cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yorkie Growth-Promoting Activity Is Limited by Atg1-Mediated Phosphorylation

Summary The expression of multiple growth-promoting genes is coordinated by the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie with its major regulatory input provided by the Hippo-Warts kinase cascade. Here, we identify Atg1/ULK1-mediated phosphorylation of Yorkie as an additional inhibitory input independent of the Hippo-Warts pathway. Two serine residues in Yorkie, S74 and S97, are Atg1/ULK1 consensus target sites and are phosphorylated by ULK1 in vitro, thereby preventing its binding to Scalloped. In vivo, gain of function of Atg1, or its activator Acinus, caused elevated Yorkie phosphorylation and inhibited Yorkie’s growth-promoting activity. Loss of function of Atg1 or Acinus raised expression of Yorkie target genes and increased tissue size. Unlike Atg1’s role in autophagy, Atg1-mediated phosphorylation of Yorkie does not require Atg13. Atg1 is activated by starvation and other cellular stressors and therefore can impose temporary stress-induced constraints on the growth-promoting gene networks under the control of Hippo-Yorkie signaling.
Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging reveals distinct early breast tumor hemodynamic responses to metronomic and maximum tolerated dose regimens

Breast cancer patients with early-stage disease are increasingly administered neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) to downstage their tumors prior to surgery. In this setting, approximately 31% of patients fail to respond to therapy. This demonstrates the need for techniques capable of providing personalized feedback about treatment response at the earliest stages of therapy to identify patients likely to benefit from changing treatment. Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) has emerged as a promising functional imaging technique for NAC monitoring. DOSI uses non-ionizing near-infrared light to provide non-invasive measures of absolute concentrations of tissue chromophores such as oxyhemoglobin. In 2011, we reported a new DOSI prognostic marker, oxyhemoglobin flare: a transient increase in oxyhemoglobin capable of discriminating NAC responders within the first day of treatment. In this follow-up study, DOSI was used to confirm the presence of the flare as well as to investigate whether DOSI markers of NAC response are regimen dependent. This dual-center study examined 54 breast tumors receiving NAC measured with DOSI before therapy and the first week following chemotherapy administration. Patients were treated with either a standard of care maximum tolerated dose (MTD) regimen or an investigational metronomic (MET) regimen. Changes in tumor chromophores were tracked throughout the first week and compared to pathologic response and treatment regimen at specific days utilizing generalized estimating equations (GEE). Within patients receiving MTD therapy, the oxyhemoglobin flare was confirmed as a prognostic DOSI marker for response appearing as soon as day 1 with post hoc GEE analysis demonstrating a difference of 48.77% between responders and non-responders (p < 0.0001). Flare was not observed in patients receiving MET therapy. Within all responding patients, the specific treatment was a significant predictor of day 1 changes in oxyhemoglobin, showing a difference of 39.45% (p = 0.0010) between patients receiving MTD and MET regimens. DOSI optical biomarkers are differentially sensitive to MTD and MET regimens at early timepoints suggesting the specific treatment regimen should be considered in future DOSI studies. Additionally, DOSI may help to identify regimen-specific responses in a more personalized manner, potentially providing critical feedback necessary to implement adaptive changes to the treatment strategy.
The effect of positive anticipatory utility on product pre‑order evaluations and choices

Given the increase in marketers’ use of pre-ordering strategies in which product sales precede the product’s delivery, this research presents a systematic set of four studies exploring how increasing positive anticipatory utility impacts consumers’ pre-order evaluations. The authors propose that compared to price discounts, non-monetary promotions that enhance positive anticipation will be more effective in reducing consumers’ negative responses to longer temporal delays for pre-orders. Findings show that affect-laden marketing tools (e.g., free products, products positioned as hedonically superior, creating anticipatory buzz) attenuate the negative effects due to pre-order temporal delays. Findings also indicate positive anticipatory utility is the underlying mechanism for the observed effects. The research provides guidance regarding the strategic presentation of pre-order promotions; when the time for product delivery is longer, marketers should use various tools that increase positive anticipation to reduce the negative effects of temporal delays.
“We always report under pressure”: Professionalism and journalistic identity among regional journalists in a conflict zone:

This study explores how regional journalists in Pakistan conceptualize journalistic professionalism, how they perceive their journalistic identities, and how local socio-political and economic real...
Up-regulation of the inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) in the mouse heart accelerates and stabilizes rotors

