cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of results following three modalities of periodontal therapy related to tooth type and initial pocket depth

Results following three modalities of periodontal therapy (subgingival curettage, modified Widman flap surgery, and pocket elimination or reduction surgery) in 78 patients over 8 years were compared for variations in pocket depth and clinical attachment level related to tooth types (maxillary molars, mandibular molars, maxillary biscupids, mandibular biscupids, maxillary anterior teeth, mandibular anterior teeth). The analysis was based on a classification of three severity groups according to initial crevice or pocket depth (Class I, 1-3 mm; Class II, 4-6 mm; and Class III, 7-12 mm) and with patient's means of measurements being the experimental units for the statistical analysis. Reduction in pocket depth and gain of clinical attachment for pockets 4 mm or deeper occurred following all three methods of treatment, and was well sustained over 8 years. No one modality of treatment was consistently superior to any of the other two with regards to sustained reduction of pocket depth and gain of clinical attachment. Surgical pocket elimination or reduction did not enhance the prognosis for maintenance of periodontal support in either moderate or advanced periodontal lesions anywhere in the mouth compared with more conservative modalities of treatment. In spite of prophylaxis and instruction in home care every 3 months, there was a slight progressive loss of attachment over time in areas of shallow crevices (1-3 mm).
Relationship Between Maximum Basal Aarea Carrying Capacity and Maximum Size-density Rrelationships

Two important concepts in forest stand density management !a the maximum basal area carrying capacity and the maximu size-density relationship (MSDR) for individual stands !a are mathematically related. For stands with a MSDR slope les than 2, maximum basal area carrying capacity will occur after a stand has reached its MSDR stage of stand development, or after Reineke!?s SDI has been maximized. Maximum basal area carrying capacity and the MSDR stage of stand developmen will occur simultaneously in a stand that has a MSDR slope equal to 2. If a MSDR!?s slope is greater than 2, a stand will reac its maximum basal area carrying capacity prior to reaching its MSDR stage of stand development.
Extremal and game-theoretic characterizations of the probabilistic approach to income redistribution

In this paper, we cast the problem of income redistribution in two different ways, one as a nonlinear goal programming model and the other as a game theoretic model. These two approaches give characterizations for the probabilistic approach suggested by Intriligator for this problem. All three approaches reinforce the linear income redistribution plan as a desirable mechanism of income redistribution.
HLA-DR expression on arachnoid cells. A role in the fibrotic inflammation surrounding nerve roots in spondylotic cervical myelopathy.

Study Design. Human arachnoid cells were examined immunohistochemically for expression of HLA-DR or Fc receptors. Objective. To assess the ability of arachnoid cells to express HLA-DR and act as antigen presenting cells. Summary of Background Data. An intradural inflammatory reaction surrounds the cervical nerve roots and radicular vessels in patients with spondylotic cervical myeloradiculopathy. Active arachnoid proliferation and fibrosis in this reaction suggest these cells are actively involved in this inflammatory process. An inflammatory response is initiated by an antigen presenting cell. Evidence suggests that arachnoid cells may be antigen presenting cells, like macrophages, because they can phagocytize foreign tissue and have immunoglobulin G and complement receptors. Methods. Spinal arachnoid obtained from patients undergoing spinal surgery for intramedullary processes was grown in culture. The arachnoid cells were characterized and examined immunohistochemically for the expression of HLA-DR and Fc expression. Results. HLA-DR was expressed in vivo and in vitro by arachnoid cells. The macrophage Fc receptor was not expressed in vivo nor in vitro by arachnoid cells. Conclusion. Finding in vivo and in vitro HLA-DR expression on arachnoid cells adds further support to the concept that arachnoid cells have the potential to serve as antigen presenting cells. The absence of Fc receptors, although necessary for macrophages, does not negate antigen presenting function because other types of cells-e.g., endothelium-can present antigen without displaying Fc receptors. These experiments provide new evidence that arachnoid cells may initiate or sustain the intradural inflammatory reaction found in cervical myeloradiculopathy.
New perspectives on image enhancement for the visually impaired

Image enhancement as an aid for the visually impaired may be used to improve visibility of broadcast TV programs and to provide a portable visual aid. Initial work in this area was based on a linear model. The finite dynamic range available in the video display and contamination of the enhanced image by high spatial frequency noise limited the usefulness of this model. I propose a new enhancement method to address some of the limitations of the original model. It considers the nonlinear response of the visual system and requires enhancement of sub-threshold spatial information only. This modification increases the dynamic range available by decreasing the range previously used by the linear models to enhance visible details. Implementation of an image-enhancing visual aid in a head-mounted binocular full-field virtual vision device may cause substantial difficulties. Adaptation for the patient may be difficult due to head movement and interaction of the vestibular system response with the head-mounted display. I propose an alternate bioptic design in which the display is positioned above or below the line of sight to be examined intermittently possibly in a freeze-frame mode. Such implementation is also likely to be less expensive enabling more users access to the device. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Magnetic susceptibility of sodium disilicate glasses containing PuO2

