cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress generation: Future directions and clinical implications

Although the past two decades have seen increasing empirical interest in stress generation, the process whereby depressed or depression-prone individuals experience higher rates of life stress that are at least in part influenced by their own cognitive and behavioral characteristics, several important aspects of this phenomenon remain relatively unexamined, leaving open several promising opportunities for future advancement of the field. The current paper begins with a brief review of the extant literature on the influence of cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal, childhood maltreatment, and genetic factors on stress generation. An integrative theoretical model is then presented tying together these different lines of research in accounting for the stress generation effect and its potential depressogenic sequelae (i.e., depression recurrence and depression contagion). Drawing on this model, particular focus is given to the need to identify the behavioral processes through which cognitive factors confer risk for stress generation, as well as to the need for research assessing the full etiological chain posited by the stress generation hypothesis linking self-generated stress with subsequent depression. In addition, methodological issues of particular relevance to this area of research are discussed. The current review ends with a consideration of the clinical implications of the stress generation phenomenon.
Read, Listen, and Watch: Media Resources for Conversing about Race:

Facilitating discussions about race can be challenging for even the most experienced educator. In this article, Anthony Keith provides a framework for using multimedia resources to guide student reflection and discussion on race.
Aging-related induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase is vasculo-protective to the arterial media.

Objective: Aging associated erectile dysfunction (ED) is primarily caused by the reduction in smooth muscle cells (SMC) and an increase in collagen within the corpora cavernosa, assumed to result from an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is accompanied by the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to produce nitric oxide that scavenges ROS and inhibits collagen deposition. We investigated whether with aging similar processes occur within the arterial media SMC that share some common physiological functions with the cavernosal SMC. Methods: Aged (22–24 months) male Brown Norway rats received water with or without an inhibitor of iNOS activity (l- N -(iminoethyl)-lysine acetate [l-NIL], 0.1 g/l), for 3 weeks. Young (3 months) untreated rats were used as control ( n = 5 per group). Tissue sections from the penis, abdominal aorta, femoral and brachial arteries were stained for collagen, SMC, iNOS, ROS plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) and apoptosis, and evaluated by quantitative image analysis. ROS were also determined in fresh tissue and whole blood by the GSH/GSSG ratio. Results: It was observed that most aging-induced changes in the media of the arterial tree from the aorta to the resistance arteries in the penis are similar to what occurs in the corpora cavernosa, i.e. a decrease in the SMC/collagen ratio and an increase in ROS and iNOS, and specifically in the case of the resistance arteries, an increase in SMC apoptosis and PAI. iNOS inhibition by l-NIL further increased ROS and decreased the SMC/collagen ratio in the media. Conclusions: These observations suggest that ED and arteriosclerosis in the aging male may share a common etiology, and that the expression of iNOS by the SMC is an attempt to counteract this fibrosis.
CD4-Independent Entry and Replication of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Primary Rhesus Macaque Astrocytes Are Regulated by the Transmembrane Protein

Previous studies have demonstrated that the genetic determinants of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) neurovirulence map to the env and nef genes. Recent studies from our laboratory demonstrated that SIV replication in primary rhesus macaque astrocyte cultures is dependent upon the nef gene. Here, we demonstrate that macrophage tropism is not sufficient for replication in astrocytes and that specific amino acids in the transmembrane (TM) portion of Env are also important for optimal SIV replication in astrocytes. Specifically, a Gly at amino acid position 751 and truncation of the cytoplasmic tail of TM are required for efficient replication in these cells. Studies using soluble CD4 demonstrated that these changes within the TM protein regulate CD4-independent, CCR5-dependent entry of virus into astrocytes. In addition, we observed that two distinct CD4-independent, neuroinvasive strains of SIV/DeltaB670 also replicated efficiently in astrocytes, further supporting the role of CD4 independence as an important determinant of SIV infection of astrocytes in vitro and in vivo.
CD4 T Cell Immunity Is Critical for the Control of Simian Varicella Virus Infection in a Nonhuman Primate Model of VZV Infection

Primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) results in varicella (more commonly known as chickenpox) after which VZV establishes latency in sensory ganglia. VZV can reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles), a debilitating disease that affects one million individuals in the US alone annually. Current vaccines against varicella (Varivax) and herpes zoster (Zostavax) are not 100% efficacious. Specifically, studies have shown that 1 dose of varivax can lead to breakthrough varicella, albeit rarely, in children and a 2-dose regimen is now recommended. Similarly, although Zostavax results in a 50% reduction in HZ cases, a significant number of recipients remain at risk. To design more efficacious vaccines, we need a better understanding of the immune response to VZV. Clinical observations suggest that T cell immunity plays a more critical role in the protection against VZV primary infection and reactivation. However, no studies to date have directly tested this hypothesis due to the scarcity of animal models that recapitulate the immune response to VZV. We have recently shown that SVV infection of rhesus macaques models the hallmarks of primary VZV infection in children. In this study, we used this model to experimentally determine the role of CD4, CD8 and B cell responses in the resolution of primary SVV infection in unvaccinated animals. Data presented in this manuscript show that while CD20 depletion leads to a significant delay and decrease in the antibody response to SVV, loss of B cells does not alter the severity of varicella or the kinetics/magnitude of the T cell response. Loss of CD8 T cells resulted in slightly higher viral loads and prolonged viremia. In contrast, CD4 depletion led to higher viral loads, prolonged viremia and disseminated varicella. CD4 depleted animals also had delayed and reduced antibody and CD8 T cell responses. These results are similar to clinical observations that children with agammaglobulinemia have uncomplicated varicella whereas children with T cell deficiencies are at increased risk of progressive varicella with significant complications. Moreover, our studies indicate that CD4 T cell responses to SVV play a more critical role than antibody or CD8 T cell responses in the control of primary SVV infection and suggest that one potential mechanism for enhancing the efficacy of VZV vaccines is by eliciting robust CD4 T cell responses.
Imperfect Duties, Group Obligations, and Beneficence

There is virtually no philosophical consensus on what, exactly, imperfect duties are. In this paper, I lay out three criteria which I argue any adequate account of imperfect duties should satisfy. Using beneficence as a leading example, I suggest that existing accounts of imperfect duties will have trouble meeting those criteria. I then propose a new approach: thinking of imperfect duties as duties held by groups, rather than individuals. I show, again using the example of beneficence, that this proposal can satisfy the criteria, explaining how something can both have the necessity characteristic of duty, while also allowing agents the latitude which seems to attach to imperfect duties.
Monitoring photoreceptor transplants with nuclear and cytoplasmic markers

Abstract Two methods are described for identifying transplanted photoreceptors in a foreign host retina. One involves the use of [3H]thymidine to label the nuclei of photoreceptors which are dividing for 1 week after birth in myomorphic retina. These photoreceptors can be identified by autoradiography. The second involves the use of a transgenic mouse carrying a bovine rhodopsin promoter in tandem with the bacterial LacZ gene. These mice express β-galactosidase in their rods. X-gal reaction allows these rods to be identified by routine light and electron microscopy. These methods have been used to follow photoreceptor transplants in adult Royal College of Surgeons strain rat and C3H mouse mutants which have lost virtually all their photoreceptors. Dissociated photoreceptors transplanted to the subretinal space of these animals survive for at least 3 months. The inner segment, cell body, and synaptic terminal of these transplanted photoreceptors remain morphologically normal; the outer segment, however, becomes rudimentary.
Gonadal hormones and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) alter messenger ribonucleic acid levels for GnRH receptors in sheep

GnRH regulates the synthesis and secretion of pituitary gonadotropins. The number of receptors for GnRH (GnRH-rec) can vary from 500 to 15,000-20,000/gonadotrope in ovine pituitary cultures after treatment with physiologically relevant combinations of gonadal hormones. This large range suggests that regulation of GnRH-rec expression may be an important control point in GnRH action at the pituitary level. Reported here are the changes in GnRH-rec mRNA associated with pituitary treatments (48 h) of 17 beta-estradiol (E), progesterone (P), and an enriched preparation of porcine follicular inhibin (IN). Northern blot analysis was used to detect 3 species of GnRH-rec mRNA in primary ovine pituitary culture [5.5 kilobases (kb; 32%), 3.6 kb (51%), and 1.4 kb (17%)]; all were changed in parallel by E, P, and IN. GnRH-rec mRNAs were increased 190% over control levels after treatment with either E or IN, and 400% with E and IN combined; when E and IN were added along with P, the increase was only 50% (P caused an 8...
Tooth Thickness Effect on the Performance of Gas Labyrinth Seals

A previously validated finite difference computer code was revised to allow the specification of upstream and downstream reservoir conditions as boundary conditions, whereas the domain extends only from the seal inlet to outlet plane. As a result of this special revision, the required execution CPU time is approximately only one hour on a VAX 8650 computer for three-cavity, straight-through seals. A parametric study focusing on tooth thickness showed that streamwise swirl development was only slightly higher for the thickest tooth. Further, for straight-through seals it was found that leakage is almost independent of tooth thickness and that the second cavity yields a definite increase in turbulence energy and turbulence length scale over the first cavity.
Sexually inactive marriages

A sample of 6,029 married persons from the National Survey of Families and Households was analyzed to determine the correlates of sexual inactivity in marriage and to see if sexually inactive marriages were less happy and stable than those with sexual activity. Sixteen percent of the marriages in this sample had been sexually inactive during the month prior to the interview. A logistic regression analysis showed unhappiness with the marital relationship, increased likelihood of separation, lack of shared activity, few arguments over sex, lack of physical violence, increased age, fewer children, the presence of preschoolers, and poor health all to be significant correlates of sexually inactive marriage. Significant differences existed between males and females, such as the presence of relationship violence being associated with sexual activity only for females, and the presence of preschoolers and poor health associated with sexual inactivity only for males. These findings suggest that although sexually in...
Agent Recruitment Planning in Knowledge-Intensive Call Centers:

