cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Bacteremias at a University Hospital Caused by Pneumococci Not Susceptible to Penicillin

To determine the epidemiology of bacteremias due to pneumococci not susceptible to penicillin (PNSP) at a university hospital, active microbiologic surveillance of bacteremias due to PNSP was done for 28 months. Controls were bacteremias caused by penicillin-susceptible pneumococci. Antimicrobial susceptibilities for alternative antibiotics were determined. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and serotyping were used as markers of strain identity. Of 113 pneumococcal isolates, 14 (13%) were intermediate or resistant to penicillin (MIC > or = 0.1 microgram/mL). Twelve PNSP were resistant to other drugs: chloramphenicol (5), tetracycline (6), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (5), cefotaxime (1), and erythromycin (1). Independently significant risk factors associated with PNSP bacteremia were sepsis and prior treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics. PFGE revealed 10 distinguishable patterns among 12 isolates available for typing. In general, PFGE typing correlated with serotyping. It also distinguished some isolates of the same serotype. PFGE typing and serotyping suggest that the frequency of PNSP in the San Antonio, Texas, area is not due to dissemination of a single clonal strain.
Gender Dilemmas and Myth in the Construction of Marital Bargains: Issues for Marital Therapy

Marital therapists are regularly confronted with issues of equality and fairness when working with couples. This article examines the social-contextual factors that influence couples’ negotations about these issues. A common solution for couples, “the myth of equality,” is identified, together with the processes that maintain it. The role of the therapist in relation to gender equality is addressed.
Harris Semiconductor Division's journey to self-directed work teams

Trust is the root of an empowered workforce. Managers and employees must be trustworthy. Without trust, the self-directed work team will fail. The new team structure requires management to learn a coaching style of leadership. Employees learn interpersonal skills while expanding their technical skill sets. Learning is centered around a win-win philosophy-an essential ingredient for a culture that values cooperation among all of its employees. Employees must be skilled in communication, planning, organizing and problem solving. Management will need to define initial structures, provide resources, and set expectations for key metrics so the teams can measure and assess their performance and growth. >
Absorption cross-section and related optical properties of colloidal InAs quantum dots.

We report the absorption cross-section of colloidal InAs quantum dots of mean radii from 1.6 to 3.45 nm. We find excellent agreement between the measured results and calculated values based on a model of small-particle light absorption. The absorption cross-section per dot is 6.2 × 10-16R3 cm2 at 2.76 eV and 3.15 × 10-16R1.28 cm2 at the first-exciton absorption peak, with the dot radius R in nm. We find that the per-quantum-dot particle oscillator strength of the first-exciton transition is constant for all sizes studied. The radiative lifetime of the first exciton calculated from the oscillator strength increases with dot size and ranges from 4 ns for the smallest dots to 14 ns for the largest ones.
Rediscovery by Whole Genome Sequencing: Classical Mutations and Genome Polymorphisms in Neurospora crassa

Classical forward genetics has been foundational to modern biology, and has been the paradigm for characterizing the role of genes in shaping phenotypes for decades. In recent years, reverse genetics has been used to identify the functions of genes, via the intentional introduction of variation and subsequent evaluation in physiological, molecular, and even population contexts. These approaches are complementary and whole genome analysis serves as a bridge between the two. We report in this article the whole genome sequencing of eighteen classical mutant strains of Neurospora crassa and the putative identification of the mutations associated with corresponding mutant phenotypes. Although some strains carry multiple unique nonsynonymous, nonsense, or frameshift mutations, the combined power of limiting the scope of the search based on genetic markers and of using a comparative analysis among the eighteen genomes provides strong support for the association between mutation and phenotype. For ten of the mutants, the mutant phenotype is recapitulated in classical or gene deletion mutants in Neurospora or other filamentous fungi. From thirteen to 137 nonsense mutations are present in each strain and indel sizes are shown to be highly skewed in gene coding sequence. Significant additional genetic variation was found in the eighteen mutant strains, and this variability defines multiple alleles of many genes. These alleles may be useful in further genetic and molecular analysis of known and yet-to-be-discovered functions and they invite new interpretations of molecular and genetic interactions in classical mutant strains.
Protrusive activity guides changes in cell-cell tension during epithelial cell scattering

Knowing how epithelial cells regulate cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions is essential to understand key events in morphogenesis as well as pathological events such as metastasis. During epithelial cell scattering, epithelial cell islands rupture their cell-cell contacts and migrate away as single cells on the extracellular matrix (ECM) within hours of growth factor stimulation, even as adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin are present at the cell-cell contact. How the stability of cell-cell contacts is modulated to effect such morphological transitions is still unclear. Here, we report that in the absence of ECM, E-cadherin adhesions continue to sustain substantial cell-generated forces upon hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulation, consistent with undiminished adhesion strength. In the presence of focal adhesions, constraints that preclude the spreading and movement of cells at free island edges also prevent HGF-mediated contact rupture. To explore the role of cell motion and cell-cell contact rupture, we examine the biophysical changes that occur during the scattering of cell pairs. We show that the direction of cell movement with respect to the cell-cell contact is correlated with changes in the average intercellular force as well as the initial direction of cell-cell contact rupture. Our results suggest an important role for protrusive activity resulting in cell displacement and force redistribution in guiding cell-cell contact rupture during scattering.
Addressing the Decline in Counseling and Supervision Process and Outcome Research in the Journal of Counseling Psychology

Scheel et al. have argued convincingly that there has been a decline in counseling-related research in the Journal of Counseling Psychology (JCP) and The Counseling Psychologist (TCP). This response focuses on the relatively steady 35-year decline in this type of research published in JCP. The author conducted a new analysis based on the frequency of PsycINFO thesaurus terms used to index 2,330 articles published in JCP over successive 5-year periods from 1975 to 2009. Results confirmed the basic conclusions of Scheel et al. that studies of the counseling and supervision process and outcome have declined over this period. Results also indicate the other types of research that have grown in frequency. These include studies of attachment behavior, multicultural issues, sexual minorities, coping, well-being, social support, and psychotherapy. The author argues that these new research areas are “counseling related” as well and that they have not crowded out the traditional studies Scheel et al. highlight.
Symbiotic model for a working cyberschool: the tentative findings of a two-year case study

The debate surrounding the implications of use of computers and online media in our schools is presently an ongoing conversation in scholarly and educational circles. As a contribution to this conversation, the paper discusses the tentative findings of a two-year case study at Kamiak Cyberschool, a technology based public high school for credit deficient juniors and seniors in Mukilteo School District, Mukilteo, Washington. The background information is first given and the research methodology is detailed next. Parameters of data used for the paper are briefly noted. The findings will be organized around responses to four questions: (1) has the Cyberschool engaged its students? (2) To what extent has the program been successful and unsuccessful? (3) To what extent has the use of online media contributed to the success of students? (4) What are the female students telling us in this technology based academic environment? The symbiotic model of this working cyberschool as constructed through the perspective of its students is then portrayed. This model points to a set of interconnected factors that the students see as essential to their improved learning at this Cyberschool.
The gravitational distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratio is more uniform in prone than supine posture in the normal human lung

The gravitational gradient of intrapleural pressure is suggested to be less in prone posture than supine. Thus the gravitational distribution of ventilation is expected to be more uniform prone, po...
Integration of cluster ensemble and text summarization for gene expression analysis

Generating high quality gene clusters and identifying the underlying biological mechanism of the gene cluster are the important goals of clustering gene expression analysis. To get high quality cluster results, most of the current approaches rely on choosing the best cluster algorithm whose design biases and assumptions meet the underlying distribution of the data set. There are two issues for this approach: (1) usually the underlying data distribution of the gene expression data sets is unknown, and (2) there are so many clustering algorithms available and it is very challenging to choose the proper one. To provide a textual summary of the gene clusters, the most explored approach is the extractive approach that essentially builds upon techniques borrowed from the information retrieval, in which the objective is to provide terms to be used for query expansion, and not to act as a stand alone summary for the entire document sets. Another drawback is that the clustering quality and cluster interpretation are treated as two isolated research problems and are studied separately. But cluster quality and cluster interpretation are closely related and must be addressed in a coherent and unified way. It is essential to have relatively high quality clusters first, in order to get a correct, informative biological explanation of the gene cluster, otherwise, the biological explanation will be incorrect or misleading, no matter how good or robust the text summarization technique is. Based on this consideration, we design and develop a unified system GE-Miner (gene expression miner) to address these challenging issues in a principled and general manner by integrating cluster ensemble and text summarization and provide an environment for comprehensive gene expression data analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that our system can obtain high quality clusters and provide concise and informative textual summary for the gene clusters.
AGRICULTURAL POLE RITUALS AND RULERSHIP IN LATE FORMATIVE CENTRAL JALISCO

Recent research into the Teuchitlan tradition continues to improve our understanding of western Mexico's relationship to the rest of Mesoamerica. The tradition is defined on the basis of its distinctive public architecture, yet little research has been done to explore the significance of these temples for political organization. I propose that a more emic analysis of the political system can clarify the relationship among architecture, ritual, and political elites in Late Formative (300 b.c.–a.d. 200) Jalisco. I make use of indigenous ceramic dioramas; recent excavation data from Llano Grande, Jalisco; ethnohistoric accounts of the Xocotl Huetzi festival of the Postclassic and Contact periods; and ethnographic accounts of similar celebrations to propose a maize-focused interpretation of ritual and rulership in the Teuchitlan tradition.
Motivational Influences on Controlled Processing: Moderating Distractibility in Older Adults

Research has suggested that aging is associated with a decline in the efficiency of controlling processing operations. Three studies examined the moderating impact of personal relevance on age differences in one index of such operations: the ability to ignore distracting information. Young (17–26) and older (58–86) adults read a series of passages interspersed with irrelevant, distracting information, with the relevance of the passage content to these two age groups being systematically varied. For both groups, processing was more efficient and comprehension enhanced when passage relevance was high. These effects were particularly strong among older adults, a finding consistent with a growing body of data highlighting the importance of motivational factors in determining age differences in cognitive performance.
The role of fear of pain in headache.

Background Recurrent headache sufferers are often fearful of pain, which disrupts thought processes, interferes with daily activities, and may maintain headache-related disability through avoidance and associated negative reinforcement. Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study was to (1) examine differences in fear of pain (FOP) between headache sufferers and non-headache controls; (2) examine differences in FOP across primary headache diagnostic groups; (3) assess the extent to which FOP predicts headache variables (eg., severity, frequency, disability); and (4) determine whether FOP mediates the relationship between pain severity and headache-related disability. Methods The sample consisted of 908 young adults (M age = 19.5 years; 64.9% female). Of those, 237 (26.1%) met the diagnostic criteria for episodic tension-type headache (TTH), 232 (25.6%) for episodic migraine (167 [18.4%] without aura and 65 [7.2%] with aura), 38 (4.2%) for chronic migraine, and 19 (2.1%) for chronic TTH; 382 (42.1%) served as non-headache controls. Results FOP differed among groups, with headache sufferers reporting greater FOP than those without headache; migraineurs typically endorsed greater FOP than those with TTH. Among those with headache, FOP significantly predicted headache severity (R2 = 6.1%) and frequency (R2 = 4.5%), and accounted for more variance in disability (R2 = 17.5%) than gender, anxiety, and depression combined (13.8%). Pain severity and disability were strongly associated (r = 0.61, P < .001), and FOP partially mediated this association (indirect effect point estimate = 0.38; 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.57). Conclusions FOP differentiates migraineurs from those without headache and plays a significant role in primary headache, particularly in headache-related disability. Findings build upon and extend those from previous chronic pain studies and highlight the need for longitudinal and experimental studies to further explore this construct in headache.
Building Robots to Learn Design and Engineering

Each year for the past three years, over one hundred and fifty undergraduates at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have participated in the “LEGO Robot Design Competition,” an experimental class based on the central activity of building a fully functional autonomous robot. This is an unprecedented number for a purely voluntary course, held over the university’s month-long break between semesters. The popular course immerses students in an intensive, hands-on design experience. Working in teams of two to four, students are introduced to key ideas in engineering and technology: electronic hardware, software design, mechanical design, control theory, and systems integration. More important, the course gives students the opportunity to design, to take their own ideas from initial conception to implementation, debugging, and application. In addition, the final contest pushes students to confront real-world engineering issues of performance, reliability, and resource allocation. The pedagogical approach taken by the Robot Design class has roots in the constructionist theories of learning developed by Seymour Papert[4]. According to constructionism, the acquisition of knowledge,
Occupational health outcomes for workers in the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector: Implications for immigrant workers in the southeastern US

Background Workers in the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (AgFF) sector experience exposures directly related to the work itself, as well as the physical environment in which the work occurs. Health outcomes vary from immediate to delayed, and from acute to chronic. Methods We reviewed existing literature on the health outcomes of work in the AgFF sector and identified areas where further research is needed to understand the impact of these exposures on immigrant Latino workers in the southeastern US. Results Outcomes related to specific body systems (e.g., musculoskeletal, respiratory) as well as particular exposure sources (e.g., pesticides, noise) were reviewed. The most extensive evidence exists for agriculture, with a particular focus on chemical exposures. Little research in the southeastern US has examined health outcomes of exposures of immigrant workers in forestry or fisheries. Conclusion As the AgFF labor force includes a growing number of Latino immigrants, more research is needed to characterize a broad range of exposures and health outcomes experienced by this population, particularly in forestry and fisheries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Processing instruction: An update

In this article I review processing instruction (PI), first introduced in VanPatten and Cadierno (1993). I outline a model of input processing, then describe the nature of PI itself, and follow this with a description of research to date on PI. I also review research that offers counterevidence to the findings of my own and others' research and argue that some of these studies can be considered not as contradictory, but as complementary, to the research on PI, whereas some of the other studies contain drawbacks in design and procedure that merit close scrutiny.
Health Behaviors and Self-Reported Health Among Cancer Survivors by Sexual Orientation

Purpose: Health behaviors and self-reported health are important for understanding cancer survivor health. However, there is a paucity of published research about how cancer survivors' health behaviors and self-rated health vary by sexual orientation. This study examined cancer survivors' health behaviors and self-reported health by sexual orientation. Methods: This study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001–2010. Self-reported health and cancer-related health behaviors were compared by sexual orientation. Propensity score adjustment was used to account for differences in age, race, education, gender and health insurance status. Results: Of the 602 survivors eligible for the study, 4.3% identified as sexual minorities. Sexual minorities were 2.6 times more likely to report a history of illicit drug use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04, 5.35), and 60% less likely to report their current health status as good (aOR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.89), compared to heterosexual cancer survivors. These disparities persisted even after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sexual minority cancer survivors may be at greater risk for poorer outcomes after cancer than other survivors. A possible explanation for the observed differences involves minority stress. Future research should test stress as an explanation for these differences. However, using population-methods to achieve this goal requires larger samples of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) cancer survivors.
The walking dead and killing state: Zombification and the normalization of police violence:

In May 2012, police shot Rudy Eugene, a black man of Haitian decent, dead as he ‘ate the face’ of a homeless man on a deserted Miami causeway. Because of the strange gruesomeness of the attack and other similar violent acts, some in the media declared that a terrifying pandemic—the ‘zombie apocalypse’—had arrived. While this particular case may be yet another instance of mediated panic, we suggest cries of ‘zombies’ and ‘cannibals’ should not be dismissed as simply sensationalistic, irresponsible journalism. Rather, we see this case as a powerful example of the cultural production of a spectral sort of monstrosity that obscures and justifies police violence and state killing. As such, we argue that all of the contemporary ‘zombie talk’, usefully reveals how the logics of security, state violence and punitive disposability are imagined and reproduced as livable parts of late-capitalism.
The Origins and Economic Impact of the First Bank of the United States, 1791–1797 . By David Jack Cowen. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 2000. Pp. xxix, 323. $70.00.

David Jack Cowen aims to clarify the economic history of early America by increasing our understanding of the “premier financial institution of the day, the First Bank of the United States” (p. 235). Cowen exploits archival material on the Bank of the United States (BUS), including new information about BUS balance sheets. He examines actions of the BUS through analysis of its balance sheets and ties this evidence to recent research that has generated information about securities (bond) prices. He also reviews contemporary correspondence as well as the minutes of BUS board meetings to glean information about motivation behind BUS activities. These bits and pieces are used to support Cowen's major interpretation of BUS actions in this era: that the BUS acted as an agent for the U.S. Treasury and, at the direction of various Treasury secretaries, acted as a central bank.
Robust performance bounds for systems with time-varying uncertainty

This paper addresses the robust performance problem when the system under consideration is subjected to norm bounded time-varying uncertainty. Different performance objectives are considered, and computable bounds are obtained for the worst case performance in various norms. In some cases, it is shown that these bounds are tight, giving necessary and sufficient conditions for robust performance. In other cases, new upper and lower bounds for the worst case performance are derived. >
Distributed Agreement Strategies for Cooperative Control

We introduce a mathematical model for cooperative control problems for multiple uninhabited autonomous vehicles (UAVs). Then, we introduce a computationally tractable “distributed agreement” approach to incorporate real-time decision making into a cooperative control problem. We also identify a type of optimal agreement strategy, discuss its complexity, and compare, via Monte Carlo simulations, its performance to our computationally tractable “heuristic” approach. This shows that our heuristic approach compares favorably with an optimal solution, yet is scalable for more sophisticated cooperative control problems.
Molecular analysis of the P2 porin protein of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

The P2 porin protein is the most abundant outer membrane protein (OMP) of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and shows extensive antigenic heterogeneity among strains. To study the molecular basis of this heterogeneity, the DNA sequences of the genes encoding the P2 proteins of three unrelated strains of NTHI were determined, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms around the P2 genes of 35 strains were analyzed. The deduced amino acid sequences of the P2 genes from the three strains of NTHI revealed four major (12 to 35 amino acids long) and several smaller (2 to 7 amino acids) hypervariable regions in each protein. The major variations occurred in identical portions of the genes, and these regions showed a high antigenic index and surface exposure probability in computer modeling analysis. Differences in the molecular mass of the P2 protein correlate with differences in the size of the variable region in each strain. Oligonucleotide primers suitable for amplification of the P2 genes by polymerase chain reaction were developed. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed marked heterogeneity in and around the ompP2 locus of 35 NTHI strains. These results contrast with the high degree of conservation of the P2 genes in H. influenzae type b strains. We conclude that the molecular mass and antigenic heterogeneity of the P2 molecule of NTHI is due to variations in gene sequence that are clustered primarily in four large hypervariable regions of the gene.
Menopause Management — Getting Clinical Care Back on Track

Use of systemic hormone therapy has decreased dramatically among U.S. women since the Women's Health Initiative results were published. But those results are being misapplied to treatment decisions for women in their 40s and 50s who have distressing vasomotor symptoms.
Organozinc-promoted ring opening of cyclopropanols

Regioselective ring opening of cyclopropanols by the use of organozinc reagents or ZnI 2 is presented. Mechanistic studies are discussed with respect to the possible involvement of zinc ketone homoenolates.
Endogenous formation of hippuric acid

Summary1. Humans and rats receiving a purified laboratory diet excrete hippuric acid, 1 to 3 mg/kg/day. This amount appears to be formed endogenously and its excretion in the rat is not affected by fasting, by inclusion of sulfasuxidine in the diet, or by injection of phenylalanine. 2. 0.05% of the radioactivity of 3-C14-L-phenylalanine injected into a rat was excreted in 24 hours in the form of hippuric acid. Further experiments suggested that endogenous hippuric acid could not be derived from phenylalanine in any direct manner.
CD6-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia in first complete remission

The appropriate timing of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for adults with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is controversial. Although allogeneic transplantation results in a lower risk of disease recurrence than intensive chemotherapy alone, overall outcome following BMT may not be improved due to the higher incidence of therapy-related fatal complications, frequently as a result of the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Selective T-cell depletion of donor marrow can reduce the incidence of GVHD and thereby limit transplant-related toxicity. Herein we report the risk of GVHD, incidence of transplant related mortality (TRM), likelihood of disease relapse, and overall survival in adult patients undergoing BMT with CD6 depleted allogeneic marrow for acute leukemia in first remission. Forty-one consecutive allogeneic transplants were performed on patients with acute leukemia and high-risk features (28 AML, 13 ALL) using T12 monoclonal antibody and complement to remove CD6+ T cells from donor marrow. No pre- or posttransplant immune suppressive medications for GVHD prophylaxis were administered. The actuarial estimated risk of grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD was 15% in patients receiving HLA identical grafts. Chronic GVHD developed in five patients. The estimated risk of TRM for patients in first complete remission was 5% at Day +100 and 16% at 2 years. Fatalities attributable to infection with cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus occurred in only three patients. Estimated probabilities of relapse, overall survival, and event-free survival at 4 years were 25%, 71%, and 63%, respectively. No significant differences in GVHD, TRM, relapse rate, or survival was observed for patients with AML compared with those with ALL. Allogeneic transplantation with CD6 depleted bone marrow is effective in consolidating remissions of high-risk patients with acute leukemia in first remission without excessive toxicity.
Dynamic Contour Error Estimation and Feedback Modification for High-Precision Contouring

Cross-coupling control (CCC), which acts on contour error, is intended to improve contouring precision of multiaxis servosystems. The contour error estimate (CEE) significantly affects contouring precision. Conventional CEE methods rely on static single-point techniques to reconstruct contour error using current position error and an estimate of the reference map at the lead point. The performance of such static CEE methods deteriorates dramatically with increasing contour feedrate and at sharp corners. Hence, a dynamic CEE algorithm based on the Newton update algorithm is proposed to achieve high-precision CEE. Since the convergence rate of the Newton algorithm is user assignable and independent of the reference contour, the proposed CEE stays almost identical to the contour error for vastly different feedrates or sharp corners. Multiaxis cross-coupling adds more design steps for the position control loops. Therefore, in this paper, feedback signals are modified such that a separate cross-coupling controller is no longer needed. It has been shown, analytically and experimentally, that the modified feedback in combination with integral sliding mode control provides simpler design and fewer steps in comparison to conventional CCC designs. Moreover, the proposed CEE and the concept of modified feedback together result in reduced contour error. Various experiments are reported to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm at high feedrates and for sharp corners.
120 CONTRIBUTORS TO ANION TRANSPORT IN HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM AND BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS

Aim/Background We previously reported that esophageal epithelium (EE), both stratified squamous (SS) and Barrett9s (BE), from pinch biopsies could be mounted and studied electrically in mini-Ussing chambers and showed that they have distinctly different electrical parameters, including significantly different short-circuit currents (Isc). Methods To further elucidate the nature of the differences in Isc in these two types of EE, jumbo biopsies were obtained from subjects with normal SS or subjects with BE and mounted in mini-Ussing chambers (Lucite rings of aperture diameter 2 mm) for measurement of potential difference, Isc and calculation of total electrical resistance while bathed in normal Ringer9s solution at 37°C, pH 7.4, gassed with 95%O2/5%CO2. Following basal recordings of Isc, tissues were exposed to either Cl-free Ringer9s or HCO3-free HEPES Ringer bubbled with O2. To validate that the tissues under study were viable and that the Isc was not the result of severe edge damage, only tissues in which serosal ouabain, 1 mM, reduced Isc by ≥ 89% at the end of the experiments were used. Results (Means ± SEM). For ESSE (n = 18) vs BSCE (n = 6): basal PD was -1.2 ± 0.2 vs -3.6 ± 2 mV; Isc was 4.2 ± 0.9 vs 42 ± 19 μAmps/cm2 and RT was 360 ± 42 vs 68 ± 10 ohm.cm2. Notably basal Isc and RT were significantly different for SS vs BE (p Conclusions Human SS epithelium and BE have markedly different capacities for active ion transport, BE exhibiting a ten-fold greater current. The higher current in BE is generated by active Cl secretion (˜ 38% of Isc) and active HCO3 secretion (˜ 16% of Isc). The active HCO3 secretion is notable for its ability to contribute to protection of BE against acid injury as part of the pre-epithelial buffer zone.
Relationship between the basic risk factors and the RR of MS in cohort

Aim To Explore the relationship between the incidence of metabolic syndrome defined by two different definitions and the metabolic disorder at baseline through a cohort study.Methods The prospective cohort study method was used in this research.Subjects aged 35 to 74 of the cohort who were built up at 2000 had been followed-up.The outcome to observe was metabolic syndrome(MS).Results High incidence of metabolic syndrome was found in Jiangsu province.The incidence of the metabolic syndrome was raised with the number of basic metabolic disorder.Under the IDF definition,sex and activities,high LP(a),high CRP and the family history of hypertension and obesity were the important risk factors,which could induce the metabolic syndrome.While under ATPIII definition,the high LP(a),high CRP,passive smoking were the significant risk factors.Conclusion There was high incidence and rapidly increasing prevalene of metabolic syndrome in community population of Jiangsu province.MS indicated the incidence and mortality of cardivascular disease,so the screening of high risk metabolic syndrome population and the synthetic prevention of the metabolic syndrome risk factors should be carried out.
Necrotizing soft-tissue infections

Necrotizing soft-tissue infections continue to challenge the surgeon.These infections represent a diverse disease process; the term itself encompasses a continuum ranging from simple pyodermas to life-threatening infections. Early identification of these infections and aggressive surgical therapy are of paramount importance. Once these infections have been controlled, continued supportive care, reconstruction, and rehabilitation can proceed.
Role of prolactin and gonadal steroids in regulation of oxytocin mRNA during lactation

The role of suckling, prolactin, and gonadal steroids in regulating hypothalamic oxytocin (OT) mRNA content during the 1st and 2nd wk of lactation was evaluated. On day 4 of lactation, OT mRNA content decreased in rats removed from their litter for 24 h compared with suckled controls. Either suckling (in the absence of prolactin release) or prolactin (in the absence of suckling) maintained OT mRNA content at this stage of lactation. In contrast, at day 11 of lactation, OT mRNA content remained unchanged in rats deprived of pups for 24 h. Ovariectomy did not compromise the ability of day 11 nonsuckled rats to maintain OT mRNA content; however, the increased water intake, plasma prolactin, plasma vasopressin (VP), plasma renin concentration, and hypothalamic VP mRNA content at day 11 compared with day 4 suggest a role for fluid balance in determining OT mRNA content during the 2nd wk of lactation. Thus, at day 4, suckling is a major determinant of OT mRNA content as a result of both direct activation of neuronal afferents to the OT neurons and stimulation of prolactin release. This is in contrast to day 11, when fluid balance may predominate in regulation of OT mRNA.
Complete Vision Loss following Orbital Cellulitis Secondary to Acute Dacryocystitis

We present a case of a 50-year-old woman with acute dacryocystitis that was complicated by posterior rupture of the lacrimal sac causing an orbital cellulitis with subsequent visual acuity of no light perception. Upon presentation, she was immediately started on broad-spectrum antibiotics and underwent surgical incision and drainage of the lacrimal sac abscess but never regained vision. There are 4 cases in the literature of permanent severe vision loss from acute dacryocystitis. Prompt diagnosis and close monitoring of acute dacryocystitis are therefore essential to prevent extension into the orbit and possible optic nerve compromise.
Relationships between clinical and biochemical predictors of chemotherapy-related amenorrhea in premenopausal adjuvant breast cancer patients

11011 Background: Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a major side effect of breast cancer adjuvant therapy. Predicting post- chemotherapy POF and reproductive status impacts decisions about fertili...
Cationic Polymerization of Nonpolar Vinyl Monomers

The cationic polymerization of nonpolar vinyl monomers is reviewed from the fundamentals of cationic polymerization to cationic macromolecular engineering. Monomers are classified based on their reactivity in cationic polymerization and a guideline is provided for the selection of initiator/coinitiator pairs that efficiently polymerize monomers of different reactivities. The effect of solvent polarity and temperature on propagation, chain transfer to monomer, and termination is discussed. The concept of living cationic polymerization is introduced and summarized for different monomers, which is followed by a detailed review on the synthesis of functional polymers, block copolymers, and branched and hyperbranched homo- and copolymers.
Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Characterize the Conformational Properties of Proteins and Protein-DNA Complexes That Carry Out DNA Repair.

Abstract Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a scanning probe technique that allows visualization of single biomolecules and complexes deposited on a surface with nanometer resolution. AFM is a powerful tool for characterizing protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions. It can be used to capture snapshots of protein–DNA solution dynamics, which in turn, enables the characterization of the conformational properties of transient protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions. With AFM, it is possible to determine the stoichiometries and binding affinities of protein–protein and protein–DNA associations, the specificity of proteins binding to specific sites on DNA, and the conformations of the complexes. We describe methods to prepare and deposit samples, including surface treatments for optimal depositions, and how to quantitatively analyze images. We also discuss a new electrostatic force imaging technique called DREEM, which allows the visualization of the path of DNA within proteins in protein–DNA complexes. Collectively, these methods facilitate the development of comprehensive models of DNA repair and provide a broader understanding of all protein–protein and protein–nucleic acid interactions. The structural details gleaned from analysis of AFM images coupled with biochemistry provide vital information toward establishing the structure–function relationships that govern DNA repair processes.
Membership Categorization Analysis for Education Policy

Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) is a language-based approach that provides unique insight into education policy research. At its most basic, MCA is concerned with identifying the patterns with which individuals or organizations develop categorizations. Such information can allow education policy researchers to hypothesize about the effectiveness of policy, adapt policies to the particular constraints of the culture, or assess how policies change cultural categorization. This chapter illustrates the usefulness of MCA for education policy. The chapter analyzes the way different educational organizations in Bangladesh with differing degrees of international connectedness construct the category teacher.
Statistical Process Control in Manufacturing

(1994). Statistical Process Control in Manufacturing. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 76-77.
An adaptive quadrature-based factorization method for inverse acoustic scattering problems

ABSTRACTWe propose a novel adaptive algorithm, which generates nonuniform sampling points that automatically concentrate near the boundary of an unknown scatterer, to dramatically speed up Kirsch’s factorization method for inverse acoustic scattering problems. Built upon the widely used adaptive Simpson quadrature method, our proposed adaptive algorithm approximates the integral of an indicator function over the search domain and yields reliable and accurate reconstructions significantly faster than the standard factorization method. Numerical experiments are performed to validate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm and make comparisons with the established multilevel linear sampling method.
The Psychological Level of Organization in Nature and Interdependencies among Major Psychological Concepts

The conceptual fragmentation of American psychology is a function of many factors. Attempts to develop a systematic psychology must, however, include understanding that the concept psychological, in the context of hierarchical conceptions of the natural order, refers to an informational domain with a particular dynamic structure and specific function. An examination of this realm reveals that concepts such as mind, consciousness, perception, cognition, affect, and personality, which have persistently remained the focus of psychological inquire over the centuries, refer to major and interrelated aspects of the psychological domain. A careful analysis of the meanings of, and interrelationships among, these concepts is intrinsic both to reducing conceptual disunity and to identifying concepts such as behavior, brain, and environment that, although important to psychological inquiry, are not in and of themselves psychological. A reduction of conceptual fragmentation will, in turn, help us distinguish between important and trivial questions, suggest important improvements in research design, facilitate information retrieval, increase the likelihood of constructing comprehensive theories, and generate much more knowledge relevant to human actions in real-world settings. The systematization of psychological inquiry will also generate the need for significant curricular changes.
Model-Based Bootstrap

In this chapter, we consider bootstrap methods for some popular time series models, such as the autoregressive processes, that are driven by iid random variables through a structural equation. As indicated in Chapter 2, for such models, it is often possible to adapt the basic ideas behind bootstrapping a linear regression model with iid error variables (cf. Freedman (1981)). In Section 8.2, we consider stationary autoregressive processes of a general order and describe a version of the autoregressive bootstrap (ARB) method. Like Efron’s (1979) IID resampling scheme, the ARB also resamples a single value at a time. We describe theoretical and empirical properties of the ARB for the stationary case in Section 8.2. In Section 8.3, we consider the explosive autoregressive processes. In the explosive case, the initial variables defining the model have nontrivial effects on the limit distributions of the least squares estimators of the autoregression (AR) parameters. As a result, the validity of the ARB critically depends on the initial values. In Section 8.3, we describe the relevant issues and provide conditions for the validity of the ARB method in the explosive case.
Synaptic Ribbon: Conveyor Belt or Safety Belt?

The synaptic ribbon in neurons that release transmitter via graded potentials has been considered as a conveyor belt that actively moves vesicles toward their release sites. But evidence has accumulated to the contrary, and it now seems plausible that the ribbon serves instead as a safety belt to tether vesicles stably in mutual contact and thus facilitate multivesicular release by compound exocytosis.
Robust Data-Driven Control of Artificial Pancreas Systems Using Neural Networks

In this paper, we provide an approach to data-driven control for artificial pancreas systems by learning neural network models of human insulin-glucose physiology from available patient data and using a mixed integer optimization approach to control blood glucose levels in real-time using the inferred models. First, our approach learns neural networks to predict the future blood glucose values from given data on insulin infusion and their resulting effects on blood glucose levels. However, to provide guarantees on the resulting model, we use quantile regression to fit multiple neural networks that predict upper and lower quantiles of the future blood glucose levels, in addition to the mean.
Time in relation to goals

One of the most important aspects of goals is time. From how goals are set to the dynamics of goal pursuit, time plays an important and multifaceted role. Goals to walk 10000 steps per day or to call one's parents once a week, for example, are defined by time (e.g. a day or week), pursued over time (e.g. for multiple days or multiple weeks), and subject to constraints on time (e.g. needing to also spend time on work). This article discusses three key ways to think about time in relation to goals: time as a defining feature of goals, as a dimension of goal pursuit, and as a constraint on goal pursuit. I discuss prior research relevant to this organizing framework and conclude with a discussion of emerging topics and opportunities for further investigation.
EMOTIONS VERSUS BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY VIEWS OF FACIAL EXPRESSION: THEORY AND CONCEPTS

This chapter discusses the motions versus behavioral ecology views of facial expression. The Emotions View proposes a small set of fundamental emotions that are decoupled reflexes differentiated by natural selection, triggered by releaser-type stimuli, and accompanied by prototypic facial displays. Variations from the prototypic emotional expressions are explained as reflecting the elicitation of blends of the fundamental emotions or the effects of culture-specific conventions. A term used commonly by emotion theorists is the decoupled reflex. This is used to denote that emotions are like reflexes in their automaticity but not so fixed in their responses. In the Behavioral Ecology View, there are neither fundamental emotions nor fundamental expressions of them. Displays do not differentiate from primitive tropisms but evolve in particulate fashion in response to specific selection pressures, and they necessarily coevolve with others' responsivity to them. That signals serve social motives does not imply that they are learned. Displays have meanings specifiable only in their context of occurrence, and they are issued to serve one's social motives in that context; deployment depends upon the intent of the displayer, the topographic features of the niche, the behavior of the recipient, and the context of the interaction.
Integration of computer-aided design and analysis: application to multibody vehicle systems

Virtual design and durability investigations are currently performed in automotive industries using three different and incompatible systems: computer-aided design (CAD) system for geometry creation, finite element (FE) software for developing the analysis mesh, and multibody system (MBS) software for automatically generating and numerically solving the differential-algebraic equations (DAE's). This paper proposes a new computer-aided engineering (CAE) approach based on the integration of computer-aided design and analysis (I-CAD-A). The proposed mechanics-based approach achieves seamless geometry/analysis integration, and allows for solid modelling multi-component systems from the outset. The geometrically accurate mechanics-based solid models can be systematically used as the analysis meshes in the small deformation floating frame of reference (FFR) and/or in the large deformation absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) investigations. In this new approach, ANCF finite elements are used as the basis for creating the geometry for both small and large deformation analyses. In the case of small deformations, ANCF geometry is systematically converted to reduced-order consistent rotation-based formulation (CRBF) FFR mesh, which can be systematically used with standard coordinate reduction techniques to eliminate high-frequency insignificant modes of vibration. The paper discusses the fundamental differences between the proposed method and the isogeometric analysis (IGA) approach and presents illustrative pilot examples to demonstrate the new concepts and the feasibility of developing the mechanics-based design procedure.
Video Games can Increase Creativity, but with Caveats

Although many studies have focused on aggression or visual-spatial cognition effects of video games, the problem-solving aspects have been largely ignored. This study sought to expand the existing ...
Algebraic and Computational Aspects of Quandle 2-Cocycle Invariant

Quandle homology theories have been developed and cocycles have been used to construct invariants in state-sum form for knots using colorings of knot diagrams by quandles. Quandle 2-cocycles can be also used to define extensions as in the case of groups. There are relations among algebraic properties of quandles, their homology theories, and cocycle invariants; certain algebraic properties of quandles affect the values of the cocycle invariants, and identities satisfied by quandles induce subcomplexes of homology theory. Recent developments in these matters, as well as computational aspects of the invariant, are reviewed. Problems and conjectures pertinent to the subject are also listed.