cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multigenerational effects of a complex urban contaminant mixture on the behavior of larval and adult fish in multiple fitness contexts

Abstract Agricultural and urban storm water runoffs can introduce chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) into waterways. These chemicals can be continually released, persist, or even accumulate over time, with adverse effects on the physiology and behavior of aquatic species. Most studies aimed at evaluating the intergenerational effects of CECs have focused exclusively on single chemicals. By comparison, little is known about the effects of complex CEC mixtures on the behavior of organisms, or how these effects might manifest in subsequent generations. In this study, we exposed three generations of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to environmentally relevant concentrations of a complex CEC mixture representative of urban-impacted waterways and assessed the growth and behavior of larval and adult fish in life-stage–relevant fitness contexts (foraging, boldness, courtship). We found that (i) multigenerational exposure to a complex mixture of CECs altered the behavior of both larvae and adults in different fitness contexts; (ii) concentration-dependent patterns of behavioral impairment were consistent across fitness contexts and life stages; and (iii) the effects of exposure were magnified in the F1 and F2 generations. These results highlight the need for long-term, multigenerational assessments of CECs in affected waterways to robustly inform conservation practices aimed at managing aquatic systems.
Social rejection influences prosocial sharing decision-making in inequality contexts

Previous literature proposed that the fair distribution of resources between self and other is the basic societal norm in prosocial sharing decisions. This study explored how socially rejected individuals make prosocial sharing decisions in different inequality contexts using economic games and computational modeling. Seventy-four adults were exposed to either a social rejection or a neutral manipulation, and then completed computerized monetary incentive sharing decision-making tasks. Estimated prosocial decision parameters revealed that individuals without social rejection demonstrated typical asymmetrical patterns of sharing - preferring to share in advantageous equality rather than in disadvantageous inequality. Contrarily, individuals who experienced social rejection demonstrated symmetrical patterns with no difference in sharing between advantageous and disadvantageous inequality contexts. Socially rejected individuals were more likely to share when the perception of the rejection was harsher, and sharing experience did not elicit negative affect but reduced stress. The findings suggest that the experience of social rejection affects the pattern of sharing decision-making in inequality contexts. These outcomes may reflect psychosocial coping strategies for mitigating the negative impact of social rejection.
Deep learning enabled brain shunt valve identification using mobile phones.

Abstract Background and Objective Accurate information concerning implanted medical devices prior to a Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination is crucial to assure safety of the patient and to address MRI induced unintended changes in device settings. The identification of these devices still remains a very challenging task. In this paper, with the aim of providing a faster device detection, we propose the adoption of deep learning for medical device detection from X-rays. Method In particular, we propose a pipeline for the identification of implanted programmable cerebrospinal fluid shunt valves using X-ray images of the radiologist workstation screens captured with mobile phone integrated cameras at different angles and illuminations. We compare the proposed convolutional neural network with published methods. Results Experimental results show that this approach outperforms methods trained on images digitally transferred directly from the scanners and then applied on mobile phones images (mean accuracy 95% vs 77%, Avg. Precision 0.96 vs 0.77, Avg. Recall 0.95 vs 0.77, Avg. F1-score 0.95 vs 0.77) and existing published methods based on transfer learning fine-tuned directly on the mobile phone images (mean accuracy 94% vs 75%, Avg. Precision 0.94 vs 0.75, Avg. Recall 0.94 vs 0.75, Avg. F1-score 0.94 vs 0.75). Conclusion An automated shunt valve identification system is a promising safety tool for radiologists to efficiently coordinate the care of patients with implanted devices. An image-based safety system able to be deployed on a mobile phone would have significant advantages over methods requiring direct input from X-ray scanners or clinical picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in terms of ease of integration in the hospital or clinical ecosystems.
Virtual shakuhachi with dai-shihan Michael Chikuzen Gould: Shakuhachi learning before and during the pandemic

Virtual learning environments have become commonplace in the midst of COVID-19. Although it was not unheard of, taking Skype lessons on a musical instrument was considered to be unusual ten-plus years ago. This article will briefly discuss the ways in which the pandemic has affected those who study shakuhachi online with dai-shihan (grandmaster) Michael Chikuzen Gould. While individuals and institutions continue to figure out how to navigate this new cyber context, virtual shakuhachi lessons with Sensei Gould continue as scheduled and remain unaffected as in-person workshops and intensives are cancelled until further notice. © Equinox Publishing Ltd 2021, Office 415, The Workstation
Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames

Videogames are both an expressive medium and a persuasive medium; they represent how real and imagined systems work, and they invite players to interact with those systems and form judgments about them. In this innovative analysis, Ian Bogost examines the way videogames mount arguments and influence players. Drawing on the 2,500-year history of rhetoric, the study of persuasive expression, Bogost analyzes rhetoric's unique function in software in general and videogames in particular. The field of media studies already analyzes visual rhetoric, the art of using imagery and visual representation persuasively. Bogost argues that videogames, thanks to their basic representational mode of procedurality (rule-based representations and interactions), open a new domain for persuasion; they realize a new form of rhetoric. Bogost calls this new form "procedural rhetoric," a type of rhetoric tied to the core affordances of computers: running processes and executing rule-based symbolic manipulation. He argues further that videogames have a unique persuasive power that goes beyond other forms of computational persuasion. Not only can videogames support existing social and cultural positions, but they can also disrupt and change those positions, leading to potentially significant long-term social change. Bogost looks at three areas in which videogame persuasion has already taken form and shows considerable potential: politics, advertising, and education. Bogost is both an academic researcher and a videogame designer, and Persuasive Games reflects both theoretical and game-design goals.
Temporal and spatial dimensions of knowledge: Implications for sustainable agriculture

Scholars have recognized the importance of local and indigenousknowledge in less industrialized countries. Few studies havebeen done on the diversity of knowledge communities in moreindustrialized countries, however, because of researcherassumptions about the spatial and temporal dimensions of localand scientific knowledge. A distinguishing feature of knowledgecommunities is the way that time and space are perceived. Thesedifferences are reflected in farmers' decision-making.Depending on farmers' knowledge orientations, they may utilizequite different criteria to determine the reliability andapplicability of new information. Advocates of sustainableagriculture, and proponents of on-farm research will benefit byrecognizing the diverse ways that farmers know and understandtheir farming systems in both less and more industrializedcountries.
A Review of “The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology”

While in recent years a significant number of reference resources have been published in the field of theology, including a few theological dictionaries, the Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theol...
Cellular Basis of Physiological and Pathological Myocardial Growth

The sections in this article are: 1 Morphometric Analysis of Cell Size and Number in the Ventricular Myocardium 1.1 Myocyte Dimensional Properties and Number: Methodological Considerations 1.2 Confocal Microscopic Measurements of Myocyte Cell Volume 2 Morphometric Analysis of the Coronary Vasculature 3 Physiological Myocardial Growth: Maturation of the Heart 3.1 Ventricular Remodeling 3.2 Myocyte Adaptations 3.3 Cytoplasmic Adaptations in Myocytes 3.4 Capillary Adaptations 3.5 Conclusions 4 Aging of the Heart 4.1 Aging and Ventricular Remodeling 4.2 Aging and Myocyte Number 4.3 Aging and Myocyte Reactive Hypertrophy 4.4 Aging and the Coronary Arterial and Capillary Tree 4.5 Conclusions 5 Pressure and Volume Overload Hypertrophy 5.1 Cardiac Hypertrophy and Ventricular Remodeling 5.2 Cardiac Hypertrophy and Myocyte Size, Shape, and Number 5.3 Cardiac Hypertrophy and Volume Composition of Myocytes 5.4 Cardiac Hypertrophy and the Coronary Arterial and Capillary Tree 5.5 Conclusions 6 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy 6.1 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Ventricular Remodeling 6.2 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Myocyte Cell Loss, and Ventricular Function 6.3 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Myocyte Cellular Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia 6.4 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Volume Composition of Myocytes 6.5 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and the Coronary Capillary Tree 6.6 Conclusions
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Future of Federal Housing Finance Policy

The federal government recently placed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the government-chartered, privately owned mortgage finance companies, in conservatorship. These two massive companies are profit-driven, but as government-sponsored enterprises they also have a government-mandated mission to provide liquidity and stability to the United States mortgage market and to achieve certain affordable housing goals. How the two companies should exit their conservatorship has implications that reach throughout the global financial markets and are of key importance to the future of American housing finance policy. While the American taxpayer will be required to fund a bailout of the two companies that will be measured in the hundreds of billions of dollars, the current state of affairs presents an opportunity to reform the two companies and the manner in which the residential mortgage market is structured. Few scholars, however, have provided a framework in which to conceptualize the possibilities for reform. This Article employs regulatory theory to construct such a framework. A critical insight of this body of literature is that regulatory privilege should be presumed to be inconsistent with a competitive market, unless proven otherwise. The federal government's special treatment of Fannie and Freddie is an extraordinary regulatory privilege in terms of its absolute value, its impact on its competitors and its cost to the federal government. Regulatory theory thereby clarifies how Fannie and Freddie have relied upon their hybrid public/private structure to obtain and protect economic rents at the expense of taxpayers as well as Fannie and Freddie's competitors.Once analyzed in the context of regulatory theory, Fannie and Freddie's future seems clear. They should be privatized so that they can compete on an even playing field with other financial institutions and their public functions should be assumed by pure government actors. While this is a radical solution and one that would have been considered politically naive until the recent credit crisis, it is now a serious option that should garner additional attention once its rationale is set forth.
Reconceptualizing Federal Habeas Corpus for State Prisoners: How Should AEDPA's Standard of Review Operate after Williams v. Taylor ?

