cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite

Abstract More than thirty polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including nine heterocyclic aromatic compounds, have been identified in solvent extracts of the Murchison meteorite by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using bonded-phase fused silica columns. Structural isomers of several alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons, including methylpyrene and methylphenanthrene were chromatographically separated, thus allowing calculations of the amount of alkyl substituted compounds in the solvent extracts. The ratio of odd-carbon number to even-carbon number was found to be approximately 0.1. Based on these data and literature data from model pyrolysis experiments, a temperature of 1000°C is suggested for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the solar nebula or premeteoritic body. The value of 1000°C is within the range of temperatures for the condensation of the nebular material from the initial high temperature phases to the lower temperature phases at which chemical and isotopic equilibria were frozen. A simple model for the abiotic synthesis of heterocyclic compounds from simple aliphatic precursors is also presented.
Biochemical Diversity of Human Skeletal Muscle

INTRODUCTIONThe molecular components largely responsible for muscle attributes such as passive tension development (titin and collagen), active tension development (myosin heavy chain [MHC]), and mechanosensitive signaling (titin) are well studied in animals. We performed a comprehensive analysis of these components in human muscle to search for common themes and trends in the muscular organization of the human body.METHODS599 biopsies from 6 donors were obtained early postmortem. Three assays were performed on each biopsy - titin molecular weight determination (n=586), hydroxyproline content (a surrogate for collagen content) (n=599), and MHC isoform distribution (n=599).Muscles were analyzed individually and in functional groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare individual muscles and discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to determine which dependent variables were the best predictors of muscle group.RESULTSDFA demonstrated that titin MW was the strongest predictive factor of anatomic region and muscle functional group.On average, human muscles were very “slow” (i.e., had more slow- myosin than muscles of lower mammals). Average % MHC-1 of muscles in this study was 65% (compare to 6% for mouse, 8% for rat, and 19% for rabbit). Overall, larger titins were associated with faster muscles.DISCUSSION:The finding that titin was the strongest discriminating factor for DFA with anatomic region and muscle functional group as grouping variables is unexpected; titin is currently primarily considered to be a signal transduction cascade activator or determinant of passive tension. The idea that titin MW is a good predictor of muscle anatomic localization is previously unexplored and warrants further study.The titin-% MHC-1 relationship we observed is opposite to that previously reported in rabbits, where large titins were associated with slower muscles. This may represent a different design paradigm in human vs rabbit muscular organization.
Land reform: Some theoretical considerations

This paper discusses alternative explanations of the empirically established inverse relation between the size of farm and the output‐land and labour‐land ratios used in agricultural production in LDCs. The analysis establishes the implications of the various explanations for changes in income distribution and agricultural output associated with different types of land reform programmes. These implications are rather heterogeneous, and are extremely sensitive to the particular explanation of the production ratio pattern which is adopted.
Joint Sensing and Power Allocation in Nonconvex Cognitive Radio Games: Nash Equilibria and Distributed Algorithms

In this paper, we propose a novel class of Nash problems for cognitive radio (CR) networks, modeled as Gaussian frequency-selective interference channels, wherein each secondary user (SU) competes against the others to maximize his own opportunistic throughput by choosing jointly the sensing duration, the detection thresholds, and the vector power allocation. The proposed general formulation allows us to accommodate several (transmit) power and (deterministic/probabilistic) interference constraints, such as constraints on the maximum individual and/or aggregate (probabilistic) interference tolerable at the primary receivers. To keep the optimization as decentralized as possible, global (coupling) interference constraints are imposed by penalizing each SU with a set of time-varying prices based upon his contribution to the total interference; the prices are thus additional variable to optimize. The resulting players' optimization problems are nonconvex; moreover, there are possibly price clearing conditions associated with the global constraints to be satisfied by the solution. All this makes the analysis of the proposed games a challenging task; none of classical results in the game theory literature can be successfully applied. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a novel optimization-based theory for studying the proposed nonconvex games; we provide a comprehensive analysis of the existence and uniqueness of a standard Nash equilibrium, devise alternative best-response based algorithms, and establish their convergence. Some of the proposed algorithms are totally distributed and asynchronous, whereas some others require limited signaling among the SUs (in the form of consensus algorithms) in favor of better performance; overall, they are thus applicable to a variety of CR scenarios, either cooperative or noncooperative, which allows the SUs to explore the existing tradeoff between signaling and performance.
Simulation of power and particle flows in the NSTX edge plasma

