cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-1 mediates guinea pig gallbladder inflammation in vivo.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a cytokine with multiple immunologic and inflammatory properties. We previously demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates release of IL-1, and IL-1 stimulates inflammation in guinea pig gallbladder in vivo. We hypothesized that IL-1 mediates LPS-induced guinea pig gallbladder inflammation in vivo. LPS and IL-1 were instilled into guinea pig gallbladder lumen alone (with cystic duct ligation) and with IL-1 ra and indomethacin, respectively (n = 4). Water transport across gallbladder mucosa, myeloperoxidase and IL-1 release from gallbladder tissue, and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) in lumenal fluid were measured. Values for test agents and inhibitory agents were compared to saline controls using Student's t test (P < 0.05). Intralumenal LPS and IL-1 both stimulated gallbladder inflammation. LPS-induced and IL-1-induced inflammation were inhibited by both IL-1 ra and indomethacin. LPS stimulated IL-1 release and IL-1 itself caused gallbladder inflammation. LPS stimulated gallbladder inflammation as manifest by increased myeloperoxidase and PGE 2 release, and water secretion into the gallbladder lumen. The inflammatory effects of LPS were inhibited by IL-1 ra. Taken together, these findings indicate that IL-1 is a mediator of LPS-induced guinea pig gallbladder inflammation in vivo.
The Spartacus Slave War, 73–71 b.c.

Between 73 and 71 b.c., large areas of the Italian peninsula south of Rome were thrown into a state of upheaval by the sudden outbreak of the third great slave war. This war was sparked by an incident involving the escape of a group of slave gladiators from their training school at Capua, the city that was the de facto capital of the wealthy region of Campania. A gladiator named Spartacus led the rebel slaves. Although their initial forays were limited to the region around Mount Vesuvius and the Bay of Naples, the revolt seems to have rapidly acquired a large number of adherents. The initial Roman response was slow and involved only what were in effect police or national guard units dispatched from Rome or recruited locally in emergency drafts. After the defeat of several of these forces, the Roman Senate and people began to take the rebellion more seriously and to assign high-level military commands to deal with the uprising.
10 – Sex Hormones, Pregnancy, and Immune Function

The maintenance of health and disease development is critically dependent on the complex interplay between the endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. While it is well established that the glucocorticoid stress hormones have profound immunomodulatory effects, fewer studies have explored the influence of sex hormones on the immune system. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that the mechanisms by which sex hormones modulate the immune response are markedly complex. The previous concept that sex hormones act exclusively through nuclear hormone receptors is expanded to include novel nonreceptor mechanism of sex hormone actions with membrane receptors, transcription factors, growth factors, and other hormones. Paradigms that had adequately explained how sex hormones influence adaptive immune responses in infectious and autoimmune disease are now being complicated by the ever expanding world of T-cell populations such as Th17 and regulatory T-cells. This chapter outlines the evidence by that sex hormones influence the immune response and explores the mechanisms by which sex hormones modulate the development of an immune response.
Characterization of plasma deposited hydrocarbon diffusion barriers for embolic foam devices

Shape memory polymer (SMP) containing medical implants that are delivered through catheters require controlled expansion times to prevent the device from binding in the delivery catheter. Delayed expansion can be accomplished using body temperature and moisture plasticization from the aqueous environment of the blood. Although bulk material approaches are effective at delaying the expansion rate, they often compromise the ultimate expansion volume, or necessitate temperatures above body temperature for actuation. These factors motivate material refinement beyond bulk chemistry changes to achieve nonlinear passive actuation profiles. In this work, plasma deposited hydrocarbon diffusion barriers enable a second degree of material expansion control, facilitating extended catheter delivery times for endovascular medical devices. Hydrocarbon plasma films polymerized from mixtures of acetylene, ethylene and propylene were deposited on silicon wafers and characterized using ellipsometry, static water contact angles, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Selected plasma processes were applied to polyurethane SMP foams and material performance was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and unconstrained foam expansion in 37 °C water. These plasma films were found to increase surface hydrophobicity and delay the moisture plasticization rate of shape memory polymer embolic foams without altering bulk thermo-mechanical properties.
Synotaxidae, another Trinidadian Spider (Araneida) Family

In Sewlal and Cutler (2003) on the spider families of Trinidad and Tobago, one family was inadvertently omitted.
Introduction to special section: Multidisciplinary studies for geologic and geophysical characterization of CO2 storage reservoirs

There are currently 15 large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects and multiple pilot injection projects operating across the world. A critical challenge for successful CCS programs is to reliably and economically predict long-term behavior of CO2 in potential storage reservoirs. As with
Re-engineering the Urban Landscape: Land Use Reconfiguration and the Morphological Transformation of Shrinking Industrial Cities

