cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameterized objects and inducements to explore functional programming

This paper contributes to a larger goal of encouraging use of concepts of functional programming in everyday software development, in the interest of reducing software development cost and increasing reliability. Toward attaining that goal, we explore a concept of object-oriented languages that is both useful on its own and that will draw programmers in the direction of functional concepts.We introduce the idea of a parameterized object that allows a programmer to create different views of an object, and that offers an intermediate form of data structure between the persistent data types of functional programming and the ephemeral data types of object-oriented programming. Using parameterized objects allows programmers to make a smooth transition from ephemeral to persistent data types, or to stop the transition at an intermediate level.
Black Ghetto Residents as Rioters1

Los Angeles riot participants, both actual and "psychological," were compared with nonparticipants to see if participation could be predicted, using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis and a second form of linear regression analysis (Wood's algorithm). Data were from 586 interviews of black residents, representing a random sample of the riot curfew area. Neither active nor psychological riot participation could be predicted when age and sex were not controlled, but significant prediction was possible when the population was divided into four groups by age and sex. The usefulness of the regression in characterizing rioters versus nonrioters is limited because a large number of independent variables is needed. Results support the theory that rioting is a community phenomenon. Language: en
The development of the thalamic projections to layer I of the visual cortex of the rat.

The development of the thalamic afferent projections to layer I of the visual cortex of the albino rat was studied using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The results show that the projections to layer I which arise in the “nonspecific” thalamic nuclei (lateral posterior nucleus, posterior complex and ventromedial nucleus) develop earlier than the projection from the “specific” nucleus (dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus).
Novel Method for Calculating Two-Dimensional Blade Vortex Interaction

The methodology involves the application of a newly developed aeroacoustic boundary element method, which uses analytical/numerical matching (ANM), in conjunction with a novel vortex method, turbulent core model (TCM) vortex dynamics. ANM is a hybrid scheme combining a low-resolution global numerical solution with high-resolution local solutions to form a composite solution. ANM provides high-resolution calculations from low-resolution numerics with analytical corrections, while avoiding the subtlety involving singular integral equations and their numerical implementation.
ALTERATIONS IN SPINAL CORDS OF NEONATAL RATS FOLLOWING X-IRRADIATION.

Abstract The lumbar portions of spinal cords of 3-day-old rats were x-irradiated. Neurological, histopathological, and biochemical changes were studied to determine the smallest amount of soft x-rays that would induce significant changes by 9 to 11 days postirradiation. All animals receiving 3000 and 4000 r developed paresis or paralysis of the hind limbs by 9 to 11 days. A marked decrease in incidence of grossly visible neurological abnormalities was observed in those animals receiving 2000 r and no abnormalities were seen in the 1000- and 500-r groups. The minimal amount of x-radiation needed to produce consistent, severe neurological alterations within this time period would be between 2000 and 3000 r. Microscopical studies of spinal cords from these animals at 11 days following irradiation showed that doses of 2000 to 4000 r reduced markedly the quantity of neuroglia and myelin in the irradiated regions. Those spinal cords receiving 500 or 1000 r appeared to be normal. A dose between 1000 and 2000 r was considered to be the minimal amount needed to produce histopathological changes. Preliminary studies of total lipid and water contents following administration of 4000 r revealed a decrease in amount of total lipid and a greater than normal amount of water in the irradiated zone. This marked decrease in amount of lipid in irradiated spinal cords correlated with a reduction in amount of histologically demonstrable myelin as seen in spinal cords from rats killed at 11 days following irradiation.
Systematic reviews of the literature: The overview and meta-analysis

Systematic reviews in the form of overviews or meta-analyses offer a solution for busy practitioners who have difficulty keeping abreast of current literature. Because systematic reviews can condense numerous studies into reliable and valid summaries of the best available evidence for a specific clinical problem, they offer significant benefit to busy clinicians. This article has summarized the major features and advantages of systematic reviews. It has distinguished those features that attempt to increase the usefulness of reviews by limiting bias, and it provided a summary of important questions clinicians can use to appraise such reviews critically. With this knowledge, clinicians should be able to use the literature more appropriately and in a timely fashion.
Self-immolative bioluminogenic quinone luciferins for NAD(P)H assays and reducing capacity-based cell viability assays

Highly sensitive self-cleavable trimethyl lock quinone-luciferin substrates for diaphorase were designed and synthesized to measure NAD(P)H in biological samples and monitor viable cells via NAD(P)H-dependent cellular oxidoreductase enzymes and their NAD(P)H cofactors.
The roles of spreading activation and retrieval mode in producing false recognition in the DRM paradigm

