cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Membrane capacity of squid giant axon during hyper- and depolarizations

The change in membrane capacitance and conductance of squid giant axons during hyper- and depolarizations was investigated. The measurements of capacitance and conductance were performed using an admittance bridge with resting, hyperpolarized and depolarized membranes. The duration of DC pulses is 20–40 msec and is long enough to permit the admittance measurements between 1 and 50 kHz. The amplitudes of DC pulses were varied between 0 and 40mV for both depolarization and hyperpolarization. Within these limited experimental conditions, we found a substantial increase in membrane capacitance with depolarization and a decrease with hyperpolarization. Our results indicate that the change in membrane capacitance will increase further if low frequencies are used with larger depolarizing pulses. The change in membrane capacitance is frequency dependent and it increases with decreasing frequencies. The analyses based on an equivalent circuit (vide infra) gives rise to a time constant of active membrane capacitance close to that of sodium currents. This result indicates that the observed capacitance changes may arise from sodium channels. A brief discussion is given on the nature of frequency-dependent membrane capacitance of nerve axons.
Generalized Effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching.

The primary and generalized effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching were examined with six preschool children with significant language delays. In a multiple baseline design across children, trainers implemented the naturalistic language intervention during play-based interaction sessions in the children's preschool classrooms. Children systematically increased their use of targeted language skills during the intervention sessions, and these changes were maintained when the treatment was discontinued. Generalized changes in children's communication resulting from the intervention were examined with untrained teachers, peers, and parents. Some generalization to untrained partners was observed for all children. Correlational analyses indicated that greater numbers of child utterances and greater diversity in vocabulary were associated with increased talking and mands for verbalization presented by partners.
Hypercalcemia produced by parathyroid hormone suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in female but not male mice.

Abstract Besides its role in regulating serum levels of calcium and phosphorus, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) has potent effects on the immune system and suppresses disease in several animal models of autoimmune disorders including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. While the amount of 1,25-(OH)2D3 needed to prevent EAE is dependent on the gender of the mouse and amount of calcium available in the diet, the minimum levels of 1,25-(OH)2D3 sufficient to prevent disease cause hypercalcemia. To test if hypercalcemia independent of high levels of 1,25-(OH)2D3 can suppress EAE, we used a 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-hydroxylase (1α-hydroxylase) knockout mouse strain. Because these 1α-hydroxylase knockout mice lack the parathyroid hormone (PTH)-regulated enzyme that synthesizes 1,25-(OH)2D3, hypercalcemia from increased bone turnover was created by continuous administration of PTH without changing the circulating levels of 1,25-(OH)2D3. This PTH-mediated hypercalcemia generated after EAE induction prevented disease in female mice but not male mice. When hypercalcemia was prevented by diet manipulation, PTH administration no longer prevented EAE. We conclude that hypercalcemia is able to prevent EAE after disease induction in female mice.
Convection under rotation for Prandtl numbers near 1: Linear stability, wave-number selection, and pattern dynamics

Rayleigh-B\'enard convection with rotation about a vertical axis was studied with the shadowgraph imaging method up to a dimensionless rotation rate \ensuremath{\Omega} of 22. Most of the results are for a cylindrical convection cell with a radius-to-height ratio \ensuremath{\Gamma}=40 that contained ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ at 33.1 bars with a Prandtl number \ensuremath{\sigma}=0.93. Measurements of the critical Rayleigh number ${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ and wave number ${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ for 022 agree well with predictions based on linear stability analysis. Above onset and with rotation, the average wave number and details of the pattern dynamics were studied. For \ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\lesssim}5, the initial onset was to a pattern of straight or slightly curved rolls. For 0.1\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\Delta}T/\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$-1\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.5 but below the onset of spiral-defect chaos, rotation with \ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\lesssim}8 produced weak perturbations of nonrotating patterns. Typically, this gave an ``S-shaped'' distortion of the zero-rotation pattern of straight or somewhat curved rolls. Rotation had a stronger effect on the source and motions of dislocation defects. For \ensuremath{\Omega}g0 the defects were generated primarily at the wall, whereas for \ensuremath{\Omega}=0 they were nucleated in the bulk via the skewed-varicose instability. Rotation picked a preferred direction of motion for the defects once they formed. For \ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.5, recognizable spiral-defect chaos and the oscillatory instability were observed for \ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\lesssim}12. For \ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\geqslant}8, domain growth and front propagation suggestive of the K\"uppers-Lortz instability were observed from onset up to an \ensuremath{\epsilon} value that increased with \ensuremath{\Omega}. Increasing \ensuremath{\epsilon} at fixed \ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\lesssim}12 enhanced dislocation-defect dynamics over K\"uppers-Lortz front propagation. Quantitative measurements of average pattern wave numbers, correlation lengths, and spatially averaged roll curvature as functions of \ensuremath{\epsilon} and \ensuremath{\Omega} are presented. At a fixed \ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}10, the average wave number had two distinct wave-number-selection regions with different slopes as a function of \ensuremath{\epsilon}, one above \ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\approx}0.45 and the other near onset. The slope for \ensuremath{\epsilon} near onset reached a minimum at \ensuremath{\Omega}=12.1 and increased linearly for 1220.
Biologically-based risk estimation for radiation-induced chronic myeloid leukemia

