cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual time compression: spatial and tmeporal cues.

Previous research has demonstrated the improved target detection performance resulting from the coherent motion cues provided by a visually time-compressed radar display (Moll and Scanlan, 1972; Scanlan, Roscoe, and Williges, 1971). These studies indicate that, as the detection task becomes more difficult because of increased noise and clutter, the improvement due to time compression increases. The results of these studies further indicate that, if the spatial aspect of the target could also be enhanced, additional target detection improvement might be realized. The present study compared target detection performance on a standard time-compressed display with performance on two displays that provide both spatial and temporal target cues. A fourth display providing primarily spatial cues was also included in the comparison. The results indicate that the addition of spatial cues improves the detectability of a target under conditions of high noise and that at least five frames of storage are required for be...
Design and fabrication of a multianalyte-capable optical biosensor using a multiphysics approach

An evanescent-wave biosensor was designed and fabricated using simple and robust microfabrication technology. The significance of the sensor is the design method, in which a multiphysical approach is used to draw from much broader field than is customary for these sensor types. The sensor uses a microscale NOA61 optical waveguide that is surface-altered with a custom chemical modification process, coupled with modified self-assembly of a fluorescent dye and enzyme. To interface the analyte with the waveguide surface, a multilayer PDMS fluidic mold is designed to fit over the waveguide. Interfacing of both optics and fluidics are achieved using specifically-designed couplings. The entire device has been successfully fabricated and assembled, with preliminary analyte response testing completed.
Microtubule disassembly induced by sensitizing halogenated nitrobenzene derivatives.

Abstract The potency of certain halogenated nitrobenzene derivatives to induce allergic contact dermatitis has been demonstrated in guinea-pigs and in man. As the first step towards understanding the mechanisms of cellular injury induced by these sensitizers, we have studied by fluorescence microscopy the effects of 13 halogenated (nitro)benzene derivatives on microtubule organization in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and human AG1522 skin fibroblasts. Untreated cells have numerous microtubules distributed in a network fashion throughout the cytoplasm and extending to the cell periphery. Exposing cells for 3 hr to micromolar doses of halogenated nitrobenzene derivatives, which induce allergic contact dermatitis in guinea-pigs and man, resulted in a dose-dependent disassembly of microtubules. In contrast, incubation with 10–70 times higher doses of seven halogenated (nitro)benzene derivatives that do not sensitize guinea-pigs or man, had no discernible effect on microtubule organization of both cell types under identical assay conditions. Thus, for the 13 halogenated (nitro)benzene derivatives tested in this study, a 100% positive correlation exists between the sensitizing capacity as determined by in vivo tests on guinea-pigs and man (Landsteiner and Jacobs, 1936) and the ability to cause microtubule disassembly in cultured cells. These results may provide the basis for developing an in vitro screening assay for identifying other potential halogenated nitrobenzene sensitizers. In addition, these studies represent a new approach to investigating the mechanisms of contact sensitivity induced by simple chemicals.
An innovative approach for cranioplasty using hydroxyapatite cement

T he search for an ideal implant for skull and facial defects began as far back as the 17th century when Fallopius tried to correct a calvarial defect with a gold plate [9]. Today, there are many biomaterials available for reconstruction of such defects; however, most of them have at least one drawback. According to Constantino et al, the ideal implant has eight characteristics: it must (1) be able to resist infection; (2) be strong enough to endure any trauma to the region; (3) be pliable enough to contour to any defect; (4) remain stable over time; (5) elicit minimal inflammatory responses; (6) be radioneutral for visualization on imaging tests; (7) be nonallergenic and noncarcinogenic; and (8) be synthetic. A synthetic implant would eliminate secondary donor site morbidity and rule out the possibility of disease transmission [9]. The most widely used implant materials for facial and skull reconstruction are silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), methylmethacrylate, and biologic materials such as autogenous bone and adipose grafts. Although some of these materials have achieved a degree of success with certain surgical procedures, most of their difficulties concerning biocompatibility arise during application or after implantation. Synthetic materials such as silicone and PTFE have caused moderate to severe inflammatory responses when fibrous tissue has formed around the implant and giant cells were in the vicinity [9]. Silicone is a viscous gel; PTFE is an in-
A one-pin crystal oscillator for VLSI circuits

The oscillator features the same stability, reliability, and ease of use as the common Pierce oscillator; however, only one package pin and no external components other than the crystal need be dedicated to the oscillator. The design is quite general, and may be implemented in either NMOS or CMOS technologies, using only a moderate amount of silicon area. Design examples are given, and the fabrication results are presented.
Responses and receptive fields of amacrine cells and ganglion cells in the salamander retina

