cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The truths of logic and logical truth

A principal aim of Chateaubriand’s Logical Forms II: Logic, Language, and Knowledge is to clarify and defend what Chateaubriand describes as the ontological conception of logic against the standard model-theoretic or “linguistic” view. Both sides to the debate accept that if logic is a science then there must be logically necessary facts that this science discovers, Chateaubriand arguing that because logic is a science, there must be logically necessary facts, and his opponent that because there are no logically necessary facts, logic cannot be a science. I argue that we can go between the horns of this dilemma by showing that, although logic is a science, it does not follow, as Chateaubriand assumes, that there are logically necessary facts. There are truths of (the science of) logic; there are no “logical truths”. Resumo: Um dos objetivos principais de Logical Forms II: Logic, Language and Knowledge de Chateaubriand e clarificar e defender o que ele descreve como a concepcao ontologica da logica, contra a visao predominante, modelo-teorica ou “linguistica”. Os dois lados do debate aceitam que, se a logica e uma ciencia, entao deve haver fatos logicamente necessarios que esta ciencia descobre; Chateaubriand argumenta que, porque a logica e ciencia, deve haver fatos necessarios que ela descobre, enquanto seus oponentes argumentam que, porque nao ha fatos logicamente necessarios, a logica nao pode ser uma ciencia. Eu argumento que podemos tomar uma via intermediaria entre estes dois lados do dilema mostrando que, ainda que a logica seja uma ciencia, nao se segue, como Chateaubriand assume, que existem fatos logicamente necessarios. Existem verdades da (ciencia da) logica; nao existem “verdades logicas”.Palavras chave: Chateaubriand. Frege. Permissao para inferencia. Verdade logica. Intuicao matematica. Peirce.
Actuar por una razón

What do we mean when we say we act “for a reason”? What is the connection between Reason, as a faculty, and the reasons of our actions? This article maintains that Aristotle and Kant had a similar answer to this question. Moreover: the answer they give can help us to clarify the controversy between moral realism and empiricism regarding the ontological and epistemological status of what we call the reason of an action.
Social-evaluative threat, cognitive load, and the cortisol and cardiovascular stress response.

Abstract Background Current evidence suggests that exposure to social-evaluative threat (SET) can elicit a physiological stress response, especially cortisol, which is an important regulatory hormone. However, an alternative explanation of these findings is that social-evaluative laboratory tasks are more difficult, or confer greater cognitive load, than non-evaluative tasks. Thus, the current experiment tested whether social-evaluative threat, rather than cognitive load, is truly an “active ingredient” in eliciting a cortisol response to stressors. Methods Healthy undergraduate students (N = 142, 65% female) were randomly assigned to one of four speech-stressor conditions in a fully-crossed two (social-evaluative threat [SET] manipulation: non-SET versus SET) by two (cognitive load manipulation: low versus high) stressor manipulation. Social-evaluative threat was manipulated by the presence (SET) or absence (non-SET) of two evaluators, while cognitive load was manipulated by the presence (LOAD) or absence (non-LOAD) of a tone-counting task during the speech stressor. Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular measures were taken before, during, and after the speech stressor. Results Compared to the non-SET condition, SET condition led to greater cortisol and cardiovascular responses to the speech stressor. There were no main or additive effects of cognitive load on cortisol and cardiovascular responses to the speech stressor. Conclusions These findings suggest that social-evaluative threat is a central aspect of stressors that elicits a cortisol response; however we found no evidence that increased difficulty, or cognitive load, contributed to greater cardiovascular or cortisol responses to stressors.
Cognition as Interaction

At the end of the last chapter we saw that the creation of similarity points to a more fundamental cognitive phenomenon, namely that of the creation of attributes of an object, event or situation. This phenomenon has sprouted a certain view of cognition that is becoming increasingly prominent. I refer to it as the interaction view of cognition. According to this view, our concepts do not reflect some pre-existing structure in the environment, they create the structure. Yet, this conceptual organization cannot be arbitrary, and is somehow constrained by reality.
The Evolution of Salamander Courtship Pheromones

