cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostate and pancreas involvement are linked in IgG4-related disease.

Abstract Objective Prostate involvement by IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a rarely described organ manifestation and knowledge regarding its frequency and clinical features is limited. Methods From a single-center cohort, 168 male patients were examined who satisfied the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria or 2012 consensus histopathologic criteria for IgG4-RD. Results Prostate involvement were identified in 25 (15%) of these cases. The majority of patients with IgG4-RD involving the prostate gland (80%) were symptomatic at presentation with incomplete voiding (64%), urinary frequency (52%), and urinary hesitancy (48%) being the most common complaints. The radiologic presentation of prostate disease is most often a focal abnormality suggesting inflammation rather than a mass lesion. While most patients with IgG4-related prostate disease (89%) experienced recurrence after or during glucocorticoid tapering, patients treated with B cell targeted therapy in this series experienced clinical improvement and were tapered off of glucocorticoids. Additionally, patients with IgG4-RD involving the pancreas (p = Conclusion This report provides the first comprehensive clinical description of IgG4-RD involving the prostate gland and links this manifestation with pancreatic involvement.
Research in the Classroom: Introducing Nanomaterials at a Two-Year College

This article illustrates how the authors transformed “research in the classroom” into chemistry courses at a two-year college in the form of short course-based research experience. The students worked in groups to research nanomaterials, came up with a series of carbon nanoparticles precursors from waste materials, and developed simple and cost-effective methods to produce carbon nanoparticles. Not surprisingly, students became more active learners as they were in charge of learning, and were given authority to modify lab activities with their learning experience progressing. A deeper approach to learning helped students better appreciate chemical sciences, increase conceptual learning, and become responsible citizens. The project also provided a platform to discuss sustainability, green chemistry, and nanomaterials. To increase the efforts for student success, academic technologies were utilized to aid the project.
Leadership in Support of Teachers’ Action Research in Schools: Heads of Departments Positioned for Purpose

Participation by secondary school teachers in an in-service Diploma in Education (Dip. Ed.) programme at one university site in Trinidad and Tobago requires untrained teachers to juggle the roles of full-time teacher in their schools and part-time students seeking professional certification. In conducting action research under these circumstances, student-teachers need support. Data gathered via an online survey provided information on the support (or lack thereof) that student-teachers received from the Head of Department (HoD) while they conducted research during the programme. Using a focused stratified purposeful sampling strategy to ascertain further the nature of support provided by the HoD, I interviewed 5 student-teachers via telephone. Drawing on the work of Kaldi and Xafakos (2017) and Seider and Lemma (2004), I analysed teachers’ responses. Data revealed that the personality of the HoD, the relationship between the HoD and teacher, and the nature of involvement of the HoD served as contributors to the psychological, pedagogical and administrative support provided by the HoD. Teachers recommended strategies for enhancing a supportive leadership role for the HoD. Recommendations based on the study include a conceptualisation of the HoD as mentor and coach; engagement in deliberate efforts to enhance communication and collaboration among key stakeholders; addressing the policy context in which the HoD and teacher function; and engaging HoDs in meaningful professional development.
The association between internalizing and externalizing severity with current use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and alcohol in adults: Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study.

Abstract Introduction Concurrent tobacco/alcohol use is common in adults, and associated with the severity of symptoms experienced by those with mental health disorders. However, few studies have explored this relationship across different combinations of tobacco products [i.e., conventional cigarette (CC) and electronic cigarette (EC)] and alcohol. Methods Data from the Wave 1 (2013–2014) Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study were used. A total of 15,947 adults aged 18 years or older with complete study information were included. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between lifetime internalizing/externalizing severity and past 30-day use of tobacco and alcohol, adjusting for nicotine dependence (ND), sex, age, race, education, and income. Results Internalizing severity was more strongly associated with CC and alcohol use (moderate AOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.22–1.77; high AOR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.03–1.61) as well as alcohol-exclusive use (moderate AOR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.27–1.96; high AOR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.05–1.64) while externalizing severity was more strongly associated with EC and alcohol use (high AOR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.84–4.81, moderate AOR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.53–3.43) when accounting for ND compared to none. The relationship between externalizing severity with EC use was dependent on alcohol being used with EC. Conclusions The associations between psychopathology (internalizing vs. externalizing severity) varies by different combinations of alcohol, CC, and EC. Further, these relationships may be mediated through ND. Future investigations into the comorbidity between mental disorder symptoms with tobacco and alcohol use should consider use of specific substances as well as their combination.
Relief of symptomatic pseudo-polycoria due to iris biopsy using a daily contact lens.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of pseudo-polycoria from iris biopsy managed by a daily disposable prosthetic colored hydrogel lens. Observations A 55-year-old- Caucasian female presented with complaints of photophobia in her right eye, that was exacerbated when going from a dark to light environment. Her past ocular history included a diagnosis by another outside physician of presumed multifocal iris melanoma in the right eye, followed by an iris biopsy performed one month later. Upon presentation to our clinic two months later, best corrected visual acuity was 20/20- in the right eye and 20/25 in the left eye. Slit lamp exam of the right eye revealed iris abnormalities, full-thickness biopsy defects at 2, 3 and 6 o'clock and a 0.8 × 0.7mm area of iris hyperpigmentation at 8 o'clock (Fig A,B,C, and D). The patient was provided with three non-surgical options to manage her symptoms: a commercially available soft daily replacement printed prosthetic hydrogel lens, a commercially available soft monthly replacement silicone printed prosthetic hydrogel lens, or a custom soft yearly replacement prosthetic hydrogel lens with dark inlay. The soft daily printed prosthetic hydrogel lens was chosen because of its ease in hygiene regimen and did not limit peripheral vision as the yearly dark inlay lens would. Results The patient now wears Alcon Dailies® Color, Base curvature 8.6, Diameter 13.8, color mystic green in the right eye and her symptoms of photophobia have been resolved (Figure F). Conclusion There are limited options to manage photophobia in patients with polycoria or pseudo-polycoria. Surgical intervention is dictated by how many quadrants of iris are involved and therefore how symptomatic a patient may be. A less invasive alternative to surgical intervention is the use of a contact lens. In this case, traditional hand painted or printed yearly or monthly replacement hydrogel contact lenses were not used. Instead, a daily disposable hydrogel was successfully fit, highlighting that there is often a simple solution to a seemingly complicated issue.
Cheminformatic quantum mechanical enzyme model design: a catechol-O-methyltransferase case study