Retinal amacrine cells (ACs) and ganglion cells (GCs) have been shown to display large morphological diversity, and here we show that four types of ACs and three types of GCs exhibit physiologically-distinguishable properties. They are the sustained ON ACs; sustained OFF ACs; transient ON-OFF ACs; transient ON-OFF ACs with wide receptive fields; sustained ON-center/OFF-surround GCs; sustained OFF-center/ON-surround GCs and transient ON-OFF GCs. By comparing response waveforms, receptive fields and relative rod/cone inputs of ACs and GCs with the corresponding parameters of various types of the presynaptic bipolar cells (BCs), we analyze how different types of BCs mediate synaptic inputs to various ACs and GCs. Although more types of third-order retinal neurons may be identified by more refined classification criteria, our observations suggest that many morphologically-distinct ACs and GCs share very similar physiological responses.
Re-exposure of mallards to selenium after chronic exposure

Adult male mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were fed a control diet or a diet containing 15 ppm selenium as seleno-D,L-methionine for 21 weeks. After this initial exposure, the mallards were fed untreated food for 12 weeks, then were re-exposed to selenium at 100 ppm for five weeks. During re-exposure to 100 ppm selenium, the birds that had previously been exposed to 15 ppm selenium and those that had not previously been exposed did not differ in percentage of mortality (14.7 and 14.3%), weight loss in survivors (39.3 and 41.2%), selenium concentrations in the livers of survivors (35 and 53 ppm, wet weight), or selenium concentrations in the livers of birds that died (35 and 40 ppm, respectively). When the data from the birds that had previously been exposed to 15 ppm selenium were combined with the data from the birds that had not previously been exposed, selenium concentrations in the livers of birds that had died on the 100-ppm selenium treatment (38 ppm) did not differ from the concentrations in the livers of birds that had survived (43 ppm).
Response of kentucky bluegrass turf to fertilizers containing dicyandiamide

Abstract Nitrogen fertilization is of major importance in maintaining turfgrass stands. Although rates and sources of N may vary on different turfgrass areas, efficient utilization of N applications is always important. This research was conducted in the field to determine the value of dicyandiamide (DCD) as a nitrification inhibitor and as a slow‐release N source in turfgrass fertilization. The inhibitory effect was studied by applying ammonium sulfate (AS), urea, and a complete fertilizer alone and with 10 and/or 15% of the N replaced with DCD‐N to stands of Kentucky bluegrass. Single and split rates totaling up to 196 kgN/ha/yr were used. Soil NO3‐N and NH4‐N analyses sometimes indicated decreased nitrification; however, turfgrass yield and color were essentially unaffected by these rates of DCD. To assess the slow‐release effect of DCD, various ratios of AS‐N or urea‐N to DCD‐N were used to fertilize turf in two experiments. Initial response decreased as the proportion of DCD‐N increased, and in one e...
A Solution for Archiving and Retrieving Preclinical Molecular Imaging Data in PACS Using a DICOM Gateway

Advances in biology, computer technology and imaging technology have given rise to a scientific specialty referred to as molecular imaging, which is the in vivo imaging of cellular and molecular pathways using contrast-enhancing targeting agents. Increasing amounts of molecular imaging research are being performed at pre-clinical stages, generating diverse datasets that are unstructured and thereby lacking in archiving and distribution solutions. Since PACS in radiology is a mature clinical archiving solution, a method is proposed to convert current imaging files from preclinical molecular imaging studies into DICOM formats for archival and retrieval from PACS systems. A web-based DICOM gateway is presented with an emphasis on metadata mapping in the DICOM header, system connectivity, and overall user workflow. This effort to conform preclinical imaging data to the DICOM standard is necessary to utilize current PACS solutions for preclinical imaging data content archiving and distribution.
The Effect of Freezing, Method of Cooking, and Storage Time on the Tenderness of Pre-cooked and Raw Turkey Meat

Abstract ONE of the main criteria of consumer acceptance of poultry meat is the tenderness of the product. Numerous factors have been investigated to determine their effect on tenderness. With the introduction of various frozen pre-cooked poultry products on the market, new questions have risen as to the factors contributing to the lack of tenderness in these products. The interval between slaughter and freezing has a marked influence on the tenderness of both chicken and turkey meat (Dawson et al., 1958; Klose et al., 1961). Carlin (1949) observed that freezing increased tenderness considerably in chickens that had been aged less than six hours. Birds that were aged 24 hours were not significantly affected by freezing. Dodge and Stadelman (1959) reported that age of bird, time of aging, class of poultry, temperature of the aging media, and the type of media in which the carcasses were aged all appeared to be important …
APPLICATION OF THE MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY TO CLOUD-CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS. I