Abstract We simulate edge plasmas in NSTX double-null divertor configurations with the UEDGE two-dimensional fluid code. The carbon impurity density in the core plasma and total radiated power increase with the core heating power and the magnitude of the physical and chemical sputtering in the divertor. Up/down plasma asymmetries are generated by classical cross-field particle drifts. With the standard toroidal magnetic field direction (ion ∇B drift toward the lower x-point), the highest density occurs at the lower inboard divertor plate and the highest heat flux at the upper outboard divertor plate. Simulations of three-dimensional edge plasma turbulence with the BOUT code show that anomalous radial transport at the outboard midplane should be similar in magnitude for NSTX and DIII-D.
Observation of intensity-dependent guided waves

We have observed an intensity-dependent hysteresis in the transmission of guided waves through a thin-film waveguide with a cladding characterized by an intensity-dependent refractive index. Good agreement with theory was obtained.
Ion-source modeling and improved performance of the CAMS high-intensity Cs-sputter ion source

The interior of the high-intensity Cs-sputter source used in routine operations at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) has been computer modeled using the program NEDLab, with the aim of improving negative ion output. Space charge effects on ion trajectories within the source were modeled through a successive iteration process involving the calculation of ion trajectories through Poisson-equation-determined electric fields, followed by calculation of modified electric fields incorporating the charge distribution from the previously calculated ion trajectories. The program has several additional features that are useful in ion source modeling: (1) averaging of space charge distributions over successive iterations to suppress instabilities, (2) Child’s Law modeling of space charge limited ion emission from surfaces, and (3) emission of particular ion groups with a thermal energy distribution and at randomized angles. The results of the modeling effort indicated that significant modification of the interior geometry of the source would double Cs+ ion production from our spherical ionizer and produce a significant increase in negative ion output from the source. The results of the implementation of the new geometry were found to be consistent with the model results.
XMM-Newton Observations of the Diffuse X-Ray Background

We analyze two XMM-Newton observations toward the high-density, high-latitude, neutral hydrogen cloud MBM 20 and a nearby low-density region that we call the Eridanus hole. MBM 20 lies at a distance between 100 and 200 pc from the Sun, and its density is sufficient to shield about 75% of the foreground emission in the keV energy band. The combination of the two observations makes it possible to separate the foreground component, due to the Local Bubble and, possibly, charge exchange within the solar system, from the background component, due primarily to the Galactic halo and unidentified point sources. The two observations are in good agreement with each other and with ROSAT observations of the same part of the sky; the O VII and O VIII intensities are 3.89 ± 0.56 and 0.68 ± 0.24 photons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 for MBM 20, respectively, and 7.26 ± 0.34 and 1.63 ± 0.17 photons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 for the Eridanus hole. The spectra agree with a simple three-component model: one unabsorbed and one absorbed plasma component, and a power law, due to unresolved distant point sources. Assuming that the two plasma components are in thermal equilibrium, we obtain a temperature of 0.096 keV for the foreground component and 0.197 keV for the background one. Assuming the foreground component is due solely to Local Bubble emission, we obtain lower and upper limits for the plasma density of 0.0079 and 0.0095 cm-3 and limits of 16,200 and 19,500 cm-3 K for the plasma pressure, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Similarly, assuming that the absorbed plasma component is due to Galactic halo emission, we obtain a plasma density ranging from 0.0009 to 0.0016 cm-3 and a pressure between 3.8 × 103 and 6.7 × 103 cm-3 K.
One-dimensional bad Noetherian domains

Local Noetherian domains arising as local rings of points of varieties or in the context of algebraic number theory are analytically unramified, meaning their completions have no nontrivial nilpotent elements. However, looking elsewhere, many sources of analytically ramified local Noetherian domains have been exhibited over the last seventy five years. We give a unified approach to a number of such examples by describing classes of DVRs which occur as the normalization of an analytically ramified local Noetherian domain, as well as some that do not occur as such a normalization. We parameterize these examples, or at least large classes of them, using the module of Kahler differentials of a relevant field extension.
Connectivity Upgrade Models for Survivable Network Design

Disruptions in infrastructure networks to transport material, energy, and information can have serious economic, and even catastrophic, consequences. Since these networks require enormous investments, network service providers emphasize both survivability and cost effectiveness in their topological design decisions. This paper addresses the survivable network design problem, a core model incorporating the cost and redundancy trade-offs facing network planners. Using a novel connectivity upgrade strategy, we develop several families of inequalities to strengthen a multicommodity flow-based formulation for the problem, and show that some of these inequalities are facet defining. By increasing the linear programming lower bound, the valid inequalities not only lead to better performance guarantees for heuristic solutions, but also accelerate exact and approximate solution methods. We also consider a heuristic strategy that sequentially rounds the fractional values, starting with the linear programming solution to our strong model. Extensive computational tests confirm that the valid inequalities, added via a cutting plane algorithm, and the heuristic procedure are very effective, and their performance is robust to changes in the network dimensions and connectivity structure. Our solution approach generates tight lower and upper bounds with average gaps that are less than 1.2% for various problem sizes and connectivity requirements.
Open Channel Siphon with Viscoelastic Fluids

