cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuing conversations: A review of LGBTQ Youth and Education: Policies and Practices

ABSTRACTCris Mayo, in her 2014 book, LGBTQ Youth and Education: Policies and Practices, vigorously takes an intersectional approach to understanding and unpacking the complexities of the sexual and gender identity of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth. By closely examining the pedagogical, curricular, and policy changes that must occur to improve the experience of schooling for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth, Mayo (2014) strikes an important balance between overly portraying the students as victims, and acknowledging the students as youth with agency. This book should be required reading for teachers, administrators, policy makers, and anyone working with or interested in the complexities of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth.
Metabolic imaging in exercise physiology.

This minireview focuses on selected, noninvasive imaging techniques that have been used in the study of exercise physiology. These imaging modalities can be roughly divided into two categories: tra...
Austrian Business Cycle Theory and Sticky Consumption: Reconciling Hayek, Mises, and Schumpeter

Ludwig von Mises considered immediate overconsumption essential to the Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT); Friedrich Hayek never agreed. Examining this disagreement, Roger Garrison concluded that Hayek’s exposition of ABCT (a stages-of-production framing without immediate overconsumption) lacked logical integrity. Garrison’s ABCT stages-of-production model, that incorporates immediate overconsumption as an essential component, has long been, and remains, the theory’s standard exposition. Unfortunately, immediate overconsumption has been rendered empirically untenable as evidence that makes it increasingly clear that consumption is sticky has emerged. By reframing ABCT in terms of the full structure-of-capital, rather than only the stages-of-production, we bring about a reconciliation of Hayek, Mises, Joseph Schumpeter and the empirical literature indicating that consumption is sticky.
World Trade Organization and Food Regulation: Impact on the Food Supply Chain

Consumers nowadays are faced with food or food ingredients that may derive from distant countries or continents and with a less transparent food supply. Safety concerns must cover the range of different food chains relevant to a certain food product or product group, including all relevant producers, manufacturing sites and food service establishments within a country as well as those importing into the country. Food regulation in the main is aimed at protecting the consumer’s health, increasing economic viability, harmonizing well-being and engendering fair trade on foods within and between nations. Hazard analysis at critical control points, good manufacturing practice and good hygiene practice are major components of the safety management systems in the food supply chain. Principally, ‘a hazard’ is a biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food that has the potential to cause an adverse health effect. The likelihood of occurrence and severity of the same is important for the assessment of the risk presented by the hazard to the food supply chain. The Government’s regulatory mechanisms in accordance with the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements (HACCPs, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures etc.) oversee the analyses of public health problems and their association to the food supply. Under the WTO SPS Agreements and the codes of practices issued by the Codex Alimentarius Commission there now exists a benchmark for international harmonization that guarantees the trade of safe food. It is also becoming clear that non-tariff measures, such as regulatory standards for manufactured and agricultural goods, can have a significant impact on trade.
Psychogenic pseudosyncope: Not always a diagnosis of exclusion.

Background Psychogenic pseudosyncope (PPS) frequently mimics syncope. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and clinical features of PPS and its relationship to vasovagal syncope (VVS). Methods We examined retrospectively the medical records of 1,401 consecutive patients referred to a syncope unit. We identified patients who had the final diagnosis of PPS. In these patients, we retrieved the initial diagnosis made during their first visit and the subsequent tests performed leading to the final diagnosis. Results Fourteen (1.0%) patients (mean age 35 ± 14; 11 females) were diagnosed as having PPS: seven had a diagnosis of PPS alone and seven had both VVS and PPS. High frequency of attacks (53 ± 35 attacks during the previous year), prolonged loss of consciousness (minutes to > 1 hour), and a history of psychiatric disorders characterized PPS patients. Tilt test reproduced a PPS attack in the presence of normal blood pressure and heart rate in seven patients (50%), and induced VVS in another three patients who had the final diagnosis of both PPS and VVS. In two patients, one or more events occurred during the clinic visits and were directly witnessed by the clinic personnel. Conclusions We have shown that 1% of referrals to a syncope unit have the final diagnosis of PPS and that up to 50% of cases presented with a different initial diagnosis, namely VVS. Our findings suggest that causality between syncope and psychiatric disorders is likely bidirectional. The presence of a multidisciplinary team is important to address this often unrecognized relationship.
A Caenorhabditis elegans protein with a PRDM9-like SET domain localizes to chromatin-associated foci and promotes spermatocyte gene expression, sperm production and fertility

