cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an Objective Structured Clinical Examination for Assessment of Clinical Skills in an Emergency Medicine Clerkship.

Assessment of medical students in their emergency medicine (EM) clerkship is often based on clinical shift evaluations and written examinations. Clinical evaluations offer some insight into students’ ability to apply knowledge to clinical problems, but are notoriously unreliable, with score variance that may be driven as much by error as by actual student performance.1–6 Clinical evaluations are also limited by the unpredictability of pathology in emergency department (ED) patients, and by patient safety considerations that prevent students from independently managing patients, especially those with high-acuity conditions. Additionally, there is evidence that the basic skills of history and physical exam are rarely observed by faculty members, and the feedback they receive on these domains is limited.7–9 These factors hinder EM educators in their effort to objectively assess students’ progress relative to clerkship objectives, particularly those that pertain to emergent care. The objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) is one potential solution to these problems. Described in 1975 by Harden et al, an OSCE is designed to assess the clinical competence of medical trainees through direct observation of skill performance in a variety of stations.10 OSCEs have been widely adopted in medical education and in other health professions.11–13 These exams are viewed as a valuable form of clinical assessment due to their demonstrated reliability and inherent flexibility for assessing a wide variety of knowledge application and skills.11 In EM, OSCEs have been used mainly in postgraduate medical education to assess resident communication skills and clinical performance.14,15 One OSCE for interns was shown to accurately predict future clinical performance scores.12 A recently published evaluation of an EM OSCE for medical students demonstrated validity evidence supporting this method of assessment.16 These studies suggest that OSCEs can be used effectively in EM education, and yield valid assessment data.
Emergence of Spatial Stream Segregation in the Ascending Auditory Pathway

Stream segregation enables a listener to disentangle multiple competing sequences of sounds. A recent study from our laboratory demonstrated that cortical neurons in anesthetized cats exhibit spatial stream segregation (SSS) by synchronizing preferentially to one of two sequences of noise bursts that alternate between two source locations. Here, we examine the emergence of SSS along the ascending auditory pathway. Extracellular recordings were made in anesthetized rats from the inferior colliculus (IC), the nucleus of the brachium of the IC (BIN), the medial geniculate body (MGB), and the primary auditory cortex (A1). Stimuli consisted of interleaved sequences of broadband noise bursts that alternated between two source locations. At stimulus presentation rates of 5 and 10 bursts per second, at which human listeners report robust SSS, neural SSS is weak in the central nucleus of the IC (ICC), it appears in the nucleus of the brachium of the IC (BIN) and in approximately two-thirds of neurons in the ventral MGB (MGBv), and is prominent throughout A1. The enhancement of SSS at the cortical level reflects both increased spatial sensitivity and increased forward suppression. We demonstrate that forward suppression in A1 does not result from synaptic inhibition at the cortical level. Instead, forward suppression might reflect synaptic depression in the thalamocortical projection. Together, our findings indicate that auditory streams are increasingly segregated along the ascending auditory pathway as distinct mutually synchronized neural populations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Listeners are capable of disentangling multiple competing sequences of sounds that originate from distinct sources. This stream segregation is aided by differences in spatial location between the sources. A possible substrate of spatial stream segregation (SSS) has been described in the auditory cortex, but the mechanisms leading to those cortical responses are unknown. Here, we investigated SSS in three levels of the ascending auditory pathway with extracellular unit recordings in anesthetized rats. We found that neural SSS emerges within the ascending auditory pathway as a consequence of sharpening of spatial sensitivity and increasing forward suppression. Our results highlight brainstem mechanisms that culminate in SSS at the level of the auditory cortex.
Election Procedure in the United Nations

It appears at first sight almost incredible that a secret ballot under the majority rule could result in more candidates mustering the required majority of votes than there are places to be filled. But this actually happened four times in the Security Council during the election of judges to the International Court of Justice.
On Mixing and Structure of the Concentration Field of Turbulent Jets

This work is an investigation of the mixing of the nozzle fluid of a round turbulent jet with the entrained reservoir fluid, using laser-Rayleigh scattering methods. Our measurements, at a Reynolds number of 5000, cover the axial range from 20 to 80 jet exit diameters and resolve the full range of temporal & spatial concentration scales. The measured mean & rms values of the concentration, and the mean scalar dissipation rate, when estimated from the time derivative of concentration, are consistent with jet similarity laws. Concentration fluctuation power spectra are found to be self-similar along rays emanating from the jet virtual origin. The probability density functions for the concentration, the time derivative of concentration, and the square of the time derivative of concentration, are compiled and are also self-similar along rays.
Study on Surge Degradation During Lifetime of ZnO Resistance

