cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: A Personal Perspective over Four Decades

Our understanding and treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has progressed since 1960 in parallel with work on cancer in general. CML provided the first evidence of a specific genetic change associated with a human cancer (the Philadelphia chromosome) and the clonal nature of these disorders. With improved cytogenetic and molecular techniques over subsequent decades, the specific genetic rearrangements of CML and many other tumors were defined and the complex mechanisms of carcinogenesis gradually unraveled. During this period, improved treatments for CML (chemotherapy, interferon, bone marrow transplantation) were implemented, and therapy targeted to the specific genetic change in the leukemic cells has recently been brought to promising clinical trials. Similar efforts are under way for other human cancers, and although the problem is enormously complex, there is real hope for major improvements in controlling these disorders.
New training for new services

SOCIAL WORK In the current decade, consumers—partic ularly the poor and minorities—have been complaining bitterly about the character of services provided by professionals, also about the inadequate amount of services. They have been insisting that consumers should have a voice in determining what services they receive and how they receive them. Furthermore, these same groups are demanding entrance into the professions; that is, they want to become physicians, lawyers, teachers, and social workers and are not at all sure that it should take so long to acquire the necessary skills. Margaret Mead, the well-known anthro pologist, writes of the "revolt of all the people that are being done good to." She says that pupils, patients, clients, and pris oners all want a share in what is going on and an end to the era of "great numbers of professional people who knew best and did good." Many professionals also are calling for changes in the provision of human services. They are saying: Services must be more efficient. Services must meet needs that cli
The Appropriateness of an Ischemia Evaluation for Syncope

Syncope, a transient loss of consciousness, is a common symptom that occurs in ≈20% to 40% of adults at least once in their lifetime. Although this presentation is often associated with a benign course or perhaps minor injury, major morbidity may also occur.1–3 An abundance of literature has examined the various causes of syncope, but up to 40% of patients may have no identifiable etiology for syncope.1–3 Vasovagal (vasodepressor) syncope and orthostatic hypotension are usually reported as the common causes, with ischemic heart disease accounting for a very low percentage of these presentations.1–3 Article see p 384 Starting with the pioneering work by Kapoor et al,4 it was recognized that the presence of heart disease portends a worse prognosis for patients with syncope compared with those with no structural heart disease. Therefore, a young adult with syncope of unknown origin and no structural or electric heart disease has a better outlook than a similar patient with newly diagnosed cardiomyopathy. Multiple algorithms for syncope evaluation make this important differentiation in terms of presence or absence of structural heart disease.1–3,5,6 Thus, a search for the potential cause of syncope goes beyond mere diagnosis and should also provide risk assessment and the planning of appropriate therapy. The evaluation of syncope begins with a detailed history and physical examination, including blood pressures in supine and upright position.2,3,5,6 An ECG is reasonable for almost all patients with syncope of unexplained origin. This initial assessment can identify or be suggestive of the cause of …
The effect of a changing diffusion coefficient in super-Case II polymer-penetrant systems

In certain polymer-penetrant systems, nonlinear viscoelastic effects dominate those of Fickian diffusion. By introducing a dependence of the chemical potential on concentration history, this behaviour can be modelled by a memory integral. The mathematical framework presented is a moving boundary-value problem where the boundary separates the polymer into two distinct states: glassy and rubbery. In each region, a different operator holds at leading order. The problem which results is not solvable by similarity solutions, but can be solved by perturbation and integral equation techniques. By introducing a new model where the diffusion coefficient changes with phase, asymptotic solutions are obtained where sharp fronts initially move like t3/2. This 'super-Case II' behaviour is found in various non-Fickian polymer-penetrant systems.
Regulation of pyrG expression in Bacillus subtilis: CTP-regulated antitermination and reiterative transcription with pyrG templates in vitro.

Summary The regulation of pyrG expression in a group of low GC Gram-positive bacteria was previously shown to be mediated by a novel form of transcription attenuation in which low levels of intracellular CTP induce reiterative addition of G residues at position +4 in the 5′ end of the pyrG mRNA, which is encoded as pppGGGC. . . . The poly(G) sequences formed under these conditions act to prevent attenuation by base pairing with the C- and U-rich 5′ strand of a downstream terminator stem-loop located in the pyrG leader. In this work we document the reconstitution of this regulatory system in vitro using only the native pyrG DNA template, RNA polymerase and appropriate concentrations of ribonucleotides. CTP-regulated reiterative transcription producing 5′-poly(G) tracts and regulation of transcription termination at the pyrG attenuator by CTP were demonstrated. Mutations in the native pyrG template that altered reiterative transcription and attenuation in vivo resulted in alternations in expression in the in vitro transcription system that were predicted by the mechanism described above. These findings provide strong experimental support for the proposed reiterative transcription/antitermination mechanism and confirm that no trans-acting regulatory protein is required for pyrG regulation.
Terrestrial feeding in aquatic turtles: environment-dependent feeding behavior modulation and the evolution of terrestrial feeding in Emydidae.

