cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular evidence for the export of terrigenous organic matter to the north Gulf of Mexico by solid-state 13C NMR and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of humic acids

Abstract Sediment samples along a transect extending from the Mississippi River Birdsfoot Delta to the Mississippi Canyon on the Louisiana continental shelf were examined, by advanced analytical techniques, electrospray ionization coupled to a 12T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (ESI-FTICR-MS) and quantitative solid-state multiple cross polarization magic angle spinning (multi-CPMAS) 13C NMR, in an effort to understand the source and export of terrigenous organic matter to the Gulf of Mexico. Both NMR and mass spectral data indicate that condensed aromatics (CA) and carboxyl-containing aliphatic molecules (CCAM) are present at the mouth of the river, reflective of high contributions from terrigenous soil-like organic matter. Mass spectral peak magnitudes of CA diminish by 15%, with increasing distance offshore, and represent 30% of integrated NMR peak areas. In contrast, mass spectral and NMR CCAM peaks increase by 7 and 13%, respectively. These trends in humic acid extracts, provide novel molecular evidence of terrigenous organic matter deposition in offshore sediments.
Policemen's definitions of the situation - an evaluation of a diploma program in law enforcement and community relations

This is an exploratory study having as its aim an evaluation of the effects, if any, the community relations courses offered to members of the Newfoundland Constabulary through a Diploma Program In Law Enforcement and Community Relations have on the personal outlook and perspective of those policemen enrolled in the program. The way thought best to assess these effects was to determine whether those enrolled in the Diploma Program have altered the traditional ways in which they define occupational situations in which they deal with the public. The sample for the study consisted of two groups drawn from the non-commissioned ranks of the Newfoundland Constabulary--an experimental group composed of those policemen enrolled in the Diploma Program, and a matched comparison group, composed of policemen as yet unfamiliar with the program. The participant observation technique, guided by Robert A. Stebbins' theory of the definition of the situation, and strengthened by a thirteen point questionnaire based on Stebbins' theory, was utilized to collect the data. The analytic tool chosen was the method of constant comparison, an adaptive technique which compares the responses of the two groups to highlight their similarities and differences. -- The research took place in the summers of 1972 and 1973 immediately following the completion of the policemen's academic year. The 1972 research was primarily concerned with the development of preliminary categories and dimensions, with some preliminary comparisons being attempted. The 1973 research, guided by the categories and dimensions isolated the previous year, became more methodologically refined and concise, leading to more detailed and comprehensive data comparisons. Such in depth analysis led to the development of detailed hypotheses for future verification.
Actual self‐concept versus ideal self‐concept: An examination of image congruence and consumers in the health club industry

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to investigate the extent to which actual and ideal self‐congruities (image) are associated with health club patronage, a conspicuous consumption situation. Previous studies which have examined the applicability of the image congruence hypothesis to consumer behavior have scarcely examined its effect in the services industry. An integrative model of self‐concept, self‐congruity and health club image provides the foundation for hypotheses development.Design/methodology/approach – A survey‐based methodology was employed in the current investigation, as paper‐and‐pencil surveys were administered on‐site at several local health clubs and an on‐line version of the questionnaire was made available to college students.Findings – Consumers’ actual self‐image, rather than ideal self‐image, was more strongly associated with their perception of their health club's brand image and, thus, served as a stronger indicator of health club patronage.Practical implications – Health c...
Implications of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights for Cultural Dimensions of National Copyright Laws

Many national intellectual property laws contain provisions that reflect cultural values and have trade significance. Although cultural value defenses have generally been rejected by GATT and WTO panels, they may be more likely to succeed in intellectual property disputes because many culturally-laden rules are widely accepted in the international intellectual property arena. Moreover, intellectual products are less completely commodified than other products. Cultural economists can provide valuable insights to aid WTO in distinguishing between those culturally-laden intellectual property rules that should be or should not permitted when they have an impact on trade.
Discovering Rules That Govern Monotone Phenomena

