cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Independent sets in circular-arc graphs

Abstract This paper presents a linear time algorithm for the independent set problem on circular-arc graphs. previous algorithms for this problem have assumed that the input is a set of circular-arcs and solve the problem in O(n) time. However, the fastest known algorithm for constructing the circular-are representation from a set of adjacency lists takes O(n2) time. We show that we can solve the problem in O(n + m) time, when we are given the circular-arc graph as a set of adjacency lists.
Theory of Electrical Resistivity

A new general expression for the electrical resistivity of a substance is obtained with the help of projection techniques with the Liouville equation as the point of departure. No many-body detail is sacrificed and the "${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}t$ limit" is not invoked. The first-order result in a perturbation expansion in orders of the scattering is presented in explicit form and shown to have a simple and physical appearance. It is also shown to reduce to the well-known Boltzmann expressions for simple cases.
Reactive chlorinating species produced by myeloperoxidase target the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens: identification of 2-chlorohexadecanal.

Plasmalogens contain a vinyl ether bond linking the sn-1 aliphatic chain to the glycerol backbone of this predominant phospholipid molecular subclass, which is found in many mammalian tissues. The present study demonstrates that the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens is a molecular target of the reactive chlorinating species produced by myeloperoxidase. Analysis by thin layer chromatography revealed that reactive chlorinating species produced by myeloperoxidase target the vinyl ether bond of the plasmalogen, lysoplasmenylcholine (1-O-hexadec-1′-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine), resulting in the production of a neutral lipid. Capillary gas chromatographic analyses demonstrated that the neutral lipid generated from lysoplasmenylcholine was neither hexadecanal nor did it contain masked hexadecanal (i.e. the vinyl ether) because the dimethyl acetal of hexadecanal produced by acid methanolysis derivatization was no longer present. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the myeloperoxidase-generated neutral lipid product was consistent with the production of a 16-carbon fatty aldehyde containing one chlorine atom. Furthermore, proton NMR analysis indicated that this neutral lipid product was a 2-chloro-fatty aldehyde. Additional structural analysis of this neutral lipid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the underivatized product as well as its pentafluorobenzyl oxime-derivative product was consistent with the neutral lipid being 2-chlorohexadecanal. The reactive chlorinating species, hypochlorous acid and chlorine gas, both attacked the vinyl ether bond of lysoplasmenylcholine resulting in the production of 2-chlorohexadecanal. The production of 2-chlorohexadecanal was dependent on the presence of the plasmalogen masked aldehyde (i.e. the vinyl ether) in the substrate because the free fatty aldehyde, hexadecanal, was not converted to 2-chlorohexadecanal by the reactive chlorinating species generated by myeloperoxidase. Taken together, the present studies demonstrate for the first time the targeting of the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens by the reactive chlorinating species produced by myeloperoxidase resulting in the production of novel chlorinated fatty aldehydes.
Computer Modeling of Adsorption on an Activated Charcoal Surface

The molecular modeling program SYBYL was used to simulate the adsorption of various barbiturates by an activated charcoal surface. The compounds barbituric acid (BA), barbital (B), phenobarbital (PB), mephobarbital (M), and primidone (Pr) were modeled, and their structures were energetically minimized. These structures agreed with literature reports for the conformations of these molecules in dimethyl sulfoxide‐d4, methanol-d4, and chloroform-d. The activated charcoal surface was modeled using graphitic crystallites which had either no oxygen‐containing functional group, a C—OH functional group, or a C—O functional group. The presence of the C—O (presumably C—OH) and C—O functional states on activated charcoal surfaces had been previously determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was assumed that the crystallite was locally flat. Upon docking, conformational changes were observed for barbital, phenobarbital, mephobarbital, and primidone. Estimates for the heat of adsorption ranged from − 62.3 kJ/mol for barbituric acid to − 91.1 kJ/mol for mephobarbital on the hydroxylated surface. Allowance for the heat of desorption of the required number of water molecules from the surface, also determined by SYBYL, gave heat of displacement values of − 19.4 kJ/mol for barbituric acid and − 32.6 kJ/mol for mephobarbital. These values compared well to the heat of displacement values obtained by isoperibol calorimetry, which were − 20.3 kJ/mol for barbituric acid and − 31.6 kJ/mol for mephobarbital. Previous laboratory studies had demonstrated the greater importance of the C—O functional state for barbiturate adsorption compared to the C—O functional state. The computer‐modeled system predicted the same result.
Experimental conservation and delayed expression of labile templates for enzyme synthesis in neural cells.

