cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of serum on the synthesis of RNA and of DNA in the cultured lens epithelium of the chick embryo: Initiation of lens fiber formation in vitro

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of fetal calf serum on RNA and DNA synthesis in the 6-day chick embryo lens epithelium was investigated by electrophoresis, sucrose gradient analysis and CsCl buoyant density centrifugation. The cells in the excised lens epithelium elongate in culture when the medium is supplemented with fetal calf serum. 2. 2. Fetal calf serum stimulated the incorporation of [2,8- 3 H 2 ]adenosine into polydisperse and 4-S RNA's by about 2-fold and into 28-S and 18-S ribosomal RNA's (rRNA) by approx. 4-fold in 3 h. These values were normalized on the basis of the specific activity of the intracellular pool of [ 3 H]ATP. Experiments with actinomycin D (dactinomycin) showed that the greater incorporation was not due to slower degradation of RNA. 3. 3. After 3 h in the presence of l -[ Me - 3 H]methionine, fetal calf serum increased the labeling of rRNA by about 3.8-fold. Fetal calf serum stimulated the rate of methylation of 45-S precursor rRNA and the accumulation of methylated 32-S, 28-S and 18-S RNA's while affecting neither the extent nor the rate of labeling of the S -adenosylmethionine pool. 4. 4. Fetal calf serum did not stimulate the rate of DNA synthesis, but possibly decreased it. 5. 5. These results show that the initiation of lens fiber formation in vitro by fetal calf serum is associated with an increase in the synthesis of all types of RNA, especially of rRNA.
Immediate data authentication for multicast in resource constrained network

In this paper, we consider the problem of authentication of multicast data. The TESLA scheme was introduced to provide data authentication for multicast communication over lossy channels. Later, TESLA was further improved to offer immediate authentication of packets and fortifications against denial-of-service attacks. The improved TESLA scheme is efficient and applicable to mobile resource-constrained receivers for authentication of multicast data. The resource limitation of mobile resource-constrained receivers gives additional challenges to multicast authentication. In this paper, a denial-of-service attack called the Random-Substitution attack is presented. We present a new scheme that can provide immediate packet authentication and deter the Random-Substitution attack. It is also robust against packet losses. In addition, the new scheme allows a receiver to immediately authenticate all packets upon arrival, when the receiver joins the multicast communication. Hence, the new scheme offers a practical multicast authentication solution for resource-constrained receivers.
Ultraviolet carbon lines in the spectrum of the white dwarf BPM 11668

The southern hemisphere DC white dwarf BPM 11668 has been found to show strong ultraviolet lines of neutral carbon using observations from the IUE satellite. This star seems typical of the growing number of DC white dwarfs found to be of this type and appears to have a carbon abundance near C:He = 0.0001, with an effective temperature of 8500 K.
Carbon aerosol visibility vs particle size distribution

The optical properties of an aerosol of given mass concentration are derived from Mie theory. The visibility is calculated, via the optical extinction coefficient, for several log-normal distributions of carbon particles. Normalizing the optical cross sections of particles by their mass allows clear identification of the diameters at which scattering, absorption, and extinction are greatest. For highly absorbing particles this occurs in the 0.15–0.5-λ diameter range.
Encephalopathy, Hypoglycemia, and Flailing Extremities: A Case of Bilateral Chorea–Ballism Associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Background: Hypo/hyperglycemia is a known cause of chorea and hemiballism. The temporallobes, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and substantia nigra are most susceptible to hypoglycemic changes. Methods: We present a caseof bilateral chorea and bi-ballism accompanied by encephalopathyin the setting of severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient had brain MRI changes involving both caudate nuclei, temporal lobes, and hippocampi. Discussion: This case demonstrates the basal ganglia's vulnerability to hypoglycemia and the need for cautious evaluation of involuntary movements when they occur in the setting of encephalopathy.
Measurement of C14 and S35 in a single sample

A liquid scintillation method is described for counting S/sup 35/ and C/ sup 14/ in a single sample of doubly-labeled protein. The S/sup 35/ method involves oxidation of the sample to magnesium sulfate, dissolving in glycerol, and diluting with a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide-ethanol-toluene containing organic scintillators. The C/sup 14/ method involves oxidation of the sample to CO/sub 2/, trapping the gas in ethanolamine, and dilution with a methyl cellosolve-toluene solution of a scintillator. The combined method permits a rapid, convenient, and accurate means of determining C/sup 14/ and S/sup 35/ in the same sample. (C.H.)
Avoiding the Ghetto through hope and fear: an analysis of immanent technology using ideal types