Radiation cancer risks are typically deter- mined by the use of simple statistical descriptions of epidemiological data. It is important in risk assessment in general, however, to attempt to incorporate as much biological information into the risk models as possible. We illustrate this by presenting a biologically-based linear-quadratic-exponential (LQE) incidence rate mod- el for radiation-induced chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The model consists of a linear-quadratic dose- response for the induction of BCR-ABL, a waiting time distribution between BCR-ABL formation and detec- tion of CML, and an exponential cell-killing term that multiplies both the background and induced incidence rates. Using data exclusive of the A-bomb survivor co- hort, Bayesian priors are defined for each of the nine parameters in this LQE model. The priors are based on chromosomal translocations in lymphocytes, hemato- poietic stem cell survival experiments, CML waiting times in women irradiated for benign disease, the back- ground CML incidence rate in the U.S. population, and genomic DNA target sizes of BCR and ABL. Fixing three of the LQE model parameters to the means of their priors, maximum likelihood estimates of the re- maining six parameters were obtained using A-bomb survivor incidence data for Hiroshima males. The like- lihood estimates and the corresponding six prior distri- butions, both approximated as multivariate normal, were then used to form Bayesian posteriors for the six parameters not fixed. With these posteriors the LQE model yields Qγ * =0.0042 Gy -1 where Qγ * is the upper 95% confidence bound of the lifetime CML risk per person-gray in the limit of low doses of gamma-rays. This value is slightly less than Q γ *=0.0049 Gy-1 ob- tained from likelihood estimates of the LQE parame- ters, and substantially less than Q γ * =0.0158 Gy -1 ob- tained for a simple statistical model linear in dose for kermas less than 4 Gy.
Acute toxicity of diazinon is similar for eight stocks of bobwhite

Nine-week-old bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) from eight different game farms were tested for their sensitivity to an acute oral exposure of technical-grade diazinon (phosphorothioic acid O,O-diethyl-O-[6-methyl-2-(l-methylethyl) -4-pyrimidinyl]ester). Extraneous variables associated with interlaboratory differences in husbandry were eliminated by incubating eggs and rearing chicks to test age for all stocks simultaneously in the same facilities at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Under this single set of conditions, the responses of the eight stocks of bobwhite to diazinon were statistically inseparable, with LD50 values varying from 13 mg/kg (95% confidence interval, 8–21 mg/kg) to 17 mg/kg (95% confidence interval, 11–25 mg/kg). The pooled LD50 for the eight stocks was 14.7 mg/kg (95% confidence interval, 13.1–16.5 mg/kg).
Diagnosis of Angelman syndrome in infants.

The diagnosis of Angelman syndrome (AS) has seldom been made in infants because the previously described characteristic manifestations usually are not apparent until after age 2 years. We describe 4 AS patients, one of whom has oculocutaneous albinism, who were < 2 years old when first evaluated. All 4 have deletions of the region q11.2-q13 of chromosome 15. In the 3 cases in which parents were available for study the deleted chromosome 15 was maternally derived, as determined by cytological markers. All of the patients presented with severe to profound global developmental delay and postnatal-onset microcephaly; they had seizures, hypotonia, hyperreflexia, and hyperkinesis. All were hypopigmented as compared to their relatives. Each had eye abnormalities; all had choroidal pigment hypoplasia. None were initially described as having an abnormal appearance. We believe that AS is far more common than previously thought and present these 4 children to emphasize the manifestations that may be helpful in making the diagnosis in the young patient. We also emphasize the hypopigmentation that patients with AS frequently have, including what we think is the first reported case of albinism and AS.
VLSI CAD Tool Integration Using the Ulysses Environment

Ulysses is a VLSI CAD environment which effectively addresses the problems associated with CAD tool integration. Specifically, Ulysses allows the integration of CAD tools into a design automation system, the codification of a design methodology, and the representation of a design space. Ulysses keeps track of the progress of a design and allows exploration of the design space. The environment employs artificial intelligence techniques, functions as an interactive expert system, and interprets descriptions of design tasks encoded in the scripts language. An example of an integrated circuit layout design task is provided. The use of Ulysses in performing this task is discussed in detail.
Ontogenetic and diel variation in stream habitat use by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a headwater stream

