cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) occur in approximately 2-3 % of the population. Most of these lesions are incidentally found, asymptomatic and typically carry a benign course. Although the risk of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is low, this complication can result in significant morbidity and mortality, making assessment of this risk the cornerstone of UIA management. This article reviews important factors to consider when managing unruptured intracranial aneurysms including patient demographics, comorbidities, family history, symptom status, and aneurysm characteristics. It also addresses screening, monitoring, medical management and current surgical and endovascular therapies.
Instructional Implications from the Woodcock–Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities

Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to explore instructional implications from the Woodcock–Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Enhancing cognitive or intellectual abilities in children has been a topic of great interest in education and rehabilitation. Children’s cognitive impairments affect their ability to achieve developmental milestones not previously attained, impact school achievement, and restrict their ability to participate in age appropriate social activities.
Neuronal Trans-Differentiation in Prostate Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostate cancer (PCa) is an aggressive phenotype associated with therapy resistance. The complete phenotype of these cells is poorly understood. Clinical classification is based predominantly on the expression of standard NE markers. METHODS We analyzed the phenotype of NE carcinoma of the prostate utilizing in vitro methods, in silico, and immunohistochemical analyses of human disease. RESULTS LNCaP cells, subjected to a variety of stressors (0.1% [v/v] fetal bovine serum, cyclic AMP) induced a reproducible phenotype consistent with neuronal trans-differentiation. Cells developed long cytoplasmic processes resembling neurons. As expected, serum deprived cells had decreased expression in androgen receptor and prostate specific antigen. A significant increase in neuronal markers also was observed. Gene array analysis demonstrated that LNCaP cells subjected to low serum or cAMP showed statistically significant manifestation of a human brain gene expression signature. In an in silico experiment using human data, we identified that only hormone resistant metastatic prostate cancer showed enrichment of the “brain profile.” Gene ontology analysis demonstrated categories involved in neuronal differentiation. Three neuronal markers were validated in a large human tissue cohort. CONCLUSION This study proposes that the later stages of PCa evolution involves neuronal trans-differentiation, which would enable PCa cells to acquire independence from the neural axis, critical in primary tumors. Prostate 76:1312–1325, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thyroid Hormone Transport Proteins: Thyroxine-Binding Globulin, Transthyretin, and Albumin

Thyroxine (T 4 ) ad its metabolites, the active T 3 and inactive rT 3 , are bound to three main transport proteins, thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin (TTR) and human serum albumin (HSA). Abnormalities in TH transport proteins, inherited or acquired, result in altered thyroid function tests. Individuals carrying such abnormalities are clinically euthyroid and, therefore, they do not require treatment. This article describes the chemical, physical and genetic properties of these tree TH-transport proteins and an update on their genetic defects. The resulting clinical picture and underlying mechanisms of their inherited and acquired abnormalities are also reviewed.
Pharyngeal Pressure and Timing During Bolus Transit

Determining intrabolus pressure (IBP) at the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and in the esophagus has given compelling evidence that IBP can be a predictor for swallowing dysfunction. Studies have looked most superiorly at the low hypopharynx region but there has been no inquiry into what IBP measures throughout the entire pharynx can tell us. We present a study to describe the pressures within and surrounding the moving bolus throughout the pharynx and into the UES. Simultaneous high-resolution manometry (HRM) and videofluoroscopy were performed in ten healthy subjects swallowing ten 10 mL thin-liquid barium boluses. Three events surrounding bolus movement were tracked via videofluoroscopy, and two additional events were found using manometric measures. As the bolus passes through the pharynx, low pressure is created at and below the head of the bolus. A modest pressure increase is seen as the bolus passes through the pharynx, and finally, high pressure is observed at the bolus tail, followed by an even larger pressure generation of a clearance event. HRM allows for greater resolution in data collection in the pharynx and in this study, aided in identifying semi-unique characteristics around the hypopharynx and the UES which are consistent with the complex anatomy of the regions and the transition of the UES from active closure to relaxed opening. In the future, additional studies designed to look at aged and diseased populations may lead to better understanding of disease etiology, and treatment options.
Singlet oxygen explicit dosimetry to predict long-term local tumor control for BPD-mediated photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment modality for cancer and other malignant diseases; however, quantities such as light fluence, photosensitizer photobleaching rate, and PDT dose do not fully account for all of the dynamic interactions between the key components involved. In particular, fluence rate (Φ) effects are not accounted for, which has a large effect on the oxygen consumption rate. In this preclinical study, reacted singlet oxygen [1O2]rx was investigated as a dosimetric quantity for PDT outcome. The ability of [1O2]rx to predict the long-term local tumor control rate (LCR) for BPD-mediated PDT was examined. Mice bearing radioactivelyinduced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors were treated with different in-air fluences (250, 300, and 350 J/cm2) and in-air ϕ (75, 100, and150 mW/cm2) with a BPD dose of 1 mg/kg and a drug-light interval of 3 hours. Treatment was delivered with a collimated laser beam of 1 cm diameter at 690 nm. Explicit dosimetry of initial tissue oxygen concentration, tissue optical properties, and BPD concentration was used to calculate [1O2]rx. Φ was calculated for the treatment volume based on Monte-Carlo simulations and measured tissue optical properties. Kaplan-Meier analyses for LCR were done for an endpoint of tumor volume ≤ 100 mm3 using four dose metrics: light fluence, photosensitizer photobleaching rate, PDT dose, and [1O2]rx. PDT dose was defined as the product of the timeintegral of photosensitizer concentration and Φ at a 3 mm tumor depth. Preliminary studies show that [1O2]rx better correlates with LCR and is an effective dosimetric quantity that can predict treatment outcome.
Dependence of model-simulated response to ozone depletion on stratospheric polar vortex climatology

