cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Focusing light inside dynamic scattering media with millisecond digital optical phase conjugation (Conference Presentation)

Optical phase conjugation based wavefront shaping techniques are being actively developed to focus light through or inside scattering media such as biological tissue, and they promise to revolutionize optical imaging, manipulation, and therapy. The speed of digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) has been limited by the low speeds of cameras and spatial light modulators (SLMs), preventing DOPC from being applied to thick living tissue. Recently, a fast DOPC system was developed based on a single-shot wavefront measurement method, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) for data processing, and a digital micromirror device (DMD) for fast modulation. However, this system has the following limitations. First, the reported single-shot wavefront measurement method does not work when our goal is to focus light inside, instead of through, scattering media. Second, the DMD performed binary amplitude modulation, which resulted in a lower focusing contrast compared with that of phase modulations. Third, the optical fluence threshold causing DMDs to malfunction under pulsed laser illumination is lower than that of liquid crystal based SLMs, and the system alignment is significantly complicated by the oblique reflection angle of the DMD. Here, we developed a simple but high-speed DOPC system using a ferroelectric liquid crystal based SLM (512 × 512 pixels), and focused light through three diffusers within 4.7 ms. Using focused-ultrasound-guided DOPC along with a double exposure scheme, we focused light inside a scattering medium containing two diffusers within 7.7 ms, thus achieving the fastest digital time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing to date.
Biology and Genomics of LCH and Related Disorders

The results of genomic analyses have provided a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the histiocytoses. This has been particularly relevant for the L Group histiocytoses, which include Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), and indeterminate cell histiocytosis (ICH). Although the phenotype of LCH histiocytes is distinct from that of ECD histiocytes and the clinical presentations of the pure forms of each disease are different, they share many of the same genetic abnormalities. Approximately 50% of patients with LCH or ECD have activating somatic mutations of BRAF, and another 25% have activating mutations of MAP2K1, which encodes MEK1. The remaining LCH patients have mutations in NRAS, KRAS, or PIK3CA or no genomic abnormalities detected to date, although the ERK pathway is activated in those patients. The remaining ECD patients also have mutations in NRAS, KRAS, and PIK3CA. Translocations that produce fusion proteins which activate BRAF occur more frequently in ECD than in LCH. The presence of some of these activating mutations in circulating cells or in CD34+ bone marrow cells suggests that these diseases may arise from transforming events in early myeloid precursors. ICH cells do not carry these mutations but rather recurrent translocations. The driver status of BRAF and MAP2K1 mutations in LCH and ECD is supported by the clinical responses of patients with these mutations to the corresponding inhibitor drugs. Thus, the contemporary understanding is that these diseases are neoplasms of myeloid lineage cells accompanied by inflammatory cells.
Factor Analysis and Construction of the Acceptance of Couple Violence Scale

We examined the construction for a modified Acceptance of Couple Violence (ACV) scale administered to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer college students (N = 266) measuring intimate pa...
What is sustainable cocoa? Constellations of commercial, socio-economic and environmental priorities associated with a polysemic concept.

Given rising concerns regarding the chocolate sector’s long-term future, increasingly more private-sector, public-sector and civil-society stakeholders have become involved in initiatives aiming to make cocoa production more ‘sustainable’. However, the environmental, commercial and socio-economic priorities they associate with the omnipresent, polysemic term diverge: while transforming the crop into a more attractive livelihood for growers is crucial for some, others prioritise links to global environmental challenges through agroforestry. A third dimension encompasses commercial concerns related to securing supply. With these incongruent understandings of what sustainability is and is to entail contributed by diverse civil-society, public-sector and private-sector stakeholders, the paper argues that priorities associated with cocoa ‘sustainability’ diverge, yielding synergies, trade-offs and dilemmas for cocoa governance. This paper builds on the author's in-depth doctoral fieldwork in cocoa sustainability initiatives incorporating environmental measures, which encompassed semi-structured interviews, focus-group discussions, documentary analysis and participant observation in Latin America and Europe. Developing the ‘constellations of priorities’ model, it captures how the priorities driving cocoa sustainability stakeholders variously dovetail, intersect and collide. Particularly against the backdrop of the cocoa sector’s brewing crisis, it proposes that stakeholders systematically assess their and other actors’ socioeconomic, environmental and commercial priorities as part of the equitable engagement between stakeholders necessary to transform the sector.
Predicting Visual Disability in Glaucoma With Combinations of Vision Measures.