Abstract Base-level synthesis of the enzyme glutamine synthetase in embryonic neural retina is mediated by labile RNA templates. Complete blocking of protein synthesis with a high dose of cycloheximide does not prevent the transcription of these templates and allows them to be conserved and to accumulate in the cells; when cycloheximide is removed and further RNA synthesis is halted, the conserved templates are expressed and the level of glutamine synthetase increases at a rate faster than basal, as determined by immunomeasurements of the nascent enzyme. Puromycin does not have this effect. It is suggested that high concentrations of cycloheximide conserve the labile templates by preventing ribosome movement along the messenger.
ON DIAGONAL CUBIC SURFACES

We show that the affine surfacesx3+y3+cz3=c, c ∈Q, in the casesc≠2,c=2, contain precisely 2, respectively 4, polynomial parametric solutions corresponding to curves of arithmetic genus 0 on the surface.
Extensive Variation in the Density and Distribution of DNA Polymorphism in Sorghum Genomes

Sorghum genotypes currently used for grain production in the United States were developed from African landraces that were imported starting in the mid-to-late 19th century. Farmers and plant breeders selected genotypes for grain production with reduced plant height, early flowering, increased grain yield, adaptation to drought, and improved resistance to lodging, diseases and pests. DNA polymorphisms that distinguish three historically important grain sorghum genotypes, BTx623, BTx642 and Tx7000, were characterized by genome sequencing, genotyping by sequencing, genetic mapping, and pedigree-based haplotype analysis. The distribution and density of DNA polymorphisms in the sequenced genomes varied widely, in part because the lines were derived through breeding and selection from diverse Kafir, Durra, and Caudatum race accessions. Genomic DNA spanning dw1 (SBI-09) and dw3 (SBI-07) had identical haplotypes due to selection for reduced height. Lower SNP density in genes located in pericentromeric regions compared with genes located in euchromatic regions is consistent with background selection in these regions of low recombination. SNP density was higher in euchromatic DNA and varied >100-fold in contiguous intervals that spanned up to 300 Kbp. The localized variation in DNA polymorphism density occurred throughout euchromatic regions where recombination is elevated, however, polymorphism density was not correlated with gene density or DNA methylation. Overall, sorghum chromosomes contain distal euchromatic regions characterized by extensive, localized variation in DNA polymorphism density, and large pericentromeric regions of low gene density, diversity, and recombination.
Deep inelastic scattering of leptons.

Abstract The description of deep inelastic scattering as an extrapolation between resonance production and diffractive scattering is extended to give successful quantitative representations for the structure functions of unpolarized electron scattering on protons and neutrons, and of neutrino, antineutrino scattering on nucleons. The same ideas also supply a prediction for the polarization asymmetry in deep inelastic electron-proton scattering (paper no. 2, to be published).
The Predictably Elusive Form II of Aspirin

The elusive form II of aspirin has been obtained during co-crystallization experiments with levetiracetam or acetamide, and it has been characterized by IR, DSC, HPLC, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
FTMS studies of mass-selected, large cluster ions produced by direct laser vaporization

Abstract A method is described for the production of large cluster ions by direct laser vaporization in a low-pressure FTMS. Production of high-mass carbon cluster ions (C n + ; 40 n x Sb y + ) cluster ions containing up to five metal atoms are reported. The observed distributions are compared with those obtained previously by both direct laser vaporization and molecular beam sources. Details of the mechanism for formation of these larger cluster ions by direct laser vaporization are discussed. The mass selectivity and long ion residence times obtainable in the FTMS may now be utilized in the study of these cluster ions. Results are presented from a limited study of the ion/molecule reactions and collision induced dissociation of the high-mass carbon cluster ions.
Integration of unmanned systems for tactical operations within hostile environments

The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) is currently investigating techniques and technologies for the integration of a small unmanned aerial vehicle (SUAV) with small unmanned ground vehicles (SUGV). Each vehicle has its own set of unique capabilities, but the efficient integration of the two for a specific application requires modifying and integrating both systems. UAH has been flying and testing an autonomously-controlled small helicopter, called the Flying Bassett (Base Airborne Surveillance and Sensing for Emergency Threat Tracking) for over a year. Recently, integrated operations were performed with four SUGVs, the Matilda (Mesa Robotics, Huntsville, AL), the US Navy Vanguard, the UAH Rover, and the Penetrator (Mesa Robotics). The program has progressed from 1) building an air and ground capability for video and infrared surveillance, 2) integration with ground vehicles in realistic scenarios, to 3) deployment and recovery of ground vehicles. The work was done with the cooperation of the US Army at Ft. Benning, GA and Redstone Arsenal, AL, the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Huntsville, AL, the US Naval Reserve in Knoxville, TN, and local emergency organizations. The results so far have shown that when the air and ground systems are employed together, their utility is greatly enhanced.
Reaction kinetics in special and general relativity and its applications to temperature transformation and biological systems.

