cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Life History Study of Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrels in Southern Wisconsin

A population of thirteen-lined ground squirrels in Madison, Wisconsin, was studied during the spring and summer of 1961 and 1962. Conception dates varied within and between years. Males moved greater distances than females. Spring seemed to be the period when longest movements took place. Adults had a 29% annual survival rate, juveniles, only 16%. Females had a higher survival rate than males. High mortality among juveniles mainly occurred prior to hibernation. Three distinct types of burrows were noted.
The Analysis of Experience: John Dewey and Elsie Ripley Clapp on Desire and Thinking, 1911

Unpublished correspondence with Elsie Ripley Clapp, along with extensive notes for a 1911 course, ‘The Analysis of Experience’, provide the context for a consideration of John Dewey's discussion of the relation between desire and thinking. Dewey's philosophic point of view is portrayed as it was developing in his own mind. The “unity of thought and desire”, the necessity of making objects of inquiry, the identification of thinking and acting, are themes in these materials which would appear in their published form in such works as Essays in Experimental Logic, Democracy and Education, and Human Nature and Conduct. In the unpublished materials, Dewey is seen as a naturalist at work in his laboratory, reworking his ideas and acknowledging Clapp's assistance in getting Dewey to connect “practical situations” in life with the “philosophic distinctions” under development. The 1911 materials are an excellent connection between problematics in Dewey's earlier writings on ethics, epistemology, and logic, and his later writings, on the same subjects in the 1920's and 1930's.
Perception-based contrast enhancement of images

Study of contrast sensitivity of the human eye shows that our suprathreshold contrast sensitivity follows the Weber Law and, hence, increases proportionally with the increase in the mean local luminance. In this paper, we effectively apply this fact to design a contrast-enhancement method for images that improves the local image contrast by controlling the local image gradient with a single parameter. Unlike previous methods, we achieve this without explicit segmentation of the image, either in the spatial (multiscale) or frequency (multiresolution) domain. We pose the contrast enhancement as an optimization problem that maximizes the average local contrast of an image strictly constrained by a perceptual constraint derived directly from the Weber Law. We then propose a greedy heuristic, controlled by a single parameter, to approximate this optimization problem.
Autothermal reforming of synthetic JP-8 derived from a coal syngas stream

Abstract The performance characteristics of a coal based synthetic JP-8 fuel were evaluated on an autothermal reformer experimental test stand. The target application for the reformate was a solid oxide fuel cell power unit. The synthetic JP-8 fuel was derived through the Fischer–Tropsch process, resulting in a predominantly paraffin based fuel. The synthetic JP-8 fuel was reacted in an atmospheric pressure autothermal reformer with noble metal catalysts under conditions of steam-to-carbon ratio of 2.0, fuel equivalency energy flow of 3.33 kW thermal to 6.66 kW thermal, and variable oxygen-to-carbon ratios of 0.8–1.2. For all fuel equivalency flow rates investigated, fuel conversion of greater than 96% were achieved. The synthetic fuel produced high reforming efficiencies of up to 92.2%, with hydrogen concentrations up to 36.5%. The results show that coal derived JP-8 fuels can produce high reforming efficiencies, with high hydrogen concentrations while minimizing carbon formation in an ATR reactor.
Discontinuous Galerkin framework for adaptive solution of parabolic problems

Non-conforming meshes are frequently employed in adaptive analyses and simulations of multi-component systems. We develop a discontinuous Galerkin formulation for the discretization of parabolic problems that weakly enforces continuity across non-conforming mesh interfaces. A benefit of the DG scheme is that it does not introduce constraint equations and their resulting Lagrange multiplier fields as done in mixed and mortar methods. The salient features of the formulation are highlighted through an a priori analysis. When coupled with a mesh refinement scheme the DG formulation is able to accommodate multiple hanging nodes per element edge and leads to an effective adaptive framework for the analysis of interface evolution problems. We demonstrate our approach by analysing the Stefan problem of solidification.
Abstract 320: Investigating the patterns of nuclear factor-kappa B activity in the host-tumor microenvironment during ovarian cancer progression

