cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macro causes, micro effects: linking public policy, family structure, and educational outcomes

As indicated by the theme of this volume, social scientists increasingly have appreciated the pivotal role that agents outside the school – more speciﬁcally, family and community – play in children’s educational development. These scholars owe a great debt to the groundbreaking work by James Coleman and his colleagues, who ﬁrmly established the pattern that is by now familiar: the more favorable a family’s socioeconomic standing, the brighter its children’s educational prospects. Coleman’s signature ﬁnding that families and communities may be more consequential than schools with respect to children’s educational attainment still commands the attention of academicians, policy makers, and the public-atlarge. Scholars have crafted volumes of research illustrating how family dynamics in combination with background factors help shape individual-level educational outcomes. Coleman’s impression on policy makers spurred a host of educational reforms designed to encourage families’ greater involvement in their children’s education. His inﬂuence has been demonstrated, for instance, by the “community control” movement, while perhaps also inhibiting ongoing efforts to implement structural reforms, such as desegregating the nation’s public schools. Public commentary continues to reﬂect the stance, held at both conservative and liberal ends of the political spectrum, that for educational reforms to accomplish their goals, attention also must be directed to the familial conditions that favorably (or unfavorably) affect children’s educational progress.2
Late Causes of Death After Congenital Heart Defects: A Population-Based Study From Finland.

“Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards.”—Soren Kierkegaard [(1)][1] Improvement in life expectancy of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) [(2,3)][2] has resulted in emergence of a patient population for which there is sparse track record in adult
Entropic Considerations in Molecular Design

New information on the safety of chemicals, combined with threats of dwindling natural resources, increased pollution, and evidence of climate change have created a new environment for chemical innovation. In this new environment, traditional elements of chemical and material syntheses, such as high energy input and waste output, are no longer suitable. Scientists and engineers can instead gain insight from nature, where entropy facilitates reactions at room temperature and ambient pressure, using water as a solvent. This paper addresses five general considerations based on entropy to guide and inspire scientists and engineers in designing more efficient and benign chemicals, materials, and processes.
Disabled-2 Determines Commitment of a Pre-adipocyte Population in Juvenile Mice

Disabled-2 (Dab2) is a widely expressed clathrin binding endocytic adaptor protein and known for the endocytosis of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) family receptors. Dab2 also modulates endosomal Ras/MAPK (Erk1/2) activity by regulating the disassembly of Grb2/Sos1 complexes associated with clathrin-coated vesicles. We found that the most prominent phenotype of Dab2 knockout mice was their striking lean body composition under a high fat and high caloric diet, although the weight of the mutant mice was indistinguishable from wild-type littermates on a regular chow. The remarkable difference in resistance to high caloric diet-induced weight gain of the dab2-deleted mice was presented only in juvenile but not in mature mice. Investigation using Dab2-deficient embryonic fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells indicated that Dab2 promoted adipogenic differentiation by modulation of MAPK (Erk1/2) activity, which otherwise suppresses adipogenesis through the phosphorylation of PPARγ. The results suggest that Dab2 is required for the excessive calorie-induced differentiation of an adipocyte progenitor cell population that is present in juvenile but depleted in mature animals. The finding provides evidence for a limited pre-adipocyte population in juvenile mammals and the requirement of Dab2 in the regulation of Ras/MAPK signal in the commitment of the precursor cells to adipose tissues.
Always-On Speech Recognition Using TrueNorth, a Reconfigurable, Neurosynaptic Processor

Deep neural networks (DNN) have been shown to be very effective at solving challenging problems in several areas of computing, including vision, speech, and natural language processing. However, traditional platforms for implementing these DNNs are often very power hungry, which has lead to significant efforts in the development of configurable platforms capable of implementing these DNNs efficiently. One of these platforms, the IBM TrueNorth processor, has demonstrated very low operating power in performing visual computing and neural network classification tasks in real-time. The neuron computation, synaptic memory, and communication fabrics are all configurable, so that a wide range of network types and topologies can be mapped to TrueNorth. This reconfigurability translates into the capability to support a wide range of low-power functions in addition to feed-forward DNN classifiers, including for example, the audio processing functions presented here.In this work, we propose an end-to-end audio processing pipeline that is implemented entirely on a TrueNorth processor and designed to specifically leverage the highly-parallel, low-precision computing primitives TrueNorth offers. As part of this pipeline, we develop an audio feature extractor (LATTE) designed for implementation on TrueNorth, and explore the tradeoffs among several design variants in terms of accuracy, power, and performance. We customize the energy-efficient deep neuromorphic networks structures that our design utilizes as the classifier and show how classifier parameters can trade between power and accuracy. In addition to enabling a wide range of diverse functions, the reconfigurability of TrueNorth enables re-training and re-programming the system to satisfy varying energy, speed, area, and accuracy requirements. The resulting system's end-to-end power consumption can be as low as $14.43\text{mW}$ , which would give up to 100 hours of continuous usage with button cell batteries (CR3023 $1.5\; \text{Whr}$ ) or 450 hours with cellphone batteries (iPhone 6s $6.55\; \text{Whr}$ ).
Reevaluating the mechanism of excitation energy regulation in iron-starved cyanobacteria

