cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FROM BILATERALISM TO PUBLICNESS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

This chapter, written with much pleasure in Bruno Simma’s honour, seeks to explore the ideas embedded in Simma’s notion of a move toward ‘a true public international law’ or ‘a contemporary international legal order which is strongly influenced by ideas of public law.’ We argue for two distinct but overlapping meanings of ‘public’ in this context. The first is an international law that is ‘inter-public’ law, being made by and for a set of entities (primarily States) that are not merely ‘actors’ (in the jargon of international relations), but public entities operating under public law. The second is a quality of publicness in law that is also becoming part of understandings of international law of the sort Bruno Simma has enunciated. Neither of these ideas - inter-public law and publicness - are commonplace or widely accepted in international law. We argue, however, that they represent important dimensions in current and future international law. We observe some tension between Bruno Simma’s idea of an ‘international community’ based on shared interests and the concepts underlying ‘inter-public law’, and we heretically suggest that the idea of ‘international community’ may become something of a by-way on the path to developing a theoretical basis for the dense and intrusive rules and institutions and governance processes serving multiple interests and constituencies that more and more characterise international law. We argue that it is fundamental for any publicly-oriented approach to international law to be built on an adequately-theorized account of the concept of law and the roles of law.
Isospin test for hadronic neutral weak currents

Current Algebra and PCAC are used to analyse the matrix-element 〈N∗π|Jweak|N〉 of the hadronic neutral weak current operator. Measurement of the process ν+N→ν+N+2π in the N∗+π-threshold region can, in principle, distinguish the isoscalar, vector-axial vector weak current from the rest.
Effects of large enemies on success of exotic species in marine fouling communities of Washington, USA

The enemy release hypothesis, which posits that exotic species are less regulated by enemies than native species, has been well-supported in terrestrial systems but rarely tested in marine systems. Here, the enemy release hypothesis was tested in a marine system by excluding large enemies (>1.3 cm) in dock fouling communities in Washington, USA. After documenting the distribution and abundance of potential enemies such as chitons, gastropods and flatworms at 4 study sites, exclusion experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that large grazing ene- mies (1) reduced recruitment rates in the exotic ascidian Botrylloides violaceus and native species, (2) reduced B. violaceus and native species abundance, and (3) altered fouling community struc- ture. Experiments demonstrated that, as predicted by the enemy release hypothesis, exclusion of large enemies did not significantly alter B. violaceus recruitment or abundance and it did signifi- cantly increase abundance or recruitment of 2 common native species. However, large enemy exclusion had no significant effects on most native species or on overall fouling community struc- ture. Furthermore, neither B. violaceus nor total exotic species abundance correlated positively with abundance of large enemies across sites. I therefore conclude that release from large ene- mies is likely not an important mechanism for the success of exotic species in Washington fouling communities.
Pharmacokinetics of Pentobarbital, Quinidine, Lidocaine, and Theophylline in the Thermally Injured Rat

Previous studies have shown that rats with 15% third-degree burns show a severe depression in various in vitro hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. This effect was assessed in vivo by measuring the disposition of four liver-metabolized drugs in 16% third-degree burned rats at 7 d postburn. Compared with pair-fed control rats, pentobarbital demonstrated a significantly prolonged clearance and elimination half-life without a change in volume of distribution. Quinidine demonstrated a significantly increased volume of distribution and a significantly decreased clearance without a change in elimination half-life. Lidocaine showed a significantly increased volume of distribution. Theophylline, which is only 50% metabolized in the rat, showed no changes in any pharmacokinetic parameters. The free drug fractions of quinidine and lidocaine were found to be significantly decreased at 1 d postburn and normal at 7 d postburn. These results warrant pharmacokinetic studies in human burn patients.
Complex-valued functions on the plane are pole-assignable

Abstract We prove that the ring of continuous (resp. smooth) complex-valued functions on any surface is a pole-assignable ring. Since the subring of real-valued functions is not pole-assignable, some real systems can be controlled by complex feedback but not by real feedback.
CHANGE IN ATTITUDES TOWARD WORKING WOMEN: A COHORT ANALYSIS

Major demographic changes in family life occurred during the post‐World War II period in the United States. An increase in women combining traditional family roles with employment in the work force represents one of the most significant of these changes. The late 1960s and early 1970s, in particular, were heralded as a period of revolution in attitudes toward the roles of women (Ferre, 1974; Mason, Czajka and Arber, 1976; McBroom, 1986; Tallichet and Willits, 1986; Thornton and Freedman, 1979). These studies revealed that attitudes became more favourable toward the working women and toward greater opportunities and rewards for women outside the home. Several studies have documented the association of egalitarian sex‐role attitudes with higher levels of education and increased participation in the work force (Mason et.al., 1976; Smith‐Lovin and Tickamyer, 1978; Thornton and Freedman, 1979).
The clinical meaning of a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 biopsy.

