cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is defined by symptoms and diagnosed without any objective diagnostic tests. Risk factors for developing CFS may include infection, psychiatric disorders, and allergies. Modest dysfunction of multiple organ systems, including the immune, central nervous, endocrine, and muscular systems, have been identified in cases of CFS. Symptoms of various organic, psychiatric, and poorly understood disorders overlap those of CFS. There is no known cure for CFS; however, exercise, counseling, and medications may provide symptomatic relief.
Competition and cooperation in the workplace

Abstract This paper examines promotion systems which are competitive (a tournament) or noncompetitive (a quota scheme). We introduce helping technologies where some aid to co-workers is efficient and consider various worker bargaining strategies. It is shown that the competitive scheme consistently prevents helping efforts, while the non-competitive scheme induces an efficient allocation of effort if workers bargain over help. Because the non-competitive scheme is less risky, it may dominate the competitive scheme even if workers do not help each other. If workers bargain over help, the non-competitive scheme will typically enhance welfare.
Sedimentary geology of the Columbia River Estuary

Abstract A multiyear study of the sedimentary geology of the Columbia River Estuary has provided valuable data regarding sediment distribution, bedform distribution, and suspended sediment distribution on spatial and temporal scales that permit delineation of sedimentary environments and insight into the sedimentary processes that have shaped the estuary. In comparison to other more-intensively studied estuaries in North America, the Columbia River estuary has relatively larger tidal range (maximum semidiurnal range of 3.6m) and large riverflow (6,700m3s−1). Variations in riverflow, sediment supply, and tidal flow occur over a range of time scales, making the study of modern processes, as they relate to long-term effects, particularly challenging. Analyses of more than 2000 bottom-sediment grab samples indicate that the bed material of the estuary varies in a relatively narrow range between 0 and 8 phi (1.0 and 0.0039mm) with an overall mean size of 2.5 phi (0.177mm). Sediment size decreases generally in the downstream direction. Sediments from the upriver channels are coarse (1.5–2.0phi; 0.25–0.35mm) and moderately sorted; sediments in the central estuary show wider range and variation in grain size and sorting (1.75–6.0phi; 0.016–0.3mm). Sediment from the entrance region has a mean size of 2.75phi (0.149mm) and is well sorted. Seasonal changes in sediment size distributions occur and are best delineated by those samples containing more than 10% mud (silt plus clay). Sediments containing a significant fine fraction generally occur only in the peripheral bays and in channels isolated from strong currents. Thin deposits of fine sediments are occasionally found in main channels, and the ephemeral nature of these sediments suggest that they may erode and produce the silty rip-up clasts that appear intermittently in the same regions. The distribution of bedforms of various size and shape has been mapped with side-scan sonar during three seasons and at various tidal stages. The presence of bedforms with wavelengths of 6–8m and alternating slip faces about 40cm high indicates that the deeper portion of the entrance region is dominated by tidally reversing lower flow regime sediment transport. Bedforms in the upper reaches of the estuary are much larger, with heights of up to 3m and wavelengths of up to 100m. These bedforms, and the smaller, superimposed bedforms, imply downstream transport under fluvial conditions. In the central estuary, bedforms in the deep portion of the main channels are oriented upriver while those on the shallow flanks of the channels are oriented seaward. The landward limit of upriver bedform transport varies seasonally in response to riverflow fluctuations. A complex array of sedimentary environments exists in the Columbia River estuary. Each environment is influenced by the relative importance of waves, fluvial currents, and tidal currents, as modified by the presence or absence of estuarine circulation, vegetation, or human activity. The importance of these enviroments to the ecosystem of the estuary is discussed in subsequent papers in this volume.
Effect of the percentage of dry matter in the diet on the dry-matter intake in ruminants.

IN the course of some experiments with beef cattle, swedes and grass silage were fed, and it was observed that the appetite of the cattle, in terms of daily intake of dry matter, appeared to be inversely proportional to the percentage of moisture in these feeding-stuffs.
A comparison of gamma-irradiation-induced degradation in amphoterically Si-doped GaAs LED's and Zn-diffused GaAs LED's

A comparison is presented of the effects of gamma irradiation on the properties of amphoterically Si-doped GaAs LED's and Zn-diffused GaAs LED's. It is shown that the light output of GaAs:Si LED's is severely degraded by irradiation, and, in addition, that the light output cannot be recovered through forward-bias-induced annealing. In contrast, commercially available dome-shaped GaAs:Zn emitters with comparable power outputs degrade much less, and the degradation that is observed can be recovered by forward-bias-induced annealing. Further, this bias-induced recovery can be achieved by applying forward-current pulses only 10 to 50 ms in width. The lack of any bias-induced recovery in the GaAs:Si devices led to an investigation of gamma-induced deep levels using the transient capacitance method of deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Following irradiation, two levels with thermal activation energies of 0.21 and 0.78 eV were observed. Subsequent forward bias reduced the concentration of the 0.21-eV level but had relatively little effect on the 0.78-eV level. These results suggest that the near midgap 0.78-eV level is one of the nonradiative recombination centers responsible for light output degradation.
Classical genetic analysis of GABA-related seizures.