This paper presents spectroscopic investigations of IsiA, a chlorophyll a-binding membrane protein produced by cyanobacteria grown in iron-deficient environments. IsiA, if associated with photosystem I, supports photosystem I in light harvesting by efficiently transferring excitation energy. However, if separated from photosystem I, IsiA exhibits considerable excitation quenching observed as a substantial reduction of protein-bound chlorophyll a fluorescence lifetime. Previous spectroscopic studies suggested that carotenoids are involved in excitation energy dissipation and in addition play a second role in this antenna complex by supporting chlorophyll a in light harvesting by absorbing in the spectral range inaccessible for chlorophyll a and transferring excitation to chlorophylls. However, this investigation does not support these proposed roles of carotenoids in this light harvesting protein. This study shows that carotenoids do not transfer excitation energy to chlorophyll a. In addition, our investigations do not support the hypothesis that carotenoids are quenchers of the excited state of chlorophyll a in this protein complex. We propose that quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence in IsiA is maintained by pigment-protein interaction via electron transfer from an excited chlorophyll a to a cysteine residue, an excitation quenching mechanism that was recently proposed to regulate the light harvesting capabilities of the bacteriochlorophyll a-containing Fenna-Mathews-Olson protein from green sulfur bacteria.
Is it the wage premium that targets worker turnovers

The literature on FDI shows that there exists a wage premium that multinational enterprises (MNEs) pay to local workers and link this to a technology spillover argument. The MNEs pay higher wages t...
Surface Trafficking of Sodium Channels in Cells and in Hippocampal Slices

The voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1) plays an important role in initiating and propagating action potentials in neuronal cells. We and others have recently found that the Alzheimer’s disease-related secretases BACE1 and presenilin (PS)/γ-secretase regulate Nav1 function by cleaving auxiliary subunits of the channel complex. We have also shown that elevated BACE1 activity significantly decreases sodium current densities in neuroblastoma cells and acutely dissociated adult hippocampal neurons. For detailed molecular studies of sodium channel regulation, biochemical methods are now complementing classical electrophysiology. To understand how BACE1 regulates sodium current densities in our studies, we setup conditions to analyze surface levels of the pore-forming Nav1 α-subunits. By using a cell surface biotinylation protocol, we found that elevated BACE1 activity significantly decreases surface Nav1 α-subunit levels in both neuroblastoma cells and acutely prepared hippocampal slices. This finding would explain the decreased sodium currents shown by standard electrophysiological methods. The biochemical methods used in our studies would be applicable to analyses of surface expression levels of other ion channels as well as Nav1 in cells and adult hippocampal neurons.
Sustained Improvement in Blood Pressure Control for a Multiracial Cohort: Results of a Patient-centered Medical Home Quality Improvement Initiative.

Background: Patient-centered medical homes incorporate strategies to increase healthcare access as a means of improving health at the patient and population level. We hypothesized that quality improvement initiatives based in a patient-centered medical home would improve hypertension control for adult patients, regardless of race. Methods: This prospective cohort study included patients of a hospital-based Internal Medicine practice in the southeastern U.S. whose systolic blood pressure was uncontrolled (criteria ≥ 140 mm Hg) prior to patient-centered medical home certification. Mean systolic blood pressure and hypertension control rates were calculated from the average of the four quarterly means prior to patient-centered medical home designation and again from the last 4 quarters of the fiveyear study period (final). Quality improvement interventions included patient identification, multidisciplinary team meetings, targeted outreach and dedicated office visits for addressing hypertension. Primary outcomes included the change in systolic blood pressure and the change in the proportion of the cohort with hypertension control. Chi-square, two sample t-tests and ANOVA were used for comparison (SAS 9.3). Results: The inception cohort had 1,702 patients (64% nonwhite, 36% white) with systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg. Mean systolic blood pressure significantly decreased while hypertension control rates increased in both races after patient-centered medical home certification. White adults had lower mean systolic blood pressure and higher control rates at baseline and study conclusion compared to nonwhite adults. Similar trends persisted regardless of the number of office visits. Conclusion: The analysis of blood pressure before and after designation of an Internal Medicine clinic as a patientcentered medical home reveals disparities in rates of chronic disease control. Team-based outreach improves hypertension control for patients regardless of race or visit number. These findings suggest that patient-centered medical homes and a multidisciplinary care approach, not limited to increased access, improve chronic disease control and should be considered for diverse outpatient clinics.
Dynamics and Stability in the Encounters between Asian Buddhists and European Christians