Abstract The nature of persisting spreading activation from list presentation in eliciting false recognition in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm was examined in two experiments. We compared the time course of semantic priming in the lexical decision task (LDT) and false alarms in speeded recognition under identical study and test conditions. The results revealed priming on the LDT only when a test item occurred immediately (1 s) after the last list item. In contrast, robust false recognition occurred across all delays in both experiments. We interpret the data as indicating that the automatic activation processes evidenced in lexical decision do not persist sufficiently long to produce the false recognition obtained in the DRM paradigm. False recognition occurs because episodic retrieval instructions and a related probe item create reactivation of a list’s associative structure, but such reactivation does not occur in LDT under conditions in which subjects are discouraged from retrospective checking of the list.
Energy test procedures for appliances

Abstract An energy test procedure is the technical foundation for all energy efficiency standards. It provides manufacturers, regulatory authorities, and consumers a way of consistently evaluating energy use. The ideal test procedure reflects actual usage conditions without compromising reliability and cost-effectiveness. Unfortunately, because these goals are contradictory, every test procedure is a compromise. Energy test procedures exist for a wide range of appliances and often each country has its own unique test procedure. The procedures for refrigerators, furnaces, air conditioners, clothes washers, and other appliances are described and compared. The emergence of microprocessor controls complicates developing specifications for a single operating schedule and simple comparisons of energy performance. Energy test procedures will face unprecedented pressures in the next decade as a consequence of international economic integration and technical innovations.
Osteoclastogenesis: the role of calcium and calmodulin.

Abstract Enhanced osteoclastogenesis is an important pathological feature in several aging-associated bone diseases. Thus, research activities on osteoclastogenesis have been intense during the last ten years. There has been great progress made in this field, however, and in this review, we will focus on current advances in understanding the role of Ca2+/calmodulin signaling in osteoclastogenesis. There are two major Ca2+/calmodulin signaling pathways emerging as important in osteoclastogenesis. The first is from our recent data, which has established a specific role for calmodulin in osteoclastogenesis and, more specifically, calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII). The other is that a pathway involving RANK-Ca2+-calmodulin-calcineurin-NFAT is critical for osteoclastogenesis. Collectively, these reports highlight the importance of Ca2+/calmodulin signaling in osteoclastogenesis, which may present novel targets for the new therapeutic agents to combat bone loss.
Carbonic anhydrase in distinct precursors of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the forebrains of neonatal and young rats

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase is present in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the mature rat brain. Whereas carbonic anhydrase-positive oligodendrocyte precursors had been identified during the first postnatal week, no information was available about the earliest occurrence of carbonic anhydrase in the astrocytic cell line, nor had carbonic anhydrase been detected in astrocytes in neonatal rat brains. Beginning on the first postnatal day, rat brains were double immunostained with anti-carbonic anhydrase II and respective ‘markers’ for immature and mature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. During the first postnatal week there were intensely carbonic anhydrase-positive cells which were ovoid or had broad processes. On the basis of their shapes and antigen contents these were considered to be precursors of oligodendrocytes. Beginning on the first postnatal day carbonic anhydrase II was also observed in some vimentin-positive radial glia and in other vimentin-positive cells that differed in their appearance from the immature oligodendrocytes. The vimentin-positive, carbonic anhydrase-positive cells were less smooth-surfaced, and had much finer process, than the oligodendrocyte precursors. By the third postnatal day there appeared carbonic anhydrase-positive, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells that resembled the vimentin-positive cells. It is concluded that the latter are immature astrocytes and that carbonic anhydrase is in distinct precursors of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes as early as the first postnatal day.
The infrared absorption spectrum of n-type GaAs

The optical conductivity of free electrons in polar semiconducting compounds has recently been calculated by use of a generalized Boltzmann equation derived from the equation of motion of the quantum density matrix. This reduces to the quasi-classical Boltzmann transport equation in the low frequency limit. In this paper, the optical conductivity is calculated for GaAs as a function of carrier concentration in terms of a frequency dependent relaxation time which reduces to the usual relaxation time in the limit of low frequencies and an elastic scattering mechanism. The relation of the frequency dependent relaxation time to the electron cross section is discussed. The optical constants and the frequency dependent relaxation time are given for GaAs at 298 K over the spectral region from 45 to 3.5 × 103 cm−1 for carrier concentrations from 3.4 × 1015 to 8.7 × 1018 cm−3. The real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index and the reflectivity are calculated from the complex dielectric constant in terms of the frequency dependent relaxation times. The frequency at the minima of the reflectivity curve and at the plasma edge, where the real part of the electric constant vanishes, are correlated with carrier concentration. Comparison is made with recent experimental results.
Fecal egg count reduction and control trial determinations of anthelmintic efficacies for several parasiticides utilizing a single set of naturally infected calves.

