cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles of Design and a Trajectory of Artificiality

This chapter examines the shape of product design in light of recent and ongoing technological and cultural developments. It presents a trajectory of problems (Krippendorff, 1997) that have been and are currently fueling design considerations and reviews several stages of the amazing transformations design is undergoing. Based on this history, it comes to the conclusion that the design of “products” has morphed into the design of increasingly language-like, communicative, and social artifacts and, based on these observations, it develops nine design principles that are and should govern contemporary design.
Path auctions with multiple edge ownership

In this paper, we study path auction games in which multiple edges may be owned by the same agent. The edge costs and the set of edges owned by the same agent are privately known to the owner of the edges. In this setting, we show that, assuming that edges not on the winning path always get 0 payment, there is no individually rational, strategyproof mechanism in which only edge costs are reported. If the agents are asked to report costs as well as identity information, we show that there is no Pareto efficient mechanism that is false-name proof. We then study a first-price path auction in this model. We show that, in the special case of parallel-path graphs, there is always a Pareto efficient pure strategy @e-Nash equilibrium in bids. However, this result does not extend to general graph; we construct a graph in which there is no Pareto efficient pure strategy @e-Nash equilibrium.
Market-based frequency domain decomposition for automated mode shape estimation in wireless sensor networks

SUMMARY Wireless sensing technology has paved the way for the cost-effective deployment of dense networks of sensing transducers within large structural systems. By leveraging the embedded computing power residing within networks of wireless sensors, it has been shown that powerful data analyses can be performed autonomously and in-network, without the need for central data processing. In this study, the power and flexibility of agent-based data processing in the wireless structural monitoring environment is illuminated through the application of market-based techniques to in-network mode shape estimation. Specifically, by drawing on previous wireless sensor work in both decentralized frequency domain decomposition (FDD) and market-based resource allocation, an algorithm derived from free-market principles is developed through which an agent-based wireless sensor network can autonomously and optimally shift emphasis between improving the accuracy of its mode shape calculations and reducing its dependency on any of the traditional limitations of wireless sensor networks: processing time, storage capacity, and power consumption. The developed algorithm is validated by estimating mode shapes using a network of wireless sensors deployed on the mezzanine balcony of Hill Auditorium located at the University of Michigan. Copyright r 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solubility behavior of ethyl cellulose in supercritical fluid solvents

Abstract Solubility data to 180 °C and 1200 bar are reported for ∼1.0 wt.% ethyl cellulose (50% ethoxyl content, 2.5 average degree of substitution) (EC) in neat supercritical fluid (SCF) chlorodifluoromethane (F22); difluoromethane; 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane; 1,1-difluoroethane; and dimethyl ether (DME). The pressures needed to dissolve EC in the polar fluorocarbons decreases with increasing solvent size. The exception in this trend is F22 which is the best fluorocarbon solvent of the series likely due to its ability to hydrogen bond to the oxygens in EC. Data are also reported for EC in CO 2 with up to 30 wt.% ethanol and methanol showing that, on a weight basis, methanol is a much better cosolvent although on a mole basis methanol is only slightly better. DME is the highest quality solvent for EC of the series of SCF solvents investigated. Although the EC+DME system exhibits lower critical solution temperature behavior similar to the EC+F22 system, EC dissolves in DME at lower temperatures and pressures compared with F22. Solution density data at the phase boundaries are reported for the EC+SCF solutions. The EC+DME solutions exhibit the lowest densities which suggests that EC-DME cross interactions are very strong and likely dominated by hydrogen bonding.
Differences in inhibition by beta-arabinofuranosyladenine (araA) of radiation induced DNA damage repair in exponentially growing and plateau-phase CHO-cells.

The effect of beta-arabinofuranosyladenine (araA) on the repair of radiation induced DNA damage, as measured by the DNA unwinding technique, was studied in exponentially growing and plateau-phase CHO-cells after exposure to x-rays. Induction of DNA damage by radiation was found to be similar in exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells. In the absence of araA, repair of radiation induced DNA damage proceeded with similar kinetics in exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells. AraA at concentrations between 0–1500 µM inhibited DNA repair both in exponentially growing and in plateau-phase cells. However, the degree of inhibition was significantly higher (by a factor of 3) in plateau-phase cells. A similar degree of repair inhibition by araA was observed in plateau phase cells treated in their conditioned medium, as well as in plateau phase cells that were transfered in fresh growth medium just before treatment initiation. These results indicate the importance of biochemical parameters associated with alterations in the growth state of the cells for the inhibitory effect of araA and may help in the elucidation of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying repair inhibition by inhibitors of DNA replication.
Analysis of omeprazole, midazolam and hydroxy-metabolites in plasma using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract A method has been developed and validated for the quantitation of midazolam, alphahydroxy-midazolam, omeprazole, and hydroxyomeprazole from one 250 μL sample of human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated for a daily working range of 0.400–100 ng/mL, with limits of detection between 2 and 15 pg/mL. The inter-assay variation was less than 15% for all analytes at four control concentrations and the samples were stable for three freeze–thaw cycles under the analysis conditions and 24 h in the post-preparative analysis matrix. This method was used to analyze samples in support of clinical studies probing the activity of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system.
Ideal Resistivity of Bismuth-Antimony Alloys and the Electron-Electron Interaction

