cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermingling of identities: a Black student in a middle-school science class

We explored ways in which racial, academic, and science identities intermingle in contested classroom and school spaces where students’ personal histories meet institutional histories. Building on identity studies in science education, we aimed at developing nuanced understandings of Black youth’s negotiation among these three identities, which takes place in moment-to-moment interactions and as a personal narrative over time. The study answers the question: What constructs related to identity construction, and in what ways, are salient for Black youth in negotiating who they are and are becoming as Black people in science classrooms where their Black racial identities are affirmed and used as a resource for learning? Using a case study design focusing on one student, Serena, and multiple data sources, we paid attention to the space-time relationships that were part of Serena’s becoming in her science class. Four dimensions emerged as important in the configuration of Serena’s identities—competence, commitment, choice, and emotions. Serena’s performances and narrations related to each of these four dimensions were not only interrelated with those of the other dimensions, but were also inseparable from the various roles and positionings that Serena was performing and imagining for herself in the context of her science class and her science engagement and learning. The findings highlight the complex ways in which cognitive, social, and affective aspects of experience inform and shape students’ identities as they negotiate ways of being, thinking, performing, and interacting in contentious spaces where meanings of being Black, a good student, a scientist evolve over time shaped by the interaction among these three meanings and the students’ collective and individual experiences. The study’s implications include being explicit and purposeful in designing and enacting teaching that offers students multiple opportunities for dynamic identity laminations that could support their science learning, defined as construction of both knowledge and identity.
Experimental Approaches to Identify Host Factors Important for Influenza Virus

An ever-expanding toolkit of experimental methods provides the means to discover and characterize host factors important for influenza virus. Here, we describe common methods for investigating genetic relationships and physical interactions between virus and host. A comprehensive knowledge of host:virus interactions is key to understanding how influenza virus exploits the host cell and to potentially identify vulnerabilities that may be manipulated to prevent or treat disease.
Getting Personal: How Childhood Vaccination Policies Shape the Landscape of Vaccine Exemptions.

Background State-mandated school entry immunization requirements in the United States play an important role in achieving high vaccine coverage, but variations in vaccine exemption policies result in a patchwork of vaccine coverage across the country. Methods In this study, we evaluate epidemiological effects and spatial variations in nonmedical exemption (NME) rates in the context of vaccine policies. We first analyze the correlation between NME rates and vaccine coverage for 3 significant childhood vaccinations. Furthermore, we assess the effects of policy changes in a subset of states, using a correlative approach at the state level and performing a clustering analysis at the county level. Results We find that higher rates of exemptions are associated with lower vaccination rates of school-aged children in all cases. In a subset of states where exemption policy has recently changed, we show that the effects on statewide NME rates vary widely and that decreases in NMEs can lead to an increase in other types of exemptions. Finally, our clustering analysis in California, Illinois, and Connecticut shows that policy changes affect the spatial distribution of NMEs. Conclusions Our work suggests that vaccination policies have significant impacts on patterns of herd immunity. Our findings can be used to develop evidence-based vaccine legislation.
10 – Strength of Elastomers

Publisher Summary This chapter explains various processes and concepts related to strength of elastomers. Because rubber is viscoelastic, or more generally anelastic, to varying extents and because the mechanical properties depend on rate of deformation and temperature, it is not surprising to find that the strength is also dependent on the rate at which stresses are applied and on the temperature of measurement. It is pointed out that every solid body contains flaws or points of weakness resulting from heterogeneities of composition or structure. Edge flaws are more serious stress raisers than enclosed flaws of the same size, and they are more usual sources of fracture than inclusions, but not exclusively so. Heterogeneities of composition have been shown to nucleate fatigue cracks internally. Irwin and Orowan recognized that in practice the energy expended in local plastic deformation during crack growth generally far exceeds the true surface energy; however, provided that the total energy expended is proportional to the amount of surface created by fracture, Griffith's relations may still be employed.
Superheavy scalar dark matter from gravitational particle production in α -attractor models of inflation

We study the phenomenon of gravitational particle production as applied to a scalar spectator field in the context of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-attractor inflation. Assuming that the scalar has a minimal coupling to gravity, we calculate the abundance of gravitationally produced particles as a function of the spectator's mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ and the inflaton's $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ parameter. If the spectator is stable and sufficiently weakly coupled, such that it does not thermalize after reheating, then a population of spin-0 particles is predicted to survive in the Universe today, providing a candidate for dark matter. Inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of dark matter correspond to an isocurvature component, which can be probed by measurements of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies. We calculate the dark-matter-photon isocurvature power spectrum and by comparing with the upper limits from Planck, we infer constraints on ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. If the scalar spectator makes up all of the dark matter today, then for $\ensuremath{\alpha}=10$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{RH}}={10}^{4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ we obtain ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}g1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{13}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}\ensuremath{\approx}1.2{m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}$, where ${m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}$ is the inflaton's mass.
Understanding Potential Sources of Harm throughout the Machine Learning Life Cycle

