cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A thermodynamic model for the plagioclase-liquid hygrometer/thermometer

A new thermodynamic model for the plagioclase-liquid exchange reaction between the albite (NaAlSi 3 O 8 ) and anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ) components is presented, which can be used as a plagioclaseliquid hygrometer or thermometer. The model incorporates calorimetric and volumetric data for the pure liquid and crystalline components, which permits the effect of temperature and pressure on the exchange reaction to be calculated independently from the effect of composition. This allows a more accurate assessment of the effect of melt composition (including dissolved water concentration) on the exchange reaction from plagioclase-liquid equilibrium experiments. Activity-composition relations for the plagioclase solid solution are taken from Holland and Powell (1992). The new hygrometer is calibrated on 71 plagioclase-liquid experiments, of which 45 are hydrous and 26 are anhydrous. Three filters were applied to the phase-equilibrium data: (1) crystallanities <30%; (2) pure H 2 O fluidsaturated; and (3) compositional totals (including H 2 O component) of 97‐101% for hydrous quenched glasses. The final data set spans a wide range of liquid compositions (46‐74 wt% SiO 2 ), plagioclase compositions (An 93 -An 37 ), temperatures (825‐1230 °C), pressures (0‐300 MPa), and dissolved melt water concentrations (0‐7 wt% H 2 O). The standard error of estimate (SEE) for the model is ±0.32 wt% H 2 O, and all liquid compositions are fitted equally well. When the model is used as a thermometer, all measured temperatures are recovered equally well within ±14 °C on average. The model is only recommended for applications that fall within the compositional bounds of the calibration data set (i.e., metaluminous basalts through rhyolites in equilibrium with An 95 -An 35 ). It is not yet calibrated for rhyolites crystallizing plagioclase more sodic than An 30 , owing to an absence of phase-equilibrium experiments on rhyolites that pass the required filters. The new plagioclase-liquid hygrometer/thermometer is available as a Visual Basic program that runs on Excel 2004.
Social splinters and cross-cultural leanings: a cartographic method for examining environmental ethics

This paper combines the interests of geography, anthropology, and philosophy in order to examine the factors that affect environmental ethics. In particular, this paper examines some of the geographical variables that impact tribal attitudes toward bison in the contemporary world. These factors influence the position of bison within the environmental and agricultural landscape. An emphasis is placed upon networks, places, and movement in order to show how these variables redefine what is acceptable and ethical with regard to relations with nonhuman animals. In alternating fashion, the tribal networks discussed include diasporic movements, food chains, and individual life paths. In some cases, these networks distinguish tribal communities from non-tribal society while also distinguishing tribes from one another. In other instances, these networks bring tribal and non-tribal communities into greater agreement. This cartographic ethic differs substantially from modern scientific proscriptions, which characterize ethics in universal terms.
Estimating randomness using seismic disorder

AbstractThe new seismic disorder attribute quantitatively describes the degree of randomness embedded in 3D poststack seismic data. We compute seismic disorder using a filter operation that removes simple structures including constant values, constant slopes, and steps in axial directions. We define the power of the filtered data as the seismic disorder attribute, which approximately represents data randomness. Seismic data irregularities are caused by a variety of reasons, including random reflection, diffraction, near-surface variations, and acquisition noise. Consequently, the spatial distribution of the seismic disorder attribute may help hydrocarbon exploration in several ways, including identifying geologic features such as fracture zones, gas chimneys, and terminated unconformities; indicating the signal-to-noise ratio to assess data quality; and providing a confidence index for reservoir simulation and engineering projects. We present three case studies and a comparison to other noise-estimation m...
Are base substitution and frameshift mutagenesis pathways interrelated? An analysis based upon studies of the frequencies and specificities of mutations induced by the (+)-anti diol epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract (+)- anti -B[a]PDE-induced mutagenesis is being investigated, including in a supF gene of the E. coli plasmid pUB3. Based upon various findings a working hypothesis was proposed that the major adduct of (+)- anti -B[a]PDE (formed at N 2 -Gua) is able to induce different base substitution mutations (e.g., GC → TA vs. GC → AT vs. GC → CG) depending upon its conformation in DNA, which can be influenced by various factors, such as DNA sequence context. Frameshift mutations are also significant and are analyzed herein. In virtually all cases one of three possibilities is observed: (1) some treatments change frameshift and base substitution mutation frequency (MF) in a quantitatively parallel fashion; (2) other treatments, which change frameshift MF, can change base substitution MF in a quantitatively reciprocal fashion; finally, (3) there are treatments that do not change frameshift MF, and also do not change base substitution MF. (Changes can be brought about by SOS induction, differing DNA sequence context, or heating adducted pUB3 prior to transformation. Why different kinds of changes result in (1) vs. (2) vs. (3) is discussed.) Thus, base substitution and frameshift mutagenesis pathways appear to be coupled in some way, which is most easily rationalized if both pathways are interrelated. The simplest mechanism to rationalize this coupling is that a single (+)- anti -B[a]PDE adduct in a single conformation can be bypassed via either a frameshift or a base substitution pathway. The surprising implication is that — although different conformations are likely to be required to induce different base substitution mutations (e.g., GC → TA vs. GC → AT; see above) — a single conformation can give rise to either a base substitution or a frameshift mutation. Frameshift and base substitution pathways must eventually diverge, and it is proposed that this is controlled by factors such as DNA sequence context.
“Well, Isn't That Special?” [Editorial]

