cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cylinder Air Rate Prediction During Engine Start and Crank-to-Run Transition

Predicting cylinder fresh air charge for fuel dynamics control of automotive PFI engines during engine start and crank to run transition is a critical yet difficult task. Without a precise cylinder air charge prediction and a proper prediction-error handling scheme, realization of precise fuel dynamics control is difficult, particularly in terms of simultaneously reducing engine-out hydrocarbon emissions and ensuring engine startability. This work presents a scheduled cylinder air rate prediction scheme that achieves accurate prediction of the cylinder air rate in normal engine starts while also obtaining smooth prediction under abnormal engine start conditions. Results are presented for several start conditions in comparison to actual calibration test data.
Basque Nationalism and the Spiral of Silence

/ This study represents a test of the spiral of silence theory across national boundaries regarding the Basque separatist group, ETA. Approximately 200 participants were surveyed for this study in France and Spain. The study found a stronger spiral of silence effect the closer participants were to the Basque homeland both geographically and culturally. This test of the spiral of silence is consistent with previous research in finding a need for cross-cultural applications of the theory.
Java as a Language for Scientific Parallel Programming

Java may be a natural language for portable parallel programming. We discuss the basis of this claim in general terms, then illustrate the use of Java for message-passing and data-parallel programming through series of case studies. In the process we introduce some proposals for a Java binding of MPI, and describe the use of a Java class-library to implement HPF-style distributed data. Prospects for future Java-based parallel programming environments are discussed.
Predicting EMG with generalized Volterra kernel model

Generalized Volterra kernel model (GVM) is developed in spirits of the generalized linear model (GLM) and used to predict EMG signals based on M1 cortical spike trains during a prehension task. The GVM for EMG consists of a cascade of a multiple-input-single-output Volterra kernel model (VM) and an exponential activation function. Without loss of generality, the exponential activation function constrains the unbounded VM output within the positive range, which fully covers the dynamic range of the rectified EMG signals. Results show that GVMs are more accurate than the VMs due to this asymptotic property.
Lifetime Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke among Urban Women: Differences by Socioeconomic Class

This study sought to determine cumulative lifetime exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among urban women in relation to sociodemographic factors. In a population survey carried out in Geneva, Switzerland, during 1993-1995, a representative sample of 1,883 women aged 35-74 years answered interview questions on lifetime ETS exposure. Exposed women were defined as those who had spent at least 1 hour daily in a smoky environment during 1 or more years. The prevalence of current ETS exposure was 31.0% among 1,458 never or former smokers. Lifetime prevalence was 58.3% among 1,061 never smokers. The home (42.1%) and the workplace (39.6% of employed women) were the most frequent sources of ETS exposure, leisure time activity being a secondary source. Throughout a lifetime, work accounted for the greatest average intensity of exposure (on average, 19 hours of exposure per week), while the longest duration of exposure (on average, 18 years) was in the home. Cumulative lifetime exposure (intensity (in hours/week) x duration) from all sources combined was 308 hours/week-years, which can correspond to 30.8 hours/week over a period of 10 years or 20.5 hours/week over a period of 15 years. Women from low socioeconomic classes had more intense and longer exposures than women from higher socioeconomic classes, mainly because of work exposure. Both the intensity and the duration of lifetime ETS exposure were greater than previously suspected. Reduction of ETS exposure in the workplace should be a public health priority.
The NVQ in Management and HE experience

Explores NVQs in Management in terms of their take up and progression into academic postgraduate (Master’s) programmes. Traces the concepts development through an initial preparation for a potential influx of mature students to attain NVQ 4 and/or 5 in Management and to provide progression opportunities into postgraduate management programmes. Reveals that, despite vigorous marketing, the influx did not occur; hence the initial market research is revisited. Examines the perceived demand locally and regionally and establishes reasons why the expected influx did not materialize. Concludes with some lessons to be learned and recommends action to be taken.
Efficient time-space mappings of nested loops onto multidimensional systolic arrays with a flexible buffer scheme

The task of mapping a nested loop algorithm onto a multidimensional systolic array is considered. A buffer structure for the processing elements (PEs) that allows the data tokens to arrive at the PE earlier than when they are needed is proposed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for valid mappings using this buffer structure are then given. A refinement technique for deriving efficient statement level mappings from iteration level mappings is then proposed. >
Form Alternation of Adult Female Crayfishes of the Genus Orconectes (Decapoda: Cambaridae)