Viscoelastic fluids show many remarkable phenomena, the best known of which is probably the Weissenberg effect. Because such fluids produce normal stresses in a plane perpendicular to that in which shear takes place, they will climb up a rotating shaft (for example, a stirring rod) immersed in the liquid. A more direct illustration of the elastic properties of the fluid is provided when a rotating flow comes to rest; tracer particles within the flow indicate that the fluid first stops and then flows in the opposite direction for a short duration. An apparently unreported but equally spectacular effect with this type of fluid is the open channel siphon. The sequence of pictures in Fig. 1 illustrates the phenomenon; the upper 4 l. beaker was originally filled with a viscoelastic fluid, and it was then tipped slightly to start the liquid flowing over the lip of the beaker. Once established, the stream continued. The flow rate initially increased, then slackened off and finally stopped when the distance up the beaker wall became too great.
Current induced vortex wall dynamics in helical magnetic systems

Nontrivial topology of interfaces separating phases with opposite chirality in helical magnetic metals result in new effects as they interact with spin polarized current. These interfaces or vortex walls consist of a one dimensional array of vortex lines. We predict that adiabatic transfer of angular momentum between vortex array and spin polarized current will result in topological Hall effect in multi-domain samples. Also we predict that the motion of the vortex array will result in a new damping mechanism for magnetic moments based on Lenz’s law. We study the dynamics of these walls interacting with electric current and use fundamental electromagnetic laws to quantify those predictions. On the other hand discrete nature of vortex walls affects their pinning and results in low depinning current density. We predict the value of this current using collective pinning theory.
Fracture Toughness and the Effects of Stress State on Fracture of Nickel Aluminides

The effects of stress state on the fracture behavior of Ni3AI, Ni3AI + B, and NiAl were determined using either notched, or fatigue-precracked bend bars tested to failure at room temperature, in addition to testing specimens in tension under superposed hydrostatic pressure. Although Ni3AI is observed to fail in a macroscopically brittle intergranular manner in tension tests conducted at room temperature, the fracture toughnesses (i.e. K IC) presently obtained on Ni3AI exceeded 20 MPam, and R-curve behavior was exhibited. In-situ monitoring of the fracture experiments was utilized to aid in interpreting the source(s) of the high toughness in Ni3AI, while SEM fractography was utilized to determine the operative fracture modes. The superposition of hydrostatic pressure during tensile testing of NiAI specimens was observed to produce increased ductility without changing the fracture mode.
Clozapine's effect on negative symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenics☆

Abstract Clozapine has proven to be more effective than typical antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients, and some evidence suggests that it may be particularly useful in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether this observation reflects improvement in “primary” or “secondary” negative symptoms. We hypothesized that a portion of clozapine's effect on negative symptoms would be related to an improvement in positive (psychotic and disorganization) symptoms, a decrease in extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE), and/or a decrease in depressive symptoms. The remainder of its effect would be related to a direct effect on the neural circuits or pathologic processes responsible for the negative symptoms. Twenty-nine treatment-refractory schizophrenics treated with clozapine for 6 weeks were studied. The core negative symptoms measured by the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms ([SANS] affective flattening, anhedonia/asociality, avolition/apathy, and alogia) all improved with clozapine treatment. Overall, there was a 31% improvement in negative symptoms, a 32% improvement in psychotic symptoms, and a 35% improvement in disorganization. The improvement in negative symptoms was correlated with improvement in disorganization, but not with improvement in psychotic symptoms, depression, or drug-induced EPSE. Although there was a correlation between improvement in negative symptoms and improvement in disorganization, there was a suggestion that the two are changing in parallel, but are independent of each other. It appears that at least a portion of clozapine's effect on core negative symptoms is mediated through a direct effect on the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia associated with negative symptoms.
Isolated attosecond pulses generated directly from a femtosecond chirped pulse amplifier

Using a generalized version of double optical gating, we produced single isolated attosecond pulses with 2 mJ, 25 fs driving lasers. Through attosecond streaking, we characterized isolated 160 attosecond pulses with 170 pJ pulse energy.
An unexpected reaction of trimethylsilyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (TFDA) with imidazoles. Formation of N-difluoromethylthioureas.