We contrast the responses to ozone depletion in two climate models: CAM3 and GFDL AM3. Although both models are forced with identical ozone concentration changes, the stratospheric cooling simulated in CAM3 is 30% stronger than in AM3 in annual mean, and twice as strong in December. We find that this difference originates from the dynamical response to ozone depletion, and its strength can be linked to the timing of the climatological springtime polar vortex breakdown. This mechanism is further supported by a variant of the AM3 simulation in which the Southern stratospheric zonal wind climatology is nudged to be CAM3-like. Given that the delayed breakdown of the Southern polar vortex is a common bias among many climate models, previous model-based assessments of the forced responses to ozone depletion may have been somewhat overestimated.
BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE CATECHOLAMINERGIC NEURONS IN THE BRAIN OF THE FETAL AND NEONATAL RAT

Histologic, autoradiographic, and biochemical studies are in agreement that the catecholaminergic neurons appear in the fetal rat brain by 15 days of gestation. Regional and subcellular distribution of the enzymes in the synthesis pathway for catecholamines indicates that axonal processes have grown from these neurons as early as 8 days before birth. By birth, all major regions of the brain contain catecholaminergic terminals as demonstrated by the presence of the biosynthetic enzymes as well as endogenous catecholamines. Pharmacologic manipulation of the central catecholaminergic neurons of the fetal rat at 18 days of gestation indicates that the neurotransmitters are under controls similar to those known to occur in the adult. Since catecholaminergic receptors are functional at birth, it is suggested that significant interactions may transpire between the catecholaminergic neurons and other neurons of the brain well before birth of the rat.
Network Science: Understanding the Internal Organization of Complex Systems (Invited Talk)

The Center for Complex Network Research (CCNR), directed by Professor Barabasi, has a simple objective: think networks. The center's research focuses on how networks emerge, what they look like, and how they evolve; and how networks impact on understanding of complex systems. To understand networks, CCNR's research has developed to rather unexpected areas. Certain studies include the topology of the www - showing that webpages are on average 19 clicks form each other; complex cellular network inside the cell-looking at both metabolic and genetic networks; the Internet's Achilles' Heel. The center's researchers have even ventured to study how actors are connected in Hollywood.
OH Father, where ART Thou?:

Sociological research has often evidenced significant outcomes associated with the experiences a child has of fatherhood. This article considers the importance of fatherhood from a Biblical/theolog...
Search for the hypoglycemia receptor using the local irrigation approach.

The central nervous system (CNS) has been implicated in glucose homeostasis since Claude Bernard’s1 observation in the mid-19th century that puncture of the fourth ventricle of the brain resulted in glycosuria. Observations in the early part of this century that specific lesions in the hypothalamus were associated with hyperglycemia and glycosuria, provided added support for a role of the CNS in glucose metabolism. 2,3 Extensive research has subsequently revealed that the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) are capable of exerting reciprocal control over glucose metabolism.4–6 Electrical stimulation of the VMH leads to hyperglycemia, hepatic glycogenosis, hyperglucagonemia, and hyppinsulinemia. 7,8 Conversely, lesions to the VMH are characterized by hyperinsulinemia. 4,5 Chemical stimulation of the LH with epinephrine or norepinephrine leads to elevated secretion of insulin. 9 A similar insulin response has been observed with electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, with which the LH interacts. It has been further shown that the VMH and LH are capable of direct effects upon hepatic glycogenosis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis. Stimulation of the VMH activates glycogen phosphorylase and Dhosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), while reducing pyruvate kinase activity. 10,11 Alternatively, stimulation of the LH leads to activation of glycogen synthetase and suppression of PEPCK activity. 10,11 Thus the VMH and LH have the potential to exert a strong control over hepatic glycogen metabolism via direct hepatic innervation and innervation of endocrine glands.
Comprehensive Management Of Raynaud’S Syndrome

Raynaud’s syndrome remains an enigma that suffers from a lack of precise diagnostic criteria, etiologie understanding, or uniformly successful treatment methods. Controversy reigns in almost every aspect of treatment among the three clinical approaches: pharmacologic, surgical, and physical medicine. It behooves clinicians to be aware of the current concepts among each of these three disciplines to coordinate each patient’s management and to consider newer approaches for this unsolved problem. This review of current etiologie hypotheses, evaluation methods, and treatment techniques emphasizes the newer microvascular surgical efforts.
Photo Quiz: A Bacterium Better Known by Surgical Pathologists than by Clinical Microbiologists.

