cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure is not accurate immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), differential cardiac dynamics, and increased lung water following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been proposed as limitations to the accuracy of the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) in estimating left ventricular preload. A prospective study of 22 patients undergoing elective myocardial revascularization is described wherein PAOP was compared with directly measured left atrial pressure (LAP). The reliability of PAOP to estimate LAP in the hour immediately following CPB and at 1, 4, 8, and 12 hoyrs post-CPB was examined with repeated measures analysis of variance. Relationships between the PAOP-LAP difference and PVR, core temperature, arterial CO2 tension, and right and left ventricular stroke work indices (RVSWI, LVSWI) were tested by linear regression analysis. There was greater variability in measurements at 15, 30, and 45 minutes immediately after CPB, demonstrated by a pooled correlation coefficient of 0.73 versus 0.90 in the postoperative period. The degree of discrepancy between PAOP and LAP lessened with time. There was no determinable relationship of the PAOP-LAP gradient to PVR, level of PCO2, temperature, RVSWI, or LVSWI. Potential sources of discrepancy include airway pressure effects, position of the measuring catheters, positive end-expiratory pressure, infusion of protamine sulfate, extremes of pulmonary artery pressures, and effects of an open pericardium. This study was designed to limit the contribution from these sources, but a consistent pattern of discrepancy was observed. A previously proposed cause of increased lung water following CPB was not supported by the present study. In conclusion, the use of a pulmonary artery catheter alone to estimate left heart filling pressure immediately following CPB may lead to inaccurate ventricular function curves and treatment; however, postoperative use offers acceptable reliability.
Awareness of meaning of conventional expressions in second-language pragmatics

This study explores L2 learners’ awareness of meaning of L2 conventional expressions and the effect of form-meaning associations on the use of the expressions in L2 pragmatics. Definitions and examples were elicited through an aural Vocabulary Knowledge Scale modified for expressions. Elicited definitions were used to explore the meanings that learners assign to conventional expressions and learners’ examples were used to investigate the use to which they put them in conversation. One hundred and thirteen learners participated in a 22-item task in which all conventional expressions were presented aurally. Learner awareness of the meaning of conventional expressions seems likely to play a role in whether learners use an expression, and which expression among related expressions they use to the exclusion of others. Moreover, plausible meanings may be gradually associated with a conventional expression and refined rather than acquired at the same time as the form of the expression.
Frequency synthesiser architecture eliminating high speed frequency dividers for millimetre-wave applications

A frequency synthesiser architecture for millimetre-wave applications is proposed. The architecture is based on a triple-push oscillator, which functions both as a divider and oscillator. Thus, the proposed architecture eliminates the need for injection locked frequency dividers that are the main contributors to the limited tuning capability of millimetre-wave phase-locked loops. Since the proposed architecture is solely based on the performance of the triple-push oscillator, the measurement result of the first silicon triple-push oscillator at 30 GHz is presented to support the validity of the concept.
Effects of Steroid Hormone Interaction on Activity and Home-Range Size of Male Lizards

Abstract Steroid hormones play a major role in influencing the physiology and behavior of all animals, including reptiles. Oftentimes, it is an interaction between two or more hormones that is ultimately responsible for the observed response or behavior. We designed a pair of field studies on adjacent communities of side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) to provide insight into the interrelationship of testosterone (T) and corticosterone (B) in regulating aggressive behavior. On one site, males were implanted with either T or saline (s), while on the other site males received either two S implants or both a T and a B implant (T + B). T increased both activity (by 31%) and home-range size (by 150%), whereas Simplanted cohorts exhibited a reduction in both of these parameters (by 24 and 50%, respectively). However, when B was given in combination with T, not only were the positive effects of T eliminated, but there was a reduction in activity (31%) and home-range size (72%) similar to that reported in lizards that received B implants alone. S-implanted cohorts in the T + B experiment increased their activity and home-range size by 15 and 43%, respectively. Although these latter changes in the S-implanted males are not statistically significant, they are indicative of a compensatory increase similar to that seen in the T and previously reported B outcrop experiments. Taken together, these results illustrate that regulation of aggressive behavior is complicated, with both hormonal and social interactions playing critical roles in determining an individual's home-range size and, hence, reproductive success.
Oligoglyceric acid synthesis by autocondensation of glyceroyl thioester.

