cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standards and the regulation of environmental risk

We study regulatory design for a pollution-generating firm who is better informed than the regulator regarding pollution mitigation possibilities, and who chooses an unobservable action when employing a particular mitigation plan. We distinguish among performance, process, and design standards, and study the relative merit of each type of regulatory instrument. Relative to previous work on standards design, we emphasize technology and process verification. An optimal performance standard is relatively strict when regulator and firm preferences are congruent, but the regulator may prefer no performance standard at all if verification costs are sufficiently high. A process standard unambiguously increases expected surplus (relative to no regulation) in some environments, and otherwise improves welfare only when it is unlikely to generate a “bad” technology choice by the firm. A design standard can improve welfare if the regulator is sufficiently well informed about the technological possibilities for pollution control, but only when the firm’s private benefits from technology choice are sufficiently small.
Urothelial trauma - A mechanism of tumor promotion?

Multistage carcinogenesis involves both tumor initiation and promotion. This study was undertaken to investigate whether urothelial trauma is an effective promoting agent. One hundred and ninety mice were maintained on a diet of 0.1% FANFT. Forty animals served as controls and three groups of animals underwent bladder catherization and urothelial trauma at periodic intervals beginning at week 19. The experiment was terminated at week 49. The data revealed no significant difference in the incidence of tumors in any group. There was, however, a greater incidence of invasive tumors in the groups undergoing urothelial trauma (Group II, 30%; Group III, 39%; Group IV, 57%) compared with the controls (25%). Trauma may, therefore, have some role in the promotion of tumors. Further studies are in progress to better define the role of urothelial trauma and its possible relevance to clinical recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma following transurethral resection.
Serratia sp. infections in cancer patients

There was a sixfold increase in the incidence of patients with specimens containing Serratia sp. in this institution during 1968. Serratia sp caused infection in 52% of the patients from whom it was isolated. Most of the patients who became infected had gynecologic or hematologic malignancies. Two thirds of the patients who became infected had received prior antibiotic therapy. Forty-two percent of isolates of Serratia sp. were resistant to all antibiotics in general use at this institution. The majority of infections involved the urinary tract, but there were 8 episodes of septicemia. The response rate, regardless of type of antibiotic therapy, was 47%. Gentamicin sulfate was administered during 15 infections, and the response rate was 53%. The isolates of Serratia s p causing these 15 infections were resistant to all other antibiotics except nalidixic acid.
Fixed-combination travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% for open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension

DuoTrav™ eye drop solution is a fixed combination of travoprost 0.004% and timolol 0.5% that has proven efficacious in lowering intraocular pressure in clinical trials. This combination of two of the more potent topical medications available today has the potential to contribute significantly to the success of medical glaucoma therapy. By maximizing patient adherence through the use of a combination drug, the burden of topical glaucoma therapy is reduced and is likely to improve both the convenience of care and clinical outcomes.
Retardation effects on collective excitations in correlated superlattices

The authors analyze the effects of electrodynamic retardation on the collective modes in an unmagnetized infinite superlattice modeled as an array of parallel two-dimensional plasma layers embedded in a dielectric substrate. The present work concentrates for the most part on correlated semiconductor superlattices, although the model is equally well suited to metallic superlattices consisting of an alternating array of thin metal layers and thick insulator slabs (e.g., 50 \AA{} Al layers and 500 \AA{} ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ slabs). The analysis is based on the transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) dispersion relations recently formulated by the authors in the retarded quasilocalized charge approximation (RQLCA) [K. I. Golden, G. Kalman, L. Miao, and R. R. Snapp, Phys. Rev. B 55, 16 349 (1997)]. In the nonretarded limit, the QLCA mode structure consists of (i) an isolated in-phase plasmon mode, (ii) a band of gapped plasmons, (iii) an in-phase acoustic shear mode, and (iv) a band of gapped shear modes. This paper presents numerical and approximate analytical solutions of the long-wavelength RQLCA dispersion relations for the collective modes (i)--(iv) all the way down to very small wave numbers where retardation effects can be especially pronounced. Additionally, this work presents insightful approximate analytical formulas for the electromagnetic mode frequencies and gap widths, which add to the literature on the infinite sequences of TM- and TE-polarized electromagnetic bands. Some noteworthy effects that emerge from this study are as follows: (a) The appearance of ultralow frequency shear modes arising from the combined effect of retardation and strong coulomb interactions; the quasilocalization basis of the theory suggests that these modes can propagate when the two-dimensional plasma layers are in a crystalline phase. (b) A negative random-phase approximation shift in the bulk-plasma frequency induced by electrodynamic retardation; this effect can be appreciable in insulator/metal superlattices.
Conjugated phosphonium polyacetylenes

Several substituted phosphonium phenylacetylene monomers and the corresponding polymers were prepared through quaternization of trimethyl (or phenyl) phosphines with phenylacetylene bromide and subsequent polymerization of quaternized monomers. A nitrogen analogue, poly(1-triethyl ammonium bromide 2-phenylacetylene) was prepared for comparison. In contrast to the phosphonium monomers the quaternary ammonium analogue polymerized spontaneously and could not be isolated from its polymer. Spectroscopic and thermal properties of these polymers were studied. Ionic phosphonium polyacetylenes are characterized by higher u.v. absorption shifts toward the visible than the ammonium polyphenylacetylene and the non-ionic polyphenylacetylene and polyphenylacetylene bromide. The extent of conjugation in the main chain of the phosphonium polymers increases with the decreasing size of the substitutent, as does the thermal stability of the monomers and polymers.
Overview of recent operating experience regarding plant aging

Abstract Recent, as well as past, studies of reactor trip frequencies and other types of operating experience have shown that relatively high frequencies are likely in new plants with little accumulated operating time. In order to better understand all the factors which contribute to high frequencies in new plants, the authors have made a comparison of reactor trip frequencies between plants which went into operation in the 1960's and the early 1970's and those which have gone into operation more recently. Trip frequency versus accumulated operating time for two plant groups are compared to see the extent to which design differences (e.g., capacity, thermal margin) affect trip frequency. This paper also presents a review of some recent events in which plant age has played a major role. The events which are reviewed have been identified through the normal systematic event analysis program conducted by the NRC. Information regarding these events was obtained through followup by reviews conducted by NRC Resident Inspectors as well as event reports submitted by licensees.
Escherichia coli B N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine cobalamin methyltransferase: Binding of the folate substrate to the enzyme

With the use of 5-methyl[14C]tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-[2-14C] it was established that the active stereoisomes of the substrate is bound intact to the cobalamin (B12) methyltransferase. The same amount of binding occurred at 2–4 ° and at 22 °C under conditions in which there was no cobalt methylation, i.e., no reducing system and no S-adenosylmethionine. Also, the recovery of complex preformed at 0 ° and 37 °C was the same upon Sephadex G-25 column filtration; but negligible preformed complex was isolated by column filtration at 22 °C. Under equilibrium conditions the maximum amount of binding observed was 0.81 nmoles of l-5-methyl-[14C]tetrahydrofolate/nmole of B12 enzyme. An equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 6.2 μm was calculated and the extrapolated number of binding sites was 0.92/ molecule of bound B12. The Kd is approximately the concentration of l-5-methyltetrahydrofolate which afforded one-half maximal protection to the enzyme against thermal denaturation at 51 °C. It is 5.6-fold less than the Km of 35 μm for 5-methyl-14C]tetrahydrofolate in enzymatic transmethylation to homocysteine. Folate has a much lower affinity for the B12 enzyme than l,5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Although the presence of a B12 chromophore is not essential for folate substrate binding, the presence or absence of a cobalt-alkyl group significantly effects the amount of complex formed. At all pHs where the B12 enzyme is soluble, the folate substrate (isoelectric point = 3.89 ± 0.04 SD) binds as an anion with the N5-aminogroup largely dissociated.
Electronic resonances in azimuthally resolved optical second-harmonic generation from Pd(111) with hydrogen and carbon monoxide

Abstract Optical second-harmonic generation from Pd(111) has been studied as a function of exciting wavelength, azimuthal sample orientation, and exposure to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The second-harmonic intensity generated as a function of hydrogen exposure on this surface exhibits a dramatic dependence on exciting wavelength. For 1064 nm excitation, adsorbed hydrogen enhances second-harmonic generation by as much as tenfold relative to the clean surface. This increase is accompanied by a marked reduction in the anisotropy of second-harmonic intensity with sample azimuthal orientation. This intensity increase is not observed for 532 or 700 nm excitation or for carbon monoxide adsorption.
Memes as replicators

Abstract Memes are the smallest recognizable pieces of cultural information—the building blocks of ideas. Dawkins, who invented the term, argues that memes are independent replicators subject to mutation and natural selection closely analogous to genes. This note points out some of the consequences of this hypothesis by taking several well-known genetic phenomena and translating them into memetic language.
Limited role of cation bulk diffusion in the oxidation of pure iron to magnetite

Recent experimental results for the oxidation of pure iron to magnetite below the eutectoid temperature for the formation of wustite (570 °C) are re-analysed with respect to the mechanisms which control the overall reaction kinetics. The experimental parabolic rate constants are compared with those expected for cation bulk diffusion controlled reaction kinetics. The comparison shows that the experimental rate constants are as much as two orders of magnitude larger than the calculated values suggesting that processes other than cation bulk diffusion contribute to the overall reaction kinetics in the set of experiments investigated.
The Ecological Significance of the Locomotor Activity Rhythms of Sesarma Cinereum (Bosc) and Sesarma Reticula Tum (Say) (Decapoda, Grapsidae)

[Die Rhythmik der Bewegungsaktivitat von Sesarma cinereum und S. reticulatum wurde bei unterschiedlichen Photoperioden und Gezeiteneinflussen beobachtet. Die okologische Bedeutung und die ethologischen Konsequenzen dieser Rhythmen wurden ebenfalls untersucht. Sesarma cinereum zeigt bei allen getesteten Photoperioden durchgehend nachtaktives Verhalten und last keinen tidalen Rhythmus erkennen. Sesarma reticulatum ist auch durchgehend nachtaktiv, jedoch weisen frisch gefangene Tiere etwa zur Flutzeit zusatzlich Hohepunkte in ihrer Bewegungsaktivitat auf. Der Bewegungsrhythmus beider Arten ist mit Habitatpraferenzen und temporarer Verfugbarkeit von Nahrung korreliert., Die Rhythmik der Bewegungsaktivitat von Sesarma cinereum und S. reticulatum wurde bei unterschiedlichen Photoperioden und Gezeiteneinflussen beobachtet. Die okologische Bedeutung und die ethologischen Konsequenzen dieser Rhythmen wurden ebenfalls untersucht. Sesarma cinereum zeigt bei allen getesteten Photoperioden durchgehend nachtaktives Verhalten und last keinen tidalen Rhythmus erkennen. Sesarma reticulatum ist auch durchgehend nachtaktiv, jedoch weisen frisch gefangene Tiere etwa zur Flutzeit zusatzlich Hohepunkte in ihrer Bewegungsaktivitat auf. Der Bewegungsrhythmus beider Arten ist mit Habitatpraferenzen und temporarer Verfugbarkeit von Nahrung korreliert.]
Have the bioavailabilities of trace metals to a suite of biomonitors changed over three decades in SW England estuaries historically affected by mining

Many estuaries of southwest England were heavily contaminated with toxic metals associated with the mining of copper and other metals, particularly between 1850 and 1900. The question remains whether the passage of time has brought remediation to these estuaries. In 2003 and 2006 we revisited sites in 5 metal-contaminated estuaries sampled in the 1970s and 1980s — Restronguet Creek, Gannel, West Looe, East Looe and Tavy. We evaluate changes in metal contamination in sediments and in metal bioavailabilities in sediments and water to local organisms employed as biomonitors. We find that the decline in contamination in these estuaries is complex. Differences in bioavailable contamination in the water column were detectable, as were significant detectable changes in at least some estuaries in bioavailable metal contamination originating from sediments. However, in the 100 years since mining activities declined, bioavailable contamination has not declined to the regional baseline in any estuary affected by the mine wastes. The greatest decline in contamination occurred in the one instance (East Looe) where a previous industrial source of (Ag) contamination was considered. We used the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum as biomonitors of dissolved metal bioavailabilities and the deposit feeders Nereis diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana as biomonitors of bioavailable metal in sediments. We found no systematic decrease in the atypically high Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the estuarine sediments over a 26 year period. Accumulated metal (Ag, As, Cu, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in the deposit feeders are similarly still atypically high in at least one estuary for each metal, and there is no consistent evidence for general decreases in sediment metal bioavailabilities over time. We conclude that the legacy of mining in sheltered estuaries of southwest England is the ongoing presence of sediments rich in metals bioavailable to deposit feeders, while dissolved metal bioavailabilities from this historical source alone are no longer atypically high.
The gas phase X-ray photoelectron spectrum of N,N-dimethyl-p-nitroaniline

The N1s and O1s regions of gaseous N,N-dimethyl-p-nitroaniline have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The N1s (-NO2) peak is ≈0.5 eV broader than the N1s (-NH2) peak, indicating the presence of intense, unresolved shake-up. A shake-up peak has been observed in the O1s region at 2.1 eV higher binding energy than the main peak, with a relative intensity of 50%. The results have been compared with the corresponding features in the paranitroaniline and in the solid, and it has been found that the O1s shake-up intensity remains essentially unchanged while the N1s shake-up is enhanced in going to the solid. Comparison has also been made with a CNDO/S CI calculation which somewhat underestimates the relative intensities but is in good overall agreement with experiment.
Managerial Information and Decision Systems in the U. S. A.: Historical Developments, Current Status, and Major Issues

T HIS IS A TIME when public scrutiny of the use of public funds is at high levels and promises to continue to rise simultaneously with a decrease in public funds available for research and development. Since considerable amounts of public funds have been and are being expended on information systems, this alone is ample justification for an examination of historical developments, current status, and major issues relating to managerial information and decision systems. However, there is perhaps a more important reason. Computer based information and decision systems play an increasingly pervasive role in our profession, for our clientele, and, indeed, in our society. Thus, it becomes imperative that we understand the potential and limitations of these systems as well as the impact of alternatively structured systems on that portion of society which we consider to be our clientele group.
Use of computers in pediatrics : basic aspects

In this paper I have dealt with some of the common features of computers, and attemped to provide an outline for developing computer systems. One might argue that given other high profile problems and a relatively inexpensive labour market in India, automation in medicine should not be of high profile problems and a relatively inexpensive labour market in India, automation in medicine should not be of high priority. While this point of view may be valid, I think if properly planned and developed to integrate computers into the existing health care facilities, the benefits could be immense, particularly in the fild of medical education, research and patient care monitoring. Although the frustrations during the initiala phase of the ’learning curve’ of computerization may be unavoidable, the final results might make the efforts worthwhile.
Nanometer-thick poly(pyrrole) films formed by admicellar polymerization under conditions of depleting adsolubilization

Admicellar polymerizations were conducted in aqueous solutions to form electrically conducting poly(pyrrole) (PPy) ultrathin films on mica and graphite. Separate solutions were used for monomer adsolubilization and polymerization, so that at the start of the reaction step, the only monomer in solution was localized at the solid−liquid interface. Film morphology and thickness were examined using contact mode and noncontact mode atomic force microscopy and compared to previous results where oxidant was added to the adsorbing solution. PPy films formed on graphite from water or surfactant solutions were mainly composed of interlinked islands and disks (small and thin islands) at high density. On the other hand, PPy deposited on mica in water alone formed randomly scattered islands without any continuous film formation, while PPy from surfactant solutions formed the same type of films with islands and disks. The thickness of the well-connected films could be made less than 5 nm depending on reaction condition...
Introgression and stabilization of erwinia tuber soft rot resistance into potato after somatic hybridization of solanum tuberosum and s. brevidens

Resistance to potato tuber soft rot caused byErwinia carotovora was transferred fromSolanum brevidens to the cultivated potato over the course of four backcross generations originating from a somatic hybrid. Soft rot reactions were determined via a tuber plug inoculation method developed during the course of these experiments. Soft rot resistance was highest in the somatic hybrid (only ca. 20% of tubers and plugs showed evidence of severe rotting) and lowest among progeny of control potato x potato crosses (ca. 80% of tuber plugs showed severe rot). Backcross generations involving somatic hybrids were intermediate in their reaction, and resistance stabilized to about 60% of tuber plugs showing severe rot in the BC2 through the BC4. Reciprocal crosses showed no difference in the inheritance of soft rot resistance, indicating that neitherS. brevidens norS. tuberosum donor cytoplasm had a significant effect on the expression of resistance. Crosses between BC3 siblings where noS. brevidens genetic markers were detected but resistance was segregating demonstrated a dosage effect for soft rot resistance. We conclude that introgression of soft rot resistance has occurred and that at least one locus responsible for resistance inS. brevidens now resides in theS. tuberosum genome.
Tunable diffractive optical filter for multispectral imaging

An optical device is presented that uses the highly wavelength dispersive nature of diffractive optics to provide a means of either removing a small waveband of incident radiation from a scene, to function as a tunable notch filter, or passing only a small waveband of incident radiation from the scene, to function as a tunable bandpass filter. Design examples are given along with system performance analysis. Experimental verification is also presented.
A reconsideration of the motivations for preferred argument structure

Previous studies on Preferred Argument Structure have suggested (Du Bois 1987, 2002) and accepted (e.g. Goldberg 2004) specific cognitive motivations for PAS, namely that the general restriction of lexical arguments and new referents to the S and O roles facilitates the conceptually onerous task of referent introduction. In this paper, conversation data from English and Portuguese are analyzed. The data are generally inconsistent with the putative cognitive motivations for PAS presented in the literature. They suggest instead that PAS is most likely epiphenomenal and due to basic semantic and pragmatic factors, for example the correlation between human referents and given/non-lexical arguments, and the correlation between human referents and the A role.
Off-Job Disengagement and Employee Well-Being: A Synthesis and Meta- Analytic Review

For many workers, there is some carry-over of affect and cognition when they leave their workplace. In the past few decades, researchers have evaluated the phenomenon of off- job disengagement, reflecting the physical and mental removal of the self from the work role during off-job time. However, much of the existing research encompasses a piecemeal approach to the construct, leaving unanswered questions about the processes and magnitudes of effects associated with off-job disengagement. We identify eight constructs reflecting off-job disengagement, and develop a model linking off-job disengagement to well-being. The predictions of the model are tested in a meta-analysis of 120 studies (k = 120), comprising a sample size of 55,634 participants (N =55,634). Higher off-job disengagement was associated with diminished perceptions of poor well-being, with a meta-analytic effect size estimate of r = -.22. In addition, off-job disengagement was meta-analytically linked to lower negative affect, fewer somatic co...
Characterization of the Jagged Stress‐strain Relationships of Puffed Extrudates using the Fast Fourier Transform and Fractal Analysis

The jaggedness of the stress-strain relationship of two kinds of puffed extrudates stored under different humidity conditions was assessed by the power spectrum of the Fast Fourier Transform and the Natural Fractal dimension of normalized compression curves. Both analyses, performed with a micro-computer, provided a consistent measure of jaggedness. The apparent Fractal dimension, obtained using the Blanket algorithm, was the most convenient measure of overall ruggedness since it was expressed by a single number. The power spectrum that resulted from the Fourier transform, however, could be used to identify the length scale of structural features where fracture takes place, and its shape could be more directly related to structural features and textural properties.
The induction of p53 and WAF1/CIP1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine

The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia includes the use of alkylating agents, steroids, and more recently nucleoside analogues. While prior studies have described potential mechanisms of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine cytotoxicity including the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and induction of apoptosis or programmed cell death, the expression of p53 and its downstream target WAF1/CIP1 have not been examined. In this report we describe the induction of p53 and WAF1/CIP1 in the apoptotic chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells after exposure to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine.
Use of contracts in psychotherapy.

Summary.-The use of contracts in psychotherapy is presented as a way of helping to address questions regarding the 'cost effectiveness' of psychotherapy. Contracts are also shown to be of value in protecting the client, increasing therapist's accountability, and enhancing the researcher's capabiliry of conducting investigations on the effectiveness of therapeutic procedures. Difficulties in writing highly specific contracts for clients' vague complaints are pointed out and a parallel is drawn between the process of contracting and certain aspects of the peer review system which is being supported by the American Psychological Association. Increasing costs of health care and the growing existence of third-party payments is bringing a greater emphasis upon the question of the cost effectiveness of psychotherapy. Cost effectiveness, as used here, means the dollar and time investment which must be committed by the client to achieve agreed-upon therapeutic goals. Insurance companies frequently ask therapists to be accountable for what they do in that they are required to provide specific information regarding such factors as the patient's diagnosis, the approximate duration of therapy, and the therapeutic goals which the patient is expected to achieve. In general, the insurance companies which underwrite health policies show a growing concern about the efficacy of therapeutic practices. One of the possible ways for therapists to respond to these questions of accountability and to provide the specific kinds of data which seem to be increasingly in demand, is through the use of contracts in psychotherapy. As used here, such a contract is a detailed written agreement between the therapist and the client which attempts to delineate what is to be expected from each, how treatment will be conducted, and how progress will be measured. Questions regarding the efficacy of therapeutic procedures have arisen even within psychotherapists' own ranks (Burstine & Naughton, 1970; Eysenck, 1966; Fiske, Luborsky, Parloff, Hunt, Orne, Reiser, & Tuma, 1970). Allyon and Skuban (1973) note that the time is drawing near when the same public scrutiny and concern for cost effectiveness will demand accountability for services provided by the mental health industry. In a similar vein, Parloff (1979) indicates that now that society is being asked to pay for psychotherapy by way of third-party payments, it proposes to exercise its responsibility to determine how effective therapeutic services are, to investigate how the terms "health" and "need for services" will be defined and who will provide these services. Un'Requests for reprints should be sent to Robert W. Moaa, Ph.D., Rm. 243 Gallon Wing (PERC), Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11550.
Cardiodepressive effects of thiomerin; cardioprotective attempts with BAL, ascorbic acid and thiamin.

Summary and Conclusion1. In the isolated rabbit heart thiomerin appeared to slow atrio-ventricular and intraventricular conduction and prolong the “electrical systole” (Q-T interval) in doses, as to mercury content, over 200 times those of meralluride, and 1000 or more times those of other commonly used mercurial diuretics. The rapidly cardiolethal dosages bore even larger ratios. Idio-ventricular slowing and asystole, associated with marked cardiac dilatation and failure of contractility, and not ventricular ectopic rhythms, constituted the lethal manifestations of the thiomerin perfused heart.2. In contrast to the marked increase in cardiac tolerance to other organic mercurial compounds as a result of preliminary administration of BAL, and to a lesser extent, of ascorbic acid and thiamin, BAL approximately doubled the cardiolethal dosage of thiomerin and the two vitamins were not significantly cardioprotective against the monothiol mercurial.3. BAL markedly reversed the deleterious conduction effects of...
Hope: An affective cognition.

Hope is here operationalized as a predominance of expected future positive feelings over future expected negative feelings. Hope, comprised of both desire and expectation, involves the interaction of affect and cognition. Modifications of Bradburn's Affective Balance Scale were used to measure hope and happiness. Four graphic rating scales were used to measure psychological well-being, perceived health, satisfaction, and happiness. Hope, measured by the Expected Balance Scale correlated as expected with the other measures. A factor analysis further supported the robustness of the hope variable. Hope is offered as an important personality dimension worthy of continued research.
Sociologies of development

(1981). Sociologies of development. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 5-18.
Effect of Hexafluoroisopropanol on the Thermodynamics of Peptide Secondary Structure Formation

This report provides additional evidence for the importance of hydrophobic interactions in peptide secondary structure formation. For the hydrophobically driven {beta} hairpin formation examined, the addition of HFIP to the 8% level increases hairpin formation and increases {Delta}C{sub p} by nearly a factor of 3. Surprisingly, {alpha} helices bearing a few non-interacting hydrophobic residues can display even larger {Delta}C{sub p} values. The initial phase of secondary structure induction during fluoroalcohol titrations of peptides appears to be largely the result of these effects rather than differential stabilization (or destabilization) of the folded versus coil conformation by alcohol/peptide binding interactions, as the latter would be reflected predominantly in the enthalpy term. The addition of limited quantities of fluoroalcohol may mimic the early hydrophobic collapse stage of protein folding.
Placenta and salivary gland fluoride transfer in the rat.

ConclusionsWhen pregnant rats receive 50 ppm F/day during entire pregnancy, their pups' molar teeth show a significant reduction in acid solubility. If fluoride administration is continued during lactation, no added anti-solubility effect is shown. Saliva either inactivates fluoride or salivary tissue is selective against fluoride secretion.
Thermal analysis of solidification in web-dendritic ribbon growth

Abstract The transport of latent heat of crystallization from the liquid-solid interface is studied during web-dendritic ribbon growth. A model is developed of the heat transport in the meniscus and web which is used to investigate the growth of silicon ribbon. Parameters found to have a major role in determining the pull rate are (1) thermal shield temperature, (2) spacing between the thermal shield and melt surface, and (3) thickness of the growing web. A decrease of the thermal shield temperature or a decrease in the spacing between the thermal shield and melt surface results in an increase in the pull rate. In addition, the pull rate increases as the thickness of the web decreases.
Temporal relationship of post-operative radiotherapy with temozolomide and oncologic outcome for glioblastoma

To determine the impact of delay between surgery and radiotherapy on overall survival (OS) in temozolomide treatmented patients with the incorporation of O6-methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). From 2000 to 2012, 345 consecutive glioblastoma patients were treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide at our institution. A Cox-regression model was constructed using significant univariate parameters, known prognostic factors including MGMT, and the interval from surgery to radiotherapy (≤2, 2–5, and ≥6 weeks). Survival rates were calculated by Kaplan–Meier methods. Cox-regression was utilized to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR). The median survival for the entire cohort was 12.2 months. The 1 year actuarial OS was 43.1 %, 53.3 %, and 64.3 % (p = 0.11), for intervals from surgery to radiotherapy of ≤2, 2–5, and ≥6 weeks, respectively. Patients radiated within 2 weeks post-surgery were more likely to have older age (p = 0.03), treated with 2D techniques (p 6 weeks (HR 3.76 [1.01–14.57], p = 0.05). We report the first analysis on the survival impact of delaying post-operative radiotherapy for temozolomide treated glioblastoma patients with MGMT information. Our data does not support the OS benefit previously seen in delayed RT when correcting for important covariates. We demonstrate a survival detriment with delaying RT post-surgery greater than 6 weeks on multivariate analysis.
Benchmarking spintronic logic devices based on magnetoelectric oxides

Active research is ongoing in logic devices beyond complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor electronics. One of the most promising classes of such devices is spintronic/nanomagnetic devices. Switching of magnetization by spin torque (ST) demonstrated in spintronic devices results in relatively high switching energy. An attractive option for lowering switching energy is magnetoelectric (ME) switching achieved by placing other materials (mostly oxides) adjacent to ferromagnets. We review recent experiments on ME switching, classify them according to the ME phenomena into surface anisotropy, exchange bias, and magnetostrictive, and compare switching parameters for these classes. Then, we perform micromagnetic simulations of switching by the effective ME field of both stand-alone nanomagnets and spintronic interconnects. We determine the threshold values of ME field for switching and the resulting switching time. These switching requirements are incorporated into the previously developed benchmarking framework for spintronic logic devices and circuits. We conclude that ME switching results in 1 to 2 orders of magnitude improvement of switching energy and several time improvement of switching delay compared with ST switching across various schemes of spin logic devices.
Rotavirus NSP2 interferes with the core lattice protein VP2 in initiation of minus-strand synthesis

The rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP2 self-assembles into stable octameric structures that possess nonspecific affinity for single-stranded (ss)RNA and RNA-RNA helix-destabilizing and NTPase activities. Furthermore, NSP2 is a component of replication intermediates with replicase activity and plays a critical role in the packaging and replication of the segmented dsRNA genome of rotavirus. To better understand the function of the protein in genome replication, we examined the effect that purified recombinant NSP2 had on the synthesis of dsRNA by the open core replication system. The results showed that NSP2 inhibited the synthesis of dsRNA from viral mRNA in vitro, in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition was overcome by adding increasing amounts of viral mRNA or nonviral ssRNA to the system, indicating that the inhibition was mediated by the nonspecific RNA-binding activity of NSP2. Further analysis revealed that NSP2 interfered with the ability of the open core proteins, GTP, and viral mRNA to form the initiation complex for (-) strand synthesis. Additional experiments indicated that NSP2 did not perturb recognition of viral mRNA by the viral RNA polymerase VP1, but rather interfered with the function of VP2, a protein that is essential for (-) strand initiation and dsRNA synthesis and that forms the T = 1 lattice of the virion core. In contrast to initiation, NSP2 did not inhibit (-) strand elongation. Collectively, the findings provide evidence that the temporal order of interaction of RNA-binding proteins with viral mRNA is a crucial factor impacting the formation of replication intermediates.
Teachers' Use of Naturalistic Communication Intervention Practices.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which naturalistic practices were being implemented across a representative sample of 17 early intervention programs and classroom activities. Measures of teacher-child communicative interactions, program quality, specialized training, and ongoing support were administered. Results indicated that teachers use descriptive talk more frequently than direct teaching strategies, particularly during freeplay activities. Implementation of direct teaching strategies was positively related to program quality, and specialized training might influence teacher's perspectives about use of freeplay as an opportunity to facilitate communication development. Data obtained in separate geographic regions of the country were remarkably similar, providing modest support for the external validity of these findings. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Atomistic Study of the Long-Lived Quantum Coherences in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson Complex

A remarkable amount of theoretical research has been carried out to elucidate the physical origins of the recently observed long-lived quantum coherence in the electronic energy transfer process in biological photosynthetic systems. Although successful in many respects, several widely used descriptions only include an effective treatment of the protein-chromophore interactions. In this work, by combining an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, time-dependent density functional theory, and open quantum system approaches, we successfully simulate the dynamics of the electronic energy transfer of the Fenna-Matthews-Olson pigment-protein complex. The resulting characteristic beating of populations and quantum coherences is in good agreement with the experimental results and the hierarchy equation of motion approach. The experimental absorption, linear, and circular dichroism spectra and dephasing rates are recovered at two different temperatures. In addition, we provide an extension of our method to include zero-point fluctuations of the vibrational environment. This work thus presents, to our knowledge, one of the first steps to explain the role of excitonic quantum coherence in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes based on their atomistic and molecular description.
The Social Construction of Occupational Health and Safety: Barriers to Environmental-Labor Health Coalitions

Occupational and environmental health advocates promote the potential of alliances between workers and community members to address shared health problems resulting from industrial processes. Advocates recognize the need to overcome job blackmail, which has successfully pitted these groups against one another by threatening job loss in the face of calls for improved standards. This strategic form of issue management represents a dualism between good health and clean environments on one hand and jobs and tax bases on the other. The author argues that overcoming job blackmail requires attention not only to this dualism, but to the broader social construction of occupational and environmental health. The article describes a series of oppositional constructions, in both strategic organizational rhetoric and everyday cultural discourse, which reinforces job blackmail and impedes the development of solidarity among workers, neighbors, and environmental advocates. These dualisms polarize our views of work and en...
Development and Behavior of Male Toddlers With Fragile X Syndrome

This report presents findings from an ongoing longitudinal study of the developmental and behavioral characteristics of 26 boys with fragile X syndrome between the ages of 12 and 36 months. Multipl...
Revitalization of the Shared Commons: Education for Sustainability and Marginalized Cultures.

Education for sustainability provides a vision for revitalizing the environmental commons while preserving cultural traditions and human rights. What happens if the environmental commons is shared by two politically disparate and conflicting cultures? As in many shared common lands, what happens if one culture is dominant and represents a more affluent society with more resources and educational opportunities? In the case of the Tal and Alkaher study (Cult Stud Sci Edu, 2009), asymmetric power differences between the dominant Israeli society and the minority Arab population yielded different environmental narratives and perceptions of students involved in learning about a mediated conflict in national park land. Similarly, marginalized indigenous cultures in Malawi, Africa share common lands with the dominant European landowners but have distinctly different environmental narratives. Although indigenous ways of living with nature contribute to the sustainability of the environment and culture, African funds of knowledge are conspicuously absent from the Eurocentric school science curriculum. In contrast, examples of experiential learning and recent curriculum development efforts in sustainability science in Malawi are inclusive of indigenous knowledge and practices and are essential for revitalizing the shared commons.
Luminescent fractal reactions: Exciton fusion on percolation clusters

Abstract Experimental measurements of exciton annihilation in isotopic mixed crystals of naphthalene-h 8 in naphthalene-d 8 exhibit fractal reaction kinetics on samples well below and slightly above the percolation threshold. The effective spectral dimensions are in very good agreement with the superuniversality conjecture and 2-dim. random walk simulations. Crystals well above the percolation threshold exhibit the expected classical behavior.
A new form of hereditary short limbed dwarf ism with microcephalus

Siblings, one female and one male, were each born approximately 1 month prematurely and showed microcephalus, shortness, and short limbs plus a receding forehead and one peculiarly positioned small toe. Each failed to thrive, and neither made any developmental progress beyond the newborn status. Each exhibited a similar leukemoid reaction, and one died of respiratory infection at 3 months, the other of seizures and central nervous system infection at 5 months. At autopsy, each had a small brain, hydrocephalus, and bony anomaly of the cranium, the one of the posterior fossa and the other of the foramen magnum; in addition, one had absence of the corpus callosum. The long bones were considered atypical of chondro-dystrophy. The combination of mildly shortened bones of the extremities, moderately anomalous ribs, and slightly flattened vertebrae with microcrania does not resemble any of the previously recognized forms of short limbed dwarfism. We propose determination by a single, rare, autosomal recessive gene. The parents had greatly different ancestry and their apparent heterozygosity for such a gene made their mating particularly unusual.
Discordant situs of thoracic and abdominal viscera

Abstract Two instances of levocardia with thoracic situs solitus and abdominal situs inversus, and one of their mirror image counterpart are described. No intracardiac defects were present in 2 cases, and the third had a fossa ovalis type of atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The course of the inferior vena cava was unusual in that the vein switched abruptly from one to the other side of the abdomen at the liver to connect with the venous atrium located on the opposite side. The cases described are thought to represent a specific type of anomaly of visceral situs, characterized by complete thoracic and abdominal discordance. A similar anatomic relationship of the heart and viscera, and course of the inferior vena cava, may occur in more complex types of heterotaxia associated with severe cardiac anomalies, and asplenia or polysplenia. Analysis of these cases reveals that continuity between the inferior vena cava and morphologic right atrium appears to be the most reliable method for atrial localization.
Fault-tolerant parallel matrix multiplication with one iteration fault detection latency

A new algorithm, the ID algorithm, is presented which minimizes the fault-detection latency. In the ID algorithm, a fault is detected as soon as the fault occurs instead of at problem termination. For n/sup 2/ processors, the fault-latency time of the ID algorithm is 1/n of that of the checksum algorithm with a run-time penalty of O(n log/sub 2/ n) in an n*n matrix operation. This algorithm has better performance in terms of error coverage and expected run time in large-scale matrix multiplications such as signal and image processing, weather prediction, and finite-element analysis. >
Stationary Solutions of Two-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations with Random Perturbation

For a certain class of stochastic evolution equations in a Banach space, a sufficient condition is given to ensure the evolution equation of Ito type has a stationary strong solution corresponding to some invariant initial distribution. It is then shown that the general result can be applied to the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations perturbed by a Gaussian white-noise and provides a simple proof that such a system of stochastic equations has a stationary solution.
Silane, 1,1′‐(Chloromethylene)bis[1,1,1]‐trimethyl‐

[5926-35-2] C7H19ClSi2 (MW 194.85) InChI = 1S/C7H19ClSi2/c1-9(2,3)7(8)10(4,5)6/h7H,1-6H3 InChIKey = XNJGZHVYPBNLEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (versatile C1 building block; broad application in Peterson olefination reactions; Grignard reagent participates readily in Kumada cross-coupling reactions with aryl and vinyl halides; useful in synthesis of methylenephosphine analogs; as sterically demanding ligand for a number of main group and transition metal complexes) Alternative names: chlorobis(trimethylsilyl)methane; bis(trimethylsilyl) methyl chloride; bis(trimethylsilyl)chloromethane; [chloro(trimethylsilyl)methyl]trimethylsilane. Physical Data: bp 57–60 °C (15 mmHg); flash point 48 °C; d 0.892 g mL−1 (25 °C). Solubility: soluble in common organic solvents (DMF, THF, Et2O, CH2Cl2). Form Supplied in: colorless liquid, commercially available. Preparative Method: a convenient one-pot procedure has been developed by Kemp and Cowley in which trimethylsilylchloride reacts with dichloromethane in the presence of nBuLi at −110 °C to give bis(trimethylsilyl)dichloromethane.1 This intermediate is sequentially treated with nBuLi and ethanol to yield chlorobis(trimethylsilyl)methane. A number of other syntheses have been described.2-8 Purification: fractionally distilled through a Vigreaux column.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: flammable. Chlorobis(trimethylsilyl)methane is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system and should only be handled in a well-ventilated fume hood. In addition, proper protective clothing, gloves, and eye/face protection should be worn when title compound is in use. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with water and seek medical advice.
Use of the California Verbal Learning Test to detect proactive interference in the traumatically brain injured

Recent studies using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) to investigate the learning and memory capacities of traumatically-brain injured (TBI) individuals have suggested that this population does not show the expected buildup of proactive interference (PI). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether PI could be detected on the CVLT, in a TBI sample, if PI were calculated using alternative methods. CVLT data from 25 TBI individuals with varying degrees of brain injury and 21 healthy controls were compared. Results from the various analyses suggested that TBI individuals show buildup and release from PI when learning and attempting to recall competing forms of information if appropriate methods of analysis are used. Although the CVLT differs considerably from traditional PI paradigms (e g., Wickens, 1970), our results suggest it can be used to detect PI in TBI individuals.