A 33-year-old woman with medullary sponge kidney associated with kidney stones and recurrent urinary tract infections presented to the clinic with flank pain, dysuria, vomiting, and fever. Her last urinary tract infection was 4 months prior, at which time urine culture was positive for Enterococcus
Simplification of bevacizumab (bev) administration: Do we need 90, 60, or even 30 minute infusion times?

3542 Background: Bev is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets VEGF. Due to concerns of infusion related hypersensitivity reactions, phase I trials of bev used an initial 90 minute infusion o...
Alpelisib-Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Abstract Objective To report the first case of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and its management in a patient with diet-controlled prediabetes and metastatic breast cancer treated with alpelisib, a PI3K (phosphatidylinosiotol-3-kinase) inhibitor. Methods Literature on the topic is reviewed. The case is that of a 66-year-old female with diet-controlled prediabetes and metastatic breast carcinoma who had initiated alpelisib 2 weeks prior to being admitted for diabetic ketoacidosis. Results Admission laboratory examination revealed a blood sugar of 1137 mg/dL, an anion gap of 25, large ketones in urine, and positive acetone in serum. The HbA1c level was 9.4% (79 mmol/mol) on admission, which had been 6.3% (45 mmol/mol) seven months earlier. She was discharged on subcutaneous insulin and instructed to discontinue alpelisib. Alpelisib was restarted 2 days later, which exacerbated her hyperglycemia within 24 hours. In the following months, her hyperglycemia was successfully managed with insulin and a SGLT 2 inhibitor. Unfortunately, her breast cancer progressed, ultimately leading to discontinuation of alpelisib. Blood sugar levels returned to a nondiabetic range upon discontinuation of alpelisib, and she is currently off all antihyperglycemic agents. Conclusion Although PI3KCA inhibitors remain a promising drug in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have not responded to previous treatment, patients must be closely monitored for adverse effects such as hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia could be a potentially limiting side effect of alpelisib. The optimal management of hyperglycemia induced by alpelisib warrants further research.
Outcomes and Procedural Considerations for Women Undergoing PCI

Women continue to be underrepresented in cardiovascular studies, while heart disease remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in women as in men. In this review, we explore the differences in presentation, characteristics, and treatment of women presenting for coronary intervention for stable coronary disease or acute coronary syndromes. Recent, large meta-analyses of clinical trials have shown that the sex differences in outcomes after non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome are attenuated after thorough adjustment for baseline comorbidities, but worse outcomes and more complications are still seen in women after percutaneous coronary intervention. Young women presenting for coronary angiogram are particularly at risk. Biologic factors, differences in presentation, and care disparities all contribute to worse outcomes after MI and PCI in women compared to men; both health behaviors and healthcare system behaviors should and can be modified to improve morbidity and survival in women with heart disease.
The impossibility of a perfectly competitive labour market.

Using the institutional theory of transaction costs, I demonstrate that the assumptions of the competitive labour market model are internally contradictory and lead to the conclusion that on purely theoretical grounds a perfectly competitive labour market is a logical impossibility. By extension, the familiar diagram of wage determination by supply and demand is also a logical impossibility and the neoclassical labour demand curve is not a well-defined construct. The reason is that the perfectly competitive market model presumes zero transaction costs and with zero transaction costs all labour is hired as independent contractors, implying that multi-person firms, the employment relationship and labour market disappear. With positive transaction costs, on the other hand, employment contracts are incomplete and the labour supply curve to the firm is upward sloping, again causing the labour demand curve to be ill-defined. As a result, theory suggests that wage rates are always and everywhere an amalgam of an administered and bargained price.
Identifying, assessing, and supporting family caregivers in health and long-term care: Current progress and future opportunities

Abstract This chapter discusses the relevance and importance of systematic identification, assessment, and support of family caregivers in health and long-term care delivery. We begin with an overview of demographic, chronic illness, and health system trends that frame the scope of and demand for families’ involvement in care delivery processes. We then discuss the concept of person- and family-centered care and how this orientation underpins the integration of family caregiver assessment and support into health and long-term care settings. Building on the family-centered care approach, we describe existing models, clinical practices, and administrative mechanisms that focus on family caregivers. Throughout this discussion, we highlight key gaps and challenges to current approaches and offer practical solutions and opportunities to promote future adoption of family caregiver assessment and support in health and long-term care.
Do woody vines use gelatinous fibers to climb

