cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acid phosphatase localization in the equatorial region of human lenses.

Localization of acid phosphatase activity is described in equatorial segments of four human cataractous lenses, including one lens with equatorial cortical cataract, and three lenses with no significant equatorial opacities. The lenses were removed surgically with a cryoprobe. Enzyme reaction product was confined mostly to epithelial and cortical Golgi complexes and dense bodies, and to cortical smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). It also was located in small cortical vacuolar cysts in the lens with equatorial cataract, and intercellularly in a single lens which was devoid of equatorial opacity. In the latter case, intercellular activity was confined mostly to areas showing minimal pathological modification. Evidence is presented that the cortical SER represented GERL. The hypothesis is made that intercellular acid hydrolase activity might play a role in the early stages of human senile cortical cataract development. However, it is recognized that confirmation of this hypothesis will require additional st...
Computer simulation with DATASIM

A general purpose program is described for generating, analyzing, and graphing simulated data for experimental, multivariate, and contingency table designs. Applications include simulating actual or hypothetical research studies, conducting Monte Carlo investigations of the consequences of violating assumptions on statistical tests, generating randomized data sets for students to analyze and interpret as homework, and performing simulations demonstrating sampling theory. Data sets may be generated that have normal or nonnormal distributions, independent or correlated observations, and equal or unequal sample sizes. Data-analysis capabilities include one-way, two-way, and three-way ANOVA with any combination of independent- and correlated-groups factors, as well as simple-effects analyses, multiple pairwise comparisons, linear contrasts, and trend analyses.
New trends in umbilical cord blood transplantation

Since the first report of a successful umbilical cord blood transplantation in 1988, there has been great interest in the use of cord blood as an alternative stem cell source to treat cancer and genetic diseases. More than 4000 cord blood transplantations have been performed worldwide. In this review, the scientific rationale for this therapy, as well as related preclinical studies, cord blood banking issues, and ethical concerns, will be addressed. Results of studies in both pediatric and adult transplantation will be discussed. Finally, new indications for cord blood use and emerging technologies will be addressed.
Cerebrovasodilation elicited by fastigial stimulation is preserved under deep halothane anesthesia

We studied the effect of halothane anesthesia on the increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial pressure (AP) elicited by electrical stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN). Rats were anesthetized (0.75-2% halothane), instrumented for continuous recording of AP, and ventilated. The FN was stimulated through stereotaxically implanted microelectrodes. In CBF experiments the elevations in AP resulting from FN stimulation were eliminated by spinal cord transection at C1. After cord transection AP was maintained by intravenous phenylephrine. CBF or cerebral glucose utilization (CGU) was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry or the 2-deoxyglucose method, respectively. FN stimulation produced increases in CBF that were graded with the intensity (10-150 microA) or frequency (10-150 Hz) of stimulation. At 1% halothane, FN stimulation (100 microA; 75 Hz; n = 8) increased CBF by 123 +/- 16%. The elevations in CBF were attenuated by increasing levels of halothane anesthesia in a dose-dependent manner. At halothane concentrations of 1.5 and 2% the CBF response to FN stimulation (100 microA; 75 Hz) was reduced by 58 +/- 6 and 77 +/- 4%, respectively (p 0.05 from 0.75% halothane). At 1% halothane, FN stimulation did not change CGU in neocortex (frontal cortex: unstimulated 48 +/- 6, mumol.100 g-1.min-1, FN stimulation: 47 +/- 11; P > 0.05; n = 5/group). In the group of rats in which the pressor response was studied (n = 7), halothane produced a dose-dependent attenuation of the elevations in AP. The degree of attenuation of the AP response was comparable to that of the CBF response (P > 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Love and Other Grades: A Study of the Effects of Romantic Relationship Status on the Academic Performance of University Students

Of the few studies that have examined the effects of romantic relationships on academic performance, most have been concerned with adolescent students. This study analyzes a data set of more than 300 students at a midsized, private University in the northeast United States to determine if participating in a romantic relationship predicts grade point average or course attendance. The results of multivariate analyses indicate that being in a romantic relationship while in college is significantly associated with class absences, but not with grade point average. Specifically, logistic regression models show that participation in a romantic relationship more than doubles the odds of failing to attend three or more class meetings per course in a semester. Practical implications of these findings include the consideration of romantic relationships among the undergraduate student body by university administrators and faculty when attempting to address course attendance concerns. Additionally, this study suggests...
Migrating to Mikindani: Population Movements in a Landscape of Continuity

The region surrounding the historic Swahili port city of Mikindani in southern Tanzania has been occupied by people from a variety of ethnic groups who arrived at different moments, as captured in recorded oral histories. In this paper I examine the evidence for their migrations from critical readings of those histories and from archaeology. This story of movement is counterbalanced by a powerful trend towards continuity in the locations of towns and villages around Mikindani that emerges from archaeological study of regional settlement patterns. I will argue that these two poles, migration and continuity, shaped the nature of authority in the Mikindani region, distinguishing it from the modes of authority commonly described for Swahili cities further north along the coast.
Visual diagnosis: respiratory distress: a great masquerader.