The autocondensation of the glyceroyl thioester, S-glyceroyl-ethane-thiol, yielded olioglyceric acid. The rates of autocondensation and hydrolysis of the thioester increased from pH 6.5 to pH 7.5 in 2,6-lutidine and imidazole buffers. Autocondensation and hydrolysis were much more rapid in imidazole buffers as compared to 2,6-lutidine and phosphate buffers. The efficiency of ester bond synthesis was about 20% for 40 mM S-glyceroyl-ethane-thiol in 2,6-lutidine and imidazole buffers near neutral pH. The size and yield of the olioglyceric acid products increased when the concentration of the thioester was increased. The relationship of these results to prebiotic polymer synthesis is discussed.
Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery Shunt

b Ashunt from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries (RV-PA shunt) is now commonly used in the Norwood rocedure.1-3 The RV-PA shunt is also useful for palliation of selected infants with inadequate pulmonary blood flow prior to a biventricular repair.4 The Pediatric Heart Network ranomized study of the RV-PA shunt vs the modified Blalock– aussig shunt in patients undergoing a Norwood procedure ound that the RV-PA shunt resulted in better transplantaion-free survival 12 months after surgery.1 However, the ame study also found that the RV-PA shunt resulted in a igher rate of unintended cardiovascular interventions, priarily balloon dilation or stent placement in the shunt or
Contemporary Practice Patterns of Endoscopic Surgical Management for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Among Urologists in the United States

Purpose: We describe contemporary trends in endoscopic surgical management for benign prostatic hyperplasia. We examined case logs submitted by urologists for American Board of Urology certification or recertification. We compared electrosurgical transurethral resection of the prostate vs laser vaporization or laser enucleation and determined the impact of surgeon age on practice patterns.Materials and Methods: We analyzed case logs from 2004 to 2010 for trends and used logistic regression models to assess the impact of surgeon age on endoscopic surgery use.Results: A total of 3,955 urologists included at least 1 endoscopic surgical management in the case logs, while 2,334 (59%) exclusively performed electrosurgical transurethral resection of the prostate and 309 (8%) exclusively performed laser vaporization or laser enucleation. We observed a large increase in the number and proportion of laser procedures from 11% in 2004 to 44% in 2010. Although there was no difference in median age between urologists w...
Experiments on PC interfacing

Abstract This paper presents two simple projects concerning the study of two basic PC interfacing techniques—interrupts and software polling. An IBM-PC/XT single-disk-drive microcomputer is the heart of the experiment; associated software in the experiments are developed in assembly language using the XT; auxiliary circuits are assembled on ordinary breadboards and interconnected to the XT through a PC-interface-breadboard. In the interrupt experiment, external interrupt signals are generated by a simple one-shot circuit and a push button; whenever the push-button is pressed, the computer is interrupted and jumps to a service routine to generate some simple “music” through the speaker. In the software polling experiment, a simple I/O port is assembled on a breadboard. Software is developed to control a smart robot through this I/O port using the polling technique. The experiments had been performed by CSUSB computer science students who had done only one hardware experiment prior to this set. Most students were able to assemble and bring up the circuit and finish the experiments successfully. They find the experiments interesting and have learnt a lot about PC interfacing through the hand-on experience.
Meridional oscillations in an idealized ocean-atmosphere system, Part I: uncoupled modes

Meridional, linear, and free modes of global, primitive-equation, ocean-atmosphere models were analyzed to see if they contain multi-year, especially decadal (∼ 10–30 years), oscillation time scale modes. A two-layer model of the global ocean and a two-level model of the global atmosphere were formulated. Both models were linearized around axially-symmetric basic states containing mean meridional circulations. The linearized perturbation system was solved as an eigenvalue problem. The operator matrix was discretized in the north-south direction with centered finite differences. Uncoupled, meridional modes of oscillation of the ocean and the atmosphere models were calculated. Calculations were performed at three grid spacings (5°, 2.5° and 1.25°) and for two types of basic states (symmetric and asymmetric). Uncoupled, free oceanic modes in the presence of mean meridional circulations have oscillation time scales ranging from two years to several centuries. Such low frequency meridional modes do not exist in the ocean model if there are no mean meridional circulations. A large number of oceanic modes are grouped around decadal oscillation time scales. All the oceanic modes have neutral growth rates. The spatial structures of some of the oceanic modes are comparable to observed spatial structures of sea surface temperature variations in the Pacific Ocean. Most years to decades variability of meridional modes of the ocean model is contained in tropical and midlatitude modes. Some oceanic modes with years to decades periods have standing oscillations in the tropics and poleward propagation of zonal velocity and layer thickness outside the tropics. Uncoupled, free atmospheric modes in the presence of mean meridional circulations have oscillation time scales ranging from a week to several decades. Such low-frequency meridional modes do not exist in the atmospere model if there are no mean meridional circulations. A large number of modes are grouped around intraseasonal time scales. Unlike the oceanic modes, the atmospheric modes are weakly unstable. Most of the intraseasonal variability of atmospheric modes is contained in tropical, midlatitude, and polar modes. Atmospheric modes with oscillation periods longer than about one year have global extent. Meridional ocean-atmospheric modes exist in the models wherever there are mean meridional circulations, i.e., tropical, midlatitude, polar, and global. Oceanic and atmospheric eigenvectors have symmetric (assymetric) latitudinal structures if their basic states are symmetric (asymmetric) around the equator. For both models, models calculated at coarser than 2.5° grid spacing do not accurately represent low-frequency variability. Scale analysis shows taht advection by tge basic state meridional velocities is the primary cause of the meridional oscillations on time scales longer than two years in the ocean model and longer than a few weeks in the atmosphere model. Meridional modes of the coupled ocean-atmosphere models are the subject of a subsequent paper.
Synthesis and preliminary characterization of a new photoaffinity labeled adenosine nucleotide