A new reaction of the efficient difluorocarbene-generating reagent trimethylsilyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (TFDA) is reported in which molecules containing an N-alkylimidazole or benzimidazole structure undergo an unexpected one-pot conversion to N-difluoromethylthioureas.
A statistical model of pressure drop increase with deposition in granular filters

Abstract As deposits accumulate in a granular filter, pressure drop across the filter bed required to maintain a constant fluid flow rate may increase. Two pressure drop increase patterns had been observed. In slow sand filters pressure drop remains unchanged for a certain period of time then increases exponentially with the volume of filtrate; in granular aerosol filters pressure drop increases linearly with the amount of deposits from the beginning of the filtration process. New concepts of homogeneous and heterogeneous depositions were introduced in this paper. A statistical model based on these new concepts was developed. This non-linear model was able to reproduce both observed pressure drop increase patterns, including the linear one. Excellent agreements between the present model and experimental measurements were obtained. It was concluded that the two pressure drop increase patterns were indeed caused by different deposit distributions rather than different pressure drop increase mechanisms.
Spectroscopic Confirmation of the Least Massive Known Brown Dwarf in Chamaeleon

We present spectroscopy of two candidate substellar members of the Chamaeleon I star-forming region. The candidates, which were identified photometrically by Oasa, Tamura, & Sugitani, have been observed at 1-2.5 μm during commissioning of the Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrograph. The late-type nature of one of the candidates, OTS 44, is confirmed through the detection of strong steam absorption bands. The other object, OTS 7, exhibits no late-type features and is likely a background star or galaxy. The gravity-sensitive shape of the H and K band continua demonstrate that OTS 44 is a young, pre-main-sequence object rather than a field dwarf. We measure a spectral type of M9.5 for OTS 44 based on a comparison of its spectrum to data for optically classified young late-type objects. Because OTS 44 is the coolest and faintest object with confirmed membership in Cha I, it is very likely the least massive known member of the cluster. By comparing the position of OTS 44 on the H-R diagram to the evolutionary models of Chabrier & Baraffe, we infer a mass of ~0.015 M☉. Although this estimate is uncertain by at least a factor of 2, OTS 44 is nevertheless one of the least massive free-floating brown dwarfs confirmed spectroscopically to date.
A Bernstein theorem for complete spacelike constant mean curvature hypersurfaces in Minkowski space

We obtain a gradient estimate for the Gauss maps from complete spacelike constant mean curvature hypersurfaces in Minkowski space into the hyperbolic space. As an application, we prove a Bernstein theorem which says that if the image of the Gauss map is bounded from one side, then the spacelike constant mean curvature hypersurface must be linear. This result extends the previous theorems obtained by B. Palmer [Pa] and Y.L. Xin [Xin1] where they assume that the image of the Gauss map is bounded. We also prove a Bernstein theorem for spacelike complete surfaces with parallel mean curvature vector in four-dimensional spaces.
Fiscal cost of demographic transition in Japan

Abstract This paper quantifies the fiscal cost of demographic transition that Japan is projected to experience over the next several decades, in a life-cycle model with endogenous saving, consumption, and labor supply in both intensive and extensive margins. Retirement waves of baby-boom generations, combined with a rise in longevity and low fertility rates, raise the old-age dependency ratio to 85% by 2050, the highest among major developed countries, and generate a significant budget imbalance, as the government faces rising costs of public pension and health and long-term care insurance. Preserving the current level of the transfers will require a major increase in taxation. Using consumption taxes to balance the government budget, the tax rate reaches the maximal value of 48% in late 2070s. A pension reform to reduce benefits by 20% results in a peak tax rate of 37%, which can be reduced further to 28% if the retirement age is also gradually raised by 5 years.
Simple formula for asymmetric Marcus–Hush kinetics

Abstract The Marcus–Hush theory of electron transfer has seen increasing use as a predictive alternative to the phenomenological Butler–Volmer (BV) equation for Faradaic reactions kinetics. Here, we analyze and simplify the asymmetric Marcus–Hush (AMH) model, first proposed by Marcus and recently used by Compton’s group to fit experimental data that exhibit two different reorganization energies, depending on the sign of the overpotential. The AMH model has a single reorganization energy and an asymmetry parameter to account for different inner sphere force constants, but its practical use is hindered by the need to numerically evaluate the improper integral over the electronic Fermi distribution. Moreover, the domain of integration must be arbitrarily truncated to avoid divergence, due to some ambiguities in the derivation, which also limits the validity of the AMH model to weakly curved Tafel plots. Nevertheless, by defining a region over which the formula applies, we derive a simple formula to replace the Fermi integral by exploiting similarities with our recent approximation of the symmetric limit of the Marcus–Hush–Chidsey (MHC) model. These results enable the AMH model to approach the same ease of use as both the MHC and BV models and highlight the need to develop a more comprehensive theory of asymmetric charge transfer.
Commercial Structures for Integrated CCS-EOR Projects

