cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limits to Water Privatization

Water allocation under conditions of water scarcity is a looming issue that threatens the economic well being and quality of life of many of the world’s people. Although the causes of water scarcity are varied, many assert the inefficiencies and failures of water allocation by the public sector are to blame. One solution offered by proponents is to privatize the water allocation process, thereby allowing the efficiencies of the market place to resolve most issues. The thesis of this paper is that while privatization of many aspects of the water allocation process may bring increased efficiencies, certain core functions must remain with the public sector. These core functions include the ultimate decision making authority over the assignment of water rights as well as oversight authority to protect and secure both the rights of third parties and those private and public activities and values that may depend on existing uses. While the legal right to the use of water may be placed in the hands of the privat...
Tacticity effects on the miscibility behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene oxide-b-dimethylsiloxane-b-ethylene oxide) blends

The miscibility of a triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(ethylene oxide) with syndiotactic and isotactic poly(methylmethacrylate) wasstudied. Although isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was miscible with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the pure state, it was immiscible with the PEO end blocks in the copolymer. In comparison, the syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (sPMMA) was miscible with the PEO blocks as indicated by melting point depression, decrease in crystallinity, and slower rate of spherulite growth of PEO. When blends of the triblock copolymer were cooled to low temperatures, the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) middle block which resided in the interlamellar region of PEO spherulites also crystallized; the development of PDMS crystals was clearly suppressed at high sPMMA contents.
Lithography till the end of Moore's law

Soon after the realization of Moore's law, the suspicion on this law reaching an end persisted. Now, the concern is as serious as it can get. Not only the feature size has to be scaled down, the manufacturing cost also has to be contained. This presentation covers the lithography tools and processes to sustain Moore's law of scaling and Moore's law of economy. It includes the three viable candidates to push lithography beyond the 20nm logic node. (1) Extension of immersion lithography beyond the optical resolution limit by multiple patterning. (2) Reduction of the ArF immersion wavelength by an order of magnitude to the 13.5 nm EUV wavelength. (3) Use of massive parallelism on e-beam direct write.
Speciation in Western Scrub-Jays, Haldane's rule, and genetic clines in secondary contact.

Haldane’s Rule, the tendency for the heterogametic sex to show reduced fertility in hybrid crosses, can obscure the signal of gene flow in mtDNA between species where females are heterogametic. Therefore, it is important when studying speciation and species limits in female-heterogametic species like birds to assess the signature of gene flow in the nuclear genome as well. We studied introgression of microsatellites and mtDNA across a secondary contact zone between coastal and interior lineages of Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) to test for a signature of Haldane’s Rule: a narrower cline of introgression in mtDNA compared to nuclear markers. Our initial phylogeographic analysis revealed that there is only one major area of contact between coastal and interior lineages and identified five genetic clusters with strong spatial structuring: Pacific Slope, Interior US, Edwards Plateau (Texas), Northern Mexico, and Southern Mexico. Consistent with predictions from Haldane’s Rule, mtDNA showed a narrower cline than nuclear markers across a transect through the hybrid zone. This result is not being driven by female-biased dispersal because neutral diffusion analysis, which included estimates of sex-specific dispersal rates, also showed less diffusion of mtDNA. Lineage-specific plumage traits were associated with nuclear genetic profiles for individuals in the hybrid zone, indicating that these differences are under genetic control. This study adds to a growing list of studies that support predictions of Haldane’s Rule using cline analysis of multiple loci of differing inheritance modes, although alternate hypotheses like selection on different mtDNA types cannot be ruled out. That Haldane’s Rule appears to be operating in this system suggests a measure of reproductive isolation between the Pacific Slope and interior lineages. Based on a variety of evidence from the phenotype, ecology, and genetics, we recommend elevating three lineages to species level: A. californica (Pacific Slope); A. woodhouseii (Interior US plus Edwards Plateau plus Northern Mexico); A. sumichrasti (Southern Mexico). The distinctive Edwards Plateau population in Texas, which was monophyletic in mtDNA except for one individual, should be studied in greater detail given habitat threat.
Complete separation of rare earth elements from small volume seawater samples by automated ion chromatography: method development and application to benthic flux

A new Ion Chromatography–Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (IC–ICP-MS) method is presented for measuring individual rare earth elements (REEs) in small volume (5 ml) seawater samples, with the goal of measuring pore water REEs. The method is shown to be accurate and reproducible for small volumes of a seawater reference standard within the determined precisions. The method has reasonable yield (75%), and, more importantly, is shown to not internally fractionate individual REEs. After describing the method, data from bottom, overlying and interfacial pore waters from four sites (three California margin, one Chile margin) are presented. These data show that there is a REE flux from sediments into bottom water. This flux ranges from 10−11 to 10−8 mol cm−2 ky−1 at these sites and is, therefore, on the same order as riverine input to the oceans. Benthic chamber samples support these flux estimates. When pore water and benthic chamber water are normalized to PAAS, the REE patterns can be characterized using three descriptors: the magnitude of the Ce anomaly (always negative), a “MREE bulge” and “HREE enrichment.” However, when normalized to bottom water, LREE>HREE and there is a significant positive Ce anomaly. These features generally support current understanding: that the REEs in the ocean are strongly influenced by organically driven processes. A key proviso is that the fluctuations in the Ce anomaly should be considered to be the net result of changes in dissolved La and Pr, and not mainly a function of Ce oxidation.
Hormonal regulation of cellular proliferation in the epidermis of the red-spotted newt.