Abstract Differences in resistance to 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP)-induced seizures exist between DBA/2Ibg and C57BL/6Ibg inbred strains of mice; C57BL/6Ibg mice are more resistant to MP-induced seizures. To determine the mode of inheritance for seizure resistance, a classical genetic analysis was conducted using these two parental strains, their F1, F2, and backcross generations. Latencies to seizure onset and tonus after intraperitoneal (IP) injections of MP (25–40 mg/kg) were quantified. For all populations mean latencies to onset and tonus decreased in a dose dependent manner with the hybrid generations exhibiting a seizure resistant phenotype resembling the C57BL/6Ibg strain. In general, female mice were less resistant to MP-induced seizures than males; however, a significant degree of resistance was retained by the C57BL/6Ibg females and their female progeny. A quantitative assessment of the pattern of inheritance for seizure resistance using a weighted least-squares regression approach indicated that an additive-dominance model explained latency to seizure onset data at 25, 35 and 40 mg/kg. However, at 30 mg/kg, the model required the addition of an epistatic parameter to best describe mean scores at this dose. The results of these analyses suggest that resistance to MP-induced seizures is transmitted in a dominant manner.
Thoughts and reactions

It is exciting to have this opportunity to read and react to three other substantial papers. Marek Žabka's idea to advocate this format deserves substantial praise, as does Rick Cohn's organization...
Direct interaction, classical thermodynamic and quantum statistical theories of heavy ion collisions

Abstract Various theories of composite-particle formation are developed and compared. One theory is a nonequilibrium final-state interaction model, while another theory is based on equilibrium thermodynamics. A version of the equilibrium model is developed which is classical - analogous to the Rayleigh-Jeans limit of black-body radiation. Recent experiments suggest that the nonclassical equilibrium predictions are in better agreement with data than the results of the nonequilibrium picture or the classical thermodynamic view.
Differential origin of brainstem serotoninergic projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus of the rat

Previous studies have shown that both the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the superior colliculus receive a significant serotoninergic (5-HT) innervation. In the present study the origins of these 5-HT projections to the rodent PAG and superior colliculus were analyzed by using a combined immunohistochemical-retrograde transport technique. Thirteen brainstem regions were found to contain double-labelled 5-HT-like immunoreactive neurons following HRP injections into the PAG while only four brainstem nuclei contained double-labelled neurons following superior collicular injections. After HRP deposits into the ventral PAG, the largest percentage of double-labelled neurons was identified in nucleus raphe magnus, pars alpha of the nucleus gigantocellularis, and the paragigantocellular nucleus. The dorsal PAG, on the other hand, received the largest percentage of its 5-HT projections from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe obscurus, raphe pontis, and raphe medianis. The 5-HT input to the superior colliculus was found to arise exclusively from nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe medianis, and raphe pontis and from the contralateral periaqueductal gray. Raphe nuclei were found to contribute serotoninergic projections to both the PAG and the superior colliculus while reticular nuclei contributed 5-HT projections only to the PAG. Injections of the fluorescent retrograde tracers true blue and nuclear yellow were then made into the PAG and superior colliculus to ascertain if neurons located in raphe nuclei that projected to both structures provided axon collaterals to both areas. Generally, less than 10% of raphe neurons projecting to the superior colliculus were identified as providing axon collaterals to the PAG. The present results demonstrate major quantitative and qualitative differences in the origin of 5-HT projections to the ventral PAG and superior colliculus. The origin of 5-HT input to the dorsal PAG, on the other hand, showed many similarities to the origin of 5-HT innervation of the superior colliculus. These data also indicate that approximately 35% of raphe neurons provide nonserotoninergic projections to the PAG and superior colliculus.
Efficacy of venlafaxine in the treatment of severe depression

Although the efficacy of available antidepressants has been well established in the treatment of mild to moderate depression, clinical research literature on severe depression is more limited, due to lack of a standardized definition for the condition and the resulting inconsistent data. Given the heterogeneous nature of severe depression, reports suggesting noradrenergic as well as serotonergic system involvement in depressive disorders, and the substantive capability of both clomipramine and TCA-SSRI combination to treat severe depression, investigation of dual-action antidepressant agent efficacy in the treatment of severe depression is warranted. The merit of one such combined-action agent, venlafaxine, is reviewed. Efficacy findings from the limited number of comparative clinical trials conducted in the severely depressed patient population suggest that, while venlafaxine has been evaluated in a broad range of depressed patients, this compound may be particularly effective for the severely ill. Pharmacological features of venlafaxine, which may benefit the patient with severe depression, include the possibility of a rapid onset of action and a dose-response curve. Based upon studies comparing venlafaxine with both placebo and other first-line antidepressants, it is concluded that venlafaxine is safe, tolerable, and effective for the treatment of severe depression.
THE EVALUATION OF CONTEXTUAL SPEECH MATERIALS.

