cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transverse momentum nonconservation at the ErAs ∕ GaAs interface

Because $\mathrm{ErAs}$, a semimetal, grows epitaxially on $\mathrm{GaAs}(100)$, $\mathrm{ErAs}$-base/ $\mathrm{GaAs}$-collector metal-base transistors provide a uniquely simple system in which to study the interfacial transverse momentum conservation of hot electrons. This system is also of interest for metal-semiconductor superlattice thermal energy conversion devices that utilize $\mathrm{ErAs}$ as the interbarrier material. A key requirement for such devices to outperform bulk thermal energy converters is the nonconservation of transverse momentum. Our results, indicating total nonconservation of transverse momentum, could therefore lead to significantly more efficient thermal energy conversion devices.
Being Nonprofit-Like in a Market Economy: Understanding the Mission-Market Tension in Nonprofit Organizing

Nonprofit organizations experience a tension between pursuing their social missions and meeting the demands of a market economy. This mission-market tension is an everyday, practical concern for nonprofit practitioners. Yet, scholars know very little about how nonprofit practitioners define and manage this tension. Drawing on contradiction-centered perspectives of organizing, data from an ethnographic study of a single U.S. nonprofit organization demonstrate that the mission-market tension was defined and managed by organizational members as both a contradictory and interconnected phenomenon. This framing was enabled by specific communication practices that supported a productive and generative relationship between these seemingly incompatible goals. Findings suggest that the mission-market tension is an inherent condition of nonprofit organizing and highlight the central role of communication in successfully managing mission and market concerns.
Mass scaling for vibrational frequencies from ab initio calculations

Ab initio calculations of harmonic vibrational frequencies deviate from observed vibrational spectra because of errors in the ab initio potential and anharmonicity. Based upon the Morse model potential, an effective mass can be used to mimic anharmonic effects. Exploratory calculations show that this strategy is effective for diatomic molecules. Parametric expressions are provided for predicting fundamental frequencies and zero-point energies from calculated harmonic frequencies.
Directed, ordered and related: The male and female interpersonal relation in Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics

Directed, ordered and related: The male and female interpersonal relation in Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics This article examines Karl Barth's conception of the interpersonal relation of male and female and demonstrates that, although Barth superimposes the concept of order within the Trinity onto the specific interpersonal relation of male and female, there is provision within his anthropology concerning interpersonal relations in general (i.e. interpersonal relations which are irrespective of sexual distinctions) to correct this error. I focus on Barth's exegesis of the creation narratives in Church Dogmatics lll/1 and his discussion of the interpersonal relation of male and female in Church Dogmatics lll/4. Then, because of Barth's principle of analogia relationis, I will briefly examine his doctrine of the Trinity in Church Dogmatics l/1. Whereas the role of christology in Barth's anthropology is frequently highlighted, there is often little regard for the trinitarian grounding of Barth's anthropology, especially with regard to the interpersonal relation of male and female. Finally, I will look at Barth's discussion of interpersonal relations in general in Church Dogmatics lll/2 where he delineates a principle of the 'priority of the other', which serves to redeem his anthropological statements on the humanity of male and female. I contend that the recognition of the imago Dei in the interpersonal relation of male and female, sustained by the priority of the other, is a better way to achieve the personhood of both sexes than Barth's proposed static relational order.
Extending adaptive fuzzy behavior hierarchies to multiple levels of composite behaviors

We propose an extended version of adaptive fuzzy behavior hierarchies, termed Multiple Composite Levels (MCL), that allows for the proper modulation of composite behaviors over multiple levels of a behavior hierarchy, and demonstrate its effectiveness for a hybrid learning/reactive control system. Controllers using adaptive fuzzy behavior hierarchies have previously been shown to provide effective control for robots tasked with multiple concurrent tasks. However, when more complex hierarchies are used to provide control for tasks of increasing complexity, low-level reactive behaviors may not be properly weighted, resulting in sub-optimal control. Through experimental evaluation in which composite behaviors that coordinate lower behaviors are learned using reinforcement learning, we demonstrate that MCL provides effective control in a complex multi-agent task, whereas the original implementation of adaptive fuzzy behavior hierarchies does not.
Probabilistic detectability of structural damage using frequency sensitivity methods

Effects of experimental uncertainties on the detectability of structural damage using a frequency sensitivity method are examined. An existing theory of global damage detection based on resonant frequency changes is modified to account for the uncertainties in the frequency measurements. The effects of the uncertainties are studied by simulating a number of NDE inspections on a cantilever beam subjected to a single damage at several locations using Monte Carlo techniques. The statistics of the final damage predictions are obtained through the simulation results. The probability of detecting various levels of damage along the beam is examined by defining successful detection events.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Immunization with a tumor-cell-lysate-loaded autologous-antigen-presenting-cell-based vaccine in melanoma.

