cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SemCache++: semantics-aware caching for efficient multi-GPU offloading

Offloading computations to multiple GPUs is not an easy task. It requires decomposing data, distributing computations and handling communication manually. Drop-in GPU libraries have made it easy to offload computations to multiple GPUs by hiding this complexity inside library calls. Such encapsulation prevents the reuse of the data between successive kernel invocations resulting in redundant communication. This limitation exists in multi-GPU libraries like CUBLASXT. In this paper, we introduce SemCache++, a semantics-aware GPU cache that automatically manages communication between the CPU and multiple GPUs in addition to optimizing communication by eliminating redundant transfers using caching. SemCache++ is used to build the first multi-GPU drop-in replacement library that (a) uses the virtual memory to automatically manage and optimize multi-GPU communication and (b) requires no program rewriting or annotations. Our caching technique is efficient; it uses a two level caching directory to track matrices and sub-matrices. Experimental results show that our system can eliminate redundant communication and deliver significant performance improvements over multi-GPU libraries like CUBLASXT.
Isolated fluid oxygen drop behavior in fluid hydrogen at rocket chamber pressures

A model has been developed for the behavior of an isolated fluid drop of a single compound immersed into another compound in finite, quiescent surroundings at supercritical conditions. The model is based upon fluctuation theory which accounts for both Soret and Dufour effects in the calculation of the transport matrix relating molar and heat fluxes to the transport properties and the thermodynamic variables. The transport properties have been modeled over a wide range of pressure and temperature variation applicable to LO_x–H_2 conditions in rocket chambers, and the form of the chemical potentials is valid for a general fluid. The equations of state have been calculated using a previously-derived, computationally-efficient and accurate protocol. Results obtained for the LO_x–H_2 system show that the supercritical behavior is essentially one of diffusion. The temperature profile relaxes fastest followed by the density and lastly by the mass fraction profile. An effective Lewis number calculated using theory derived elsewhere shows that it is larger by approximately a factor of 40 than the traditional Lewis number. The parametric variations show that gradients increasingly persist with increasing fluid drop size or pressure, and with decreasing temperature. The implication of these results upon accurate measurements of fluid drop size under supercritical conditions is discussed.
Methylation status within exon 3 of the c-myc gene as a prognostic marker in myeloma and leukaemia

The third exon of the c-myc gene contains a CpG site which has been implicated as a regulatory region. When this site is methylated it has protein binding properties and binds a different set of proteins in normal and neoplastic cells. Recent work using myeloma cell lines indicates a correlation between hypomethylation at this site and enhanced expression of the myc protein. We investigated the methylation of this site in 10 cases of myeloma but found that there was no change from the high degree of methylation found in normal cells. Therefore, methylation status at this site is unlikely to serve as a prognosticator in myelomatosis. However, methylation changes at this site were observed in DNA from two cases of CMML, in which hypomethylation was observed and in three AML cases, which were completely methylated at this site.
Release from latent inhibition with delayed testing

A conditioned emotional response procedure was used to study the interactive effects of stimulus preexposure and retention interval in rats. In Experiment 1, the subjects were conditioned by presenting a light CS paired with mild footshock as the US. Half of the subjects were given nonreinforced preexposure to the CS, and the others were not. Separate preexposed and nonpreexposed groups were then tested 1,7, or 21 days after conditioning. Suppression of ongoing activity was used to assess the degree of conditioned fear. Latent inhibition was found at the 1-day retention interval; the preexposed subjects displayed less conditioned fear than did the nonpreexposed subjects. In contrast, equally strong conditioned fear was expressed by the preexposed and the nonpreexposed groups tested after the 7- and the 21-day retention intervals. These results indicate a release from latent inhibition similar to that obtained with conditioned taste aversions (Kraemer & Roberts, 1984). The results of Experiment 2 suggest that retention-interval-induced increases in sensitization, pseudoconditioning, or neophobia cannot account for the release from latent inhibition effect obtained in Experiment 1. The implications of these findings for a retrievaloriented view of latent inhibition are discussed.
Optical phase measurement emphasized

In undergraduate optics laboratory, one thing that is not easily achieved is quantitative measurement of optical phase. The reason is that optical phase measurement usually requires expensive interferometers. We demonstrate measurement of relative optical phase shift upon total internal reflection. Total internal reflection, though known by every student of optics, is remembered by 100% reflection at an interface when angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, that is, it seems all the same beyond the critical angle. This is not entirely true if one considers the optical phase, which keeps changing upon total internal reflection as the angle of incidence is varied. Furthermore, for linear polarization states perpendicular to or in the plane of incidence (sand p- polarization), optical phase changes differently upon total internal reflection. Therefore, a linearly polarized beam composed of both s- and p- polarization undergoing total internal reflection becomes elliptically polarized. We show how to determine relative optical phase change between s- and p- polarization states through analysis of the outgoing elliptically polarized beam. Such optical phase change can also be theoretically calculated using Fresnel equations.
Short term renourishment of severely malnourished mice induces an enhanced rebound of the immune response after oral immunization

