cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating a caregiver program in neuro-oncology

Background Neuro-oncology caregivers face unique challenges. Caring for a patient who has a catastrophic, life-threatening diagnosis combined with progressive neurological decline can produce great distress. Experts agree that a formalized plan of care to address the needs of the neuro-oncology caregiver is needed. Methods In 2013, the Division of Neuro-Oncology at the University of California, San Francisco initiated a program designed to provide additional services to address the needs of the neuro-oncology caregiver. Records have been kept outlining program development, the caregivers seen, their identified needs, and services provided. Results From October 2013 through August 2015 staff met with 334 "new to clinic" caregivers, 90 of whom were caring for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. One hundred ninety-eight caregivers were deemed at high risk for distress due to transitions in patient care that were occurring. One hundred forty-nine caregivers of former patients received bereavement services for up to 6 months. The areas of highest need were emotional support and advocacy issues. The number of caregiver needs increased as patients moved along the disease trajectory. The program was able to identify resources that were lacking. Dedicated staff allowed for improvement in the kinds of caregiver-specific support services offered. Conclusion Dedicated caregiver staff allows for developing relationships with caregivers across the disease trajectory and appears to be important in being able to offer individualized assessments and tailored care plans. Evaluation of caregiver and patient outcomes is the next step in understanding program effectiveness.
Book Review: Cloud of the Impossible: Negative Theology and Planetary Entanglement

Cloud of the Impossible: Negative Theology and Planetary Entanglement. By Catherine Keller. Insurrections: Critical Studies in Religion, Politics, and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015. 408 pp. $35.00 (paper).In Cloud of the Impossible, Catherine Keller marches resolutely into the tension between negative theologies and theologies of relation. Kellers project is a breath of fresh air for theologians who have long wanted to hold these two approaches together but have been unable to see a way forward. This book provides a "third space" (p. 313), a distinguishing feature of Kellers theology, in which to grapple with the question that she does not explicitly pose until near the end: "How shall we greet the unknown before us?" (p. 286; authors italics). Keller leans into the paradox of a "constructively apophatic theology" that attends to "the tension between the cloud of our nonknowing and the crowd of our nonseparability" (p. 31). She consults a cloud/ crowd of often unexpected witnesses, including not only theologians and philosophers but also poets, scientists, and indie rock groups: Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, Max Planck, and the band Cloud Cult all make appearances.The book is divided into three sections (plus a "Before" and "After," the introduction and conclusion), each titled with a word derived from the "fold," the pli, Kellers key metaphor for both relation and apophasis: "Complications," "Explications," and "Implications." In part 1 Keller traces her lineage in the constructive theological tradition, with its concern for relational theology (chapter 1). In chapter 2 she offers a similar genealogy of negative/ apophatic theology, rooting it in Moses' mystical encounter with the divine at Sinai (p. 50). She follows the thread of the "luminous darkness" through church fathers and mystical thinkers, culminating in the anonymous Cloud of Unknowing (her title being a nod to this misty and mystical text). The section closes with Nicholas of Cusa, whose ideas about learned ignorance and God as "possibility itself' (p. 110) provide the crease along which Keller folds together the pieces of her theology of "apophatic entanglement" (p. 6; author's italics).In part 2, Keller engages quantum physics, a field that she characterizes as preoccupied with a mystery just as apophatic theology has been. Our "Spooky Entanglements" (the title of chapter 4) or our mutual implication (enfoldedness) in one another's lives is expressed even in the behavior of particles-and scientists do not quite know why. A treatment of process philosophy follows naturally in chapter 5, where Keller brings Gilles Deleuze and Alfred North Whitehead into the conversation. Short chapters on Walt Whitman and Judith Butler conclude part 2. …
Active plasmon injection scheme for subdiffraction imaging with imperfect negative index flat lens

We present an active physical implementation of the recently introduced plasmon injection loss compensation scheme for Pendry’s non-ideal negative index flat lens in the presence of realistic material losses and signal-dependent noise. In this active implementation, we propose to use a physically convolved external auxiliary source for signal amplification and suppression of the noise in the imaging system. In comparison with the previous passive implementations of the plasmon injection scheme for subdiffraction-limited imaging, where an inverse filter post-processing is used, the active implementation proposed here allows for deeper subwavelength imaging far beyond the passive post-processing scheme by extending the loss compensation to even higher spatial frequencies.
Income and time dependence of forest product demand elasticities and implications for forecasting

In view of improving multi-country forest sector models, this study investigated to what extent the price and income elasticity of demand for forest products had changed in the past two decades, and how much they depended on the countries income level. For each of seven major product groups annual observations were divided between high-income (top 20% in gross domestic product per capita) and low-income, and between recent (2004–2013) and older (1992–2003) observations. The results indicated that for sawnwood and particleboard the data could be pooled across all
Human trophoblast-derived hydrogen sulfide stimulates placental artery endothelial cell angiogenesis

Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mainly synthesized by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH), has been implicated in regulating placental angiogenesis; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study was to test a hypothesis that trophoblasts synthesize H2S to promote placental angiogenesis. Human choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cells expressed both CBS and CTH proteins, while the first trimester villous trophoblast-originated HTR-8/SVneo cells expressed CTH protein only. The H2S producing ability of BeWo cells was significantly inhibited by either inhibitors of CBS (carboxymethyl hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride, CHH) or CTH (β-cyano-L-alanine, BCA) and that in HTR-8/SVneo cells was inhibited by CHH only. H2S donors stimulated cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in ovine placental artery endothelial cells (oFPAECs) as effectively as vascular endothelial growth factor. Co-culture with BeWo and HTR-8/SVneo cells stimulated oFPAEC migration, which was inhibited by CHH or BCA in BeWo but CHH only in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Primary human villous trophoblasts (HVT) were more potent than trophoblast cell lines in stimulating oFPAEC migration that was inhibited by CHH and CHH/BCA combination in accordance with its H2S synthesizing activity linked to CBS and CTH expression patterns. H2S donors activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), v-AKT murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1), and extracellular signal-activated kinase 1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1, MAPK3/1) in oFPAECs. H2S donor-induced NOS3 activation was blocked by AKT1 but not MAPK3/1 inhibition. In keeping with our previous studies showing a crucial role of AKT1, MAPK3/1, and NOS3/NO in placental angiogenesis, these data show that trophoblast-derived endogenous H2S stimulates placental angiogenesis, involving activation of AKT1, NOS3/NO, and MAPK3/1.
Design and modularized optimization of one-step production of N-acetylneuraminic acid from chitin in Serratia marcescens.

Chitin is an abundant, biorenewable, nitrogen-rich biomass feedstock that can be potentially developed for biochemical production; however, efficient bioprocesses have yet to be established. Here, we demonstrate an engineered bioprocess to produce N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) directly from chitin using the chitinolytic bacterium, Serratia marcescens by selecting and characterizing promoters, characterization of heterologous enzyme activity, and optimization of pathway fluxes. By generating RNASeq data for S. marcescens growth in different carbon-limited conditions (glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glycerol), 12 promoters with varying strength were identified and characterized to implement for transcriptional control. Neu5Ac production was initially engineered into S. marcescens through heterologous expression of N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (slr1975) and N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase (nanA). The activity of both genes was characterized in vitro for kinetics and in vivo expression using promoters identified in this study. Optimization of Neu5Ac production was accomplished by balancing pathways fluxes through promoter swapping and replacing the reversible nanA with the irreversible gene neuB. The optimized recombinant strain P T5 -slr1975-P rplJ -neuB was able to produce 0.48 g/L Neu5Ac from 20 g/L N-acetylglucosamine, and 0.30 g/L Neu5Ac from 5 g/L crystal chitin. These results represent the first demonstration of direct conversion of crystal chitin to N-acetylneuraminic acid.
Ergonomic Preferences and Future Perspectives to Prevent Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Information Technology Professionals: a Qualitative Study

The purpose of this study was to explore the preferences regarding the medium of prospective ergonomic training delivery and views about self-directed online training modules to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders in information technology (IT) professionals. An inductive method was employed to examine the experiences of fifteen information technology professionals from a mid-Atlantic state organization. To accomplish this, a qualitative research design was used to analyze data from semi-structured interviews. The findings revealed that the participants were aware of the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders due to their work; and had made adjustments to their work-stations. Findings indicated that many of the participants had an initial preference of a one-on-one interactive approach for ergonomic education, while some preferred the online medium of delivery for future potential interventions in their workplace. A combination of delivery approaches along with follow-up was viewed as a future perspective. Participants perceived that the online medium of ergonomic delivery had the potential to be relevant and trustworthy and would empower them, if implemented by their organization. Implications for research and practice based on the findings are discussed along with identification of several pertinent future research questions emerging from the study.
The Insiders: A Look at the Comprehensive and Potentially Unnecessary Regulatory Approaches to Insider Trading in Germany and the United States, Including the SEC's Newly Effective Rules 10b5-1 and 10b5-2

This Notes and Comments is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@lmu.edu. Recommended Citation
Recent Findings of Studies on the Mediterranean Diet: What are the Implications for Current Dietary Recommendations?

There is evidence from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials demonstrating that the Mediterranean dietary pattern reduces the risk of many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the attendant risk factors. A Mediterranean-style diet reflects most food and nutrient goals in current dietary guidelines. Minor modifications to reduce sodium and saturated fat intake can be made to further meet recommendations. Including the Mediterranean diet in the list of recommended evidence-based dietary patterns offers an additional strategy for improving dietary habits, which may help individuals achieve better long-term adherence to dietary guidelines and sustain optimal reductions in CVD risk.
The Criminal Law and Law Enforcement Implications of Big Data

Law enforcement agencies increasingly use big data analytics in their daily operations. This review outlines how police departments leverage big data and new surveillant technologies in patrol and ...
Survival rates of short dental implants (≤6 mm) compared with implants longer than 6 mm in posterior jaw areas: A meta-analysis.