Previous studies have suggested an important role for the inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) in stabilizing rotors responsible for ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF). To test this hypothesis, we used a line of transgenic mice (TG) overexpressing Kir 2.1–green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein in a cardiac-specific manner. Optical mapping of the epicardial surface in ventricles showed that the Langendorff-perfused TG hearts were able to sustain stable VT/VF for 350 ± 1181 s at a very high dominant frequency (DF) of 44.6 ± 4.3 Hz. In contrast, tachyarrhythmias in wild-type hearts (WT) were short-lived (3 ± 9 s), and the DF was 26.3 ± 5.2 Hz. The stable, high frequency, reentrant activity in TG hearts slowed down, and eventually terminated in the presence of 10 μm Ba2+, suggesting an important role for IK1. Moreover, by increasing IK1 density in a two-dimensional computer model having realistic mouse ionic and action potential properties, a highly stable, fast rotor (≈45 Hz) could be induced. Simulations suggested that the TG hearts allowed such a fast and stable rotor because of both greater outward conductance at the core and shortened action potential duration in the core vicinity, as well as increased excitability, in part due to faster recovery of Na+ current. The latter resulted in a larger rate of increase in the local conduction velocity as a function of the distance from the core in TG compared to WT hearts, in both simulations and experiments. Finally, simulations showed that rotor frequencies were more sensitive to changes (doubling) in IK1, compared to other K+ currents. In combination, these results provide the first direct evidence that IK1 up-regulation in the mouse heart is a substrate for stable and very fast rotors.
Differentiation of Promonocytic U937 Subclones into Macrophagelike Phenotypes Regulates a Cellular Factor(s) Which Modulates Fusion/Entry of Macrophagetropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Monocytes/macrophages (M/M) and CD4+ T cells are two important targets of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Different strains of HIV-1 vary markedly in their abilities to infect cells belonging to the M/M lineage. Macrophagetropic (M-tropic) HIV-1 strains replicate well in primary lymphocytes as well as in primary macrophages; however, they generally infect T-cell lines poorly, if at all. Although promonocytic cell lines such as U937 have been used as in vitro models of HIV-1 infection of M/M, these cell lines are susceptible to certain T-cell-tropic (T-tropic) HIV-1 strains but are resistant to M-tropic HIV-1. In this study, we demonstrate that (i) certain U937 clones ("plus" clones), which are susceptible only to T-tropic HIV-1, become highly susceptible to M-tropic HIV-1 upon differentiation with retinoic acid (RA); (ii) other U937 clones ("minus" clones), which are resistant to both T- and M-tropic HIV-1, remain resistant to both viruses; and (iii) RA treatment induces expression of CCR5, a fusion/entry cofactor for M-tropic HIV-1 in both types of U937 clones, and yet enhances the fusogenicity of the plus clones, but not the minus clones, with M-tropic Env's. These results indicate that the major restriction of M-tropic HIV-1 infection in promonocytic cells occurs at the fusion/entry level, that differentiation into macrophage-like phenotypes renders some of these cells highly susceptible to infection with M-tropic HIV-1, and that CD4 and CCR5 may not be the only determinants of fusion/entry of M-tropic HIV-1 in these cells.
Apparent Yield Strength of Hot‐Pressed SiCs

Apparent yield strengths (YApp) of four hot-pressed silicon carbides (SiC-B, SiC-N,SiC-HPN, and SiC-SC-1RN) were estimated using diamond spherical or Hertzian indentation. The von Mises and Tresca criteria were considered. The developed test method was robust, simple and quick to execute, and thusly enabled the acquisition of confident sampling statistics. The choice of indenter size, test method, and method of analysis are described. The compressive force necessary to initiate apparent yielding was identified postmortem using differential interference contrast (or Nomarski) imaging with an optical microscope. It was found that the YApp of SiC-HPN (14.0 GPa) was approximately 10% higher than the equivalently valued YApp of SiC-B, SiC-N, and SiC-SC-1RN. This discrimination in YApp shows that the use of this test method could be insightful because there were no differences among the average Knoop hardnesses of the four SiC grades.
Functional Heterogeneity of the α and β Chains in the Oxidation-Reduction Reaction of Human Hemoglobin

The α and β chains of human hemoglobin are functionally nonequivalent. In tetrameric human methemoglobin, the β chains react with sodium dithionite about 10-fold faster, and with sodium azide about 6-fold faster than the α chains. In addition, the isosbestic point for oxidized heme-reduced heme differs for the α and β chains within the intact tetramer. The differential reactivity of the chains toward azide and dithionite was used to measure the concentrations of the oxidized α and β chains in mixtures of methemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. The ratio of concentration of oxidized β to oxidized α chains decreased as the proportion of methemoglobin was progressively decreased, in the presence of catalytic amounts of the electron-mediating dye thionine. Therefore, the β chains have a higher half-reduction potential than the α chains. Furthermore, nearly the same difference in apparent oxidation potential was found at pH 6.1, where the Hill coefficient for the oxidation-reduction reaction is 1.4, and at pH 8.7, where the Hill coefficient is 2.5. We obtained an estimate of the heme-heme interaction energy contributed by the αβ dimer from these results and from the known equilibrium curves for the oxidation-reduction reaction. The estimated αβ dimer interaction energy is much smaller than the experimentally measured interaction energy of the tetramer. We conclude that since the αβ dimer contributed only a small fraction of the total interaction energy at alkaline pH, the hemoglobin tetramer is the important functional unit in the oxidation-reduction reaction.
It Is Time to Rethink Central Auditory Processing Disorder Protocols for School-Aged Children