Evolutionary transitions between aquatic and terrestrial environments are common in vertebrate evolution. These transitions require major changes in most physiological functions, including feeding. Emydid turtles are ancestrally aquatic, with most species naturally feeding only in water, but some terrestrial species can modulate their feeding behavior appropriately for both media. In addition, many aquatic species can be induced to feed terrestrially. A comparison of feeding in both aquatic and terrestrial environments presents an excellent opportunity to investigate the evolution of terrestrial feeding from aquatic feeding, as well as a system within which to develop methods for studying major evolutionary transitions between environments. Individuals from eight species of emydid turtles (six aquatic, two terrestrial) were filmed while feeding underwater and on land. Bite kinematics were analyzed to determine whether aquatic turtles modulated their feeding behavior in a consistent and appropriate manner between environments. Aquatic turtles showed consistent changes between environments, taking longer bites and using more extensive motions of the jaw and hyoid when feeding on land. However, these motions differ from those shown by species that naturally feed in both environments and mostly do not seem to be appropriate for terrestrial feeding. For example, more extensive motions of the hyoid are only effective during underwater suction feeding. Emydids evolving to feed on land probably would have needed to evolve or learn to overcome many, but not all, aspects of the intrinsic emydid response to terrestrial feeding. Studies that investigate major evolutionary transitions must determine what responses to the new environment are shown by naive individuals in order to fully understand the evolutionary patterns and processes associated with these transitions.
Examining the Relationship Between Work/Life Conflict and Life Satisfaction in Executives: The Importance of Problem-Solving Coping Interventions and HRD

The ProblemDetermining “what” and “how” people are satisfied personally and with work has become an ongoing stream of research for both academics and practitioners. Yet research has contributed to ...
A rodent "self-report" measure of methamphetamine craving? Rat ultrasonic vocalizations during methamphetamine self-administration, extinction, and reinstatement.

Rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of contexts, and it is increasingly clear that USVs reflect more complex information than mere positive and negative affect states. We sought to examine USVs in a common model of addiction and relapse, the self-administration/reinstatement paradigm, in order to gain insight into subjective states experienced by rats during various types of methamphetamine seeking. We measured three subtypes of "50kHz" USVs [flats, trills, and non-trill frequency modulated (FM) USVs], as well as long and short duration "22kHz" USVs, during self-administration and extinction training, and during reinstatement elicited by cues, a methamphetamine prime, cues+prime, or the pharmacological stressor yohimbine. During self-administration and extinction, rats emitted many flats and FMs, (and short duration "22kHz" USVs on day 1 of self-administration), but few trills. In contrast, methamphetamine priming injections potently enhanced FMs and trills, and trill production was correlated with the degree of methamphetamine+cue-elicited reinstatement. Cues alone yielded increases only in flat USVs during reinstatement, though a subset of rats displaying strong cue-induced reinstatement also emitted long duration, aversion-related "22kHz" USVs. Although yohimbine administration caused reinstatement, it did not induce "22kHz" USVs in methamphetamine-experienced or methamphetamine-naive rats (unlike footshock stress, which did induce long duration "22kHz" USVs). These findings demonstrate heterogeneity of rat USVs emitted during different types of methamphetamine seeking, and highlight their potential usefulness for gaining insight into the subjective states of rats in rodent models of drug addiction and relapse.
On the prediction of average queueing delay with self-similar traffic

Recent studies on a wide range of network traffic measurements including LAN and WAN have revealed the presence of self-similarity. These types of traffic hold statistical similarity across multiple time scales. Burstiness is retained even with the aggregating self-similar traffic. This property degrades the performance of a network. The queueing delay is one of the performance measures. In this study, a G/M/1 queueing model is used to model a network with self-similar traffic. The results of this study demonstrate that the delay exhibits a rise as degree of self-similarity increases. We compare an analytic average queueing delay of the self-similar traffic to the delay of simulated model to obtain a useful method for the delay prediction. By adjusting a single parameter of the truncated power-tail (TPT) distributions, we can make the analytic curve follow the simulation results. This allows us to predict the delay by computing the TPT once we measure the Hurst parameter of an input traffic and its arrival rate, and the utilization of a router. Our results can benefit control, design, and resource allocation of high-speed networks.
Molecular regulation of pancreatic β-cell mass development, maintenance, and expansion