The magnitude of a ${T}^{2}$ term occurring in the low-temperature electrical resistivity of bismuth and bismuth-antimony alloys has been measured. Antimony concentrations were less than 3 at.%. The rate of increase of this term with increasing antimony concentration (decreasing free-carrier concentration) suggests that it may be associated with electron-electron scattering due to an interaction which is appreciably phonon-mediated (Fr\"ohlich-BCS type).
The accuracy of transition state theory in its absolute rate theory and variational formulations

Abstract The accuracy of the absolute rate theory and variational formulations of transition state theory have been determined for a series of collinear reactions A + BC → AB + C on the Porter—Karplus potential energy surface by comparing theoretical values of classical mean reaction probabilities with classical mechanical trajectory results.
Ordinary and strong density continuity of complex analytic functions

In the paper we prove that the complex analytic functions are (ordinarily) density continuous. This stays in contrast with the fact that even such a simple function as G: R 2 --~ R 2, G(x, y) = (x, y3), is not density continuous [1]. We will also characterize those analytic functions which are strongly density continuous at the given point a E C. From this we conclude that a complex analytic function f is strongly density continuous if and only if f(z) = a + bz, where a, b E C and b is either real or imaginary. 1. Preliminaries The notation used throughout this paper is standard. In particular, the complex plane C will be identified with R 2. All sets considered in the paper will be Lebesgue measurable. The two-dimensional Lebesgue measure of a set A C C will be denoted by ~(A). Recall that 0 is a strong dispersion point of A C C if
Toxicity and Neurophysiological Effects of Fipronil and Its Oxidative Sulfone Metabolite on European Corn Borer Larvae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Abstract The phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil is the first compound of its class to be registered for commercial use. The mode of action of this class of insecticides involves antagonism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The sulfone metabolite of fipronil has been reported to be similar in toxicity to the parent compound. In this study, the toxicity and neurophysiological effects of fipronil and the sulfone metabolite were determined for European corn borer larvae. Fipronil was very toxic to neonate European corn borer larvae in feeding bioassays (LC50 = 3.34 ng a.i./cm2 of treated diet) and to fifth instars in topical bioassays (LD50 = 18.78 ng/insect). The sulfone metabolite was slightly more toxic to neonate larvae (LC50 = 1.44 ng a.i./cm2) and equally toxic to fifth instar larvae (LD50 = 19.54 ng/insect) compared with the parent compound. Neonate larvae preexposed to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) residues coated on the inside of glass scintillation vials for 6 h at 100 μg/vial resulted in significant antagonism of fipronil toxicity (LC50 = 4.39 ng a.i./cm2), whereas preexposure to PBO at 1 μg/vial had no effect (LC50 = 2.91 ng a.i./cm2). Fifth instars topically treated with 10 μg of PBO caused significant antagonism of fipronil toxicity (LD50 = 34.41 ng/insect). Electrophysiological recordings of spontaneous electrical activity were conducted on isolated ventral nerve cords from fifth instar larvae. Results from these experiments indicate that fipronil and its sulfone metabolite both reverse the inhibitory effect of GABA on spontaneous electrical activity. Fipronil, however, caused an increase in spontaneous electrical activity relative to that of the sulfone metabolite.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and schizophrenic behavior☆

Abstract It was recently reported that a statistically significant difference existed between catatonic and paranoid negro schizophrenic subjects with regard to the prevalence of deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes. We have repeated this study, surveying 562 male subjects and 235 female subjects at five State Hospitals in New York. Our results indicated: (1) no association between schizophrenic subtype and enzyme deficiency for the females (p#620·5); (2) a statistically significant association (p
Access to the General Curriculum: A Curriculum and Instruction Perspective for Educators

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act places more emphasis than ever on providing students with new ways to fully access the general curriculum. This places a great deal of importance on ...
Vicksburg: 47 Days of Siege

The People Foreword Part 1: The Eye of the Storm Part 2: From Death to Morning Part 3: Like So Many Hogs in a Pen Epilogue An Album Glossary.
Breast cancer increases initiation of angiogenesis without accelerating neovessel growth rate

