cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Octacalcium phosphate carboxylates: IV. Kinetics of formation and solubility of octacalcium phosphate succinate

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of octacalcium phosphate succinate (OCP-SUCC), Ca8(HPO4)2-x(succ)x(PO4)4h. yH2O, where 0.8 < x < 1.0 and 5.5 < y < 6.5, broaden the present knowledge in the chemistry of octacalcium phosphate carboxylates. The kinetics of formation of OCP-SUCC by conversion of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP), α-Ca3(PO4)2, in ammonium succinate solutions was followed at varied initial pH, I ≈0.5 mol dm-3, 37°C. The changes in the liquid phase were monitored by pH measurements. Solid phases were characterized by means of chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The rate of conversion decreased with increasing initial pH. In the solubility experiments the concentrations of calcium, phosphate, succinate, ammonium and pH were determined in solutions equilibrated with OCP-SUCC (6.1< pH <7.4). Utilizing these data and association constants of phosphoric and succinic acid and stability constants of the soluble complexes, the solubility product of OCP-SUCC, Ks = c8(Ca2+)c1.07(H+)c0.93(succ2-)c5.07(PO3-4), was determined: pKs(OCP-SUCC) = 68.4 − 0.9 at I = 0.5 mol dm3-, 37°C.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy of Metallobiomolecules

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides information on the structure and dynamics of metallobiomolecules at atomic resolution. A range of metal-binding sites in biomolecules can be studied by NMR, although the methods used require consideration of the properties of the metal site. Diamagnetic metal-binding sites are probed using conventional NMR approaches appropriate for analyzing interactions between ions and macromolecules. Weak metal binding as is common in RNAs may require use of mimics that bind more strongly and/or that provide a specific spectroscopic handle. Paramagnetic metals induce hyperfine shifting and linebroadening that serve as signals of metal binding, but may also require adjustments to standard NMR methodologies. Hyperfine shifting takes place through scalar or dipolar mechanisms, and these effects in turn reveal details of metal site structure and metal electronic structure. Paramagnetic effects on chemical shifts are also used to refine structures of metallobiomolecules. Resonance broadening resulting from the hyperfine interaction is related to unpaired electron–nucleus distance as well as properties of the metal ion and thus can be a restraint on structure. The high magnetic anisotropy of some paramagnetic biomolecules can cause the molecule to take a preferential orientation within the applied magnetic field to allow observation of residual dipolar couplings, which reveal relative angular orientations of bond vectors. The study of the many effects of paramagnetic centers on NMR spectra has advanced the field of biomolecular solution structure determination as these efforts have introduced new restraints used in calculating structures. NMR is also valuable for analyzing biomolecule dynamics and chemical exchange processes. A related application is analysis of interactions between metallobiomolecules and ligands, or other macromolecules. Application of NMR to metallobiomolecules has provided a means to study phenomena difficult to observe using other methods such as interactions between proteins, electron self-exchange reactions, and biomolecule dynamics over a wide range of time scales. NMR methodology continues to advance rapidly and is expected to continue to exert a large influence on our understanding of metal sites in biomolecules. Keywords: paramagnetic; hyperfine interaction; contact shift; pseudocontact shift; relaxation; residual dipolar coupling; biomolecule structure; biomolecule dynamics
An analytic model for peer to peer file sharing networks

In this paper we introduce a non-uniform random-graph model for studying the evolution of ad hoc peer-to-peer (P2P) communities. The model provides control over the nodal degree distribution. We study basic properties such as reachability from a given node and overall traffic handled by a node using an analytical approach. The analytic model can be used in conjunction with a simulation model to study detailed performance tradeoffs in a P2P file-sharing network.
Relationship Between Deoxyribonucleic Acid-like Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Inhibition of Host Protein Synthesis in Type 5 Adenovirus-infected KB Cells

Abstract Previous results have shown that infection of KB cells with type 5 adenovirus elicits the inhibition of host protein synthesis. In an attempt to determine whether inhibition is caused by a block in the transcription of host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the rate of synthesis of host DNA-like ribonucleic acid (D-RNA) was compared with the rate of host protein synthesis at various times after infection. The rate of host D-RNA synthesis was determined by measuring the rate of incorporation of 3H-uridine into species of ribonucleic acid which could hybridize specifically with KB cell DNA. The rate of host protein synthesis was determined by measuring the rate of incorporation of 14C-valine into species of protein which could not be precipitated by antiserum directed against viral antigens. The results obtained suggest that the primary event producing inhibition of host protein synthesis is not the inhibition of transcription of host DNA. Synthesis of viral D-RNA in type 5 adenovirus-infected KB cells was next examined. Synthesis was first detected 8 to 10 hr after infection, and it could not be detected if viral DNA synthesis was blocked. At those times when inhibition of host protein synthesis was evident, the rate of synthesis of viral D-RNA appeared to exceed that of KB cell D-RNA.
A program testing assistant

This paper describes the design and implementation of a program testing assistant which aids a programmer in the definition, execution, and modification of test cases during incremental program development. The testing assistant helps in the interactive definition of test cases and executes them automatically when appropriate. It modifies test cases to preserve their usefulness when the program they test undergoes certain types of design changes. The testing assistant acts as a fully integrated part of the programming environment and cooperates with existing programming tools such as a display editor, compiler, interpreter, and debugger.
Early onset group B streptococcal disease: clinical, roentgenographic, and pathologic features.