Abstract To accurately simulate the inner workings of an enzyme active site with quantum mechanics (QM), not only must the reactive species be included in the model but also important surrounding residues, solvent, or coenzymes involved in crafting the microenvironment. Our lab has been developing the Residue Interaction Network Residue Selector (RINRUS) toolkit to utilize interatomic contact network information for automated, rational residue selection and QM-cluster model generation. Starting from an x-ray crystal structure of catechol-O-methyltransferase, RINRUS was used to construct a series of QM-cluster models. The reactant, product, and transition state of the methyl transfer reaction were computed for a total of 550 models, and the resulting free energies of activation and reaction were used to evaluate model convergence. RINRUS-designed models with only 200–300 atoms are shown to converge. RINRUS will serve as a cornerstone for improved and automated cheminformatics-based enzyme model design.
Studies on mutarotases. II. Investigations of possible rate-limiting anomerizations in glucose metabolism.

Abstract The possible involvement of mutarotases in glucose metabolism has been studied by examining the anomeric specificities of a number of glycolytic enzymes. Hexokinases from yeast or Ehrlich ascites tumor cells showed only a marginal preference for the α anomer of glucose. (All configurations, unless otherwise specified, refer to the d configuration of glucose and its derivatives.) The Km values for α- and β-glucose were 58 and 66 µm, respectively, for the yeast enzyme, 77 µm, and 82 µm for the tumor enzyme. Turnover numbers were also 10 to 20% higher with α-glucose. The anomeric composition and mutarotation rate of glucose 6-phosphate were measured under different conditions by utilizing the specificity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase for β-glucose 6-phosphate. The anomeric composition (39% α, 61% β) is similar to glucose, but the mutarotation rate (k = 0.157 min-1 at -0.5°) is approximately 270 times that of glucose. The anomeric composition of the glucose liberated from glucose 6-phosphate by acid or alkaline phosphatases and by glucose 6-phosphatase from rat liver was the same as that of the substrate, indicating a lack of anomeric specificity for these enzymes also. This lack of anomeric preference in the enzymatic phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of glucose, the extremely rapid spontaneous mutarotation of glucose 6-phosphate which is unaffected by mutarotase, and the low measured levels of mutarotase in certain tissues which nevertheless have high glycolytic rates suggest that this enzyme is not involved directly in glucose metabolism. It also appears that the existence of rate-limiting anomerizations in glucose metabolism is unlikely.
Automating network monitoring on experimental testbeds

Despite experimental testbeds' rapid growth and continued strong demand by researchers, the power of testbeds can be further increased by providing additional tools to help experimenters instrument their experiments. Experimenters with improved instrumentation support can deepen their understanding of experiment operation, and have an easier task of generating high quality datasets to share with the community. We introduce a prototype tool that automatically deploys an instrumentation overlay on an existing testbed experiment. Netflowize modifies instantiated experiments to collect experiment-wide flow statistics. The resources consumed by the flow collection process are specified by the experimenter. NetFlow records are widely used by the networking and security research communities for tasks ranging from traffic engineering to detecting anomalous behaviors associated with zero-day attacks. We discuss tool design and implementation, present usage examples, and highlight the many challenges of auto-deploying an experiment-wide monitoring infrastructure.
Clustered Disclosures by Competing Firms: The Choice of Fiscal Year-Ends:

In some industries, firms schedule their disclosure at about the same time, usually around the end of the business season, whereas in others such disclosures are more dispersed over time. This paper examines firms' choice of fiscal year-ends (and hence of disclosure timing) relative to the business cycle and to the timing chosen by other firms in the industry. We model a stochastic setting in which the periodic closing of books yields information that is relevant for subsequent managerial decisions. The results show that although it is business seasonality that is the primary determinant of reporting period choice, competitive forces in the form of information transfer effects and proprietary disclosure costs have the ability to make firms' fiscal years deviate from the business season. Such deviations are more likely in industries in which costs exhibit low serial correlation across seasons, where cross-sectional correlation between firms' costs is high, or where within-season variations in business cond...
Internal Financing of Economic Development

THE DETERMINATION of a number of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America to accelerate their rate of economic growth is a fact of prime significance in the second half of the present century. Several of these countries are anxious to explore ways and means of financing economic development from internal sources that would enlist the cooperation of the private sector of the economy and preserve a range of entrepreneurial freedom.
Role of excited state solvent fluctuations on time-dependent fluorescence Stokes shift

We explore the connection between the solvation dynamics of a chromophore upon photon excitation and equilibrium fluctuations of the solvent. Using molecular dynamics simulations, fluorescence Stokes shift for the tryptophan in Staphylococcus nuclease was examined using both nonequilibrium calculations and linear response theory. When the perturbed and unperturbed surfaces exhibit different solvent equilibrium fluctuations, the linear response approach on the former surface shows agreement with the nonequilibrium process. This agreement is excellent when the perturbed surface exhibits Gaussian statistics and qualitative in the case of an isomerization induced non-Gaussian statistics. However, the linear response theory on the unperturbed surface breaks down even in the presence of Gaussian fluctuations. Experiments also provide evidence of the connection between the excited state solvent fluctuations and the total fluorescence shift. These observations indicate that the equilibrium statistics on the excited state surface characterize the relaxation dynamics of the fluorescence Stokes shift. Our studies specifically analyze the Gaussian fluctuations of the solvent in the complex protein environment and further confirm the role of solvent fluctuations on the excited state surface. The results are consistent with previous investigations, found in the literature, of solutes dissolved in liquids.
Functions of hesitations in the speech of normal families and families of schizophrenic patients.

Sentences containing several types of hesitation, including pauses, repetitions and word fragments, were sampled from the interaction of families of schizophrenic and normal children. These were submitted to subjects who attempted to guess each successive word in the sentence. The degree to which words were correctly guessed was associated with the position of the word relative to the hesitation in the sentence. Differences were found in the predictability of words antecedent and subsequent to non-content and content hesitations. Furthermore, the patterns of predictability were different for words from the two types of families; words following non-content hesitations in schizophrenic families dropped to low levels of predictability, 18 per cent, in contrast to a 36 per cent level of predictability for the same type of word in normal families. The findings are discussed in terms of the possible different functions of hesitations in schizophrenic and normal families, and related to clinical reports of diff...
Mechanosensitivity may be enhanced in skeletal muscles of spinal cord-injured versus able-bodied men.

We investigated the effects of an acute bout of neuromuscular electrical stimulation–induced resistance exercise (NMES-RE) on intracellular signaling pathways involved in translation initiation and mechanical loading–induced muscle hypertrophy in spinal cord–injured (SCI) versus able-bodied (AB) individuals. AB and SCI individuals completed 90 isometric knee extension contractions at 30% of maximum voluntary or evoked contraction, respectively. Muscle biopsies were collected before, and 10 and 60 min after NMES-RE. Protein levels of α7- and β1-integrin, phosphorylated and total GSK-3α/β, S6K1, RPS6, 4EBP1, and FAK were assessed by immunoblotting. SCI muscle appears to be highly sensitive to muscle contraction even several years after the injury, and in fact it may be more sensitive to mechanical stress than AB muscle. Heightened signaling associated with muscle mechanosensitivity and translation initiation in SCI muscle may be an attempted compensatory response to offset elevated protein degradation in atrophied SCI muscle.
A microstructurally inspired damage model for early venous thrombus

Accumulative damage may be an important contributor to many cases of thrombotic disease progression. Thus, a complete understanding of the pathological role of thrombus requires an understanding of its mechanics and in particular mechanical consequences of damage. In the current study, we introduce a novel microstructurally inspired constitutive model for thrombus that considers a non-uniform distribution of microstructural fibers at various crimp levels and employs one of the distribution parameters to incorporate stretch-driven damage on the microscopic level. To demonstrate its ability to represent the mechanical behavior of thrombus, including a recently reported Mullins type damage phenomenon, we fit our model to uniaxial tensile test data of early venous thrombus. Our model shows an agreement with these data comparable to previous models for damage in elastomers with the added advantages of a microstructural basis and fewer model parameters. We submit that our novel approach marks another important step toward modeling the evolving mechanics of intraluminal thrombus, specifically its damage, and hope it will aid in the study of physiological and pathological thrombotic events.
Ocular disease in pregnancy

