cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subsurface Storage and Disposal in Illinoisa

The storage of both liquids and gases in underground strata has become rather common in Illinois. The problem of disposal of fluid industrial wastes has caused greatest concern, especially for the possible effects on ground-water quality. Necessary precautions have been established in the requirements of the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) which has authority to control, prevent, and abate pollution of streams, lakes, ponds, and other surface and underground waters in the State. Before any construction can begin on storage in subsurface strata, a permit must be secured from the IEPA. Eight basic design policies have been adopted that have to be met before a construction permit will be issued. Sandstone, limestone, and dolomite are the basic lithologies most commonly considered as potential disposal reservoirs in Illinois. From well cores of such formations, essential laboratory studies are conducted defining the rate of fluid movement, porosity, and permeability of the rock and the pressure distribution within the aquifer. Plugging of the injection horizon is the most serious cause of damage to a fluid injection system and results from the forming of an impermeable deposit on the well bore or plugging in the formation itself. In either case the plugging may result from a number of listed causes. To date there have been four industrial waste disposal wells in Illinois. Variation in conditions is illustrated by these cases of disposal wells that have been authorized by the State. The first practical use of underground gas storage in Illinois was at Waterloo in 1950. Since then, the number of projects and their capacities have grown continuously. At the present time there are 24 underground gas storage projects. Gas injection pressures must be kept below the fracturing pressure of the caprock. In underground gas storage reservoirs in Illinois, injection pressures of approximately 0.55 psi per foot are often used. Secondary recovery by water flooding accounted for 73.4 percent of the total oil production in Illinois during 1968. In that year there were 880 active projects in Illinois with 13,107 water injection wells that injected 2581 million gallons of water.
A negative regulatory function of B7 revealed in B7-1 transgenic mice

To analyze the functions of T cell costimulators in vivo, we have constructed a transgenic mouse strain that constitutively expresses murine B7-1 on mature B cells. Antibody responses to T-dependent hapten-protein conjugates and serum immunoglobulin levels are markedly depressed in B7-1 transgenic mice. This immune deficiency is not due to an intrinsic B cell defect, as antibody responses to T-independent hapten conjugates are normal. Furthermore, treatment with anti-B7-1 restores the capacity of transgenic mice to respond to hapten-protein conjugates, demonstrating that the deficient antibody responses are directly attributable to the expression of B7-1. These results suggest that the temporally regulated expression of costimulators such as B7-1 may contribute to either initiation or down-regulation (feedback inhibition) of T-dependent immune responses in vivo, and that the inhibitory function is dominant in transgenic mice that constitutively express high levels of this costimulator.
Intraindividual Stability of Human Erythrocyte Cholinesterase Activity

Background: Erythrocyte cholinesterase (RBC-ChE) activities serve as useful and sensitive biomarkers to monitor exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting substances, such as chemical warfare nerve agents and pesticides. Although the interindividual variation of RBC-ChE is well characterized, the magnitude of intraindividual variation for RBC-ChE remains controversial. An accurate measure of intraindividual variation is critical for establishing the appropriate frequency of RBC-ChE testing. Methods: We retrospectively tracked the intraindividual variation of RBC-ChE activities among 46 male nerve agent workers from a single US Army depot that participated in a medical surveillance program requiring periodic RBC-ChE monitoring. All RBC-ChE analysis was performed by the same medical laboratory technician by the delta pH method. Results: A mean of 38 and a median of 37 RBC-ChE measurements were available for each worker. The mean duration of employment for these workers was 20 years (median, 21 years). The mean CV for RBC-ChE in this set of 46 workers was 3.9%. Linear regression analysis of the data for each worker resulted in a mean slope of 0.0010 delta pH units/h per year. Conclusions: RBC-ChE activities increased in each person by a mean of 0.01 delta pH units/h every 10 years, which is a negligible rate. These findings highlight the stability of RBC-ChE activities over time in a given individual and may have important policy implications regarding the appropriate frequency of RBC-ChE testing.
On 14-cycle-free subgraphs of the hypercube

It is shown that the size of a subgraph of Qn without a cycle of length 14 is of order o(|E(Qn)|).
A survey of modern high-performance switching techniques

A survey of high-performance switch fabric architectures which incorporate fast packet switching as their underlying switching technique to handle various traffic types is presented. A descriptive overview of the major activities in this rapidly evolving field of telecommunications is given. The switch fabrics are classified into the following categories: banyan and buffered banyan-based fabrics, sort-banyan-based fabrics fabrics with disjoint-path topology and output queuing, crossbar-based fabrics, time division fabrics with common packet memory, and fabrics with shared medium. >
Interaction potential for the X1Σ state of Li+ + Ar