As machine learning (ML) increasingly affects people and society, awareness of its potential unwanted consequences has also grown. To anticipate, prevent, and mitigate undesirable downstream consequences, it is critical that we understand when and how harm might be introduced throughout the ML life cycle. In this case study, we provide a framework that identifies seven distinct potential sources of downstream harm in machine learning, spanning data collection, development, and deployment. We describe how these issues arise, how they are relevant to particular applications, and how they motivate different mitigations.
Association of Hypertension with Knee Pain Severity Among People with Knee Osteoarthritis.

Abstract Purpose To examine the association of hypertension with knee pain severity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design Cross-sectional study of baseline data collected by the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Methods Participants with knee OA (N=1,363) were categorized into four groups based on blood pressure (BP): 1) systolic Results Compared with the normal BP group, individuals with stage 2 hypertension reported significantly higher OA knee pain severity by KOOS in the past 7 days (β=-2.05 [95% CI -4.09, -0.01], p=0.049) and by NRS in the past 30 days (β=0.31 [95% CI 0.01, 0.62], p=0.045) after adjustments for demographic and medical factors. Conclusions Hypertension was associated with higher OA knee pain severity in individuals with knee OA. Clinical Implications Nurses can recommend adjunctive non-pharmacological treatments and adherence strategies to help control hypertension, which may help decrease OA knee pain.
Water Wave kinetics: State of the Art and Future Research Needs

A review is presented of the state of the art of water wave kinematic prediction and understanding and areas of needed research. Existing capabilities to predict kinematics in the laboratory under regular wave conditions appear to be within the accuracy (≈ 5%) of inherent errors in the measurements. Recent contributions in numerical techniques for regular waves over a sloping bottom also appear to yield similar accuracy up to the point of wave breaking. Predictive capability irregular waves within the laboratory environment appears adequate except in the case where strong nonlinearities exist, such as near the free surface. A proven methodology does not exist to address the general problem of interaction of waves with a current of arbitrary vorticity distribution. In nature, waves are much more complicated than can be generated in most laboratory facilities and the conditions much less controlled; thus the state of the art is less satisfying than for laboratory conditions and the associated research needs are greater. Research needs include a nonlinear and directional wave theory to be more representative of extreme conditions in nature. Ultimately, the theory should encompass the presence of an arbitrary three-dimensional current field. The magnitude and kinematic significance of the second-order forced waves, usually most pronounced in narrow spectra of limited directional spreading, appear to be significant and should be incorporated into design procedures. Wave systems generated by concentrated and complex wind fields have a high degree of directionality which may have significance for the extreme waves, both due to the directional content of the kinematics and also due to the local three-dimensionality of the sea surface. Because of the significance of freak waves to design, their causes should be investigated further and design procedures developed. Recommendations are made for the continuation of research in: theory, numerical developments and laboratory and field research. Due to the inherent difficulties in conducting field research and the fact that the first order processes are well-understood, these programs should be well-coordinated with a broad range of interests involved in the planning and assurance that the data are of high quality resulting from frequent instrument calibration and validation of the resulting data as it becomes available.
Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal

This paper examines the stone tool technology of dispersing Plio-Pleistocene hominins. The traditional division of Early Paleolithic assemblages into Oldowan, Developed Oldowan, Early Acheulean, and related industries obscures a more fundamental axis of strategic variation between pebble-core and large cutting tool technology. In Eurasia, as in Africa before it, first appearances of fossils of the genus Homo occur together with “Oldowan” pebble-core technology. Acheulean assemblages featuring large symmetrical cores/cutting tools, if they appear at all, do so after a considerable period of time. The patterning of the Early Paleolithic industrial variability may reflect a strategic shift between an initial “frontier” phase and a subsequent “settling in” phase of hominin dispersal.
Antimullerian hormone levels are inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine whether antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels were associated with BMI in patients with diagnosed infertility, and more specifically, in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
Overview on the Rule of Five

In the mid- to late 1990 s, because of the drug discovery paradigm shift from phenotypic screens to combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening, the physicochemical properties of exploratory drug molecules displayed a dramatic shift toward higher molecular weight and lipophilicity. In response, Lipinski and coworkers reported an analysis of compounds that successfully navigated Phase I and entered into Phase II clinical studies, and correlated the computed physicochemical properties of these molecules to their aqueous solubility, permeability, and oral bioavailability. In doing so, the authors created the "Rule of Five," a mnemonic tool for medicinal chemists to use to quickly assess compounds during the drug discovery and optimization process with respect to the compounds' likelihood to display good solubility and permeability profiles. This overview outlines the basis for the Rule of Five, the ways in which it has been applied, and its impact on drug discovery and development.
Energy transfer in poly-l-tyrosine as a function of the degree of ionization of the phenolic hydroxyls: I. Room-temperature fluorescence of model compounds and poly-l-tyrosine

