cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of dimethylchloroarsine near a former herbicide factory by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract The application of an improved method based on multidetector gas chromatography to the determination of trace levels of organoarsines in complex matrices is described. The method using headspace-mode solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was applied to a carefully sampled and preserved freshwater sediment core obtained from central Green Bay, Lake Michigan. The sediment core was collected and fractionated in an inert atmosphere. A carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane-coated SPME fiber (85 μm film thickness) was equilibrated (n=4) for 60 min at 25 °C in the headspace of the sample vessel before introduction to the chromatograph. Conventional quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry (electron impact ionization), electron capture detection, and pulsed flame photometric detection (arsenic mode) were employed for structure elucidation. A heretofore unidentified species in this region, dimethylchloroarsine (DMCA), was identified. The mass spectrum for DMCA is interpreted based on the observed fragmentation pattern. A bimodal vertical distribution of DMCA in the sediment core sample was observed and its interpretation based on Pb-210 dating is reported.
Amber mutants and chain termination in vitro.

Abstract Two amber mutations in the coat gene of the phage f2 have been shown to occur at the sites specifying amino acid residue 6 ( sus-3 ) and residue 70 ( sus-11 ) in the intact coat protein. RNA containing these amber codons directs the synthesis in vitro of suppressible peptide fragments, while RNA from wild-type phage directs mainly the synthesis of whole coat protein. These fragments have been identified as the NH 2 -terminal portions of the coat protein, which have been terminated at the residue coded for by the amber codon and, therefore, must have been produced by the translation of the amber codon as a signal to terminate protein synthesis. With the amber mutation at site 6 ( sus-3 ), the translation of the amber codon as a chain termination signal leads to the release of the coat protein fragment (a hexapeptide) with its carboxy-terminus free of any attached tRNA. The amber codon can be translated in vitro as a chain terminating signal.
Anti-phase domain in GaP grown on Si by MBE

Abstract Anti-phase domain structures in GaP thin film grown on Si with (001) and (011) orientations by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been studied using transmission electron microscopy. The structural integrety of APDs has been analyzed using a polarity of (111) diffracted discs in the convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern. The crystallographic reflections of APDs in the present non-centro symmetry crystal were then identified through an observation of the non-polarity in the diffraction intensity of ±111 discs of CBED projection. This result suggests that a CBED pattern may become a simple tool for the determination of a complex APD present in a spharelite structure.
The 1934-35 Red Threat and the Passage of the National Labor Relations Act:

Contending theories of the state have focused on the New Deal as a fertile historical era for demonstrating their respective positions. This paper reexamines the passage of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) in 1935 and the reasons for the strong business opposition to it in the context of three major perspectives: business dominance, state autonomy, and social protest theory. It is shown that labor unrest during the summer of 1934 produced a strong, reactionary, anti-communist panic within elements of the U.S. corporate elite. This intensified business opposition to the New Deal but also put pressure on Congress to pass the NLRA, which was seen at the time as an anti-communist measure aimed at strengthening the more moderate AFL unions.
Photoemission Experiments for Charge Characteristics of Individual Dust Grains

Photoemission experiments with UV radiation have been performed to investigate the microphysics and charge characteristics of individual isolated dust grains of various compositions and sizes by using the electrodynamic balance facility at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Dust particles of 1 - 100 micrometer diameter are levitated in a vacuum chamber at pressures approx. 10(exp -5) torr and exposed to a collimated beam of UV radiation in the 120-300 nanometers spectral range from a deuterium lamp source with a MgF2 window. A monochromator is used to select the UV radiation wavelength with a spectral resolution of 8 nanometers. The electrodynamic facility permits measurements of the charge and diameters of particles of known composition, and monitoring of photoemission rates with the incident UV radiation. Experiments have been conducted on Al2O3 and silicate particles, and in particular on JSC-1 Mars regolith simulants, to determine the photoelectron yields and surface equilibrium potentials of dust particles when exposed to UV radiation in the 120-250 micrometers spectral range. A brief discussion of the experimental procedure, the results of photoemission experiments, and comparisons with theoretical models will be presented.
The current crisis in emergency care and the impact on disaster preparedness

The Homeland Security Act (HSA) of 2002 provided for the designation of a critical infrastructure protection program. This ultimately led to the designation of emergency services as a targeted critical infrastructure. In the context of an evolving crisis in hospital-based emergency care, the extent to which federal funding has addressed disaster preparedness will be examined. After 9/11, federal plans, procedures and benchmarks were mandated to assure a unified, comprehensive disaster response, ranging from local to federal activation of resources. Nevertheless, insufficient federal funding has contributed to a long-standing counter-trend which has eroded emergency medical care. The causes are complex and multifactorial, but they have converged to present a severely overburdened system that regularly exceeds emergency capacity and capabilities. This constant acute overcrowding, felt in communities all across the country, indicates a nation at risk. Federal funding has not sufficiently prioritized the improvements necessary for an emergency care infrastructure that is critical for an all hazards response to disaster and terrorist emergencies. Currently, the nation is unable to meet presidential preparedness mandates for emergency and disaster care. Federal funding strategies must therefore be re-prioritized and targeted in a way that reasonably and consistently follows need.
Practice patterns among U.S. gastroenterologists regarding endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus

Background Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus (BE) has evolved over the past decade; however, the practice patterns for managing BE among gastroenterologists remain unclear. Objective To assess practice patterns for management of BE among gastroenterologists working in various practice settings. Design A random questionnaire–based survey of practicing gastroenterologists in the United States. The questionnaire contained a total of 10 questions pertaining to practice setting, physician demographics, and strategies used for managing BE. Setting Survey of gastroenterologists working in various practice settings. Intervention Questionnaire. Main Outcome Measurements Practice patterns for endoscopic imaging and management of BE. Results The response rate was 45% (236/530). The majority (85%) were gastroenterologists in community practice, 72% were aged 41 to 60 years, 80% had >10 years of experience, and 81% had attended postgraduate courses and/or seminars on BE management. A total of 78% did not use the Prague C & M classification, and about a third used advanced endoscopic imaging routinely (37%) or in selected cases (31%). For nondysplastic BE, 86% practiced surveillance, 12% performed ablation, and 3% did no intervention. For BE with low-grade dysplasia, 56% practiced surveillance, 26% performed endoscopic ablation in all low-grade dysplasia cases, and 18% performed endoscopic ablation in only selected patients with low-grade dysplasia. The majority of respondents (58%) referred their patients with high-grade dysplasia to centers with BE expertise, 13% performed endoscopic ablation in all patients with high-grade dysplasia, 25% performed endoscopic ablation in selected cases only, and 3% referred these patients for surgery. The most frequently used endoscopic eradication therapy was radiofrequency ablation (39%) followed by EMR (17%). Limitations The sample may be unrepresentative, participation in the study was voluntary, and responses may be skewed toward following the guidelines. Conclusion Results from this survey show that the majority of practicing gastroenterologists in the United States practice surveillance endoscopy in patients with nondysplastic BE and provide endoscopic therapy for those with high-grade dysplasia. The Prague C & M classification and advanced imaging techniques are used by less than a third of gastroenterologists. Practice patterns did not appear to be affected by respondent age or duration of clinical practice.
Precipitation of nickel sulphide from ammoniacal solutions by thioacetamide

Abstract The rate at which thioacetamide precipitates zinc sulphide from ammoniacal zinc solutions is controlled mainly by two types of reaction: reactions between the various zinc species and thioacetamide, and reactions between the zinc and the sulphide produced by an ammonia-thioacetamide reaction; the sulphide from the hydroxide catalysed hydrolysis of thioacetamide is relatively small. The rate expression for reactions of the first type is The rate of precipitation by the second process is controlled by the rate at which sulphide is formed by the ammonia-thioacetamide reaction; this rate expression is
Maternal subgrouping in lowland gorillas.

Mountain gorilla females have been reported to seek out the dominant male and to increase the time spent in proximity to him when they are caring for young infants. The study examined subgrouping phenomenon in a captive group of lowland gorilla mothers. Interaction scores failed to support the position that the male is attractive to mothers, or that they seek him out and cluster about him. The data indicate instead that the females avoid interacting with the male and rarely initiate contact with him. Subgroups and social clustering observed among the females is interpreted as preferential contact among mothers.
The clinical evaluation and treatment of female precocious puberty

Abstract One in 180 American girls has precocious puberty. Accordingly, as a primary care physician, the obstetrician/gynecologist must be knowledgeable about the clinical evaluation and management of this disorder. Pubertal precocity has numerous causes and may be classified broadly as being central or peripheral in etiology. A meticulous history and physical examination, the judicious choice and interpretation of laboratory tests, and the selective use of radiological studies are the cornerstones of the evaluation. The initial approach should focus on identifying life-threatening tumors of the brain, adrenal gland, or ovary. The management goals include reducing the gonadotropin secretion and sex steroid effects and maximizing the eventual adult height. Because the child and her parents are frequently extremely distressed, the treating physician’s sensitivity and reassurance are paramount. The obstetrician/gynecologist, as both primary care physician and consultant, is in an ideal position to investigate, diagnose, and treat female precocious puberty.
A PCR-Based Screening Assay of Ph1, the Chromosome Pairing Regulator Gene of Wheat