Purpose of reviewPregnancy may cause ocular changes, both physiologic and pathologic, and may be associated with the development of new disease or may alter the course of preexisting disease. This paper discusses these changes and reviews diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, preeclampsia, cortical blindne
(In)temperate Zones: Daniel Drake's Medico-moral Geographies of Urban Life in the Trans-Appalachian American West

L'A. demontre l'influence de l'environnement, du climat et de la geographie sur l'ordre et l'equilibre moral ainsi que sur la consommation d'alcool, a partir de recits d'historiens du XIX e siecle
Automatic Reclosing of High-Voltage Circuits

The experience of the Alabama Power Company with the reclosing of high-voltage circuits is described, this covering numerous installations on 22-, 44-, and 110-kv. circuits. No definite reclosing cycles are recommended but instead this paper deals with various typical applications of high-voltage reclosing oil circuit breakers on the Alabama Power Company system.
Zero extracellular K+ and prostaglandin E release in the guinea-pig taenia coli.

Prostaglandin E release rates from isolated strips of guinea-pig taenia coli increased during exposure to zero K+ bathing fluid, from control values of 0.78 ± 0.11 ng/g per min to levels as high as 29.2 ng/per min. Release rates increased for 40–50 min and then remained constant or fell despite progressive increases in intracellular sodium [Nai+] or fall in intracellular potassium [Ki+]. Readmittance of K+ to the bathing solution resulted in rapid reversal of elevated prostaglandin E release rates. [Na+i] and [K+i] were markedly more abnormal in strips exposed to zero K+ for 70–201 min compared to 30-min exposures. Upon the readdition of K+ after long zero K+ exposure, the rate of prostaglandin E release fell long before [Na+i] and [K+i] returned to control levels. After K+ was readded to the bathing solution, the ion concentration of tissues exposed to zero K+ for 30 min returned to normal much more quickly than did those of tissues exposed for the longer time periods, yet the exponential rate constants for fall of prostaglandin E release rate after K+ was added were not significantly different after short or long zero K+ exposure. Thus there was a dissociation between the return of [Na+i] and [K+i] and the fall of prostaglandin E release rate to control levels. Ouabain augmented prostaglandin E release under conditions where [K+i] could not fall. Addition of known neurotransmitters present in this tissue to the bathing fluid did not augment prostaglandin E release. Guinea-pig taenia coli strips that had been incubated with [3H]arachidonic acid, constantly released [3H]arachidonic acid and [3H]prostaglandin E and a prostaglandin which cochromatographed with prostaglandin E but could not be converted to prostaglandin B by alkali and was shown to be 6-ketoprostaglandin F1α. Release of [3H]arachidonic acid and [3H]prostaglandin E plus 6-[3H]ketoprostaglandin F1α was increased when strips were exposed to zero K+. Data obtained in this study suggest the augmented prostaglandin E release seen during zero K+ or ouabain is related to increased availability of unbound arachidonic acid at the site of cyclooxygenase in the cell. Augmented prostaglandin E release is apparently not related to alterations in intracellular electrolyte concentrations or release of known neurotransmitters.
Oxyfuel Combustion: Technical and Economic Considerations for the Development of Carbon Capture from Pulverized Coal Power Plants

Abstract Oxyfuel has been hoped by many to provide the “step-change” in performance needed to drive down the avoidance cost of carbon capture from pulverized coal plants. To investigate this possibility, a techno- economic oxyfuel model was constructed. The model was exercised to explore the effect on CO 2 avoidance cost and LCOE from several key parameters, namely: CO 2 purity, oxidant purity, CPU and ASU performance and cost, coal composition, and geographic location. Monte-Carlo techniques were then used to generate distributions for CO 2 avoidance cost and LCOE which were compared to costs for a representative amine based post-combustion capture system. Results indicate that increasing restrictions on CO 2 exit purity will translate directly to higher avoidance costs. Consequently, any future pipeline purity standards should seek to balance costs with safety concerns and storage capacity limitations. A trade-off between equipment downsizing and energy of separation for oxidant purity was identified and found to be optimized in the 95-97% oxygen range. The effect of oxidant purity on CO 2 transport cost is small (∼2%) compared to the effects of CO 2 exit purity (∼15%). Both represent changes to a cost which amounts to only about 5% of the total avoidance cost. Stochastic modeling results provide evidence that oxyfuel technology is unlikely to be competitive with post-combustion capture for a number of coal types, especially those high in sulfur. Oxyfuel appears most promising for use with low-sulfur coals and is capable of delivering lower avoidance costs than amine-based capture when operated with co-capture of SO2 and non-condensable gases.
Multiconfiguration coupled-cluster calculations for excited electronic states: Applications to model systems