Faithful readers of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine (T&S) will have noticed a wealth of “specials” lately. Traditionally, T&S has one special issue each year featuring a selection of papers from an ISTAS conference, and often we've had another special issue dedicated to a single topic during a year. Since we are a quarterly, that schedule already makes us pretty special.
Alternate Translation Initiation Codons Can Create Functional Forms of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

To evaluate the function of transmembrane domain 1 (TMD1) of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the methionines that function in translation initiation, a series of progressive 5' truncations in TMD1 were created to coincide with residues that might serve as translation initiation codons. Expression of the mutants in Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that internal sites in TMD1 can function as initiation codons. In addition, all of the mutants that progressively removed the first four transmembrane segments (M1-M4) of TMD1 expressed functional cAMP-regulated Cl- channels with ion selectivity identical to wild-type CFTR but with reduced open probability and single channel conductance. Further removal of transmembrane segments did not produce functional Cl- channels. These data suggest that segments M1-M4 are not essential components of the conduction pore or the selectivity filter of CFTR.
Energetic electron tracks and DNA strand breaks

Abstract A theoretical model with no adjustable parameters is presented to evaluate the strand break yields for incident electrons between 100 eV and 1 MeV. Indirect mechanisms as well as direct mechanisms are included for the production of strand breaks. The model includes the following features: (i) multiple scattering of low energy electrons; (ii) decay of hydroxyl radicals in an aqueous solution containing Tris buffer; (iii) Monte Carlo simulation of the motion of hydroxyl radicals for interaction with the DNA sites; and (iv) stochastic aspects of the direct ionization on the DNA sites and the use of oscillator strength of a DNA molecule. The model is presented using numerical values characteristic of a dilute aqueous solution of SV40 DNA (10 μg/ml) containing 10 mM of Tris. The results have been expressed in terms of yields (indirect and direct) and D 37 (indirect only) values as a function of electron energy. The yields have been normalized to breaks/rad/dalton. In the absence of experimental data with different energy electrons, the results of the present calculations have been folded into the estimation of strand breaks induced by heavy charged particles. When these results are compared with experimental data for mammalian cells under conditions such that enzymatic strand break repair is negligible, there is good qualitative agreement with the model. With the expectation that experimenal data will soon be available with photons, the present model has been used to predict the strand break yields with electromagnetic radiation for thick as well as thin targets.
Urban and rural variation in walking patterns and pedestrian crashes.

Objective: To examine the urban and rural variation in walking patterns and pedestrian crashes. Design: The rates of pedestrians being struck by motor vehicles was estimated according to miles walked and resident years. Setting: New York State, USA during 2001 through 2002. Participants: 35 732 pedestrians struck by vehicles. Main outcome measures: The adjusted rate ratio (aRR) of pedestrian–vehicle crash and pedestrian injury based on resident years and miles walked according to urban and rural areas. Results: Compared with rural areas, the aRR for a pedestrian–vehicle collision, based on resident years, was 2.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.3) in small urban areas, 1.8 (95% CI 1.5 to 2.3) in mid-size urban areas, and 4.2 (95% CI 3.6 to 4.8) in the large urban area. The aRR based on miles walked was 2.3 (95% CI 1.6 to 3.2) in small urban areas, 2.0 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.9) in mid-size urban areas, and 1.9 (95% CI 1.4 to 2.7) in the large area. The aRR for a fatal pedestrian injury, based on miles walked, was 2.1 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.6) in small urban areas, 1.9 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.9) in mid-size urban areas, and 0.9 (95% CI 0.6 to 1.3) in the large urban area. Conclusions: The rate of pedestrian crashes and injuries in small and mid-size urban areas was twice that in rural areas, whether based on resident years or miles walked. The high rate of pedestrian crashes in the large urban area based on resident years could be partly explained by the fact that residents in such areas walk about twice as much as residents in rural areas. The rate of fatal pedestrian injury based on miles walked was similar in the large urban area and rural areas.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of Antiferromagnetic Manganese(III) Tetrakis(4- methoxyphenyl)porphyrin Tetracyanoethenide, [MnTOMePP][TCNE].2PhMe, and Manganese(III) Tetrakis(2-fluorophenyl)porphyrin Tetracyanoethenide, [MnTFPP][TCNE].2PhMe.

The tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) electron-transfer salts of meso-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)- and meso-tetrakis(2-fluorophenyl)porphinatomanganese(II), [MnTOMePP][TCNE]·2PhMe, 1, and [MnTFPP][TCNE]·2PhMe, 2, respectively, have been structurally and magnetically characterized. 1 and 2 belong to the triclinic P1 (No. 2) space group [1, a = 9.896(2) A, b = 10.256(3) A, c = 14.447(2) A, α = 82.64(2)°, β = 92.40(1)°, γ = 109.07(2)°, T = −80 °C, Z = 1, and R(Fo) = 0.0295; 2, a = 10.185(5) A, b = 11.081(3) A, c = 12.378(3) A, α = 107.55(2)°, β = 82.88(3)°, γ = 111.09(3)°, T = −80 °C, Z = 1, and R(Fo) = 0.0421]. 1 and 2 are coordination polymers with the Mn(III) sites bridged by trans-μ-σ-[TCNE]•-. The [TCNE]•- is orientationally disordered in 2, with the minor form being rotated by 90° with respect to the major form and in the same plane as the major form in an approximate 5:1 ratio. The Mn−N and intrachain Mn···Mn distances are 2.289 and 2.313 A and 10.256 and 10.185 A, and the Mn−N−C and the dihedral angle between...
Performance comparison of available interstitial antennas for microwave hyperthermia

The authors have developed a numerical model which calculates the current distribution and radiation characteristics of multisection antennas have varying diameters of the center conductor and/or the types and thicknesses of the insulation. They briefly describe the model and compare the numerical results with the experimental data published by T.P. Ryan and J.W. Strohbehn (1987). Excellent correlation between the experimental and calculated patterns was obtained. The numerical model was then used to examine some interesting changes in the commercial designs, such as the effect of the tip termination of the antenna and the diameters of the conducting sections (collars) on the heating patterns of the BSD Medical antenna. Important observations regarding the role of each section, in multisection antenna designs, in guiding along the antenna vs. coupling to the ambient were also investigated and verified. >
Intra-accumbens infusions of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to one isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA, GAD65, but not to GAD67 mRNA, impairs sustained attention performance in the rat.

The effects of bilateral infusions of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) for the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65; GAD67) into the nucleus accumbens on the performance of intact rats in a task designed to assess sustained attention were tested. The task required the animals to discriminate between signal and non-signal events. Signals and non-signals were presented randomly and unpredictably. The task generated all four response types of a sustained attention task, i.e., hits, misses, correct rejections, false alarms. Infusions of the scrambled sequence ODNs did not affect performance. Likewise, infusions of the GAD67 ODNs failed to produce any effect. However, infusions of the GAD65 ODNs into the nucleus accumbens resulted in a robust and reliable decrease in the relative number of hits. Similarly, the combined infusion of GAD65+67 ODNs impaired the hit rate but did not affect the animals' ability to reject non-signals. Following each treatment series, performance rapidly returned to baseline, further indicating the specificity and reversibility of the effects of the infusions of the ODNs. While these data suggest that translation arrest of specifically the GAD65 isoform of the enzyme in the nucleus accumbens impairs attentional performance, the neuronal mechanisms mediating these effects remain unsettled.
Body Stereotyping and Stigmatization of Obese Persons by First Graders

14 female and 15 male racially diverse first graders were individually interviewed after being shown a set of same-gender body silhouettes. More children were significantly less likely to want to befriend an endomorphic type. Although more children labeled the ectomorph the "good child," the difference did not reach significance.
Parallels in scientific and literary discourse: Stephen Jay Gould and the science of form

Deux paralleles existent entre le discours scientifique et litteraire: l'esthetique et l'usage de metaphores, que S. J. Gould met en exergue dans ses essais sur la science de la forme. Il se place consecutivement comme lecteur scientifique puis comme ecrivain, en montrant dans les deux cas les qualites d'imagination que les sciences et la litterature partagent
Optimal design of spatial distribution networks

We consider the problem of constructing facilities such as hospitals, airports, or malls in a country with a nonuniform population density, such that the average distance from a person's home to the nearest facility is minimized. We review some previous approximate treatments of this problem that indicate that the optimal distribution of facilities should have a density that increases with population density, but does so slower than linearly, as the two-thirds power. We confirm this result numerically for the particular case of the United States with recent population data using two independent methods, one a straightforward regression analysis, the other based on density-dependent map projections. We also consider strategies for linking the facilities to form a spatial network, such as a network of flights between airports, so that the combined cost of maintenance of and travel on the network is minimized. We show specific examples of such optimal networks for the case of the United States.
t(4;22)(q12;q11.2) involving presumptive platelet-derived growth factor receptor A and break cluster region in a patient with mixed phenotype acute leukemia