Abstract The existence of energy transfer in poly- l -tyrosine is demonstrated by the following observations: (1) The dependence of the neutral fluorescence on the percentage of ionization of the phenolic hydroxyl groups departs considerably from a linear relationship. The initial slope of the quenching curve indicates that one tyrosinate residue quenches approx. 50 tyrosine residues. (2) An enhancement of the tyrosinate fluorescence occurred for isosbestos irradiation which bears a reciprocal relationship to the decrease in the neutral fluorescence. (3) The ionized fluorescence quantum yield was constant throughout the titration, since for direct excitation of the ionized residues the intensity was linearly dependent on the percentage of ionization. (4) No isoemissive point was found for the fluorescence spectral titration. (5) The excitation spectrum of the ionized emission region in a partially ionized polymer is dominated by the neutral absorption profile. Thus, there is considerable evidence for the transfer of electronic energy from tyrosine residues to tyrosinate residues in poly- l -tyrosine. The high efficiency of quenching suggests that there must also be considerable tyrosine-to-tyrosine energy transfer in the polymer.
DigitalTree: a tool for displaying biological data in tree structure

We developed a computational tool, DigitalTree, for displaying a two-dimensional weighted tree of biological data. Existing methods, Radial Layout, Hyperbolic Layout, Phyllotactic Placement, and Force-Directing were integrated into DigitalTree. DigitalTree preserves the distances between nodes in the tree and the trees topology. The tool has been applied in analyzing microarray data and phylogenetic trees. DigitalTree is available for download at http://digbio.missouri.edu/~digtree.
Pyruvate Carboxylase: SPECIFIC INACTIVATION OF ACETYL COENZYME A-DEPENDENT OXALACETATE SYNTHESIS DURING MODIFICATION OF THE ENZYME BY TRINITROBENZENE SULFONATE

Abstract Incubation of pyruvate carboxylase purified from rat liver or Saccharomyces cerevisiae with 0.5 mm trinitrobenzene sulfonate at pH 7.2 causes rapid inactivation of acetyl coenzyme A-dependent oxalacetate synthesis with little concomitant decrease in (a) the rate of oxalacetate synthesis which occurs in the absence of acetyl-CoA or (b) (for pyruvate carboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) the extent of inhibition by l-aspartate. Acetyl-CoA specifically protects rat liver pyruvate carboxylase against inactivation by trinitrobenzene sulfonate whereas the substrates have little effect on the rate of inactivation. The pseudo-first order rate constant for the inactivation process is a sigmoid function of [acetyl-CoA] (n = 2.4) and 50% reduction in the value of this rate constant is observed in the presence of 310 µm acetyl-CoA. Studies of the specificity of inactivation and the properties of the modified enzyme suggest that modification of 1 lysine residue per catalytic site is responsible for the observed effect in accord with earlier studies on inactivation of mammalian kidney pyruvate carboxylase by this reagent (Keech, D. B., and Farrant, R. K. (1968) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 151, 493). These data provide the first direct indication that activation of these pyruvate carboxylases by acetyl-CoA results from interaction of this modifier at an allosteric site, which, in the case of the enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, differs from that occupied by l-aspartate.
Perspectives of Behavioral Health Clinicians in a Rural Integrated Primary Care/Mental Health Program

Purpose This study compares the perspectives of rural and urban mental health clinicians working in various Washington State Community Health Centers that have implemented an integrated primary care/mental health program. Methods We conducted a Web-based survey of mental health clinicians (n = 71) who work in an integrated primary care/mental health program (“the program”) in 1 of 150 safety net primary care clinics in Washington State. Most participating clinics are Federally Qualified Health Centers or Rural Health Clinics. Pooled survey results from clinicians working in rural settings were compared to those working in urban settings. Semistructured interviews were conducted with a subset (n = 32) of survey respondents. Comments made during these interviews were analyzed for themes. Findings In the survey phase, both rural and urban clinicians generally agreed that the program benefitted their patients. Rural respondents were particularly appreciative of the flexibility that the program offered when planning care. Not surprisingly, social service limitations (such as housing or transportation services) were more often mentioned as program limitations. Rural clinicians were more likely to note a lack of awareness of program resources among other medical providers on the team. Conclusions Clinicians working in rural primary care clinics value the availability and flexibility of an integrated primary care/mental health program as an option for providing mental health care for their patients. Clinicians working in rural settings could benefit from additional training and program implementation support to best meet the needs of their patients.
Therapeutic Drug Development for Kidney Diseases