4-Azido-2-nitrophenyl adenosyl pyrophosphate (ANAP), a new photoaffinity labeled adenosine nucleotide, was synthesized by coupling 4-azido-2-nitrophenyl phosphate and adenosine 5′-monophosphomorpholidate. Radioactive analogues were prepared from either [14C]-AMP or iodination of 4-azido-2-nitrophenol. ANAP was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase against NADP with an inhibition constant of 9.5 μM. Iodination of ANAP did not affect its inhibition. Thus ANAP is a good photoaffinity analogue of NADP. It probably will also serve as an analogue of ATP or ADP.
Market Segmentation for Fund Raisers

An analysis to define or segment contributor markets is fundamental to fund raising for charities and other nonprofit organizations. By using the concept on market segmentation, such organizations can aim their efforts toward those target segments most favorable to the particular philanthropy. The article shows how segmentation procedures, well tested in the field of marketing, can be applied by all types of fund-raising organizations. The procedures are particularly effective if based on marketing research. The article concludes by suggesting how tactical use of the marketing mix can be combined in a fund-raising strategy.
Environmental Effects on the Electronic Spectra of Electrostatically Assembled Layers of Conjugated Polymers

Conjugated polyelectrolytes, poly[2-(3-thienyl)-ethanolhydroxycarbonylmethylurethane] (HPURET) and PDA from 5,7-dodecadiyn-1,12-bis-(hydroxycarbonylmethylurethane) (HP4BCMU), were processed by programmed electrostatic assembly, respectively, with two different polycations that have significantly different refractive indices–one is poly(diallydimethylammonium) chloride (PDADMAC), the other poly(4-vinyl pyridine) quaternized with dimethylsulfate (QPVP). The optical properties of these conjugated polymers have been studied with particular attention to local environmental effects and adaption (post-assembly-processing). The electronic absorption spectra of these assemblies were dependent on the details of the assembly process.
Fire and Ice: The Wisdom of Black Women in the Academy.

This article presents the findings from a qualitative research project about a group of Black women scholars who discuss their experiences as academics in a predominantly White setting. The scholars represent fields including anthropology, education, Pan African studies, art education, and language studies. The themes found across the interviews include the value of education among their parents and families, the philosophy of mentoring that they espouse, their commitment to service in and beyond the campus, and their productivity within the rubric that Boyer (1990) described as scholarship of discovery, integration, application, and teaching.
Some observations on "Bombay" bloods, with comments on evidence for the existence of two different Oh phenotypes.

Bloods from three individuals, one each of the phenotypes OhA, OhB and OhO have been studied. The work of Dzierzkowa-Borodej, et al.10 was confirmed when it was shown that all three samples of Oh red blood cells had increased I antigen strength. The i, Sda, Lea and Lex antigens were not found to be increased. Attempts were made to adsorb and elute anti-A, anti-B and anti-A, B with the Oh red blood cells, using sera that contained high titered anti-I antibodies. This was done in the belief that previously reported positive results in such tests might be due to the high level of I on the Oh red blood cells, anti-I in the sera containing the ABO antibodies, and the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon. However, in no instance were we able to adsorb an ABO antibody onto the Oh red blood cells. Contrary to the report of others10 the titers of anti-A, anti-B and anti-H in the sera of the three Oh individuals studied did not differ significantly. We suggest that the evidence from our findings and the work of others is sufficient to show that at least two forms of the Oh phenotype exist: one representing total suppression of H, A, and B antigens, and the other marked but not total suppression, with partial inhibition of antibody production.
Management of fever in young infants

Abstract Management of the febrile young infant remains a source of consternation for parent and practitioner alike. Although the risk of serious bacterial illness in well-appearing febrile infants younger than 2 months old without a source of infeclion on physical, examination is small, the absence of reliable clinical signs makes diagnosis difficult. For many years, a sepsis evaluation, routine hospitalization, and empiric antibiotic therapy was the rule. However, recent prospective studies have shown that a select group of febrile infants who meet low-risk criteria consisting of clinical and laboratory parameters, may be managed as outpatients. This article reviews the epidemiology of febrile illness in infants younger than 2 months old. Recent prospective research is reviewed with an emphasis on differences in screening criteria and the subsequent effect on outcome. A management strategy based on these data is proposed.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Abdominal B-scan ultrasound imaging was performed on 35 infants who presented with vomiting. A thick hypoechoic ring was visualized in 21 of the 23 patients found at surgery to have hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The ring was shown to represent the hypertrophied circular muscle of the pylorus. Each side of the ring measured 4 mm or more in thickness in the positive studies. None of the patients without hypertrophic pyloric stenosis showed this finding, although thinner hypoechoic rings were often seen, representing parasagittal sections of distal antral muscle.
Magnetic ordering in KDy 3 F 10 : A system containing three orthogonal Ising lattices

