cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extra diffractions caused by stacking faults in cubic crystals

Abstract Extra diffractions, produced by stacking faults, of the type 1 3 {422}, {200}, 1 3 [442], 1 2 {113}, 1 2 {133}, 1 2 {115} and 1 3 {115} have been studied in a silicon epilayer. A general analysis to predict these additional diffractions in a diamond or an fcc structure in any zone-axis diffraction pattern is proposed. Nanotwins have the same contribution to the intensity distribution of the extra diffractions as the stacking faults. Some aspects of microstructure in Si-Ge systems are discussed.
Macrocomposites made by injection molding

Macrocomposites can be prepared by injection molding an engineering resin into a mold which contains an insert of a different engineering resin. Using 3/8-inch beams and 1/4-inch disks as model systems, we have shown that macrocomposites give parts with combinations of stiffness and toughness far superior than can be made by conventional injection molding of a single material. The key to making macrocomposites with good properties is to have the insert sufficiently hot so that the surface is melted during the second molding step. The toughness of a macrocomposite can be derived not only from proper positioning of a tough material and a stiff material, but also from more effective orientation of glass fibers resulting from the alteration of the mold cavity caused by the insert. Before macrocomposites can be commercialized, significant technical obstacles with respect to both molding equipment and part design procedures must be overcome.
Saturation and exposure dependence of the yield stress of irradiated iron

Abstract The yield stress data of irradiated Ferrovac iron are shown to be closely approximated by the expression Δ[sgrave]=A[1—exp (—Bφt)]1/2 with a saturation exposure of 2 × 1019 nvt (E > 1·45 MeV). The maximum increment in the yield stress is 25 000 p.s.i. and the volume of the defect calculated from B is 4·4 × 10−19 cm3. If the defect is considered a spherical depleted zone this corresponds to a diameter of 95 A and the actual defect is probably near 50 A in diameter at saturation. Deviations at low exposures are explained on the basis of enhanced carbide precipitation. The mode of zone production and growth is believed dependent on the amount of available (mobile) carbon.
Quality information and consumer health plan choices

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effects of providing information about plan quality on consumers' health plan choices in a private employment setting. Analysis of plan switching behavior suggests that the provision of quality information had a small, but significant effect on consumer plan choices. Employees were more likely to switch from plans with lower reported quality. Cross-sectional analyses of plan choice indicate that reported quality played a role in plan selection even after controlling for other health plan characteristics commonly associated with plan choice. The age of the policyholder and the type of policy purchased moderated the effects of plan characteristics on plan choice in ways that may be consequential for adverse selection.
Planning macroscopic aspects of manual control

Abstract Although considerable attention has been paid to detailed features of motor performance, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the selection of macroscopic features. This paper is concerned with the selection of one such feature — whether to pick up a stick with the thumb pointed toward one end or the other when the stick is to be brought to some other location. The choice of hand orientation is found to depend on how comfortable the arm will be at the end of the bar-transport movement. In addition, the choice of hand grip depends on which hand grips were used before. The sequential effect suggests that there is a cost in selecting macroscopic movement features which can be offset by continuing with the existing strategy until feedback indicates that a change is required.
Transition Probabilities and Photoionization of Neutral Atomic Oxygen

Abstract Photoionization cross sections and oscillator strengths for bound-bound transitions are presented for excited states of atomic oxygen with the ground-term core configuration. Principal quantum numbers up to 12, orbital angular momentum quantum numbers up to 3, and photoelectron energies up to 1 atomic unit (27.21 eV) are considered. Comparisons with theoretical and experimental results are shown.
Stopped-Flow Fluorescence Spectroscopy of a Group II Intron Ribozyme Reveals that Domain 1 Is an Independent Folding Unit with a Requirement for Specific Mg2+ Ions in the Tertiary Structure†

A stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopic assay for RNA folding was used to monitor the association of a multicomponent ribozyme derived from group II intron ai5γ. In the presence of Mg2+, association of a short fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide substrate with intron domain 1 (D1) resulted in a unique fluorescein emission enhancement, which reflected ribozyme folding and substrate binding. It was found that substrate binding follows a simple bimolecular encounter model, with kon approaching the rate of simple duplex formation. The Kd between substrate and D1 was determined to be 11 nM, which is in close agreement with the Kd obtained through oligonucleotide cleavage assays requiring catalytic domain 5 (D5). Ribozyme variants D13 and D135, which contain D3 and/or D5 attached to D1 in-cis, bound substrate with very similar Kd values, suggesting that D1 can fold independently and contains all residues important for ground-state binding to substrate. Both stopped-flow fluorescence assays and chemical modifi...
Assessment-based instructional coaching provided to reading intervention teachers

The use of student assessment data is a key component of a model of instructional coaching, Student-Focused Coaching (Hasbrouck & Denton, 2005), designed to support student achievement by engaging reading teachers in a collaborative problem-solving process to modify instructional strategies with the goal of enhanced student outcomes. In this paper, we describe the role of student assessments in a technology-based implementation of the Student-Focused Coaching model provided to reading intervention teachers within a study of scaling-up research-validated educational innovations. Examination of transcripts of teacher–coach interchanges in the technology-based implementation of Student-Focused Coaching supported the key role of assessment in that model, revealing that coaches frequently (a) answered teachers’ questions related to assessment, (b) suggested that teachers implement specific instructional strategies based on assessment results, (c) engaged teachers in examining assessment results and observing students for specific purposes, and (d) provided feedback, especially encouragement, to teachers about students’ progress based on assessment results. Further, these classes of interactions were observed between coaches and teachers in both a flexible intervention heavily dependent on teacher decision-making and in a highly prescriptive intervention program.
Quantitation of specific fragments in DNA restriction digests: Application to the cohesive fragments in lambda DNA digests

A procedure for the quantitation of reactions between specific members of a set of DNA restriction fragments is presented. Quantitation of the cohesive fragments in NruI nuclease digests of lambda DNA is used as an example. Restriction fragments are resolved on agarose gels and their amounts are estimated from densitometer scans of photographic negatives of ethidium bromide-stained gels. A linear relationship is found between the peak height of given fragment on the scan and the logarithm of the molecular weight of the fragment, arising in part from the stoichiometry of the digest; this relationship allows simple interpolation between the peak heights of the nonreacting fragments in each gel lane to determine the theoretical maximal amount of each reactive fragment in that gel lane. Similar procedures should be applicable to enzymatic ligation or to site-specific cleavage of specific restriction fragments or to autoradiographic detection of the fragments. Since each lane of the gel is analyzed independently, the method is largely self-correcting for variations in amounts applied to the gel.
Pulmonary artery hemodynamic response to proximal balloon dilatation of a large dominant right coronary artery

The human right ventricle has a relatively low tolerance to even short periods of ischemia. During angioplasty of the right coronary artery, pulmonary artery pressure typically rises due to an increase in right ventricular afterload caused by left ventricular dysfunction during ischemia. We have presented two cases of angioplasty in the early proximal portion of a large, highly dominant right coronary artery. Pulmonary artery and systemic pressure fell during balloon inflation probably secondary to acute severe right ventricular failure, though an interaction with left ventricular dysfunction cannot be excluded. These observations do emphasize the hemodynamic and combined ventricular consequences of proximal angioplasty in a large, dominant right coronary artery, particularly in the setting of preexisting left ventricular dysfunction.
Joyfully discovering the emptiness of a very full life.

The latest work by Adam Curle, renowned peacemaker, psychologist, activist, and author (see Mitchels, 2006), is a brief essay on the human condition viewed late in his rich and varied life. The boo...
Cell signalling: Disarming Wnt

The secreted enzyme Notum has been found to inhibit the Wnt signalling pathway through removal of a lipid that is linked to the Wnt protein and that is required for activation of Wnt receptor proteins. See Article p.187
Positive contrast in the runway obtained following a shift in both delay and magnitude of reward

Abstract A 2 × 3 design was run in which independent groups of rats received either a small or large reward following a delay of either zero, 15, or 30 sec. Then all subjects were given large reward after a 15-sec delay. No positive contrast was obtained as a result of either a simple upward shift in magnitude or simple decrease in delay of reward. But a reliable positive contrast effect was obtained when subjects were shifted from small reward received after long delay (30 sec), to large reward given after intermediate delay (15 sec).
“Intelligente” Biomaterialien durch Selbstorganisation von Hybridhydrogelen

Hybridbiomaterialien sind Systeme, die aus Bausteinen von mindestens zwei individuellen Molekulklassen erzeugt werden, z. B. aus synthetischen Makromolekulen sowie Proteinen oder Peptiddomanen. Die synergistische Kombination von zwei Strukturarten kann neue Materialien ergeben, die einen beispiellosen Grad an struktureller Organisation sowie neuartige Eigenschaften aufweisen. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die durch Bioerkennung gesteuerte Selbstorganisation von hybriden Makromolekulen zu funktionalen Hydrogel-Biomaterialien. Zuerst werden die grundlegenden Regeln besprochen, die die Sekundarstruktur von Peptiden bestimmen, und im Anschluss bewerten wir die Ansatze zur spezifischen Entwicklung von Hybridsystemen mit masgeschneiderten Eigenschaften. Nach einer Diskussion der Ahnlichkeiten der verschiedenen Designprinzipien fur Biomaterialien und makromolekulare Therapeutika werden wir die zukunftige Entwicklung dieses Forschungsgebietes kurz zusammenfassen.
A software engineering approach to assessing complexity in network supervision tasks

Studies of work environments associated with supervisory monitoring of a large-scale networked system suggest that a person's working efficiency is influenced by the 'complexity' of the networked system itself. A quantitative understanding of network complexity therefore holds considerable potential for research and industrial application. However, previous attempts to apply numeric metrics to assess this area have encountered various shortcomings. A new measure of complexity is investigated, which is based upon a popular software complexity metric. A series of experiments designed to evaluate and test the metric is described. >
FLEXIBLE ENDOSCOPY AS AN ADJUNCT TO LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY

The combination of flexible endoscopy and laparoscopy has allowed a creative approach to management of both benign and malignant gastrointestinal diseases. Historically, attempts to incorporate intraluminal endoscopy with laparoscopy were made early in the historical development of laparoscopy, especially as an aid to stage gastric cancer. The most common modern application is that of flexible choledochoscopy by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Other innovative uses include localization of tumors, control of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, gastric tumor excision and biliary decompression, and bowel resection. With imagination guided by sound surgical principles, the combined use of laparoscopy and intraluminal endoscopy should expand the boundaries of general surgery.
Prisoners' Round: Examining the Literature on Recreation and Exercise in Correctional Facilities

Opposition to correctional recreation programs expresses safety concerns for staff and argues that removal of these programs enhances the retributive nature of prison and jail. Supporters cite the health benefits for inmates and incentive for better behavior within correctional facilities. Using academic sources and media articles, we found that the available empirical data support the use of these programs. However, public perception appears yet to be swayed by such evidence. Despite this opposition, we recommend that use of physical recreation and exercise programs in correctional facilities should continue to be used within a prescribed rewards system.
Allele-specific replication timing in imprinted domains: absence of asynchrony at several loci

Using a bromodeoxyuridine incorporation method to detect replicated DNA, we studied allele-specific replication of several sites within the human Prader-Willi/Angelman and IGF2/H19 imprinted regions. No obvious allele-specific differences in time of replication were detected at most loci previously reported to replicate asynchronously in the same cell types as determined by a FISH-based replication assay. Our finding of an absence of allelic replication asynchrony may be related to low levels of imprinted gene expression near these loci in the examined cells (lymphocytes, fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid cells). This view is supported by our studies of the imprinted SNRPN gene in that cells with paternal allele-specific expression (lymphocytes and lymphoblasts) replicate SNRPN alleles asynchronously, whereas cells with a low level of expression (HeLa) replicate SNRPN later and with less allelic asynchrony. In lymphoblasts, the early replicating allele of SNRPN was identified as the paternal one based on the properties of maternal allele-specific methylation and paternal allele-specific expression. Our studies suggest that FISH data implying replication asynchrony in nonexpressing cells reflect structural differences between the maternal and paternal alleles rather than differences in replication timing.
Neuronal Control of Adaptive Thermogenesis

The obesity epidemic continues rising as a global health challenge, despite the increasing public awareness and the use of lifestyle and medical interventions. The biomedical community is urged to develop new treatments to obesity. Excess energy is stored as fat in white adipose tissue (WAT), dysfunction of which lies at the core of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. By contrast, brown adipose tissue (BAT) burns fat and dissipates chemical energy as heat. The development and activation of "brown-like" adipocytes, also known as beige cells, result in WAT browning and thermogenesis. The recent discovery of brown and beige adipocytes in adult humans has sparked the exploration of the development, regulation, and function of these thermogenic adipocytes. The central nervous system drives the sympathetic nerve activity in BAT and WAT to control heat production and energy homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the integration of thermal, hormonal, and nutritional information on hypothalamic circuits in thermoregulation.
Phase retrieval for discrete functions with support constraints

It is shown that phase retrieval for two-dimensional discrete object functions satisfying certain support constraints is unique among all object functions satisfying the same support constraint. Closed-form reconstruction algorithms for reconstructing such object functions from their autocorrelation functions are defined. Also, an algorithm for generating these reconstruction algorithms is described.
Attribute-efficient learning of decision lists and linear threshold functions under unconcentrated distributions

We consider the well-studied problem of learning decision lists using few examples when many irrelevant features are present. We show that smooth boosting algorithms such as MadaBoost can efficiently learn decision lists of length k over n boolean variables using poly(k, log n) many examples provided that the marginal distribution over the relevant variables is "not too concentrated" in an L2-norm sense. Using a recent result of Hastad, we extend the analysis to obtain a similar (though quantitatively weaker) result for learning arbitrary linear threshold functions with k nonzero coefficients. Experimental results indicate that the use of a smooth boosting algorithm, which plays a crucial role in our analysis, has an impact on the actual performance of the algorithm.
A reduced intermodulation distortion tunable ferroelectric capacitor: architecture and demonstration

A ferroelectric tunable capacitor device architecture is presented that allows for a reduction of intermodulation distortion (IMD), while maintaining high tunability at low bias voltages. The tunable capacitor is fabricated from epitaxial thin-film barium strontium titanate (BST) deposited on a sapphire substrate. The RF portion of the capacitor is a conventional planar gap capacitor with a 10/spl sim/14/spl mu/m gap. However, rather than superimposing the DC bias on the RF gap, a separate bias structure is fabricated within the RF gap. The interdigital bias structure has narrowly-spaced high resistance (2/spl sim/3/spl times/10/sup 4/ /spl Omega///spl square/) indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes spaced 1/spl sim/2/spl mu/m apart. The high resistivity of the bias electrodes decouples the DC bias from the RF signal path. This bias structure allows high DC fields to be developed with less than 30V applied to tune the material permittivity, but is sufficiently resistive to avoid affecting the Q of the RF capacitor. Because the RF gap is wide, the IMD performance remains good, even at modest tuning voltages. Three different gap capacitors have been fabricated for concept verification: 1) a conventional gap structure (without bias structure), 2) the proposed RF gap capacitor with the DC bias structure, and 3) a narrower conventional RF gap capacitor structure used as an IMD reference. The frequency response of the proposed gap capacitor with the bias structure is characterized and its analysis shows that the highly resistive bias lines are serving as a DC bias path for high tunability, but are not attenuating the RF signal. Two-tone IMD tests show that the IMD performance for the gap capacitor with the bias structure is improved by 6 dB over the conventional reference structure at the same tunability.
Space Radiation Transport Properties of Polyethylene‐Based Composites

Composite materials that can serve as both effective shielding materials against cosmic-ray and energetic solar particles in deep space, as well as structural materials for habitat and spacecraft, remain a critical and mission enabling component in mission planning and exploration. Polyethylene is known to have excellent shielding properties due to its low density, coupled with high hydrogen content. Polyethylene-fiber reinforced composites promise to combine this shielding effectiveness with the required mechanical properties of structural materials. Samples of polyethylene-fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composite 1-5 cm thick were prepared at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and tested against a 500 MeV/nucleon Fe beam at the HIMAC facility of NIRS in Chiba, Japan. This paper presents measured and calculated results for the radiation transport properties of these samples.
Violence Risk Factors in Stalking and Obsessional Harassment: A Review and Preliminary Meta-Analysis

The fear of violence is among the most common and debilitating concerns faced by stalking victims. This review summarizes the extant literature on stalking-related violence, highlighting risk factors unique to stalking as well as those common to most offender populations. In total, 13 published studies were found, encompassing 11 unique samples and 1,155 individuals. The overall rate of violence was 38.7%. Significant correlates of stalking-related violence included the presence of threats, substance abuse, and the absence of a psychotic disorder. Other strong correlates included a prior intimate relationship between victim and offender and a history of violent behavior. Results are discussed with respect to risk assessment strategies and future directions for stalking risk assessment research.
Detector identification through light separation for miniature imaging probe

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in most developed countries. A large portion of CAD is caused by rupture of unstable plaque, which is not detected by current diagnostic methods. By labeling the unstable plaque with beta emitting radioisotopes, it is possible to detect the plaques with a very narrow in situ detector system that is placed with a coronary angiography guidewire. Our current detection system uses fiber optics, with a single detector at the tip of each fiber, connected to a position sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT). The small diameter of the coronary artery limits our current system to six optical fibers. To increase the number of pixels, we are studying a multi-detector concept for each fiber. By having multiple scintillating fibers coupled in series, with each scintillating fiber emitting a unique wavelength spectrum, the number of pixels can be doubled or tripled. The light is separated before reaching the PSPMT with a single diffraction grating. The PSPMT separates the detectors in one direction by fiber, and in the other direction by the spectral splitting of the different wavelengths of the scintillators.
Automatic access controls in the Defense Message System (DMS)

Access controls in legacy messaging systems such as AUTODIN rely heavily on human intervention. DMS provides an organizational and individual messaging capability with automatic access control based on a message security label and the authorizations of the originator and recipient as conveyed in their respective International Standards Organization (ISO) X.509 Certificates and Extensions. This paper presents an overview of the way this automatic access control process is performed, the features of the process, and the resources required for execution. Concepts discussed include types of access control means of conveying sensitivities and authorization, security policies, certificate policies, and the process for verifying authorizations, among others.
An iterative solution for the arrival process of a hierarchical overflow queueing system

The state-dependent arrival process of a hierarchical overflow queueing system is examined and an iterative scheme is developed for its solution. The limitations of previous solutions to this problem are overcome, and application to a class of channel-access engineering problems in broadband ISDN (integrated services digital network) is discussed. The potential benefits of an iterative technique are contrasted with solutions reached by algebraic techniques. Results from a computer implementation of the iterative technique are presented. >
Silicon microcantilever hotplates with high temperature uniformity

Abstract This paper presents microcantilevers with integrated heater–thermometers that are engineered to have regions of highly uniform temperature. The cantilevers are fabricated from doped single crystal silicon. Four cantilever designs are considered, where the regions of doping and the cantilever dimensions are selected to achieve the highest temperature uniformity over a region 100 μm × 100 μm at the cantilever free end. The cantilever electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties were characterized using laser vibrometry and Raman spectroscopy. The temperature uniformity achieved is 2–4%, varying slightly over the temperature range 25–200 °C and varying between the cantilever designs. The cantilevers are of size suitable for operation in AFM or as cantilever sensors.
The role of psychological resources in the affective well-being of never-married adults

We compared psychological resources between heterosexual never-married and married adults and their group-specific role in positive and negative affect after controlling for social resources. Although never-married respondents scored slightly lower than married adults on social resources and affective well-being, the two groups were comparable on psychological resources. Moderated regression analysis indicated that psychological resources were more strongly related to negative affect for never-married than married adults. In addition, never-married respondents with lower personal mastery scored higher on negative affect than did married adults, and higher levels of self-sufficiency contributed to lower negative affect for never-married adults but to higher negative affect among married individuals. Psychological resources appear to have a differential role in shaping negative affect between never-married and married individuals.
DNA models and algorithms for NP-complete problems

A goal of research on DNA computing is to solve problems that are beyond the capabilities of the fastest silicon-based supercomputers. Adleman and Lipton present exhaustive search algorithms for 3Sat and 3-Coloring, which can only be run on small instances and hence are not practical. In this paper, we show how improved algorithms can be developed for the 3-Coloring and Independent Set problems. Our algorithms use only the DNA operations proposed by Adleman and Lipton, but combine them in more powerful ways, and use polynomial preprocessing on a standard computer to tailor them to the specific instance to be solved. The main contribution of this paper is a more general model of DNA algorithms than that proposed by Lipton. We show that DNA computation for NP-complete problems can do more than just exhaustive search. Further research in this direction will help determine whether or not DNA computing is viable for NP-hard problems. A second contribution is the first analysis of errors that arise in generating the solution space for DNA computation.
Business Challenges in Commercialization of Agricultural Technology

Technology has been a major driver of both the agricultural productivity increases of the past century and the financial success of many farm and agribusiness firms. The challenges of bringing new technology to market in the agricultural industry are changing - it is no longer adequate to conceive a new invention and convince farmers with a strong marketing campaign that they should adopt the technology that results from this invention. One of the plenary sessions at the 2003 IAMA meetings in Cancun focused on the challenges and opportunities in creating value from new technology. Participants included: Michael Boehlje, Center for Food and Agricultural Business, Purdue University; Lynn White, Vice President, Global Ag Services, Deere; Marcello Arguelles, CEO of Biosidus; and Greg Clarke, Technical Director, FXA Group. This synopsis attempts to capture the key observations of the session presenters and the discussion that followed.
EFFECTS OF DISPERSAL ON SURVIVAL PROBABILITY OF ADULT YELLOW WARBLERS (DENDROICA PETECHIA)

Abstract Annual survival probability estimates for songbirds are generally biased low because dispersal is not differentiated from mortality. Presently, knowledge of between-year breeding dispersal is lacking for most songbirds. To assess adult survival probabilities and dispersal, we color-banded and resighted 436 Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) over five breeding seasons at 11 study sites in the Bitterroot Valley, Montana. During the last two of those seasons, we searched extensively for marked warblers between and surrounding those sites. We compared survival probabilities estimated with and without this added dispersal information and assessed the effectiveness of adjusting survival probabilities with transient-type models. Survival probabilities were calculated using open population models, and model selection was based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) within program MARK. The best model indicated that survival probabilities differed between males and females and varied among years. We fo...
Characterization of Oxidative Enzyme Changes in Buffalograsses Challenged by Blissus occiduus

This research investigated the role of oxidative enzymes in the defense response of buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann, to Blissus occiduus Barber. Changes in catalase and peroxidase activity were observed in both resistant and susceptible buffalograsses in response to chinch bug feeding. Susceptible plants were shown to have a lower level of catalase activity compared with their respective control plants. By contrast, catalase activities of resistant plants were similar between infested and control buffalograsses throughout the study. Resistant plants had higher levels of peroxidase activity compared with their control plants, whereas peroxidase activities for control and infested susceptible plants remained at similar levels or were slightly lower for infested plants. These findings suggest that chinch bug feeding leads to a loss in catalase activity in susceptible buffalograsses. In contrast, resistant buffalograsses may be able to tolerate chinch bug feeding by increasing their peroxidase activity. Polyphenol oxidase activities were similar between control and infested plants for the buffalograsses evaluated. Among the enzymes examined, no differences in isozyme profiles for peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were detected between control and infested 378, NE91-118, Cody, and Tatanka plants. Gels stained for catalase identified differences in the isozyme profiles of infested and uninfested 378 plants; however, infested and control NE91-118, Tatanka, and Cody plants has similar isozyme profiles. No differences in protein profiles were observed between chinch bug-infested 378, NE91-118, Cody, and Tatanka plants and their respective uninfested controls.
Comingle: Distributed Logic Programming for Decentralized Mobile Ensembles

Comingle is a logic programming framework aimed at simplifying the development of applications distributed over multiple mobile devices. Applications are written as a single declarative program (in a system-centric way) rather than in the traditional node-centric manner, where separate communicating code is written for each participating node. Comingle is based on committed-choice multiset rewriting and is founded on linear logic. We describe a prototype targeting the Android operating system and illustrate how Comingle is used to program distributed mobile applications. As a proof of concept, we discuss several such applications orchestrated using Comingle.
The Academy of American Poets Symposium, UCLA Asian American Studies Center, April 23, 1992: Asian American Literature: Questions of Identity

(1994). The Academy of American Poets Symposium, UCLA Asian American Studies Center, April 23, 1992: Asian American Literature: Questions of Identity. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 1-8.
Fatty Acid Metabolism Provides a Potential Therapeutic Target To Treat Graft-Versus-Host Disease

The metabolism of lymphocytes activated in vivo remains poorly understood. Previous work has demonstrated that T cells activated during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) adopt metabolic profiles distinct from other cell types. We hypothesized that a deeper understanding of allogeneic T cell metabolism, followed by exploitation of metabolic differences, might allow selective elimination of pathogenic T cells while preserving normal immune responses following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We tested this hypothesis by evaluating fatty acid (FA) metabolism in proliferating donor T cells during a parent into F1 model of GVHD (C57Bl/6 into B6D2F1). Compared to naive donor T cells, T cells from allogeneic recipients increased FA transport (44.3 ±6.9% vs. 0.7 ±0.1%, p=0.003) and up-regulated a regulator of oxidative metabolism, PGC-1α (0.9 ±0.2 vs. 0.03 ±0.01, p=0.005). These changes were present in T cells recovered from both the liver and the spleen. Allogeneic T cells also up-regulated mRNA and protein levels for FA oxidation enzymes (e.g. CPT1a) and oxidized more fatty acids ex vivo . We confirmed these changes in a second, minor histocompatibility model of GVHD, where we observed significantly increased levels of FA transport, PGC-1α, and FA oxidation enzymes. To identify potential therapeutic targets selective for alloreactive T cells, we compared the metabolic profile of allogeneic T cells to the profile observed in T cells following acute activation in vivo . We injected OT-I T cells into naive C57Bl/6 mice, challenged mice one day later with ovalbumin-bearing dendritic cells, and harvested T cells 7 days after immunization. OT-I T cells proliferated robustly to cellular immunization, but did not increase FA transport or levels of PGC-1α (Figure 1A,B). We then tested the ability of inhibitors of FA oxidation (targeting CPT1a) to selectively eliminate allogeneic T cells during GVHD. A single dose of etomoxir decreased the total number of donor T cells in allogeneic recipients by 35% and eight doses over 14 days significantly improved clinical GVHD scores (Figure 1C). Treatment with a second CPT1a inhibitor improved post-transplant survival (78% vs. 50%, inhibitor vs. PBS respectively). Importantly, CPT1a inhibition did not diminish the number of regulatory T cells or the number of T cells reconstituting via homeostatic proliferation following syngeneic BMT. In total, these data demonstrate that allogeneic T cells increase FA metabolism during GVHD and that this phenotype differentiates allogeneic cells from T cells responding to acute activation or proliferating during homeostatic reconstitution. This study challenges the paradigm of effector lymphocyte metabolism in vivo and we conclude that inhibition of FA oxidation may be a selective way to eliminate pathogenic T cells causing immune-mediated disease. Disclosures: Ferrara: University of Michigan: Patent for GVHD Biomarkers, Patent for GVHD Biomarkers Patents & Royalties.
Triple Shifts and Thioether Assistance in Rearrangements Associated with an Unusual Biomethylation of the Sterol Side Chain

Quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP and MP2) are described for the formation and rearrangements of carbocations derived from the biological methylation reaction that produces 24-propyl sterols in pelagophyte algae. Previous mechanistic proposals are discussed in light of the results of these calculations. Of particular note is the prediction of a new triple-shift rearrangement that is inherently preferred for the biosynthetically relevant carbocations. Our calculations also reveal how these reactions may be affected by intermolecular interactions with S-adenosylmethionine.
Development of reticulum cells and lymphocytes in transplants of rabbit lymph node to chick chorioallantois.

SummaryRabbit lymphatic tissue was placed on the CAM of the developing chick embryo and after incubation of 3 or more days evidences of successful grafting were obtained. Histologic sections of the tissues involved showed:1. Appearance of many capillaries filled with nucleated erythrocytes.2. Degeneration of the lymphocytes in the implanted tissue.3. Appearance of bands of reticulum cells in a layer between the implanted lymph node and the CAM.4. On occasion fresh mature lymphocytes appeared, always in proximity to the reticulum cells in the direction of the CAM. These cells occurred either in clusters at the periphery of the band of reticulum cells or in nests among the cells.We are indebted to Dr. Philip R. Custer of the Presbyterian Hospital in Philadelphia for histologic consultations in the course of this work.
Victim Consciousness Among Youth and Their Responses to Violent Encounters

This study examines how youth interpret potentially violent encounters, their own identity as victims, and their responses to dangerous situations. The purpose is to understand when “victimization” does or does not lead to a violent response and how individuals negotiate risky situations. Qualitative interviews from 147 youth, aged 12 to 23 across three high-crime neighborhoods in Philadelphia, were examined. Of these youth, 86 individuals described 136 encounters with violent or threatening situations. Coding examined themes in youth perceptions of these encounters, as well as their responses. Three themes emerged in the youth’s accounts: youth as victims, youth as street smart, and youth action as self-defense. Youth’s understanding of risk and situational dynamics of the encounter shaped their perceptions of violent incidents and consequently if they responded with violence or used other strategies such as help seeking, avoidance, negotiation, or tolerance. Youth’s understanding of victimhood should be...
Analysis of the prevalence of Salmonella contamination and serotyping and molecular subtyping of the contaminants in poultry supply chains in Zibo City

Objective The study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in poultry supply chains in Zibo City in2012 and analyzed the serotype and molecular subtypes of the contaminants by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE). Methods Salmonella detection and serotyping were carried out on samples from each point of the poultry supply chain in Zibo City in 2012 according to the national standards. Certain Salmonella were selected for PFGE, followed by cluster analysis by using the Bio Numerics software. Results A total of 1267 samples from various points of the poultry supply chain were collected and 298 strains of Salmonella were detected, with an overall positive rate of 23.5%. The positive rates of Salmonella indiana and Salmonella enteritidis were 48.0% and 46.3%, respectively. The similarity of PFGE fingerprint among 98 strains of Salmonella ranged between48.9% and 100%. A total of 74 PFGE band patterns were exhibited, among which 9 groups(including 82 strains) had band patterns of at least 85% of similarity and 9 groups(including 33 strains) had completely identical band patterns. Conclusion Salmonella,mainly Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella indiana, has been detected at every point of the poultry supply chain in Zibo City.PFGE band patterns of the detected Salmonella were complicated, exhibiting apparent gene polymorphism.
Analysis of reason and parameters of leakage screening of low-risk Down's children

Objective To analyze the leakage screening reason,mom value and risk value of serological markers of 26 Down's children in Ningbo in the past ten years,so as to make better use of existing technology and information to reduce leakage screening rate of Down's children. Methods Lifecycle 3. 0 and Risk 2T were employed to analyze the leakage screening reason,and calculate the single serological mom value and risk value of 26 low-risk leakage cases. Results Among 26 missed cases with low-risk birth of Down children,4 cases were caused by difference of risk assessment software,2 cases were caused by inaccurate gestational weeks estimation,and 19 cases were found 21-trisomy syndrome risk value between 1 /270-1 /1000( intermediate risk value),accounting for 73%. The average of AFPmom was 0. 835,the average of Free β-HCGmom was 1. 768,and the average of uE3mom was 0. 937. Conclusion It is effective to combine Lifecycle and 2T in the second trimester maternal serum screening,accurately estimate gestational weeks,pay attention to population with intermediate risk values and abnormal single serological mom value to reduce the incidence of leakage screening.
Effect of feeding frequency on forage fiber and nitrogen utilization in sheep