The key ingredient in a call center’s operational efficiency is labor. Agent turnover remains a major concern for call centers. The top three reasons for turnover are low salary, lack of career path, and burnout. On average, it costs about $10 to a call center for each call, and the cost to bring on a new agent is more than $6,000. The author treats call centers as knowledge-intensive operations that are characterized by extensive knowledge required for each agent, combines control theory and chance-constrained programming in a model for workforce planning that allows for agent learning, and derives steady state workforce levels for different knowledge groups within the call center to minimize total labor-related costs. The objective is to meet stochastic demands with a desired service level. The author applies his model to an actual call center situation in the high-tech industry with adjusted data and discusses the managerial implications.
Halogenated diphenyl ethers identified in avian tissues and eggs by GC/MS

Abstract Chlorinated and brominated diphenyl ether compounds (DPEs) have been detected by gas Chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in eggs and carcasses of fish-eating birds from Louisiana, Michigan, Ohio, Rhode Island, Texas, Virginia, and Ontario, Canada. Three of these compounds were quantified; the highest concentration of 0.90 ppm tetrachloro DPE was found in a common tern carcass ( Sterna hirundo ) from Rhode Island. This is the first time that the halogenated DPEs have been reported in avian tissues. The significance of these residues is unknown.
Identification of ambient PM2.5 sources and analysis of pollution episodes in Detroit, Michigan using highly time-resolved measurements

Abstract Recent studies have indicated that the chemical composition of ambient PM 2.5, or fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter 2.5 is critical to understanding source-specific health risks posed by PM 2.5 . However, ambient PM measurements are typically 24-h average concentrations, masking the temporal variability of individual sources. These daily samples can limit our understanding of the associations between sources and observed heath effect parameters. In the present study, highly time-resolved sampling methods were utilized to characterize trace element concentrations and to obtain information on potential emission sources impacting a site in urban Detroit where a complex mixture of local point and mobile sources, as well as regional sources, is observed. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to 117 8-h PM 2.5 filter samples from which six major factors were extracted including secondary aerosol, gasoline-powered vehicles, iron and steel manufacturing, diesel-powered vehicles, refining, and sludge incineration. In addition, PMF was applied to 268 30-min PM 2.5 samples where six major source factors were identified including secondary aerosol, gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles, iron and steel manufacturing, refining, sludge incineration, and cement/lime production. Contributions of various emission source factors and peak concentrations for each factor were characterized using detailed meteorology and, factor directionality analysis. Although some variations were observed between the 8-h integrated filter samples and the 30-min SEAS samples, the results from the two datasets are generally consistent, suggesting that 46% and 43% of ambient PM, respectively, is derived from local sources. These findings have advanced our understanding of temporal PM source-receptor relationships in a complex urban air shed.
Obesidade como deficiência: o caso dos judeus

Atualmente, ha uma tendencia a encarar a obesidade como uma deficiencia fisica, mas Gilman a adota como um objeto de pesquisa para o estudo da construcao cultural do corpo. Neste intuito, reconstitui as representacoes culturais do corpo obeso a partir do caso dos judeus desde a Biblia, passando pelo discurso medico e conclui com uma analise da imagem literaria do judeu gordo. Em sua analise, o historiador cultural privilegia os aspectos raciais e de genero implicados na imagem do/a gordo/a.
Environment, Power, and Injustice: A South African History

Preface 1. Approaching Kuruman 2. Goat people and fish people on the agro-pastoral frontier, c. 1750-1830 3. Intensification and social innovation on the cape frontier: 1820s-1885 4. Colonial annexation: land alienation and environmental administration 5. Environmental trauma, colonial rule and the failure of extensive food production, 1895-1903 6. The environmental history of a 'labor reservoir', 1903-1970s 7. Apportioning water, dividing land: segregation, 1910-1977 8. Betterment and the Bophuthatswana donkey massacre: the environmental rights of tribal subjects 9. Retrospectives on socio-environmental history and socio-environmental justice Appendices.
The fracture mechanics of bone--another look at composite modeling.