Unlocking the mystery of natural phenomena is a universal objective in scientific research. The rules governing a phenomenon can most often be learned by observing it under a sufficiently large number of conditions that are sufficiently high in resolution. The general knowledge discovery process is not always easy or efficient, and even if knowledge is produced it may be hard to understand, interpret, validate, remember, and use. Monotonicity is a pervasive property in nature: it applies when each predictor variable has a nonnegative effect on the phenomenon under study. Due to the monotonicity property, being able to observe the phenomenon under specifically selected conditions may increase the accuracy and completeness of the knowledge at a faster rate than a passive observer who may not receive the pieces relevant to the puzzle soon enough. This scenario can be thought of as learning by successively submitting queries to an oracle which responds with a Boolean value (phenomenon is present or absent). In practice, the oracle may take the shape of a human expert, or it may be the outcome of performing tasks such as running experiments or searching large databases. Our main goal is to pinpoint the queries that minimize the total number of queries used to completely reconstruct all of the underlying rules defined on a given finite set of observable conditions V = {0,1}n. We summarize the optimal query selections in the simple form of selection criteria, which are near optimal and only take polynomial time (in the number of conditions) to compute. Extensive unbiased empirical results show that the proposed selection criterion approach is far superior to any of the existing methods. In fact, the average number of queries is reduced exponentially in the number of variables n and more than exponentially in the oracle’s error rate.
Social Capital and the State: Complementarity and Substitution

Whatever their nature, interventions to reduce poverty should be designed not only to have an immediate impact on poverty, but also to foster a rich network of cross-cutting ties within society and between society's formal and informal institutions. Using the lens of social capital - especially bridging or cross-cutting ties that cut across social groups and between social groups and government - provides new insights into policy design. Solidarity within social groups creates ties (bonding social capital) that bring people and resources together. In unequal societies, ties that cut across groups (bridging social capital) are essential for social cohesion and for poverty reduction. The nature of interaction between state and society is characterized as complementarity and substitution. When states are functional, the informal and formal work well together - for example, government support for community-based development. When states become dysfunctional, the informal institutions become a substitute and are reduced to serving a defensive or survival function. To move toward economic and social well-being, states must support inclusive development. Investments in the organizational capacity of the poor are critical. Interventions are also required to foster bridging ties across social groups - ethnic, religious, caste, or racial groups. Such interventions can stem from the state, private sector, or civil society and include: ° Changes in rules to include groups previously excluded from formal systems of finance, education, and governance, at all levels. ° Political pluralism and citizenship rights. ° Fairness before the law for all social groups. ° Availability of public spaces that bring social groups together. ° Infrastructure that eases communication. ° Education, media, and public information policies that reinforce norms and values of tolerance and diversity. This paper - a product of the Poverty Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the role of social capital. The author may be contacted at dnarayan@worldbank.org.
Interactive Pedagogical Drama: Carmen’s Bright IDEAS Assessed

The use of drama as a pedagogical tool has a long tradition. Aristotle argued that drama is an imitation of life, and not only do we learn through that imitation but our enjoyment of drama derives in part from our delight in learning. More recently, research in psychology has argued that narrative is central to how we understand the world and communicate that understanding[1]. And of course, the engaging, motivational nature of story is undeniable; the world consumes stories with a “ravenous hunger”[3].
ERP: drilling for profit in the oil and gas industry

IntroductionMost large companies have adopted some form of enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. A survey of IT executives in the U.S. showed that ERP was the second most important key category for investment. In many cases, the implementation of an ERP system was a long and expensive ordeal that involved extensive restructuring of businesses and reengineering of processes.While the potential benefits of ERP have been extolled frequently and much has been written about individual company experiences, only limited evidence has been produced that implementation of ERP does, on average, lead to enhanced performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first industry analysis on ERP because previous work has been limited to case studies and industry cross-sectional analyses.Several research studies have validated that IT provides productivity and profitability advantages. However, questions remain because it is not clear whether advantages from IT contribute, and to what degree they might contribute, to operational efficiency and profitability. For example, if the same IT is implemented by all firms in an industry, will industry profits from IT disappear? Due to the fact that for many years large companies developed their information systems independently, there have been limited opportunities to evaluate the implementation of similar IT infrastructure across companies. This study seeks to extend prior work by performing a longitudinal study of implementation of ERP systems in a specific industry.According to Porter, each industry is affected by new information technology in different ways and drawing general conclusions about how new IT affects firms across industries would be a mistake. The oil and gas industry was selected because ERP plays a major role in standardizing business processes in this industry. In this role, ERP helps firms link global operations and supply chains. Also, a commodity-product industry, like the oil and gas industry, helps us control for other influences that may have affected the performance of oil and gas companies during the study period. The ERP adopting firms are those that adopted SAP.This research applies a new methodological approach toward understanding ERP implementation because rather than looking at ordinary measures of firm performance, we look at strategic performance measures (SPM) that can only be utilized if one delves into data that is not found on the financial statements. This is the first study that shows the sources of profitability after an ERP implementation, and will help managers understand the strategic and managerial implications of ERP implementations. Our analysis compares performance changes of ERP adopting firms versus non-adopting firms over a fifteen-year period (1990--2005), which is the period when this industry was being transformed by increased use of technology in the oil and gas industry. Therefore, we see how the implementation of ERP affected firm performance during this period in relation to non-adopting firms.
A note on noise in the market for bankrupt firms' securities