Purpose To systematically review randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) reporting on the long-term survival and failure rates, as well as the complications of short implants (≤6 mm) versus longer implants (>6 mm) in posterior jaw areas. Materials and methods Electronic and manual searches were conducted to identify studies, specifically RCTs, reporting on short dental implants (≤6 mm) and their survival and complication rates compared with implants longer than 6 mm. Secondary outcomes analyzed were marginal bone loss and prosthesis survival rates. Results Ten RCTs fulfilled the inclusion criteria and featured a total of 637 short (≤6 mm) implants placed in 392 patients, while 653 standard implants (>6 mm) were inserted in 383 patients. The short implant survival rate ranged from 86.7% to 100%, whereas standard implant survival rate ranged from 95% to 100% with a follow-up from 1 to 5 years. The risk ratio (RR) for short implant failure compared to standard implants was 1.29 (95% CI: 0.67, 2.50, p = 0.45), demonstrating that overall, short implants presented higher risk of failure compared to longer implants. The heterogeneity test did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.67), suggesting low between-study heterogeneity. The prosthesis survival rates from the short implant groups ranged from 90% to 100% and from 95% to 100% for longer implant groups, respectively. Conclusion Short implants (≤6 mm) were found to have higher variability and lower predictability in survival rates compared to longer implants (>6 mm) after periods of 1-5 years in function. The mean survival rate was 96% (range: 86.7%-100%) for short implants, and 98% (range 95%-100%) for longer implants. Based on the quantity and quality of the evidence provided by 10 RCTs, short implants with ≤6 mm length should be carefully selected because they may present a greater risk for failure compared to implants longer than 6 mm.
Rethinking Resilience Analytics.

The concept of "resilience analytics" has recently been proposed as a means to leverage the promise of big data to improve the resilience of interdependent critical infrastructure systems and the communities supported by them. Given recent advances in machine learning and other data-driven analytic techniques, as well as the prevalence of high-profile natural and man-made disasters, the temptation to pursue resilience analytics without question is almost overwhelming. Indeed, we find big data analytics capable to support resilience to rare, situational surprises captured in analytic models. Nonetheless, this article examines the efficacy of resilience analytics by answering a single motivating question: Can big data analytics help cyber-physical-social (CPS) systems adapt to surprise? This article explains the limitations of resilience analytics when critical infrastructure systems are challenged by fundamental surprises never conceived during model development. In these cases, adoption of resilience analytics may prove either useless for decision support or harmful by increasing dangers during unprecedented events. We demonstrate that these dangers are not limited to a single CPS context by highlighting the limits of analytic models during hurricanes, dam failures, blackouts, and stock market crashes. We conclude that resilience analytics alone are not able to adapt to the very events that motivate their use and may, ironically, make CPS systems more vulnerable. We present avenues for future research to address this deficiency, with emphasis on improvisation to adapt CPS systems to fundamental surprise.
Hölder curves and parameterizations in the Analyst's Traveling Salesman theorem

Abstract We investigate the geometry of sets in Euclidean and infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. We establish sufficient conditions that ensure a set of points is contained in the image of a ( 1 / s ) -Holder continuous map f : [ 0 , 1 ] → l 2 , with s > 1 . Our results are motivated by and generalize the “sufficient half” of the Analyst's Traveling Salesman Theorem, which characterizes subsets of rectifiable curves in R N or l 2 in terms of a quadratic sum of linear approximation numbers called Jones' beta numbers. The original proof of the Analyst's Traveling Salesman Theorem depends on a well-known metric characterization of rectifiable curves from the 1920s, which is not available for higher-dimensional curves such as Holder curves. To overcome this obstacle, we reimagine Jones' non-parametric proof and show how to construct parameterizations of the intermediate approximating curves f k ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) . We then find conditions in terms of tube approximations that ensure the approximating curves converge to a Holder curve. As an application to the geometry of measures, we identify conditions that guarantee fractional rectifiability of pointwise doubling measures in R N .
A Separation Principle for Joint Sensor and Actuator Scheduling with Guaranteed Performance Bounds