Purpose The purpose of this article is to review the literature that pertains to ongoing concerns regarding the central auditory processing construct among school-aged children and to assess whether the degree of uncertainty surrounding central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) warrants a change in current protocols. Method Methodology on this topic included a review of relevant and recent literature through electronic search tools (e.g., ComDisDome, PsycINFO, Medline, and Cochrane databases); published texts; as well as published articles from the Journal of the American Academy of Audiology; the American Journal of Audiology; the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research; and Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. Results This review revealed strong support for the following: (a) Current testing of CAPD is highly influenced by nonauditory factors, including memory, attention, language, and executive function; (b) the lack of agreement regarding the performance criteria for diagnosi...
Games as transformative works

This special Games issue brings together diverse questions from broadly defined notions of gaming. On some level, all the articles collected here work to reestablish how gaming, in all its variations, is embedded in the social knowledge, meanings, activities, and productions of users and makers.
Implanon Sub-dermal Implants: A 10-month Review Of Acceptability In Jos, North-central Nigeria

To determine the acceptance of Implanon so far, the group of women accepting it, insertion complications and immediate post insertion problems, if any, and report our initial experiencewith themethod. This was a retrospective review study of all cases of Implanon acceptors between 1 May and 28 February 2007. Demographic and social factors were collated. Insertion and post-insertion complications were evaluated. A total of 2,608 clients accepted contraceptive methods out of which 350 clients had Implanon capsules inserted within the study period (13.4%). One hundred and ninety-one (54.6%) of the acceptors desiredmore children, and therefore using it to space pregnancies, 154 (44.0%)would notwantmore children, but opted for the temporary long term method, and 5 (1.4%) were uncertain whether to have more children in the future or not.Themean age and parity of acceptorswere 32.4 years and 3.6 respectively.Themean number of living children to the women was 3.4. All the women were married. About three-quarters (75.8%) of thewomen had secondary and tertiary education. Seventy-two (20.6%) of the women were taking a modern contraceptive method for the first time. The rest 278 (79.4%) had used one or more methods of contraception, and were only switching over to Implanon sub-dermal implants. The patients weighed between 40 and 122 kg with an average of 62.4 kg. Post-insertion complications like infection, expulsion, bruising and induration were not reported. Four women discontinued the method for varying reasons. Women are accepting the new method. Over three-quarters of the clients are switching from other methods to Implanon. The method appears to have good continuation rate and therefore a promising long term sub-dermal contraceptive method amongst our women. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol. 11 (4) 2008: pp. 320-323
Cardiac output during exercise by the open circuit acetylene washin method: comparison with direct Fick

An open-circuit (OpCirc) acetylene uptake cardiac output (Q˙t) method was modified for use during exercise. Two computational techniques were used. OpCirc1 was based on the integrated uptake vs. en...
Joint kinematic and feature tracking using probabilistic argumentation

This paper describes a multi-target tracking approach based on merging traditional Kalman recursive filtering with evidential reasoning methodology. The approach fuses all the available information about targets to be tracked – both kinematic (position, velocity, etc.) and identity (attributes, features, type, class, etc.) information and uses the fused measure for data association and tracking. The proposed tracking system departs from other feature-aided tracking systems in that (1) it allows more flexible domain knowledge representation such as in the form of uncertain rules, (2) it is able to accommodate imprecise as well as partial knowledge (e.g., partial probability distribution), and (3) it uses a probabilistic argumentation system as the evidential reasoning methodology for attribute/feature fusion. The method described here is general purpose, will work on multiple-target tracking problems with both single and multi-sensor systems and is not sensor type dependent. We demonstrate the feasibility and utility of the proposed method through a multi-target tracking simulation example.
ASSOCIATED PRIMES OVER ORE EXTENSION RINGS

The study of the prime ideals in Ore extension rings R[x,σ,δ] has attracted a lot of attention in recent years and has proven to be a challenging undertaking ([5], [7], [12], et al.). The present article makes a contribution to this study for the associated prime ideals. More precisely, we aim to describe how the associated primes of an R-module MR behave under passage to the polynomial module M[x] over an Ore extension R[x,σ,δ]. If we impose natural σ-compatibility and δ-compatibility assumptions on the module MR (see Sec. 2 below), we can describe all associated primes of the R[x,σ,δ]-module M[x] in terms of the associated primes of MR in a very straightforward way. This result generalizes the author's recent work [1] on skew polynomial rings.
HIV-1 Vif adaptation to human APOBEC3H haplotypes.