1. Catherine Kier, MD* 2. Rula Balluz, MD* 3. Vikash Modi, MD† 4. Latha Chandran, MD, MPH§ 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY. 2. †Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY. 3. §Office of the Dean, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. A 2-year-old boy has had several hospitalizations for right upper lobe (RUL) pneumonia associated with reactive airway disease. During this episode, he presents with a low-grade fever, cough, wheezing, and an oxygen saturation of 90% to 91% on room air. His temperature is 37.9°C (axillary), respiratory rate is 38 breaths/min, heart rate is 129 beats/min, and blood pressure is 92/60 mm Hg. Posteroanterior and lateral radiographic views of the chest obtained in the emergency department (ED) show a density in the RUL area (Fig. 1). On admission, he is given intravenous hydration, intravenous ceftriaxone, albuterol nebulizer treatments, oral corticosteroids, and supplemental oxygen. Figure 1. Chest radiograph taken on day 1 of admission showing a right upper lobe density. Within 24 hours, the patient responds with improved work of breathing and resolution of hypoxia and fever. A follow-up radiograph shows persistence of the right upper lobe infiltrate. Initial and repeat blood cultures are negative. The patient is discharged after 6 days on a 10-day course of oral antibiotics, with a 2-week follow-up evaluation scheduled. Two weeks later, the patient has improved further and does not have fever, tachypnea, or respiratory distress. Due to the recurrent nature of the RUL infiltrate, a chest radiograph is repeated to document radiologic resolution of the pneumonia. Surprisingly, the chest radiograph shows a persistent RUL density and mediastinal shift to the right (Fig. 2). Subsequent computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest reveals the underlying diagnosis. Figure 2. Chest radiograph taken 2 weeks later showing persistent right upper lobe density, with right mediastinal and tracheal shift. A 5-month-old female infant is admitted for an acute episode of reactive airway …
Pricking pain threshold in different body areas.

SummaryUsing the thermal radiation method measurements on 7 subjects, the highest pain threshold values (390mc/sec/cm2) were obtained on the heel of the foot. The lowest values of pain threshold (166-170 mc/sec/cm2) were found on the lower back regions, buttocks, and thighs. Pain thresholds on all other body areas were approximately the same as that on the forehead.
On the Biexponential Decay of the Photoluminescence of the Two Crystallographically-Independent Molecules in Crystals of [Cu(I)(phen)(PPh3)2][BF4]

[Cu(I)(phen)(PPh3)2][BF4] crystallizes with two nonsymmetry-related molecules in the asymmetric unit. Synchrotron time-resolved X-ray diffraction experiments have shown that the two independent molecules distort differently on MLCT excitation. The luminescence decay of the crystals is biexponential with two different Stokes-shifts, the more rapid decay corresponding to the shorter wavelength emission. Its amplitude diminishes rapidly with an increase in temperature, indicating that this emission is not due to a thermal activation to a higher state. The double emission is attributed to the presence of two independent molecules with drastically different packing environments. It is concluded that the solid-state environment must be analyzed whenever photochemical properties of molecular solids are reported.
Improve Patient Care Satisfaction with the Scientific Management Strategies

Objective Through the implementation of scientific care management system,summary of management experience in the hospital ward.Methods The goal of quality care demonstration project "to improve care services in the hospital ward environment,improve the quality of care,and raise the level of nursing skills.Results The quality of hospital care services,the overall quality of the nurses had a greater progress in the implementation of scientific and nursing management patient satisfaction by the year before and after differences were significantly different(P0.05).Conclusion It is worth the use of further promote with the implementation of the scientific care management system in the ward nursing effect.
Murine local lymph node assay: an alternative test method for skin hypersensitivity testing.

As the first test method to undergo Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) review, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) is the guide for future test method evaluation and eventually acceptance. The author discusses the application, mechanism, LLNA protocol, and the ICCVAM review process.
Classification of File Organization Techniques

In Chapter I an overview of the information system was presented, and in Chapter III the functional requirements it imposes upon the file structure were discussed. Then three definitions were introduced: information structure, file structure (organization), and data structure. The first was said to be outside the purview of the automated system designer, since it was a relatively fixed property of the data files presented to him. The second and third are of direct interest to the designer, but the third is relatively trivial as compared with the second because it primarily concerns record formats and list structuring controls. The second, file structure, is of primary interest to the designer because it is here that he makes decisions regarding the file partitioning techniques, the type of directory construction, file and directory maintenance techniques, and executive system and query processor interactions. Chapters VI, VII, and VIII are devoted exclusively to these subjects, and in order to assemble the various concepts and techniques into a coherent body of useable design information, a simple classification is to be made in this chapter of the techniques for file structuring. This systematization is also helpful when comparing techniques and designating trade-offs. The first step is to isolate the file structuring problem from file manipulation programs, and both of these from executive and query processing functions.
Inducing Knowledgeability From Niceness: Children Use Social Features for Making Epistemic Inferences