Abstract Adult female Orconectes illinoiensis, O. indianensis, O. kentuckiensis, O. cf. propinquus and O. virilis were investigated for evidence of form alternation similar to that in conspecific males. Living females were categorized qualitatively as form I or form II. Form I females exhibited one of the following, swollen white glair glands, dependent offspring (embryos to 3rd instar juveniles) or eggstalks with remnants of eggs attached to pleopods. All other females were classified as form II. Only form I females were observed mating with form I males, therefore the form I condition is considered to be sexually active. Quantitative differences were observable for living and preserved specimens for carapace length to pleonite 2 width ratio (CL/P). Form I females have wider abdomens and a lower CL/P ratio than same-sized form II female conspecifics. Form II females are most prevalent during the summer growing season. Form I females first appear in the fall mating season and are the most abundant female ...
Dismantling Hierarchies: Occupational Segregation of Legal Writing Faculty in Law Schools: Separate and Unequal

Legal writing professors are segregated in many ways - both large and small - from their doctrinal colleagues at their law schools. Writing faculty receive separate, and in many cases, unequal, treatment in law schools; a situation that enforces a clear hierarchy in which writing faculty find themselves at the bottom experiencing classification, segregation, and subordination. This article reviews some of the ways that law schools have accorded legal writing faculty separate and unequal treatment and explores the contribution this treatment makes to perpetuate their segregated status and place in the academic hierarchy. To do this, the article describes physical segregation of offices, branding with inferior academic titles, denial of faculty franchise, circumscribed academic freedom, separate and unequal pay scales, and other indicia of second-class status. This article concludes that writing faculty have been segregated because of their lower status, that the many manners of segregation perpetuate their low status, and that the obvious hierarchy among teaching faculty taints the academic environment. By ending the separate treatment, law schools can dismantle the hierarchy and move toward an integrated faculty free from unequal treatment and classification. Appendix A includes a self-test to measure the level of occupational segregation of writing faculty at your law school.
Use of Rainfall Statistical Return Periods to Determine Threshold for Mass Wasting Events

Recent attention has been focused toward determination of threshold rainfall levels in the estimation and prediction of mass wasting events (such as landslides, mudflows, debris flows, sloughs, earth movements, and so forth). The literature indicates use of a cumulative rainfall value as a threshold that correlates mass wasting occurrence versus rainfall depth occurrence. In the current article, the threshold concept is extended to use of rainfall return period estimates. Return period estimates are developed for the peak 1-day, 2-day, and successively larger continuous peak durations of rainfall, to duration sizes of 1 year. Such a return period peak duration rainfall analysis is prepared for each rainfall season in the rain gauge record, resulting in a historic summary of peak duration return frequency based on every possible peak rainfall duration. By using return period as a measure of the rainfall depth for each peak duration, one can correlate the rareness of rainfall occurrence to the rareness of the mass wasting events for those events substantially triggered by rainfall. A similar type of analysis can be developed for estimates of infiltration by using a selected infiltration relationship and then synthesizing the resulting estimates in the same way that the rainfall data are analyzed. Once the entire history of the rain gauge is analyzed for infiltration, return period estimates can also be developed for use in possible correlation to mass wasting events. A case study involving a catastrophic landslide in La Conchita, California, is considered as an example application.
The value of digital rectal examination in assessing for pelvic fracture-associated urethral injury: what defines a high-riding or nonpalpable prostate?

BACKGROUND The Advanced Trauma Life Support Manual (8th ed.) recommend a digital rectal examination (DRE) as part of the initial evaluation of all trauma patients. A "high-riding" or "nonpalpable" prostate is a contraindication to urethral catheterization and an indication for urethrography. However, there are no published guidelines on, definitions of, or predictive values for high riding. Moreover, prostate evaluation can be difficult in the supine/trauma position. METHODS A total of 100 patients underwent DRE in lateral decubitus position. Prostate size and distance from anal verge to the prostate apex were recorded. DRE in the supine position was then performed, noting the most proximal part of the prostate that was palpable. High-riding prostate was defined as the apex being one or more SDs farther from the anal verge than the mean. Fifty index finger lengths were measured to ensure that DRE findings were applicable to the average examiner. RESULTS A total of 100 prostates were evaluated. Mean (SD) distance from the anal verge to the prostate apex in patients with palpable prostates was 4.86 (1.38) cm (range, 2.5-8 cm). The prostate was nonpalpable in the decubitus position in 8 of the 100 patients and in the supine position in 42 of the 100 patients. Mean (SD) body mass index in the nonpalpable group was 32.6 (5.8) kg/m versus palpable group with 28.1 (5.7) kg/m (p 6.2 cm from the anal verge), 2 of which were palpable in the supine position. Palpable prostates were closer to the anal verge at 4.13 cm compared with nonpalpable at 6.15 cm (p < 0.01). Mean (SD) index finger length is 7.3 (0.60) cm. CONCLUSION DRE in the pelvic fracture trauma setting to evaluate for urethral disruption is unreliable. Patients with a larger body mass index were less likely to have a palpable prostate. The use of the criteria of "nonpalpable" prostate has a high false-positive rate. Our objective definition of high-riding prostate should be incorporated into all trauma protocols. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiologic study, level V.
Functionally-Graded Polymeric Graft Substitutes and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering can be Fabricated via Various Extrusion Methods