Several human APOBEC3 deaminases can inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro. HIV-1 Vif counteracts this restriction by targeting APOBEC3 for proteasomal degradation. Human APOBEC3H (A3H) is highly polymorphic, with natural variants differing considerably in anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. To examine HIV-1 adaptation to variation in A3H activity in a natural infection context, we determined the A3H haplotypes and Vif sequences from 76 recently infected HIV-1 patients. We detected A3H-specific Vif changes suggesting viral adaptation. The patient-derived Vif sequences were used to engineer viruses that specifically differed in their ability to counteract A3H. Replication of these Vif-variant viruses in primary T cells naturally expressing active or inactive A3H haplotypes showed that endogenously expressed A3H restricts HIV-1 replication. Proviral DNA from A3H-restricted viruses showed high levels of G-to-A mutations in an A3H-specific GA dinucleotide context. Taken together, our data validate A3H expressed at endogenous levels as a bona fide HIV-1 restriction factor.
Kinetic isotopic fractionation and the origin of HDO and CH3D in the Solar System.

It is argued that photochemical processes, driven by ultraviolet starlight, could lead to large deuterium fractionation for H_2O and CH_4 relative to H_2 in the primitive solar nebula. Implications for deuterium enrichment observed in planetary atmospheres are briefly discussed.
Image bias correction in structured light sensor

Structured light techniques have been used in a lot of applications. As a two-dimensional optical measurement method, structured light sensors are faster than one-dimensional point triangulation sensor while easier to calibrate and move than full-field three-dimensional sensors. The accuracy of structured light sensors mainly depends on the accuracy of both calibration and beam center extraction. In some applications with complicated surface shapes, the extracted center may not be the actual “true” center, which results in image bias. This paper presents a method to compensate the image bias and improve the measurement accuracy of structured light sensors. The basic concepts of image bias correction are given and some initial results are provided.
Employment Flexibility and Firm Performance: Examining the Interaction Effects of Employment Mode, Environmental Dynamism, and Technological Intensity:

Building on recent arguments advocating the benefits of different types of employment flexibility, we examine the relationships among the four types of employment (knowledge-based, job-based, contract, and alliances) and firm performance. The results indicate that a greater use of knowledge-based employment and contract work is positively associated with firm performance. The results also indicate that both knowledge-based employment and contract work positively interact with job-based employment to impact firm performance. In addition, the relationships between knowledge-based employment and firm performance, as well as between job-based employment and firm performance, vary across levels of technological intensity.
Return to Sports After Arthroscopic Anterior Stabilization in Patients Aged Younger Than 25 Years

Purpose To prospectively evaluate the return-to-sports rates after arthroscopic anterior stabilization in patients aged younger than 25 years. Methods Fifty-eight patients underwent arthroscopic capsulolabral repair for isolated anterior instability. The mean age at the time of surgery was 19.5 years (range, 12 to 24 years). At a mean follow-up of 27 months (range, 20 to 32 months), 53 patients (42 male and 11 female patients) were assessed with American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, L'Insalata, and visual analog scale scores, as well as physical examination. The rate of return to sports and risk factors for postoperative recurrence were evaluated. Results The overall rate of return to sports at final follow-up was 87%. Forty patients returned to a preinjury level of sports activity after surgery. Six patients returned to less competitive activities. Seven patients who had a subsequent traumatic event resulting in dislocation or subluxation did not return to sports activities. Open revision repairs were performed in 5 patients with recurrent instability. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and L'Insalata scores improved from 66.9 to 83.2 and from 60.4 to 79.2, respectively ( P P P 5) and the presence of a Hill-Sachs lesion were associated with postoperative failure ( P Conclusions Arthroscopic stabilization is a feasible surgical option in the young, athletic population. Mattress labral repair was associated with a higher rate of return to sports, whereas patients who had ligamentous laxity, multiple instability episodes (>5), and Hill-Sachs lesions had the greatest risk of recurrence. These factors should be given consideration in planning the appropriate treatment for anterior instability in this age group. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Recurrent cystic hygroma with hydrops.

Objective: A patient whose 5 fetuses, including a set of twins, were affected by cystic hygroma (CH) and hydrops is presented. Method: A 39-year-old gravida 12 pa
The Vulcan kidney

One can often gain new insights into a topic when approaching it from a new angle. The paradigm example involves the insights into histology that can be gained from studying pathology. For example, a rare cell type in the pituitary suddenly becomes very easy to recognize once a whole field of them can be seen in a tumour. Similarly, one can gain insights by looking at species other than our own. In this article, Doug Waud, using the kidney in Vulcans, takes this latter theme one step further to provide useful insights into renal physiology and pharmacology.
Proliferative characteristics of differentiated cells in familial adenomatous polyposis-associated duodenal adenomas