In this study, a single set of naturally infected calves was used for the conduct of a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) immediately followed by a control trial; all, to evaluate the efficacies of several commonly used, non-generic anthelmintics. Ten animals were allocated into each of the five treatment groups; untreated control (UTC), injectable 1% moxidectin given at 0.2 mg kg(-1)BW (MXD), injectable 1% ivermectin given at 0.2 mg kg(-1)BW (IVM), 9.06% oxfendazole given orally at 4.5 mg kg(-1)BW (OXF), and 10.0% fenbendazole given orally at 5.0 mg kg(-1)BW (FBZ). Confinement of animals to clean, concrete-floored pens was initiated on day -7 and continued until animal necropsy (2 animals were necropsied per treatment group per day on days 35-39 for nematode collections). All treatments were given on day 0, and the FECRT was conducted on all animals until necropsy. From days 2 to 14, FECR %'s for the combined strongyle egg counts were >or=90% for all anthelmintic groups. At the time of necropsy, FECRT %'s for the combined strongyle egg counts continued to be >or=90% for all treatments with the exception of IVM (84%). After adjustment of the strongyle egg counts in accordance with coproculture larvae percentages, FECRT %'s at the time of necropsy for Haemonchus, Ostertagia and Cooperia were found to be >or=94% for MXD and OXF, but or=96% by MXD; were removed by >or=90% by IVM except for O. ostertagi LL(4) (81.9%), C. oncophora and C. surnabada adults (77.4%) and C. punctata adults (84.8%); were removed by >or=90% by OXF except for O. ostertagi adults, EL(4) and LL(4) (89.9, 70.2 and 48.1%, respectively); and were removed by >or=90% by FBZ except for O. ostertagi adults, EL(4) and LL(4) (72.5, 0.0 and 21.9%, respectively). Judging from the above data, FECR and control trial results can be extremely similar given the proper experimentation and, despite varied degrees of nematode resistance, targeted nematode burdens commonly carried by Midwestern beef cattle are effectively removed by the parasiticides that are available today.
The Emotions and Reproductive Health

What do we mean by emotions? For the purpose of this essay they are what Rosaldo (1984) has called "embodied thoughts." They involve both physicality--a physiological or neurological change in response to some stimulus--and cognition--the appraisal of that stimulus based on a persons circumstances and predispositions. Or as Rosaldos Ilongot informants told her hearts are organs that "think and feel." This essay is a preliminary attempt to bring the subject of emotions into the understanding of demographic outcomes--in particular reproduction and reproductive health. It looks for leads in current thinking in the other social sciences as well as for indirect evidence from demography itself. The framework it develops is used to illustrate the rich possibilities for research that open up when one goes beyond a narrowly defined rational model of individual behavior. (excerpt)
The role of the mandibular anterior teeth in complete denture esthetics.

T In the study of dentistry, too little interest has been focused directly on complete denture esthetics. The literature discusses techniques for the use of phonetics, position of maxillary anterior teeth, and preextraction records to construct esthetically attractive dentures. To a large degree, DeVan’s’ position regarding prosthodontics has been representative of that which has prevailed. He has suggested that the objective of dentistry should be based upon the preservation of what remains as opposed to the meticulous restoration of what is missing. A growing trend is being evidenced throughout the nation in which health professionals are held legally accountable for the treatment they provide. In view of this trend, it is incumbent upon health professionals to provide their patients with the best possible service and treatment from a mechanically comfortable standpoint as well as from the standpoint of the patient’s psychological satisfaction. Of those practitioners who have challenged the adequacy of traditional methods in developing esthetically attractive dentures, Vig and Brundo” have been among the first group of individuals to conduct research. Their study focused on the exposure of natural maxillary and mandibular teeth. This research entailed surveying persons of varied ages to determine (1) the relationship of lips and teeth and (2) changes that occurred with aging in anterior tooth exposure. The results of the study suggested that accepted guidelines for setting anterior teeth might be misleading, because the mandibular arch was found to play a greater role than had previously been reflected in the literature. Specifically, the data indicated that among patients over 60 years old, the mandibular incisor teeth were displayed to approximately the same extent that maxillary incisor teeth were displayed by patients under 30 years of age.
Adolescent health care expenditures: a descriptive profile

Abstract Purpose To examine health care spending patterns for U.S. adolescents aged 10 to 18 years using nationally representative household survey data. Methods We analyzed data from the 1997 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey on total expenditures and out-of-pocket expenditures for health care based on a sample of 4882 adolescents. Results Compared with that for adults, health care expenditures for adolescents were low, averaging $799 per adolescent in 1997. Disabled and functionally impaired adolescents had disproportionately high expenditures ($1960 per capita). Blacks and adolescents living in poor families had disproportionately low expenditures ($358 and $609 per capita, respectively). Professional services provided by physicians and dentists accounted for more than one-half of all health care spending for adolescents. Only 2% of adolescents were hospitalized in 1997, but they accounted for about one-fifth of all health care expenditures. The share of health expenditures paid out of pocket varied by type of service, ranging from 3% for inpatient hospital care to 51% for dental care. When covered, insurance provided substantial financial protection for families of adolescents: those with public coverage paid 8%, those with private coverage paid 32%, and those without coverage paid 61% of their health care bills out of pocket. The share of health care bills paid out of pocket would be much lower if dental care was excluded. Conclusions On the basis of our findings that health care expenditures for adolescents are low and that insurance coverage provides critically needed financial protection, we conclude that further expansions of public and private health insurance coverage for this population would provide significant benefits at modest additional cost. Additional efforts to improve coverage of services that are not now well-covered, such as dental care, would also be valuable.
Effects of urbanization on streamflow using SWAT with real and simulated meteorological data