Some questions concerning the application of the multiple scattering theory to the analysis of cloud-chamber pictures are discussed from the theoretical point of view: (a) The Moli\`ere theory of multiple scattering is modified by the consideration of the finite nuclear dimensions. It is assumed that the probability of single scattering goes abruptly to zero for angles greater than ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{m}a}{{r}_{n}}$, where $a$ is the radius of the statistical Thomas-Fermi atom, ${r}_{n}$ the radius of the nucleus, and ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{m}$ is the screening angle as derived by Moli\`ere. The distribution function for plural and multiple scattering is then derived for finite values of ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}$. It is shown that the cutoff affects especially the tail behavior of the distribution function as it was to be expected. While Moli\`ere's function decreases as ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for projected angles of scattering large compared to the rms angle, the modified function decreases approximately as ($\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\phi}}$) times a Gaussian function of ($\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}$) for angles large compared to the rms angle and the cut-off angle. (b) The distribution function for the mean value of the square angle of scattering in $n$ plates of a multiple-plate cloud chamber is derived and compared with the normal ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$-distribution. (c) The effect of observational errors on the distribution function for multiple scattering is estimated quantitatively and discussed in some detail for the case where the mean-square angle of real scattering is large compared to the variance of the noise level scattering.
Some Recent Works on Systematic Theology

Systematic theology in its classic form is at once a philosophy of religion, a philosophy of history, and a world-view. It sums up in its master mind, St. Thomas Aquinas, the knowledge of its age. A great picture it is—none greater was ever conceived; indeed, for completeness, for dramatic movement, and for religious interest, none has ever remotely rivalled it. The great epics of Hinduism and the world-views of Buddhism and Islam fall far short in power and unity, in scientific grasp and form, in philosophic insight and in moral purpose; while the modern world has nothing which can be put in comparison, for our world-view is incomplete, discordant, perplexed with doubts, nor has it come to an understanding with the religious and ethical nature of man.
I May Not Get There With You: “I've Been to the Mountaintop” as Epic Discourse

This essay forwards epic form as a way to better understand King's last speech,“I've Been to the Mountaintop”It demonstrates the way King uses epic frames to resonate with American and Christian epic narratives and to constitute the civil rights struggle as a new epic, and himself as an epic hero. King uses the epic frame to persuade and to encourage his audience, and to frame his controversial decisions within a wider context. This functions to encourage his audience to persevere and to conceptualize the movement on a grand scale.
On the autoxidation of bilirubin.

Abstract The instability of oxygenated aqueous solutions of bilirubin in the dark is due to several distinguishable processes: autoxidation, surface phenomena and precipitation-aggregation. Autoxidation occurs in aqueous solutions over a pH range 7.4–13.2 in the presence of even traces of oxygen. Several autoxidation products have been isolated and identified. At pH 7.4–8.8 bilirubin precipitates from 2.5 × 10 −5 M solutions and adsorbs to the walls of the glass container. In ammoniacal methanol, chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide aggregation phenomena do not occur and autoxidation is very slow.
High precision 40Ar/39Ar dating of Oligocene rhyolites from the Mogollon-Datil Volcanic Field using a continuous laser system

Replicate 40Ar/39Ar analyses of sanidine from seven Oligocene (28.2 Ma) rhyolite flows using a continuous laser dating system routinely yield analytical precisions of less than 0.45% (1s) on samples smaller than 0.5 mg. This is as good or better than has been obtained by any other method even though the sample mass is several orders of magnitude smaller. The system has the potential of resolving differences in apparent age of as little as 0.2% for high K/Ca samples as young as a few Ma. The analyses suggest that the seven volcanic units analyzed were erupted in an interval of about 0.1 m.y. or less.
Excitation of a grounded dielectric slab by a horizontal dipole

The structure consisting of a horizontal electric dipole above a grounded dielectric slab is examined, primarily from the standpoint of power distribution among the two power-carrying wave components, i.e., surface and space waves. It is shown that surface wave propagation is always in the form of two distinct modes characterized by the same cutoff properties. Also, surface wave excitation efficiency curves are given for a range of parameter variation.
GROWTH AND LABILITY OF CHAETOPTERUS OOCYTE MITOTIC SPINDLES ISOLATED IN THE PRESENCE OF PORCINE BRAIN TUBULIN

Purified tubulin solutions stabilized and augmented the birefringence (BR) of isolated Chaetopterus spindles. Tubulin was extracted from pig brain tissue in cold PEG buffer (0.1 M piperazine- N-N 9-bis[2-ethane sulfonic acid], 1 mM ethylene bis-[oxyethylenenitrilo]tetraacetate, [EGTA], 2.5 mM guanosine triphosphate, [GTP], pH 6.94, at 25°C), and purified by two cycles of a reversible, temperature-dependent assembly-disassembly procedure. The spindle BR of the meiotic metaphase-arrested oocytes of Chaetopterus decreased linearly at a rate of 1.5 nm/min when perfused with PEG buffer without tubulin. In this hypotonic, calcium-chelating solution, the cell lysed within 1.5 min, and after a brief, transient rise, the BR disappeared in ca. 4 min from the time of buffer application. Cells perfused with tubulin in PEG buffer also showed BR decay at the same rate until cell lysis. Immediately upon cell lysis the spindle BR increased, initially at ca. 2.3 nm/min and then more slowly until the BR attained or exceeded intact cell values. Spindle and asters grew considerably larger than those in intact cells. From the kinetics of the transient BR increase after lysis, we infer that, initially, Chaetopterus cytoplasmic tubulin contributes to increased BR; further augmentation required added pig brain tubulin and most probably reflects the addition and incorporation of heterologous porcine tubulin into the spindle and asters. Isolated, augmented spindles depolymerized rapidly at 6°C. Upon return to 23°C, spindle BR returned slowly in tubulin-PEG. The BR of the isolates also decayed in solutions containing calcium ions 2.5 mM in excess of the EGTA. However, the isolates did not respond, or responded very slowly, to 1 mM colchicine or Colcemid and to dilution of tubulin with PEG solution. Microinjection into Chaetopterus oocytes of tubulin-PEG, but not PEG alone, enhanced spindle and aster BR which reversibly disappeared upon chilling the cell.
Learning from nature about principles of hierarchical materials