Objective To determine whether the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1) increases the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) above what is observed for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
On triangulations of surfaces

Abstract Our purpose here is to give a simple topological proof of a theorem of Harer, that the simplicial complex having as its top-dimensional simplices the isotopy classes of triangulations of a compact surface with a fixed set of vertices is contractible, except in a few special cases. The proof yields mild generalizations of Harer's theorem, allowing more general vertex sets, as well as extending to a larger complex whose simplices correspond to curve systems consisting of circles as well as arcs. As a corollary we deduce the well-known and useful classical fact that any two isotopy classes of triangulations of a compact surface with a fixed set of vertices are related by a finite sequence of elementary moves in which only one edge changes at a time.
Complications of Frontal Sinus Fractures With Emphasis on Chronic Craniofacial Pain and Its Treatment: A Review of 43 Cases

Purpose Frontal sinus fractures constitute 5% to 12% of all facial fractures. The optimal management of frontal sinus fractures is controversial but involves preserving the function of the nasofrontal ducts when feasible. We reviewed the postoperative complications of a series of 43 patients treated surgically for frontal sinus fractures. Materials and Methods The data from 43 patients treated from 2000 to 2006 were reviewed. The information reviewed included patient age and gender, mechanism of injury, type of frontal sinus injury, associated facial injuries, treatment method, and complications. The institutional review board approved the present study. Results The average patient age was 32.5 years; 36 were men and 7 were women. Of the 43 patients, 23 (53.5%) had had anterior table fractures and 20 (46.5%) had had both anterior and posterior table fractures. Postoperative complications occurred in 7 patients (16.3%). Of these 7 patients, 2 experienced continued headache and pain and required surgical removal of infected hardware, 3 also experienced frequent headaches and pain in the frontal-temporal region, 1 had a post-traumatic deformity, and 1 developed periorbital cellulitis and abscess formation within the frontal sinus. Conclusion Frequent headaches and complaints of continued pain were the most common complications experienced by our series of patients. We also reviewed treatment strategies for postoperative follow-up and treatment of chronic pain.
The Redistribution Functions of Non-Coherent Scattering

Abstract Explicit forms of the redistribution functions for non-correlated non-coherent scattering of photons in spectral lines are derived, based on simple assumptions concerning the velocity distributions of atoms in the ground state and in the excited state. The functions derived are compared with those for correlated non-coherent scattering. The analysis of previously known results is extended and methods of computation derived.
High rates of mortality and morbidity occur in infants with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis.

Background: Extremely few data are available about the natural history of parenteral nutrition (PN)–associated cholestasis. The authors evaluated a cohort of infants at a large center to determine the outcome of PN-associated cholestasis in infants with some gastrointestinal function. Methods: The authors reviewed the records of all infants admitted to a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit over a 16-month period who had the diagnosis of PN-associated cholestasis. Records were reviewed in these infants for course of cholestasis, laboratory values, outcome, and infection rate. Results: Sixty-six patients were admitted who met the study criteria. There were 10 deaths and 1 referral for liver transplant (Death/TPlant) (17%) in the first year of life. All Death/TPlant infants had at least 1 positive blood culture after the onset of cholestasis. Maximum conjugated bilirubin (MaxCB) in Death/TPlant infants was 15.7 ± 2.2 (SEM) compared to 8.4± 1.0 mg/dL in babies who recovered. Of 21 infants with a MaxCB≥ 10.0,...
Focus Issue: Viruses—Miniature Machiavellis of the Signaling World?

This week’s issue of Science ’s STKE, published in conjunction with a Special Issue of Science on virology, describes viral mechanisms for manipulating signaling pathways in the host cell to ensure their own replication and survival. Munter et al . focus on how viruses and other pathogens manipulate tyrosine kinase- and Rho guanosine triphosphatase-mediated pathways; Barry and Fruh discuss how viruses manipulate cullin RING ubiquitin ligases to evade host defenses; and Hayward et al . compare mechanisms whereby Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi9s sarcoma associated herpesviruses (KSHV) interact with the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. In a Review in Science , Garcia-Sastre and Biron discuss the interplay between virus offenses and host defenses, focusing on the role of the type I interferons.
Extent of coronary atherosclerosis, type A behavior, and cardiovascular response to social interaction.

