cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of molecular weight distributions in native and pretreated wood

The analysis of native wood components by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is challenging. Isolation, derivatization and solubilization of wood polymers is required prior to the analysis. The present approach allowed the determination of molecular weight distributions of the carbohydrates and of lignin in native and processed woods, without preparative component isolation steps. For the first time a component selective SEC analysis of sawdust preparations was made possible by the combination of two selective derivatization methods, namely; ionic liquid assisted benzoylation of the carbohydrate fraction and acetobromination of the lignin in acetic acid media. These were optimized for wood samples. The developed method was thus used to examine changes in softwood samples after degradative mechanical and/or chemical treatments, such as ball milling, steam explosion, green liquor pulping, and chemical oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). The methodology can also be applied to examine changes in molecular weight and lignin-carbohydrate linkages that occur during wood-based biorefinery operations, such as pretreatments, and enzymatic saccharification.
“We Shall Pass Imperceptibly through Every Barrier”: Reading Jeanette Winterson's Trans-formative Romance

ABSTRACT Reading the narrator of Jeanette Winterson's Written on the Body as transgendered, this article outlines how this approach more accurately accounts for the ambiguity at the heart of the narrator's characterization. Further, it enables a more complex understanding of Winterson's critique and revision of romantic discourse, fleshing out her conceptualization of the language of love as a kind of textual touching. Through this interpretive model, a transgender gaze emerges.
Lack of Abuse Potential in a Highly Selective Dopamine D3 Agonist, PF-592,379, in Drug Self-Administration and Drug Discrimination in Rats

Dopamine D3-preferring agonists are commonly used to treat Parkinson’s disease and restless leg syndrome; however, laboratory animal studies suggest that they may possess a moderate abuse potential. These studies aimed to compare the highly selective, full D3 agonist PF-592,379 to the less selective
Law & Psychiatry: SSRIs, Suicide, and Liability for Failure to Warn of Medication Risks

When can pharmaceutical companies be held liable for failure to disclose medication risks—such as the link between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suicidality of young people? The companies have claimed that Food and Drug Administration approval of labeling information, required by federal law, should preempt liability in state courts. Thus injured patients would either be left without recourse or be compelled to sue the clinicians who prescribed the medication. A recent U.S. Supreme Court decision, however, rejected the preemption defense and opened the door to patients' suits that seek compensation. This column explores the application of this new approach and its implications for the mental health professions. (Psychiatric Services 62:347–349, 2011)
Genetic dissection of the methylcytosine-specific restriction system mcrB of Escherichia coli K-12.

We have previously cloned an 8-kb BamHI fragment carrying mcrB. We now set out to determine how many genes make up the mcrB locus
Chromosome arm 16q in Wilms tumors: unbalanced chromosomal translocations, loss of heterozygosity, and assessment of the CTCF gene.

Chromosome arm 16q is a common site of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in Wilms tumors (WTs). The mechanism and consequences of 16q LOH are not known, but the CTCF gene, in band 16q22, is a candidate target gene. CTCF protein binds to DNA upstream of the H19 gene on chromosome band 11p15, and maintains normal imprinting of H19 and IGF2. Thus, its loss might predispose to de novo methylation of the maternal allele of H19 and loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF2 in WTs. We mapped Chr16 LOH in WTs and correlated this with unbalanced chromosomal translocations and histopathology. We also analyzed the CTCF gene for its mRNA and protein expression and DNA sequence, and we investigated correlations with methylation of H19(mat). In our series, unbalanced t(1;16) chromosomal translocations were a major pathway for Chr16 loss of heterozygosity, and this LOH was correlated significantly with tumor anaplasia. CTCF mapped in the minimal region of Chr16 LOH. However, we found no correlation between Chr16 LOH, or loss of CTCF mRNA or protein, and methylation of H19(mat). Some WTs contained reduced amounts of CTCF protein, but among these were cases with and without H19(mat) methylation. Rare WTs with simultaneous 16q LOH and H19(mat) methylation lacked CTCF mutations. These data argue against the CTCF gene as a target of Chr16 LOH in WTs, but leave open the possibility that post-transcriptional loss of CTCF protein may account for some instances of LOI.
Stress Intensity Factor Influence Coefficients for External Surface Flaws in Boiling Water Reactor Pressure Vessels