The energy level of contextual discourse (recorded lists of the CID Sentence Intelligibility materials) was measured by feeding the material into a speech-time analyzer. The energy levels of all 10...
Preparation of monoclonal antibodies reactive to the endogenous small molecule, anandamide.

The development of an easy and inexpensive immunoassay to measure the limited quantities of endogenous cannabinoids found in the body would be beneficial for both cannabinoid researchers and clinicians. This report describes the hapten design and carrier molecule strategy that we used to generate a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAB) to the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonylethanolamide, AEA). We designed and successfully prepared a hapten, N-arachidonyl-7-amino-6-hydroxy-heptanoic acid (AHA), which retained the basic characteristic features of anandamide—the carboxamide, the hydroxyl and the lipophilic arachidonyl moiety with its skipped double bond system, while still allowing attachment to protein. In addition, a secondary alcohol structure was added to reduce the potential for biological hydrolysis of the hapten. Because of the diverse responses obtained after coupling this hapten to four different carriers, we determined that the type of carrier molecule used was particularly important for generating anti-anandamide antibodies. Described in this report are the characteristics of a panel of 11 mAB, generated from four separate fusions, with a range of relative affinities and cross reactivities. Excellent selectivity for anandamide vs. two other endogenous cannabinoids and arachidonic acid was achieved this strategy (cross-reactivities <5%). In addition, at least one mAB maintained specificity for anandamide compared to two very closely related fatty acid amide molecules. However, the IC50 values in a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format (ca. 2−3 μM) indicate that improvement in antibody affinities or assay format will be required for an immunoassay to measure endogenous levels. Such work is underway.
Rapid changes in poly (A)(+) mRNA content in growth stimulated fibroblasts following perturbations in protein synthesis

We have previously shown that when resting 3T6 cells are serum stimulated in the presence of inhibitors of protein synthesis, poly(A)(+) mRNA content increases extremely rapidly relative to cells stimulated in the absence of drug. Poly(A)(+) mRNA content nearly doubles within two hours, but then remains constant for at least ten hours (Johnson and Meister, '77). In this report we show that continuous exposure to both serum and cycloheximide are required to maintain this elevated mRNA level. Removal of either leads to an equally rapid decrease in poly(A)(+) mRNA content. If cycloheximide is withdrawn at either two or ten hours following serum stimulation in the presence of the drug, allowing the rapid (< 30 minutes) restoration of the rate of protein synthesis, we observe that poly(A)(+) mRNA content decreases within two hours to a level nearly equal to that found in resting cells prior to stimulation. If the drug is withdrawn but the serum stimulus is not, the rapid decrease in poly(A)(+) mRNA content is followed by an increase which is parallel to that which occurs in cultures stimulated in the absence of drug, but displaced from the latter by an interval approximately equal to the length of exposure of the drug. These results show that the mammalian cell is able to decrease as well as increase its content of poly(A)(+) mRNA in response to drug induced perturbations in the rate of protein synthesis. The changes in poly(A)(+) mRNA content occur extremely rapidly and may represent an attempt by the cell to correct the perturbation.
Two Satellite-Borne Cosmic Radiation Detectors

Cosmic radiation telescopes constructed at the University of Minnesota will be flown on the Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatories, POGO C and D and on the Pioneer Deep Space Probes C and D. These experiments are designed to measure the differential energy spectra of protons, helium nuclei and heavy nuclei up to a charge Z=14 in the range 1.0 to 1200 Mev per nucleon. The POGO telescope utilizes a combination of scintillation and Cherenkov counters together with a semi-conductor detector. Use of the thresholds in the geomagnetic field extends the energy range for protons to 30 Bev. A Geiger tube, four lithium-drifted silicon detectors, and a Cherenkov counter comprise the Pioneer telescope.
Fluidized-bed immobilized-enzyme reactor for the hydrolysis of cornstarch to glucose

