cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Kinematic Evaluation of a Novel Joint-Specific Play Controller: Application for Wrist and Forearm Therapy

Background The wrist extensors and flexors are profoundly affected in most children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy (CP) and are the major target of physical therapists' and occupational therapists' efforts to restore useful hand functions. A limitation of any therapeutic or exercise program can be the level of the child's engagement or adherence. The proposed approach capitalizes on the primary learning avenue for children: toy play. Objective This study aimed to develop and evaluate the measurement accuracy of innovative, motion-specific play controllers that are engaging rehabilitative devices for enhancing therapy and promoting neural plasticity and functional recovery in children with CP. Design Design objectives of the play controller included a cost-effective, home-based supplement to physical therapy, the ability to calibrate the controller so that play can be accomplished with any active range of motion, and the capability of logging play activity and wrist motion over week-long periods. Methods Accuracy of the play controller in measuring wrist flexion-extension was evaluated in 6 children who were developing in a typical manner, using optical motion capture of the wrist and forearm as the gold standard. Results The error of the play controller was estimated at approximately 5 degrees in both maximum wrist flexion and extension. Limitations Measurements were taken during a laboratory session, with children without CP, and no toy or computer game was interfaced with the play controller. Therefore, the potential engagement of the proposed approach for therapy remains to be evaluated. Conclusions This study presented the concept, development, and wrist tracking accuracy of an inexpensive approach to extremity therapy that may have a health benefit for children with hemiparesis, and potentially for patients of any age with a wide range of extremity neuromotor impairments.
Examining Characteristics of Congregation Members Willing to Attend Health Promotion in African American Churches

Background. Although churches are an important partner for improving health within the African American community, it is not known how congregants are best reached by health promotion activities and thus how best to target members in recruitment. This study examined how characteristics of churches and congregants’ beliefs and interests in faith-based health promotion related to their willingness to attend church-based health promotion activities. Method. We surveyed adult congregants (n = 1,204) of 11 predominately African American churches in North Carolina. Surveys collected data within four domains: demographics (age, sex, education), behavioral (church attendance, respondent food choices, and physical activity), cognitive (church-based health promotion belief, Bible-based healthy living interest, healthy living resource interest), or environmental (family health, church travel distance, church health ministry activity, church members’ food choices). Analyses used a dichotomous outcome, interest in att...
Murine Norovirus 1 Infection Is Associated with Histopathological Changes in Immunocompetent Hosts, but Clinical Disease Is Prevented by STAT1-Dependent Interferon Responses

Human noroviruses are the major cause of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. However, little is known regarding their pathogenesis or the immune responses that control them because until recently there has been no small animal model or cell culture system of norovirus infection. We recently reported the discovery of the first murine norovirus, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), and its cultivation in macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro. We further defined interferon receptors and the STAT-1 molecule as critical in both resistance to MNV-1-induced disease in vivo and control of virus growth in vitro. To date, neither histopathological changes upon infection nor viral replication in wild-type mice has been shown. Here we extend our studies to demonstrate that MNV-1 replicates and rapidly disseminates to various tissues in immunocompetent mice and that infection is restricted by STAT1-dependent interferon responses at the levels of viral replication and virus dissemination. Infection of wild-type mice is associated with histopathological alterations in the intestine (mild inflammation) and the spleen (red pulp hypertrophy and white pulp activation); viral dissemination to the spleen, liver, lung, and lymph nodes; and low-level persistent infection in the spleen. STAT-1 inhibits viral replication in the intestine, prevents virus-induced apoptosis of intestinal cells and splenocytes, and limits viral dissemination to peripheral tissues. These findings demonstrate that murine norovirus infection of wild-type mice is associated with initial enteric seeding and subsequent extraintestinal spread, and they provide mechanistic evidence of the role of STAT-1 in controlling clinical norovirus-induced disease.
A CENTRAL SCHEME FOR SHALLOW WATER FLOWS ALONG CHANNELS WITH IRREGULAR GEOMETRY

We present a new semi-discrete central scheme for one-dimensional shallow water flows along channels with non-uniform rectangular cross sections and bottom topography. The scheme preserves the positivity of the water height, and it is preserves steady-states of rest (i.e., it is well- balanced). Along with a detailed description of the scheme, numerous numerical examples are presented for unsteady and steady flows. Comparison with exact solutions illustrate the accuracy and robustness of the numerical algorithm.
Storminess Variability along the California Coast: 1858-2000.

The longest available hourly tide gauge record along the West Coast (U.S.) at San Francisco yields meteorologically forced nontide residuals (NTR), providing an estimate of the variation in ‘‘storminess’’ from 1858 to 2000. Mean monthly positive NTR (associated with low sea level pressure) show no substantial change along the central California coast since 1858 or over the last 50 years. However, in contrast, the highest 2% of extreme winter NTR levels exhibit a significant increasing trend since about 1950. Extreme winter NTR also show pronounced quasi-periodic decadal-scale variability that is relatively consistent over the last 140 years. Atmospheric sea level pressure anomalies (associated with years having high winter NTR) take the form of a distinct, large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern, with intense storminess associated with a broad, southeasterly displaced, deep Aleutian low that directs storm tracks toward the California coast.
An Approach to Building Effective Enterprise Architectures

Cost and time are significant practical concerns when an organization addresses the development of an Enterprise Architecture (EA). In order to overcome these challenges, organizations need to focus on those architecture deliverables that are most relevant to the business problem being addressed with EA, yet without loosing cohesive integration over a longer life-cycle. In this paper, we propose a new approach to develop an Enterprise Architecture. Our technique aims at guiding the creation of a simplified EA with well-integrated business and IT architectures. Furthermore, it re-uses related artifacts that may have been created by different stakeholders in the company over time. Our approach can be used to enhance common Enterprise Architecture standards. In fact, we illustrate how the approach may be used in connection to The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) method for EA. A key aspect of our proposed technique lies on five key relationship types applied to integrate the different architectural dimensions of EA.
Performance of competing high-speed TCP flows

The goal of recent high-speed TCP implementations is to allow scientists who have access to new high-speed networks to efficiently transfer large datasets to their remote colleagues. As of yet, there is no standard high-speed TCP . Because of this, scientists using one high-speed protocol may find themselves sharing a link with scientists using a different high-speed protocol. Previous work has evaluated such inter-protocol performance, but only with both flows starting at the same time – an unlikely situation. We perform an evaluation study using ns-2 to investigate the performance of competing high-speed TCP flows where one flow enters a network in which another high-speed flow has already reached its maximum data rate. The fairest result would be for the existing flow to cede half of its bandwidth to the new flow in order to allow both flows to evenly share the link. Our results show that in most cases this does not happen, but rather one high-speed flow dominates the other. Surprisingly, it is not always the existing flow that dominates.
Tracking the T cell repertoire.

Ron Germain describes two seminal papers by Marc Jenkins and colleagues that introduced new techniques for analysis of the T cell repertoire.
Approximate Multi-Parameter Inverse Scattering: Cramer's Rule And Phase Space Scaling

We describe a computationally efficient method of approximate muli-parameter linearized inversion. The method assumes that an accurate background model is known, and that the recorded traces approximate perturbational (Born) data. Approximate material parameters are extracted from migrated data in two steps: (i) one or more (depending on the number of parameters) additional applications of Born modeling followed by wave equation migration are combined to form modified images, one for each parameter; and (ii) a previously developed scaling method corrects amplitudes and spacially deconvolves the modified images to obtain estimates of material parameter perturbations. Neither iterative inversion nor explicit geometric optics computations are required. We illustrate the method by recovering velocity and density perturbations in an acoustic model, from synthetic prestack data.
Quality Control of Vehicle Layout of Pipeline and Pipeline

Introduces the current automobile pipeline quality status and control strategy,expounds the pipeline(fuel system and cooling system) professional knowledge,fabrication technology and vehicle wiring harness layout,on the basis of the same type models by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of pipeline layout,making assembly workshop layout of pipeline quality control strategy for vehicle.
Abacterial cystitis: treatment with sodium oxychlorosene.

AbstractThe effectiveness of intravenous arsenicals (neoarsphenamine and oxophenarsine hydrochloride) for abacterial cystitis is well established but these agents currently are not available. A complete response to intravesical sodium oxychlorosene in 2 patients with well documented abacterial cystitis is detailed.
Mass evolution of Mediterranean, Black, Red, and Caspian Seas from GRACE and altimetry: accuracy assessment and solution calibration

We present new measurements of mass evolution for the Mediterranean, Black, Red, and Caspian Seas as determined by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) GRACE time-variable global gravity mascon solutions. These new solutions are compared to sea surface altimetry measurements of sea level anomalies with steric corrections applied. To assess their accuracy, the GRACE- and altimetry-derived solutions are applied to the set of forward models used by GSFC for processing the GRACE Level-1B datasets, with the resulting inter-satellite range-acceleration residuals providing a useful metric for analyzing solution quality. We also present a differential correction strategy to calibrate the time series of mass change for each of the seas by establishing the strong linear relationship between differences in the forward modeled mass and the corresponding range-acceleration residuals between the two solutions. These calibrated time series of mass change are directly determined from the range-acceleration residuals, effectively providing regionally-tuned GRACE solutions without the need to form and invert normal equations. Finally, the calibrated GRACE time series are discussed and combined with the steric-corrected sea level anomalies to provide new measurements of the unmodeled steric variability for each of the seas over the span of the GRACE observation record. We apply ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to adaptively sort the mass and steric components of sea level anomalies into seasonal, non-seasonal, and long-term temporal scales.
Effect of source and level of protein supplementation on rice straw utilization by Brahman steers.

Seven ruminally cannulated Brahman steers were used in a 7 × 4 incomplete block design to determine the effects of cottonseed meal (CSM; 43.9% CP, 82.9% RDP) or dried distillers' grains (DDG; 27.5% CP, 43.6% RDP) supplementation on rice straw utilization (47 g/kg CP and 681 g/kg NDF). Treatments consisted of a negative control receiving no supplement (control) and 3 levels (60, 120, and 180 mg N/kg BW) of either CSM or DDG. Periods were 14 d with 8 d for adaptation and 6 d for data collection. Steers had ad libitum access to rice straw and were fed supplements daily. Increased supplementation resulted in a linear increase ( ≤ 0.06) in forage OM intake from 13.5 g/kg BW by controls to 15.5 and 16.1 g/kg BW for 180 mg N/kg BW of DDG and CSM, respectively. No differences between sources were observed ( = 0.84). Total digestible OM intake was increased by supplementation (linear, 0.40) or calculated forage NDF digestibility ( > 0.40). Ruminal ammonia concentrations peaked 4 h after supplementation/feeding with the greatest concentration (4.0 m) observed for 180 mg N/kg BW of CSM and the lowest concentration at 4 h observed in the control (0.8 m). Provision of CSM resulted in a linear increase ( < 0.01) in average ruminal ammonia, in contrast to the quadratic response ( = 0.02) observed with DDG supplementation. Total VFA production linearly increased for both CSM and DDG supplementation ( = 0.09 and = 0.01, respectively). Protein supplements containing high and low levels of RDP were effective at improving intake and utilization of rice straw by Brahman steers.
H1N1 influenza viruses varying widely in hemagglutinin stability transmit efficiently from swine to swine and to ferrets

A pandemic-capable influenza virus requires a hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein that is immunologically unseen by most people and is capable of supporting replication and transmission in humans. HA stabilization has been linked to 2009 pH1N1 pandemic potential in humans and H5N1 airborne transmissibility in the ferret model. Swine have served as an intermediate host for zoonotic influenza viruses, yet the evolutionary pressure exerted by this host on HA stability was unknown. For over 70 contemporary swine H1 and H3 isolates, we measured HA activation pH to range from pH 5.1 to 5.9 for H1 viruses and pH 5.3 to 5.8 for H3 viruses. Thus, contemporary swine isolates vary widely in HA stability, having values favored by both avian (pH >5.5) and human and ferret (pH ≤5.5) species. Using an early 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus backbone, we generated three viruses differing by one HA residue that only altered HA stability: WT (pH 5.5), HA1-Y17H (pH 6.0), and HA2-R106K (pH 5.3). All three replicated in pigs and transmitted from pig-to-pig and pig-to-ferret. WT and R106 viruses maintained HA genotype and phenotype after transmission. Y17H (pH 6.0) acquired HA mutations that stabilized the HA protein to pH 5.8 after transmission to pigs and 5.5 after transmission to ferrets. Overall, we found swine support a broad range of HA activation pH for contact transmission and many recent swine H1N1 and H3N2 isolates have stabilized (human-like) HA proteins. This constitutes a heightened pandemic risk and underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance and control efforts for swine viruses.
Indistinguishability Obfuscation from Trilinear Maps and Block-Wise Local PRGs

We consider the question of finding the lowest degree L for which L-linear maps suffice to obtain IO. The current state of the art (Lin, EUROCRYPT’16, CRYPTO ’17; Lin and Vaikunthanathan, FOCS’16; Ananth and Sahai, EUROCRYPT ’17) is that L-linear maps (under suitable security assumptions) suffice for IO, assuming the existence of pseudo-random generators (PRGs) with output locality L. However, these works cannot answer the question of whether \(L < 5\) suffices, as no polynomial-stretch PRG with locality lower than 5 exists.
Unsaturated fatty acids regulate stemness of ovarian cancer cells through NF-κB.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells (TICs), constitute a small population of cells within the tumor that has abilities to self-renew like normal stem cells and initiate tumor development (1). CSCs are believed to be responsible for the development of distant metastasis, chemotherapy resistance, and tumor relapse (2). Understanding the regulatory mechanisms behind unique characteristics and vulnerabilities of CSCs would accelerate the development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent tumor relapse and metastasis. Studies have revealed stemness-associated signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and Notch, as potential targets for CSCs (3). Increasing evidence demonstrates that upregulation of proteins involved in lipogenesis is also associated with stem-like properties of breast and colorectal cancer cells (4-6).
Dual lobe shading of surface copper voids in copper metal lines: YE: Yield enhancement/learning

Copper voids are critical defect issues in the metal lines. Massive voids cause functional fails and the smaller ones that do not cause any function fails carry high risk of failing later in life. They are threats to product lifetimes. In this work, we discuss a process for dual damascene copper for metal lines capable of causing surface voids.
Determination of trichloroethylene by using self-referenced SERS and gold-core/silver-shell nanoparticles

A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method has been developed to determine the concentration of trichloroethylene (TCE) in environmental water. Au-core/Ag-shell nanoparticles containing 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) between the core and shell are used as the SERS substrate. 4-MPBA serves as an internal reference with a Raman shift at 534 cm−1. TCE reacts with 4-mercaptopyridine (4-MPy) in a so-called Fujiwara reaction. With the presence of TCE in water, the consumption of 4-MPy results in a change in the intensity of its Raman signal at 1220 cm−1. The ratio of the Raman shift at 1220 cm−1 and 534 cm−1 decreases linearly in the 0.2 to 1.0 μM TCE concentration range, and the detection limit of TCE is as low as 8 ppb (60 nM). The method has been successfully applied to the determination of TCE in spiked lake water.
AIDS Retrovirus and Other Viruses in Brain and Hematopoietic Cells of Patients in Early and Late Stages of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by a retrovirus, is associated with central nervous system disorders of patients. A systematic study of the presence of this virus in the brain and in other tissues is presented.
A Spectral Weight Matrix for a Discrete Version of Walsh’s Spider

We consider a discrete space version of Walsh’s spider, see [W] as well as [ES] and its references. This process can be seen as an instance of a quasi-birth-and-death process, a class of random walks for which the classical theory of Karlin and McGregor can be nicely adapted as in [DRSZ], [G1, G2] and [GdI]. We give here a simple expression for a family of weight matrices that make the corresponding matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials orthogonal to each other.
Transferrin Is an Essential Factor for Myelination

It has been established that oligodendrocytes, the myelin forming cells, participate in iron homeostasis through the synthesis and secretion of transferrin. Here we investigated whether a correlation exists between myelination, the commonly studied function of oligodendrocytes, and that of transferrin synthesis and secretion. We used a proteolipid protein mutant, the myelin deficient rat, whose condition is characterized by severe hypomyelination. We compared the ontogenic profile for transferrin gene expression in mutants with that of unaffected rat pups through northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. Surprisingly, transferrin synthesis was null in mutant oligodendrocytes. Next, we demonstrated that a single apo-transferrin intraparenchymal injection administered to P5 rat pups enabled mutant oligodendrocytes to synthesize myelin basic protein and to myelinate axons, indicating that transferrin effects mutant oligodendrocyte maturation regardless of its source. Thus, transferrin availability is essential for oligodendrocyte maturation and function, and oligodencrocytes are most vulnerable to transferrin deficiency during the premyelinating stage.
Pain Control as a Factor in Preventive Health Care

An extensive literature on preventive health behavior provides ample documentation of the multiple factors functioning on the cultural, social, and psychological level for individuals who seek preventive care. Kegeles (1963), Rosenstock (1969), Gochman (1971), Green(1970), Newman and Anderson (1972), Lambert and Freeman (1965), Weisenberg (1973), O’Shea and Gray (1968), Hochbaum (1959), and Mechanic (1968) are only a few of those who have specified factors which prompt the seeking of care for preventive reasons. Kegeles, Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Gochman have identified relevant psychological variables. Green, O’Shea and Gray, Mechanic, Lambert and Freeman, and Newman and Anderson have examined the sociological dimensions. Yet a more accurate statement is that virtually all studies have transcended disciplines and each has in either greater or lesser degree, dealt with socio-psychological combinations of factors and their interactions. Cultural factors in respect to preventive behaviors have received less attention. At least there seems to have been less effort expended toward explaining preventive health behavior as specific cultural norms. Rather responses to medical or dental care or the onset of symptoms are studied as expressions of cultural orientations. Zola (1966), Hetherington and Harper (1962), and Zborowski (1969) are among those who typify this approach. Zola, however, points out the importance of cultural influences in preventive medicine and public health. Pettibone and Solis (1973) studied dental care in cultural groups of the American southwest. Symptomatic and preventive orientations were among the variables studied.
Human-Inspired Object Manipulation Control with the Anatomically Correct Testbed Hand

Dexterous manipulation with robotic hands can be achieved using object-level impedance control strategies, which allow intuitive regulation of object position, external environmental interactions, and grasp forces. However, for grasp stability, object stiffness gains are limited by the inherent compliance of the robotic system, object size/shape, and applied grasp forces, which can lead to restricted manipulation capabilities. In this work, we first use analytical modeling techniques to explore the theoretical passivity bounds on object stiffness control gains to ensure grasp stability. Then, an object-space stiffness control algorithm is developed for the Anatomically Correct Testbed (ACT) hand, a robotic hand designed to replicate the complex tendon and joint structure of the human hand, and grasp stability bounds are experimentally tested for various task scenarios. Finally, inspired by the hierarchical structure of the human neuromuscular system, we develop a novel control strategy that implements low-level stiffness in muscle-space, while also emulating a separately defined object-space stiffness in quasi-static conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that this control strategy increases achievable object stiffness without sacrificing grasp stability, leading to significantly increased manipulation capabilities.
Gender Differences in Prevalence, Patterns, Purposes, and Perceived Benefits of Meditation Practices in the United States.

Abstract Introduction: Meditation is a common type of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and the evidence for its usefulness for health promotion is growing. Women have higher rates of o...
Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy Findings in Supine vs Nonsupine Body Positions in Positional and Nonpositional Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Importance The anatomic mechanisms underlying positional vs nonpositional obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are poorly understood and may inform treatment decisions. Objective To examine drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) findings in the supine vs nonsupine body positions in positional and nonpositional obstructive sleep apnea. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study of 65 consecutive eligible adults with OSA undergoing DISE without marked tonsillar hypertrophy, including 39 with positional OSA (POSA) and 26 with nonpositional OSA (N-POSA) was conducted in a sleep surgery practice at a tertiary academic medical center. Exposures Drug-induced sleep endoscopy performed in the supine vs nonsupine body position. Main Outcomes and Measures Drug-induced sleep endoscopy findings were scored separately for the supine and lateral body positions using the VOTE classification (velum, oroparyngeal lateral walls, tongue, epiglotis) and with identification of a single primary structure contributing to airway obstruction. Velum-related obstruction was separated into anteroposterior and lateral components. Results The 65 study participants had a mean (SD) age of 52.4 (11.7) years, and 55 (84.6) were men. Mean (SD) body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 27.2 (3.1), with only 9 (14%) of 65 participants having a BMI greater than 30. The supine body position was associated with greater odds of anteroposterior velum- (odds ratio [OR], 7.28; 95% CI, 3.53-15.01), tongue- (OR, 29.4; 95% CI, 12.1-71.5), and epiglottis-related (OR, 11.0; 95% CI, 1.3-92.7) obstruction in the entire cohort, with similar findings in the POSA and N-POSA subgroups. The supine body position was associated with a lower odds of oropharyngeal lateral wall–related (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07-0.70) obstruction in the N-POSA subgroup, whereas there was no increase in the overall sample or the POSA subgroup. The oropharyngeal lateral walls were a common primary structure causing obstruction, especially in the lateral body position. Conclusions and Relevance In a study population of primarily nonobese adults, DISE findings differed based on body position, generally corresponding to gravitational factors. Treatments that address velum- and tongue-related obstruction successfully may be more effective in the POSA population.
A Solar Power Prediction Using Support Vector Machines Based on Multi-source Data Fusion

Photovoltaic (PV) power installed capacity of China has been growing rapidly with marked improvements in renewable energy accommodation during recent years. it is necessary to improve the accuracy of power forecasts, therefore the underlying electrical grid can be operated in a cost efficient way. This paper aims to improving the accuracy of short-term PV power predictions. Firstly, Measured power data, satellite-based data and numerical weather prediction data are utilized. The data sets of these sources are preprocessed and fused with machine learning techniques to get the sequence feature information. In particular, support vector machine based on data fusion (SVM-DF) is proposed to run as the main regression model. SVM-DF is an extension of the support vector machine and is capable of learning regression functions in continuous space by identifying structures in the mapping of input to output data. One advantage over Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is its ability to construct non-linear dependencies between the input and output data sets. Compared with predicting the PV power through classical ANN model, the SVM-DF approach acquire a more accurate dataset. Predictions of the higher quality can be achieved by SVM-DF with access to PV measurements and weather forecasts. To study further possible improvements in prediction quality, a study on NWP weather parameters, is performed to evaluate their suitability as input features for PV power forecasting. The results confirm the importance of data fusion which make use of spatio-temporal correlations between stations. Results showed that the SVM-DF model performed better than ANN model.
Rethinking Fat-Tree Topology Design for Cloud Data Centers

Data center network (DCN) topologies have recently been the focus of many researchers due to their vital role in achieving high DCN performances in terms of scalability, power consumption, throughput, and traffic load balancing. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison between two most commonly used DCN topologies, Fat-Tree and BCube, with a focus on structure, addressing and routing, and proposes a new DCN topology that is better suited for nowadays data center networks. We show that our proposed topology, termed Circulant Fat-Tree, alleviates traffic congestion at the core switches, improves network latency, and increases robustness against switch and server failures when compared to traditional Fat-Tree DCN topologies.
Respiratory syncytial virus-induced oxidative stress in lung pathogenesis

Respiratory viral infections remain the major cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults worldwide. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Pneumoviridae, which is responsible for acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children and is a major cause of severe respiratory morbidity and mortality in the elderly and immunocompromised. These LRTI in young children are often characterized by wheezing and are defined as “bronchiolitis.” RSV bronchiolitis in infancy is strongly associated with the subsequent development of asthma and other forms of bronchial disease. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or specific therapy available for RSV infection, and natural immunity is inadequate, resulting in reinfections through adulthood. The high risk of recurrence and mortality rates of respiratory viral infections in young children and the elderly explains the importance for continuing efforts to understand the pathogenesis of respiratory virus-induced lung inflammation in order to design better therapeutic strategies. Lung epithelial cells are the major targets of RSV infection and play a central role in orchestrating the response to oxidative stress. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of RSV-induced acute airway disease and associated long-term consequences are still unclear, experimental evidence suggests that early inflammatory and immune events in the lung play a fundamental role in the outcome of the disease. Moreover, oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies have shown that the oxidative stress response in the airways, which results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lung antioxidant defenses, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of RSV-associated lung inflammatory disease as RSV induces excess oxidant production and inhibits antioxidant enzymes expression. Studies have also demonstrated the role of ROS as important intracellular messengers of RSV-induced cellular signaling leading to the expression of key proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. This chapter reviews the various mechanisms of RSV-induced oxidative stress and associated pathogenicity. Specifically, we will focus on recent studies demonstrating the role of ROS as important regulators of respiratory virus-induced cellular signaling and inflammatory responses induced as a result of RSV-induced oxidative stress.
Proteomic analysis of intermediate uveitis suggests myeloid cell recruitment and implicates IL-23 as a therapeutic target.

Abstract Purpose To profile vitreous protein expression of intermediate uveitis (IU) patients. Observations We identified a mean of 363 ± 41 unique proteins (mean ± SD) in IU vitreous and 393 ± 69 unique proteins in control samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of liquid vitreous biopsies collected during pars plana vitrectomy. A total of 233 proteins were differentially expressed among control and IU samples, suggesting a protein signature that could distinguish the two groups. Pathway analysis identified 22 inflammatory mediators of the interleukin-12 (IL-12) signaling pathway in IU vitreous. Upstream regulator analysis identified downstream mediators of IL-23 and myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MYD88), both of which are involved in the recruitment and differentiation of myeloid cells. Taken together, our results suggest the recruitment of myeloid cells as an upstream pathway in the pathogenesis of IU. Conclusions This study provides insights into proteins that will serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for IU. These biomarkers will help design future clinical trials using rational molecular therapeutics.
Disturbance and species composition drive canopy structure and distribution of large trees in Olympic rainforests, USA

Western Olympic valley bottoms, disturbed by alluvial processes, are dominated by Picea sitchensis and isolated cohorts of Pseudotsuga menziesii, while upland contexts, disturbed by wind and fire, are dominated by P. menziesii. These forests have distinct structure and produce large trees with habitat for endangered birds. Describe how disturbance and forest development create landscape forest patterns and distribution of large trees in valley bottom and upland forests. LiDAR data of ~ 9700 ha within Olympic National Park, USA was classified based on vegetation height and percent cover to contrast valley bottom and upland forests. Within-crown structure from 36 P. sitchensis and 12 P. menziesii was then used to predict locations of the largest and most complex trees. Valley bottoms comprise small patches of dense tall (11%), medium-height trees (19%), and gaps (7%) embedded in open-canopy forest with scattered tall trees (63%). Upland forests comprise larger patches of tall (16%), medium (58%), and open-canopy forest (25%) with few gaps (1%). The largest trees are more abundant in valley bottoms (0.05 tree ha−1) than upland (0.02 tree ha−1) due to small patches of tall trees within open-canopy forest. Alluvial disturbance, fungi-wind interaction, and dominance of late-successional fast-growing P. sitchensis create open-canopy forest with more large trees, while severe fire and wind interacting with P. menziesii create patchy closed-canopy forest with fewer large trees. Management for large habitat trees should use aggregated retention with P. menziesii, multi-aged selection techniques with P. sitchensis, and indefinitely retain a low density of large trees.
Platelet Dysfunction During Mechanical Circulatory Support: Elevated Shear Stress Promotes Downregulation of α IIb β 3 and GPIb via Microparticle Shedding Decreasing Platelet Aggregability.

Objective Mechanical circulatory support has emerged as lifesaving therapy for patients with advanced heart failure. However, mechanical circulatory support remains limited by a paradoxical coagulopathy accompanied by both thrombosis and bleeding. While mechanisms of mechanical circulatory support thrombosis are increasingly defined, mechanical circulatory support-related bleeding, as related to shear-mediated alteration of platelet function, remains poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that platelet exposure to elevated shear stress, while a defined prothrombotic activator of platelets, coordinately induces downregulation of key platelet adhesion receptors GPIb (glycocalicin)-IX-V, αIIbβ3, and P-selectin, thus decreasing platelet functional responsiveness to physiological stimuli. Approach and Results: Human gel-filtered platelets were exposed to continuous or pulsatile shear stress in vitro. Surface expression of platelet receptors and platelet-derived microparticle generation were quantified by flow cytometry. Shedding of receptor soluble forms were assessed via ELISA, and platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry. We demonstrate that platelet exposure to elevated shear stress led to a downregulation of GPIb and αIIbβ3 receptors on platelets with a progressive increase in the generation of platelet-derived microparticles expressing elevated levels of αIIbβ3 and GPIb on their surface. No shear-mediated shedding of GPIb and β3 subunit soluble fragments was detected. Soluble P-selectin was extensively shed from platelets, while surface expression of P-selectin on platelets and microparticles was not significantly altered by shear. Shear-mediated downregulation of GPIb, αIIbβ3, and P-selectin on platelets was associated with an evident decrease of platelet aggregatory response induced by ADP and TRAP 6 (thrombin receptor activating peptide 6). Conclusions Our data clearly indicate that accumulation of shear stress, consistent with supraphysiologic conditions characterizing device-supported circulation (1) induces adequate platelet degranulation, yet (2) causes downregulation of primary platelet adhesion receptors via ejection of receptor-enriched platelet-derived microparticles, thus mechanistically limiting platelet activation and the aggregatory response.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

SUMMARY As research and practice of CPR and advanced cardiac life support evolve, we must avoid directing therapy in settings of physiologic futility. To achieve this goal, sophisticated outcome studies, identifying variables in those patients in whom CPR/ACLS is 100% fatal, need to be validated. Although the ultimate measure of CPR is to revive the heart and brain “too good to die,” clinicians must also focus on the ethical considerations that influence decisions to avoid resuscitating the heart and brain “too weak to live.”
Climate and hydrologic ensembling lead to differing streamflow and sediment yield predictions

Climate change is leading to alterations of the hydrologic cycle and sediment movement within watersheds, but the details and impacts of these changes are indeterminate. To reduce this uncertainty, many researchers create ensembles by averaging the projected temperature and precipitation from multiple global climate model (GCM) ensemble members before running these as forcing inputs through hydrologic models. There is little research quantifying if these ensembled climate scenarios produce similar hydrologic model results to those based on individual ensemble members. We created multiple sets of ensembled climate inputs for a pair of hydrologic and sediment yield models of adjacent watersheds that drain to the Great Lakes. We then compared the hydrologic and sediment results of the models forced by these ensembled climate scenarios with hydrologic ensembles created by running the individual climate ensemble members through the same hydrologic models. We found that, in all cases, the streamflow and sediment yield results are significantly different at the 5% confidence level and the ensembled climate scenarios can lead to systematic negative biases. We also looked at three subset hydrologic ensembles: all 10 CMIP5 ensemble members from the CSIRO mk3.6 model; a Representative ensemble with high, moderate, and low precipitation predictions; and a Best Fit ensemble based on GCM performance relative to historic climate. We found that the subset ensembles covered a large portion of the range of outputs for the whole set, while producing mean annual streamflows within 5.5% of the full hydrologic ensemble results and sediment yield and sediment discharge results within 12.2%.
A Mutual-Aid Model for Social Work with Groups

1. The Mutual-aid Model of Social Work with Groups 2. The Nine Dynamics of Mutual Aid and Their Implications for Practice 3. Ten Common Worker-Based Obstacles to Mutual Aid, Their Impact, and Their Antidotes 4. Pre-Group Planning with Mutual Aid in Mind 5. Early Group Goals and Norms 6. Mutual Aid, "Time and Place," and the Role of the Worker 7. Individual Problem Solving with Mutual Aid in Mind 8. Mutual Aid and Authority 9. The Role of Conflict in a Mutual-Aid System 10. Mutual-Aid Practice with Single-Session Groups 11. Mutual-Aid Practice with Short-Term Groups 12. Mutual-Aid Practice with Open-Ended Groups 13. Mutual-Aid Practice with Very Large Groups 14. Evaluation Appendix A. Mutual Aid Dynamics and Their Related Skills Appendix B. Generic Skills for Catalyzing Mutual Aid Appendix C. Assessing Group Purpose Statements Appendix D. Assessing Statements - Instructor Cheat Sheet Appendix E. Exercise Guide: Transforming Statements into Statements of Group Purpose Appendix F. Exercise Guide: Developing a Group Purpose Appendix G. Case record: Group Work v. Casework in a Group Appendix H. Case Record: Group Work V. Casework in a Group Appendix I. Skills for Maintaining Mutual Aid during Individual Problem Solving Appendix J. Skills for Decentralizing Authority Appendix K. Exercise Guide: The Impact of Conflict Resolution Strategies on Mutual Aid Appendix L. Skills for Maintaining Mutual Aid during Conflict Appendix M. Exercise Guide: Applying the Keys to Dealing with Group Conflict Appendix N. Exercise Guide: Catalyzing Mutual Aid in Single-Session Groups Appendix O. Skills for Catalyzing Mutual Aid in Single-Session Groups Appendix P. Skills for Catalyzing Mutual Aid in Short-Term Groups Appendix Q. Skills for Catalyzing Mutual Aid in Open-Ended Groups Appendix R. Skills for Catalyzing Mutual Aid in Very Large Groups Appendix S. Exercise Guide: Introducing Mutual-Aid Practice into the Very Large Group Appendix T. Mutual-Aid Practice: Ten Common Obstacles and Antidotes
War Photography: Realism in the British Press.