Natural materials such as bone, shell, tendon and the attachment system of gecko exhibit multi-scale hierarchical structures. Here we summarize some recent studies on an idealized self-similar hierarchical model of bone and bone-like materials, and discuss mechanical principles of self-similar hierarchy, in particular to show how the characteristic length, aspect ratio and density at each hierarchical level can be selected to achieve flaw tolerance and superior stiffness and toughness across scale.
A comparison of prostacyclin and heparin on hemodialyses in dogs

Abstract A comparison of the efficacy of prostacyclin and herapin as anticoagulants during hemodialysis in uremic dogs was evaluated. Prostacyclin was infused continuously into the arterial limb of the dialyzer (100 ng/kg/min) while heparin was administered as a 5000 unit bolus at the beginning of dialysis. Prostacyclin and heparin were alternated and a total of 4 dialyses/dog were performed. Parameters followed to assess the efficiency of dialyses included: dialysance (ml/min) of urea, creatinine, ultrafiltration rate (ml/hr), residual volume and platelet count (% of baseline). A lesser degree of hemodialysis associated thrombocytopenia, and a higher ultrafiltration rate were observed with prostacylcin. These studies demonstrate that prostacyclin can be used alone as an anticoagulant in a uremic dog model, and in contrast to heparin it maintains the platelet count and improves the ultrafiltration rate during hemodialysis.
Effects of pneumoperitoneal gases and pressures on transitional cell carcinoma adhesion, growth, apoptosis and necrosis: an in vitro study.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We studied the effects of insufflation gas and pressure on the adhesion, growth, apoptosis and necrosis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in an in vitro model.Materials and Methods: Tumor adhesion and cell growth of AY-27 rat TCC was measured after 3-hour incubation with CO2, N2 and He insufflation at different pressures (0, 10 and 15 mm Hg) in vitro. The effects of these gases on the rate of tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis were compared.Results: In vitro the tumor adhesion rate was lowest with CO2 and highest with N2. Higher gas pressures resulted in decreased adhesion rates for CO2 and He but increased adhesion rates for N2. N2 enhanced tumor cell proliferation at all pressures studied. He and CO2 resulted in an initial increase in cell proliferation in the first 24 hours, followed by a decrease in tumor growth. Extracellular medium turned acidic in CO2 (pH 6.27 to 6.39) but basic in N2 and He (pH 8.39 to 8.84). At all insufflation pressures studied apoptosis and necrosis rates wer...
The effects of radiative heat loss on microgravity flame spread

The effect of radiative heat loss from the surface of a solid material burning in a zero gravity environment in an opposed flow is studied through the use of a numerical model. Radiative heat loss is found to decrease the flame spread rate, the boundary layer thickness, and pyrolysis lengths. Blowoff extinction is predicted to occur at slower opposesd flow velocities than would occur if the radiative loss is not present. The radiative heat fluxes are comparable to the conduction fluxes, indicating the significance of the surface energy loss.
Market Power and Technology

It is well known that market power depends on the price elasticity of demand and the intensity of competition. It is also well known that technology can influence market power through its effect on market structure. However, there is limited research on the direct link between market power and technology. In this paper, we investigate this relationship. We find that the monopoly price can be constrained to be identical to marginal cost under certain technological conditions. We also show how market power depends directly upon technology, holding constant demand conditions, market structure, and the degree of competition.
Concentration dependence of visible up-conversion luminescence in the laser crystal Gd3Ga5O12 doped with erbium

Abstract The concentration dependence of the near infrared to visible up-conversion (anti-Stokes) luminescence was investigated in the laser crystal Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 (GGG) doped with Er ions at three different concentrations, 1%, 10% and 30%. We found that when the crystals were pumped by an infrared (790 nm) diode laser, both the red and green up-conversion luminescence become much stronger with increasing Er concentration; the red emission becomes stronger by a greater factor. In fact, the red up-conversion luminescence was found to be weak in the 1%-Er-doped GGG and strong in the 30%-Er-doped GGG. The down-conversion (Stokes) luminescence shown by these crystals, when pumped by a blue argon laser, was also investigated and compared with the up-conversion luminescence. We believe that the main mechanism responsible for the up-conversion in Er-doped GGG is of the Energy Transfer Up-conversion (ETU) type, especially in 10% and 30%-Er-doped GGG.
An intracellular Ca2+ subsystem as a biologically plausible source of intrinsic conditional bistability in a network model of working memory.