We study the problem of jointly designing a sparse sensor and actuator schedule for linear dynamical systems while guaranteeing a control/estimation performance that approximates the fully sensed/actuated setting. We further prove a separation principle, showing that the problem can be decomposed into finding sensor and actuator schedules separately. However, it is shown that this problem cannot be efficiently solved or approximated in polynomial, or even quasi-polynomial time for time-invariant sensor/actuator schedules; instead, we develop a framework for a time-varying sensor/actuator schedule for a given large-scale linear system with guaranteed approximation bounds using deterministic polynomial-time algorithms. Our main result is to provide a polynomial-time joint actuator and sensor schedule that on average selects only a constant number of sensors and actuators at each time step, irrespective of the dimension. The key idea is to sparsify the controllability and observability Gramians while providing approximation guarantees for Hankel singular values.
PIM1 Promotes Survival of Cardiomyocytes by Upregulating c-Kit Protein Expression

Enhancing cardiomyocyte survival is crucial to blunt deterioration of myocardial structure and function following pathological damage. PIM1 (Proviral Insertion site in Murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinase 1) is a cardioprotective serine threonine kinase that promotes cardiomyocyte survival and antagonizes senescence through multiple concurrent molecular signaling cascades. In hematopoietic stem cells, PIM1 interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit upstream of the ERK (Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase) and Akt signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. The relationship between PIM1 and c-Kit activity has not been explored in the myocardial context. This study delineates the interaction between PIM1 and c-Kit leading to enhanced protection of cardiomyocytes from stress. Elevated c-Kit expression is induced in isolated cardiomyocytes from mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of PIM1. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay reveal protein–protein interaction between PIM1 and c-Kit. Following treatment with Stem Cell Factor, PIM1-overexpressing cardiomyocytes display elevated ERK activity consistent with c-Kit receptor activation. Functionally, elevated c-Kit expression confers enhanced protection against oxidative stress in vitro. This study identifies the mechanistic relationship between PIM1 and c-Kit in cardiomyocytes, demonstrating another facet of cardioprotection regulated by PIM1 kinase.
Charge fluctuation effects on the shape of flexible polyampholytes with applications to intrinsically disordered proteins.

Random polyampholytes (PAs) contain positively and negatively charged monomers that are distributed randomly along the polymer chain. The interaction between charges is assumed to be given by the Debye-Huckel potential. We show that the size of the PA is determined by an interplay between electrostatic interactions, giving rise to the polyelectrolyte effect due to net charge per monomer (σ) and an effective attractive PA interaction due to charge fluctuations, δσ. The interplay between these terms gives rise to non-monotonic dependence of the radius of gyration, R g , on the inverse Debye length, κ, when PA effects are important ( δ σ σ > 1 ). In the opposite limit, R g decreases monotonically with increasing κ. Simulations of PA chains, using a charged bead-spring model, further corroborate our theoretical predictions. The simulations unambiguously show that conformational heterogeneity manifests itself among sequences that have identical PA parameters. A clear implication is that the phases of PA sequences, and by inference intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), cannot be determined using only the bare PA parameters (σ and δσ). The theory is used to calculate the changes in R g on N, the number of residues for a set of IDPs. For a certain class of IDPs, with N between 24 and 441, the size grows as R g ∼ N 0.6, which agrees with data from small angle X-ray scattering experiments.
Contested Forms of Knowledge in the Criminal-Legal System: Evidence-Based Practice and Other Ways of Knowing Among Frontline Workers

A movement promoting the use of “evidence-based practices” has gained popularity in recent decades, resulting in requirements that front-line community supervision workers use actuarial tools to assess and manage clients’ risk of criminal re-offending. This chapter employs institutional ethnography to understand how “official” forms of knowledge are produced and resisted by workers who rely on intuition, experience, and information gleaned from interactions. Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted with 19 California state parole agents and county probation officers, we argue that while workers rely on official knowledge gleaned from reports and assessments, they also employ alternative techniques: learning from clients, in which workers produce knowledge through interactions and relationship-building, and hybridized knowledge, in which workers integrate forms of experiential knowledge with these official tools. We caution that these alternatives to official forms of knowledge can, like official tools, produce bias based on gender and race.
Time dilation visualization in relativity

The authors extend their previous effort in visualizing the spatial aspect of relativistic effects, and treat the phenomenon of time dilation, an inherent temporal effect of special relativity. Here, the authors demonstrate through still-frame images and live animations that, in observing the viewing-independent time dilation, the finite light transit time involved in performing the observation makes the observed time dilation also depend on the viewing condition. As the authors introduce the physics of special relativity into ray-tracing and make time to pass as a ray travels through space, they are able to link the spatial and temporal dimensions in a fundamental and consistent way in their simulations, and generate images that reveal the spatial and temporal properties of the 4D geometry of spacetime. The present exploration highlights the interplay of the imaging process and the imaged physical events in producing the final images.
Headley’s The Mere Wife: Diffused Satire in a troubling piece of Beowulfiana

Focus on Grendel's Mother leads us to expect a feminist attack on male heroic narrative, but Maria Dahvana Headley offers us a complex and nuanced look at parent-child, upper-lower class, and male-female patterns of interaction in this novel symbiotic upon the Anglo-Saxon BEOWULF. Since the attacks sometimes seem contradictory, I use diffused satire theory to separate the various kinds of satire, show where contradictions and ambiguities occur, and show how they can be resolved. Headley makes the point that you need to hear from all the voices in an event, not just from the last one who writes the history. What she does is give us those various voices and goad us to work out our personal positions on the issues for which she offers no easy satiric answer.
Effects of maternal-fetal blood exchange transfusion in fetal lambs.