It has been hypothesized that increased hemodynamic reactivity to psychological challenge in Type A individuals might be one important factor in specifically promoting the onset or progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study sought to test this notion by relating the extent of documented atherosclerosis to cardiovascular responses to challenging social situations. Eighty-three patients scheduled for cardiac catheterization were given a structured Type A interview and a history quiz while heart rate and blood pressure were monitored. Analyses controlling for age and beta-adrenergic blocking medications revealed some evidence of Type A-B differences in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and rate-pressure product during the interview, but not during the quiz. More importantly for the aim of the study, there was little systematic evidence that magnitude of response on any of the cardiovascular measures was positively related to severity of CAD. Internal analyses of 24 non-medicated patients and examination of data derived from cardiac catheterization were used to rule out the possible confounding effects of beta-blocking drugs and myocardial damage. Results of this study do not provide evidence for a direct linkage between blood pressure or heart rate responses and the atherosclerotic process in coronary arteries. Limitations of the present study are discussed, and it is suggested that hemodynamic reactivity may be specifically linked to clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease via mechanisms other than acceleration of the atherosclerotic process.
Motor Behavior: From Telegraph Keys and Twins to Linear Slides and Stepping.

Motor behavior is a significant area of scholarship with 64 Fellows from the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education engaged in that work since 1930. This paper provides a brief overview of the history of research in motor development and motor control/learning, particularly noting the contributions to scholarship of Academy Fellows. Specifi cally, Academy Fellows who are frequently cited are highlighted as are the highly cited papers. In addition, significant books authored and edited by Academy Fellows from motor behavior are listed.
Interfacial level gradient effects in horizontal newtonian liquid-gas stratified flow—i

Abstract The analysis of reported Newtonian liquid-gas stratified flow data for horizontal circular ducts indicated that an interfacial level gradient (ILG) and therefore non-uniform flow tended to exist over a wide range of test conditions. Significant ILG can be present if high-viscosity liquids and low gas velocities' are used to produce stratified flow. ILG can reduce the liquid holdup and can possibly expand the stratified flow regime by delaying the transition to wavy stratified and/or intermittent flow. Use of the Lockhart-Martinelli parameters Φ 2 L and Φ 2 G is invalid in stratified flow if ILG is present because of unequal axial pressure gradients in the gas and liquid phases. During uniform stratified flow, especially in the laminar liquid-turbulent gas ftow regime, the combined one-dimensional mechanical energy equations can be used in dimensionless form to accurately predict the liquid holdup and pressure drop. In future stratified flow experiments, the axial pressuregradient in both phases should be measured.
Roles of StearoylCoA Desaturase-1 in the Regulation of Cancer Cell Growth, Survival and Tumorigenesis

The development and maintenance of defining features of cancer, such as unremitting cell proliferation, evasion of programmed cell death, and the capacity for colonizing local tissues and distant organs, demand a massive production of structural, signaling and energy-storing lipid biomolecules of appropriate fatty acid composition. Due to constitutive activation of fatty acid biosynthesis, cancer cell lipids are enriched with saturated (SFA) and, in particular, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), which are generated by StearoylCoA desaturase-1, the main enzyme that transforms SFA into MUFA. An increasing number of experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that high levels of SCD1 activity is a major factor in establishing the biochemical and metabolic perturbations that favors the oncogenic process. This review examines evidence that suggests the critical implication of SCD1 in the modulation of multiple biological mechanisms, specifically lipid biosynthesis and proliferation and survival signaling pathways that contribute to the development and progression of cancer.
Helicobacter pylori CagA Disrupts Epithelial Patterning by Activating Myosin Light Chain

Helicobacter pylori infection is a leading cause of ulcers and gastric cancer. We show that expression of the H. pylori virulence factor CagA in a model Drosophila melanogaster epithelium induces morphological disruptions including ectopic furrowing. We find that CagA alters the distribution and increases the levels of activated myosin regulatory light chain (MLC), a key regulator of epithelial integrity. Reducing MLC activity suppresses CagA-induced disruptions. A CagA mutant lacking EPIYA motifs (CagAEPISA) induces less epithelial disruption and is not targeted to apical foci like wild-type CagA. In a cell culture model in which CagAEPISA and CagA have equivalent subcellular localization, CagAEPISA is equally potent in activating MLC. Therefore, in our transgenic system, CagA is targeted by EPIYA motifs to a specific apical region of the epithelium where it efficiently activates MLC to disrupt epithelial integrity.
Just caring: Assessing the ethical and economic costs of personalized medicine

Personalized medicine has been touted as a revolutionary form of cancer care. It has been portrayed as precision medicine, targeting with deadly accuracy cancer cells and sparing patients the debilitating broad-spectrum side effects of more traditional forms of cancer therapy. But personalized medicine still has its costs to patients and society, both moral and economic costs. How to recognize and address those issues will be the focus of this essay. We start with these questions: Does everyone faced with cancer have a moral right to the most effective cancer care available, no matter what the cost, no matter whether a particular individual has the personal ability to pay for that care or not? Or are there limits to the cancer care that anyone has a right to at social expense? If so, what are those limits and how are those limits to be determined? Are those limits a matter of both morality and economics? I will answer this last question in the affirmative. This is what I refer to as the "Just Caring" problem in health care.
The nursing practice environment, staff retention, and quality of care.