The discoveries of human melanoma-associated antigens in molecular terms have renewed interest in peptide- or peptide- and antigen-presenting-cell (APC)-based cancer vaccines. Considering the limited scope of immunization using defined peptides, we have studied an alternative approach of specific immunization with tumor-lysate-loaded autologous APC (adherent peripheral mononuclear cells cultured in 1000 U granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor for 14 days) as a surrogate vaccine. Seventeen patients (11 with active metastatic disease) were intradermally immunized with the vaccine in a phased dose escalation (105–107 cells/injection) monthly for 4 months. Thirteen patients completed all four immunizations showing no toxicity (3 patients had to be taken off study because of progressive disease and 1 patient went off study as a result of myocardial infarction due to multi-vessel coronary artery disease). None has shown any immediate or delayed toxicity attributable to the immunization and none has shown any evidence of autoimmunity. One patient showed a partial regression of a subcutaneous nodule. Thirteen patients are alive after 4+ months to 30+ months (17-month median survival for the group). Nine patients showed evidence of delayed-type hypersensitivity at the vaccine sites. Monitoring of biological response in conventional natural killer or cytolytic T lymphocyte assays with pre- and post-immune peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed no consistent differences. The vaccine-infiltrating lymphocytes (VIL) from nine specimens were adequately expanded following in vitro stimulation with the respective autologous-lysate-loaded APC for phenotypic and functional analyses. Five of the nine ex vivo expanded VIL were predominantly CD8+. Evidence of an antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response (cytotoxicity and/or tumor necrosis factor production) was detected in three of the five CD8+ VIL. These observations suggest that this type of vaccine is feasible, that it has biological activity, and that the approach may be improved through additional strategic manipulations.
Timing analysis of the relationship between solar wind parameters and geosynchronous Pc5 amplitude

[1] Solar wind-driven magnetospheric ULF waves in the Pc5 band (1.7–6.7 mHz) have been suggested to mediate the radial transport of electrons in the outer radiation belt. To identify the wave generation mechanism and the impact of the waves on the electrons, we performed correlation and superposed epoch analyses of the solar wind control parameters measured by the ACE spacecraft and the amplitude of Pc5 waves and the flux of radiation belt electrons measured at the GOES 12 geosynchronous satellite. The analyses were carried out for solar minimum year 2006, when the solar wind exhibited recurrent co-rotating interaction regions. We used hourly averages of solar wind velocity Vsw, the root-mean-square amplitudes of the solar wind dynamic pressure variations in the Pc5 band σPsw, the azimuthal (σBy) and compressional (σBz) magnetic field components of geosynchronous Pc5 waves, as well as relativistic (>2 MeV) electron flux Je at geosynchronous orbit. We found that σPsw has a higher correlation with σBy and σBz than Vsw and that the correlation between σPsw and the wave amplitudes peaks at or very near zero time shift. We conclude that the major driver of geosynchronous Pc5 waves is solar wind pressure variations rather than the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability on the magnetopause. Solar wind pressure pulses propagate into the inner magnetosphere at the MHD wave speed and it takes less than 1 hour for the signal to reach GEOS 12 from the bow shock nose. The pressure pulses also excite standing Alfven waves that contribute to the σPsw–σBy correlation. There is a positive correlation between Vsw and Pc5 amplitude, but the correlation peaks at a time shift of about −1 day (the Pc5 peak occurs earlier than the Vsw peak). We attribute this shift to an intrinsic time shift between σPsw and Vsw. Je exhibits a minimum at the Dst minimum, coincident with the maximum of σPsw, σBy, and σBz, and increases by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude over a period of about one day during which σBy and σBz decrease by one order of magnitude and Vsw reaches a peak value. However there are storms that do not exhibit electron flux enhancement despite the presence of strong Pc5 activity. Therefore the correlation between Pc5 amplitude and electron flux at geosynchronous orbit is not unique. The difference in electron response implies either the existence of other competing acceleration/loss mechanisms or that electron response to the Pc5 driver is nonlinear: similar driving conditions produce different response.
A new econometric model of union threat effects

The union threat effect is the propensity of non-union employers to resist union organization by raising wages. This study introduces an empirical model of the non-union employer's optimal wage in the presence of threat effects. Estimates of an equation of a firm's unionization probability provide key variables. Unlike previous models, this specification dervies directly from a theoritical model, separstes threat effects from the influence of other union-non-union spillovers and efficiency wages and includes many factors affecting the probability of unionization. Wage equation estimates reveal that the predicted threat of unionization did not significantly raise non-union wages in the United States in 1980.
Optimum N concentration in winter wheat grown in the coastal plain region of Virginia