Summary The patient is a 45-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer who had been treated 1 year ago with radiation and chemotherapy. Flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow aspirate revealed 81% blasts positive for CD4, CD11c (partial), CD13, CD19 (partial), cytoplasmic CD22, CD34, CD36, CD45, cytoplasmic CD79a, CD117 (partial), HLA-DR, and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase, consistent with a mixed phenotype acute leukemia (B/myeloid lineage). Conventional karyotypic analysis revealed a t(4;22)(q12;q11.2) in 12 of 13 cells analyzed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using a dual-color, dual-fusion break cluster region / ABL probe set showed no break cluster region/ABL translocation but an extra break cluster region signal in 85% (170/200) of cells, consistent with a translocation involving the break cluster region gene at 22q11.2. A FIP1L1 / CHIC2 / platelet-derived growth factor receptor α deletion/fusion probe showed signal separation in 96.5% (193/200) of interphase nuclei. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction using sense break cluster region primers and an antisense platelet-derived growth factor receptor α primer resulted in a product of approximately 590 base pairs, consistent with the presence of a break cluster region / platelet-derived growth factor receptor α fusion gene. Because of the presumptive platelet-derived growth factor receptor α translocation and its sensitivity to tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, the patient was treated with imatinib mesylate, cytarabine, and idarubicin as induction and maintenance therapy; and she has remained free of disease for 5 months since the initial diagnosis.
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Lesions Increase Pancreatic Sensitivity to Streptozotocin in Rats

SUMMARY Rats with electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMX rats) and sham-operated controls (SHAM rats) were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 50 mg/kg 48 h after the lesions were made. VMX rats were significantly more sensitive to STZ in that over 70% died within 6 wk, whereas none of the SHAM rats died. When smaller doses of STZ were given to VMX rats (30–35 mg/kg), a large percentage still died, although the survivors appeared equally as diabetic (in terms of hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia) as SHAM rats given a larger dose of STZ. At 25 mg/kg, the surviving VMX rats were more hyperglycemic than matched controls. We suggest that the increased B-cell activity known to occur in VMX animals might be the important factor in the increased sensitivity to STZ observed. We speculate that similar variation in pancreatic B-cell response to an environmental injury may be an important determinant of diabetes susceptibility in man.
Epfast: a model for simulating uncontrolled islanding in large power systems

This paper describes the capabilities, calculation logic, and foundational assumptions of EPfast, a new simulation and impact analysis tool developed by Argonne National Laboratory. The purpose of the model is to explore the tendency of power systems to spiral into uncontrolled islanding triggered by either man-made or natural disturbances. The model generates a report that quantifies the megawatt reductions in all affected substations, as well as the number, size, and spatial location of the formed island grids. The model is linear and is intended to simulate the impacts of high-consequence events on large-scale power systems. The paper describes a recent application of the model to examine the effects of a high-intensity New Madrid seismic event on the U.S. Eastern Interconnection (USEI). The model's final upgrade and subsequent application to the USEI were made possible via funding from U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration.
Predicting counseling psychologists attitudes and clinical judgments with respect to older adults

The purpose of this study was to examine age, gender, training and experience in aging issues, fear of death, and multicultural competence in predicting counseling psychologists’ global attitudes toward older adults and specific clinical judgments concerning a case vignette of an older client. A national sample of 364 practicing counseling psychologists participated in the study. Participants completed a demographic measure, Polizzi's refined version of the Aging Semantic Differential (Polizzi, 2003), a survey of professional bias based on a clinical vignette of a 70-year-old woman (James & Haley, 1995), the Collett–Lester Fear of Death Scale 3.0 (Lester, & Abdel-Khalek, 2003), the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS; Ponterotto, Gretchen, Utsey, Rieger, & Austin, 2002), and a Training and Experience Questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the extent to which the selected variables predicted more favorable attitudes toward older adults an...
Empirically derived climate predictability over the extratropical northern hemisphere

A novel application of a technique developed from chaos theory is used in describing seasonal to interannual climate predictability over the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The technique is based on an empirical forecast scheme - local approximation in a reconstructed phase space - for time-series data. Data are monthly 500 hPa heights on a latitude-longitude grid covering the NH from 20° N to the equator. Predictability is estimated based on the linear correlation between actual and predicted heights averaged over a forecast range of one- to twelve.month lead. The method is capable of extracting the major climate signals on this time scale including ENSO and the North Atlantic Oscillation.
Enhanced Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Cardiomyocytes Through Myeloid-Epithelial-Reproductive Tyrosine Kinase Links Acute Inflammation Resolution to Cardiac Repair After Infarction