Purpose We characterized vision in glaucoma using seven visual measures, with the goals of determining the dimensionality of vision, and how many and which visual measures best model activity limitation. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from 150 older adults with glaucoma, collecting seven visual measures: integrated visual field (VF) sensitivity, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity (CS), area under the log CS function, color vision, stereoacuity, and visual acuity with noise. Principal component analysis was used to examine the dimensionality of vision. Multivariable regression models using one, two, or three vision tests (and nonvisual predictors) were compared to determine which was best associated with Rasch-analyzed Glaucoma Quality of Life-15 (GQL-15) person measure scores. Results The participants had a mean age of 70.2 and IVF sensitivity of 26.6 dB, suggesting mild-to-moderate glaucoma. All seven vision measures loaded similarly onto the first principal component (eigenvectors, 0.220-0.442), which explained 56.9% of the variance in vision scores. In models for GQL scores, the maximum adjusted-R2 values obtained were 0.263, 0.296, and 0.301 when using one, two, and three vision tests in the models, respectively, though several models in each category had similar adjusted-R2 values. All three of the best-performing models contained CS. Conclusions Vision in glaucoma is a multidimensional construct that can be described by several variably-correlated vision measures. Measuring more than two vision tests does not substantially improve models for activity limitation. Translational Relevance A sufficient description of disability in glaucoma can be obtained using one to two vision tests, especially VF and CS.
Erratum: Author Correction: The EphA2 receptor is activated through induction of distinct, ligand-dependent oligomeric structures.

The original published version of the paper contained labelling errors in Figures 1 and 5. The x-axis of Figure 1e was incorrectly labelled as “Receptors . μm2” instead of “Receptors . μm−2”. The figure key in Figure 5b incorrectly labelled the blue circles as “Wild-type” and the purple circles as “+m-ephrinA1”. The correct labels are blue: “Wild-type+m-ephrinA1” and purple: “Wild-type, no ligand.” The original version also contained a typesetting error in Table 1. The values in the second row, rightmost column, were not all set in bold text as required. The errors do not impact the conclusions in the main text of the paper. These errors have been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the paper.
Recent Developments in Lasers

Since the early work of Maiman, a long list of new types of lasers has appeared. Here we will review those developments which have had particular impact upon the engineering applications possibilities of lasers and holography. Because we shall be discussing how “powerful” some of the recent lasers are, we first recall (1) the various units of power, energy, and dimension (in space and time), and (2) the ranges of frequency and wavelength usually associated with the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions of the spectrum.
Vision and quality-of-life.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of visual acuity loss to quality of life. DESIGN: Three hundred twenty-five patients with visual loss to a minimum of 20/40 or greater in at least 1 eye were interviewed in a standardized fashion using a modified VF-14, questionnaire. Utility values were also obtained using both the time trade-off and standard gamble methods of utility assessment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Best-corrected visual acuity was correlated with the visual function score on the modified VF-14 questionnaire, as well as with utility values obtained using both the time trade-off and standard gamble methods. RESULTS: Decreasing levels of vision in the eye with better acuity correlated directly with decreasing visual function scores on the modified VF-14 questionnaire, as did decreasing utility values using the time trade-off method of utility evaluation. The standard gamble method of utility evaluation was not as directly correlated with vision as the time trade-off method. Age, level of education, gender, race, length of time of visual loss, and the number of associated systemic comorbidities did not significantly affect the time trade-off utility values associated with visual loss in the better eye. The level of reduced vision in the better eye, rather than the specific disease process causing reduced vision, was related to mean utility values. The average person with 20/40 vision in the better seeing eye was willing to trade 2 of every 10 years of life in return for perfect vision (utility value of 0.8), while the average person with counting fingers vision in the better eye was willing to trade approximately 5 of every 10 remaining years of life (utility value of 0.52) in return for perfect vision. CONCLUSIONS: The time trade-off method of utility evaluation appears to be an effective method for assessing quality of life associated with visual loss. Time trade-off utility values decrease in direct conjunction with decreasing vision in the better-seeing eye. Unlike the modified VF-14 test and its counterparts, utility values allow the quality of life associated with visual loss to be more readily compared to the quality of life associated with other health (disease) states. This information can be employed for cost-effective analyses that objectively compare evidence-based medicine, patient-based preferences and sound econometric principles across all specialties in health care.
Cardiac Valve Replacement in The 1990s: The Nursing Perspective

The cardiac surgical population, particularly those undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has changed significantly in the past decade. The explosion of interventional cardiology techniques and procedures has, in some cases, redefined the type of patient we see in the operating room, and Intermediate ICU, (step down units). Heart valve replacement and more recently valve repair, however, remains a compelling reason for undergoing open heart surgery. As in all other areas of health care, considerable research and development is taking place to improve the options and enhance patient outcomes. This chapter will review concepts and issues surrounding cardiac valve disease, surgical interventions to correct pathology and key nursing issues in managing patients post cardiac valve replacement/repair.
Music, speech, and temporal information processing