In this paper, we evaluate alternate commercial structures for an integrated CCS-EOR project where the source of CO2 is a coal-fired power plant, and the CO2 is transported via a dedicated pipeline to an oil field where the CO2 is injected for EOR. We evaluate alternative contract types that link the involved entities in light of exogenous market risks, such as the fluctuating price of oil recovered. The choice of the contract type determines who would bear the risks along the value chain, and the incentives that the risk allocation produces fixes the total project value. We see that the fixed price contracts have weaknesses in terms of ex-post insolvencies and poor incentive structures that result in a sub-optimal decision-making by the involved entities. The risk-sharing offered by the indexed price contracts reduces the likelihood of ex-post insolvency and provides incentives to each entity to optimize the total project value. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Weak Localization and Electron-Electron Interactions in Indium-Doped ZnO Nanowires

Single crystal ZnO nanowires doped with indium are synthesized via the laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition method. The conductivity of the nanowires is measured at low temperatures in magnetic fields with directions both perpendicular and parallel to the wire axes. A quantitative fit of our data is obtained, consistent with the theory of a quasi-one-dimensional metallic system with quantum corrections due to weak localization and electron−electron interactions. The anisotropy of the magneto-conductivity agrees with theory. The two quantum corrections are of approximately equal magnitude with respective temperature dependences of T−1/3and T−1/2. The alternative model of quasi-two-dimensional surface conductivity is excluded by the absence of oscillations in the magneto-conductivity in parallel magnetic fields.
Capital Structure and Political Risk in Asia-Pacific Real Estate Markets

This study investigates the determinants of capital structure decisions by real estate firms, with a specific focus on the impact of political risk on leverage. Using a sample of Asia-Pacific REITs and listed property trusts, we find those firms with properties located in countries characterized by relatively high degrees of political risk, such as political instability, and/or greater uncertainty in the ability to repatriate and monetize profits from international investment activities, employ less debt than their counterparts operating in more politically stable environments. This core finding remains robust to alternative sample selection criteria including the division of the sample into high versus low market-to-book value firms, and also holds within the subset of organizations that are active in raising additional capital in the secondary markets.
Succeeding in managerial accounting. Part 1: knowledge, ability, and rank

Abstract Using data on 2941 practicing managerial accountants, we explore rank-based differences in measured ability, and technical, industry, and tacit managerial knowledge. Our data indicate that concomitant with increases in rank are: (1) decreasing levels of, and increasing variability in, measured entry-level technical knowledge, (2) increasing measured levels of, and generally decreasing variability in, industry knowledge, (3) increasing levels of, and non-monotonic changes in the variability in, measured tacit managerial knowledge, and (4) no differences in levels of, or variability in, measured ability. Ours is the first large-sample exploration of rank-based differences in the knowledge “stocks” of managerial accountants. Study results provide insight into knowledge acquisition processes and the matching of knowledge to jobs across ranks in managerial accounting.
The Need for a Second Black Hole at the Galactic Center

Deep infrared observations and long-term monitoring programs have provided dynamical evidence of a supermassive black hole of mass 3 × 106 M☉ associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* at the center of our Galaxy. The brightest stars orbiting within 0.1 pc of the black hole appear to be young, massive main-sequence stars, in spite of an environment near the black hole that is hostile to star formation. We discuss mechanisms by which stars born outside the central parsec can sink toward the black hole and conclude that the drag coming from plausible stellar populations does not operate on the short timescales required by the stellar ages. We propose that these stars were dragged in by a second black hole of mass ~103-104 M☉, which would be classified as an intermediate-mass black hole. We discuss the implications for the stellar populations and the kinematics in the Galactic center. Finally, we note that continued astrometric monitoring of the central radio source offers us the prospect for a direct detection of such objects.
Polarizability and absorption of small conducting particles in a time-varying electromagnetic field

Abstract We study small conducting particles and thin films in an oscillating longitudinal electric field. We find the charge, current, and field distribution in the particle, the polarizability and the electric dipole absorption. We account for Thomas–Fermi screening by adding a Fick's diffusion term to Ohm's law. Alternatively, we describe a particle as a dielectric body with a non-local dielectric constant which is derived in a microscopic linear-response theory. We show that both approaches are equivalent.
Using biotic ligand models to predict metal toxicity in mineralized systems