Background. Recurrence and mortality rates in patients with breast cancer correlate with the degree of tumor angiogenesis (angiogenik index). We have developed a novel angiogenesis model by using disks of fresh human placental vein that initiate an angiogenic response and exhibit linear radial capillary growth in culture. We hypothesized that the addition of human breast cancer cells to this human placental vein angiogenesis model would increase the incidence of angiogenesis and accelerate the rate of neovessel growth compared with vein disks cultured without tumor cells. Methods. To test this hypothesis, vein explants from seven human placentas were incorporated into clots of 0.3% fibrin in Medium 199 and fetal bovine serum with or without 1.5 × 105 T-47D (n = 6 placentas) or MCF-7 (n = 1 placenta) breast cancer cells. Statistical differences between the experimental (with breast cancer cells) and control (no added cells) cultures were determined by repeated measures ANOVA. Results. The proportion of disks exhibiting neovessel growth (initiation) by day 12 was significantly increased in the presence of T-47D cells (p < 0.05 at day 12, p < 0.001 at day 15). No statistical difference was seen in rates of neovessel growth (millimeters per day). Similar results were seen with MCF-7 cells. Conclusions. Tumor enhancement of angiogenesis may occur by increased initiation of the angiogenic response. Subsequent vessel growth rates may be tumor independent. We predict that effective antiangiogenic therapies will block a tumor's ability to augment angiogenesis initiation rather than subsequent neovessel growth.
Modulation of cardiac oxytocin receptor and estrogen receptor alpha mRNAs expression following neonatal oxytocin treatment

Oxytocin (OT) is known for its role in reproduction. However, evidence has emerged suggesting its involvement in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. Here we examine the hypothesis that neonatal exposure to OT can have both short-term and long-lasting consequences on gene expression in heart tissue. On the first day of postnatal life, female and male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were randomly assigned to receive one of following treatments: 50 μl i.p. injection of (a) 3 μg OT (b) 0.3 μg of OT antagonist (OTA), or (c) isotonic saline (SAL). Hearts were collected on postnatal day 1 (D1, 2 h after injection), day 8 (D8), or day 21 (D21), and the mRNA expression for OT receptor (OTR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ as a function of age, treatment, and sex were measured using RT-PCR. Neonatal treatment with OT showed a marked increase in cardiac OTR mRNA expression on postnatal D1, but not D8 or D21, in both female and male animals. ERα increased as a function of OT treatment only in females. Although significant treatment effects were no longer detected in D8 or D21 animals, there were significant changes in the relative expression of all types of mRNA between D1 and D21 with age-related declines in OTR and ERβ and increases in ERα Neonatal treatment with OTA showed no changes in cardiac OTR, ERα, or ERβ mRNAs expression. The results indicate that during the early postnatal period OT can have rapid effects on the expression of OTR and ERα mRNAs and that these effects are mitigated by D8 or D21. Also, with the exception of ERα mRNA, the effects are the same in both sexes.
The estimated cost of "no-shows" in an academic pediatric neurology clinic

Abstract Objective Missed appointments ("no-shows") represent an important source of lost revenue for academic medical centers. The goal of this study was to examine the costs of "no-shows" at an academic pediatric neurology outpatient clinic. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who missed appointments at an academic pediatric neurology outpatient clinic during 1 academic year. Revenue lost was estimated based on average reimbursement for different insurance types and visit types. Results The yearly "no-show" rate was 26%. Yearly revenue lost from missed appointments was $257,724.57, and monthly losses ranged from $15,652.33 in October 2013 to $27,042.44 in January 2014. Conclusions The yearly revenue lost from missed appointments at the academic pediatric neurology clinic represents funds that could have been used to improve patient access and care. Further work is needed to develop strategies to decrease the no-show rate to decrease lost revenue and improve patient care and access.
Organic Nanodielectrics for Low Voltage Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Transistors and Complementary Logic Gates

We report the implementation of three dimensionally cross-linked, organic nanodielectric multilayers as ultrathin gate dielectrics for a type of thin film transistor device that uses networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes as effective semiconductor thin films. Unipolar n- and p-channel devices are demonstrated by use of polymer coatings to control the behavior of the networks. Monolithically integrating these devices yields complementary logic gates. The organic multilayers provide exceptionally good gate dielectrics for these systems and allow for low voltage, low hysteresis operation. The excellent performance characteristics suggest that organic dielectrics of this general type could provide a promising path to SWNT-based thin film electronics.
Evidence for an As4 sticking coefficient ≳0.5 in the molecular beam epitaxy of GaAs

Since the early work of Foxon and Joyce [Surf. Sci. 50, 434 (1975)] it has been accepted that the maximum sticking coefficient for As4 on GaAs in MBE growth is 0.5. Our results, based upon dc photoemission behavior and oscillations both in RHEED and photoemission, call into question this assumption and suggest that it is possible to observe near unity sticking coefficients provided the nucleation of Ga droplets has not occurred.
Rapid analysis of gene copy numbers in cancer by FISH and automated spot counting from stacked confocal images

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is an excellent method for detection of gene copy number alterations in cancer and other diseases. A limitation of the technology is the tedious, inaccurate and often highly subjective spot counting. For a number of reasons, automation of FISH spot, counting has not been accomplished. FISH signals are often at different focal planes, resulting in interfering out-of- focus light. This paper describes current progress towards automated FISH spot counting, with particular reference to the previous technical limitations.
Documenting the Need for Nutrition and Health Intervention for Middle-aged and Older Adults in the Lower Mississippi Delta Region