Over the service life of a nuclear power plant, the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) may undergo many cool-down and heat-up thermal-hydraulic transients associated with, for example, scheduled refueling outages and other normal operational transients, or even possible overcooling transients. These thermal-hydraulic events can act on postulated surface flaws in BWRs and therefore impose potential risk on the structure integrity of Reactor Pressure Vessels (RPVs). Internal surface flaws are of interest for the BWRs under overcooling accidental scenarios, while external surface flaws are more vulnerable when the BWRs are subjected to heat-up transients. Stress Intensity Factor Influence Coefficient (SIFIC) databases for application to linear elastic fracture mechanics analyses of BWR pressure vessels which typically have an internal radius to wall thickness ratio (Ri /t) between 15 and 20 were developed for external surface breaking flaws. This paper presents three types of surface flaws necessary in fracture analyses of BWRs: (1) finite-length external surface flaws with aspect ratio of 2, 6, and 10. (2) infinite-length axial external surface flaws; and (3) 360° circumferential external surface flaws. These influence coefficients have been implemented and validated in the FAVOR fracture mechanics code developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Although these SIFIC databases were developed in application to RPVs subjected to thermal-hydraulic transients, they could also be applied to RPVs under other general loading conditions.© 2009 ASME
Locked knee during pregnancy

An acutely locked knee is a painful and debilitating orthopaedic condition usually caused by a loose body or bucket-handle meniscal tear that requires surgery to remove or repair. We describe 2 cases of acute locking of the knee that occurred during pregnancy. Both patients underwent urgent arthroscopic treatment under spinal anesthesia without complication to the patient or fetus. Concerns regarding surgery during pregnancy revolve around the safety for the mother and fetus. Although local and regional anesthetics are safe with proper management, there is a slightly increased risk of spontaneous abortion when general anesthesia is used, especially in the first trimester. Although purely elective surgery is never recommended during pregnancy, arthroscopic knee surgery can be performed safely in emergency situations with proper planning by a coordinated team including the surgeon, anesthesiologist, and obstetrician.
Partial inhibition of estrogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats by tamoxifen: balance between oxidant stress and estrogen responsiveness.

Epidemiological and experimental evidences strongly support the role of estrogens in breast tumor development. Both estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms are implicated in estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator is widely used as chemoprotectant in human breast cancer. It binds to ERs and interferes with normal binding of estrogen to ERs. In the present study, we examined the effect of long-term tamoxifen treatment in the prevention of estrogen-induced breast cancer. Female ACI rats were treated with 17β-estradiol (E2), tamoxifen or with a combination of E2 and tamoxifen for eight months. Tissue levels of oxidative stress markers 8-iso-Prostane F2α (8-isoPGF2α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and oxidative DNA damage marker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were quantified in the mammary tissues of all the treatment groups and compared with age-matched controls. Levels of tamoxifen metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450s as well as estrogen responsive genes were also quantified. At necropsy, breast tumors were detected in 44% of rats co-treated with tamoxifen+E2. No tumors were detected in the sham or tamoxifen only treatment groups whereas in the E2 only treatment group, the tumor incidence was 82%. Co-treatment with tamoxifen decreased GPx and catalase levels; did not completely inhibit E2-mediated oxidative DNA damage and estrogen-responsive genes monoamine oxygenase B1 (MaoB1) and cell death inducing DFF45 like effector C (Cidec) but differentially affected the levels of tamoxifen metabolizing enzymes. In summary, our studies suggest that although tamoxifen treatment inhibits estrogen-induced breast tumor development and increases the latency of tumor development, it does not completely abrogate breast tumor development in a rat model of estrogen-induced breast cancer. The inability of tamoxifen to completely inhibit E2-induced breast carcinogenesis may be because of increased estrogen-mediated oxidant burden.
Kinetics of the association reaction of SO2 with the hydroxyl radical

Abstract Utilizing a steady-state photolysis technique, the rates of the (associative) oxidation of SO 2 via the hydroxyl free radical were measured over the pressure range 20 to 1000 Torr. With nitrogen as a third body, the third- order rate constant is found to be 1.6 X 10 −31 cm 6 molecule −2 s −1 at 297°K. At the same temperature and a total pressure of 760 Torr, the effective second-order rate constant is 6.0 X 10 −13 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . The third-order rate constant increases with decreasing temperature; the activation energy for the reaction is −2.8 kcal/mol.
Developmental appearance and disappearance of cortical events and oscillations in infant rats.

Until recently, organized and state-dependent neocortical activity in infant rats was thought to commence with the emergence of delta waves at postnatal day (P)11. This view is changing with the discovery of several forms of cortical activity that are detectible soon after birth, including spindle bursts (SBs) and slow activity transients (SATs). Here we provide further evidence of surprisingly rich cortical activity patterns during early development and document, in P5-P13 rats, the appearance, disappearance, and transient expression of three cortical events and oscillations. EEG activity in frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices was recorded in unanesthetized, head-fixed subjects using 16-channel laminar silicon electrodes and Ag-AgCl electrodes. In addition to SATs, we identified two novel forms of activity: cortical sharp potentials (CSPs) and gamma bursts (GBs). SBs were not observed in these areas. CSPs, defined as discrete, biphasic events with a duration of 250 ms, exhibited an inverted-U developmental trajectory with peak prevalence at P9. In contrast, GBs, defined as brief bursts of 40-Hz activity, increased steadily in prevalence and duration from P5 through P13. The prevalence of SATs decreased steadily across the ages tested here. Furthermore, both CSPs and GBs were more likely to occur during sleep than during wakefulness. Because SATs, CSPs, and GBs exhibit different developmental trajectories and rates of occurrence, and can occur independently of each other, they appear to be distinct patterns of neuronal activity. We hypothesize that these diverse patterns of neurophysiological activity reflect the instantaneous local structure and connectivity of the developing neocortex.
Line-of-sight absorption measurements of high temperature gases with thermal and concentration boundary layers.