This Article aims to expand the debate over the proper standard of review that applies in state prisoner habeas corpus actions in federal court. To date, this debate has centered on whether federal habeas courts should defer to the state court's resolution of federal legal questions, or whether federal habeas courts should assess and apply federal law de novo. However, in Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 (2000), the Supreme Court held that the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) imposes a deferential standard of review that precludes a federal habeas court from granting relief based simply on its independent assessment of federal law. Under AEDPA, federal habeas courts must defer to a state court's rejection of a petitioner's constitutional claim unless the state court's decision is either contrary to or involves an unreasonable application of established federal law. The key question, therefore, is no longer whether deference is required, but how that deferential standard should operate.A threshold question in applying the new standard is whether it targets the legal reasoning underlying the state court's ruling, or whether it looks solely at the result reached by the state court regardless of how, analytically, the state court came to that result. The thesis of this article is that AEDPA's deferential standard should scrutinize the legal opinion issued by the state court, and therefore, AEDPA should bar relief only where that opinion correctly identifies the governing rule of federal law and reasonably applies that rule. Although this approach would not guarantee independent relitigation of federal claims on federal habeas, it would ensure that petitioners receive one analytically sound adjudication of their federal claims It would also create a tangible incentive for state courts to adjudicate federal law claims thoroughly and explicitly, which in the long run could enhance overall enforcement of federal rights.
CREATING DESIRABLE ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

What are the factors that lead to desirable organizational characteristics? This article examines this question by proposing a model to explain the ability of some organizations to create a focus on results and high levels of managerial authority. The new public management literature points to these two organizational characteristics as key steps for improving public performance and providing results-based accountability. Employing a national survey of US state government health and human service agency managers we find that political support for the organization and purposeful reform efforts do lead to desirable organizational characteristics. In addition, strong internal communication fosters a focus on results, and organizational culture shapes the decision-making authority of managers.
2 π -Differential Recoil Study of the Cu 65 ( p , p n ) Cu 64 Reaction

The $2\ensuremath{\pi}$-differential recoil range of the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}(p,pn){\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$ reaction has been determined with incident protons of 130 and 396 MeV. The number of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$ atoms which recoiled from copper targets about 10 \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ thick and caught in aluminum absorbers of varying thickness from about 10 \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ to about 180 \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ were determined. The resulting integral recoil distribution at 396 MeV indicate that there are two groups of recoiling ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$ nuclei. The short-range group has a maximum range of about (45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5) \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of aluminum, and the long-range group has a maximum range of about (180\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8) \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of aluminum. At 130 MeV only one recoil range was observed, which has a maximum range of about (50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5) \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of aluminum. The angular distribution of the recoiling ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$ nuclei was also determined using a 10-\ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ copper target and thick aluminum catcher foils. The short-range ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{64}$ recoils were interpreted in terms of an inelastic ($p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) scattering mechanism followed by neutron evaporation. The long-range recoils can be interpreted in terms of the knock-out mechanism. The relative number of events taking place by these two mechanisms is about equal. Reasonable agreement is obtained between predictions based on the two mechanisms and the experimental observations.
Commercial thinning stimulates natural regeneration in spruce–fir stands

Understanding the response of tree regeneration following commercial thinning treatments can improve planning in managed forests dependent on natural regeneration. We used long-term commercial thin...
Taxonomy of Marine Bacteria: the Genus Beneckea

One-hundred-and-forty-five isolates of marine origin were submitted to an extensive physiological, nutritional, and morphological characterization. All strains were gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, straight or curved rods which were motile by means of flagella. Glucose was fermented with the production of acid but no gas. Sodium but no organic growth factors were required. None of the strains were able to denitrify or fix molecular nitrogen. The results of nutritional and physiological tests were submitted to a numerical analysis. On the basis of phenotypic similarity, nine groups were established. These groups could be distinguished from one another by multiple, unrelated, phenotypic traits. Six groups which had deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) containing 45 to 48 moles per cent guanine plus cytosine (GC) were assigned to a redefined genus Beneckea . All of the strains in this genus, when grown in liquid medium, had a single, polar flagellum. When grown on a solid medium, many strains had peritrichous flagella. Two groups were similar to previously described species and were designated B. alginolytica and B. natriegens . The remaining four groups were designated B. campbellii, B. neptuna, B. nereida , and B. pelagia . An additional group of phenotypically similar strains having the properties of the genus Beneckea was not included in the numerical analysis. These strains were readily separable from species of this genus and were designated B. parahaemolytica . Of the remaining groups, one was identified as Photobacterium fischeri . The other group (B-2) which had about 41 moles% GC content in its DNA could not be placed into existing genera. Images
Unborn in the USA: Inside the War on Abortion