Pancreatic beta-cells are responsible for producing all of the insulin required by an organism to maintain glucose homeostasis. Defects in development, maintenance, or expansion of beta-cell mass can result in impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes. Thus, identifying the molecular regulators of these processes may provide new therapeutic targets for diabetes. Additionally, understanding the processes of beta-cell differentiation and proliferation may allow for in vitro cultivation of beta-cells in sufficient amounts to be transplanted into patients with diabetes. This review addresses many of the transcription factors and signaling pathways that play a role in early pancreatic development and endocrine cell (specifically beta-cell) differentiation, conditions that influence beta-cell mass development and molecular regulators of beta-cell proliferation and apoptosis that are responsible for maintaining and expanding beta-cell mass.
Mechanical Testing of Flexible Silicon Carbide Interconnect Ribbons

This paper explores polycrystalline 3C-silicon carbide (poly-SiC) deposited by LPCVD for fabricating flexible ribbon cable interconnects for micromachined neural probes. While doped silicon is used currently, we hypothesized that poly-SiC will provide enhanced mechanical robustness due to SiC’s superior mechanical properties. Paralleling prior work in silicon, forty-two different designs were fabricated from nitrogen-doped poly-SiC films deposited by LPCVD at 900°C using dichlorosilane and acetylene as precursors. The different designs were then tested in bending and twisting modes. Curved beams were found to bend nearly 250% more than straight beams before fracture. Longer beams withstood greater bending and twisting due to greater compliance. Longer and narrower beams generally outperformed shorter beams irrespective of design. Also, doped poly-SiC beams had, on average, breaking angles that were greater than those of identical doped silicon beams by ~50% in bending and ~20% in twisting modes. The paper details the designs studied, describes the fabrication process for the test structures and compares/contrasts the testing and simulation results related to the different designs to identify best design practices.
Peer effects on worker output in the laboratory generalize to the field

We compare estimates of peer effects on worker output in laboratory experiments and field studies from naturally occurring environments. The mean study-level estimate of a change in a worker's productivity in response to an increase in a co-worker's productivity (γ) is γ = 0.12 (SE = 0.03, n(studies) = 34), with a between-study standard deviation τ = 0.16. The mean estimated γ-values are close between laboratory and field studies (γ(lab) - γ(field) = 0.04, P = 0.55, n(lab) = 11, n(field) = 23), as are estimates of between-study variance τ(2) (τ(lab)(2) - τ(field)(2) = -0.003, P = 0.89). The small mean difference between laboratory and field estimates holds even after controlling for sample characteristics such as incentive schemes and work complexity (γ(lab) - γ(field) = 0.03, P = 0.62, n(samples) = 46). Laboratory experiments generalize quantitatively in that they provide an accurate description of the mean and variance of productivity spillovers.
Radar Scattering and Target Imaging Obtained Using Ramp-Response Techniques

The response from targets illuminated by a transient plane wave the time dependence of which takes the form of a ramp function has been used to generate signatures for conductive and penetrable targets. Modified geometrical profile functions of various targets are used to generate their ramp response, which in turn is used to evaluate their scattered fields as a function of frequency. In early time, the ramp response is proportional to the physical cross-sectional area of the target (as a function of time or distance as the wave propagates over the target). Thus, the ramp response can be generated from the target's geometry. This is then Fourier transformed to obtain the spectrum of the ramp response. To obtain the spectrum of the impulse response, this result is simply multiplied by (jomega)2, where omega is the angular frequency. These simple steps can be readily performed by anyone with an electrical engineering background to obtain the backscattered fields to a reasonable approximation. These same fundamentals can also be used to approximate a target's image from the measured ramp response. This has been done for axial incidence of rotationally symmetric targets. It can be extended to non-rotationally symmetric targets using an iterative process.
Motivation for a genetically-trained topography-preserving map

It is often observed that the lattice of a well-trained self-organizing map (SOM) preserves the topology of the data set. In this paper, we examine what is meant by this claim and discuss a related goal for a dimension-reducing mapping. We term this goal "topography preservation", and attempt to fulfill it using a two-stage training method called genetically-trained topographic mapping. In the first stage of training, a clustering algorithm is used to map sets of input data points to each neuron. In the second stage, a genetic algorithm assigns adjacencies between the neurons of the output lattice according to the fitness defined by the topography preservation goal. Stock market data and an artificial data set are used to illustrate the relative strengths of the standard SOM and the new algorithm.
Stereotyping the Stereotypic: When Individuals Match Social Stereotypes.