We have developed an economical fluidized-bed immobilized-enzyme cornstarch hydrolysis reactor employing an inexpensive glucoamylase-on-alumina (covalently bonded) catalyst having a high initial activity (130 units/g) and excellent long term stability (t1/2 = 6450 hr at 50°C). The reactor can give higher yields of dextrose from streams containing ∼30% (wt) low dextrose equivalent (DE) cornstarch than can a comparable fixed-bed reactor because its design exploits the fact that fluidixation permits the use of very small catalyst particles (down to 50μm in our case) which overcomes the yield-limiting diffusion-associated problems encountered in the use of conventional fixed-bed cornstarch hydrolysis reactors. Furthermore, even when small catalyst particles are used the fluidized-bed reactor does not suffer from plugging and high pressure drop problems typical of fixed-bed reactors. The results of an initial economic analysis based on bench-scale results indicate that the processing cost for a plant using this new technology to produce 100 × 106lb dextrose/year from low DE cornstarch would be as much as 33% lower than for a comparable plant employing conventional soluble-enzyme technology.
Road Closed: Evaluating the Judicial Bypass Provision of the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act

This paper examines the extent to which Pennsylvania county courts are prepared to handle the judicial bypass option of the states parental consent requirement. Under the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act it is illegal for physicians to perform abortions on pregnant minors without parental consent. The constitutionality of this requirement has been upheld but only when states provide a mechanism allowing a minor to bypass parental involvement. The Pennsylvania statute includes a provision a judicial bypass provision that is formally consistent with legal precedent. However based on a study of how county courts respond to inquiries into the judicial bypass procedure this paper demonstrates that most courthouses are not prepared to implement or provide accurate information on bypass proceedings. Since the constitutionality of parental involvement requirements is conditioned on the availability of a bypass option the paper argues that the courts lack of readiness poses a significant threat to the rights of pregnant minors. In conclusion the state of Pennsylvania is poised to violate the rights of pregnant minors seeking a judicial bypass hearing. The failure of the state to implement the Abortion Control Act cannot be defended by the fact that some abortion providers assist minors through the bypass procedure. Thus the rights of Pennsylvania minors will remain in jeopardy unless the state moves to bolster its implementation of the Abortion Control Act.
Runoff water quality from manured riparian grasslands with contrasting drainage and simulated grazing pressure

Globally,management ofgrazedriparian areasiscriticallyimportanttoagriculturalsustainabilityandenvironmentalquality.However,the potential impacts of riparian grazing management on water quality are not well-documented, particularly in the southeastern USA. The objective of this work was to determine sediment and nutrient export under simulated rainfall from poorly drained and well-drained riparian soils where heavy or light grazing pressure by cattle was simulated. Plots were established on stands of existing vegetation to create grazing pressure treatments of (a) light-use (full ground cover, uncompacted), and with stands modified to establish (b) heavy-use (bare ground, compacted) treatments. Vegetation on poorly drained soils consisted of several typical wetland species (e.g., Pontederia cordata L., Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie) in the southeastern USA, whereas mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) stands were the dominant vegetation on well-drained soils. Runoff volumewas generally greater from heavy-use than from light-use for poorly drained soils and for well-drained soils. Greater runoff volume was also observed from poorly drained soils compared to well-drained soils for both light-use and for heavy-use treatments. Light-use plots were remarkably effective at minimizing export of total suspended solids (TSS)onboth soils (<30 kg ha � 1 ). Mean total Kjeldahl P(TKP) exportwas fourfold greater from heavy-useplots than from light-use plots on both soils. While export of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) was unaffected by grazing pressure and soil drainage, mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH4N) and total N (TN) export from poorly drained heavy-use plots was greater than fivefold that from well-drained light-use plots. Results indicate that livestock heavy-use areas in the riparian zone may export substantial TSS and nutrients, especially on poorly drained soils. However, when full ground cover is maintained on well-drained soils, TSS and nutrient losses may be limited. # 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Estradiol targets synaptic proteins to induce glutamatergic synapse formation in cultured hippocampal neurons: Critical role of estrogen receptor-α

Estradiol mediates structural changes at synapses of the hippocampus, an area in the brain important for learning and memory. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that estradiol mediates subcellular changes of synaptic proteins to induce new synapses via an estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated process. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in glutamatergic synapse formation, we investigated effects of estradiol on synaptic proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. Synaptic protein distribution and size were identified with antibodies to the presynaptic vesicular glutamate transporter protein (vGlut1) and postsynaptic NMDA receptor (NR1 subunit). We observed an increase in synapse density, as detected by NR1 and vGlut1 colocalization, along dendrites of neurons cultured in steroid-stripped media and exposed to estradiol (10 nm) for 48 h. Additionally, the NR1 subunit was enriched at synaptic clusters. Immunocytochemistry and confocal imaging revealed punctate staining of extranuclear ERs along dendrites of hippocampal neurons expressing NR1. Estradiol increased the density of both ER-α and ER-β protein clusters along dendrites. To test whether ERs play an important functional role in the estradiol-induced synaptogenesis, we used the ER antagonist [7α,17β-[9[(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl]nonyl]estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (ICI 182,780)] and the ER-α- and ER-β-specific agonists [1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1 H -pyrazole (PPT) and 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionitrile (DPN), respectively]. ICI 182,780 blocked the increase in synapse density. Treatment with PPT, but not DPN, induced significant increases in synapse density that mimicked treatment with estradiol. Together, our results demonstrate that estradiol stimulates glutamatergic synapse formation in the developing hippocampus through an ER-α-dependent mechanism. These findings carry profound implications regarding the potential of estrogen to influence learning, memory, and possibly hormone-modulated neurodegeneration.
A scalable 0.128-to-1Tb/s 0.8-to-2.6pJ/b 64-lane parallel I/O in 32nm CMOS