The effects of key factors in the nursing practice environment—management style, group cohesion, job stress, organizational job satisfaction, and professional job satisfaction—on staff nurse retention and process aspects of quality of care were examined. Hinshaw and Atwood's (1985) anticipated turnover model was modified and expanded to include relevant antecedent and outcome variables. The four-stage theoretical model was tested using data from 50 nursing units at four acute care hospitals in the southeast. The model explained 49% of the variance in staff nurse retention and 39% of the variance in process aspects of quality of nursing care. Study findings warrant careful consideration in light of recent practice environment changes: experience on the unit and professional job satisfaction were predictors of staff nurse retention; job stress and clinical service were predictors of quality of care. The variable contributing the most to indirect, and in turn, total model effects, was that of management style. These results substantiate the belief that aspects of the practice environment affect staff nurse retention, and most importantly, the quality of care delivered on hospital nursing units. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The political economy of criminal justice policy: A time-series analysis of economic conditions, crime, and federal criminal justice legislation, 1948–1987

This study explores correlations between economic conditions, crime rates, and federal criminal justice legislation in the United States from 1948 to 1987. We expand on the punishment and social structure literature, inspired by Georg Rusche, by introducing new variables for operationalizing the political economy and criminal justice policy. We conduct a multivariate time-series analysis using various national economic indicators of the conditions of capital and labor over 40 years. The findings provide some support for a relationship between economic conditions and criminal justice legislation, even when crime rate is controlled.
Nonfinancial conflicts of interest in research.

The dramatic growth in associations between investigators and industry has raised appropriate concern about financial conflicts of interest. Investigators are also faced with potent nonfinancial conflicts of interest. Because career advancement in academic medicine depends on grant awards and research publications, investigators have strong personal interests in the successful completion of their research studies, which often involve human subjects. In this essay, the author explores how nonfinancial interests of investigators can be at odds with the interests of research subjects and outlines an approach to better management of nonfinancial conflicts of interest.
Mechanical ventilation in severe asthma.

Patients with SA, usually respond well to intensive therapy with β-agonist and systemic steroids with improvement in symptoms. If the patient's condition does not respond to the conventional medical therapy and continues to deteriorate to the point where the respiratory failure is imminent, rapid recognition of the urgency of the situation is important because it can be life-saving. The morbidity and mortality of asthma remains high; a 6-yr posthospitalized patient follow-up study found mortality of 22.6% (47). Once mechanical ventilation has been instituted, it is important to recognize the importance of various strategies to achieve ventilatory goals for these patients. Initial ventilatory goals include aboidance of hyperinflation by decreasing patient's VEI to less than 20 mL/kg while keeping Pplat less than 30 cm m/H2O. If these ventilator strategies are used correctly, the morbidity and mortality in patients with SA can be reduced (42). The physician should also recognize the importance of the detrimental effects of PEEPi, and use the various strategies to reduce the hyperinflation. The physician should also be aware of the use of sedation, as well as the use and potential complications of NMBs.
Hybrid polarity SAR architecture

A space-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) designed to provide quantitative information on a global scale implies severe requirements to maximize coverage and to sustain reliable operational calibration. These requirements are best served by the hybrid-polarity architecture, in which the radar transmits in circular polarization, and receives on two orthogonal linear polarizations, coherently, retaining their relative phase. This paper summarizes key attributes of hybrid-polarity dual- and quadrature-polarized SARs, reviews the associated advantages, formalizes conditions under which the signal-to-noise ratio is conserved, and describes the evolution of this architecture from first principles.
How Does the Population Interpret Warning Signals

The experiment concerns the problem of responding appropriately to warnings. Some organizations, such as the military and the American National Standards Institute have adopted particular meanings for certain signal words. The population at large is not trained in these respects. Therefore, it is not known how they interpret different signal words. In keeping with the assumption that the stronger the warning, the more likely it will be heeded, an effort was made to determine how the population in general differentiates levels of warnings. The study examined population stereotypes for various signal words. Contrary to some studies (cf. Karnes and Leonard, 1986), no differences were found in ratings of perception of risk to different signal words. Further, size of the signal word and color of the signal word had no effect on perception of risk. Statements of consequences of disregarding the warnings and type of risk situation did affect rated perception of risk. Also, circumstances in which the subjects mig...
Initial Construct Validation of a Laparoscopic Surgical Simulator

Objectives: To determine if the METI laparoscopic surgical simulator can discriminate between novices and experts and to assess learning curves among novices. Methods: Twenty novices and 5 experts performed five repetitions on the following modules: place arrow, retract, dissect, and traverse tube. For each module, median baseline performance was calculated. Novices performed 35 additional repetitions to assess learning with practice. Results: Experts out-performed novices at baseline for completion time of the dissect, place arrow, and traverse tube modules, as well as for error frequency on the traverse tube and retract modules. Novices' performance times improved significantly with practice, approaching the experts' baseline in all modules. Conclusion: The METI simulator exhibits construct validity on three of four basic-skills modules when considering completion time and on two modules when considering error frequency. Among novices, learning occurred with additional repetitions. Whether acquired skil...
An attempt to produce both thick and thinned flowing superfluid films

