cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of Heat Dissipation in 3D IC Packaging and Thermal-Aware Design

Cooling of a planar 2D IC chip utilizes heat transfer from a face of the chip though a heat sink. In case of a 3D IC chip stack, the individual chip faces are not available for mounting conventional heat sinks. Mounting the heat sinks on the ends is feasible, but the heat flow paths for the interior chips from the junction to the heat sink become longer. Further, multiple heat sources present along the heat flow paths in stacked chips may create localized hot spots which exceed the allowable junction temperatures. While 2.5D integration in complex ICs where individual layers are mounted on another base die called an interposer can alleviate the heat dissipation issues, it cannot deliver the benefits of monolithic 3D ICs due to the planar distance between the chips or chiplets over the interposer. Introducing interlayer cooling with microchannels and introducing fins in the coolant flow paths extend the thermal dissipation capability of a 3D stack; however this is often accompanied with taller microchannels that lead to longer lengths of through-silicon-vias (TSVs). Placement of TSVs, microchannels walls and fins present conflicting design requirements. Therefore co-design and innovative approaches are seen as critical before widespread commercialization of 3D ICs becomes a reality. An overview of the available cooling options for 3D ICs and their performance evaluation are presented in this chapter.
How Believing Climate Change is a “Hoax” Shapes Climate Skepticism in the United States

Using data gathered from an online survey of residents of the geographic Pacific Northwest (N = 1000) who are skeptical of climate change, we examine the nuances of the belief that climate change c...
Use of Machine Learning Models to Predict Death After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Importance Accurate prediction of adverse outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) can guide the triage of care services and shared decision-making, and novel methods hold promise for using existing data to generate additional insights. Objective To evaluate whether contemporary machine learning methods can facilitate risk prediction by including a larger number of variables and identifying complex relationships between predictors and outcomes. Design, setting, and participants This cohort study used the American College of Cardiology Chest Pain-MI Registry to identify all AMI hospitalizations between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2016. Data analysis was performed from February 1, 2018, to October 22, 2020. Main outcomes and measures Three machine learning models were developed and validated to predict in-hospital mortality based on patient comorbidities, medical history, presentation characteristics, and initial laboratory values. Models were developed based on extreme gradient descent boosting (XGBoost, an interpretable model), a neural network, and a meta-classifier model. Their accuracy was compared against the current standard developed using a logistic regression model in a validation sample. Results A total of 755 402 patients (mean [SD] age, 65 [13] years; 495 202 [65.5%] male) were identified during the study period. In independent validation, 2 machine learning models, gradient descent boosting and meta-classifier (combination including inputs from gradient descent boosting and a neural network), marginally improved discrimination compared with logistic regression (C statistic, 0.90 for best performing machine learning model vs 0.89 for logistic regression). Nearly perfect calibration in independent validation data was found in the XGBoost (slope of predicted to observed events, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99-1.04) and the meta-classifier model (slope of predicted-to-observed events, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99-1.02), with more precise classification across the risk spectrum. The XGBoost model reclassified 32 393 of 121 839 individuals (27%) and the meta-classifier model reclassified 30 836 of 121 839 individuals (25%) deemed at moderate to high risk for death in logistic regression as low risk, which were more consistent with the observed event rates. Conclusions and relevance In this cohort study using a large national registry, none of the tested machine learning models were associated with substantive improvement in the discrimination of in-hospital mortality after AMI, limiting their clinical utility. However, compared with logistic regression, XGBoost and meta-classifier models, but not the neural network, offered improved resolution of risk for high-risk individuals.
Cohort profile: four early uranium processing facilities in the US and Canada.

Pooling of individual-level data for workers involved in uranium refining and processing (excluding enrichment) may provide valuable insights into risks from occupational uranium and external ioniz...
The voice of the consumer: A survey of consumer priorities to inform knowledge translation among Veterans who use mobility assistive technology

LAY SUMMARY Mobility assistive technology (AT) can improve the lives of people with disabilities by helping them get around in their communities. Today, over 23.9 million Americans use a wheelchair...
Public Representation of Social and Ethical Issues in Frontotemporal Dementia

Dementia, and especially frontotemporal dementia, reverses many of the rights that are enjoyed by most individuals in liberal societies. The increasing deficits in cognition and decision-making lead to a legitimate reduction in autonomy. The widespread fear of dementia, which may be fueled by the media, leads to social exclusion and stigmatization of those living with dementia and their families, contributing to significant mental health burdens. This chapter aims to construct a clear understanding of the English language print media representation of: (a) frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in general, (b) the effects it has on persons affected by the disease and their caregivers, and (c) criminal or socially inappropriate behavior associated with the disease. Using specific formal search terms, we retrieved a sample of 137 articles from the Nexis Uni database to identify the media representations of FTD and explore the social discourses of labeling persons as “demented.” Fifty-eight articles portrayed persons living with dementia with negative moralizing metaphors, and 30 articles mention stigmatized behavior in relation to the disease. Stigma towards FTD is a growing problem that can only be solved with a proper assessment of the conditions of health-care delivery and social inclusion that enable persons with dementia to pursue dignified lives. Although resources can limit the care that societies can reasonably provide to such persons, they do not limit the available knowledge and respect that can be offered to people with FTD.
Integrated Photonic Interrogator with On-Chip References