Abstract This research reports the applicability of a hydrological model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to examine the effects of landuse (LU) change (urbanization) on a streamflow for the Charlie Creek watershed (FL, U.S.A.). This watershed was selected because it is intensely studied by various state and federal agencies and has long-term historical data for meteorology and stream discharge. The overall goal of this project is to examine applicability of the SWAT model to predict streamflow with varying LU and meteorological data including the ability to predict hydrographs for future LU. This goal was accomplished by comparing SWAT-generated hydrographs for i) various LU scenarios (viz. to determine the effects of urbanization on streamflow/hydrograph) with current and future/simulated LU, and ii) real and simulated meteorological data. The resultant ‘SWAT model-predicted streamflow’ for all LU and meteorological scenarios (real and simulated datasets) were then validated with United States Geological Survey (USGS) ‘measured streamflow data’. The SWAT model’s built-in method was used to generate simulated meteorological data. Results indicate that the SWAT model can facilitate analysis of various LU change (for example, as the LU changed to more urban) on the streamflow. However, results also show that the SWAT model-predicted hydrographs were sensitive to the meteorological data used (i.e. real vs. simulated and short-term vs. long-term).
Temperament and the reactions to unfamiliarity

The begavioral reaction to unfamiliar events are basic pheomena in all vertebrates, Four month-old injants who show a low threshold to become distressed and motorically aroused to unfamiliar stimuli are likely than others to become fearful and subdued during early childhood, whereas infants who show a high arousal threshold are more likely to become bold and sociable. After presenting some developmental correlates and thrajectories of these 2 temperamental biases, I consider their implication for psychopathology and the relation between propositions containing psychological and biological concepts.
Partial characterization of RD114 virus by DNA-RNA hybridization studies.

TYPE C RNA tumour viruses (oncornaviruses) are widespread in vertebrate species including non-human primates1–4. By analogy it is assumed that human oncornaviruses exist and a recently isolated type C virus, RD114, seemed to be a candidate5. RD114 virus was produced by a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD114 cells), but only after these cells were passaged in the brain of a feline embryo6. The original cell line (RD) does not produce virus7. The RD114 virion differs in its chief internal polypeptides (group-specific antigen) and reverse transcriptase from all other known type C viruses, including feline leukaemia viruses8–12. Although the average base composition of the 70S RNA from RD114 virus differs from that of 70S RNA from Gardner-feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), it seems to be similar to that of 70S RNA from another strain of FeLV (strain 5)13,14.
Magical thinking in data mining: lessons from CoIL challenge 2000

CoIL challenge 2000 was a supervised learning contest that attracted 43 entries. The authors of 29 entries later wrote explanations of their work. This paper discusses these reports and reaches three main conclusions. First, naive Bayesian classifiers remain competitive in practice: they were used by both the winning entry and the next best entry. Second, identifying feature interactions correctly is important for maximizing predictive accuracy: this was the difference between the winning classifier and all others. Third and most important, too many researchers and practitioners in data mining do not appreciate properly the issue of statistical significance and the danger of overfitting. Given a dataset such as the one for the CoIL contest, it is pointless to apply a very complicated learning algorithm, or to perform a very time-consuming model search. In either ease, one is likely to overfit the training data and to fool oneself in estimating predictive accuracy and in discovering useful correlations.
Universal versus functional banking regimes: The Structure Conduct Performance Hypothesis revisited

In this study, we empirically investigate and critically reexamine the ‘Structure Conduct Performance Hypothesis’ for individual banks of various sizes that operate within the limits of universal and functional regulatory banking regimes, respectively. We employ a parametric Stochastic Cost Frontier model and obtain ‘X-Inefficiency’ and ‘Scale-Inefficiency’ score estimates for all representative individual sample banks. We utilise these particular inefficiency score estimates to test the ‘Relative Market Power’ and the ‘Efficient Structure’ hypotheses, respectively. Our empirical findings indicate support for the ‘Efficient Structure Hypothesis’ and suggest that in a rapidly growing, integrated and interdependent financial system, banks derive significant economic benefits when operating within the limits of the universal banking regulatory framework.
Primary care physicians' satisfaction with quality of care in California capitated medical groups.