Ph1 is the principle gene regulating chromosome pairing of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.). Ph1 dictates that only the homologous (not homoeologous) chromosomes can pair at MI of meiosis. In the absence of the gene, homoeologous chromosomes may also pair, however. Homoeologous chromosome pairing can be activated by temporarily replacing the normal copy of the gene with its null allele, which is present in the ph1b mutant. One of the main difficulties during these manipulations is the scoring plants for the presence or absence of the Ph1 gene. We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based screening assay for the Ph1 gene. The probe pHvksu8, which maps in the interstitial deletion of the ph1b mutant encompassing the Ph1 gene, was sequenced and forward and a reverse primers, 20 bp each, were generated. These primers amplified a fragment each for chromosomes 5A, 5B, and 5D. The 5B specific fragment was not amplified in the ph1b mutant, and can be used as a diagnostic fragment to score plants for the presence of Ph1 gene. The reliability of the primers for the Ph1 gene scoring was tested on an F 2 population of 40 plants, segregating for the Ph1 gene. No discrepancy was observed between the PCR-based assay and gel blot DNA hybridization for detection of the fragment associated with the Ph1 gene.
The development of the primary vascular reticulum in the spleen of human fetuses (38- to 57-mm crown-rump length).

The development of the primary vascular reticulum and of the capsule was studied electron microscopically in spleens from five human fetuses measuring 38, 42, 43, 50 and 57 mm in crown-rump length (CRL). The reticulum developed progressively. At 38 mm CRL reticular cells had short broad processes and the interstitium was quite limited. The reticulum continued to open with advancing age until, in the 57-mm fetus, reticular cells had long slender processes and formed a reticulum with voluminous interstices. Contiguous cells were attached by junctional complexes of the intermediate type (zonula adherens). The salient cytological features of reticular cells were vacuoles, ribosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. An argyrophilic reticulum was present which, unlike the adult extracellular reticulum, was not closely associated with reticular cells and was composed, in certain sites, primarily of collagen. A rich vasculature of closed thin-walled loops was present in the 38-mm fetus. Thereafter, an open vascular pattern, most pronounced in the 50- and 57-mm CRL fetuses, was observed. Blood and macrophages lay in the interstices of the reticular meshwork and active vasculogenesis with marked differentiation into arteries, capillaries, veins, and vascular sinuses occurred. Endothelial cells were joined by junctional complexes of the intermediate type. The vessels lacked basal laminae or basement membranes. No evidence of significant hematopoiesis was observed. The capsule consisted of a simple layer of irregularly cuboidal cells having microvilli and cilia on the peritoneal surface, desmosomes and intermediate junctions on their lateral surfaces, cytoplasmic vacuoles, glycogen, fat, ribosomes, and rough endoplasmic reticulum, intercellular and infracellular spaces; the capsule rested on a well-defined basal lamina. Thus, a primary vascular reticulum developed and comprised the splenic pulp. Though of simple form, it accomplished the fundamental function of the spleen: a filter and modifier of blood.
Nutrition knowledge of low-income parents of obese children

Minority and low-income children are overrepresented among obese US children. Lack of basic nutrition knowledge among parents may contribute to this disparity. The purpose of this study is to measure nutrition knowledge of parents of Medicaid-insured obese children using a simple low-literacy tool. Parents, recruited from pediatric clinics, demonstrated their nutrition knowledge by placing food stickers into cells on a printed grid with food groups displayed in columns and three nutrition categories displayed in rows. In general, parents (n = 135; 74.8 % black; 79.2 % income of ≤$25,000/year) correctly identified food groups (median = 90.5 % correct). Nutritional categories were more commonly misidentified (median = 67 % correct), with parents mostly believing foods were healthier than they were. Multivariable linear regression revealed black race (p = 0.02), no college education (p = 0.02) and income of <$15,000 (p = 0.03) independently predicted misidentification of nutritional categories. Parents’ understanding of food’s nutritional value is variable. Black race, less education, and very low income are associated with poorer nutrition knowledge.
The in vitro effects of 17 alpha -hydroxy-20 beta -dihydroprogesterone on germinal vesicle breakdown in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) oocytes.

The in vitro effects of 17α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone, 20β-dihydroprogesterone, and deoxycorticosterone on germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) oocytes were investigated. All three steroids were effective in inducing GVBD, however, 17α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroprogesterone was the most effective.
Collective efforts to modulate the host actin cytoskeleton by Salmonella type III-secreted effector proteins

Abstract The hallmark of Salmonella entry into host cells is extensive rearrangements of the host actin cytoskeleton at the site of Salmonella contact with intestinal epithelial cells. SopE, SopE2 and SopB, three type III effectors of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), activate the Cdc42 and Rac1 signal transduction pathways to promote these rearrangements. SipA and SipC, two Salmonella type III-secreted actin-binding proteins, directly modulate host actin dynamics to facilitate bacterial uptake. Salmonella -induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements are therefore the result of the coordinated action of a group of type III-secreted effector proteins.
Elevated atrial natriuretic polypeptide in plasma of hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats

The relationship between circulating atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) and blood pressure was studied in inbred Dahl salt-sensitive (S) and inbred Dahl salt-resistant (R) rats. Two month old S and R rats raised on normal rat chow had only small differences in blood pressure and no difference in plasma ANP levels. In contrast, when 6-month-old rats also raised on normal chow were studied, S had markedly elevated blood pressure and a 4 fold increase in plasma ANP compared to R. Similar strain differences in blood pressure and plasma ANP could be induced in young rats by feeding them diets high in salt. In six week old S and R rats which had been fed high salt diet for 3 weeks the S rats showed higher blood pressure and plasma ANP than R rats. The high plasma ANP levels seen in the hypertensive S rats were interpreted to be a response to hypertension and not a cause of hypertension. There was no qualitative strain difference in the plasma ANP molecule as assessed by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography.
Length-preserving maps

A map 𝜙 of a metric space R in which any two points can be connected by a rectifiable curve into a metric space R’ preserves length or is equilong, if the length of any curve x(t), α≦t≦β, in R equals that of its image 𝜙x(t) in R’. For R = R’ we speak of an equilong map of R. Local isometries are special equilong maps. An equilong map is proper if it is not an isometry.
Observed properties of gamma-ray bursts

The observed temporal and spectral char- acteristics and the spatial distribution of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are summarized, primarily from data obtained with the BATSE experiment on the Compton Observatory. The availability of these data and the prospects for continued observations are also described.
Immunological memory is regulated in the enhanced rat renal allograft recipient.

SUCCESSFUL transplantation of renal allografts without compromising the immune system of the recipient is a goal of clinical transplantation. The enhancement of kidney allografts in the inbred rat provides an experimental system satisfying this goal. Pretreatment of recipient animals with antigen and antibody, alone or in combination, has produced the indefinite survival of renal allografts1–4, but the mechanisms underlying this specific elimination of responsiveness to the donor graft have not been completely elucidated. Three alternative mechanisms have been proposed to explain the maintenance of the enhanced state: (1) deletion or alteration of donor antigens on the graft; (2) deletion of the relevant antigen-reactive cells; (3) regulation of the host response to the graft. We discuss these suggestions here, and report our own work on enhancement, giving evidence for the role of immunological memory regulation.
Nutrient reserves in starving black carpet beetle larvae infected with the eugregarine Pyxinia frenzeli

Abstract Starvation-mediated alterations of nutrient reserves (lipid, protein, glycogen) of larvae of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma (= Attagenus piceus ), were studied. Quantitative comparisons of these materials between uninfected larvae and those infected with the eugregarine Pyxinia frenzeli were performed in an effort to characterize pathologic conditions elicited by the gregarine. Fresh weight losses were similar in both types of insects; however, infected larvae had a consistently higher moisture content. No differences were detected in the rate of utilization of stored protein, glycogen, or lipid. These data provide evidence that P. frenzeli is a commensal or mutualist, rather than a pathogen.
Real-time strain mapping via biaxial stretching in heart valve tissues

Previous studies show that the collagen fiber architecture is key to the heart valves tissue mechanical property. We report a real-time strain mapping approach that provides displacement vectors and principal strain directions during the mechanical characterization of heart valve tissues. The strain maps reported in the current study allows an individual to quickly identify the approximate strain imposed on a location of the sample. The result shows that when samples are biaxially stretched under 18% strain, less anisotropy is observed in both aortic and pulmonary valve leaflet samples. Moreover, when samples are stretched from 28% to 35%, pulmonary valves leaflet samples exhibits a stronger anisotropic effect than aortic valve. Therefore, a higher degree of straightening is required for collagen fibers to be fully aligned. This work provides an easy approach to quantify mechanical properties with the corresponding strain maps of heart valve tissues and potentially facilitates the developments of tissue engineering heart valves.
Physiological Response Properties of Cat Retinal Ganglion Cells Projecting to Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The aim of this experiment was to characterize the physiological properties of cat retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Retrogradely labeled SCN-projecting ganglion cells were recorded extra-cellularly in vitro. For the first time, this study provides crucial information on visual response properties of ganglion cells in the entrainment circuitry. All recorded cells gave sustained responses (n = 9). Although most of the cells (n =8) had an “on” center receptive field, one cell showed “on-off” center receptive field properties. The range of receptive field sizes was 2 to 5 deg. For most of the cells tested, the spectral wavelength that evoked peak responses was 500 nm (3 out of 5 cells). All recorded cells (n = 9) preferred still or extremely slow-moving stimuli (3.3 deg/s). These results indicate that cat SCN-projecting cells receive inputs from conventional photoreceptors. The hypothesis that both conventional and cryptochromic photoreceptors are involved in transferr...
Mechanisms leading to the formation of micronuclei containing sex chromosomes differ with age