We describe a silicon integrated photonic interrogator with on-chip wavelength and temperature referencing for absolute measurements. We demonstrate fiber Bragg grating interrogation with ±1oC temperature accuracy without thermo-electric coolers.
SU-E-T-426: Feasibility of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Using Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) with Active Breathing Control (ABC)

Purpose: SBRT shows excellent tumor control and toxicity rates for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (PCA). Herein, we evaluate the feasibility of using VMAT with ABC for PCA SBRT. Methods: Nine PCA patients previously treated via SBRT utilizing 11-beam step-and-shoot IMRT technique in our center were retrospectively identified, among whom eight patients received 3300cGy in 5 fractions while one received 3000cGy in 5 fractions. A VMAT plan was generated on each patient’s planning CT in Pinnacle v9.8 on Elekta Synergy following the same PCA SBRT clinical protocol. Three partial arcs (182°–300°, 300°-60°, and 60°-180°) with 2°/4° control-point spacing were used. The dosimetric difference between the VMAT and the original IMRT plans was analyzed. IMRT QA was performed for the VMAT plans using MapCheck2 in MapPHAN and the total delivery time was recorded. To mimic the treatment situation with ABC, where patients hold their breath for 20–30 seconds, the delivery was intentionally interrupted every 20–30 seconds. For each plan, the QA was performed with and without beam interruption. Gamma analysis (2%/2mm) was used to compare the planned and measured doses. Results: All VMAT plans with 2mm dose grid passed the clinic protocol with similar PTV coverage and OARs sparing, where PTV V_RxDose was 92.7±2.1% (VMAT) vs. 92.1±2.6% (IMRT), and proximal stomach V15Gy was 3.60±2.69 cc (VMAT) vs. 4.80±3.13 cc (IMRT). The mean total MU and delivery time of the VMAT plans were 2453.8±531.1 MU and 282.1±56.0 seconds. The gamma passing rates of absolute dose were 94.9±3.4% and 94.5±4.0% for delivery without and with interruption respectively, suggesting the dosimetry of VMAT delivery with ABC for SBRT won’t be compromised. Conclusion: This study suggests that PCA SBRT using VMAT with ABC is a feasible technique without compromising plan dosimetry. The combination of VMAT with ABC will potentially reduce the SBRT treatment time.
CHICKEN CHYMOTRYPSIN AND TURKEY TRYPSIN. I. PURIFICATION.

Abstract Ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography were used to obtain highly purified chicken chymotrypsin from the protein extracted from chicken pancreas by acid. Turkey trypsin was isolated and purified by the same methods and, in addition, was crystallized from solutions of magnesium sulfate or ammonium sulfate. Turkey chymotrypsin and chicken trypsin were not purified. The zymogens of these enzymes were not found in good yield in the proteins extracted by acid from pancreas homogenates. They were demonstrated, however, in the proteins extracted by neutral sodium phosphate buffer. The yields and properties of the avian endopeptidases suggest that the enzymes perform the same role in intestinal digestion in birds that chymotrypsin and trypsin perform in mammals.
Don't Underestimate the Importance of Statutes

Written for Student Lawyer magazine, this column focuses on the importance of statutes in legal research. While law school focuses heavily on case law, law students must understand the role of statutes and how to research them properly. In addition to emphasizing the importance of statutes, this column examines some of the important aspects of statutory research including annotations, indexes, and statutory scheme.
Functional neprilysin-angiotensin-(1-7) system within mitochondria of the sheep kidney (1088.9)

An intracellular-based renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is evident within the kidney, heart and other tissues. AT1 and AT2 receptors, functionally linked to reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO), respectively, are present on both nuclei and mitochondria (Mito). The current study determined whether components of an Ang-(1-7) system are also expressed in renal Mito. Mito were isolated from sheep renal cortex by differential centrifugation and discontinuous Percoll gradients. Immunoblots of the Mito fraction revealed protein bands for angiotensinogen (Aogen), renin, Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Using an Ang I-directed Aogen antibody, renin activity was demonstrated by the time-dependent disappearance of intact Aogen which was abolished by renin inhibitor aliskerin. Ang I was predominantly converted to Ang-(1-7) by the endopeptidase neprilysin (EC3.4.24.11) and a 90 kDa band was visualized with a monoclonal neprilysin antibody. To assess the functional aspects of...
Pulse Coding in Medical Ultrasound: Some Possible Applications