Music and speech share many acoustic characteristics. Both utilize dynamic acoustic cues (e.g., frequency, time, intensity) to convey information and emotion. We focus on temporal information processing at a slower time scale (e.g., musical timing, speech rhythm) to examine connections between music and speech: (1) transfer effects, (2) neural mechanisms and (3) theoretical frameworks. I will focus on early infancy. We observed a transfer effect from music experience to both music and speech processing in 9-month-old infants (Zhao & Kuhl, 2016). Infants were randomly assigned to either a 12-session music intervention that focused on triple meter (waltz) or a 12-session control group (no music) during the “sensitive period” for phonetic learning. The music intervention group exhibited enhanced neural detection of both mistimed musical beats and speech syllables, quantified by the mismatch response (MMR) measured with magnetoencephalography (MEG). The effects were observed in auditory and prefrontal regions of the cortex. Following the "predictive coding" and "dynamic attending" theories, I will discuss a current two-pronged approach that can extend this research to understand the effects of music on infants’ higher-level cognitive skills as well as their early stage sensory encoding of sounds, and implications of these findings for theories of language development.
Coupling Analysis of Fetal and Maternal Heart Rates via Transfer Entropy Using Magnetocardiography

Recent studies have shown that occasional short term coupling between fetal and maternal cardiac systems occurs. Fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) is a non-invasive technique that records the magnetic fields associated with the electrical activity of the fetal heart through sensors placed over the maternal abdomen. The fMCG allows accurate estimation of fetal heart rates (fHR) due to its high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and temporal resolution. In this study, we analyzed couplingbetween fHR and maternal heart rates (mHR) using Transfer Entropy (TE). TE determines coupling between two variables by quantifying the information transferred between them in both directions. In this work, we used 74 fMCG recordings to compute TE in both directions over 1-minute disjoint time windows (TW). We examined the effect of fetal movement (FM) as a factor of influence on the TE analysis. We identified 21 subjects with FM during the recording and separated them into two gestational age (GA) groups (GA1<32 and GA2≥32 weeks). Next, TE values were compared between TWs containing non- FM with TWs containing FM using Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. In addition, we compared TE calculations for non-FM segments obtained from the 74 subjects using Rank-Sum test in the two GA groups. Our results showed that TE values from TWs containing FM are not significantly different than those computed for TWs of non-FM. In both directions, we found that TE values obtained from the 74 subjects did not show any significant difference between GA1 and GA2 which is consistent with previous studies. Our study suggests that FM does not affect the TE computations.
What is the Best Available Luting Agent for Implant Prosthesis

Cement-retention is a viable option in restoring dental implants. A wide range of dental cements with different properties are commercially available for use in the cementation of implant prostheses. The selection of a dental cement for proper clinical application can be challenging. This article overviews the commercially available dental cements used in cement-retained implant-supported prostheses. Guidelines for cement selection are presented according to abutment and prosthetic material. Cementation techniques to reduce excess cement in peri-implant tissues are also mentioned.
Idiopathic Environmental Intolerances

The constellation of symptoms that has come to be known as multiple chemical sensitivities or idiopathic environmental intolerance is increasingly recognized, although the definition is elusive and its pathogenesis as a distinct entity is unconfirmed. The mechanisms that have been proposed include altered immune function, neurogenic inflammation, neurologic sensitization, and conditioned reflexes and genetic differences in drug metabolism enzymes or factors involved in the generation or response to oxidative stress. To date, no chemically related mechanism has been established.
Cingulo-opercular adaptive control for younger and older adults during a challenging gap detection task.

Cingulo-opercular activity is hypothesized to reflect an adaptive control function that optimizes task performance through adjustments in attention and behavior, and outcome monitoring. While auditory perceptual task performance appears to benefit from elevated activity in cingulo-opercular regions of frontal cortex before stimuli are presented, this association appears reduced for older adults compared to younger adults. However, adaptive control function may be limited by difficult task conditions for older adults. An fMRI study was used to characterize adaptive control differences while 15 younger (average age = 24 years) and 15 older adults (average age = 68 years) performed a gap detection in noise task designed to limit age-related differences. During the fMRI study, participants listened to a noise recording and indicated with a button-press whether it contained a gap. Stimuli were presented between sparse fMRI scans (TR = 8.6 s) and BOLD measurements were collected during separate listening and behavioral response intervals. Age-related performance differences were limited by presenting gaps in noise with durations calibrated at or above each participant's detection threshold. Cingulo-opercular BOLD increased significantly throughout listening and behavioral response intervals, relative to a resting baseline. Correct behavioral responses were significantly more likely on trials with elevated pre-stimulus cingulo-opercular BOLD, consistent with an adaptive control framework. Cingulo-opercular adaptive control estimates appeared higher for participants with better gap sensitivity and lower response bias, irrespective of age, which suggests that this mechanism can benefit performance across the lifespan under conditions that limit age-related performance differences.
Growing Our Own: Mentoring in the Dental Academic Pipeline