The frequency of spontaneously occurring micronuclei (MN) increases with age, with many of these MN containing sex chromatin. However, it is not known if this MN frequency increase is attributable to a higher number of the same cellular events that occur in younger people, or if a different sex chromosomal instability mechanism(s) arises with age. To gain insight regarding this question, the total number of signals present in MN and their corresponding binucleates, was scored in older (ages 40-80+ y.o.; n=40) compared to younger (7-39 y.o.; n=19) individuals using probes specific for the X and Y chromosomes. In 19.9% of the cells scored at least one sex chromatin positive micronucleus was present. A significant decrease in cells having a "corrective" loss pattern (i.e. trisomy rescue, leading to euploid binucleates following sex chromatin exclusion into the MN) was observed with increasing age for the Y chromosome in males (p=0.022) and the X chromosome in females (p=0.004). In addition, a significant increase (p<0.001) in cells having multiple signals beyond those expected from a single cellular error was observed in the older compared to younger study participants, with these imbalances resulting from cells having either a single micronucleus with multiple signals, or cells having multiple MN. Collectively, these findings suggest that age-related increases in MN frequencies reflect both gains in the occurrence of similar cellular errors, as well as changes in the types of chromosomal findings that occur. Importantly, these results also illustrate that while MN frequencies reflect acquired abnormalities, they may also reflect cellular responses to "correct" an error, particularly when evaluated in young individuals. Therefore, when analyzing MN frequencies, one may also wish to evaluate the imbalances present in both the binucleates and MN to facilitate the recognition of varying cellular responses to environmental or genotoxic exposures.
The crystal structure of the hydrogarnet Ba3In2(OD)12

Abstract The structure of Ba3In2(OD)12 has been determined from time-of-flight neutron powder data. The structure is that of hydrogarnet, space group Ia 3 d, a = 14.0658(2) A. Oxygen parameters are x = −0.02960(9), y = 0.05343(9), z = 0.14041(8). Hydrogen (D) parameters are x = −0.0912(1), y = 0.0424(1), z = 0.1567(1). The OD bond length is 0.909 A. Some features of hydrogarnet crystal chemistry are discussed.
Waves of dilatancy in a granular material with incompressible granules

Abstract As a densely packed granular material begins to flow through a constriction, dilatant waves are often observed. These waves initiate at the constriction and propagate outward into the granular material with an increase in the porosity of the material behind the wave front. As a model for dilatant waves, we consider curved waves carrying a jump in the gradient of porosity in the context of the continuum theory for the flow of granular materials presented by Goodman and Cowin. Their speed of propagation is determined and it is shown that such waves carry a jump in the stress acting on planes transverse to their direction of propagation. For the case when a wave of dilatancy propagates into a uniform region at rest, an explicit formula for the amplitude of the wave is derived for waves of general shape and then specialized to give results for plane, cylindrical, and spherical waves. In this case, the wave is purely longitudinal.
Numerical Simulation of Backward Film Cooling With Fan-Shaped Holes

The thermal efficiency of a gas turbine is largely dependent on the turbine inlet temperature (TIT). Modern gas turbines may operate at temperatures as high as 2000K, which is higher than the melting point of the material in use. Hence, thermal protection of gas turbine hot components is a big challenge. Film cooling is the most common cooling technique adopted in this application. In film cooling, coolant is injected at discrete locations along the metal surface, which forms a layer of cool air immediately over the hot surface, thus, protecting it from direct contact with hot mainstream air. The cooling is strong along the centerline of the hole in the downstream region and rapidly decreases over the span-wise direction. The distributed cooling can result in large thermal gradients, inducing thermal stresses in the material. The region with least cooling may lead to a cascade failure of the blade. Film cooling with backward injection holes has been proved to reduce this effect. In the current work, backward coolant injection scheme is explored under fan-shaped holes numerically. Fluent, a commercial CFD software, is used in the current work for numerical simulations. Effects of blowing ratio, injection angle, and turbulence are considered. Numerical results show that fan-shaped holes are better than simple cylindrical holes in terms of both cooling effectiveness and its uniformity. Numerical results are validated with experimental results. The image of temperature fields on cooling surface is captured with an Infrared camera.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Interaction of Hypoxia and Hypothermia on Dorsal Column Conduction in Adult Rat Spinal Cord in Vitro