Context. —Managed care and capitation have placed new responsibilities on primary care physicians, including formally acting as "gatekeepers" for specialty services and tests. Previous studies have not examined whether primary care physicians who provide services to patients under many coverage arrangements feel differently about caring for patients covered under capitation vs those covered through more traditional forms of insurance. An understanding of whether California primary care physicians feel that they deliver a different level of quality to capitated patients could help signal whether variations in care for patients with different coverage forms are evolving. Objective. —To evaluate whether primary care physicians in California capitated groups report different satisfaction levels with quality of care for patients in their overall practice than for patients covered by capitated contracts and to examine whether physicians' satisfaction with capitated care quality is influenced by the characteristics of the practice setting. Design. —Cross-sectional questionnaire. Setting. —A total of 89 California physician groups with capitated contracts. Participants. —A total of 910 primary care physicians (80% response rate). Main Outcome Measure. —Satisfaction with 4 aspects of quality of care provided to patients covered by capitated contracts vs patients overall. Results. —Physicians reported lower satisfaction with all 4 aspects of care for patients covered by capitated contracts than for patients in their overall practice: 71% were very or somewhat satisfied with relationships with capitated patients (compared with 88% for overall practice), 64% were very or somewhat satisfied with the quality of care they provided to capitated patients (compared with 88% for overall practice), 51% were very or somewhat satisfied with their ability to treat capitated patients according to their own best judgment (compared with 79% for overall practice), and 50% were very or somewhat satisfied with their ability to obtain specialty referrals (compared with 59% for overall practice) (P≤.001 for all comparisons). Being in a medical group practice (vs an independent practice association) and having a larger percentage of capitated patients were independently associated by multivariate analysis with higher levels of satisfaction with capitated quality of care ( P ≤.005). Conclusions. —These California primary care physicians were less satisfied with the quality of care they deliver to patients covered by capitated contracts than with the quality of care they deliver to patients covered by other payment sources. However, those in medical group practices and with a higher percentage of capitated patients were more satisfied with capitated care. National expansion of capitation should be accompanied by efforts to ensure that the satisfaction of practicing physicians with the care they deliver does not decline.
The Atomic Spectra of the Rare Earths: Their Presence in the Sun

A summary of the present state of analysis of the first and second spectra of the rare-earth elements is presented with an extensive bibliography. The astrophysical importance of these spectra is stressed. Counts are given of the number of lines of each rare-earth spectrum identified at present in the accessible solar spectrum. Most of them appear only in the singly ionized state; exceptions are Eu i, Tm i?, and Yb i. The possible presence of the strongest laboratory line of Ce iii in the solar spectrum is suggested. If correct, this is the first evidence of a third spectrum line in the accessible range of the solar spectrum (λ > 3000 A).
Magneto-optic read channel modeling in the presence of bloom

Bloom, the thermal expansion or contraction of the written domains, is present in magneto-optic (MO) recording. With high density MO recording, bloom and intersymbol interference (ISI) become problems. To study the effect of bloom on the soft bit error rate (BER), we modeled the MO channel in the presence of bloom. Our study indicates that while the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of both PWM and PPM degrade about the same amount In the presence of bloom, overall performance of PWM is better than PPM. >
On the bilinearity rank of a proper cone and Lyapunov-like transformations

A real square matrix $$Q$$ Q is a bilinear complementarity relation on a proper cone $$K$$ K in $$\mathbb{R }^n$$ R n if $$\begin{aligned} x\in K, s\in K^*,\,\,\text{ and }\,\,\langle x,s\rangle =0\Rightarrow x^{T}Qs=0, \end{aligned}$$ x ? K , s ? K ? , and ? x , s ? = 0 ? x T Q s = 0 , where $$K^*$$ K ? is the dual of $$K$$ K . The bilinearity rank of $$K$$ K is the dimension of the linear space of all bilinear complementarity relations on $$K$$ K . In this article, we continue the study initiated by Rudolf et al. (Math Prog Ser B 129:5---31, 2011). We show that bilinear complementarity relations are related to Lyapunov-like transformations that appear in dynamical systems and in complementarity theory and further show that the bilinearity rank of $$K$$ K is the dimension of the Lie algebra of the automorphism group of $$K$$ K . In addition, we correct a result of Rudolf et al., compute the bilinearity ranks of symmetric and completely positive cones, and state some Schur-type results for Lyapunov-like transformations.
The influence of polarity on DC-induced streamers in n-hexane

It is shown that prebreakdown streamers can be generated and recorded when DC voltages are applied. With the aid of point-to-plane electrodes it is shown that strong polarity effects exist. A disturbance that originates at the anode may take one of two distinctly different forms. The commonly observed point anode event is shown to be supersonic, while its less frequent counterpart is subsonic. The subsonic anode generated streamer closely resembles that observed when using a point cathode. From conduction measurements made in the test cell circuit, it is shown that the inception and growth phase of each type of streamer is associated with a specific phase of a unique conduction current pulse burst. >
Barriers to practicing risk reduction strategies among people who inject drugs