Abstract The well-documented phenomena of departures from the absolute priority rule (APR) have provoked an important public policy debate over their consequences. Some scholars argue that APR violations increase economic efficiency because they play an important role in the avoidance of inefficient liquidations and also mitigate inefficient risk incentives. Another group argues that APR violations should be abolished because they add greater uncertainty to the security valuation process; that is, they increase noise in security prices. To date, however, no evidence has been presented on the issue of how much noise APR violations add. We develop a theoretical model that allows an empirical test of the effect of APR violations on noise; our results suggest that APR violations importantly increase noise. Indeed, at least 30 percent, and as much as 85 percent of the noise in security prices may be attributable to APR violations. This does not suggest that the beneficial effects of APR violations are nonexistent or unimportant, but it does imply that failing to account for the effect of APR violations on noise in any modelling of optimal bankruptcy rules may lead to a suboptimal design. We also find that the amount of noise in this market appears to have declined over time as more institutional/informed investors have entered the market for bankrupt firms' securities and the effect of change in the bankruptcy law has become clearer, both consistent with the noisy rational expectations hypothesis.
New therapeutic agents for the management of congestive heart failure.

Abstract During the past year, several important studies have strongly supported the use of what we now view as the three-pronged, "standard" approach to the treatment of symptomatic heart failure: diuretics, digoxin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. New information regarding the latter two agents is reviewed elsewhere in this issue of Current Opinion in Cardiology. However, despite obvious advances in our management of this important clinical syndrome and the substantial body of evidence supporting the beneficial effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, the prognosis for patients with symptomatic congestive heart failure remains abysmal. For this reason, new and novel agents for the pharmacologic treatment of patients with heart failure continue to be developed and clinically evaluated. This article reviews the results of recent clinical trials with some of these new investigational pharmacologic agents. To facilitate categorization of these new agents, they will be grouped according to their primary pharmacologic action. However, it should be noted that those pharmacologic actions may not necessarily be responsible for either the beneficial or deleterious effects associated with these agents.
The Interrelationship between Sport Event and Destination Image and Sport Tourists' Behaviours

Existing literature suggests that event and destination images could interact to influence sport tourism behaviours. Within an attitude-behaviour theoretical framework, this paper proposes and tests a theoretical model examining the interrelationships between sport event image, destination image, satisfaction with the event, past experience with the event and destination, intentions to revisit the destination and subsequent behaviours of sport tourists to revisit. A population of active sport tourists, whose primary trip purpose was to participate in a sport event, was used to test empirically the proposed model. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect panel data in two waves after the event's completion. Structural equation modelling results showed a significant impact of event image on destination image but not the opposite. Destination image and past experience with the destination significantly influenced intentions to revisit the destination for sport tourism activities, while intention...
Measures of backtracking and bi-directional flow in one dimensional machine location problems

Abstract In many modern manufacturing settings, management simplifies the workflow of jobs to the greatest extent possible by avoiding a job-shop structure in favour of a generalized flow line (GFL) in which all jobs flow in a single direction (Conway et al., 1967, Theory of Scheduling (Addison-Wcsley)). Heuristics may be used to assign machines to appropriate locations in the attempt to achieve a GFL. Materials that must be transported upstream in a production line are said to ‘backtrack’. Since no backtracking occurs in a GFL, the relative amount of backtracking that does occur is an indication of the degree to which the ideal (and most productive) case is achieved. Several measures of the backtracking of materials are developed in this paper to assess the degree to which a configuration approaches the GFL. The measure for backtracking is extended to bi-directional flow problems which may occur when a GFL is not achievable because of the job routing.
Self-Employment, Gender and Migration in San Feliu de Guixols, Spain from October 28th to November 2nd, 2000