Reaction kinetics was developed in special and general relativity. The covariant rate equation and the special-relativistic rate equation which expresses an effect of a relative velocity are identical in form to the classical equation. The general-relativistic rate equation expressing a gravitational effect no longer has the same form. Many outstanding relativistic effects have been elucidated here. The relativistic law of mass action was reformulated through dynamic-equilibrium concept on the basis of these theories. Subsequent thermodynamical expression of rate constant gave an excellent model system for introducing temperature transformation. Relativistic-enzyme kinetics may realize an experimental detection of the relativistic effects.
An analysis of cerebral blood flow from middle cerebral arteries during cognitive tasks via functional transcranial Doppler recordings.

Abstract Functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD) is a useful medical imaging technique to monitor cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in major cerebral arteries. In this paper, CBFV changes in the right and left middle cerebral arteries (MCA) caused by cognitive tasks, such as word generation tasks and mental rotation tasks, were examined using fTCD. CBFV recordings were collected from 20 healthy subjects (10 females, 10 males). We obtained both the raw CBFV signal and the envelope CBFV signal, which is the maximal velocity to gain more information about the changes and hemisphere lateralization in cognitive tasks compared to the resting state. Time, frequency, time–frequency, and information-theoretic features were calculated and compared. Sex effects were also taken into consideration. The results of our analysis demonstrated that the raw CBFV signal contained more descriptive information than the envelope signals. Furthermore, both types of cognitive tasks produced higher values in most signal features. Geometric tasks were more distinguished from the rest-state than verbal tasks and the lateralization was exhibited in right MCA during geometric tasks. Our results show that the raw CBFV signals provided valuable information when studying the effects of cognitive tasks and lateralization in the MCA.
Different cholinergic synapses converging onto neurons inAplysia produce the same synaptic action

We have investigated neurons that receive inputs from more than one cholinergic interneuron, to see whether one cholinergic input can depolarize and the other hyperpolarize by virtue of activating different ACh receptors. We have examined synapses made in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica by 3 cholinergic interneurons. Two of those interneurons have previously been shown to be cholinergic. Using both biochemical and pharmacological tests we have shown a third interneuron to be cholinergic. For 7 postsynaptic cells, we compared 6 new connections that we have identified from cholinergic interneurons, and 12 previously known connections. In each case we found that different cholinergic inputs onto any given cell produced the same synaptic action. This finding held even for L7, a cell known to have two types of ACh receptors. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a postsynaptic cell does not segregate different types of ACh receptors. If generally true, this lack of segregation may help explain why a nervous system uses more than one neurotransmitter as well as why certain interneurons are needed in neural networks.
Stalking influenza diversity with a universal antibody.

The genetic shifts and drifts of the influenza virus pose an obstacle to designing antiviral agents and vaccines that are effective over the long term. However, a recent study suggests that this goal is attainable.
Clinical evaluation of local anesthetics. VII. Citanest.

SUMMARY A clinical trial evaluating 2% Citanest with 2% Xylocaine was undertaken and completed in 115 cases. Analysis of the data revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between these two drugs in regard to latency, potency, and penetrance. The data on duration of anesthesia were not sufficient to permit statistical analysis, but observations indicate that there is no significant difference between the two drugs. No local or systemic side effects or reactions were noted with either drug. On the basis of these data and those of others, it is concluded that Citanest is as effective, safe and clinically useful as Xylocaine, and probably superior because of lower toxicity. For this reason, it is recommended that Citanest be investigated further and, if the prior studies on toxicity are corroborated, it should be used widely in clinical practice.
The US Department of Defense Millennium Cohort Study: career span and beyond longitudinal follow-up.

Objective:To describe current and future career-span health research in the US Department of Defense Millennium Cohort Study.Methods:Collaborating with all military service branches and the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Millennium Cohort Study launched in 2001, before September 11 and the star
The use of cosmeceutical moisturizers

Cosmetic products are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They do not require testing or approval, as they are not considered to have any biologic activity. Drugs, on the other hand, are subject to extensive testing required by the FDA before their approval and entrance into the marketplace. For this reason many cosmetic companies avoid testing the ingredients in their products or avoid making public the results of these studies. The drug versus cosmetic controversy has presented the need for a new category in order to allow the necessary testing of the products our patients use, at the same time protecting the interests of the cosmetic companies. These products are commonly known as cosmeceuticals. This article is intended to isolate the ingredients most commonly found in cosmeceutical moisturizers and explain what facts are actually known about these agents including retinol, antioxidants, green tea, soy, and α-hydroxy acids.
Cryosurgery of parathyroid glands.

