cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter III Rayleigh Disks in Liquid Helium II

Publisher Summary The thermal Rayleigh disk provides a direct method for detecting and measuring second sound waves by purely mechanical means, dependent solely upon such fundamentals as kinetic energy density and the geometry. While not necessarily confirming the two-fluid hypothesis, the operation of the disk is consistent with the conditions based on that model. The Rayleigh disk responds to the kinetic energy density of a mechanical wave, without regard to the direction of particle migration, such that the counter flowing natures of the mass transport within liquid helium II in no way affects its performance. It is interesting that this device, developed by Rayleigh in the century before the advent of microphones, is capable of detecting the internal counter flow of quantum hydrodynamics to which microphones are insensitive. Future applications of the Rayleigh disk include such possibilities as observing the torque exerted by superfluid alone. This could be accomplished by suspending the disk within a region of steady-state flow of pure superfluid through a background of stationary normal fluid, produced by combining a heat source with a suitable combination of semi-permeable barriers.
Detection and Structure Analysis of Modified Nucleosides in RNA by Mass Spectrometry

This chapter reviews applications of electrospray ionization (ESI) to the analysis of RNA and its constituents. Some examples of modified nucleosides discovered by liquid chromatography (LC)/mass chromatography (MS) and characterized include four sugar-methylated nucleosides in tRNA from hyperthermophilic archaea, 5-methylcarboxymethyl-2’-O-methyluridine in rat liver tRNASer[Sec] *, and two sugar-methylated nucleosides in the cap4 subunit of trypanosomal mRNA. A method has been implemented for mapping modified nucleosides in RNA, based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of RNase T1-derived oligonucleotides. The ability to mass measure the small peaks suggests that oligonucleotides can be analyzed at levels lower than the 20 pmol of tRNA utilized in the present example. To examine levels of modified nucleosides in tRNA as a function of growth temperature in the thermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, it was grown at 70, 85, and 100°C. The strategies and examples of nucleic acid analysis using mass spectrometry presented in this chapter utilize ESI because of its successful implementation for the analysis of nucleic acids and their constituents from the monomer level in digests all the way up to intact tRNA and 5S rRNA.
The role of protein kinase C in the regulation of serotonin‐2A receptor expression

We have investigated in C6 glioma cells the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of serotonin-(2A) receptor (5-HT(2A) receptor) expression by agonist treatment. Comparison of the time-courses of agonist-induced downregulation of receptor number and mRNA indicate that a decrease in the number of 5-HT(2A) receptor binding sites in response to serotonin (5-HT) treatment is preceded by a decrease in 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA. This decrease in 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA as a result of agonist exposure was not due to a change in the stability or half-life of the transcript. Pretreatment of cells with the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide blocked the decrease in 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA levels, and attenuated the down-regulation of 5-HT(2A) receptor binding sites induced by treatment with 5-HT. Experiments performed with the PKC inhibitors calphostin C and Go 6976 confirmed that PKC was involved in the regulation of 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA by agonist and implicate the conventional subgroup of PKC isoforms. Western blot analysis, using isoform-specific anti-PKC antibodies showed that under our culture conditions C6 glioma cells express the conventional isoforms PKC alpha, PKC gamma, as well as the novel isoforms PKC delta, PKC epsilon, and the atypical isoforms PKC lambda and PKC iota. Upon treatment with 5-HT for 10 min levels of the conventional isoforms PKC alpha and PKC gamma increased in the nuclear fraction. Taken together, our results implicate PKC alpha and/or PKC gamma in the regulation of 5-HT(2A) mRNA receptor and binding sites in response to agonist treatment.
A curious gap in one-dimensional geometric random graphs between connectivity and the absence of isolated node.

One-dimensional geometric random graphs are constructed by distributing $n$ nodes uniformly and independently on a unit interval and then assigning an undirected edge between any two nodes that have a distance at most $r_n$. These graphs have received much interest and been used in various applications including wireless networks. A threshold of $r_n$ for connectivity is known as $r_n^{*} = \frac{\ln n}{n}$ in the literature. In this paper, we prove that a threshold of $r_n$ for the absence of isolated node is $\frac{\ln n}{2 n}$ (i.e., a half of the threshold $r_n^{*}$). Our result shows there is a curious gap between thresholds of connectivity and the absence of isolated node in one-dimensional geometric random graphs; in particular, when $r_n$ equals $\frac{c\ln n}{ n}$ for a constant $c \in( \frac{1}{2}, 1)$, a one-dimensional geometric random graph has no isolated node but is not connected. This curious gap in one-dimensional geometric random graphs is in sharp contrast to the prevalent phenomenon in many other random graphs such as two-dimensional geometric random graphs, Erdős-Renyi graphs, and random intersection graphs, all of which in the asymptotic sense become connected as soon as there is no isolated node.
Direct observation of strained substrate in graded Si1−xGex/Si heterostructures

Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy is used to study strain relaxation in a graded Si1−xGex/Si heterostructure. Two strain relaxation mechanisms are observed on the (111) cleaved surface. One is through stressing the substrate, and the strained region in the substrate can extend several hundred Angstroms from the interface. The other strain relaxation mechanism is through defect formation, i.e., atomic steps, on the cleaved surface. This is analogous to misfit dislocations in bulk strain relaxation. Interaction between these two strain relaxation mechanisms is also observed, with the presence of atomic steps reducing the strained region in the substrate.
Midday Stem Water Potential Values Needed to Maintain Photosynthesis and Leaf Gas Exchange Established for Pecan

Demand for New Mexico's limited water resources coupled with periodic drought has increased the necessity for tree water status monitoring to guide irrigation scheduling of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of water status developed during the flood irrigation dry-down cycles on photosynthesis (Pn), and gas exchange (stomatal conductance (gS )t o H 2 O( gH2O), transpiration (E), and intercellular CO2 (ci)) and to establish values of midday stem water potential (Csmd) that are needed to maintain Pn and gas exchange of pecan. We conducted the study simultaneously on two southern New Mexico mature pecan orchards from 2011 through 2013. Flood irrigation as determined by grower practice was used on both orchards and Pn, gH2O, E, and ci were assessed at Csmd of -0.4 to -2.0 MPa. Photosynthesis and gas exchange were higher in pecan trees shortly after irrigation than trees exhibiting water deficit near the end of a flood irrigation dry-down cycle. The decline in Pn was markedly noticeable when Csmd dropped below -0.9 MPa. We attributed the reduction in Pn mostly to stomatal limitation. The decline in Pn and gH2O exceeded 50% when Csmd ranged from -1.5 to -2.0 MPa. For those reasons, we recommended that pecan orchards be maintained at Csmd higher than -0.90 MPa to prevent significant reductions in carbon assimilation and gas exchange. With the prediction of rising global air temperatures, drought may become more frequent and severe in areas where problems with water resources already exist (Wujeska et al., 2013). New Mexico has an arid to semiarid climate. Mean annual precipitation is 200 mm and average annual temperature is 20 � C. Pecan is one of the most important agricultural crops in New Mexico. In 2012, New Mexico produced 31.3 million kilograms of pecan nuts (in-shell basis), which accounted for 23% of the U.S. production (U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2012). However, the extreme demand for water coupled with periods of drought and increasing pecan acreage has reduced the available water for irrigating pecan (Johnson, 2004; Samani et al., 2011). Because of ongoing drought in the Rio Grande Basin, irrigation districts have allocated much less water to farmers than in the past. Farmers in the region recently have been forced to rely heavily on water pumped from wells to irrigate orchards. Orchards without available well water have not been irrigated adequately and typically have died. Pecan requires adequate water for development of the nut. Pecan nut development can be divided into two stages: nut
Legal Consciousness and LGBT Research: The Role of the Law in the Everyday Lives of LGBT Individuals

The law occupies a prominent place in the everyday lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, and the continuing regulation and policing of sexuality and gender weighs heavily on many people who identify as LGBT. Despite remarkable progress in the area of LGBT civil rights, LGBT individuals in the United States still lack formal equality and are denied many of the protections that are afforded other historically disadvantaged groups. These legal disabilities represent an ongoing source of minority stress and can produce a correspondingly high degree of legal consciousness within the LGBT community.
SU-E-J-135: Feasibility of Using Quantitative Cone Beam CT for Proton Adaptive Planning

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of using scatter corrected cone beam CT (CBCT) for proton adaptive planning. Methods: Phantom study was used to evaluate the CT number difference between the planning CT (pCT), quantitative CBCT (qCBCT) with scatter correction and calibrated Hounsfield units using adaptive scatter kernel superposition (ASKS) technique, and raw CBCT (rCBCT). After confirming the CT number accuracy, prostate patients, each with a pCT and several sets of weekly CBCT, were investigated for this study. Spot scanning proton treatment plans were independently generated on pCT, qCBCT and rCBCT. The treatment plans were then recalculated on all images. Dose-volume-histogram (DVH) parameters and gamma analysis were used to compare between dose distributions. Results: Phantom study suggested that Hounsfield unit accuracy for different materials are within 20 HU for qCBCT and over 250 HU for rCBCT. For prostate patients, proton dose could be calculated accurately on qCBCT but not on rCBCT. When the original plan was recalculated on qCBCT, tumor coverage was maintained when anatomy was consistent with pCT. However, large dose variance was observed when patient anatomy change. Adaptive plan using qCBCT was able to recover tumor coverage and reduce dose to normal tissue. Conclusion: It is feasible to use qu antitative CBCT (qCBCT) with scatter correction and calibrated Hounsfield units for proton dose calculation and adaptive planning in proton therapy. Partly supported by Varian Medical Systems.
Discursive strategies and radical technological change: : Multilevel discourse analysis of the early computer (1947–1958)