High-performance computing (HPC) systems demand aggressive scaling of memory and I/O to achieve multiple terabits/sec of bandwidth. Minimizing I/O cost, area and power are crucial to achieving a practically realizable system with such large bandwidth. To meet these needs, we developed a low-power dense 64-lane I/O system with per-port aggregate bandwidth up to 1Tb/s and 2.6pJ/bit power efficiency. We developed a high-density connector and cable, attached to the top side of the package that enables this high interconnect density. A lane-failover mechanism provides design robustness for fault-tolerance. To further optimize power efficiency, the lane data rate scales from 2 to 16Gb/s with non-linear power efficiency of 0.8 to 2.6pJ/bit, providing scalable aggregate bandwidth of 0.128 to 1Tb/s. Highly power scalable circuits such as CMOS clocking and reconfigurable current-mode (CM) or voltage-mode (VM) TX driver enable the 8× bandwidth and 3× power efficiency scalability with aggressive supply voltage scaling (0.6 to 1.08V).
Notch-Mediated Restoration of Regenerative Potential to Aged Muscle

A hallmark of aging is diminished regenerative potential of tissues, but the mechanism of this decline is unknown. Analysis of injured muscle revealed that, with age, resident precursor cells (satellite cells) had a markedly impaired propensity to proliferate and to produce myoblasts necessary for muscle regeneration. This was due to insufficient up-regulation of the Notch ligand Delta and, thus, diminished activation of Notch in aged, regenerating muscle. Inhibition of Notch impaired regeneration of young muscle, whereas forced activation of Notch restored regenerative potential to old muscle. Thus, Notch signaling is a key determinant of muscle regenerative potential that declines with age.
High-altitude pulmonary edema: an immunogenetically mediated disease?

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), a potentially life-threatening complication of acute mountain sickness, is postulated to be a noncardiogenic permeability edema caused by acute pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction and resultant pulmonary hypertension in response to the hypoxia of rapid ascent to high altitudes.1 2 3 4 HAPE typically occurs unexpectedly in young, otherwise healthy mountaineers. A constitutional susceptibility has been noted for some time5 6 ; the disease tends to recur in the same individuals on reexposure to high altitude, whereas others appear not to be susceptible at all. The basis for this predisposition to HAPE, whether genetic or environmental, and its underlying pathophysiology remain poorly understood. In this issue of Circulation , Hanaoka and colleagues7 present interesting new evidence that certain human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are increased in Japanese patients with HAPE, especially those with recurrent disease. HLA-DR6 and/or HLA-DQ4 were found to each occur significantly more often in Japanese patients with HAPE than in a large number of normal Japanese control subjects. Moreover, the HLA-DR6–positive patients with HAPE had significantly higher pulmonary arterial pressures than did their HLA-DR6–negative counterparts with HAPE. The authors speculate that at least some cases of HAPE are immunogenetically mediated, perhaps through an inherent HLA-associated susceptibility to pulmonary hypertension. They cite several recent studies reporting HLA associations, specifically HLA-DR6, with pulmonary hypertension complicating other diseases, namely scleroderma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.8 9 What is implied by the finding of an HLA association with a disease? First, HLA antigens are cell surface molecules encoded by a cluster of highly polymorphic linked genes located on human chromosome 6 termed the major histocompatibility complex, or MHC (Figure⇓).10 A significant correlation between one or more HLA antigens (or alleles) and a disease means that …
Phosphinic Acid-Based MMP-13 Inhibitors That Spare MMP-1 and MMP-3

Abstract—Phosphinicacid-basedinhibitorsofMMP-13havebeeninvestigatedwiththeaimofidentifyingpotentinhibitorswithhighselectivityversusMMP-1.IndependentvariationofthesubstituentsonaP 10 phenethylgroupandaP 2 benzylgroupimprovedpotenciesinbothcasesaround3-foldovertheunsubstitutedparent.CombiningimprovedP 10 andP 2 groupsintoasinglemoleculegaveaninhibitorwitha4.5nMIC 50 againstMMP-13andwhichis270-foldselectiveoverMMP-1.# 2003ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved. ThequesttoidentifytherapeuticallyusefulinhibitorsofMMP’s has entered its third decade 1 , and this questremainstobefulﬁlled.Theearlystudies,whichwereinitiated in thepre-genomics era, aimed atinhibitingMMP-1 and focused on identifying molecules whichwerepotentandwhichhadfavorablepharmacokinetic(PK) properties. These early endeavors have beenreplacedwithmorefundamentalworkaimedatidenti-fying the many MMP’s present in humans, assessingtheirrelativeabundanceanddistribution,andmostcri-tically,determiningtheirrelevancetodiﬀerentdiseasestates.
From At-Risk to Advocate: One Teacher’s Journey

