cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antigen Capture/Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Human Clinical Materials

Human hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the single most common cause of acute viral hepatitis in many regions of the world. Recently classified within the genus Hepatovirus of the family Picornaviridae, this positive-strand RNA virus has several notable biological features. Unlike many picornaviruses, HAV has a protracted, most often noncytolytic replication cycle in cell culture which makes the isolation of this virus from clinical materials exceptionally difficult. To facilitate the detection of HAV in clinical samples and to allow us to determine the genetic relatedness of epidemiologically unrelated virus strains, we have developed an antigen capture/polymerase chain reaction (AC/PCR) method which utilizes a simple immunoaffmity-based virus purification scheme prior to isolation of viral RNA, reverse transcription, and PCR (Jansen et al. 1990). This method involves the “capture” of virus by a monoclonal antibody bound to a solid-phase support (the PCR reaction tube itself), heat denaturation of the virus which results in release of its RNA, and reverse transcription followed immediately by PCR. Only a single reaction tube is used throughout the entire process, and thus the method involves fewer manipulations than conventional PCR methods for detection of RNA viruses. In addition, the immunoaffmity virus purification step results in a greatly increased abundance of the target RNA relative to extraneous nucleic acids subjected to PCR. The specificity is thus enhanced, and AC/PCR usually generates a single PCR product which is readily visualized on agarose gels containing ethidium bromide. As little as 5 μl of a clinical sample (usually a crude fecal suspension) is required. The general method and its application to the study of the molecular epidemiology of HAV have been described in detail elsewhere (Jansen et al. 1990).
Pertussis Vaccine CNS Sequelae Reassessment

The role of whole-cell pertussis vaccine as a cause of permanent neurologic damage has been reassessed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases, in light of new 10-year follow-up findings of the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study (NCES) in Great Britain.
A new species of Salaciola Bergroth (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) from Madagascar, with distribution records of previously described species

Salaciola acutangulata is descriptionbed as a new species from Madagascari new records are provided for Salaciola stylata Slater from South Africa, S. stigmatocoris Slater from Gambia and S. tessellata Slater from Cameroon. Antennal oligomery is noted. Additional South African records are given for S. nana Bergroth.
A mechanistic study of TiO2 nanoparticle toxicity on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with UV-containing simulated solar irradiation: Bacterial growth, riboflavin secretion, and gene expression.

Toxicity of nanomaterials to ecological systems has recently emerged as an important field of research, and thus, many researchers are exploring the mechanisms of how nanoparticles impact organisms. Herein, we probe the mechanisms of bacteria-nanoparticle interaction by investigating how TiO2 nanoparticles impact a model organism, the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. In addition to examining the effect of TiO2 exposure, the effect of synergistic simulated solar irradiation containing UV was explored in this study, as TiO2 nanoparticles are known photocatalysts. The data reveal that TiO2 nanoparticles cause an inhibition of S. oneidensis growth at high dosage without compromising cell viability, yet co-exposure of nanoparticles and illumination does not increase the adverse effects on bacterial growth relative to TiO2 alone. Measurements of intracellular reactive oxygen species and riboflavin secretion, on the same nanoparticle-exposed bacteria, reveal that TiO2 nanoparticles have no effect on these cell functions, but application of UV-containing illumination with TiO2 nanoparticles has an impact on the level of riboflavin outside bacterial cells. Finally, gene expression studies were employed to explore how cells respond to TiO2 nanoparticles and illumination, and these results were correlated with cell growth and cell function assessment. Together these data suggest a minimal impact of TiO2 NPs and simulated solar irradiation containing UV on S. oneidensis MR-1, and the minimal impact could be accounted for by the nutrient-rich medium used in this work. These measurements demonstrate a comprehensive scheme combining various analytical tools to enable a mechanistic understanding of nanoparticle-cell interactions and to evaluate the potential adverse effects of nanoparticles beyond viability/growth considerations.
Measuring Resilience in the Adolescent Population: A Succinct Tool for Outpatient Adolescent Health

Objective To create a valid tool to measure adolescent resilience, and to determine if this tool correlates with current participation in risk behaviors and prior adverse childhood events. Study design One hundred adolescents were recruited from primary care clinics in New Jersey for this cross-sectional study. A “7Cs tool” was developed to measure resilience using the 7Cs model of resilience. All participants completed the 7Cs tool, the Adverse Childhood Events Survey, and the Health Survey for Adolescents to identify current risk behaviors. Demographic and background data were also collected. To assess the validity of the 7Cs tool, Cronbach alpha, principal factor analysis, Spearman coefficients, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. The χ2 test and ORs were used to determine if any relationships exist between resilience and prior adverse childhood events and risk taking behaviors. Results Participants ranged from 13 to 21 years old (65% female). Internal consistency was established using Cronbach alpha (0.7). Lower resilience correlated with higher adverse childhood events (P = .008) and Health Survey for Adolescents scores (P Conclusions The 7Cs tool is an internally validated tool that may be used to screen adolescent resilience and guide pediatricians' counseling against risk behaviors. Further studies will evaluate resilience-building interventions based on results from this study.
Abstract 243: Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation Drives Sickle Cell Vasculopathy

Objectives: Many of the clinical complications associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), such as stroke, pain crises, proliferative retinopathy, renal and heart failure, can be attributed to repea...
Association between hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia therapy and hyponatremia.