Abstract Limited information is available on optimum N levels in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), particularly at higher yield levels. Three experiments were conducted in the Coastal Plain region of Virginia where N was applied at rates of 0, 67, 90 and 112 kg/ha to Wheeler, Mc Nair 1003 and Coker 747 soft red winter wheat varieties. Yields ranged from 2.33 to 5.83 Mg/ha in the study. Nitrogen fertilization increased yield up to the 67 kg/ha rate and increased N concentration in the plant tissue up to 67 or 112 kg of N/ha, depending on variety. Optimum N concentration, i.e., N concentration at maximum (100%) yield for Wheeler, Mc Nair 1003 and Coker 747, over the three experiments, was 4.54%, 4.52% and 4.81%, respectively, for entire above‐ground plant samples collected at Feekes growth stage 4 and 4.72%, 4.73% and 4.44% for flag leaf samples collected at Feekes growth stage 10. A N sufficiency range of 4.00–5.00% is suggested for use for the plant parts sampled for both growth stages.
Photodissociation dynamics of I 3 - using femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy

The photodissociation dynamics of gas phase I3 following 390 nm excitation are studied with femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy. Both I and I2 photofragments are observed; the I2 exhibits coherent oscillations with a frequency corresponding to an average vibrational level ((upsilon) ) equals 67. The oscillations dephase by 4 ps and rephase by approximately 45 ps. This can be understood by considering the dynamics of a coherent superposition of vibrational states on the anharmonic I2 potential. Our results represent the first example of coherently produced photodissociation products undergoing dynamical rephasing. Also for the first time the gas phase frequency of ground state I3 is determined via a resonance impulsive stimulated Raman scattering process. Finally, the photoelectron spectrum of I3 yields the vertical detachment energy of I3 and the spacing between the first two electronic states of the neutral I3 molecule. The photodissociation dynamics of gas phase I3 differ considerably from those observed in condensed phase experiments.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Induction of focal angiogenesis through adenoviral vector mediated vascular endothelial cell growth factor gene transfer in the mature mouse brain.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent endothelial cell mitogen and morphogen, which stimulates angiogenesis in a wide variety of tissues and lesions in vivo. In this study, we applied adenoviral vector delivered human VEGF165 cDNA to develop focal non-tumor angiogenesis in the mature mouse brain. Seventy-two adult CD-1 mice underwent Ad h VEGF, Ad lacZ, and saline injection for up to fourweeks. An adenoviral suspension containing 1 x 10(9) particles was injected stereotactically into the right hemisphere of the brain. The results showed that VEGF expression was increased in the Ad h VEGF transduced mice compared to Ad lacZ or saline injected mice ( P < 0.05). VEGF-positive cells were mainly located in the injection hemisphere of Ad h VEGF transduced mice. Quantitative vessel counting showed that microvessels in the Ad h VEGF transduced mice increased following 2 weeks of Ad h VEGF gene transfer compared to the other two groups (Ad h VEGF:241 +/- 19 vs. Ad lacZ :148 +/- 17 and Saline:150 +/- 14 vessels/mm2, P < 0.05). Morphology showed typical angiogenic changes. PCNA-positive staining confirmed these microvessels were actively proliferating. Our study demonstrates that Ad h VEGF-induced VEGF hyper-stimulation causes focal angiogenesis in the mature mouse brain. This novel method of inducing in vivo brain focal angiogenesis provides an opportunity to study the molecular mechanisms independent of the confounding effects of upstream inciting stimuli such as ischemia or tumor.
Ultraviolet absorption spectra of shock-heated carbon dioxide and water between 900 and 3050 K

Abstract Spectrally resolved UV absorption cross-sections between 190 and 320 nm were measured in shock-heated CO2 between 880 and 3050 K and H2O between 1230 and 2860 K. Absorption spectra were acquired with 10 μs time resolution using a unique kinetic spectrograph, thereby enabling comparisons with time-dependent chemical kinetic modeling of post-shock thermal decomposition and chemical reactions. Although room temperature CO2 is transparent (σ −22 cm 2 ) at wavelengths longer than 200 nm, hot CO2 has significant absorption (σ>10 −20 cm 2 ) extending to wavelengths longer than 300 nm. The temperature dependence of CO2 absorption strongly suggests sharply increased transition probabilities from excited vibrational levels.
GPX2, a Direct Target of p63, Inhibits Oxidative Stress-induced Apoptosis in a p53-dependent Manner