The energy absorbed in the impact fracture of bovine metatarsal and metacarpal bone was shown to depend on the aspect from which the inpact specimen was obtained. In a majority of cases caudad specimens were more than an order of magnitude tougher than cephalad specimens and the fracture surfaces of the tough specimens were fibrous or woody in appearance due to osteon pull out. This pull out phenomenon was identified as a major factor in determining the toughness of bone and is analogous to the toughening effect produced by fiber pull out in synthetic composites. Whenever a substantial component of the applied stress was resolved across the osteons, the fracture cracks were seen to propagate in an interosteonal mode similar to the delamination of synthetic composites with weak interfaces. Plastic deformation of the matrix is the third mechanism commonly employed to effect toughening in synthetic composites. Although no similar phenomenon was demonstrated in this study, it is probable that this also makes some contribution to the work-to-fracture of bone.
Enhancement Filter for Computer-Aided Detection of Pulmonary Nodules on Thoracic CT images

Computer-aided detection (CAD) schemes can assist radiologists in the early detection of lung cancer which is crucial to the chance for curative treatment. Characterizing the pulmonary nodules in the Multislice X-ray computed tomography (CT) images is notoriously difficult. This is due to the fact that the anatomical structures such as blood vessels, bronchi, and alveoli are subject to partial volume effects. Furthermore, the nodules connected with other dense anatomical structures increases the detection difficulties. In this paper, we propose a multiscale enhancement filter to improve the sensitivity for nodule detection, which is based on the undecimated wavelet transform and the eigenvalues of Yu matrix in multiplanar slices. As a preprocessing step of CAD for nodule detection, our enhancement filter can simultaneously enhance blob-like objects and suppress line-like structures. Therefore, it would be useful for reducing the number of false positives. We applied our enhancement filter to synthesized images and real medical images to demonstrate that it works well on enhancing a specific shape and suppressing other shapes. Our approach proposed in this paper is generic and can be applied for the analysis of blob-like structures in various other applications.
Seesaw fermion masses in the standard model

The seesaw mechanism is implemented for all quarks and leptons in the standard model of strong and electroweak interactions based on the gauge group SU(3)/sub c/ x SU(2)/sub L/ x U(1). This requires the introduction of a set of new fermions that are singlets of the weak-interaction group SU(2)/sub L/. Two models are constructed: one with discrete symmetries and another with Peccei-Quinn symmetry. The Higgs sector of the second model is identical to the Dine-Fischler-Srednicki model.
ADRENAL HORMONE EFFECTS ON LUNG LIQUID PRODUCTION IN FETAL SHEEP. ▴ 358

Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that increases Na,K-ATPase activity in both airway and distal lung epithelium of fetal sheep (Kullama et al, FASEB J 10: in press, 1996). We previously reported (Kullama et al, FASEB J 9:A568, 1995) that intravenous infusion of aldosterone for 24 h increased net production of lung liquid (Jv) in immature fetal sheep (125 d gestation; term = 147 d), but decreased Jv in more mature fetal sheep (≥136 d gestation). These different effects of aldosterone on Jv at different stages of development may reflect maturational changes in the respiratory tract epithelium, which is predominantly a Cl- secreting membrane early in gestation, switching to a Na+ absorbing membrane around the time of birth. To see if glucocorticoid treatment might modify the response of the immature lung epithelium to aldosterone, we measured Jv in 5 preterm (125± 1 d gestation) fetal sheep before and at the end of a 24-h iv infusion of aldosterone (5 μg/h), and again at the end of a 24-h simultaneous iv infusion of aldosterone and cortisol (10 mg/24 h). Each fetus had a chronically implanted tracheal loop cannula that enabled us to assess Jv by measuring serial changes in the concentration of an impermeant tracer,125 I-albumin, that was added to lung liquid and well mixed within the lung lumen at the start of each study. Jv (mean ± SD) averaged 11.6± 4.4 ml/h before aldosterone, 14.4 ± 8.5 ml/h after 24 h of iv aldosterone, and 8.7 ± 5.8 ml/h after 24 h of iv aldosterone plus cortisol. This decrease in Jv occurred in all 5 studies. Thus, glucocorticoid administration to immature fetal sheep modifies the respiratory epithelial response to aldosterone, with a resultant decrease in net production of lung luminal liquid. It is therefore possible that birth-related increases in the plasma concentration of adrenal hormones, including aldosterone and cortisol, contribute to the decrease in lung liquid that occurs near birth. (Supported by NIH #HL 49098)
Differentiation of embryonic Drosophila cells in vitro.

Abstract Relatively small and simple embryonic Drosophila cells differentiated in vitro. Some of them became enlarged, multinucleate and pulsatile like muscle cells, and some grew axon-like filaments like neurons. These two cell types were often found attached.
Plasma cell myeloma: management of a mandibular fracture.

Abstract An interesting case of a kappa light-chain plasma cell myeloma with pathologic mandibular fracture is presented. Traditional fracture management techniques were abandoned in view of the advanced state of this patient's disease. With the use of adjunctive radiotherapy and a soft diet, clinical union of the fractured mandible was achieved without immobilization.
Observation of chaotic instability in the active mode locking of a semiconductor laser

We examine experimentally the consequence of frequency detuning an actively mode-locked external-cavity semiconductor laser from resonance. We observe a transition of the laser system from a periodic oscillation to a nonperiodic state with broadened spectral tones. By estimating the fractal dimension of the corresponding phase-space attractors, we show the presence of low-dimensional chaos. The route to chaos is a well-defined regime of three-frequency quasi-periodicity preceded by a two-frequency quasi-periodicity.
Otx expression during lamprey embryogenesis provides insights into the evolution of the vertebrate head and jaw.