As discussed in the preceding paper by Graham, a controversy has arisen over conflicting reports of whether a superfluid film becomes thinned when it is set into motion. We have performed an experiment designed to reproduce as nearly as possible two previous measurements giving opposite results. Our experiment is also designed to test directly a theory proposed by Goodstein and Saffman which would have reconciled the apparently contradictory observations. We are unable to reproduce the thick-film result, finding kinetic thinning in all cases, even where the Goodstein-Saffman theory would lead us to expect a thick film. We conclude, in agreement with Graham, that the film is always thinned when it flows, and that the theory is therefore unnecessary.
Double distributions and evolution equations

Applications of perturbative QCD to deeply virtual Compton scattering and hard exclusive meson electroproduction processes require a generalization of usual parton distributions for the case when long-distance information is accumulated in nonforward matrix elements of quark and gluon light-cone operators. In their previous papers the authors used two types of nonperturbative functions parameterizing such matrix elements: double distributions F(x,y;t) and nonforward distribution functions F{sub {zeta}}(X;t). Here they discuss in more detail the double distributions (DD's) and evolution equations which they satisfy. They propose simple models for F(x,y;t=0) DD's with correct spectral and symmetry properties which also satisfy the reduction relations connecting them to the usual parton densities f(x). In this way, they obtain self-consistent models for the {zeta}-dependence of nonforward distributions. They show that, for small {zeta}, one can easily obtain nonforward distributions (in the X > {zeta} region) from the parton densities: F{sub {zeta}} (X;t=0) {approx} f(X{minus}{zeta}/2).
Lymphocyte plasma membranes I. Thymic and splenic membranes from inbred rats

Abstract Thymic and splenic lymphocyte plasma membranes were isolated from inbred ACI and F344 rats. Chemical and enzymic analyses indicated a highly purified plasma membrane preparation with a high cholesterol to phospholipid ratio and over 12-fold enrichment of the membrane enzyme 5′-nucleotidase. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of externally radioiodinated membranes showed a major 117 000 dalton glycoprotein in both thymic and splenic lymphocytes. Thymocytes differ from splenic lymphocytes by having an unique external glycoprotein of 27 000 daltons and by the relative lack of membrane components above 200 000 daltons.
Weekend–weekday advances in sleep timing are associated with altered reward-related brain function in healthy adolescents

Sleep timing shifts later during adolescence, thus conflicting with early school start times. This can lead to irregular weekday-weekend schedules and circadian misalignment, which have been linked to depression and substance abuse, consistent with disruptions in the processing of rewards. We tested associations between weekend-weekday shifts in sleep timing and the neural response to monetary reward in healthy adolescents, using actigraphy and a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Region-of-interest analyses focused on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and striatum, both of which are implicated in reward function. Analyses adjusted for pubertal stage, sex, and total sleep time. Greater weekend-weekday advances in midsleep were associated with decreased mPFC and striatal reactivity to reward, which could reflect reduced regulatory response and reward sensitivity. We speculate that circadian misalignment associated with weekend shifts in sleep timing may contribute to reward-related problems such as depression and substance abuse.
Lamello: Passive Acoustic Sensing for Tangible Input Components

We describe Lamello, an approach for creating tangible input components that recognize user interaction via passive acoustic sensing. Lamello employs comb-like structures with varying-length tines at interaction points (e.g., along slider paths). Moving a component generates tine strikes; a real-time audio processing pipeline analyzes the resultant sounds and emits high-level interaction events. Our main contributions are in the co-design of the tine structures, information encoding schemes, and audio analysis. We demonstrate 3D printed Lamello-powered buttons, sliders, and dials.
Thermoreflectance spectroscopy of systems showing charge density wave transitions

Abstract The thermoreflectance spectra of 1T-TaS2, -TaSe2 and alloys of these compounds have been measured and show substantial changes at the different charge density wave transitions. The changes include the appearance of new structure and the modification of the shape and sign of the modulated spectra. These changes are due to the new gaps introduced into the band structure by the presence of a charge density wave.
Age-Related Changes in Postprandial Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Free Fatty Acid Concentrations in Nondiabetic Individuals