Abstract The effects of various hormonal conditions on epidermal proliferation were studied in the red-spotted newt. Prolactin was found to be a strong stimulant of epidermal mitotic activity. Hypophysectomy caused a rapid decline in the mean mitotic index, the thickness, and the number of cell layers in the epidermis. These parameters were increased by administration of ovine prolactin in both intact and hypophysectomized newts and by autografting of the pituitary gland. Injection of the prolactin inhibitor, ergocornine, into autografted newts decreased mitotic activity. Thyroid hormone increased the mean mitotic index of intact newts whereas thyroidectomy decreased the mitotic activity. The inhibitory effect of hypophysectomy was not prevented by exogenous thyroxine, indicating that thyroid hormone alone does not stimulate mitosis. Thyroid hormone apparently stimulates mitosis indirectly by increasing the rate at which sloughs are shed. Evidence for this view comes from the observation that the goitrogen thiourea, which mimics thyroidal effects on sloughing, also stimulates mitosis. Conversely, the accumulation of unshed sloughs may, in part, be responsible for the decrease in the mitotic activity in the thyroidectomized newts. Administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone produced no detected effect on epidermal proliferation.
Type Curves for Predicting Directional Tendencies of Simple Bottom-Hole Assemblies

The paper provides solutions for predicting directional tendencies of slick and single stabilizer bottom-hole assemblies (BHA) in curved boreholes. Solutions are derived in a curvilinear system of coordinates in a dimensionless form. These solutions are presented in the form of type curves. Type curves allow for quick evaluation of directional tendencies of given BHA by providing values of side force and tilt angle at the bit. Using these values an anticipated direction of bit displacement is evaluated, using concepts of formation anisotropy index (FAI) and bit anisotropy index (BAI). Procedures are illustrated by examples of evaluation of side force and tilt at the bit for a slick and single stabilizer BHA. The resulting bit displacements are calculated assuming formation anisotropy and drill bit directional tendencies (FAI and BAI). The results derived from type curves are in agreement with computer simulated data. The comparison shows that application of graphical solutions (type curves) yields only slight error that can be ignored for practical purposes.
Celebration, Politics, Selective Looting and Riots: A Micro Level Study of the Bulls Riot of 1992 in Chicago

In the aftermath of the Bulls riot of 1992, which started as a celebration of a basketball victory but turned into a night of looting and rioting in Chicago's black ghettos, local and national newspapers asked: was it just a celebration? Was it an expression of pent-up anger and frustration? Had Korean and Arab merchants been targeted? The sociological literature on riots contains a great deal of analysis of city level data, but few micro level studies that analyze who are the victims and perpetrators of the violence and destruction associated with riots. I argue in this paper that the Bulls riot of 1992 was political as well as celebratory, responding in part to massive welfare cuts in Illinois and to the televised drama of the Los Angeles riot of 1992. A store by store analysis of ghetto merchants reveals that despite the political undertones, the extensive nature of the riot, and a history of organized boycotts against Korean stores, there was no targeting of merchants based on race or ethnicity. Some implications for the political and racial nature of riots are discussed.
Sailing against the Wind: Voices of Kenyan Adult Women in U.S. Postsecondary Education and Sociocultural Contexts.

The purpose of this study was to explore the educational and sociocultural experiences of Kenyan women pursing higher education in the United States and how they negotiated their multiple identitie...
Computed torque for the position control of open-chain flexible robots

A technique is presented for the solution of the inverse dynamics of open-chain flexible robots. The proposed method finds the joint torques necessary to produce a specified end-effector motion. The formulation includes all the nonlinear terms due to the large rotation of the links, together with Timoshenko beam theory to model their elastic characteristics. The finite-element method is used to discretize the equations of motion. The performance and capabilities of this technique are tested through a simulation analysis. Results show the potential of the method not only for feedforward control, but also for incorporation in feedback control strategies. >
External Effects of Metropolitan Innovation on Firm Survival: Non-Parametric Evidence from Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing and Healthcare Services

In the last two decades, geography came into prominence as an important consideration in the study of knowledge accumulation, firm performance, and economic growth. The role of space as a determinant of economic outcomes comes primarily from the non-uniform distribution of human and social capital across territories. Accumulated knowledge, specific in each region, eventually should translate into productive applications and lead to dissimilar rates of economic growth (Ibrahim et al. 2009). The literature argues that knowledge, innovativeness, and entrepreneurship (factors that in the short-run are ‘attached’ to a region) play a definite role in economic outcomes.
Gifted Students With Learning Disabilities Who Are They

