cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a Trusted Hadoop Storage Platform: Design Considerations of an AES Based Encryption Scheme with TPM Rooted Key Protections

This paper will examine the concept of combining trusted computing technologies with the Apache Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) in an effort to address concerns of data confidentiality and integrity. We discuss a motivation and address a set of common security concerns within HDFS through infrastructure and software involving data-at-rest encryption and integrity validation. To accomplish these goals, we make use of technology from the Trusted Computing Group (TCG), such as the pervasively available Trusted Platform Module (TPM). In addition, we discuss our design considerations in building an encryption framework for Hadoop in a trustworthy manner, and results of our experiments creating an encryption scheme for Hadoop utilizing hardware key protections and AES-NI for encryption acceleration. As part of this design we examine the recently implemented crypto framework for Hadoop and independently test the performance claims of AES-NI to mitigate performance overhead.
The optical band gap of hydrogenated amorphous boron thin films: The effect of substrate temperature

Hydrogenated amorphous boron thin films have been produced on quartz substrates heated to 150, 250, and 350°C by the glow discharge decomposition of a gas mixture of 5 v/o BoHg and 95 v/o H2. Doped films have also been prepared by the addition of 1 a/o C2H4 or 0.5 a/o SiH4. The absorp-tion coefficients as a function of wavelength across the visible spectrum and the concomitant optical band gaps of all films were measured. The optical band gaps of the films produced at 150 and 250°C were approximately 2.1 eV while those films produced at 350°C showed band gaps between 1.6 and 1.4 eV. These results indicate that it is possible to optimize theroretical photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of solar cells based on hydrogenated amorphous boron thin films produced by glow discharge methods through the tailor-ing of the optical band gap by control of substrate temper-ature.
Proposed Solutions to Two Problems of Test Construction.

The purpose of this paper is to propose, describe and defend solutions to these two problems that are reasonable and practical. The solution proposed for the first problem is to focus primarily on testing for knowledge, and only secondarily on testing for abilities. Cognitive abilities, we will try to show, depend entirely on knowledge. While the term knowledge, as commonly used, includes both information and understanding, the most useful kind of knowledge which will occupy our attention almost exclusively involves understanding. Understood knowledge is a structure of relations among concepts. To understand is to be aware of relationships. Each of these relationships can be expressed in words as a proposition. The solution proposed for the second problem is to present the examinee with a series of incomplete propositions, accompanied by two or more alternative completions, only one of which makes the proposition true. The remainder of the paper will elaborate and attempt to justify these proposed solutions. There are, of course, other solutions to these two problems, though most of the others seem not to have described and defended quite so explicitly as the ones suggested here. Whether these specific solutions are better in general or in particular circumstances than other options which have been developed should be decided by weighing all of the evidence, inferential and empirical, which is relevant to a given testing situation.
Electromyographic Studies of the Effects of Bilateral, Cervical Vagotomy on the Action of the Respiratory Muscles of the Domestic Cock

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE anatomical relations of the muscular and skeletal systems (Sibson, 1846; Soum, 1896; Zimmer 1935) or direct action potentials of muscle fibers (Burkart and Bucher, 1961; Kadono et al., 1963) have been utilized for the delineation of the action of the avian respiratory muscles. Integrated action potential recordings provide a more reliable tool than direct action potential recordings for the determination of the period of activity of these muscles (Fedde et al., 1964). Furthermore, the level of general anesthesia has a profound influence on the electrical activity of respiratory muscles and must be carefully considered (Fedde et al., 1964). Soum (1896), Zimmer (1935), and Burkart and Bucher (1961) have postulated that the initial part of both inspiration and expiration is due primarily to elastic recoil of the thorax and that only the latter portion of both phases is produced by muscular activity. However, Fedde et al. (1964), have shown…
Lyman Alpha Galaxies: Primitive, Dusty, or Evolved?

We present stellar population modeling results for ten newly discovered Lyman alpha emitting galaxies (LAEs), as well as four previously known LAEs at z ~ 4.5 in the Chandra Deep Field-South. We fit stellar population models to these objects in order to specifically learn if there exists more than one class of LAE. Past observational and theoretical evidence has shown that while many LAEs appear to be young, they may be much older, with Ly? equivalent widths enhanced due to resonant scattering of Ly? photons in a clumpy interstellar medium (ISM). Our results show a large range of stellar population age (3-500 Myr), stellar mass (1.6 ? 108 to 5.0 ? 1010 M ?), and dust extinction (A 1200 = 0.3-4.5 mag), broadly consistent with previous studies. With such a large number of individually analyzed objects, we have looked at the distribution of stellar population ages in LAEs for the first time, and we find a very interesting bimodality, in that our objects are either very young ( 450 Myr). This bimodality may be caused by dust, and it could explain the Ly? duty cycle which has been proposed in the literature. We find that eight of the young objects are best fit with a clumpy ISM. We find that dust geometry appears to play a large role in shaping the spectral energy distributions that we observe, and that it may be a major factor in the observed Ly? equivalent width distribution in high redshift Ly? galaxies, although other factors (i.e., outflows) may be in play. We conclude that 12 out of our 14 LAEs are dusty star-forming galaxies, with the other two LAEs being evolved galaxies.
Polybrene Neutralization as a Means of Monitoring Heparin Therapy for Extracorporeal Circulation