Abstract A solubility limit of ≈6 mol% PuO2 in sodium disilicate (Na2O · 2 SiO2) glass has been determined. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on these glasses yield approximate Curie—Weiss behavior, in contrast to the temperature-independent susceptibility of crystalline PuO2. This result is interpreted to indicate that the local site symmetry around the Pu ion in the sodium disilicate glass is very different than in crystalline PuO2. The effective paramagnetic moments determined from the temperature dependence of the susceptibility are found to be consistent with calculated free-ion values based on the most likely 5f electron configurations.
Relationships between block quarrying, bed shear stress, and stream power: A physical model of block quarrying of a jointed bedrock channel

We examine interactions among substrate characteristics, hydraulic forces, and erosive processes acting on a jointed, resistant substrate in a flume experiencing supercritical flow. We conducted six experimental runs with no sediment in transport, constant slope, varying discharge, varying channel width, and varying geometry of concrete blocks forming the channel bed. The initial downstream boundary was a vertical knickpoint lip perpendicular to flow. Observed changes in bed morphology occurred primarily by episodic horizontal knickpoint retreat. The knickpoint lip can develop a curve that reflects interlocking of the irregular boundaries between otherwise physically disjointed blocks during rotation of the blocks. Sometimes a block acts like a keystone in an arch and mobilization of the key block facilitates mobilization of the linked blocks on either side, resulting in a large magnitude event. In contrast to previous studies where blocks were vertically plucked, blocks were removed by sliding from the knickpoint. Building on previous work, we develop a theoretical force threshold for sliding block mobilization, which suggests that increased block side length parallel to flow increases block stability, whereas increased side length perpendicular to flow decreases block stability. Stream power was also linked to observed erosion rates as a function of block length, consistent with the idea that block loosening rates play a key role in controlling average erosion rates. Inferred amplification of bed shear stress and pressure at the knickpoint lip, stream power, and joint spacing correlate with the rate of block erosion. The results, although limited in scope and scale, suggest a linear relationship between bed shear stress and stream power with the rate of block erosion. Block sliding, especially at near-vertical knickpoints, can play a key or even dominant role in the morphologic dynamics of the river channel.
Sustaining Aids Mobilization: The Problem of Late-Stage Mobilization among High-Risk HIV/AIDS Subpopulations

This research utilized Cress and Snow's (2000) synthesis of mobilization theory in an attempt to explain trends in HIV/AIDS infections among gay and minority subpopulations of the US between 1983 and 2001. Results only partially confirmed mobilization theory, revealing instead, contrary to theory, a new upswing of infection rates among two subpopulations: African Americans and young MSMs (men who have sex with men). A reformulation of mobilization theory was suggested to explain these anomalies based on a division of mobilization phenomena into ‘early’ versus ‘late-stage’ mobilization. The notion of institutional isomorphism was then used to explain the transition of social movement organizations between the two stages of mobilization and their varying success with mobilization against HIV/AIDS.
Left atrial endocardial lipid deposits and absent to minimal arterial lipid deposits in familial hyperchylomicronemia.

Abstract Familial hyperchylomicronemia (type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe chylomicronemia secondary to a congenital deficiency of either lipoprotein lipase or apolipoprotein C-II. 1 In 1983, the presence of a lipoprotein lipase inhibitor (which appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant disease) as an additional cause of this disease was identified. 1,2 Familial hyperchylomicronemia generally manifests itself in infancy or early childhood as repeated attacks of abdominal pain and as a creamy appearing (lipemic) plasma, both due to ingestion of dietary fats that have delayed clearance from the plasma. Complications due to hyperehylomicronemia include acute pancreatitis, eruptive xanthomas, lipemia retinalis, and hepatosplenomegaly. Plasma triglyceride concentrations generally range from 1,500 to 4,500 mg/ dl, but levels to 25,000 mg/dl have been reported. The plasma total cholesterol generally ranges from 160 to 400 mg/dl, but may be as high as 1,000 mg/dl when the triglyceride levels are severely elevated. Both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol usually are exceedingly low, in the range of 20 to 40 mg/dl and 5 to 20 mg/dl, respectively. The fasting plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol is elevated, and it increases further after a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. 3 The diagnosis of familial hyperchylomicronemia is based on the presence of a creamy layer (chylomicrons) on the surface of plasma that has been stored in the cold (4 °C), and an elevated plasma triglyceride level. Demonstration of chylomicrons (fasting triglycerides > 1,500 mg/dl) after an overnight fast also may indicate familial hyperchylomicronemia. Analysis of lipoprotein lipase (assay of postheparin plasma) apolipoprotein C-II (gel electrophoresis of VLDL and chylomicron apolipoproteins or lipoprotein lipase activity, or both, in postheparin plasma), and lipoprotein lipase inhibitor activities establish the molecular defect in this disorder. 1 Although many reports have appeared describing clinical and biochemical features of familial hyperchylomicronemia, morphologic features of this condition have received little attention. Some morphologic data have been reported in only 5 such patients. 4–8 The present report describes clinical and necropsy findings in 4 men with familial hyperchylomicronemia with emphasis on cardiovascular observations.
Microtubules do not promote mitotic slippage when the spindle assembly checkpoint cannot be satisfied