AbstractIntroduction and aims: People who inject drugs (PWID) engage in practices that put them at risk for various infections and overdose. The primary aim of this study was to examine common barriers to engaging in two risk reduction practices – cleaning one’s skin at the injection site and always using new needles to inject – among heroin injectors in Denver, CO. Method: In 2010, 48 PWIDs were recruited through street outreach and completed a structured interview that included questions on the frequency of specific risk reduction practices (skin cleaning and using new needles) and barriers associated with these practices. Results: Though many of the reported barriers were similar across the two practices, the most common barriers associated with skin cleaning included being in withdrawal and not being prepared with materials prior to injection. Fear of being arrested and being in withdrawal were most frequently reported for using new needles. Multivariate and t-test analyses demonstrated that individua...
Personality Ratings Based on Handwriting Analysis and Clinical Judgment: A Correlational Study

Abstract A handwriting analyst blindly rated standard handwriting samples of 22 subjects on five personality dimensions chosen and defined by her in consultation with two counseling psychologists, who rated the same subjects independently on the same scales. Although there was some evidence of inter-counselor agreement, there was no clear evidence of agreement between the analyst's ratings and those made by the counselors.
Significance and possible causes of false-negative results of reflex human Papillomavirus infection testing.

BACKGROUND. The objective of this study was to assess the rate and possible reasons for false-negative (FN) reflex human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA tests. METHODS. The authors reviewed all ThinPrep cervical specimens that were submitted for reflex HPV-DNA testing using the Digene Hybrid Capture II (HC2) method from January 2002 to January 2004. Follow-up biopsies were reviewed. The results were considered HPV-FN if the HPV-DNA test was negative and the biopsy was positive for grade ≥2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+), and the results were considered true positive (HPV-TP) if the HPV-DNA test was positive and the biopsy showed CIN2+. HPV-FN cases were compared with HPV-TP cases regarding the grade and extent of CIN, the number of abnormal cells on the original ThinPrep slide, and the presence of amplifiable, viral DNA on biopsy. RESULTS. In total, 1520 (66%) of 2309 patients who had diagnoses of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were negative for HPV DNA and 789 patients of 2309 patients (34%) were positive for HPV DNA. Three hundred sixteen women (40%) who had a positive HPV-DNA test underwent a biopsy. Of those, 36 biopsies (11%) showed CIN2+ (HPV-TP), and 154 biopsies (66%) showed CIN1. Cervical tissue was available for review from 82 women who had negative HPV-DNA tests; of these, 6 tissue samples (7%) showed CIN2+ (HPV-FN), and 13 tissue samples (16%) showed CIN1. Therefore, in the total ASCUS population that was triaged with reflex HPV testing, there were at least 42 women who were diagnosed with CIN2+, for an estimated CIN2+ FN fraction of 14% (6 of 42 women). HPV-FN lesions were smaller (but the difference was not statistically significant) and shed significantly fewer abnormal cells than HPV-TP cases. Polymerase chain reaction testing for viral DNA in the biopsy was detected in 3 of 6 women who had HPV-FN results; none of those positive results demonstrated a viral type that was not included in the Digene probes. CONCLUSIONS. Although the rate of FN high-grade lesions was significantly higher than that reported in the ASCUS/Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage trial, most missed lesions were small and shed few abnormal cells. It was assumed that those lesions were either in early stages or in regressing stages, which made their clinical significance uncertain. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Open-ended behavioral complexity for evolved virtual creatures

In the 19 years since Karl Sims' landmark publication on evolving virtual creatures (Sims, 1994), much of the future work he proposed has been implemented, having a significant impact on multiple fields including graphics, evolutionary computation, and artificial life. There has, however been one notable exception to this progress. Despite the potential benefits, there has been no clear increase in the behavioral complexity of evolved virtual creatures (EVCs) beyond the light following demonstrated in Sims' original work.This paper presents an open-ended method to move beyond this limit, making use of high-level human input in the form of a syllabus of intermediate learning tasks--along with mechanisms for preservation, reuse, and combination of previously learned tasks. This method (named ESP for its three components: encapsulation, syllabus, and pandemonium) is employed to evolve a virtual creature with behavioral complexity that clearly exceeds previously achieved levels. ESP thus demonstrates that EVCs may indeed have the potential to one day rival the behavioral complexity--and therefore the entertainment value--of their non-virtual counterparts.
Rapid, and general method of assessing interference effects on space-to-space communications