Unborn in the USA traces the activities of antiabortion activists in thirty-five states, documenting a range of antichoice activism, from exhibiting photo displays of aborted fetuses to a folk arti...
Application of a time-dependent constitutive model to rheocast systems

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the velocity field in an agitated Al- 5Cu alloy in which B4C particles were suspended at different loading rates of up to 40 %. The material system was agitated by means of an electromagnetic rotary stirrer. The non- Newtonian behavior of the melt/solid slurry was allowed for using two models: the steady- state model of Joly and Flemings and the model of Brown, which takes account of time- dependent behavior. Calculations have shown that the two models behave similarly at high shear rates. In addition, if agitation was discontinued, very little time was required for the velocity (and hence the fluidity) of the slurry to decay.
Aircraft Engine Noise Scattering - A Discontinuous Spectral Element Approach

The paper presents a time-domain method for computation of sound radiation from aircraft engine sources to the far-field. The effects of nonuniform flow around the aircraft and scattering of sound by fuselage and wings are accounted for in the formulation. Our approach is based on the discretization of the inviscid flow equations through a collocation form of the Discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method. An isoparametric representation of the underlying geometry is used in order to take full advantage of the spectral accuracy of the method. Largescale computations are made possible by a parallel implementation based on message passing. Results obtained for radiation from an axisymmetric nacelle alone are compared with those obtained when the same nacelle is installed in a generic con.guration, with and without a wing.
The effect of partial A2 pulley excision on gliding resistance and pulley strength in vitro.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of partial excision of the A2 pulley on the gliding resistance and the strength of the residual pulleys in a human in vitro model with or without tendon repair. Methods We used 32 cadaveric human fingers from 11 cadavers. The A2 pulley was excised successively 25%, 50%, and 75%, cutting either from the distal toward the proximal edge or from the proximal toward the distal edge. The peak gliding resistance between intact or repaired tendon and partially excised pulley was measured. After the gliding resistance test the pulley breaking strength and stiffness were measured. Results The peak gliding resistance exhibited the same statistical trends for the intact tendon and the repaired tendon groups. In the intact tendon groups the sequential excision of the A2 pulley from the distal toward the proximal edge had no significant effect on peak gliding resistance. With the A2 pulley cut from the proximal toward the distal edge, however, there was a significant increase in peak gliding resistance with 25% remaining pulley distally (0.82 N) compared with intact (0.42 N), 75% (0.57 N), and 50% (0.63 N) pulley remaining proximally. The 25% distal portion of the A2 pulley had a significantly higher breaking strength than the 25% proximal portion (160 N vs 96.7 N, respectively). Similarly the stiffness was greater in the distal portion compared with the proximal portion (120 N/mm vs 70.5 N/mm). Conclusions After A2 pulley excision the size and location of the remaining pulley affects the resulting gliding resistance, stiffness, and failure strength. At the most extreme excision level tested the residual 25% distal segment of the pulley exhibited significantly greater peak gliding resistance compared with the 25% proximal segment, as well as greater strength and stiffness. If excision of the A2 pulley is limited to 50% (either proximally or distally), however, there is little increase in gliding resistance and the retained strength of the pulley is substantial. These data support the clinical practice of partial pulley excision, up to a limit of 50%, to facilitate exposure and tendon repair.
Ecological Competition Between Algae: Experimental Confirmation of Resource-Based Competition Theory

All possible outcomes of ecological competition, including stable coexistence, were observed in laboratory studies of two species of freshwater diatoms potentially limited by phosphate and silicate. The relative abundance of these nutrients determined the outcome of competition. The observed conditions of coexistence and competitive displacement agree with those predicted solely from the abilities of each species to acquire and utilize limiting nutrients. Coexistence occurred only when the growth rate of each species was limited by a different resource. These results may help explain the regional coexistence in nature of an otherwise paradoxically high number of algal species.
Expression of human alpha-globin and mouse/human hybrid beta-globin genes in murine hemopoietic stem cells transduced by recombinant retroviruses.