Abstract The effectiveness of cryosurgery in destruction of parathyroid glands in rats was studied by comparison of 4 experimental groups: 1. cryosurgery utilizing 3 patterns of repetitive freezing, 2. excision, 3. sham operation, or 4. no treatment. Evaluation included clinical observation of respirations and voice, serum calcium concentration, and histologic examination of parathyroid tissue. The results indicate that the extent of destruction of parathyroid glands in rats can be controlled by specific cryosurgical techniques without thyroidectomy or risk of permanent injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves.
Practical scientific visualization examples

Scientific visualization has yet to become a discipline founded on well-understood principles. In some cases we have rules of thumb, and there are studies that probe the capabilities and limitations of specific techniques. For the most part, however, visualization consists of a collection of ad hoc techniques and lovely examples. This article collects examples where visualization was found to be useful for particular insights or where it enabled new and fruitful types of experiment.
‘Inside the US espionage den’: The US embassy and the fall of the Shah

(1993). ‘Inside the US espionage den’: The US embassy and the fall of the Shah. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 44-59.
Twelve reasons not to route over many short hops

For multihop wireless networks, a fundamental question is whether it is advantageous to route over many short hops (short-hop routing) or over a smaller number of longer hops (long-hop routing). Short-hop routing gained a lot of support, and its proponents mainly produce two arguments: reduced energy consumption and less interference. Both arguments stem from an oversimplified analysis, that is based on inaccurate channel models and neglects delay, end-to-end reliability, bias power consumption, the impact of channel coding, mobility, and routing overhead. In this paper, we shed more light on these issues by listing twelve reasons why short-hop routing is not as beneficial as it seems to be. The conclusion is that for many networks, long-hop routing is in every aspect a very competitive strategy.
Belt of sigmoidal bending and right-lateral faulting in the western great basin

Betweeen the northwest-trending Sierra Nevada and the north-northeast-trending ranges that characterize most of the Great Basin section of the Basin and Range province is a belt of confused and divergent topographic forms, which is approximately 50 miles wide and 300 miles long. Along the eastern part of this belt is a topographically low lineament called the Walker Lane. A number of the ranges along the belt have an arcuate form which is controlled by the structure of rocks that are mainly of pre-Cretaceous age; locally, in the southern part of the belt, rocks as young as early Miocene show the arcuate form. The strike of tilted beds, fold axes, and in places elongate plutons, parallels the trend of the arcuate ranges, herein called “oroflexes”—defined as mountain ranges with arcuate trends that result from tectonic bending of the crust. The gross structural pattern of pre-middle Miocene rocks along the belt is a series of sigmoidal bends that suggest gigantic dextral drag. The sigmoidal bends define the oroflexes, facies boundaries, and structural trend lines. These features are cut in places by at least three, and probably five, major northwest-trending faults having right-lateral separations of many miles. Along the strike, the two largest faults seem to die out and the movement is believed to be taken up by bending. The indicated total horizontal displacement by bending and faulting along the belt is 80–120 miles, the Great Basin having moved southeastward relative to the Sierra Nevada. This movement is most likely restricted to the crust, which at some depth is thought to have moved freely over deeper material —either a deeper segment of the crust or the mantle. Available evidence permits the interpretation that the deformation began possibly as early as late Early Jurassic and that the same movement pattern has prevailed ever since. The bending and major strike-slip faulting must have been completed by early or middle Miocene time but much of it may have taken place as long ago as the Jurassic. More recent movements have been restricted to faulting.
Disk-shaped Compact Tension Test for Asphalt Concrete Fracture

A disk-shaped compact tension (DC(T)) test has been developed as a practical method for obtaining the fracture energy of asphalt concrete. The main purpose of the development of this specimen geometry is the ability to test cylindrical cores obtained from in-place asphalt concrete pavements or gyratory-compacted specimens fabricated during the mixture design process. A suitable specimen geometry was developed using the ASTM E399 standard for compact tension testing of metals as a starting point. After finalizing the specimen geometry, a typical asphalt concrete surface mixture was tested at various temperatures and loading rates to evaluate the proposed DC(T) configuration. The variability of the fracture energy obtained from the DC(T) geometry was found to be comparable with the variability associated with other fracture tests for asphalt concrete. The ability of the test to detect changes in the fracture energy with the various testing conditions (temperature and loading rate) was the benchmark for determining the potential of using the DC(T) geometry. The test has the capability to capture the transition of asphalt concrete from a brittle material at low temperatures to a more ductile material at higher temperatures. Because testing was conducted on ungrooved specimens, special care was taken to quantify deviations of the crack path from the pure mode I crack path. An analysis of variance of test data revealed that the prototype DC(T) can detect statistical differences in fracture energy resulting for tests conducted across a useful range of test temperatures and loading rates. This specific analysis also indicated that fracture energy is not correlated to crack deviation angle. This paper also provides an overview of ongoing work integrating experimental results and observations with numerical analysis by means of a cohesive zone model tailored for asphalt concrete fracture behavior.
Mixed venous oxygen saturation does not adequately predict cerebral perfusion during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Patricia B. Cerrito and Erle H. Austin, III Thomas Yeh, Jr, John Gouldman, Steve M. Auden, Vedad Seremet, Harvey L. Edmonds, Jr, during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass Mixed venous oxygen saturation does not adequately predict cerebral perfusion http://jtcs.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/122/1/192 the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on
Multi criteria preventive maintenance scheduling through arena based simulation modeling