Among vertebrates, the importance of chemical signals and chemosensory perception is unquestioned, especially for mammals (Birch, 1974b; Doty, 1976; Muller-Schwarze and Mozell, 1977). Chemosensory perception also is well documented for many reptiles (Burghardt, 1970), fish (Bardach and Todd, 1970; Liley, 1982; Pfeiffer, 1974; Stacey, 1983), and even some birds (Grubb, 1974; Stager, 1967; Walcott and Lednor, 1983). It is less widely appreciated that the perception and production of chemical information represents a critical mode of communication for amphibians (Madison, 1977), salamanders in particular. Salamanders produce chemical secretions from a glandular skin, from specialized glands located on the head, or from discrete glands within the cloaca (Brodie, 1968; Noble, 1931; Sever, 1976). For many salamanders, skin secretions include noxious poisons that are effective at repelling potential predators (Labanick and Brandon, 1981; Madison, 1977). Within species, salamanders use chemical perception as one of several significant cues when migrating long distances to breeding sites (Dolmen, 1982; Grant et al., 1968; Kleeberger and Werner, 1982; Twitty, 1959, 1961) or when returning to “home” areas from which they have been displaced (Holomuzki, 1982; Madison 1969, 1972; Madison and Shoop, 1970). Forester (1977, 1979) has shown that females of at least one plethodontid species (Desmognathus ochrophaeus) returned from months of foraging in the forest litter to the precise streamside site where they had oviposited in a previous year.
Abstract 1454: Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 mediates metabolic reprogramming and promotes tumor metastasis through CamKK2-AMPK signaling in LKB1-deficient lung cancer

Although elevated glutaminolysis has been demonstrated in cancer cells, the precise mechanism by which glutaminolysis is exploited to promote tumor metastasis has not been elucidated. Lung cancer frequently metastasizes and is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Loss of LKB1 is associated with increased metastasis and poor prognosis in lung cancer, but the development of targeted agents in LKB1-deficient lung cancer is still in its infancy. Our recent study reveal that glutamate dehydrogenase 1, upregulated upon detachment via the transcription factor pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1), provides anti-anoikis and pro-metastatic signals in LKB1-deficient lung cancer. Mechanistically, the GDH1 product alpha-KG activates CamKK2 by enhancing its substrate AMPK binding and triggers CamKK2-mediated AMPK signaling, which contributes to energy production that confers anoikis resistance. The effect of GDH1 on AMPK is evident in LKB1-deficient lung cancer, where AMPK activation predominantly depends on CamKK2. Targeting GDH1 with the small molecule GDH1 inhibitor R162 led to attenuated anoikis resistance and tumor metastasis in an LKB1-deficient lung patient-derived xenograft model. Correlation studies between GDH1 signaling and metastatic cancer progression in lung cancer patients further validated the clinical relevance of our finding. Our study provides insight into the molecular mechanism by which GDH1-mediated metabolic reprogramming of glutaminolysis mediates lung cancer metastasis. This knowledge could be leveraged for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for patients with LKB1-deficient lung cancer. Citation Format: Sumin Kang, Lingtao Jin, Chaoyun Pan, Jaemoo Chun. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 mediates metabolic reprogramming and promotes tumor metastasis through CamKK2-AMPK signaling in LKB1-deficient lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1454.
Parallel column model for Dividing Wall Column simulations

Abstract Dividing Wall Columns (DWC) have attracted considerable attention in recent years. It is often stated that no commercial flowsheet simulation package has yet offered a DWC as a standard model. As a result, nearly all simulations of DWCs employ interlinked multi-column equilibrium stage models in a sequential-modular process simulator. It is claimed that equation-based simulators offer advantages over sequential modular simulators when modelling DWCs but, to date, no empirical evidence in support of such a contention has been published. In this paper we describe an equation-based parallel column model (PCM) designed to enable the straightforward simulation of an entire DWC as though it were a single column. With the aid of simulations of several different DWCs with one, two, or three walls, and with one or two condensers, we demonstrate that an equation-oriented PCM can have good numerical performance, arguably superior to sequential-modular multi-column models.
Medical philanthropy pays dividends: The impact of philanthropic funding of basic and clinical research goes beyond mere finances by reshaping the whole research enterprise.

EMBO Reports (2019) e48173 Philanthropy is a bright light in a dim reality of medical research and drug development. Only 1 in 10,000 academic discoveries make their way into a new therapy or diagnostics that helps patients. Those few discoveries that are taken up by biotech or pharma companies take 15 years and over US$1 billion to bring a new product to the market—if they ever make it that far. Moreover, there are between 7,000 and 9,600 known rare diseases, for which there are 773 FDA‐approved orphan drugs as of 2019 (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/listResult.cfm). These data are primarily US‐centric, but they represent the challenges faced around the world. > Time and again, philanthropy has shown to wield a profound and outsized impact because it is not subject to the same constraints as other sources of capital. Philanthropy is a relatively small player in the medical research ecosystem. It accounts for < 3% of all of US funding for R&D (https://www.researchamerica.org/sites/default/files/Policy_Advocacy/2013-2017InvestmentReportFall2018.pdf), which pales in comparison with the billions of dollars spent by government entities, such as the NIH, and the biopharma industry. Yet, underdog as it may be, it can still punch well above its weight. Time and again, philanthropy has shown to wield a profound and outsized impact because it is not subject to the same constraints as other sources of capital. Michael Milken, a medical philanthropist and Chairman of the Milken Institute, said “Philanthropy is far more than just writing checks. It takes an entrepreneurial approach that seeks out best practices and empowers people to change the world” (https://givingpledge.org/Pledger.aspx?id=245). When philanthropists and foundations fully embrace the unique attributes of their capital and use it strategically to fill key funding gaps, incentivize new behaviors, and innovate the medical research system, we see positive impacts for science and for patients. ### Philanthropy primed for long‐term growth The United States is in a second …
The Roles of Group Status and Group Membership in the Practice of Hypodescent