Beavers et al.[1][1] presented a case in AJHP of hyponatremia caused by hyperinsulinemia–euglycemia (HIE) therapy, but we are uncertain about the legitimacy of the association they draw between hyponatremia and HIE, as a therapeutic modality, per se. We also question whether the nonstandard and
Wave Function Engineering in CdSe/PbS Core/Shell Quantum Dots.

The synthesis of epitaxial CdSe/PbS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) is reported. The PbS shell grows in a rock salt structure on the zinc blende CdSe core, thereby creating a crystal structure mismatch through additive growth. Absorption and photoluminescence (PL) band edge features shift to lower energies with increasing shell thickness, but remain above the CdSe bulk band gap. Nevertheless, the profiles of the absorption spectra vary with shell growth, indicating that the overlap of the electron and hole wave functions is changing significantly. This leads to over an order of magnitude reduction of absorption near the band gap and a large, tunable energy shift, of up to 550 meV, between the onset of strong absorption and the band edge PL. While the bulk valence and conduction bands adopt an inverse type-I alignment, the observed spectroscopic behavior is consistent with a transition between quasi-type-I and quasi-type-II behavior depending on shell thickness. Three effective mass approximation models supp...
An Environment for Developing Securely Interoperable Heterogeneous Distributed Objects

The heterogeneity and volatility of open distributed systems make high as­surance security an elusive goal. One solution is to provide developers with tools for designing and implementing robust object systems with verifiable behavior in open environments (Cleaveland et al., 1994). The Meta-Object Operating System Environment (MOOSE) (Hale et al., 1997) is intended to support the development, execution and verification of secure heterogeneous distributed systems.
Hume ’s Skepticism and Inductivism Concerning Space and Geometry

I have argued elsewhere that Hume ’s views on space and geometry in Book One, Part Two of A Treatise of Human Nature are rooted in his radically empiricist model of apprehension and ultimate evidence This epistemological model ultimately relies on phenomenologically given particular sensory images. Diagrams in geometry are always regarded as themselves particular sensory images, thus they cannot be taken as representatives of ideal geometrical objects. Guided by this conception, Hume offers a radically skeptical view of geometry (the study of continuous quantity) according to which it cannot be a fully exact and certain science. Only arithmetic and algebra (the sciences of discrete quantity) attain complete exactitude and certainty.
Proactive Secure Multiparty Computation with a Dishonest Majority

Secure multiparty computation (MPC) protocols enable n distrusting parties to perform computations on their private inputs while guaranteeing confidentiality of inputs (and outputs, if desired) and correctness of the computation, as long as no adversary corrupts more than a threshold t of the n parties. Existing MPC protocols assure perfect security for \(t\le \lceil n/2\rceil -1\) active corruptions with termination (i.e., robustness), or up to \(t=n-1\) under cryptographic assumptions (with detection of misbehaving parties). However, when computations involve secrets that have to remain confidential for a long time such as cryptographic keys, or when dealing with strong and persistent adversaries, such security guarantees are not enough. In these situations, all parties may be corrupted over the lifetime of the secrets used in the computation, and the threshold t may be violated over time (even as portions of the network are being repaired or cleaned up). Proactive MPC (PMPC) addresses this stronger threat model: it guarantees correctness and input privacy in the presence of a mobile adversary that controls a changing set of parties over the course of a protocol, and could corrupt all parties over the lifetime of the computation, as long as no more than t are corrupted in each time window (called a refresh period). The threshold t in PMPC represents a tradeoff between the adversary’s penetration rate and the cleaning speed of the defense tools (or rebooting of nodes from a clean image), rather than being an absolute bound on corruptions. Prior PMPC protocols only guarantee correctness and confidentiality in the presence of an honest majority of parties, an adversary that corrupts even a single additional party beyond the \(n/2-1\) threshold, even if only passively and temporarily, can learn all the inputs and outputs; and if the corruption is active rather than passive, then the adversary can even compromise the correctness of the computation.
Predictors of Vocabulary Outcomes in Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing From Spanish-Speaking Families

Purpose The goal of this study was to identify predictors of expressive vocabulary in young Spanish-speaking children who are deaf or hard of hearing living in the United States. Method This cross-...
On the Asymmetric Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on Trade Flows: Evidence from Africa

A glance through the literature on the effects of exchange rate uncertainty on the trade flows reveals that African countries have received the least attention. We consider the response of exports ...
Piercing Logic Locking Keys through Redundancy Identification