Line performance and equipment utilization have been major points of interest for many companies due to their direct impact on productivity. Achieving the highest possible utilization while maximizing throughput will improve the line performance; will also show significant increase on the line productivity. There are many variables that affect the line utilization and performance and preventive maintenance schedule is one of them. In this paper a multi criteria decision making approach will be implemented to select the preventive maintenance schedule that gives the best utility and performance values. To demonstrate the selection process a bread packaging line is used as a case study. Environmental conditions and line behavior are developed and simulated by using an Arena-based simulation model. The Arena model is to be used as a support tool for the multi criteria decision making process.
Observations of matched-field autocorrelation time in the South China Sea

Matched-field processors can suffer degradation in dynamic environments due to mismatch between data and replica vectors. One measure of such degradation is the autocorrelation time scale of the data vectors. Matched-field autocorrelation times for 300- and 500-Hz narrow-band signals have been extracted from data acquired during the 2001 Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX). The acoustic signals were received on a vertical hydrophone array located near the South China Sea (SCS) shelf break at a range of 18.9 km from the acoustic sources. The water depth along the propagation path ranged from 100 to 125 m. For acoustic signal propagation through a diurnal internal tide that takes the form of a uniform depression of the thermocline, the matched-field correlation time at 300 Hz is approximately /spl tau//sub 1/2/=15 min or, nondimensionally, n/sub 1/2/=200 000 cycles. For acoustic signal propagation through packets of nonlinear internal waves, the correlation time for the 300-Hz signal is approximately /spl tau//sub 1/2/=2 min or n/sub 1/2/=30 000 cycles. A nonlinear internal wave packet entering the acoustic propagation path at 11:40 UTC on May 7 was observed to be unambiguously associated with a drop in the signal correlation time. A two-dimensional advective, frozen-ocean acoustic propagation model produces matched-field correlation times that are qualitatively similar to these observations. It is concluded that, in this environment, nonlinear internal wave packets propagating in the acoustic path shorten the lifetime of replica vectors and cause matched-field processor degradation.
Signalling profile differences: paliperidone versus risperidone.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Paliperidone is an active metabolite of the second-generation atypical antipsychotic, risperidone recently approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Because paliperidone differs from risperidone by only a single hydroxyl group, questions have been raised as to whether there are significant differences in the effects elicited between these two drugs.
Angiogenesis assays: a critical overview.

Background: Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is an integral part of both normal developmental processes and numerous pathologies, ranging from tumor growth and metastasis to inflammation and ocular disease. Angiogenesis assays are used to test efficacy of both pro- and antiangiogenic agents. Methods: Most studies of angiogenesis inducers and inhibitors rely on various models, both in vitro and in vivo, as indicators of efficacy. In this report we describe the principal methods now in use: the in vivo Matrigel plug and corneal neovascularization assays, the in vivo/in vitro chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, and the in vitro cellular (proliferation, migration, tube formation) and organotypic (aortic ring) assays. We include description of two new methods, the chick aortic arch and the Matrigel sponge assays. Conclusions: In vitro tests are valuable, can be carried out expeditiously, and lend themselves to quantification, but must be interpreted with extreme caution. In vitro tests are best viewed as providing initial information, subject to confirmation by in vivo assays. Multiple tests should be used to obtain maximum benefit from in vitro tests. In vivo tests are more difficult and time-consuming to perform, thereby limiting the number of tests that can run at any one time. Quantification is generally more difficult as well. However, in vivo assays are essential because of the complex nature of vascular responses to test reagents, responses that no in vitro model can fully achieve.
Assessment of Autism Across the Lifespan: A Way Forward

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is currently estimated at 1 in 68 individuals in the US (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 63:1–21, 2014)), and recommendations for screening and best practices for diagnostic evaluations have been formulated in scientific, clinical, and institutional venues, if not successfully implemented. As such, this article reviews the best practices in the field for toddler, school-age and adolescent/adult assessments, describes at-risk symptomatology in toddlers, reviews common co-morbidities to be aware of at each time point, discusses cultural issues with regard to diagnoses, and brings forth new research, particularly with regard to earlier screening and diagnosis.
Is Management Really Generic