Thirty-one neonates with early onset of serious group B streptococcal infections were observed in a four-year period. The mortality was 52%. Premature infants with clinical signs of respiratory distress syndrome were at highest risk of death; clinical signs of RDS were typical until apnea, shock, respiratory failure, and worsening of the radiographic pattern unexpectedly intervened. Pathologic material from infants with radiographic evidence either of RDS or of pneumonia showed both typical hyaline membrane disease and pneumonia in most instances. Factors which may be helpful in recognizing premature infants at risk for GBS disease in the much larger group of premature infants with uncomplicated RDS include: history of artificial, premature, or prolonged rupture of membranes; localized pulmonary infiltrates on chest roetgenogram; low absolute neutrophil count; and an unusually rapid progression of RDS.
Effect of gliadin on permeability of intestinal biopsy explants from celiac disease patients and patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity.

Background: Intestinal exposure to gliadin leads to zonulin upregulation and consequent disassembly of intercellular tight junctions and increased intestinal permeability. We aimed to study response to gliadin exposure, in terms of barrier function and cytokine secretion, using intestinal biopsies obtained from four groups: celiac patients with active disease (ACD), celiac patients in remission (RCD), non-celiac patients with gluten sensitivity (GS) and non-celiac controls (NC). Methods: Ex-vivo human duodenal biopsies were mounted in microsnapwells and luminally incubated with either gliadin or media alone. Changes in transepithelial electrical resistance were monitored over 120 min. Media was subsequently collected and cytokines quantified. Results: Intestinal explants from all groups (ACD (n = 6), RCD (n = 6), GS (n = 6), and NC (n = 5)) demonstrated a greater increase in permeability when exposed to gliadin vs. media alone. The increase in permeability in the ACD group was greater than in the RCD and NC groups. There was a greater increase in permeability in the GS group compared to the RCD group. There was no difference in permeability between the ACD and GS groups, between the RCD and NC groups, or between the NC and GS groups. IL-10 was significantly greater in the media of the NC group compared to the RCD and GS groups. Conclusions: Increased intestinal permeability after gliadin exposure occurs in all individuals. Following gliadin exposure, both patients with gluten sensitivity and those with active celiac disease demonstrate a greater increase in intestinal permeability than celiacs in disease remission. A higher concentration of IL-10 was measured in the media exposed to control explants compared to celiac disease in remission or gluten sensitivity.
Isolation, stereochemistry, and biosynthesis of Šormosterol, a novel cyclopropane-containing sponge sterol

Sormosterol ((24 R )-24,25-methylenecholesterol, XVIII , a product of the novo sterol biosynthesis in the marine sponge Lissodendoryx topsenti , was shown, trough the use of suitably labeled precursors, to be a new alternative product of the initial S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methylation of the 24,25 double bond in the sterol side chain. Additional labeling experiments demonstrated that the cyclopropane ring is not further modifies in vivo by the sponge.
Olfactory sensory axon growth and branching is influenced by sonic hedgehog

Olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons extend from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb without branching until they reach their target region, the glomerulus. In this report, we present evidence to support the involvement of sonic hedgehog in promoting rat olfactory sensory axons to branch and to enter into the glomerulus. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) protein is detected in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, whereas its transcript is expressed in the mitral and tufted cells, suggesting that Shh in the glomeruli is produced by mitral and tufted cells. In primary OSN cultures, Shh-N peptide promotes olfactory axon branching. When Shh function is neutralized in vivo by its antibody, growth of newly generated OSN axons into the glomeruli is vastly reduced.
Inertial cavitation manipulation in nanoemulsion induced by low frequency acoustic wave with laser irradiation for potential therapeutic applications

The possibility of manipulating inertial cavitation induced in a new type of nanoemulsion contrast agent with simultaneous nanosecond pulsed laser and ultrasound illumination is described. The contrast agent consists of an encapsulated emulsion core coated with a layer of 12nm-diameter gold nanospheres. A low-cost, high repetition-rate, low-energy 1064 nm fiber laser transiently heated the emulsion beads to help initiate inertial cavitation due to a phase transition in the emulsion core. It has been shown that inertial cavitation can be initiated at a very low acoustic pressure (0.43MPa) with laser irradiation applied at the rarefaction phase of the incident acoustic wave. The significantly decreased inertial cavitation threshold in this nanoemulsion suggests that it could be an effective tool for site-targeted, molecular therapeutics in addition to its proposed use as a highly specific molecular imaging agent for photoacoustics.
THE ACCELERATION OF ESTERASE ACTION : STUDIES ON FERMENT ACTION. XXVIII.