The effect of thermal and concentration boundary layers on experimental data must be well understood for a successful diagnostic measurement of quasi-uniform high-temperature gases using line-of-sight absorption spectroscopy. In this paper, an energy–temperature curve is proposed to assist in selection of candidate absorption lines. Two techniques, the effective absorption path length method and the direct curve–fit method, are proposed to extract absolute concentrations from absorption data obtained in the presence of boundary layers.
EFFECTS OF HOST AND SPATIAL FACTORS ON A HAEMOPROTEID COMMUNITY IN MOURNING DOVES FROM WESTERN TEXAS

Two species of hematozoa, Haemoproteus columbae and H. sacharovi, were observed on thin blood smears from populations of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) in the Rolling Plains (RP, a semiarid dryland farming and grazing area) and Southern High Plains (SHP, an intensively cultivated and irrigated agricultural region with playa lakes) of western Texas (USA). Prevalences of H. columbae and H. sacharovi were 91 and 18% in doves from the RP (n = 44 doves examined) and 81 and 36% in those from thte SHP (n = 84), respectively. Although the prevalences of these species were not significantly different between the RP and SHP, the prevalence of H. sacharovi was significantly greater in juvenile versus adult doves from both localities. Mixed infections of both haemoproteid species occurred in 11 and 24% of the doves from the RP and SHP, respectively. The frequency distributions of the relative density values (numbers of parasites/2,000 erythrocytes counted) of H. columbae and H. sacharovi were overdispersed in hosts from both localities. Relative densities of H. columbae were significantly higher in mourning doves from the RP versus the SHP; likewise those of H. sacharovi were significantly greater in juvenile versus adult doves and between localities. Observed differences in prevalence and relative density of the two species in the haemoproteid community across spatial and host variables may reflect differences in vector transmission and in the physiological and immunological status of the host. This study emphasizes the importance of using adequately quantified density data versus only prevalence data when examining microparasite communities at the component community level.
Philosophy and History in David Hume

Abstract In this paper, I argue that there is a recursive relationship between history and philosophy that provides the methodological basis for the moral (human) sciences in the work of David Hume. A grasp of Hume's use of history is integral to understanding his project which I believe to be the establishment of “moral science” (i.e., the social sciences) on an empirical basis by linking that history and philosophy as two sides of the same discourse about human beings.
Gis analysis of remotely sensed and field observation oceanographic data

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Ocean Environment Research Division established a geographic information system (GIS) for integrating multidisciplinary oceanographic data collected throughout the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Data collected by remote‐sensing techniques include satellite imagery of sea surface temperature, seafloor bathymetry derived from multibeam sonar systems, and environmental acoustic signals from bottom‐mounted and portable hydrophone arrays. Acoustic monitoring is directed at the detection and location of water‐borne signals of seafloor earthquakes (T‐waves) and whales. Field observations include seafloor geologic mapping and whale sightings. Seafloor mapping information is gathered using submersibles, towed‐camera systems, and other towed water‐sampling devices. A GIS allows the integration and analysis of these diverse and various spatial data and formats within a single computer architecture accessible through an easy‐to‐use graphical user interface. The GIS ...
Recent supernova in NGC 5253 and the supernova rate.

WE have published photoelectric photometry extending to λ = 2.2 µm of the bright supernova, SN 1972e, in NGC 5253 (ref. 1). Here we discuss some of the interesting aspects of this supernova and present some ideas concerning the supernova rate.
Mechanism of Interaction of Digitalis with Estradiol Binding Sites in Rat Uteri

Digitalis preparations have a weak estrogenic effect in man. The data in animals are equivocal. We have studied.the biologic effect of both digitoxin and digoxin on the rat uterus in vivo and the interaction of these drugs with the rat uterus estrogen receptor in vitro. Digitoxin and estradiol significantly increased the uterine weight of immature rats, while digoxin did not. The interaction of digitoxin and digoxin with the rat uterus estrogen cytosol receptor was studied using protamine sulfate precipitation and dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) assays. Both methods gave a Kd for the estradiol-receptor interaction between 0.8-3.1 X 10(-9) M (n = 20). Digitoxin at concentrations of 0.5-2.0 X 10(-6) M significantly inhibited the binding of estradiol to the specific or saturable binding sites with minimal inhibition of hormonal binding to nonspecific sites. The binding was competitive with a calculated Ki for digitoxin of 5.2-7.8 X 10(-7) M (n = 18). Digoxin failed to inhibit estradiol binding to the receptor protein in vitro. We conclude that digitoxin probably acts directly as a weak estrogen and that this effect probably explains the estrogen-like side effects seen with digitoxin therapy in man.
POTENTIAL USES OF DATA COLLECTED THROUGH MASSIVE TESTING PROGRAMS