The p53 family consists of p53, p63, and p73, each of which has multiple isoforms due to transcription at two separate promoters and alternative splicing. Although p53 is a bona fide tumor suppressor, p63 appears to have a Janus-faced function as a tumor suppressor and an oncogene. To address the two opposing functions of p63, we analyzed its target genes. Here, we found that GPX2, which encodes a glutathione peroxidase, is up-regulated by p63 but not p53. Accordingly, a unique responsive element was found in the promoter of the GPX2 gene that can be activated and bound by p63 but not p53. We also found that upon overexpression, GPX2 alleviates the apoptotic response of MCF7 cells to oxidative stresses. Interestingly, the protective function of GPX2 is p53 dependent. Likewise, we showed that a deficiency in GPX2 renders MCF7 cells susceptible to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Given that the ΔN isoform of p63 is frequently overexpressed in tumor cells, the observations here provide an insight into the mechanism by which some isoforms of p63 serve as a pro-survival factor by up-regulating GPX2 to reduce the p53-dependent oxidative stress-induced apoptotic response.
Influences of the Juan de Fuca Eddy on circulation, nutrients, and phytoplankton production in the northern California Current System

[1] A diagnostic circulation model and water mass analyses are used to examine variability in the structure and circulation of the Juan de Fuca Eddy, a highly productive region at the northern end of the California Current. Results from three years of field studies demonstrate that the eddy increases in spatial extent from early to late summer as the vertically averaged contribution of California Undercurrent source water grows from ∼60% in June to ∼80% in September. Typical near-surface eddy radii range from ∼15 km in the early summer to ∼30 km in September and increase with depth. Below 100 m, eddy radii are ∼40 km. Fresher water, associated with the estuarine outflow from the Juan de Fuca Strait, is advected around the eddy margin. During southward wind conditions, the combination of cyclonic geostrophic flow and wind-driven currents in the surface Ekman layer cause the eddy to be “leaky” on its southern perimeter. Eddy surface circulation becomes more retentive (up to ∼32 d observed) during periods of weak winds or frequent northward reversals. The presence of the eddy facilitates large inputs of dissolved inorganic nutrients into the region through two mechanisms: doming of California Undercurrent water within the eddy and enhanced cross-shelf advection of Juan de Fuca Strait outflow. The combination of these sources results in a persistent, broad (100 km offshore) region of elevated macronutrients. The retentive circulation patterns combined with persistent nutrient supply may favor the development of toxigenic diatom blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia species in this region.
The earth's electric field and the auroræ

Abstract The theory presented here is the result of logical deductions from a single fact, that of the variation of electric gradient with latitude. For the gradient to increase with latitude a charge distribution with lines of force somewhat as pictured in Fig. 1 must exist. Then, if the electric field has a strength of only about 1 100 that at sea level, ionization will take place wherever the electric and magnetic fields are parallel. The causes of the aurorae, their locations, their complex forms and movements, correlation with solar activity, diurnal and secular periodicities, all follow.
Intergenerational Interdependence: Mid-Life Couples' Help Exchange in a Three-Generational Model

This research examined the extent to which help exchanged between generations is female-based and how husband and wife as a couple interact with their children and aging parents. Data from 84 middle-aged intact married couples in Indiana and Michigan were taken froma regional survey done in nine states. The data, gathered as reports from middle-generation couples concerning the help they received from and gave to their parents and children, were analyzed by LISREL. The results showed that women's intergenerational exchange behaviors were good predictors of the help they and their spouses as a couple exchanged with other generations. In addition, the more help a couple received from their parents, the more help they gave to their children. Intergenerational transmission of helping patterns played an important role in the two-way exchanges between kin in the scope of three generations. The norm of reciprocity also made important contributions to the intergenerational exchange.
Functional Analysis of β- and ε-Ring Carotenoid Hydroxylases in Arabidopsis

Lutein and zeaxanthin are dihydroxy xanthophylls that are produced from their corresponding carotene precursors by the action of β- and e-ring carotenoid hydroxylases. Two genes that encode β-ring hydroxylases (β-hydroxylases 1 and 2) have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome and are highly active toward β-rings but only weakly active toward e-rings. A third distinct activity required for e-ring hydroxylation has been defined by mutation of the LUTEIN1 ( LUT1 ) locus, but LUT1 has not yet been cloned. To address the individual and overlapping functions of the three Arabidopsis carotenoid hydroxylase activities in vivo, T-DNA knockout mutants corresponding to β-hydroxylases 1 and 2 ( b1 and b2 , respectively) were isolated and all possible hydroxylase mutant combinations were generated. β-Hydroxylase single mutants do not exhibit obvious growth defects and have limited impact on carotenoid composition relative to the wild type, suggesting that the encoded proteins have a significant degree of functional redundancy in vivo. Surprisingly, the b1 b2 double mutant, which lacks both known β-hydroxylase enzymes, still contains significant levels of β-carotene–derived xanthophylls, suggesting that additional β-ring hydroxylation activity exists in vivo. The phenotype of double and triple hydroxylase mutants indicates that at least a portion of this activity resides in the LUT1 gene product. Despite the severe reduction of β-carotene–derived xanthophylls (up to 90% in the lut1 b1 b2 triple mutant), the double and triple hydroxylase mutants still contain at least 50% of the wild-type amount of hydroxylated β-rings. This finding suggests that it is the presence of minimal amounts of hydroxylated β-rings, rather than minimal amounts of specific β-carotene–derived xanthophylls, that are essential for light-harvesting complex II assembly and function in vivo. The carotenoid profiles in wild-type seeds and the effect of single and multiple hydroxylase mutations are distinct from those in photosynthetic tissues, indicating that the activities of each gene product differ in the two tissues. Overall, the hydroxylase mutants provide insight into the unexpected overlapping activity of carotenoid hydroxylases in vivo.
Genomic alterations in myeloid neoplasms with novel, apparently balanced translocations