In many ways, evaluating informants based on their features is a problem of induction: Children rely on the assumption that observable informant characteristics (e.g., traits, behaviors, social categories) will predict unobservable characteristics (e.g., future behavior, knowledge states, intentions). Yet to make sensible inferences, children must recognize what informant features are relevant for what types of inferences. The current research investigated whether preschoolers use social features (e.g., niceness) for making epistemic inferences and, conversely, whether they use intellectual features (e.g., expertise) for making social inferences. In the study, 96 preschoolers (Mage = 4.96 years) were asked to attribute knowledge and behaviors to a mean informant, a nice informant, and a neutral informant. Between subjects, we varied which informant had expertise. We found that when attributing knowledge, children used both features: attributing more knowledge to nicer informants, but also attributing more...
Reformulation-linearization Method for Global Optimization of Mixed Integer Linear Fractional Programming Problems with Application on Sustainable Batch Scheduling

Abstract In this work, we propose a novel approach to the effective global optimization of mixed integer linear fractional programming (MILFP) problems: reformulation-linearization method. The proposed reformulation-linearization method is based on the integration of Charnes-Cooper transformation and Glover’s linearization scheme. This method can provide the exact mixed integer linear programming (MILP) reformulation of a general MILFP problem, thus allowing the global optimization of MILFP problems by solving the equivalent MILP problems with the powerful MILP methods, only once. Reformulation and analysis are presented, along with a side-by-side comparison with the other MILFP solution methods. To illustrate its application, we address in this work a case study on sustainable batch scheduling modelled as MILFP problems. The results show that orders of magnitude reduction in CPU times can be achieved when using the proposed approach, compared to solving the problems with the general-purpose MINLP solvers. The proposed method is also shown to have comparable computational performance as the parametric algorithm.
Genomic Sequencing of Orientia tsutsugamushi Strain Karp, an Assembly Comparable to the Genome Size of the Strain Ikeda

ABSTRACT Orientia tsutsugamushi, an intracellular bacterium, belongs to the family Rickettsiaceae. This study presents the draft genome sequence of strain Karp, with 2.0 Mb as the size of the completed genome. This nearly finished draft genome sequence was annotated with the RAST server and the contents compared to those of the other strains.
On service chaining using Virtual Network Functions in Network-enabled Cloud systems

Network functions (e.g., firewalls, load balancers, etc.) are traditionally implemented in hardware appliances and provide services to traffic flows. Since these functions are traditionally hardware-based, they make service innovation difficult in today's scenario of rapidly-increasing and evolving service demands. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is seen as a key enabler for service innovation as it virtualizes these network functions that can be therefore located more flexibly in the network. In this paper, we analyze network resource consumption in a Network-enabled Cloud (NeC) where the cloud-computing paradigm also comprises of network nodes in addition to the data center, by employing service chaining of Virtual Network Functions (VNF). Using an Integer Linear Program formulation, we study different NeC scenarios having varying number of network nodes. Our results indicate that scenarios with distributed NFV capability (as in NeC) can reduce network resource consumption.
Motivations and Mediated Consumption Habits of Users of Mixed-Martial-Arts Online Message Boards

As online business models have evolved, learning what drives users’ consumptive behaviors has gained increasing interest to sport researchers and sport properties. An increasing number of sport properties are expanding, and deriving revenues from, their presence on digital-media platforms (e.g., MLB, NBA, NFL, UFC, WWE, etc.). Of the sport properties mentioned, none are more reliant on digital-media activity than the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine the motivations and related consumption habits of users of non-subscription-based (i.e., free-to-use) online message boards. Findings suggest that message-board users find value in the opportunities for interactivity and that heavy online mixed-martial-arts users watch more events and purchase more merchandise than those who spend less time online.
Major mergers and their colossal consequences

Most research scientists who have been in the business for some time have attended many national or international meetings. There is a great deal of sameness about the conference formats, the lecture halls, and the hotels. There are differences; some meetings may be very large gatherings, and others small workshops. The venue may have spectacular natural beauty, a unique cultural ambience, or be in a lively urban locale. More often, given the location of college campuses, it is less exciting. The presentations are usually a mix of updates on continuing projects of interest to the participants, and perhaps some new twists and discoveries that will be evaluated in many corridor conversations. However, most of it is not revolutionary stuff, and would be of little interest to anybody outside those particular corridors and lecture halls.
Downregulation of protein phosphatase 2A by apolipoprotein E: Implications for Alzheimer's disease.