The rare-earth fluorides with ${\mathrm{KY}}_{3}{\mathrm{F}}_{10}$ structure are cubic, with three nonequivalent sites for the rare-earth ion, each with a tetragonal symmetry axis aligned along one of the three cubic axes. We present magnetic susceptibility and magnetization results for ${\mathrm{KDy}}_{3}{\mathrm{F}}_{10},$ a material which displays nearly complete (Ising) anisotropy of the magnetic moments along the local symmetry axis. Magnetic exchange is antiferromagnetic, and the dipole-dipole interaction favors antiferromagnetism in the absence of exchange. Despite this, we observe a spontaneously polarized magnetic state at low temperature. The explanation appears to lie in the relative magnitudes of the two interactions.
Becoming Irish: Personal Identity Construction among First‐generation Irish Immigrants

This article elaborates the attempts by Irish immigrants to meet the contradiction between social and self-definitions initiated by their confrontation with a problematic social identity. Selectively interpreting their situation, the immigrants create and present personal identities reflecting self-definitions by engaging the identity construction strategies of exclusivity, pragmatic identification, or autonomy. Challenging their social placement generates swings toward affiliations with others who similarly interpret and act on the environment. The construction of personal identities thus provides insight into people's struggles to maintain a positive sense of self in problematic situations and the social worlds and others with whom they identify. Shared outlooks, moreover, relate to the importance attributed to ethnicity as a relevant factor in interactions. In contrast to analyses that treat ethnic identity as an ascribed constant, the view developed here argues that ethnic identity is emergent and involves within-group variations.
Uncovering historical signature of mitochondrial DNA hidden in the nuclear genome: the biogeography of Schistocerca revisited.

Inadvertent coamplification of nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (numts) is a serious problem in mitochondrial systematics, but numts can also be a valuable source of information because they represent ancient forms of mtDNA. We present a conceptual framework of numt accumulation, which states that in a given species there can be two types of numts, synaponumts and autaponumts, resulting from integration occurring respectively before and after a speciation event. In a given clade, a species that diverged early can only have its own autaponumts as well as synaponumts that were already present in the genome of the last common ancestor. A species that diverged more recently may, however, have many different synaponumts integrated at each different divergence as well as its own autaponumts. Therefore it is possible to decipher the evolutionary history of a species based on the phylogenetic distribution of numts in a simultaneous analysis of numts and extant mtDNA. In this study, we test this idea empirically in the context of addressing a controversial question regarding the biogeography of the grasshopper genus Schistocerca Stal (Orthoptera: Acrididae), based on numts of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. We find that our empirical data can be explained adequately by our conceptual framework, and that the phylogenetic distribution of COI numts reveals intricate evolutionary histories about past speciation events that are otherwise difficult to detect using conventional markers. Our study strongly favours the Old World origin of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria and the New World Schistocerca species are descendants from an ancestral gregaria-like species that colonized the New World via westward transatlantic flight. However, the phylogenetic distribution of S. gregaria numts raises a distinct possibility that there might have been multiple founding events from Africa to America to give rise to the present-day diversity of the genus. This is a case study for a creative use of numts as molecular fossils, and we demonstrate that numts provide an interesting and powerful phylogenetic signal, much more than what extant mtDNA or nuclear gene sequences might be able to provide.
An intermediate denture technique.

Abstract In clinical situations where indicated, the intermediate denture is often preferable to the immediate denture procedure. It not only eliminates some of the undesirable psychologic reactions to the loss of natural teeth, but it provides a more acceptable biologic transition from the dentulous to the edentulous state. An intermediate denture (constructed from impressions made prior to removal of either posterior or anterior teeth) is placed immediately following the removal of the natural teeth; thus, the difficulties created by the absence of posterior teeth during construction of the immediate denture are avoided.
Don't Tread on Me: The Art of Supervising Student Assistants

SUMMARY The presenter provided a commonsense, practical approach to supervising students, based on respect for the student employee, the need to see that the necessary work gets done well, and the belief that coaching and mentoring will grow excellent student employees. The presentation was organized so that basic areas of managing student employees were covered as well as overarching themes of consistency, training, supervision and
Exploring the potential of mobile phones for active learning in the classroom

