cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balancing the Blood Component Transfusion Ratio for High- and Ultra High-Dose Cell Salvage Cases.

Objective To assess the ratio of non-red blood cell to red blood cell components required to avoid coagulopathy when transfusing large amounts of salvaged blood using laboratory test–guided therapy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Single-center, academic hospital. Participants Thoracoabdominal and abdominal open aortic surgery patients. Measurement and Main Results Thirty-eight patients in whom at least 1,000 mL of salvaged red blood cells were transfused were identified and divided into the following 2 cohorts: 1,000-to-2,000 mL of salvaged red blood cells (high dose) (n = 20) and >2,000 mL of salvaged red blood cells (ultra-high dose) (n = 18). Compared with the high-dose cohort, the ultra high-dose cohort received ∼4 times more salvaged red blood cells (1,240 ± 279 mL v 5,550 ± 3,801 mL). With transfusion therapy guided by intraoperative coagulation tests and thromboelastography, the adjusted ratio of non-red blood cell to red blood cell components (plasma + platelets + cryoprecipitate:allogeneic + salvaged red blood cells) was 0.59 ± 0.66 in the high-dose and 0.93 ± 0.27 in the ultra high-dose cohorts. Multiple coagulation parameters were normal and similar between cohorts at the end of surgery, as determined by the mean, median, and 95% confidence intervals. Conclusions When transfusing large volumes of salvaged blood, it is important to balance the ratio between non-red blood cell and red blood cell components. Through a laboratory test–guided approach, coagulopathy was not detected when transfusing blood in ratios of approximately 1:2 for patients receiving 1,000-to-2,000 mL of salvaged blood and 1:1 for patients receiving >2,000 mL of salvaged blood.
Predicting Sleep Quality in Osteoporosis Patients Using Electronic Health Records and Heart Rate Variability

Sleep quality (SQ) is one of the most well-known factors in daily work performance. Sleep is usually analyzed using polysomnography (PSG) by attaching electrodes to the bodies of participants, which is likely sleep destructive. As a result, investigating SQ using a more easy-to-use and cost-effective methodology is currently a hot topic. To avoid overfitting concerns, one likely methodology for predicting SQ can be achieved by reducing the number of utilized signals. In this paper, we propose three methodologies based on electronic health records and heart rate variability (HRV). To evaluate the performance of the proposed methods, several experiments have been conducted using the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) sleep dataset. The experimental results reveal that a deep neural network methodology can achieve an accuracy of 0.6 in predicting light, medium, and deep SQ using only ECG signals recorded during PSG. This outcome demonstrates the capability of using HRV features, which are effortlessly measurable by easy-to-use and cost-effective wearable devices, in predicting SQ.
Electroconvulsive shock does not impair the reconsolidation of cued and contextual pavlovian threat memory

Existing memories, when retrieved under certain circumstances, can undergo modification through the protein synthesis-dependent process of reconsolidation. Disruption of this process can lead to the weakening of a memory trace, an approach which is being examined as a potential treatment for disorders characterized by pathological memories, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The success of this approach relies upon the ability to robustly attenuate reconsolidation; however, the available literature brings into question the reliability of the various drugs used to achieve such a blockade. The identification of a drug or intervention that can reliably disrupt reconsolidation without requiring intracranial access for administration would be extremely useful. Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) delivered after memory retrieval has been demonstrated in some studies to disrupt memory reconsolidation; however, there exists a paucity of literature characterizing its effects on Pavlovian fear memory. Considering this, we chose to examine ECS as an inexpensive and facile means to impair reconsolidation in rats. Here we show that electroconvulsive seizure induction, when administered after memory retrieval, (immediately, after 30 min, or after 1 h), does not impair the reconsolidation of cued or contextual Pavlovian fear memories. On the contrary, ECS administration immediately after extinction training may modestly impair the consolidation of fear extinction memory.
Enhancing building energy performance by effectively using phase change material and dynamic insulation in walls

Abstract Deploying phase change materials (PCMs) in building envelopes can be effective in reducing space heating/cooling loads and providing load shedding and shifting capacity. However, the full potential of PCM-integrated envelopes can only be harnessed if the PCM undergoes phase change using free ambient heating/cooling, and the stored energy is effectively transferred between the exterior and the interior environments. Traditional thermal insulation (with a fixed thermal resistance) limits PCM utilization, which restrains the energy saving potential of a PCM-integrated envelope to a small percentage. Proposed dynamic insulation material and system (DIMS) provides the option of varying its thermal resistance based on the indoor and outdoor conditions. Although it has been established that employing PCM as well as DIMS in building envelopes separately improves buildings’ energy performance, no prior studies that analyzed the combined influence of both technologies were identified. In this study, we examine a novel wall design, comprising a layer of PCM between two layers of DIMS. We note that the PCM-DIMS-integrated wall provides significantly higher energy saving potential than the DIMS-only integrated wall or the PCM-only integrated wall in all the climates and wall orientations analyzed in this study. Depending on the climate, the PCM-DIMS-integrated wall could provide 15–72% reduction in annual heat gain and 7–38% reduction in annual heat loss. The analysis presented in this study supports the need to develop scalable dynamic insulations combined with thermal energy storage systems for buildings.
Why I fell in love with Critical Dietetics; A personal/political narrative