Hypodescent emerged in U.S. history to reinforce racial hierarchy. Research suggests that among contemporary U.S. adults, hypodescent continues to shape social perception. Among U.S. children, however, hypodescent is less likely to be endorsed. Here, we tested for hypodescent by introducing U.S. children (ages 4?9) and adults (N = 273) to hierarchically ordered novel groups (one was high status and another was low status) and then to a child who had one parent from each group. In Study 1, we presented the groups in a third-party context. In Study 2, we randomly assigned participants to the high-status or the low-status group. Across both studies, participants did not reliably endorse hypodescent, raising questions as to what elicits this practice.
Combining spore germination and heat inactivation to decontaminate materials contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores

AIMS: To add a spore germination step in order to reduce decontamination temperature and time requirements compared to the current hot, humid air decontamination parameters, which are 75–80°C, ≥72 h, 70–90% RH, down to ≤60°C and ≤24 h total decontamination time. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacillus anthracis spore germination with l‐alanine+inosine+calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA) was quantified at 0–40°C, several time points and spore concentrations of 5–9 log₁₀ per ml. Germination efficiency at 0–40°C was >99% at 2 log₁₀ (>99%) of spores. However, a repeat application of germinant was needed to achieve the objective of ≥6 log₁₀ spore inactivation out of a 7 log₁₀ challenge (≥99·9999%) for ≤24 h total decontamination time for nylon and aircraft performance coating. CONCLUSIONS: l‐alanine+inosine+CaDPA stimulated germination across wide temperature and spore concentration ranges. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Germination expands the scope of spore decontamination to include materials from any industry sector that can be sprayed with an aqueous germinant solution.
Primary Care Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) have mortality estimated at 81%. Objective To systematically review the evidence on benefits and harms of AAA screening and small aneurysm treatment to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. Data Sources MEDLINE, PubMed (publisher supplied only), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for relevant English-language studies published through September 2018. Surveillance continued through July 2019. Study Selection Trials of AAA screening benefits and harms; trials and cohort studies of small (3.0-5.4 cm) AAA treatment benefits and harms. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two investigators independently reviewed abstracts and full-text articles and extracted data. The Peto method was used to pool odds ratios (ORs) for AAA-related mortality, rupture, and operations; the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to pool calculated risk ratios for all-cause mortality. Main Outcomes and Measures AAA and all-cause mortality; AAA rupture; treatment complications. Results Fifty studies (N = 323 279) met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of population-based randomized clinical trials (RCTs) estimated that a screening invitation to men 65 years or older was associated with a reduction in AAA-related mortality over 12 to 15 years (OR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.57-0.74]; 4 RCTs [n = 124 926]), AAA-related ruptures over 12 to 15 years (OR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.55-0.70]; 4 RCTs [n = 124 929]), and emergency surgical procedures over 4 to 15 years (OR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.48-0.68]; 5 RCTS [n = 175 085]). In contrast, no significant association with all-cause mortality benefit was seen at 12- to 15-year follow-up (relative risk, 0.99 [95% CI 0.98-1.00]; 4 RCTs [n = 124 929]). One-time screening was associated with significantly more procedures over 4 to 15 years in the invited group compared with the control group (OR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.34-1.55]; 5 RCTs [n = 175 085]). Four trials (n = 3314) of small aneurysm surgical treatment demonstrated no significant difference in AAA-related mortality or all-cause mortality compared with surveillance over 1.7 to 12 years. These 4 early surgery trials showed a substantial increase in procedures in the early surgery group. For small aneurysm treatment, registry data (3 studies [n = 14 424]) showed that women had higher surgical complications and postoperative mortality compared with men. Conclusions and Relevance One-time AAA screening in men 65 years or older was associated with decreased AAA-related mortality and rupture rates but was not associated with all-cause mortality benefit. Higher rates of elective surgery but no long-term differences in quality of life resulted from screening.
Rapid Microwave Synthesis of Tunable Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) Quantum Dots for Optoelectronic Applications

Quantum dots (QDs) are a hot topic in optoelectronic device research, due to tailorable absorption and emission properties. Unfortunately, the conventional methods of QD synthesis are hazardous and time-consuming. In this work, we present an alternative method of fabricating cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs (via rapid microwave synthesis). This novel fabrication method provides a quick and efficient way to synthesize QDs that are almost identical to those commercially available. We also demonstrate the tuning of QD sizes by varying time and temperature during the growth process. Optical spectroscopy was used to measure the emission profile of QDs of various sizes. With ease repeatability, tunability, and scalability, this QD synthesis method can be integrated into a wide range of applications and optoelectronic devices.
1916-P: Postprandial Glucagon Metabolism in Healthy Subjects: Use of 13C 15N Glucagon