More than 20 years ago, psychologists first described gifted students with learning disabilities (LD). In the past decade, several sets of identification criteria have been proposed for this population. Many of the suggested assessment practices are unsupported by research in psychoeducational assessment, and some have been directly contradicted by recent research. We argue that an uncritical acceptance of the concept of concomitant giftedness and LD has led to unsound identification procedures and to interventions that are not targeted properly. Specific recommendations for future research and implications for current clinical practice are discussed.
Implantable impermeable flexible encapsulants for artificial organs

These studies have furthered the development of a flexible impermeable encapsulant for implantable electronic devices. Medical grade silicone rubber, a widely used implantable material, is well known to be permeable to water vapor. We have demonstrated that silicone rubber is apparently permeated by electrolytes. This permeability to electrolytes can be blocked by impregnation of the silicone rubber with certain naturally occurring waxes during vulcanization. Implantation into living tissue has shown this material to be well tolerated. Of the natural waxes studied thus far, spermaceti has revealed the best overall properties as an impregnant for silicone rubber.
Image processing and display of 3D intra-coronary ultrasound images

Multiplanar reformatting and three-dimensional (3-D) projection displays provide new ways to visually interrogate image data that may assist in their qualitative and quantitative interpretation. The authors describe the methods and preliminary results of these image processing techniques applied to in vivo intra-coronary images. Preliminary results using temporal domain and several anisotropic filters are discussed. A radial gradient filter for boundary detection of the medial-adventitial interface is presented. Maximum intensity projection displays are also discussed. >
Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Coating of the Mitochondrial Genome by TFAM

Mitochondria contain a 16.6 kb circular genome encoding 13 proteins as well as mitochondrial tRNAs and rRNAs. Copies of the genome are organized into nucleoids containing both DNA and proteins, including the machinery required for mtDNA replication and transcription. The transcription factor TFAM is critical for initiation of transcription and replication of the genome, and is also thought to perform a packaging function. Although specific binding sites required for initiation of transcription have been identified in the D-loop, little is known about the characteristics of TFAM binding in its nonspecific packaging state. In addition, it is unclear whether TFAM also plays a role in the regulation of nuclear gene expression. Here we investigate these questions by using ChIP-seq to directly localize TFAM binding to DNA in human cells. Our results demonstrate that TFAM uniformly coats the whole mitochondrial genome, with no evidence of robust TFAM binding to the nuclear genome. Our study represents the first high-resolution assessment of TFAM binding on a genome-wide scale in human cells.
Unraveling transcriptional regulatory programs by integrative analysis of microarray and transcription factor binding data

Motivation: Unraveling the transcriptional regulatory program mediated by transcription factors (TFs) is a fundamental objective of computational biology, yet still remains a challenge. Method: Here, we present a new methodology that integrates microarray and TF binding data for unraveling transcriptional regulatory networks. The algorithm is based on a two-stage constrained matrix decomposition model. The model takes into account the non-linear structure in gene expression data, particularly in the TF-target gene interactions and the combinatorial nature of gene regulation by TFs. The gene expression profile is modeled as a linear weighted combination of the activity profiles of a set of TFs. The TF activity profiles are deduced from the expression levels of TF target genes, instead directly from TFs themselves. The TF-target gene relationships are derived from ChIP-chip and other TF binding data. The proposed algorithm can not only identify transcriptional modules, but also reveal regulatory programs of which TFs control which target genes in which specific ways (either activating or inhibiting). Results: In comparison with other methods, our algorithm identifies biologically more meaningful transcriptional modules relating to specific TFs. We applied the new algorithm on yeast cell cycle and stress response data. While known transcriptional regulations were confirmed, novel TF-gene interactions were predicted and provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the cell. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Distributed Key Management with Protection Against RSU Compromise in Group Signature Based VANETs

The group signature based security scheme is a promising approach to provision privacy in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). In this paper, we propose a novel distributed key management scheme for group signature based VANETs, which is expected to considerably facilitate the revocation of malicious vehicles, location privacy protection, heterogenous security policies, and maintenance of the system, compared with the centralized key management assumed by the existing group signature schemes. The distributed nature of the proposed scheme is that the road side units (RSUs) will be responsible for distributing group private keys in a localized manner. A brand- new issue induced by the distributed scheme is that the semi-trust RSUs may be compromised. So we develop security protocols for the distributed key management, which are capable of identifying the compromised RSUs and their collusion with the malicious vehicles if any. Details of possible attacks and the corresponding solutions are discussed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed security protocols.
An analysis of surgical versus chemotherapeutic intervention for the management of intestinal obstruction in advanced ovarian cancer