Most women diagnosed with ovarian cancer initially present with metastatic disease characterized by peritoneal implants and ascites. Activation of inflammatory processes mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is thought to be critical to the distinct clinical pattern of spread of ovarian tumors. However, the relative contribution of NF-κB activity in tumor cells and host inflammatory cells to ovarian cancer progression remains unknown. Therefore, our goal was to develop and characterize model systems to investigate NF-κB activity in these cell populations during ovarian tumorigenesis. To study the host NF-κB response, ID8 mouse ovarian cancer cells were injected intra-peritoneally into C57BL/6 mice carrying an NF-κB-dependent green fluorescent protein (GFP)/luciferase fusion transgene (NGL). In a reciprocal approach, ID8 cells stably expressing the NGL reporter (ID8-NGL) were injected into wild-type C57BL/6 mice to investigate NF-κB activation in the developing tumor. Non-invasive imaging of the mice was performed by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of the NGL reporter and by positron emission tomography (PET-CT) imaging of abdominal tumor burden. Preliminary experiments confirmed these models were highly reproducible, with peritoneal-wide tumor dissemination accompanied by the onset of late-stage, irreversible ascites. Mice injected with ID8-NGL cells showed greater than 100-fold increase in NF-κB reporter activity during tumor progression. There was a modest overall decrease in abdominal NF-κB activity over time in ID8-injected NGL mice, although the possibility of “masking” effects of the ascites fluid on bioluminescence, and NF-κB activity in specific host cell populations, need to be elaborated. These models will allow us to define the patterns of NF-κB activity in the host-tumor microenvironment during ovarian cancer progression, and will provide a powerful platform for future preclinical investigation of novel therapeutic agents targeting NF-κB in ovarian cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 320. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-320
Path-integral Monte Carlo calculation of free and confined carrier real self-energies at non-zero temperatures

Abstract A path-integral Monte Carlo method for calculation of real self-energies of free and confined carriers at non-zero temperatures is presented. An efficient numerical method for calculating the polar-optical phonon influence functional has been developed and incorporated into a previously developed PIMC for calculating equilibrium properties of uncoupled carriers. As illustrative examples, calculations of carrier real self-energies are performed for bulk GaAs as a function of temperature, and for AlGaAsGaAs-like square quantum wires at 77K and 300K as a function of wire width. The self-energies obtained here, in part, represent new results for these systems. Where previous results are available, the agreement is good.
Detection and Identification of Toxic Air Pollutants using Airborne LWIR Hyperspectral Imaging

Airborne longwave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral imagery was utilized to detect and identify gaseous chemical release plumes at sites in southern Texas. The Airborne Hyperspectral Imager (AHI), developed by the University of Hawai’i, was flown over a petrochemical facility and a confined animal feeding operation on a modified DC-3 during April, 2004. Data collected by the AHI system was successfully used to detect and identify numerous plumes at both sites. Preliminary results indicate the presence of benzene and ammonia and several other organic compounds. Emissions were identified using regression analysis on atmospherically compensated data. Data validation was conducted using facility emission inventories. This technology has great promise for monitoring and inventorying facility emissions, and may be used as means to assist ground inspection teams to focus on actual fugitive emission points.
Application of a partially relaxed shape memory free energy function to estimate the phase diagram and predict global microstructure evolution

In this work recent results regarding bounds of the relaxed free energy functions of a broad class of shape memory materials of arbitrary symmetry are leveraged to develop a simple and efficient numerical method to analyze several aspects of the thermomechanical response of such materials. This approach is shown to be useful for construction of the austenitic phase diagram used in many early phenomenological models. It is also demonstrated that the resulting implementation is suitable for finite element analysis, has desirable numerical properties, and makes realistic quantitative predictions regarding the evolution of the lattice correspondence variants, transformation stress and strain levels, and orientation dependence.
Stage T1A carcinoma of prostate.

Summary When presented with a post-TURP patient with pathologically confirmed Stage T1a disease, several points should be considered (Fig. 1). Is the patient's anticipated longevity and quality-of-life likely to be affected by the confirmed diagnosis? From current knowledge, men over the age of seventy or with co-morbid risk factors probably will not be adversely affected, and no treatment is required apart from expectant followup with semiannual DRE and serum PSA determinations. The group at risk seems to be the young patientwith a Stage T la tumor who is likely to survive more than ten years after the diagnosis. Data showing progression rates without treatment as high as 16–25 percent at eight to ten years seem to indicate the need for additional therapy. If the patient belongs to this category and is ready to pursue more aggressive treatment, reestablishing the diagnosis might be suggested, as well as an evaluation of the pre- and post-TUR PSA levels. This can be done by TRUS-guided biopsies of the prostate (or repeat TURP, which we regard as less preferable). If residual tumor is not found, we would counsel a “wait and see” approach. If subsequent tissue sampling identifies other than well-differentiated cancer or indicates the likelihood of more extensive cancer than the T la staging, treatment would be suggested. If the restaging reveals some residual well-differentiated disease that would not alter the initial staging of T la, the patient should be offered the alternatives of close monitoring, radical prostatectomy, or radiation therapy. Until prognostic factors such as DNA ploidyand nuclear roundness are better studied, we are unable to counsel the patient on the biologic significance/aggressiveness of his Stage T1a disease.
A snapshot or a painting? Metaphors, myths, misuses and misunderstandings of marketing research information by journalists and other people who should know better