With over one hundred million smart-phone users in the world, mobile, spatially-aware devices are radically altering how individuals move through and experience both physical and social environments. This article presents a theoretical and methodological framework for engaging the emerging geoweb as part of a longer tradition of research into society and technology. A close reading of Microsoft’s Pedestrian Route Production patent, dubbed the “avoid ghetto GPS”, is used to construct two ideal type futures—one hopeful and one frightening. One where spatial technology ensures efficiency, safety, and new forms of coordination, while the other algorithmically sorts society by race and class. Despite not yet and potentially never existing, the patent offers a viable means through which potential futures are made real in the present. Through comparative analysis of these futures, their underlying commonalities are drawn out, revealing the relationship between technology and the delimitation of human experience. This analysis avoids grand narratives and teleological arguments, while making it possible to draw forth the unthought acceptance within each ideal type for the future: the continuing shift of human life itself towards a teleological, always already-calculated standing-reserve. The work on technology of Martin Heidegger and Herbert Marcuse (re)situate the geoweb within long-standing theoretical work on technology and its role in society, modernity, and capitalism.
Role of confidence in a multi-brand model of intentions for a high-involvement service

Abstract This article first discusses some of the potential determinants of intention, as well as the shortcomings of past approaches. It then proposes a multi-brand model of intentions that incorporates a number of important constructs: global measures of attitudes, the distribution of attitudes in the consumer's evoked set, and confidence in one's own judgement. Using data on the selection process for an investment firm among a homogeneous group of high-income individuals, a series of multiple regressions is performed to assess the relative contributions of various attitudes and confidence. Both types of variables appear to significantly explain intention to select an investment firm and the model has been shown to provide some understanding of the structure of competition in this industry.
Neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes associated with the mutation L238Q of the α-L-iduronidase gene in Hurler–Scheie syndrome

The lysosomal enzyme α-L-iduronidase hydrolyzes terminal iduronic acid from heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, and is an essential step in GAG degradation. Mutations of its gene, IDUA, yield a spectrum of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I clinical disorders. The IDUA mutation, c.712T>A (p.L238Q) was previously noted as a mild mutation. In a longitudinal study of MPS brain structure and function (Lysosomal Disease Network), we found this mutation in 6 of 14 Hurler-Scheie syndrome patients in the age range of 15 to 25 years. We hypothesized that L238Q, when paired with a nonsense mutation, is significantly more severe than other missense-nonsense combinations. Methods Of 6 patients with a L238Q mutation, the L238Q allele was paired with a nonsense mutation in 4 patients, paired with a deletion in 1, and with a splice site mutation in another. This group was compared to 6 Hurler-Scheie patients closely matched in age and mutation type. IQ and other neuropsychological tests were administered as part of the protocol. Medical history was compiled into a Physical Symptom Score (PSS). Assessment of IQ, attention, memory, spatial ability, adaptive function and psychological status were measured. Results No group differences were found in mean age at evaluation (17.8 and 19.0 years), duration of ERT, or PSS. By history, all were reported to be average in IQ (4/6 with documentation) in early childhood. All (100%) of the L238Q group had a psychiatric history and sleep problems compared to none (0%) of the comparison group. Significant differences were found in depression and withdrawal on parent report measures. IQ was lower in the L238Q group (mean IQ 74) than the comparison group (mean IQ 95; p Discussion The missense mutation L238Q, when paired with a nonsense mutation, is associated with significant, late-onset brain disease: psychiatric disorder, cognitive deficit, and general decline starting at a later age than in Hurler syndrome with a mutation-related rate of GAG accumulation and its pathologic sequelae. This particular genotype-phenotype may provide insight into the genesis of psychiatric illnesses more broadly. Consideration of methods for early, brain-targeted treatment in these patients might be considered.
Childhood Asthma: Breakthroughs and Challenges

As we move forward, our goal is to control and eliminate asthma and other allergic disorders. This may come through broadly applied manipulation of environmental, dietary, and infectious risk factors, possibly during the perinatal period. Or we may learn to identify genetically susceptible children and to intervene with individualized genotype-specific treatment before the onset of disease. Maybe we'll learn how to block the mechanisms that give rise to chronic inflammation, or how to subdue Th2 activation. However, as the Swedish proverb says--Don't throw away the old bucket until you know whether the new one holds water. To continue using the old bucket, we have to fix the leaks. One approach to reducing asthma disparities is through traditional disease prevention stages. Primary prevention targets asthma incidence; secondary prevention mitigates established disease and involves disease detection, management, and control; and tertiary prevention is the reduction of complications caused by severe disease. Once causative factors at each level of disease prevention are understood, this knowledge can be translated into clinical practice and public health policy. We need reliable diagnostic criteria to provide correct treatment for infants and toddlers. This will require longitudinal cohort studies supported by assessment of pulmonary function and inflammatory markers. We must find ways to convince more physicians to embrace controller therapy for more severe disease, and to identify the patients with less severe disease who also require ongoing controller therapy. We need to close the gap between what we know and what we do in practice. We need to link basic research to healthcare delivery, and to gain acceptance and support from the intended recipients of new interventions. We need better strategies for improving adherence. We need accountability, foresight, and imagination.
Understanding Patient Safety