ABSTRACT Multiple demographic, health, and environmental factors may influence the overall quality of diets among rural middle-aged and older adults. This project compared the diet quality of participants in Foods of Our Delta Survey (FOODS 2000) who were aged 55 years and older with national data. The data were assessed using 24-hour dietary recall methodology and a modified version of the United States Department of Agriculture Healthy Eating Index (HEI) that excluded the sodium component. The mean total Modified Healthy Eating Index (MHEI) study score was significantly lower than their counterparts from the national survey (61.0±0.68 vs. 65.6±3.65, P < 0.0001). Race and educational attainment were associated with higher MHEI scores. This study emphasized a critical need for implementing nutrition and health interventions in rural communities with special attention to subpopulations at risk.
'Hair-on-end' sign: an important finding in clinical practice

A 35-year-old African-American female with significant medical history for asthma, chronic anemia and status post-splenectomy was admitted for marked anemia and dizziness. Her family history was unremarkable for hemoglobinopathies. A computed tomography of head without contrast revealed thickening of the calvarium with ‘hair-on-end’ appearance and enlarged opacified maxillary and sphenoid sinuses, completely filled with blood (Figure 1). Hemoglobin electrophoresis analysis revealed the following hemoglobin fractions Hb F 80%, Hb A1 16.6%, Hb A2 2.8% and Hb …
One step thermal conversion of lignin to the gasoline range liquid products by using zeolites as additives

One step thermal conversion of lignin to gasoline range liquid products was accomplished by pyrolyzing softwood (SW) kraft lignin with select zeolites at 600 °C. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) including quantitative 13C, 31P-NMR and Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation (HSQC)-NMR were used to characterize various pyrolysis oils. By employing a zeolite catalyst aliphatic hydroxyl groups decreased by 70–100% in the resulting bio-oil and the content of carboxylic acid groups also decreased by 44–85% in comparison to a control pyrolysis oil generated with no additive. Of the additives studied MFI and MOR zeolites provided the best in situ decarboxylation of bio-oils. The results of 13C-NMR indicated after the use of FAU and BEA zeolites, the pyrolysis oils contained ∼80% less methoxy groups than the native pyrolysis oil, and almost all the oxygen (up to ∼87%) belonged to phenolic hydroxyl groups. In addition, the average molecular weight of these two upgraded pyrolysis oils decreased by ∼60% with respect to the control pyrolysis oil and they had a molecular weight profile in the gasoline range (80–120 g mol−1). By adding MFI, FAU and BEA zeolites, the pyrolysis oils contained some polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In contrast, there were very limited amount of PAH in FER and MOR upgraded pyrolysis oils and almost no PAH in the native pyrolysis oil.
Hiding shared memory reference latency on the Galactica Net distributed shared memory architecture

Abstract In order to provide shared memory in large-scale multiprocessors, techniques to hide the latency of shared memory accesses must be developed. In this paper, we describe the latency hiding mechanisms employed by the Galactica Net scalable distributed shared memory architecture being developed at the Center for High Performance Computing. We introduce our novel technique for maintaining the coherence of shared data caches, based on a flexible hardware-supported but software-controlled mechanism supporting both update and invalidate based protocols. We also consider the use of alternative memory consistency models, and find that the use of weaker consistency models is an effective way to hide memory reference latency in the Galactica Net architecture. Preliminary performance evaluations indicate that together these mechanisms are able to hide a significant amount of the memory reference latency, thus increasing the scalability of the architecture.
The set coincidence game: Complexity, attainability, and symmetric strategies

Abstract We develop two closely related aspects of the complexity theory of the Set Coincidence Game G(V, W) , in which two players alternately choose elements not previously chosen from a finite, nonempty set V , and W is a given family of nonempty subsets of V (the “inning sets”). The game is won by that player who first adds an element to the set of “chosen” elements S, so that S ϵ W. We first show that the Set Coincidence Game (in an efficient encoding) is complete in PSPACE. We then develop the theory of attainability which we use to give intuition about the structure of minimal forced wins for either player, and about the “difficulty” of the game. We also show that a well-known type of strategy (“Symmetric” or “pairing”) is optimal in the context of our definition of attainability.
Guest Editor's Introduction: Defining Political Inequality Within a Cross-National Perspective

(2007). Guest Editor's Introduction: Defining Political Inequality Within a Cross-National Perspective. International Journal of Sociology: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 3-9.
Acute exposure to acid fog : effects on mucociliary clearance