When the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) cannot be satisfied, cells exit mitosis via mitotic slippage. In microtubule (MT) poisons, slippage requires cyclin B proteolysis, and it appears to be accelerated in drug concentrations that allow some MT assembly. To determine if MTs accelerate slippage, we followed mitosis in human RPE-1 cells exposed to various spindle poisons. At 37°C, the duration of mitosis in nocodazole, colcemid, or vinblastine concentrations that inhibit MT assembly varied from 20 to 30 h, revealing that different MT poisons differentially depress the cyclin B destruction rate during slippage. The duration of mitosis in Eg5 inhibitors, which induce monopolar spindles without disrupting MT dynamics, was the same as in cells lacking MTs. Thus, in the presence of numerous unattached kinetochores, MTs do not accelerate slippage. Finally, compared with cells lacking MTs, exit from mitosis is accelerated over a range of spindle poison concentrations that allow MT assembly because the SAC becomes satisfied on abnormal spindles and not because slippage is accelerated.
Bioremediation of groundwater pollution

Significant progress has been made in the past year towards an understanding of the microbial processes in subsurface environments that may allow natural microbial populations to be employed for bioremediation of groundwater pollution. Among the highlights were: the discovery of several previously unknown xenobiotic-degrading abilities in groundwater microorganisms; progress in using the unique abilities of methanotrophs to oxidize halogenated solvents; and characterizations of microbial populations from subsurface soils.
Discriminant analysis some east Tennessee forest herb niches

Niche differences in four species of Galium were quantified by using discriminant function analysis (DFA) of site characteristics including biotic variables. Data were analyzed separately for a mesic hardwood site and cedar barrens. Significant differences in niche centroids were also determined for 17 co-occurring herbs in the mesic hardwood site using similar variables. Variables used in the analysis included site characteristics such as aspect and percent slope, biotic variables such as total woody basal area and litter composition, and soil characteristics (for the seventeen species) including pH and texture. Biotic variables were included as indicators of environmental variables and possible allelopathic influence. In the Galium data, variables highly correlated with discriminant axes included canopy density, litter type, and overstory type. In the co-occurring species data, litter composition, slope position, soil pH and texture, and steepness of slope were most correlated with discriminant axes. Discriminant axes derived from the Galium cedar barren data set proved a poor predictor of species occurrence in the mesic hardwood site. The utility of DFA in plant niche analysis is discussed.
Estimation Performance and Strategy Use of Mexican 5th and 8th Grade Student Sample.

What computational estimation skills and strategies do Mexican students possess? Does the theoretical model based on interviews with a select United States sample accurately describe the Mexican sample?
A comparison of DMPC- and DLPE-based lipid bilayers

A 250 ps molecular dynamics simulation of the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)-based lipid bilayer, including explicit water molecules, is reported. The solvent environment of the head groups and other structural properties of the bilayer have been analyzed and compared with experimental results as well as our previous simulation of the dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine (DLPE)-based bilayer. From this comparison we find that the solvent structure around the DMPC head group (clathrate shell) is significantly different than that around the DLPE head group (typical hydrogen bonding interactions). We have modeled the probable relationship between the different solvent environments around the R-N(CH3)3+ (DMPC) and R-NH3+ (DLPE) head groups and the different interlammelar distances in these systems by performing potential of mean force (PMF) simulations on two N(CH3)4+ and NH4+ ions in water. From the PMF simulations it appears that the differences in the hydration of the DMPC and DLPE head groups is not responsible for the differences in the hydration force observed for these systems. We also find that the orientational polarization of DLPE and DMPC is similar, which suggests that solvent polarization is not responsible for the differences in the hydration repulsion behavior observed in these systems. We also examined the order parameters for DMPC and found them to be in reasonable agreement with experiment. Given the different characteristics of the DLPE and DMPC head groups, we suggest an explanation of the differences in the interlammellar spacings of bilayers composed of these like-charged lipids. From our DLPE simulations we find that the R-NH3+ head groups can interact with the nonesterified oxygens of the phosphate group in an intraleaflet or an interleaflet manner. For the latter a "cross link" between two leaflets can be formed, which causes a stabilization of the interlamellar spacings at fairly short distances. Moreover, due to the strong intraleaflet interaction we find that the DLPE interface is relatively "flat" (as opposed to DMPC-based bilayers), which results in a surface that has regions of positive and negative charge that reside in the same plane along the bilayer normal. Based on this we propose that the DLPE bilayer interface can correlate itself with another DLPE interface by alignment of the regions of positive (or negative) charge on one leaflet with the opposite charges on the opposing leaflet.
Psychometric intelligence and visual evoked potentials: a replication