Everything you need to deliver safe patient care or to improve patient safety in your organization "This easy-to-read book provides an excellent overview of the patient safety movement in the United States...The author has written a useful book for the professional who needs a foundation in patient safety principles and theory. The book also provides a multitude of resources for the professional interested in gaining a more in-depth knowledge of the strategies and proponents of the patient safety movement."--Journal for Healthcare Quality Understanding Patient Safety is the essential book for anyone seeking to learn the key clinical, organizational, and systems issues in patient safety. Written in a lively and accessible style by one of the world's leaders in the fields of patient safety and quality, Understanding Patient Safety is filled with valuable cases and analyses, as well as up-to-date tables, graphics, references, and tools -- all designed to introduce the patient safety field to medical, nursing, pharmacy, hospital administration, and other trainees, and to be the go-to book for experienced clinicians and non-clinicians alike. Features: Concise coverage of the core principles of patient safety All the key insights to help you understand and prevent a broad range of errors: including medication errors, surgical errors, diagnostic errors, errors at the man-machine interface, and nursing-related errors A focus on how reporting systems, teamwork training, simulation, the malpractice system, and information technology can impact patient safety and quality A practical overview on how to implement an effective safety program in both hospital and ambulatory settings Realistic case studies that illustrate key points and clarify pivotal concepts A detailed glossary, key references, and useful tools, websites, tables, and graphics
Development of a 2-D Model for Shallow Water Flow Using Godunov’s Finite Volume Method

In this effort we develop a hydrodynamic model for the 2-D shallow water equations (SWE) using a first order Godunov method. The method is formulated as a discontinuous Galerkin finite element method using constant approximating polynomials. We validate the basic implementation of the computer code using quarter annular tests where analytical solutions are available. We investigate the convergence and stability properties of the method by computing the convergence in the L2 norm and verifying the stability requirement in terms of Courant number. We then apply the method to Lake Pontchartrain to provide a more realistic test of the method. We draw conclusions as to the accuracy requirements of the method and discuss extending the developed computer code to include additional physical models, as well as implementing higher degree approximating polynomials.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A Model for Highly Strained DNA in a Cavity

A single DNA molecule is a long and flexible biopolymer that contains the genetic code. Building upon the discovery of the iconic double helix over 50 years ago, subsequent studies have emphasized how its biological function is related to the mechanical properties of the molecule. A remarkable system which high-lights the role of DNA bending and twisting is the packing and ejection of DNA into and from viral capsids. A recent 3D reconstruction of bacteriophage φ29 reveals a novel toroidal structure thought to be 30–40 bp of highly bent/twisted DNA contained in a small cavity below the capsid. Here, we extend an elastic rod model for DNA to enable simulation of the toroid as it is compacted and subsequently ejected from a small volume. We compute biologically-realistic forces required to form the toroid and predict ejection times of several nanoseconds.© 2011 ASME
Asymptotics of the homogenized moduli for the elastic chess-board composite

We find the asymptotic behavior of the homogenized coefficients of elasticity for the chess-board structure. In the chess board white and black cells are isotropic and have Lame constants (λ, μ,) and (δλ, δμ) respectively. We assume that the black cells are soft, so δ →0. It turns out that the Poisson ratio for this composite tends to zero with δ.
Stability of supported and promoted-molybdenum carbide catalysts in dry-methane reforming

Abstract The stability of molybdenum carbide (Mo 2 C) in dry-methane reforming (DMR) was studied over Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and MgO supports and in the presence of Ce, K and Zr promoters at 900 °C, 1 bar, a GHSV of 3800 h −1 and a stoichiometric feed. All catalysts deactivated via moving front oxidation under these conditions. The γ-alumina appeared to be superior compared to other supports due to its high surface area and high thermal stability, and Mo 2 C/γ-Al 2 O 3 had a much higher activity than a bulk Mo 2 C catalyst. Over this support, a high Mo loading was found to be crucial for maintaining the stability of the catalyst due to the higher concentration of more reducible Mo oxides and the higher CH 4 conversion over the carbide. The impregnation order was found to be an important factor for Ce, and the 3 wt.% Ce-Mo 2 C/Al 2 O 3 was found to be the most stable catalyst due to the redox properties of the Ce promoter. On the other hand, the addition of CO in the feed, while preventing oxidation of all catalysts, resulted in slow deactivation due to coking over the Ce-promoted catalyst.
Experience Use History and Relationship to the Importance of Substitute Stream Attributes