The design and fabrication of bioresorbable polymeric graft substitutes and porous scaffolds for regenerative medicine are challenged by the complexities in structure and composition found in native tissues. The mimicking of complex gradations found in native tissues requires correspondingly complex gradations in bone graft substitutes and tissue engineering scaffolds. Extrusion based processing methods offer significant advantages for the fabrication of scaffolds and polymeric graft substitutes functionally-graded in various directions for porosity, composition as well as distributions of other tissue relevant properties.
Positive psychological states and health behaviors in acute coronary syndrome patients: A qualitative study

Positive psychological states are linked to superior cardiac outcomes, possibly mediated through increased participation in health behaviors. Trained study staff conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews in the hospital and 3 months later for 34 patients diagnosed with an acute coronary syndrome. These interviews focused on positive psychological states, cardiac health behaviors, and their connection; the interviews were transcribed and independently coded using directed content analysis. Both optimism and positive affect were associated with completion of physical activity and healthy eating in a bidirectional manner. In contrast, gratitude, while common, was infrequently linked to completion of health behaviors.
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy to promote limb transplant functional recovery

BACKGROUND Limb transplantation is a viable option for reconstruction after traumatic limb loss; however, functional recovery can be suboptimal. The aim of this study was to determine whether mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration can improve limb transplant functional recovery. METHODS Orthotopic syngeneic hindlimb transplants were performed in Lewis rats, followed by topical and intravenous injections of syngeneic MSCs (5 × 106 ) or vehicle. Transplanted limb sensory and motor functions were tested by cutaneous pain reaction and walking track analysis, respectively. RESULTS MSCs expanded ex vivo were CD29+ , CD31- , CD34- , CD44+ , CD45low , CD90+ , MHC Class-I+ , Class-II- , and pluripotent. Greater than 90% of limb transplants survived. At 4 weeks post-transplantation, the mean sensory nerve (tibial, peroneal, or sural) function in MSC (n = 9) and vehicle (n = 9) groups was <0.3 on a scale of Grades 0-3 (0 = No function; 3 = Normal). By 8 weeks, the sensory scores for tibial, peroneal, and sural nerves were 2.2 ± 0.7, 1.2 ± 0.5, and 1.7 ± 0.9 in the vehicle, and 2.6 ± 0.4, 1.0 ± 0.9, and 1.7 ± 0.9 in the MSC group, respectively (n = 9/group). At 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks, the overall sensory function was higher in MSC group (≥7/group). Sciatic Function Index (SFI), a measure of motor function, could not be calculated because of poor foot prints; therefore, a novel grading system was developed. Bone fusion/vascularization as determined by X-ray films/laser Doppler (≥2 week post-transplantation) were normal (n = 3/group). Gastrocnemius muscle was atrophied (P < 0.05), and flexion contractures were evident by 24 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Bone marrow-derived MSC therapy appears to improve sensory function recovery in a rat limb transplant model. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA Microsurgery 37:222-234, 2017.
9 – Overview of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases

Abstract Chapter 9 describes the common features that unite many of the diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (often referred to as interstitial lung diseases) as well as some specific features that distinguish among these disorders. This overview is followed in Chapters 10 and 11 by more detailed descriptions of specific diseases. The development of the diffuse parenchymal lung diseases is broken down into initiation, propagation, and final pathologic consequences, with consideration of what is known about the underlying cellular and biochemical processes involved in each stage. A summary of the pathology of these disorders emphasizes the relative roles of inflammation, fibrosis, and granuloma formation, depending upon the particular disorder. The subcategory of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias is described in detail, along with the 6 specific pathologic patterns that comprise this subcategory. These disorders generally have common pathophysiologic features, including decreased compliance of the lung, decreased lung volumes, diffusion impairment, abnormalities in small airways function, disturbance in gas exchange that is exacerbated by exercise, and the potential for pulmonary hypertension. Dyspnea is stressed as the mode of clinical presentation of most of these disorders, and the diagnostic approach focuses on the role of chest radiography, high resolution CT scanning, and the need to obtain tissue in some cases when the diagnosis is uncertain.
Contesting Cultural Authority: The religious and the secular in Victorian Britain

During the 1880s R. W. Dale, the leading British Congregationalist clergyman of his day, published an essay entitled, ‘Every-day business a divine calling’. Portraying the world as the creation of God in which the divine will was to be realized through all vocations, Dale observed, ‘It is convenient, no doubt, to distinguish what is commonly described as “secular” from what is commonly described as “religious”. We all know what the distinction means. But the distinction must not be understood to imply that in religious work we are doing God's will, and that in secular work we are not doing it.‘ Dale thus rejected boundaries in the conceptualization of social life that might have permitted his contemporaries to shy away from particular moral duties. As a Christian minister, Dale was unwilling to allow the members of his prosperous middle-class Birmingham congregation or his readers to divide their lives into conveniently distinct religious and secular arenas in which the values of the former did not inform the activities of the latter. Religious convictions were to result in civic action as well as in personal morality and piety. For much of this century historians of Victorian intellectual and social life have had difficulty accommodating themselves to figures such as Dale and have resisted such rejection of boundaries between religious and secular activity.
Brainstem Evaluation with CT Cisternography