Abstract Previously we have reported significant correlations between EEG visual evoked potential (EP) parameters and scores on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) test. This study is an attempt to replicate those findings in a new sample of 27 S s. The results provide further evidence that EP amplitude is related to intelligence-test performance. There is also confirmation that stimulus luminance levels influence the magnitude of EP amplitude/intelligence correlations. In addition, the results indicate that age may be a confounding variable.
An analog “neural net” based suboptimal controller for constrained discrete-time linear systems

Abstract A large class of problems frequently encountered in practice involves the control of linear time invariant systems with states and controls restricted to closed convex regions of their respective spaces. In spite of the significance of this problem, to date it has not been solved satisfactorily except in some restricted cases. In this paper we propose a suboptimal feedback control algorithm based upon on-line optimization during the sampling interval. Theoretical results are presented showing that our approach yields asymptotically stable systems. Finally an implementation of the control algorithm using an analog circuit is discussed. This implementation provides an alternative to the use of digital computers in the feedback loop that offers advantages in terms of cost and reliability. We believe that it may prove to be specially valuable when the time available for computations is limited. A 5th-order model of a F-100 jet engine is used as an example application of the controller.
Stability and kinetics of G-quadruplex structures

In this review, we give an overview of recent literature on the structure and stability of unimolecular G-rich quadruplex structures that are relevant to drug design and for in vivo function. The unifying theme in this review is energetics. The thermodynamic stability of quadruplexes has not been studied in the same detail as DNA and RNA duplexes, and there are important differences in the balance of forces between these classes of folded oligonucleotides. We provide an overview of the principles of stability and where available the experimental data that report on these principles. Significant gaps in the literature have been identified, that should be filled by a systematic study of well-defined quadruplexes not only to provide the basic understanding of stability both for design purposes, but also as it relates to in vivo occurrence of quadruplexes. Techniques that are commonly applied to the determination of the structure, stability and folding are discussed in terms of information content and limitations. Quadruplex structures fold and unfold comparatively slowly, and DNA unwinding events associated with transcription and replication may be operating far from equilibrium. The kinetics of formation and resolution of quadruplexes, and methodologies are discussed in the context of stability and their possible biological occurrence.
Progress or Complacency? Pay Equity for Women Circa 2001:

This article explores the issue of women's pay in social work within a comparative framework of several other service occupations. A secondary analysis of U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor ...
Taking a political turn: The critical perspective and research in professional communication

This article examines the critical perspective as an alternative to our current descriptive, explanatory research focus. The critical perspective aims at empowerment and emancipation. It reinterprets the relationship between researcher and participants as one of collaboration, where participants define research questions that matter to them and where social action is the desired goal. Examples of critical research include feminist, radical educational, and participatory action research. Adopting the critical perspective would require that scholars in professional communication rethink their choices of research questions and sites, their views of the ownership of research results, and the types of funding they seek for research initiatives.
An Examination of the Opiate Receptor Subtypes Labeled by (3H)CycloFOXY: An Opiate Antagonist Suitable for Positron Emission Tomography

Abstract 17- Cydopropylmethyl -3,14- dihydroxy -4,5- alpha-epoxy-6-beta -fluoromorphinan(cycloFOXY) is a fluorinated derivative of naltrexone suitable for labeling opiate receptors using positron emission transaxial tomography. Using the quantitative ligand binding method "binding surface analysis," in vitro autoradiography, and site-directed alkylating agents, [ 3 H]cycloFOXY is shown to label mu and kappa opiate binding sites in vitro. Similar results were obtained using [ 3 H]naloxone. Additional experiments demonstrate that [ 3 H]cycloFOXY administered in vivo also labels mu and kappa binding sites. The relevance of these findings are discussed from clinical and basic science perspectives.
Consistency of hand use and accidents with injury.