This conference was established as a forum for the exchange of ideas among researchers working on migrant entrepreneurship and gender. In addition, it considered the adequacy of existing policies promoting self-employment in the European community. At the heart of the meeting was the TSER project, a multinational inves? tigation of migrant entrepreneurs utilizing research teams based in Sweden, Germany, Scotland, England, Greece, Denmark, Italy, and Crete. The project applies a biographical approach, but as described by project co-director Ursu? la Apitzsch, the goal of this approach is not to emphasize individual unique? ness or agency, but rather to investigate women entrepreneurs' embeddedness into various institutions, their common experiences, and the ways in which they deploy resources to solve the problems they confront. Several of the papers presented at the conference were presented by teams comprised of both senior scholars and graduate students involved in the var? ious TSER projects. (For more information, on this project, see its website: In addition, however, the conference also included a number of excellent papers which applied various methods, and addressed a wide range of topics and settings. Major themes included 1) the economic and legal context of migrant entrepreneurship in the European Community; 2) the unique nature of migrant women's entrepreneurship; 3) the meanings associated with social categories such as refugee, immigrant, race and ethnicity, assimilation and multiculturalism in European societies that have not seen themselves as coun? tries of immigration, but nevertheless are now home to sizable foreign-born populations. Finally, a wide range of case studies involving specific groups and settings were presented.
Direct interaction between Sp1 and the BPV enhancer E2 protein mediates synergistic activation of transcription

The physical interaction of heterologous site-specific DNA-binding proteins is an important theme in eukaryotic transcriptional regulation. In this paper, we show that the cellular transcription factor Sp1 and the BPV-1 (bovine papillomavirus type 1) enhancer protein E2 activate transcription synergistically from two papilloma viral promoters and a series of synthetic promoter constructs in transient transfection experiments. Furthermore, Sp1 can target E2 to a promoter region even in the absence of a specific E2 DNA-binding motif. Biochemical experiments establish that Sp1 enhances E2 binding to its sites and that the two proteins form a specific complex. Sp1 sequesters distally bound E2 to the promoter region by formation of stable DNA loops, visualized by electron microscopy. These experiments substantiate the notion that enhancer binding proteins are targeted to promoter regions by direct interaction with proteins that bind proximal to the transcriptional start site.
Localization of the prostatic apex for radiation therapy using implanted markers.

Abstract Purpose: This report concentrates on the localization of the prostatic apex using implantable markers, and a comparison to localization defined by computed tomography (CT) and retrograde urethrography. Methods and Materials: Fifteen patients were entered into a prospective trial and scheduled to undergo (a) pelvic CT, (b) retrograde urethrogram, and (c) transrectal ultrasound with placement of radiodense markers. Three markers were implanted: one was placed at the trapezoid area (prostatic apex), and the others placed lateral to the base of each seminal vesicle. The retrograde urethrogram was performed using standard technique. The superior-inferior distance between the apex identified by the marker placed at the prostatic apex and the other studies was measured. Results: CT and urethrogram overestimated the inferior extent of the prostatic apex when compared to the location as defined by the implanted marker. With CT, the average distance from the marker to the Cr-defined apex was 0.6 cm (95% C.I.-0.4-0.8 cm). With urethrogram, the average distance from the marker to the urethrogramdefined apex was 1.3 cm (95% C.I.-0.7-1.9 cm). When CT and urethrogram were compared, Cr was more accurate in identifying the prostatic apex. Conclusion: Under ultrasound guidance, radiodense markers have been implanted into the prostate. This has revealed that the apex is localized superior to the apical margin as defined by retrograde urethrogram and CT, and that CT may be more accurate than retrograde urethrogram. In addition, the placement of multiple markers yields spatial information on prostatic position that can be extracted from megavoltage portal images.
Intraclonal regulation in a perennial caespitose grass: a field evaluation of above- and below-ground resource availability

Summary 1 Intraclonal regulation of the C4 caespitose perennial grass Schizachyrium scoparium was evaluated in response to various levels of above-ground (radiation intensity) and below-ground (soil volume) resource availability in the field for three successive growing seasons. We reasoned that the relative plasticity of clonal growth in response to various levels of resource availability may provide insight into the mechanism of intraclonal regulation. 2 Six naturally occurring clones were randomly assigned to each of five treatments: (i) unrestricted soil volume (control); (ii) large soil volume in which roots were confined to a cylinder of soil with a radius four times that of the clone; (iii) small soil volume, twice the clone radius; (iv) large soil volume with radiation intensity reduced to 55% of ambient; and (v) small soil volume with reduced radiation intensity. 3 Ramet recruitment increased within the first season following root confinement in large soil volumes, while ramet and leaf growth exhibited less plasticity. The effects of a reduction in radiation intensity were smaller, and, in contrast, increased ramet and leaf growth, but did not modify ramet recruitment. 4 The pattern and magnitude of ramet mortality in clones confined to the large soil volume were similar to those of clones in unrestricted soil volume, indicating that intraclonal regulation was sufficient to reduce ramet recruitment and thus density to within the carrying capacity established by resource availability. 5 Similar growth and ramet demography of clones in the unrestricted and small soil volumes suggest that unrestricted clones normally access resources from a soil volume similar to that of the small soil volumes. 6 Rapid clonal growth in response to root confinement to large soil volumes, resource acquisition from a relatively small soil volume that contains the zone of resource accumulation, and the capacity for rapid expression of ramet plasticity provide circumstantial evidence that individual caespitose clones may respond to resource accumulation in soils beneath them.
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Treatment in Diabetes