Critical Dietetics found me at a conference in Japan of the International Conference of Dietetics where I presented a poster on my dissertation work centering around the lack of dietitians of color in the U.S. Lucy Aphramor took my card, and when the conference was to take place in Canada, she contacted me. After I read the founding documents, and articles in the first Journal, I knew I had found home. A child of the 1960's, I came to Dietetics after thirty years of social activism fighting war, racism, and sexual oppression. The perspective of my work has been centered in Marxism and Critical Race Theory. My mission as an educator is to help my students see themselves as advocates for equal access to good nutrition, health care and education for all. Critical Dietetics has allowed me a voice, in a space that loves women, food, the human body and still believes in the future of humanity.
Temporal Dynamics of Chronic Inflammation on the Cecal Microbiota in IL-10 -/- Mice.

The intestinal microbiota is a critical component of mucosal health as evidenced by the fact that alterations in the taxonomic composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. To better understand how the progression of inflammation impacts the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota, we used culture independent taxonomic profiling to identify temporal changes in the cecal microbiota of C3Bir IL-10-/- mice concomitantly with the onset and progression of colitis. This analysis revealed that IL-10-/- mice displayed a biphasic progression in disease severity, as evidenced by histopathological scores and cytokine production. Beginning at 4 weeks of age, pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, G-CSF, and IL-1α as well as chemokines including RANTES and MIP-1α were elevated in the serum of IL-10-/- mice. By 19 weeks of age, the mice developed clinical signs of disease as evidenced by weight loss, which was accompanied by a significant increase in serum levels of KC and IL-17. While the overall diversity of the microbiota of both wild type and IL-10-/- were similar in young mice, the latter failed to increase in complexity as the mice matured and experienced changes in abundance of specific bacterial taxa that are associated with inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Collectively, these results reveal that there is a critical time in young mice between four to six weeks of age when inflammation and the associated immune responses adversely affect maturation of the microbiota.
GODSAC*: Graph Optimized DSAC* for Robot Relocalization.

Deep learning based camera pose estimation from monocular camera images has seen a recent uptake in Visual SLAM research. Even though such pose estimation approaches have excellent results in small confined areas like offices and apartment buildings, they tend to do poorly when applied to larger areas like outdoor settings, mainly because of the scarcity of distinctive features. We propose GODSAC* as a camera pose estimation approach that augments pose predictions from a trained neural network with noisy odometry data through the optimization of a pose graph. GODSAC* outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in pose estimation accuracy, as we demonstrate in our experiments.
Centralized Thermal Stress Oriented Dispatch Strategy for Paralleled Grid-Connected Inverters Considering Mission Profiles

One of the major failure causes in the power modules comes from the severe thermal stress in power semiconductor devices. Recently, some local control level methods have been developed to balance the power loss, dealing with the harsh mission profile, in order to reduce the thermal stress. However, there is not any specific system level strategy to leverage these local control level methods responding to the multiple inverters situation. Besides, the impacts of these methods on the thermal cycle and lifetime of the power modules in the long-term time scale have not been evaluated and compared yet. Hence, in this article, a centralized thermal stress oriented dispatch (TSOD) strategy is proposed to take full advantage of these local control level methods, including the switching frequency variation and the reactive power injection, to reduce the thermal stresses for multiple inverters. In addition to the PI controller, the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is also explored to synergize with the proposed strategy. The results from the real-time model-in-the-loop testing on a four-paralleled-inverters platform, the reliability assessment, and the experiments all validate the effectiveness of the proposed centralized TSOD strategy on the thermal stress reduction.
Management of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH): Role of Molecular Genetics

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a relatively common major life-threatening birth defect that results in significant mortality and morbidity depending primarily on lung hypoplasia, persistent pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction. Despite its clinical relevance, CDH multifactorial etiology is still not completely understood. We reviewed current knowledge on normal diaphragm development and summarized genetic mutations and related pathways as well as cellular mechanisms involved in CDH. Our literature analysis showed that the discovery of harmful de novo variants in the fetus could constitute an important tool for the medical team during pregnancy, counselling, and childbirth. A better insight into the mechanisms regulating diaphragm development and genetic causes leading to CDH appeared essential to the development of new therapeutic strategies and evidence-based genetic counselling to parents. Integrated sequencing, development, and bioinformatics strategies could direct future functional studies on CDH; could be applied to cohorts and consortia for CDH and other birth defects; and could pave the way for potential therapies by providing molecular targets for drug discovery.
Neurologic complications in patients with lymphoid cancer.