Deindustrialization and suburbanization have triggered a transformative process in a cluster of older industrial cities in the United States. Massive loss of population and jobs, coupled with low demand for and growing obsolescence of urban property, have led not only to widespread property abandonment, but to a more fundamental morphological change in these cities as their historical continuous urban form is replaced by a more discontinuous, fragmentary texture. As urban policymakers increasingly recognize that this is a long-term and arguably largely irreversible phenomenon, they are beginning to explore new paradigms for shaping urban form, which recognize shrinkage and seek to reconfigure and re-concentrate land uses and infrastructure within the historical urban footprint. This paper will explore those efforts, concentrating on the underlying conceptual issue of whether distressed, shrinking cities can be transformed into healthy, vital urban environments even in the absence of new population growth, and the role of land use reconfiguration in achieving that outcome.
Dimensions of Short-Term and Long-Term Self-Regulation in Adolescence: Associations with Maternal and Paternal Parenting and Parent-Child Relationship Quality

Relatively little is known about the degree to which subcomponents of self-regulation change during early to middle adolescence. This study considered familial predictors (maternal/paternal regulatory support, antagonistic parenting, and parent-child closeness) of rank-order change in behavioral, emotional and cognitive regulation and perseverance over one year. N = 452 adolescents ages 11–16 years and their parents completed questionnaires and parent-child discussion tasks (48.7% male; 69.6% white). Results indicated minimal direct effects of parenting, though maternal and paternal parenting and parent-child closeness exerted small effects that were moderated by prior levels of cognitive regulation and perseverance. Parents may contribute to the development of complex regulatory capacities that mature after foundational emotional and behavioral regulation competencies.
Reduced-Order State Observer-Based Feedback Control Methodologies for Doubly Fed Induction Machine

In this paper, a reduced order state observer for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is designed that estimate the states just using stator voltage and power measurements. Further, the proposed state observer is used to provide two control strategies for rotor side converter: 1) state estimator based state feedback control; and 2) state estimator based vector control. The state observer and controllers were tested for varying wind conditions using a full-order dynamic model with a real-time simulation platform. First, the proof-of-concept is verified on a grid integrated DFIG considering aggregated grid model represented by an infinite bus. Then, the architecture is validated on a modified IEEE 39-bus system connected with a wind farm. The results confirm that the proposed state observer coupled with existing control for DFIG provides better tracking of the system output without the need for feedback measurements, and at the same time reduces the controller design complexity. Also, these state estimator based controllers eliminate the need of rotor current sensors.
Clinical and Patient-Centered Outcomes in Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes 3 Years After Randomization to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery Versus Intensive Lifestyle Management: The SLIMM-T2D Study.

OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery versus intensive medical diabetes and weight management (IMWM) on clinical and patient-reported outcomes in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We prospectively randomized 38 obese patients with type 2 diabetes (15 male and 23 female, with mean ± SD weight 104 ± 16 kg, BMI 36.3 ± 3.4 kg/m 2 , age 52 ± 6 years, and HbA 1c 8.5 ± 1.3% [69 ± 14 mmol/mol]) to laparoscopic RYGB ( n = 19) or IMWM ( n = 19). Changes in weight, HbA 1c , cardiovascular risk factors (UKPDS risk engine), and self-reported health status (the 36-Item Short-Form [SF-36] survey, Impact of Weight on Quality of Life [IWQOL] instrument, and Problem Areas in Diabetes Survey [PAID]) were assessed. RESULTS After 3 years, the RYGB group had greater weight loss (mean −24.9 kg [95% CI −29.5, −20.4] vs. −5.2 [−10.3, −0.2]; P 1c (−1.79% [−2.38, −1.20] vs. −0.39% [−1.06, 0.28] [−19.6 mmol/mol {95% CI −26.0, −13.1} vs. −4.3 {−11.6, 3.1}]; P P P P 1c and was manifest by greater improvements in IWQOL than with either SF-36 or PAID. CONCLUSIONS Three years after randomization to RYGB versus IMWM, surgery produced greater weight loss, lower HbA 1c , reduced cardiovascular risk, and improvements in obesity-related quality of life in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
Direct and Indirect Xenophobic Attacks: Unpacking Portfolios of Identity

Political threats are typically conceptualized by scholars as targeting particular groups of people. We call for also conceptualizing threats as political attacks directed towards particular facets of an individual’s identity portfolio. We reason that individual political responses to political attacks depend on the strength of identity with the group under attack, just as Social Identity Theory anticipates, but we contend that responses also depends on the shared social categories across an identity portfolio. Drawing on data from 2006–2016, we compare the political assessments of various presidential candidates between Mexican heritage Latinos and other non-Mexican heritage Latinos. Given the specificity of the rhetoric towards Mexican heritage Latinos in 2016, we find evidence that Mexicans and non-Mexicans cast distinct judgments of Donald Trump. Yet, we observe no comparable distinction in prior electoral contexts, suggesting that 2016 uniquely politicized the responses among Mexican heritage Latinos.
Robotic materials for robot autonomy