We have developed a firing rate network model for working memory that combines Mexican-hat-like synaptic coupling with intrinsic or cellular dynamics that are conditionally bistable. While our approach is in the spirit of Camperi and Wang (1998) we include a specific and plausible mechanism for the cellular bistability. Modulatory neurotransmitters are known to activate second messenger signaling systems, and our model includes an intracellular Ca2+ handling subsystem whose dynamics depend upon the level of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3). This Ca2+ subsystem endows individual units with conditional intrinsic bistability for a range of IP3. The full “hybrid” network sustains IP3-dependent persistent (“bump”) activity in response to a brief transient stimulus. The bump response in our hybrid model, like that of Camperi-Wang, is resistant to noise – its position does not drift with time.
Through the mists of time: Sushrutha, an enigma revisited

Sushrutha had been viewed in textbooks of plastic surgery as belonging to the caste of potters who performed surgery in India. We have examined the available source documents and other references to the technology of the period to examine this assertion and are convinced that there is no evidence to support this. The period, technology and geographic references in Sushrutha Samhitha are correlated with settled positions on these to arrive at an understanding of the time and knowledge which is described. Source of erroneous interpretation of Sushrutha as a potter is also examined and clarified.
Persistence of the SCR following few Pavlovian acquisition trials: An instrumental reinforcement process

Classical conditioning of the SCR results in CR magnitude reaching a peak early in acquisition followed by attentuation of the CR. An inverse relationship has been demonstrated between the number of postpeak acquisition trials (2, 4, 8, 16) and subsequent resistance to extinction. A possible explanation for these unusual results involves an instrumental reinforcement process. Specifically, removing the UCS shortly after the peak CR may instrumentally reinforce the occurrence of greater CR amplitude, whereas continued UCS presentations (acquisition trials) that result in attentuation may indicate a form of punishment for large CR magnitude. The present study tested this hypothesis by manipulating UCS intensity beginning with the third trial beyond the peak CR. Generally, the results indicated that most subjects demonstrated an inverse relationship between amplitude of the CR and the direction of the change in UCS intensity. The proposed instrumental reinforcement process was the most logical explanation of the data.
Low-power MOEMS components for active optical systems

The eventual, widespread insertion of Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) into the marketplace rests fundamentally on the ability to produce viable components that maximize optical performance while minimizing power consumption and size. In addition, the incorporation of optical reconfigurability into custom MOEMS devices offers an extra degree of freedom not possible with conventional components. Active control of surface topology allows for one component to perform multiple functions thus reducing cost and complexity. This paper will focus on the current status of the MOEMS research program at the University at Albany Institute for Materials’ (UAIM) NanoFab 200 with several examples described to illustrate component and system development. In particular, among the MOEMS research portfolio at UAIM, the development of selected MOEMS-based, active optics will be discussed. This active control of diffraction and reflection forms the basis for the utility of such devices. Leveraging the extensive research expertise on the patented MEMS Compound Grating (MCG), emphasis will be placed on the extension of the approach to novel designs, materials and fabrication methods to yield low power, high performance prototypes. The main focus of this paper is on the development of a polymer version (including sacrificial layer, in some designs) of the MCG which allows for ease of fabrication and a reduced electrostatic actuation voltage. Following a system design effort, several generations of the component were fabricated to optimize the process flow. Component metrology, electromechanical characterization and initial results of optical tests will be reported. A second example presented is the design and prototype fabrication of a spring micrograting using a customized SOI process. This highly flexible component builds on the MCG concept and yields an order of magnitude reduction in actuation voltage. These examples will be presented against a backdrop of the broad UAIM program to provide an overview of the applications of MOEMS and their integration with complementary technologies at the wafer level.
Evolution of communication and cooperation

In the wild, spotted hyenas have been observed to chase lions away from a recent kill. This is a high risk, high reward behavior that requires significant teamwork and decision making skills. Modeling this behavior and creating algorithms that can improve evolutionarily may lead to more adaptable artificial systems for robotics and other cooperative artificial agents. Previous research has shown that having a lead or "flag bearer" hyena can significantly improve evolution. Thus, the complex social dynamics and coordination abilities required for this problem make it interesting artificial intelligence task. This also suggests that the type and encoding of the sensory inputs has a significant effect on the evolutionary trajectory and overall success at the task. Additionally, in the wild genetic diversity is driven by the migration of young males between packs, which leads to interesting evolutionary questions. To address the role of input encodings we introduce two evolutionary neural network variants, one using absolute headings as inputs/outputs and one using relative headings as inputs/outputs (headings defined relative to environmental elements). Our results show that the networks with relative inputs and outputs evolve significantly faster and result in better performance, suggesting that a critical difference is the existence of easily accessible, problem relevant, references for defining movement vectors. Our results also show that the inclusion of a leader in the team structure can improve the rate at which cooperative behaviors are evolved, but does not lead to better overall behaviors. In addition, we examine the emerging behaviors as the teams go from random behavior to a circling pattern to an aggressive charge towards the goal.
Evidence for a rapid release of carbon at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum.

The Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and associated carbon isotope excursion (CIE) are often touted as the best geologic analog for the current anthropogenic rise in pCO2. However, a causal mechanism for the PETM CIE remains unidentified because of large uncertainties in the duration of the CIE’s onset. Here, we report on a sequence of rhythmic sedimentary couplets comprising the Paleocene/Eocene Marlboro Clay (Salisbury Embayment). These couplets have corresponding δ18O cycles that imply a climatic origin. Seasonal insolation is the only regular climate cycle that can plausibly account for δ18O amplitudes and layer counts. High-resolution stable isotope records show 3.5‰ δ13C decrease over 13 couplets defining the CIE onset, which requires a large, instantaneous release of 13C-depleted carbon. During the CIE, a clear δ13C gradient developed on the shelf with the largest excursions in shallowest waters, indicating atmospheric δ13C decreased by ∼20‰. Our observations and revised release rate are consistent with an atmospheric perturbation of 3,000-gigatons of carbon (GtC).
Price Variability and Industrial Concentration in U.S. Food Industries

This paper focuses on the sources of intra-industry price variability in US food industries during a period of increasing concentration, while accounting for the impact of variations in prices of primary agricultural products. Results suggest that intra-industry price variability in food industries increases with their respective mean rate of inflation and product heterogeneity. However, industrial concentration lowers the sensitivity of relative prices to changes in the mean rate of inflation. Hence, static welfare losses to consumers from increasing concentration in food industries, a subject of recent and intensive investigation, can partly be offset by gains such as reduced price variability.
Purification of a fragment of MDM2 for production of polyclonal antisera.

A histidine-tagged, carboxy-terminal fragment of the murine double minute 2 gene product, p90(MDM2), was purified by Ni--NTA chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. The purified MDM2 fragment was used to generate polyclonal antisera that recognize multiple species of MDM2 proteins, including the inhibitor of p53, p90(MDM2), as well as the activator of p53, p76(MDM2). The antibodies are useful for Western analysis, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence.
The Pinatubo eruption in South Pole snow and its potential value to ice-core paleovolcanic records

Snow samples collected in the 1996 austral summer at South Pole show that sulfate concentrations in snow and, by inference, sulfur aerosol concentrations in the Antarctic atmosphere were elevated from the end of 1991 to mid-1994 over a stable, non-volcanic background. The new data support earlier findings that the June 1991 Pinatubo eruption and the Hudson eruption in the same year deposited volcanic sulfate and tephra in South Pole snow, and provide strong evidence of the global distribution of volcanic materials from the Pinatubo eruption. In this study, snow samples were taken in six snow pits spatially distributed around the South Pole station in order to evaluate the local spatial variability of volcanic signals due to glaciological variables such as snow-accumulation rates and snow redistribution by wind after initial deposition. The results indicate that Pinatubo sulfate flux varies by as much as 20% throughout a 400 km2 area centered around the South Pole station. This glaciological variability probably represents the likely range of volcanic signals due to variations in snow deposition and post-depositional changes. The Pinatubo eruption provides an unprecedented opportunity to estimate aerosol mass loadings by explosive volcanic eruptions found in Antarctic ice cores via a quantitative relationship between aerosol mass loadings and sulfate flux in Antarctic snow. Here the satellite-estimated Pinatubo SO2 emission and the measured volcanic sulfate flux in snow, with an assumed linearly quantitative relationship, are used to calculate SO2 loadings for several well-known volcanic eruptions in the past 300 years covered by a shallow (42 m) South Pole firn core drilled in 1996. The errors for the calculated mass loadings are estimated by means of the glaciological variability associated with Pinatubo volcanic flux.
Liquid phase silylation process for 248-nm lithography using EL IR photoresist

The goal of this investigation was to develop a 0.3 micron silylation process for 248 nm exposure, using a commercial photoresist material. Presented are results from investigation into liquid silylation of 248 nm exposure of Dynachem EL IR TM , a non-melamine image reversal novalac material designed for i-line application. A GCA BOLD 0.42 NA, 248 nm excimer laser projection system was used for exposure. A process has been developed utilizing a silylation solution of hexamethyl- cyclotrisilazane (HMCTS), propylene-glycol-methyl-ether-acetate (PGMEA), and xylene mixtures. Using a 15 run Box-Behnken statistically designed experiment, dry development in 0 2 RIE has been optimized with chamber pressure, flow rate, and 0 2 flow as process factors. Process responses optimized were selectivity, etch rate, and anisotropy. Results show capabilities and sensitivities of the process. Response surfaces are presented, along with resist image results of 0.3 microns at 5:1 aspect ratio.
Calibration of light-scattering instruments. II. The volume correction†

The physical nature of the volume correction, Cv used in the determination of turbidity by light-scattering measurements at 90° is reviewed, and errors and limitations in earlier formulations are pointed out. Formulations are given for three cases; viz., (I) when the height of the incident beam is within the central scattering volume, Vc; (II) when the field of view of the detector is completely within the beam: (III) the intermediate case when the vertical edges of the beam are in the excess volume, Ve. The volume correction is calculated for several geometries.
Culture, conflict, and... climate?