To better understand the tissue-specific regulation of chromatin state in cell-fate determination and animal development, we defined the tissue-specific expression of all 36 C. elegans presumptive lysine methyltransferase (KMT) genes using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH). Most KMTs were expressed in only one or two tissues. The germline was the tissue with the broadest KMT expression. We found that the germline-expressed C. elegans protein SET-17, which has a SET domain similar to that of the PRDM9 and PRDM7 SET-domain proteins, promotes fertility by regulating gene expression in primary spermatocytes. SET-17 drives the transcription of spermatocyte-specific genes from four genomic clusters to promote spermatid development. SET-17 is concentrated in stable chromatin-associated nuclear foci at actively transcribed msp (major sperm protein) gene clusters, which we term msp locus bodies. Our results reveal the function of a PRDM9/7-family SET-domain protein in spermatocyte transcription. We propose that the spatial intranuclear organization of chromatin factors might be a conserved mechanism in tissue-specific control of transcription.
Transport in Nanoscale Kondo Lattices

The previous chapters have thoroughly studied an archetypal heavy fermion material, CeCoIn5, in the normal and superconducting states.
Incidence and Patterns of Locoregional Failure After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Purpose Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is increasingly utilized in the neoadjuvant and definitive settings for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The risk of local and regional recurrence after this treatment remains largely unknown. Because of the lack of elective nodal treatment and high fractional dose, we hypothesized that the incidence of regional out-of-field recurrence would predominate after SBRT. Methods and materials Electronic medical records of all patients treated in our department with SBRT for pancreatic adenocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were separated into those who converted or did not convert to surgical resectability. Demographic, treatment, and outcome data were collected and analyzed. Recurrence was assessed based on the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.1. Treatment plans were reviewed to determine the locations of failure with respect to treatment volume. Statistical comparisons were made using Mann-Whitney U testing for continuous variables and χ2 testing for dichotomous variables. Results Data on 69 patients was available for analysis. After treatment, 18 patients (26.1%) suffered in-field recurrence and 11 patients (15.9%) recurred regionally out of field. The median time to in-field and out-of-field failures were similar at 120.5 and 108.0 days, respectively (P = .65). Of those who failed out-of-field, 4 of 11 patients (36.4%) were without in-field failure prior to death. In-field failure rates were less in patients who subsequently underwent surgical resection compared with those who did not (2 of 22 patients [9.1%] vs 16 of 47 patients [34.0%]; P = .028), but out-of-field recurrence was unaffected by subsequent surgical resection (3 of 22 patients [13.6%] vs 8 of 47 patients [17.0%]; P = .720). All out-of-field failures occurred in areas that received Conclusions The incidence of out-of-field failure remains acceptable after SBRT for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Despite the high biological equivalent dose allowed by SBRT, in-field control remains problematic and continues to signal relative radiation resistance that is associated with bulky disease.
An Analysis of Foot and Ankle Device Recalls by the Food and Drug Administration.

Introduction Orthopaedic devices represent 12% of all medical device recalls. Products are approved through pre-market approval (PMA) or the 510(k) premarket notification process. No previous evaluation was found in the literature evaluating foot and ankle device recalls. The field of foot and ankle subspecialty has seen a rapid growth in innovation related to implants in recent years. Methods The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Device Recall database was evaluated for all foot and ankle devices from 2007 through 2017 for the manufacturer, process of approval, type of implant, recall class, dates of initiation and termination of the recall, manufacturer determined reason, quantity affected, and distribution within the United States or internationally. Results A total of 161 products from 33 companies were identified with 158 (98.1%) approved through the 510(k) process. The most common reason for device recall was due to the device breaking intraoperatively or postoperatively. The average length of the recall was 487.5 days. Conclusions Device recall is not an uncommon event with the majority of products approved through the less demanding 510(k) process.
An integrated flexible capacitance sensor for monitoring microvalve actuation

Abstract Pneumatically actuated microvalves enable precise microfluidic manipulation to facilitate automated biological and biochemical analysis. These microvalves utilize the deflection of an elastomeric membrane to control fluid flow by alternating vacuum and pressure on a pneumatic chamber. However, these microvalves are open-loop systems without embedded sensors and thus lack the capability to monitor their operational status. To combat this issue, a flexible capacitance sensor using silver nanowires (AgNW) is embedded into the PDMS elastomer membrane without any significant alterations of the elastic properties of the PDMS. Performing a series of sensor characterizations by measuring capacitance ratio, we found that this sensor shows 4.16 ± 0.41 MPa−1 and −1.73 ± 0.34 MPa−1 sensitivities under opening and closing pressure conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the capacitance ratio was monitored while obtaining volume per cycle under various operational pressures. The capacitance ratio and the volume per cycle are proportional to the actuating vacuum and reach a saturation level around -60 kPa. The volume per cycle increases as closing pressure increases slightly while the capacitance ratio decreases slightly during the closing operation. Using this embedded flexible capacitance sensor, the status of each microvalve is monitored and flow rate and total dispensing volume can be manipulated by creating a closed-loop system.
Overview and comparison of guidelines for management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms

Pancreatic cysts are identified at an increasing frequency. Although mucinous cystic neoplasms represent a pre-malignant condition, the majority of these lesions do not progress to cancer. Over the last 10 years several societies have established guidelines for the diagnosis, initial evaluation and surveillance of these lesions. Here we provide an overview of five commonly used guidelines: 2015 American Gastroenterological Association, 2017 International Association of Pancreatology, American College of Gastroenterology 2018, European Study Group and American College of Radiology. We describe the similarities and differences between the methods used to formulate these guidelines, the population they target and their approaches towards initial evaluation and surveillance of cystic lesions.
Exploring the Relevance of Complexity Theory for Mixed Methods Research

While the field of mixed methods has discussed complexity theory, more clarification regarding its conceptualization is needed. Accordingly, we first review how various fields have interpreted and ...
The Personality Assessment Inventory-Antisocial Features (Psychopathy) Scale: Model Fit and Convergent and Discriminant Validity

The present study examined the factor structure of the Personality Assessment Inventory Antisocial Features scale (PAI-ANT) in a non-forensic sample of 1257 undergraduate students. One to four-factor models were tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), with a four-factor solution exhibiting the best fitting model (Bentler 1995). Next examined was the convergent and discriminant validity of the PAI-ANT. Results indicated that the PAI-ANT four-factor model was significantly related to measures of general personality, pride, impulsivity, and attachment. Comparisons between the original three-factor model (as proposed by Morey 2007) and our derived four-factor model showed that both models generally had the expected pattern of relations for their respective factors although mixed findings were found for the sensation seeking and risk-taking scales. Findings for these scales indicated that individuals could crave excitement and also have some positive characteristics. The current findings suggest that the four-factor model of the PAI is the best way to interpret the PAI psychopathy scale, but that some caution is needed in interpreting the sensation seeking and risk-taking scales.
HIV-1 Tat: Role in Bystander Toxicity

HIV Tat protein is a critical protein that plays multiple roles in HIV pathogenesis. While its role as the transactivator of HIV transcription is well-established, other non-viral replication-associated functions have been described in several HIV-comorbidities even in the current antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. HIV Tat protein is produced and released into the extracellular space from cells with active HIV replication or from latently HIV-infected cells into neighboring uninfected cells even in the absence of active HIV replication and viral production due to effective ART. Neighboring uninfected and HIV-infected cells can take up the released Tat resulting in the upregulation of inflammatory genes and activation of pathways that leads to cytotoxicity observed in several comorbidities such as HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), HIV associated cardiovascular impairment, and accelerated aging. Thus, understanding how Tat modulates host and viral response is important in designing novel therapeutic approaches to target the chronic inflammatory effects of soluble viral proteins in HIV infection.
Reconstruction of seasonal and water-year precipitation anomalies from tree-ring records of the southwestern United States

Abstract The annual cycle of precipitation in the southwestern United States is characterized by a bimodal distribution. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes influence cool-season precipitation, while the North American Monsoon (NAM) brings warm-season rainfall to the region. Because the covariability of the two seasons may result in both wet and dry water-year anomalies, we evaluated the long-term contribution of cool and warm-season precipitation to water-year totals using newly collected and/or updated tree-ring chronologies. Precipitation reconstructions back to the late 17th century, from 1663 to 2015, were produced using a total of 183 stem increment cores collected from seven ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands located along the southern edge of the Colorado Plateau in Arizona and New Mexico. Latewood chronologies were most correlated with July–August rainfall brought by the North American Monsoon, while earlywood chronologies were related to November–February precipitation, also matching the time-series variability of the Southern Oscillation Index. Total ring-width chronologies reflected water-year precipitation, and were used to account for precipitation falling outside of either the cool or the warm season. While seasonal variability of precipitation was the main driver of regional climatic extremes, the amount of precipitation falling outside the cool and warm seasons did not play a consistent role in determining frequency and severity of droughts and pluvials. This study highlights how intra-annual paleoclimatic reconstructions help with understanding the contribution of seasonal climate to wet and dry episodes influenced by large-scale climatic modes.
Improving motivation for self-directed training in Danish EMS personnel

Background: Emergency Medical Services personnel's motivation to carry out self-directed training might be impaired by several factors such as work environment, pressures and training facilities. T...
Chemical and steric effects in simulating noncontact atomic force microscopy images of organic molecules on a Cu (111) substrate