Abstract The biotic ligand model (BLM) is a numerical approach that couples chemical speciation calculations with toxicological information to predict the toxicity of aquatic metals. This approach was proposed as an alternative to expensive toxicological testing, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency incorporated the BLM into the 2007 revised aquatic life ambient freshwater quality criteria for Cu. Research BLMs for Ag, Ni, Pb, and Zn are also available, and many other BLMs are under development. Current BLMs are limited to ‘one metal, one organism’ considerations. Although the BLM generally is an improvement over previous approaches to determining water quality criteria, there are several challenges in implementing the BLM, particularly at mined and mineralized sites. These challenges include: (1) historically incomplete datasets for BLM input parameters, especially dissolved organic carbon (DOC), (2) several concerns about DOC, such as DOC fractionation in Fe- and Al-rich systems and differences in DOC quality that result in variations in metal-binding affinities, (3) water-quality parameters and resulting metal-toxicity predictions that are temporally and spatially dependent, (4) additional influences on metal bioavailability, such as multiple metal toxicity, dietary metal toxicity, and competition among organisms or metals, (5) potential importance of metal interactions with solid or gas phases and/or kinetically controlled reactions, and (6) tolerance to metal toxicity observed for aquatic organisms living in areas with elevated metal concentrations.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF INTERACTING DARK MATTER IN HALOS

We study the evolution of Hernquist profile "galaxies" in the presence of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM), where the properties of the dark matter can be parameterized by one number, DM = σDMMT/a2, for a halo of mass MT and break radius a. While the halos form constant-density cores of size ~a/2 on the core-radius relaxation timescale (trc 1.7tdyn/DM), core collapse begins shortly thereafter, and a steeper 1/r2 central density cusp starts forming faster than predicted by two-body relaxation. The formation of the steeper central cusp is accelerated if the cooling baryons adiabatically compress the dark matter. The natural consequence of SIDM is to exacerbate rather than to mitigate astrophysical problems created by dark matter density cusps.
How did the Fed react to the 1990s stock market bubble? Evidence from an extended Taylor rule

How did the Federal Reserve Bank react to the stock market bubble of the late 1990s? At a Symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City in Jackson Hole, Wyoming on August 30, 2002, Chairman Alan Greenspan remarked that economists do not currently have a way to measure a stock market bubble convincingly. He also argued that in the absence of such a measure, it was difficult for the Fed to justify, with some degree of certainty, a preemptive tightening that would likely be necessary to neutralize such a bubble. This paper extends the Taylor Rule methodology to include three measures of stock market overvaluation and confirms Greenspan's statement that the Fed did not neutralize the bubble. However, the extended Taylor Rule methodology also shows that the Fed, perhaps unintentionally, by keeping the Fed funds rate below those suggested by the Taylor Rule, may have actually contributed to the growth of the bubble.
Mars Exploration Rover Six-Degree-of-Freedom Entry Trajectory Analysis

The Mars Exploration Rover mission delivered the rovers Spirit and Opportunity to the surface of Mars using the same entry, descent, and landing scenario that was developed and successfully implemented by Mars Pathfinder. This investigation describes the premission trajectory analysis that was performed for the hypersonic portion of the Mars Exploration Rover entry up to parachute deployment. In this analysis, a six-degree-of-freedom trajectory simulation of the entry is performed to determine the entry characteristics of the capsules. In addition, a Monte Carlo dispersion analysis is also performed to statistically assess the robustness of the entry design to off-nominal conditions to ensure that all entry requirements are satisfied. The premission results show that the attitude at peak heating and parachute deployment are well within entry limits. In addition, the parachute deployment dynamic pressure and Mach number are also well within the design requirements.
Software criticality analysis of COTS/SOUP

Abstract This paper describes the Software Criticality Analysis (SCA) approach that was developed to support the justification of using commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS) in a safety-related system. The primary objective of SCA is to assess the importance to safety of the software components within the COTS and to show there is segregation between software components with different safety importance. The approach taken was a combination of Hazops based on design documents and on a detailed analysis of the actual code (100 kloc). Considerable effort was spent on validation and ensuring the conservative nature of the results. The results from reverse engineering from the code showed that results based only on architecture and design documents would have been misleading.
The formation of glycerol monodecanoate by a dehydration condensation reaction: increasing the chemical complexity of amphiphiles on the early Earth.

Dehydration/condensation reactions between organic molecules in the prebiotic environment increased the inventory and complexity of organic compounds available for self-assembly into primitive cellular organisms. As a model of such reactions and to demonstrate this principle, we have investigated the esterification reaction between glycerol and decanoic acid that forms glycerol monodecanoate (GMD). This amphiphile enhances robustness of self-assembled membranous structures of carboxylic acids to the potentially disruptive effects of pH, divalent cation binding and osmotic stress. Experimental variables included temperature, water activity and hydrolysis of the resulting ester product, providing insights into the environmental conditions that would favor the formation and stability of this more evolved amphiphile. At temperatures exceeding 50 ∘C, the ester product formed even in the presence of bulk water, suggesting that the reaction occurs at the liquid interface of the two reactants and that the products segregate in the two immiscible layers, thereby reducing hydrolytic back reactions. This implies that esterification reactions were likely to be common in the prebiotic environment as reactants underwent cycles of wetting and drying on rare early landmasses at elevated temperatures
Baryons in the warm-hot intergalactic medium