It is virtually impossible these days for a student to attend a high school in the United States without participating in one or more of the large-scale testing programs. Although there is no way to determine how many tests are actually administered each year under these programs, the number is surely several times the total high school enrollment. For example, the programs of the College Entrance Examination Board, the National Merit Scholarship Corporation, and the American College Testing Program alone administer more than three million tests to high school juniors and seniors annually. Furthermore, the proportion of the total student population participating in these programs continues to increase each year.
Cytochrome P450: An Investigation of the Mössbauer Spectra of a Reaction Intermediate and an Fe(IV)O Model System

We have carried out a series of density functional theory (DFT) calculations to predict the 57Fe Mossbauer quadrupole splittings (ΔEQ) and isomer shifts (δFe) for an Fe(IV)O model compound ([Fe(O)(TMC)(NCCH3)](OTf)2, TMC = 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, OTf = CF3SO3-) as well as a cytochrome P450 reaction intermediate (P450-RI). The DFT predictions on the model compound are in almost exact agreement with experiment. The same DFT methods did not enable the prediction of the experimental ΔEQ results for P450-RI when using the experimental protein crystal structure and seven different spin/charge/protonation state combinations, but did permit good predictions of both ΔEQ and δFe when using a geometry optimized structure having a porphyrin dianion, a protonated cysteine, and S = 1 (the same as that found from previous ESR studies).
Religious Faith, Corporate Life, and the Betterment of Society

In the last quarter-century, debates regarding business and the life of faith have occurred in three distinct stages. About twenty-five years ago, I was invited to the University of Notre Dame to take part in a symposium jointly sponsored by the business school and the theology department. Notre Dame was founded in 1842, and never before had the two departments engaged each other directly. The theology department negotiated hard for the title of the symposium, and?I kid you not?I was asked to lecture under the question, "Can a Christian Work for a Corporation?" I refused. But Father Ollie Williams at the business school was working very hard to initiate serious reflection on these questions, and this was a big first step for him. He said I had to lecture under that title, because it was the only way the theology department would agree to it. "I won't do it," I told him, "unless I can also ask whether a Christian can be a university professor or, for that matter, a bishop." A little while later, I was telling my good friend, Irving Kristol, about the conference, and Irving said, "Let me tell you what to say." When I went to South Bend, there was a big crowd?the conference had caused some controversy on campus?and I began this way. "You asked me to speak on the question 'Can a Christian Work for a Corporation?'" I paused for a long time, to let them think about the question. Then I said, "My answer is: No." After a gasp from the audience, I said: "Only Muslims and Jews." What they really wanted was for me to say "Yes," and then feel guilty about it. That first stage of the debate, twenty-five years ago, was hostile to the corporation. The corporation was seen as evil. Liberation theology, the
Cellular Automata Approach to Interacting Cellular Network Models for the Dynamics of Cell-Population in an Early HIV Infection

Abstract In order to understand the evolution of cell population in an early HIV infection (AIDS), a network model of interacting cellular elements, such as macrophages, viruses, T4 cells, and T8 cells, is introduced for a cell mediated response. In a simplified discrete representation of binary cells, boolean expressions are used to describe their interactions and concentrations. Two different interaction models are considered and flows of configurations are studied in their configurational phase space. In the mean field (or infinite range interacting network) treatment, one interaction gives two fixed points describing the extreme limits of “immuno-competence” and “immunodeficiency”; in addition, it gives rise to a periodic cycle consisting of an “infected”, a “severely infected”, and a “susceptible” state. The other interaction leads to seven fixed points, two of which are the same as those in the first. The third fixed point represents a “severely infected” state, and the remaining four describe “susceptible” states of varying order. Growth and decay of cellular elements are then studied on a simple cubic lattice where nearest neighbor interactions are treated by inhomogeneous cellular automata using computer simulations. In order to take into account the sporadic growth of virions, an interaction latency parameter B is introduced, and the decline of immunocompetence as a function of B is discussed. A detail study is presented for the crossover between an immunodeficient and an immunocompetent state as a function of the initial concentration of the host cells and latency/dilution.
Development of chemically mediated prey-search response in postlarval lobsters (Homarus americanus) through feeding experience.