Research has shown that educational technology can broaden and enhance the use of active learning in large classrooms. An educational technology platform often relies on students to bring laptops or specialized wireless devices like clickers to interact through the system. Mobile phones are an attractive alternative, as most students already possess them, they have more capabilities than dedicated clickers, and yet are small enough to minimize interference with note taking on a classroom desk.This paper presents the design and use of a mobile phone extension to Ubiquitous Presenter, which allows students to submit solutions to active learning exercises in the form of text or photo messages. In an exploratory study, students found that text messaging worked well for exercises with multiple choice or short answers. Entering symbols common to computer science was difficult. Many problems were more suitable to photo messaging of a handwritten answer, although image quality must be managed. The phone's small size left space for the use of a notebook. The students had concerns about the message charges that would accrue in use. In conclusion, we offer recommendations to instructors and system designers interested in leveraging mobile phones to increase communication in the classroom.
Conformation of diphtheria toxin and an enzymically-active fragment

Diphtheria toxin is synthesized by strains of C. diphtheria which are lysogenic for bacteriophage carrying the tax gene [l-3] . The toxin, which contains two disulfide bonds, is released into the extracellular medium as a single-chain polypeptide with mol. wt -60 000 [4,5] . In this form, toxin is inactive [6,7] but can be activated by mild proteolysis and reduction [S] . This yields two fragments, designated A and B, with respective mol. wt -21 000 and -38 000 [l-7] . Fragment A, which is derived from the amino terminus of toxin and has been sequenced [9], catalyzes the covalent linkage of the adenosine diphosphate ribose moiety of NAD+ to elongation factor EF-2 [ 10,l l] . This inactivates EF-2 and thus terminates protein biosynthesis in cell-free extracts of eukaryotes [l-3] . The present study is aimed at elucidating certain conformational aspects of diphtheria toxin and fragment A, both of which are soluble in aqueous solution; in contrast, fragment B is relatively insoluble [2,3]. Circular dichroic (CD) spectra have been obtained for both toxin and fragment A in the near (250-3 10 nm) and far (200-250 nm) ultraviolet (uv), where the ellipticity is strongly influenced by tertiary and secondary structure, respectively. Analysis of the toxin CD spectrum gave 20% cu-helicity and 25-3%@tructure; fragment A exhibited diminished ol-helicity and a somewhat elevated content of /?-
Identification and analysis of an alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AHV-1) cDNA clone expressing a fusion protein recognized by AHV-1-neutralizing antisera.

Rabbit antiserum to psoralen-inactivated alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AHV-1) virions was shown to react specifically with AHV-1-infected cells by indirect immunofluorescence. Western blot analysis using this antiserum identified a 15-kD virion protein that was also detected in infected-cell proteins between 12 and 144 h p.i., and a 37-kD protein present in infected cells between 24 and 120 h p.i. A cDNA library was constructed using mRNA obtained from AHV-1-infected fetal mouflon sheep kidney (FMSK) cells at 48 h p.i., when infected-cell proteins detected by antiserum were in abundance. Screening of the library with the rabbit anti-AHV-1 serum identified several positive clones. Southern blot analysis showed that one clone, designated 8'a, hybridized to a 4.4kbHindIII fragment of AHV-1 DNA. This AHV-1 cDNA clone expressed a fusion protein that was recognized by serum from a naturally and asymptomatically infected white-bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus albojubatus). The insert was sequenced and found to contain 833 bp. A search of the GenBank database for related sequences revealed greater than 40% homology to several other gammaherpesviruses: herpesvirus saimiri, cottontail herpesvirus, and Epstein-Barr virus.
Drug and violence prevention: Rediscovering the critical rational dimension of evaluation research

Following criticism of government-funded drug prevention activities of the early 1990s, a spate of “best practice” or “science-based” lists of alcohol, drug and violence prevention programs have been produced by federal agencies in recent years. The writings of Donald T. Campbell on validity have had a profound influence on the development of the methodological quality scales that have been utilized in the review processes used to generate these lists. Implicit in this approach to the identification of science-based prevention programs is the idea that science is equivalent to research methodology and study design. Following Karl Popper and Campbell, I contend that, while certain designs are clearly better than others in dealing with threats to internal validity and allow for better generalization of results beyond the study population, utilization of these designs in and of itself is not sufficient to designate an evaluation study as “scientific.” Nor can the accumulation of data from such studies be used to proclaim an entire area of research a “science,” as has occurred with the field of so-called “prevention science.” Rather, the fundamental criterion by which to judge the scientific status of a theory is falsifiability. If the field of drug and violence prevention is truly a science, then it should be subjecting its predictions about the effects of intervention programs to genuinely critical tests and not attempting to verify these hypotheses. It is argued that it has failed to do this, and two specific examples of prevention programs that appear on a number of science-based lists of prevention programs are discussed.
Interaction force measurement between E. coli cells and nanoparticles immobilized surfaces by using AFM