Four classes of organizations can be identified along the continuum between classical private profit-making firms and strictly governmental agencies: private for-profit, private non-profit, private...
Prevention of Virus-Induced Type 1 Diabetes with Antibiotic Therapy

Microbes were hypothesized to play a key role in the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We used the LEW1.WR1 rat model of Kilham rat virus (KRV)-induced T1D to test the hypothesis that the intestinal microbiota is involved in the mechanism leading to islet destruction. Treating LEW1.WR1 rats with KRV and a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Sulfatrim) beginning on the day of infection protected the rats from insulitis and T1D. Pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA and quantitative RT-PCR indicated that KRV infection resulted in a transient increase in the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Clostridium spp. in fecal samples from day 5- but not day 12-infected versus uninfected animals. Similar alterations in the gut microbiome were observed in the jejunum of infected animals on day 5. Treatment with Sulfatrim restored the level of intestinal Bifidobacterium spp. and Clostridium spp. We also observed that virus infection induced the expression of KRV transcripts and the rapid upregulation of innate immune responses in Peyer's patches and pancreatic lymph nodes. However, antibiotic therapy reduced the virus-induced inflammation as reflected by the presence of lower amounts of proinflammatory molecules in both the Peyer's patches and pancreatic lymph nodes. Finally, Sulfatrim treatment reduced the number of B cells in Peyer's patches and downmodulated adaptive immune responses to KRV, but did not interfere with antiviral Ab responses or viral clearance from the spleen, pancreatic lymph nodes, and serum. The data suggest that gut microbiota may be involved in promoting virus-induced T1D in the LEW1.WR1 rat model.
The effect of GPS-based surveillance on aircraft separation standards

The current aircraft separation standards are based in part on the surveillance accuracy of radar measurements. In this study we estimate the effect of GPS-based surveillance on the separation standards. We assume that every aircraft periodically broadcasts its position as derived by an onboard GPS receiver. The position reports are received by ground controllers and are used for aircraft tracking and conflict resolution. Based on the probability distribution functions of GPS and radar measurement errors, we compute the probability of close approach between aircraft and derive the new separation standard that will keep the current safety level. By applying similar arguments, we can estimate the effect of GPS-based surveillance on the minimum runway separation that is required for conducting independent parallel approaches under instrument meteorological conditions. We analyze the various elements of the required runway spacing and study the possible use of velocity estimate in predicting future conflicts. The trade-off between the probability of false alarm and the probability of late alarm and its effect on the required spacing is studied by using a Monte Carlo simulation.
Structure and transformation Clusters of molecular liquids and solids

Molecular dynamics simulations of structural and dynamic characteristics of molecular clusters are proving to be a valuable aid in the interpretation of properties of molecular liquids and solids. The role of clusters as computationally tractable models of condensed matter undergoing phase changes is analyzed.
The Objective DSCS Operations Control System architecture: planning the migration of DSCS control to new technologies

This paper discusses the Objective Defense Operational Control System (ODOCS) architecture, a multi-phase plan through which the current Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) control system will migrate to JTA-A/COE compliance while supporting the potential for COTS-based subsystems. The goals of the ODOCS architecture, including standards-compliance, manpower reduction, and integration of functionality, are explored. Each of the key architectural components, hardware, computing environment, network, and data, are discussed and their implications for new DSCS control subsystems explained. Finally, the multiple phases to reach ODOCS compliance are discussed.
Antiangiogenesis therapy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.

The process of new blood vessel formation, or angiogenesis, has become an important target for therapeutic intervention in many cancers, including metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The growth and metastasis of primary tumors is dependent upon their ability to acquire and maintain an adequate blood supply; however, angiogenesis in tumors is an irregular process leading to chaotic and hyperpermeable vessels that may result in increased intratumoral pressure and poor exchange of macromolecules and oxygen. It has been hypothesized that inhibition of angiogenesis in tumors can both impair the formation of new tumor blood vessels and possibly ‘normalize’ the existing tumor vasculature, causing a more efficient delivery of cytotoxic chemotherapies (CTs). Over the last decade, therapies that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have become a component of treatment for several cancers. In particular, the combination of bevacizumab with established chemotherapeutic regimens for mCRC has been shown to improve overall and progression-free survival, as well as response rates, over CT alone. Agents that target various members of the VEGF family, as well as signaling by the VEGF receptors and their tyrosine kinase components, are currently under development and evaluation in clinical trials. Integration of these new therapies into the treatment of mCRC will ultimately increase the available therapeutic options for patients. Still, many challenges remain, including identifying and validating relevant biomarkers to guide the optimal use of antiangiogenesis agents.
Cenozoic and Mesozoic structure of the eastern Basin and Range province, Utah, from COCORP seismic-reflection data