This chapter will explore drug development across the spectrum of kidney disease. This ranges from acute kidney injury (AKI) to specific causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) such as polycystic kidney disease. Drugs to effectively manage the complications of CKD are also discussed. Finally, in each section, common obstacles to drug development for this disease state are discussed. Keywords: acute kidney injury (AKI); polycystic kidney disease; chronic renal disease; diabetic kidney disease
Update On SLD Engineering Tools Development

The airworthiness authorities (FAA, JAA, Transport Canada) will be releasing a draft rule in the 2006 timeframe concerning the operation of aircraft in a Supercooled Large Droplet (SLD) environment aloft. The draft rule will require aircraft manufacturers to demonstrate that their aircraft can operate safely in an SLD environment for a period of time to facilitate a safe exit from the condition. It is anticipated that aircraft manufacturers will require a capability to demonstrate compliance with this rule via experimental means (icing tunnels or tankers) and by analytical means (ice prediction codes). Since existing icing research facilities and analytical codes were not developed to account for SLD conditions, current engineering tools are not adequate to support compliance activities in SLD conditions. Therefore, existing capabilities need to be augmented to include SLD conditions. In response to this need, NASA and its partners conceived a strategy or Roadmap for developing experimental and analytical SLD simulation tools. Following review and refinement by the airworthiness authorities and other international research partners, this technical strategy has been crystallized into a project plan to guide the SLD Engineering Tool Development effort. This paper will provide a brief overview of the latest version of the project plan and technical rationale, and provide a status of selected SLD Engineering Tool Development research tasks which are currently underway.
An efficient sparse matrix based parallel image reconstruction algorithm for PET on SP2

The expectation maximization algorithm is an iterative method frequently mentioned in solving the incomplete data problems since its birth in the 1970s. Despite its capability in data approximation, the method has not been widely used in practice due to the huge amount of data involved in the intensive matrix-vector multiplication. We propose a novel technique in speeding up the computation time by better manipulation of the probability matrix. The key idea is to pre-process the input matrix by extracting the non-zero elements along with their index information. We have tested the new algorithm on an IBM SP2 machine for its performance with various configuration settings. Significant amounts of computation time reductions are found in our study depending on the actual density information of the matrix. The new algorithm has the advantage of having a minimum overhead and no new constraint on the matrix structure. With the significant speedup gained from the reduction in computation, our study demonstrates the promising result for future use of the algorithm.
Reluctance Variation as a Result of Lift Off for an AC Magnetic Bridge

To optimize the sensitivity and minimize lift-off effects of electromagnetic NDE devices requires an understanding of the source and distribution of electromagnetic fields. This understanding is particularly difficult when conductive devices other than the sample are in the vicinity of the field. Such is the case with the modified AC magnetic bridge [1] which has a conducting insert in the vicinity of the gap in proximity to the sample.
Unsaturated Zone Flow Processes

Water flow in the unsaturated zone is greatly influenced by unsaturated hydrostatics (water content, energy, pressure, and retention) and by unsaturated hydrodynamics (diffuse flow and preferential flow). Important multiphase processes include the transport of gases, nonaqueous liquids, and solid particles. Numerous means are available for determination of unsaturated conditions and properties, both measurement (of moisture state, water retention, and dynamic characteristics) and through various formulas and models that are mostly empirical in nature, but in some cases incorporating insight into unsaturated-zone physical processes. Applications to practical problems include models and techniques relating to distributions of water and energy, fluxes at the land surface, inputs, outputs, and fluxes within the unsaturated zone, all of which are frequently complicated by heterogeneity and preferential flow. Further scientific advance requires new measurement techniques and theoretical constructs that more adequately represent the important physical processes within practical modeling schemes.
Quantifying Commissioning Benefits

ABSTRACT This is Part 3 of a three-part series article. The original paper was first submitted in the Proceedings of the World Energy Engineering Congress 2006. It has been reformatted into three parts and condensed for publication in Energy Engineering. The complete original paper is available from the author. The success of commissioning depends to a very large extent on the support of the owner, which in turn depends upon the owner knowing what commissioning is. The topic of commissioning (Cx) is often viewed as complex, confusing, and expensive. This article speaks to anyone with interest in the field of commissioning, with an emphasis on anticipating and answering questions owners may have, and will have served its purpose if it improves the owner's comfort level with respect to commissioning. This article is divided into three parts. Part 1 – What is Commissioning? Part 2 – Tips for Applying Commissioning ✓ Part 3 – Quantifying Commissioning Benefits Part 3, “Quantifying the Benefits of Commissionin...
Permanent deformation behavior of naturally occurring bituminous sands