Over a six-year period from 2004 to 2010, the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) collaborated with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation (WKKF) on a series of Minority Dental Faculty Development (MDFD) activities. WKKF funded the MDFD program to identify better ways and best practices for recruiting
Modeling the Extraction Rate Coefficient for the Extraction of Yttrium by DEHPA Using Organic-Phase Recycle

ABSTRACTExtraction of yttrium (Y) from sulfuric acid was studied using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHPA). A portion of the organic phase was recycled back into the mixer after extraction for the m...
How asymmetric are urban housing markets? Some worst cases

Abstract The paper specifies a model of the urban housing market that includes the possibility of asymmetric responses to decreases and increases in housing demand. The model includes an occupancy rate and permits the number housing units to increase or decrease. The occupancy rate and the change in housing units are critical dependent variables. As predicted by the model, the empirical results for 1970 to 2010 show that the occupancy rate in declining central cities fell when population declined and increased when housing units were removed from the stock. The suburbs of those same central cities experienced fairly smooth expansions of the housing market with only small variations in occupancy rates.
A pilot study of durvalumab/tremelimumab (durva/treme) and radiation (XRT) for metastatic biliary tract cancer (mBTC): Preliminary safety and efficacy.

547Background: Metastatic biliary tract cancer (mBTC) is a lethal malignancy with median 5 year OS of less than 10%. Immunotherapy, particularly single agent anti-PD-1/PD-L1, has limited efficacy i...
Magnetically Targeted Microspheres for Intracavitary and Intraspinal Y-90 Radiotherapy

Targeted approaches to radiotherapy using long-range s-emitting isotopes linked to biologically selective molecules such as antibodies have shown limited success, primarily due to the relatively small amounts of radioactive material that actually reach the tumor sites. Tissuecompatible magnetic microspheres, however, can incorporate very high concentrations of radioactive material and can be maneuvered within the body through the use of an external magnetic field like that generated by a clinical MRI machine. Magnetic microspheres (MMS), 10–30 gm in diameter, were prepared from poly (lactic acid) by a solvent-evaporation method, contained 30 weight% magnetite and were loaded shortly before injection with the s-emitting radioisotope 90Y. This radiopharmaceutical was tested in vivo in two animal models. The results from the subcutaneous mouse lymphoma model are promising and show that the locally concentrated magnetic microspheres are able to eradicate more than half of the tumors. The results from an intraspinal glioblastoma model in rats, however, failed to show a significant difference between magnetically targeted radioactive microspheres and radioactive microspheres which had not been subjected to a magnetic field. Nonetheless, both groups of radioactively treated rats lived significantly longer than animals injected with non-radioactive microspheres. Higher magnetic fields and field gradients and more susceptible, smaller magnetic microspheres might be required to achieve intraspinal magnetic targeting.
Multi-Directional Ankle Impedance During Standing Postures

In this study, we estimated the multi-directional ankle mechanical impedance in two degrees-of-freedom (DOF) during standing, and determined how the stiffness, damping, and inertia vary with ankle angle and ankle torque at different postures. Fifteen subjects stood on a vibrating instrumented platform in four stationary postures, while subjected to pulse train perturbations in both the sagittal and frontal planes of motion. The four stationary postures were selected to resemble stages within the stance phase of the gait cycle: including post-heel-strike during the loading response, mid-stance, post-mid-stance, and just before the heel rises from the ground in terminal-stance phase. In general, the ankle stiffness and damping increased in all directions as the foot COP moved forward, and more torque is generated in plantarflexion. Interestingly, the multi-directional ankle impedance during standing showed a similar shape and major tilt axes to the results of non-loaded scenarios. However, there were notable differences in the impedance amplitude when the ankle was not under bodyweight loading. Last, the stiffness during standing had similar amplitudes ranges to the time-varying ankle stiffness during the stance phase of dynamic walking estimated in previous studies. These results have implications on the design of new, less physically intense, biomechanics experiments aimed at people with neuromuscular disorders or other physical impairments who cannot complete a standard gait test.
Written Feedback as a Relational Practice: Revealing Mediating Factors