Abstract The ground state potential curve of LiAr + was calculated using the configuration interaction (CI) method. Analysis of computational errors and comparison with experimental differential cross section data yields σ = 3.66 ± 0.05 α o , R e = 4.44 ± 0.05 α o , and D e = 0.30 ± 0.01 eV for the potential well parameters.
End-to-End Secure Multi-Hop Communication with Untrusted Relays

A multi-hop line network is considered, where each node can receive signals transmitted by its two neighbors. As such, the model embodies both the interference and broadcast aspects of wireless networks. The leftmost node wishes to send messages to the rightmost node, while keeping these messages confidential from all the intermediate relay nodes. In this setting where any or all of the relay nodes can be eavesdroppers, it is shown that end-to-end secure and reliable communication is possible. Notably, it is shown that an end-to-end secrecy rate that is independent of the number of hops, i.e., intermediate eavesdroppers, is achievable by means of a carefully designed transmission schedule, compute-and-forward relaying and coding strategy utilizing nested lattice codes. The achievable rate obtained indicates that imposing secrecy constraints penalizes the capacity by at most 1 bit per channel use. Therefore, it is concluded that information theoretic secrecy can be guaranteed for this model irrespective of eavesdropping relays and a fixed modest cost for the end-to-end rate.
Inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis growth in mouse fibroblasts by liposome-encapsulated tetracycline

The in-vitro susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to liposome-encapsulated tetracycline was determined and compared with free tetracycline. Anionic, cationic and neutral small unilamellar liposomes were used in this study. Chlamydia-infected mouse fibroblast monolayers were continuously exposed to varying concentrations of antibiotic, incubated for 48 h and Giemsa stained. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for anionic, cationic and neutral liposomes containing tetracycline were 0.38, 0.08 and 0.04 mg/L, respectively. This was approximately 2, 10, and 20 times more efficient than free tetracycline (MIC, 0.79 mg/L). Neutral liposomes displayed no visible toxic side-effects on the host cells. When compared with free tetracycline, neutral liposomes were the most efficient for the delivery of inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline to chlamydia-infected mouse fibroblast L cell cultures.
Breeding biology of Henslow's Sparrows on reclaimed coal mine grasslands in Kentucky

Abstract Populations of Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) are declining, and loss of habitat is a likely factor. Coal mine reclamation has created grassland habitat in Kentucky and elsewhere, and information is needed concerning the use of these areas by Henslow's Sparrows. We compared the behavior and ecology of populations on reclaimed sites and non-mined sites in west-central Kentucky during the 2000 and 2001 breeding seasons. Territories were smaller on the reclaimed sites than unmined sites, perhaps due to differences in habitat quality. Insect sweeps revealed more prey biomass on reclaimed sites than unmined sites. Twenty-eight of 48 nests (58%) fledged at least one young, and nesting success was similar on reclaimed and unmined sites. Mean clutch size was 3.75, with no difference between reclaimed and unmined sites. Similarly, the mean number of fledglings per nest was similar on reclaimed and unmined sites. Multivariate analysis revealed differences in the characteristics of vegetation on ...
Thermal Convection and Design Wind Speeds

This technical note presents estimates of the extent to which thermal convection effects cause mean wind profiles to deviate from the logarithmic law. It is shown that the deviations from the logarithmic law are significant for wind speeds corresponding to hourly means of the order of 5 m/s above ground in open terrain. However, for strong wind speeds of interest in structural engineering calculations (≥\N70 mph), these deviations are of the order of 4% or less at 200 m above ground, and 1% at 50 m above ground, and thus may be neglected in practice. For strong wind speeds of interest in extreme wind climatological estimates (≥\N30 mph), the deviations are of the order of 4% or less at 15 m above ground, and therefore are also negligible for practical purposes.
Consolidation of Anelastic Porous Media

The transient response of saturated anelastic porous media is analyzed. The porous skeleton is modeled as a piecewise linear time-independent solid, and the fluid is assumed to behave macroscopically, like a perfect fluid. The coupled field equations are presented and solved numerically by the use of the finite element method. The numerical stability of the proposed time integration scheme is investigated. The use of the proposed formulation for solving boundary value problems is illustrated by applying it to analyze the one- and two-dimensional consolidation of a linear elastic porous medium. Good agreement between numerical and analytical results is obtained. Further, the formulation allows solutions to be obtained for cases in which large strains/deformations occur in the porous medium. Finally, the use of the proposed formulation is illustrated by applying it to analyze the time-dependent response of a rigid footing.
A Stronger Derived Torelli Theorem for K3 Surfaces

In an earlier paper the notion of a filtered derived equivalence was introduced, and it was shown that if two K3 surfaces admit such an equivalence, then they are isomorphic. In this paper we study more refined aspects of filtered derived equivalences related to the action on the cohomological realizations of the Mukai motive. It is shown that if a filtered derived equivalence between K3 surfaces also preserves ample cones then one can find an isomorphism that induces the same map as the equivalence on the cohomological realizations.
Comparison of the photothermal effects of 808nm gold nanorod and indocyanine green solutions using an 805nm diode laser