Oil sand, or tar sand, is a generic name given to bituminous sand deposits that are rich in bitumen or asphalt content to the extent that oil can be extracted from these deposits. The typical 8% to 15% presence of bitumen in the soil composition makes these naturally occurring sands low load-bearing materials. In this study, repeated load triaxial tests were conducted on three types of oil sand materials with natural bitumen contents of 8.5%, 13.3%, and 14.5% by weight. The oil sand specimens were compacted close to field densities and then tested for permanent deformation at two temperatures using a newly proposed test procedure. The procedure applied stress states and ratios determined from field-loading characteristics of haul trucks and mining equipment at two different load pulse durations or loading frequencies (related to field-trafficking speeds). Both the test data and axial permanent strain models developed in the form of power functions of the number of repeated load applications indicated a st...
Differential Colocalization of Islet-1 and Estrogen Receptor α in the Murine Preoptic Area and Hypothalamus during Development

Estrogen receptor (ER) expression and regulation is vital to the correct functioning of the neuroendocrine brain. Islet-1 (Isl-1) is a LIM homeodomain-containing transcription factor that has been implicated in neuronal differentiation, is located in the hypothalamus, and can alter ER function in vitro. We have determined that Isl-1 is localized in several regions of the hypothalamus, including the ER rich areas of the ventromedial nucleus (VMH), the preoptic area, and the anterior hypothalamus. Using double-label immunocytochemistry, we examined the overlap between immunoreactive ERalpha and Isl-1 in these different hypothalamic brain regions. In the developing brain, almost 100% of VMH cells that contain immunoreactive ERalpha also contain Isl-1. However, in older animals, the percentage of double-label cells decreased below 70%. This change is due to a decrease in the number of cells containing Isl-1, because there was no difference in the number of ERalpha-containing cells. By contrast, in more anterior regions of the hypothalamus, cells containing both Isl-1 and ERalpha were less common, with the two populations adjacent to each other, rather than overlapping. These data suggest that, although Isl-1 and ERalpha can interact, they are not always found in the same cells and that regulation of ERalpha function is not under the same control in the VMH, preoptic area, and the anterior hypothalamus.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April–June 1992

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 245 earthquakes that occurred during the second quarter of 1992. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward. The solution for an earthquake under Mindanao, Philippines, on 9 May represents the 10 000th event in the CMT catalogue.
Multiple molecular forms of lysosomal enzymes in mucolipidosis II

The multiple molecular forms of selected lysosomal enzymes, as determined by analytical isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, from mucolipidosis II fibroblasts have a highly simplified pattern demonstrating a failure to undergo normal oligosaccharide processing. On the other hand, the multiple molecular forms of these same enzymes in mucolipidosis II sera and culture media are indistinguishable from controls.
Efficacy and Safety of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

In addition to its central role in the development of microvascular complications, hyperglycemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by means of glucotoxicity. Thus, effective glycemic control not only reduces the incidence of microvascular complications but also corrects the metabolic abnormalities that contribute to the progression of the disease. Progressive β-cell failure and multiple side effects, including hypoglycemia and weight gain, associated with many current therapies present obstacles to the achievement of optimal and durable glycemic control in subjects with T2DM. Most recently, inhibitors of the renal sodium-glucose cotransporter have been developed to reduce the plasma glucose concentration by producing glucosuria. Because the mechanism of action of these oral antidiabetic agents is independent of β-cell function and tissue sensitivity to insulin, they improve glycemic control while avoiding hypoglycemia and promoting weight loss. In this review, we summarize the available data concerning the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of this novel antidiabetic class of therapeutic agents.
The single-index model: Cross-sectional residual covariances and superfluous diversification

Abstract The purpose of the single-index model is to obtain solutions to the general portfolio selection problem which are equivalent to those obtained by the full variance-covariance portfolio selection model, but to do so at lower cost. The model's computational advantage hinges on the assumption that the error terms are cross-sectionally independent. Although it is generally understood that this assumption is not strictly correct, the implications have never been demonstrated. This paper shows that the single-index model's distributional assumption is substantially violated in sample applications, and that the model's solutions are markedly different from those produced by the full variance-covariance model as a direct result.
Flexible Sensors for Chronic Wound Management

Chronic nonhealing wounds are a major source of morbidity and mortality in bed-ridden and diabetic patients. Monitoring of physical and chemical parameters important in wound healing and remodeling process can be of immense benefit for optimum management of such lesions. Low-cost flexible polymeric and paper-based substrates are attractive platforms for fabrication of such sensors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in flexible physiochemical sensors for chronic wound monitoring. After a brief introduction to wound healing process and commercial wound dressings, we describe various flexible biocompatible substrates that can be used as the base platform for integration of wound monitoring sensors. We will then discuss several fabrication methods that can be utilized to integrate physical and chemical sensors onto such substrates. Finally, we will present physical and chemical sensors developed for monitoring wound microenvironment and outline future development venues.
Carbon Capture and Storage: A Controversial Climate Mitigation Approach