Abstract Neurologic complications of lymphoid cancer can be challenging to recognize and treat. The nervous system can be affected directly by hematogenous or local spread of lymphoma. Indirect neurologic effects of lymphoma include paraneoplastic syndromes and vascular complications. Lymphoma treatments can also cause neurologic complications. Early identification and treatment are crucial to stabilize or reverse neurologic deficits, prevent further nervous system injury, and to optimize overall oncologic therapy. This article provides an overview of different neurologic complications of lymphoma and its treatments, in addition to presentation of case studies that emphasize commonly encountered clinical scenarios.
Movies of cellular and sub-cellular motion by digital holographic microscopy

Background Many biological specimens, such as living cells and their intracellular components, often exhibit very little amplitude contrast, making it difficult for conventional bright field microscopes to distinguish them from their surroundings. To overcome this problem phase contrast techniques such as Zernike, Normarsky and dark-field microscopies have been developed to improve specimen visibility without chemically or physically altering them by the process of staining. These techniques have proven to be invaluable tools for studying living cells and furthering scientific understanding of fundamental cellular processes such as mitosis. However a drawback of these techniques is that direct quantitative phase imaging is not possible. Quantitative phase imaging is important because it enables determination of either the refractive index or optical thickness variations from the measured optical path length with sub-wavelength accuracy. Digital holography is an emergent phase contrast technique that offers an excellent approach in obtaining both qualitative and quantitative phase information from the hologram. A CCD camera is used to record a hologram onto a computer and numerical methods are subsequently applied to reconstruct the hologram to enable direct access to both phase and amplitude information. Another attractive feature of digital holography is the ability to focus on multiple focal planes from a single hologram, emulating the focusing control of a conventional microscope.
The complexity of robot motion planning

The Complexity of Robot Motion Planning makes original contributions both to robotics and to the analysis of algorithms. In this groundbreaking monograph John Canny resolves long-standing problems concerning the complexity of motion planning and, for the central problem of finding a collision free path for a jointed robot in the presence of obstacles, obtains exponential speedups over existing algorithms by applying high-powered new mathematical techniques.Canny's new algorithm for this "generalized movers' problem," the most-studied and basic robot motion planning problem, has a single exponential running time, and is polynomial for any given robot. The algorithm has an optimal running time exponent and is based on the notion of roadmaps - one-dimensional subsets of the robot's configuration space. In deriving the single exponential bound, Canny introduces and reveals the power of two tools that have not been previously used in geometric algorithms: the generalized (multivariable) resultant for a system of polynomials and Whitney's notion of stratified sets. He has also developed a novel representation of object orientation based on unnormalized quaternions which reduces the complexity of the algorithms and enhances their practical applicability.After dealing with the movers' problem, the book next attacks and derives several lower bounds on extensions of the problem: finding the shortest path among polyhedral obstacles, planning with velocity limits, and compliant motion planning with uncertainty. It introduces a clever technique, "path encoding," that allows a proof of NP-hardness for the first two problems and then shows that the general form of compliant motion planning, a problem that is the focus of a great deal of recent work in robotics, is non-deterministic exponential time hard. Canny proves this result using a highly original construction.John Canny received his doctorate from MIT And is an assistant professor in the Computer Science Division at the University of California, Berkeley. The Complexity of Robot Motion Planning is the winner of the 1987 ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award.
Informational privacy, data mining, and theInternet

Privacy concerns involving data mining are examined in terms of four questions: (1) What exactly is data mining? (2) How does data mining raise concerns for personal privacy? (3) How do privacy concerns raised by data mining differ from those concerns introduced by ’traditional‘ information-retrieval techniques in computer databases? (4) How do privacy concerns raised by mining personal data from the Internet differ from those concerns introduced by mining such data from ’data warehouses?‘ It is argued that the practice of using data-mining techniques, whether on the Internet or in data warehouses, to gain information about persons raises privacy concerns that (a) go beyond concerns introduced in traditional information-retrieval techniques in computer databases and (b) are not covered by present data-protection guidelines and privacy laws.
The Role for Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in the Generation and Function of Memory CD8+ T Cells