COCORP seismic-reflection data collected from the eastern Basin and Range in west-central Utah provide information on Cenozoic extensional tectonics, Mesozoic thrusting, and their interrelationships. Those data show a series of remarkably continuous, low-angle reflectors that extend more than 120 km perpendicular to strike and can be traced as deep as 15–20 km. Over that distance, none of these events are significantly cut by any high-angle normal faults. A major detachment beneath the Sevier Desert can be traced from a surface zone of normal faulting to a depth of 12–15 km, with a regional apparent westward dip of 12°. Tentative correlation of upper- and lower-plate events suggests 30–60 km of extensional displacement on this detachment. Whether this structure is a reactivated Mesozoic thrust is uncertain. West-steepening splays off the end of the detachment reach depths of 20 km and may represent a major Mesozoic ramp or zones of distributed ductile shearing during extension. Some events are interpreted to be Mesozoic thrusts, of which at least one (beneath the House Range) has been reactivated during the Cenozoic. The Snake Range decollement dips gently east and has a sense of Cenozoic displacement opposite to that of other Cenozoic detachments farther east. Deep events are most numerous beneath the east side of the Sevier Desert where they occur to depths of 30 km, at the top of or perhaps partly within the anomalously low velocity upper mantle.
Pervasive and largely lineage-specific adaptive protein evolution in the dosage compensation complex of Drosophila melanogaster.

Dosage compensation refers to the equalization of X-linked gene transcription among heterogametic and homogametic sexes. In Drosophila, the dosage compensation complex (DCC) mediates the twofold hypertranscription of the single male X chromosome. Loss-of-function mutations at any DCC protein-coding gene are male lethal. Here we report a population genetic analysis suggesting that four of the five core DCC proteins—MSL1, MSL2, MSL3, and MOF—are evolving under positive selection in D. melanogaster. Within these four proteins, several domains that range in function from X chromosome localization to protein–protein interactions have elevated, D. melanogaster-specific, amino acid divergence.
Rheology of pharmaceutical granulations

The rheological transformations that take place when granulating fluid is added to pharmaceutical powders have been monitored by means of a laboratory scale (approx. 50 g amounts) torque rheometer. The three formulations studied, based on lactose, sulfadiazine, and benoxaprofen, had common characteristics in that each passed through a granulation peak of maximum torque. In the zone immediately before the peak the granules were growing, while after it the material had properties of a cohesive, viscoelastic mass. Therefore, the rheological state of the material under process is not specified by a single torque reading, but by the rheological history of the granulation.
Imaging findings, diagnosis, and clinical outcomes in patients with mycotic aneurysms: single center experience☆

Abstract Purpose To review the presentation, imaging, clinical management, and outcomes in patients with mycotic aneurysm (MA). Methods Fifty-five cases in 49 patients (33 men, 16 women, average age: 66.2 years) were identified. Results Of 49 patients, only 20% presented with the classic clinical triad of fever, elevated white count, and pain. Computed tomography was the most utilized imaging modality; focal vascular outpouching was the most frequent imaging finding (76%). There was 17% mortality rate within 6 months of diagnosis despite intervention. Conclusions Clinical presentation and blood cultures can be nonspecific, highlighting the importance of imaging diagnosis of MA to expedite treatment.
In-situ prediction on sensor networks using distributed multiple linear regression models

Within sensor networks for environmental monitoring, a class of problems exists that requires in-situ control and modeling. In this thesis, we provide a solution to these problems, enabling model-driven computation where complex models are replaced by in-situ sensing and communication. These prediction models utilize low-computation, low-communication, and distributed algorithms suited to autonomous operation and multiple applications. We achieve this through development of new algorithms that enable distributed computation of the pseudoinverse of a matrix on a sensor network, thereby enabling a wide range of prediction methods. We apply these models to three different application areas: (1) river flooding for early warning, (2) solar recharging current for power management, and (3) job congestion prediction on multi-function device networks for achieving quality of service. Additionally, we use these applications to explore other aspects of sensor networks: river flooding to design a predictive environmental monitoring sensor network, solar current to develop a dynamic version of the model for better fault tolerance, and job congestion to explore modeling multi-function device networks. For each, we comprehensively tested the full solutions. We implemented the river flood prediction and solar current prediction solutions on two different sensor network platforms with full field deployments; we had a final test of over 5 weeks operation for both. Overall, we achieve the following contributions: (1) distributed algorithms for computing a matrix pseudoinverse and multiple linear regression model on a sensor network, (2) three applications of these algorithms with associated field experiments demonstrating their versatility, (3) a sensor network architecture and implementation for river flood prediction as well as other applications requiring real-time data and a low node count to geographic area ratio, and (4) a IVIED simulator predicting and resolving congestion. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
The Role of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Mosquito-Host Interactions: a Hypothesis,