As the threats of climate change grow, the need to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel burning is increasingly acknowledged by governments around the world. The potential of carbon capture and storage (CCS), a set of technologies that offers a politically appealing vision of a ‘cleaner’ way to use fossil fuels, has provided powerful motivation for large public and private investments in CCS technology. But investing in CCS is controversial because, although some consider it a critical climate mitigation technology, others view it as an expensive fossil fuel subsidy that could inadvertently perpetuate, rather than reduce, fossil fuel reliance.
Theory and application of Pascal-Sierpin´ski gasket fractals

Some combinatorial parameters of Sierpinski gasket (SG) are presented. The more general Pascal-Sierpinski gaskets (PSG) provide a convenient vehicle for the study of resistance in fractal lattices. The combination of the wye-delta (Y-Δ) transformations and selected multiple tracer edges provide a powerful new tool. Connections are made to modeling transport networks: diffusion processes with barriers, random walks, and relaxation phenomena.
Time-Resolved Energy-Momentum Spectroscopy of Electric and Magnetic Dipole Transitions in Cr3+:MgO

Due to the recent interest in magnetic light-matter interactions, the magnetic dipole (MD) transitions in lanthanide ions have been studied for potential applications in nano-optics. Similar to lanthanide ions, transition-metal ions also exhibit strong MD emission at room temperature, but their prominent MD zero-phonon lines are often accompanied by significant electric dipole (ED) sideband emission. Here, we extend energy-momentum spectroscopy to time-resolved measurements, and use this technique to quantify the ED and MD contributions to light emission from trivalent chromium doped magnesium oxide (Cr(3+):MgO). This allows us to differentiate the MD (2)E → (4)A2 zero-phonon line from phonon-assisted (2)E → (4)A2 and (4)T2 → (4)A2 ED sidebands. We also demonstrate how the relative intensities of the sharp MD zero-phonon line and the broad ED sidebands can be used as a qualitative measure of the MD and ED local density of optical states.
Nonlinear dynamics of idler gear systems

This work examines the nonlinear, parametrically excited dynamics of idler gearsets. The two gear tooth meshes provide two interacting parametric excitation sources and two possible tooth separations. The periodic steady state solutions are obtained using analytical and numerical approaches. Asymptotic perturbation analysis gives the solution branches and their stabilities near primary, secondary, and subharmonic resonances. The ratio of mesh stiffness variation to its mean value is the small parameter. The time of tooth separation is assumed to be a small fraction of the mesh period. With these stipulations, the nonsmooth separation function that determines contact loss and the variable mesh stiffness are reformulated into a form suitable for perturbation. Perturbation yields closed-form expressions that expose the impact of key parameters on the nonlinear response. The asymptotic analysis for this strongly nonlinear system compares well to separate harmonic balance/arclength continuation and numerical integration solutions. The expressions in terms of fundamental design quantities have natural practical application.
A coupled algorithmic and heuristic approach for optimal structural topology generation

Abstract The present paper describes an application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in the generation of optimal structural topology. A structured approach using algorithmic computations to enumerate the design space, and thereby assist in heuristic processing, is presented. The paper emphasizes the need to introduce some degree of formalism in the development environment for AI based design tools. The importance of a rational decomposition procedure for such generative design problems is underscored. An implementation of the proposed method for simple illustrative problems is also presented.
Platelet proteoglycans packing it in

Hundreds of proteins have been identified in platelet α-granules, yet little is known about how these proteins are packaged during granule formation. Woulfe and colleagues demonstrate that a proteoglycan termed serglycin participates in the sorting of proteins into α-granules. Serglycin is a
Activation of Protein Kinase D by Signaling through Rho and the α Subunit of the Heterotrimeric G Protein G13

Protein kinase D (PKD/PKCµ) immunoprecipitated from COS-7 cells transiently transfected with either a constitutively active mutant of Rho (RhoQ63L) or the Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor pOnco-Lbc (Lbc) exhibited a marked increase in basal activity. Addition of aluminum fluoride to cells co-transfected with PKD and wild type Gα13 also induced PKD activation. Co-transfection of Clostridium botulinum C3 toxin blocked activation of PKD by RhoQ63L, Lbc, or aluminum fluoride-stimulated Gα13. Treatment with the protein kinase C inhibitors GF I or Ro 31-8220 prevented the increase in PKD activity induced by RhoQ63L, Lbc, or aluminum fluoride-stimulated Gα13. PKD activation in response to Gα13 signaling was also completely prevented by mutation of Ser-744 and Ser-748 to Ala in the kinase activation loop of PKD. Co-expression of C. botulinum C3 toxin and a COOH-terminal fragment of Gαq that acts in a dominant-negative fashion blocked PKD activation in response to agonist stimulation of bombesin receptor. Expression of the COOH-terminal region of Gα13 also attenuated PKD activation in response to bombesin receptor stimulation. Our results show that Gα13 contributes to PKD activation through a Rho- and protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathway and indicate that PKD activation is mediated by both Gαq and Gα13 in response to bombesin receptor stimulation.
Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry into the Vices of In-Group Pride