Plasma glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured from 0800 to 1600 hours in 40 nondiabetic individuals, separated into younger (38 +/- 1.4 years) and older (64 +/- 1.5 years) age groups. Meals were served at 0800 (20% total daily calories) and 1200 h (40% of total daily calories), and blood drawn just before the 0800 hours meal and at hourly intervals thereafter until 1600 hours. Statistical evaluation of the results of these measurements indicated that day-long plasma glucose and insulin levels were higher in the older individuals. In contrast, the day-long FFA response was reduced in this age group. These data suggest that the ability of insulin to maintain normal plasma glucose levels deteriorates with age, whereas regulation of FFA levels does not.
A model for MPEG with forward error correction and TCP-friendly bandwidth

The growing requirement of TCP-Friendly bandwidth use by streaming video plus the proven advantages of Forward Error Correction (FEC) to combat packet loss presents the opportunity to optimize the amount of FEC in a TCP-Friendly video stream. In this paper, we derive an analytical model for predicting the playable frame rate in a TCP-Friendly MPEG stream with FEC. Our model characterizes the Group Of Pictures (GOP) and Forward Error Correction (FEC) that are part of the MPEG video transmission. Assuming a network estimate for the packet loss probability, our model incorporates TCP-Friendly throughput constraints to calculate a total playable frame rate. For a given packet loss probability, we use our model to search the variable space to find the MPEG configuration that yields the optimal playable frame rate. Analysis over a range of network conditions indicates that adjusting FEC can provide a significant performance improvement, while adjusting a well-chosen GOP will contribute little improvement. Further analysis shows that a poor choice for a GOP can result in a large degradation of the playable frame rate. Overall, by introducing moderate amounts of FEC overhead, frame rates can be improved 10 to 50 times under network conditions with moderate to high loss rates.
HPCS 2011 keynotes: Tuesday keynote I: High-performance computing and biology: The quest for a predictive biological theory

In this talk we will discuss the role that high-performance computing and advanced data systems play in accelerating the transition of biology from a science primarily focused on description and explanation to a new science focused on systems level understanding and data driven predictive theories. We will discuss the role that genomics driven biological models are playing in reshaping what is possible in biological analysis and how high-performance computing technologies are playing a critical role in enabling new types of biological investigations. We will outline how we go from raw DNA sequence data to predictive whole genome models of biological phenotype and how automated annotation and analysis systems are enabling small biological labs to do things that were not possible at any scale just a few years ago. We will project how the increases in computing capability coupled with the increases in biological sequence generation throughput and the rise of data integration methods will result in a rapid expansion of our understanding. If time permits, we will discuss the impact that predictive biological models can have on health, energy, the environment and science.
Localized Material Properties Through Nonlinear Dynamics Based Atomic Force Microscopy

Due to the intrinsic nonlinearity of the tip-sample interaction forces that are utilized in atomic force microscopy, nonlinear behavior can be observed even under the most ‘ideal’ conditions. While the standard operating modes of the atomic force microscope (AFM) have been developed to minimize this nonlinear behavior, the authors’ work focuses on utilizing a nonlinear response of the AFM probe associated with off-resonance excitation in order to measure local material properties of the sample. Previously, period-doubling bifurcations were identified and studied for an off-resonance excitation condition of two-and-a-half times the fundamental frequency. A relationship was identified between the characteristics of the qualitative response transition and the properties of the probe and sample. For a given probe, the critical separation distance where the period-doubling bifurcation occurs is influenced by the local modulus properties of the sample. This paper details the current effort studying this relationship with the goal of developing a new AFM operation mode for obtaining localized material properties by scanning the sample. The influence of different system parameters on this relationship is studied and preliminary simulation results are presented for a simple scanning process.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
In Vitro Labeling of Hamster and Gerbil Adrenal Cholesterol: Effect of Triamcinolone Administration

SummaryThe cholesterol concentrations of hamster adrenal glands are 0.32 ± 0.005% wet wt confirming their classification as cholesterol-poor adrenal glands. Hamster adrenal glands incubated in vitro with [3-14C]pyruvate in tracer quantities, incorporate significant amounts of 14C into adrenal cholesterol. Gerbil adrenal gland cholesterol concentrations are 4.2 ± 0.28% wet wt, less than 10% of which is unesterified. The typically cholesterol-rich gerbil adrenal glands do not form 14C-cholesterol when incubated in vitro with tracer quantities of [3-14C]pyruvate. When incubated for 6 hr with three changes of fresh solution containing high specific radioactivity [2-14C]acetate, gerbil adrenal glands form 14Clabeled unesterified cholesterol, but little or none of the labeled cholesterol is esterified. The administration of triamcinalone acetonide, 0.25 mg/100 g body wt/day for 6 days to both hamsters and gerbils, results in decreased in vitro oxidative metabolism and 14C-cholesterol formation by the adrenal gl...
Genetic and Environmental Processes in Young Children's Resilience and Vulnerability to Socioeconomic Deprivation