Although considerable information exists on habitat use by stream salmonids, only a small portion has quantitatively examined diurnal and nocturnal habitat variation. We examined diel variation in habitat use by age-0 and age-1+ brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) during summer and autumn in a headwater stream in northern Pennsylvania. Habitat variables measured included cover, depth, substrate, and velocity. The most pronounced diel variation occurred in the use of cover during both seasons. Both age-0 brook trout and age-1+ trout were associated with less cover at night. Age-0 brook trout occupied swifter water during the day than at night during both seasons, but the difference was not significant. Increased cover, depth, and substrate size governed the habitat of age-1+ brook trout. Our findings support the need for a better understanding of diel differences in habitat use of stream salmonids when considering habitat enhancement and protection.
Protecting content distribution networks from denial of service attacks

In this paper, we develop two mechanisms to detect DoS attacks against CDN-hosted Web sites and CDN infrastructure servers. First, we propose a novel request routing algorithm which allows CDN servers to effectively distinguish attacks from legitimate requests. Our scheme, based on a keyed hash function, significantly improves the resilience of servers to DoS attacks. Second, we introduce several site allocation algorithms based on binary codes which insure that an attack on one hosted Web site has a limited impact on other hosted sites. Our scheme guarantees that a specified minimum number of servers remain available for non-victimized sites. Together, the proposed schemes significantly improve the resilience of CDN-hosted Web sites, and complement other work on countering distributed DoS attacks.
PPP may hold better than you think: Smooth breaks and non-linear mean reversion in real effective exchange rates

Abstract This paper revisits some key topics in the literature on purchasing power parity (PPP). The study applies a set of newly developed unit root tests, which account for both nonlinearity and multiple smooth temporary breaks in series, to the real effective exchange rates (REERs) of 23 developed countries. The results suggest that PPP generally holds for various currency-based real rates. There is evidence in favor of linear stationarity in REERs for highly integrated economies. The REERs of most other countries tend to have nonlinear adjustment toward large long-swing type mean changes around constant equilibrium values.
Diffusion features for target specific recognition with synthetic aperture sonar raw signals and acoustic color

Given a high dimensional dataset, one would like to be able to represent this data using fewer parameters while preserving relevant signal information. If we assume the original data actually exists on a lower dimensional manifold embedded in a high dimensional feature space, then recently popularized approaches based in graph-theory and differential geometry allow us to learn the underlying manifold that generates the data. One such technique, called Diffusion Maps, is said to preserve the local proximity between data points by first constructing a representation for the underlying manifold. This work examines target specific classification problems using Diffusion Maps to embed inverse imaged synthetic aperture sonar signal data for automatic target recognition. The data set contains six target types. Results demonstrate that the diffusion features capture suitable discriminating information from the raw signals and acoustic color to improve target specific recognition with a lower false alarm rate. However, fusion performance is degraded.
Spoken Proper Name Retrieval for Limited Resource Languages Using Multilingual Hybrid Representations

Research in multilingual speech recognition has shown that current speech recognition technology generalizes across different languages, and that similar modeling assumptions hold, provided that linguistic knowledge (e.g., phone inventory, pronunciation dictionary, etc.) and transcribed speech data are available for the target language. Linguists make a very conservative estimate that 4000 languages are spoken today in the world, and in many of these languages, very limited linguistic knowledge and speech data/resources are available. Rapid transition to a new target language becomes a practical concern within the concept of tiered resources (e.g., different amounts of acoustically matched/mismatched data). In this paper, we present our research efforts towards multilingual spoken information retrieval with limitations in acoustic training data. We propose different retrieval algorithms to leverage existing resources from resource-rich languages as well as the target language. Proposed algorithms employ confusion-embedded hybrid pronunciation networks, and lattice-based phonetic search within a proper name retrieval task. We use Latin-American Spanish as the target language by intentionally limiting available resources for this language. After searching for queries consisting of Spanish proper names in Spanish Broadcast News data, we demonstrate that retrieval performance degradations (due to data sparseness during automatic speech recognition (ASR) deployment in the target language) are compensated by employing English acoustic models. It is shown that the proposed algorithms for developing rapid transition of rich languages to underrepresented languages are able to achieve comparable retrieval performance using 25% of the available training data.
Magma Evolution and Ascent at the Craters of the Moon and Neighboring Volcanic Fields, Southern Idaho, USA: Implications for the Evolution of Polygenetic and Monogenetic Volcanic Fields