Abstract This chapter describes an emerging class of metamaterials that tightly integrate sensing, actuation, computation, and communication. Such “robotic materials” extend the class of composite materials by providing them with autonomous functionality. In particular, they enable off-loading signal processing and control into the material. This is commonly observed in biological systems, for example in the human skin that combines multiple tactile sensors and performs significant preprocessing, the arm of an octopus that can perform autonomous motions even if severed from the body, or cephalopod skin that can change its coloration and patterns. Such systems can be engineered by careful codesign of materials, sensors, actuators, and distributed algorithms, which is illustrated using three case studies inspired by biological examples. All composite materials in this chapter have been realized using macroscopic off-the-shelf sensors, actuators, and computational devices, and the discussion focuses on how such materials can be better integrated in the future, entailing both manufacturing techniques as well as novel ways to distribute and store energy.
Measurements of Interface Conductivity of Copper-Clad Dielectric Substrates at Millimeter Wave Frequencies Using TE 02δ Mode Dielectric Rod Resonator Excited by NRD Guide

We have developed a method for measuring interface conductivity at millimeter wave frequencies using a $\mathbf{TE}_{\pmb{02\delta}}$ mode sapphire rod resonator excited by the NRD guide. The interface conductivity values of the copper-clad organic substrate were measured at 62 GHz and 74 GHz. In addition, a frequency dependence of interface conductivity from 2 to 74 GHz was obtained by a combination of the developed method and $\mathbf{TE}_{\pmb{0}\mathbf{m}\pmb{1}}$ mode dielectric rod resonators excited by the small loop antennas.
Don’t overlook the lung

The local lung microbiota provoke inflammation associated with lung adenocarcinoma by activating lung-resident γδ T cells in mice.
Structure and Unsteadiness of Swept-Ramp Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions

In this study we investigate the flow structure and large-scale unsteadiness of a 3D shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction generated by a swept compression ramp in a Mach 2 flow. The unsteady dynamics of the flow are investigated using 50 kHz particle image velocimetry (PIV) in side-view and plan-view planes. The 50 kHz PIV velocity data are bandpass-filtered to investigate potential mechanisms that drive the large-scale unsteadiness. Our analysis shows that strong correlation exists between velocity fluctuations in the upstream boundary layer and motion of the separation-line surrogate for frequencies lower than 10 kHz (0.25 U∞/δ99). This frequency band correlates well with the characteristic frequency range of boundary layer superstructures. Separated flow motions in the high-frequency band (10–50 kHz) do not seem to be strongly correlated to the upstream flow, instead significant correlation is observed with structures within the separation region that move primarily in the cross-stream direction.
Discovery and Characterization of Bacteriophage LuckyBarnes

ABSTRACT Here, we report the genome sequence of LuckyBarnes, a newly isolated singleton siphovirus that infects Brevibacterium iodinum ATCC 15728 and has a 50,774-bp genome with 67 predicted genes.
Test for lack of effect in the functional linear model

In this chapter, we study the fully functional linear model (8.1) and test the nullity of the operator \(\Psi\), i.e. $$H_{0} : \Psi = 0\ {\rm versus}\ H_{4} : \Psi \neq 0.$$
Provision of Insurance Coverage for IVF by a Large Employer and Changes in IVF Rates Among Health Plan Enrollees.

This study investigates changes in in vitro fertilization (IVF) rates among health plan enrollees between 2012 and 2017 after a large US empoloyer (University of Michigan) began providing coverage for IVF in 2015.
Thermal Imaging To Visualize and Characterize Combustion Fronts in Porous Media

We developed a novel technique based upon time-lapse infrared (IR) images to relate the effects of crude-oil oxidation kinetics on flow during one-dimensional homogeneous and heterogeneous laboratory-scale combustion tube experiments. We performed combustion tube experiments under variable conditions including different sands (i.e., grain-size distribution), air injection rate history (constant versus variable), degree of packing heterogeneity, and reaction heterogeneity. The latter is achieved by using reaction enhancing nanoparticles in controlled packing configurations. During every experiment, we obtain high-resolution IR images of the outer wall of the combustion tube that we calibrate using point-wise temperature measurements from a thermocouple. Here, a new experimental workflow that uses these images and combines knowledge obtained from kinetic cell experiments is used to isolate the spatial zones within the tube where so-called low-temperature and high-temperature oxidation (pseudoreaction regimes) occurs during combustion tube experiments for the first time. Additionally, the IR imaging technique is shown to provide new insight into the propagation of the combustion front in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems and, importantly, visualizes gravity drainage of hot oil.
The impact of cuing candidate quality on female candidates