Agnathan or jawless vertebrates, such as lampreys, occupy a critical phylogenetic position between the gnathostome or jawed vertebrates and the cephalochordates, represented by amphioxus. In order to gain insight into the evolution of the vertebrate head, we have cloned and characterized a homolog of the head-specific gene Otx from the lamprey Petromyzon marinus. This lamprey Otx gene is a clear phylogenetic outgroup to both the gnathostome Otx1 and Otx2 genes. Like its gnathostome counterparts, lamprey Otx is expressed throughout the presumptive forebrain and midbrain. Together, these results indicate that the divergence of Otx1 and Otx2 took place after the gnathostome/agnathan divergence and does not correlate with the origin of the vertebrate brain. Intriguingly, Otx is also expressed in the cephalic neural crest cells as well as mesenchymal and endodermal components of the first pharyngeal arch in lampreys, providing molecular evidence of homology with the gnathostome mandibular arch and insights into the evolution of the gnathostome jaw.
Hyperbaric hyperoxia exaggerates respiratory membrane defects in the copper-deficient rat lung

Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the effect of dietary copper deficiency and hyperbaric hyperoxia, alone and in combination, on lung structure. Male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a copper-deficient (CuD, 0.2 microgram/g) or copper-adequate diet (CuA, 5.1 micrograms/g). After 35-41 d on their respective diets, rats from each group were placed inside a pressure vessel kept at 27 degrees C under one of two pressure protocols. Air controls were maintained at 1 atm for 75 min. Rats exposed to oxygen were maintained at 1 atm of air plus 3 atm of oxygen for 1 h and then decompressed for 15 min. Under SEM, none of the treated lungs (CuD, CuA-O2 exposed, or CuD-O2 exposed) showed abnormal lung morphology from the conducting bronchioles down to the alveoli. Copper-deficient red blood cells were abnormally shaped. Under TEM, CuA-O2-exposed lungs showed thicker respiratory membranes, especially basement membranes and endothelial cells, and alveolar Type II cells having more than the usual number of surfactant vacuoles. CuD lungs also showed thicker endothelial and basement membrane components of the respiratory membrane, but normal looking Type II cells. CuD-O2-exposed lungs showed greatly thickened respiratory membranes and severe disruption of both endothelium and basement membrane and, judging by the increased number of nuclei per field, an increase in the number of both Type I and Type II cells. We conclude that copper deficiency enhances the damage caused by O2 toxicity, an effect that may be caused by reduced antioxidant status.
Synthesis and self‐assembly of highly incompatible polybutadiene–poly(hexafluoropropylene oxide) diblock copolymers

A versatile coupling reaction for the preparation of polybutadiene–poly-(hexafluoropropylene oxide) (BF) diblock copolymers is described. Six diblock copolymers with different block lengths were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography; all six had total molecular weights below 15,000. Microphase separation of the block copolymers in the bulk state was established by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry. SAXS data suggest that the diblocks are characterized by an unusually large Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, χ, on the order of 10. However, extraction of χ from the order–disorder transition gave large (order 1) but significantly different values, thereby suggesting that these copolymers are too small and too strongly interacting to be described by block copolymer mean-field theory. Dynamic light scattering was used to analyze dilute solutions of the title block copolymers in four selective organic solvents; the sizes of the micelles formed were solvent dependent. The micellar aggregates were large and nonspherical, and this is also attributed to the high degree of incompatibility between the two immiscible blocks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3685–3694, 2005
A case of severe dyslexia with aphasic-like symptoms

Family history showed difficulty in the language area on both sides. The maternal grandfather's speech was hesitating and somewhat disorgan ized. The mother's speech was se verely blocked during adolescence. A paternal uncle and nephew were very poor spellers, as was Dick's older brother, who stuttered for a while and had trouble telling a story. Dick's older sister also had occasional speech blocks. Motor development was not de viating, but Dick's motor speech patterns had always been poor. They improved somewhat by the time he was four or five, but there had been comparatively little progress since. During the examination, the boy's coordination of large muscle groups was found to be excellent, and, indeed, he had gained considerable prestige among peers because of his facility in sports. However, fine co ordination, as manifested in graphic activities, was poor. Laterality was not firmly estab lished, though the boy preferred his right hand. His Goodenough Draw-A-Man and Bender Gestalt productions showed striking immaturity in terms of spatial organization, and visuo motor control was very poor. Both drawings were primitive. Auditory memory span was four nonsense syllables and hence ade quate for his age. Dick had a marked interdental lisp, and he also occasionally missed other sounds. The intelligibility of his speech fluctuated as a function of complexity of sentence structure. When he was involved in a compli cated story, rate increased, output was poorly structuralized, and speech became indistinct. His story telling suffered, thus, both in terms of organ ization and delivery. It was noted that he had a marked
Phosphor Technology Center of Excellence: research, education, industrial interactions