Purpose – In US political reporting, the top story has become the public opinion polls that purport to state the voters’ evaluations of potential candidates, current office holders or the impact of current events. Many politicians, in turn, often develop their campaign positions in response to the polls. This discussion aims to address how year after year, despite increasing spending by news organizations to predict election results, the polls are repeatedly unable to predict election outcomes. Excuses are made, while the misuse and misunderstanding of marketing research spreads to other types of public organizations.Design/methodology/approach – Points out the contradictions between public opinion polling predictions of election results and actual events, with explanations of the usually unstated qualitative limitations to survey data.Findings – Qualitative research bias could have a greater impact on outcomes than statistical margins of error, although it is only the latter that is reported or discussed...
Polychromatic Signal Detection Ty Complex Spatial Filtering

A polychromatic correlation detection technique by complex spatial filtering is presented. This technique utilizes a diffraction grating and three co-lineared (red, green and blue) coherent sources. The techniuue of complex spatial filter synthesis for the polychromatic correlation detection is demonstrated. This technique offers true color correlation detection which is very suitable for color signal recognition and identification. The correlation diffraction efficiency with this technique is generally higher than that of the wavelength-multiplexed technique. Several interesting experimental demonstrations if this color signal correlation detection scheme are provided. Finally we note that this color signal detection is a simple and versatile processing technique which has broad range of applications of complex color signal detection, recognition and identification.
An experimental study evaluating professional development activities within a state funded pre-kindergarten program

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation for scaling up a comprehensive early childhood teacher professional development program into 11 communities across 2 years with funding through state legislative actions. The comprehensive program had four major components based on results from a previous multi-condition random assignment study across four states. The previous results demonstrated that the most optimum approach for supporting children’s school readiness included: (1) teacher on-line professional development with facilitation, (2) classroom mentoring, (3) implementation of a research-based curriculum, and (4) technology-driven progress monitoring that informed instruction. The comprehensive professional development program was evaluated in a new state program designed to bring childcare, Head Start, and public school pre-kindergarten together into integrated partnerships. In Year 1, 220 teachers serving 3834 children were randomly assigned to either receive the comprehensive program or not. Teachers who served as controls in Year 1 received the program in Year 2, and those who received the program in Year 1 participated for an additional year in Year 2, allowing for examination of the effects of one versus 2 years of participation. The program improved teachers instructional practices relative to controls, and a second year of participation resulted in greater gains in children’s language and literacy. Results support the need for well-integrated, comprehensive professional development for early childhood educators.
COARSENING OF HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA : APPLICATION OF WAVELETS

Modeling transport in a disordered medium with broadly distributed heterogeneities is often hampered by the fact that a very large set of equations has to be solved if the model contains detailed information about the medium's morphology. We propose a novel method, based on the application of the wavelets, that drastically reduces the number of equations to be solved without sacrificing any important information about the medium's morphology. The method is applicable to any disordered medium with any types of heterogeneities.
Dead adipocytes and metabolic dysfunction: recent progress.

Purpose of reviewDead adipocytes are at the heart of crown-like structures (CLSs), which represent a still relatively novel interface of adipocytes and adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and may be significant to human health conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, atherosc
Secondary-ion yields from surfaces bombarded with keV molecular and cluster ions.

We have measured negative secondary-ion yields from phenylalanine, CsI, and Au bombarded by complex ions of 5-28 keV. The primary ions were organic monomer and dimer ions and clusters of CsI. Large enhancements occur in the measured secondary-ion yields for more complex projectiles. We show that secondary-ion yields of Au − atomic species are related to the square of the projectile momentum
Nuclear radiation and electronic equipment

NUCLEAR radiation causes material degradation through several processes. Ionizing radiations, the charged particles, and gamma rays cause organic materials to change chemically and electrical conductivity to increase. Energetic neutrons displace atoms by knocking them out of their position in the structure of the material; and the displaced atoms, as charged particles, also cause ionization and secondary displacements. Less energetic neutrons may be absorbed by a nucleus. The new isotope may be unstable and decay in any of several processes such as fission, alpha, beta, or gamma emission, each of which may cause ionization. Material degradation then is caused by ionization, displacement, and transmutation which are observed as chemical changes and increased conductivity.
Simplified Analysis of the Steady-State Turning of Complex Vehicles

SUMMARY The classic analysis of the steady-state turning of the motor vehicle is based on a simple vehicle model in which lateral acceleration is the only motion variable that affects tire slip angles. This paper examines a more complex vehicle whose slip angles depend on lateral acceleration plus another motion variable. Trucks with multiple, nonsteering rear axles are one example of the complex vehicle. A general analysis of the complex vehicle together with analyses of linear and nonlinear trucks provide new insights into the understeer/oversteer quality of all vehicles. It is shown that a complex vehicle can be represented as a simple vehicle with an equivalent wheelbase. A physical interpretation of equivalent wheelbase for trucks and a method for its measurement are presented.
The RNA of tobacco etch virus: further characterization and detection of protein linked to RNA.