1. Potassium citrate, potassium oxalate, and calcium lactate accelerate the action of tissue and serum esterases. 2. Intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of large amounts of sodium citrate do not cause a definite increase in the activity of the serum esterase.
Structural analysis of the major caprine β-mannosidosis urinary oligosaccharides

Abstract Urinary oligosaccharides were studied in β-mannosidosis, a newly identified, inherited glycoprotein catabolic disorder associated with severe neonatal neurological deficits, widespread lysosomal storage vacuoles and a deficiency of plasma and tissue β-mannosidase. A preliminary analysis of the oligosaccharides was obtained by gel-permeation chromatography and mass chromatography. The major urinary oligossacharides were then isolated by gel-permeation chromatography, DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography and preparative paper chromatography, and were analyzed by carbohydrate composition analysis, methylation studies, mass spectrometry and glycosidase digestion. As a result of these studies, β -mannosyl-(1 → 4)- N -acetylglucosamine and β -mannosyl-(1 → 4)- β - N -acetylglucosaminyl-(1 → 4)- N -acetylglucosamine were identified as the major abnormal oligosaccharides. Galactosaminyl-( α 1 → 3)-[fucosyl-( α 1 → 2)]-galactose was also found in affected goat urine, while lactose was present in the urine of both control and affected goats.
Spontaneous and testosterone-induced pup killing in female Rockland-Swiss mice: The effect of lactation and the presence of young

Cannibalism of pups by adult, virgin, Rockland-Swiss mice did not occur during the lactation period following the subsequent pregnancy of these animals. However, upon retesting 2 weeks after the weaning of their young, 5 of 13 again killed pups. Testosterone propionate was ineffective in eliciting pup killing when administered during the lactation period. The continuation of androgen treatment for 1 week after weaning did lead to the cannibalism of 1-day old foster young. Finally, testosterone administration did not induce pup killing in spontaneously maternal virgin female mice when pups were constantly present.
Baseline Balance and Functional Decline in Older Adults with Knee Pain: The Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors

OBJECTIVES: To examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal effect of baseline balance, independent of multiple covariates (sociodemographic variables, comorbidities), on self-reported disability and several measures of functional performance. DESIGN: Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors was a community-based longitudinal study. SETTING: Data collection was conducted at an exercise science research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 245 women and 235 men, aged 65 and older, with self-reported knee pain. MEASUREMENTS: Measurements of balance, self-reported disability, functional performance, strength, sociodemographic characteristics, disease burden (including radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA)), and functional limitations were obtained on participants at baseline and 30 months. The four outcome measures (self-reported disability, stair climb time, car time, preferred walking speed) were also collected at 15 months. RESULTS: In cross-sectional analyses, baseline balance was significantly associated with each of the four outcome measures before adjusting for baseline knee strength. After adjusting for knee strength, baseline balance remained significantly associated with all functional performance outcomes and self-reported disability. In longitudinal analyses, baseline balance had a significant effect on car-time performance, whereby individuals in the lowest quartile of baseline balance scores declined in a quadratic manner from baseline to Month 30. CONCLUSION: Baseline balance, independent of strength and various other covariates, is an important component of performance for transfer and ambulatory tasks and for self-reported disability. Balance was predictive of change in performance over time only in a task that presented a significant challenge to the lateral mobility/stability of participants. Balance was not predictive of decline in ambulatory performance-based tasks or in self-reported disability.
Structure of a novel neutral lead(II) complex with dipropyldithiocarbamate

Abstract The synthesis and X-ray structure of a novel tetramer of Pb(II) with the dipropyldithiocarbamato ligand is described. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a =9.576(2), b = 14.151(4), c =16.175(4) A, α=104.84(2), β= 102.26(2), γ=90.62(2)°, V =2065(1) A 3 . Unit cell dimensions and data collection were done at 130(1) K using graphite-monochromated Mo Kα radiation. The conventional R factor is 0.030 for 5323 unique observed reflections with the goodness- of-fit parameter = 1.35. The structure consists of a sulfur-bridged neutral tetrameric species where each Pb(II) ion is pentacoordinated.
Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing and Understanding—A Survey and Analysis

This survey and analysis presents the functional components, performance, and maturity of graph-based methods for natural language processing and natural language understanding and their potential for mature products. Resulting capabilities from the methods surveyed include summarization, text entailment, redundancy reduction, similarity measure, word sense induction and disambiguation, semantic relatedness, labeling (e.g., word sense), and novelty detection. Estimated scores for accuracy, coverage, scalability, and performance are derived from each method. This survey and analysis, with tables and bar graphs, offers a unique abstraction of functional components and levels of maturity from this collection of graph-based methodologies.
Theoretical properties of Omega-loops in the convective zone of the Sun. 3: Extended updrafts