Abstract How can parties improve the electoral prospects of traditionally under-represented women? We argue that if a party signals that a single female candidate is of high quality, other women appearing on the ballot with her will receive a boost in support. More specifically, if a female candidate heads a party's list in the district, other women from her party will be rewarded with more votes. We test our reasoning by examining the nomination and election of women in three Free-List Proportional Representation systems where voters can cast multiple preference votes for individual candidates. We find robust support for the finding that when voters receive a signal that women can be quality candidates, they tend to reward additional women with preference votes regardless of their rank on the ballot.
Chinese international students’ multicultural identity and second language development: gesture awareness and use

This study examines language in conjunction with co-speech gesture awareness and use in relation to second language development, and as linked to identity-in-the-making for four Chinese internation...
Visualization of Enthesitis by Ultrasound: a Key Diagnostic Tool in Spondyloarthropathy Diagnosis and Management

The purpose of this review is to report on the current status of evaluation of enthesitis with sonography. Sonography can visualize peripheral entheses in great detail since most of them are superficial. Visualization of entheses has provided insights into the pathophysiology of enthesitis and highlighted the interconnectivity of stress dissipation mechanisms about the enthesis. The primary use of entheseal sonography presently revolves around diagnostic use. There is increasing awareness of biomechanical confounders that lead to entheseal changes, which are more prevalent in males, patients with higher body mass index, and those who are more active—though there are several approaches to mitigate biomechanical confounders in sonographic evaluation. Entheseal sonography may also provide prognostic information in predicting the severity of axial syndesmophyte formation. Although entheseal outcome scoring systems are available, there is sparse data on its use as an outcome tool, and hence, this is a fertile area for future research.
The role of diversity in science: a case study of women advancing female birdsong research

Researchers of different genders and backgrounds contribute greatly to the diversity of questions and approaches in science. Historically birdsong was studied primarily as a male trait. However, as researchers in the field of animal behaviour have become more diverse, women have made substantial contributions to the birdsong literature, including through the study of female birdsong. We investigated the influence of gender on research topic and asked: are research articles on female birdsong disproportionately authored by women? We surveyed published ‘female song’ papers within the last 20 years, recording counts of author gender and authorship position (first, middle, last). We compared these data to a control group of ‘birdsong’ papers that were matched by journal and publication date. We found strong associations between research topic and author gender. First authors of female birdsong papers are significantly more likely to be women: women now make-up 68% of first authors on female birdsong papers whereas women are only 44% of the first authors on general birdsong papers. Our case study suggests that women are making a greater contribution to the emerging field of female birdsong. This discrepancy demonstrates the importance of diversity in addressing previously understudied areas of science. Increasing diversity in science can lead to new approaches for studying behaviour, ecology and conservation.
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Augmentation Therapy Improves Survival in Severely Deficient Patients with Predicted FEV1 Between 10% and 60%: A Retrospective Analysis of the NHLBI Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry

Purpose The extent of the survival benefit of augmentation therapy for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) in individuals with advanced COPD is difficult to define. We performed a retrospective analysis using all available data from the observational registry of individuals with severe deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) conducted by the NHLBI investigators. Patients and Methods Individuals (N=1129) with severe deficiency of AAT were evaluated for mortality using all data sources and stratified by 10% increments of baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) percent predicted and by augmentation therapy status (ever receiving versus never receiving). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed for each of the deciles comparing survival in treated vs non-treated groups. A multivariable model was performed to define the correlates of survival in individuals with FEV1 120% predicted and in subgroups of participants with reduced diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) <70% predicted, there was significantly better survival for those ever receiving augmentation therapy than for those who never received augmentation (p<0.001). A multivariable analysis showed that mortality benefit is influenced by age, DLCO % predicted, and augmentation therapy. Conclusion There is a survival benefit from augmentation therapy in AATD between FEV1 values in the 10-60% predicted range. Screening and treatment of AATD patients should therefore not be limited by the severity of illness as defined by FEV1.
Hearing Status of Children and Adolescents With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Background/aim Chemopreventative therapeutics may be helpful in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) management; however, prospective chemopreventative studies are complicated by potential ototoxicity and pre-existing hearing loss. The aim of this study was to establish and compare baseline hearing status of children and adolescents with FAP and their unaffected siblings. Patients and methods Twenty FAP pediatric patients with documented mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and nine unaffected sibling controls underwent baseline hearing evaluation, including audiometry, speech perception testing, and middle and inner ear physiologic measures. Results of the FAP cohort were compared to the unaffected sibling cohort. Results Two (5%) children with FAP presented with baseline hearing loss of unknown etiology, likely unrelated to their FAP diagnosis. No significant differences were found in any of the hearing measures between groups. Conclusion Mutation of the APC gene is not necessarily indicative of higher risk for baseline hearing loss in the pediatric population.
Interrupted Identities: Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in Patients With Multiple Myeloma