The impact of impulse current to the aging of ZnO resistance was analyzed.The effect of four factors on aging which included circumstance temperatures,amplitudes,waveforms and times of discharge current were studied by test,and some fundamental principle was induced;incorporated with non-linear metal oxide resistance performance requirements prescribed by standards,a parameter in flecting rest lifetime of arrester resistance was proposed.The result afforded a new online testing method to monitor line arresters with gap,some related products was produced with well application experiences.
Aging and life testing of transformer insulation systems in polydimethylsiloxane

The paper describes accelerated aging studies on sealed tube specimens and functional life tests on distribution transformers which contained SF-97(50) silicone liquid and solid insulation normally used in oil-filled transformers. The results indicate that silicone oil is compatible with the solid insulation tested, and that the aging characteristics of the silicone system are as good as those of a 65°C mineral oil-filled system.
Real-Time State Detection in Highly Dynamic Systems

This article investigates the feasibility of real-time state detection on a microsecond timescale for use in highly dynamic systems and presents an experimental setup of a high-rate dynamic system coupled with real-time measurement architecture with the goal of detecting changes in the interfacial state of the system. The feasibility of microsecond state detection is assessed through a preliminary timing study. The experimental setup consists of two colliding aluminum bars and includes the option of changing the bar’s boundary conditions and the interface material between the bars. A piezoelectric transducer will be used for detecting changes in dynamic interfacial state by employing electromechanical impedance monitoring and the measurement data from this will be acquired and processed at high speeds using deterministic real-time tools and methodology. Damage detection algorithms from the structural health monitoring community will be used for rapid detection of changes in state. The eventual goal of this work is to adapt currently used methods or to develop entirely new high speed state detection algorithms to be implemented on the real-time system for state detection. This technology has the potential to be used in many applications, including the aerospace, civil, and energy industries among others.
Kinetically-constrained ring-polymer molecular dynamics for non-adiabatic chemistries involving solvent and donor–acceptor dynamical effects

We investigate the performance of the recently developed kinetically-constrained ring polymer molecular dynamics (KC-RPMD) method for the description of model condensed-phase electron transfer (ET) reactions in which solvent and donor–acceptor dynamics play an important role. Comparison of KC-RPMD with results from Golden-Rule rate theories and numerically exact quantum dynamics calculations demonstrates that KC-RPMD accurately captures the combination of electronic- and nuclear-dynamical effects throughout the Marcus (intermediate solvent friction) and Zusman (large solvent friction) regimes of ET. It is also demonstrated that KC-RPMD accurately describes systems in which the magnitude of the diabatic coupling depends on the position of a dynamical donor–acceptor mode. In addition to these successes, however, we present an unsurprising failure of KC-RPMD to capture the enhancement of the ET rate in the low solvent friction regime associated with nuclear coherence effects. In this analysis, we re-visit several aspects of the original KC-RPMD formulation, including the form of the kinetic constraint and the choice of the mass of the auxiliary electronic variable. In particular, we introduce a Langevin bath for the auxiliary electronic variable to correct for its unphysically low coupling with the nuclear degrees of freedom. This work demonstrates that the KC-RPMD method is well suited for the direct simulation of non-adiabatic donor–acceptor chemistries associated with many complex systems, including those for which solvent dynamics plays an important role in the reaction mechanism.
A circuit motif in the zebrafish hindbrain for a two alternative behavioral choice to turn left or right.

Humans and other vertebrate animals constantly make choices about whether to respond to the left or to the right. Do they look left or right; turn left or right; reach left or right? In humans, the distinction between left and right is so fundamental that it has entered our collective thinking. Many societies define their political positions, for example, in terms of leaning to the left or to the right. However, we know little about the wiring of the brain that accomplishes the task of making physical left-right choices. Koyama et al. therefore set out to identify the neural circuit responsible for the decision to turn either left or right. Zebrafish larvae were chosen as subjects because they execute rapid left or right turns to escape predators. Given that one wrong turn can result in the death of the zebrafish, a correct choice matters more than in most of the other decisions that animals make. Experiments revealed that a process of competition between neurons on the left and right sides of the brain underlies this decision-making. Neurons on the right collect evidence that an attack is coming from the right, and drive turns to the left, away from the threat. These neurons also attempt to silence competing neurons on the left that act to produce turns to the right. By weighing up the evidence from left and right sides, the circuit as a whole comes to a decision about the best direction in which to turn. The region of the brain that controls the left versus right escape response in zebrafish is present in all vertebrates. Moreover, it appears to have a similar structure across species, consisting of repeating columns of neurons. This raises the possibility that other left-right choices in fish and other animals occur in a similar way – a principle that can be tested in future work.
Game-based Learning: A Different Perspective.