Glucagon metabolism in humans is poorly understood and is currently under active investigation. We have recently developed a new isotope dilution method using nonradioactive, stable human glucagon (Phe 6 13C9, 15N; Phe 22 13C9, 15N) tracer to measure glucagon fluxes. To estimate postprandial glucagon turnover using this novel technique, we present data from the first 5 healthy subjects (3 males, age 26.2±7.9 years, BMI 25.4±2.6 kg/m2, fasting plasma glucose 4.7±0.2 mM, HbA1c 5.1±0.2 %) done thus far. After IRB approval and informed consent, subjects presented to the clinical research unit in the morning after an overnight fast. A catheter was inserted in a forearm vein for glucagon tracer infusion and another catheter placed in the contralateral hand and the hand kept in a heated box for periodic draws of arterialized venous samples for measurements of glucagon tracer (tandem mass spectrometry), glucagon and glucose concentrations during the study. A mixed meal (75 grams carb, 15% protein, 35% fat; 8 kcal/kg) was ingested at time 0 and the glucagon tracer infusion rate adjusted to mimic the anticipated changes in postprandial circulating glucagon concentrations for 6 hours. Systemic glucagon appearance rate (Ra glucagon) was calculated by the isotope dilution method. Fig 1 shows the Ra glucagon in all subjects. These initial data show that postprandial glucagon turnover can be calculated in humans applying this novel technique. Disclosure F. Ruchi: None. Y.R. Yadav: None. D. Romeres: None. S. Sawleh: None. L.M. Benson: None. K.L. Johnson: None. M. Schiavon: None. C. Dalla Man: Research Support; Self; Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH. C. Cobelli: None. D.J. McCormick: None. R. Basu: Consultant; Self; GENFIT. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca. A. Basu: Consultant; Spouse/Partner; GENFIT. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; AstraZeneca. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01DK029953 to R.B.), (R01DK085516 to A.B.), (DK059637, DK020593)
Use of EPIC 26 to identify men likely to benefit from surgical interventions for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy.

To examine outcomes of surgical procedures for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy (post-RP UI) and to identify patients who may benefit from a surgical intervention to treat post-RP UI. A retrospective chart review identified men who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) from July 2004 through July 2016 at our institution. Cases underwent surgical interventions for UI following RP. Controls had RP during the study period but did not have an intervention for UI following RP. We used the UI scale of the Expanded Prostate Index Composite (EPIC) 26 to: (1) quantify post-RP UI before and after UI intervention overall and for specific surgical procedures; (2) evaluate the significance of improvement in post-RP UI before and after UI intervention and (3) identify controls with levels of post-RP UI that were comparable to the cases. Two thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight RPs were performed; 48 patients underwent further surgical intervention (39 slings, 9 artificial urinary sphincter, AUS). For 20 cases with complete EPIC UI data (15 slings, 5 AUS), the median (IQR) pre-UI intervention score was 27.00 (IQR 22.75–42.75). Improvement was significant overall (p < 0.001) and for slings (p = 0.001). 71/2085 controls had post-prostatectomy UI scores ≤ 27.0, suggesting that they may have benefited from a post-RP surgical intervention for UI. Data support the effectiveness of surgery to treat post-RP UI. A sizeable population of unidentified men may benefit from a surgical intervention to treat urinary incontinence after RP.
CO Dissociation on model Co/SiO2 catalysts – effect of adsorbed hydrogen

Abstract We found experimental evidence that shows the effect that adsorbed hydrogen can have on CO dissociation. For cobalt nanoparticles supported on SiO2, adsorbed hydrogen enhances CO dissociation. In contrast, adsorbed hydrogen inhibits CO dissociation on a cobalt film supported on SiO2. Considering the nature of cobalt deposited by physical vapor deposition, these results can be explained by a preference for CO dissociation to follow the hydrogen-assisted dissociation mechanism on FCC cobalt and step-edges, while the direct dissociation mechanism is preferred on HCP cobalt. These results are in agreement with previous theoretical results.
Community partnerships within a novel dental school urgent care center: Student perceptions.