Dose-response effects of heparin and protamine in 34 adult patients undergoing cardiac operations were monitored by an in vitro analysis utilizing hexadimetharine bromide (Polybrene) neutralization. Heparin administered prior to cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass in a dose of 3.0 mg (300 units) per kilogram of body weight, and 1.5 mg (150 units) per kilogram for each subsequent hour of bypass, routinely produced circulating heparin concentrations greater than 1.0 units per milliliter of plasma. A protamine dose equal to 80% of the total number of milligrams of heparin given resulted in no detectable plasma heparin in 23 of the 34 patients one-half hour after administration. No patient required protamine in an amount greater than the total number of milligrams in the heparin dose to achieve heparin neutralization. Modest postoperative chest tube drainage (mean, 784 ml in 48 hours) in these patients provides clinical support for low-dose protamine administration for heparin neutralization at the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass.
Conductance of HCl in water-sulfolane solvents at 25, 30, and 40°C; a comparison of conductance equations

The molar conductance of solutions of HCl (concentrations from 3×10−4 to 0.033 mol-l−1) in water-sulfolane (tetramethylenesulfone) mixtures of mole fractions (X2) of sulfolane of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 0.85 at 25, 30, and 40°C have been determined. The dielectric constants of the solvents varied from 45 to 60 at 25°C. The data were analyzed by the full Pitts equation, the expanded Pitts equation, and the expanded Fuoss-Hsia equations, all of which give comparable results for the limiting molar conductanceAo and for the ion-pair association constant KA for HCl. These equations were unsuccessful for the analysis of supplemental data in pure sulfolane. At 25°C, the pK for dissociation of HCl varies from 0.4 (X2=0.25) to 2.9 (X2=0.85). The extent of ion pairing is apparently strongly influenced by selective ion-solvent interactions.
A software structure for implementing multi-state feedback controllers in FNS systems

A software structure is described that has been developed for the implementation of feedback controllers for standing, gait, and stair climbing using functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) in paralyzed individuals. The control structure has two levels. The upper level controller monitors the progression of the controlled system through a finite set of allowable states. The occurrence of particular events marks the transition of the system from one state to another. In each state a specified set of lower level controllers is used to achieve certain tasks. >
A, B, and H isoantigens in the human fetus

Abstract We studied the appearance of isoantigens A, B, and H during the fertilization age in human embryos and fetuses with the specific red cell adherence (SRCA) test. The first positive reaction was found in endothelial cells of a 4-wk-old embryo. In 6-wk-old embryos the isoantigens appeared on the luminal surface of the epithelium of the stomach and small intestine. In other organs the blood group isoantigens were detected at different stages of development; in 12-wk-old fetuses the distribution became identical with that of adults. In pancreatic exocrine glands from fetuses of all blood groups up to 5 mo old, H antigen alone was present. Brunner's glands of the duodenum reacted positively for both A and B blood group antigens of the fetus and also for H antigen, which supports the assumption that some secretory glands produce the precursor H substance throughout fetal and adult life.
Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000?

Abstract For over twenty years, the young, male Homo erectus specimen KNM-WT 15000 has been the focus of studies on growth and development, locomotion, size, sexual dimorphism, skeletal morphology, and encephalization, often serving as the standard for his species. Prior research on KNM-WT 15000 operates under the assumption that H. erectus experienced a modern human life history, including an adolescent growth spurt. However, recent fossil discoveries, improvements in research methods, and new insights into modern human ontogeny suggest that this may not have been the case. In this study, we examine alternative life history trajectories in H. erectus to re-evaluate adult stature estimates for KNM-WT 15000. We constructed a series of hypothetical growth curves by modifying known human and chimpanzee curves, calculating intermediate growth velocities, and shifting the age of onset and completion of growth in stature. We recalculated adult stature for KNM-WT 15000 by increasing stature at death by the percentage of growth remaining in each curve. The curve that most closely matches the life history events experienced by KNM-WT 15000 prior to death indicates that growth in this specimen would have been completed by 12.3 years of age. These results suggest that KNM-WT 15000 would have experienced a growth spurt that had a lower peak velocity and shorter duration than the adolescent growth spurt in modern humans. As a result, it is likely that KNM-WT 15000 would have only attained an adult stature of 163 cm (∼5′4″), not 185 cm (∼6′1″) as previously reported. KNM-WT 15000's smaller stature has important implications for evolutionary scenarios involving early genus Homo .
Radiotherapy of primary central nervous system lymphoma in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus. Ten years of treatment experience at the University of California San Francisco