The aim of this paper is to theorize broadly about how cultural encounters between Asian Buddhists and European Christians spurred various efforts to demarcate, systematize, and stabilize religious traditions. It focuses on the dynamics seen in Buddhist responses to contact situations from the sixteenth century onwards in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Japan in order to map out some patterns of interaction among these communities. Theories of cultural imitation and independence do not suffice to theorize interreligious encounters in these cases. Using select examples, this paper will contend that Asian Buddhists often responded to various kinds of European interventions by redefining and reimagining the Buddhist tradition in new ways in order to argue for its continued validity and to secure its stability in the face of external encounters and pressures.
A review of research on smoking among United States Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (2006–2016)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders diagnosed in U.S. veterans. PTSD is associated with high smoking prevalences and difficulty quitting in the gene...
Signal Transduction Pathways: From Receptor to the Actin Cytoskeleton

In order to make functional connections in the developing nervous system, neurons must be actively guided through the extracellular environment to reach their appropriate targets. The growth cone, a motile structure located at the tip of axons, responds to extracellular guidance cues that can act as either attractants or repellents thereby steering the axon. As in motile non-neuronal cells, motility is achieved through actin and microtubule cytoskeletal rearrangements. The driving forces in growth cone advance, turning, and retraction all require changes in actin dynamics (Tessier-Lavigne and Goodman 1996, Dent and Gertler 2003, Dontchev and Letourneau 2003, Huber et al. 2003). Rho GTPases are proteins that have been shown to be principal actin regulators in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells (Mackay and Hall 1998, Burridge and Wennerberg 2004, Govek et al. 2005, Hall 2005, Jaffe and Hall 2005). These GTPases can regulate actin through effectors that can directly bind to or activate more downstream actin-binding proteins (Van Aelst and D’Souza-Schorey 1997, Takai et al. 2001). Activation of Rho GTPases can thereby coordinate actin dynamics by enhancing polymerization or by inhibiting monomer binding to filaments as well as by regulating actin disassembly and acto-myosin contractility. These GTPases have been shown to be essential in guidance decisions and, through their effects on actin and microtubules, orchestrate directional motility in growth cones.
Daily Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Accommodation and Relationship Functioning in Military Couples.

Romantic partners' accommodation of trauma survivors' posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (e.g., taking on tasks, survivors avoid participating in social withdrawal) is associated with lower relationship satisfaction for both partners and survivors. Little is known about associations of partner accommodation with other aspects of relationship functioning, like intimacy. Sixty-four male military veterans with at least subclinical PTSD and their partners participated in a 2-week daily diary study. Veterans completed nightly measures of PTSD symptoms, while female partners completed nightly measures of accommodating behaviors performed that day. Both partners reported feelings of intimacy each night. Multilevel models revealed that accommodation was significantly, negatively associated with feelings of intimacy, with stronger effects for partners (t = -8.70) than for veterans (t = -5.40), and stronger effects when veterans had lower (t = -7.43) rather than higher (t = -5.20) levels of daily PTSD symptoms. Therapists should consider accommodating behaviors as a potential impediment to relationship intimacy, particularly when veterans have less severe symptoms of PTSD. Accommodating behaviors are an ideal treatment target in behavioral couple therapies.
Prosthetic Fixation Options

There is a spectrum of mesh fixation options for all hernia repairs. The two main categories include mechanical fixation and adhesive fixation. Key differences between the two modalities include using point fixation of mesh by anchoring it to tissue (mechanical) versus the fixation of the entire surface area of mesh by covering it with a nonpenetrating fixative (adhesive). Selection of one form over the other (or combination use) is dependent on many factors that include operative approach, type of hernia, and the location of mesh placement. Aims of this review are to discuss the biomechanics of fixation and clinical outcomes of these various forms of fixation within the realm of hernia repair.
Increased circulating miR-370-3p regulates steroidogenic factor 1 in endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a gynecologic disease common among reproductive-aged women caused by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Altered expression of numerous genes and microRNAs has bee...
Risk of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) in a cohort of 3,546 women prospectively followed after receiving textured breast implants.