Many plant movements are facilitated by contractile cells called gelatinous fibers (G-fibers), but how G-fibers function in the climbing movements of woody vines remains underexplored. In this Insight, we compare the presence and distribution of G-fibers in the stems of stem-twiners, which wrap around supports, with non-stem-twiners, which attach to supports via tendrils or adventitious roots. An examination of 164 species spanning the vascular plant phylogeny reveals that G-fibers are common in stem-twiners but scarce in non-stem-twiners, suggesting that G-fibers are preferentially formed in the organ responsible for movement. When present, G-fibers are in the xylem, phloem, pericycle, and/or cortex. We discuss the hypothesis that G-fibers are foundational to plant movement and highlight research opportunities concerning G-fiber development and function.
Processed electroencephalography: impact of patient age and surgical position on intraoperative processed electroencephalogram monitoring of burst-suppression

We previously reported that processed EEG underestimated the amount of burst suppression compared to off-line visual analysis. We performed a follow-up study to evaluate the reasons for the discordance. Forty-five patients were monitored intraoperatively with processed EEG. A computer algorithm was used to convert the SedLine® (machine)-generated burst suppression ratio into a raw duration of burst suppression. The reference standard was a precise off-line measurement by two neurologists. We measured other potential variables that may affect machine accuracy such as age, surgery position, and EEG artifacts. Overall, the median duration of bust suppression for all study subjects was 15.4 min (Inter-quartile Range [IQR] = 1.0–20.1) for the machine vs. 16.1 min (IQR = 0.3–19.7) for the neurologists’ assessment; the 95% limits of agreement fall within − 4.86 to 5.04 s for individual 30-s epochs. EEG artifacts did not affect the concordance between the two methods. For patients in prone surgical position, the machine estimates had significantly lower overall sensitivity (0.86 vs. 0.97; p = 0.038) and significantly wider limits of agreement ([− 4.24, 3.82] seconds vs. [− 1.36, 1.13] seconds, p = 0.001) than patients in supine position. Machine readings for younger patients (age < 65 years) had higher sensitivity (0.96 vs 0.92; p = 0.021) and specificity (0.99 vs 0.88; p = 0.007) for older patients. The duration of burst suppression estimated by the machine generally had good agreement compared with neurologists’ estimation using a more precise off-line measurement. Factors that affected the concordance included patient age and position during surgery, but not EEG artifacts.
An Engineer's Alphabet: Gleanings from the Softer Side of a Profession

This is an excerpt from Henry Petroski’s newest book, which will be published this month by Cambridge University Press. As Petroski writes in the preface, “this abecedarium is one engineer’s collection of thoughts, quotations, anecdotes, facts, trivia, arcana, and miscellanea relating to the practice, history, culture, and traditions of his profession. The entries, which represent the distillation of decades of reading, writing, talking, and thinking about engineers and engineering, range from brief essays on concepts and practices that are central to the profession to lists of its great achievements. This book is at the same time an anthology, a commonplace book, and a reference volume. It is not intended to be read from first page to last, but rather is meant to be dipped into here and there as the mood strikes the reader, with the alphabetical arrangement promoting serendipity.”
Between Occultism and Nazism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era

The relationship between Nazism and occultism has been an object of fascination and speculation for decades. Peter Staudenmaier's Between Occultism and Nazism provides a detailed historical examination centered on the anthroposophist movement founded by Rudolf Steiner. Its surprising findings reveal a remarkable level of Nazi support for Waldorf schools, biodynamic farming, and other anthroposophist initiatives, even as Nazi officials attempted to suppress occult tendencies. The book also includes an analysis of anthroposophist involvement in the racial policies of Fascist Italy. Based on extensive archival research, this study offers rich material on controversial questions about the nature of esoteric spirituality and alternative cultural ideals and their political resonance.
How the Chinese system of charges and subsidies affects pollution control efforts by China's top industrial polluters

There have been extensive theoretical studies of firms' responses to environmental regulations ad enforcement but few empirical analyses of firms' expenditures on pollution abatement in response to different regulations and enforcement strategies. The authors empirically analyze the pollution abatement efforts of Chinese industrial firms under a system combining pollution charges and abatement subsidies. Using data on China's top industrial polluters and on regional development in China, they find that the combination of charges and subsidies used in china has provided effective incentives for the most heavily polluting industrial firms to abate pollution. Chinese industries operate under a unique pollution control system, a market-based instrument combining emissions charges and abatement subsidies. This combination of charges and subsidies has given firms incentive to invest in wastewater treatment facilities. The pollution levy, although low, has significantly improved investments in abatement. The authors found that the more pollution a firm generates, the more likely it is to invest in pollution abatement. This study was only of top polluters, which are closely monitored by environmental agencies, so the results may not be valid for other sources of industrial pollution.
Performance prediction in adaptive noise radar