Purpose/objectives Oral health inequities and limited access to care cause patients to seek dental treatment in hospital emergency departments. In addition, conventional clinic models and curricular limitations may result in inadequate experiences for students learning urgent dental care. The aim of the current study was to investigate student perceptions of a novel dental school urgent care clinic model. Methods A mixed-methods, cross-sectional study design was used to survey third-year and fourth-year students at a Midwest dental school in spring 2020 about their experiences providing patient care in the school's internal urgent care center. Along with a structured curriculum, the urgent care clinic model incorporates an on-site partnership with a community health center and a hospital emergency department affiliation that serves as a referral base to provide students with their learning experiences. Results Of 81 students, 78 completed the survey (96% response rate). The majority of students treated 50 or more patients. From their urgent care experiences, a majority of students felt prepared to manage patients with acute dental pain and swelling (72/77, 94%), and reported a better understanding of interprofessional collaborations in dentistry (42/77, 55%) and the importance of providing urgent dental care to underserved patients (72/77, 94%). Most students (64/75, 85%) were more likely to offer urgent dental care services to underserved populations in future practice. Conclusion This collaborative school-based urgent care clinic model incorporating community partnerships provided transformative learning experiences, positively impacted student perceptions of their learning, and influenced future practice behaviors related to urgent dental care.
“Our arithmetic was unique”: The Sheppard-Towner Act and the Constraints of Federalism on Data Collection Before the New Deal

This article reveals how the politics of federalism in the 1920s stifled the U.S. Children’s Bureau’s ability to collect national data on the workings of the Sheppard-Towner Act. The Bureau staff’s reliance on state administrators for data hindered their efforts to collect standardized national statistics on the states’ use of federal dollars. Ultimately, this barrier contributed to Sheppard-Towner’s defeat in 1929. Though the law was short-lived, the problems the Children’s Bureau encountered administering it provide insights into how federal matching grant programs began to shape federal and state relations before the New Deal. As this article shows, Bureau staff learned from their experience administering Sheppard-Towner that they needed to implement more stringent federal oversight over state-level accounting in their administration of Title V of the Social Security Act.
The Push and Pull of Attaining CEO Celebrity: A Media Routines Perspective

Why do some CEOs become celebrities, while others with seemingly equal accomplishments do not? After two decades of research, far more is known about the substantial consequences of CEO celebrity t...
Quantitative evaluation of latent fingermarks with novel enhancement and illumination.

Abstract A variety of suspended silica and metal nanoparticles have been used over the last 20 years to enhance latent fingermarks. This study quantitatively evaluates enhancement of natural and sebum-enriched fingermarks from three adult subjects acquired with a consistent applied force on glass with a fingermark press using suspended commercially available polystyrene (PS) particles. Images of the enhanced fingermarks acquired with total internal reflection (TIR), or standard overhead white light (WL), illumination are compared with fingermarks enhanced with conventional methods including cyanoacrylate fuming. The different enhancement and illumination methods are quantified based on the brightness and contrast of the fingermark images, as well as the number of minutiae that can be identified and matched to those on an inked manually acquired “template” fingermark using automatic fingerprint identification system (AFIS) software. Enhanced fingermarks acquired with the press are shown to be more consistent than manually acquired fingermarks based on these metrics. The results demonstrate that TIR illumination from a large-area illuminator built in house gives enhanced fingermark images with more matched minutiae and contrast superior to that for WL illumination for all types of enhancement. “Wet-powdering” with PS particles gives fingermark images that are for the most part comparable in terms of the number of matched minutiae to fingermarks enhanced with more conventional methods, suggesting that this novel enhancement method has a performance comparable to conventional enhancement methods. Interestingly, the age of the fingermark appears to have almost no effect on this new type of enhancement; sebum-enriched fingermarks ranging in age from 12 h to 435 days appear to have statistically identical numbers of matched minutiae.
Examining the Relations between Preschooler's Externalizing Behaviors and Academic Performance Using an S-1 Bifactor Model.

Externalizing behaviors are associated with poor academic outcomes in community-based samples of children as young as preschool-age. However, there remains debate as to which specific externalizing dimensions link externalizing behaviors to early academic skills. Recently, research has supported the use of S-1 bifactor models to examine the hierarchical structure of externalizing behaviors and the unique relations between externalizing factors and academic impairment in samples of school-age children. The primary goals of this study were to extend the age range at which S-1 bifactor models are applied to externalizing behaviors and to determine if factors derived from an S-1 bifactor model had differing relations to early academic skills. In this study, the early academic skills of 1,356 preschool-age children (mean age = 49.98 months; SD = 8.08) were assessed, and preschool and childcare teachers rated children’s externalizing behaviors. Results indicated that an S-1 bifactor model with a Hyperactive-Impulsive reference factor yielded the best-fitting model for preschool-age children’s externalizing behaviors. Structural models revealed that both the Hyperactive-Impulsive reference factor and the Inattention factor uniquely predicted preschool children’s early academic skills. The degree to which the results applied across the primary groups in the sample (i.e., White versus Black/African American children, girls versus boys) was examined for measurement and structural models.
GnRH Mutants and Transgenic Mice