The objective of this study was to compare the treatment outcomes of surgical versus chemotherapeutic interventions for the management of intestinal obstruction secondary to metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer. A retrospective analysis of 39 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who had 98 events of intestinal obstruction was performed. A medical records review of patients treated for advanced ovarian cancer from 1973 to 2003 was conducted. Time from treatment to obstruction, complications, and predictors of outcome were analyzed. Mean time from diagnosis of cancer to first obstruction was 38 months (range, 7-234 months). Of 39 patients with obstruction, 5% were stage I, 2% stage II, 85% stage III, and 8% stage IV. Prior to first obstruction, the median number of prior surgeries was 2 and chemotherapy regimens 3. Sites of the 98 events of obstruction were small intestine, 79 (81%); large intestine, 8 (8%); and combined small and large intestines, 11 (11%). The mean time to re-obstruction was 6.4 months (0-24) for chemotherapy, 5.1 months (0-40) for surgery, and 1.9 months (0-15) for supportive care. The mean hospital stays were 7 days (2-10) for chemotherapy, 18 days (3-50) for surgery, and 7 days (0-20) for supportive care. There were 4 major complications in the chemotherapy patients, 11 in the surgical patients, and 2 in the supportive only patients. The only significant factor predictive of > or =6 month obstruction-free period was prior response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Of the 13 patients with a response to chemotherapeutic or surgical treatment, 46% had an initial response to platinum-based chemotherapy, while 27% of 22 patients who re-obstructed in <6 months were platinum sensitive. In this retrospective analysis of selected patients, surgery and chemotherapy were found to have similar outcomes. The surgical approach had higher morbidity. The best predictor of either treatment's effectiveness is tumor sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents (P= 0.168).
Model selection and estimation in regression with grouped variables

Summary. We consider the problem of selecting grouped variables (factors) for accurate prediction in regression. Such a problem arises naturally in many practical situations with the multifactor analysis-of-variance problem as the most important and well-known example. Instead of selecting factors by stepwise backward elimination, we focus on the accuracy of estimation and consider extensions of the lasso, the LARS algorithm and the non-negative garrotte for factor selection. The lasso, the LARS algorithm and the non-negative garrotte are recently proposed regression methods that can be used to select individual variables. We study and propose efficient algorithms for the extensions of these methods for factor selection and show that these extensions give superior performance to the traditional stepwise backward elimination method in factor selection problems. We study the similarities and the differences between these methods. Simulations and real examples are used to illustrate the methods.
Observations on the Development of Crime Categories

From the 1850s to the present, considerable criminological attention has focused on the development of theoretically-significant systems for classifying crime. This article reviews and attempts to evaluate a number of these efforts, and we conclude that further work on this basic task is needed. The latter part of the article explicates a conceptualfoundation for a crime pattern classification system, and offers a preliminary taxonomy of crime.
Making Cents in the Barrios The Institutional Roots of Joblessness in Mexican America

It is frequently observed that in US cities low-income immigrants are strongly attached to labor markets while the US-born poor more often suffer from detachment. This article examines everyday mechanisms related to this immigrant-native difference. Using data collected through participant-observation in two low-income Mexican-American communities in California, I examine structural-economic, cultural, and institutional perspectives on attitudes to end practices of everyday wage laboring. I argue that the institutional perspective, highlighting the manifold effects of transnational social networks, provides the most compelling account of immigrant-native differences in labor-force attachment.
Transplantation of developing metanephroi into adult rats.

Transplantation of developing metanephroi into adult rats. Background Transplantation of developing metanephroi into adult hosts has been proposed as a means to augment host renal function. Methods We implanted whole metanephroi from embryonic day 15 (E15) rats subcapsularly in kidneys or into the omentum of non-immunosupressed adult rat hosts. At the time of implantation, some host rats underwent unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) or unilateral nephrectomy and partial contralateral renal infarction (1½ NX). E15 metanephroi contained only metanephric blastema, segments of ureteric bud, and primitive nephrons with no glomeruli. Results Four to six weeks post-implantation, metanephroi from E15 rats had enlarged, become vascularized, and had formed mature tubules and glomeruli. Ureters of metanephroi transplanted into the omentum were anastomosed to hosts' ureters that remained after UNX. Four weeks following ureteroureterostomy, the contralateral kidney was removed. Inulin clearances of seven metanephroi implanted into UNX hosts averaged 0.11 ± 0.02 μ l/min/100g (2.42 ± 0.70 μ l/min/g kidney wt) and the creatinine clearances averaged 0.65 ± 0.18 μ l/min/100g. Metanephroi weighed 71 ± 15mg (approximately 4% of the contralateral native kidney). The transplanted metanephroi were vascularized by arteries originating from the omentum. Both weights of transplanted metanephroi (145 ± 24mg) and inulin clearances of transplanted metanephroi (30.1 ± 8.7 μ l/min/g kidney weight) were significantly increased in rats that underwent 1½ NX compared to UNX. In contrast, transplantation of developed kidneys resulted in rejection. Conclusions Our findings establish that functional chimeric kidneys develop from metanephroi transplanted in adult hosts.
Testing Lorentz invariance by the use of vacuum and matter filled cavity resonators