Approximately 30%-40% of all baryons in the present-day universe reside in a warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM), with temperatures in the range 105 < T < 107 K. This is a generic prediction from six hydrodynamic simulations of currently favored structure formation models having a wide variety of numerical methods, input physics, volumes, and spatial resolutions. Most of these warm-hot baryons reside in diffuse large-scale structures with a median overdensity around 10-30, not in virialized objects such as galaxy groups or galactic halos. The evolution of the WHIM is primarily driven by shock heating from gravitational perturbations breaking on mildly nonlinear, nonequilibrium structures such as filaments. Supernova feedback energy and radiative cooling play lesser roles in its evolution. WHIM gas may be consistent with observations of the 0.25 keV X-ray background without being significantly heated by nongravitational processes because the emitting gas is very diffuse. Our results confirm and extend previous work by Cen & Ostriker and Dave et al.
Ventral and dorsal striatal dopamine efflux and behavior in rats with simple vs. co-morbid histories of cocaine sensitization and neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions.

Rational Exposing animal models of mental illness to addictive drugs provides an approach to understanding the neural etiology of dual diagnosis disorders. Previous studies have shown that neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) in rats produce features of both schizophrenia and addiction vulnerability.
Differentiability of torsion theories

Abstract We prove that every perfect torsion theory for a ring R is differential (in the sense of [P.E. Bland, Differential torsion theory, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 204 (2006) 1–8]). In this case, we construct the extension of a derivation of a right R -module M to a derivation of the module of quotients of M . Then, we prove that the Lambek and Goldie torsion theories for any R are differential.
Numerical methods for studying compressed magnetic field generators

Explosively driven compressed magnetic field (CMF) power supplies have been used for a variety of applications. A two-dimensional MHD computational model, entitled COMAG, has been constructed to study the characteristics of helically wound CMF generators. The code combines an existing Eulerian materials response code with a two-dimensional (2D) magnetic field solver to compute the self-consistent interaction between the field and the conductors, including magnetic forces, Joule heating, and nonlinear resistive diffusion. Sample results are presented.
Spin foam quantization and anomalies

The most common spin foam models of gravity are widely believed to be discrete path integral quantizations of the Plebanski action. However, their derivation in present formulations is incomplete and lower dimensional simplex amplitudes are left open to choice. Since their large-spin behavior determines the convergence properties of the state-sum, this gap has to be closed before any reliable conclusion about finiteness can be reached. It is shown that these amplitudes are directly related to the path integral measure and can in principle be derived from it, requiring detailed knowledge of the constraint algebra and gauge fixing. In a related manner, minimal requirements of background independence provide non trivial restrictions on the form of an anomaly free measure. Many models in the literature do not satisfy these requirements. A simple model satisfying the above consistency requirements is presented which can be thought of as a spin foam quantization of the Husain–Kuchař model.
Eulerian conjugate stress and strain

New results are presented for the stress conjugate to arbitrary Eulerian strain measures. The conjugate stress depends on two arbitrary quantities: the strain measure f(V) and the corotational rate defined by the spin \Omega. It is shown that for every choice of f there is a unique spin, called the f-spin, which makes the conjugate stress as close as possible to the Cauchy stress. The f-spin reduces to the logarithmic spin when the strain measure is the Hencky strain log(V). The formulation and the results emphasize the similarities in form of the Eulerian and Lagrangian stresses conjugate to the strains f(V) and f(U), respectively. Many of the results involve the solution to the equation AX-XA=Y, which is presented in a succinct format.
Bivariate Hilbert functions for the torsion functor

Abstract Let (R,P) be a commutative, local Noetherian ring, I, J ideals, M and N finitely generated R-modules. Suppose J+ ann R M+ ann R N is P-primary. The main result of this paper is Theorem 6, which gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the length of Tori(M/InM,N/JmN), to agree with a polynomial, for m,n⪢0. As a corollary, it is shown that the length of Tori(M/InM,N/InN) always agrees with a polynomial in n, for n⪢0, provided I+ ann R M+ ann R N is P-primary.
Analysis of an Arctic Polesitter