The globalization of the IC supply chain witnesses the emergence of hardware attacks such as reverse engineering, hardware Trojans, IP piracy and counterfeiting. The consequent losses sum to billions of dollars for the IC industry. One way to defend against these threats is to lock the circuit by inserting additional key-controlled logic such that correct outputs are produced only when the correct key is applied. The viability of logic locking techniques in precluding IP piracy has been tested by researchers who have identified extensive weaknesses when access to a functional IC is guaranteed.In this paper, we uncover weaknesses of logic locking techniques when the attacker has no access to an activated IC, thus exposing vulnerabilities at the earliest stage even for applications that seek refuge from attacks through functional opaqueness. We develop an attack algorithm that prunes out the incorrect value of each key bit when it introduces a significant level of logic redundancy. Throughout our experiments on ISCAS-85 and ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits, the attack deciphers more than half of the key bits on average with a high accuracy.
Facial Expressions Across the Life Span

The topic of facial expressions occupies a central role in theory and research on emotion and emotional development. This chapter reviews studies of emotional facial expressions in infants, children, and adults conducted largely in the twenty-first century. Two themes emerge from this literature review. First, early theories of emotional facial expression proposed toward the end of the twentieth century require substantial modification. Second, multimodal coding systems for emotion are more desirable than coding systems that rely solely on facial expression. Directions for significant future research are highlighted.
Assessment of Cerebrovascular Autoregulation Using Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Surgically Managed Brain Trauma Patients

Impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation is a risk factor for ischemic damage following severe brain injury. Autoregulation can be assessed indirectly using intracranial pressure monitoring as a surrogate of cerebral blood volume, but this measure may not be applicable to patients following decompressive craniectomy. Here, we describe assessment of autoregulation using regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). In seven patients with severe brain trauma who underwent neurological surgery, a Hemedex® rCBF probe was placed intraoperatively in peri-lesional tissue. Autoregulation was assessed as a moving Pearson correlation between CPP and rCBF (rCBFx). Composite data from all patients showed relatively constant perfusion over a wide CPP range (50–90 mmHg) and a U-shaped autoregulation curve with maximal autoregulation (CPPopt) at 55–60 mmHg. All rCBF values fell below the ischemic threshold ( 50 mmHg (P < 0.05). We examined the percent time during which both autoregulation was intact and rCBF exceeded the ischemic threshold. In the composite data, this variable was maximal in the CPP range of 75–80 mmHg (CPPideal). In individual patients, the range of CPPs with intact autoregulation varied widely. Individual CPPopt values ranged between 60 and 100 mmHg and CPPideal ranged between 65 and 105 mmHg. Assessment of autoregulation with Hemedex® rCBF monitor is feasible and could be used to guide CPP management strategies to optimize both autoregulation and perfusion. Autoregulatory impairment and CPPopt vary considerably between patients, and the addition of rCBF monitoring could help guide CPP targeting decisions.
Child marriage and psychological well-being in Niger and Ethiopia

Despite an understanding of the circumstances of child marriage, including how it limits agency and erodes childhood support systems, not much is known about the relationship between child marriage and mental health of child brides, especially in the sub-Saharan African context. To address this gap, we use large-scale population-based data from ever-married women aged 18–45 in Niger (n = 2764) and Ethiopia (n = 4149) to examine the association of child marriage with overall psychological well-being and its sub-domains: depression, anxiety, positive well-being, vitality, self-control and general health. We complement this with qualitative data from Ethiopia to further contextualize the psychological well-being of child brides. Multivariate linear regressions were conducted to estimate the association between child marriage and overall psychological well-being and its sub-domains. Thematic qualitative analysis was conducted to further understand the lives of child brides. Our regression analysis found significant negative associations between very early marriage (marriage at 15 years or earlier) and overall psychological well-being in both Niger and Ethiopia. With the exception of self-control, all sub-domains of psychological well-being – depression, anxiety, positive well-being, vitality and general health – were negatively associated with very early marriage. In addition, in the qualitative analysis, Ethiopian child brides reported suffering emotional distress and depression induced by the burden of handling marital responsibilities at an early age. The study highlights that even in settings where child marriage is normative, marrying very early is associated with negative outcomes. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms that make those married during early adolescence particularly vulnerable to psychological distress, so that programs can address those vulnerabilities.
Singing and street cries from eighteenth-century naranjera to twentieth-century violetera: aural paradigms of gender, poverty and affect

ABSTRACTMultiple, intersecting commentaries, songs, texts and images attest to eighteenth-, nineteenth- and twentieth-century perceptions of the emotionally charged and stimulative character of str...
Formation of dense pyroclasts by sintering of ash particles during the preclimactic eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991