The apolipoprotein E e4 allele is the single most important genetic risk factor associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau phosphorylation and hyperphosphorylation is an underlying feature of AD and is regulated by specific kinases and phosphatases. Among phosphatases, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is the principal tau dephosphorylating enzyme in the brain. Several abnormalities of PP2A have been reported in AD, including among others decreased protein levels of PP2A, decreased mRNA and protein levels of the catalytic subunit PP2AC and variable regulatory B subunits and reduced methylation of the catalytic subunit, all of which results in disruption of the PP2A phosphatase activity. In earlier studies we described a novel mechanism for ApoE as a transcription factor that binds regions of double-stranded DNA with high affinity, including the promoter regions of ~3000 different genes. The list of genes also included PPP2R5E (B56e), a regulatory B' subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. Using a combination of A172 human glioblastoma cells, ApoE3/4 and ApoE-/- NSC and human postmortem tissue, we now demonstrate that ApoE not only binds to the PPP2R5E promoter but also triggers a significant reduction in PP2A activity by two mechanisms: 1) ApoE transcriptionally represses PPP2R5E and reduces protein expression, and 2) ApoE triggers demethylation of the catalytic subunit (PP2AC) of PP2A, resulting in the disruption of the PPP2R5E-PP2AC complex. Our results indicated a significant down-regulation of PPP2R5E gene expression and reduction in PP2A activity by ApoE4 compared with ApoE3. This may also explain an elevated Tau phosphorylation in AD human brains that featured at least one ApoE4 allele. Thus, our present work links ApoE and PPP2R5E expression to a reduction in the PP2A catalytic activity that has implications for Alzheimer's disease.
Erratum: fetal growth and premature delivery in pregnant women on antiepileptic drugs.

Objective To evaluate the effects of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) used during pregnancy on fetal growth and preterm delivery. Methods This study included singleton liveborn infants born to women enrolled in the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry between 1997 and 2016. Data were collected prospectively through telephone interviews. The prevalence of preterm birth (<37 weeks) and small for gestational age status (SGA) among infants exposed prenatally to AEDs when used by women with epilepsy (WWE) or women without epilepsy (WWOE) was compared with that among infants unexposed to AEDs and born to WWOE. Multivariate log-binomial regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The study population included infants born to 6,777 AED-WWE, 696 AED-WWOE, and 486 no-AED-WWOE. The risk of prematurity was 6.2% for no-AED-WWOE, 9.3% for AED-WWE (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0–2.1), and 10.5% for AED-WWOE (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0–2.4). Prenatal exposure to AEDs in WWE and WWOE was associated with a mean lower birth weight of 110 and 136g, respectively, as compared to no-AED-WWOE. The prevalence of SGA was 5.0% for no-AED-WWOE, 10.9% for AED-WWE (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3–3.0), and 11.0% for AED-WWOE (RR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.2–2.9). Within users of AEDs in monotherapy, the prevalence of SGA ranged from 7.3% for lamotrigine to 18.5% for topiramate. Interpretation Women on AEDs during pregnancy, whether for epilepsy or for other neuropsychiatric indications, are at a higher risk of delivering prematurely and giving birth to SGA newborns. The risk may vary by drug. Ann Neurol 2017;82:457–465
Multifocal metastatic chordoma to the soft tissues of the fingertips: a case report including sonographic features and a review of the literature

Chordoma is a rare, locally aggressive tumor which commonly metastasizes, most often to the lung, liver, and spine. In this case report, a 59-year-old male with history of sacral chordoma and pulmonary metastases presented to the emergency department with swelling and discoloration of multiple left fingertips. The initial radiographs led to a presumptive diagnosis of gout, which did not respond to medical therapy. An ultrasound demonstrated multiple solid masses with vascular hyperechoic septations which were subsequently biopsied and proven to be metastatic chordoma. Metastatic disease to the hand is a well documented but rare manifestation of many malignancies. The clinical presentation and radiographic features of multifocal hand metastases may mimic entities such as systemic deposition and granulomatous diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of soft tissue chordoma metastases to the fingertips as well as the first reported sonographic description of chordoma metastases.
Abstract 510: Perivascular-Cell Derived Oct4 is Essential for Angiogenesis Following Hindlimb Ischemia

Ischemic vascular diseases such as coronary, carotid, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) require vascular growth and remodeling in order to restore blood flow to ischemic tissue. Human therapeutic...
Five-Factor Model of Personality

The five-factor model of personality (FFM) is a set of five personality trait dimensions, often referred to as the Big Five: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Originally derived from research examining the structure of personality-descriptive language and personality inventories, the FFM is now the most widely used model of personality structure. Research using the FFM has found that each Big Five dimension develops across the lifespan in response to biological and environmental influences. Measures of the Big Five have shown considerable reliability and interrater agreement, and can be used to predict a variety of important social, occupational, psychological, and health outcomes. Keywords: lifespan and development psychology; measurement in psychology; personality; personality traits
Losing the battle: Perceived status loss and contemplated or attempted suicide in older adults.