Pulse coding and pulse compression techniques have been used extensively in radar, sonar, non-destructive testing and seismic imaging1-4. Its application in medical imaging has been sparse and few5-8,. Possible reasons could be, (i) limitations on timebandwidth product5,7 due to transducers operating in 1 to 10 MHz range with only 60% fractional bandwidth, (ii) frequency dependent attenuation in soft tissue5 and (iii) a need to keep the sidelobe levels that result from pulse compression processing below certain levels7, for improved contrast resolution. With significant improvements in processing hardware and software, real time implementation does not appear to be a significant problem7,10. In this paper we have examined two possible applications of pulse coding techniques. The possibility of increasing the effective bandwidth of a transducer (and hence the time-bandwidth product) through pre-enhancement of the drive signal has been evaluated with simulation studies. The increasing penalty on the sidelobe levels is also examined. As a second application, the flexibility to change the center frequency f 0 and bandwidth Δf of the coded signal has been exploited to study experimentally the subresolution scattering microstructure of a scattering object.
III-V MOSFETs for Future CMOS

In the last few years, as Si electronics faces mounting difficulties to maintain its historical scaling path, transistors based on III-V compound semiconductors have emerged as a credible alternative. To get to this point, fundamental technical problems had to be solved. Nevertheless, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed before the first non-Si CMOS technology becomes a reality. This paper reviews recent progress as well as challenges of III-V electronics for future logic applications.
UNC-6 (netrin) orients the invasive membrane of the anchor cell in C. elegans.

The C.elegans anchor cell is a model for cellular invasion through the basement membrane. Now netrin (UNC-6) is found to polarize the actin regulators Ena/VASP and PtdIns (4,5)P2 towards the basement membrane to promote anchor cell invasion. Despite their profound importance in the development of cancer, the extracellular cues that target cell invasion through basement membrane barriers remain poorly understood1. A central obstacle has been the difficulty of studying the interactions between invading cells and basement membranes in vivo2,3. Using the genetically and visually tractable model of Caenorhabditis elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion, we show that UNC-6 (netrin) signalling, a pathway not previously implicated in controlling cell invasion in vivo, is a key regulator of this process. Site of action studies reveal that before invasion, localized UNC-6 secretion directs its receptor, UNC-40, to the plasma membrane of the AC, in contact with the basement membrane. There, UNC-40 polarizes a specialized invasive membrane domain through the enrichment of actin regulators, F-actin and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Cell ablation experiments indicate that UNC-6 promotes the formation of invasive protrusions from the AC that break down the basement membrane in response to a subsequent vulval cue. Together, these results characterize an invasive membrane domain in vivo, and reveal a role for UNC-6 (netrin) in polarizing this domain towards its basement membrane target.
Laser photochemical enrichment of oxygen isotopes in methanol solution

Abstract Preferential reaction of 18 O has been obtained by laser photolysis of room-temperature solutions of UO 2 F 2 in methanol at 455 and 448 nm.
A general computational form for a class of nonlinear systems incorporating both spectral and finite-difference approximations

Abstract It is shown that a general class of nonlinear partial differential equations—including those frequently used in predicting atmospheric motions—can be converted to computational form by either the “finite-difference” or “spectral” method to yield formally identical equations. These computational equations are then reduced to matrix notation and the nonlinearity (of arbitrary order) is shown to be expressible as a bilinear form. Finally, a method is described whereby these bilinear forms—quadratic forms in the case of even nonlinearity—may be readily programmed and calculated on a digital computer. Furthermore, a computer could be designed with high-order parallel arithmetic to substantially reduce computation time.
When Gender and Party Collide: Stereotyping in Candidate Trait Attribution

Research has shown that voters are willing to stereotype candidates on the basis of their gender, which can sometimes pose obstacles and sometimes prove advantageous for female politicians. But the literature is uncertain about how candidate gender interacts with candidate party affiliation to shape voters' perceptions. In this article, I draw on political psychology, the women and politics literature, and recent work on partisan “trait ownership” to suggest that the application of gender stereotypes will be limited by the salience of partisan stereotypes. I use nationally representative survey data and a content analysis of news coverage from the 2006 U.S. Senate elections to test the argument. Focusing on voter evaluations of candidate traits, I find that party stereotypes are more powerful than gender stereotypes, and that assessments of candidate attributes can be affected by news coverage when candidates are portrayed in ways that challenge traditional partisan images. The results suggest that gender stereotyping is limited by the relevance of party stereotypes, and that as the Republican and Democratic parties continue to polarize at the elite level, the importance of partisan stereotyping is likely to increase.
Freeway Accident Likelihood Prediction Using a Panel Data Analysis Approach

The ability to predict freeway accident likelihood promises significant benefits to freeway operations. However, the develop- ment of such prediction models has proven to be very challenging because of the random nature of accidents, as well as the impact of site-specific factors. In addition, accident data has a pronounced nature of discrete response—a preponderant portion of nonaccident cases. To address these challenges, this research investigates the use of a discrete response model designed for panel data—the random effects ordered probit model, in predicting freeway accident likelihood. Panel data refers to data sets that combine time series and cross section i.e., from different individuals, groups, etc. observations. The empirical results of this research illustrate that the random effects ordered probit model performs well in identifying factors associated with traffic accidents. In addition, when applied in a predictive setting, the model provides benefits in forecasting the likelihood of accidents based on both time-varying and site-specific parameters.
Videogrammetric Model Deformation Measurement Technique for Wind Tunnel Applications