We consider tests of Lorentz invariance for the photon and fermion sector that use vacuum and matter-filled cavities. Assumptions on the wave function of the electrons in crystals are eliminated from the underlying theory and accurate sensitivity coefficients (including some exceptionally large ones) are calculated for various materials. We derive the Lorentz-violating shift in the index of refraction $n$, which leads to additional sensitivity for matter-filled cavities; and to birefringence in initially isotropic media. Using published experimental data, we obtain improved bounds on Lorentz violation for photons and electrons at levels of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ and below. We discuss implications for future experiments and propose a new Michelson-Morley\char21{}type experiment based on birefringence in matter.
Efficacy of anticoagulation in resolving left atrial and left atrial appendage thrombi: A transesophageal echocardiographic study.

BACKGROUND: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the gold standard for evaluation of the left atrium and the left atrial appendage (LAA) for the presence of thrombi. Anticoagulation is conventionally used for patients with atrial fibrillation to prevent embolization of atrial thrombi. The mechanism of benefit and effectiveness of thrombi resolution with anticoagulation is not well defined. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used a TEE database of 9058 consecutive studies performed between January 1996 and November 1998 to identify all patients with thrombi reported in the left atrium and/or LAA. One hundred seventy-four patients with thrombi in the left atrial cavity (LAC) and LAA were identified (1.9% of transesophageal studies performed). The incidence of LAA thrombi was 6.6 times higher than LAC thrombi (151 vs 23, respectively). Almost all LAC thrombi were visualized on transthoracic echocardiography (90.5%). Mitral valve pathology was associated with LAC location of thrombi (P <.0001), whereas atrial fibrillation or flutter was present in most patients with LAA location of thrombi. Anticoagulation of 47 +/- 18 days was associated with thrombus resolution in 80.1% of the patients on follow-up TEE. Further anticoagulation resulted in limited additional benefit. CONCLUSIONS: LAC thrombi are rare and are usually associated with mitral valve pathology. Transthoracic echocardiography is effective in identifying these thrombi. LAA thrombi occur predominantly in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter. Short-term anticoagulation achieves a high rate of resolution of LAA and LAC thrombi but does not obviate the need for follow-up TEE.
One Pixel Short of a Frame: Lessons Learned from a Large-scale (Underfunded) Multimedia Development Project

Multimedia development in an academic environment poses both benefits and challenges to project directors and team members due to increased levels of flexibility and changing project roles. Based on our experiences designing and developing a CD-ROM/ Internet-based teacher development tool, intended to help teachers envision and achieve technology integration, we present nine lessons learned during a two-year development process. Lessons relate to multiple project stages including analysis, design, development, and evaluation and include suggestions for planning, cost-cutting, production, managing resources, and capitalizing on flexibility. Have you ever found yourself in a situation where you were expected to lead others through some complex procedure, one that was only vaguely defined and with which you had no previous experience? We imagine we’re not the only ones who have encountered this. We know how faculty are: we write grants where we make vague promises, we teach courses marginally related to our areas of expertise, or we agree to write a book chapter about some barely familiar content. For me, the first author, this particular adventure started innocently enough. I didn’t intend to become a software developer— I only wanted to fill a need that many of my teacher colleagues were
Reconstitution of recombinant uncoupling proteins: UCP1, -2, and -3 have similar affinities for ATP and are unaffected by coenzyme Q10.

Abstract The successful development of recombinant expression and reconstitution protocols has enabled a detailed study of the transport properties and regulation of the uncoupling proteins (UCP). We optimized conditions of isolation and refolding of bacterially expressed uncoupling proteins and reexamined the transport properties and regulation of bacterially expressed UCP1, -2, and -3 reconstituted in liposomes. We show for the first time that ATP inhibits UCP1, -2, and -3 with similar affinities. The Ki values for ATP inhibition were 50 μm (UCP1), 70 μm (UCP2), and 120 μm (UCP3) at pH 7.2. These affinities for ATP are similar to those obtained with native UCP1 isolated from brown adipose tissue mitochondria (Ki = 65 μm at pH 7.2). The Vmax values for proton transport were also similar among the UCPs, ranging from 8 to 20 μmol·min–1·mg–1, depending on experimental conditions. We also examined the effect of coenzyme Q on fatty acid-catalyzed proton flux in liposomes containing recombinant UCP1, -2, and -3. We found that coenzyme Q had no effect on the fatty acid-dependent proton transport catalyzed by any of the UCPs nor did it affect nucleotide regulation of the UCPs. We conclude that coenzyme Q is not a cofactor of UCP-mediated proton transport.
Prostate Cancer: Utility of Whole-Lesion Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Metrics for Prediction of Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the additional value of whole-lesion histogram apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) metrics, when combined with standard pathologic features, in prediction of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 193 patients (mean age, 61 ± 7 years) who underwent 3-T MRI with DWI (b values, 50 and 1000 s/mm2) before prostatectomy. Histogram metrics were derived from 3D volumes of interest encompassing the entire lesion on ADC maps. Pathologic features from radical prostatectomy and subsequent BCR were recorded for each patient. The Fisher exact test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare ADC-based metrics and pathologic features between patients with and patients without BCR. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to construct multivariable models for prediction of BCR, which were assessed by ROC analysis. RESULTS. BCR occurred in 16.6% (32/193) of patients. Variables sign...
Problems of Food Security in Jiangsu Province and Its Countermeasures