This research examines how attention and accuracy motivation moderate stereotyping in person perception. Hypotheses were derived from the stereotype validity model, which proposes that perceivers are more likely to use a stereotype as the basis of their impressions when they believe that the generalized beliefs contained within it are valid for the particular target whom they are judging. Consistent with the model’s predictions, high attention and high accuracy motivation produced stronger label effects when a target’s individuating information matched a stereotype’s content. Also consistent with the model’s predictions, the opposite pattern was found when a target’s individuating information did not match a stereotype’s content. Under conditions of a poor match, high accuracy motivation produced weaker label effects. The authors discuss these findings with respect to accuracy and bias in the impression-formation process.
Response to Treatment for an Intracellular Infection in a T Cell-Deficient Host: Toxoplasmosis in Nude Mice

To examine the experimental basis of treatment failures in T cell-deficient patients with intracellular infections, euthymic and athymic (nude) BALB/c mice were infected with Toxoplasma gondii and treated with sulfadiazine. All euthymic and nude mice survived during 2 weeks of sulfadiazine therapy. Once treatment was discontinued, 100% of euthymic mice survived while all nude mice died. Post-sulfadiazine treatment survival was enhanced in nude mice by reconstitution with either L3T4+ or Lyt-2+ cells and was reduced in euthymic mice by monoclonal antibody treatment directed at depleting either L3T4+ or Lyt-2+ cells or interleukin-2 (IL-2) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). These results suggest that although T cells and their products are not required for an initial response (survival) to treatment in acute experimental toxoplasmosis, survival off drug is strictly T cell-dependent. Optimal posttreatment survival appears to involve both L3T4+ helper and Lyt-2+ cytotoxic cells, probably acting in concert, as well as the endogenous secretion of at least two T cell-derived lymphokines, IL-2 and IFN-gamma.
Optimal Position of the Heel Following Reconstruction of the Stage II Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity.

Background:While previous work has demonstrated a linear relationship between the amount of medializing calcaneal osteotomy (MCO) and the change in radiographic hindfoot alignment following reconst...
A diagnostic dilemma: chronic sinusitis diagnosed by non-otolaryngologists.

Background Ambulatory care visits for chronic sinusitis outnumber visits for acute sinusitis. The majority of these visits are with non-otolaryngologists. In order to better understand patients diagnosed with chronic sinusitis by non-otolaryngologists, we sought to determine if incident cases of chronic sinusitis diagnosed by primary care (PC) or emergency medicine (EM) providers meet diagnostic criteria. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients were identified using administrative data from 2005 to 2006. The dataset was then clinically annotated based on chart review. We excluded prevalent cases. Results We identified 114 patients with newly diagnosed chronic sinusitis in EM (75) or PC settings (39). Rhinorrhea (EM 61%, PC 59%) and nasal obstruction (EM 67%, PC 64%) were common in both settings but facial fullness (EM 80%, PC 39%) and pain (EM 40%, PC 18%) were more common in the EM setting. Few patients reported symptoms of 90 days or longer (EM 6.0%, PC 24%) and no patient had evidence of inflammation on physical examination. A minority of patients received a sinus computed tomography (CT) scan (22.8%) or nasal endoscopy (1.8%). In total, only 1 patient diagnosed with chronic sinusitis met the diagnostic criteria. Conclusion Most patients diagnosed with chronic sinusitis by non-otolaryngologists do not have the condition. Caution should be used in studying chronic sinusitis using administrative data from non-otolaryngology providers because a large proportion of the patients may not actually have the disease.
Persuasive features in health information technology interventions for older adults with chronic diseases: a systematic review

Although health information technology (HIT) is essential in improving health outcomes and health care quality in the United States, current research lacks information regarding persuasive features (technology features designed to promote behavioral change) in HIT interventions for managing chronic diseases among older adults (aged 50 and older). To provide an overview of the persuasive features within current HIT interventions for managing chronic diseases among older adults, we conducted a systematic review to examine the use and efficacy of web-based chronic disease self-management for older adults. Persuasive system features included in HIT interventions were examined. Interventions presented in the final 24 studies were designed to improve health outcomes such as self-efficacy, self-care, and physical activity among participants with a chronic health condition. Examples of health conditions include diabetes, COPD, and arthritis. Among the 24 studies, several persuasive features were commonly used to support positive outcomes; 12 reported success in all measured outcomes and 10 reported a mix of both positive and unsuccessful outcomes pertaining to improvements in healthier lifestyles, self-management, chronic disease knowledge, blood pressure, and daily functioning. Only two of the studies included in our systematic review found no improvement in health outcomes and experienced high attrition rates after implementation of the persuasive systems intervention. It is important to identify specific persuasive features within interventions. Further research is needed in specifying persuasive features within technology-based interventions to help healthcare professionals modify interventions to improve chronic disease outcomes for older populations.
Questionnaire Returns: Stamps versus Business Reply Envelopes Revisited:

Testing the effect of business reply permits versus stamped envelopes on the return rate for mail surveys shows that even though stamps still produce a significantly higher response, the differenti...
Symbol Alphabet Modifier for PAPR reduction in OFDM communications