Non-invasive laser immunotherapy (NLIT) is a treatment method for metastatic cancer which combines noninvasive laser irradiation with immunologically modified nanostructures to ablate a primary tumor and induce a systemic anti-tumor response. To further expand the development of NLIT, two different photosensitizing agents were compared: gold nanorods (GNR) with an optical absorption peak of 808 nm and indocyanine green (ICG) with an optical absorption peak of ~800 nm. Various concentrations of GNR and ICG solutions were irradiated at different power densities using an 805 nm diode laser, and the temperature of the solutions was monitored during irradiation using a thermal camera. For comparison, dye balls made up of a 1:1 volume ratio of gel solution to GNR or ICG solution were placed in phantom gels and were then irradiated using the 805 nm diode laser to imitate the effect of laser irradiation on in vivo tumors. Non-invasive laser irradiation of GNR solution for 2 minutes resulted in a maximum increase in temperature by 31.8 °C. Additionally, similar irradiation of GNR solution dye ball within phantom gel for 10 minutes resulted in a maximum temperature increase of 8.2 °C. Comparatively, non-invasive laser irradiation of ICG solution for 2 minutes resulted in a maximum increase in temperature by 28.0 °C. Similar irradiation of ICG solution dye ball within phantom gel for 10 minutes yielded a maximum temperature increase of only 3.4 °C. Qualitatively, these studies showed that GNR solutions are more effective photosensitizing agents than ICG solution.
Characterization of laser cooling in a high-magnetic-field atom trap

We describe cooling and trapping of both ${}^{85}$Rb and ${}^{87}$Rb in a range of magnetic fields up to 2.6 T. Atoms are injected from a low-field pyramidal magneto-optical trap and recaptured in a high-magnetic-field atom trap. The atoms are cooled and trapped by a six-beam optical molasses via the $5{S}_{1/2}|{m}_{I},{m}_{J}=$ 1/2$\ensuremath{\rangle}$$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ $5{P}_{3/2}|{m}_{I},{m}_{J}=$ 3/2$\ensuremath{\rangle}$ transition (${m}_{I}=$ 5/2 for ${}^{85}$Rb and ${m}_{I}=$ 3/2 for ${}^{87}$Rb). We study the trap fluorescence spectra, atom temperatures, density distributions, and lifetimes as a function of magnetic field and detuning parameters. The trap fluorescence spectra are both narrow and asymmetric, as is characteristic for laser cooling of atoms in an external trapping potential. The trap is modeled using a Monte Carlo trajectory simulation technique.
Optimization Analysis of the Integration of Biological, Cultural, and Chemical Control of Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

A stochastic dynamic programming model is developed to analyze the integrated control of alfalfa weevil in central New York. The management alternatives considered include biological control by the parasitoid Bathyplectes curculionis , cultural control by early harvesting, and chemical control by insecticides. The optimal policies depend upon pest and parasite densities, weather, length of planning horizon, and a number of parameters describing population dynamics. Sensitivity analysis on the parameters indicate that the policies are most sensitive to weather and weevil densities and least sensitive to parasite attack rates. The model results indicate that early harvesting is usually the most effective control procedure for alfalfa weevil management in central New York
The Japanese Emperor, II.

The executive powers of the Emperor include: (1) appointments and general administration, (2) pardons, (3) organization of the army and navy, (4) declaration of war, (5) conclusion of peace and treaty-making, and (6) establishment of martial law. Article X of the constitution defines the appointing power of the Emperor. His competence is not confined to mere selection of officials, since the constitution provides that "the Emperor determines the organization of the different branches of the administration, and the salaries of all civil and military officers, and appoints and dismisses the same." Clearly, the appointing power of the Emperor is unlimited. There is no necessity for securing the consent of any confirming body. The Emperor is thus unhampered by the restrictions that bind the president of the United States. This prerogative also extends to the power of dismissal-a potent instrument for the promotion of executive efficiency as well as autocracy. Accordingly, the civil service in Japan is regulated by imperial ordinance rather than by statutes Like the executive under most constitutions, the Emperor possesses the pardoning power. Article XVI provides that he may order "amnesty, pardon, commutation of punishments, and rehabilitation. " Under Article XI, the Emperor has supreme command of the army and navy, and under Article XII he "determines the organization and peace standing of the army and navy." The exalted position of the Emperor as commander-in-chief of the army
Static Aeroelasticity Considerations in Aerodynamic Adaptation of Wings for Low Drag