The evolution of polygenetic and monogenetic volcanic fields must reflect differences in magma processing during ascent.To assess their evolution we use thermobarometry and geochemistry to evaluate ascent paths for neighboring, nearly coeval volcanic fields in the Snake River Plain, in south^central Idaho, derived from (1) dominantly Holocene polygenetic evolved lavas from the Craters of the Moon lava field (COME) and (2) Quaternary non-evolved, olivine tholeiites (NEOT) from nearby monogenetic volcanic fields. These data show that NEOT have high magmatic temperatures (1205 278C) and a narrow temperature range (5258C) at any given depth; NEOT parent magmas partially crystallize within the middle crust (14^17 km), but with little time for cooling or assimilation. In contrast, COME magmas partially crystallize at similar depths, but at any given depth exhibit lower temperatures (by 408C), and wider temperature ranges (4508C). Prolonged storage of COME magmas allows them to evolve to higher Sr/Sr and SiO2, and lower MgO and Nd/Nd. Most importantly, ascent paths control evolution: NEOT often erupt near the axis of the plain where high-flux (Yellowstone-related), pre-Holocene magmatic activity replaces granitic middle crust with basaltic sills, resulting in a net increase in NEOT magma buoyancy. COME flows erupt off-axis, where felsic crustal lithologies sometimes remain intact, providing a barrier to ascent and a source for crustal contamination. A three-stage ascent process explains the entire range of erupted compositions. Stage 1 (40^20 km): picrites are transported to the middle crust, undergoing partial crystallization of olivine clinopyroxene. COME magmas pass through unarmored conduits and assimilate 1% or less of ancient gabbroic crust having high Sr and Sr/Sr and low SiO2. Stage 2 (20^10 km): magmas are stored within the middle crust, and evolve to moderate MgO (10%). NEOT magmas, reaching 10% MgO, are positively buoyant and migrate through the middle crust. COMEmagmas remain negatively buoyant and so crystallize further and assimilate middle crust. Stage 3 (15^0 km): final ascent and eruption occurs when volatile contents, increased by differentiation, are sufficient (1^2 wt % H2O) to provide magma buoyancy through the middle (and upper) crust.
Ramp-rate limitation test of cable-in-conduit conductors with supercritical helium

It has been found on the United States Demonstration Poloidal Coil (US-DPC) and in 27 strand subsized cables of pool boiling cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC), that there is critical current degradation due to fast ramping of the magnetic field. The characteristics of this ramp-rate limitation phenomenon are investigated by using a 27 strand Nb/sub 3/Sn cable in supercritical helium at 6 atm. A 3 m long cable-in-conduit conductor is prepared noninductively and tested in a background field up to 9.5 tesla with maximum ramp rate of 1.6 tesla/second. The ramp-rate limitation results are compared with results of the ramp rate test of the US-DPC and previous experiments. The experimental data are analyzed to identify and understand possible sources of ramp-rate limitation. >
Autoradiographic localization of [3H]retinol and derivatives in rat retina.

After intraperitoneal injection of an aqueous dispersion of [3H]retinyl acetate into weanling rats, autoradiographic techniques were used to visualize the location of retinol, retinaldehyde and retinyl esters in the retinas of light-adapted eyes. Ordinary autoradiographs for location of labeled material firmly bound to tissue components showed the presence of concentrations of labeled retinaldehyde bound to rod outer segments. Other layers of the retina demonstrated only scattered, diffuse radioactivity that in many instances represented labeled retinol in blood vessels of the inner retinal layers and the choroid. In contrast, soluble-compound autoradiographs for location of both firmly bound and soluble labeled materials showed considerably greater concentration of radioactivity in the layer of rods, with a more even distribution of grains over the outer and inner segments. The very high concentration of soluble label, presumably retinyl esters, in the pigment cell layer was noteworthy. The distribution of radioactivity in the other retinal layers, particularly the blood vessels of the inner layers and the choroid, was similar to that visualized by the ordinary autoradiographic technique.
Pulmonary Hypertension: Diagnosis and Management

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive, symptomatic, and ultimately fatal disorder for which substantial advances in treatment have been made during the past decade. Effective management requires timely recognition and accurate diagnosis of the disorder and appropriate selection among therapeutic alternatives. Despite progress in treatment, obstacles remain that impede the achievement of optimal outcomes. The current article provides an overview of the pathobiologic mechanisms of pulmonary arterial hypertension, including genetic substrates and molecular and cellular mechanisms, and describes the clinical manifestations and classification of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The article also reviews established approaches to evaluation and treatment, with emphasis on the appropriate application of calcium channel blockers, prostacyclin analogues, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. In addition, the authors discuss unresolved issues that may complicate patient management, such as the clinical importance of mild or exercise-related pulmonary arterial hypertension, and they identify avenues by which treatment may advance in the future through the use of combination treatment, outcomes assessment, and exploration of alternative pharmacologic strategies.
Minimal supersymmetric hybrid inflation, flipped SU(5) and proton decay