Dense, vitric, dacitic pyroclasts (dacite lithics) from the 1991 preclimactic explosions of Mt. Pinatubo were analyzed for their vesicular and crystal textures and dissolved H2O and CO2 contents. Micron-scale heterogeneities in groundmass glass volatile contents (0.9 wt% differences in H2O within 500 μm) are observed and argue that parts of the dacite lithics equilibrated at different depths before finally being constructed. Greater vesicularities and larger and greater number densities of vesicles are observed in groundmass glass around phenocrysts compared to groundmass glass away from phenocrysts, similar to textures produced in experiments that sintered bimodal distributions of particles. Furthermore, increasingly greater proportions of stretched and distorted vesicles are observed in lithics from the later explosions, which parallels the increasingly shorter reposes between explosions. Finally, micron-sized crystal fragments are ubiquitous in groundmass glass of all dacite lithics. The textures, together with the variable volatile contents, lead us to propose a model that the dacite lithics formed by rapid and repetitive sintering of ash particles derived from a variety of depths on the conduit walls above the fragmentation level. We speculate that sintering of conduit material produced impermeable layers that retarded gas flow through the conduit, causing pressure to build until the cap failed and the next explosion occurred.
Rescue levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) therapy in Parkinson's disease patients with suboptimal response to deep brain stimulation.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) as an add-on rescue therapy following deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treatment of motor fluctuations. Background Both DBS and LCIG are FDA-approved therapies for treatment of motor fluctuations in advanced PD. Few studies have examined dual therapy for refractory motor fluctuations and it is unknown what the effect on quality of life will be in advanced PD. Methods We conducted a retrospective study using a large database of all medical and surgical PD cases at the University of Florida. Six patients were identified with DBS who subsequently received rescue LCIG therapy. The clinical histories, indications for intervention and outcomes were reviewed. Results All patients were managed initially with DBS (bilateral STN DBS (n = 3), bilateral GPi DBS (n = 1), unilateral GPI DBS (n = 2)). Patients with well-placed (n = 3) and suboptimally placed DBS leads (n = 3) had significant reduction in their motor fluctuations with improvement in the off-medication time after rescue LCIG therapy. Improvement in quality of life scores (PDQ-39) was appreciated in four DBS patients following the addition of LCIG therapy. Conclusions LCIG is a promising add-on rescue therapy for select patients with existing DBS devices. The LCIG may possibly reduce motor fluctuations and improve quality of life in advanced PD irrespective of the DBS target or the accuracy of lead placement. Dual therapy may also be ideal for patients who are considered high risk for additional DBS surgeries.
Clinical outcomes of gastroesophageal reflux disease-related chronic cough following antireflux fundoplication.

Despite the effectiveness of antireflux fundoplication for typical gastroesophageal reflux disease, outcomes regarding surgical therapy for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease-related chronic cough are currently unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether antireflux surgery for patients with chronic cough is effective, and to assess the correlation between indexes, such as symptom index and symptom association probability, and response to surgery. We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively collected database from a 3-site institution from 2013 to 2017. Of 1149 patients who underwent antireflux surgery, 41 presented with chronic cough as a main symptom related to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Preoperatively, patients underwent a symptom assessment, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, esophageal 24-h pH monitoring, and manometry. Patients were followed up at 6 weeks and 12 months post-surgery. Thirty-three (80.5%) patients underwent Nissen fundoplication, while 8 (19.5%) underwent Toupet fundoplication. Isolated chronic cough was present in 8 (19.5%) patients, and median (range) DeMeester score was 28.9 (0.3–96.7). After 12-month follow-up, chronic cough was absent in 28 (68.3%) patients (P = .02). Typical reflux symptoms responded well to surgery, but response was not optimal. Postoperative dysphagia and atypical reflux symptoms were slightly worse on long-term follow-up; however, differences were not significant (P ≥ .2). When examining how the different symptom indexes correlated with complete, partial, or no response in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease-related cough, there was no notable agreement on predicted response to surgery. Antireflux surgery, although less predictable, is effective for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease-related chronic cough.
Paired-associate learning, animacy, and imageability effects in the survival advantage

The current study examined animacy and paired-associate learning through a survival-processing paradigm (Nairne et al. in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(2), 263-273, 2007; Schwartz & Brothers, 2014). English-speaking monolingual participants were asked to learn a set of new word translations to improve their chances of survival or to improve their study abroad experience. Animate and inanimate words were included in this task, to further examine animacy effects in cued recall paradigms (Popp & Serra in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(2), 186-201, 2016; VanArsdall et al. in Experimental Psychology, 60(3), 172-178, 2013). Across sentence-completion, matching, and picture-naming tasks, learning was facilitated by the survival context, relative to the study abroad context and an intentional learning condition. Scenario ratings indicated this survival advantage could also be a function of higher imageability ratings for the survival context than for the study abroad context. Replicating previous findings with cued recall, inanimate words were overall better remembered than animate words, across all three tasks, though survival processing facilitated language-learning for both animate and inanimate categories. This 'reverse animacy effect' replicated previous findings by Popp and Serra (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(2), 186-201, 2016), showing animate words can interfere with a participant's ability to create associations with their words, including those in a new language. These results are discussed with regards to the widely-reliable survival and animacy advantages, with a particular emphasis on the role of imageability in this paradigm.
Age validation of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (Thunnus obesus) tuna of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Estimates of age and growth of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (Thunnus obesus) tuna remain problematic because validation of growth zone deposition (opaque and translucent) has not been p...
Effective polarization suppression in two-beam 3-color broadband coherent Raman micro-spectroscopy (3CBCRS)