Abstract To better understand environmental behaviors of nanoparticles (NPs), we used the atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure interaction forces between E. coli cells and NPs immobilized on surfaces in an aqueous environment. The results showed that adhesion force strength was significantly influenced by particle size for both hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) and corundum (α-Al 2 O 3 ) NPs whereas the effect on the repulsive force was not observed. The adhesion force decreased from 6.3 ± 0.7 nN to 0.8 ± 0.4 nN as hematite NPs increased from 26 nm to 98 nm in diameter. Corundum NPs exhibited a similar dependence of adhesion force on particle size. The Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model was employed to estimate the contact area between E. coli cells and NPs, and based on the JKR model a new model that considers local effective contact area was developed. The prediction of the new model matched the size dependence of adhesion force in experimental results. Size effects on adhesion forces may originate from the difference in local effective contact areas as supported by our model. These findings provide fundamental information for interpreting the environmental behaviors and biological interactions of NPs, which barely have been addressed.
Optical Simulation of Radar Ambiguities

Coherent optical systems, because of their basic similarity to coherent radar systems, can be used to simulate many of the characteristics of the latter. This paper discusses the use of a coherent optical system for the simulation of the range and azimuth ambiguities that sometimes occur in radar systems. The optical configurations for implementing these simulations are described in detail, and extensive experimental results are presented.
COLLECTIVISM IN MORAL DEVELOPMENT

This study investigated the relations among ethnicity, moral reasoning, and collectivism by administering the Defining Issues Test and the Individualism-Collectivism Scale to 165 Euro-American and Asian graduate students. To the data were applied analyses of variance, correlation, t test, and regression analyses. The analysis indicated that the Asian subjects had lower P scores on the Defining Issues Test so Kohlberg's model may not incorporate the concerns and experience of Asian people. The study also showed that scores on collectivism were not necessarily associated with low P scores.
Wavelet-approximated generalized matched filter for the detection of multisensor extracellular action potentials

Signal detection represents the first processing step in the analysis of extracellular action potentials (EAPs). By combining the theory of wavelets with statistical signal detection, we derived an approximation of the generalized matched filter that is suitable for semi-supervised (noise known, signal unknown) detection of EAPs in multisensor recordings. When tested on experimental data recorded by a 4-sensor electrode (tetrode), the filter yielded significant signal-to-noise ratio improvements with respect to the original data and several popular multivariate signal processing methods.
William E. Cain, ed. William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight Against Slavery: Selections from The Liberator. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1992. 206 pp. Paper, $6.50.

(1995). William E. Cain, ed. William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight Against Slavery: Selections from The Liberator. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1992. 206 pp. Paper, $6.50. American Journalism: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 408-409.
Comment on ''The effect of viscosity, surface tension and non-linearity on Richtmyer-Meshkov instability'' (Eur. J. Mech. B Fluids 21 (2002) 511-526)

Abstract We point out that a recent paper on the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability with surface tension or viscosity has limited application and could yield bad approximations outside its range of validity.
Calcite Aragonite Problem: ABSTRACT

The fundamental stability relations of calcite and aragonite are considered in the light of: (a) calorimetric data, (b) solubility measurements, (c) direct studies of phase changes. New data of Crawford and Fyfe suggest slightly lower pressures for aragonite formation than have been formerly proposed. The difference in free energies of calcite and aragonite are small, and the effect on stability of grain size, non-hydrostatic stress, and impurities are evaluated and may be as large as ^DgrG°. Consideration of precipitation reactions involving nucleation and growth indicates that there need be no direct relationship between fundamental stability and the order of appearance of possible phases. Ostwald's law of stages implies an inverse correlation. Data on the effects of temperature and solution composition indicate that the form of calcium carbonate precipitated may frequently reflect favorable kinetics of aragonite nucleation enhanced by calcite growth inhibition. A basic problem in carbonate sedimentation involves the rate at which metastable aragonite undergoes transformation to calcite. Data on this reaction in the dry state are compared with similar processes in nitrates. It is suggested from study of single crystals that the dry process is essentially zero order, but a combination of structure and habit sensitivity may lead to other apparent rate laws. Nucleation normally takes place in the prism zone and proceeds via a linear boundary migration parallel to the c axis. A lack of reactivity of (001) also appears in aqueous reactions. In general, dry rates must be of no significance at the temperatures normally encountered in diagenesis unless deformation is extensive. In aqueous solution the problem is more complex. The rate is a function of volume, pH, PCO2, salt catalysis (general) and salt inhibition (specific), and organic protection as in some fossil aragonite, and aggregate fabric (as in fossils). It is suggested that the formation of calcite from aragonite in aqueous solutions involves homogeneous nucleation and that this is the slow rate step and is controlled by some function involving Ca++ and/or HCO3- activities. Specific inhibition appears to involve inhibition of growth and several explanations are possible, but the size of the inhibiting cation appears to be critical. End_of_Article - Last_Page 526------------
Condition and diet of yellow perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron (1970–2011)