Despite the historical military role of anthropology in understanding local peoples during the Colonial period ([1][1]), defense policy-makers and academic researchers rarely play well together in the proverbial sandbox. A general Cold War-era preoccupation with technological superiority, combined
DELAYED‐TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY AND UNRESPONSIVENESS TO NUCLEIC ACID ANTIGEN The Role of the Epitope Density and Crossreactivity between Nucleoside Coupled to Cell*

Here we describe a new model to elicit cellular immunity and induce unresponsiveness to nucleic acid antigens. Delayed-type hypersensitivity could be elicited by immunizing and challenging Balb/c mice with either guanosine-coupled spleen cells (G-SC) or adenosine-coupled spleen cells (A-SC) measured by footpad swellings. The epitope density was critical for immunization. This cellular reaction was specific to nucleosides, and crossimmunity was observed beween A-SC and G-SC. In addition, crossunresponsiveness was observed between these two nucleosides. In contrast, soluble carrier proteins coupled with either guanosine or adenosine did not induce crossreactive immunity or unresponsiveness. This emphasizes the dichotomy in both the mechanism and the specificity of unresponsiveness induced by the same ligand bound to two different self molecules (such as cell or igG). Finally, cellular immunity to nucleic acid antigens might be useful in ascertaining its involvement in experimental systemic lupus.
A New Mounting for an Echelette Diffraction Grating

With this mounting a single ruled echelette grating may be used “in the blaze” over a very wide range of wave-lengths. This is accomplished by tilting the grating with respect to the incident light as in a Littrow mounting, and then rotating the grating about an axis perpendicular both to the grating elements and the incident beam. By this rotation the path difference between beams of light reflected from successive elements of the grating may be varied from a maximum value, the ordinary blaze wave-length, to zero. The spectrum reflected from the grating may then be reflected from a plane mirror, rotating with the grating, to produce a constant deviation mounting. The image of the slit is found to be tilted as the grating rotates. This can be compensated by a rotation of the slit. In a trial, using an echelette designed for the near infra-red, all orders of the sodium D-lines from the fifth to the first were caused to pass an observing telescope, successively in the blaze, by a 55-degree rotation of the grating mounting.
A new gland associated with the retrocerebral complex of the adult corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea.

We report the discovery of a single-celled putative new gland associated with the retrocerebral complex in the adults of Helicoverpa zea. The gland was not observed in Manduca sexta and few other species of moths. The pair of glands, each 50.6 ± 5.5 μm in diameter, is located on either side of the recurrent nerve. Each gland is connected on one end through a fine nerve to the nervus corporis cardiaci-3 (NCC-3) and at the opposite end to the corpora allata through a thin fiber. The gland is composed of a giant cell with a large nucleus. The cytoplasm has an abundance of mitochondria in addition to dense bodies, electron lucent spheres, concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum and few vacuoles. At this stage we have no idea as to the function of this new gland.
RENEWABLE ENERGY : RAPIDLY MATURING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

Significant converging trends will enhance the penetration rate of renewable energy in the world market. It is a fact that renewables have moved past the experimental stage and are becoming serious market contenders. The level of maturity of four renewable energy technologies is discussed, and the emerging application of these technologies to rural and remote sites in the form of hybrid systems is presented.
A model for security in distributed systems

A model for security in open distributed systems has been developed by ECMA TC32/TG9. The model is built around the concept of security information as the basis for propagating trust and security knowledge around a distributed system. Security services for providing, mapping, and utilizing the security information are identified in the model to support the implementation of a secure system. The model is directed at developers of security and application standards in international standards committees to provide a consistent view and use of security over all standard application interfaces.
Activation of phosphoinositide/protein kinase C pathway in rat brain tissue by pyrethroids

Abstract We have investigated the effects of a type II pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, on changes in the protein phosphorylation pattern associated with neurotransmitter release in rat brain synaptosomal preparations. Deltamethrin was found to stimulate directly the activity of the protein kinase C/ phosphoinositide pathway at very low concentrations. This action resulted in an increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP 3 ) and free calcium, as well as an increase in overall and specific protein phosphorylation within the synapse. Particularly noticeable was the deltamethrin-induced increase in phosphorylation on two very acidic proteins (87 and 48 kDa proteins) and one basic 38 kDa protein. These results are consistent with those of a previously reported study in which deltamethrin caused an increase in neurotransmitter release which was accompanied by increased intrasynaptosomal free Ca 2+ levels and protein phosphorylation activities. Together all these observations support the view that calcium-sensitive proteins involving synaptic transmission are the major action targets of type II pyrethroids.
Establishing relationships among patterns in stock market data