In the current study, we sought to examine whether patients incorporate the identity of a patient receiving autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) for multiple myeloma (MM) into their daily lives. Multiple myeloma patients receive education before initiating the ASCT treatment process. In this ethnographic study using interpretative phenomenological analysis, we observed pretransplant education visits with 30 MM patients, followed by semistructured interviews in their hospital rooms during transplant. The experience of receiving ASCT for MM required effort by patients to not only maintain their past identity but also establish a new patient identity. Reconciling these 2 identities required deliberate and emotionally draining effort from the patient. Results were organized into 2 overarching themes of social relationships and aesthetics with subthemes for each. Understanding methods MM patients who are receiving ASCT use to negotiate normalcy during treatment may be helpful for developing interventions for alleviating distress during this difficult time.
Raman and quantitative phase imaging allow morpho-molecular recognition of malignancy and stages of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common malignancies that account for nearly one-third of all pediatric cancers. The current diagnostic assays are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and require expensive reagents. Here, we report a label-free approach featuring diffraction phase imaging and Raman microscopy that can retrieve both morphological and molecular attributes for label-free optical phenotyping of individual B cells. By investigating leukemia cell lines of early and late stages along with the healthy B cells, we show that phase images can capture subtle morphological differences among the healthy, early, and late stages of leukemic cells. By exploiting its biomolecular specificity, we demonstrate that Raman microscopy is capable of accurately identifying not only different stages of leukemia cells but also individual cell lines at each stage. Overall, our study provides a rationale for employing this hybrid modality to screen leukemia cells using the widefield QPI and using Raman microscopy for accurate differentiation of early and late-stage phenotypes. This contrast-free and rapid diagnostic tool exhibits great promise for clinical diagnosis and staging of leukemia in the near future.
The Deposits Channel of Aggregate Fluctuations

This paper presents a new mechanism through which the geography of bank deposits increases financial fragility. We document the within-bank geographic concentration of deposits -- 30% of bank deposits are concentrated in a single county. We combine this within-bank geographic concentration of deposits with local natural-disaster-induced property damages to construct novel bank deposit shocks. On aggregate, these shocks can explain 3.30% of variation in economic growth. Local disaster shocks result in aggregate fluctuations through their effect on deposits, which negatively affect bank lending. Financial frictions such as regulatory constraints, informational advantages, and borrower constraints are critical for the aggregation of shocks.
Policy Implications of Rural Demographic Change

Rural regions and communities have changed dramatically over the last decade, affected by increased in-migration, changing age and ethnic composition, and related social and economic restructuring. Such trends encompass all components of demographic change and directly affect employment opportunities, human capital development, land use, and social and economic well-being in rural America. All Americans’ well-being depends upon many things: availability of good-paying jobs; access to critical services, such as education and health care; technology; transportation and communication infrastructure; strong communities; and a healthy natural environment. But the challenges for achieving these goals differ considerably in rural and urban areas (Brown & Swanson, 2003; Center for the Study of Rural America, 2000; Christenson & Flora, 1991; Dillman & Hobbs, 1982; Economic Research Service, 1988, 1995; Southern Rural Development Center, 2003). The research presented in this volume focuses on population change and the diverse needs of rural areas in an effort to further social science research on population and society interdependencies and to provide federal, state, and local policymakers with sound empirical analysis to develop strategies that enhance social and economic opportunities of rural Americans. This chapter summarizes some of the public policy implications of key findings presented in this volume as well as in other recent studies on rural communities. Population change and diversity of need underscore many of the economic, political, and geographic changes occurring in rural America. Declines in agricultural jobs, particularly in the Midwest, have forced many families to leave rural communities to seek new sources of income. Remaining small farmers now rely more on off-farm work than farm work for the largest share of their support. Declining populations and small-scale, low-density settlement patterns have made it more costly for some rural communities and businesses to provide critical services and infrastructure. And changes in the use of natural resources, such as the conversion of farmland to urban activities or the economic development of recreation and high-amenity areas, affect the people who earn a living from these resources,
Comprehensive examination of large mineral and rock fragments in Stardust tracks: Mineralogy, analogous extraterrestrial materials, and source regions

Abstract– Transmission electron microscopy examination of 87 large fragments from 16 carrot-shaped and bulbous Stardust (SD) tracks was performed to study the range and diversity of materials present in comet Wild 2. Olivines and low-Ca pyroxenes represent the largest proportions of fragments observed; however, a wide range of minerals and rocks were found including probable ferromagnesian, Al-rich and Si-rich chondrule fragments, a refractory inclusion, possible matrix mineral/lithic clasts, and probable condensate minerals. These materials, combined with fine-grained components in the tracks, are analogous to components in unequilibrated chondrite meteorites and cluster interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). Two unusual lithologies in the bulbous tracks are only observed in chondritic porous IDPs and may have direct links to IDPs. The absence of phyllosilicates indicates that comet Wild 2 may be a “dry” comet that did not accrete or form significant amounts of hydrated phases. Some large mineral fragments in the SD tracks are analogous to large mineral IDPs. The large variations of the coarse-grained components within and between all 16 tracks show that comet Wild 2 is mineralogically diverse and unequilibrated on nearly all scales and must have accreted materials from diverse source regions that were widely dispersed throughout the solar nebula.
The Unsophisticated Sophisticated: Old Age and the Accredited Investors Definition