Memory T cells are resistant to the conventional costimulatory blockade and therefore impede tolerance induction. However, their migratory, survival, and functional requirements for chemokines are not well understood. We herein examine the role for MCP-1 or CCL2 in the generation, migration, and function of memory CD8+ T cells. We found that overall generation of both central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) CD8+ T cells was severely impaired in the absence of MCP-1. Importantly, the survival of TEM, but not TCM, CD8+ cells was reduced without MCP-1, whereas the homeostatic proliferation of TCM, but not TEM, CD8+ cells was weakened in MCP-1-/- mice. However, once they were generated in the absence of MCP-1, in vitro function of both subsets of memory cells remained intact as determined by their proliferation and IFN-gamma production. Interestingly, the migration of TCM, but not TEM, CD8+ cells to inflammatory sites was significantly delayed without MCP-1, whereas both subsets of memory cells underwent comparable expansion and apoptosis with or without MCP-1 during the effector phase. Moreover, the function to eliminate a graft of TCM, but not TEM, CD8+ cells was impaired without MCP-1. Thus, this study demonstrates that MCP-1 plays an important role in not only migration but also generation and survival of memory T cells. This finding provides new insight into the requirement of chemokines for the generation, survival, and function of differential subsets of memory T cells and may have clinic implications for tolerance induction.
NB-TA-TI OXIDES IN GRANITIC PEGMATITES FROM THE TOPSHAM PEGMATITE DISTRICT, SOUTHERN MAINE

AssrRAcr Numerous bodies of granitic pegmatite intrude gneissic rocks in the Topsham pegmatite district, in southern Maine. Many of these pegmatites contain metamict, REE-bearing, complex Nb-Ta-Ti oxides. Initial repons identified this mineral as samarskite-(Y), an ABO' mineral with M, Ta and Ti at the B site and REE + Y dominant at the A site. However, electron-microprobe and X-ray-diffraction analyses of seven recently collected samples from various locations in the district reveal that the oxide mineralogy is complex, consisting of several oxide phases. When heated, five of the specimens examined recrystallized to high-T samarskite plus other phases. However, these specimens have U + Th greater than REE + Y at the A site, and thus are ishikawaite rather than samarskite-(Y). Ishikawaite was found in all of the locations studied except the Consolidated Number 2 Quarry. The only metamict-appearing sample collected from the Consolidated Number 2 Quarry is ferrocolumbite, an AMrOu oxide. At the Stand Pipe Hill location, polycrase-(Y), an ABrOu oxide with Y dominant at the A site and Ti dominant at the B site, occurs in addition to ishikawaite. Samarskite-(Y) is notably absent from the pegmatites studied.
A heretofore Undescribed Phase-Variation in Salmonella.

Summary and ConclusionsThe natural appearance of an inagglutinable but antigenproducing “mixed” phase of a S. typhimurium is described. The phase i, the presence of which could not be elicited in the original cultures, was brought out by the use of Gard technic. An agglutinable “mixed” phase was produced in vivo. Data on the different phase variations of this Salmonella variant are given.The described observations raise a number of theoretical questions unanswerable for the time being. This paper, therefore, limits itself to a statement of the facts.
Relativist ethics, scientific objectivity, and concern for human rights

This paper comments on the conflict between ethical relativism and anthropologists’ concerns with rights, and tries to show that neither scientific objectivity nor respect for cultural diversity require denying an extracultural stance for ethical judgments.
Preparation, MALDI-TOF analysis, and micelle-like behavior of alkyl-modified poly(propylene imine) dendrimers

MALDI-TOF mass spectral analysis was used to characterize the novel unimolecular micelles that result from functionalization of the chain ends of poly(propylene imine) dendrimers with C 10 alkanoyl or C 12 alkyl groups.
Exergy and Entropy Thermodynamic Concepts for Nonlinear Control Design

This paper develops a novel control system design methodology that uniquely combines: concepts from thermodynamic exergy and entropy; Hamiltonian systems; Lyapunov's direct method and Lyapunov optimal analysis; electric AC power concepts; and power flow analysis. Relationships are derived between exergy/entropy and Lyapunov optimal functions for Hamiltonian systems. The methodology is demonstrated with two fundamental numerical simulation examples: 1) the classic van der Pol nonlinear oscillator system and 2) a Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) planar 2 Degree-Of-Freedom (DOF) robot that employs PID tracking control. The control system performances and/or appropriately identified terms are partitioned and evaluated based on exergy generation and exergy dissipation terms. Traditionally, almost all modern control design is based on forcing the nonlinear systems to perform and behave like linear systems, thus limiting its maximum potential. These are also known as mainly passive-type control systems. This novel nonlinear control methodology results in both necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of nonlinear systems.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Identification of neural connectivity signatures of autism using machine learning.