Abstract A multiconfigurational coupled-cluster method previously developed in our laboratory is used to study excited states of the same spatial and spin symmetry as the ground state. Applications are made, with rather small atomic orbital basis sets, to molecular systems which are highly correlated. These small-basis calculations are viewed on model calculations whose value lies in the fact that one can also obtain the exact (full configuration interaction) energy in such cases. The results show that even though the coupled-cluster equations may have many spurious solutions, one can locate solutions corresponding to the desired excited states by using procedures similar to those utilized for ground states. To achieve this success, one should include in the reference function all of the dominant configurations of the state under consideration. Next, one should use the unique solution of the linearized coupled-cluster equations as the initial estimate to begin the solution of the non-linear coupled-cluster equations. If the solution of these non-linear equations gives rise to one or more large t amplitudes one should repeat this procedure but with the configuration corresponding to the large t amplitude included in the reference function.
Suppressed Follicle Stimulating Hormone in Men with Chorionic Gonadotropin Secreting Testicular Tumors

ABSTRACT Follicle stimulating hormone was measured in the plasma and urine prior to and after treatment in 7 men with testicular tumors secreting chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Plasma FSH was 2.5 ± 0.3 mIU/ml (se) when CG levels were elevated and 10.9 ± 2.1 mIU/ml following treatment when CG levels were normal. Urinary FSH was 0.08 ± 0.01 IU/24 hours when CG levels were elevated and 7.9 ± 1.2 IU/24 hours when CG had returned to normal. Comparable Comparable FSH concentrations in normal men determined in our laboratory are: plasma, 10.2 ± 0.8 mIU/ml, and urine, 5.5 ± 0.5 IU/24 hours. When CG was elevated, the urinary FSH excretion was lower than in any patient group heretofore described. The decreased FSH levels may be due to suppression by increased endogenous estrogen production or to hypothalamic feedback by CG.
SHORT TERM IMPACT OF OPTION TRADING ON UNDERLYING SECURITIES

This paper examines the short-term impact of option listing before and after the moratorium. There is no clear evidence that option trading has an effect on volatility or variability of shares traded daily. However, when the results are evaluated by year of trading, two significant trends can be identified. A trend toward decreased price volatility and increased variability in the number of shares traded daily is shown in the underlying security shortly after option trading begins.
Crisis in Advertising

Abstract Crisis in Advertising? The word “crisis” (Stewart 1992) may be too strong to describe the current situation in the advertising industry, but no one can deny that these are trying times for advertisers. Current trends in the industry are indeed cause for alarm. However, to paraphrase Mark Twain, Rust and Oliver's (1994) report that advertising is suffering from a terminal illness is greatly exaggerated. The disturbing trends of the 90s are not necessarily permanent, and the industry's future may be much brighter than suggested. In what follows, we offer alternative explanations for today's problems and suggest an optimistic future for the industry rather than “impending doom.”
Treadmill Running Increases Phosphatidylinostol 3-Kinase Activity in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Exercise has been shown to increase insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose transport. Activation of phosphatidylinostol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is required for insulin to stimulate glucose transport. The present study was designed to investigate whether treadmill running (60 min, 8% grade, 30 m/min) augments insulin-stimulated activation of PI 3-kinase. Insulin dramatically increased insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation (p < 0.05). Treadmill running did not induce IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, not did it alter insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Insulin increased PI 3-kinase activity by 3.0-fold (over basal activity) in white muscle and 5.2-fold in red muscle (p < 0.05). Exercise did not alter basal PI 3-kinase activity in either white or red muscle. However, in response to exercise, insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity was significantly increased in both muscle fibers (p < 0.05). These results suggest that increased insulin responsiveness induced by exercise may be due, in part, to enhanced insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity.
Impaired Organization of Paired-Pulse TMS-Induced I-Waves After Human Spinal Cord Injury

Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human motor cortex results in consecutive facilitatory motor-evoked potential (MEP) peaks in surface electromyography in intact humans. Here, we tested the effect of an incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) on early (first) and late (second and third) MEP peaks in a resting intrinsic finger muscle. We found that all peaks had decreased amplitude in SCI subjects compared with controls. The second and third peaks were delayed with the third peak also showing an increased duration. The delay of the third peak was smaller than that seen in controls at lower stimulation intensity, suggesting lesser influence of decreased corticospinal inputs. A mathematical model showed that after SCI the third peak aberrantly contributed to spinal motoneurone recruitment, regardless on the motor unit threshold tested. Temporal and spatial aspects of the late peaks correlated with MEP size and hand motor output. Thus, early and late TMS-induced MEP peaks undergo distinct modulation after SCI, with the third peak likely reflecting a decreased ability to summate descending volleys at the spinal level. We argue that the later corticospinal inputs on the spinal cord might be crucial for recruitment of motoneurones after human SCI.
Surface-water acidification and extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