In this study, we examined the relationship between the consistency of hand use and the self-reported incidence of accidents with injuries which required medical care in groups of university students (n = 23 for each group). To do this, we adopted a scoring procedure for the Briggs-Nebes Handedness Scale that permitted us to classify individuals as consistent or inconsistent in the use of their hands. We observed that the inconsistent group was 6.12 times more likely to have experienced accidents with injury that required medical care than the consistent group. These data have implications for the literature on handedness classification and accidents. Collectively, these limited data underscore the need to pay attention to the consistency of hand use in research on handedness, health, and longevity. Language: en
A predictive tool for delaying wrinkling and tearing failures in sheet metal forming

In the sheet metal forming industry, there is increasing demand to lower manufacturing costs while also providing a decrease in product development turnaround period as well as lighter weight products. These demands have put increasing pressure on the development and use of predictive numerical simulations and in the design and optimization of new forming technologies. In this paper, two of the primary in-process failure modes of sheet metal, wrinkling and tearing, are examined followed by construction of an advanced forming technology-Variable Binder Force-using numerical tools. Specifically, a methodology of capturing the onset of wrinkling and postbuckling behavior proposed in Cao and Boyce (1997) is used to predict wrinkling failure in conical and square cup forming. The results obtained from simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is not only accurate, but also robust. A tearing criterion based on Forming Limit Diagrams of non-proportional loading paths is then developed and again shows excellent predictability. Finally, a Variable Binder Force ( VBF) trajectory for conical cup forming is designed using simulations which incorporate feedback control to the binder based on the predictions of wrinkling and tearing of the sheet. Experiments using this predefined VBF trajectory show a 16 percent increase in forming height over the best conventional forming method, that is, constant binder force. The uniqueness of this paper is that numerical simulation is no longer utilized only as a verification tool, but as a design tool for advanced manufacturing process with the help of the predictive tools incorporated directly into the numerical model.
The Center for Collegiate Mental Health: An Example of a Practice-Research Network in University Counseling Centers.

This article presents a model of a practice-research network that offers benefits for clinicians working at college and university counseling centers. We briefly describe the basic components of this practice-research network, challenges in developing it, and some of the empirical studies that have resulted from this initiative. We also describe possibilities for future research that not only will foster further collaborations between clinicians and researchers, but also will enhance our ability to understand and improve mental health services for college students.
Selective laser sintering process optimization for layered manufacturing of CAPA® 6501 polycaprolactone bone tissue engineering scaffolds

Tissue engineering combines principles of the life sciences and engineering to replace and repair damaged human tissue. Present tissue engineering methods generally require the use of porous, bioresorbable scaffolds to serve as temporary three-dimensional templates to guide cell attachment, differentiation, proliferation, and subsequent regenerate tissue formation. Such scaffolds are anticipated to play an important role in allowing physicians to simultaneously reconstruct and regenerate damaged human tissues such as bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon. Recent research strongly suggests that the choice of scaffold material and its internal porous architecture significantly influence regenerate tissue structure and function. However, a lack of versatile biomaterials processing and manufacturing methods capable of meeting the complex geometric and compositional requirements of tissue engineering scaffolds has slowed progress towards fully testing these promising findings. it is widely accepted that layered manufacturing methods such as selective laser sintering (SLS) have the potential to address these requirements. We have investigated SLS as a technique to fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds composed of polycaprolactone (PCL), one of the most widely investigated biocompatible, bioresorbable materials for tissue engineering applications. In this article, we report on our development of optimal SLS processing parameters for CAPA® 6501 PCL powder using systematic factorial design of experiments. Using the optimal parameters, we manufactured test scaffolds with designed porous channels and achieved dimensional accuracy to within 3%-8% of design specifications and densities approximately 94% relative to full density. Finally, using the optimal SLS process parameters, we demonstrated the successful fabrication of bone tissue engineering scaffolds based on actual minipig and human condyle scaffold designs.
Direct signals of low scale gravity at e(+)e(-) colliders

Gravity can become strong at the TeV scale in the theory of extra dimensions. An effective Lagrangian can be used to describe the gravitational interactions below a cutoff scale. In this work, we study the associated production of the gravitons with a Z boson or a photon at e{sup +}e{sup -} colliders of energies of the CERN LEPII to the Next Linear Colliders ({radical}(s)=0.25-1.5 TeV) and calculate the sensitivity to the new interactions. We also obtain the limit on the cutoff scale using the present data from LEPII. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Theory of optical transport in the chain of spherical dielectric micro- resonators

Coupled whispering gallery modes in the linear chain of dielectric spheres are considered. An interaction between modes with different angular momentums is shown to result in next-to-the-nearest neighbor interaction term in a tight-binding approximation.
Photopolymerization Dynamics Studies of Acrolein on Al, Ni, and Au Substrates Using Surface Second Harmonic Generation