Teacher educators’ practices include providing written feedback to preservice teachers. Aims of written feedback include providing information to preservice teachers about their ideas and practices...
Plant Nanobionic Sensors for Arsenic Detection

Arsenic is a highly toxic heavy-metal pollutant which poses a significant health risk to humans and other ecosystems. In this work, the natural ability of wild-type plants to pre-concentrate and extract arsenic from the belowground environment is exploited to engineer plant nanobionic sensors for real-time arsenic detection. Near-infrared fluorescent nanosensors are specifically designed for sensitive and selective detection of arsenite. These optical nanosensors are embedded in plant tissues to non-destructively access and monitor the internal dynamics of arsenic taken up by the plants via the roots. The integration of optical nanosensors with living plants enables the conversion of plants into self-powered autosamplers of arsenic from their environment. Arsenite detection is demonstrated with three different plant species as nanobionic sensors. Based on an experimentally validated kinetic model, the nanobionic sensor could detect 0.6 and 0.2 ppb levels of arsenic after 7 and 14 days respectively by exploiting the natural ability of Pteris cretica ferns to hyperaccumulate and tolerate exceptionally high level of arsenic. The sensor readout could also be interfaced with portable electronics at a standoff distance, potentially enabling applications in environmental monitoring and agronomic research.
Longitudinal associations between borderline personality disorder and five factor model traits over 24 years

Are five-factor traits and borderline personality symptoms the same features with different names? The existing literature offers reasons to think they are the same and reasons to think they are different. We examined longitudinal associations between these variables in a sample of patients assessed 12 times over 24 years using latent curve models with structured residuals. Mean trajectories for all variables were in the direction of symptom reduction/personality maturation and could be parsed into an initial, rapid improvement phase and a subsequent, gradual improvement phase. We found robust between-person associations among intercepts and long-term slopes of traits and symptoms. Specifically, higher levels of neuroticism as well as lower levels of extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were associated with higher levels of borderline personality symptoms, and changes in these traits were correlated with reduction in symptoms over time. Associations among time-structured residuals allowed for examinations of within-person deflections from these general trends at briefer (two year) intervals. All variables exhibited robust within-person carry-over effects. Other within-person effects were more specific to certain traits. These results suggest that, despite their distinct theoretical and methodological bases, normal trait and psychiatric diagnostic approaches largely converged on a similar conception of borderline personality.
Broadening Participation: 21st Century Opportunities for Amateurs in Biology Research.

The modern field of biology has its roots in the curiosity and skill of amateur researchers and has never been purely the domain of professionals. Today, professionals and amateurs contribute to biology research, working both together and independently. Well-targeted and holistic investment in amateur biology research could bring a range of benefits that, in addition to positive societal benefits, may help to address the considerable challenges facing our planet in the 21st century. We highlight how recent advances in amateur biology have been facilitated by innovations in digital infrastructure as well as the development of community biology laboratories, launched over the last decade, and we provide recommendations for how individuals can support the integration of amateurs into biology research. The benefits of investment in amateur biology research could be many-fold, however without a clear consideration of equity, efforts to promote amateur biology could exacerbate structural inequalities around access to and benefits from STEM. The future of the field of biology relies on integrating a diversity of perspectives and approaches-amateur biology researchers have an important role to play.
The Underappreciated Benefits of Distance Law Teaching

Higher education professors got a crash course in “distance education” during the Covid pandemic. This essay identifies and explores lessons about distance education we professors should─and should not─take away from our experiences teaching during the pandemic. I argue many of us learned lessons about distance education we now should unlearn, and we still need to learn essential lessons about distance education we did not learn during the pandemic. The benefits of well-designed distance education vastly exceed the obvious benefits of reduced commuting to and from campus. Professors who had little or no time to prepare for online teaching did not have an opportunity to develop engaging asynchronous course content for use in their online courses. As a result, for many professors, the “distance” part of distance education defaulted to synchronous Zoom class meetings that were virtual lecture classes. Asynchronous course content offers many pedagogical benefits, but few professors learned that lesson during the pandemic. I was luckier than most professors because I had developed an online graduate tax course with asynchronous content before the pandemic. During the development of that course, I discovered that asynchronous course content is not synonymous with short video lectures and a flipped classroom. With the capable assistance of a technical learning designer, I learned that well-designed course content actively engages students, through creatively designed course modules, with feedback and formative assessment built into the learning process. The active learning fostered by asynchronous content can be better than the learning in face-to-face, lecture-based classes, which often are mostly passive experiences for students. Also, asynchronous work can include collaborative group projects, including problem solving and writing projects, which encourage student-to-student interactions that often are lacking in face-to-face classes. This essay provides samples of asynchronous content I created for an online graduate tax course, but later adapted during the pandemic for a first-year law school elective course, Introduction to Income Tax. Also, I discuss the intended and unintended consequences of using my online course materials in a traditional law school course.
Global Surgery Financing, Challenges and Possibilities