Noncontact mode of atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) employing a CO-functionalized tip is a very powerful tool for studying molecular structures. However, interpreting nc-AFM images for nonplanar molecules can sometimes be problematic. To illustrate and resolve the nature of such problematic systems, we employ real-space pseudopotentials constructed within density functional theory to simulate nc-AFM images. We focus on several representative nonplanar organic molecules (pentacene, naphthanthrone, olympicene, and 6-phenylhexa-1,3,5-triynybenzene (PHTB)) on a typical substrate: the Cu (111) surface. This substrate results in significant distortions in the molecular geometries of pentacene and naphthanthrone. Including these distortions in simulated nc-AFM imaging notably improves the agreement between the simulated and measured images. In naphthanthrone, the relatively large interaction between the O atom and the Cu substrate offers a straightforward explanation for the absence of the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}$ bond in the measured image. Nonplanar features such as tilting or twisting are also apparent in olympicene and PHTB. A ``triangular'' bright feature associated with the $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ group in olympicene appears in simulated and measured nc-AFM images. This feature is directly related to the tilting angle of the molecule with respect to the Cu substrate. The ``defective'' benzene ring feature and the faint ellipsoidal $\mathrm{C}\ensuremath{\equiv}\mathrm{C}$ feature in PHTB can be ascribed to its twisted nature. The ability to simulate such subatomic images in nc-AFM reflects the accuracy and efficiency of calculating quantum forces in real space.
L-DOPA and consolidation of fear extinction learning among women with posttraumatic stress disorder.

This study tested whether l-DOPA delivered during the consolidation window following fear extinction learning reduces subsequent fear responding among women with PTSD. Adult women diagnosed with PTSD completed a contextual fear acquisition and extinction task during fMRI and then immediately received either placebo (n = 34), 100/25 mg l-DOPA/carbidopa (n = 28), or 200/50 mg l-DOPA/carbidopa (n = 29). Participants completed a resting-state scan before the task and again 45 min following drug ingestion to characterize effects of l-DOPA on extinction memory neural reactivation patterns during consolidation. Twenty-four hours later, participants returned for tests of context renewal, extinction recall, and reinstatement during fMRI with concurrent skin conductance responding (SCR) assessment. Both active drug groups demonstrated increased reactivation of extinction encoding in the amygdala during the post-task resting-state scan. For SCR data, both drug groups exhibited decreased Day 2 reinstatement across all stimuli compared to placebo, and there was some evidence for decreased context renewal to the fear stimulus in the 100 mg group compared to placebo. For imaging data, both drug groups demonstrated decreased Day 2 reinstatement across stimuli in a bilateral insula network compared to placebo. There was no evidence in SCR or neural activity that l-DOPA improved extinction recall. Reactivation of extinction encodings in the amygdala during consolidation on Day 1 predicted Day 2 activation of the insula network. These results support a role for dopamine during the consolidation window in boosting reactivation of amygdala extinction encodings and reducing reinstatement, but not improving extinction recall, in women with PTSD.
Healthcare-Experience Survey Assessment in the Rhode Island Cambodian Community.

The Cambodian community is the largest Southeast Asian cultural identity in Rhode Island (RI) with high poverty rates and limited healthcare access. Investigators conducted a cross-sectional observational survey study from 2016 to 2017 on eligible Cambodians to better understand their healthcare experiences. Questions were reviewed by the RI Cambodian Society for cultural sensitivity. 123 surveys were collected; 98 respondents had medical providers. Respondents with providers reported difficulty understanding of their providers (59%) and limited access to medical interpreters (50%). The non-provider group were less likely to have medical insurance (54.2% vs. 88.8%, p = .0001) and more likely to visit the emergency department (47.1% vs. 15.3%; p < .0001). Language barrier and lack of medical interpreters and healthcare insurance were the major barriers to healthcare for surveyed Cambodians. Future studies are needed to assess whether native-language specific community healthcare resources can positively affect their access to care.
Nanophotonic quantum network nodes based on epitaxial rare-earth on silicon heterostructures

We present the development of nanophotonic quantum nodes based on an epitaxial Er3+:Y 2 O 3 (yttria) on silicon platform. Heterostructure photonic cavities with ultra-small mode volumes couple to individual erbium qubits at the telecom wavelength. We measure silicon cavities with fabrication-limited Q cav ~400,000 and develop yttria nanofabricaton processes.
Managing Transition: The First Post-Uprising Phase in Tunisia and Libya

Examining the factors that shaped the first interim governments of Tunisia and Libya, which formed in the immediate aftermath of the 2011 uprisings that brought down their governments, Managing Transition analyses each interim government to enhance our understanding of how political transition occurred within two North African countries. Tracing the importance of the key decisions made during these transition periods, Sabina Henneberg demonstrates the importance of these decisions taken during the short phase between authoritarian collapse and first post-uprising elections, including decisions around leadership, institutional reform, transitional justice, and the electoral processes themselves. By documenting, in close detail, the important events of the 2011 Arab Uprisings, and the months that followed, this study shows that while pre-existing structures strongly influence the design and behaviour of first interim governments, actors' choices are equally important in shaping both immediate and longer-term phases of transition.
A High-Quality Reference Genome for a Parasitic Bivalve with Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (Bivalvia: Unionida).