Characterization of gross chromosomal rearrangements, particularly translocations in neoplasms, has proven to be valuable in patient management by aiding in diagnosis, defining prognosis, and leading to new therapeutic interventions. In this report, we investigate two apparently balanced translocations, t(6;17)(q23.3;p13.3) and t(2;13)(p21;q14.11), in patients with myeloid neoplasms and uncover concomitant microdeletions associated with the breakpoints. Breakpoint mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detected deletions at or adjacent to all breakpoints. Subsequently, array comparative genomic hybridization on the 244 K Agilent platform refined the deletion boundaries, revealing a 1.7 Mb deletion directly adjacent to the 6q23.3 breakpoint, and a 562 kb deletion at 17p13.3 in the first case. The second case was found to harbor a 195 kb deletion at 2p21 and a 1.4 Mb deletion distal to the 13q breakpoint at 13q14.3. Additionally, a 133 kb deletion within the breakpoint region at 13q14.11 and a 265 kb deletion proximal to the breakpoint were discovered, neither of which was detected by FISH. Although a gene fusion resulting from either novel rearrangement cannot be determined from these data, formation of a fusion transcript cannot be excluded because the resolution of the techniques used does not allow definite delineation of the breakpoint locations. Although the incidence and clinical relevance of these focal imbalances remains to be evaluated, the cases presented here support high resolution evaluation of presumably balanced rearrangements in neoplasms. Such imbalances may portend important hitherto unrecognized prognostic and diagnostic categories.
DOXORUBICIN TREATMENT IN VIVO ACTIVATES CASPASE-12 MEDIATED CARDIAC APOPTOSIS IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE RATS

We investigated in vivo the chemotherapeutic anthracycline agents doxorubicin and its ability to activate mitochondrial-mediated, receptor-mediated and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis transduction pathways in cardiac tissue from male and female rats. We administered a single low dose of doxorubicin (10 mg/kg of body weight, i.p.) and then isolated mitochondrial and cytosolic proteins one and four days later from the heart. Caspase-3 protein content and caspase-3 activity were significantly increased after day four of doxorubicin treatment in both male and female rats. However, while males had DNA fragmentation at day one but not day four following doxorubicin administration, females showed no significant increase in DNA fragmentation at either time. Caspase-12, localized in the SR, is considered a central caspase, and its activation by cleavage via calpain indicates activation of the SR-mediated pathway of apoptosis. Cleaved caspase-12 content and calpain activity significantly increased after day four of doxorubicin treatment in both sexes. In the mitochondrial-mediated pathway, there were no significant treatment effects observed in cytosolic cytochrome c and cleaved (active) caspase-9 in either sex. In control rats (saline injection), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production were lower in females compared to males. Doxorubicin treatment did not significantly affect H2O2, GPX activity or ATP production in isolated mitochondria in either sex. Female rats produced significantly lower levels of H2O2 production one day after doxorubicin treatment, whereas male rats produced significantly less mitochondrial H2O2 four days after doxorubicin treatment. The receptor-mediated pathway (caspase-8 and c-FLIP) showed no evidence of being significantly activated by doxorubicin treatment. Hence, doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in vivo is mediated by the SR to a greater extent than other apoptotic pathways and should therefore be considered for targeted therapeutic interventions. Moreover, no major sex differences exist in apoptosis signaling transduction cascade due to doxorubicin treatment.
The Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Rumen Contents,

Summary The relationship between the E h and pH of rumen fluid was found to be represented by the equation E h = E o – 0.06 pH. Investigation of the reductive capacity of rumen fluid removed from cows on various rations indicated: 1.A very small proportion of the reduced substances found in rumen fluid is associated with the bacterial cells. 2.The amount of reducing substances is significantly higher several hours after feeding than at other times during the day. 3.There is a definite relationship between the ration fed and the reducing capacity of rumen fluid removed at different times during a 24-hr. period. This relationship is in agreement with the fact that concentrates are digested more quickly than roughages. On the basis of the above observations, it is proposed that the reductive characteristics of rumen fluid can be used as an index of fermentation rate in much the same manner as pH is presently used.
Socioeconomic status as context for minority stress and health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.