Seventy-eight positive contrast computed tomography (CT) cisternograms were reviewed to assess the normal anatomy of the brainstem and its surrounding cisterns. Normal brainstem and cisternal anatomy was found to be constant and symmetrical. The review included six patients with brainstem gliomas and five patients with extraaxial masses. In these patients CT cisternography accurately identified mass formation and permitted the confident distinction of extraaxial from intra-axial masses. CT cisternography is a safe and accurate method for evaluating the anterior compartment of the posterior fossa. This procedure is particularly applicable to those cases where conventional CT yields insufficient diagnostic information.
Summary and Possible Future Directions

As detailed in the preceding chapters, independent of known confounders including age, gender, and smoking, periodontitis has been significantly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic complications, renal disease and adverse outcomes of renal hemodialysis maintenance therapy, preterm labor, some forms of pneumonia, Alzheimer’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. The strength of the association varies with the disease but appears to be strongest with increasing periodontitis severity. Periodontitis has also been forwarded as a cause or as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic complications such as myocardial infarction, chronic renal disease, preterm labor, some forms of pneumonia, Alzheimer’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, the association in some cases may be bidirectional since some systemic diseases have also been reported to promote periodontal disease prevalence and severity such as diabetes mellitus and ESRD patients on hemodialysis maintenance therapy.
From magic bullets to shooting blanks: Reality, criticism, and Beverly Hills, 90210

Critical analysis of the television series Beverly Hills, 90210 indicates that this program portrays a patriarchal image of idealized young femininity. Yet, in focus group interviews with White, American college women, almost all the women insisted that the program is innocuous as long as the viewer realizes the show is unrealistic. I argue that their insistence that the program is unrealistic constrains them from evaluating other aspects of its ideological work. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of the growing body of evidence indicating that, despite the prevalence of entertainment media in American life, many Americans feel these media are innocuous and need not be analyzed critically.
Polarized Film Shading System in Regular Grids (PFSS)

Although the prototype of CASS documented in Ref. [13] has been based on liquid crystal (LC) technology, the original concept was imagined as an opto-mechanical system of square plates made of polarized glass [9]. Materialization of the reduced-scale prototype with prefabricated LC elements has been the most straightforward. The size of the shading element in the prototype was approx. \(12\times 12\) mm, which is by a range of magnitude smaller than intended final device. Thus in the full-scale prototype, this method probably would not be the most economical choice. The technology constantly evolves and high-tech solutions tend to become more affordable. Nevertheless, LC elements remain relatively expensive both in terms of: fabrication and running cost. LC available on the market requires approx. 5 \(W\over m^{2}\) of continuous power in the activated state [8]. Furthermore, according to [2] the transmittance modulation for commercial LC windows has been found unsatisfactory. Moreover, due to instability for UV radiation, LC windows have not been found appropriate for long-term building facade applications. This chapter further investigates the original method, where shading elements are comprised of two polygonal sheets of normally white polarized film.
Understanding Long‐Chain Melting Points, Fritz Breusch, and Interface Thermodynamics

A homologously isomorphous series of compounds can allow determination of local contributions to crystal properties. Historically, melting points have contributed little to structural theory, but those of a series of long-chain diacyl peroxides allow the measurement of localized structural contributions to solid-state thermodynamics, and demonstrate that a bromine substituent at a lamellar interface can make negative contributions to both the enthalpy and entropy of fusion, thus acting more “liquid-like” when in the crystal than when in the melt. We discuss how Istanbul, and opposition to Hitler, led Friedrich Breusch and his students to measure at least 1242 accurate melting points, and how this legacy may prove valuable in understanding crystalline solids, especially those that show odd-even melting-point alternation.
The Properties and Antecedents of Hedonic Decline

We review the phenomenon of hedonic decline, whereby repeated exposure to a stimulus typically reduces the hedonic response (e.g., enjoyment). We first discuss the typical trajectory of hedonic decline and the common research paradigms used to study it. We next discuss the most popular theories regarding general mechanisms widely believed to underlie hedonic decline. We then propose a taxonomy to organize these various general theories and to incorporate more recent work on top-down, self-reflective theories. This taxonomy identifies three general classes of antecedents to hedonic decline: physiological feedback, perceptual changes, and self-reflection. For each class, we review the supporting evidence for specifically identified antecedents and recent developments on how each antecedent influences hedonic decline. Our review focuses especially on more recent work in the growing area of self-reflection.
Aquatic invertebrate communities exhibit both resistance and resilience to seasonal drying in an intermittent coastal stream

