cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Doing Qualitative Research in Politics: Building Theory and Formulating Policy

Within the social sciences, a robust epistemological debate exists over how the study of social phenomena should be conducted in order to build empirical understanding and theoretical knowledge, and to inform policy making. In political science the result has been a tendency toward quantitative analysis, including large-n studies and formal models, given their purported relative strength in external validity. Qualitative researchers have been counseled to approximate the “scientific” approach, defined as following the conventions of quantitative models as closely as possible. Yet, many contextual and process-oriented research questions within political science are not conducive to quantitative analysis. In this introductory chapter, Kachuyevski and Samuel present the conceptual framework of the book, outlining both the validity and the utility of in-depth qualitative analysis, particularly in policy-relevant research.
FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine nab-paclitaxel for advanced pancreatic cancer: KU Cancer Center experience.

e15744Background: FOLFIRINOX (FFN) and Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (GN) have been established as first line chemotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer (PC). But there is no head-to-head randomi...
Repertoires of Collaboration and Conflict in Divergent Development Along the US-Mexico Border

This paper presents a new approach to the age-old problem of the underlying causes of economic development through a comparative case study of communities along the U.S.-Mexico border. It argues that McAllen-Reynosa's divergence from Brownsville-Matamoros post-NAFTA cannot be accounted for by established causes of economic growth. Drawing from data collected during a year of field research, including 101 semi-structured interviews and extensive documentary evidence, this paper explains variation in local development as a consequence of different community-level understandings of political collaboration and conflict ("repertoires").
Time-bandwidth limit and reciprocity in optical nanostructures (Conference Presentation)

The time-bandwidth limit refers to the trade-off between the time delay that can be applied to a signal as it travels through a device and its bandwidth. Recently, there have been several studies showing that this bound can be broken in nonreciprocal nano-structures, including nonreciprocal cavities and terminated unidirectional waveguides. Here, we explore the physical mechanisms involved in these structures, and explore the opportunities offered by non-reciprocal elements to control the delay applied to an impinging signal.
Air Vehicle Target Recognition with Jammer Nulling Adaptive Waveforms in Cognitive Radar Using High-Fidelity RCS Responses

In this paper, we introduce two new jammer nulling transmit-adaptive waveforms applied to cognitive radar (CRr) framework for air vehicle (or aircraft) target response recognition in the presence of narrowband jammer noise and AWGN. The jammer nulling adaptive waveforms function as a countermeasure against narrowband jamming signals that disrupts the CRr platform's ability to classify the targets accurately when utilizing jammer-uncompensated adaptive waveforms. The jammer nulling waveforms are derived based on optimizing signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) and mutual information (MI) metrics; while the adaptive waveforms are obtained by the jammer incorporated probability-weighted energy (PWE) or probability-weighted spectral density (PWSD) method. High-fidelity EM simulated radar cross section (RCS) responses of aircraft targets are utilized to investigate the performance of jammer nulling adaptive waveforms. The results from simulations show an improvement in jamming nulling SINR and MI-based waveforms' classification performance over their jammer-uncompensated counterparts and the receive-adaptive wideband pulsed waveform. The increase in classification performance depends on the target frequency responses and the narrowband jammer spectrum profile.
Adaptive Fuzzy Fault Accommodation of Uncertain Complex Dynamical Networks with Nonlinear Couplings

This paper is considered with the adaptive fault accommodation problem for the uncertain complex networks with unknown fault and nonlinear couplings. It is assumed that the topology structure and coupling strength are all unknown. By combining the graph theory approach, the fuzzy logic theory and the adaptive method, a new adaptive fuzzy fault accommodation controller is constructed to ensure that the effect of the unknown fault and the system uncertainty can be eliminated completely. Furthermore, it is shown that the synchronization error of the networks can converge asymptotically to zero. Finally, one Chua's circuit example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.
Case report of prenatal bilateral cerebellar infarction: implications for social-behavioral functioning.

Objective: Complete prenatal cerebellar infarction is rare and few reports exist documenting developmental outcomes. We report outcome data on a child who sustained a stroke to the bilateral cerebe...
Design and Implementation of Cache Memory with Dual Unit Tile/Line Accessibility