Despite the robust, graded association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health, SES has largely been ignored in the field of psychology and in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) health research specifically. This inattention to SES is partly attributable to the “myth of gay affluence” (the assumption that LGB people are wealthier than the general population), which evidence is beginning to disprove. Given that there is no integrated framework for understanding the role of SES in LGB health, this review proposes theory-based expectations according to an integration of the minority stress model and the reserve capacity model, synthesizes the existing literature, and identifies future research directions. Three key questions at the intersection of SES and sexual orientation are examined: (a) Do LGB people differ from the general population in SES?, (b) What is unique and health-relevant about the intersection of being LGB and lower-SES?, and (c) How does SES provide context for understanding minority stress processes and health disparities among LGB people? The review has implications for the existing literature on LGB health, the design of future research studies, and targeted interventions.
Ziv–Zakai Bounds on Time Delay Estimation in Unknown Convolutive Random Channels

Using the Ziv-Zakai bound (ZZB) methodology, we develop a Bayesian mean-square error bound on time delay estimation (TDE) in convolutive random channels, and compare it with time delay estimator performance and a Crame?r-Rao bound. The channel is modeled as a tapped delay line, whose taps are Gaussian random variables that may be nonzero mean and correlated, a model widely adopted in many applications such as wideband fading in a multipath channel. The time delay has a uniform prior distribution. A ZZB is developed that incorporates the prior on the random time delay, as well as the convolutive random Gaussian channel, and does not assume the receiver has knowledge of the channel realization. The ZZB provides good performance prediction for maximum a posteriori (MAP) time delay estimation, tracking the low, medium, and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes. The convolutive channel model includes important special cases, such as narrowband Gaussian channels corresponding to Rayleigh/Rician fading, wideband multipath channels with a power decay profile (such as exponential decay), and known channels. We show that the associated Crame?r-Rao bound is tight only at high SNR, whereas the ZZB predicts threshold behavior and TDE breakdown as the SNR decreases. When compared to a ZZB that assumes knowledge of the channel realization, the ZZB developed here provides a more realistic and tighter bound, revealing the performance loss due to lack of channel knowledge. The MAP estimator incorporates knowledge of the channel statistics, and so performs much better than a maximum likelihood estimator that minimizes mean square error but does not use knowledge of the random channel statistics. Several examples illustrate the estimator and bound behaviors.
Hyperglycemia may alter cytokine production and phagocytosis by means other than hyperosmotic stress

In the previous issue of Critical Care, Otto and colleagues used in vitro studies to explore the theory that immunomodulation, by correction of hyperglycemia, may be a contributing factor to the reported efficacy of intensive insulin therapy (IIT) in critically ill patients. They suggested that hyperglycemia via hyperosmolarity at supra-physiological levels potentiates the production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and that it also reduces the responses of phagocytosis and oxidative burst in human granulocytes. The efficacy of IIT, they concluded, may be partially due to the correction of hyperosmolality. Other studies, however, have suggested that immunological responses to LPS in the presence of hyperglycemia are mediated by a mechanism other than hyperosmolality.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Micelle Formation around Dimeric Glycophorin A Transmembrane Helices

Insertion and formation of membrane proteins involves the interaction of protein helices with one another in lipid environments. Researchers have studied glycophorin A (GpA) transmembrane helices embedded in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles to identify contacts significant for helix dimerization. However, a detailed picture of the conformation and dynamics of the GpA-SDS system cannot be obtained solely through experiment. Molecular dynamics simulations of SDS and a GpA dimer can provide an atomic-level picture of SDS aggregation and helix association. We report 2.5-ns simulations of GpA wild-type and mutants in a preformed micelle as well as a 32-ns simulation showing the formation of a complete micelle around wild-type GpA from an initially random placement of SDS molecules in an aqueous environment. In the latter case, an initial instability of GpA helices in water is reversed after the helices become surrounded by SDS. The properties of the spontaneously formed micelle surrounding the GpA are indistinguishable from those of the preformed micelle surrounding the GpA dimer.
Interactions between Sox10 and EdnrB modulate penetrance and severity of aganglionosis in the Sox10Dom mouse model of Hirschsprung disease.