This thesis presents a methodology to calculate the flap angles necessary to reproduce a desired lift distribution for an elastic wing with multiple trailing-edge flaps. The methodology presented builds upon the adaptive wing methodology for rigid wings developed by King and Gopalarathnam. Relevant equations from thin airfoil theory and beam theory are presented, and are then used to develop the solution procedure for the determination of flap angles for an elastic wing. Examples using an elliptic lift distribution are presented, and the effect of wing elasticity on the calculated flap angles and lift distributions is shown. Post-design analysis shows that the flap angles from the current method are successful in achieving an elliptical loading while accounting for using torsional deformations. The methodology is verified by comparing the twist predicted by the methodology to the twist predicted by a finite element analysis. Finally, an example demonstrating how the methodology handles flap effectiveness and flap reversal is provided.
Senior Centers: Focal Points of Community-Based Services for the Elderly

This study explores the diversity of programs and services offered by senior centers in New York State, and identifies factors that may impact on the levels of participation among the elderly. Two hundred nineteen (n = 219) senior centers, recreation clubs, nutrition sites, and local Area Agencies of Aging in New York State were surveyed and comprise the study population. The diversity of programs and services offered, characteristics of participants, models of service utilized, varied types of senior centers, and the hurdles to participation are identified. The study found that senior centers provide a vast array of recreational and socialization opportunities, in addition to essential social services, playing a significant role in the aging continuum of care. Although the study was limited to New York State, the implications are relevant to senior centers nationwide.
Morphology of the Central Nervous System of the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Some Electrophysiological Techniques

No morphological differences in the central nervous system were noted in laboratory-reared boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, of a local strain, laboratory reared weevils of Mexican origin, and field-collected weevils. Histological sections of the brain and ganglion showed that the cellular elements were situated around the periphery; the interiors of the ganglia were filled with nerve fibers. Sensory hairs on the tarsi and 7th and 8th abdominal segments are suitable sites for placement of glass micropipette electrodes, and leg and genital nerve bundles are suitable for use of silver-hook electrodes for electrophysiological studies of the receptors. Sharp-tipped metal microelectrodes can be inserted into the compound eye to study visual responses, and into the scape of the antenna to monitor sensory responses in the club of the antenna.
Seasonal variability of multiple leaf traits captured by leaf spectroscopy at two temperate deciduous forests.

Abstract Understanding the temporal patterns of leaf traits is critical in determining the seasonality and magnitude of terrestrial carbon, water, and energy fluxes. However, we lack robust and efficient ways to monitor the temporal dynamics of leaf traits. Here we assessed the potential of leaf spectroscopy to predict and monitor leaf traits across their entire life cycle at different forest sites and light environments (sunlit vs. shaded) using a weekly sampled dataset across the entire growing season at two temperate deciduous forests. The dataset includes field measured leaf-level directional-hemispherical reflectance/transmittance together with seven important leaf traits [total chlorophyll (chlorophyll a and b ), carotenoids, mass-based nitrogen concentration (N mass ), mass-based carbon concentration (C mass ), and leaf mass per area (LMA)]. All leaf traits varied significantly throughout the growing season, and displayed trait-specific temporal patterns. We used a Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) modeling approach to estimate leaf traits from spectra, and found that PLSR was able to capture the variability across time, sites, and light environments of all leaf traits investigated (R 2 = 0.6–0.8 for temporal variability; R 2 = 0.3–0.7 for cross-site variability; R 2 = 0.4–0.8 for variability from light environments). We also tested alternative field sampling designs and found that for most leaf traits, biweekly leaf sampling throughout the growing season enabled accurate characterization of the seasonal patterns. Compared with the estimation of foliar pigments, the performance of N mass , C mass and LMA PLSR models improved more significantly with sampling frequency. Our results demonstrate that leaf spectra-trait relationships vary with time, and thus tracking the seasonality of leaf traits requires statistical models calibrated with data sampled throughout the growing season. Our results have broad implications for future research that use vegetation spectra to infer leaf traits at different growing stages.
Emergency Department Use by Family Practice Patients in an Academic Health Center

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With the proliferation of managed care, efforts are being made to reduce emergency department (ED) use after hours and eliminate unnecessary ambulatory visits during office hours. This study characterized the after-hours ED use by a family practice residency patient population and determined differences in appropriate ED use by patients calling ahead versus those arriving at the ED without calling first. American College of Emergency Physicians guidelines were used to define appropriateness of visit. METHODS: A retrospective ED chart and on-call log review were used to obtain data. RESULTS: A random sampling of family practice patients from January 1993 to December 1994 (n = 332) showed that, overall, 62% of patients did not call prior to their ED visit. Calling ahead was not associated with more appropriate ED use. Of those who called ahead, 63% had an appropriate ED visit, compared with 61% of those who did not call ahead. Men were more likely to appropriately use the ED than women. Patients age > 64 were more likely to have appropriate ED visits than other age groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found no relationship between calling ahead and appropriate ED use. Possible explanations include that resident physicians are inexperienced and may be uncomfortable with telephone triage due to a lack of formal telephone management training. Patients may misrepresent the severity of their illness. Further, a patient who wants to be seen after hours must be seen for medical legal reasons. Interestingly, privately insured or Medicare recipients were more likely to use the ED appropriately. This association may suggest that fiscal accountability contributes to appropriate utilization, a scenario likely to change as managed care organizes Medicaid and indigent patients.
Blepharoplasty. A refined technique emphasizing accuracy and control.