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An instrumentation system for automatically monitoring and recording sound levels in industrial arts laboratories

The problem of the study was to fabricate and test the sensitivity and repeatability of a sound monitoring system through the use of variable noise levels produced by a variety of machines. Specifically, the objective of the study was to design and fabricate . a sound monitoring system capable of sensing and recording for computer processing of data, multi-locational sound levels over extended periods of time. In regard to the objective the following questions were presented. (1) Is the sound monitoring system responsive to locational changes of variable noise levels emanating from identified sources? (2) Is the sound monitoring system capable of providing repeated recordings of sound levels within acceptable tolerances? (3) Is the system adaptable for detecting and recording noise levels in typical industrial arts laboratories? The instrumentation system consisted of an approved type 2 sound level meter (SLM) which was used in conjunction with a 16 microphone ma­ trix. An electronic switcher-converter was fabricated to serially switch each microphone of the matrix at precise timed intervals with each matrix cycle being registered by a digital counter. The linear voltage output of the SLM was converted to digital form and recorded on punched tape for com­ puter processing. A punch tape unit designed for the system was used to perform the recording function. The instrumentation system was tested in the wood laboratory of the Industrial Education Department at Iowa State University, where the micro­ phones were arranged in a four by four matrix spaced at 10 foot intervals.
Response to Five Philosophers: Toward a Feminist Theory of the State Some Decades Later

In this response to the five philosophers who engaged her Toward a Feminist Theory of the State in decades-down-the-road assessments, Professor MacKinnon takes up the central questions in the dialogues they raised on questions of epistemology, method, social construction, racism, and judgment. She re-asserts the centrality of sexuality in gender and sexual abuse in gender inequality and recounts some of the legal consequences of this critique, which she originated.
Game-based learning considerations for instructional designers

Purpose Instructional design students’ training may not include game-based learning (GBL). This paper aims to review the literature on GBL to determine the role of the instructional designer who is interested in GBL approaches to enhance learning especially for the novice learner. Design/methodology/approach The methodology for determining the instructional designers’ roles is based on the comparison of game-based and traditional instructional design and the identification of what is needed to aid instructors and designers in development and evaluation of GBL products. Findings The literature reveals that GBL shows learning potential. The existence of slim empirical research cannot posit GBL effectiveness in general, within specific disciplines, or with specific learner types. If GBL is to be effectively included in instructional design, the instructional designers, game designers and educational stakeholders need to collaborate to understand and combine optimal design features that meet both game and education objectives and to develop a common nomenclature so that research and its findings can be effectively communicated. Originality/value This review identifies specific digital game-based strategies that align with the learning goals sought in instructional design, differences between game and instructional design and steps needed for the instructional designer to bridge gaps in knowledge or practice between educators, researchers, game designers and instructional designers. These identifications may aid all GBL stakeholders in development of future GBL.
Interaction of DJ-1 with Lyn is essential for IgE-mediated stimulation of human mast cells.

Background DJ-1 is a redox-sensitive protein with multiple roles in cell homeostasis, levels of which are altered in patients with mast cell (MC)–related disorders. However, whether DJ-1 can regulate human MC function is unknown. Objective We sought to investigate the potential role of DJ-1 in the responses of human MCs to antigen stimulation. Methods DJ-1 was silenced in human CD34 + -derived MCs and in the LAD2 MC line by using lentiviral short hairpin RNA constructs. Release of β-hexosaminidase, prostaglandin D 2 , and GM-CSF and changes in reactive oxygen species levels were measured after FceRI engagement. Enzymatic assays, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, immunoprecipitation, dot and Western blotting, and confocal imaging were performed for signaling, cellular localization, and coassociation studies. Results DJ-1 knockdown substantially reduced mediator release, as well as Lyn kinase and spleen tyrosine kinase activation and signaling through mechanisms that appeared largely unrelated to DJ-1 antioxidant activity. Following FceRI activation, nonoxidized rather than oxidized DJ-1 translocated to lipid rafts, where it associated with Lyn, an interaction that appeared critical for maximal Lyn activation and initiation of signaling. Using purified recombinant proteins, we demonstrated that DJ-1 directly bound to Lyn but not to other Src kinases, and this interaction was specific for human but not mouse proteins. In addition, DJ-1 reduced Src homology 2 domain–containing phosphatase 2 phosphatase activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species, thus preventing spleen tyrosine kinase dephosphorylation and perpetuating MC signaling. Conclusion We demonstrate a novel role for DJ-1 in the early activation of Lyn by FceRI, which is essential for human MC responses and provides the basis for an alternative target in allergic disease therapy.
A Familial Case of Multicentric Carpotarsal Osteolysis Syndrome and Treatment Outcome.

Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome (MCTO) is a rare skeletal disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in the MAFB gene (v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene ortholog B). This is an autosomal dominant condition with a high frequency of sporadic cases. MCTO is characterized by osteolysis of the carpal, metacarpal, and tarsal bones beginning in early childhood with musculoskeletal rheumatologic symptoms such as pain and disability. Renal involvement can be seen in more than half of the patients; from ages 16 months to 42 years and manifests from proteinuria to end-stage renal failure requiring renal transplantation. The association of MAFB gene mutations with this genetic condition has aided in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease. We report here a 7-year-old Caucasian boy and his 33-year-old mother diagnosed with MCTO, with the boy having concomitant juvenile idiopathic arthritis. He was initially diagnosed with arthritis at age 5 years based on bilateral wrist synovial swelling, morning stiffness, and weakness with family history of his mother being diagnosed with erosive psoriatic arthritis leading to limb deformities. Initial therapy for the boy included methotrexate and infliximab with moderate response. Later, during the course of his disease, he underwent a genetic evaluation at age 7 years for history of learning disabilities and dysmorphic features. Maternal evaluation and radiographic examination led to a clinical diagnosis of MCTO in the mother, and subsequent testing for MAFB gene in the son revealed a mutation at c.206C > T (p.Ser69Leu), the most commonly reported genetic change in MCTO. Nevertheless, further imaging still confirmed ongoing arthritis, and therapy was adjusted based on its progression including abatacept, tocilizumab, and pamidronate. Our report highlights the possibility of concomitant inflammatory arthropathy in MCTO.
Neural Architecture and Price Theory

It’s time to take the analysis to greater depths. We’ve seen that the neural dynamic of the social brain captures the dynamic of market evolution, the interplay of supply and demand, and the motive power of the invisible hand. So far this is pretty impressive. But these are large scale generalities. How does the social brain dynamic stack up when we get down to the nitty-gritty of microanalysis? Let’s take a look at price theory—one of the most well-worked and established branches of economics.
Der C-Bogen und die Eilinie

Eine wichtige Rolle spielt eine Sorte von Bogen, die sich als Grenzfall des einfachen Bogens ergeben. Wir denken uns einen einfachen Bogen uber ein Endelement hinaus derart fortgesetzt, das jede Singularitat vermieden wird. Wir setzen so lange fort, bis die Endtangente zum erstenmal durch den Anfangspunkt A geht oder — was offensichtlich dasselbe Gebilde liefert — bis der Endpunkt zum erstenmal auf die Anfangstangente a zu liegen kommt. Im Hinblick auf die entfernte Ahnlichkeit mit dem Buchstaben C nennen wir einen solchen Bogen einen C-Bogen (Figur 46) : Einen elementaren Bogen, fur den jeder Teilbogen einfach ist und bei dem die Tangente des einen Endpunktes durch den anderen Endpunkt geht, nennen wir einen C-Bogen.
Unternehmensgründungen, etablierte Unternehmen und Innovationsnetzwerke

Der vorliegende Beitrag zielt auf die Untersuchung der Zusammenhange zwischen Unternehmensgrundungen, etablierten Unternehmen und Innovationsnetzwerken. Ausgehend von konzeptionellen und theoretischen Uberlegungen uber die Beziehungen zwischen betrieblichen Innovationsaktivitaten und technologischen Moglichkeiten wird der Einflus der Netzwerkmitgliedschaft (und weiterer Faktoren) auf das Innovationsverhalten von neugegrundeten und etablierten Unternehmen empirisch untersucht. Die okonometrischen Analysen weisen in den untersuchten Modellvarianten durchgehend positive Effekte einer Netzwerkmitgliedschaft auf die Hohe des Innovationsinputs von neugegrundeten Unternehmen auf (Sample A). Die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen (etablierten) Netzwerkmitgliedern erweitert bzw. verbessert intern vorhandene Kapazitaten mit stimulierenden Effekten auf die Hohe des betrieblichen Innovationsinputs. Bei der Gruppe der etablierten Unternehmen (Sample B) spielen Netzwerke nicht die herausragende Bedeutung als Innovationsfaktor wie bei neugegrundeten Unternehmen. Die Motivation dieser Unternehmen, sich dennoch in Innovationsnetzwerken zu engagieren, liegt darin begrundet, das uber die Netzwerkmitgliedschaft kostensenkende und qualitatsverbessernde Innovationen entwickelt werden, was die eigene Marktposition verbessert und zu Umsatzsteigerungen fuhrt. Bei der Betrachtung aller innovativen Unternehmen auf der Basis eines integrierten Datensatzes (Sample C) finden sich statistisch hoch signifikante Belege dafur, das die Netzwerkmitgliedschaft von neugegrundeten Unternehmen positive Auswirkungen auf die Innovationsaktivitaten der (anderen) Netzwerkmitglieder hat. Dies unterstreicht den hohen Stellenwert von ’start ups’ fur Innovationsnetzwerke.
Ligand-Enabled, Palladium-Catalyzed β-C(sp3)–H Arylation of Weinreb Amides

We report the development of Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation of Weinreb amides. Both the inductive effect and the potential bidentate coordination mode of the Weinreb amides pose a unique challenge for this reaction development. A pyridinesulfonic acid ligand is designed to accommodate the weak, neutral-coordinating property of Weinreb amides by preserving the cationic character of Pd center through zwitterionic assembly of Pd/ligand complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) studies of the C–H cleavage step indicate that the superior reactivity of 3-pyridinesulfonic acid ligand, compared to Ac-Gly-OH and ligandless conditions, originates from the stabilization of overall substrate-bound Pd species.
Organization Design

This paper attempts to explain organization structure based on optimal coordination of interactions among activities. The main idea is that each manager is capable of detecting and coordinating interactions only within his limited area of expertise. Only the CEO can coordinate company wide interactions. The optimal design of the organization trades off the costs and benefits of various configurations of managers. Our results consist of classifying the characteristics of activities and managerial costs that lead to the matrix organization, the functional hierarchy, the divisional hierarchy, or a fiat hierarchy. We also investigate the effect of changing the costs of various managers on the nature of the optimal organization, including the extent of centralization.
Convergent Hybrid Phase Ligation Strategy for Efficient Total Synthesis of Large Proteins Demonstrated for 212-residue Linker Histone H1.2

Abstract Simple and efficient total chemical synthesis of large proteins remains a significant challenge. Here, we report development of a convergent hybrid phase native chemical ligation (CHP-NCL) strategy that should be generally applicable for facile preparation of large proteins. Key to the strategy is the use of sequential ligation on the solid phase for the directed assembly of ~100-residue segments from short, synthetically accessible peptide components. These segments can then be assembled via convergent solution phase ligation, exploiting o-aminoaniline as a chemically flexible cryptic thioester with multiple activation modalitiies on resin and in situ. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach through the total synthesis of 212-residue linker histone H1.2 in unmodified, phosphorylated, and citrullinated forms, each from eight component peptide segments. We further demonstrate that fully synthetic H1.2 replicates the binding interactions of linker histones to intact mononucleosomes, as a proxy for the essential function of linker histones in the formation and regulation of higher order chromatin structure.
Vote centers and turnout by election type in Texas

The use of vote centers—specific locations in a county where all voters will vote—is on the rise nationwide, as more than a dozen states used this process by 2018. More states are moving toward usi...
High-throughput analysis of vocalizations reveals sex-specific changes in Fmr1 mutant pups.

There have been several reports that individuals with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and animal models of FXS have communication deficits. The present study utilized two different call classification taxonomies to examine the sex-specificity of ultrasonic vocalization (USV) production on postnatal day (PD8) in the FVB strain of Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice. One classification protocol requires the investigator to score each call by hand, while the other protocol uses an automated algorithm. Results using the hand-scoring protocol indicated that male Fmr1 KO mice exhibited longer calls (P = .03) than wild types on PD8. Male KOs also produced fewer complex, composite, downward, short and two-syllable call-types, as well as more frequency steps and chevron call-types. Female heterozygotes exhibited no significant changes in acoustic or temporal aspects of calls, yet showed significant changes in call-type production proportions across two different classification taxonomies (P < .001). They exhibited increased production of harmonic and frequency steps calls, as well as fewer chevron, downward and short calls. According to the second high-throughput analysis, female heterozygotes produced significantly fewer single-type and more multiple-type syllables, unlike male KOs that showed no changes in these aspects of syllable production. Finally, we correlated both scoring methods and found a high level of correlation between the two methods. These results contribute further knowledge of sex differences in USV calling behavior for Fmr1 heterozygote and KO mice and provide a foundation for the use of high-throughput analysis of neonatal USVs.
Soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy and magnetic circular dichroism as operando probes of complex oxide electrolyte gate transistors

Electrolyte-based transistors utilizing ionic liquids/gels have been highly successful in the study of charge-density-controlled phenomena, particularly in oxides. Experimental probes beyond transport have played a significant role, despite challenges in their application in electric double-layer transistors. Here, we demonstrate the application of synchrotron soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) as operando probes of the charge state and magnetism in ion-gel-gated ferromagnetic perovskite films. Electrochemical response via oxygen vacancies at positive gate bias in LaAlO3(001)/La0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ is used as a test case. XAS/XMCD measurements of 4–25 unit-cell-thick films first probe the evolution of hole doping (from the O K-edge pre-peak) and ferromagnetism (at the Co L-edges), to establish a baseline. Operando soft XAS/XMCD of electrolyte-gated films is then demonstrated, using optimized spin-coated gels with a thickness of ∼1 μm and a specific composition. The application of gate voltages up to +4 V is shown to dramatically suppress the O K-edge XAS pre-peak intensity and Co L-edge XMCD, thus enabling the Co valence and ferromagnetism to be tracked upon gate-induced reduction. Soft XAS and XMCD, with appropriate electrolyte design, are thus established to be viable for the operando characterization of electrolyte-gated oxides.
Small Bowel Perforation as the Initial Manifestation of Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in a Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Recipient: A Case Report

Abstract Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) comprises a broad spectrum of diseases and is a rare but serious complication of solid organ transplantation. We report the case of a 45-year-old simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant recipient with diffuse, early-onset PTLD, manifesting as jejunal perforation at 6 months after transplantation. The patient underwent urgent small bowel resection of the affected portion of jejunum. The surgical pathology report was significant for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Subsequently, the patient underwent a full workup, including upper and lower endoscopy and whole-body positron emission tomography that revealed involvement of the axial skeleton and multiple abdominal organs with sparing of the grafts. He was treated with rituximab and intrathecal methotrexate for central nervous system prophylaxis. The patient experienced complete resolution of disease by positron emission tomography 8 months after initial presentation. We found no previous report in the literature of intestinal perforation as the initial presentation of PTLD in SPK transplant recipients.
Algorithm to quantify nuclear features and confidence intervals for classification of oral neoplasia from high-resolution optical images.

Purpose: In vivo optical imaging technologies like high-resolution microendoscopy (HRME) can image nuclei of the oral epithelium. In principle, automated algorithms can then calculate nuclear features to distinguish neoplastic from benign tissue. However, images frequently contain regions without visible nuclei, due to biological and technical factors, decreasing the data available to and accuracy of image analysis algorithms. Approach: We developed the nuclear density-confidence interval (ND-CI) algorithm to determine if an HRME image contains sufficient nuclei for classification, or if a better image is required. The algorithm uses a convolutional neural network to exclude image regions without visible nuclei. Then the remaining regions are used to estimate a confidence interval (CI) for the number of abnormal nuclei per mm 2 , a feature used by a previously developed algorithm (called the ND algorithm), to classify images as benign or neoplastic. The range of the CI determines whether the ND-CI algorithm can classify an image with confidence, and if so, the predicted category. The ND and ND-CI algorithm were compared by calculating their positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) on 82 oral biopsies with histopathologically confirmed diagnoses. Results: After excluding the images that could not be classified with confidence, the ND-CI algorithm had higher PPV (65% versus 59%) and NPV (78% versus 75%) than the ND algorithm. Conclusions: The ND-CI algorithm could improve the real-time classification of HRME images of the oral epithelium by informing the user if an improved image is required for diagnosis.
Defining the ‘HoneySweet’ insertion event utilizing NextGen sequencing and a de novo genome assembly of plum (Prunus domestica)

‘HoneySweet’ plum (Prunus domestica) is resistant to Plum pox potyvirus, through an RNAi-triggered mechanism. Determining the precise nature of the transgene insertion event has been complicated due to the hexaploid genome of plum. DNA blots previously indicated an unintended hairpin arrangement of the Plum pox potyvirus coat protein gene as well as a multicopy insertion event. To confirm the transgene arrangement of the insertion event, ‘HoneySweet’ DNA was subjected to whole genome sequencing using Illumina short-read technology. Results indicated two different insertion events, one containing seven partial copies flanked by putative plum DNA sequence and a second with the predicted inverted repeat of the coat protein gene driven by a double 35S promoter on each side, flanked by plum DNA. To determine the locations of the two transgene insertions, a phased plum genome assembly was developed from the commercial plum ‘Improved French’. A subset of the scaffolds (2447) that were >10 kb in length and representing, >95% of the genome were annotated and used for alignment against the ‘HoneySweet’ transgene reads. Four of eight matching scaffolds spanned both insertion sites ranging from 157,704 to 654,883 bp apart, however we were unable to identify which scaffold(s) represented the actual location of the insertion sites due to potential sequence differences between the two plum cultivars. Regardless, there was no evidence of any gene(s) being interrupted as a result of the insertions. Furthermore, RNA-seq data verified that the insertions created no new transcriptional units and no dramatic expression changes of neighboring genes.
Reading Instruction for Students with and At Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: A Synthesis of Observation Research

Observation research can shed light on the degree to which students have access to research-based instruction and intervention. In this systematic review of reading observation research for students with and at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders, we sought to identify trends in the settings and student populations investigated and research methods used, as well as to determine the degree to which this student population has access to research-based reading instruction. Eleven studies meeting selection criteria were identified and coded to extract information that was salient to research questions. Although the extant observation research is limited, findings suggest that concerns raised by (Vaughn et al., Journal of Special Education 36:2–13, 2002) approximately 18 years ago remain. Study limitations, implications for school practice, and areas for future research are discussed.
Validity and reliability of the Greek version of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory for patients with chronic pain

Background/aims The Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory has been used widely to evaluate pain perceptions and beliefs of patients with chronic pain. This is a cross-cultural adaptation of the in...
Laser Assisted Milling of Ti-6Al-4V ELI with the Analysis of Surface Integrity and its Economics

This study presents the experimental evaluation of laser assisted milling (LAML) of Ti-6AL-4V ELI (Ti-64), which is used in the orthopedic industry, by using localized preheating of the workpiece via laser irradiation. Improvements to the machinability of this material with LAML are assessed while considering the surface integrity. Suitable laser heating conditions as well as machining conditions are deter- mined based on temperature prediction modeling. Machinability improvements are shown in terms of tool wear, material removal rates and cutting force reduction. Systematic characterization of samples is shown to demonstrate that the machined sub-surfaces are not adversely affected during LAML by precisely controlling laser heating, via hardness measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for micro- structure analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for residual stresses. An economic analysis shows that LAML provides the cost reduction over conventional machining.
Mexican Law on Obscenity

Among individual guarantees, the political Constitution of the United States of Mexico recognizes the free expression of ideas and freedom of publication.1 However, this freedom is not without restrictions; it has some limitations. Thus, Art. 6 establishes that the expression of ideas shall not be subject to any judicial or administrative inquiry except in the event that it attacks morality, infringes the rights of others, provokes a crime, or disturbs the public order. Art. 7 provides that freedom of expression or publication in connection with any subject is inviolable, adding that no law nor authority may establish preliminary censorship nor restrict freedom of publication. This freedom has limits, among others, respect for morality.
The role of GSK3beta in regulating neuronal differentiation in Xenopus laevis.

The serine threonine protein kinase encoded by the shaggy locus has been implicated in neurogenesis in Drosophila. In vertebrates, the shaggy homolog, GSK3beta, is involved in early pattern formation, specifically in setting up the dorsal ventral axis. In the present study we have cloned the Xenopus homolog of the shaggy kinase and show (1) that GSK3beta is expressed in the right time and place to play a role in primary neurogenesis in Xenopus; (2) that overexpression of wild-type GSK3beta leads to a decrease in the number of primary neurons; (3) that inhibition of endogenous GSK3beta activity with overexpression of a dominant negative GSK3beta construct leads to an increase in the number of primary neurons; and (4) that GSK3beta inhibits the ability of neurogenin and NeuroD to produce ectopic tubulin expression, but does not inhibit the ability of neurogenin to produce ectopic NeuroD. On the basis of these data we propose that GSK3beta inhibits the function of NeuroD and therefore prevents neuronal differentiation at a relatively late stage in the developmental pathway.
Rectal administration of evipal soluble

Abstract 1. 1. Since using dilaudid there has been no occurrence of nausea and vomiting, as compared to 16 per cent of the patients who were nauseated when morphine hydrochloride was used. 2. 2. The index of 0.2 c.c. per pound body weighed holds good for all ages. The youngest patient was three years of age, and weighed thirty pounds, received 6 c.c. of a 10 per cent solution of evipal soluble, which was entirely satisfactory. The oldest patient who was eighty-five years of age and weighed 150 pounds, received 3 gm. or 30 c.c. of a 10 per cent solution. 3. 3. Rectal evipal soluble given in the patient's own bed abolishes mental fear as well as physical pain. 4. 4. Both laboratory and clinical experience demonstrate the value of safe preanesthetic medication. Rectal administration of evipal soluble in the dosage stated makes inhalation, local or spinal anesthesia safer for the patient and easier for the surgeon. Evipal soluble may be given rectally in cases in which intravenous anesthesia is contraindicated because of the fear aroused in nervous patients or the difficulty encountered in entering a vein as in children and obese individuals.
Offset Approach to Defining 3D Digital Lines

In this paper we investigate an approach of constructing a 3D digital line by taking the integer points within an offset of a certain radius of the line. Alternatively, we also investigate digital lines obtained through a "pseudo-offset" defined by a parallelepiped enclosing the integer points around the line. We show that if the offset radius (resp. side of the parallelepiped section) is greater than $\sqrt{3}$ (resp. 2$\sqrt{3}$), then the digital line is at least 1-connected. Extensive experiments show that the lines obtained feature satisfactory appearance.
The Anatomy of a Multiple Crisis : Why Was Argentina Special and What Can We Learn from It?

The Argentine crisis has been variously blamed on fiscal imbalances, real overvaluation, and self-fulfilling investor pessimism triggering a capital flow reversal. The authors provide an encompassing assessment of the role of these and other ingredients in the recent macroeconomic collapse. They show that in the final years of convertibility, Argentina was not hit harder than other emerging markets in Latin America and elsewhere by global terms-of-trade and financial disturbances. So the crisis reflects primarily the high vulnerability to disturbances built into Argentina's policy framework. Three key sources of vulnerability are examined: the hard peg adopted against optimal currency area considerations in a context of wage and price inflexibility; the fragile fiscal position resulting from an expansionary stance in the boom; and the pervasive mismatches in the portfolios of banks' borrowers. While there were important vulnerabilities in each of these areas, neither of them was higher than those affecting other countries in the region, and thus there is not one obvious suspect. But the three reinforced each other in such a perverse way that taken jointly they led to a much larger vulnerability to adverse external shocks than in any other country in the region. Underlying these vulnerabilities was a deep structural problem of the Argentine economy that led to harsh policy dilemmas before and after the crisis erupted. On the one hand, the Argentine trade structure made a peg to the dollar highly inconvenient from the point of view of the real economy. On the other hand, the strong preference of Argentinians for the dollar as a store of value-after the hyperinflation and confiscation experiences of the 1980s-had led to a highly dollarized economy in which a hard peg or even full dollarization seemed reasonable alternatives from a financial point of view.
The Galois Correspondence