If published estimates of SO2 volatilization and NOx generation by the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) impact were atmospherically converted to sulfuric and nitric acid, globally dispersed, and rapidly rained out, the resulting acid concentrations would bracket a critical threshold in surface-ocean chemistry. Rapid and globally uniform deposition of masses corresponding to the lowest estimates would have had no major effect on sea-surface chemistry. However, similar deposition of masses corresponding to the highest estimates would have provided enough acid to destroy the carbonate-buffering capacity of the upper 100 m of the world ocean and catastrophically reduce surface-ocean pH. Despite the possible effect of the highest estimated acid yields, scenarios that rely on acid rain as the primary explanation of global K-T extinctions are not readily compatible with K-T records of terrestrial and marine survival or culturing studies of modern marine plankton. The possibility that acid rain was a primary cause of K-T extinctions can be tested further by analysis of geographic variation in extinction intensity, because such variation was a likely consequence if the impact resulted in global dispersal and rapid globally uniform deposition of more than ∼6 x 1016 mol of H2SO4 or 1.2 x 1017 mol of HNO3.
Ice formation by black carbon particles

Ice formation by black carbon particles was studied using a continuous flow thermal diffusion chamber. Submicron particles were treated to uptake H2SO4 in amounts estimated to range from zero to several percent by weight. The particles were processed at constant temperatures (−40 to −60°C), and humidity from ice saturation to values exceeding water saturation. Conditions required for ice nucleation were determined for different acid exposures. Untreated soot particles showed activity as deposition/sorption ice nuclei. Particles with approximate monolayer equivalent coverage by H2SO4 nucleated ice at humidities for which it was inferred that the acid was dilute enough to freeze homogeneously on soot surfaces. Particles with multi-layer equivalent H2SO4 coverage froze as solution droplets most readily. Heterogeneous freezing of the latter particles was observed to occur in preference to the homogeneous freezing of an externally mixed population of H2SO4 droplets at lower temperatures.
Study of SiC polytype heterojunctions

Abstract The results of a study of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth and characterization of SiC polytype heterojunctions using ON-AXIS 4H and 6H SiC substrates are presented. Characterization results along with a pre-growth hydrogen/propane etch study were used as a baseline for developing a growth process for the SiC polytype heterojunctions. Grown heterojunctions show almost no polytype inclusions. An oxidation study to map polytype inclusions in the layers grown under different conditions show a high (>95%) polytype homogeneity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows no visible defects and/or columnar growth features. TEM diffraction patterns obtained are very strong, further indicating crystalline 3C–SiC epitaxial layers. The FWHM of the X-ray scans are very narrow, between 0.01 and 0.02°, an excellent figure further indicating single crystalline 3C–SiC epitaxial layers. Iso-intensity contours from the reciprocal space maps show very little broadening in ω which indicates less mosaicity in the samples. The ω–2θ direction shows almost no broadening implying that there is almost no strain in the material.
Social Group Work Practice in Rural Areas: The Practitioners Speak

ABSTRACT A survey of social work practitioners who identify themselves as rural practitioners provides beginning information about group practice in rural communities and identifies problems unique to group practice within that context. This information, combined with the findings from a focus group with social work educators who teach about rural group practice, are analyzed for elements to promote effective group practice, suggestions for dealing with problems unique to this context and areas for further research and discussion.
High-Throughput Cloning of Campylobacter jejuni ORFs by in Vivo Recombination in Escherichia coli

A rate-limiting and costly step in many proteomics analyses is the cloning of all of the ORFs for an organism into technique-specific vectors. Here, we describe the generation of a Campylobacter jejuni expression clone set using a high-throughput cloning approach based on recombination in E. coli. The approach uses native E. coli recombination functions and requires no in vitro enzymatic steps or special strains. Our results indicate that this approach is an efficient and economical alternative for high-throughput cloning.
Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy: I. Precipitated snow

Abstract Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe precipitated snow crystals. The newly-fallen snow crystals were obtained in storms at Beltsville, Maryland, and at Bearden Mountain near Davis, West Virginia, USA. The snow samples were mounted on modified SEM stubs, frozen in liquid nitrogen, sputter coated with platinum, and imaged with an electron beam. Many types of precipitated snow crystals were observed including hexagonal plates, columns, needles, stellar dendrites, bullets, graupel, and rimed crystals. The SEM techniques that were developed can be used for quantitative measurements of size, shape and structure of crystals. SEM of precipitated snow appears to have direct application for the inference of atmospheric and cloud conditions where the snow crystals formed and travelled to the ground and for the development of a relationship between snow crystal type and snowfall intensity and amount. The SEM technique provides a new procedure to record permanently snow cryst...
Conditional inactivation of Tgfbr2 in cranial neural crest causes cleft palate and calvaria defects.