In continuous wave noise radar, pseudopulse compression is typically accomplished through a simple cross-correlation of received and reference signals. We consider the use of adaptive filtering algorithms in pseudopulse compression for air-to-ground noise radar. We compare the SNR performance of simple cross-correlation, cross-correlation with signal whitening and channel estimation via the LMS algorithm. The LMS algorithm was found to provide performance equivalent to the whitened cross-correlation with the same computational complexity as simple cross-correlation.
Eastern European Studies: Culture

The Cold War moved an American knowledge establishment to build area studies. Its East European focus built on Enlightenment notions of a contradictory place neither Orient nor Western. This combination of proximity and ‘backwardness’ shaped much of Eastern European Studies, but the region's diversity worked against the cultivation of area studies from within. The nation, however, has shaped other cultural studies and remains an object of study itself, elevated by the region's distinctive experience with communist rule. With communism's end, more culturally articulate methodologies prosper as they refashion historical understandings as well as meet more contemporary challenges of translation around transnational cultural politics.
Differential expression of carcinoembryonic antigen and secretory component during colonic epithelial cell differentiation and in colonic carcinomas

Abstract The cellular and ultrastructural distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen and secretory component during differentiation of normal colonic epithelium and in colonic carcinomas was evaluated by peroxidase-labeled antibody immunocytochemistry. Carcinoembryonic antigen and secretory component were found to be markers of distinctly different stages of normal colonocyte differentiation. Whereas secretory component was expressed principally by proliferating absorptive cells in the midcrypt, carcioembryonic antigen expression was diminished in this crypt zone and was associated principally with mature columnar cells at the luminal surface and with undifferentiated cells at the crypt base. Carcinoembryonic antigen was preferentially expressed on the microvillar plasma membrane and secretory component on the basolateral plasma membrane in the normal colon. In 13 colon cancers studied, carcinoembryonic antigen was expressed on the entire surface of all the colon cancers except one anaplastic tumor, whereas secretory component was only expressed on five well or moderately differentiated cancers. These observations suggest that differentiation of colon cancers as assessed by morphology and phenotypic markers is not totally analogous to that found in the normal colon.
Some Properties of High-Tc Oxide Superconducting Thin Films

High Tc superconducting LnBaCuO (Ln: Ho,Er,Y), BiSrCaCuO and TlBaCaCuO films have been produced by rf magnetron sputtering using single composite targets.
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in Treatment of Intractable Postherpetic Neuralgia

Objective. This case report presents an application of peripheral nerve stimulation to a patient with intractable postherpetic neuralgia that conventional treatment failed to ameliorate. Methods. The patient underwent an uneventful peripheral nerve stimulator trial with placement of two temporal eight-electrode percutaneous leads (Octrode leads, Advanced Neuromodulation Systems, Plano, TX, USA) into the right subscapular and right paraspinal area of the upper thoracic region. Results. Upon experiencing excellent pain relief over the next two weeks, the patient underwent implantation of permanent leads two weeks later and reported sustained pain relief. Conclusion. Peripheral nerve stimulation offers an alternative treatment option for intractable pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia, especially for elderly patients where treatment options are limited due to existing comorbidities. Further studies are warranted.
GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENZYMES OF NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS AND PROTEINS INVOLVED IN DNA REPLICATION IN BACTERIOPHAGE T4

We have found that mutations in phage T4 genes 41 (five of five) and 61 (three of three) cause resistance to the folate analogue pyrimethamine that inhibits T4 dihydrofolate (FH2) reductase. These genes code for subunits of a T4 primase and are part of a putative T4 replication complex. In contrast to many previously isolated folate analogue-resistant (Far) T4 mutants, these T4 primase mutants do not overproduce FH2 reductase nor do they alter its primary structure. A new mutant with a single lesion in gene 41 was isolated which proved resistant to the folate analogue at 30° and was lethal at 42°. This mutant induced normal levels of FH2 reductase (encoded by the frd gene) and appeared to have normal expression of other T4 genes at 30°. Like other mutations in gene 41, tsP129 reduced phage-induced DNA synthesis to about 15% that of wild-type T4 as measured by thymidine incorporation under restrictive conditions. Double mutants carrying mutations in genes 41 and 61, 41 and frd or 61 and frd showed allele-specific suppression suggesting that the products of these genes interact. We suggest that abnormal interactions between components of the replication complex and a DNA precursor synthesizing complex cause folate analog resistance by allosterically altering the T4 FH2 reductase.
Cell culture of the Poaceae (Gramineae)