Abstract Mice fed a protein deficient diet containing 2% ovalbumin were renourished with a diet containing 20% ovalbumin for the final 4 or 8 days of a 6 week diet feeding period. The effect of this short term renourishment on the IgM and IgA immune response after oral immunization with sheep red blood cells was determined as the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) in the spleen. Both renourishment intervals resulted in a significant increase in body weight. Mice renourished for 4 days had a significantly enhanced IgA PFC response as compared to mice fed the low protein diet only. Mice renourished for 8 days had an even greater IgA PFC response and also had an enhanced number of IgM PFC. These responses were also significantly higher than previously reported values for the IgA and IgM PFC of mice fed the control diet for 6 weeks. These results indicate that the immune response to a mucosally encountered antigen recovers very quickly with renourishment, even to the extent of allowing an enhanced rebound of the PFC response.
HITHERTO OVERLOOKED SU$sub 3$ OCTET OF REGGE POLES IMPLIED BY BOOTSTRAP DYNAMICS

The scattering of two pseudoscalar mesons belonging to the octet representation of S${\mathrm{U}}_{3}$ is studied in the framework of bootstrap dynamics. It is found that the leading Regge poles correspond to a singlet and two octet S${\mathrm{U}}_{3}$ representations. The singlet state is unambiguously identified with the Pomeranchuk trajectory, and one of the octets corresponds to the well-known vector mesons. The other octet is composed of even-signature poles which are called ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $Q$, and $R$, and which, in a first approximation, coincide in position with the vector-meson trajectories. These poles are not likely to manifest themselves as low-mass particles or resonances because of their positive signature, but they are expected to influence appreciably high-energy scattering in the crossed channel. In particular, the ${P}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ pole plays the role of the second vacuum trajectory proposed by Igi, and the $R$ is suitable to explain, through an interference with the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ pole, the sign, value, and high-energy dependence of the difference between total $\mathrm{pp}$ and $\mathrm{np}$ cross sections.
Model estimates of methane emission from irrigated rice cultivation of China

A model developed by the authors (Huang et al. 1998) was further validated against field measurements from various regions of the world and calibrated to estimate methane emission from irrigated rice cultivation of China. On the basis of available information on rice cultivated area, growth duration, grain yield, soil texture and temperature, methane emission from Chinese rice paddies was estimated for 28 rice cultivated provinces in mainland. The calculated daily methane emission rates, on a provincial scale, ranged from 0.15 to 0.86 g m–2 with an average of 0.32 g m–2. Five of the top six locations with higher daily methane emissions are located at a latitude between 28° and 31° N. A total amount of 9.66 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g) CH4 per year, ranging from 7.19 to 13.62, was estimated to be released from Chinese rice paddy soils. Of the total, 45% is emitted from the single-rice growing season, and 19% and 36% are from the early-rice and the late-rice growing seasons, respectively. Approximately 70% of the total is emitted in the region located at latitude between 25° and 32° N. The emissions from rice fields in Sichuan and Hunan Province were calculated to be 2.85 Tg y–1, accounting for ≈ 30% of the total. Comparisons of the estimated and the observed emission rates show that the estimates were, in general, close to the measurements at most locations.
Management of Simple Camptodactyly

From a review of 57 patients with flexion deformity of the fingers (camptodactyly), 21 patients with 38 digits treated operatively had 18% good or excellent results, whereas 14 patients (41 digits) treated conservatively had 66% good or excellent results. Mild deformities responded well to splints and stretching. Moderate deformities treated operatively gained extension but at the loss of finger flexion. Severe deformities had improvement in extension (averaging 19° in operative cases and 27° in conservative), but there was significant loss of flexion in the operative group. Overall, 16 of 21 patients had loss of flexion after operative treatment. Conservative treatment of camptodactyly is recommended for digits with less than 60° lack of extension. Operative treatment should be reserved for failed conservative treatment. Early joint motion post-operatively appears essential and surgical procedures that immobilise the P.I.P. joints should be avoided.
Short‐ and long‐term effects of neonatal and adult visual cortex lesions on the retinal projection to the pulvinar in cats

An increased retinal projection to the pulvinar occurred in cats following neonatal ablation of visual cortical areas 17, 18, and 19. After unilateral lesions, the retinopulvinar projection visualized with autoradiography was larger and denser on the lesioned side than on the intact side. This increased projection was first recognized when the lesioned kittens were 1 week old, when increased labeling in the pulvinar was first detected. The retinopulvinar projection on the intact side of the brain decreased in size with age over the first 3 months of life. This decrease in size was not observed on the lesioned side of the brain. The absence of this decrease on the lesioned side may represent a failure of retraction of exuberant connections, but because of the active invasion by retinal fibers immediately after the lesion, observations of the normal retraction may simply be obscured. Severe cellular degeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate occurred a few days before the changes in the retinopulvinar projection began; this loss of a postsynaptic target for many retinal axons may trigger the reorganization of input to the pulvinar retino-recipient zone (pulvinar-RRZ). After adult visual cortex lesions, no reorganization of the retinopulvinar projection took place. The modification of the projection from the retina to the pulvinar that occurs after ablation of visual cortex in the newborn cat may contribute to the sparing of visual abilities seen after these lesions.
Social Network Theory: A Comparative Analysis of the Jewish Revolt in Antiquity and the Cyber Terrorism Incident over Kosovo

This paper uses social network theory to compare the social network of the Jewish Revolt in 66-73 AD and the cyber terrorist attacks during the Kosovo war in 1999. The goal is to demonstrate that terrorist networks in Antiquity and cyber terrorist networks today not only mirror each other in their patterns of “terror” stratagems but also differ in key ways. The use of social network theory is appropriate because the theory embodies a particular theoretical orientation towards the structure of terrorist networks. This is why social network theory applies well to the Jewish Revolt and the Kosovo war. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Levamisole Potentiation of Fluorouracil Antiproliferative Activity Mimicked by Orthovanadate, an Inhibitor of Tyrosine Phosphatase

Background Levamisole is an effective antihelminthic drug with immunomodulatory and anticancer activities in model systems. Combined with fluorouracil (5-FU) as adjuvant treatment following resection of Dukes' stage C colon carcinomas, levamisole significantly reduces mortality. However, neither 5-FU nor levamisole alone has a significant effect on survival in this patient group. Previously, we noted that in vitro levamisole potentiated the antiproliferative activity of 5-FU. Purpose Because levamisole is known to inhibit alkaline phosphatases and has been reported to inhibit dephosphorylation of some membrane phosphoproteins, we studied the effects of levamisole analogues and of chemically unrelated inhibitors of phosphatases for their ability to potentiate 5-FU inhibition of tumor cell line proliferation in vitro. Methods Human cancer cell lines were exposed to drugs alone or in combination with 5-FU. Antiproliferative activity was measured by determining the extent of reduction of colony formation by the cell lines in test plates compared with control plates. Results We found that potentiation of 5-FU cytotoxicity by levamisole and by p-hydroxytetramisole, a metabolite of levamisole, is mimicked by orthovanadate, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases, but not by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of serine and threonine phosphatases, Furthermore, l-p-bromotetramisole, a synthetic analogue of levamisole that is 10-fold more potent in inhibition of alkaline phosphatase than levamisole, potentiates the antiproliferative activity of 5-FU to a greater extent than d-p-bromotetramisole, a stereoisomer of l-p-bromotetramisole with little antiphosphatase activity. Conclusion Inhibition of tyrosine phosphatases may be responsible for the potentiation by levamisole of the inhibitory activity of 5-FU in vitro. Implications Inhibition of dephosphorylation of regulatory phosphoproteins may be related to the therapeutic efficacy of the combination of levamisole and 5-FU in the adjuvant treatment of colon carcinoma and may underlie at least some of the multiple effects of levamisole on immune parameters.
The effects of thematic fit and discourse context on syntactic ambiguity resolution

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to assess the impact of the thematic fit and discourse context on the processing of sentences that were initially syntactically ambiguous between main verb and reduced relative constructions. Specifically, we tested a strong version of a constraint satisfaction position that suggests that thematic fit and context should produce a garden path effect on a simple, main verb construction. Across three experiments we observed garden path effects for reduced relative target sentences in first-pass reading-time measures, but similar effects for main verb sentences did not occur despite the thematic fit information and discourse contexts which were biased toward the reduced relative reading. The pattern of results is consistent with the predictions of the garden path theory.
Effect of intrathecal ACEA-1021 in a rat model for postoperative pain.

Abstract Abstract: Drugs antagonizing glycine at the N -methyl-D -aspartate (NMDA) receptor have been developed to improve efficacy, increase specificity, and, perhaps, reduce side effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of intrathecally (IT) administered acea-1021, a glycine receptor antagonist at the NMDA receptor complex, in a rat model of postoperative pain. Rats with IT catheters were anesthetized and underwent a plantar incision. Two hours later, withdrawal threshold to punctate stimulation was determined by applying calibrated von frey filaments adjacent to the wound. In another group, the response frequency to a plastic disk, a blunt, nonpunctate mechanical stimulus applied directly on the incision also was measured. In unincised rats, NMDA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA), Or kainate (KA) was administered it 30 minutes after acea-1021 or vehicle. Spontaneous nociceptive behaviors (SNB) caused by it excitatory amino acids (EAAS) were counted. In the vehicle-treated group, the median withdrawal threshold for punctate stimulation decreased from 522 mn before incision to 61 mn or less for 4 hours after incision. In 3 separate groups, the median withdrawal threshold increased to 61, 118, and 332 mn 30 minutes after it administration of 10, 30, and 60 nmol of acea-1021, respectively. In 3 other groups, it administration of 10, 30, and 60 nmol of acea-1021 decreased the response frequency to the blunt mechanical stimulus from 95 ± 13 or greater to 78 ± 40%, 67 ± 37%, and 22 ± 27% 30 minutes after drug injection, respectively. Sixty nmol of acea-1021 inhibited SNBS caused by IT NMDA, KA, and AMPA. IT administration of acea-1021 decreased incision-induced pain behaviors in this rat model. Acea-1021 blocked SNB by NMDA, KA, and AMPA. These data, coupled with previous studies, suggest that inhibition of pain behaviors by it acea-1021 is produced by blockade of spinal non-NMDA receptors.
Kinetics of the premelting (L beta'-P beta') and main transition (P beta'-L alpha) in hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. A time-resolved x-ray diffraction study using microwave-induced temperature-jumps.

The dynamics and mechanism of the premelting (L beta'-P beta') and main transitions (P beta'-L alpha) in fully hydrated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were examined by low-angle time-resolved x-ray diffraction (TRXRD) using microwave radiation to effect uniform, internal sample heating. Equilibrium and dynamic aspects of the transitions were investigated. The dynamic studies involved applying a temperature jump of sufficient amplitude to effect the two transitions sequentially. Our findings are as follows. (a) Microwave radiation has proven useful as a means for implementing rapid and uniform internal heating in temperature-jump studies of lipid-phase transition kinetics. (b) Heating rate can be controlled by adjusting microwave power setting. (c) The thermal expansion coefficient of the three lyotropic phases follows the sequence L beta' not equal to O greater than P beta' much greater than L alpha. (d) Regardless of temperature-jump amplitude and sample heating rate the P beta' phase was always in evidence as an intermediate between the L beta' and L alpha phases. (e) The degree of development of the P beta' phase was inversely proportional to temperature-jump amplitude and heating rate. (f) The shortest transit time recorded for the combined L beta'-P beta', and P beta'-L alpha transitions was less than 1 s. (g) Upon cooling from the L alpha phase the onset of the chain disorder/order transition was apparent as a dramatic change of slope in the scattering angle vs. time plot which is interpreted as arising from sample heating by the latent heat of the transition. (h) Based on the shape of the low-angle diffraction pattern of the P beta' phase the P beta'-L alpha transition appears to be reversible with no evidence of metastability as was observed in the slow scan TRXRD measurements of Tenchov et al. (1989. Biophys. J. 56:757–768).
A Walk-Up-and-Use Information System for the Sydney Olympics: A Case Study in User-Centered Design

The info information retrieval system was designed and developed for the XXVII Olympic Summer Games held in Sydney, Australia in September 2000. info provided journalists and broadcasters with information for planning their days at the games and producing their coverage of Olympic events. The user-centered design (UCD) team from the IBM Storage Systems Group was invited to work with the info system for the 2000 games and was able to do extensive UCD work, including working with journalists, broadcasters, and sports researchers from North America, Europe, and Asia. Throughout the development cycle the UCD team worked closely with the info programming team located in Madrid, Spain and with other teams in Sydney, Australia. Later, the UCD team joined a large cast of volunteers and professionals in providing support for info at the Sydney games. This opportunity allowed the UCD team to make observations and collect data on the usability of the system, and these indicate that info was indeed easy to use and th...
Exhaled nitric oxide in pediatric asthma

Exhaled nitric oxide can now be measured in a clinical setting as a noninvasive, reproducible, facile, point-of-service test to measure airway inflammation, a central component of asthma that had not been assessed previously. An excellent surrogate marker of steroid-responsive eosinophilic airway inflammation, it serves to identify steroid-sensitive asthmatic patients and enables clinical monitoring of the response to steroid therapy and titration of the dose. Standardization of methodology and technological advances, such as the recent availability of handheld analyzers, individualized patient cards to store serial test measurements, and the assignment of coding procedural terminology, make this a necessary adjunct to clinical and functional assessment of airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness in ambulatory pediatric and adult asthma practices.
The degrees of freedom of an optical image: incoherent case

The concept of degrees of freedom, in the context of Shannon's original approach, is introduced and discussed. It is shown that there are fundamental differences between the communication theory version and the optical diffraction theory version (for a point-spread function). For example the product of the effective size of the point spread function and the maximum possible spatial frequency (which essentially defines the number of degrees of freedom) should be taken to be as small as possible in order to achieve optimum diffraction performance. The number of degrees of freedom of the diffraction image of an incoherently radiating object is shown to be the same as for the corresponding point spread function of the optical system.
Homodyne detection for the enhancement of antibunching

We propose a scheme based on homodyne detection for enhancing antibunching in second-harmonic generation and multiatom optical bistability. We show that depending on the reflectivity of the beam splitter, relative field strengths, and relative phase it is possible to achieve perfect antibunching in the superposed field. We also discuss other nonclassical effects exhibited by the superposed field and present curves to illustrate the behavior. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Occupant satisfaction in LEED-certified higher education buildings

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to quantify occupant satisfaction levels within Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified higher education buildings and determine the extent to which this certification helps designers to deliver successful interior environments. Design/methodology/approach – A web-based adaptation of the Center for the Built Environment's (CBE) Occupant indoor environmental quality Survey was distributed within two LEED-certified higher education buildings at a public university. Occupants were then asked to participate in interviews designed to contextualize survey results and further understand issues identified by building users. Descriptive statistics and a content analysis were utilized to determine satisfaction levels in each building. Findings – In general, LEED certification may be used as an aid for delivering successful interior environments, however, opportunities for enhancing the reliability of this tool were identified. For example, while Building...
An application of the Roberts' minimal degree algorithm to initial value problems

Three algorithms are used to compute polynomial approximate solutions to initial value problems. One algorithm is based on the Roberts' minimal degree algorithm, whereas the other two algorithms utilize variants of the second algorithms of Remes. Our analysis indicates that the algorithm based on the Roberts' minimal degree algorithm is superior to the others considered.
Wind tunnel tests on the influence of fixed ground board length on the aerodynamic characteristics of simple commercial vehicle models

Abstract The results are presented from a preliminary series of tests in a closed working section, open return wind tunnel, using simple rectangular block models mounted above a fixed ground board. Body axis drag coefficient (C D ) data were analysed for yaw angles in the range −6° to +20° and various ground board lengths. The ground plane had removable sections so that the position of its trailing edhe could be varied with respect to the model. Changes in C D (relative to that measured for the longest ground board case) of approximately 5% were recorded together with an indication of the susceptibility of certain model geometries to ground board length.
P-46: Color Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display

A 10-inch, 240 ×320 pixels, triode structure color carbon nanotube field emission display (CNT-FED) was fabricated after screen printing, photolithography and vacuum sealing process. The new normal on driving method was applied in triode CNT-FED, and the resolution was improved better than normal off FED.
High-power polarization-engineered GaN/AlGaN/GaN HEMTs without surface passivation

In this paper, a high-power GaN/AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has been demonstrated. A thick cap layer has been used to screen surface states and reduce dispersion. A deep gate recess was used to achieve the desired transconductance. A thin SiO/sub 2/ layer was deposited on the drain side of the gate recess in order to reduce gate leakage current and improve breakdown voltage. No surface passivation layer was used. A breakdown voltage of 90 V was achieved. A record output power density of 12 W/mm with an associated power-added efficiency (PAE) of 40.5% was measured at 10 GHz. These results demonstrate the potential of the technique as a controllable and repeatable solution to decrease dispersion and produce power from GaN-based HEMTs without surface passivation.
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF HYDROPONIC MEDIA ON QUALITY OF GREENHOUSE GROWN LEAFY GREENS

Information regarding optimizing greenhouse agriculture and use of hydroponic media for produce growth is lacking. We examined the difference in yield at high, medium, and low levels of commercial hydroponic nutrient solutions in order to optimize the cost-benefit relationship in the growth of leafy greens. Also, we determined the feasibility of an “organic” self-prepared nutrient solution for leafy green growth. Regardless of level of commercial hydroponic nutrient solutions, leafy greens growth was similar; however, use of “organic” nutrient solution provided problematic leafy greens growth. Overall, we found that hydroponic systems are cost-effective and can complement a sustainable leafy green production. Additional research will be required to develop productive and cost-effective “organic” nutrient solutions.
Monolithic fabrication of ionic polymer–metal composite actuators capable of complex deformation

Abstract Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) are soft actuation materials with promising applications in robotics and biomedical devices. However, traditional IPMC actuators can generate the bending motion only. In this paper, a lithography-based approach is presented for monolithic, batch-fabrication of IPMC actuators that are capable of complex deformation. Such an actuator consists of multiple, individually controlled IPMC regions that are mechanically coupled through compliant, passive regions. Two novel techniques have been introduced to overcome challenges in fabrication of patterned IPMCs: (1) selectively thinning down Nafion using reactive ion etch, to make the passive areas thin and compliant, and (2) modulating the stiffness and swellability of Nafion with ion-exchange. Ion-exchanged Nafion shows almost 300% increase in stiffness, and over 94% reduction in swellability in water and acetone, which facilitates lithography and other critical fabrication steps. Prototypes of artificial pectoral fins have been fabricated with the proposed method, and sophisticated deformation modes, including bending, twisting, and cupping, have been demonstrated. For example, a peak-to-peak twisting angle of 16 ° is achieved under 3 V, 0.3 Hz actuation voltages, showing the promise of the fabricated device in robotic fish applications.
Tablet PC Technology for the Enhancement of Synchronous Distributed Education

In this paper, we describe how tablet PCs are being used at Georgia Tech Savannah (GTS) to improve student learning in a distributed classroom environment. The Tablet PC is an attractive technology for use in synchronous distributed learning environments because of its mobility, and its ability to not only serve as an effective note taking device but also as a high-resolution course content viewing device and a tool for interactive assessments. The research questions addressed here are: (1) "What impact does the Tablet PC have on student perceptions of their engagement in a distributed learning environment?" and (2) "Can the Tablet PC be used to improve student learning in a distributed learning environment?". In this project, the instructor and students were given a Tablet PC to use during the semester, and surveys were administered to evaluate student attitudes about the use of Tablet PC technology as a means of receiving, processing, and learning course material. The significance of this work is that it serves as a case study on the use of Tablet PCs as an effective technology for implementing established educational practices in distributed education environments.
And the Injun goes “How!”: Representations of American Indian English in white public space

This article describes linguistic features used to depict fictional American Indian speech, a style referred to as “Hollywood Injun English,” found in movies, on television, and in some literature (the focus is on the film and television varieties). Grammatically, it draws on a range of nonstandard features similar to those found in “foreigner talk” and “baby talk,” as well a formalized, ornate variety of English; all these features are used to project or evoke certain characteristics historically associated with “the White Man's Indian.” The article also exemplifies some ways in which these linguistic features are deployed in relation to particular characteristics stereotypically associated with American Indians, and shows how the correspondence between nonstandard, dysfluent speech forms and particular pejorative aspects of the fictional Indian characters subtly reproduce Native American otherness in contemporary popular American culture.I would like to thank the Woodrow Wilson Foundation and the University of Michigan for their support. This manuscript has also benefited from the following individuals' comments and suggestions: Gerald Carr, Eve Danziger, Philip Deloria, Joseph Gone, Jane Hill, Judith Irvine, Webb Keane, William Leap, Bruce Mannheim, and the anonymous reviewer. For their time and effort, I am truly grateful. All errors are my own.
Selection, hitchhiking and disequilibrium analysis at three linked loci with application to HLA data

The HLA system has been extensively studied from an evolutionary perspective. Although it is clear that selection has acted on the genes in the HLA complex, the nature of this selection has yet to be fully clarified. A study of constrained disequilibrium values is presented that is applicable to HLA and other less polymorphic systems with three or more linked loci, with the purpose of identifying selection events. The method uses the fact that three locus systems impose additional constraints on the range of possible disequilibrium values for any pair of loci. We have thus examined the behavior of the normalized pairwise disequilibrium measures using two locus (D'), and also three locus (D"), constraints on pairwise disequilibria in a three locus system when one of the three loci is under positive selection. The difference between these measures, delta = magnitude of D' - magnitude of D", has a distribution for the two unselected loci differing from that for the selected locus with either of the unselected loci (the hallmark is a high positive value of delta for the two unselected loci). An examination of genetic drift indicates that positive delta values are unlikely to be found in human populations in the absence of selection when recombination is greater than about 0.1%. This measure can thus provide insight into which allele of several linked loci might have been subject to selection. Application of this method to HLA haplotypes from a large French population study (Provinces Francaise) identifies selected alleles on particular haplotypes. Application of a complementary method, disequilibrium pattern analysis also confirms the action of selection on these haplotypes.
A second NAD+-dependent DNA ligase (LigB) in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli DNA ligase (LigA) is the prototype of the NAD(+)-dependent class of DNA ligases found in all bacteria. Here we report the characterization of E.coli LigB, a second NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase identified by virtue of its sequence similarity to LigA. LigB differs from LigA in that it lacks the BRCA1 C-terminus domain (BRCT) and two of the four Zn-binding cysteines that are present in LigA and all other bacterial NAD(+) ligases. We found that recombinant LigB catalyzed strand joining on a singly-nicked DNA in the presence of a divalent cation and NAD(+), and that LigB reacted with NAD(+) to form a covalent ligase-adenylate intermediate. Alanine substitution for the motif I lysine ((126)KxDG) abolished nick joining and ligase-adenylate formation by LigB, thus confirming that the ligase and adenylyltransferase activities are intrinsic to the LigB protein.
Persistent Effect of Antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus after Exposure for Limited Periods of Time

Persistent suppression of bacterial growth by certain antibiotics was tested by periodic counts of viable organisms in a culture of Staphylococcus aureus that had been incubated in media containing drugs for limited periods of time and then removed by centrifugation. During short (2 hr) periods of exposure of test cultures to penicillin G, cephalothin, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and tetracyline, effects on the growth of S. aureus were produced that persisted after removal of the drug for periods of 1.7-4.1 hr. A persistent antibiotic effect was not observed with gentamicin. The persistent effects of penicillin G and erythromycin were directly related to duration of exposure and concentration of drug, up to a point of maximal response. The maximal durations of bacterial suppression after exposure to penicillin G and erythromycin were approximately 2 and 5 hr, respectively. These effects were observed over a wide range of inocula.
PALLIATIVE CARE FOR OLDER PEOPLE: BETTER PRACTICES

Populations around the world are aging and more people are living with the effects of serious chronic illness towards the end of life. This publication provides examples of better palliative care p...
Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST): Lessons learned from analysis of the Oregon POLST Registry

a b s t r a c t Background: Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) has become a common means of documenting patient treatment preferences. In addition to orders either for Attempt Resuscitation or Do Not Attempt Resuscitation, for patients not in cardiopulmonary arrest, POLST provides three levels of treatment: Full Treatment, Limited Interventions, and Comfort Measures Only. Oregon has an elec- tronic registry for POLST forms completed in the state. We used registry data to examine the different combinations of treatment orders. Methods and results: We analyzed data from forms signed and entered into the Oregon POLST Registry in 2012. The analysis included 31,294 POLST forms. The mean Registrant age was 76.7 years. 21,396 (68.4%) had Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNR) orders and 9900 (31.6%) had orders for "Attempt Resuscita- tion". The 6 order combinations were: Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)/Comfort Measures Only 10,769 (34.4%), DNR/Limited Interventions 9306 (29.7%), DNR/Full Treatment 1211 (3.9%), Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)/Comfort Measures Only 11 (0.04%), Attempt CPR/Limited Interventions 2281 (7.3%), and Attempt CPR/Full Treatment 7473 (23.9%). Conclusions: The most common order combinations were DNR/Comfort Measures Only, DNR/Limited Interventions and Attempt Resuscitation/Full Treatment. These three makes sense to health professionals. However, other order combinations that require interpretation at the time of a crisis were completed for about 10% of Registrants. These combinations need further investigation. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Linear optical scheme for error-free entanglement distribution and a quantum repeater

We present a linear optical scheme for error-free distribution of two-photon polarization-entangled Bell states over noisy channels. The scheme can be applied to an elementary quantum repeater protocol with potentially significant improvements in efficiency and system complexity. The scheme is based on the use of polarization and time-bin encoding of photons and can perform single-pair, single-step purification with currently available technology.
Television Viewing and Symptoms of Inattention and Hyperactivity Across Time: The Importance of Research Questions

The importance of well-specified research questions in the evaluation of early predictors of later inattention and hyperactivity is examined. In an analysis of a nationally representative sample of 2,717 children aged 4 to 10, latent growth trajectories for television viewing and inattention and hyperactivity are determined and the relationship of the two constructs examined. Analyses reveal a logistic latent growth model as the best description of the trajectory of television viewing across time, whereas a quadratic trend represents the best portrayal of the trajectory for symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity. Results do not support the presence of a meaningful relationship between television viewing and inattention and hyperactivity, which is inconsistent with previous findings from the same data set. The importance of the nature of well-specified research questions and the need to use contemporary longitudinal evaluation techniques to avoid misleading conclusions based on limited analyses and resu...
Using a Choice Design to Screen Nutraceutical-Rich Juices

Availability of functional foods containing nutraceutical compounds has increased because of growing demands for health-oriented products. Choice surveys, which present hypothetical choice sets to participants, can be used to assess the market potential for products like nutraceutical-rich juices. An online choice survey (n = 1,035) was used to identify a preferred juice blend and factors that influenced choice for juice blends of acai, black cherry, blueberry, Concord grape, cranberry and/or pomegranate juice. Participants were given potential health-oriented information (ranking of antioxidant composites) during the survey. Participants indicated perceived overall liking of individual juices and answered attitudinal statements for time preference and antioxidant information. Concord grape juice was the most liked, followed by cranberry, pomegranate, black cherry, blueberry and acai. Liking of juice was positively correlated to presence of Concord grape and cranberry juice. Unfamiliarity of juices was negatively correlated to liking of juices. Analysis indicated that black cherry, Concord grape and pomegranate juice blend had the highest marginal utility as well as high overall liking and high antioxidant levels. Choice surveys can be used as screening designs for product development to determine the ingredients that drive consumer choices for nutraceutical-rich products. Practical Applications Screening designs are necessary to maximize research resource potential and to select the most suitable products for further development. Screening designs can be used for other products to facilitate the selection of the best profiles.
Serological Responses of Chickens to Low Challenge Doses of Mycoplasma Synoviae

Abstract Groups of eight chickens were challenged with 10-fold dilutions of one of two strains of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS); each challenge group contained two noninfected sentinels. Both strains were highly efficient in colonizing the respiratory tract with challenge doses as low as 76 and 24 color-changing units/bird. Infection spread rapidly (within 7 days) to sentinels, while uninfected control chickens separated from infected chickens by two empty pens remained uninfected for the 56-day experimental period. Although sentinels and birds challenged with the lowest doses had weaker or slightly slower antibody responses in some cases as measured by serum plate agglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI), they generally exhibited a typical antibody response. Agglutination reactions tended to be weak, but a high percentage of tests (generally >30% from day 14 postchallenge) were positive. ELISA results were variable, and in some cases reactor rates were low...
Normalization of hyperosmotic-induced inositol uptake by renal and endothelial cells is regulated by NF-κB

Hyperosmolarity is a stress factor that has been shown to cause an increase in the transcription of the Na+-dependent myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT). However, regulation of the reversion of SMIT...
Mind the Gap: a generative approach to interpretable feature selection and extraction

We present the Mind the Gap Model (MGM), an approach for interpretable feature extraction and selection. By placing interpretability criteria directly into the model, we allow for the model to both optimize parameters related to interpretability and to directly report a global set of distinguishable dimensions to assist with further data exploration and hypothesis generation. MGM extracts distinguishing features on real-world datasets of animal features, recipes ingredients, and disease co-occurrence. It also maintains or improves performance when compared to related approaches. We perform a user study with domain experts to show the MGM's ability to help with dataset exploration.
Lipogenesis from amino acids in perfused isolated dog skin.

Lipogenesis from amino acids has been studied in isolated perfused dog skin. Uniformly labeled alanine-14C, glycine-14C, is~leucine-~~C, leucine-I4C, phenylalanine-14C, and valine-14C are all incorporated into the cutaneous lipids, with significant incorporation into most of the isolated lipid fractions. Efficiency of lipogenesis has been expressed relative to the extent of incorporation of acetate under the same experi- mental conditions. This efficiency was highest for the three branched-chain amino acids. The accuracy, uses, and limitations of the perfusion tech- nique for the study of cutaneous lipogenesis have been evalu- ated.
Photodetachment cross section of Cu

We report the first ab initio calculation of the photodetachment cross section of the bound ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion. The calculated cross section exhibits two shape resonances, the larger of which should be accessible experimentally. The magnitude of the cross section is substantial [(6.8-7.1) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$] at wavelengths associated with the copper-vapor laser.
From Spontaneous to Planned Urban Development and Quality of Life: the Case of Ho Chi Minh City

This paper studies the quality of life (QOL) that residents perceive in typical urban patterns in Ho Chi Minh City. Its major focus is to examine the improvement in the QOL through public intervention into the urban development process. There are four findings. First, moderate government intervention to correct market failures in areas where spontaneous urban development has occurred generates similar levels of satisfaction to areas with planned development. Second, urban planning is important as housing values and subjective satisfactions in planned areas are higher than those in spontaneous development areas. Third, redevelopment negatively affects the QOL in areas undergoing redevelopment. Finally, the contrast between the housing value and the subjective life satisfaction in spontaneous development areas undergoing redevelopment shows the problem of relying on the revealed preference assumption in traditional economics and the need for having alternative approaches.
Ethanol-induced hypogonadism is not dependent on activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

The well-characterized suppression of the male reproductive unit after ethanol (EtOH) exposure has been speculated to be partially due to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The subsequent corticosterone elevation could result in hypogonadism via suppression of hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH, or a direct gonadal effect. To directly examine this possibility, adult male Sprague Dawley rats were either adrenalectomized (ADX) or sham ADX. The ADX animals were given low dose corticosterone via replacement pellet, resulting in a steady level of serum corticosterone. The sham ADX (adrenal intact) animals were implanted with placebo pellets. Half of both groups were then exposed to EtOH by I.P. injection on two consecutive days to mimic an acute binge-drinking model. The other half was given saline I.P., serving as controls. In the adrenal intact animals, EtOH caused the expected rise in corticosterone, and fall in luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. In the ADX animals, where constant levels of corticosterone were maintained by pellet implantation, EtOH resulted in similar LH and testosterone reduction. These results suggest that suppression of the reproductive axis is independent of the activation of the HPA unit.