Abstract We report the extension of our formerly developed two-beam 3-color broadband coherent Raman methodology and the improvement of our tabletop system for fully polarization controlled low-frequency vibrational measurements. Each of the differently polarized partial signal in the coherent Raman scattering could be effectively eliminated at the theoretically predicted polarization analyzer orientations. The electronic contribution to the signal was suppressed without significantly reducing the vibrational contribution to the spectrum, which is a noteworthy advantage compared to Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). The method was applied for well-characterized liquid CCl4 and CHCl3 samples for the first time. Coherent vibrational spectra were recorded simultaneously on the Stokes and anti-Stokes spectral-domain located near the zero frequency shift region. The methodology is easily extendable to measure vibrational or phonon spectra of anisotropic crystals.
Probing the spectrum of the Jaynes-Cummings-Rabi model by its isomorphism to an atom inside a parametric amplifier cavity

We show how the Jaynes-Cummings-Rabi model of cavity quantum electrodynamics can be realized via an isomorphism to the Hamiltonian of a qubit inside a parametric amplifier cavity. This realization clears the way to observe the full spectrum of the Rabi model via a probe applied to a parametric amplifier cavity containing a qubit and a parametric oscillator operating below threshold. An important outcome of the isomorphism is that the actual frequencies are replaced by detunings which make it feasible to reach the ultrastrong coupling regime. We find that inside this regime the probed spectrum displays a narrow resonance peak that is traced back to the transition between ground and first excited states. The exact form of these states is given at an energy crossing and then extended numerically. At the crossing, the eigenstates are entangled states of field and atom where the field is found inside squeezed cat states.
Sea Otter Predator Avoidance Behavior

Predators directly affect their prey as a source of mortality, and prey respond by employing antipredator strategies. Sea otters are a keystone predator within the nearshore community, but higher trophic level avian, terrestrial, and pelagic predators (e.g., bald eagles, brown bears, wolves, white sharks, and killer whales) prey on them. Three antipredator strategies used by sea otters are vigilance (group or sentinel detection of danger), avoidance (seeking a location that is inaccessible to predators), and crypsis (the ability to avoid observation or detection). Vigilant behavior allowed sea otters to escape total extinction during the Maritime Fur Trade of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Female otters with pups practice vigilance when they reduce their foraging time and move along meandering paths. Sea otters usually rest at sea, and when they rest on shore, they usually haul out on offshore rocks, reefs, and small islands—possibly a behavioral response to terrestrial predators (brown bears and wolves can kill non-vigilant sea otters on shore). In areas where many sea otters haul out together, group vigilance may be important in detecting an approaching threat. Along the coast of central California, white sharks are a significant source of sea otter mortality, and the only antipredator strategy is avoidance or crypsis by resting in kelp beds. Despite the threat, sea otters still forage in open water, so the perception of risk may be low. In the western Aleutian Islands, killer whale predation is believed to be the cause of a > 90% decline in sea otters. As a result, sea otters perceive killer whales as a threat and limit their movements to shallow, complex habitats where the risk of attack is low. This behavioral response is so strong in the western Aleutian Islands that it may it limit sea otter dispersal among islands, with implications for the connectivity and genetic health of the small, isolated populations that remain.
Can an Agency Role-Reversal Lead to an Organizational Collapse?; A Study Proposal

The Principal-Agent Theory model is widely used to explain governance role where there is a separation of ownership and control, as it defines clear boundaries between governance and executives. However, examination of recent corporate failures reveals the concerning contribution of the Board of Directors to such failures and calls into question governance effectiveness in the presence of a powerful and charismatic CEO. This study proposes a framework for analyzing the relationship between the Board of Directors and the CEO, and how certain relationships affect the power structure and behavior of the Board, which leads to a role reversal in the Principal-Agent Theory, as the Board assumes the role of the CEO’s agent. This study’s results may help create “red flags” for a board and leader’s behavior that may result in governance failure.
Risk Analysis and Human Behavior