Using ethnographic methods, the author studies her experiences as a child, teacher and a scholar through the lens of critical literacy. In doing so, she confronts challenges that students, families, and teachers face in the spaces where their worlds overlap. The author explores the implications of her experiences as it relates to teaching and learning, family literacy, and the current political climate.
Does Attentional Control Mediate the Association Between Adverse Early Experiences and Child Physical Abuse Risk

The present study examined the extent to which attentional control mediates the relationship between adverse early life experiences (e.g., harsh discipline, low perceived support) and child physical abuse (CPA) risk in adulthood. Participants included 138 general population parents (30.4% fathers and 69.6% mothers) who completed self-report measures of early life experiences, attentional control, and CPA risk. Results revealed that attentional control partially mediated the association between adverse early environment and CPA risk scores, Sobel test = 2.65, SE = 0.86, p = .007. More specifically, individuals exposed to adverse early environments (characterized by harsh discipline and/or low perceived support) reported lower levels of attentional control, which in turn was associated with increased risk of hostile, aggressive, and abusive parenting.
A Solid State Fermentation System for Production of Ethanol from Apple Pomace

A solid state fermentation system for the production of ethanol from apple pomace with a Montrachet strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. The yields of ethanol varied from about 29g to more than 40g per kg of apple pomace, depending on the samples fermented. Separation of up to 99% of the ethanol from spent apple pomace was achieved with a rotary vacuum evaporator. The results of this study indicate that the alcoholic fermentation of apple pomace might be an efficient method of alleviating waste disposal problems with the concomitant production of ethanol.
Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece – By Joan Breton Connelly

Occupying the rich scholarly intersection of the fields of Greek religion and gender studies, the author aims to reclaim “the prominent role of the Greek priestess,” which “has, until recently, bee...
Measuring systems engineering success: Insights from baseball

Optimizing the efficiency of socio-technical systems and determining accurate measurements of performance is a critical issue in many systems engineering enterprises. In our analysis we explore some of the recurring themes of Michael Lewis's study of baseball, depicted in the best selling book Moneyball, and we make the connection to corresponding systems engineering principles of interest. The paper will focus on the systems engineering roadmap inspired by Lewis' study for developing and refining a meaningful set of metrics for organizational transformation. The following steps are highlighted to convey this transformation with the assistance of metrics: identify and understand value in the enterprise and your organization; consider an integrated system focus in your organization; use cost analysis methods to implement a strategy for executing the transformation; and manage risk throughout operations and improve the process continuously.
Factors Influencing the Usability of Mobile Destination Management Organization Websites

Mobile devices, such as smartphones, are fast becoming the primary way for many travelers to access the Internet in search of travel-related information. While mobile devices provide travelers with ubiquitous access to the Internet, they also face limitations, such as small screens and slow loading times, which destination management organizations (DMOs) must consider when designing mobile websites. This study investigates the factors influencing the overall usability of mobile DMO websites. Based on a sample of U.S. travelers with mobile devices, findings indicate that design elements related to Ease of Use and Content contribute most significantly to the overall usability of mobile DMO websites. Also, travelers highly value mobile DMO websites that are well structured and organized, offer convenient services, and have an easy-to-understand appearance. Managerial implications and areas for further research are discussed.
Letter by Chaudhuri et al Regarding Article, “Differential Clinical Outcomes Associated With Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia in Acute Myocardial Infarction”

To the Editor: Goyal et al1 have shown that postadmission hypoglycemia was not predictive of mortality, whether subjects were receiving insulin (glucose, insulin, and potassium [GIK]) treatment or not. An equally important observation in their analysis is the effect of postadmission hyperglycemia, which occurred in a substantially greater number of subjects in the GIK group (62.6% versus 44.0%). Although postadmission hyperglycemia increased mortality by 72% in non–insulin-treated subjects, there was only a 20% increase in mortality in GIK-treated subjects ( P =0.052). Glucose is proinflammatory and prothrombotic. Hyperglycemia reduces spontaneous reperfusion, …
Positron dynamics in solids

The implantation and propagation of positrons in solids are discussed. Several examples for the application of the positron method in the study of solid state properties are presented.
Parallel sparse LU factorization on different message passing platforms

Several message passing-based parallel solvers have been developed for general (non-symmetric) sparse LU factorization with partial pivoting. Existing solvers were mostly deployed and evaluated on parallel computing platforms with high message passing performance (e.g., 1-10 µs in message latency and 100-1000Mbytes/s in message throughput) while little attention has been paid on slower platforms. This paper investigates techniques that are specifically beneficial for LU factorizafion on platforms with slow message passing. In the context of the S+ distributed memory solver, we find that significant reduction in the application message passing overhead can be attained at the cost of extra computation and slightly weakened numerical stability. In particular, we propose batch pivoting to make pivot selections in groups through speculative factorization, and thus substantially decrease the inter-processor synchronization granularity. We experimented on three different message passing platforms with different communication speeds. While the proposed techniques provide no performance benefit and even slightly weaken numerical stability on an IBM Regatta multiprocessor with fast message passing, they improve the performance of our test matrices by 15-460% on an Ethernet-connected 16-node PC cluster. Given the different tradeoffs of communication-reduction techniques on different message passing platforms, we also propose a sampling-based runtime application adaptation approach that automatically determines whether these techniques should be employed for a given platform and input matrix.
Dynamics of phytoplankton distribution in relation to stratification and winter precipitation, Fallen Leaf Lake, California

ABSTRACT. Seasonal succession and interannual variation of modern diatom populations in Fallen Leaf Lake, Sierra Nevada, California, are characterized and discussed in relation to stratification, water quality, and inflow during spring runoff. Fallen Leaf Lake is a deep, transparent subalpine lake that undergoes a 5–6 month period of stratification and develops a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) dominated by diatoms. A seasonal succession was observed, where the early spring was dominated by Asterionella formosa, Fragilaria tenera-group (F. tenera and F. nanana), Tabellaria flocculosa strain IIIp, Aulacoseira subarctica, and Urosolenia eriensis. Asterionella formosa and T. flocculosa strain IIIp persisted into the summer, becoming dominant components of the DCM. In late summer, Cyclotella rossii succeeded the araphids in the DCM and persisted until deep mixing in the late fall. In winter, the lake is ice free and well mixed, and Au. subarctica was abundant in surface waters, along with Nitzschia and the oth...
Sexual Symmetry in Psychiatric Diagnosis

While proponents of the psychiatric perspective submit that diagnosis using DSM is sex symmetrical, i.e., males and females with similar mental illness symptoms receive the same diagnosis, followers of the labeling perspective argue that diagnosis is not sex symmetrical, i.e., males and females with similar symptoms receive diagnosis that is concomitant with sex role expectations. Research provides conflicting evidence on the effects of sex on diagnosis, but it has been suggested that the effects of sex found in previous research have been eradicated with the introduction of DSM, an ostensibly objective diagnostic system based solely on symptomatology. We offer a convergence thesis arguing that the effects of sex depend on whether one is using Axis-l clinical or Axis-II personality mental health categories for diagnosis. To test the accuracy of this claim, we asked 152 psychiatrists to use both Axis-l clinical and Axis-II personality categories to diagnose a case. Each psychiatrist received either a male, female, or sex-unspecified client with identical symptoms. Results support the convergence thesis since diagnosis using DSM-III-R is sex symmetrical when Axis-I clinical disorders are applied and sex asymmetrical when Axis-II personality disorders are utilized. We conclude that labeling in psychiatric diagnosis based on sex varies across mental health categories.
The role of artificial intelligence in computer-aided design of control systems

Contemporary computer-aided design (CAD) programs incorporate excellent functional tools but can be enhanced through Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly expert systems. Expert systems(ES) for design, however, must incorporate "design process models" explicitly. To study the various phases of such a development, a specific expert system has been generated to aid the control engineer in some aspects of control system design. Conventional and AI programming concepts are combined to generate a generic "design associate". Through this development insight evolved regarding concepts, modeling and implementation of general expert systems for design. This paper discusses these aspects as they relate to control system design as well as to the general area of AI expert systems for CAD. The various components of expert system organization including human-machine interfacing, search processing and knowledge representation selections are analyzed with a general ES architecture for CAD control engineering applications provided.
Recent Advances in Development, Validation, and Exploitation of QSAR Models

Counting more than 45 years of intensive development and applications, QSAR modeling remains one of the major computational approaches for drug discovery and environmental chemical risk assessment. Recent developments in the field reflect the burgeoning growth of bioactivity and chemical databases. This growth provides a never-ending impetus for the development of a growing body of QSAR models and their application for virtual screening to prioritize chemicals for experimental investigations. This chapter reviews recent and emerging trends in the QSAR modeling field with the emphasis on new approaches to chemical and biological data curation, model validation, virtual screening, and potential application of QSAR models by federal agencies for regulatory decision making. Keywords: databases; data curation; modeling workflow; model validation; virtual screening
THE FREQUENCY OF BINARY KUIPER BELT OBJECTS