It was pointed out in an earlier paper that the continuing emergence of Omega-loops at localized sites on the surface of the Sun indicates a continuing updraft at those sites. The updraft evidently extends all the way from the base of the convective zone to somewhat near (approximately 10(exp 9)cm) the surface. We pointed out that such updrafts enhance the convective heat transport to the surface, accounting for a major part of the increased solar brightness or irradiance during times of solar activity. The problem is to work out, as much as possible, the dynamical nature of the extended updrafts, initiated as the wakes of successive rising Omega-loops and driven therafter by the convective forces. The question is, does the updraft take on a long-lived columnar form of its own, or does it never devlop beyond a sequence of rising wakes, resembling beads on a string? The dynamics of a columnar updraft is complicated by both the large Reynolds number and the strong stratication of the atmosphere, and by a total lack of direct observational information. Extended slender updrafts are not a spontaneous occurrence in numerical simulations of thermal convection in a stratified atmosphere, although slender concentrated downdrafts commonly occur. This paper examines several aspects of a columnar updrft in a convective atmosphere under various idealized circumstances to investigate to what extent that state can be maintained against the diminishing vorticity and expansion in the updraft. It appears that the successive passage of Omega-loops from the bottom to the top of the convective zone is an essential feature of the continuing existence of the updraft.
An in vitro study of the accuracy of a new protocol for planning distraction osteogenesis of the mandible.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro accuracy of a new protocol for distraction osteogenesis of the mandible that involves a planning process and a surgical technique. Materials and Methods: An experimental design was developed to simulate distraction osteogenesis on stereolithographic models of patients with craniofacial deformities. All patients had previously undergone 3-dimensional computerized scans of the craniofacial skeleton. The data from these scans were used to generate stereolithographic models. Before the fabrication of the models, the computed tomography (CT) data were manipulated to add a series of rulers and markers to the models. The 3-dimensional computerized scans were also used as the basis of the planning process. They were imported into an animation software (3D-Studio Max; Discreet, Montreal, Canada), and a virtual distractor was built and installed on the model, and the osteotomies and distraction processes were simulated. Finally, a recipe for sequencing the linear and angular changes of the distractor were calculated. A surgical technique was developed to facilitate the precise installation of the distractor as indicated in the presurgical plan. The transfer of information regarding pin position and orientation from the computer model to the patient was accomplished by creating a surgical template. This template was designed in the computer and fabricated by use of stereolithography. Mock surgery was performed on the stereolithographic models, and the results were compared with those predicted by the computer. The difference between the actual position and the predicted position was recorded. Results: On the X-axis, the difference between the predicted position for the condylar marker and the actual position of the marker on the stereolithographic models was 0.6 ± 1.1 mm. On the Y-axis, the difference between the predicted position for the condylar marker and the actual position of the marker on the stereolithographic models was −0.9 ± 2.6. On the Z-axis, the difference between the predicted position for the condylar marker and the actual position of the marker on the stereolithographic models was 0.04 ± 0.8 mm. There was excellent correlation between the predicted and the actual measurements for the X, Y, and Z axes: 0.98, 0.93, and 0.98, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that the combination of this planning process and surgical technique was very accurate. This in vitro study is the first step in determining the clinical usefulness of this protocol. If the results of this study are validated in clinical practice, this protocol will allow clinicians to improve the clinical outcomes of patients treated with distraction osteogenesis. © 2000 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Effects of quinine adulterated diets on the food intake and body weight of obese and non-obese hypothalamic hyperphagic rats.

Abstract Female rats given knife cuts between the medial and lateral hypothalamus overate and became obese on a high fat diet. When switched to a quinine diet the knife cut rats initially underate and lost weight, but their body weights did not fall significantly below that of controls maintained on the same diet. Knife cut rats also maintained weights at control levels when given a moderately bitter quinine diet immediately after surgery, but displayed subnormal weights when switched to a very bitter diet. Cuts lateral to the fornix produced a greater weight suppression on the quinine diet, but a smaller weight gain on a high fat diet than did cuts medial to the fornix. The results indicate that the hypothalamic knife cuts elevate the upper limit of body weight with little or no change in the lower body weight limit, and that obesity rather than hypothalamic damage per se is the major cause of the hyperphagic rat's finickiness to unpalatable quinine diets. A dual lipostatic model of the hypothalamic hyperphagia syndrome is discussed.
Increasing the Efficiency of Local Stereo by Leveraging Smoothness Constraints