The many studies on oxidative stress, antioxidant treatment, and diabetic complications have shown that oxidative stress is increased and may accelerate the development of complications through the metabolism of excessive glucose and free fatty acids in diabetic and insulin-resistant states. However, the contribution of oxidative stress to diabetic complications may be tissue-specific, especially for microvascular disease that occurs only in diabetic patients but not in individuals with insulin resistance without diabetes, even though both groups suffer from oxidative stress. Although antioxidant treatments can show benefits in animal models of diabetes, negative evidence from large clinical trials suggests that new and more powerful antioxidants need to be studied to demonstrate whether antioxidants can be effective in treating complications. Furthermore, it appears that oxidative stress is only one factor contributing to diabetic complications; thus, antioxidant treatment would most likely be more effective if it were coupled with other treatments for diabetic complications.
Sum Frequency Generation of CO on (111) and Polycrystalline Platinum Electrode Surfaces: Evidence for SFG Invisible Surface CO

The vibrational spectroscopy sum frequency generation (SFG) is used to investigate the adsorption of carbon monoxide on the single crystal (111) and polycrystalline platinum surfaces. By varying the frequency and polarization of the light beams, different surface species of CO species are probed. SFG signal intensities for different polarization indicate that adsorbed CO polarizability is significantly perturbed from the gas-phase molecule. The SFG signal of CO disappears well below the main oxidation potential of CO to CO2. The disappearance of the CO signal is interpreted as a transformation in the CO layer to a state which is invisible to SFG. The invisible state is suggested to be CO with the bond axis nearly parallel to the platinum surface.
Social media adoption in disaster restoration industry

Purpose – This research aims to investigate the current patterns of social media adoption for marketing in the restoration industry and analyse the strategies used by those restoration companies that have adopted social media. Social media marketing has been proven as a cost-effective way to engage new customers, and especially useful for small businesses. The disaster “restoration industry” is the special sector of general contracting that serves both commercial and residential property owners in terms of restoring their disaster-affected property. The restoration industry is characterised by small-business domination and constant need of new customers to survive in the market. Many restoration contractors have started adopting social media for marketing. However, goals and social media marketing strategies have not yet been clearly articulated. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through a systematic content analysis (CA) of sample restoration companies’ Facebook and Twitter posts over a 3...
Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Nucleoside from the Urines of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Patients

Abstract From 24 hour collections of urines of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients, a novel nucleoside was isolated. It was assigned the structure, 5′-deoxyinosine (I) on the basis of UV, NMR and mass spectrometry and by comparison of the spectral data and HPLC and TLC mobilities with those of the authentic sample. Another nucleoside, 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine sulfoxide previously isolated from the urines of immunodeficient children was also found in the urine of a CML patient. Possible origin and significance of both of these nucleosides are discussed.
Barriers to the diffusion of nanotechnology.

This paper provides the first empirical information about barriers related to the diffusion of nanotechnology, a general purpose technology. Our analysis is based on the findings from a state-wide survey of companies in North Carolina, USA. We find that the primary barrier is lack of access to early-stage capital, and the extent of this barrier is greater when the company contributes to the value chain for nanotechnology through R&D as opposed to through products or services. Another barrier is lack of access to university equipment and facilities, a problem greater in companies involved in nanotechnology research. From a policy perspective, our analysis suggests that state governments could act as venture capitalists to overcome market failure in the capital market, and that states could provide incentives to universities through public/private centers of excellence for sharing capital equipment and facilities with nanotechnology companies.
Discharge Planning for Offenders with Co-Occurring Disorders: The Role of Collaboration, Medication, and Staff

Concern for offenders with co-occurring disorders is increasing, and few studies have examined the degree of discharge planning provided for this population. The study explored how well the selected factors (medication, community support, and resources) predict the degree of discharge planning for offenders with co-occurring disorders. A secondary dataset using a national sample of administrators in criminal justice treatment programs (N = 147) was used for the analysis. Provision of medication upon release was the strongest predictor. Furthermore, the findings suggested collaborations with external groups and having dedicated staff may impact the level of discharge planning.
Detecting coherent structures using braids