Abstract Trauma reduces both action potential amplitudes and conduction velocities, as well as the ability of axons to follow high-frequency stimulation, in spinal cord dorsal columns. Since white matter blood flow falls after spinal cord injury, hypoxia may play a role in post-traumatic axonal dysfunction. We examined the effects of hypoxia on action potential conduction in isolated adult rat dorsal columns under normothermic (37°C) and hypothermic (25°C) conditions. After stabilization in oxygenated Ringer's solution (9.5% O2 and 5% CO2), the isolated dorsal columns were superfused with hypoxic Ringer's solution (95% N2 and 5% CO2) for 120 min, followed by 90 min of reoxygenation. At 37°C, hypoxia markedly depressed response amplitudes to 25 ± 9% (mean ± SEM, n = 7) of prehypoxic levels but paradoxically increased population conduction velocity to 133 ± 6%. Reoxygenation restored response amplitudes to 57 ± 11% and population conduction velocities returned to prehypoxic levels. At 25°C, the dorsal columns were significantly less sensitive to hypoxia. Response amplitudes fell to 50 ± 6% (n = 7) after hypoxia and recovered to 77 ± 6% after reoxygenation. Normothermic dorsal columns responded to 500-Hz stimuli with minimal amplitude changes before (-9 ± 3%, n = 7) and after hypoxia (-13 ± 2%). In hypothermic preparations, 500-Hz stimulation depressed response a amplitudes before (-40 ± 8%, n = 7) and after hypoxia ( 56 ± 8%); they were not significantly different from each other. These results suggest that hypoxia selectively impairs slow-conducting axons in dorsal columns, that hypothermia ameliorates the effects of hypoxia, and that hypoxia does not remarkably alter the ability of surviving axons to follow high-frequency stimulation. Hypoxia-induced conduction failure in dorsal columns differs from post-traumatic axonal dysfunction.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH A VIRUS CAUSING PAPILLOMAS IN RABBITS : III. ANTIGENICITY AND PATHOGENICITY OF EXTRACTS OF THE GROWTHS OF WILD AND DOMESTIC SPECIES: GENERAL DISCUSSION.

A study has been made of the yield of virus and of the complement-binding antigen from the virus-induced papillomas of cottontail and domestic rabbits. Extracts of the discrete, naturally occurring papillomas of cottontail rabbits usually contain virus in large amount; and, as a rule, they also contain the complement-binding antigen in high titer. The confluent growths produced experimentally with the virus in some cottontails, on the other hand, often fail to yield the virus, or furnish it in small amount; and extracts of them have little if any complement-binding capacity. The sera of cottontails with massive papillomas from which the virus cannot be recovered often have high antibody titers. Many extracts were tested of the virus-induced papillomas of domestic rabbits. None contained the virus in large amount, and the majority of them failed to manifest it on sensitive test. A few fixed complement in low titer when mixed with immune sera, but most failed to do so. Crude extracts of the "non-infectious," virus-induced papillomas of domestic rabbits stimulated the formation of virus-neutralizing and complement-binding antibodies in low titer when injected intraperitoneally into normal rabbits of the same breed, but Berkefeld filtrates of the same materials proved devoid of this immunizing effect. The significance of the findings described in the three papers is discussed. The evidence as a whole favors the view that the virus stimulates the formation of the virus-neutralizing and complement-binding antibodies in vivo, and many facts indicate that it is closely associated, and in all probability identical, with the antigen that reacts with immune serum to fix complement in vitro.
Categorical congruence facilitates multisensory associative learning

Learning about objects often requires making arbitrary associations among multisensory properties, such as the taste and appearance of a food or the face and voice of a person. However, the multisensory properties of individual objects usually are statistically constrained, such that some properties are more likely to co-occur than others, on the basis of their category. For example, male faces are more likely to co-occur with characteristically male voices than with female voices. Here, we report evidence that these natural multisensory statistics play a critical role in the learning of novel, arbitrary associative pairs. In Experiment 1, we found that learning of pairs consisting of human voices and gender-congruent faces was superior to learning of pairs consisting of human voices and gender-incongruent faces or of pairs consisting of human voices and pictures of inanimate objects (plants and rocks). In Experiment 2, we found that this "categorical congruency" advantage extended to nonhuman stimuli, as well-namely, to pairs of class-congruent animal pictures and vocalizations (e.g., dogs and barks) versus class-incongruent pairs (e.g., dogs and bird chirps). These findings suggest that associating multisensory properties that are statistically consistent with the various objects that we encounter in our daily lives is a privileged form of learning.
International Immersion in Counselor Education: A Consensual Qualitative Research Investigation

This study used consensual qualitative research methodology to examine the phenomenon of international immersion on counselor education students' (N = 10) development and growth. Seven domains emerged from the data (cultural knowledge, empathy, personal and professional impact, process/reflection, relationships, personal characteristics, and structure). Implications for multicultural education and future research are discussed.
An Empirical Approach for the Assessment of Scheduling Risk in a Large Globally Distributed Industrial Software Project

We describe an empirical approach for the assessment of the scheduling risk in a large globally distributed industrial software project. We analyzed two and half years of project data and we identified some factors that are likely to impact team productivity and that could affect the team’s ability to meet its schedule objective. We built an analytical model to capture team’s productivity variability, which can be used to approximate the total time required to complete the project. Our approach is designed to be used by project management groups to perform risk assessment early in the software development process.
Active hardware metering for intellectual property protection and security