Videogrammetric measurement technique developments at NASA Langley were driven largely by the need to quantify model deformation at the National Transonic Facility (NTF). This paper summarizes recent wind tunnel applications and issues at the NTF and other NASA Langley facilities including the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, 31-Inch Mach 10 Tunnel, 8-Ft high Temperature Tunnel, and the 20-Ft Vertical Spin Tunnel. In addition, several adaptations of wind tunnel techniques to non-wind tunnel applications are summarized. These applications include wing deformation measurements on vehicles in flight, determining aerodynamic loads based on optical elastic deformation measurements, measurements on ultra-lightweight and inflatable space structures, and the use of an object-to-image plane scaling technique to support NASA s Space Exploration program.
Ensemble modelling in verbal autopsy: the Popular Voting method

Abstract Background Verbal autopsy (VA) is a highly valuable tool for assessing causes of death in resource-limited settings without medically certified death certificates. The Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC) collected 12 535 VAs in four countries for which the true cause of death was reliably known. This project led to the development of three new computer algorithms to determine cause of death from these VAs, all of which predict underlying cause of death more accurately than the status quo: physician review. Concurrently, ensemble models, or blends of well-performing models, have been shown to have favourable predictive validity and have begun to be implemented in global health metrics settings. Methods We developed a simple ensemble model based on the three top performing PHMRC methods: the Simplified Symptom Pattern (SSP), the Tariff, and the Random Forest (RF). This ensemble method functions at the individual-record level, examining the predicted cause of death from the three component models and selecting cause of death by a simple majority (Popular Voting). Sensitivity analyses revealed that selecting the prediction made by RF in cases where all three models disagreed was preferable, and this ensemble method was adapted accordingly. Findings The Popular Voting method performed better in cause-specific mortality fraction accuracy than did any individual model alone for adults, children, and neonates, and performed better in chance-corrected concordance than did any individual model except SSP in adults. The three component models disagreed in 16% of all cases, and unanimously agreed in 47% of cases. Interpretation As VA continues to be an effective source of data for estimating cause of death, accurate and inexpensive methods for analysing VA interview responses are increasingly important. The recent development of the three highly accurate PHMRC computational models allows for the option of a meta-model such as the ensemble introduced here. This ensemble model for VA achieves superior performance, and could be applied to other VA samples to accurately assess the relative mortality burden from a variety of diseases and injuries. Funding Population Health Metrics Research Consortium.
Overexpression of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor in the Brain Markedly Inhibits Amyloid Deposition and Increases Extracellular Aβ Clearance

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies suggest that the effect of apoE on amyloid-beta (A beta) accumulation plays a major role in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, understanding proteins that control apoE metabolism may provide new targets for regulating A beta levels. LDLR, a member of the LDL receptor family, binds to apoE, yet its potential role in AD pathogenesis remains unclear. We hypothesized that LDLR overexpression in the brain would decrease apoE levels, enhance A beta clearance, and decrease A beta deposition. To test our hypothesis, we created several transgenic mice that overexpress LDLR in the brain and found that apoE levels in these mice decreased by 50%-90%. Furthermore, LDLR overexpression dramatically reduced A beta aggregation and enhanced A beta clearance from the brain extracellular space. Plaque-associated neuroinflammatory responses were attenuated in LDLR transgenic mice. These findings suggest that increasing LDLR levels may represent a novel AD treatment strategy.
Simulation and analysis of an x-ray-heated boron nitride foil.

We analyze an experiment performed at the Nova laser facility, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in which x rays, produced by a gold burn-through foil, heated an 1800-\AA{} boron nitride (BN) foil. The BN foil was not hydrodynamically tamped and therefore provides an excellent example for testing our success at modeling systems with large density and temperature gradients. A time-integrated absorption spectrum was obtained. This spectrum reveals He-like and H-like boron features, He-like nitrogen features, as well as Li-like satellites to the resonance lines for both boron and nitrogen. The altair radiation hydrodynamics code and the total line-shape code were the basic instruments used in the analysis. Simulations address the temporal evolution of the temperature and density profiles, as well as the ionization balance for the x-ray driven boron nitride foil. A synthesized spectrum is compared with the experimental absorption spectrum, and particular attention is given to the Li-like satellite structure. The analysis of this seemingly simple experiment clearly reveals both current strengths and inadequacies in modeling hot dense matter. (c) 1995 The American Physical Society
Amylase in tissues of the bullfrog, Ranacatesbiana and the leopard frog, Rana pipiens☆