Species inhabiting intermittent streams must survive flow cessation and drying in situ (resistance) or recolonize temporary habitats when flow returns (resilience). Some studies have found that species are resistant to seasonal drying and can persist in small remnant pools after flow ceases, while others observed rapid declines in species richness when flow ceases. However, relatively few studies have demonstrated both resistance across dry seasons and resilience across multiple wet and dry cycles. Here, we quantify seasonal and interannual changes in aquatic invertebrate community structure from 2009 to 2012 in a coastal California intermittent stream. We predicted that temporary pools and riffles would have lower richness and distinct assemblages when compared to perennial pools, and that richness would decline across the dry season. Temporary riffles exhibited lower richness values than pools, but we found no richness differences, and small compositional differences, between perennial and temporary pools. Furthermore, invertebrate richness, density, and composition changed significantly in temporary pools only immediately before drying, when depths declined >80%. These results suggest that invertebrate communities at John West Fork were not only resilient (exhibiting recovery in <6 months) to flow cessation, but also were resistant to declining water levels across the dry season.
An Updated Geospatial Liquefaction Model for Global Application

Abstract We present an updated geospatial approach to estimation of earthquake‐induced liquefaction from globally available geospatial proxies. Our previous iteration of the geospatial liquefaction model was based on mapped liquefaction surface effects from four earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Kobe, Japan, paired with geospatial explanatory variables including slope‐derived V S 30 , compound topographic index, and magnitude‐adjusted peak ground acceleration (PGA) from ShakeMap. The updated geospatial liquefaction model presented herein improves the performance and the generality of the model. The updates include (1) expanding the liquefaction database to 27 earthquake events across six countries, (2) addressing the sampling of nonliquefaction for incomplete liquefaction inventories, (3) testing interaction effects between explanatory variables, and (4) overall improving the model’s performance. We inspected 14 geospatial proxies for soil density and soil saturation; the most promising of these are slope‐derived V S 30 , modeled water table depth, distance to coast, distance to river, distance to the closest water body, and precipitation. We found that peak ground velocity (PGV) performs better than PGA as the shaking intensity parameter. We present two models which offer improved performance over prior models. We evaluate model performance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and the Brier score. The best‐performing model in a coastal setting uses distance to the coast but is problematic for regions away from the coast. The second best model, using PGV, V S 30 , water table depth, distance to the closest water body, and precipitation, performs better in noncoastal regions and thus is the model we recommend for global implementation.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery enhances contraction-mediated glucose metabolism in primary human myotubes.

Contractile activity (e.g., exercise) evokes numerous metabolic adaptations in human skeletal muscle, including enhanced insulin action and substrate oxidation. However, there is intersubject varia...
Dual fluorescence ratiometric technique for micromixing characterization

To probe high-speed mixing within microfluidic devices, an imaging technique that uses fluorescent emissions as an indicator of fluorophore concentration has been developed. Given that fluorescent emission varies linearly with excitation intensity, higher powered excitation sources, such as lasers, must be used to collect sufficient emission information over short periods of time. However, since laser-based excitation sources tend to be spatially and temporally non-homogeneous, a ratiometric imaging technique is used to correct these fluctuations without removing concentration information. Image processing is used to determine the homogeneity of the ratio values and, by correlation to the concentration, the level of mixing for the whole sample can be determined. The accuracy of this technique is assessed by comparing experimental results to a parallel flow micromixer COMSOL simulation of the actual concentration and overlaying imaging results. The dual fluorescence ratiometric technique is accurate within 11% of the simulations. The technique is then used to characterize a serpentine droplet micromixer which uses chaotic advection to increase the rate of mixing throughout the sample. This system is characterized using four different oil flow rates for mixing measurements taken for three different height locations throughout the channel.
Specificity rates for non-clinical, bilingual, Mexican Americans with California Verbal Learning Test3, verbal fluency, and Rey 15-IR performance validity measures.