We introduce the first active hardware metering scheme that aims to protect integrated circuits (IC) intellectual property (IP) against piracy and runtime tampering. The novel metering method simultaneously employs inherent unclonable variability in modern manufacturing technology, and functionality preserving alternations of the structural IC specifications. Active metering works by enabling the designers to lock each IC and to remotely disable it. The objectives are realized by adding new states and transitions to the original finite state machine (FSM) to create boosted finite state machines(BFSM) of the pertinent design. A unique and unpredictable ID generated by an IC is utilized to place an BFSM into the power-up state upon activation. The designer, knowing the transition table, is the only one who can generate input sequences required to bring the BFSM into the functional initial (reset) state. To facilitate remote disabling of ICs, black hole states are integrated within the BFSM. We introduce nine types of potential attacks against the proposed active metering method. We further describe a number of countermeasures that must be taken to preserve the security of active metering against the potential attacks. The implementation details of the method with the objectives of being low-overhead, unclonable, obfuscated, stable, while having a diverse set of keys is presented. The active metering method was implemented, synthesized and mapped on the standard benchmark circuits. Experimental evaluations illustrate that the method has a low-overhead in terms of power, delay, and area, while it is extremely resilient against the considered attacks.
The Political Fate of Market Reform in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe

Why did political leaders adopt drastic, costly neoliberal policies in a number of countries, but not in others? Why did these painful measures elicit popular support in some nations, while triggering rejection and protest elsewhere? To complement extant explanations for these puzzling developments, the article draws on the core finding of prospect theory, a psychological theory of decision making under risk: people tend toward bold, risky choices when facing prospects of losses, but opt for caution when anticipating gains. Accordingly, leaders enact and citizens support drastic reforms only when they face deep crises, such as hyperinflation. This argument yields predictions about the different stages of the reform process, which the article assesses through a wide-ranging examination of reform politics in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe. Boolean analysis corroborates most of the predictions derived from prospect theory, but also suggests the importance of economic and political-institutional context factors.
Surface integral formulation for calculating conductor and dielectric losses of various transmission structures

The power-loss method, along with a surface integral formulation, has been used to compute the attenuation constant in microstrip and coplanar structures. This method can be used for the analysis of both open and closed structures. Using the surface equivalence principle, the waveguide walls are replaced by equivalent electric surface currents and dielectric surfaces are replaced by equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents. Enforcing the appropriate boundary condition, and E-field integral equation (EFIE) is developed for these currents. Method of moments with pulse expansion and point matching testing procedure is used to transform the integral equation into a matrix one. The relationship between the propagation constant and frequency is found from the minimum eigenvalue of the moment matrix. The eigenvector pertaining to the minimum eigenvalue gives the unknown electric and magnetic surface currents. >
The Academy of Molecular Imaging.

AMI is a major organization that has expanded the focus of ICP to include more basic science investigations and to be more active on the regulatory and reimbursement fronts. ICP continues its efforts in PET education and in support of IMT in the regulatory/reimbursement issues. IMI and SNIDD provide the basic sciences of molecular imaging that will result in new procedures in molecular imaging and PET. AMI provides the organizational structure for these activities to occur.
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components.

University of Wisconsin--Madis on Three studies tested basic assumptions derived from a theoretical model based on the dissociation ofantomatic and controlled processes involved in prejudice. Study I supported the model's assumption that high- and low-prejudice persons are equally knowledgeable of the cultural stereotype. The model suggests that the stereotype is automatically activated in the presence of a member (or some symbolic equivalent) of the stereotyped group and that Iow-prejudiee responses require controlled inhibition of the automatically activated stereotype. Study 2, which examined the effects of automarie stereotype activation on the evaluation of ambiguous stereotype-relevant behaviors performed by a race-unspecified person, suggested that when subjects' ability to consciously monitor stereotype activation is precluded, both high- and low-prejudice subjects produce stereotype-congruent evaluations of ambiguous behaviors. Study 3 examined high- and low-prejudice subjects' responses in a consciously directed thought-listing task. Consistent with the model, only low-prejudice subjects inhibited the automatically activated stereotype-congruent thoughts and replaced them with thoughts reflecting equality and negations of the stereotype. The relation between stereotypes and prejudice and implications for prejudice reduction are discussed.
A Conceptual Design for an Accelerator System for a Very High-Intensity Pulsed Neutron Source Using a Linear Induction Accelerator

Several accelerator-based intense neutron sources have been constructed or designed by various laboratories around the world. All of these facilities have a common scheme of a linac and synchrotron or accumulator ring, and the system produces the proton energy of 500-1000 MeV. The average beam currents range from a few mA to a few hundred mA. The protons are then used to generate high flux neutrons by spallation out of heavy metal targets. In a synchrotron system, the protons are already bunched, and thus the pulse rate of the neutron beam is that of the repetition rate of the synchrotron. For an accumulator system, the pulse rate is determined by the extraction repetition rate of the accumulator. We have conceptually designed a new system that uses a linear induction accelerator which can be operated for an average beam current up to a few mA with a repetition rate up to 100 Hz. The details of the design will be given.
In-situ Attenuation Corrections for Radiation Force Measurements of High Frequency Ultrasound With a Conical Target