Abstract Minimal supersymmetric hybrid inflation utilizes a canonical Kahler potential and a renormalizable superpotential which is uniquely determined by imposing a U(1) R -symmetry. In computing the scalar spectral index n s we take into account modifications of the tree level potential caused by radiative and supergravity corrections, as well as contributions from the soft supersymmetry breaking terms with a negative soft mass-squared term allowed for the inflaton. All of these contributions play a role in realizing n s values in the range 0.96–0.97 preferred by WMAP. The U(1) R -symmetry plays an important role in flipped SU ( 5 ) by eliminating the troublesome dimension five proton decay. The proton decays into e + π 0 via dimension six operators arising from the exchange of superheavy gauge bosons with a lifetime of order 10 34 – 10 36 years.
Assessment of transient myocardial perfusion defects in intact mice using a microbubble contrast destruction/refill approach

The mouse provides a very useful model for human cardiovascular disease. Consequently, there is significant need for noninvasive approaches for assessing left ventricular function in the setting of various cardiovascular pathophysiological conditions induced in normal and genetically-modified mice. In this work, myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) was used to identify regions of ischemia within ultrasound images of the left ventricular myocardium in closed-chest, intact mice. Contrast agent was infused at a constant rate and, periodically, high intensity, contrast destructive frames were applied. Thereafter, an exponential refill curve was fitted to the mean gray scale value within the selected region of interest. Perfusion was investigated before, during and immediately after an induced ischemic event. As anticipated, a significantly reduced refill rate was observed during ischemia. The refill exponential rate constant was observed to decline by 35% in the region of myocardium affected by the induced ischemia.
Preparation of Ag‐AZO Nanocomposite Powder Compact for RF Magnetron Sputtering Target Application

Octylamine-coated silver nanoparticles with an average size of 10 nm were synthesized and added to the AZO powder as fillers to increase the density of the sintered target. The resulting Ag–AZO nanocomposite powder was formed into compacts by a uniaxial pressing process. It was found that the addition of octylamine- coated silver nanoparticles can increase the density of AZO powder compacts by ~ 4% after sintering. The optimum content of silver addition is about 0.13 wt%. It is suggested that the melted silver fills the void space between agglomerate pores and enhances the interconnection between nanocrystalline AZO powders. The films deposited using the here-synthesized Ag–AZO target showed lower resistivity and high carrier concentration compared with the one using AZO target.
Statistical services for multiple-time-scale policed traffic

In order for a network resource reservation scheme to efficiently support bursty real-time traffic streams, it must exploit the effects of statistical multiplexing. Moreover providing statistical services with deterministic traffic models has the advantage that deterministic client-specified traffic parameters may be efficiently policed or enforced by the network. We study the impact of the traffic's time scales on the effectiveness of such enforceable network services. In particular we use single and dual time-scale traffic sources to illustrate the importance of explicitly incorporating the source's multiple-time-scale nature into both the deterministic traffic model as well as the admission control algorithm. By investigating the errors introduced with a single time scale scheme, we show that even with an ideal choice of traffic parameters, a single-time scale approach can significantly under-estimate the true admissible region for dual time-scale traffic.
Simulation Improves Nontechnical Skills Performance of Residents During the Perioperative and Intraoperative Phases of Surgery.

Objective Failures in nontechnical skills (NTS) rather than technical expertise are frequently at the root of medical errors in the operating room (OR). NTS are the cognitive (decision making and situation awareness) and interpersonal (communication and teamwork) skills that are recognized but are not formally addressed in surgical training. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of simulation-based training (SBT) on NTS performance of surgical residents during simulated laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Setting The study was performed in a simulated OR at the Center for Medical Education and Innovation at Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH. The simulated OR was arranged with standard equipment for LC, a high-fidelity patient simulator, and a real OR team. Design General surgical residents completed 2 identical SBT sessions. For each session, residents were briefed on the LC case, completed the case in the simulated OR, and debriefed their videotaped simulation performance with a content expert. The video recordings were reviewed and the residents’ NTS were scored using a perioperative time-out checklist and an intraoperative checklist for LC by 4 raters who were blinded to both the residents’ postgraduate year level and the order of the videotaped simulation sessions. Results Residents showed a significant improvement in completeness of the perioperative time-out checklist from session 1 (mean score = 1.27 ± 1.00) to session 2 (mean score = 5.00 ± 1.28), p Conclusion SBT appears to be an effective technique for improving NTS of surgical residents during the perioperative and intraoperative phases of surgery. As surgical proficiency is 75% nontechnical and 25% technical, it could be reasonably argued that improved NTS of surgeons could improve surgical outcomes.
The hypogonadotropic state of the prepubertal male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is not associated with a decrease in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone content.