Surgical control in blepharoplasty demands (1) control of the patient, (2) optimal visualization of anatomy, (3) modification of anatomy based on precise anatomic landmarks and measurements, (4) precision and control in surgical techniques, and (5) avoidance of morbidity postoperatively. The author outlines his technique and illustrates the clinical results achieved.
What “Good Girls” Do: Katharine Bement Davis and the Moral Panic of the First U.S. Sexual Survey

The moral panics of sexuality are fluid and often tactical. At times they introduce sexuality to obscure larger, more troubling social concerns; at times they provide divergent groups with symbols around which to rally; and at times they work to separate who is on the inside (the normative, “correct,” side) from those deemed to be on the outside or “deviant.” Often this deviancy has as much to do with gender norms as with sexuality, as I show in the study of Katharine Bernent Davis and her career at John D. Rockefeller Jr.’s Bureau of Social Hygiene. The moral panic here centered on Davis’s publication of the first scientific sexual survey of women in the U.S. Her story illustrates how one woman used the moral panic of “white slavery” to forge a fruitful alliance only to see the moral panic of female sexuality used to undermine her in the service of tactically supporting traditional hierarchies of sex/gender.
Factor XI Homodimer Formation Is Mediated by Electrostatic (Lys331 with Glu287) and Hydrophobic (Ile290 with Leu284 and Tyr329 with Tyr329) Interactions in the Apple 4 Domain and Is Essential for Normal Proteolytic Activation of Factor XI by Factor XIIa, Thrombin and Factor XIa.

Factor XI (FXI), a coagulation protein essential for normal hemostasis, is a homodimer consisting of two identical subunits of 80 KDa linked by a disulfide bond formed by Cys321 within the Apple 4 (A4) domain of each subunit. Prekallikrein (PK), in spite of its high homology with FXI both in amino acid sequence and domain structure, is a monomer. Cys321 in PK forms an intrachain disulfide bond with Cys326. However FXI/C321S (in which interchain disulfide bond formation is precluded) is a noncovalent dimer. Thus, there are interacting residues between the two subunits of FXI that are responsible for mediating its unique homodimeric structure. Examination of the crystal structure of FXI (Papagrigoriou E, McEwan P, Walsh PN, Emsley J. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 2006;13:557–8) shows salt bridges between Lys331 of one subunit with Glu287 of the other subunit as well as hydrophobic interactions at the interface of the A4 domains involving Ile290, Leu284 and Tyr329. FXI/C321S, FXI/C321S/K331A, FXI/C321S/E287A, FXI/C321S/I290A, FXI/C321S/Y329A, FXI/C321S/L284A and FXI/C321S/K331R were expressed in HEK293 cells and characterized using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and functional assays. Whereas FXI/C321S existed in a monomer/dimer equilibrium (Kd ∼40 nM) all other mutants were predominantly monomers by SEC with impaired dimer formation by AUC (Kd 3.4–38 μM). All the monomeric mutants when converted to the active enzyme, FXIa, were able to hydrolyze the small chromogenic substrate S-2366 with normal values of Km and Vmax and cleaved the macromolecular substrate FIX at both its scissile bonds at rates similar to those observed with wtFXIa strongly suggesting that all mutant proteins were properly folded. However all the monomeric mutants displayed impaired clotting activity in an APTT assay and displayed markedly decreased rates of activation by FXIIa or thrombin and autoactivation in the presence or absence of dextran sulfate. We conclude that salt bridges formed between Lys331 of one subunit and Glu287 of the other together with hydrophobic interactions of residues Ile290 with Leu284 and Tyr329 with Tyr329 and are essential for normal homodimer formation, which is essential for normal proteolytic activation of FXI by FXIIa, thrombin and FXIa either in solution or on an anionic surface.
CONTROL OF THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER AND DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS THEORY: AN UPDATE'