Abstract In Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) constitute an ecologically important component of the ecosystem and support both recreational and commercial fisheries. Over the past 40 years, Saginaw Bay has experienced multiple ecosystem-level changes (e.g., non-indigenous species introductions, reduced nutrient loading and variable temperatures). In turn, abundances and growth rates of yellow perch and their predators and prey have fluctuated. Recent changes to Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron foodwebs have potential to influence prey composition and subsequently, growth and condition for yellow perch; but a complete description of yellow perch diet composition across seasons has not been undertaken in recent years. We calculated mean relative weight (W r ), an index of condition, of age-1 and older yellow perch in Saginaw Bay annually for 1970–2011. We found high interannual variation in condition and documented low mean W r during 1978–1991. We developed regression models to explain this variation using phosphorus load, temperature, forage fish density, and yellow perch density as potential explanatory factors. Patterns of W r were associated with changes in yellow perch densities, although interannual variation was not significantly associated with any of the available explanatory variables. Diet analysis of yellow perch collected in 2009 and 2010 demonstrated that age-1 and older yellow perch consumed a fundamentally different diet from a previous study (1986–1988), exhibiting a greater reliance on non-indigenous prey (e.g. Bythotrephes longimanus ).
Retention and release of deuterium implanted in copper coatings on Al-6061

Abstract To mitigate the problem of retention and permeation of tritium implanted in Al-6061, the use of copper coatings was investigated. Copper coatings (having weights of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.088 kg/m 2 ) deposited on Al-6061 substrates by the RF Magnetron sputtering method were implanted with deuterium (D) in an accelerator at 350 K, and the resulting D profiles were monitored using negative SIMS and the D( 3 He,p) 4 He nuclear reaction. The retention characteristics of deuterium were subsequently studied as a function of coating weight, D + fluence (varied in the 1−3×10 21 D + / m 2 range) and D + ion energy (40 and 120 keV). Under identical implantation conditions, deuterium retention in Al-6061 was higher than in Al-6061 coated with 0.088 kg/m 2 Cu. In the various coatings implanted under different conditions, deuterium retention ranged between 1.2% and 5.4% of the implanted amount. The deuterium retention decreased with increasing coating weight and then leveled off with further increases in the coating weight. The retention increased linearly with implantation fluence.
Diluted epoxy adhesives. I. Physical properties and lap shear strengths

A series of epoxy adhesives were prepared from a commercial bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin epoxy resin by diluting it with varying amounts of either phenyl glycidyl ether or 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether and curing with either diethylenetriamine (DTA) or diethylaminopropylamine (DPA). The initial physical properties (density, viscosity, and surface tension) of the epoxy solutions were determined both with and without curing agents. It was found that the surface tensions of adhesives catalyzed with DPA are initially very low (31–32 dynes/cm), and within several hours these solutions attain an equilibrium surface tension of 40–46 dynes/cm. When the steel-to-steel lap shear strengths of these adhesives were measured, a correlation was not observed between the initial properties and the strengths of these materials.
Rhetoric and the Encyclopedie

Theyy Encyclopedie a major work of eighteenth century French literature and culture and a precursor of the modern encyclopedia, contained in its various articles the rhetorical theories of the principal thinkers of pre‐Revolutionary France. Voltaire, d'Alembert, and other French litterateurs and philosophes opposed rhetoric both as it was practiced in society and as it was taught in the educational institutions of their day. Their recommendations for reform and their advocacy of clear, meaningful, substantive communication influenced rhetorical tradition both on the continent and in England. This study describes their theories and relates them to the rhetorical context from which they arose.
Treatment of schizophrenia. I. A critique of reviews of the literature.

Abstract From a discussion of the problems involved, it is concluded that reviews of studies on the results of treatment in schizophrenia would be greatly improved by the adoption of strict standards of acceptability, relevance, and design. In particular, assignment of a design-relevance rating to each study reviewed would be of great advantage to both reviewer and reader.
NASA Computational Case Study - Where is My Moon?

A moon or natural satellite is a celestial body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or an asteroid. Several reasons motivate discovering and studying moons of planetary bodies. In this case study we learn how astronomers search for moons of planetary bodies or perform satellite search. In particular, we look for moons of Pluto using Hubble Space Telescope's data. The Web extra contains four image files, as mentioned in the article.
Cofactor and tryptophan accessibility and unfolding of brain glutamate decarboxylase.