Abstract The detection of coherent structures is an important problem in fluid dynamics, particularly in geophysical applications. For instance, knowledge of how regions of fluid are isolated from each other allows prediction of the ultimate fate of oil spills. Existing methods detect Lagrangian coherent structures, which are barriers to transport, by examining the stretching field as given by finite-time Lyapunov exponents. These methods are very effective when the velocity field is well-determined, but in many applications only a small number of flow trajectories are known, for example when dealing with oceanic float data. We introduce a topological method for detecting invariant regions based on a small set of trajectories. In this method, we regard the two-dimensional trajectory data as a braid in three dimensions, with time being the third coordinate. Invariant regions then correspond to trajectories that travel together and do not entangle other trajectories. We detect these regions by examining the growth of hypothetical loops surrounding sets of trajectories, and searching for loops that show negligible growth.
Assessing Institutional Sources of Scholarly Productivity in Human Resource Development from 1995 to 2001.

This article is intended as a step in determining the highest procedures of scholarship in human resource development. This analysis adds to the existing body of literature on excellent sources of HRD scholarship by analyzing proceedings of the Academy of Human Resource Development conferences and reporting on the top institutions according to the number of first-author publications from each institution. In addition, this article provides the most written-about topics in HRD according to the number of papers published on these topics in the AHRD conference symposia. The importance of this analysis is its contribution to identifying criteria for determining outstanding sources of HRD scholarship.
REVIEWING STUDENT PERFORMANCE DATA FROM PEDIATRIC CLERKSHIPS OFFERED IN MULTIPLE SITES

To monitor and maintain quality educational experiences in pediatric clerkships offered in five communities, a common set of objectives, evaluation procedures, and performance expectations were developed. Two goals of the evaluation program have been to provide data for: 1) determination of inter and intra-program comparability; and 2) grading decisions and feedback to students.
Overcoming Computational Errors in Sensing Platforms Through Embedded Machine-Learning Kernels

We present an approach for overcoming computational errors at run time that originate from static hardware faults in digital processors. The approach is based on embedded machine-learning stages that learn and model the statistics of the computational outputs in the presence of errors, resulting in an error-aware model for embedded analysis. We demonstrate, in hardware, two systems for analyzing sensor data: 1) an EEG-based seizure detector and 2) an ECG-based cardiac arrhythmia detector. The systems use a small kernel of fault-free hardware (constituting <7.0% and <31% of the total areas respectively) to construct and apply the error-aware model. The systems construct their own error-aware models with minimal overhead through the use of an embedded active-learning framework. Via an field-programmable gate array implementation for hardware experiments, stuck-at faults are injected at controllable rates within synthesized gate-level netlists to permit characterization. The seizure detector demonstrates restored performance despite faults on 0.018% of the circuit nodes [causing bit error rates (BERs) up to 45%], and the arrhythmia detector demonstrates restored performance despite faults on 2.7% of the circuit nodes (causing BERs up to 50%).
Flavonoid Basics: Chemistry, Sources, Mechanisms of Action, and Safety

In our efforts to understand how various dietary factors can influence the risk and progression of chronic disease, much recent research has focused on phytochemicals. Phytochemicals are defined as nonessential nutrients found in plant-based food, many of which have been established as bioactive and thus may affect human health (1). The largest group of phytochemicals is the polyphenols, comprised principally of the flavonoids, which are characterized chemically by two benzene rings joined by a linear carbon chain. Evidence from observational studies indicates that regular consumption of foods containing flavonoids may reduce the risk several chronic conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases (2), atherosclerosis (3), and certain forms of cancer (4). These results have generated considerable interest in flavonoids, although much basic information about their nutrient characteristics in humans remains limited, e.g., their bioavailability and metabolism, interactions with other dietary factors, mechan...
The Sauvé-Kapandji procedure.

In 1936, Sauve and Kapandji described a procedure that included an arthrodesis across the distal radioulnar joint and created a pseudarthrosis of the ulna, proximal to the fusion, to restore pronation and supination. The author has used this technique because preservation of the head of the ulna minimizes the potential for some of the complications that can follow its excision. Retention of the head of the ulna would secure a more normal transmission of loads across the wrist, maintain full support to the carpal condyle and to the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon, and preserve the normal contour and appearance of the wrist. This paper presents the author's experience using this procedure in 37 wrists with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthrosis and posttraumatic changes of the distal radioulnar joint, and chondromalacia of the head of the ulna. This is a satisfactory operation, although not infallible. It is probably contraindicated when treating the unstable or frankly subluxed or dislocated distal radioulnar joint, ulna dorsal, a therapeutic problem for which there is no reliable solution. Indications for the Sauve-Kapandji technique are discussed in relation to other operations frequently used for the distal radioulnar joint.
Inhaled corticosteroid dosing: Double for nothing?