Cumulative evidence suggests that Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is the consequence of multiple gene interactions that modulate the ability of enteric neural crest (NC) cells to populate the developing gut. One of the essential genes for this process is the NC transcription factor Sox10. Sox10 Dom mice on a mixed genetic background show variation in penetrance and expressivity of enteric aganglionosis that are analogous to the variable aganglionosis seen in human HSCR families. The phenotype of Sox10 Dom mice in congenic lines indicates this variation arises from modifiers in the genetic background. To determine whether known HSCR susceptibility loci are acting as modifiers of SoxlO, we tested for association between genes in the endothelin signaling pathway (EdnrB, Edn3, Ece1) and severity of aganglionosis in an extended pedigree of B6C3FeLe.Sox10 Dom mice. Single locus association analysis in this pedigree identifies interaction between EdnrB and Sox10. Additional analysis of F2 intercross progeny confirms a highly significant effect of EdnrB alleles on the Sox10 Dom/+ phenotype. The presence of C57BL/6J alleles at EdnrB is associated with increased penetrance and more severe aganglionosis in Sox10 Dom mutants. Crosses between EdnrB and SoxlO mutants corroborate this gene interaction with double mutant progeny exhibiting significantly more severe aganglionosis. The background strain of the EdnrB mutant further influences the phenotype of Sox10/EdnrB double mutant progeny implying the action of additional modifiers on this phenotype. Our data demonstrates that Sox10-EdnrB interactions can influence development of the enteric nervous system in mouse models and suggests that this interaction could contribute to the epistatic network producing variation between patients with aganglionosis.
Aneuploidy causes proteotoxic stress in yeast

Gains or losses of entire chromosomes lead to aneuploidy, a condition tolerated poorly in all eukaryotes analyzed to date. How aneuploidy affects organismal and cellular physiology is poorly understood. We found that aneuploid budding yeast cells are under proteotoxic stress. Aneuploid strains are prone to aggregation of endogenous proteins as well as of ectopically expressed hard-to-fold proteins such as those containing polyglutamine (polyQ) stretches. Protein aggregate formation in aneuploid yeast strains is likely due to limiting protein quality-control systems, since the proteasome and at least one chaperone family, Hsp90, are compromised in many aneuploid strains. The link between aneuploidy and the formation and persistence of protein aggregates could have important implications for diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
Early Foundations for Mathematics Learning and Their Relations to Learning Disabilities

Children's quantitative competencies upon entry into school can have lifelong consequences. Children who start behind generally stay behind, and mathematical skills at school completion influence employment prospects and wages in adulthood. I review the current debate over whether early quantitative learning is supported by (a) an inherent system for representing approximate magnitudes, (b) an attentional-control system that enables explicit processing of quantitative symbols, such as Arabic numerals, or (c) the logical problem-solving abilities that facilitate learning of the relations among numerals. Studies of children with mathematical learning disabilities and difficulties have suggested that each of these competencies may be involved, but to different degrees and at different points in the learning process. Clarifying how and when these competencies facilitate early quantitative learning and developing interventions to address their impact on children have the potential to yield substantial benefits for individuals and for society.
Survey of HIV/AIDS-Related Curricula in Programs of Occupational Therapy

AIDS has affected or will affect virtually every provider of health care. The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity of HIV/AIDS-related curricula in programs of occupational therapy across the United States. A survey was distributed to the program directors of all accredited technical, undergraduate, and graduate programs in the United States. Of the 137 surveys mailed, 95 were returned, yielding a 69%% response rate. Results of the survey indicated that graduate and undergraduate professional programs devoted an average of six classroom hours to this topic while technical programs averaged three classroom hours, with the majority of program directors indicating there is no need for further HIV/AIDS related curricula in their respective programs.
Autonomic network management: some pragmatic considerations

Autonomic Network Management (ANM) has the goal of increasing reliability and performance while reducing management cost using various automated techniques. These range from agent-based approaches relying on explicit models and ontologies to emergent techniques relying on gossip protocols, swarming algorithms or other biologically inspired work. In this paper, we review the failures, growing pains and successes of earlier techniques for automated and adaptive network control and management, from the simple control loops in TCP and OSPF to the more complicated emergent behaviors of BGP dynamics and overlay routing. From these examples we extract several lessons relevant to ongoing research in autonomic network management.
TurSOM: A Turing inspired Self-Organizing Map

TurSOM [1], short for Turing Self-Organizing Map, introduces new concepts, responsibilities and mechanisms to the traditional SOM algorithm. It draws its inspiration from Turing Unorganized Machines, competitive learning techniques, and SOM algorithms. Turing's unorganized machines (TUM) were one of the first computational concepts of modeling the cortex. Turing also described these machines as having self-organizing behaviors. The primary difference between Turing's self-organization description, and more traditional models we are familiar with (Grossberg, Kohonen), are that connections, rather than neurons, self-organize. TurSOM adheres to unsupervised, competitive learning techniques, wherein all neurons, and all connections between them are self-organizing and competing. As such, it presents a novel self-organizing neural network algorithm that eliminates the need for post-processing methods for cluster identification.
An Exploration of Common Elements in Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Mentalization Based Treatment and Transference Focused Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder

A number of leading practice models have been found to be effective in the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). These include Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Transference Focused Psychotherapy and Mentalization Based Treatment. This article reviews the current evidence for these dominant practice models, and concludes that no single treatment has been found to be consistently superior in the treatment of BPD. Given the lack of evidence priviledging one single model of treatment, and the fact that it is not always feasible or desirable for social workers to practice using pure manualized treatment models, there is a need to develop more integrative approaches to treatment with this vulnerable population. By highlighting specific similarities and differences between practice techniques, this paper attempts to pave the way toward developing a more integrative treatment approach to working with individuals with BPD, an approach where interventions are selected based on appraisal of the evidence, clinical expertise, and client need.
The impact of horizontal mergers and acquisitions in price competition models

The question of what impact mergers and acquisitions have on key equilibrium performance measures is fundamental to our understanding of competitive dynamics in an oligopolistic industry. We address these questions in the context of price competition models with differentiated goods and asymmetric firms allowing for general non-linear demand and cost functions merely assuming that both the pre- and post-merger competition games are super modular along with two minor technical conditions. We show that, in the absence of cost synergies, post-merger equilibrium prices exceed their pre-merger levels. Moreover, the post-merger equilibrium profit of the merged firms exceeds the aggregate of the pre-merger equilibrium profits of the merging firms. The equilibrium profit of the non-merging firms increases as well. We establish our results, at first, for settings where each firm in the industry offers a single product; we then generalize them to industries with multi-product firms. We also derive conditions under which cost synergies, by themselves, result in lower equilibrium prices than otherwise observed post-merger, and discuss how the combined effect of increased market concentration and cost synergies can be assessed efficiently.
Offender Classifications and Treatment Effects in Developmental Criminology: A Propensity/ Event Consideration

Developmental criminology has raised the prospect that empirical classifications of offenders based on variations in the age of offending will assist in the prediction of and explanation for crime and delinquency. Additionally, developmental criminology suggests that events late in the life course may alter offending propensities in significant ways. Recent empirical works provide compelling evidence about these claims and provide support for general theories of the causes of crime and delinquency. Some of this recent research is analyzed from the perspective of a propensity/event theory.
Analysis of energy capture by vehicle solar roofs in conjunction with workplace plug-in charging

Abstract Solar cells integrated into electric vehicles have long been a mainstay of collegiate racing competitions, but the small amount of roof area has prevented vehicle-solar installations from having a dramatic market in more conventional vehicles. Still, vehicle solar roof installations have a great potential because they can almost always be exposed to the sunlight as they are frequently parked for hours in parking lots at work, shopping, or other open spaces. At the same time hybrid and electric vehicle drivers are typically concerned about their all-electric driving range and do whatever they can to plug-in and “top off” the battery whenever possible. Unfortunately this behavior mode of topping off the battery can establish situations where the vehicle’s solar collection is neutralized because the battery is already full. This paper analyzes this conflict for different charging and driving scenarios with an emphasis on commuters who would have access to workplace charging. It is found that regular commuters who make use of level-2 workplace charging could experience a loss of more than 75% of the potentially available photovoltaic output from roof-installed solar on their vehicles. This surprise finding is discussed from the perspective of plug usage habits and “range anxiety”.
NAWDEX: Focal Point for Water Data Information

The National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) was established by the United States Geological Survey in 1976. NAWDEX serves as a national focal point for cataloging and indexing water data that are available throughout the nation, and it provides the necessary linkages between the collector and user communities. Available water data have been indexed for over 400 organizations. Additionally, information has been gathered on over 700 organizations that are collectors of water data or involved in water-related programs. Aid in indentifying and locating needed water data is provided by a network of assistance centers located in 45 states and Puerto Rico.
Laboratory Tests of Five New Insecticides as Protectants for Stored Rough Rice

Candidate insecticides Bromodan (5-(bromomethyl)-1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 7-hexachloro-2-norbornene), Bay 39007 ( o -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate), Amer. Cyan. CL 47300 ( O, O -dimethyl O -4-nitro- m -tolyl phosphorothioate), Ciodrin® ( alpha -methylbenzyl 3-hydroxycrotonate dimethyl phosphate), and Shell SD 7438 S, S' -benzylidene bis ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate) were tested as protectants for rough rice. Malathion was included as a standard, since it is known to be an effective, long-term protectants for rough rice during storage. Test insects were about rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.); confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal; lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); and rice weevil larvae. The most generally effective compound was CL 47300. Bromodan produced the best control of lesser grain borers hut was ineffective against the other species.
Using association models in research on drug use: some examples

This article shows how association models can be used to guide and simplify analysis of cross-classifications involving ordinal variables. To illustrate, we analyze three crosstables of high school seniors pertaining to the association between certain characteristics (e.g., attitude toward school) and drug use. These models can be used to answer several questions that arise naturally in analyses of such data: 1) Is there association between the variables? 2) If there is association, can it be summarized in terms of a single index, or must a set of indexes be used? 3) How can association be broken up into component sources? 4) Can the ordinal variables be scaled in a meaningful fashion using just the information available in the cross-classification? 5) How can association between two variables be studied in an across-group (e.g., across-time) context?