High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is a major drawback of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based communications systems. Many methods for PAPR reduction have been reported in the literature. They include popularly used Selective Mapping (SLM) and Partial Transmit Sequences (PTS) techniques. Although these two methods reduce PAPR quite well, their implementation cost is relatively high. In this paper, Symbol Alphabet Modifier Matrix (SAM) is proposed to jointly alter the phase and amplitude values of the original symbols in the alphabet. This framework utilizes only one FFT/IFFT operation pair for transmultiplexing of symbols without any side information. The merit of the proposed method to reduce PAPR for four cases without BER degradation along with its implementation simplicity is shown in the paper.
Analysis on three dimension accumulative damage of laminated composites after laser erosion

Based on the platform of ANSYS,three dimension progressive damage model was established for composite laminates after laser erosion.The composite laminates failure type was estimated based on three dimension Hashin Failure Criterion;The composite laminates performance was degenerated and a failure law was adapted to estimate its failure.The results show that the method can be used to predict adequately the strength and failure types of composite laminates after laser erosion.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ADLOLASES. V. INACTIVATION OF FLUORO- AND CHLORODINITROBENZENE.

Transaldolase and fructose diphosphate aldolase are inactivated on treatment in slightly alkaline solution with fluoro- and chlorodinitrobenzene. With chlorodinitrobenzene inactivation is associated with the uptake of 2 dinitrophenyl groups in the case of transaldolase and 6–8 groups in the case of fructose diphosphate aldolase. Kinetic studies of the reaction suggest that the pK of the reactive groups in transaldolase is at about 8.9. The reaction with chlorodinitrobenzene is inhibited by phosphate and sulfate ions, and it is suggested that the reactive groups in the protein are part of the anion-binding sites of these enzymes.
Comparative Methods and Phylogenetic Signal

The objectives of this chapter are to consider trait data in the context of phylogenetic information. We will begin by discussing how to quantify the relationships between the traits of species while accounting for the nonindependence of species. We will then explore how to quantify the degree to which variation in traits reflects phylogenetic nonindependence. Throughout we will discuss multiple approaches, but keep in mind that not all approaches are equal. Some approaches that will be presented are now rarely used due to their documented weaknesses. Nonetheless we will cover these approaches to provide some breadth, background, and context.
Sustainable packaging technology to improve food safety

In this paper, we introduce an innovative packaging technology to develop sustainable packages to significantly improve food safety in the supply chain. The technology is referred to as sustainable because it also addresses the socioeconomic and environmental requirements of sustainability. The technology has four components: the first three components involve using modified atmosphere packaging, controlled release packaging, and ecofriendly packaging to develop novel materials to construct packages, while the fourth component involves using a decision support system to facilitate package design. A conceptual framework of this technology is also provided to illustrate how the knowledge of food science, packaging technology, materials science, and information technology can be integrated in a systematic manner to improve food safety in the supply chain. The development of this technology requires the concerted efforts of researchers from several disciplines, and there are great opportunities for researchers of information systems to contribute to developing the hardware and software necessary for this technology.
Cultivating Teacher Knowledge of the Role of Language in Science: A Model of Elementary Grade Pre-Service Teacher Preparation

This chapter unpacks a model of pre-service teacher preparation that puts language and literacy instruction (vocabulary, academic talk, reading, and writing) to work in the service of acquiring the dispositions, skills and knowledge of inquiry-based science. Science and language teacher educators developed a model that maximizes the synergy between the science, literacy and language disciplines with the goal of providing pre-service teachers with the pedagogical repertoire needed to amplify language instruction for English Language Learners (ELLs) during science teaching. The model was developed with the understanding that ELLs have to sharpen their language skills while they deepen their understanding of science concepts and processes. Examples are provided of the science, language and literacy integrated activities that pre-service teachers were involved in as well as transcripts of their interactions in both the language and science methods courses that modeled the integrated approach to language and science teaching. Results from two studies offers support for the efficacy of this model to improve pre-service teacher’s beliefs about their integrated pedagogy and the science and language learning of ELLs.
Assessment on the ownership and use of mosquito nets in Mozambique

OBJECTIVO Avaliar a posse e o uso das redes mosquiteiras no ano de 2014 em Mocambique. METODOS Este estudo observacional transversal avaliou, em fevereiro e marco de 2015, 68 distritos (nove das 11 provincias de Mocambique) que se beneficiaram da distribuicao de redes em massa. Usou-se a metodologia Lot Quality Assurance Sampling. Cada localidade foi designada de area de supervisao. O Lot Quality Assurance Sampling opta por um minimo de 19 agregados familiares (neste caso decidiu-se um minimo de 100 agregados familiares por distrito) de cada area de supervisao, a fim de avaliar um indicador (neste caso dois indicadores foram avaliados: posse e uso de redes mosquiteiras). Duas perguntas nortearam a pesquisa: a) recebeu rede; b) usou rede na noite anterior. RESULTADOS Foram avaliados 6.725 agregados familiares . Desses, 83,0% tinham recebido redes na campanha. Dos 6.232 inqueridos, 82,0% disseram que usaram na noite anterior. As provincias com distritos com menores coberturas de posse e uso foram Tete (69,5% e 60,0%, respectivamente), Zambezia (79,0% e 60,0%, respectivamente) e Gaza (81,6% e 70,7%, respectivamente). As maiores coberturas de posse e uso foram observadas nos distritos de Nampula (96,7% e 93,8%, respectivamente) e Niassa (86,0% e 85,4%, respectivamente). CONCLUSOES Nos distritos avaliados, a progressao para a posse e uso de redes mosquiteiras e satisfatoria. Nampula e Niassa sao as unicas provincias onde a posse e o uso estao em niveis desejados.
Flucytosine Treatment and Resistance Mechanisms