A review is given of the participants and the research, education and industrial mission of the center. The Phosphor Technology Center of Excellence is established at the Georgia Institute of Technology with the University of Georgia, University of Florida, Pennsylvania State University, David Sarnoff Research Center and the American Display Consortium being charter members. The research mission addresses short, medium and long term needs in five technological areas; cathode ray tube, electroluminescence, field emission devices, plasma display panels and active-matrix liquid crystal display back-light phosphors through interactive university/industry technology groups. Outreach activities include the establishment of a phosphor database, industry analysis and short courses in addition to the conventional university education role. Specific science and technology programs are briefly described.
Parental Divorce and Offspring Marriage: Early or Late?

At least 25 separate studies have examined the impact of family structure on offspring marriage timing. Some find that parental divorce makes marriage more likely, while others show that it delays or deters marriage. This research analyzes data from the 1973-94 NORC General Social Survey with the intention of shedding light on the debate. The extraordinarily varying results of prior studies can probably be attributed to change across two dimensions of time, individual life course and historical period. In 1973 parental divorce greatly increased the chances of marriage but by 1994 people from divorced families were slightly less likely to marry than were people from intact families. Furthermore, parental divorce raises the likelihood of teenage marriage, but if the children of divorce remain single past age 20 they are disproportionately likely to avoid wedlock.
Automatic Run-Time Selection of Power Policies for Operating Systems

A significant volume of research has concentrated on operating-system directed power management (OSPM). The primary focus of previous research has been the development of OSPM policies. Under different conditions, one policy may outperform another and vice versa. In this paper, we explain how to select the best policies at run-time without user or administrator intervention. We present a hardware-neutral architecture portable across different platforms running Linux. Our experiments reveal that changing policies at run-time can adapt to workloads more quickly than using any of the policies individually.
Data broadcasting using mobile FM radio: design, realization and application

In this work, we offer a novel system, MicroStation (μStation) that allows ubiquitous data broadcasting applications using the FM radio on mobile devices such as smartphones. μStation includes two key modules to enable data broadcasting based on existing mobile FM radio hardware. Channel Selector assigns different FM channels to neighboring μStation broadcasters to avoid collision and guides μStation listeners to find their broadcasting of interest. Data Codec realizes bit-level communication between mobile devices through existing FM radio hardware. We describe an implementation of μStation on the Nokia N900 smartphone, and provide low-level APIs and services to support application development. We also demonstrate two representative applications: Facebook-FM and Sync-Flash. These applications demonstrate the capability of μStation to readily enable a new class of ubiquitous data broadcasting applications on mobile devices.
JOINT CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE WOODCOCK-JOHNSON TESTS OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES, THIRD EDITION, AND THE STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALES, FIFTH EDITION, WITH A PRESCHOOL POPULATION

This study examined the underlying constructs measured by the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, Third Edition (WJ-III COG) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5), based on the Cattell-Horn-Carrol (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities. This study reports the results of the first joint confirmatory factor analysis of the WJ-III COG and SB5 with an independently collected preschool-aged sample. The WJ-III COG and SB5 were administered to 200 preschool-aged children of 4 to 5 with no known disorders or disabilities. Confirmatory factor analyses using maximum likelihood estimation were conducted to evaluate three models of increasing complexity and two alternative models to determine which model best describe the underlying constructs measured by the WJ-III COG and the SB5. Though none of the models displayed a good fit to the data, results showed that the underlying construct of the two tests was best represented by a Three-Stratum alternative CHC model in which the Gf factor and subtests were omitted. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to provide further insights into the actual latent structure underlying the data. Implications of findings to guide school-based practitioners in using cross-battery assessment with preschool children were addressed.
Grading Exceptional Learners

Students with disabilities and English language learners (ELLs) often differ from their classmates in the ways they engage in and contribute to learning activities. Assigning a failing grade to a student who has not met course or grade-level requirements because of a disability or difficulty with the language seems inherently unfair—especially if the student has worked hard, turned in assignments on time, and done what the teacher asked. At the same time, assigning a passing grade to a student who has not met the performance criteria for the grade level clearly provides an inaccurate picture of that student's achievement.
Minimum crosstalk channel routing

As technology advances, interconnection wires are placed in closer proximity and circuits operate at higher frequencies. Consequently, reduction of crosstalk between interconnection wires becomes an important consideration in VLSI design. In this paper, we study the gridded channel routing problem with the objective of satisfying crosstalk constraints for the nets. We proposed a new approach to the problem which utilizes existing channel routing algorithms and improves upon the routing results by permuting the routing tracks. The permutation problem is proven to be NP-complete. A novel mixed ILP formulation and effective procedures for reducing the number of variables and constraints in the mixed ILP formulation are then presented. The new algorithm is tested on three large benchmark circuits as well as many randomly generated circuits. The experimental results are very promising.
Teaching Cause—Effect Text Structure Through Social Studies Content to At-Risk Second Graders:

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehension program integrated with social studies instruction designed for at-risk second graders. The program included instruction in cause-effect text structure, emphasizing clue words, generic questions, graphic organizers, and the close analysis of specially constructed cause-effect target paragraphs. This program was compared (a) to a content-only program that focused only on social studies and did not include text structure instruction and (b) to a no-instruction control. Fifteen classroom teachers, randomly assigned to treatment, provided the instruction. The program improved the comprehension of instructional cause-effect texts, and there were transfer effects on some comprehension measures. The performance of the 2 instructed groups did not differ on any of the content measures, indicating that such integrated instruction can be accomplished without a loss in the amount of content acquired. This study supports our previous findings on the effectiveness of explicit instruction at the primary-grade level.
Sociocultural Issues in Pediatric Transplantation: A Conceptual Model

Objective To demonstrate the value of viewing the pediatric transplant experience through a sociocultural lens and to offer an organized framework for identifying influential sociocultural variables in pediatric transplantation. Methods A conceptual model is presented which organizes sociocultural factors that may influence the transplant process. A review of the pediatric and adult transplant literature is conducted. Results The need for a model addressing sociocultural issues and benefits of using the proposed model is evident. Guided by the proposed model, pediatric psychologists will be prepared to more readily attend to sociocultural influences associated with the transplant experience when conducting research or providing clinical services to patients and families. Conclusions Further development and evaluation of the proposed model are necessary to investigate its practical utility and validate the influence of the identified variables on assessment and treatment of pediatric transplant patients as well as patient health outcomes.
Movement Operations after Syntax

We develop a theory of movement operations that occur after the syntactic derivation, in the PF component, within the framework of Distributed Morphology.The theory is an extension of what was called Morphological Merger in Marantz 1984 and subsequent work.A primary result is that the locality properties of a Merger operation are determined by the stage in the derivation at which the operation takes place: specifically, Merger that takes place before Vocabulary Insertion, on hierarchical structures, differs from Merger that takes place post—Vocabulary Insertion/linearization.Specific predictions of the model are tested in numerous case studies.Analyses showing the interaction of syntactic movement, PF movement, and rescue operations are provided as well, including a treatment of Englishdo-support.
Phase References and Cell Effects in Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

In Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) photoacoustic spectroscopy, advanced scanning and data-handling techniques have placed increasing emphasis on the phase of the photoacoustic signal. Unfortunately, there is no agreement on the best material to use as a phase reference. We have examined the frequency dependence of the signal from several candidate phase references and found that cell effects dominate the absolute phases and magnitudes observed. The absolute phase is exceptionally fast at low frequencies and exceptionally slow at high frequencies because of the cell effects. Accordingly, details such as sample position must be scrupulously controlled to achieve accurate, reproducible results. Because of the cell effects, no candidate material behaves like an ideal phase reference. If relative phases are used, however, glassy carbon comes closest to the ideal, differing from theory by no more than 8° at any frequency examined.
The sub-elliptic obstacle problem: C1,α regularity of the free boundary in Carnot groups of step two

The sub-elliptic obstacle problem arises in various branches of the applied sciences, e.g., in mechanical engineering and robotics, mathematical finance, image reconstruction and neurophysiology. In the recent paper [Donatella Danielli, Nicola Garofalo, Sandro Salsa, Variational inequalities with lack of ellipticity. I. Optimal interior regularity and non-degeneracy of the free boundary, Indiana Univ. Math. J. 52 (2) (2003) 361?398; MR1976081 (2004c:35424)] it was proved that weak solutions to the sub-elliptic obstacle problem in a Carnot group belong to the Folland?Stein (optimal) Lipschitz class (the analogue of the well-known interior local regularity for the classical obstacle problem). However, the regularity of the free boundary remained a challenging open problem. In this paper we prove that, in Carnot groups of step r=2, the free boundary is (Euclidean) C1,a near points satisfying a certain thickness condition. This constitutes the sub-elliptic counterpart of a celebrated result due to Caffarelli [Luis A. Caffarelli, The regularity of free boundaries in higher dimensions, Acta Math. 139 (3?4) (1977) 155?184; MR0454350 (56 #12601)].
Putting Child Care in the Regional Economy: Empirical and Conceptual Challenges and Economic Development Prospects