Global surgery is increasingly gaining recognition as an important and essential component of the service mix needed to attain Universal Health Coverage. Lack of access to surgical care is not just tragic, it is also too costly for any society, currently and when costs are projected into the future. Research has demonstrated that cost effectiveness of surgical care is comparable to that one of well-known (and well-funded) public health interventions, raising the public pressure for access expansion to affordable surgical care. However, how to finance it remains a significant challenge. The prevailing paradigm that governments could not offer everything to everyone builds its foundation on the wrong mindset; a mindset that invites delaying the expansion of surgical care. It is true that resources can appear finite at a given time, but this equation does not include the potential for innovation, cooperation and decision that can stem from a serious challenge. The world is today, richer, healthier, with greater human capital, and for that, more capable technologically to finally bring surgery to those in need. The response to this call is already coming from multiple corners: groups of likeminded surgeons and health professionals, governments (from high-income countries as well as LMICs), international agencies, philanthropists, corporations and academic centers. Lessons learned from LMICs and from previous experiences in development assistance, realignment of countries priorities and private financial assistance provide tangible examples about how expanding surgical care to many in low resource settings can be done.
Receptor-mediated transport of IgG across the intestinal epithelium of the neonatal rat

The absorptive epithelium of the neonatal rat is developmentally specialized to transfer maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) intact to the circulation while other milk protein are digested. The epithelial cells of the duodenum and proximal jejunum which are responsible for IgG transfer represent a particular striking experimental model for study of receptor-mediated intracellular transport. Receptors located on the luminal plasma membrane selectively bind the Fc region of IgG. The IgG enters the cell by constitutive endocytosis within coated vesicles and is then released at the basolateral plasma membrane. Morphological evidence supports a model in which IgG crosses the cell as a ligand-receptor complex that dissociates only on exposure to a pH 7.4 environment found at the basolateral cell surface. Although uptake of IgG at the luminal plasma membrane is highly selective, small but significant amounts of other proteins enter the cell apparently non-selectively. Nevertheless, these latter proteins are not transferred across the cell. Double-tracer experiments indicate that IgG and these other proteins enter the cell simultaneously within the same endocytic vesicles, but that non-membrane-bound proteins are removed from the IgG transport pathway by an as yet poorly defined mechanism and sequestered within small apical vacuoles and lysosomes.
Metal olefin complexes

Abstract The cis-1,2-divinylcyclohexane complexes of palladium(II) and platinum(II) were prepared at ambient temperature from bisbenzonitrilepalladium(II) dichloride and sodium chloroplanitinate by the metal-catalyzed rearrangement of cis, trans-1,5-cyclodecadiene. The mechanism by which the rearrangement could have occured is discussed and a closed ring π-allylic intermediate proposed.
Dreams, Supervision, and Feelings

This paper addresses two ways we can use dreams therapeutically. One is as supervision. Clients often tell us through their dreams how we are failing to provide them with the therapeutic conditions they need in order to work well. When we hear these messages we have a better chance of providing a good therapeutic ambiance. A second method is to use dreams to help clients identify and express feelings they may have been avoiding.
RADON LEAKAGE FROM RADIOACTIVE MINERALS

The leakage of radon from a variety of primary and secondary uranium minerals has been measured. At room temperature pitchblende specimens show radon loss ranging from 0.06470 to 16.6/6; uraninite, 0.58 to 0.80/s; samarskite, approximately 0.03/s; carnotite, 17 to 27/6; and zircon, 1.6 to 6.2/6. These ranges are not maximal since only a few specimens of each type were measured, but they indicate the order of magnitude involved. Radon leakage increases with temperature such that at 150'C. it is about twice that at room temperature. Between 200 and 300'C. recrystalhzation ensues, reducing the internal surface area and the radon leakage. Measurements were made under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. These studies helped define the mechanism of radon leakage as one of gaseous difiusion through the microfissures of the mineral. Application of a radon leakage correction to Pb206/U238 ages of certain minerals brings them essentially into agreement with the Pb207/U235 ages.
Conspecific sperm precedence in Drosophila