1565Background: Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare subtype of T-cell lymphoma, developing in in the fluid or capsule surrounding breast implants, primaril...
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator drugs reduce mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of low back pain

Background and objectives Intervertebral disc herniation is one of the common causes of low back pain. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator drugs have been shown to reduce pain in several animal models. The present study examines if early treatment with the drug metformin, an indirect AMPK activator, and/or O304, a new direct AMPK activator, can reduce the mechanical hypersensitivity that develops after lumbar disc puncture in mice. Methods The L4/L5 and L5/L6 discs in male and female mice were exposed via a retroperitoneal approach and a single puncture was made at the midline of each disc. Mice were randomized into four drug treatment groups: (1) vehicle; (2) metformin 200 mg/kg; (3) O304 200 mg/kg; (4) metformin 100 mg/kg plus O304 100 mg/kg; plus one untreated sham surgery group. Drugs were administered by oral gavage starting 7 days after disc puncture and repeated for six more days. Mechanical allodynia in the plantar hindpaw was measured presurgery and up to day 28. Results 7 days after disc puncture, female mice had lower von Frey thresholds than male mice, difference −0.46 g, 95% CI −0.34 to −0.60, p Conclusions Lumbar disc puncture in mice produces consistent mechanical hypersensitivity, and postinjury treatment with AMPK activator drugs (indirect and direct) reduces the mechanical hypersensitivity.
Medical Treatment of Pediatric Rhinosinusitis: Focus on Intranasal and Systemic Corticosteroids

Rhinosinusitis is a commonly encountered problem in both pediatric and otorhinolaryngologic practices with a recent increase in the diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in both adult and pediatric patients. This is likely a consequence of an improved understanding of the etiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of the disease. This chapter overviews the medical treatment of the disease with special focus on the evidence supporting corticosteroid therapy.
Teaching Virtual Technology through Industry Collaboration: An Assessment of Pedagogical Process and Outcomes

The two-fold purpose of this study was to develop an approach to teaching virtual technology that is apparel industry specific and to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the resulting outcomes to better understand the needs of apparel students as virtual technology learners. This study employed a three phased, mixed-method research design. Phase I consisted of an on site presentation of a virtual prototyping software to students in an introductory apparel studies course. Phase II consisted of two weeks of training on the software. A pretest was administered to the students prior to the start of the training and a posttest after the training was completed. Phase III consisted of in-depth interviews where students were asked to reflect more broadly on the learning experience. Findings of the study contribute to what is known about how students learn 3D technology applications.
Comparison of Staged Versus Same-day Bilateral Hip Surgery in Nonambulatory Children With Cerebral Palsy.

BACKGROUND Bilateral hip reconstructions with osteotomies are commonly required in patients with severe cerebral palsy (CP) and dysplasia. These procedures can be performed by staging each hip surgery, separated by weeks to months, or by addressing both hips in a single-event surgery. The optimal timing of such surgery is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare major complications between the staged and single-event approaches. METHODS Medical records of patients who underwent bilateral hip osteotomies, with at least one side including a pelvic osteotomy, were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects were identified who had a diagnosis of nonambulatory CP (defined by Gross Motor and Functional Classification System level IV or V), and at least 1 year of clinical follow-up. All hips were treated by 1 of 7 surgeons: 2 surgeons who always performing single-event surgery and 5 who always perform staged surgeries. Complications were stratified by the Modified Clavien-Dindo Classification (grades 1 to 5). The primary outcome was major complications (grade ≥3), while minor complications, readmissions, reoperations, and resource utilization outcomes were investigated secondarily. RESULTS Sixty-five patients met our inclusion criteria: 35 received single-event surgery and 30 received staged surgery. The staged group had a higher rate of major complications per patient (0.30 vs. 0; P=0.013). Unplanned readmissions and reoperations were likewise increased in the staged group. Minor complication rates were high in both groups, with no differences observed between staged and single-event approaches (3.27 per patient vs. 2.91; P=0.952). There were no complications causing permanent disability or death. The total length of stay (6.2 vs. 4.0 d; P<0.001) and mean nonsurgical operating room time (65.7 vs. 45.6 min; P<0.001) were increased in the staged group versus the single-event group. CONCLUSIONS The staged approach to bilateral hip reconstructions in the nonambulatory CP population was associated with a higher rate of major complications compared with a single-event approach. Minor complications were similar for both approaches. Both approaches can have an acceptable safety profile with no observed grade 4 or 5 complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
Law and Philosophy in China and Elsewhere

This is my twenty-first visit to China to attend conferences, do lectures or teach classes. Since my first invitation to visit China fifteen years ago, I have always been deeply honored to be invited whether to address a national conference such as this or do lectures to students and faculties at the approximately 30 universities that I have been privileged to visit.
International comparisons of weight stigma: addressing a void in the field.