AbstractObjective: To measure failure rates among non-clinical, Mexican American, bilinguals on embedded performance validity measures from the California Verbal Learning Test3 and verbal fluency a...
Safety and Effectiveness of Longer‐Term Phentermine Use: Clinical Outcomes from an Electronic Health Record Cohort

OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to study weight loss and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or death associated with longer-term phentermine use. METHODS Using electronic health record data, 13,972 adults were identified with a first phentermine fill in 2010 to 2015, creating exposure categories according to a patient's duration of use (referent: ≤ 3 months). Multivariable linear models were used to compare percent weight loss across categories at 6, 12, and 24 months, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare risk of composite CVD or death, up to 3 years after starting phentermine. RESULTS The cohort was 84% female and 45% white, with a mean (SD) baseline age 43.5 (10.7) years and BMI of 37.8 (7.2) kg/m2 . In multivariable models, longer-term users of phentermine experienced more weight loss; patients using continuously for > 12 months lost 7.4% more than the referent group at 24 months (P < 0.001). The composite CVD or death outcome was rare (0.3%, 41 events), with no significant difference in hazard ratios between groups. CONCLUSIONS Greater weight loss without increased risk of incident CVD or death was observed in patients using phentermine monotherapy for longer than 3 months. Despite the limitations of the observational design, this study supports the effectiveness and safety of longer-term phentermine use for low-risk individuals.
Optical Properties Using Adaptive Selection of NIR/SWIR Reflectance Correction and Quasi-Analytic Algorithms for the MODIS-Aqua in Estuarine-Ocean Continuum: Application to the Northern Gulf of Mexico

An adaptive selection of the near/shortwave infrared (NIR/SWIR) reflectance correction and the quasi-analytic algorithms (QAAs) is proposed for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS-Aqua) to utilize the strengths of different correction algorithms and QAAs in a single satellite scene with water types ranging from turbid coastal to clear open ocean waters. A blended satellite product is generated by merging three atmospheric-correction algorithms(AD-ATCOR): 1) iterative NIR correction; 2) management unit of the north sea mathematical models (MUMM); and 3) SWIR, using a spectral threshold-based selection for different water types. The validation analysis of a blended remote sensing reflectance product showed overall good agreement with AERONET-OC observations followed by NASA bio-optical marine algorithm data set (NOMAD) at the blue wavelengths and the estuarine data set at the green and red wavelengths. The results suggest that the adaptive method is a better alternative to address the challenging problem of selecting different correction algorithms for different water types in a single satellite scene. Likewise, an adaptive selection of a QAA (AD-QAA) used the QAA-v5 and the QAA-V to obtain merged inherent optical property (IOP) products in a single MODIS-Aqua scene with varying water types. As a case study, the two adaptive selection procedures were sequentially applied to the MODIS-Aqua imagery representing four environmental conditions in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Improved retrievals of the total absorption and backscattering coefficients along an estuarine to ocean continuum demonstrated the effectiveness of this method in an optically complex and dynamic river-dominated system.
Approaches to mitigate the risk of serious adverse reactions in covalent drug design

Covalent inhibition of target proteins using high affinity ligands bearing weakly electrophilic warheads is being adopted increasingly as design strategy in the discovery of novel therapeutics, and...
Management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome beyond childhood: A comprehensive review.

Abstract Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a childhood-onset epileptic encephalopathy characterized by multiple types of medically intractable seizures, cognitive impairment, and generalized slow spike-wave discharges in electroencephalography (EEG). Although the onset of this epileptic syndrome occurs typically before eight years of age with a peak age between 3 and 5 years, lifelong persistence of the syndrome is usual. The evolution of clinical features, EEG findings, and paucity of knowledge about LGS among adult health care providers can make LGS significantly underdiagnosed in the adult population. Management of LGS remains problematic beyond childhood due to intractable seizures, the difficult transition from pediatric to adult neurologists, challenging behaviors, impaired cognition, poor quality of life, and disabled social life. In focusing on the management of LGS beyond childhood, this narrative review describes medical and surgical management of epilepsy, the transition from pediatric to adult care, and management of other common comorbidities associated with LGS. Several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as lamotrigine, topiramate, felbamate, rufinamide, clobazam, and Epidiolex (pure pharmaceutical grade cannabidiol (CBD) oil) have been noted to be effective in well-designed, randomized controlled trials. Other non-pharmacological therapies, such as vagus nerve stimulation, ketogenic diet, and epilepsy surgery, have been frequently utilized in the management of intractable seizures associated with LGS. However, effective management of LGS requires a broader perspective to not only control seizures but improve the quality of life by addressing cognitive and behavioral problems, sleep disturbances, physical disability, social disability, and educational and employment challenges.
Septic Arthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint: A Systematic Review.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of the patient history, clinical findings, laboratory tests, treatment, and long-term function of septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (SATMJ). Methods All articles in the English literature related to SATMJ were queried using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (1950 to July 1, 2020). The reference lists were reviewed for additional articles. Results A preliminary search of the literature returned 241 results, of which 37 met inclusion criteria, with an additional article from reference review. There were 93 total cases, with a mean age of 35.7 years (0.1 to 85). Symptoms mostly consisted of pain in the temporomandibular joint/preauricular region (n = 84, 90.3%), trismus (n = 73, 78.5%), and facial/preauricular swelling (n = 68, 73.1%). Most patients had no systemic symptoms (n = 80, 86.1%). The mean degree of mouth opening was 13.1 mm (5 to 35). Diagnosis was made with the following imaging modalities: radiograph (n = 48, 51.6%), CT scan (n = 35, 37.6%), MRI (n = 25, 26.9%), and ultrasound (n = 3, 3.2%). Staphylococcus aureus (n = 19, 20.4%) was most commonly isolated. About 92 patients (98.9%) received antibiotics and 85 patients underwent surgery (eg, arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, etc.), of which 15 patients (17.6%) required repeat surgery. Most long-term outcomes were favorable. Sequelae occurred in 26 of 85 patients (30.6%) with documented follow-up. Conclusions SATMJ should be suspected in the presence of trismus, jaw pain, and preauricular swelling. Management includes prompt evaluation and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Surgery is not always indicated but can be life-saving in severe cases.
Neuropathic Pain in the Eyes, Body, and Mouth: Insights from the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance.