Objective While loss of socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to suicidal behavior, it is unclear whether this experience is merely a downstream effect of psychopathology ("downward drift"), a sign of hardship, or an independent psychological contributor to suicide risk. We examined the association between the subjective experience of status loss and suicidal behavior and ideation in old age, while accounting for potential confounders. We were also interested in whether status loss was associated with mere thoughts of suicide vs. suicidal behavior. Methods Fifty older (55+) depressed suicide attempters, 29 depressed suicide ideators with no history of attempted suicide, 38 nonsuicidal depressed participants, and 45 nonpsychiatric controls underwent detailed clinical characterization and reported their current and highest lifetime SES. Results Suicide attempters were more likely to report a decline in their SES compared to healthy controls and nonsuicidal depressed older adults, while not differing from suicide ideators. This difference was not explained by objective predictors of SES, including education, financial difficulties, and the presence of addiction. Interestingly, while the current SES of suicide attempters was much lower than that of comparison groups, their reported highest lifetime SES was just as high, despite the differences in education. Conclusion In older adults, the experience of status loss is associated with contemplated and attempted suicide even after accounting for objective indicators of social status and psychopathology. It is possible that suicidal individuals retrospectively inflate their previous status, making their current standing appear even worse by comparison.
Testing Theories of Speech Production: Implications of Some Detailed Analyses of Variable Articulatory Data

Because of indirect relationships between theories and data in speech production, most theories are difficult to test. As an example, a general theoretical overview is outlined which suggests that speech production consists of sequences of movement ensembles from one set of articulatory goals to the next. A number of factors influence the nature of the goals; some of the most important are quantal or non-linear relationships among properties of the production mechanism, the acoustic characteristics of the resulting sounds and capabilities of the perception mechanism. The programming of articulatory movements is a function of: the nature and sequencing of articulatory goals, the moment-to-moment state of the vocal tract and the particular acoustic requirements of individual utterances. Three examples of articulatory data are presented, each of which bears in some way on these ideas and also contains a great deal of variability. One set of data suggests a mechanism for the definition of articulatory goals; the second suggests possible influences on the strategy of anticipatory coarticulation; and the third implies that variability in articulatory data may obscure potentially interesting principles. In spite of the fact that such a general theory cannot be tested directly, each example shows that by making a detailed examination of variable articulatory data, we may be able to advance our thinking about theoretical issues.
Interaction of Yersinia with the gut: mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune evasion

Yersinia entercolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are human foodborne pathogens that interact extensively with tissues of the gut and the host’s immune system to cause disease. As part of their pathogenic strategies, the Yersinia have evolved numerous ways to invade host tissues, gain essential nutrients, and evade host immunity. Technological advances over the last 10 years have revolutionized our understanding of host–pathogen interactions. The application of these new technologies has also shown that even well-understood pathogens such as the Yersinia have many surprises waiting to be revealed. The complex interaction with the host has made Yersinia a paradigm for understanding bacterial pathogenesis and the host response to invasive bacterial infections. This review examines the mechanisms of immune evasion employed by the Yersinia and highlights recent advances in understanding the host–pathogen interaction.
In vitro regulation of human hematopoiesis by natural killer cells: analysis at a clonal level.

We studied the effects of a series of well-characterized clones of human natural killer (NK) cells on the proliferation of highly purified normal marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. Individual NK clones suppressed granulocyte, monocyte, erythroid, or mixed colony formation in a heterogeneous but clonally stable manner. Inhibition of colony growth required a period of close cell contact between NK cell and progenitor cell with maximum inhibition occurring after 8 to 18 hours of preincubation time. The mechanism of killing was at least partially humoral, however, as cell-free supernatants generated by NK clones “activated” by contact with a target cell also inhibited progenitor cell growth. One of the possible humoral mediators was identified as gamma-interferon by studies with specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. These results show that clonal NK lines can be further activated by coming in contact with hematopoietic progenitor cells, resulting in substantial inhibition of colony formation in vitro.
Iron–sulfur clusters have no right angles

Accurate geometric restraints are vital in the automation of macromolecular crystallographic structure refinement. A set of restraints for the Fe4S4 cubane-type cluster was created using the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and high-resolution structures from the Protein Data Bank. Geometries from each source were compared and pairs of refinements were performed to validate these new restraints. In addition to the restraints internal to the cluster, the CSD was mined to generate bond and angle restraints to be applied to the most common linking motif for Fe4S4: coordination of the four Fe atoms to the side-chain sulfurs of four cysteine residues. Furthermore, computational tools were developed to assist researchers when refining Fe4S4-containing proteins.
Cheating Is in the Eye of the Beholder: An Evolving Understanding of Academic Misconduct.