The authors have previously shown that duodenal adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients typically reveal abundant cells with endocrine differentiation (ED), Paneth differentiation (PD), and goblet cell differentiation (GD). However, the biological significance and proliferative potential of these cells is unknown. To study the proliferative properties of cells with ED, PD, or GD in FAP-associated duodenal adenomas, the authors used a double-labeling immunohistochemical technique to detect simultaneously the presence of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and either chromogranin or lysozyme in individual neoplastic cells. Adenomatous cells with GD were identified morphologically and also evaluated for the degree of PCNA expression by immunohistochemistry. Duodenal adenomas and the adjacent nonadenomatous epithelium from 10 FAP patients were studied. Cells with ED, PD, and GD were present in all adenomas, and constituted 14.1%, 11.6%, and 17.7% of adenomatous cells, respectively. The overall proliferative index of nondifferentiated adenomatous cells was 33.3%, which was similar to the proliferative index obtained for adenomatous cells with GD (31.2%) and nonadenomatous crypt goblet cells (34.9%). In contrast, adenomatous cells with ED and PD showed a significant decrease in their proliferative potential (P < .001). Only 6.0% and 7.3% of cells with ED and PD, respectively, were proliferative. Nonadenomatous crypt endocrine and Paneth cells showed no proliferative potential (proliferative index 0%). These results suggest that, in the process of proliferation and differentiation, specific subpopulations of adenomatous cells attempt to recapitulate the biological characteristics of their normal counterparts in the small intestinal crypts. Adenomatous cells with ED and PD are hypoproliferative, a finding that is consistent with their differentiated phenotype and suggests that these cells may not participate as actively in the growth of these lesions.
Satellite DNA content of chromatin fractions isolated from Eco R1-digested mouse liver nuclei.

Abstract Two chromatin fractions have been prepared from Eco R1-digested mouse liver nuclei. One of these, containing 7–10% of the total chromatin DNA, contains no satellite DNA. The other, constituting 9% of the total chromatin DNA, is four- to five-fold enriched in satellite DNA.
Hydrogen peroxide regulation of endothelial exocytosis by inhibition of N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor

Although an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can damage the vasculature, low concentrations of ROS mediate intracellular signal transduction pathways. We hypothesized that hydrogen peroxide plays a beneficial role in the vasculature by inhibiting endothelial exocytosis that would otherwise induce vascular inflammation and thrombosis. We now show that endogenous H(2)O(2) inhibits thrombin-induced exocytosis of granules from endothelial cells. H(2)O(2) regulates exocytosis by inhibiting N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF), a protein that regulates membrane fusion events necessary for exocytosis. H(2)O(2) decreases the ability of NSF to hydrolyze adenosine triphosphate and to disassemble the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor complex. Mutation of NSF cysteine residue C264T eliminates the sensitivity of NSF to H(2)O(2), suggesting that this cysteine residue is a redox sensor for NSF. Increasing endogenous H(2)O(2) levels in mice decreases exocytosis and platelet rolling on venules in vivo. By inhibiting endothelial cell exocytosis, endogenous H(2)O(2) may protect the vasculature from inflammation and thrombosis.
Nesting Ecology and Survival of Scaled Quail in the Southern High Plains of Texas

Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) populations have been declining since the early 1960s, and there is no clear understanding of what is causing this decline. It has been suggested that reproductive failure is a probable cause of this decline. We used radiotelemetry to evaluate nesting ecology and survival of scaled quail in the Southern High Plains of Texas in 1999 and 2000. We radio-marked 138 hens (66 in 1999 and 72 in 2000) and reported nesting activity on 106 nests. In 1999, 50 nests were detected with a nesting success of 44%. In 2000, 56 nests were detected with a nesting success of 64%. Chick survival was recorded at 21 days posthatch and was analyzed as present or absent, as exact numbers were difficult to determine. Two hens had chicks present at 21 days in 1999, but 16 hens had chicks present at 21 days in 2000. Chick presence with the hen at 21 days was negatively associated with cool and wet weather. Logistic regression revealed predictive relationships for models describing vegetation characteristics at and around nest sites as predictors of nesting success and nest sites. Variables in the models included percentage of bare ground, forb diversity, and amount of visual obstruction at different heights. Hen survival, nesting success, and chick survival were higher in 2000 than in 1999. Differences in vegetation composition and structure were likely responses to differences in precipitation between years. Drought and overgrazing by livestock increase the percentage of bare ground and reduce visual obstruction; these are likely contributors to the reduced scaled quail populations in the Southern High Plains.
Urethral axis and sphincteric function

Abstract Position and mobility of the urethral axis are considered factors influencing urethral competence. Specific correlation between the urethral axis and its sphincteric function is lacking. Eighty-four patients with the symptom of stress urinary incontinence and 31 patients with sensory symptomatology but no urinary incontinence underwent clinical and urodynamic evaluation. This included objective assessment of urethral axial positions and mobility with use of a specially designed protractor. Comparative analysis of urethral axial data was done between 70 incontinent women with objective evidence of sphincteric incompetence and 24 continent women without it. The urethral axis at rest, during bearing down, and in its total excursion were found to be not significantly different and distributed similarly between both groups. Assessment of the urethral axis was found to be not predictive of urethral function.
Both Carboxy- and Amino-Terminal Domains of the Vaccinia Virus Interferon Resistance Gene, E3L, Are Required for Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model