Despite substantial evidence documenting weight stigma toward people with higher body weight, international comparative studies are lacking in this field. The few studies that have compared weight stigma across different countries focus on explicit weight-biased attitudes rather than people’s experiences of weight stigma. The present study conducted a multinational systematic comparison of weight stigma in six countries to assess experiences and interpersonal sources of weight stigma. Adults (N = 13,996) enrolled in WW International (formerly Weight Watchers), residing in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the UK, and the US completed identical online anonymous surveys in the dominant language for their country. Surveys assessed their history of experiencing weight stigma, the onset of stigmatizing experiences and associated distress from stigma in different time periods, and interpersonal sources of weight stigma. More than half of participants (55.6–61.3%) across countries reported experiencing weight stigma. Participants with higher BMI were significantly more likely to report weight-stigmatizing experiences than individuals with lower BMI. In all countries, weight stigma experiences were most frequent in childhood and adolescence, with associated distress highest during these time periods. Participants in Germany reported a higher frequency of weight stigma across their whole life, but lower distress associated with stigmatizing experiences, compared to participants in the other five countries. High percentages of participants in each country experienced weight stigma from family members (76.0–87.8%), classmates (72.0–80.9%), doctors (62.6–73.5%), co-workers (54.1–61.7%), and friends (48.8–66.2%). Weight stigma is prevalent for adults actively engaged in weight management across different Western countries. There were more similarities than differences in the nature, frequency, and interpersonal sources of people’s experiences of weight stigma across the six countries in this study. Findings underscore the need for multinational initiatives to address weight stigma and interventions to support individuals engaged in weight management who experience weight mistreatment.
Effect of direct-acting antiviral treatment on decompensated Hepatitis C Virus cirrhosis

Goals: The goal of the study is to assess the effect of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on the model for end-stage liver disease-sodium (MELD-Na) score and on specific decompensations related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis. The aim of our study was to identify a specific cohort of patients with cirrhosis, if any, that should be targeted for treatment with DAAs. Background: The development of DAAs has provided safe and well-tolerated treatment options for patients with advanced liver disease. However, controversy remains in terms of optimal timing of treatment and whether this treatment should be offered before or following liver transplantation. Methods: We identified all patients with HCV cirrhosis who initiated treatment with DAA therapy at Johns Hopkins Hospital between July 2014 and June 2016. We identified a subset of patients who had decompensated cirrhosis and recorded their MELD-Na scores and decompensations pre- and post-treatment. Results: Fifty-six patients achieved sustained virologic response with decompensated HCV cirrhosis. The group demonstrated a significant decrease in median MELD-Na score following treatment from 12 to 10.5. Furthermore, a significant percentage of patients experienced resolution of ascites following DAA therapy with 19 patients (35.2%) clearing their ascites posttreatment. Of the 19 patients who cleared ascites, MELD-Na score decreased from a median of 12 (interquartile range [IQR] 11–18) to 11 (IQR 8–14), P = 0.01. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that patients with ascites as their main decompensation should be considered for the treatment with DAAs, while awaiting liver transplant given that the MELD-Na score showed only modest improvement and thus would not affect liver transplant (LT) listing priority.
The Self-powered RFID Sensor System for Power Transformer Condition Monitoring

As a new monitoring method, RFID (radio frequency identification) realizes data exchange through radio frequency non-contact technology, which is emerging and attracting widespread attention.This paper studies the self-powered RFID sensor system for power transformer condition monitoring,which mainly includes energy management module,signal acquisition module,signal processing module and RF module. Due to the use of wireless technology,significant overhaul costs and hardware inputs investment are saved, which makes it possible to realize long-term online monitoring. The combination of RF chip and solar cell can effectively extend chip power supply time, strengthen the function of the chip, greatly increase the communication distance and prolong the life of the chip.Through digital signal processing method, the trend term of the signal, which is obtained by triaxial acceleration sensor, caused by integration is removed, and the vibration displacement signal is obtained quickly, which provides a strong technical support for the real time domain testing.
Automated actuation of multiple bubble microrobots using computer-generated holograms

Microrobots, sub-millimeter untethered microactuators, have applications including cellular manipulation, microsurgery, microassembly, tissue culture, and drug delivery. Laser-induced opto-thermocapillary flow-addressed bubble (OFB) microrobots are promising for these applications. In the OFB microrobot system, laser patterns generate thermal gradients within a liquid media, creating thermocapillary forces that actuate the air bubbles that serve as microrobots. A unique feature of the OFB microrobot system is that the optical control enables the parallel yet independent actuation of microrobots. This paper reports on the development of an automated control system for the independent addressing of many OFB microrobots in parallel. In this system, a spatial light modulator (SLM) displayed computer-generated holograms to create an optical pattern consisting of up to 50 individual spots. Each spot can control a single microrobot, so the control of array of microrobots was accomplished with sequence of holograms. Using the control system described in this paper, single, multiple, and groups of microrobots were created, repositioned, and maneuvered independently within a set workspace. Up to 12 microrobots were controlled independently and in parallel. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the largest number of parallel, independent microrobot actuation reported to date.
Receptors for Nerve Growth Factor