Accredited investors are able to buy unregistered securities such as private equity, venture capital and hedge funds with little regulatory oversight. This lack of oversight is justified because investors who meet the accredited investor thresholds ($200,000 annual income/$300,000 for a couple, or a net worth of over $1 million excluding primary residence) are assumed to be sophisticated enough to understand these complex and opaque securities. Some have argued that income and wealth thresholds are not necessarily an accurate proxy of financial sophistication.We use financial literacy instruments from the Consumer Finance Monthly and from the Health and Retirement Study to explore whether accredited older households, who are more likely to experience age-related cognitive decline and who have accumulated significant lifecycle savings, are less financially literate than younger unaccredited respondents. In both data sets, we find that accredited households age 80 and older are more than 80% less likely than unaccredited investors age 60-64 to have high financial literacy scores. Respondents with less than a high school degree were more likely to have a high financial literacy score than older accredited respondents in a multivariate analysis. While accredited investors are more financially literate than unaccredited investors within each age group, older accredited investors had significantly and strongly lower financial literacy scores than younger unaccredited investors and the difference increased consistently with age.
Flight propulsion control integration for V/STOL aircraft

The goal of the propulsion community is to have the enabling propulsion technologies in place to permit a low risk decision regarding the initiation of a research STOVL supersonic attack fighter aircraft in the mid-1990's. This technology will effectively integrate, enhance, and extend the supersonic cruise, STOVL, and fighter/attack programs to enable U.S. industry to develop a revolutionary supersonic short takeoff vertical landing fighter/attack aircraft in the post-ATF period. The rationale, methods, and criteria used in developing a joint NASA Lewis and NASA Ames research program to develop the technology element for integrated flight propulsion control through integrated methodologies is presented. This program, the Supersonic STOVL Integrated Flight Propulsion Controls Program, is part of the overall NASA Lewis Supersonic STOVL integrated approach to an integrated program to achieve integrated flight propulsion control technology.
Promoting Teacher Quality and Continuity: Tackling the Disadvantages of Remote Indigenous Schools in the Northern Territory:

The complexity associated with reducing inequality in Indigenous education incorporates a multitude of causal factors. Issues associated with education delivery and outcomes in remote Indigenous communities are endemic nationally, yet the communities of the Northern Territory are uniquely disadvantaged due to their geographical and cultural isolation. By looking at the factors affecting the quality and continuity of teachers in remote Indigenous communities, as well as the need for institutional collaboration, targeted recruitment strategies and a reorientation of expectations, this article will consider one strategy developed in order to recruit and retain effective teachers in these communities.
Paley's watchmaker analogy and prebiotic synthetic chemistry in surfactant assemblies. Formaldehyde scavenging by pyrroles leading to porphyrins as a case study.

The formation of elaborate molecules is regarded as an essential first step in prebiotic chemistry, but how such transformations could spontaneously occur, particularly in dilute aqueous conditions, remains poorly understood. Here, micromolar concentrations of a 3,4-dialkylpyrrole and excess formaldehyde in aqueous micellar solution (pH 7) at 25 or 50 °C were found to give good yield (up to 40%) of the lipophilic octaalkylporphyrin. The reaction occurs despite a mean occupancy number of ∼0.1 pyrrole molecules/micelle, and <1 of 10 000 micelles initially containing the requisite 4 pyrrole molecules to form the porphyrin assuming a (random) Poisson distribution. Yields of up to 13% were observed in large, unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles, wherein there are ∼15 000 pyrrole molecules per vesicle membrane. Double-labeling crossover experiments (of 3,4-diethylpyrrole and 3,4-dimethylpyrrole) examined by mass spectrometry revealed facile exchange processes of reactive constituents among both micelle and vesicle surfactant assemblies. Together, the exchange of pyrrolic reactants among micelles and the thermodynamic driving force for tetrapyrrole formation overcome the apparent statistical odds against reaction. The fruitful exchange, accumulation and reaction of minute quantities of reactants in aqueous-surfactant assemblies suggest a general means for formation of prebiotically valuable constituents, even when the statistical odds at the outset are overwhelmingly improbable.
A Study to Empower Children to Design Movable Tactile Pictures for Children with Visual Impairments