Abstract Murine cell lines releasing helper-free recombinant retroviruses containing human alpha-globin and mouse/human hybrid beta-globin genes were generated. The expression of the hybrid beta-globin gene but not the human alpha-globin gene was regulated appropriately in infected mouse erythroid leukemia (MEL) cells. Murine bone marrow cells were infected by coculture with virus-producing cells and transplanted into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. Greater than 90% of the spleen colonies (12-15 days), which are derived from hemopoietic multipotential stem cells, showed proviral integration. Various levels of expression of the transduced globin genes were detected in all of the provirus-positive spleen colonies. Proviral sequences and transcripts from the transduced globin genes could also be detected in a few long-term reconstituted recipients in an observation period of 10 months after transplantation.
Water adulteration with citric acid: Effects on drinking and responsivity to regulatory challenges ☆

Rats with permanent access to a water supply adulterated with citric acid (CA) displayed persistent reductions in fluid intake and fluid/food ratios; and at appropriate concentrations of CA, they also exhibited lowered body weights and drinking deficits after fluid deprivation and after hypertonic NaCl injections. Unlike rats in previous investigations that were forced to consume quinine adulterated water, CA drinkers exhibited less disruption in their ingestive behavior following regulatory challenges, diminished short-term but greater long-term abilities in responding to hypovolemia, and an ability to increase fluid intake after fluid deprivation plus hypertonic NaCl. These data reveal that substances which degrade the taste quality of water do not exert a unitary influence on fluid intake, and they further underscore the complexity of ecological factors involved in controlling drinking behavior.
When should I trust my gut? Linking domain expertise to intuitive decision-making effectiveness

Abstract Despite a growing body of scholarship on the concept of intuition, there is a scarcity of empirical research spotlighting the circumstances in which intuitive decision making is effective relative to analytical decision making. Seeking to address this deficiency, we conducted two laboratory studies assessing the link between domain expertise (low versus high) and intuitive decision-making effectiveness. These studies involved non-decomposable tasks across divergent expertise domains: basketball in Study 1 and designer handbag authentication in Study 2. Across both studies, and consistent with our overarching hypothesis, we found that the effectiveness of intuition relative to analysis is amplified at a high level of domain expertise. Taken together, our results demonstrate the importance of domain expertise in intuitive decision making and carry a number of theoretical and practical implications.
Pituitary-adrenal function in photic and olfactory deprived rats.

SummaryThe effect of photic and/or olfactory deprivation on pituitary-adrenal function was determined in female rats subjected to bilateral optic enucleation and/or olfactory bulb removal. Morning (09:00) and afternoon (16:00) nonstress levels of corticosterone of sensory-deprived rats appeared normal, and in all cases nonstress levels were completely suppressed with dexamethasone (100 μg/kg). Stress mechanisms of blind and/or anosmic rats, in the absence of dexamethasone, were intact. Stress-induced increments in plasma corticosterone of experimentals did not differ from those of intact controls. However, in the presence of dexamethasone, blind and blind-anosmic rats failed to show a plasma corticosterone response to ether stress. These data suggest that pituitary-adrenal function, unlike pituitary-ovarian function, is not markedly affected by photic and/or olfactory deprivation. Absence of the stress response in blind and blind-anosmic dexamethasone-treated rats may reflect changes in ovarian function a...
The Use of an Optical Fiber Amplifier in the Reference Arm of a Wavefront Sensing Interferometer

When a fiber amplifier is part of an optical wavefront sensor, design constraints are different than in standard applications. We illustrate amplifier optimizations (for this regime) facilitated by novel closed-form solutions for gain and noise.
On the asymmetry of baroclinic instability between easterly and westerly shear

A complementary analysis of Charney-model baroclinic instability for a zonal current with easterly shear is presented. In contrast to an infinite number of unstable modes (the Charney, Green, and Burger modes) in westerly shearing currents, in easterly shearing flow, only a single unstable mode exists, corresponding to the Charney mode. For the same magnititude of vertical shear, the maximum growth rate in easterly shear is substantially smaller while the preferred wave length is considerably longer than the corresponding counterparts in westerly shear. The steering level of the most unstable mode is higher than one density scale height for easterly shear, while lower than one half density scale height for westerly shear. The asymmetry of baroclinic instability arises from the asymmetric variation of the basic state potential vorticity gradient with respect to the sign of the vertical shear due to the combined effects of the meridional variation of the Coriolis parameter and the vertical variation of density stratification. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1990.t01-3-00005.x
PHOTOTROPISM IN PHYCOMYCES MUTANTS LACKING β-CAROTENE