(1992). War Photography: Realism in the British Press. American Journalism: Vol. 9, No. 1-2, pp. 144-144.
Provincial-level spatial statistical modelling of the change in per capita disposable Family Income in Spain, 1975-1983

Computational simplifications for a space-time autoregressive response model specification are explored for the change in Spain's per capita disposable family income between 1975 and 1983. The geographic resolution for this analysis is the provincial partitioning of part of the Iberian peninsula into Spain's 47 coterminous provinces coupled with its 3 island clusters provinces. In keeping with the Paelinckian tradition of spatial econometrics, exploration focuses on both new spatial econometric estimators and model specifications that emphasize the capturing of spatial dependency effects in the mean response term. One goal of this analysis is to differentiate between spatial, temporal, and space-time interaction information contained in the per capita disposable family income data. A second objective of the application is to illustrate the utility of extending computational simplifications from the spatial to the space-time domain. And a third purpose is to gain some substantive insights into the economic development of one country in a changing Europe. A serendipitous outcome of this investigation is a detailed analysis of locational information latent in Spain's regionally disaggregated per capita disposable family income.
Multi-display Composition: Supporting Display Sharing for Collocated Mobile Devices

Multi-display composition is a technique that enables several mobile devices to join together over a wireless network to form a larger logical display. This logical display can be created in an ad hoc manner for use when and where it is needed out of a group of users' existing mobile computers. In this work we present a multi-display composition system and discuss our implementation that supports dynamically extending the display across several devices. Furthermore, we present findings from a study of collocated groups of individuals using multi-display composition on two different types of mobile computers. We found mixed results with respect to the effect of the resulting display area. The use of two devices by a pair of participants tended to be rated more favorably than a corresponding group of four devices and participants. Furthermore, while providing additional screen real estate for smaller UMPCs, tablets were rated more favorably when using our system. Finally, we discuss usage themes that emerged from participants' use of the multi-display composition system.
History of Present Illness

Eighteen seconds. Maybe 23 s. That’s all the time an average patient has to tell his story before he is interrupted. Seventy percent of patients never get to finish their story [1, 2]. Why? The obvious answer: physicians feel rushed for time. However, that does not explain the 18 s fully. Why not interrupt after 2 s? I think the 18 s is a cursory attempt to listen to the patient before moving to the real task of the interview: gather symptom data needed for diagnosis. It is a false dichotomy. During the opening phase, the clinician listens to the patient and begins to gather psychosocial and biological data needed for accurate diagnosis (see Chap. 2). This takes 3-5 min to accomplish, not 18 s. The clinician listens to the patient and gathers data during the second phase of the interview as well. Only, the emphasis shifts to gathering the data that the patient does not spontaneously offer and that the clinician needs for accurate diagnosis.
Do school facilities matter? : the case of the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES)

Since its creation in 1991, the Peruvian Social Fund (FONCODES) has spent about US$570 million funding micro-projects throughout Peru. Many of these projects have involved building and renovating school facilities. The authors analyze the targeting and impact of FONCODES investments in the education sector, using data from FONCODES, Peru's population census, Peru's 1994 and 1995 Living Standards Measurement Surveys, and a 1996 household survey conducted by the Peruvian Statistical Institute. They present their results based on various descriptive and econometric techniques, including non-parametric regressions, differences-in-differences, and instrumental variables estimators. They show that FONCODES projects in the education sector have reached poor districts and, to the extent they live in those districts, poor households. FONCODES has had a positive effect on school attendance rates for young children, but not on the likelihood that children will be at an appropriate school level for their age. Among other recommendations, they suggest that FONCODES consider random assignment of some education projects for a sub-sample of the population, to test the robustness of the study's assumptions and results. Lack of disaggregated data on such measures as the time children spend in school, pupil-teacher ratios, and scholastic achievement precluded analysis of the impact of FONCODES education projects on school quality. Collecting such data, and understanding how improvements in school infrastructure interact with other school-level changes to produce more learning, should be a research priority.
Angular distributions in J/ψ(ρ 0 ,ω) states near threshold

A resonance $X(3872)$, first observed in the decays $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}KX$, has been seen to decay to $J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mass spectrum peaks near its kinematic upper limit, prompting speculation that the dipion system may be in a ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$. The decay $X(3872)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\omega}$ also has been observed. The reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has been studied. Consequently, angular distributions in decays of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}({\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0},\ensuremath{\omega})$ states near threshold are of interest, and results are presented.