We expand the velocity field in the vicinity of the wall in empirical eigenfunctions obtained from experiment. Truncating our system, and using Galerkin projection, we obtain a closed set of non-linear ordinary differential equations with ten degrees of freedom. We find a rich dynamical behavior, including in particular a heteroclinic attracting orbit giving rise to intermittency. The intermittent jump from one attracting point to the other resembles in many respects the bursts observed in experiments. Specifically, the time between jumps, and the duration of the jumps, is approximately that observed in a burst; the jump begins with the formation of a narrowed and intensified updraft, like the ejection phase of a burst, and is followed by a gentle, diffuse downdraft, like the sweep phase of a burst. The magnitude of the Reynolds stress spike produced during a burst is limited by our truncation. The behavior is quite robust, much of it being due to the symmetries present (Aubry’s group has examined dimensions up to 128 with persistence of the global behavior). We have examined eigenvalues and coefficients obtained from experiment, and from exact simulation, which differ in magnitude. Similar behavior is obtained in both cases; in the latter case, the heteroclinic orbits connect limit cycles instead of fixed points, corresponding to cross-stream waving of the streamwise rolls. The bifurcation diagram remains structurally similar, but somewhat distorted. The role of the pressure term is made clear—it triggers the intermittent jumps, which otherwise would occur at longer and longer intervals, as the system trajectory is attracted closer and closer to the heteroclinic cycle. The pressure term results in the jumps occurring at essentially random times, and the magnitude of the signal determines the average timing. Stretching of the wall region shows that the model is consistent with observations of polymer drag reduction. Change of the third order coefficients, corresponding to acceleration or deceleration of the mean flow, changes the heteroclinic cycles from attracting to repelling, increasing or decreasing the stability, in agreement with observations. The existence of fixed points is an artifact introduced by the projection; however, a decoupled model still displays the rich dynamics. Numerous assumptions made in Aubry et al. (1988) can now be proved exactly. Feeding back eigenfunctions with the proper phase can delay the bursting, (the heteroclinic jump to the other fixed point), decreasing the drag. It is also possible to speed up the bursting, increasing mixing to control separation. Our approach is optimal for short time tracking in control.
Development of the SPIRIT III sensor

SD/US has built the SPIRIT III sensor that will be flown aboard the MSX spacecraft experiment and will operate for about 18 months. The MSX mission objective is to measure the spectral, spatial, and radiometric parameters of various orbital and suborbital targets; the earth's airglow, aurora, and other upper atmospheric phenomena; and the celestial background. This paper discusses the design and development of the SPIRIT III sensor--the primary instrument for collecting long-wave infrared data during the MSX mission. SPIRIT III consists of a sensor system and 19 electronic units distributed near the sensor and in the electronics section. The sensor assembly consists of an extremely high off-axis-rejection telescope, a radiometer, and an interferometer, all of which are cooled to cryogenic temperatures by a solid- hydrogen-filled dewar/heat exchanger. In addition to these, there are several ancillary/diagnostic instruments, including an autocollimator for alignment corrections, a cryogenic quartz-crystal microbalance to monitor contamination, an onboard signal data processor, various internal stimulation sources, and associated monitors, controls, and telemetry.
AN EVALUATION PROCEDURE FOR ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT LIFE CYCLE COSTS

Abstract Traditionally, the use of cost analysis to select between alternative electronic equipments has centered on the relative purchase price of the equipment. Occasionally life cycle costs are evaluated, giving consideration to the associated hardware development costs and the initial and recurring support requirements. With the increased use of digital electronics, especially those that replace mechanical system elements, electronics equipment is accounting for a significant portion of system costs, a trend specifically noted for military aircraft. This has increased the dependence of the system on software to drive the equipment hardware and the resulting system. Until recently, software development and acquisition costs were seldom determined as part of a procurement decision and almost no consideration was given to the recurring support requirements of software. This paper defines a procedure for a comprehensive evaluation of electronics equipment life cycle costs. Hardware and software life cycles are evaluated in terms of their unique aspects and interdependencies. An approach is presented for identification of anticipated costs in each phase of the life cycle and an example is provided comparing 16-bit microprocessor chip sets.
Neoliberalism and Capital Accumulation: Media Framing of Resistance and the Global Culture of Fear

As neoliberal globalization dramatically increases global inequality, popular resistance erupts in most every nation. Transnational leaders, nation-state politicians, and their accommodating media often frame resistance to fit the rubric of terrorism in an attempt to win mass consent for coercion against rebellious groups. This article presents the example of the Tuareg independence movement in Northern Mali as a case study of how commercial media framing contributes to a culture of fear and thereby legitimizes military intervention against democratic social movements.
Cell death in drug-induced liver injury.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a spectrum of clinical presentations such as acute hepatocellular liver injury resulting in liver failure, cholestasis and jaundice, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, or subclinical injury which is detected during routine testing. Furthermore, DILI can be divided into acute and chronic hepatotoxicity and also into direct dose-dependent toxicity versus idiosyncratic DILI. In all of these instances, the ultimate outcome of liver injury is often cell death. The cell death subroutine, however, depends largely on whether a toxic metabolite leads to the activation of the adaptive immune system resulting in hepatocyte killing via death receptor (DR) engagement, or if it is intrinsically toxic to hepatocytes. DR-mediated cell death is usually apoptotic while intrinsic toxicity can activate apoptosis or necrosis pathways. Autophagy is an alternative form of cell death which has been implicated in some drug toxicity models. However, for the most part activation of autophagy (and mitophagy in particular) seems to have a protective effect by removal of damaged organelles that would otherwise produce oxidative or proteolytic stress. In this chapter, we will explore the cell death subroutines, apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and autophagy, as they pertain to drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
Personalized Medicine Needs Enlightened Regulation To Realize Its Potential