A hypothesis is presented to explain how the interactions of moisture, warmth, and carbon dioxide may operate to drive a mosquito to its warm-blooded host. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was found in mosquitoes, where it may play a role in mediating synaptic inhibition within the mosquito‗s nervous system. GABA combines with carbon dioxide either in aqueous solution or as a dry deposit in the presence of water vapor. The resulting carbamino-GABA compound was shown to be easily destroyed in the temperature region of warmblooded hosts. It is proposed that the carbamino-GABA compound does not possess the synaptic inhibitory power of uncombined GABA, and that the interactions of GABA with the higher than normal moisture, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, and warmth in the vicinity of a potential host underlie the insect's host-seeking behavior.
Plant and Ecosystem Memory

Of course plants do not have brains and, thus, cannot actually remember what happened to them in the past. Although plants cannot remember, however, we use “memory” as a metaphor to refer to the effect of the past on current and future plant and ecosystem functioning. Such memory effects have been repeatedly shown in ecosystems (such as deserts) that are often defined by highly variable environmental conditions, where air temperatures, humidity, and soil water availability can differ greatly from one day to the next, week to week, among seasons, and year to year. For example, the amount of carbon that an ecosystem “releases” to the atmosphere through plant respiration and microbial decomposition of organic matter (e.g., dead plant leaves and roots) is strongly controlled by past (antecedent) temperature and soil water content. Similarly, annual tree growth, as recorded in tree-ring widths (see Figure 2), is strongly controlled by temperature conditions and precipitation received months and years before the initiation of new growth. On shorter time scales, the rate at which a plant leaf takes up CO2 (via photosynthesis) and releases water vapor (via transpiration) to the atmosphere is regulated by past humidity, temperature, and soil moisture availability. Thus, plants and ecosystems do remember. That is, past environmental conditions are imprinted on current and future plant and ecosystem functions. Of course, memories of our past are important for who we are and for what we will become, and ecologists have recognized their potential for understanding and predicting plant and ecosystem behavior.
Transcriptional regulation of two myeloid-specific genes, myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin, during differentiation of the murine cell line 32D C13

The transcriptional regulation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lactoferrin (LF) was examined during terminal myeloid differentiation of the murine cell line 32D C13. The rates of transcription initiation for MPO and LF, determined by an in vitro nuclear run-on assay, increased approximately ninefold. The accumulation of MPO mRNA in 32D C13 cells, determined by Northern blot analysis, correlated temporally with the observed increase in MPO transcription initiation. On the other hand, accumulation of LF mRNA lagged behind the observed increase in LF transcription initiation. In mouse L cells, the LF gene was transcribed more frequently than the MPO gene, though neither mRNA accumulated. Finally, murine MPO transcription is shown, by Northern blot and primer extension analysis, to initiate at multiple sites. These results indicate that whereas transcription induction may largely account for the accumulation of MPO mRNA during terminal myeloid differentiation, both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms operate to allow accumulation of LF mRNA. The 32D C13 cell system will be a useful model for elucidating these mechanisms.
Nuclear protein kinase activity in glucagon-stimulated perfused rat livers.

Nuclei isolated from glucagon-stimulated perfused rat livers contained 2–3 times as much protein kinase activity as did nuclei from control animals. In the presence of either the heat-stable inhibitor or the protein kinase regulatory subunit the elevated cyclic AMP-independent enzyme activity from stimulated nuclei was inhibited to an activity equivalent to that found in controls.
Acupuncture. A useful complement of anesthesia

UNLABELLED Since acupuncture provides analgesia it might be expected to reduce the need for conventional anaesthetic drugs during general anaesthesia. In this review we discuss four double blind, placebo controlled studies evaluating acupunture's ability to reduce analgesic or anesthetic requirement. Three studies (from Greif et al., Morioka et al. and Taguchi et al.) examined whether transcutaneous electrical stimulation of some acupuncture points reduces anaesthetic requirement. Kotani et al. tested the hypothesis that preoperative insertion of intradermal needles in the bladder meridian reduces postoperative pain and oppioid requirement. CONCLUSIONS none of the first three studies showed that the stimulation of the acupoints produces clinically important reductions in anaesthetic requirement. In contrast, Kotani et al. showed that at least some acupuncture techniques provide substantial postoperative analgesia and significantly reduce opioid requirement.