Abstract TEV-RNA was separated into poly(A) + and poly(A) − RNA by affinity chromatography. Both classes of RNA have similar base ratios. The poly(A) segment in the RNA was shown to be located at the 3′-OH end by dihydroxyborylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. Although the poly(A) was heterodisperse in length, ranging from about 200 to less than 33 AMP residues, two size classes averaging about 150 and 30 AMP residues, respectively, could be recognized. The presence of a genome-linked protein of molecular weight 6000 daltons was detected. The viral RNA is infectious even after proteinase K treatment, indicating that the genome-linked protein is not required for infectivity.
Implications of rainfall temporal resolution for soil-moisture and transpiration modeling

Dimensionless groups of parameters characterizing an ecosystem are valuable indicators for the a priori assessment of the effect of rainfall data resolution on predictions of soil moisture and transpiration. Knowledge of these dimensionless groups enables identification of appropriate levels of rainfall data resolution, when using historical rainfall directly or when using it to derive rainfall model parameters for use in models of soil–plant–climate systems. Detailed simulation studies of the soil, plant, and climate systems in Colorado and Texas, highly resolved in time and vertical space, show that historical rainfall data resolved at the daily level allow accurate prediction of soil-moisture and transpiration dynamics for smaller time resolutions. These results support inferences based on the dimensionless groups. Furthermore, no significant improvement in the prediction of soil-moisture and transpiration dynamics is attained, when representing rainfall through a more complex Neyman–Scott model rather than the simple rectangular pulses Poisson model.
High-dose glucocorticoids improve renal failure reversibility in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma

One-fifth of the newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients present with renal failure (RF) [1-3]. Glucocorticoids (GCs) may improve RF in MM by (1) rapid reduction of paraprotein production, (2) lessening inflammation and fibrosis in renal parenchyma, and (3) decreasing serum calcium level. We hypothesized that lower dose GCs may be less effective in restoring renal function and retrospectively compared the RF reversibility between the newly diagnosed MM patients who were treated with GCs equivalent to ≥160 mg DX over 4 days (high-dose GC group, n = 16) versus those who were treated with <160 mg (low-dose/no GC group, n = 8). There was no difference in age, baseline calcium, and creatinine levels between the two groups. Renal function was restored in seven patients in the high-dose GC group (44%) and in none of the patients in the low-dose/no GC group (P = 0.026). The only other factor found to impact the RF reversibility was the delay of GC initiation. Four and 1 patients developed a severe infection in the high- and low-dose/no GC groups, respectively. The use of higher dose GCs in the newly diagnosed MM patients who present with RF increases the likelihood of renal function restoration.
Turning Good into Gold: A Comparative Study of Two Environmental Invention Networks

This article proposes three states in an actor-network and a global/local distinction among actants. This theoretical framework is applied to two invention networks: one created by an inventor of solar heating systems and another created by a designer who wanted to create an environmentally sustainable furniture fabric. Both solar inventor and fabric designer wanted to develop technologies that would improve the environment and also make money. The article concludes by considering whether invention networks that intend to turn “good into gold” have to evolve a shared representation or whether it is sufficient for a new design to serve as a boundary object for actants.
Variationally consistent domain integration for isogeometric analysis

Abstract Spline-type approximations for solving partial differential equations are the basis of isogeometric analysis. While the common approach of using integration cells defined by single knot spans using standard (e.g., Gaussian) quadrature rules is sufficient for accuracy, more efficient domain integration is still in high demand. The recently introduced concept of variational consistency provides a guideline for constructing accurate and convergent methods requiring fewer quadrature points than standard integration techniques. In this work, variationally consistent domain integration is proposed for isogeometric analysis. Test function gradients are constructed to meet the consistency conditions, which only requires solving small linear systems of equations. The proposed approach allows for significant reduction in the number of quadrature points employed while maintaining the stability, accuracy, and optimal convergence properties of higher-order quadrature rules. Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed domain integration technique.
Genetic and molecular mechanisms of viral pathogenesis: implications for prevention and treatment

The pathogenesis of infection of mice by the mammalian reoviruses involves several discrete steps. Each of the three viral outer capsid proteins has a highly distinct and specialized role: one protein (σ1) binds to cell surface receptors; a second protein (µ1C) determines the capacity for viral growth at mucosal surfaces; and the third protein (σ3) is responsible for inhibiting cell macromolecular synthesis. A detailed picture of the molecular basis of reovirus virulence and attenuation is now emerging.
Preference for Predictable Small Rewards over Unpredictable Larger Rewards