Members of two Trout Unlimited Chapters associated with the Chattooga National Wild and Scenic River (South Carolina, Georgia) completed mail surveys (n = 292, 71% response rate) of experience use history with local substitute streams, number of substitute streams for the Chattooga, and importance ratings for stream and fishing attributes. About 65% of anglers had three or fewer substitute streams; nearly 15% had seven or more that were equivalent in fishing to the Chattooga. Anglers were experienced with alternative streams, averaging 17 years of use and 21 fishing trips in the last 12 months. Anglers with the most experience (long term, frequent users) at fishing substitute streams rated the stream/fishing attributes the highest; short term, frequent anglers rated the attributes second highest in importance. Experience use history, however, had limited statistical effects on substitution attribute perceptions. Possible explanations for these results are discussed, particularly the lack of specificity of...
Analysis of Strategies To Control Traffic Noise at the Source: Implications for Policy Makers

Traffic noise control strategies that reduce traffic noise at the source were identified. The strategies were grouped according to the vehicle noise sub-sources: engine, intake air, exhaust, cooling fan, transmission/driveline, and tire/pavement. Examples of the strategies and recent advancements in vehicle noise control are given. The analysis yielded a number of implications for policy makers. In the United States, market forces are currently fostering technological advancements to reduce most of the vehicle noise subsources. However, the reduction of tire/pavement noise, the dominant subsource at freeway speeds, is currently benefiting little from market forces and may be hindered in the future by trends in passenger car tires. Policies and regulations, where warranted, should be aimed at reducing tire/pavement noise through a concerted effort on the part of both tire and pavement industries as well as transportation agencies.
Effect of Serotonin, Thromboxane A2, and Specific Receptor Antagonists on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation

Background Restenosis is a major complication that limits the long-term efficacy of coronary angioplasty. Migration and proliferation of activated medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is considered an important mechanism in this process. Because at sites of vascular injury, aggregating platelets release both serotonin (5-HT) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), we examined whether 5-HT and TXA2 can induce SMC proliferation and whether there is synergistic interaction between these two mediators. Methods and Results The mitogenic effects of 5-HT and TXA2 either alone or in combination was examined in serum-free medium on canine aortic SMCs by [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and by cell counting. 5-HT induced SMC proliferation at a concentration of 100 nmol/L, whereas the effect of TXA2 (U46619, a stable TXA2 mimetic) on inducing proliferation of SMCs was observed at a concentration of 100 nmol/L. When these two mediators were added together, there was a synergistic interaction on inducing SMC proliferation even at...
Stepwise Elastic Behavior in a Model Elastomer

Monte Carlo simulations of an entanglement-free cross-linked polymer network of semiflexible chains reveal a peculiar stepwise elastic response. For increasing stress, step jumps in strain are observed that do not correlate with changes in the number of aligned chains. We show that this unusual behavior stems from the ability of the system to form multiple ordered chain domains that exclude the cross-linking species. This novel elastomer shows a toughening behavior similar to that observed in biological structural materials, such as muscle proteins and abalone shell adhesive.
Neural Systems Involved in Fear‐Potentiated Startle

The acoustic startle reflex offers a number of advantages for analyzing the neural bases of behavior. Startle apparently is mediated by excitatory amino acids at several of the synapses that comprise the short-latency startle pathway. The reflex is modulated by a variety of neurotransmitters at both the spinal and the supraspinal levels. In addition to showing habituation and sensitization, startle is increased in the presence of a fear stimulus. This may result from activation of the central nucleus of the amygdala which projects directly tot he acoustic startle pathway. A major challenge for future studies will be to determine what neurotransmitters, which are known to modulate startle, are involved in habituation, sensitization, and fear conditioning and to begin to analyze these processes at a cellular level.
Religiosity and agency and communion: their relationship to religious judgmentalism.

Abstract The present study is an introduction to the construct of religious judgmentalism, defined as a willingness to make religious or moral judgments of others based on a limited period of observation; the study offers a prediction about which individuals will engage in such judgmental behavior. It was predicted that agency motives would significantly predict religious judgmentalism in a religious population but that communion motives and intrinsic religiosity would moderate this effect. Overall, the findings supported these predictions. Agency motives were positively correlated with religious judgmentalism. Intrinsic religiosity predicted a general unwillingness to make religious evaluations of others. Both intrinsic religiosity and communion motives did moderate the effects of high agency motives. Specifically, increases in communion motive and intrinsic religiosity, at high levels of agency motives, significantly predicted lower scores for religious judgmentalism. These findings were conceptualized ...
Further studies on the maternal effect of the o gene in the Mexican Axolotl.