The dynamics of the gas phase photopolymerization of acrolein on aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), and gold (Au) substrates were studied in-situ and in real time using surface second harmonic generation (SSHG) and monitoring vapor pressure decay. The Al and Ni substrates had a significant effect on the apparent rate of polymerization. A dark reaction after irradiation occurred in the absence of metal (Al or Ni) substrates, but no dark reaction was observed when the metal substrates were present. The significant differences in the metal/monomer interactions during photopolymerization are indicated by SEMs of the polyacrolein, as well as evidence from FTIR-ATR spectra. The SSHG intensities from the Au, Al, and polyacrolein surfaces were obtained.
The effects of cholinolytic drugs and cholinesterase blockade on deprivation based activity and appetitive behavior

Abstract The effects of scopolamine HBr (0.125–1.0 mg/kg), methscopolamine bromide (0.125–1.0 mg/kg), physostigmine sulphate (0.05–0.4 mg/kg), and neostigmine bromide (0.025–0.2 mg/kg) were studied under different states of deprivation. The behavioral measures included spontaneous wheel activity, food consumption and water intake. The effects of both cholinolytics were effective in reducing the level of spontaneous activity and the amount of food eaten under all dose levels regardless of the deprivation condition. The level of water intake was differentially affected by the locus of action of the cholinolytics. Wheel activity was also decreased under both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors with the extent of the reduction significantly affected by the deprivation condition of the subjects. Acetylcholinesterase reduction reduced food intake and increased the level of water intake with the deprivation state differentiating the magnitude of the effects for physostigmine vs neostigmine. The results were taken as evidence for the cholinergic modulation, at the central and peripheral level, of consummatory behaviors and activity. It was concluded that the effects of cholinolytics and AChE inhibitors are largely the result of peripheral cholinergic receptor site changes in the use of available acetylcholine.
Atomic level computer modelling of crystal defects with emphasis on dislocations: Past, present and future

Abstract Computer modelling is at present as important method of the study of materials and their properties as experiments. Yet, experiments have been being performed for several thousands years while computer modelling started about fifty years ago. In this introductory paper we first present a historical account of the advancement of computer modelling. Since defects in crystalline materials control most of their properties but their atomic level structure and properties cannot be treated analytically, they provided the impetus for the advancement of computer modelling in materials science. In between the plethora of defects we concentrate here on dislocations since it was established via modelling that it is the non-planarity of the cores of screw dislocations in BCC metals which controls their plastic properties. This understanding than lead to the recognition that the non-planarity of dislocation cores is common in many materials and frequently determines their properties. This atomic level aspect of dislocations is considered in more details, not only for the BCC metals, and relation to the macroscopic plastic behaviour discussed. Computer modelling plays, of course, important role in studies of many other defects, such as interfaces, surfaces, irradiation induced defects etc., as well as glasses and liquids, and the last part of the paper is devoted to discussing the possible future developments, in particular from the point of view of available descriptions of atomic interactions that are the precursor of any atomistic modelling.
Turnover of inositol phospholipids in cultured murine keratinocytes: possible involvement of inositol triphosphate in cellular differentiation

The relationship between the turnover of inositol phospholipids (PtdIns) and the growth and differentiation of normal murine keratinocytes in culture was studied. Addition of myo-[U-14C]inositol to freshly plated cells resulted in a linear incorporation of radiolabel into the inositol phospholipids of the proliferating basal cells in culture during the initial 36 h, after which time the rate of radiolabel incorporation into the cells declined. The decrease in the incorporation of the radiolabel into the PtdIns, particularly the more highly phosphorylated PtdIns-4P and PtdIns4,5P2, correlated with the marked hydrolysis of these polyphosphoinositides and the rapid hydrolytic release of the inositol phosphates (InsP2 and InsP3). The transient accumulation of the InsPs correlated with the onset of differentiation of these cells. To ascertain whether the above observations of keratinocytes that were undergoing normal proliferative and differentiating phases in culture are consistent with the more synchronized populations of proliferative and differentiating cells, we investigated the turnover of PtdIns in a Ca2+-regulated system of homogenous populations of proliferating mouse keratinocytes in 0.09 mM Ca2+, and a differentiating population in 1.8 mM Ca2+. Our data from system revealed rapid hydrolysis of the PtdIns in the prelabeled low-Ca2+ proliferating cells immediately after a switch from the low to normal extracellular Ca2+ medium. Associated with this hydrolysis was the rapid and transient accumulation of the InsPs (maximum of 60 sec). The hydrolysis of the PtdIns and the accumulation of the InsP3 were not observed when the prelabeled proliferating cells were switched from a low to a low extracellular Ca2+ medium. These results suggest that the rapid hydrolysis of the PtdIns, particularly PtdIns4,5P2, which was accompanied by the hydrolytic release of InsP3, could be the initiating signal to program proliferating keratinocytes into differentiation.
Information transfer and area-time tradeoffs for VLSI multiplication