Two recent trials from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's asthma clinical trials networks raise a concern about using double the dose of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) as a positive control arm in clinical trials of add-on therapy. The literature evaluating the response to doubling the dose of an ICS is briefly reviewed. The vast majority of studies do not demonstrate a significant positive benefit from doubling the dose of an ICS but do show improvement with 4-fold increases that is equal to or greater than that of add-on long-acting bronchodilators. It is recommended that doubling the dose of an ICS no longer be considered a positive comparator arm in clinical trials, although it might be beneficial in individual patients.
High power Yb frequency combs for dual-comb spectroscopy in the XUV

We have developed a record high power dual-frequency comb system based on Yb-fiber lasers. Each system produces >20Watts average power with <70fs pulses. The high power pulse trains are upconverted to the XUV utilizing intra-cavity HHG.
Modulation of cellular immune responses by cold water swim stress in the rat

Alterations of cell-mediated immune responses in the rat produced by 5-day (one 3-min stress session each day for 5 days) and 1-day (three 3-min stress sessions within 12 h) cold water stress administration were investigated. Mitogenic responses to concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios, and natural killer (NK) cell activity of blood and spleen lymphocytes were increased by the 5-day cold water stress. Responses to Con A and LPS, IL-2 production, and CD4+ and CD8+ percentages of blood and spleen lymphocytes were decreased by the 1-day cold water stress. Corticosterone levels were increased by both the 1-day and 5-day cold water stress. Cold water stress, as a natural stressor, may have its own unique pattern of neuroendocrine changes because of the accompanying body temperature variations that may influence immune functions.
Characterization of dissolved organic matter in the Black Sea by fluorescence spectroscopy

THE natural fluorescence properties of sea water provide a means of elucidating the complex chemical composition and diverse sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sea water1–6. The positions of excitation and emission maxima for a wide range of natural water samples show remarkable similarity7. High-sensitivity fluorescence spectroscopic studies8 have shown recently that emission maxima for marine and coastal waters differ by 20 nm when the excitation wavelength is 313 nm. Here we present evidence from three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy that at least three fluorophores are present in waters of the Black Sea. Distinct changes in the relative abundance of these fluorophores are observed as a function of depth. We suggest that three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between different types and sources of DOM in natural waters. These findings may have important applications in the field of remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments. For example, a better understanding of the sources of DOM components will help in correcting9,10 remotely sensed data for the presence of gelbstoff (yellow-coloured DOM11, which plays an important part in radiation absorption by surface waters).
A multilevel model of educational expectations of secondary school students in the United States

Using the Educational Longitudinal Survey of 2002, we investigate variation in factors that contribute to Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White students’ educational expectations. Separate multilevel models demonstrate group variation in student and school-level influences. Academic and school factors explained the most variation in White students’ expectations. School characteristics were least predictive of Black student expectations. For Hispanic students, the overall influence of family socioeconomic status (SES) was explained by school level SES. These results support research on student-level predictors of expectations and present new evidence of school-level predictors. The impact of academic track perceptions on expectations is established, as are the effects of certain experiences and school contexts, especially sports participation and Catholic/private school attendance. A model comparing all four groups supported the separate group models and also revealed that student-level factors have a weaker influence on Asians and high crime neighborhoods inflate the expectations of Hispanics but not similarly situated Black students.
Agents of memorialization: Gunter Demnig's Stolpersteine and the individual (re-)creation of a Holocaust landscape in Berlin

Abstract In their studies of the memorialization process and its outcomes, geographers have traditionally focused on state-driven commemoration. This is true for studies of Holocaust memorials in Berlin, which have mostly investigated the roles of the state in the creation of state-sanctioned memorials. It is also important to focus on non-state actors who are engaged in the creation of memorials to better understand how individuals interpret and shape a cultural landscape. In this paper we use a case study of German artist Gunter Demnig's Stolpersteine (stumbling stones), which are small memorial stones that commemorate individual victims of the Holocaust at their former homes and businesses. Individuals, families, and school groups conduct historical research and finance the emplacement of these memorial stones in sidewalks in Berlin and other cities. The research findings are based on participant observations at ten installation ceremonies in Berlin in May 2011, interviews with Demnig's assistants and participants in the ceremonies, and media accounts of the Stolpersteine. Responding to recent calls for the inclusion of agency in the memorialization literature, we study how individuals shape a cultural landscape. These agents of memorialization negotiate meanings of the Holocaust with city and federal governments, thereby (re-)creating a cultural landscape for current and future generations.
A Comparison of Clustering Heuristics for Scheduling Directed Acyclic Graphs on Multiprocessors