Postlarval lobsters were fed live amphipods (Gammarus oceanicus), soft clam spat (Mya arenaria), or frozen brine shrimp (Artemia salina) for five weeks in order to determine by behavioral bioassay if chemically mediated prey-search behavior is established by feeding experience. Chemosensory responses of predatorily naive lobsters to live clam and amphipod metabolites were low and erratic. After five weeks, amphipod-fed lobsters had developed strong responses towards amphipod metabolites but not clam metabolites. In contrast, clam-fed lobsters did not develop responses to either prey. Chemical fractionation of amphipod metabolites indicated that attractants were confined to the same fraction as for prey extracts, i.e., polar, low-molecular-weight compounds. Survival (80–90%) was similar for each diet group; growth was greatest for amphipod-fed lobsters (100%), followed by clam-fed lobsters (72%) and brine shrimp-fed lobsters (18%); and feeding rates increased for amphipod-fed lobsters and decreased for clam-fed lobsters. Coloration of lobsters indicated that only amphipod diet provided desirable pigments. Differences in ingestive conditioning results between clamfed and amphipod-fed lobsters may have been related to (1) clam metabolites being qualitatively or quantitatively less attractive than amphipod metabolites or (2) differences in the predisposition of lobsters to show ingestive conditioning to different prey and their associated metabolites as a function of quality of prey as a diet.
Nuclear respiratory factor 2 regulates the expression of the same NMDA receptor subunit genes as NRF-1: Both factors act by a concurrent and parallel mechanism to couple energy metabolism and synaptic transmission

Neuronal activity and energy metabolism are tightly coupled processes. Previously, we found that nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) transcriptionally co-regulates energy metabolism and neuronal activity by regulating all 13 subunits of the critical energy generating enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), as well as N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits 1 and 2B, GluN1 (Grin1) and GluN2B (Grin2b). We also found that another transcription factor, nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF-2 or GA-binding protein) regulates all subunits of COX as well. The goal of the present study was to test our hypothesis that NRF-2 also regulates specific subunits of NMDA receptors, and that it functions with NRF-1 via one of three mechanisms: complementary, concurrent and parallel, or a combination of complementary and concurrent/parallel. By means of multiple approaches, including in silico analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays, in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation of mouse neuroblastoma cells and rat visual cortical tissue, promoter mutations, real-time quantitative PCR, and western blot analysis, NRF-2 was found to functionally regulate Grin1 and Grin2b genes, but not any other NMDA subunit genes. Grin1 and Grin2b transcripts were up-regulated by depolarizing KCl, but silencing of NRF-2 prevented this up-regulation. On the other hand, over-expression of NRF-2 rescued the down-regulation of these subunits by the impulse blocker TTX. NRF-2 binding sites on Grin1 and Grin2b are conserved among species. Our data indicate that NRF-2 and NRF-1 operate in a concurrent and parallel manner in mediating the tight coupling between energy metabolism and neuronal activity at the molecular level.
A posteriori error estimates for the Stokes problem

An a posteriors error estimate is derived and analyzed for the mini-element discretization of the Stokes equations. The estimate is based on the solution of a local Stokes problem in each element of the finite element mesh, using spaces of quadratic bump functions for both velocity and pressure errors. This results in solving a $9 \times 9$ system which reduces to two easily invertible $3 \times 3$ systems. Comparisons with other estimates based on a Petrov–Galerkin solution are used in this analysis, which shows that it provides a reasonable approximation of the actual discretization error. Numerical experiments clearly show the efficiency of such an estimate in the solution of self adaptive mesh refinement procedures.
Piezoelectroreflectance in GaAs.

Static uniaxial compression effect measurement along /100/, /110/ and /111/ on electroreflectance spectrum of gallium arsenide, using electrolyte technique
Gains from Trade under Uncertainty: The Case of Electric Power Markets*

This article refocuses attention on the potential efficiency gains from competitive wholesale power trading, which allows the diversification of demand risk. The greatest efficiency gains obtain when power demand is least correlated across markets and when there is substantial cross‐sectional variation in expected demand. Real‐time power trading can reduce retail prices by conservative estimates of 3%–4% on average in the United States, and forward and real‐time trading can reduce prices by a combined 6%–10% or more. Economic efficiency would be best served by policy ensuring that deregulated power markets are indeed competitive, rather than by renewed regulation.
Metabolism of soybean leaves. V. The dark reactions following photosynthesis

Abstract 1. 1. The rapid dark conversion of glyceric acid and sedoheptulose phosphate to alanine is described. Proof of the close metabolic relationship of alanine to glyceric acid and sedoheptulose was obtained by a series of experiments in which (a) the relative activities of the three compounds were measured, and (b) degradations of all three compounds were performed. The rate of change of total activity of alanine was in all cases oppositely directed to that of glyceric acid. 2. 2. Preillumination experiments were also shown to result in the accumulation of alanine. 3. 3. The mechanism and significance of the dark conversion to alanine are discussed. 4. 4. Malic acid has been investigated as a possible precursor of sedoheptulose. The results indicate that the formation of malate during photosynthesis is a considerably more rapid process than synthesis via dark fixation. However, the labeling of 15-sec. photosynthetic malate seems to preclude its being a precursor of sedoheptulose.
Conformal Deformation by the Currents of Affine g