In this chapter, we will study the group G of K-automorphisms of an extension field F of K. In particular, we will show that, if F is a finite, normal extension of K and K has characteristic 0, then O (G) = [F: K] and there is a one-to-one, order reversing correspondence between the set of intermediate fields of the extension K ≺ F and the set of subgroups of G. We will then show that this correspondence also preserves normality.
Online Education and Adult Learning: New Frontiers for Teaching Practices Terry Kidd, Ed

Online Education and Adult Learning: New Frontiers for Teaching Practices is a member of IGI Global's Information Sciences Reference Library and is a compilation of twenty-two chapters and papers a...
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BRONCHIECTASIS IN 12 DOGS

Bronchiectasis is an irreversible dilatation of the bronchi resulting from chronic airway inflammation. In people, computed tomography (CT) has been described as the noninvasive gold standard for diagnosing bronchiectasis. In dogs, normal CT bronchoarterial ratios have been described as 2.0. Averaged bronchoarterial ratios from bronchiectatic lung lobes were significantly larger (P < 0.01) than averaged ratios from nonbronchiectatic lung lobes. Qualitative CT characteristics of bronchiectasis included lack of peripheral airway tapering (12/12), lobar consolidation (11/12), bronchial wall thickening (7/12), and bronchial lumen occlusion (4/12). Radiographs detected lack of airway tapering in 7/12 dogs. In conclusion, the most common CT characteristics of bronchiectasis were dilatation, a lack of peripheral airway tapering, and lobar consolidation. Lack of peripheral airway tapering was not visible in thoracic radiographs for some dogs. For some affected dogs, bronchoarterial ratios were less than published normal values.
Thematic mapper design parameter investigation

This study simulated the multispectral data sets to be expected from three different Thematic Mapper configurations, and the ground processing of these data sets by three different resampling techniques. The simulated data sets were then evaluated by processing them for multispectral classification, and the Thematic Mapper configuration, and resampling technique which provided the best classification accuracy were identified.
Nonlinear mathematical model for predicting long term cardiac remodeling in Chagas' heart disease: Introducing the concepts of ‘limiting cardiac function’ and ‘cardiac function deterioration period’

Cardiac remodeling has been recently investigated in long term follow-up introducing a simple exponential model to describe the time course of cardiac function and dimension changes in Chagas' disease. In the present study, an improved mathematical model to equate time course and cardiac functional changes has been proposed. Present model has been derived from previously validated intuitive assumptions and tested on data set of outpatients with chronic Chagas' disease (51.3±9.4 years old), followed for up to 10 years in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The variables representing cardiac status at admission were plotted against respective time derivative, which appropriately fit a second order polynomial (adjusted r(2)=0.956; p<0.001), indicating that long term cardiac remodeling followed a Verhulst-Pearl (Logistic) model. The derived Logistic model provided two output constants: a time-function (2.0·10(-3)±5.4·10(-4) months(-1)·%(-1); p<0.001) and an inferior limit for left ventricular ejection fraction (19.0±0.9%; p<0.001), standing for a limit beyond life expectation is unsustainable, in Chagas' disease. Cardiac function deterioration period was promptly derived from the model, representing the period of time following indeterminate stages of the disease when cardiac function start deteriorating, and ranged from 3 to 15.8 years. An example of data of left ventricular ejection fraction of a subject followed during 10 years illustrated the model, further validating its robustness. Present data confirms that, in chronic Chagas' disease, initial insult is connected to the progression of myocardial remodeling and introduces the concepts of limiting cardiac function and cardiac deterioration period.
LOCALIZED TEMPORAL REASONING USING SUBGOALS AND ABSTRACT EVENTS

We are concerned with temporal reasoning problems where there is uncertainty about the order in which events occur. The task of temporal reasoning is to derive an event sequence consistent with a given set of ordering constraints to achieve a goal. Previous research shows that the associated decision problems are hard even for very restricted cases. In this article, we investigate locality in event ordering and causal dependencies. We present a localized temporal reasoning algorithm that uses subgoals and abstract events to exploit locality. The computational efficiency of our algorithm for a problem instance is quantified by the inherent locality in the instance. We theoretically demonstrate the substantial improvement in performance gained by exploiting locality. This work provides solid evidence of the usefulness of localized reasoning in exploiting locality.