The vaccinia virus (VV) E3L gene is responsible for providing interferon (IFN) resistance and a broad host range to VV in cell culture. The E3L gene product contains two distinct domains. A conserved carboxy-terminal domain, which is required for the IFN resistance and broad host range of the virus, has been shown to bind double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and inhibit the antiviral dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR. The amino-terminal domain, while conserved among orthopoxviruses, is dispensable in cell culture. To study the role of E3L in whole-animal infections, WR strain VV recombinants either lacking E3L (VVDeltaE3L) or expressing an amino-terminal (VVE3LDelta83N) or carboxy-terminal (VVE3LDelta26C) truncation of E3L were constructed. Whereas wild-type VV had a 50% lethal dose of approximately 10(4) PFU after intranasal infection, and elicited severe weight loss and morbidity, VVDeltaE3L was apathogenic, leading to no death, weight loss, or morbidity. VVDeltaE3L was also apathogenic after intracranial injection. Although the amino-terminal domain of E3L is dispensable for infection of cells in culture, both the amino- and carboxy-terminal domains of E3L were required for full pathogenesis in intranasal infections. These results demonstrate that the entire E3L gene is required for pathogenesis in the mouse model.
A Fundamental Investigation of the Interruption Process in Air-Magnetic Circuit Breakers. I. Measurements of Arc Motion, of Wall Temperature and of Electrical Wall Conductivity

High speed photographic techniques for studying the motion of the arc and arc products in air-magnetic circuit breakers and methods for measuring the chute wall temperature and post arc electrical conductivity are discussed. The information revealed by these experiments has broadened and deepened understanding of the fundamental process of interruption in such breakers. It is also most helpful in evaluating practical design changes.
Pattern Competition Leads to Chaos

Pattern competition has been studied experimentally in the free surface modes of a circular fluid layer that is forced vertically. Interaction between nearly degenerate modes of different symmetry gives rise to periodic and chaotic fluctuations. The time-dependent mode amplitudes have been measured with digital imaging methods. Many of the observed phenomena can be explained by a low-dimensional coupled oscillator model that is related to the Navier-Stokes equations.
Shear-driven flushing of dense fluid from a canyon

The mechanics of shear-driven flushing of a dense fluid from a canyon is considered through a series of laboratory experiments. Experiments are presented for a range of canyon aspect ratios and flow Richardson numbers. The dynamics of the mixing is discussed qualitatively and four separate flow regimes are identified. The flow regime observed is shown to be dependent on both the canyon aspect ratio and the flow Richardson number. For taller, narrower canyons and higher Richardson numbers a two-layer stratification is observed throughout the flushing process. For wider canyons and intermediate Richardson numbers the canyon remains stably stratified but no distinct layers are observed. For low Richardson numbers and wide canyons, the canyon is relatively well mixed during the whole flushing process. A regime diagram showing the flow observed in Richardson number–aspect ratio space is presented.
An RDS, LEED, and STM Study of MOCVD-Prepared Si(1 0 0) surfaces

Clean, As- and P-terminated Si(100) surfaces were prepared with H 2 carrier gas and AsH 3 and PH 3 as precursors in an MOCVD chamber. Reflectance difference spectra (RDS) were taken in situ. Samples were then transferred under vacuum to an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) chamber for analysis with AES, LEED, and STM. Clean, As-terminated Si(100) surfaces were achieved by annealing the sample at T<900°C supplying either AsH 3 or hydrogen (plus background As x ). Various preparation procedures were applied and benchmarked in UHV. Extended annealing under AsH 3 led to strongly faceted surfaces whereas AsH 3 flow of moderate concentration, temperature, and time led to flat, two-domain, (2 x 1)/(1 x 2) reconstructed surfaces. RD spectra almost identical to RD spectra of As/Si(100) surfaces prepared in UHV with MBE were obtained by annealing the samples under AsH 3 . Annealing under PH 3 supply bore a new, two-domain (6 x 3)/(3 x 6) surface reconstruction at low flows, and a SiP compound at high flows.
Secondary Stress, Burnout, and the Clergy

Abstract Because little is known about secondary stress in clergy who counsel church members, the effects of burnout and vicarious traumatization in 35 members of the clergy were examined through personal interviews, the Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale (1997), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (1986). Clergy interviews and test scores indicated their experience of stress was similar to stress reported by other mental health professionals, yet they spent less time counseling. Types of problems seen in pastoral counseling, consequences of empathic listening, and advice to young clergy are reported. The following topics are discussed: (a) the need for collaboration among clergy, mental health professionals, and professors; (b) the benefits of sharing information among collaborators such as the need for secular therapists to understand their religious client's viewpoints, and the desire of clergy participants to learn more about advanced counseling skills; (c) the recognition of secondary stress and b...
Effects of Federal Income Taxes on Cattle-Ranch Prices

Past studies have indicated that returns from beef production are not enough to justify economically the current prices of cattle ranches. It has been hypothesized that federal income taxes influence current ranch prices. Standard economic budgets are converted into tax budgets for use in testing this hypothesis. The procedure and assumptions involved in the analysis are briefly listed. Although tax savings can be substantial under specific assumptions, the general effect of ranches as tax shelters cannot be large enough to affect greatly the general level of ranch prices.
On Medium Grain Scalable Video Streaming over Femtocell Cognitive Radio Networks