Numerous prior studies have reported that rats, pigeons, and humans prefer predictable over unpredictable rewards of equal frequency and magnitude. A frustration-theory analysis of this preference suggests that it obtains because the unpredictable partial reinforcement procedure is aversive whereas the predictable discrimination procedure loses its aversiveness. The preference, on such an analysis, arises due to the tendency to avoid the unpredictable of two alternatives. Since frustration varies as a function of magnitude of reward, the avoidance tendency should increase with increases in reward magnitude in the unpredictable alternative. One group of rats in the present study showed a clear preference for seven versus five 45-mg Noyes Pellets. A second group showed the oft reported preference for five pellets predictable versus five pellets unpredictable. A third group of rats showed a preference for a five-pellet predictable reward over a seven-pellet unpredictable reward. The results of this experimen...
The Effect of Adolescent Employment on Vocational Development: Public and Educational Policy Implications.

Abstract This article is a review of seminal and recent research on the effects of working during adolescence on vocational development. We examine the broad body of research on youth work, on how school or job-related training may affect the outcomes of interest, and whether job quality may affect the value of working during adolescence. We draw conclusions regarding the weight of evidence with particular focus on the implications for public and educational policy.
Multiple nutrient subsidy pathways from a spawning migration of iteroparous fish

SUMMARY 1. Migratory animals can enhance ecosystem productivity through the delivery of material subsidies. Among fish, Pacific salmon are well known to deliver large quantities of nutrients to streams as they die after spawning, but the input pathways by which iteroparous species provide nutrient subsidies have not been resolved. 2. Our objective was to determine the importance of excretion, eggs and carcasses as nutrient sources from a large migration of longnose suckers into a stream draining a moderately agricultural catchment. Additionally, we evaluated nutrient limitation in the stream using nutrient-diffusing substrates and determined the timing of nutrient releases during egg decomposition using a microcosm experiment. 3. Eggs were the largest component of the nitrogen (N, 57%) and phosphorus (P, 76%) inputs from the migration, followed by excretion by live adults (40% N, 16% P). Carcasses were a minor component of inputs. 4. Estimated P inputs from fish were over three times larger than the observed export of dissolved P in this P-limited stream during the 66-day sampling period. In contrast, sucker N inputs were <2% of dissolved N export, which was dominated by NO3. However, the dynamics of NH4 concentrations through the course of the migration were closely associated with estimated NH4 inputs from excretion and eggs. 5. Eggs and excretion constitute significant nutrient inputs during migrations, even in catchments with elevated nutrient loads from agriculture. Mass mortality is not required for migratory fish to enhance nutrient availability in their spawning habitats. 6. Given that sucker excretion rates and female reproductive investment are typical for freshwater fish, our results suggest that spawning migrations of iteroparous species in rivers around the world may deliver important nutrient subsidies when migrations are large.
Endoanal Ultrasound in the Assessment of Fecal Incontinence

Endoanal ultrasound is essential in the assessment of patients suffering from fecal incontinence. The procedure can assist in selecting patients for the appropriate treatment modality and the procedure is also used in the evaluation of outcomes after treatment. Endoanal ultrasound can identify patients that may benefit from surgical sphincter repair with overlapping sphincteroplasty and the technique also plays an important role in selecting patients for other treatment options, including the artificial anal sphincter, sacral nerve stimulation, and injectable biomaterials.
Minimum energy controllers with inequality constraints on output variances

We consider the design of control systems to minimize the input energy subject to output variance inequality constraints. Necessary and sufficient conditions are developed for state feedback, measurement feedback and dynamic controllers. We find that all these problems are equivalent to LQ problems with a diagonal output weighting matrix Q, where Q has some interesting properties which reflect the importance of each constraint. An algorithm which iteratively selects the weight Q is given. Similar results are also derived for the dual problem where input variance inequality constraints are desired. All these results can be applied to the deterministic case with inequality constraints on the L∞,-norm of the outputs.
Biosynthesis of four rat liver mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenases: in vitro synthesis, import into mitochondria, and processing of their precursors in a cell-free system and in cultured cells