Plant cell and tissue culture constitutes an important and integral part of modern plant biotechnology including in the areas of application such as mass propagation, mass production of chemicals, and genetic engineering which will be emphasized during the course of this meeting. Most gene transfer systems, either in practice or proposed, rely on the regeneration or recovery of whole plants from single cells. It is well known that the development of in vitro culture systems for the Poaceae (Gramineae) are much less advanced than for certain other plant families, especially, the Solonaceae. However, the regeneration of rice from protoplasts, as reported recently by groups in Japan, France, and Britain represents a long-awaited breakthrough and the conquering of a major barrier in cereal cell culture technology (Coulibaly and Demarly 1986; Fujimura et al 1986; Yamada et al 1986; Abdullah et al 1986).
Detection and Analysis of Anisotropic Scattering in SAR Data

Scattering from man-made objects in SAR imagery exhibits aspect and frequency dependencies which are not well modeled by standard SAR imaging techniques. If ignored, these deviations will reduce recognition performance due to the model mismatch, but when appropriately accounted for, these deviations from the ideal point scattering model can be exploited as attributes to better distinguish scatterers and their respective targets. With this premise in mind, we have developed an efficient modeling framework that incorporates scatterer anisotropy. One of the products of our analysis is the assignment of an anisotropy label to each scatterer conveying the degree of anisotropy. Anisotropic behavior is commonly predicted for geometric scatterers (scatterers with a simple geometric structure), but it may also arise from volumetric scatterers (random arrangements of interfering point scatterers). Analysis of anisotropy arising from these two modalities shows a clear source-dependent relationship between the anisotropy classification and parameters of the scatterer. In particular, the degree of anisotropy is closely related to the size of the scatterer, and increasing the aperture size reduces the incidence of volumetric anisotropy but preserves the detection rate for geometric anisotropy. This result helps to address the question in the SAR community regarding the utility of wide-aperture SAR data for ATR since wide-aperture data reveals geometric anisotropy while resolving volumetric anisotropy into individual isotropic scatterers.
Mechanism and energetics for step merging on a metallic surface captured with scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to observe oxygen induced microfaceting of Ni(9 7 7) in the temperature range of 390–565 K. Step doubling occurs on this surface provided the step-edges are locally decorated with oxygen. In this letter, time-lapse images of this process have been used to resolve two key steps of the coalescence mechanism. Merging of steps is initiated by the bulging of one step in the downstairs direction towards its neighbor. This rate limiting step is followed by the second mechanistic process, namely zippering of adjacent steps. Merging step contact angles have been analyzed to extract information on the energetics of step–step interactions. These results give a real-space view of the atomic-level surface structural changes which accompany the initial stages of metallic oxidation of interfaces containing extended surface defects.
Cage-like ordered silica with large mesopore volume synthesized by doubling amount of polymer, adding sodium chloride and lowering acid concentration

Cage-like ordered mesoporous silica, FDU-1, with about twice the pore volume and a narrower pore size distribution compared with those for previously reported samples was synthesized in a much shorter time by doubling the amount of block copolymer, adding sodium chloride and lowering the acid concentration.
An Exquisitely Poetic Introduction to the Psalter

Against the skepticism of some scholars, this essay argues that Psalm 1 is not only poetry but exquisite poetry. The aesthetic excellence consists not of balanced structure, predictable rhythmic patterns, or intricate design. Rather, it is on account of its brilliant imagerial contrast, its clever employment of both symmetry and asymmetry, its shrewd play with lineation, its subtle use of ambiguity and polyvalence, and its performative closure that this poem deserves to be considered among the finest in the Psalter and indeed the Bible. Furthermore, the essay shows how interpreters through the centuries are indispensable conversation partners for the modern interpreter. They broaden the horizon of every interpreter, and their voices contribute to a deeper appreciation of Psalm 1 as a theologically profound introduction to the Psalter, thereby inviting the reader to live a commendable life amid uncertainties, but a life that leads nevertheless to the praise of God.
Spin waves stiffness coefficient for nickel

Abstract An expression for the spin wave stiffness coefficient is obtained within the local exchange approximation. The formula is evaluated for nickel using wave functions and energies obtained from a band calculation. We find D = 0.104 (a.u.) in reasonable agreement with experiment.
An approach for multilevel logic optimization targeting low power

This paper shows that using don't cares computed for area optimization during local node minimization may result in an increase in the power consumption of other nodes in a Boolean network. It then presents techniques for computing a subset of observability and satisfiability don't care conditions that can be used freely to optimize the local function of nodes. The concept of minimal variable support is then used to optimize the local function of each node for minimum power using its power relevant don't care set, that is, to reimplement the local function using a modified support that has a lower switching activity. Empirical results on a set of benchmark circuits are presented and discussed.
Control of Ferrous Iron Oxidation within Circumneutral Microbial Iron Mats by Cellular Activity and Autocatalysis

Ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidation by microbial iron mat samples, dominated by helical stalks of Gallionella ferruginea or sheaths of Leptothrix ochracea, was examined. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for the microbial mat samples ranged from 0.029 +/- 0.004 to 0.249 +/- 0.042 min(-1) and correlated well with iron content (R2 = 0.929). Rate constants for Na azide-treated (1 mM) samples estimated autocatalytic oxidation by iron oxide stalks or sheaths, with values ranging from 0.016 +/- 0.008 to 0.062 +/- 0.006 min(-1). Fe2+ oxidation attributable to cellular activities was variable with respect to sampling location and sampling time, with rate constants from 0.013 +/- 0.005 to 0.187 +/- 0.037 min(-1). Rates of oxidation of the same order of magnitude for cellular processes and autocatalysis suggested that bacteria harnessing Fe2+ as an energy source compete with their own byproducts for growth, not chemical oxidation (under conditions where aqueous oxygen concentrations are less than saturating). The use of cyclic voltammetry within this study for the simultaneous measurement of Fe2+ and oxygen allowed the collection of statistically meaningful and reproducible data, two factors that have limited aerobic, circumneutral, Fe2+ -oxidation rate studies.
Assessment of insulin sensitivity in vivo.

I. Origin of the Insulin Sensitivity Concept HISTORICALLY, the study of the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus was in the traditional pattern of endocrinology: removal of the pancreas led to experimental diabetes, and administration of insulin, a pancreatic isolate, ameliorated the diabetic symptoms (1, 2). These observations led to the widely held belief that human diabetes was primarily a disease of the pancreas, characterized by the inability of the B cell to secrete sufficient insulin to control glycemia. After insulin became available, evidence emerged suggesting that human diabetes mellitus has a multifactorial etiology. Early investigators identified an unexpected variability among diabetics in the ability of injected insulin to ameliorate hyperglycemia (3–5). Larger doses of insulin were required to normalize the blood sugar in patients with the milder nonketotic form of the disease common in the older population, whereas smaller doses were adequate for younger, ketosis-prone diabetics.
Maximal three-independent subsets of {0, 1, 2} n

We consider a variant of the classical problem of finding the size of the largest cap in ther-dimensional projective geometry PG(r, 3) over the field IF3 with 3 elements. We study the maximum sizef(n) of a subsetS of IF 3 n with the property that the only solution to the equationx 1+x2+x3=0 isx 1=x2=x3. Letc n=f(n)1/n andc=sup{c 1, c2, ...}. We prove thatc>2.21, improving the previous lower bound of 2.1955 ...
Alcohol use increases diagnostic testing, procedures, charges, and the risk of hospital admission: a population-based study of injured patients in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol use may alter mental status and vital signs in injured patients, leading to increased testing during emergency department (ED) evaluation. We hypothesized that alcohol use increases the hospital charges when caring for these injured patients. METHODS: The National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey collects weighted population-based estimates of ED use. We analyzed injury-related visits of adult patients, and resource use and admission rates were compared by the presence of alcohol. RESULTS: Alcohol was involved in 6.0% of injury-related ED visits. Alcohol-present patients arrived by ambulance more frequently (45% vs 21%, P Language: en
Influence of hydroxyl on glass transformation kinetics in lithium disilicate melt and a re-evaluation of structural relaxation in NBS 710 and 711

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments are presented that document the strong effect that ppm-level hydroxyl concentrations have on glass transformation kinetics in silicate melt. In particular, relaxation times decrease by an order of magnitude and limiting fictive temperatures (Tf∞) decrease ~20 K with an increase in hydroxyl content from 30 to ~1400 ppmw in the lithium disilicate system. Activation energies derived from Arrhenius plots of reciprocal Tf∞ values versus log(quench rate) show no dependence on hydroxyl content. Heat capacity scans of samples with various hydroxyl contents quenched at the same rate collapse to single curves when scans are plotted using (T−Tf∞). Such behavior can be incorporated most simply into the Tool–Narayanaswamy (TN) model of structural relaxation by allowing only the pre-exponential term in the relaxation function to be a function of hydroxyl content. Fits of our data to the TN model were obtained using three different activation energy values: (1) 757 kJ/mol (from cooling rate dependence of Tf∞); (2) 599 kJ/mol (from published viscosity data); and (3) 526 kJ/mol (4-parameter fit). The fit using the activation energy from viscosity measurements provided the best overall fit. In addition, structural relaxation phenomena of NBS 711 and NBS 710, lead silicate and soda-lime silicate compositions, respectively, were re-examined and a significant discrepancy in activation energies for NBS 710 and 711 between this study and earlier work was documented.
Factors affecting the ultraviolet inactivation of Escherichia coli K12 in apple juice and a model system