Similarities among subsequences are typically regarded as categorical features of sequential data. We introduce an algorithm for capturing the relationships among similar, contiguous subsequences. Two time series are considered to be similar during a time interval if every contiguous subsequence of a predefined length satisfies the given similarity criterion. Our algorithm identifies patterns based on the similarity among sequences, captures the sequence-subsequence relationships among patterns in the form of a directed acyclic graph (DAG), and determines pattern conglomerates that allow the application of additional meta-analyses and mining algorithms. For example, our pattern conglomerates can be used to analyze time information that is lost in categorical representations. We apply our algorithm to stock market data as well as several other time series data sets and show the richness of our pattern conglomerates through qualitative and quantitative evaluations. An exemplary meta-analysis determines timing patterns representing relations between time series intervals and demonstrates the merit of pattern relationships as an extension of time series pattern mining.
Vegetation indices from AVHRR: An update and future prospects

Abstract Procedures that are currently applied to data from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) in deriving vegetation indices are analyzed. It is shown that the type of compositing used has a great impact on the final product. Some misconceptions concerning the global vegetation index (GVI) data set are discussed. Cloud-screened daily data over Kansas prairie during 1 month were used to develop a viewing angle correction for the observed range of sun angles and for that particular surface type. This example indicates that the variability in the calculated vegetation indices could be reduced, thus raising the confidence level in statistical comparisons of observations for different years. The correction developed is applied to a different crop area and improvement in the results is demonstrated. Errors in the calculations are analyzed. Prospects for future improvements in processing vegetation index data are discussed.
Electrochemical noise measurement for evaluating anti‐corrosive paints

The purpose of this paper is to outline the electrochemical noise method as a way of evaluating quickly (screening) coatings formulations in the laboratory. The standard configuration requires two test specimens and a reference electrode. Equipment is relatively inexpensive and is computer controlled. Data analysis is quite simple but to improve accuracy some treatment of the plots may be necessary. Some previously published results for application to water‐borne coatings both intact and when scratched are reproduced here to illustrate the method. Comparison has been made with DC techniques. Application of the method to detached coatings is included.
Electrolyte Content of Blister Fluid in Pemphigus

The electrolyte content of the serum and cell phase of the blood from patients with pemphigus has been reported in recent publications from this laboratory (1, 2). The serum sodium, chloride, calcium and protein was frequently found to be decreased; the degree of reduction corresponded to the severity of the clinical condition and the amount of skin involved. The concentration of the sodium in the red blood cells also showed a correlatiOn with the clinical state of the patient; it was increased during exacerbations and normal or subnormal during remissions. These studies have been extended and in this communication determinations of the chemical constituents in the blister fluid from eleven patients with pemphigus vulgaris are reported.
Changing roles of nutrition care aides leads to cost reduction and improved patient satisfaction.

Abstract With health care reform weighing heavily on administrators' minds, managers are being asked to do more with less. With a little planning, what was once perceived as impossible, can easily become a reality. When approached to reduce costs it was decided that our diet office would be eliminated. Tasks that had been done by these clerks would now be accomplished by the Nutrition Care Aide (NCA). Our secondary goal was to improve patient satisfaction. With this change, our cardex system was decentralized to the patient units. NCA's are now responsible for diet changes; updating and compiling menus for meal service; delivering and collecting patient meals and nourishment feedings; assisting with and collecting patient menus; making simple menu corrections to meet diet orders; stocking floor supplies for their assigned units; and relaying any problems or patient concerns to the floor supervisor or unit dietitian. Patient satisfaction, as measured by internal survey, has demonstrated improvement in services and communication. Having one department representative responsible for meal service and satisfaction has helped to reduce patient complaints and to ensure rapid correction of any problems which may arise. Our floor supervisor now has additional time for increased patient interaction and quality improvement activities. These changes have decreased department labor costs by 16 hours per day. Actual labor savings may be greater due to a 35% decline in patient late trays. Changes and reduction in labor allocation can be a cost cutting measure as well as an opportunity to improve patient satisfaction.
Demic expansions and human evolution

Geographic expansions are caused by successful innovations, biological or cultural, that favor local growth and movement. They have had a powerful effect in determining the present patterns of human genetic geography. Modern human populations expanded rapidly across the Earth in the last 100,000 years. At the end of the Paleolithic (10,000 years ago) only a few islands and other areas were unoccupied. The number of inhabitants was then about one thousand times smaller than it is now. Population densities were low throughout the Paleolithic, and random genetic drift was therefore especially effective. Major genetic differences between living human groups must have evolved at that time. Population growths that began afterward, especially with the spread of agriculture, progressively reduced the drift in population and the resulting genetic differentiation. Genetic traces of the expansions that these growths determined are still recognizable.