cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Study of Relativistic Effects in the Electronic Structure of Pu

We present a theoretical study of atomic and fcc Pu related to the treatment of relativistic effects and equilibrium fcc volume. The unusually large error in the theoretical fcc volume has been recognized as a fundamental problem of metal physics. The commonly employed second variational treatment of the spin-orbit splitting in Pu is found to have a large $(\ensuremath{\simeq}25%)$ error in dealing with the $6p$ semicore states but not the $5f$ states of the Pu atom. In fcc Pu, this error implies a corresponding nontrivial effect on various calculated equilibrium properties including the lattice volume. This points to the importance of correctly treating the localization of the $6p$ as well as the $5f$ electronic states in fcc Pu and thereby recognizing the importance of specific relativistic effects for the $6p$ electrons that appear to have been ignored up to now.
Subtle “supramolecular buttressing effects” in Cucurbit[7]uril/guest assemblies

Biphenyl derivatives bearing a dimethylsulfonium group at position 3 and three different substituents at position 4 (H, F and CH3) have been prepared as probes to test the validity of the “supramolecular buttressing” concept. We define the latter as the alteration, by a neighboring unit, of a substituent effect on intermolecular recognition. In this case, the 4-substituents exert some pressure on the 3-dimethylsulfonium groups and control the ratio of their syn and anti conformations. As free species, biphenyls bearing 4-H and 4-F substituents are present as approximately equimolar mixtures of syn and anti-conformers, while the biphenyl scaffold with a 4-CH3 group adopts the anti-conformation exclusively. The 3-dimethylsulfonium substituents then interact with one of the carbonylated portals of Cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), and their conformations affect the position of the guests inside the cavity of the macrocycle, thereby validating our “supramolecular buttressing” model. Surprisingly however, binding affinities towards CB[7] are barely affected by the nature of the 4-substituents and the conformations of the neighboring sulfonium groups, despite very different electronic densities presented to the CB[7] portal in their syn or anti conformations. Solvation was found to dramatically smoothen host–guest Columbic interactions, although the latter remain important in the recognition process. Replacing the positively charged 3-dimethylsulfonium unit with an isopropyl substituent decreases the affinity of the biphenyl guest by 1000-fold.
Novel low-energy neutral atom imaging technique

Recently proposed low-energy neutral atom (LENA) imaging techniques rely on collisional processes to convert LENAs into ions to separate the neutrals from the intense UV radiation background. At low energies, these collisional processes have poor conversion efficiencies and limit the angular resolution of these devices. However, if the intense UV light background can be suppressed, direct LENA detection is possible. They present results from a series of experiments designed to develop a novel filtering structure based on free-standing gold transmission gratings. If the grating period is sufficiently small, the gratings can substantially polarize UV light in the wavelength range 300 to 1,500 [angstrom]. If a second grating is placed behind the first grating with its axis of polarization oriented perpendicular to that of the first, considerable attenuation of the UV radiation is achievable. The neutrals pass through the remaining open area of two gratings and are directly detected. They have obtained nominal 2,000-A-period (1,000-[angstrom] bars with 1,000-[angstrom] slits) gratings and measured their UV and atomic transmission characteristics. The geometric factor of a LENA imager based on this technology is comparable to that of other proposed LENA imagers, with a significantly better angular resolution.
Explicit bounds on monomial and binomial exponential sums

Let p be a prime and ep(·) = e2πi·/p. First, we make explicit the monomial sum bounds of Heath-Brown and Konyagin: Pp−1 x=1 ep(ax d) ≤ min{λ d5/8p5/8, λ d3/8p3/4}, where λ = 2/ 4 √ 3 = 1.51967 . . .. Second, letting d = (k, l, p− 1), we obtain the explicit binomial sum bound Pp−1 x=1 ep(ax k + bxl) ≤ (k − l, p− 1) + 2.292 d13/46p89/92, for any nonconstant binomial axk + bxl on Zp, by sharpening the estimate for the number of solutions of the system x1 + x k 2 = x k 3 + x k 4 , x l 1 + x l 2 = x3+x l 4. Finally, we apply the latter estimate to establish the Goresky-Klapper conjecture on the decimation of `-sequences for p > 4.92 · 1034.
Navigational Freedoms in a Time of Insecurity 1

Abstract Navigational freedoms have increasingly come under restrictions because of ecological, economic and security concerns of coastal states. Fishing vessels, oil tankers, ships carrying ultra-hazardous nuclear cargoes and even military vessels have to conform to stringent international, regional and national regulations. Often there is a conflict of interest as maritime activities of one state can interfere with the efforts of others to utilise the sea. The Law of the Sea Convention was adopted to provide a balance among these competing interests. But new state practices have created challenges for the Convention that have to be better understood and dealt with. The balance between navigation and other national interests has continuously changed, and navigational freedoms appear to be disappearing during this evolutionary process.
A longitudinal analysis of nationwide hunting and fishing indicators: 1955–1980

Abstract This paper explores the human dimensions ofrecreational hunting and fishing from a longitudinal perspective. Several sociodemographic, recreation behavior, and resource use social indicators were monitored for these two consumptive recreational activities over a 25‐year period. Six national surveys conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Department of the Interior every five years since 1955 provided the data for the analysis. For both hunting and fishing, some indicators demonstrated temporal stability while others showed dynamism. The direction of change for the sociodemographics was the same for both activities. However, hunting and fishing differed in the trends found in the other indicators. The recreation behavior indicators demonstrated a trend toward greater extensity and specialization of participation in fishing, while the opposite trend was observed for hunting. The findings for the resource use indicators suggested that participants in these two activities have utilized resources dif...
Growth of atomically flat homoepitaxial magnesium oxide thin films by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Homoepitaxial magnesium oxide thin films have been grown on MgO(1 0 0), (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) substrates by the plasma enhanced metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Atomic force microscopy measurements indicate that the as-received MgO substrate surface morphology is greatly improved as a result of MgO homoepitaxial growth. Various oxygen partial pressures and plasma powers were selected to investigate the role of atomic oxygen species during the growth of the MgO thin films. Oxygen plasma conditions were analyzed by Langmuir probe measurements. These studies reveal that higher concentrations of atomic oxygen effectively assist the layer-by-layer growth kinetics, which are critical to generating atomically flat surfaces. Smooth surfaces, with roughness as low as 0.036 nm, are achieved on MgO(1 0 0) substrates under the conditions of 2.1 mTorr oxygen partial pressure and 1300 W plasma power at 720°C.
Feigning Environmentalism: Antienvironmental Organizations, Strategic Naming, and Definitional Argument

Global warming poses a significant threat to the livelihoods of future generations. Although there is a consensus of qualified climate scientists who believe that scientific evidence supports Anthropogenic Climate Change theories, this has not translated into public understanding of or trust in these theories. In this essay, I argue that antienvironmental think tanks with strong industrial ties are a major factor undercutting public perception of climate science. In particular, antienvironmental think tanks hide their industrial ties by naming themselves as “green” and defining their views as mainstream. Based on a tradition of scholarship devoted to the importance of naming and definition, I argue that environmental advocates must call into question the validity of names and definitions in order to reshape public perception of climate science and overcome disbelief in Anthropogenic Climate Change theories.
RNA editing and hypermutation by adenosine deamination

Abstract Double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase (dsRAD) was discovered ten years ago 1,2 . In the intervening decade, research on dsRAD has progressed not only predictably, such as with the purification of the enzyme and identification of cDNAs, but also in some quite surprising ways. This review covers both areas of progress, but will concentrate on the surprises, which include the discovery that dsRAD is a member of a larger family of deaminases and the identification of RNAs that appear to be targets for these deaminases in vivo .
The effect of alcohol on male aggression toward female targets

This study attempted to determine the effects of alcohol, verbal provocation, and target strategy on male aggression toward female targets. Intoxicated and nonintoxicated male research participants competed with a female confederate in a reaction time task designed to measure aggression. Intoxicated participants responded more aggressively than did nonintoxicated participants. Verbal provocation had no effect on participants' aggressive response. Effects of target strategy and trial outcome lent support to a cognitive disorganization interpretation of the effect of alcohol on aggression.
Use of nuclease enzyme in the purification of VAQTA, a hepatitis A vaccine

The development of the purification process for VAQTA, which results in a highly purified inactivated hepatitis A vaccine, was driven by modifications in the cell-culture and harvest methods which permit hepatitis A virus propagation to support large-scale manufacture. The starting material for the purification was initially a concentrated cell pellet scraped from roller bottles. However, when the cell-culture method was scaled up to use high-surface-area Nunc cell factories or Costar cubes, the early steps in the process had to be modified to handle large volumes of dilute lysate. Membrane concentration was used at first, and a highly purified vaccine was prepared, but virus-poly(nucleic acid) complexes were formed, which reduced the yields in later processing steps. The introduction of a nuclease digestion immediately after harvest followed by capture chromatography on an anion-exchange column eliminated the formation of these complexes and resulted in more consistent performance and higher yields of downstream operations.
Finitism and the Beginning of the Universe

Many philosophers have argued that the past must be finite in duration because otherwise reaching the present moment would have involved something impossible, namely, the sequential occurrence of an actual infinity of events. In reply, some philosophers have objected that there can be nothing amiss in such an occurrence, since actually infinite sequences are ‘traversed’ all the time in nature, for example, whenever an object moves from one location in space to another. This essay focuses on one of the two available replies to this objection, namely, the claim that actual infinities are not traversed in nature because space, time, and other continuous wholes divide into parts only in so far as we divide them in thought, and thus divide into only a finite number of parts. I grant that this reply succeeds in blunting the anti-finitist objection, but I argue that it also subverts the very argument against an eternal past that it was intended to save.
Behaviour of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils and plants

Abstract A review of the literature indicates that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are not leachable in soils and that they are readily adsorbed by soil constituent. It appears that lower chlorinated PCBs are less adsorbed and thus slightly mobile in soils. Total organic matter content of soils seems to be more important than total clay content or total surface area in explaining adsorption of PCBs by soils. There have been few reports of the effect of PCBs on plants. These reports indicate that plants absorb PCBs, but in very low amounts. PCBs appear to have some effect on photosynthesis and respiration in plants.
Preserving the Bits and Bytes of History: Lessons from the Government Electronic Records Programme at the National Archives of Canada

When the Public Archives of Canada (PAC) was created in 1872, little did its founders know that one hundred years later, their successors would be faced with preserving records that were unreadable by human eyes. Likewise, the drafters of the Public Archives Act of 1912, which served as the legislative basis of the PAC until the passage of the National Archives of Canada Act in 1987 created the National Archives of Canada, could not have imagined the remarkable changes that modern technology would bring to the institution. This article examines the history of the electronic records programme at the National Archives of Canada (NA), with emphasis on government records, and offer observations which may be of value to those archives and archivists just embarking upon a similar programme. ESARBICA Journal Vol.20 2001: 43-56
Stratigraphy, Petrology, and Depositional Environments of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Sabbath Creek Section, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), Alaska: ABSTRACT

A 9,387-ft (2,816.1-m) section of Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary strata is exposed along Sabbath Creek in the northern ANWR of northeastern Alaska and represents a regressive depositional sequence. The entire section is divided into four lithologic units (A-D), each characterized by distinct depositional assemblages. Unit A, at the base of the section, consists of several coarsening-upward sequences of alternating thick organic-rich siltstones and fine-grained litharenites, representing deposition in subaqueous to lower delta-plain environments. Unit B stratigraphically overlies unit A and is characterized by multiple, mutually erosive, fining-upward sequences of fine to coarse pebble litharenites typical of point-bar sequences in a meandering stream environment (lower t upper delta plain). Unit C consists of multiple, poorly developed fining-upward sequences of dominantly clast- and matrix-supported pebble conglomerate interpreted as braided stream deposits. At the top of the section, unit D is characterized by multiple fining- and a few coarsening-upward sequences of organic-rich shale with minor amounts of medium to coarse litharenite and pebble conglomerate representing meandering stream deposition. The Sabbath Creek section is lithologically dissimilar to coeval units to the west. The Sagavanirktok Formation and Colville Group contain pyroclastic material and thick coal beds not seen in the Sabbath Creek section. Instead, this section is lithologically similar to the Moose Channel formation--a regressive, fluvial, deltaic sequence exposed in the MacKenzie delta area of northwestern Canada. Consequently, detailed interpretation of the Sabbath Creek section has important implications concerning the petroleum potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and offshore Beaufort Sea. End_of_Article - Last_Page 658------------
The polyproline site in hinge 2 influences the functional capacity of truncated dystrophins

Mutations in dystrophin can lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy or the more mild form of the disease, Becker muscular dystrophy. The hinge 3 region in the rod domain of dystrophin is particularly prone to deletion mutations. In-frame deletions of hinge 3 are predicted to lead to BMD, however the severity of disease can vary considerably. Here we performed extensive structure-function analyses of truncated dystrophins with modified hinges and spectrin-like repeats in mdx mice. We found that the polyproline site in hinge 2 profoundly influences the functional capacity of a microdystrophinΔR4-R23/ΔCT with a large deletion in the hinge 3 region. Inclusion of polyproline in microdystrophinΔR4-R23/ΔCT led to small myofibers (12% smaller than wild-type), Achilles myotendinous disruption, ringed fibers, and aberrant neuromuscular junctions in the mdx gastrocnemius muscles. Replacing hinge 2 of microdystrophinΔR4-R23/ΔCT with hinge 3 significantly improved the functional capacity to prevent muscle degeneration, increase muscle fiber area, and maintain the junctions. We conclude that the rigid α-helical structure of the polyproline site significantly impairs the functional capacity of truncated dystrophins to maintain appropriate connections between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
Effects of concurrent tasks on diagnostic decision making: An experimental investigation

Physicians’ decision-making performance is one of the most important factors in healthcare system engineering. Multitasking and interruptions while making diagnostic decisions have been frequently observed in the healthcare work environment. However, little evidence from controlled experiments is available to determine whether physician multitasking affects the quality and timely performance of diagnostic decisions. In the current study, we designed a diagnostic task to examine the effects of concurrent tasks on diagnostic decision making using a controlled laboratory experiment, in which potential confounding factors were controlled to allow the quantification of diagnostic performance and strategies. The results showed that diagnostic performance was negatively affected by a complex concurrent memorization task that required participants to listen to verbal updates and remember information about other patients while performing the diagnostic task. In contrast, a simple concurrent sound monitoring task d...
The computer simulation of a colonial socio-economic system

One might view the international political world as a system of nations, each described by a unique transfer function. Existing system engineering methods and computer techniques might then be applied to this multi-variable system with the hope that a better understanding might be achieved for the rise of international problems and their subsequent solution.This paper describes the design, and actual demonstration by analog computer techniques, of a colonial socio-economic system which included national growth and national behavior models.The national growth model included such variables as resource, opportunity and incentive with the hopes of evaluating the asymptotic behavior of the total population. The national behavior model described which one of the two political alternatives would be advocated by elements of the organized native class based on the environment defined by the growth model.
Respiratorische Faktoren in der Klinischen Psychophysiologie und dem Biofeedback

Respiratory Factors in Clinical Psychophysiology and Biofeedback Respiration is a complex physiological system affecting a variety of physical processes that can act as a critical
Development of order during ciliogenesis

This report consists of an electron microscope study of developing cilia in nasal epithelium of 15–18 day mouse embryos. As soon as recognizable cilia were observed, the typical 9 + 2 pattern of ciliary microtubule pairs was present. However, at this stage the intracellular spatial alignment of adjacent cilia, reflected in the adult by directionally oriented central microtubules, was not observed. In the same stage, differentiated basal feet were randomly arranged on adjacent basal bodies within the same cell. The significance of these findings lies in the observation that the structures differentiate at random prior to and independent of the forces that orient them in a coordinated spatial and temporal relationship.
Candidate Gene Approach's Missing Link

J. Couzin-Frankel, in her News Focus story “Major heart disease genes prove elusive” (4 June, p. [1220][1]), presents an excellent summary of the scientific community's satisfaction and disappointment regarding genome-wide association studies. I would like to clarify one point that may have
Inertial navigation sensor integrated motion analysis for autonomous vehicle navigation

Recent work on INS integrated motion analysis is described. Results were obtained with a maximally passive system of obstacle detection (OD) for ground-based vehicles and rotorcraft. The OD approach involves motion analysis of imagery acquired by a passive sensor in the course of vehicle travel to generate range measurements to world points within the sensor FOV. INS data and scene analysis results are used to enhance interest point selection, the matching of the interest points, and the subsequent motion-based computations, tracking, and OD. The most important lesson learned from the research described here is that the incorporation of inertial data into the motion analysis program greatly improves the analysis and makes the process more robust.
Use of a yeast assay to detect functional alterations in p53 in prostate cancer: review and future directions.

BACKGROUND While many studies have suggested that p53 mutations are common in human cancers, the functional activity of these mutant alleles has not yet been fully addressed. We believe that information about the functional status of individual p53 mutants will prove to be important for a better understanding of the role of p53 in tumor development and progression. Ultimately, this information could also influence treatment decisions for individual cancer patients. METHODS A recently developed yeast functional assay can be used to assess the transactivational activity of p53 mutants. Furthermore, this assay is more sensitive than single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) for detection of p53 mutations. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of this new technique and describe its applications in cancer research, with an emphasis on prostate cancer. RESULTS The use of the yeast functional assay provides a simple, sensitive, and reproducible method for detecting p53 mutations and for determining the transactivational activity and dominant-negative role of individual p53 mutants. CONCLUSIONS This method may be adapted to analyze other transcriptional factors, including the human androgen receptor. Prostate 41:134–142, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reexamining Synthetic Speech: Intelligibility and the Effects of Age, Task, and Speech Type on Recall:

Synthetic speech is a technology that can be utilized to convey information and aid people in their tasks. Older adults in particular are a population that may be able to benefit from synthetic speech, and they are a population that has been investigated in a limited capacity. The current researchers intended to elucidate lingering conflicts in previous research on the intelligibility and recall of word and stories in synthetic speech for older and younger adults and how that compared to similar conditions in natural speech. Twenty-four older and 24 younger adults completed intelligibility and recall tasks with word lists and stories. Results indicated that older adults had a more difficult time with all speech, natural speech was easier to understand and remember than synthetic speech, and stories were easier to recall than words. Results also indicated that older adults had a more difficult time understanding synthetic words as compared to natural words than younger adults. In addition, older adults imp...
Female brown trout × Atlantic salmon hybrids produce gynogens and triploids when backcrossed to male Atlantic salmon

Abstract We examined protein electromorphs and karyotypes of progeny produced from interspecific mass spawnings between female brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) and male Atlantic salmon ( S. salar ). Species-specific allelic differences for the loci Gpi-1, Gpi-3, Ldh-5, Mpi, and Pgm-2 enabled assessment of species contributions in the hybrids. All of the F 1 hybrids examined showed equal expression of both parental alleles at all loci, as would be expected for codominant alleles. However, unexpected results were obtained for backcross progeny. Seventy of 177 backcross individuals had electrophoretic phenotypes identical to F 1 phenotypes; 107 appeared to be triploid based on isozyme dosage relationships. All triploids expressed one copy of brown trout alleles and two copies of Atlantic salmon alleles at all loci examined. Karyotypes of four F 1 and nine backcross hybrids were consistent with the ploidy levels and species contributions deduced from the electrophoretic phenotypes. In addition, a novel hybrid generated by crossing a female F 1 hybrid to a male brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) appeared to contain and express the haploid genomes of all three species. The disparate parental chromosome complements of the F 1 hybrids (brown trout 2 n =80, Atlantic salmon 2 n =54–60) most likely led to a disruption of meiosis. Meiotic mechanisms that could account for the unusual backcross progeny are discussed. The type of inheritance exhibited by these F 1 hybrids has not been reported before in salmonid fish but appears similar to that reported in female hybrids of other vertebrate species. These results show the importance of using genetic markers to determine parental contributions and gene segregation in species hybrids.
Bone mineral density in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation for myeloid malignancies

Summary: Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 23 patients who had undergone bone marrow transplantation (BMT) at the University of Minnesota for myeloid leukemia. The median age at BMT was 22 years (range 3‐53) and the median age at assessment of BMD was 27 years (range 4‐56). Total body BMD was measured a median of 2 years (range 1‐10) after BMT using Dual Photon X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). BMD was measured in g/cm 2 , with results expressed as percent of normal values and as Z (standard deviation) scores. Patients were categorized into two groups (pediatric and adult) according to age at BMT (<18 years vs .18 years). Total body BMD of patients in the pediatric age group was significantly decreased (median Z-score 20.5) compared to the adult population (median Z-score 0.0, P = 0.03). No association was observed between BMD and time elapsed since BMT, type of conditioning regimen, gonadal function, steroid intake or graft-versus-host disease. Investigation of decreased BMD in children with AML following BMT is needed to determine the metabolic basis, long-term implications, appropriate preventive measures and potential interventions.
The contributions of higher education to ethical behavior in law enforcement

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between higher education and ethical practice among law enforcement officers. The spoken and unspoken values of the academic world and their influence on college educated police is explored. The specific values of studying options available to law enforcement practitioners in an academic setting is reviewed, e.g., the role of a policeman acting as a witness at a trial. The areas where college experience can appreciably increase the ethical awareness of policemen is presented.
An eddy viscosity for three-dimensional boundary-layer flows

This paper proposes an isotropic eddy viscosity model for three-dimensional boundary-layer flows which is an improved version of the Cebeci-Smith model. Both turbulence models are tested by comparison with two experiments. The proposed model is found to perform much better than the Cebeci-Smith model. This improvement is due to a reduction of the eddy viscosity coefficient.
ANTITHROMBOTIC MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN HEART COLLABORATIVE STUDY

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients benefit from dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), and most patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) merit anticoagulation stroke prophylaxis (AcP). Real world reporting of overall antithrombotic therapy among patients with ACS + AF is limited. We describe
Return of fertility after autologous stem cell transplantation

Abstract Objective: To study cases where bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT)-induced menopause was entirely reversed. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: An inpatient BMT unit and an ambulatory fertility center in a university hospital. Patient(s): Two patients with Hodgkin's disease and two with advanced breast carcinoma requiring stem cell transplantation. Intervention(s): Estrogen treatment, monitoring of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E 2 ) levels, and, ultimately, monitoring of pregnancy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy. Result(s): All four patients established pregnancies, but two of them elected to terminate due to the use of tamoxifen early in pregnancy. Conclusion(s): Menopausal changes resulting from BMT may spontaneously reverse, with reestablishment of normal hormonal function and viable pregnancies.
Modifying Seedling Photomorphogenesis in Kleingrass by Recurrent Selection

In emerging Panicoid grass seedlings, elongation of the subcoleoptile internode (SCI) stops shortly after the coleoptile tip receives a red light stimulus. This results in final placement of the crown node (CN) near the soil surface. Because adventitious roots originate from the CN, excessive elongation of the SCI places the CN above the soil surface, adversely impacting seedling establishment. A recently described continuous low light system identifies species with excessive CN elevation. Our objectives were to use this system to determine if CN positioning could be modified by selection. Three cycles of recurrent selection were performed for elevated crown (EC) and low crown (LC) CN placement in kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) in a continuous low light (1.5 umol m⁻² s⁻²) environment from 1991 to 1994 in central Texas. Selection in both directions was successful. In the EC populations, a relatively linear increase in CN elevation was observed across the three cycles, while in the LC populations, most of the progress was made in the first cycle. Effects of selection for CN placement on shoot growth were minor. A small increase was observed with selection for higher CN placement. The Cycle 3 EC and LC germplasm should be useful for further characterizing seedling photo-morphological responses. In addition, the Cycle 3 LC germplasm should be less prone to excessive SCI elongation in field environments and may have superior establishment characteristics. A contribution of the USDA-ARS
Actin-related protein 1 and cytoplasmic dynein-based motility - what's the connection?

Abstract The actin-related protein Arp1 works in conjunction with the microtubule-based motor cytoplasmic dynein to drive many types of intracellular motility. In vertebrate cells, Arp1 is present exclusively in the form of a 37-nm filament that constitutes the backbone of dynactin, a 1.2-MDa macromolecular complex containing nine other polypeptides. Dynactin has been proposed to function as the link between dynein and its cargo. Recent work indicates that the dynactin subunit p150 Glued mediates the interaction of the dynactin molecule with dynein and microtubules, leaving the Arp1 filament as a possible cargo-binding domain. Mechanisms for binding of F-actin to membranes are discussed as models of the Arp1-membrane interaction.
The American dream and crime in the twenty-first century: Presidential address to the academy of criminal justice sciences

(1995). The American dream and crime in the twenty-first century: Presidential address to the academy of criminal justice sciences. Justice Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 427-445.
Deficits in passive avoidance and fear behavior following bilateral and unilateral amygdala lesions in mice.

Abstract Bilateral amygdala lesions severely disrupt passive avoidance and fear behaviors. The effects of unilateral amygdala lesions on these behaviors are unclear, though unilateral lesions in other structures produce deficits similar to those produced by bilateral lesions. In the present experiment, female mice with unilateral or bilateral amygdala lesions manifested similar patterns of passive avoidance and fear behavior deficits. The results are discussed in light of previous passive avoidance and unilateral lesion studies.
Brain behavior and immunity: twenty years of T cells

During the period from 1987 to 2007, our understanding of nervous system-T lymphocyte bi-directional communication advanced exponentially. Progress in exploring these relationships was aided by the constant development of new, cutting-edge technologies, and by a steady growth in interest, and number, of scientists who recognized the need to conduct cross-disciplinary research. In this brief review of 20 years of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity (BBI), we highlight just a small number of the important studies published in the journal that collectively have provided the foundation for our current understanding of brain, behavior, and, specifically, T cells.
Influence of Nitrogen Nutrition on Bud and Rhizome Development in Agropyron repens L. Beauv.

A PRELIMINARY investigation of the effect of the nitrogen supply on the growth of Agropyron repens L. Beauv. showed that reducing the nitrogen level caused an increase in the number of rhizomes produced. This increase in rhizome production was associated with a marked suppression of tillering and seemed to have resulted from a tendency for buds to develop as rhizomes rather than as tillers at the lower nitrogen-levels. A further experiment was therefore designed to investigate this effect more critically.
Decoding membrane- versus receptor-mediated delivery of single-walled carbon nanotubes into macrophages using modifications of nanotube surface coatings and cell activity

Therapeutic applications of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) require understanding uptake mechanisms in macrophages, which are involved with many physiological and pathological processes. However, therapeutic applications are limited by poor quantification and mechanistic understanding of uptake into macrophages with different levels of activation. We find delivery of more than 50 million SWCNTs per cell to activated macrophages, which is 10× more than unactivated macrophages and 100× more than fibroblasts. Determining the mechanisms of SWCNT uptake is important for tuning this specific delivery, but standard cellular assays are inapplicable with SWCNTs, which quench fluorescence. By modification of surface coatings on the SWCNTs and altering macrophage activation, we applied models of macrophage uptake of SWCNTs and quantified precise model parameters. With this model, we show receptor-mediated processes saturate, and above the saturation levels we observe little added delivery as well as a reduction in cell proliferation and visibly altered cell morphology. Thus, SWCNTs can be preferentially delivered to activated macrophages, and the model of uptake suggests delivery is optimized between high extracellular levels and receptor saturation.
Raising Them Right

This body of work explores young motherhood in Chelsea, Massachusetts. Through the combination of photographs and the young mothers’ own words, Amanda Van Scoyoc presents evidence of the complicated reality that is adolescent parenting.
Recent Population Expansions of Hepatitis B Virus in the United States

The recent epidemic history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in the United States is complex, as indicated by current disparity in HBV genotype distribution between acute and chronic hepatitis B cases and the rapid decline in hepatitis B incidence since the 1990s. We report temporal changes in the genetic composition of the HBV population using whole-genome sequences (n = 179) from acute hepatitis B cases (n = 1,206) identified through the Sentinel County Surveillance for Acute Hepatitis (1998 to 2006). HBV belonged mainly to subtypes A2 (75%) and D3 (18%), with times of their most recent common ancestors being 1979 and 1987, respectively. A2 underwent rapid population expansions in ca. 1995 and ca. 2002, coinciding with transient rises in acute hepatitis B notification rates among adults; D3 underwent expansion in ca. 1998. A2 strains from cases identified after 2002, compared to those before 2002, tended to cluster phylogenetically, indicating selective expansion of specific strains, and were significantly reduced in genetic diversity (P = 0.001) and frequency of drug resistance mutations (P = 0.001). The expansion of genetically close HBV A2 strains was associated with risk of infection among male homosexuals (P = 0.03). Incident HBV strains circulating in the United States were recent in origin and restricted in genetic diversity. Disparate transmission dynamics among phylogenetic lineages affected the genetic composition of HBV populations and their capacity to maintain drug resistance mutations. The tendency of selectively expanding HBV strains to be transmitted among male homosexuals highlights the need to improve hepatitis B vaccination coverage among at-risk adults. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains an important cause of acute and chronic liver disease globally and in the United States. Genetic analysis of HBV whole genomes from cases of acute hepatitis B identified from 1998 to 2006 in the United States showed dominance of genotype A2 (75%), followed by D3 (18%). Strains of both subtypes were recent in origin and underwent rapid population expansions from 1995 to 2000, indicating increase in transmission rate for certain HBV strains during a period of decline in the reported incidence of acute hepatitis B in the United States. HBV A2 strains from a particular cluster that experienced the most recent population expansion were more commonly detected among men who have sex with men. Vaccination needs to be stepped up to protect persons who remain at risk of HBV infection.
Astroglial Expression of Human α1-Antichymotrypsin Enhances Alzheimer-like Pathology in Amyloid Protein Precursor Transgenic Mice

Proteases and their inhibitors play key roles in physiological and pathological processes. Cerebral amyloid plaques are a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). They contain amyloid-ss (Ass) peptides in tight association with the serine protease inhibitor alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin.(1,2) However, it is unknown whether the increased expression of alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin found in AD brains counteracts or contributes to the disease. We used regulatory sequences of the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene(3) to express human alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin (hACT) in astrocytes of transgenic mice. These mice were crossed with transgenic mice that produce human amyloid protein precursors (hAPP) and Ass in neurons.(4,5) No amyloid plaques were found in transgenic mice expressing hACT alone, whereas hAPP transgenic mice and hAPP/hACT doubly transgenic mice developed typical AD-like amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and neocortex around 6 to 8 months of age. Co-expression of hAPP and hACT significantly increased the plaque burden at 7 to 8, 14, and 20 months. Both hAPP and hAPP/hACT mice showed significant decreases in synaptophysin-immunoreactive presynaptic terminals in the dentate gyrus, compared with nontransgenic littermates. Our results demonstrate that hACT acts as an amyloidogenic co-factor in vivo and suggest that the role of hACT in AD is pathogenic.
Exploiting value locality in physical register files

The physical register file is an important component of a dynamically-scheduled processor. Increasing the amount of parallelism places increasing demands on the physical register file, calling for alternative file organization and management strategies. This paper considers the use of value locality to optimize the operation of physical register files. We present empirical data showing that: (i) the value produced by an instruction is often the same as the value produced by another recently executed instruction, resulting in multiple physical registers containing the same value, and (ii) the values 0 and 1 account for a considerable fraction of the values written to and read from physical registers. The paper then presents three schemes to exploit the above observations. The first scheme extends a previously-proposed scheme to use only a single physical register for each unique value. The second scheme is a special case for the values 0 and 1. By restricting optimization to these values, the second scheme eliminated many of the drawbacks of the first scheme. The third scheme further improves on the second, resulting in an optimization that reduces physical register requirements with simple micro-architectural extensions. A performance evaluation of the three schemes is also presented.
Molecular cloning, sequencing, and mapping of the bacteriophage T2 dam gene.

Abstract Bacteriophage T2 codes for a DNA-(adenine-N6)methyltransferase (Dam), which is able to methylate both cytosine- and hydroxymethylcytosine-containing DNAs to a greater extent than the corresponding methyltransferase encoded by bacteriophage T4. We have cloned and sequenced the T2 dam gene and compared it with the T4 dam gene. In the Dam coding region, there are 22 nucleotide differences, 4 of which result in three coding differences (2 are in the same codon). Two of the amino acid alterations are located in a region of homology that is shared by T2 and T4 Dam, Escherichia coli Dam, and the modification enzyme of Streptococcus pneumoniae, all of which methylate the sequence 5' GATC 3'. The T2 dam and T4 dam promoters are not identical and appear to have slightly different efficiencies; when fused to the E. coli lacZ gene, the T4 promoter produces about twofold more beta-galactosidase activity than does the T2 promoter. In our first attempt to isolate T2 dam, a truncated gene was cloned on a 1.67-kilobase XbaI fragment. This construct produces a chimeric protein composed of the first 163 amino acids of T2 Dam followed by 83 amino acids coded by the pUC18 vector. Surprisingly, the chimera has Dam activity, but only on cytosine-containing DNA. Genetic and physical analyses place the T2 dam gene at the same respective map location as the T4 dam gene. However, relative to T4, T2 contains an insertion of 536 base pairs 5' to the dam gene. Southern blot hybridization and computer analysis failed to reveal any homology between this insert and either T4 or E. coli DNA.
A methodology for timing model characterization for statistical static timing analysis

While the increasing need for addressing process variability in sub-90 nm VLSI technologies has sparkled a large body of statistical timing and optimization research, the realization of these techniques heavily depends on the availability of timing models that feed the statistical timing analysis engine. To target at this critical but less explored territory, in this paper, we present numerical and statistical modeling techniques that are suitable for the underlying timing model characterization infrastructure of statistical timing analysis. Our techniques are centered around the understanding that, while the widening process variability calls for accurate non-first-order timing models, their deployment requires well-controlled characterization techniques to cope with the complexity and scalability. We present a methodology by which timing variabilities in interconnects and nonlinear gates are translated efficiently into quadratic timing models suitable for accurate statistical timing analysis. Specific parameter reduction techniques are developed to control the characterization cost that is a function of number of variation sources. The proposed techniques are extensively demonstrated under the context of logic stage timing characterization involving interactions between logic gates and interconnects.
Prototypes in the wild lessons from three ubicomp systems

As we mentioned earlier, testing ubicomp applications in field settings is particularly important. And although the approaches we discussed here can help, it's still difficult to field test and maintain a fully implemented system. Thus, a need exists for tools that allow researchers to rapidly deploy ubicomp applications in field settings. These tools should have paper prototyping's positive characteristics (ease of creation and deployment) but should also be scalable and interactive. While some tools are emerging for rapid field testing much work remains to be done.
Stem cell therapy for chronic heart failure: an updated appraisal

Introduction: Significant advances have been made to understand the mechanisms involved in cardiac cell-based therapies. The early translational application of basic science knowledge has led to several animal and human clinical trials. The initial promising beneficial effect of stem cells on cardiac function restoration has been eclipsed by the inability of animal studies to translate into sustained clinical improvements in human clinical trials. Areas covered: In this review, the authors cover an updated overview of various stem cell populations used in chronic heart failure. A critical review of clinical trials conducted in advanced heart failure patients is proposed, and finally promising avenues for developments in the field of cardiac cell-based therapies are presented. Expert opinion: Several questions remain unanswered, and this limits our ability to understand basic mechanisms involved in stem cell therapeutics. Human studies have revealed critical unresolved issues. Further elucidation of the pr...
Metabolism of Bis(Tributyltin)Oxide by Estuarine Animals

A variety of estuarine animals, including crabs (Callinectes sapidus), fish (Leistomus canthurus) and shrimp (Penaeus aztecus), were able to metabolize TBTO which entered the animal via food or water. Hepatic tissues, fish intestine or crab stomach appeared to be important organs for metabolism of TBTO, while the gill, although an important organ for uptake via the water, did not appear to be important in TBTO metabolism. In vivo studies showed dibutyltin to be the major metabolite for these studies. The major TBTO metabolites when using microsomal preparations from fish liver or crab hepatopacreas were beta-hydroxybutyldibutltin and dibutyltin. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) showed only a limited ability to metabolize TBTO. The cytochrome P-450 dependent mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) system appeared to be the enzyme system responsible for the oxidation of TBTO in microsomes from fish liver and crab stomach. TBTO oxidation by crab stomach or fish liver microsomes required NADPH and oxygen and was inhibited by carbon monoxide.
Classification of Discourse Functions of Affirmative Words in Spoken Dialogue

Wepresentresultsofaseriesofmachinelearningexperi, mentsthataddresstheclassificationofthediscoursefunction� ofsingleaffirmativecuewordssuchas� alright,�okayand� mm-hminaspokendialoguecorpus.�Wesuggestthatasimple� discourse/sententialdistinctionisnotsufficientforsuch� wordsandproposetwoadditionalclassificationsub,tasks:� identifying�(a)�whethersuchwordsconveyacknowledgment� oragreement,�and�(b)�whethertheycuethebeginningorend� ofadiscoursesegment.�Wealsostudytheclassificationof� eachindividualwordintoitsmostcommondiscoursefunc, tions.� Weshowthatmodelsbasedoncontextualfeatures� extractedfromthetime,alignedtranscriptsapproachtheerror� rateoftrainedhumanaligners.� Index Terms:�cuewords,�discoursemarkers,�spokendialogue� systems.