3D Printing has shown a great potential to print tactile picture books, in order to cultivate emergent literacy for children with visual impairments. However, currently available 3D design tools are hard to learn, resulting in children to be excluded from the participatory design of tactile pictures. Also, existing 3D design software lacks of functionality to incorporate mobility and rich textures, which is critical aspect of the effective tactile picture. In this paper, we review our formative studies, presenting a hands-on design process for children to empower their own creativities into 3D tactile pictures design, and to engage them to bring other materials to enhance touch experiences.
A compact dual-band (L1/L2) GPS antenna design

A small slot-loaded patch antenna design developed for receiving both L1 and L2 bands GPS signals is discussed. The dual band coverage is achieved by using a patch mode at L2 band and a slot mode at L1 band. High dielectric material and meandered slot line are employed to reduce the antenna size down to 25.4 mm in diameter. The RHCP is achieved by combining two orthogonal modes via a small 0°–90° hybrid chip. Both patch and slot modes share a single proximity probe conveniently located on the side of the antenna (Fig.1). This paper discusses about the design procedure as well as simulated antenna performance.
Part II. Initial molecular and cellular characterization of high nitric oxide-adapted human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

It is not understood why some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, despite having identical morphology, demonstrate different tumor aggressiveness, including radioresistance. High levels of the free radical nitric oxide (NO) and increased expression of the NO-producing enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have been implicated in tumor progression. We previously adapted three human tongue cancer cell lines to high NO (HNO) levels by gradually exposing them to increasing concentrations of an NO donor; the HNO cells grew faster than their corresponding untreated (“parent”) cells, despite being morphologically identical. Herein we initially characterize the HNO cells and compare the biological properties of the HNO and parent cells. HNO/parent cell line pairs were analyzed for cell cycle distribution, DNA damage, X-ray and ultraviolet radiation response, and expression of key cellular enzymes, including NOS, p53, glutathione S-transferase-pi (GST-pi), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1), and checkpoint kinases (Chk1, Chk2). While some of these properties were cell line-specific, the HNO cells typically exhibited properties associated with a more aggressive behavior profile than the parent cells (greater S-phase percentage, radioresistance, and elevated expression of GST-pi/APE1/Chk1/Chk2). To correlate these findings with conditions in primary tumors, we examined the NOS, GST-pi, and APE1 expression in human tongue squamous cell carcinomas. A majority of the clinical samples exhibited elevated expression levels of these enzymes. Together, the results herein suggest cancer cells exposed to HNO levels can develop resistance to free radicals by upregulating protective mechanisms, such as GST-pi and APE1. These upregulated defense mechanisms may contribute to their aggressive expression profile.
LESSONS FROM THE DELAWARE DISLOCATED WORKER PILOT PROGRAM

This article presents lessons learned from an innovative employment and training program for dislocated workers—persons who have lost stable, long-term jobs due to changing technology and/or increased international competition. Because the program was conducted as a randomized experiment, it was possible to obtain unbiased estimates of its impact as well as considerable information about its implementation. The article provides specific information about program design and serves as a prototype for how social experimentation can be used by state and local governments. In addition, the article illustrates how qualitative and quantitative information from process and impact analyses can be integrated to provide a richer picture of the program experience than would be possible otherwise.
Atomic-scale studies of electron transport through MOS structures

Abstract The STM-based ballistic electron emission microscopy/spectroscopy (BEEM/BEES) in conjunction with theoretical modeling and Monte Carlo simulations are used to clarify intrinsic transport issues in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures. Compared to conventional MOS transport studies, BEEM/BEES offers unique advantages that include, besides its unsurpassed spatial resolution, independent control over the energy of the electrons, which thereby can be injected directly into the SiO2 conduction band, as well as complete control over the electric field across the oxide. The MOS samples consist of thin Pd ‘gate’ dots deposited on 7–15 nm device-grade oxides thermally grown on Si(100). BEES measures the threshold energy for electron transmission over the potential barrier determined by the gate metal and oxide. This potential is strongly affected by the combination of screening effects due to the metal gate and an applied oxide field. Field dependent decreases of the injection thresholds follow classical image force theory, through which we have determined a dielectric response of eox = 2.74 for electrons in SiO2. Possible contributions to the threshold shifts from field induced tunneling through the oxide barrier were assessed with a WKB calculation and deemed unimportant. Justification for the measured eox = 2.74, as opposed to the ‘established’ value close to the optical dielectric constant of 2.15, is obtained from a novel theoretical model. The model, based on a classical particle subject to a time-dependent potential in a polarizable medium, predicts a dynamic dielectric response in the oxide to a moving charge near the metal interface of eox = 2.69. The image force induced distortion of the potential near the metal gate has a pronounced effect on the dynamics of the electrons reaching the oxide. Monte Carlo simulations show that this distortion strongly affects the phonon scattering rates in the immediate interface region. Energy and oxide-field dependent electron transmission probabilities were obtained from the simulations and were found to agree remarkably well with experimentally determined probabilities.
Tracking with and without target in 6- to 15-year-old boys.