From a genomics perspective, bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia) have been poorly explored with the exception for those of high economic value. The bivalve order Unionida, or freshwater mussels, has been of interest in recent genomic studies due to their unique mitochondrial biology and peculiar life cycle. However, genomic studies have been hindered by the lack of a high-quality reference genome. Here, I present a genome assembly of Potamilus streckersoni using Pacific Bioscience single-molecule real-time long reads and 10X Genomics-linked read sequencing. Further, I use RNA sequencing from multiple tissue types and life stages to annotate the reference genome. The final assembly was far superior to any previously published freshwater mussel genome and was represented by 2,368 scaffolds (2,472 contigs) and 1,776,755,624 bp, with a scaffold N50 of 2,051,244 bp. A high proportion of the assembly was comprised of repetitive elements (51.03%), aligning with genomic characteristics of other bivalves. The functional annotation returned 52,407 gene models (41,065 protein, 11,342 tRNAs), which was concordant with the estimated number of genes in other freshwater mussel species. This genetic resource, along with future studies developing high-quality genome assemblies and annotations, will be integral toward unraveling the genomic bases of ecologically and evolutionarily important traits in this hyper-diverse group.
The VOS Puzzle

The subject (S) in Spanish sentences may appear post–verbally and even sentence–finally following an object (O). Further, in post–verbal SO/OS pairs, the first element asymmetrically c–commands the second element. Previous analyses of the VOS phenomenon encounter difficulties in accounting for this asymmetric c–command relation and/or for Case and subject–verb agreement involving the VOS subject. We argue here that these Spanish SO/OS pairs operate in parallel to English double–objects (Larson 1988). Based on the work of Phillips (1997) and others, we propose a top–down approach to sentence derivation which resolves the problems with VOS sentences encountered by other analyses and which obviates the need for devices such as pro to account for ‘pro–drop’ sentences.
Water-dispersible Ti3C2Tz MXene nanosheets by molten salt etching.

Summary Molten-salt etching of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase offers a promising route to produce 2D Ti3C2Tz (MXene) nanosheets without hazardous HF. However, molten-salt etching results in MXene clays that are not water dispersible, thus preventing further processing. This occurs because molten-salt etching results in a lack of -OH terminal groups rendering the MXene clay hydrophobic. Here, we demonstrate a method that produces water-dispersible Ti3C2Tz nanosheets using molten salt (SnF2) to etch. In molten salt etching, SnF2 diffuses between the layers to form AlF3 and Sn as byproducts, separating the layers. The stable, aqueous Ti3C2Tz dispersion yields a ζ potential of −31.7 mV, because of -OH terminal groups introduced by KOH washing. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy confirm the formation of Ti3C2Tz etched clay with substantial d-spacing as compared with clay etched with HF. This work is the first to use molten salt etching to successfully prepare colloidally stable aqueous dispersions of Ti3C2Tz nanosheets.
Involvement of Prostaglandins in the Pharmacological Actions of L-Cysteine in Ocular Tissues

Evidence from our laboratory demonstrates that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can exert pharmacological actions in ocular tissues, an effect that can be blocked by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX). Purpose: To investigate whether H2S (using L-cysteine as substrate) can alter prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in isolated bovine irides and retina. Methods: Isolated bovine irides and retinae were incubated in oxygenated Krebs buffer for 30 mins, prior to treatment with different concentrations of L-cysteine (1 nM - 10 µM) and norepinephrine (NE, 1 µM). After incubation and termination of reaction, tissues were homogenized and both homogenates and incubation media were collected and prepared for PGE2 Enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) using a well-established methodology. Results: In both bovine isolated irides and retinae, L-cysteine elicited a concentration-dependent (1 nM - 10 µM) increase in PGE2 concentrations over basal levels. For instance, L-cysteine (10nM; irides) and (10 µM; retina) produced an equi-effective sign...
Enabling natural computing

Summary form only given. We are entering the third generation of the human computer interface. In contrast to the first and second generations where human users has to learn the arcane command languages or graphical icons to operate computers in the ways the computers were designed, the third generation interface will allow the users to express their intents naturally by shifting the burden of understanding what it takes to interact from the human to the computer. Natural computing will be mainstream in the near future that could dramatically improve the quality of our daily lives. Spoken language technologies play a central role for natural computing. Spoken language is the modality that can offer a consistent means of interaction for a variety of computer form factors across a wide range of hands free, eyes free environments. Technology advancements in this area have made impressive progress so that the prevalence of the spoken language interface is no longer a question of "whether" but "when". In this paper, the author summarizes the recent progress of industry and academia in bringing natural computing to the mass market.
The d' model of signal detection applied to speech segmentation