Research consistently indicates that academic dishonesty is pervasive on college campuses, including in online courses. For our study we administered a survey to two groups of undergraduate criminal justice students, one group of face-to-face students of traditional college-age and the other a group of distance learners employed full-time in criminal justice professions. The survey was designed to assess prevalence, techniques, and definitions regarding online cheating. Findings indicate that a large percentage of both groups engaged in practices normatively defined as “cheating,” yet they did not consider their behaviors to be violations of academic integrity. In closing, we offer suggestions for best practice techniques for communicating expectations to students and reducing online exam cheating.
Prohibitin Shuttles Between Mitochondria and the Nucleus to Control Genome Stability During the Cell Cycle

The prohibitin (PHB) protein family is highly conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes ([Van Aken et al., 2010][1]). Initially identified as a tumor suppressor in rat liver, PHBs in animals are localized in various cell compartments, including mitochondria, nuclei, and plasma membranes, and function
Network-accelerated Distributed Machine Learning Using MLFabric

Existing distributed machine learning (DML) systems focus on improving the computational efficiency of distributed learning, whereas communication aspects have received less attention. Many DML systems treat the network as a blackbox. Thus, DML algorithms' performance is impeded by network bottlenecks, and DML systems end up sacrificing important algorithmic and system-level benefits. We present MLfabric, a communication library that manages all network transfers in a DML system, and holistically determines the communication pattern of a DML algorithm at any point in time. This allows MLfabric to carefully order transfers (i.e., gradient updates) to improve convergence, opportunistically aggregate updates in-network to improve efficiency, and proactively replicate some of them to support new notions of fault tolerance. We empirically find that MLfabric achieves up to 3X speed-up in training large deep learning models in realistic dynamic cluster settings.
A quick scoping review of psychosocial treatment recommendations for African Americans with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

ABSTRACTObjective: To determine the generalizability of the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) 2009 treatment recommendations to African Americans. Methods: We examined inclusion o...
Breastfeeding in Medicine: Time to Practice What We Preach

At first, breastfeeding was not at all what I had imagined. To this day, I wince when I recall the toe-curling pain that coursed through my body each time my daughter’s tiny newborn mouth latched onto my breast, a sensation that stood in stark contrast to the exhilarating magic of her existence. Despite prenatal preparation, supportive family, and knowledgeable physicians, nurses, and lactation consultants, the early days of breastfeeding were more challenging than I had ever imagined. The physical and emotional intensity of serving as this small human’s primary source of fluid, nutrition, and comfort was simply overwhelming. More than once, with nipples cracked and bleeding, I sat and cried. How could something so simple, so fundamental, so primal, be so hard? More than 70 months of breastfeeding later, nursing my 4 daughters is one of my proudest, most precious accomplishments. The hard work and tears paid off; by the time my youngest infants were born, they latched like champions, and breastfeeding was second nature. At many points along the way, however, achieving this goal seemed in irreconcilable conflict with a career in medicine. To be clear, as a pediatrician I support parents feeding their infants in whatever way is best for their family without judgment. The history and politics of what (and by whom) infants are fed is long and storied, rife with deep racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities that persist in a variety of forms to this day. Some contend that, driven by ideology, the benefits of breast … Address correspondence to Phoebe Danziger, MD, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1540 E Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail: phoebed{at}med.umich.edu
How to Understand Criteria for Academic Promotion on “Traditional” and “Research” Tracks

Understanding the criteria for promotion is one of the most important aspects of managing a successful academic career. However, the blueprint for how to sustain our careers through advancement and promotion is often hard to locate. In part, this difficulty is associated with the unique and diverse positions that each of us holds, making it hard for institutions to develop a single blueprint that will fit all of us. However, there are strategies that we can use to understand the criteria for successful promotion through the ranks, even for those of us who are “one of a kind.” Effectively managing time and planning will establish an excellent foundation for meeting the criteria for promotion. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to assist individuals in locating and understanding the criteria for promotion as well as provide some tips for strategically managing the promotion process.
The mediating impact of PTSD symptoms on cortisol awakening response in the context of intimate partner violence

Multi-level modeling examined the association between cortisol awakening responses (CAR) and different PTSD symptom clusters in a sample of 158 female participants presenting with intimate partner violence-related PTSD. Results revealed that arousal over the past week and month, respectively ([β = -0.124, z = -2.33, p = .028; β = -.147, z = -2.19, p = .028]) significantly moderated the trajectory of cortisol levels, and emotional numbing symptom severity (over the past week [β = -0.122, z = -2.07, p = .076]) was found to be trending toward significance. In each case higher symptom severity was associated with flatter CAR slopes compared to those with lower symptom severity. Assessing PTSD symptom clusters in relation to cortisol may better inform future interventions compared to studies that assess PTSD globally. Our findings suggest a subtype of PTSD patients displaying higher levels of arousal may be more likely to experience alterations in HPA axis functioning.
Joint optimization of customer location clustering and drone-based routing for last-mile deliveries