Submicrometric sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosol can affect mucociliary clearance without eliciting irritative symptoms or changes in pulmonary function. The effect of larger fog droplets containing H2SO4 on mucociliary clearance is unknown. We quantified mucociliary clearance from the trachea (n = 4) and small airways (n = 7) of young healthy male adults after an acute exposure to H2SO4 fog (MMAD = 10.3 microns; pH = 2.0; liquid water content = 481 +/- 65 mg/m3; osmolarity = 30 mOsm). Acid fog (AF) or saline fog (SF) (10.9 microns; 492 +/- 116 mg/m3; 30 mOsm) was administered for 40 min of unencumbered breathing (no mouth-piece) at rest and for 20 min of exercise sufficient to produce oronasal breathing. Fog exposures were followed by a methacholine (MCh) challenge (a measure of airway reactivity) or inhalation of technetium-99M radioaerosol (MMAD = 3.4 microns) on 2 study days each. Changes in symptoms and forced ventilatory function were also assessed. Clearance was quantified from computer-assisted analyses of gamma camera images of the lower respiratory tract in terms of %removal/min of the radiolabel from the trachea 25 min after inhalation and from the outer zone of the right lung after 1.9 to 3 h. Symptoms, forced ventilatory function, and MCh response were unaffected by either fog. Tracheal clearance was more rapid in four of four subjects after AF (0.83 +/- 1.58% removal/min) compared with that after SF (-0.54 +/- 0.85% removal/min). Outer zone clearance was more rapid in six of seven subjects after AF (0.22 +/- 0.15% removal/min) compared with that after SF (0.01 +/- 0.09% removal/min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Videotape supervision via long-distance telephone

Abstract Raw data supervision is an important component in family therapy training. However, it is often difficult to implement, especially for those therapists and supervisors who live a great distance from one another. This article presents a technique for providing videotape supervision via long-distance telephone. It presents the advantages and problems of this technique. Alternative ways of using this procedure also are discussed.
A review of the Optimal Power Flow

This paper describes the Optimal Power Flow problem and progress toward its solution since its inception in theory to its present form. Present and future applications of Optimal Power Flow programs in system planning, and system operations and control will be presented. The sensitivity calculation and application to optimal power flow theory will be presented.
Novel polyomaviral infection in the placenta of a northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) on the pribilof islands, Alaska, USA

Viruses of the family Polyomaviridae infect a wide variety of avian and mammalian hosts with a broad spectrum of outcomes including asymptomatic infection, acute systemic disease, and tumor induction. In 2010, intranuclear viral inclusion bodies were identified in trophoblasts of a single northern fur seal (NFS; Callorhinus ursinus) placenta from a presumed healthy birth on St. Paul Island, Alaska. On transmission electron microscopy, virions were approximately 40 nm in diameter and were arranged in paracrystal-line arrays within the nucleus. The tissue was positive for the polyomaviral major capsid gene (VP1) by PCR, and the sequenced product revealed a novel Orthopolyomavirus. Twenty-nine additional NFS placentas, devoid of viral inclusions on histologic examination, were tested for polyomavirus by PCR; all were negative. The significance of this novel virus for the infected animal is unknown, but the virus does not appear to be very prevalent within the placentas from newborn northern fur seal pups.
Gonadal Hormones and Brain Development: Cellular Aspects of Sexual Differentiation

Sexual differentiation of the neural control of reproductive function with respect to both gonadotropin secretion and sexual behavior is thought to result from exposure of the brain to testicular androgens during a very restricted or critical period of CNS differentiation and development, when the tissue is competent to respond to the hormone, and after which it is refractory or responds in a reversible manner. This paper reviews the cellular aspects of sexual differentiation with particular emphasis on the morphological expression of the gonadal hormonal effects in the adult brain. It presents experimental evidence for the morphogenetic basis for the observed steroid effects by showing how the addition of steroid to undifferentiated hypothalamic cultures produces a selective neuritic response that is steroid-dependent. These results suggest that since afferent axonal input and temporal factors are critical for dendritic and synaptic differentiation, steroid-induced variations in neuritic development could result in gender-specific responses seen in sexual differentiation of reproductive function.
Presenilin-1 Knockin Mice Reveal Loss-of-Function Mechanism for Familial Alzheimer’s Disease

Summary Presenilins play essential roles in memory formation, synaptic function, and neuronal survival. Mutations in the Presenilin-1 ( PSEN1 ) gene are the major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). How PSEN1 mutations cause FAD is unclear, and pathogenic mechanisms based on gain or loss of function have been proposed. Here, we generated Psen1 knockin (KI) mice carrying the FAD mutation L435F or C410Y. Remarkably, KI mice homozygous for either mutation recapitulate the phenotypes of Psen1 −/− mice. Neither mutation altered Psen1 mRNA expression, but both abolished γ-secretase activity. Heterozygosity for the KI mutation decreased production of Aβ40 and Aβ42, increased the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and exacerbated Aβ deposition. Furthermore, the L435F mutation impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory and causes age-dependent neurodegeneration in the aging cerebral cortex. Collectively, our findings reveal that FAD mutations can cause complete loss of Presenilin-1 function in vivo, suggesting that clinical PSEN mutations produce FAD through a loss-of-function mechanism.
Caenorhabditis elegans and Human Dual Oxidase 1 (DUOX1) “Peroxidase” Domains: INSIGHTS INTO HEME BINDING AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY *

The seven members of the NOX/DUOX family are responsible for generation of the superoxide and H(2)O(2) required for a variety of host defense and cell signaling functions in nonphagocytic cells. Two members, the dual oxidase isozymes DUOX1 and DUOX2, share a structurally unique feature: an N-terminal peroxidase-like domain. Despite sequence similarity to the mammalian peroxidases, the absence of key active site residues makes their binding of heme and their catalytic function uncertain. To explore this domain we have expressed in a baculovirus system and purified the Caenorhabditis elegans (CeDUOX1(1-589)) and human (hDUOX1(1-593)) DUOX1 "peroxidase" domains. Evaluation of these proteins demonstrated that the isolated hDUOX1(1-593) does not bind heme and has no intrinsic peroxidase activity. In contrast, CeDUOX1(1-589) binds heme covalently, exhibits a modest peroxidase activity, but does not oxidize bromide ion. Surprisingly, the heme appears to have two covalent links to the protein despite the absence of a second conserved carboxyl group in the active site. Although the N-terminal dual oxidase motif has been proposed to directly convert superoxide to H(2)O(2), neither DUOX1 domain demonstrated significant superoxide dismutase activity. These results strengthen the in vivo conclusion that the CeDUOX1 protein supports controlled peroxidative polymerization of tyrosine residues and indicate that the hDUOX1 protein either has a unique function or must interact with other protein factors to express its catalytic activity.
On the locking and stability of finite elements in finite deformation plane strain problems

Abstract We present in this paper a discussion of the properties of different mixed and enhanced finite element formulations in the finite deformation range based on closed-form expressions of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a rectangular element under an axial stress in plane strain. These analyses allow to identify the locking properties of the finite elements in different situations (namely, incompressible and shear locking), as well the appearance of numerical instabilities. In particular, we identify the presence of material instabilities, that is, negative stiffness in the constant strain response of the material (and so exact and independent of the particular finite element under consideration) as the cause for the appearance of numerical instabilities in the form of hourglassing. This is particularly the case in the original enhanced elements in plane strain problems. This situation is to be contrasted with the standard mixed Q1/P0 element, which is shown to avoid these numerical instabilities in the plane strain case through an alternative regularization of the volumetric stiffness contributions to the hourglass modes. This observation allows for the identification of a new assumed/enhanced formulation that avoids the observed numerical instabilities in the plane strain, without resorting to stabilization techniques relying on user-defined parameters. The new formulation simply involves the constant scaling of the original enhanced deformation gradient with only two enhanced modes, maintaining the full locking-free response of the element and the important strain driven structure of the finite element formulation. Full details of the numerical implementation of these ideas are presented, as well as several numerical simulations illustrating the performance of the new formulation.
Peridynamic theory for simulation of failure mechanisms in electronic packages

Peridynamic theory is employed to investigate crack propagation in a multi-layer thin-film structure of electronic packages and in single layer graphene sheets. A brief description of this non-local theory is presented. Crack propagation path in patterned multilayer thin-film structures predicted by the peridynamic theory is compared against measurements from cross-sectional nanoindentation experiments. Single layer graphene sheet simulation results are compared to molecular dynamic simulations.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Structure and antifungal activity of hircinol, loroglossol and orchinol

Abstract The structure of hircinol, a phytoalexin isolated from Loroglossum hircinum has been established as 2, 5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene. This phytoalexin, the second to be identified in the Orchidaceae, is less effective than orchinol, and its isomeric co-metabolite, loroglossol, 5-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, is inactive.
Use of hafnia/silica multilayer coatings on large mirrors and polarizers for the National Ignition Facility

Multilayer coatings with high damage resistance at 1054 nm can be produced with a metallic hafnium starting material and silicon dioxide (the damage characteristics of these coatings are discussed in detail in a companion paper submitted to this conference). These films have the potential of exhibiting good performance for a high fluence laser if all other optical specifications can be met by the coating. This paper discusses the methods used to prepare a large substrate and coat it with a multilayer meeting damage, spectral, surface flatness, and uniformity specifications. The highly stable processes developed to e-beam coat hafnia and silica are also conducive to producing well-calibrated, highly deterministic uniform films, essential to meeting some of the NIF specifications. The residual stress in the films is controlled mainly through control of residual gas pressures during deposition of the silica layer and is specific to the substrate material and relative humidity in the use environment. Process details for production of these coatings will be discussed.
Eine Kompilation zu Ostpreußen

Book review POLKING, Hermann. Ostpreusen. Biographie einer Provinz. Berlin: Bebraverlag,2011. – 927 S. – ISBN 978-3-89809-094-0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15181/ahuk.v24i0.303
Differences in delay, not ratios, control choice in concurrent chains.