The need to transfer information between processing elements can be a major factor in determining the performance of a VLSI circuit. We show that communication considerations alone dictate that any VLSI design for computing the 2n-bit product of two n-bit integers must satisfy the constraint AT2 ≥ n2/64 where A is the area of the chip and T is the time required to perform the computation. This same tradeoff applies to circuits which can shift n-bit words through n different positions.
Engel Scales for Australia, the Philippines and Thailand: A Comparative Analysis

The purpose of this study is to explore the question of how similar or how different are equivalence scales of selected countries in the Asia-Pacific region. In particular, the article investigates whether equivalence scales for Australia, the Philippines and Thailand are comparable. That the Philippines and Thailand are two countries which are strikingly similar in their levels of socioeconomic development suggests the possibility that the relative income needs of households of different sizes in these countries are similar. In contrast, Australia is seen as an industrialised nation unlikely to have scales similar to the two other countries. The comparability problem is addressed via the widely used Engel estimation methodology applied to similarly selected samples and a common model specification. It is found that the level of agreement between the country-specific scales is highly dependent on what ‘basket of necessities’ is used as an indicator of welfare. An interesting outcome that may well be of useful empirical significance is that with necessities defined to include food, clothing, and housing (and possibly, medical care as well), the equivalence scales for the Philippines, Thailand and Australia are more or less invariant; no such regularity exists if the definition of necessities is confined to food alone.
Advertising Professionals' Perceptions of the Impact of Gender Portrayals on Men and Women: A Question of Ethics?

This research investigates advertising professionals’ perceptions of how gender portrayals impact men and women and how these perceptions influence their strategic and creative choices. Two rounds of qualitative data were collected to examine these issues. Findings reveal professionals’ perceptions about women's vulnerability and men's immunity to the negative consequences of advertising, as well as the societal discourses and institutional dynamics that drive their business decisions. The authors detail four themes with regard to professionals’ conceptualizations of the influence of gender portrayals on consumers and the ethical considerations surrounding such images. Theoretical and managerial implications and consumer welfare ramifications are offered.
Lung Texture in Serial Thoracic Computed Tomography Scans: Correlation of Radiomics-based Features With Radiation Therapy Dose and Radiation Pneumonitis Development

Purpose To assess the relationship between radiation dose and change in a set of mathematical intensity- and texture-based features and to determine the ability of texture analysis to identify patients who develop radiation pneumonitis (RP). Methods and Materials A total of 106 patients who received radiation therapy (RT) for esophageal cancer were retrospectively identified under institutional review board approval. For each patient, diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans were acquired before (0-168 days) and after (5-120 days) RT, and a treatment planning CT scan with an associated dose map was obtained. 32- × 32-pixel regions of interest (ROIs) were randomly identified in the lungs of each pre-RT scan. ROIs were subsequently mapped to the post-RT scan and the planning scan dose map by using deformable image registration. The changes in 20 feature values (ΔFV) between pre- and post-RT scan ROIs were calculated. Regression modeling and analysis of variance were used to test the relationships between ΔFV, mean ROI dose, and development of grade ≥2 RP. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to determine each feature's ability to distinguish between patients with and those without RP. A classifier was constructed to determine whether 2- or 3-feature combinations could improve RP distinction. Results For all 20 features, a significant ΔFV was observed with increasing radiation dose. Twelve features changed significantly for patients with RP. Individual texture features could discriminate between patients with and those without RP with moderate performance (AUCs from 0.49 to 0.78). Using multiple features in a classifier, AUC increased significantly (0.59-0.84). Conclusions A relationship between dose and change in a set of image-based features was observed. For 12 features, ΔFV was significantly related to RP development. This study demonstrated the ability of radiomics to provide a quantitative, individualized measurement of patient lung tissue reaction to RT and assess RP development.
A study of labor assignment rules with bottlenecks

Abstract Although labor flexibility has been recognized as an effective managerial tool to handle bottleneck problems, most of the past research in labor assignments rules has been done in an evenly loaded job shop. In this study, five new labor assignment rules, which incorporate bottleneck information, are developed and tested with the traditional rules in a bottleneck job shop. Four dispatching rules are used to determine the sequence of jobs at the work center. Three levels of mean labor transfer time were tested. One-way Analysis of Variance was used to examine the significance of the labor assignment rules for each dispatching rule and performance criteria. For the statistically significance variables, Tukey test was used to examine the relative performance of labor assignment rules. The results were different from the past research in an evenly loaded job shop in that the labor assignment rules had a significant effect on the shop performance.
Population density and racial differences in the performance of emergency medical services