Introduction Section 1: Overview 1. Risk Perception and Communication 2. Cognitive Processes in Stated Preference Methods Section 2: Behaviorally Realistic Risk Analysis 3. Cost-benefit Analysis and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance 4. Individuals' Decisions Affecting Radiation Exposure After a Nuclear Event 5. Predicting Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering Behavior: A Structured Analytical Approach 6. An Integrative Approach to Label Design and Evaluation 7. Analyzing Disaster Risks and Plans: An Avian Flu Example Section 3: Social Context of Behavioral Research 8. Lay Foibles and Expert Fables in Judgments about Risk 9. Risk Perception and Communication Unplugged: Twenty Years of Process 10. Non-persuasive Communication about Matters of Greatest Urgency: Climate Change Section 4: Risk Communication 11. What Forecasts (seem to) Mean 12. Patients' Vaccination Comprehension and Decisions 13. Development and Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS Knowledge Measure for Adolescents Focusing on Misconceptions 14. Communicating about Xenotransplanation: Models and Scenarios Section 5: Aiding Individual Risk Decisions 15. What do Patients Want? Help in Making Effective Choices 16. Giving Advice: Decision Theory Perspectives on Sexual Assault 17. Sticky Decisions: Peanut Butter in a time of Salmonella Section 6: Aiding Public Risk Decisions 18. A Multi-channel Stakeholder Consultation Process for Energy Deregulation 19. The Science and Practice of Risk Ranking 20. Counting Casualties: A Framework for Respectful, Useful Records. Postscript: Integrating Risk Analysis and Behavioral Research
Topological and Algebraic Considerations

A complex analytic 2n-manifold M2n is a connected space defined by the following properties: (1.1) It has a finite covering by 2n-cells U,V,...,W each parametrized by n complex coordinates respectively uh,vj,...,wk with metrics defined by $$ d_{u}^{2} = {\sum {{u_{h}}\bar{u}} _{h}},...\;. $$ (1.2) At all points of overlap say of U,V, the vk are holomorphic in the uh.
Benzo(e)pyrene-induced alterations in the binding of benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to DNA in Sencar mouse epidermis.

Benzo( e )pyrene [B(e)P] cotreatment slightly increases the tumor-initiating activity of benzo( a )pyrene [B(a)P] and greatly decreases the tumor-initiating activity of 7,12-dimethylbenz( a )anthracene (DMBA) in Sencar mice (DiGiovanni et al. , Carcinogenesis 3 : 371–375, 1982). The effects of B(e)P on the binding of B(a)P and DMBA to Sencar mouse epidermis were investigated using a protocol similar to the mouse skin tumorigenicity studies. After 12 h of exposure to 50 nmol [3H]B(a)P and low or high doses of B(e)P, the level of [3H]B(a)P bound to mouse epidermal DNA increased by 30%. However, after 24 h exposure to 50 nmol [3H]B(a)P and after 12 or 24 h of exposure to 200 nmol [3H]B(a)P, B(e)P had no effect on the amount of [3H]B(a)P bound to DNA. The ratio of anti - (the isomer with the epoxide and benzylic hydroxyl on opposite faces of the molecule) B(a)P-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide [B(a)PDE]-deoxyribonucleoside adducts to syn- (the isomer with the epoxide and benzylic hydroxyl on the same face of the molecule) B(a)PDE-deoxyribonucleoside adducts did not change at either initiating dose of B(a)P or at any time regardless of the dose of B(e)P. After 12 h of exposure to high doses of B(e)P and a 50-nmol initiating dose of B(a)P the level of [3H]B(a)P bound to DNA increased but there was no change in the proportion of particular B(a)PDE-deoxyribonucleoside adducts present. In contrast, B(e)P inhibited the binding of initiating doses of DMBA (5 and 20 nmol) to DNA after 12 and 48 h of exposure to all dose ratios of B(e)P:DMBA tested. The three major adducts, tentatively identified as anti -DMBA-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide (DMBADE):deoxyguanosine, syn -DMBADE:deoxyadenosine and anti -DMBADE:deoxyadenosine, decreased to the same relative extent as the dose of B(e)P increased. Thus, the effects of B(e)P on the total binding of these hydrocarbons to DNA in epidermis correlate with the cocarcinogenic and anticarcinogenic effects of B(e)P on B(a)P and DMBA, respectively, in a mouse skin initiation-promotion assay. These results indicate that the mechanism of the co- or anticarcinogenic action of hydrocarbons such as B(e)P involves alteration of the binding of carcinogenic hydrocarbons to DNA. They also suggest that measurement of carcinogenic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts formed during cotreatment with other hydrocarbons will provide a rapid method for predicting the co- or anticarcinogenic effect of the other hydrocarbons.
Vasodilator Therapy in Children: Acute and Chronic Effects in Children with Left Ventricular Dysfunction or Mitral Regurgitation

To determine the acute and chronic effects of vasodilator therapy in children, vasodilator therapy was evaluated in 13 children (aged 0.2 to 14.5 years) with severe left ventricular dysfunction or mitral regurgitation. In seven children, nitroprusside increased cardiac index by an average of 33% (P less than .01) and increased stroke index by 29% (P less than .01). In eight children, hydralazine caused a 31% increase in cardiac index (P less than .01) and a 27% increase in stroke index (P less than .02). Ten children received chronic oral vasodilator therapy and were followed for 5.7 +/- 1.4 (SEM) months. Early clinical improvement was observed in every child. Symptoms of heart failure diminished in all, and five children became entirely asymptomatic. A significant (P less than .05) improvement was noted in growth velocity, respiratory rate, heart size, and incidence of gallop rhythm after 1 month of therapy. The duration of the beneficial response to vasodilator therapy varied considerably, however, and significant improvement for the group was not found after 1 month. Four children had sustained clinical improvement for 6 months or longer, but the others experienced recurrent heart failure within 1 to 4 months.
Citrus carotenoids—VI.: Carotenoid pigments in the flavedo of Sinton citrangequat