Flucytosine is a synthetic antimycotic compound which, after being taken up by susceptible fungal cells, is converted to 5-fluorouracil and subsequent intermediate metabolites that are responsible for inhibition of fungal DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Due to primary resistance of yeast, flucytosine is used mainly in combination. Flucytosine administered in combination with amphotericin B remains the standard of care for cryptococcal meningitis, and the drug continues to have a role in the treatment of Candida infections which are life threatening or in circumstances where drug penetration may be problematic. It is also used in combination to treat severe systemic mycoses, such as cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, and aspergillosis. Recently, 5-FC has been combined with gene therapy approaches and used as a chemotherapeutic drug to inhibit tumor growth and in curing lesions. In this chapter we review the mechanism of action of flucytosine, its resistance mechanisms, as well as the utility of combining it with other antifungal agents. The available new data may lead to improved dosing practices and a “rebirth” of this agent as a useful adjunct in the treatment of serious fungal infections.
Customer Engagement and Employee Engagement: A Research Review and Agenda

This chapter examines two concepts that are central to value-creating exchanges: customer engagement and employee engagement. Current research shows that customer engagement has a clear and direct positive association with firm performance. In contrast, the association of employee engagement with firm performance is mixed and indirect. Studies show (1) a positive, negative, and zero association with firm performance and (2) a direct and mediated path to firm performance. This chapter reviews several factors that moderate the association between customer engagement and employee engagement as well as their relationship with firm performance.
Big Data Surveillance: The Case of Policing:

This article examines the intersection of two structural developments: the growth of surveillance and the rise of “big data.” Drawing on observations and interviews conducted within the Los Angeles...
Physical Therapy Considerations for Chronic Kidney Disease and Secondary Sarcopenia

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that may negatively affect musculoskeletal health. These comorbidities may include malnutrition, osteoporosis, and decreased lean body mass. Secondary sarcopenia due to CKD may be associated with mobility limitations and elevated fall risk. Physical therapists are well-positioned among the health care team to screen for secondary sarcopenia in those with CKD and for the treatment of musculoskeletal comorbid conditions that may affect functional performance. Given the consequences of both low muscle mass and low bone mineral density, appropriate and timely physical therapy is important for fall risk assessment and intervention to minimize the susceptibility to bone fracture. While strength training has been studied less frequently than aerobic training for the management of secondary CKD conditions, evidence suggests that this patient population benefits from participation in strength training programs. However, the provision of a formal exercise prescription by a health care professional, along with formal implementation of an exercise program, may need to be more fully integrated into the standard plan of care for individuals with CKD.
Microbial decomposers not constrained by climate history along a Mediterranean climate gradient in southern California

Microbial decomposers mediate the return of CO2 to the atmosphere by producing extracellular enzymes to degrade complex plant polymers, making plant carbon available for metabolism. Determining if and how these decomposer communities are constrained in their ability to degrade plant litter is necessary for predicting how carbon cycling will be affected by future climate change. We analyzed mass loss, litter chemistry, microbial biomass, extracellular enzyme activities, and enzyme temperature sensitivities in grassland litter transplanted along a Mediterranean climate gradient in southern California. Microbial community composition was manipulated by caging litter within bags made of nylon membrane that prevent microbial immigration. To test whether grassland microbes were constrained by climate history, half of the bags were inoculated with local microbial communities native to each gradient site. We determined that temperature and precipitation likely interact to limit microbial decomposition in the extreme sites along our gradient. Despite their unique climate history, grassland microbial communities were not restricted in their ability to decompose litter under different climate conditions across the gradient, although microbial communities across our gradient may be restricted in their ability to degrade different types of litter. We did find some evidence that local microbial communities were optimized based on climate, but local microbial taxa that proliferated after inoculation into litterbags did not enhance litter decomposition. Our results suggest that microbial community composition does not constrain C-cycling rates under climate change in our system, but optimization to particular resource environments may act as more general constraints on microbial communities.
Juveniles’ Reasoning about the Waiver Decision

In the studies reported in the previous chapters, we examined juveniles’ abilities to understand the Miranda warnings and to comprehend their function and significance in the context of interrogation and subsequent court proceedings. Courts which have addressed the issue of juveniles’ competence to waive rights have focused primarily on these matters of comprehension. But a little reflection will suggest that there are other personal characteristics which juveniles bring to the arrest and interrogation event which might also influence their decisions to waive or assert their rights. Specifically, there are considerable differences among children in the ability to reason or to engage in problem-solving tasks of the type presented by the waiver decision. Thus, in addition to individual differences in what they understand, there might also be differences in how they go about the process of deciding how to respond under the circumstance of an arrest, a police accusation, and a potential interrogation.
Longitudinal Effects of Reading Intervention on below Grade Level, Preadolescent, Title I Students.