Axolotl females homozygous for o produce eggs which are fertilizable and cleave normally, but are invariably arrested during gastrulation. This block can be corrected by injecting the eggs with nuclear sap from normal (o+/o+ or o+/o) ovarian oocytes. The factor responsible for the correction is designated o+ substance. In this paper we show the following: 1. The o+ substance is not species specific. Oocyte nuclear sap from a variety of amphibians is about as effective as that of the axolotl itself in correcting the maternal effect of o. The cytoplasm of ovarian oocytes is inactive or very weakly active. That of some species (e.g., Xenopus laevis) exerts no discernable effect. That of others (e.g., Rana pipiens) is highly toxic, killing axolotl eggs shortly after it is injected into them. 2. The o+ substance is synthesized during most of the growth of the oocytes. Oocytes assayed just at the beginning of yolk deposition or at intermediate stages contain o+ substance of about the same activity, volume for volume, as that of fully grown oocytes. 3. Uncorrected o+/o and o/o offspring of o/o females are indistinguishable — all stop at gastrulation. When corrected by injections of o+ substance they respond equally at first and develop to an advanced embryonic stage (St. 37). At this time 50% of the embryos (o/o) stop, the other 50% (o+/o) continue to develop. These results indicate that the o+ gene does not function in early development, but can begin to do so in advanced embryos.
Treatment of anterior superior shoulder instability with a reverse ball and socket prosthesis

Anterior superior instability of the shoulder is a clinical entity that has not been commonly discussed. By definition, a chronic rotator cuff deficiency exists, and in addition, the anterior superior instability is usually associated with a deficient coracoacromial arch. With attempted active motion, the humeral head moves superiorly and anteriorly unopposed by the rotator cuff or the coracoacromial arch, both of which are deficient. The humeral head becomes prominent with any attempted active elevation. Patients are significantly functionally impaired and exhibit very poor active elevation. Treatment options to prevent or correct the anterior superior instability must substitute for the deficient rotator cuff. The goal of any surgery is to restore shoulder stability, relieve pain, and give the patient at least limited goals function. Semiconstrained reverse shoulder arthroplasty has shown the potential to stabilize the shoulder, eliminate the anterior superior instability, and restore function to the shoulder. The reverse prosthesis has become a viable option due to a new generation of design. It has been used consistently in Europe but is yet to obtain FDA approval for standard usage in the United States.
Antigen presentation and T-cell activation in epidermodysplasia verruciformis.

Aberrant immune responses may play a role in the susceptibility of patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis to human papilloma virus (HPV). We examined the stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells from HPV-infected skin and peripheral blood T-cell responses of patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. The percentage of Langerhans cells in relation to total epidermal cells in suspension was slightly reduced in HPV-infected lesions, relative to apparently clinically uninfected epidermis. In addition, the morphologic appearance of Langerhans cells was altered in lesional epidermal sheets. Despite these abnormalities, Langerhans cells were functionally intact in their capacity to present alloantigens to T cells and, in fact, the epidermis of HPV-infected lesions demonstrated enhanced antigen- presenting activity in three of four patients tested. The antigen-presenting activity was entirely abrogated by removal of Langerhans cells and was not associated with increased activity of cytokines with stimulatory activity for the thymocyte co-stimulation assay. Although epidermodysplasia verruciformis T cells were unresponsive to autologous HPV-infected epidermis, they responded well to mitogens, allogeneic mononuclear leukocytes, and allogeneic epidermal cells. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis T cells were inhibited in their capacity to respond to allogeneic epidermal cells when they were simultaneously exposed to autologous epidermal cells from HPV-infected lesional epidermis, but not to normal-appearing epidermis. Thus, although Langerhans cell activity is intact in epidermodysplasia verruciformis, these individuals fail to respond to autologous papillomas, which may, at least in part, be explained by an interaction between papillomal epidermal cells and autologous T cells that results in an inhibited response.
Breast cancer in young women

Although uncommon, breast cancer in young women is worthy of special attention due to the unique and complex issues that are raised. This article reviews specific challenges associated with the care of younger breast cancer patients, which include fertility preservation, management of inherited breast cancer syndromes, maintenance of bone health, secondary prevention, and attention to psychosocial issues.
THERMAL PROPERTIES and MOISTURE SORPTION ISOTHERMS of SPRAY-DRIED ENCAPSULATED MILKFAT

Stable emulsions containing 40 or 60% anhydrous butter oil and carbohydrate encapsulants (sucrose, modified starch or all-purpose flour) were spray dried to produce free-flowing shelf-stable powders, according to a 2 x 3 factorial design, replicated three times. Differential scanning calorimetry profiles showed well-defined melting ranges that were related to encapsulant used. Butter oil was almost completely encapsulated when fat content was 40% and sucrose was used as the wall material. Moisture sorption isotherms of powders with sucrose showed characteristic breaks caused by sugar crystallization followed by moisture desorption, whereas powders with modified starch or all-purpose flour continuously absorbed moisture with increasing relative humidity. the solvent-extractable fat fraction increased with increasing relative humidity in all cases. Scanning electron microscopy showed that sucrose-containing powder particles partially dissolved and fused together as a result of moisture uptake, whereas powders with modified starch or all-purpose flour maintained particle identity, even at 80% relative humidity.
A time‐series approach to discrete real‐time process quality control