We develop a quasi-systematic approach to continuous parameters in conformal and superconformal field theory. The formulation unifies continuous twists, ghosts, and mechanisms of spontaneous breakdown in a general hierarchy of conformal deformations about a given theory by its own currents. Highlights include continuously twisted Sugawara and coset constructions, generalized ghosts, classes of N = 1 and 2 superconformal field theories with continuous central charge, vertex-operators for arbitrarily deformed lattices, operator-valued conformal weights and/or central charages, and generalizations of continuous SO(p,q) families of conformal field theories. copyright 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Anemia in HIV Infection: Clinical Impact and Evidence-Based Management Strategies

Anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients can have serious implications, which vary from functional and quality-of-life decrements to an association with disease progression and decreased survival. In 2002, 16 members of the Anemia in HIV Working Group, an expert panel of physicians involved in the care of HIV-infected patients that met first in 1998, reconvened to assess new data and to translate these data into evidence-based treatment guidelines. The group reached consensus on the prevalence of anemia in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era; the risk factors that are independently associated with the development of anemia; the impact of anemia on quality of life, physical functioning, and survival; the impact of the treatment of hepatitis C virus coinfection on anemia in HIV-infected patients; evidence-based guidelines for treatment of anemia in HIV-infected patients, including the therapeutic role of epoetin alfa; and directions for future research.
SUBUNIT COMPARTMENTS OF SECRETORY STAGE ENAMEL MATRIX

Three quarters of the micro-environment of early secretory stage enamel consist of protein and water. The physical arrangement of this enamel matrix is closely related to enamel crystal growth and habit. In the present study, structural components of developing enamel were analyzed using atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, immuno-ultracryotomy, and electron diffraction. Atomic force images revealed spherical subunits measuring between 108 nm and 124 nm in diameter. Transmission electron micrographs indicated that developing crystals were surrounded by an electron dense coat which may be rich in proteins. Transmission electron micrographs and electron diffraction studies supported a concept in which initial enamel crystals consist of amorphous calcium phosphate and later fuse to hydroxyapatite. Cryo-immuno electron microscopy demonstrated homogeneous distribution of amelogenin epitopes within the entire enamel matrix. The current study suggests an intricate role of protein aggregation phenomena involved in initial enamel crystal growth and habit.
Reactions of benzyl ions with alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic compounds

Abstract Bimolecular chemical reactions of benzyl ions with hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons have been examined in an ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer. Benzyl ions undergo hydride transfer reactions with linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes. The probability that a collision will lead to reaction is generally low, and is directly dependent on the exothermicity of the reaction. Collision of the benzyl ion with an olefin leads to condensation followed, under the conditions of this study, by a dissociation to form a lower olefin. Isotopic labeling experiments demonstrate that extensive rearrangement occurs in the condensation ion prior to dissociation, even when the dissociation regenerates the benzyl ion. Benzyl ions react with alkylbenzenes via “CH 2 -transfer reactions” (C 6 H 5 CH 2 + + alkylbenzenes → alkylbenzyl + + C 6 H 6 ) as well as through hydride transfer reactions involving the side chain; reaction of benzyl ions with halogenated toluenes, however, occasionally yields a CH 2 -transfer at the site of the halogen atom, thereby giving a neutral C 6 H 5 X product.
Agile manufacturing: Relation to JIT, operational performance and firm performance

Abstract A structural model incorporating agile manufacturing as the focal construct is theorized and tested. The model includes the primary components of JIT (JIT-purchasing and JIT-production) as antecedents and operational performance and firm performance as consequences to agile manufacturing. Using data collected from production and operations managers working for large U.S. manufacturers, the model is assessed following a structural equation modeling methodology. The results indicate that JIT-purchasing has a direct positive relationship with agile manufacturing while the positive relationship between JIT-production and agile manufacturing is mediated by JIT-purchasing. The results also indicate that agile manufacturing has a direct positive relationship with the operational performance of the firm, that the operational performance of the firm has a direct positive relationship with the marketing performance of the firm, and that the positive relationship between the operational performance of the firm and the financial performance of the firm is mediated by the marketing performance of the firm.
Radiorespirometric studies of carbohydrate metabolism by washed spermatozoa of various species