Rationale:Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) is a prerequisite for inflammation resolution and tissue repair. After myocardial infarction, phagocytes are recruited to the heart and promote clearance of dying cardiomyocytes. The molecular mechanisms of efferocytosis of cardiomyocytes and in the myocardium are unknown. The injured heart provides a unique model to examine relationships between efferocytosis and subsequent inflammation resolution, tissue remodeling, and organ function. Objective:We set out to identify mechanisms of dying cardiomyocyte engulfment by phagocytes and, for the first time, to assess the causal significance of disrupting efferocytosis during myocardial infarction. Methods and Results:In contrast to other apoptotic cell receptors, macrophage myeloid-epithelial-reproductive tyrosine kinase was necessary and sufficient for efferocytosis of cardiomyocytes ex vivo. In mice, Mertk was specifically induced in Ly6cLO myocardial phagocytes after experimental coronary occl...
An optimal algorithm for finding maximum induced bipartite subgraphs of circular-arc graphs

Given an intersection model S, which is a family of n arcs around a circle, of a circular-arc graph G, this algorithm requires O(n logn) time and O(n) space, if the endpoints of arcs are not sorted, and O(n) time is sufficient, if the endpoints of arcs are sorted. >
Virilization of a Female Infant due to an Adrenal Tumor

We report here the case of a 22-month-old girl with virilization due to a potentially malignant adrenal tumor. She presented with clitoromegaly and growth of pubic hair, first noticed at birth. The clinical picture, hormonal profile, and pathologic findings are described. The practical aspects of the differential diagnosis and treatment are illustrated.
A Tale of Two Ports: Dinoflagellate and Diatom Communities Found in the High Ship Traffic Region of Galveston Bay, Texas (USA)

ABSTRACT Steichen, J.L.; Denby, A.; Windham, R.; Brinkmeyer, R., and Quigg, A., 2015. A tale of two ports: Dinoflagellate and diatom communities found in the high ship traffic region of Galveston Bay, Texas (USA). Ballast water (BW) discharge by shipping vessels is a known transport vector of harmful species of dinoflagellates and diatoms. With a steady growth in global commerce, ship traffic to ports worldwide has intensified, increasing the risk of invasion by nonindigenous species. From 2008–12, >140 million metric tons of BW was discharged into Galveston Bay, Texas, much more than reported in other highly invaded Bays: San Francisco (96 × 106 mt) and Chesapeake (25 × 106 mt) during the same period. Studies conducted specifically on the dinoflagellate and diatom communities within Galveston Bay have been lacking until the present effort, which used both microscopic and genetic methods. Within one year of sampling, 35 genera of dinoflagellates and diatoms were identified from the two deepwater ports of ...
Do No Harm

The story of the Hawaiian crow is a parable of doing harm by going to all lengths to do good. What role should the ancient advice of Hippocrates play in endangered species conservation?
Ecological Correlates of Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Abundance on the Nearshore Worm Reefs of Southeastern Florida

ABSTRACT Stadler, M.; Salmon, M., and Roberts, C., 2015. Ecological correlates of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) abundance on the nearshore worm reefs of southeastern Florida. Juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) differ in abundance on nearshore reefs, but why some sites are preferred over others is unknown. Our study had two objectives: to quantify site-specific differences in turtle abundance over time (1 y) and to determine what ecological factors were correlated with those differences. We conducted quarterly surveys on reefs in Palm Beach and Broward Counties, Florida, and compared reef sites with respect to (1) water depth, (2) algal abundance, (3) algal species richness, and (4) fluctuations in reef area caused by sand burial (which kills the algae used as forage by the turtles). Turtles were most abundant on reefs located in shallow water and exposed to bright ambient light. More turtles were also seen at sites where algae were both abundant and composed of many species. Reefs with those characte...
Requirement of MrpH for mannose-resistant Proteus-like fimbria-mediated hemagglutination by Proteus mirabilis.

Two new genes, mrpH and mrpJ, were identified downstream of mrpG in the mrp gene cluster encoding mannose-resistant Proteus-like (MR/P) fimbriae of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Since the predicted MrpH has 30% amino acid sequence identity to PapG, the Galα(1-4)Gal-binding adhesin of Escherichia coli P fimbriae, we hypothesized that mrpH encodes the functional MR/P hemagglutinin. MR/P fimbriae, expressed in E. coli DH5α, conferred on bacteria both the ability to cause mannose-resistant hemagglutination and the ability to aggregate to form pellicles on the broth surface. Both a ΔmrpH mutant expressed in E. coli DH5α and an isogenic mrpH::aphA mutant of P. mirabilis were unable to produce normal MR/P fimbriae efficiently, suggesting that MrpH was involved in fimbrial assembly. Amino acid residue substitution of the N-terminal cysteine residues (C66S and C128S) of MrpH abolished the receptor-binding activity (hemagglutinating ability) of MrpH but allowed normal fimbrial assembly, supporting the notion that MrpH was the functional MR/P hemagglutinin. Immunogold electron microscopy of P. mirabilis HI4320 revealed that MrpH was located at the tip of MR/P fimbriae, also consistent with its role in receptor binding. The isogenic mrpH::aphA mutant of HI4320 was less able to colonize the urine, bladder, and kidneys in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection (P < 0.01), and therefore MR/P fimbriae contribute significantly to bacterial colonization in mice. While there are similarities between P. mirabilis MR/P and E. coli P fimbriae, there are more notable differences: (i) synthesis of the MrpH adhesin is required to initiate fimbrial assembly, (ii) MR/P fimbriae confer an aggregation phenotype, (iii) site-directed mutation of specific residues can abolish receptor binding but allows fimbrial assembly, and (iv) mutation of the adhesin gene abolishes virulence in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection.
Hybrid digital/microwave HBTs for >30 Gb/s optical communications circuits