Ultraviolet (UV) light has been used successfully for years to sterilize water and was recently approved as an acceptable irradiation treatment for the processing of juice. Although there is considerable information on the efficacy of UV processing in the treatment of water, limited data are available on its efficacy in fluid food systems. The objectives of this work were to determine the effects of apple-juice properties on the UV inactivation of Escherichia coli K12 and the interdependence of intensity and time on the efficacy of UV light. Results showed that absorbance (A) and suspended solids (SS) affected UV inactivation, while pH and dissolved solids did not. Concerning the interdependence of intensity and time, intensity levels can only be changed without sacrificing effectiveness at a limited range of intensity and dose levels. This means that the range of the intensity level of the actual UV reactor must be considered in process-parameter determination.
Collision avoidance system optimization for closely spaced parallel operations through surrogate modeling

The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) has been mandated worldwide to protect against aircraft mid-air collisions. One drawback of the current TCAS design is limited support for certain closely spaced parallel runway operations. TCAS alerts too frequently, leading pilots to often inhibit Resolution Advisories during approach. Research is underway on ACAS X, a next-generation collision avoidance system that will support new surveillance systems and air traffic control procedures. ACAS X has been shown to outperform TCAS for en route encounter scenarios. However, the design parameters that are tuned for the en route environment are not appropriate for closely spaced parallel operations. One concept to allow for closely spaced parallel operations is a procedure-specific mode of the logic that reduces the nuisance alert rate while still providing collision protection. This paper describes the application of surrogate modeling for the purpose of tuning ACAS X for parallel operations. The performance of the tuned system is assessed using a data-driven blunder model and an operational performance model. The tuned ACAS X logic is found to outperform TCAS for each model in terms of both safety and operational suitability.
The impact of variations in height on young children's impressions of men and women

Two studies examined whether variations in height influence children's impressions of men and women. In Study 1, 28 preschool-aged children judged the strength, dominance, smartness, and concern for others of male and female targets of different heights. Children judged both taller male and female targets as stronger and more dominant, but not to have more concern for others or smartness than shorter targets. In Study 2, 71 preschool-aged children viewed pairs of male and female targets in three height conditions (male target taller, female target taller, targets equal height) and made trait judgments as in Study 1. Again, taller male targets were judged to be stronger, more dominant, and smarter, but not to have more concern for others than shorter female targets. Moreover, disruptions of gender-typical height differences were associated with reversals in impressions of male and female targets. That is, taller female targets were judged to be stronger, more dominant, and smarter when they appeared with shorter male targets. The present findings not only support the claim that physical stature figures importantly in the process by which children form trait impressions but also indicate that covariations between height and gender exert a strong impact on particular traits children attribute to men and women.
Income, race, and class: exploring socioeconomic differences in family technology use

Minorities are the fastest growing demographic in the U.S. and the poverty level in the U.S. is the highest it has been in 50 years. We interviewed middle to upper class, suburban, white American parents and low-income, urban, African-American parents to understand how each group incorporates technology into their lives. Participants had teens in their homes and devices like computers and cell phones played a powerful and preeminent role in family life. Our results show that socioeconomic differences both reflect and reinforce technology use at home. Specifically, low socioeconomic status families share devices more often and low socioeconomic status teens have more responsibility and independence in their technology use. We argue that that as low socioeconomic status families become the majority demographic, the CHI community needs to better understand how to design for these groups.
Multi-mode transfer model for heavy ion reactions: Example 12C(14N, d)24Mg☆

Abstract In considering a direct transfer model for heavy ion reactions, it is pointed out that many modes must be included to properly account for the structures of nuclei involved. The reaction 12 C( 14 N, d) 24 Mg was considered as an example. It was shown that relative strengths of various modes vary depending on the residual state spin and parity.
Calibration and performance of a new in situ multi-channel fluorometer for measurement of colored dissolved organic matter in the ocean

Abstract The development of multispectral in situ fluorescence instruments greatly enhances the study of the optical properties of Colored Organic Matter (COM). Here, we tested the inter-instrument variability of three WetLabs, Inc. SAFIres using quinine sulfate standards. As with any fluorometer, intensity and spectral biases in fluorescence output due to properties of the SAFIre's optical components necessitate corrections. Low response of the instrument to quinine sulfate and lack of an excitation/emission channel at the fluorescence maximum of this standard precluded direct spectral calibration. Calibrations conducted using seawater as a secondary standard provided an acceptable alternative. The field performance of the SAFIre from two experiments is presented here. Time series contour plots show that the instrument has the ability to detect small differences in COM optical properties, and observed fluorescence emission ratios are indicative of changes in sources of the material over the course of the study. The SAFIre was found to extend multispectral measurements to include high spatial and high temporal resolution.
Epigastric heteropagus conjoined twins

We introduce a case of epigastric heteropagus with parasitic twin attached at the chest wall. The antenatal history consisted of several uncommon findings such as major exomphalos, previously unreported vascular stem arising from the internal thoracic artery, a common ventricle in the autosite and uneventful follow-up of one year postoperatively.