Precision, or personalized, medicine, reflects that treatments -- especially those using biopharmaceuticals -- are gradually shifting from a relatively imprecise "one size fits all" approach to a more personalized one, so that patients can be matched to the best therapy based on their genetic makeup and other predictive factors. However, for the pharmaceutical industry, it could be a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it could diminish the number of patients required to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials, but on the other, it might narrow the approved labeling indications (uses), once the FDA allows the drug to be marketed. Moreover, if regulators require huge safety studies, that could offset the advantage of being able to show efficacy with smaller numbers of patients.
Autoradiographic analysis of gonadotropin binding to rat ovarian tissue sections.

Autoradiographic analysis of serial frozen tissue sections revealed that radioiodinated protein hormones, applied topically, were bound specifically and selectively to target tissues. To study relationships between the functional state of target tissues and protein hormone binding, autoradiographic analysis was performed on ovaries from rats with different known physiologic states. Changes in ovarian and pituitary function were assessed by radioimmunoassay of progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin in serum. Corpora lutea and interstitial tissue bound labeled rat growth hormone, ovine prolactin, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The extent of this binding varied with endogenous hormone concentrations and with the functional state of the ovary. At all times, thecal cells bound labeled hCG and granulosa cells of some moderate to large follicles bound labeled FSH. Granulosa cells bound other hormones variably. These results indicate the existence of specific intraovarian tissue-hormone binding, presumably to receptors, and suggest that this receptor activity varies with the functional state of the intraovarian tissues.
Automatic Visual Concept Training Using Imperfect Cross-Modality Information

In this chapter, we show an autonomous learning scheme to automatically build visual semantic concept models from video sequences or the searched data of Internet search engines without any manual labeling work. First of all, system users specify some specific concept models to be learned automatically. Example videos or images can be obtained from the large video databases based on the result of keyword search on the automatic speech recognition transcripts. Another alternative method is to gather them by using the Internet search engines. Then, we propose to model the searched results as a term of “Quasi-Positive Bags” in the Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL). We call this as the generalized MIL (GMIL). In some of the scenarios, there is also no “Negative Bags” in the GMIL. We propose an algorithm called “Bag K-Means” to find out the maximum Diverse Density (DD) without the existence of negative bags. A cost function is found as K-Means with special “Bag Distance”. We also show a solution called “Uncertain Labeling Density” (ULD) which describes the target density distribution of instances in the case of quasi-positive bags. A “Bag Fuzzy K-Means” is presented to get the maximum of ULD. Utilizing this generalized MIL with ULD framework, the model for a particular concept can then be learned through general supervised learning methods. Experiments show that our algorithm get correct models for the concepts we are interested in.
Vascular Complications of Upper Cervical Spine Injuries

Upper cervical spine injuries can be complicated by occlusion of the vertebral and carotid arteries. Injury to the former is more common. The arteries may be kinked or temporarily occluded, in which case the symptoms are transient. With more forceful trauma, damage to the intima and subsequent thrombosis or prolonged spasm may ensue. Early recognition of ischemic symptoms hastens the diagnosis. In most instances it is not possible to alter advanced neurologic deficits once they are established.
Analysis of AlGaN substrate for high-efficiency 240-260nm deep-UV lasers

Deep-ultraviolet (DUV) emitters have attracted enormous attentions for water/air purification, and sterilization. However, it is difficult to realize high-efficiency DUV emitters due to several material limitations. In addition, the band mixing effect is another crucial fundamental physics factor limiting device efficiency for 240-260 nm based on AlGaN/AlN quantum wells (QWs). Specifically, heavy hole (HH) and crystal-field split-off (CH) subbands are mixed together in this regime, which results in the insufficient conduction band to valence subband transitions and consequently the low transverse-electric (TE)- and transverse-magnetic (TM)-polarized optical gain. To resolve this issue, we have proposed and investigated the use of AlGaN-delta-GaN and AlN-delta-GaN QWs as active region. Alternatively, high-quality AlGaN substrates are being developed for potential UV applications. However, very limited analysis has been reported for AlGaN QWs on AlGaN substrates. Thus, here, we theoretically study the optical properties of AlGaN QWs on ternary substrates for 240-260 nm. The results show up to 12.16, 7.79 and 6.95 times optical gain enhancements by using AlxGa1-xN/AlyGa1-yN QWs on AlyGa1-yN substrate, as compared to AlxGa1-xN/AlN QWs on AlN substrate at 240 nm, 250 nm and 260 nm, respectively. It can be explained by the fact that the reduced strain in the active region shift HH/CH subbands crossover Al-content to lower Al-content, which ensures the topmost CH subband with large energy separation to HH subband and sufficient C-CH transition. As a result, large TM-polarized optical gain can be achieved, which indicates the great potential of using AlGaN substrate for high-efficiency 240-260 nm lasers.
A new 18S rRNA phylogeny of uncultured predacious fungi (Zoopagales)

Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that families in Zoopagales are not monophyletic. To test the monophyly of genera and species in the order, we used a single-cell approach to generate nuclear 18S rRNA (18S) sequences for 10 isolates representing nine taxa. We provide the first sequences for the genus Zoopage and additional sequences for taxa in Cocholonema, Acaulopage, and Zoophagus. Our results reveal that Zoophagus, Zoopage, and Acaulopage tetraceros are not monophyletic. We conclude that morphology alone is not sufficient to delineate genera and species in the order and encourage studies that increase genetic sampling of taxa including type species.
A Machine Learning Classifier for Assigning Individual Patients With Systemic Sclerosis to Intrinsic Molecular Subsets

OBJECTIVE High-throughput gene expression profiling of tissue samples from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) has identified 4 "intrinsic" gene expression subsets: inflammatory, fibroproliferative, normal-like, and limited. Prior methods required agglomerative clustering of many samples. In order to classify individual patients in clinical trials or for diagnostic purposes, supervised methods that can assign single samples to molecular subsets are required. We undertook this study to introduce a novel machine learning classifier as a robust accurate intrinsic subset predictor. METHODS Three independent gene expression cohorts were curated and merged to create a data set covering 297 skin biopsy samples from 102 unique patients and controls, which was used to train a machine learning algorithm. We performed external validation using 3 independent SSc cohorts, including a gene expression data set generated by an independent laboratory on a different microarray platform. In total, 413 skin biopsy samples from 213 individuals were analyzed in the training and testing cohorts. RESULTS Repeated cross-fold validation identified consistent and discriminative markers using multinomial elastic net, performing with an average classification accuracy of 87.1% with high sensitivity and specificity. In external validation, the classifier achieved an average accuracy of 85.4%. Reanalyzing data from a previous study, we identified subsets of patients that represent the canonical inflammatory, fibroproliferative, and normal-like subsets. CONCLUSION We developed a highly accurate classifier for SSc molecular subsets for individual patient samples. The method can be used in SSc clinical trials to identify an intrinsic subset on individual samples. Our method provides a robust data-driven approach to aid clinical decision-making and interpretation of heterogeneous molecular information in SSc patients.
Clientele Effects Explain the Decline in Corporate Bond Maturities

The average maturity of newly issued corporate bonds has declined substantially over the past 40 years, and the traditional determinants of debt maturity fail to explain this decrease fully. We show that the changing composition of the investors in the corporate bond market affects the maturity of new bond issues. The results of a Granger causality test, a natural experiment, and a regulatory study suggest that a decline in ownership share of insurance companies—which prefer long-term bonds—in the corporate bond market explains the maturity decline. These findings illustrate how investor preferences can have real effects on corporations.
A Review Paper on Thermal Energy Storage

There is an new technology, including exhaust conditioning devices and design modification, those improvement in fuel consumption rate will cause problem in other areas by using for an smaller engine with an less overall energy conversion result in the reduction of available heat to warm up the passenger compartment and the engine. It use to improvement in the standard of living continues to play an increasingly vital role in the society; on the surrounding of air pollution are becoming more stringent. This subsequently causes an increase in warm-up time that has a negative impact on passenger comfort and intensifies the cold-start problem.
Preserving Radiology Resident Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Simulated Daily Readout.

Rationale and Objectives The educational value of the daily resident readout, a vital component of resident training, has been markedly diminished due to a significant decrease in imaging volume and case mix diversity. The goal of this study was to create a “simulated” daily readout (SDR) to restore the educational value of the daily readout. Materials and Methods To create the SDR the following tasks were performed; selection of cases for a daily worklist for each resident rotation, comprising a combination of normal and abnormal cases; determination of the correct number of cases and the appropriate mix of imaging modalities for each worklist; development of an "educational" environment consisting of separate "instances" of both our Picture Archive Communication System and reporting systems; and the anonymization of all of the cases on the worklists. Surveys of both residents and faculty involved in the SDR were performed to assess its effectiveness. Results Thirty-two residents participated in the SDR. The daily worklists for the first 20 days of the SDR included 3682 cases. An average of 480 cases per day was dictated by the residents. Surveys of the residents and the faculty involved in the SDR demonstrated that both agreed that the SDR effectively mimics a resident's daily work on rotations and preserves resident education during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 crisis. Conclusion The development of the SDR provided an effective method of preserving the educational value of the daily readout experience of radiology residents, despite severe decreases in imaging exam volume and case mix diversity during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic.