cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Issue Publics on the Web: Applying Network Theory to the War Blogosphere

This study had two primary objectives. The first was to examine the predictors of preferential attachment in the war blog network. A multiple regression analysis revealed use of links to blogs and original reporting content as significant predictors of incoming links. Second, the war blogosphere was mapped to reveal two distinct halves, the liberal and the conservative. Measures of network centrality identified key blogs, some of which served as conduits between the two spheres. Other differences between the sides were examined.
Multiple viral infections in the immunocompromised host: recognition and interpretation.

Abstract Background: During the past decade, diagnostic virology has become an integral part of patient management. Concurrent infection with multiple viruses occurs in both the healthy and immunocompromised host. Many common viruses result in latent infection with the potential for reactivation throughout the life of the host. Superimposed on this are transient infections with yet other viruses. Objectives: To review multiple viral infections in immunocompromised hosts, focusing on laboratory recognition and interpretation of results. Study design: A review of the literature, with case examples from the author's laboratory. Results: Viral infections are more likely to cause morbidity and mortality in immunodeficient hosts, and early recognition and treatment may be lifesaving. To detect two or more viruses shed concurrently from the same body site requires the use of multiple test modalities, which are now available in many clinical laboratories. Establishing the significance of a virus isolate is a complex process. Knowledge of the specimen source, virus quantitation and characteristics of the patient are helpful. Careful evaluation of the patient's clinical findings together with other laboratory test results, including histopathology, X-rays and the detection of other microorganisms, is also essential. Conclusions: The recognition and interpretation of multiple virus infections requires heightened awareness as well as close cooperation and communication between the professionals in the laboratory and physicians at the bedside.
Entropy and fluctuations of monolayers, membranes, and microemulsions

Conformational entropy of the interfaces in microemulsions and surfactant solutions has been predicted, under some circumstances, to have significant effect upon their thermodynamic behavior. Continuum theories have led to a consistent phenomenological description of the effects of undulations, but conclusive experimental evidence for or against the predicted effects remains elusive in all but the lamellar phase. Work on the bicontinuous phases has led to an increasing focus on the role of topology and Gaussian rigidity, and on the role of anharmonic (in curvature) contributions to the bending energy.
Growth of Legionella pneumophila in a human macrophage-like (U937) cell line

. pneumophila .We found that U937 cells, which are derived from a human histiocytic lymphoma cell line, support intracellular growth of L. pneumophilawith a doubling time of 6 h, and that sustained intracellular growth is associated with a cytopathic effect (CPE) that can be detected by microscopic examination and quantified with the vital stain 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5,diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) . AnL. pneumophila isolate obtained directly from infected guinea-pig spleens can grow and produce CPE in these cells, destroying most of the cell layer after 72 h of growth . Only 10 6organisms of this strain are required to kill 50% of guinea-pigs
Mark Blitz and Platonic Political Philosophy

Blitz argues for the necessity and possibility of political philosophy by uncovering its origins in the thought of Plato. By tracing its emergence from the political and moral, Blitz explains the n...
Conformational stability of a human cryoglobulin.

Studies on a single component human cryoimmunoglobulin (cryo-IgG) (gamma 1 : lambda, Gm 4) were undertaken to gain a better understanding of the conformational stability of macromolecular interfaces essential for self-association of cryo-IgG leading to the formation of visible gel mass. Changes in the gross and localized conformation of cryo-IgG and a monoclonal IgG (gamma 1 : lambda, Gm 4) isolated from a myeloma patient (Hy) (Hy IgG) (gamma 1 : lambda, Gm 4) in alkaline media were determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, fluorescence characteristics, tyrosine ionization and H+ titration. Ultracentrifugal studies revealed that major transition in gross conformation took place at pH 11.4 for cryo-IgG and pH 11.7 for Hy IgG, whereby the number of charges and tyrosine residues exposed to aqueous environment was 110 and 26 for cryo-IgG, and 111 and 48 for Hy IgG, respectively. Beyond this transition pH fragmentation of both the proteins occurred and cryo-IgG lost its capacity for gel formation. Self-association of cryo-IgG was observed upto pH 11.4 in decreasing order with increase in denaturation pH. Cryo-IgG renatured from exposure to higher alkaline pH upto pH 11.4, showed the capability for forming gel, in spite of the irreversible local conformational changes as established by direct and reverse fluorimetric titration and tyrosine ionization studies. Cryo-IgG could be maintained in the optically clear sol phase at pH 10.5, at which pH 12 out of 62 tyrosine residues became exposed to aqueous media. There are distinct differences in the accessibility of tyrosine residues of cryo-IgG and Hy IgG as reflected in their tyrosine ionization profiles.
Optimal Bidding in Multi-Item Multi-Slot Sponsored Search Auctions

We study optimal bidding strategies for advertisers in sponsored search auctions. In general, these auctions are run as variants of second-price auctions but have been shown to be incentive incompatible. Thus, advertisers have to be strategic about bidding. Uncertainty in the decision- making environment, budget constraints and the presence of a large portfolio of keywords makes the bid optimization problem non-trivial. We present an analytical model to compute the optimal bids for keywords in an advertiser’s portfolio. To validate our approach, we estimate the parameters of the model using data from an advertiser’s sponsored search campaign and use the bids proposed by the model in a field experiment. The results of the field implementation show that the proposed bidding technique is very effective in practice. We extend our model to account for interactions between keywords, in the form of positive spillovers from generic keywords into branded keywords. The spillovers are estimated using a dynamic linear model framework and used to jointly optimize the bids of the keywords using an approximate dynamic programming approach. Accounting for the interaction between keywords leads to an additional improvement in the campaign performance.
Neoplastic and other diseases in fish in relation to toxic chemicals: an overview☆

Field studies were conducted over a 5-year period in Puget Sound to investigate etiological relationships between prevalences of hepatic neoplasms in bottom-dwelling marine fish, with emphasis on English sole (Parophrys vetulus), and concentrations of toxic chemicals in sediments and bottom fish. Statistically significant correlations were found between prevalences of hepatic neoplasms and (1) sediment concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons, and (2) concentrations of metabolites of aromatic compounds in the bile. A significant difference was also found between the concentrations of N-oxyl derivatives of nitrogen heterocycles (free radicals) in liver microsomes of English sole with liver lesions compared to sole without liver lesions. These N-oxyl free radicals were apparently metabolically derived from complex suites of nitrogen heterocycles present in Puget Sound environments. Recent evidence suggests that aromatic free radicals (possibly derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons) may also be bound to hepatic DNA isolated from English sole with liver neoplasms collected in several polluted areas of Puget Sound. Such evidence for xenobiotic-DNA interactions has thus far not been obtained for fish from reference areas and for lesion-free fish from polluted areas. Various laboratory studies designed to evaluate the etiology of the liver neoplasms have also yielded evidence that is consistent with the view that high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons play a significant role in the etiology of hepatic tumors in the bottom-dwelling fish. Associations between chemical exposures and diseases in other marine species from southern California and Boston Harbor are also discussed. Similar relationships between liver and skin neoplasms in selected bottom feeding fresh water species and sediment-associated chemicals are also presented.
SITE-SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS OF APO B-100 ARE OBSERVED IN THE COPPER-CATALYZED OXIDATION OF LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL). 1458

SITE-SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS OF APO B-100 ARE OBSERVED IN THE COPPER-CATALYZED OXIDATION OF LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDL). 1458
A simple method for calculating voigt-profiles by a programmable hand-calculator HP-34C

Abstract A program is given for the calculation of the Voigt-profile near the line-center by a hand-held HP-24C calculator and which is useful for spot-checks on more extensive calculations and for data reductions. The program can be easily adapted to other hand-held calculators with equivalent storage computational capacities.
Review: weight-reducing agents improve glycaemic control and reduce progression to diabetes.

S Czernichow Dr S Czernichow, Unite de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Bobigny, France; s.czernichow@uren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr How do weight-reducing agents affect glycaemic parameters and risk of type 2 diabetes in predisposed individuals? Included studies were randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of weight-reducing agents (eg, orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant) on fasting glucose or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations and had a duration of ⩾1 year. Studies of mixed populations were excluded. Outcomes included weight loss, fasting glucose and HbA1c concentrations, and diabetes. Medline was searched from …
Quantification of E. coli adhesion to polyamides and polystyrene with atomic force microscopy.

Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure adhesion forces between E. coli bacteria and surfaces consisting of a series of polyamides and polystyrene, materials that are prominent in carpeting, upholstery, and other indoor surfaces. Bioparticle adhesion to such surfaces in air is poorly understood, yet these interactions are thought to play a key role in their accumulation and release as indoor air pollutants. The polymers employed were polyamide 6 (PA6), polyamide 6,6 (PA66), polyamide 12 (PA12) and polystyrene (PS). We report the interaction forces between immobilized E. coli and AFM tips coated with each polymer. The adhesion forces for the tip–bacterial interactions were in the range between 2.9 and 6.7 nN, which is of the same magnitude as the polymer–polymer interactions for the same series of polymers. Polystyrene had stronger adhesion with E. coli than any of the three polyamides, by an average factor of 1.4. The work of adhesion and Hamaker constants of the probe–surface interactions were calculated using a square-pyramid flat-surface model developed previously. A drag-force analysis suggests that model spheres with the same adhesion force as E. coli –poly(amide) ( F ∼ 4 nN) will remain adherent under normal foot traffic ( F ∼ 0.2 nN), but will release during vacuum cleaning ( F ≥ 30 nN).
Investigations of Curing Chemistry and Hydrolytic Stability of Polyimide - on - Metal Interfaces

Polyimide-on-metal interfaces relevant to electronics packaging applications have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Two polyimides with different backbone structures were considered: (i) biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) - p-phenylene diamine (PDA) and (ii) 4,4'-(hexafluroisopropylidene)-bis(phthalic anhydride) (6FDA) - 4,4'-bis(4-aminophenoxy) biphenyl (APBP). Thin polymer films (10-100 nm) were cured on Al, Cr and Cu surfaces at different temperatures to allow probing of chemical interactions by surface spectroscopies. Anhydride intermediates were detected on all three substrates for both polyimides. Carboxylate intermediates were detected in BPDA-PDA films on Cr and Cu and resulted in increased adhesion at these interfaces. XPS data revealed a nitrogen deficiency at the BPDA-PDA/Cr interface. A mechanism explaining the formation of this intermediate and the deficiency of nitrogen is proposed. Hydrolytic stability of the interface was investigated using ex situ total internal reflection FTIR spectroscopy and XPS. The results show that the fluorinated polyimide, 6FDA-APBP, is more stable than BPDA-PDA when treated at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity for 100 hours.
Methyl 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl β-D-xylopyranoside.

Methyl β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranoside, C(12)H(22)O(10), (I), crystallizes as colorless needles from water, with two crystallographically independent molecules, (IA) and (IB), comprising the asymmetric unit. The internal glycosidic linkage conformation in molecule (IA) is characterized by a ϕ' torsion angle (O5'(Man)-C1'(Man)-O1'(Man)-C4(Xyl); Man is mannose and Xyl is xylose) of -88.38 (17)° and a ψ' torsion angle (C1'(Man)-O1'(Man)-C4(Xyl)-C5(Xyl)) of -149.22 (15)°, whereas the corresponding torsion angles in molecule (IB) are -89.82 (17) and -159.98 (14)°, respectively. Ring atom numbering conforms to the convention in which C1 denotes the anomeric C atom, and C5 and C6 denote the hydroxymethyl (-CH(2)OH) C atom in the β-Xylp and β-Manp residues, respectively. By comparison, the internal glycosidic linkage in the major disorder component of the structurally related disaccharide, methyl β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranoside), (II) [Zhang, Oliver & Serriani (2012). Acta Cryst. C68, o7-o11], is characterized by ϕ' = -85.7 (6)° and ψ' = -141.6 (8)°. Inter-residue hydrogen bonding is observed between atoms O3(Xyl) and O5'(Man) in both (IA) and (IB) [O3(Xyl)...O5'(Man) internuclear distances = 2.7268 (16) and 2.6920 (17) A, respectively], analogous to the inter-residue hydrogen bond detected between atoms O3(Xyl) and O5'(Gal) in (II). Exocyclic hydroxymethyl group conformation in the β-Manp residue of (IA) is gauche-gauche, whereas that in the β-Manp residue of (IB) is gauche-trans.
Peer to peer communications among mobile ground units in Ad-Hoc environment

Mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANET) are essential in situations where no communications infrastructure exists and the communicating entities are mobile. Design of such MANETs face serious challenges due to the dynamic topologies resulting in frequent route breaks and failed medium access attempts as nodes move and in some cases due to lack of scalable solutions as the number of communicating nodes increase. Such challenges are best addressed through new robust MANET architectures that are not constrained by current protocol structures, algorithms and operational hierarchy. In this article one such solution is investigated for terrestrial mobile nodes that exchange streaming data. The architecture integrates essential MANET functions using an algorithm to enable the coordinated operation of the functions. The solution is evaluated and compared with implementations using Optimized Link State routing (OLSR) with IEEE 802.11 Distribute Coordination Function (DCF) medium access control (MAC) and also with Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol with IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC for network sizes of twenty and forty nodes. The nodes moved at speeds from 3 m/s to 15 m/s using random waypoint mobility model with zero pause times. Performance results from models based on Opnet are presented to validate the robust routing and MAC of the proposed MANET architecture.
The subfornical organ as a model of neurohumoral integration.

Abstract Through its specialized morphology, sensitivity to angiotensin II, and strategic anatomical connections, the subfornical organ is intimately involved in the translation of peripheral thirst signals to behavioral and physiological actions for establishing body fluid homeostasis. Evidence identifying the subfornical organ as a “neuroendocrine transducer” is summarized in categories based on its structure-function relationships with systemic blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and its afferent and efferent neural connections.
Aggression among older adults: The relationship of interaction networks and gender role to direct and indirect responses

This study examined interpersonally aggressive strategies among older adults and the social and personal context in which these strategies are likely to be employed, Specifically we assessed the relationship of social interaction networks and gender roles to the use of direct and indirect aggression. We predicted that older adults would be more likely to employ indirect than direct strategies and that the use of such strategies would be associated with network structure (i.e., size, density, and knowingness) and gender roles,One hundred ten older adults (mean age, 71 years; range, 55-89 gears) completed questionnaires and interviews designed to measure aggressive strategies; gender roles; and network size, density, and knowingness. Respondents reported using more indirect than direct strategies. Those who reported using indirect aggression also reported being relatively masculine and having larger but less connected interaction networks, Use of direct aggression was associated with lower femininity scores but was not related to network structure.
American College of Preventive Medicine practice policy statement: childhood immunizations.

Vaccine-preventable diseases were a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States in the 20th century. With the advent of immunizations, there have been dramatic rates of decline in these diseases. Clinical studies have shown vaccines to be efficacious and cost effective. Despite the simplification of the immunization schedule, vaccination rates are still suboptimal because of missed opportunities. Although several controversies have arisen about the safety of childhood immunizations, they are yet to be validated. There have been recent concerns about the stability of the infrastructure that supports the U.S. immunization program. Research has established strong evidence that certain interventions can increase vaccination coverage rates. The American College of Preventive Medicine outlines recommendations for childhood immunizations.
A Sense of Identity: Prolegomena to a Social Theory of Personal Identity

A philosophical account of personal identity - in terms of the maintenance of fundamental beliefs, principles and commitments by spatiotemporally continuous particulars - is sketched, an account which is able to incorporate a social and relational conception of personal identity, and thus serve as the basis for a social psychological theory of personal identity - in terms of the pursuit of identity projects’within social collectives. Some implications of this theory are developed, concerning the relation between identity and individualism, responsibility and social labeling. The theory develops an account of the social constitution of personal identity that is consistent with a realist conception of social psychological theories of identity: as objective theoretical descriptions of the social dimensions of identity.
Target-selective GABAergic control of entorhinal cortex output

The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is a major center for spatial navigation and memory. We found that cannabinoid type 1 receptor-expressing GABAergic basket cells selectively innervated principal cells in layer II of the rat MEC that projected outside the hippocampus but avoided neighboring cells that give rise to the perforant pathway to the dentate gyrus. These results indicate that the organization of GABAergic microcircuits reflects the long-distance axonal targets of principal neurons.
Peripheral vascular complications after intracoronary stent placement: Prevention by use of a pneumatic vascular compression device

Peripheral vascular complications are a significant source of morbidity after coronary artery stent implantation. The goal of this study was to assess the incidence, risk factors, and management of vascular complications after stent placement. The study population consisted of 101 consecutive patients who underwent stent placement for either elective or bailout indications. All patients received a standardized anticoagulation regimen of aspirin, dipyridamole, low molecular weight dextran, heparin, and warfarin. Peripheral vascular access sites were examined daily until hospital discharge. Vascular complications occurred in 16 of 101 (16%) patients, including femoral artery pseudoaneurysm (n = 11), hematoma requiring transfusion or surgery (n = 4), and arterlovenous fistula (n = 1). Intervention was required in 14 of 16 (88%) patients with complications. These included transfusion (n = 7), ultrasound-guided compression (n = 8), and/or vascular surgery (n = 7). Length of hospital stay was prolonged in patients with complications (14 ± 9 vs. 8 ± 5 d, P < 0.001). The development of peripheral vascular complications did not correlate with clinical or procedural variables such as age, cardiovascular risk factors, arterial sheath size, or elective vs. bailout indication. After the introduction of a pneumatic vascular compression device (FemoStop, C.A. Bard, Billerica, MA), a significant reduction In vascular complications was observed. Complications occurred in only 1 of 41 (2.4%) patients in whom the compression device was used in contrast to 13 of 58 (22.4%) patients compressed manually (P < 0.01). Thus peripheral vascular complications are frequent after coronary artery stent placement and are associated with serious morbidity and prolongation of hospital stay. These complications are significantly reduced by the use of a pneumatic vascular compression device despite intensive systemic anticoagulation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The license to pair: identification of meiotic pairing sites in Drosophila.

Sites for pairing and segregation of achiasmatic bivalents have been characterized in both male and female meiosis inDrosophila melanogaster. The major sex chromosome pairing site in male meiosis corresponds to the intergenic spacer repeats of the rDNA arrays, which are located in the heterochromatin of theX andY. The sex chromosome pairing sites in females are also heterochromatic, but involve different repeated sequences. In males, weak pairing sites are widely distributed along euchromatin but not heterochromatin of chromosome2, an autosome. One strong site for male meiotic pairing has been identified on chromosome2; it overlaps with thehis locus, which contains the repetitive structural genes for the histones. In females the sites for pairing of chromosome4, another autosome, are restricted to the heterochromatin. Thus for both sex chromosomes and autosomes, sites for achiasmatic pairing are heterochromatic in females but euchromatic (except for the rDNA) in males. The possible roles of sequence repetition and of transcription in chromosome pairing are discussed.
Molecular Pathways: PI3K Pathway Phosphatases as Biomarkers for Cancer Prognosis and Therapy

Cancer research has seen tremendous changes over the past decade. Fast progress in sequencing technology has afforded us with landmark genetic alterations, which had immediate impact on clinical science and practice by pointing to new kinase targets, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the EGF receptor, or BRAF. The PI3K pathway for growth control has emerged as a prime example for both oncogene activation and tumor suppressor loss in cancer. Here, we discuss how therapy using PI3K pathway inhibitors could benefit from information on specific phosphatases, which naturally antagonize the kinase targets. This PI3K pathway is found mutated in most cancer types, including prostate, breast, colon, and brain tumors. The tumor-suppressing phosphatases operate at two levels. Lipid-level phosphatases, such as PTEN and INPP4B, revert PI3K activity to keep the lipid second messengers inactive. At the protein level, PHLPP1/2 protein phosphatases inactivate AKT kinase, thus antagonizing mTOR complex 2 activity. However, in contrast with their kinase counterparts the phosphatases are unlikely drug targets. They would need to be stimulated by therapy and are commonly deleted and mutated in cancer. Yet, because they occupy critical nodes in preventing cancer initiation and progression, the information on their status has tremendous potential in outcome prediction, and in matching the available kinase inhibitor repertoire with the right patients. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3057–63. ©2014 AACR .
FABRICATION OF ALUMINUM OXIDE FILMS WITH HIGH DEPOSITION RATES USING THE ACTIVATED REACTIVE EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE

Abstract Aluminum oxide films were prepared at high deposition rates using the activated reactive evaporation technique. Aluminum was evaporated in an r.f.-excited oxygen plasma. Transparent, stoichiometric and smooth films were obtained at rates as high as 8μm h -1 . Process optimization and film properties, such as composition, refractive index, structure and surface morphology, will be discussed.
Increased sensitivity of cat cerebral arteries to serotonin upon elevation of transmural pressure

Segments of middle cerebral artery (MCA) were isolated from cat brains and cannulated allowing manipulation of transmural pressure (TP). These cannulated vessel segments were mounted in a specially fabricated myograph allowing measurement of internal diameter with the aid of a high resolution binocular microscope and a video imaging system. Internal diameter was then measured as a function of topically applied serotonin at 3 different levels of TP: 60, 100, and 140 mmHg. As TP was elevated from 60 to 140 mmHg the sensitivity to serotonin increased from an ED50 value of 1.3×10−8 to 3.5×10−10 M. We have yet to explore the mechanisms involved in the “pressure-mediated” increase in cerebrovascular sensitivity to serotonin; however, it may be related to the muscle membrane depolarization we have observed previously in response to elevations in TP. Such findings may account for the discrepancies in dose ranges for serotonin thought to be activein vivo vs. the higher concentrations needed to elicit responses in isolated vessels.
MERCURY ELEMENTAL AND ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCES IN MERCURY-MANGANESE STARS

Hg II abundances have been determined for 42 mercury-manganese (HgMn) stars by fitting synthetic spectra to observed spectra of the 3984 A Hg II line. Twenty of the stars had lines sharp enough to allow their Hg isotopic abundance mixes to be estimated. The Hg abundance is reported for more HgMn stars here than in any other single work. No correlation was found between Hg II abundance and Teff or the mean central wavelength of HgMn λ3984 stars. The mean central wavelength of λ3984 , an indicator of the Hg isotopic mix, is loosely correlated with Teff: stars with primarily heavy Hg isotopes tend to be cooler, although one star, 46 Aql, has almost pure 204Hg and Teff in about the middle of the temperature range for HgMn stars. We find that there is no evidence that any of the HgMn stars have 196Hg or 198Hg. For the very sharp-lined stars, the 204Hg abundance decreases with increasing Teff. No correlation is seen between the mean central wavelength and the surface gravity. No correlation was found between the projected rotational velocity and the Hg II abundance or the central wavelength of λ3984, although this result may be biased by the selection of stars with low reported v sin i. Hg I λ4358 was measured at high spectral resolution for seven HgMn stars. The isotopic shifts are too small, and the hyperfine components are too weak to allow unambiguous isotopic abundance ratios to be found. Hg I abundances correlate fairly well with Hg II abundances. Some of the Hg isotopic mixtures are difficult to explain using only diffusion. HR 7245 has approximately equal abundances of 199Hg, 200Hg, 202Hg, and 204Hg but very little 201Hg, and 11 Per has Hg that is mostly 199Hg and 204Hg. Calculations show that hyperfine splitting of 201Hg changes the radiative forces it feels compared with other isotopes, which may alter diffusion of that isotope enough to explain its absence in HR 7245, but we have found no possible explanation for the Hg isotopic mix found in 11 Per. These are the first very high resolution measurements of Hg II λ3984 for HR 7245 and 11 Per. Although diffusion may be acting in HgMn stars, either there are one or more other mechanisms acting to help produce the overabundances and isotopic mixtures seen or our understanding of diffusion is lacking on some important point.
Illegitimate and homologous recombination in mammalian cells: differential sensitivity to an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribosylation)

We determined the effect of 3-methoxybenzamide (3-MB), a competitive inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (E.C. 2.4.2.30), on illegitimate and extrachromosomal homologous recombination in mouse Ltk- cells. Cells were transfected with a wild type Herpes thymidine kinase (tk) gene or with two defective tk gene sequences followed by selection for tk-positive colonies. Using a wild type tk gene, colony formation required uptake, integration, and expression of the tk gene. Using defective tk genes, colony formation had the additional requirement for homologous recombination to reconstruct a functional tk gene. The presence of non-cytotoxic levels of 3-MB during and after transfection reduced the number of colonies recovered with a wild type tk gene in a dose-dependent manner, with 2 mM 3-MB causing a 10 to 20-fold reduction. 3-MB reduced the number of colonies recovered with defective tk genes only to the same extent as in transfections with a wild type gene. Treatment with 3-methoxybenzoic acid, a non-inhibitory analog of 3-MB, did not reduce the recovery of colonies in any experiment. Similar results were obtained using linear or supercoiled molecules and when defective tk genes were transfected into cells on one or two different DNA molecules. By assaying for transient expression of the tk gene, we found that 3-MB did not inhibit uptake or expression of the tk gene. We conclude that poly(ADP-ribosylation) plays a role in random integration (illegitimate recombination) of DNA but does not play an important role in extrachromosomal homologous recombination, demonstrating that these two recombination pathways in cultured mouse fibroblasts are biochemically distinct.
Roughening of the Pb (110) surface: combined Monte Carlo and molecular-dynamics study☆

Abstract The roughening transition on the Pb (110) surface has been studied using a combination of lattice-gas Monte Carlo and molecular-dynamics methods in conjunction with a many-body glue potential. Lattice-gas Monte Carlo simulations yield a roughening transition temperature of approximately T R LGMC ≈ 1100 K . Molecular-dynamics simulations, which account for surface relaxation and lattice vibrations, detect the roughening transition at T R MD ≈ 545 K , above the high-resolution low-energy diffraction measurements of T R EXP ≈ 415 K . The anisotropic body-centered solid-on-solid model is used in the interpretation of these results. The time scale of local roughening at 545 K is about 0.6 ns. The time evolution of the Pb (110) surface from an initially smooth to a rough configuration is illustrated by the use of modem visualization techniques. Means for improving the theoretical results are discussed.
Evaluation of quality control techniques utilized by soil testing laboratories

Abstract The quality level of analytical data is dependent upon the quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) techniques employed by a laboratory. Most soil fertility diagnostic laboratories are not mandated to perform a minimum level of QA/QC by regulatory agencies. Thus, a comprehensive questionnaire was sent to soil testing labs throughout the U.S. to evaluate the level of quality control (QC) techniques utilized. The results indicated that while the majority of laboratories employed the essential QC techniques required to assure a certain quality level of data, there could be significant improvements implemented which would increase the reliability and comparability of soil fertility data.
Transcriptional repression of eukaryotic promoters.

La regulation de la transcription des genes eucaryotes fait souvent appel a des proteines activatrices specifiques de sequences promotrices. Peu de choses sont connues au sujet de proteines se fixant a l'ADN et qui repriment la transcription. Ce mecanisme peu connu apparait pourtant tout a fait important. Trois processus de repression de la transcription du gene eucaryotiques sont decrits: le systeme «mating type» de levure, les proteines homeobox de Drosophile et les recepteurs d'hormones steroides de mammiferes
Familial acephaligic migraine

Migraine aura in the absence of headache may constitute a familial syndrome, as illustrated by the following cases. ### Patient 1. A 28-year-old psychologist began at age 16 to have one or more probable migraine aura episodes per month. In the past 5 years, the frequency of these episodes has diminished to five or six per year. At onset, there is difficulty organizing thinking, and the patient feels as if she is ``in a daze.'' After a minute or two, there is bilateral blurring of vision followed by a sensation of bright lights and jagged lines in both fields of vision, then numbness of the thumb of one hand and, within a period of minutes, numbness of the other fingers. Scintillations then disappear and numbness is felt in the opposite hand. She continues to have some impairment in thinking processes. On a few occasions, there has been marked difficulty in formulating language. In …
Line bundles on super Riemann surfaces

We give the elements of a theory of line bundles, their classification, and their connections on super Riemann surfaces. There are several salient departures from the classical case. For example, the dimension of the Picard group is not constant, and there is no natural hermitian form on Pic. Furthermore, the bundles with vanishing Chern number aren't necessarily flat, nor can every such bundle be represented by an antiholomorphic connection on the trivial bundle. Nevertheless the latter representation is still useful in investigating questions of holomorphic factorization. We also define a subclass of all connections, those which are compatible with the superconformal structure. The compatibility conditions turn out to be constraints on the curvature 2-form.
Developments in the control of fine particulate air emissions

A comprehensive review of emerging technologies and recent developments in air pollution control equipment and processes specifically addressing particulate removal is provided here. Emphasis is placed on approaches with a high degree of novelty and/or involving new modifications to conventional systems. Some emerging areas, such as waste incineration, have produced new particulate matter control needs which will be discussed. The subject and key problem areas are introduced, followed by a brief description of the various particle capture mechanisms and the principal technology groups which exploit these mechanisms to achieve particle capture. More details are then given for specific innovative projects, organized principally by technology, as well as by industry sector. Finally, alternatives to end-of-pipe treatment strategies are discussed. An extensive list of references is included, representative of a thorough literature survey.
Systemic gabapentin and S(+)-3-isobutyl-γ-aminobutyric acid block secondary hyperalgesia

Gabapentin (GBP) and S(+)-3-isobutyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid (IBG) are anticonvulsant agents which are effective against many clinical and experimental neuropathic pain states. We examined the efficacy of these agents in a new rat model of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia generated by a mild thermal injury. Under brief halothane anesthesia, an injury was induced by applying one heel to a hot surface (52.5 degreesC) for 45 s. GBP, IBG or saline was injected i.p. just prior to the injury. Mean mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was determined using von Frey hairs before and at 30 min intervals for 3 h following the injury. MWT outside the injury area decreased post-injury (secondary hyperalgesia, allodynia), but primary (site of injury) mechanical hyperalgesia was not observed. Secondary hyperalgesia exhibited a tendency toward recovery over time. Time to onset of the anti-allodynic effect of GBP was 30-60 min. The minimum effective GBP dose was 100 mg/kg; 300 mg/kg GBP totally inhibited the drop in MWT, but was accompanied by pronounced sedation. Anti-allodynic effects of IBG were apparent at the first post-injury measure of MWT (30 min). Thirty milligrams per kilogram was the minimum effective dose; 100 mg/kg IBG totally blocked the allodynia with minimal side effects. Our findings demonstrate a dose-dependent blockade of the mechanical sensitivity caused by a mild thermal injury by both GBP and IBG. Results indicate that IBG is more effective than GBP in this model at doses which do not cause sedation. These observations support the suggested use of these or related gamma-amino acid analogues as an effective treatment for post-operative pain.
Successful treatment of refractory functional dyspepsia with osteopathic manipulative treatment

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) describe patients who present with symptoms that arise from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract yet have failed to be explained by a standard GI work-up. Somatic findings at midthoracic levels correspond to localized visceral dysfunction such as decreased peristalsis and vasoconstriction. The somatovisceral concept suggests that osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) provides relief by normalizing the autonomic tone. There are few reports in the literature that provide examples of successful treatment of FGID by OMT. This case describes a patient with postprandial nausea and vomiting who was successfully treated with OMT.
Transcription factors regulating the response to oxidative stress in yeast

A main avenue of defense against fungal infection uses oxidative killing of these and other microorganisms. Consequently, the ability of fungi to withstand an oxidative challenge has important implications for their ultimate pathogenicity in a host organism. Fungi also serve as an excellent model system for handling of reactive oxygen species in eukaryotic cells. For these reasons, a great deal of work has been invested in analyzing pathways involved in and the mechanisms regulating oxidative stress tolerance in fungi. The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge underlying the ability of fungal cells to mount a response to oxidative stress via activation of transcription factors. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified multiple transcriptional regulatory proteins that mediate tolerance to oxidative stress. Experiments focused on the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have led to the discovery of protein kinase cascades highly related to mammalian stress-activated protein kinases. Recent studies on the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans have allowed analysis of the role of a critical oxidant-regulated transcription factor in this important human pathogen. Further understanding of oxidative stress resistance pathways in fungi is an important step toward understanding the molecular pathogenesis of these microorganisms.
Hole and continuum contributions to the 42Ca(p, t)40Ca form factor

Abstract Contributions to the form factor for the reaction 42 Ca(p, t) 40 Ca deriving from hole and continuum state admixtures in the two-nucleon distribution function are studied by expanding the solution of the microscopic two-body hamiltonian equation in a sturmian basis. It is found that hole and continuum contributions are equally important for the stripping process but that the hole terms counteract the effect of the continuum admixtures. The sturmian form factors containing hole terms are found to closely resemble a standard form factor obtained using coexistence-model wave functions.
Inorganic phosphate transport inAcinetobacter lwoffi

The transport of inorganic phosphate has been studied inAcinetobacter lwoffi JW11. During growth on excess phosphate, only one transport system was present, with an apparent Km of 1.4 μM. When cells were starved for phosphate, a second uptake system with an apparent Km of 110 nM was also synthesized. The two transport systems could be distinguished by differing sensitivities to the phosphate analogs arsenate and 2-aminoethylphosphonate. Both systems were inhibited by carbonylcyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone, and to a lesser extent by Na azide. The high-affinity transport system was inactivated by osmotic shock treatment and by spheroplast formation. Preliminary evidence for a phosphate-binding protein in the osmotic shock fluid is presented. The isolation of a mutant constitutive for the high-affinity transport system is described.
Collapsed or Neutron Star Companions of Bright Stars

Cameron1 and Stothers2 have suggested that the companion to e Aurigae is a collapsed star. Epsilon Aurigae is one of several binary stars with large mass functions and invisible secondaries and so far the primaries of two of the brightest of these, ν Sgr (ref. 3) and β Lyrae, have been found to have helium-rich atmospheres. This shows that mass exchange has occurred, and that the visible star has been stripped down to its hydrogen deficient core by transferring matter into the vicinity of the former secondary. This explanation for e Aur is the third of four possibilities discussed by Stothers. The proof of it would be the discovery of anomalously strong He I lines, such as λ5876, which appear in cool helium rich stars like R Cr B (ref. 4). This spectrpscopic check should be made.
APPARENT MOVEMENT OF SIMPLE FIGURES IN THE GANZFELD

If autokinetic movement under conditions of darkness results from an inadequate visual framework, then similar movement of a figure in an illuminated uniform visual field should occur. The apparatus used to investigate this hypothesis has been described in detail (1). 0, using his right eye alone, looked into an illuminated sphere and was presented with a uniform field containing an 8 cm. circular figure at a distance of 1 m. Intensity and chromaticity of the figure were independently varied by changing the illumination of an adjoining sphere. 15 graduate students observed a series of situations in which differences between figure and field were systematically varied. 0 described each simation during 3-min. periods of stirnulacion, followed by 2-min. rest periods. Each experimental session lasted 90 min. Spontaneous autokinetic movement of the figure was reported by 11 0s in about 40% of the situations in each series. There was a predominance of movement to che right which may have resulted from the use of the right eye alone. The frequency of reports of movement was not dependent upon the kind of difference between figure and field, i.e., chromatic differences or intensity difference~. An amoeba-like movement of the figure was often produced by chromatic differences alone. Forward movement and pulsation was sometimes produced by large intensity differences. The occasional disappearance of the figure was always preceded by its movement. When the intensity of the figure was gradually changed, about 70% of the time all 0s reported movement of the figure and the fog-like field in opposite directions. Thus, with increasing intensity differences, the figure moved forward and the fog receded, while with decreasing intensity differences, the figure receded and the fog moved forward. Under these conditions, movement was sometimes experienced without any change in apparent distance. However, even when a change in apparent distance was reported, there was no systematic change in apparent size. REFERENCE 1. COHEN, W. Spatial and textural characteristics of the Ganzfeld. Amer. J. Psychol., 1957, 70, 403-410.
The Development and Evolution of the Turtle Body Plan: Inferring Intrinsic Aspects of the Evolutionary Process from Experimental Embryology

Synopsis. The body plan of turtles is unique among tetrapods in the presence ofthe shell. The structure of the carapace involves a unique relationship between the axial and the appendicular skeletons. A common developmental mechanism, an epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, has been identified in the early stages of carapace development by means of basic histological and immunofluorescence techniques. By analogy to other structures ini? tiated by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, it is hypothesized that carapace development is dependent on this interaction in the body wall. Surgical perturbations were designed to test the causal connection between the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in the body wall and the unusual placement of the ribs in turtles. By comparison to data available on body wall formation in avian embryos, these experiments also shed light on the segregation of somitic and lateral plate cell populations and the embryonic origin ofthe scapula in turtles. This study specifically addresses the ontogeny of a unique tetrapod body plan. The onto? genetic information can be used to make inferences about the phylogeny of this body plan and how it could have evolved from the more typical primitive tetrapod. On a more general level this study explores the potential role of common developmental mechanisms in the generation of evolutionary novelties, and the developmental incongruities between homol? ogous skeletal elements in different groups of tetrapods.
Kant and the Experience of Freedom: Essays on Aesthetics and Morality

Preface Note on citations Introduction Part I. Kant's Aesthetics in Historical Context: 1. Feeling and freedom: Kant on aesthetics and morality 2. The dialectic of disinterestedness: I. Eighteenth-century aesthetics 3. The dialectic of disinterestedness: II. Kant and Schiller on interest in disinterestedness 4. The perfections of art: Mendelssohn, Moritz and Kant 5. Hegel on Kant's aesthetics: necessity and contingency in beauty and art Part II. Kant's Aesthetics and Morality: Topical Studies: 6. The beautiful and the sublime 7. Nature, art and autonomy 8. Genius and the canon of art: a second dialectic of aesthetic judgement 9. Duties regarding nature 10. Duty and inclination Notes Bibliography Index.
Selenium and mercury molar ratios in commercial fish from New Jersey and Illinois: Variation within species and relevance to risk communication

There is an emerging consensus that people consuming large amounts of fish with selenium:mercury ratios below 1 are at higher risk from mercury toxicity. As the relative amount of selenium increases compared to mercury, risk may be lowered, but it is unclear how much excess selenium is required. It would be useful if the selenium:mercury ratio was relatively consistent within a species, but this has not been the case in our studies of wild-caught fish. Since most people in developed countries and urban areas obtain their fish and other seafood commercially, we examined selenium:mercury molar ratios in commercial fish purchased in stores and fish markets in central New Jersey and Chicago. There was substantial interspecific and intraspecific variation in molar ratios. Across species the selenium:mercury molar ratio decreased with increasing mean mercury levels, but selenium variation also contributed to the ratio. Few samples had selenium:mercury molar ratios below 1, but there was a wide range in ratios, complicating the interpretation for use in risk management and communication. Before ratios can be used in risk management, more information is needed on mercury:selenium interactions and mutual bioavailability, and on the relationship between molar ratios and health outcomes. Further, people who are selenium deficient may be more at risk from mercury toxicity than others.