Traits that influence the interactions between males and females can evolve very rapidly through sexual selection1 or sexually antagonistic coevolution2. Rapid change in the fertilization systems of independent populations can give rise to reproductive incompatibilities between populations3,4, and may contribute to speciation5. Here I provide evidence for cryptic reproductive divergence among three sibling species of Drosophila that leads to a form of postmating isolation. When a female mates with both a conspecific and a heterospecific male, the conspecific sperm fertilize the vast majority of the eggs, regardless of the order of the matings. Heterospecific sperm fertilize fewer eggs after these double matings than after single matings. Experiments using spermless males show that the seminal fluid of the conspecific male is largely responsible for this conspecific sperm precedence. Moreover, when two males of the same species mate sequentially with a female from a different species, a highly variable pattern of sperm precedence replaces the second-male sperm precedence that is consistently found within species. These results indicate that females mediate sperm competition, and that second-male sperm precedence is not an automatic consequence of the mechanics of sperm storage.
Targeted Beverage Taxes Influence Food and Beverage Purchases among Households with Preschool Children

Background: How beverage taxes might influence purchases of foods and beverages among households with preschool children is unclear. Thus, we examined the relation between beverage taxes and food and beverage purchases among US households with a child 2–5 y of age. Objectives: We examined how a potential tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), or SSBs and >1% fat and/or high-sugar milk, would influence household food and beverage purchases among US households with a preschool child. We aimed to identify the lowest tax rate associated with meaningful changes in purchases. Methods: We used household food and beverage purchase data from households with a single child who participated in the 2009–2012 Nielsen Homescan Panel. A 2-part, multilevel panel model was used to examine the relation between beverage prices and food and beverage purchases. Logistic regression was used in the first part of the model to estimate the probability of a food/beverage being purchased, whereas the second part of the model used log-linear regression to estimate predicted changes in purchases among reporting households. Estimates from both parts were combined, and bootstrapping was performed to obtain corrected SEs. In separate models, prices of SSBs, or SSBs and >1% and/or high-sugar milk, were perturbed by +10%, +15%, and +20%. Predicted changes in food and beverage purchases were compared across models. Results: Price increases of 10%, 15%, and 20% on SSBs were associated with fewer purchases of juice drinks, whereas price increases of 10%, 15%, and 20% simulated on both SSBs plus >1% fat and/or high-sugar milk (combined tax) were associated with fewer kilocalories purchased from >1% fat, low-sugar milk, and meat, poultry, fish, and mixed meat dishes. Conclusions: Our study provides further evidence that a tax on beverages high in sugar and/or fat may be associated with favorable changes in beverage purchases among US households with a preschool child.
Pulmonary Retention of Inhaled Submicron Particles in Rats: Diesel Exhaust Exposures and Lung Retention Model

Inhalation exposures to diluted diesel exhaust were conducted in F344 rats for the last five years to enable a better understanding of lung clearance of inhaled diesel particles (DP). We observed that as the DP burden in the lungs increased, lung clearance decreased and the extent of particle-laden macrophage aggregation in the alveoli increased. A new compartmental model of particle retention in the lungs was developed by treating the macrophage aggregates as a particle sequestering compartment. Features of the model are non-linear compartmental clearance of particulate and a mass-dependent transition from elimination to sequestration of particulate in the lungs. A new experimental exposure for 12 weeks to 6 mg DP/m³ was conducted to collect data to test the predictions of the model and to be used later in refining the rate coefficients of the model. This report shows that there is good agreement between the data and the predicted lung and lymph node burdens.
Codimension two bifurcations of nonlinear systems driven by fuzzy noise

Abstract By means of a fuzzy generalized cell mapping method, a Duffing–Van der Pol oscillator in the presence of fuzzy noise is studied in a regime where two symmetrically related fuzzy period-one attractors grow and merge as the intensity of the fuzzy noise is increased. By introducing a small symmetry-breaking parameter to break the symmetry, the merging explosion bifurcation unfolds to a pattern of two catastrophic and explosive bifurcations. Considering both the intensity of the fuzzy noise and the symmetry-breaking parameter together as controls, a codimension two bifurcation of fuzzy attractors is defined, and examples of additive and multiplicative fuzzy noise are given. Such a codimension two bifurcation is fuzzy noise-induced effects which cannot be seen in the deterministic systems.
Multi-structure segmentation of multi-modal brain images using artificial neural networks

A method for simultaneous segmentation of multiple anatomical brain structures from multi-modal MR images has been developed. An artificial neural network (ANN) was trained from a set of feature vectors created by a combination of high-resolution registration methods, atlas based spatial probability distributions, and a training set of 16 expert traced data sets. A set of feature vectors were adapted to increase performance of ANN segmentation; 1) a modified spatial location for structural symmetry of human brain, 2) neighbors along the priors descent for directional consistency, and 3) candidate vectors based on the priors for the segmentation of multiple structures. The trained neural network was then applied to 8 data sets, and the results were compared with expertly traced structures for validation purposes. Comparing several reliability metrics, including a relative overlap, similarity index, and intraclass correlation of the ANN generated segmentations to a manual trace are similar or higher to those measures previously developed methods. The ANN provides a level of consistency between subjects and time efficiency comparing human labor that allows it to be used for very large studies.
“A Man Must Have a Code”: The Many Languages of The Wire