Radiation force balance (RFB) measurements of time-averaged, spatially-integrated ultrasound power transmitted into a reflectionless water load are based on measurements of the power received by the RFB target. When conical targets are used to intercept the output of collimated, circularly symmetric ultrasound sources operating at frequencies above a few megahertz, the correction for in-situ attenuation is significant, and differs significantly from predictions for idealized circumstances. Empirical attenuation correction factors for a 45° (half-angle) absorptive conical RFB target have been determined for 24 frequencies covering the 5 MHz to 30 MHz range. They agree well with previously unpublished attenuation calibration factors determined in 1994 for a similar target.
Real-time non-linear image processing using an active optical scanning technique

Abstract Real-time non-linear image processing has been achieved using an active optical scanning technique. This paper reports experimental results in edge extraction for both binary and grey-scale transmissive objects. Binary edge extractionis achieved using morphological transformations, while grey-scale edge extraction is achieved using a threshold decomposition technique. Advantages and limitation of both techniques are identified.
Protein kinase D mediates the synergistic effects of BMP-7 and IGF-I on osteoblastic cell differentiation.

We previously showed that exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) synergistically stimulated osteoblast differentiation in fetal rat calvaria (FRC) cells. We have now shown that BMP-7 alone and the BMP-7 and IGF-I combination synergistically stimulated protein kinase D (PKD) phosphorylation at Ser744/748 and Ser916. Transfection of FRC cells with a constitutively active PKD stimulated marker expression, while transfection with a catalytically inactive PKD did not. Moreover, Go6976, which inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) α and β1, blocked PKD phosphorylation and the synergistic action of the BMP-7 and IGF-I combination on osteoblast differentiation, whereas Go6983, which inhibits PKCα, β, γ, δ, and ζ, did not. Our results suggest that the FRC cell differentiation induced by BMP-7 and the BMP-7 and IGF-I combination requires stimulation of PKD activity. Our results are consistent with a novel mechanism in which combined BMP-7 and IGF-I signaling activates upstr...
Graphical Method to Detect Departure from Normality with Special Application to Tukey's g and h Distributions

Given a sample, the problem of choosing one of a variety of theoretical distributions for data analysis has been a major concern to both theoretical and applied statisticians. On the basis of a graph drawn using a normal characterization, a method is given to detect departure from normality. Special mathematical study is presented for the proposed graphs. Tukey's g and h family of distributions are used as an alternate to normality.
Evolving compare-exchange networks using grammars

We apply a genetic algorithm whose genotypes represent simple grammars to search for families of compare-exchange networks that are merging networks. The grammars are restricted to be of a simple form based on prior knowledge about the search domain. Finding merging networks in this fashion leads to the discovery of networks that also sort if the data is cycled through them a small number of times. Random network and grammar generation results show that the problem is difficult and suggest some conjectures about how the genetic algorithm is operating for this problem. The genetic algorithm finds the best-known network of the kind for which we search, and further finds a novel, slightly suboptimal network that turns out to be an interesting combination of ideas from known, theoretically derived networks.
Targeting immune co-stimulatory effects of PD-L1 and PD-L2 might represent an effective therapeutic strategy in stroke.

Stroke outcome is worsened by the infiltration of inflammatory immune cells into ischemic brains. Our recent study demonstrated that PD-L1- and to a lesser extent PD-L2-deficient mice had smaller brain infarcts and fewer brain-infiltrating cells vs. WT mice, suggesting a pathogenic role for PD-Ligands in experimental stroke. We sought to ascertain PD-L1 and PD-L2-expressing cell types that affect T-cell activation, post-stroke in the context of other known co-stimulatory molecules. Thus, cells from male WT and PD-L-deficient mice undergoing 60 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 96h of reperfusion were treated with neutralizing antibodies to study co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory interactions between CD80, CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-Ls that regulate CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell activation. We found that antibody neutralization of PD-1 and CTLA-4 signaling post-MCAO resulted in higher proliferation in WT CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells, confirming an inhibitory role of PD-1 and CTLA-4 on T-cell activation. Also, CD80/CD28 interactions played a prominent regulatory role for the CD8+ T-cells and the PD-1/PD-L2 interactions were dominant in controlling the CD4+ T-cell responses in WT mice after stroke. A suppressive phenotype in PD-L1-deficient mice was attributed to CD80/CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L2 interactions. PD-L2 was crucial in modulating CD4+ T-cell responses, whereas PD-L1 regulated both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells. To establish the contribution of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on regulatory B-cells (Bregs), infarct volumes were evaluated in male PD-L1- and PD-L2-deficient mice receiving IL-10+ B-cells 4h post-MCAO. PD-L2- but not PD-L1-deficient recipients of IL-10+ B-cells had markedly reduced infarct volumes, indicating a regulatory role of PD-L2 on Bregs. These results imply that PD-L1 and PD-L2 differentially control induction of T- and Breg-cell responses after MCAO, thus suggesting that selective targeting of PD-L1 and PD-L2 might represent a valuable therapeutic strategy in stroke.