Statistical process control methods are usually applied in an environment when periodic sampling and rational subgrouping of process output is appropriate. The resulting summary statistics can be graphically displayed and analysed using either traditional Shewhart control charts or other charts such as those based on the cumulative sum. This article presents an alternative approach, based on time series analysis of all the real-time process data. The time series approach is employed because the sequence of process observations may not be statistically independent. The autocorrelative structure in the data may be captured using an ARIMA model, and the residuals from this model are shown to be an effective input signal for a variety of statistical process control procedures.
D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in perinatal and adult basal ganglia

There is reason to believe that dopamine is important in developmental programs of the basal ganglia, brain nuclei implicated in motor and cognitive processing. Dopamine exerts effects through dopamine receptors, which are predominantly of the D1 and D2 subtypes in the basal ganglia. Cocaine acts as a stimulant of dopamine receptors and may cause long-term abnormalities in children exposed in utero. Dopamine receptor (primarily D1) stimulation has been linked to gene regulation. Therefore, D1 and D2 receptor densities in perinatal and adult striatum and globus pallidus were examined using quantitative autoradiography. The most striking finding was that pallidal D1 receptor densities were 7-15 times greater in the perinatal cases than in the adult. Pallidal D2 receptor densities were similar at both ages. In both the adult and perinatal striatum, D2 receptor densities were greater in the putamen than in the caudate, and both D1 and D2 receptor densities were modestly enriched in caudate striosomes compared with the matrix. In both caudate and putamen, perinatal D1 receptor levels were within the adult range, whereas D2 receptor levels were only 50% of adult values. The development of D1 and D2 receptors appears to vary across the major subdivisions of the human basal ganglia. The facts that we found such extremely high levels of D1 receptors in the perinatal pallidum, and that D1 receptor activation influences gene regulation, suggest that the globus pallidus could be particularly susceptible to long-term changes with perinatal exposure to cocaine and other D1 receptor agonists or antagonists.
Original Contribution: The construction of arbitrary stable dynamics in nonlinear neural networks

In this paper, two methods for constructing systems of ordinary differential equations realizing any fixed finite set of equilibria in any fixed finite dimension are introduced; no spurious equilibria are possible for either method. By using the first method, one can construct a system with the fewest number of equilibria, given a fixed set of attractors. Using a strict Lyapunov function for each of these differential equations, a large class of systems with the same set of equilibria is constructed. A method of fitting these nonlinear systems to trajectories is proposed. In addition, a general method which will produce an arbitrary number of periodic orbits of shapes of arbitrary complexity is also discussed. A more general second method is given to construct a differential equation which converges to a fixed given finite set of equilibria. This technique is much more general in that it allows this set of equilibria to have any of a large class of indices which are consistent with the Morse Inequalities. It is clear that this class is not universal, because there is a large class of additional vector fields with convergent dynamics which cannot be constructed by the above method. The easiest way to see this is to enumerate the set of Morse indices which can be obtained by the above method and compare this class with the class of Morse indices of arbitrary differential equations with convergent dynamics. The former set of indices are a proper subclass of the latter, therefore, the above construction cannot be universal. In general, it is a difficult open problem to construct a specific example of a differential equation with a given fixed set of equilibria, permissible Morse indices, and permissible connections between stable and unstable manifolds. A strict Lyapunov function is given for this second case as well. This strict Lyapunov function as above enables construction of a large class of examples consistent with these more complicated dynamics and indices. The determination of all the basins of attraction in the general case for these systems is also difficult and open.
Infectivity liters of enterovirus as found in human stools

Data have been gathered and collated from a variety of sources both published and unpublished, dealing with the concentration of enteroviruses in human stools. For polioviruses, a general range of 3.0–6.5 log10 TCD50* per gram of stool was reported, whereas for coxsackieviruses and echoviruses the range has been from 2.0–5.5 log10 TCD50. As human stools average about 100 gm, it is not unusual for an infected person to excrete as much as 10–300 million TCD50 of virus daily. The results of enterovirus titrations are significantly affected by the types of cultures in which the tests are conducted. With certain kinds of cultures (eg, human kidney for polioviruses), comparative tests showed titers to be at least one log unit higher per gram of stool than the titers of the same strains titrated in monkey kidney cultures. Since almost all of the titrations included in this report were carried out in monkey kidney cultures, the concentration of virus in many cases may be assumed to be ten times higher than that reported. Some of the data collected also contributed information on the duration of enterovirus excretion. These data reemphasize the fact that a person in the course of an asymptomatic enterovirus infection may excrete the virus over a period of many weeks, with about 50% of those infected continuing to shed virus into the third and fourth weeks of infection.
Parameter estimation for some time series models without contiguity