In recent years, the increasing disparity between the data access speed of cache and processing speeds of processors has caused a major bottleneck in achieving high-performance 2-dimensional (2D) data processing, such as that in scientific computing and image processing. To solve this problem, this paper proposes new dual unit tile/line access cache memory based on a hierarchical hybrid Z-ordering data layout and multibank cache organization supporting skewed storage schemes. The proposed layout improves 2D data locality and reduces L1 cache misses and Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) misses efficiently and it is transformed from conventional raster layout by a simple hardware-based address translation unit. In addition, we proposed an aligned tile set replacement algorithm (ATSRA) for reduction of the hardware overhead in the tag memory of the proposed cache. Simulation results using Matrix Multiplication (MM) illustrated that the proposed cache with parallel unit tile/line accessibility can reduce both the L1 cache and TLB misses considerably as compared with conventional raster layout and Z-Morton order layout. The number of parallel load instructions for parallel unit tile/line access was reduced to only about one-fourth of the conventional load instruction. The execution time for parallel load instruction was reduced to about one-third of that required for conventional load instruction. By using 40 nm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, we combined the proposed cache with a SIMD-based data path and designed a 5 × 5 mm2 Large-Scale Integration (LSI) chip. The entire hardware overhead of the proposed ATSRA-cache was reduced to only 105% of that required for a conventional cache by using the ATSRA method.
Re-evaluating the impact of immigration on the U.S. rental housing market

Abstract Previous studies provide evidence that immigration increases housing prices and rents. To deal with endogenous location choices of immigrants, these studies often use a shift-share instrumental variable approach. This approach, however, fails to adequately account for the natural attraction of immigrants to cities with thriving economies. High-immigration cities provide more economic opportunities and thus exhibit persistently rising housing prices and rents. This paper improves upon the traditional empirical approach by explicitly controlling for initial city characteristics that lead to both increases in immigration and the evolution of rents. Results suggest that after controlling for endogenous sorting of immigrants, the positive effect of immigration on rents is attenuated. While the impact of immigrant inflows is smaller, an extension of the main results suggests the effects of immigration on rents remains larger than that of native inflows.
Overcoming Barriers: Practical Strategies to Assess Latinos Living in Low-Income Communities:

The value of community assessments depends on the researchers’ ability to reach a diverse and representative sample of participants. This process is particularly challenging when assessing the heal...
Energy Stable WENO Schemes of Arbitrary Order

A systematic approach for constructing Energy Stable Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (ESWENO) finite difference schemes of arbitrary order is presented. The new class of schemes is proven to be stable in the energy norm for both continuous and discontinuous solutions of systems of linear hyperbolic equations. We also present new weight functions and constraints on their parameters, which provide consistency and much faster convergence of the high-order ESWENO schemes to their underlying linear schemes. Furthermore, the improved weight functions guarantee that the ESWENO schemes are design-order accurate for smooth solutions with arbitrary number of vanishing derivatives and provide much better resolution near strong discontinuities than the conventional counterparts. Numerical results show that the new ESWENO schemes are stable and significantly outperform the corresponding WENO schemes of Jiang and Shu in terms of accuracy, while providing essentially non-oscillatory solutions near strong discontinuities.
Cell Image Segmentation Using Generative Adversarial Networks, Transfer Learning, and Augmentations

We address the problem of segmenting cell contours from microscopy images of human induced pluripotent Retinal Pigment Epithelial stem cells (iRPE) using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Our goal is to compare the accuracy gains of CNN-based segmentation by using (1) un-annotated images via Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), (2) annotated out-of-bio-domain images via transfer learning, and (3) a priori knowledge about microscope imaging mapped into geometric augmentations of a small collection of annotated images. First, the GAN learns an abstract representation of cell objects. Next, this unsupervised learned representation is transferred to the CNN segmentation models which are further fine-tuned on a small number of manually segmented iRPE cell images. Second, transfer learning is applied by pre-training a part of the CNN segmentation model with the COCO dataset containing semantic segmentation labels. The CNN model is then adapted to the iRPE cell domain using a small set of annotated iRPE cell images. Third, augmentations based on geometrical transformations are applied to a small collection of annotated images. All these approaches to training CNN-based segmentation model are compared to a baseline CNN model trained on a small collection of annotated images. For very small annotation counts, the results show accuracy improvements up to 20 % by the best approach in comparison to the accuracy achieved using a baseline U-Net model. For larger annotation counts these approaches asymptotically approach the same accuracy.
A Powerful Retrospective Multiple Variant Association Test for Quantitative Traits by Borrowing Strength from Complex Genotypic Correlations

High-throughput sequencing has often been used in pedigree-based studies to identify genetic risk factors associated with complex traits. The genotype data in such studies exhibit complex correlations attributed to both familial relation and linkage disequilibrium. Accounting for these genotypic correlations can improve power for assessing the contribution of multiple genomic loci. However, due to model restrictions, existing multiple variant association testing methods cannot make efficient use of the correlation information appropriately. Recognizing this limitation, we develop PC-ABT, a novel principal-component-based adaptive-weight burden test for gene-based association mapping of quantitative traits. This method uses a retrospective score test to incorporate genotypic correlations, and employs “data-driven” weights to obtain maximized test statistic. In addition, by adjusting the number of principal components that essentially reveals the effective number of tests in the target gene region, PC-ABT is able to reduce the degree of freedom of the null distribution to improve power. Simulation studies show that PC-ABT is generally more powerful than other multiple variant tests that allow related individuals. We illustrate the application of PC-ABT by a gene-based association analysis of systolic blood pressure using data from the NHLBI “Grand Opportunity” Exome Sequencing Project.
Fiber Bragg Grating Delay Lines for Wideband Self-Interference Cancellation