Alterations in neural connectivity have been suggested as a signature of the pathobiology of autism. Although disrupted correlation between cortical regions observed from functional MRI is considered to be an explanatory model for autism, the directional causal influence between brain regions is a vital link missing in these studies. The current study focuses on addressing this in an fMRI study of Theory-of-Mind in 15 high-functioning adolescents and adults with autism (ASD) and 15 typically developing (TD) controls. Participants viewed a series of comic strip vignettes in the MRI scanner and were asked to choose the most logical end to the story from three alternatives, separately for trials involving physical and intentional causality. Causal brain connectivity obtained from a multivariate autoregressive model, along with assessment scores, functional connectivity values, and fractional anisotropy obtained from DTI data for each participant, were submitted to a recursive cluster elimination based support vector machine classifier to determine the accuracy with which the classifier can predict a novel participant’s group membership (ASD or TD). We found a maximum classification accuracy of 95.9 % with 19 features which had the highest discriminative ability between the groups. All of the 19 features were effective connectivity paths, indicating that causal information may be critical in discriminating between ASD and TD groups. These effective connectivity paths were also found to be significantly greater in controls as compared to ASD participants and consisted predominantly of outputs from the fusiform face area and middle temporal gyrus indicating impaired connectivity in ASD participants, particularly in the social brain areas. These findings collectively point towards the fact that alterations in causal brain connectivity in individuals with ASD could serve as a potential non-invasive neuroimaging signature for autism
Homo in the Middle Pleistocene: Hypodigms, Variation, and Species Recognition

It is generally accepted that modern humans evolved in Africa. This consensus has emerged in the last two decades, as molecular evidence has been coupled with findings from paleontology and prehistory. Patterns of DNA variation in living populations, morphology of fossils, and archeological traces can all be read to show that our species has deep roots in Africa and began to disperse into other regions only late in the Pleistocene. There are still questions about the timing of these dispersals and the extent to which modern people replaced or exchanged genes with other, more archaic groups, but new problems are now coming more clearly into focus. These relate to the ancestry of Homo sapiens in the Middle Pleistocene. In this essay, I emphasize the evidence available from Middle Pleistocene localities in Africa and Europe, exploring variation among individuals, composition of hypodigms, species-level taxonomy, and evolutionary relationships of the hominin populations. One obvious difficulty is that the fossils are scarce. For the most part, only incomplete crania are available from African localities. The record is more comprehensive for the Sima de los Huesos in Spain, but principally crania and jaws are known from other European sites. This means that skull traits and measurements must provide the basis for sorting individuals to groups and building differential diagnoses. For much of the material, dating is still poorly controlled, although a few of the most important assemblages can now be placed more securely within a Middle Pleistocene chronological framework. Despite these constraints, it is possible to point toward tentative solutions.
Diamond nanowires and the insulator-metal transition in ultrananocrystalline diamond films

Further progress in the development of the remarkable electrochemical, electron field emission, high-temperature diode, and optical properties of $n$-type ultrananocrystalline diamond films requires a better understanding of electron transport in this material. Of particular interest is the origin of the transition to the metallic regime observed when about 10% by volume of nitrogen has been added to the synthesis gas. Here, we present data showing that the transition to the metallic state is due to the formation of partially oriented diamond nanowires surrounded by an $s{p}^{2}$-bonded carbon sheath. These have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy techniques (high-resolution mode, selected area electron diffraction, and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy), Raman spectroscopy, and small-angle neutron scattering. The nanowires are $80--100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ in length and consist of $\ensuremath{\sim}5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ wide and $6--10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ long segments of diamond crystallites exhibiting atomically sharp interfaces. Each nanowire is enveloped in a sheath of $s{p}^{2}$-bonded carbon that provides the conductive path for electrons. Raman spectroscopy on the films coupled with a consideration of plasma chemical and physical processes reveals that the sheath is likely composed of a nanocarbon material resembling in some respects a polymer-like mixture of polyacetylene and polynitrile. The complex interactions governing the simultaneous growth of the diamond core and the $s{p}^{2}$ sheath responsible for electrical conductivity are discussed as are attempts at a better theoretical understanding of the transport mechanism.
Factors affecting decisions to accept or decline cystic fibrosis carrier testing/screening: a theory-guided systematic review.

Factors affecting decisions to accept or decline cystic fibrosis carrier testing/screening: A theory-guided systematic review
Imaging of head trauma in child abuse

This article reviews the imaging modalities used to evaluate head trauma received as a consequence of child abuse, signs most indicative of intentional injury, and methods use to data injury. Knowledge of neuroimaging features of child abuse is useful to radiologists who may encounter these children and may be in a position to raise the question of intentional injuries.
Biogeochemical tales told by isotope clumps

How do you take a dinosaur's temperature, reconstruct the elevation histories of Earth's great mountain ranges, probe the workings of photosynthesis, and confirm biological origins of a greenhouse gas? Increasingly, the answer lies in clumps. Clumped isotope geochemistry ( 1 ) is the latest branch of stable isotope geochemistry, the field that illuminated the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles ( 2 ), the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere some 2.5 billion years ago ( 3 ), and the enigmatic presence of grass in hominid diets ( 4 ). In this issue, Yeung et al. (page 431) ( 5 ) and Wang et al. (page 428) ( 6 ) describe clumped isotope effects that, among other things, can serve as tracers of biological versus abiological origins of gases.
Synthesis of a technetium-99m-labeled thymidine analog: A potential HSV1-TK substrate for non-invasive reporter gene expression imaging