Abstract The synthesis, translocation, processing, and assembly of rat liver short chain acyl-CoA, medium chain acyl-CoA, long chain acyl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenases were studied. These four acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are homotetrameric flavoproteins which are located in the mitochondrial matrix. They were synthesized in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, programmed by rat liver polysomal RNA, as precursor polypeptides which are 2–4 kDa larger than their corresponding mature subunits (Mr 41,000–45,000). When the radiolabeled precursors were incubated with intact rat liver mitochondria, they appeared to bind tightly to the mitochondrial outer membrane. At this stage they were completely susceptible to the action of exogenous trypsin. The precursors bound to mitochondria at 0 °C were translocated into the mitochondria and processed when the temperature was raised to 30 °C. No reaction occurred when the temperature was kept at 0 °C, however, suggesting that the binding of the precursors is temperature independent while the subsequent steps of the pathway are energy dependent. Indeed, the translocation reaction was inhibited by compounds such as dinitrophenol and rhodamine 6G which inhibit mitochondrial energy metabolism. The newly imported (mature) enzymes were inaccessible to the proteolytic action of added trypsin. The processing of the precursors to mature subunits was proteolytically carried out in the mitochondrial matrix, and the processed mature subunits mostly assembled to their respective tetrameric forms. Newly synthesized larger precursors of each of the four acyl-CoA dehydrogenases were recovered from intact, cultured Buffalo rat liver cells in the presence of dinitrophenol. When dinitrophenol was removed in a pulse-chase protocol, the accumulated precursors were rapidly ( t 1 2 3–5 min ) converted to their corresponding mature subunits. On the other hand, when the chase was performed in the presence of the inhibitor, the labeled precursors disappeared with t 1 2 of >4 h for long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 1–2 h for the other three enzyme precursors.
Infrared spectroscopy of tritiated water

Abstract We report the infrared absorption spectrum of the OT stretch of 0.3% HOT in H 2 O. The absorption line shape has a peak at ω ∗ = 2121 cm −1 and line width of Δ ω = 127 cm −1 (FWHM). Reduced mass scaling relationships for frequency, line width, and extinction coefficient are tested by comparing to ω OH and ω OD absorption spectra. Harmonic scaling relationships are found to be inadequate, and deviations are discussed in terms of electrical and mechanical anharmonicity. The inverse scaling of line width with the square root of reduced mass provides further evidence that electric field fluctuations properly describe the line broadening.
Religious Diversity in Mexico: Socioeconomic Attainment and Family Structure

Mexico has experienced dynamic changes in its religious landscape, but relatively little is known about the ways in which the affiliates of the diverse religious groups differ in their socioeconomic and family characteristics. This paper examines religious group differences in key demographic indicators of socioeconomic status and family structure using the 2000 Mexican Census. The changing patterns of religious affiliation in Mexico signal increasing religious, socioeconomic and familial diversity. Non-Christians and Mormons stand out for having higher scores on education and the wealth index relative to other religious groups. Most groups have lower rates of consensual unions and higher rates of marriage than do Catholics. These same groups also tend to have larger families and lower divorce/separation. These trends seem inconsistent with the Catholic teachings about marriage, divorce and contraception. Apparently, new groups are attracting adherents who have family orientations that differ from main-stream Mexican society.
Rateless Coded Cooperation for Multiple-Access Channels in the Low Power Regime

Current research on cooperation in wireless communications has mainly focused on ergodic capacity in high SNR (or at least finite SNR) case. We show that cooperation is more efficient in the low power regime when considering outage capacity. We develop cooperation methods that are particularly efficient in the low power regime. They can be easily scaled to large networks when combined with rateless codes. The results show that there is a large gain in [See the equation in the PDF file] from cooperation when considering outage capacity in the low power regime. This is in contrast to the fact that in a Gaussian channel, we can at most change the slope of [See the equation in the PDF file].
The interplay of scientific epistemological views, learning strategies, and attitudes of college students

This paper focuses on research that illustrates the important interplay between students' scientific epistemological views and their learning strategies. We address the problem of facilitating meaningful science learning as contrasted to rote memorization, which is practiced by many students and encouraged by instructional and evaluation practices. We show that when metacognitive tools are used to facilitate meaningful learning, positive consequences in learning of subject matter, attitudes toward science, and epistemological views can emerge. Positivistic epistemology continues to be the subtle enemy to encouraging meaningful learning and constructivist views of the nature of science and knowing. If you're a scientist, you can say that all knowledge is scientific and everything can be based on fact and experiment. I've taken so many science classes that I've started to believe that.
Involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation of p185c‐erbB2/neu in tumorigenicity induced by x‐rays and the neu oncogene in human breast epithelial cells