The demand for higher bit rate communications systems requires the development of key chip sets using high speed technologies such as AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs. However, many of these circuits place conflicting demands on the device characteristics. We present device and circuit results using a hybrid of our digital and microwave HBT processes. This process results in high yield, high performance devices and circuits and is flexible enough to easily incorporate various epitaxial structures required by different chips. It also provides access to Schottky diodes allowing ADCs and shock-line structures to be fabricated with these HBTs.
Gradual Relaxation Techniques with Applications to Behavioral Synthesis

Heuristics are widely used for solving computational intractable synthesis problems. However, until now, there has been limited effort to systematically develop heuristics that can be applied to a variety of synthesis tasks. We focus on development of general optimization principles so that they can be applied to a wide range of synthesis problems. In particular, we propose a new way to realize the most constraining principle where at each step we gradually relax the constraints on the most constrained elements of the solution. This basic optimization mechanism is augmented with several new heuristic principles: minimal freedom reduction, negative thinking, calibration, simultaneous step consideration, and probabilistic modeling. We have successfully applied these optimization principles to a number of common behavioral synthesis tasks. Specifically, we demonstrate a systematic way to develop optimization algorithms for maximum independent set, time-constrained scheduling, and soft real-time system scheduling. The effectiveness of the approach and algorithms is validated on extensive real-life benchmarks.
Ipsilateral trigeminal sensory responses to cortical stimulation by subdural electrodes

Twelve patients with medically intractable epilepsy had plates of chronic subdural electrodes placed over the lateral and basal cortical hemispheres during evaluations for surgical therapy. During cortical stimulation, ipsilateral sensations involving any of the branches of the trigeminal nerve were noted in the eye, face, and mouth. Some responses could have been due to dural or direct trigeminal nerve trunk stimulation, but others were probably due to electrical stimulation of trigeminal fibers accompanying the pial-arachnoidal vessels. These fibers had been demonstrated in animals, but not in humans.
MAGENTA: transaction-based statistical micro-architectural root-cause analysis

Adopting an ESL based design and validation methodology, we introduce a top-down approach for efficient debugging of microarchitectural specification and RTL implementation. Our solution is based on the formalism introduced by statistical transactional analysis that we call MAGENTA -- Modeling AGENT for Transactional Analysis. To the best of our knowledge, MAGENTA based root-cause analysis pioneers in the efficient characterization of the micro-architectural design misbehavior via abstraction of validation output by transactions and micro-architectural events.
Effect of Growth Conditions on Electronic and Structural Properties of GZO Films Grown by Plasma-enhanced Molecular Beam Epitaxy on p-GaN(0001)/Sapphire Templates

We report on a strong effect of p-GaN surface morphology on the growth mode and surface roughness of ZnO:Ga films grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on p-GaN/c-sapphire templates. A range of ZnO:Ga surface morphologies varying from rough surfaces with well defined three-dimensional islands, capable to enhance light extraction in light-emitting diodes, to rather smooth surfaces with a surface roughness of ~ 2 nm suitable for vertical-cavity lasers can be achieved by controlling the surface morphologies of p-GaN. Optical transmittance measurements revealed high transparency exceeding 90% in the visible spectral range for ZnO:Ga with both types of surface morphology.
L1 Transfer and L2 Complexity as Factors in Syllabus Design

Traditionally, second language syllabus organization has been based on the assumption that how a language is described is related to how it is processed by learners of that language. This article examines two traditional approaches to syllabus design in terms of how each defines this relationship. Underlying one approach is the assumption that second language (L2) structures which differ most from equivalent structures in a learner's native language (L1) are also the most difficult to learn and should therefore be given greatest emphasis in the syllabus. The other approach is based on the premise that there is a direct relationship between linguistic complexity and learning difficulty and that a syllabus should therefore present target structures to the learner in order of increasing linguistic complexity. These approaches are evaluated from linguistic perspectives on the nature of language and psycholinguistic evidence on the sequence of language acquisition. Recent studies on interlanguage development are cited to argue that syllabus design can be enhanced by attention to both approaches-more specifically, to the issues of first language transfer and target language complexity. The article does not advocate a return to exclusive use of either approach; rather, it emphasizes new perspectives which each can bring to the selection and grading of syllabus items.
A trial of in-hospital, electronic alerts for acute kidney injury: design and rationale.