Hypothalamic contents of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in neonatally orchidectomized infant, juvenile, and adult monkeys were measured by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and by an in vivo bioassay that utilized luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in estrogen- and progesterone-treated ovariectomized rats. The results of the bioassay provided no evidence to suggest that hypothalamic GnRH content in juvenile monkeys (mean = 83 nglhypothalamus; n = 3) was less than that in infants (mean = 54 nglhypothalamus; n = 4) and adults (mean = 36 ng/hypothalamus; n = 3). A similar developmental pattern in hypothalamic GnRH content was also observed when the decapeptide was measured by RJA. In striking contrast to the maintenance of
RôLE OF DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS IN MICROBIAL INACTIVATION AND RECOVERY PHENOMENA

Summary We have described what appears to be the major cause of death in bacteria treated with ultraviolet light, X-rays or nitrogen mustard (HN2): all of these agents produce structural defects in DNA which, unless repaired, are likely to inhibit DNA synthesis or cause some error in protein synthesis, which leads to cell death. Thus, survival is determined by the net probability that these defects either persist and prove lethal, or are repaired after irradiation during the first few hours of incubation on the plating medium. The apparent correlations of u.v., X-ray and HN2 sensitivity with DNA base composition suggest that the relevant damage caused by these agents is associated with adenine-thymine base pairs for u.v. and guanine.
Fractional percentage of tumor volume removed is a predictor of outcome following cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma

4599 Background: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, (M+)RCC, is associated with poor overall survival with only 10–20% of patients alive at 2-years. The objective of this study is to determine if the...
Scanning AC Nanocalorimetry and Its Applications

Scanning AC nanocalorimetry using thermistor-based nanocalorimetry sensors enables calorimetric measurements on nanoscale quantities of materials over a wide range of scanning rates (from isothermal to 3 × 103 K/s), temperatures (up to 1400 K), and environments. The range of scanning rates bridges the gap between adiabatic nanocalorimetry and bulk calorimetry. As such, the technique can be used to address a broad range of materials problems, and it is especially well suited to investigate the kinetics of phase transformations in thin films. Because AC nanocalorimetry is largely insensitive to heat loss, it is ideal for studying solid-state reactions at elevated temperatures, as well as solid–gas phase reactions. The dynamic range of scanning AC nanocalorimetry makes it compatible with in situ characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, allowing simultaneous structural and thermal characterization of the samples as a function of temperature.
The Effect of Fuel and Engine Design on Diesel Exhaust Particle Size Distributions

The objective of this research was to obtain diesel particle size distributions from a 1988 and a 1991 diesel engine using three different fuels and two exhaust control technologies (a ceramic particle trap and an oxidation catalytic converter). The particle size distributions from both engines were used to develop models to estimate the composition of the individual size particles. Nucleation theory of the H{sub 2}O and H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} vapor is used to predict when nuclei-mode particles will form in the dilution tunnel. Combining the theory with the experimental data, the conditions necessary in the dilution tunnel for particle formation are predicted. The paper also contains a discussion on the differences between the 1988 and 1991 engine`s particle size distributions. The results indicated that nuclei mode particles (0.0075--0.046 {micro}m) are formed in the dilution tunnel and consist of more than 80% H{sub 2}O-H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} particles when using the 1988 engine and 0.29 wt% sulfur fuel. Nucleation theory indicated that H{sub 2}O-H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} particles may form during dilution at 0.03 wt% fuel sulfur levels and above. The 1991 engine was designed for lower particulate emissions than the 1988 engine and the 1991 engine`s accumulation mode particles (0.046-1.0 {micro}m) weremore » reduced more than 80% by volume compared to the 1988 engine using the same low sulfur fuel. The particle size composition model indicated that using low sulfur fuel and the 1991 engine, the nuclei mode contained more than 45% of the total solid particles and over 85% of the soluble organic fraction.« less
Association of hospital admission service structure with early transfer to critical care, hospital readmission, and length of stay

BACKGROUND Hospital medical groups use various staffing models that may systematically affect care continuity during the admission process. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of 2 hospitalist admission service models (“general” and “admitter-rounder”) on patient disposition and length of stay. DESIGN Retrospective observational cohort study with difference-in-difference analysis. SETTING Large tertiary academic medical center in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Patients (n = 19,270) admitted from the emergency department to hospital medicine and medicine teaching services from July 2010 to June 2013. INTERVENTIONS Admissions to hospital medicine staffed by 2 different service models, compared to teaching service admissions. MEASUREMENTS Incidence of transfer to critical care within the first 24 hours of hospitalization, hospital and emergency department length of stay, and hospital readmission rates ≤30 days postdischarge. RESULTS The change of hospitalist services to an admitter-rounder model was associated with no significant change in transfer to critical care or hospital length of stay compared to the teaching service (difference-in-difference P = 0.32 and P = 0.87, respectively). The admitter-rounder model was associated with decreased readmissions compared to the teaching service on difference-in-difference analysis (odds ratio difference: −0.21, P = 0.01). Adoption of the hospitalist admitter-rounder model was associated with an increased emergency department length of stay compared to the teaching service (difference of +0.49 hours, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Rates of transfer to intensive care and overall hospital length of stay between the hospitalist admission models did not differ significantly. The hospitalist admitter-rounder admission service structure was associated with extended emergency department length of stay and a decrease in readmissions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Design and trial of a rocket erection device