Ionizing radiation is the exogenous agent best proven to induce breast cancer. c-erbB2/neu amplification and overexpression are known to occur in breast cancer and are correlated with aggressive tumor growth and poor prognosis. We have developed simian virus 40-immortalized cell lines from normal human breast epithelial cells (HBECs) with luminal and stem-cell characteristics. In this study, we examined whether x-rays and a mutated neu oncogene are capable of inducing tumorigenicity in these cells. The results indicated that x-rays were effective in converting immortal non-tumorigenic HBECs to weakly tumorigenic cells that then could be transformed to highly tumorigenic cells by the neu oncogene. The in vitro growth of these tumorigenic cells was significantly faster than that of the parental non-tumorigenic cells in growth factor- and hormone-supplemented or -depleted media. The neu oncogene, however, had no tumorigenic effect on immortal non-tumorigenic cells. The expression of p185(c-erb82/neu) was elevated in neu-transduced immortal or weakly tumorigenic cell lines. However, only in the latter was p185(c-erbB2/neu) found to be phosphorylated at tyrosine residues. Thus, x-rays appear to induce a genetic alteration that confers weak tumorigenicity on immortal HBECs and interacts with p185(c-erbB2/neu) directly or indirectly to give rise to fast-growing tumors.
Teaching Note—Some Practical Issues with Excel Solver: Lessons for Students and Instructors

Spreadsheets have become the principal software application for teaching decision models in most business schools. In particular, Excel Solver is used extensively for solving and analyzing optimization models. However, there are a number of important issues in using Solver of which many users are unaware. These include the impact of spreadsheet design and cell formatting on Solver reports, handling of lower and upper bound constraints, and dealing with the implications of implicit assumptions in spreadsheet models when interpreting Solver sensitivity reports. Students and instructors, as well as most popular textbooks, rarely pay sufficient attention to these issues. This article summarizes these important issues, provides guidelines for avoiding problems, and offers examples that can be incorporated into the classroom.
Evaluating Statistical Tests on OLAP Cubes to Compare Degree of Disease

Statistical tests represent an important technique used to formulate and validate hypotheses on a dataset. They are particularly useful in the medical domain, where hypotheses link disease with medical measurements, risk factors, and treatment. In this paper, we propose to compute parametric statistical tests treating patient records as elements in a multidimensional cube. We introduce a technique that combines dimension lattice traversal and statistical tests to discover significant differences in the degree of disease within pairs of patient groups. In order to understand a cause--effect relationship, we focus on patient group pairs differing in one dimension. We introduce several optimizations to prune the search space, to discover significant group pairs, and to summarize results. We present experiments showing important medical findings and evaluating scalability with medical datasets.
Self-awareness and adaptivity for quality of service

Network self-awareness is the ability of a network to observe its own behavior using internal probing and measurement mechanisms, and to make effective autonomous use of these observations for self-management. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the goal's impact on observed QoS for the user's payload. In addition to packet loss due to congestion, we also introduce an artificial packet loss at certain nodes to represent failures or other undesirable events. We see that just using delay in the QoS goal is a good way to reduce delay and loss if losses are only the result of congestion. However, as one would expect, using loss in the user's QoS goal is seen to be useful if the paths, which are selected by SPs, are to avoid nodes where packet losses are occurring for reasons other than congestion. In general we see good correlation between the QoS goal that the SPs use to find paths, and the resulting QoS observed by DPs.
Birth Weight and Neurocognition in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Low birth weight is associated with both schizophrenia and neurocognitive impairment. Yet, to our knowledge, no previous study has examined the relationship between lower birth weight and neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). In this preliminary study, we investigated the relationship using a broad neuropsychological battery in cases with SSD and matched control subjects. The sample consisted of all subjects in the Developmental Insult and Brain Anomaly in Schizophrenia study, a nested case-control investigation developed from a large birth cohort, which followed subjects longitudinally. Case ascertainment was based on computerized record linkages between the birth cohort members and the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Plan, and all diagnoses were confirmed by consensus diagnosis following the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. Lower birth weight was associated with impairment in executive function, working memory, generalized intellectual function, and neuromotor function in cases with SSD but not in control subjects. No deficits were observed in verbal memory for either group. These results support the hypothesis that lower birth weight plays a role in neuropsychological disruptions in SSD and that the antecedents of lower birth weight may have a greater impact on these disruptions in SSD than in controls. These data may facilitate a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of the cognitive underpinnings of SSD.
Histoplasma capsulatum Cyclophilin A Mediates Attachment to Dendritic Cell VLA-5

Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) is a pathogenic fungus that replicates in macrophages (Mphi). In dendritic cells (DC), Hc is killed and fungal Ags are processed and presented to T cells. DC recognize Hc yeasts via the VLA-5 receptor, whereas Mphi recognize yeasts via CD18. To identify ligand(s) on Hc recognized by DC, VLA-5 was used to probe a Far Western blot of a yeast freeze/thaw extract (F/TE) that inhibited Hc binding to DC. VLA-5 recognized a 20-kDa protein, identified as cyclophilin A (CypA), and CypA was present on the surface of Hc yeasts. rCypA inhibited the attachment of Hc to DC, but not to Mphi. Silencing of Hc CypA by RNA interference reduced yeast binding to DC by 65-85%, but had no effect on binding to Mphi. However, F/TE from CypA-silenced yeasts still inhibited binding of wild-type Hc to DC, and F/TE from wild-type yeasts depleted of CypA also inhibited yeast binding to DC. rCypA did not further inhibit the binding of CypA-silenced yeasts to DC. Polystyrene beads coated with rCypA or fibronectin bound to DC and Mphi and to Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with VLA-5. Binding of rCypA-coated beads, but not fibronectin-coated beads, was inhibited by rCypA. These data demonstrate that CypA serves as a ligand for DC VLA-5, that binding of CypA to VLA-5 is at a site different from FN, and that there is at least one other ligand on the surface of Hc yeasts that mediates binding of Hc to DC.
Balancing CRRM Performance Goals with Load Shared Packet Services