Abstract Clustering of task graphs has been used as an intermediate step toward scheduling parallel architectures. In this paper, we identify important characteristics of clustering algorithms and propose a general framework for analyzing and evaluating such algorithms. Using this framework, we present an analytic performance comparison of four algorithms: Dominant Sequence Clustering (DSC) ( Yang and Gerasoulis, Proc. Supercomputing '91, 1991 , pp. 633–642) and the algorithms of Kim and Browne (Int. Conf. on Parallel Processing, 1988 , Vol. 3, pp. 1–8) Sarkar (Partitioning and Scheduling Parallel Programs for Execution on Multiprocessors, MIT Press, 1989 ), and Wu and Gajski (J. Super-comput. 2 (1988) , 349–372). We identify the common features and differences of these algorithms and explain why DSC is superior to other algorithms. Finally, we present some experiments to verify our analysis.
Cerebral lesions in congenital rubella syndrome

Study of the brains of 9 infants less than 1 year of age with congenital rubella syndrome revealed extensive degenerative changes in leptomeningeal and intrinsic arteries and veins of the cerebrum. Vascular damage was associated with foci of necrosis localized chiefly in the deep white matter and gray nuclei. There was retardation in myelinization of selected neural systems in 5 of 8 infants surviving for more than one month. No developmental malformations or significant inflammation of the nervous system was found in the group.
Full Text Psychology Journals Available from Popular Library Databases

The author identified 433 core journals in psychology and investigated their full text availability in popular databases. While 62 percent of the studied journals were available in at least one database, access from individual databases ranged from 1.4 percent to 38.1 percent of the titles. The full text of influential psychology journals is not as accessible as the database producers would like librarians to believe.
The Sergo Zakariadze Response and Refloating: Timelines are not Concrete

ABSTRACT On November 18, 1999, the 605-foot Russian-flagged motor vessel Sergo Zakariadze lost steering while returning to the Port of San Juan, Puerto Rico after the passage of Hurricane Lenny. The pilot and vessel's crew attempted to engage various alternate and emergency steering systems to regain control without success. The vessel's engine engaged full astern too late, and the Sergo Zakariadze grounded with over 200,000 gallons of oil and over 17,000 tons of cement dust aboard. The vessel grounded at the base of the historic 500-year-old Castle El Morro, just 50 yards outside San Juan's economically vital Bar Channel. A Unified Command (UC) was established with the following overall incident objectives: safety of people (responders, crew, public); removal of oil/fuel from the vessel; protection of cultural, archeological, and environmental resources including underwater resources; protection of the San Juan Bar Channel; and removal of the vessel from its El Morro location. A three-phased response was...
Habitat use of Northern Map Turtles (Graptemys geographica) in an altered system, the Susquehanna River, Maryland (USA)

Riverine turtle populations are declining worldwide and many of these species have been extirpated from large areas of their range. In Maryland, the northern map turtle (Graptemys geographica) occurs only in the lower Susquehanna River, which is the eastern edge of its range. The northern map turtle is a Maryland state endangered species and had not been seen in Maryland since the early 1990’s. The Susquehanna River is divided by a hydroelectric dam and is heavily used for recreational activities, both of which may negatively impact turtles. To determine the status of map turtles in Maryland, we performed visual encounter surveys for basking turtles at 12 sites from April to November 2008. Overall, we observed 0-38 map turtles per day. The largest consistent aggregations of adult turtles were found at an island complex 5.9 km below the dam. Some aggregations were quite large, with as many as 21 turtles observed basking on a single rock. Observed basking activity began by 12 April and stayed more or less constant through June. Observed basking activity was reduced between July and September, and then increased in mid-September continuing through early November. Most map turtles observed were adults, and the only evidence of ongoing reproduction and recruitment was two small juveniles found above the hydroelectric dam. The adult sex ratio was female biased throughout the study period, with daily sex ratios as high as 33F:2M. This may represent sampling bias (females are much larger than males and are thus easier to detect) or the actual population sex ratio in Maryland is dominated by females. We surveyed for nesting habitat both above and below the hydroelectric dam, by looking for predated nests at potential nesting beaches, but no depredated nests were found. Virtually nothing is known about what specific areas of the Susquehanna River and its tributaries are used for the various aspects of the map turtle’s life histories or what potential negative effects may be caused the by river impoundment and recreation activities. Given the absence of basic ecological data of map turtles in Maryland, we are using radio telemetry, diet analysis, and visual surveys to continue to gather information on nesting, feeding, mating, basking, and hibernation, and how these activities are affected by anthropogenic alterations to the Susquehanna River.