Cleft palate and skull malformations represent some of the most frequent congenital birth defects in the human population. Previous studies have shown that TGFβ signaling regulates the fate of the medial edge epithelium during palatal fusion and postnatal cranial suture closure during skull development. It is not understood, however, what the functional significance of TGFβ signaling is in regulating the fate of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells during craniofacial development. We show that mice with Tgfbr2 conditional gene ablation in the CNC have complete cleft secondary palate, calvaria agenesis, and other skull defects with complete phenotype penetrance. Significantly, disruption of the TGFβ signaling does not adversely affect CNC migration. Cleft palate in Tgfbr2 mutant mice results from a cell proliferation defect within the CNC-derived palatal mesenchyme. The midline epithelium of the mutant palatal shelf remains functionally competent to mediate palatal fusion once the palatal shelves are placed in close contact in vitro. Our data suggests that TGFβ IIR plays a crucial, cell-autonomous role in regulating the fate of CNC cells during palatogenesis. During skull development, disruption of TGFβ signaling in the CNC severely impairs cell proliferation in the dura mater, consequently resulting in calvaria agenesis. We provide in vivo evidence that TGFβ signaling within the CNC-derived dura mater provides essential inductive instruction for both the CNC- and mesoderm-derived calvarial bone development. This study demonstrates that TGFβ IIR plays an essential role in the development of the CNC and provides a model for the study of abnormal CNC development.
The concept of self in the context of crisis: a study of families of the severely brain-injured.

Abstract Patients in coma and a persistent vegetative state (PVS) lack cognitive ability, but may survive for prolonged periods. They present their family members with complex and difficult questions with respect to their treatment and care ranging from the type of technical support they should receive to the nature of adjustments in daily life to accomodate new circumstances and needs. Such decisions are often made in the face of considerable socio-economic and moral constraints with little if any medical guidance and no firm cultural guidelines. Based on a continuing study of families of patients in coma and PVS living in the greater New York area and using the case-study method, this paper argues that such patients and their families find themselves in socially ambiguous and isolated positions which can best be described through the anthropological concept of liminality. Further, it is hypothesized that decisions concerning these patients will in part reflect the way in which family members define the concept of self.
Oscillator strengths for thallium calculated using a semiempirical relativistic one-electron central-field model potential

Abstract The results of calculations for oscillator strengths, radiative transition probabilities and excited state lifetimes are presented and compared with those of other calculations and measurements. The agreement with measured oscillator strengths is generally quite good. The importance of core polarization effects for the diffuse series is demonstrated. The significance of the results for measurements of parity-nonconserving effects due to weak neutral currents is discussed.
Sense amplifier based RADHARD flip flop design

In this paper, a sense amplifier based radiation hardening (RADHARD) flip flop design is presented. The sense amplifier based master stage reduces the loading to the clock network. The proposed improvement on the slave stage shortens the data to Q delay. The simulation results indicate that the proposed design has a shorter data to Q delay than the flip flop design used in Alpha 21264 microprocessors. The proposed design can be fabricated in the mainstream commercial digital complementary metal oxide semiconductor process.
Effect of school water fluoridation on dental caries: interim results in Seagrove, NC, after four years

Interim findings of a clinical study suggest that the prevalence of dental caries can be further reduced by raising the level for school water fluoridation from 4½ to 7 times the optimum recommended for community fluoridation in the geographic area. A study was undertaken in Seagrove, NC, to determine the cariostatic effect of school water fluoridation at 6.3 parts per million which is seven times the optimum recommended for community water fluoridation in the geographic area. A comparison of four-year results in Seagrove with those of another study in Elk Lake, Pa, where a fluoride level of 4.5 times the optimum had been tested, showed that children who had been exposed continually to the higher fluoride level at school derived greater protection against decay.
The hunter‐gatherer nomads of northern Mexico: A comparison of the archival and archaeological records

Abstract Certain characteristics of the culture(s) of nomads are discussed and to these are attributed the concentration of archaeological work in north‐eastern Mexico upon excavation of sheltered sites. By presenting and comparing cultural traits for which there is evidence from both the early archival sources and the archaeological record, a reasonably viable and sensitive picture of aboriginal culture in north‐eastern Mexico is given. These data serve to emphasize the long duration and the remarkable similarity and conservatism of nomad culture in the area over a period of some 9,000 years, from about 7500 B.C. to the time of the Spanish entradas in the early seventeenth century.
ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF CALCIUM TRANSPORT IN EPITHELIA

1. Calcium (re)absorption occurs in epithelia, including the intestine, kidney, mammary glands, placenta and gills (in the case of fish). 2. Calcium is transported across epithelia by two transport mechanisms, paracellular and transcellular, and the movement is regulated by a complex array of transport processes that are mediated by hormonal, developmental and physiological factors involving the gastrointestinal tract, bone, kidney and the parathyroids. 3. Clear understanding of the calcium transport pathways and their endocrine regulation is critical for minimizing various metabolic and health disorders at different physiological stages. Here, we first briefly review the calcium transport mechanisms before discussing in detail the endocrine factors that regulate calcium transport in the epithelia.
Calculation of spin waves in multilayered structures including interface anisotropies and exchange contributions.