Beyond 3G and 4G wireless promise 'always best connected' as well as new high-rate wireless networks. Since costly earlier generation networks are still useful, load sharing between integrated wireless networks becomes feasible. Studies have shown that load shared networks using common radio resource management (CRRM) techniques are beneficial - with circuit-oriented sessions. Since wireless networks will increasingly carry queued packet-switched data, it is important to learn how packet data performs in a load shared environment - alone and with speech. Packet data increases complexity however, since packets should be discarded if a substantial delay occurs. This simulation study compares different overflow and queuing algorithms, as the loading of two networks vary. The simulation is validated using a multidimensional Markov Chain model.
Cytokinin Activity in Begonia and Bryophyllum

Cytokinin activity has been obtained in ethanol extracts of Begonia and Bryophyllum plants. Begonia x cheimantha Everett yielded 30 to 300 μg kinetin equivalents per kg of fresh leaves in the tobacco callus bioassay. Short day conditions appeared to increase the extractable cytokinin content in the tissue. Purification by fractionation on Dowex 50 H+ columns followed by organic solvent extraction, silver precipitation, and repeated paper chromatography yielded an apparently homogeneous product which accounted for most of the activity in the Begonia extracts. It was indistinguishable from zeatin in chromatograms developed with six solvent systems. Other cytokinin active fractions were also obtained from both Begonia and Bryophyllum. Crystalline picrate preparations of active products were insufficient for identification by mass spectrometry.
Design of human — Machine interface and altering of pelvic obliquity with RGR Trainer

The Robotic Gait Rehabilitation (RGR) Trainer targets secondary gait deviations in stroke survivors undergoing rehabilitation. Using an impedance control strategy and a linear electromagnetic actuator, the device generates a force field to control pelvic obliquity through a Human-Machine Interface (i.e. a lower body exoskeleton). Herein we describe the design of the RGR Trainer Human-Machine Interface (HMI) and we demonstrate the system's ability to alter the pattern of movement of the pelvis during gait in a healthy subject. Results are shown for experiments during which we induced hip-hiking — in healthy subjects. Our findings indicate that the RGR Trainer has the ability of affecting pelvic obliquity during gait. Furthermore, we provide preliminary evidence of short-term retention of the modified pelvic obliquity pattern induced by the RGR Trainer.
Segmentation, grouping and feature detection for face image analysis

Automatic face and facial feature detection by a computer is a computationally challenging problem. There are many shape patterns for eyes, nose and mouth, hair, beards/mustaches, and the overall geometry of the face frame. The texture and color of hair and skin also vary greatly. One source of complexity in analyzing face images is due to the different appearances resulting from different orientations. From the literature and the authors' own experience, it is apparent that the various face orientations, eyeglasses, and hair, are among the main factors affecting the complexity of the face image analysis problems. This paper discusses a system that analyzes face images under a wide range of orientations, like those in the FERET database. Unlike previous systems that were designed specifically for either frontal or side-view images but not both, this takes a unified approach and treats frontal and side-view images with the same common sequence of analysis, with view-specific analysis only at the final stage, amounting to less than 10% of the whole task. It also detects the presence of eyeglasses under all views.
The impact of a simulation-based learning design project on student learning

This study examined the effects of a sophisticated simulation-based task on students' learning of course-related content, ability to deal with complex, open-ended problems, and attitudes toward the Interactive Site Investigation Software (ISIS) and the course. Students were required to conduct a hazardous waste site investigation using the simulation software designed specifically for the course. ISIS simulated physical processes as well as real-world engineering processes. Assessment of student outcomes was based on the use of constructed-response knowledge maps to measure content understanding, and surveys to measure student attitudes and use of cognitive processes. Students reported very positive attitudes toward the ISIS experience, appeared to have gained substantial knowledge over the course of ISIS use, and perceived the ISIS activity as being generally effective in improving their skills in dealing with complex projects, linking theory to real world applications, and improving their problem-solving performance. Our assessment of student outcomes was a successful first attempt, but more work is needed to validate our measures with advanced students, particularly when the task is complex and requires interdisciplinary knowledge.