Research summary: This paper uses multilevel discourse analysis to advance strategic management research, focusing on the question of why firms fail in the face of radical technological change. Answering this question requires addressing how customers develop their interpretations and evaluation criteria of the new technology. This interpretive process occurs through discussions with other market participants. Firms can influence customers' interpretations through the use of language and visual images—what we call “discursive strategies.” Firms can fail to navigate technological disruptions because their discursive strategies do not communicate effectively with customers. Yet, methodological limitations have restricted the study of discursive strategies. We draw on multilevel discourse analysis and apply this method to explain why IBM outperformed Remington Rand in the early insurance market for computers.
Review of Woody Guthrie, American Radical by Will Kaufman

Woody Guthrie is an American icon whose musical and social influences persist. However, Will Kaufman states in the “Introduction” of Woody Guthrie, American Radical that Guthrie's reputation as a r...
Li self-diffusion in pure and doped β-LiAl using pulsed-field gradient NMR

Abstract The self-diffusion coefficient of 7Li in pure and doped β-LiAl has been measured over the temperature range 297–478 K using a pulsed-field-gradient NMR spin-echo technique. The lithium self diffusion coefficients in these alloys show Arrhenius behavior, D (Li) = D 0 (Li) exp( −(E) k B T ) , within this observed temperature range. The diffusion constant D0 (Li) and the associated activation energy 〈E〉 decrease with increasing lithium content. The results can be understood if two types of vacancy point defects are considered: vacancies partially bound to, or associated with, immobile antistructure defects, and vacancies which otherwise are free. A vacancy diffusion mechanism based on two mean jump times for these two types of vacancies yields a quantitative description of the Li diffusion process. The diffusion coefficients of Li in LiAl alloys doped with Ag and In have also been determined, and it was found that the results are closely related to the corresponding defect states.
The Use of Trait Listings to Measure Recommendations for Managerial Behavior under Different Levels of Task Complexity

Abstract Previous research has indicated that information about leaders is primarily stored in memory in trait form. Hence, it was hypothesized that a trait listing technique would be more accurate than traditional methods in eliciting recommendations about leadership style. Sixty-four evening MBA students made recommendations about appropriate managerial behavioral under four different types of relative task complexity. Accuracy was judged by comparing the recommendations with a previous study that varied relative task complexity and rates of order-giving. Recommendations made by the students using a trait-listing technique accurately matched the amount of directive behavior to the situation. Recommendations made by the students using more traditional close-ended items, however, failed to reflect the complex relationship between managerial behavior and relative task complexity.
Zinc binding ligands and cellular zinc trafficking: Apo-metallothionein, glutathione, TPEN, proteomic zinc, and Zn-Sp1

Abstract Many cell types contain metal-ion unsaturated metallothionein (MT). Considering the Zn 2+ binding affinity of metallothionein, the existence of this species in the intracellular environment constitutes a substantial “thermodynamic sink”. Indeed, the mM concentration of glutathione may be thought of in the same way. In order to understand how apo-MT and the rest of the Zn-proteome manage to co-exist, experiments examined the in vitro reactivity of Zn-proteome with apo-MT, glutathione (GSH), and a series of common Zn 2+ chelating agents including N , N , N ′, N ′-(2-pyridylethyl)ethylenediammine (TPEN), EDTA, and [(2,2′-oxyproplylene-dinitrilo]tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Less than 10% of Zn-proteome from U87 mg cells reacted with apo-MT or GSH. In contrast, each of the synthetic chelators was 2–3 times more reactive. TPEN, a cell permeant reagent, also reacted rapidly with both Zn-proteome and Zn-MT in LLC-PK 1 cells. Taking a specific zinc finger protein for further study, apo-MT, GSH, and TPEN inhibited the binding of Zn 3 -Sp1 with its cognate DNA site (GC-1) in the sodium-glucose co-transporter promoter of mouse kidney. In contrast, preformation of Zn 3 -Sp1-(GC-1) prevented reaction with apo-MT and GSH; TPEN remained active but at a higher concentration. Whereas, Zn 3 -Sp1 is active in cells containing apo-MT and GSH, exposure of LLC-PK 1 cells to TPEN for 24 h largely inactivated its DNA binding activity. The results help to rationalize the steady state presence of cellular apo-MT in the midst of the many, diverse members of the Zn-proteome. They also show that TPEN is a robust intracellular chelator of proteomic Zn 2+ .
Boolean dynamics of networks with scale-free topology

The dynamics of Boolean networks with scale-free topology are studied. The existence of a phase transition from ordered to chaotic dynamics, governed by the value of the scale-free exponent of the network, is shown analytically by analyzing the overlap between two distinct trajectories. The phase diagram shows that the phase transition occurs for values of the scale-free exponent in the open interval (2, 2.5). Since the Boolean networks under study are directed graphs, the scale-free topology of the input connections and that of the output connections are studied separately. Ultimately these two topologies are shown to be equivalent. A numerical study of the attractor structure of the configuration space reveals that this structure is similar in both networks with scale-free topologies and networks with homogeneous random topologies. However, an important result of this work is that the fine-tuning usually required to achieve stability in the dynamics of networks with homogeneous random topologies is no longer necessary when the network topology is scale-free. Finally, based on the results presented in this work, it is hypothesized that the scale-free topology favors the evolution and adaptation of network functioning from a biological perspective.
Trichomoniasis: evaluation to execution

Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted disease, caused by a motile flagellate non-invasive parasitic protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis). More than 160 million people worldwide are annually infected by this protozoan. T. vaginalis occupies an extracellular niche in the complex human genito-urinary environment (vagina, cervix, penis, prostate gland, and urethra) to survive, multiply and evade host defenses. T. vaginalis (strain G3) has a ∼160 megabase genome with 60,000 genes, the largest number of genes ever identified in protozoans. The T. vaginalis genome is a highly conserved gene family that encodes a massive proteome with one of the largest coding (expressing ∼4000 genes) capacities in the trophozoite stage, and helps T. vaginalis to adapt and survive in diverse environment. Based on recent developments in the field, we review T. vaginalis structure, patho-mechanisms, parasitic virulence, and advances in diagnosis and therapeutics.
Immunolocalization of voltage-gated calcium channel α1 subunits in the chinchilla cochlea

The immunohistochemical localization of α1A, α1B, α1C, α1D, and α1E voltage-gated calcium channel subunits was investigated in the chinchilla organ of Corti and spiral ganglia with the use of specific antipeptide antibodies. The inner and outer hair cells were immunoreactive for α1A and α1D subunit antibodies. α1C immunoreactivity localized to the nerve terminals innervating inner hair cells and the basal pole of the outer hair cell. There was only non-specific staining to α1B and α1E. Supporting cells were non-immunoreactive. Spiral ganglia neurons were α1B, α1C, and α1D immunoreactive. A few spiral ganglia neurons were α1E immunoreactive. The importance of α1D, the pore-forming subunit of the L-type channel, in outer and inner hair cell function has been clearly demonstrated in electrophysiological, molecular biological, and knockout models. The presence of α1A, the pore-forming subunit of the P/Q type channels, has not previously been demonstrated in inner and outer hair cells, and its function in the cochlear hair cell is unknown.
Auditory event perception: The source—perception loop for posture in human gait

There is a small but growing literature on the perception of natural acoustic events, but few attempts have been made to investigate complex sounds not systematically controlled within a laboratory setting. The present study investigates listeners’ ability to make judgments about the posture (upright—stooped) of the walker who generated acoustic stimuli contrasted on each trial. We use a comprehensive three-stage approach to event perception, in which we develop a solid understanding of the source event and its sound properties, as well as the relationships between these two event stages. Developing this understanding helps both to identify the limitations of common statistical procedures and to develop effective new procedures for investigating not only the two information stages above, but also the decision strategies employed by listeners in making source judgments from sound. The result is a comprehensive, ultimately logical, but not necessarily expected picture of both the source—sound—perception loop and the utility of alternative research tools.
Bimorph-based piezoelectric air acoustic transducer: model

Abstract A new type of bimorph-based piezoelectric air transducer with the working frequency range of 200–1000 Hz has recently been developed [B. Xu, Q. Zhang, V.D. Kugel, L.E. Cross, Piezoelectric air transducer for active noise control, Proc. SPIE, 2717 (1996) 388–398]. In the present work, basic acoustic characteristics of this device and its piezoelectric elements are analyzed. To model the vibration spectrum of the transducer, a one-dimensional approach is developed where inertia, elastic and damping forces are included. Analytical equations describing mechanical vibrations and electrical impedance of piezoelectric bimorph cantilevers under external forces are derived. In order to describe various losses in the transducer, complex piezoelectric, dielectric, and elastic constants are used. Results of the modeling are in good accord with experimental data. The suggested model can be used for device optimization.
Electronic Factors for Protonation of an Organometallic Molecule. Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of [(η6-C6H6)Mo(TRIPOD)]0/+

We have previously shown that the arene complex (η6-C6H6)Mo(TRIPOD), where TRIPOD = 1,1,1-tris((diphenylphosphino)methyl)ethane, is protonated by exo addition of H+ to the arene ring to give the transient cyclohexadienyl complex [(η5-C6H7)Mo(TRIPOD)]+, which eventually yields the thermodynamic molybdenum hydride [(η6-C6H6)Mo(TRIPOD)(H)]+. The present study is a combined experimental and theoretical investigation that reveals the fundamental basis for this mechanism. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is used to probe the electronic structure of (η6-C6H6)Mo(TRIPOD) and the production of the [(η6-C6H6)Mo(TRIPOD)]+ cation in the gas phase. The initial ionizations of (η6-C6H6)Mo(TRIPOD) are from energetically closely spaced orbitals of predominantly metal d character (2A1 and 2E cation states using C3v symmetry) that are shifted over 2 eV to lower energy with respect to the comparable ionizations of (η6-C6H6)Mo(CO)3. The oxidized species [(η6-C6H6)Mo(TRIPOD)]+ is also prepared in solution by electrochemical mea...
Immune-directed gene therapeutic development for Alzheimer's, prion, and Parkinson's diseases.