Author(s): Gebreegziabher, Elisabeth A; Bunya, Vatinee Y; Baer, Alan N; Jordan, Richard C; Akpek, Esen K; Rose-Nussbaumer, Jennifer; Criswell, Lindsey A; Shiboski, Caroline H; Lietman, Thomas M; Gonzales, John A | Abstract: ObjectiveTo evaluate how ocular, oral, and bodily neuropathic pain symptoms, which characterize small fiber neuropathies, are associated with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) classification based on the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) criteria.MethodsParticipants enrolled in the Sjogren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) registry had ocular, rheumatologic, oral, and labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsy examinations, blood and saliva samples collected, and completed questionnaires at baseline. We used mixed effects modeling with age, country, gender, and depression being fixed effects and study site, a random effect, to determine if neuropathic pain indicators (assessed via questionnaires) were associated with being classified as SS.ResultsA total of 3,514 participants were enrolled into SICCA, with 1,541 (52.9%) meeting the 2016 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SS. There was a negative association between being classified as SS and experiencing bodily neuropathic pain features of needle-like pain, prickling/tingling sensation, ocular neuropathic pain of constant burning, and constant light sensitivity, and having a presumptive diagnosis of neuropathic oral pain.ConclusionsWe found that those classified as SS had lower scores/reports of painful neuropathies compared with those classified as non-SS. Non-SS patients with dry eye disease or symptoms could benefit from pain assessment as they may experience painful small-fiber neuropathies (SFNs). Pain questionnaires may help identify pain associated with SFNs in patients with SS and non-SS dry eye. Future studies would be helpful to correlate self-reports of pain to objective measures of SFNs in those with SS, non-SS dry eye, and healthy controls.
Impact of dyes and finishes on the aquatic biodegradability of cotton textile fibers and microfibers released on laundering clothes: Correlations between enzyme adsorption and activity and biodegradation rates.

Abstract The presence and biodegradability of textile microfibers shed during laundering or use is an important environmental issue. In this research, the influence of common textile finishes on the persistence of cotton fibers in an aerobic aquatic environment was assessed. The biodegradation of cotton knitted fabrics with different finishes, silicone softener, durable press, water repellent, and a blue reactive dye was evaluated. The rate of biodegradation decreased with durable press and water repellant finishing treatments. In terms of the final extent of biodegradation, there was no significant difference between the samples. All samples reached more than 60% biodegradation in 102 days. The biodegradation rates were in agreement with observed trends of the same samples for cellulase mediated hydrolysis and cellulase adsorption experiments, indicating the finishes impact the initial adsorption of enzymes excreted by the microorganisms and the initial rates of biodegradation, however despite this the cellulosic material maintains its biodegradability.
The Animal Survives: Sarah Orne Jewett’s A White Heron Intervenes as Survivor of the Industrialized World

Sarah Orne Jewett’s A White Heron has been read as a coming-of-age tale and an eco-feminist text, but I argue that the textual intervention is in the field of literary animal studies. Jewett’s text focuses primarily on the animal encounters that Sylvia participates in throughout the short story, but by including a young hunter naturalist, also makes a larger statement about the external, rapidly industrializing world. The young hunter has killed and plans to kill many more birds over his life time and is specifically searching for the white heron. Sylvia, only nine years old, originally left her life in the city to come live with her grandmother in the forest explicitly because of her inability to peaceably live with other people. The narrator directly mentions a “red-faced” boy who used to scare her. Sylvia’s gradual fondness for the young hunter naturalist eventually leads her to climb a tall tree in search of the white heron. Despite his promise of money and the unspoken potential for love, Sylvia denies the information to the young man. Though obviously hopeful as an environmental text for how Sylvia denies the man and hunter access to the rare bird, it actually constructs a particularly positivist view into a cramped, modernizing world where the first traces of the Anthropocene emerged in the twentieth century. This article analyzes Sylvia’s many animal encounters, her climb to find the white heron, the deaths of the birds at the hands of the young hunter, and the overall intervention made by Jewett that despite human damage to landscape, lifestyle, and conceptions of wilderness, the animal will survive and reproduce.
New Developments in Social Network Analysis