Abstract 1. 1. Amylase was found in all tissues tested of the bullfrog and the leopard frog. 2. 2. Amylase was present in bullfrog tadpoles and other intermediate metamorphic stages. 3. 3. Amylase levels in the adult frogs were higher when they were fed than when fasted. 4. 4. Bullfrog pancreatic amylase required chloride ion as an activator and had an optimum pH 7·5.
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity in Lambs during the Early Neonatal Period

Summary: A rebreating method was used to make 53 measurements of pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLco) and functional residual capacity (FRC) in 17 newborn lambs during the first 2 days of life. DLco, FRC, and DLco/FRC all increased in studies made at 24-48 hr of age compared to those at 2-4 hr of age: DLco 0.86 ± 0.18 to 1.52 ± 0.09 ml/min/torr; FRC 37 ± 10 to 60 ± 8 ml and DLco/FRC 2.52 ± 2.52 ± 0.75 to 2.89 ± 0.37 ml/min/torr/ml × 10-2. DLco measured using 0.005% CO in the test gas was not different than that measured using 0.5% CO. Speculation: The increase in pulmonary diffusing capacity is in part due to an increase in lung volume, but the significant increase in DLco/FRC demonstrates that other factors such as a change in pulmonary capillary blood volume may also be important. We conclude that there is no evidence for a CO carrier in the early neonatal period in lambs.
Focused Cervical Exploration for Primary Hyperparathyroidism without Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring or Use of the Gamma Probe

Selected patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) who have a positive preoperative sestamibi scan can be managed safely and successfully with a focused cervical exploration without either adjuvant intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring or use of a gamma probe. This article reports a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients surgically treated at a tertiary referral center. From August 1998 to August 2002, 100 patients (68 women, 32 men; mean age 63 years [range: 29–89 years]) underwent a focused cervical approach without intraoperative PTH monitoring or use of the gamma probe after perioperative sestamibi injection. The study group comprised 9% of all patients (n = 1063) undergoing cervical exploration for pHPT during the study period. Ninety patients underwent an initial exploration, and 10 others underwent repeat cervical exploration following prior parathyroid (n = 7) or thyroid (n = 3) operation. Sestamibi scanning correlated with one enlarged parathyroid gland in all patients. Other enlarged glands were, however, not demonstrated in three patients (true positive = 97%; false negative = 3%). The single enlarged glands excised in all patients had a mean weight of 795 mg (range: 90–3640) and were histologically compatible with an adenoma. Postoperatively, 97% of patients were eucalcemic. Three patients remained hypercalcemic (3%). Of the three patients with persistent hypercalcemia, one underwent successful re-exploration with excision of a 500 mg second adenoma, whereas the other two patients (with confirmed familial HPT) remained hypercalcemic. Mean hospitalization was 0.5 days (range: 0–3 days). There was no operative mortality. No patients had permanent hypocalcemia. Postoperative morbidity occurred in three patients: two self-limiting cervical hematomas and one permanent vocal cord paralysis. Selected patients with pHPT due to single-gland disease and an unequivocally positive preoperative sestamibi scan can safely and successfully be managed with a focused unilateral cervical exploration without either intraoperative PTH monitoring or use of the gamma probe. Further experience with this surgical approach seems warranted to determine the overall cure rate, operative morbidity, and the sensitivity and specificity of preoperative localization studies.
An optimum currency area in East Asia: feasibility, coordination, and leadership role

Abstract Forming a single currency region in East Asia is desirable. The lack of political commitment and experience with political cooperation in East Asia constitute the decisive factors against the formation of a common currency area. The formation of a quasi-monetary bloc remains a viable option to East Asia. It is suggested that a coordinating institution be formed to assess needs and formulate the steps necessary for the formation of a quasi-monetary union. The implementation by the East Asian countries and the coordinating institution will lead to political convergence as well as economic convergence, a necessary process toward establishing common monetary standards. China and Japan continue to play the leadership role in the push for greater regional monetary integration and cooperation.
BANKERS' Attitudes About and Satisfaction with Lodging Feasibility Studies

This study examines the opinions of large banks about the importance of typical items found in a lodging feasibility study and the extent of their satisfaction with the analysis presented in these studies. In order to determine bankers' attitudes about and satisfaction with lodging feasibility studies, a survey was distributed to large banks with asset holdings of over $2 billion. Results show that, while bankers did consider most sections of current feasibility studies important, they seemed to be dissatisfied with the usefulness or reliability of various sections of the report. As such, some important issues relevant to the structure of current lodging feasibility studies are better understood.
Structural consequences of a 3′ → 3′ DNA interstrand cross-link by a trinuclear platinum complex: unique formation of two such cross-links in a 10-mer duplex