Abstract {2-[5-(2′-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridin-5-yl)pent-4( E )-enyl] [2-(2-mercaptoethyl)aminoethyl]aminoethanethiolato(3)- N,N ′ ,S,S ′}oxo-[ 99m Tc]technetium(V), a potential viral thymidine kinase substrate, was synthesized by coupling 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine analog with a N2S2 radiometal chelator, followed by [Tc-99m]technetium conjugation. The chemical structure of the radioactive probe was characterized by 1 H NMR and high resolution MS using Re-188 conjugated mimics. The radiochemical purity and yield were identified as 98% and 42%, respectively.
Sol–Gel Synthesis and Magnetic Studies of Titanium Dioxide Doped with 10% M (M=Fe, Mn and Ni)

TiO2 nanocrystals doped with 1%, 5% and 10% Co/TiO2 and 10% M (M=Fe, Mn and Ni) were prepared by the sol–gel technique and characterized using X-ray diffraction and SQUID. The as-prepared samples are found to be paramagnetic at room temperature, with the magnetic susceptibility following the Curie–Weiss law in the investigated range of 2–370 K. However, transformation from paramagnetism to room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) for the 5% Co/TiO2 was observed by hydrogenating the sample at 573 K while the 1% sample remained paramagnetic. As the percentage of Co was increased from 5% to 10% the Curie temperature increased from 390 K to 470 K determined via extrapolation. Transformation from paramagnetism to room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) was also observed by hydrogenation of 10% Fe/TiO2 at 573 K for 6 h. X-ray diffraction of the hydrogenated sample shows only single phase TiO2 structure suggesting that the observed RTFM may be intrinsic but magnetic studies may suggest the possibility of Fe nanoparticles.
Investigation of a Dynamic Hybrid RANS/LES Modelling Methodology for Finite-Volume CFD Simulations

This paper investigates a recently proposed dynamic hybrid RANS-LES framework using a general-purpose finite-volume flow solver. The new method is highly generalized, allowing coupling of any selected RANS model with any selected LES model and containing no explicit grid dependence in its formulation. Selected results are presented for three test cases: two-dimensional channel flow, backward facing step, and a nozzle flow relevant to biomedical applications. Comparison with experimental and DNS data, and with other hybrid RANS-LES approaches, highlights the advantages of the new method and suggests that further investigation is warranted.
System Level Thermal Design Challenges in Validation Platforms

Unprecedented growth in the semiconductor industry has been enabled by decreasing transistor feature size. As silicon technology continues to scale per Moore’s law, multi-core and many-core are the new trends of the semiconductor industry. While bus speeds, features and functionalities are increasing, shrinking system volume, compact component placements on the board and system noise reduction are the trends. These silicon and system trends make the thermal design challenging. Validation platforms are used to validate processors/chipsets to ensure world-class quality and reliable Intel products. These platforms are usually open chassis to allow ease of accessibility. In this paper, we present an innovative methodology of active air cooling coupled with mechanical retention designs at the component level. Component level thermal testing data are correlated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to provide guidance for system simulations. Well-validated and correlated active heatsink thermal model can be used in the system level thermal simulations for studying the mutual pre-heating effect among the components around the heatsink and other thermally critical components. System level thermal design incorporating the effects of memory cooling, voltage regulator module cooling, graphics card preheating, air blockages effect due to probing cables are presented. In addition, system level acoustic measurements methodology is shown. Finally, fan control methodologies to control the noise below safety guidelines while enhancing the validation customer’s experience are presented.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Evidence for oblate deformation of the 9/2− isometric state in 199Tl

The possibility is discussed of deducing the sign of the intrinsic quadrupole moment of a nucleus from the sign of the measured mixing ratio of E2-M1 transitions in a rotational band. By this method experimental confirmation is pointed out for the previously proposed oblate deformation of the 9/2− state in 199Tl.
Post-Grafting Amination of Alkyl Halide-Functionalized Silica for Applications in Catalysis, Adsorption, and 15N NMR Spectroscopy

An anhydrous synthesis of aminosilica materials from alkyl halide-functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 silica by post-grafting amination is introduced for applications in CO2 adsorption, cooperative catalysis, and 15N solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The synthesis is demonstrated to convert terminal alkyl halide-functionalized silica materials containing Cl, Br, and I to primary alkylamines using anhydrous ammonia in a high-pressure reactor. The benefits of the post-grafting amination procedure include (i) use of anhydrous isotopically labeled ammonia, 15NH3, to create aminosilica materials that can be investigated using 15N solid-state NMR to elucidate potential intermediates and surface species in CO2 adsorption processes and catalysis, (ii) similar CO2 uptake in experiments extracting CO2 from dry simulated air experiments, and (iii) improved activity in acid–base bifunctional catalysis compared to traditional amine-grafted materials. The effects of the type of halide, the initial halide loading, and the tota...
Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Use of Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweeteners

It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that consumers can safely enjoy a range of nutritive sweeteners and nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) when consumed within an eating plan that is guided by current federal nutrition recommendations, such as the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Dietary Reference Intakes, as well as individual health goals and personal preference. A preference for sweet taste is innate and sweeteners can increase the pleasure of eating. Nutritive sweeteners contain carbohydrate and provide energy. They occur naturally in foods or may be added in food processing or by consumers before consumption. Higher intake of added sugars is associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality, which can increase the risk for obesity, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On average, adults in the United States consume 14.6% of energy from added sugars. Polyols (also referred to as sugar alcohols) add sweetness with less energy and may reduce risk for dental caries. Foods containing polyols and/or no added sugars can, within food labeling guidelines, be labeled as sugar-free. NNS are those that sweeten with minimal or no carbohydrate or energy. They are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as food additives or generally recognized as safe. The Food and Drug Administration approval process includes determination of probable intake, cumulative effect from all uses, and toxicology studies in animals. Seven NNS are approved for use in the United States: acesulfame K, aspartame, luo han guo fruit extract, neotame, saccharin, stevia, and sucralose. They have different functional properties that may affect perceived taste or use in different food applications. All NNS approved for use in the United States are determined to be safe.
MANDATORY INFORMATION DISCLOSURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IN THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY.

Policies that emphasize information provision are prominent and expanding. Yet their impact on market outcomes remains largely undetermined. This paper examines empirically the impact of mandatory ...
Factors contributing to delayed extremity amputation in burn patients.

Background Previous series of traumatic amputations have noted that delay in amputation results in prolonged hospital stay and delayed rehabilitation. A series of major extremity amputations after burn injury was analyzed to identify the frequency of delayed amputation and to identify factors resulting in the delay. Methods Chart review of burn admissions between January of 1991 and December of 1995. Results Twenty-eight patients underwent a total of 44 major extremity amputations. Thirty-five amputations in 22 patients were performed by postburn day 16 (mean 4.3). Nine amputations in six patients were delayed beyond postburn day 26 (mean, 48.3). Delayed amputations occurred in the subgroups of deep thermal burns with extensive necrosis and thermal burns complicated by infections. Early amputation was associated with a 13.6% mortality rate, delayed amputation with a 50% mortality rate. Conclusion There is a bimodal distribution of time to amputation determined by mechanism of injury, severity of burn, and infectious complications. Earlier identification of nonsalvageable limbs may decrease infectious complications and improve the chances of patient survival.
Basic sound level knowledge for electric motor application

The sound emitted from industrial electric motors can adversely affect the comfort and safety of those who work in their vicinity. As such, many customers and governing agencies impose strict sound limitations on motors placed in audibly sensitive applications. This paper will explore the nature of sound data, how it is measured, and interpreted. Topics will include the decibel, differences between sound power and sound pressure, along with octave bands and various weightings. The equipment and procedures necessary for reliable sound data acquisition will be reviewed. Causes and mitigation methods of sound within electric motors will be discussed. Finally, applicable industry specifications will be compared to give a sample of standards that provide guidance to users in this area.
Black Milwaukee Reflections on the Past Twenty Years

In his response to commentaries on Black Milwaukee, Joe William Trotter Jr. not only provides insight into his own intellectual journey toward a class-based analysis of the black urban community but acknowledges the salient limitations of the proletarianization thesis, particularly vis-a-vis the experiences of black women as outlined by Rhonda Williams. Among the specific arguments of contributors to this volume, however, he gives substantial attention to Will Jones's notion that proletarianization entailed acceptance of a “teleological model of modernization,” Wendell Pritchett's suggestion that perhaps urban historians have perceived Black Milwaukee as primarily a labor study and overlooked its contributions to urban history, and Roger Biles's query about the generalizability of the Milwaukee experience to other industrial cities. Professor Trotter concludes with reflections on the changing state of the field of African American urban history and how he might write a history of blacks in Milwaukee today.
Hypertonic saline attenuation of the neutrophil cytotoxic response is reversed upon restoration of normotonicity and reestablished by repeated hypertonic challenge.