Abstract An attempt to evaluate experimentally the effects of intrauterine fetal exchange transfusion on placental function is reported. In a series of acute experiments carried out on pregnant sheep and their fetal lambs, maternal-fetal cross transfusion, sufficient significantly to increase the content of maternal blood in the fetus, was successfully carried out. No significant changes in fetal oxygen consumption or umbilical vein blood flow rates were noted. Significant fetal acidosis and an increase in fetal blood P O 2 , with the ewe breathing either air or oxygen, were seen. The implications are discussed.
The Effect of Fiber Loading on the Mechanical Behavior of Unidirectional CFCMCs

A series of unidirectionally-aligned SiC fiber/zirconium titanate matrix composites were prepared with nominally 0.35, 0.50, and 0.70 volume fraction fiber loadings. The composite processing methodology was similar for all billets. The ultimate strength and work-of-fracture were found to be similar at the 0.35 and 0.50 fraction loadings and decrease significantly at the 0.70 loading. Fiber deformation, strong bonding, and increased porosity are a result of the increased fiber/fiber contacts present during processing of the 0.70 loaded composites. These factors are identified as the main cause for the mechanical behavior decline.
Vertebrate retinal ganglion cells are selected from competent progenitors by the action of Notch

The first cells generated during development of the vertebrate retina are the ganglion cells, the projection neurons of the retina. Although they are one of the most intensively studied cell types within the central nervous system, little is known of the mechanisms that determine ganglion cell fate. We demonstrate that ganglion cells are selected from a large group of competent progenitors that comprise the majority of the early embryonic retina and that differentiation within this group is regulated by Notch. Notch activity in vivo was diminished using antisense oligonucleotides or augmented using a retrovirally transduced constitutively active allele of Notch. The number of ganglion cells produced was inversely related to the level of Notch activity. In addition, the Notch ligand Delta inhibited retinal progenitors from differentiating as ganglion cells to the same degree as did activated Notch in an in vitro assay. These results suggest a conserved strategy for neurogenesis in the retina and describe a versatile in vitro and in vivo system with which to examine the action of the Notch pathway in a specific cell fate decision in a vertebrate.
In Vivo Studies on the Introduction of the 4-t-Double Bond of the Sphingenine Moiety of Rat Brain Ceramides

Abstract Erythro-dl-[3-3H]sphinganine was injected directly into the brains of 14- to 15-day-old rats. After 2 hours, 2.0% of the injected radioactivity could be recovered in the ceramide fraction of the brain lipid extract. The ceramide material was fractionated by thin layer chromatography into the classes of N-acylsphinganine and N-acylsphingenine, containing approximately equal amounts of radioactivity. Free 3H-labeled long chain bases were recovered after alkaline hydrolysis of the two ceramide classes and confirmed to be sphinganine and sphingenine. The presence of tritium in the unsaturated base sphingenine indicates a direct conversion of sphinganine to sphingenine or an acylated sphinganine to acylated sphingenine. No free [3H]sphingenine could be demonstrated in the lipid extract indicating either that it is present in very small amounts, due perhaps to rapid acylation, or that it is not produced as the free base but rather through acylated sphinganine. A time study over 145 min of the incorporation of [3-3H]sphinganine into ceramides showed an initial rapid production of N-acyl-[3H]sphinganine, which stayed at a steady level for the duration, while N-acyl-[3H]sphingenine appeared more slowly but was the predimonate ceramide at the final set time. This suggests N-acylsphinganine may be the precursor of N-acylsphingenine. When N-[1-14C]stearoyl-[3-3H]sphinganine, with an isotope ratio of 2.22 (3H:14C), was the injected substrate, ceramide containing [3H]sphingenine and 14C fatty acid could be isolated. The observed isotone ratio for the N-acylsphingenine was 2.52, indicating an 87% retention of 14C compared to 3H. The similarity of ratios suggests a direct conversion of the injected ceramide to the isolated compound; the small loss of 14C due perhaps to some hydrolysis followed by resynthesis.
Cardinality-based inference control in data cubes