Femtocells are shown highly effective on improving network coverage and capacity by bringing base stations closer to mobile users. In this paper, we investigate the problem of streaming scalable videos in femtocell cognitive radio (CR) networks. This is a challenging problem due to the stringent QoS requirements of real-time videos and the new dimensions of network dynamics and uncertainties in CR networks. We develop a framework that captures the key design issues and trade-offs with a stochastic programming problem formulation. In the case of a single FBS, we develop an optimum-achieving distributed algorithm, which is shown also optimal for the case of multiple non-interfering FBS's. In the case of interfering FBS's, we develop a greedy algorithm that can compute near-optimal solutions, and prove a closed-form lower bound on its performance. The proposed algorithms are evaluated with simulations, and are shown to outperform three alternative schemes with considerable margins.
Text, trembling: Bataille, Breton and surrealist eroticism

You burn me.1 What is this ‘burning’ which Sappho utters? Perhaps a kind of pleasure and pain, delight and fear, longing and suffering, all at once. Even the Greeks knew the frayed edges of erotic ...
Response of elliptical composite cylinders to a spatially uniform temperature change

Abstract The normal, circumferential, and axial displacements of elliptical composite cylinders due to a spatially uniform temperature change are discussed. Three graphite–epoxy laminates, a quasi-isotropic [±45/0/90] S laminate, an axially stiff [±45/0 2 ] S laminate, and a circumferentially stiff [±45/90 2 ] S laminate, 0° being the axial direction, are studied. The laminates are considered specially orthotropic. The thermally induced displacement response is determined using an approximate approach based on the Kantorovich technique and minimization of total potential energy. A specific cross-sectional geometry having a ratio of minor to major diameters of 0.7 is considered. It is shown that the displacements are characterized by the presence of a circumferential component, and a strong dependence on the lamination sequence and the boundary conditions at the ends of the cylinders. It is also illustrated that the characteristic length for the effects of the boundary on the circumferential displacement is quite different than the characteristic length associated with the normal displacement.
New or little‐known species of exotic Tipulidae (Diptera). XVI

SYNOPSIS Eight new species of the Limoniine genus Anrocha Osten Sacken are described, all from India and chiefly from Assam.
Are organs personal property or a societal resource

Many of the concerns raised by Zink et al. (2005) regarding the directed donation of organs hinge on the question of whether transplantable organs should be considered personal property or a societ...
Dissociation of the neurochemical and behavioral toxicology of MDMA ('Ecstasy') by citalopram.

High or repeated doses of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or ‘Ecstasy’) produce long-lasting deficits in several markers of serotonin (5-HT) system integrity and also alter behavioral function. However, it is not yet clear whether MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity is responsible for these behavioral changes or whether other mechanisms are involved. The present experiment tested the hypothesis that blocking serotonergic neurotoxicity by pretreatment with the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor citalopram will also prevent the behavioral and physiological consequences of an MDMA binge administration. Male, Sprague–Dawley rats (N=67) received MDMA (4 × 10 mg/kg) with or without citalopram (10 mg/kg) pretreatment. Core temperature, ejaculatory response, and body weight were monitored during and immediately following drug treatments. A battery of tests assessing motor, cognitive, exploratory, anxiety, and social behaviors was completed during a 10-week period following MDMA administration. Brain tissue was collected at 1 and 10 weeks after drug treatments for measurement of regional 5-HT transporter binding and (for the 1-week samples) 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations. Citalopram pretreatment blocked MDMA-related reductions in aggressive and exploratory behavior measured in the social interaction and hole-board tests respectively. Such pretreatment also had the expected protective effect against MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity at 1 week following the binge. In contrast, citalopram did not prevent most of the acute effects of MDMA (eg hyperthermia and weight loss), nor did it block the decreased motor activity seen in the binge-treated animals 1 day after dosing. These results suggest that some of the behavioral and physiological consequences of a high-dose MDMA regimen in rats are mediated by mechanisms other than the drug's effects on the serotonergic system. Elucidation of these mechanisms requires further study of the influence of MDMA on other neurotransmitter systems.
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE) redistribution and its significance in the preparation of PPE/epoxy laminate

Abstract To facilitate the PPE /epoxy copolymer formation, PPE was redistributed with phenolic compounds to increase the reactive functional groups per PPE chain. Moreover, the resulting PPE with lower molecular weight improved the resin flow during lamination. An optimized process for producing low molecular weight PPE has been developed. The process was accomplished by redistributing regular PPE (0.46 or 0.40 intrinsic viscosity) with benzoyl peroxide and 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol (BPA) in toluene. The benzoate group was found to be predominantly incorporated at the PPE chain end and the α carbon of the PPE repeating unit. A portion of the amine-containing phenolic end group, the quinone methide precursor, was oxidized to form a dihydro-1,3-benzoxazine derivative during the redistribution process. However, no dienone structural moiety, a proposed PPE redistribution intermediate, could be identified in the redistributed PPE. Two Tg values representing epoxy and PPE phases were usually observed in the PPE /epoxy laminates. Interestingly, the T8 of the PPE phase was equal to, or higher than, that of the PPE powder from which the laminate was made.
Ethics, Ontology and Capabilities