Combined multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry was used to analyze the platinated DNA adduct of the phase II anticancer drug [{trans-PtCl(NH3)2}2-μ-{trans-Pt(NH3)2(NH2(CH2)6NH2)2}](NO3)4 (BBR3464) with [5′-d(ACG*TATACG*T)-3′]2. Two 1,2-interstrand cross-links were formed by concomitant binding of two trinuclear moieties to the oligonucleotide. The four DNA-bound platinum atoms coordinated in the major groove at N7 positions of guanines in the 3′ → 3′ direction and the central platinum unit is expected to lie in the DNA minor groove. This is the first report of such a DNA lesion. The melting temperature of the adduct is 76 °C and is 42 °C higher than that of the unplatinated DNA. The sugar residues of the platinated bases are in the N-type conformation and the G9 nucleoside is in the syn orientation, while the G3 nucleoside appears to retain the anti configuration. The secondary structure of DNA was significantly changed upon cross-linking of the two BBR3464 molecules. Base destacking occurs between A1/C2 and C2/G3 and weakened stacking is seen for the C8/G9 and G9/T10 bases. The lack of Watson–Crick base pairing is also seen for A1–T10 and C2–G9 base pairs, whereas Watson–Crick base pairs in the central sequence of the DNA (T4 → A7) are well maintained. While DNA repair proteins may “see” different platinated adducts as bulky “lesions”, the subtle differences involved in base pairing and stacking, as summarized here, may extend to their role as a substrate for repair enzymes. Thus, differences in protein recognition and repair efficiency among the various interstrand cross-links are likely and a subject worthy of detailed exploration.
The mechanical integrin cycle

Cells govern tissue shape by exerting highly regulated forces at sites of matrix adhesion. As the major force-bearing adhesion-receptor protein, integrins have a central role in how cells sense and respond to the mechanics of their surroundings. Recent studies have shown that a key aspect of mechanotransduction is the cycle by which integrins bind to the matrix at the leading cell edge, attach to the cytoskeleton, transduce mechanical force, aggregate in the plasma membrane as part of increasingly strengthened adhesion complexes, unbind and, ultimately, are recycled. This mechanical cycle enables the transition from early complexes to larger, more stable adhesions that can then rapidly release. Within this mechanical cycle, integrins themselves exhibit intramolecular conformational change that regulates their binding affinity and may also be dependent upon force. How the cell integrates these dynamic elements into a rigidity response is not clear. Here, we focus on the steps in the integrin mechanical cycle that are sensitive to force and closely linked to integrin function, such as the lateral alignment of integrin aggregates and related adhesion components.
Diffuse and specular characteristics of leaf reflectance

In this paper, the evolution of current understanding of the mechanisms of leaf reflectance is reviewed. The use of measurements of polarized reflectance to separate leaf reflectance into diffuse and specular components is discussed. A section on the factors influencing leaf reflectance - leaf structure and physiological disturbances - is included along with discussion on the manner in which these influences are manifested.
27Al{1H} Cross Polarization Triple-Quantum Magic Angle Spinning NMR

An experiment is described that produces multiple-quantum magic angle spinning (MQMAS) NMR spectrum of 27Al via 1H cross polarization (CP). An application of this new technique to the study of a fully hydrated AlPO4-11 aluminophosphate is presented. It is shown that a combination of MQMAS and CPMQMAS provides new insight into the structure of this sample. While MQMAS alone can be used to obtain high-resolution spectra and quantitative information on the distribution of Al sites, CPMQMAS allows one to establish the positions of water molecules within the AlPO4-11 framework.
A variational principle for linear, coupled field problems in continuum mechanics

Abstract A variational principle applicable to linear, coupled field problems in continuum mechanics is presented. An important feature for direct methods of calculation, particularly the finite element method, is the inclusion of initial conditions on the field variables as part of the variational principle. Applications to problems in several areas of continuum mechanics are included.
Preretinal neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy: a preliminary investigation using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Preretinal neovascularization is a well-described feature of advanced diabetic retinopathy. In this study, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine blood-retinal barrier breakdown associated with preretinal neovascularization in three subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Using a standard imaging protocol, a varying degree of vitreous enhancement was observed in these eyes. The location and severity of enhancement, judged by visual inspection of the images, corresponded to the fluorescein angiographic and/or clinical appearance of preretinal neovascularization. This result suggests that contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging may prove a reasonable approach to the identification of preretinal neovascularization in eyes with significant media opacities.
Synthesis and structural characterization of [(η5-C5Me4)5SiMe2]YCH(SiMe3)2. Hydrogenation to [[(η5-C5Me4)2SiMe2]Y]2(μ2-H)2 and its facile ligand redistribution to Y2[μ2-[(η5-C5Me4)SiMe2(η5-C5Me4)]]2(μ2-H)2