The concept and rationale are presented and the fundamental dynamical requirements set forth for a spacecraft that remains stationary in space above the North or South Pole of the Earth for an extended period of time. The mathematical basis and acceleration characteristics are shown. Performance capability using present-day ion drive technology is evaluated in terms of stay time at the pole and imaging resolution as a function of viewing distance. The analysis shows that a polesitter spacecraft can be maintained without difficulty for one or two years at several (~5) lunar distances from the Earth, admitting low-resolution (3 km) visual imagery and yet lower resolution (12-70 km) measurements in the infrared regime. Microwave measurements are not practical using today's technology. Sensitivity calculations show that substantial improvement in performance capability must await major advances in available technology. Introduction and Rationale L ANDSAT, Nimbus, Tiros, and other low-Earth-orbiting spacecraft have demonstrated the potential for gathering valuable Earth applications data from near-Earth space using remote sensing devices. This great potential for weather analysis, Earth resource surveys, and high-resolution imagery is somewhat diluted because of the limited spacecraft time over a region of particular interest and long times to repeat coverage. The desire for more continuous coverage can be satisfied somewhat by using multiple satellites or wide-swath instruments. Measurements from a geosynchronous equatorial orbit provide an alternative for continuous coverage of a particular region at some cost in resolution due to the greater distance. Coverage is limited primarily to the temperate zone where viewing incidence angles are adequate. A polesitter spacecraft presents the potential for continuous coverage in the polar regions—a new dimension in ap- plications satellite utilization. Such a spacecraft would remain in a fixed position above the North or South Pole for a year or more, allowing long-term, multi-instrument measurements in the polar region as frequently as desired. At mission end the spacecraft could spiral down to low Earth orbit for possible retrieval, refurbishment or replenishment, and reuse. This paper presents an analysis of the fundamental dynamical requirements for such a mission and shows the performance attainable using present-day technology. The analysis establishes the mathematical basis, determines the required acceleration characteristics, and shows the propulsion needed to do such a mission. It takes into account perturbations due to lunar and solar gravity with their variation through the year and assesses the impact of solar radiation pressure. A computer program was constructed and used to compute and plot stay time at the pole for a wide range of spacecraft distances and propulsion parameter assumptions.
Two-Step Econometric Estimation of Farm Characteristics Affecting Marketing Contract Decisions

We examine how farm characteristics affect marketing contract decisions. We relax the restrictive assumptions of Tobit, Poisson, and multinomial logit models and consider the quantity, frequency, and contract type decisions conditional on, rather than jointly with, the contract adoption decision. In contrast to earlier studies on marketing contract decisions, we estimate a two-step econometric model using Agricultural Resource Management Study data and find that farm characteristics affecting decisions to adopt marketing contracts differ from those affecting decisions regarding quantity, frequency, and contract type.
Evaluation of health care delivery integration: The case of the Russian Federation

Objectives: -evaluate the level of fragmentation/integration in the Russian Federation health care -explore tools to strengthen integration with the focus on economic incentives Methods: survey of physicians (1700 in 3 regions of Russia), review of the literature Results: 1) the conceptual framework is suggested for the evaluation of health services delivery integration, as well as around 50 indicators for teamwork, coordination and continuity of care. 2) Physicians report low level of teamwork, coordination and continuity of care in Russia. 3) Bundled methods of payment (prospective payment for both outpatient and inpatient care, including repeated admissions) is the most immediately viable approach to encourage integration of providers. In Russia there is a good evidence of the method known as 'policlinic as fundholder' (fundholding method). It creates incentives for policlinics to plan all stages of service delivery, cooperate and communicate with hospitals, refer patients to the best providers, expand activities to avoid aggravations of chronic cases.
Coherent population trapping in Raman-pulse atom interferometry

Raman pulse atom interferometry is an important modality for precision measurements of inertial forces and tests of fundamental physics. Typical Raman atom optics use two coherent laser fields applied at gigahertz-scale detunings from optical resonance, so that spontaneous emission produces a minor or negligible source of decoherence. An additional consequence of spontaneous emission is coherent population trapping (CPT). We show that CPT produces coherences and population differences which induce systematic effects in Raman pulse atom interferometers. We do not believe that CPT has been previously identified as an error mechanism in Raman pulse atom interferometry. We present an experimental characterization of CPT coherences and population differences induced in laser-cooled cesium atoms by application of Raman pulses at detunings near 1 GHz, commensurate with detunings used in several precision measurement experiments. We are not aware of previous demonstrations of CPT-induced population difference. We argue that CPT effects could induce phase shifts of several milliradians in magnitude for typical experimental parameters and stipulate that these errors can be suppressed by propagation direction reversal in Raman interferometer-based precision measurements.
The Role of Regulation in Quality Improvement

Many new methods for measuring the quality of health care have been devised since 1970. For the past ten years, the health care field has been struggling to integrate industrial models into its quality improvement systems. In order to judge whether regulation has evolved in tandem with these developments, three critical questions are examined: Is regulation improving the quality of health care? Are regulators integrating the tools of quality research into their oversight activities? Is there a way to combine continuous quality improvement (CQI) and modern methods of quality measurement into a new regulatory format? An exploration of these questions produces relatively little evidence that regulation has moved in the recommended direction, although there are some encouraging signs that regulators are becoming more responsive to the issues.