Background. Classic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a relatively uncommon occurrence, whereas the incidence of HIV positive PCNSL has increased dramatically during the past 5 years. Between 2% and 6% of all patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) will have PCNSL develop clinically, and as many as 11% will have PCNSL found at autopsy. In the United States, some of the earliest and most extensive experience with HIV positive PCNSL has occurred in San Francisco. This article reports on PCNSL in patients with and without HIV
Characterization of Fischer-Tropsch cobalt-based catalytic systems (Co/SiO2 and Co/Al2O3) by X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements

Results of the characterization of six Co-based Fischer–Tropsch (FT) catalysts, with 15% Co loading and supported on SiO2 and Al2O3, are presented. Room temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature and magnetic field (H) variation of the magnetization (M), and low-temperature (5 K) electron magnetic resonance (EMR) are used for determining the electronic states (Co0, CoO, Co3O4, Co2+) of cobalt. Performance of these catalysts for FT synthesis is tested at reaction temperature of 240 °C and pressure of 20 bars. Under these conditions, 15% Co/SiO2 catalysts yield higher CO and syngas conversions with higher methane selectivity than 15% Co/Al2O3 catalysts. Conversely the Al2O3 supported catalysts gave much higher selectivity towards olefins than Co/SiO2. These results yield the correlation that the presence of Co3O4 yield higher methane selectivity whereas the presence of Co2+ species yields lower methane selectivity but higher olefin selectivity. The activities and selectivities are found to be stable for 55 h on-stream.
Mechanisms underlying losses of heterozygosity in human colorectal cancers

Losses of heterozygosity are the most common molecular genetic alteration observed in human cancers. However, there have been few systematic studies to understand the mechanism(s) responsible for losses of heterozygosity in such tumors. Here we report a detailed investigation of the five chromosomes lost most frequently in human colorectal cancers. A total of 10,216 determinations were made with 88 microsatellite markers, revealing 245 chromosomal loss events. The mechanisms of loss were remarkably chromosome-specific. Some chromosomes displayed complete loss such as that predicted to result from mitotic nondisjunction. However, more than half of the losses were associated with losses of only part of a chromosome rather than a whole chromosome. Surprisingly, these losses were due largely to structural alterations rather than to mitotic recombination, break-induced replication, or gene conversion, suggesting novel mechanisms for the generation of much of the aneuploidy in this common tumor type.
Spontaneous Raman scattering in atomic thallium vapor

Abstract Using a cw argon-ion laser, we have measured the spontaneous Raman scattering cross section, σ R , and linewidth in atomic thallium vapor. For 4880-A excitation, σ R = 1.6 × 10 −27 cm 2 . We observe no pressure broadening of the Raman line at vapor pressures to 100 torr.
Biophysical Characterization of Aβ42 C-terminal Fragments—Inhibitors of Aβ42 Neurotoxicity

A key event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is age-dependent, brain accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) leading to Aβ self-association into neurotoxic oligomers. Previously, we showed that Aβ oligom...
Solar-cycle effects on solar oscillation frequencies

Measurements of solar oscillations taken in 1986 and 1988 show systematic changes in the Sun's acoustic-mode frequencies of the order of 1 part in 10,000. These data reveal that the frequency shifts are the result of latitude-dependent changes in the structure of the Sun which are correlated with the Sun's magnetic-activity cycle.
Diagnosis and Management of Dysplasia in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease of the Colon

To minimize the possibility of developing lethal colorectal cancer (CRC) in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's colitis, patients are usually enrolled in a program of dysplasia surveillance. The success of a surveillance program depends on the identification of patients with dysplasia and timely referral for colectomy. While a number of issues might stand in the way of a surveillance system achieving its maximal effect (less than ideal agreement in the interpretation of biopsy specimens, sampling error by endoscopists, delays in referral to surgery, and patient drop-out among others), circumstantial evidence supports the concept that colonoscopic dysplasia surveillance is an effective means of reducing CRC mortality and morbidity while minimizing the application of colectomy for cancer prevention. This review critically appraises key issues in the diagnosis and management of dysplasia in UC and Crohn's disease as well as adjunct efforts to prevent CRC in inflammatory bowel disease.
The light-reaction of the green photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum at cryogenic temperatures

1. Introduction The photochemical reaction of the green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) is clearly very different from that of the purple sulfur and non-sulfur bacteria (Chromatiaceae and Rhodospiril- laceae). The latter have a quinone-iron complex, with an operating midpoint potential near -175 mV, as the ‘primary acceptor’ [l-3]. These organisms reduce pyridine nucleotides by energy-dependent reversed electron flow [3,4]. In contrast, the midpoint poten- tial of the ‘primary acceptor’ in green bacteria has a substantially lower value, probably near -540 mV [5-71, and these organisms are capable of direct photoreduction of pyridine nucleotides [3,4,8]. However, the chemical identity of the ‘primary acceptor’ in green bacteria, such as
Independent Nutrition Order Writing By Registered Dietitians Improves Patient Outcomes

Text: Background: Early nutritional intervention is important to prevent and treat malnutrition. Barriers, including overlooked recommendations and delays in communication, inhibit timely implementation of Registered Dietitian (RD) recommendations and appropriate medical nutrition therapy (MNT). Objective: Since some physicians are unaccustomed to RDs managing nutrition order (NO) writing autonomously, a study was undertaken to demonstrate RDs’ ability to provide safe, effective care through independent NO writing privileges. Methods: Data on feeding complications, percent of caloric needs achieved, and RD NOs were collected on 190 patients in an acute care hospital: [control group (CG) (n 97) physician-managed NOs, study group (SG) (n 93) RD-managed NOs]. Results: Patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) had less days of elevated glucose ( 150mg/dL) in the SG than in the CG (57% vs. 23%, respectively) and fewer days of electrolyte abnormalities (72% vs. 39%). Enteral nutrition (EN) tolerance was better in the SG, with 6% of patients having at least one gastric residual 300mL compared with 100% of CG patients. In the SG, 65% of patients on nutrition support met 85% of their nutritional needs within 48 hours, while none of the CG patients met this goal. In the SG, RD NOs included PN orders, EN rate and formula changes, oral supplements and oral diet changes. RD NOs did not cause patient harm and were not discontinued by physicians. Conclusion: RD NO management improves MNT tolerance and decreases time to achieve caloric goals. This study demonstrates RD independent NO writing provides not only safe but improved patient care.
Dynamic Histone Acetylation/Deacetylation with Progesterone Receptor-Mediated Transcription

Histone acetylation is a highly dynamic posttranslational modification that plays an important role in gene expression. Previous work showed that promoter histone deacetylation is accompanied by progesterone receptor (PR)-mediated activation of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter. We investigated the role of this deacetylation and found that this histone deacetylation is not a singular event. In fact, histone acetylation at the MMTV promoter is highly dynamic, with an initial increase in acetylation followed by an eventual net deacetylation of histone H4. The timing of increase in acetylation of H4 coincides with the time at which PR, RNA polymerase II, and histone acetyltransferases cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein and p300 are recruited to the MMTV promoter. The timing in which histone H4 deacetylation occurs (after PR and RNA polymerase II recruitment) and the limited effect that trichostatin A and small interfering RNA knockdown of histone deacetylase (HDAC)3 have on MMTV transcription suggests that this deacetylation activity is not required for the initiation of PR-mediated transcription. Interestingly, two HDACs, HDAC1 and HDAC3, are already present at the MMTV before transcription activation. HDAC association at the MMTV promoter fluctuates during the hormone treatment. In particular, HDAC3 is temporarily undetected at the MMTV promoter within minutes after hormone treatment when the histone H4 acetylation increases but returns to the promoter near the time when histone acetylation levels start to decline. These results demonstrate the dynamic nature of coactivator/corepressor-promoter association and histone modifications such as acetylation during a transcription activation event.
Diagnosis of medium-range predictability enhancement during anomalous winter zonal flows over western North America

[1] This investigation analyzes medium-range predictability enhancement during winter cases of anomalous, upper troposphere zonal flows over western North America. Time correlations based upon a 50-year record of reanalyses suggest that winters with anomalously strong zonal winds are wetter over the region, while years with anomalously weak zonal winds are relatively drier. Forecasts are selected based upon anomalously weak and strong zonal flows during January. Results from 15-day simulations using a variety of operational and research global model configurations are presented to diagnose the predictability of precipitation and large-scale features. Model forecasts of precipitation accumulation delineate qualitatively between wet and dry events at both 5 and 10 days. Anomaly correlations of the geopotential height field reveal useful predictability for some ensembles extending to 9.5 days. Uniform resolution forecasts are compared with two model configurations that employ rotated, variable resolution. Uniform and variable resolution forecasts maintain representative precipitation into the second week over the western United States. The rotated variable resolution simulations provide more precipitation detail. Diagnostics and model simulations of a small number of extreme events suggest that flow modifications associated with ambient flows exist over the orography during the winter season and that a predictable regional response may be present to ∼10 days. The persistence of the anomalies may also contribute to the improved model performance in certain cases. Improved performance may be related to the large inertia of the flow in wet events and to the persistence and increased predictability of initial, large-scale anomalies in both wet and dry events. Present conclusions are limited by the small case sampling, which will be expanded in future investigations.
Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Solids and Surface Species

Infrared photoacoustic spectra were recorded over the 3900 to 1400 cm-1 range with a single-beam, computer-controlled spectrometer fitted with a broad-band source and LiF and CaF2 prisms. The exploratory results indicate that structured IR spectra of organic solids can be obtained. Various surface treatments were used to alter the chemical composition of the surfaces of samples composed of thick catalyst pellets and of thick beds of powdered silica and alumina, under controlled conditions in a reactor attached to the acoustic cell. The IR bands of resulting surface species were observable at sub-monolayer coverages. With some improvements, IR-photoacoustic spectroscopy will be a useful ancillary technique especially suited for studying surface species on thick adsorbents, catalysts, and corrosion layers.
A rapid assay for detecting cellular TdT enzymatic activity

We have developed a solid-phase assay for the quantification of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) enzymatic activity in crude cellular extracts. Affinity-purified, polyclonal anti-TdT antibodies are bound to the wells of a microtiter plate, and TdT in extracts is then bound to the immobilized antibodies. The enzymatic activity of the antibody-bound TdT is measured directly in the wells of the microtiter plate. This method yields highly reproducible values, even with samples of low activity. Because it is also technically very simple, it is ideal for determining enzymatic activity for large numbers of clones with limited numbers of cells.
AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT IN THE CRAYFISH NERVE CORD The Role of Fibrillar Constituents of Neurons

(a) Axoplasmic transport of tritium-labeled proteins in crayfish nerve cord was confirmed at a slow rate of 1 mm/day. A second proteinaceous component which moves at a rate of 10 mm/day was also detected. Radioautography and biochemical analysis indicate that proteins migrating at these velocities have a perikaryal origin and move caudad within axons as sharply defined peaks. (b) Evidence is presented for the blockage of the slow and the fast movement of proteins by intraganglionic injection of the anti-mitotic agent vinblastine sulfate (0.1 mM). (c) Electron microscope observations of vinblastine-treated ganglia revealed a reduction in the number of axonal microtubules and the formation of intracellular aggregates presumably composed of microtubular protein. (d) These findings would be compatible with the involvement of microtubules in both slow and fast axoplasmic transport. However, the block induced by vinblastine was detected in regions of the cord (up to 10 mm away from the injection site) where the number and morphology of microtubules appeared unaltered. In addition, axons showing effects of vinblastine occasionally contained mitochondria with remarkably dense and thickened membranes. (e) In association with the surfaces of axonal microtubules are lateral filamentous elements (40–80 A in diameter) which also showed vinblastine-induced alterations. Our observations indicate that such filiform structures, associated with microtubules, may be a necessary component in the transport mechanism(s).
The significance of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle life-cycle energy and emissions and recycling's role in its reduction

Three key questions have driven recent discussions of the energy and environmental impacts of automotive lithium-ion batteries. We address each of them, beginning with whether the energy intensity of producing all materials used in batteries or that of battery assembly is greater. Notably, battery assembly energy intensity depends on assembly facility throughput because energy consumption of equipment, especially the dry room, is mainly throughput-independent. Low-throughput facilities therefore will have higher energy intensities than near-capacity facilities. In our analysis, adopting an assembly energy intensity reflective of a low-throughput plant caused the assembly stage to dominate cradle-to-gate battery energy and environmental impact results. Results generated with an at-capacity assembly plant energy intensity, however, indicated cathode material production and aluminium use as a structural material were the drivers. Estimates of cradle-to-gate battery energy and environmental impacts must therefore be interpreted in light of assumptions made about assembly facility throughput. The second key question is whether battery recycling is worthwhile if battery assembly dominates battery cradle-to-gate impacts. In this case, even if recycled cathode materials are less energy and emissions intensive than virgin cathode materials, little energy and environmental benefit is obtained from their use because the energy consumed in assembly is so high. We reviewed the local impacts of metals recovery for cathode materials and concluded that avoiding or reducing these impacts, including SOx emissions and water contamination, is a key motivator of battery recycling regardless of the energy intensity of assembly. Finally, we address whether electric vehicles (EV) offer improved energy and environmental performance compared to internal combustion-engine vehicles (ICV). This analysis illustrated that, even if a battery assembly energy reflective of a low-throughput facility is adopted, EVs consume less petroleum and emit fewer greenhouse gases (GHG) than an ICV on a life-cycle basis. The only scenario in which an EV emitted more GHGs than an ICV was when it used solely coal-derived electricity as a fuel source. SOx emissions, however, were up to four times greater for EVs than ICVs. These emissions could be reduced through battery recycling.
Use of multimedia to augment simulation

The authors describes efforts to integrate multimedia and simulation, the general domain of interest being regional mobility. Multimedia have been used to augment simulation of highway maintenance, interactive sessions of a transportation management association (TMA), traffic mobility in a highly congested area, and traffic signage. Results thus far show that one of the more important aspects for successful application of multimedia techniques is a graphical user interface. It is a difficult task to prevent information overload; however, the graphical user interface permits management of information transfer rates and presentation dynamics while reducing the potential impact of information overload. Other results indicate the value added from proper useage of audio, video, text, and graphics, and various combinations of these to augment ease of understanding of simulation model presentations. >
Delineating the Requirements for Spontaneous DNA Damage Resistance Pathways in Genome Maintenance and Viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cellular metabolic processes constantly generate reactive species that damage DNA. To counteract this relentless assault, cells have developed multiple pathways to resist damage. The base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways remove damage whereas the recombination (REC) and postreplication repair (PRR) pathways bypass the damage, allowing deferred removal. Genetic studies in yeast indicate that these pathways can process a common spontaneous lesion(s), with mutational inactivation of any pathway increasing the burden on the remaining pathways. In this study, we examine the consequences of simultaneously compromising three or more of these pathways. Although the presence of a functional BER pathway alone is able to support haploid growth, retention of the NER, REC, or PRR pathway alone is not, indicating that BER is the key damage resistance pathway in yeast and may be responsible for the removal of the majority of either spontaneous DNA damage or specifically those lesions that are potentially lethal. In the diploid state, functional BER, NER, or REC alone can support growth, while PRR alone is insufficient for growth. In diploids, the presence of PRR alone may confer a lethal mutation load or, alternatively, PRR alone may be insufficient to deal with potentially lethal, replication-blocking lesions.
Quantitative genetics of cranial nonmetric traits in randombred mice: Heritability and etiology

Cheverud and Buikstra (1981) demonstrated a tendency for nonmetric traits representing the number of foramina to have lower heritabilities than those representing hyperstotic or hypostotic traits in a sample of rhesus macaques. Based on this observation, Cheverud and Buikstra hypothesize that differences in the heritability of the two sets of traits may be due to differences in trait etiology. This study addresses the proposed relationship between trait heritability and etiology. Heritability values are calculated for 35 cranial nonmetric traits in a sample of 320 randombred mice using analysis of variance. The results are minimally consistent with the etiological hypothesis, but only 4 of the 35 traits showed statistically significant heritability values. These results are discussed with reference to the assumption that nonmetric traits have a strong genetic component. It is concluded that the developmental pathways that genetic variation traverses before being expressed in the form of nonmetric traits must be understood before variation in nonmetric traits can be used to its fullest potential.
Long‐term effective population size of three endangered Colorado River fishes

The extant genetic variation of a population is the legacy of both long-term and recent population dynamics. Most practical methods for estimating effective population size are only able to detect recent effects on genetic variation and do not account for long-term fluctuations in species abundance. The utility of a maximum likelihood estimator of long-term effective population size based upon the coalescent theory of gene genealogies is examined for three endangered Colorado River fishes: humpback chub (Gila cypha), bonytail chub (Gila elegans) and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). Extant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in humpback chub suggests this species has retained its historical equilibrium genetic variation despite recent declines in abundance. The mtDNA variation in razorback suckers indicates the population was quite large and expanding prior to recent declines and that rare alleles still survive in the remnant populations. The remaining mtDNA variation in bonytail chub indicates that dramatic, recent declines may have already obliterated a substantial portion of any historical variation. The results from long-term effective population size analyses are consistent with known natural history and illustrate the utility of the analysis for endangered species management.
Pre-Quiz Discussion Differentially Affects Student Performance

Neither the number of attempts to reach mastery nor quiz score were modified, but the pre-quiz did seem to reduce drop-outs.
The Impact of Large‐Scale Collective Action on Latino Perceptions of Commonality and Competition with African Americans

Author(s): Jones-Correa, M; Wallace, SJ; Zepeda-Millan, C | Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the impact of protests on Latinos' perceptions of commonality and competition with African Americans. We hypothesize that the reinforcement and politicization of in-group identities leads to greater identification and sense of commonality with other marginalized racial/ethnic groups. Methods: This study utilizes geocoded Latino National Survey data combined with an expanded protest event data set to estimate the effect of temporal and spatial proximity to immigrant rights protests on Latinos' perceptions of commonality and competition with African Americans using ordered logistic regression models. Results: The findings suggest that respondents' proximity to marches had a positive impact on Latino perceptions of commonality with African Americans. The results also show that proximity to protests did not lead to an increase in feelings of competition with African Americans except in the case of electoral representation. Conclusions: Examining temporal and spatial effects of protests improves our understanding of how protests can influence public opinion and how protests can influence identities and group relations.
"A Mania for Composition": Poe's Annus Mirabilis and the Violence of Nation-building

As cultural theorists privilege global, transnational, and postnational subjectivities, the bloody spectacle of nation-building in Iraq reminds us that the age of nations appears far from its predicted denouement. The official rationale for invading and occupying that antique land—that we Americans have a “Manifest Destiny,” a divine duty, to liberate people from tyranny and thereby extend our own brand of freedom, capitalism, and materialism—marks a further aggrandizement of nineteenth-century national fantasies of power and virtue. Rooted in obstinate conceptions of English and Anglo-Saxon superiority, America’s “millennial role” as a “redeemer nation”—to recall Ernest Lee Tuveson’s Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America’s Millennial Role (1968)—became a cultural axiom in the 1840s as the tangled project of US nation-building coalesced for the first time into a popular dream of empire. The decision to “civilize” the continent, to annex Texas and wrest control of the Southwest from Mexico, fundamentally redefined national aspirations. Understanding the inherent contradictions of American nationhood that have subtly impelled our mutation from a much-admired republic wary of foreign entanglements into a dominant superpower scornful of world opinion forms one objective of this study. Despite current emphasis in the profession on thinking beyond the nation—envisioning literature as a deterritorialized field of activity, a space of cosmopolitan hybridity—the resurgence of jingoism thus compels renewed attention to the phantasm of American exceptionalism that still haunts us like an ominous bird of yore. More than a decade ago Annette Kolodny implored Americanists to relinquish their “grand obsessions” with an essential national literature and a concomitant “myth of origins”—to focus on “frontiers” as points of intercultural contact, rejecting the notion of an “overarching”
Age-related tonsillar regrowth in children undergoing powered intracapsular tonsillectomy.

Abstract Objectives To review our experience with intracapsular tonsillectomy using powered instrumentation (PIT) in the management of tonsillar hypertrophy. Design Retrospective database review of pediatric patients undergoing PIT. Methods The medical records of 636 patients under 11 years of age who underwent PIT performed by the senior author (RFW), predominantly for obstructive sleep disturbance, were reviewed. Data were subsequently analyzed from 559 of these patients for clinical evidence of tonsillar regrowth, post-operative tonsillar hemorrhage, and post-operative dehydration due to pain. Specific information for possible correlation of age at the time of surgery and any increased rate of regrowth was primarily examined. Results There were a total of 33 patients who had clinical evidence of regrowth. Children less than 5 years of age had 5 times the incidence of regrowth (p Conclusions PIT is a safe procedure with a small risk of tonsillar regrowth being age related. The incidence of postoperative complications following PIT is relatively low (0.54%).
Chinese-Inspired Products: Value-Attitude-Behavior

This studyemployed a value-attitude-behavior model to investigate whether global anddomain-specific values affect US consumers’ attitudes and purchase behaviorstoward a Chinese-Inspired Product, with theperceived level of cultural design influence as a moderator between culturalopenness and domain-specific values. The results indicated that global values (i.e., cultural openness and need todifferentiate) positively influenced domain-specific values (i.e., esthetic andemotional values) and attitudes, which in turn affected US consumers’ behaviors(i.e., word of mouth and purchase intention); and theeffect of cultural openness on emotional value perception was greater forconsumers who had stronger perceptions of cultural design influence.
The Feasibility of Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) to Collect Dietary Intake Data in Low-income Pregnant Women

Abstract Objectives To determine the feasibility of using personal digital assistant (PDA)-based technology for tracking and analysis of food intake in low-income pregnant women. Design Descriptive. Participants provided an initial 24-hour dietary recall and recorded their food intake using a PDA-based software program for 2 days. Setting Recruitment occurred during the prenatal intake visit at a health department-sponsored Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinic. Participants Nonprobability sampling was used to recruit 10 women. Variable Measured Demographics and a satisfaction rating scale for the 2 food recording methods. A Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was calculated for each food record. Analysis Scores of the satisfaction rating scales were summarized. Paired t tests were used to analyze differences in HEIs obtained from the participants' 24-hour recall and PDA-based food records. Results The PDA was significantly easier to use compared to the 24-hour recall, and no significant differences in ease of remembering food intake between these methods was noted. Most women liked the PDA and felt it was more accurate than 24-hour recalls. Results showed no significant difference in mean HEI scores between food records from 24-hour recall to PDA. Conclusions and Implications PDA-based software may be an acceptable method for obtaining food records to provide more accurate assessments of dietary intake in this vulnerable population.
Diffusion of resin monomers through human carious dentin in vitro.

The diffusion of 2-hydroxyethylmediacrylate (HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) from light cured bonding resin-composite resin restorations through human carious dentin was investigated. Extracted human molar teeth with different degrees of caries were obtained from consenting donors. Teeth were classified into three groups according to caries severity (mild, moderate and severe) using subjective criteria. The outer carious lesions were then removed guided by a proprietary caries detector dye. Teeth with exposure of the pulp space after caries removal were excluded from the study. A polypropylene chamber was attached to the cemento-enamel junction of each tooth to contain 1 ml distilled water. Each cavity was restored with a HEMA containing bonding resin then a TEGDMA-containing resin composite. Water samples were retrieved over a lime course and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. There was great variation between teeth in HEMA and TEGDMA permeability. The cumulative amounts released were of similar magnitude to those observed in non-carious teeth for the mild and moderately-severe groups. However, the cumulative amounts released were markedly greater in severely carious teeth than in those with moderate or mild caries.
Chronic ingestion of Mn3O4 by rats: tissue accumulation and distribution of manganese in two generations.

Sprague‐Dawley rats were chronically exposed to particulate Mn 3 O 4 through two generations. At specific ages, observations were made of growth, tissue content, and distribution of Mn and Fe as affected by chronic exposure to Mn through an Fe‐sufficient diet and an Fe‐deficient diet. Chronic dietary Mn 3 O 4 resulted in dose‐related increases in Mn accumulation, and a concomitant Fe deficiency promoted Mn accumulation. In general, the addition of substantial amounts of Mn to either diet depressed tissue Fe levels.
Overexpression of Cyclin A Inhibits Augmentation of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Transduction by the Adenovirus E4orf6 Protein

The 34-kDa product of adenovirus E4 region open reading frame 6 (E4orf6) dramatically enhances transduction by recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAV). This is achieved by promoting the conversion of incoming single-stranded viral genomes into transcriptionally competent duplex molecules. The molecular mechanism for enhancing second-strand synthesis is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the cellular consequences of E4orf6 expression and the requirements for efficient rAAV transduction mediated by E4orf6. Expression of E4orf6 in 293 cells led to an inhibition of cell cycle progression and an accumulation of cells in S phase. This was preceded by specific degradation of cyclin A and p53, while the levels of other proteins involved in cell cycle control remained unchanged. In addition, the kinase activity of cdc2 was inhibited. We further showed that p53 expression is not necessary or inhibitory for augmentation of rAAV transduction by E4orf6. However, overexpression of cyclin A inhibited E4orf6-mediated enhancement of rAAV transduction. A cyclin A mutant incapable of recruiting protein substrates for cdk2 was unable to inhibit E4orf6-mediated augmentation. In addition, we created an E4orf6 mutant that is selectively defective in rAAV augmentation of transduction. Based on these findings, we suggest that cyclin A degradation represents a viral mechanism to disrupt cell cycle progression, resulting in enhanced viral transduction. Understanding the cellular pathways used during transduction will increase the utility of rAAV vectors in a wide range of gene therapy applications.
FRESHWATER STINGRAYS OF THE GREEN RIVER FORMATION OF WYOMING (EARLY EOCENE), WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES AND AN ANALYSIS OF ITS PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS (CHONDRICHTHYES: MYLIOBATIFORMES)

Abstract Freshwater stingrays from the Fossil Butte Member of the late early Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming are reviewed, and a new genus and species of fossil stingray is described. †Asterotrygon maloneyi, n.gen., n.sp. is remarkably well preserved and is known from articulated skeletons of juveniles and adults, both males and females. It is distinguished from all Recent and fossil stingrays, including †Heliobatis radians from the same formation, by the unique presence of a dorsal fin covered with dermal denticles directly anterior to the caudal stings. Other characters that in combination distinguish the new fossil genus from all other stingrays include: retention of separate, individual vertebrae extending to the tail extremity instead of a cartilaginous rod posterior to caudal stings; dorsal surface of disc and tail covered by numerous, closely packed, minute denticles; tail relatively stout at base; and relative proportions of disc and tail. †Asterotrygon, n.gen. shares with certain stingray...
Pycnodysostosis: A Review

The characteristics of pycnodysostosis, a new syndrome named in 1962, are reviewed in thirty-three cases taken from the literature. Pycnodysostosis is a genetic disease of bone characterized by short stature, skull dysplasia, flattened mandibular angle, dysplasia of the clavicles and terminal phalanges, increased bone density, and normal laboratory studies. Pycnodysostosis must be distinguished from cleidocranial dysostosis, osteopetrosis, progressive diaphyseal dysplasia, and idiopathic nonfamilial acro-osteolysis.
Using the National Cancer Institute Anticancer Drug Screen to Assess the Effect of MRP Expression on Drug Sensitivity Profiles

The MRP gene contributes to one form of multidrug resistance. To identify drugs interacting with MRP, we measured MRP mRNA expression by quantitative PCR in 60 cell lines of the National Cancer Institute Anticancer Drug Screen. Expression was detected in all cell lines (highest in lung carcinomas and central nervous system tumors) with a range of 14-fold. A mean graph of MRP mRNA levels was constructed to determine Pearson correlation coefficients (PCCs) with mean graphs of >40,000 compounds using the COMPARE analysis. Only 20 compounds had PCCs of ≥0.500. The PCCs for VP-16, doxorubicin, and vincristine were 0.008, 0.13, and 0.257, respectively. Initially, 36 compounds with PCCs of ≥0.428 were analyzed using two MRP-overexpressing cell lines; low levels of cross-resistance was demonstrated for 23 compounds (1.3–9.4-fold). Twenty-four compounds also were available for further studies. Using a fluorescence activated cell sorter assay to measure competition of calcein efflux from MRP-overexpressing cells, 10 compounds were found to increase calcein retention by ≥2-fold. Ten compounds also were able to reduce ATP-dependent [3H]LTC4 transport into vesicles from MRP-overexpressing cells. These results contrast with previous studies with MDR-1 in which high correlations were found and confirmed for a large number of compounds. Although other assays may be more revealing, in these unselected cell lines, MRP mRNA expression was a poor predictor of drug sensitivity. This raises the possibility that other factors, including conjugating enzymes, glutathione levels, or other transporters, confound the MRP effect.