In two experiments, pigeons were trained with concurrent-chains schedules, wherein responding to equal initial links measured preference between variable-interval terminal links. Absolute terminal-link duration was varied by keeping constant the difference between the terminal-link delays and forcing their ratio to change. Delay-reduction theory scales value relative to a common temporal context and requires that delay differences control choice. Thus, preference should remain invariant. Most competing accounts, including the matching law and a strong form of Weber's law, require that preference vary with the delay ratio. Experiment 1 employed standard concurrent chains, in which terminal-link position and color were confounded. Although average preference remained constant, individual preferences were highly variable and inconsistent, possibly due to carryover of position biases across conditions. In an attempt to reduce variability, Experiment 2 used a modified concurrent-chains procedure. Preference at different terminal-link durations was assessed simultaneously to prevent order effects, and terminal-link position was alternated randomly across trials to minimize the impact of position biases. In Experiment 2, both individual and mean preferences showed the constant-difference invariance. Overall, choice was controlled by terminal-link differences, not ratios.
Temperature dependence of the energy gap of MgxZnyCd1−x−ySe alloy

The temperature dependence of the energy gap of MgxZnyCd1−x−ySe (x ∼ 0.5) and Zn0.5Cd0.5Se alloys was determined from reflectivity measurements at temperatures between 4.2 and 300 K. The data were fitted to a Bose–Einstein type relationship and temperature dependence of band gaps was compared. A similar temperature dependence of band gap was observed indicating that quantum confinement in the MgxZnyCd1−x−ySe/Zn0.5Cd0.5Se quantum wells did not depend on temperature. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Part III Cancer of the larynx: Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for a T1 and T2 tumor with normal cord mobility and/or an exophytic lesion. It not only provides excellent control of the disease, but also preserves a good, useful voice in approximately 90 percent of the irradiated patients. For a T2 lesion with impaired cord mobility and/or moderate ulceration, a trial course of radiotherapy is initially given. If the tumor shows good regression and/or a return of normal cord mobility after a dose of 4000 rads, radiation therapy may be continued to a curative dose level, about 6500 rads. Surgery is reserved for treating residual disease six to eight weeks after radiation therapy or for recurrence. A T3 lesion with complete cord fixation and/or deep ulceration with nodes does not respond favorably to radiation therapy, and a planned combination of irradiation and laryngectomy is advised. Disease that extends beyond the larynx, T4, is rarely curable by radiation therapy alone. If the lesion is still operable, a combined approach of radiation and surgery is preferred; if not, palliative radiation therapy is given. Lymph node metastases from laryngeal carcinoma indicate advanced disease and is managed by preoperative irradiation and radical neck dissection. Under a programmore » of therapeutic individualization, two-thirds to three-quarters of patients with cancer of the larynx can be cured by irradiation with preservation of a good, useful voice. In the remainder, the larynx must be sacrificed to save the patient's life. The ultimate control of laryngeal cancer lies in eradicating the extensive primary lesion and metastatic nodes, a common problem in the management of squamous cell carcinoma elsewhere in the body.« less
Analysis of hepatitis C virus infection models with hepatocyte homeostasis

Recently, we developed a model for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection that explicitly includes proliferation of infected and uninfected hepatocytes. The model predictions agree with a large body of experimental observations on the kinetics of HCV RNA change during acute infection, under antiviral therapy, and after the cessation of therapy. Here we mathematically analyze and characterize both the steady state and dynamical behavior of this model. The analyses presented here not only are important for HCV infection but also should be relevant for modeling other infections with hepatotropic viruses, such as hepatitis B virus.
Abstract 296: Pre-treatment clinical laboratory tests indicative of metabolic status are associated with survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

The value of serum pre-treatment laboratory tests for prognostic purposes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is mixed, with inconsistent results. This study was designed to identify pre-treatment routine laboratory tests indicative of a patient9s overall metabolic status, as predictors of NSCLC survival. We assessed seven pre-treatment serum laboratory test levels, including alanine aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, and total protein in 2,675 NSCLC patients, among which 2,201 patients were Caucasians. There were 623 early stage and 2,052 advanced stage NSCLC patients. To minimize the effect of treatment heterogeneity, we focused on subgroups of patients with similar treatment regimens. We studied 978 advanced stage NSCLC patients who were treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Compared to those with pre-treatment laboratory test levels within the normal range, lower than normal levels of albumin [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-1.87, P Citation Format: Fanmao Zhang, Qing H. Meng, Yuanqing Ye, Michelle AT Hildebrandt, Maosheng Huang, Xifeng Wu. Pre-treatment clinical laboratory tests indicative of metabolic status are associated with survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 296. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-296
Gastrointestinal ultrasonography of normal Standardbred neonates and frequency of asymptomatic intussusceptions.

BACKGROUND Ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of equine neonates has not been completely described. OBJECTIVES To describe (1) sonographic characteristics of the GI segments in normal nonsedated equine neonates, (2) intra- and interobserver variation in wall thickness, and (3) the sonographic appearance of asymptomatic intussusceptions, and (4) to compare age and sonographic findings of foals with and without asymptomatic intussusceptions. ANIMALS Eighteen healthy Standardbred foals ≤5 days of age. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional blinded study. Gastrointestinal sonograms were performed stall-side. Intraobserver variability in wall thickness measurements was determined by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV). The Bland-Altman method was used to assess interobserver bias. Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test were used to test the association among presence of intussusceptions, age, and selected sonographic findings. RESULTS The reference ranges (95% predictive interval) for wall thickness were 1.6-3.6 mm for the stomach, 1.9-3.2 mm for the duodenum, 1.9-3.1 mm for the jejunum, 1.3-2.2 mm for the colon, and 0.8-2.7 mm for the cecum. Intraobserver wall thickness CV ranged from 8 to 21% for the 2 observers for 5 gastrointestinal segments. The interobserver bias for wall thickness measurements was not significant except for the stomach (0.14 mm, P < .05) and duodenum (0.29 mm, P < .05). Diagnostic images of mural blood flow could not be obtained. Asymptomatic intussusceptions were found in 10/18 neonates. Associations between sonographic variables or age and the presence of intussusceptions were not found. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Sonographic characteristics of the GI tract of normal Standardbred neonates can be useful in evaluating ill foals. Asymptomatic small intestinal intussusceptions occur in normal Standardbred neonates.
Nature and nurture: Interaction and coaction