. β-carotene and riboflavin are considered as the major candidates for the photoreceptor for physiological responses to blue light in Phycomyces and a number of other organisms. Mutants of Phycomyces blocked in all six steps of the biosynthesis of β-carotene from phytoene contain no detectable β-carotene (less than 4 times 10-5 of wild-type amount) but exhibit phototropic responses identical to wild-type. Moreover, wild-type Phycomyces, while abundant in trans-β-carotene, contains no detectable cis-β-carotene, sometimes proposed as a photoreceptor candidate on the basis of the close similarity of the cis-species absorption spectrum in the near UV region to many action spectra for blue-light responses. These results indicate that β-carotene cannot be the photoreceptor for phototropism in Phycomyces.
MasterMind: Empower Yourself with Mental Health. A Program for Adolescents

Background: Teachers need classroom-based programs to develop and support mental health fitness in adolescents because this age group faces significant challenges to their mental health. There is a paucity of such ready-made programs. This article describes the development and proposed implementation of a low-cost, effective, adaptable, 6-week, classroom-based workshop entitled MasterMind: Empower Yourself With Mental Health. MasterMind provides students with a “toolbox for mental health” by creating a safe environment for discussion of mental health and emotionally charged topics, by increasing student knowledge of mental health issues, and by providing tools to develop and maintain mental health. Instructional materials address topics identified through needs assessments. The program combines instruction and written exercises with “peer-teaching-peer” group activities, individual assignments, and open discussion. Specific methods are included to allow students to ask questions anonymously and to build each other’s self-esteem. Methods: MasterMind was implemented as a pilot program to a Seattle, WA, middle school class of 30 students and addressed self-esteem, media literacy, school resources, relationships, emotions, stress and ways to de-stress, and future goals. Results: The students’ enthusiasm and participation increased throughout the program, and they gave high satisfaction ratings to the topics covered. Additionally, the host teacher continued selected program activities after MasterMind was completed. Conclusions: MasterMind educates all students in a class, not just those with identified emotional problems, and can potentially identify children with mental health needs not already evident. The pilot program implementation of MasterMind shows that such programs have potential for providing adolescents with tools to optimize mental health.
Phenotypic variations among paternal centrosomes expressed within the zygote as disparate microtubule lengths and sperm aster organization: correlations between centrosome activity and developmental success

Abstract This study describes a paternal effect on sperm aster size and microtubule organization during bovine fertilization. Immunocytochemistry using tubulin antibodies quantitated with confocal microscopy was used to measure the diameter of the sperm aster and assign a score (0-3) based on the degree of radial organization (0, least organized; 3, most organized). Three bulls (A-C) were chosen based on varying fertility (A, lowest fertility; C, highest fertility) as assessed by nonreturn to estrus after artificial insemination and in vitro embryonic development to the blastocyst stage. The results indicate a statistically significant bull-dependent difference in diameter of the sperm aster and in the organization of the sperm astral microtubules. Insemination from bull A resulted in an average sperm aster diameter of 101.4 microm (76.3% of oocyte diameter). This significantly differs (P < or = 0.0001) from the average sperm aster diameters produced after inseminations from bull B (78.2 microm; 60.8%) or bull C (77.9 microm; 57.8%), which themselves displayed no significant differences. The degree of radial organization of the sperm aster was also bull-dependent. Sperm asters organized by bull A-derived sperm had an average quality score of 1.8, which was higher than that of bull B (1.4; P < or = 0.0005) or bull C (1.2; P < or = 0.0001). Results with bulls B and C were also significantly different (P < or = 0.025). These results indicate that the paternally derived portion of the centrosome varies among males and that this variation affects male fertility, the outcome of early development, and, therefore, reproductive success.
An interdisciplinary Earth System Science (ESS) curriculum, community outreach, and research program

Abstract The Department of Biology at Jackson State University (JSU) was awarded a contract by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to establish activities which support the goals and objectives of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Program. The primary goal of the JSU/NASA/EOS Program is to increase the pool of trained minority scientists pursuing postsecondary education and/or professional careers in Earth System Science (ESS) or related fields. The approaches used to achieve this goal are: (a) development of a precollege outreach program for high school students and teachers, (b) institution of an ESS undergraduate academic curriculum and training program, and (c) inception of an interdisciplinary EOS-oriented research program which focuses on coastal ecosystem dynamics along the Mississippi Gulf Coast. JSU has developed a variety of programs for minority high school students and teachers, undergraduate and graduate students, and faculty to address this challenging issue. This new program will provide an opportunity to: (a) produce highly trained and qualified minority scientists in ESS, (b) provide professional role models to minority students, (c) enhance the research scope and capabilities of participating faculty, and (d) contribute significantly to a better understanding of the total Earth system.
Records of turing machines