Abstract Background. Hypertonic saline (HTS) resuscitation, in addition to enhancing hemodynamic recovery, modulates postinjury hyperinflammation in the critically injured. The polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) cytotoxic response, a key element in the pathogenesis of postinjury organ dysfunction, is attenuated under hypertonic conditions. Although plasma Na+ rises to 180 mmol/L after HTS infusion, baseline levels are reestablished within 24 hours. We hypothesized that HTS attenuation of the PMN cytotoxic response (β2-integrin expression, elastase release, and O2— production) is reversed upon return to normotonicity, but can be reestablished by repeated HTS challenge. Methods. Isolated human PMNs were incubated in HTS (Na+ = 180 mmol/L) for 5 minutes at 37°C then returned to normotonicity by centrifugation and resuspension in isotonic buffer. Stimulated (PAF) β2-integrin expression was measured by flow cytometry. Stimulated (PAF/fMLP) elastase release and O2— production were measured by cleavage of N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val p-nitroanilide and reduction of cytochrome c (Cyt c). Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in PMN cell lysates was assessed by Western blot. Results. Clinically relevant levels of HTS induced tyrosine phosphorylation in resting PMNs and attenuated cytotoxic responses. Reestablishment of normotonicity returned these functions to baseline. A repeated HTS challenge after restoration of normotonicity also induced tyrosine phosphorylation and suppressed the cytotoxic response. Conclusions. HTS attenuation of the PMN cytotoxic response is reversible but can be reestablished by repeated HTS treatment. This phenomenon may provide the unique opportunity to selectively and temporarily decrease the postinjury inflammatory response when patients are at greatest risk for PMN-mediated tissue damage. (Surgery 2001;129:567-75.)
Graphical Analysis of Accelerated Life Test Data with a Mix of Failure Modes

An accelerated test of a product under high stress yields life data that are extrapolated to estimate the life distribution at low stress. When the data contain competing failure modes, the dominant modes under high stress may not dominate under low stress. This has made experimenters doubt the validity of tests yielding such data. This expository paper presents new graphical methods for estimating: 1) a separate relationship between life and stress for each failure mode, 2) the life distribution at low stress when all modes act, and 3) the life distribution that would result if certain modes are eliminated. Data from a temperature-accelerated life test of electrical insulation illustrate the methods.
Thermal transitions and barrier properties of olefinic nanocomposites.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the thermal transitions of smectite organoclays and their dispersions in olefinic systems, which included paraffinic waxes and polyethylene. The organoclays, with treatment on both the basal and edge surfaces, produced nanocscale dispersions without the aid of external coupling agents or compatibilizers. In addition to DSC measurements, the nanocomposites were further characterized using X-ray diffraction and oxygen transmission. The DSC measurements indicated that a clay/wax nanocomposite phase was generated with melt/freeze transition temperatures that were different from those of the individual components, while X-ray data indicated that the nanocomposite phase was in equilibrium with an intercalate phase. Barrier improvement of over 300× was observed and ascribed to a tortuosity effect resulting from dispersed clay platelets having a high aspect ratio and strong cohesion between the wax and the organoclay surface. Available data indicate that t...
A Total Transverse Aberration Function For Grazing Incidence Optics

The x-ray image formed by total-external reflection from a concave spherical or cylindrical surface is faulted by numerous geometrical aberrations. Unfortunately the "blur" recorded on the film does not separate out the individual aberrations or reveal the controlling system parameters. Ray tracing with the aid of a high speed computer may aid in identifying a prominent type of aberration but will not in general yield the functional dependence of the system parameters on the blur. The present analysis develops a theo-retical expression for the blur as a power series in which the individual terms may be identified with well known aberrations defects. The coefficient of each term is expressed in terms of applicable system parameters and thus indicates almost at a glance what can be done to minimize a particular aberration. It is cautioned however that a favorable change in one aberration coefficient may cause an unfavorable change in another.
Job Opportunities, Economic Resources, and the Postsecondary Destinations of American Youth

Using a nationally representative sample of graduates from the high school class of 2003-2004, I test the warehouse hypothesis, which contends that youth are more likely to leave school and enter the labor force when there are available job opportunities (and vice versa). Using two measures of job opportunities—local unemployment rates and the percentage of local workers employed in jobs that require a bachelor’s degree—I find support for the warehouse hypothesis. In areas where unemployment is low, with ample jobs that do not require a bachelor’s degree, youth have higher odds of entering the labor force. In areas where unemployment is high, with few jobs that require only a high school diploma, youth have higher odds of entering college. The effect of unemployment on enrollment is more pronounced for low-income youth than for high-income youth, with both low- and high-income youth turning to four-year schools rather than two-year schools when job opportunities are limited.
Cadaverine Inhibition of Porin Plays a Role in Cell Survival at Acidic pH

When grown at acidic pH, Escherichia coli cells secrete cadaverine, a polyamine known to inhibit porin-mediated outer membrane permeability. In order to understand the physiological significance of cadaverine excretion and the inhibition of porins, we isolated an OmpC mutant that showed resistance to spermine during growth and polyamine-resistant porin-mediated fluxes. Here, we show that the addition of exogenous cadaverine allows wild-type cells to survive a 30-min exposure to pH 3.6 better than cells expressing the cadaverine-insensitive OmpC porin. Competition experiments between strains expressing either wild-type or mutant OmpC showed that the lack of sensitivity of the porin to cadaverine confers a survival disadvantage to the mutant cells at reduced pH. On the basis of these results, we propose that the inhibition of porins by excreted cadaverine represents a novel mechanism that provides bacterial cells with the ability to survive acid stress.