In-band full-duplex (IBFD) technology can enable future wireless systems to navigate the congested frequency spectrum by allowing them to detect users on both their current and adjacent channels. This is accomplished by incorporating techniques to sufficiently suppress each node’s self-interference, which becomes increasingly difficult when wide instantaneous bandwidths and realistic multipath environments are considered. RF cancellation is one of the key methods to mitigate this interference but has not previously been demonstrated for wideband-multipath scenarios. This article presents, for the first time, a unique analysis of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) delay lines for specific incorporation into a novel canceller architecture that can overcome these IBFD system limitations. The performance of an FBG-based prototype system with 80 taps is compared to a traditional RF canceller for a multipath interference channel with instantaneous bandwidths ranging from 10 to 1000 MHz centered at 2.5 GHz. The innovative FBG-based design was found to provide approximately 10 dB of additional cancellation for the 1000 MHz case, which demonstrates that FBGs can drastically improve cancellation performance for future IBFD systems.
A Sub-10-pJ/bit 5-Mb/s Magnetic Human Body Communication Transceiver

This article presents a transceiver designed to exploit the low path loss offered by magnetic human body communication (mHBC) toward ultra-efficient body area networking. A single-stage power oscillator is used to efficiently generate on–off-keying (OOK) modulated magnetic fields via body-worn coils that act as both resonant and magnetic-field-generating elements. To de-couple improved path loss yet reduced data-rate tradeoffs with increasing $Q$ of coils, a synchronous injection-locked kick-start circuit is proposed, enabling 5-Mb/s data at a carrier frequency of 40 MHz with $Q$ of ~50 and also providing dynamic frequency tuning to compensate normal inductor variation during motion. The receiver (RX) exploits the low path loss toward the design of a low-power sub-threshold-biased dynamic-threshold amplifier and envelope detector and successfully performs non-coherent demodulation of received OOK data. The transmitter and RX consume 18.56 and 6.3 $\mu \text{W}$ , which when including a 17.2- $\mu \text{W}$ crystal oscillator for the reference clock, results in an efficiency of 7.15 and 4.7 pJ/bit, respectively, when closing a link across the body.
Health and marital status of older Chinese couples and implications for intergenerational co-residence

Older individuals who are in poor health or who lack spousal support are in many ways vulnerable in contemporary China. Declines in family size, combined with improvements in life expectancy and the out-migration of young adults from rural areas, have reduced the pool of potential care-givers for a growing number of older individuals. At the same time, state support for elderly people remains inadequate, further emphasising families’ role in care provision. This paper uses couple-level panel data from the 2012, 2014 and 2016 China Family Panel Studies to examine whether older couples with health-care or other needs receive help in the form of intergenerational co-residence. Multinomial logistic regressions are used to examine factors associated with the intergenerational solidarity framework from the older parents’ perspective that could motivate co-residence. Results show that when mothers report activity limitations or poor word recall at baseline, or when at least one parent has activity limitations in both waves, the probability of co-residence in both waves increases. Further, when both parents have depression at baseline, or when a parent loses a spouse, the probability of transitioning to co-residence increases. Findings suggest that adult children in present-day China do respond to parental needs by living together. Nevertheless, going forward, the state will likely have to play a greater role in old-age care provision.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a paradoxical challenge to our nervous system: A polyvagal perspective

The spread of the SARSCov2 virus presents an unprecedented event that rapidly introduced widespread life threat, economic de-stabilization, and social isolation. The human nervous system is tuned to detect safety and danger, integrating body and brain responses via the autonomic nervous system. Polyvagal Theory provides a perspective to understand the impact of the pandemic on mental and physical health. This perspective highlights the important role of the state of the autonomic nervous system in exacerbating or dampening threat reactions to the pandemic. In addition, the theory alerts us to the impact of clinical history (e.g., trauma) on autonomic regulation as an important compounding risk factor lowering the threshold to behaviorally and physiologically destabilize in response to the pandemic. The theory provides a strategy to dampen the adverse reactions to threat (e.g., acute stress disorders) through portals of social engagement that evolved to downregulate defenses to promote calmness and connectedness.
Phase dynamics of nonequilibrium distributions of free electron-hole pairs in GaAs quantum wells

The elementary excitations of semiconductors are governed by quantum statistics and Coulomb correlation. Both the amplitude and the phase of their nonlinear optical polarization displays a complex temporal behavior. This was experimentally demonstrated by the observation of nonlinear dynamics of the instantaneous-frequency of coherent wave mixing resonant with excitons.1 However, the continuum-states, well above the band gap, are much more difficult to study because of the ultrafast relaxation of electrons and holes (e–h).2,3 In this paper we address for the first time the question of the phase dynamics in the continuum of states of quasi-free e–h.
Absolute Magnetometry with ^{3}He.

We report development of a highly accurate (parts per billion) absolute magnetometer based on $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ NMR. Optical pumping polarizes the spins, long coherence times provide high sensitivity, and the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ electron shell effectively isolates the nuclear spin providing accuracy limited only by corrections including materials, sample shape, and magnetization. Our magnetometer was used to confirm calibration, to 32 ppb, of the magnetic-field sensors used in recent measurements of the muon magnetic moment anomaly $({g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}2)$, which differs from the standard model by 2.4 ppm. With independent determination of the magnetic moment of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, this work will lead the way to a new absolute magnetometry standard.
The ubiquitous terpene geosmin is a warning chemical

Abstract Known as the smell of earth after rain, geosmin is an odorous terpene detectable by humans at picomolar concentrations. Geosmin production is heavily conserved in actinobacteria, myxobacteria, cyanobacteria, and some fungi, but its biological activity is poorly understood. We theorized that geosmin was an aposematic signal used to indicate the unpalatability of toxin-producing microbes, discouraging predation by eukaryotes. Consistent with this hypothesis we found that geosmin and the related terpene 2-methylisoborneol reduced predation of Streptomyces coelicolor and Myxococcus xanthus by the bacteriophagous Caenorhabditis elegans. Predation was restored by the removal of both terpene biosynthetic pathways or deletion of the C. elegans ASE sensory neuron, and resulted in the death of the nematodes. Geosmin itself was non-toxic. This is the first warning chemical to be identified in bacteria or fungi, and suggests molecular signalling affects microbial predator-prey interactions in a manner similar to the well-studied visual markers of poisonous animal prey.
Governments’ Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic

“COVID-19” or “the pandemic” is often referred to as a “novel Coronavirus” because almost everything about it has been startlingly new – “novel.” When COVID-19 was first identified late in 2019, sc...
Seduction, Aggression, and Frenchness in LA VIE PARISIENNE (1914–1918):

The article retraces how the notion of cultural singularity in sexuality was constructed and weaponized in the most popular French illustrated periodical of the First World War. It argues that La V...
When leaders are marketers: a duality perspective on the effect of openness to experience on marketing behaviors and the moderating role of bottom-line mentality

While research has considered the effects of CEO and top-management team members’ characteristics on strategic initiatives (e.g. marketing), less research has examined when non-executive leaders directly contribute to these initiatives. In this research, drawing from the duality framework on leader characteristics, we examine how leader openness to experience is associated with their increased engagement in marketing behaviors (e.g. recruiting new customers). Across two field studies, including an exploratory sample of small business owners and a sample of non-executive leaders in the outpatient physical therapy industry, we find that openness to experience was related to leaders’ likelihood of executing marketing functions. Additionally, this relationship was weakened when leaders had a primary focus on short-term financial outcomes (i.e., high bottom-line mentality). We further link marketing to unit-level performance in a subsample of Study 2, suggesting that non-executive leaders’ marketing behaviors can impact objective organizational performance.
Fundamental Immunogenetics—Their Application to Histocompatibility12

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the fundamentals of immunogenetics and their application to histocompatibility. This chapter focuses on the basic principles underlying the genetic control of transplantation antigens and on the methods used both to detect these antigens and to analyze the data obtained with the various methods. Antigens are histocompatibility antigens if they can be related to graft rejection. In the absence of treatment protocols designed to delay or prevent graft rejection, any histocompatibility antigen will lead to graft rejection if the antigen is present on donor tissue and absent from the host. Some histocompatibility differences are probably present in all donor-recipient combinations, with the exception of identical twins in man and inbred strains in other animal species.
Fatigue effect on the I-V characteristics of sol-gel derived PZT thin films

The effect of fatigue on sol-gel-derived PZT (lead zirconate titanate) thin films were analyzed using the I-V measurement method. Under bipolar stress, polarization reduction was correlated with a decrease in the switching current and an increase in the leakage current. Neither a significant decrease in the polarization nor an increase in the leakage current was observed under unipolar stress. The fatigue effects are explained by an increase in the space-charge regions near the electrodes or oxygen-deficient dendrite growth. A static I-V measurement method for ferroelectric thin films was developed to distinguish the leakage current from the switching current. The initial polarization state and the exponential decay behavior of the switching current were considered in this method. >
Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. Proteolytic modification of biotin carboxyl carrier protein.

Abstract The biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) component of Escherichia coli acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase has been previously isolated in multiple active forms, ranging in molecular weight from 45,000 to 9,100. Since the apparent native form of BCCP is the largest of these species, the isolation of the small forms was attributed to proteolysis during the purification procedures employed. We have now shown that native BCCP is very susceptible to subtilisin hydrolysis. Limited proteolysis of crude or purified preparations of native BCCP with subtilisin Carlsberg produces a mixture of BCCP species analogous to those previously noted. After more extensive proteolysis with subtilisin Carlsberg, all the intermediate forms are converted to a small form of BCCP, termed BCCP(sc), which we have isolated in milligram quantities and compared with BCCP(9100), the smallest form of BCCP previously isolated (mol wt 9100). Purified BCCP(sc) was found to be homogeneous by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence or absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and in both gel systems it was indistinguishable from BCCP(9100), indicating the similarity in size and charge between the two proteins. From isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, an isoelectric point of approximately 4.5 was determined for both BCCP(sc) and BCCP(9100). The amino acid composition of BCCP(sc) (80 amino acid residues, including 1 half-cystine residue) was identical with that of BCCP(9100), except that BCCP(9100) contains 2 additional alanine residues. The single sulfhydryl residue in either protein was titratable with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) only when denaturants such as 8 m urea or 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate were added. The biotin content of both proteins is consistent with the presence of 1 biotin residue per molecule. BCCP(sc) was active as a carboxyl acceptor and donor in the biotin carboxylase and transcarboxylase reactions of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In each of these reactions a Km of approximately 3 x 10-5 m was determined for BCCP(sc), compared with a value of 2.5 x 10-5 m for BCCP(9100). Vmax values for the two proteins in these reactions were essentially identical. When BCCP(10400) (96 amino acid residues; mol wt 10400), previously isolated along with BCCP(9100) from a mixture of small BCCP species, was treated with subtilisin Carlsberg, it was quantitatively hydrolyzed to a species of BCCP identical with BCCP(sc). BCCP(sc) and BCCP(9100) are resistant to further proteolysis at 37° and pH 8 by high concentrations of subtilisin as well as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thermolysin, lending support to the idea that these small forms represent a stable "core" peptide in native BCCP. Efforts to isolate the peptide fragment lacking biotin from subtilisin-treated BCCP have been unsuccessful, suggesting that it is rapidly degraded by subtilisin.
The adolescent varicocele. II: the incidence of hydrocele and delayed recurrent varicocele after varicocelectomy in a long-term follow-up.

Objective To determine, in adolescent boys after varicocelectomy, the incidence of hydroceles, when they develop and whether the development is procedure-related. Patients and methods The records were retrospectively reviewed of 77 boys who underwent 95 varicocelectomies and had an examination at 6 months after surgery. Fifty-six patients underwent a standard Palomo procedure (45 left and 11 bilateral) and 21 a modified Ivanissevich repair (14 left and seven bilateral). The mean (range) age of the patients at surgery was 14.1 (10–22) years and the mean follow-up 25.5 (6–84) months. Results Of the 67 Palomo varicocelectomies 19 (24%) were complicated by hydroceles after surgery, compared with four of 28 (14%) Ivanissevich procedures (P = 0.034). Of the Ivanissevich repairs, none of the 14 unilateral repairs developed hydroceles. Three hydroceles (one bilateral and one left) developed in two of seven patients after bilateral varicocelectomy. Of the Palomo repairs, 12 of 45 unilateral repairs were complicated by hydroceles, and seven developed in five of 11 patients after bilateral varicocelectomy. Although more hydroceles developed after bilateral varicocelectomy, there was no significant difference from the unilateral group. However, patients who developed hydroceles after bilateral varicocelectomy were more likely to require hydrocelectomy (P = 0.013, Fisher's exact test), implying that hydroceles developing after bilateral repair tend to be larger. Of the hydroceles, two were detected in the first 6 months after surgery, nine at 6–12 months, three at 13–18 months, five at 19–24 months and four at > 2 years after surgery. Three patients had late varicocele recurrence, i.e. 15, 37 and 76 months after surgery; these patients had not had varicoceles on palpation after surgery at 3, 14 and 63 months, respectively. Conclusion Hydroceles are detected infrequently within 6 months of varicocelectomy, with most occurring after 6 months and even appearing after 3 years. They occur significantly more often after a Palomo repair. More hydroceles develop after bilateral repair regardless of the technique used, but not significantly so. Because hydroceles often develop, a lymphatic-sparing procedure should be used, especially for bilateral repair. Recurrent varicoceles may appear as late as 76 months after varicocelectomy in patients where none had been detected at a mean of 27 months after surgery.
Minority Group‐Affiliation Hypothesis

The minority group-affiliation hypothesis contends that when a bilingual person is speaking the language of his or her minority group, that person will be more likely to behave in a manner that perpetuates the majority culture's stereotypes of the minority group. In other words, a bilingual person will adopt the stereotypical behaviors of the minority group when he or she is speaking the language associated with that group . Keywords: linguistics; Sapir, Edward; Whorf, Benjamin
Non-isothermal Crystallization of UHMWPE

Processing of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) parts involves non-isothermal cooling leading to crystallinity variations, which cause variations in the mechanical properties. Study of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of UHMWPE forms the basis for process modelling. The crystallization of UHMWPE was studied at seven different cooling rates. The crystallization onset and peak temperatures were linearly related to the cooling rate. The crystallization of UHMWPE was concluded to be a nucleation dominated process with small contribution from growth of nuclei. Differences in ultimate crystallinity (≈11%) were produced due to different cooling rates. A significant portion of the change in ultimate crystallinity occurred at lower cooling rates (<6°C min−1). At higher cooling rates (6–22°C min−1) the change in ultimate crystallinity was insignificant.
Prevention of Treatment Failure: The Use of Measuring, Monitoring, and Feedback in Clinical Practice

Empirical evidence shows that treatment failure is a significant problem and one that practitioners routinely overlook. A substantial minority of patients either fail to gain a benefit from the treatments offered to them, or they outright worsen by the time they leave treatment. Intervening in a timely fashion with such individuals cannot occur if practitioners are unaware of which cases are likely to have this outcome. Prevention of Treatment Failure describes procedures and techniques that can be used by clinical practitioners and administrators to identify patients who are at risk for treatment failure. The book summarizes evidence that convincingly shows that a shift in routine care is needed, and that such a shift can be accomplished easily through integrating specific methods of monitoring patient treatment response on a frequent basis in routine care. Treatment response is placed in the context of historical views of healthy functioning and operationalized through the use of brief self-report scales. Providing alert-signals to therapists, along with problem-solving tools, is suggested as an evidence-based practice that substantially reduces patient deterioration and increases the chances of the return to normal functioning. The book also provides illustrations on how accumulated data resulting from monitoring patient treatment response can be used to improve systems of care.
Winding Around: The Winding Number in Topology, Geometry, and Analysis

Prelude: Love, hate, and exponentials Paths and homotopies The winding number Topology of the plane Integrals and the winding number Vector fields and the rotation number The winding number in functional analysis Coverings and the fundamental group Coda: The Bott periodicity theorem Linear algebra Metric spaces Extension and approximation theorems Measure zero Calculus on normed spaces Hilbert space Groups and graphs Bibliography Index
Polymer modified mixed metal alkoxide-metal acetyl acetonate sol-gel materials

Metal acetyl acetonates of aluminum, zirconium and zinc have been successfully incorporated into poly (tetramethylene oxide) modified TEOS based materials using sol-gel chemistry. Incorporation of these metal acetyl acetonates required modification of the reaction scheme developed earlier to incorporate titanium(IV) isopropoxide. Gelation rates and the physical properties of the subsequent gelled materials varied as a function of the metal acetyl acetonate used.
Why Do So Many Latina Teens Attempt Suicide? A Conceptual Model for Research.

Rates of suicide attempts among adolescent Latinas have been reported to be higher than for their non-Hispanic counterparts. Yet researchers know very little about the attempts, their antecedents, and why the girls attempt suicide. Latina girls have been included in research on suicidal adolescents and typically show higher rates of attempts relative to similar psychopathology when compared with other young women. A few small studies have focused on Latinas, but none have explored why suicide attempt rates are higher. The authors constructed a conceptual model to provide a formulation of this phenomenon on the basis of a review of the literature on suicide attempts among Latinas and their clinical experience. This model can serve as a framework to guide research on the unique sociocultural processes present in Latina adolescent suicide attempts and may also benefit the work of clinicians.
Light induced transport and delocalization in transparent amorphous systems

Abstract We show that intense nonresonant light fields such as those present in optical fiber may cause localized electronic states to become extended. A threshold criteria is derived for the effect and its implications for change transfer in glasses is discussed. In addition we show that such effects may be important for understanding the yet unexplained efficient second harmonic generation which occurs in germanosilicate optical fibers.
Organometallics And Organics For Nonlinear Optics: New Material For Second Harmonic Generation.

Nonlinear optical properties of molecules are currently under intensive investigation. Extensive research has been done on finding inorganic and organic molecules which possess large second order polarizabilities while organometallic molecules remain virtually unexplored. We will present our work on the use of M(PEt3)2(X) (M = Pd, Pt; X = Br, I) as donors in donor-acceptor benzene systems to yield material suitable for second harmonic generation (SHG). We will also discuss our work on new organic compounds suitable for second harmonic generation.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tissue-specific Translation of Murine Branched-chain α-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Kinase mRNA Is Dependent upon an Upstream Open Reading Frame in the 5′-Untranslated Region