We introduce a novel framework for efficient stereo disparity estimation leveraging the spatial smoothness typically assumed in stereo and formalized by the various smoothness constraints. The smoothness constraint presumes that a neighboring set of pixels shares the same disparity or the disparity varies smoothly. Our key insight is that it hence suffices to evaluate any single one of those pixels at the correct disparity to identify a valid estimate for the entire set. We leverage this insight into the formulation of a complexity reducing mechanism. We distribute the exploration of the disparity search space among neighboring pixels, effectively reducing the set of disparity hypothesis evaluated at each individual pixel. Moreover, we integrate a recently proposed concept to deploy sparsity within this neighborhood of distributed disparities into our novel mechanism, in order to further reduce the computational burden. Our experiments clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by achieving comparable results to the baseline of exhaustive disparity search. The analysis of the computational complexity of our proposed mechanisms illustrates how, by making moderate assumptions on the smoothness of the observed scene, we can reduce the computational complexity of local stereo disparity search by upwards of two orders of magnitude while maintaining the comparable result quality.
Perturbation analysis of a catalytic combustor

Lean premixed combustion (LPC) of natural gas is widely employed in stationary gas-turbine combustion systems to minimize pollutants formed at high temperature, such as nitrogen oxides, but can lead to secondary problems such as CO/UHC emissions at part load, lean flame blowout, and strong pressure oscillations approaching limit cycles. Catalytic combustion is an attractive option to LPC. A range of pressures from one to above ten atmospheres has been investigated, with inlet temperatures and velocities appropriate for operation under gas-turbine conditions. Temperature profiles have been obtained from images provided by an infrared camera mounted in the postflame gas, looking forward at the exit face of the catalyst. Dark relatively low temperature regions, analogous to sunspots, are sometimes apparent on the exit face. The temperature variation appears to be spatially periodic with a fairly small amplitude, on the order of less than 100 K. As long as the entrance conditions are held constant, these dark spots have been observed to survive for periods of time (minutes to tens of minutes) which are much longer than the fluid mechanical or chemical time scales in the flow. The present linear analysis yields conditions under which periodic temperature fields are possible. A nonlinear analysismore » becomes necessary if the amplitude becomes too large; however, the latter regime is not of operational interest since it corresponds to flame extinction on a large scale.« less
The Turbulent Interstellar Medium and Pressure-bounded Molecular Clouds

The existence of turbulence throughout the interstellar medium suggests that an appropriate value for the average pressure may be P/K larger than about 10,000. Negative-index polytropic models of interstellar clouds in equilibrium with an external medium at these pressures are predicted to have sizes, line widths, masses, and size-line width and size-density relations in good agreement with those observed and inferred for dark clouds. Thus these observed features of interstellar clouds do not require that they be completely self-gravitating or 'virialized' in the commonly used sense.
Energy and angular distribution of low energy H+ and D+ backscattered from polycrystalline carbon

Abstract The energy distributions of H+ and D+ backscattered from a polycrystalline graphite sample were recorded as a function of total scattering angle, angle of incidence, and for incident beam energies 200 i . The general shapes of the distributions are discussed qualitatively, and their variation with incident energy and total scattering angle are explained and compared with theoretical and other experimental results. The average energies E + of the distributions are found to increase relative to the single scattering energy, E k , with decreasing incident energy. E + /E k also increases with decreasing exit angle from the solid in a way which is slightly dependent upon the angle of incidence. The integrated intensities of the distributions are found to depend strongly upon the angle of incidence, with a normally incident beam producing a nearly cosine distribution of backscattered ions and grazing angles of incidence producing an intensity which peaks at an angle forward of the specular direction. Using charge fractions obtained previously for surface scattering from graphite and transmission through thin carbon foil, values of the particle reflection coefficient r n are obtained as a function of energy.
Investing in health care reform.

Enactment of comprehensive health care reform is likely to hinge on the development of a plan that is affordable to families, employers, and taxpayers. Karen Davis describes a set of health care policies that would produce savings for the system.
Causes and consequences of hyperglycemia in critical illness.

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews recent epidemiologic and intervention studies addressing the impact of hyperglycemia on morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. It also discusses a growing body of literature examining why elevated blood glucose occurs in hospitalized patients withou
A Large-Eddy Simulation of the Near Wake of a Circular Cylinder

The formation and the downstream transport of the Strouhal vortices in the near wake of a circular cylinder are investigated using the large-eddy simulation (LES) method. The governing equations are formulated in curvilinear coordinates to accommodate a nonorthogonal grid with formal development of a dynamic model to account for the subgrid turbulent scales. Results were produced with and without use of the model. The focus of the investigation is at a subcritical Reynolds number of 5600. Using the dynamic model, the LES results compared best to the published experimental data in terms of both the global and local wake characteristics such as the drag and base pressure coefficients, shedding and detection frequencies, peak vorticity, and the downstream mean velocity-defect and Reynolds stresses. The results further showed streamwise filaments that connect subsequent Strouhal vortices. Qualitatively, the time-averaged Reynolds stresses of the formation region revealed similar symmetric characteristics over the range 525 ≤ Re ≤ 140,000
The Unmodified (Apo) Form of Escherichia coli Acyl Carrier Protein Is a Potent Inhibitor of Cell Growth