In the past few years, several lines of GnRH transgenic mice have been created that have provided insight into the regulation of normal GnRH neurons in vivo. Some of these animals have a reporter molecule linked to the GnRH promoter, enabling visual identification of these cells in the brain. Other GnRH transgenic mice have been produced that have mutations in the 5’ flanking region of the proGnRH gene, enabling a dissection of those regions of the promoter necessary for migration, targeting and proper physiology of the GnRH neuron. There is also a spontaneous mutant, called the hypogonadal (hpg) mouse, which has a truncated GnRH gene and cannot produce the GnRH decapeptide. The hpg mouse has provided an important model for the study of mechanisms regulating reproduction, and a discussion of these animals and the “rescue” of their reproductive function by transplantation of wild-type GnRH neurons, will be provided.
BROWSE REMOVAL, PLANT CONDITION, AND TWINNING RATES BEFORE AND AFTER SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN MOOSE DENSITY

We monitored forage-based indices of intraspecific competition at changing moose ( Alces alces ) densities to gauge short-term, density-dependent environmental feedback and to ultimately improve management of moose for elevated sustained yield. In 4 areas of interior Alaska where moose density recently changed, we evaluated the magnitude of change among 4 browse indices: proportional offtake of current annual growth biomass (OFTK), proportion of current twigs that were browsed (PTB), mean twig diameter at point of browsing (DPB), and proportion of plants with broomed architecture. In 1 area where moose density increased 100% in 6 years following effective predation control, browse removal increased 138% for OFTK, 20% for PTB, and 16 – 42% for DPB of primary browse species, with a 44% increase in brooming. We also studied 3 areas where moose density declined 31 – 41% following elevated antlerless harvests of 2 – 4 years duration. In these areas (with intervals of 3 – 12 years between browse surveys) we found declines of 30 – 40% in OFTK, 26 – 68% in PTB, and 11 – 37% in DPB, but changes in plant architecture were inconsistent. The proportion of parturient cows with neonate twins did not change between browse surveys, presumably because of a substantial lag time influenced by life history of the dominant reproductive cohorts and little change in browse nutrient content and digestibility. Of the 4 browse indices studied, proportional OFTK most consistently reflected the direction and magnitude of short-term changes in moose density. Area-specific measures of habitat and animal conditions at high moose density provided an objective means for gauging the capacity of the respective ecosystems to support moose and maintain forage plants. We used these measures of winter forage and moose condition to justify implementing harvest strategies and to ultimately reduce high moose densities below levels of strong negative feedback.
The Cause of the Evershed Effect in Sunspots: Flows or Waves?

Alternative theoretical explanations of the Evershed effect based on flows and on waves are discussed in light of the observational evidence. Several objections are raised to wave mechanisms in general, and to the surface-wave mechanism proposed recently by Bunte, Darconza, and Solanki (1993) in particular, and it is concluded that the wave mechanism is untenable and that the Evershed effect is most likely produced by flows. Siphon-flow models for the Evershed effect are discussed in some detail, and a qualitative explanation of how the transient nature of siphon flows may account for the recently discovered time dependence of the Evershed effect is offered. The general weakness or absence of the observed Evershed effect just outside sunspots poses a problem for flow mechanisms (as it does equally for wave mechanisms), but some possible ways of resolving this issue for siphon flows are outlined.
Steel Column Buckling under Thermal Gradients

The buckling loads for wide flange steel columns subject to elevated temperature are determined analytically. Buckling in both the elastic and elastic-plastic range are considered. The buckling loads are determined by solving the governing differential equation using finite differences. Various cases of nonuniform temperature along the length of the member are considered. The influence of elevated temperature on the material properties and the influence of residual stress on the buckling loads is taken into account. Results are presented in the form of column curves relating the critical stress and the column slenderness ratio for various types of boundary conditions.
Innate Immunity in the Human Female Reproductive Tract: Endocrine Regulation of Endogenous Antimicrobial Protection Against HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections

Mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract (FRT) contain a spectrum of antimicrobials that provide the first line of defense against viruses, bacteria, and fungi that enter the lower FRT. Once thought to be a sterile compartment, the upper FRT is periodically exposed to pathogens throughout the menstrual cycle. More recently, secretions from the upper FRT have been shown to contribute to downstream protection in the lower FRT. In this review, we examine the antimicrobials in FRT secretions made by immune cells and epithelial cells in the upper and lower FRT that contribute to innate protection. Because each site is hormonally regulated to maintain fertility, this review focuses on the contributions of hormone balance during the menstrual cycle to innate immune protection. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that sex hormones regulate antimicrobials produced by innate immune cells throughout the FRT. The goal of this review is to examine the spectrum of antimicrobials in the FRT and the ways in which they are regulated to provide protection against pathogens that compromise reproductive health and threaten the lives of women.
Cost-Effectiveness of Long-Term Every Three-Year Versus Annual Postoperative Surveillance for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

Background: Patients with low-risk papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) who demonstrate an excellent response to initial therapy have a 2% recurrence rate and 100% disease-specific survival within 10 years. Thus, annual surveillance may be excessive. We hypothesized that less frequent postoperative surveillance in these patients is cost effective. Methods: A Markov discrete time state transition model was created to compare postoperative surveillance tapered to 3-year intervals after 5 years of annual surveillance versus conventional annual surveillance in low-risk PTC patients with negative neck ultrasound and stimulated thyroglobulin less than 2 ng/mL 1 year postoperatively. Outcome probabilities, utilities, and costs were determined via literature review, the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule, and Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project data. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess areas of uncertainty. Results: The cost of annual surveillance was $5,239 per patient and yielded 22.49 quality-adjusted lif...
Toward a Radical Naturalistic and Humanistic Interpretation of the Abrahamic Religions: In Search for the Wholly Other than the Horror and Terror of Nature and History

12.00 Normal 0 false false false EN-AU X-NONE HE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} In this sweeping work, Rudolf Siebert goes beyond and develops further and creatively applies the argument found in his recent three volume Manifesto in a relatively succinct form. Drawing upon the rich resources of the Critical Theory of Society of the Frankfurt School but also the vast tradition of critical philosophy and theology, Siebert offers a ‘critical’ analysis. A critical approach (from the Greek kritikos, able to discern) implies that religious phenomena are examined according to both their positive and negative impacts, with help from the critical theory of society. A critical approach is not neutral. Critical theorists of religion are engaged in informed assessments which enable action in the public sphere. Siebert’s focus is nothing less than some aspects of the three Abrahamic Religions - Judaism, Christianity and Islam - and their sacred writings - the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament and The Holy Qur’an.
On the distribution of endometrial cysts

Abstract It is obvious from a study of the sections presented in this paper that these adenomas are histologic and morphologic duplicates of the uterine endometrium in various phases of its cycles. It is also obvious that in every specimen presented, there was blood in the gland lumen and, in the great majority of cases, in the adjacent stroma. This morphologic and histologic resemblance, together with the presence of blood, does not necessarily prove the endometrial origin of the glandular structures shown. To be derived from endometrium, a tissue must respond to the ovarian hormone exactly as does the uterine mucosa; intraglandular and periglandular hemorrhage does not stamp tissue of mullerian origin. When we have been shown that these so-called endometrial transplants undergo the characteristic cyclic changes of the uterine mucosa, then I shall agree on their mullerian origin. But as this has not been demonstrated for the great majority of the so-called endometrial adenomyomas reported in the literature, I am forced to conclude that they are of inflammatory origin, which substantiates Robert Meyer's theory.
Key Theories from Critical Medical Anthropology for Public Health Research. Part II: Medicine in the Social System, Medicine as a Social System

This article summarizes four significant theoretical concepts from the field of Critical Medical Anthro pology in two parts: in the first part, biopower/dis cipline and explanatory models; in the second, structural violence, and identity politics and bio logical citizenship. The four subjects reviewed here have been chosen for their importance to our un derstanding of human behaviors related to health and illness, as well as for the impact that they can have on theory, research, and practice in the field of public health. These critical theories can provide new ways of thinking about professional roles, medical decisions, disease diagnosis and etiology, treatment adherence, prevention messaging, and all sorts of health-related behaviors and systems of understanding. They can also help public health researchers shed light on the human beliefs and activities that shape patterns of disease within and across populations. Whether a research question is being formulated or research findings are being analyzed, the critical social theories outlined here can foster a more holistic understanding of the hu man element in any public health project.
Variation between biotype E clones of Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Phenotypic and genotypic variation was investigated between biotype E clones of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). S. graminum was collected from wheat and sorghum fields in seven Kansas counties, USA. Colonies representing single maternal lineages (clones) were initiated and maintained in an insectary, and were verified as biotype E. An allozyme survey among clones did not detect any polymorphism at 24 enzymatic loci. We were unable to detect interclonal variation for nymphal survivorship, age at first reproduction, fecundity, and reproductive lifespan. Variation among genetically homogeneous daughters within clones was as great as variation among different clones for the above parameters, due to microenvironmental effects. However, by using the intergenic spacer in the rDNA cistron as a molecular fingerprinting tool, we identified 56 unique maternal lineages among 61 clones tested. The length of the intergenic spacer varied within individual S. graminum , and different maternal lineages had unique sets of spacer sizes. However, S. graminum within a single clone shared the same sets of spacer sizes. Extensive molecular genetic variation was found among biotype E clones, despite a lack of variation in additive genetic traits. Thus, biotype E populations are made up of many genetically distinct clones and do not represent an asexual proliferation of one or a few maternal lineages.
Low-wavenumber turbulent boundary layer wall-pressure measurements from vibration data on a cylinder in pipe flow

Abstract The response of a structure to turbulent boundary layer (TBL) excitation has been an area of research for roughly 50 years, although uncertainties persist surrounding the low-wavenumber levels of the TBL surface pressure spectrum. In this experimental investigation, a cylindrical shell with a smooth internal surface is subjected to TBL excitation from water in fully developed pipe flow. The cylinder's vibration response to this excitation is used to determine low-wavenumber TBL surface pressure levels at lower streamwise wavenumbers than previously reported (k1/kc
Smart photonic networks and computer security for image data

Work reported here is part of a larger project on 'Smart Photonic Networks and Computer Security for Image Data', studying the interactions of coding and security, switching architecture simulations, and basic technologies. Coding and security: coding methods that are appropriate for data security in data fusion networks were investigated. These networks have several characteristics that distinguish them form other currently employed networks, such as Ethernet LANs or the Internet. The most significant characteristics are very high maximum data rates; predominance of image data; narrowcasting - transmission of data form one source to a designated set of receivers; data fusion - combining related data from several sources; simple sensor nodes with limited buffering. These characteristics affect both the lower level network design and the higher level coding methods.Data security encompasses privacy, integrity, reliability, and availability. Privacy, integrity, and reliability can be provided through encryption and coding for error detection and correction. Availability is primarily a network issue; network nodes must be protected against failure or routed around in the case of failure. One of the more promising techniques is the use of 'secret sharing'. We consider this method as a special case of our new space-time code diversity based algorithms for secure communication. These algorithms enable us to exploit parallelism and scalable multiplexing schemes to build photonic network architectures. A number of very high-speed switching and routing architectures and their relationships with very high performance processor architectures were studied. Indications are that routers for very high speed photonic networks can be designed using the very robust and distributed TCP/IP protocol, if suitable processor architecture support is available.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determination of the virulence of the pigmentation-deficient and pigmentation-/plasminogen activator-deficient strains of Yersinia pestis in non-human primate and mouse models of pneumonic plague☆

The current human plague vaccine, a killed Yersinia pestis whole-cell preparation, does not protect against aerosol challenge and is reactogenic and antigenically undefined. Live attenuated Y. pestis, such as pigmentation-deficient (Pgm-) strains, have been used frequently as vaccines and are efficacious. They are used widely in plague research and assumed to be safe. However, they can cause serious adverse reactions, and their aerosol infectivity is not known. We tested the virulence of a defined Pgm- variant of the C092 strain of Y. pestis in mouse and non-human primate models of pneumonic plague. The ten-fold lower median lethal dose by the aerosol compared to the subcutaneous (s.c.) routes of the Pgm- strain in mice suggested that the Pgm- strain might be less attenuated by the former than by the latter route. After exposure of 16 African green monkeys to inhaled doses ranging from 1.1 x 10(4) to 8.1 x 10(7)cfu, eight died and eight survived. The terminal cultures collected from five of the non-survivors were all positive for Y. pestis. Two of the remaining three non-survivors were culture-negative but had pathologic and immunologic evidence of infection with Y. pestis, specimens could not be obtained nor the cause of death determined for the third one. The deaths were not dose-related, and there were some differences in the pathology associated with infection by the Pgm- strain compared to the wild-type (wt) strain. However, the Pgm- derivative was clearly virulent for monkeys by the aerosol route. A mutant of the Pgm- strain, which has a deletion in the plasminogen activator (Pla) virulence locus (pla), appeared to be more attenuated than was either the Pgm- single mutant (in NHPs and mice) or the Pla- single mutant strain (in mice) and has potential as a live vaccine.
A Teacher Education Program in Elementary Science That Connects Content, Methods, Practicum, and Student Teaching.

To educate teachers who have adequate content knowledge, possess the necessary skills to implement effective teaching strategies, and are confident and have positive attitudes toward science and the teaching of science, alternative teaching models are necessary. The University of Wyoming model provides such an alternative. Based on observations and interviews of students and the mentor teachers, it is apparent that it has created a very positive response in prospective teachers who have participated in it. The Wyoming model provided an effective process to train future elementary teachers. Even though it focused on science, the basis is general enough that it could be successfully extended to other disciplines with only minor modifications; however, all of the major components of the Wyoming model are vital to its success. Content courses designed specifically for prospective teachers have been successful in giving the students the content knowledge and providing opportunities for effective modeling. The seminars provide strong mechanisms to connect content to methodology and make the content relevant to teaching and to children. Because of their modeling, peer coaching, and sharing their time and students, the mentor teachers are essential partners in helping the university educate future teachers. Finally, the cooperation of all partners—district administrators, teachers, science content and science education university faculty, and students—is necessary to provide early and continuous experiences to prospective teachers.