The statistical measure, d', from Signal Detection Theory, [Swe64] has been shown to parametrize the "detectability" of signal over noise in a wide variety of perceptual situations. Its usefulness is extended to the problem of quantifying error rates for segmentation of continuous speech. It has often been impossible to accurately compare different machine techniques for segmentation since errors occur as either missing or extra segment boundaries whose rates are related by internal decision thresholds. The basic d' model is shown to accurately (>95% confidence) describe the missing versus extra segment trade-off found in at least one, non-trivial, speech segmentation program, [Gol75].
The biological effects of carbon monoxide on the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn infant☆

Abstract Significant alterations of a number of physiologic functions result from relatively low blood carboxyhemoglobin concentrations. Pregnant women, fetuses, and newborn infants are particularly susceptible to carbon monoxide effects. This paper reviews the physiologic and biochemical bases of these effects and their clinical implications.
Toward a phylogenetically aware algorithm for fast DNA similarity search

High-throughput DNA sequencing is now producing collections of genomes from moderately or closely related organisms. Such a collection may be represented as a multiple alignment M of orthologous sequences, which induces a phylogenetic tree τ. Long-range genomic alignments with phylogenies have not yet found a prominent place in BLAST-like similarity search algorithms, though using them directly as databases can potentially yield more accurate and more informative alignments. This work describes how to construct local alignments between a query and a multiple alignment in a way that explicitly uses a phylogenetic tree τ. We give an EM algorithm to find a locally optimal alignment when the location of the query on the tree τ is not known. An initial implementation of the method is tested on a large multiple alignment of sequences from eight vertebrate genomes.
An Industry Response to Comprehensive Enterprise Information Systems Management

Hear Bill Warner’s perspective on the systems management challenges our customers are trying to overcome; and the corresponding actions that are required by vendors who desire success in the systems management business.
Biochemical identification of Moxostoma rhothoecum and M. hamiltoni

The acid phosphatase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and glucosephosphate isomerase enzyme systems of Moxostoma rhothoecum and M. hamiltoni have been analyzed by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The Roanoke River population has been biochemically identified as M. rhothoecum. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucosephosphate isomerase polymorphisms are described in M. rhothoecum.
LV. Outline of a new and general mode of transforming and resolving algebraic equations

(1845). LV. Outline of a new and general mode of transforming and resolving algebraic equations. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 26, No. 174, pp. 383-384.
Spin label studies of the essential sulfhydryl group environment in chicken liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.

The local environment of the essential sulfhydryl groups in chicken liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase has been investigated by ESR techniques using a series of iodoacetamide spin labels, varying in chain length between the iodoacetate and nitroxide free radical group. The ESR spectrum of spin-labeled chicken liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase showed that the sites of labeling were highly immobilized when the enzyme was chemically modified by spin label iodoacetate, suggesting that the sulfhydryl groups of the protein are in a small, confined environment. From the change in the ESR spectra of these nitroxides as a function of chain length, we conclude that the sulfhydryl group is located in a cleft approx. 10.5 A in depth.
Cognitive Positioning Systems

Location awareness is one of the essential characteristics of cognitive radios. In this paper, an innovative cognitive positioning system (CPS) that achieves accuracy adaptation in both indoor and outdoor environments is proposed as a step towards realization of location awareness in cognitive radios. The proposed CPS is composed of two modes; bandwidth determination and enhanced dynamic spectrum management (EDSM). Bandwidth determination equations are derived through Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multipath channels. An EDSM system providing the optimum available bandwidth to the CPS is proposed. Overlay spectrum access based EDSM (O-EDSM) and hybrid overlay and underlay spectrum access based EDSM (H-EDSM) are two schemes that are introduced. A switching mechanism that manages the transition between underlay and overlay spectrum usage modes for the H-EDSM algorithm is presented. The theoretical analysis of the mechanism is carried out using Two-slope model. Simulation results, challenges and complexity options for the implementation of the CPS are outlined. Our study reveals the existence of a trade-off between the accuracy and complexity in the cognitive positioning systems.
Effect of morphine on aversive subthalamic stimulation in the cat.

Abstract The effect of morphine on the threshold and latency to escape aversive focal electrical stimulation in the subthalamus and pulvinar was evaluated in 16 cats. After training to escape aversive intracranial stimulation by crossing a low barrier in a shuttle box, the effect of morphine (1.5 mg/kg) was compared with that of chlorpromazine (3.0 mg/kg). We found that morphine significantly increased both the threshold and latency to escape stimulation in the subthalamus and pulvinar. The effects of morphine were observed in only one-half of the cats, however, although there were no apparent differences in the electrode placements of cats affected and not affected by morphine. Further, the effects of chlorpromazine were qualitatively similar to those of morphine and, moreover, generally occurred in the cats also affected by morphine. The results are interpreted as examples of nonantinociceptive drug actions against aversive intracranial stimulation.
An RNA polymerase mutant of Escherichia coli defective in the T4 viral transcription program.