Abstract With growing consumer demand and expectations, companies are attempting to achieve cost-efficient and faster delivery operations. The integration of autonomous vehicles, such as drones, in the last-mile network design can curtail many operational challenges and provide a competitive advantage. This paper deals with the problem of delivering orders to a set of customer locations using multiple drones that operate in conjunction with a single truck. To take advantage of the drone fleet, the delivery tasks are parallelized by concurrently dispatching the drones from a truck parked at a focal point (ideal drone launch location) to the nearby customer locations. Hence, the key decisions to be optimized are the partitioning of delivery locations into small clusters, identifying a focal point per cluster, and routing the truck through all focal points such that the customer orders in each cluster are fulfilled either by a drone or truck. In contrast to prior studies that tackle this problem using multi-phase sequential procedures, this paper presents mathematical programming models to jointly optimize all the decisions involved. We also consider two polices for choosing a cluster focal point - (i) restricting it to one of the customer locations, and (ii) allowing it to be anywhere in the delivery area (i.e., a customer or non-customer location). Since the models considering unrestricted focal points are computationally expensive, an unsupervised machine learning-based heuristic algorithm is proposed to accelerate the solution time. Initially, we treat the problem as a single objective by independently minimizing either the total cost or delivery completion time. Subsequently, the two conflicting objectives are considered together for obtaining the set of best trade-off solutions. An extensive computational study is conducted to investigate the impacts of restricting the focal points, and the influence of adopting a joint optimization method instead of a sequential approach. Finally, several key insights are obtained to aid the logistics practitioners in decision making.
A multi-level proactive security auditing framework for clouds through automated dependency building

A cloud is very often a subject to diverse security threats directing to its multiple levels (e.g., user, virtual, and physical). Even though there exist several security solutions for a specific cloud level, none of them provides a comprehensive solution that can protect a cloud tenant against the threats rendered from those multiple levels; which is mainly due to the operational complexity and unique nature of each level of cloud (e.g., authentication and access control models in the user level vs. VM migration rules in the virtual level) in a cloud. Furthermore, a simple integration of those existing tools will not be sufficient as all of them are suffering from different practical issues. For instance, most of the existing solutions suffer from slow response time and require significant manual efforts from the cloud tenants. In this paper, we propose a multi-level proactive security auditing framework, which provides a unified platform to plug-in existing security auditing tools for those levels and overcomes their major practical issues. To this end, our main idea is to design a framework to integrate existing auditing solutions and protect the multiple levels of a cloud. Also, we convert those tools (regardless of their original nature, e.g., retroactive and runtime) into a proactive auditing solution by leveraging a predictive model, which captures the dependency relationships between cloud events and helps to predict future events. We integrate our framework with OpenStack, a popular cloud management platform and outline a concrete guideline to adapt our framework to other major cloud platforms, Google GCP, Amazon EC2, and Microsoft Azure. Our experiments using both synthetic and real data show the practicality and effectiveness of this solution (e.g., responding in a few milliseconds to verify each level of the cloud).
Spousal Educational Attainment and Sleep Duration Among American Older Adults.

Objectives Sleep has consistently been shown to have a dyadic nature among married older adults, however less is known about the influence of a spouses' social characteristics on one's own sleep. Focusing on older adults, we examined the association between one's spouses' educational attainment and one's own sleep duration. Methods We used the 2004-2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to analyze heterosexual married adults aged 50-84 (n=89,180). Respondents reported typical sleep duration in a 24-hour period, which was categorized as short (≤6 hours), normal (7-8 hours), or long (≥9 hours). We fit multinomial logistic regression models predicting these categories of sleep duration and accounted for demographic, household socioeconomic characteristics, and health/health behaviors. Using interaction terms we tested if the association varied by the respondent's gender and educational attainment. Results Older adults married to spouses with college or more education had significantly lower relative risk of short sleep than those whose spouses had some college, high school or less than high school education, net of the covariates including their own education. The benefit of higher levels of spousal education was significantly more protective against short sleep for women and more highly educated older adults. Discussion Older adults married to spouses with high levels of education reported more favorable sleep durations, but this benefit was significantly stronger for women and the highly educated which has important implications for their aging. These findings suggest that social inequality may condition the dyadic nature of sleep for heterosexual married older adults.
Sn doping of [beta]-Ga2O3 grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Sn doping of β-Ga2O3 grown by conventional plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) and via metal oxide catalyzed epitaxy (MOCATAXY) using a supplied indium flux during MBE growth was investigated. Sn doping of (010) β-Ga2O3 via MOCATAXY allowed for sharper doping profiles as well as a wider range of donor concentrations from 4 x 10^16 cm-3 to 2 x 10^19 cm-3 with a maximum Hall mobility of 136 cm2/Vs and a Sn donor level of 77 meV below the conduction band. Expansion of MOCATAXY to (001) β-Ga2O3 also showed improved Hall mobility, growth rates, and smoother films in this orientation.
Validation of the minimal clinically important difference for modified activities assessment scale