Some claim that good and poor readers continue their trajectories despite intervention. This quasi-experimental study examined whether the READ 180 program helps general education, below-grade-leve...
Policymaking and Research

Since 2001, when Congress passed the No Child Left Behind legislation, education research has moved to center stage in battles about policymaking. That law used the phrase research based more than 100 times, although much that was mandated by the law had no basis in research. Never has there been more attention to research, nor more controversy about research findings, nor greater need for research, nor greater willingness to make consequential policy decisions without regard to any research. In the past decade, policymakers have forged ahead in their decision making, relying on intuition and on policy briefs prepared by interest groups and partisan think tanks as if they were research. By research, I refer here to studies that are peer reviewed and that have been prepared by independent scholars who are not dependent on funding by organizations with a specific agenda.
Predicting Future Academic Willingness, Intentions, and Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant (NPS) Use with the Theory of Reasoned Action and Prototype/Willingness Model.

Background: Nonmedical prescription stimulant (NPS) use for academic reasons (e.g., to improve concentration) is a growing problem among college students. However, there is limited theory-driven research that attempts to identify risk cognitions underpinning decisions to use and NPS use for academic purposes. Furthermore, it is unclear if academic NPS use is characterized by deliberative and/or socially reactive processing and what health decision-making model or combination of models best predicts NPS use decisions and use. Identifying cognitions associated with NPS use decisions is essential to develop interventions aimed at preventing and reducing NPS use. Objective: The present study tested the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Prototype/Willingness Model (PWM), and a combined TRA/PWM model to identify which model best predicts academic NPS use decisions (willingness and intentions) and past 2-month use among college students. Method: Undergraduates (N = 344) participated in a two-wave study assessing T1 constructs from the TRA and PWM as predictors of T2 (2 months later) academic NPS use decisions and use. Results: In the combined TRA/PWM, all T1 constructs were associated with T2 NPS willingness, intentions, and use except for injunctive norms. The integrated model also explained greater variance in T2 use, willingness, and intentions than each model alone. Conclusions/Importance: The combination of cognitions from the TRA/PWM was superior to each individual model and improved the prediction of future NPS use willingness, intentions, and use. The overall results derived from all three models suggest that both deliberative and socially reactive processing influence and characterize academic NPS use decisions and use.
4 – Row Covers

This chapter first introduces the concept of rowcovers, which are flexible materials that are placed over crops, either supported or not. While initially used to extend the growing season, uses for these fabrics have expanded in recent years. This chapter summarizes recent research on the effects of rowcovers in crop production as well as new developments in rowcover materials and uses. It describes materials commonly used as agricultural rowcovers, and summarizes what is known about the effects of different materials on crop microclimate such as temperature, light, relative humidity, and airflow. Finally, known effects of rowcovers on insects (both pests and beneficial insects), crop yields and quality, and winter freeze injury in a variety of crops, are discussed.
Does repression work?: Measuring repression’s effect on protest using an instrumental variable model

Protest and repression are reciprocally related. Governments respond with repression when faced with challenges to their rule. Dissidents choose their strategies, turning out to protest or staying ...
Durability of Laparoscopic Myomectomy

Study Objective To determine the time to re-intervention for fibroid symptoms following robotic or laparoscopic myomectomy by sub-specialty trained gynecologic surgeons. Design Retrospective cohort of patients who underwent robot-assisted and traditional laparoscopic myomectomy from 2005 through 2019 at tertiary care academic hospitals operating in Arizona, Florida, and Minnesota. Setting Three tertiary-care academic hospitals. Patients or Participants Electronic medical record database was surveyed using CPT codes for laparoscopic myomectomy yielding 592 charts, all of which were reviewed. After exclusion of those who underwent myomectomy for an indication other than symptoms attributable to uterine fibroids 451 patient charts remained for analysis. Interventions Any treatments targeting a symptom attributed to uterine fibroids following initial surgery were considered “retreatment.” Both medical and surgical managements were included. Measurements and Main Results Cumulative incidence curves were calculated for time to retreatment event and log-rank tests used to compare curves between: route of laparoscopic myomectomy, age group, BMI, race, parity, diagnosis group, FIGO grade, and myoma weight. Overall incidence of retreatment was 5.96% per year. Women less than 40 years of age were significantly more likely to require retreatment, 8.22% per year, compared to those older than 40, 4.18% per year (p=0.003). There were no significant differences between time to treat based on any other demographic. Thirteen percent of patients required retreatment and the majority (26, 44%) of these 59 patients underwent hysterectomy, followed by repeat myomectomy (13, 22%), and medical management (13, 22%). Conclusion The incidence of retreatment was found to be less than 6% per year for minimally invasive myomectomy, and only 13% of patients required some form of re-intervention demonstrating that minimally invasive myomectomy is a durable procedure for treatment of symptomatic fibroids. Further, the longevity of this treatment is greater in patients older than 40, as compared to their younger counterparts.
Cayuga word melodies—A corpus phonetic study