1. The patterns of 14CO2 evolution from specifically labeled glucose substrates by washed bull, ram, boar, rabbit, dog, rooster and turkey spermatozoa were similar and indicated the Embden-Meyerhof and Kreb's cycle pathways as the major route of energy metabolism. 2. Honey bee spermatozoa metabolized glucose-3,4-[14C], glucose-[U-14C] or fructose-[U-14C], but not glucose-1-[14C], glucose-2-[14C]or glucose-6-[14C], indicating the presence of the glycolytic pathway, but the absence of respiration via the Kreb's cycle. 3. The rate of glycolysis exceeded the rate of respiration in the spermatozoa of all the species studied. 4. A preferential utilization of glucose-1-[14C] over glucose-6-[14C] was evident in some sperm samples, but no consistent indication of pentose cycle metabolism was observed, due to considerable variability between samples within each group. 5. Fructose metabolism was greater than glucose metabolism in the rooster, less in the dog, boar and turkey, and similar in the spermatozoa from the other species examined. 6. Only ram and bull spermatozoa metabolized acetate-1-[14C] to any extent.
ON CHANGE POINT DETECTION AND ESTIMATION

In this paper, a survey of the change point detection and estimation will be given. Change point problem primarily arose from the process of quality control in which one is concerned about the outp...
Open-shell singlet character of stable derivatives of nonacene, hexacene and teranthene.

The electronic ground states of the recently synthesized stable nonacene derivatives (J. Am. Chem. Soc.2010, 132, 1261) are open-shell singlets with a polyradical nature instead of closed-shell singlets as originally assumed, according to the unrestricted broken spin-symmetry density functional theory (UBS-DFT) computations (at B3LYP/6-31G*). It is the bulky protecting groups, not the transfer from the open-shell singlet to closed-shell singlet ground state, that stabilizes these longest characterized acenes. Similar analyses also confirmed the open-shell singlet character of the hexacene and teranthene derivatives.
Stray Bullet Shootings in the United States

Stray bullet shootings create fear and insecurity in affected communities; entire populations have been advised to remain indoors at times of high risk. We defined a stray bullet as having escaped the socio-geographic space or perimeter customarily set by the circumstances surrounding the firing of the gun from which it came, and cases as shooting events that involved at least 1 stray bullet injury to a person: a gunshot wound or injury by secondary mechanism. Cases could arise from violence, shooting sports, celebratory gunfire, or other activity. We included bystander shootings arising from violence if the bystander had no active role and was not targeted intentionally, shootings in which persons were injured by shooters targeting structures, and shootings from unintended gunfire when the shooter and the person shot were not the shooter and the person shot were not the same person. We excluded shootings in which persons were targeted at random but shot intentionally. Most stray bullet shootings arise from violence, but they frequently affect females, children, and older adults. Those who are shot have little or no warning; opportunities for prevention once shooting starts are limited. Language: en
Development of Dowel Looseness Prediction Model for Jointed Concrete Pavements

The results of an in-depth study of factors that affect dowel looseness in jointed concrete pavements are presented. The laboratory investigation revealed the influence of aggregate type (in relation to oxide content), aggregate texture and shape, bearing stress (dowel diameter and crack width), load magnitude, and number of load cycles on the magnitude of dowel looseness and the subsequent loss in load transfer efficiency across saw-cut joints. A discussion is included on the development of an empirical-mechanistic dowel looseness prediction model based on the experimental results. Results of the sensitivity analysis of the dowel looseness prediction model (using laboratory data) are also presented. An associated scope of this research was to develop a relationship between dowel looseness and loss of load transfer efficiency. The sequential use of the dowel looseness prediction model and its relationship to load transfer efficiency allows the design engineer to predict load transfer characteristics of a ...
Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heaviest Main-Group Elements.

This chapter reviews possible experimental aspects of relativistic effects in heavier Main Group elements and their compounds. Attention is focused on the sixth, sev- enth and eighth Period elements, for which the relativistic contribution to their physical and chemical properties is significant. Superheavy elements through Z D 120 are also discussed. This review may increase interest of theoreticians in chemistry-oriented problems that require use of relativistic methods of quantum chemistry.
High-dose single-fraction brain irradiation: MRI, cerebral blood flow, electrophysiological, and histological studies

Radiation-induced alterations in cerebrovascular and metabolic function form the basis for the radiosurgical treatment of selected intracranial vascular malformations and tumors in human patients. However, the underlying mechanisms, temporal progression, and modifying factors involved in the radiosurgical obliteration of these intracranial lesions as well as the risks of delayed radiation injury to surrounding normal brain remain poorly understood. In this report, the rabbit brain was used as an animal model to examine the effects of high-dose single-fraction X-irradiation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance, neurophysiologic function, and histological integrity. At approximately 10 weeks following left-hemisphere irradiation with 60 Gy (225 kVp) X rays, MRI studies showed radiation-induced changes including blood-brain barrier (BBB) perturbations in the white matter regions and the hippocampus. Significant reductions in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) ratios were found in the hippocampus and certain regions of the cortex in irradiated animals. However, no changes in somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were observed. Histological studies demonstrated telangiectatic vessels, spreading edema in the white matter, and focal regions of necrosis and hemorrhage in the irradiated cortices and hippocampi. These results demonstrate that the irradiated rabbit brain may be used as an experimental model to correlate the spatiotemporal pattern of functional changes with radiologic and histological changes in delayed radiation injury.
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models Shed New Light on the Pathogenesis of Neurofibromatosis Type I-Related Neoplasms of the Peripheral Nervous System