Syntheses of the new ansa yttrocene derivatives OPY(μ-Cl)2Li(OEt2)2 (Op= [(η5-C5Me4)2SiMe2]), OpYCH(SiMe3)2 and [OPY]2(μ2-H)2 are described. The structure of OpYCH(SiMe3)2 has been examined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. OpYCH(SiMe3)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21c (no. 14) with a = 10.441(2), b = 15.480(3), c = 19.644(4) A, β = 105.28(1)° and Z = 4. The bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl ligand is distorted in the equatorial plane such that one of the methyl groups of the [CH(SiMe3)2] bridges yttrium and a silicon in a 3-center, 2-electron bridging fashion. Hydrogenolysis of OpY-CH(SiMe3)2 results, initially, in the formation of the ansa yttrocene hydride dimer [OPY]2(μ2-H)2. This compound is unstable with respect to ligand redistribution affording the hydride- and Op-bridged (‘flyover’) hydride dimer Y2[μ2-[(η5-C5Me4)SiMe2(η5-C5Me4)]]2(μ2-H)2.
Disc Electrophoresis of Hymenoptera Venoms and Body Proteins

The venom proteins of honey bee, Polistes wasp, yellow hornet, and yellow jacket are similar but not identical. Extracts of venom sacs and whole insects contain several proteins not found in the pure venoms.
Rediscovering reference: beyond organizational models to “users rule”

Discusses the implications of the ever‐changing technological world on the delivery of reference services. Reframes reference service in terms of staff competences, changing service demands, and technological advances. Urges library organizations to seek solutions through staff development and by developing a firm commitment to service on the users’ terms.
The information content of SEC accounting series release no. 190

Abstract The study examines the security price behavior of firms at the time of three events: the proposal of the SEC's accounting series release (ASR 190) to require replacement cost disclosures, the adoption of ASR 190, and the initial filing of the data with the SEC. The primary analysis focuses upon differential security return behavior among reporting firms. Several extensions, including a comparison with nonreporting firms, are also conducted. The basic findings indicates no security price effects and is consistent with the hypothesis that no information was provided to the market during the three time intervals studied. Alternatively, the inability to find an effect may be due to a misspecification in the research design. However, the basic finding is robust under several additional analyses and specifications.
Analysis of T-cell repertoire in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia

Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAA) is a syndrome of bone marrow failure following an acute attack of seronegative hepatitis. Clinical features and liver histology suggest a central role for an immune-mediated mechanism. To characterize the immune response, we investigated the T-cell repertoire (T-cell receptor [TCR] V(beta) chain subfamily) of intrahepatic lymphocytes in HAA patients by TCR spectratyping. In 6 of 7 HAA liver samples, a broad skewing pattern in the 21 V(beta) subfamilies tested was observed. In total, 62% +/- 18% of HAA spectratypes showed a skewed pattern, similar to 68% +/- 18% skewed spectratype patterns in 3 of 4 patients with confirmed viral hepatitis. Additionally, the T-cell repertoire had similarly low levels of complexity. In the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of a separate group of HAA patients prior to treatment, 60% +/- 15% skewed spectratypes were detected, compared with only 18% +/- 8% skewed spectratypes in healthy controls. After successful immunosuppressive treatment, an apparent reversion to a normal T-cell repertoire with a corresponding significant increase in T-cell repertoire complexity was observed in the HAA samples. In conclusion, our data suggest an antigen-driven T-cell expansion in HAA and achievement of a normal T-cell repertoire during recovery from HAA.
Biological Sciences: Brain Fatty Acid Elongation and Multiple Sclerosis

ELONGATED fatty acids in the brain are of interest because they are thought to contribute to membrane stability and cohesiveness1,2. Using a technique similar to that described by Aeberhard and Menkes3, the developmental pattern of fatty acid elongation was assessed in the rat brain4.
Toward some fundamentals of fundamental causality: Socioeconomic status and health in the routine clinic visit for diabetes

The concept of “fundamental causality” has gained increasing attention as a way of understanding the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health outcomes. Using enthnographic data from a comparative study of two diabetes clinics, the authors further develop the fundamental cause concept in three ways. First, they provide an exposition of the constituent claims implied by an assertion of fundamental causality. Second, they show how ethnographic data can be used to explicate such claims by showing some of the mechanisms that might operate to preserve the fundamental relationship in diabetes treatment regimens. Finally, they offer elaborations and refinements of the fundamental cause concept.
State-space approach to decentralised detection

A discrete-time decentralised detection problem is considered where the data generating processes are represented by state-variable random process models. The optimum detector is constructed by the computation of the local likelihood ratios at each sensor in real time, and the subsequent transmission of these ratios to the fusion centre. Decentralised detection based on the fusion of the likelihood ratios is expected to perform as well as centralised detection, because there is no information loss due to intermediate decision making
Safety of the U.S. food supply: consumer concerns and behaviour

To examine consumer concern about food safety, identify characteristics of those most concerned, and determine behavioural responses to concerns, we used mailed questionnaires to survey a random sample of 630 adults. Eighty-eight percent of respondents were very or somewhat concerned about safety of the food supply. Subjects perceived greatest likelihood of harm from chemicals and lowest likelihood of harm from bacterial contamination. Relative to other concerns about food such as cost or taste, food safety ranked low. Because the concern was across all ages, education levels, genders, and places of residence, we were unable to define a type of person most likely to be concerned about food safety. Less than half the subjects had changed dietary behaviour in response to food safety concerns. Foods reduced or eliminated from the diet most often were meats, fruits, eggs and vegetables. The findings indicate that consumers need risk assessment education and help in making food choices that do not compromise diet quality.
Esotropia Associated With Early Presbyopia Caused by Inappropriate Muscle Length Adaptation