The sophistry of the "Nature versus Nurture" formulation is becoming ever more apparent as a consequence of the rapid advances in understanding of the basic mechanisms of heredity and in the application of this knowledge to a wide spectrum of issues of human health and welfare. It is clear that a more accurate formulation would emphasize the interaction and coaction of genetic and environmental factors in their influence on complex phenotypes. Furthermore, the potential dependence of the influence of a particular gene on other genes in the system is increasingly realized. This paper documents these perspectives by examples of gene-environment interaction and gene-gene interaction both from animal model and from human research that reveal both the potential power and subtlety of these interactive effects.
Affinity probes for the GABA-gated chloride channel: 5e-tert-butyl-2e-[4-(substituted-ethynyl)phenyl]-1,3-dithianes with photoactivatable, fluorescent, biotin, agarose and protein substituents.

Abstract Affinity probes for the noncompetitive blocker or picrotoxinin site of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel were designed for four types of applications: photoaffinity reagents to covalently label the binding site; fluorescent probes for receptor analysis; biotinylated compounds and agarose/sepharose conjugates for affinity chromatography; ligand-protein/enzyme conjugates for immunoassay. These 5e-tert-butyl-2e-[4-(substituted-ethynyl)phenyl]-1,3-dithianes were optimized by structure-activity studies for potency as inhibitors of 3H ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate binding to bovine brain membranes, measured as the concentration for 50% inhibition (IC50). Preferred compounds are 5e-(CH3)3CCH(CH2S)2CH-2e-C6H4-4-CCCH2OCH2C(O)R, wherein R confers the following properties and 1C50 values: R = SCH2CH2SCH2C(O)C6H4-4-N3, photo-affinity, 9 nM; R = NHCH2CH2NHC(O)C6H2-2-OH,5-1,4-N3, photoaffinity, 105 nM; R = SCH2CH2S-4-benzofurazan-7-NO2, fluorescent, 13 nM; R = SCH2CH2SCH2-5-fluorescein, fluorescent, 27 nM; R = NHCH2CH2NH[C(O)(CH2)5NH]2-biotin, affinity chromatography, 190 nM. The most potent photoaffinity ligand (IC50 9 nM) was labeled at 7 Ci mmol−1 by reacting the appropriate thiol with 3H 4-azidophenacyl bromide (obtained by alumina-catalyzed tritium exchange of its enolizable hydrogens). The first steps have been taken in using the NCB site for affinity chromatography of the GABAA receptor in CHAPS-solubilized bovine brain membranes with the dithiane-biotin probe and an avidin-acrylic bead system or with an analogous dithiane-agarose/sepharose column eluting with GABA or dithiane as above (R = OH). A protein conjugate of a related dithiane-monosulfone elicited production of specific antisera in rabbits. These findings illustrate the diversity and utility of new affinity probes prepared in the alkynylphenyldithiane series.
Understanding Associations between Religious Beliefs and White Privilege Attitudes

Scholars have grappled with how religion in the United States shapes attitudes toward racial inequality, often by focusing on racial inequality as out-group disadvantage. The current study extends ...
An Analysis of Ground-Water Fluctuations Caused by Ocean Tides in Glynn County, Georgiaa

The tidal efficiencies of wells tapping the principal artesian aquifer in Glynn County, Georgia decrease with distance from the influencing tidal body and also decrease with well depth. Although the magnitude of water-level fluctuation of these wells is largely dependent upon the distance to a large tidal body, the time of a high or a low water level in the wells is mainly dependent upon the time of a high or a low tide in a small, nearby tidal body. A modified formula for computing tidal efficiency is developed: From this formula, tidal efficiency can be calculated rapidly and easily
Some Dimensions of Aphasic Impairment in Adults Considered in Relationship to Investigation of Language Disturbances in Children

SUMMARYStudies of adult aphasia have shown a dimension of language deficit that is not modality specific. This reduction of language may or may not be complicated by further disruptions of auditory, visual, spatial, or sensorimotor processes, or by dysarthrja. Exploration of disturbances observed in these areas has added considerably to our understanding of aphasia in adults. It has also been useful to consider adult aphasia in terms of overall patterns of deficit produced by involvement of one or more of the functional cerebral systems listed above. This framework could be used to provide a systematic approach to investigation and documentation of language disabilities in children.