Abstract The flavedo of the fruit of the trigeneric hybrid Sinton citrangequat contains new and unusual carotenoid ketones (apo-carotenones). These pigments are unique in the carotenoid series in that they contain the terminal methyl ketone group in the side chain. Thus far, the methyl ketone carotenoids with nonaeneone and decaeneone chromophores have been isolated and characterized. They are sintaxanthin, citranaxanthin and reticulataxanthin. A minor carotenoid ketone, probably 3-OH-sintaxanthin, was also present. A methyl ketone carotenoid containing an in-chain hydroxyl group, 8′-OH-7′8′-dihydrocitranaxanthin, was also isolated. The remainder of the carbonyl carotenoids consisted of β-apo-10′-carotenal, β-apo-8′carotenal, β-citraurin, and probably 3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal. β-Zeacarotene was isolated for the first time from citrus. Neurosporene, γ-carotene and β-carotene in minor amounts were also detected. The rich red color of the flavedo is due mainly to the methyl ketone carotenoids.
Toward a Shear-Transformation-Zone Theory of Amorphous Plasticity

Our understanding of how solid objects bend and break seems poised for major progress because of recent developments in computational capabilities, in experimental techniques, especially high resolution microscopy, and in basic theoretical understanding of non-equilibrium phenomena. In this chapter, we describe some ideas in the theory of amorphous plasticity that have been inspired and enabled by these developments. We focus on two fundamental questions: (i) “How do materials undergo transitions from hardening to flow under applied stresses?” and (ii) “How best can the relevent aspects of microstructural dynamics be incorporated into constitutive theories?”
Error-Flagging support for testing and its effect on adaptation

The effect of providing error-flagging support during tests was studied in spring 2009 with two tutors on while and for loops. A partial crossover design was used for the study and mixed-factor ANOVA was used to analyze the students' score per problem, number of revised problems, effect of revision on score and time spent per problem, and finally, the effect of error-flagging on adaptation and learning. Students scored better on tests with rather than without error-flagging support. This can be attributed to the fact that students revised their answers on more problems when error-flagging feedback was provided. But, they did not necessarily revise more often per problem with error-flagging feedback.Students scored the same with revisions as without revisions, whether or not error-flagging support was provided.They spent less time per problem when error-flagging support was provided, whether or not they revised their answers. One explanation for this is that error-flagging may speed up the problem-solving process. Finally, if error-flagging feedback is provided during pre-test, students solve significantly fewer problems during the subsequent practice session which uses the outcome of the pre-test as the basis for adaptation. Therefore, providing error-flagging feedback during the pre-test improves adaptation. But, it does not result in greater learning - learning was not significantly different with versus without error-flagging feedback.
The Principle of Loyal Opposition

The Principle of Loyal Opposition is key to the way in which modern democracies organize themselves. It is bound up with the existence of political parties, of which we need to take much more notice in political theory (as Nancy Rosenblum has argued) and with the significance of reasonable disagreement in politics. The principle is exhibited most clearly in systems that actually assign a role to an official Opposition party and an Opposition Leadership. But versions of it are also apparent in American-style constitutions, albeit they are harder to discern in a context in which different functions of government may assigned, branch by branch, to members of different political parties. Finally, the paper interrogates the idea of "loyalty" in "loyal opposition." Loyalty to what? The paper argues that the phrase should not connote any sort of litmus test of support for constitutional essentials, but should rather convey a sense that as far as possible opposition parties are always to be regarded as loyal, no matter what policies or constitutional changes they favor.
Diode-laser absorption measurements of CO 2 near 2.0 μm at elevated temperatures

A diode-laser sensor system based on absorption spectroscopy techniques has been developed for nonintrusive measurements of CO2 in high-temperature environments. Survey spectra of the CO2 (20°1,04°1)I–00°0 and (20°1,04°1)II–00°0 bands between 1.966 and 2.035 μm (4915–5085 cm-1) were recorded at temperatures between 296 and 1425 K in a heated static cell and compared with calculated spectra (by using the HITRAN 96/HITEMP database) to find candidate transitions for CO2 detection. High-resolution measurements of the CO2R(56) line shape [(20°1,04°1)II–00°0 band] were used to determine the transition line strength, the self-broadening half-width, and the coefficient of temperature dependence of the self-broadening half-width. The results represent what are believed to be the first measurements of CO2 absorption near 2.0 μm with room-temperature diode lasers. Potential applications of the diode-laser sensor system include in situ combustion measurements and environmental monitoring.
Remembering Kearneytown: race, place and collective memory in collaborative filmmaking