Abstract A discussion is given of some time series models driven by iid noise having a discrete component. In the case of autoregressive processes, estimates can be formulated which, with probability one, are equal to the true parameter values for a large enough sample. Remarks on the contiguity of the distribution of an autoregressive process with discrete noise are also made.
Stress Alters the Discriminative Stimulus and Response Rate Effects of Cocaine Differentially in Lewis and Fischer Inbred Rats

Stress enhances the behavioral effects of cocaine, perhaps via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Yet, compared to Fischer 344 (F344) rats, Lewis rats have hyporesponsive HPA axis function and more readily acquire cocaine self-administration. We hypothesized that stress would differentially affect cocaine behaviors in these strains. The effects of three stressors on the discriminative stimulus and response rate effects of cocaine were investigated. Rats of both strains were trained to discriminate cocaine (10 mg/kg) from saline using a two-lever, food-reinforced (FR10) procedure. Immediately prior to cumulative dose (1, 3, 10 mg/kg cocaine) test sessions, rats were restrained for 15-min, had 15-min of footshock in a distinct context, or were placed in the shock-paired context. Another set of F344 and Lewis rats were tested similarly except they received vehicle injections to test if stress substituted for cocaine. Most vehicle-tested rats failed to respond after stressor exposures. Among cocaine-tested rats, restraint stress enhanced cocaine’s discriminative stimulus effects in F344 rats. Shock and shock-context increased response rates in Lewis rats. Stress-induced increases in corticosterone levels showed strain differences but did not correlate with behavior. These data suggest that the behavioral effects of cocaine can be differentially affected by stress in a strain-selective manner.
Development of old-growth structure and timber volume growth trends in maturing Douglas-fir stands

Abstract Interest in the contributions to biological diversity of old-growth forests has increased in many regions of the world. In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, concern for the contributions has lead to proposals to extend the rotation between timber harvests from the conventional 40–80 years to 150 years and longer. However, the implications of such a change for both development of old-growth structure and timber production are unknown. We examined long-term records (up to 82 years) from permanent plots established in 20 stands of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco in western Oregon and Washington that are approaching these proposed rotation ages. Similarity to old-growth structure was assessed by comparing the observed values of four structural variables to published mean values for young and old-growth forest. The assessment of similarity to old-growth structure was limited to characteristics of the live forest stand, due to the lack of measurements of snags and downed logs at initiation of the permanent plots. Timber production was assessed by examining trends in mean annual increment (MAI) of cubic volume. Development towards old-growth structure was rapid up to about age 80 years, and gradual thereafter. About half of the transition from young to old-growth forest structure occurred by age 100 years. Stands least similar to old-growth in early observations had relatively high tree densities and relatively small trees of uniform size. In later observations, stands most similar to old-growth structure were those with higher densities of large (>100 cm DBH) P. menziesii . In general, MAI declined gradually, averaging about 0.3% per year. Thus, longer rotations may not result in large declines of timber growth while providing for forest structure similar to old-growth. Early control of tree density may serve to hasten development of old-growth structure. Our approach to understanding the development of old-growth forest structure could be applied to long-term plot data from forests in other regions, as long as there is adequate information on old-growth and other forest stages.
Ultrasonic actuation for MEMS dormancy-related stiction reduction

The use of ultrasonic pulses incident on surface micromachines has been shown to reduce dormancy-related failure. We applied ultrasonic pulses from the backside of a silicon substrate carrying SUMMiT processed surface micromachined rotors, used earlier as ultrasonic motors. The amplitude of the pulses was less than what is required to actuate the rotor (sub-threshold actuation). By controlling the ultrasonic pulse exposure time it was found that pulsed samples had smaller actuation voltages as compared to non-pulsed samples after twelve-hour dormancy. This result indicates that the micromachine stiction to surfaces during dormant period can be effectively eliminated, resulting in long-term stability of surface micromachines in critical applications.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An occupancy distribution arising in a limiting dilution assay for HIV-1

We describe a multivariate discrete distribution arising in a Bayesian analysis and design of a serial dilution assay for HIV-1 cells as a part of a syringe exchange among injection drug users. A solution containing N living viral cells is diluted in several stages. The laboratory procedures indicate which stages contain at least one live viral cell when the dilute aliquot are fermented. We assume a gamma prior distribution on N and describe the joint multivariate marginal distribution of the outcomes of the aliquot. We provide expressions for the joint moments and graphically illustrate the univariate distribution.
Vitamin E Forms in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Controversial and Clinical Experiences