Some children exposed to socioeconomic (SES) deprivation are resilient and function better than expected, given the level of deprivation they have experienced. The present study tested genetic and environmental contributions to young children's resilience and vulnerability to SES deprivation. Children's resilience was assessed by the difference between their actual score and the score predicted by their level of SES deprivation in the E-Risk Study, an epidemiological cohort of 1,116 five-year-old twin pairs. Consistent with previous research, results showed that maternal warmth, stimulating activities, and children's outgoing temperament appeared to promote positive adjustment in children exposed to SES deprivation. Findings add new information by demonstrating that resilience is partly heritable and that protective processes operate through both genetic and environmental effects.
Reprogramming cell differentiation in the absence of DNA synthesis

We examined whether the activation of muscle gene expression in nonmuscle cells required DNA synthesis. Human fibroblasts from amniotic fluid and fetal lung were fused with differentiated mouse muscle cells in the presence or absence of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, cytosine arabinoside. In the stable heterokaryons formed, the human contractile enzyme, MM-creatine kinase (CK), and the cell surface antigen, 5.1H11, were detected in comparable amounts regardless of whether DNA synthesis had occurred. A single cell analysis revealed that the efficiency of gene activation was high and that DNA synthetic activity was not affected by the ratio of muscle to nonmuscle nuclei in the heterokaryons. In addition, muscle gene expression was not restricted to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. We conclude that cell differentiation can be reprogrammed in heterokaryons regardless of cell cycle phase and in the absence of detectable DNA synthesis.
Microinjection of prostaglandin E2 and muscimol into the preoptic area in conscious rats: comparison of effects on plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), body temperature, locomotor activity, and cardiovascular function.

Abstract The preoptic area (POA) is thought to play an important role in thermoregulation and fever. Local application of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to this region elicits increases in core body temperature, heart rate, and plasma levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Similar effects on body temperature and heart rate have also been reported after local application of the GABA A receptor agonist muscimol to the preoptic area. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the effects of microinjection of PGE2 and muscimol into the preoptic area in the same chronically instrumented conscious rats on plasma levels of ACTH. Injection of either PGE2 (150 pmol/100 nL) or muscimol (20 or 80 pmol/100 nL) into the same sites in the preoptic area evoked increases in body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma levels of ACTH, while significant increases in locomotor activity were apparent only after muscimol. These data confirm and extend previous findings and support the notion that neurons in the region of the preoptic area exert tonic inhibition on downstream mechanisms capable of increasing the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis as well as sympathetic thermogenic and cardiac activity.
Prosthetic rehabilitation of a cleft palate patient subsequent to multiple surgical and prosthetic failures

Abstract Cephalometric roentgenography and laminagraphy are not only valuable research tools, but they provide essential diagnostic aids in planning therapeutic procedures, as well as documenting the results of therapy. The utilization of these tools to reveal the basic mechanisms by which effective rehabilitation can be achieved is demonstrated in the case of an 18-year-old woman for whom multiple surgical and prosthetic procedures had failed to produce an adequate result. The reasons for previous therapeutic failure, the rationale for our therapeutic design, and an evaluation of the final result were documented by a series of cephalometric roentgenograms.
Near infrared measurements of terminal epoxides in polymer resin systems. I. Analytical considerations

Terminal epoxides display a group specific near infrared absorption at 4532 cm−1. This combination tone is reasonably free of interferences and can be employed to measure oxirane ring concentrations for epoxy coating resin systems during synthesis and crosslinking. With the use of low signal-to-noise FTIR supported by computer data manipulation, chloroform solutions of five commercially available resins were analyzed for epoxide equivalent weight and correlated with results obtained by perchloric acid titrations. The near infrared technique displays linearity for epoxy concentrations of 3.6–20.7 meq/L. Similar results were obtained via a serial concentration study, indicating that the technique is not strongly affected by matrix effects.
Unsaturated fluoro analogues of adenine nucleotides. Unusual eliminations of hydrogen halides in α,α-difluorophosphonates containing a heterocyclic base

Abstract Reaction of bromodifluoromethyl phosphonate 3 with zinc and propynyl chloride led to allenyl phosphonate 4 which was brominated to give dibromophosphonate 6. Alkylation of adenine 7 with 6 afforded Z- and E- difluorophosphonates 8 and 9. Hydrogenation of 8 furnished saturated difluorophosphonate 10a which was dealkylated to the corresponding phosphonic acid 10b. Reaction of 8 with tetrabutylammonium fluoride gave fluoroenyne phosphonate 11 whereas 9 and 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene furnished bromofluorodiene phosphonate 16. Hydrogenation of 11 afforded phosphonates 13 and 14 in addition to defluorinated product 15.
A B-cell “Chameleon”: Striking clinical, morphological, and immunophenotypic diversity of a single low-grade B cell clone