Abstract Some rifampicin-resistant mutants of E. coli , which grow normally, poorly support the growth of bacteriophage T4. One such mutant, Rif R -2, has been studied in some detail. The resistance to rifampicin and the effect on T4 development are cotransduced with arg H and the RNA polymerase is rifampicin resistant, which proves that both effects are due to a mutation in RNA polymerase. The phenotype of T4 development in Rif R -2 has been examined. There is a slight delay in the onset of T4 DNA replication, and at most a slight delay in the synthesis of T4 late messenger RNA, but a considerable delay in the synthesis or assembly of T4 tail fibers. This latter defect is probably sufficient to account for the delay in phage production and can be explained either by a relative inability to make the structural gene products of the tail fibers or through a defect in the synthesis of the gene 57 product—a delayed early T4 protein. Infection of Rif R -2 by T4 results in an incomplete cessation of E. coli specific transcription which may be related to the inability to make tail fibers.
“I Am a Thing Apart”: Toni Morrison, A Mercy, and American Exceptionalism

Morrison's A Mercy provides an ironic look at American origins, showing that the American exceptionalist myth of a “chosen people” rests on pernicious binary separations between an elect and its Others. While Florens pays the costs of American exceptionalism, Morrison extends her reflections on the separation of Others through the use of a narrative form that effectively deploys separation as a structural principle and perspective.
Body dysmorphic disorder: a review of conceptualizations, assessment, and treatment strategies

Abstract Increased interest in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has generated a wealth of recent research. This paper reviews the current literature regarding conceptualizations of the disorder, the development of assessment tools, and treatment outcome. Although BDD has been viewed as a variant of an eating disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, or a somatoform disorder, it appears best conceptualized as a body image disorder with social, psychological, and possibly biological influences. Assessment instruments with acceptable psychometric properties have been developed to specifically assess BDD (e.g., the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination and the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder). Examination and the initial results from uncontrolled and controlled treatment research suggest that cognitive behavioral treatments for BDD may be as effective as those for possibly related disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder and bulimia nervosa.
Pontogeniculooccipital waves: spontaneous visual system activity during rapid eye movement sleep

1. Pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) waves are recorded during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep from the pontine reticular formation, lateral geniculate bodies, and occipital cortex of many species. 2. PGO waves are associated with increased visual system excitability but arise spontaneously and not via stimulation of the primary visual afferents. Both auditory and somatosensory stimuli influence PGO wave activity. 3. Studies using a variety of techniques suggest that the pontine brain stem is the site of PGO wave generation. Immediately prior to the appearance of PGO waves, neurons located in the region of the brachium conjunctivum exhibit bursts of increased firing, while neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei show a cessation of firing. 4. The administration of pharmacological agents antagonizing noradrenergic or serotonergic neurotransmission increases the occurrence of PGO waves independent of REM sleep. Cholinomimetic administration increases the occurrence of both PGO waves and other components of REM sleep. 5. Regarding function, the PGO wave-generating network has been postulated to inform the visual system about eye movements, to promote brain development, and to facilitate the response to novel environmental stimuli.
School-Based Racial and Gender Discrimination among African American Adolescents: Exploring Gender Variation in Frequency and Implications for Adjustment

The present study examined school-based racial and gender discrimination experiences among African American adolescents in Grade 8 (n = 204 girls; n = 209 boys). A primary goal was exploring gender variation in frequency of both types of discrimination and associations of discrimination with academic and psychological functioning among girls and boys. Girls and boys did not vary in reported racial discrimination frequency, but boys reported more gender discrimination experiences. Multiple regression analyses within gender groups indicated that among girls and boys, racial discrimination and gender discrimination predicted higher depressive symptoms and school importance and racial discrimination predicted self-esteem. Racial and gender discrimination were also negatively associated with grade point average among boys but were not significantly associated in girls’ analyses. Significant gender discrimination X racial discrimination interactions resulted in the girls’ models predicting psychological outcomes and in boys’ models predicting academic achievement. Taken together, findings suggest the importance of considering gender- and race-related experiences in understanding academic and psychological adjustment among African American adolescents.
A need for community education in development: the Mit Abu El Kom case.