Suppose a Turing machine is equipped with an extra tape. At each step of a computation being performed, it prints symbol read move symbol symbol printed on a square of the extra tape. It then moves the extra tape one square to the left. This procedure yields arecord of the computation.
Land application studies of industrial waste oils

Investigations to determine the environmental consequences of land disposal of waste oil were begun in 1975 at the United States Department of Energy's Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina. Waste oil (21 litres m−2) was applied and mixed thoroughly into the top 15 cm of soil. Four fertiliser levels were applied and the plots were tilled for aeration at 2 and 9 months after the oil was applied. Soil core samples, taken at 3-month intervals, showed negligible vertical migration of oil and a steady decline in the oil content of the soil. One year after the initial application, microbial activity, as measured by CO2 emanation rate, was six times as great on the sites which had oil applied as on adjacent control sites without oil. Oil biodegradation was not affected by the fertiliser levels. Plant growth on the oil-treated plots was negligible in 1975 and was restricted in 1976. In 1977, on the non-oil plots, Digitaria was the most common species, but Richardia scabra and Diodia teres were also present in significant quantities. These species were largely excluded on the oil plots so that almost all of the vegetation was Digitaria. There was no significant difference in productivity in 1977 between oil and non-oil plots.
CANTINA+: A Feature-Rich Machine Learning Framework for Detecting Phishing Web Sites

Phishing is a plague in cyberspace. Typically, phish detection methods either use human-verified URL blacklists or exploit Web page features via machine learning techniques. However, the former is frail in terms of new phish, and the latter suffers from the scarcity of effective features and the high false positive rate (FP). To alleviate those problems, we propose a layered anti-phishing solution that aims at (1) exploiting the expressiveness of a rich set of features with machine learning to achieve a high true positive rate (TP) on novel phish, and (2) limiting the FP to a low level via filtering algorithms.Specifically, we proposed CANTINA+, the most comprehensive feature-based approach in the literature including eight novel features, which exploits the HTML Document Object Model (DOM), search engines and third party services with machine learning techniques to detect phish. Moreover, we designed two filters to help reduce FP and achieve runtime speedup. The first is a near-duplicate phish detector that uses hashing to catch highly similar phish. The second is a login form filter, which directly classifies Web pages with no identified login form as legitimate.We extensively evaluated CANTINA+ with two methods on a diverse spectrum of corpora with 8118 phish and 4883 legitimate Web pages. In the randomized evaluation, CANTINA+ achieved over 92p TP on unique testing phish and over 99p TP on near-duplicate testing phish, and about 0.4p FP with 10p training phish. In the time-based evaluation, CANTINA+ also achieved over 92p TP on unique testing phish, over 99p TP on near-duplicate testing phish, and about 1.4p FP under 20p training phish with a two-week sliding window. Capable of achieving 0.4p FP and over 92p TP, our CANTINA+ has been demonstrated to be a competitive anti-phishing solution.
Covalent Inhibition of the Lymphoid Tyrosine Phosphatase

Covalent inhibitors of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP) were identified from a screen of the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecules Repository (MLSMR). Both of the two lead compounds identified have phosphotyrosine-mimetic benzoic acid moieties as well as electrophilic acrylonitrile groups. Inhibition kinetics of both compounds are consistent with covalent modification of the enzyme, with nanomolar KI and reciprocal millisecond kinact values, representing the best efficiency ratios (kinact /KI ) among currently reported covalent LYP inhibitors. Covalent inhibitors can provide longer efficacy and better selectivity than more conventional noncovalent inhibitors, and these lead compounds are an important step toward the development of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-targeted covalent therapeutic compounds.
Multifaceted Regulations of Gateway Enzyme Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in the Biosynthesis of Phenylpropanoids

Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants engenders a vast variety of aromatic metabolites critically important for their growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Some of these aromatic compounds have high economic value. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first committed enzyme in the pathway; it diverts the central flux of carbon from primary metabolism to the synthesis of myriad phenolics. Over the decades, many studies have shown that exquisite regulatory mechanisms at multiple levels control the transcription and the enzymatic activity of PALs. In this review, we present a current overview on our understanding of the complicated regulatory mechanisms governing PAL's activity; we particularly highlight recent progresses in unraveling its post-translational modifications, its metabolite feedback regulation, and its enzyme organization.
Reirradiation of recurrent salivary gland malignancies with fractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy

Purpose The purpose of this study was to review a single-institution experience with the reirradiation of recurrent salivary gland tumors using fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (SBRT).
Causal Inference in Lead Research: Introduction to the Special Section on the Neurobehavioral Effects of Environmental Lead