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is the carrier of fatty acids during their synthesis and utilization. ACPs (or ACP-like protein domains) have been found throughout biology and share significant amino acid sequence similarities. All ACPs undergo a post-translational modification in which 4′-phosphopantetheine is transferred from CoA to a specific serine of apo-ACP. This modification is essential for activity because fatty acids are bound in thioester linkage to the sulfhydryl of the prosthetic group. Overproduction of Escherichia coli ACP from multicopy plasmids strongly inhibits growth of E. coli. We report that upon overexpression of ACP in E. coli post-translational modification is inefficient and the apo protein accumulates and blocks cell growth by inhibition of lipid metabolism. Moreover, a mutant form of ACP that is unable to undergo post-translational modification is a potent inhibitor of growth. Finally, we observed that an increase in the efficiency of modification of overexpressed ACP results in decreased toxicity. The accumulated apo-ACP acts as a potent in vitro inhibitor of the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase resulting in an inability to transfer the completed fatty acid to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. The degree of inhibition depended upon the species of donor acyl chain. Utilization of cis-vaccenoyl-ACP by the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase was inhibited to a much greater extent by apo-ACP than was utilization of palmitoyl-ACP. 1-Acyl glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase was also inhibited in vitro by apo-ACP, although not at physiologically relevant concentrations. These in vitro data are supported by in vivo labeling data, which showed a large decrease in cis-vaccenate incorporation into phospholipid during overproduction of ACP, but no decrease in the rate of synthesis of long chain acyl-ACPs. These data indicate that acylation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate is the major site of inhibition by apo-ACP.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS ON OVARIAN FUNCTION IN THE EWE1

In 20 regularly cycling ewes, stereotaxic lesions were placed in various parts of the hypothalamus, and changes in estrous behavior, ovarian cycles, pituitary gonadotrophin content as well as adrenal and thyroid function were studied. Destruction of the pituitary stalk and adjacent ventral hypothalamus was associated with absence of both ovarian and behavioral c}yclcs (4 animals). Destruction of an area immediately above the anterior median eminence inhibited estrous behavior without affecting ovarian cycles (3 animals). Extensive lesions in other parts of the hypothalamus (13 animals) had no effect on these parameters. In two animals with stalk lesions peripheral 17-hydroxycorticoid levels were not elevated following stress but in none of the animals was there significant adrenal or anterior pituitary atrophy. The FSH content of the anterior pituitary was somewhat depressed without a definite change in the LH content in animals with stalk lesions. Animals with lesions which did not involve the stalk had ...
An Analysis of Accelerator Coupling in Heterogeneous Architectures

Existing research on accelerators has emphasized the performance and energy efficiency improvements they can provide, devoting little attention to practical issues such as accelerator invocation and interaction with other on-chip components (e.g. cores, caches). In this paper we present a quantitative study that considers these aspects by implementing seven high-throughput accelerators following three design models: tight coupling behind a CPU, loose out-of-core coupling with Direct Memory Access (DMA) to the LLC, and loose out-of-core coupling with DMA to DRAM. A salient conclusion of our study is that working sets of non-trivial size are best served by loosely-coupled accelerators that integrate private memory blocks tailored to their needs.
Relation of the rate of hyoid movement to body weight and temperature in diving soft-shell turtles

Abstract 1. 1. Standard hyoid rate (movements/g min) of soft-shell turtles (Trionyx spinifer) was inversely related to body weight. 2. 2. The Q10 of standard hyoid rate was also inversely proportional to body weight.
Hedging individual mortgage risk

Abstract This paper investigates the feasibility of an individual hedging the interest rate risk involved in planning to take out a mortgage at a future point in time. Simulation using market data indicates that a simple futures hedge reduces the variation in mortgage capacity by about one half. Expected mortgage capacity is very close to 100% of the original capacity at a very low cost. Hedging the individual mortgage with a put futures option is less effective in reducing downside risk and has a higher expected cost.
Concerning the Reported Phase-modulated Changes in the Spectrum of 41 Sextantis

Sreedhar Rao et al. have reported that the metallic-line star 41 Sextantis exhibits significant changes in the depths and equivalent widths of its spectral lines and that these changes are coupled with the orbital motion of this spectroscopic binary. Based on their discovery, they suggest that 41 Sex is a possible evolutionary link between the Am and Ap stars. High-dispersion CCD spectra of 41 Sex, obtained in 1991 with the 0.9 m feed telescope and coude spectrograph at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, were measured to determine the equivalent widths and depths of several metallic lines and the depths of Ca ii K and H8 as a function of orbital phase. The spectrum changes that Sreedhar Rao et al. observed could not be verified with these data. Possible explanations for this lack of confirmation might be that the star was in a quiescent state in 1991 or that the reported changes to the spectrum happen on a timescale much greater than the orbital period. An updated solution for the spectroscopic orbital elements is also presented.
Throughput of selective-repeat ARQ with time diversity in Markov channels with unreliable feedback