The overall project of power line erection device design with a rocket, selection of hanger position,release project of towing line force condition analysis and ballistic calculation method of rocket etc. are described, The test demonstrates that the design project and modification measures are feasible.
Effect of hemolysis on the mensuration of myocardial marker and myocardial enzymes

Objective To understand the effect of hemolysis on troponin ,myoglobin and myocardial enzymes analyses. Methods To detect troponin ,myoglobin ,myocardial enzymes of samples with and without hemolysis in the same patients. Results Troponin ,myoglobin and 5 indices of myocardial enzymes(AST,LDH,HBDH,CK,CK-MB) were increasing significantly after hemolysis,which had statistical differences(P0.01). Hemolysis of 0.5g/L Hb can result in an increase in troponin ,myoglobin and myocardial enzymes.Compared in groups with different concentration of Hb, there were statistical differences between myocardial enzymes except comparison in LDH and AST between Hb concentration group of 0.5g/L and 1.0g/L. There were also statistical differences in troponin Ⅰand myoglobin between group with Hb concentration of 0.5g/L and group without hemolysis. In haemolytic groups of different Hb concentration, statistical differences were found in troponin Ⅰand myoglobin between Hb2.0g/L group and any other Hb concentration group.Though troponin Ⅰand myoglobin increased with severity of hemolysis,no significant differences were found in other groups. Conclusions Blood samples even with slight hemolysis can not be used ,as they may have effect on the result of troponin, myoglobin and myocardial enzymes that can not neglect
Gender Microaggressions as a Gateway to Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault: Expanding the Conceptualization of Youth Sexual Violence

A problem with the current conceptualization of youth sexual violence is its exclusion of chronic, “low-severity” forms of violence known as gender microaggressions. A review of the sexual assault, sexual harassment, and gender microaggression literatures is undertaken to identify the unique and overlapping characteristics of each construct. A theoretically grounded conceptualization of youth sexual violence is presented with gender microaggressions, sexual harassment, and sexual assault existing along a continuum from chronic, low-severity to infrequent, “high-severity” offenses. In this reconceptualization, gender microaggressions exist as a unique form of youth sexual violence and function as a potential “gateway mechanism” to legally actionable offenses.
Intracellular transport: Relating single-molecule properties to in vivo function

Single-molecule function of molecular motors has been well characterized in vitro , but in vivo , motors typically function as part of larger ensembles, including both regulatory proteins and multiple motors. Thus, single-molecule knowledge is only the start of the journey to understand cellular function and organization. The challenge is to use single-molecule information to quantitatively understand transport and its regulation in a cellular context. This article discusses this process focusing on kinesin and dynein, highlighting progress to date, and the challenges involved in using single-molecule function to understand in vivo transport.
Sperm Preparation for Intrauterine Insemination Using Density Gradient Separation

Sperm washing is performed to remove seminal plasma and increase sperm density prior to intrauterine insemination (IUI). Gradient sperm washing is highly effective at isolating motile sperm from the ejaculate of most men. IUI may be indicated in cases of poor postcoital testing due to hostile or absent cervical mucus, oligospermia, or the presence of sperm antibodies. It may be used in conjunction with artificial insemination or IVF procedures.
Model predictive control of a power split hybrid powertrain

Hybrid electrical vehicles (HEVs) are able to improve the fuel economy with reduced emissions due to their effective power management and regenerative power utilization. However, developing an optimal supervisory control strategy to distribute power is quite challenging due to the high degrees of freedom introduced by the multiple power sources in HEVs. Conventional approach uses so-called power follower scheme, and the power management can also be achieved by minimizing the equivalent fuel consumption at each given instant without guaranteeing that the battery state of charge (SOC) maintains at its target level. This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC) strategy based on the linear quadratic tracking (LQT) control to follow the predicted driver power demand over a given horizon while keeping the battery SOC operated at its target level. The LQT controller is developed based upon the linearized control-oriented model and used to optimally track the predicted desired torque trajectory by minimizing the total equivalent fuel consumption of the internal combustion (IC) engine and electric motor (EM) over a given finite prediction horizon at each operational point. The performance of the MPC based LQT controller is validated in simulations under four typical driving cycles. The simulation results show that the fuel economy is greatly improved over the baseline power follower control strategy especially under FTP and IM240 driving cycles, and at the same time the battery state of charge is maintained at the desired level.
Abstract A129: Contributions of RON downstream signaling to breast cancer progression