Abstract Cofactor and tryptophan accessibility of the 65-kDa form of rat brain glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was investigated by fluorescence quenching measurements using acrylamide, I − , and Cs + as the quenchers. Trp residues were partially exposed to solvent. I − was less able and Cs + was more able to quench the fluorescence of Trp residues in the holoenzyme of GAD (holoGAD) than the apoenzyme (apoGAD). The fraction of exposed Trp residues were in the range of 30–49%. In contrast, pyridoxal-P bound to the active site of GAD was exposed to solvent. I − was more able and Cs + was less able to quench the fluorescence of pyridoxal-P in holoGAD. The cofactor was present in a positively charged microenvironment, making it accessible for interactions with anions. A difference in the exposure of Trp residues and pyridoxal-P to these charged quenchers suggested that the exposed Trp residues were essentially located outside of the active site. Changes in the accessibility of Trp residues upon pyridoxal-P binding strongly supported a significant conformational change in GAD. Fluorescence intensity measurements were also carried out to investigate the unfolding of GAD using guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) as the denaturant. At 0.8–1.5 M GdnHCl, an intermediate step was observed during the unfolding of GAD from the native to the denatured state, and was not found during the refolding of GAD from the denatured to native state, indicating that this intermediate step was not a reversible process. However, at >1.5 M GdnHCl for holoGAD and >2.0 M GdnHCl for apoGAD, the transition leading to the denatured state was reversible. It was suggested that the intermediate step involved the dissociation of native dimer of GAD into monomers and the change in the secondary structure of the protein. Circular dichroism revealed a decrease in the α-helix content of GAD from 36 to 28%. The unfolding pattern suggested that GAD may consist of at least two unfolding domains. Unfolding of the lower GdnHCl-resisting domain occurred at a similar concentration of denaturant for apoGAD and holoGAD, while unfolding of the higher GdnHCl-resisting domain occurred at a higher concentration of GdnHCl for apoGAD than holoGAD.
On axisymmetric hydromagnetic equilibria

The physical characteristics of possible axisymmetric equilibria are examined on the basis of the integrals of hydromagnetic equations. It is shown for nearly spherical configurations that a surface differential rotation is possible only in the absence of a meridional circulation with either purely toroidal or purely poloidal magnetic field. In the presence of a meridional circulation, it is shown that no surface rotation or constant rotation is possible if the magnetic field is purely toroidal, and that no rotation is possible if the magnetic field is purely poloidal. A brief discussion is given on the possible solutions including the case of stellar winds with force-free magnetic fields.
Broken parity and a chiral ground state in the frustrated magnet CdCr2O4

We present a model describing the lattice distortion and incommensurate magnetic order in the spinel $\mathrm{Cd}{\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, a good realization of the Heisenberg ``pyrochlore'' antiferromagnet. The magnetic frustration is relieved through the spin-Peierls distortion of the lattice involving a phonon doublet with odd parity. The distortion stabilizes a collinear magnetic order with the propagation wave vector $\mathbf{q}=2\ensuremath{\pi}(0,0,1)$. The lack of inversion symmetry makes the crystal structure chiral. The handedness is transferred to magnetic order by the relativistic spin-orbit coupling: the collinear state is twisted into a long spiral with the spins in the $ac$ plane and $\mathbf{q}$ shifted to $2\ensuremath{\pi}(0,\ensuremath{\delta},1)$.
Effects of Behavioral and Social Class Information on Social Judgment

Social class schemata appear to affect perceivers' judgments of targets under conditions of stimulus ambiguity. In 1990 E. E. Jones noted that there are insufficient data to determine the effect of clearly disconfirming behavioral information and that the limits on social class schema effects are in need of investigation. This was the focus of the present research. Guided descriptively by a Bayesian model of social perception, the authors predicted and found that unambiguous, relevant stimulus information influenced judgments whereas social class information had no effect. Social class information did, however; affect judgments in a no-information condition. This basic result replicated in two experiments among populations that themselves varied in social class composition, thereby demonstrating the generalizability of the findings. Implications of these data for social perception in a stimulus-rich context are discussed.
The composition and optical absorption coefficient of atmospheric particulate matter

The optical absorption spectra of atmospheric dust as determined by transmission and diffuse reflectance spectroscopic methods is discussed in the 0.4 to 40 um wavelength range. Quantitative measurements are presented which show the imaginary refractive index to be about 0.007i, with little wavelength dependence, in the 0.4 to 1.3 μm spectral interval. The absorption coefficients of individual materials found in atmospheric dust are also given. This work suggests that atmospheric dust may be composed mainly of weakly absorbing particles contaminated with small amounts of very strongly absorbing materials such as free carbon. The implications of this are discussed from the point of view of laser beam attenuation and lidar return signals. Mie theory computations for ruby lidar wavelengths are shown which suggest that for some models of atmospheric dust, the concept of an average imaginary refractive index may be misleading. Thus, it may be necessary to consider the individual complex refractive indices and size distributions of more than one constituent material present in the dust. This implies that anthropogenic contributions to the atmospheric aerosol, such as free carbon and other strong absorbers, may be of greater optical significance than their relative concentrations might indicate.
Dendrimer templates for supported Au catalysts

Dendrimer templated thiol stabilized gold nanoparticles were evaluated as potential precursors for supported gold catalysts. Gold nanoparticles were prepared in hydroxyl- or alkyl-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimers. The nanoparticles were then extracted from the dendrimer interior with an appropriate hydrophilic or hydrophobic thiol. After deposition onto commercial titania, a variety of conditions were evaluated for removing the thiols. Desorption under nitrogen flows was most appropriate for alkyl thiols, whereas a hydrogen in nitrogen treatment gave the best results for amide containing thiols. CO oxidation catalysis by the resulting supported nanoparticles compared favorably with a standard gold test catalyst.