In this paper, a modified form of the ARQ selective repeat protocol with timer control is studied. Transmissions on both the forward and the reverse channels are assumed to experience Markovian errors and therefore the feedback is unreliable. Feedback error recovery is made possible through the use of time diversity.Using results from renewal theory, exact results for the throughput of the protocol are evaluated. In order to overcome the complexity of the exact analytical technique, lower and upper bounds are developed. Simulation results, that confirm the analysis and document the tightness of the bounds are also shown, and a number of implementation issues are discussed. An application to mobile radio is also presented.It is shown that the use of an appropriate degree of time diversity makes it possible to approach the ideal protocol performance obtained with perfect feedback.
Electrostatic correlations near charged planar surfaces

Electrostatic correlation effects near charged planar surfaces immersed in a symmetric electrolytes solution are systematically studied by numerically solving the nonlinear six-dimensional electrostatic self-consistent equations. We compare our numerical results with widely accepted mean-field (MF) theory results, and find that the MF theory remains quantitatively accurate only in weakly charged regimes, whereas in strongly charged regimes, the MF predictions deviate drastically due to the electrostatic correlation effects. We also observe a first-order like phase-transition corresponding to the counterion condensation phenomenon in strongly charged regimes, and compute the phase diagram numerically within a wide parameter range. Finally, we investigate the interactions between two likely-charged planar surfaces, which repulse each other as MF theory predicts in weakly charged regimes. However, our results show that they attract each other above a certain distance in strongly charged regimes due to significant electrostatic correlations.
Blood ethanol levels in sober alcohol users seen in an emergency room.

Abstract During the course of two years, 76 representative subjects seen in a community hospital emergency room who admitted to having recently used alcohol while still appearing sober had their blood alcohol levels measured to determine the levels of blood alcohol present in ambulatory sober alcohol users. As a group the mean blood alcohol level obtained in those who had measurable levels was 268 ± 10 mg/dl mean ± SEM). More men (47) than women (18) admitted to having used ethanol and had measurable blood ethanol levels and therefore were studied. Moreover, the mean blood alcohol level in the men studied was arithmetically greater (272 ± 13 mg/d1) than that present in the women (260 ± 13mg/d1). The range of alcohol levels seen in the two sexes, however, were quite similar. Using a blood alcohol level > 200 mg/dl in a clinically “non-intoxicated” individual as the cut-off level for defining one as a suspect chronic alcohol user, our data would suggest that such individuals not uncommonly have blood alcohol levels as high as 290 ± 9 mg/dl.
Reclaiming civil discourse in the workplace

Incivility in the workplace appears to be on a collision course with affluence, competition, technology, mobility, globalization, suburbanization, sleep‐deprived coworkers, and longer work weeks. One only need witness the name calling, public humiliation, and unrestrained emotional tirades at work to heighten our thirst for a sense of decorum and attendant communicative enactments grounded in remoralized expectations. The national study that produced the term “desk rage” to describe inappropriate and offensive displays at work warned of the harmful consequences that have been considered as grave as road rage and domestic partner abuse. This essay reviews the causes and consequences of workplace incivility and offers a typology of actions, behaviors, and terms that describe varying dimensions of intentionality and intensity regarding uncivil displays. The manuscript also offers an explanation of how incivility can be controlling and harmful regardless of the position of the target and intention of the inst...
Residual Stress Measurement in a Ceramic-Metallic Graded Material

This paper presents experimental measurements of the through-thickness distribution of residual stress in a ceramic-metallic functionally graded material (FGM). It further presents an error analysis and optimization of the residual stress measurement technique, Measurements are made in a seven-layered plate with a base of commercially pure titanium and successive layers containing an increasing proportion of titanium-boride, reaching 85% titanium-boride in the final layer. The compliance method is employed to determine residual stress, where a slot is introduced using wire electric-discharge machining and strain release is measured as a function of increasing slot depth. Strain release measurements are used with a back-calculation scheme, based on finite element simulation, to provide residual stresses in the FGM. The analysis is complicated by the variation of material properties in the FGM, but tractable due to the flexibility of the finite element method. The Monte Carlo approach is used for error analysis and a method is described for optimization of the functional form assumed for the residual stresses. The magnitude and variation of the resulting residual stress distributions and several aspects of the error analyses are discussed.
Perceptual and acoustic evidence for species-level differences in meow vocalizations by domestic cats (Felis catus) and African wild cats (Felis silvestris lybica)