This paper analyzes the existence and scope of possible racial differences/disparities in the provision of emergency medical services (EMS) response capability (time from dispatch to arrival at the scene and level of training of the responding team) using data on approximately 120,000 cardiac incidents in the state of Mississippi during 1995-2004. The conceptual framework and empirical analysis focus on the likely effects of population density on the efficient production of EMS as a local public good subject to congestion, and on the need to control adequately for population density to avoid bias in testing for racial differences. Models that control for aggregate population density at the county-level indicate "reverse" disparities: faster estimated response times for African-Americans than for whites. When a refined county-level measure of population density is used that incorporates differences in African-American and white population density by Census tract, the reverse disparity in response times disappears. There also is little or no evidence of race-related differences in the certification level of EMS responders. However, there is evidence that, controlling for response time, African-Americans on average were significantly more likely to be deceased than whites upon EMS arrival at the scene. The overall results are germane to the debate over the scope of conditioning variables that should be included when testing for racial disparities in health care.
Hippocampal theta rhythm. I. Depth profiles in the curarized rat.

Summary Systemic injection of curare changes the depth profile of theta rhythm seen in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat. Under curare, dorsoventral microelectrode advancement reveals the presence of a sudden phase reversal and null occurring at the level of the stratum radiatum of CA1. Further advancement reveals the presence of an amplitude peak in the vicinity of the hippocampal fissure. In addition to the change in depth profile, curare alters the relationship between the amplitudes of the two phase-reversed components of the theta rhythm. The change in theta rhythm brought about by curare outlasts the paralytic effect of the drug.
Configurations of Power: Holistic Anthropology in Theory and Practice

Configurations of Power: Holistic Anthropology in Theory and Practice John S. Henderson and Patricia J. Netherly (editors.). Published in cooperation with the Society for Latin American Anthropology and the American Anthropological Association as Volume 11: Society for Latin American Anthropology Series, Jeffrey David Ehrenreich, General Editor. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993. 338 pp. ISBN 0–8014–2487–9.
Ant Distribution in Relation to Ground Water in North Florida Pine Flatwoods

Longleaf pine savannas are one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world, yet are understudied. Ants are a functionally important and diverse group of insects in these ecosystems. It is largely unknown how local patterns of species diversity and composition are determined through the interaction of this dominant animal group with abiotic features of longleaf pine ecosystems. Here we describe how an important abiotic variable, depth to water table, relates to ant species distributions at local scales. Pitfall trapping studies across habitat gradients in the Florida coastal plains longleaf pine flatwoods showed that the ant community changed with mild differences in habitat. In this undulating landscape, elevation differences were less than 2 m, and the depth to the water table ranged from < 20 cm to 1.2 m. The plant species composing the ground cover were zoned in response to depth to water, and shading by canopy trees increased over deeper water tables. Of the 27 ant species that were analyzed, depending on the statistical test, seven or eight were significantly more abundant over a deep water table, eight to ten over a shallow one, and nine to eleven were not significantly patterned with respect to depth to water. Ant species preferring sites with shallow groundwater also preferred the shadier parts of the sites, while those preferring sites with deeper groundwater preferred the sunnier parts of the sites. This suggests that one group of species prefers hot-dry conditions, and the other cooler-moist. Factor analysis and abundance-weighted mean site characteristics generally confirmed these results. These results show that ant communities in this region respond to subtle differences in habitat, but whether these differences arise from founding preferences, survival, competition, or some combination of these is not known.
Elements of High-Throughput Analysis in Combinatorial Materials Science

Combinatorial materials science combines a small number of starting chemical reagents in all combinations defined by a given reaction scheme with the combinations of process conditions to yield a large number of well-defined products. Combinatorial methods have opened up the exploration of multidimensional chemical composition and process parameter space at a previously unavailable level of detail with significant time savings, much lower cost per “lead”, and shorter time to market [1]. For these and many other reasons, combinatorial and high-throughput methods have been already successfully implemented for discovery of a wide variety of important materials ranging from catalysts, polymers, and zeolites to luminescent and magnetoresistive compounds, agricultural materials and high-temperature superconductors, dielectric, ferroelectric, and structural materials, to polymeric coatings and thin-films, and so on [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
Influence of Experimental Myocardial Infarction on Free Amino Acids of Dog Heart

Free or easily extractable amino acids were determined by two-dimensional paper chromatography in infarcted and noninfarcted areas of the left ventricles of dog hearts after ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. Changes in amino acid content in infarcted areas were characterized by decreases in some of the major ninhydrin-reactive constituents and appeared coincidentally with histologic signs of myocardial damage.
Competition and the Dynamics of Issue Convergence

Issue convergence theory suggests that candidates should respond to their opponents by discussing the same issues whereas issue divergence theory posits that candidates should instead ignore each o...