This paper reflects on a collaborative project by the co-authors, investigating how filmmaking may intervene into the racialised politics of place and the practices of memory. Warren County, North Carolina is credited as the birthplace of the US environmental justice movement for 1982 landmark protests linking environmental concerns with civil rights organising. Our 2012 short film, Remembering Kearneytown, looks at this significant environmental history through the perspective of co-author Rev. Kearney, assistant pastor at a church nearby Warren County's iconic former toxic landfill. In the film, Rev. Kearney calls for his community to reclaim their legacy of environmental justice and re-imagine Warren County as a model of health rather than waste. This article proposes that collaborative filmmaking can serve as a technology of liberatory praxis, to intervene in dominant racial narratives. Our approach conceives of filmmaking geographically, using visual methodologies to engage with the meanings and transformative capacities of place.
Hydrates of iso- and normal butane and their mixtures

Abstract A wide variety of forcing conditions and nucleating agents has failed to produce any hydrate from normal butane under its own vapor pressure. The phase diagram for pure iso -butane hydrate has been determined. The critical decomposition conditions are 1.88°C and 1256 mm. Other properties found are the heat of formation, the depression of the formation temperatures by salt, and the hydrate composition. Mixtures of iso - and n -butane have been studied in the hydrate forming range and it is found that mixtures containing less than 71 wt.% iso - butane will not form hydrates under any conditions down to — 10°C. A theory for explaining the hydrate phase diagram with mixtures is derived, based on the work of Uchida and Hayano.
AROMATIC STACKING IN FOLDED ARCHITECTURES THROUGH HYDROGEN BONDING

Abstract The α, α′-annelation of the enamine of 1,3-dihydro-2-phenalenone with methyl α-(bromomethyl)acrylate affords an aromatic bicyclic framework, methyl 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7,11-methano-12-keto-7H-cyclooocta(de)naphthalene-9-endo-carboxylate having the ester function positioned over the aromatic ring. The acid derivatives of this framework dimerize affording a “sandwich” structure with the H-bonded carboxyl groups between parallel naphthalene rings. The dimeric association can be easily probed using both NMR and fluorescence techniques.
Digital simulation of discrete flow systems0

The discrete flow systems discussed are characterized by the movement of randomly arriving items along interacting channels. Programming a digital computer to simulate such systems utilizes some techniques not common in other approaches to physical problems.The principal portion of the paper is a discussion of two simulation studies that illustrate some of the programming problems involved. One is of an extensive package-handling plant, with the objective being optimization of parameters such as storage capacities and processing rates. In the other, air traffic flow and control procedures are simulated to compare the effects of alternative control decisions.
Multiple oncogenic pathway signatures show coordinate expression patterns in human prostate tumors.

BACKGROUND Gene transcription patterns associated with activation of oncogenes Myc, c-Src, beta-catenin, E2F3, H-Ras, HER2, EGFR, MEK, Raf, MAPK, Akt, and cyclin D1, as well as of the cell cycle and of androgen signaling have been generated in previous studies using experimental models. It was not clear whether genes in these "oncogenic signatures" would show coordinate expression patterns in human prostate tumors, particularly as most of the signatures were derived from cell types other than prostate. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The above oncogenic pathway signatures were examined in four different gene expression profile datasets of human prostate tumors (representing approximately 250 patients in all), using both Q1-Q2 and one-sided Fisher's exact enrichment analysis methods. A significant fraction (approximately 5%) of genes up-regulated experimentally by Myc, c-Src, HER2, Akt, or androgen were co-expressed in human tumors with the oncogene or biomarker corresponding to the pathway signature. Genes down-regulated experimentally, however, did not show anticipated patterns of anti-enrichment in the human tumors. CONCLUSIONS Significant subsets of the genes in these experimentally-derived oncogenic signatures are relevant to the study of human prostate cancer. Both molecular biologists and clinical researchers could focus attention on the relatively small number of genes identified here as having coordinate patterns that arise from both the experimental system and the human disease system.
Regional analysis of property taxation, education finance reform, and property value growth

Abstract In this article we examine the relationship between property tax rates and tax base growth in southeast Michigan using data for all 152 communities in the five counties surrounding Detroit over the 1983–2002 period. To address endogeneity, we exploit the adoption of Proposal A in 1994, which resulted in substantial exogenous and differential changes to property tax rates and school spending across all communities. This major state imposed intervention enables us to examine the tax rate–tax base relationship using appropriate instrumental variable techniques. We find that both tax rate and school spending changes have statistically significant effects on tax base growth. We also examine the effects of competitor community policies on own community tax base growth using a unique approach to define competitors. Specifically, competitor communities are determined by migration flows as opposed to the more traditional methods based on contiguity or population. We find significant regional competition effects; changes in tax rates and school spending relative to competitors are also important to tax base growth.