This Special Section on the Neurobehavioral Effects of Environmental Lead includes empirical reports from three major longitudinal prospective studies and a review of animal research modeling effects of lead on human cognition. This Introductory article addresses a fundamental controversy in lead and other epidemiologic research. It is argued that, contrary to conventional wisdom, valid causal inferences can be made from correlational research. Justification for this is to be found in contemporary frameworks drawn from the field of the philosophy of science; an essential, but often neglected perspective for such metatheoretical issues as causal inference. It is concluded that the nonexperimental methods described in the articles comprising this Special Section can, indeed, contribute to causal formulations of lead effects on human development, and that such inferences are not exclusive to experimental evidence.
Re-examination of industry effects due to withdrawn mergers

We find that the announcement of a merger withdrawal elicits negative industry effects on average, which reflect a partial reversal of the favorable industry effects that had previously occurred at the time of the merger proposal. The mean reversal is about 35% of the original favorable industry effect at the time of the merger announcement. This result for the mean effect is opposite of that found by Akhigbe et al. (2000). When we break our sample into sub-periods, we find that industry effects are substantially weaker in a more recent sub-period beyond the sample period used by Akhigbe et al. (2000). We also find that the industry effects are more negative when the share price response of the target at the time of the announced withdrawal is weaker. Whether the negative impact on the target is attributed to either a reduced likelihood of takeover or weaker industry prospects, it carries over to industry rivals.
Identification and immunohistochemical characterization of colospinal afferent neurons in the rat.

Abstract The classification, morphology and function of enteric neurons have been extensively studied in the small and large intestine. However, little is known about enteric neurons that directly project to the CNS. Previous studies have identified these unique neurons in the rectum, rectospinal neurons, but little was done to characterize them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize enteric neurons in the rat colon that directly project to the CNS by using retrograde neuronal tracing and immunohistochemistry. By applying the retrograde tracers 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) and Fluorogold (FG) to the L6/S1 segments of the spinal cord, we identified these neurons in both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the colon. These neurons were immunoreactive for neurofilament (NF) a marker for Aδ-fibers and isolectin-B4 (IB 4 ) a marker for C-fibers. These neurons expressed the enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) as well as peptides associated with sensory neurons such as substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) but did not express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2D and proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) were also found in these neurons. However they did not express the transient receptor potential receptor V1 (TRPV1) or neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1). The expression of the peptides and receptors suggests that there are at least two separate populations of neurons projecting from the colon to the CNS. The data suggest that these colospinal afferent neurons (CANs) might be involved in nociception. Whether sensory information from CANs is perceived by the animal or is part of the parasympathetic reflex is currently not known.
FLUCTUATIONS IN US FREEZING RAIN DAYS

Freezing rain occurrences during a 50-year period, 1949/1950–1998/1999, derived from carefully examined records of 161 first-order stations distributed across the United States, were assessed for temporal fluctuations and trends. Classification of station fluctuations based on five 10-year periods revealed five unique distribution types in areas east of the Rockies. One of these five distributions, for stations located in the western Great Plains, experienced its greatest 10-year value at the end of the 50-year period. The other four regional distributions experienced their highest 10-year value in either of the first two 10-year periods. Nationally, the 10-year period when the greatest number of stations experienced their maximum value was 1949/1950–1958/1959, while the period when the greatest number of stations experienced their minimum value fell near the end of the 50-year record (1979/1980–1988/1989). The 50-year linear trends defined one region, the western Great Plains, with increasing values, while three areas of decreasing trend were identified; the Great Lakes, the eastern Ohio River valley, and southern New England. These analyses also indicate the need to examine and consider such time–space changes in the frequency of climate variables at various spatial scales when assessing weather risks and developing climate change scenarios.
Mexican-American Males Providing Personal Care for their Mothers.

We know little about Mexican-American (MA) family adaptation to critical events in the informal caregiving experience but, in these days of economic and social turmoil, sons must sometimes step up to provide personal care for their aging mothers. This article compares two empirically real cases of MA males who provided such care, in lieu of a female relative. The cases are selected from a federally-funded, descriptive, longitudinal, mixed methods study of 110 MA caregivers and their care recipients. In case-oriented research, investigators can generate propositions (connected sets of statements) that reflect their findings and conclusions, and can be tested against subsequent cases: Caregiving strain and burden in MA males may have more to do with physical and emotional costs than financial ones; MA males providing personal care for their mothers adopt a matter-of-fact approach as they act “against taboo”; and this approach is a new way to fulfill family obligations.