Four crossbred wether lambs (38 kg) with permanent ruminal and abomasal cannulae were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square arrangement of treatments to determine the effect of feeding frequency (FF) on forage fiber and N utilization. Lambs were offered 900 g of good quality (vegetative) Kentucky-31 tall fescue hay in equal portions either 2, 4, 8 or 16 times daily. Water consumption increased (P less than .05; linear) with increased FF. Apparent total tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and cell wall constituents were not affected (P greater than .05) by FF, but apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein decreased (P less than .05; linear) with increased FF. Ruminal and post-ruminal digestion of acid detergent fiber (percent of total tract digestion) differed (P less than .05; cubic) among FF treatments. Although N retention was not affected (P greater than .05) by FF, increased FF decreased (P less than .05; linear) mean ruminal ammonia-N concentrations. Both the quantity of total N reaching the abomasum and the efficiency of microbial crude protein synthesis tended to increase (P greater than .05) with increased FF. In addition, the daily quantity of microbial N reaching the abomasum was affected (P less than .05; cubic) by FF. Ruminal pH was not affected (P greater than .05) by FF, whereas total volatile fatty acid concentrations (VFA) decreased (P less than .05; linear) with increased FF. Responses in molar proportions of individual VFA to FF were variable, and suggest that increasing FF elicits significant changes in the distribution of fermentation end-products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Training of Personnel–Pediatrics

The educational programs that have been developed in newborn special care facilities teach personnel the manual skills necessary to manage the sick neonate and provide personnel with a better understanding of neonatal pathophysiology. Content and specific objectives of such a program are proposed.
Microwave Techniques in Biophysical Measurements

AbstractOne of the emerging fields of study in biophysics and bioelectronics is the investigation of the role of water in living systems. Microwave frequencies are well suited for studies of water since “free” water shows a Debye dispersion with a relaxation time of 10-10 sec. Differential volumetric techniques were devised to allow measurements of changes in the water structure surrounding active macromolecules such as enzymes. Another microwave technique—-Faraday rotation—was adapted to measure the concentration of free dipoles in systems consisting of macromolecules and varying amounts of water. Since some enzymes (e.g., urease) can act as catalysts even in a relatively dry environment, a combination of the above two techniques allows one to clarify structural changes in the water surrounding enzymes while they are interacting with their substrate molecules. The Faraday rotation technique is also used as a contactless Hall-effect measurement to study the mobilities ofcharge carriers in organic semicond...
Studies on the Analysis of Brain Structural Proteins by Chromatofocusing

Abstract Chromatofocusing principles have been used in an attempt to develop an HPLC technique for an improved analysis and preparation of several major cytoskeletal proteins from brain tissue. Two ion-exchange columns (Mono P and Mono Q) were compared for analytical and preparative chromatofocusing of neurofilaments and microtubule-associated proteins. Preparations of Triton X-100 insoluble material from human brain grey matter and taxol preparations of rat brain microtubules were used as starting materials. Separation was monitored by SDS-gel electrophoresis. Positive identification was based on immunoreactivity of monoclonal antibodies specific for neurofilaments, MAP 2, and other cytoskeletal proteins. Neither column showed improved resolution of these proteins when compared to ion-exchange chromatography.
AMED: The Allied and Complementary Medicine Database

AMED: The Allied and Complementary Medicine Database is a resource from the Health Care Information Service of the British Library. AMED offers access to complementary and alternative medicine topics, such as acupuncture, chiropractic, herbalism, homeopathy, hospice care, hypnosis, palliative care, physiotherapy, podiatry, and rehabilitation. This column features a sample search to demonstrate the type of information available within AMED. AMED is available through the EBSCOhost and OVID platforms.
Building an IMS Client test bed with open source tools

Requirements are growing faster than ever. Keeping a product in sync with ever growing requirements is a big challenge and IMS is a classic example for the above statement. 3GPP IMS standards are evolving and the client side requirements bulge every month. It is important to ensure an IMS client is tested during the time of development with a platform that simulates the IMS network. As it is an expensive preposition to rely on operator's live network for testing and a live network cannot simulate error conditions, an IMS client test bed becomes essential. This paper explains our experiences in using open source elements like OpenIMSCore, OpenIKEv2, Strongswan, Open Sigcomp and SIPp to build an IMS client test bed. This paper describes vividly, a test bed that can be used to test an IMS client across usecases that include simple 3GPP call flow, call flow with signaling compression, call flow over TLS, call flow with security and a call flow from a device behind NAT with STUN server. The test bed is built to accommodate IMS clients operating on varied access types like LAN, GPRS/EDGE/UMTS and Wi-FiMtrade.
FDA and Promotion and Advertising

Companies spend more on marketing/advertising than on research. Of the estimated $57 billion spent in the U.S., 50 % is spent on free samples, 30 % on detailing physicians and hospitals and 15 % on medical journal and direct-to-consumer advertising. While the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act does not authorize regulation of the practice of medicine by FDA, it does call for FDA to regulate the promotion of prescription drugs (OTC drugs are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission) and certain devices. In regulating drug promotion, FDA requires that advertising be based on substantial evidence or clinical experience (which has come to mean on the labeled information), be truthful and not misleading and present a “fair balance” of risk and benefit. All promotional materials and efforts must be consistent with the FDA approved labeling.