The author presents a novel, simple, and quite general method of assessing the effects of interference (or any non-white bandpass signal) in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) (space-to-space) communication channel. The degradation curves due to interference are obtained without the large computation times required in order to get accurate simulation results. Moreover, the computations involved accommodate all signal-to-noise ratios. Only the knowledge of the interference power spectral density and of the receiver's input bandpass filter (BPF) frequency response is required. The degradation curves thus obtained are compared with conventional simulation results, validating this method. The effect of the receiver's input BPF bandwidth on error performance is also considered. >
A Comprehensive Approach to Image Spam Detection: From Server to Client Solution

Image spam is a type of e-mail spam that embeds spam text content into graphical images to bypass traditional text-based e-mail spam filters. To effectively detect image spam, it is desirable to leverage image content analysis technologies. However, most previous works of image spam detection focus on filtering the image spam on the client side. We propose a more desirable comprehensive solution which embraces both server-side filtering and client-side detection to effectively mitigate image spam. On the server side, we present a nonnegative sparsity induced similarity measure for cluster analysis of spam images to filter the attack activities of spammers and fast trace back the spam sources. On the client side, we employ the principle of active learning where the learner guides the users to label as few images as possible while maximizing the classification accuracy. The server-side filtering identifies large image clusters as suspicious spam sources and further analysis can be performed to identify the real sources and block them from the beginning. For those spam images which survived the server-side filter, our active learner on the client side will further guide the users to interactively and efficiently filter them out. Our experiments on an image spam data-set collected from the e-mail server of our department demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed comprehensive solution.
The gift relationship between pharmaceutical companies and physicians: an exploratory survey of physicians

The purpose of this exploratory study was to survey physicians' attitudes surrounding the 'gift relationship' between pharmaceutical companies and physicians. A survey was mailed to 1000 randomly selected West Virginia physicians, of which 283 (28.3%) responses were received. The most commonly received gifts reported by the study physicians were trinkets (77.4%), followed by books (41.7%) and meals (41%). Principal component analysis and varimax rotation identified seven physician belief constructs. The mean ratings of the constructs indicated that the physicians slightly agreed that pharmaceutical companies give gifts to physicians to influence their prescribing, moderately disagreed that they do so as a form of professional recognition of physicians, and strongly disagreed that their prescribing behaviour could be influenced by the gifts they receive. Physicians slightly disagreed that pharmaceutical companies' sponsoring of CME programmes are only promotional gimmicks. Although the study physicians slightly disagreed that it may be inappropriate for them to accept gifts from pharmaceutical companies, they seemed slightly averse to having 'gift relationships' between pharmaceutical companies and physicians made public. Correlation analysis suggested that physicians who have a large number of patients in their practice, see a larger number of patients per day, or write a large number of prescriptions per day are more likely to be offered gifts by pharmaceutical companies, and they are also more likely to condone the practice of gift giving and receiving.
A Note on Repeatability of a Fifth Wheel

Abstract This report describes an experiment to determine the length of a tread wear course and the repeatability of two fifth wheels used to make the measurement. The position of the fifth wheel in the convoy of four vehicles does not contribute significantly at the 95% level of confidence, nor does the difference in wheels. The course measured 397.749 miles (640.115 km) with a standard deviation of 0.115 miles (0.185 km).
CoNet: feature generation for multi-view semi-supervised learning with partially observed views

Multi-view semi-supervised learning methods try to exploit the combination of multiple views along with large amounts of unlabeled data in order to learn better predictive functions when limited labeled data is available. However, lack of complete view data limits the applicability of multi-view semi-supervised learning to real world data. Commonly, one data view is readily and cheaply available, but additionally views may be costly or only available in some cases. This work aims to make multi-view semi-supervised learning approaches more applicable to real world data specifically by addressing the issue of missing views. We introduce CoNet, a feature generation method that learns a mapping from one view to another that is specifically designed to produce features that are useful for multi-view semi-supervised learning algorithms. The mapping is then used to fill in views as pre-processing. Our comprehensive experimental study demonstrates the utility of our method as compared to the state-of-the-art multi-view semi-supervised learning methods for this scenario of partially observed views.
Neural-network based AUV path planning in estuary environments

For the path planning problem of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in 3-dimensional (3-D) estuary environments, traditional methods may encounter problems due to their high computational complexity. In this paper, we proposed a dynamic neural network to solve the AUV path planning problem. In the neural network, neurons get input from the environment, locally interact with the neighbors and update neural activities in real time. The AUV path is then generated according to the neural activity landscapes. Stability, computational complexity of the neural network, and optimality of the generated path are analyzed. AUV path planning in 3-D complex environments without currents, with constant currents, and with variable currents are studied through simulations, which demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
The initiation of thyroid function in the mouse.