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), the most common genetic disorder affecting the human nervous system, is characterized by the development of multiple benign Schwann cell tumors in skin and large peripheral nerves. These neoplasms, which are termed dermal and plexiform neurofibromas respectively, have distinct clinical courses; of particular note, plexiform, but not dermal, neurofibromas often undergo malignant progression to form malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), the most common malignancy occurring in NF1 patients. In recent years, a number of genetically engineered mouse models have been created to investigate the molecular mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of these tumors. These models have been designed to address key questions including: (1) whether NF1 loss in the Schwann cell lineage is essential for tumorigenesis; (2) what cell type(s) in the Schwann cell lineage gives rise to dermal neurofibromas, plexiform neurofibromas and MPNSTs; (3) how the tumor microenvironment contributes to neoplasia; (4) what additional mutations contribute to neurofibroma-MPNST progression; (5) what role different neurofibromin-regulated Ras proteins play in this process and (6) how dysregulated growth factor signaling facilitates PNS tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the major findings from each of these models and their limitations as well as how discrepancies between these models may be reconciled. We also discuss how information gleaned from these models can be synthesized to into a comprehensive model of tumor formation in peripheral nervous system and consider several of the major questions that remain unanswered about this process.
TETRAXYLOPTERIS SCHMIDTII: ITS FERTILE PARTS AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE ANEUROPHYTALES

A B S T R A C T The fertile branching system of Tetraxylopteris is composed of successive "nodes" bearing opposite and decussately arranged, upcurved sporangial complexes. By means of the transfer technique the morphology of the sporangial complex was revealed. It consists of a main stalk which dichotomizes twice producing four major branches. Each of the four branches is further subdivided three times, the subdivisions being arranged alternately and pinnately. The ultimate divisions bear the sporangia singly and terminally. The sporangial complexes decrease in size distally and are more tightly curved at the apex. The sporangia are oblong-oval with an acute apex. The spores are identical to the dispersed spore taxon Rhabdosporites langii, Richardson. They are spherical, trilete and pseudosaccate with a fine granular ornament on the pseudosaccus. They are 75-176 , in diameter and show developmental stages from young tetrads to separated, fully mature spores depending on the age of the sporangium from which they were obtained. This is the first account of spores in sporangia of Tetraxylopteris. The diagnosis of the genus and species are emended to include the new information and the order Aneurophytales is redefined. TETRAXYLOPTERIS SCHMIDTII Beck is a primitive member of the Progymnospermopsida (Beck, 1960, 1962). Although its anatomy and vegetative morphology were thoroughly investigated (Beck, 1957), little is known of the morphology of its fertile branches. The present study describes the
μ + SR in imperfect solids

The use of μ+SR as a probe of point defects in metals is discussed. The importance of separating the effects due to the presence of the muon from those intrinsic to the defect-host system is stressed. It is suggested that studies of magnetic impurities in non-magnetic hosts may yield data which are relatively probe-independent. A theoretical analysis of the depolarization of muons coupled to magnetic impurities is outlined. It is pointed out that measurements of the field dependence of the depolarization rate can give information about impurity spin correlation times.
341 EARLY CLINICAL FEATURES OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (CAH)

The newborn male with salt-losing CAH is at risk for mortality before recognition of the disease. To better define the clinical features of CAH in the newborn period, we have reviewed the records of 45 children with CAH diagnosed before age 4 weeks. In 14 of 27 (52%) families with older children there was a history of early death of a male infant. Affected infants had significantly greater birth length and birth weight than a group of 66 control term infants, and their upper-to-lower segment ratio (U/L) was significantly lower than that found in controls. In 17 of 19 salt-losing infants the initial sign of a metabolic abnormality was a decline in CO2 content. Urinary 17-Keto-steroid excretion rose progressively from admission to initiation of therapy, but urinary Pregnanetriol excretion was uniformly low in the first week of life and did not permit distinction between different forms of CAH. The large for dates male infant with a low upper-to-lower segment ratio merits early diagnostic evaluation for CAH despite a negative family history of unexplained neonatal deaths.
A model for entropy coding in matching pursuit

Matching pursuit is a powerful and flexible optimisation technique that has found applications in different areas, including image and video compression. This paper proposes an underlying probabilistic model for the entropy coding of the parameters generated by the matching pursuit algorithm in the context of image coding. It also distinguishes between orthogonal and fully-orthogonal matching pursuit, and provides a formulation for rate-distortion optimized matching pursuit.