Background:Acute kidney injury is common in hospitalized patients, increases morbidity and mortality, and is under-recognized. To improve provider recognition, we previously developed an electronic alert system for acute kidney injury. To test the hypothesis that this electronic acute kidney injury alert could improve patient outcome, we designed a randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of this alert in hospitalized patients. The study design presented several methodologic, ethical, and statistical challenges.Purpose:To highlight the challenges faced and the solutions employed in the design and implementation of a clinical trial to determine whether the provision of an early electronic alert for acute kidney injury would improve outcomes in hospitalized patients. Challenges included how to randomize the delivery of the alert system and the ethical framework for waiving informed consent. Other methodologic challenges included the selection and statistical evaluation of our study outcome, a r...
Stiffness and contact mechanics for soft fingers in grasping and manipulation

In this paper, nonlinear stiffness of contact for soft fingers, commonly used in robotic grasping and manipulation, under a normal load is studied. Building upon previous research results of soft-finger contact expressed in the power-law equation, the equation for the nonlinear stiffness of soft contact was derived. This new theory relates the approach displacement (or the vertical depression) of soft fingertips with respect to the normal force applied. The nonlinear contact stiffness is found to be the product of an exponent and the ratio of the normal force versus approach displacement. Stiffness relationship of Hertzian contact for linear elastic materials is shown to be a special case of the general theory presented in this paper. Experimental results are used to validate the theoretical analysis. In addition, potential applications to fixturing are discussed.
Are Brain Volumes based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mediators of the Associations of Cumulative Lead Dose with Cognitive Function

The authors used cross-sectional data (2001-2003) to consider the pathway through which past occupational lead exposure impacts cognitive function. They were motivated by studies linking cumulative lead dose with brain volumes, volumes with cognitive function, and lead dose with cognitive function. It was hypothesized that the brain regions associated with lead mediate a portion of the relation between lead dose and cognitive function. Data were derived from an ongoing US study of 513 former organolead manufacturing workers. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to perform a novel analysis to investigate mediation. Volumes associated with cognitive function and lead dose were derived by using registered images and were used in a subsequent mediation analysis. Cumulative lead dose was associated with adverse function in the visuo-construction, executive function, and eye-hand coordination domains. Regarding these domains, there was strong evidence of volumetric mediation of lead's effect on cognition in the visuo-construction domain and a moderate amount for executive function and eye-hand coordination. A second path-analysis-based approach was also used. To address the possibility that chance associations explained these findings, a permuted analysis was conducted, the results of which supported the mediation inferences. The approach to evaluating volumetric mediation may have general applicability in epidemiologic neuroimaging settings.
Curriculum, Digital Resources and Delivery

The expanded capacity of digital technology brings new possibilities for planning and delivering curriculum. As a new medium for curriculum delivery, digital technology significantly increases the multimodality of curriculum. It also increases the interactivity between learners and content, enriches socialization among learners and instructors, and enriches resources for both teachers and learners. Digital technology is widely used in curriculum planning, implementation, and delivery. But in the meantime, digital-delivered curriculum raises new concerns.
Harry Kesten’s Publications

Writing about Harry Kesten’s life work is a daunting task. At of the writing of this paper, he has published almost 150 papers totaling more than 5000 pages. The topics range from refined results for the classical topics of random walks, renewal theory, Levy processes, and branching processes to questions of interest in statistical mechanics: first passage percolation, percolation, DLA, and the models named after Ising, Potts, and Heisenberg. In most cases Harry has solved other people’s problems, so his publication list makes excursions into dozens of other topics from the local times for Markov processes [25, 43] to existence and uniqueness of Markov random fields [54]; from the speed of convergence of martingales [59] and properties of positive harmonic functions [61] to Chung-type laws of the iterated logarithm [143].
Kinetics and Mechanism of Living Cationic Polymerization of Olefins

Olefins such as isobutylene and styrene can be cationically polymerized in a controlled/living fashion under certain specific conditions. The best systems tend to employ either TiCl4 or BCl3 coinitiators. Lewis base additives are used to suppress both protic initiation and propagation by free ions. The growing chains are characterized by a reversible ionization equilibrium between a small concentration of active ion pairs and a much larger concentration of dormant chains. These systems deviate from ideal living behavior to a lesser or greater degree depending upon conditions. With select systems at low temperatures, the deviations are very small, and well defined polymers can be produced. Non-ideality results from unimolecular termination reactions, as opposed to bimolecular chain transfer to monomer. This makes clear the danger of excess aging of living chains, and it highlights the practical importance to synthetic procedures of a thorough understanding of the kinetics of propagation and chain breaking events.
Introduction: The Death of Treaty Supremacy: An Invisible Constitutional Change