Abstract A quasi-experimental study was performed in Mit Abu El Kom Village, Egypt, where one-quarter of the 500 village households had been provided with new housing and indoor water and sanitation facilities and where, prior to this provision, water and sanitation facilities were inadequate or nonexistent among all households. No community health education had taken place amonh relocates (subjects) or nonrelocates (controls) in conjunction with the provision of water and sanitation facilities. This study investigated if subject's access and exposure to facilities had alone been sufficient to significantly alter their relevant knowledge, attitudes and practices as compared to controls. This was accomplished primarily through structured household interview. Given that women are traditionally most affected by facilities and most effective in matters related to household health, one adult female from each sampled household was the respondent, totalling 123 for subjects and 111 for controls. Between-group comparisons of responses revealed overall nonsignificant differences in knowledge and attitudes and that respondent age and sex had no significant overall impact on responses. Age and sex were also discounted as affecting variables in within-group response analyses. Some significant changes in practices had occurred among subjects. However, these mainly resulted out of convenience and their potential benefits were often denigrated by changes which had not occurred or had not continued. The data indicate a need for community health education if health-related benefits of water and sanitation facilities are to be realized, and specifically indicate the need to address the educational needs of all village women.
Cell-Cell Contact Preserves Cell Viability via Plakoglobin

Control over cell viability is a fundamental property underlying numerous physiological processes. Cell spreading on a substrate was previously demonstrated to be a major factor in determining the viability of individual cells. In multicellular organisms, cell-cell contact is likely to play a significant role in regulating cell vitality, but its function is easily masked by cell-substrate interactions, thus remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we show that suspended immortalized human keratinocyte sheets with persisting intercellular contacts exhibited significant contraction, junctional actin localization, and reinforcement of cell-cell adhesion strength. Further, cells within these sheets remain viable, in contrast to trypsinized cells suspended without either cell-cell or cell-substrate contact, which underwent apoptosis at high rates. Suppression of plakoglobin weakened cell-cell adhesion in cell sheets and suppressed apoptosis in suspended, trypsinized cells. These results demonstrate that cell-cell contact may be a fundamental control mechanism governing cell viability and that the junctional protein plakoglobin is a key regulator of this process. Given the near-ubiquity of plakoglobin in multicellular organisms, these findings could have significant implications for understanding cell adhesion, modeling disease progression, developing therapeutics and improving the viability of tissue engineering protocols.
A Technique for Hair‐Grafting in Between Existing Follicles in Patients with Early Pattern Baldness

This new feature will emphasize innovative and better ways to perform dermatologic surgery procedures. This article should be based on some evidence-based literature, but may describe the author's experience with a particular procedure without being a typical clinical research article. The editor will consider ideas for topics. Any author who is considering writing an article should submit the title to Ronald L. Moy, MD, Editor-in-Chief, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 590, Los Angeles, CA 90024. Background. When using follicular hair transplantation on patients with early male or female pattern baldness, there can be significant trauma to preexisting hair follicles. This becomes especially important in view of the fact that finastride and minoxidil can stop or slow hair loss. Objective. To develop a system that averts damage to preexisting hair follicles in patients with early male or female pattern baldness. Methods. A Lutex headlight (2.5–3.5× loupe magnification system) is used to make 1.0–1.5 mm spear incisions in between the hair follicles in patients with early male or female pattern balding. Magnification is also utilized during the graft cutting and placement phases of the operation. Results. This headlight-loupe magnification system has dramatically decreased the amount of permanent hair loss and anagen effluvium on 144 patients with early male and female pattern baldness. With less permanent hair loss there is greater density observed with each progressive session. Conclusion. Hair surgeons now have a method to consistently and significantly minimize the amount of damage to preexisting hair follicles in patients in the early stages of male and female pattern baldness. This becomes even more important in light of the fact that more and more patients are using finastride or minoxidil to stop the thinning process. Existing hairs can therefore be preserved.
Strategies for the management of adverse events associated with mTOR inhibitors

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are used as potent immunosuppressive agents in solid-organ transplant recipients (everolimus and sirolimus) and as antineoplastic therapies for various cancers (eg, advanced renal cell carcinoma; everolimus, temsirolimus, ridaforolimus). Relevant literature, obtained from specific PubMed searches, was reviewed to evaluate the incidence and mechanistic features of specific adverse events (AEs) associated with mTOR inhibitor treatment, and to present strategies to effectively manage these events. The AEs examined in this review include stomatitis and other cutaneous AEs, wound-healing complications (eg, lymphocele, incisional hernia), diabetes/hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, proteinuria, nephrotoxicity, delayed graft function, pneumonitis, anemia, hypertension, gonadal dysfunction, and ovarian toxicity. Strategies for selecting appropriate patients for mTOR inhibitor therapy and minimizing the risks of AEs are discussed, along with best practices for identifying and managing side effects. mTOR inhibitors are promising therapeutic options in immunosuppression and oncology; most AEs can be effectively detected and managed or reversed with careful monitoring and appropriate interventions.