This review of social network analysis focuses on identifying recent trends in interpersonal social networks research in organizations, and generating new research directions, with an emphasis on c...
Broadband mid-IR frequency comb source for standoff chemical detection

Frequency-comb-based absorption spectroscopy in the molecular fingerprint part of the spectrum 2-12 μm has great potential for standoff chemical sensing because of massive parallelism of data acquisition. Especially attractive is the dual-comb Fourier transform spectroscopy, with two phase-locked sources, where full advantage is taken of temporal and spatial coherence of frequency combs as well as of their broadband nature. The promise is high speed (up to 1M spectral points in less than a second), broad spectral coverage (> one octave), superior sensitivity (< 1 part per billion in gas phase), high spectral resolution (~100 MHz), and the possibility of absolute frequency calibration of molecular resonances. Here we report a broadband frequency comb source based on a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (OPO) that allows extending frequency comb technology to the mid-IR range. The OPO uses, as gain element an orientation-patterned GaAs crystal (OP-GaAs), is pumped by a femtosecond Tm-fiber lasers at 2-μm wavelength, and is suitable for performing broadband dual-comb spectroscopy. High temporal coherence and broad instantaneous spectral coverage of 2.5 - 7.5 μm make this system promising for chemical detection and trace molecular sensing. Few examples of single- and dual-comb spectroscopic sensing are presented.
Law on Display: The Digital Transformation of Legal Persuasion and Judgment. By Neal Feigenson and Christina Spiesel

Law on Display: The Digital Transformation of Legal Persuasion and Judgment. By Neal Feigenson and Christina Spiesel. New York: New York University Press, 2009. 333 pp. $45.00 cloth. In Law on Display, Neal Feigenson and Christina Spiesel take readers into the high-tech world of twenty-first-century law. From the evidence gathered by the cameras in the police cars during the Scott v. Harris car chase to the animations and simulations prepared for litigation in the Vioxx product liability and Michael Skakel criminal trials, the authors show how technology can change what attorneys present, what judges are asked to consider in reaching decisions on admissibility, and what jurors see and hear in the courtroom. Laced with images that illustrate their examples, Law on Display presents a compelling picture of multiple aspects of digital technology that have the potential to influence comprehension and persuasion. For example, in the trial of Michael Skakel, accused of murdering his neighbor Martha Moxley, the prosecution's closing argument replayed a portion of a journalist's interview with the defendant that had previously been admitted into evidence. In the closing, it became part of a multimedia CD-ROM that combined the audio and text from the interview in which Skakel recalled how he had reacted when Moxley's mother asked him if he had seen Moxley (''I had a feeling of panic.'') with the picture of Moxley dead, presenting an implicit argument that Skakel felt panic when he recalled in horror what he had done the night before. In another case, the attorney for the SEC in SEC v. Koenig used a series of pictures and animations to describe a complex fraud scheme. How effective were these methods? One can be sure, although seasoned court observers who viewed the arguments were impressed. Did these presentations merely clarify, or did they introduce bias? As Feigenson and Spiesel warn, while the clarity and compelling nature of digital technology can aid comprehension, technology can also mislead. The question increasingly faced by judges is how to evaluate these potential effects. The challenge for judges is that they too are subject to the naive realism that Feigenson and Spiesel describe, the potentially distorting dangers of the human tendency to believe in the truthfulness of perception. A few years ago, Judge Michael Brown of the Pima County Superior Court in Arizona spoke to a judicial audience at a panel on jury trials. Imagine, he said, that an eighteenth-century physician entered a twentieth-century hospital operating room. Nothing would look remotely familiar to the time-traveler doctor. In contrast, although an eighteenth-century trial attorney might be surprised by the absence of wigs and the presence of women in the jury box, the twentieth-century courtroom and procedures would be comfortably familiar. …
The dynamic system of the traffic assignment problem: Part II. Computation

In the preceding paper, we demonstrated the existence of the dynamic system of the traffic assignment problem (TAP), called J-system, whose steady states are J-equilibria (JE) and only stable steady states are user-equilibria (UE). Based on this new definition of UE, in this paper, we develop algorithms for computing both JE and UE of general transportation networks. To find JE, we can use Newton’s method or the finite difference method; to find UE, we propose a perturbation-based method and a hybrid method incorporating Frank-Wolfe’s method. With an example, we show that both Newton’s and finite difference methods converge exponentially measured by J-index of convergence, and the perturbation-based method yields UE solutions. We also present methods for solving TAP with variable demand. The finite difference method and the perturbation-based method are intrinsic to J-system and readily applicable for solving TAP of any general networks. The implementation and efficiency of these methods for solving TAP of large-scale transportation networks will be investigated in the future.