Abstract Background The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) is the smallest change in patient-derived scores that is clinically important. We sought to validate the MCID of the modified activities assessment scale (mAAS). Methods Patients were surveyed prior to undergoing abdomen/pelvis CT scans and resurveyed one year later. Before resurvey, patients were asked if they had no change, worsening, or improvement in AW-QOL. The anchor-based MCID was calculated by taking a weighted mean of the difference between control (no change) and study (worsening/improved) groups. Distribution-based approach was calculated by one-half of the standard deviation in the QOL change. Results 52.8% of 181 patients self-reported no change, 39.2% reported improvement, and 8.3% reported worsening AW-QOL. The anchor-based approach MCID was 4. The distribution-based MCID was 16. Conclusion Our study results validate prior work demonstrating similar ranges of the mAAS MCID. We recommend adopting an MCID of 5 and 15 for AW-QOL with mAAS.
Ambiguous “Olfactory” Terms for Anatomic Spaces Adjacent to the Cribriform Plate: A Publication Database Analysis and Quest for Uniformity

A precise nomenclature and terminology is the foundation of communication in Anatomy and related biomedical sciences. The olfactory bulbs and nerves lie above and below the cribriform plate (CP), respectively. Hence, many anatomical landmarks in this region have names adopting the term "olfactory" as qualifiers. Ambiguous use of these "olfactory" terms exists, with some potential repercussions on patient treatments. We performed a publication database analysis to determine the frequency of misuse of names for seven anatomical "olfactory" spaces close to the CP and nasal cavity. We searched PubMed® publications having the keyword "olfactory" in their title or abstract, plus one of seven other keywords: "groove", "fossa", "recess", "cleft", "vestibule", "sulcus", and "cistern". We reviewed all abstracts for accuracy of these terms relative to accepted norms or customary definitions. By February 2020, we found all these keywords in 1255 articles. For the terms olfactory "groove" and "fossa", the number of relevant articles (and percentage of those inaccurately using these terms) were 374 (1.1%), and 49 (8.2%), respectively. All 52 abstracts containing "olfactory" and "vestibule" were irrelevant, relating to the "nasal vestibule" and olfactory function, instead of "olfactory vestibule". Overall, terms used to describe "olfactory" spaces near the CP are seldom ambiguous or inaccurate, but the terms olfactory "groove" and "fossa" are occasionally misused, We propose several new "olfactory" terms for inclusion in the Terminologia Anatomica, and stress the need for uniform nomenclature leading to greater consistency and accuracy in clinical use of anatomical terms containing the word "olfactory" as a descriptor.
Apparent posterior cerebral artery territory perfusion asymmetry on arterial spin labeling MRI is a common non-pathologic finding in patients with a unilateral fetal posterior cerebral artery.

To determine the frequency of apparent posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territory asymmetry seen on arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging in patients with a unilateral fetal PCA, but without underlying clinical or imaging pathology to suggest true hypoperfusion. A search of radiology reports from 1/2017 through 6/2020 was performed with the inclusion term "fetal PCA.” Eighty patients were included with unilateral fetal PCA confirmed on MRA or CTA, with brain MRI including ASL imaging, and without conventional imaging abnormality or clinical symptoms referable to the PCA territories. Cases were evaluated by two independent readers for visually apparent PCA perfusion asymmetries. ASL imaging consisted of pseudocontinuous ASL with 1.5 s labeling duration and 2 s post-labeling delay adapted from white paper recommendations. Thirteen of 80 cases (16.2%) had apparent hypoperfusion in the PCA territory contralateral to the side of the fetal PCA. Agreement between readers was near perfect (97.5%, κ = 0.91). This finding was more common in patients who were older, scanned on a 3.0 T magnet, and who had non-visualization of the posterior communicating artery contralateral to the fetal PCA. Apparent PCA hypoperfusion on ASL is not uncommon in patients with a contralateral fetal PCA who have no clinical or conventional imaging findings to suggest true hypoperfusion. This phenomenon is likely due to differential blood velocities between the carotid and vertebral arteries that result in differential arterial transit times and labeling efficiency. It is important for radiologists to know that apparent hypoperfusion may arise from variant circle of Willis anatomy.