Spin-wave properties have been calculated for multilayered structures consisting of alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers, as well as for all-ferromagnetic structures, fully taking into account magnetic interface anisotropies and exchange contributions. In the crossing regime of dipolar modes and exchange modes, the gap width is strongly influenced by the amount of interface anisotropy. In the case of all-magnetic multilayered structures, a new type of collective spin-wave excitation arising from coupled exchange modes is predicted.
The CDF Data Acquisition System

The CDF Data Acquisition System is described, concentrating on the flow of data through the Data Acquisition Pipeline. Access to the Event Data by monitoring Processes running on the array of VAX Computers comprising the primary user interface is discussed, together with some of the utilities available by which the Physicist may interact with the Online System.
Strategies of follow-up for colorectal cancer: a survey of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons.

Background The postoperative surveillance of patients who have undergone curative treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the follow-up practice of colorectal surgeons in the United States.
Sympathetic Ophthalmia following Vitrectomy

A survey of 26 eye pathology laboratories for a five-year period ending in 1980 disclosed that sympathetic ophthalmia occurred in two of every 1,000 eyes examined. Of the 53 eyes with sympathetic ophthalmia, 29 (55%) had posttraumatic and 24 (45%) had postsurgical sympathetic ophthalmia. Ten of the 53 eyes (19%) had undergone one or more operations that included vitrectomy. Sympathetic ophthalmia developed after surgery in eight of the ten eyes and after accidental trauma in the other two. A survey of 34 retinal surgeons who had done 14,915 vitrectomies (10,000 of which were estimated to have been done in eyes with no other penetrating wound) disclosed that sympathetic ophthalmia occurred in nine patients (an incidence of 0.06%). In one of these, the only operative procedure and penetrating wound was a vitrectomy (an incidence of 0.01%). The risk of sympathetic ophthalmia after a vitrectomy alone in an eye without a previous penetrating wound is approximately the same as that for other surgical procedures involving penetration of the uveal tract. The risk increases if vitrectomy is accompanied by accidental penetrating wounds or other surgical procedures.
Structural polymorphism of homopurine-homopyrimidine sequences at neutral pH.

Abstract Under superhelical strain and mildly acidic pH, polyd(GA)·polyd(CT) sequences are known to adopt an H -y3 conformer of H -DNA. We studied the effects of the sequence length, metal ions, and pH on the structures formed by polyd(GA)·polyd(CT) sequences in supercoiled plasmid DNA at bacterial superhelicity. The results from experiments that distinguish multiple structures forming in a given plasmid DNA population strongly suggest that polyd(GA)·polyd(CT) sequences of 33 base-pairs or more can adopt both H -y3 and H -y5 isomeric forms of H -DNA at neutral pH either with or without magnesium ions. At pH 5 in the presence of zinc ions, H -DNA is formed. However, at pH 7 in the presence of zinc ions, polyd(GA)·polyd(CT) sequences form an intramolecular d(GA)·d(GA)·d(CT) triplex similar to a dG·dG·dC triplex, which is stabilize with magnesium ions for poly(dG)·poly(dC) sequences. Zinc ions also stabilize the dG·dG·dC triplex for relatively long poly(dG)·poly(dC) sequences (more than 24 base-pairs at pH 7).
Low-fat, High Added-water Bologna Formulated with Texture-modifying Ingredients

Ingredients incorporated dry into 10% fat and 30% added-water bologna were: DuoFiber®, oat fiber, pea fiber, wheat starch, Firm-tex®, and isolated soy protein. Test bolognas were less firm than the high-fat control but more firm than the low-fat control. Fiber-containing bolognas were more grainy and less juicy than the high-fat control. Low-fat bolognas were darker red than high-fat bologna. DuoFiber and oat fiber had greater cooking losses than the low-fat control, but purge was reduced by all test ingredients, particularly Firm-tex. Lower vacuum level in packages also resulted in less purge. Test ingredients had beneficial effects on properties of low-fat, high added-water bologna, thus providing a way to alter product characteristics.
Intramolecular excimer kinetics of fluorescent dipyrenyl lipids: 1. DMPC/cholesterol membranes

The intramolecular dynamics of the excimer forming dipyrenyl lipids (DipynPC) of different chain lengths (n) in ethanol and in dimyristoylphosphatidycholine (DMPC) membranes was investigated by the use of frequency-domain fluorescence intensity decay technique. Based on a 3-state model, the extent of aggregation and rotational rate of the two intralipid pyrene moieties in the dipyrenyl lipids were estimated from the frequency-domain data. In ethanol (20 degrees C), the rotational rate for DipynPC increased progressively as n was varied from 4 to 12. At the gel (L beta)-to-liquid crystalline (L alpha) phase transition of DMPC (approximately 23 degrees C), the rotational rate increased and aggregation decreased significantly for Dipy10PC, whereas only the rotational rate was changed for Dipy4PC. In the presence of 30 mol% cholesterol, significant increases in both the rotational rate and aggregation were observed for Dipy10PC in both L beta and L alpha phases. However, for the case of Dipy4PC, an increase in the rotational rate but a decrease in the aggregation were noticed only in the L beta phase, and no similar changes were detected in the L alpha phase. Our results indicate differential effects of cholesterol on the conformational dynamics of acyl chains at different depths of the membranes.