Since its discovery in 1993, various investigations have explored different roles of RON receptor tyrosine kinase in cancer pathogenesis. RON (also known as MST1R), a receptor tyrosine kinase with significant homology to c-Met, exhibits increased expression in at least 47% of human breast cancers, and deregulated expression of the RON signaling axis has been correlated with reduced metastasis-free survival. RON is known to activate multiple signaling pathways in vitro, including MAPK, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), Src tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) and β-catenin, largely through direct binding of SH2-domain containing adaptor proteins to the C-terminal docking site. However, the relationships of each of these signal transduction pathways to specific biologic responses relevant to cancer progression and metastasis are still poorly defined. To this end, we have taken advantage of a strategy used for c-Met in order to increase the binding affinity of individual adaptors to the docking site, which promotes signaling through one pathway at the expense of the others. The C-terminal part of RON contains two tandem tyrosines in a degenerate motif that when phosphorylated bind different SH2-containing molecules in a competitive manner. To amplify the signaling through particular pathways, we mutated the multifunctional docking site of RON to optimal binding motifs for PI3K, Src, Grb2 or PLC-γ. Mutations were introduced to the docking site using pMSCV retroviruses expressing human wild type Ron cDNA. As a negative control, two essential tyrosines in the docking site were replaced by phenylalanine to eliminate the transforming capability of RON. Viral transduction of the generated mutants or wild type RON was performed in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells and LoVo colon cancer cells. Analysis of mRNA and protein showed the same expression levels among the mutants and wild type infected cells, indicating similar stability of the mutants compared with WT-RON. We report an analysis of RON signaling through the aforementioned pathways in the presence and absence of its ligand, macrophage stimulating protein (MSP). Our data indicate that the MAPK, PI3K, PLC-γ and Src pathways are differentially activated in the various cellular contexts we tested. Moreover, the activation of each signaling pathway occurs with different kinetics and with differential responses to MSP concentration. Citation Format: Najme Faham, Magdalena Bieniasz, Alana Welm. Contributions of RON downstream signaling to breast cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research: Genetics, Biology, and Clinical Applications; Oct 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2013;11(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A129.
Model and Simulation of a Simplified Cerebellar Neural Network for Classical Conditioning of the Rabbit Eye-blink Response

Experimental results from several laboratories over the past twenty years have suggested that the cerebellum is necessary for the learning and memory of the classically conditioned rabbit nictitating membrane response (NMR). In particular, results from R.F. Thompson’s laboratory strongly suggest that the conditional stimulus (CS) pathway involves the mossy fibres (mf), the unconditional stimulus (US) involves the climbing fibres (cf),and associated neurons in the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei form a network for the main neuronal substrates of this basic associative learninglmemory paradigm. Thompson has proposed a schematic circuit involving these cerebellar neurons and associated brain stem neurons. Blum and Thompson have refined this schematic circuit into a simplified neural network confined to the cerebellum, since experiments by Thompson et al have demonstrated that the tone CS can be replaced by direct mf stimulation in the pontine nucleus (pn) and the air-puff US can be replaced by direct cf stimulation in the inferior olive (10). In this paper, we present a simplified cerebellar network based on the Blum-Thompson network and give two mathematical models of this simplified network. We present results of computer simulations of these two models. We compare the simulation results with experimental test data from Thompson’s laboratory, andfind reasonable agreement.
Satellite Assessment of Early-Season Forecasts for Vegetation Conditions of Grazing Allotments in Nevada, United States

The extent and heterogeneity of rangelands in the state of Nevada (United States) pose a challenging situation for land managers when determining stocking levels for livestock grazing. Overutilization can cause lasting environmental damage, while underutilization can create unnecessary economic hardship for livestock operators. An improved ability to forecast vegetation stress later in the growing season would allow resource managers to better manage the tradeoffs between ecological and economic concerns. This research maps how well growing season conditions for vegetation within grazing allotments of Nevada can be predicted at different times of the year by analyzing 15 yr of enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor, cumulative monthly precipitation, and the Palmer drought severity index. Land cover classes within the grazing allotments that are not relevant to grazing were removed from the analysis, as well as areas that showed > 50% change in EVI since these likely represented transitions or disturbances that were not related to interannual climate variability. The datasets were gridded at spatial resolutions from 4 to 72 km, and the correspondence between image and meteorological datasets was found to improve as measurements were averaged over larger areas. A 16-km sampling grid was judged to provide the best balance between predictive ability and spatial precision. The average R2 of regressions between the vegetation index and meteorological variables within each of the 16-km grid cells was 0.69. For most of Nevada, the ability to predict vegetation conditions for the entire growing season (February–September) generally peaks by the end of May. However, results vary by region, with the northeast particularly benefiting from late-season data. Regressions were performed with and without very wet years, and the ability to make early predictions is better when including wet years than in dry to typical conditions.