To test for possible anthropogenic selection effects on meows in domestic felids, vocalizations by domestic cats (Felis catus) were compared with cries by their closest wild relative, the African wild cat (Felis silvestris lybica). Comparisons included analysis of acoustic characteristics and perceptual studies with human (Homo sapiens) listeners. The perceptual studies obtained human listener ratings of call pleasantness. Both the acoustic and perceptual comparisons revealed clear species-level differences: The domestic cat meows were significantly shorter in mean duration than the wild cat meows, showed higher mean formant frequencies, and exhibited higher mean fundamental frequencies. Human listeners at all levels of experience and affinity for cats rated domestic cat meows as far more pleasant sounding than wild cat vocalizations. These results are consistent with a model of cat domestication that posits selective pressure on meows based on human perceptual biases.
One Reasonable and Inquiring Man: 12 Angry Men as a Negotiation‐Teaching Tool

The film 12 Angry Men is often shown in law school and business school to teach lessons about negotiation, group process, communication, decision making, team building, leadership, and critical thinking. It effectively and powerfully depicts the ways in which a successful negotiator can make critical moves and capitalize on turning points in a negotiation. It also illustrates vividly such key negotiation concepts as the difference between positions and interests and the role of such skills as coalition building, framing, and active listening. For these reasons, 12 Angry Men can be a powerful negotiation teaching tool.
Reference Fitness Values in the Untrained Spinal Cord Injury Population

Abstract Objective Establish reference values of cardiorespiratory fitness applicable to the general, untrained spinal cord injury (SCI) population. Design Data were retroactively obtained from 12 studies (May 2004 to May 2012). Setting An institution-affiliated applied physiology research laboratory. Participants A total of 153 men and 26 women (age, 18–55y) with chronic SCI (N=179) were included. Participants were not involved in training activities for 1 or more months before testing and were able to complete a progressive resistance exercise test to determine peak oxygen consumption (Vo 2 peak). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Percentile ranking (poor Results Reference cardiorespiratory fitness values based on functional classification as paraplegic or tetraplegic were established (paraplegic: median, 16.0mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ; range, 1.4–35.2mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ; tetraplegic: median, 8.8mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ; range, 1.5–21.5mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ) for untrained men and women. For the primary outcome measure (Vo 2 peak), persons with paraplegia had significantly higher values than did persons with tetraplegia ( P 001). Although men had higher values than did women, these differences did not reach significance ( P =.256). Regression analysis revealed that motor level of injury was associated with 22.3% of the variability in Vo 2 peak ( P P Conclusions Established reference fitness values will allow investigators/clinicians to stratify the relative fitness of subjects/patients from the general SCI population. Key determinants are motor level of injury and body habitus, yet most variability in aerobic capacity is not associated with standard measures of SCI status or demographic characteristics.
Adsorption and reaction of SiH4 and oxygen on Pd(111)

Abstract Coadsorption of SiH4 and oxygen on Pd(1 1 1) has been studied via temperature programmed desorption (TPD), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). These techniques indicate that surface Si and O react at
Time-dependent behavior of classical spin chains at infinite temperature

An ultrafast, vectorized spin-dynamics method is used to study the time-dependent properties of classical XY and Heisenberg spin chains at infinite temperature. The decay of the energy-energy and spin-spin correlation functions is oscillatory for short times and at long times is consistent with classical diffusion, although the approach to the asymptotic behavior is extremely slow. We have also calculated S(q,\ensuremath{\omega}) and find clear indication of spin-wave peaks in both models.
Evidence for Three Major Transcription Activation Elements in the Proximal Mouse Proα2(I) Collagen Promoter

In vivo transient expression and in vitro transcription experiments indicated that a segment between -170 and -40 bp upstream of the start of transcription of the mouse proalpha2(I) collagen gene was essential to activate transcription. DNase I protection experiments identified three strong footprints in this segment. Experiments with deletion mutants encompassing the sequences defined by these three footprints indicated that each of the three elements contributed to the transcriptional activity of the promoter. All three elements are GC-rich, redundant sites for a complex set of DNA binding proteins that includes SP1, other proteins that bind to an SP1 consensus site and proteins that bind to a Krox consensus site. In addition, the segment corresponding to the most proximal footprint also binds the multimeric CCAAT binding protein CBF. Addition of an excess amount of oligo- nucleotides corresponding to either of the two distal footprints significantly inhibited in vitro transcription of the -350 bp proalpha2(I) collagen promoter. Anti-SP1 antibodies that completely inhibited transcription of the early SV40 promoter had little effect on transcription of the wild-type -350 bp promoter, suggesting that SP1 has only a minor role in activity of this promoter. Our results show that the segment between base pairs -170 and -40 of the proalpha2(I) collagen promoter, which contains redundant binding sites for a complex set of nuclear proteins, is essential in the transcriptional activity of this promoter in fibroblasts.