Abstract Amartya Sen's capability approach is concerned with the evaluation of inequality, and in particular with the description of the space in which equality should be assessed (the space of capabilities, or potential functionings). I will argue that Sen's approach is a philosophical exercise aimed at providing the ground for substantive theorising to proceed, that it does not itself engage in substantive theorising, and that it is mainly concerned with ontological description. Sen uses the categories of capabilities and respectively functionings to describe advantage and well-being. This ontological description can then be used for ethical theorising. But, as will be argued, the main emphasis of Sen's approach has been on the former, not on the latter. I will also argue that ontological realism is essential to Sen's approach, and that much of the persuasiveness of Sen's arguments spring from this (not explicitly acknowledged) ontological dimension. Furthermore, I will argue that an explicit recognitio...
Spectra and structure of small ring compounds. Part LVI—Raman and far‐infrared spectra, conformational stability vibrational assignments, normal coordinate analysis and ab initio calculations of chlorocyclobutane

The Raman (3100 to 10 cm−1) and far-infrared (374 to 74 cm−1) spectra have been recorded of gaseous chlorocyclobutane. A series of Q-branches observed in both of these spectra beginning at 158 cm−1 with successive transition falling to lower frequencies have been assigned to the ring puckering vibrations of both the low-energy equatorial and high-energy axial conformers. These data have been fitted to an asymmetric potential function of the form V (cm−1) = (5.13 ± 0.34) × 105X4 − (3.35 ± 0.14) × 104X2 + (3.79 ± 0.30) × 104X3 with a reduced mass of 198 amu. Utilizing this potential, the difference between the puckering angles for the two conformers was calculated to be 5° with the equatorial conformer having the larger value of 22°. This potential function is consistent with an energy difference between the equatorial and axial forms of 449 cm−1 (1.28 kcal mol−1) and a barrier to ring inversion of 827 cm−1 (2.36 kcal mol−1). Experimental values for the enthalpy difference between the two conformers have been determined for both the liquid and gas from relative intensities of a pair of Raman lines. The conformational stability, barrier to ring inversion, ro structural parameters, and fundamental vibrational frequencies, which have been determined experimentally, are compared with those obtained from ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations employing both the 3–21G* basis sets, and to the corresponding quantities obtained for some similar molecules. The ab initio results indicate that the puckering angle for the equatorial conformers should be about 30°, with that for the axial conformer being about 8° smaller.
The dynamics of inextensible capsules in shear flow under the effect of the natural state

The effect of the natural state on the motion of an inextensible capsule in two-dimensional shear flow has been studied numerically. The energy barrier based on such natural state plays a role for having the transition between two well-known motions, tumbling and tank-treading (TT) with the long axis oscillating about a fixed inclination angle (a swinging mode), when varying the shear rate. Between tumbling and TT with a swinging mode, the intermittent region has been obtained for the capsule with a biconcave rest shape. The estimated critical value of the swelling ratio for having the intermittent region is $$<$$ 0.7, i.e., the capsule with the rest shape closer to a full disk has no intermittent behavior. The capsule intermittent behavior is a mixture of tumbling and TT. Just like the TT with a swinging mode, which can be viewed as TT with an incomplete tumbling, the membrane tank-treads backward and forward within a small range while tumbling. As the capillary number is very close to and below the threshold for pure TT with a swinging mode, the capsule tumbles once after several TT periods in each cycle. The number of TT periods in one cycle decreases when decreasing the capillary number, until the capsule has one tumble and one TT period alternatively and such alternating motion exists over a range of the capillary number; and then the capsule performs more tumbling between two consecutive TT periods when reducing the capillary number further, and finally has tumbling only.
State Legalism and the Public/Private Divide in Chinese Legal Development

From total rejection to reluctant acceptance and eventually to full acceptance with new justifications, the Chinese attitude towards the public/private divide has undergone several stages in theory and practice. During the early stages of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Chinese scholars of law and political science firmly rejected the divide between the public and the private as being a distinction made in bourgeois law that should be replaced by a new socialist legal system, which would acknowledge no such difference. Since the start of reforms in the late 1970s, the newly ascendant private sector of the economy called for legal recognition of its status, but due to ideological constraints inherited from the pre-reform era, it was not easy to give meaning to the existence of the private sector. Debates were waged among Chinese scholars over the distinction between the public and the private for the purpose of recognizing private ownership. Eventually, the distinction was recognized. The Chinese case is obviously a very good example to show that such a distinction does play a role in shaping or improving a legal system. The emergence of “social law,” however, has blurred the demarcation between the two, calling for new theorization. The “publicization of private law” and “privatization of public law” have further strengthened the ambiguity with respect to the public/private divide.