A patient with an 18-year history of low-grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders is presented. Although the precise classification of these B-cell disorders was problematic, the blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph node, and gastrointestinal lesions evaluated were compatible morphologically with such apparently disparate diagnoses as hairy cell leukemia, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and gastrointestinal multiple lymphomatous polyposis. Although each low-grade disease that developed over an 18-year interval was clinically, morphologically, and immunophenotypically distinct, genotyping showed their derivation from a single B cell clone. This case emphasizes that a single B-cell clone may give rise to several distinct low-grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders with diverse clinical and pathological features.
Vagueness as a Modality

I present a modal conception of vagueness and vague objects, according to which a vague object is a transworld object which coincides with one precise object in one world and with another precise object in another world. Such worlds are called precisifications; they are modal, worldly counterparts of the precisifications postulated in supervaluationism. I criticize Evans’ argument against vague objects, admitting the validity of the argument, but rejecting its basic assumption that if there are vague objects, certain identity statements must be indefinite in truth value. I distinguish identity from coincidence, and claim that if there are vague objects, some statements of coincidence will be indefinite in truth-value, not statements of identity. To establish this point, I compare vagueness with temporal modality.
Detection of A 140 KDA nucleolar protein with an anti-PCNA autoantibody

To assess the numbers and types of PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) species, immunoprecipitation studies on HeLa cell, nuclear and nucleolar extracts were performed. A 140 KDa protein from HeLa nucleoli was immunoprecipitated by an autoantibody (E.B.) previously used to detect the proliferating cell nuclear antigens (PCNA). The 140 KDa protein was also detected in the nuclear extract of colon carcinoma cells (omega) labeled in vitro with 125I-Bolton Hunter reagent. When the growth of the colon carcinoma cells was inhibited by 1% N,N-dimethylformamide for two weeks, the 140 KDa protein was not detected which suggests this protein is associated with cell growth.
Role of CT in the detection and staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

In this review article, the roles of imaging with CT and MRI in the detection and staging of pancreatic carcinoma will be discussed. The frequently employed techniques using these modalities, the common imaging appearances of this tumor, and the limitations of imaging will be addressed.
Dual $pi$$pi$ partial-wave amplitudes. I. Threshold behavior

A formulation of the integral representations of the dual $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ partial-wave amplitudes is presented. One of the many advantages of these representations is that one can extract the threshold coefficients without difficulty. This is demonstrated in a calculation of the scattering lengths and effective ranges for the $s$, $p$, $d$, and $f$ waves.
Arthur Weissman: Congressional Fellow

Arthur B. Weissman has been selected as the 1982–83 AGU Congressional Fellow. On September 1, he will commence his 1-year term on Capitol Hill as AGU's sixth Congressional Fellow Weissman received his Ph.D. earlier this year from the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University. His dissertation focused on the aesthetics and geomorphology of environmental changes.
The changing roles of higher education: curator, evaluator, connector and analyst

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the changing role of higher education as it adapts to the information age. The article posits that a personalized, competency-based model will be the most successful. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on research and observations of post-secondary education. It relies on existing literature and comparisons across disciplines to demonstrate the need for change and the ability for universities to adapt to the current needs. Findings – Universities will focus less on information dissemination and more on increasing the quality of available information; improving programs and processes for learners; and ensuring that all learners receive, analyze and apply knowledge that will allow them to be successful in their fields. The paper describes the evidence for these needs and potential pathways for competence. Practical implications – Learners in the information age look to universities for different roles than in the past. Universities must be abl...
British Labour and the Mandate of 1945

With the defeat of fascism in 1945 the "Peoples' War" finally ended. Would it be followed by a "Peoples' Peace"? In Britain, the portents were favorable. Memories of the First World War, and of a peace that had been squandered, were strong. So was the determination not to elect another Parliament whose Members looked, as Stanley Baldwin put it after the 1918 Khaki Election, like "hard faced men who had done well out of the war." The General Election held in Britain in 1945 resulted in overwhelming victory for Labour, "a social ist party and proud of it" according to its campaign manifesto. The major cities and most of the countryside, in fact nearly every place but the resort areas and cathedral towns, voted Labour. Attlee, the party leader and new Prime Minister, appointed his cabinet. In addition to such Labour stalwarts as Herbert Morrison and Hugh Dalton, it included prominent members of the party's left wing, for example Aneurin Bevan and Stafford Cripps, leading ad vocates of a Popular Front with the Communists during the 1930s, Ellen Wilk inson, the veteran hunger marcher and Member for "starving Jarrow," Em manuel Shinwell, the Red Clydesider, and, perhaps most importantly, (though he was no longer a man of the Left) Ernest Bevin, former leader of the Trans port and General Workers, Europe's largest trade union. Unexpectedly Bevin became Attlee's Foreign Secretary. When the new Parliament assembled in August 1945, the Conservative Members, sadly depleted in number, at tempted, nevertheless, to keep up their spirits. They sang "For He's a Jolly