“A man must have a code,” Detective “Bunk” Moreland wryly intones, mocking Omar Little's strict morality. This utterance plainly invokes notions of a “code of the streets” which structures and regu...
Inpatient Treatment of Severe Nicotine Dependence in a Patient With Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)

Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), or Buerger's disease, is an inflammatory, occlusive, and nonatherosclerotic vascular disease that most commonly affects small and medium-sized arteries and veins. The association between tobacco use and the development of TAO is incontestable; however, a substantial number of patients with TAO continue to use tobacco despite progression of disease and amputation. Herein we describe a patient with advanced TAO whose severe, refractory nicotine dependence was successfully treated in a specialized nicotine-dependence inpatient program. After cessation of smoking, the patient's disease stabilized. Inpatient nicotine-dependence treatment may represent an alternative for recidivist smokers with severe tobacco-related disease.
“Coming out of the shadows” and “undocuqueer”: Undocumented immigrants transforming sexuality discourse and activism

Coming out of the shadows is a powerful strategy of the undocumented youth movement, yet there has been little analysis of the ways that young immigrants have adapted lesbian and gay speech. This article examines three key language developments of this movement that intersect with LGBTQ language: (1) coming out of the shadows; (2) coming out as both undocumented and LGBTQ; and (3) use of the term “undocuqueer.” This analysis is based on observation and discourse analysis of coming out rallies and other activities of Mexican origin members of Chicago’s Immigrant Youth Justice League (IYJL) and other immigrant youth organizations in Illinois between 2010 and 2013. These linguistic innovations reflect the leadership of women and queer people in undocumented youth organizing. Armed with language, activists are developing a confrontational queer youth politics of immigration that challenges both “homonormativity” (Duggan 2002) and citizenship orthodoxies. Queer Latina/o immigrant youth use the language of sexuality for self-realization, political mobilization, and coalition-building. As more LGBTQ youth of color publicly embrace their non-normative sexualities, they may creatively use language for social justice centered in their intersectional experiences.
What's constant in contrast constancy? The effects of scaling on the perceived contrast of bandpass patterns.

"Contrast constancy" refers to the ability to perceive objects as maintaining a constant contrast independent of size or distance. When tested with high contrast sinusoidal gratings, contrast constancy has been shown to hold for a wide range of spatial frequencies, suggesting that sensitivity is constant across the spectrt~m at suprathreshold. In this study, we show that contrast constancy also holds for relatively broadband patterns. We describe,how the frequency spectra of such functions change as the patterns scale in size. In particular, we emphasize how these changes in the spectra depend on whether the functions are legalized (coherent phase) or spatially distributed (incoherent phase). In Fourier terms, the scaling properties depend on the phase spectra of the patterns. Contrast constancy is shown to hold for both localized Gabor patches (coherent phase spectra) and bandpass noise patterns (incoherent phase spectra). Constancy holds over a wide range of suprathreshold contrasts; in fact, matching is quite accurate as soon as the pattern is suprathreshold. These results are explained with a model in which mechanism bandwidths increase with frequency (constant in octaves) and peak spectral sensitivity is equal across frequency out to around 16 c/deg. In the case of the Gabor stimuli, perceived contrast is assumed to be mediated by a mechanism centered on the patch. For the bandpass noise, contrast is determined by the average response of units distributed across the stimulus. This model can account for the matching data without assuming that the contrast-response gain of the underlying channels changes with spatial frequency. Neither does the model assume "response pooling". In addition to explaining the experimental results, the model also predicts that perceived contrast will be approximately constant across scale for scenes whose spectra fall as I/f, as is typical of natural scenes.
Importance of the massive modes in the renormalization group 2 + ε dimension

Abstract We study the renormalization group for the non-linear σ-models S n −1 , ℝP 2 and V n,2 in the limit d = 2 + e, keeping all the modes, massive and massless. The local potential approximation is used for the renormalization group. In a first step, the S n−1 models (usually called O( n ) models) are solved in this approximation. Then, we study the ℝP 2 and V n , 2 models. We find the fixed points in the flow and the corresponding critical exponents. Due to the massive modes, the critical exponents differ at order e 2 when compared to the one found in the usual 2 + e expansion. In particular, various models with the same tangent space (which have an identical critical behavior in the usual computations) differ at order e 2 .