This paper addresses the inference problem in on-line analytical processing (OLAP) systems. The inference problem occurs when the exact values of sensitive attributes can be determined through answers to OLAP queries. Most existing inference control methods are computationally expensive for OLAP systems, because they ignore the special structures of OLAP queries. By exploiting such structures, we derive cardinality-based sufficient conditions for safe OLAP data cubes, Specifically, data cubes are safe, from inferences if their core cuboids are dense enough, in the sense that the number of known values is under a tight bound. We then apply the sufficient conditions on the basis of a three-tier inference control model. The model introduces an aggregation tier between data and queries. The aggregation tier represents a collection of safe data cubes that are pre-computed over a partition of the data using the proposed sufficient conditions. The aggregation tier is then used to provide users with inference-free queries. Our approach mitigates the performance penalty of inference control, because partitioning the data yields smaller input to inference control algorithms, pre-computing the aggregation tier reduces on-line delay, and using cardinality-based conditions guarantees linear-time complexity.
Acidemia stimulates ACTH, vasopressin, and heart rate responses in fetal sheep

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and renin responses to hemorrhage are highly correlated to the hemorrhage-induced decreases in arterial pH. The present study was designed to test the responses of these three systems to acute fetal acidemia, produced by intravenous infusion of H+. HCl was infused into chronically catheterized fetal sheep at rates of 0.02 (n = 5), 0.10 (n = 6), and 0.50 (n = 5) meq/min. Infusions at rates of 0.10 and 0.50 meq/min significantly decreased fetal arterial pH and increased arterial PCO2. Fetal heart rate and plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and AVP were significantly increased during infusion of HCl at 0.5 meq/min. Neither fetal plasma renin activity nor fetal arterial blood pressure was significantly altered by any of the infusions. The results of these experiments suggest that fetal ACTH, AVP, and heart rate are stimulated by decreases in arterial pH and/or increases in arterial PCO2. We speculate that these responses are chemoreceptor mediated, although we cannot distinguish the apparent relative roles of peripheral and central chemoreceptors on the basis of the present study.
A hybrid predictive model and validation for chip flow in contour finish turning operations with coated grooved tools

Unlike straight turning, the effective cutting conditions and tool geometry in contour turning operations are continuously changing with changing workpiece profile. This causes a wide variation in chip flow during the operation. Unfavorable chip flow can cause scratch/damage the machined surface, and lead to tool failure due to chip build up at the cutting edge. This paper presents a new methodology to predict the chip side-flow angle for complex grooved tool inserts in contour turning operations as well as experimental validation. Computer program has been developed to apply the predictive model to any contour workpiece profile and the capability of the predictive program is also presented in this paper.
Atmospheric turbulence with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor

We show how to resolve the autocorrelation of wavefront- sensor measurements as they are commonly taken by adaptive- optics systems into terms due to individual atmospheric layers. We exploit this factorization to measure the strength and wind speed of each turbulent layer.We show that the Kolmogorov theory provides a good description of the data and find values of Fried's parameter, r 0 , that are in good agreement with other measurements. Finally, a quantitative estimate of the validity of Taylor's frozen flow hypothesis is obtained.
Impediments in the use of explicit ontologies for KBS development

Abstract This paper explores some of the impediments in the development of libraries of reusable ontologies. First, ontologies generated in multiple agent environments derive from political processes. As a result, it is impossible to choose an ontology that maximizes the utility of all agents in the process and the group. An “ontology impossibility theorem” is formulated and discussed. Second, ontologies are not necessarily stationary over relevant time periods, providing an impediment to librarying ontologies. Third, scaling up ontologies is a difficult matter. Fourth, since each ontology is the result of a political process, it is difficult to interface multiple ontologies.
Sound dispersion in simple liquids

Abstract The propagation of collective modes in a simple classical liquid is investigated using the method of generalized hydrodynamics. Results for liquid argon indicate that the propagation speed should exhibit a positive dispersion in the wavenumber region of ∼ 2 × 10 7 cm −1 .
Rates of idiosyncratic reactions. Ionic versus nonionic contrast media.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Nearly 40 years ago, investigators began collecting data regarding idiosyncratic reactions to iodinated contrast agents. The rates of idiosyncratic reactions in patients receiving ionic contrast agents are compared with those found in patients receiving nonionic agents. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted. Retrospective and prospective studies were included, as well as recent analytical multistudy reviews. RESULTS For conventional hypermolar agents, rates are estimated to be 5% and the rate of repeat reactions, greater than 20%. Large comparative studies conducted in the late 1980s found significantly lower rates of idiosyncratic reactions with the newer, nonionic agents than with conventional agents. The results of studies evaluating the use of routine administration of steroids before the use of ionic agents have been contradictory. Two analytical reviews of earlier research find fault with the methodology of most studies, but the reviewers supported the increased safety of nonionic agents. CONCLUSIONS All iodinated contrast media have excellent safety records. Most evidence, however, demonstrates that nonionic agents are safer than ionic agents.
Operator-Grammar of English