This paper expounded the general situation of food production,food production capacity and food consumption status in Jiangsu province,analyzed the situation of food supply and demand,the critical number of food security,basic judgment and current worries in Jiangsu province,and put forward the ideas and countermeasures which will ensure food security in Jiangsu.
Abstract 151: Counterintuitive Trends in Obesity Prevalence and Abnormal Blood Pressures Among Adults in NAMCS-NHAMCS Data

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested by national data and popular media that prevalence of obesity and elevated Blood Pressure (BP) has increased in the United States over time. OBJECTIVE: To assess the trends in the prevalence of elevated BP and obesity in adult patients, and to quantify any correlation between them using national probability data sets. DESIGN/METHODS: An analysis of visit data for all patients 18 years and older included in the 2005-09 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey-Outpatient Department (OPD) was performed. BP data from 160,380 patient visits were analyzed, including adults seen in ambulatory or office-based settings (NAMCS, N=74,645) and hospital outpatient departments (OPD, N=85,735). Correlation between BP and BMI were calculated using the Pearson Correlation method. Results: Overall, the prevalence of hypertension decreased over time, while the prevalence of obesity increased. This data is represented in Table 1. Conclusions: This analysis suggests that while the prevalence of obesity may be increasing, the prevalence of elevated BP has actually decreased over time. This seemingly counter-intuitive finding may reflect improved BP control rates, despite obesity, which is suggested in contemporary NHANES data.
Nietzsche’ S Critical Theory: The Culture of Science as Art

This collection reflects the philosophic influence and thought of Friedrich Nietzsche with regard to his theory of knowledge in particular and in broad reference to the sciences. If such a conjunction is both new and exciting, it is also not a little controversial. Nietzsche today is increasingly recognized as an important philosophical thinker However, this same recognition is not unproblematic nor indeed (recalling the possibly indeliberate ambiguity of the title of Arthur Danto’ s widely read Nietzsche as Philosopher) can it be said that Nietzsche’s role as philosopher is anything like an accepted one, especially with regard to the critical possibility of knowledge or science, or indeed: critical theory itself.1
The Potential Impact of Strangi Est. On Family Business Entities

Family limited partnerships are a widely used estate-planning tool. Recently, however, the Tax Court has begun using an unconventional approach in attacking abusive partnerships, section 2036. While, in the early cases, the court used section 2036(a)(1) to deny partnership discounts, the court in Strangi broke new ground in its use of section 2036(a)(2) as an alternative ground for disregarding the partnership. If Strangi's reading of section 2036(a)(2) is sustained - and the Fifth Circuit's recent decision in Kimbell suggests that it will be - lawyers will have to reconsider the ways in which they structure new partnerships. In addition, in many cases, existing partnerships will have to be restructured in order to avoid a section 2036(a)(2) attack. The article examines the Strangi decision, critiquing the court's analysis. It then goes on to suggest how new partnerships should be structured, and how existing partnerships should be restructured, in order to neutralize the section 2036(a)(2) threat that the decision poses.
Mathematical Modeling of the Biomarker Milieu to Characterize Preterm Birth and Predict Adverse Neonatal Outcomes

Problem To identify preterm neonates at risk for adverse neonatal outcomes. Method of Study A nested case–control study from the prospectively followed Boston Birth Cohort of mother–neonate pairs was performed. A classification model for preterm-born neonates was derived from 27 cord blood biomarkers using orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis. Predictive relationships were made between biomarkers and adverse outcomes using logistic regression. Results From 926 births (53% of which were preterm), using weighted values for 27 biomarkers, a score was created that classified 73% of preterm deliveries. Soluble TNF-R1, NT-3, MCP-1, BDNF, IL-4, MMP-9, TREM-1, TNF-α, IL-5 and IL-10 were most influential. Our model was more sensitive for birth <34 weeks (sensitivity 89.5%, specificity 76.9%). IL-10, TNF-α, BDNF, NT-3, MMP-9, sTNF-R1 and MCP-1 were significantly predictive of NEC, IVH, sepsis and infections. Conclusion We developed a novel mathematical model of 27 biomarkers associated with adverse neonatal outcomes in neonates born preterm.
Demonstration of increased catecholamine excretion in the nephrotic syndrome.

SummaryIn 7 edematous nephrotic children, the mean excretion of norepinephrine was significantly greater than in these children during remission or in 7 control subjects. The increased excretion did not correlate with glomerular filtration rate or quantity of urine protein but correlated with magnitude of sodium retention. Steroid therapy caused a prompt decrease of excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites. These findings may relate to circulatory changes or to other unrecognized abnormalities.
NITROGEN DIOXIDE POISONING.

(1963). Nitrogen Dioxide Poisoning. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 13-32.
FEMTOSECOND LASER-INDUCED SURFACE TEXTURING AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF A-SI:H THIN FILM

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films have been considered for use in solar cell applications because of their significantly reduced cost, however, the overall efficiency and stability are less than that of their bulk crystalline counterparts. Limited work has been performed on solving the efficiency and stability issues of a-Si:H simultaneously. In this study, both surface texturing and crystallization on a-Si:H thin film are achieved through one-step femtosecond laser processing in water. Light absorption is enhanced by light trapping based on surface geometry changes, and the formation of a mixture of hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) and a-Si:H after crystallization suggests that the overall stability may be increased. Furthermore, the formation mechanism for the surface spikes is discussed. A comparison of absorptance spectra for various surface morphologies and crystallinities shows that the combination of surface texturing and crystallization induced by femtosecond laser processing is very promising for a-Si:H thin film solar cell applications.
Circulating Status of Function Claims of Health Foods in China and Policy Suggestions

In order to reveal circulating status of function claims of health foods, and to provide corresponding suggestions to support development of the industry, all products and enterprises certified to produce health foods were investigated. The results showed that the industry was developing at a rate above 10 percent in recent years, especially in 2003. The sales of health food products attained about 21 billion and the taxation exceeded 5.3 billion. Circulating rate of function claims stayed about 56 percent. However, most claims concentrate on a few functions, such as enhancing immunity, alleviating physical fatigue, improving child growth, assisting blood lipids reduction, postponing aging and facilitating alleviation of constipation for function foods, and supplying zinc, calcium, iron, multivitamins and multi-minerals for nutrient supplements simultaneously. Both theory and practice confirm that the industry is a promising industry, but it needs more policy support, induction and function recognizing. Enterprises should pay more attention as well as funds to product research and development.
Xanthine oxidase is increased and contributes to paraquat-induced acute lung injury

Two lines of investigation suggested that xanthine oxidase- (XO) derived O2 metabolites contribute to paraquat- (PQ) induced acute lung injury. First, PQ treatment increased lung XO activity and decreased lung xanthine dehydrogenase activity. Second, lung albumin uptake increased compared with control values in untreated XO-replete but not tungsten-treated XO-depleted lungs in rats treated with PQ.
Intraenterocyte distribution of absorbed lipid and effects of phosphatidylcholine.

The present studies were designed to investigate the distribution of absorbed lipid in intestinal mucosal cells and to identify the chylomicron precursor pool. Rats were infused intraduodenally with glyceryl tri[9,10(n)-3H]oleate (135 mumol/h); other rats were in addition infused with 9 mumol/h of phosphatidylcholine. After 5-h infusion the proximal one-half of intestine was removed and the mucosa obtained. It was found that 50% of the radioactivity in the whole homogenate pelleted on centrifugation at 75,000 g.min. The supernatant was further fractionated by high-speed centrifugation resulting in a floating lipid layer, a supernatant, and a microsomal pellet. The results showed that these subcellular fractions had a triacylglycerol specific activity 46-52% of the infusate9s specific activity. Including phosphatidylcholine in the duodenal lipid infusion increased the triacylglycerol specific activity of all subcellular fractions (70%) resulting in a specific activity approaching that of the infusate, which would be expected of chylomicron triacylglycerol. These studies demonstrate 1) that considerable mucosal lipid is distributed into a low-speed pellet, 2) that mucosal triacylglycerol specific activity can be greatly increased by including phosphatidylcholine in a lipid infusion, and 3) that despite obtaining multiple subcellular fractions, the chylomicron precursor pool could not be clearly identified in the mucosa of control rats.
Group Ambivalence and Electoral Decision-Making

Recent insights about attitude structure and process have spawned a new understanding of the nature and dynamics of mass opinion. On the structural side, there is mounting evidence that political opinions are more complex than the unidimensional summary statements (e.g., unfavorable or favorable, cold or warm, negative or positive) routinely used to measure them. On the processing side, opinions often are not directly retrieved from memory in summary form but, instead, are constructed episodically on the basis of an “on-the-spot” memory search using whatever considerations are momentarily salient (Tourangeau, Rips, and Rasinski 2000; Zaller and Feldman 1992; but see Lodge, McGraw, and Stroh 1989; Lodge, Steenbergen, and Brau 1995). Although political scientists have only recently begun to incorporate these insights into empirical models of political behavior, they have long recognized that opinions are infused with conflicting beliefs and feelings. The authors of The American Voter wrote, for example, that an individual voter’s “system of partisan attitudes” could be consistently favorable toward one party, or that the elements of the system could be in conflict (Campbell et al. 1960; also see Free and Cantril 1967; Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet 1944). Contemporary research suggests further that ambivalence—an internalized conflict about a specific political choice—is a prevalent characteristic of political belief systems, with important implications for how citizens make political decisions.
Complete Block Designs

In the presence of controllable nuisance factors, the device of blocking divides the experimental material into homogeneous blocks in such a way that treatments can be compared under similar conditions. This chapter describes complete block designs (including randomized block designs), together with block design models, model assumption checks, multiple comparisons, sample size calculations, and analysis of variance. The analyses of complete block designs are illustrated through two real experiments, one having factorial treatment combinations. The use of R and SAS software is described.
‘The Bitter Thraldom of Dependence’: Negotiating the Hunt

Hunters liked to refer to Africa as a land of ‘trackless wilds’, ‘peopled only by the whispering memories of primitive man’, but their publications belied these claims at every turn.1 Hunting expeditions required numerous men’s cooperation to carry out, which meant that big game hunters, particularly in the nineteenth century, had to build working relationships with African people. They had to negotiate with rulers for access to the land and its animal resources and find men willing to guide them, to serve as porters and to manage their camps. At times, hunters travelled with whole communities or established their base camps alongside a village. This physical proximity reflected hunters’ broader reliance on local communities for labour, resources and knowledge and facilitated the many exchanges that were critical to the practice of big game shooting in this period.
Assessing the intracellular fate of rhodium(ii) complexes.

Rhodium(II)–fluorophore conjugates have strong rhodium-based fluorescence quenching that can be harnessed to report on a conjugate's cellular uptake and the intracellular decomposition rate. Information gleened from this study allowed the design of an improved STAT3 metalloinhibitor.
Some more interplay of the three Kirchhoffian indices

For any simple connected undirected graph, and the random walk on it, we obtain a formula for the sum of all expected hitting times – normalized by the stationary distribution – expressed in terms of the eigenvalues of a certain modified Laplacian matrix. This allows us to find lower bounds for these sums of hitting times, as well as new lower bounds for the additive degree-Kirchhoff index, in terms of the multiplicative degree-Kirchhoff index and the Kirchhoff index, that improve other bounds found in the literature.
Introduction to Economics of Corporate Law

The Economics of Corporate Law is a two-volume collection of the most influential articles in the development of the economic analysis of corporate law. This Introduction briefly describes each included article, summarizing each and placing it within its historic context. Each volume is divided into three parts. Part I of Volume I starts with three seminal contributions to the economics of the firm, by Ronald Coase, Michael Jensen and William Meckling, and Oliver Williamson. Part II collects articles on the board of directors and the purpose of the corporation. Part III includes leading contributions on the nature and role of state competition for corporate charters. Volume II begins with a section on hostile takeovers and defenses. Part II of Volume II includes articles on shareholder suits and other mechanisms aimed at limiting agency problems. Part III of Volume III concludes with three articles that take broad, theoretical perspectives on corporate law and corporate governance.
The Landscape of Unwanted Pregnancy and Abortion in Highland Bolivia, 1982–2010

Bolivia holds one of the highest rates of unwanted pregnancy and abortion in Latin America, yet little is known about women’s experiences with these phenomena. Based on personal interviews and policy reports, Kimball traces a broad history of abortion in the Andean cities of La Paz and El Alto between 1982 and 2010. The chapter argues that women’s experiences with abortion and post-abortion care contributed to changes in reproductive health policy and services over the period. Kimball further demonstrates that women’s experiences with abortion were imbued with particular stress and strain, due primarily to abortion’s illegal and stigmatized status in Bolivia.
Mechanisms of Ubiquitin-Nucleosome Recognition and Regulation of 53BP1 Chromatin Recruitment by RNF168/169 and RAD18

The protein 53BP1 plays a central regulatory role in DNA double-strand break repair. 53BP1 relocates to chromatin by recognizing RNF168-mediated mono-ubiquitylation of histone H2A Lys15 in the nucleosome core particle dimethylated at histone H4 Lys20 (NCP-ubme). 53BP1 relocation is terminated by ubiquitin ligases RNF169 and RAD18 via unknown mechanisms. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and biochemistry, we show that RNF169 bridges ubiquitin and histone surfaces, stabilizing a pre-existing ubiquitin orientation in NCP-ubme to form a high-affinity complex. This conformational selection mechanism contrasts with the low-affinity binding mode of 53BP1, and it ensures 53BP1 displacement by RNF169 from NCP-ubme. We also show that RAD18 binds tightly to NCP-ubme through a ubiquitin-binding domain that contacts ubiquitin and nucleosome surfaces accessed by 53BP1. Our work uncovers diverse ubiquitin recognition mechanisms in the nucleosome, explaining how RNF168, RNF169, and RAD18 regulate 53BP1 chromatin recruitment and how specificity can be achieved in the recognition of a ubiquitin-modified substrate.