We estimate the frequency of widely spaced (separations greater than 05) Kuiper Belt binaries (KBBs) from surveys for new Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) with the Deep Ecliptic Survey and through recovery observations for newly discovered KBOs at the Magellan telescopes. We find the frequency of KBBs versus discovery separation to be related by an inverse power law when combining our results with those for the fraction of close binaries (separations less than 05) found in the literature. For wide separations, our data and the resulting model agree with the model proposed by Goldreich et al. in 2002. However, including the frequency at the smallest separation rules out the semimajor-axis dependence of the Goldreich et al. model at the 99% confidence level, indicating that there is likely a turnover in the distribution at very close separations, or that the number of close binaries has been underestimated. In either case, the binary-frequency distribution favors binary formation models invoking gravitational rather than physical interactions—such as those proposed by Goldreich et al. and Astakhov et al. (2005).
Golgi, Cajal and the Neuron Doctrine*

Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal shared the Nobel Prize in 1906 for their work on the histology of the nerve cell, but both held diametrically opposed views about the Neuron Doctrine which emphasizes the structural, functional and developmental singularity of the nerve cell. Golgi's reticularist views remained entrenched and his work on the nervous system did not venture greatly into new territories after its original flowering, which had greater impact than is now commonly credited. Cajal, by contrast, by the time he was awarded the Nobel Prize, was already breaking new ground with a new staining technique in the field of peripheral nerve regeneration, seeing the reconstruction of a severed nerve by sprouting from the proximal stump as another manifestation of the Neuron Doctrine. Paradoxically, identical studies were going on simultaneously in Golgi's laboratory in the hands of Aldo Perroncito, but the findings did not seem to influence Golgi's thinking on the Neuron Doctrine.
Food Supplementation and Extrapair Paternity in House Sparrows

Abstract We tested whether food availability affects extrapair paternity in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) by providing supplemental food at their nests during some fertile periods but not others. When comparing broods produced by the same pair, a higher proportion of broods contained at least one extrapair young when food supplements were present, although the difference was not significant, and the proportion of extrapair young per brood was higher when food supplements were present, although again the difference was not significant. There was also little evidence that the presence of food supplements affected the amount of time spent at the nest by males, females, or both sexes at the same time. We also conducted two smaller experiments designed to either increase or decrease the rate at which individuals encountered one another but found no concomitant increase or decrease in the rate of extrapair paternity. Overall, we found little evidence food distribution affects extrapair paternity in House S...
Influencing highly religious undergraduate perceptions of evolution: Mormons as a case study

Students frequently hold an incorrect view of evolution. There are several potential barriers that prevent religious students, specifically, from engaging evolutionary theory in the classroom. This study focuses on two hypothesized barriers on learning evolutionary theory in a highly religious model population, specifically members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormon): (1) religious views stemming from incorrect or inadequate understanding of the Mormon church’s neutral stance on evolution and (2) misunderstanding of the theory of evolution. The LDS population at Brigham Young University provides the ideal setting for studying evolution education among religious individuals in a controlled environment. To ascertain the prevalence and effect of these barriers, we measured the relationship between acceptance of evolution and knowledge of evolution, religiosity, and understanding of religious doctrine on evolution in introductory non-majors biology courses. Additionally, we measured the effect of including a discussion on religious doctrine in the classroom. Students in all sections, except for one control section, were taught a unit on evolution that included a discussion on the neutral LDS doctrine on evolution. Data was gathered pre, post, and longitudinally. Our data demonstrate a positive relationship between knowledge and acceptance of evolution, a positive relationship between understanding of religious doctrine and acceptance of evolution, and a negative relationship between religiosity and acceptance of evolution. Additionally, when an in-class discussion was held addressing the LDS doctrine on evolution students became more accepting of the principles of evolution. These data provide compelling evidence that an accurate understanding of their religious doctrines and knowledge of evolution can lead to greater acceptance of the basic concepts of evolution among highly religious students.
The role of parental involvement in trajectories of aggression in children from 24months to Pre-Kindergarten using growth curve models

Abstract The significant contribution of parental involvement in children's education to children's educational success is well supported. Yet less frequently studied is the influence of parental involvement on children's social-emotional development. Given that problem behaviors are negatively associated with child outcomes and that parental involvement is widely accepted as a conduit through which children's educational outcomes can be enhanced, it is important to examine this relationship. In this study, we examine the effect of early parental involvement on the social-emotional development of children. Using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation study (EHSRE), we examine the within individual and between-individual differences in trajectories of aggression among children (N = 1586) ages 24 months through Prekindergarten. Contrary to hypotheses, after controlling for significant covariates (i.e., race, gender, poverty, mother's education, and adult male in the household), parental involvement was not related to aggression at 24 months. In addition, change in aggression did not vary by level of parental involvement. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.