One view in the study of intergroup conflict is that pride implies prejudice. However, an increasing number of scholars have come to view in-group pride more benignly, suggesting that pride can be accompanied by a full range of feelings toward the out-group. In this article, we focus on a substantively interesting case of in-group/out-group attitudes - national pride and hostility towards immigrants. We explore the relationship in two fundamental ways: first by examining the prejudice associated with various dimensions of pride, and second by embedding these relationships in a comprehensive model of prejudice. We find that national pride is most validly measured with two dimensions - patriotism and nationalism - two dimensions that have very different relationships with prejudice. While nationalists have a strong predilection for hostility towards immigrants, patriots show no more prejudice than does the average citizen.
The induced synthesis of catalase in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.

Abstract Synthesis of catalase is induced in Rps. spheroides on contact with air. In cultures grown anaerobically in the light the catalase content is 0.002% of the dry wt. In aerobic cultures grown in darkness the catalase content is about 0.15%. The rate of induced synthesis of catalase is low in a culture growing exponentially and high in a culture whose growth is limited through depletion of carbon sources. The slow induced synthesis in the former case is not accelerated by adding casein hydrolyzate. Rapid induced synthesis is maintained in a growing culture if glutamate and acetate are omitted from the growth medium. Conditions of gratuity prevail for this induced synthesis of catalase if the culture is aerated gently in the light; rates of growth and induced synthesis are then independent of prior aeration and of catalase content. The rate of aerobic growth in darkness is also independent of catalase content. The kinetics of induction are similar for a culture aerated gently in the light (photosynthetic growth) and culture aerated vigorously in darkness (aerobic growth). Synthesis of catalase is not related, directly or inversely, to synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll. The induced synthesis of catalase requires sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. These requirement and the effects of inhibitors suggest that the protein of catalase is synthesized de novo . Although aeration causes this induced synthesis, energy for the process can be derived either from air or light.
Anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane. In vivo and in vitro localization to the laminae rarae by cationic probes.

Cationized ferritin (CF) of narrow pI range (7.3-7.5) and the basic dye ruthenium red (RR) have been used as cationic probes to partially characterize anionic sites previously demonstrated in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). When CF was given i.v. to normal rats and the left kidney was fixed by perfusion 15 min thereafter, clusters of CF molecules were found throughout the lamina rara interna (LRI), lamina rara externa (LRE), and mesangial matrix distributed at regular (approximately 60 nm) intervals. When kidneys were perfused with aldehyde fixative containing RR, small (20 nm) RR-stained particles were seen in the same locations distributed with the same 60 nm repeating pattern, forming a quasiregular, lattice-like arrangement. Fine (approximately 3 nm) filaments connected the sites and extended between them and the membranes of adjoining endothelial and epithelial cells. When CF was given i.v. followed by perfusion with RR in situ, both probes localized to the same sites. CF remained firmly bound after prolonged perfusion with 0.1-0.2 M KCl or NaCl. It was displaced by perfusion with buffers of high ionic strength (0.4-0.5 M KCl) or pH (less than 3.0 or greater than 10.0). CF also bound (clustered at approximately 60 nm intervals) to isolated GBM's, and binding was lost when such isolated GBM's were treated with buffers of high ionic strength or pH. These experiments demonstrate the existence of a quasi-regular, lattice-like network of anionic sites in the LRI and LRE and the mesangial matrix. The sites are demonstrable in vivo (by CF binding), in fixed kidneys (by RR staining), and in isolated GBM's (by CF binding). The results obtained with CF show that the binding of CF (and probably also RR) to the laminae rarae is electrostatic in nature since it is displaced by treatment with buffers of high ionic strength or pH. With RR the sites resemble in morphology and staining properties the proteoglycan particles found in connective tissue matrices and in association with basement membranes in several other locations.
Large local-field effects in the second-harmonic susceptibility of crystalline urea.