In the thyroid of BUB mouse fetuses of different ages the 24-hour I131 uptake and radiochromatographic distribution was studied concurrently with the histological appearance. The development of thyroid function in the mouse fetus takes place between 15 and 17 days of age. The ability to accumulate iodide from, the circulation, the ability to bind this iodine organically, and the formation of colloid appear between 15 and 16 days of age; whereas the ability to produce thyroxine and the formation of follicles appear between 16 and 17 days of age. It is concluded that colloid formation is primary to follicle formation and that the production of thyroxine begins later than the collection and organic binding of iodine.
Effects of gonadal sex and incubation temperature on the ontogeny of gonadal steroid concentrations and secondary sex structures in leopard geckos, Eublepharis macularius.

Incubation temperature during embryonic development determines gonadal sex in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). Incubation temperature and gonadal sex jointly inXuence the display of sexual and agonistic behavior in adult leopard geckos. These diVerences in adult behavior are organized prior to sexual maturity, and it is plausible that post-natal hormones inXuence neural and behavioral diVerentiation. Here we assessed incubation temperature and sex eVects on sex steroid levels in leopard geckos at 2, 10, and 25 weeks of age and monitored the development of male secondary sex structures. Males had signiWcantly higher androgen concentrations at all time points, whereas females had signiWcantly higher 17-estradiol (E2) concentrations only at 10 and 25 weeks. Within males, age but not incubation temperature aVected steroid levels and morphological development. Male androgen levels increased modestly by 10 and dramatically by 25 weeks of age, whereas E2 levels remained unchanged over this period. Most males had signs of hemipenes at 10 weeks of age, and all males had hemipenes and open preanal pores by 25 weeks of age. In females, age and incubation temperature aVected E2 and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) but not T concentrations. Controlling for age, females from 34 °C have higher DHT and lower E2 levels than females from 30 °C. Further, E2 concentrations increased signiWcantly from 2 to 10 weeks, after which E2 levels remained steady. Together, these results indicate that sexually dimorphic levels of steroids play a major role in the development of leopard gecko behavior and morphology. Furthermore, these data suggest that the organizational eVects of incubation temperature on adult female phenotype could be, in part, mediated by incubation temperature eVects on steroid hormone levels during juvenile development.  2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Molecular Statics Simulation Of Crack Propagation In A-Fe Using Eam Potentials

The behavior of mode I cracks in α-Fe is investigated using molecular statics methods with EAM potentials. A double ended crack of finite size embedded in a cylindrical simulation cell and fixed boundary conditions are prescribed along the periphery of the cell, whereas periodic boundary conditions are imposed parallel to the crack front. The displacement field of the finite crack is represented by that of an equivalent pileup of opening dislocations distributed in a manner consistent with the anisotropy of the crystal and traction free conditions of the crack faces. The crack lies on the {110} plane and the crack front is located either along 〈100〉, 〈110〉 or 〈111〉 directions. The crack tip response is rationalized in terms of the surface energy (γs) of the cleavage plane and the unstable stacking energies (γus) of the slip planes emanating from the crack front.
Striving for Pleasure Without Fear: Short-Term Effects of Reading a Women’s Magazine on Women’s Sexual Attitudes

Contemporary women’s magazines are replete with scripts about sexual relationships and sexual roles for women. Our study used an experimental design to assess whether short-term exposure to a women’s magazine affected young women’s endorsement of sexual scripts commonly found in this genre, including scripts framing sexual intercourse as risky and portraying women’s sexual assertiveness as serving men’s sexual fantasies or women’s own sexual desires. Undergraduate women (N = 160) were randomly assigned in groups to read articles either depicting scripts about sexual relationships in a popular women’s magazine (experimental) or containing no scripts about sexual relationships in a general entertainment magazine (control). Compared to women in the control group, women who were briefly exposed to a women’s magazine were less likely to believe that sexual intercourse is a risky activity and more likely to believe that women should be assertive in prioritizing their sexual desire for their own sake, but not fo...
A role for cytidine monophosphate in the regulation of the glycerophospholipid composition of surfactant in developing lung.

Abstract The concentration of cytidine monophosphate (CMP) in lung tissue was found to increase during rabbit lung development from 12 nmol/g of tissue on day 23 of gestation to 52 nmol/g in the adult. The concentrations of cytidine triphosphate in lung tissue decreased from 113 nmol/g of tissue on day 23 to 63 nmol/g of tissue in the adult. The concentration of CDP-choline increased from 14.9 nmol/g at day 21 of gestation to 38.4 at day 26 and decreased subsequently in the newborn (6.5 nmol/g) and adult (9.7 nmol/g). The increase in the concentration of CMP in lung appeared to be organ and nucleotide specific since there was no increase in the concentration of CMP in liver tissue, and the concentration of AMP in the lung tissue did not increase with development. A function for CMP in regulating the availability of CDP-diacylglycerol is proposed to account for the changes in the glycerophospholipid composition of lung surfactant which occur during development.