Vitamin E is a collective term for eight naturally occurring compounds, four tocopherols (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-) and four tocotrienols (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-). Although it is the major form of vitamin E in US diets, gamma-tocopherol receives little attention when compared to alpha-tocopherol, which is generally found in supplements and most studied for its effects on progression of cognitive impairment. Many clinical trials had been conducted with vitamin E and neurodegenerative disorders, with controversial results, including a recent study which disproves the benefit of vitamin E for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. This study examined the alpha-tocopherol supplement instead of gamma-tocopherol. Gamma-tocopherol has been found to be more effective in scavenging free radicals and nitrogen oxygen species that cause inflammation; both of these are components of neurodegenerative disorders. Secondly, the use of alpha-tocopherol supplements significantly reduces serum gamma-tocopherol, and this may have important biological effects. Therefore, any potential health benefits of alpha-tocopherol supplements may be offset by deleterious changes in the bioavailability of other forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols. This might account for the null effects of alpha tocopherol supplementation in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease.
Void Growth in an Elastic-Plastic Medium

The uniaxial deformation of an elastic-plastic medium containing a doubly periodic square array of circular cylindrical voids is studied under plane-strain conditions. Both the effects of geometrical nonlinearities resulting from large deformation and physical nonlinearities arising from plastic material behavior are included in formulating the problem. A variational principle is used as the basis for implementing a finite-element solution. Results are obtained for the change in void shape and size under increasing overall strain, the overall tensile behavior of the material with voids, and the development of the plastic zone about a void.
Charge-carrier transport in disordered organic materials: dipoles, quadrupoles, traps, and all that

The reason for the Poole-Frenkel (PF) mobility field dependence in dependence in disordered organic materials is believed to be a long range spatial correlation in the distribution of enough levels of transport sites. This correlation is produced by molecules with significant permanent dipole moments. However, experimental data offer a strong evidence that in transport layers containing no molecules with high dipole moment essentially the same PF dependence of transport parameters on the mean intersite separation. By means of computer simulation and analytic calculation we consider the influence of deep traps on the charge carrier mobility in organic materials.
Exploring the limits of identifying sub-pixel thermal features using ASTER TIR data

Abstract Understanding the characteristics of volcanic thermal emissions and how they change with time is important for forecasting and monitoring volcanic activity and potential hazards. Satellite instruments view volcanic thermal features across the globe at various temporal and spatial resolutions. Thermal features that may be a precursor to a major eruption, or indicative of important changes in an on-going eruption can be subtle, making them challenging to reliably identify with satellite instruments. The goal of this study was to explore the limits of the types and magnitudes of thermal anomalies that could be detected using satellite thermal infrared (TIR) data. Specifically, the characterization of sub-pixel thermal features with a wide range of temperatures is considered using ASTER multispectral TIR data. First, theoretical calculations were made to define a “thermal mixing detection threshold” for ASTER, which quantifies the limits of ASTER's ability to resolve sub-pixel thermal mixing over a range of hot target temperatures and % pixel areas. Then, ASTER TIR data were used to model sub-pixel thermal features at the Yellowstone National Park geothermal area (hot spring pools with temperatures from 40 to 90 °C) and at Mount Erebus Volcano, Antarctica (an active lava lake with temperatures from 200 to 800 °C). Finally, various sources of uncertainty in sub-pixel thermal calculations were quantified for these empirical measurements, including pixel resampling, atmospheric correction, and background temperature and emissivity assumptions.
Colocalization in pericentral hepatocytes in adult mice and similarity in developmental expression pattern of ornithine aminotransferase and glutamine synthetase mRNA.

Abstract In situ hybridization showed that the mRNA for ornithine aminotransferase (OAT; ornithine-oxo-acid aminotransferase; L-ornithine: 2-oxo-acid aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.13) colocalized with glutamine synthetase [GS; glutamate-ammonia ligase; L-glutamate: ammonia ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3.1.2] in pericentral hepatocytes of the adult mouse liver. In addition to an identical distribution in adult hepatocytes, OAT and GS have very similar expression patterns in fetal and neonatal liver. As was earlier described for GS, there is a low level of OAT mRNA in fetal cells and increasing pericentral levels in neonates that reach adult patterns within 2 weeks. These results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of the two genes is similar in the liver. However, there was a lack of colocalization of the mRNAs for the two enzymes in cells of the kidney, intestine, and brain, suggesting different regulatory decisions for the OAT and GS genes in the cells of these different tissues. The metabolic consequences of these localized expression patterns favor ammonia clearance from the blood by the liver and urea synthesis by the kidney.