It is well documented that, in adults, manual tracking of a visual periodic target is very accurate in a wide variety of experimental conditions. With children between 5 and 9 years of age, however, the response lags significantly behind the stimulus. The first study presented here attempts to describe the acquisition of this skill by children between 9 and 15 years of age. Within this age span, adult proficiency in pursuing a rapid target was approached through an improvement in response synchronization. Yet adults were distinguishable from the oldest children by a fundamentally different mode of movement execution: The former maintained a smooth modulation of the proper motor pattern, whereas the latter relied mainly on corrections through visual feedback. The second experiment showed that these different perceptuomotor strategies may be related to the availability of a more accurate and stable motor pattern with age. Young children had difficulties reproducing the stimulus after it was withdrawn, with ...
Little Magazine Interview Index 2000–2001

Abstract The sixteenth issue of our index of interviews appearing in current little magazines received for the Sukov Collection of Little Magazines (Department of Special Collections, Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin–Madison) is a double one, covering 2000 and 2001. The index includes 1059 entries, with the usual mix of well-known and new writers in a wide range of journal titles. The index follows an initial list of magazine titles currently received by the Sukov Collection, now arranged by country of publication, which are not included in the thirty-seventh edition of the International Directory of Little Magazines and Small Presses (Dustbooks) . Serials Review 2002; 28:126–141.
Sialoadenectomy and Thyroid Response to Thyrotrophic Hormone

PREVIOUS observations1–3 have been reported which indicated the salivary glands to be capable of modifying thyroid activity, such modification being made apparent by a reduced iodine-131 uptake, reduced turnover rate and a reduction in the thyroid-stimulating hormone titre as determined by the method of Barell and Holmgren4. Since sialoadenectomy imposed upon hypophysectomized rats did not result in different thyroid activities2, it was postulated that the salivary glands, that is, substance(s) elaborated therefrom, could act upon the thyroid (1) in conjunction with the hypophysis (synergistic action) or (2) upon the hypophysis directly. In an attempt to learn something of the mode of action of the salivary-gland secretions on thyroid activity, the response of sialoadenectomized, hypophysectomized and intact animals to parenteral thyroid-stimulating hormone was studied. Animal feeding, care, size, strain, pre- and post-operative treatment were as previously described1–3. There were not less than eight and no more than twelve rats in any experimental or control group. The radioactivity assays were performed in the same manner as they were in previous studies.
Spot market pricing of water resources and efficient means of rationing water during scarcity (water pricing)

Abstract This paper advocates the application of the short-run marginal cost or spot market pricing principles to the pricing of water resources. The model developed here may provide some guidance in the design of more economically efficient water rates, in designing strategies to rationing water in times of drought or scarcity, and in the development of effective water utility planning strategies.
Demonstration of clonality in neutrophils using FISH in a case of chronic neutrophilic leukemia

A patient previously diagnosed with chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) was studied using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to determine clonality of neutrophils. By cytogenetic studies the patient's blood and bone marrow had an 11q14 deletion and were negative for the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. FISH was performed on peripheral blood smears using probes for the bcr/abl translocation and a probe for 11q23 (MLL). The patient's white blood cells were negative for the bcr/abl translocation; neutrophils and eosinophils, but not lymphocytes, were monosomic for the 11q23 probe indicating a clonal population within the neutrophil population.
The Guyon’s canal in perspective: 3-T MRI assessment of the normal anatomy, the anatomical variations and the Guyon’s canal syndrome

(1) To revisit the anatomical boundaries of the canal, its contents and its two channels, (2) to describe the anatomical variations of the canal’s borders and the variations of its contents, and (3) to discuss the clinical relevance of the Guyon’s canal syndrome. Two hundred and fifty MR wrists examinations were reviewed. MR spin echo T1-weighted axial slices were used to analyze the Guyon’s canal. The anatomical boundaries, the cross-sectional area and length of the canal were calculated. The anatomical variations of the canal’s walls and contents and their prevalence were sought. Changes related to Guyon’s canal syndrome were also evaluated. From the 250 wrists, the anatomy of the Guyon’s canal was normal in 168 (67.2%) wrists; 73 (29.2%) wrists presented with anatomical variations; and 9 (3.6%) wrists had derangements causing Guyon’s canal syndrome. The cross-sectional area of the canal was 33 ± 11 mm² proximally and 45 ± 19 mm² distally. The canal’s length was approximately 40 ± 4 mm. Among the 73 wrists with anatomical variations, there were aberrant muscles in 39 (53.4%) wrists, multiple ulnar nerve branching in 22 (30%) cases, increased amount of fat tissue inside the canal in 9 (12.3%) cases and hypoplastic hamulus in 3 (4.1%) cases. There were 9 (3.6%) symptomatic wrists with clinical and radiological features attributed to Guyon’s canal syndrome. MRI is an excellent modality for the evaluation of the Guyon’s canal.