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of esotropia accompanying early presbyopia. The two primary long-term mechanisms for maintenance of ocular alignment are vergence adaptation (neurologic) and muscle length adaptation (anatomic). Both mechanisms depend upon disparity-driven motor fusion for proper operation. A possible cause for an esotropic shift in early presbyopic adults with insufficient or absent disparity-driven motor fusion is inappropriate muscle length adaptation (medial rectus muscle shortening) occurring in response to increased convergence tonus accompanying increased accommodative effort. Methods: Of 617 patients, age 10 and older who underwent surgery for esotropia during the period of 1980 to 1996, the age when the deviation occurred or worsened could be determined with confidence in 140. A plot was made of the number of these patients versus the age of onset of the deviation. This was compared with a similar plot of patients operated for exotropia. Results: A statistically significant increase ( P = 0.017) in the incidence of an esotropic shift in the age range from 30 to 50 years was found when compared with the incidence of an exotropic shift. Conclusion: If the postulated mechanism is correct, full correction of any hyperopia as well as prompt prescription of a reading add (or conversion to monovision correction) may help prevent further progression of small esodeviations accompanying early presbyopia.
Early Theory and Research on Hemispheric Specialization

This article provides an account of early theory and research on hemispheric specialization. It begins by tracing theory and research on localization of function that set the stage for the discovery of hemispheric specialization. After that, it describes the studies of Paul Broca, John Hughlings-Jackson, and others on hemisphere specialization and reviews some of the proposed explanations for the phenomenon. It then turns to the study of hemispheric specialization and mental illness, and it ends by identifying some of the linkages between theory and research from the past and the present.
Chromosomal anomalies in stage D1 prostate adenocarcinoma primary tumors and lymph node metastases detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined if characteristic chromosomal anomalies exist within the primary tumors and lymph node metastases in patients with stage D1 prostate cancer, and compared the patterns of chromosomal alterations between primary tumors and nodal metastases.Materials and Methods: Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using peri-centromeric probes for chromosomes 6, 7, 8, 17, X and Y was performed on 5 micro. sections from paraffin embedded tissue blocks obtained from 23 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy in 1990 for stage D1 prostate cancer.Results: The dominant focus of primary tumor was compared to matched nodal metastases in 12 cases. Five of 12 primary tumor foci (41.7%) had similar chromosomal gains and the same fluorescence in situ hybridization ploidy result as the corresponding nodal metastases. Chromosomes 7 and X (73.2% of cases) were most frequently gained in the primary tumors, and chromosomes X and Y (81.2% of cases) ...
Breaking power delivery walls using voltage stacking

The power delivery walls include: power density (power consumption density increases beyond the heat dissipation capabilities of the technology), power and ground power delivery pins (chip power consumption requires increasing numbers of pins), 3DIC power density (physical stacking in the third dimension exacerbates the two dimensional explosion), on-chip power regulation efficiency (relatively poor efficiencies achievable with on-chip regulators limit the effectiveness of many low power schemes). This talk shows how voltage stacking is a comprehensive method for addressing the power delivery walls above, with special emphasis on 3DIC.
Error analysis of a rate generator tuning linearity

One of the stages in designing microprocessor-controlled instruments is a thorough analysis of instrument blocks to adjust them to a more precise method of control. The analysis of a rate generator period is presented that shows two types of tuning and the errors involved. Simple expressions are derived that can be used efficiently to determine maximum frequency or minimum period for assumed errors. >
Nucleotide requirements for anaphase chromosome movements in permeabilized mitotic cells: Anaphase B but not anaphase a requires ATP

Abstract Permeabilized PtK 1 cells continue to undergo anaphase chromosome movements provided MgATP is included in the lysis medium. However, chromosome-to-pole movement (anaphase A) and spindle elongation (anaphase B) differ with respect to nucleotide requirements. The rate of anaphase B depends on the concentration of ATP in the lysis medium; two-thirds the maximal rate is observed in 0.2 mM ATP. However, other nucleotides, such as ITP, CTP and GTP, cannot substitute for ATP. Spindle elongation is blocked by the addition of nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs, ADP, AMP and inhibitors such as vanadate, the magnesium chelator EDTA and sulfhydryl reagents. Anaphase A does not require exogenous ATP and is unaffected by these inhibitors. These results are consistent with "dynein-like" ATPase involvement during spindle elongation, and rule out the possibility of tubulin-dynein and actomyosin mechanochemistry during anaphase A. I suggest that chromosome-to-pole movement involves the collapse of an elastic component in the spindle. Force generation could be provided by microtubule depolymerization or by the contraction of a nonmicrotubule microtrabecular lattice.