The ordered entries and reductions described in Paper 15, Sec. 7 suffice to produce the sentences of English, in a way that indicates their meanings and grammatical ambiguities.3 A grammar of this kind requires only a list of words for every argument-requirement set (e.g., N, O n, O nn, O o, O no, and a list of the specific reductions (along the types indicated there) with the subdomain of words on which the reduction acts and with the conditions which must be satisfied in order for it to act. Any ordering of the reductions follows from the order in which their conditions come to be satisfied. Such a grammar arranges the grammatical structures in ways that are not customary. Therefore it may be useful to have a sketchy overview of English grammar in a more traditional organization, in order to see how the main structures are reached by the entries and reductions.4
Why families are not like swamps, solar systems, or thermostats: Some limits of systems theory as applied to family therapy

Family systems theory presents an answer to the riddles of mental disorder and human functioning that stands in marked contrast to other prevailing views based on linearity and traditional science. At this stage of its development, the family systems view does not provide an internally coherent, predictive, or unifying theory about humans and their problems. Further, it tends to both undercontextualize and overcontextualize behavior, substitutes blaming the family for blaming the victim, reifies and anthropomorhizes the systems metaphor, dismisses such concepts as power and responsibility, and discourages research. As one theoretical and clinical perspective among many, however, it can be helpful and eye-opening.
Atomic step structures on cleaved α-alumina (012) surfaces

Abstract Cleaved α-alumina (012) surfaces are imaged with reflection electron microscopy (REM). A RHEED-THEED diffraction method is demonstrated for on-line determination of surface orientation. The observed defect structures on the (012) surface include vacancy-type of terraces islands, kinks and ledges of a few atoms high. Steps of height possibly less than about 0.8 A may be seen in REM images. The formation of the surface steps of different heights is described based on the atomic structure of the bulk crystal. The electron beam damage to the surface domains initially terminated with oxygen and aluminium layers, respectively, is interpreted based on the electrostatic desorption model after Auger decay. This effect is responsible for the bright-dark band-type contrast observed in REM images, and can be employed to identify the surface termination. It has been found that the REM image sensitivity is significantly improved with a field emission gun (FEG).
Toxicity of Petroleum Oils to Larvae and Eggs of Some Cotton Insects and Persistence of These Oils on Cotton Foliage

Two aromatic oils applied topically had LD50 values of 4.0 mg/g with larvae of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddic), and 0.015 mg/g with the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). Low volume sprays of paraflinic and isoparaffinic oils applied in the laboratory to eggs of the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.), reduced hatch 70 and 86%, respectively, and a naphthenic oil used as a conventional spray on cotton plants in field cages reduced the rate of larval weight gain 25% in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and 66% in the tobacco budworm. Residues of paraffinic, naphthenic, and isoparaffinic oils on leaves of cotton plants in a field cage showed that 86–100% were lost 6 days after each of 2 applications. Also, only 39% of the methyl parathion diluted in acetone on cotton leaves was lost after 24 hours; much greater percentages of methyl parathion diluted in 4 other solvents (3 oils) were lost.
Accumulation and identification of lipofuscin-like pigment in the neurons of Bulla gouldiana (gastropoda: opisthobranchia)

A few reports suggest that pigmented granules found in molluscan neurons accumulate with age as do lipofuscin granules in vertebrate cells; however, no reports on molluscan neurons include detailed descriptions of granule accumulation or histochemical tests to identify the pigment as lipofuscin-like. In this study light microscope observations of living ganglia from 1.7, 2.7, and 3.0 cm and larger (shell length) sized Bulla gouldiana showed an increasing accumulation of orange-red pigment in the perikaryon corresponding to increasing shell size (i.e. age). With the electron microscope similar results were obtained, and lipofuscin-like granules were seen in the nerve cell cytoplasm of veliger larvae and in all adult sized Bulla. Staining with Sudan black B, Nile blue, chrome alum hematoxylin, PAS reagents, and exposure of the neurons to u.v. light to observe subsequent autofluorescence, yielded positive results in the areas of pigmented granule accumulation. Thus, the brillant orange-red granules that accumulate with age in the peripheral cytoplasm of adult Bulla neurons, and which are probably also present in larval stages, chemically resemble the lipofuscin granules of vertebrates. Similarities and differences between molluscan pigmented granules and vertebrate lipofuscin granules, in relation to structure and mechanisms of development and accumulation, are discussed.
Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability from temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared spectra of xenon solutions, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment of 4-chlorobut-1-yne