This work investigates the intonation of Cayuga, an endangered language of North America, now spoken by some 50 speakers in upstate New York and southern Ontario. Word prominence in Cayuga has been described as sensitive to both word shape and utterance position (Foster, 1982; Michelson, 1988). Non-utterance-final words in Cayuga are known to exhibit f0 prominence on the word-final syllable, although prominence occurs on earlier syllables in utterance-final contexts. This work constitutes an initial corpus phonetic investigation into the interaction of word-shape and utterance position on f0 realization in Cayuga. This study's corpus consisted of approximately 52 min of spoken Cayuga narratives by two L1 speakers (2736 hand-segmented word tokens). The results of the study corroborated some of the earlier descriptions. Words for both speakers exhibited prominence on word-finally in utterance non-final contexts. In utterance final contexts, however, sensitivity to word shape, differed between speakers. By comparing the two locations of prominence, we note small differences both in the alignment and scaling of peaks. Word-final prominence is, on average, scaled higher than utterance-final prominence (210 versus 204 Hz). Finally, utterance-final prominence is aligned earlier in the syllable than word-final prominence (33% vs 49% of vowel duration respectively).
Modulation of lanosterol synthase drives 24,25-epoxysterol synthesis and oligodendrocyte formation

Summary Small molecules that promote the formation of new myelinating oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are potential therapeutics for demyelinating diseases. We recently established inhibition of specific cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes and resulting accumulation of 8,9-unsaturated sterols as a unifying mechanism through which many such molecules act. To identify more potent sterol enhancers of oligodendrocyte formation, we synthesized a collection of 8,9-unsaturated sterol derivatives and found that 24,25-epoxylanosterol potently promoted oligodendrocyte formation. In OPCs, 24,25-epoxylanosterol was metabolized to 24,25-epoxycholesterol via the epoxycholesterol shunt pathway. Increasing flux through the epoxycholesterol shunt using genetic manipulation or small-molecule inhibition of lanosterol synthase (LSS) increased endogenous 24,25-epoxycholesterol levels and OPC differentiation. Notably, exogenously supplied 24,25-epoxycholesterol promoted oligodendrocyte formation despite lacking an 8,9-unsaturation. This work highlights epoxycholesterol shunt usage, controlled by inhibitors of LSS, as a target to promote oligodendrocyte formation. Additionally, sterols beyond the 8,9-unsaturated sterols, including 24,25-epoxycholesterol, drive oligodendrocyte formation.
Tutorial: Techniques to Improve the Scalability and Precision of Data Flow Analysis

Since the introduction of data flow analysis more than 20 years ago, the applications of data flow analysis have expanded considerably with the recognition of its practical benefits. The current use of data flow analysis goes well beyond its initial application of register allocation and machine independent optimizations. Compilers today rely heavily on data flow analyses for sophisticated optimizations and to guide the exploitation of architectural features, such as the numbers of processors and their functional units and the memory hierarchy. Besides compilers, data flow analysis is also used in software engineering. Applications include program verification, debugging (especially of optimized and parallelized code), program test case generation and coverage analysis, regression testing, program integration and program understanding.
Internationalization of the Auto Industry and Its Employment Impacts

International investment by large auto firms has led to a global integration of production. Ford's European Automotive Operations are a prime example of the strategy of integrating plants in order to respond to competition and to gain greater economies by serving new markets with a world car. Ford's strategy has included shifting production operations to low labor cost areas, seeking subsidies on new investment, and cutting labor and material costs. The second part of this paper examines whether Ford's reorganization has parallels in the recent changes in the U.S. auto industry. It evaluates changes at the regional, urban and factory level and tendencies to subsidization and component outsourcing.
Undergraduate participation in the development of the Alsos digital library for nuclear issues

Part of the National Science Digital Library, the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues is a web-based collection of annotated references to resources in five media that offer a broad, balanced perspective on nuclear issues. Undergraduate students have participated in important roles in the development of the content of the library and the computer system that supports access to and maintenance of the library. Working in a team, they create annotations, and work on the four tiers of the system: the user interface, the search engine, the database structure, and the metadata component.