cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instant Revocation

PKI has a history of very poor support for revocation. It is both too expensive and too coarse grained, so that private keys which are compromised or otherwise become invalid remain in use long after they should have been revoked. This paper considers Instant Revocation, or revocations which take place within a second or two. A new revocation scheme, Certificate Push Revocation (CPR)is described which can support instant revocation. CPR can be hundreds to thousands of times more Internet-bandwidth efficient than traditional and widely deployed schemes. It also achieves significant improvements in cryptographic overheads. Its costs are essentially independent of the number of queries, encouraging widespread use of PKI authentication. Although explored in the context of instant revocation, CPR is even more efficient--both in relative and absolute terms--when used with coarser grain (non-instant) revocations.
Towards Vulnerability Analysis of Voice-Driven Interfaces and Countermeasures for Replay.

Fake audio detection is expected to become an important research area in the field of smart speakers such as Google Home, Amazon Echo and chatbots developed for these platforms. This paper presents replay attack vulnerability of voice-driven interfaces and proposes a countermeasure to detect replay attack on these platforms. This paper presents a novel framework to model replay attack distortion, and then use a non-learning-based method for replay attack detection on smart speakers. The reply attack distortion is modeled as a higher-order nonlinearity in the replay attack audio. Higher-order spectral analysis (HOSA) is used to capture characteristics distortions in the replay audio. Effectiveness of the proposed countermeasure scheme is evaluated on original speech as well as corresponding replayed recordings. The replay attack recordings are successfully injected into the Google Home device via Amazon Alexa using the drop-in conferencing feature.
Roost- and perch-site selection by Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in eastern North America

ABSTRACT Birds select critical resources to meet needs that vary in response to spatial, temporal, and individual variation. As an example, perch or roost sites may be at locations that provide pro...
The macroeconomic benefits of Tennessee APRNs having full practice authority.

Abstract Background To-date, advocacy efforts to advance full practice authority for APRNs have primarily stressed arguments based on evidence on the cost effectiveness and quality of APRN-provided care, as well as the improved care access and patient satisfaction these providers offer. Purpose The economic impact analysis forecasts the additional job and economic output associated with granting Tennessee APRNs full practice authority. Methods The IMPLAN software and a variety of data inputs were used to estimate the direct, indirect, and induced economic impact on jobs, labor income, value-added benefits, total output, and tax revenues. Findings From a 2017 baseline, the cumulative impact of granting Tennessee APRNs full practice authority is a net gain of 25,536 jobs and $3.2 billion in economic impact. Discussion Granting Tennessee APRNs full practice authority would confer substantial economic benefits and employment opportunities to the state.
Efficiency in waste collection markets: Changing relationships between firms, informal workers, and the state in urban India

Although recent scholarship has provided rich accounts of waste management privatization in urban India, the origins of the policy models that informed privatization remain unexplored. Further, the...
Validation of Postpartum Hemorrhage Admission Risk Factor Stratification in a Large Obstetrics Population.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative (CMQCC) admission risk criteria for stratifying postpartum hemorrhage risk in a large obstetrics population. Study Design Using detailed electronic health record data, we classified 261,964 delivery hospitalizations from Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals between 2010 and 2017 into high-, medium-, and low-risk groups based on CMQCC criteria. We used logistic regression to assess associations between CMQCC risk groups and postpartum hemorrhage using two different postpartum hemorrhage definitions, standard postpartum hemorrhage (blood loss ≥1,000 mL) and severe postpartum hemorrhage (based on transfusion, laboratory, and blood loss data). Among the low-risk group, we also evaluated associations between additional present-on-admission factors and severe postpartum hemorrhage. Results Using the standard definition, postpartum hemorrhage occurred in approximately 5% of hospitalizations (n = 13,479), with a rate of 3.2, 10.5, and 10.2% in the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Severe postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 824 hospitalizations (0.3%), with a rate of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.3% in the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. For either definition, the odds of postpartum hemorrhage were significantly higher in medium- and high-risk groups compared with the low-risk group. Over 40% of postpartum hemorrhages occurred in hospitalizations that were classified as low risk. Among the low-risk group, risk factors including hypertension and diabetes were associated with higher odds of severe postpartum hemorrhage. Conclusion We found that the CMQCC admission risk assessment criteria stratified women by increasing rates of severe postpartum hemorrhage in our sample, which enables early preparation for many postpartum hemorrhages. However, the CMQCC risk factors missed a substantial proportion of postpartum hemorrhages. Efforts to improve postpartum hemorrhage risk assessment using present-on-admission risk factors should consider inclusion of other nonobstetrical factors.
Cyclic re-austenitization of copper-bearing high-strength low-alloy steels fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

Abstract For the first time, cyclic re-austenitization is carried out for additively manufactured high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels in order to refine the microstructure by reducing the prior austenite grain (PAG) size. In this work, HSLA-100 steels processed using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique are subjected to several cycles of re-austenitization using quenching dilatometry. Microstructure characterization for every cycle revealed the presence of bainite, martensite and martensite/austenite (M/A) islands. From the analysis of the dilatometry curves and extensive microstructure characterization, it was found that till the 2nd cycle of re-austenitization, both PAG size and martensite start (Ms) temperature reduces, while the amount of bainite transformed decreased and the retained austenite content increased. Concomitantly, the highest microhardness along with peak nanohardness of the constituent phases was achieved at the 2nd cycle. Conversely, from the 3rd cycle, the microhardness, as well as the nanohardness of the constituent phases, are found to decrease due to an increase in the PAG size. This behavior is in contrast to the general tendency where a saturation limit is reached after the peak refinement is achieved. It is found that retained austenite can act as a pinning particle to obstruct the PAG boundary movement and its fraction is found to decrease from the 3rd cycle. Hence, the increase in PAG size after the 3rd cycle can be attributed to the destabilization of effective pinning particles to hinder the PAG boundary movement during the re-austenitization.
Characterizing receptor flexibility to predict mutations that lead to human adaptation of influenza hemagglutinin

Abstract A key step in the emergence of human pandemic influenza strains has been a switch in the binding preference of the viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) from avian to human sialic acid receptors (SAs). The conformation of the bound SA varies substantially with HA sequence, and crystallographic evidence suggests that the bound SA is flexible, so it is difficult to predict from crystal structures which mutations are responsible for the change in HA binding preference. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of SA analogs binding to various HAs, and observed a dynamic equilibrium among structurally diverse receptor conformations, including novel conformations that have not been experimentally observed. Using one such novel conformation, we predicted—and subsequently confirmed with microscale thermophoresis experiments—a set of mutations that substantially increased an HA’s affinity for a human SA analog. This prediction could not have been inferred from existing crystal structures, suggesting that MD-generated HA-SA conformational ensembles could help researchers predict human-adaptive mutations, aiding in the surveillance of emerging pandemic threats.
Access denied: The relationship between patient insurance status and access to high-volume hospitals

BACKGROUND Underinsured patients face significant barriers in accessing high-quality care. Evidence of whether access to high-volume surgical care is mediated by disparities in health insurance coverage remains wanting. METHODS The authors used the National Cancer Data Base to identify all adult patients who had a confirmed diagnosis of breast, prostate, lung, or colorectal cancer during 2004 through 2016. The odds of receiving surgical care at a high-volume hospital were estimated according to the type of insurance using multivariable logistic regression analyses for each malignancy. Then, the interactions between study period and insurance status were assessed. RESULTS In total, 1,279,738 patients were included in the study. Of these, patients with breast cancer who were insured by Medicare (odds ratio [OR], 0.75; P < .001), Medicaid (OR, 0.55; P < .001), or uninsured (OR, 0.50; P < .001); patients with prostate cancer who were insured by Medicare (OR, 0.87; P = .003), Medicaid (OR, 0.58; P = .001), or uninsured (OR, 0.36; P < .001); and patients with lung cancer who were insured by Medicare (OR, 0.84; P = .020), Medicaid (OR, 0.74; P = .001), or uninsured (OR, 0.48; P < .001) were less likely to receive surgical care at high-volume hospitals compared with patients who had private insurance. For patients with colorectal cancer, the effect of insurance differed by study period, and improved since 2011. For those on Medicaid, the odds of receiving care at a high-volume hospital were 0.51 during 2004 through 2007 and 0.99 during 2014 through 2016 (P for interaction = .001); for uninsured patients, the odds were 0.45 during 2004 through 2007 and 1.19 during 2014 through 2016 (P for interaction < .001) compared with patients who had private insurance. CONCLUSIONS Uninsured, Medicare-insured, and Medicaid-insured patients are less likely to receive surgical care at high-volume hospitals. For uninsured and Medicaid-insured patients with colorectal cancer, the odds of receiving care at high-volume hospitals have improved since implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010.
Voxel-Based Representation Learning for Place Recognition Based on 3D Point Clouds

Place recognition is a critical component towards addressing the key problem of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). Most existing methods use visual images; whereas, place recognition using 3D point clouds, especially based on the voxel representations, has not been well addressed yet. In this paper, we introduce the novel approach of voxel-based representation learning (VBRL) that uses 3D point clouds to recognize places with long-term environment variations. VBRL splits a 3D point cloud input into voxels and uses multi-modal features extracted from these voxels to perform place recognition. Additionally, VBRL uses structured sparsity-inducing norms to learn representative voxels and feature modalities that are important to match places under long-term changes. Both place recognition, and voxel and feature learning are integrated into a unified regularized optimization formulation. As the sparsity-inducing norms are non-smooth, it is hard to solve the formulated optimization problem. Thus, we design a new iterative optimization algorithm, which has a theoretical convergence guarantee. Experimental results have shown that VBRL performs place recognition well using 3D point cloud data and is capable of learning the importance of voxels and feature modalities.
A Mixed-Methods Study After Multiple Disasters: September 11, 2001, World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks and Hurricane Sandy.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to use a mixed-method analysis to investigate the associations between qualitative themes found in written responses and quantitative reported level of stress after Hurricane Sandy. METHODS A survey was conducted among World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees 5-12 mo after Hurricane Sandy. This study included 1202 participants who completed the free-response section and answered the question on how stressful their experiences were with Hurricane Sandy and its aftermath. Content analysis was used to generate qualitative data. Mixed-methods analysis was performed using a 1-way analysis of variance test for bivariate comparisons of qualitative thematic codes and the quantitative outcome of mean Sandy stress scores. RESULTS Seven themes emerged from the qualitative analysis. The themes of lack of information, negative emotional response, and financial stress had higher quantitative mean Sandy stress scores compared with other themes. The theme of patriotism/gratitude had an overall lower quantitative Sandy stress scores than other themes. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative and mixed-methods research on mental health outcomes after a disaster add new depth and findings to the existing literature. Using such methodologies to identify modifiable factors, such as improving communication during a disaster, may confer better mental health outcomes after a disaster.
A is for advocacy: How introducing student advocacy assessment impacts longitudinal integrated clerkship students and clinical supervisors.

To improve health, physicians are increasingly called to advocate. Yet medical schools have only recently focused on health advocacy skill-building. Limited work to date addresses assessing medical...
The Misunderstood History of Gentrification: People, Planning, Preservation, and Urban Renewal, 1915–2020: Dennis Gale (2021). Temple University Press, 238 pages. $32.95 (paperback)

Despite the large number of books, articles, films, and so forth on gentrification, there remains an important gap in our understanding of this trend. Contrary to what has often been presumed, gent...
Zurück nach Zürich

This chapter is dedicated to the twenty productive years Van der Waerden spent at Zurich University, and assessment of his contributions to the history of mathematics.
SLDMagic - The Real Magic (With Applications to Web Queries)

The magic set technique is a standard technique for query evaluation in deductive databases, and its variants are also used in modern commercial database systems like DB2. Numerous improvements of the basic technique have been proposed. However, each of these optimizations makes the transformation more complicated, and combining them in a single system is at least difficult. In this paper, a new transformation is introduced, which is based on partial evaluation of a bottom-up meta-interpreter for SLD-resolution. In spite of its simplicity, this technique gives us a whole bunch of optimizations for free: For instance, it contains a tail recursion optimization, it transforms non-recursive into non-recursive programs, it can pass arbitary conditions on the parameters to called predicates, and it saves the join necessary to get subquery results back into the calling context. In this way, it helps to integrate many of the previous efforts. The usefulness of these optimizations is illustrated with example programs querying the World Wide Web.
Batching Techniques for Task Allocation in Workflow Systems—Towards Effective Role Resolution

Workflow role resolution is the mechanism of assigning tasks to individual workers at runtime according to the role qualification defined in the workflow model. Role resolution decisions directly affect the efficiency of utilizing the most important resources of the organization, i.e., knowledge workers. However, little analytical work has been reported in the literature. In this paper, we model role resolution decisions in workflow systems based on operations research concepts such as assignment and scheduling. We demonstrate that the specific characteristics of workflow role resolution lead to interesting modeling and computational challenges. We propose three online optimization-based policies that utilize batching and study their performance via simulation in comparison with two simpler policies reflecting the current workflow practice. In this simulation study, we investigate how system load, task processing time variation, and the number of workers effect the maximum flowtime of a task, average workload, and workload variation under these five policies. Our study represents an important step towards a comprehensive framework that guides the design of the role resolution module as part of next-generation workflow systems.
The Daily Pop Quiz: Teaching and Learning with Clickers

In recent years, technology has gained a firm foothold in higher education classrooms. Student response systems (AKA clickers) are among the most common teaching technologies incorporated into classrooms today (Immerwahr 2009; Winograd & Cheesman 2007).Theory: Given clickers’ growing popularity over the last decade, particularly among those teaching large enrollment courses, dozens of studies in fields ranging from biology to physics to political science have sought to evaluate clickers’ effects on learning (e.g., Beavers 2010; El-Rady 2006; Salemi 2008; Stuart, Brown, & Draper 2004; Winograd and Cheesman 2007). Most research data on clickers can be grouped into one of three general categories: (1) examples of pedagogical techniques, (2) user perception studies, and (3) quasi-experimental tests of knowledge change. Nearly every study identifies benefits gained by incorporating clickers into the classroom. However, evidence about the nature of the causal link between “clicking” and these claimed benefits is typically absent. To fill this void, we theorize that students benefit from using clickers in class, because: clicker quiz questions connect each day’s material to exams (and thus to students’ grades), and clicker quizzes may improve student attendance and engagement.Data: Studying this relationship in a large class (i.e., 300 students), we test competing explanations using opinion surveys as well as behavioral data.Findings: We find that clickers may enhance students’ performance through a number of mechanisms: (1) more consistent class attendance, (2) “on the fly” formative assessment of student knowledge, (3) signaling high-priority course content, and (4) increased classroom participation and attention. These processes appear to operate simultaneously, although in different intensities for different students.
Studies on soluble ribonucleic acid (S-RNA) of rabbit liver

A base sequence model of rabbit liver S-RNA has been constructed from the base sequence frequencies determined by analysis of takadiastase T 1 and pancreatic ribonuclease hydrolysates. The pair of sequences proposed is not unique, and they are intended to represent the base sequence of the average S-RNA molecule. Each model sequence consists of a polynucleotide chain of length 70 doubled back upon itself; about 25 contiguous bases on the one limb are specifically paired with 25 bases on the other limb in a double helix. The base-paired limbs are joined by a loop structure in the center of the chain, containing the minor components and, presumably, the site for transfer specificity. The model is consistent with a number of observations of the biological and physical properties of S-RNA, and certain possible correlations between the model structure and the biological function of S-RNA are discussed.
Reachability Problems: An Update

There has been a great deal of progress in the fifteen years that have elapsed since Wigderson published his survey on the complexity of the graph connectivity problem [Wig92]. Most significantly, Reingold solved the longstanding question of the complexity of the s-tconnectivity problem in undirected graphs, showing that this is complete for logspace (L) [Rei05]. This survey talk will focus on some of the remaining open questions dealing with graph reachability problems. Particular attention will be paid to these topics: Reachability in planar directed graphs (and more generally, in graphs of low genus) [ADR05, BTV07]. Reachability in different classes of grid graphs [ABC+06]. Reachability in mangroves [AL98].
A low order optimal controller for a turbo-fan jet engine

Principal component analysis is used to reduce a sixteenth-order linear dynamical model of a turbofan jet engine to a robust fourth-order model. An optimal controller based on a quadratic performance criterion is presented for the reduced model. The quadratic weights are determined so as to obtain suitable time-domain responses for an approximate system consisting of low-order decoupled subsystems. Owing to the small number of gain coefficients, the controller is comparatively easy to tune. The robot optimal controller was verified by digital simulation. Simulation results are presented. >
More like jazz than classical: Reciprocal interactions among educational researchers and respondents

In this article, educational scholars L. Janelle Dance, Rochelle Gutierrez, and Mary Hermes share insights from their lived experience as qualitative researchers trying to work in collaboration with diverse populations. They refer to these insights as "improvisations on conventional qualitative methods," reminding readers that their methodological approaches have been more collaborative than unilateral, more fluid than unyielding, more like the reciprocal creativity of jazz than the directed orchestration of classical music. Calling on us to expand our previous conceptions of cultural intuition and reciprocity, these authors offer powerful examples of how their communities shaped their research processes.
Mis-specification in farm productivity analysis: the role of land quality

A stylized fact of development literature is that there is an inverse relationship between farm size and land productivity. This has been interpreted to indicate that labor dualism is a pervasive phenomenon in the rural areas of developing countries. A large survey (1976-77) of Indian farm households is used to test the existence of the inverse relationship after accounting for farm-specific land quality factors. Such factors weaken significantly, and in many areas eliminate, the "observed" inverse relationship. Copyright 1988 by Royal Economic Society.
German Sinology Today

In contrast to the general tendency of resurgence of academic life in Germany, which has been reported from all the former academic centers and even from an additional one at Mainz, the pace of the recovery of German Sinology has been rather slow. Some of the main former seats of Far Eastern studies still remain unoccupied. The reason for this special development is, in the first place, lack of personnel. Of the old generation Alfred Forke, who held the chair of Sinology at Hamburg University for many years, and Erich Hauer2 died during the war. Otto Franke, the Nestor of German Sinology, died practically from hunger and exhaustion soon after the war. Several of the most promising German Sinologues have left Germany during the past fifteen years, mostly for political reasons. G. Haloun, Walter Simon, and Bruno Schindler are working in England; Balazs resumed his Sinological studies in France; Karl A. Wittfogel heads the Chinese History Project sponsored by the University of Washington at Columbia University; Ferdinand Lessing has been for more than ten years at the University of California, Berkeley, and Wolfram Eberhard, who taught at Ankara, Turkey, is now a member of the faculty at Berkeley too. Franz Michael joined the Far Eastern Institute at the University of Washington years ago, as recently did Erwin Reifler.
Data alignments for modular time-space mappings of BLAS-like algorithms

Modular time-space transformations have been recently proposed for algorithm mappings that cannot be described by affine functions. This paper extends affine data alignments to a new class of data alignments, called expanded modular data alignments (EMDAs), for algorithms that are mapped by modular time-space transformations. An EMDA is a set of modular data alignments (MDAs) which are described by affine functions module a constant vector. With an EMDA, multiple copies of a data array are mapped into target processors by different modular data alignments (MDAs) and therefore can be efficiently used with modular time-space transformations which may require several operations to access the same data at the same time. Conditions of EMDAs that guarantee local access of data entries are provided. These conditions cover initial data alignment, data movement during the computation, and the number of copies required to avoid unnecessary communications. These conditions can be used to derive the EMDA for a given modular mapping or to generate a modular mapping for a given EMDA so that communication due to data misalignment does not occur. Several examples are given to show that EMDAs are well suited for modular time-space mappings.
Fluid column stability in the presence of periodic accelerations

The interface stability of fluid columns in the presence of a periodic acceleration field with a component normal to the longitudinal axis of the isothermal cylinder was investigated. Floquet theory was used in the investigation and the column was taken as infinite. The finite length case was also studied and axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric oscillations were considered. Results for the infinite length case were good approximations to those for the finite length column.
Numerical comparison of exact and asymptotic methods for Sommerfeld integral evaluation with applications to microstrip antennas

In this paper a new method for evaluating Sommerfeld integrals for arbitrary source and receiver location pairs, for a horizontal electric dipole (HED) located at the air-dielectric interface of a PEC-terminated dielectric media, is described. The proposed method is valid for both large and small lateral separations, and for arbitrary receiver locations. Unlike past investigations, the proposed method avoids location, and associated residue calculation of the poles of the integrand through deforming a part of the real-axis in the upper half plane that is free from any pole singularities of the Sommerfeld integrand. Compared to an earlier investigation reported by the present authors, the present approach includes situations when both the source and receiver are exactly on the interface.
Effect of Fat Replacer (Salatrim®) on Chemical Composition, Proteolysis, Functionality, Appearance, and Yield of Reduced Fat Mozzarella Cheese

A no brine, stirred-curd procedure was used to manufacture reduced fat (9% fat wet basis) Mozzarella cheese. Skim milk was standardized to 0.8% fat with unhomogenized milk fat (control), an equal blend of fat replacer Salatrim® types 1 and 3 (Pfizer, Inc., Milwaukee, WI) (solid at room temperature), and 100% Salatrim® type 3 (liquid at room temperature). A stable dispersion (20% fat, wt/wt) was made by homogenizing Salatrim® in skim milk. Cheese making was repeated on each of 3 d using a randomized complete block design. All cheeses had similar pH, salt contents, and calcium contents; cheese made with Salatrim® had higher moisture and fat, but lower protein contents. Nitrogen that was soluble at pH 4.6 was higher for Salatrim® cheeses and increased for all cheeses during refrigerated storage. The meltability and apparent viscosity of all cheeses were similar, but the control had a significantly higher score for hardness and more free oil release, and cheese shreds scorched less during pizza baking. Hunter L, a, and b values of the unmelted cheese indicated that the Salatrim® cheeses were whiter and less yellow than the control, and all cheese decreased in whiteness over time. Salatrim® cheeses had significantly lower fat losses in the whey and stretching water and had higher actual and moisture-adjusted yields. Homogenization was probably responsible for the differences between the control and Salatrim® cheeses in chemical composition, proteolysis, functionality, appearance, and yield. Despite the large differences in fat properties, Salatrim® was probably responsible only for the lack of yellowness in cheese color.
The allocation of development funds: An analytic approach

The administrative problem of fund allocation among the several projects constituting the development program is considered from an analytic-economic viewpoint. The concept of operational potential is introduced and used in establishing a measure of effectiveness for the development program, the “development contribution function.” The problem then resolves to the maximization of a mathematical expression. An example is worked out to demonstrate the method and the utility of the results, Certain characteristics of the solution which are of general applicability are discussed. The functional relationships among the groups concerned with development is considered; the contribution of each groupis definedin the form of equation parameters, The importance of well designed development administrative machinery, particularly relating to the integration of the operational and the technical elements, becomes immediately apparent.
Simulation study on controller design for color mixed white light LED panel for studio lighting

This paper presents simulation study on power management topology for a LED based lighting panel to be used in studios, working on the concept of additive color mixing employing high brightness LEDs of one watt each and having four different circuits for the four constituent colors The constituent colors are the three primary colors, red, blue and green with amber added to obtain better color rendering index CRI with the emitted light and to tune the color temperature requirements that studio lighting demands. The panel is to be implemented with the intention of replacing currently existing studio panels working on conventional light sources like CFL and FTL. The LED panel was decided to obtain a LUX level of 300 and is designed to operate at any voltages between 90Vac to 265Vac and 81Vdc and 230Vdc at either 50 or 60 Hz for the ac supply. In the panel, four different circuits operate in synchronism with each other yet are independent of each other. The different circuits are for the different colors, the amounts of which are decided so as to produce what is known in industrial parlance as usable white. Although the circuits have individual controllers, they can be unified to give the effect of a single controller acting on all the four circuits and varying the intensity of the light produced without directly affecting the shade or hue.
Continuous electroencephalography monitoring in neonates

As more critically ill term and premature neonates are surviving their acute illness, their long-term neurodevelopmental morbidity is being recognized. Continuous monitoring of cerebral function, with electroencephalography or derived digital trends, can provide key information regarding seizures and background patterns, with direct treatment and prognostic implications. Conventional video-electroencephalography remains the gold standard for neonatal seizure diagnosis and quantification, but can be supplemented by digital trending modalities. Both conventional and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography can provide valuable data regarding the background trends. This review describes indications and methods for continuous electroencephalography monitoring in high-risk neonates.
Appropriating innovation's technical value: Examining the influence of exploration

article i nfo In this study we examine how different approaches to exploratory search are used to generate an innova- tion influence appropriation of its technical value. Technical value is the benefi ta firm derives from utilizing the underlying knowledge embedded in an innovation tostimulate and generate further innovations. Based on a sample of 772 patents from the ink jet printing field, we find that exploratory search that spans tech- nicaldomains enhances appropriation of innovations' technical value; conversely, exploratory search span- ning industry domains diminishes appropriation of innovations' technical value. These effects are further influenced by the age of the knowledge explored. In addition, we find that appropriation of innovations' technical value enhances the market share of the innovators. We discuss the implications of these findings for both future research and for improving business practice.
Intrathecal baclofen therapy in stiff-man syndrome A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) in stiff-man syndrome. Three patients, unresponsive to current therapy, received 50 mu g of ITB or placebo on sequential days. Following ITB, all patients demonstrated improvement in reflex EMG activity. The mean reduction in total EMG activity (from all muscles) following stimulation of the medial plantar nerve (cutaneous flexor reflex) was 72% following 50 mu g of ITB compared with 18% following placebo (ANOVA: significance of F, p less than 0.0001). The mean latency to onset of the response was also significantly prolonged for all muscles following ITB (ANOVA: significance of F, p less than 0.05). Although reflex EMG activity was reduced in all patients, clinical improvement was evident in only one patient, who differed from the others studied by a longer duration of disease, greater severity of stiffness, less fear of falling, and greater electrophysiologic improvement. NEUROLOGY 1995;45: 1893-1897
La norma culta y la norma radiofonica: /s/ y /n/ en español

SUMMARYThe Educated Standard and the Broadcast Standard:Spanish /s/ and /n/This study represents an investigation of two phonological variables, the pronunciation of /n/ and /s/, in various dialects of Latin American Spanish. A comparison is established between the quantitative behavior of these phonemes in normal speech patterns and the styles that characterize radio broadcasting, with the aim of demonstrating the existence of a hierarchy of radio-broadcasting styles. Despite the fact that few Latin American radio announcers receive formal training in pronunciation and diction, a comparative study of several dialects indicates that a surprising degree of homogeneity exists in the radio-broadcasting styles, which at the same time often reflect semiconscious sociolinguistic stratification.RESUMOha normo ĉe edukitoj kaj la radiojonia normo: /s/ kaj /n/ en la hispanaLa nuna studajo esploras du fonologiajn variajojn, la prononcon de /n/ kaj de /s/, en diversaj dialektoj de la latinamerika hispana. La aǔtoro starigas komparon inter la kvanta konduto de tiuj fonemoj en la normalaj konturoj de la parolado, kaj la stiloj, kiuj karakterizas la radiofonion, kun la celo pruvi la ekziston de hierarkio de radio-foniaj stiloj. Kvankam nur malmultaj latinamerikaj radioparolistoj ricevas formalan trejnadon pri la prononco kaj la elparolado, kompara studo pri pluraj dialektoj indikas, ke ekzistas surpriza grado de unueco ĉe la radiofoniaj stiloj, kiuj samtempe respegulas socilingvistikan tavoligon, kiu ofte estas duonkonscia.
Inhibition of NADPH oxidase-1 preserves beta cell function

Aims/hypothesis Upregulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX)-1 in islets and beta cells follows acute exposure to inflammatory cytokines and is concomitant with beta cell dysfunction. NOX-1 is a candidate mediator of inflammation-induced beta cell dysfunction. This study aimed to determine whether selective inhibition of NADPH oxidase-1 presents a new strategy to preserve beta cell function.
The effect of temperature on antenna return loss for microwave ablation antennas

Although microwave ablation offers unique advantages over RF ablation, there are still issues with current microwave ablation devices. This is because the current microwave ablation devices use either dipole or slot antennas to deposit electromagnetic energy into the tissue. Such antennas are known to be very narrow band. During the design process, these antennas are matched to the tissue impedance at the frequency of operation (existing devices work at 915 MHz or 2.4 GHz). However, as soon as the microwave power is turned on, the electrical properties of the tissue (dielectric constant - er and conductivity - σ) change due to increased temperature in the tissue. As a result, the power transmission characteristics of the entire system deteriorate. This temperature increase can be as high as 60 °C raising the local tissue temperature up to ~100 °C. In order to understand the overall ablation device treatment efficiency, there is a need to explore the effect of the temperature on power delivery into the tissue. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the power transmission characteristics of a printed dipole antenna within liver, lung and heart tissues. Two microstrip dipole antennas designed for both 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz. The liver, lung and heart tissues along with antennas and temperature probe, is placed on a heating element to increase the temperature of the tissue. The return loss was measured at 5 °C (indicated by the temperature probe) intervals from 25 °C to 80 °C. We will present results regarding the effect of temperature on power transmission efficiency.
Elevated temperature, soil moisture and seasonality but not CO2 affect canopy assimilation and system respiration in seedling Douglas-fir ecosystems

Abstract We investigated the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 and air temperature on C cycling in trees and associated soil system, focusing on canopy CO 2 assimilation ( A sys ) and system CO 2 loss through respiration ( R sys ). We hypothesized that both elevated CO 2 and elevated temperature would stimulate A sys and R sys . The study was conducted in sun-lit controlled-environment mesocosms using Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) seedlings grown in reconstructed plant–litter–soil systems. A completely randomized design with two atmospheric CO 2 and two air temperature levels was used. A mass-balance approach was used to calculate daily mean A sys and R sys rates for 19 months. A mixed model analysis was used to test the effects of CO 2 and air temperature on daily A sys and R sys adjusted for covariates of time, light, soil moisture and seasonality. Elevated temperature stimulated A sys and R sys but elevated CO 2 did not. Elevated CO 2 and temperature both increased light sensitivity and the light saturation level of photosynthesis. Both A sys and R sys were controlled by temperature, soil moisture and endogenous seasonal processes. Temperature sensitivity of R sys varied seasonally but there was no acclimatization. Because of the close linkage between assimilation and respiration, elevated CO 2 failed to stimulate A sys and R sys . Although CO 2 is a substrate, assimilate is also controlled by its concentration. Needle-level studies established that increasing CO 2 down regulates assimilation through changes in Rubisco, especially if resources are limited. This study shows that increasing CO 2 also regulates assimilation allometrically through changes in needle area. Stimulation of assimilation is offset by a reduction in needle area such that the A sys and R sys are similar in ambient and elevated treatments.
Coronary vasospasm is an unlikely cause of Takotsubo syndrome, although we should keep an open mind

This viewpoint pertains to the still elusive pathophysiology of the Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), maintaining the position that this affliction is not the result of coronary vasospasm (CV) involving one or more coronary arteries. Although CV has been rarely encountered in the acute stage of TTS, or elicited via provocative testing in the subacute stage of the disease, it does not appear to be the cause of TTS as shown by the bulk of the published relevant literature. The author provides some speculations to explain the spontaneous appearance of CV, or its artificial elicitation, in some patients with TTS. However while we are striving to unravel the pathophysiology of TTS, we should keep an open mind about a possible role for CV in the causation of TTS.
Response of kidney bean to sequential ozone exposures

Abstract Predisposition of plants to injury or growth effects from consecutive exposures is an important concept in that multiple exposures cannot be represented by simply adding a series of independent events. The independence of individual exposures in a sequence of exposures was investigated. Red kidney bean was exposed to 0.30 ppm (599 μg/m 3 ) ozone for 3 hr at 12 days of age. Subsequent second exposures of the same dose were applied at 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 days of age. Piecewise linear regressiion analysis indicated that plants became tolerant or desensitized to second fumigations if the exposures were closely spaced. After a discrete interval between exposures, plants again exhibited detrimental growth effects. In separate experiments, an interval of 3 or 5 days between exposures was necessary to detect a detrimental growth response in stem, leaf and total dry weight parameters. Leaf area did not exhibit consistent responses to a second ozone exposure in any treatment. Implications of the recovery period to plant response and experimental fumigation designs are discussed.
Structure of Turbulent Sonic Underexpanded Free Jets

Turbulent mixing in adapted and weakly underexpanded (underexpansion ratios less than 1.4) round jets, involving fully developed pipe flows injected into still air, was studied experimentally. Measurements included mean and fluctuating concentrations and mean static pressures using laser-induced iodine flourescence and mean and fluctuating streamwise velocities using laser Doppler anemometry. Predictions were used to help interpret the measurements and to initiate evaluation of methods for analyzing these processes. The predictions were based on k-e turbulence models, including a proposed extension to treat compressibility effects at high convection Mach numbers. In conjunction with other measurements, the results show that the near-field region of underexpanded jets is influenced by compressibility, which tends to reduce turbulent mixing rates at high convective Mach numbers, and high turbulence levels at the jet exit, which tends to increase turbulent mixing rates. Predictions based on effective-ada pted-jet exit conditions yielded reasonably good estimates of mixing levels near the exit of underexpanded jets for both fully developed and slug flow jet exit conditions; however, such methods provide no information concerning the near-field region containing the shock waves. Predictions based on solution of parabolized Navier-Stokes governing equations, using the SCIPVIS algorithm, were encouraging for slug flow exit conditions, but this approach must be extended to treat fully developed flow at the jet exit.
Spectral boundary of a positive random potential in a strong magnetic field

We consider the problem of randomly distributed positive delta-function scatterers in a strong magnetic field and study the behavior of density of states close to the spectral boundary at $E=\hbar\omega_{c}/2$ in both two and three dimensions. Starting from dimensionally reduced expression of Brezin et al. and using the semiclassical approximation we show that the density of states in the Lifshitz tail at small energies is proportio- nal to $e^{f-2}$ in two dimensions and to $\exp(-3.14f\ln(3.14f/\pi e)/ \sqrt(2me))$ in three dimensions, where $e$ is the energy and $f$ is the density of scatterers in natural units.
Effect of propafenone on left ventricular ejection fraction

The effects of orally administered propafenone on ejection fraction (EF) determined by radionuclide angiography were studied in 2 groups of patients receiving different dosing regimens. Fourteen group A patients had no clinical evidence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and were not receiving digoxin therapy. In this group a mean daily dosage of 879 mg resulted in a decrease in resting LVEF from 52 ± 9% to 48 ± 11% (p
The experiences of a sample of rural women during pregnancy.

Infant mortality remains a serious problem in the United States despite all attempts to provide early, comprehensive prenatal care. The purpose of this study was to describe the barriers or deterrents to prenatal care for the women served by the Martin, Tyrrell, Washington (MTW) District Health Department (DHD). In 1989, the nation's efforts brought about the lowest recorded infant mortality rate: 9.8 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. This rate, however, remains higher than that of many other developed countries (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1992). The state of North Carolina reported a rate higher than the national average (10.9/1,000), with three of its eastern rural counties–Martin, Tyrrell, and Washington–reporting 15.7, 21.3, and 18.8 per 1,000, respectively (Prince, 1992). This eastern region of North Carolina is a sparsely populated, socioeconomically disadvantaged rural area. Poverty, illiteracy, and geographic and social isolation are endemic. The DHD provides most of...
Respiratory effects of division of the carotid sinus nerve in the lamb soon after the initiation of breathing.

Respiratory Effects of Division of the Carotid Sinus Nerve in the Lamb Soon After the Initiation of Breathing
Type-2 Fuzzy Sets and Systems: An Overview [corrected reprint]

As originally published in the February 2007 issue of IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 20-29, Feb 07) contained errors in mathematics that were introduced by the publisher. The corrected version is reprinted in its entirety.
Renal trauma When to operate

Abstract Experience with 144 cases of blunt and penetrating renal injuries encountered from1967 to 1973 has been analyzed and compared with data collected from the literature. The following points are emphasized: (1) importance of preoperative radiographic assessment, (2) limited number of indications for surgical intervention, and (3) encouragement of conservatism in marginal or inconclusive cases. Discounting cases surgically explored unnecessarily and cases with serious or lethal nonurologic trauma precluding repair of major renal injuries, our data predict a need for surgical intervention in 37 per cent of all cases of renal trauma; surgical intervention was required in 37 per cent with blunt injuries and 45 per cent with penetrating lesions.
Breakup-fusion description of the (α, d) and (α, t) reactions☆

Abstract The breakup-fusion (BF) description of the (α, d) and (α, t) reactions is shown to fit very well the observed continuum spectra, covering both peak and high-energy tail regions. This contrasts with the result of an earlier analysis of the (α, p) reaction, which showed that the BF calculations were able to fit the spectra only in the high-energy tail region. The reason for this difference is discussed in detail.