The linear-optical response and the nonlinear susceptibility for second-harmonic generation are calculated for crystalline urea within band theory using the Kohn-Sham local-density approximation, implemented with pseudopotentials and plane waves. In the low-frequency limit, the static dielectric constants are found to be 2.03 (ordinary) and 2.14 (extraordinary), vs 2.17 and 2.49, respectively, for the experimental values. For second-harmonic generation, Kleinmann symmetry is invoked to consider a single independent tensor component, ${\mathit{d}}_{14}$=${\mathit{d}}_{36}$. The calculated value is 1.1 pm/V, compared to an experimental value of 1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 pm/V for ${\mathit{d}}_{36}$. Without local-field corrections, d would have been 2.1 pm/V. Hence, nonlinear local-field corrections are a key element of this calculation.
Genius talk or moron babble? The complementarity principle

Given the chance to ask a distinguished group of science luminaries anything you want, how should you proceed? This is the dilemma facing nonscientist Denis Brian, who authored the Hemingway biography A True Gen, in his book Genius Talk: Conwrsations with Nobel Scientists and OtherLuminaries. Faced with this quandary one could ask scientists how their trenchant research changed the way man views his universe. Or entice them to recount tales of Einstein, Bohr, and other geniuses they have known. Or suggest they descant on the course of science in our society. And this book, Genius Talk, does a bit of all that.
Comparison of Heat Pumps for Permanent Lunar Base

A permanent lunar habitat will require a heat pump to elevate waste heat from ∼298 K to ∼340-360 K to reject it from a reasonably sized radiator array because the effective sink temperature is 265 K for horizontal radiators at noon of the 336 h lunar daylight period. Because launch cost is proportional to mass, the figure of merit is overall mass of the external thermal control system: compressor, power source, radiators, heat exchangers, pumps, and piping. Previous investigations involved very detailed optimizations for electromechanical compressors. This investigation expands upon those by conducting a comprehensive assessment of thermally driven sorption heat pumps: absorption (liquid-vapor), adsorption (solid-vapor), and chemisorption (thermally reversible reaction between binder and refrigerant). The lowest mass alternative is a new design for an adsorption (carbon-methanol) heat pump with an overall system mass of 652 kg, as compared with 726 kg for an electromechanical compressor.
Coupling effects during steady-state solute diffusion through a semipermeable clay membrane.

Two separate coupling effects are evaluated with respect to steady-state potassium chloride (KCl) diffusion through a bentonite-based geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) that behaves as a semipermeable m...
Kaposi's sarcoma presenting as a protracted multisystem illness in an adolescent liver transplant recipient

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a common malignancy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), classically appearing as red to purple plaques containing small papules and nodules. We report our experience with an adolescent orthotopic liver transplant recipient who presented with an unusual presentation of KS. The patient had a protracted multisystem illness that began with hemolytic anemia, fevers, and fatigue and progressed to pancreatitis, sinusitis, lymphadenopathy, and mouth ulcers. The diagnosis was made by a lymph node biopsy that was performed to evaluate for Epstein-Barr virus. The classical subcutaneous nodules characteristic of KS did not become evident until shortly before the patient died. We present this case to emphasize that KS in pediatric liver transplant patients can present as a multisystem disease that progresses to disseminated organ involvement before the characteristic subcutaneous manifestations are evident.
Effects of proteolytic enzymes on the fertilization membrane and jelly layers of the amphibian embryo

Abstract The effects of several enzymes on the fertilization membrane and jelly layers of the amphibian embryo have been studied. Their removal by proteolytic enzymes provides evidence of their protein nature and furnishes some information concerning the types of peptide bonds which are essential for their integrity. For experimental procedure in general, proteolytic enzymes may provide a convenient method for the removal of these structures where denuding of the eggs by mechanical means is difficult.
Civil War and Woman's Place in Léonora Miano's L'intérieur de la nuit (Dark Heart of the Night)

Much of the critical response to Leonora Miano's first novel, L'interieur de la nuit , focused disproportionately on those parts of the narrative that evoked the violence and inhumanity of civil war in Africa. One of the outcomes of war, however, has often been to provide a brief window when women are able to challenge the status quo, find their voices, and even rise to positions of leadership. By referring to studies of war in West Africa by historians and political scientists and to works by feminist geographers, this analysis of Miano's novel examines her depiction of the evolving dimensions of women's place in a time of civil conflict: how it is defined at the beginning of the novel, how it is appropriated by the insurgents to force the cooperation of the villagers, and how its traditional dimensions are eventually challenged by the experience.
Use of transverse flow hollow fibers for bubbleless membrane aeration

A novel sealed-end transverse flow hollow fiber membrane module was evaluated for aeration of water. In this process the sealed-end fibers were held vertically from the bottom of a channel. Pure oxygen under high pressure was maintained in the fiber. The water to be aerated was pumped over the outside of the fibers. Due to the concentration gradient, oxygen transferred through the air-filled pores and dissolved directly into the water without forming bubbles. Since the primary orientation of the fiber is perpendicular to the liquid flow, a high mass transfer coefficient was achieved at low liquid velocities compared to parallel flow modules. Measured mass transfer coefficients for hollow fibers held at different angles are presented in this paper. In addition, the design equations for transverse-flow aerators are developed. The mass transfer behavior of a small scale transverse-flow bubblesless hollow fiber membrane module was measured experimentally and the results were compared with the theoretical predictions.