The development of novel immune-based therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases is an area of intense focus. Neurodegenerative diseases represent a particular challenge since in many cases the onset of symptoms occurs after considerable degeneration has ensued. Based on human genetic and histopathological evidence from patients with neurodegenerative diseases, animal models that recapitulate specific pathologic features have been developed. Utilizing these animal models in combination with viral vector-based gene therapeutics, specific epochs of disease can be targeted. One common feature of several neurodegenerative diseases is misfolded proteins. The mechanism by which these altered protein conformers lead to neurodegeneration is not completely understood but much effort has been put forward to either degrade aberrant protein or prevent the formation of misfolded conformers. In this review, we will summarize work that employs viral vector gene therapeutics to modulate the brain’s response to misfolded proteins with a specific focus on neurodegeneration.
Bermuda marine fungi

The marine mycota of Bermuda is almost identical with that of Florida and other subtropical and tropical zones. Host plants examined are Avicennia germinans (L.) L., Conocarpus erecta L., Rhizophora mangle L., Salicornia virginica L., Tamarix gallica L. and Thalassia testudinum Koenig. The collections include 15 ascomycetes, one basidiomycete and six deuteromycetes, all of which are new records for the Bermuda islands. New host records are Halocyphina villosa J. & E. Kohlm. on C. erecta; H. villosa, Hydronectria tethys J. & E. Kohlm. and Leptosphaeria australiensis (Cribb & Cribb) Hughes on T. gallica; and Lulworthia sp. on Th. testudinum. Halosarpheia fibrosa} J. & E. Kohlm. gen. et sp.nov. is a new saprobic marine ascomycete on A. germinans, R. mangle, T. gallica and other submerged substrates from Bermuda, Brazil and Florida. Ascospores of three Ascomycetes occur in sea foam along sandy beaches. Periconia prolifica Anast. develops on decomposing calcareous linings of shipworm tubes and also grows on and in dead mites attached to this substrate. A key to the filamentous higher marine fungi of Bermuda is presented.
Measuring ‘neighborhood’: Constructing network neighborhoods

This study attempts to measure neighborhood boundaries in a novel way by creating network neighborhoods based on the density of social ties among adolescents. We create valued matrices based on social ties and physical distance between adolescents in the county. We then perform factor analyses on these valued matrices to detect these network neighborhoods. The resulting network neighborhoods show considerable spatial contiguity. We assess the quality of these aggregations by comparing the degree of agreement among residents assigned to the same network neighborhood when assessing various characteristics of their “neighborhood”, along with traditional definitions of neighborhoods from Census aggregations. Our findings suggest that these network neighborhoods are a valuable approach for “neighborhood” aggregation.
Remote tool health monitoring using wireless sensors on rotational machinery

A key concern in modern day manufacturing is developing a reliable method for monitoring tool health. This involves not only establishing a mathematical method for deriving tool failure, but also developing a reliable method for collecting and transmitting this information. This paper presents a reliable wireless network for collecting, analyzing, and predicting tool failure. The wireless network consists of three remote nodes and one coordinator node. Each remote node is mounted on a 1″ R8 mill tool holder and consists of three major components: an accelerometer, microcontroller, and wireless transceiver. These wireless nodes transmit the Z-axis acceleration (the machines vertical Z-axis) as seen by the tool holder back to a central computer. This computer utilizes LabVIEW in order to collect and analyze the acceleration data. The LabVIEW program also acts as a simple user interface for indicating states of tool failure, along with providing a means for publishing the information to the internet for process monitoring by remote users. The wireless network discussed in this paper is robust, inexpensive, and was found to reliably monitor and predict tool health conditions. The innovative aspect of this work is the ability to use commercial-off-the-shelf wireless sensors to remotely monitor multiple rotational machines from a single location on site and over the internet to off-site locations.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On a matching problem in the plane

Abstract Let S be a set with n = w + b points in general position in the plane, w of them white, and b of them black, where w and b are even numbers. We show that there exists a matching of points of the same color with straight line segments and no crossings which matches at least 83.33% of the points. We also derive an O (n log n) algorithm which achieves this guarantee. On the other hand, there exist configurations of points such that any matching with the above properties matches at most 99.36% of the points. We also derive similar bounds on the number of matched points when the points are colored by a fixed number of colors.
THE NO TO NOTHING AND THE NOTHING TO KNOW: BARTH AND TILLICH AND THE POSSIBILITY OF THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE

If it is true, as John of Damascus said, that we cannot say what God is; if, in other words, all we can say of God is that God is God, then how is a knowledge of God, a theological science, possible at all? If one cannot know what something is, how can one know anything else about it? Aquinas answered the question by likening theology to those sciences in which the effects of the undefinable subject take the place of the definition of its nature. The world, with everything in it, can be read as the effect of its cause. And the link between, on the one side, the cause of the world, and, on the other side, the God of whom what is known is only that God is God is forged by the negative jointly contained in the name of God and the name of first cause: the first cause
Functional compensation by other voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in mouse basal forebrain neurons with CaV2.1 mutations

Tottering (tg/tg) and leaner (tg(la)/tg(la)) mutant mice exhibit distinct mutations in the gene encoding the voltage-activated Ca(2+) channel alpha(1A) subunit (CACNA1A), the pore-forming subunit of the Ca(V)2.1 (P/Q type) Ca(2+) channels. These mice exhibit absence seizures and deficiencies in motor control and other functions. Previous work in cerebellar Purkinje neurons has shown that these mutations cause dramatic reductions in calcium channel function. Because Purkinje cell somata primarily express the Ca(V)2.1 channels, the general decrease in Ca(V)2.1 channel function is observed as a profound decrease in whole-cell current. In contrast to Purkinje cells, basal forebrain (BF) neurons express all of the Ca(2+) channel alpha(1) subunits, with Ca(V)2.1 contributing approximately 30% to the whole-cell current in wild-type (+/+) mice. Here, we show that whole-cell Ba(2+) current densities in BF neurons are not reduced in the mutant genotypes despite a reduction in the Ca(V)2.1 contribution. By blocking the different Ca(2+) channel subtypes with specific pharmacological agents, we found a significant increase in the proportion of Ca(V)1 Ca(2+) current in mutant phenotypes. There was no change in tissue mRNA expression of calcium channel subtypes Ca(V)2.1, Ca(V)2.2, Ca(V)1.2, Ca(V)1.3, and Ca(V)2.3 in the tottering and leaner mutant mice. These results suggest that Ca(V)1 channels may functionally upregulate to compensate for reduced Ca(V)2.1 function in the mutants without an increase in Ca(v)1 message. Single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiments in a subset of sampled neurons revealed that approximately 90% of the cells could be considered cholinergic based on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA expression.
Stress intensity factor and crack opening for a linearly viscoelastic strip with a slowly propagating central crack

The stress-intensity factor and the size of the crack opening have been calculated for a linearly viscoelastic strip with a slowly propagating central crack. The edges of the infinitely long strip are displaced normal to the crack and both clamped and shear-free strip edges have been investigated. The results are based on the solution to the problem of a suddenly loaded strip with a stationary crack. The resulting integral equation has been solved numerically for arbitrary crack length and analytical solutions in form of asymptotic series are given for crack length up to about half the strip width. The response to a propagating crack is found by superposition.
THE EMERGENCE OF CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT FROM OBSERVATION

We report an experiment in which observations of peers by six 3-5-year-old participants under specific conditions functioned to convert a small plastic disc or, for one participant, a small piece of string, from a nonreinforcer to a reinforcer. Prior to the observational procedure, we compared each participant's responding on (a) previously acquired performance tasks in which the child received either a preferred food item or the disc (string) for correct responses, and (b) the acquisition of new repertoires in which the disc (string) was the consequence for correct responses. Verbal corrections followed incorrect responses in the latter tasks. The results showed that discs and strings did not reinforce correct responses in the performance tasks, but the food items did; nor did the discs and strings reinforce correct responses in learning new repertoires. We then introduced the peer observation condition in which participants engaged in a different performance task in the presence of a peer who also performed the task. A partition blocked the participants from seeing the peers' performance. However, participants could observe peers receiving discs or strings. Participants did not receive discs or strings regardless of their performance. Peer observation continued until the participants either requested discs or strings repeatedly, or attempted to take discs or strings from the peers. Following the peer observation condition, the same performance and acquisition tasks in which participants had engaged prior to observation were repeated. The results showed that the discs and strings now reinforced correct responding for both performance and acquisition for all participants. We discuss the results with reference to research involving nonhuman subjects that demonstrated the observational conditioning of reinforcers.
Developing Gradient Metal Alloys through Radial Deposition Additive Manufacturing

Interest in additive manufacturing (AM) has dramatically expanded in the last several years, owing to the paradigm shift that the process provides over conventional manufacturing. Although the vast majority of recent work in AM has focused on three-dimensional printing in polymers, AM techniques for fabricating metal alloys have been available for more than a decade. Here, laser deposition (LD) is used to fabricate multifunctional metal alloys that have a strategically graded composition to alter their mechanical and physical properties. Using the technique in combination with rotational deposition enables fabrication of compositional gradients radially from the center of a sample. A roadmap for developing gradient alloys is presented that uses multi-component phase diagrams as maps for composition selection so as to avoid unwanted phases. Practical applications for the new technology are demonstrated in low-coefficient of thermal expansion radially graded metal inserts for carbon-fiber spacecraft panels.
Review of valproate monotherapy in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures

Well-controlled prospective studies have shown the benefits of converting treatment for patients with epilepsy from polytherapy to monotherapy. Results of trials with valproate have demonstrated its efficacy as monotherapy in patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Several studies have found no significant differences between valproate and phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of partial seizures. In studies in which patients were diagnosed as having one of the primary generalized epilepsies, the response rate of tonic-clonic seizures to valproate establishes valproate as the drug of choice in the epilepsy syndromes with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
Toward a unified framework for version modeling in engineering databases

Support for unusual applications such as computer-aided design data has been of increasing interest to database system architects. In this survey, we concentrate on one aspect of such support, namely, version modeling. By this, we mean the concepts suitable for structuring a database of complex engineering artifacts that evolve across multiple representations and over time and the operations through which such artifact descriptions are created and modified. There have been many proposals for new models and mechanisms to support such concepts within database data models in general and engineering data models in particular; here we not only describe such proposals; we also unify them. We do not propose yet another model but provide a common terminology and collection of mechanisms that underlie any approach for representing engineering design information in a database. The key remaining challenge is to construct a single framework, based on these mechanisms, which can be tailored for the needs of a given version environment.
Shear-Induced Exothermic Chemical Reactions

La structure de bandes de cisaillement crees dans des poudres reactives Ti-Si a etee etudiee avec le collapse symmetrique d'un cylindre de parois epaisse. Les bandes de cisaillement se forment a des deformations globales de 0.2-0.4 a une vitesse de deformation de 10 4 s -1 Dans les bandes de cisaillement les deformations de cisaillement atteignent des valeurs jusqu'a 100 et la vitesse de deformation est 10 7 s -1 . Les reactions chimiques sont initiees dans ces bandes de cisaillement. Leur propagation dans l'echantillion demande une deformation globale critique. La modelisation des bandes de cisaillement avec la reaction des poudres reactives est proposee. Il est possible d'estimer le taux de reaction a partir de regions triangulaires formees par les bandes de cisaillement dans lesquelles il n'y a pas eu de reaction.
Elder abuse by family caregivers: Processes and intervention strategies

This study of 104 family caregivers who provided care to 119 elderly kin discusses the stress and conflict that can result when the older person, the caregivers, and the family are unprepared to fulfill the caregiving tasks. Sources of stress that contribute to physical and psychological abuse of the elderly are examined. Suggestions such as setting guidelines, establishing support groups, providing respite and household care, and increasing awareness about the aging process and elder abuse are offered as mechanisms for preventing abusive interactions and increasing the quality of life for the elderly and their families.
Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the microsporidian Octosporea muscaedomesticae with reference to protectants provided by the host Phormia regina.

Abstract The effect of ultraviolet light on the microsporidian Octosporea muscaedomesticae in relation to infection in the adult black blowfly, Phormia regina, was investigated. A 30-Watt germicidal lamp, 253.7-nm wavelength, was used as source of uv light in five investigations. In addition, sunlight served as a uv source in two studies. Viable naked dried spores exposed to the uv lamp at a distance of 10 cm were killed after 15 min. Viable naked spores in an aqueous suspension were killed after 30 min of exposure to the uv lamp and after 3 hr of exposure to bright sunlight, respectively. Daily 30-min uv lamp exposures on living hosts harboring all life phases of the parasite did not interfere with the ensuing infection in the blowfly's midgut and the pathogen's developmental cycle. Spores harvested from uv-treated infected hosts were found to be as infective as spores retrieved from hosts not treated with uv. Spores contained in dried fecal droplets and exposed up to 3 hr to the uv lamp, or 12 hr to bright sunlight, respectively, remained infective. Addition of uric acid to a preparation of naked spores prior to 15- and 30-min uv irradiations yielded 100% infection in both host groups. A uv-protective function is ascribed to components provided by the host's tissues and feces.
BBX19 Interacts with CONSTANS to Repress FLOWERING LOCUS T Transcription, Defining a Flowering Time Checkpoint in Arabidopsis

The timely transition of vegetative to reproductive development is coordinated through quantitative regulation of floral pathway genes in response to physiological and environmental cues. Here, we show that the circadian-controlled expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana floral transition regulators FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and CONSTANS (CO) is antiphasic to that of BBX19, a transcription factor with two B-Box motifs. Diminished expression of BBX19 by RNA interference accelerates flowering, and constitutive expression of BBX19 delays flowering under inductive photoperiods. This delay is not accompanied by the alteration of CO expression levels but rather by a reduction of transcript levels of FT and the FT-regulated genes SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1, LEAFY, and FRUITFUL. Similar to CO, BBX19 is expressed in vasculature. BBX19 and CO colocalize in the nucleus and interact physically in vivo. In transient assays, coinfiltration of 10-fold more CO overcomes the BBX19-mediated repression of FT activation. Substitution of the conserved Cys-25 to Ser in the BBX19 Box1 motif abolishes the BBX19–CO interaction and eliminates the negative regulation of flowering time, while the analogous C76S substitution in the Box2 motif is ineffective. Together, these results implicate BBX19 as a circadian clock output that depletes the active CO pool to accurately monitor daylength and precisely time FT expression.
Triple-alpha process and the anthropically allowed values of the weak scale

