer initiation, progression and drug resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated the antitumor activities of plant-derived chemopreventive agent rottlerin (Rott). However, the molecular mechanism by which Rott induces autophagy in breast CSCs has not been investigated. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanism by which Rott induces autophagy which leads to apoptosis in breast CSCs. Treatment of breast CSCs with Rott for 24 h resulted in a concentration dependent induction of autophagy, followed by apoptosis as measured by flow cytometry. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of autophagosomes in Rott treated breast CSCs. Western blot analysis showed that Rott treatment increased the expression of LC3, Beclin-1 and Atg12 that are accumulated during autophagy. Prolonged exposure of breast CSCs to Rott caused apoptosis which was associated with the suppression of phosphorylated Akt and mTOR, upregulation of phosphorylated AMPK, and downregulation of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, XIAP and cIAP-1. Knock-down of Atg7 or Beclin-1 by shRNA inhibited Rott-induced autophagy at 24 h. Our study also demonstrates that pre-treatment of breast CSCs with autophagosome inhibitors 3-methyladenine and Bafilomycin, as well as protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide inhibited Rott-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Rott induces autophagy via extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization in breast CSCs. Molecular docking results between C2-domain of protein kinase C-delta and Rott indicated that both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions contributed significantly for ligand binding with minimum binding affinity of ≈ 7.5 Kcal/mol. Although, autophagy inhibitors suppress the formation of cytoplasmic vacuolization and autophagy in breast CSCs, the potency of Rott to induce autophagy and apoptosis might be based on its capability to activate several pathways such as AMPK and proteasome inhibition. A better understanding of the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis would eventually allow us to discover novel drugs for the treatment of breast cancer by eliminating CSCs.
Possible enhancement to specifications of several Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer visible and near-IR channels for improved earth observations

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS instruments onboard the NASA Terra and Aqua Spacecrafts have provided unprecedented capabilities in global observations of land, ocean, and atmosphere. In this paper, we report that, under certain atmospheric and surface conditions, several MODIS channels in the visible and near-IR spectral regions can saturate. The radiance dynamic ranges of similar channels for future satellite earth observing instruments should be increased. Instrument designers and MODIS data users should be aware of the saturation problems associated with these MODIS channels.
Structure from periodic motion

We show how to exploit temporal periodicity of moving objects to perform 3D reconstruction. The collection of period-separated frames serve as a surrogate for multiple rigid views of a particular pose of the moving target, thus allowing the use of standard techniques of multiview geometry. We motivate our approach using human motion capture data, for which the true 3D positions of the markers are known. We next apply our approach to image sequences of pedestrians captured with a camcorder. Applications of our proposed approach include 3D motion capture of natural and manmade periodic moving targets from monocular video sequences.