In the past four years, more than fifty states and localities have formed teams that have attempted to measure the economic importance of child care from a regional perspective, from a labor mobilization perspective, and from a human development perspective. Conceptual and empirical problems abound. Data to measure these economic effects are inadequate, in part because data systems were not designed to count care work. Conceptually, the fit with economic models is awkward. This suggests the need for new regional economic paradigms and new data systems. Recognizing the child care system as an underdeveloped market also offers the potential for new approaches to economic development policy, if the conceptual and methodological challenges can be overcome.
Membership Claims and Requests: Conversation-Level Newcomer Socialization Strategies in Online Groups

Early socialization experiences have a long-term impact on newcomers’ satisfaction, performance, and intention to stay in a group. We know that newcomers proactively shape their own socialization, but we know little about the behavioral tactics they employ, or how the words they choose affect their acceptance by the group. The present article highlights three common conversational strategies of newcomers to online groups: (a) groupbased membership claims, in which newcomers describe initial participation in the group; (b) identity-based membership claims, in which they describe their similarity to the group’s focal social category; and (c) information requests, in which they ask for help. Using machine learning to identify these conversational strategies automatically in 12,000 newcomers’ messages to approximately 100 online groups, we find that they are correlated with increased group responsiveness. We follow this analysis with two controlled field experiments to demonstrate that when individuals attest to previous group participation and make specific requests for information, community responsiveness increases, but claims of shared identity with the group have no impact. 1
How to Assess Plagiarism of Ideas

Scholars are sometimes called upon to adjudicate charges of plagiarism, that is, of the unacknowledged “lifting” of one writer's words or ideas by another. When literal copying of whole expressions or sentences is involved, judgments are straightforward. But when the accuser claims that his or her ideas were plagiarized, as in the recent court case against Random House over Dan Brown's Da Vinci Code, the situation is much more complicated. Passing judgment in such cases requires a reflection on the meaning of “plagiarism” and the best ways of assessing it, which this brief article seeks to provide.
Coordination Economies, Advertising and Search Behavior in Retail Market by Kyle Bagwell and Garey Ramey: A Comment

Kyle Bagwell and Garey Ramey (1994), hence (BR), address themselves to a challenging task. It is to make sense of the fact that advertising which is “ostensibly uninformative” can nevertheless promote sales. Nor are they content with this effort, no matter how formidable in and of itself. In addition, they impose a side order constraint upon themselves that their explanation must be steeped in rationality. That is, not for them an elucidation based on consumer ignorance or superstition. On the contrary, there must be “method” in what would otherwise appear to be the madness of customers flocking to firms which fail to provide hard information on prices, qualities, guarantees, etc.
On the simplification of linear systems

This note presents a method for approximating a high-order linear-system transfer function by a low-order model. The method developed is based on the requirement that the magnitude ratio of the frequency responses of the model and the original system deviate the least at various frequencies. In selecting the order and structure of the model, one has the flexibility of prefixing certain poles and zeros in the model transfer function.
Kinetic studies of Escherichia coli AlkB using a new fluorescence-based assay for DNA demethylation

The Escherichia coli AlkB protein catalyzes the direct reversal of alkylation damage to DNA; primarily 1-methyladenine (1mA) and 3-methylcytosine (3mC) lesions created by endogenous or environmental alkylating agents. AlkB is a member of the non-heme iron (II) alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, which removes the alkyl group through oxidation eliminating a methyl group as formaldehyde. We have developed a fluorescence-based assay for the dealkylation activity of this family of enzymes. It uses formaldehyde dehydrogenase to convert formaldehyde to formic acid and monitors the creation of an NADH analog using fluorescence. This assay is a great improvement over the existing assays for DNA demethylation in that it is continuous, rapid and does not require radioactively labeled material. It may also be used to study other demethylation reactions including demethylation of histones. We used it to determine the kinetic constants for AlkB and found them to be somewhat different than previously reported values. The results show that AlkB demethylates 1mA and 3mC with comparable efficiencies and has only a modest preference for a single-stranded DNA substrate over its double-stranded DNA counterpart.
An ultra-light and compact design and implementation of head-mounted projective displays

Head-mounted projective displays (HMPD) have been recently proposed as an alternative to conventional eyepiece-type head-mounted displays. HMPDs consist of a pair of miniature projection lenses and displays mounted on the helmet and retro-reflective sheeting materials placed strategically in the environment. Its novel concept and properties suggest solutions to part of the problems of state-of-the-art visualization devices and make it extremely suitable for multiple-user collaborative applications and wearable systems. A brief review of conventional visualization techniques is followed by an extensive discussion of HMPD technology, which includes a summary of its features and a comparison with conventional head-mounted displays (HMDs), projection-based displays, and HMPDs. An ultra-light and compact design (i.e. 8g) of a projection lens system using diffractive optical element (DOE) as well as plastic components for a HMPD is presented. Through the usage of fast prototyping technology, a compact stereoscopic head-mounted prototype with weight less than 700 grams was implemented, and optomechanical adjustments and ergonomic considerations are discussed. Finally, the motivated application in multiuser tele-collaboration is described.