In multiple-universe models, the constants of nature may have different values in different universes. Agrawal, Barr, Donoghue, and Seckel have pointed out that the Higgs boson mass parameter, as the only dimensionful parameter of the standard model, is of particular interest. By considering a range of values of this parameter, they showed that the Higgs vacuum expectation value must have a magnitude less than $5.0$ times its observed value, in order for complex elements, and thus life, to form. In this Brief Report, we look at the effects of the Higgs boson mass parameter on the triple-alpha process in stars. This process, which is greatly enhanced by a resonance in carbon-12, is responsible for virtually all of the carbon production in the universe. We find that the Higgs vacuum expectation value must have a magnitude greater than $0.99$ times its observed value in order for an appreciable amount of carbon to form, thus significantly narrowing the allowed region of Agrawal et al.
Sacrificial cell death and trichome breakage in an oscillatoriacean blue-green alga: the role of murein

Trichomes of Microcoleus vaginatus, a motile blue-green alga of the family Oscillatoriaceae, were studied by light and electron microscopy in an effort to determine the sites of trichome breakage during production of hormogonia.
Insulin Resistance and Muscle Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease

Insulin resistance is a common finding in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is manifested by mild fasting hyperglycemia and abnormal glucose tolerance testing. Circulating levels of glucocorticoids are high. In muscle, changes in the insulin signaling pathway occur. An increase in the regulatory p85 subunit of Class I phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase enzyme leads to decreased activation of the downstream effector protein kinase B (Akt). Mechanisms promoting muscle proteolysis and atrophy are unleashed. The link of Akt to the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, a major degradation pathway in muscle, is discussed. Another factor associated with insulin resistance in CKD is angiotensin II (Ang II) which appears to induce its intracellular effects through inflammatory cytokines or reactive oxygen species. Skeletal muscle ATP is depleted and the ability of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to replenish energy stores is blocked. How this can be reversed is discussed. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are elevated in CKD and impair insulin signaling at the level of IRS-1. With exercise, IL-6 levels are reduced; glucose uptake and utilization are increased. For patients with CKD, exercise may improve insulin signaling and build up muscle. Treatment strategies for preventing muscle atrophy are discussed.
Fast-response gamma thermometers

Abstract Reliable fast-response gamma thermometers have been developed for reactor in-core flux monitoring at the USAEC Savannah River Plant. These instruments have long in-core life with constant sensitivity. They are rugged, relatively simple, and low in cost. Design considerations are gamma sensitivity, neutron sensitivity, time response and heat losses. Operating experience has been satisfactory.
Coordinated regulation and inositol-mediated and fatty acid-mediated repression of fatty acid synthase genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FAS1, FAS2, and FAS3 are the genes involved in saturated fatty acid biosynthesis. The enzymatic activities of both fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase are reduced 2- to 3-fold when yeast cells are grown in the presence of exogenous fatty acids. The mRNA levels of the FAS genes are correspondingly lower under repressive conditions. Expression of the FAS-lacZ reporter gene is also regulated by fatty acids. When a FAS2 multicopy plasmid is present in the cells, expression of both FAS1 and FAS3 increases. Thus, the FAS genes are coordinately regulated. Deletion analyses of the regulatory regions of FAS1 and FAS2 revealed common regulatory sequences. These include the GGCCAAAAAC and AGCCAAGCA sequences that have a common GCCAA core sequence and the UASINO (upstream activation sequence). Derepression of the FAS genes in the absence of exogenous inositol is not observed when UASINO is mutated, indicating that this cis element is a positive regulator of these genes. The GCCAA elements and UASINO act synergistically for optimal expression of the FAS genes.
Continuous spinal anesthesia for cesarean section in a parturient with severe recurrent peripartum cardiomyopathy.

Abstract The anesthetic management of labor and delivery in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy is not well defined. Using continuous spinal anesthesia in such a rare clinical situation has not been previously reported. A patient with recurrent peripartum cardiomyopathy presented in congestive heart failure for emergent cesarean section. Continuous spinal anesthesia was successfully employed as the anesthetic technique for the procedure. In addition, it also markedly reduced the patient's symptoms. Continuous spinal anesthesia is a reliable, rapidly titratable technique, which provides excellent analgesia with minimal undesirable hemodynamic changes for patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy undergoing cesarean delivery.
Synthesis and characterization of mononuclear zinc aryloxide complexes supported by nitrogen/sulfur ligands possessing an internal hydrogen bond donor.

Treatment of a dinuclear zinc hydroxide complex ([(bmnpaZn)2(μ-OH)2](ClO4)2 (1) or [(benpaZn)2(μ-OH)2](ClO4)2 (2)) with excess equivalents of an aryl alcohol derivative (p-HOC6H4X; X = NO2, CHO, CN...