This book provides the first detailed history of the Constitution’s treaty supremacy rule. It describes a process of invisible constitutional change that has previously escaped the notice of historians and legal scholars. The traditional supremacy rule provided that all treaties supersede conflicting state laws; it precluded state governments from violating U.S. treaty obligations. Before 1945, treaty supremacy and self-execution were independent doctrines. Supremacy governed the relationship between treaties and state law. Self-execution governed the division of power over treaty implementation between Congress and the President. In 1945, the United States ratified the UN Charter, which obligates nations to promote human rights “for all without distinction as to race.” In 1950, a California court applied the Charter’s human rights provisions and the traditional treaty supremacy rule to invalidate a state law that discriminated against Japanese nationals. The implications were shocking: the decision implied that the United States had effectively abrogated Jim Crow laws throughout the South by ratifying the UN Charter. In response, conservatives mobilized support for a constitutional amendment, known as the Bricker Amendment, to abolish the treaty supremacy rule. The amendment never passed, but Bricker’s supporters achieved their goals through de facto constitutional change. The de facto Bricker Amendment created a novel exception to the treaty supremacy rule for non-self-executing (NSE) treaties. The NSE exception permits state governments to violate NSE treaties without authorization from the federal political branches. The transformation of the treaty supremacy rule has significant implications for federal supremacy, U.S. foreign policy, and U.S. compliance with its treaty obligations.
Interdisciplinary Programs in Insect Mass Rearing and in Insect Population Management

About 20 years ago, Harry B. Walker (1954), the distinguished Professor of Engineering, University of California, pointed out that “A virile nation is the product of the wisdom of its people. Nations which utilize their human and material resources intelligently reflect a high standard of living for their citizens.” We are concerned in this symposium about how wisely our institutions go about fostering basic and applied research in entomology with the help of the engineering sciences.
Early viral suppression improves neurocognitive outcomes in HIV-infected children.

Objective To estimate the association of age of viral suppression and central nervous system penetration effectiveness (CPE) score with neurocognitive functioning among school-age children with perinatally-acquired HIV infection (PHIV+).
Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium(I) and Iridium(III) Complexes Containing Dialkylbiphenylphosphines

The synthesis and characterization of iridium complexes containing the PCy2biPh ligand (PCy2biPh = 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl), is described. Chloride abstraction from (COD)Ir(PCy2biPh)Cl wi...
Exotic meson surprises theorists

A Collaboration of American and Russian institutions working at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US may have found a new type of strongly interacting particle known as an exotic meson (Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997 79 1630). Results presented by the E852 collaboration at the HADRON 97 conference at Brookhaven in late August led to intense media and scientific interest. Theorists in particular have been surprised by some of the properties reported for this exotic meson.
Consortial preservation management: A new model for library preservation administration

Mise en place d'un consortium de bibliotheques de recherche, specifiquement destine aux travaux de preservation des documents de bibliotheque
Physical and Computational Aspects of Density Functional Spin Dynamics

We discuss the current status of density functional spin dynamics and exchange interactions theory in metallic magnets. The connection between linear response technique and Heisenberg model is analyzed. The relation between the general “inverse susceptibility” approach and “long wavelength” approximation is established. The smallnes parameter is estimated for ferromagnetic transition metals.
Municipal Police Departments on Facebook: What Are They Posting and Are People Engaging?

Municipal police departments are leveraging social media platforms to support their missions. In this paper, we understand what they post on Facebook daily, and people's engagement with these government agencies on the social media platform. First, we collected and manually annotated 6,825 posts sent by four agencies (i.e., NYPD, LAPD, Baltimore PD and Cleveland PD) in 2014. We developed a two-tier code scheme to identify the purpose of a post and its topic. We then analyzed user engagement (e.g., likes, shares, and comments) with different post types (i.e., photo, video, status, and link) and topics (e.g., crime, traffic etc.). We identified interesting patterns of user engagement, and further validated the major findings by classifying and examining 33,103 posts sent by 52 large municipal police departments in 2015. Our results provide practical insights for police administrators and community members who are working on community policing frameworks.
Nitrile coordination to rhodium does not lead to C-H activation.

Tris(pyrazol­yl)borate complexes of rhodium are well known to activate C—H bonds. The reactive [Tp′Rh(PMe3)] fragment [Tp′ is tris­(3,5-di­methyl­pyrazol-1-yl)hydro­borate] is found to react with valero­nitrile to give the κ1N-bound com­plex (penta­nenitrile-κN)(tri­methyl­phosphane-κP)[tris­(3,5-di­methyl­imid­a­zol-1-yl)hydro­borato-κ2N2,N2′]rhodium(I), [Rh(C15H22BN6)(C5H9N)(C3H9P)]. In con­trast to the widespread evidence for the reaction of this fragment with C—H bonds via oxidative addition, no evidence for such a complex is observed.