The committed step in the pathway for leucine, isoleucine, and valine catabolism is catalyzed by branchedchain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD). This multienzyme complex is itself regulated through reversible subunit phosphorylation by a specific kinase (BCKD-kinase). Although BCKD is present in the mitochondria of all mammalian cells, BCKD-kinase has a tissue-specific pattern of expression. Various experimental, nutritional, and hormonal conditions have been used to alter the expression of BCKD-kinase, yet little is known regarding the regulation of basal BCKD-kinase expression under normal conditions including the mechanism of its tissue specificity in any organism. Here we use tissuederived cultured cells to explore the mechanisms used to control BCKD-kinase expression. Whereas the amount of BCKD-kinase protein is significantly higher in mitochondria from C2C12 myotubes than in BNL Cl.2 liver cells, gene transcription and stability of BCKD-kinase mRNA share similar properties in these two cell types. Our results show that the amount of protein synthesized is regulated at the level of translation of BCKD-kinase mRNA and that an upstream open reading frame in the 5′-untranslated region of this transcript controls its translation. The location and putative 19-residue peptide are conserved in the mouse, rat, chimpanzee, and human genes. Likewise, gene structure of mouse, chimpanzee, and human BCKD-kinase is conserved, whereas the rat gene has lost intron 9.
Electronic structure of Re2Cl82

Abstract The multiple scattering Xα method has been used to calculate the ordering of both occupied and unoccupied one-electron energy states of Re 3 Cl 8 2− . Single crystal polarized electronic spectra of [( n -C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 2 [Re 2 Cl 8 ] have been measured at 5 K. Principal band maxima are observed at 14 180 ( z ), 30870 ( xy ), and 39 215 ( z ) cm −1 . The calculation, observed polarizations, and a comparison of band positions in Re 2 Cl 8 2− and Re 2 Br 8 2− suggest the following transition assignments for the former complex: 14 180 cm −1 , b 2g δ → b 1u δ*; 30 870 cm −1 , e g → b 1u δ*; 39 215 cm −1 , e u π → e g π*.
A packing problem for parallelepipeds

Abstract This article discusses finite sets of disjoint, closed, axis-parallel parallelepipeds (“boxes”) in 3-space which have the property that their projections on the coordinate planes each fill a rectangle. Omitting the trivial case of just one box, then it is proved that 12 boxes are necessary and sufficient to form such a set. The minimal solution is described in detail.
An experimental and theoretical study of the pneumatic tonometer

Abstract An engineering study of the principles of pneumatic applanation tonometry is presented and used to interpret data taken with pressurized rubber diaphragms used as eye simulators. The study is restricted to a specific model which allows the normal loads on the membrane to be simply specified; this restriction conveniently separates fluid and membrane mechanics. The cornea is taken as a simple membrane subjected to both tension and bending moments; arguments are presented to show that tension forces should predominate in most cases of interest. The result is a simple analytical expression relating probe pressure, intraocular pressure, flow rate, and probe geometry, which is confirmed experimentally. Limiting restrictions on probe size and membrane rigidity are discussed.
Reaction of the molybdenum- and copper-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Oligotropha carboxydovorans with quinones.

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) from Oligotropha carboxydovorans catalyzes the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, providing the organism both a carbon source and energy for growth. In the oxidative half of the catalytic cycle, electrons gained from CO are ultimately passed to the electron transport chain of the Gram-negative organism, but the proximal acceptor of reducing equivalents from the enzyme has not been established. Here we investigate the reaction of the reduced enzyme with various quinones and find them to be catalytically competent. Benzoquinone has a kox of 125.1 s−1 and a Kd of 48 μM. Ubiquinone-1 has a kox/Kd value of 2.88 × 105 M−1 s−1. 1,4-Naphthoquinone has a kox of 38 s−1 and a Kd of 140 μM. 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid has a kox/Kd of 1.31 × 105 M−1 s−1. An extensive effort to identify a cytochrome that could be reduced by CO/CODH was unsuccessful. Steady-state studies with benzoquinone indicate that the rate-limiting step is in the reductive half of the reactio...
Superficiality and the Dimensionality of Sexism

Good measurement of sexism depends on a determination of the dimensionality of this attitude, as well as on reliability and validity. Separate scales would need to be constructed for each of several distinct dimensions. If only one dimension exists, however, the best scale would sample from many areas along this dimension. Four studies investigat ed the dimensionality of sexism and the nature of the dimensions to assure that none represents superficial responding. A single, general attitude seems justified by the results: (1) transparent, easily distinguished pairs yield the same score as easily confused pairs in a forced-choice instrument; (2) fe males score higher, as do whites and non-singles; (3) feminists have higher scores but equal variances; (4) in the four separate samples only one factor is replicated.
Umbilical cord blood pH after prior cesarean delivery.