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the two receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF)—namely, (1) the low-affinity NGF receptor and (2) the product of the proto-oncogene trk . It also reviews the way they were originally identified and the structural and functional features of the two receptors. NGF interacts with two receptor glycoproteins in responsive cells, p75 NGFR and p140 Prototrk . Both receptors are expressed on NGF-responsive cells, including sympathetic and neural crest-derived sensory neurons, cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain, and PC12 cells, a widely used cell culture model for studying the mechanism of action of NGF. Two different receptors interact with NGF, leading to cell survival and cell differentiation and maintenance of neurons. The finding that NGF binding to trk can induce cell proliferation suggests new roles for neurotrophic factors. The product of the proto-oncogene trk is the primary signaling NGF receptor, the function of which is to increase the tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Sensory deficits in mutant mice missing the P75 NGFR gene suggest that this receptor has an essential role in neuronal development.
The Unfolded Protein Response

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the unfolded protein response. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the gateway to the secretory pathway. Proteins which are destined either to be secreted from the cell or to reside in one of the compartments along the secretory pathway are translocated across the membrane of the ER. It was subsequently recognized that glucose deprivation leads to protein misfolding in the ER, probably because it impairs the glycosylation of secretory proteins. The N-terminal lumenal domain would sense the accumulation of unfolded proteins, which, by analogy to other transmembrane kinases, would lead to activation of its cytoplasmic effector domain. Several experiments indicate that both the unique endoribonucleolytic activity of Ire1 and the UPR-regulated splicing pathway are conserved in higher eukaryotic cells. Finally, this chapter stresses on a most challenging question: How do mammalian cells integrate the diverse outputs that are activated by ER stress and can lead to either adaptation or death?—that remains to be addressed.
Proteomics and bioinformatics.

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the use of existing bioinformatics approaches in the analysis of global-protein expression using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry and on the extension of bioinformatics to include the analysis and management of the proteome data being produced. Bioinformatics will, of necessity, come to include the acquisition, analysis, and management of such protein-expression data, as well as the integration of those data with genome and protein sequence databases. The chapter discusses several bioinformatics tools, such as (1) sequence databases, (2) sequence analysis, and (3) annotation and proteomics tools—such as open reading frame (ORF) databases and proteomics, proteome (2DE) databases, and database integration. In the context of protein expression, the ORF sequences are used to select specific nucleotide sequences to include on the complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray chips used to quantify changes in specific messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance. The ORF sequences are also used as the starting material for protein arrays, providing the nucleic acid sequence that is incorporated into host cells to produce overexpression of the target proteins for the arrays. A comparative analysis of the metabolic processes of whole cells will be facilitated through the comparison of protein expression and genome sequence data from diverse cell types and the dream of computational cell modeling. Fully, and even partially, annotated genome databases have multiple uses in the broad context of proteomics, including protein structure and function prediction, as well as protein-expression analysis.
Desmosome Ultrastructure and the Biological Behavior of Chemical Carcinogen-induced Urinary Bladder Carcinomas

In the quantitative electron microscopic study, we examined the relationship of desmosomes to tumor invasiveness in chemical carcinogen (N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide)-induced urinary bladder transitional cell carcinomas in the Fischer rat. The number of a desmosomes per unit area of plasma membrane was significantly reduced in carcinomas. However, the percentage of cell surface area occupied by desmosomes was greater in carcinomas than in controls. This was accounted for on the basis of increases in desmosomal size, which result from squamous differentiation within the tumors. Areas of transitional cell differentiation and squamous differentiation demonstrated an equal capacity for invasiveness. Desmosomes were abundant in invading nests of tumor cells. These findings cast doubt on the validity of the concept of decreased intercellular adhesion as a prerequisite for tumor invasion, since strong interadhesion is probably a function of the area occupied by the intercellular junctions.
Urban Flood Damage Estimating Curves

Because of increased flood damages resulting from development in flood plain areas many local and state politicians in Georgia have expressed interest in adopting state legislation which would encourage or mandate the development of local stormwater management programs. Before such legislation is drafted or programs developed for specific areas, the legislature wanted some documentation to estimate the magnitude of present and future flood damages for urban areas throughout the state. Thus, one of the objectives of a recently completed research project was to develop general flood damage curves to roughly estimate flood damages for urban flood plain areas. The development of the flood damage curves was accomplished by using the results from an economic computer model and its application to generalized data in Georgia. The results of applying curves to five case study areas in Georgia are given. Uses and limitations of the curves are outlined.
Rhenium-labeled somatostatin analog RC-160. 1H NMR and computer modeling conformational analysis

The solution conformations of RC-160, cyclic D-Phe1-Cys2-Tyr3-D-Trp4-Lys5-Val6-Cys7+ ++-Trp8-NH2, an analog of the tumor antiproliferatory neuropeptide somatostatin, and RC-160 labeled with rhenium (Re-RC-160), have been determined by using two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy (600 MHz) and restrained molecular dynamics simulations. Re-RC-160 yields the same average solution conformation as does the apo form with an antiparallel beta-sheet fold and a type II' beta-turn centered at D-Trp4-Lys5. These results indicate that the spatial topography of the side chains essential for somatostatin receptor binding is maintained in Re-RC-160.
Enantioselective organocatalytic construction of pyrroloindolines by a cascade addition-cyclization strategy: synthesis of (-)-flustramine B.

Pyrroloindoline and bispyrroloindoline are a subclass of alkaloid structural motifs that commonly exhibit biological activity. An enantioselective organocatalytic approach to the synthesis of pyrroloindoline architecture is described. The addition–cyclization of tryptamines with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in the presence of imidazolidinone catalysts 1 and 8 provides pyrroloindoline adducts in high yield and excellent enantioselectivities. This transformation is successful for a wide range of tryptamine and α,β-unsaturated aldehyde substrates. This amine-catalyzed sequence has been extended to the enantioselective construction of furanoindoline frameworks. Application of this pyrroloindoline-forming reaction to natural product synthesis has been accomplished in the context of the enantioselective synthesis of (–)-flustramine B.
Occupational Ergonomics: Past, Present, and Future

Ergonomics is the science of properly balancing job demands with worker capabilities to prevent a mismatch in demands and capabilities which will lead to cumulative trauma of the body. Using the traditional industrial hygiene methodology of “anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control” discussions will cover each area of the methodology as it applies to the field of occupational ergonomics. Reflections of occupational ergonomics in the past, the current state of the field, and considerations for the future of the field will also be presented. Keywords: industrial hygiene; ergonomics; trunk moment; shoulder flexion; ergonomics; back pain; risk factors; musculoskeletal disorders
A Qualitative Study of an Intensive Filial Intervention Using Child–Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT)

The purpose of this qualitative study was to hear from a group of African American parents who were living in poverty about their experience participating in a short-term, intensive child–parent re...
The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit: A Poor Solution to the Housing Crisis

The diminishing role of the federal government in the development of low-income housing has had severe implications for lowincome citizens. As the quotations above indicate, opinions about how large that role should be vary greatly. While the debate continues, however, homeless people are evident on the street corners of cities and towns throughout the United States. In Connecticut, approximately 20,000 people stayed in shelters or temporary housing in 1986.3 Nationally, between 250,000 and 350,000 people are homeless on a given night.4 While homelessness has many causes,5 it cannot be eliminated without the creation of affordable housing. According to the federal
Micromachined Electrophoresis Chips with Electrochemical Detectors for Analysis of Explosive Compounds in Soil and Groundwater

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) microsystem with amperometric detection has been developed to form a reusable, sensitive, and low-cost analytical device. As part of an electrochemical detection system, the working gold electrode was inserted into a specially designed detection cell, with its sensing area positioned just outside the separation channel outlet to provide high-sensitivity detection with negligible interferences from the separation electric field. Electrophoretic separations of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and four other nitroaromatic explosives in under 4 min with detection limits of 100−200 μg/L demonstrated the good resolution as well as sensitivity of the CE microchip. The system was applicable for analysis of the explosive content of soil extracts and groundwater, yielding results in good agreement with the standard procedure. This truly reusable detection system is particularly useful for several applications that require frequent surface cleaning or electrode replacement due to severe surface...
Detection of DNA polymorphisms within the genus Cattleya (Orchidaceae)

We have adapted methodology necessary for the detection of molecular polymorphisms in the orchid genusCattleya, namely, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). We report a high level of molecular variability among species; each of eight species examined exhibited a unique DNA fingerprint with nine out of ten arbitrary primers used in single-primer RAPD reactions. Among progeny of an intraspecificCattleya cross, 55 percent of major amplification products were found to segregate. Segregation of these markers facilitated the preliminary identification of several linkage intervals. The identification and mapping of DNA polymorphisms by the RAPD technique will facilitate the use of these taxa for the identification of species-specific and genus-specific traits, allow for the measurement of recombination and introgression in hybrid populations, and enable geneticists to address concordance (or lack thereof) in the processes of speciation, morphological evolution, and molecular change in a large and highly advanced plant family.
Preservation of left ventricular ejection fraction during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty by distal transcatheter coronary perfusion of oxygenated Fluosol DA 20

The cardioprotective efficacy of coronary perfusion during angioplasty was evaluated. Forty-two patients underwent transcatheter infusion of oxygenated Fluosol DA, 20% emulsion (FDA-20), a perfluorocarbon oxygen transport fluid, into the distal coronary artery during balloon inflations. Left ventricular function was continuously monitored by two-dimensional echocardiography, and left ventricular ejection fraction was quantitatively analyzed from the video record by an area-length method with a validated computer algorithm. Each patient had multiple nonperfused and perfused balloon inflations lasting more than 45 seconds. Nineteen of the 42 patients also received control solutions of oxygenated Ringer's lactate and nonoxygenated FDA-20. The ejection fraction of nonperfused sequences fell from a baseline value of 57 +/- 15% to 36 +/- 14% at 45 seconds of inflation time (p less than 0.0005). Falls of similar magnitude were seen in the lactated Ringer's and nonoxygenated FDA-20 perfused balloon inflations. The ejection fraction fall was associated with a 54% rise in end-systolic volume (p less than 0.0005) and a 4% rise in end-diastolic volume (p = ns) compared to baseline. Inflations perfused with oxygenated FDA-20 showed a 45-second, left ventricular ejection fraction of 53 +/- 13% (p = ns compared to baseline), which was significantly greater (p less than 0.0001) than the 45-second ejection fraction of the nonperfused, or control solution perfused sequences. Results indicate that the profound fall in ejection fraction occurring during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty can be ameliorated by distal coronary perfusion with an oxygenated perfluorocarbon emulsion.
Personality and Nonverbal Social Behavior: An Ethological Perspective of Relationship Initiation

Abstract This investigation examined relationships between personality and nonverbal behavior displayed during heterosexual relationship initiation. Individuals were videotaped as they answered questions posed by an attractive opposite-sex "interviewer." Raters then coded each individual′s nonverbal behavior on 11 behaviors and 34 global attributes. Men who were unrestricted in sociosexuality smiled more, laughed more, gazed downward less often, and displayed more frequent flirtatious glances than did restricted men. Unrestricted women were more likely to lean forward and cant their heads than were restricted women. Men who were extraverted, high self-monitors, and unrestricted in sociosexuality were rated as more socially engaging/dominant and phony. Extraverted women were rated as more engaging/dominant and phony, and high self-monitoring women were rated as more phony. Results are discussed from a human ethological perspective.
Why Does Board Gender Diversity Matter and How Do We Get There? The Role of Shareholder Activism in Deinstitutionalizing Old Boys’ Networks

This essay bridges together social network and institutional perspectives to examine how women on boards, by breaking up directors’ homophilous (e.g., all-male) networks, contribute to board effectiveness. It proposes that through real and symbolic representations, women enhance perceptions of the board’s instrumental, relational, and moral legitimacy, leading to increased perceptions of the board’s trustworthiness which in turn fosters shareholders’ trust in the firm. Envisioning the gender diversification of boards as an event of institutional change, this article considers the critical role of shareholder activists and legislative support from the SEC in the deinstitutionalization of old boys’ networks and the reinstitutionalization of gender diverse boards. This work is substantiated with evidence obtained through 34 semi-structured interviews, archival and documentary evidence.
Light-induced calcium release in a photosensitive vertebrate smooth muscle.

THE involvement of calcium in the transduction process in vertebrate photoreceptors, in particular rods, has been postulated by Yoshikami and Hagins1, who suggest that this cation is sequestered in the membranous disks of the outer segment and released on stimulation by light. Recently, evidence supporting this hypothesis was obtained by Fishman et al.2 who, using an electron microscopic technique3–5 for the localisation of calcium, showed precipitate within the disks of frog rod outer segments. However, they did not explore the possibility of a light-induced decrease of calcium within the disks, which would have further supported the hypothesis. We report here evidence for the involvement of calcium in the phototransduction process in a unique vertebrate photoreceptive system.
Reversible water-supply systems for refractories plants

The reversible cycles for water-supply can be arranged rationally for repeat use of cleansed drain water.
Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the tert-Butylvinylidene Anion

The 351 nm photoelectron spectrum of the tert-butylvinylidene anion is reported. The electron affinity of the X 1A‘ state of tert-butylvinylidene is 0.645(15) eV, and the excitation energy of the 3A‘ state is 1.975(15) eV. The influence of the tert-butyl substituent on the properties of the vinylidene group in the anion, neutral singlet, and neutral triplets is examined by comparing the energetics and vibrational modes apparent in the photoelectron spectrum with those of vinylidene, fluorovinylidene, and vinylvinylidene. The electronic state energetics are found to parallel closely those of unsubstituted vinylidene while the vibrational modes activated by electron detachment from the anion are similar to those of vinylvinylidene; using these findings the term energy of the 3A‘‘ state is estimated as 2.45(15) eV. The tert-butylvinylidene anion photoelectron spectrum is the first to be analyzed without the aid of explicit high-level ab initio calculations, due to the similarity of vibrational modes to those...