The Raman spectra (3400–10 cm−1) of liquid and solid and the infrared spectra (3400–50 cm−1) of gaseous, xenon solution and solid 4-chlorobut-1-yne, CH2ClCH2CCH, were recorded. These data indicate that the molecule exists in the anti (the C—Cl bond is trans to the CC bond) and the gauche conformations in the vapor and liquid and that both conformers persist in the solid with an indication that the gauche conformer may be more stable in this physical state. From a variable-temperature infrared study of the xenon solution, the anti conformation has been determined to be more stable than the gauche form by 147 ± 10 cm−1 (1.76 ± 0.12 kJ mol−1). From these data it is estimated that 50% of the sample is in the gauche form at ambient temperature. The optimized geometries, conformation stabilities, harmonic force fields, Raman activities, depolarization ratios and infrared intensities were obtained from MP2/6–31G(d) ab initio calculations with full electron correlation. These quantities were compared with the corresponding experimental quantities when appropriate. Equilibrium geometries and energies for both conformers were obtained from ab initio MP2/6–311 + G(d, p) and MP2/6–311 + G(2d, 2p) calculations. Vibrational assignments for the 24 normal modes for both the anti and gauche conformers are proposed. These experimental and theoretical results are compared with the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating Daily Energy Expenditure from Video for Assistive Monitoring

Automatically estimating a person's energy expenditure has numerous uses, including ensuring sufficient daily activity by an elderly live-alone person, such activity shown to have numerous benefits. Most previous work requires a person to wear a sensor device. We introduce a video-based activity level estimation technique to take advantage of increasingly-common in-home camera systems. We consider several features of a motion bounding rectangle for such estimation, including changes in height and width, and vertical and horizontal velocities and accelerations. Experiments involved 36 recordings of normal household activity, such as reading while seated, sweeping, and light exercising, involving 4 different actors. Results show, somewhat surprisingly, that the feature horizontal acceleration leads to an activity level estimation fidelity of 0.994 correlation with a commercial BodyBugg body-worn energy measurement device. Furthermore, the approach yielded 90.9% average accuracy of energy expenditure.
Designing peer-to-peer distributed user interfaces: Case studies on building distributed applications

Building a distributed user interface (DUI) application should ideally not require any additional effort beyond that necessary to build a non-distributed interface. In practice, however, DUI development is fraught with several technical challenges such as synchronization, resource management, and data transfer. In this paper, we present three case studies on building distributed user interface applications: a distributed media player for multiple displays and controls, a collaborative search system integrating a tabletop and mobile devices, and a multiplayer Tetris game for multi-surface use. While there exist several possible network architectures for such applications, our particular approach focuses on peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures. This focus leads to a number of challenges and opportunities. Drawing from these studies, we derive general challenges for P2P DUI development in terms of design, architecture, and implementation. We conclude with some general guidelines for practical DUI application development using peer-to-peer architectures.
Ergodic methods for closed linear operator equations

Let Y be a Banach space with norm 1 1 , and let Rf = [0, co). Let d[Y] be the algebra of continuous linear functions from Y to Y, and let I be the identity in !B[Y]. In [l], Browder and Petryshyn showed that, if L is in %[Y], if lim,,, L% exists whenever x is in Y, and if z is in ran(1 -L), then the iteration scheme x,+r = Lx, + z converges to a solution ~7 of y = Ly + z, irrespective of the choice of initial iterate. DeFigueiredo and Karlovitz [2] obtained a similar result with relaxed iteration. Dotson [3, 41 gave mean ergodic theorems for affine mappings which extended these results. In [?‘I, Martin showed the result of [l] to be a special case of a general theorem involving Stieltjes integrals and multiplicative integration. Purdom [8] has extended Martin’s work to
A Two-Level optimal final-value control system for non-linear plants realized with mini/micro computers†

A two-level approach for optimal final-value control of non-linear systems is considered. On the higher level, an on-line optimization (using a Ritz parameterization of the control functions1) is performed during each major sampling interval in order to compute the control functions for the next intervals. On the lower level, an explicit model-following control is used with a minor sampling interval. This allows, even for heavily disturbed systems, sufficiently long major intervals for the on-line optimization. An ammonia reactor2 is used as an example, and the application of this procedure is discussed. A realization of the controller using a hierarchical computer configuration gives an indication that, with a reasonable amount of hardware, sampling intervals of about one minute for the on-line optimization and well below one second for the model-following control may be obtained.
Discovery and preclinical characterization of 1-methyl-3-(4-methylpyridin-3-yl)-6-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]pyrazine (PF470): a highly potent, selective, and efficacious metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) negative allosteric modulator.

A novel series of pyrazolopyrazines is herein disclosed as mGluR5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs). Starting from a high-throughput screen (HTS) hit (1), a systematic structure–activity relationship (SAR) study was conducted with a specific focus on balancing pharmacological potency with physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. This effort led to the discovery of 1-methyl-3-(4-methylpyridin-3-yl)-6-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine (PF470, 14) as a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable mGluR5 NAM. Compound 14 demonstrated robust efficacy in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-rendered Parkinsonian nonhuman primate model of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (PD-LID). However, the progression of 14 to the clinic was terminated because of a potentially mechanism-mediated finding consistent with a delayed-type immune-mediated type IV hypersensitivity in a 90-day NHP regulatory toxicology study.