Abstract Objective: To determine the mean umbilical arterial (UA) pH and incidence of UA pH less than 7.10 in infants born to women with histories of prior cesareans. Methods: Three groups were studied retrospectively. Elective repeat cesarean ( n = 113), cesarean after labor ( n = 58), and successful vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) ( n = 135). Comparisons were made across all groups and between elective cesarean and patients who labored. Results: The mean UA pH values were 7.22 for elective cesarean, 7.20 for cesarean after labor, and 7.24 for VBAC ( P = .04). Among the patients who had elective cesareans, 11 (10%) of 110 had a UA pH of less than 7.10, compared with 11 (6%) of 185 among patients who labored, P = .25, odds ratio 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.22, 1.47. Conclusion: Comparing neonates who underwent trials of labor with those delivered by cesarean, there was no significant difference in the percentage with UA pH values less than 7.10, suggesting vaginal delivery after previous cesarean does not have a deleterious effect on umbilical cord gases. However, our sample size precluded us from examining lower cut points for UA pH, which are of greater clinical significance. Therefore, these results should be interpreted cautiously until confirmed by other studies.
Chromosome 14 alteration is associated with increased collagenase expression and the metastatic potential of murine melanomas

The purpose of this study was to correlate abnormalities in chromosome 14 with the invasive metastatic phenotype of K-1735 murine melanoma cells. Low metastatic K-1735 clone 10 and clone 23 cells were transfected with either basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), Kaposi's fibroblast growth factor (kFGF), or c-H-ras gene. A high number of bFGF- and H-ras-transfected cells exhibited chromosome 14 rearrangements. These cells also had increased expression of collagenase IV. The kFGF-transfected cells were highly metastatic but did not have increased expression of collagenase type IV, nor abnormalities in chromosome 14. The data imply that karyotypic changes in chromosome 14 are associated with increase expression of collagenase type IV.
GAVA: Spectral simulation for in vivo MRS applications

An application that provides a flexible and easy to use interface to the GAMMA spectral simulation package is described that is targeted at investigations using in vivo MR spectroscopic methods. The program makes available a number of widely used spatially localized MRS pulse sequences and NMR parameters for commonly observed tissue metabolites, enabling spectra to be simulated for any pulse sequence parameter and viewed in an integrated display. The application is interfaced with a database for storage of all simulation parameters and results of the simulations. This application provides a convenient method for generating a priori spectral information used in parametric spectral analyses and for visual examination of the effects of difference pulse sequences and parameter settings.
Isolation and characterization of diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) hydrolase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe

An enzyme that catalyzes the asymmetric hydrolysis of Ap4A has been partially purified from the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The crude supernatant fraction from log-phase cells was fractionated by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Red A dye-ligand and QAE-Sepharose resins. Two peaks of Ap4A hydrolase activity, designated major and minor, were separated on the Red A dye-ligand resin. Both the major and minor Ap4A hydrolase have an apparent molecular mass of 49 kDa based on gel filtration chromatography. On a SDS polyacrylamide gel, a protein of 22 kDa exhibited Ap4A hydrolase activity. Both forms of the enzyme have a Km value in the range of 22 to 36 microM for Ap4A. Both forms of the enzyme asymmetrically hydrolyze Ap4A to AMP and ATP as determined by HPLC. Ap4A is the optimal substrate among several nucleotides and dinucleoside polyphosphates tested at 10 microM. A divalent metal cation is required for activity. Concentrations of Pi below 30 mM stimulate Ap4A hydrolase while higher concentrations inhibit the activity. Pi is not a substrate for this Ap4A-degradative enzyme. Fluoride, from 50 microM to 20 mM, has no significant effect on Ap4A hydrolase activity.
Optics with Gain: Fresnel Reflection, Lenserf Reflection, and Evanescent Waveguide Gain

Stop by this poster to learn about Lenserf reflection and argue about whether amplified total internal reflection and evanescent gain really exist (they don't, despite many supportive publications).
A Perspective on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation

Some patients develop atrial fibrillation after any type of surgery, some patients develop atrial fibrillation only after cardiac surgery, and still other patients never develop postoperative atrial fibrillation. Despite the inherent difficulty in identifying the causes of postoperative atrial fibrillation, several important observations have been made during the recent past that may play a role in treating or even preventing this common and serious postoperative problem. This communication provides a framework within which the problem of postoperative atrial fibrillation can be evaluated and treated.
AIDS care in six Washington, D.C. area hospices: Satisfaction and stresses among professional caregivers.

One-hundred and forty-eight professionals from six Washington D.C. area hospices responded to a questionnaire regarding satisfactions and stresses in AIDS patient care. Follow-up interviews were conducted among 22 of these respondents. Data analysis using descriptive statistics for the questionnaire data and a thematic, phenomenographic approach for the interview data led to the following conclusions: (1) Key satisfactions arose from providing high quality physical and emotional care. Stresses arose from factors which impede good care, from difficulties in patients' support network, and from concerns about infection. (2) Agreement with hospice philosophy, supportive colleagues, and spiritual beliefs heightened satisfaction and mitigated stress. (3) Professionals used multiple, healthy coping strategies to reduce stress. (4) Increased self-knowledge, learning about human differences and needs, and positive changes in personal goals occurred among professionals who perceived these to be a direct, positive effect of caring for AIDS patients.